,! ,book ( ,ezekiel ,by ,! ,rev4 ,john ,sk9n]1 ,m4,a4 ,pr(essor ( ,old ,te/am5t ,exegesis1 ,presbyt]ian ,college1 ,london ,london ,hodd] ,& ,/\ghton #ahie ,,cont5ts ,preface4 ,"p ,i4 ,! ,prep>ation ,& ,call ,( ,! ,prophet4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,decl9e ,& ,fall ,( ,! ,jewi% ,/ate4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,j]emiah ,& ,ezekiel4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,vision ,( ,! ,glory ,( ,god4 ,*apt] i4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,ezekiel's ,prophetic ,commission4 ,*apt]s ii41 iii4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,prophecies ,relat+ ,ma9ly ,to ,! ,de/ruction ,( ,j]usalem4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,end ,=etold4 ,*apt]s iv4vii4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,y\r ,h\se ,is ,left ,unto ,y ,desolate4 ,*apt]s viii4xi4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,end ,( ,! ,mon>*y4 ,*apt]s xii4 #aae1 xvii41 xix4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,prophecy ,& ,its ,abuses4 ,*apt]s xii4 #baxiv4 #aa4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,j]usalem--,an ,ideal ,hi/ory4 ,*apt] xvi4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,religion ,( ,! ,individual4 ,*apt] xviii4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,sword ,un%ea!d4 ,*apt] xxi4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,jehovah's ,controv]sy ,) ,israel4 ,*apt] xx4 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,ohola ,& ,oholibah4 ,*apt] xxiii4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,f9al ,oracles ,aga9/ ,j]usalem4 ,*apt]s xxii41 xxiv4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,prophecies ,aga9/ ,=eign ,nations4 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,ammon1 ,moab1 ,edom1 ,& ,phili/ia4 ,*apt] xxv4 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,tyre4 ,*apt]s xxvi41 xxix4 #agba4 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,tyre 7,cont9u$73 ,sidon4 ,*apt]s xxvii41 xxviii4 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,egypt4 ,*apt]s xxix4xxxii4 ,"p ,,iv4 ,! ,=mation ,( ,! ,new ,israel4 ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,! ,prophet ,a ,wat*man4 ,*apt] xxxiii4 ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,! ,messianic ,k+dom4 ,*apt] xxxiv4 ,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,jehovah's ,l&4 ,*apt]s xxxv41 xxxvi4 ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,life ,f ,! ,dead4 ,*apt] xxxvii4 ,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,! ,conv]sion ,( ,israel4 ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,jehovah's ,f9al ,victory4 ,*apt]s xxxviii41 xxxix4 ,"p ,v4 ,! ,ideal ,!ocracy4 ,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,! ,import ,( ,! ,vision4 ,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,! ,sanctu>y4 ,*apt]s xl4xliii4 ,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,! ,prie/hood4 ,*apt] xliv4 ,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,pr9ce ,& ,p4 ,*apt]s xliv4xlvi4 passim4 ,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,! ,ritual4 ,*apt]s xlv41 xlvi4 ,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,r5ewal ,& ,allotm5t ,( ,! ,l&4 ,*apt]s xlvii41 xlviii4 ,footnotes ,cov] ,art ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! above cov] image 0 produc$ by ! submitt] at ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s1 & is be+ plac$ into ! public doma94 ,,preface4 ,9 ?is volume ,i h endeav\r$ to pres5t ! sub/ance ( ,ezekiel's prophecies 9 a =m intelligible to /ud5ts ( ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,i h tri$ to make ! exposition a fairly adequate guide to ! s5se ( ! text1 & to supply su* in=mation z seem$ necess>y to elucidate ! hi/orical importance ( ! prophet's tea*+4 ,:]e ,i h dep>t$ f ! receiv$ text ,i h usually indicat$ 9 a note ! nature ( ! *ange introduc$4 ,:il/ ,i h s\ght to ex]cise an indep5d5t judgm5t on all ! que/ions t\*$ ^u1 ! book has no pret5sions to rank z a contribution to ,old ,te/am5t s*ol>%ip4 ,! works on ,ezekiel to :i* ,i am *iefly indebt$ are3 ,ewald's ,prophet5 des ,alt5 ,bundes 7vol4 ii472 ,sm5d's ,d] ,prophet ,eze*iel erklrt 7,kurzgefas/es ,exegetis*es ,h&bu* zum ,a4 ,t472 ,cornill's ,das ,bu* des ,proph4 ,eze*iel2 &1 above all1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,davidson's comm5t>y 9 ! ,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools1 my obligations to :i* are almo/ cont9u\s4 ,9 a less degree ,i h be5 help$ by ! comm5t>ies ( ,hv]nick & ,orelli1 by ,valeton's ,vi]tal ,voorlez+5 7iii471 & by ,gauti]'s ,la ,mission du ,prophte ,eze*iel4 ,among/ works ( a m g5]al "* special ackn[l$gm5t is due to ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur* & ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites by ! late ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi?4 ,i wi% also to express my gratitude to two fri5ds--! ,rev4 ,a4 ,alex&]1 ,dundee1 & ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,/ev51 ,ed9burgh--:o h read mo/ ( ! "w 9 manuscript or 9 pro(1 & made _m valuable sugge/ions4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,call ,,( ,,! ,,prophet4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,decl9e ,& ,fall ,( ,! ,jewi% ,/ate4 ,ezekiel is a prophet ( ! ,exile4 ,he 0 "o ( ! prie/s :o w5t into captivity ) ,k+ ,jehoia*9 9 ! ye> #eig1 & ! :ole ( 8 prophetic c>e] falls aft] t ev5t4 ,( 8 previ\s life & circum/ances we h no direct in=mation1 beyond ! facts t he 0 a prie/ & t 8 fa!r's "n 0 ,buzi4 ,"o or two inf]5ces1 h[ev]1 may be reg>d$ z reasonably c]ta94 ,we "k t t fir/ deportation ( ,judans to ,babylon 0 conf9$ to ! nobility1 ! m5 ( w>1 & ! craftsm5 7#b ,k+s xxiv4 #adaf72 & s9ce ,ezekiel 0 nei!r a soldi] nor an artisan1 8 place 9 ! tra9 ( captives mu/ h be5 due to 8 social position4 ,he mu/ h belong$ to ! upp] ranks ( ! prie/hood1 :o =m$ "p ( ! ari/ocracy ( ,j]usalem4 ,he 0 ?us a memb] ( ! h\se ( ,zadok2 & 8 famili>ity ) ! details ( ! ,temple ritual makes x probable t he _h actually (ficiat$ z a prie/ 9 ! national sanctu>y4 ,moreov]1 a c>eful /udy ( ! book gives ! impression t he 0 no long] a "y man at ! "t :5 he receiv$ 8 call to ! prophetic (fice4 ,he appe>s z "o ^: views ( life are already matur$1 :o has outliv$ ! buoyancy & en?usiasm ( y\?1 & le>n$ to e/imate ! moral possibilities ( life ) ! sobriety t comes ?r\gh exp]i5ce4 ,?is impression is confirm$ by ! fact t he 0 m>ri$ & _h a h\se ( 8 own f ! comm5cem5t ( 8 "w1 & probably at ! "t ( 8 captivity4 ,b ! mo/ important fact ( all is t ,ezekiel _h liv$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( unprec$5t$ public calamity1 & "o fraught ) ! mo/ mom5t\s consequ5ces = ! future ( religion4 ,mov+ 9 ! highe/ circles ( society1 9 ! c5tre ( ! national life1 he mu/ h be5 fully cognisant ( ! grave ev5ts 9 :i* no ?\ghtful obs]v] c\ld fail to recognise ! tok5s ( ! approa*+ dissolution ( ! ,hebrew /ate4 ,among/ ! influ5ces t prep>$ him = 8 prophetic mission1 a lead+ place mu/ !re=e be assign$ to ! tea*+ ( hi/ory2 & we _c comm5ce our /udy ( 8 prophecies bett] ?an by a brief survey ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts t l$ up to ! turn+po9t ( 8 own c>e]1 & at ! same "t help$ to =m 8 conception ( ,god's provid5tial deal+s ) ,8 p ,israel4 ,at ! "t ( ! prophet's bir? ! k+dom ( ,judah 0 /ill a nom9al dep5d5cy ( ! great ,assyrian empire4 ,f ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! p[] ( ,n9eveh _h be5 on ! wane4 ,h] en]gies _h be5 exhau/$ 9 ! suppression ( a det]m9$ revolt 9 ,babylonia4 ,m$ia & ,egypt _h recov]$ _! indep5d5ce1 & !re 7 _m signs t a new crisis 9 ! affairs ( nations 0 at h&4 ,! fir/ hi/oric ev5t :i* has left disc]nible traces 9 ! writ+s ( ,ezekiel is an irruption ( ,scy?ian b>b>ians1 :i* took place 9 ! reign ( ,josiah 7c4 #fbf74 ,/rangely en\gh1 ! hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9 no record ( ?is rem>kable invasion1 al?\gh its effects on ! political situation ( ,judah 7 important & f> rea*+4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus1 ,assyria 0 already h>d press$ by ! ,m$es1 :5 sudd5ly ! ,scy?ians bur/ ?r\gh ! passes ( ! ,caucasus1 defeat$ ! ,m$es1 & committ$ ext5sive ravages ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,asia = a p]iod ( tw5tyeight ye>s4 ,!y are said to h contemplat$ ! invasion ( ,egypt1 & to h actually rea*$ ! ,phili/9e t]ritory1 :5 by "s means !y 7 induc$ to )draw47#a7 ,judah !re=e 0 9 imm95t dang]1 & ! t]ror inspir$ by ^! de/ructive hordes is reflect$ 9 ! prophecies ( ,zephaniah & ,j]emiah1 :o saw 9 ! nor!rn invad]s ! h]alds ( ! great day ( ,jehovah4 ,! =ce ( ! /orm1 h[ev]1 0 probably sp5t be=e x rea*$ ,pale/9e1 & x seems to h swept pa/ along ! coa/1 leav+ ! m\nta9 l& ( ,israel unt\*$4 ,al?\gh ,ezekiel 0 n old en\gh to h rememb]$ ! panic caus$ by ^! movem5ts1 ! report ( !m w\ld be "o ( ! e>lie/ memories ( 8 *ildhood1 & x made a la/+ impression on 8 m9d4 ,"o ( 8 lat] prophecies1 t aga9/ ,gog1 is col\r$ by su* rem9isc5ces1 ! la/ judgm5t on ! hea!n be+ repres5t$ "u =ms sugge/$ by a ,scy?ian invasion 7*s4 xxxviii41 xxxix474 ,we may note also t 9 *4 xxxii4 ! names ( ,me%e* & ,tubal occur 9 ! li/ ( conqu]+ nations :o h already gone d[n to ! "u_w4 ,^! nor!rn peoples =m$ ! k]nel ( ! army ( ,gog1 & ! only occasion on :i* !y c be suppos$ to h play$ ! "p ( great conqu]ors 9 ! pa/ is 9 connection ) ! ,scy?ian deva/ations1 9 :i* !y probably _h a %>e4 ,! )drawal ( ! ,scy?ians f ! neighb\rhood ( ,pale/9e 0 foll[$ by ! great re=mation :i* made ! eighte5? ye> ( ,josiah an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,! consci5ce ( ! nation _h be5 quick5$ by its escape f s great a p]il1 & ! "t 0 fav\rable = c>ry+ out ! *anges :i* 7 necess>y 9 ord] to br+ ! religi\s practice ( ! c\ntry into con=mity ) ! requirem5ts ( ! ,law4 ,! out/&+ feature ( ! movem5t 0 ! discov]y ( ! book ( ,deut]onomy 9 ! ,temple1 & ! ratification ( a solemn league & cov5ant1 by :i* ! k+1 pr9ces1 & p pl$g$ !mselves to c>ry out its dem&s4 ,?is took place 9 ! ye> #fba1 some:]e ne> ! "t ( ,ezekiel's bir?47#b7 ,! prophet's y\? 0 !re=e sp5t 9 ! wake ( ! re=mation2 & al?\gh ! fir/ hopes *]i%$ by its promot]s may h di$ away be=e he 0 able to appreciate its t5d5cies1 we may be sure t he receiv$ f x impulses :i* cont9u$ ) him to ! end ( 8 life4 ,we may p]haps all[ ourselves to conjecture t 8 fa!r belong$ to t section ( ! prie/hood :i*1 "u ,hilkiah its head1 coop]at$ ) ! k+ 9 ! task ( re=m1 & desir$ to see a pure wor%ip e/abli%$ 9 ! ,temple4 ,if s1 we c readily und]/& h[ ! re=m+ _s pass$ into ! v fibre ( ,ezekiel's m9d4 ,to h[ great an ext5t 8 ?9k+ 0 influ5c$ by ! ideas ( ,deut]onomy appe>s f almo/ e page ( 8 prophecies4 ,!re 0 yet ano!r way 9 :i* ! ,scy?ian invasion influ5c$ ! prospects ( ! ,hebrew k+dom4 ,al?\gh ! ,scy?ians appe> to h r5d]$ an imm$iate s]vice to ,assyria by sav+ ,n9eveh f ! fir/ attack ( ! ,m$es1 !re is little d\bt t _! ravages ?r\gh\t ! nor!rn & we/]n p>ts ( ! empire prep>$ ! way = its ultimate collapse1 & weak5$ its hold on ! outly+ prov9ces4 ,accord+ly we f9d t ,josiah1 9 pursuance ( 8 s*eme ( re=mation1 ex]cis$ a fre$om ( action beyond ! b\nd>ies ( 8 own l& :i* w\ld n h be5 tol]at$ if ,assyria _h reta9$ h] old vig\r4 ,patriotic visions ( an indep5d5t ,hebrew mon>*y seem to h comb9$ ) newborn zeal = a pure national religion to make ! latt] "p ( ,josiah's reign ! %ort 8,indian summ]0 ( ,israel's national exi/5ce4 ,! p]iod ( p>tial indep5d5ce 0 br\ght to an end ab\t #fjg by ! fall ( ,n9eveh be=e ! unit$ =ces ( ! ,m$es & ! ,babylonians4 ,9 itself ?is ev5t 0 ( less consequ5ce to ! hi/ory ( ,judah ?an might be suppos$4 ,! ,assyrian empire vani%$ f ! e>? ) a complet5ess :i* is "o ( ! surprises ( hi/ory2 b its place 0 tak5 by ! new ,babylonian empire1 :i* inh]it$ its policy1 its adm9i/ration1 & ! be/ "p ( its prov9ces4 ,! seat ( empire 0 transf]r$ f ,n9eveh to ,babylon2 b any o!r *ange :i* 0 felt at ,j]usalem 0 due solely to ! exceptional vig\r & ability ( its fir/ mon>*1 ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,! real turn+po9t 9 ! de/9ies ( ,israel came a ye> or two e>li] ) ! defeat & dea? ( ,josiah at ,megiddo4 ,ab\t ! ye> #fjh1 :ile ! fate ( ,n9eveh /ill hung 9 ! balance1 ,ph>aoh ,ne*o prep>$ an exp$ition to ! ,euphrates1 ) ! object ( secur+ himself 9 ! possession ( ,syria4 ,x 0 assur$ly no feel+ ( loyalty to 8 ,assyrian suz]a9 :i* prompt$ ,josiah to ?r[ himself across ,ne*o's pa?4 ,he act$ z an indep5d5t mon>*1 & 8 motives 7 no d\bt ! l(tie/ t ev] urg$ a k+ to a dang]\s1 n to say foolh>dy1 ent]prise4 ,! zeal ) :i* ! crusade aga9/ idolatry & false wor%ip _h be5 prosecut$ seems to h begott5 a confid5ce on ! "p ( ! k+'s advis]s t ! h& ( ,jehovah 0 ) !m1 & t ,8 help might be reckon$ on 9 any und]tak+ ent]$ ^u 9 ,8 "n4 ,"o w\ld l to "k :at ! prophet ,j]emiah said ab\t ! v5ture2 b probably ! def5ce ( ,jehovah's l& seem$ s obvi\s a duty ( ! ,davidic k+ t he 0 n ev5 consult$4 ,x 0 ! det]m9ation to ma9ta9 ! inviolability ( ! l& :i* 0 ,jehovah's sanctu>y t enc\rag$ ,josiah 9 defiance ( e prud5tial consid]ation to endeav\r by =ce to int]cept ! passage ( ! ,egyptian army4 ,! disa/] t foll[$ gave ! dea?bl[ to ?is illusion & ! %all[ optimism :i* sprang f x4 ,!re 0 an end ( idealism 9 politics2 & ! rul+ class 9 ,j]usalem fell back on ! old policy ( vacillation betwe5 ,egypt & h] ea/]n rival :i* _h always be5 ! sn>e ( ,jewi% /atesman%ip4 ,& ) ,josiah's political ideal ! fai? on :i* x 0 bas$ also gave way4 ,x seem$ t ! exp]im5t ( exclusive reliance on ,jehovah z ! gu>dian ( ! nation's int]e/s _h be5 tri$ & _h fail$1 & s ! dea? ( ! la/ good k+ ( ,judah 0 a signal = a great outbur/ ( idolatry1 9 :i* e div9e p[] 0 invok$ & e =m ( wor%ip s$ul\sly practis$ 9 ord] to su/a9 ! c\rage ( m5 :o 7 resolv$ to fight to ! dea? = _! national exi/5ce4 ,by ! "t ( ,josiah's dea? ,ezekiel 0 able to take an intellig5t int]e/ 9 public affairs4 ,he liv$ ?r\gh ! tr\bl$ p]iod t ensu$ 9 ! full consci\sness ( its disa/r\s import = ! =tunes ( 8 p1 & occasional ref]5ces to x are to be f\nd 9 8 writ+s4 ,he rememb]s & commis]ates ! sad fate ( ,jehoahaz1 ! k+ ( ! p's *oice1 :o 0 de?ron$ & imprison$ by ,ph>aoh ,ne*o dur+ ! %ort int]val ( ,egyptian supremacy4 ,! next k+1 ,jehoiakim1 receiv$ ! ?rone z a vassal ( ,egypt1 on ! condition ( pay+ a heavy annual tribute4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,c>*emi%1 9 :i* ,ne*o 0 defeat$ by ,nebu*adnezz> & driv5 out ( ,syria1 ,jehoiakim transf]r$ 8 allegiance to ! ,babylonian mon>*2 b aft] ?ree ye>s' s]vice he revolt$1 enc\rag$ no d\bt by ! usual promises ( support f ,egypt4 ,! incursions ( m>aud+ b&s ( ,*aldans1 ,syrians1 ,moabites1 & ,ammonites1 in/igat$ d\btless f ,babylon1 kept him 9 play until ,nebu*adnezz> 0 free to devote 8 att5tion to ! we/]n "p ( 8 empire4 ,be=e t "t arriv$1 h[ev]1 ,jehoiakim _h di$1 & 0 foll[$ by 8 son ,jehoia*94 ,?is pr9ce 0 h>dly seat$ on ! ?rone1 :5 a ,babylonian army1 ) ,nebu*adnezz> at its head1 appe>$ be=e ! gates ( ,j]usalem4 ,! siege end$ 9 a capitulation1 & ! k+1 ! que5"m1 ! army & nobility1 a section ( ! prie/s & ! prophets1 & all ! skill$ artisans 7 transport$ to ,babylonia 7#eig74 ,) ?is ev5t ! hi/ory ( ,ezekiel may be said to beg94 ,b 9 ord] to und]/& ! conditions "u :i* 8 m9i/ry 0 ex]cis$1 we mu/ try to realise ! situation creat$ by ?is fir/ removal ( ,judan captives4 ,f ?is "t to ! f9al capture ( ,j]usalem1 a p]iod ( elev5 ye>s1 ! national life 0 brok5 into two /reams1 :i* ran 9 p>allel *annels1 "o 9 ,judah & ! o!r 9 ,babylon4 ,! object ( ! captivity 0 ( c\rse to deprive ! nation ( its natural lead]s1 its head & its h&s1 & leave x incapable ( organis$ resi/ance to ! ,*aldans4 ,9 ?is respect ,nebu*adnezz> simply adopt$ ! traditional policy ( ! lat] ,assyrian k+s1 only he appli$ x ) mu* less rig\r ?an !y 7 accu/om$ to display4 ,in/ead ( mak+ ne>ly a clean sweep ( ! conqu]$ population1 & fill+ ! gap by coloni/s f a di/ant "p ( 8 empire1 z _h be5 done 9 ! case ( ,sam>ia1 he cont5t$ himself ) remov+ ! m dang]\s elem5ts ( ! /ate1 & mak+ a native pr9ce responsible = ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,! result %[$ h[ greatly he _h und]rat$ ! fi]ce & fanatical det]m9ation :i* 0 already a "p ( ! ,jewi% "*4 ,no?+ 9 ! :ole /ory is m wond]ful ?an ! rapidity ) :i* ! enfeebl$ remnant 9 ,j]usalem recov]$ _! milit>y effici5cy1 & prep>$ a m resolute def5ce ?an ! unbrok5 nation _h be5 able to (f]4 ,! exiles1 on ! o!r h&1 succe$$ 9 pres]v+ mo/ ( _! national peculi>ities "u ! v eyes ( _! conqu]ors4 ,( _! temporal condition v little is kn[n beyond ! fact t !y f\nd !mselves 9 tol]ably easy circum/ances1 ) ! opportunity to acquire prop]ty & amass weal?4 ,! advice :i* ,j]emiah s5t !m f ,j]usalem1 t !y %\ld id5tify !mselves ) ! int]e/s ( ,babylon1 & live settl$ & ord]ly lives 9 peaceful indu/ry & dome/ic happ9ess 7,j]4 xxix4 #eg71 %[s t !y 7 n treat$ z prison]s or z slaves4 ,!y appe> to h be5 di/ribut$ 9 villages 9 ! f]tile t]ritory ( ,babylon1 & to h =m$ !mselves into sep>ate communities "u ! eld]s1 :o 7 ! natural au?orities 9 a simple ,semitic society4 ,! colony 9 :i* ,ezekiel liv$ 0 locat$ 9 ,tel ,abib1 ne> ! ,nahr 7riv] or canal7 ,keb>1 b nei!r ! riv] nor ! settlem5t c n[ be id5tifi$4 ,! ,keb>1 if n ! "n ( an arm ( ! ,euphrates itself1 0 probably "o ( ! num]\s irrigat+ canals :i* int]sect$ 9 all p>ts ! great alluvial pla9 ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris47#c7 ,9 ?is settlem5t ! prophet _h 8 own h\se1 :]e ! p 7 free to visit him1 & social life 9 all probability diff]$ little f t 9 a small prov9cial t[n 9 ,pale/9e4 ,t1 to be sure1 0 a great *ange = ! quondam ari/ocrats ( ,j]usalem1 b x 0 n a *ange to :i* !y c\ld n readily adapt !mselves4 ,( mu* great] importance1 h[ev]1 is ! /ate ( m9d :i* prevail$ among/ ^! exiles4 ,& "h aga9 ! rem>kable ?+ is _! int5se preoccupation ) matt]s national & ,israelitic4 ,a lively int]c\rse ) ! "m c\ntry 0 kept up1 & ! exiles 7 p]fectly in=m$ ( all t 0 go+ on 9 ,j]usalem4 ,!re 71 no d\bt1 p]sonal & selfi% reasons = _! ke5 int]e/ 9 ! do+s ( _! c\ntrym5 at home4 ,! antipa?y :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! two bran*es ( ! ,jewi% p 0 extreme4 ,! exiles _h left _! *ildr5 beh9d !m 7,ezek4 xxiv4 #ba1 #be7 to suff] "u ! reproa* ( _! fa!rs' mis=tunes4 ,!y appe> also to h be5 compell$ to sell _! e/ates hurri$ly on ! eve ( _! dep>ture1 & su* transactions1 necess>ily turn+ to ! advantage ( ! pur*as]s1 left a deep grudge 9 ! brea/s ( ! sell]s4 ,^? :o rema9$ 9 ! l& exult$ 9 ! calamity :i* _h br\ght s mu* pr(it to !mselves1 & ?\ght !mselves p]fectly secure 9 s do+ because !y reg>d$ _! bre?r5 z m5 driv5 out = _! s9s f ,jehovah's h]itage4 ,! exiles on _! "p affect$ ! utmo/ contempt = ! pret5sions ( ! up/>t plebeians :o 7 c>ry+ ?+s ) a high h& 9 ,j]usalem4 ,l ! ,fr5* migrs 9 ! "t ( ! ,revolution1 !y no d\bt felt t _! c\ntry 0 be+ ru9$ = want ( prop] guidance & exp]i5c$ /atesman%ip4 ,nor 0 x altoge!r patrician prejudice t gave !m ?is feel+ ( _! own sup]iority4 ,bo? ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel reg>d ! exiles z ! bett] "p ( ! nation1 & ! nucleus ( ! ,messianic community ( ! future4 ,= ! pres5t1 inde$1 !re does n seem to h be5 mu* to *oose1 9 po9t ( religi\s belief & practice1 betwe5 ! two sections ( ! p4 ,9 bo? places ! majority 7 /eep$ 9 idolatr\s & sup]/iti\s notions2 "s appe> ev5 to h ent]ta9$ ! purpose ( assimilat+ !mselves to ! hea!n ar\nd1 & only a small m9ority 7 /eadfa/ 9 _! allegiance to ! national religion4 ,yet ! exiles c\ld n1 any m ?an ! remnant 9 ,judah1 ab&on ! hope t ,jehovah w\ld save ,8 sanctu>y f desecration4 ,! ,temple 0 8! excell5cy ( _! /r5g?1 ! desire ( _! eyes1 & t :i* _! s\l piti$0 7,ezek4 xxiv4 #ba74 ,false prophets appe>$ 9 ,babylon to prophesy smoo? ?+s1 & assure ! exiles ( a spe$y re/oration to _! place 9 ! p ( ,god4 ,x 0 n till ,j]usalem 0 laid 9 ru9s1 & ! ,jewi% /ate _h disappe>$ f ! e>?1 t ! ,israelites 7 9 a mood to und]/& ! mean+ ( ,god's judgm5t1 or to le>n ! lessons :i* ! prophecy ( ne>ly two c5turies _h va9ly /riv5 to inculcate4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! po9t at :i* ! ,book ( ,ezekiel op5s1 & :at rema9s to be told ( ! hi/ory ( ! "t w be giv5 9 connection ) ! prophecies on :i* x is fitt$ to ?r[ light4 ,b be=e proce$+ to consid] 8 entrance on ! prophetic (fice1 x w be useful to dwell = a little on :at 0 probably ! mo/ fruitful influ5ce ( ,ezekiel's y\?1 ! p]sonal influ5ce ( 8 contempor>y & pr$ecessor ,j]emiah4 ,?is w =m ! subject ( ! next *apt]4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,j]emiah ,& ,ezekiel4 ,ea* ( ! communities describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt] 0 ! !atre ( ! activity ( a great prophet4 ,:5 ,ezekiel began to prophesy at ,tel ,abib1 ,j]emiah 0 approa*+ ! end ( 8 great & tragic c>e]4 ,= five&?irty ye>s he _h be5 kn[n z a prophet1 & dur+ ! latt] "p ( t "t _h be5 ! mo/ prom95t figure 9 ,j]usalem4 ,= ! next five ye>s _! m9i/ries 7 contemporane\s1 & x is some:at rem>kable t !y ignore ea* o!r 9 _! writ+s s completely z !y d4 ,we w\ld give a good deal to h "s ref]5ce by ,ezekiel to ,j]emiah or by ,j]emiah to ,ezekiel1 b we f9d none4 ,scripture does n (t5 fav\r u ) ^? crosslights :i* prove s in/ructive 9 ! h&s ( a mod]n hi/orian4 ,:ile ,j]emiah kn[s ( ! rise ( false prophets 9 ,babylonia1 & ,ezekiel d5\nces ^? he _h left beh9d 9 ,j]usalem1 nei!r ( ^! great m5 betrays ! slighte/ consci\sness ( ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r4 ,?is sil5ce is specially noticeable on ,ezekiel's "p1 because 8 frequ5t descriptions ( ! /ate ( society 9 ,j]usalem give him abundant opportunity to express 8 sympa?y ) ! position ( ,j]emiah4 ,:5 we read 9 ! tw5tysecond *apt] t !re 0 n f\nd a man to make up ! f5ce & /& 9 ! brea* be=e ,god1 we might be tempt$ to conclude t he really 0 n aw>e ( ,j]emiah's noble /& = righte\sness 9 ! corrupt & doom$ city4 ,& yet ! po9ts ( contact betwe5 ! two prophets are s num]\s & s obvi\s t !y _c fairly be expla9$ by ! common op]ation ( ! ,_s ( ,god on ! m9ds ( bo?4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! nature ( prophecy to =bid ! view t "o prophet le>n$ f ano!r1 & built on ! f\ndation :i* 8 pr$ecessors _h laid2 & :5 we f9d a p>allelism s close z t betwe5 ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel we are driv5 to ! conclusion t ! influ5ce 0 unusually direct1 & t ! :ole ?9k+ ( ! y\ng] writ] _h be5 m\ld$ by ! tea*+ & example ( ! old]4 ,9 :at way ?is influ5ce 0 communicat$ is a "q on :i* "s diff]5ce ( op9ion may exi/4 ,"s writ]s1 su* z ,ku551 ?9k t ! indebt$ness ( ,ezekiel to ,j]emiah 0 ma9ly lit]>y4 ,t is to say1 !y hold t x mu/ be acc\nt$ = by prolong$ /udy on ,ezekiel's "p ( ! writt5 prophecies ( him :o 0 8 tea*]4 ,ku55 surmises t ?is happ5$ aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 :5 "s fri5ds ( ,j]emiah arriv$ 9 ,babylon1 br++ ) !m ! complet$ volume ( 8 prophecies4 ,be=e ,ezekiel proce$$ to write 8 own prophecies1 8 m9d is suppos$ to h be5 s saturat$ ) ! ideas & language ( ,j]emiah t e "p ( 8 book be>s ! impress & betrays ! influ5ce ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,9 ?is fact1 ( c\rse1 ,ku55 f9ds an argum5t = ! view t ,ezekiel's prophecies 7 writt5 at a comp>atively late p]iod ( 8 life4 ,x is difficult to speak ) confid5ce on "s ( ! po9ts rais$ by ?is hypo!sis4 ,t ! influ5ce ( ,j]emiah c be trac$ 9 all p>ts ( ! book ( ,ezekiel is und\bt$ly true2 b x is n s cle> t x c be assign$ equally to all p]iods ( ,j]emiah's activity4 ,_m ( ! prophecies ( ,j]emiah _c be ref]r$ to a def9ite date2 & we d n "k :at means ,ezekiel _h ( obta9+ copies ( ^? :i* belong to ! p]iod aft] ! two prophets 7 sep>at$4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t a great "p ( ! book ( ,j]emiah 0 9 writ+ sev]al ye>s be=e ,ezekiel 0 c>ri$ away to ,babylon2 & we may safely assume t among/ ! treasures :i* he took ) him into exile 0 ! roll writt5 by ,b>u* to ! dictation ( ,j]emiah 9 ! f\r? ye> ( ,jehoiakim 7,j]4 xxxvi474 ,ev5 lat] oracles may h rea*$ ,ezekiel ei!r be=e or dur+ 8 prophetic c>e] ?r\gh ! active correspond5ce ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! exiles & ,j]usalem4 ,x is possible1 !re=e1 t ev5 ! lit]>y dep5d5ce ( ,ezekiel on ,j]emiah may belong to a mu* e>li] "t ?an ! f9al issue ( ! book ( ,ezekiel2 & if x %\ld be f\nd t ideas 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! book sugge/ acqua9tance ) a lat] utt]ance ( ,j]emiah1 ! fact ne$ n surprise u4 ,x is c]ta9ly no suffici5t reason = conclud+ t ! :ole sub/ance ( ,ezekiel's prophecy _h be5 reca/ "u ! influ5ce ( a late p]usal ( ! "w ( ,j]emiah4 ,b1 sett+ aside v]bal co9cid5ces & o!r ph5om5a :i* sugge/ lit]>y dep5d5ce1 !re rema9s an aff9ity ( a mu* deep] k9d betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ! two prophets1 :i* c only be expla9$1 if x is to be expla9$ at all1 by ! p]sonal influ5ce ( ! old] ^u ! y\ng]4 ,& x is ^! m fundam5tal resemblances :i* are ( mo/ int]e/ = our pres5t purpose1 because !y may enable u to und]/& some?+ ( ! settl$ convictions ) :i* ,ezekiel ent]$ on ! prophet's call+4 ,moreov]1 a comp>ison ( ! two prophets w br+ out m cle>ly ?an any?+ else c]ta9 aspects ( ! "* ( ,ezekiel :i* x is important to be> 9 m9d4 ,bo? are m5 ( /rongly m>k$ individuality1 & no conception ( ! age 9 :i* !y liv$ c safely be =m$ f ! writ+s ( ei!r1 tak5 alone4 ,x has be5 already rem>k$ t ,j]emiah 0 ! mo/ conspicu\s public "* ( 8 day4 ,if x be ! case t he ?rew 8 spell ov] ! y\?ful m9d ( ,ezekiel1 ! fact is ! mo/ /rik+ tribute to 8 influ5ce t c\ld be conceiv$4 ,no two m5 c\ld diff] m widely 9 natural temp]am5t & "*4 ,j]emiah is ! prophet ( a dy+ nation1 & ! agony ( ,judah's prolong$ dea?/ruggle is reproduc$ ) t5fold int5sity 9 ! inw>d conflict :i* r5ds ! he>t ( ! prophet4 ,inexorable 9 8 pr$iction ( ! com+ doom1 he confesses t ?is is because he is ov]ma/]$ by ! ,div9e p[] :i* urges him into a pa? f :i* 8 nature recoil$4 ,he deplores ! isolation :i* is =c$ ^u him1 ! ali5ation ( fri5ds & k9sm51 & ! con/ant /rife ( :i* he is ! reluctant cause4 ,he feels z if he c\ld gladly %ake (f ! burd5 ( prophetic responsibility & become a man among/ common m54 ,8 human sympa?ies g =? t[>ds 8 unhappy c\ntry1 & 8 he>t ble$s = ! mis]y :i* he sees hang+ ov] ! misguid$ p1 = :om he is =bidd5 ev5 to pray4 ,! tragic conflict ( 8 life rea*es its height 9 ^? expo/ulations ) ,jehovah :i* are among/ ! mo/ rem>kable passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!y express ! %r9k+ ( a s5sitive nature f ! inw>d necessity 9 :i* he 0 compell$ to recognise ! high] tru?2 & ! wre/l+ ( an e>ne/ _s = ! assurance ( 8 p]sonal /&+ ) ,god1 :5 all ! outw>d in/itutions ( religion 7 be+ dissolv$4 ,to su* m5tal conflicts ,ezekiel 0 a /rang]1 or if he ev] pass$ ?r\gh !m ! traces ( !m h almo/ vani%$ f 8 writt5 words4 ,he c h>dly be said to be m sev]e ?an ,j]emiah2 b 8 sev]ity seems m a "p ( himself1 & m 9 keep+ ) ! b5t ( 8 disposition4 ,he is :olly on ! side ( ! div9e sov]eignty2 !re is no reaction ( ! human sympa?ies aga9/ ! imp]ative dictates ( ! prophetic inspiration2 he is "o 9 :om e ?\ght seems br\ght into captivity to ! ^w ( ,jehovah4 ,x is possible t ! complet5ess ) :i* ,ezekiel surr5d]$ himself to ! judicial aspect ( 8 message may be p>tly due to ! fact t he _h be5 famili> ) its lead+ conceptions f ! tea*+ ( ,j]emiah2 b x mu/ also be due to a c]ta9 au/]ity natural to him4 ,less emotional ?an ,j]emiah1 8 m9d 0 m readily tak5 possession ( by ! convictions t =m$ ! sub/ance ( 8 prophetic message4 ,he 0 evid5tly a man ( pr(\ndly e?ical habits ( ?\ght1 /]n & uncompromis+ 9 8 judgm5ts1 bo? on himself & o!r m51 & gift$ ) a /rong s5se ( human responsibility4 ,z 8 captivity cut him (f f liv+ contact ) ! national life1 & enabl$ him to survey 8 c\ntry's condition ) some?+ ( ! dispassionate scrut9y ( a spectator1 s 8 natural disposition enabl$ him to realise 9 8 own p]son t brea* ) ! pa/ :i* 0 ess5tial to ! purification ( religion4 ,he _h ! qualities :i* m>k$ him out = ! prophet ( ! new ord] t 0 to be1 z cle>ly z ,j]emiah _h ^? :i* fitt$ him to be ! prophet ( a nation's dissolution4 ,9 social /&+1 also1 & pr(essional tra9+1 ! m5 7 f> remov$ f ea* o!r4 ,bo? 7 prie/s1 b ,ezekiel belong$ to ! h\se ( ,zadok1 :o (ficiat$ 9 ! c5tral sanctu>y1 :ile ,j]emiah's family may h be5 atta*$ to "o ( ! prov9cial sanctu>ies47#d7 ,! int]e/s ( ! two classes ( prie/s came into %>p collision z a consequ5ce ( ,josiah's re=mation4 ,! law provid$ t ! rural prie/hood %\ld be admitt$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,temple on equal t]ms ) _! bre?r5 ( ! sons ( ,zadok2 b we are expressly in=m$ t ! ,temple prie/s successfully resi/$ ?is encroa*m5t on _! peculi> privileges4 ,x has be5 adduc$ by sev]al expositors z a pro( ( ,ezekiel's fre$om f ca/e prejudice1 t he 0 will+ to le>n f a man :o 0 socially 8 inf]ior1 & :o belong$ to an ord] :i* he himself 0 to decl>e unwor?y ( full prie/ly rights 9 ! re/or$ !ocracy4 ,b x mu/ be said t !re 0 little 9 ,j]emiah's public "w to call att5tion to ! fact t he 0 by bir? a prie/4 ,9 ! pr(\nd spiritual s5se ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews we may inde$ say t he 0 at he>t a prie/1 8hav+ compassion on ! ignorant & !m t are out ( ! way1 =asmu* z he himself 0 compass$ ) infirmity40 ,b ?is quality ( spiritual sympa?y sprang f 8 call+ z a prophet r ?an f 8 prie/ly tra9+4 ,"o ( ! contra/s betwe5 him & ,ezekiel lies j 9 ! respective e/imates ( ! wor? ( ritual :i* und]lie _! tea*+4 ,j]emiah is di/+ui%$ ev5 among ! prophets by 8 indiff]5ce to ! outw>d in/itutions & symbols ( religion :i* x is ! prie/'s function to cons]ve4 ,he /&s 9 ! succession ( ,amos & ,isaiah z an uphold] ( ! purely e?ical "* ( ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,ritual =ms no ess5tial elem5t ( ,jehovah's cov5ant ) ,israel1 & x is d\btful if 8 prophecies ( ! future conta9 any ref]5ce to a prie/ly class or prie/ly ord9ances47#e7 ,9 ! pres5t he repudiates ! actual popul> wor%ip z (f5sive to ,jehovah1 &1 except 9 s f> z he may h giv5 8 support to ,josiah's re=ms1 he does n conc]n himself to put any?+ bett] 9 its place4 ,to ,ezekiel1 on ! contr>y1 a pure wor%ip is a prim>y condition ( ,israel's enjoym5t ( ! fell[%ip ( ,jehovah4 ,all ?r\gh 8 tea*+ we detect 8 deep s5se ( ! religi\s value ( prie/ly c]emonies1 & 9 ! conclud+ vision t und]ly+ ?\ght comes out cle>ly z a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! new religi\s con/itution4 ,"h aga9 we c see h[ ea* prophet 0 provid5tially fitt$ = ! special "w assign$ him to d4 ,to ,j]emiah x 0 giv51 amid/ ! wreck ( all ! mat]ial embodim5ts 9 :i* fai? _h clo!d itself 9 ! pa/1 to realise ! ess5tial tru? ( religion z p]sonal communion ) ,god1 & s to rise to ! conception ( a purely spiritual religion1 9 :i* ! w ( ,god %\ld be writt5 9 ! he>t ( e believ]4 ,to ,ezekiel 0 committ$ ! diff]5t1 b n less necess>y1 task ( organis+ ! religion ( ! imm$iate future1 & provid+ ! =ms :i* 7 to en%r9e ! tru?s ( revelation until ! com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,& t task c\ld n1 humanly speak+1 h be5 p]=m$ b by "o ^: tra9+ & incl9ation taught him to appreciate ! value ( ^? rules ( c]emonial sanctity :i* 7 ! tradition ( ! ,hebrew prie/hood4 ,v closely connect$ ) ?is is ! attitude ( ! two prophets to :at we may call ! legal aspect ( religion4 ,j]emiah seems to h become conv9c$ at a v e>ly date ( ! insuffici5cy & %all[ness ( ! revival ( religion :i* 0 express$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! national cov5ant 9 ! reign ( ,josiah4 ,he seems also to h disc]n$ "s ( ! evils :i* are insep>able f a religion ( ! lett]1 9 :i* ! claims ( ,god are pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( ext]nal laws & ord9ances4 ,& ^! convictions l$ him to ! conception ( a f> high] manife/ation ( ,god's r$eem+ grace to be realis$ 9 ! future1 9 ! =m ( a new cov5ant1 bas$ on ,god's =giv+ love1 & op]ative ?r\gh a p]sonal k ( ,god1 & ! law writt5 on ! he>t & m9d ( ea* memb] ( ! cov5ant p4 ,t is to say1 ! liv+ pr9ciple ( religion mu/ be implant$ 9 ! he>t ( ea* true ,israelite1 & 8 ob$i5ce mu/ be :at we call evangelical ob$i5ce1 spr++ f ! free impulse ( a nature r5ew$ by ! k ( ,god4 ,ezekiel is also impress$ by ! failure ( ! ,deut]onomic cov5ant & ! ne$ ( a new he>t be=e ,israel is able to comply ) ! high requirem5ts ( ! holy law ( ,god4 ,b he does n appe> to h be5 l$ to connect ! failure ( ! pa/ ) ! inh]5t imp]fection ( a legal disp5sation z su*4 ,al?\gh 8 tea*+ is full ( evangelical tru?s1 among/ :i* ! doctr9e ( reg5]ation holds a conspicu\s place1 we yet obs]ve t ) him a man's righte\sness be=e ,god consi/s 9 acts ( ob$i5ce to ! objective precepts ( ! div9e law4 ,?is ( c\rse does n mean t ,ezekiel 0 conc]n$ only ab\t ! outw>d act & indiff]5t to ! _s 9 :i* ! law 0 obs]v$4 ,b x does mean t ! end ( ,god's deal+s ) ,8 p 0 to br+ !m into a condition = fulfill+ ,8 law1 & t ! great aim ( ! new ,israel 0 ! fai?ful obs]vance ( ! law :i* express$ ! conditions on :i* !y c\ld rema9 9 communion ) ,god4 ,accord+ly ,ezekiel's f9al ideal is on a l[] plane1 & !re=e m imm$iately practicable1 ?an t ( ,j]emiah4 ,in/ead ( a purely spiritual anticipation express+ ! ess5tial nature ( ! p]fect relation betwe5 ,god & man1 ,ezekiel pres5ts u ) a def9ite1 cle>ly conceiv$ vision ( a new !ocracy--a /ate :i* is to be ! outw>d embodim5t ( ,jehovah's w & 9 :i* life is m9utely regulat$ by ,8 law4 ,if 9 spite ( su* wide diff]5ces ( temp]am5t1 ( education1 & ( religi\s exp]i5ce1 we f9d nev]!less a sub/antial agreem5t 9 ! tea*+ ( ! two prophets1 we mu/ c]ta9ly recognise 9 ?is a /rik+ evid5ce ( ! /ability ( t conception ( ,god & ,8 provid5ce :i* 0 9 ! ma9 a product ( ,hebrew prophecy4 ,x is n necess>y "h to enum]ate all ! po9ts ( co9cid5ce betwe5 ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel2 b x w be ( advantage to indicate a few sali5t features :i* !y h 9 common4 ,( ^! "o ( ! mo/ important is _! conception ( ! prophetic (fice4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t on ?is subject ,ezekiel _h le>n$ mu* bo? f obs]vation ( ,j]emiah's c>e] & f ! /udy ( 8 writ+s4 ,he knew some?+ ( :at x meant to be a prophet to ,israel be=e he himself receiv$ ! prophet's commission2 & aft] he _h receiv$ x 8 exp]i5ce ran closely p>allel ) t ( 8 ma/]4 ,! idea ( ! prophet z a man /&+ alone = ,god amid/ a ho/ile _w1 surr\nd$ on e side by ?reats & opposition1 0 impress$ on ea* ( !m f ! outset ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,to be a true prophet "o mu/ "k h[ to confront m5 ) an inflexibility equal to !irs1 su/a9$ only by a div9e p[] :i* assures him ( ultimate victory4 ,he is cut (f1 n only f ! curr5ts ( op9ion :i* play ar\nd him1 b f all %>e 9 common joys & sorr[s1 liv+ a solit>y life 9 sympa?y ) a ,god ju/ly ali5at$ f ,8 p4 ,?is attitude ( antagonism to ! p1 z ,j]emiah well knew1 _h be5 ! common fate ( all true prophets4 ,:at is *>act]i/ic ( him & ,ezekiel is t !y bo? ent] on _! "w 9 ! full consci\sness ( ! /]n & hopeless nature ( _! task4 ,isaiah knew f ! day he became a prophet t ! effect ( 8 tea*+ w\ld be to h>d5 ! p 9 unbelief2 b he says no?+ ( p]sonal enmity & p]secution to be fac$ f ! outset4 ,b n[ ! crisis ( ! p's fate has arriv$1 & ! relations betwe5 ! prophet & 8 age become m & m /ra9$ z ! great controv]sy approa*es its decision4 ,ano!r po9t ( agreem5t :i* may be "h m5tion$ is ! e/imate ( ,israel's s94 ,ezekiel goes fur!r ?an ,j]emiah 9 ! way ( condemnation1 reg>d+ ! :ole hi/ory ( ,israel z an unbrok5 record ( apo/asy & rebellion1 :ile ,j]emiah at lea/ looks back to ! des]t w&]+ z a "t :5 ! ideal relation betwe5 ,israel & ,jehovah 0 ma9ta9$4 ,b on ! :ole1 & especially ) respect to ! pres5t /ate ( ! nation1 _! judgm5t is sub/antially "o4 ,! s\rce ( all ! religi\s & moral disord]s ( ! nation is infidelity to ,jehovah1 :i* is manife/$ 9 ! wor%ip ( false gods & reliance on ! help ( =eign nations4 ,specially notewor?y is ! frequ5t recurr5ce 9 ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel ( ! figure ( 8:or$om10 an idea introduc$ into prophecy by ,hosea to describe ^! two s9s4 ,! ext5sion ( ! figure to ! false wor%ip ( ,jehovah by images & o!r idolatr\s emblems c also be trac$ to ,hosea2 & 9 ,ezekiel x is sometimes difficult to say :i* species ( idolatry he has 9 view1 :e!r x be ! actual wor%ip ( o!r gods or ! unlawful wor%ip ( ! true ,god4 ,8 position is t an unspiritual wor%ip implies an unspiritual deity1 & t su* s]vice z 0 p]=m$ at ! ord9>y sanctu>ies c\ld by no possibility be reg>d$ z r5d]$ to ! true ,god :o spoke ?r\gh ! prophets4 ,f ?is f\nta9head ( a corrupt$ religi\s s5se proce$ all ^? immoral practices :i* bo? prophets /igmatise z 8abom9ations0 & z a defilem5t ( ! l& ( ,jehovah4 ,( ^! ! mo/ />tl+ is ! preval5t sacrifice ( *ildr5 to :i* !y bo? be> witness1 al?\gh1 z we %all aft]w>ds see1 ) a *>act]i/ic diff]5ce 9 _! po9t ( view4 ,! :ole picture1 inde$1 :i* ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel pres5t ( contempor>y society is appall+ 9 ! extreme4 ,mak+ all all[ance = ! practical motive ( ! prophetic invective1 :i* always aims at conviction ( s91 we _c d\bt t ! /ate ( ?+s 0 suffici5tly s]i\s to m>k ,judah z ripe = judgm5t4 ,! v f\ndations ( society 7 sapp$ by ! spread ( lic5ce & high h&$ viol5ce ?r\gh all classes ( ! community4 ,! re/ra9ts ( religion _h be5 loos5$ by ! feel+ t ,jehovah _h =sak5 ! l&1 & nobles1 prie/s1 & prophets plung$ into a c>e] ( wick$ness & oppression :i* made salvation ( ! exi/+ nation impossible4 ,! guilt ( ,j]usalem is symbolis$ to bo? prophets 9 ! innoc5t blood :i* /a9s h] skirts & cries to heav5 = v5geance4 ,! t5d5cies :i* are upp]mo/ are ! evil legacy ( ! days ( ,manasseh1 :51 9 ! judgm5t ( ,j]emiah & ! hi/orian ( ! books ( ,k+s17#f7 ! nation s9n$ beyond hope ( m]cy4 ,9 pa9t+ 8 lurid pictures ( social deg5]acy ,ezekiel is no d\bt draw+ on 8 own memory & in=mation2 nev]!less ! =ms 9 :i* 8 indictm5t is ca/ %[ t ev5 9 ?is matt] he has le>n$ to look on ?+s ) ! eyes ( 8 great tea*]4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add t bo? prophets anticipate a spe$y d[nfall ( ! /ate & its re/oration 9 a m glori\s =m aft] a %ort int]val1 fix$ by ,j]emiah at sev5ty ye>s & by ,ezekiel at =ty ye>s4 ,! re/oration is reg>d$ z f9al1 & z embrac+ bo? bran*es ( ! ,hebrew nation1 ! k+dom ( ! t5 tribes z well z ! h\se ( ,judah4 ,! ,messianic hope 9 ,ezekiel appe>s 9 a =m simil> to t 9 :i* x is pres5t$ by ,j]emiah2 9 nei!r prophet is ! figure ( ! ideal ,k+ s prom95t z 9 ! prophecies ( ,isaiah4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ! two is all ! m notewor?y z an evid5ce ( dep5d5ce1 because ,ezekiel's f9al outlook is t[>ds a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* ! ,pr9ce has a some:at subord9ate position assign$ to ,him4 ,bo? prophets1 aga9 foll[+ ,hosea1 reg>d ! spiritual r5ewal ( ! p z ! effect ( *a/isem5t 9 exile4 ,^? p>ts ( ! nation :i* g fir/ into bani%m5t are ! fir/ to be br\ght "u ! salut>y influ5ces ( ,god's provid5tial discipl9e2 & h5ce we f9d t ,j]emiah adopts a m hopeful tone 9 speak+ ( ,sam>ia & ! captives ( #eig ?an 9 8 utt]ances to ^? :o rema9$ 9 ! l&4 ,?is conviction 0 %>$ by ,ezekiel1 9 spite ( 8 daily contact ) abom9ations f :i* 8 :ole nature revolt$4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ,ezekiel liv$ long en\gh to see t no su* spiritual trans=mation 0 to be wr\ght by ! m]e fact ( captivity1 & t1 despair+ ( a g5]al & spontane\s conv]sion1 he put 8 h& to ! "w ( practical re=m z if he w\ld secure by legislation ! results :i* he _h once expect$ z fruits ( rep5tance4 ,if ! prophet _h ev] expect$ t puni%m5t ( itself w\ld "w a *ange 9 ! religi\s condition ( 8 c\ntrym51 !re might h be5 room = su* a dis5*antm5t z is "h assum$4 ,b !re is no evid5ce t he ev] look$ = any?+ else ?an a reg5]ation ( ! p 9 captivity by ! sup]natural work+ ( ! div9e ,_s2 & t ! f9al vision is meant to help out ! div9e plan by human policy is a sugge/ion negativ$ by ! :ole scope ( ! book4 ,x may be true t 8 practical activity 9 ! pres5t 0 direct$ to prep>+ individual m5 = ! com+ salvation2 b t 0 no m ?an any spiritual tea*] mu/ h done 9 a "t recognis$ z a p]iod ( transition4 ,! vision ( ! re/or$ !ocracy presupposes a national resurrection & a national rep5tance4 ,& on ! face ( x x is su* t man c take no /ep t[>ds its accompli%m5t until ,god has prep>$ ! way by creat+ ! conditions ( a p]fect religi\s community1 bo? ! moral conditions 9 ! m9d ( ! p & ! outw>d conditions 9 ! miracul\s trans=mation ( ! l& 9 :i* !y are to dwell4 ,mo/ ( ! po9ts "h t\*$ ^u w h to be m fully treat$ 9 ! c\rse ( our exposition1 & o!r aff9ities betwe5 ! two great prophets w h to be notic$ z we proce$4 ,en\gh has p]haps be5 said to %[ t ,ezekiel's ?9k+ has be5 pr(\ndly influ5c$ by ,j]emiah1 t ! influ5ce ext5ds n only to ! =m b also to ! sub/ance ( 8 tea*+1 & c !re=e only be expla9$ by e>ly impressions receiv$ by ! y\ng] prophet 9 ! days be=e ! ^w ( ! ,"l _h come to him4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,vision ,( ,! ,glory ,( ,god4 ,*apt] i4 ,x might be haz>d\s to attempt1 f ! g5]al consid]ations advanc$ 9 ! la/ two *apt]s1 to =m a conception ( ,ezekiel's /ate ( m9d dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s ( 8 captivity4 ,if1 z we h f\nd reason to believe1 he _h already come "u ! influ5ce ( ,j]emiah1 he mu/ h be5 9 "s measure prep>$ = ! bl[ :i* _h desc5d$ on him4 ,torn f ! duties ( ! (fice :i* he lov$1 & driv5 9 ^u himself1 ,ezekiel mu/ no d\bt h m$itat$ deeply on ! s9 & ! prospects ( 8 p4 ,f ! fir/ he mu/ h /ood alo( f 8 fell[exiles1 :o1 l$ by _! false prophets1 began to dream ( ! fall ( ,babylon & a spe$y return to _! own l&4 ,he knew t ! calamity :i* _h befall5 !m 0 b ! fir/ in/alm5t ( a sweep+ judgm5t be=e :i* ! old ,israel mu/ utt]ly p]i%4 ,^? :o rema9$ 9 ,j]usalem 7 res]v$ = a worse fate ?an ^? :o _h be5 c>ri$ away2 b s long z ! latt] rema9$ imp5it5t !re 0 no hope ev5 = !m ( an alleviation ( ! bitt]ness ( _! lot4 ,su* ?\ghts1 work+ 9 a m9d naturally sev]e 9 its judgm5ts1 may h already produc$ t attitude ( ali5ation f ! :ole life ( 8 companions 9 mis=tune :i* dom9ates ! fir/ p]iod ( 8 prophetic c>e]4 ,b ^! convictions did n make ,ezekiel a prophet4 ,he _h z yet no indep5d5t message f ,god1 no sure p]ception ( ! issue ( ev5ts1 or ! pa? :i* ,israel mu/ foll[ 9 ord] to rea* ! bless$ness ( ! future4 ,x 0 n till ! fif? ye> ( 8 captivity7#g7 t ! inw>d *ange took place :i* br\ght him into ,jehovah's c\nsel1 & disclos$ to him ! outl9es ( all 8 future "w1 & end[$ him ) ! c\rage to /& =? among/ 8 p z ! spokesman ( ,jehovah4 ,l o!r great prophets ^: p]sonal exp]i5ce is record$1 ,ezekiel became consci\s ( 8 prophetic vocation ?r\gh a vision ( ,god4 ,! =m 9 :i* ,jehovah fir/ appe>$ to him is describ$ ) great m9ut5ess ( detail 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 book4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 "s h\r ( solit>y m$itation by ! riv] ,keb> 8 att5tion 0 attract$ to a /ormcl\d =m+ 9 ! nor? & advanc+ t[>d him across ! pla94 ,! cl\d may h be5 an actual ph5om5on1 ! natural basis ( ! !ophany :i* foll[s4 ,fall+ into a /ate ( ec/asy1 ! prophet sees ! cl\d gr[ lum9\s ) an une>?ly spl5d\r4 ,f ! mid/ ( x !re %9es a brightness :i* he comp>es to ! lu/re ( electron47#h7 ,look+ m closely1 he disc]ns f\r liv+ creatures1 ( /range composite =m1--human 9 g5]al appe>ance1 b w+$2 & ea* hav+ f\r heads comb9+ ! highe/ types ( animal life--man1 lion1 ox1 & eagle4 ,^! are aft]w>ds id5tifi$ ) ! *]ubim ( ! ,temple symbolism 7*4 x4 #bj72 b "s features ( ! conception may h be5 sugge/$ by ! composite animal figures ( ,babylonian art1 ) :i* ! prophet mu/ h be5 already famili>4 ,! int]ior space is occupi$ by a he>? ( gl[+ coals1 f :i* lightn+fla%es con/antly d>t to & fro betwe5 ! *]ubim4 ,beside ea* *]ub is a :eel1 =m$ app>5tly ( two :eels int]sect+ ea* o!r at "r angles4 ,! appe>ance ( ! :eels is l 8*rysolite10 & _! rims are fill$ ) eyes1 d5ot+ ! intellig5ce by :i* _! motions are direct$4 ,! :eels & ! *]ubim toge!r embody ! spontane\s en]gy by :i* ! ?rone ( ,god is transport$ :i!r ,he wills2 al?\gh !re is no me*anical connection betwe5 !m1 !y are repres5t$ z animat$ by a common _s1 direct+ all _! motions 9 p]fect h>mony4 ,ov] ! heads & out/ret*$ w+s ( ! *]ubim is a rigid pavem5t or 8firmam5t10 l cry/al2 & above ?is a sapphire /one7#i7 support+ ! ?rone ( ,jehovah4 ,! div9e ,be+ is se5 9 ! lik5ess ( a man2 & ar\nd ,him1 z if to temp] ! fi]c5ess ( ! light 9 :i* ,he dwells1 is a radiance l t ( ! ra9b[4 ,x w be notic$ t :ile ,ezekiel's imag9ation dwells on :at we mu/ consid] ! accessories ( ! vision--! fire1 ! *]ubim1 ! :eels--he h>dly d>es to lift 8 eyes to ! p]son ( ,jehovah ,himself4 ,! full mean+ ( :at he is pass+ ?r\gh only dawns on him :5 he realises t he is 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,almighty4 ,!n he falls on 8 face ov]p[]$ by ! s5se ( 8 own insignificance4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t :at is ?us describ$ repres5ts an actual exp]i5ce on ! "p ( ! prophet4 ,x is n to be reg>d$ m]ely z a consci\s clo?+ ( spiritual tru?s 9 symbolic imag]y4 ,! description ( a vision is ( c\rse a consci\s ex]cise ( lit]>y faculty2 & 9 all su* cases x mu/ be difficult to di/+ui% :at a prophet actually saw & he>d 9 ! mom5t ( inspiration f ! details :i* he 0 compell$ to add 9 ord] to convey an intelligible picture to ! m9ds ( 8 read]s4 ,x is probable t 9 ! case ( ,ezekiel ! elem5t ( free inv5tion has a l>g] range ?an 9 ! less elaborate descriptions :i* o!r prophets give ( _! visions4 ,b ?is does n detract f ! =ce ( ! prophet's own ass]tion t :at he relates 0 bas$ on a real & def9ite exp]i5ce :5 9 a /ate ( prophetic ec/asy4 ,?is is express$ by ! words 8! h& ( ,jehovah 0 ^u him0 7v]4 #c7--;a phrase :i* is inv>iably us$ ?r\gh\t ! book to d5ote ! prophet's peculi> m5tal condition :5 ! communication ( div9e tru? 0 accompani$ by exp]i5ces ( a vision>y ord]4 ,moreov]1 ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! /ate 9 :i* ?is vision left him %[s t 8 natural consci\sness _h be5 ov]p[]$ by ! pressure ( sup]s5sible realities on 8 _s4 ,he tells u t he w5t 89 bitt]ness1 9 ! heat ( 8 _s1 ! h& ( ! ,"l be+ heavy ^u him2 & came to ! exiles at ,telabib1 444 & sat !re sev5 days /upefi$ 9 _! mid/0 7*4 iii4 #ad1 #ae74 ,n[ :atev] be ! ultimate nature ( ! prophetic vision1 its significance = u w\ld appe> to lie 9 ! untrammell$ work+ ( ! prophet's imag9ation "u ! influ5ce ( spiritual p]ceptions :i* are too pr(\nd to be express$ z ab/ract ideas4 ,! prophet's consci\sness is n susp5d$1 = he rememb]s 8 vision & reflects on its mean+ aft]w>ds2 b 8 int]c\rse ) ! out] _w ?r\gh ! s5ses is int]rupt$1 s t 8 m9d moves freely among/ images /or$ 9 8 memory1 & new comb9ations are =m$ :i* embody a tru? n previ\sly appreh5d$4 ,! tableau ( ! vision is !re=e always capable to "s ext5t ( a psy*ological explanation4 ,! elem5ts ( :i* x is compos$ mu/ h be5 already pres5t 9 ! m9d ( ! prophet1 & 9 s f> z ^! c be trac$ to _! s\rces we are enabl$ to und]/& _! symbolic import 9 ! novel comb9ation 9 :i* !y appe>4 ,b ! real significance ( ! vision lies 9 ! imm$iate impression left on ! m9d ( ! prophet by ! div9e realities :i* gov]n 8 life1 & ?is is especially true ( ! vision ( ,god ,himself :i* accompanies ! call to ! prophetic (fice4 ,al?\gh no vision c express ! :ole ( a prophet's conception ( ,god1 yet x repres5ts to ! imag9ation c]ta9 fundam5tal aspects ( ! div9e nature & ( ,god's relation to ! _w & to m52 & ?r\gh all 8 subsequ5t c>e] ! prophet w be influ5c$ by ! =m 9 :i* he once beheld ! great ,be+ ^: words come to him f "t to "t4 ,to 8 lat] reflection ! vision becomes a symbol ( c]ta9 tru?s ab\t ,god1 al?\gh 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! symbol 0 creat$ = him by a my/]i\s op]ation ( ! div9e ,_s 9 a process ov] :i* he _h no control4 ,9 "o respect ,ezekiel's inaugural vision seems to possess a great] importance = 8 !ology ?an is ! case ) any o!r prophet4 ,) ! o!r prophets ! vision is a mom5t>y exp]i5ce1 ( :i* ! spiritual mean+ passes into ! ?9k+ ( ! prophet1 b :i* does n recur aga9 9 ! vision>y =m4 ,) ,ezekiel1 on ! o!r h&1 ! vision becomes a fix$ & p]man5t symbol ( ,jehovah1 appe>+ aga9 & aga9 9 precisely ! same =m z (t5 z ! reality ( ,god's pres5ce is impress$ on 8 m9d4 ,! ess5tial "q1 !n1 ) reg>d to ,ezekiel's vision is1 ,:at revelation ( ,god or :at ideas respect+ ,god did x s]ve to impress on ! m9d ( ! prophet8 ,x may help u to answ] t "q if we beg9 by consid]+ c]ta9 aff9ities :i* x pres5ts to ! great vision :i* op5$ ! m9i/ry ( ,isaiah4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ,ezekiel's exp]i5ce is mu* less intelligible z well z less impressive ?an ,isaiah's4 ,9 ,isaiah's del9eation we recognise ! pres5ce ( qualities :i* belong to g5ius ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,! p]fect balance ( =m & idea1 ! retic5ce :i* sugge/s )\t exhau/+ ! significance ( :at is se51 ! f9e arti/ic s5se :i* makes e t\* 9 ! picture contribute to ! r5d]+ ( ! emotion :i* fills ! prophet's s\l1 comb9e to make ! six? *apt] ( ,isaiah "o ( ! mo/ sublime passages 9 lit]ature4 ,no sympa!tic read] c fail to cat* ! impression :i* ! passage is int5d$ to convey ( ! awful maje/y ( ! ,god ( ,israel1 & ! effect produc$ on a frail & s9ful mortal u%]$ into t holy ,pres5ce4 ,we are made to feel h[ inevitably su* a vision gives bir? to ! prophetic impulse1 & h[ bo? vision & impulse in=m ! m9d ( ! se] ) ! cle> & def9ite purpose :i* rules all 8 subsequ5t "w4 ,! po9t 9 :i* ,ezekiel's vision diff]s mo/ /rik+ly f ,isaiah's is ! almo/ entire suppression ( 8 subjectivity4 ,?is is s complete t x becomes difficult to appreh5d ! mean+ ( ! vision 9 relation to 8 ?\ght & activity4 ,spiritual realities are s ov]laid ) symbolism t ! n>rative almo/ fails to reflect ! m5tal /ate 9 :i* he 0 consecrat$ = ! "w ( 8 life4 ,isaiah's vision is a drama1 ,ezekiel's is a spectacle2 9 ! "o religi\s tru? is express$ 9 a s]ies ( significant actions & words1 9 ! o!r x is embodi$ 9 =ms & spl5d\rs t appeal only to ! eye4 ,"o fact may be not$ 9 illu/ration ( ! div]sity betwe5 ! two repres5tations4 ,! sc5]y ( ,isaiah's vision is int]pret$ & spiritualis$ by ! m$ium ( language4 ,! s]aphs' hymn ( adoration /rikes ! note :i* is ! c5tral ?\ght ( ! vision1 & ! exclamation :i* breaks f ! prophet's lips reveals ! impact ( t great tru? on a human _s4 ,! :ole sc5e is ?us lift$ out ( ! region ( m]e symbolism into t ( pure religi\s ideas4 ,ezekiel's1 on ! o!r h&1 is l a song )\t words4 ,8 *]ubim are spee*less4 ,:ile ! ru/l+ ( _! w+s & ! ?und] ( ! revolv+ :eels break on 8 e> l ! s\nd ( mighty wat]s1 no articulate voice be>s home to ! m9d ! inn] mean+ ( :at he beholds4 ,probably he himself felt no ne$ ( x4 ,! pictorial "* ( 8 ?9k+ appe>s 9 _m features ( 8 "w2 & x is n surpris+ to f9d t ! import ( ! revelation is express$ ma9ly 9 visual images4 ,n[ ^! diff]5ces are 9 _! own place v in/ructive1 because !y %[ h[ intimately ! vision is relat$ to ! individuality ( him :o receives x1 & h[ ev5 9 ! mo/ exalt$ mom5ts ( inspiration ! m9d displays ! same t5d5cies :i* *>act]ise its ord9>y op]ations4 ,yet ,ezekiel's vision repres5ts a spiritual exp]i5ce n less real ?an ,isaiah's4 ,8 m5tal end[m5ts are ( a diff]5t ord]1 ( a l[] ord] if y w1 ?an ^? ( ,isaiah2 b ! ess5tial fact t he too saw ! glory ( ,god & 9 t vision obta9$ ! insight ( ! true prophet is n to be expla9$ away by analysis ( 8 lit]>y tal5t or ( ! s\rces f :i* 8 images are d]iv$4 ,x is all[able to write worse ,greek ?an ,plato2 & x is no disqualification = a ,hebrew prophet to lack ! gr&eur ( imag9ation & ! ma/]y ( /yle :i* are ! notes ( ,isaiah's g5ius4 ,9 spite ( _! obvi\s dissimil>ities ! two visions h en\gh 9 common to %[ t ,ezekiel's ?\ghts conc]n+ ,god _h be5 l>gely influ5c$ by ! /udy ( ,isaiah4 ,tru?s t _h p]haps long be5 lat5t 9 8 m9d n[ em]ge into cle> consci\sness1 clo!d 9 =ms :i* be> ! impress ( ! m9d 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ conceiv$4 ,! fundam5tal idea is ! same 9 ea* vision3 ! absolute & univ]sal sov]eignty ( ,god4 8,m9e eyes h se5 ! ,k+1 ,jehovah ( ho/s40 ,jehovah appe>s 9 human =m1 seat$ on a ?rone & att5d$ by m9i/]+ creatures :i* s]ve to %[ =? "s "p ( ,8 glory4 ,9 ! "o case !y are s]aphim1 9 ! o!r *]ubim2 & ! functions impos$ on !m by ! /ructure ( ! vision are v div]se 9 ! two cases4 ,b ! po9ts 9 :i* !y agree are m significant ?an ^? 9 :i* !y diff]4 ,!y are ! ag5ts ?r\gh :om ,jehovah ex]cises ,8 sov]eign au?ority1 be+s full ( life & intellig5ce & mov+ 9 swift response to ,8 w4 ,al?\gh free f e>?ly imp]fection !y cov] !mselves ) _! w+s be=e ,8 maje/y1 9 tok5 ( ! rev]5ce :i* is due f ! creature 9 pres5ce ( ! ,creator4 ,= ! re/ !y are symbolic figures embody+ 9 !mselves c]ta9 attributes ( ! ,deity1 or c]ta9 aspects ( ,8 k+%ip4 ,nor c ,ezekiel any m ?an ,isaiah ?9k ( ,jehovah z ! ,k+ ap>t f ! emblems associat$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,8 e>?ly sanctu>y4 ,! *]ubim !mselves are borr[$ f ! imag]y ( ! ,temple1 al?\gh _! =ms are diff]5t f ^? :i* /ood 9 ! ,holy ( holies4 ,s aga9 ! alt>1 :i* 0 naturally sugge/$ to ,isaiah by ! sc5e ( 8 vision be+ laid 9 ! ,temple1 appe>s 9 ,ezekiel's vision 9 ! =m ( ! he>? ( gl[+ coals :i* is "u ! div9e ?rone4 ,x is true t ! fire symbolises de/ructive might r ?an purify+ en]gy 7see *4 x4 #b71 b x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! orig9 ( ! symbol is ! alt>he>? ( ! sanctu>y & ( ,isaiah's vision4 ,x is z if ! ess5ce ( ! ,temple & its wor%ip 7 transf]r$ to ! sph]e ( heav5ly realities :]e ,jehovah's glory is fully manife/$4 ,all ?is1 !re=e1 is no?+ m ?an ! embodim5t ( ! fundam5tal tru? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t religion--t ,jehovah is ! almighty ,k+ ( heav5 & e>?1 t ,he executes ,8 sov]eign purposes ) irresi/ible p[]1 & t x is ! highe/ privilege ( m5 on e>? to r5d] to ,him ! homage & adoration :i* ! sight ( ,8 glory draws =? f heav5ly be+s4 ,! idea ( ,jehovah's k+%ip1 h[ev]1 is pres5t$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t "u two aspects4 ,on ! "o h&1 x d5otes ! moral sov]eignty ( ,god ov] ! p :om ,he _h *os5 z ,8 own & to :om ,8 w 0 cont9u\sly reveal$ z ! guide ( _! national & social life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x d5otes ,god's absolute dom9ion ov] ! =ces ( nature & ! ev5ts ( hi/ory1 9 virtue ( :i* all ?+s are ! unconsci\s in/rum5ts ( ,8 purposes4 ,^! two tru?s c nev] be sep>at$1 al?\gh ! emphasis is laid sometimes on ! "o & sometimes on ! o!r4 ,?us 9 ,isaiah's vision ! emphasis lies p]haps m on ! doctr9e ( ,jehovah's k+%ip ov] ,israel4 ,x is true t ,he is at ! same "t repres5t$ z ,"o ^: glory is ! 8fulness ( ! :ole e>?10 & :o !re=e manife/s ,8 p[] & pres5ce 9 e "p ( ,8 _wwide dom9ions4 ,b ! fact t ,jehovah's palace is ! idealis$ ,temple ( ,j]usalem sugge/s at once1 :at all ! tea*+ ( ! prophet confirms1 t ! nation ( ,israel is ! special sph]e )9 :i* ,8 k+ly au?ority is to obta9 practical recognition4 ,:ile no man _h a firm] grasp ( ! tru? t ,god wields all natural =ces & ov]rules ! actions ( m5 9 c>ry+ out ,8 provid5tial designs1 yet ! lead+ ideas ( ,8 m9i/ry are ^? :i* spr+ f ! ?\ght ( ,jehovah's pres5ce 9 ! mid/ ( ,8 p & ! obligation t lies on ,israel to recognise ,8 sov]eignty4 ,he is1 to use ,isaiah's own expression1 ! 8,holy ,"o ( ,israel40 ,?is aspect ( ! div9e k+%ip is und\bt$ly repres5t$ 9 ! vision ( ,ezekiel4 ,we h rem>k$ t ! imag]y ( ! vision is to "s ext5t m\ld$ on ! idea ( ! sanctu>y z ! seat ( ,jehovah's gov]nm5t1 & we %all f9d lat] on t ! f9al re/+place ( ?is emblem ( ,8 pres5ce is a re/or$ sanctu>y 9 ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,b ! circum/ances "u :i* ,ezekiel 0 call$ to be a prophet requir$ t prom95ce %\ld be giv5 to ! complem5t>y tru? t ! k+%ip ( ,jehovah 0 indep5d5t ( ,8 special relation to ,israel4 ,= ! pres5t ! tie betwe5 ,jehovah & ,8 l& 0 dissolv$4 ,israel _h dis[n$ h] div9e ,k+1 & 0 left to suff] ! consequ5ces ( h] disloyalty4 ,h5ce x is t ! vision appe>s1 n f ! direction ( ,j]usalem1 b 8out ( ! nor?10 9 tok5 t ,god has dep>t$ f ,8 ,temple & ab&on$ x to its enemies4 ,9 ?is way ! vision grant$ to ! exil$ prophet on ! pla9 ( ,babylonia embodi$ a tru? oppos$ to ! religi\s prejudices ( 8 "t1 b reassur+ to himself--t ! fall ( ,israel leaves ! ess5tial sov]eignty ( ,jehovah unt\*$2 t ,he /ill lives & reigns1 al?\gh ,8 p are trodd5 und]foot by wor%ipp]s ( o!r gods4 ,b m ?an ?is1 we c see t on ! :ole ! t5d5cy ( ,ezekiel's vision1 z di/+ui%$ f t ( ,isaiah1 is to emphasise ! univ]sality ( ,jehovah's relations to ! _w ( nature & ( mank9d4 ,8 ?rone re/s "h on a sapphire /one1 ! symbol ( heav5ly purity1 to signify t ,8 true dwell+place is above ! firmam5t1 9 ! heav5s1 :i* are equally ne> to e region ( ! e>?4 ,moreov]1 x is m\nt$ on a *>iot1 by :i* x is mov$ f place to place ) a velocity :i* sugge/s ubiquity1 & ! *>iot is borne by 8liv+ creatures0 ^: =ms unite all t is symbolical ( p[] & dignity 9 ! liv+ _w4 ,fur!r1 ! %ape ( ! *>iot1 :i* is f\rsqu>e1 & ! disposition ( ! :eels & *]ubim1 :i* is su* t !re is no be=e or beh9d1 b ! same front pres5t$ to ea* ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe1 indicate t all p>ts ( ! univ]se are alike accessible to ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,f9ally1 ! :eels & ! *]ubim are cov]$ ) eyes1 to d5ote t all ?+s are op5 to ! view ( ,him :o sits on ! ?rone4 ,! attributes ( ,god "h symbolis$ are ^? :i* express ,8 relations to creat$ exi/5ce z a :ole--omnipres5ce1 omnipot5ce1 omnisci5ce4 ,^! ideas are obvi\sly incapable ( adequate repres5tation by any s5su\s image--!y c only be sugge/$ to ! m9d2 & x is j ! ef=t to sugge/ su* transc5d5tal attributes t imp>ts to ! vision ! "* ( obscurity :i* atta*es to s _m ( its details4 ,ano!r po9t ( comp>ison betwe5 ,isaiah & ,ezekiel is sugge/$ by ! "n :i* ! latt] con/antly uses = ! appe>ance :i* he sees1 or r p]haps = t "p ( x :i* repres5ts ! p]sonal appe>ance ( ,god4 ,he calls x ! 8glory ( ,jehovah10 or 8glory ( ! ,god ( ,israel40 ,! ^w = glory 7kbd7 is us$ 9 a v>iety ( s5ses 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,etymologically x comes f a root express+ ! idea ( heav9ess4 ,:5 us$1 z "h1 concretely1 x signifies t :i* is ! outw>d manife/ation ( p[] or wor? or dignity4 ,9 human affairs x may be us$ ( a man's weal?1 or ! pomp & circum/ance ( milit>y array1 or ! spl5d\r & pageantry ( a royal c\rt1 ^? ?+s :i* oppress ! m9ds ( common m5 ) a s5se ( magnific5ce4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 appli$ to ,god1 x d5otes "s reflection 9 ! out] _w ( ,8 maje/y1 some?+ t at once reveals & conceals ,8 ess5tial ,godhead4 ,n[ we rememb] t ! second l9e ( ! s]aphs' hymn convey$ to ,isaiah's m9d ?is ?\ght1 t 8t :i* fills ! :ole e>? is ,8 glory40 ,:at is ?is 8fill+ ( ! :ole e>?0 9 :i* ! prophet sees ! effulg5ce ( ! div9e glory8 ,is 8 feel+ ak9 to ,wordswor?'s 8s5se sublime ,( some?+ f> m deeply int]fus$1 ,^: dwell+ is ! light ( sett+ suns1 ,& ! r\nd ocean1 & ! liv+ air1 ,& ! blue sky1 & 9 ! m9d ( man08 ,at lea/ ! words mu/ surely mean t all ?r\gh nature ,isaiah recognis$ t :i* decl>es ! glory ( ,god1 & !re=e 9 "s s5se reveals ,him4 ,al?\gh !y d n tea* a doctr9e ( ! div9e imman5ce1 !y conta9 all t is religi\sly valuable 9 t doctr9e4 ,9 ,ezekiel1 h[ev]1 we f9d no?+ t looks 9 ?is direction4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( 8 ?\ghts ab\t ,god t ! v ^w 8glory0 :i* ,isaiah uses ( some?+ diffus$ ?r\gh ! e>? is "h employ$ to express ! conc5tration ( all div9e qualities 9 a s+le image ( dazzl+ spl5d\r1 b belong+ to heav5 r ?an to e>?4 ,glory is "h equival5t to brightness1 z 9 ! anci5t conception ( ! bright cl\d :i* l$ ! p ?r\gh ! des]t & t :i* fill$ ! ,temple ) ov]p[]+ light :5 ,jehovah took possession ( x 7#b ,*ron4 vii4 #ac74 ,9 a /rik+ passage ( 8 la/ vision ,ezekiel describes h[ ?is sc5e w be repeat$ :5 ,jehovah returns to take up ,8 abode among/ ,8 p & ! e>? w be light$ up ) ,8 glory 7*4 xliii4 #b74 ,b mean:ile x may seem to u t e>? is left poor] by ! loss ( t aspect ( nature 9 :i* ,isaiah discov]$ a revelation ( ! div9e4 ,ezekiel is consci\s t :at he has se5 is aft] all b an imp]fect semblance ( ! ess5tial glory ( ,god on :i* no mortal eye c gaze4 ,all t he describes is expressly said to be an 8appe>ance0 & a 8lik5ess40 ,:5 he comes to speak ( ! div9e =m 9 :i* ! :ole revelation culm9ates he c say no m ?an t x is ! 8appe>ance ( ! lik5ess ( ! glory ( ,jehovah40 ,! prophet appe>s to realise 8 inability to p5etrate beh9d ! appe>ance to ! reality :i* x %ad[s =?4 ,! cle>e/ vision ( ,god :i* ! m9d ( man c receive is an aft]look l t :i* 0 v\*saf$ to ,moses :5 ! div9e pres5ce _h pass$ by 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #bc74 ,s x 0 ) ,ezekiel4 ,! true revelation t came to him 0 n 9 :at he saw ) 8 eyes 9 ! mom5t ( 8 initiation1 b 9 ! intuitive k ( ,god :i* f t h\r he possess$1 & :i* enabl$ him to int]pret m fully ?an he c\ld h done at ! "t ! significance ( 8 fir/ memorable meet+ ) ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,:at he reta9$ 9 8 wak+ h\rs 0 fir/ ( all a vivid s5se ( ! reality ( ,god's be+1 & !n a m5tal picture sugge/+ ^? attributes :i* lay at ! f\ndation ( 8 prophetic m9i/ry4 ,x is easy to see h[ ?is vision dom9ates all ,ezekiel's ?9k+ ab\t ! div9e nature4 ,! ,god :om he saw 0 9 ! =m ( a man1 & s ! ,god ( 8 consci5ce is a moral p]son to :om he fe>lessly ascribes ! p>ts & ev5 ! passions ( humanity4 ,he speaks ?r\gh ! prophet 9 ! language ( royal au?ority1 z a k+ :o w brook no rival 9 ! affections ( 8 p4 ,z ,k+ ( ,israel ,he ass]ts ,8 det]m9ation to reign ov] !m ) a mighty h&1 & by m+l$ goodness & sev]ity to break _! /ubborn he>t & b5d !m to ,8 purpose4 ,!re are p]haps o!r & m subtle aff9ities betwe5 ! symbol ( ! vision & ! prophet's inn] consci\sness ( ,god4 ,j z ! vision ga!rs up all 9 nature t sugge/s div9ity into "o respl5d5t image1 s x is also ) ! moral action ( ,god z conceiv$ by ,ezekiel4 ,8 gov]nm5t ( ! _w is selfc5tr$2 all ! ends :i* ,he pursues 9 ,8 provid5ce lie )9 ,himself4 ,8 deal+s ) ! nations1 & ) ,israel 9 p>ticul>1 are dictat$ by reg>d = ,8 own glory1 or1 z ,ezekiel expresses x1 by pity = ,8 great "n4 8,n = y\r sake d ,i act1 ,o h\se ( ,israel1 b = ,my holy "n1 :i* ye h pr(an$ among ! hea!n :i!r ye w5t0 7*4 xxxvi4 #bb74 ,! relations into :i* ,he ent]s ) m5 are all subord9ate to ! supreme purpose ( 8sanctify+0 ,himself 9 ! eyes ( ! _w or manife/+ ,himself z ,he truly is4 ,x is no d\bt possible to exagg]ate ?is feature ( ,ezekiel's !ology 9 a way t w\ld be unju/ to ! prophet4 ,aft] all1 ,jehovah's desire to be kn[n z ,he is implies a reg>d = ,8 creatures :i* includes ! ultimate int5tion to bless !m4 ,x is b an extreme expression 9 ! =m necess>y = t "t ( ! tru? to :i* all ! prophets be> witness1 t ! k ( ,god is ! indisp5sable condition ( true bless$ness to m54 ,/ill1 ! diff]5ce is m>k$ betwe5 ! 8n = y\r sake0 ( ,ezekiel & ! 8human b&s1 ! cords ( love0 ( :i* ,hosea speaks1 ! ye>n+ & compassionate affection t b9ds ,jehovah to ,8 err+ p4 ,9 ano!r respect ! symbolism ( ! vision may be tak5 z an emblem ( ! ,hebrew conception ( ! univ]se4 ,! ,bible has no sci5tific !ory ( ,god's relation to ! _w2 b x is full ( ! practical conviction t all nature responds to ,8 behe/s1 t all occurr5ces are indications ( ,8 m9d1 ! :ole realm ( nature & hi/ory be+ gov]n$ by "o ,w :i* works = moral ends4 ,t conviction is z deeply root$ 9 ! ?9k+ ( ,ezekiel z 9 t ( any o!r prophet1 &1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 x is reflect$ 9 ! /ructure ( ! m]kb1 or heav5ly *>iot1 :i* has no me*anical connection betwe5 its diff]5t p>ts1 & yet is animat$ by "o _s & moves altoge!r at ! impulse ( ,jehovah's w4 ,x w be se5 t ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ,ezekiel's conception ( ,god is :at might be describ$ 9 mod]n language z 8transc5d5tal40 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 ! prophet does n /& alone1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 him & e>li] prophets is n s great z is sometimes repres5t$4 ,inde$1 ! contra/ betwe5 transc5d5t & imman5t is h>dly applicable 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t religion4 ,if by transc5d5ce x is meant t ,god is a be+ di/9ct f ! _w1 n los+ ,himself 9 ! life ( nature1 b rul+ ov] x & controll+ x z ,8 in/rum5t1 !n all ! inspir$ writ]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are transc5d5tali/s4 ,b ?is does n mean t ,god is sep>at$ f ! human _s by a dead1 me*anical univ]se :i* owes no?+ to its ,creator b its initial impulse & its gov]n+ laws4 ,! idea t a _w c\ld come betwe5 man & ,god is "o t w\ld nev] h occurr$ to a prophet4 ,j because ,god is above ! _w ,he c reveal ,himself directly to ! _s ( man1 speak+ to ,8 s]vants face to face z a man speake? to 8 fri5d4 ,b frequ5tly 9 ! prophets ! ?\ght is express$ t ,jehovah is 8f> (f0 or 8comes f f>0 9 ! crises ( ,8 p's hi/ory4 8,am ,i a ,god at h&1 sai? ,jehovah1 & n a ,god af> (f80 is ,j]emiah's "q to ! false prophets ( 8 day2 & ! answ] is1 8,d n ,i fill heav5 & e>?8 sai? ,jehovah40 ,on ?is subject we may quote ! sugge/ive rem>ks ( a rec5t comm5tator on ,isaiah3 8,! local deities1 ! gods ( ! tribal religions1 are ne>2 ,jehovah is f>1 b at ! same "t ev]y:]e pres5t4 ,! remot5ess ( ,jehovah 9 space repres5t$ to ! prophets bett] ?an our transc5d5tal ab/ractions ,jehovah's absolute asc5d5cy4 ,?is #8f> (f' is spok5 ) en?usiasm4 ,ev]y:]e & n[h]e1 ,jehovah comes :5 ,8 h\r is come407#aj7 ,t is ! idea ( ,ezekiel's vision4 ,god comes to him 8f f>10 b ,he comes v ne>4 ,our difficulty may be to realise ! ne>ness ( ,god4 ,sci5tific discov]y has s enl>g$ our view ( ! mat]ial univ]se t we feel ! ne$ ( e consid]ation t c br+ home to u a s5se ( ! div9e condesc5sion & int]e/ 9 man's e>?ly hi/ory & 8 spiritual welf>e4 ,b ! difficulty :i* beset ! ord9>y ,israelite ev5 s late z ! ,exile 0 z ne>ly z possible ! opposite ( ours4 ,8 temptation 0 to ?9k ( ,god z only a ,god 8at h&10 a local deity1 ^: range ( influ5ce 0 limit$ to a p>ticul> spot1 & ^: p[] 0 measur$ by ! =tunes ( ,8 own p4 ,above all ?+s he ne$$ to le>n t ,god 0 8af> (f10 fill+ heav5 & e>?1 t ,8 p[] 0 ex]t$ ev]y:]e1 & t !re 0 no place :]e ei!r a man c\ld hide himself f ,god or ,god 0 hidd5 f man4 ,:5 we be> 9 m9d ^! circum/ances we c see h[ ne$ful 0 ! revelation ( ! div9e omnipres5ce z a /ep t[>ds ! p]fect k ( ,god :i* comes to u ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,ezekiel's ,prophetic ,commission4 ,*apt]s ii41 iii4 ,! call ( a prophet & ! vision ( ,god :i* sometimes accompani$ x are ! two sides ( "o complex exp]i5ce4 ,! man :o has truly se5 ,god necess>ily has a message to m54 ,n only are 8 spiritual p]ceptions quick5$ & all ! p[]s ( 8 be+ /irr$ to ! highe/ activity1 b !re is laid on 8 consci5ce ! burd5 ( a sacr$ duty & a lifelong vocation to ! s]vice ( ,god & man4 ,! true prophet !re=e is "o :o c say ) ,paul1 8,i 0 n disob$i5t to ! heav5ly vision10 = t _c be a real vision ( ,god :i* does n dem& ob$i5ce4 ,& ( ! two elem5ts ! call is ! "o t is indisp5sable to ! idea ( a prophet4 ,we c conceive a prophet )\t an ec/atic vision1 b n )\t a consci\sness ( be+ *os5 by ,god = a special "w or a s5se ( moral responsibility = ! fai?ful decl>ation ( ,8 tru?4 ,:e!r1 z ) ,isaiah & ,ezekiel1 ! call spr+s out ( ! vision ( ,god1 or :e!r1 z ) ,j]emiah1 ! call comes fir/ & is supplem5t$ by exp]i5ces ( a vision>y k9d1 ! ess5tial fact 9 ! prophet's initiation always is ! conviction t f a c]ta9 p]iod 9 8 life ! ^w ( ,jehovah came to him1 & along ) x ! feel+ ( p]sonal obligation to ,god = ! dis*>ge ( a mission entru/$ to him4 ,:ile ! vision m]ely s]ves to impress on ! imag9ation by means ( symbols a c]ta9 conception ( ,god's be+1 & may be disp5s$ ) :5 symbols are no long] ! necess>y vehicle ( spiritual tru?1 ! call1 z convey+ a s5se ( "o's true place 9 ! k+dom ( ,god1 c nev] be want+ to any man :o has a prophetic "w to d = ,god among/ 8 fell[m54 ,x has be5 already h9t$ t 9 ! case ( ,ezekiel ! connection betwe5 ! call & ! vision is less obvi\s ?an 9 t ( ,isaiah4 ,! "* ( ! n>rative und]goes a *ange at ! beg9n+ ( *4 ii4 ,! fir/ "p is m\ld$1 z we h se51 v l>gely on ! inaugural vision ( ,isaiah2 ! second betrays ) equal cle>ness ! influ5ce ( ,j]emiah4 ,! appe>ance ( a break betwe5 ! fir/ *apt] & ! second is p>tly due to ! prophet's labori\s mann] ( describ+ :at he _h pass$ ?r\gh4 ,x is altoge!r unfair to repres5t him z hav+ fir/ curi\sly inspect$ ! me*anism ( ! m]kb1 & !n be?\ght himself t x 0 a fitt+ ?+ to fall on 8 face be=e x4 ,! exp]i5ce ( an ec/asy is "o ?+1 ! relat+ ( x is ano!r4 ,9 mu* less "t ?an x takes u to ma/] ! details ( ! picture1 ,ezekiel _h se5 & be5 ov]p[]$ by ! glory ( ,jehovah1 & _h become aw>e ( ! purpose = :i* x _h be5 reveal$ to him4 ,he knew t ,god _h come to him 9 ord] to s5d him z a prophet to 8 fell[exiles4 ,& j z ! description ( ! vision draws out 9 detail ^? features :i* 7 significant ( ,god's nature & attributes1 s 9 :at foll[s he becomes consci\s /ep by /ep ( c]ta9 aspects ( ! "w to :i* he is call$4 ,9 ! =m ( a s]ies ( addresses ( ! ,almighty !re are pres5t$ to 8 m9d ! outl9es ( 8 prophetic c>e]--its conditions1 its h>d%ips1 its enc\ragem5ts1 & above all its b9d+ & p]emptory obligation4 ,"s ( ! facts n[ set be=e him1 su* z ! spiritual condition ( 8 audi5ce1 _h long be5 famili> to 8 ?\ghts--o!rs 7 new2 b n[ !y all take _! prop] place 9 ! s*eme ( 8 life2 he is made to "k _! be>+ on 8 "w1 & :at attitude he is to adopt 9 face ( !m4 ,all ?is takes place 9 ! prophetic trance2 b ! ideas rema9 ) him z ! su/a9+ pr9ciples ( 8 subsequ5t "w4 #a4 ,( ! tru?s ?us pres5t$ to ! m9d ( ,ezekiel ! fir/1 & ! "o t directly arises out ( ! impression :i* ! vision made on him1 is 8 p]sonal insignificance4 ,z he lies pro/rate be=e ! glory ( ,jehovah he he>s = ! fir/ "t ! "n :i* ev] aft]w>ds signalises 8 relation to ! ,god :o speaks ?r\gh him4 ,x h>dly ne$s to be said t ! t]m 8son ( man0 9 ! book ( ,ezekiel is no title ( hon\r or ( di/9ction4 ,x is precisely ! opposite ( ?is4 ,x d5otes ! abs5ce ( di/9ction 9 ! p]son ( ! prophet4 ,x signifies no m ?an 8memb] ( ! human race02 its s5se might almo/ be convey$ if we 7 to r5d] x by ! ^w 8mortal40 ,x expresses ! inf9ite contra/ betwe5 ! heav5ly & ! e>?ly1 betwe5 ! glori\s ,be+ :o speaks f ! ?rone & ! frail creature :o ne$s to be sup]naturally /r5g!n$ be=e he c /& upright 9 ! attitude ( s]vice 7*4 ii4 #a74 ,he felt t !re 0 no reason 9 himself = ! *oice :i* ,god made ( him to be a prophet4 ,he is consci\s only ( ! attributes :i* he has 9 common ) ! race--( human weakness & insignificance2 all t di/+ui%es him f o!r m5 belongs to 8 (fice1 & is conf]r$ on him by ,god 9 ! act ( 8 consecration4 ,!re is no trace ( ! g5]\s impulse t prompt$ ,isaiah to (f] himself z a s]vant ( ! great ,k+ z soon z he realis$ t !re 0 "w to be done4 ,he is equally a /rang] to ! %r9k+ ( ,j]emiah's s5sitive _s f ! responsibilities ( ! prophet's *>ge4 ,to ,ezekiel ! div9e ,pres5ce is s ov]p[]+1 ! comm& is s def9ite & exact+1 t no room is left = ! play ( p]sonal feel+2 ! h& ( ! ,"l is heavy on him1 & he c d no?+ b /& /ill & he>4 #b4 ,! next ?\ght t occupies ! att5tion ( ! prophet is ! spiritual condition ( ^? to :om he is s5t4 ,x is to be not$ t 8 mission pres5ts itself to him f ! outset 9 two aspects4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he is a prophet to ! :ole h\se ( ,israel1 includ+ ! lo/ k+dom ( ! t5 tribes1 z well z ! two sections ( ! k+dom ( ,judah1 ^? n[ 9 exile & ^? /ill rema9+ 9 _! own l&4 ,?is is 8 ideal audi5ce2 ! sweep ( 8 prophecy is to embrace ! de/9ies ( ! nation z a :ole1 al?\gh b a small "p be )9 ! rea* ( 8 spok5 words4 ,b 9 lit]al fact he is to be ! prophet ( ! exiles 7*4 iii4 #aa72 t is ! sph]e 9 :i* he has to make pro( ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,^! two audi5ces are = ! mo/ "p n di/+ui%$ 9 ! m9d ( ,ezekiel2 he sees ! ideal 9 ! real1 reg>d+ ! little colony 9 :i* he lives z an epitome ( ! national life4 ,b 9 bo? aspects ( 8 "w ! outlook is equally dispirit+4 ,if he looks =w>d to an active c>e] among/ 8 fell[ captives1 he is giv5 to "k t 8?orns & ?i/les0 are ) him & t 8 dwell+ is among scorpions 7*4 ii4 #f74 ,petty p]secution & rancor\s opposition are ! inevitable lot ( a prophet !re4 ,& if he ext5ds 8 ?\ghts to ! idealis$ nation he has to ?9k ( a p ^: "* is reveal$ 9 a long hi/ory ( rebellion & apo/asy3 !y are 8! rebels :o h rebell$ aga9/ ,me1 !y & _! fa!rs to ?is v day0 7*4 ii4 #c74 ,! greate/ difficulty he w h to cont5d ) is ! imp5etrability ( ! m9ds ( 8 he>]s to ! tru?s ( 8 message4 ,! b>ri] ( a /range language sugge/s an illu/ration ( ! impossibility ( communicat+ spiritual ideas to su* m5 z he is s5t to4 ,b x is a f> m hopeless b>ri] t sep>ates him f 8 p4 8,n to a p ( deep spee* & heavy tongue art ?\ s5t2 & n to _m peoples ^: language ?\ can/ n und]/&3 if ,i _h s5t !e to !m1 !y w\ld he> !e4 ,b ! h\se ( ,israel w refuse to he> !e2 = !y refuse to he> ,me3 = ! :ole h\se ( ,israel are h>d ( =ehead & /\t ( he>t0 7*4 iii4 #eg74 ,! mean+ is t ! incapacity ( ! p is n intellectual1 b moral & spiritual4 ,!y c und]/& ! prophet's words1 b !y w n he> !m because !y dislike ! tru? :i* he utt]s & h rebell$ aga9/ ! ,god :o s5t him4 ,! h>d5+ ( ! national consci5ce :i* ,isaiah =esaw z ! inevitable result ( 8 own m9i/ry is already accompli%$1 & ,ezekiel traces x to its s\rce 9 a defect ( ! w1 an av]sion to ! tru?s :i* express ! "* ( ,jehovah4 ,?is fix$ judgm5t on 8 contempor>ies ) :i* ,ezekiel ent]s on 8 "w is cond5s$ into "o ( ^? /]eotyp$ expressions :i* ab\nd 9 8 writ+s3 8h\se ( disob$i5ce07#aa7--;a phrase :i* is aft]w>ds amplifi$ 9 m ?an "o elaborate review ( ! nation's pa/4 ,x no d\bt sums up ! result ( mu* previ\s m$itation on ! /ate ( ,israel & ! possibility ( a national re=mation4 ,if any hope _h hi!rto l+]$ 9 ,ezekiel's m9d t ! exiles might n[ respond to a true ^w f ,jehovah1 x disappe>s 9 ! cle> insight :i* he obta9s into ! /ate ( _! he>ts4 ,he sees t ! "t has n yet come to w9 ! p back to ,god by assurances ( ,8 compassion & ! ne>ness ( ,8 salvation4 ,! brea* betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel has n begun to be heal$1 & ! prophet :o /&s on ! side ( ,god mu/ look = no sympa?y f m54 ,9 ! v act ( 8 consecration 8 m9d is ?us set 9 ! attitude ( uncompromis+ sev]ity t[>ds ! obdurate h\se ( ,israel3 8,behold1 ,i make ?y face h>d l _! faces1 & ?y =ehead h>d l !irs1 l adamant h>d] ?an fl9t4 ,?\ %alt n fe> !m nor be dismay$ at _! c\nt5ance1 = a disob$i5t h\se are !y0 7*4 iii4 #h1 #i74 #c4 ,! significance ( ! transaction 9 :i* he takes "p is /ill fur!r impress$ on ! m9d ( ! prophet by a symbolic act 9 :i* he is made to signify 8 acceptance ( ! commission entru/$ to him 7*s4 ii4 #h;iii4 #c74 ,he sees a h& ext5d$ to him hold+ ! roll ( a book1 & :5 ! roll is spread out be=e him x is f\nd to be writt5 on bo? sides ) 8lam5tations & m\rn+ & woe40 ,9 ob$i5ce to ! div9e comm& he op5s 8 m\? & eats ! scroll1 & f9ds to 8 surprise t 9 spite ( its cont5ts its ta/e is 8l honey = sweetness40 ,! mean+ ( ?is /range symbol appe>s to include two ?+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place x d5otes ! removal ( ! inw>d h9drance ( :i* e man mu/ be consci\s :5 he receives ! call to be a prophet4 ,some?+ simil> occurs 9 ! inaugural vision ( ,isaiah & ,j]emiah4 ,! imp$im5t ( :i* ,isaiah 0 consci\s 0 ! uncleanness ( 8 lips2 & ?is be+ remov$ by ! t\* ( ! hot coal f ! alt>1 he is fill$ ) a new feel+ ( fre$om & eag]ness to engage 9 ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,9 ! case ( ,j]emiah ! h9drance 0 a s5se ( 8 own weakness & unfitness = ! ardu\s duties :i* 7 impos$ on him2 & ?is aga9 0 tak5 away by ! consecrat+ t\* ( ,jehovah's h& on 8 lips4 ,! "p ( ,ezekiel's exp]i5ce ) :i* we are deal+ is obvi\sly p>allel to ^!1 al?\gh x is n possible to say :at feel+ ( incapacity 0 upp]mo/ 9 8 m9d4 ,p]haps x 0 ! dread le/ 9 him !re %\ld lurk some?+ ( t rebelli\s _s :i* 0 ! *>act]i/ic ( ! race to :i* he belong$4 ,he :o _h be5 l$ to =m s h>d a judgm5t ( 8 p c\ld n b look ) a jeal\s eye on 8 own he>t1 & c\ld n =get t he %>$ ! same s9ful nature :i* made _! rebellion possible4 ,accord+ly ! book is pres5t$ to him 9 ! fir/ in/ance z a te/ ( 8 ob$i5ce4 8,b ?\1 son ( man1 he> :at ,i say to !e2 ,be n disob$i5t l ! disob$i5t h\se3 op5 ?y m\?1 & eat :at ,i give !e0 7*4 ii4 #h74 ,:5 ! book proves sweet to 8 ta/e1 he has ! assurance t he has be5 end[$ ) su* sympa?y ) ! ?\ghts ( ,god t ?+s :i* to ! natural m9d are unwelcome become ! s\rce ( a spiritual satisfaction4 ,j]emiah _h express$ ! same /range delight 9 8 "w 9 a /rik+ passage :i* 0 d\btless famili> to ,ezekiel3 8,:5 ,?y words 7 f\nd ,i did eat !m2 & ,?y ^w 0 to me ! joy & rejoic+ ( my he>t3 = ,i 0 call$ by ,?y "n1 ,o ,jehovah ,god ( ho/s0 7,j]4 xv4 #af74 ,we h a /ill high] illu/ration ( ! same fact 9 ! life ( our ,"l1 to :om x 0 meat & dr9k to d ! w ( ,8 ,fa!r1 & :o exp]i5c$ a joy 9 ! do+ ( x :i* 0 peculi>ly ,8 own4 ,x is ! rew>d ( ! true s]vice ( ,god t amid/ all ! h>d%ips & disc\ragem5ts :i* h to be endur$ ! he>t is su/a9$ by an inw>d joy spr++ f ! consci\sness ( work+ 9 fell[%ip ) ,god4 ,b 9 ! second place ! eat+ ( ! book und\bt$ly signifies ! be/[al on ! prophet ( ! gift ( inspiration--t is1 ! p[] to speak ! words ( ,jehovah4 8,son ( man1 eat ?is roll1 & g speak to ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4444 ,g1 get !e to ! h\se ( ,israel1 & speak ) ,my words to !m0 7*4 iii4 #a1 #d74 ,n[ ! call ( a prophet does n mean t 8 m9d is *>g$ ) a c]ta9 body ( doctr9e1 :i* he is to deliv] f "t to "t z circum/ances require4 ,all t c safely be said ab\t ! prophetic inspiration is t x implies ! faculty ( di/+ui%+ ! tru? ( ,god f ! ?\ghts t naturally arise 9 ! prophet's own m9d4 ,nor is !re any?+ 9 ,ezekiel's exp]i5ce :i* necess>ily goes beyond ?is conception2 al?\gh ! incid5t ( ! book has be5 int]pret$ 9 ways t burd5 him ) a v crude & me*anical !ory ( inspiration4 ,"s critics h believ$ t ! book :i* he swall[$ is ! book he 0 aft]w>ds to write1 z if he _h reproduc$ 9 in/alm5ts :at 0 deliv]$ to him at ?is "t4 ,o!rs1 )\t go+ s f> z ?is1 f9d x at lea/ significant t "o :o 0 to be preem95tly a lit]>y prophet %\ld conceive ( ! ^w ( ! ,"l z communicat$ to him 9 ! =m ( a book4 ,:5 "o writ] speaks ( 8eig5?mli*e ,empf9dung5 im ,s*lunde07#ab7 z ! basis ( ! figure1 he seems to come p]il\sly ne> to resolv+ inspiration into a n]v\s disease4 ,all ^! repres5tations g beyond a fair con/ruction ( ! prophet's mean+4 ,! act is purely symbolic4 ,! book has no?+ to d ) ! subjectmatt] ( 8 prophecy1 nor does ! eat+ ( x mean any?+ m ?an ! selfsurr5d] ( ! prophet to 8 vocation z a vehicle ( ! ^w ( ,jehovah4 ,! idea t ! ^w ( ,god becomes a liv+ p[] 9 ! inn] be+ ( ! prophet is also express$ by ,j]emiah :5 he speaks ( x z a 8burn+ fire %ut up 9 8 bones0 7,j]4 xx4 #i72 & ,ezekiel's conception is simil>4 ,al?\gh he speaks z if he _h once = all assimilat$ ! ^w ( ,god1 al?\gh he 0 consci\s ( a new p[] work+ )9 him1 !re is no pro( t he ?\ght ( ! ^w ( ! ,"l z dwell+ 9 him o!rwise ?an z a spiritual impulse to utt] ! tru? reveal$ to him f "t to "t4 ,t is ! inspiration :i* all ! prophets possess3 8,jehovah ,god ha? spok51 :o c b prophesy80 7,amos iii4 #h74 #d4 ,x 0 n to be expect$ t a prophet s practical 9 8 aims z ,ezekiel %\ld be left altoge!r )\t "s indication ( ! end to be accompli%$ by 8 "w4 ,! ord9>y inc5tives to an ardu\s public c>e] h inde$ be5 d5i$ to him4 ,he kn[s t 8 mission conta9s no promise ( a /rik+ or an imm$iate success1 t he w be misjudg$ & oppos$ by ne>ly all :o he> him1 & t he w h to pursue 8 c\rse )\t appreciation or sympa?y4 ,x has be5 impress$ on him t to decl>e ,god's message is an end 9 itself1 a duty to be dis*>g$ ) no reg>d to its issues1 8:e!r m5 he> or :e!r !y =be>40 ,l ,paul he recognises t 8necessity is laid ^u him0 to prea* ! ^w ( ,god4 ,b !re is "o ^w :i* reveals to him ! way 9 :i* 8 m9i/ry is to be made effective 9 ! work+ out ( ,jehovah's purpose ) ,israel4 8,:e!r !y he> or :e!r !y =be>1 !y %all "k t a prophet ha? be5 among !m0 7ii4 #e74 ,! ref]5ce is ma9ly to ! de/ruction ( ! nation :i* ,ezekiel well knew mu/ =m ! *ief burd5 ( any true prophetic message deliv]$ at t "t4 ,he w be approv$ z a prophet1 & recognis$ z :at he is1 :5 8 words are v]ifi$ by ! ev5t4 ,does x seem a poor rew>d = ye>s ( incessant cont5tion ) prejudice & unbelief8 ,x 0 at all ev5ts ! only rew>d t 0 possible1 b x 0 also to be ! beg9n+ ( bett] days4 ,= ^! words h a wid] significance ?an _! be>+ on ! prophet's p]sonal position4 ,x has be5 truly said t ! pres]vation ( ! true religion aft] ! d[nfall ( ! nation dep5d$ on ! fact t ! ev5t _h be5 cle>ly =etold4 ,two religions & two conceptions ( ,god 7 !n /ruggl+ = ! ma/]y 9 ,israel4 ,"o 0 ! religion ( ! prophets1 :o set ! moral hol9ess ( ,jehovah above e o!r consid]ation1 & affirm$ t ,8 righte\sness mu/ be v9dicat$ ev5 at ! co/ ( ,8 p's de/ruction4 ,! o!r 0 ! popul> religion :i* clung to ! belief t ,jehovah c\ld n = any reason ab&on ,8 p )\t ceas+ to be ,god4 ,?is conflict ( pr9ciples rea*$ its climax 9 ! "t ( ,ezekiel1 & x also f\nd its solution4 ,! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem cle>$ ! issues4 ,x 0 !n se5 t ! tea*+ ( ! prophets af=d$ ! only possible explanation ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! ,jehovah ( ! opposite religion 0 prov$ to be a figm5t ( ! popul> imag9ation2 & !re 0 no alt]native betwe5 accept+ ! prophetic int]pretation ( hi/ory & resign+ all fai? 9 ! de/9y ( ,israel4 ,h5ce ! recognition ( ,ezekiel1 ! la/ ( ! old ord] ( prophets1 :o _h c>ri$ _! ?reat5+s on to ! eve ( _! accompli%m5t1 0 really a great crisis ( religion4 ,x meant ! triumph ( ! only conception ( ,god on :i* ! hope ( a bett] future c\ld be built4 ,al?\gh ! p might /ill be f> f ! /ate ( he>t 9 :i* ,jehovah c\ld remove ,8 *a/5+ h&1 ! fir/ condition ( national rep5tance 0 giv5 z soon z x 0 p]ceiv$ t !re _h be5 prophets among !m :o _h decl>$ ! purpose ( ,jehovah4 ,! f\ndation 0 also laid = a m fruitful developm5t ( ,ezekiel's activity4 ,! ^w ( ! ,"l _h be5 9 8 h&s a p[] 8to pluck up & to break d[n & to de/roy0 ! old ,israel t w\ld n "k ,jehovah2 h5ce=w>d x 0 de/9$ to 8build & plant0 a new ,israel inspir$ by a new ideal ( hol9ess & a :ole he>t$ repugnance to e =m ( idolatry4 #e4 ,^! !n are ! *ief elem5ts :i* ent] into ! rem>kable exp]i5ce t made ,ezekiel a prophet4 ,fur!r disclosures ( ! nature ( 8 (fice 71 h[ev]1 necess>y be=e he c\ld translate 8 vocation into a consci\s plan ( "w4 ,! dep>ture ( ! !ophany appe>s to h left him 9 a /ate ( m5tal pro/ration47#ac7 ,9 8bitt]ness & heat ( _s0 he resumes 8 place among/ 8 fell[ captives at ,telabib1 & sits among !m l a man bewild]$ = sev5 days4 ,at ! end ( t "t ! effects ( ! ec/asy seem to pass away1 & m light breaks on him ) reg>d to 8 mission4 ,he realises t x is to be l>gely a mission to individuals4 ,he is appo9t$ z a wat*man to ! h\se ( ,israel1 to w>n ! wick$ f 8 way2 & z su* he is held acc\ntable = ! fate ( any s\l t might miss ! way ( life ?r\gh failure ( duty on 8 "p4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ?is passage 7*4 iii4 #afba7 describes ! "* ( a %ort p]iod ( public activity1 9 :i* ,ezekiel endeav\r$ to act ! "p ( a 8reprov]0 7v]4 #bf7 among ! exiles4 ,?is is consid]$ to h be5 8 fir/ attempt to act on 8 commission1 & to h be5 cont9u$ until ! prophet 0 conv9c$ ( its hopelessness & 9 ob$i5ce to ! div9e comm& %ut himself up 9 8 own h\se4 ,b ?is view does n seem to be suffici5tly borne out by ! t]ms ( ! n>rative4 ,! words r repres5t a po9t ( view f :i* 8 :ole m9i/ry is survey$1 or an aspect ( x :i* possess$ peculi> importance f ! circum/ances 9 :i* he 0 plac$4 ,! idea ( 8 position z a wat*man responsible = individuals may h be5 pres5t to ! prophet's m9d f ! "t ( 8 call2 b ! practical developm5t ( t idea 0 n possible until ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem _h prep>$ m5's m9ds to give he$ to 8 admonitions4 ,accord+ly ! second p]iod ( ,ezekiel's "w op5s ) a full] /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples indicat$ 9 ?is section 7*4 xxxiii474 ,we %all !re=e def] ! consid]ation ( ^! pr9ciples till we rea* ! /age ( ! prophet's m9i/ry at :i* _! practical significance em]ges4 #f4 ,! la/ six v]ses ( ! ?ird *apt] may be reg>d$ ei!r z clos+ ! acc\nt ( ,ezekiel's consecration or z ! introduction to ! fir/ "p ( 8 m9i/ry1 t :i* prec$$ ! fall ( ,j]usalem4 ,!y conta9 ! description ( a second trance1 :i* appe>s to h happ5$ sev5 days aft] ! fir/4 ,! prophet seem$ to himself to be c>ri$ out 9 _s to a c]ta9 pla9 ne> 8 resid5ce 9 ,telabib4 ,!re ! glory ( ,jehovah appe>s to him precisely z he _h se5 x 9 8 =m] vision by ! riv] ,keb>4 ,he !n receives ! comm& to %ut himself up )9 8 h\se4 ,he is to be l a man b\nd ) ropes1 unable to move ab\t among 8 fell[exiles4 ,moreov]1 ! free use ( spee* is to be int]dict$2 8 tongue w be made to cleave to 8 palate1 s t he is z "o 8dumb40 ,b z (t5 z he receives a message f ,jehovah 8 m\? w be op5$ t he may decl>e x to ! rebelli\s h\se ( ,israel4 ,n[ if we comp>e v]4 #bf ) xxiv4 #bg & xxxiii4 #bb1 we f9d t ?is /ate ( int]mitt5t dumbness cont9u$ till ! day :5 ! siege ( ,j]usalem began1 & 0 n f9ally remov$ till tid+s 7 br\ght ( ! capture ( ! city4 ,! v]ses be=e u !re=e ?r[ light on ! prophet's demean\r dur+ ! fir/ half ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,:at !y signify is 8 almo/ entire )drawal f public life4 ,in/ead ( be+ l 8 great pr$ecessors1 a man liv+ full 9 ! public view1 & ?ru/+ himself on m5's notice :5 !y lea/ desir$ him1 he is to lead an isolat$ & a solit>y life1 a sign to ! p r ?an a liv+ voice47#ad7 ,f ! sequel we ga!r t he excit$ suffici5t int]e/ to induce ! eld]s & o!rs to visit him 9 8 h\se to inquire ( ,jehovah4 ,we mu/ also suppose t f "t to "t he em]g$ f 8 retirem5t ) a message = ! :ole community4 ,x _c1 inde$1 be assum$ t ! *s4 iv4xxiv4 conta9 an exact reproduction ( ! addresses deliv]$ on ^! occasions4 ,few ( !m pr(ess to h be5 utt]$ 9 public1 & = ! mo/ "p !y give ! impression ( hav+ be5 int5d$ = pati5t /udy on ! writt5 page r ?an = imm$iate oratorical effect4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t 9 ! ma9 !y embody ! results ( ,ezekiel's prophetic exp]i5ces dur+ ! p]iod to :i* !y are ref]r$1 al?\gh x may be impossible to det]m9e h[ f> !y 7 actually spok5 at ! "t1 & h[ f> !y are m]ely writt5 = ! in/ruction ( a wid] audi5ce4 ,! /rong figures us$ "h to describe ?is /ate ( seclusion appe> to reflect ! prophet's consci\sness ( ! re/ra9ts provid5tially impos$ on ! ex]cise ( 8 (fice4 ,^! re/ra9ts1 h[ev]1 7 moral1 & n1 z has sometimes be5 ma9ta9$1 physical4 ,! *ief elem5t 0 ! pron\nc$ ho/ility & incr$ulity ( ! p4 ,?is1 comb9$ ) ! s5se ( doom hang+ ov] ! nation1 seems to h weigh$ on ! _s ( ,ezekiel1 & 9 ! ec/atic /ate ! incubus ly+ ^u him & p>alys+ 8 activity pres5ts itself to 8 imag9ation z if he 7 b\nd ) ropes & afflict$ ) dumbness4 ,! repres5tation f9ds a p>tial p>allel 9 a lat] passage 9 ! prophet's hi/ory4 ,f *4 xxix4 #ba 7:i* is ! late/ prophecy 9 ! :ole book7 we le>n t ! app>5t nonfulfilm5t ( 8 pr$ictions aga9/ ,tyre _h caus$ a simil> h9drance to 8 public "w1 depriv+ him ( ! boldness ( spee* *>act]i/ic ( a prophet4 ,& ! op5+ ( ! m\? giv5 to him on t occasion by ! v9dication ( 8 words is cle>ly analog\s to ! removal ( 8 sil5ce by ! news t ,j]usalem _h fall547#ae7 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,prophecies ,,relat+ ,,ma9ly ,,to ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,j]usalem4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,end ,=etold4 ,*apt]s iv4vii4 ,) ! f\r? *apt] we ent] on ! exposition ( ! fir/ great division ( ,ezekiel's prophecies4 ,! *s4 iv4xxiv4 cov] a p]iod ( ab\t f\r & a half ye>s1 ext5d+ f ! "t ( ! prophet's call to ! comm5cem5t ( ! siege ( ,j]usalem4 ,dur+ ?is "t ,ezekiel's ?\ghts revolv$ r\nd "o great !me--! approa*+ judgm5t on ! city & ! nation4 ,?r\gh contemplation ( ?is fact !re 0 disclos$ to him ! outl9e ( a compreh5sive !ory ( div9e provid5ce1 9 :i* ! de/ruction ( ,israel 0 se5 to be ! necess>y consequ5ce ( h] pa/ hi/ory & a necess>y prelim9>y to h] future re/oration4 ,! prophecies may be classifi$ r\ghly "u ?ree heads4 ,9 ! fir/ class are ^? :i* exhibit ! judgm5t itself 9 ways fitt$ to impress ! prophet & 8 he>]s ) a conviction ( its c]ta9ty2 a second class is int5d$ to demoli% ! illusions & false ideals :i* possess$ ! m9ds ( ! ,israelites & made ! ann\ncem5t ( disa/] incr$ible2 & a ?ird & v important class exp\nds ! moral pr9ciples :i* 7 illu/rat$ by ! judgm5t1 & :i* %[ x to be a div9e necessity4 ,9 ! passage :i* =ms ! subject ( ! pres5t lecture ! b>e fact & c]ta9ty ( ! judgm5t are set =? 9 ^w & symbol & ) a m9imum ( comm5t>y1 al?\gh ev5 "h ! conception :i* ,ezekiel _h =m$ ( ! moral situation is cle>ly disc]nible4 ,i ,! c]ta9ty ( ! national judgm5t seems to h be5 fir/ impress$ on ,ezekiel's m9d 9 ! =m ( a s+ul> s]ies ( symbolic acts :i* he conceiv$ himself to be comm&$ to p]=m4 ,! peculi>ity ( ^! signs is t !y repres5t simultane\sly two di/9ct aspects ( ! nation's fate--on ! "o h& ! horrors ( ! siege ( ,j]usalem1 & on ! o!r h& ! /ate ( exile :i* 0 to foll[47#af7 ,t ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem %\ld occupy ! fir/ place 9 ! prophet's picture ( national calamity requires no explanation4 ,j]usalem 0 ! he>t & bra9 ( ! nation1 ! c5tre ( its life & its religion1 & 9 ! eyes ( ! prophets ! f\nta9head ( its s94 ,! /r5g? ( h] natural situation1 ! patriotic & religi\s associations :i* _h ga!r$ r\nd h]1 & ! smallness ( h] subject prov9ce gave to ,j]usalem a unique position among ! "m cities ( antiquity4 ,& ,ezekiel's he>]s knew :at he meant :5 he employ$ ! picture ( a beleagu]$ city to set =? ! judgm5t t 0 to ov]take !m4 ,t cr[n+ horror ( anci5t w>f>e1 ! siege ( a =tifi$ t[n1 meant 9 ?is case some?+ m appall+ to ! imag9ation ?an ! ravages ( pe/il5ce & fam9e & sword4 ,! fate ( ,j]usalem repres5t$ ! disappe>ance ( ev]y?+ t _h con/itut$ ! glory & excell5ce ( ,israel's national exi/5ce4 ,t ! light ( ,israel %\ld be ext+ui%$ amid/ ! angui% & blood%$ :i* mu/ accompany an unsuccessful def5ce ( ! capital 0 ! mo/ t]rible elem5t 9 ,ezekiel's message1 & "h he sets x 9 ! =efront ( 8 prophecy4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! prophet seeks to impress ?is fact on 8 c\ntrym5 illu/rates a peculi> ve9 ( realism :i* runs ?r\gh all 8 ?9k+ 7*4 iv4 #ac74 ,be+ at a di/ance f ,j]usalem1 he seems to feel ! ne$ ( "s visible emblem ( ! doom$ city be=e he c adequately repres5t ! import ( 8 pr$iction4 ,he is comm&$ to take a brick & portray ^u x a wall$ city1 surr\nd$ by ! t[]s1 m\nds1 & batt]+rams :i* m>k$ ! usual op]ations ( a besieg+ army4 ,!n he is to erect a plate ( iron betwe5 him & ! city1 & f beh9d ?is1 ) m5ac+ ge/ures1 he is z x 7 to press on ! siege4 ,! mean+ ( ! symbols is obvi\s4 ,z ! eng9es ( de/ruction appe> on ,ezekiel's diagram1 at ! bidd+ ( ,jehovah1 s 9 due "t ! ,*aldan army w be se5 f ! walls ( ,j]usalem1 l$ by ! same unse5 ,p[] :i* n[ controls ! acts ( ! prophet4 ,9 ! la/ act ,ezekiel exhibits ! attitude ( ,jehovah ,himself1 cut (f f ,8 p by ! iron wall ( an inexorable purpose :i* no pray] c\ld p5etrate4 ,?us f> ! prophet's actions1 h[ev] /range !y may appe> to u1 h be5 simple & intelligible4 ,b at ?is po9t a second sign is z x 7 sup]impos$ on ! fir/1 9 ord] to symbolise an entirely diff]5t set ( facts--! h>d%ip & duration ( ! ,exile 7vv4 #dh74 ,:ile /ill engag$ 9 prosecut+ ! siege ( ! city1 ! prophet is suppos$ to become at ! same "t ! repres5tative ( ! guilty p & ! victim ( ! div9e judgm5t4 ,he is to 8be> _! iniquity0--t is1 ! puni%m5t due to _! s94 ,?is is repres5t$ by 8 ly+ b\nd on 8 left side = a numb] ( days equal to ! ye>s ( ,ephraim's bani%m5t1 & !n on 8 "r side = a "t proportionate to ! captivity ( ,judah4 ,n[ ! "t ( ,judah's exile is fix$ at =ty ye>s1 dat+ ( c\rse f ! fall ( ! city4 ,! captivity ( ,nor? ,israel exce$s t ( ,judah by ! int]val betwe5 ! de/ruction ( ,sam>ia 7#gbb7 & ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 a p]iod :i* actually measur$ ab\t a hundr$ & ?irtyfive ye>s4 ,9 ! ,hebrew text1 h[ev]1 ! l5g? ( ,israel's captivity is giv5 z ?ree hundr$ & n9ety ye>s--t is1 x mu/ h la/$ = ?ree hundr$ & fifty ye>s be=e t ( ,judah beg9s4 ,?is is obvi\sly q irreconcilable ) ! facts ( hi/ory1 & also ) ! prophet's int5tion4 ,he _c mean t ! bani%m5t ( ! nor!rn tribes 0 to be protract$ = two c5turies aft] t ( ,judah _h come to an end1 = he uni=mly speaks ( ! re/oration ( ! two bran*es ( ! nation z simultane\s4 ,! text ( ! ,greek translation helps u pa/ ?is difficulty4 ,! ,hebrew manuscript f :i* t v]sion 0 made _h ! read+ a 8hundr$ & n9ety0 in/ead ( 8?ree hundr$ & n9ety0 9 v]4 #e4 ,?is alone yields a satisfactory s5se1 & ! read+ ( ! ,septuag9t is n[ g5]ally accept$ z repres5t+ :at ,ezekiel actually wrote4 ,!re is /ill a slight discrepancy betwe5 ! hundr$ & ?irty five ye>s ( ! actual hi/ory & ! hundr$ & fifty ye>s express$ by ! symbol2 b we mu/ rememb] t ,ezekiel is us+ r\nd numb]s ?r\gh\t1 & moreov] he has n z yet fix$ ! precise date ( ! capture ( ,j]usalem :5 ! la/ =ty ye>s are to comm5ce47#ag7 ,9 ! ?ird symbol 7vv4 #iag7 ! two aspects ( ! judgm5t are aga9 pres5t$ 9 ! close/ possible comb9ation4 ,! prophet's food & dr9k dur+ ! days :5 he is imag9$ to be ly+ on 8 side repres5ts on ! "o h&1 by its be+ small 9 quantity & c>efully weigh$ & measur$1 ! rig\rs ( fam9e 9 ,j]usalem dur+ ! siege--8,behold1 ,i w break ! /aff ( bread 9 ,j]usalem3 & !y %all eat bread by weight1 & ) anxiety2 & dr9k wat] by measure1 & ) horror0 7v]4 #af72 on ! o!r h&1 by its mix$ +r$i5ts & by ! fuel us$ 9 its prep>ation1 x typifies ! unclean religi\s condition ( ! p :5 9 exile--8,ev5 s %all ! *ildr5 ( ,israel eat _! food unclean among ! hea!n0 7v]4 #ac74 ,! mean+ ( ?is ?reat is be/ expla9$ by a passage 9 ! book ( ,hosea4 ,speak+ ( ! ,exile1 ,hosea says3 8,!y %all n rema9 9 ! l& ( ,jehovah2 b ! *ildr5 ( ,ephraim %all return to ,egypt1 & %all eat unclean food 9 ,assyria4 ,!y %all p\r out no w9e to ,jehovah1 nor %all !y lay out _! sacrifices = ,him3 l ! food ( m\rn]s %all _! food be2 all t eat !re( %all be defil$3 = _! bread %all only satisfy _! hung]2 x %all n come into ! h\se ( ,jehovah0 7,hos4 ix4 #c1 #d74 ,! idea is t all food :i* has n be5 consecrat$ by be+ pres5t$ to ,jehovah 9 ! sanctu>y is necess>ily unclean1 & ^? :o eat ( x contract c]emonial defilem5t4 ,9 ! v act ( satisfy+ 8 natural appetite a man =feits 8 religi\s /&+4 ,?is 0 ! peculi> h>d%ip ( ! /ate ( exile1 t a man mu/ become unclean1 he mu/ eat unconsecrat$ food unless he r5\nc$ 8 religion & s]v$ ! gods ( ! l& 9 :i* he dwelt4 ,betwe5 ! "t ( ,hosea & ,ezekiel ^! ideas may h be5 some:at modifi$ by ! introduction ( ! ,deut]onomic law1 :i* expressly p]mits secul> slaught] at a di/ance f ! sanctu>y4 ,b ?is did n less5 ! importance ( a legal sanctu>y = ! common life ( an ,israelite4 ,! :ole ( a man's flocks & h]ds1 ! :ole produce ( 8 fields1 _h to be sanctifi$ by ! pres5tation ( fir/l+s & fir/fruits at ! ,temple be=e he c\ld enjoy ! rew>d ( 8 indu/ry ) ! s5se ( /&+ 9 ,jehovah's fav\r4 ,h5ce ! de/ruction ( ! sanctu>y or ! p]man5t exclusion ( ! wor%ipp]s f x r$uc$ ! :ole life ( ! p to a condition ( uncleanness :i* 0 felt to be z great a calamity z 0 a papal int]dict 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?is is ! fact :i* is express$ 9 ! "p ( ,ezekiel's symbolism n[ be=e u4 ,:at x meant = 8 fell[exiles 0 t ! religi\s disability "u :i* !y lab\r$ 0 to be cont9u$ = a g5]ation4 ,! :ole life ( ,israel 0 to become unclean until its inw>d /ate 0 made wor?y ( ! religi\s privileges n[ to be )drawn4 ,at ! same "t no "o c\ld h felt ! p5alty m sev]ely ?an ,ezekiel himself1 9 :om habits ( c]emonial purity _h become a second nature4 ,! repugnance :i* he feels at ! loa?some mann] 9 :i* he 0 at fir/ direct$ to prep>e 8 food1 & ! pr(ession ( 8 own practice 9 exile1 z well z ! concession made to 8 scrupul\s s5se ( propriety 7vv4 #adaf71 are all *>act]i/ic ( "o ^: prie/ly tra9+ _h made a defect ( c]emonial cleanness almo/ equival5t to a moral del9qu5cy4 ,! la/ ( ! symbols 7*4 v4 #ad7 repres5ts ! fate ( ! population ( ,j]usalem :5 ! city is tak54 ,! %av+ ( ! prophet's head & be>d is a figure = ! depopulation ( ! city & c\ntry4 ,by a fur!r s]ies ( acts1 ^: mean+ is obvi\s1 he %[s h[ a ?ird ( ! inhabitants %all die ( fam9e & pe/il5ce dur+ ! siege1 a ?ird %all be sla9 by ! enemy :5 ! city is captur$1 :ile ! rema9+ ?ird %all be disp]s$ among ! nations4 ,ev5 ^! %all be pursu$ by ! sword ( v5geance until b a few numb]$ individuals survive1 & ( !m aga9 a "p passes ?r\gh ! fire4 ,! passage rem9ds u ( ! la/ v]se ( ! six? *apt] ( ,isaiah1 :i* 0 p]haps 9 ,ezekiel's m9d :5 he wrote3 8,& if a t5? /ill rema9 9 x ! l&1 x %all aga9 pass ?r\gh ! fire3 z a t]eb9? or an oak ^: /ump is left at _! fell+3 a holy se$ %all be ! /ock !re(0 7,isa4 vi4 #ac74 ,at lea/ ! conception ( a succession ( sift+ judgm5ts1 leav+ only a remnant to inh]it ! promise ( ! future1 is common to bo? prophets1 & ! symbol 9 ,ezekiel is notewor?y z ! fir/ expression ( 8 /eadfa/ conviction t fur!r puni%m5ts 7 9 /ore = ! exiles aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,x is cle> t ^! signs c\ld nev] h be5 enact$1 ei!r 9 view ( ! p or 9 solitude1 z !y are "h describ$4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! :ole description is n purely ideal1 repres5t+ a process :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! prophet's m9d1 or 0 sugge/$ to him 9 ! vision>y /ate b nev] actually p]=m$4 ,t w always rema9 a t5able view4 ,an imag9>y symbolic act is z legitimate a lit]>y device z an imag9>y conv]sation4 ,x is absurd to mix up ! "q ( ! prophet's tru?fulness ) ! "q :e!r he did or did n actually d :at he conceives himself z do+4 ,! attempt to expla9 8 action by catalepsy w\ld take u b a little way1 ev5 if ! argum5ts adduc$ 9 fav\r ( x 7 /rong] ?an !y are4 ,s9ce ev5 a cataleptic pati5t c\ld n h ti$ himself d[n on 8 side or prep>$ & eat5 8 food 9 t po/ure1 x is necess>y 9 any case to admit t !re mu/ be a consid]able1 ?\gh indet]m9ate1 elem5t ( lit]>y imag9ation 9 ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! symbols4 ,x is n impossible t "s symbolic repres5tation ( ! siege ( ,j]usalem may h actually be5 ! fir/ act 9 ,ezekiel's m9i/ry4 ,9 ! int]pretation ( ! vision :i* imm$iately foll[s we %all f9d t no notice is tak5 ( ! features :i* ref] to exile1 b only ( ^? :i* ann\nce ! siege ( ,j]usalem4 ,x may !re=e be ! case t ,ezekiel did "s su* action z is "h describ$1 po9t+ to ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 b t ! :ole 0 tak5 up aft]w>ds 9 8 imag9ation & made into an ideal repres5tation ( ! two great facts :i* =m$ ! burd5 ( 8 e>li] prophecy4 ,,ii ,x is a relief to turn f ?is some:at fanta/ic1 ?\gh = its own purpose effective1 exhibition ( prophetic ideas to ! impassion$ oracles 9 :i* ! doom ( ! city & ! nation is pron\nc$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 7*4 v4 #eag7 is introduc$ "h z ! explanation ( ! signs t h be5 describ$1 9 s f> z !y be> on ! fate ( ,j]usalem2 b x has a unity ( its own1 & is a *>act]i/ic specim5 ( ,ezekiel's oratorical /yle4 ,x consi/s ( two p>ts3 ! fir/ 7vv4 #eaj7 deals *iefly ) ! reasons = ! judgm5t on ,j]usalem1 & ! second 7vv4 #aaag7 ) ! nature ( ! judgm5t itself4 ,! *ief ?\ght ( ! passage is ! unexampl$ sev]ity ( ! puni%m5t :i* is 9 /ore = ,israel1 z repres5t$ by ! fate ( ! capital4 ,a calamity s unprec$5t$ dem&s an explanation z unique z itself4 ,ezekiel f9ds ! gr\nd ( x 9 ! signal hon\r conf]r$ on ,j]usalem 9 h] be+ set 9 ! mid/ ( ! nations1 9 ! possession ( a religion :i* express$ ! w ( ! "o ,god1 & 9 ! fact t %e _h prov$ h]self unwor?y ( h] di/9ction & privileges & tri$ to live z ! nations ar\nd4 8,?is is ,j]usalem :i* ,i h set 9 ! mid/ ( ! nations1 ) ! l&s r\nd ab\t h]4 ,b %e rebell$ aga9/ ,my judgm5ts wick$ly7#ah7 m ?an ! nations1 & ,my /atutes m ?an o!r l&s r\nd ab\t h]3 = !y reject$ ,my judgm5ts1 & 9 ,my /atutes !y did n walk4444 ,!re=e ?us sai? ! ,"l ,jehovah3 ,behold1 ev5 ,i am aga9/ y2 & ,i w execute 9 ?y mid/ judgm5ts be=e ! nations1 & w d 9 ?y case :at ,i h n done h]et(ore1 & :at ,i %all n d ! l ( any m1 accord+ to all ?y abom9ations0 7vv4 #ei74 ,! c5tral position ( ,j]usalem is evid5tly no figure ( spee* 9 ! m\? ( ,ezekiel4 ,x means t %e is s situat$ z to fulfil h] de/9y 9 ! view ( all ! nations ( ! _w1 :o c read 9 h] wond]ful hi/ory ! "* ( ! ,god :o is above all gods4 ,nor c ! prophet be fairly accus$ ( prov9cialism 9 ?us speak+ ( ,j]usalem's unrivall$ physical & moral advantages4 ,! m\nta9 ridge on :i* %e /ood lay almo/ across ! great highways ( communication betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 betwe5 ! ho>y seats ( civilisation & ! l&s :i!r ! c\rse ( empire took its way4 ,ezekiel knew t ,tyre 0 ! c5tre ( ! old _w's comm]ce17#ai7 b he also knew t ,j]usalem occupi$ a c5tral situation 9 ! civilis$ _w1 & 9 t fact he rightly saw a provid5tial m>k ( ! gr&eur & univ]sality ( h] religi\s mission4 ,h] calamities1 too1 7 probably su* z no o!r city exp]i5c$4 ,! t]rible pr$iction ( v]4 #aj1 8,fa!rs %all eat sons 9 ! mid/ ( !e1 & sons %all eat fa!rs10 seems to h be5 lit]ally fulfill$4 8,! h&s ( ! pitiful wom5 h sodd5 _! own *ildr53 !y 7 _! meat 9 ! de/ruction ( ! daught] ( ,my p0 7,lam4 iv4 #aj74 ,x is likely en\gh t ! annals ( ,assyrian conque/ cov] _m a tale ( woe :i* 9 po9t ( m]e physical suff]+ p>allel$ ! atrocities ( ! siege ( ,j]usalem4 ,b no o!r nation _h a consci5ce s s5sitive z ,israel1 or lo/ s mu* by its political annihilation4 ,! humanis+ influ5ces ( a pure religion _h made ,israel susceptible ( a k9d ( angui% :i* rud] communities 7 sp>$4 ,! s9 ( ,j]usalem is repres5t$ aft] ,ezekiel's mann] z on ! "o h& transgression ( ! div9e comm&m5ts1 & on ! o!r defilem5t ( ! ,temple ?r\gh false wor%ip4 ,^! are ideas :i* we %all frequ5tly meet 9 ! c\rse ( ! book1 & !y ne$ n deta9 u "h4 ,! prophet proce$s 7vv4 #aaag7 to describe 9 detail ! rel5tless puni%m5t :i* ! div9e v5geance is to inflict on ! inhabitants & ! city4 ,! jeal\sy1 ! wra?1 ! indignation ( ,jehovah1 :i* are repres5t$ z 8satisfi$0 by ! complete de/ruction ( ! p1 belong to ! limitations ( ! conception ( ,god :i* ,ezekiel _h4 ,x 0 impossible at t "t to int]pret su* an ev5t z ! fall ( ,j]usalem 9 a religi\s s5se o!rwise ?an z a vehem5t outbur/ ( ,jehovah's ang]1 express+ ! reaction ( ,8 holy nature aga9/ ! s9 ( idolatry4 ,!re is inde$ a great di/ance betwe5 ! attitude ( ,ezekiel t[>ds ! hapless city & ! ye>n+ pity ( ,*ri/'s lam5t ov] ! s9ful ,j]usalem ( ,8 "t4 ,yet ! fir/ 0 a /ep t[>ds ! second4 ,ezekiel realis$ int5sely t "p ( ,god's "* :i* x 0 ne$ful to en=ce 9 ord] to beget 9 8 c\ntrym5 ! deep horror at ! s9 ( idolatry :i* *>act]is$ ! lat] ,judaism4 ,! be/ comm5t>y on ! latt] "p ( ?is *apt] is f\nd 9 ^? p>ts ( ! book ( ,lam5tations :i* speak ( ! /ate ( ! city & ! survivors aft] its ov]?r[4 ,!re we see h[ quickly ! /]n judgm5t produc$ a m *a/5$ & beautiful type ( piety ?an _h ev] be5 preval5t be=e4 ,^? pa!tic utt]ances1 9 :i* patriotism & religion are s f9ely bl5d$1 are l ! timid & t5tative advances ( a *ild's he>t t[>ds a p>5t :o has ceas$ to puni% b has n begun to c>ess4 ,?is & mu* else t is true & ennobl+ 9 ! lat] religion ( ,israel is root$ 9 ! t]rify+ s5se ( ! div9e ang] aga9/ s9 s p[]fully repres5t$ 9 ! prea*+ ( ,ezekiel4 ,,iii ,! next two *apt]s may be reg>d$ z p5dants to ! !me :i* is dealt ) 9 ?is op5+ section ( ! book ( ,ezekiel4 ,9 ! f\r? & fif? *apt]s ! prophet _h ma9ly ! city 9 8 eye z ! focus ( ! nation's life2 9 ! six? he turns 8 eye to ! l& :i* _h %>$ ! s91 & mu/ suff] ! puni%m5t1 ( ! capital4 ,x is1 9 its fir/ "p 7vv4 #baj71 an apo/rophe to ! m\nta9 l& ( ,israel1 :i* seems to /& out be=e ! exile's m9d ) its m\nta9s & hills1 its rav9es & valleys1 9 contra/ to ! monoton\s pla9 ( ,babylonia :i* /ret*$ ar\nd him4 ,b ^! m\nta9s 7 famili> to ! prophet z ! seats ( ! rural idolatry 9 ,israel4 ,! ^w bmah1 :i* means prop]ly 8! height10 _h come to be us$ z ! "n ( an idolatr\s sanctu>y4 ,^! sanctu>ies 7 probably ,canaaniti% 9 orig92 & al?\gh by ,israel !y _h be5 consecrat$ to ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah1 yet ,he 0 wor%ipp$ !re 9 ways :i* ! prophets pron\nc$ hateful to ,him4 ,!y _h be5 de/roy$ by ,josiah1 b mu/ h be5 re/or$ to _! =m] use dur+ ! revival ( hea!nism :i* foll[$ 8 dea?4 ,x is a lurid picture :i* rises be=e ! prophet's imag9ation z he contemplates ! judgm5t ( ?is prov9cial idolatry3 ! alt>s laid wa/e1 ! 8sunpill>s07#bj7 brok51 & ! idols surr\nd$ by ! corpses ( m5 :o _h fl$ to _! %r9es = protection & p]i%$ at _! feet4 ,?is demon/ration ( ! helplessness ( ! ru/ic div9ities to save _! sanctu>ies & _! wor%ipp]s w be ! means ( break+ ! rebelli\s he>t & ! :ori% eyes t _h l$ ,israel s f> a/ray f h] true ,"l1 & w produce 9 exile ! selfloa?+ :i* ,ezekiel always reg>ds z ! beg9n+ ( p5it5ce4 ,b ! prophet's passion rises to a high] pit*1 & he he>s ! comm& 8,clap ?y h&s1 & /amp ) ?y foot1 & say1 ,aha = ! abom9ations ( ! h\se ( ,israel60 ,^! are ge/ures & exclamations1 n ( indignation1 b ( contempt & triumphant scorn4 ,! same feel+ & ev5 ! same ge/ures are ascrib$ to ,jehovah ,himself 9 ano!r passage ( highly *>g$ emotion 7*4 xxi4 #ag74 ,& x is only fair to rememb] t x is ! anticipation ( ! victory ( ,jehovah's cause t fills ! m9d ( ! prophet at su* mom5ts & seems to dead5 ! s5se ( human sympa?y )9 him4 ,at ! same "t ! victory ( ,jehovah 0 ! victory ( prophecy1 & 9 s f> ,sm5d may be "r 9 reg>d+ ! words z ?r[+ light on ! int5sity ( ! antagonism 9 :i* prophecy & ! popul> religion !n /ood4 ,! deva/ation ( ! l& is to be effect$ by ! same in/rum5ts z 7 at "w 9 ! de/ruction ( ! city3 fir/ ! sword ( ! ,*aldans1 !n fam9e & pe/il5ce among ^? :o escape1 until ! :ole ( ,israel's anci5t t]ritory lies desolate f ! s\!rn /eppes to ,riblah 9 ! nor?47#ba7 ,*4 vii4 is "o ( ^? s+l$ out by ,ewald z pres]v+ mo/ fai?fully ! _s & language ( ,ezekiel's e>li] utt]ances4 ,bo? 9 ?\ght & expression x exhibits a fre$om & animation seldom atta9$ 9 ,ezekiel's writ+s1 & x is evid5t t x mu/ h be5 compos$ "u ke5 emotion4 ,x is comp>atively free f ^? /]eotyp$ phrases :i* are else:]e s common1 & ! /yle falls at times into ! rhy?m :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,hebrew poetry4 ,ezekiel h>dly p]haps atta9s to p]fect ma/]y ( poetic =m1 & ev5 "h we may be s5sible ( a lack ( p[] to bl5d a s]ies ( impressions & images into an arti/ic unity4 ,! vehem5ce ( 8 feel+ hurries him f "o conception to ano!r1 )\t giv+ full expression to any1 or indicat+ cle>ly ! connection t leads f "o to ! o!r4 ,?is circum/ance1 & ! corrupt condition ( ! text toge!r1 make ! *apt] 9 "s p>ts un9telligible1 & z a :ole "o ( ! mo/ difficult 9 ! book4 ,9 its pres5t position x =ms a fitt+ conclusion to ! op5+ section ( ! book4 ,all ! elem5ts ( ! judgm5t :i* h j be5 =etold are ga!r$ up 9 "o outbur/ ( emotion1 produc+ a song ( triumph 9 :i* ! prophet seems to /& 9 ! upro> ( ! f9al cata/rophe & exult amid ! cra% & wreck ( ! old ord] :i* is pass+ away4 ,! passage is divid$ into five /anzas1 :i* may orig9ally h be5 approximately equal 9 l5g?1 al?\gh ! fir/ is n[ ne>ly twice z long z any ( ! o!rs47#bb7 i4 ,vv4 #bi4--,! fir/ v]se /rikes ! keynote ( ! :ole poem2 x is ! inevitabl5ess & ! f9ality ( ! approa*+ dissolution4 ,a /rik+ phrase ( ,amos7#bc7 is fir/ tak5 up & exp&$ 9 accordance ) ! anticipations ) :i* ! previ\s *apt]s h n[ famili>is$ u3 8,an end is come1 ! end is come on ! f\r skirts ( ! l&40 ,! poet already he>s ! tumult & confusion ( ! battle2 ! v9tage songs ( ! ,judan peasant are sil5c$1 & ) ! d9 & fury ( w> ! day ( ! ,"l draws ne>4 ii4 ,vv4 #ajac4--,! prophet's ?\ghts "h rev]t to ! pres5t1 & he notes ! eag] int]e/ ) :i* m5 bo? 9 ,judah & ,babylon are pursu+ ! ord9>y bus9ess ( life & ! va9 dreams ( political greatness4 8,! diadem fl\ri%es1 ! sceptre blossoms1 arrogance %oots up40 ,^! expressions mu/ ref] to ! ef=ts ( ! new rul]s ( ,j]usalem to re/ore ! =tunes ( ! nation & ! glories ( ! old k+dom :i* _h be5 s greatly t>ni%$ by ! rec5t captivity4 ,?+s are go+ bravely1 !y ?9k2 !y are surpris$ at _! own success2 !y hope t ! day ( small ?+s w gr[ into ! day ( ?+s great] ?an ^? :i* are pa/4 ,! foll[+ v]se is untranslatable2 probably ! orig9al words1 if we c\ld recov] !m1 w\ld conta9 "s po9t$ & scornful anti!sis to ^! futile & va9glori\s anticipations4 ,! allusion to 8buy]s & sell]s0 7v]4 #ab7 may possibly be q g5]al1 ref]r+ only to ! absorb+ int]e/ :i* m5 cont9ue to take 9 _! possessions1 he$less ( ! imp5d+ judgm5t47#bd7 ,b ! facts t ! advantage is assum$ to be on ! side ( ! buy] & t ! sell] expects to return to 8 h]itage make x probable t ! prophet is ?9k+ ( ! =c$ sales by ! expatriat$ nobles ( _! e/ates 9 ,pale/9e1 & to _! deeply *]i%$ resolve to "r !mselves :5 ! "t ( _! exile is ov]4 ,all su* ambitions1 says ! prophet1 are va9--8! sell] %all n return to :at he sold1 & a man %all n by wrong pres]ve 8 liv+40 ,9 any case ,ezekiel ev9ces "h1 z else:]e1 a c]ta9 sympa?y ) ! exil$ ari/ocracy1 9 opposition to ! pret5sions ( ! new m5 :o _h succe$$ to _! hon\rs4 iii4 ,vv4 #adah4--,! next sc5e t rises be=e ! prophet's vision is ! collapse ( ,judah's milit>y prep>ations 9 ! h\r ( dang]4 ,_! army exi/s b on pap]4 ,!re is mu* bl[+ ( trumpets & mu* organis+1 b no m5 to g =? to battle4 ,a blight re/s on all _! ef=ts2 _! h&s are p>alys$ & _! he>ts unn]v$ by ! s5se t 8wra? re/s on all _! pomp40 ,sword1 fam9e1 & pe/il5ce1 ! m9i/]s ( ,jehovah's v5geance1 %all dev\r ! inhabitants ( ! city & ! c\ntry1 until b a few survivors on ! tops ( ! m\nta9s rema9 to m\rn ov] ! univ]sal desolation4 iv4 ,vv4 #aibb4--;,at pres5t ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem are pr\d ( ! illgott5 & illus$ weal? /or$ up )9 h]1 & d\btless ! exiles ca/ covet\s eyes on ! luxury :i* may /ill h prevail$ among/ ! upp] classes 9 ! capital4 ,b ( :at avail w all ?is treasure be 9 ! evil day n[ s ne> at h&8 ,x w b add mock]y to _! suff]+s to be surr\nd$ by gold & silv] :i* c d no?+ to allay ! pangs ( hung]4 ,x w be ca/ 9 ! /reets z refuse1 = x _c save !m 9 ! day ( ,jehovah's ang]4 ,nay1 m1 x w become ! prize ( ! mo/ ru?less ( ! hea!n 7! ,*aldans72 & :5 9 ! eag]ness ( _! lu/ = gold !y ransack ! ,temple treasury & s desecrate ! ,holy ,place1 ,jehovah w av]t ,8 face & suff] !m to "w _! w4 ,! curse ( ,jehovah re/s on ! silv] & gold ( ,j]usalem1 :i* has be5 us$ = ! mak+ ( idolatr\s images1 & n[ is made to !m an unclean ?+4 v4 ,vv4 #bcbg4--,! clos+ /rophe conta9s a p[]ful description ( ! dismay & despair t w seize all classes 9 ! /ate z ! day ( wra? draws ne>4 ,calamity aft] calamity comes1 rum\r foll[s h>d on rum\r1 & ! heads ( ! nation are di/ract$ & cease to ex]cise ! functions ( lead]%ip4 ,! recognis$ guides ( ! p--! prophets1 ! prie/s1 & ! wise m5--h no ^w ( c\nsel or direction to (f]2 ! prophet's vision1 ! prie/'s traditional lore1 & ! wise man's sagacity are alike at fault4 ,s ! k+ & ! gr&ees are fill$ ) /upefaction2 & ! common p1 depriv$ ( _! natural lead]s1 sit d[n 9 helpless dejection4 ,?us %all ,j]usalem be recomp5s$ accord+ to h] do+s4 8,! l& is full ( blood%$1 & ! city ( viol5ce02 & 9 ! correspond5ce betwe5 des]t & retribution m5 %all be made to ackn[l$ge ! op]ation ( ! div9e righte\sness4 8,!y %all "k t ,i am ,jehovah40 ,,iv ,x may be useful at ?is po9t to note c]ta9 !ological pr9ciples :i* already beg9 to appe> 9 ?is e>lie/ ( ,ezekiel's prophecies4 ,reflection on ! nature & purpose ( ! div9e deal+s we h se5 to be a *>act]i/ic ( 8 "w2 & ev5 ^? passages :i* we h consid]$1 al?\gh *iefly devot$ to an en=cem5t ( ! fact ( judgm5t1 pres5t "s features ( ! conception ( ,israel's hi/ory :i* _h be5 =m$ 9 8 m9d4 #a4 ,we obs]ve 9 ! fir/ place t ! prophet lays great /ress on ! _wwide significance ( ! ev5ts :i* are to befall ,israel4 ,?is ?\ght is n z yet develop$1 b x is cle>ly pres5t4 ,! relation betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel is s peculi> t ,he is kn[n to ! nations 9 ! fir/ in/ance only z ,israel's ,god1 & ?us ,8 be+ & "* h to be le>n$ f ,8 deal+s ) ,8 own p4 ,& s9ce ,jehovah is ! only true ,god & mu/ be wor%ipp$ z su* ev]y:]e1 ! hi/ory ( ,israel has an int]e/ = ! _w su* z t ( no o!r nation has4 ,%e 0 plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! nations 9 ord] t ! k ( ,god might radiate f h] ?r\gh all ! _w2 & n[ t %e has prov$ unfai?ful to h] mission1 ,jehovah mu/ manife/ ,8 p[] & ,8 "* by an unexampl$ "w ( judgm5t4 ,ev5 ! de/ruction ( ,israel is a demon/ration to ! univ]sal consci5ce ( mank9d ( :at true div9ity is4 #b4 ,b ! judgm5t has ( c\rse a purpose & a mean+ = ,israel h]self1 & bo? purposes are summ$ up 9 ! recurr+ =mula 8,ye !y %all "k t ,i am ,jehovah10 or 8t ,i1 ,jehovah1 h spok540 ,^! two phrases express precisely ! same idea1 al?\gh f slightly diff]5t />t+po9ts4 ,x is assum$ t ,jehovah's p]sonality is to be id5tifi$ by ,8 ^w spok5 ?r\gh ! prophets4 ,he is kn[n to m5 ?r\gh ! revelation ( ,himself 9 ! prophets' utt]ances4 8,ye %all "k t ,i1 ,jehovah1 h spok50 means !re=e1 ,ye %all "k t x is ,i1 ! ,god ( ,israel & ! ,rul] ( ! univ]se1 :o speak ^! ?+s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! h>mony betwe5 prophecy & provid5ce gu>antees ! s\rce ( ! prophet's message4 ,! %ort] phrase 8,ye %all "k t ,i am ,jehovah0 may mean ,ye %all "k t ,i :o n[ speak am truly ,jehovah1 ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,! prejudices ( ! p w\ld h l$ !m to d5y t ! p[] :i* dictat$ ,ezekiel's prophecy c\ld be _! ,god2 b ?is d5ial1 toge!r ) ! false idea ( ,jehovah on :i* x re/s1 %all be de/roy$ = ev] :5 ! prophet's words come true4 ,!re is ( c\rse no d\bt t ,ezekiel conceiv$ ,jehovah z end[$ ) ! pl5itude ( deity1 or t 9 8 view ! "n express$ all t we mean by ! ^w ,god4 ,nev]!less1 hi/orically ! "n ,jehovah is a prop] "n1 d5ot+ ! ,god :o is ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,r5an has v5tur$ on ! ass]tion t a deity ) a prop] "n is necess>ily a false god4 ,! /atem5t p]haps measures ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,god ( reveal$ religion & ! god :o is an ab/raction1 an expression ( ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 :o exi/s only 9 ! m9d ( ! man :o names him4 ,! ,god ( revelation is a liv+ p]son1 ) a "* & w ( ,8 own1 capable ( be+ kn[n by man4 ,x is ! di/9ction ( revelation t x d>es to reg>d ,god z an individual ) an inn] life & nature ( ,8 own1 indep5d5t ( ! conception m5 may =m ( ,him4 ,appli$ to su* a ,be+1 a p]sonal "n may be z true & significant z ! "n :i* expresses ! "* & individuality ( a man4 ,only ?us c we und]/& ! hi/orical process by :i* ! ,god :o 0 fir/ manife/$ z ! deity ( a p>ticul> nation pres]ves ,8 p]sonal id5tity ) ! ,god :o 9 ,*ri/ is at la/ reveal$ z ! ,god ( ! spirits ( all fle%4 ,! k ( ,jehovah ( :i* ,ezekiel speaks is !re=e at once a k ( ! "* ( ! ,god :om ,israel pr(ess$ to s]ve1 & a k ( t :i* con/itutes true & ess5tial div9ity47#be7 #c4 ,! prophet1 9 *4 vi4 #haj1 proce$s "o /ep fur!r 9 del9eat+ ! effect ( ! judgm5t on ! m9ds ( ! survivors4 ,! fasc9ation ( idolatry = ! ,israelites is conceiv$ z produc$ by t radical p]v]sion ( ! religi\s s5se :i* ! prophets call 8:or$om0--a s5su\s delight 9 ! bless+s ( nature1 & an indiff]5ce to ! moral elem5t :i* c alone pres]ve ei!r religion or human love f corruption4 ,! spell %all at la/ be brok5 9 ! new k ( ,jehovah :i* is produc$ by calamity2 & ! he>t ( ! p1 purifi$ f its delusions1 %all turn to ,him :o has smitt5 !m1 z ! only true ,god4 8,:5 y\r fugitives f ! sword are among ! nations1 :5 !y are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! l&s1 !n %all y\r fugitives rememb] ,me among/ ! nations :i!r !y h be5 c>ri$ captive1 :5 ,i break _! he>t t goes a:or+ f ,me1 & _! :ori% eyes :i* w5t aft] _! idols40 ,:5 ! idolatr\s prop5sity is ?us eradicat$1 ! consci5ce ( ,israel w turn inw>ds on itself1 & 9 ! light ( its new k ( ,god w = ! fir/ "t read its own hi/ory aright4 ,! beg9n+s ( a new spiritual life w be made 9 ! bitt] selfcondemnation :i* is "o side ( ! national rep5tance4 8,!y %all loa! !mselves = all ! evil t !y h committ$ 9 all _! abom9ations40 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,y\r ,h\se ,is ,left ,unto ,y ,desolate4 ,*apt]s viii4xi4 ,"o ( ! mo/ in/ructive phases ( religi\s belief among ! ,israelites ( ! sev5? c5tury 0 ! sup]/iti\s reg>d 9 :i* ! ,temple at ,j]usalem 0 held4 ,its pre/ige z ! metropolitan sanctu>y _h no d\bt /eadily increas$ f ! "t :5 x 0 built4 ,b x 0 9 ! crisis ( ! ,assyrian invasion t ! popul> s5tim5t 9 fav\r ( its peculi> sanctity 0 transmut$ into a fanatical fai? 9 its inh]5t inviolability4 ,x is well kn[n t dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( ?is invasion ! prophet ,isaiah _h consi/5tly taught t ! enemy %\ld nev] set foot )9 ! prec9cts ( ! ,holy ,city--t1 on ! contr>y1 ! attempt to seize x w\ld prove to be ! signal = 8 annihilation4 ,! /rik+ fulfilm5t ( ?is pr$iction 9 ! sudd5 de/ruction ( ,s5na*]ib's army _h an imm5se effect on ! religion ( ! "t4 ,x re/or$ ! fai? 9 ,jehovah's omnipot5ce :i* 0 already giv+ way1 & x grant$ a new lease ( life to ! v errors :i* x ought to h ext+ui%$4 ,= "h1 z 9 s _m o!r cases1 :at 0 a spiritual fai? 9 "o g5]ation became a sup]/ition 9 ! next4 ,indiff]5t to ! div9e tru?s :i* gave mean+ to ,isaiah's prophecy1 ! p *ang$ 8 sublime fai? 9 ! liv+ ,god work+ 9 hi/ory into a crass confid5ce 9 ! mat]ial symbol :i* _h be5 ! means ( express+ x to _! m9ds4 ,h5ce=? x became a fundam5tal t5et ( ! curr5t cre$ t ! ,temple & ! city :i* gu>d$ x c\ld nev] fall into ! h&s ( an enemy2 & any tea*+ :i* assail$ t belief 0 felt to und]m9e confid5ce 9 ! national deity4 ,9 ! "t ( ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel ?is sup]/ition exi/$ 9 unabat$ vig\r1 & =m$ "o ( ! greate/ h9drances to ! acceptance ( _! tea*+4 8,! ,temple ( ! ,"l1 ! ,temple ( ! ,"l1 ! ,temple ( ! ,"l are ^!60 0 ! cry ( ! b5ight$ wor%ipp]s z !y ?rong$ to its c\rts to seek ! fav\r ( ,jehovah 7,j]4 vii4 #d74 ,! same /ate ( feel+ mu/ h prevail$ among ,ezekiel's fell[exiles4 ,to ! prophet himself1 atta*$ z he 0 to ! wor%ip ( ! ,temple1 x may h be5 a ?\ght almo/ too h>d to be> t ,jehovah %\ld ab&on ! only place ( ,8 legitimate wor%ip4 ,among/ ! re/ ( ! captives ! fai? 9 its infallibility 0 "o ( ! illusions :i* mu/ be ov]?r[n be=e _! m9ds c\ld p]ceive ! true drift ( 8 tea*+4 ,9 8 fir/ prophecy ! fact _h j be5 t\*$ on1 b m]ely z an incid5t 9 ! fall ( ,j]usalem4 ,ab\t a ye> lat]1 h[ev]1 he receiv$ a new revelation1 9 :i* he le>n$ t ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple 0 no m]e incid5tal consequ5ce ( ! capture ( ! city1 b a ma9 object ( ! calamity4 ,! "t 0 come :5 judgm5t mu/ beg9 at ! h\se ( ,god4 ,! weird vision 9 :i* ?is tru? 0 convey$ to ! prophet is said to h occurr$ dur+ a visit ( ! eld]s to ,ezekiel 9 8 own h\se4 ,9 _! pres5ce he fell into a trance1 9 :i* ! ev5ts n[ to be consid]$ pass$ be=e him2 & aft] ! trance 0 remov$ he rec\nt$ ! sub/ance ( ! vision to ! exiles4 ,?is /atem5t has be5 some:at ne$lessly call$ 9 "q1 on ! gr\nd t aft] s protract$ an ec/asy ! prophet w\ld n be likely to f9d 8 visitors /ill 9 _! places4 ,b ?is matt](fact criticism ov]rea*es itself4 ,we h no means ( det]m9+ h[ long x w\ld take = ?is s]ies ( ev5ts to be realis$4 ,if we may tru/ any?+ to ! analogy ( dreams--& ( all conditions to :i* ord9>y m5 are subject ! dream is surely ! close/ analogy to ! prophetic ec/asy--! :ole may h pass$ 9 an incr$ibly %ort space ( "t4 ,if ! /atem5t 7 untrue1 x is difficult to see :at ,ezekiel w\ld h ga9$ by mak+ x4 ,if ! :ole vision 7 a fiction1 ?is mu/ ( c\rse be fictiti\s too2 b ev5 s x seems a v sup]flu\s piece ( inv5tion4 ,we pref]1 !re=e1 to reg>d ! vision z real1 & ! assign$ situation z hi/orical2 & ! fact t x is record$ sugge/s t !re mu/ be "s connection betwe5 ! object ( ! visit & ! burd5 ( ! revelation :i* 0 !n communicat$4 ,x is n difficult to imag9e po9ts ( contact betwe5 !m4 ,ewald has conjectur$ t ! occasion ( ! visit may h be5 "s rec5t tid+s f ,j]usalem :i* _h op5$ ! eyes ( ! 8eld]s0 to ! real relation t exi/$ betwe5 !m & _! bre?r5 at home4 ,if !y _h ev] *]i%$ any illusions on ! po9t1 !y _h c]ta9ly be5 disabus$ ( !m be=e ,ezekiel _h ?is vision4 ,!y 7 aw>e1 :e!r ! in=mation 0 rec5t or n1 t !y 7 absolutely dis[n$ by ! new au?orities 9 ,j]usalem1 & t x 0 impossible t !y %\ld ev] come back peaceably to _! old place 9 ! /ate4 ,?is creat$ a problem :i* !y c\ld n solve1 & ! fact t ,ezekiel _h ann\nc$ ! fall ( ,j]usalem may h =m$ a bond ( sympa?y betwe5 him & 8 bre?r5 9 exile :i* drew !m to him 9 _! p]plexity4 ,"s su* hypo!sis gives at all ev5ts a full] significance to ! clos+ "p ( ! vision1 :]e ! attitude ( ! m5 9 ,j]usalem is describ$1 & :]e ! exiles are taught t ! hope ( ,israel's future lies ) !m4 ,x is ! fir/ "t t ,ezekiel has di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! fates 9 /ore = ! two sections ( ! p1 & x w\ld almo/ appe> z if ! promotion ( ! exiles to ! fir/ place 9 ! true ,israel 0 a new revelation to him4 ,twice dur+ ?is vision he is mov$ to int]c$e = ! 8remnant ( ,israel10 z if ! only hope ( a new p ( ,god lay 9 sp>+ at lea/ "s ( ^? :o 7 left 9 ! l&4 ,b ! burd5 ( ! message t n[ comes to him is t 9 ! spiritual s5se ! true remnant ( ,israel is n 9 ,juda1 b among ! exiles 9 ,babylon4 ,x 0 !re t ! new ,israel 0 to be =m$1 & ! l& 0 to be ! h]itage1 n ( ^? :o clung to x & exult$ 9 ! mis=tunes ( _! bani%$ bre?r51 b ( ^? :o "u ! discipl9e ( exile 7 fir/ prep>$ to use ! l& z ,jehovah's hol9ess dem&$4 ,! vision is int]e/+1 9 ! fir/ place1 on acc\nt ( ! glimpse x af=ds ( ! /ate ( m9d prevail+ 9 influ5tial circles 9 ,j]usalem at ?is "t4 ,!re is no reason :atev] to d\bt t "h 9 ! =m ( a vision we h reliable in=mation reg>d+ ! actual /ate ( matt]s :5 ,ezekiel wrote4 ,x has be5 suppos$ by "s critics t ! description ( ! idolatries 9 ! ,temple does n ref] to contempor>y practices1 b to abuses t _h be5 rife 9 ! days ( ,manasseh & _h be5 put a /op to by ,josiah's re=mation4 ,b ! vision loses half its mean+ if x is tak5 z m]ely an idealis$ repres5tation ( all ! s9s t _h pollut$ ! ,temple 9 ! c\rse ( its hi/ory4 ,! names ( ^? :o are se5 mu/ be names ( liv+ m5 kn[n to ,ezekiel & 8 contempor>ies1 & ! s5tim5ts put 9 _! m\?1 especially 9 ! latt] "p ( ! vision1 are suitable only to ! age 9 :i* he liv$4 ,x is v probable t ! description 9 its g5]al features w\ld also apply to ! days ( ,manasseh2 b ! revival ( idolatry :i* foll[$ ! dea? ( ,josiah w\ld naturally take ! =m ( a re/oration ( ! illegal cults :i* _h fl\ri%$ un*eck$ "u 8 gr&fa!r4 ,ezekiel's own exp]i5ce be=e 8 captivity1 & ! /eady int]c\rse :i* _h be5 ma9ta9$ s9ce1 w\ld supply him ) ! mat]ial :i* 9 ! ec/atic condition is wr\ght up into ?is p[]ful picture4 ,! ?+ t surprises u mo/ is ! prevail+ conviction among/ ! rul+ classes t 8,jehovah _h =sak5 ! l&40 ,^! m5 seem to h p>tly emancipat$ !mselves1 z politicians 9 ,israel 7 apt to d1 f ! re/ra9ts & n>r[ness ( ! popul> religion4 ,to !m x 0 a conceivable ?+ t ,jehovah %\ld ab&on ,8 p4 ,& yet life 0 wor? liv+ & fight+ = ap>t f ,jehovah4 ,x 0 ( c\rse a m]ely selfi% life1 n inspir$ by national ideals1 b simply a cl++ to place & p[]4 ,! wi% 0 fa!r to ! ?\ght2 m5 :o s readily yield$ to ! belief 9 ,jehovah's abs5ce 7 v will+ to be p]suad$ ( its tru?4 ,! religion ( ,jehovah _h always impos$ a *eck on social & civic wrong1 & m5 ^: p[] re/$ on viol5ce & oppression c\ld n b rejoice to be rid ( x4 ,s !y seem to h acquiesc$ readily en\gh 9 ! conclusion to :i* s _m circum/ances seem$ to po9t1 t ,jehovah _h ceas$ to int]e/ ,himself ei!r = good or evil 9 !m & _! affairs4 ,/ill1 ! wide acceptance ( a belief l ?is1 s repugnant to all ! religi\s ideas ( ! anci5t _w1 seems to require = its explanation "s fact ( contempor>y hi/ory4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t x arose f ! disappe>ance ( ! ark ( ,jehovah f ! ,temple4 ,x seems f ! ?ird *apt] ( ,j]emiah t ! ark 0 no long] 9 exi/5ce 9 ,josiah's reign1 & t ! want ( x 0 felt z a grave religi\s loss4 ,x is n improbable t ?is circum/ance1 9 connection ) ! disa/]s :i* _h m>k$ ! la/ days ( ! k+dom1 l$ 9 _m m9ds to ! fe> & 9 "s to ! hope t along ) ,8 mo/ v5]able symbol ,jehovah ,himself _h vani%$ f _! mid/4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! feel+ describ$ 0 only "o ( sev]al curr5ts t ran 9 ! divid$ society ( ,j]usalem4 ,x is q a diff]5t po9t ( view t is pres5t$ 9 ! taunt quot$ 9 *4 xi4 #ae1 t ! exiles 7 f> f ,jehovah1 & _h !re=e lo/ _! "r to _! possessions4 ,b ! religi\s despair is n only ! mo/ />tl+ fact t we h to look at2 x is also ! "o t is made mo/ prom95t 9 ! vision4 ,& ! div9e answ] to x giv5 ?r\gh ,ezekiel is t ! conviction is true2 ,jehovah has =sak5 ! l&4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place ! cause ( ,8 dep>ture is f\nd 9 ^? v practices = :i* x 0 made ! excuse2 & 9 ! second1 al?\gh ,he has ceas$ to dwell 9 ! mid/ ( ,8 p1 ,he has lo/ nei!r ! p[] nor ! w to puni% _! iniquities4 ,to impress ^! tru?s fir/ on 8 fell[exiles & !n on ! :ole nation is ! *ief object ( ! *apt] be=e u4 ,n[ we f9d t ! g5]al s5se ( ,god=sak5ness express$ itself pr9cipally 9 two directions4 ,on ! "o h& x l$ to ! multiplication ( false objects ( wor%ip to supply ! place ( ,him :o 0 reg>d$ z ! prop] tutel>y ,div9ity ( ,israel2 on ! o!r h& x produc$ a reckless1 devilmayc>e _s ( resi/ance aga9/ any odds1 su* z 0 natural to m5 :o _h only mat]ial int]e/s to fight =1 & no?+ to tru/ 9 b _! own "r h&4 ,syncretism 9 religion & fatalism 9 politics--^! 7 ! tw9 symptoms ( ! decay ( fai? among ! upp] classes 9 ,j]usalem4 ,b ^! belong to two diff]5t p>ts ( ! vision :i* we mu/ n[ di/+ui%4 ,i ,! fir/ "p deals ) ! dep>ture ( ,jehovah z caus$ by religi\s (f5ces p]petrat$ 9 ! ,temple1 & ) ! return ( ,jehovah to de/roy ! city on acc\nt ( ^! (f5ces4 ,! prophet is transport$ 9 8visions ( ,god0 to ,j]usalem1 & plac$ 9 ! out] c\rt ne> ! nor!rn gate1 outside ( :i* 0 ! site :]e ! 8image ( ,jeal\sy0 _h /ood 9 ! "t ( ,manasseh4 ,ne> him /&s ! appe>ance :i* he _h le>n$ to recognise z ! glory ( ,jehovah1 signify+ t ,jehovah has1 = a purpose n yet disclos$1 revisit$ ,8 ,temple4 ,b fir/ ,ezekiel mu/ be made to see ! /ate ( ?+s :i* exi/s 9 ?is ,temple :i* _h once be5 ! seat ( ,god's pres5ce4 ,look+ ?r\gh ! gate to ! nor?1 he discov]s t ! image ( ,jeal\sy7#bf7 has be5 re/or$ to its old place4 ,?is is ! fir/ & app>5tly ! lea/ he9\s ( ! abom9ations t defil$ ! sanctu>y4 ,! second sc5e is ! only "o ( ! f\r :i* repres5ts a secret cult4 ,p>tly p]haps = t reason x /rikes our m9ds z ! mo/ repulsive ( all2 b t 0 obvi\sly n ,ezekiel's e/imate ( x4 ,!re are great] abom9ations to foll[4 ,x is difficult to und]/& ! p>ticul>s ( ,ezekiel's description1 especially 9 ! ,hebrew text 7! ,,lxx4 is simpl]72 b x seems impossible to escape ! impression t !re 0 some?+ obsc5e 9 a wor%ip :]e idolatry appe>s z a%am$ ( itself4 ,! ess5tial fact1 h[ev]1 is t ! v highe/ & mo/ influ5tial m5 9 ! l& 7 addict$ to a =m ( hea!nism1 ^: objects ( wor%ip 7 pictures ( 8horrid creep+ ?+s1 & cattle1 & all ! gods ( ! h\se ( ,israel40 ,! "n ( "o ( ^! m51 ! lead] 9 ?is sup]/ition1 is giv51 & is significant ( ! /ate ( life 9 ,j]usalem %ortly be=e its fall4 ,jaazaniah 0 ! son ( ,%aphan1 :o is probably id5tical ) ! *ancellor ( ,josiah's reign ^: sympa?y ) ! prophetic tea*+ 0 ev9c$ by 8 zeal 9 ! cause ( re=m4 ,we read ( o!r memb]s ( ! family :o 7 fai?ful to ! national religion1 su* z 8 son ,ahikam1 also a zeal\s re=m]1 & 8 gr&son ,g$aliah1 ,j]emiah's fri5d & patron1 & ! gov]nor appo9t$ ov] ,judah by ,nebu*adnezz> aft] ! tak+ ( ! city4 ,! family 0 ?us divid$ bo? 9 religion & politics4 ,:ile "o bran* 0 devot$ to ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah & fav\r$ submission to ! k+ ( ,babylon1 ,jaazaniah belong$ to ! opposite p>ty & 0 ! r+lead] 9 a peculi>ly obnoxi\s =m ( idolatry47#bg7 ,! ?ird 8abom9ation0 is a =m ( idolatry widely diffus$ ov] ,we/]n ,asia--! annual m\rn+ = ,tammuz4 ,tammuz 0 orig9ally a ,babylonian deity 7,dumuzi71 b 8 wor%ip is specially id5tifi$ ) ,phnicia1 :5ce "u ! "n ,adonis x 0 introduc$ into ,greece4 ,! m\rn+ celebrates ! dea? ( ! god1 :i* is an emblem ( ! decay ( ! e>?'s productive p[]s1 :e!r due to ! scor*+ heat ( ! sun or to ! cold ( w9t]4 ,x seems to h be5 a comp>atively h>mless rite ( naturereligion1 & its popul>ity among ! wom5 ( ,j]usalem at ?is "t may be due to ! prevail+ mood ( despond5cy :i* f\nd v5t 9 ! sympa!tic contemplation ( t aspect ( nature :i* mo/ sugge/s decay & dea?4 ,! la/ & greate/ ( ! abom9ations practis$ 9 & ne> ! ,temple is ! wor%ip ( ! sun4 ,! peculi> enormity ( ?is species ( idolatry c h>dly lie 9 ! object ( adoration2 x is to be s\ght r 9 ! place :]e x 0 practis$1 & 9 ! rank ( ^? :o took "p 9 x1 :o 7 probably prie/s4 ,/&+ betwe5 ! por* & ! alt>1 ) _! backs to ! ,temple1 ^! m5 unconsci\sly express$ ! delib]ate rejection ( ,jehovah :i* 0 involv$ 9 _! idolatry4 ,! wor%ip ( ! heav5ly bodies 0 probably import$ into ,israel f ,assyria & ,babylon1 & its preval5ce 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! mon>*y 0 due to political r ?an religi\s influ5ces4 ,! gods ( ^! imp]ial nations 7 e/eem$ m pot5t ?an ^? ( ! /ates :i* succumb$ to _! p[]1 & h5ce m5 :o 7 los+ confid5ce 9 _! national deity naturally s\ght to imitate ! religions ( ! mo/ p[]ful peoples kn[n to !m47#bh7 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! f\r specim5s ( ! religi\s practices :i* prevail$ 9 ,j]usalem1 ,ezekiel seems to proce$ f ! mo/ famili> & explicable to ! m outl&i% defections f ! purity ( ! national fai?4 ,at ! same "t 8 description %[s h[ diff]5t classes ( society 7 implicat$ 9 ! s9 ( idolatry--! eld]s1 ! wom51 & ! prie/s4 ,dur+ all ?is "t ! glory ( ,jehovah has /ood 9 ! c\rt1 & !re is some?+ v impressive 9 ! picture ( ^! infatuat$ m5 & wom5 preoccupi$ ) _! unholy devotions & all unconsci\s ( ! pres5ce ( ,him :om !y deem$ to h =sak5 ! l&4 ,to ! op5 eye ( ! prophet ! mean+ ( ! vision mu/ be already cle>1 b ! s5t5ce comes f ! m\? ( ,jehovah ,himself3 8,ha/ ?\ se51 ,son ( man8 ,is x too small a ?+ = ! h\se ( ,judah to practise ! abom9ations :i* !y h "h practis$1 t !y mu/ also fill ! l& ) viol5ce1 & s provoke ,me aga9 to ang]8 ,s w ,i act t[>ds !m 9 ang]3 ,my eye %all n pity1 nor w ,i sp>e0 7*4 viii4 #ag1 #ah74 ,! la/ words introduce ! acc\nt ( ! puni%m5t ( ,j]usalem1 :i* is giv5 ( c\rse 9 ! symbolic =m sugge/$ by ! sc5]y ( ! vision4 ,jehovah has mean:ile ris5 f ,8 ?rone ne> ! *]ubim1 & /&s on ! ?re%old ( ! ,temple4 ,!re ,he summons to ,8 side ! de/roy]s :o are to execute ,8 purpose--six angels1 ea* ) a weapon ( de/ruction 9 8 h&4 ,a sev5? ( high] rank clo!d 9 l95 appe>s ) ! implem5ts ( a scribe 9 8 girdle4 ,^! /& 8beside ! braz5 alt>10 & await ! comm&s ( ,jehovah4 ,! fir/ act ( ! judgm5t is a massacre ( ! inhabitants ( ! city1 )\t di/9ction ( age or rank or sex4 ,b1 9 accordance ) 8 /rict view ( ! div9e righte\sness1 ,ezekiel is l$ to conceive ( ?is la/ judgm5t z discrim9at+ c>efully betwe5 ! righte\s & ! wick$4 ,all ^? :o h inw>dly sep>at$ !mselves f ! guilt ( ! city by he>ty dete/ation ( ! iniquities p]petrat$ 9 its mid/ are di/+ui%$ by a m>k on _! =eheads be=e ! "w ( slaught] beg9s4 ,:at became ( ?is fai?ful remnant x does n belong to ! vision to decl>e4 ,beg9n+ ) ! tw5ty m5 be=e ! por*1 ! de/roy+ angels foll[ ! man ) ! inkhorn ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! city1 & slay all on :om he has n set 8 m>k4 ,:5 ! mess5g]s h gone out on _! dread err&1 ,ezekiel1 realis+ ! full horror ( a sc5e :i* he d>e n describe1 falls pro/rate be=e ,jehovah1 deprecat+ ! outbreak ( indignation :i* ?reat5$ to ext+ui% 8! remnant ( ,israel40 ,he is reassur$ by ! decl>ation t ! guilt ( ,judah & ,israel dem&s no less a puni%m5t ?an ?is1 because ! notion t ,jehovah _h =sak5 ! l& _h op5$ ! floodgates ( iniquity1 & fill$ ! l& ) blood%$ & ! city ) oppression4 ,!n ! man 9 ! l95 robes returns & ann\nces1 8,x is done z ,?\ ha/ comm&$40 ,! second act ( ! judgm5t is ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by fire4 ,?is is symbolis$ by ! scatt]+ ov] ! city ( burn+ coals tak5 f ! alt>he>? "u ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,! man ) ! l95 g>m5ts is direct$ to /ep betwe5 ! :eels & take out fire = ?is purpose4 ,! description ( ! execution ( ?is ord] is aga9 c>ri$ no fur!r ?an :at actually takes place be=e ! prophet's eyes3 ! man took ! fire & w5t out4 ,9 ! place :]e we might h expect$ to h an acc\nt ( ! de/ruction ( ! city1 we h a second description ( ! appe>ance & motions ( ! m]kaba1 ! purpose ( :i* x is difficult to div9e4 ,al?\gh x deviates slightly f ! acc\nt 9 *4 i41 ! diff]5ces appe> to h no significance1 & inde$ x is expressly said to be ! same ph5om5on4 ,! :ole passage is c]ta9ly sup]flu\s1 & might be omitt$ b = ! difficulty ( imag9+ any motive t w\ld h tempt$ a scribe to ins]t x4 ,we mu/ keep 9 m9d ! possibility t ?is "p ( ! book _h be5 committ$ to writ+ be=e ! f9al r$action ( ,ezekiel's prophecies1 & ! description 9 vv4 #hag may h s]v$ a purpose !re :i* is sup]s$$ by ! full] n>rative :i* we n[ possess 9 *4 i4 ,9 ?is way ,ezekiel p5etrates m deeply into ! inn] mean+ ( ! judgm5t on city & p ^: ext]nal =m he _h ann\nc$ 9 8 e>li] prophecy4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ,jehovah's /range "w be>s to our m9ds a m appall+ aspect :5 ?us pres5t$ 9 symbols ?an ! actual calamity w\ld be> :5 effect$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( second causes4 ,:e!r x _h ! same effect on ! m9d ( a ,hebrew1 :o h>dly believ$ 9 second causes1 is ano!r "q4 ,9 any case x gives no gr\nd = ! *>ge made aga9/ ,ezekiel ( dwell+ ) a malignant satisfaction on ! mo/ repulsive features ( a t]rible picture4 ,he is inde$ capable ( a rigor\s logic 9 exhibit+ ! incid5ce ( ! law ( retribution :i* 0 to him ! necess>y expression ( ! div9e righte\sness4 ,t x includ$ ! dea? ( e s9n] & ! ov]?r[ ( a city t _h become a sc5e ( viol5ce & cruelty 0 to him a selfevid5t tru?1 & m ?an ?is ! vision does n tea*4 ,on ! contr>y1 x conta9s traits :i* t5d to mod]ate ! inevitable h>%ness ( ! tru? convey$4 ,) great retic5ce x all[s ! execution ( ! judgm5t to take place beh9d ! sc5es1 giv+ only ^? details :i* 7 necess>y to sugge/ its nature4 ,:il/ x is be+ c>ri$ out ! att5tion ( ! read] is engag$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,jehovah1 or 8 m9d is occupi$ ) ! pr9ciples :i* made ! puni%m5t a moral necessity4 ,! prophet's expo/ulations ) ,jehovah %[ t he 0 n ins5sible to ! mis]ies ( 8 p1 al?\gh he saw !m to be inevitable4 ,fur!r1 ?is vision %[s z cle>ly z any passage 9 8 writ+s ! inju/ice ( ! view :i* repres5ts him z m conc]n$ = petty details ( c]emonial ?an = ! great moral int]e/s ( a nation4 ,if any feel+ express$ 9 ! vision is to be reg>d$ z ,ezekiel's own1 !n indignation aga9/ outrages on human life & lib]ty mu/ be all[$ to weigh m ) him ?an (f5ces aga9/ ritual purity4 ,&1 f9ally1 x is cle>ly "o object ( ! vision to %[ t 9 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem no individual %all be involv$ :o is n also implicat$ 9 ! guilt :i* calls d[n wra? ^u h]4 ,,ii ,! second "p ( ! vision 7*4 xi47 is b loosely connect$ ) ! fir/4 ,"h ,j]usalem /ill exi/s1 & m5 are alive :o mu/ c]ta9ly h p]i%$ 9 ! 8visitation ( ! city0 if ! writ] _h /ill kept himself )9 ! limits ( 8 previ\s conception4 ,b 9 tru? ! two h little 9 common1 except ! ,temple1 :i* is ! sc5e ( bo?1 & ! *]ubim1 ^: movem5ts m>k ! transition f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,! glory ( ,jehovah is already dep>t+ f ! h\se :5 x is /ay$ at ! entrance ( ! ea/ gate to give ! prophet 8 special message to ! exiles4 ,"h we are introduc$ to ! m political aspect ( ! situation 9 ,j]usalem4 ,! tw5tyfive m5 :o are ga!r$ 9 ! ea/ gate ( ! ,temple are cle>ly ! lead+ /atesm5 9 ! city2 & two ( !m1 ^: names are giv51 are expressly designat$ z 8pr9ces ( ! p40 ,!y are app>5tly met 9 conclave to delib]ate on public matt]s1 & a ^w f ,jehovah lays op5 to ! prophet ! nature ( _! projects4 8,^! are ! m5 t plan ru91 & hold evil c\nsel 9 ?is city40 ,! evil c\nsel is und\bt$ly ! project ( rebellion aga9/ ! k+ ( ,babylon :i* mu/ h be5 hat*$ at ?is "t & :i* broke out into op5 revolt ab\t ?ree ye>s lat]4 ,! c\nsel 0 evil because directly oppos$ to t :i* ,j]emiah 0 giv+ at ! "t 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah4 ,b ,ezekiel also ?r[s invaluable light on ! mood ( ! m5 :o 7 urg+ ! k+ along ! pa? :i* l$ to ru94 8,are n ! h\ses rec5tly built807#bi7 !y say1 congratulat+ !mselves on _! success 9 repair+ ! damage done to ! city 9 ! "t ( ,jehoia*94 ,! image ( ! pot & ! fle% is g5]ally tak5 to express ! feel+ ( easy security 9 ! =tifications ( ,j]usalem ) :i* ^! lighthe>t$ politicians emb>k$ on a conte/ ) ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,b _! mood mu/ be a gloomi] "o ?an t if !re is any appropriat5ess 9 ! language !y use4 ,to /ew 9 _! own juice1 & ov] a fire ( _! own k9dl+1 c\ld h>dly seem a desirable policy to sane m51 h[ev] /rong ! pot might be4 ,^! c\ncillors are well aw>e ( ! dang]s !y incur1 & ( ! mis]y :i* _! purpose mu/ necess>ily br+ on ! p4 ,b !y are det]m9$ to haz>d ev]y?+ & endure ev]y?+ on ! *ance t ! city may prove /rong en\gh to baffle ! res\rces ( ! k+ ( ,babylon4 ,once ! fire is k9dl$1 x w c]ta9ly be bett] to be 9 ! pot ?an 9 ! fire2 & s long z ,j]usalem holds out !y w rema9 beh9d h] walls4 ,! answ] :i* is put into ! prophet's m\? is t ! issue w n be su* z !y hope =4 ,! only 8fle%0 t w be left 9 ! city w be ! dead bodies ( ^? :o h be5 sla9 )9 h] walls by ! v m5 :o hope t _! lives w be giv5 !m = a prey4 ,!y !mselves %all be dragg$ =? to meet _! fate f> away f ,j]usalem on ! 8bord]s ( ,israel40 ,x is n unlikely t ^! conspirators kept _! ^w4 ,al?\gh ! k+ & all ! m5 ( w> fl$ f ! city z soon z a brea* 0 made1 we read ( c]ta9 high (ficials :o all[$ !mselves to be tak5 9 ! city 7,j]4 lii4 #g74 ,ezekiel's prophecy 0 9 _! case lit]ally fulfill$2 = ^! m5 & _m o!rs 7 br\ght to ! k+ ( ,babylon at ,riblah1 8& he smote !m & put !m to dea? at ,riblah 9 ! l& ( ,hama?40 ,:ile ,ezekiel 0 utt]+ ?is prophecy "o ( ! c\ncillors1 nam$ ,pelatiah1 sudd5ly fell d[n dead4 ,:e!r a man ( ?is "n _h sudd5ly di$ 9 ,j]usalem "u circum/ances t _h deeply impress$ ! prophet's m9d1 or :e!r ! dea? belongs to ! vision1 x is impossible = u to tell4 ,to ,ezekiel ! occurr5ce seem$ an e>ne/ ( ! complete de/ruction ( ! remnant ( ,israel by ! wra? ( ,god1 &1 z be=e1 he fell on 8 face to int]c$e = !m4 ,x is !n t he receives ! message :i* seems to =m ! div9e answ] to ! p]plexities :i* haunt$ ! m9ds ( ! exiles 9 ,babylon4 ,9 _! attitude t[>ds ! exiles ! new lead]s 9 ,j]usalem took up a position z highly privileg$ religi\s p]sons1 q at v>iance ) ! scepticism :i* gov]n$ _! conduct at home4 ,:5 !y 7 foll[+ ! b5t ( _! natural incl9ations by practis+ idolatry & p]petrat+ judicial murd]s 9 ! city1 _! cry 01 8,jehovah ha? =sak5 ! l&2 ,jehovah see? x n40 ,:5 !y 7 eag] to ju/ify _! claim to ! places & possessions left vacant by _! bani%$ c\ntrym51 !y said1 8,!y are f> f ,jehovah3 to u ! l& is giv5 9 possession40 ,!y 7 probably equally s9c]e & equally ins9c]e 9 bo? pr(essions4 ,!y _h simply le>n$ ! art :i* comes easily to m5 ( ! _w ( us+ religion z a cloak = gre$1 & ?r[+ x (f :5 gre$ c\ld be be/ gratifi$ )\t x4 ,! idea :i* lay "u _! religi\s attitude 0 t ! exiles _h gone into captivity because _! s9s _h incurr$ ,jehovah's ang]1 & t n[ ,8 wra? 0 exhau/$ & ! bless+ ( ,8 fav\r w\ld re/ on ^? :o _h be5 left 9 ! l&4 ,!re 0 suffici5t plausibility 9 ! taunt to make x peculi>ly gall+ to ! m9d ( ! exiles1 :o _h hop$ to ex]cise "s influ5ce ov] ! gov]nm5t 9 ,j]usalem1 & to f9d _! places kept = !m :5 !y %\ld be p]mitt$ to return4 ,x may well h be5 ! res5tm5t produc$ by tid+s ( ?is ho/ility t[>ds !m 9 ,j]usalem t br\ght _! eld]s to ! h\se ( ,ezekiel to see if he _h n "s message f ,jehovah to reassure !m4 ,9 ! m9d ( ,ezekiel1 h[ev]1 ! problem took ano!r =m4 ,to him a return to ! old ,j]usalem _h no mean+2 nei!r buy] nor sell] %\ld h cause to congratulate himself on 8 position4 ,! possession ( ! l& ( ,israel belong$ to ^? 9 :om ,jehovah's ideal ( ! new ,israel 0 realis$1 & ! only "q ( religi\s importance 01 ,:]e is ! g]m ( ?is new ,israel to be f\nd8 ,among/ ^? :o survive ! judgm5t 9 ! old l&1 or among/ ^? :o h exp]i5c$ x 9 ! =m ( bani%m5t8 ,on ?is po9t ! prophet receives an explicit revelation 9 answ] to 8 int]cession = 8! remnant ( ,israel40 8,son ( man1 ?y bre?r51 ?y bre?r51 ?y fell[ captives1 & ! :ole h\se ( ,israel ( :om ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem h said1 ,!y are f> f ,jehovah3 to u x is giv5--! l& = an inh]itance6444 ,because ,i h remov$ !m f> among ! nations1 & h scatt]$ !m among ! l&s1 & h be5 to !m b little ( a sanctu>y 9 ! l&s :]e !y h gone1 !re=e say1 ,?us sai? ,jehovah1 s w ,i ga!r y f ! peoples1 & br+ y f ! l&s :]e ye h be5 scatt]$1 & w give y ! l& ( ,israel40 ,! difficult expression 8,i h be5 b little ( a sanctu>y0 ref]s to ! curtailm5t ( religi\s privileges & means ( access to ,jehovah :i* 0 a necess>y consequ5ce ( exile4 ,x implies1 h[ev]1 t ,israel 9 bani%m5t _h le>n$ 9 "s measure to pres]ve t sep>ation f o!r peoples & t peculi> relation to ,jehovah :i* con/itut$ its national hol9ess4 ,religion p]haps p]i%es soon] f ! ov]gr[? ( ritual ?an f its defici5cy4 ,x is an hi/orical fact t ! v meagr5ess ( ! religion :i* c\ld be practis$ 9 exile 0 ! means ( /r5g!n+ ! m spiritual & p]man5t elem5ts :i* con/itute ! ess5ce ( religion4 ,! obs]vances :i* c\ld be ma9ta9$ ap>t f ! ,temple acquir$ an importance :i* !y nev] aft]w>ds lo/2 & al?\gh "s ( ^!1 su* z circumcision1 ! ,passov]1 ! ab/95ce f =bidd5 food1 7 purely c]emonial1 o!rs1 su* z pray]1 read+ ( ! ,scriptures1 & ! common wor%ip ( ! synagogue1 repres5t ! pure/ & mo/ indisp5sable =ms 9 :i* communion ) ,god c f9d expression4 ,t ,jehovah ,himself became ev5 9 small measure :at ! ^w 8sanctu>y0 d5otes indicates an enri*m5t ( ! religi\s consci\sness ( :i* p]haps ,ezekiel himself did n p]ceive ! full import4 ,! great lesson :i* ,ezekiel's message seeks to impress on 8 he>]s is t ! t5ure ( ! l& ( ,israel dep5ds on religi\s conditions4 ,! l& is ,jehovah's1 & ,he be/[s x on ^? :o are prep>$ to use x z ,8 hol9ess dem&s4 ,a pure l& inhabit$ by a pure p is ! ideal t und]lies all ,ezekiel's visions ( ! future4 ,x is evid5t t 9 su* a conception ( ! relation betwe5 ,god & ,8 p c]emonial conditions mu/ occupy a conspicu\s place4 ,! sanctity ( ! l& is necess>ily ( a c]emonial ord]1 & s ! sanctity ( ! p mu/ consi/ p>tly 9 a scrupul\s reg>d = c]emonial requirem5ts4 ,b aft] all ! condition ( ! l& ) respect to purity or uncleanness only reflects ! "* ( ! nation ^: home x is4 ,! ?+s t defile a l& are su* ?+s z idols & o!r emblems ( hea!nism1 innoc5t blood unav5g$1 & unnatural crimes ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,^! ?+s d]ive _! :ole significance f ! /ate ( m9d & he>t :i* !y embody2 !y are ! pla9 & palpable emblems ( human s94 ,x is conceivable t to "s m9ds ! outw>d emblems may h seem$ ! true seat ( evil1 & _! removal an end 9 itself ap>t f ! direction ( ! w by :i* x 0 br\ght ab\t4 ,b x w\ld be a mi/ake to *>ge ,ezekiel ) any su* obliquity ( moral vision4 ,al?\gh he conceives s9 z a defilem5t t leaves its m>k on ! mat]ial _w1 he cle>ly tea*es t its ess5ce lies 9 ! opposition ( ! human w to ! w ( ,god4 ,! c]emonial purity requir$ ( e ,israelite is only ! expression ( c]ta9 aspects ( ,jehovah's holy nature1 ! be>+ ( :i* on man's spiritual life may h be5 obscure to ! prophet1 & is /ill m obscure to u4 ,& ! truly valuable elem5t 9 compliance ) su* rules 0 ! ob$i5ce to ,jehovah's express$ w :i* fl[$ f a nature 9 sympa?y ) ,84 ,h5ce 9 ?is *apt]1 :ile ! fir/ ?+ t ! re/or$ exiles h to d is to cleanse ! l& ( its abom9ations1 ?is act w be ! expression ( a nature radically *ang$1 do+ ! w ( ,god f ! he>t4 ,z ! emblems ( idolatry t defile ! l& 7 ! outcome ( an irresi/ible national t5d5cy to evil1 s ! new & s5sitive _s1 tak+ on ! impress ( ,jehovah's hol9ess ?r\gh ! law1 %all lead to ! purification ( ! l& f ^? ?+s t _h provok$ ! eyes ( ,8 glory4 8,!y %all come ?i!r1 & remove !nce all its dete/able ?+s & all its abom9ations4 ,& ,i w give !m ano!r he>t1 & put a new _s )9 !m4 ,i w take away ! /ony he>t f _! fle%1 & give !m a he>t ( fle%3 t !y may walk 9 ,my /atutes1 & keep ,my judgm5ts1 & d !m3 & s %all !y be ,my p1 & ,i w be _! ,god0 7*4 xi4 #ahbj74 ,?us 9 ! m9d ( ! prophet ,j]usalem & its ,temple are already virtually de/roy$4 ,he seem$ to l+] 9 ! ,temple c\rt until he saw ! *>iot ( ,jehovah )drawn f ! city z a tok5 t ! glory _h dep>t$ f ,israel4 ,!n ! ec/asy pass$ away1 & he f\nd himself 9 ! pres5ce ( ! m5 to :om ! hope ( ! future _h be5 (f]$1 b :o 7 z yet unwor?y to receive x4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,end ,( ,! ,mon>*y4 ,*apt]s xii4 #aae1 xvii41 xix4 ,9 spite ( ! int]e/ excit$ by ,ezekiel's prophetic appe>ances1 ! exiles /ill receiv$ 8 pr$iction ( ! fall ( ,j]usalem ) ! mo/ /olid incr$ulity4 ,x prov$ to be an impossible task to disabuse _! m9ds ( ! prepossessions :i* made su* an ev5t absolutely incr$ible4 ,true to _! "* z a disob$i5t h\se1 !y _h 8eyes to see1 & saw n2 & e>s to he>1 b he>d n0 7*4 xii4 #b74 ,!y 7 int5sely int]e/$ 9 ! /range signs he p]=m$1 & li/5$ ) pleasure to 8 f]vid oratory2 b ! inn] mean+ ( x all nev] sank into _! m9ds4 ,ezekiel 0 well aw>e t ! cause ( ?is obtus5ess lay 9 ! false ideals :i* n\ri%$ an ov]we5+ confid5ce 9 ! de/9y ( _! nation4 ,& ^! ideals 7 ! m difficult to de/roy because !y ea* conta9$ an elem5t ( tru?1 s int]wov5 ) ! falsehood t to ! m9d ( ! p ! true & ! false /ood & fell toge!r4 ,if ! great vision ( *s4 viii4xi4 _h accompli%$ its purpose1 x w\ld d\btless h tak5 away ! ma9 support ( ^! delusive imag9ations4 ,b ! belief 9 ! inde/ructibility ( ! ,temple 0 only "o ( a numb] ( roots ?r\gh :i* ! va9 confid5ce ( ! nation 0 f$2 & s long z any ( ^! rema9$ ! p's s5se ( security 0 likely to rema94 ,^! spuri\s ideals1 !re=e1 ,ezekiel sets himself ) *>act]i/ic ?or\ghness to demoli% "o aft] ano!r4 ,?is appe>s to be 9 ! ma9 ! purpose ( ! ?ird subdivision ( 8 prophecies on :i* we n[ ent]4 ,x ext5ds f *4 xii4 to *4 xix42 & 9 s f> z x c be tak5 to repres5t a phase ( 8 actual spok5 m9i/ry1 x mu/ be assign$ to ! fif? ye> be=e ! capture ( ,j]usalem 7,augu/ #eia;,augu/ #eij ,b4,c474 ,b s9ce ! passage is an exposition ( ideas m ?an a n>rative ( exp]i5ces we may expect to f9d t *ronological consi/5cy has be5 ev5 less obs]v$ ?an 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! book4 ,ea* idea is pres5t$ 9 ! complet5ess :i* x f9ally possess$ 9 ! prophet's m9d1 & 8 allusions may anticipate a /ate ( ?+s :i* _h n actually aris5 till a some:at lat] date4 ,beg9n+ ) a description & int]pretation ( two symbolic actions int5d$ to impress m vividly on ! p ! c]ta9ty ( ! imp5d+ cata/rophe1 ! prophet proce$s 9 a s]ies ( set disc\rses to expose ! holl[ness ( ! illusions :i* 8 fell[exiles *]i%$1 su* z disbelief 9 prophecies ( evil1 fai? 9 ! de/9y ( ,israel1 v5]ation = ! ,davidic k+dom1 & reliance on ! solid>ity ( ! nation 9 s9 & 9 judgm5t4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal topics :i* ! c\rse ( exposition w br+ be=e u1 & 9 deal+ ) !m x w be conv5i5t to dep>t f ! ord] 9 :i* !y /& 9 ! book & adopt an arrangem5t accord+ to subject4 ,by s do+ we run ! risk ( miss+ ! ord] ( ! ideas z x pres5t$ itself to ! prophet's m9d1 & ( ignor+ ! rem>kable skill ) :i* ! transition f "o !me to ano!r is frequ5tly effect$4 ,b if we h rightly und]/ood ! scope ( ! passage z a :ole1 ?is w n prev5t u f grasp+ ! sub/ance ( 8 tea*+ or its be>+ on ! f9al message :i* he _h to deliv]4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] we %all accord+ly gr\p toge!r ?ree passages :i* deal ) ! fate ( ! mon>*y1 & especially ( ,z$ekiah1 ! la/ k+ ( ,judah4 ,t rev]5ce = ! royal h\se w\ld =m an ob/acle to ! acceptance ( su* tea*+ z ,ezekiel's 0 to be expect$ f all we "k ( ! popul> feel+ on ?is subject4 ,! fact t ! few royal assass9ations :i* /a9 ! annals ( ,judah 7 soon] or lat] av5g$ by ! p %[s t ! mon>*y 0 reg>d$ z a pill> ( ! /ate1 & t great importance 0 atta*$ to ! possession ( a dyna/y :i* p]petuat$ ! glories ( ,david's reign4 ,& !re is "o v]se 9 ! book ( ,lam5tations :i* expresses ! angui% :i* ! fall ( ! k+dom caus$ to godly m5 9 ,israel1 al?\gh its repres5tative 0 s unwor?y ( 8 (fice z ,z$ekiah3 8,! brea? ( our no/rils1 ! ano9t$ ( ,jehovah1 0 tak5 9 _! pits1 ( :om we said1 ,"u 8 %ad[ %all we live among ! nations0 7,lam4 iv4 #bj74 ,s long !re=e z a desc5dant ( ,david sat on ! ?rone ( ,j]usalem x w\ld seem ! duty ( e patriotic ,israelite to rema9 true to him4 ,! cont9uance ( ! mon>*y w\ld seem to gu>antee ! exi/5ce ( ! /ate2 ! pre/ige ( ,z$ekiah's position z ! ano9t$ ( ,jehovah1 & ! heir ( ,david's cov5ant1 w\ld w>rant ! hope t ev5 yet ,jehovah w\ld int]v5e to save an in/itution ( ,8 own creat+4 ,inde$1 we c see f ,ezekiel's own pages t ! hi/oric mon>*y 9 ,israel 0 to him an object ( ! highe/ v5]ation & reg>d4 ,he speaks ( its dignity 9 t]ms ^: v exagg]ation %[s h[ l>gely ! fact bulk$ 9 8 imag9ation4 ,he comp>es x to ! noble/ ( ! wild bea/s ( ! e>? & ! mo/ lordly tree ( ! =e/4 ,b 8 cont5tion is t ?is mon>*y no long] exi/s4 ,except 9 "o d\btful passage1 he nev] applies ! title k+ 7melek7 to ,z$ekiah4 ,! k+dom came to an end ) ! deportation ( ,jehoia*91 ! la/ k+ :o asc5d$ ! ?rone 9 legitimate succession4 ,! pres5t hold] ( ! (fice is 9 no s5se k+ by div9e "r2 he is a creature & vassal ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 & has no rights aga9/ 8 suz]a947#cj7 ,8 v "n _h be5 *ang$ by ! caprice ( 8 ma/]4 ,z a religi\s symbol1 !re=e1 ! royal p[] is defunct2 ! glory has dep>t$ f x z surely z f ! ,temple4 ,! make%ift adm9i/ration organis$ "u ,z$ekiah _h a peaceful if +lori\s future be=e x1 if x 7 cont5t to recognise facts & adapt itself to its humble position4 ,b if x %\ld attempt to raise its head & ass]t itself z an indep5d5t k+dom1 x w\ld only seal its own doom4 ,& = m5 9 ,*alda to transf] to ?is %ad[ ( k+ly dignity ! allegiance due to ! heir ( ,david's h\se 0 a wa/e ( devotion z little dem&$ by patriotism z by prud5ce4 ,i ,! fir/ ( ! passages 9 :i* ! fate ( ! mon>*y is =etold requires little to be said by way ( explanation4 ,x is a symbolic action ( ! k9d ) :i* we are n[ famili>1 exhibit+ ! c]ta9ty ( ! fate 9 /ore bo? = ! p & ! k+4 ,! prophet aga9 becomes a 8sign0 or port5t to ! p--?is "t 9 a "* :i* e "o ( 8 audi5ce und]/ood f rec5t exp]i5ce4 ,he is se5 by daylight collect+ 8articles ( captivity0--i4e41 su* necess>y articles z a p]son go+ into exile w\ld try to take ) him--& br++ !m out to ! door ( 8 h\se4 ,!n at dusk he breaks ?r\gh ! wall ) 8 goods on 8 %\ld]2 &1 ) face muffl$1 he removes 8to ano!r place40 ,9 ?is sign we h aga9 two diff]5t facts indicat$ by a s]ies ( n entirely congru\s actions4 ,! m]e act ( c>ry+ out 8 mo/ necess>y furniture & remov+ f "o place to ano!r sugge/s q unambigu\sly ! captivity t awaits ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem4 ,b ! accessories ( ! action1 su* z break+ ?r\gh ! wall1 ! muffl+ ( ! face1 & ! do+ ( all ?is by night1 po9t to q a diff]5t ev5t--viz41 ,z$ekiah's attempt to break ?r\gh ! ,*aldan l9es by night1 8 capture1 8 bl9dness1 & 8 imprisonm5t 9 ,babylon4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ?+ 9 ! sign is ! circum/antial mann] 9 :i* ! details ( ! k+'s flight & capture are anticipat$ s long be=e ! ev5t4 ,z$ekiah1 z we read 9 ! second book ( ,k+s1 z soon z a brea* 0 made 9 ! walls by ! ,*aldans1 broke out ) a small p>ty ( horsem51 & succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! pla9 ( ,jordan4 ,!re he 0 ov]tak5 & caught1 & s5t be=e ,nebu*adnezz>'s pres5ce at ,riblah4 ,! ,babylonian k+ puni%$ 8 p]fidy ) a cruelty common en\gh among/ ! ,assyrian k+s3 he caus$ 8 eyes to be put out1 & s5t him ?us to end 8 days 9 prison at ,babylon4 ,all ?is is s cle>ly h9t$ at 9 ! signs t ! :ole repres5tation is (t5 set aside z a prophecy aft] ! ev5t4 ,t is h>dly probable1 because ! sign does n be> ! m>ks ( hav+ be5 orig9ally conceiv$ ) ! view ( exhibit+ ! details ( ,z$ekiah's puni%m5t4 ,b s9ce we "k t ! book 0 writt5 aft] ! ev5t1 x is a p]fectly fair "q :e!r 9 ! int]pretation ( ! symbols ,ezekiel may n h read into x a full] mean+ ?an 0 pres5t to 8 own m9d at ! "t4 ,?us ! cov]+ ( 8 head does n necess>ily sugge/ any?+ m ?an ! k+'s attempt to disguise 8 p]son47#ca7 ,possibly ?is 0 all t ,ezekiel orig9ally meant by x4 ,:5 ! ev5t took place he p]ceiv$ a fur!r mean+ 9 x z an allusion to ! bl9dness inflict$ on ! k+1 & introduc$ ?is into ! explanation giv5 ( ! symbol4 ,! po9t ( x lies 9 ! degradation ( ! k+ ?r\gh 8 be+ r$uc$ to su* an ignom9i\s me?od ( secur+ 8 p]sonal safety4 8,! pr9ce t is among !m %all be> ^u 8 %\ld] 9 ! d>kness1 & %all g =?3 !y %all dig ?r\gh ! wall to c>ry out !reby3 he %all cov] 8 face1 t he may n be se5 by any eye1 & he himself %all n see ! e>?0 7*4 xii4 #ab74 ,,ii ,9 *4 xvii4 ! fate ( ! mon>*y is dealt ) at great] l5g? "u ! =m ( an allegory4 ,! k+dom ( ,judah is repres5t$ z a c$> 9 ,lebanon--a comp>ison :i* %[s h[ exalt$ 7 ,ezekiel's conceptions ( ! dignity ( ! old regime :i* _h n[ pass$ away4 ,b ! lead+ %oot ( ! tree has be5 cropp$ (f by a great1 broad w+$1 speckl$ eagle1 ! k+ ( ,babylon1 & c>ri$ away to a 8l& ( traffic1 a city ( m]*ants407#cb7 ,! insignificance ( ,z$ekiah's gov]nm5t is indicat$ by a h>% contra/ :i* almo/ breaks ! consi/5cy ( ! figure4 ,9 place ( ! c$> :i* he has spoil$ ! eagle plants a l[ v9e trail+ on ! gr\nd1 su* z may be se5 9 ,pale/9e at ! pres5t day4 ,8 int5tion 0 t 8its bran*es %\ld ext5d t[>ds him & its roots be "u him0--i4e41 t ! new pr9cipality %\ld d]ive all its /r5g? f ,babylon & yield all its produce to ! p[] :i* n\ri%$ x4 ,= a "t all w5t well4 ,! v9e answ]$ ! expectations ( its own]1 & prosp]$ "u ! fav\rable conditions :i* he _h provid$ = x4 ,b ano!r great eagle appe>$ on ! sc5e1 ! k+ ( ,egypt1 & ! ungrateful v9e began to s5d out its roots & turn its bran*es 9 8 direction4 ,! mean+ is obvi\s3 ,z$ekiah _h s5t pres5ts to ,egypt & s\ght its help1 & by s do+ _h violat$ ! conditions ( 8 t5ure ( royal p[]4 ,su* a policy c\ld n prosp]4 8,! b$ :]e x 0 plant$0 0 9 possession ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 & he c\ld n tol]ate !re a /ate1 h[ev] feeble1 :i* employ$ ! res\rces ) :i* he _h end[$ x to fur!r ! int]e/s ( 8 rival1 ,hophra1 ! k+ ( ,egypt4 ,its de/ruction %all come f ! qu>t] :5ce x d]iv$ its orig93 8:5 ! ea/ w9d smites x1 x %all )] 9 ! furr[ :]e x grew40 ,?r\gh\t ?is passage ,ezekiel %[s t he possess$ 9 full measure t p5etration & deta*m5t f local prejudices :i* all ! prophets exhibit :5 deal+ ) political affairs4 ,! int]pretation ( ! riddle conta9s a /atem5t ( ,nebu*adnezz>'s policy 9 8 deal+s ) ,judah1 ^: imp>tial accuracy c\ld n be improv$ on by ! mo/ dis9t]e/$ hi/orian4 ,! c>ry+ away ( ! ,judan k+ & ari/ocracy 0 a heavy bl[ to religi\s susceptibilities :i* ,ezekiel fully %>$1 & its sev]ity 0 n mitigat$ by ! arrogant assumptions by :i* x 0 expla9$ 9 ,j]usalem4 ,yet "h he %[s himself capable ( contemplat+ x z a measure ( ,babylonian /atesman%ip & ( do+ absolute ju/ice to ! motives by :i* x 0 dictat$4 ,nebu*adnezz>'s purpose 0 to e/abli% a petty /ate unable to raise itself to indep5d5ce1 & "o on ^: fidelity to 8 empire he c\ld rely4 ,ezekiel lays great /ress on ! solemn =malities by :i* ! great k+ _h b\nd 8 vassal to 8 allegiance3 8,he took ( ! royal se$1 & made a cov5ant ) him1 & br\ght him "u a curse2 & ! /rong ones ( ! l& he took away3 t x might be a l[ly k+dom1 n able to lift itself up1 to keep 8 cov5ant t x might /&0 7vv4 #ac1 #ad74 ,9 all ?is ,nebu*adnezz> is conceiv$ z act+ )9 8 rights2 & "h lay ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! cle> vision ( ! prophet & ! infatuat$ policy ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,! politicians ( ,j]usalem 7 incapable ( ?us disc]n+ ! signs ( ! times4 ,!y fell back on ! "thon\r$ plan ( *eckmat+ ,babylon by means ( an ,egyptian alliance--a policy :i* _h be5 disa/r\s :5 attempt$ aga9/ ! ru?less tyrants ( ,assyria1 & :i* 0 d\bly imbecile :5 x br\ght d[n on !m ! wra? ( a mon>* :o %[$ e desire to deal fairly ) 8 subject prov9ces4 ,! p]iod ( intrigue ) ,egypt _h already begun :5 ?is prophecy 0 writt54 ,we h no means ( kn[+ h[ long ! negotiations w5t on be=e ! ov]t act ( rebellion2 & h5ce we _c say ) c]ta9ty t ! appe>ance ( ! *apt] 9 ?is "p ( ! book is an ana*ronism4 ,x is possible t ,ezekiel may h kn[n ( a secret mission :i* 0 n discov]$ by ! spies ( ! ,babylonian c\rt2 & !re is no difficulty 9 suppos+ t su* a /ep may h be5 tak5 z e>ly z two & a half ye>s be=e ! outbreak ( ho/ilities4 ,at :atev] "t x took place1 ,ezekiel saw t x seal$ ! doom ( ! nation4 ,he knew t ,nebu*adnezz> c\ld n ov]look su* flagrant p]fidy z ,z$ekiah & 8 c\ncillors _h be5 guilty (2 he knew also t ,egypt c\ld r5d] no effectual help to ,j]usalem 9 h] dea? /ruggle4 8,n ) a /rong army & a great ho/ w ,ph>aoh act = him 9 ! w>1 :5 m\nds are ?r[n up1 & ! t[]s are built1 to cut (f _m lives0 7v]4 #ag74 ,! writ] ( ! ,lam5tations aga9 %[s u h[ sadly ! prophet's anticipation 0 v]ifi$3 8,z = u1 our eyes z yet fail$ = our va9 help3 9 our wat*+ we h wat*$ = a nation t c\ld n save u0 7,lam4 iv4 #ag74 ,b ,ezekiel w n all[ x to be suppos$ t ! fate ( ,j]usalem is m]ely ! result ( a mi/ak5 =eca/ ( political probabilities4 ,su* a mi/ake _h be5 made by ,z$ekiah's advis]s :5 !y tru/$ to ,egypt to deliv] !m f ,babylon1 & ord9>y prud5ce might h w>n$ !m aga9/ x4 ,b t 0 ! mo/ excusable "p ( _! folly4 ,! ?+ t br&$ _! policy z infam\s & put !m absolutely 9 ! wrong be=e ,god & man alike 0 _! violation ( ! solemn oa? by :i* !y _h b\nd !mselves to s]ve ! k+ ( ,babylon4 ,! prophet seizes on ?is act ( p]jury z ! det]m9+ fact ( ! situation1 & *>ges x home on ! k+ z ! cause ( ! ru9 t is to ov]take him3 8,?us sai? ,jehovah1 ,z ,i live1 surely ,my oa? :i* he ha? despis$1 & ,my cov5ant :i* he has brok51 ,i w return on 8 head2 & ,i w spread ,my net ov] him1 & 9 ,my sn>e %all he be tak51 444 & ye %all "k t ,i ,jehovah h spok5 x0 7vv4 #aiba74 ,9 ! la/ ?ree v]ses ( ! *apt] ! prophet returns to ! allegory ) :i* he comm5c$1 & completes 8 oracle ) a beautiful picture ( ! ideal mon>*y ( ! future4 ,! ideas on :i* ! picture is fram$ are few & simple2 b !y are ^? :i* di/+ui% ! ,messianic hope z *]i%$ by ! prophets f ! crude =m :i* x assum$ 9 ! popul> imag9ation4 ,9 contra/ to ,z$ekiah's k+dom1 :i* 0 a human in/itution )\t ideal significance1 t ( ! ,messianic age w be a fre% creation ( ,jehovah's p[]4 ,a t5d] %oot %all be plant$ 9 ! m\nta9 l& ( ,israel1 :]e x %all fl\ri% & increase until x ov]%ad[ ! :ole e>?4 ,fur!r1 ?is %oot is tak5 f ! 8top ( ! c$>0--t is1 ! section ( ! royal h\se :i* _h be5 c>ri$ away to ,babylon--indicat+ t ! hope ( ! future lay n ) ! k+ de facto ,z$ekiah1 b ) ,jehoia*9 & ^? :o %>$ 8 bani%m5t4 ,! passage leaves no d\bt t ,ezekiel conceiv$ ! ,israel ( ! future z a /ate ) a mon>* at its head1 al?\gh x may be d\btful :e!r ! %oot ref]s to a p]sonal ,messiah or to ! ari/ocracy1 :o1 along ) ! k+1 =m$ ! gov]n+ body 9 an ,ea/]n k+dom4 ,?is "q1 h[ev]1 c be bett] consid]$ :5 we h to deal ) ,ezekiel's ,messianic conceptions 9 _! fully develop$ =m 9 *4 xxxiv4 ,,iii ,( ! la/ f\r k+s ( ,judah !re 7 two ^: melan*oly fate seems to h excit$ a pr(\nd feel+ ( pity among/ _! c\ntrym54 ,jehoahaz or ,%allum1 accord+ to ! ,*ronicl] ! y\nge/ ( ,josiah's sons1 appe>s to h be5 ev5 dur+ 8 fa!r's lifetime a popul> fav\rite4 ,x 0 he :o aft] ! fatal day ( ,megiddo 0 rais$ to ! ?rone by ! 8p ( ! l&0 at ! age ( tw5ty?ree ye>s4 ,he is said by ! hi/orian ( ! books ( ,k+s to h done 8t :i* 0 evil 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l02 b he _h h>dly "t to display 8 qualities z a rul]1 :5 he 0 depos$ & c>ri$ to ,egypt by ,ph>aoh ,ne*o1 hav+ worn ! cr[n = only ?ree mon?s 7#fjh ,b4,c474 ,! deep atta*m5t felt = him seems to h giv5 rise to an expectation t he w\ld be re/or$ to 8 k+dom1 a delusion aga9/ :i* ! prophet ,j]emiah f\nd x necess>y to prote/ 7,j]4 xxii4 #ajab74 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 eld] bro!r1 ,eliakim17#cc7 ! head/rong & selfi% tyrant1 ^: "* /&s reveal$ 9 "s passages ( ! books ( ,j]emiah & ,habakkuk4 ,8 reign ( n9e ye>s gave little occasion to 8 subjects to *]i% a grateful memory ( 8 adm9i/ration4 ,he di$ 9 ! crisis ( ! conflict he _h provok$ ) ! k+ ( ,babylon1 leav+ 8 y\?ful son ,jehoia*9 to expiate ! folly ( 8 rebellion4 ,jehoia*9 is ! second idol ( ! populace to :om we h ref]r$4 ,he 0 only eighte5 ye>s old :5 he 0 call$ to ! ?rone1 & )9 ?ree mon?s he 0 doom$ to exile 9 ,babylon4 ,9 8 room ,nebu*adnezz> appo9t$ a ?ird son ( ,josiah--,mattaniah--^: "n he *ang$ to ,z$ekiah4 ,he 0 app>5tly a man ( weak & vacillat+ "*2 b he fell ultimately into ! h&s ( ! ,egyptian & antiprophetic p>ty1 & s 0 ! means ( involv+ 8 c\ntry 9 ! hopeless /ruggle 9 :i* x p]i%$4 ,! fact t two ( _! native pr9ces 7 langui%+1 p]haps simultane\sly1 9 =eign conf9em5t1 "o 9 ,egypt & ! o!r 9 ,babylon1 0 fitt$ to evoke 9 ,judah a sympa?y ) ! mis=tunes ( royalty some?+ l ! feel+ embalm$ 9 ! ,jacobite songs ( ,scotl&4 ,x seems to be an e*o ( ?is s5tim5t t we f9d 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! lam5t ) :i* ,ezekiel closes 8 ref]5ces to ! fall ( ! mon>*y 7*4 xix474 ,_m critics h inde$ f\nd x impossible to suppose t ,ezekiel %\ld 9 any s5se h yield$ to sympa?y ) ! fate ( two pr9ces :o are bo? br&$ 9 ! hi/orical books z idolat]s1 & ^: calamities on ,ezekiel's own view ( individual retribution prov$ !m to be s9n]s aga9/ ,jehovah4 ,yet x is c]ta9ly unnatural to read ! dirge 9 any o!r s5se ?an z an expression ( g5u9e pity = ! woes t ! nation suff]$ 9 ! fate ( h] two exil$ k+s4 ,if ,j]emiah1 9 pron\nc+ ! doom ( ,%allum or ,jehoahaz1 c\ld say1 8,weep ye sore = him t goe? away2 = he %all n return any m1 nor see 8 native c\ntry10 !re is no reason :y ,ezekiel %\ld n h giv5 lyrical expression to ! univ]sal feel+ ( sadness :i* ! blight$ c>e] ( ^! two y\?s naturally produc$4 ,! :ole passage is highly poetical1 & repres5ts a side ( ,ezekiel's nature :i* we h n hi!rto be5 l$ to /udy4 ,b x is too mu* to expect ( ev5 ! mo/ logical ( prophets t he %\ld exp]i5ce no p]sonal emotion b :at fitt$ into 8 sy/em1 or t 8 poetic gift %\ld be *a9$ to ! :eels ( 8 !ological convictions4 ,! dirge expresses no moral judgm5t on ! "* or des]ts ( ! two k+s to :i* x ref]s3 x has b "o !me--! sorr[ & disappo9tm5t ( ! 8"m0 :o nurtur$ & lo/ !m1 t is1 ! nation ( ,israel p]sonifi$ accord+ to a usual ,hebrew figure ( spee*4 ,all attempts to g beyond ?is & to f9d 9 ! poem an allegorical portrait ( ,jehoahaz & ,jehoia*9 are irrelevant4 ,! "m is a lioness1 ! pr9ces are "y lions & behave z /alw>t "y lions d1 b :e!r _! exploits are praisewor?y or ! rev]se is a "q t 0 n pres5t to ! writ]'s m9d4 ,! *apt] is entitl$ 8,a ,dirge on ! ,pr9ces ( ,israel10 & embraces n only ! fate ( ,jehoahaz & ,jehoia*91 b also ( ,z$ekiah1 ) :om ! old mon>*y expir$4 ,/rictly speak+1 h[ev]1 ! "n qnah1 or dirge1 is applicable only to ! fir/ "p ( ! *apt] 7vv4 #bi71 :]e ! rhy?m *>act]i/ic ( ! ,hebrew elegy is cle>ly traceable47#cd7 ,) a few slight *anges ( ! text7#ce7 ! passage may be translat$ ?us3-- i4 ,jehoahaz4 ,h[ 0 ?y "m a lioness6-- ,among ! lions1 ,9 ! mid/ ( "y lions %e c\*$-- ,%e re>$ h] cubs2 ,& %e br\ght up "o ( h] cubs-- ,a "y lion he became1 ,& he le>n$ to cat* ! prey-- ,he ate m54 ,& nations rais$ a cry aga9/ him-- ,9 _! pit he 0 caught2 ,& !y br\ght him ) hooks-- ,to ! l& ( ,egypt 7vv4 #bd74 ii4 ,jehoia*94 ,& :5 %e saw t %e 0 disappo9t$7#cf7-- ,h] hope 0 lo/4 ,%e took ano!r ( h] cubs-- ,a "y lion %e made him2 ,& he walk$ 9 ! mid/ ( lions-- ,a "y lion he became2 ,& he le>n$ to cat* prey-- ,he ate m54 ,& he lurk$ 9 8 lair-- ,! =e/s he ravag$2 ,till ! l& 0 laid wa/e & its fulness-- ,) ! noise ( 8 ro>4 ,! nations array$ !mselves aga9/ him-- ,f ! c\ntries ar\nd2 ,& spread ov] him _! net-- ,9 _! pit he 0 caught4 ,& !y br\ght him ) hooks-- ,to ! k+ ( ,babylon2 ,& he put him 9 a cage1 444 ,t 8 voice might no m be he>d-- ,on ! m\nta9s ( ,israel 7vv4 #ei74 ,! poetry "h is simple & s9c]e4 ,! m\rnful cad5ce ( ! elegiac measure1 :i* is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t1 is adapt$ to ! tone ( melan*oly :i* p]vades ! passage & culm9ates 9 ! la/ beautiful l9e4 ,! dirge is a =m ( composition (t5 employ$ 9 songs ( triumph ov] ! calamities ( enemies2 b !re is no reason to d\bt t "h x is true to its orig9al purpose1 & expresses g5u9e sorr[ = ! accumulat$ mis=tunes ( ! royal h\se ( ,israel4 ,! clos+ "p ( ! 8dirge0 deal+ ) ,z$ekiah is ( a some:at diff]5t "*4 ,! !me is simil>1 b ! figure is abruptly *ang$1 & ! elegiac rhy?m is ab&on$4 ,! nation1 ! "m ( ! mon>*y1 is "h comp>$ to a luxuriant v9e plant$ beside great wat]s2 & ! royal h\se is lik5$ to a bran* t[]+ above ! re/ & be>+ rods :i* 7 k+ly sceptres4 ,b %e has be5 pluck$ up by ! roots1 )]$1 scor*$ by ! fire1 & f9ally plant$ 9 an arid region :]e %e _c ?rive4 ,! application ( ! metaphor to ! ru9 ( ! nation is v obvi\s4 ,israel1 once a prosp]\s nation1 ri*ly end[$ ) all ! conditions ( a vigor\s national life1 & glory+ 9 h] race ( native k+s1 is n[ humbl$ to ! du/4 ,mis=tune aft] mis=tune has de/roy$ h] p[] & blight$ h] prospects1 till at la/ %e has be5 remov$ f h] own l& to a place :]e national life _c be ma9ta9$4 ,b ! po9t ( ! passage lies 9 ! clos+ words3 fire w5t out f "o ( h] twigs & consum$ h] bran*es1 s t %e has no long] a pr\d rod to be a rul]'s sceptre 7v]4 #ad74 ,! mon>*y1 once ! glory & /r5g? ( ,israel1 has 9 its la/ deg5]ate repres5tative involv$ ! nation 9 ru94 ,su* is ,ezekiel's f9al answ] to ^? ( 8 he>]s :o clung to ! old ,davidic k+dom z _! hope 9 ! crisis ( ! p's fate4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,prophecy ,& ,its ,abuses4 ,*apt]s xii4 #baxiv4 #aa4 ,!re is p]haps no?+ m p]plex+ to ! /ud5t ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory ?an ! complicat$ ph5om5a :i* may be class$ "u ! g5]al "n ( 8prophecy40 ,9 ,israel1 z 9 e anci5t /ate1 !re 0 a body ( m5 :o s\ght to influ5ce public op9ion by progno/ications ( ! future4 ,z a rule ! repute ( all k9ds ( div9ation decl9$ ) ! advance ( civilisation & g5]al intellig5ce1 s t 9 ! m enlight5$ communities matt]s ( importance came to be decid$ on broad gr\nds ( reason & political exp$i5cy4 ,! peculi>ity 9 ! case ( ,israel 0 t ! v highe/ direction 9 politics1 z well z religion & morals1 0 giv5 9 a =m capable ( be+ conf\nd$ ) sup]/iti\s practices :i* fl\ri%$ alongside ( x4 ,! true prophets 7 n m]ely pr(\nd moral ?9k]s1 :o ann\nc$ a c]ta9 issue z ! probable result ( a c]ta9 l9e ( conduct4 ,9 _m cases _! pr$ictions are absolute1 & _! political programme is an appeal to ! nation to accept ! situation :i* !y =esee1 z ! basis ( its public action4 ,= ?is reason prophecy 0 readily br\ght into competition ) practices ) :i* x _h really no?+ 9 common4 ,! ord9>y individual :o c>$ little = pr9ciples & only wi%$ to "k :at 0 likely to happ5 might readily ?9k t "o way ( arriv+ at k ( ! future 0 z good z ano!r1 & :5 ! spiritual prophet's anticipations displeas$ him he 0 apt to try 8 luck ) ! sorc]]4 ,x is n improbable t 9 ! la/ days ( ! mon>*y spuri\s prophecy ( v>i\s k9ds ga9$ an additional vitality f its rivalry ) ! great spiritual tea*]s :o 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah =etold ! ru9 ( ! /ate4 ,?is is n ! place = an exhau/ive acc\nt ( ! v>i$ developm5ts 9 ,israel ( :at may be broadly t]m$ prophetic manife/ations4 ,= ! und]/&+ ( ! section ( ,ezekiel n[ be=e u x w be en\gh to di/+ui% ?ree classes ( ph5om5a4 ,at ! l[e/ end ( ! scale !re 0 a rank gr[? ( pure magic or sorc]y1 ! rul+ idea ( :i* is ! attempt to control or =eca/ ! future by occult arts :i* are believ$ to influ5ce ! sup]natural p[]s :i* gov]n human de/9y4 ,9 ! second place we h prophecy 9 a /rict] s5se--t is1 ! suppos$ revelation ( ! w ( ! deity 9 dreams or 8visions0 or halfarticulate words utt]$ 9 a /ate ( fr5zy4 ,la/ ( all !re is ! true prophet1 :o1 ?\gh subject to extraord9>y m5tal exp]i5ces1 yet _h always a cle> & consci\s grasp ( moral pr9ciples1 & possess$ an incommunicable c]ta9ty t :at he spoke 0 n 8 own ^w b ! ^w ( ,jehovah4 ,x is obvi\s t a p subject$ to su* influ5ces z ^! 0 expos$ to temptations bo? intellectual & moral f :i* mod]n life is exempt4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta9--! exi/5ce ( prophecy did n t5d to simplify ! problems ( national life or individual conduct4 ,we are apt to ?9k ( ! great prophets z m5 s signally m>k$ out by ,god z ,8 witnesses t x mu/ h be5 impossible = any "o ) a %r$ ( s9c]ity to "q _! au?ority4 ,9 reality x 0 q o!rwise4 ,x 0 no m an easy ?+ !n ?an n[ to di/+ui% betwe5 tru? & error1 betwe5 ! voice ( ,god & ! speculations ( m54 ,!n1 z n[1 div9e tru? _h no available cr$5tials at ! mom5t ( its utt]ance except its selfevid5c+ p[] on he>ts t 7 s9c]e 9 _! desire to "k x4 ,! fact t tru? came 9 ! guise ( prophecy only /imulat$ ! gr[? ( c\nt]feit prophecy1 s t only ^? :o 7 8( ! tru?0 c\ld disc]n ! spirits1 :e!r !y 7 ( ,god4 ,! passage :i* =ms ! subject ( ?is *apt] is "o ( ! mo/ important passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 its treatm5t ( ! errors & abuses incid5t to a disp5sation ( prophecy4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree p>ts3 ! fir/ deals ) difficulties occasion$ by ! app>5t failure ( prophecy 7*4 xii4 #babh72 ! second ) ! "* & doom ( ! false prophets 7*4 xiii472 & ! ?ird ) ! /ate ( m9d :i* made a "r use ( prophecy impossible 7*4 xiv4 #aaa74 ,i ,x is "o ( ,ezekiel's peculi>ities t he pays close att5tion to ! prov]bial say+s :i* indicat$ ! drift ( ! national m9d4 ,su* say+s 7 l /raws1 %[+ h[ ! /ream fl[$1 & _h a special significance = ,ezekiel1 inasmu* z he 0 n 9 ! /ream himself1 b only obs]v$ its motions f a di/ance4 ,"h he quotes a curr5t prov]b1 giv+ expression to a s5se ( ! futility ( all prophetic w>n+s3 8,! days are drawn out1 & e vision faile?0 7*4 xii4 #bb74 ,x is difficult to say :at ! feel+ is t lies beh9d x1 :e!r x is "o ( disappo9tm5t or ( relief4 ,if1 z seems probable1 v]4 #bg is ! application ( ! g5]al pr9ciple to ! p>ticul> case ( ,ezekiel1 ! prov]b ne$ n indicate absolute disbelief 9 ! tru? ( prophecy4 8,! vision :i* he sees is = _m days1 & remote times does he prophesy0--t is to say1 ,! prophet's words are no d\bt p]fectly true1 & come f ,god2 b no man c ev] tell :5 !y are to be fulfill$3 all exp]i5ce %[s t !y relate to a remote future :i* we are n likely to see4 ,= m5 ^: conc]n 0 to f9d direction 9 ! pres5t em]g5cy1 t 0 no d\bt equival5t to a r5unciation ( ! guidance ( prophecy4 ,!re are sev]al ?+s :i* may h t5d$ to give curr5cy to ?is view & make x plausible4 ,fir/ ( all1 ( c\rse1 ! fact t _m ( ! 8visions0 t 7 publi%$ _h no?+ 9 !m2 !y 7 false 9 _! orig91 & 7 b\nd to fail4 ,accord+ly "o ?+ necess>y to rescue prophecy f ! discr$it into :i* x _h fall5 0 ! removal ( ^? :o utt]$ false pr$ictions 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah3 8,!re %all no m be any false vision or flatt]+ div9ation 9 ! mid/ ( ! h\se ( ,israel0 7v]4 #bd74 ,b besides ! preval5ce ( false prophecy !re 7 features ( true prophecy :i* p>tly expla9$ ! common misgiv+ z to its tru/wor?9ess4 ,ev5 9 true prophecy !re is an elem5t ( idealism1 ! future be+ depict$ 9 =ms d]iv$ f ! prophet's circum/ances1 & repres5t$ z ! imm$iate cont9uation ( ! ev5ts ( 8 own "t4 ,9 support ( ! prov]b x might h be5 equally apt to in/ance ! ,messianic oracles ( ,isaiah1 or ! confid5t pr$ictions ( ,hananiah1 ! oppon5t ( ,j]emiah4 ,fur!r1 !re is a cont+5t elem5t 9 prophecy3 ! fulfilm5t ( a ?reat or promise is conditional on ! moral effect ( ! prophecy itself on ! p4 ,^! ?+s 7 p]fectly und]/ood by ?\ghtful m5 9 ,israel4 ,! pr9ciple ( cont+5cy is cle>ly exp\nd$ 9 ! eighte5? *apt] ( ,j]emiah1 & x 0 act$ on by ! pr9ces :o on a memorable occasion sav$ him f ! doom ( a false prophet 7,j]4 xxvi474 ,^? :o us$ prophecy to det]m9e _! practical attitude t[>ds ,jehovah's purposes f\nd x to be an un]r+ guide to "r ?9k+ & action4 ,b ^? :o only took a curi\s int]e/ 9 que/ions ( ext]nal fulfilm5t f\nd mu* to disconc]t !m2 & x is h>dly surpris+ t _m ( !m became utt]ly sceptical ( its div9e orig94 ,x mu/ h be5 to ?is turn ( m9d t ! prov]b ) :i* ,ezekiel is deal+ ow$ its orig94 ,x is n on ^! l9es1 h[ev]1 t ,ezekiel v9dicates ! tru? ( ! prophetic ^w1 b on l9es adapt$ to ! ne$s ( 8 own g5]ation4 ,aft] all1 prophecy is n :olly cont+5t4 ,! b5t ( ! popul> "* is "o ( ! elem5ts :i* x takes into acc\nt1 & x =esees an issue :i* is n dep5d5t on any?+ t ,israel might d4 ,! prophets rise to a po9t ( view f :i* ! de/ruction ( ! s9ful p & ! e/abli%m5t ( a p]fect k+dom ( ,god are se5 to be facts unalt]ably decre$ by ,jehovah4 ,& ! po9t ( ,ezekiel's answ] to 8 contempor>ies seems to be t a f9al demon/ration ( ! tru? ( prophecy 0 at h&4 ,z ! fulfilm5t drew ne>1 prophecy w\ld increase 9 di/9ctness & precision1 s t :5 ! cata/rophe came x w\ld be impossible = any man to d5y ! inspiration ( ^? :o _h ann\nc$ x3 8,?us sai? ,jehovah1 ,i w suppress ?is prov]b1 & x %all no m circulate 9 ,israel2 b say unto !m1 ,! days are ne>1 & ! cont5t lit]ally ^w or matt] ( e vision0 7v]4 #bc74 ,aft] ! ext9ction ( e =m ( ly+ prophecy1 ,jehovah's words %all /ill be he>d1 & ! proclamation ( !m %all be imm$iately foll[$ by _! accompli%m5t3 8,= ,i ,jehovah w speak ,my words2 ,i w speak & p]=m1 x %all n be def]r$ any m3 9 y\r days1 ,o h\se ( rebellion1 ,i w speak a ^w & p]=m x1 sai? ,jehovah0 7v]4 #be74 ,! imm$iate ref]5ce is to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem :i* ! prophet saw to be "o ( ^? ev5ts :i* 7 unconditionally decre$1 & an ev5t :i* mu/ bulk m & m l>gely 9 ! vision ( ! true prophet until x 0 accompli%$4 ,,ii ,! ?irte5? *apt] deals ) :at 0 und\bt$ly ! greate/ ob/acle to ! influ5ce ( prophecy--viz41 ! exi/5ce ( a division 9 ! ranks ( ! prophets !mselves4 ,t division _h be5 ( long /&+4 ,! e>lie/ indication ( x is ! /ory ( ! conte/ betwe5 ,micaiah & f\r hundr$ prophets ( ,jehovah1 9 pres5ce ( ,ahab & ,jeho%aphat 7#a ,k+s xxii4 #ebh74 ,all ! canonical prophets %[ 9 _! writ+s t !y _h to cont5d aga9/ ! mass ( ! prophetic ord]--m5 :o claim$ an au?ority equal to !irs1 b us$ x = diametrically opposite int]e/s4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 till we come to ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel t we f9d a =mal apologetic ( true prophecy aga9/ false4 ,! problem 0 s]i\s3 :]e two sets ( prophets sy/ematically & fundam5tally contradict$ ea* o!r1 bo? might be false1 b bo? c\ld n be true4 ,! prophet :o 0 conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( 8 own visions mu/ be prep>$ to acc\nt = ! rise ( false visions1 & to lay d[n "s crit]ion by :i* m5 might discrim9ate betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r4 ,j]emiah's treatm5t ( ! "q is ( ! two p]haps ! m pr(\nd & int]e/+4 ,x is ?us summ>is$ by ,pr(essor ,davidson3 8,9 8 enc\nt]s ) ! prophets ( 8 day ,j]emiah opposes !m 9 ?ree sph]es--t ( policy1 t ( morals1 & t ( p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,9 policy ! g5u9e prophets _h "s fix$ pr9ciples1 all aris+ out ( ! idea t ! k+dom ( ! ,"l 0 n a k+dom ( ?is _w4 ,h5ce !y oppos$ milit>y prep>ation1 rid+ on horses1 & build+ ( f5c$ cities1 & c\nsell$ tru/ 9 ,jehovah4444 ,! false prophets1 on ! o!r h&1 desir$ _! c\ntry to be a milit>y p[] among ! p[]s ar\nd1 !y advocat$ alliance ) ! ea/]n empires & ) ,egypt1 & reli$ on _! national /r5g?4 ,aga91 ! true prophets _h a /r+5t p]sonal & /ate morality4 ,9 _! view ! true cause ( ! de/ruction ( ! /ate 0 its immoralities4 ,b ! false prophets _h no su* deep moral convictions1 & see+ no?+ unwont$ or al>m+ 9 ! condition ( ?+s prophesi$ ( #8peace4' ,!y 7 n necess>ily irreligi\s m52 b _! religion _h no tru] insight into ! nature ( ! ,god ( ,israel ?an t ( ! common p4444 ,& f9ally ,j]emiah expresses 8 conviction t ! prophets :om he oppos$ did n /& 9 ! same relation to ! ,"l z he did3 !y _h n 8 exp]i5ces ( ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 into ^: c\nsel !y _h n be5 admitt$2 & !y 7 )\t t fell[%ip ( m9d ) ! m9d ( ,jehovah :i* 0 ! true s\rce ( prophecy4 ,h5ce he satirises _! pret5d$ sup]natural #8dreams1' & *>ges !m f consci\s want ( any true prophetic ^w ) /eal+ words f "o ano!r407#cg7 ,! passages 9 ,j]emiah on :i* ?is /atem5t is ma9ly f\nd$ may h be5 kn[n to ,ezekiel1 :o 9 ?is matt]1 z 9 s _m o!rs1 foll[s ! l9es laid d[n by ! eld] prophet4 ,! fir/ ?+1 !n1 t des]ves att5tion 9 ,ezekiel's judgm5t on false prophecy is 8 ass]tion ( its purely subjective or human orig94 ,9 ! op5+ s5t5ce he pron\nces a woe ^u ! prophets 8:o prophesy f _! own m9d )\t hav+ se507#ch7 7v]4 #c74 ,! words put 9 italics sum up ,ezekiel's !ory ( ! g5esis ( false prophecy4 ,! visions ^! m5 see & ! oracles !y utt] simply reproduce ! ?\ghts1 ! emotions1 ! aspirations1 natural to _! own m9ds4 ,t ! ideas came to !m 9 a peculi> =m1 :i* 0 mi/ak5 = ! direct action ( ,jehovah1 ,ezekiel does n d5y4 ,he admits t ! m5 7 s9c]e 9 _! pr(essions1 = he describes !m z 8wait+ = ! fulfilm5t ( ! ^w0 7v]4 #f74 ,b 9 ?is belief !y 7 ! victims ( a delusion4 ,:atev] !re might be 9 _! prophetic exp]i5ces t resembl$ ^? ( a true prophet1 !re 0 no?+ 9 _! oracles t did n belong to ! sph]e ( worldly int]e/s & human speculation4 ,if we ask h[ ,ezekiel knew ?is1 ! only possible answ] is t he knew x because he 0 sure ( ! s\rce ( 8 own inspiration4 ,he possess$ an inw>d exp]i5ce :i* c]tifi$ to him ! g5u95ess ( ! communications :i* came to him1 & he necess>ily inf]r$ t ^? :o held diff]5t beliefs ab\t ,god mu/ lack t exp]i5ce4 ,?us f> 8 criticism ( false prophecy is purely subjective4 ,! true prophet knew t he _h t )9 him :i* au!nticat$ 8 inspiration1 b ! false prophet c\ld n "k t he want$ x4 ,! difficulty is n peculi> to prophecy1 b arises 9 connection ) religi\s belief z a :ole4 ,x is an int]e/+ "q :e!r ! ass5t to a tru? is accompani$ by a feel+ ( c]titude diff]+ 9 quality f ! confid5ce :i* a man may h 9 giv+ 8 ass5t to a delusion4 ,b x is n possible to elevate ?is int]nal crit]ion to an objective te/ ( tru?4 ,a man :o is awake may be q sure he is n dream+1 b a man 9 a dream may readily en\gh fancy himself awake4 ,b !re 7 o!r & m obvi\s te/s :i* c\ld be appli$ to ! pr(essional prophets1 & :i* at lea/ %[$ !m to be m5 ( a diff]5t _s f ! few :o 7 8full ( p[] by ! _s ( ! ,"l1 & ( judgm5t1 & ( might1 to decl>e to ,israel 8 s90 7,mic4 iii4 #h74 ,9 two graphic figures ,ezekiel sums up ! "* & policy ( ^! p>asites :o disgrac$ ! ord] to :i* !y belong$4 ,9 ! fir/ place he comp>es !m to jackals burr[+ 9 ru9s & und]m9+ ! fabric :i* x 0 _! pr(ess$ function to uphold 7vv4 #d1 #e74 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a class ( m5 is at once a symptom ( advanc$ social deg5]ation & a cause ( great] ru9 to foll[4 ,a true prophet fe>lessly speak+ ! words ( ,god is a def5ce to ! /ate2 he is l a man :o /&s 9 ! brea* or builds a wall to w>d (f ! dang] :i* he =esees4 ,su* 7 all g5u9e prophets ^: names 7 held 9 hon\r 9 ,israel--m5 ( moral c\rage1 nev] hesitat+ to incur p]sonal risk = ! welf>e ( ! nation !y lov$4 ,if ,israel n[ 0 l a heap ( ru9s1 ! fault lay ) ! selfi% cr[d ( hirel+ prophets :o _h c>$ m to f9d a hole 9 :i* !y c\ld %elt] !mselves ?an to build up a /able & righte\s polity4 ,! prophet's simile calls to m9d ! type ( *ur*man repres5t$ by ,bi%op ,bl\gram 9 ,br[n+'s p[]ful satire4 ,he is "o :o is cont5t if ! corporation to :i* he belongs c provide him ) a com=table & dignifi$ position 9 :i* he c sp5d good days2 he is triumphant if1 9 addition to ?is1 he c defy any "o to prove him m ( a fool or a hypocrite ?an an av]age man ( ! _w4 ,su* utt] abnegation ( intellectual s9c]ity may n be common 9 any ,*ur*2 b ! temptation :i* leads to x is "o to :i* ecclesia/ics are expos$ 9 e age & e communion4 ,! t5d5cy to %irk difficult problems1 to %ut "o's eyes to grave evils1 to acquiesce 9 ?+s z !y are1 & calculate t ! ru9 w la/ "o's own "t1 is :at ,ezekiel calls play+ ! jackal2 & x h>dly ne$s a prophet to tell u t !re c\ld n be a m fatal symptom ( ! decay ( religion ?an ! preval5ce ( su* a _s 9 its (ficial repres5tatives4 ,! second image is equally sugge/ive4 ,x exhibits ! false prophets z foll[+ :]e !y pret5d$ to lead1 z aid+ & abett+ ! m5 into ^: h&s ! re9s ( gov]nm5t _h fall54 ,! p build a wall & ! prophets cov] x ) pla/] 7v]4 #aj7--t is to say1 :5 any project or s*eme ( policy is be+ promot$ !y /& by gloz+ x ov] ) f9e words1 flatt]+ its promot]s1 & utt]+ pr(use assurances ( its success4 ,! uselessness ( ! :ole activity ( ^! prophets c\ld n be m vividly describ$4 ,! :itewa%+ ( ! wall may hide its defects1 b w n prev5t its de/ruction2 & :5 ! wall ( ,j]usalem's %aky prosp]ity tumbles d[n1 ^? :o did s little to build & s mu* to deceive %all be ov]:elm$ ) confusion4 8,behold1 :5 ! wall is fall51 %all x n be said to !m1 ,:]e is ! pla/] :i* ye pla/]$80 7v]4 #ab74 ,?is w be ! beg9n+ ( ! judgm5t on false prophets 9 ,israel4 ,! ov]?r[ ( _! vatic9ations1 ! collapse ( ! hopes !y fo/]$1 & ! demolition ( ! edifice 9 :i* !y f\nd a refuge %all leave !m no m a "n or a place 9 ! p ( ,god4 8,i w /ret* out ,my h& aga9/ ! prophets t see vanity & div9e falsely3 9 ! c\ncil ( ,my p !y %all n be1 & 9 ! regi/] ( ! h\se ( ,israel !y %all n be writt51 & into ! l& ( ,israel !y %all n come0 7v]4 #i74 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a /ill m degrad$ type ( prophecy1 practis$ *iefly by wom51 :i* mu/ h be5 exce$+ly preval5t 9 ,ezekiel's "t4 ,! prophets spok5 ( 9 ! fir/ sixte5 v]ses 7 public function>ies :o ex]t$ _! evil influ5ce 9 ! ar5a ( politics4 ,! prophetesses spok5 ( 9 ! latt] "p ( ! *apt] are private =tunetell]s :o practis$ on ! cr$ulity ( individuals :o consult$ !m4 ,_! art 0 evid5tly magical 9 ! /rict s5se1 a traffick+ ) ! d>k p[]s :i* 7 suppos$ to ent] into alliance ) m5 irrespective ( moral consid]ations4 ,!n1 z n[1 su* c\rses 7 foll[$ = ga91 & d\btless prov$ a lucrative means ( livelihood4 ,! 8fillets0 & 8veils0 m5tion$ 9 v]4 #ah are ei!r a pr(essional g>b worn by ! wom51 or else implem5ts ( div9ation ^: precise significance _c n[ be asc]ta9$4 ,to ! imag9ation ( ! prophet !y appe> z ! sn>es & weapons ) :i* ^! wret*$ creatures 8hunt$ s\ls02 & ! ext5t ( ! evil :i* he attacks is indicat$ by 8 speak+ ( ! :ole p z be+ entangl$ 9 _! me%es4 ,ezekiel naturally be/[s special att5tion on a class ( practition]s ^: :ole influ5ce t5d$ to efface moral l&m>ks & to deal out to m5 weal or woe )\t reg>d to "*4 8,!y slew s\ls t %\ld n die1 & sav$ alive s\ls t %\ld n live2 !y made sad ! he>t ( ! righte\s1 & /r5g!n$ ! h&s ( ! wick$1 t he %\ld n return f 8 wick$ way & be sav$ alive0 7v]4 #bb74 ,t is to say1 :ile ,ezekiel & all true prophets 7 exhort+ m5 to live resolutely 9 ! light ( cle> e?ical conceptions ( provid5ce1 ! vot>ies ( occult sup]/itions s$uc$ ! ignorant into mak+ private compacts ) ! p[]s ( d>kness 9 ord] to secure _! p]sonal safety4 ,if ! preval5ce ( sorc]y & wit*craft 0 at all times dang]\s to ! religion & public ord] ( ! /ate1 x 0 d\bly s at a "t :51 z ,ezekiel p]ceiv$1 ev]y?+ dep5d$ on ma9ta9+ ! /rict rectitude ( ,god 9 ,8 deal+s ) individual m54 ,,iii ,hav+ ?us dispos$ ( ! ext]nal manife/ations ( false prophecy1 ,ezekiel proce$s 9 ! f\rte5? *apt] to deal ) ! /ate ( m9d among/ ! p at l>ge :i* r5d]$ su* a condition ( ?+s possible4 ,! g5]al import ( ! passage is cle>1 al?\gh ! precise connection ( ideas is some:at difficult to expla94 ,! foll[+ obs]vations may suffice to br+ out all t is ess5tial to ! und]/&+ ( ! section4 ,! oracle 0 occasion$ by a p>ticul> incid5t1 und\bt$ly hi/orical--namely1 a visit1 su* z 0 p]haps n[ common1 f ! eld]s to inquire ( ! ,"l ?r\gh ,ezekiel4 ,z !y sit be=e him x is reveal$ to ! prophet t ! m9ds ( ^! m5 are preoccupi$ ) idolatry1 & !re=e x is n fitt+ t any answ] %\ld be giv5 to !m by a prophet ( ,jehovah4 ,app>5tly no answ] 0 giv5 by ,ezekiel to ! p>ticul> "q !y _h ask$1 :atev] x may h be54 ,g5]alis+ f ! incid5t1 h[ev]1 he is l$ to enunciate a pr9ciple regulat+ ! int]c\rse betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a prophet3 8,:atev] man ( ! h\se ( ,israel sets 8 ?\ghts ^u 8 idols1 & puts 8 guilty /umbl+block be=e him1 & comes to ! prophet1 ,i ,jehovah w make ,myself intelligible to him27#ci7 t ,i may take ! h\se ( ,israel 9 _! own he>t1 because !y are all e/rang$ f ,me by _! idols0 7vv4 #d1 #e74 ,x seems cle> t "o "p ( ! ?reat "h utt]$ is t ! v )hold+ ( ! answ] w unmask ! hypocrisy ( m5 :o pret5d to be wor%ipp]s ( ,jehovah1 b 9 he>t are unfai?ful to ,him & s]vants ( false gods4 ,! moral pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! prophet's dictum is cle> & ( la/+ value4 ,x is t = a false he>t !re c be no fell[%ip ) ,jehovah1 & !re=e no true & sure k ( ,8 w4 ,! prophet occupies ! po9t ( view ( ,jehovah1 & :5 consult$ by an idolat] he f9ds x impossible to ent] into ! po9t ( view f :i* ! "q is put1 & !re=e _c answ] x47#dj7 ,ezekiel assumes = ! mo/ "p t ! prophet consult$ is a true prophet ( ,jehovah l himself1 :o w give no answ] to su* que/ions z he has be=e him4 ,he mu/1 h[ev]1 all[ = ! possibility t m5 ( ?is /amp may receive answ]s 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah f ^? reput$ to be ,8 true prophets4 ,9 t case1 says ,ezekiel1 ! prophet is 8deceiv$0 by ,god2 he is all[$ to give a response :i* is n a true response at all1 b only confirms ! p 9 _! delusions & unbelief4 ,b ?is deception does n take place until ! prophet has incurr$ ! guilt ( deceiv+ himself 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,x is 8 fault t he has n p]ceiv$ ! b5t ( 8 que/ion]s' m9ds1 t he has accommodat$ himself to _! ways ( ?\ght1 has cons5t$ to occupy _! /&po9t 9 ord] to be able to say some?+ co9cid+ ) ! drift ( _! wi%es4 ,prophet & inquir]s are involv$ 9 a common guilt & %>e a common fate1 bo? be+ s5t5c$ to exclusion f ! commonweal? ( ,israel4 ,! purification ( ! in/itution ( prophecy necess>ily appe>$ to ,ezekiel z an indisp5sable feature 9 ! re/oration ( ! !ocracy4 ,! ideal ( ,israel's relation to ,jehovah is 8t !y may be ,my p1 & t ,i may be _! ,god0 7v]4 #aa74 ,t implies t ,jehovah %all be ! s\rce ( infallible guidance 9 all ?+s ne$ful = ! religi\s life ( ! individual & ! guidance ( ! /ate4 ,b x 0 impossible = ,jehovah to be to ,israel all t a ,god %\ld be1 s long z ! regul> *annels ( communication betwe5 ,him & ! nation 7 *ok$ by false conceptions 9 ! m9ds ( ! p & false m5 9 ! position ( prophets4 ,h5ce ! con/itution ( a new ,israel dem&s su* special judgm5ts on false prophecy & ! false use ( true prophecy z h be5 d5\nc$ 9 ^! *apt]s4 ,:5 ^! judgm5ts h be5 execut$1 ! ideal w h become possible :i* is describ$ 9 ! words ( ano!r prophet3 8,?9e eyes %all see ?y tea*]s3 & ?9e e>s %all he> a ^w beh9d !e1 say+1 ,?is is ! way1 walk ye 9 x0 7,isa4 xxx4 #bj1 #ba74 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,j]usalem--,an ,ideal ,hi/ory4 ,*apt] xvi4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! place :i* ! sixte5? *apt] occupies 9 ?is section7#da7 ( ! book1 we mu/ rememb] t a *ief s\rce ( ! antagonism betwe5 ,ezekiel & 8 he>]s 0 ! pr\d national consci\sness :i* su/a9$ ! c\rage ( ! p ?r\gh all _! humiliations4 ,!re 71 p]haps1 few nations ( antiquity 9 :i* ! flame ( patriotic feel+ burn$ m brightly ?an 9 ,israel4 ,no p ) a pa/ su* z !irs c\ld be indiff]5t to ! _m elem5ts ( greatness embalm$ 9 _! hi/ory4 ,! beauty & f]tility ( _! l&1 ! m>tial exploits & signal deliv]ances ( ! nation1 ! great k+s & h]oes %e _h re>$1 h] prophets & lawgiv]s--^! & _m o!r /irr+ memories 7 witnesses to ,jehovah's peculi> love = ,israel & ,8 p[] to exalt & bless ,8 p4 ,to *]i% a deep s5se ( ! unique privileges :i* ,jehovah _h conf]r$ on h] 9 giv+ h] a di/9ct place among ! nations ( ! e>? 0 ?us a religi\s duty (t5 insi/$ on 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b 9 ord] t ?is s5se might "w = good x 0 necess>y t x %\ld take ! =m ( grateful recognition ( ,jehovah z ! s\rce ( ! nation's greatness1 & be accompani$ by a true k ( ,8 "*4 ,:5 alli$ ) false conceptions ( ,jehovah's nature1 or entirely divorc$ f religion1 patriotism deg5]at$ into racial prejudice & became a s]i\s moral & political dang]4 ,t ?is _h actually tak5 place is a common compla9t ( ! prophets4 ,!y feel t national vanity is a great ob/acle to ! acceptance ( _! message1 & p\r =? bitt] & scornful words int5d$ to humble ! pride ( ,israel to ! du/4 ,no prophet addresses himself to ! task s remorselessly z ,ezekiel4 ,! utt] wor?lessness ( ,israel1 bo? absolutely 9 ! eyes ( ,jehovah & relatively 9 comp>ison ) o!r nations1 is ass]t$ by him ) a boldness & emphasis :i* at fir/ />tle u4 ,f a diff]5t po9t ( view prophecy & its results might h be5 reg>d$ z fruits ( ! national life1 "u ! div9e education v\*saf$ to t p4 ,b t is n ,ezekiel's /&po9t4 ,he seizes on ! fact t prophecy 0 9 opposition to ! natural g5ius ( ! p1 & 0 n to be reg>d$ z 9 any s5se an expression ( x4 ,accept+ ! f9al attitude ( ,israel t[>d ! ^w ( ,jehovah z ! g5u9e outcome ( h] natural proclivities1 he reads h] pa/ z an unbrok5 record ( +ratitude & infidelity4 ,all t 0 good 9 ,israel 0 ,jehovah's gift1 freely be/[$ & ju/ly )drawn2 all t 0 ,israel's own 0 h] weakness & h] s94 ,x 0 res]v$ = a lat] prophet to reconcile ! condemnation ( ,israel's actual hi/ory ) ! recognition ( ! div9e p[] work+ !re & m\ld+ a spiritual k]nel ( ! nation into a true 8s]vant ( ! ,"l0 7,isa4 xl4 ff474 ,9 *s4 xv4 & xvi41 !re=e1 ! prophet exposes ! holl[ness ( ,israel's confid5ce 9 h] national de/9y4 ,! fir/ ( ^! appe>s to be direct$ aga9/ ! va9 hopes *]i%$ 9 ,j]usalem at ! "t4 ,x is n necess>y to dwell on x at l5g?4 ,! image is simple & its application to ,j]usalem obvi\s4 ,e>li] prophets _h comp>$ ,israel to a v9e1 p>tly to set =? ! exceptional privileges %e enjoy$1 b *iefly to emphasise ! deg5]ation %e _h und]gone1 z %[n by ! bad moral fruits :i* %e _h borne 7cf4 ,isa4 v4 #a ff42 ,j]4 ii4 #ba2 ,hos4 x4 #a74 ,! popul> imag9ation _h laid hold ( ! ?\ght t ,israel 0 ! v9e ( ,god's plant+1 ignor+ ! "q ( ! fruit4 ,b ,ezekiel rem9ds 8 he>]s t ap>t f its fruit ! v9e is ! mo/ wor?less ( trees4 ,ev5 at ! be/ its wood c be employ$ = no useful purpose2 x is fit only = fuel4 ,su* 0 ! p ( ,israel1 consid]$ simply z a /ate among o!r /ates1 )\t reg>d to its religi\s vocation4 ,ev5 9 its pri/9e vig\r1 :5 ! national en]gies 7 fre% & unimpair$1 x 0 b a weak nation1 incapable ( atta9+ ! dignity ( a great p[]4 ,b n[ ! /r5g? ( ! nation has be5 worn away by a long succession ( disa/]s1 until only a %ad[ ( h] =m] glory rema9s4 ,israel is no long] l a gre5 & liv+ v9e1 b l a bran* burn$ at bo? ends & *>r$ 9 ! middle1 & !re=e d\bly unfit = any wor?y function 9 ! affairs ( ! _w4 ,by ! help ( ?is illu/ration m5 may read 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! nation ! irrevocable s5t5ce ( rejection :i* ,jehovah has pass$ on ,8 p4 ,we n[ turn to ! /rik+ allegory ( *4 xvi41 :]e ! same subject is treat$ ) f> great] p5etration & dep? ( feel+4 ,!re is no passage 9 ! book ( ,ezekiel at once s p[]ful & s full ( religi\s significance z ! picture ( ,j]usalem1 ! f\ndl+ *ild1 ! unfai?ful sp\se1 & ! ab&on$ pro/itute1 :i* is "h pres5t$4 ,! g5]al conception is "o t might h be5 pres5t$ 9 a =m z beautiful z x is spiritually true4 ,b ! features :i* (f5d our s5se ( propriety are p]haps introduc$ ) a /]n purpose4 ,x is ! delib]ate int5tion ( ,ezekiel to pres5t ,j]usalem's wick$ness 9 ! mo/ repulsive light1 9 ord] t if possible he might />tle m5 into abhorr5ce ( _! national s94 ,9 8 own m9d ! feel+s ( moral indignation & physical disgu/ 7 v close toge!r1 & "h he seems to "w on ! m9ds ( 8 read]s1 s t ! feel+ excit$ by ! image may call =? ! feel+ appropriate to ! reality4 ,! allegory is a highly idealis$ hi/ory ( ! city ( ,j]usalem f its orig9 to its de/ruction1 & !n onw>d to its future re/oration4 ,x falls naturally into f\r divisions3-- i4 ,vv4 #aad4--,! fir/ em]g5ce ( ,j]usalem into civic life is comp>$ to a newborn female infant1 expos$ to p]i%1 aft] a cruel cu/om :i* is kn[n to h prevail$ among "s ,semitic tribes4 ,none ( ! (fices cu/om>y on ! bir? ( a *ild 7 p]=m$ 9 h] case1 :e!r ^? necess>y to pres]ve life or ^? :i* _h a m]ely c]emonial significance4 ,unbless$ & unpiti$ %e lay 9 ! op5 field1 welt]+ 9 blood1 excit+ only repugnance 9 all :o pass$ by1 until ,jehovah ,himself pass$ by1 & pron\nc$ ov] h] ! decree t %e %\ld live4 ,?us sav$ f dea?1 %e grew up & rea*$ maturity1 b /ill 8nak$ & b>e10 de/itute ( weal? & ! ref9em5ts ( civilisation4 ,^! 7 be/[$ on h] :5 a second "t ,jehovah pass$ by & spread ,8 skirt ov] h]1 & claim$ h] = ,8 own4 ,n till !n _h %e be5 treat$ z a human be+1 ) ! possibilities ( hon\rable life be=e h]4 ,b n[ %e becomes ! bride ( h] protector1 & is provid$ = z a highborn maid5 might be1 ) all ! ornam5ts & luxuries befitt+ h] new rank4 ,lift$ f ! l[e/ dep? ( degradation1 %e is n[ transc5d5tly beautiful1 & has 8atta9$ to royal e/ate40 ,! fame ( h] lovel9ess w5t abroad among ! nations3 8= x 0 p]fect ?r\gh ,my glory1 :i* ,i put ^u !e1 sai? ,jehovah0 7v]4 #ad74 ,x w be se5 t ! po9ts ( contact ) actual hi/ory are "h extremely few z well z vague4 ,x is inde$ d\btful :e!r ! subject ( ! allegory be ! city ( ,j]usalem conceiv$ z "o ?r\gh all its *anges ( population1 or ! ,hebrew nation ( :i* ,j]usalem ultimately became ! capital4 ,! latt] int]pretation is c]ta9ly fav\r$ by *4 xxiii41 :]e bo? ,j]usalem & ,sam>ia are repres5t$ z hav+ sp5t _! y\? 9 ,egypt4 ,t p>allel may n be decisive z to ! mean+ ( *4 xvi42 & ! /atem5t 8?y fa!r 0 ! ,amorite & ?y "m an ,hittite0 may be ?\ght to support ! o!r alt]native4 ,amorite & ,hittite are g5]al names = ! pre,israelite population ( ,canaan1 & x is a wellkn[n fact t ,j]usalem 0 orig9ally a ,canaaniti% city4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t ! prophet has any in=mation ab\t ! e>ly =tunes ( ,j]usalem :5 he describes ! /ages ( ! process by :i* %e 0 rais$ to royal magnific5ce4 ,! *ief "q is :e!r ^! details c be fairly appli$ to ! hi/ory ( ! nation be=e x _h ,j]usalem z its metropolis4 ,x is usually held t ! fir/ 8pass+ by0 ( ,jehovah ref]s to ! pres]vation ( ! p 9 ! patri>*al p]iod1 & ! second to ! ev5ts ( ! ,exodus & ! ,s9aitic cov5ant4 ,aga9/ ?is x may be urg$ t ,ezekiel w\ld h>dly h pres5t$ ! patri>*al p]iod 9 a hateful light1 al?\gh he does g fur!r 9 discr$it+ antiquity ?an any o!r prophet4 ,besides1 ! description ( ,j]usalem's betro?al to ,jehovah conta9s po9ts :i* are m naturally und]/ood ( ! glories ( ! age ( ,david & ,solomon ?an ( ! ev5ts ( ,s9ai1 :i* 7 n accompani$ by an access ( mat]ial prosp]ity su* z is sugge/$4 ,x may be necess>y to leave ! matt] 9 ! vagu5ess ) :i* ! prophet has surr\nd$ x1 & accept z ! tea*+ ( ! allegory ! simple tru? t ,j]usalem 9 h]self 0 no?+1 b _h be5 pres]v$ 9 exi/5ce by ,jehovah's w1 & ow$ all h] spl5d\r to h] association ) ,8 cause & ,8 k+dom4 ii4 ,vv4 #aecd4--,! da9ties & ri* attire enjoy$ by ! highly fav\r$ bride become a sn>e to h]4 ,^! repres5t bless+s ( a mat]ial ord] be/[$ by ,jehovah on ,j]usalem4 ,?r\gh\t ! *apt] no?+ is said ( ! imp>t+ ( spiritual privileges1 or ( a moral *ange wr\ght 9 ! he>t ( ,j]usalem4 ,! gifts ( ,jehovah are conf]r$ on "o incapable ( respond+ to ! c>e & affection t _h be5 lavi%$ on h]4 ,! inborn ta9t ( h] nature1 ! h]$it>y immorality ( h] hea!n ance/ors1 breaks out 9 a c>e] ( lic5ti\sness 9 :i* all ! advantages ( h] pr\d position are pro/itut$ to ! vile/ ends4 8,z is ! "m1 s is h] daught]0 7v]4 #dd72 & ,j]usalem betray$ h] true orig9 by ! read9ess ) :i* %e took to evil c\rses z soon z %e _h ! opportunity4 ,! 8:or$om0 9 :i* ! prophet sums up 8 indictm5t aga9/ 8 p is *iefly ! s9 ( idolatry4 ,! figure may h be5 sugge/$ by ! fact t actual lewdness ( ! mo/ flagrant k9d 0 a conspicu\s elem5t 9 ! =m ( idolatry to :i* ,israel fir/ succumb$--! wor%ip ( ! ,canaanite ,baals4 ,b 9 ! h&s ( ! prophets x has a deep] & m spiritual import ?an ?is4 ,x signifi$ ! violation ( all ! sacr$ moral obligations :i* are en%r9$ 9 human m>riage1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! ab&onm5t ( an e?ical religion = "o 9 :i* ! p[]s ( nature 7 reg>d$ z ! highe/ revelation ( ! div9e4 ,to ! m9d ( ! prophet x made no diff]5ce :e!r ! object ( wor%ip 0 call$ by ! "n ( ,jehovah or ( ,baal3 ! "* ( ! wor%ip det]m9$ ! quality ( ! religion2 & 9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 x 0 idolatry1 or 8:or$om40 ,two /ages 9 ! idolatry ( ,israel appe> to be di/+ui%$ 9 ?is "p ( ! *apt]4 ,! fir/ is ! nave1 halfconsci\s hea!nism :i* crept 9 ins5sibly ?r\gh contact ) ,phnician & ,canaanite neighb\rs 7vv4 #aebe74 ,! tok5s ( ,j]usalem's implication 9 ?is s9 7 ev]y:]e4 ,! 8high places0 ) _! t5ts & clo!d images 7v]4 #ag71 & ! (f]+s set =? be=e ^! objects ( adoration1 7 und\bt$ly ( ,canaaniti% orig91 & _! pres]vation to ! fall ( ! k+dom 0 a /&+ witness to ! s\rce to :i* ,israel ow$ h] e>lie/ & de>e/ 8abom9ations40 ,we le>n t ?is phase ( idolatry culm9at$ 9 ! atroci\s rite ( human sacrifice 7vv4 #bj1 #ba74 ,! immolation ( *ildr5 to ,baal or ,mole* 0 a common practice among/ ! nations surr\nd+ ,israel1 & :5 introduc$ !re seems to h be5 reg>d$ z "p ( ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah47#db7 ,:at ,ezekiel "h ass]ts is t ! practice came ?r\gh ,israel's illicit comm]ce ) ! gods ( ,canaan1 & !re is no "q t ?is is hi/orically true4 ,! allegory exhibits ! s9 9 its unnatural he9\sness4 ,! idealis$ city is ! "m ( h] citiz5s1 ! *ildr5 are ,jehovah's *ildr5 & h] own1 yet %e has tak5 !m & (f]$ !m up to ! false lov]s %e s madly pursu$4 ,su* 0 h] fev]i% passion = idolatry t ! de>e/ & mo/ sacr$ ties ( nature 7 ru?lessly sev]$ at ! bidd+ ( a p]v]t$ religi\s s5se4 ,! second =m ( idolatry 9 ,israel 0 ( a m delib]ate & politic k9d 7vv4 #bccd74 ,x consi/$ 9 ! introduction ( ! deities & religi\s practices ( ! great _wp[]s--,egypt1 ,assyria1 & ,*alda4 ,! attraction ( ^! =eign rites did n lie 9 ! fasc9ation ( a s5su\s type ( religion1 b r 9 ! impression ( p[] produc$ by ! gods ( ! conqu]+ peoples4 ,! =eign gods came 9 mo/ly 9 consequ5ce ( a political alliance ) ! nations ^: patrons !y 72 9 o!r cases a god 0 wor%ipp$ simply because he _h %[n himself able to d great ?+s = 8 s]vants4 ,j]usalem z ,ezekiel knew x 0 full ( monum5ts ( ?is comp>atively rec5t type ( idolatry4 ,9 e /reet & at ! head ( e way !re 7 erections 7"h call$ 8ar*es0 or 8heights07 :i*1 f ! connection 9 :i* !y are m5tion$1 mu/ h be5 %r9es devot$ to ! /range gods f abroad4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! political idolatry "h ref]r$ to t its monum5ts 7 f\nd 9 ! capital1 :ile ! m anci5t & ru/ic wor%ip 0 typifi$ by ! 8high places0 ?r\gh\t ! prov9ces4 ,x is probable t ! description applies ma9ly to ! lat] p]iod ( ! mon>*y1 :5 ,israel1 & especially ,judah1 began to lean = support on "o or o!r ( ! great empires on ei!r side ( h]4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,ezekiel else:]e tea*es di/9ctly t ! influ5ce ( ,egyptian religion _h be5 cont9u\s f ! days ( ! ,exodus 7*4 xxiii474 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 h be5 a revival ( ,egyptian influ5ce1 due to ! political exig5cies :i* arose 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,?us ,j]usalem has 8play$ ! h>lot02 nay1 %e has done worse--8%e has be5 z a wife t committe? adult]y1 :o ?\gh "u h] husb& take? /rang]s407#dc7 ,& ! result has be5 simply ! impov]i%m5t ( ! l&4 ,! heavy exactions levi$ on ! c\ntry by ,egypt & ,assyria 7 ! hire %e _h paid to h] lov]s to come to h]4 ,if false religion _h result$ 9 an increase ( weal? or mat]ial prosp]ity1 !re might h be5 "s excuse = ! eag]ness ) :i* %e plung$ into x4 ,b c]ta9ly ,israel's hi/ory bore ! lesson t false religion means wa/e & ru94 ,/rang]s _h dev\r$ h] /r5g? f h] y\?1 yet %e nev] w\ld he$ ! voice ( h] prophets :5 !y s\ght to guide h] into ! ways ( peace4 ,h] infatuation 0 unnatural2 x goes almo/ beyond ! b\nds ( ! allegory to exhibit x3 8,! contr>y is 9 !e f o!r wom51 9 t ?\ committe/ :or$oms1 & none goe? a:or+ aft] !e3 & 9 t ?\ give/ hire1 & no hire is giv5 to !e1 !re=e ?\ art contr>y0 7v]4 #cd74 iii4 ,vv4 #ceeh4--;,hav+ ?us made ,j]usalem to 8"k h] abom9ations0 7v]4 #b71 ! prophet proce$s to ann\nce ! doom :i* mu/ inevitably foll[ su* a c>e] ( wick$ness4 ,! figures "u :i* ! judgm5t is set =? appe> to be tak5 f ! puni%m5t met$ out to pr(ligate wom5 9 anci5t ,israel4 ,! public exposure ( ! adult]ess & h] dea? by /on+ 9 ! pres5ce ( 8_m wom50 supply images t]ribly appropriate ( ! fate 9 /ore = ,j]usalem47#dd7 ,h] puni%m5t is to be a w>n+ to all surr\nd+ nations1 & an exhibition ( ! jeal\s wra? ( ,jehovah aga9/ h] infidelity4 ,^! nations1 "s ( !m h]$it>y enemies1 o!rs old allies1 are repres5t$ z assembl$ to witness & to execute ! judgm5t ( ! city4 ,! remorseless realism ( ! prophet sp>es no detail :i* c\ld enhance ! horror ( ! situation4 ,ab&on$ to ! ru?less viol5ce ( h] =m] lov]s1 ,j]usalem is /ripp$ ( h] royal attire1 ! emblems ( h] idolatry are de/roy$1 & s1 left nak$ to h] enemies1 %e suff]s ! ignom9i\s dea? ( a city t has be5 false to h] religion4 ,! root ( h] s9 _h be5 ! =getfulness ( :at %e ow$ to ! goodness ( ,jehovah1 & ! ess5ce ( h] puni%m5t lies 9 ! )drawal ( ! gifts ,he _h lavi%$ ^u h] & ! protection :i* amid all h] apo/asies %e _h nev] ceas$ to expect4 ,at ?is po9t 7v]4 #dd ff47 ! allegory takes a new turn ?r\gh ! introduction ( ! si/] cities ( ,sam>ia & ,sodom4 ,sam>ia1 al?\gh z a city mu* y\ng] ?an ,j]usalem1 is consid]$ ! eld] si/] because %e _h once be5 ! c5tre ( a great] political p[] ?an ,j]usalem1 & ,sodom1 :i* 0 probably old] ?an ei!r1 is treat$ z ! y\nge/ because ( h] relative insignificance4 ,! ord]1 h[ev]1 is ( no importance4 ,! po9t ( ! comp>ison is t all ?ree _h manife/$ 9 diff]5t degrees ! same h]$it>y t5d5cy to immorality 7v]4 #de74 ,all ?ree 7 ( hea!n orig9--_! "m a ,hittite & _! fa!r an ,amorite--a description :i* x is ev5 m difficult to und]/& 9 ! case ( ,sam>ia ?an 9 t ( ,j]usalem4 ,b ,ezekiel is n conc]n$ ab\t hi/ory4 ,:at is prom95t 9 8 m9d is ! family lik5ess obs]v$ 9 _! *>act]s1 :i* gave po9t to ! prov]b 8,l "m1 l daught]0 :5 appli$ to ,j]usalem4 ,! prophet affirms t ! wick$ness ( ,j]usalem _h s f> exce$$ t ( ,sam>ia & ,sodom t %e _h 8ju/ifi$0 h] si/]s--i4e41 %e _h made _! moral condition appe> p>donable by comp>ison ) h]s4 ,he kn[s t he is say+ a bold ?+ 9 rank+ ! iniquity ( ,j]usalem z great] ?an t ( ,sodom1 & s he expla9s 8 judgm5t on ,sodom by an analysis ( ! cause ( h] notori\s corruptness4 ,! "n ( ,sodom liv$ 9 tradition z t ( ! f\le/ city ( ! old _w1 a ne plus ultra ( wick$ness4 ,yet ,ezekiel d>es to raise ! "q1 ,:at 0 ! s9 ( ,sodom8 8,?is 0 ! s9 ( ,sodom ?y si/]1 pride1 sup]abundance ( food1 & c>eless ease 0 ! lot ( h] & h] daught]s1 b !y did n succ\r ! poor & ne$y4 ,b !y became pr\d1 & committ$ abom9ations be=e ,me3 !re=e ,i took !m away z ?\ ha/ se50 7vv4 #di1 #ej74 ,! mean+ seems to be t ! corruptions ( ,sodom 7 ! natural outcome ( ! evil pr9ciple 9 ! ,canaaniti% nature1 fav\r$ by easy circum/ances & un*eck$ by ! sav+ influ5ces ( a pure religion4 ,ezekiel's judgm5t is l an anticipation ( ! m solemn s5t5ce utt]$ by ,"o :o knew :at 0 9 man :5 ,he said1 8,if ! mighty works :i* h be5 done 9 y _h be5 done 9 ,sodom & ,gomorrha1 !y w\ld h rema9$ until ?is day40 ,x is rem>kable to obs]ve h[ "s ( ! pr(\nde/ ideas 9 ?is *apt] atta* !mselves to ! /range conception ( ^! two vani%$ cities z /ill capable ( be+ re/or$ to _! place 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! ideal future ( ! prophet's vision ,sodom & ,sam>ia %all rise f _! ru9s ?r\gh ! same p[] :i* re/ores ,j]usalem to h] anci5t glory4 ,! promise ( a r5ew$ exi/5ce to ,sodom & ,sam>ia is p]haps connect$ ) ! fact t !y lay )9 ! sacr$ t]ritory ( :i* ,j]usalem is ! c5tre4 ,h5ce ,sodom & ,sam>ia are no long] si/]s1 b daught]s ( ,j]usalem1 receiv+ ?r\gh h] ! bless+s ( ! true religion4 ,& x is h] relation to ^! h] si/]s t op5s ! eyes ( ,j]usalem to ! true nature ( h] own relation to ,jehovah4 ,=m]ly %e _h be5 pr\d & selfsuffici5t1 & c\nt$ h] exceptional pr]ogatives ! natural rew>d ( "s excell5ce to :i* %e c\ld lay claim4 ,! "n ( ,sodom1 ! disgrac$ si/] ( ! family1 0 n he>d 9 h] m\? 9 ! days ( h] pride1 :5 h] wick$ness _h n be5 disclos$ z x is n[ 7v]4 #eg74 ,b :5 %e realises t h] conduct has ju/ifi$ & com=t$ h] si/]1 & :5 %e has to take guilty ,sodom to h] he>t z a daught]1 %e w und]/& t %e owes all h] greatness to ! same sov]eign grace ( ,jehovah :i* is manife/$ 9 ! re/oration ( ! mo/ ab&on$ community kn[n to hi/ory4 ,& out ( ?is new consci\sness ( grace w spr+ ! *a/5$ & p5it5t temp] ( m9d :i* makes possible ! cont9uance ( ! bond :i* unites h] to ,jehovah4 iv4 ,vv4 #eifc4--,! way is ?us prep>$ = ! f9al promise ( =giv5ess ) :i* ! *apt] closes4 ,! reconciliation betwe5 ,jehovah & ,j]usalem w be effect$ by an act ( recollection on bo? sides3 8,i w rememb] ,my cov5ant ) !e4444 ,?\ %alt rememb] ?y ways0 7vv4 #fj1 #fa74 ,! m9d ( ,jehovah & ! m9d ( ,j]usalem bo? g back on ! pa/2 b :ile ,jehovah ?9ks only ( ! purpose ( love :i* he _h ent]ta9$ t[>ds ,j]usalem 9 ! days ( h] y\? & ! indissoluble bond betwe5 !m1 ,j]usalem reta9s ! memory ( h] own s9ful hi/ory1 & f9ds 9 ! remembrance ! s\rce ( abid+ contrition & %ame4 ,x does n fall )9 ! scope ( ! prophet's purpose to set =? 9 ?is place ! bless$ consequ5ces :i* fl[ f ?is r5ewal ( lov+ int]c\rse betwe5 ,israel & h] ,god4 ,he has accompli%$ 8 object :5 he has %[n h[ ! elect+ love ( ,jehovah rea*es its end 9 spite ( human s9 & rebellion1 & h[ ?r\gh ! cru%+ p[] ( div9e grace ! failures & transgressions ( ! pa/ are made to issue 9 a relation ( p]fect h>mony betwe5 ,jehovah & ,8 p4 ,! p]man5ce ( t relation is express$ by an idea borr[$ f ,j]emiah--! idea ( an ev]la/+ cov5ant1 :i* _c be brok5 because bas$ on ! =giv5ess ( s9 & a r5ewal ( he>t4 ,! prophet kn[s t :5 once ! p[] ( evil has be5 brok5 by a full disclosure ( r$eem+ love x _c resume its old asc5d5cy 9 human life4 ,s he leaves u on ! ?re%old ( ! new disp5sation ) ! picture ( ,j]usalem humbl$ & be>+ h] %ame1 yet 9 ! abjectness ( h] selfaccusation realis+ ! end t[>ds :i* ! love ( ,jehovah _h guid$ h] f ! beg9n+3 8,i w e/abli% ,my cov5ant ) !e2 & ?\ %alt "k t ,i am ,jehovah3 t ?\ maye/ rememb]1 & be a%am$1 & n op5 ?y m\? any m = v %ame1 :5 ,i expiate = !e all t ?\ ha/ done1 sai? ! ,"l ,jehovah0 7vv4 #fb1 #fc74 ,?r\gh\t ?is *apt] we see t ! prophet moves 9 ! region ( national religi\s ideas :i* are di/9ctive ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,( ! influ5ces t =m$ 8 conceptions t ( ,hosea is p]haps mo/ disc]nible4 ,! fundam5tal ?\ghts embodi$ 9 ! allegory are ! same z ^? by :i* ! old] prophet le>n$ to int]pret ! nature ( ,god & ! s9 ( ,israel ?r\gh ! bitt] exp]i5ces ( 8 family life4 ,^! ?\ghts are develop$ by ,ezekiel ) a f]tility ( imag9ation & a grasp ( !ological pr9ciples :i* 7 adapt$ to ! m complex situation ) :i* he _h to deal4 ,b ! conception ( ,israel z ! unfai?ful wife ( ,jehovah1 ( ! false gods & ! _wp[]s z h] lov]s1 ( h] conv]sion ?r\gh affliction1 & h] f9al re/oration by a new betro?al :i* is et]nal1 are all express$ 9 ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s ( ,hosea4 ,& ! fre$om ) :i* ,ezekiel h&les & exp&s ^! conceptions %[s h[ ?or\ghly he 0 at home 9 t national view ( religion :i* he did mu* to break ?r\gh4 ,9 ! next lecture we %all h occasion to exam9e 8 treatm5t ( ! problem ( ! individual's relation to ,god1 & we _c fail to be /ruck by ! contra/4 ,! analysis ( individual religion may seem meagre by ! side ( ?is mo/ pr(\nd & sugge/ive *apt]4 ,?is arises f ! fact t ! full mean+ ( religion c\ld n !n be express$ z an exp]i5ce ( ! individual s\l4 ,! subject ( religion be+ ! nation ( ,israel1 ! human side ( x c\ld only be unfold$ 9 t]ms ( :at we %\ld call ! national consci\sness4 ,! "t 0 n yet come :5 ! great tru?s :i* ! prophets & psalmi/s saw embodi$ 9 ! hi/ory ( _! p c\ld be translat$ 9 t]ms ( individual fell[%ip ) ,god4 ,yet ! ,god :o spake to ! fa!rs by ! prophets is ! same :o has spok5 to u 9 ,8 ,son2 & :5 f ! /&po9t ( a high] revelation we turn back to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 x is to f9d 9 ! =m ( a nation's hi/ory ! v same tru?s :i* we realise z matt]s ( p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! *apt] we h consid]$ is "o ( ! mo/ evangelical passages 9 ! writ+s ( ,ezekiel4 ,! prophet's conception ( s91 = example1 is s+ul>ly pr(\nd & true4 ,he has be5 *>g$ ) a some:at sup]ficial conception ( s91 z if he saw no?+ m 9 x ?an ! transgression ( a law arbitr>ily impos$ by div9e au?ority4 ,!re are aspects ( ,ezekiel's tea*+ :i* give "s plausibility to t *>ge1 especially ^? :i* deal ) ! duties ( ! individual4 ,b we see t to ,ezekiel ! real nature ( s9 c\ld n possibly be manife/$ except z a factor 9 ! national life4 ,n[ 9 ?is allegory x is obvi\s t he sees some?+ f> deep] 9 x ?an ! m]e transgression ( positive comm&m5ts4 ,beh9d all ! outw>d (f5ces ( :i* ,israel _h be5 guilty !re pla9ly lies ! spiritual fact ( national selfi%ness1 unfai?fulness to ,jehovah1 ins5sibility to ,8 love1 & +ratitude = ,8 b5efits4 ,moreov]1 ! prophet1 l ,j]emiah be=e him1 has a /rong s5se ( s9 z a t5d5cy 9 human life1 a p[] :i* is in]adicable save by ! m+l$ sev]ity & goodness ( ,god4 ,?r\gh ! :ole hi/ory ( ,israel x is "o evil disposition :i* he sees ass]t+ itself1 break+ out n[ 9 "o =m & !n 9 ano!r1 b cont9ually ga9+ /r5g?1 until at la/ ! _s ( rep5tance is creat$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ,god's =giv5ess4 ,x is n ! case1 !re=e1 t ,ezekiel fail$ to compreh5d ! nature ( s91 or t 9 ?is respect he falls bel[ ! mo/ spiritual ( ! prophets :o _h gone be=e him4 ,9 ord] t ?is t5d5cy to s9 may be de/roy$1 ,ezekiel sees t ! consci\sness ( guilt mu/ take its place4 ,9 ! same way ! apo/le ,paul tea*es t 8e m\? mu/ be /opp$1 & all ! _w become guilty be=e ,god40 ,:e!r ! subject be a nation or an individual1 ! dom9ion ( s9 is n brok5 till ! s9n] has tak5 home to himself ! full responsibility = 8 acts & felt himself to be 8)\t excuse40 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ ?+ 9 ,ezekiel's repres5tation ( ! process ( conv]sion is ! ?\ght t ?is sav+ s5se ( s9 is produc$ less by judgm5t ?an by free & undes]v$ =giv5ess4 ,puni%m5t he conceives to be necess>y1 be+ dem&$ alike by ! righte\sness ( ,god & ! good ( ! s9ful p4 ,b ! he>t ( ,j]usalem is n *ang$ till %e f9ds h]self re/or$ to h] =m] relation to ,god1 ) all ! s9 ( h] pa/ blott$ out & a new life be=e h]4 ,x is ?r\gh ! grace ( =giv5ess t %e is ov]:elm$ ) %ame & sorr[ = s91 & le>ns ! humility :i* is ! g]m ( a new hope t[>ds ,god4 ,"h ! prophet /rikes "o ( ! deepe/ notes ( evangelical doctr9e4 ,all exp]i5ce confirms ! lesson t true rep5tance is n produc$ by ! t]rors ( ! law1 b by ! view ( ,god's love 9 ,*ri/ go+ =? to meet ! s9n] & br+ him back to ! ,fa!r's he>t & home4 ,ano!r "q ( great int]e/ & difficulty is ! attitude t[>ds ! hea!n _w assum$ by ,ezekiel4 ,! prophecy ( ! re/oration ( ,sodom is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ?+s 9 ! book4 ,x is true t ,ezekiel z a rule conc]ns himself v little ) ! religi\s /ate ( ! outly+ _w "u ! ,messianic disp5sation4 ,:]e he speaks ( =eign nations x is only to ann\nce ! manife/ation ( ,jehovah's glory 9 ! judgm5ts ,he executes ^u !m4 ,! effect ( ^! judgm5ts is t 8!y %all "k t ,i am ,jehovah02 b h[ mu* is includ$ 9 ! expression z appli$ to ! hea!n x is impossible to say4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may be due to ! peculi> limitation ( view :i* leads him to conc5trate 8 att5tion on ! ,holy ,l& 9 8 visions ( ! p]fect k+dom ( ,god4 ,we c h>dly suppose t he conceiv$ all ! re/ ( ! _w z a blank or fill$ ) a see?+ mass ( humanity outside ! gov]nm5t ( ! true ,god4 ,x is r to be suppos$ t ,canaan itself appe>$ to 8 m9d z an epitome ( ! _w su* z x mu/ be :5 ! latt]day glory 0 u%]$ 94 ,& 9 ,canaan he f9ds room = ,sodom1 b ,sodom turn$ to ! k ( ! true ,god & %>+ 9 ! bless+s be/[$ on ,j]usalem4 ,x is surely all[able to see 9 ?is ! symptom ( a m hopeful view ( ! future ( ! _w at l>ge ?an we %\ld ga!r f ! re/ ( ! prophecy4 ,if ,ezekiel c\ld ?9k ( ,sodom z rais$ f ! dead & %>+ ! glories ( ! p ( ,god1 ! idea ( ! conv]sion ( hea!n nations c\ld n h be5 altoge!r =eign to 8 m9d4 ,x is at all ev5ts significant t :5 he m$itates mo/ pr(\ndly on ! nature ( s9 & ,god's me?od ( deal+ ) x1 he is l$ to ! ?\ght ( a div9e m]cy :i* embraces 9 its sweep ^? communities :i* _h rea*$ ! l[e/ dep?s ( moral corruption4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,religion ,( ,! ,individual4 ,*apt] xviii4 ,9 ! sixte5? *apt]1 z we h se51 ,ezekiel has ass]t$ 9 ! mo/ unqualifi$ t]ms ! validity ( ! pr9ciple ( national retribution4 ,! nation is dealt ) z a moral unity1 & ! cata/rophe :i* closes its hi/ory is ! puni%m5t = ! accumulat$ guilt incurr$ by ! pa/ g5]ations4 ,9 ! eighte5? *apt] he tea*es /ill m explicitly ! fre$om & ! indep5d5t responsibility ( ea* individual be=e ,god4 ,no attempt is made to reconcile ! two pr9ciples z me?ods ( ! div9e gov]nm5t2 f ! prophet's /&po9t !y d n require to be reconcil$4 ,!y belong to diff]5t disp5sations4 ,s long z ! ,jewi% /ate exi/$ ! pr9ciple ( solid>ity rema9$ 9 =ce4 ,m5 suff]$ = ! s9s ( _! ance/ors2 individuals %>$ ! puni%m5t incurr$ by ! nation z a :ole4 ,b z soon z ! nation is dead1 :5 ! bonds t unite m5 9 ! organism ( national life are dissolv$1 !n ! idea ( individual responsibility comes into imm$iate op]ation4 ,ea* ,israelite /&s isolat$ be=e ,jehovah1 ! burd5 ( h]$it>y guilt falls away f him1 & he is free to det]m9e 8 own relation to ,god4 ,he ne$ n fe> t ! iniquity ( 8 fa!rs w be reckon$ aga9/ him2 he is held acc\ntable only = 8 own s9s1 & ^! c be =giv5 on ! condition ( 8 own rep5tance4 ,! doctr9e ( ?is *apt] is g5]ally reg>d$ z ,ezekiel's mo/ *>act]i/ic contribution to !ology4 ,x might be ne>] ! tru? to say t he is deal+ ) "o ( ! great religi\s problems ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$4 ,! difficulty 0 p]ceiv$ by ,j]emiah1 & treat$ 9 a mann] :i* %[s t 8 ?\ghts 7 be+ l$ 9 ! same direction z ^? ( ,ezekiel 7,j]4 xxxi4 #bi1 #cj74 ,if 9 any respect ! tea*+ ( ,ezekiel makes an advance on t ( ,j]emiah1 x is 9 8 application ( ! new tru? to ! duty ( ! pres5t3 & ev5 "h ! diff]5ce is m app>5t ?an real4 ,j]emiah po/pones ! introduction ( p]sonal religion to ! future1 reg>d+ x z an ideal to be realis$ 9 ! ,messianic age4 ,8 own life & t ( 8 contempor>ies 0 b\nd up ) ! old disp5sation :i* 0 pass+ away1 & he knew t he 0 de/9$ to %>e ! fate ( 8 p4 ,ezekiel1 on ! o!r h&1 lives already "u ! p[]s ( ! _w to come4 ,! "o h9drance to ! p]fect manife/ation ( ,jehovah's righte\sness has be5 remov$ by ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 & h5ce=w>d x w be made app>5t 9 ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! des]t & ! fate ( ea* individual4 ,! new ,israel mu/ be organis$ on ! basis ( p]sonal religion1 & ! "t has already come :5 ! task ( prep>+ ! religi\s community ( ! future mu/ be e>ne/ly tak5 up4 ,h5ce ! doctr9e ( individual responsibility has a peculi> & practical importance 9 ! mission ( ,ezekiel4 ,! call to rep5tance1 :i* is ! keynote ( 8 m9i/ry1 is address$ to individual m51 & 9 ord] t x may take effect _! m9ds mu/ be disabus$ ( all fatali/ic preconceptions :i* w\ld induce p>alysis ( ! moral faculties4 ,x 0 necess>y to affirm 9 all _! bread? & fulness ! two fundam5tal tru?s ( p]sonal religion--! absolute righte\sness ( ,god's deal+s ) individual m51 & ,8 read9ess to welcome & p>don ! p5it5t4 ,! eighte5? *apt] falls accord+ly into two divisions4 ,9 ! fir/ ! prophet sets ! individual's imm$iate relation to ,god aga9/ ! idea t guilt is transmitt$ f fa!r to *ildr5 7vv4 #bbj74 ,9 ! second he tries to dispel ! notion t a man's fate is s det]m9$ by 8 own pa/ life z to make a *ange ( moral condition impossible 7vv4 #bacb74 ,i ,x is notewor?y t bo? ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel1 9 deal+ ) ! "q ( retribution1 />t f a popul> prov]b :i* _h ga9$ curr5cy 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! k+dom ( ,judah3 8,! fa!rs h eat5 s\r grapes1 & ! *ildr5's tee? are set on edge40 ,9 :atev] _s ?is say+ may h be5 fir/ co9$1 !re is no d\bt t x _h come to be us$ z a witticism at ! exp5se ( ,provid5ce4 ,x indicates t influ5ces 7 at "w besides ! ^w ( prophecy :i* t5d$ to und]m9e m5's fai? 9 ! curr5t conception ( ! div9e gov]nm5t4 ,! doctr9e ( transmitt$ guilt 0 accept$ z a fact ( exp]i5ce1 b x no long] satisfi$ ! deep] moral in/9cts ( m54 ,9 e>ly ,israel x 0 o!rwise4 ,!re ! idea t ! son %\ld be> ! iniquity ( ! fa!r 0 receiv$ )\t *all5ge & appli$ )\t misgiv+ 9 judicial proc$ure4 ,! :ole family ( ,a*an p]i%$ = ! s9 ( _! fa!r2 ! sons ( ,saul expiat$ _! fa!r's crime long aft] he 0 dead4 ,^! are inde$ b isolat$ facts1 yet !y are suffici5t to prove ! asc5d5cy ( ! antique conception ( ! tribe or family z a unity ^: individual memb]s are involv$ 9 ! guilt ( ! head4 ,) ! spread ( pur] e?ical ideas among ! p !re came a deep] s5se ( ! value ( ! individual life1 & at a lat] "t ! pr9ciple ( vic>i\s puni%m5t 0 bani%$ f ! adm9i/ration ( human ju/ice 7cf4 #b ,k+s xiv4 #f ) ,deut4 xxiv4 #af74 ,)9 t sph]e ! pr9ciple 0 firmly e/abli%$ t ea* man %all be put to dea? = 8 own s94 ,b ! motives :i* made ?is *ange intelligible & necess>y 9 purely human relations c\ld n be br\ght to be> imm$iately on ! "q ( div9e retribution4 ,! righte\sness ( ,god 0 ?\ght to act on diff]5t l9es f ! righte\sness ( man4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! la/ g5]ation ( ! /ate seem$ to furni% fre% evid5ce ( ! op]ation ( a law ( provid5ce by :i* m5 7 made to inh]it ! iniquity ( _! fa!rs4 ,! lit]ature ( ! p]iod is fill$ ) ! conviction t x 0 ! s9s ( ,manasseh t _h seal$ ! doom ( ! nation4 ,^! s9s _h nev] be5 adequately puni%$1 & subsequ5t ev5ts %[$ t !y 7 n =giv54 ,! re=m+ zeal ( ,josiah _h po/pon$ = a "t ! f9al visitation ( ,jehovah's ang]2 b no re=mation & no rep5tance c\ld avail to roll back ! flood ( judgm5t t _h be5 set 9 motion by ! crimes ( ! reign ( ,manasseh4 8,not)/&+ ,jehovah turn$ n f ! fi]c5ess ( ,8 great wra?1 :]e) ,8 ang] 0 k9dl$ aga9/ ,judah1 because ( all ! provocations t ,manasseh _h provok$ ,him )al0 7#b ,k+s xxiii4 #bf74 ,! prov]b ab\t ! s\r grapes %[s ! effect ( ?is int]pretation ( provid5ce on a l>ge section ( ! p4 ,x means no d\bt t !re is an irrational elem5t 9 ,god's me?od ( deal+ ) m51 some?+ n 9 h>mony ) natural laws4 ,9 ! natural sph]e if a man eats s\r grapes 8 own tee? are blunt$ or set on edge2 ! consequ5ces are imm$iate1 & !y are transitory4 ,b 9 ! moral sph]e a man may eat s\r grapes all 8 life & suff] no evil consequ5ces :atev]2 ! consequ5ces1 h[ev]1 appe> 9 8 *ildr5 :o h committ$ no su* indiscretion4 ,!re is no?+ !re :i* answ]s to ! ord9>y s5se ( ju/ice4 ,yet ! prov]b appe>s to be less an arraignm5t ( ! div9e righte\sness ?an a mode ( self exculpation on ! "p ( ! p4 ,x expresses ! fatalism & despair :i* settl$ d[n on ! m9ds ( t g5]ation :5 !y realis$ ! full ext5t ( ! calamity t _h ov]tak5 !m3 8,if our transgressions & our s9s be ^u u1 & we p9e away 9 !m1 h[ !n %\ld we live80 7*4 xxxiii4 #aj74 ,s ! exiles reason$ 9 ,babylon1 :]e !y 7 9 no mood = quot+ faceti\s prov]bs ab\t ! ways ( ,provid5ce2 b !y accurately express$ ! s5se ( ! adage t _h be5 curr5t 9 ,j]usalem be=e its fall4 ,! s9s = :i* !y suff]$ 7 n _! own1 & ! judgm5t t lay on !m 0 no summons to rep5tance1 = x 0 caus$ by s9s ( :i* !y 7 n guilty & = :i* !y c\ld n 9 any real s5se rep5t4 ,ezekiel attacks ?is popul> !ory ( retribution at :at mu/ h be5 reg>d$ z its /ronge/ po9t--! relation betwe5 ! fa!r & son4 8,:y %\ld ! son n be> ! iniquity ( 8 fa!r80 ! p ask$ 9 a/oni%m5t 7v]4 #ai74 8,x is good traditional !ology1 & x has be5 confirm$ by our own exp]i5ce40 ,n[ ,ezekiel w\ld probably n h admitt$ t 9 any circum/ances a son suff]s because 8 fa!r has s9n$4 ,) t notion he appe>s to h absolutely brok54 ,he did n d5y t ! ,exile 0 ! puni%m5t = all ! s9s ( ! pa/ z well z = ^? ( ! pres5t2 b t 0 because ! nation 0 treat$ z a moral unity1 & n because ( any law ( h]$ity :i* b\nd up ! fate ( ! *ild ) t ( ! fa!r4 ,x 0 ess5tial to 8 purpose to %[ t ! pr9ciple ( social guilt or collective retribution came to an end ) ! fall ( ! /ate2 :]eas 9 ! =m 9 :i* ! p held to x1 x c\ld nev] come to an end s long z !re are p>5ts to s9 & *ildr5 to suff]4 ,b ! important po9t 9 ! prophet's tea*+ is t :e!r 9 "o =m or 9 ano!r ! pr9ciple ( solid>ity is n[ sup]s$$4 ,god w no long] deal ) m5 9 ! mass1 b z individuals2 & facts :i* gave plausibility & a relative ju/ification to cynical views ( ,god's provid5ce %all no m occur4 ,!re w be no m occasion to use t objectionable prov]b 9 ,israel4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w be manife/ 9 ! case ( ea* sep>ate individual t ,god's righte\sness is discrim9at+1 & t ea* man's de/9y corresponds ) 8 own "*4 ,& ! new pr9ciple is embodi$ 9 words :i* may be call$ ! *>t] ( ! individual s\l--words ^: significance is fully reveal$ only 9 ,*ri/ianity3 8,all s\ls are ,m9e4444 ,! s\l t s9ne?1 x %all die40 ,:at is "h ass]t$ is ( c\rse n a di/9ction betwe5 ! s\l or spiritual "p ( man's be+ & ano!r "p ( 8 be+ :i* is subject to physical necessity1 b "o betwe5 ! individual & 8 moral environm5t4 ,! =m] di/9ction is real1 & x may be necess>y = u 9 our day to insi/ on x1 b x 0 c]ta9ly n ?\ght ( by ,ezekiel or p]haps by any o!r ,old ,te/am5t writ]4 ,! ^w 8s\l0 d5otes simply ! pr9ciple ( individual life4 8,all p]sons are ,m9e0 expresses ! :ole mean+ :i* ,ezekiel meant to convey4 ,consequ5tly ! dea? ?reat5$ to ! s9n] is n :at we call spiritual dea?1 b dea? 9 ! lit]al s5se--! dea? ( ! individual4 ,! tru? taught is ! indep5d5ce & fre$om ( ! individual1 or 8 moral p]sonality4 ,& t tru? involves two ?+s4 ,fir/1 ea* individual belongs to ,god1 /&s 9 imm$iate p]sonal relation to ,him4 ,9 ! old economy ! individual belong$ to ! nation or ! family1 & 0 relat$ to ,god only z a memb] ( a l>g] :ole4 ,n[ he has to deal ) ,god directly--possesses indep5d5t p]sonal wor? 9 ! eye ( ,god4 ,secondly1 z a result ( ?is1 ea* man is responsible = 8 own acts1 & = ^! alone4 ,s long z 8 religi\s relations are det]m9$ by circum/ances outside ( 8 own life 8 p]sonality is incomplete4 ,! ideal relation to ,god mu/ be "o 9 :i* ! de/9y ( e man dep5ds on 8 own free actions4 ,^! are ! fundam5tal po/ulates ( p]sonal religion z =mulat$ by ,ezekiel4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! *apt] is no?+ m ?an an illu/ration ( ! second ( ^! tru?s 9 a suffici5t numb] ( in/ances to %[ bo? sides ( its op]ation4 ,!re is fir/ ! case ( a man p]fectly righte\s1 :o z a matt] ( c\rse lives by 8 righte\sness1 ! /ate ( 8 fa!r n be+ tak5 into acc\nt4 ,!n ?is good man is suppos$ to be> a son :o is 9 all respects ! opposite ( 8 fa!r1 :o answ]s none ( ! te/s ( a righte\s man2 he mu/ die = 8 own s9s1 & 8 fa!r's righte\sness avails him no?+4 ,la/ly1 if ! son ( ?is wick$ man takes w>n+ by 8 fa!r's fate & leads a good life1 he lives j z ! fir/ man did because ( 8 own righte\sness1 & suff]s no dim9ution ( 8 rew>d because 8 fa!r 0 a s9n]4 ,9 all ?is argum5t !re is a tacit appeal to ! consci5ce ( ! he>]s1 z if ! case only requir$ to be put cle>ly be=e !m to comm& _! ass5t4 ,?is is :at %all be1 ! prophet says2 & x is :at ought to be4 ,x is contr>y to ! idea ( p]fect ju/ice to conceive ( ,jehovah z act+ o!rwise ?an z "h repres5t$4 ,to cl+ to ! idea ( collective retribution z a p]man5t tru? ( religion1 z ! exiles 7 dispos$ to d1 de/roys belief 9 ! div9e righte\sness by mak+ x diff]5t f ! righte\sness :i* expresses itself 9 ! moral judgm5ts ( m54 ,be=e we pass f ?is "p ( ! *apt] we may take note ( "s *>act]i/ics ( ! moral ideal by :i* ,ezekiel te/s ! conduct ( ! individual man4 ,x is giv5 9 ! =m ( a catalogue ( virtues1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( :i* det]m9es a man's fitness or unfitness to ent] ! future k+dom ( ,god4 ,mo/ ( ^! virtues are def9$ negatively2 ! code specifies s9s to be avoid$ r ?an duties to be p]=m$ or graces to be cultivat$4 ,nev]!less !y are su* z to cov] a l>ge section ( human life1 & ! arrangem5t ( !m embodies di/9ctions ( p]man5t e?ical significance4 ,!y may be class$ "u ! ?ree heads ( piety1 *a/ity1 & b5efic5ce4 ,"u ! fir/ head1 t ( directly religi\s duties1 two (f5ces are m5tion$ :i* are closely connect$ ) ea* o!r1 al?\gh to our m9ds !y may seem to involve diff]5t degrees ( guilt 7v]4 #f74 ,"o is ! ackn[l$gm5t ( o!r gods ?an ,jehovah1 & ! o!r is p>ticipation 9 c]emonies :i* d5ot$ fell[%ip ) idols47#de7 ,to u :o 8"k t an idol is no?+ 9 ! _w0 ! m]e act ( eat+ ) ! blood has no religi\s significance4 ,b 9 ,ezekiel's "t x 0 impossible to dive/ x ( hea!n associations1 & ! man :o p]=m$ x /ood convict$ ( a s9 aga9/ ,jehovah4 ,simil>ly ! idea ( sexual purity is illu/rat$ by two out/&+ & preval5t (f5ces 7v]4 #f74 ,! ?ird head1 :i* includes by f> ! great] numb] ( p>ticul>s1 deals ) ! duties :i* we reg>d z moral 9 a /rict] s5se4 ,!y are embodim5ts ( ! love :i* 8worke? no ill to 8 neighb\r10 & is !re=e 8! fulfill+ ( ! law40 ,x is manife/ t ! li/ is n meant to be an exhau/ive enum]ation ( all ! virtues t a good man mu/ practise1 or all ! vices he mu/ %un4 ,! prophet has be=e 8 m9d two broad classes ( m5--^? :o fe>$ ,god1 & ^? :o did n2 & :at he does is to lay d[n outw>d m>ks :i* 7 practically suffici5t to discrim9ate betwe5 ! "o class & ! o!r4 ,! supreme moral category is ,righte\sness1 & ?is includes ! two ideas ( "r "* & a "r relation to ,god4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 an active righte\sness manife/$ 9 ! life & a 8righte\sness :i* is by fai?0 is n explicitly drawn 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,h5ce ! passage conta9s no tea*+ on ! "q :e!r a man's relation to ,god is det]m9$ by 8 good works1 or :e!r good works are ! fruit & outcome ( a "r relation to ,god4 ,! ess5ce ( morality1 accord+ to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is loyalty to ,god1 express$ by ob$i5ce to ,8 w2 & f t po9t ( view x is selfevid5t t ! man :o is loyal to ,jehovah /&s accept$ 9 ,8 sight4 ,9 o!r connections ,ezekiel makes x abundantly cle> t ! /ate ( grace does n dep5d on any m]it :i* man c h t[>ds ,god4 ,! fact t ,ezekiel def9es righte\sness 9 t]ms ( outw>d conduct has l$ to 8 be+ accus$ ( ! error ( legalism 9 8 moral conceptions4 ,he has be5 *>g$ ) resolv+ righte\sness into 8a sum ( sep>ate tz$q?10 or virtues4 ,b ?is view /ra9s 8 language unduly1 & seems moreov] to be negativ$ by ! presuppositions ( 8 argum5t4 ,z a man mu/ ei!r live or die at ! day ( judgm5t1 s he mu/ at any mom5t be ei!r righte\s or wick$4 ,! problematic case ( a man :o %\ld consci5ti\sly obs]ve "s ( ^! requirem5ts & delib]ately violate o!rs w\ld h be5 dismiss$ by ,ezekiel z an idle speculation3 8,:osoev] %all keep ! :ole law1 & yet (f5d 9 "o po9t1 he is guilty ( all0 7,james ii4 #aj74 ,! v fact t =m] good de$s are n rememb]$ to a man 9 ! day :5 he turns f 8 righte\sness %[s t ! /ate ( righte\sness is some?+ diff]5t f an av]age /ruck f ! /ati/ics ( 8 moral c>e]4 ,! b5t ( ! "* t[>ds or away f goodness is no d\bt spok5 ( z subject to sudd5 fluctuations1 b = ! "t be+ ea* man is conceiv$ z dom9at$ by ! "o t5d5cy or ! o!r2 & x is ! b5t ( ! :ole nature t[>ds ! good t con/itutes ! righte\sness by :i* a man %all live4 ,x is at all ev5ts a mi/ake to suppose t ! prophet is conc]n$ only ab\t ! ext]nal act & indiff]5t to ! /ate ( he>t f :i* x proce$s4 ,x is true t he does n attempt to p5etrate b5ea? ! surface ( ! outw>d life4 ,he does n analyse motives4 ,b ?is is because he assumes t if a man keeps ,god's law he does x f a s9c]e desire to please ,god & ) a s5se ( ! rightness ( ! law to :i* he subjects 8 life4 ,:5 we recognise ?is ! *>ge ( ext]nalism am\nts to v little4 ,we c nev] get beh9d ! pr9ciple t 8he t doe? righte\sness is righte\s0 7#a ,john iii4 #g71 & t pr9ciple cov]s all t ,ezekiel really tea*es4 ,comp>$ ) ! m spiritual tea*+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 8 moral ideal is no d\bt defective 9 _m directions1 b 8 insi/5ce on action z a te/ ( "* is h>dly "o ( !m4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! ,new ,te/am5t itself conta9s z _m w>n+s aga9/ a false spirituality z x does aga9/ ! opposite error ( reliance on good works4 ,,ii ,! second great tru? ( p]sonal religion is ! moral fre$om ( ! individual to det]m9e 8 own de/9y 9 ! day ( judgm5t4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! *apt] by ! two opposite cases ( a wick$ man turn+ f 8 wick$ness 7vv4 #ba1 #bb7 & a righte\s man turn+ f 8 righte\sness 7v]4 #bd74 ,& ! tea*+ ( ! passage is t ! effect ( su* a *ange ( m9d1 z reg>ds a man's relation to ,god1 is absolute4 ,! good life subsequ5t to conv]sion is n weigh$ aga9/ ! s9s ( pa/ ye>s2 x is ! index ( a new /ate ( he>t 9 :i* ! guilt ( =m] transgressions is entirely blott$ out3 8,all 8 transgressions t he ha? committ$ %all n be rememb]$ 9 reg>d to him2 9 8 righte\sness t he ha? done he %all live40 ,b 9 l mann] ! act ( apo/asy effaces ! remembrance ( good de$s done 9 an e>li] p]iod ( ! man's life4 ,! /&+ ( ea* s\l be=e ,god1 its righte\sness or its wick$ness1 is ?us :olly det]m9$ by its f9al *oice ( good or evil1 & is reveal$ by ! conduct :i* foll[s t great moral decision4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,ezekiel reg>ds ^! two possibilities z equally real1 fall+ away f righte\sness be+ z mu* a fact ( exp]i5ce z rep5tance4 ,9 ! light ( ! ,new ,te/am5t we %\ld p]haps int]pret bo? cases some:at diff]5tly4 ,9 g5u9e conv]sion we mu/ recognise ! imp>t+ ( a new spiritual pr9ciple :i* is in]adicable1 conta9+ ! pl$ge ( p]sev]ance 9 ! /ate ( grace to ! end4 ,9 ! case ( f9al apo/asy we are compell$ to judge t ! righte\sness :i* is r5\nc$ 0 only app>5t1 t x 0 no true indication ( ! man's "* or ( 8 condition 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,b ^! are n ! que/ions ) :i* ! prophet is directly deal+4 ,! ess5tial tru? :i* he inculcates is ! emancipation ( ! individual1 ?r\gh rep5tance1 f 8 own pa/4 ,9 virtue ( 8 imm$iate p]sonal relation to ,god ea* man has ! p[] to accept ! (f] ( salvation1 to break away f 8 s9ful life & escape ! doom :i* hangs ov] ! imp5it5t4 ,to ?is "o po9t ! :ole argum5t ( ! *apt] t5ds4 ,x is a demon/ration ( ! possibility & efficacy ( individual rep5tance1 culm9at+ 9 ! decl>ation :i* lies at ! v f\ndation ( evangelical religion1 t ,god has no pleasure 9 ! dea? ( him t die?1 b w h all m5 to rep5t & live 7v]4 #cb74 ,x is n easy = u to conceive ! effect ( ?is revelation on ! m9ds ( p s utt]ly unprep>$ = x z ! g5]ation 9 :i* ,ezekiel liv$4 ,accu/om$ z !y 7 to ?9k ( _! individual fate z b\nd up 9 t ( _! nation1 !y c\ld n at once adju/ !mselves to a doctr9e :i* _h nev] previ\sly be5 enunciat$ ) su* incisive cle>ness4 ,& x is n surpris+ t "o effect ( ,ezekiel's tea*+ 0 to create fre% d\bts ( ! rectitude ( ! div9e gov]nm5t4 8,! way ( ! ,"l is n equal10 x 0 said 7vv4 #be1 #bi74 ,s long z x 0 admitt$ t m5 suff]$ = ! s9s ( _! ance/ors or t ,god dealt ) !m 9 ! mass1 !re 0 at lea/ an appe>ance ( consi/5cy 9 ! me?ods ( ,provid5ce4 ,! ju/ice ( ,god might n be visible 9 ! life ( ! individual1 b x c\ld be r\ghly trac$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! nation z a :ole4 ,b :5 t pr9ciple 0 disc>d$1 !n ! "q ( ! div9e righte\sness 0 rais$ 9 ! case ( ea* sep>ate ,israelite1 & !re imm$iately appe>$ all ^? p]plexities ab\t ! lot ( ! individual :i* s sorely ex]cis$ ! fai? ( ,old ,te/am5t believ]s4 ,exp]i5ce did n %[ t correspond5ce betwe5 a man's attitude t[>ds ,god & 8 e>?ly =tunes :i* ! doctr9e ( individual fre$om seem$ to imply2 & ev5 9 ,ezekiel's "t x mu/ h be5 evid5t t ! calamities :i* ov]took ! /ate fell indiscrim9ately on ! righte\s & ! wick$4 ,! prophet's purpose1 h[ev]1 is a practical "o1 & he does n attempt to (f] a !oretical solution ( ! difficulties :i* ?us arose4 ,!re 7 sev]al consid]ations 9 8 m9d :i* turn$ aside ! edge ( ! p's compla9t aga9/ ! righte\sness ( ,jehovah4 ,"o 0 ! imm95ce ( ! f9al judgm5t1 9 :i* ! absolute rectitude ( ! div9e proc$ure w\ld be cle>ly manife/$4 ,ano!r seems to be ! irresolute & un/able attitude ( ! p !mselves t[>ds ! great moral issues :i* 7 set be=e !m4 ,:ile !y pr(ess$ to be m righte\s ?an _! fa!rs1 !y %[$ no settl$ purpose ( am5dm5t 9 _! lives4 ,a man might be app>5tly righte\s today & a s9n] tomorr[2 ! 8inequality0 ( :i* !y compla9$ 0 9 _! own ways1 & n 9 ! way ( ! ,"l 7vv4 #be1 #bi74 ,b ! mo/ important elem5t 9 ! case 0 ! prophet's conception ( ! "* ( ,god z "o :o1 ?\gh /rictly j1 yet desir$ t m5 %\ld live4 ,! ,"l is longsuff]+1 n will+ t any %\ld p]i%2 & ,he po/pones ! day ( decision t ,8 goodness may lead m5 to rep5tance4 8,h ,i any pleasure 9 ! dea? ( ! wick$8 sai? ! ,"l3 & n t he %\ld turn f 8 ways1 & live80 7v]4 #bc74 ,& all ^! consid]ations lead up to ! urg5t call to rep5tance ) :i* ! *apt] closes4 ,! importance ( ! que/ions dealt ) 9 ?is eighte5? *apt] is %[n cle>ly en\gh by ! hold :i* !y h ov] ! m9ds ( m5 9 ! pres5t day4 ,! v same difficulties :i* ,ezekiel _h to enc\nt] 9 8 "t confront u /ill 9 a some:at alt]$ =m1 & are (t5 ke5ly felt z ob/acles to fai? 9 ,god4 ,! sci5tific doctr9e ( h]$ity1 = example1 seems to be b a m precise mod]n r5d]+ ( ! old prov]b ab\t ! eat+ ( s\r grapes4 ,! biological controv]sy ov] ! possibility ( ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics sc>cely t\*es ! moral problem4 ,9 :atev] way t controv]sy may be ultimately settl$1 x is c]ta9 t 9 all cases a man's life is affect$ bo? = good & evil by influ5ces :i* desc5d ^u him f 8 ance/ry4 ,simil>ly )9 ! sph]e ( ! individual life ! law ( habit seems to exclude ! possibility ( complete emancipation f ! p5alty due to pa/ transgressions4 ,h>dly any?+1 9 %ort1 is bett] e/abli%$ by exp]i5ce ?an t ! consequ5ces ( pa/ actions p]si/ ?r\gh all *anges ( spiritual condition1 &1 fur!r1 t *ildr5 d suff] f ! consequ5ces ( _! p>5ts' s94 ,d n ^! facts1 x may be ask$1 am\nt practically to a v9dication ( ! !ory ( retribution aga9/ :i* ! prophet's argum5t is direct$8 ,h[ c we reconcile !m ) ! great pr9ciples enunciat$ 9 ?is *apt]8 ,dictates ( morality1 fundam5tal tru?s ( religion1 ^! may be2 b c we say 9 ! face ( exp]i5ce t !y are true8 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t a complete answ] to ^! que/ions is n giv5 9 ! *apt] be=e u1 nor p]haps any:]e 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,s long z ,god dealt ) m5 ma9ly by temporal rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 x 0 impossible to realise fully ! sep>at5ess ( ! s\l 9 its spiritual relations to ,god2 ! fate ( ! individual is necess>ily m]g$ 9 t ( ! community1 & ,ezekiel's doctr9e rema9s a prophecy ( bett] ?+s to be reveal$4 ,?is inde$ is ! light 9 :i* he himself tea*es u to reg>d x2 al?\gh he applies x 9 all its /rictness to ! m5 ( 8 own g5]ation1 x is nev]!less ess5tially a feature ( ! ideal k+dom ( ,god1 & is to be exhibit$ 9 ! judgm5t by :i* t k+dom is introduc$4 ,! great value ( 8 tea*+ !re=e lies 9 8 hav+ =mulat$ ) unrivall$ cle>ness pr9ciples :i* are et]nally true ( ! spiritual life1 al?\gh ! p]fect manife/ation ( ^! pr9ciples 9 ! exp]i5ce ( believ]s 0 res]v$ = ! f9al revelation ( salvation 9 ,*ri/4 ,! solution ( ! contradiction ref]r$ to lies 9 ! sep>ation betwe5 ! natural & ! p5al consequ5ces ( s94 ,!re is a sph]e )9 :i* natural laws h _! c\rse1 modifi$1 x may be1 b n :olly susp5d$ by ! law ( ! _s ( life 9 ,*ri/4 ,! physical effects ( vici\s indulg5ce are n turn$ aside by rep5tance1 & a man may c>ry ! sc>s ( s9 ^u him to ! grave4 ,b !re is also a sph]e into :i* natural law does n ent]4 ,9 8 imm$iate p]sonal relation to ,god a believ] is rais$ above ! evil consequ5ces :i* fl[ f 8 pa/ life1 s t !y h no p[] to sep>ate him f ! love ( ,god4 ,& )9 t sph]e 8 moral fre$om & indep5d5ce are z mu* matt] ( exp]i5ce z is 8 subjection to law 9 ano!r sph]e4 ,he kn[s t all ?+s "w toge!r = 8 good1 & t tribulation itself is a means ( br++ him ne>] to ,god4 ,among/ ^? tribulations :i* "w out 8 salvation !re may be ! evil conditions impos$ on him by ! s9 ( o!rs1 or ev5 ! natural consequ5ces ( 8 own =m] transgressions4 ,b tribulations no long] be> ! aspect ( p5alty1 & are no long] a tok5 ( ! wra? ( ,god4 ,!y are trans=m$ into *a/isem5ts by :i* ! ,fa!r ( spirits makes ,8 *ildr5 p]fect 9 hol9ess4 ,! h>de/ cross to be> w always be t :i* is ! result ( "o's own s92 b ,he :o has borne ! guilt ( x c /r5g!n u to be> ev5 ?is & foll[ ,him47#df7 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,sword ,un%ea!d4 ,*apt] xxi4 ,! date at ! beg9n+ ( *4 xx4 introduces ! f\r? & la/ section ( ! prophecies deliv]$ be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,x also divides ! fir/ p]iod ( ,ezekiel's m9i/ry into two equal p>ts4 ,! "t is ! mon? ( ,augu/1 #eij ,b4,c41 two ye>s aft] 8 prophetic inauguration & two ye>s be=e ! inve/m5t ( ,j]usalem4 ,x foll[s t if ! book ( ,ezekiel pres5ts any?+ l a fai?ful picture ( 8 actual "w1 by f> 8 mo/ productive ye> 0 t :i* _h j clos$4 ,x embraces ! long & v>i$ s]ies ( disc\rses f *4 viii4 to *4 xix42 :]eas five *apt]s are all t rema9 z a record ( 8 activity dur+ ! next two ye>s4 ,?is result is n s improbable z at fir/ sight x might appe>4 ,f ! "* ( ,ezekiel's prophecy1 :i* consi/s l>gely ( homiletic amplifications ( "o great !me1 x is q intelligible t ! ma9 l9es ( 8 tea*+ %\ld h tak5 %ape 9 8 m9d at an e>ly p]iod ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,! disc\rses 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! book may h be5 exp&$ 9 ! act ( committ+ !m to writ+2 b !re is no reason to d\bt t ! ideas !y conta9 7 pres5t to ! prophet's m9d & 7 actually deliv]$ by him )9 ! p]iod to :i* !y are assign$4 ,we may !re=e suppose t ,ezekiel's public exhortations became less frequ5t dur+ ! two ye>s t prec$$ ! siege1 j z we "k t = two ye>s aft] t ev5t !y 7 altoge!r discont9u$4 ,9 ?is la/ division ( ! prophecies relat+ to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem we c easily di/+ui% two diff]5t classes ( oracles4 ,on ! "o h& we h two *apt]s deal+ ) contempor>y incid5ts--! m>* ( ,nebu*adnezz>'s army aga9/ ,j]usalem 7*4 xxi471 & ! comm5cem5t ( ! siege ( ! city 7*4 xxiv474 ,9 spite ( ! confid5t op9ion ( "s critics t ^! prophecies c\ld n h be5 compos$ till aft] ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 !y seem to me to be> ! m>ks ( hav+ be5 writt5 "u ! imm$iate influ5ce ( ! ev5ts !y describe4 ,x is difficult o!rwise to acc\nt = ! excitem5t "u :i* ! prophet lab\rs1 especially 9 *4 xxi41 :i* /&s by ! side ( *4 vii4 z ! mo/ agitat$ utt]ance 9 ! :ole book4 ,on ! o!r h& we h ?ree disc\rses ( ! nature ( =mal indictm5ts--"o direct$ aga9/ ! exiles 7*4 xx471 "o aga9/ ,j]usalem 7*4 xxii471 & "o aga9/ ! :ole nation ( ,israel 7*4 xxiii474 ,x is impossible 9 ^! *apt]s to discov] any advance 9 ?\ght ^u simil> passages t h already be5 be=e u4 ,two ( !m 7*s4 xx4 & xxiii47 are hi/orical retrospects aft] ! mann] ( *4 xvi41 & !re is no obvi\s reason :y !y %\ld be plac$ 9 a diff]5t section ( ! book4 ,! key to ! unity ( ! section mu/ !re=e be s\ght 9 ! two hi/orical prophecies & 9 ! situation creat$ by ! ev5ts !y describe47#dg7 ,x w !re=e help to cle> ! gr\nd if we comm5ce ) ! oracle :i* ?r[s mo/ light on ! hi/orical backgr\nd ( ?is gr\p ( prophecies--! oracle ( ,jehovah's sword aga9/ ,j]usalem 9 *4 xxi47#dh7 ,! longproject$ rebellion has at l5g? brok5 out4 ,z$ekiah has r5\nc$ 8 allegiance to ! k+ ( ,babylon1 & ! army ( ! ,*aldans is on its way to suppress ! insurrection4 ,! precise date ( ^! ev5ts is n kn[n4 ,= "s reason ! conspiracy ( ! ,pale/9ian /ates _h hung fire2 _m ye>s _h be5 all[$ to slip away s9ce ! "t :5 _! envoys _h met 9 ,j]usalem to conc]t measures ( unit$ resi/ance 7,j]4 xxvii474 ,?is procra/9ation 01 z usual1 a sure presage ( disa/]4 ,9 ! int]val ! league _h dissolv$4 ,"s ( its memb]s _h made t]ms ) ,nebu*adnezz>2 & x w\ld appe> t only ,tyre1 ,judah1 & ,ammon v5tur$ on op5 defiance ( 8 p[]4 ,! hope 0 *]i%$ 9 ,j]usalem1 & probably also among ! ,jews 9 ,babylon1 t ! fir/ assault ( ! ,*aldans w\ld be direct$ aga9/ ! ,ammonites1 & t "t w\ld ?us be ga9$ to complete ! def5ces ( ,j]usalem4 ,to dispel ?is illusion is "o obvi\s purpose ( ! prophecy be=e u4 ,! movem5ts ( ,nebu*adnezz>'s army are direct$ by a wisdom high] ?an 8 own2 he is ! unconsci\s in/rum5t by :i* ,jehovah is execut+ ,8 own purpose4 ,! real object ( 8 exp$ition is n to puni% a few refractory tribes = an act ( disloyalty1 b to v9dicate ! righte\sness ( ,jehovah 9 ! de/ruction ( ! city :i* _h pr(an$ ,8 hol9ess4 ,no human calculations w be all[$ ev5 = a mom5t to turn aside ! bl[ :i* is aim$ directly at ,j]usalem's s9s1 or to obscure ! lesson taught by its sure & un]r+ aim4 ,we c imag9e ! re/less susp5se & anxiety ) :i* ! f9al /ruggle = ! national cause 0 wat*$ by ! exiles 9 ,babylon4 ,9 imag9ation !y w\ld foll[ ! long m>* ( ! ,*aldan ho/s by ! ,euphrates & _! desc5t by ! valleys ( ! ,orontes & ,leontes ^u ! city4 ,eag]ly w\ld !y wait = "s tid+s ( a rev]se :i* w\ld revive _! droop+ hope ( a spe$y collapse ( ! great _w empire & a re/oration ( ,israel to its anci5t fre$om4 ,& :5 at l5g? !y he>d t ,j]usalem 0 enclos$ 9 ! iron grip ( ^! victori\s legions1 f :i* no human deliv]ance 0 possible1 _! mood w\ld h>d5 into "o 9 :i* fanatical hope & sull5 despair cont5d$ = ! ma/]y4 ,into an atmosph]e *>g$ ) su* excitem5t ,ezekiel hurls ! s]ies ( pr$ictions compris$ 9 *s4 xxi4 & xxiv4 ,) f> o!r feel+s ?an 8 fell[s1 b ) z ke5 an int]e/ z !irs1 he foll[s ! developm5t ( :at he kn[s to be ! la/ act 9 ! long controv]sy betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel4 ,x is 8 duty to repeat once m ! irrevocable decree--! div9e del5da e/ aga9/ ! guilty ,j]usalem4 ,b he does s 9 ?is in/ance 9 language ^: vehem5ce betrays ! agitation ( 8 m9d1 & p]haps also ! re/lessness ( ! society 9 :i* he liv$4 ,! tw5tyfir/ *apt] is a s]ies ( rhapsodies1 ! product ( a /ate bord]+ on ec/asy1 :]e diff]5t aspects ( ! imp5d+ judgm5t are set =? by ! help ( vivid images :i* pass 9 quick succession ?r\gh ! prophet's m9d4 ,i ,! fir/ vision :i* ! prophet sees ( ! approa*+ cata/rophe 7vv4 #ad7 is t ( a =e/ conflagration1 an occurr5ce :i* mu/ h be5 z frequ5t 9 ,pale/9e z a prairie fire 9 ,am]ica4 ,he sees a fire break out 9 ! 8=e/ ( ! s\?10 & rage ) su* fi]c5ess t 8e gre5 tree & e dry tree0 is burn$ up2 ! faces ( all :o are ne> x are scor*$1 & all m5 are conv9c$ t s t]rible a calamity mu/ be ! "w ( ,jehovah ,himself4 ,?is we may suppose to h be5 ! =m 9 :i* ! tru? fir/ laid hold ( ,ezekiel's imag9ation2 b he appe>s to h hesitat$ to proclaim 8 message 9 ?is =m4 ,8 figurative mann] ( spee* _h become notori\s among ! exiles 7v]4 #e71 & he 0 consci\s t a 8p>able0 s vague & g5]al z ?is w\ld be dismiss$ z an +5i\s riddle :i* might mean any?+ or no?+4 ,:at foll[s 7vv4 #gaj7 gives ! key to ! orig9al vision4 ,al?\gh x is 9 =m an indep5d5t oracle1 x is closely p>allel to ! prec$+ & elucidates ea* feature 9 detail4 ,! 8=e/ ( ! s\?0 is expla9$ to mean ! l& ( ,israel2 & ! m5tion ( ! sword ( ,jehovah in/ead ( ! fire intimates less obscurely t ! in/rum5t ( ! ?reat5$ calamity is ! ,babylonian army4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ,ezekiel expressly admits t !re 7 righte\s m5 ev5 9 ! doom$ ,israel4 ,contr>y to 8 conception ( ! normal me?ods ( ! div9e righte\sness1 he conceives ( ?is judgm5t z "o :i* involves righte\s & wick$ 9 a common ru94 ,n t ,god is less ?an righte\s 9 ?is cr[n+ act ( v5geance1 b ,8 ju/ice is n br\ght to be> on ! fate ( individuals4 ,he is deal+ ) ! nation z a :ole1 & 9 ! ext]m9at+ judgm5t ( ! nation good m5 w no m be sp>$ ?an ! gre5 tree ( ! =e/ escapes ! fate ( ! dry4 ,x 0 ! fact t righte\s m5 p]i%$ 9 ! fall ( ,j]usalem2 & ,ezekiel does n %ut 8 eyes to x1 firmly z he believ$ t ! "t 0 come :5 ,god w\ld rew>d e man accord+ to 8 own "*4 ,! indiscrim9at5ess ( ! judgm5t 9 its be>+ on diff]5t classes ( p]sons is obvi\sly a feature :i* ,ezekiel "h seeks to emphasise4 ,b ! idea ( ! sword ( ,jehovah drawn f its scabb>d1 to return no m till x has accompli%$ its mission1 is ! "o t has fix$ itself mo/ deeply 9 ! prophet's imag9ation1 & =ms ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ?is vision & ! o!r amplifications ( ! same !me :i* foll[4 ,,ii ,pass+ ov] ! symbolic action ( vv4 #aaac1 repres5t+ ! horror & a/oni%m5t ) :i* ! dire tid+s ( ,j]usalem's fall w be receiv$1 we come to ! po9t :]e ! prophet breaks into ! wild /ra9 ( di?yrambic poetry1 :i* has be5 call$ ! 8,song ( ! ,sword0 7vv4 #adbb74 ,! foll[+ translation1 al?\gh necess>ily imp]fect & 9 "s places unc]ta91 may convey "s idea bo? ( ! /ructure & ! rugg$ vig\r ( ! orig9al4 ,x w be se5 t !re is a cle> division into f\r /anzas37#di7-- 7i7 ,vv4 #adaf4 ,a sword1 a sword6 ,x is %>p5$ & burni%$ )al4 ,= a "w ( slaught] is x %>p5$6 ,to gleam l lightn+ burni%$6 ,& 'twas giv5 to be smoo!d = ! grip ( ! h&1 --,%>p5$ is x1 & furbi%$-- ,to put 9 ! h& ( ! slay]4 7ii7 ,vv4 #ag1 #ah4 ,cry & h[l1 son ( man6 ,= x has come among my p2 ,come among all ! pr9ces ( ,israel6 ,victims ( ! sword are !y1 !y & my p2 ,!re=e smite ^u ?y ?igh6 ,x %all n be1 sai? ,jehovah ! ,"l4 7iii7 ,vv4 #ai1 #bj4 ,b1 ?\ son ( man1 prophesy1 & smite h& on h&2 ,let ! sword be d\bl$ & tripl$ 7874 ,a sword ( ! sla9 is x1 ! great sword ( ! sla9 :irl+ ar\nd !m1-- ,t he>ts may fail1 & _m be ! fall5 9 all _! gates4 ,x is made l lightn+1 furbi%$ = slaught]6 7iv7 ,vv4 #ba1 #bb4 ,ga!r !e toge!r6 ,smite to ! "r1 to ! left1 ,:i!rsoev] ?9e edge is appo9t$6 ,& ,i also w smite h& on h&1 ,& appease ,my wra?3 ,i ,jehovah h spok5 x4 ,9 spite ( its obscurity1 its abrupt transitions1 & its /range bl5d+ ( ! div9e ) ! human p]sonality1 ! ode exhibits a def9ite poetic =m & a real progress ( ?\ght f ! beg9n+ to ! close4 ,?r\gh\t ! passage we obs]ve t ! prophet's gaze is fasc9at$ by ! glitt]+ sword :i* symbolis$ ! in/rum5t ( ,jehovah's v5geance4 ,9 ! op5+ /anza 7i7 he describes ! prep>ation ( ! sword2 he notes ! ke5ness ( its edge & its glitt]+ %e5 ) an awful pres5tim5t t an implem5t s elaborately fa%ion$ is de/9$ = "s t]rible day ( slaught]4 ,!n 7ii7 he ann\nces ! purpose = :i* ! sword is prep>$1 & breaks into l\d lam5tation z he realises t its doom$ victims are 8 own p & ! pr9ces ( ,israel4 ,9 ! next /anza 7iii7 he sees ! sword 9 action2 wield$ by an invisible h&1 x fla%es hi!r & ?i!r1 circl+ r\nd its hapless victims z if two or ?ree swords 7 at "w in/ead ( "o4 ,all he>ts are p>alys$ ) fe>1 b ! sword does n cease its ravages until x has fill$ ! gr\nd ) sla94 ,!n at l5g? ! sword is at re/ 7iv71 hav+ accompli%$ its "w4 ,! div9e ,speak] calls on x 9 a clos+ apo/rophe 8to ga!r itself toge!r0 z if = a f9al sweep to "r & left1 indicat+ ! ?or\ghness ) :i* ! judgm5t has be5 execut$4 ,9 ! la/ v]se ! vision ( ! sword fades away1 & ! poem closes ) an ann\ncem5t1 9 ! usual prophetic mann]1 ( ,jehovah's fix$ purpose to 8assuage0 ,8 wra? aga9/ ,israel by ! cr[n+ act ( retribution4 ,,iii ,if any d\bt /ill rema9$ z to :at ! sword ( ,jehovah meant1 x is remov$ 9 ! next section 7vv4 #bccb71 :]e ! prophet indicates ! way by :i* ! sword is to come on ! k+dom ( ,judah4 ,! ,*aldan mon>* is repres5t$ z paus+ on 8 m>*1 p]haps at ,riblah or "s place to ! nor? ( ,pale/9e1 & delib]at+ :e!r he %all advance fir/ aga9/ ,judah or ! ,ammonites4 ,he /&s at ! p>t+ ( ! ways--on ! left h& is ! road to ,rabba?ammon1 on ! "r t to ,j]usalem4 ,9 8 p]plexity he invokes sup]natural guidance1 resort+ to v>i\s exp$i5ts !n 9 use = asc]ta9+ ! w ( ! gods & ! pa? ( good =tune4 ,he 8rattles ! arr[s0 7two ( !m 9 "s k9d ( vessel1 "o = ,j]usalem & ! o!r = ,riblah72 he consults ! t]aphim & inspects ! entrails ( a sacrificial victim4 ,?is consult+ ( ! om5s 0 no d\bt an inv>iable prelim9>y to e campaign1 & 0 resort$ to :5ev] an important milit>y decision _h to be made4 ,x might seem a matt] ( indiff]5ce to a p[]ful mon>* l ,nebu*adnezz> :i* ( two petty oppon5ts he det]m9$ to cru% fir/4 ,b ! k+s ( ,babylon 7 religi\s m5 9 _! way1 & nev] d\bt$ t success dep5d$ on _! foll[+ ! indications t 7 giv5 by ! high] p[]s4 ,9 ?is case ,nebu*adnezz> gets a true answ]1 b n f ! deities ^: aid he _h invok$4 ,9 8 "r h& he f9ds ! arr[ m>k$ 8,j]usalem40 ,! die is ca/1 8 resolution is tak51 b x is ,jehovah's s5t5ce seal+ ! fate ( ,j]usalem t has be5 utt]$4 ,su* is ! situation :i* ,ezekiel 9 ,babylon is direct$ to repres5t ?r\gh a piece ( obvi\s symbolism4 ,a road div]g+ into two is drawn on ! gr\nd1 & at ! meet+po9t a signpo/ is erect$ indicat+ t ! "o leads to ,ammon & ! o!r to ,judah4 ,x is ( c\rse n necess>y to suppose t ! incid5t s graphically describ$ actually occurr$4 ,! div9ation sc5e may only be imag9>y1 al?\gh x is c]ta9ly a true reflection ( ,babylonian ideas & cu/oms4 ,! tru? convey$ is t ! ,babylonian army is mov+ "u ! imm$iate guidance ( ,jehovah1 & t n only ! political projects ( ! k+1 b 8 secret ?\ghts & ev5 8 sup]/iti\s reliance on signs & om5s1 are all ov]rul$ = ! fur!rance ( ! "o purpose = :i* ,jehovah has rais$ him up4 ,mean:ile ,ezekiel is well aw>e t 9 ,j]usalem a v diff]5t int]pretation is put on ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,:5 ! news ( ! great k+'s decision rea*es ! m5 at ! head ( affairs !y are n dismay$4 ,!y view ! decision z ! result ( 8false div9ation02 !y laugh to scorn ! sup]/iti\s rites :i* h det]m9$ ! c\rse ( ! campaign1--n t !y suppose ! k+ w n act on 8 om5s1 b !y d n believe !y are an augury ( success4 ,!y _h hop$ = a %ort brea?+ space :ile ,nebu*adnezz> 0 engag$ on ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 b !y w n %r9k f ! conflict :e!r x be to day or tomorr[4 ,address+ himself to ?is /ate ( m9d1 ,ezekiel once m7#ej7 rem9ds ^? :o he> him t ^! m5 are fight+ aga9/ ! moral laws ( ! univ]se4 ,! exi/+ k+dom ( ,judah occupies a false position be=e ,god & 9 ! eyes ( j m54 ,x has no religi\s f\ndation2 = ! hope ( ! ,messiah does n lie ) t we>] ( a di%on\r$ cr[n1 ! k+ ,z$ekiah1 b ) ! legitimate heir ( ,david n[ 9 exile4 ,! /ate has no "r to be except z "p ( ! ,*aldan empire1 & ?is "r x has =feit$ by r5\nc+ its allegiance to its e>?ly sup]ior4 ,^! m5 =get t 9 ?is qu>rel ! j cause is t ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 ^: ent]prise only seems to 8call to m9d _! iniquity0 7v]4 #bh7--;i4e41 _! political crime4 ,9 provok+ ?is conflict1 !re=e1 !y h put !mselves 9 ! wrong2 !y %all be caught 9 ! toils ( _! own villa9y4 ,! heavie/ c5sure is res]v$ = ,z$ekiah1 ! 8wick$ "o1 ! pr9ce ( ,israel1 ^: day is com+ 9 ! "t ( f9al retribution40 ,?is "p ( ! prophecy has a close resemblance to ! latt] "p ( *4 xvii4 ,! prophet's sympa?ies are /ill ) ! exil$ k+1 or at lea/ ) t bran* ( ! royal family :i* he repres5ts4 ,& ! s5t5ce ( rejection on ,z$ekiah is aga9 accompani$ by a promise ( ! re/oration ( ! k+dom 9 ! p]son ( ! ,messiah4 ,! cr[n :i* has be5 di%on\r$ by ! la/ k+ ( ,judah %all be tak5 f 8 head2 t :i* is l[ %all be exalt$ 7! exil$ bran* ( ! ,davidic h\se71 & t :i* is high %all be abas$ 7! reign+ k+72 ! :ole exi/+ ord] ( ?+s %all be ov]turn$ 8until ,he comes :o has ! "r407#ea7 ,,iv ,! la/ oracle is direct$ aga9/ ! *ildr5 ( ,ammon4 ,by ,nebu*adnezz>'s decision to subdue ,j]usalem fir/ ! ,ammonites _h ga9$ a %ort respite4 ,!y ev5 exult$ 9 ! humiliation ( _! =m] ally1 & _h app>5tly drawn ! sword 9 ord] to seize "p ( ! l& ( ,judah4 ,misl$ by false div9]s1 !y _h d>$ to seek _! own advantage 9 ! calamities :i* ,jehovah _h br\ght on ,8 own p4 ,! prophet ?reat5s ! complete annihilation ( ,ammon1 ev5 9 its own l&1 & ! blott+ out ( its remembrance among ! nations4 ,t is ! sub/ance ( ! prophecy2 b its =m pres5ts sev]al po9ts ( difficulty4 ,x beg9s ) :at appe>s to be an e*o ( ! 8,song ( ! ,sword0 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! *apt]3-- ,a sword6 a sword6 ,x is drawn = slaught]2 x is furbi%$ to %9e l lightn+ 7v]4 #cc74 ,b z we proce$ we f9d t x is ! sword ( ! ,ammonites t is meant1 & !y are ord]$ to return x to its %ea?4 ,if ?is be s1 ! tone ( ! passage mu/ be ironical4 ,x is 9 mock]y t ! prophet uses su* magnific5t language ( ! puny pret5sions ( ,ammon to take a %>e 9 ! "w = :i* ,jehovah has fa%ion$ ! mighty weapon ( ! ,*aldan army4 ,!re are o!r rem9isc5ces ( ! e>li] "p ( ! *apt]1 su* z ! 8ly+ div9ation0 ( v]4 #cd1 & ! 8"t ( f9al retribution0 9 ! same v]se4 ,! allusion to ! 8reproa*0 ( ,ammon & its aggressive attitude seems to po9t to ! "t aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & ! )drawal ( ! army ( ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,:e!r ! ,ammonites _h previ\sly made _! submission or n we _c tell2 b ! =tie? & =tyfir/ *apt]s ( ,j]emiah %[ t ,ammon 0 /ill a hotb$ ( conspiracy aga9/ ! ,babylonian int]e/ 9 ! days aft] ! fall ( ,j]usalem4 ,^! appe>ances make x probable t ?is "p ( ! *apt] is an app5dix1 add$ at a lat] "t1 & deal+ ) a situation :i* 0 develop$ aft] ! de/ruction ( ! city4 ,its ins]tion 9 its pres5t place is easily acc\nt$ = by ! circum/ance t ! fate ( ,ammon _h be5 l9k$ ) t ( ,j]usalem 9 ! previ\s "p ( ! *apt]4 ,! v9dictive little nationality _h us$ its respite to gratify its h]$it>y hatr$ ( ,israel1 & n[ ! judgm5t1 susp5d$ = a "t1 %all return ) r$\bl$ fury & sweep x f ! e>?4 ,look+ back ov] ?is s]ies ( prophecies1 !re seems reason to believe t1 ) ! exception ( ! la/1 !y are really contemporane\s ) ! ev5ts !y deal )4 ,x is true t !y d n illum9ate ! hi/orical situation to ! same degree z ^? 9 :i* ,isaiah depicts ! advance ( ano!r invad] & ! developm5t ( ano!r crisis 9 ! p's hi/ory4 ,?is is due p>tly to ! b5t ( ,ezekiel's g5ius1 b p>tly also to ! v peculi> circum/ances 9 :i* he 0 plac$4 ,! ev5ts :i* =m ! !me ( 8 prophecy 7 transact$ on a di/ant /age2 nei!r he nor 8 imm$iate he>]s 7 actors 9 ! drama4 ,he addresses himself to an audi5ce wr\ght to ! highe/ pit* ( excitem5t1 b sway$ by hopes & rum\rs & vague surmises z to ! probable issue ( ev5ts4 ,x 0 inevitable 9 ^! circum/ances t 8 prophecy1 ev5 9 ^? passages :i* deal ) contempor>y facts1 %\ld pres5t b a pale reflection ( ! actual situation4 ,9 ! case be=e u ! "o hi/orical ev5t :i* /&s out cle>ly is ! dep>ture ( ,nebu*adnezz> ) 8 army to ,j]usalem4 ,b :at we read is g5u9e prophecy2 n ! artifice ( a man us+ prophetic spee* z a lit]>y =m1 b ! utt]ance ( "o :o disc]ns ! f+] ( ,god 9 ! pres5t1 & int]prets ,8 purpose be=eh& to ! m5 ( 8 day4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,jehovah's ,controv]sy ,) ,israel4 ,*apt] xx4 ,by f> ! h>de/ trial ( ,ezekiel's fai? mu/ h be5 ! conduct ( 8 fell[exiles4 ,x 0 among/ !m t he look$ = ! great spiritual *ange :i* mu/ prec$e ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( ,god2 & he _h already address$ to !m words ( consolation bas$ on ! k t ! hope ( ! future 0 !irs 7*4 xi4 #ah74 ,yet ! "t pass$ on )\t br++ any indications t ! promise 0 ab\t to be fulfill$4 ,!re 7 no symptoms ( national rep5tance2 !re 0 no?+ ev5 to %[ t ! lessons ( ! ,exile z int]pret$ by ! prophet 7 beg9n+ to be laid to he>t4 ,= ^! m51 among :om he liv$1 7 /ill invet]ately addict$ to idolatry4 ,/range z x mu/ seem to u1 ! v m5 :o *]i%$ a fanatical fai? 9 ,jehovah's p[] to save ,8 p 7 assidu\sly practis+ ! wor%ip ( o!r gods4 ,x is too readily assum$ by "s writ]s t ! idolatry ( ! exiles 0 ( ! ambigu\s k9d :i* _h prevail$ s long 9 ! l& ( ,israel1 t x 0 ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah "u ! =m ( images--a brea* ( ! second comm&m5t1 b n ( ! fir/4 ,! p :o c>ri$ ,j]emiah d[n to ,egypt 7 z eag] z ,ezekiel's companions to he> a ^w f ,jehovah2 yet !y 7 devot$ to ! wor%ip ( ! 8,que5 ( ,heav510 & dat$ all _! mis=tunes f ! "t :5 _! wom5 _h ceas$ to pay c\rt to h]4 ,!re is no reason to believe t ! ,jews 9 ,babylon 7 less ca?olic 9 _! sup]/itions ?an ^? ( ,juda2 & inde$ ! :ole drift ( ,ezekiel's expo/ulations goes to %[ t he has ! wor%ip ( false gods 9 view4 ,! anci5t belief t ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah 0 specially associat$ ) ! l& ( ,canaan is n likely to h be5 )\t influ5ce on ! m9ds ( ^? :o felt ! fasc9ation ( idolatry1 & mu/ h /r5g!n$ ! t5d5cy to seek ! aid ( =eign gods 9 a =eign l&4 ,! tw5tie? *apt] deals ) ?is matt] ( idolatry2 & ! fact t ?is important disc\rse 0 call$ =? by a visit f ! eld]s ( ,israel %[s h[ heavily ! subject weigh$ on ! prophet's m9d4 ,:atev] ! purpose ( ! deputation may h be5 7& ( t we h no in=mation71 x 0 c]ta9ly n to consult ,ezekiel ab\t ! propriety ( wor%ipp+ false gods4 ,x is only because ?is great "q dom9ates all 8 ?\ghts conc]n+ !m & _! de/9y t he connects ! w>n+ aga9/ idolatry ) a casual inquiry address$ to him by ! eld]s4 ,! circum/ances are s simil> to ^? ( *4 xiv4 t ,ewald 0 l$ to conjecture t bo? oracles orig9at$ 9 "o & ! same incid5t1 & 7 sep>at$ f ea* o!r 9 writ+ because ( ! diff]5ce ( _! subjects4 ,*4 xiv4 on t view ju/ifies ! refusal ( an answ] f a consid]ation ( ! true function ( prophecy1 :ile *4 xx4 exp&s ! admonition ( ! six? v]se ( *4 xiv4 into an elaborate review ( ! religi\s hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,b !re is really no good reason = id5tify+ ! two incid5ts4 ,9 nei!r passage does ! prophet ?9k x wor? :ile to record ! object ( ! inquiry address$ to him1 & !re=e conjecture is useless4 ,b ! v fact t a def9ite date is giv5 = ?is visit leads u to consid] :e!r x _h n "s peculi> significance to lodge x s firmly 9 ,ezekiel's m9d4 ,n[ ! mo/ sugge/ive h9t :i* ! *apt] af=ds is ! idea put into ! lips ( ! exiles 9 v]4 #cb3 8,& z = ! ?\ght :i* arises 9 y\r m9d1 x %all n be1 9 t ye are ?9k+1 ,we w become l ! hea!n1 l ! families ( ! l&s1 9 wor%ipp+ wood & /one40 ,^! words conta9 ! key to ! :ole disc\rse4 ,x is difficult1 no d\bt1 to decide h[ mu* exactly is impli$ 9 !m4 ,!y may mean no m ?an ! det]m9ation to keep up ! ext]nal con=mity to hea!n cu/oms :i* already exi/$ 9 matt]s ( wor%ip--z1 = example1 9 ! use ( images4 ,b ! =m ( expression us$1 8t :i* is com+ up 9 y\r m9d10 almo/ sugge/s t ! prophet 0 face to face ) an incipi5t t5d5cy among ! exiles1 a delib]ate resolve to apo/atise & assimilate !mselves = all religi\s purposes to ! surr\nd+ hea!n4 ,x is by no means improbable t1 amid/ ! _m conflict+ t5d5cies t di/ract$ ! exil$ community1 ?is idea ( a complete ab&onm5t ( ! national religion %\ld h cry/allis$ into a settl$ purpose 9 ! ev5t ( _! la/ hope be+ disappo9t$4 ,if ?is 0 ! situation ) :i* ,ezekiel _h to deal1 we %\ld be able to und]/& h[ 8 d5unciation takes ! precise =m :i* x assumes 9 ?is *apt]4 ,= :at is1 9 ! ma91 ! purport ( ! *apt]8 ,briefly /at$ ! argum5t is z foll[s4 ,! religion ( ,jehovah _h nev] be5 ! true expression ( ! national g5ius ( ,israel4 ,n n[ = ! fir/ "t has ! purpose ( ,israel come into conflict ) ! immutable purpose ( ,jehovah2 b f ! v beg9n+ ! hi/ory _h be5 "o long /ruggle betwe5 ! natural incl9ations ( ! p & ! de/9y :i* 0 =c$ on x by ! w ( ,god4 ,! love ( idols _h be5 ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! national "* f ! beg9n+2 & if x _h be5 suff]$ to prevail1 ,israel w\ld nev] h be5 kn[n z ,jehovah's p4 ,:y _h x n be5 suff]$ to prevail8 ,because ( ,jehovah's reg>d = ! hon\r ( ,8 "n2 because 9 ! eyes ( ! hea!n ,8 glory 0 id5tifi$ ) ! =tunes ( ?is p>ticul> p1 to :om ,he _h once reveal$ ,himself4 ,& z x has be5 9 ! pa/1 s x w be 9 ! future4 ,! "t has come = ! agelong controv]sy to be br\ght to an issue1 & x _c be d\btful :at ! issue w be4 8,t :i* comes up 9 _! m9d0--?is new resolve to live l ! hea!n--_c turn aside ! purpose ( ,jehovah to make ( ,israel a p = ,8 own glory4 ,:atev] fur!r judgm5ts may be necess>y = t end1 ! l& ( ,israel %all yet be ! seat ( a pure & acceptable wor%ip ( ! true ,god1 & ! p %all recognise ) %ame & contrition t ! goal ( all its hi/ory has be5 accompli%$ 9 spite ( its p]v]sity by ! 8irresi/ible grace0 ( its div9e ,k+4 ,i ,,! ,,lesson ,,( ,,hi/ory 7vv4 #ebi74--;,x is a magnific5t conception ( national election :i* ! prophet "h unfolds4 ,x takes ! =m ( a p>allel betwe5 two des]t sc5es1 "o at ! beg9n+ & ! o!r at ! close ( ,israel's hi/ory4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! *apt] deals ) ! religi\s significance ( ! transactions 9 ! wild]ness ( ,s9ai & ! ev5ts 9 ,egypt :i* 7 introductory to !m4 ,x />ts f ,jehovah's free *oice ( ! p :ile !y 7 /ill liv+ z idolat]s 9 ,egypt4 ,jehovah !re reveal$ ,himself to !m z _! ,god1 & ent]$ into a cov5ant7#eb7 ) !m2 & ! cov5ant includ$ on ! "o h& ! promise ( ! l& ( ,canaan1 & on ! o!r h& a requirem5t t ! p %\ld sep>ate !mselves f all =ms ( idolatry :e!r native or ,egyptian4 8,9 ! day t ,i *ose ,israel1 444 & made ,myself kn[n to !m 9 ! l& ( ,egypt1 444 say+1 ,i am ,jehovah y\r ,god2 9 t day ,i lift$ up ,my h& to !m1 to br+ !m out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 into a l& :i* ,i _h s\ght out = !m4 ,& ,i said to !m1 ,ca/ away ea* man ! abom9ation ( 8 eyes1 & defile n y\rselves ) ! blockgods ( ,egypt4 ,i am ,jehovah y\r ,god0 7vv4 #eg74 ,! po9t :i* ,ezekiel specially emphasises is t ?is vocation to be ! p ( ! true ,god 0 ?ru/ on ,israel )\t its cons5t1 & t ! revelation ( ,jehovah's purpose evok$ no response 9 ! he>t ( ! p4 ,by p]si/5ce 9 idolatry !y _h virtually r5\nc$ ! k+%ip ( ,jehovah & =feit$ _! "r to ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise ,he _h giv5 !m4 ,& only f reg>d to ,8 "n1 t x might n be pr(an$ 9 ! sight ( ! nations1 be=e ^: eyes ,he _h made ,himself kn[n to !m1 did ,he turn f ! purpose ,he _h =m$ to de/roy !m 9 ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,9 sev]al respects ?is acc\nt ( ! occurr5ces 9 ,egypt goes beyond :at we le>n f any o!r s\rce4 ,! hi/orical books conta9 no ref]5ce to ! preval5ce ( specifically ,egyptian =ms ( idolatry among ! ,hebrews1 nor d !y m5tion any ?reat to ext]m9ate ! p = _! rebellion4 ,x is n to be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ,ezekiel possess$ o!r records ( ! p]iod be=e ! ,exodus ?an ^? pres]v$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,! fundam5tal conceptions are ^? atte/$ by ! hi/ory1 t ,god fir/ reveal$ ,himself to ,israel by ! "n ,jehovah ?r\gh ,moses1 & t ! revelation 0 accompani$ by a promise ( deliv]ance f ,egypt4 ,t ! p 9 spite ( ?is revelation cont9u$ to wor%ip idols is an inf]5ce f ! :ole ( _! subsequ5t hi/ory4 ,& ! conflict 9 ! m9d ( ,jehovah betwe5 ang] aga9/ ! p's s9 & jeal\sy = ,8 own "n is n a matt] ( hi/ory at all1 b is an inspir$ int]pretation ( ! hi/ory 9 ! light ( ! div9e hol9ess1 :i* embraces bo? ^! elem5ts4 ,9 ! wild]ness ,israel ent]$ on ! second & decisive /age ( its probation :i* falls into two acts1 & ^: det]m9+ factor 0 ! legislation4 ,to ! g5]ation ( ! ,exodus ,jehovah made kn[n ! way ( life 9 a code ( law :i* on its own intr9sic m]its ought to h comm5d$ itself to _! moral s5se4 ,! /atutes & judgm5ts t 7 !n giv5 7 su* t 8if a man d !m he %all live by !m0 7v]4 #aa74 ,?is ?\ght ( ! ess5tial goodness ( ! law z orig9ally giv5 reveals ,ezekiel's view ( ,god's relation to m54 ,x d]ives its significance no d\bt f ! contra/ ) legislation ( an opposite "* aft]w>ds m5tion$4 ,yet ev5 t contra/ expresses a conviction 9 ! prophet's m9d t morality is n con/itut$ by arbitr>y enactm5ts on ! "p ( ,god1 b t !re are et]nal conditions ( e?ical fell[%ip betwe5 ,god & man1 & t ! law fir/ (f]$ = ,israel's acceptance 0 ! embodim5t ( ^? e?ical relations :i* fl[ f ! nature ( ,jehovah4 ,x is probable t ,ezekiel has 9 view ! moral precepts ( ! ,decalogue4 ,if s1 x is in/ructive to notice t ! ,sabba? law is sep>ately m5tion$1 n z "o ( ! laws by :i* a man lives1 b z a sign ( ! cov5ant betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel4 ,! div9e purpose 0 aga9 defeat$ by ! idolatr\s proclivities ( ! p3 8,!y despis$ ,my judgm5ts1 & !y did n walk 9 ,my /atutes1 & !y pr(an$ ,my ,sabba?s1 because _! he>t w5t aft] _! idols0 7v]4 #af74 ,to ! second g5]ation 9 ! wild]ness ! (f] ( ! cov5ant 0 r5ew$1 ) ! same result 7vv4 #ahbd74 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t 9 bo? cases ! disob$i5ce ( ! p is answ]$ by two di/9ct utt]ances ( ,jehovah's wra?4 ,! fir/ is a ?reat ( imm$iate ext]m9ation1 :i* is express$ z a mom5t>y purpose ( ,jehovah1 no soon] =m$ ?an )drawn = ! sake ( ,8 hon\r 7vv4 #ad1 #ba74 ,! o!r is a judgm5t ( a m limit$ "*1 utt]$ 9 ! =m ( an oa?1 & 9 ! fir/ case at lea/ actually c>ri$ out4 ,= ! ?reat ( exclusion f ! ,promis$ ,l& 7v]4 #ae7 0 en=c$ s f> z ! fir/ g5]ation 0 conc]n$4 ,n[ ! p>allelism betwe5 ! two sections leads u to expect t ! simil> ?reat ( disp]sion 9 v]4 #bc is meant to be und]/ood ( a judgm5t actually inflict$4 ,we may conclude1 !re=e1 t v]4 #bc ref]s to ! ,babylonian exile & ! disp]sion among ! nations1 :i* hung l a doom ov] ! nation dur+ its :ole hi/ory 9 ,canaan1 & is repres5t$ z a direct consequ5ce ( _! transgressions 9 ! wild]ness4 ,!re seems reason to believe t ! p>ticul> allusion is to ! tw5tyeigh? *apt] ( ,deut]onomy1 :]e ! ?reat ( a disp]sion among ! nations concludes ! long li/ ( curses :i* w foll[ disob$i5ce to ! law 7,deut4 xxviii4 #fdfh74 ,x is true t 9 t *apt] ! ?reat is only conditional2 b 9 ! "t ( ,ezekiel x _h already be5 fulfill$1 & x is 9 accordance ) 8 :ole conception ( ! hi/ory to read ! f9al issue back into ! e>ly p]iod :5 ! national "* 0 det]m9$4 ,b 9 addition to ?is1 z if effectually to 8conclude !m "u s910 ,jehovah met ! h>dness ( _! he>ts by impos+ on !m laws ( an opposite "* to ^? fir/ giv51 & laws :i* accord$ only too well ) _! bas] incl9ations3 8,& ,i also gave !m /atutes t 7 n good1 & judgm5ts by :i* !y %\ld n live2 & ,i r5d]$ !m unclean 9 _! (f]+s1 by mak+ ov] all t op5$ ! womb1 t ,i might horrify !m0 7vv4 #be1 #bf74 ,?is division ( ! wild]ness legislation into two k9ds1 "o good & lifegiv+ & ! o!r n good1 pres5ts difficulties bo? moral & critical :i* _c p]haps be altoge!r remov$4 ,! g5]al direction 9 :i* ! solution mu/ be s\ght is inde$ tol]ably cle>4 ,! ref]5ce is to ! law :i* requir$ ! consecration ( ! fir/born ( all animals to ,jehovah4 ,?is 0 int]pret$ 9 ! mo/ rigor\s s5se z d$ication 9 sacrifice2 & !n ! pr9ciple 0 ext5d$ to ! case ( human be+s4 ,! div9e purpose 9 appe>+ to sanction ?is atroci\s practice 0 to 8horrify0 ! p--t is to say1 ! puni%m5t ( _! idolatry consi/$ 9 ! %ock to _! natural in/9cts & affections caus$ by ! wor/ developm5t ( ! idolatr\s _s to :i* !y 7 deliv]$4 ,we are n to inf] f ?is t human sacrifice 0 an elem5t ( ! orig9al ,hebrew religion1 & t x 0 actually bas$ on legislative enactm5t4 ,! tru? appe>s to be t ! sacrifice ( *ildr5 0 orig9ally a feature ( ,canaaniti% wor%ip1 p>ticul>ly ( ! god ,melek or ,mole*1 & 0 only introduc$ into ! religion ( ,israel 9 ! evil days :i* prec$$ ! fall ( ! /ate47#ec7 ,! idea took hold ( m5's m9ds t ?is t]rible rite alone reveal$ ! full pot5cy ( ! sacrificial act2 & :5 ! ord9>y means ( propitiation seem$ to fail1 x 0 resort$ to z ! la/ desp]ate exp$i5t = appeas+ an (f5d$ deity4 ,all t ,ezekiel's words w>rant u 9 assum+ is t :5 once ! practice 0 e/abli%$ x 0 def5d$ by an appeal to ! anci5t law ( ! fir/born1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* 0 held to cov] ! case ( human sacrifices4 ,^! laws1 relat+ to ! consecration ( fir/born animals1 are !re=e ! /atutes ref]r$ to by ,ezekiel2 & _! defect lies 9 _! be+ op5 to su* an immoral mis9t]pretation4 ,?is view is 9 accordance ) ! probabilities ( ! case4 ,:5 we consid] ! t5d5cy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t writ]s to ref] all actual ev5ts imm$iately to ! w ( ,god1 we c p>tly und]/& ! =m 9 :i* ,ezekiel expresses ! facts2 & ?is is p]haps all t c be said on ! moral aspect ( ! difficulty4 ,x is b an application ( ! pr9ciple t s9 is puni%$ by moral obliquity1 & precepts :i* are accommodat$ to ! h>dness ( m5's he>ts are by t same h>dness p]v]t$ to fatal issues4 ,x _c ev5 be said t !re is a radical div]g5ce ( view betwe5 ,ezekiel & ,j]emiah on ?is subject4 ,= :5 ! old] prophet1 speak+ ( *ildsacrifice1 says t ,jehovah 8comm&$ x n1 nei!r came x into ,8 m9d0 7*4 vii4 #ca & *4 xix4 #e71 he mu/ h 9 view m5 :o ju/ifi$ ! cu/om by an appeal to anci5t legislation4 ,& al?\gh ,j]emiah indignantly repudiates ! sugge/ion t su* horrors 7 contemplat$ by ! law ( ,jehovah1 he h>dly 9 ?is goes beyond ,ezekiel1 :o decl>es t ! ord9ance 9 "q does n repres5t ! true m9d ( ,jehovah1 b belongs to a "p ( ! law :i* 0 int5d$ to puni% s9 by delusion47#ed7 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! transactions 9 ! des]t ,israel ent]$ ! l& ( ,canaan "u ! ?reat ( ev5tual exile & "u ! curse ( a pollut$ wor%ip4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory has little significance f ! po9t ( view occupi$ ?r\gh\t ?is disc\rse2 & accord+ly ,ezekiel disposes ( x 9 ?ree v]ses 7#bgbi74 ,! entrance on ! ,promis$ ,l&1 he says1 furni%$ ! opportunity = a new manife/ation ( disloyalty to ,jehovah4 ,he ref]s to ! multiplication ( hea!n or semihea!n sanctu>ies ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,:]ev] !y saw a high hill or a leafy tree1 !y made x a place ( sacrifice1 & !re !y practis$ ! impure rites :i* 7 ! outcome ( _! false conception ( ! ,deity4 ,to ! m9d ( ,ezekiel ! unity ( ,jehovah & ! unity ( ! sanctu>y 7 insep>able ideas3 ! (f5ce "h allud$ to is !re=e ( ! same k9d z ! abom9ations practis$ 9 ,egypt & ! des]t2 x is a violation ( ! hol9ess ( ,jehovah4 ,! prophet cond5ses 8 scorn = ! :ole sy/em ( religion :i* l$ to a multiplication ( sanctu>ies into a play on ! etymology ( ! ^w bmah 7high places71 ! po9t ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is obscure47#ee7 ,,ii ,,! ,,application 7vv4 #cjdd74--;,hav+ ?us describ$ ! orig9 ( idolatry 9 ,israel1 & hav+ %[n t ! de/9y ( ! nation _h be5 det]m9$ nei!r by its des]ts nor by its incl9ations1 b by ,jehovah's consi/5t reg>d = ! hon\r ( ,8 "n1 ! prophet proce$s to br+ ! lesson ( ! hi/ory to be> on 8 contempor>ies4 ,! ,captivity has z yet produc$ no *ange 9 _! spiritual condition2 9 ,babylon !y /ill defile !mselves ) ! same abom9ations z _! ance/ors1 ev5 to ! cr[n+ atrocity ( *ildsacrifice4 ,_! idolatry is if any?+ m consci\s ?an be=e1 = x takes ! %ape ( a delib]ate int5tion to be z o!r nations1 wor%ipp+ wood & /one4 ,x is necess>y !re=e t once = all ,jehovah %\ld ass]t ,8 sov]eignty ov] ,israel1 & b5d _! /ubborn w to ! accompli%m5t ( ,8 purpose4 8,z ,i live1 sai? ! ,"l ,jehovah1 surely ) a /rong h&1 & ) an out/ret*$ arm1 & wra? p\r$ out1 w ,i be k+ ov] y0 7v]4 #cc74 ,b h[ 0 ?is to be done8 ,a heavi] *a/isem5t ?an t :i* _h be5 inflict$ on ! exiles c\ld h>dly be conceiv$1 yet x _h effect$ no?+ = ! reg5]ation ( ,israel4 ,surely ! "t is come :5 ! div9e me?od mu/ be *ang$1 :5 ^? :o h h>d5$ !mselves aga9/ ! sev]ity ( ,god mu/ be won by ,8 goodness8 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! ?\ght express$ 9 ,ezekiel's del9eation ( ! future4 ,x is possible t ! description :i* foll[s 7vv4 #cdch7 may only be meant z an ideal picture ( spiritual processes to be effect$ by ord9>y provid5tial ag5cies4 ,b c]ta9 x is t :at ,ezekiel is *iefly conv9c$ ( is ! necessity = fur!r acts ( judgm5t--judgm5t :i* %all be decisive1 because discrim9at+1 & issu+ 9 ! annihilation ( all :o cl+ to ! evil traditions ( ! pa/4 ,?is idea1 inde$1 ( fur!r *a/isem5t 9 /ore = ! exiles is a fix$ elem5t ( ,ezekiel's prophecy4 ,x appe>s 9 8 e>lie/ public utt]ance 7*4 v471 al?\gh x is p]haps only 9 ?is *apt] t we p]ceive its full significance4 ,! sc5e ( ,god's f9al deal+s ) ,israel's s9 is to be ! 8des]t ( ! nations40 ,t great b>r5 plateau :i* /ret*es betwe5 ! ,jordan & ! ,euphrates valley1 r\nd :i* lay ! nations *iefly conc]n$ 9 ,israel's hi/ory1 occupies a place 9 ! re/oration analog\s to t ( ! wild]ness ( ,s9ai 7"h call$ ! 8wild]ness ( ,egypt07 at ! "t ( ! ,exodus4 ,into t va/ solitude ,jehovah w ga!r ,8 p f ! l&s ( _! exile1 & !re ,he w once m judge !m face to face4 ,?is judgm5t w be conduct$ on ! pr9ciple laid d[n 9 *4 xviii4 ,ea* individual %all be dealt ) accord+ to 8 own "* z a righte\s man or a wick$4 ,!y %all be made to 8pass "u ! rod10 l %eep :5 !y are c\nt$ by ! %eph]d47#ef7 ,! rebels & transgressors %all p]i% 9 ! wild]ness2 = 8out ( ! l& ( _! soj\rn+s w ,i br+ !m1 & into ! l& ( ,israel !y %all n come0 7v]4 #ch74 ,^? t em]ge f ! trial are ! righte\s remnant1 :o are to be br\ght into ! l& by numb]37#eg7 ^! con/itute ! new ,israel1 = :om is res]v$ ! glory ( ! latt] days4 ,! idea t ! spiritual trans=mation ( ,israel 0 to be effect$ dur+ a second soj\rn 9 ! wild]ness1 al?\gh a v /rik+ "o1 occurs only "h 9 ! book ( ,ezekiel1 & x c h>dly be consid]$ z "o ( ! c>d9al ideas ( 8 es*atology4 ,x is 9 all probability d]iv$ f ! prophecies ( ,hosea1 al?\gh x is modifi$ 9 accordance ) ! v diff]5t e/imate ( ! nation's hi/ory repres5t$ by ,ezekiel4 ,x is in/ructive to comp>e ! tea*+ ( ^! two prophets on ?is po9t4 ,to ,hosea ! idea ( a return to ! des]t pres5ts itself naturally z an elem5t ( ! process by :i* ,israel is to be br\ght back to its allegiance to ,jehovah4 ,! return to ! des]t re/ores ! conditions "u :i* ! nation _h fir/ kn[n & foll[$ ,jehovah4 ,he looks back to ! soj\rn 9 ! wild]ness ( ,s9ai z ! "t ( un9t]rupt$ communion betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel--a "t ( y\?ful innoc5ce1 :5 ! s9ful t5d5cies :i* may h be5 lat5t 9 ! nation _h n develop$ into actual infidelity4 ,! decay ( religion & morality dates f ! possession ( ! l& ( ,canaan1 & is trac$ to ! corrupt+ influ5ce ( ,canaaniti% idolatry & civilisation4 ,x 0 at ,baalpeor t !y fir/ succumb$ to ! attractions ( a false religion & became contam9at$ ) ! _s ( hea!nism4 ,!n ! ri* produce ( ! l& came to be reg>d$ z ! gift ( ! deities :o 7 wor%ipp$ at ! local sanctu>ies1 & ?is wor%ip ) its s5su\s accompanim5ts 0 ! means ( e/rang+ ! p m & m f ! k ( ,jehovah4 ,h5ce ! fir/ /ep t[>ds a r5ewal ( ! relation betwe5 ,god & ,israel is ! )drawal ( ! gifts ( nature1 ! suppression ( religi\s ord9ances & political in/itutions2 & ?is is repres5t$ z effect$ by a return to ! primitive life ( ! des]t4 ,!n 9 h] desolation & affliction ! he>t ( ,israel %all respond once m to ! love ( ,jehovah1 :o has nev] ceas$ to ye>n aft] ,8 unfai?ful p4 8,i w allure h]1 & br+ h] into ! wild]ness1 & speak to h] he>t3 444 & %e %all make answ] !re1 z 9 ! days ( h] y\?1 & z 9 ! day :5 %e came up out ( ! l& ( ,egypt0 7,hos4 ii4 #ad1 #ae74 ,"h !re may be a d\bt :e!r ! wild]ness is to be tak5 lit]ally or z a figure = exile1 b 9 ei!r case ! image naturally arises out ( ,hosea's pr(\ndly simple conception ( religion4 ,to ,ezekiel1 on ! o!r h&1 ! 8wild]ness0 is a synonym = cont5tion & judgm5t4 ,x is ! sc5e :]e ! meanness & p]v]sity ( man /& out 9 unreliev$ contra/ ) ! maje/y & purity ( ,god4 ,he recognises no glad spr+time ( promise & hope 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel1 no 8k9dness ( h] y\?0 or 8love ( h] esp\sals0 :5 %e w5t aft] ,jehovah 9 ! l& t 0 n s[n 7,j]4 ii4 #b74 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,hosea's conception & ,ezekiel's is t 9 ! view ( ! exilic prophet !re nev] has be5 any true response on ! "p ( ,israel to ! call ( ,god4 ,h5ce a return to ! des]t c only mean a repetition ( ! judgm5ts t _h m>k$ ! fir/ soj\rn ( ! p 9 ! wild]ness ( ,s9ai1 & ! c>ry+ ( !m to ! po9t ( a f9al decision betwe5 ! claims ( ,jehovah & ! /ubbornness ( ,8 p4 ,if x be ask$ :i* ( ^! repres5tations ( ! pa/ is ! true "o1 ! only answ] possible is t f ! /&po9t f :i* ! prophets view$ hi/ory bo? are true4 ,israel did foll[ ,jehovah ?r\gh ! wild]ness1 & took possession ( ! l& ( ,canaan animat$ by an ard5t fai? 9 ,8 p[]4 ,x is equally true t ! religi\s condition ( ! p _h its d>k side1 & t !y 7 f> f und]/&+ ! nature ( ! ,god ^: "n !y bore4 ,& a prophet might emphasise ! "o tru? or ! o!r accord+ to ! idea ( ,god :i* x 0 giv5 him to tea*4 ,hosea1 read+ ! religi\s symptoms ( 8 own "t1 sees 9 x a contra/ to ! happi] p]iod :5 life 0 simple & religion comp>atively pure1 & f9ds 9 ! des]t soj\rn an image ( ! purify+ process by :i* ! national life mu/ be r5ew$4 ,ezekiel _h to d ) a m difficult problem4 ,he saw t !re 0 a p[] ( evil :i* c\ld n be eradicat$ m]ely by bani%m5t f ! l& ( ,israel--a h>d b$rock ( unbelief & sup]/ition 9 ! national "* :i* _h nev] yield$ to ! influ5ce ( revelation2 & he dwells on all ! manife/ations ( ?is :i* he read 9 ! pa/4 ,8 hope = ! future ( ! cause ( ,god re/s no long] on ! moral influ5ce ( ! div9e love on ! he>t ( man1 b on ! p[] ( ,jehovah to accompli% ,8 purpose 9 spite ( ! resi/ance ( human s94 ,t 0 n ! :ole tru? ab\t ,god's relation to ,israel1 b x 0 ! tru? t ne$$ to be impress$ on ! g5]ation ( ! ,exile4 ,( ! f9al issue at all ev5ts ,ezekiel is n d\btful4 ,he is a man :o is 8v sure ( ,god0 & sure ( no?+ else4 ,9 man he f9ds no?+ to inspire him ) confid5ce 9 ! ultimate victory ( ! true religion ov] poly!ism & sup]/ition4 ,8 own g5]ation has %[n itself fit only to p]petuate ! evils ( ! pa/--! love ( s5su\s wor%ip1 ! ins5sibility to ! claims & nature ( ,jehovah1 :i* _h m>k$ ! :ole hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,he is compell$ = ! pres5t to ab&on !m to _! corrupt incl9ations17#eh7 expect+ no signs ( am5dm5t until 8 appeal is en=c$ by signal acts ( judgm5t4 ,b all ?is does n %ake 8 sublime fai? 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ,israel's de/9y4 ,despair+ ( m51 he falls back on :at ,/4 ,paul calls ! 8purpose ( ,god accord+ to election0 7,rom4 ix4 #aa74 ,& ) an insight ak9 to t ( ! apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 he disc]ns ?r\gh all ,jehovah's deal+s ) ,israel a pr9ciple & an ideal :i* mu/ 9 ! end prevail ov] ! s9 ( m54 ,! goal to :i* ! hi/ory po9ts /&s out cle> be=e ! m9d ( ! prophet2 & already he sees 9 vision ! re/or$ ,israel--a holy p 9 a r5ovat$ l&--r5d]+ acceptable wor%ip to ! "o ,god ( heav5 & e>?4 8,= 9 ,my holy m\nta91 9 ! m\nta9 heights ( ,israel1 sai? ! ,"l ,jehovah1 !re %all s]ve ,me ! :ole h\se ( ,israel3 !re w ,i be graci\s to !m1 & !re w ,i require y\r oblations1 & ! fir/fruits ( y\r (f]+s1 9 all y\r holy ?+s0 7v]4 #dj74 ,!re we h ! ?\ght :i* is exp&$ 9 ! vision ( ! purifi$ !ocracy :i* occupies ! clos+ *apt]s ( ! book4 ,& x is important to notice ?is indication t ! idea ( t vision 0 pres5t to ,ezekiel dur+ ! e>li] "p ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,ohola ,& ,oholibah4 ,*apt] xxiii4 ,! allegory ( *4 xxiii4 adds h>dly any new ?\ght to ^? :i* h already be5 exp\nd$ 9 connection ) *4 xvi4 & *4 xx4 ,! ideas :i* ent] into x are all su* z we are n[ famili> )4 ,!y are3 ! idolatry ( ,israel1 le>n$ 9 ,egypt & p]si/$ 9 to ! end ( h] hi/ory2 h] fondness = alliances ) ! great ,ori5tal empires1 :i* 0 ! occasion ( new developm5ts ( idolatry2 ! corruption ( religion by ! introduction ( human sacrifice into ! s]vice ( ,jehovah2 &1 f9ally1 ! de/ruction ( ,israel by ! h&s ( ! nations ^: fri5d%ip %e _h s eag]ly c\rt$4 ,! figure "u :i* ^! facts are pres5t$ is ! same z 9 *4 xvi41 & _m ( ! details ( ! e>li] prophecy are reproduc$ "h ) little v>iation4 ,b along ) ^! resemblances we f9d c]ta9 *>act]i/ic features 9 ?is *apt] :i* require att5tion1 & p]haps "s explanation4 ,9 its treatm5t ( ! hi/ory ?is passage is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r two by ! recognition ( ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn k+doms4 ,9 ! previ\s retrospects ,israel has ei!r be5 treat$ z a unity 7z 9 *4 xx471 or att5tion has be5 :olly conc5trat$ on ! =tunes ( ,judah1 ,sam>ia be+ reg>d$ z on a level ) a purely hea!n city l ,sodom 7*4 xvi474 ,ezekiel may h felt t he has n yet done ju/ice to ! tru? t ! hi/ory ( ,israel ran 9 two p>allel l9es1 & t ! full significance ( ,god's deal+s ) ! nation c only be und]/ood :5 ! fate ( ,sam>ia is plac$ alongside ( t ( ,j]usalem4 ,he did n =get t he 0 s5t z a prophet to ! 8:ole h\se ( ,israel10 & inde$ all ! great preexilic prophets realis$ t _! message conc]n$ 8! :ole family :i* ,jehovah _h br\ght up out ( ,egypt0 7,amos iii4 #a74 ,besides ?is ! *apt] af=ds 9 _m ways an int]e/+ illu/ration ( ! work+s ( ! prophet's m9d 9 ! ef=t to realise vividly ! nature ( 8 p's s9 & ! mean+ ( its fate4 ,9 ?is respect x is p]haps ! mo/ f9i%$ & compreh5sive product ( 8 imag9ation1 al?\gh x may n reveal ! dep? ( religi\s insight exhibit$ 9 ! sixte5? *apt]4 ,! ma9 idea ( ! allegory is no d\bt borr[$ f a prophecy ( ,j]emiah belong+ to ! e>li] "p ( 8 m9i/ry 7,j]4 iii4 #fac74 ,! fall ( ,sam>ia 0 ev5 !n a some:at di/ant memory1 b ! use :i* ,j]emiah makes ( x seems to %[ t ! lesson ( x _h n altoge!r ceas$ to impress ! m9d ( ! s\!rn k+dom4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt] he reproa*es ,judah ! 8trea*]\s0 = n hav+ tak5 w>n+ f ! fate ( h] si/] ! 8apo/ate0 ,israel1 :o has long s9ce receiv$ ! rew>d ( h] infidelities4 ,! same lesson is impli$ 9 ! repres5tation ( ,ezekiel 7v]4 #aa72 b z is usual ) our prophet1 ! simple image sugge/$ by ,j]emiah is drawn out 9 an elaborate allegory1 into :i* z _m details are cr[d$ z x w be>4 ,9 place ( ! epi!ts by :i* ,j]emiah *>act]ises ! moral condition ( ,israel & ,judah1 ,ezekiel co9s two new & some:at obscure names--,ohola = ,sam>ia1 & ,oholibah = ,j]usalem47#ei7 ,^! wom5 are *ildr5 ( "o "m1 & aft]w>ds become wives ( "o husb&--,jehovah4 ,?is ne$ occasion no surprise 9 an allegorical repres5tation1 al?\gh x is contr>y to a law :i* ,ezekiel d\btless knew 7,lev4 xviii4 #ah74 ,nor is x /range1 consid]+ ! fre$om ) :i* he h&les ! facts ( hi/ory1 t ! division betwe5 ,israel & ,judah is c>ri$ back to ! "t ( ! oppression 9 ,egypt4 ,we h inde$ no c]ta9ty t ?is view is n hi/orical4 ,! cleavage betwe5 ! nor? & ! s\? did n orig9ate ) ! revolt ( ,j]oboam4 ,t great s*ism only br\ght out elem5ts ( antagonism :i* 7 lat5t 9 ! relations ( ! tribe ( ,judah to ! nor!rn tribes4 ,( ?is !re are _m indications 9 ! e>li] hi/ory1 & = :at we "k ! sep>ation might h exi/$ among ! ,hebrews 9 ,go%54 ,/ill1 x is n probable t ,ezekiel 0 ?9k+ ( any su* ?+4 ,he is b\nd by ! limits ( 8 allegory2 & !re 0 no o!r way by :i* he c\ld comb9e ! pres5tation ( ! two ess5tial elem5ts ( 8 conception--t ,sam>ia & ,j]usalem 7 bran*es ( ! "o p ( ,jehovah1 & t ! idolatry :i* m>k$ _! hi/ory _h be5 le>n$ 9 ! y\? ( ! nation 9 ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,t nei!r ,israel nor ,judah ev] %ook (f ! spell ( _! adult]\s connection ) ,egypt1 b return$ to x aga9 & aga9 d[n to ! close ( _! hi/ory1 is c]ta9ly "o po9t :i* ! prophet means to impress on ! m9ds ( 8 read]s 7vv4 #h1 #ai1 #bg74 ,) ?is exception ! e>li] "p ( ! *apt] 7to v]4 #ce7 deals exclusively ) ! lat] developm5ts ( idolatry f ! eigh? c5tury & onw>ds4 ,& "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ?+s 9 x is ! description ( ! mann] 9 :i* fir/ ,israel & !n ,judah 0 entangl$ 9 political relations ) ! ,ori5tal empires4 ,!re seems to be a ve9 ( s>casm 9 ! sket* ( ! gallant ,assyrian (fic]s :o turn$ ! heads ( ! giddy & frivol\s si/]s & s$uc$ !m f _! allegiance to ,jehovah3 8,ohola dot$ on h] lov]s1 on ! ,assyrian w>riors7#fj7 clad 9 purple1 gov]nors & satraps1 *>m+ y\?s all ( !m1 horsem5 rid+ on horses2 & %e lavi%$ on !m h] =nications1 ! lite ( ! sons ( ,as%ur all ( !m1 & ) all ! idols ( all on :om %e dot$ %e defil$ h]self0 7vv4 #f1 #g74 ,! fir/ intimate contact ( ,nor? ,israel ) ,assyria 0 9 ! reign ( ,m5ahem 7#b ,k+s xv4 #ai71 & ! explanation ( x giv5 9 ^! words ( ,ezekiel mu/ be hi/orically true4 ,x 0 ! magnific5t equipm5t ( ! ,assyrian armies1 ! impos+ display ( milit>y p[] :i* _! appe>ance sugge/$1 t impress$ ! politicians ( ,sam>ia ) a s5se ( ! value ( _! alliance4 ,! passage !re=e ?r[s light on :at ,ezekiel & ! prophets g5]ally mean by ! figure ( 8:or$om40 ,:at he *iefly deplores is ! introduction ( ,assyrian idolatry1 :i* 0 ! inevitable sequel to a political union4 ,b t 0 a second>y consid]ation 9 ! int5tion ( ^? :o 7 responsible = ! alliance4 ,! real motive ( _! policy 0 und\bt$ly ! desire ( "o p>ty 9 ! /ate to secure ! p[]ful aid ( ! k+ ( ,assyria aga9/ ! rival p>ty4 ,none ! less x 0 an act ( infidelity & rebellion aga9/ ,jehovah4 ,/ill m /rik+ is ! acc\nt ( ! fir/ approa*es ( ! s\!rn k+dom to ,babylon4 ,aft] ,sam>ia _h be5 de/roy$ by ! lov]s :om %e _h ga!r$ to h] side1 ,j]usalem /ill kept up ! illicit connection ) ! ,assyrian empire4 ,aft] ,assyria _h vani%$ f ! /age ( hi/ory1 %e eag]ly s\ght an opportunity to ent] into fri5dly relations ) ! new ,babylonian empire4 ,%e did n ev5 wait till %e _h made _! acqua9tance1 b 8:5 %e saw m5 portray$ on ! wall1 pictures ( ,*aldans portray$ 9 v]milion1 girt ) wai/clo?s on _! lo9s1 ) fl[+ turbans on _! heads1 all ( !m *ampions to look ^u1 ! lik5ess ( ! sons ( ,babel ^: native l& is ,*alda--!n %e dot$ ^u !m :5 %e saw !m ) h] eyes1 & s5t mess5g]s to !m to ,*alda0 7vv4 #adaf74 ,! brilliant pictures ref]r$ to are ^? ) :i* ,ezekiel mu/ h be5 famili> on ! walls ( ! temples & palaces ( ,babylon4 ,! repres5tation1 h[ev]1 _c be und]/ood lit]ally1 s9ce ! ,jews c\ld h _h no opportunity ( ev5 see+ ! ,babylonian pictures 8on ! wall0 until !y _h s5t ambassadors !re47#fa7 ,! mean+ ( ! prophet is cle>4 ,! m]e report ( ! greatness ( ,babylon 0 suffici5t to excite ! passions ( ,oholibah1 & %e began ) bl9d infatuation to c\rt ! advances ( ! di/ant /rang]s :o 7 to be h] ru94 ,! exact hi/oric ref]5ce1 h[ev]1 is unc]ta94 ,x _c be to ! compact betwe5 ,m]oda*baladan & ,hezekiah1 s9ce at t "t ! initiative seems to h be5 tak5 by ! rebel pr9ce1 ^: sov]eignty ov] ,babylon prov$ to be ( %ort duration4 ,x may r be "s transaction ab\t ! "t ( ! battle ( ,c>*emi% 7#fjd7 t ,ezekiel is ?9k+ (2 b we h n z yet suffici5t k ( ! circum/ances to cle> up ! allusion4 ,be=e ! end came ! s\l ( ,j]usalem 0 ali5at$ f h] late/ lov]s--ano!r t\* ( fidelity to ! hi/orical situation4 ,b x 0 n[ too late4 ,! s\l ( ,jehovah is ali5at$ f ,oholibah 7vv4 #ag1 #ah71 & %e is already h&$ ov] to ! fate :i* _h ov]tak5 h] less guilty si/] ,ohola4 ,! pr9cipal ag5ts ( h] puni%m5t are ! ,babylonians & all ! ,*aldans2 b "u _! bann] m>*es a ho/ ( o!r nations--,pekod & ,%oa & ,koa17#fb7 &1 some:at /rangely1 ! sons ( ,as%ur4 ,9 ! pomp & circum/ance ( w> :i* _h =m]ly fasc9at$ h] imag9ation1 !y %all come aga9/ h]1 & aft] _! cruel mann] execute ^u h] ! judgm5t met$ out to adult]\s wom53 8,?\ ha/ walk$ 9 ! way ( ?y si/]1 & ,i w put h] cup into ?y h&4 ,?us sai? ! ,"l ,jehovah1 ,! cup ( ?y si/] %alt ?\ dr9k1--deep & wide1 & ( l>ge cont5t1--fill$ ) drunk5ness & angui%--! cup ( horror & desolation1 ! cup ( ?y si/] ,sam>ia4 ,& ?\ %alt dr9k x & dra9 x out17#fc7 444 = ,i h spok5 x1 sai? ! ,"l ,jehovah0 7vv4 #cacd74 ,up to ?is po9t ! allegory has closely foll[$ ! actual hi/ory ( ! two k+doms4 ,! rema9d] ( ! *apt] 7vv4 #cfdi7 =ms a p5dant to ! pr9cipal picture1 & works out ! c5tral !me f a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,"h ,sam>ia & ,j]usalem are reg>d$ z /ill exi/5t1 & judgm5t is pron\nc$ on bo? z if x 7 /ill future4 ,?is is ?or\ghly 9 keep+ ) ,ezekiel's ideal del9eations4 ,! limitations ( space & "t are alike transc5d$4 ,! image1 once cle>ly conceiv$1 fixes itself 9 ! writ]'s m9d1 & mu/ be all[$ to exhau/ its mean+ be=e x is f9ally dismiss$4 ,! di/9ctions ( f> & ne>1 ( pa/ & pres5t & future1 are apt to disappe> 9 ! int5sity ( 8 rev]ie4 ,x is s "h4 ,! figures ( ,ohola & ,oholibah are s real to ! prophet t !y are summon$ once m to ! tribunal to he> ! recital ( _! 8abom9ations0 & receive ! s5t5ce :i* has 9 fact be5 already p>tly execut$4 ,:e!r he is ?9k+ at all ( ! t5 tribes !n 9 exile & await+ fur!r puni%m5t x w\ld be difficult to say4 ,we see1 h[ev]1 t ! picture is enri*$ ) _m features = :i* !re 0 no room 9 ! m hi/oric =m ( ! allegory1 & p]haps ! desire = complet5ess 0 ! *ief motive = ?us amplify+ ! figure4 ,! description ( ! conduct ( ! two h>lots 7vv4 #djdd7 is exce$+ly graphic17#fd7 & is no d\bt a piece ( realism drawn f life4 ,o!rwise ! section conta9s no?+ t calls = elucidation4 ,! ideas are ^? :i* we h already met ) 9 o!r connections1 & ev5 ! sett+ 9 :i* !y are plac$ pres5ts no elem5t ( novelty4 ,?us ) words ( judgm5t1 & )\t a ray ( hope to light5 ! d>kness ( ! picture1 ! prophet closes ?is la/ survey ( 8 p's hi/ory4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,f9al ,oracles ,aga9/ ,j]usalem4 ,*apt]s xxii41 xxiv4 ,! close ( ! fir/ p]iod ( ,ezekiel's "w 0 m>k$ by two dramatic incid5ts1 :i* made ! day memorable bo? 9 ! private life ( ! prophet & 9 ! hi/ory ( ! nation4 ,9 ! fir/ place x co9cid$ exactly ) ! comm5cem5t ( ! siege ( ,j]usalem4 ,! prophet's my/]i\s k ( :at 0 happ5+ at a di/ance 0 duly record$1 9 ord] t its subsequ5t confirmation ?r\gh ! ord9>y *annels ( intellig5ce might prove ! div9e orig9 ( 8 message 7*4 xxiv4 #a1 #b74 ,t ,ezekiel actually did ?is we h no reason to d\bt4 ,!n ! sudd5 dea? ( 8 wife on ! ev5+ ( ! same day1 & 8 unusual behavi\r "u ! b]eavem5t1 caus$ a s5sation among ! exiles :i* ! prophet 0 in/ruct$ to utilise z a means ( driv+ home ! appeal j made to !m4 ,^! transactions mu/ h _h a pr(\nd effect on ,ezekiel's fell[captives4 ,!y made 8 p]sonality ! c5tre ( absorb+ int]e/ to ! ,jews 9 ,babylon2 & ! two ye>s ( sil5ce on 8 "p :i* ensu$ 7 to !m ye>s ( anxi\s =ebod+ ab\t ! result ( ! siege4 ,at ?is juncture ! prophet's ?\ghts naturally are occupi$ ) ! subject :i* hi!rto =m$ ! pr9cipal burd5 ( 8 prophecy4 ,! fir/ "p ( 8 c>e] accord+ly closes1 z x _h begun1 ) a symbol ( ! fall ( ,j]usalem4 ,be=e ?is1 h[ev]1 he _h drawn out ! solemn indictm5t aga9/ ,j]usalem :i* is giv5 9 *4 xxii41 al?\gh ! f9i%+ t\*es 7 probably add$ aft] ! de/ruction ( ! city4 ,! sub/ance ( t *apt] is s closely relat$ to ! symbolic repres5tation 9 ! fir/ "p ( *4 xxiv4 t x w be conv5i5t to consid] x "h z an introduction to ! conclud+ oracles address$ m directly to ! exiles ( ,telabib4 ,i ,! purpose ( ?is arraignm5t--! mo/ /ately ( ,ezekiel's orations--is to exhibit ,j]usalem 9 h] true "* z a city ^: social condition is incurably corrupt4 ,x beg9s ) an enum]ation ( ! preval5t s9s ( ! capital 7vv4 #baf72 x ends ) a d5unciation ( ! v>i\s classes into :i* society 0 divid$ 7vv4 #bcca72 :ile ! %ort int]v5+ passage is a figurative description ( ! judgm5t :i* is n[ inevitable 7vv4 #agbb74 #a4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! *apt]1 !n1 is a catalogue ( ! 8abom9ations0 :i* call$ d[n ! v5geance ( ,heav5 ^u ! city ( ,j]usalem4 ,! (f5ces enum]at$ are ne>ly ! same z ^? m5tion$ 9 ! def9itions ( p]sonal righte\sness & wick$ness giv5 9 *4 xviii4 ,x is n necess>y to repeat :at 0 !re said ab\t ! *>act]i/ics ( ! moral ideal :i* _h be5 =m$ 9 ! m9d ( ,ezekiel4 ,al?\gh he is deal+ n[ ) a society1 8 po9t ( view is q diff]5t f t repres5t$ by purely allegorical passages l *s4 xvi4 & xxiii4 ,! city is n idealis$ & treat$ z a moral individual1 ^: relations to ,jehovah h to be set =? 9 symbolic & figurative language4 ,x is conceiv$ z an aggregate ( individuals b\nd toge!r 9 social relations2 & ! s9s *>g$ aga9/ x are ! actual transgressions ( ! m5 :o are memb]s ( ! community4 ,h5ce ! /&>d ( public morality is precisely ! same z t :i* is else:]e appli$ to ! individual 9 8 p]sonal relation to ,god2 & ! s9s enum]at$ are attribut$ to ! city m]ely because !y are tol]at$ & enc\rag$ 9 individuals by laxity ( public op9ion & ! =ce ( evil example4 ,j]usalem is a community 9 :i* ^! diff]5t crimes are p]petrat$3 8,fa!r & "m are despis$ 9 !e2 ! /rang] is oppress$ 9 ! mid/ ( !e2 orphan & wid[ are wrong$ 9 !e2 sl&]\s m5 seek+ blood h be5 9 !e2 fle% ) ! blood is eat5 9 !e2 lewdness is committ$ 9 ! mid/ ( !e2 ! fa!r's %ame is uncov]$ 9 !e2 %e t 0 unclean 9 h] sep>ation ha? be5 humbl$ 9 !e40 ,s ! grave & measur$ indictm5t runs on4 ,x is because ( ^! ?+s t ,j]usalem z a :ole is 8guilty0 & 8unclean0 & has br\ght ne> h] day ( retribution 7v]4 #d74 ,su* a conception ( corporate guilt und\bt$ly appeals m directly to our ord9>y consci5ce ( public morality ?an ! m poetic repres5tations :]e ,j]usalem is comp>$ to a fai?less & trea*]\s woman4 ,we h no difficulty 9 judg+ ( any mod]n city 9 ! v same way z ,ezekiel "h judges ,j]usalem2 & 9 ?is respect x is int]e/+ to notice ! social evils :i* he reg>ds z m>k+ out t city z ripe = de/ruction4 ,!re are ?ree features ( ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ,j]usalem 9 :i* ! prophet recognises ! symptoms ( an incurable social condition4 ,! fir/ is ! loss ( a true conception ( ,god4 ,9 anci5t ,israel ?is defect necess>ily assum$ ! =m ( idolatry4 ,h5ce ! multiplication ( idols appropriately f9ds a place among ! m>ks ( ! 8uncleanness0 :i* made ,j]usalem hateful 9 ! eyes ( ,jehovah 7v]4 #c74 ,b ! root ( idolatry 9 ,israel 0 ! incapacity or ! unwill+ness ( ! p to live up to ! l(ty conception ( ! div9e nature :i* 0 taught by ! prophets4 ,?r\gh\t ! anci5t _w religion 0 felt to be ! indisp5sable bond ( society1 & ! gods t 7 wor%ipp$ reflect$ m or less fully ! ideals t sway$ ! life ( ! community4 ,to ,israel ! religion ( ,jehovah repres5t$ ! highe/ social ideal t 0 !n kn[n on e>?4 ,x meant righte\sness1 & purity1 & bro!rhood1 & compassion = ! poor & di/ress$4 ,:5 ^! virtues decay$ %e =got ,jehovah 7v]4 #ab7--;=got ,8 "* ev5 if %e rememb]$ ,8 "n--& ! s]vice ( false gods 0 ! natural & obvi\s expression ( ! fact4 ,!re is !re=e a pr(\nd tru? 9 ,ezekiel's m9d :5 he numb]s ! idols ( ,j]usalem among/ ! indications ( a deg5]ate society4 ,!y 7 ! evid5ce t %e _h lo/ ! s5se ( ,god z a holy & righte\s spiritual pres5ce 9 h] mid/1 & t loss 0 at once ! s\rce & ! symptom ( widespread moral decl5sion4 ,x is "o ( ! *ief lessons ( ! ,old ,te/am5t t a religion :i* 0 nei!r ! product ( national g5ius nor ! embodim5t ( national aspiration1 b 0 bas$ on sup]natural revelation1 prov$ itself 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel to be ! only possible safegu>d aga9/ ! t5d5cies :i* made = social dis9tegration4 ,a second m>k ( depravity :i* ,ezekiel discov]s 9 ! capital is ! p]v]sion ( c]ta9 moral in/9cts :i* are j z ess5tial to ! pres]vation ( society z a true conception ( ,god4 ,= if society re/s at "o end on religion1 x re/s at ! o!r on in/9ct4 ,! close/ & mo/ fundam5tal ( human relations dep5d on innate p]ceptions :i* may be easily de/roy$1 b :i* :5 de/roy$ c sc>cely be recov]$4 ,! sanctities ( m>riage & ! family w h>dly be> ! co>se scrut9y ( utilit>ian e?ics2 yet !y are ! f\ndation on :i* ! :ole social fabric is built4 ,& !re is no "p ( ,ezekiel's indictm5t ( ,j]usalem :i* conveys to our m9ds a m vivid s5se ( utt] corruption ?an :]e he speaks ( ! loss ( filial piety & revolt+ =ms ( sexual impurity z preval5t s9s 9 ! city4 ,"h at lea/ he c>ries ! conviction ( e morali/ ) him4 ,he in/ances no (f5ce ( ?is k9d :i* w\ld n be br&$ z unnatural by any sy/em ( e?ics z he>tily z x is by ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x is possible1 on ! o!r h&1 t he ranks on ! same level ) ^! s9s c]emonial impurities appeal+ to feel+s ( a diff]5t ord]1 to :i* no p]man5t moral value c be atta*$4 ,:51 = example1 he in/ances eat+ ) ! blood7#fe7 z an 8abom9ation10 he appeals to a law :i* is no long] b9d+ on u4 ,b ev5 t regulation 0 n s wor?less1 f a moral po9t ( view1 at t "t z we are apt to suppose4 ,! abhorr5ce ( eat+ blood 0 connect$ ) c]ta9 sacrificial ideas :i* attribut$ a my/ic significance to ! blood z ! seat ( animal life4 ,s long z ^! ideas exi/$ no man c\ld commit ?is (f5ce )\t injur+ 8 moral nature & loos5+ ! div9e sanctions ( morality z a :ole4 ,x is a false illum9ism :i* seeks to disp>age ! moral insight ( ! prophet on ! gr\nd t he did n tea* an ab/ract sy/em ( e?ics 9 :i* c]emonial precepts 7 %>ply di/+ui%$ f duties :i* we consid] moral47#ff7 ,! ?ird feature ( ,j]usalem's guilty condition is lawless violation ( human rights4 ,nei!r life nor prop]ty 0 secure4 ,judicial murd]s 7 frequ5t 9 ! city1 & m9or =ms ( oppression1 su* z usury1 spoliation ( ! unprotect$1 & robb]y1 7 ( daily occurr5ce4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 0 corrupt$ by sy/ematic brib]y & p]jury1 & ! lives ( innoc5t m5 7 ru?lessly sacrific$ "u ! =ms ( law4 ,?is aft] all is ! aspect ( ?+s :i* bulks mo/ l>gely 9 ! prophet's indictm5t4 ,j]usalem is address$ z a 8city %$d+ blood 9 h] mid/10 & ?r\gh\t ! accusation ! *>ge ( blood%$ is t :i* con/antly recurs4 ,misgov]nm5t & p>ty /rife1 & p]haps religi\s p]secution1 _h conv]t$ ! city into a va/ human %ambles1 & ! blood ( ! innoc5t sla9 cri$ al\d to heav5 = v5geance4 8,( :at avail10 asks ! prophet1 8are ! /ores ( weal? pil$ up 9 ! h&s ( a few aga9/ ?is damn+ witness ( blood8 ,jehovah smites ,8 h& 9 d]ision aga9/ h] ga9s t %e has made1 & aga9/ h] blood :i* is 9 h] mid/4 ,h[ c h] he>t /& or h] h&s be /rong 9 ! days :5 ,he deals ) h]80 7vv4 #ac1 #ad74 ,dra9$ ( h] be/ blood1 giv5 ov] to int]nec9e /rife1 & /rick5 ) ! c[>dice ( consci\s guilt1 ,j]usalem1 already disgrac$ among ! nations1 mu/ fall an easy victim to ! ,*aldan invad]s1 :o are ! ag5ts ( ,jehovah's judgm5ts4 #b4 ,b ! mo/ s]i\s aspect ( ! situation is t :i* is dealt ) 9 ! p]oration ( ! *apt] 7vv4 #bcca74 ,outbur/s ( vice & lawlessness su* z has be5 describ$ may occur 9 any society1 b !y are n necess>ily fatal to a community s long z x possesses a consci5ce :i* c be r\s$ to effective prote/ aga9/ !m4 ,n[ ! wor/ ?+ ab\t ,j]usalem 0 t %e lack$ ?is indisp5sable condition ( recov]y4 ,no voice 0 rais$ on ! side ( righte\sness1 no man d>$ to /em ! tide ( wick$ness t swept ?r\gh h] /reets4 ,n m]ely t %e h>b\r$ )9 h] walls m5 guilty ( ince/ & robb]y & murd]1 b t h] lead+ classes 7 demoralis$1 t public _s _h decay$ among h] citiz5s1 m>k$ h] z incapable ( re=mation4 ,%e 0 8a l& n wat]$107#fg7 8& n ra9$ ^u 9 a day ( indignation0 7v]4 #bd72 ! spr+s ( h] civic virtue 7 dri$ up1 & a blight spread ?r\gh all sections ( h] population47#fh7 ,ezekiel's impea*m5t ( diff]5t classes ( society br+s out ?is fact ) great =ce4 ,fir/ ( all ! anci5t in/itutions ( social ord]1 gov]nm5t1 prie/hood1 & prophecy 7 9 ! h&s ( m5 :o _h lo/ ! _s ( _! (fice & abus$ _! position = ! advancem5t ( private int]e/s4 ,h] pr9ces7#fi7 h be51 in/ead ( humane rul]s & examples ( noble liv+1 cruel & rapaci\s tyrants1 enri*+ !mselves at ! co/ ( _! subjects 7v]4 #be74 ,! prie/s1 ^: function 0 to ma9ta9 ! outw>d ord9ances ( religion & fo/] ! _s ( rev]5ce1 h done _! utmo/1 by falsification ( ! ,torah1 to br+ religion into contempt & oblit]ate ! di/9ction betwe5 ! holy & ! pr(ane 7v]4 #bf74 ,! nobles _h be5 a pack ( rav5+ wolves1 imitat+ ! rapacity ( ! c\rt1 & hunt+ d[n prey :i* ! royal lion w\ld h disda9$ to t\* 7v]4 #bg74 ,z = ! pr(essional prophets--^? deg5]ate repres5tatives ( ! old *ampions ( tru? & m]cy--we h already se5 :at !y 7 wor? 7*4 xiii474 ,!y :o %\ld h be5 =emo/ to d5\nce civil wrong are fit = no?+ b to /& by & bol/] up ) ly+ oracles 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah a con/itution :i* %elt]$ crimes l ^! 7v]4 #bh74 ,f ! rul+ classes ! prophet's glance turns = a mom5t to ! 8p ( ! l&10 ! dim common population1 :]e virtue might h be5 expect$ to f9d its la/ retreat4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! age ( ,ezekiel t ! prophets beg9 to deal m p>ticul>ly ) ! s9s ( ! masses z di/9ct f ! classes4 ,?is 0 due p>tly p]haps to a real increase ( ungodl9ess 9 ! body ( ! p1 b p>tly also to a deep] s5se ( ! importance ( ! individual ap>t f 8 position 9 ! /ate4 ,^! prophets seem to feel t if !re _h be5 any:]e among ri* or poor an hone/ response to ! w ( ,jehovah x w\ld h be5 a tok5 t ,god _h n altoge!r reject$ ,israel4 ,j]emiah puts ?is view v /rongly :5 9 ! fif? *apt] he says t if "o man c\ld be f\nd 9 ,j]usalem :o did ju/ice & s\ght tru? ! ,"l w\ld p>don h]2 & 8 va9 se>* = t man beg9s among ! poor4 ,x is ?is same motive t leads ,ezekiel to include ! humble citiz5 9 8 survey ( ! moral condition ( ,j]usalem4 ,x is little wond] t "u su* lead]s !y _h ca/ (f ! re/ra9ts ( humanity1 & oppress$ ^? :o 7 /ill m def5celess ?an !mselves4 ,b x %[$ nev]!less t real religion _h no long] a foo?old 9 ! city4 ,x prov$ t ! gre$ ( ga9 _h eat5 into ! v he>t ( ! p & de/roy$ ! ties ( k9dr$ & mutual sympa?y1 ?r\gh :i* alone ! w ( ,jehovah c\ld be realis$4 ,no matt] al?\gh !y 7 obscure h\sehold]s1 )\t political p[] or responsibility2 if !y _h be5 good m5 9 _! private relations1 ,j]usalem w\ld h be5 a bett] place to live 94 ,ezekiel inde$ does n g s f> z to say t a s+le good life w\ld h sav$ ! city4 ,he expects ( a good man t he be a man 9 ! full s5se--a man :o speaks boldly on behalf ( righte\sness & resi/s ! preval5t evils ) all 8 /r5g?3 8,i s\ght among !m a man to build up a f5ce1 & to /& 9 ! brea* be=e ,me on behalf ( ! l&1 t x might n be de/roy$2 & ,i f\nd none4 ,s ,i p\r$ out ,my indignation ^u !m2 ) ! fire ( ,my wra? ,i consum$ !m3 ,i h return$ _! way ^u _! head1 sai? ! ,"l ,jehovah0 7vv4 #cj1 #ca74 #c4 ,b we %\ld misund]/& ,ezekiel's position if we suppos$ t 8 pr$iction ( ! spe$y de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 0 m]ely an inf]5ce f 8 cle> insight into ! necess>y conditions ( social welf>e :i* 7 be+ violat$ by h] rul]s & h] citiz5s4 ,t is "o "p ( 8 message1 b x c\ld n /& alone4 ,! purpose ( ! indictm5t we h consid]$ is simply to expla9 ! moral reasonabl5ess ( ,jehovah's action 9 ! great act ( judgm5t :i* ! prophet kn[s to be approa*+4 ,x is no d\bt a g5]al law ( hi/ory t moribund communities are n all[$ to die a natural dea?4 ,_! usual fate is to p]i% 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce be=e "s o!r & s\nd] nation4 ,b no human sagacity c =esee h[ t law w be v]ifi$ 9 any p>ticul> case4 ,x may seem cle> to u n[ t ,israel mu/ h fall5 soon] or lat] be=e ! advance ( ! great ,ea/]n empires1 b an ord9>y obs]v] c\ld n h =etold ) ! confid5ce & precision :i* m>k ! pr$ictions ( ,ezekiel 9 :at mann] & )9 :at "t ! end w\ld come4 ,( t aspect ( ! prophet's m9d no explanation c be giv5 save t ,god reveal$ ,8 secret to ,8 s]vants ! prophets4 ,n[ ?is elem5t ( ! prophecy seems to be br\ght out by ! image ( ,j]usalem's fate :i* occupies ! middle v]ses ( ! *apt] 7vv4 #agbb74 ,! city is comp>$ to ! crucible 9 :i* all ! refuse ( ,israel's national life is to und]go its f9al trial by fire4 ,! prophet sees 9 imag9ation ! t]ror/rick5 prov9cial population swept into ! capital be=e ! approa* ( ! ,*aldans2 & he says1 8,?us does ,jehovah ca/ ,8 ore into ! furnace--! silv]1 ! brass1 ! iron1 ! lead1 & ! t92 & ,he w k9dle ! fire ) ,8 ang]1 & bl[ ^u x till ,he h consum$ ! impurities ( ! l&40 ,! image ( ! smelt+pot _h be5 us$ by ,isaiah z an emblem ( purify+ judgm5t1 ! object ( :i* 0 ! removal ( inju/ice & ! re/oration ( ! /ate to its =m] spl5d\r3 8,i w aga9 br+ ,my h& ^u !e1 smelt+ out ?y dross ) lye & tak+ away all ?9e alloy2 & ,i w make ?y judges to be aga9 z a=etime1 & ?y c\nsellors z at ! beg9n+3 !reaft] ?\ %alt be call$ ! city ( righte\sness1 ! fai?ful city0 7,isa4 i4 #be1 #bf74 ,ezekiel1 h[ev]1 c h>dly h contemplat$ su* a happy result ( ! op]ation4 ,! :ole h\se ( ,israel has become dross1 f :i* no preci\s metal c be extract$2 & ! object ( ! smelt+ is only ! demon/ration ( ! utt] wor?lessness ( ! p = ! ends ( ,god's k+dom4 ,! m refractory ! mat]ial to be dealt ) ! fi]c] mu/ be ! fire t te/s x2 & ! sev]ity ( ! ext]m9at+ judgm5t is ! only ?+ symbolis$ by ! metaphor z us$ by ,ezekiel4 ,9 ?is he foll[s ,j]emiah1 :o applies ! figure 9 precisely ! same s5se3 8,! bell[s snort1 ! lead is consum$ ( ! fire2 9 va9 he smelts & smelts3 b ! wick$ are n tak5 away4 ,refuse silv] %all m5 call !m1 = ! ,"l ha? reject$ !m0 7,j]4 vi4 #bi1 #cj74 ,9 ?is way ! section supplem5ts ! tea*+ ( ! re/ ( ! *apt]4 ,j]usalem is full ( dross--t has be5 prov$ by ! enum]ation ( h] crimes & ! e/imate ( h] social condition4 ,b ! fire :i* consumes ! dross repres5ts a special provid5tial int]v5tion br++ ! hi/ory ( ! /ate to a summ>y & decisive conclusion4 ,& ! ,ref9] :o sup]9t5ds ! process is ,jehovah1 ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel1 ^: righte\s w is execut$ by ! m>* ( conqu]+ ho/s1 & reveal$ to m5 9 ,8 deal+s ) ! p :om ,he _h kn[n ( all ! families ( ! e>?4 ,,ii ,! *apt] we h j /udi$ 0 evid5tly n compos$ ) a view to imm$iate publication4 ,x records ! view ( ,j]usalem's guilt & puni%m5t :i* 0 borne 9 ^u ! m9d ( ! prophet 9 ! solitude ( 8 *amb]1 b x 0 n de/9$ to see ! light until ! :ole ( 8 tea*+ c\ld be submitt$ 9 its f9al =m to a wid] & m receptive audi5ce4 ,x is equally obvi\s t ! sc5es describ$ 9 *4 xxiv4 7 really enact$ 9 ! full view ( ! exil$ community4 ,we h rea*$ ! crisis ( ,ezekiel's m9i/ry4 ,= ! la/ "t until 8 w>n+s ( doom %all be fulfill$ he em]ges f 8 p>tial seclusion1 & 9 symbolism ^: vivid =ce c\ld n h fail$ to impress ! mo/ li/less he>] he ann\nces once m ! de/ruction ( ! ,hebrew nation4 ,! burd5 ( 8 message is t t day--! t5? day ( ! t5? mon? ( ! n9? ye>--m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! end4 8,on t v day0--a day to be commemorat$ = sev5ty long ye>s by a national fa/ 7,ze*4 viii4 #ai2 cf4 vii4 #e7--,nebu*adnezz> 0 draw+ 8 l9es r\nd ,j]usalem4 ,! b>e ann\ncem5t to m5 :o knew :at a ,*aldan siege meant mu/ h s5t a ?rill ( con/]nation ?r\gh _! m9ds4 ,if ?is vision ( :at 0 happ5+ 9 a di/ant l& %\ld prove true1 !y mu/ h felt t all hope ( deliv]ance 0 n[ cut (f4 ,sceptical z !y may h be5 ( ! moral pr9ciples t lay beh9d ,ezekiel's pr$iction1 !y c\ld n d5y t ! issue he =esaw 0 only ! natural sequel to ! fact he s confid5tly ann\nc$4 ,! image "h us$ ( ! fate ( ,j]usalem w\ld recall to ! m9ds ( ! exiles ! illom5$ say+ :i* express$ ! reckless _s preval5t 9 ! city3 8,?is city is ! pot1 & we are ! fle%0 7*4 xi4 #c74 ,x 0 well und]/ood 9 ,babylon t ^! m5 7 play+ a desp]ate game1 & did n %r9k f ! horrors ( a siege4 8,set on ! pot10 !n1 cries ! prophet to 8 li/5]s1 8set x on1 & p\r 9 wat] also1 & ga!r ! pieces into x1 e good jo9t1 leg & %\ld]2 fill x ) ! *oice/ bones4 ,take !m f ! be/ ( ! flock1 & !n pile up ! wood7#gj7 "u x2 let its pieces be boil$ & its bones cook$ )9 x0 7vv4 #ce74 ,?is "p ( ! p>able requir$ no explanation2 x simply repres5ts ! t]rible mis]ies endur$ by ! population ( ,j]usalem dur+ ! siege n[ comm5c+4 ,b !n by a sudd5 transition ! speak] turns ! ?\ghts ( 8 he>]s to ano!r aspect ( ! judgm5t 7vv4 #fh74 ,! city itself is l a ru/y caldron1 unfit = any useful purpose until by "s means x has be5 cleans$ f its impurity4 ,x is z if ! crimes t _h be5 p]petrat$ 9 ,j]usalem _h /a9$ h] v /ones ) blood4 ,%e _h n ev5 tak5 /eps to conceal ! traces ( h] wick$ness2 !y lie l blood on ! b>e rock1 an op5 witness to h] guilt4 ,(t5 ,jehovah _h s\ght to purify h] by m measur$ *a/isem5ts1 b x has n[ be5 prov$ t 8h] mu* ru/ w n g f h] except by fire07#ga7 7v]4 #ab74 ,h5ce ! end ( ! siege w be tw(old4 ,fir/ ( all ! cont5ts ( ! caldron w be indiscrim9ately ?r[n out--a figure = ! disp]sion & captivity ( ! inhabitants2 & !n ! pot mu/ be set empty on ! gl[+ coals till its ru/ is ?or\ghly burn$ out--a symbol ( ! burn+ ( ! city & its subsequ5t desolation 7v]4 #aa74 ,! idea t ! mat]ial _w may contract defilem5t ?r\gh ! s9s ( ^? :o live 9 x is "o t is h>d = u to realise1 b x is 9 keep+ ) ! view ( s9 pres5t$ by ,ezekiel1 & inde$ by ! ,old ,te/am5t g5]ally4 ,!re are c]ta9 natural emblems ( s91 su* z uncleanness or disease or uncov]$ blood1 etc41 :i* _h to be l>gely us$ 9 ord] to educate m5's moral p]ceptions4 ,p>tly ^! re/ on ! analogy betwe5 physical defect & moral evil2 b p>tly1 z "h1 !y result f a /rong s5se ( association betwe5 human de$s & _! effects or circum/ances4 ,j]usalem is unclean z a place :]e wick$ de$s h be5 done1 & ev5 ! de/ruction ( ! s9n]s _c 9 ! m9d ( ,ezekiel cle> h] f ! unhall[$ associations ( h] hi/ory4 ,%e mu/ lie empty & dre>y = a g5]ation1 swept by ! w9ds ( heav5 be=e dev\t ,israelites c aga9 tw9e _! affections r\nd ! hope ( h] glori\s future47#gb7 ,ev5 :ile deliv]+ ?is message ( doom to ! p ! prophet's he>t 0 burd5$ by ! pres5tim5t ( a great p]sonal sorr[4 ,he _h receiv$ an intimation t 8 wife 0 to be tak5 f him by a sudd5 /roke1 & along ) ! intimation a comm& to refra9 f all ! usual signs ( m\rn+4 8,s ,i spake to ! p0 7z record$ 9 vv4 #aad7 89 ! morn+1 & my wife di$ 9 ! ev5+0 7v]4 #ah74 ,j "o t\* ( t5d]ness escapes him 9 relat+ ?is my/]i\s occurr5ce4 ,%e 0 ! 8delight ( 8 eyes03 t phrase alone reveals t !re 0 a f\nta9 ( te>s seal$ up )9 ! brea/ ( ?is /]n prea*]4 ,h[ ! c\rse ( 8 life may h be5 influ5c$ by a b]eavem5t s /rangely co9cid5t ) a *ange 9 8 :ole attitude to 8 p we _c ev5 surmise4 ,nor is x possible to say h[ f> he m]ely us$ ! incid5t to convey a lesson to ! exiles1 or h[ f> 8 private grief 0 really swall[$ up 9 conc]n = ! calamity ( 8 c\ntry4 ,all we are told is t 89 ! morn+ he did z he 0 comm&$40 ,he nei!r utt]$ l\d lam5tations1 nor dis>rang$ 8 raim5t1 nor cov]$ 8 head1 nor ate ! 8bread ( m5107#gc7 nor adopt$ any ( ! cu/om>y signs ( m\rn+ = ! dead4 ,:5 ! a/oni%$ neighb\rs inquire ! mean+ ( 8 /range demean\r1 he assures !m t 8 conduct n[ is a sign ( :at !irs w be :5 8 words h come true4 ,:5 ! tid+s rea* !m t ,j]usalem has actually fall51 :5 !y realise h[ _m int]e/s de> to !m h p]i%$--! desolation ( ! sanctu>y1 ! loss ( _! own sons & daught]s--!y w exp]i5ce a s5se ( calamity :i* w in/9ctively disc>d all ! conv5tional & ev5 ! natural expressions ( grief4 ,!y %all nei!r m\rn nor weep1 b sit 9 dumb bewild]m5t1 haunt$ by a dull consci\sness ( guilt :i* yet is f> remov$ f g5u9e contrition ( he>t4 ,!y %all p9e away 9 _! iniquities4 ,= :ile _! sorr[ w be too deep = words1 x w n yet be ! godly sorr[ t worke? rep5tance4 ,x w be ! sull5 despair & apa?y ( m5 dis5*ant$ ( ! illusions on :i* _! national life 0 bas$1 ( m5 left )\t hope & )\t ,god 9 ! _w4 ,"h ! curta9 falls on ! fir/ act ( ,ezekiel's m9i/ry4 ,he appe>s to h retir$ = ! space ( two ye>s into complete privacy1 ceas+ entirely 8 public appeals to ! p1 & wait+ = ! "t ( 8 v9dication z a prophet4 ,! s5se ( re/ra9t "u :i* he has hi!rto ex]cis$ ! function ( a public tea*] _c be remov$ until ! tid+s h rea*$ ,babylon t ! city has fall54 ,mean:ile1 ) ! deliv]y ( ?is message1 8 conte/ ) ! unbelief ( 8 fell[captives comes to an end4 ,b :5 t day arrives 88 m\? %all be op51 & he %all be no m dumb40 ,a new c>e] w op5 out be=e him1 9 :i* he c devote all 8 p[]s ( m9d & he>t to ! inspir+ "w ( reviv+ fai? 9 ! promises ( ,god1 & s build+ up a new ,israel out ( ! ru9s ( ! old4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,prophecies ,,aga9/ ,,=eign ,,nations4 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,ammon1 ,moab1 ,edom1 ,& ,phili/ia4 ,*apt] xxv4 ,! next eight *apt]s 7xxv4xxxii47 =m an int]mezzo 9 ! book ( ,ezekiel4 ,!y are ins]t$ 9 ?is place ) ! obvi\s int5tion ( sep>at+ ! two %>ply contra/$ situations 9 :i* our prophet f\nd himself be=e & aft] ! siege ( ,j]usalem4 ,! subject ) :i* !y deal is inde$ an ess5tial "p ( ! prophet's message to 8 "t1 b x is sep>ate f ! c5tral int]e/ ( ! n>rative1 :i* lies 9 ! conflict betwe5 ! ^w ( ,jehovah 9 ! h&s ( ,ezekiel & ! unbelief ( ! exiles among :om he liv$4 ,! p]usal ( ?is gr\p ( *apt]s is int5d$ to prep>e ! read] = ! completely alt]$ conditions "u :i* ,ezekiel 0 to resume 8 public m9i/rations4 ,! cycle ( prophecies on =eign peoples is ?us a sort ( lit]>y analogue ( ! p]iod ( susp5se :i* int]rupt$ ! cont9uity ( ,ezekiel's "w 9 ! way we h se54 ,x m>ks ! %ift+ ( ! sc5es beh9d ! curta9 be=e ! pr9cipal actors aga9 /ep on ! /age4 ,x is natural en\gh to suppose t ! prophet's m9d 0 really occupi$ dur+ ?is "t ) ! fate ( ,israel's hea!n neighb\rs2 b t alone does n acc\nt = ! gr\p+ ( ! oracles be=e u 9 ?is p>ticul> section ( ! book4 ,n only d "s ( ! *ronological notices c>ry u f> pa/ ! limit ( ! "t ( sil5ce ref]r$ to1 b x w be f\nd t ne>ly all ^! prophecies assume t ! fall ( ,j]usalem is already kn[n to ! nations address$4 ,x is !re=e a mi/ak5 view :i* holds t 9 ^! *apt]s we h simply ! result ( ,ezekiel's m$itations dur+ 8 p]iod ( en=c$ seclusion f public duty4 ,:atev] ! nature ( 8 activity at ?is "t may h be51 ! pr9ciple ( arrangem5t "h is n *ronological1 b lit]>y2 & no bett] motive = x c be sugge/$ ?an ! writ]'s s5se ( dramatic propriety 9 unfold+ ! significance ( 8 prophetic life4 ,9 utt]+ a s]ies ( oracles aga9/ hea!n nations1 ,ezekiel foll[s ! example set by "s ( 8 greate/ pr$ecessors4 ,! book ( ,amos1 = example1 op5s ) an impressive *apt] ( judgm5ts on ! peoples ly+ imm$iately r\nd ! bord]s ( ,pale/9e4 ,! ?und]cl\d ( ,jehovah's ang] is repres5t$ z mov+ ov] ! petty /ates ( ,syria be=e x f9ally breaks 9 all its fury ov] ! two k+doms ( ,judah & ,israel4 ,simil>ly ! books ( ,isaiah & ,j]emiah conta9 cont9u\s sections deal+ ) v>i\s hea!n p[]s1 :ile ! book ( ,nahum is :olly occupi$ ) a pr$iction ( ! ru9 ( ! ,assyrian empire4 ,& ^! are b a few ( ! m /rik+ in/ances ( a ph5om5on :i* is apt to cause p]plexity to close & e>ne/ /ud5ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,we h "h to d1 !re=e1 ) a /&+ !me ( ,hebrew prophecy2 & x may help u bett] to und]/& ! attitude ( ,ezekiel if we consid] = a mom5t "s ( ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ?is con/ant preoccupation ( ! prophets ) ! affairs ( ! out] _w4 ,at ! outset x mu/ be und]/ood t prophecies ( ?is k9d =m "p ( ,jehovah's message to ,israel4 ,al?\gh !y are usually ca/ 9 ! =m ( direct address to =eign peoples1 ?is mu/ n lead u to imag9e t !y 7 int5d$ = actual publication 9 ! c\ntries to :i* !y ref]4 ,a prophet's real audi5ce always consi/$ ( 8 own c\ntrym51 :e!r 8 disc\rse 0 ab\t !mselves or ab\t _! neighb\rs4 ,& x is easy to see t x 0 impossible to decl>e ! purpose ( ,god conc]n+ ,israel 9 words t came home to m5's bus9ess & bosoms1 )\t tak+ acc\nt ( ! /ate & ! de/9y ( o!r nations4 ,j z x w\ld n be possible n[adays to =eca/ ! future ( ,egypt )\t allud+ to ! fate ( ! ,ottoman empire1 s x 0 n possible !n to describe ! future ( ,israel 9 ! concrete mann] *>act]i/ic ( ! prophets )\t indicat+ ! place res]v$ = ^? peoples ) :om x _h close int]c\rse4 ,besides ?is1 a l>ge "p ( ! national consci\sness ( ,israel 0 made up ( int]e/s1 fri5dly or ! rev]se1 9 neighb\r+ /ates4 ,! ,hebrews _h a ke5 eye = national idiosyncrasies1 & ! simple int]national relations ( ^? days 7 almo/ z vivid & p]sonal z ( neighb\rs liv+ 9 ! same village4 ,to be an ,israelite 0 to be some?+ *>act]i/ically diff]5t f a ,moabite1 & t aga9 f an ,edomite or a ,phili/9e1 & e patriotic ,israelite _h a %rewd s5se ( :at ! diff]5ce 04 ,we _c read ! utt]ances ( ! prophets ) reg>d to any ( ^! nationalities )\t see+ t !y (t5 appeal to p]ceptions deeply lodg$ 9 ! popul> m9d1 :i* c\ld be utilis$ to convey ! spiritual lessons :i* ! prophets desir$ to tea*4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t su* prophecies are 9 any degree ! expression ( national vanity or jeal\sy4 ,:at ! prophets aim at is to elevate ! ?\ghts ( ,israel to ! sph]e ( et]nal tru?s ( ! k+dom ( ,god2 & x is only 9 s f> z ^! c be made to t\* ! consci5ce ( ! nation at ?is po9t t !y appeal to :at we may call its int]national s5tim5ts4 ,n[ ! "q we h to ask is1 ,:at spiritual purpose = ,israel is s]v$ by ! ann\ncem5ts ( ! de/9y ( ! outly+ hea!n populations8 ,!re are ( c\rse special int]e/s atta*+ to ea* p>ticul> prophecy :i* x w\ld be difficult to classify4 ,b1 speak+ g5]ally1 prophecies ( ?is class _h a moral value = two reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place !y ree*o & confirm ! s5t5ce ( judgm5t pass$ on ,israel h]self4 ,!y d ?is 9 two ways3 !y illu/rate ! pr9ciple on :i* ,jehovah deals ) ,8 own p1 & ,8 "* z ! righte\s judge ( m54 ,israel 0 to be de/roy$ = h] national s9s1 h] contempt ( ,jehovah1 & h] brea*es ( ! moral law4 ,b o!r nations1 ?\gh m excusable1 7 n less guilty ?an ,israel4 ,! same _s ( ungodl9ess1 9 diff]5t =ms1 0 manife/$ by ,tyre1 by ,egypt1 by ,assyria1 & by ! petty /ates ( ,syria4 ,h5ce1 if ,jehovah 0 really ! righte\s rul] ( ! _w1 ,he mu/ visit ^u ^! nations _! iniquities4 ,:]ev] a 8s9ful k+dom0 0 f\nd1 :e!r 9 ,israel or else:]e1 t k+dom mu/ be remov$ f its place among ! nations4 ,?is appe>s mo/ cle>ly 9 ! book ( ,amos1 :o1 ?\gh he enunciates ! p>adoxical tru? t ,israel's s9 mu/ be puni%$ j because x 0 ! only p t ,jehovah _h kn[n1 nev]!less1 z we h se51 ?und]$ =? simil> judgm5ts on o!r nations = _! flagrant violation ( ! univ]sal law writt5 9 ! human he>t4 ,9 ?is way !re=e ! prophets en=c$ on _! contempor>ies ! fundam5tal lesson ( _! tea*+ t ! disa/]s :i* 7 com+ on !m 7 n ! result ( ! caprice or impot5ce ( _! ,deity1 b ! execution ( ,8 moral purpose1 to :i* all m5 ev]y:]e are subject4 ,b aga91 n only 0 ! pr9ciple ( ! judgm5t emphasis$1 b ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 to be c>ri$ out 0 m cle>ly exhibit$4 ,9 all cases ! preexilic prophets ann\nce t ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,hebrew /ates 0 to be effect$ ei!r by ! ,assyrians or ! ,babylonians4 ,^! great _w p[]s 7 9 succession ! in/rum5ts fa%ion$ & us$ by ,jehovah = ! p]=mance ( ,8 great "w 9 ! e>?4 ,n[ x 0 manife/ t if ?is anticipation 0 well f\nd$ x involv$ ! ov]?r[ ( all ! nations 9 imm$iate contact ) ,israel4 ,! policy ( ! ,mesopotamian mon>*s 0 well und]/ood2 & if _! wond]ful successes 7 ! revelation ( ! div9e purpose1 !n ,israel w\ld n be judg$ alone4 ,accord+ly we f9d 9 mo/ in/ances t ! *a/isem5t ( ! hea!n is ei!r ascrib$ directly to ! invad]s or else to o!r ag5cies set 9 motion by _! approa*4 ,! p ( ,israel or ,judah 7 ?us taught to look on _! fate z involv$ 9 a great s*eme ( div9e provid5ce1 ov]turn+ all ! exi/+ relations :i* gave !m a place among ! nations ( ! _w & prep>+ = a new developm5t ( ! purpose ( ,jehovah 9 ! future4 ,:5 we turn to t ideal future we f9d a second & m sugge/ive aspect ( ^! prophecies aga9/ ! hea!n4 ,all ! prophets tea* t ! de/9y ( ,israel is insep>ably b\nd up ) ! future ( ,god's k+dom on e>?4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t nev] :olly %akes (f ! idea t ! pres]vation & ultimate victory ( ! true religion dem&s ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! "o p to :om ! revelation ( ! true ,god _h be5 committ$4 ,! inde/ructibility ( ,israel's national life dep5ds on its unique position 9 relation to ! purposes ( ,jehovah1 & x is = ?is reason t ! prophets look =w>d ) unwav]+ confid5ce to a "t :5 ! k ( ,jehovah %all g =? f ,israel to all ! nations ( mank9d4 ,& ?is po9t ( view we mu/ try to ent] into if we are to und]/& ! mean+ ( _! decl>ations conc]n+ ! fate ( ! surr\nd+ nations4 ,if we ask :e!r an indep5d5t future is res]v$ 9 ! new disp5sation = ! peoples ) :om ,israel _h deal+s 9 ! pa/1 we f9d t diff]5t & sometimes conflict+ answ]s are giv54 ,?us ,isaiah pr$icts a re/oration ( ,tyre aft] ! lapse ( sev5ty ye>s1 :ile ,ezekiel ann\nces its complete & f9al de/ruction4 ,x is only :5 we consid] ^! utt]ances 9 ! light ( ! prophets' g5]al conception ( ! k+dom ( ,god t we disc]n ! spiritual tru? t gives !m an abid+ significance = ! in/ruction ( all ages4 ,x 0 n a matt] ( supreme religi\s importance to "k :e!r ,phnicia or ,egypt or ,assyria w\ld reta9 _! old place 9 ! _w1 & %>e indirectly 9 ! bless+s ( ! ,messianic age4 ,:at m5 ne$$ to be taught !n1 & :at we ne$ to rememb] /ill1 is t ea* nation holds its position 9 subord9ation to ! ends ( ,god's gov]nm5t1 t no p[] or wisdom or ref9em5t w save a /ate f de/ruction :5 x ceases to s]ve ! int]e/s ( ,8 k+dom4 ,! =eign peoples t come "u ! survey ( ! prophets are z yet /rang]s to ! true ,god1 & are !re=e de/itute ( t :i* c\ld secure !m a place 9 ! recon/ruction ( political relation%ips ( :i* ,israel is to be ! religi\s c5tre4 ,sometimes !y are repres5t$ z hav+ by _! ho/ility to ,israel or _! pride ( he>t s encroa*$ on ! sov]eignty ( ,jehovah t _! doom is already seal$4 ,at o!r times !y are conceiv$ z conv]t$ to ! k ( ! true ,god1 & z gladly accept+ ! place assign$ to !m 9 ! humanity ( ! future by consecrat+ _! weal? & p[] to ! s]vice ( ,8 p ,israel4 ,9 all cases x is _! attitude to ,israel & ! ,god ( ,israel t det]m9es _! de/9y3 t is ! great tru? :i* ! prophets design to impress on _! c\ntrym54 ,s long z ! cause ( religion 0 id5tifi$ ) ! =tunes ( ! p ( ,israel no high] conception ( ! r$emption ( mank9d c\ld be =m$ ?an t ( a will+ subjection ( ! nations ( ! e>? to ! ^w ( ,jehovah :i* w5t =? f ,j]usalem 7cf4 ,isa4 ii4 #bd74 ,& :e!r any p>ticul> nation %\ld survive to p>ticipate 9 ! glories ( t latt] day dep5ds on ! view tak5 ( its pres5t condition & its fitness = incorporation 9 ! univ]sal empire ( ,jehovah soon to be e/abli%$4 ,we n[ "k t ?is 0 n ! =m 9 :i* ,jehovah's purpose ( salvation 0 de/9$ to be realis$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,s9ce ! com+ ( ,*ri/ ! p ( ,israel has lo/ its di/9ctive & c5tral position z ! be>] ( ! hopes & promises ( ! true religion4 ,9 its place we h a spiritual k+dom ( m5 unit$ by fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 & 9 ! wor%ip ( "o ,fa!r 9 _s & 9 tru?--a k+dom :i* f its v nature c h no local c5tre or political organisation4 ,h5ce ! conv]sion ( ! hea!n c no long] be conceiv$ z national homage paid to ! seat ( ,jehovah's sov]eignty on ,zion2 nor is ! unfold+ ( ! div9e plan ( univ]sal salvation b\nd up ) ! ext9ction ( ! nationalities :i* once symbolis$ ! ho/ility ( ! _w to ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,?is fact has an important be>+ on ! "q ( ! fulfilm5t ( ! =eign prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,lit]al fulfilm5t is n to be look$ = 9 ?is case any m ?an 9 ! del9eations ( ,israel's future1 :i* are aft] all ! pr$om9ant elem5t ( ,messianic pr$iction4 ,x is true t ! nations pass$ "u review h n[ vani%$ f hi/ory1 & 9 s f> z _! fall 0 br\ght ab\t by causes op]at+ 9 ! _w 9 :i* ! prophets mov$1 x mu/ be recognis$ z a p>tial b real v9dication ( ! tru? ( _! words4 ,b ! details ( ! prophecies h n be5 hi/orically v]ifi$4 ,all attempts to trace _! accompli%m5t 9 ev5ts t took place long aft]w>ds & 9 circum/ances :i* ! prophets !mselves nev] contemplat$ only lead u a/ray f ! real int]e/ :i* belongs to !m4 ,z concrete embodim5ts ( ! et]nal pr9ciples exhibit$ 9 ! rise & fall ( nations !y h an abid+ significance = ! ,*ur* 9 all ages2 b ! actual work+ out ( ^! pr9ciples 9 hi/ory c\ld n 9 ! nature ( ?+s be complete )9 ! limits ( ! _w kn[n to ! inhabitants ( ,juda4 ,if we are to look = _! ideal fulfilm5t1 we %all only f9d x 9 ! progressive victory ( ,*ri/ianity ov] all =ms ( error & sup]/ition1 & 9 ! d$ication ( all ! res\rces ( human civilisation--its weal?1 its comm]cial ent]prise1 its political p[]--to ! advancem5t ( ! k+dom ( our ,god & ,8 ,*ri/4 ,x 0 natural f ! special circum/ances 9 :i* he wrote1 z well z f ! g5]al "* ( 8 tea*+1 t ,ezekiel1 9 8 oracles aga9/ ! hea!n p[]s1 %\ld pres5t only ! d>k side ( ,god's provid5ce4 ,except 9 ! case ( ,egypt1 ! nations address$ are ?reat5$ ) annihilation1 & ev5 ,egypt is to be r$uc$ to a condition ( utt] impot5ce & humiliation4 ,v *>act]i/ic also is 8 repres5tation ( ! purpose :i* comes to light 9 ?is s]ies ( judgm5ts4 ,x is to be a great demon/ration to all ! e>? ( ! absolute sov]eignty ( ,jehovah4 8,ye %all "k t ,i am ,jehovah0 is ! =mula t sums up ! lesson ( ea* nation's fall4 ,we obs]ve t ! prophet />ts f ! situation creat$ by ! fall ( ,j]usalem4 ,t great calamity bore 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! appe>ance ( a triumph ( hea!nism ov] ,jehovah ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,x 01 z ! prophet else:]e expresses x1 a pr(anation ( ,8 holy "n 9 ! eyes ( ! nations4 ,& 9 ?is light x 0 und\bt$ly reg>d$ by ! petty pr9cipalities ar\nd ,pale/9e1 & p]haps also by ! m di/ant & p[]ful spectators1 su* z ,tyre & ,egypt4 ,f ! /&po9t ( hea!nism ! d[nfall ( ,israel meant ! defeat ( its tutel>y ,deity2 & ! neighb\r+ nations1 9 exult+ ov] ! tid+s ( ,j]usalem's fate1 _h 9 _! m9ds ! idea ( ! pro/rate ,jehovah unable to save ,8 p 9 _! h\r ( ne$4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t ,ezekiel attributes to !m any consci\sness ( ,jehovah's claim to be ! only liv+ & true ,god4 ,x is ! p>adox ( revelation t ,he :o is ! ,et]nal & ,inf9ite fir/ reveal$ ,himself to ! _w z ! ,god ( ,israel2 & all ! misconceptions t sprang out ( t fact _h to be cle>$ away by ,8 selfmanife/ation 9 hi/orical acts t appeal$ to ! _w at l>ge4 ,among/ ^! acts ! judgm5t ( ! hea!n nations holds ! fir/ place 9 ! m9d ( ,ezekiel4 ,a crisis has be5 rea*$ at :i* x becomes necess>y = ,jehovah to v9dicate ,8 div9ity by ! de/ruction ( ^? :o h exalt$ !mselves aga9/ ,him4 ,! _w mu/ le>n once = all t ,jehovah is no m]e tribal god1 b ! omnipot5t rul] ( ! univ]se4 ,& ?is is ! prep>ation = ! f9al disclosure ( ,8 p[] & ,godhead 9 ! re/oration ( ,israel to its own l&1 :i* w spe$ily foll[ ! ov]?r[ ( its anci5t foes4 ,?is s]ies ( prophecies =ms ?us an appropriate introduction to ! ?ird division ( ! book1 :i* deals ) ! =mation ( ! new p ( ,jehovah4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t ,ezekiel's survey ( ! hea!n nations is re/rict$ to ^? 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,al?\gh he _h unrivall$ opportunities ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! remote c\ntries ( ! ,ea/1 he conf9es 8 att5tion to ! ,m$it]ranean /ates :i* _h long play$ a "p 9 ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,! peoples dealt ) are sev5 9 numb]--,ammon1 ,moab1 ,edom1 ! ,phili/9es1 ,tyre1 ,sidon1 & ,egypt4 ,! ord] ( ! enum]ation is geographical3 fir/ ! inn] circle ( ,israel's imm$iate neighb\rs1 f ,ammon on ! ea/ r\nd to ,sidon 9 ! extreme nor?2 !n outside ! circle ! prepond]at+ _wp[] ( ,egypt4 ,x is n altoge!r an accid5tal circum/ance t five ( ^! nations are nam$ 9 ! tw5tysev5? *apt] ( ,j]emiah z conc]n$ 9 ! project ( rebellion aga9/ ,nebu*adnezz> 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,z$ekiah's reign4 ,egypt & ,phili/ia are n m5tion$ !re1 b we may surmise at lea/ t ,egyptian diplomacy 0 secretly at "w pull+ ! wires :i* set ! puppets 9 motion4 ,?is fact1 toge!r ) ! omission ( ,babylon f ! li/ ( ?reat5$ nations1 %[s t ,ezekiel reg>ds ! judgm5t z fall+ )9 ! p]iod ( ,*aldan supremacy1 :i* he appe>s to h e/imat$ at =ty ye>s4 ,:at is to be ! fate ( ,babylon itself he n[h]e intimates1 a conflict betwe5 t great _wp[] & ,jehovah's purpose be+ no "p ( 8 sy/em4 ,t ,nebu*adnezz> is to be ! ag5t ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,tyre & ! humiliation ( ,egypt is expressly /at$2 & al?\gh ! cru%+ ( ! small] /ates is ascrib$ to o!r ag5cies1 we c h>dly d\bt t ^! 7 conceiv$ z indirect consequ5ces ( ! upheaval caus$ by ! ,babylonian invasion4 ,*4 xxv41 !n1 consi/s ( f\r brief prophecies address$ respectively to ,ammon1 ,moab1 ,edom1 & ! ,phili/9es4 ,a few words on ! fate prefigur$ = ea* ( ^! c\ntries w suffice = ! explanation ( ! *apt]4 #a4 ,,ammon 7vv4 #bg7 lay on ! edge ( ! des]t1 betwe5 ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,jabbok & ! ,arnon1 sep>at$ f ! ,jordan by a /rip ( ,israeliti% t]ritory f tw5ty to ?irty miles wide4 ,its capital1 ,rabbah1 m5tion$ "h 7v]4 #e71 0 situat$ on a s\!rn tribut>y ( ! ,jabbok1 & its ru9s /ill be> among/ ! ,arabs ! anci5t national "n ,ammn4 ,al?\gh _! c\ntry 0 pa/oral 7milk is ref]r$ to 9 v]4 #d z "o ( its *ief products71 ! ,ammonites seem to h made "s progress 9 civilisation4 ,j]emiah 7*4 xlix4 #d7 speaks ( !m z tru/+ 9 _! treasures2 & 9 ?is *apt] ,ezekiel ann\nces t !y %all be = a spoil to ! nations 7v]4 #g74 ,aft] ! deportation ( ! transjordanic tribes by ,tigla?piles]1 ,ammon seiz$ ! c\ntry t _h belong$ to ! tribe ( ,gad1 its ne>e/ neighb\r on ! we/4 ,?is encroa*m5t is d5\nc$ by ! prophet ,j]emiah 9 ! op5+ words ( 8 oracle aga9/ ,ammon3 8,ha? ,israel no *ildr58 or has he no heir8 :y do? ,milcom ! national deity ( ! ,ammonites inh]it ,gad1 :y ha? 8 ,milcom's folk settl$ 9 8 ,gad's cities0 7,j]4 xlix4 #a74 ,we h already se5 7*4 xxi47 t ! ,ammonites took "p 9 ! rebellion aga9/ ,nebu*adnezz>1 & /ood out aft] ! o!r memb]s ( ! league _h gone back f _! purpose4 ,b ?is tempor>y union ) ,j]usalem did no?+ to abate ! old national animosity1 & ! disa/] ( ,judah 0 ! signal = an exhibition ( malignant satisfaction on ! "p ( ,ammon4 8,because ?\ ha/ said1 ,aha1 aga9/ ,my sanctu>y :5 x 0 pr(an$1 & ! l& ( ,israel :5 x 0 laid wa/e1 & ! h\se ( ,judah :5 x w5t into captivity10 etc4 7v]4 #c7--;= ?is cr[n+ (f5ce aga9/ ! maje/y ( ,jehovah1 ,ezekiel d5\nces an ext]m9at+ judgm5t on ,ammon4 ,! l& %all be giv5 up to ! 8*ildr5 ( ! ,ea/0--i4e41 ! ,b$\9 ,arabs--:o %all pit* _! t5t encampm5ts 9 x1 eat+ its fruits & dr9k+ its milk1 & turn+ ! 8great city0 ,rabbah itself into a re/+place = camels 7vv4 #d1 #e74 ,x is n q cle> 7?\gh x is commonly assum$7 t ! *ildr5 ( ! ,ea/ are reg>d$ z ! actual conqu]ors ( ,ammon4 ,_! possession ( ! c\ntry may be ! consequ5ce r ?an ! cause ( ! de/ruction ( civilisation1 ! encroa*m5t ( ! nomads be+ z inevitable "u ^! circum/ances z ! ext5sion ( ! des]t itself :]e wat] fails4 #b4 ,,moab7#gd7 7vv4 #haa7 comes next 9 ord]4 ,its prop] t]ritory1 s9ce ! settlem5t ( ,israel 9 ,canaan1 0 ! elevat$ tablel& s\? ( ! ,arnon1 along ! l[] "p ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,b ! tribe ( ,reub51 :i* bord]$ x on ! nor?1 0 nev] able to hold its gr\nd aga9/ ! sup]ior /r5g? ( ,moab1 & h5ce ! latt] nation is f\nd 9 possession ( ! l[] & m f]tile di/rict /ret*+ nor?w>ds f ! ,arnon1 n[ call$ ! ,belka4 ,all ! cities1 inde$1 :i* are m5tion$ 9 ?is *apt] z belong+ to ,moab--,be?je%imo?1 ,baalmeon1 & ,kirja?aim--7 situat$ 9 ?is nor!rn & prop]ly ,israelite region4 ,^! 7 ! 8glory ( ! l&10 :i* 7 n[ to be tak5 away f ,moab 7v]4 #i74 ,9 ,israel ,moab appe>s to h be5 reg>d$ z ! inc>nation ( a peculi>ly (f5sive =m ( national pride17#ge7 ( :i* we happ5 to h a monum5t 9 ! fam\s ,moabite ,/one1 :i* 0 erect$ by ,me%a 9 ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 to commemorate ! victories ( ,*emo% ov] ,jehovah & ,israel4 ,! inscription %[s1 moreov]1 t 9 ! arts ( civilis$ life ,moab 0 at t e>ly "t no unwor?y rival ( ,israel itself4 ,x is = a special manife/ation ( ?is haughty & arrogant _s 9 ! day ( ,j]usalem's calamity t ,ezekiel pron\nces ,jehovah's judgm5t on ,moab3 8,because ,moab ha? said1 ,behold1 ! h\se ( ,judah is l all ! nations0 7v]4 #h74 ,^! words no d\bt reflect accurately ! s5tim5t ( ,moab t[>ds ,israel1 & !y presuppose a consci\sness on ! "p ( ,moab ( "s unique di/9ction p]ta9+ to ,israel 9 spite ( all ! humiliations x _h und]gone s9ce ! "t ( ,david4 ,& ! ?\ght ( ,moab may h be5 m widely dissem9at$ among ! nations ?an we are apt to suppose3 8,! k+s ( ! e>? believ$ n1 nei!r all ! inhabitants ( ! _w1 t ! adv]s>y & ! enemy %\ld ent] into ! gates ( ,j]usalem0 7,lam4 iv4 #ab74 ,! ,moabites at all ev5ts brea!d a sigh ( relief :5 ,israel's pret5sions to religi\s asc5d5cy seem$ to be confut$1 & !reby !y seal$ _! own doom4 ,!y %>e ! fate ( ! ,ammonites1 _! l& be+ h&$ ov] = a possession to ! sons ( ! ,ea/ 7v]4 #aj74 ,bo? ^! nations1 ,ammon & ,moab1 7 absorb$ by ! ,arabs1 z ,ezekiel _h =etold2 b ,ammon at lea/ pres]v$ its sep>ate "n & nationality ?r\gh _m *anges ( =tune d[n to ! second c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 #c4 ,,edom 7vv4 #abad71 fam\s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t = its wisdom 7,j]4 xlix4 #g2 ,obad4 #h71 occupi$ ! c\ntry to ! s\? ( ,moab f ! ,dead ,sea to ! head ( ! ,gulf ( ,akaba4 ,9 ,old ,te/am5t times ! c5tre ( its p[] 0 9 ! region to ! ea/ ( ! ,arabah ,valley1 a position ( great comm]cial importance1 z comm&+ ! c>avan r\te f ! ,r$ ,sea port ( ,ela? to ,nor!rn ,syria4 ,f ?is di/rict ! ,edomites 7 aft]w>ds driv5 7ab\t #cjj ,b4,c47 by ! ,arabian tribe ( ! ,nabatans1 :5 !y took up _! abode 9 ! s\? ( ,judah4 ,none ( ! surr\nd+ nations 7 s closely ak9 to ,israel z ,edom1 & ) none 7 its relations m embitt]$ & ho/ile4 ,! ,edomites _h be5 subjugat$ & ne>ly ext]m9at$ by ,david1 _h be5 aga9 subdu$ by ,amaziah & ,uzziah1 b f9ally recov]$ _! indep5d5ce dur+ ! attack ( ! ,syrians & ,ephraimites on ,judah 9 ! reign ( ,ahaz4 ,! memory ( ?is long /ruggle produc$ 9 ,edom a 8p]petual enmity10 an undy+ h]$it>y hatr$ t[>ds ! k+dom ( ,judah4 ,b t :i* made ! "n ( ,edom to be execrat$ by ! lat] ,jews 0 its conduct aft] ! fall ( ,j]usalem4 ,! prophet ,obadiah repres5ts x z %>+ 9 ! spoil ( ,j]usalem 7v]4 #aj71 & z 8/&+ 9 ! crossway to cut (f ^? t escap$0 7v]4 #ad74 ,ezekiel also alludes to ?is 9 ! ?irtyfif? *apt] 7v]4 #e71 & tells u fur!r t 9 ! "t ( ! captivity ! ,edomites seiz$ "p ( ! t]ritory ( ,israel 7vv4 #ajab71 f :i* inde$ ! ,jews 7 nev] able altoge!r to dislodge !m4 ,= ! guilt !y ?us incurr$ by tak+ advantage ( ! humiliation ( ,jehovah's p1 ,ezekiel "h ?reat5s !m ) ext9ction2 & ! execution ( ! div9e v5geance is 9 _! case entru/$ to ! *ildr5 ( ,israel !mselves 7vv4 #ac1 #ad74 ,!y 71 9 fact1 f9ally subdu$ by ,john ,hyrcanus 9 #abf ,b4,c41 & compell$ to adopt ! ,jewi% religion4 ,b long be=e !n !y _h lo/ _! pre/ige & influ5ce1 _! anci5t seats hav+ pass$ "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,arabs 9 common ) all ! neighb\r+ c\ntries4 #d4 ,! ,,phili/9es 7vv4 #aeag7--! 8immigrants0 :o _h settl$ along ! ,m$it]ranean coa/1 & :o 7 de/9$ to leave _! "n to ! :ole c\ntry--_h evid5tly play$ a "p v simil> to ! ,edomites at ! "t ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem2 b ( ?is no?+ is kn[n beyond :at is "h said by ,ezekiel4 ,!y 7 at ?is "t a m]e 8remnant0 7v]4 #af71 hav+ be5 exhau/$ by ! ,assyrian & ,egyptian w>s4 ,_! fate is n precisely indicat$ 9 ! prophecy4 ,!y 7 9 po9t ( fact gradually ext+ui%$ by ! revival ( ,jewi% dom9ation "u ! ,asmonean dyna/y4 ,"o o!r rem>k may "h be made1 z %[+ ! discrim9ation :i* ,ezekiel br\ght to be> 9 e/imat+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ea* sep>ate nation4 ,he does n ascribe to ! great] p[]s1 ,tyre & ,sidon & ,egypt1 ! same petty & v9dictive jeal\sy ( ,israel :i* actuat$ ! dim9utive nationalities dealt ) 9 ?is *apt]4 ,^! great hea!n /ates1 :i* play$ s impos+ a "p 9 anci5t civilisation1 _h a wide outlook ov] ! affairs ( ! _w2 & ! injuries !y inflict$ on ,israel 7 due less to ! bl9d in/9ct ( national hatr$ ?an to ! pursuit ( f>rea*+ s*emes ( selfi% int]e/ & aggr&isem5t4 ,if ,tyre rejoices ov] ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 x is because ( ! removal ( an ob/acle to ! expansion ( h] comm]cial ent]prise4 ,:5 ,egypt is describ$ z hav+ be5 an occasion ( s9 to ! p ( ,god1 :at is meant is t %e _h drawn ,israel into ! net ( h] ambiti\s =eign policy1 & l$ h] away f ! pa? ( safety po9t$ out by ,jehovah's w ?r\gh ! prophets4 ,ezekiel pays a tribute to ! gr&eur ( _! position by ! c>e he be/[s on ! description ( _! fate4 ,! small] nations embody+ no?+ ( p]man5t value = ! advancem5t ( humanity1 he dismisses ea* ) a %ort & pregnant oracle ann\nc+ its doom4 ,b :5 he comes to ! fall ( ,tyre & ( ,egypt 8 imag9ation is evid5tly impress$2 he l+]s ov] all ! details ( ! picture1 he returns to x aga9 & aga91 z if he w\ld p5etrate ! secret ( _! greatness & und]/& ! pot5t fasc9ation :i* _! names ex]cis$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,x w\ld be entirely errone\s to suppose t he sympa?ises ) !m 9 _! calamity1 b c]ta9ly he is consci\s ( ! blank :i* w be caus$ by _! disappe>ance f hi/ory2 he feels t some?+ w h vani%$ f ! e>? ^: loss w be m\rn$ by ! nations f> & ne>4 ,?is is mo/ app>5t 9 ! prophecy on ,tyre1 to :i* we n[ proce$4 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,tyre4 ,*apt]s xxvi41 xxix4 #agba4 ,9 ! "t ( ,ezekiel ,tyre 0 /ill at ! height ( h] comm]cial prosp]ity4 ,al?\gh n ! olde/ ( ! ,phnician cities1 %e held a supremacy among !m :i* dat$ f ! ?irte5? c5tury ,b4,c417#gf7 & %e _h long be5 reg>d$ z ! typical embodim5t ( ! g5ius ( ! rem>kable race to :i* %e belong$4 ,! ,phnicians 7 r5[n$ 9 antiquity = a comb9ation ( all ! qualities on :i* comm]cial greatness dep5ds4 ,_! absorb+ devotion to ! mat]ial int]e/s ( civilisation1 _! amaz+ indu/ry & p]sev]ance1 _! res\rcefulness 9 assimilat+ & improv+ ! inv5tions ( o!r peoples1 ! te*nical skill ( _! arti/s & craftsm51 b above all _! adv5tur\s & d>+ seaman%ip1 conspir$ to give !m a position 9 ! old _w su* z has nev] be5 q rivall$ by any o!r nation ( anci5t or mod]n times4 ,9 ! grey dawn ( ,european hi/ory we f9d !m act+ z pione]s ( art & culture along ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 al?\gh ev5 !n !y _h be5 displac$ f _! e>lie/ settlem5ts 9 ! gean & ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or by ! ris+ comm]ce ( ,greece4 ,mat!w ,arnold has drawn a brilliant imag9ative picture ( ?is collision betwe5 ! two races1 & ! effect x _h on ! dauntless & ent]pris+ _s ( ,phnicia3-- ,z "s grave ,tyrian trad]1 f ! sea1 ,descri$ at sunrise an em]g+ pr[ ,lift+ ! coolhair'd creep]s /eal?ily1 ,! fr+es ( a s\?w>dfac+ br[ ,among ! gan isles2 ,& saw ! m]ry ,grecian coa/] come1 ,freight$ ) amb] grapes1 & ,*ian w9e1 ,gre51 bur/+ figs1 & tunnies /eep'd 9 br9e-- ,& knew ! intrud]s on 8 anci5t home1 ,! "y lighthe>t$ ma/]s ( ! waves-- ,& snat*'d 8 rudd] & %ook out m sail2 ,& day & night held on indignantly ,o'er ! blue ,midl& wat]s ) ! gale1 ,betwixt ! ,syrtes & s(t ,sicily1 ,to :]e ! ,atlantic raves ,outside ! we/]n /raits2 & unb5t sails ,!re1 :]e d[n cl\dy cliffs1 ?r\gh %eets ( foam1 ,%y traffick]s1 ! d>k ,ib]ians1 come2 ,& on ! bea* undid 8 cord$ bales47#gg7 ,x is t _s ( ma/]ful & untir+ ambition kept up = s _m c5turies t ?r[s a halo ( romance r\nd ! /ory ( ,tyre4 ,9 ! olde/ ,greek lit]ature1 h[ev]1 ,tyre is n m5tion$1 ! place :i* %e aft]w>ds held be+ !n occupi$ by ,sidon4 ,b aft] ! decay ( ,sidon ! ri* h>ve/ ( h] lab\rs fell into ! lap ( ,tyre1 :i* !nce=? /&s out z ! =emo/ city ( ,phnicia4 ,%e ow$ h] preem95ce p>tly to ! wisdom & en]gy ) :i* h] affairs 7 adm9i/]$1 b p>tly also to ! /r5g? ( h] natural situation4 ,! city 0 built bo? on ! ma9l& & on a r[ ( islets ab\t half a mile f ! %ore4 ,?is latt] portion conta9$ ! pr9cipal build+s 7temples & palaces71 ! op5 place :]e bus9ess 0 transact$1 & ! two h>b\rs4 ,x 0 no d\bt f x t ! city d]iv$ its "n 7 ,rock72 & x always 0 look$ on z ! c5tral "p ( ,tyre4 ,!re 0 some?+ 9 ! appe>ance ( ! isl& city--! ,v5ice ( antiquity1 ris+ f midocean ) h] 8ti>a ( pr\d t[]s0--:i* seem$ to m>k h] out z de/9$ to be mi/ress ( ! sea4 ,x also made a siege ( ,tyre an ardu\s & a t$i\s und]tak+1 z _m a conqu]or f\nd to 8 co/4 ,fav\r$ !n by ^! advantages1 ,tyre spe$ily ga!r$ ! traffic ( ,phnicia into h] own h&s1 & h] weal? & luxury 7 ! wond] ( ! nations4 ,%e 0 kn[n z 8! cr[n+ city1 ^: m]*ants 7 pr9ces1 & h] traffick]s ! hon\rable ( ! e>?0 7,isa4 xxiii4 #h74 ,%e became ! great comm]cial emporium ( ! _w4 ,h] colonies 7 plant$ all ov] ! isl&s & coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ! "o mo/ frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible1 ,t>%i%1 0 9 ,spa91 beyond ,gibralt>4 ,h] seam5 _h v5tur$ beyond ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules1 & und]took di/ant ,atlantic voyages to ! ,can>y ,isl&s on ! s\? & ! coa/s ( ,brita9 on ! nor?4 ,! mo/ b>b>\s & inhospitable regions 7 ransack$ = ! metals & o!r products ne$$ to supply ! requirem5ts ( civilisation1 & ev]y:]e %e f\nd a m>ket = h] own w>es & manufactures4 ,! c>ry+ trade ( ! ,m$it]ranean 0 almo/ entirely conduct$ 9 h] %ips1 :ile h] ri*ly lad5 c>avans trav]s$ all ! great r\tes t l$ into ! he>t ( ,asia & ,africa4 ,x s happ5s t ! tw5tysev5? *apt] ( ,ezekiel is "o ( ! be/ s\rces ( in=mation we possess z to ! v>i$ & ext5sive comm]cial relations ( ,tyre 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c47#gh7 ,x w !re=e be bett] to glance %ortly at its cont5ts "h r ?an 9 its prop] connection 9 ! developm5t ( ! prophet's ?\ght4 ,x w easily be se5 t ! description is some:at idealis$2 no details are giv5 ( ! commodities :i* ,tyre sold to ! nations--only z an aft]?\ght 7v]4 #cc7 is x intimat$ t by s5d+ =? h] w>es %e has enri*$ & satisfi$ _m nations4 ,s ! goods :i* %e b\ght ( !m are n repres5t$ z giv5 9 ex*ange = any?+ else2 ,tyre is poetically conceiv$ z an empress rul+ ! peoples by ! pot5t spell ( h] influ5ce1 compell+ !m to drudge = h] & br+ to h] feet ! ga9s !y h acquir$ by _! heavy lab\r4 ,nor c ! li/ ( nations7#gi7 or _! gifts be meant z exhau/ive2 x only includes su* ?+s z s]v$ to exhibit ! imm5se v>iety ( useful & co/ly articles :i* m9i/]$ to ! weal? & luxury ( ,tyre4 ,b mak+ all[ance = ?is1 & = ! num]\s difficulties :i* ! text pres5ts1 ! passage has evid5tly be5 compil$ ) great c>e2 x %[s a m9ut5ess ( detail & fulness ( k :i* c\ld n h be5 got f books1 b displays a lively p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! affairs ( ! _w :i* is surpris+ 9 a man l ,ezekiel4 ,! ord] foll[$ 9 ! enum]ation ( nations is n q cle>1 b is on ! :ole geographical4 ,/>t+ f ,t>%i% 9 ! extreme we/ 7v]4 #ab71 ! prophet m5tions 9 succession ,javan 7,ionia71 ,tubal1 & ,me%e* 7two tribes to ! s\?ea/ ( ! ,black ,sea71 & ,tog>mah 7usually id5tifi$ ) ,arm5ia7 7vv4 #ac1 #ad74 ,^! repres5t ! nor!rn limit ( ! ,phnician m>kets4 ,! ref]5ce 9 ! next v]se 7v4 #ae7 is d\btful1 on acc\nt ( a diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,septuag9t & ! ,hebrew text4 ,if ) ! =m] we read 8,rhodes0 in/ead ( 8,d$an10 x embraces ! ne>] coa/s & isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ?is is p]haps on ! :ole ! m natural s5se4 ,9 ?is case x is possible t up to ?is po9t ! description has be5 conf9$ to ! sea trade ( ,phnicia1 if we may suppose t ! products ( ,arm5ia rea*$ ,tyre by way ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,at all ev5ts ! ov]l& traffic occupies a space 9 ! li/ out ( proportion to its actual importance1 a fact :i* is easily expla9$ f ! prophet's /&po9t4 ,fir/1 9 a l9e f s\? to nor?1 we h ! ne>] neighb\rs ( ,phnicia--,edom1 ,judah1 ,israel1 & ,damascus 7vv4 #afah74 ,!n ! remot] tribes & di/ricts ( ,arabia--,uzal7#hj7 7! *ief city ( ,yem571 ,d$an 7on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,gulf ( ,akaba71 ,arabia & ,k$> 7nomads ( ! ea/]n des]t71 ,havilah17#ha7 ,%eba1 & ,raamah 79 ! extreme s\? ( ! ,arabian p59sula7 7vv4 #aibb74 ,f9ally ! c\ntries tapp$ by ! ea/]n c>avan r\te--,h>an 7! great trade c5tre 9 ,mesopotamia71 ,canneh 78 ,calneh1 unkn[n71 ,ed5 7diff]5tly spelt f ! g>d5 ( ,ed51 also unkn[n71 ,assyria1 & ,*ilmad 7unkn[n7 7v]4 #bc74 ,^! 7 ! 8m]*ants0 & 8trad]s0 ( ,tyre1 :o are repres5t$ z ?rong+ h] m>ketplace ) ! produce ( _! respective c\ntries4 ,! imports1 s f> z we c foll[ ! prophet's enum]ation1 are 9 ne>ly all cases *>act]i/ic products ( ! regions to :i* !y are assign$4 ,spa9 is kn[n to h furni%$ all ! metals "h m5tion$--silv]1 iron1 lead1 & t94 ,greece & ,asia ,m9or 7 c5tres ( ! slave traffic 7"o ( ! d>ke/ blots on ! comm]ce ( ,phnicia71 & also suppli$ h>dw>e4 ,arm5ia 0 fam\s z a horse bre$+ c\ntry1 & !nce ,tyre procur$ h] supply ( horses & mules4 ,! ebony & tusks ( ivory mu/ h come f ,africa2 & if ! ,septuag9t is "r 9 read+ 8,rhodes0 9 v]4 #ae1 ^! articles c only h be5 collect$ !re = %ipm5t to ,tyre47#hb7 ,?r\gh ,edom come pe>ls & preci\s /ones47#hc7 ,judah & ,israel furni% ,tyre ) agricultural & natural produce1 z !y _h done f ! days ( ,david & ,solomon--:eat & oil1 wax & honey1 balm & spices4 ,damascus yields ! fam\s 8w9e ( ,helbon0--said to be ! only v9tage t ! ,p]sian k+s w\ld dr9k--p]haps also o!r *oice w9es47#hd7 ,a ri* v>iety ( miscellane\s articles1 bo? natural & manufactur$1 is contribut$ by ,arabia1--wr\ght iron 7p]haps swordblades7 f ,yem52 saddleclo?s f ,d$an2 %eep & goats f ! ,b$\9 tribes2 gold1 preci\s /ones1 & aromatic spices f ! c>avans ( ,%eba4 ,la/ly1 ! ,mesopotamian c\ntries provide ! co/ly textile fabrics f ! looms ( ,babylon s highly priz$ 9 antiquity--8co/ly g>m5ts1 mantles ( blue1 purple1 & broid]$ "w10 8_mcol\r$ c>pets10 & 8cords twi/$ & durable407#he7 ,?is survey ( ! ramifications ( ,tyrian comm]ce w h s]v$ its purpose if x enables u to realise 9 "s measure ! conception :i* ,ezekiel _h =m$ ( ! p[] & pre/ige ( ! m>itime city1 ^: de/ruction he s confid5tly ann\nc$4 ,he knew1 z did ,isaiah be=e him1 h[ deeply ,tyre _h /ruck h] roots 9 ! life ( ! old _w1 h[ indisp5sable h] exi/5ce seem$ to be to ! :ole fabric ( civilisation z !n con/itut$4 ,bo? prophets repres5t ! nations z lam5t+ ! d[nfall ( ! city :i* _h s long m9i/]$ to _! mat]ial welf>e4 ,! ov]?r[ ( ,tyre w\ld be felt z a _wwide calamity2 x c\ld h>dly be contemplat$ except z "p ( a radical subv]sion ( ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s4 ,?is is :at ,ezekiel has 9 view1 & 8 attitude t[>ds ,tyre is gov]n$ by 8 expectation ( a great %ak+ ( ! nations :i* is to u%] 9 ! p]fect k+dom ( ,god4 ,9 ! new _w to :i* he looks =w>d no place w be f\nd = ,tyre1 n ev5 ! subord9ate position ( a h&maid to ! p ( ,god :i* ,isaiah's vision ( ! future _h assign$ to h]4 ,b5ea? all h] opul5ce & ref9em5t ! prophet's eye detect$ t :i* 0 oppos$ to ! m9d ( ,jehovah--! irreligi\s _s :i* is ! temptation ( a m]cantile community1 manife/+ itself 9 ov]we5+ pride & self exaltation1 & 9 sordid devotion to ga9 z ! highe/ end ( a nation's exi/5ce4 ,! tw5tysix? *apt] is 9 ! ma9 a lit]al pr$iction ( ! siege & de/ruction ( ,tyre by ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,x is dat$ f ! ye> 9 :i* ,j]usalem 0 captur$1 & 0 c]ta9ly writt5 aft] t ev5t4 ,! numb] ( ! mon? has accid5tally dropp$ out ( ! text1 s t we _c tell :e!r at ! "t ( writ+ ! prophet _h receiv$ actual intellig5ce ( ! fall ( ! city4 ,at all ev5ts x is assum$ t ! fate ( ,j]usalem is already kn[n 9 ,tyre1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! tid+s 7 sure to h be5 receiv$ !re is ! imm$iate occasion ( ! prophecy4 ,l _m o!r peoples1 ,tyre _h rejoic$ ov] ! disa/] :i* _h befall5 ! ,jewi% /ate2 b h] exultation _h a peculi> note ( selfi% calculation1 :i* did n escape ! notice ( ! prophet4 ,ev] m9dful ( h] own int]e/1 %e sees t a b>ri] to ! free developm5t ( h] comm]ce has be5 remov$1 & %e congratulates h]self on ! =tunate turn :i* ev5ts h tak53 8,aha6 ! door ( ! peoples is brok51 x is turn$ t[>ds me2 %e t 0 full ha? be5 laid wa/e607#hf7 7v]4 #b74 ,al?\gh ! relations ( ! two c\ntries _h (t5 be5 fri5dly & sometimes highly advantage\s to ,tyre1 %e _h evid5tly felt h]self hamp]$ by ! exi/5ce ( an indep5d5t /ate on ! m\nta9 ridge ( ,pale/9e4 ,! k+dom ( ,judah1 especially 9 days :5 x 0 /rong en\gh to hold ,edom 9 subjection1 comm&$ ! c>avan r\tes to ! ,r$ ,sea1 & d\btless prev5t$ ! ,phnician m]*ants f reap+ ! full pr(it ( _! v5tures 9 t direction4 ,x is probable t at all times a c]ta9 proportion ( ! rev5ue ( ! k+s ( ,judah 0 d]iv$ f toll levi$ on ! ,tyrian m]*&ise t pass$ ?r\gh _! t]ritory2 & :at !y ?us ga9$ repres5t$ s mu* loss to ,tyre4 ,x 01 to be sure1 a small item 9 ! mass ( bus9ess transact$ on ! ex*ange ( ,tyre4 ,b no?+ is too trivial to ent] into ! calculations ( a community giv5 ov] to ! pursuit ( ga92 & ! satisfaction ) :i* ! fall ( ,j]usalem 0 reg>d$ 9 ,tyre %[$ h[ completely %e 0 debas$ by h] selfi% comm]cial policy1 h[ oblivi\s %e 0 to ! spiritual int]e/s b\nd up ) ! future ( ,israel4 ,hav+ ?us expos$ ! s9ful cupidity & ins5sibility ( ,tyre1 ! prophet proce$s to describe 9 g5]al t]ms ! puni%m5t t is to ov]take h]4 ,_m nations %all be br\ght up aga9/ h]1 irresi/ible z ! sea :5 x comes up ) its waves2 h] walls & =tifications %all be ras$2 ! v du/ %all be scrap$ f h] site1 s t %e is left 8a nak$ rock0 ris+ out ( ! sea1 a place :]e fi%]m5 spread _! nets to dry1 z 9 ! days be=e ! city 0 built4 ,!n foll[s 7vv4 #gad7 a specific ann\ncem5t ( ! mann] 9 :i* judgm5t %all be execut$ on ,tyre4 ,! rec5t political attitude ( ! city left no d\bt z to ! qu>t] f :i* imm$iate dang] 0 to be appreh5d$4 ,! ,phnician /ates _h be5 ! mo/ p[]ful memb]s ( ! conf$]acy t 0 =m$ ab\t #eif to ?r[ (f ! yoke ( ! ,*aldans1 & !y 7 9 op5 revolt at ! "t :5 ,ezekiel wrote4 ,!y _h app>5tly ?r[n 9 _! lot ) ,egypt1 & a conflict ) ,nebu*adnezz> 0 !re=e to be expect$4 ,tyre _h e reason to avoid a w> ) a fir/rate p[]1 :i* c\ld n fail to be disa/r\s to h] comm]cial int]e/s4 ,b h] inhabitants 7 n de/itute ( m>tial _s2 !y tru/$ 9 ! /r5g? ( _! position & _! comm& ( ! sea1 & !y 7 9 ! mood to risk ev]y?+ r ?an aga9 r5\nce _! indep5d5ce & _! fre$om4 ,b all ?is avails no?+ aga9/ ! purpose :i* ,jehovah has purpos$ conc]n+ ,tyre4 ,x is ,he :o br+s ,nebu*adnezz>1 ! k+ ( k+s1 f ! nor? ) 8 army & 8 siegetra91 & ,tyre %all fall be=e 8 assault1 z ,j]usalem has already fall54 ,fir/ ( all1 ! ,phnician cities on ! ma9l& %all be ravag$ & laid wa/e1 & !n op]ations comm5ce aga9/ ! "mcity h]self4 ,! description ( ! siege & capture ( ! isl& =tress is giv5 ) an abundance ( graphic details1 al?\gh1 /rangely en\gh1 )\t call+ att5tion to ! peculi> me?od ( attack t 0 necess>y = ! r$uction ( ,tyre4 ,! great feature ( ! siege w\ld be ! con/ruction ( a huge mole betwe5 ! %ore & ! isl&2 once ! wall 0 rea*$ ! attack w\ld proce$ precisely z 9 ! case ( an inl& t[n1 9 ! mann] depict$ on ,assyrian monum5ts4 ,:5 ! brea* is made 9 ! =tifications ! :ole army p\rs into ! city1 & = ! fir/ "t 9 h] hi/ory ! walls ( ,tyre %ake ) ! rumbl+ ( *>iots 9 h] /reets4 ,! conqu]$ city is !n giv5 up to slaught] & pillage1 h] songs & h] music are /ill$ = ev]1 h] /ones & timb] & du/ are ca/ into ! sea1 & n a trace rema9s ( ! pr\d mi/ress ( ! waves4 ,9 ! ?ird /rophe 7vv4 #aeba7 ! prophet describes ! dismay :i* w be caus$ :5 ! cra% ( ! de/ruction ( ,tyre res\nds along ! coa/s ( ! sea4 ,all ! 8pr9ces ( ! sea0 7p]haps ! rul]s ( ! ,phnician colonies 9 ! ,m$it]ranean7 are repres5t$ z ris+ f _! ?rones1 & putt+ (f _! /ately raim5t1 & sitt+ 9 ! du/ bewail+ ! fate ( ! city4 ,! dirge 9 :i* !y lift up _! voices 7vv4 #ag1 #ah7 is giv5 by ! ,septuag9t 9 a =m :i* pres]ves m ne>ly ?an ! ,hebrew ! /ructure z well z ! beauty :i* we %\ld expect 9 ! orig9al3-- ,h[ is p]i%$ f ! sea-- ,! city r5[n$6 ,%e t laid h] t]ror-- ,on all its inhabitants6 ,n[ are ! isles affright$-- ,9 ! day ( ?y fall+6 ,b ?is beautiful image is n /rong en\gh to express ! prophet's s5se ( ! irretrievable ru9 t hangs ov] ,tyre4 ,by a bold flight ( imag9ation he turns f ! m\rn]s on e>? to foll[ 9 ?\ght ! desc5t ( ! city into ! "u_w 7vv4 #aiba74 ,! idea t ,tyre might rise f h] ru9s aft] a tempor>y eclipse & recov] h] old place 9 ! _w 0 "o t w\ld readily sugge/ itself to any "o :o und]/ood ! real secret ( h] greatness4 ,to ! m9d ( ,ezekiel ! impossibility ( h] re/oration lies 9 ! fix$ purpose ( ,jehovah1 :i* includes1 n only h] de/ruction1 b h] p]petual desolation4 8,:5 ,i make !e a desolate city1 l ! cities t are n inhabit$2 :5 ,i br+ up aga9/ !e ! deep1 & ! great wat]s cov] !e2 !n ,i w br+ !e d[n ) !m t g d[n to ! pit1 ) ! p ( old "t1 & ,i w make !e dwell 9 ! l[e/ p>ts ( ! e>?1 l ! immemorial wa/e places1 ) !m t g d[n to ! pit1 t ?\ be n inhabit$ nor e/abli% ?yself 9 ! l& ( ! liv+40 ,! :ole passage is /eep$ 9 weird poetic imag]y4 ,! 8deep07#hg7 sugge/s some?+ m ?an ! blue wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean3 x is ! "n ( ! great primeval ,ocean1 out ( :i* ! habitable _w 0 fa%ion$1 & :i* is us$ z an emblem ( ! irresi/ible judgm5ts ( ,god47#hh7 ,! 8pit0 is ! realm ( ! dead1 ,%el1 conceiv$ z situat$ "u ! e>?1 :]e ! %ades ( ! dep>t$ drag out a feeble exi/5ce f :i* !re is no deliv]ance4 ,! idea ( ,%el is a frequ5t subject ( poetical embelli%m5t 9 ! lat] books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & ( ?is we h an example "h :5 ! prophet repres5ts ! once popul\s & ?riv+ city z n[ a d5iz5 ( t dre>y place4 ,b ! ess5tial mean+ he wi%es to convey is t ,tyre is numb]$ among ! ?+s t 74 ,%e 8%all be s\ght1 & %all n be f\nd any m = ev]10 because %e has ent]$ ! dismal abode ( ! dead1 :5ce !re is no return to ! joys & activities ( ! upp] _w4 ,su* !n is ! anticipation :i* ,ezekiel 9 ! ye> #ehf _h =m$ ( ! fate ( ,tyre4 ,no c&id read] w suppose t ! prophecy is any?+ b :at x pr(esses to be--a bonfide pr$iction ( ! total de/ruction ( ! city 9 ! imm$iate future & by ! h&s ( ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,:5 ,ezekiel wrote1 ! siege ( ,tyre _h n begun2 & h[ev] cle> x may h be5 to obs]vant m5 t ! next /age 9 ! campaign w\ld be ! r$uction ( ! ,phnician cities1 ! prophet is at lea/ free f ! suspicion ( hav+ prophesi$ aft] ! ev5t4 ,! rem>kable abs5ce ( *>act]i/ic & special details f ! acc\nt ( ! siege is ! be/ pro( t he is deal+ ) ! future f ! true prophetic /&po9t & clo?+ a div9ely imp>t$ conviction 9 images suppli$ by a def9ite hi/orical situation4 ,nor is !re any reason to d\bt t 9 "s =m ! prophecy 0 actually publi%$ among 8 fell[exiles at ! date to :i* x is assign$4 ,on ^! po9ts critical op9ion is fairly unanim\s4 ,b :5 we come to ! "q ( ! fulfilm5t ( ! pr$iction we f9d ourselves 9 ! region ( controv]sy1 &1 x mu/ be admitt$1 ( unc]ta9ty4 ,"s expositors1 det]m9$ at all haz>ds to v9dicate ,ezekiel's prophetic au?ority1 ma9ta9 t ,tyre 0 actually deva/at$ by ,nebu*adnezz> 9 ! mann] describ$ by ! prophet1 & seek = confirmations ( _! view 9 ! few hi/orical notices we possess ( ?is p]iod ( ,nebu*adnezz>'s reign4 ,o!rs1 read+ ! hi/ory diff]5tly1 arrive at ! conclusion t ,ezekiel's calculations 7 entirely at fault1 t ,tyre 0 n captur$ by ! ,babylonians at all1 & t 8 oracle aga9/ ,tyre mu/ be reckon$ among/ ! unfulfill$ prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,o!rs aga9 seek to reconcile an imp>tial hi/orical judgm5t ) a high conception ( ! function ( prophecy1 & f9d 9 ! und\bt$ c\rse ( ev5ts a real ?\gh n an exact v]ification ( ! words utt]$ by ,ezekiel4 ,x is inde$ almo/ by accid5t t we h any indep5d5t corroboration ( ,ezekiel's anticipation ) reg>d to ! imm$iate future ( ,tyre4 ,ori5tal discov]ies h z yet br\ght to light no important hi/orical monum5ts ( ! reign ( ,nebu*adnezz>2 & outside ( ! book ( ,ezekiel itself we h no?+ to guide u except ! /atem5t ( ,josephus1 bas$ on ,phnician & ,greek au?orities17#hi7 t ,tyre und]w5t a ?irte5 ye>s' siege by ! ,babylonian conqu]or4 ,!re is no reason :atev] to call 9 "q ! reliability ( ?is important in=mation1 al?\gh ! accompany+ /atem5t t ! siege began 9 ! sev5? ye> ( ,nebu*adnezz> is c]ta9ly errone\s4 ,b un=tunately we are n told h[ ! siege end$4 ,:e!r x 0 successful or unsuccessful1 :e!r ,tyre 0 r$uc$ or capitulat$1 or 0 evacuat$ or beat (f h] assailants1 is n[h]e indicat$4 ,to argue f ! sil5ce ( ! hi/orians is impossible2 = if "o man argues t a cata/rophe t took place 8be=e ! eyes ( all ,asia0 w\ld n h pass$ unrecord$ 9 hi/orical books1 ano!r might urge ) equal =ce t a repulse ( ,nebu*adnezz> 0 too uncommon an ev5t to be ignor$ 9 ! ,phnician annals47#ij7 ,on ! :ole ! mo/ reasonable hypo!sis is p]haps t aft] ! ?irte5 ye>s ! city surr5d]$ on n unfav\rable t]ms2 b ?is conclusion is bas$ on o!r consid]ations ?an ! data or ! sil5ce ( ,josephus4 ,! *ief reason = believ+ t ,nebu*adnezz> 0 n altoge!r successful 9 8 attack on ,tyre is f\nd 9 a supplem5t>y prophecy ( ,ezekiel's1 giv5 9 ! end ( ! tw5tyn9? *apt] 7vv4 #agba74 ,x 0 evid5tly writt5 aft] ! siege ( ,tyre 0 conclud$1 & s f> z x goes x confirms ! accuracy ( ,josephus' s\rces4 ,x is dat$ f ! ye> #egj1 sixte5 ye>s aft] ! fall ( ,j]usalem2 & x is1 9 fact1 ! late/ oracle 9 ! :ole book4 ,! siege ( ,tyre !re=e1 :i* _h n comm5c$ 9 #ehf1 :5 *4 xxvi4 0 writt51 0 f9i%$ be=e #egj2 & betwe5 ^! t]m9al dates !re is j room = ! ?irte5 ye>s ( ,josephus4 ,! invasion ( ,phnicia mu/ h be5 ! next great ent]prise ( ! ,babylonian army 9 ,we/]n ,asia aft] ! de/ruction ( ,judah1 & x 0 only ! extraord9>y /r5g? ( ,tyre t enabl$ x to protract ! /ruggle s long4 ,n[ :at light does ,ezekiel ?r[ on ! issue ( ! siege8 ,8 words are3 8,nebu*adnezz>1 k+ ( ,babylon1 has made 8 army to s]ve a great s]vice aga9/ ,tyre2 e head made bald & e %\ld] peel$1 yet he & 8 army got no wages out ( ,tyre = ! s]vice :i* he s]v$ aga9/ h]40 ,! prophet !n goes on to ann\nce t ! spoils ( ,egypt %\ld be ! recomp5se to ! army = _! unrequit$ lab\r aga9/ ,tyre1 inasmu* z x 0 "w done = ,jehovah4 ,"h !n1 we h evid5ce fir/ ( all t ! long siege ( ,tyre _h tax$ ! res\rces ( ! besieg]s to ! utmo/4 ,! 8peel$ %\ld]s0 & ! 8heads made bald0 is a graphic detail :i* alludes n obscurely to ! monoton\s navvy "w ( c>ry+ loads ( /ones & e>? to fill up ! n>r[ *annel betwe5 ! ma9l& & ! isl&17#ia7 s z to all[ ! eng9es to be br\ght up to ! walls4 ,ezekiel 0 well aw>e ( ! ardu\s nature ( ! und]tak+1 ! exp5diture ( human ef=t & life :i* 0 involv$1 9 ! /ruggle ) natural ob/acles2 & 8 /rik+ conception ( ^! obscure & toil+ soldi]s z unconsci\s s]vants ( ! ,almighty %[s h[ /eadfa/ 0 8 fai? 9 ! ^w he proclaim$ aga9/ ,tyre4 ,b ! important po9t is t !y obta9$ f ,tyre no rew>d--at lea/ no adequate rew>d--= _! h]culean lab\rs4 ,! expression us$ is no d\bt capable ( v>i\s int]pretations4 ,x might mean t ! siege _h to be ab&on$1 or t ! city 0 able to make extremely easy t]ms ( capitulation1 or1 z ,j]ome sugge/s1 t ! ,tyrians _h c>ri$ (f _! treasures by sea & escap$ to "o ( _! colonies4 ,9 any case x %[s t ! hi/orical ev5t 0 n 9 accordance ) ! details ( ! e>li] prophecy4 ,t ! weal? ( ,tyre w\ld fall to ! conqu]ors is !re assum$ z a natural consequ5ce ( ! capture ( ! city4 ,b :e!r ! city 0 actually captur$ or n1 ! victors 7 someh[ disappo9t$ 9 _! expectation ( plund]4 ,! ri* spoil ( ,tyre1 :i* 0 ! legitimate rew>d ( _! exhau/+ toil1 _h slipp$ f _! eag] grasp2 to ?is ext5t at lea/ ! reality fell %ort ( ! pr$iction1 & ,nebu*adnezz> _h to be comp5sat$ = 8 losses at ,tyre by ! promise ( an easy conque/ ( ,egypt4 ,b if ?is _h be5 all x is n probable t ,ezekiel w\ld h deem$ x necess>y to supplem5t 8 e>li] pr$iction 9 ! way we h se5 aft] an int]val ( sixte5 ye>s4 ,! m]e circum/ance t ! sack ( ,tyre _h fail$ to yield ! booty t ! besieg]s c\nt$ on 0 n ( a nature to attract att5tion among/ ! prophet's auditors1 or to ?r[ d\bt on ! g5u95ess ( 8 inspiration4 ,& we "k t !re 0 a mu* m s]i\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! prophecy & ! ev5t ?an ?is4 ,x is f :at has j be5 said extremely d\btful :e!r ,nebu*adnezz> actually de/roy$ ,tyre1 b ev5 if he did %e v quickly recov]$ mu* ( h] =m] prosp]ity & glory4 ,t h] comm]ce 0 s]i\sly crippl$ dur+ ! /ruggle ) ,babylonia we may well believe1 & x is possible t %e nev] aga9 0 :at %e _h be5 be=e ?is humiliation came ^u h]4 ,b = all t ! ent]prise & prosp]ity ( ,tyre cont9u$ = _m ages to excite ! admiration ( ! mo/ enlight5$ nations ( antiquity4 ,! de/ruction ( ! city1 !re=e1 if x took place1 _h n ! f9ality :i* ,ezekiel _h anticipat$4 ,n till aft] ! lapse ( eighte5 c5turies c\ld x be said ) approximate tru? t %e 0 l 8a b>e rock 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea40 ,! mo/ in/ructive fact = u1 h[ev]1 is t ,ezekiel reissu$ 8 orig9al prophecy1 kn[+ t x _h n be5 lit]ally fulfill$4 ,9 ! m9ds ( 8 he>]s ! app>5t falsification ( 8 pr$ictions _h reviv$ old prejudices aga9/ him :i* int]f]$ ) ! prosecution ( 8 "w4 ,!y reason$ t a prophecy s mu* out ( jo9t ) ! reality 0 suffici5t to discr$it 8 claim to be an au?oritative expon5t ( ! m9d ( ,jehovah2 & s ! prophet f\nd himself emb>rass$ by a recurr5ce ( ! old unbeliev+ attitude :i* _h h9d]$ 8 public activity be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,he has n = ! pres5t 8an op5 m\?0 among/ !m1 & he feels t 8 words w n be fully receiv$ until !y are v]ifi$ by ! re/oration ( ,israel to its own l&4 ,b x is evid5t t he himself did n %>e ! view ( 8 audi5ce1 o!rwise he w\ld c]ta9ly h suppress$ a prophecy :i* lack$ ! m>k ( au!nticity4 ,on ! contr>y he publi%$ x = ! p]usal ( a wid] circle ( read]s1 9 ! conviction t :at he _h spok5 0 a true ^w ( ,god1 & t its ess5tial tru? did n dep5d on its exact correspond5ce ) ! facts ( hi/ory4 ,9 o!r words1 he believ$ 9 x z a true read+ ( ! pr9ciples reveal$ 9 ,god's moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w--a read+ :i* _h receiv$ a p>tial v]ification 9 ! bl[ :i* _h be5 dealt at ! pride ( ,tyre1 & :i* w\ld receive a /ill m signal fulfilm5t 9 ! f9al convulsions :i* 7 to introduce ! day ( ,israel's re/oration & glory4 ,only we mu/ rememb] t ! prophet's horizon 0 necess>ily limit$2 & z he did n contemplate ! sl[ developm5t & ext5sion ( ! k+dom ( ,god ?r\gh long ages1 s he c\ld n h tak5 into acc\nt ! secul> op]ation ( hi/oric causes :i* ev5tually br\ght ab\t ! ru9 ( ,tyre4 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,tyre 7,cont9u$73 ,sidon4 ,*apt]s xxvii41 xxviii4 ,! rema9+ oracles on ,tyre 7*s4 xxvii41 xxviii4 #aai7 are some:at diff]5t bo? 9 subject & mode ( treatm5t f ! *apt] we h j f9i%$4 ,*4 xxvi4 is 9 ! ma9 a direct ann\ncem5t ( ! fall ( ,tyre1 deliv]$ 9 ! oratorical /yle :i* is ! usual vehicle ( prophetic address4 ,%e is reg>d$ z a /ate occupy+ a def9ite place among ! o!r /ates ( ! _w1 & %>+ ! fate ( o!r peoples :o by _! conduct t[>ds ,israel or _! ungodl9ess & arrogance h incurr$ ! ang] ( ,jehovah4 ,! two great odes :i* foll[ are purely ideal del9eations ( :at ,tyre is 9 h]self2 h] de/ruction is assum$ z c]ta9 r ?an directly pr$ict$1 & ! prophet gives free play to 8 imag9ation 9 ! ef=t to set =? ! conception ( ! city :i* 0 impress$ on 8 m9d4 ,9 *4 xxvii4 he dwells on ! ext]nal greatness & magnific5ce ( ,tyre1 h] ar*itectural spl5d\r1 h] political & milit>y p[]1 & above all h] amaz+ comm]cial ent]prise4 ,*4 xxviii41 on ! o!r h&1 is a m$itation on ! peculi> g5ius ( ,tyre1 h] inn] _s ( pride & selfsuffici5cy1 z embodi$ 9 ! p]son ( h] k+4 ,f a lit]>y po9t ( view ! two *apt]s are among/ ! mo/ beautiful 9 ! :ole book4 ,9 ! tw5tysev5? *apt] ! fi]y indignation ( ! prophet almo/ disappe>s1 giv+ place to ! play ( poetic fancy1 & a fl[ ( lyric emotion m p]fectly r5d]$ ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ,ezekiel's writ+s4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ea* passage is ! elegy pron\nc$ ov] ! fall ( ,tyre2 & al?\gh ! elegy seems j on ! po9t ( pass+ into ! tauntsong1 yet ! acc5t ( triumph is nev] suff]$ to ov]:elm ! note ( sadness to :i* ^! poems owe _! special *>m4 ,i ,*4 xxvii4 is describ$ z a dirge ov] ,tyre4 ,9 ! previ\s *apt] ! nations 7 repres5t$ z bewail+ h] fall1 b "h ! prophet himself takes up a lam5tation = h]2 &1 z may h be5 usual 9 real fun]eal dirges1 he comm5ces by celebrat+ ! might & ri*es ( ! doom$ city4 ,! f9e image :i* is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! *apt] 0 probably sugge/$ to ,ezekiel by ! picturesque situation ( ,tyre on h] seagirt rock at 8! entries ( ! sea40 ,he comp>es h] to a /ately vessel rid+ at an*or7#ib7 ne> ! %ore1 tak+ on bo>d h] c>go ( preci\s m]*&ise1 & ready to />t on ! p]il\s voyage f :i* %e is de/9$ nev] to return4 ,mean:ile ! gallant %ip sits pr\dly 9 ! wat]1 tight & seawor?y & sumptu\sly furni%$2 & ! prophet's eye runs rapidly ov] ! *ief po9ts ( h] elaborate con/ruction & equipm5t 7vv4 #caa74 ,h] timb]s are fa%ion$ ( cypress f ,h]mon17#ic7 h] ma/ is a c$> ( ,lebanon1 h] o>s are made ( ! oak ( ,ba%an1 h] deck ( %]bnwood7#id7 7a v>iety ( c$>7 inlaid ) ivory import$ f ,cyprus4 ,h] canvas fitt+s are /ill m exquisite & co/ly4 ,! sail is ( ,egyptian byssus ) embroid]$ "w1 & ! awn+ ov] ! deck 0 ( clo? respl5d5t 9 ! two purple dyes procur$ f ! coa/s ( ,eli%ah47#ie7 ,! %ip is fitt$ up = pleasure & luxury z well z = traffic1 ! fact symbolis$ be+ obvi\sly ! ar*itectural & o!r spl5d\rs :i* ju/ifi$ ! city's boa/ t %e 0 8! p]fection ( beauty40 ,b ,tyre 0 wise & p[]ful z well z beautiful2 & s ! prophet1 /ill keep+ up ! metaphor1 proce$s to describe h[ ! great %ip is mann$4 ,h] /e]sm5 are ! exp]i5c$ /atesm5 :om %e h]self has br$ & rais$ to p[]2 h] r[]s are ! m5 ( ,sidon & ,aradus1 :o sp5d _! /r5g? 9 h] s]vice4 ,! eld]s & wise m5 ( ,gebal are h] %ipwrights 7lit]ally 8/opp]s ( leaks072 & s great is h] influ5ce t all ! naval res\rces ( ! _w are subject to h] control4 ,besides ?is ,tyre employs an army ( m]c5>ies drawn f ! remote/ qu>t]s ( ! e>?--f ,p]sia & ,nor? ,africa1 z well z ! subord9ate t[ns ( ,phnicia2 & ^!1 repres5t$ z hang+ _! %ields & helmets on h] sides1 make h] beauty complete47#if7 ,9 ^! v]ses ! prophet pays a tribute ( admiration to ! a/ut5ess ) :i* ! rul]s ( ,tyre us$ _! res\rces to /r5g!n h] position z ! head ( ! ,phnician conf$]acy4 ,?ree ( ! cities m5tion$--,sidon1 ,aradus1 & ,gebal or ,byblus--7 ! mo/ important 9 ,phnicia2 two ( !m at lea/ _h a long] hi/ory ?an h]self1 yet !y are "h truly repres5t$ z p]=m+ ! r\gh m5ial lab\r :i* br\ght weal? & r5[n to ,tyre4 ,x requir$ no ord9>y /atecraft to pres]ve ! balance ( s _m complex & conflict+ int]e/s1 & make !m all coop]ate = ! advancem5t ( ! glory ( ,tyre2 b hi!rto h] 8wise m50 _h prov$ equal to ! task4 ,! second /rophe 7vv4 #abbe7 conta9s ! survey ( ,tyrian comm]ce1 :i* has already be5 analys$ 9 ano!r connection47#ig7 ,at fir/ sight x appe>s z if ! allegory 7 "h ab&on$1 & ! impression is p>tly correct4 ,9 reality ! city1 al?\gh p]sonifi$1 is reg>d$ z ! emporium ( ! _w's comm]ce1 to :i* all ! nations /ream ) _! produce4 ,b at ! end x appe>s t ! v>i\s commodities enum]at$ repres5t ! c>go ) :i* ! %ip is lad54 ,%ips ( ,t>%i%--i4e41 ! l>ge/ class ( m]*ant vessels !n afloat1 us$ = ! long ,atlantic voyage--wait ^u h]1 & fill h] ) all sorts ( preci\s ?+s 7v]4 #be74 ,!n 9 ! la/ /rophe 7vv4 #bfcf71 :i* speaks ( ! de/ruction ( ,tyre1 ! figure ( ! %ip is boldly resum$4 ,! heavily freight$ vessel is r[$ into ! op5 sea2 !re %e is /ruck by an ea/ w9d & f\nd]s 9 deep wat]4 ,! image sugge/s two ideas1 :i* mu/ n be press$1 al?\gh !y may h an elem5t ( hi/oric tru? 9 !m3 "o is t ,tyre p]i%$ "u ! weight ( h] own comm]cial greatness1 & ! o!r t h] ru9 0 ha/5$ ?r\gh ! folly ( h] rul]s4 ,b ! ma9 idea is t ! de/ruction ( ! city 0 wr\ght by ! p[] ( ,god1 :i* sudd5ly ov]:elm$ h] at ! height ( h] prosp]ity & activity4 ,z ! waves close ov] ! doom$ vessel ! cry ( angui% t goes up f ! dr[n+ m>9]s & pass5g]s /rikes t]ror into ! he>ts ( all seaf>+ m54 ,!y =sake _! %ips1 & hav+ rea*$ ! safety ( ! %ore ab&on !mselves to frantic demon/rations ( grief1 jo9+ _! voices 9 a lam5tation ov] ! fate ( ! goodly %ip :i* symbolis$ ! mi/ress ( ! sea 7vv4 #cbcf77ih73-- ,:o 0 l ,tyre s glori\s-- ,9 ! mid/ ( ! sea8 ,:5 ?y w>es w5t =? f ! seas-- ,?\ fill$/ ! peoples2 ,) ?y weal? & ?y m]*&ise-- ,?\ enri*$/ ! e>?4 ,n[ art ?\ brok5 f ! seas-- ,9 dep?s ( ! wat]s2 ,?y m]*&ise & all ?y multitude-- ,are fall5 !re94 ,all ! inhabitants ( ! isl&s-- ,are %ock$ at !e1 ,& _! k+s %udd] greatly-- ,) te>ful c\nt5ances4 ,!y t trade among ! peoples 444-- ,hiss ov] !e2 ,?\ art become a t]ror-- ,& art no m = ev]4 ,su* is ! end ( ,tyre4 ,%e has vani%$ utt]ly f ! e>?2 ! impos+ fabric ( h] greatness is l an unsub/antial pageant fad$2 & no?+ rema9s to tell ( h] =m] glory b ! m\rn+ ( ! nations :o 7 once enri*$ by h] comm]ce4 ,,ii ,*4 xxviii4 #aai4--;,"h ! prophet turns to ! pr9ce ( ,tyre1 :o is address$ ?r\gh\t z ! imp]sonation ( ! consci\sness ( a great comm]cial community4 ,we happ5 to "k f ,josephus t ! "n ( ! reign+ k+ at ?is "t 0 ,i?obaal or ,e?baal ,,ii4 ,b x is manife/ t ! t]ms ( ,ezekiel's message h no ref]5ce to ! individuality ( ?is or any o!r pr9ce ( ,tyre4 ,x is n likely t ! k+ c\ld h ex]cis$ any great political influ5ce 9 a city 8^: m]*ants 7 all pr9ces02 inde$1 we le>n f ,josephus t ! mon>*y 0 aboli%$ 9 fav\r ( "s sort ( elective con/itution n long aft] ! dea? ( ,i?obaal4 ,nor is !re any reason to suppose t ,ezekiel has 9 view any special manife/ation ( arrogance on ! "p ( ! royal h\se1 su* z a pret5sion to be desc5d$ f ! gods4 ,! k+ "h is simply ! repres5tative ( ! g5ius ( ! community1 ! s9s ( he>t *>g$ aga9/ him are ! expression ( ! s9ful pr9ciple :i* ! prophet detect$ b5ea? ! ref9em5t & luxury ( ,tyre1 & 8 %ameful dea? only symbolises ! d[nfall ( ! city4 ,! prophecy consi/s ( two p>ts3 fir/1 an accusation aga9/ ! pr9ce ( ,tyre1 end+ ) a ?reat ( de/ruction 7vv4 #baj72 & second1 a lam5t ov] 8 fall 7vv4 #aaai74 ,! po9t ( view is v diff]5t 9 ^! two sections4 ,9 ! fir/ ! pr9ce is /ill conceiv$ z a man2 & ! language put into 8 m\?1 al?\gh extravagant1 does n exce$ ! limits ( purely human arrogance4 ,9 ! second1 h[ev]1 ! k+ appe>s z an angelic be+1 an inhabitant ( ,ed5 & a companion ( ! *]ub1 s9less at fir/1 & fall+ f 8 high e/ate ?r\gh 8 own transgression4 ,x almo/ seems z if ! prophet _h 9 8 m9d ! idea ( a tutel>y _s or g5ius ( ,tyre1 l ! angelic pr9ces 9 ! book ( ,daniel :o preside ov] ! de/9ies ( diff]5t nations47#ii7 ,b 9 spite ( its enhanc$ idealism1 ! passage only clo!s 9 =ms drawn f ,babylonian my?ology ! b\ndless selfglorification ( ,tyre2 & ! expulsion ( ! pr9ce f p>adise is m]ely ! ideal c\nt]p>t ( ! ov]?r[ ( ! city :i* is 8 e>?ly abode4 ,! s9 ( ,tyre is an ov]we5+ pride1 :i* culm9at$ 9 an attitude ( selfdeification on ! "p ( its k+4 ,surr\nd$ on e h& by ! evid5ces ( man's ma/]y ov] ! _w1 by ! a*ievem5ts ( human art & indu/ry & ent]prise1 ! k+ feels z if 8 ?rone on ! seagirt isl& 7 a v]itable seat ( ! gods1 & z if he himself 7 a be+ truly div9e4 ,8 he>t is lift$ up2 &1 =getful ( ! limits ( 8 mortality1 he 8sets 8 m9d l ! m9d ( a god40 ,! godlike quality on :i* he specially prides himself is ! sup]human wisdom ev9c$ by ! extraord9>y prosp]ity ( ! city ) :i* he id5tifies himself4 ,wis] ?an ,daniel6 ! prophet ironically exclaims2 8no secret ?+ is too d>k = !e60 8,by ?y wisdom & ?9e insight ?\ ha/ gott5 !e weal?1 & ha/ ga!r$ gold & silv] into ?y treasuries3 by ?y great wisdom 9 ?y comm]ce ?\ ha/ multipli$ ?y weal?1 & ?y he>t is lift$ up because ( ?y ri*es40 ,! pr9ce sees 9 ! va/ accumulation ( mat]ial res\rces 9 ,tyre no?+ b ! reflection ( ! g5ius ( h] inhabitants2 & be+ himself ! inc>nation ( ! _s ( ! city1 he takes ! glory ( x to himself & e/eems himself a god4 ,su* impi\s selfexaltation mu/ inevitably call d[n ! v5geance ( ,him :o is ! only liv+ ,god2 & ,ezekiel proce$s to ann\nce ! humiliation ( ! pr9ce by ! 8mo/ ru?less ( ! nations0--i4e41 ! ,*aldans4 ,he %all !n "k h[ mu* ( div9ity do? h$ge a k+4 ,9 face ( !m t seek 8 life he %all le>n t he is man & n ,god1 & t !re are =ces 9 ! _w aga9/ :i* ! vaunt$ wisdom ( ,tyre is ( no avail4 ,an ignom9i\s dea?7#ajj7 at ! h& ( /rang]s is ! fate res]v$ = ! mortal :o s pr\dly exalt$ himself aga9/ all t is call$ ,god4 ,! ?\ght ?us express$1 :5 dis5gag$ f its peculi> sett+1 is "o ( p]man5t importance4 ,to ,ezekiel1 z to ! prophets g5]ally1 ,tyre is ! repres5tative ( comm]cial greatness1 & ! tru? :i* he "h seeks to illu/rate is t ! abnormal developm5t ( ! m]cantile _s _h 9 h] case de/roy$ ! capacity ( fai? 9 t :i* is truly div9e4 ,tyre no d\bt1 l e o!r anci5t /ate1 /ill ma9ta9$ a public religion ( ! type common to ,semitic paganism4 ,%e 0 ! sacr$ seat ( a special cult1 & ! temple ( ,melk>? 0 consid]$ ! *ief glory ( ! city4 ,b ! public & p]functory wor%ip :i* 0 !re celebrat$ _h long ceas$ to express ! highe/ consci\sness ( ! community4 ,! real god ( ,tyre 0 n ,baal nor ,melk>?1 b ! k+1 or any o!r object t might s]ve z a symbol ( h] civic greatness4 ,h] religion 0 "o t embodi$ itself 9 no outw>d ritual2 x 0 ! en?usiasm :i* 0 k9dl$ 9 ! he>t ( e citiz5 ( ,tyre by ! magnific5ce ( ! imp]ial city to :i* he belong$4 ,! /ate ( m9d :i* ,ezekiel reg>ds z *>act]i/ic ( ,tyre 0 p]haps ! inevitable outcome ( a high civilisation in=m$ by no l(ti] religi\s conceptions ?an ^? common to hea!nism4 ,x is ! idea :i* aft]w>ds f\nd expression 9 ! deification ( ! ,roman emp]ors--! idea t ! /ate is ! only p[] high] ?an ! individual to :i* he c look = ! fur!rance ( 8 mat]ial & spiritual int]e/s1 ! only p[]1 !re=e1 :i* rightly claims 8 homage & 8 rev]5ce4 ,none ! less x is a /ate ( m9d :i* is de/ructive ( all t is ess5tial to liv+ religion2 & ,tyre 9 h] pr\d selfsuffici5cy 0 p]haps fur!r f a true k ( ,god ?an ! b>b>\s tribes :o 9 all s9c]ity wor%ipp$ ! rude idols :i* repres5t$ ! invisible p[] t rul$ _! de/9ies4 ,& 9 expos+ ! irreligi\s _s :i* lay at ! he>t ( ! ,tyrian civilisation ! prophet lays 8 f+] on ! spiritual dang] :i* att5ds ! successful pursuit ( ! f9ite int]e/s ( human life4 ,! ?\ght ( ,god1 ! s5se ( an imm$iate relation ( ! _s ( man to ! ,et]nal & ! ,inf9ite1 are easily displac$ f m5's m9ds by undue admiration = ! a*ievem5ts ( a culture bas$ on mat]ial progress1 & supply+ e ne$ ( human nature except ! v deepe/1 ! ne$ ( ,god4 8,= t is truly a man's religion1 ! object ( :i* fills & holds captive 8 s\l & he>t & m9d1 9 :i* he tru/s above all ?+s1 :i* above all ?+s he longs = & hopes =407#aja7 ,! comm]cial _s is inde$ b "o ( ! =ms 9 :i* m5 devote !mselves to ! s]vice ( ?is pres5t _w2 b 9 any community :]e x reigns supreme we may confid5tly look = ! same signs ( religi\s decay :i* ,ezekiel detect$ 9 ,tyre 9 8 own day4 ,at all ev5ts 8 message is n sup]flu\s 9 an age & c\ntry :]e en]gies are wellnigh exhau/$ 9 ! accumulation ( ! means ( liv+1 & ^: social problems all run up into ! great "q ( ! di/ribution ( weal?4 ,x is ess5tially ! same tru? :i* ,rusk91 ) some?+ ( ! p[] & insight ( a ,hebrew prophet1 has s eloqu5tly en=c$ on ! m5 :o make mod]n ,engl&--t ! true religion ( a community does n live 9 ! v5]able in/itutions to :i* x yields a =mal & conv5tional def]5ce1 b 9 ! objects :i* inspire its mo/ eag] ambitions1 ! ideals :i* gov]n its /&>d ( wor?1 9 ^? ?+s :]e9 x f9ds ! ultimate gr\nd ( its confid5ce & ! rew>d ( its "w47#ajb7 ,! lam5tation ov] ! fall ( ! pr9ce ( ,tyre 7vv4 #aaai7 reit]ates ! same lesson ) a boldness & fre$om ( imag9ation n usual ) ?is prophet4 ,! passage is full ( obscurities & difficulties :i* _c be adequately discuss$ "h1 b ! ma9 l9es ( ! conception are easily grasp$4 ,x describes ! orig9al /ate ( ! pr9ce z a semidiv9e be+1 & 8 fall f t /ate on acc\nt ( s9 t 0 f\nd 9 him4 ,! picture is no d\bt ironical2 ,ezekiel actually means no?+ m ?an t ! so>+ pride ( ,tyre en?ron$ its k+ or its presid+ g5ius 9 ! seat ( ! gods1 & end[$ him ) attributes m ?an mortal4 ,! prophet accepts ! idea1 & %[s t !re 0 s9 9 ,tyre en\gh to hurl ! mo/ radiant ( cele/ial creatures f heav5 to hell4 ,! passage pres5ts c]ta9 obvi\s aff9ities ) ! acc\nt ( ! ,fall 9 ! second & ?ird *apt]s ( ,g5esis2 b x also conta9s rem9isc5ces ( a my?ology ! key to :i* is n[ lo/4 ,x c h>dly be suppos$ t ! vivid details ( ! imag]y1 su* z ! 8m\nta9 ( ,god10 ! 8/ones ( fire10 8! preci\s gems10 are altoge!r due to ! prophet's imag9ation4 ,! m\nta9 ( ! gods is n[ kn[n to h be5 a prom95t idea ( ! ,babylonian religion2 & !re appe>s to h be5 a widespread notion t 9 ! abode ( ! gods 7 treasures ( gold & preci\s /ones1 jeal\sly gu>d$ by griff9s1 ( :i* small quantities f\nd _! way into ! possession ( m54 ,x is possible t fragm5ts ( ^! my?ical notions may h rea*$ ! k ( ,ezekiel dur+ 8 soj\rn 9 ,babylon & be5 us$ by him to fill up 8 picture ( ! glories :i* surr\nd$ ! fir/ e/ate ( ! k+ ( ,tyre4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! pr9ce is n to be id5tifi$ ) ! *]ub or "o ( ! *]ubim4 ,! words 8,?\ art ! ano9t$ *]ub t cov]e?1 & ,i h set !e s0 7v]4 #ad7 may be translat$ 8,) ! 444 *]ub ,i set !e02 & simil>ly ! words ( v]4 #af1 8,i w de/roy !e1 ,o cov]+ *]ub10 %\ld probably be r5d]$ 8,& ! *]ub ha? de/roy$ !e40 ,! :ole conception is greatly simplifi$ by ^! *anges1 & ! pr9cipal features ( x1 s f> z !y c be made out ) cle>ness1 are z foll[s3 ,! *]ub is ! w>d5 ( ! 8holy m\nta9 ( ,god10 & no d\bt also 7z 9 *4 i47 ! symbol & be>] ( ! div9e glory4 ,:5 x is said t ! pr9ce ( ,tyre 0 plac$ ) ! *]ub1 ! mean+ is t he _h 8 place 9 ! abode ( ,god1 or 0 admitt$ to ! pres5ce ( ,god1 s long z he pres]v$ ! p]fection 9 :i* he 0 creat$ 7v]4 #ae74 ,! o!r allusions to 8 orig9al glory1 su* z ! 8cov]+0 ( preci\s /ones & ! 8walk+ amid/ fi]y /ones10 _c be expla9$ ) any degree ( c]ta9ty47#ajc7 ,:5 iniquity is f\nd 9 him s t he mu/ be bani%$ f ! pres5ce ( ,god1 ! *]ub is said to de/roy him f ! mid/ ( ! /ones ( fire--i4e41 is ! ag5t ( ! div9e judgm5t :i* desc5ds on ! pr9ce4 ,x is ?us d\btful :e!r ! pr9ce is conceiv$ z a p]fect human be+1 l ,adam be=e 8 fall1 or z an angelic1 sup]human creature2 b ! po9t is ( little importance 9 an ideal del9eation su* z we h "h4 ,x w be se5 t ev5 on ! fir/ supposition !re is no v close correspond5ce ) ! /ory ( ,ed5 9 ! book ( ,g5esis1 = !re ! *]ubim are plac$ to gu>d ! way ( ! tree ( life only aft] man has be5 expell$ f ! g>d54 ,b :at is ! s9 t t>ni%$ ! sanctity ( ?is exalt$ p]sonage & co/ him 8 place among ! immortals8 ,ideally1 x 0 an access ( pride t caus$ 8 ru91 a spiritual s91 su* z might orig9ate 9 ! he>t ( an angelic be+4 ,by t s9 fell ! angels3 h[ c man1 !n1 ,! image ( 8 ,mak]1 hope to w9 by x8 ,8 he>t 0 lift$ up because ( 8 beauty1 & he =feit$ 8 godlike wisdom ov] 8 brilliance 7v]4 #ag74 ,b really1 ?is *ange pass+ ov] ! _s ( ! pr9ce 9 ! seat ( ,god is only ! reflection ( :at is done on e>? 9 ,tyre4 ,z h] comm]ce increas$1 ! pro(s ( h] unju/ & unscrupul\s use ( weal? 7 accumulat$ aga9/ h]1 & h] mid/ 0 fill$ ) viol5ce 7v]4 #af74 ,?is is ! only allusion 9 ! ?ree *apt]s to ! wrong & oppression & ! outrages on humanity :i* 7 ! inevitable accompanim5ts ( t gre$ ( ga9 :i* _h tak5 possession ( ! ,tyrian community4 ,& ^! s9s are reg>d$ z a demoralisation tak+ place 9 ! nature ( ! pr9ce :o is ! repres5tative ( ! city2 by ! 8iniquity ( 8 traffic he has pr(an$ 8 hol9ess10 & is ca/ d[n f 8 l(ty seat to ! e>?1 a spectacle ( abject humiliation = k+s to gloat ov]4 ,by a sudd5 *ange ( metaphor ! de/ruction ( ! city is also repres5t$ z a fire break+ out 9 ! vitals ( ! pr9ce & r$uc+ 8 body to a%es--a conception :i* has n unnaturally sugge/$ to "s comm5tators ! fable ( ! phnix :i* 0 suppos$ p]iodically to immolate h]self 9 a fire ( h] own k9dl+4 ,,iii ,a %ort oracle on ,sidon completes ! s]ies ( prophecies deal+ ) ! future ( ,israel's imm$iate neighb\rs 7vv4 #bjbc74 ,sidon lay ab\t tw5ty miles f>!r nor? ?an ,tyre1 & 01 z we h se51 at ?is "t subject to ! au?ority ( ! y\ng] & m vigor\s city4 ,f ! book ( ,j]emiah17#ajd7 h[ev]1 we see t ,sidon 0 an autonom\s /ate1 & pres]v$ a measure ( indep5d5ce ev5 9 matt]s ( =eign policy4 ,!re is !re=e no?+ arbitr>y 9 assign+ a sep>ate oracle to ?is mo/ nor!rly ( ! /ates 9 imm$iate contact ) ! p ( ,israel1 al?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t ,ezekiel has no?+ di/9ctive to say ( ,sidon4 ,phnicia 0 9 tru? s ov]%ad[$ by ,tyre t all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! p h be5 amply illu/rat$ 9 ! *apt]s t h dealt ) ! latt] city4 ,! prophecy is accord+ly deliv]$ 9 ! mo/ g5]al t]ms1 & indicates r ! purpose & effect ( ! judgm5t ?an ! mann] 9 :i* x is to come or ! "* ( ! p aga9/ :om x is direct$4 ,x passes ins5sibly into a pr$iction ( ! glori\s future ( ,israel1 :i* is important z reveal+ ! und]ly+ motive ( all ! prec$+ utt]ances aga9/ ! hea!n nations4 ,! re/oration ( ,israel & ! de/ruction ( h] old neighb\rs are bo? p>ts ( "o compreh5sive s*eme ( div9e provid5ce1 ! ultimate object ( :i* is a demon/ration be=e ! eyes ( ! _w ( ! hol9ess ( ,jehovah4 ,t m5 might "k t ,he is ,jehovah1 ,god alone1 is ! end alike ( ,8 deal+s ) ! hea!n & ) ,8 own p4 ,& ! two p>ts ( ,god's plan are 9 ! m9d ( ,ezekiel intimately relat$ to ea* o!r2 ! "o is m]ely a condition ( ! realisation ( ! o!r4 ,! cr[n+ pro( ( ,jehovah's hol9ess w be se5 9 ,8 fai?fulness to ! promise made to ! patri>*s ( ! possession ( ! l& ( ,canaan1 & 9 ! security & prosp]ity enjoy$ by ,israel :5 br\ght back to _! l& a purifi$ nation4 ,n[ 9 ! pa/ ,israel _h be5 con/antly int]f]$ )1 crippl$1 humiliat$1 & s$uc$ by ! petty hea!n p[]s ar\nd h] bord]s4 ,^! _h be5 a prick+ bri] & a /++ ?orn 7v]4 #bd71 con/antly annoy+ & h>ass+ h] & imp$+ ! free developm5t ( h] national life4 ,h5ce ! judgm5ts "h d5\nc$ aga9/ !m are no d\bt 9 ! fir/ in/ance a puni%m5t = :at !y _h be5 & done 9 ! pa/2 b !y are also a cle>+ ( ! /age t ,israel might be isolat$ f ! re/ ( ! _w1 & be free to m\ld h] national life & h] religi\s in/itutions 9 accordance ) ! w ( h] ,god4 ,t is ! sub/ance ( ! la/ ?ree v]ses ( ! *apt]2 & :ile !y exhibit ! peculi> limitations ( ! prophet's ?9k+1 !y enable u at ! same "t to d ju/ice to ! s+ul> unity & consi/5cy ( aim :i* guid$ him 9 8 great =eca/ ( ! future ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,!re rema9s n[ ! case ( ,egypt to be dealt )2 b ,egypt's relations to ,israel & h] position 9 ! _w 7 s unique t ,ezekiel res]ves consid]ation ( h] future = a sep>ate gr\p ( oracles long] ?an ^? on all ! o!r nations put toge!r4 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,egypt4 ,*apt]s xxix4xxxii4 ,egypt figures 9 ! prophecies ( ,ezekiel z a great _wp[] *]i%+ projects ( univ]sal dom9ion4 ,once m1 z 9 ! age ( ,isaiah1 ! rul+ factor 9 ,asiatic politics 0 ! duel = ! ma/]y ( ! _w betwe5 ! rival empires ( ! ,nile & ! ,euphrates4 ,! influ5ce ( ,egypt 0 p]haps ev5 great] 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury ?an x _h be5 9 ! end ( ! eigh?1 al?\gh 9 ! int]val x _h suff]$ a signal eclipse4 ,isaiah 7*4 xix47 _h pr$ict$ a subjugation ( ,egypt by ! ,assyrians1 & ?is prophecy _h be5 fulfill$ 9 ! ye> #fgb1 :5 ,es>haddon invad$ ! c\ntry & incorporat$ x 9 ! ,assyrian empire4 ,he divid$ its t]ritory into tw5ty petty pr9cipalities gov]n$ by ,assyrian or native rul]s1 & ?is /ate ( ?+s _h la/$ ) little *ange = a g5]ation4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,as%urbanipal ,egypt 0 frequ5tly ov]run by ,assyrian armies1 & ! repeat$ attempts ( ! ,e?iopian mon>*s1 aid$ by revolts among ! native pr9ces1 to reass]t _! sov]eignty ov] ! ,nile ,valley 7 all foil$ by ! en]gy ( ! ,assyrian k+ or ! vigilance ( 8 g5]als4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 a new era ( prosp]ity dawn$ = ,egypt ab\t ! ye> #fde4 ,psammeti*us1 ! rul] ( ,sas1 ) ! help ( =eign m]c5>ies1 succe$$ 9 unit+ ! :ole l& "u 8 sway2 he expell$ ! ,assyrian g>rison1 & became ! f\nd] ( ! brilliant tw5tysix? 7,sate7 dyna/y4 ,f ?is "t ,egypt possess$ 9 a /rong c5tral adm9i/ration ! "o indisp5sable condition ( h] mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,h] p[] 0 consolidat$ by a succession ( vigor\s rul]s1 & %e imm$iately began to play a lead+ "p 9 ! affairs ( ,asia4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ k+ ( ! dyna/y 0 ,ne*o ,,ii41 ! son & successor ( ,psammeti*us4 ,two /rik+ facts m5tion$ by ,h]odotus are wor?y ( m5tion1 z %[+ ! orig9ality & vig\r ) :i* ! ,egyptian adm9i/ration 0 at ?is "t conduct$4 ,"o is ! project ( cutt+ a canal betwe5 ! ,nile & ! ,r$ ,sea1 an und]tak+ :i* 0 ab&on$ by ,ne*o 9 consequ5ce ( an oracle w>n+ him t he 0 only work+ = ! advantage ( =eign]s--mean+ no d\bt ! ,phnicians4 ,ne*o1 h[ev]1 knew h[ to turn ! ,phnician seaman%ip to good acc\nt1 z is prov$ by ! o!r great /roke ( g5ius ) :i* he is cr$it$--! circumnavigation ( ,africa4 ,x 0 a ,phnician fleet1 despat*$ f ,suez by 8 ord]s1 :i* fir/ r\nd$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 return+ to ,egypt by ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> aft] a ?ree ye>s' voyage4 ,& if ,ne*o 0 less successful 9 w> ?an 9 ! arts ( peace1 x 0 n f want ( activity4 ,he 0 ! ,ph>aoh :o defeat$ ,josiah 9 ! pla9 ( ,megiddo1 & aft]w>ds conte/$ ! lord%ip ( ,syria ) ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,8 defeat at ,c>*emi% 9 #fjd compell$ him to retire to 8 own l&2 b ! p[] ( ,egypt 0 /ill unbrok51 & ! ,*aldan k+ knew t he w\ld yet h to reckon ) h] 9 8 s*emes = ! conque/ ( ,pale/9e4 ,at ! "t to :i* ^! prophecies belong ! k+ ( ,egypt 0 ,ph>aoh ,hophra 79 ,greek1 ,apries71 ! gr&son ( ,ne*o ,,ii4 ,asc5d+ ! ?rone 9 #ehh ,b4,c41 he f\nd x necess>y = ! protection ( 8 own int]e/s to take an active "p 9 ! politics ( ,syria4 ,he is said to h attack$ ,phnicia by sea & l&1 captur+ ,sidon & defeat+ a ,tyrian fleet 9 a naval engagem5t4 ,8 object mu/ h be5 to secure ! asc5d5cy ( ! ,egyptian p>ty 9 ! ,phnician cities2 & ! /ubborn resi/ance :i* ,nebu*adnezz> enc\nt]$ f ,tyre 0 no d\bt ! result ( ! political arrangem5ts made by ,hophra aft] 8 victory4 ,no arm$ int]v5tion 0 ne$$ to ensure a spirit$ def5ce ( ,j]usalem2 & x 0 only aft] ! ,babylonians 7 encamp$ ar\nd ! city t ,hophra s5t an ,egyptian army to its relief4 ,he 0 unable1 h[ev]1 to effect m ?an a tempor>y susp5sion ( ! siege1 & return$ to ,egypt1 leav+ ,judah to its fate1 app>5tly )\t v5tur+ on a battle 7,j]4 xxxvii4 #eg74 ,no fur!r ho/ilities betwe5 ,egypt & ,babylon are record$ dur+ ! lifetime ( ,hophra4 ,he cont9u$ to reign ) vig\r & success till #ega1 :5 he 0 de?ron$ by ,amasis1 "o ( 8 own g5]als4 ,^! circum/ances %[ a rem>kable p>allel to ! political situation ) :i* ,isaiah _h to deal at ! "t ( ,s5na*]ib's invasion4 ,judah 0 aga9 9 ! position ( ! 8e>!n pipk9 betwe5 two iron pots40 ,x is c]ta9 t nei!r ,jehoiakim nor ,z$ekiah1 any m ?an ! advis]s ( ,hezekiah 9 ! e>li] p]iod1 w\ld h emb>k$ on a conflict ) ! ,mesopotamian empire b = delusive promises ( ,egyptian support4 ,!re 0 ! same vacillation & division ( c\nsels 9 ,j]usalem1 ! same dilator9ess on ! "p ( ,egypt1 & ! same futile ef=t to retrieve a desp]ate situation aft] ! fav\rable mom5t _h be5 all[$ to slip4 ,9 bo? cases ! conflict 0 precipitat$ by ! triumph ( an ,egyptian p>ty 9 ! ,judan c\rt2 & x is probable t 9 bo? cases ! k+ 0 co]c$ into a policy ( :i* 8 judgm5t did n approve4 ,& ! prophets ( ! lat] p]iod1 ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel1 adh]e closely to ! l9es laid d[n by ,isaiah 9 ! "t ( ,s5na*]ib1 w>n+ ! p aga9/ putt+ _! tru/ 9 ! va9 help ( ,egypt1 & c\nsell+ passive submission to ! c\rse ( ev5ts :i* express$ ! unalt]able judgm5t ( ! ,almighty4 ,ezekiel inde$ borr[s an image t _h be5 curr5t 9 ! days ( ,isaiah 9 ord] to set =? ! utt] untru/wor?9ess & di%one/y ( ,egypt t[>ds ! nations :o 7 induc$ to rely on h] p[]4 ,he comp>es h] to a /aff ( re$1 :i* breaks :5 "o grasps x1 pi]c+ ! h& & mak+ ! lo9s to tott] :5 x is leant ^u47#aje7 ,su* _h ,egypt be5 to ,israel ?r\gh all h] hi/ory1 & su* %e w aga9 prove h]self to be 9 h] la/ attempt to use ,israel z ! tool ( h] selfi% designs4 ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 ,ezekiel & ,isaiah is t1 :]eas ,isaiah _h access to ! c\ncils ( ,hezekiah & c\ld br+ 8 influ5ce to be> on ! inception ( s*emes ( /ate1 n )\t hope ( av]t+ :at he saw to be a disa/r\s decision1 ,ezekiel c\ld only wat* ! developm5t ( ev5ts f af>1 & ?r[ 8 w>n+s into ! =m ( pr$ictions ( ! fate 9 /ore = ,egypt4 ,! oracles aga9/ ,egypt are sev5 9 numb]3 7i7 *4 xxix4 #aaf2 7ii7 #agba2 7iii7 xxx4 #aai2 7iv7 #bjbf2 7v7 xxxi42 7vi7 xxxii4 #aaf2 7vii7 #agcb4 ,!y are all v>iations ( "o !me1 ! annihilation ( ! p[] ( ,egypt by ,nebu*adnezz>1 & little progress ( ?\ght c be trac$ f ! fir/ to ! la/4 ,exclud+ ! supplem5t>y prophecy ( *4 xxix4 #agba1 :i* is a lat] addition1 ! ord] appe>s to be /rictly *ronological47#ajf7 ,! s]ies beg9s sev5 mon?s be=e ! capture ( ,j]usalem 7*4 xxix4 #a71 & ends ab\t eight mon?s aft] t ev5t47#ajg7 ,h[ f> ! dates ref] to actual occurr5ces com+ to ! k ( ! prophet x is impossible = u to say4 ,x is cle> t 8 int]e/ is c5tr$ on ! fate ( ,j]usalem !n hang+ 9 ! balance2 & x is possible t ! fir/ oracles 7*s4 xxix4 #aaf1 xxx4 #aai7 may be call$ =? by ! appe>ance ( ,hophra's army on ! sc5e1 :ile ! next 7*4 xxx4 #bjbf7 pla9ly alludes to ! repulse ( ! ,egyptians by ! ,*aldans4 ,b no attempt c be made to connect ! prophecies ) incid5ts ( ! campaign2 ! prophet's ?\ghts are :olly occupi$ ) ! moral & religi\s issues involv$ 9 ! conte/1 ! v9dication ( ,jehovah's hol9ess 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! great _wp[] :i* s\ght to ?w>t ,8 purposes4 ,*4 xxix4 #aaf is an introduction to all t foll[s1 pres5t+ a g5]al outl9e ( ! prophet's conceptions ( ! fate ( ,egypt4 ,x describes ! s9 ( :i* %e has be5 guilty1 & indicates ! nature ( ! judgm5t t is to ov]take h] & h] future place among ! nations ( ! _w4 ,! ,ph>aoh is comp>$ to a 8great dragon10 wall[+ 9 8 native wat]s1 & deem+ himself secure f mole/ation 9 8 re$y haunts4 ,! crocodile 0 a natural symbol ( ,egypt1 & ! image conveys accurately ! impression ( sluggi% & unwieldy /r5g? :i* ,egypt 9 ! days ( ,ezekiel _h long produc$ on %rewd obs]v]s ( h] policy4 ,ph>aoh is ! inc>nate g5ius ( ! c\ntry2 & z ! ,nile 0 ! /r5g? & glory ( ,egypt1 he is "h repres5t$ z arrogat+ to himself ! own]%ip & ev5 ! creation ( ! wond]ful riv]4 8,my riv] is m9e1 & ,i h made x0 is ! pr\d & blasphem\s ?\ght :i* expresses 8 consci\sness ( a p[] t owns no sup]ior 9 e>? or heav54 ,t ! ,nile 0 wor%ipp$ by ! ,egyptians ) div9e hon\rs did n alt] ! fact t b5ea? all _! o/5tati\s religi\s obs]vances !re 0 an immoral s5se ( irresponsible p[] 9 ! use ( ! natural res\rces to :i* ! l& ow$ its prosp]ity4 ,= ?is _s ( ungodly selfexaltation ! k+ & p ( ,egypt are to be visit$ ) a signal judgm5t1 f :i* !y %all le>n :o x is t is ,god ov] all4 ,! mon/] ( ! ,nile %all be drawn f 8 wat]s ) hooks1 ) all 8 fi%es /ick+ to 8 scales1 & left to p]i% ignom9i\sly on ! des]t s&s4 ,! re/ ( ! prophecy 7vv4 #haf7 gives ! explanation ( ! allegory 9 lit]al1 ?\gh /ill g5]al1 t]ms4 ,! mean+ is t ,egypt %all be laid wa/e by ! sword1 its teem+ population l$ into captivity1 & ! l& %all lie desolate1 untrodd5 by ! foot ( man or bea/ = ! space ( =ty ye>s4 8,f ,migdol to ,sy5e07#ajh7--! extreme limits ( ! c\ntry--! ri* valley ( ! ,nile %all be uncultivat$ & un9habit$ = t p]iod ( "t4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ! prophecy is ! view :i* is giv5 ( ! f9al condition ( ! ,egyptian empire 7vv4 #acaf74 ,9 all cases ! prophetic del9eations ( ! future ( diff]5t nations are col\r$ by ! pres5t circum/ances ( ^? nations z kn[n to ! writ]s4 ,ezekiel knew t ! f]tile soil ( ,egypt w\ld always be capable ( support+ an indu/ri\s peasantry1 & t h] exi/5ce did n dep5d on h] cont9u+ to play ! rle ( a great p[]4 ,tyre dep5d$ on h] comm]ce1 & ap>t f t :i* 0 ! root ( h] s9 c\ld nev] be any?+ b ! resort ( poor fi%]m51 :o w\ld n ev5 make _! dwell+ on ! b>r5 rock 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea4 ,b ,egypt c\ld /ill be a c\ntry1 ?\gh %orn ( ! glory & p[] :i* _h made h] a sn>e to ! p ( ,god4 ,on ! o!r h& ! geographical isolation ( ! l& made x impossible t %e %\ld lose h] individuality among/ ! nations ( ! _w4 ,unlike ! small /ates1 su* z ,edom & ,ammon1 :i* 7 obvi\sly doom$ to be swall[$ up by ! surr\nd+ population z soon z _! p[] 0 brok51 ,egypt w\ld reta9 h] di/9ct & *>act]i/ic life z long z ! physical condition ( ! _w rema9$ :at x 04 ,accord+ly ! prophet does n contemplate an utt] annihilation ( ,egypt1 b only a tempor>y *a/isem5t succe$$ by h] p]man5t degradation to ! l[e/ rank among ! k+doms4 ,! =ty ye>s ( h] desolation repres5t 9 r\nd numb]s ! p]iod ( ,*aldan supremacy dur+ :i* ,j]usalem lies 9 ru9s4 ,ezekiel at ?is "t expect$ ! invasion ( ,egypt to foll[ soon aft] ! capture ( ,j]usalem1 s t ! re/oration ( ! two peoples w\ld be simultane\s4 ,at ! end ( =ty ye>s ! :ole _w w be reorganis$ on a new basis1 ,israel occupy+ ! c5tral position z ! p ( ,god1 & 9 t new _w ,egypt %all h a sep>ate b subord9ate place4 ,jehovah w br+ back ! ,egyptians f _! captivity1 & cause !m to return to 8,pa?ros17#aji7 ! l& ( _! orig910 & !re make !m a 8l[ly /ate10 no long] an imp]ial p[]1 b humbl] ?an ! surr\nd+ k+doms4 ,! righte\sness ( ,jehovah & ! int]e/ ( ,israel alike dem& t ,egypt %\ld be ?us r$uc$ f h] =m] greatness4 ,9 ! old days h] va/ & impos+ p[] _h be5 a con/ant temptation to ! ,israelites1 8a confid5ce1 a rem9d] ( iniquity10 lead+ !m to put _! tru/ 9 human p[] & lur+ !m into pa?s ( dang] by deceitful promises 7vv4 #fg74 ,9 ! f9al disp5sation ( hi/ory ?is %all no long] be ! case3 ,israel %all !n "k ,jehovah1 & no =m ( human p[] %all be suff]$ to lead _! he>ts a/ray f ,him :o is ! rock ( _! salvation4 ,*4 xxx4 #aai4--,! judgm5t on ,egypt spreads t]ror & dismay among all ! neighb\r+ nations4 ,x signalises ! adv5t ( ! great day ( ,jehovah1 ! day ( ,8 f9al reckon+ ) ! p[]s ( evil ev]y:]e4 ,x is ! 8"t ( ! hea!n0 t has come 7v]4 #c74 ,egypt be+ ! *ief embodim5t ( secul> p[] on ! basis ( pagan religion1 ! sudd5 collapse ( h] might is equival5t to a judgm5t on hea!nism 9 g5]al1 & ! moral effect ( x conveys to ! _w a demon/ration ( ! omnipot5ce ( ! "o true ,god :om %e _h ignor$ & defi$4 ,! nations imm$iately involv$ 9 ! fall ( ,egypt are ! allies & m]c5>ies :om %e has call$ to h] aid 9 ! "t ( h] calamity4 ,e?iopians1 & ,lydians1 & ,libyans1 & ,arabs1 & ,cretans17#aaj7 ! 8help]s ( ,egypt10 :o h furni%$ cont+5ts to h] motley army1 fall by ! sword along ) h]1 & _! c\ntries %>e ! desolation t ov]takes ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,swift mess5g]s are !n se5 spe$+ up ! ,nile 9 %ips to convey to ! c>eless ,e?iopians ! al>m+ tid+s ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,egypt 7v]4 #i74 ,f ?is po9t ! prophet conf9es 8 att5tion to ! fate ( ,egypt1 :i* he describes ) a fulness ( detail t implies a c]ta9 acqua9tance bo? ) ! topography & ! social circum/ances ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 v]4 #aj ,nebu*adnezz> & ! ,*aldans are = ! fir/ "t m5tion$ by "n z ! human in/rum5ts employ$ by ,jehovah to execute ,8 judgm5t on ,egypt4 ,aft] ! slaught] ( ! inhabitants1 ! next consequ5ce ( ! invasion is ! de/ruction ( ! canals & res]voirs & ! decay ( ! sy/em ( irrigation on :i* ! productiv5ess ( ! c\ntry dep5d$4 8,! riv]s canals are dri$ up1 & ! l& is made wa/e1 & ! fulness !re(1 by ! h& ( /rang]s0 7v]4 #ab74 ,& ) ! mat]ial fabric ( h] prosp]ity ! complicat$ sy/em ( religi\s & civil in/itutions :i* 0 entw9$ ) ! ho>y civilisation ( ,egypt vani%es = ev]4 8,! idols are de/roy$2 ! pot5tates7#aaa7 are made to cease f ,memphis1 & pr9ces f ! l& ( ,egypt1 s t !y %all be no m0 7v]4 #ac74 ,fai? 9 ! native gods %all be ext+ui%$1 & a trembl+ fe> ( ,jehovah %all fill ! :ole l&4 ,! passage ends ) an enum]ation ( v>i\s c5tres ( ! national life1 :i* =m$ z x 7 ! s5sitive ganglia :]e ! univ]sal calamity 0 mo/ acutely felt4 ,on ^! cities17#aab7 ea* ( :i* 0 id5tifi$ ) ! wor%ip ( a p>ticul> deity1 ,jehovah executes ! judgm5ts 9 :i* ,he makes kn[n to ! ,egyptians ,8 sole div9ity & de/roys _! confid5ce 9 false gods4 ,!y also possess$ "s special milit>y or political importance1 s t ) _! de/ruction ! sceptres ( ,egypt 7 brok5 & ! pride ( h] /r5g? 0 laid l[ 7v]4 #ah74 ,*4 xxx4 #bjbf4--;,a new oracle1 dat$ ?ree mon?s lat] ?an ! prec$+4 ,ph>aoh is repres5t$ z a combatant1 already disabl$ 9 "o arm & sore press$ by 8 p[]ful antagoni/ ! k+ ( ,babylon4 ,jehovah ann\nces t ! w\nd$ arm _c be heal$1 al?\gh he has retir$ f ! conte/ = t purpose4 ,on ! contr>y1 bo? 8 arms %all be brok5 & ! sword /ruck f 8 grasp1 :ile ! arms ( ,nebu*adnezz> are /r5g!n$ by ,jehovah1 :o puts ,8 own sword into 8 h&4 ,! l& ( ,egypt1 ?us r5d]$ def5celess1 falls an easy prey to ! ,*aldans1 & its p are disp]s$ among ! nations4 ,! occasion ( ! prophecy is ! repulse ( ,hophra's exp$ition = ! relief ( ,j]usalem1 :i* is ref]r$ to z a pa/ ev5t4 ,! date may ei!r m>k ! actual "t ( ! occurr5ce 7z 9 *4 xxiv4 #a71 or ! "t :5 x came to ! k ( ,ezekiel4 ,! prophet at all ev5ts accepts ?is rev]se to ! ,egyptian arms z an e>ne/ ( ! spe$y realisation ( 8 pr$ictions 9 ! total submission ( ! pr\d empire ( ! ,nile4 ,*4 xxxi4 occupies ! same position 9 ! prophecies aga9/ ,egypt z ! allegory ( ! ri*ly lad5 %ip 9 ^? aga9/ ,tyre 7*4 xxvii474 ,! incomp>able maje/y & ov]%ad[+ p[] ( ,egypt are set =? "u ! image ( a lordly c$> 9 ,lebanon1 ^: top rea*es to ! cl\ds & ^: bran*es af=d %elt] to all ! bea/s ( ! e>?4 ,! exact =ce ( ! allegory is some:at obscur$ by a slight error ( ! text1 :i* mu/ h crept 9 at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,z x /&s 9 ! ,hebrew & 9 all ! anci5t v]sions ! :ole *apt] is a description ( ! greatness n ( ,egypt b ( ,assyria4 8,to :om art ?\ l 9 ?y greatness80 asks ! prophet 7v]4 #b72 & ! answ] is1 8,assyria 0 great z ?\ art1 yet ,assyria fell & is no m40 ,!re is ?us a d\ble comp>ison3 ,assyria is comp>$ to a c$>1 & !n ,egypt is tacitly comp>$ to ,assyria4 ,?is int]pretation may n be altoge!r indef5sible4 ,t ! fate ( ,assyria conta9$ a w>n+ aga9/ ! pride ( ,ph>aoh is a ?\ght 9 itself intelligible1 & su* z ,ezekiel might v well h express$4 ,b if he _h wi%$ to express x1 he w\ld n h done x s awkw>dly z ?is int]pretation supposes4 ,:5 we foll[ ! connection ( ideas we _c fail to see t ,assyria is n 9 ! prophet's ?\ghts at all4 ,! image is consi/5tly pursu$ )\t a break to ! end ( ! *apt]1 & !n we le>n t ! subject ( ! description is 8,ph>aoh & all 8 multitude0 7v]4 #ah74 ,b if ! writ] is ?9k+ ( ,egypt at ! end1 he mu/ h be5 ?9k+ ( x f ! beg9n+1 & ! m5tion ( ,assyria is out ( place & mislead+4 ,! confusion has be5 caus$ by ! sub/itution ( ! ^w ,as%ur 79 v]4 #c7 = ,t'as%ur1 ! "n ( ! %]bn tree1 itself a species ( c$>4 ,we %\ld !re=e read1 8,behold a ,t'as%ur1 a c$> 9 ,lebanon10 etc427#aac7 & ! answ] to ! "q ( v]4 #b is t ! position ( ,egypt is z unrivall$ among ! k+doms ( ! _w z ?is /ately tree among ! trees ( ! =e/4 ,) ?is alt]ation ! c\rse ( ?\ght is p]fectly cle>1 al?\gh incongru\s elem5ts are comb9$ 9 ! repres5tation4 ,! t[]+ height ( ! c$> ) its top 9 ! cl\ds symbolises ! impos+ might ( ,egypt & its ungodly pride 7cf4 vv4 #aj1 #ad74 ,! wat]s ( ! flood :i* n\ri% its roots are ^? ( ! ,nile1 ! s\rce ( ,egypt's weal? & greatness4 ,! birds t build _! ne/s 9 its bran*es & ! bea/s t br+ =? _! "y "u its %ad[ are ! small] nations t look$ to ,egypt = protection & support4 ,f9ally1 ! trees 9 ! g>d5 ( ,god :o envy ! luxuriant pride ( ?is mon>* ( ! =e/ repres5t ! o!r great empires ( ! e>? :o va9ly aspir$ to emulate ! prosp]ity & magnific5ce ( ,egypt 7vv4 #ci74 ,9 ! next /rophe 7vv4 #ajad7 we see ! great trunk ly+ prone across m\nta9 & valley1 :ile its bran*es lie brok5 9 all ! wat] c\rses4 ,a 8mighty "o ( ! nations0 7,nebu*adnezz>7 has gone up aga9/ x1 & fell$ x to ! e>?4 ,! nations h be5 sc>$ f "u its %ad[2 & ! tree :i* 8b ye/]day might h /ood aga9/ ! _w0 n[ lies pro/rate & di%on\r$--8none s poor z d x rev]5ce40 ,& ! fall ( ! c$> reveals a moral pr9ciple & conveys a moral lesson to all o!r pr\d & /ately trees4 ,its purpose is to rem9d ! o!r great empires t !y too are mortal1 & to w>n !m aga9/ ! so>+ ambition & lift+ up ( ! he>t :i* _h br\ght ab\t ! humiliation ( ,egypt3 8t none ( ! trees by ! wat] %\ld exalt !mselves 9 /ature or %oot _! tops betwe5 ! cl\ds1 & t _! mighty ones %\ld n /& pr\dly 9 _! l(t9ess 7all :o are f$ by wat]72 = !y are all deliv]$ to dea?1 to ! "u_w ) ! *ildr5 ( m51 to ^? t g d[n to ! pit40 ,9 reality !re is no m impressive intimation ( ! vanity ( e>?ly glory ?an ! decay ( ^? mighty empires & civilisations :i* once /ood 9 ! van ( human progress2 nor is !re a fitt] emblem ( _! fate ?an ! sudd5 cra% ( "s great =e/ tree be=e ! woodman's axe4 ,! developm5t ( ! prophet's ?\ght1 h[ev]1 "h rea*es a po9t :]e x breaks ?r\gh ! allegory1 :i* has be5 hi!rto consi/5tly ma9ta9$4 ,all nature %udd]s 9 sympa?y ) ! fall5 c$>3 ! deep m\rns & )holds h] /reams f ! e>?2 ,lebanon is clo!d ) blackness1 & all ! trees langui%4 ,egypt 0 s mu* a "p ( ! e/abli%$ ord] t ! _w does n "k itself :5 %e has vani%$4 ,:ile ?is takes place on e>?1 ! c$> itself has gone d[n to ,%el1 :]e ! o!r %ades ( vani%$ dyna/ies are com=t$ because ?is mightie/ ( !m all has become l to ! re/4 ,?is is ! answ] to ! "q t introduc$ ! allegory4 ,to :om art ?\ l8 ,none is fit to be comp>$ to !e2 yet 8?\ %alt be br\ght d[n ) ! trees ( ,ed5 to ! l[] p>ts ( ! e>?1 ?\ %alt lie 9 ! mid/ ( ! uncircumcis$1 ) !m t are sla9 ( ! sword40 ,x is ne$less to enl>ge on ?is idea1 :i* is out ( keep+ "h1 & is m adequately treat$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,*4 xxxii4 consi/s ( two lam5tations to be *ant$ ov] ! fall ( ,egypt by ! prophet & ! daught]s ( ! nations 7vv4 #af1 #ah74 ,! fir/ 7vv4 #aaf7 describes ! de/ruction ( ,ph>aoh1 & ! effect :i* is produc$ on e>?2 :ile ! second 7vv4 #agcb7 foll[s 8 %ade into ! abode ( ! dead1 & expatiates on ! welcome t awaits him !re4 ,bo? express ! _s ( exultation ov] a fall5 foe1 :i* 0 "o ( ! uses to :i* elegiac poetry 0 turn$ among/ ! ,hebrews4 ,! fir/ passage1 h[ev]1 c h>dly be consid]$ a dirge 9 any prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x is ess5tial to a true elegy t ! subject ( x %\ld be conceiv$ z dead1 & t :e!r s]i\s or ironical x %\ld celebrate a glory t has pass$ away4 ,9 ?is case ! elegiac note 7( ! elegiac measure !re is h>dly a trace7 is j /ruck 9 ! op5+ l9e3 8,o "y lion ( ! nations6 ,h[ art ?\ undone60 ,b ?is is n su/a9$3 ! passage imm$iately falls into ! /yle ( direct pr$iction & ?reat5+1 & is inde$ closely p>allel to ! op5+ prophecy ( ! s]ies 7*4 xxix474 ,! fundam5tal image is ! same3 t ( a great ,nile mon/] sp\t+ f 8 no/rils & f\l+ ! wat]s ) 8 feet 7v]4 #b74 ,8 capture by _m nations & 8 l+]+ dea? on ! op5 field are describ$ ) ! reali/ic & gha/ly details naturally sugge/$ by ! figure 7vv4 #cf74 ,! image is !n abruptly *ang$ 9 ord] to set =? ! effect ( s great a calamity on ! _w ( nature & ( mank9d4 ,ph>aoh is comp>$ to a brilliant lum9>y1 ^: sudd5 ext9ction is foll[$ by a d>k5+ ( all ! lights ( heav5 & by con/]nation among/ ! nations & k+s ( e>? 7vv4 #gaj74 ,x is ?\ght by "s t ! viol5ce ( ! transition is to be expla9$ by ! idea ( ! heav5ly con/ellation ( ! dragon1 answ]+ to ! dragon ( ! ,nile1 to :i* ,egypt _h j be5 lik5$47#aad7 ,f9ally all metaphors are ab&on$1 & ! desolation ( ,egypt is ann\nc$ 9 lit]al t]ms z accompli%$ by ! sword ( ! k+ ( ,babylon & ! 8mo/ t]rible ( ! nations0 7vv4 #aaaf74 ,b all ! =ego+ oracles are surpass$ 9 gr&eur ( conception by ! rem>kable ,vision ( ,hades :i* concludes ! s]ies--8"o ( ! mo/ weird passages 9 lit]ature0 7,davidson74 ,9 =m x is a dirge suppos$ to be sung at ! burial ( ,ph>aoh & 8 ho/ by ! prophet along ) ! daught]s ( fam\s nations 7v]4 #ah74 ,b ! !me1 z has be5 already obs]v$1 is ! entrance ( ! deceas$ w>riors into ! "u _w1 & _! reception by ! %ades t h gone d[n ?i!r be=e !m4 ,9 ord] to und]/& x we mu/ be> 9 m9d "s features ( ! conception ( ! "u_w1 :i* x is difficult = ! mod]n m9d to realise di/9ctly4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,%el or ! 8pit10 ! realm ( ! dead1 is pictur$ to ! imag9ation z an adumbration ( ! grave or sepul*re1 9 :i* ! body f9ds its la/ re/+place2 or r x is ! aggregate ( all ! bury+gr\nds scatt]$ ov] ! e>?'s surface4 ,!re ! %ades are gr\p$ accord+ to _! clans & nationalities1 j z on e>? ! memb]s ( ! same family w\ld usually be int]r$ 9 "o bury+place4 ,! grave ( ! *ief or k+1 ! repres5tative ( ! nation1 is surr\nd$ by ^? ( 8 vassals & subjects1 e>?ly di/9ctions be+ ?us f> pres]v$4 ,! condition ( ! dead appe>s to be "o ( re/ or sleep2 yet !y reta9 "s consci\sness ( _! /ate1 & are visit$ at lea/ by transi5t gleams ( human emotion1 z :5 9 ?is *apt] ! h]oes r\se !mselves to address ! ,ph>aoh :5 he comes among !m4 ,! mo/ mat]ial po9t is t ! /ate ( ! s\l 9 ,hades reflects ! fate ( ! body aft] dea?4 ,^? :o h receiv$ ! hon\r ( dec5t burial on e>? enjoy a correspond+ hon\r among ! %ades bel[4 ,!y h z x 7 a def9ite /atus & individuality 9 _! et]nal abode1 :il/ ! spirits ( ! unburi$ sla9 are laid 9 ! l[e/ recesses ( ! pit1 9 ! limbo ( ! uncircumcis$4 ,on ?is di/9ction ! :ole significance ( ! passage be=e u seems to dep5d4 ,! dead are divid$ into two great classes3 on ! "o h& ! 8mighty ones10 :o lie 9 /ate ) _! weapons ( w> ar\nd !m2 & on ! o!r h& ! multitude ( 8! uncircumcis$17#aae7 sla9 by ! sword0--i4e41 ^? :o h p]i%$ on ! field ( battle & be5 buri$ promiscu\sly )\t due fun]eal rites47#aaf7 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no moral di/9ction betwe5 ! two classes4 ,! h]oes are n 9 a /ate ( bless$ness2 nor is ! condition ( ! uncircumcis$ "o ( acute suff]+4 ,! :ole ( exi/5ce 9 ,%el is ess5tially ( "o "*2 x is on ! :ole a pitiable exi/5ce1 de/itute ( joy & ( all t makes up ! fulness ( life on e>?4 ,only !re is 8)9 t deep a l[] deep10 & x is res]v$ = ^? :o 9 ! mann] ( _! dea? h exp]i5c$ ! p5alty ( great wick$ness4 ,! moral tru? ( ,ezekiel's repres5tation lies "h4 ,! real judgm5t ( ,egypt 0 enact$ 9 ! hi/orical sc5e ( its f9al ov]?r[2 & x is ! consci\sness ( ?is trem5d\s visitation ( div9e ju/ice1 p]petuat$ among/ ! %ades to all et]nity1 t gives e?ical significance to ! lot assign$ to ! nation 9 ! o!r _w4 ,at ! same "t x %\ld n be ov]look$ t ! passage is 9 ! highe/ degree poetical1 & _c be tak5 z an exact /atem5t ( :at 0 kn[n or believ$ ab\t ! /ate aft] dea? 9 ,old ,te/am5t times4 ,x deals only ) ! fate ( armies & nationalities & great w>riors :o fill$ ! e>? ) _! r5[n4 ,^!1 hav+ vani%$ f hi/ory1 pres]ve ?r\gh all "t 9 ! "u_w ! memory ( ,jehovah's mighty acts ( judgm5t2 b x is impossible to det]m9e :e!r ?is sublime vision implies a real belief 9 ! p]si/5ce ( national id5tities 9 ! region ( ! dead4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! pr9cipal ideas on :i* ! ode is bas$1 & ! c\rse ( ?\ght is z foll[s4 ,v]4 #ah briefly ann\nces ! occasion = :i* ! dirge is compos$2 x is to celebrate ! passage ( ,ph>aoh & 8 ho/ to ! l[] _w1 & consign him to 8 appo9t$ place !re4 ,!n foll[s a sc5e :i* has a c]ta9 resemblance to a well kn[n repres5tation 9 ! f\rte5? *apt] ( ,isaiah 7vv4 #iaa74 ,! h]oes :o occupy ! place ( hon\r among ! dead are suppos$ to r\se !mselves at ! approa* ( ?is great multitude1 & hail+ !m f ! mid/ ( ,%el1 direct !m to _! prop] place among/ ! di%on\r$ sla94 8,! mighty ones speak to him3 #8,be ?\ 9 ! recesses ( ! pit3 :om do/ ?\ excel 9 beauty8 ,g d[n & be laid to re/ ) ! uncircumcis$1 9 ! mid/ ( !m t are sla9 ) ! sword4' 07#aag7 ,?i!r ,ph>aoh has be5 prec$$ by o!r great conqu]ors :o once set _! t]ror 9 ! e>?1 b n[ be> _! %ame among/ ^? t g d[n to ! pit4 ,= !re is ,as%ur & all 8 company3 !re too are ,elam & ,me%e* & ,tubal1 ea* occupy+ its own allotm5t among/ nations t h p]i%$ by ! sword 7vv4 #bbbf74 ,n !irs is ! enviable lot ( ! h]oes ( old "t7#aah7 :o w5t d[n to ,%el 9 _! panoply ( w>1 & re/ ) _! swords "u _! heads & _! %ields7#aai7 cov]+ _! bones4 ,& s ,egypt1 :i* has p]i%$ l ^! o!r nations1 mu/ be bani%$ ) !m into ! bottom ( ! pit 7vv4 #bg1 #bh74 ,! enum]ation ( ! nations ( ! uncircumcis$ is !n resum$2 ,israel's imm$iate neighb\rs are among/ !m--,edom & ! dyna/ies ( ! nor? 7! ,syrians71 & ! ,phnicians1 inf]ior /ates :i* play$ no great "p z conqu]ors1 b nev]!less p]i%$ 9 battle & be> _! humiliation along ) ! o!rs 7vv4 #bi1 #cj74 ,^! are to be ,ph>aoh's companions 9 8 la/ re/+place1 & at ! sight ( !m he w lay aside 8 presumptu\s ?\ghts & com=t himself ov] ! loss ( 8 mighty army 7vv4 #ca f474 ,x is necess>y to say a few words 9 conclusion ab\t ! hi/orical evid5ce = ! fulfilm5t ( ^! prophecies on ,egypt4 ,! supplem5t>y oracle ( *4 xxix4 #agba %[s u t ! ?reat5$ invasion by ,nebu*adnezz> _h n tak5 place sixte5 ye>s aft] ! fall ( ,j]usalem4 ,did x ev] take place at all8 ,ezekiel 0 at t "t confid5t t 8 words 7 on ! po9t ( be+ fulfill$1 & inde$ he seems to /ake 8 cr$it ) 8 he>]s on _! v]ification4 ,c we suppose t he 0 entirely mi/ak58 ,is x likely t ! rem>kably def9ite pr$ictions utt]$ bo? by him & ,j]emiah7#abj7 fail$ ( ev5 ! p>tial fulfilm5t :i* t on ,tyre receiv$8 ,a numb] ( critics h /rongly ma9ta9$ t we are %ut up by ! hi/orical evid5ce to ?is conclusion4 ,!y rely *iefly on ! sil5ce ( ,h]odotus1 & on ! unsatisfactory "* ( ! /atem5t ( ,josephus4 ,! latt] writ] is inde$ suffici5tly explicit 9 8 affirmations4 ,he tells u7#aba7 t five ye>s aft] ! capture ( ,j]usalem ,nebu*adnezz> invad$ ,egypt1 put to dea? ! reign+ k+1 appo9t$ ano!r 9 8 /ead1 & c>ri$ ! ,jewi% refugees 9 ,egypt captive to ,babylon4 ,b x is po9t$ out t ! date is impossible1 be+ inconsi/5t ) ,ezekiel's own te/imony1 t ! acc\nt ( ! dea? ( ,hophra is contradict$ by :at we "k ( ! matt] f o!r s\rces 7,h]odotus & ,diodorus71 & t ! :ole passage be>s ! appe>ance ( a translation into hi/ory ( ! prophecies ( ,j]emiah :i* x pr(esses to sub/antiate4 ,t is vigor\s criticism1 b ! vig\r is p]haps n altoge!r unw>rantable1 especially z ,josephus does n m5tion any au?ority4 ,o!r allusions by secul> writ]s h>dly c\nt = mu*1 & ! /ate ( ! "q is su* t hi/orians w\ld probably h be5 cont5t to confess _! ignorance if ! cr$it ( a prophet _h n be5 mix$ up ) x4 ,)9 ! la/ sev5te5 ye>s1 h[ev]1 a new turn has be5 giv5 to ! discussion ?r\gh ! discov]y ( monum5tal evid5ce :i* 0 ?\ght to h an important be>+ on ! po9t 9 dispute4 ,9 ! same volume ( an ,egyptological magaz9e7#abb7 ,wi$emann direct$ ! att5tion ( s*ol>s to two inscriptions1 "o 9 ! ,l\vre & ! o!r 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 bo? ( :i* he consid]$ to furni% pro( ( an occupation ( ,egypt by ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,! fir/ 0 an ,egyptian inscription ( ! reign ( ,hophra4 ,x 0 writt5 by an (ficial ( ! highe/ rank1 nam$ ,neshor1 to :om 0 entru/$ ! responsible task ( def5d+ ,egypt on its s\!rn or ,e?iopian fronti]4 ,accord+ to ,wi$emann's translation1 x relates among o!r ?+s an irruption ( ,asiatic b&s 7,syrians1 p ( ! nor?1 ,asiatics71 :i* p5etrat$ z f> z ! fir/ cat>act1 & did "s damage to ! temple ( ,*num 9 ,elephant9e4 ,!re !y 7 *eck$ by ,neshor1 & aft]w>ds !y 7 cru%$ or expell$ by ,hophra himself4 ,n[ ! mo/ natural explanation ( ?is incid5t1 9 connection ) ! circum/ances ( ! "t1 w\ld seem to be t ,nebu*adnezz>1 f9d+ himself fully occupi$ = ! pres5t ) ! siege ( ,tyre1 incit$ rov+ b&s ( ,arabs & ,syrians to plund] ,egypt1 & t !y succe$$ s f> z to p5etrate to ! extreme s\? ( ! c\ntry4 ,b a m rec5t exam9ation ( ! text1 by ,masp]o & ,brugs*17#abc7 r$uces ! incid5t to mu* small] dim5sions4 ,!y f9d t x ref]s to a mut9y ( ,egyptian m]c5>ies 7,syrians1 ,ionians1 & ,b$\9s7 /ation$ on ! s\!rn fronti]4 ,! gov]nor1 ,neshor1 congratulates himself on a successful /ratagem by :i* he got ! rebels into a position :]e !y 7 cut d[n by ! k+'s troops4 ,9 any case x is evid5t t x falls v f> %ort ( a confirmation ( ,ezekiel's prophecy4 ,n only is !re no m5tion ( ,nebu*adnezz> or a regul> ,babylonian army1 b ! invad]s or mut9e]s are actually said to h be5 annihilat$ by ,hophra4 ,x may be said1 no d\bt1 t an ,egyptian gov]nor 0 likely to be sil5t ab\t an ev5t :i* ca/ discr$it on 8 c\ntry's arms1 & w\ld be tempt$ to magnify "s tempor>y success into a decisive victory4 ,b /ill ! inscription mu/ be tak5 = :at x is wor?1 & ! /ory x tells is c]ta9ly n ! /ory ( a ,*aldan supremacy 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,! only ?+ t sugge/s a connection betwe5 ! two is ! g5]al probability t a campaign aga9/ ,egypt mu/ h be5 contemplat$ by ,nebu*adnezz> ab\t t "t4 ,! second & m important docum5t is a cunei=m fragm5t ( ! annals ( ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,x is un=tunately 9 a v mutilat$ condition1 & all t ! ,assyriologi/s h made out is t 9 ! ?irtysev5? ye> ( 8 reign ,nebu*adnezz> f\ght a battle ) ! k+ ( ,egypt4 ,z ! words ( ! inscription are ^? ( ,nebu*adnezz> himself1 we may presume t ! battle end$ 9 a victory = him1 & a few disconnect$ words 9 ! lat] "p are ?\ght to ref] to ! tribute or booty :i* he acquir$47#abd7 ,! ?irtysev5? ye> ( ,nebu*adnezz> is ! ye> #efh ,b4,c41 ab\t two ye>s aft] ! date ( ,ezekiel's la/ utt]ance aga9/ ,egypt4 ,! ,egyptian k+ at ?is "t 0 ,amasis1 ^: "n 7only ! la/ syllable ( :i* is legible7 is suppos$ to be t m5tion$ 9 ! inscription47#abe7 ,:at ! ult]ior consequ5ces ( ?is victory 7 on ,egyptian hi/ory1 or h[ long ! ,babylonian dom9ation la/$1 we _c at pres5t say4 ,^! are que/ions on :i* we may reasonably look = fur!r light f ! rese>*es ( ,assyriology4 ,9 ! meantime x appe>s to be e/abli%$ beyond reasonable d\bt t ,nebu*adnezz> did attack ,egypt1 & ! probable issue ( 8 exp$ition 0 9 accordance ) ,ezekiel's late/ pr$iction3 8,behold1 ,i give to ,nebu*adnezz>1 k+ ( ,babylon1 ! l& ( ,egypt2 & he %all spoil h] spoil1 & plund] h] plund]1 & x %all be ! wages = 8 army0 7*4 xxix4 #ai74 ,!re c ( c\rse be no "q ( a fulfilm5t ( ! e>li] prophecies 9 _! lit]al t]ms4 ,hi/ory kn[s no?+ ( a total captivity ( ! population ( ,egypt or a blank ( =ty ye>s 9 h] annals :5 h] l& 0 untrodd5 by ! foot ( man or ( bea/4 ,^! are details belong+ to ! dramatic =m 9 :i* ! prophet clo!d ! spiritual lesson :i* x 0 necess>y to impress on 8 c\ntrym5--! inh]5t weakness ( ! ,egyptian empire z a p[] bas$ on mat]ial res\rces & re>+ itself 9 opposition to ! great ends ( ,god's k+dom4 ,& x may well h be5 t = ! illu/ration ( t tru? ! humiliation t ,egypt endur$ at ! h&s ( ,nebu*adnezz> 0 z effective z h] total de/ruction w\ld h be54 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,israel4 ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,! ,prophet ,a ,wat*man4 ,*apt] xxxiii4 ,"o day 9 ,janu>y ( ! ye> #ehf ! tid+s circulat$ ?r\gh ! ,jewi% colony at ,telabib t 8! city 0 smitt540 ,! rapidity ) :i* 9 ! ,ea/ intellig5ce is transmitt$ ?r\gh secret *annels has (t5 excit$ ! surprise ( ,european obs]v]s4 ,9 ?is case !re is no extraord9>y rapidity to note1 = ! fate ( ,j]usalem _h be5 decid$ ne>ly six mon?s be=e x 0 kn[n 9 ,babylon47#abf7 ,b x is rem>kable t ! fir/ intimation ( ! issue ( ! siege 0 br\ght to ! exiles by "o ( _! own c\ntrym51 :o _h escap$ at ! capture ( ! city4 ,x is probable t ! mess5g] did n set out at once1 b wait$ until he c\ld br+ "s in=mation z to h[ matt]s 7 settl+ d[n aft] ! w>4 ,or he may h be5 a captive :o _h trudg$ ! we>y road to ,babylon 9 *a9s "u ! escort ( ,nebuz>adan1 capta9 ( ! gu>d17#abg7 & aft]w>ds succe$$ 9 mak+ 8 escape to ! old] settlem5t :]e ,ezekiel liv$4 ,all we "k is t 8 message 0 n deliv]$ ) ! despat* :i* w\ld h be5 possible if 8 j\rney _h be5 unimp$$1 & t 9 ! meantime ! (ficial intellig5ce :i* mu/ h already rea*$ ,babylon _h n transpir$ among ! exiles :o 7 wait+ s anxi\sly = tid+s ( ! fate ( ,j]usalem47#abh7 ,! imm$iate effect ( ! ann\ncem5t on ! m9d ( ! exiles is n record$4 ,x 0 d\btless receiv$ ) all ! signs ( public m\rn+ :i* ,ezekiel _h anticipat$ & =etold47#abi7 ,!y w\ld require "s "t to adju/ !mselves to a situation = :i*1 9 spite ( all ! w>n+s t _h be5 s5t !m1 !y 7 utt]ly unprep>$2 & x mu/ h be5 unc]ta9 at fir/ :at direction _! ?\ghts w\ld take4 ,w\ld !y c>ry out _! half=m$ int5tion ( ab&on+ _! national fai? & assimilat+ !mselves to ! surr\nd+ hea!nism8 ,w\ld !y s9k into ! le?>gy ( despair1 & p9e away "u a confus$ consci\sness ( guilt8 ,or w\ld !y rep5t ( _! unbelief1 & turn to embrace ! hope :i* ,god's m]cy held out to !m 9 ! tea*+ ( ! prophet :om !y _h despis$8 ,all ?is 0 = ! mom5t unc]ta92 b "o ?+ 0 c]ta9--!y c\ld no m return to ! attitude ( complac5t indiff]5ce & incr$ulity 9 :i* !y _h hi!rto resi/$ ! ^w ( ,jehovah4 ,! day on :i* ! tid+s ( ! city's de/ruction fell l a ?und]bolt 9 ! community ( ,telabib 0 ! turn+po9t ( ,ezekiel's m9i/ry4 ,9 ! arrival ( ! 8fugitive0 he recognises ! sign :i* 0 to break ! spell ( sil5ce :i* _h la9 s long ^u him1 & set him free = ! m9i/ry ( consolation & upbuild+ :i* 0 h5ce=? to be 8 *ief vocation4 ,a pres5tim5t ( :at 0 com+ _h visit$ him ! ev5+ be=e 8 int]view ) ! mess5g]1 & f t "t 88 m\? 0 op5$1 & he 0 no m dumb0 7v]4 #bb74 ,hi!rto he _h prea*$ to deaf e>s1 & ! e*o ( 8 ineffectual appeals _h come back 9 a dead5+ s5se ( failure :i* _h p>alys$ 8 activity4 ,b n[ 9 "o mom5t ! veil ( prejudice & va9 selfconfid5ce is torn f ! he>t ( 8 he>]s1 & gradually b surely ! :ole burd5 ( 8 message mu/ disclose itself to _! intellig5ce4 ,! "t has come to "w = ! =mation ( a new ,israel1 & a new _s ( hopefulness /imulates ! prophet to ?r[ himself eag]ly into ! c>e] :i* is ?us op5$ up be=e him4 ,x may be well at ?is po9t to try to realise ! /ate ( m9d :i* em]g$ among/ ,ezekiel's he>]s aft] ! fir/ %ock ( con/]nation _h pass$ away4 ,! sev5 *apt]s 7xxxiii4xxxix47 ) :i* we are to be occupi$ 9 ?is section all belong to ! second p]iod ( ! prophet's "w1 & 9 all probability to ! e>li] "p ( t p]iod4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 n writt5 "u ! fir/ impulse ( ! tid+s ( ! fall ( ,j]usalem4 ,!y conta9 allusions to c]ta9 *anges :i* mu/ h occupi$ "s "t2 & simultane\sly a *ange took place 9 ! temp] ( ! p result+ ultimately 9 a def9ite spiritual situation to :i* ! prophet _h to address himself4 ,x is ?is situation :i* we h to try to und]/&4 ,x supplies ! ext]nal conditions ( ,ezekiel's m9i/ry1 & unless we c 9 "s measure int]pret x we %all lose ! full mean+ ( 8 tea*+ 9 ?is important p]iod ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,at ! outset we may glance at ! /ate ( ^? :o 7 left 9 ! l& ( ,israel1 :o 9 a s5se =m$ "p ( ,ezekiel's audi5ce4 ,! v fir/ oracle utt]$ by him aft] he _h receiv$ 8 emancipation 0 a ?reat ( judgm5t aga9/ ^! survivors ( ! nation's calamity 7vv4 #bcbi74 ,! fact t ?is is record$ 9 connection ) ! int]view ) ! 8fugitive0 may mean t ! in=mation on :i* x is bas$ 0 obta9$ f t some:at %ad[y p]sonage4 ,:e!r 9 ?is way or ?r\gh "s lat] *annel1 ,ezekiel _h app>5tly "s k ( ! disa/r\s feuds :i* _h foll[$ ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,^! ev5ts are m9utely describ$ 9 ! end ( ! book ( ,j]emiah 7*s4 xl4xliv474 ,) a clem5cy :i* 9 ! circum/ances is surpris+ ! k+ ( ,babylon _h all[$ a small remnant ( ! p to settle 9 ! l&1 & _h appo9t$ ov] !m a native gov]nor1 ,g$aliah1 ! son ( ,ahikam1 :o fix$ 8 resid5ce at ,mizpah4 ,! prophet ,j]emiah elect$ to ?r[ 9 8 lot ) ?is remnant1 & = a "t x seem$ z if ?r\gh peaceful submission to ! ,*aldan supremacy all might g well ) ! survivors4 ,! *iefs :o _h conduct$ ! gu]illa w>f>e 9 ! op5 aga9/ ! ,babylonian army came 9 & plac$ !mselves "u ! protection ( ,g$aliah1 & !re 0 e prospect t by refra9+ f projects ( rebellion !y might be left to enjoy ! fruits ( ! l& )\t di/urbance4 ,b ?is 0 n to be4 ,c]ta9 turbul5t spirits "u ,i%mael1 a memb] ( ! royal family1 ent]$ into a conspiracy ) ! k+ ( ,ammon to de/roy ?is la/ refuge ( peace lov+ ,israelites4 ,g$aliah 0 trea*]\sly murd]$2 & al?\gh ! murd] 0 p>tially av5g$1 ,i%mael succe$$ 9 mak+ 8 escape to ! ,ammonites1 :ile ! rema9s ( ! p>ty ( ord]1 dread+ ! v5geance ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 took _! dep>ture = ,egypt & c>ri$ ,j]emiah =cibly ) !m4 ,:at happ5$ aft] ?is we d n "k2 b x is n improbable t ,i%mael & 8 foll[]s may h held possession ( ! l& by =ce = "s ye>s4 ,we read ( a fre% deportation ( ,judan captives to ,babylon five ye>s aft] ! capture ( ,j]usalem 7,j]4 lii4 #cj72 & ?is may h be5 ! result ( an exp$ition to suppress ! depr$ations ( ! robb] b& t ,i%mael _h ga!r$ r\nd him4 ,h[ mu* ( ?is /ory _h rea*$ ! e>s ( ,ezekiel we d n "k2 b !re is "o allusion 9 8 oracle :i* makes x probable t he _h at lea/ he>d ( ! assass9ation ( ,g$aliah4 ,^? he addresses are m5 :o 8/& ^u _! sword0--t is to say1 !y hold t might is "r1 & glory 9 de$s ( blood & viol5ce t gratify _! passionate desire = rev5ge4 ,su* language c\ld h>dly be us$ ( any section ( ! rema9+ population ( ,juda except ! lawless b&itti t enroll$ !mselves "u ! bann] ( ,i%mael1 ! son ( ,ne?aniah4 ,:at ,ezekiel is ma9ly conc]n$ )1 h[ev]1 is ! moral & religi\s condition ( ^? to :om he speaks4 ,/range to say1 !y 7 animat$ by a species ( religi\s fanaticism1 :i* l$ !m to reg>d !mselves z ! legitimate heirs to :om ! rev]sion ( ! l& ( ,israel belong$4 8,abraham 0 "o10 s reason$ ^! desp]adoes1 8& yet he inh]it$ ! l&3 b we are _m2 to u ! l& is giv5 = a possession0 7v]4 #bd74 ,_! mean+ is t ! smallness ( _! numb] is no argum5t aga9/ ! validity ( _! claim to ! h]itage ( ! l&4 ,!y are /ill _m 9 comp>ison ) ! solit>y patri>* to :om x 0 fir/ promis$2 & if he 0 multipli$ s z to take possession ( x1 :y %\ld !y hesitate to claim ! ma/]y ( x8 ,?is ?\ght ( ! wond]ful multiplication ( ,abraham's se$ aft] he _h receiv$ ! promise seems to h laid fa/ hold ( ! m5 ( t g5]ation4 ,x is appli$ by ! great tea*] :o /&s next to ,ezekiel 9 ! prophetic succession to com=t ! little flock :o foll[$ aft] righte\sness & c\ld h>dly believe t x 0 ,god's good pleasure to give !m ! k+dom4 8,look unto ,abraham y\r fa!r1 & unto ,s>ah t b>e y3 = ,i call$ him alone1 & bless$ him1 & increas$ him0 7,isa4 li4 #b74 ,! words ( ! infatuat$ m5 :o exult$ 9 ! havoc !y 7 mak+ on ! m\nta9s ( ,juda may s\nd to u l a blasphem\s trave/y ( ?is argum5t2 b !y 7 no d\bt s]i\sly meant4 ,!y af=d "o m in/ance ( ! b\ndless capacity ( ! ,jewi% race = religi\s selfdelusion1 & _! no less rem>kable ins5sibility to t 9 :i* ! ess5ce ( religion lay4 ,! m5 :o utt]$ ?is pr\d boa/ 7 ! precursors ( ^? :o 9 ! days ( ! ,bapti/ ?\ght to say )9 !mselves1 8,we h ,abraham to our fa!r10 n und]/&+ t ,god 0 able 8( ^! /ones to raise up *ildr5 to ,abraham0 7,matt4 iii4 #i74 ,all ! :ile !y 7 p]petuat+ ! evils = :i* ! judgm5t ( ,god _h desc5d$ on ! city & ! ,hebrew /ate4 ,idolatry1 c]emonial impurity1 blood%$1 & adult]y 7 rife among/ !m 7vv4 #be1 #bf72 & no misgiv+ seems to h ent]$ _! m9ds t because ( ^! ?+s ! wra? ( ,god comes on ! *ildr5 ( disob$i5ce4 ,& !re=e ! prophet repudiates _! pret5sions ) indignation4 8,%all ye possess ! l&80 ,_! conduct simply %[$ t judgm5t _h n _h its p]fect "w1 & t ,jehovah's purpose w\ld n be accompli%$ until 8! l& 0 laid wa/e & desolate1 & ! pomp ( h] /r5g? %\ld cease1 & ! m\nta9s ( ,israel be desolate1 s t none pass$ ?r\gh0 7v]4 #bh74 ,we h se5 t 9 all likelihood ?is pr$iction 0 fulfill$ by a punitive exp$ition f ,babylonia 9 ! tw5ty?ird ye> ( ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,b we knew be=e t ,ezekiel expect$ no good ?+ to come ( ! survivors ( ! judgm5t 9 ,juda4 ,8 hope 0 9 ^? :o _h pass$ ?r\gh ! fires ( bani%m5t1 ! m5 among/ :om 8 own "w lay1 & among/ :om he look$ = ! fir/ signs ( ! outp\r+ ( ! div9e ,_s4 ,we mu/ n[ return to ! inn] circle ( ,ezekiel's imm$iate he>]s1 & consid] ! *ange :i* ! calamity _h produc$ on !m4 ,! *apt] n[ be=e u yields two glimpses into ! inn] life ( ! p :i* help u to realise ! k9d ( m5 ) :om ! prophet _h to d4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is int]e/+ to le>n t 9 8 m frequ5t public appe>ances ! prophet rapidly acquir$ a consid]able reputation z a popul> prea*] 7vv4 #cjcc74 ,x is true t ! int]e/ :i* he excit$ 0 n ( ! mo/ :olesome k9d4 ,x became a fav\rite amusem5t ( ! p hang+ ab\t ! walls & doors to come & li/5 to ! f]vid oratory ( _! "o rema9+ prophet z he decl>$ to !m 8! ^w t came =? f ,jehovah40 ,x is to be fe>$ t ! sub/ance ( 8 message c\nt$ = little 9 _! appreciative & critical li/5+4 ,he 0 to !m 8z a v lovely song ( "o t ha? a pleasant voice1 & c play well on an in/rum5t03 8!y he>d 8 words1 b did !m n40 ,x 0 pleasant to subject oneself n[ & !n to ! influ5ce ( ?is p[]ful & he>tse>*+ prea*]2 b someh[ ! he>t 0 nev] se>*$1 ! consci5ce 0 nev] /irr$1 & ! he>+ nev] rip5$ into s]i\s conviction & settl$ purpose ( am5dm5t4 ,! p 7 ?or\ghly respectful 9 _! demean\r & app>5tly dev\t1 com+ 9 cr[ds & sitt+ be=e him z ,god's p %\ld4 ,b !y 7 preoccupi$3 8_! he>t w5t aft] _! ga90 7v]4 #ca7 or _! advantage4 ,selfint]e/ prev5t$ !m f receiv+ ! ^w ( ,god 9 hone/ & good he>ts1 & no *ange 0 visible 9 _! conduct4 ,h5ce ! prophet is n dispos$ to reg>d ! evid5ces ( 8 newly acquir$ popul>ity ) mu* satisfaction4 ,x pres5ts itself to 8 m9d z a dang] aga9/ :i* he has to be on 8 gu>d4 ,he has be5 tri$ by opposition & app>5t failure2 n[ he is expos$ to ! m insidi\s temptation ( a flatt]+ reception & sup]ficial success4 ,x is a tribute to 8 p[]1 & an opportunity su* z he _h nev] be=e enjoy$4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! case h]et(ore1 he is n[ sure ( an audi5ce1 & 8 position has sudd5ly become "o ( great influ5ce 9 ! community4 ,b ! same resolute confid5ce 9 ! tru? ( 8 message :i* su/a9$ ,ezekiel amid/ ! disc\ragem5ts ( 8 e>li] c>e] saves him n[ f ! fatal attractions ( popul>ity to :i* _m m5 9 simil> circum/ances h yield$4 ,he is n deceiv$ by ! fav\rable disposition ( ! p t[>ds himself1 nor is he tempt$ to cultivate 8 oratorical gifts ) a view to su/a9+ _! admiration4 ,8 "o conc]n is to utt] ! ^w t %all come to pass1 & s to decl>e ! c\nsel ( ,god t m5 %all be compell$ 9 ! end to ackn[l$ge t he has be5 8a prophet among !m0 7v]4 #cc74 ,we may be ?ankful to ! prophet = ?is little glimpse f a vani%$ pa/--"o ( ^? t\*es ( nature t make ! :ole _w k94 ,b we ought n to miss its obvi\s moral4 ,ezekiel is ! prototype ( all popul> prea*]s1 & he knew _! peculi> trials4 ,he 0 p]haps ! fir/ man :o m9i/]$ regul>ly to an atta*$ congregation1 :o came to he> him because !y lik$ x & because !y _h no?+ bett] to d4 ,if he pass$ unsca!d ?r\gh ! dang]s ( ! position1 x 0 ?r\gh 8 ov]p[]+ s5se ( ! reality ( div9e ?+s & ! importance ( m5's spiritual de/9y2 & also we may add ?r\gh 8 fidelity 9 a dep>tm5t ( m9i/]ial duty :i* popul> prea*]s are sometimes apt to neglect--! duty ( close p]sonal deal+ ) individual m5 ab\t _! s9s & _! /ate be=e ,god4 ,to ?is subject we %all rev]t by&by4 ,?is passage reveals to u ! p 9 _! light] moods1 :5 !y 7 able to ca/ (f ! awful burd5 ( life & de/9y & take advantage ( su* s\rces ( enjoym5t z _! circum/ances af=d$4 ,m5tal dejection 9 a community1 f :atev] cause x orig9ates1 is r>ely cont9u\s4 ,! natural ela/icity ( ! m9d ass]ts itself 9 ! mo/ depress+ circum/ances2 & ! t5sion ( almo/ un5durable sorr[ is reliev$ by outbur/s ( unnatural gaiety4 ,h5ce we ne$ n be surpris$ to f9d t b5ea? ! surface levity ( ^! exiles !re lurk$ ! feel+ ( despair express$ 9 ! words ( v]4 #aj & m fully 9 ^? ( *4 xxxvii4 #aa3 8,our transgressions & our s9s are ^u u1 & we wa/e away 9 !m3 h[ %\ld we !n live80 8,our bones are dri$1 & our hope is lo/3 we are cut (f40 ,^! acc5ts ( despond5cy reflect ! new mood into :i* ! m s]i\sm9d$ portion ( ! community _h be5 plung$ by ! calamities t _h befall5 !m4 ,! bitt]ness ( unavail+ remorse1 ! consci\sness ( national dea?1 _h laid fa/ hold ( _! spirits & depriv$ !m ( ! p[] ( hope4 ,9 sob] tru? ! nation 0 dead beyond app>5t hope ( revival2 & to an ,israelite1 ^: spiritual int]e/s 7 all id5tifi$ ) ^? ( 8 nation1 religion _h no p[] ( consolation ap>t f a national future4 ,! p !re=e ab&on$ !mselves to despair1 & h>d5$ !mselves aga9/ ! appeals :i* ! prophet address$ to !m 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah4 ,!y look$ on !mselves z ! victims ( an inexorable fate1 & 7 dispos$ p]haps to res5t ! call to rep5tance z a trifl+ ) ! mis]y ( ! un=tunate4 ,& yet1 al?\gh ?is /ate ( m9d 0 z f> remov$ z possible f ! godly sorr[ t worke? rep5tance1 x 0 a /ep t[>ds ! accompli%m5t ( ! promise ( r$emption4 ,= ! pres5t1 inde$1 x r5d]$ ! p m imp5etrable ?an ev] to ! ^w ( ,god4 ,b x meant t !y _h accept$ 9 pr9ciple ! prophetic int]pretation ( _! hi/ory4 ,x 0 no long] possible to d5y t ,jehovah ! ,god ( ,israel _h reveal$ ,8 secret to ,8 s]vants ! prophets4 ,he 0 n su* a ,be+ z ! popul> imag9ation _h figur$4 ,israel _h n kn[n ,him2 only ! prophets _h spok5 ( ,him ! ?+ t 0 "r4 ,?us = ! fir/ "t a g5]al conviction ( s91 a s5se ( be+ 9 ! wrong1 0 produc$ 9 ,israel4 ,t ?is conviction %\ld at fir/ lead to ! v]ge ( despair 0 p]haps inevitable4 ,! p 7 n famili> ) ! idea ( ! div9e righte\sness1 & c\ld n at once p]ceive t ang] aga9/ s9 0 consi/5t 9 ,god ) pity = ! s9n] & m]cy t[>ds ! contrite4 ,! *ief task t n[ lay be=e ! prophet 0 to trans=m _! attitude ( sull5 imp5it5ce into "o ( submission & hope by tea*+ !m ! efficacy ( rep5tance4 ,!y h le>n$ ! mean+ ( judgm5t2 !y h n[ to le>n ! possibility & ! conditions ( =giv5ess4 ,& ?is c only be taught to !m ?r\gh a revelation ( ! free & inf9ite grace ( ,god1 :o has 8no pleasure 9 ! dea? ( ! wick$1 b t ! wick$ %\ld turn f 8 way & live0 7v]4 #aa74 ,only ?us c ! h>d & /ony he>t be tak5 away f _! fle% & a he>t ( fle% giv5 to !m4 ,we c n[ und]/& ! significance ( ! /rik+ passage :i* /&s z ! introduction to ?is :ole section ( ! book 7*4 xxxiii4 #abj74 ,at ?is juncture ( 8 m9i/ry ,ezekiel's ?\ghts w5t back on an aspect ( 8 prophetic vocation :i* _h hi!rto be5 9 abeyance4 ,f ! fir/ he _h be5 consci\s ( a c]ta9 responsibility = ! fate ( ea* individual )9 rea* ( 8 words 7*4 iii4 #afba74 ,?is tru? _h be5 "o ( ! keynotes ( 8 m9i/ry2 b ! practical developm5ts :i* x sugge/$ _h be5 h9d]$ by ! solid>ity ( ! opposition :i* he _h enc\nt]$4 ,z long z ,j]usalem /ood ! exiles _h be5 sway$ by "o common curr5t ( feel+--_! ?\ghts 7 :olly occupi$ by ! expectation ( an issue t w\ld annul ! gloomy pr$ictions ( ,ezekiel2 & no man d>$ to break away f ! g5]al s5tim5t & range himself on ! side ( ,god's prophet4 ,9 ^! circum/ances any?+ ( ! nature ( pa/oral activity 0 obvi\sly out ( ! "q4 ,b n[ t ?is great ob/acle to fai? 0 remov$ !re 0 a prospect t ! solidity ( popul> op9ion w\ld be brok5 up1 s t ! ^w ( ,god might f9d an entrance "h & !re into susceptible he>ts4 ,! "t 0 come to call = p]sonal decisions1 to appeal to ea* man to embrace = himself ! (f] ( p>don & salvation4 ,its wat*word might h be5 f\nd 9 words utt]$ 9 ano!r great crisis ( religi\s de/9y3 8,! k+dom ( heav5 suff]e? viol5ce1 & ! viol5t take x by =ce40 ,out ( su* 8viol5t m50 :o act = !mselves & h ! c\rage ( _! convictions ! new p ( ,god mu/ be =m$2 & ! mission ( ! prophet is to ga!r r\nd him all ^? :o are w>n$ by 8 words to 8flee f ! wra? to come40 ,let u look a little m closely at ! tea*+ ( ^! v]ses4 ,we f9d t ,ezekiel re/ates 9 ! mo/ emphatic mann] ! !ological pr9ciples :i* und]lie ?is new developm5t ( 8 prophetic duties 7vv4 #ajbj74 ,^! pr9ciples h be5 consid]$ already 9 ! exposition ( *4 xviii42 & x is n necess>y to d m ?an ref] to !m "h4 ,!y are su* z ^!3 ! exact & absolute righte\sness ( ,god 9 ,8 deal+s ) individuals2 ,8 unwill+ness t any %\ld p]i%1 & ,8 desire t all %\ld be sav$ & live2 ! necessity ( p]sonal rep5tance2 ! fre$om & indep5d5ce ( ! individual s\l ?r\gh its imm$iate relation to ,god4 ,on ?is closely connect$ body ( evangelical doctr9e ,ezekiel bases ! appeal :i* he n[ makes to 8 he>]s4 ,:at we are specially conc]n$ ) "h1 h[ev]1 is ! direction :i* !y imp>t$ to 8 activity4 ,we may /udy 9 ! light ( ,ezekiel's example ! mann] 9 :i* ^! fundam5tal tru?s ( p]sonal religion are to be made effective 9 ! m9i/ry ( ! gospel = ! build+ up ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,! g5]al conception is cle>ly set =? 9 ! figure ( ! wat*man1 ) :i* ! *apt] op5s 7vv4 #ai74 ,! duties ( ! wat*man are simple1 b responsible4 ,he is set ap>t 9 a "t ( public dang] to w>n ! city ( ! approa* ( an enemy4 ,! citiz5s tru/ him & g ab\t _! ord9>y occupations 9 security s long z ! trumpet is n s\nd$4 ,%\ld he sleep at 8 po/ or neglect to give ! signal1 m5 are caught unprep>$ & lives are lo/ ?r\gh 8 fault4 ,_! blood is requir$ at ! wat*man's h&4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he gives ! al>m z soon z he sees ! sword com+1 & any man disreg>ds ! w>n+ & is cut d[n 9 8 iniquity1 8 blood is ^u 8 own head4 ,no?+ c\ld be cle>] ?an ?is4 ,(fice always involves responsibility1 & no responsibility c\ld be great] ?an t ( a wat*man 9 "t ( invasion4 ,^? :o suff] are 9 ei!r case ! citiz5s :om ! sword cuts (f2 b x makes all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w :e!r ! blame ( _! dea? re/s on !mselves = _! foolh>d9ess or on ! wat*man = 8 unfai?fulness4 ,su* !n1 z ,ezekiel goes on to expla91 is 8 own position z a prophet4 ,! prophet is "o :o sees fur!r into ! spiritual issues ( ?+s ?an o!r m51 & discov]s ! com+ calamity :i* is to !m invisible4 ,we mu/ notice t a backgr\nd ( dang] is presuppos$4 ,9 :at =m x 0 to come is n indicat$2 b ,ezekiel kn[s t judgm5t foll[s h>d at ! heels ( s91 & see+ s9 9 8 fell[m5 he kn[s t _! /ate is "o ( spiritual p]il4 ,! prophet's c\rse !re=e is cle>4 ,8 bus9ess is to ann\nce z 9 trumpet tones ! doom t hangs ov] e man :o p]si/s 9 8 wick$ness1 to ree*o ! div9e s5t5ce :i* he alone may h he>d1 8,o wick$ man1 ?\ %alt surely die40 ,& aga9 ! ma9 "q is "o ( responsibility4 ,! wat*man _c ensure ! safety ( e citiz51 because any man may refuse to take ! w>n+ he gives4 ,no m c ! prophet ensure ! salvation ( all 8 he>]s1 = ea* "o is free to accept or despise ! message4 ,b :e!r m5 he> or :e!r !y =be>1 x is ( ! utmo/ mom5t = himself t t w>n+ %\ld be fai?fully proclaim$ & t he %\ld ?us 8deliv] 8 s\l40 ,ezekiel seems to feel t x is only by frankly accept+ ! responsibility :i* ?us devolves on himself t he c hope to impress on 8 he>]s ! responsibility t re/s on !m = ! use !y make ( 8 message4 ,^! ?\ghts appe> to h occupi$ ! m9d ( ,ezekiel on ! eve ( 8 emancipation1 & mu/ h influ5c$ 8 subsequ5t action to an ext5t :i* we c b vaguely e/imate4 ,x is g5]ally consid]$ t ?is description ( ! prophet's functions cov]s a :ole dep>tm5t ( "w ( :i* no express acc\nt is giv54 ,ezekiel writes no 8,pa/or's ,sket*es10 & records no in/ances ( individual conv]sion ?r\gh 8 m9i/ry4 ,! unwritt5 hi/ory ( ! ,babylonian captivity mu/ h be5 ri* 9 su* incid5ts ( spiritual exp]i5ce1 & no?+ c\ld h be5 m in/ructive to u ?an ! /udy ( a few typical cases _h x be5 possible4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,mohamm$anism is f\nd 9 ! n>ratives ( p]sonal adhesion to ! new religion2 & ! =mation ( ! new ,israel 9 ! age ( ! ,exile is a process ( inf9itely great] importance = humanity at l>ge ?an ! g5esis ( ,islam4 ,b nei!r 9 ?is book nor else:]e are we p]mitt$ to foll[ t process 9 its details4 ,ezekiel may h witness$ ! beg9n+s ( x1 b he 0 n call$ ^u to be its hi/orian4 ,/ill1 ! inf]5ce is probably correct t a conception ( ! prophet's (fice :i* holds him acc\ntable to ,god = ! fate ( individuals l$ to some?+ m ?an m]e g5]al exhortations to rep5tance4 ,! prea*] mu/ h tak5 a p]sonal int]e/ 9 8 he>]s2 he mu/ h wat*$ = ! fir/ signs ( a response to 8 message1 & be5 ready to advise & enc\rage ^? :o turn$ to him = guidance 9 _! p]plexities4 ,& s9ce ! sph]e ( 8 influ5ce & responsibility includ$ ! :ole ,hebrew community 9 :i* he liv$1 he mu/ h be5 eag] to seize e opportunity to w>n individual s9n]s ( ! error ( _! ways1 le/ _! blood %\ld be requir$ at 8 h&4 ,to ?is ext5t we may say t ,ezekiel held a position among/ ! exiles some:at analog\s to t ( a spiritual director 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* or ! pa/or ( a ,prote/ant congregation4 ,b ! analogy mu/ n be press$ too f>4 ,! nurture ( ! spiritual life ( individuals c\ld n h pres5t$ itself to him z ! *ief end ( 8 m9i/rations4 ,8 bus9ess 0 fir/ to lay d[n ! conditions ( entrance into ! new k+dom ( ,god1 & !n out ( ! ru9s ( ! old ,israel to make ready a p prep>$ = ! ,"l4 ,p]haps ! ne>e/ p>allel to ?is dep>tm5t ( 8 "w :i* hi/ory af=ds is ! mission ( ! ,bapti/4 ,! keynote ( ,ezekiel's prea*+ 0 ! same z t ( ,john3 8,rep5t1 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&40 ,bo? prophets 7 alike animat$ by a s5se ( crisis & urg5cy1 bas$ on ! conviction t ! imp5d+ ,messianic age w\ld be u%]$ 9 by a se>*+ judgm5t 9 :i* ! *aff w\ld be sep>at$ f ! :eat4 ,bo? lab\r$ = ! same end--! =mation ( a new circle ( religi\s fell[%ip1 9 anticipation ( ! adv5t ( ! ,messianic k+dom4 ,& z ,john1 by an inevitable spiritual selection1 ga!r$ r\nd him a b& ( disciples1 among/ :om our ,"l f\nd "s ( ,8 mo/ devot$ foll[]s1 s we may believe t ,ezekiel1 by a simil> process1 became ! ackn[l$g$ lead] ( ^? :om he taught to wait = ! hope ( ,israel's re/oration4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ,ezekiel's m9i/ry t appeals m directly to ! ,*ri/ian consci5ce ?an ! s]i\s & pr(\nd s5se ( pa/oral responsibility to :i* ?is passage be>s witness4 ,x is a feel+ :i* w\ld seem to be insep>able f ! "r dis*>ge ( ! m9i/]ial (fice4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r respects1 ,ezekiel's exp]i5ce is repeat$1 on a high] level1 9 t ( ! apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 :o c\ld take 8 he>]s to record t he 0 8pure f ! blood ( all m510 inasmu* z he _h 8taught !m publicly & f h\se to h\se10 & 8ceas$ n to w>n e "o night & day ) te>s0 7,acts xx4 #agce74 ,t does n mean1 ( c\rse1 t a prea*] is to occupy himself ) no?+ else ?an ! p]sonal salvation ( 8 he>]s4 ,/4 ,paul w\ld h be5 ! la/ to agree to su* a limitation ( ! range ( 8 tea*+4 ,b x does mean t ! salvation ( m5 & wom5 is ! supreme end :i* ! m9i/] ( ,*ri/ is to set be=e him1 & t to :i* all o!r in/ruction is subord9at$4 ,& unless a man realises t ! tru? he utt]s is ( trem5d\s importance on ! de/9y ( ^? to :om he speaks1 he c h>dly hope to approve himself z an ambassador = ,*ri/4 ,!re are d\btless temptations1 n 9 !mselves ignoble1 to use ! pulpit = o!r purposes ?an ?is4 ,! desire = public influ5ce may be "o ( !m1 or ! desire to utt] "o's m9d on burn+ que/ions ( ! day4 ,to say t ^! are temptations is n to say t matt]s ( public int]e/ are to be rigor\sly exclud$ f treatm5t 9 ! pulpit4 ,!re are _m que/ions ( ?is k9d on :i* ! w ( ,god is z cle> & imp]ative z x c possibly be on any po9t ( private conduct2 & ev5 9 matt]s z to :i* !re is legitimate diff]5ce ( op9ion among/ ,*ri/ian m5 !re are und]ly+ pr9ciples ( righte\sness :i* may ne$ to be fe>lessly enunciat$ at ! risk ( obloquy & misund]/&+4 ,nev]!less x rema9s true t ! great end ( ! gospel m9i/ry is to reconcile m5 to ,god & to cultivate 9 individual lives ! fruits ( ! ,_s1 s z at ! la/ to pres5t e man p]fect 9 ,*ri/4 ,& ! prea*] :o may be mo/ safely entru/$ ) ! h&l+ ( all o!r que/ions is he :o is mo/ int5t on ! =mation ( ,*ri/ian "* & mo/ deeply consci\s ( 8 responsibility = ! effect ( 8 tea*+ on ! et]nal de/9y ( ^? to :om he m9i/]s4 ,:at is call$ prea*+ to ! age may c]ta9ly become a v poor & empty ?+ if x is =gott5 t ! age is made up ( individuals ea* ( :om has a s\l to save or lose4 ,:at %all x pr(it a man if ! prea*] tea*es him h[ to w9 ! :ole _w & lose 8 own life8 ,x is fa%ionable to hold up ! prophets ( ,israel z models ( all t a ,*ri/ian m9i/] ought to be4 ,if t is true1 prophecy mu/ at lea/ be all[$ to speak its :ole lesson2 & among/ o!r elem5ts ,ezekiel's consci\sness ( responsibility = ! individual life mu/ receive due recognition4 ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,! ,messianic ,k+dom4 ,*apt] xxxiv4 ,! t]m 8,messianic0 z commonly appli$ to ,old ,te/am5t prophecy be>s two diff]5t s5ses1 a wid] & a n>r[]4 ,9 its wid] use x is almo/ equival5t to ! mod]n ^w 8es*atological40 ,x d5otes t unqu5*able hope ( a glori\s future = ,israel & ! _w :i* is an all b omnipres5t feature ( ! prophetic writ+s1 & includes all pr$ictions ( ! k+dom ( ,god 9 its f9al & p]fect manife/ation4 ,9 its /rict] s5se x is appli$ only to ! promise ( ! ideal k+ ( ! h\se ( ,david1 :i*1 al?\gh a v conspicu\s elem5t ( prophecy1 is by no means univ]sal1 & p]haps does n bulk q s l>gely 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z is g5]ally suppos$4 ,! lat] ,jews 7 guid$ by a true in/9ct :5 !y seiz$ on ?is figure ( ! ideal rul] z ! c5tre ( ! nation's hope2 & to !m we owe ?is special application ( ! "n 8,messiah10 ! 8,ano9t$10 :i* is nev] us$ ( ! ,son ( ,david 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t itself4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t we foll[ 9 _! /eps :5 we enl>ge ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8,messianic0 s z to embrace ! :ole prophetic del9eation ( ! future glories ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,?is di/9ction may be illu/rat$ f ! prophecies ( ,ezekiel4 ,if we take ! ^w 9 its m g5]al s5se1 we may say t all ! *apt]s f ! ?irtyf\r? to ! end ( ! book are ,messianic 9 "*4 ,t is to say1 !y describe "u v>i\s aspects ! f9al condition ( ?+s :i* is introduc$ by ! re/oration ( ,israel to its own l&4 ,let u glance = a mom5t at ! elem5ts :i* ent] into ?is g5]al conception ( ! la/ ?+s z !y are set =? 9 ! section ( ! book ) :i* we are n[ deal+4 ,we exclude f view = ! pres5t ! la/ n9e *apt]s1 because !re ! prophet's po9t ( view is some:at diff]5t1 & x is bett] to res]ve !m = sep>ate treatm5t4 ,! *apt]s f ! ?irtyf\r? to ! ?irtysev5? are ! necess>y complem5t ( ! call to rep5tance 9 ! fir/ "p ( *4 xxxiii4 ,ezekiel has enunciat$ ! conditions ( entrance to ! new k+dom ( ,god1 & has urg$ 8 he>]s to prep>e = its appe>+4 ,he n[ proce$s to unfold ! nature ( t k+dom1 & ! process by :i* ,jehovah is to br+ x to pass4 ,z has be5 said1 ! c5tral fact is ! re/oration ( ,israel to ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,"h ! prophet f\nd a po9t ( contact ) ! natural aspirations ( 8 fell[exiles4 ,!re 0 no prospect to :i* !y _h clung ) m eag] long+ ?an t ( a return to national indep5d5ce 9 _! own l&2 & ! feel+ t ?is 0 no long] possible 0 ! s\rce ( ! abject despair f :i* ! prophet s\ght to r\se !m4 ,h[ 0 ?is to be done8 ,n simply by ass]t+ 9 ! face ( all human probability t ! re/oration w\ld take place1 b by pres5t+ x to _! m9ds 9 its religi\s aspects z an object wor?y ( ! ex]cise ( almighty p[]1 & an object 9 :i* ,jehovah 0 int]e/$ = ! glory ( ,8 great "n4 ,only by be+ br\ght r\nd to ,ezekiel's fai? 9 ,god c\ld ! exiles recov] _! lo/ hope 9 ! future ( ! nation4 ,?us ! return to :i* ,ezekiel looks =w>d has a ,messianic significance2 x is ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 a symbol ( ! f9al & p]fect union betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel4 ,n[ 9 ! *apt]s be=e u ?is g5]al conception is exhibit$ 9 ?ree sep>ate pictures ( ! ,re/oration1 ! lead+ ideas be+ ! ,mon>*y 7*4 xxxiv471 ! ,l& 7*s4 xxxv41 xxxvi471 & ! ,nation 7*4 xxxvii474 ,! ord] 9 :i* !y are arrang$ is n t :i* might seem mo/ natural4 ,we %\ld h expect$ ! prophet to deal fir/ ) ! revival ( ! nation1 !n ) its settlem5t on ! soil ( ,pale/9e1 & la/ ( all ) its political organisation "u a ,davidic k+4 ,ezekiel foll[s ! rev]se ord]4 ,he beg9s ) ! k+dom1 z ! mo/ complete embodim5t ( ! ,messianic salvation1 & !n falls back on its two presuppositions--! recov]y & purification ( ! l& on ! "o h&1 & ! re/itution ( ! nation on ! o!r4 ,x is d\btful1 inde$1 :e!r any logical connection betwe5 ! ?ree pictures is int5d$4 ,x is p]haps bett] to reg>d !m z express+ ?ree di/9ct & collat]al aspects ( ! idea ( r$emption1 to ea* ( :i* a c]ta9 p]man5t religi\s significance is atta*$4 ,!y are at all ev5ts ! out/&+ elem5ts ( ,ezekiel's es*atology s f> z x is exp\nd$ 9 ?is section ( 8 prophecies4 ,we ?us see t ! promise ( ! p]fect k+--! ,messianic idea 9 its m re/rict$ signification--holds a di/9ct b n a supreme place 9 ,ezekiel's vision ( ! future4 ,x appe>s = ! fir/ "t 9 *4 xvii4 at ! end ( an oracle d5\nc+ ! p]fidy ( ,z$ekiah & =etell+ ! ov]?r[ ( 8 k+dom2 & aga91 9 a simil> connection1 9 an obscure v]se ( *4 xxi47#acj7 ,bo? ^! prophecies belong to ! "t be=e ! fall ( ! /ate1 :5 ! prophet's ?\ghts 7 n cont9u\sly occupi$ ) ! hope ( ! future4 ,! =m] is rem>kable1 nev]!less1 = ! gl[+ t]ms 9 :i* ! greatness ( ! future k+dom is depict$4 ,f ! top ( ! l(ty c$> :i* ! great eagle _h c>ri$ away to ,babylon ,jehovah w take a t5d] %oot & plant x 9 ! m\nta9 height ( ,israel4 ,!re x w /rike root & gr[ up into a lordly c$>1 "u ^: bran*es all ! birds ( ! air f9d refuge4 ,! t]ms ( ! allegory h be5 expla9$ 9 ! prop] place47#aca7 ,! great c$> is ! h\se ( ,david2 ! topmo/ b\gh :i* 0 tak5 to ,babylon is ! family ( ,jehoia*91 ! direct heirs to ! ?rone4 ,! plant+ ( ! t5d] %oot 9 ! l& ( ,israel repres5ts ! f\nd+ ( ! ,messiah's k+dom1 :i* is ?us proclaim$ to be ( transc5d5t e>?ly magnific5ce1 ov]%ad[+ all ! o!r k+doms ( ! _w1 & conv9c+ ! nations t its f\ndation is ! "w ( ,jehovah ,himself4 ,9 ?is %ort passage we h ! ,messianic idea 9 its simple/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic expression4 ,! hope ( ! future is b\nd up ) ! de/9y ( ! h\se ( ,david2 & ! ree/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom 9 m ?an its anci5t spl5d\r is ! great div9e act to :i* all ! bless+s ( ! f9al disp5sation are atta*$4 ,b x is 9 ! ?irtyf\r? *apt] t we f9d ! mo/ compreh5sive exposition ( ,ezekiel's tea*+ on ! subject ( ! mon>*y & ! ,messianic k+dom4 ,x is p]haps ! mo/ political ( all 8 prophecies4 ,x is p]vad$ by a _s ( g5u9e sympa?y ) ! suff]+s ( ! common p1 & indignation aga9/ ! tyranny practis$ & tol]at$ by ! rul+ classes4 ,! disa/]s t h befall5 ! nation d[n to its f9al disp]sion among ! hea!n are all trac$ to ! misgov]nm5t & an>*y = :i* ! mon>*y 0 prim>ily responsible4 ,9 l mann] ! bless+s ( ! com+ age are summ$ up 9 ! promise ( a p]fect k+1 rul+ 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah & ma9ta9+ ord] & righte\sness ?r\gh\t 8 realm4 ,n[h]e else does ,ezekiel approa* s ne>ly to ! political ideal =e%ad[$ by ! /atesmanprophet ,isaiah ( a 8k+ reign+ 9 righte\sness & pr9ces rul+ 9 judgm5t0 7,isa4 xxxii4 #a71 secur+ ! enjoym5t ( univ]sal prosp]ity & peace to ! r$eem$ p ( ,god4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ ( c\rse t ?is is only a p>tial expression ( ,ezekiel's conception bo? ( ! pa/ condition ( ! nation & ( its future salvation4 ,we h _h abundant evid5ce7#acb7 to %[ t he consid]$ all classes ( ! community to be corrupt1 & ! p z a :ole implicat$ 9 ! guilt ( rebellion aga9/ ,jehovah4 ,! /atem5t t ! k+s h br\ght ab\t ! disp]sion ( ! nation mu/ n !re=e be press$ to ! conclusion t civic inju/ice 0 ! sole cause ( ,israel's calamities4 ,simil>ly we %all f9d t ! r$emption ( ! p dep5ds on o!r & m fundam5tal conditions ?an ! e/abli%m5t ( good gov]nm5t "u a righte\s k+4 ,b t is no reason = m9imis+ ! significance ( ! passage be=e u z an utt]ance ( ,ezekiel's pr(\nd int]e/ 9 social ord] & ! welf>e ( ! poor4 ,x %[s moreov] t ! prophet at ?is "t atta*$ real importance to ! promise ( ! ,messiah z ! organ ( ,jehovah's rule ov] ,8 p4 ,if civil wrongs & legalis$ tyranny 7 n ! only s9s :i* _h br\ght ab\t ! de/ruction ( ! /ate1 !y 7 at lea/ s]i\s evils1 :i* c\ld n be tol]at$ 9 ! new ,israel2 & ! *ief safegu>d aga9/ _! recurr5ce is f\nd 9 ! "* ( ! ideal rul] :om ,jehovah w raise up f ! se$ ( ,david4 ,h[ f> ?is high conception ( ! functions ( ! mon>*y 0 modifi$ 9 ,ezekiel's subsequ5t tea*+ we %all see :5 we come to consid] ! position assign$ to ! pr9ce 9 ! great vision at ! end ( ! book47#acc7 ,9 ! meantime let u exam9e some:at m closely ! cont5ts ( *4 xxxiv4 ,its lead+ ideas seem to h be5 sugge/$ by a ,messianic prophecy ( ,j]emiah's ) :i* ,ezekiel 0 no d\bt acqua9t$3 8,woe to ! %eph]ds t de/roy & scatt] ! flock ( ,my pa/ure6 sai? ,jehovah4 ,!re=e ?us sai? ,jehovah1 ! ,god ( ,israel1 aga9/ ! %eph]ds t t5d ,my p1 ,ye h scatt]$ ,my flock1 & disp]s$ !m1 & h n visit$ !m3 behold1 ,i w visit ^u y ! evil ( y\r do+s1 sai? ,jehovah4 ,& ,i w ga!r ! remnant ( ,my flock f all ! l&s :i!r ,i h disp]s$ !m1 & w re/ore !m to _! folds2 & !y %all be fruitful & multiply4 ,& ,i w set %eph]ds ov] !m :o %all fe$ !m3 & !y %all n fe> any m1 nor be fright5$1 nor be lack+1 sai? ,jehovah0 7,j]4 xxiii4 #ad74 ,"h we h ! simple image ( ! flock & its %eph]ds1 :i* ,ezekiel1 z 8 mann] is1 exp&s into an allegory ( ! pa/ hi/ory & future prospects ( ! nation4 ,h[ closely he foll[s ! guidance ( 8 pr$ecessor w be se5 f ! analysis ( ! *apt]4 ,x may be divid$ into f\r p>ts4 i4 ,! fir/ t5 v]ses are a /rongly word$ d5unciation ( ! misgov]nm5t to :i* ! p ( ,jehovah _h be5 subject$ 9 ! pa/4 ,! prophet goes /raight to ! root ( ! evil :5 he indignantly asks1 8,%\ld n ! %eph]ds fe$ ! flock80 7v]4 #b74 ,! fir/ pr9ciple ( all true gov]nm5t is t x mu/ be 9 ! int]e/ ( ! gov]n$4 ,b ! univ]sal vice ( ,ori5tal despotism1 z we see 9 ! case ( ! ,turki% empire at ! pres5t day1 or ,egypt be=e ! ,engli% occupation1 is t ! rul]s rule = _! own advantage1 & treat ! p z _! lawful spoil4 ,s x _h be5 9 ,israel3 ! %eph]ds _h f$ !mselves1 & n ! flock4 ,in/ead ( c>efully t5d+ ! sick & ! maim$1 & se>*+ out ! /ray$ & ! lo/1 !y _h be5 conc]n$ only to eat ! milk7#acd7 & clo! !mselves ) ! wool & slaught] ! fat2 !y _h rul$ ) 8viol5ce & rig\r40 ,t is to say1 in/ead ( heal+ ! sores ( ! body politic1 !y _h s\ght to enri* !mselves at ! exp5se ( ! p4 ,su* misconduct 9 ! "n ( gov]nm5t always br+s its own p5alty2 x kills ! goose t lays ! gold5 eggs4 ,! flock :i* is spoil$ by its own %eph]ds is scatt]$ on ! m\nta9s & becomes ! prey ( wild bea/s2 & s ! nation t is weak5$ by int]nal misrule loses its p[]s ( def5ce & succumbs to ! attacks ( "s =eign invad]4 ,b ! %eph]ds ( ,israel h to reckon ) ,him :o is ! own] ( ! flock1 ^: affection /ill wat*es ov] !m1 & ^: compassion is /irr$ by ! hapless condition ( ,8 p4 8,!re=e1 ,o ye %eph]ds1 he> ! ^w ( ,jehovah2 444 ,behold1 ,i am aga9/ ! %eph]ds2 & ,i w require ,my flock at _! h&2 & ,i w make !m to cease f fe$+ ,my flock1 t !y :o fe$ !mselves may no long] %eph]d !m2 & ,i w deliv] ,my flock f _! m\?1 t !y be n food = !m0 7vv4 #i1 #aj74 ii4 ,b ,jehovah n only removes ! unwor?y %eph]ds2 ,he ,himself takes on ,him ! (fice ( %eph]d to ! flock t has be5 s mi%&l$ 7vv4 #aaaf74 ,z ! %eph]d goes out aft] ! ?und]/orm to call 9 8 fright5$ %eep1 s w ,jehovah aft] ! /orm ( judgm5t is ov] g =? to 8ga!r toge!r ! outca/s ( ,israel0 7,psalm cxlvii4 #b74 ,he w seek !m out & deliv] !m f all places :i!r !y 7 scatt]$ 9 ! day ( cl\ds & d>kness2 !n ,he w lead !m back to ! m\nta9 height ( ,israel1 :]e !y %all enjoy abundant prosp]ity & security "u ,8 j & b5efic5t rule4 ,by :at ag5cies ?is deliv]ance is to be accompli%$ is n[h]e indicat$4 ,x is ! unanim\s tea*+ ( ! prophets t ! f9al salvation ( ,israel w be effect$ 9 a 8day ( ,jehovah0--i4e41 a day 9 :i* ,jehovah's own p[] w be specially manife/$4 ,h5ce !re is no ne$ to describe ! process by :i* ! ,almighty works out ,8 purpose ( salvation2 x is indescribable3 ! results are c]ta91 b ! int]m$iate ag5cies are sup]natural1 & ! precise me?od ( ,jehovah's int]v5tion is z a rule left indef9ite4 ,x is p>ticul>ly to be not$ t ! ,messiah plays no "p 9 ! actual "w ( deliv]ance4 ,he is n ! h]o ( a national /ruggle = indep5d5ce1 b comes on ! sc5e & assumes ! re9s ( gov]nm5t aft] ,jehovah has gott5 ! victory & re/or$ peace to ,israel47#ace7 iii4 ,! next six v]ses 7#agbb7 add a feature to ! allegory :i* is n f\nd 9 ! correspond+ passage 9 ,j]emiah4 ,jehovah w judge betwe5 "o %eep & ano!r1 especially betwe5 ! rams & hegoats on ! "o h& & ! weak] animals on ! o!r4 ,! /rong cattle _h monopolis$ ! fat mead[s & cle> settl$ wat]s1 & z if ?is 7 n en\gh1 !y _h trampl$ d[n ! residue ( ! pa/ures & f\l$ ! wat]s ) _! feet4 ,^? address$ are ! weal?y & p[]ful upp] class1 ^: luxury & wanton extravagance _h consum$ ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 & left no su/5ance = ! poor] memb]s ( ! community4 ,allusions to ?is k9d ( selfi% tyranny are frequ5t 9 ! old] prophets4 ,amos speaks ( ! nobles z pant+ aft] ! du/ on ! head ( ! poor1 & ( ! luxuri\s dames ( ,sam>ia z oppress+ ! poor & cru%+ ! ne$y1 & say+ to _! lords1 8,br+ u to dr9k0 7,amos ii4 #g1 iv4 #a74 ,micah says ( ! same class 9 ! s\!rn k+dom t !y ca/ out ! wom5 ( ,jehovah's p f _! pleasant h\ses1 & robb$ _! *ildr5 ( ,8 glory = ev] 7,micah ii4 #i74 ,& ,isaiah1 to take "o o!r example1 d5\nces ^? :o 8take away ! "r f ! poor ( ,my p1 t wid[s may be _! prey1 & t !y may rob ! orphans0 7,isa4 x4 #b74 ,"u ! corrupt adm9i/ration ( ju/ice :i* ! k+s _h tol]at$ = _! own conv5i5ce litigation _h be5 a f>ce2 ! ri* man _h always ! e> ( ! judge1 & ! poor f\nd no r$ress4 ,b 9 ,israel ! true f\nta9 ( ju/ice c\ld n be pollut$2 x 0 only its *annels t 7 ob/ruct$4 ,= ,jehovah ,himself 0 ! supreme judge ( ,8 p2 & 9 ! re/or$ commonweal? to :i* ,ezekiel looks =w>d all civil relations w be regulat$ by a reg>d to ,8 righte\s w4 ,he w 8save ,8 flock t !y be no m a prey1 & w judge betwe5 cattle & cattle40 iv4 ,!n foll[s 9 ! la/ section 7vv4 #bcca7 ! promise ( ! ,messianic k+1 & a description ( ! bless+s t accompany 8 reign3 8,i w set up "o %eph]d ov] !m1 & he %all fe$ !m--,my s]vant ,david3 he %all fe$ !m1 & he %all be _! %eph]d4 ,& ,i ,jehovah w be _! ,god1 & ,my s]vant ,david %all be a pr9ce 9 _! mid/3 ,i ,jehovah h spok5 x40 ,!re are "o or two difficulties connect$ ) ! int]pretation ( ?is passage1 ! consid]ation ( :i* may be po/pon$ till we h f9i%$ our analysis ( ! *apt]4 ,x is suffici5t 9 ! meantime to notice t a ,davidic k+dom 9 "s s5se is to be ! f\ndation ( social ord] 9 ! new ,israel4 ,a pr9ce w arise1 end[$ ) ! _s ( 8 exalt$ (fice1 to dis*>ge p]fectly ! royal functions 9 :i* ! =m] k+s _h s lam5tably fail$4 ,?r\gh him ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ,israel w become a reality 9 ! national life4 ,! ,godhead ( ,jehovah & ! k+%ip ( ! ,messiah w be insep>ably associat$ 9 ! fai? ( ! p3 8,jehovah _! ,god1 & ,david _! k+0 7,hosea iii4 #e7 is ! expression ( ! gr\nd ( ,israel's confid5ce 9 ! latt] days4 ,& ?is k+dom is ! pl$ge ( ! fulness ( div9e bless+ desc5d+ on ! l& & ! p4 ,! p %all dwell 9 safety1 none mak+ !m afraid1 because ( ! cov5ant ( peace :i* ,jehovah w make = !m1 secur+ !m aga9/ ! assaults ( o!r nations47#acf7 ,! heav5s %all p\r =? f]tilis+ 8%[]s ( bless+02 & ! l& %all be clo!d ) a luxuriant vegetation :i* %all be ! admiration ( ! :ole e>?47#acg7 ,?us happily situat$ ,israel %all %ake (f ! reproa* ( ! hea!n1 :i* !y _h =m]ly to endure because ( ! pov]ty ( _! l& & _! un=tunate hi/ory4 ,9 ! pl5itude ( mat]ial prosp]ity !y %all recognise t ,jehovah _! ,god is ) !m1 & !y %all "k :at x is to be ,8 p & ! flock ( ,8 pa/ure47#ach7 ,we h n[ be=e u ! sali5t features ( ! ,messianic hope1 z x is pres5t$ 9 ! pages ( ,ezekiel4 ,we see t ! idea is develop$ 9 contra/ ) ! abuses t _h *>act]is$ ! hi/oric mon>*y 9 ,israel4 ,x repres5ts ! ideal ( ! k+dom z x exi/s 9 ! m9d ( ,jehovah1 an ideal :i* no actual k+ _h fully realis$1 & :i* mo/ ( !m _h %amefully violat$4 ,! ,messiah is ! viceg]5t ( ,jehovah on e>?1 & ! repres5tative ( ,8 k+ly au?ority & righte\s gov]nm5t ov] ,israel4 ,we see fur!r t ! promise is bas$ on ! 8sure m]cies ( ,david10 ! cov5ant :i* secur$ ! ?rone to ,david's desc5dants = ev]4 ,messianic prophecy is legitimi/1 ! ideal k+ be+ reg>d$ z /&+ 9 ! direct l9e ( succession to ! cr[n4 ,& to ^! features we may add ano!r1 :i* is explicitly develop$ 9 *4 xxxvii4 #bbbf1 al?\gh x is impli$ 9 ! expression 8"o %eph]d0 9 ! passage ) :i* we h be5 deal+4 ,! ,messianic k+dom repres5ts ! unity ( all ,israel1 & p>ticul>ly ! reunion ( ! two k+doms "u "o sceptre4 ,! prophets atta* great importance to ?is idea47#aci7 ,! exi/5ce ( two rival mon>*ies1 divid$ 9 int]e/ & (t5 at w> ) ea* o!r1 al?\gh x _h nev] effac$ ! consci\sness ( ! orig9al unity ( ! nation1 0 felt by ! prophets to be an anomal\s /ate ( ?+s1 & s]i\sly detrim5tal to ! national religion4 ,! ideal relation ( ,jehovah to ,israel 0 z incompatible ) two k+doms z ! ideal ( m>riage is incompatible ) two wives to "o husb&4 ,h5ce 9 ! glori\s future ( ! ,messianic age ! s*ism mu/ be heal$1 & ! ,davidic dyna/y re/or$ to its orig9al position at ! head ( an undivid$ empire4 ,! prom95ce giv5 to ?is ?\ght 9 ! tea*+ ( ,hosea %[s t ev5 9 ! nor!rn k+dom dev\t ,israelites *]i%$ ! hope ( reunion ) _! bre?r5 "u ! h\se ( ,david z ! only =m 9 :i* ! r$emption ( ! nation c\ld be a*iev$4 ,& al?\gh1 long be=e ,ezekiel's day1 ! k+dom ( ,sam>ia _h disappe>$ f hi/ory1 he too looks =w>d to a re/oration ( ! t5 tribes z an ess5tial elem5t ( ! ,messianic salvation4 ,9 ^! respects ! tea*+ ( ,ezekiel reflects ! g5]al t5or ( ! ,messianic prophecy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!re are j two que/ions on :i* "s obscurity & unc]ta9ty mu/ be felt to re/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :at is ! precise mean+ ( ! expression 8,my s]vant ,david08 ,x w n be suppos$ t ! prophet expect$ ,david1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,hebrew mon>*y1 to reappe> 9 p]son & inaugurate ! new disp5sation4 ,su* an int]pretation w\ld be utt]ly false to ,ea/]n modes ( ?\ght & expression1 besides be+ oppos$ to e indication we h ( ! prophetic conception ( ! ,messiah4 ,ev5 9 popul> language ! "n ( ,david 0 curr5t1 aft] he _h be5 long dead1 z ! "n ( ! dyna/y :i* he _h f\nd$4 ,:5 ! t5 tribes revolt$ f ,rehoboam !y said1 exactly z !y _h said 9 ,david's lifetime1 8,:at portion h we 9 ,david8 nei!r h we inh]itance 9 ! son ( ,jesse3 to y\r t5ts1 ,o ,israel3 n[ see to ?9e own h\se1 ,david407#adj7 ,if ! "n ( ,david c\ld ?us be invok$ 9 popul> spee* at a "t ( great political excitem5t1 we ne$ n be surpris$ to f9d x us$ 9 a simil> s5se 9 ! figurative /yle ( ! prophets4 ,all t ! ^w means is t ! ,messiah w be "o :o comes 9 ! _s & p[] ( ,david1 a repres5tative ( ! anci5t family :o c>ries to completion ! "w s nobly begun by 8 great ance/or4 ,! real difficulty is :e!r ! title 8,david0 d5otes a unique individual or a l9e ( ,davidic k+s4 ,to t "q x is h>dly possible to return a decid$ answ]4 ,t ! idea ( a succession ( sov]eigns is a possible =m ( ! ,messianic hope is %[n by a passage 9 ! ?irty?ird *apt] ( ,j]emiah4 ,!re ! promise ( ! righte\s spr\t ( ! h\se ( ,david is supplem5t$ by ! assurance t ,david %all nev] want a man to sit on ! ?rone ( ,israel27#ada7 ! allusion !re=e appe>s to be to ! dyna/y1 & n to a s+le p]son4 ,& ?is view f9ds "s support 9 ! case ( ,ezekiel f ! fact t 9 ! lat] vision ( *s4 xl4xlviii4 ! prophet und\bt$ly anticipates a p]petuation ( ! dyna/y ?r\gh successive g5]ations47#adb7 ,on ! o!r h& x is difficult to reconcile ?is view ) ! expressions us$ 9 ?is & ! ?irtysev5? *apt]s4 ,:5 we read t 8,my s]vant ,david %all be _! pr9ce = ev]107#adc7 we c sc>cely escape ! impression t ! prophet is ?9k+ ( a p]sonal ,messiah reign+ et]nally4 ,if x 7 necess>y to decide betwe5 ^! two alt]natives1 x might be safe/ to adh]e to ! idea ( a p]sonal ,messiah1 z convey+ ! fulle/ r5d]+ ( ! prophet's ?\ght4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t 9 ! int]val betwe5 ?is prophecy & 8 f9al vision ,ezekiel's conception ( ! ,messiah und]w5t a c]ta9 modification1 & !re=e ! tea*+ ( ! lat] passage _c be us$ to control ! explanation ( ?is4 ,b ! obscurity is ( su* a nature t we _c hope to remove x4 ,9 ! prophets' del9eations ( ! future !re are _m po9ts on :i* ! light ( revelation _h n be5 fully ca/2 = !y1 l ! ,*ri/ian apo/le1 8knew 9 "p & prophesi$ 9 "p40 ,& ! "q ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,messiah's (fice is to be prolong$ is precisely "o ( ^? :i* did n greatly occupy ! m9d ( ! prophets4 ,!re is no p]spective 9 ,messianic prophecy3 ! future k+dom ( ,god is se51 z x 71 9 "o plane1 & h[ x is to be transmitt$ f "o age to ano!r is nev] ?\ght (4 ,?us x may become difficult to say :e!r a p>ticul> prophet1 9 speak+ ( ! ,messiah1 has a s+le individual 9 view or :e!r he is ?9k+ ( a dyna/y or a succession4 ,to ,ezekiel ! ,messiah 0 a div9ely reveal$ ideal1 :i* 0 to be fulfill$ 9 a p]son2 :e!r ! prophet himself di/9ctly und]/ood ?is is a matt] ( inf]ior importance4 ,! second "q is "o t p]haps w\ld n readily occur to a pla9 man4 ,x relates to ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8pr9ce0 z appli$ to ! ,messiah4 ,x has be5 ?\ght by "s critics t ,ezekiel _h a special reason = avoid+ ! title 8k+02 & f ?is suppos$ reason a some:at sweep+ conclusion has be5 d$uc$4 ,we are ask$ to believe t ,ezekiel _h 9 pr9ciple ab&on$ ! ,messianic hope ( 8 e>li] prophecies--i4e41 ! hope ( a re/oration ( ! ,davidic k+dom 9 its anci5t spl5d\r4 ,:at he really contemplates is ! abolition ( ! ,hebrew mon>*y1 & ! in/itution ( a new political sy/em entirely diff]5t f any?+ t _h exi/$ 9 ! pa/4 ,al?\gh ! ,davidic pr9ce w hold ! fir/ place 9 ! re/or$ community1 8 dignity w be less ?an royal2 he w only be a titul> mon>*1 8 p[] be+ ov]%ad[$ by ! pres5ce ( ,jehovah1 ! true k+ ( ,israel4 ,n[ s f> z ?is view is sugge/$ by ! use ( ! ^w 8pr9ce0 7lit]ally 8lead]0 or 8presid5t07 9 pref]5ce to 8k+107#add7 x is suffici5tly answ]$ by po9t+ to ! ,messianic passage 9 *4 xxxvii41 :]e ! "n 8k+0 is us$ ?ree times & 9 a peculi>ly emphatic mann] ( ! ,messianic pr9ce47#ade7 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ,ezekiel drew a di/9ction betwe5 8pr9cely0 & 8k+ly0 rank1 & delib]ately )held ! high] dignity f ! ,messiah4 ,:atev] may be ! exact relation ( ! ,messiah to ,jehovah1 !re is no d\bt t he is conceiv$ z a k+ 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m1 possess$ ( all regal qualities1 & %eph]d+ 8 p ) ! au?ority :i* belong$ to a true son ( ,david4 ,b !re is ano!r consid]ation :i* weighs m s]i\sly ) ! writ]s ref]r$ to4 ,!re is reason to believe t ,ezekiel's conception ( ! f9al k+dom ( ,god und]w5t a *ange :i* might n unfairly be describ$ z an ab&onm5t ( ! ,messianic expectation 9 its m re/rict$ s5se4 ,9 8 late/ vision ! functions ( ! pr9ce are def9$ 9 su* a way t 8 position is %orn ( ! ideal significance :i* prop]ly inve/s ! (fice ( ! ,messiah4 ,! *ange does n inde$ affect 8 m]ely political /atus4 ,he is /ill son ( ,david & k+ ( ,israel1 & all t is "h said ab\t 8 duty t[>ds 8 subjects is !re presuppos$4 ,b 8 "* seems to be no long] reg>d$ z ?or\ghly reliable1 or equal to all ! temptations t arise :]ev] absolute p[] is lodg$ 9 human h&s4 ,! possibility t ! k+ may abuse 8 au?ority = 8 private advantage is di/9ctly contemplat$1 & provision is made aga9/ x 9 ! /atutory con/itution to :i* ! k+ himself is subject4 ,su* precautions are obvi\sly inconsi/5t ) ! ideal ( ! ,messianic k+dom :i* we f9d1 = example1 9 ! prophecy ( ,isaiah4 ,! important "q !re=e comes to be1 :e!r ?is l[] view ( ! mon>*y is anticipat$ 9 ! ?irtyf\r? & ?irtysev5? *apt]s4 ,?is does n appe> to be ! case4 ,! prophet /ill occupies ! same /&po9t z 9 *4 xvii41 reg>d+ ! ,davidic mon>*y z ! c5tral religi\s in/itution ( ! re/or$ /ate4 ,! ,messiah ( ^! *apt]s is a p]fect k+1 end[$ ) ! ,_s ( ,god = ! dis*>ge ( 8 great (fice1 "o ^: p]sonal "* af=ds an absolute security = ! ma9t5ance ( public righte\sness1 & :o is ! m$ium ( communication betwe5 ,god & ! nation4 ,9 o!r words1 :at we h to d ) is a ,messianic pr$iction 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,9 conclud+ our /udy ( ,ezekiel's ,messianic tea*+1 we may make "o rem>k be>+ on its typological int]pretation4 ,! attempt is sometimes made to trace a gradual developm5t & enri*m5t ( ! ,messianic idea 9 ! h&s ( successive prophets4 ,f t po9t ( view ,ezekiel's contribution to ! doctr9e ( ! ,messiah mu/ be felt to be disappo9t+4 ,no "o c imag9e t 8 portrait ( ! com+ k+ possesses any?+ l ! sugge/iv5ess & religi\s mean+ convey$ by ! ideal :i* /&s out s cle>ly f ! pages ( ,isaiah4 ,&1 inde$1 no subsequ5t prophet excels or ev5 equals ,isaiah 9 ! cle>ness & pr(undity ( 8 directly ,messianic conceptions4 ,?is fact %[s u t ! endeav\r to f9d 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t a regul> progress along "o p>ticul> l9e proce$s on too n>r[ a view ( ! scope ( prophecy4 ,! tru? is t ! figure ( ! k+ is only "o ( _m types ( ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation :i* ! religi\s in/itutions ( ,israel suppli$ to ! prophets4 ,x is ! mo/ p]fect ( all types1 p>tly because x is p]sonal1 & p>tly because ! idea ( k+%ip is ! mo/ compreh5sive ( ! (fices :i* ,*ri/ executes z our ,r$eem]4 ,b1 aft] all1 x expresses only "o aspect ( ! glori\s future ( ! k+dom ( ,god t[>ds :i* prophecy /eadily po9ts4 ,we mu/ rememb] also t ! ord] 9 :i* ^! types em]ge is det]m9$ n altoge!r by _! intr9sic importance1 b p>tly by _! adaptation to ! ne$s ( ! age 9 :i* ! prophet liv$4 ,! ma9 function ( prophecy 0 to furni% pres5t & practical direction to ! p ( ,god2 & ! =m "u :i* ! ideal 0 pres5t$ to any p>ticul> g5]ation 0 always t be/ fitt$ to help x onw>ds1 "o /age ne>] to ! great consummation4 ,?us :ile ,isaiah idealises ! figure ( ! k+1 ,j]emiah grasps ! conception ( a new religion "u ! =m ( a cov5ant1 ! second ,isaiah unfolds ! idea ( ! prophetic s]vant ( ,jehovah1 ,ze*>iah & ! writ] ( ! #aaj? ,psalm idealise ! prie/hood4 ,all ^! are ,messianic prophecies1 if we take ! ^w 9 its wide/ acceptation2 b !y are n all ca/ 9 "o m\ld1 & ! attempt to arrange !m 9 a s+le s]ies is obvi\sly mislead+4 ,s ) reg>d to ,ezekiel we may say t 8 *ief ,messianic ideal 7/ill us+ ! expression 9 a g5]al s5se7 is ! sanctu>y1 ! symbol ( ,jehovah's pres5ce 9 ! mid/ ( ,8 p4 ,at ! end ( *4 xxxvii4 ! k+dom & ! sanctu>y are m5tion$ toge!r z pl$ges ( ! glory ( ! latt] days4 ,b :ile ! idea ( ! ,messianic mon>*y 0 a legacy inh]it$ f 8 prophetic precursors1 ! ,temple 0 an in/itution ^: typical significance ,ezekiel 0 ! fir/ to unfold4 ,x 0 moreov] ! "o t met ! religi\s requirem5ts ( ! age 9 :i* ,ezekiel liv$4 ,ultimately ! hope ( ! p]sonal ,messiah loses ! importance :i* x /ill has 9 ! pres5t section ( ! book2 & ! prophet's vision ( ! future conc5trates itself on ! sanctu>y z ! c5tre ( ! re/or$ !ocracy1 & ! s\rce f :i* ! reg5]at+ influ5ces ( ! div9e grace fl[ =? to ,israel & ! _w4 ,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,jehovah's ,l&4 ,*apt]s xxxv41 xxxvi4 ,! tea*+ ( ?is important passage turns on c]ta9 ideas reg>d+ ! l& ( ,canaan :i* ent] v deeply into ! religion ( ,israel4 ,^! ideas are no d\bt famili> 9 a g5]al way to all ?\ghtful read]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b _! full import is sc>cely realis$ until we und]/& t !y are n peculi> to ! ,bible1 b =m "p ( ! /ock ( religi\s conceptions common to ,israel & its hea!n neighb\rs47#adf7 ,9 ! m advanc$ ,semitic religions ( antiquity ea* nation _h its own god z well z its own l&1 & ! bond betwe5 ! god & ! l& 0 suppos$ to be q z /rong z t betwe5 ! god & ! nation4 ,! god1 ! l&1 & ! p =m$ a triad ( religi\s relation%ip1 & s closely 7 ^! ?ree elem5ts associat$ t ! expulsion ( a p f its l& 0 held to dissolve ! bond betwe5 x & ! god4 ,?us :ile 9 practice ! l& ( a god 0 coext5sive ) ! t]ritory inhabit$ by 8 wor%ipp]s1 yet 9 !ory ! relation ( ! god to 8 l& is indep5d5t ( 8 relation to ! inhabitants2 x 0 8 l& :e!r ! p 9 x 7 8 wor%ipp]s or n4 ,! peculi> confusion ( ideas t arose :5 ! p ( "o god came to reside p]man5tly 9 ! t]ritory ( ano!r is well illu/rat$ by ! case ( ! hea!n colony :i* ! k+ ( ,assyria plant$ 9 ,sam>ia aft] ! exile ( ! t5 tribes4 ,^! settl]s br\ght _! own gods ) !m2 b :5 "s ( !m 7 sla9 by lions1 !y p]ceiv$ t !y 7 mak+ a mi/ake 9 ignor+ ! rights ( ! god ( ! l&4 ,!y s5t accord+ly = a prie/ to in/ruct !m 9 ! religion ( ! god ( ! l&2 & ! result 0 t !y 8fe>$ ,jehovah & s]v$ _! own gods0 7#b ,k+s xvii4 #bdda74 ,x 0 expect$ no d\bt t 9 c\rse ( "t ! =eign deities w\ld be acclimatis$4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t we f9d _m traces ( ! influ5ce ( ?is conception on ! ,hebrew religion4 ,canaan 0 ! l& ( ,jehovah 7,hosea ix4 #c7 ap>t altoge!r f its possession by ,israel1 ! p ( ,jehovah4 ,x 0 ,jehovah's l& be=e ,israel ent]$ x1 ! inh]itance :i* ,he _h select$ = ,8 p out ( all ! c\ntries ( ! _w1 ! ,l& ( ,promise1 giv5 to ! patri>*s :ile z yet !y 7 b /rang]s & soj\rn]s 9 x4 ,al?\gh ! ,israelites took possession ( x z a nation ( conqu]ors1 !y did s 9 ! consci\sness t !y 7 expell+ f ,jehovah's dwell+place a population :i* _h pollut$ x by _! abom9ations4 ,f t "t onw>ds ! t5ure ( ! soil ( ,pale/9e 0 reg>d$ z an ess5tial factor ( ! national religion4 ,! idea t ,jehovah c\ld n be rightly wor%ipp$ outside ( ,hebrew t]ritory 0 firmly root$ 9 ! m9d ( ! p1 & 0 accept$ by ! prophets z a pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! special relations t ,jehovah ma9ta9$ ) ! p ( ,israel47#adg7 ,h5ce no ?reat c\ld be m t]rible 9 ! e>s ( ! ,israelites ?an t ( expatriation f _! native soil2 = x meant no?+ less ?an ! dissolution ( ! tie t subsi/$ betwe5 !m & _! ,god4 ,:5 t ?reat 0 actually fulfill$ !re 0 no reproa* h>d] to be> ?an ! taunt :i* ,ezekiel "h puts into ! m\? ( ! hea!n3 8,^! are ,jehovah's p--& yet !y are gone =? out ( ,8 l&0 7*4 xxxvi4 #bj74 ,!y felt all t 0 impli$ 9 t utt]ance ( malici\s satisfaction ov] ! collapse ( a religion & ! d[nfall ( a deity4 ,!re is ano!r way 9 :i* ! ?\ght ( ,canaan z ,jehovah's l& ent]s into ! religi\s conceptions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & v m>k$ly into ^? ( ,ezekiel4 ,z ! ,god ( ! l& ,jehovah is ! s\rce ( its productiv5ess & ! au?or ( all ! natural bless+s enjoy$ by its inhabitants4 ,x is ,he :o gives ! ra9 9 its season or else )holds x 9 tok5 ( ,8 displeasure2 x is ,he :o multiplies or dim9i%es ! flocks & h]ds :i* fe$ on its pa/ures1 z well z ! human population su/a9$ by its produce4 ,?is view ( ?+s 0 a prim>y factor 9 ! religi\s education ( an agricultural p1 z ! anci5t ,hebrews ma9ly 74 ,!y felt _! dep5d5ce on ,god mo/ directly 9 ! influ5ces ( _! unc]ta9 climate on ! f]tility ( _! l&1 ) its great possibilities ( abundant provision = man & bea/1 & on ! o!r h& its extreme risk ( fam9e & all ! h>d%ips t foll[ 9 its tra94 ,9 ! *angeful aspects ( nature !y ?us read in/9ctively ! disposition ( ,jehovah t[>ds !mselves4 ,fruitful seasons & gold5 h>ve/s1 diffus+ com=t & afflu5ce ?r\gh ! community1 7 reg>d$ z pro(s t all 0 well betwe5 !m & _! ,god2 :ile times ( b>r5ness & sc>city br\ght home to !m ! conviction t ,jehovah 0 ali5at$4 ,f ! allusions 9 ! prophets to dr\ghts & fam9es1 to bla/+s & mildew1 to ! sc\rge ( locu/s1 we seem to ga!r t on ! :ole ! lat] hi/ory ( ,israel _h be5 m>k$ by agricultural di/ress4 ,! impression is confirm$ by a h9t ( ,ezekiel's 9 ! passage n[ be=e u4 ,! l& ( ,canaan _h app>5tly acquir$ an un5viable reputation = b>r5ness4 ,! reproa* ( ! hea!n lay ^u x z a l& t 8dev\r$ m5 & b]eav$ its population407#adh7 ,! ref]5ce may be p>tly 7z ,sm5d ?9ks7 to ! ravages ( w>1 to :i* ,pale/9e 0 peculi>ly expos$ on acc\nt ( its important /rategic situation4 ,b ! 8reproa* ( fam9e07#adi7 0 c]ta9ly "o po9t 9 its ill fame among ! surr\nd+ nations1 & x is q suffici5t to expla9 ! /rong language 9 :i* !y express$ _! contempt4 ,n[ ?is /ate ( ?+s 0 pla9ly inconsi/5t ) amicable relations betwe5 ! nation & its ,god4 ,x 0 evid5ce t ! l& lay "u ! blight ( ,jehovah's displeasure1 & ! gr\nd ( t displeasure lay 9 ! s9 ( ! p4 ,:]e ! l& c\nt$ = s mu* z an index to ! m9d ( ,god1 x 0 a po/ulate ( fai? t 9 ! ideal future :5 ,god & ,israel 7 p]fectly reconcil$ ! physical condition ( ,canaan %\ld be wor?y ( ,him ^: l& x 04 ,& we h already se5 t among/ ! glories ( ! ,messianic age ! pret]natural f]tility ( ! ,holy ,l& holds a prom95t place4 ,?is conception ( ,canaan z ! l& ( ,jehovah und\bt$ly has its natural aff9ities ) religi\s notions ( a some:at primitive k9d4 ,x belongs to ! /age ( ?\ght at :i* ! p[] ( a god is habitually reg>d$ z subject to local limitations1 & 9 :i* accord+ly a p>ticul> t]ritory is assign$ to e deity z ! sph]e ( 8 influ5ce4 ,x is probable t ! great mass ( ! ,hebrew p _h nev] ris5 above ?is idea1 b cont9u$ to ?9k ( _! c\ntry z ,jehovah's l& 9 precisely ! same way z ,assyria 0 ,as%ur's l& & ,moab ! l& ( ,*emo%4 ,! mono!ism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t revelation breaks ?r\gh ?is sy/em ( ideas1 & int]prets ,jehovah's relation to ! l& 9 an entirely diff]5t s5se4 ,x is n z ! exclusive sph]e ( ,8 influ5ce t ,canaan is peculi>ly associat$ ) ,jehovah's pres5ce1 b ma9ly because x is ! sc5e ( ,8 hi/orical manife/ation ( ,himself1 & ! /age on :i* ev5ts 7 transact$ :i* reveal$ ,8 ,godhead to all ! _w4 ,no prophet has a cle>] p]ception ( ! univ]sal sweep ( ! div9e gov]nm5t ?an ,ezekiel1 & yet no prophet insi/s m /rongly ?an he on ! possession ( ! l& ( ,canaan z an indisp5sable symbol ( communion betwe5 ,god & ,8 p4 ,he has met ) ,god 9 ! 8unclean l&0 ( 8 exile1 & he kn[s t ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se is n susp5d$ by ! dep>ture ( ,jehovah f ,8 e>?ly sanctu>y4 ,nev]!less he _c ?9k ( ?is sep>ation z o!r ?an tempor>y4 ,! f9al reconciliation mu/ take place on ! soil ( ,pale/9e4 ,! k+dom ( ,god c only be e/abli%$ by ! return bo? ( ,israel & ,jehovah to _! own l&2 & _! jo9t possession ( t l& is ! seal ( ! ev]la/+ cov5ant ( peace t subsi/s betwe5 !m4 ,we mu/ n[ proce$ to /udy ! way 9 :i* ^! conceptions influ5c$ ! ,messianic expectations ( ,ezekiel at ?is p]iod ( 8 life4 ,! passage we are to consid] consi/s ( ?ree sections4 ,! ?irtyfif? *apt] is a prophecy ( judgm5t on ,edom4 ,! fir/ fifte5 v]ses ( *4 xxxvi4 conta9 a promise ( ! re/oration ( ! l& ( ,israel to its rightful own]4 ,& ! rema9d] ( t *apt] pres5ts a compreh5sive view ( ! div9e necessity = ! re/oration & ! p[] by :i* ! r$emption ( ! p is to be accompli%$4 ,i ,at ! "t :5 ^! prophecies 7 writt5 ! l& ( ,israel 0 9 ! possession ( ! ,edomites4 ,by :at means !y _h succe$$ 9 effect+ a lodgm5t 9 ! c\ntry we d n "k4 ,x is n unlikely t ,nebu*adnezz> may h grant$ !m ?is ext5sion ( _! t]ritory z a rew>d = _! s]vices to 8 army dur+ ! la/ siege ( ,j]usalem4 ,at all ev5ts _! pres5ce !re 0 an accompli%$ fact1 & x appeals to ! m9d ( ! prophet 9 two aspects4 ,9 ! fir/ place x 0 an outrage on ! maje/y ( ,jehovah :i* fill$ ! cup ( ,edom's iniquity to ! brim4 ,9 ! second place x 0 an ob/acle to ! re/oration ( ,israel :i* _h to be remov$ by ! direct int]v5tion ( ! ,almighty4 ,^! are ! two !mes :i* occupy ! ?\ghts ( ,ezekiel1 ! "o 9 *4 xxxv4 & ! o!r 9 *4 xxxvi4 ,hi!rto he has spok5 ( ! return to ! l& ( ,canaan z a matt] ( c\rse1 z a ?+ necess>y & selfevid5t & n ne$+ to be discuss$ 9 detail4 ,b z ! "t draws ne> he is l$ to ?9k m cle>ly ( ! hi/orical circum/ances ( ! return1 & especially ( ! h9drances aris+ f ! actual situation ( affairs4 ,b besides ?is "o _c fail to be /ruck by ! effective contra/ :i* ! two pictures--"o ( ! m\nta9 l& ( ,israel1 & ! o!r ( ! m\nta9 l& ( ,seir--pres5t to ! imag9ation4 ,x is l a prophetic amplification ( ! bless+ & curse :i* ,isaac pron\nc$ on ! prog5itors ( ^! two nations4 ,( ! "o x is said3-- ,god give !e ( ! dew ( heav51 & ( ! fatness ( ! e>?1 ,& abundance ( corn & w9e4 ,& ( ! o!r3-- ,surely f> f ! fatness ( ! e>? %all ?y dwell+ be1 ,& f> f ! dew ( heav5 f above47#aej7 ,9 t =eca/ ( ! de/9y ( ! two bro!rs ! actual *>act]i/ics ( _! respective c\ntries are t]sely & accurately express$4 ,b n[1 :5 ! hi/ory ( bo? nations is ab\t to be br\ght to an issue1 ! contra/ is emphasis$ & p]petuat$4 ,! bless+ ( ,jacob is confirm$ & exp&$ into a promise ( unimag9$ felicity1 & ! equivocal bless+ on ,esau is *ang$ into an unqualifi$ & p]man5t curse4 ,?us1 :5 ! m\nta9s ( ,israel break =? into s++1 & are clo!d ) all ! luxuriance ( vegetation 9 :i* ! ,ori5tal imag9ation revels1 & cultivat$ by a happy & cont5t$ p1 ^? ( ,seir are doom$ to p]petual /]ility & become a horror & desolation to all t pass by4 ,conf9+ ourselves1 h[ev]1 to ! ?irtyfif? *apt]1 :at we h fir/ to notice is ! s9s by :i* ! ,edomites _h incurr$ ?is judgm5t4 ,^! may be summ$ up "u ?ree heads3 fir/1 _! unrel5t+ hatr$ ( ,israel1 :i* 9 ! day ( ,judah's calamity _h brok5 out 9 savage acts ( rev5ge 7v]4 #e72 second1 _! rejoic+ ov] ! mis=tunes ( ,israel & ! desolation ( its l& 7v]4 #ae72 & ?ird1 _! eag]ness to seize ! l& z soon z x 0 vacant 7v]4 #aj74 ,! fir/ & second ( ^! h be5 already spok5 ( "u ! prophecies on =eign nations2 x is only ! la/ t is ( special int]e/ 9 ! pres5t connection4 ,( c\rse ! motive t prompt$ ,edom 0 natural1 & x may be difficult to say h[ f> real moral guilt 0 involv$ 9 x4 ,! annexation ( vacant t]ritory1 z ! l& ( ,israel practically 0 at ?is "t1 w\ld be reg>d$ accord+ to mod]n ideas z n only ju/ifiable b praisewor?y4 ,edom _h ! excuse ( seek+ to bett] its condition by ! possession ( a m f]tile c\ntry ?an its own1 & p]haps also ! /ill /rong] plea ( pressure by ! ,arabs f beh9d4 ,b 9 ! consci\sness ( an anci5t p !re 0 always ano!r ?\ght pres5t2 & x is "h if any:]e t ! s9 ( ,edom lies4 ,! invasion ( ,israel did n cease to be an act ( aggression because !re 7 no human def5d]s to b> ! way4 ,x 0 /ill ,jehovah's l&1 al?\gh x 0 unoccupi$2 & to intrude ^u x 0 a consci\s defiance ( ,8 p[]4 ,! argum5ts by :i* ! ,edomites ju/ifi$ _! seizure ( x 7 none ( ^? :i* a mod]n /ate might use 9 simil> circum/ances1 b 7 bas$ on ! religi\s ideas :i* 7 common to all ! _w 9 ^? days4 ,!y 7 aw>e t by ! unwritt5 law :i* !n prevail$ ! /ep !y m$itat$ 0 sacrilege2 & ! _s t animat$ !m 0 arrogant exultation ov] :at 0 e/eem$ ! humiliation ( ,israel's national deity3 8,! two nations & ! two c\ntries %all be m9e1 & ,i w possess !m1 al?\gh ,jehovah 0 !re0 7v]4 #aj3 cf4 vv4 #ab1 #ac74 ,t is to say1 ! defeat & captivity ( ,israel h prov$ ! impot5ce ( ,jehovah to gu>d ,8 l&2 ,8 p[] is brok51 & ! two c\ntries call$ by ,8 "n lie op5 to ! invasion ( any p t d>es to trample religi\s scruples und]foot4 ,?is 0 ! way 9 :i* ! action ( ,edom w\ld be int]pret$ by univ]sal cons5t2 & ! prophet is only reflect+ ! g5]al s5se ( ! age :5 he *>ges !m ) ?is impiety4 ,n[ x is true t ! ,edomites c\ld n be expect$ to und]/& all t 0 involv$ 9 a defiance ( ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,to !m ,he 0 only "o among _m national gods1 & _! religion did n tea* !m to rev]5ce ! gods ( a =eign /ate4 ,b ?\gh !y 7 n fully consci\s ( ! degree ( guilt !y incurr$1 !y nev]!less s9n$ aga9/ ! light !y _h2 & ! consequ5ces ( transgression are nev] measur$ by ! s9n]'s own e/imate ( 8 culpability4 ,!re 0 en\gh 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel to h impress$ ! neighb\r+ peoples ) a s5se ( ! sup]iority ( its religion & ! diff]5ce 9 "* betwe5 ,jehovah & all o!r gods4 ,if ! ,edomites _h utt]ly fail$ to le>n t lesson1 !y 7 !mselves p>tly to blame2 & ! spiritual ins5sibility & dulness ( consci5ce :i* ev]y:]e suppress$ ! k ( ,jehovah's "n is ! v ?+ :i* 9 ! view ( ,ezekiel ne$s to be remov$ by signal & exempl>y acts ( judgm5t4 ,x is n necess>y to ent] m9utely into ! details ( ! judgm5t ?reat5$ aga9/ ,edom4 ,we may simply note t x corresponds po9t = po9t ) ! demean\r exhibit$ by ! ,edomites 9 ! "t ( ,israel's f9al retribution4 ,! 8p]petual hatr$0 is rew>d$ by p]petual desolation 7v]4 #i72 _! seizure ( ,jehovah's l& is puni%$ by _! annihilation 9 ! l& t 0 _! own 7vv4 #fh72 & _! malici\s satisfaction ov] ! depopulation ( ,pale/9e recoils on _! own heads :5 _! m\nta9 l& is made desolate 8to ! rejoic+ ( ! :ole e>?0 7vv4 #ad1 #ae74 ,& ! lesson t w be taught to ! _w by ! contra/ betwe5 ! r5ew$ ,israel & ! b>r5 m\nta9 ( ,seir w be ! p[] & hol9ess ( ! "o true ,god3 8!y %all "k t ,i am ,jehovah40 ,,ii ,! prophet's m9d is /ill occupi$ ) ! s9 ( ,edom z he turns 9 ! ?irtysix? *apt] to depict ! future ( ! l& ( ,israel4 ,! op5+ v]ses ( ! *apt] 7vv4 #ag7 betray an int5sity ( patriotic feel+ n (t5 express$ by ,ezekiel4 ,! utt]ance ( ! s+le idea :i* he wi%es to express seems to be imp$$ by ! multitude ( reflections t ?rong ^u him z he apo/rophises 8! m\nta9s & ! hills1 ! wat]c\rses & ! valleys1 ! desolate ru9s & des]t$ cities0 ( 8 native c\ntry 7v]4 #d74 ,! l& is conceiv$ z consci\s ( ! %ame & reproa* t re/ ^u x2 & all ! elem5ts t might be suppos$ to make up ! consci\sness ( ! l&--its nak$ desolation1 ! tread ( ali5 feet1 ! ravages ( w>1 & ! d]isive talk ( ! surr\nd+ hea!n 7,edom be+ specially 9 view7--pres5t !mselves to ! m9d ( ! prophet be=e he c utt] ! message ) :i* he is *>g$3 8,?us sai? ! ,"l ,jehovah2 ,behold1 ,i speak 9 ,my jeal\sy & ,my ang]1 because ye h borne ! %ame ( ! hea!n3 !re=e 444 ,i lift up ,my h&1 ,surely ! nations t are r\nd ab\t y--ev5 !y %all be> _! %ame0 7vv4 #f1 #g74 ,! jeal\sy ( ,jehovah is "h ,8 holy res5tm5t aga9/ indignities done to ,himself1 & ?is attribute ( ! div9e nature is n[ enli/$ on ! side ( ,israel because ( ! despite :i* ! hea!n _h heap$ on ,8 l&4 ,b x is notewor?y t x is ?r\gh ! l& & n ! p t ?is feel+ is fir/ call$ into op]ation4 ,israel is /ill s9ful & ali5at$ f ,god2 b ! hon\r ( ,jehovah is b\nd up ) ! l& n less ?an ) ! nation1 & x is 9 ref]5ce to x t ! necessity ( v9dicat+ ,8 holy "n fir/ becomes app>5t4 ,!re is :at we might almo/ v5ture to call a div9e patriotism1 :i* is /irr$ into activity by ! desolate condition ( ! l& :]e ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god %\ld be celebrat$4 ,on ?is feature ( ,jehovah's "* ,ezekiel builds ! assurance ( 8 p's r$emption4 ,! idea express$ by ! v]ses is simply ! c]ta9ty t ,canaan %all be recov]$ f ! hea!n dom9ion = ! purposes ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,! foll[+ v]ses 7#hae7 speak ( ! positive aspects ( ! approa*+ deliv]ance4 ,cont9u+ 8 apo/rophe to ! m\nta9s ( ,israel1 ! prophet describes ! trans=mation :i* is to pass ov] !m 9 view ( ! return ( ! exil$ nation1 :i* is n[ on ! eve ( accompli%m5t 7v]4 #h74 ,x might almo/ seem z if ! return ( ! inhabitants 7 "h treat$ z a m]e incid5t ( ! rehabilitation ( ! l&4 ,t ( c\rse is only an appe>ance1 caus$ by ! peculi> /&po9t assum$ ?r\gh\t ^! *apt]s4 ,ezekiel 0 n "o :o c\ld look on complac5tly ,:]e weal? accumulates & m5 decay2 nor 0 he indiff]5t to ! social welf>e ( 8 p4 ,on ! contr>y we h se5 f *4 xxxiv4 t he reg>ds t z a supreme int]e/ 9 ! future k+dom ( ,god4 ,& ev5 9 ?is passage he does n make ! int]e/s ( humanity subs]vi5t to ^? ( nature4 ,8 lead+ idea is a reunion ( l& & p "u happi] auspices ?an _h obta9$ ( old4 ,=m]ly ! l&1 9 my/]i\s sympa?y ) ! m9d ( ,jehovah1 _h seem$ to be animat$ by a ho/ile disposition t[>ds its inhabitants4 ,! reluctant & nigg>dly subsi/5ce t _h be5 wrung f ! soil ju/ifi$ ! evil report :i* ! spies _h br\ght up ( x at ! fir/ z a 8l& t eate? up ! inhabitants !re(407#aea7 ,its inhospitable "* 0 kn[n among ! hea!n1 s t x bore ! reproa* ( be+ a l& t 8dev\r$ m5 & b]eav$ its nation40 ,b 9 ! glori\s future all ?is w be *ang$ 9 h>mony ) ,jehovah's alt]$ relations ) ,8 p4 ,9 ! language ( a lat] prophet17#aeb7 ! l& %all be 8m>ri$0 to ,jehovah1 & end[$ ) exub]ant f]tility4 ,yield+ its fruits freely & g5]\sly1 x w wipe (f ! reproa* ( ! hea!n2 its cities %all be inhabit$1 its ru9s rebuilt1 & man & bea/ multipli$ on its surface1 s t its la/ /ate %all be bett] ?an its fir/ 7v]4 #aa74 ,& ^? :o till x & enjoy ! b5efits ( its wond]ful trans=mation %all be none o!r ?an ! h\se ( ,israel1 = ^: s9s x _h borne ! reproa* ( b>r5ness 9 ! pa/ 7vv4 #abae74 ,,iii ,! next passage 7vv4 #afch7 deals m ) ! r5ewal ( ! nation ?an ) t ( ! l&2 & ?us =ms a l9k ( connection betwe5 ! ma9 !me ( ?is *apt] & t ( *4 xxxvii4 ,x conta9s ! cle>e/ & mo/ compreh5sive /atem5t ( ! process ( r$emption to be f\nd 9 ! :ole book1 exhibit+ z x does 9 logical ord] all ! elem5ts :i* ent] into ! div9e s*eme ( salvation4 ,! fact t x is ins]t$ j at ?is po9t af=ds a fre% illu/ration ( ! importance atta*$ by ! prophet to ! religi\s associations :i* ga!r$ r\nd ! ,holy ,l&4 ,! l& inde$ is /ill ! pivot on :i* 8 ?\ghts turn2 he />ts f x 9 8 %ort review ( ,god's pa/ judgm5ts on ,8 p1 & f9ally returns to x 9 summ+ up ! _wwide effects ( ,8 graci\s deal+s ) !m 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,al?\gh ! connection ( ideas is s+ul>ly cle>1 ! passage ?r[s s mu* light on ! deepe/ !ological conceptions ( ,ezekiel t x w be well to recapitulate ! pr9cipal /eps ( ! argum5t4 ,we ne$ n l+] on ! cause ( ! rejection ( ,israel1 = "h ! prophet only repeats ! ma9 lesson :i* we h f\nd s (t5 en=c$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 book4 ,israel w5t into exile because its mann] ( life z a nation _h be5 abhorr5t to ,jehovah1 & x _h defil$ ! l& :i* 0 ,jehovah's h\se4 ,z 9 *4 xxii4 & else:]e blood%$ & idols are ! *ief emblems ( ! p's s9ful condition2 ^! con/itute a real physical defilem5t ( ! l&1 :i* mu/ be puni%$ by ! eviction ( its inhabitants3 8,s ,i p\r$ out ,my wra? ^u !m on acc\nt ( ! blood :i* !y _h %$ ^u ! l&1 & ! idols :]e) !y _h pollut$ x3 & ,i scatt]$ !m among ! nations1 & !y 7 disp]s$ ?r\gh ! c\ntries407#aec7 ,?us ! ,exile 0 necess>y = ! v9dication ( ,jehovah's hol9ess z reflect$ 9 ! sanctity ( ,8 l&4 ,b ! effect ( ! disp]sion on o!r nations 0 su* z to compromise ! hon\r ( ,israel's ,god 9 ano!r direction4 ,kn[+ ,jehovah only z a tribal god1 ! hea!n naturally conclud$ t ,he _h be5 too feeble to protect ,8 l& f invasion & ,8 p f captivity4 ,!y c\ld n p5etrate to ! moral reasons :i* r5d]$ ! *a/isem5t inevitable2 !y only saw t ^! 7 ,jehovah's p1 & yet !y 7 gone =? out ( ,8 l& 7v]4 #bj71 & drew ! natural inf]5ce4 ,! impression ?us produc$ by ! pres5ce ( ,israelites among/ ! hea!n 0 d]ogatory to ! maje/y ( ,jehovah1 & obscur$ ! k ( ! true pr9ciples ( ,8 gov]nm5t :i* 0 de/9$ to ext5d to all ! e>?4 ,?is is all t seems to be meant by ! expression 8pr(an$ ,my holy "n407#aed7 ,x is n impli$ t ! exiles sc&alis$ ! hea!n by _! vici\s lives1 & s br\ght disgrace on 8t glori\s "n by :i* !y 7 call$107#aee7 al?\gh t idea is impli$ 9 *4 xii4 #af4 ,! pr(anation spok5 ( "h 0 caus$ directly n by ! s9 b by ! calamities ( ,israel4 ,yet x 0 _! s9s :i* br\ght d[n judgm5t ^u !m1 & s indirectly gave occasion to ! enemies ( ! ,"l to blaspheme4 ,!re 7 probably already "s ( ,ezekiel's compatriots :o realis$ ! bitt]ness ( ! ?\ght t _! fate 0 ! means ( br++ discr$it on _! ,god4 ,_! exp]i5ce w\ld be simil> to t ( ! lonely exile :o compos$ ! =tysecond psalm3-- ,z ) a sword 9 my bones1 m9e enemies reproa* me2 ,:ile !y say daily unto me1 ,:]e is ?y ,god87#aef7 ,n[ 9 ?is fact ! prophet recognises an absolute gr\nd ( confid5ce 9 ,israel's re/oration4 ,jehovah _c endure t ,8 "n %\ld ?us be held up to d]ision be=e ! eyes ( mank9d4 ,to all[ ?is w\ld be to fru/rate ! end ( ,8 gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 :i* is to manife/ ,8 ,godhead 9 su* a way t all m5 %all be br\ght to ackn[l$ge x4 ,al?\gh ,he is kn[n z yet only z ! national ,god ( a p>ticul> p1 ,he mu/ be disclos$ to ! _w z all t ! inspir$ tea*]s ( ,israel "k ,him to be--! "o ,be+ wor?y ( ! homage ( ! human he>t4 ,!re mu/ be "s way by :i* ,8 "n c be sanctifi$ be=e ! hea!n1 "s means ( reconcil+ ! p>tial revelation ( ,8 hol9ess 9 ,israel's disp]sion ) ! complete manife/ation ( ,8 p[] to ! _w at l>ge4 ,& ?is reconciliation c only be effect$ ?r\gh ! r$emption ( ,israel4 ,god _c dis[n ,8 anci5t p1 = t w\ld be to /ultify ! :ole pa/ revelation ( ,8 "* & leave ! "n by :i* ,he _h made ,himself kn[n to contempt4 ,t is div9ely impossible2 & !re=e ,jehovah mu/ c>ry ?r\gh ,8 purpose by sanctify+ ,himself 9 ! salvation ( ,israel4 ,! outw>d tok5 ( salvation w be _! re/oration to _! own l& 7v]4 #bd72 b ! inw>d reality ( x w be a *ange 9 ! national "* :i* w make _! dwell+ 9 ! l& consi/5t ) ! revelation ( ,jehovah's hol9ess already giv5 by _! bani%m5t f x4 ,at ?is po9t accord+ly 7v]4 #be7 ,ezekiel passes to speak ( ! spiritual process ( reg5]ation by :i* ,israel is to be trans=m$ into a true p ( ,god4 ,?is is a necess>y "p ( ! sanctification ( ! div9e "n be=e ! _w4 ,! new life ( ! p w reveal ! "* ( ! ,god :om !y s]ve1 & ! *ange w expla9 ! calamities t _h befall5 !m 9 ! pa/4 ,! _w w ?us see 8t ! h\se ( ,israel w5t into captivity = _! iniquity107#aeg7 & w und]/& ! hol9ess :i* ! true ,god requires 9 ,8 wor%ipp]s4 ,b = ! pres5t ! prophet's ?\ghts are conc5trat$ on ! op]ations ( ! div9e grace by :i* ! r5ewal is effect$4 ,8 analysis ( ! process ( conv]sion is pr(\ndly in/ructive1 & anticipates to a rem>kable degree ! tea*+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,we %all cont5t ourselves at pres5t ) m]ely enum]at+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! process4 ,! fir/ /ep is ! removal ( ! impurities contract$ by pa/ transgressions4 ,?is is repres5t$ "u ! figure ( spr9kl+ ) clean wat]1 sugge/$ by ! ablutions or lu/rations :i* are s common a feature ( ! ,levitical ritual 7v]4 #be74 ,! tru? symbolis$ is ! =giv5ess ( s9s1 ! act ( grace :i* takes away ! effect ( moral uncleanness z a b>ri] to fell[%ip ) ,god4 ,! second po9t is :at is prop]ly call$ reg5]ation1 ! giv+ ( a new he>t & _s 7v]4 #bf74 ,! /ony he>t ( ! old nation1 ^: obduracy _h dismay$ s _m prophets1 mak+ !m feel t !y _h sp5t _! lab\r = n\ght & 9 va91 %all be tak5 away1 & in/ead ( x !y %all receive a he>t ( fle%1 s5sitive to spiritual influ5ces & responsive to ! div9e w4 ,& to ?is is add$ 9 ! ?ird place ! promise ( ! ,_s ( ,god to be 9 !m z ! rul+ pr9ciple ( a new life ( ob$i5ce to ! law ( ,god 7v]4 #bg74 ,! law1 bo? moral & c]emonial1 is ! expression ( ,jehovah's holy nature1 & bo? ! w & ! p[] to keep x p]fectly mu/ proce$ f ! indwell+ ( ,8 holy ,_s 9 ! p47#aeh7 ,x is ?us ,jehovah ,himself :o 8saves0 ! p 8out ( all _! uncleannesses0 7v]4 #bi71 caus$ by ! depravity & infirmity ( _! natural he>ts4 ,:5 ^! conditions are realis$ ! h>mony betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel w be completely re/or$3 ,he w be _! ,god1 & !y %all be ,8 p4 ,!y %all dwell = ev] 9 ! l& promis$ to _! fa!rs2 & ! bless+ ( ,god re/+ on l& & p w multiply ! fruit ( ! tree & ! produce ( ! field1 s t !y receive no m ! reproa* ( fam9e among ! nations 7vv4 #bhcj74 ,hav+ ?us describ$ ! process ( salvation z f fir/ to la/ ! "w ( ,jehovah1 ! prophet proce$s to consid] ! impression :i* x w produce fir/ on ,israel & !n on ! surr\nd+ nations 7vv4 #cacf74 ,on ,israel ! effect ( ! goodness ( ,god w be to lead !m to rep5tance4 ,rememb]+ :at _! pa/ hi/ory has be51 & contra/+ x ) ! bless$ness !y n[ enjoy1 !y %all be fill$ ) %ame & selfcontempt1 loa?+ !mselves = _! iniquities & _! abom9ations4 ,x is n meant t all feel+s ( joy & gratitude w be swall[$ up 9 ! consci\sness ( unwor?9ess2 b ?is is ! feel+ t w be call$ =? by ! memory ( _! pa/ transgressions4 ,_! horror ( s9 w be su* t !y _c ?9k ( :at !y h be5 )\t ! deepe/ compunction & selfabasem5t4 ,& ?is s5se ( ! exce$+ s9fulness ( s91 react+ on _! consci\sness ( !mselves1 w be ! be/ moral gu>antee aga9/ _! relapse into ! uncleanness f :i* !y h be5 deliv]$4 ,to ! hea!n1 on ! o!r h&1 ! /ate ( ,israel w be a conv9c+ demon/ration ( ! p[] & godhead ( ,jehovah4 ,m5 w say1 8,yond] l&1 :i* 0 desolate1 has become l ! g>d5 ( ,ed52 & ! cities t 7 ru9$ & wa/e & de/roy$ are f5c$ & inhabit$0 7v]4 #ce74 ,!y w "k t x is ,jehovah's do+1 & x w be m>vell\s 9 _! eyes4 ,! la/ two v]ses seem to be an app5dix4 ,!y deal ) a special feature ( ! re/oration1 ab\t :i* ! m9ds ( ! exiles may h be5 ex]cis$ 9 ?9k+ ( ! possibility ( _! deliv]ance4 ,:]e 0 ! population ( ! new ,israel to come f8 ,! population ( ,judah mu/ h be5 t]ribly r$uc$ by ! disa/r\s w>s t _h desolat$ ! c\ntry s9ce ! "t ( ,hezekiah4 ,h[ 0 x possible1 ) a few ?\s&s 9 exile1 & a mis]able remnant left 9 ! l&1 to build up a /rong & prosp]\s nation8 ,?is ?\ght ( !irs is met by ! ann\ncem5t ( a great increase ( ! inhabitants ( ! l&4 ,jehovah is ready to meet ! que/ion+s ( human anxiety on ?is po9t3 ,he w 8let ,himself be inquir$ (0 = ?is47#aei7 ,! remembrance ( ! sacrificial flocks t us$ to ?rong ! /reets lead+ to ! ,temple at ! "t ( ! great fe/ivals supplies ,ezekiel ) an image ( ! teem+ population t %all be 9 all ! cities ( ,canaan :5 ?is prophecy is fulfill$4 ,su* is 9 outl9e ! s*eme ( r$emption :i* ,ezekiel pres5ts to ! m9ds ( 8 read]s4 ,we %all res]ve a full] consid]ation ( its m important doctr9es = a sep>ate *apt]47#afj7 ,"o g5]al application ( its tea*+1 h[ev]1 may be po9t$ out be=e leav+ ! subject4 ,we see t = ,ezekiel ! my/]ies & p]plexities ( ! div9e gov]nm5t f9d _! solution 9 ! idea ( r$emption4 ,he is aw>e ( ! false impression necess>ily produc$ on ! hea!n m9d by ,god's deal+s ) ,8 p1 z long z ! process is incomplete4 ,on acc\nt ( ,israel's s9 ! revelation ( ,god 9 provid5ce is gradual & fragm5t>y1 & seems ev5 = a "t to defeat its own end4 ,! omnipot5ce ( ,god 0 obscur$ by ! v act ( v9dicat+ ,8 hol9ess2 & :at 0 9 itself a great /ep t[>ds ! complete revelation ( ,8 "* came on ! _w 9 ! fir/ in/ance z an evid5ce ( ,8 impot5ce4 ,b ! prophet1 look+ beyond ?is to ! f9al effect ( ,god's "w ^u ! _w1 sees t ,jehovah c be truly kn[n only 9 ! manife/ation ( ,8 r$eem+ grace4 ,all ! enigmas & contradictions t arise f imp]fect compreh5sion ( ,8 purpose f9d _! answ] 9 ?is tru?1 t ,god w yet r$eem ,israel f its iniquities4 ,god is ,8 own int]pret]1 & :5 ,8 "w ( salvation is f9i%$ ! result w be a conclusive demon/ration ( t l(ty conception ( ,god to :i* ! prophet _h atta9$4 ,n[ ?is argum5t ( ,ezekiel's illu/rates a pr9ciple ( wide application4 ,_m objections t are advanc$ aga9/ ! !i/ic view ( ! univ]se seem to proce$ on ! assumption t ! actual /ate ( ! _w adequately repres5ts ! m9d ( its ,creator4 ,! hea!n ( ,ezekiel's day h _! mod]n repres5tatives among/ dispassionate critics ( ,provid5ce l ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 :o prove to _! own satisfaction t ! _w _c be ! "w ( a be+ answ]+ to ! ,*ri/ian idea ( ,god4 ,d :at y w1 !y say1 to m9imise ! evils ( exi/5ce1 !re is /ill an am\nt ( und5iable pa9 & mis]y 9 ! _w :i* is fatal to y\r doctr9e ( an allp[]ful & p]fectly good ,creator4 ,omnipot5ce c\ld1 & b5evol5ce w\ld1 f9d a rem$y2 ! ,au?or ( ! univ]se1 !re=e1 _c possess bo?4 ,god1 9 %ort1 if !re be a ,god1 may be b5evol5t1 or ,he may be omnipot5t2 b if b5evol5t ,he is n omnipot5t1 & if omnipot5t ,he _c be b5evol5t4 ,h[ v conv9c+ ?is is--f ! /&po9t ( ! neutral1 non,*ri/ian obs]v]6 ,& h[ poor a def5ce is sometimes made by ! optimism :i* tries to make out t mo/ evils are bless+s 9 disguise1 & ! re/ n wor? m9d+6 ,! ,*ri/ian religion rises sup]ior to su* criticism1 ma9ly 9 virtue ( its liv+ fai? 9 r$emption4 ,x does n expla9 away evil1 nor does x pr(ess to acc\nt = its orig94 ,x speaks ( ! :ole creation groan+ & travail+ 9 pa9 toge!r ev5 until n[4 ,b x also describes ! creation z wait+ = ! manife/ation ( ! sons ( ,god4 ,x tea*es u to discov] 9 hi/ory ! unfold+ ( a purpose ( r$emption1 ! end ( :i* w be ! deliv]ance ( mank9d f ! dom9ion ( s9 & _! et]nal bless$ness 9 ! k+dom ( our ,god & ,8 ,*ri/4 ,:at ,ezekiel =esaw 9 ! =m ( a national re/oration w be accompli%$ 9 a _wwide salvation1 9 a new heav5s & a new e>?1 :]e !re %all be no m curse4 ,b mean:ile to judge ( ,god f :at is1 ap>t f :at is yet to be reveal$1 is to repeat ! mi/ake ( ^? :o judg$ ,jehovah to be an effete tribal deity because ,he _h suff]$ ,8 p to g =? out ( _! l&4 ,^? :o h be5 br\ght into sympa?y ) ! div9e purpose1 & h exp]i5c$ ! p[] ( ! ,_s ( ,god 9 subdu+ ! evil ( _! own he>ts1 c hold ) unwav]+ confid5ce ! hope ( a univ]sal victory ( good ov] evil2 & 9 ! light ( t hope ! my/]ies t surr\nd ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,god cease to di/urb _! fai? 9 ! et]nal ,love :i* lab\rs pati5tly & unceas+ly = ! r$emption ( man4 ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,life ,f ,! ,dead4 ,*apt] xxxvii4 ,! mo/ =midable ob/acle to fai? on ! "p ( ! exiles 9 ! possibility ( a national r$emption 0 ! complete dis9tegration ( ! anci5t p ( ,israel4 ,h>d z x 0 to realise t ,jehovah /ill liv$ & reign$ 9 spite ( ! cessation ( ,8 wor%ip1 & h>d to hope = a recov]y ( ! l& ( ,canaan f ! dom9ion ( ! hea!n1 ^! ?+s 7 /ill conceivable4 ,:at almo/ surpass$ conception 0 ! re/oration ( national life to ! feeble & demoralis$ remnant :o _h surviv$ ! fall ( ! /ate4 ,x 0 no m]e figure ( spee* t ^! exiles employ$ :5 !y ?\ght ( _! nation z dead4 ,ca/ (f by its ,god1 driv5 f its l&1 dismemb]$ & depriv$ ( its political organisation1 ,israel z a p _h ceas$ to exi/4 ,n only 7 ! outw>d symbols ( national unity de/roy$1 b ! national _s 0 ext9ct4 ,j z ! de/ruction ( ! bodily organism implies ! dea? ( ea* sep>ate memb] & organ & cell1 s ! individual ,israelites felt !mselves to be z dead m51 dragg+ out an aimless exi/5ce )\t hope 9 ! _w4 ,:ile ,israel 0 alive !y _h liv$ 9 h] & = h]2 all ! be/ "p ( _! life1 religion1 duty1 lib]ty1 & loyalty _h be5 b\nd up ) ! consci\sness ( belong+ to a nation ) a pr\d hi/ory beh9d !m & a brilliant future = _! po/]ity4 ,n[ t ,israel _h p]i%$ all spiritual & ideal significance _h gone out ( _! lives2 !re rema9$ b a selfi% & sordid /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & ?is !y felt 0 n life1 b dea? 9 life4 ,& ?us a promise ( deliv]ance :i* appeal$ to !m z memb]s ( a nation seem$ to !m a mock]y1 because !y felt 9 !mselves t ! bond ( national life 0 irrevocably brok54 ,! h>de/ "p ( ,ezekiel's task at ?is "t 0 !re=e to revive ! national s5tim5t1 s z to meet ! obvi\s objection t ev5 if ,jehovah 7 able to drive ! hea!n f ,8 l& !re 0 /ill no p ( ,israel to :om ,he c\ld give x4 ,if only ! exiles c\ld be br\ght to believe t ,israel _h a future1 t al?\gh n[ dead x c\ld be rais$ f ! dead1 ! spiritual mean+ ( _! life w\ld be giv5 back to !m 9 ! =m ( hope1 & fai? 9 ,god w\ld be possible4 ,accord+ly ! prophet's ?\ghts are n[ direct$ to ! idea ( ! nation z ! ?ird factor ( ! ,messianic hope4 ,he has spok5 ( ! k+dom & ! l&1 & ea* ( ^! ideals has l$ him on to ! contemplation ( ! f9al condition ( ! _w1 9 :i* ,jehovah's purpose is fully manife/$4 ,s 9 ?is *apt] he f9ds 9 ! idea ( ! nation a new po9t ( dep>ture1 f :i* he proce$s to del9eate once m ! ,messianic salvation 9 its complet5ess4 ,i ,! vision ( ! valley ( dry bones describ$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! *apt] conta9s ! answ] to ! despond+ ?\ghts ( ! exiles1 & seems inde$ to be directly sugge/$ by ! figure 9 :i* ! popul> feel+ 0 curr5tly express$3 8,our bones are dri$2 our hope is lo/3 we feel ourselves cut (f0 7v]4 #aa74 ,! fact t ! answ] came to ! prophet 9 a /ate ( trance may p]haps indicate t 8 m9d _h brood$ ov] ^! words ( ! p = "s "t be=e ! mom5t ( inspiration4 ,recognis+ h[ fai?fully !y repres5t$ ! actual situation1 he 0 yet unable to sugge/ an adequate solution ( ! difficulty by means ( ! prophetic conceptions hi!rto reveal$ to him4 ,su* a vision z ?is seems to presuppose a p]iod ( int5se m5tal activity on ! "p ( ,ezekiel1 dur+ :i* ! despair+ utt]ance ( 8 compatriots s\nd$ 9 8 e>s2 & ! image ( ! dri$ bones ( ! h\se ( ,israel s fix$ itself 9 8 m9d t he c\ld n escape its gloomy associations except by a direct communication f above4 ,:5 at la/ ! h& ( ! ,"l came ^u him1 ! revelation clo!d itself 9 a =m correspond+ to 8 previ\s m$itations2 ! emblem ( dea? & despair is trans=m$ into a symbol ( assur$ hope ?r\gh ! a/\nd+ vision :i* unfolds itself be=e 8 inn] eye4 ,9 ! ec/asy he feels himself l$ out 9 _s to ! pla9 :i* _h be5 ! sc5e ( =m] appe>ances ( ,god to ,8 prophet4 ,b on ?is occasion he sees x cov]$ ) bones--8v _m on ! surface ( ! valley1 & v dry40 ,he is made to pass r\nd ab\t !m1 9 ord] t ! full impression ( ?is spectacle ( desolation might s9k into 8 m9d4 ,8 att5tion is engross$ by two facts--_! exce$+ great numb]1 & _! p>*$ appe>ance1 z if !y _h la9 !re long4 ,9 o!r circum/ances ! "q might h sugge/$ itself1 ,h[ came ^! bones !re8 ,:at c\ntless ho/ has p]i%$ "h1 leav+ its unburi$ bones to blea* & )] on ! op5 pla98 ,b ! prophet has no ne$ to ?9k ( ?is4 ,!y are ! bones :i* _h be5 famili> to 8 wak+ ?\ghts1 ! dry bones ( ! h\se ( ,israel4 ,! "q he he>s address$ to him is n1 ,:5ce are ^! bones8 b1 ,c ^! bones live8 ,x is ! problem :i* _h ex]cis$ 8 fai? 9 ?9k+ ( a national re/oration :i* ?us comes back to him 9 vision1 to receive its f9al solution f ,him :o alone c give x4 ,! prophet's hesitat+ answ] probably reveals ! /ruggle betwe5 fai? & sight1 betwe5 hope & fe>1 :i* 0 lat5t 9 8 m9d4 ,he d>e n say ,no1 = t w\ld be to limit ! p[] ( ,him :om he kn[s to be omnipot5t1 & also to %ut out ! la/ gleam ( hope f 8 own m9d4 ,yet 9 pres5ce ( t appall+ sc5e ( hopeless decay & dea? he _c ( 8 own initiative ass]t ! possibility ( resurrection4 ,9 ! ab/ract all ?+s are possible ) ,god2 b :e!r ?is p>ticul> ?+1 s inconceivable to m51 is )9 ! active purpose ( ,god1 is a "q :i* none c answ] save ,god ,himself4 ,ezekiel does :at man mu/ always d 9 su* a case--he ?r[s himself back on ,god1 & rev]5tly awaits ! disclosure ( ,8 w1 say+1 8,o ,jehovah ,god1 ,?\ kn[e/40 ,x is in/ructive to notice t ! div9e answ] comes ?r\gh ! consci\sness ( a duty4 ,ezekiel is comm&$ fir/ ( all to prophesy ov] ^! dry bones2 & 9 ! words giv5 him to utt] ! solution ( 8 own inw>d p]plexity is wrapp$ up4 8,say unto !m1 ,o ye dry bones1 he> ! ^w ( ,jehovah4444 ,behold1 ,i w cause brea? to ent] into y1 & ye %all live0 7vv4 #d1 #e74 ,9 ?is way he is n only taught t ! ag5cy by :i* ,jehovah w effect ,8 purpose is ! prophetic ^w1 b he is also rem9d$ t ! tru? n[ reveal$ to him is to be ! guide ( 8 practical m9i/ry1 & t only 9 ! /eadfa/ dis*>ge ( 8 prophetic duty c he hold fa/ ! hope ( ,israel's resurrection4 ,! problem t has ex]cis$ him is n "o t c be settl$ 9 retirem5t & inaction4 ,:at he receives is n a m]e answ]1 b a message1 & ! deliv]y ( ! message is ! only way 9 :i* he c realise ! tru? ( x1 8 activity z a prophet be+ inde$ a necess>y elem5t 9 ! fulfilm5t ( 8 words4 ,let him prea* ! ^w ( ,god to ^! dry bones1 & he w "k t !y c live2 b if he fails to d ?is1 he w s9k back into ! unbelief to :i* all ?+s are impossible4 ,fai? comes 9 ! act ( prophesy+4 ,ezekiel did z he 0 comm&$2 he prophesi$ ov] ! dry bones1 & imm$iately he 0 s5sible ( ! effect ( 8 words4 ,he he>d a ru/l+1 & look+ he saw t ! bones 7 com+ toge!r1 bone to 8 bone4 ,he does n ne$ to tell u h[ 8 he>t rejoic$ at ?is fir/ sign ( life return+ to ^! dead bones1 & z he wat*$ ! :ole process by :i* !y 7 built up into ! semblance ( m54 ,x is describ$ 9 m9ute detail1 s t no feature ( ! impression produc$ by ! /up5d\s miracle may be lo/4 ,x is divid$ into two /ages1 ! re/oration ( ! bodily frame & ! imp>t+ ( ! pr9ciple ( life4 ,?is division _c h any special significance :5 appli$ to ! actual nation1 su* z t ! outw>d ord] ( ! /ate mu/ be fir/ e/abli%$1 & !n ! national consci\sness r5ew$4 ,x belongs to ! imag]y ( ! vision1 & foll[s ! ord] obs]v$ 9 ! orig9al creation ( man z describ$ 9 ! second *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,god fir/ =m$ man ( ! du/ ( ! gr\nd1 & aft]w>ds brea!d into 8 no/rils ! brea? ( life1 s t he became a liv+ s\l4 ,s "h we h fir/ a description ( ! process by :i* ! bodies 7 built up1 ! skeletons be+ =m$ f ! scatt]$ bones1 & !n clo!d successively ) s9ews & fle% & sk94 ,! reanimation ( ^! /ill lifeless bodies is a sep>ate act ( creative en]gy1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! ag5cy is /ill ! ^w ( ,god 9 ! m\? ( ! prophet4 ,he is bidd5 call = ! brea? to 8come f ! f\r w9ds ( heav51 & brea! ^u ^! sla9 t !y may live40 ,9 ,hebrew ! words = w9d1 brea?1 & _s are id5tical2 & ?us ! w9d becomes a symbol ( ! univ]sal div9e ,_s :i* is ! s\rce ( all life1 :ile ! brea? is a symbol ( t ,_s z s to speak specialis$ 9 ! individual man1 or 9 o!r words ( 8 p]sonal life4 ,9 ! case ( ! fir/ man ,jehovah brea!d into 8 no/rils ! brea? ( life1 & ! idea "h is precisely ! same4 ,! w9d f ! f\r qu>t]s ( heav5 :i* becomes ! brea? ( ?is va/ assemblage ( m5 is conceiv$ z ! brea? ( ,god1 & symbolises ! lifegiv+ ,_s :i* makes ea* ( !m a liv+ p]son4 ,! resurrection is complete4 ,! m5 live1 & /& up ^u _! feet an exce$+ great army4 ,?is is ! simple/1 z well z ! mo/ sugge/ive1 ( ,ezekiel's visions1 & c>ries its int]pretation on ! face ( x4 ,! s+le idea :i* x expresses is ! re/oration ( ! ,hebrew nationality ?r\gh ! quick5+ influ5ce ( ! ,_s ( ,jehovah on ! surviv+ memb]s ( ! old h\se ( ,israel4 ,x is n a prophecy ( ! resurrection ( individual ,israelites :o h p]i%$4 ,! bones are 8! :ole h\se ( ,israel0 n[ 9 exile2 !y are alive z individuals1 b z memb]s ( a nation !y are dead & hopeless ( revival4 ,?is is made cle> by ! explanation ( ! vision giv5 9 vv4 #aaad4 ,x is address$ to ^? :o ?9k ( !mselves z cut (f f ! high] int]e/s & activities ( ! national life4 ,by a slight *ange ( figure !y are conceiv$ z dead & buri$2 & ! resurrection is repres5t$ z an op5+ ( _! graves4 ,b ! grave is no m to be und]/ood lit]ally ?an ! dry bones ( ! vision itself2 bo? are symbols ( ! gloomy & despair+ view :i* ! exiles take ( _! own condition4 ,! sub/ance ( ! prophet's message is t ! ,god :o raises ! dead & calls ! ?+s t are n z ?\gh !y 7 is able to br+ toge!r ! scatt]$ memb]s ( ! h\se ( ,israel & =m !m into a new p ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ,8 lifegiv+ ,_s4 ,x has (t5 be5 suppos$ t1 al?\gh ! passage may n directly tea* ! resurrection ( ! body1 x nev]!less implies a c]ta9 famili>ity ) t doctr9e on ! "p ( ,ezekiel1 if n ( 8 he>]s likewise4 ,if ! rais+ ( dead m5 to life c\ld be us$ z an analogy ( a national re/oration1 ! =m] conception mu/ h be5 at lea/ m obvi\s ?an ! latt]1 o!rwise ! prophet w\ld be expla9+ obscurum p] obscurius4 ,?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 has only a sup]ficial plausibility4 ,x conf\nds two ?+s :i* are di/9ct--! m]e conception ( resurrection1 :i* is all t 0 necess>y to make ! vision intelligible1 & settl$ fai? 9 x z an elem5t ( ! ,messianic expectation4 ,t ,god by a miracle c\ld re/ore ! dead to life no dev\t ,israelite ev] d\bt$47#afa7 ,b x is to be not$ t ! record$ in/ances ( su* miracles are all ( ^? rec5tly dead2 & !re is no evid5ce ( a g5]al belief 9 ! possibility ( resurrection = ^? ^: bones 7 scatt]$ & dry4 ,x is ?is v impossibility1 inde$1 t gives po9t to ! metaphor "u :i* ! p "h express _! s5se ( hopelessness4 ,moreov]1 if ! prophet _h presuppos$ ! doctr9e ( individual resurrection1 he c\ld h>dly h us$ x z an illu/ration 9 ! way he does4 ,! m]e prospect ( a resuscitation ( ! multitudes ( ,israelites :o _h p]i%$ w\ld ( itself h be5 a suffici5t answ] to ! despond5cy ( ! exiles2 & x w\ld h be5 an anticlimax to use x z an argum5t = some?+ mu* less wond]ful4 ,we mu/ also be> 9 m9d t :ile ! resurrection ( a nation may be to u little m ?an a figure ( spee*1 to ! ,hebrew m9d x 0 an object ( ?\ght m real & tangible ?an ! idea ( p]sonal immortality4 ,x w\ld appe> !re=e t 9 ! ord] ( revelation ! hope ( ! resurrection is fir/ pres5t$ 9 ! promise ( a resurrection ( ! dead nation ( ,israel1 & only 9 ! second in/ance z ! resurrection ( individual ,israelites :o %\ld h pass$ away )\t %>+ 9 ! glory ( ! latt] days4 ,l ! e>ly conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,old ,te/am5t believ]s sorr[$ = ^? :o fell asleep :5 ! ,messiah's k+dom 0 suppos$ to be j at h&1 until !y f\nd consolation 9 ! bless$ hope ( a resurrection ) :i* ,paul com=t$ ! ,*ur* at ,!ssalonica47#afb7 ,9 ,ezekiel we f9d t doctr9e z yet only 9 its m g5]al =m ( a national resurrection2 b x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! =m 9 :i* he express$ x prep>$ ! way = ! full] revelation ( a resurrection ( ! individual4 ,9 two lat] passages ( ! prophetic ,scriptures we seem to f9d cle> indications ( progress 9 ?is direction4 ,"o is a difficult v]se 9 ! tw5tysix? *apt] ( ,isaiah--"p ( a prophecy usually assign$ to a p]iod lat] ?an ,ezekiel--:]e ! writ]1 aft] a lam5tation ov] ! disappo9tm5ts & wa/$ ef=ts ( ! pres5t1 sudd5ly breaks into a rapture ( hope z he ?9ks ( a "t :5 dep>t$ ,israelites %all be re/or$ to life to jo9 ! ranks ( ! ransom$ p ( ,god3 8,let ?y dead live aga96 ,let my dead bodies arise6 ,awake & rejoice1 ye t dwell 9 ! du/1 = ?y dew is a dew ( light1 & ! e>? %all yield up h] %ades407#afc7 ,!re does n seem to be any d\bt t :at is "h pr$ict$ is ! actual resurrection ( individual memb]s ( ! p ( ,israel to %>e 9 ! bless+s ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,! o!r passage ref]r$ to is 9 ! book ( ,daniel1 :]e we h ! fir/ explicit pr$iction ( a resurrection bo? ( ! j & ! unju/4 ,9 ! "t ( tr\ble :5 ! p is deliv]$ 8_m ( !m t sleep 9 ! du/ ( ! e>? %all awake1 "s to ev]la/+ life1 & "s to %ame & ev]la/+ contempt407#afd7 ,^! rem>ks are made m]ely to %[ 9 :at s5se ,ezekiel's vision may be reg>d$ z a contribution to ! ,old ,te/am5t doctr9e ( p]sonal immortality4 ,x is s n by its direct tea*+1 nor yet by its presuppositions1 b by ! sugge/iv5ess ( its imag]y1 op5+ out a l9e ( ?\ght :i* "u ! guidance ( ! ,_s ( tru? l$ to a full] disclosure ( ! c>e ( ,god = ! individual life1 & ,8 purpose to r$eem f ! p[] ( ! grave ^? :o _h dep>t$ ?is life 9 ,8 fai? & fe>4 ,b ?is l9e ( inquiry lies some:at ap>t f ! ma9 tea*+ ( ! passage be=e u z a message = ! ,*ur* 9 all ages4 ,! passage tea*es ) /rik+ cle>ness ! cont9uity ( ,god's r$eem+ "w 9 ! _w1 9 spite ( h9drances :i* to human eyes seem insurm\ntable4 ,! grave/ h9drance1 bo? 9 appe>ance & 9 reality1 is ! decay ( fai? & vital religion 9 ! ,*ur* itself4 ,!re are times :5 e>ne/ m5 are tempt$ to say t ! ,*ur*'s hope is lo/ & h] bones are dri$--:5 laxity ( life & lukew>mness 9 devotion p]vade all h] memb]s1 & %e ceases to influ5ce ! _w = good4 ,& yet :5 we consid] t ! :ole hi/ory ( ,god's cause is "o long process ( rais+ dead s\ls to spiritual life & build+ up a k+dom ( ,god out ( fall5 humanity1 we see t ! true hope ( ! ,*ur* c nev] be lo/4 ,x lies 9 ! lifegiv+1 reg5]at+ p[] ( ! div9e ,_s1 & ! promise t ! ^w ( ,god does n return to ,him void b prosp]s 9 ! ?+ :]eto ,he s5ds x4 ,t is ! great lesson ( ,ezekiel's vision1 & al?\gh its imm$iate application may be limit$ to ! occasion t call$ x =?1 yet ! analogy on :i* x is f\nd$ is tak5 up by our ,"l ,himself & ext5d$ to ! proclamation ( ,8 tru? to ! _w at l>ge3 8,! h\r is com+1 & n[ is1 :5 ! dead %all he> ! voice ( ! ,son ( ,god2 & !y t he> %all live407#afe7 ,we p]haps too readily empty ^! /rong t]ms ( _! mean+4 ,! ,_s ( ,god is apt to become a m]e expression = ! religi\s & moral influ5ces lodg$ 9 a ,*ri/ian society1 & we come to rely on ^! ag5cies = ! dissem9ation ( ,*ri/ian pr9ciples & ! =mation ( ,*ri/ian "*4 ,we =get t beh9d all ?is !re is some?+ :i* is comp>$ to ! imp>t+ ( life :]e !re 0 none1 some?+ :i* is ! "w ( ! ,_s ( :i* we _c tell :5ce x come? & :i!r x goe?4 ,b 9 times ( l[ spirituality1 :5 ! love ( _m waxes cold1 & !re are few signs ( zeal & activity 9 ! s]vice ( ,*ri/1 m5 le>n to fall back 9 fai? on ! invisible p[] ( ,god to make ,8 ^w effectual = ! revival ( ,8 cause among m54 ,& ?is happ5s con/antly 9 n>r[ sph]es :i* may nev] attract ! notice ( ! _w4 ,!re are positions 9 ! ,*ur* /ill :]e ,*ri/'s s]vants are call$ to lab\r 9 ! fai? ( ,ezekiel1 ) appe>ances all aga9/ !m1 & no?+ to inspire !m b ! conviction t ! ^w !y prea* is ! p[] ( ,god & able ev5 to br+ life to ! dead4 ,,ii ,! second half ( ! *apt] speaks ( a special feature ( ! national re/oration1 ! reunion ( ! k+doms ( ,judah & ,israel "u "o sceptre4 ,?is is repres5t$ fir/ ( all by a symbolic action4 ,! prophet is direct$ to take two pieces ( wood1 app>5tly 9 ! =m ( sceptres1 & to write ^u !m inscriptions d$icat+ !m respectively to ,judah & ,joseph1 ! heads ( ! two conf$]acies out ( :i* ! rival mon>*ies 7 =m$4 ,! 8companions0 7v]4 #af7--;i4e41 allies--( ,judah are ! two tribes ( ,b5jam9 & ,simeon2 ^? ( ,joseph are all ! o!r tribes1 :o /ood "u ! hegemony ( ,ephraim4 ,if ! second inscription is r m complicat$ ?an ! fir/1 x is because ( ! fact t !re 0 no actual tribe ( ,joseph4 ,x !re=e runs ?us3 8,= ,joseph1 ! /aff ( ,ephraim1 & all ! h\se ( ,israel 8 conf$]ates40 ,^! two /aves !n he is to put toge!r s t !y become "o sceptre 9 8 h&4 ,x is a little difficult to decide :e!r ?is 0 a sign t 0 actually p]=m$ be=e ! p1 or "o t is only imag9$4 ,x dep5ds p>tly on :at we take to be meant by ! jo9+ ( ! two pieces4 ,if ,ezekiel m]ely took two /icks1 put !m end to end1 & made !m look l "o1 !n no d\bt he did ?is 9 public1 = o!rwise !re w\ld be no use 9 m5tion+ ! circum/ance at all4 ,b if ! mean+ is1 z seems m probable1 t :5 ! rods are put toge!r !y miracul\sly gr[ into "o1 !n we see t su* a sign has a value = ! prophet's own m9d z a symbol ( ! tru? reveal$ to him1 & x is no long] necess>y to assume t ! action 0 really p]=m$4 ,! purpose ( ! sign is n m]ely to sugge/ ! idea ( political unity1 :i* is too simple to require any su* illu/ration1 b r to indicate ! complet5ess ( ! union & ! div9e =ce ne$$ to br+ x ab\t4 ,! difficulty ( conceiv+ a p]fect fusion ( ! two p>ts ( ! nation 0 really v great1 ! cleavage betwe5 ,judah & ! ,nor? be+ mu* old] ?an ! mon>*y1 & hav+ be5 acc5tuat$ by c5turies ( political sep>ation & rivalry4 ,to u ! mo/ notewor?y fact is ! /eadfa/ness ) :i* ! prophets ( ?is p]iod cl+ to ! hope ( a re/oration ( ! nor!rn tribes1 al?\gh ne>ly a c5tury & a half _h n[ elaps$ s9ce 8,ephraim 0 brok5 f be+ a p407#aff7 ,ezekiel1 l ,j]emiah1 is unable to ?9k ( an ,israel :i* does n include ! repres5tatives ( ! t5 nor!rn tribes4 ,:e!r any communication 0 kept up ) ! colonies ( ,israelites t _h be5 transport$ f ,sam>ia to ,assyria we d n "k1 b !y are reg>d$ z /ill exi/+1 & /ill rememb]$ by ,jehovah4 ,! resurrection ( ! nation :i* ,ezekiel has j pr$ict$ is expressly said to apply to ! :ole h\se ( ,israel1 & n[ he goes on to ann\nce t ?is 8exce$+ great army0 %all m>* to its l& n "u two bann]s1 b "u "o4 ,we h t\*$ already1 9 speak+ ( ! ,messianic idea1 on ! reasons :i* lead ! prophets to put s mu* emphasis on ?is union4 ,!y felt z /rongly on ! po9t z a ,high ,*ur*man does ab\t ! s9 ( s*ism1 & x w\ld n be difficult = ! latt] to %[ t 8 po9t ( view & 8 ideals closely resemble ^? ( ! prophets4 ,! r5d+ ( ! body ( ,*ri/ :i* is suppos$ to be involv$ 9 a brea* ( ext]nal unity is p>allel$ by ! disruption ( ! ,hebrew /ate1 :i* violates ! unity ( ! "o p ( ,jehovah4 ,! idea ( ! ,*ur* z ! bride ( ,*ri/1 is ! same idea "u :i* ,hosea expresses ! relations betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel1 & x necess>ily c>ries ) x ! unity ( ! p ( ,israel 9 ! "o case & ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! o!r4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ also t ! evils result+ f ! division betwe5 ,judah & ,israel h be5 reproduc$1 ) consequ5ces a ?\s& times m disa/r\s to religion1 9 ! /rife & un*>itabl5ess1 ! p>ty _s & jeal\sies & animosities1 :i* diff]5t d5om9ations ( ,*ri/ians h inv>iably exhibit$ t[>ds ea* o!r :5 !y 7 close en\gh = mutual int]e/4 ,b grant+ all ?is1 & grant+ t :at is call$ s*ism is ess5tially ! same ?+ t ! prophets desir$ to see remov$1 x does n at once foll[ t diss5t is 9 itself s9ful1 & /ill less t ! s9 is necess>ily on ! side ( ! ,diss5t]4 ,! "q is :e!r ! national /&po9t ( ! prophets is altoge!r applicable to ! communion ( sa9ts 9 ,*ri/1 :e!r ! body ( ,*ri/ is really torn asund] by diff]5ces 9 organisation & op9ion1 :e!r1 9 %ort1 any?+ is necess>y to avoid ! guilt ( s*ism beyond keep+ ! unity ( ! ,_s 9 ! bond ( peace4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t dealt ) m5 9 ! mass1 z memb]s ( a nation1 & its /&>ds c h>dly be adequate to ! polity ( a religion :i* has to provide = ! fre$om ( ! individual consci5ce be=e ,god4 ,at ! wor/ ! ,diss5t] may po9t out t ! ,old ,te/am5t s*ism 0 necess>y z a prote/ aga9/ tyranny & despotism1 t 9 ?is aspect x 0 sanction$ by ! inspir$ prophets ( ! age1 t its und\bt$ evils 7 p>tly comp5sat$ by a fre] expansion ( religi\s life1 & f9ally t ev5 ! prophets did n expect x to be heal$ be=e ! mill5nium4 ,f ! idea ( ! reunit$ nation ,ezekiel returns easily to ! promise ( ! ,davidic k+ & ! bless+s ( ! ,messianic disp5sation4 ,! "o p implies "o %eph]d1 & also "o l&1 & "o _s to walk 9 ,jehovah's judgm5ts & to obs]ve ,8 /atutes to d !m4 ,! v>i\s elem5ts :i* ent] into ! conception ( national salvation are ?us ga!r$ up & comb9$ 9 "o picture ( ! p's ev]la/+ felicity4 ,& ! :ole is cr[n$ by ! promise ( ,jehovah's pres5ce ) ! p1 sanctify+ & protect+ !m f ,8 sanctu>y4 ,?is f9al condition ( ?+s is p]man5t & et]nal4 ,! s\rces ( int]nal dispeace are remov$ by ! wa%+ away ( ,israel's iniquities1 & ! impossibility ( any di/urbance f )\t is illu/rat$ by ! onslaught ( ! hea!n nations describ$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,! ,conv]sion ,( ,israel4 ,9 an e>ly *apt] ( ?is volume7#afg7 we _h occasion to notice "s !ological pr9ciples :i* appe> to h guid$ ! prophet's ?9k+ f ! fir/4 ,x 0 evid5t ev5 !n t ^! pr9ciples po9t$ t[>ds a def9ite !ory ( ! conv]sion ( ,israel & ! process by :i* x 0 to be effect$4 ,9 subsequ5t prophecies we h se5 h[ con/antly ,ezekiel's ?\ghts rev]t to ?is !me1 z n[ "o aspect ( x & !n ano!r is disclos$ to him4 ,we h also glanc$ at "o passage7#afh7 :i* seem$ to be a connect$ /atem5t ( ! div9e proc$ure z be>+ on ! re/oration ( ,israel4 ,b we h n[ rea*$ a /age 9 ! exposition :]e all ?is lies beh9d u4 ,9 ! *apt]s t rema9 to be consid]$ ! reg5]ation ( ! p is assum$ to h tak5 place2 _! religion & _! morality are reg>d$ z e/abli%$ on a /able & p]man5t basis1 & all t has to be done is to describe ! in/itutions by :i* ! b5efits ( salvation may be cons]v$ & h&$ d[n f age to age ( ! ,messianic disp5sation4 ,! pres5t is !re=e a fitt+ opportunity = an attempt to describe ,ezekiel's doctr9e ( conv]sion z a :ole4 ,x is all ! m desirable t ! attempt %\ld be made because ! national salvation is ! c5tral int]e/ ( ! :ole book2 & if we c und]/& ! prophet's tea*+ on ?is subject1 we %all h ! key to 8 :ole sy/em ( !ology4 #a4 ,! fir/ po9t to be notic$1 & ! "o mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ,ezekiel1 is ! div9e motive = ! r$emption ( ,israel--,jehovah's reg>d = ,8 own "n4 ,?is ?\ght f9ds expression 9 _m p>ts ( ! book1 b n[h]e m cle>ly ?an 9 ! tw5tysecond v]se ( ! ?irtysix? *apt]3 8,n = y\r sakes d ,i act1 ,o h\se ( ,israel1 b = ,my holy "n1 :i* ye h pr(an$ among ! hea!n1 :i!r ye w5t40 ,simil>ly 9 ! ?irtysecond v]se3 8,n = y\r sakes d ,i act1 sai? ! ,"l ,jehovah1 be x kn[n unto y3 be a%am$ & conf\nd$ = y\r own ways1 ,o h\se ( ,israel40 ,!re is an app>5t h>%ness 9 ^! decl>ations :i* makes x easy to pres5t !m 9 a repell5t light4 ,!y h be5 tak5 to mean t ,jehovah is absolutely indiff]5t to ! weal or woe ( ! p except 9 s f> z x reflects on ,8 own cr$it ) ! _w2 t ,he accepts ! relation%ip betwe5 ,him & ,israel1 b does s 9 ! _s ( a selfi% p>5t :o ex]ts himself to save 8 *ild f disgrace m]ely 9 ord] to prev5t 8 own "n f be+ dragg$ 9 ! mire4 ,x w\ld be difficult to expla9 h[ su* a ,be+ %\ld be at all conc]n$ ab\t :at m5 ?9k ( ,him4 ,if ,jehovah has no int]e/ 9 ,israel1 x is h>d to see :y ,he %\ld be s5sitive to ! op9ion ( ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,t is an idea ( ,god :i* no man c s]i\sly hold1 & we may be c]ta9 t x is a p]v]sion ( ,ezekiel's mean+4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds on h[ mu* is includ$ 9 ! 8"n0 ( ,jehovah4 ,if x d5otes m]e arbitr>y p[]1 delight+ 9 its own ex]cise & ! awe :i* x excites1 !n we might conceive ( ! div9e action z rul$ by a b\ndless egoism1 to :i* all human int]e/s are alike indiff]5t4 ,b t is n ! conception ( ,god :i* ,ezekiel has4 ,he is a moral ,be+1 "o :o has compassion on o!r ?+s besides ,8 own "n17#afi7 "o :o has no pleasure 9 ! dea? ( ! wick$1 b t he %\ld turn f 8 way & live47#agj7 ,b :5 ?is aspect ( ,8 "* is includ$ 9 ! "n ( ,god1 we see t reg>d = ,8 "n _c mean m]e reg>d = ,8 own int]e/s1 z if ^! 7 oppos$ to ! int]e/s ( ,8 creatures2 b means ! desire to be kn[n z ,he is1 z a ,god ( m]cy & righte\sness z well z ( inf9ite p[]4 ,! "n ( ,god is t by :i* ,he is kn[n among/ m54 ,x is m ?an ,8 hon\r or reputation1 al?\gh t is includ$ 9 x accord+ to ,hebrew idiom2 x is ! expression ( ,8 "* or ,8 p]sonality4 ,to act = ,8 "n's sake1 !re=e1 is to act s t ,8 true "* may be m fully reveal$1 & s t m5's ?\ghts ( ,him may m truly correspond to t :i* 9 ,himself ,he is4 ,!re is pla9ly no?+ 9 ?is inconsi/5t ) ! deepe/ int]e/ 9 m5's spiritual well be+4 ,jehovah is ! ,god ( salvation1 & desires to reveal ,himself z su*2 & :e!r we say t ,he saves m5 9 ord] t ,he may be kn[n z a ,savi\r1 or t ,he makes ,himself kn[n 9 ord] to save !m1 does n make any real diff]5ce4 ,revelation & r$emption are "o ?+4 ,& :5 ,ezekiel says t reg>d = ,8 own "n is ! supreme motive ( ,jehovah's action1 he does n tea* t ,jehovah is un9flu5c$ by c>e = man2 if ! "q _h be5 put to him1 he w\ld h said t c>e = man is "o ( ! attributes includ$ 9 ! ,"n :i* ,jehovah is conc]n$ to reveal4 ,! real mean+ ( ,ezekiel's doctr9e w p]haps be be/ und]/ood f its negative /atem5t4 ,:at is meant to be exclud$ by ! expression 8n = y\r sakes08 ,x might no d\bt mean1 8n because ,i c>e at all = y02 b t we h se5 to be inconsi/5t ) o!r aspects ( ,ezekiel's tea*+ ab\t ! div9e "*4 ,all t x necess>ily implies is 8n = any good t ,i f9d 9 y40 ,x is a prote/ aga9/ ! idea ( ,ph>isaic selfrighte\sness t a man may h a legal claim ^u ,god ?r\gh 8 own m]its4 ,x is true t t 0 n a preval5t notion among/ ! p 9 ! "t ( ,ezekiel4 ,b _! /ate ( m9d 0 "o 9 :i* su* a ?\ght might easily arise4 ,!y 7 conv9c$ ( hav+ be5 entirely 9 ! wrong 9 _! conceptions ( ! relation betwe5 !m & ,jehovah4 ,! pagan notion t ! p is indisp5sable to ! god on acc\nt ( a physical bond betwe5 !m _h brok5 d[n 9 ! rec5t exp]i5ce ( ,israel1 & ) x _h vani%$ e natural gr\nd = ! hope ( salvation4 ,9 su* circum/ances ! promise ( deliv]ance w\ld naturally raise ! ?\ght t !re mu/ aft] all be some?+ 9 ,israel t 0 pleas+ to ,jehovah1 & t ! prophet's d5unciations ( _! pa/ s9s 7 ov]done4 ,9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ t error ,ezekiel explicitly ass]ts1 :at 0 involv$ 9 ! :ole ( 8 tea*+1 t ! m]cy ( ,god 0 n call$ =? by any good 9 ,israel1 b t nev]!less !re are immutable reasons 9 ! div9e nature on :i* ! c]ta9ty ( ,israel's r$emption may be built4 ,! tru? "h taught is !re=e1 9 !ological language1 ! sov]eignty ( ! div9e grace4 ,ezekiel's /atem5t ( x is liable to all ! di/ortions & misrepres5tations to :i* t doctr9e has be5 subject$ at ! h&s bo? ( its fri5ds & its enemies2 b :5 fairly treat$ x is no m objectionable ?an any o!r expression ( ! same tru? to be f\nd 9 ,scripture4 ,9 ,ezekiel's case x 0 ! result ( a p5etrat+ analysis ( ! moral condition ( 8 p :i* l$ him to see t !re 0 no?+ 9 !m to sugge/ ! possibility ( _! be+ re/or$4 ,x is only :5 he falls back on ! ?\ght ( :at ,god is1 on ! div9e necessity ( v9dicat+ ,8 hol9ess 9 ! salvation ( ,8 p1 t 8 fai? 9 ,israel's future f9ds a sure po9t ( support4 ,& s 9 g5]al a pr(\nd s5se ( human s9fulness w always ?r[ ! m9d back on ! idea ( ,god z ! "o immovable gr\nd ( confid5ce 9 ! ultimate r$emption ( ! individual & ! _w4 ,:5 ! doctr9e is press$ to ! conclusion t ,god saves m5 9 spite ( !mselves1 & m]ely to display ,8 p[] ov] !m1 x becomes false & p]nici\s1 & inde$ selfcontradictory4 ,b s long z we hold fa/ to ! tru? t ,god is love1 & t ! glory ( ,god is ! manife/ation ( ,8 love1 ! doctr9e ( ! div9e sov]eignty only expresses ! un*angeabl5ess ( t love & its f9al victory ov] ! s9 ( ! _w4 #b4 ,! intellectual side ( ! conv]sion ( ,israel is ! acceptance ( t idea ( ,god :i* to ! prophet is summ$ up 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah4 ,?is is express$ 9 ! /&+ =mula :i* d5otes ! effect ( all ,god's deal+s ) m51 8,!y %all "k t ,i am ,jehovah40 ,we ne$ n1 h[ev]1 repeat :at has be5 already said z to ! mean+ ( ^! words47#aga7 ,nor %all we dwell on ! effect ( ! national judgm5t z a means t[>ds produc+ a "r impression ( ,jehovah's nature4 ,x is possible t z "t w5t on ,ezekiel came to see t *a/isem5t alone w\ld n effect ! moral *ange 9 ! exiles :i* 0 necess>y to br+ !m into sympa?y ) ! div9e purposes4 ,9 ! e>ly prophecy ( *4 vi4 ! k ( ,jehovah & ! selfcondemnation :i* accompanies x are spok5 ( z ! direct result ( ,8 judgm5t on s917#agb7 & ?is und\bt$ly 0 "o elem5t 9 ! conv]sion ( ! p to "r ?\ghts ab\t ,god4 ,b 9 all o!r passages ?is feel+ ( selfloa?+ is n ! beg9n+ b ! end ( conv]sion2 x is caus$ by ! exp]i5ce ( p>don & r$emption foll[+ ^u puni%m5t47#agc7 ,!re is also ano!r aspect ( judgm5t :i* may be m5tion$ 9 pass+ = ! sake ( complet5ess4 ,x is t :i* is exp\nd$ 9 ! end ( ! tw5tie? *apt]4 ,!re ! judgm5t :i* /ill /&s betwe5 ! exiles & ! return to _! own l& is repres5t$ z a sift+ process1 9 :i* ^? :o h und]gone a spiritual *ange are f9ally sep>at$ f ^? :o p]i% 9 _! imp5it5ce4 ,?is idea does n occur 9 ! prophecies subsequ5t to ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 & x may be d\btful h[ x fits into ! s*eme ( r$emption !re unfold$4 ,! prophet "h reg>ds conv]sion z a process :olly c>ri$ ?r\gh by ! op]ation ( ,jehovah on ! m9d ( ! p2 & :at we h next to consid] is ! /eps by :i* ?is great end is accompli%$4 ,!y are ^! two--=giv5ess & reg5]ation4 #c4 ,! =giv5ess ( s9s is d5ot$ 9 ! ?irtysix? *apt]1 z we h already se51 by ! symbol ( spr9kl+ ) clean wat]4 ,b x mu/ n be suppos$ t ?is isolat$ figure is ! only =m 9 :i* ! doctr9e appe>s 9 ,ezekiel's exposition ( ! process ( salvation4 ,on ! contr>y =giv5ess is ! fundam5tal assumption ( ! :ole argum5t1 & is pres5t 9 e promise ( future bless$ness to ! p4 ,= ! ,old ,te/am5t idea ( =giv5ess is extremely simple1 re/+ z x does on ! analogy ( =giv5ess 9 human life4 ,! spiritual fact :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( =giv5ess is ! *ange 9 ,jehovah's disposition t[>ds ,8 p :i* is manife/$ by ! r5ewal ( ^? indisp5sable conditions ( national wellbe+ :i* 9 ,8 ang] ,he _h tak5 away4 ,! re/oration ( ,israel to its own l& is ?us n simply a tok5 ( =giv5ess1 b ! act ( =giv5ess itself1 & ! only =m 9 :i* ! fact c\ld be realis$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! nation4 ,9 ?is s5se ! :ole ( ,ezekiel's pr$ictions ( ! ,messianic deliv]ance & ! glories t foll[ x are "o cont9u\s promise ( =giv5ess1 sett+ =? ! tru? t ,jehovah's love to ,8 p p]si/s 9 spite ( _! s91 & works victori\sly = _! r$emption & re/oration to ! full enjoym5t ( ,8 fav\r4 ,!re is p]haps "o po9t 9 :i* we discov] a diff]5ce betwe5 ,ezekiel's conception & t ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,accord+ to ! common prophetic doctr9e p5it5ce1 includ+ am5dm5t1 is ! moral effect ( ,jehovah's *a/isem5t1 & is ! necess>y condition ( p>don4 ,we h se5 t !re is "s d\bt :e!r ,ezekiel reg>d$ rep5tance z ! result ( judgm5t1 & ! same d\bt exi/s z to :e!r 9 ! ord] ( salvation rep5tance is a prelim9>y or a consequ5ce ( =giv5ess4 ,! tru? is t ! prophet appe>s to comb9e bo? conceptions4 ,9 urg+ individuals to prep>e = ! com+ ( ! k+dom ( ,god he makes rep5tance a necess>y condition ( ent]+ x2 b 9 describ+ ! :ole process ( salvation z ! "w ( ,god he makes contrition = s9 ! result ( reflection on ! goodness ( ,jehovah already exp]i5c$ 9 ! peaceful occupation ( ! l& ( ,canaan4 #d4 ,! idea ( reg5]ation is v prom95t 9 ,ezekiel's tea*+4 ,! ne$ = a radical *ange 9 ! national "* 0 impress$ on him by ! spectacle :i* he witness$ daily ( evil t5d5cies & practices p]si/$ 91 9 spite ( ! cle>e/ demon/ration t !y 7 hateful to ,jehovah & _h be5 ! cause ( ! nation's calamities4 ,& he does n ascribe ?is /ate ( ?+s m]ely to ! influ5ce ( tradition & public op9ion & evil example1 b traces x to its s\rce 9 ! h>dness & corruption ( ! individual nature4 ,x 0 evid5t t no m]e *ange ( intellectual conviction w\ld avail to alt] ! curr5ts ( life among ! exiles2 ! he>t mu/ be r5ew$1 out ( :i* are ! issues bo? ( p]sonal & national life4 ,h5ce ! promise ( reg5]ation is express$ z a tak+ away ( ! /ony1 unimpressible he>t t 0 9 !m1 & putt+ )9 !m a he>t ( fle%1 a new he>t & a new _s4 ,9 exhort+ individuals to rep5tance ,ezekiel calls on !m to make !mselves a new he>t & a new _s17#agd7 mean+ t _! rep5tance mu/ be g5u9e1 ext5d+ to ! inn] motives & spr+s ( action1 & n be conf9$ to outw>d signs ( m\rn+47#age7 ,b 9 o!r connections ! new he>t & _s is repres5t$ z a gift1 ! result ( ! op]ation ( ! div9e grace47#agf7 ,closely connect$ ) ?is1 p]haps only ! same tru? 9 ano!r =m1 is ! promise ( ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s ( ,god47#agg7 ,! g5]al expectation ( a new sup]natural p[] infus$ into ! national life 9 ! latt] days is common 9 ! prophets4 ,x appe>s 9 ,hosea "u ! beautiful image ( ! dew17#agh7 & 9 ,isaiah x is express$ 9 ! consci\sness t ! desolation ( ! l& mu/ cont9ue 8until _s be p\r$ ^u u f on high407#agi7 ,b no e>li] prophet pres5ts ! idea ( ! ,_s z a pr9ciple ( reg5]ation ) ! precision & cle>ness :i* ! doctr9e assumes 9 ! h&s ( ,ezekiel4 ,:at 9 ,hosea & ,isaiah may be only a div9e influ5ce1 quick5+ & develop+ ! flagg+ spiritual en]gies ( ! p1 is "h reveal$ z a creative p[]1 ! s\rce ( a new life1 & ! beg9n+ ( all t possesses moral or spiritual wor? 9 ! p ( ,god4 #e4 ,x only rema9s = u n[ to note ! tw(old effect ( ^! op]ations ( ,jehovah's grace 9 ! religi\s & moral condition ( ! nation4 ,!re w be produc$1 9 ! fir/ place1 a new read9ess & p[] ( ob$i5ce to ! div9e comm&m5ts47#ahj7 ,l ! apo/le1 !y w n only 8cons5t unto ! law t x is good027#aha7 b 9 virtue ( ! new 8,_s ( life0 giv5 to !m1 !y w be 9 a real s5se 8free f ! law107#ahb7 because ! inw>d impulse ( _! own reg5]ate nature w lead !m to fulfil x p]fectly4 ,! ineffici5cy ( law z a m]e ext]nal au?ority act+ on m5 by hope ( rew>d & fe> ( puni%m5t 0 p]ceiv$ bo? by ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel almo/ z cle>ly z by ,paul1 al?\gh ?is conviction on ! "p ( ! prophets 0 bas$ on obs]vation ( national depravity r ?an on _! p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,x l$ ,j]emiah to ! conception ( a new cov5ant "u :i* ,jehovah w write ,8 law on m5's he>ts27#ahc7 & ,ezekiel expresses ! same tru? 9 ! promise ( a new ,_s incl9+ ! p to walk 9 ,jehovah's /atutes & to keep ,8 judgm5ts4 ,! second inw>d result ( salvation is %ame & selfloa?+ on acc\nt ( pa/ transgressions47#ahd7 ,x seems /range t ! prophet %\ld dwell s mu* on ?is z a m>k ( ,israel's sav$ condition4 ,8 /rong prote/ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( inh]it$ guilt 9 ! eighte5? *apt] w\ld h l$ u to expect t ! memb]s ( ! new ,israel w\ld n be consci\s ( any responsibility = ! s9s ( ! old4 ,b "h1 z 9 o!r in/ances1 ! conception ( ! p]sonifi$ nation proves itself a bett] vehicle ( religi\s tru? f ! ,old ,te/am5t /&po9t ?an ! religi\s relations ( ! individual4 ,! cont9uity ( ! national consci\sness su/a9s t pr(\nd s5se ( unwor?9ess :i* is an ess5tial elem5t ( true reconciliation to ,god1 al?\gh ea* individual ,israelite 9 ! k+dom ( ,god kn[s t he is n acc\ntable = ! iniquity ( 8 fa!rs4 ,?is outl9e ( ! prophet's conception ( salvation illu/rates ! tru? ( ! rem>k t ,ezekiel is ! fir/ dogmatic !ologian4 ,9 s f> z x is ! bus9ess ( a !ologian to exhibit ! logical connection ( ! ideas :i* express man's relation to ,god1 ,ezekiel m ?an any o!r prophet may claim ! title4 ,tru?s :i* are ! presuppositions ( all prophecy are to him objects ( consci\s reflection1 & em]ge f 8 h&s 9 ! %ape ( cle>ly =mulat$ doctr9es4 ,!re is probably no s+le elem5t ( 8 tea*+ :i* may n be trac$ 9 ! writ+s ( 8 pr$ecessors1 b !re is none :i* has n ga9$ f him a m di/9ct intellectual expression4 ,& :at is specially rem>kable is ! mann] 9 :i* ! doctr9es are b\nd toge!r 9 ! unity ( a sy/em4 ,9 gr\nd+ ! necessity ( r$emption 9 ! div9e nature1 ,ezekiel may be said to =e%ad[ ! !ology :i* is (t5 call$ ,calv9i/ic or ,augu/9ian1 b :i* might m truly be call$ ,paul9e4 ,al?\gh ! f9al rem$y = ! s9 ( ! _w _h n yet be5 reveal$1 ! s*eme ( r$emption disclos$ to ,ezekiel agrees ) mu* ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t reg>d+ ! effects ( ! "w ( ,*ri/ on ! individual4 ,speak+ ( ! passage *4 xxxvi4 #afch ,dr4 ,davidson writes z foll[s3-- 8,probably no passage 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ( ! same ext5t (f]s s complete a p>allel to ,new ,te/am5t doctr9e1 p>ticul>ly to t ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,x is d\btful if ! apo/le quotes ,ezekiel any:]e1 b 8 l9e ( ?\ght entirely co9cides ) 84 ,! same conceptions & 9 ! same ord] belong to bo?1--=giv5ess 7v]4 #be72 reg5]ation1 a new he>t & _s 7v]4 #bf72 ! ,_s ( ,god z ! rul+ p[] 9 ! new life 7v]4 #bg72 ! issue ( ?is1 ! keep+ ( ! requirem5ts ( ,god's law 7v]4 #bg2 ,rom4 viii4 #d72 ! effect ( be+ #8"u grace' 9 s(t5+ ! human he>t & lead+ to ob$i5ce 7v]4 #ca2 ,rom4 vi41 vii472 & ! organic connection ( ,israel's hi/ory ) ,jehovah's revelation ( ,himself to ! nations 7vv4 #cccf2 ,rom4 xi4740 ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,jehovah's ,f9al ,victory4 ,*apt]s xxxviii41 xxxix4 ,^! *apt]s give ! impression ( hav+ be5 int5d$ to /& at ! close ( ! book ( ,ezekiel4 ,_! pres5t position is be/ expla9$ on ! supposition t ! orig9al collection ( ,ezekiel's prophecies actually end$ "h1 & t ! rema9+ *apt]s 7xl4xlviii47 =m an app5dix1 add$ at a lat] p]iod )\t di/urb+ ! plan on :i* ! book _h be5 arrang$4 ,9 *ronological ord]1 at all ev5ts1 ! oracle on ,gog comes aft] ! vision ( ! la/ n9e *apt]s4 ,x m>ks ! utmo/ limit ( ,ezekiel's vision ( ! future ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,x repres5ts ! dn\em5t ( ! great drama ( ,jehovah's self manife/ation to ! nations ( ! _w4 ,x describes an ev5t :i* is to take place 9 ! f>di/ant future1 long aft] ! ,messianic age has begun & aft] ,israel has long be5 settl$ peacefully 9 its own l&4 ,c]ta9 consid]ations1 :i* we %all notice at ! end ( ?is lecture1 br\ght home to ! prophet's m9d ! conviction t ! lessons ( ,israel's re/oration did n af=d a suffici5t illu/ration ( ,jehovah's glory or ( ! mean+ ( ,8 pa/ deal+s ) ,8 p4 ,! conclusive demon/ration ( ?is is !re=e to be furni%$ by ! de/ruction ( ,gog & 8 myrmidons :5 9 ! latt] days !y make an onslaught on ! ,holy ,l&4 ,! idea ( a great _wcata/rophe1 foll[+ aft] a long int]val ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 is peculi> to ,ezekiel among/ ! prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,accord+ to o!r prophets ! judgm5t ( ! nations takes place 9 a 8day ( ,jehovah0 :i* is ! crisis ( hi/ory2 & ! ,messianic era :i* foll[s is a p]iod ( undi/urb$ tranquillity 9 :i* ! k ( ! true ,god p5etrates to ! remote/ regions ( ! e>?4 ,9 ,ezekiel1 on ! o!r h&1 ! judgm5t ( ! _w is divid$ into two acts4 ,! ne>] nations :i* h play$ a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel 9 ! pa/ =m a gr\p by !mselves2 _! puni%m5t is a prelim9>y to ! re/oration ( ,israel1 & ! impression produc$ by t re/oration is = !m a signal1 ?\gh n p]haps a complete17#ahe7 v9dication ( ! ,godhead ( ,jehovah4 ,b ! outly+ b>b>ians1 :o hov] on ! outskirts ( civilisation1 are n t\*$ by ?is revelation ( ! div9e p[] & goodness2 !y seem to be repres5t$ z utt]ly ignorant ( ! m>vell\s c\rse ( ev5ts by :i* ,israel has be5 br\ght to dwell securely 9 ! mid/ ( ! nations47#ahf7 ,^!1 accord+ly1 are res]v$ = a f9al reckon+1 9 :i* ! p[] ( ,jehovah w be display$ ) ! t]rible physical convulsions :i* m>k ! great day ( ! ,"l47#ahg7 ,only !n w ! full mean+ ( ,israel's hi/ory be disclos$ to ! _w2 9 p>ticul> x w be se5 t x 0 = _! s9 t !y _h fall5 "u ! p[] ( ! hea!n1 & n because ( ,jehovah's inability to protect !m47#ahh7 ,^! are "s g5]al features ( ! prophecy :i* at once attract att5tion4 ,we %all n[ exam9e ! details ( ! picture1 & !n proce$ to consid] its significance 9 relation to o!r elem5ts ( ,ezekiel's tea*+4 ,i ,! ?irtyeigh? *apt] may be divid$ into ?ree sections ( sev5 v]ses ea*4 i4 ,vv4 #ci4--,! prophet hav+ be5 comm&$ to direct 8 face t[>ds ,gog 9 ! l& ( ,magog1 is commission$ to ann\nce ! fate t is 9 /ore = him & 8 ho/s 9 ! latt] days4 ,! "n ( ?is my/]i\s & =midable p]sonage 0 evid5tly famili> to ! ,jewi% _w ( ,ezekiel's "t1 al?\gh to u its orig9 is altoge!r obscure4 ,! mo/ plausible sugge/ion1 on ! :ole1 is p]haps t :i* id5tifies x ) ! "n ( ! ,lydian mon>* ,gyges1 :i* appe>s on ! ,assyrian monum5ts 9 ! =m ,gugu1 correspond+ z closely z is possible to ! ,hebrew ,gog47#ahi7 ,b 9 ! m9d ( ,ezekiel ,gog is h>dly an hi/orical figure4 ,he is b ! imp]sonation ( ! dread$ p[] ( ! nor!rn b>b>ians1 already recognis$ z a s]i\s dang] to ! peace ( ! _w4 ,8 designation z pr9ce ( ,ro%1 ,me%e*1 & ,tubal po9ts to ! region ea/ ( ! ,black ,sea z ! seat ( 8 p[]47#aij7 ,he is ! capta9 ( a va/ multitude ( horsem51 gorge\sly array$1 & arm$ ) %ield1 helmet1 & sword4 ,b al?\gh ,gog himself belongs to ! 8utt]mo/ nor?10 he ga!rs "u 8 bann] all ! mo/ di/ant nations bo? ( ! nor? & ! s\?4 ,n only nor!rn peoples l ! ,cimm]ians & ,arm5ians17#aia7 b ,p]sians & ,africans17#aib7 all ( !m ) %ield & helmet1 swell ! ranks ( 8 motley army4 ,! "n ( ,gog is ?us on ! way to become a symbol ( ! implacable enmity ( ?is _w to ! k+dom ( ,god2 z 9 ! book ( ! ,revelation x appe>s z ! designation ( ! ungodly _wp[] :i* p]i%es 9 conflict ) ! sa9ts ( ,god 7,rev4 xx4 #g ff474 ,gog !re=e is summon$ to hold himself 9 read9ess1 z ,jehovah's res]ve17#aic7 aga9/ ! la/ days1 :5 ! purpose = :i* he has be5 rais$ up w be made manife/4 ,aft] _m days he %all receive 8 m>*+ ord]s2 ,jehovah ,himself w lead =? 8 squadrons & ! innum]able ho/s ( nations t foll[ 9 8 tra917#aid7 & br+ !m up aga9/ ! m\nta9s ( ,israel1 n[ reclaim$ f desolation1 & aga9/ a nation ga!r$ f among _m peoples1 dwell+ 9 peace & security4 ,! advance ( ^! de/ructive hordes is lik5$ to a tempe/1 & _! innum]able multitude is pictur$ z a cl\d cov]+ all ! l& 7v]4 #i74 ii4 ,vv4 #ajaf4--;,b l ! ,assyrian 9 ! "t ( ,isaiah1 ,gog 8meane? n s02 he is n aw>e t he is ,jehovah's in/rum5t1 8 purpose be+ to 8de/roy & cut (f nations n a few407#aie7 ,h5ce ! prophet proce$s to a new description ( ! ent]prise ( ,gog1 lay+ /ress on ! 8evil ?\ght0 t w arise 9 8 he>t & lure him to 8 doom4 ,:at urges him on is ! lu/ ( plund]4 ,! report ( ! p ( ,israel z a p t has amass$ weal? & sub/ance1 & is at ! same "t def5celess1 dwell+ 9 a l& )\t walls or bolts or gates1 w h rea*$ him4 ,^! two v]ses 7#aa1 #ab7 are int]e/+ z giv+ a picture ( ,ezekiel's conception ( ! f9al /ate ( ! p ( ,god4 ,!y dwell 9 ! 8navel ( ! _w02 !y are ri* & prosp]\s1 s t ! fame ( !m has gone =? ?r\gh all l&s2 !y are de/itute ( milit>y res\rces1 yet are unmole/$ 9 ! enjoym5t ( _! fav\r$ lot because ( ! moral effect ( ,jehovah's "n on all nations t "k _! hi/ory4 ,to ,gog1 h[ev]1 :o kn[s no?+ ( ,jehovah1 !y w seem an easy conque/1 & he w come up confid5t ( victory to seize spoil & take booty & lay 8 h& on wa/e places re9habit$ & a p ga!r$ out ( ! hea!n4 ,! news ( ! great exp$ition & ! c]ta9ty ( its success w r\se ! cupidity ( ! trad+ communities f all ! ends ( ! e>?1 & !y w atta* !mselves z campfoll[]s to ! army ( ,gog4 ,9 hi/oric times ?is rle w\ld naturally h fall5 to ! ,phnicians1 :o _h a ke5 eye = bus9ess ( ?is description47#aif7 ,b ,ezekiel is ?9k+ ( a "t :5 ,tyre %all be no m2 & its place is tak5 by ! m]cantile tribes ( ,arabia & ! anci5t ,phnician colony ( ,t>%i%4 ,! :ole _w w !n res\nd ) ! fame ( ,gog's exp$ition1 & ! mo/ di/ant nations w await its issue ) eag] expectation4 ,?is !n is ! mean+ ( ,gog's de/9y4 ,9 ! "t :5 ,israel dwells peacefully he w be re/less & eag] = spoil27#aig7 8 multitudes w be set 9 motion1 & ?r[ !mselves on ! l&1 cov]+ x l a cl\d4 ,b ?is is ,jehovah's do+1 & ! purpose ( x is t ! nations may "k ,him & t ,he may be sanctifi$ 9 ,gog be=e _! eyes4 iii4 ,vv4 #agbc4--,^! v]ses are 9 ! ma9 a description ( ! annihilation ( ,gog's ho/ by ! fi]ce wra? ( ,jehovah2 b ?is is introduc$ by a ref]5ce to unfulfill$ prophecies :i* are to receive _! accompli%m5t 9 ?is great cata/rophe4 ,x is difficult to say :at p>ticul> prophecies are meant4 ,^? :i* mo/ readily sugge/ !mselves are p]haps ! f\r? *apt] ( ,joel & ! twelf? & f\rte5? ( ,ze*>iah2 b ^! probably belong to a lat] date ?an ,ezekiel4 ,! prophecies ( ,zephaniah & ,j]emiah1 call$ =? by ! ,scy?ian invasion17#aih7 h also be5 ?\ght (1 al?\gh ! po9t ( view !re is diff]5t f t ( ,ezekiel4 ,9 ,j]emiah & ,zephaniah ! ,scy?ians are ! sc\rge ( ,god1 appo9t$ = ! *a/isem5t ( ! s9ful nation2 :]eas ,gog is br\ght up aga9/ a holy p1 & = ! express purpose ( hav+ judgm5t execut$ on himself4 ,on ! supposition t ,ezekiel's vision 0 col\r$ by 8 recollection ( ! ,scy?ians1 ?is view has no d\bt ! greate/ likelihood4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ! allusion is n to any p>ticul> gr\p ( prophecies1 b to a g5]al idea :i* p]vades prophecy--! expectation ( a great conflict 9 :i* ! p[] ( ! _w %all be array$ aga9/ ,jehovah & ,israel1 & ! issue ( :i* %all exhibit ! sole sov]eignty ( ! true ,god to all mank9d47#aii7 ,x is ( c\rse unnecess>y to suppose t any prophet _h m5tion$ ,gog by "n 9 a pr$iction ( ! future4 ,all t is meant is t ,gog is ! p]son 9 :om ! sub/ance ( previ\s oracles is to be accompli%$4 ,! "q ( v]4 #ag leads ?us to ! ann\ncem5t ( ! outp\r+ ( ,jehovah's indignation on ! violators ( ,8 t]ritory4 ,z soon z ,gog sets foot on ! soil ( ,israel1 ,jehovah's wra? is k9dl$ aga9/ him4 ,a mighty e>?quake %all %att] ! m\nta9s & level e wall to ! gr\nd & /rike t]ror into ! he>ts ( all creatures4 ,! ho/ ( ,gog %all be panic/rick517#bjj7 ea* man turn+ 8 sword aga9/ 8 fell[2 :ile ,jehovah completes ! slaught] by pe/il5ce & blood1 ra9 & hail/ones1 fire & brim/one4 ,! deliv]ance ( ,israel is effect$ )\t ! help ( any human arm2 x is ! do+ ( ,jehovah1 :o ?us magnifies & sanctifies ,himself & makes ,himself kn[n be=e ! eyes ( _m peoples1 s t !y may "k ,him to be ,jehovah4 iv4 ,*4 xxxix4 #ah4--;,comm5c+ afre% ) a new apo/rophe to ,gog1 ,ezekiel "h recapitulates ! sub/ance ( ! previ\s *apt]--! br++ up ( ,gog f ! f>!/ nor?1 8 de/ruction on ! m\nta9s ( ,israel1 & ! effect ( ?is on ! surr\nd+ nations4 ,m5tion is expressly made ( ! b[ & arr[s :i* 7 ! di/9ctive weapons ( ! ,scy?ian horsem547#bja7 ,^! are /ruck f ! grasp ( ,gog1 & ! mighty ho/ falls on ! op5 field to be dev\r$ by wild bea/s & by rav5\s birds ( e fea!r4 ,b ! judgm5t is univ]sal 9 its ext5t2 x rea*es to ,magog1 ! di/ant abode ( ,gog1 & all ! remote l&s :5ce 8 auxili>ies 7 drawn4 ,?is is ! day :]e( ,jehovah has spok5 by ,8 s]vants ! prophets ( ,israel1 ! day :i* f9ally manife/s ,8 glory to all ! ends ( ! e>?4 v4 ,vv4 #iaf4--;,"h ! prophet falls into a m prosaic /ra91 z he proce$s to describe ) *>act]i/ic fulness ( detail ! sequel ( ! great invasion4 ,z ! ,engli% /ory ( ! ,inv9cible ,armada w\ld be incomplete )\t a ref]5ce to ! treasures ca/ a%ore f ! wreck$ galleons on ! ,orkneys & ! ,hebrides1 s ! fate ( ,gog's ill/>r$ ent]prise is vividly set =? by ! m9ute description ( ! traces x left beh9d 9 ! peaceful life ( ,israel4 ,! irony ( ! situation is unmi/akable1 & p]haps a t\* ( consci\s exagg]ation is p]missible 9 su* a picture4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! weapons ( ! sla9 w>riors furni% wood en\gh to s]ve = fuel to ! ,israelites = ! space ( sev5 ye>s4 ,!n foll[s a picture ( ! process ( cleans+ ! l& f ! corpses ( ! fall5 enemy4 ,a bury+place is assign$ to !m 9 ! valley ( ,ab>im7#bjb7 on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,dead ,sea1 outside ( ! sacr$ t]ritory4 ,! :ole p ( ,israel w be engag$ = sev5 mon?s 9 ! op]ation ( bury+ !m2 aft] ?is ! m\? ( ! valley w be seal$17#bjc7 & x w be kn[n ev] aft]w>ds z ! ,valley ( ! ,ho/ ( ,gog4 ,b ev5 aft] ! sev5 mon?s h expir$ ! scrupul\s c>e ( ! p = ! purity ( _! l& w be %[n by ! precautions !y take aga9/ its cont9u$ defilem5t by any fragm5t ( a skeleton t may h be5 ov]look$4 ,!y w appo9t p]man5t (ficials1 ^: bus9ess w be to se>* = & remove relics ( ! dead bodies1 t ! l& may be re/or$ to its purity4 ,:5ev] any pass]by lights on a bone he w set up a m>k beside x to attract ! att5tion ( ! buri]s4 8,?us 9 c\rse ( "t !y %all cleanse ! l&40 vi4 ,vv4 #agbd4--,! ov]:elm+ magnitude ( ! cata/rophe is once m set =? "u ! image ( a sacrificial fea/1 to :i* ,jehovah summons all ! birds ( ! air & e bea/ ( ! field 7vv4 #agbj74 ,! fea/ is repres5t$ z a sacrifice n 9 any religi\s s5se1 b simply 9 accordance ) anci5t usage1 9 :i* ! slaught]+ ( animals 0 inv>iably a sacrificial act4 ,! only idea express$ by ! figure is t ,jehovah has decre$ ?is slaught] ( ,gog & 8 ho/1 & t x w be s great t all rav5\s bea/s & birds w eat fle% to ! full & dr9k ! blood ( pr9ces ( ! e>? to intoxication4 ,b we turn ) relief f ^! images ( c>nage & dea? to ! moral purpose :i* !y conceal 7vv4 #babd74 ,?is is /at$ m di/9ctly "h ?an 9 e>li] passages ( ?is prophecy4 ,x w tea* ,israel t ,jehovah is inde$ _! ,god2 ! l+]+ s5se ( insecurity caus$ by ! remembrance ( _! =m] rejection w be f9ally tak5 away by ?is signal deliv]ance4 ,& ?r\gh ,israel x w tea* a lesson to ! hea!n4 ,!y w le>n some?+ ( ! pr9ciples on :i* ,jehovah has dealt ) ,8 p :5 !y contra/ ?is great salvation ) ,8 =m] des]tion ( !m4 ,x w !n fully appe> t x 0 = _! s9s t !y w5t into captivity2 & s ! k ( ,god's hol9ess & ,8 displeasure aga9/ s9 w be ext5d$ to ! nations ( ! _w4 vii4 ,vv4 #bebi4--,! clos+ v]ses d n /rictly belong to ! oracle on ,gog4 ,! prophet returns to ! /&po9t ( ! pres5t1 & pr$icts once m ! re/oration ( ,israel1 :i* has h]et(ore be5 assum$ z an accompli%$ fact4 ,! connection ) :at prec$es is1 h[ev]1 v close4 ,! div9e attributes1 ^: f9al manife/ation to ! _w is res]v$ = ! f>(f day ( ,gog's defeat1 are already ab\t to be reveal$ to ,israel4 ,jehovah's compassion = ,8 p & ,8 jeal\sy = ,8 own "n w spe$ily be %[n 9 8turn+ ! =tunes0 ( ,israel1 br++ !m back f ! peoples1 & ga!r+ !m f ! l& ( _! enemies4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is ^u ! nation itself are describ$ 9 m graci\s t]ms ?an 9 any o!r passage4 ,!y %all =get _! %ame & all _! trespasses :5 !y dwell securely 9 _! own l&1 none mak+ !m afraid47#bjd7 ,! sav+ k ( ,jehovah z _! ,god1 :o l$ !m into captivity & br\ght !m back aga91 w z f> z ,israel is conc]n$ be complete2 & ! graci\s relation ?us e/abli%$ %all no m be int]rupt$1 because ( ! div9e ,_s :i* has be5 p\r$ out on ! h\se ( ,israel4 ,,ii ,x w be se5 f ?is summ>y ( ! cont5ts ( ! prophecy t1 :ile x pres5ts _m features peculi> to itself1 x also conta9s mu* 9 common ) ! g5]al drift ( ! prophet's ?9k+4 ,we mu/ n[ try to =m an e/imate ( its significance z an episode 9 ! great drama ( ,provid5ce :i* unfold$ itself be=e 8 inspir$ imag9ation4 ,! ideas peculi> to ! passage are = ! mo/ "p su* z might h be5 sugge/$ to ! m9d ( ,ezekiel by ! remembrance ( ! great ,scy?ian invasion 9 ! reign ( ,josiah4 ,al?\gh x is n likely t he _h himself liv$ ?r\gh t "t ( t]ror1 he mu/ h gr[n up :il/ x 0 /ill fre% 9 ! public recollection1 & ! rum\r ( x _h app>5tly left ^u him impressions nev] aft]w>ds effac$4 ,sev]al circum/ances1 none ( !m p]haps decisive by itself1 conspire to %[ t at lea/ 9 its imag]y ! oracle on ,gog is bas$ on ! conception ( an irruption ( ,scy?ian b>b>ians4 ,! "n ( ,gog may be too obscure to s]ve z an indication2 b 8 location 9 ! extreme nor?1 ! description ( 8 army z compos$ ma9ly ( cavalry arm$ ) b[ & arr[s1 _! innum]able multitude1 & ! love ( pillage & de/ruction by :i* !y are animat$1 all po9t to ! ,scy?ians z ! orig9als f :om ! picture ( ,gog's ho/ is drawn4 ,besides ! light :i* x ca/s on ! g5esis ( ! prophecy1 ?is fact has a c]ta9 biographical int]e/ = ! read] ( ,ezekiel4 ,t ! prophet's fur!/ vi/a into ! future %\ld be a reflection ( 8 e>lie/ memory rem9ds u ( a common human exp]i5ce4 8,! ?\ghts ( y\? are long1 long ?\ghts10 rea*+ f> into manhood & old age2 & ! m9d z x turns back ^u !m may (t5 discov] 9 !m t :i* c>ries x fur!/ 9 read+ ! div9e my/]ies ( life & de/9y4 ,?us :ile ! ,sun s9ks d[n to re/ ,f> 9 ! regions ( ! we/1 ,?\gh to ! vale no p>t+ beam ,be giv51 n "o memorial gleam1 ,a l+]+ light he fondly ?r[s ,on ! de> hills :]e fir/ he rose4 ,= x is n m]ely ! imag]y ( ! prophecy t reveals ! influ5ce ( ^! e>ly associations2 ! ?\ghts :i* x embodies are !mselves p>tly ! result ( ! prophet's m$itation on que/ions sugge/$ by ! invasion4 ,8 y\?ful impressions ( ! desc5t ( ! nor!rn hordes 7 aft]w>ds illum9at$1 z we see f 8 own words1 by ! /udy ( contempor>y prophecies ( ,j]emiah & ,zephaniah call$ =? by ! ev5t4 ,f ^! & o!r pr$ictions he le>n$ t ,jehovah _h a purpose ) reg>d to ! remote/ nations ( ! e>? :i* yet await$ its accompli%m5t4 ,t purpose1 9 accordance ) 8 g5]al conception ( ! ends ( ! div9e gov]nm5t1 c\ld be no?+ else ?an ! manife/ation ( ,jehovah's glory be=e ! eyes ( ! _w4 ,t ?is involv$ an act ( judgm5t 0 only too c]ta9 f ! univ]sal ho/ility ( ! hea!n to ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,h5ce ! prophet's reflections w\ld lead directly to ! expectation ( a f9al onslaught ( ! p[]s ( ?is _w on ! p ( ,israel1 :i* w\ld give occasion = a display ( ,jehovah's might on a gr&] scale ?an _h yet be5 se54 ,& ?is pres5tim5t ( an imp5d+ conflict betwe5 ,jehovah & ! pagan _w head$ by ! ,scy?ian b>b>ians =ms ! k]nel ( ! oracle aga9/ ,gog4 ,b we mu/ fur!r obs]ve t ?is idea1 f ,ezekiel's po9t ( view1 necess>ily presupposes ! re/oration ( ,israel to its own l&4 ,! peoples assembl$ "u ! /&>d ( ,gog are ^? :i* h nev] z yet come 9 contact ) ! true ,god1 & consequ5tly h _h no opportunity ( manife/+ _! disposition t[>ds ,him4 ,!y h n s9n$ z ,edom & ,tyre1 z ,egypt & ,assyria h s9n$1 by injuries done to ,jehovah ?r\gh ,8 p4 ,ev5 ! ,scy?ians !mselves1 al?\gh !y _h approa*$ ! conf9es ( ! sacr$ t]ritory1 d n seem to h invad$ x4 ,nor c\ld ! opportunity pres5t itself s long z ,israel 0 9 ,exile4 ,:ile ,jehovah 0 )\t an e>?ly sanctu>y or a visible emblem ( ,8 gov]nm5t1 !re 0 no possibility ( su* an infr+em5t ( ,8 hol9ess on ! "p ( ! hea!n z w\ld arre/ ! att5tion ( ! _w4 ,! judgm5t ( ,gog1 !re=e1 c\ld n be conceiv$ z a prelim9>y to ! re/oration ( ,israel1 l t on ,egypt & ! nations imm$iately surr\nd+ ,pale/9e4 ,x c\ld only take place "u a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* ,israel 0 once m 8hol9ess to ! ,"l1 & ! fir/fruits ( ,8 increase10 s t 8all t dev\r$ him 7 c\nt$ guilty0 7,j]4 ii4 #c74 ,?is enables u p>tly to und]/& :at appe>s to u ! mo/ s+ul> feature ( ! prophecy1 ! projection ( ! f9al manife/ation ( ,jehovah into ! remote future1 :5 ,israel is already 9 possession ( all ! bless+s ( ! ,messianic disp5sation4 ,x is a consequ5ce ( ! ext5sion ( ! prophetic horizon1 s z to embrace ! di/ant peoples t _h hi!rto be5 beyond ! pale ( civilisation4 ,!re are o!r aspects ( ,ezekiel's tea*+ on :i* light is ?r[n by ?is anticipation ( a _wjudgm5t z ! f9al sc5e ( hi/ory4 ,! prophet 0 evid5tly consci\s ( a c]ta9 inconclusiv5ess & want ( f9ality 9 ! prospect ( ! re/oration z a ju/ification ( ! ways ( ,god to m54 ,al?\gh all ! =ces ( ! _w's salvation 7 wrapp$ up 9 x1 its effects 7 /ill limit$ & measurable1 bo? z to _! range ( influ5ce & _! inh]5t significance4 ,n only did x fail to impress ! m di/ant nations1 b its own lessons 7 incompletely taught4 ,he felt t x _h n be5 made cle> to ! dull p]ceptions ( ! hea!n :y ! ,god ( ,israel _h ev] suff]$ ,8 l& to be desecrat$ & ,8 p to be l$ into captivity4 ,ev5 ,israel itself w n fully "k all t is meant by hav+ ,jehovah = its ,god until ! hi/ory ( revelation is f9i%$4 ,only 9 ! summ+ up ( ! ages1 & 9 ! light ( ! la/ judgm5t1 w m5 truly realise all t is impli$ 9 ! t]ms ,god & s9 & r$emption4 ,! end is ne$$ to int]pret ! process2 & all religi\s conceptions await _! fulfilm5t 9 ! light ( et]nity :i* is yet to break on ! issues ( human hi/ory4 ,,"p ,v4 ,,! ,,ideal ,,!ocracy4 ,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,! ,import ,( ,! ,vision4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! la/ & 9 e way ! mo/ important section ( ! book ( ,ezekiel4 ,! n9e conclud+ *apt]s record :at 0 evid5tly ! cr[n+ exp]i5ce ( ! prophet's life4 ,8 m9i/ry began ) a vision ( ,god2 x culm9ates 9 a vision ( ! p ( ,god1 or r ( ,god 9 ! mid/ ( ,8 p1 reconcil$ to !m1 rul+ ov] !m1 & imp>t+ ! bless+s & glories ( ! f9al disp5sation4 ,into t vision are ?r[n ! ideals :i* _h be5 gradually matur$ ?r\gh tw5ty ye>s ( /r5u\s action & int5se m$itation4 ,we h trac$ "s ( ! /eps by :i* ! prophet 0 l$ t[>ds ?is consummation ( 8 "w4 ,we h se5 h[1 "u ! idea ( ,god :i* _h be5 reveal$ to him1 he 0 con/ra9$ to ann\nce ! de/ruction ( t :i* call$ itself ! p ( ,jehovah1 b 0 9 reality ! means ( obscur+ ,8 "* & pr(an+ ,8 hol9ess 7*s4 iv4xxiv474 ,we h se5 fur!r h[ ! same fundam5tal conception l$ him on 9 8 prophecies aga9/ =eign nations to pr$ict a great cle>+ ( ! /age ( hi/ory = ! manife/ation ( ,jehovah 7*s4 xxv4xxxii474 ,& we h se5 f ! prec$+ section :at are ! processes by :i* ! div9e ,_s brea!s new life into a dead nation & creates out ( its scatt]$ memb]s a p wor?y ( ! ,god :om ! prophet has se54 ,b !re is /ill some?+ m to accompli% be=e 8 task is f9i%$4 ,all ?r\gh1 ,ezekiel holds fa/ ! tru? t ,jehovah & ,israel are necess>ily relat$ to ea* o!r1 & t ,israel is to be ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* alone ! nature ( ,jehovah c be fully disclos$ to mank9d4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 to sket* ! outl9e ( a p]fect !ocracy--9 o!r words1 to describe ! p]man5t =ms & in/itutions :i* %all express ! ideal relation betwe5 ,god & m54 ,to ?is task ! prophet addresses himself 9 ! *apt]s n[ be=e u4 ,t great ,new ,ye>'s ,vision may be reg>d$ z ! ripe fruit ( all ,god's tra9+ ( ,8 prophet1 z x is also ! "p ( ,ezekiel's "w :i* mo/ directly influ5c$ ! subsequ5t developm5t ( religion 9 ,israel4 ,x _c be d\bt$1 !n1 t ^! *apt]s are an integral "p ( ! book1 consid]$ z a record ( ,ezekiel's "w4 ,b x is c]ta9ly a significant circum/ance t !y are sep>at$ f ! body ( ! prophecies by an int]val ( ?irte5 ye>s4 ,= ! great] "p ( t "t ,ezekiel's lit]>y activity 0 susp5d$4 ,x is probable1 at all ev5ts1 t ! fir/ ?irtyn9e *apt]s _h be5 committ$ to writ+ soon aft] ! late/ date !y m5tion1 & t ! oracle on ,gog1 :i* m>ks ! extreme limit ( ,ezekiel's prophetic vision1 0 really ! conclusion ( an e>li] =m ( ! book4 ,& we may be c]ta9 t1 s9ce ! ev5tful p]iod t foll[$ ! arrival ( ! fugitive f ,j]usalem1 no new div9e communication _h visit$ ! prophet's m9d4 ,b at la/1 9 ! tw5tyfif? ye> ( ! captivity1 & on ! fir/ day ( a new ye>17#bje7 he falls into a trance m prolong$ ?an any he _h yet pass$ ?r\gh1 & he em]g$ f x ) a new message = 8 p4 ,9 :at direction 7 ! prophet's ?\ghts mov+ z ,israel pass$ into ! midnight ( h] exile8 ,t !y h mov$ 9 ! int]val--t 8 /&po9t is no long] q id5tical ) t repres5t$ 9 8 e>li] prophecies--seems to be %[n by "o slight modification ( 8 previ\s conceptions1 :i* has be5 already m5tion$47#bjf7 ,i ref] to ! position ( ! pr9ce 9 ! !ocratic /ate4 ,we f9d t ! k+ is /ill ! civil head ( ! commonweal?1 b t 8 position is h>dly reconcilable ) ! exalt$ functions assign$ to ! ,messianic k+ 9 *4 xxxiv4 ,! inf]5ce seems irresi/ible t ,ezekiel's po9t ( view has some:at *ang$1 s t ! objects 9 8 picture pres5t !mselves 9 a diff]5t p]spective4 ,x is true t ?is *ange 0 effect$ by a vision1 & x may be said t t fact =bids our reg>d+ x z indicat+ a progress 9 ,ezekiel's ?\ghts4 ,b ! vision ( a prophet is nev] out ( relation to 8 previ\s ?9k+4 ,! prophet is always prep>$ = 8 vision2 x comes to him z ! answ] to que/ions1 z ! solution ( difficulties1 ^: =ce he has felt1 & ap>t f :i* x w\ld convey no revelation ( ,god to 8 m9d4 ,x m>ks ! po9t at :i* reflection gives place to inspiration1 :]e ! incommunicable c]ta9ty ( ! div9e ^w lifts ! s\l into ! region ( spiritual & et]nal tru?4 ,& h5ce x may help u1 f our human po9t ( view1 to und]/& ! true import ( ?is vision1 if f ! answ] we try to discov] ! que/ions :i* 7 ( press+ int]e/ to ,ezekiel 9 ! lat] "p ( 8 c>e]4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 we may say t ! problem t occupi$ ! m9d ( ,ezekiel at ?is "t 0 ! problem ( a religi\s con/itution4 ,h[ to secure = religion its true place 9 public life1 h[ to embody x 9 in/itutions :i* %all cons]ve its ess5tial ideas & transmit !m f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 h[ a p may be/ express its national responsibility to ,god--^! & _m k9dr$ que/ions are real & vital today among/ ! nations ( ,*ri/5dom1 & !y 7 f> m vital 9 ! age ( ,ezekiel4 ,! conception ( religion z an inw>d spiritual p[]1 m\ld+ ! life ( ! nation & ( ea* individual memb]1 0 at lea/ z /rong 9 him z 9 any o!r prophet2 & x _h be5 adequately express$ 9 ! section ( 8 book deal+ ) ! =mation ( ! new ,israel4 ,b he saw t ?is 0 n = t "t suffici5t4 ,! mass ( ! community 7 dep5d5t on ! educative influ5ce ( ! in/itutions "u :i* !y liv$1 & !re 0 no way ( impress+ on a :ole p ! "* ( ,jehovah except ?r\gh a sy/em ( laws & obs]vances :i* %\ld con/antly exhibit x to _! m9ds4 ,! "t 0 n yet come :5 religion c\ld be tru/$ to "w z a hidd5 leav51 trans=m+ life f )9 & br++ 9 ! k+dom ( ,god sil5tly by ! op]ation ( spiritual =ces4 ,?us1 :ile ! la/ section insi/s on ! moral *ange t mu/ pass ov] ,israel1 & ! ne$ ( a direct influ5ce f ,god on ! he>t ( ! p1 t :i* n[ lies be=e u is devot$ to ! religi\s & political arrangem5ts by :i* ! sanctity ( ! nation mu/ be pres]v$4 ,/>t+ f ?is g5]al notion ( :at ! prophet s\ght1 we c see1 9 ! next place1 t 8 att5tion mu/ be ma9ly conc5trat$ on matt]s belong+ to public wor%ip & ritual4 ,wor%ip is ! direct expression 9 ^w & act ( man's attitude to ,god1 & no public religion c ma9ta9 a high] level ( spirituality ?an ! symbolism :i* gives x a place 9 ! life ( ! p4 ,t fact _h be5 abundantly illu/rat$ by ! exp]i5ce ( c5turies be=e ! ,exile4 ,! popul> wor%ip _h always be5 a /ronghold ( false religion 9 ,israel4 ,! high places 7 ! nurs]ies ( all ! corruptions aga9/ :i* ! prophets _h to cont5d1 n simply because ( ! immoral elem5ts t m+l$ ) _! wor%ip1 b because ! wor%ip itself 0 regulat$ by conceptions ( ! deity :i* 7 oppos$ to ! religion ( revelation4 ,n[ ! idea ( us+ ritual z a vehicle ( ! highe/ spiritual tru? is c]ta9ly n peculi> to ,ezekiel's vision4 ,b x is !re c>ri$ ?r\gh ) a ?or\ghness :i* has no p>allel else:]e except 9 ! prie/ly legislation ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,& ?is be>s witness to a cle> p]ception on ! "p ( ! prophet ( ! value ( t :ole side ( ?+s = ! future developm5t ( religion 9 ,israel4 ,no "o 0 m deeply impress$ ) ! evils t _h fl[$ f a corrupt ritual 9 ! pa/1 & he conceives ! f9al =m ( ! k+dom ( ,god to be "o 9 :i* ! bless+s ( salvation are safegu>d$ by a c>efully regulat$ sy/em ( religi\s ord9ances4 ,x w become manife/ z we proce$ t he reg>ds ! ,temple ritual z ! v c5tre ( !ocratic life1 & ! highe/ function ( ! community ( ! true religion4 ,b ,ezekiel 0 prep>$ = ! reception ( ?is vision1 n only by ! practical re=m+ b5t ( 8 m9d1 b also by a comb9ation 9 8 own exp]i5ce ( ! two elem5ts :i* mu/ always ent] into a conception ( ?is nature4 ,if we may employ philosophical language to express a v obvi\s di/9ction1 we h to recognise 9 ! vision a mat]ial & a =mal elem5t4 ,! matt] ( ! vision is d]iv$ f ! anci5t religi\s & political con/itution ( ! ,hebrew /ate4 ,all true & la/+ re=mations are cons]vative at he>t2 _! object nev] is to make a clean sweep ( ! pa/1 b s to modify :at is traditional z to adapt x to ! ne$s ( a new era4 ,n[ ,ezekiel 0 a prie/1 & possess$ all a prie/'s rev]5ce = antiquity1 z well z a prie/'s pr(essional k ( c]emonial & ( consuetud9>y law4 ,no man c\ld h be5 bett] fitt$ ?an he to secure ! cont9uity ( ,israel's religi\s life along ! p>ticul> l9e on :i* x 0 de/9$ to move4 ,accord+ly we f9d t ! new !ocracy is modell$ f beg9n+ to end aft] ! patt]n ( ! anci5t in/itutions :i* _h be5 de/roy$ by ! ,exile4 ,if we ask1 = example1 :at is ! mean+ ( "s detail ( ! ,temple build+1 su* z ! cells surr\nd+ ! ma9 sanctu>y1 ! obvi\s & suffici5t answ] is t ^! ?+s exi/$ 9 ,solomon's ,temple1 & !re 0 no reason = alt]+ !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5ev] we f9d ! vision dep>t+ f :at _h be5 traditionally e/abli%$1 we may be sure t !re is a reason = x1 & 9 mo/ cases we c see :at t reason 04 ,9 su* dep>tures we recognise ! work+ ( :at we h call$ ! =mal elem5t ( ! vision1 ! m\ld+ influ5ce ( ! ideas :i* ! sy/em 0 int5d$ to express4 ,:at ^! ideas 7 we %all consid] 9 subsequ5t *apt]s2 "h x is en\gh to say t !y 7 ! fundam5tal ideas :i* _h be5 communicat$ to ,ezekiel 9 ! c\rse ( 8 prophetic "w1 & :i* h f\nd expression 9 v>i\s =ms 9 o!r p>ts ( 8 writ+s4 ,t !y are n peculi> to ,ezekiel1 b are %>$ by o!r prophets1 is true1 j z x is true on ! o!r h& t ! prie/ly conceptions :i* occupy s l>ge a place 9 8 m9d 7 an inh]itance f ! :ole pa/ hi/ory ( ! nation4 ,nor 0 ?is ! fir/ "t :5 an alliance betwe5 ! c]emonialism ( ! prie/hood & ! m e?ical & spiritual tea*+ ( prophecy _h prov$ ( ! utmo/ advantage to ! religi\s life ( ,israel47#bjg7 ,! unique importance ( ,ezekiel's vision lies 9 ! fact t ! great developm5t ( prophecy 0 n[ almo/ complete1 & t ! "t 0 come = its results to be embodi$ 9 in/itutions :i* 7 9 ! ma9 ( a prie/ly "*4 ,& x 0 fitt+ t ?is new era ( religion %\ld be inaugurat$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( "o :o comb9$ 9 8 own p]son ! cons]vative in/9cts ( ! prie/ ) ! orig9ality & ! spiritual intuition ( ! prophet4 ,x is n sugge/$ = a mom5t t ^! consid]ations acc\nt = ! inception ( ! vision 9 ! prophet's m9d4 ,we are n to reg>d x z m]ely ! brilliant device ( an +5i\s man1 :o 0 exceptionally qualifi$ to read ! signs ( ! times1 & to discov] a solution = a press+ religi\s problem4 ,9 ord] t x might accompli% ! end 9 view1 x 0 absolutely necess>y t x %\ld be inve/$ ) a sup]natural sanction & be> ! /amp ( div9e au?ority4 ,ezekiel himself 0 well aw>e ( ?is1 & w\ld nev] h v5tur$ to publi% 8 vision if he _h ?\ght x all out = himself4 ,he _h to wait = ! "t :5 8! h& ( ! ,"l 0 ^u him10 & he saw 9 vision ! new ,temple & ! riv] ( life proce$+ f x1 & ! r5ovat$ l&1 & ! glory ( ,god tak+ up its ev]la/+ abode 9 ! mid/ ( ,8 p4 ,until t mom5t arriv$ he 0 )\t a message z to ! =m :i* ! life ( ! re/or$ ,israel mu/ assume4 ,nev]!less ! psy*ological conditions ( ! vision 7 conta9$ 9 ^? p>ts ( ! prophet's exp]i5ce :i* h j be5 indicat$4 ,processes ( ?\ght :i* _h long occupi$ 8 m9d sudd5ly cry/allis$ at ! t\* ( ! div9e h&1 & ! result 0 ! m>vell\s conception ( a !ocratic /ate :i* 0 ,ezekiel's greate/ legacy to ! fai? & hopes ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,t ?is vision ( ,ezekiel's pr(\ndly influ5c$ ! developm5t ( po/exilic ,judaism may be inf]r$ f ! fact t all ! be/ t5d5cies ( ! re/oration p]iod 7 t[>ds ! realisation ( ! ideals :i* ! vision sets =? ) surpass+ cle>ness4 ,x is impossible1 inde$1 to say precisely h[ f> ,ezekiel's influ5ce ext5d$1 or h[ f> ! return+ exiles consci\sly aim$ at c>ry+ out ! ideas conta9$ 9 8 sket* ( a !ocratic con/itution4 ,t !y did s to "s ext5t is inf]r$ f a consid]ation ( "s ( ! arrangem5ts e/abli%$ 9 ,j]usalem soon aft] ! return f ,babylon47#bjh7 ,b x is c]ta9 t f ! nature ( ! case ! actual in/itutions ( ! re/or$ community mu/ h diff]$ v widely 9 _m po9ts f ^? describ$ 9 ! la/ n9e *apt]s ( ,ezekiel4 ,:5 we look m closely at ! composition ( ?is vision1 we see t x conta9s features :i* nei!r !n nor at any subsequ5t "t h be5 hi/orically fulfill$4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ?+ ab\t x is t x unites 9 "o picture two *>act]i/ics :i* seem at fir/ sight difficult to comb9e4 ,on ! "o h& x be>s ! aspect ( a rigid legislative sy/em int5d$ to regulate human conduct 9 all matt]s ( vital mom5t to ! religi\s /&+ ( ! community2 on ! o!r h& x assumes a miracul\s trans=mation ( ! physical aspect ( ! c\ntry1 a re/oration ( all ! twelve tribes ( ,israel "u a native k+1 & a return ( ,jehovah 9 visible glory to dwell 9 ! mid/ ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel = ev]4 ,n[ ^! sup]natural conditions ( ! p]fect !ocracy c\ld n be realis$ by any ef=t on ! "p ( ! p1 & z a matt] ( fact 7 nev] lit]ally fulfill$ at all4 ,x mu/ h be5 pla9 to ! lead]s ( ! ,return t = ?is reason alone ! details ( ,ezekiel's legislation 7 n b9d+ = !m 9 ! actual circum/ances 9 :i* !y 7 plac$4 ,ev5 9 matt]s cle>ly )9 ! prov9ce ( human adm9i/ration we "k t !y consid]$ !mselves free to modify 8 regulations 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! situation 9 :i* !y f\nd !mselves4 ,x does n foll[ f ?is1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 ignorant ( ! book ( ,ezekiel1 or t x gave !m no help 9 ! difficult task to :i* !y address$ !mselves4 ,x furni%$ !m ) an ideal ( national hol9ess1 & ! g5]al outl9e ( a con/itution 9 :i* t ideal %\ld be embodi$2 & ?is outl9e !y seem to h /riv5 to fill up 9 ! way be/ adapt$ to ! /rait5$ & disc\rag+ circum/ances ( ! "t4 ,b ?is ?r[s u back on "s que/ions ( fundam5tal importance = ! "r und]/&+ ( ,ezekiel's vision4 ,tak+ ! vision z a :ole1 we h to ask :e!r a fulfilm5t ( ! k9d j indicat$ 0 ! fulfilm5t t ! prophet himself anticipat$4 ,did he lay /ress on ! legislative or ! sup]natural aspect ( ! vision--on man's ag5cy or on ,god's8 ,9 o!r words1 does he issue x z a programme to be c>ri$ out by ! p z soon z ! opportunity is pres5t$ by _! return to ! l& ( ,canaan8 or does he mean t ,jehovah ,himself mu/ take ! initiative by miracul\sly prep>+ ! l& = _! reception1 & tak+ up ,8 abode 9 ! f9i%$ ,temple1 ! 8place ( ,8 ?rone1 & ! place ( ! soles ( ,8 feet08 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions is n difficult1 if only we are c>eful to look at ?+s f ! prophet's po9t ( view1 & disreg>d ! hi/orical ev5ts 9 :i* 8 pr$ictions 7 p>tly realis$4 ,x is frequ5tly assum$ t ! elaborate description ( ! ,temple build+s 9 *s4 xl4xlii4 is int5d$ z a guide to ! build]s ( ! second ,temple1 :o are to make x aft] ! fa%ion ( t :i* ! prophet saw on ! m\nt4 ,x is q probable t 9 "s degree x may h s]v$ t purpose2 b x seems to me t ?is view is n 9 keep+ ) ! fundam5tal idea ( ! vision4 ,! ,temple t ,ezekiel saw1 & ! only "o ( :i* he speaks1 is a h\se n made ) h&s2 x is z mu* a "p ( ! sup]natural prep>ation = ! future !ocracy z ! 8v high m\nta90 on :i* x /&s1 or ! riv] t fl[s f x to sweet5 ! wat]s ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,9 ! important passage :]e ! prophet is comm&$ to exhibit ! plan ( ! h\se to ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 7*4 xliii4 #aj1 #aa71 !re is un=tunately a discrepancy betwe5 ! ,hebrew & ,greek texts :i* ?r[s "s obscurity on ?is p>ticul> po9t4 ,accord+ to ! ,hebrew !re c h>dly be a d\bt t a sket* is %[n to !m :i* is to be us$ z a build]'s plan at ! "t ( ! ,re/oration47#bji7 ,b 9 ! ,septuag9t1 :i* seems on ! :ole to give a m correct text1 ! passage runs ?us3 8,&1 ?\ son ( man1 describe ! h\se to ! h\se ( ,israel 7& let !m be a%am$ ( _! iniquities71 & its =m1 & its con/ruction3 & !y %all be a%am$ ( all t !y h done4 ,& d ?\ sket* ! h\se1 & its exits1 & its outl9e2 & all its ord9ances & all its laws make kn[n to !m2 & write x be=e !m1 t !y may keep all its comm&m5ts & all its ord9ances1 & d !m40 ,!re is no?+ "h to sugge/ t ! con/ruction ( ! ,temple 0 left = human workman%ip4 ,! outl9e ( x is %[n to ! p only t !y may be a%am$ ( all _! iniquities4 ,:5 ! arrangem5ts ( ! ideal ,temple are expla9$ to !m1 !y w see h[ f> ^? ( ! fir/ ,temple transgress$ ! requirem5ts ( ,jehovah's hol9ess1 & ?is k w produce a s5se ( %ame = ! dulness ( he>t :i* tol]at$ s _m abuses 9 connection ) ,8 wor%ip4 ,no d\bt t impression sank deep into ! m9ds ( ,ezekiel's he>]s1 & l$ to c]ta9 important modifications 9 ! /ructure ( ! ,temple :5 x _h to be built2 b t is n :at ! prophet is ?9k+ (4 ,at ! same "t we see cle>ly t he is v mu* 9 e>ne/ ) ! legislative "p ( 8 vision4 ,its laws are real laws1 & are giv5 t !y may be obey$--only !y d n come into =ce until all ! in/itutions ( ! !ocracy1 natural & sup]natural alike1 are 9 full work+ ord]4 ,& ap>t f ! d\btful "q z to ! erection ( ! ,temple1 t g5]al conclusion holds good = ! vision z a :ole4 ,:il/ x is p]vad$ ?r\gh\t by ! legislative _s1 ! miracul\s features are aft] all its c5tral & ess5tial elem5ts4 ,:5 ^! conditions are realis$1 x w be ! duty ( ,israel to gu>d h] sacr$ in/itutions by ! mo/ scrupul\s & devot$ ob$i5ce2 b till !n !re is no k+dom ( ,god e/abli%$ on e>?1 & !re=e no sy/em ( laws to cons]ve a /ate ( salvation1 :i* c only be br\ght ab\t by ! direct & visible int]position ( ! ,almighty 9 ! sph]e ( nature & hi/ory4 ,?is bl5d+ ( seem+ly incongru\s elem5ts reveals to u ! true "* ( ! vision ) :i* we h to deal4 ,x is 9 ! /ricte/ s5se a ,messianic prophecy--t is1 a picture ( ! k+dom ( ,god 9 its f9al /ate z ! prophet 0 l$ to conceive x4 ,x is common to all su* repres5tations t ! human au?ors ( !m h no idea ( a long hi/orical developm5t gradually lead+ up to ! p]fect manife/ation ( ,god's purpose ) ! _w4 ,! imp5d+ crisis 9 ! affairs ( ! p ( ,israel is always reg>d$ z ! consummation ( human hi/ory & ! e/abli%m5t ( ,god's k+dom 9 ! pl5itude ( its p[] & glory4 ,9 ! "t ( ,ezekiel ! next /ep 9 ! unfold+ ( ! div9e plan ( r$emption 0 ! re/oration ( ,israel to its own l&2 & 9 s f> z 8 vision is a prophecy ( t ev5t1 x 0 realis$ 9 ! return ( ! exiles ) ,z]ubbabel 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,cyrus4 ,b to ! m9d ( ,ezekiel ?is did n pres5t itself z a m]e /ep t[>ds some?+ immeasurably high] 9 ! remote future4 ,x is to include ev]y?+ necess>y = ! complete & f9al inbr++ ( ! ,messianic disp5sation1 & all ! p[]s ( ! _w to come are to be display$ 9 ! acts by :i* ,jehovah br+s back ! scatt]$ memb]s ( ,israel to ! enjoym5t ( bless$ness 9 ,8 own pres5ce4 ,! ?+ t misleads u z to ! real nature ( ! vision is ! emphasis laid on matt]s :i* seem to u ( m]ely temporal & e>?ly significance4 ,we are apt to ?9k t :at we h be=e u c be no?+ else ?an a legislative s*eme to be c>ri$ out m or less fully 9 ! new /ate t %\ld arise aft] ! ,exile4 ,! miracul\s features 9 ! vision are apt to be dismiss$ z m]e symbolisms to :i* no great significance atta*es4 ,legislat+ = ! mill5nium seems to u a /range occupation = a prophet1 & we are h>dly prep>$ to cr$it ev5 ,ezekiel ) s bold a conception4 ,b t dep5ds entirely on 8 idea ( :at ! mill5nium w be4 ,if x is to be a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* religi\s in/itutions are ( vital importance = ! ma9t5ance ( ! spiritual int]e/s ( ! community ( ! p ( ,god1 !n legislation is ! natural expression = ! ideals :i* are to be realis$ 9 x4 ,& we mu/ rememb]1 too1 t :at we h to d ) is a vision4 ,ezekiel is n ! ultimate s\rce ( ?is legislation1 h[ev] mu* x may be> ! impress ( 8 individual exp]i5ce4 ,he has se5 ! city ( ,god1 & all ! m9ute & elaborate regulations ) :i* ^! n9e *apt]s are fill$ are b ! exposition ( pr9ciples t det]m9e ! "* ( a p among/ :om ,jehovah c dwell4 ,at ! same "t we see t a sep>ation ( diff]5t aspects ( ! vision 0 inevitably effect$ by ! tea*+ ( hi/ory4 ,! return f ,babylon 0 accompli%$ )\t any ( ^? sup]natural adjuncts ) :i* x _h be5 inve/$ 9 ! rapt imag9ation ( ! prophet4 ,no trans=mation ( ! l& prec$$ x2 no visible pres5ce ( ,jehovah welcom$ ! exiles back to _! anci5t abode4 ,!y f\nd ,j]usalem 9 ru9s1 ! holy & beautiful h\se a desolation1 ! l& occupi$ by ali5s1 ! seasons unproductive z ( old4 ,yet 9 ! he>ts ( ^! m5 !re 0 a vision ev5 m impressive ?an t ( ,ezekiel 9 8 solitude4 ,to lay ! f\ndations ( a !ocratic /ate 9 ! dre>y1 disc\rag+ daylight ( ! pres5t 0 an act ( fai? z h]oic z has ev] be5 p]=m$ 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,! build+ ( ! ,temple 0 und]tak5 amid/ _m difficulties1 ! ritual 0 organis$1 ! rudim5ts ( a religi\s con/itution appe>$1 & 9 all ?is we see ! influ5ce ( ^? pr9ciples ( national hol9ess t _h be5 =mulat$ by ,ezekiel4 ,b ! cr[n+ manife/ation ( ,jehovah's glory 0 def]r$4 ,prophet aft] prophet appe>$ to keep alive ! hope t ?is ,temple1 poor 9 outw>d appe>ance z x 01 w\ld yet be ! c5tre ( a new _w1 & ! dwell+place ( ! ,et]nal4 ,c5turies roll$ pa/1 & /ill ,jehovah did n come to ,8 ,temple1 & ! es*atological features :i* _h bulk$ s l>gely 9 ,ezekiel's vision rema9$ an unfulfill$ aspiration4 ,& :5 at l5g? 9 ! fulness ( "t ! complete revelation ( ,god 0 giv51 x 0 9 a =m t sup]s$$ ! old economy entirely1 & trans=m$ its mo/ /able & *]i%$ in/itutions into adumbrations ( a spiritual k+dom :i* knew no e>?ly ,temple & _h ne$ ( none4 ,?is br+s u to ! mo/ difficult & mo/ important ( all ! que/ions aris+ 9 connection ) ,ezekiel's vision--,:at is its relation to ! ,p5tateu*al ,legislation8 ,x is obvi\s at once t ! significance ( ?is section ( ! book ( ,ezekiel is imm5sely enhanc$ if we accept ! conclusion to :i* ! critical /udy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t has be5 /eadily driv51 t 9 ! *apt]s be=e u we h ! fir/ outl9e ( t great conception ( a !ocratic con/itution :i* atta9$ its f9i%$ expression 9 ! prie/ly regulations ( ! middle books ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,! discussion ( ?is subject is s intricate1 s f>rea*+ 9 its consequ5ces1 & ranges ov] s wide an hi/orical field1 t "o is tempt$ to leave x 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o h address$ !mselves to its special treatm5t1 & to try to get on z be/ "o may )\t assum+ a def9ite attitude on "o side or ! o!r4 ,b ! /ud5t ( ,ezekiel _c altoge!r evade x4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! "q w =ce itself on him z he seeks to asc]ta9 ! mean+ ( ! v>i\s details ( ,ezekiel's legislation1 ,h[ does ?is /& relat$ to correspond+ requirem5ts 9 ! ,mosaic law8 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 9 ju/ice to ! read] ( ! foll[+ pages1 t an attempt %\ld be made1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 to indicate ! position :i* ! pres5t phase ( criticism assigns to ,ezekiel 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,old ,te/am5t legislation4 ,we may beg9 by po9t+ out ! k9d ( difficulty t is felt to arise on ! supposition t ,ezekiel _h be=e him ! entire body ( laws conta9$ 9 our pres5t ,p5tateu*4 ,we %\ld expect 9 t case t ! prophet w\ld contemplate a re/oration ( ! div9e in/itutions e/abli%$ "u ,moses1 & t 8 vision w\ld reproduce ) sub/antial fidelity ! m9ute provisions ( ! law by :i* ^! in/itutions 7 to be ma9ta9$4 ,b ?is is v f> f be+ ! case4 ,x is f\nd t :ile ,ezekiel deals to a l>ge ext5t ) ! subjects = :i* provision is made by ! law1 !re is 9 no in/ance p]fect correspond5ce betwe5 ! enactm5ts ( ! vision & ^? ( ! ,p5tateu*1 :ile on "s po9ts !y diff] v mat]ially f "o ano!r4 ,h[ are we to acc\nt = ^! num]\s &1 on ! supposition1 evid5tly design$ div]g5cies8 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! law 0 f\nd to be 9 "s respects unsuitable to ! /ate ( ?+s t w\ld arise aft] ! ,exile1 & t ,ezekiel 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 prophetic au?ority und]took to adapt x to ! conditions ( a late age4 ,! sugge/ion is 9 itself plausible1 b x is n confirm$ by ! hi/ory4 ,= x is agre$ on all h&s t ! law z a :ole _h nev] be5 put 9 =ce = any consid]able p]iod ( ,israel's hi/ory previ\s to ! ,exile4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we suppose t ,ezekiel judg$ its provisions unsuitable = ! circum/ances t w\ld em]ge aft] ! ,exile1 we are confront$ by ! fact t :]e ,ezekiel's legislation diff]s f t ( ! ,p5tateu* x is ! latt] & n ! =m] t regulat$ ! practice ( ! po/exilic community4 ,s f> 0 ! law f be+ out ( date 9 ! age ( ,ezekiel t ! "t 0 only approa*+ :5 ! fir/ ef=t w\ld be made to accept x 9 all its l5g? & bread? z ! au?oritative basis ( an actual !ocratic polity4 ,unless1 !re=e1 we are to hold t ! legislation ( ! vision is entirely 9 ! air1 & t x takes no acc\nt :atev] ( practical consid]ations1 we mu/ feel t a c]ta9 difficulty is pres5t$ by its unexpla9$ deviations f ! c>efully drawn ord9ances ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! ,p5tateu* itself is n a unity4 ,x consi/s ( diff]5t /rata ( legislation :i*1 :ile irreconcilable 9 details1 are held to exhibit a cont9u\s progress t[>ds a cle>] def9ition ( ! duties t devolve on diff]5t classes 9 ! community1 & a full] exposition ( ! pr9ciples t und]lay ! sy/em f ! beg9n+4 ,! analysis ( ! ,mosaic writ+s into diff]5t legislative codes has result$ 9 a s*eme :i* 9 its ma9 outl9es is n[ accept$ by critics ( all %ades ( op9ion4 ,! ?ree great codes :i* we h to di/+ui% are3 7#a7 ! scall$ ,book ( ! ,cov5ant 7,exod4 xx4 #bdxxiii41 ) :i* may be class$ ! closely alli$ code ( ,exod4 xxxiv4 #ajbh72 7#b7 ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy2 & 7#c7 ! ,prie/ly ,code 7f\nd 9 ,exod4 xxv4xxxi41 xxxv4xl41 ! :ole book ( ,leviticus1 & ne>ly ! :ole ( ! book ( ,numb]s747#baj7 ,n[ ( c\rse ! m]e sep>ation ( ^! diff]5t docum5ts tells u no?+1 or n mu*1 z to _! relative priority or antiquity4 ,b we possess at lea/ a c]ta9 am\nt ( hi/orical & indep5d5t evid5ce z to ! times :5 "s ( !m became op]ative 9 ! actual life ( ! nation4 ,we "k1 = example1 t ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy atta9$ ! =ce ( /atute law "u ! mo/ solemn circum/ances by a national cov5ant 9 ! eighte5? ye> ( ,josiah4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( t book is its impressive en=cem5t ( ! pr9ciple t !re is b "o sanctu>y at :i* ,jehovah c be legitimately wor%ipp$4 ,:5 we comp>e ! li/ ( re=ms c>ri$ out by ,josiah1 z giv5 9 ! tw5ty?ird *apt] ( #b ,k+s1 ) ! provisions ( ,deut]onomy1 we see t x mu/ h be5 t book & x alone t _h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,temple & t gov]n$ ! re=m+ policy ( ! k+4 ,be=e t "t ! law ( ! "o sanctu>y1 if x 0 kn[n at all1 0 c]ta9ly m hon\r$ 9 ! brea* ?an ! obs]vance4 ,sacrifices 7 freely (f]$ at local alt>s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 n m]ely by ! ignorant common p & idolatr\s k+s1 b by m5 :o 7 ! inspir$ religi\s lead]s & tea*]s ( ! nation4 ,n only s1 b ?is practice is sanction$ by ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant1 :i* p]mits ! erection ( an alt> 9 e place :]e ,jehovah causes ,8 "n to be rememb]$1 & only lays d[n injunctions z to ! k9d ( alt> t might be us$ 7,exod4 xx4 #bdbf74 ,! evid5ce is ?us v /rong t ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy1 at :atev] "t x may h be5 writt51 _h n ! =ce ( public law until ! ye> #fba ,b4,c41 & t d[n to t "t ! accept$ & au?oritative expression ( ! div9e w = ,israel 0 ! law embrac$ 9 ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant4 ,to f9d simil> evid5ce ( ! practical adoption ( ! ,prie/ly ,code we h to come d[n to a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,x is n till ! ye> #ddd ,b4,c41 9 ! "t ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 t we read ( ! p pl$g+ !mselves by a solemn cov5ant to ! obs]vance ( regulations :i* are cle>ly ^? ( ! f9i%$ sy/em ( ,p5tateu*al law 7,neh4 viii4x474 ,x is !re expressly /at$ t ?is law _h n be5 obs]v$ 9 ,israel up to t "t 7,neh4 ix4 #cd71 & 9 p>ticul> t ! great ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles _h n be5 celebrat$ 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! law s9ce ! days ( ,jo%ua 7,neh4 viii4 #ag74 ,?is is q conclusive z to actual practice 9 ,israel2 & ! fact t ! obs]vance ( ! law 0 ?us introduc$ by in/alm5ts & on occasions ( epo*mak+ importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! community raises a /rong presumption aga9/ ! hypo!sis t ! ,p5tateu* 0 an insep>able lit]>y unity :i* mu/ be kn[n 9 its entirety :]e x 0 kn[n at all4 ,n[ ! date ( ,ezekiel's vision 7#egb7 lies betwe5 ^! two hi/oric transactions--! inauguration ( ! law ( ,deut]onomy 9 #fba1 & t ( ! ,prie/ly ,code 9 #ddd2 & 9 spite ( ! ideal "* :i* belongs to ! vision z a :ole1 x conta9s a sy/em ( legislation :i* admits ( be+ comp>$ po9t by po9t ) ! provisions ( ! o!r two codes on a v>iety ( subjects common to all ?ree4 ,"s ( ! results ( ?is comp>ison w appe> z we proce$ ) ! exposition ( ! *apt]s be=e u4 ,b x w be conv5i5t to /ate "h ! important conclusion to :i* a numb] ( critics h be5 l$ by discussion ( ?is "q4 ,x is held t ,ezekiel's legislation repres5ts on ! :ole a transition f ! law ( ,deut]onomy to ! m complex sy/em ( ! ,prie/ly docum5t4 ,! ?ree codes exhibit a regul> progression1 ! det]m9+ factor ( :i* is a gr[+ s5se ( ! importance ( ! ,temple wor%ip & ( ! necessity = a c>eful regulation ( ! acts :i* express ! religi\s /&+ & privileges ( ! community4 ,on su* matt]s z ! fea/s1 ! sacrifices1 ! di/9ction betwe5 prie/s & ,levites1 ! ,temple dues1 & ! provision = ! ma9t5ance ( ord9ances1 x is f\nd t ,ezekiel lays d[n enactm5ts :i* g beyond ^? ( ,deut]onomy & anticipate a fur!r developm5t 9 ! same direction 9 ! ,levitical legislation47#baa7 ,! legislation ( ,ezekiel is accord+ly reg>d$ z a fir/ /ep t[>ds ! codification ( ! ritual laws :i* regulat$ ! usage ( ! fir/ ,temple4 ,x is n ( mat]ial consequ5ce to "k h[ f> ^! laws _h be5 already committ$ to writ+1 or h[ f> !y _h be5 transmitt$ by oral tradition4 ,! important po9t is t d[n to ! "t ( ,ezekiel ! great body ( ritual law _h be5 ! possession ( ! prie/s1 :o communicat$ x to ! p 9 ! %ape ( p>ticul> decisions z occasion dem&$4 ,ev5 ! book ( ,deut]onomy1 except on "o or two po9ts1 su* z ! law ( leprosy & ( clean & unclean animals1 does n encroa* on matt]s ( ritual1 :i* x 0 ! special prov9ce ( ! prie/hood to adm9i/]4 ,b n[ t ! "t 0 draw+ ne> :5 ! ,temple & its wor%ip 7 to be ! v c5tre ( ! religi\s life ( ! nation1 x 0 necess>y t ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! c]emonial law %\ld be sy/ematis$ & publi%$ 9 a =m und]/ood ( ! p4 ,! la/ n9e *apt]s ( ,ezekiel1 !n1 conta9 ! fir/ draft ( su* a s*eme1 drawn f an anci5t prie/ly tradition :i* 9 its orig9 w5t back to ! "t ( ,moses4 ,x is true t ?is 0 n ! precise =m 9 :i* ! law 0 de/9$ to be put 9 practice 9 ! po/exilic community4 ,b ,ezekiel's legislation s]v$ its purpose :5 x laid d[n cle>ly1 ) ! au?ority ( a prophet1 ! fundam5tal ideas t und]lie ! conception ( ritual z an aid to spiritual religion4 ,& ^! ideas 7 n lo/ sight (1 ?\gh x 0 res]v$ = o!rs1 work+ "u ! impulse suppli$ by ,ezekiel1 to p]fect ! details ( ! sy/em1 & to adopt ! pr9ciples ( ! vision to ! actual circum/ances ( ! second ,temple4 ,?r\gh :at subsequ5t /ages ! "w 0 c>ri$ we c h>dly hope to det]m9e ) exactitude2 b x 0 f9i%$ 9 all ess5tial respects be=e ! great cov5ant ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah 9 ! ye> #ddd47bab7 ,let u n[ consid] ! be>+ ( ?is !ory on ! int]pretation ( ,ezekiel's vision4 ,x enables u to d ju/ice to ! unmi/akable practical purpose :i* p]vades its legislation4 ,x frees u f ! grave difficulties involv$ 9 ! assumption t ,ezekiel wrote ) ! f9i%$ ,p5tateu* be=e him4 ,x v9dicates ! prophet f ! suspicion ( arbitr>y deviations f a /&>d ( v5]able antiquity & ( div9e au?ority :i* 0 aft]w>ds prov$ by exp]i5ce to be suit$ to ! requirem5ts ( t re/or$ ,israel 9 ^: int]e/ ,ezekiel legislat$4 ,& 9 do+ s x gives a new mean+ to 8 claim to speak z a prophet orda9+ a new sy/em ( laws ) div9e au?ority4 ,:il/ p]fectly consi/5t ) ! inspiration ( ! ,mosaic books1 x places t ( ,ezekiel on a sur] foot+ ?an does ! supposition t ! :ole ,p5tateu* 0 ( ,mosaic au?or%ip4 ,x involves1 no d\bt1 t ! details ( ! ,prie/ly law 7 9 a m or less fluid condition d[n to ! "t ( ! ,exile2 b x expla9s ! o!rwise unacc\ntable fact t ! sev]al p>ts ( ! law became op]ative at diff]5t times 9 ,israel's hi/ory1 & expla9s x 9 a mann] t reveals ! work+ ( a div9e purpose ?r\gh all ! ages ( ! national exi/5ce4 ,x becomes possible to see t ,ezekiel's legislation & t ( ! ,levitical books are 9 _! ess5ce alike ,mosaic1 z be+ f\nd$ on ! in/itutions & pr9ciples e/abli%$ by ,moses at ! beg9n+ ( ! nation's hi/ory4 ,& an altoge!r new int]e/ is imp>t$ to ! =m] :5 we le>n to reg>d x z an epo*mak+ contribution to ! task :i* laid ! f\ndation ( ! po/exilic !ocracy--! task ( codify+ & consolidat+ ! laws :i* express$ ! "* ( ! new nation z a holy p consecrat$ to ! s]vice ( ,jehovah1 ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel4 ,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,! ,sanctu>y4 ,*apt]s xl4xliii4 ,! fundam5tal idea ( ! !ocracy z conceiv$ by ,ezekiel is ! lit]al dwell+ ( ,jehovah 9 ! mid/ ( ,8 p4 ,! ,temple is 9 ! fir/ in/ance ,jehovah's palace1 :]e ,he manife/s ,8 graci\s pres5ce by receiv+ ! gifts & homage ( ,8 subjects4 ,b ! enjoym5t ( ?is privilege ( access to ! pres5ce ( ,god dep5ds on ! fulfilm5t ( c]ta9 conditions :i*1 9 ! prophet's view1 _h be5 sy/ematically violat$ 9 ! arrangem5ts t prevail$ "u ! fir/ ,temple4 ,h5ce ! vision ( ,ezekiel is ess5tially ! vision ( a ,temple correspond+ 9 all respects to ! requirem5ts ( ,jehovah's hol9ess1 & !n ( ,jehovah's entrance into ! h\se s prep>$ = ,8 reception4 ,& ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! realisation ( ! great hope ( ! future 0 to lay be=e ! exiles a full description ( ?is build+1 s t !y might und]/& ! conditions on :i* alone ,israel c\ld be re/or$ to its own l&4 ,to ?is task ! prophet addresses himself 9 ! fir/ f\r ( ! *apt]s be=e u1 & he executes x 9 a mann] :i*1 consid]+ ! great te*nical difficulties to be surm\nt$1 mu/ excite our admiration4 ,he tells u fir/ 9 a brief introduction h[ he 0 transport$ 9 prophetic ec/asy to ! l& ( ,israel1 & !re on ! site ( ! old ,temple1 n[ elevat$ into a 8v high m\nta910 he sees be=e him an impos+ pile ( build+s l ! build+ ( a city 7v]4 #b74 ,x is ! future ,temple1 ! city itself hav+ be5 remov$ ne>ly two miles to ! s\?4 ,at ! ea/ gate he is met by an angel1 :o conducts him f po9t to po9t ( ! build+s1 call+ 8 att5tion to significant /ructural details1 & measur+ ea* "p z he goes along ) a measur+l9e :i* he c>ries 9 8 h&4 ,x is probable t ! :ole description w\ld be p]fectly intelligible b = ! /ate ( ! text1 :i* is defective ?r\gh\t & 9 "s places hopelessly corrupt4 ,?is is h>dly surpris+ :5 we consid] ! te*nical & unfamili> nature ( ! t]ms employ$2 b x has be5 suspect$ t "s p>ts h be5 delib]ately tamp]$ ) 9 ord] to br+ !m into h>mony ) ! actual con/ruction ( ! second ,temple4 ,:e!r t is s or n1 ! description z a :ole rema9s 9 its way a ma/]piece ( lit]>y exposition1 & a rem>kable pro( ( ! v]satility ( ,ezekiel's accompli%m5ts4 ,:5 x is necess>y to turn himself into an ar*itectural draughtsman he dis*>ges ! duty to p]fection4 ,no "o c /udy ! detail$ measurem5ts ( ! build+s )\t be+ conv9c$ t ! prophet is work+ f a gr\nd plan :i* he has himself prep>$2 inde$ 8 own words leave no d\bt t ?is 0 ! case 7see *4 xliii4 #aj1 #aa74 ,& x is a conv9c+ demon/ration ( 8 descriptive p[]s t we are able1 aft] ! lab\rs ( _m g5]ations ( s*ol>s1 to reproduce ?is plan ) a c]ta9ty :i*1 except ) reg>d to a few m9or features1 leaves little to be desir$4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ z a curi\s fact t ( ! ?ree temples m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! only "o ( ^: con/ruction we c =m a cle> conception is ! "o t 0 nev] built27#bac7 & c]ta9ly ! k we h ( ,solomon's ,temple f ! fir/ book ( ,k+s is v incomplete comp>$ ) :at we "k ( ! ,temple :i* ,ezekiel saw only 9 vision4 ,x is impossible 9 ?is *apt] to ent] into all ! m9uti ( ! description1 or ev5 to discuss all ! difficulties ( int]pretation :i* arise 9 connection ) diff]5t p>ts4 ,full in=mation on ^! po9ts w be f\nd 9 %ort compass 9 ,dr4 ,davidson's comm5t>y on ! passage4 ,all t c be attempt$ "h is to convey a g5]al idea ( ! arrangem5ts ( ! v>i\s build+s & c\rts ( ! sanctu>y1 & ! extreme c>e ) :i* !y h be5 ?\ght out by ! prophet4 ,aft] ?is has be5 done we %all try to discov] ! mean+ ( ^! arrangem5ts 9 s f> z !y diff] f ! model suppli$ by ! fir/ ,temple4 ,i ,let ! read]1 !n1 aft] ! mann] ( ,euclid1 draw a /raight l9e ,a ,b1 & describe !reon a squ>e ,a ,b ,c ,d4 ,let him divide two adjac5t sides ( ! squ>e 7say ,a ,b & ,a ,d7 into t5 equal p>ts1 & let l9es be drawn f ! po9ts ( section p>allel to ! sides ( ! squ>e 9 bo? directions4 ,let a side ( ! small squ>es repres5t a l5g? ( fifty cubits1 & ! :ole consequ5tly a squ>e ( five hundr$ cubits47#bad7 ,x w n[ be f\nd t ! b\nd+ l9es ( ,ezekiel's plan run ?r\gh\t on ! l9es ( ?is diagram27#bae7 & ?is fact gives a bett] idea ?an any?+ else ( ! symmetrical /ructure ( ! ,temple & ( ! absolute accuracy ( ! measurem5ts4 ,! sides ( ! l>ge squ>e repres5t ( c\rse ! out] b\nd>y ( ! enclosure1 :i* is =m$ by a wall six cubits ?ick & six high47#baf7 ,its sides are direct$ to ! f\r po9ts ( ! compass1 & at ! middle ( ! nor?1 ea/ & s\? sides ! wall is pi]c$ by ! ?ree gates1 ea* ) an asc5t ( sev5 /eps outside4 ,! gates1 h[ev]1 are n m]e op5+s 9 ! wall furni%$ ) doors1 b cov]$ gateways simil> to ^? t p5etrate ! ?ick wall ( a =tifi$ t[n4 ,9 ?is case !y are l>ge sep>ate build+s project+ into ! c\rt to a di/ance ( fifty cubits1 & tw5tyfive cubits broad1 exactly half ! size ( ! ,temple prop]4 ,on ei!r side ( ! passage are ?ree recesses 9 ! wall six cubits squ>e1 :i* 7 to be us$ z gu>drooms by ! ,temple police4 ,ea* gateway t]m9ates t[>ds ! c\rt 9 a l>ge hall call$ 8! por*10 eight cubits broad 7along ! l9e ( entry7 by tw5ty long 7across73 ! por* ( ! ea/ gate 0 res]v$ = ! use ( ! pr9ce2 ! purpose ( ! o!r two is n[h]e specifi$4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! ea/]n gateway1 ! prophet /&s 9 ! out] c\rt ( ! ,temple1 ! place :]e ! p assembl$ = wor%ip4 ,x seems to h be5 entirely de/itute ( build+s1 ) ! exception ( a r[ ( ?irty cells along ! ?ree walls 9 :i* ! gates 74 ,! out] m>g9 ( ! c\rt 0 pav$ ) /one up to ! l9e ( ! inside ( ! gateways 7i4e41 fifty cubits1 less ! ?ickness ( ! out] wall72 & on ?is pavem5t /ood ! cells1 ! dim5sions ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are n giv54 ,!re 71 moreov]1 9 ! f\r corn]s ( ! c\rt rectangul> enclosures =ty cubits by ?irty1 :]e ! ,levites 7 to cook ! sacrifices ( ! p 7*4 xlvi4 #babd74 ,! purpose ( ! cells is n[h]e specifi$2 b !re is little d\bt t !y 7 int5d$ = ^? sacrificial fea/s ( a semiprivate "* :i* _h always be5 a prom95t feature ( ! ,temple wor%ip4 ,f ! edge ( ! pavem5t to ! inn] c\rt 0 a di/ance ( a hundr$ cubits2 b ?is space 0 free only on ?ree sides1 ! we/]n side be+ occupi$ by build+s to be aft]w>ds describ$4 ,! inn] c\rt 0 a t]race /&+ probably ab\t five feet above ! level ( ! out]1 & approa*$ by flights ( eight /eps at ! ?ree gates4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! exclusive use ( ! prie/s4 ,x _h ?ree gateways 9 a l9e ) ^? ( ! out] c\rt1 & precisely simil> to !m1 ) ! s+le exception t ! por*es 7 n1 z we might h expect$1 t[>ds ! inside1 b at ! ends next to ! out] c\rt4 ,! free space ( ! inn] c\rt1 )9 ! l9e ( ! gateways1 0 a squ>e ( a hundr$ cubits1 correspond+ to ! f\r middle squ>es ( ! diagram4 ,"r 9 ! middle1 s t x c\ld be se5 ?r\gh ! gates1 0 ! great alt> ( burnt(f]+1 a huge /one /ructure ris+ 9 ?ree t]races to a height app>5tly ( twelve cubits1 & hav+ a bread? & l5g? ( eighte5 cubits at ! base4 ,t ?is1 r ?an ! ,temple1 %\ld be ! c5tre ( ! sanctu>y1 corresponds to a consci\sness 9 ,israel t ! alt> 0 ! "o indisp5sable requisite = ! p]=mance ( sacrificial wor%ip acceptable to ,jehovah4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ! fir/ exiles return$ to ,j]usalem1 be=e !y 7 9 a position to set ab\t ! erection ( ! ,temple1 !y re>$ ! alt> 9 its place1 & at once in/itut$ ! daily sacrifice & ! /at$ ord] ( ! fe/ivals4 ,& ev5 9 ,ezekiel's vision we %all f9d t ! sacrificial consecration ( ! alt> is consid]$ z equival5t to ! d$ication ( ! :ole sanctu>y to ! *ief purpose = :i* x 0 erect$4 ,besides ! alt> !re 7 9 ! inn] c\rt c]ta9 o!r objects ( special significance = ! prie/ly & sacrificial s]vice4 ,by ! side ( ! nor? & s\? gates 7 two cells or *amb]s op5+ t[>ds ! middle space4 ,! purpose = :i* ^! cells 7 int5d$ cle>ly po9ts to a division ( ! prie/hood 7:i*1 h[ev]1 may h be5 tempor>y & n p]man5t7 into two classes--"o ( :i* 0 entru/$ ) ! s]vice ( ! ,temple1 & ! o!r ) ! s]vice ( ! alt>4 ,! cell on ! nor?1 we are told1 0 = ! prie/s engag$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! h\se1 & t on ! s\? = ^? :o (ficiat$ at ! alt> 7*4 xl4 #de1 #df74 ,!re is m5tion also ( tables on :i* diff]5t classes ( sacrificial victims 7 slaught]$1 & ( a *amb] 9 :i* ! burnt(f]+ 0 wa%$ 7*4 xl4 #chdc72 b s obscure is ! text ( ?is passage t x _c ev5 be c]ta9ly det]m9$ :e!r ^! appliances 7 situat$ at ! ea/ gate or ! nor? gate1 or at ea* ( ! ?ree gates4 ,! f\r small squ>es imm$iately adjo9+ ! inn] c\rt on ! we/ are occupi$ by ! ,temple prop] & its adjuncts4 ,! ,temple itself /&s on a solid basem5t six cubits above ! level ( ! inn] c\rt1 & is rea*$ by a flight ( t5 /eps4 ,! bread? ( ! basem5t 7nor? to s\?7 is sixty cubits3 ?is leaves a free space ( tw5ty cubits on ei!r side1 :i* is really a cont9uation ( ! inn] c\rt1 al?\gh x be>s ! special "n ( ! gizra 78sep>ate place074 ,9 l5g? ! basem5t measures a hundr$ & five cubits1 project+1 z we imm$iately see1 five cubits into ! inn] c\rt 9 front47#bag7 ,! inn] space ( ! ,temple 0 divid$1 z 9 ,solomon's ,temple1 into ?ree comp>tm5ts1 communicat+ ) ea* o!r by fold+doors 9 ! middle ( ! p>titions t sep>at$ !m4 ,ent]+ by ! out] door on ! ea/1 we come fir/ to ! ve/ibule1 :i* is tw5ty cubits broad 7nor? to s\?7 by twelve cubits ea/ to we/4 ,next to ?is is ! hall or 8palace0 7hkl71 tw5ty cubits by =ty4 ,beyond ?is aga9 is ! inn]mo/ %r9e ( ! ,temple1 ! ,mo/ ,holy ,place1 :]e ! glory ( ! ,god ( ,israel is to take ! place occupi$ by ! ark & *]ubim ( ! fir/ ,temple4 ,x is a squ>e ( tw5ty cubits2 b ,ezekiel1 al?\gh himself a prie/1 is n all[$ to ent] ?is sacr$ space2 ! angel goes 9 alone1 & ann\nces ! measurem5ts to ! prophet1 :o waits )\t 9 ! great hall ( ! ,temple4 ,! only piece ( furniture m5tion$ 9 ! ,temple is an alt> or table 9 ! hall1 imm$iately 9 front ( ! ,mo/ ,holy ,place 7*4 xli4 #bb74 ,! ref]5ce is no d\bt to ! table on :i* ! %ewbread 0 laid out be=e ,jehovah 7cf4 ,exod4 xxv4 #bccj74 ,"s details are also giv5 ( ! woodc>v+ ) :i* ! int]ior 0 decorat$ 7*4 xli4 #afbj1 #be71 consi/+ app>5tly ( *]ubs & palm trees 9 alt]nate panels4 ,?is appe>s to be simply a rem9isc5ce ( ! ornam5tation ( ! old ,temple1 & to h no direct religi\s significance 9 ! m9d ( ! prophet4 ,! ,temple 0 enclos$ fir/ by a wall six cubits ?ick1 & !n on ea* side except ! ea/ by an out] wall ( five cubits1 sep>at$ f ! inn] by an int]val ( f\r cubits4 ,?is int]v5+ space 0 divid$ into ?ree ranges ( small cells ris+ 9 ?ree /ories "o ov] ano!r4 ,! second & ?ird /ories 7 some:at broad] ?an ! l[e/1 ! inn] wall ( ! h\se be+ contract$ s z to all[ ! beams to be laid ^u x )\t break+ into its surface4 ,we mu/ fur!r suppose t ! inn] wall rose above ! cells & ! out] wall1 s z to leave a cle> space = ! w9d[s ( ! ,temple4 ,! entire l5g? ( ! ,temple on ! outside is a hundr$ cubits1 & ! bread? fifty cubits4 ,?is leaves room = a passage ( five cubits broad r\nd ! edge ( ! elevat$ plat=m on :i* ! ma9 build+ /ood4 ,! two doors :i* gave access to ! cells op5$ on ?is passage1 & 7 plac$ 9 ! nor? & s\? sides ( ! out] wall4 ,!re 0 obvi\sly no ne$ to cont9ue ! passage r\nd ! we/ side ( ! h\se1 & ?is does n appe> to be contemplat$4 ,x w be se5 t !re /ill rema9s a squ>e ( a hundr$ cubits beh9d ! ,temple1 betwe5 x & ! we/ wall4 ,! great] "p ( ?is 0 tak5 up by a /ructure vaguely designat$ z ! 8build+0 7b9y or b9yan71 :i* is commonly suppos$ to h be5 a sort ( lumb] room1 al?\gh its function is n indicat$4 ,nor does x appe> :e!r x /ood on ! level ( ! inn] c\rt or ( ! out]4 ,b :ile ?is build+ fills ! :ole bread? ( ! squ>e f nor? to s\? 7a hundr$ cubits71 ! o!r dim5sion 7ea/ to we/7 is curtail$ by a space ( tw5ty cubits left free betwe5 x & ! ,temple1 ! gizra 7see p4 #daj7 be+ ?us cont9u\s r\nd ?ree sides ( ! h\se4 ,! mo/ tr\blesome "p ( ! description is t ( two blocks ( cells7#bah7 situat$ nor? & s\? ( ! ,temple build+ 7*4 xlii4 #aad74 ,x seems cle> t !y occupi$ ! oblong spaces betwe5 ! gizra nor? & s\? ( ! ,temple & ! walls ( ! inn] c\rt4 ,_! l5g? is said to be a hundr$ cubits1 & _! bread? fifty cubits4 ,b room has to be f\nd = a passage t5 cubits broad & a hundr$ long1 s t ! measurem5ts d n exhibit 9 ?is case ,ezekiel's usual accuracy4 ,moreov]1 we are told t :ile _! l5g? fac+ ! ,temple 0 a hundr$ cubits1 ! l5g? fac+ ! out] c\rt 0 only fifty cubits4 ,x is extremely difficult to ga9 a cle> idea ( :at ! prophet meant4 ,sm5d & ,davidson suppose t ea* block 0 divid$ longitud9ally into two sections1 & t ! passage ( t5 cubits ran betwe5 !m f ea/ to we/4 ,! inn] section w\ld !n be a hundr$ cubits 9 l5g? & tw5ty 9 bread?4 ,b ! o!r section t[>ds ! out] c\rt w\ld h only half ?is l5g?1 ! rema9+ fifty cubits along ! edge ( ! inn] c\rt be+ protect$ by a wall4 ,?is is p]haps ! be/ solution t has be5 propos$1 b "o c h>dly help ?9k+ t if ,ezekiel _h _h su* an arrangem5t 9 view he w\ld h express$ himself m cle>ly4 ,! "o ?+ t is p]fectly unambigu\s is ! purpose = :i* ^! cells 7 to be us$4 ,c]ta9 sacrifices to :i* a high degree ( sanctity atta*$ 7 consum$ by ! prie/s1 & be+ 8mo/ holy0 ?+s !y _h to be eat5 9 a holy place4 ,^! *amb]s1 !n1 /&+ )9 ! sacr$ enclosure ( ! inn] c\rt1 7 assign$ to ! prie/s = ?is purpose47#bai7 ,9 !m also ! prie/s 7 to deposit ! sacr$ g>m5ts 9 :i* !y m9i/]$1 be=e leav+ ! inn] c\rt to m+le ) ! p4 ,,ii ,su*1 !n1 are ! lead+ features pres5t$ by ,ezekiel's description ( an ideal sanctu>y4 ,:at are ! *ief impressions sugge/$ to ! m9d by its p]usal8 ,! fact no d\bt t surprises u mo/ is t our att5tion is almo/ exclusively direct$ to ! gr\ndplan ( ! build+s4 ,x is evid5t t ! prophet is indiff]5t to :at seems to u ! noble/ elem5t ( ecclesia/ical ar*itecture1 ! effect ( l(ty spaces on ! imag9ation ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,x is no "p ( 8 purpose to inspire devotional feel+ by ! aid ( purely /hetic impressions4 8,! height1 ! span1 ! gloom1 ! glory0 ( "s v5]able ,go?ic ca!dral d n ent] into 8 conception ( a place ( wor%ip4 ,! impressions he wi%es to convey1 al?\gh religi\s1 are intellectual r ?an /hetic1 & are su* z c\ld be express$ by ! %>p outl9es & ma!matical precision ( a gr\ndplan4 ,n[ ( c\rse ! sanctu>y 01 to beg9 )1 a place ( sacrifice1 & to a l>ge ext5t its arrangem5ts 7 necess>ily dictat$ by a reg>d = practical conv5i5ce & utility4 ,b leav+ ?is on "o side1 x is obvi\s en\gh t ! design is influ5c$ by c]ta9 rul+ pr9ciples1 ( :i* ! mo/ conspicu\s are ^! ?ree3 sep>ation1 gradation1 & symmetry4 ,& ^! aga9 symbolise ?ree aspects ( ! "o great idea ( hol9ess1 :i* ! prophet desir$ to see embodi$ 9 ! :ole con/itution ( ! ,hebrew /ate z ! gu>antee ( la/+ fell[%ip betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel4 ,9 ,ezekiel's tea*+ on ! subject ( hol9ess !re is no?+ t is absolutely new or peculi> to himself4 ,t ,jehovah is ! "o truly holy ,be+ is ! common doctr9e ( ! prophets1 & x means t ,he alone unites 9 ,himself all ! attributes ( true ,godhead4 ,! ,hebrew language does n admit ( ! =mation ( an adjective f ! "n = ,god l our ^w 8div9e10 or an ab/ract n\n correspond+ to 8div9ity40 ,:at we d5ote by ^! t]ms ! ,hebrews express$ by ! words qd% 1 8holy10 & qde%1 8hol9ess40 ,all t con/itutes true div9ity is !re=e summ$ up 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t idea ( ! hol9ess ( ,god4 ,! fundam5tal ?\ght express$ by ! ^w :5 appli$ to ,god appe>s to be ! sep>ation or contra/ betwe5 ! div9e & ! human--t 9 ,god :i* inspires awe & rev]5ce on ! "p ( man1 & =bids approa* to ,him save "u re/rictions :i* fl[ f ! nature ( ! ,deity4 ,9 ! light ( ! ,new ,te/am5t revelation we see t ! only b>ri] to communion ) ,god is s92 & h5ce to u hol9ess1 bo? 9 ,god & man1 is a purely e?ical idea d5ot+ moral purity & p]fectness4 ,b "u ! ,old ,te/am5t access to ,god 0 h9d]$ n only by s91 b also by natural disabilities to :i* no moral guilt atta*es4 ,! idea ( hol9ess is !re=e p>tly e?ical & p>tly c]emonial1 physical uncleanness be+ z really a violation ( ! div9e hol9ess1 z (f5ces aga9/ ! moral law4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is view appe> n[h]e m cle>ly ?an 9 ! legislation ( ,ezekiel4 ,8 m9d 0 p5etrat$ ) ! prophetic idea ( ! unique div9ity or hol9ess ( ,jehovah1 & no "o c d\bt t ! moral attributes ( ,god occupi$ ! supreme place 9 8 conception ( :at true ,godhead is4 ,b along ) ?is he has a pr(\nd s5se ( :at ! nature ( ,jehovah dem&s 9 ! way ( c]emonial purity4 ,! div9e hol9ess1 9 fact1 conta9s a physical z well z an e?ical elem5t2 & to gu>d aga9/ ! intrusion ( any?+ unclean into ! sph]e ( ,jehovah's wor%ip is ! *ief design ( ! elaborate sy/em ( ritual laws laid d[n 9 ! clos+ *apt]s ( ,ezekiel4 ,ultimately no d\bt ! :ole sy/em s]v$ a moral purpose by furni%+ a safegu>d aga9/ ! introduction ( hea!n practices into ! wor%ip ( ,israel4 ,b its imm$iate effect 0 to give prom95ce to t aspect ( ! idea ( hol9ess :i* seems to u ( lea/ value1 al?\gh x c\ld n be disp5s$ ) s long z ! wor%ip ( ,god took ! =m ( mat]ial (f]+s at a local sanctu>y4 ,n[ 9 r$uc+ ?is idea to practice x is obvi\s t ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! /rict en=cem5t ( ! pr9ciple ( sep>ation t lies at ! root ( ! ,hebrew conception ( hol9ess4 ,! ?\ght t und]lies ,ezekiel's legislation is t ! hol9ess ( ,jehovah is communicat$ 9 diff]5t degrees to ev]y?+ connect$ ) ,8 wor%ip1 & 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! ,temple1 :i* is sanctifi$ by ,8 pres5ce4 ,! sanctity ( ! place is ( c\rse n fully intelligible ap>t f ! c]emonial rules :i* regulate ! conduct ( ^? :o are p]mitt$ to ent] x4 ,?r\gh\t ! anci5t _w we f9d evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( sacr$ enclosures :i* c\ld only be ent]$ by ^? :o fulfill$ c]ta9 conditions ( physical purity4 ,! conditions might be extremely simple1 z :5 ,moses 0 comm&$ to take 8 %oes (f 8 feet z he /ood )9 ! holy gr\nd on ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,b obvi\sly ! fir/ ess5tial ( a p]man5tly sacr$ place 0 t x %\ld be def9itely m>k$ (f f common gr\nd1 z ! sph]e )9 :i* sup]ior requirem5ts ( hol9ess became b9d+4 ,a holy place is necess>ily a place 8cut (f10 sep>at$ f ord9>y use & gu>d$ f intrusion by sup]natural sanctions4 ,! idea ( ! sanctu>y z a sep>ate place 0 !re=e p]fectly famili> to ! ,israelites long be=e ! "t ( ,ezekiel1 & _h be5 exhibit$ 9 a lax & imp]fect way 9 ! con/ruction ( ! fir/ ,temple4 ,b :at ,ezekiel did 0 to c>ry out ! idea ) a ?or\ghness nev] be=e attempt$1 & 9 su* a way z to make ! :ole arrangem5ts ( ! sanctu>y an impressive object lesson on ! hol9ess ( ,jehovah4 ,h[ important ?is notion ( sep>at5ess 0 to ,ezekiel's conception ( ! sanctu>y is be/ se5 f ! emphatic condemnation ( ! arrangem5t ( ! old ,temple pron\nc$ by ,jehovah ,himself on ,8 entrance into ! h\se3 8,son ( man1 ha/ ?\ se57#bbj7 ! place ( ,my ?rone1 & ! place ( ! soles ( ,my feet1 :]e ,i %all dwell 9 ! mid/ ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel = ev]8 ,no long] %all ! h\se ( ,israel defile ,my holy "n1 !y & _! k+s1 by _! :or$om idolatry1 & by ! corpses ( _! k+s 9 _! dea?2 by plac+ _! ?re%old alongside ( ,my ?re%old1 & _! po/ beside ,my po/1 ) only ! wall betwe5 ,me & !m1 & defil+ ,my holy "n by _! abom9ations :i* !y committ$2 s t ,i consum$ !m 9 ,my ang]4 ,b n[ !y mu/ remove _! :or$om & ! corpses ( _! k+s f ,me1 & ,i w dwell among/ !m = ev]0 7*4 xliii4 #gi74 ,!re is "h a cle> allusion to defects 9 ! /ructure ( ! ,temple :i* 7 inconsi/5t ) a due recognition ( ! necess>y sep>ation betwe5 ! holy & ! pr(ane 7*4 xlii4 #bj74 ,x appe>s t ! fir/ ,temple _h only "o c\rt1 correspond+ to ! inn] c\rt ( ,ezekiel's vision4 ,:at answ]$ to ! out] c\rt 0 simply an enclosure surr\nd+1 n only ! ,temple1 b also ! royal palace & ! o!r build+s ( /ate4 ,imm$iately adjo9+ ! ,temple area on ! s\? 0 ! c\rt 9 :i* ! palace /ood1 s t ! only division betwe5 ! dwell+place ( ,jehovah & ! resid5ce ( ! k+s ( ,judah 0 ! s+le wall sep>at+ ! two c\rts4 ,?is ( itself 0 d]ogatory to ! sanctity ( ! ,temple1 accord+ to ! enhanc$ idea ( hol9ess :i* x 0 ,ezekiel's mission to en=ce4 ,b ! prophet t\*es on a /ill m flagrant transgression ( ! law ( hol9ess :5 he speaks ( ! dead bodies ( ! k+s z be+ int]r$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,temple4 ,contact ) a dead body produc$ "u all circum/ances ! highe/ degree ( c]emonial uncleanness1 & no?+ c\ld h be5 m abhorr5t to ,ezekiel's prie/ly s5se ( propriety ?an ! close proximity ( dead m5's bones to ! h\se 9 :i* ,jehovah 0 to dwell4 ,9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ! recurr5ce ( ^! abuses 9 ! future x 0 necess>y t all secul> build+s %\ld be remov$ to a safe di/ance f ! ,temple prec9cts4 ,! 8law ( ! h\se0 is t 8^u ! top ( ! m\nta9 x %all /&1 & all its prec9cts r\nd ab\t %all be mo/ holy0 7*4 xliii4 #ab74 ,& x is *>act]i/ic ( ,ezekiel t ! sep>ation is effect$1 n by *ang+ ! situation ( ! ,temple1 b by transport+ ! city bodily to ! s\?w>d2 s t ! new sanctu>y /ood on ! site ( ! old1 b isolat$ f ! contact ( t 9 human life :i* 0 common & unclean47#bba7 ,! effect ( ?is tea*+1 h[ev]1 is imm5sely enhanc$ by ! pr9ciple ( gradation1 :i* is ! second feature exhibit$ 9 ,ezekiel's description ( ! sanctu>y4 ,hol9ess1 z a pr$icate ( p]sons or ?+s1 is aft] all a relative idea4 ,t :i* is 8mo/ holy0 9 relation to ! pr(ane eday life ( m5 may be less holy 9 comp>ison ) some?+ /ill m closely associat$ ) ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,?us ! :ole l& ( ,israel 0 holy 9 contra/ ) ! _w ly+ outside4 ,b x 0 impossible to ma9ta9 ! :ole l& 9 a /ate ( c]emonial purity correspond+ to ! sanctity ( ,jehovah4 ,! full compass ( ! idea c\ld only be illu/rat$ by a c>efully grad$ s]ies ( sacr$ spaces1 ea* ( :i* entail$ provisions ( sanctity peculi> to itself4 ,fir/ ( all an 8oblation0 is set ap>t 9 ! middle ( ! tribes2 & ( ?is ! c5tral portion is assign$ = ! resid5ce ( ! prie/ly families4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is1 aga91 /&s ! sanctu>y ) its wall & prec9ct1 divid+ ! holy f ! pr(ane 7*4 xlii4 #bj74 ,)9 ! wall are ! two c\rts1 ( :i* ! out] c\ld only be trodd5 by circumcis$ ,israelites & ! inn] only by ! prie/s4 ,beh9d ! inn] c\rt /&s ! ,temple h\se1 cut (f f ! adjo9+ build+s by a 8sep>ate place10 & elevat$ on a plat=m1 :i* /ill fur!r gu>ds its sanctity f pr(ane contact4 ,& f9ally ! int]ior ( ! h\se is divid$ into ?ree comp>tm5ts1 increas+ 9 hol9ess 9 ! ord] ( entrance--fir/ ! por*1 !n ! ma9 hall1 & !n ! ,mo/ ,holy ,place1 :]e ,jehovah ,himself dwells4 ,x is impossible to mi/ake ! mean+ ( all ?is4 ,! practical object is to secure ! pres5ce ( ,jehovah aga9/ ! possibility ( contact ) ^? s\rces ( impurity :i* are insep>ably b\nd up ) ! incid5ts ( man's natural exi/5ce on e>?47#bbb7 ,be=e we pass on let u return = a mom5t to ! prim>y notion ( sep>ation 9 space z an emblem ( ! ,old ,te/am5t conception ( hol9ess4 ,:at is ! p]man5t religi\s tru? und]ly+ ?is repres5tation8 ,we may f9d x 9 ! idea convey$ by ! famili> phrase 8draw ne> to ,god40 ,:at we h j se5 rem9ds u t !re 0 a /age 9 ! hi/ory ( religion :5 ^! words c\ld be us$ 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se ( e act ( complete wor%ip4 ,! wor%ipp] actually came to ! place :]e ,god 02 x 0 impossible to realise ,8 pres5ce 9 any o!r way4 ,to u ! expression has only a metaphorical value2 yet ! metaphor is "o t we _c disp5se )1 = x cov]s a fact ( spiritual exp]i5ce4 ,x may be true t ) ,god !re is no f> or ne>1 t ,he is omnipres5t1 t ,8 eyes are 9 e place behold+ ! evil & ! good4 ,b :at does t mean8 ,n surely t all m5 ev]y:]e & at all times are equally "u ! influ5ce ( ! div9e ,_s8 ,no2 b only t ,god may be f\nd 9 any place by ! s\l t is op5 to receive ,8 grace & tru?1 t place has no?+ to d ) ! conditions ( true fell[%ip ) ,him4 ,translat$ into t]ms ( ! spiritual life1 draw+ ne> to ,god d5otes ! act ( fai? or pray] or consecration1 ?r\gh :i* we seek ! manife/ation ( ,8 love 9 our exp]i5ce4 ,religion kn[s no?+ ( 8action at a di/ance02 ,god is ne> 9 e place to ! s\l t kn[s ,him1 & di/ant 9 e place f ! he>t t loves d>kness r ?an light4 ,n[ :5 ! idea ( access to ,god is ?us spiritualis$ ! conception ( hol9ess is necess>ily trans=m$1 b x is n sup]s$$4 ,at e /age ( revelation hol9ess is t 8)\t :i* no man %all see ! ,"l407#bbc7 ,9 o!r words1 x expresses ! conditions t regulate all true fell[%ip ) ,god4 ,s long z wor%ip 0 conf9$ to an e>?ly sanctu>y ^! conditions 7 s to speak mat]ialis$4 ,!y resolv$ !mselves into a s]ies ( 8c>nal ord9ances0--gifts & sacrifices1 meats1 dr9ks1 & div]s wa%+s--t c\ld nev] make ! wor%ipp] p]fect z t\*+ ! consci5ce4 ,^! ?+s 7 8impos$ until a "t ( re=mation10 ! 8,holy ,gho/ ?is signify+1 t ! way into ! holy place _h n be5 made manife/ :ile z ! fir/ tab]nacle 0 yet /&+407#bbd7 ,& yet :5 we consid] :at x 0 t gave su* vitality to t p]si/5t s5se ( di/ance f ,god1 ( ,8 unapproa*abl5ess1 ( dang] 9 contact ) ,him1 :at x 0 t inspir$ su* con/ant att5tion to c]emonial purity 9 all anci5t religions1 we _c b see t x 0 ! obscure work+s ( ! consci5ce1 ! haunt+ s5se ( moral defect cleav+ to a man's common life & all 8 common actions4 ,9 hea!nism ?is feel+ took an entirely wrong direction2 9 ,israel x 0 gradually lib]at$ f its mat]ial associations & /ood =? z an e?ical fact4 ,& :5 at la/ ,*ri/ came to reveal ,god z ,he is1 ,he taught m5 to call no?+ common or unclean4 ,b ,he taught !m at ! same "t t true hol9ess c only be atta9$ ?r\gh ,8 aton+ sacrifice1 & by ! indwell+ ( t ,_s :i* is ! s\rce ( moral purity & p]fection 9 all ,8 p4 ,^! are ! abid+ conditions ( fell[%ip ) ! ,fa!r ( our spirits2 & "u ! influ5ce ( ^! great ,*ri/ian facts x is our duty to p]fect hol9ess 9 ! fe> ( ,god4 ,,iii ,no soon] has ! prophet complet$ 8 t\r ( inspection ( ! sacr$ build+s ?an he is conduct$ to ! ea/]n gate to witness ! !ophany by :i* ! ,temple is consecrat$ to ! s]vice ( ! true ,god4 8,he 7! angel7 l$ me to ! gate t looks ea/w>d1 &1 lo1 ! glory ( ! ,god ( ,israel came f ! ea/2 its s\nd 0 z ! s\nd ( _m wat]s1 & ! e>? %one ) its glory4 ,! appe>ance :i* ,i saw 0 l t :i* ,i _h se5 :5 ,he came to de/roy ! city1 & l ! appe>ance :i* ,i saw by ! riv] ,keb>1 & ,i fell on my face4 ,& ! glory ( ,jehovah ent]$ ! h\se by ! gate t looks t[>ds ! ea/4 ,! ,_s caught me up1 & br\ght me to ! inn] c\rt2 &1 behold1 ! glory ( ,jehovah fill$ ! h\se4 ,!n ,i he>d a voice f ! h\se speak+ to me--! man 0 /&+ beside me--& say+1 ,son ( man1 ha/ ?\ se5 ! place ( ,my ?rone1 & ! place ( ! soles ( ,my feet1 :]e ,i %all dwell 9 ! mid/ ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel = ev]80 7*4 xliii4 #ag74 ,?is great sc5e1 s simply describ$1 is really ! culm9ation ( ,ezekiel's prophecy4 ,its spiritual mean+ is sugge/$ by ! prophet himself :5 he recalls ! t]rible act ( judgm5t :i* he _h se5 9 vision on t v spot "s tw5ty ye>s be=e 7*s4 ix4xi474 ,! two episodes /& 9 cle> & consci\s p>allelism ) ea* o!r4 ,!y repres5t 9 dramatic =m ! sum ( ,ezekiel's tea*+ 9 ! two p]iods into :i* 8 m9i/ry 0 divid$4 ,on ! =m] occasion he _h witness$ ! exit ( ,jehovah f a ,temple pollut$ by hea!n abom9ations & pr(an$ by ! pres5ce ( m5 :o _h dis[n$ ! k ( ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel4 ,! prophet _h read 9 ?is ! dea? s5t5ce ( ! old ,hebrew /ate1 & ! tru? ( 8 vision _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! tale ( horror & disa/] :i* ! subsequ5t ye>s _h unfold$4 ,n[ he has be5 privileg$ to see ! return ( ,jehovah to a new ,temple1 correspond+ 9 all respects to ! requirem5ts ( ,8 hol9ess2 & he recognises x z ! pl$ge ( re/oration & peace & all ! bless+s ( ! ,messianic age4 ,! future wor%ipp]s are /ill 9 exile be>+ ! *a/isem5t ( _! =m] iniquities2 b 8! ,"l is 9 ,8 holy ,temple10 & ! disp]s$ ( ,israel %all yet be ga!r$ home to ent] ,8 c\rts ) praise & ?anksgiv+4 ,to u ?is "p ( ! vision symbolises1 "u =ms d]iv$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t economy1 ! c5tral tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation4 ,we d no inju/ice to ! hi/oric import ( ,ezekiel's mission :5 we say t ! dwell+ ( ,jehovah 9 ! mid/ ( ,8 p is an emblem ( reconciliation betwe5 ,god & man1 & t 8 elaborate sy/em ( ritual obs]vances po9ts t[>ds ! sanctification ( human life 9 all its relations ?r\gh spiritual communion ) ! ,fa!r reveal$ 9 our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,*ri/ian int]pret]s h diff]$ widely z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! vision is to be realis$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*2 b on "o po9t at lea/ !y are agre$1 t ?r\gh ! veil ( legal in/itutions ! prophet saw ! day ( ,*ri/4 ,& al?\gh ,ezekiel himself does n di/+ui% betwe5 ! symbol & ! reality1 x is nev]!less possible = u to see1 9 ! ess5tial ideas ( 8 vision1 a prophecy ( t et]nal union betwe5 ,god & man :i* is br\ght to pass by ! "w ( ,*ri/4 ,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,! ,prie/hood4 ,*apt] xliv4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we saw h[ ! pr9ciple ( hol9ess ?r\gh sep>ation 0 exhibit$ 9 ! plan ( a new ,temple1 r\nd :i* ! ,!ocracy ( ! future 0 to be con/itut$4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! application ( ! same pr9ciple to ! p]sonnel ( ! ,sanctu>y1 ! prie/s & o!rs :o are to (ficiate )9 its c\rts4 ,! connection betwe5 ! two is obvi\s4 ,z has be5 already rem>k$1 ! sanctity ( ! ,temple is n intelligible ap>t f ! c]emonial purity requir$ ( ! p]sons :o are p]mitt$ to ent] x4 ,! degrees ( hol9ess p]ta9+ to its diff]5t areas imply an asc5d+ scale ( re/rictions on access to ! m sacr$ p>ts4 ,we may expect to f9d t 9 ! obs]vance ( ^! conditions ! usage ( ! fir/ ,temple left mu* to be desir$ f ! po9t ( view repres5t$ by ,ezekiel's ideal4 ,:]e ! v con/ruction ( ! sanctu>y involv$ s _m dep>tures f ! /rict idea ( hol9ess x 0 inevitable t a correspond+ laxity %\ld prevail 9 ! dis*>ge ( sacr$ functions4 ,temple & prie/hood 9 fact are s relat$ t a re=m ( ! "o implies ( necessity a re=m ( ! o!r4 ,x is !re=e n 9 itself surpris+ t ,ezekiel's legislation %\ld include a s*eme = ! reorganisation ( ! ,temple prie/hood4 ,b ^! g5]al consid]ations h>dly prep>e u = ! sweep+ & dra/ic *anges contemplat$ 9 ! =tyf\r? *apt] ( ! book4 ,x requires an ef=t ( imag9ation to realise ! situation ) :i* ! prophet has to deal4 ,! abuses = :i* he seeks a rem$y & ! measures :i* he adopts to c\nt]act !m are alike contr>y to preconceiv$ notions ( ! ord] ( wor%ip 9 an ,israelite sanctu>y4 ,yet !re is no "p ( ! prophet's programme :i* %[s ! "* ( ! e>ne/ practical re=m] m cle>ly ?an ?is4 ,if we might reg>d ,ezekiel z a m]e legislator we %\ld say t ! bolde/ task to :i* he set 8 h& 0 a re=mation ( ! ,temple m9i/ry1 involv+ ! degradation ( an influ5tial class f ! prie/ly /atus & privileges to :i* !y aspir$4 ,i ,! fir/ & mo/ notewor?y feature ( ! new s*eme is ! di/9ction betwe5 prie/s & ,levites4 ,! passage 9 :i* ?is in/ruction is giv5 is s important t x may be quot$ "h at l5g?4 ,x is an oracle communicat$ to ! prophet 9 a peculi>ly impressive mann]4 ,he has be5 br\ght into ! inn] c\rt 9 front ( ! ,temple1 & !re1 9 full view ( ! glory ( ,god1 he falls on 8 face1 :5 ,jehovah speaks to him z foll[s3-- 8,son ( man1 give he$ & see ) ?9e eyes & he> ) ?9e e>s all t ,i speak to !e conc]n+ all ! ord9ances & all ! laws ( ,jehovah's h\se4 ,m>k well ! rule ( entrance into ! h\se1 & all ! outgo+s 9 ! sanctu>y4 ,& say to ! h\se ( rebellion1 ! h\se ( ,israel3 ,?us sai? ! ,"l ,jehovah1 ,x is high "t to desi/ f all y\r abom9ations1 ,o h\se ( ,israel1 9 t ye br+ 9 ali5s uncircumcis$ 9 he>t & uncircumcis$ 9 fle% to be 9 ,my sanctu>y1 pr(an+ x1 :ile ye (f] ,my bread1 ! fat & ! blood2 ?us ye h brok5 ,my cov5ant1 9 addition to all y\r o!r abom9ations2 & ye h n kept ! *>ge ( ,my holy ?+s1 b h appo9t$ !m z keep]s ( ,my *>ge 9 ,my sanctu>y4 ,!re=e ?us sai? ! ,"l ,jehovah1 ,no ali5 uncircumcis$ 9 he>t & fle% %all ent] into ,my sanctu>y1 ( all ! =eign]s :o are among/ ! ,israelites4 ,b ! ,levites :o dep>t$ f ,me :5 ,israel w5t a/ray f ,me aft] _! idols1 !y %all be> _! guilt1 & %all m9i/] 9 ,my sanctu>y 9 *>ge at ! gates ( ! h\se & z m9i/]s ( ! h\se2 !y %all slay ! burnt (f]+ & ! sacrifice = ! p1 & /& be=e !m to m9i/] to !m4 ,because !y m9i/]$ to !m be=e _! idols1 & 7 to ! h\se ( ,israel an occasion ( guilt1 !re=e ,i lift ,my h& aga9/ !m1 sai? ! ,"l ,jehovah1 & !y %all be> _! guilt1 & %all n draw ne> to ,me to act z prie/s to ,me or to t\* any ( ,my holy ?+s1 ! mo/ holy ?+s1 b %all be> _! %ame & ! abom9ations :i* !y h committ$4 ,i w make !m keep]s ( ! *>ge ( ! h\se1 = all its s]vile "w & all t has to be done 9 x4 ,b ! prie/,levites1 ! sons ( ,zadok1 :o kept ! *>ge ( ,my sanctu>y :5 ! ,israelites /ray$ f ,me--!y %all draw ne> to ,me to m9i/] to ,me1 & %all /& be=e ,me to pres5t to ,me ! fat & ! blood1 sai? ! ,"l ,jehovah4 ,!y %all ent] into ,my sanctu>y1 & !y %all draw ne> to ,my table to m9i/] to ,me1 & %all keep ,my *>ge0 7xliv4 #eaf74 ,n[ ! fir/ ?+ to be notic$ "h is t ! new law ( ! prie/hood is aim$ directly aga9/ a p>ticul> abuse 9 ! practice ( ! fir/ ,temple4 ,x appe>s t d[n to ! "t ( ! ,exile uncircumcis$ ali5s 7 n only admitt$ to ! ,temple1 b 7 entru/$ ) c]ta9 important functions 9 ma9ta9+ ord] 9 ! sanctu>y 7v]4 #h74 ,x is n expressly /at$ t !y took any "p 9 ! p]=mance ( ! wor%ip1 al?\gh ?is is sugge/$ by ! fact t ! ,levites :o are in/all$ 9 _! place _h to slay ! sacrifices = ! p & r5d] o!r necess>y s]vices to ! wor%ipp]s 7v]4 #aa74 ,9 any case ! m]e pres5ce ( =eign]s :ile sacrifice 0 be+ (f]$ 7v]4 #g7 0 a pr(anation ( ! sanctity ( ! ,temple :i* 0 intol]able to a /rict conception ( ,jehovah's hol9ess4 ,x is !re=e ( "s consequ5ce to discov] :o ^! ali5s 71 & h[ !y came to be engag$ 9 ! ,temple4 ,= a p>tial answ] to ?is "q1 we may turn fir/ to ! memorable sc5e ( ! coronation ( ! "y k+ ,joa% z describ$ 9 ! elev5? *apt] ( ! second book ( ,k+s 7c4 ,b4,c4 #hcg74 ,! mov+ _s 9 t transaction 0 ! *ief prie/ ,jehoiada1 a man :o 0 hon\rably di/+ui%$ by 8 zeal = ! purity ( ! national religion4 ,b al?\gh ! prie/'s motives 7 pure he c\ld only accompli% 8 object by a palace revolution1 c>ri$ out ) ! assi/ance ( ! capta9s ( ! royal bodygu>d4 ,n[ f ! "t ( ,david ! royal gu>d _h conta9$ a corps ( =eign m]c5>ies recruit$ f ! ,phili/9e c\ntry2 & on ! occasion ) :i* we are deal+ we f9d m5tion ( a body ( ,c>ians1 %[+ t ! cu/om 0 kept up 9 ! end ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,dur+ ! coronation c]emony ^! gu>ds 7 drawn up 9 ! mo/ sacr$ "p ( ! inn] c\rt1 ! space betwe5 ! ,temple & ! alt>1 ) ! new k+ 9 _! mid/ 7v]4 #aa74 ,moreov] we le>n incid5tally t keep+ wat* 9 ! ,temple 0 "p ( ! regul> duty ( ! k+'s bodygu>d1 j z mu* z ! cu/ody ( ! palace 7vv4 #eg74 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! full significance ( ?is arrangem5t1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! ,temple 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! royal sanctu>y1 ma9ta9$ at ! k+'s exp5se & subject to 8 au?ority4 ,h5ce ! duty ( keep+ ord] 9 ! ,temple c\rts naturally devolv$ on ! troops t att5d$ ! k+'s p]son & act$ z ! palace gu>d4 ,s at an e>li] p]iod ( ! hi/ory we read t z (t5 z ! k+ w5t into ! h\se ( ,jehovah1 he 0 accompani$ by ! gu>d t kept ! door ( ! k+'s h\se 7#a ,k+s xiv4 #bg1 #bh74 ,"h1 !n1 we h hi/orical evid5ce ( ! admission to ! sanctu>y ( a class ( =eign]s answ]+ 9 all respects to ! uncircumcis$ ali5s ( ,ezekiel's legislation4 ,t ! practice ( enli/+ =eign m]c5>ies = ! gu>d cont9u$ till ! reign ( ,josiah seems to be indicat$ by an allusion 9 ! book ( ,zephaniah1 :]e ! prophet d5\nces a body ( m5 9 ! s]vice ( ! k+ :o obs]v$ ! ,phili/9e cu/om ( 8leap+ ov] ! ?re%old0 7,zeph4 i4 #i3 cf4 #a ,sam4 v4 #e74 ,we h only to suppose t ?is usage1 along ) ! subord9ation ( ! ,temple to ! royal au?ority1 p]si/$ to ! close ( ! mon>*y1 9 ord] to expla9 fully ! abuse :i* excit$ ! indignation ( our prophet4 ,x is possible no d\bt t he _h 9 view o!r uncircumcis$ p]sons z well1 su* z ! ,gibeonites 7,jo%4 ix4 #bg71 :o 7 employ$ 9 ! m5ial s]vice ( ! sanctu>y4 ,b we h se5 en\gh to %[ at all ev5ts t preexilic usage tol]at$ a fre$om ( access to ! sanctu>y & a loos5ess ( adm9i/ration )9 x :i* w\ld h be5 sacrilegi\s "u ! law ( ! second ,temple4 ,x ne$ n be suppos$ t ,ezekiel 0 ! only "o :o felt ?is /ate ( ?+s to be a sc&al & an injury to religion4 ,we may believe t 9 ?is respect he only express$ ! high] consci5ce ( 8 ord]4 ,among/ ! m dev\t circles ( ! ,temple prie/hood !re 0 probably a gr[+ conviction simil> to t :i* animat$ ! e>ly ,tract>ian p>ty 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 a conviction t ! :ole ecclesia/ical sy/em ) :i* _! spiritual int]e/s 7 b\nd up fell %ort ( ! ideal ( sanctity ess5tial to x z a div9e in/itution4 ,b no s*eme ( re=m _h any *ance ( success s long z ! palace ( ! k+s /ood h>d by ! ,temple1 ) only a wall betwe5 !m4 ,! opportunity = recon/ruction came ) ! ,exile1 & "o ( ! lead+ pr9ciples ( ! re=m$ ,temple is t "h enunciat$ by ,ezekiel1 t no 8ali5 uncircumcis$ 9 he>t & uncircumcis$ 9 fle%0 %all h5ce=? ent] ! sanctu>y4 ,9 ord] to prev5t a recurr5ce ( ^! abuses ,ezekiel orda9s t = ! future ! functions ( ! ,temple gu>d & o!r m5ial (fices %all be dis*>g$ by ! ,levites :o _h hi!rto act$ z prie/s ( ! idolatr\s %r9es ?r\gh\t ! k+dom 7vv4 #aaad74 ,?is s+ul> enactm5t becomes at once intelligible :5 we und]/& ! peculi> circum/ances br\ght ab\t by ! en=cem5t ( ! ,deut]onomic ,law 9 ! re=mation ( ! ye> #fba4 ,let u once m recall ! fact t ! *ief object ( t re=mation 0 to d away ) all ! prov9cial sanctu>ies & to conc5trate ! wor%ip ( ! nation 9 ! ,temple at ,j]usalem4 ,x is obvi\s t by ?is measure ! prie/s ( ! local sanctu>ies 7 depriv$ ( _! means ( livelihood4 ,! rule t !y :o s]ve ! alt> %all live by ! alt> appli$ equally to ! prie/s ( ! high places & to ^? 9 ! ,temple at ,j]usalem4 ,all ! prie/s inde$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry 7 memb]s ( a l&less ca/e or tribe2 ! ,levites _h no portion or inh]itance l ! o!r tribes1 b subsi/$ on ! (f]+s ( ! wor%ipp]s at ! v>i\s %r9es :]e !y m9i/]$4 ,n[ ! law ( ,deut]onomy recognises ! pr9ciple ( comp5sation = ! ve/$ int]e/s t 7 ?us aboli%$4 ,two alt]natives 7 (f]$ to ! ,levites ( ! high places3 !y might ei!r rema9 9 ! villages or t[n%ips :]e !y 7 kn[n1 or !y might proce$ to ! c5tral sanctu>y & obta9 admission to ! ranks ( ! prie/hood !re4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! ,lawgiv] comm5ds !m e>ne/ly1 along ) o!r de/itute memb]s ( ! community1 to ! *>ity ( _! welltod fell[t[nsm5 & neighb\rs4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y elect$ to try _! =tunes 9 ! ,temple at ,j]usalem1 he secures _! full prie/ly /atus & equal rights ) _! bre?r5 :o regul>ly (ficiat$ !re4 ,on ?is po9t ! legislation is q explicit4 ,any ,levite f any di/rict ( ,israel :o came ( 8 own free w to ! place :i* ,jehovah _h *os5 might m9i/] 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah 8 ,god1 z all 8 bre?r5 ! ,levites did :o /ood !re be=e ,jehovah1 & h l portions to eat 7,deut4 xviii4 #fh74 ,9 ?is matt]1 h[ev]1 ! humane int5tion ( ! law 0 p>tly fru/rat$ by ! exclusiv5ess ( ! prie/s :o 7 already 9 possession ( ! sacr$ (fices 9 ! ,temple4 ,! ,levites :o 7 br\ght up f ! prov9ces to ,j]usalem 7 all[$ _! prop] %>e ( ! prie/ly dues1 b 7 n p]mitt$ to (ficiate at ! alt>47#bbe7 ,x is n probable t a l>ge numb] ( ! prov9cial ,levites avail$ !mselves ( ?is grudg+ provision = _! ma9t5ance4 ,9 ! idolatr\s reaction :i* set 9 aft] ! dea? ( ,josiah ! wor%ip ( ! high places 0 reviv$1 & ! great body ( ! ,levites w\ld naturally be fav\rable to ! ree/abli%m5t ( ! old ord] ( ?+s ) :i* _! pr(essional int]e/s 7 id5tifi$4 ,/ill1 !re w\ld be a c]ta9 numb] :o = consci5ti\s motives atta*$ !mselves to ! movem5t = a pur] & /rict] conception ( ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah1 & 7 will+ to submit to ! irksome conditions :i* ?is movem5t impos$ on !m4 ,!y might hope = a "t :5 ! g5]\s provisions ( ! ,deut]onomic ,code w\ld be appli$ to !m2 b _! position 9 ! meantime 0 bo? prec>i\s & humiliat+4 ,!y _h to be> ! doom pron\nc$ long ago on ! s9ful h\se ( ,eli3 8,e "o t is left 9 ?9e h\se %all come & b[ d[n to him 7! high prie/ ( ! l9e ( ,zadok7 = a piece ( silv] & a loaf ( bread1 & %all say1 ,?ru/ me1 ,i pray !e1 into "o ( ! prie/s' (fices1 t ,i may eat a morsel ( bread407#bbf7 ,we see ?us t ,ezekiel's legislation on ! subject ( ! ,levites />ts f a /ate ( ?+s creat$ by ,josiah's re=mation1 &1 let u rememb]1 a /ate ( ?+s ) :i* ! prophet 0 famili> 9 8 e>li] days :5 he 0 himself a prie/ 9 ! ,temple4 ,on ! :ole he ju/ifies ! exclusive attitude ( ! ,temple prie/hood t[>ds ! new com]s1 & c>ries =w>d ! application ( ! idea ( sanctity f ! po9t :]e x _h be5 left by ! law ( ,deut]onomy4 ,t law recognises no sac]dotal di/9ctions )9 ! ranks ( ! prie/hood4 ,its regul> designation ( ! prie/s ( ! ,temple is 8! prie/s1 ! ,levites02 t ( ! prov9cial prie/s is simply 8! ,levites40 ,all prie/s are bre?r51 all belong to ! same tribe ( ,levi2 & x is assum$1 z we h se51 t any ,levite1 :atev] 8 antec$5ts1 is qualifi$ = ! full privileges ( ! prie/hood 9 ! c5tral sanctu>y if he *oose to claim !m4 ,b we h also se5 t ! di/9ction em]g$ z a consequ5ce ( ! en=cem5t ( ! fundam5tal law ( ! s+le sanctu>y4 ,!re came to be a class ( ,levites 9 ! ,temple ^: position 0 at fir/ indet]m9ate4 ,!y !mselves claim$ ! full /&+ ( ! prie/hood1 & !y c\ld appeal 9 support ( _! claim to ! au?ority ( ! ,deut]onomic legislation4 ,b ! claim 0 nev] conc$$ 9 practice1 ! influ5ce ( ! legitimate ,temple prie/s be+ /rong en\gh to exclude !m f ! supreme privilege ( m9i/]+ at ! alt>4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s c\ld n cont9ue4 ,ei!r ! disp>ity ( ! two ord]s mu/ be effac$ by ! admission ( ! ,levites to a foot+ ( equality ) ! o!r prie/s1 or else x mu/ be emphasis$ & bas$ on "s high] pr9ciple ?an ! jeal\sy ( a close corporation = its traditional rights4 ,n[ su* a pr9ciple is suppli$ by ! section ( ,ezekiel's vision ) :i* we are deal+4 ,! p]man5t exclusion ( ! ,levites f ! prie/hood is f\nd$ on ! unassailable moral gr\nd t !y _h =feit$ _! rights by _! unfai?fulness to ! fundam5tal tru?s ( ! national religion4 ,!y _h be5 a 8/umbl+block ( iniquity0 to ! h\se ( ,israel ?r\gh _! disloyalty to ,jehovah's cause dur+ ! long p]iod ( national apo/asy1 :5 !y l5t !mselves to ! popul> incl9ation t[>ds impure & idolatr\s wor%ip4 ,= ?is great betrayal ( _! tru/ !y mu/ be> ! guilt & %ame 9 _! degradation to ! l[e/ (fices 9 ! s]vice ( ! new sanctu>y4 ,!y are to fill ! place =m]ly occupi$ by uncircumcis$ =eign]s1 z keep]s ( ! gates & s]vants ( ! h\se & ! wor%ipp+ congregation2 b !y may n draw ne> to ,jehovah 9 ! ex]cise ( prie/ly pr]ogatives1 nor put _! h&s to ! mo/ holy ?+s4 ,! prie/hood ( ! new ,temple is f9ally ve/$ 9 ! 8sons ( ,zadok0--i4e41 ! body ( ,levitical prie/s :o _h m9i/]$ 9 ! ,temple s9ce its f\ndation by ,solomon4 ,:atev] ! faults ( ^! ,zadokites _h be5--& ,ezekiel c]ta9ly does n judge !m l5i5tly7#bbg7--!y _h at lea/ /eadfa/ly ma9ta9$ ! ideal ( a c5tral sanctu>y1 & 9 comp>ison ) ! rural cl]gy !y 7 d\btless a pur] & bett]discipl9$ body4 ,! judgm5t is only a relative "o1 z all class judgm5ts necess>ily are4 ,!re mu/ h be5 individual ,zadokites worse ?an an ord9>y ,levite f ! c\ntry1 z well z individual ,levites :o 7 sup]ior to ! av]age ,temple prie/4 ,b if x 0 necess>y t 9 ! future ! int]e/s ( religion %\ld be ma9ly confid$ to a prie/hood1 !re c\ld be no "q t z a class ! old prie/ly ari/ocracy ( ! c5tral sanctu>y 7 ^? be/ qualifi$ = spiritual lead]%ip4 ,9 ,ezekiel's vision we ?us seem to f9d ! beg9n+ ( a /atutory & (ficial di/9ction betwe5 prie/s & ,levites4 ,?is fact =ms "o ( ! argum5ts *iefly reli$ on by ^? :o hold t ! book ( ,ezekiel prec$es ! introduction ( ! ,prie/ly ,code ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,two ?+s1 inde$1 appe> to be cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! t5d5cy & significance ( ,ezekiel's legislation is adequately expla9$ by ! hi/orical situation t exi/$ 9 ! g5]ation imm$iately prec$+ ! ,exile4 ,9 ! second place ! ,mosaic books1 ap>t f ,deut]onomy1 _h no influ5ce on ! s*eme prop\nd$ 9 ! vision4 ,x is felt t ^! results are difficult to reconcile ) ! view t ! middle books ( ! ,p5tateu* 7 kn[n to ! prophet z "p ( a div9ely orda9$ con/itution = ! ,israelite !ocracy4 ,we %\ld h expect$ 9 t case t ! prophet w\ld simply h fall5 back on ! provisions ( ! e>li] legislation1 :]e ! division betwe5 prie/s & ,levites is =mulat$ ) p]fect cle>ness & precision4 ,or1 look+ at ! matt] f ! div9e po9t ( view1 we %\ld h expect$ t ! revelation giv5 to ,ezekiel w\ld endorse ! pr9ciples ( ! revelation t _h already be5 giv54 ,x is equally h>d to suppose t any exi/+ law %\ld h be5 unkn[n to ,ezekiel1 or to sugge/ a reason = 8 ignor+ x if x 0 kn[n4 ,! facts t h come be=e u seem ?us1 s f> z !y g1 to be 9 fav\r ( ! !ory t ,ezekiel /&s midway betwe5 ,deut]onomy & ! ,prie/ly ,code1 & t ! f9al codification & promulgation ( ! latt] took place aft] 8 "t4 ,x is ne>] our purpose1 h[ev]1 to note ! probable effect ( ^! regulations on ! p]sonnel ( ! second ,temple4 ,9 ! book ( ,ezra we are told t 9 ! fir/ colony ( return+ exiles !re 7 f\r ?\s& two hundr$ & eightyn9e prie/s & only sev5tyf\r ,levites47#bbh7 ,"o man 9 e t5 0 a prie/1 & ! total numb] 0 probably 9 excess ( ! requirem5ts ( a fully equipp$ ,temple4 ,! numb] ( ,levites1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld h be5 q insuffici5t = ! duties requir$ ( !m "u ! new arrangem5ts1 _h !re n be5 a cont+5t ( ne>ly f\r hundr$ ( ! old ,temple s]vants to supply _! lack ( s]vice47#bbi7 ,aga91 :5 ,ezra came up f ,babylon 9 ! ye> #deh1 we f9d t n a s+le ,levite volunte]$ to accompany him4 ,x 0 only aft] "s negotiations t ab\t =ty ,levites 7 induc$ to g up ) him to ,j]usalem2 & aga9 !y 7 f> outnumb]$ by ! ,ne?9im or ,temple slaves47#bcj7 ,^! figures _c possibly repres5t ! proportionate /r5g? ( ! tribe ( ,levi "u ! old mon>*y4 ,!y indicate unmi/akably t !re 0 a great reluctance on ! "p ( ! ,levites to %>e ! p]ils & glory ( ! f\nd+ ( ! new ,j]usalem4 ,is x n probable t ! new conditions laid d[n by ,ezekiel's legislation 7 ! cause ( ?is reluctance8 ,t1 9 %ort1 ! prospect ( be+ s]vants 9 a ,temple :]e !y _h once claim$ to be prie/s 0 n suffici5tly attractive to ! majority to lead !m to break up _! com=table homes 9 exile1 & take _! prop] place 9 ! ranks ( ^? :o 7 =m+ ! new community ( ,israel8 ,& ought we n to sp>e a mom5t's admiration ev5 at ?is di/ance ( "t = ! publicspirit$ few :o 9 selfsacrific+ devotion to ! cause ( ,god will+ly accept$ a position :i* 0 scorn$ by ! great mass ( _! tribesm58 ,if ?is 0 _! _s1 !y _h _! rew>d4 ,al?\gh ! position ( a ,levite 0 at fir/ a symbol ( inf]iority & degradation1 x ultimately became "o ( v great hon\r4 ,:5 ! ,temple s]vice 0 fully organis$1 ! ,levites 7 a l>ge & important ord]1 second 9 dignity 9 ! community only to ! prie/s4 ,_! ranks 7 swell$ by ! incorporation ( ! ,temple musicians1 z well z o!r function>ies2 & ?us ! ,levites are = ev] associat$ 9 our m9ds ) ! magnific5t s]vice ( praise :i* 0 ! *ief glory ( ! second ,temple4 ,,ii ,! rema9d] ( ! =tyf\r? *apt] lays d[n ! rules ( c]emonial hol9ess to be obs]v$ by ! prie/s1 ! duties !y h to p]=m t[>ds ! community1 & ! provision to be made = _! ma9t5ance4 ,a few words mu/ "h suffice on ea* ( ^! topics4 #a4 ,! sanctity ( ! prie/s is d5ot$1 fir/ ( all1 by ! obligation to we> special l95 g>m5ts :5 !y ent] ! inn] c\rt1 :i* is ! sph]e ( _! peculi> m9i/rations4 ,ve/ries 7 provid$1 z we h se5 f ! description ( ! ,temple1 betwe5 ! inn] & out] c\rts1 :]e ^! g>m5ts 7 to be put on & (f z ! prie/s pass$ to & f ! dis*>ge ( _! sacr$ duties4 ,! g5]al idea und]ly+ ?is regulation is too obvi\s to require explanation4 ,x is b an application ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple t approa* to ! ,deity1 or entrance into a place sanctifi$ by ,8 pres5ce1 dem&s a condition ( c]emonial purity :i* _c be ma9ta9$ & mu/ n be imitat$ by p]sons ( a l[] degree ( religi\s privilege4 ,a /range b v sugge/ive ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple is f\nd 9 ! injunction to put (f ! g>m5ts be=e go+ into ! out] c\rt1 le/ ! ord9>y wor%ipp] %\ld be sanctifi$ by *ance contact ) !m4 ,t bo? hol9ess & uncleanness are propagat$ by contagion is ( ! v ess5ce ( ! anci5t idea ( sanctity2 b ! rem>kable ?+ is t 9 "s circum/ances communicat$ hol9ess is z mu* to be dread$ z communicat$ uncleanness4 ,x is n said :at w\ld be ! fate ( an ,israelite :o %\ld by *ance t\* ! sacr$ ve/m5ts1 b evid5tly he mu/ be disqualifi$ = p>ticipation 9 wor%ip until he _h purg$ himself ( 8 illegitimate sanctity47#bca7 ,9 ! next place ! prie/s are "u c]ta9 p]man5t obligations ) reg>d to signs ( m\rn+1 m>riage1 & contact ) dea?1 :i* aga9 are ! m>k ( ! peculi> sanctity ( _! ca/e4 ,! rules z to m\rn+--prohibition ( %av+ ! head & lett+ ! hair fl[ di%evell$7#bcb7--;h be5 ?\ght to be direct$ aga9/ hea!n cu/oms aris+ out ( ! wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,9 m>riage ! prie/ may only take a virg9 ( ! h\se ( ,israel or ! wid[ ( a prie/4 ,& only 9 ! case ( 8 ne>e/ relatives--p>5t1 *ild1 bro!r1 & unm>ri$ si/]--may he defile himself by r5d]+ ! la/ (fices to ! dep>t$1 & ev5 ^! exceptions involve exclusion f ! sacr$ (fice = sev5 days47#bcc7 ,! relations ( ^! requirem5ts to ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! ,levitical law are some:at complicat$4 ,! great po9t ( diff]5ce is t ,ezekiel kn[s no?+ ( ! unique privileges & sanctity ( ! high prie/4 ,x might seem at fir/ sight z if ?is impli$ a delib]ate dep>ture f ! kn[n usage ( ! fir/ ,temple4 ,x is c]ta9 t !re 7 high prie/s "u ! mon>*y1 & inde$ we c discov] ! rudim5ts ( a hi]>*y 9 a di/ribution ( au?ority betwe5 ! high prie/1 second prie/1 keep]s ( ! ?re%old1 & *ief (fic]s ( ! h\se47#bcd7 ,b ! sil5ce ( ,ezekiel does n necess>ily mean t he contemplat$ any innovation on ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s4 ,! hi/orical books af=d no gr\nd = suppos+ t ! high prie/ 9 ! old ,temple _h a religi\s /&+ di/+ui%$ f t ( 8 colleagues4 ,he 0 primus int] p>es1 ! presid5t ( ! prie/ly college & ! supreme au?ority 9 ! int]nal adm9i/ration ( ! ,temple affairs1 b probably no?+ m4 ,su* an (fice 0 almo/ necess>y 9 ! int]e/ ( ord] & au?ority1 & !re is no?+ 9 ,ezekiel's regulations inconsi/5t ) its cont9uance47#bce7 ,on ! o!r h& x mu/ be admitt$ t 8 sil5ce w\ld be /range if he _h 9 view ! position assign$ to ! high prie/ "u ! law4 ,= !re ! high prie/ is z f> elevat$ above 8 colleagues z ^! are above ! ,levites4 ,he is ! conc5tration ( all t is holy 9 ,israel1 & ! sole m$iator ( ! ne>e/ approa* to ,god :i* ! symbolism ( ,temple wor%ip p]mitt$4 ,he is b\nd by ! /ricte/ conditions ( c]emonial sanctity1 & any transgression on 8 "p has to be aton$ = by a rite simil> to t requir$ = a transgression ( ! :ole congregation47#bcf7 ,! omission ( ?is /rik+ figure f ! pages ( ,ezekiel makes a comp>ison betwe5 8 enactm5ts conc]n+ ! prie/hood & ^? ( ! law difficult & 9 "s degree unc]ta94 ,nev]!less !re are po9ts bo? ( lik5ess & contra/ :i* _c escape obs]vation4 ,?us ! laws ( ?is *apt] on defilem5t by a dead body are id5tical ) ^? enjo9$ 9 ,lev4 xxi4 #ac 7! 8,law ( ,hol9ess07 = ord9>y prie/s2 :ile ! high prie/ is !re =bidd5 to t\* any dead body :atsoev]4 ,on ! o!r h& ,ezekiel's regulations z to prie/ly m>riages seem z x 7 to /rike an av]age betwe5 ! re/rictions impos$ 9 ! law on ord9>y prie/s & ^? b9d+ on ! high prie/4 ,! =m] may m>ry any woman t is n violat$ or a h>lot or a divorc$ wife2 b ! high prie/ is =bidd5 to m>ry any "o b a virg9 ( 8 own p4 ,aga91 ! prie/ly g>m5ts1 accord+ to ,exod4 xxviii4 #cidb1 xxxix4 #bg1 are made p>tly ( l95 & p>tly ( byssus 78 cotton71 :i* c]ta9ly looks l a ref9em5t on ! simpl] attire prescrib$ by ,ezekiel4 ,b x is impossible to pursue ?is subject fur!r "h4 #b4 ,! duties ( ! prie/s t[>ds ! p are few1 b exce$+ly important4 ,9 ! fir/ place !y h to in/ruct ! p 9 ! di/9ctions betwe5 ! holy & ! pr(ane & betwe5 ! clean & ! unclean4 ,x w n be suppos$ t ?is in/ruction took ! =m ( set lectures or homilies on ! pr9ciples ( c]emonial religion4 ,! v]b translat$ 8tea*0 9 v]4 #bc means to give an au?oritative decision 9 a special case2 & ?is _h always be5 ! =m ( prie/ly in/ruction 9 ,israel4 ,! subject ( ! tea*+ 0 ( ! utmo/ importance = a community ^: :ole life 0 regulat$ by ! idea ( hol9ess 9 ! c]emonial s5se4 ,to pres]ve ! l& 9 a /ate ( purity befitt+ ! dwell+place ( ,jehovah requir$ ! mo/ scrupul\s c>e on ! "p ( all its inhabitants2 & 9 practice difficult que/ions w\ld con/antly occur :i* c\ld only be settl$ by an appeal to ! sup]ior k ( ! prie/4 ,h5ce ,ezekiel contemplates a p]petuation ( ! old ritual ,torah or direction ( ! prie/s ev5 9 ! ideal /ate ( ?+s to :i* 8 vision looks =w>d4 ,al?\gh ! p are assum$ to be all righte\s 9 he>t & responsive to ! w ( ,jehovah1 yet !y c\ld n all h ! pr(essional k ( ritual laws :i* 0 necess>y to guide !m on all occasions1 & errors ( inadv]t5ce 7 unavoidable4 ,j]emiah c\ld look =w>d to a "t :5 none %\ld tea* 8 neighb\r or 8 bro!r1 say+1 ,"k ,jehovah1 because ! religion :i* consi/s 9 spiritual emotions & affections becomes ! indep5d5t possession ( e "o :o is ! subject ( sav+ grace4 ,b ,ezekiel1 f 8 po9t ( view1 c\ld n anticipate a "t :5 all ! ,"l's p %\ld be prie/s2 = ritual is ess5tially an affair ( tradition & te*nique1 & c only be ma9ta9$ by a class ( exp]ts specially tra9$ = _! (fice4 ,ritualism & sac]dotalism are natural allies2 & x is n :olly accid5tal t ! great rituali/ic ,*ur*es ( ,*ri/5dom are ^? organis$ on ! sac]dotal pr9ciple4 ,b1 secondly1 ! prie/s h to act z judges or arbitrators 9 cases ( disagreem5t betwe5 man & man 7v]4 #bd74 ,?is aga9 0 an important dep>tm5t ( prie/ly ,torah 9 anci5t ,israel1 ! orig9 ( :i* w5t back to ! p]sonal legislation ( ,moses 9 ! wild]ness47#bcg7 ,cases too h>d = human judgm5t 7 ref]r$ to ! decision ( ,god at ! sanctu>y1 & ! judgm5t 0 convey$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! prie/4 ,x is impossible to ov]e/imate ! s]vice ?us r5d]$ by ! prie/hood to ! cause ( religion 9 ,israel2 & ,hosea bitt]ly compla9s ( ! defection ( ! prie/s f ! ,torah ( _! ,god z ! s\rce ( ! widespread moral corruption ( 8 "t47#bch7 ,9 ! book ( ,deut]onomy ! ,levitical prie/s ( ! c5tral sanctu>y are associat$ ) ! civil magi/rate z a c\rt ( ultimate appeal 9 matt]s ( controv]sy t arise )9 ! community2 & ?is is by no means a tribute to ! sup]ior legal acum5 ( ! cl]ical m9d1 b a reass]tion ( ! old pr9ciple t ! prie/ is ! m\?piece ( ,jehovah's judgm5t47#bci7 ,t ! prie/s %\ld be ! sole judges 9 ,ezekiel's ideal polity 0 to be expect$ f ! high position assign$ to ! ord] g5]ally2 b !re is ano!r reason = x4 ,we h once m to keep 9 m9d t we are deal+ ) ! ,messianic community1 :5 ! p are anxi\s to d ! "r :5 !y "k x1 & only cases ( hone/ p]plexity require to be resolv$4 ,! prie/s' decision _h nev] be5 back$ up by executive au?ority1 & 9 ! k+dom ( ,god no su* sanction w be necess>y4 ,by ?is simple judicial arrangem5t ! e?ical dem&s ( ,jehovah's hol9ess w be made effective 9 ! ord9>y life ( ! community4 ,f9ally1 ! prie/s h complete control ( public wor%ip1 & are responsible = ! due obs]vance ( ! fe/ivals & = ! sanctification ( ! ,sabba? 7v]4 #bd74 #c4 ,) reg>d to ! provisions = ! support ( ! prie/hood1 ! old law cont9ues 9 =ce t ! prie/s c hold no l&$ prop]ty & h no possession l ! o!r tribes ( ,israel 7v]4 #bh74 ,x is true t a /rip ( l&1 measur+ ab\t tw5tysev5 squ>e miles1 0 set ap>t = _! resid5ce27#bdj7 b ?is 0 probably n to be cultivat$1 & at all ev5ts x is n reckon$ z a possession yield+ rev5ue = _! ma9t5ance4 ,! prie/s' inh]itance is ,jehovah ,himself1 :i* means t !y are to live on ! (f]+s ( ! community pres5t$ to ,jehovah at ! sanctu>y4 ,9 ! practice ( ! fir/ ,temple ?is anci5t rule appe>s to h be5 int]pret$ 9 a broad & lib]al _s1 greatly to ! advantage ( ! ,zadokite prie/s4 ,! ,temple dues consi/$ p>tly ( money paym5ts by ! wor%ipp]s2 & at lea/ ! f9es = c]emonial trespasses :i* took ! place ( ! s9 & guilt(f]+s 7 c\nt$ ! lawful p]quisites ( ! prie/s47#bda7 ,ezekiel kn[s no?+ ( ?is sy/em2 & if x rema9$ 9 =ce d[n to 8 "t1 he und\bt$ly meant to aboli% x4 ,! tribute ( ! sanctu>y is to be paid :olly 9 k9d1 & out ( ?is ! prie/s are to receive a /at$ all[ance4 ,9 ! fir/ place ^? sacrifices :i* are :olly made ov] to ! ,deity1 & yet are n consum$ on ! alt>1 h to be eat5 by ! prie/s 9 a holy place4 ,^! are ! meal(f]+1 ! s9(f]+1 & ! guilt(f]+2 ( :i* m h]eaft]4 ,= precisely ! same reason all t is erem--i4e41 8devot$0 irrevocably to ,jehovah--becomes ! possession ( ! prie/s1 ,8 repres5tatives1 except 9 ! cases :]e x _h to be absolutely de/roy$4 ,besides ?is !y h a claim to ! be/ 7an indef9ite portion7 ( ! fir/fruits & 8oblations0 7t]mah7 br\ght to ! sanctu>y 9 accordance ) anci5t cu/om to be consum$ by ! wor%ipp] & 8 fri5ds47#bdb7 ,^! regulations are und\bt$ly bas$ on preexilic usages1 & consequ5tly leave mu* to be suppli$ f ! p's k ( use & wont4 ,!y d n diff] v greatly f ! enum]ation ( ! prie/ly dues 9 ! eighte5? *apt] ( ,deut]onomy4 ,!re1 z 9 ,ezekiel1 we f9d t ! two great s\rces f :i* ! prie/s d]ive _! ma9t5ance are ! sacrifices & ! fir/fruits4 ,! ,deut]onomic ,code1 h[ev]1 kn[s no?+ ( ! special class ( sacrifices call$ s9 & guilt(f]+s1 b simply assigns to ! prie/ c]ta9 portions ( ea* victim17#bdc7 except ( c\rse ! burnt(f]+s1 :i* 7 consum$ entire on ! alt>4 ,! prie/'s %>e ( natural produce is ! 8be/0 ( corn1 new w9e1 oil1 & wool17#bdd7 & w\ld be select$ z a matt] ( c\rse f ! ti! & t]mah br\ght to ! sanctu>y2 s t on ?is po9t !re is practically complete agreem5t betwe5 ,ezekiel & ,deut]onomy4 ,on ! o!r h& ! diff]5ces ( ! ,levitical legislation are consid]able1 & all 9 ! direction ( a full] provision = ! ,temple e/abli%m5t4 ,su* an increas$ provision 0 call$ = by ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! second ,temple4 ,! rev5ue ( ! sanctu>y obvi\sly dep5d$ on ! size & prosp]ity ( ! con/itu5cy to :i* x m9i/]$4 ,! /ipulations ( ,deut4 xviii4 7 no d\bt suffici5t = ! ma9t5ance ( ! prie/hood 9 ! old k+dom ( ,judah2 & simil>ly ^? ( ,ezekiel's legislation w\ld amply suffice 9 ! ideal condition ( ! p & l& presuppos$ by ! vision4 ,b nei!r c\ld h be5 adequate = ! support ( a co/ly ritual 9 a small community l t :i* return$ f ,babylon :]e "o man 9 t5 0 a prie/4 ,accord+ly we f9d t ! arrangem5ts made "u ,nehemiah = ! end[m5t ( ! ,temple m9i/ry are con=m$ to ! ext5d$ provisions ( ! ,prie/ly ,code 7,neh4 x4 #cbci747bde7 ,,iii ,9 conclusion1 let u briefly consid] ! significance ( ?is great in/itution ( ! prie/hood 9 ,ezekiel's s*eme ( an ideal !ocracy4 ,x w\ld ( c\rse be an utt] mi/ake to suppose t ! prophet is m]ely legislat+ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! sac]dotal ord] to :i* he himself belong$4 ,x 0 necess>y = him to insi/ on ! peculi> sanctity & privileges ( ! prie/s1 & to draw a %>p l9e ( division betwe5 !m & ord9>y memb]s ( ! community4 ,b he does ?is1 n 9 ! int]e/ ( a privileg$ ca/e )9 ! nation1 b 9 ! int]e/ ( a religi\s ideal :i* embrac$ prie/s & p alike & _h to be realis$ 9 ! life ( ! nation z a :ole4 ,t ideal is express$ by ! ^w 8hol9ess10 & we h already se5 h[ ! idea ( hol9ess dem&$ c]emonial conditions ( imm$iate access to ,jehovah's pres5ce :i* ! ord9>y ,israelite c\ld n obs]ve4 ,b 8exclusion0 c\ld n possibly be ! la/ ^w ( a religion :i* seeks to br+ m5 into fell[%ip ) ,god4 ,access to ,god might be h$g$ ab\t by re/rictions & conditions ( ! mo/ on]\s k9d1 b access !re mu/ be if wor%ip 0 to h any mean+ & value = ! nation or ! individual4 ,al?\gh ! wor%ipp] might n himself lay 8 victim on ! alt>1 he mu/ at lea/ be p]mitt$ to (f] 8 gift & receive ! assurance t x 0 accept$4 ,if ! prie/ /ood betwe5 him & ,god1 x 0 n m]ely to sep>ate b also to m$iate betwe5 !m1 & ?r\gh ! fulfilm5t ( sup]ior conditions ( hol9ess to e/abli% a communication betwe5 him & ! holy ,be+ ^: face he s\ght4 ,h5ce ! great function ( ! prie/hood 9 ! !ocracy is to ma9ta9 ! int]c\rse betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel :i* 0 exhibit$ 9 ! ,temple ritual by acts ( sacrificial wor%ip4 ,n[ x is manife/ t ?is sy/em ( ideas re/s on ! repres5tative "* ( ! prie/ly (fice4 ,if ! pr9cipal idea symbolis$ 9 ! sanctu>y is t ( hol9ess ?r\gh sep>ation1 ! fundam5tal idea ( prie/hood is hol9ess ?r\gh repres5tation4 ,x is ! hol9ess ( ,israel conc5trat$ 9 ! prie/hood :i* qualifies ! latt] = entrance )9 ! inn] circle ( ! div9e pres5ce4 ,or p]haps x w\ld be m correct to say t ! pres5ce ( ,jehovah fir/ sanctifies ! prie/s 9 an em95t degree1 & !n ?r\gh !m1 ?\gh 9 a less degree1 ! :ole body ( ! p4 ,! idea ( national solid>ity 0 too deeply root$ 9 ! ,hebrew consci\sness to admit ( any o!r int]pretation ( ! prie/hood ?an ?is4 ,! ,israelite did n ne$ to be told t 8 /&+ be=e ,god 0 secur$ by 8 memb]%ip 9 ! religi\s community on ^: behalf ! prie/s m9i/]$ at ! alt> & be=e ! ,temple4 ,x w\ld n occur to him to ?9k ( 8 p]sonal exclusion f ! mo/ sacr$ (fices z a religi\s disability2 x 0 en\gh = him to "k t ! nation to :i* he belong$ 0 admitt$ to ! pres5ce ( ,jehovah 9 ! p]sons ( its repres5tatives1 & t he z an individual %>$ 9 ! bless+s :i* accru$ to ,israel ?r\gh ! privileg$ m9i/ry ( ! prie/s4 ,?us to a ,temple poet ( a lat] age ?an ,ezekiel's ! figure ( ! high prie/ supplies a /rik+ image ( ! communion ( sa9ts & ! bless+ ( ,jehovah re/+ on ! :ole p3-- ,behold1 h[ good & h[ pleasant x is ,t !y :o are bre?r5 %\ld also dwell toge!r6 ,l ! preci\s oil on ! head1 ,t fl[s d[n on ! be>d1 ,! be>d ( ,a>on1 ,t fl[s d[n on ! hem ( 8 g>m5ts-- ,l ! ,h]mondew t desc5ds on ! hills ( ,zion2 ,= !re ha? ,jehovah orda9$ ! bless+1 ,life = ev]more47#bdf7 ,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,pr9ce ,& ,p4 ,*apt]s xliv4xlvi4 passim4 ,x 0 rem>k$ 9 a previ\s lecture t ! 8pr9ce0 ( ! clos+ vision appe>s to occupy a less exalt$ position ?an ! ,messianic k+ ( *4 xxxiv4 or *4 xxxvii4 ,! gr\nds on :i* ?is impression re/s require1 h[ev]1 to be c>efully consid]$1 if we are n to c>ry away a ?or\ghly false conception ( ! !ocratic /ate =e%ad[$ by ,ezekiel4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! pr9ce is a p]sonage ( less ?an royal rank1 or t 8 au?ority is ov]%ad[$ by t ( a prie/ly ca/e4 ,he is und\bt$ly ! civil head ( ! nation1 ow+ no allegiance )9 8 own prov9ce to any e>?ly sup]ior4 ,nor is !re any reason to d\bt t he is ! heir ( ! ,davidic h\se & holds 8 (fice 9 virtue ( ! div9e promise :i* secur$ ! ?rone to ,david's desc5dants4 ,x w\ld !re=e be a mi/ake to imag9e t we h "h an anticipation ( ! ,romi% !ory ( ! subord9ation ( ! secul> to ! spiritual p[]4 ,x may be true t 9 ! /ate ( ?+s presuppos$ by ! vision v little is left = ! k+ to d1 :il/ a v>iety ( important duties falls to ! prie/hood2 b at all ev5ts ! k+ is !re & is supreme 9 8 own sph]e4 ,ezekiel does n %[ ! road to ,canossa4 ,if ! k+ is ov]%ad[$1 x is by ! p]sonal pres5ce ( ,jehovah 9 ! mid/ ( ,8 p2 & t :i* limits 8 pr]ogative is n ! sac]dotal p[]1 b ! div9e con/itution ( ! !ocracy z reveal$ 9 ! vision itself1 "u :i* bo? k+ & prie/s h _! functions def9$ & regulat$ ) a view to ! religi\s ends = :i* ! community z a :ole exi/s4 ,our purpose 9 ! pres5t *apt] is to put toge!r ! scatt]$ ref]5ces to ! duties ( ! pr9ce :i* occur 9 *s4 xliv4xlvi41 s z to ga9 z cle> a picture z possible ( ! position ( ! mon>*y 9 ! !ocratic /ate4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! picture w necess>ily be incomplete4 ,national life 9 its secul> aspects1 ) :i* ! k+ is *iefly conc]n$1 is h>dly t\*$ on 9 ! vision4 ,ev]y?+ be+ look$ ^u f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,temple & its wor%ip1 !re are b few allusions 9 :i* we c detect any?+ ( ! nature ( a civil con/itution4 ,& ^! few are introduc$ incid5tally1 n = _! own sake1 b to expla9 "s arrangem5t = secur+ ! sanctity ( ! l& or ! community4 ,?is fact mu/ nev] be lo/ sight ( 9 judg+ ( ,ezekiel's conception ( ! mon>*y4 ,f all t appe>s 9 ^! pages we might conclude t ! pr9ce is a m]e ornam5tal figurehead ( ! con/itution1 & t ! few real duties assign$ to him c\ld h be5 equally well p]=m$ by a committee ( prie/s or laym5 elect$ = ! purpose4 ,b ?is is to =get t outside ! range ( subjects "h t\*$ ^u !re is a :ole _w ( secul> int]e/s1 ( political & social action1 :]e ! k+ has 8 "p to play 9 accordance ) ! prec$5ts furni%$ by ! be/ days ( ! anci5t mon>*y4 ,let u glance fir/ ( all at ,ezekiel's in/itutes ( ! k+dom 9 its m political relations4 ,! notices "h are all 9 ! =m ( con/itutional *ecks & safegu>ds aga9/ an arbitr>y & oppressive ex]cise ( ! royal au?ority4 ,!y are in/ructive1 n only z %[+ ! int]e/ :i* ! prophet _h 9 good gov]nm5t & 8 c>e = ! rights ( ! subject1 b also = ! light !y ca/ on c]ta9 adm9i/rative me?ods 9 =ce previ\s to ! ,exile4 ,! fir/ po9t t calls = att5tion is ! provision made = ! ma9t5ance ( ! pr9ce & 8 c\rt4 ,x w\ld seem t ! rev5ue ( ! pr9ce 0 to be d]iv$ ma9ly1 if n :olly1 f a portion ( t]ritory res]v$ z 8 exclusive prop]ty 9 ! division ( ! c\ntry among ! tribes47#bdg7 ,^! cr[n l&s are situat$ on ei!r side ( ! sacr$ 8oblation0 ar\nd ! sanctu>y1 set ap>t = ! use ( ! prie/s & ,levites2 & !y ext5d to ! sea on ! we/ & to ! ,jordan ,valley on ! ea/4 ,out ( ^! he is at lib]ty to assign a possession to 8 sons 9 p]petuity1 b any e/ate be/[$ on 8 c\rti]s rev]ts to ! pr9ce 9 ! 8ye> ( lib]ty407#bdh7 ,! object ( ?is la/ regulation app>5tly is to prev5t ! =mation ( a new h]$it>y ari/ocracy betwe5 ! royal family & ! peasantry4 ,a life pe]age1 s to speak1 or some?+ less1 is deem$ a suffici5t rew>d = ! mo/ devot$ s]vice to ! k+ or ! /ate4 ,& no d\bt ! c]ta9ty ( a revision ( all royal grants e sev5? ye> w\ld t5d to keep "s p]sons m9dful ( _! duty4 ,! :ole sy/em ( royal demesnes :i* ! k+ might dispose ( z appanages = 8 y\ng] *ildr5 or 8 fai?ful reta9]s pres5ts a curi\s resemblance to a wellkn[n feature ( feudalism 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 b x 0 nev] practically en=c$ 9 ,israel4 ,be=e ! ,exile x 0 evid5tly unkn[n1 & aft] ! ,exile !re 0 no k+ to provide =4 ,b :y does ! prophet be/[ s mu* c>e on a m]e detail ( a political sy/em 9 :i*1 z a :ole1 he takes s little int]e/8 ,x is because ( 8 conc]n = ! rights ( ! common p aga9/ ! highh&$ tyranny ( ! k+ & 8 nobles4 ,he recalls ! bad times ( ! old mon>*y :5 any man 0 liable to be eject$ f 8 l& = ! b5efit ( "s c\rt fav\rite1 or to provide a portion = a y\ng] son ( ! k+4 ,! cruel evictions ( ! poor] peasant proprietors1 :i* all ! e>ly prophets d5\nce z an outrage aga9/ humanity1 & ( :i* ! /ory ( ,nabo? furni%$ a typical example1 mu/ be r5d]$ impossible 9 ! new ,israel2 & z ! k+ _h no d\bt be5 ! pr9cipal (f5d] 9 ! pa/1 ! rule is firmly laid d[n 9 8 case t on no pretext mu/ he take ! p's inh]itance4 ,& ?is1 be x obs]v$1 is an application ( ! religi\s pr9ciple :i* und]lies ! con/itution ( ! !ocracy4 ,! l& is ,jehovah's1 & all int]f]5ce ) ! anci5t l&m>ks :i* gu>d ! rights ( private own]%ip is an (f5ce aga9/ ! hol9ess ( ! true div9e ,k+ :o has ,8 abode among/ ! tribes ( ,israel4 ,?is sugge/s developm5ts ( ! idea ( hol9ess :i* rea* to ! v f\ndations ( social wellbe+4 ,a conception ( hol9ess :i* secures ea* man 9 ! possession ( 8 own v9e & fig tree is at all ev5ts n op5 to ! *>ge ( ignor+ ! practical int]e/s ( common life = ! sake ( an unpr(itable c]emonialism4 ,9 ! next place1 we come across a mu* m />tl+ revelation ( ! inju/ice habitually practis$ by ! ,hebrew mon>*s4 ,j z lat] sov]eigns 7 wont to meet _! deficits by debas+ ! curr5cy1 s ! k+s ( ,judah _h le>n$ to augm5t _! rev5ue by a sy/ematic falsification ( weights & measures4 ,we "k f ! prophet ,amos7#bdi7 t ?is 0 a common trick ( ! weal?y l&[n]s :o sold gra9 at exorbitant prices to ! poor :om !y _h driv5 f _! possessions4 ,!y 8made ! ephah small & ! %ekel great1 & dealt falsely ) balances ( deceit40 ,b x 0 left = ,ezekiel to tell u t ! same fraud 0 a regul> "p ( ! fiscal sy/em ( ! ,judan k+dom4 ,!re is no mi/ak+ ! mean+ ( 8 accusation3 8,h done1 ,o pr9ces ( ,israel1 ) y\r viol5t & oppressive rule2 execute judgm5t & ju/ice1 & take away y\r exactions f ,my p1 sai? ,jehovah ,god4 ,ye %all h j balances1 & a j ephah1 & a j ba?407#bej7 ,t is to say1 ! taxes 7 surreptiti\sly increas$ by ! use ( a l>ge %ekel 7= weigh+ out money paym5ts7 & a l>ge ba? & ephah 7= measur+ tribute paid 9 k9d74 ,& if x 0 impossible = ! poor to protect !mselves aga9/ ! rapacity ( private deal]s1 poor & ri* alike 7 helpless :5 ! fraud 0 op5ly practis$ 9 ! k+'s "n4 ,?is ,ezekiel _h se5 ) 8 own eyes1 & ! %ameful inju/ice ( x 0 s br&$ on 8 _s t ev5 9 a vision ( ! la/ days x comes back to him z an evil to be s$ul\sly gu>d$ aga9/4 ,x 0 em95tly a case = legislation4 ,if !re 0 to be su* a ?+ z fair deal+ & comm]cial probity 9 ! community1 ! sy/em ( weights & measurem5t mu/ be fix$ beyond ! p[] ( ! royal caprice to alt] x4 ,x 0 z sacr$ z any pr9ciple ( ! con/itution4 ,accord+ly he f9ds a place 9 8 legislation = a correct$ scale ( weights & measures1 re/or$ no d\bt to _! orig9al values4 ,! ephah = dry measure & ! ba? = liquid measure are ea* fix$ at ! t5? "p ( a hom]4 8,! %ekel %all be tw5ty g]as37#bea7 five %ekels %all be five1 & t5 %ekels %all be t51 & fifty %ekels %all be y\r maneh407#beb7 ,^! regulations ext5d f> beyond ! imm$iate object = :i* !y are introduc$1 & h bo? a moral & a religi\s be>+4 ,!y express a tru? (t5 insi/$ on 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t comm]cial morality is a matt] 9 :i* ! hol9ess ( ,jehovah is involv$3 8,a false balance is an abom9ation to ,jehovah1 b a j weight is ,8 delight407#bec7 ,9 ! ,law ( ,hol9ess an ord9ance v simil> to ,ezekiel's occurs among/ ! conditions by :i* ! precept is to be fulfill$3 8,be ye holy1 = ,i am holy407#bed7 ,x is evid5t t ! ,israelites _h le>n$ to reg>d ) a religi\s abhorr5ce all tamp]+ ) ! fix$ /&>ds ( value on :i* ! purity ( comm]cial life dep5d$4 ,to ov]rea* by ly+ words 0 a s92 b to *eat by ! use ( a false balance 0 a species ( pr(anity comp>able to a false oa? 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah4 ,^! rules ab\t weights & measures requir$1 h[ev]1 to be supplem5t$ by a fix$ t>iff1 regulat+ ! taxes :i* ! pr9ce might impose on ! p47#bee7 ,x is n q cle> :e!r any "p ( ! pr9ce's own income 0 to be d]iv$ f taxation4 ,! tribute is call$ an 8oblation10 & !re is no d\bt t x 0 int5d$ pr9cipally = ! support ( ! ,temple ritual1 :i* 9 any case mu/ h be5 ! heavie/ *>ge on ! royal ex*equ]4 ,b ! oblation 0 r5d]$ to ! pr9ce 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 & ! prophet's anxiety to prev5t unju/ exactions spr+s f a fe> t ! k+ might make ! ,temple tax a pretext = increas+ 8 own rev5ue4 ,at all ev5ts ! p's duty to contribute to ! support ( public ord9ances accord+ to _! ability is "h explicitly recognis$4 ,comp>$ ) ! provision ( ! ,levitical law ! scale ( *>ges "h propos$ mu/ be pron\nc$ extremely mod]ate4 ,! contribution ( ea* h\sehold] v>ies f "osixtie? to "otwohundr$? ( 8 income & is :olly paid 9 k9d47#bef7 ,! prop] equival5t "u ! second ,temple ( ,ezekiel's 8oblation0 0 a polltax ( "o?ird ( a %ekel1 volunt>ily und]tak5 at ! "t ( ,nehemiah's cov5ant 8= ! s]vice ( ! h\se ( our ,god2 = ! %ewbread & = ! cont9ual meal(f]+1 & = ! cont9ual burnt(f]+1 ( ! ,sabba?s1 ( ! new moons1 = ! set fea/s1 & = ! holy ?+s1 & = ! s9(f]+s to make atonem5t = ,israel1 & = all ! "w ( ! h\se ( our ,god407#beg7 ,9 ! ,prie/ly ,code ?is tax is fix$ at half a %ekel = ea* man47#beh7 ,b 9 addition to ?is money paym5t ! law requir$ a t5? ( all produce ( ! soil & ! flock to be giv5 to ! prie/s & ,levites4 ,9 ,ezekiel's legislation ! ti!s & fir/fruits are /ill left = ! use ( ! own]1 :o is expect$ to consume !m 9 sacrificial fea/s at ! sanctu>y4 ,! only *>ge1 !re=e1 ( ! nature ( a fix$ tribute = religi\s purposes is ! oblation "h requir$ = ! regul> sacrifices :i* repres5t ! /at$ wor%ip r5d]$ on behalf ( ! community z a :ole4 ,?is br+s u n[ to ! m important aspect ( ! k+ly (fice--its religi\s privileges & duties4 ,"h !re are ?ree po9ts :i* require to be notic$4 #a4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is ! duty ( ! pr9ce to supply ! mat]ial ( ! public sacrifices (f]$ 9 ! "n ( ! p47#bei7 ,out ( ! tribute levi$ on ! p = ?is purpose he has to furni% ! alt> ) ! /at$ numb] ( victims = ! daily s]vice1 ! ,sabba?s1 & new moons1 & ! great ye>ly fe/ivals4 ,x is cle> t "s "o mu/ be *>g$ ) ! responsibility ( ?is important "p ( ! wor%ip1 & x is significant ( ,ezekiel's relations to ! pa/ t ! duty does n yet devolve directly on ! prie/s4 ,!y seem to ex]cise no au?ority outside ( ! ,temple1 ! k+ /&+ betwe5 !m & ! community z a sort ( patron ( ! sanctu>y4 ,b ! position ( ! pr9ce is n simply t ( an (ficial receiv]1 collect+ ! tribute1 & !n h&+ x ov] to ! ,temple z x 0 requir$4 ,he is ! repres5tative ( ! religi\s unity ( ! nation1 & 9 ?is capacity he pres5ts 9 p]son ! regul> sacrifices (f]$ on behalf ( ! community4 ,?us on ! day ( ! ,passov] he pres5ts a s9(f]+ = himself & ! p17#bfj7 z ! high prie/ does 9 ! c]emonial ( ! ,great ,day ( ,atonem5t47#bfa7 ,& s all ! sacrifices ( ! /at$ ritual are 8 sacrifices1 (ficiat+ z ! head ( ! nation 9 its acts ( common wor%ip4 ,9 ?is respect ! pr9ce succe$s to ! rights ex]cis$ by ! k+s ( ,judah 9 ! ritual ( ! fir/ ,temple1 al?\gh on a diff]5t foot+4 ,be=e ! ,exile ! k+ _h a propriet>y int]e/ 9 ! c5tral sanctu>y1 & ! exp5se ( ! /at$ s]vice 0 defray$ z a matt] ( c\rse out ( ! royal rev5ues4 ,"p ( ?is rev5ue1 z we see 9 ! case ( ,joa%1 0 rais$ by a sy/em ( ,temple dues paid by ! wor%ipp]s & exp5d$ on ! repairs ( ! h\se2 b at a mu* lat] date ?an ?is we f9d ,ahaz assum+ absolute control ov] ! daily sacrifices17#bfb7 :i* 7 d\btless ma9ta9$ at 8 exp5se4 ,n[ ! t5d5cy ( ,ezekiel's legislation is to br+ ! :ole community into a clos] & m p]sonal connection ) ! wor%ip ( ! sanctu>y1 & to leave no "p ( x subject to ! arbitr>y w ( ! pr9ce4 ,b /ill ! idea is pres]v$ t ! pr9ce is ! religi\s z well z ! civil repres5tative ( ! nation2 & al?\gh he is depriv$ ( all control ov] ! p]=mance ( ! ritual1 he is /ill requir$ to provide ! public sacrifices & to (f] !m 9 ! "n ( 8 p4 #b4 ,9 virtue ( 8 repres5tative "* ! pr9ce possesses c]ta9 privileges 9 8 approa*es to ,god 9 ! sanctu>y n accord$ to ord9>y wor%ipp]s4 ,9 ?is connection x is necess>y to expla9 "s details regulat+ ! use ( ! sanctu>y by ! p4 ,! out] c\rt might be ent]$ by pr9ce or p ei!r ?r\gh ! nor? or s\? gate1 b n f ! ea/4 ,! ea/]n gate 0 t by :i* ,jehovah _h ent]$ ,8 dwell+place1 & ! doors ( x are = ev] clos$4 ,no foot might cross its ?re%old4 ,b ! pr9ce--& ?is is "o ( 8 peculi> rights--might ent] ! gateway f ! c\rt to eat 8 sacrificial meals47#bfc7 ,x seems !re=e to h s]v$ ! same purpose = ! pr9ce z ! ?irty cells along ! wall did = common wor%ipp]s4 ,! ea/ gate ( ! inn] c\rt 0 also %ut z a rule1 & 0 probably nev] us$ z a passage ev5 by ! prie/s4 ,b on ! ,sabba?s & new moons x 0 ?r[n op5 to receive ! sacrifices :i* ! pr9ce _h to br+ on ^! days1 & x rema9$ op5 till ! ev5+4 ,on days :5 ! gate 0 op5 ! wor%ipp+ congregation assembl$ at its door1 :ile ! pr9ce ent]$ z f> z ! ?re%old & look$ on :ile ! prie/s pres5t$ 8 (f]+2 !n he w5t out by ! way he _h ent]$4 ,if on any o!r occasion he pres5t$ a volunt>y sacrifice 9 8 private capacity1 ! ea/ gate 0 op5$ = him z be=e1 b 0 %ut z soon z ! c]emony 0 ov]4 ,on ^? occasions :5 ! ea/]n gate 0 n op5$1 z at ! great annual fe/ivals1 ! p probably ga!r$ r\nd ! nor? & s\? gates1 f :i* !y c\ld see ! alt>2 & at ^! seasons ! pr9ce ent]s & dep>ts 9 ! common ?rong ( wor%ipp]s4 ,a v peculi> regulation1 = :i* no obvi\s reason appe>s1 is t ea* man mu/ leave ! ,temple by ! gate opposite to t at :i* he ent]$2 if he ent]$ by ! nor?1 he mu/ leave by ! s\?1 & vice v]s47#bfd7 ,_m ( ^! arrangem5ts 7 no d\bt sugge/$ by ,ezekiel's acqua9tance ) ! practice 9 ! fir/ ,temple1 & _! precise object is lo/ to u4 ,b "o or two facts /& out cle>ly en\gh1 & are v in/ructive z to ! :ole conception ( ,temple wor%ip4 ,! *ief ?+ to be notic$ is t ! pr9cipal sacrifices are repres5tative4 ,! p are m]ely spectators ( a transaction ) ,god on _! behalf1 ! efficacy ( :i* 9 no way dep5ds on _! co op]ation4 ,/&+ at ! gates ( ! inn] c\rt1 !y see ! prie/s p]=m+ ! sacr$ m9i/rations2 !y b[ !mselves 9 humble rev]5ce be=e ! pres5ce ( ! ,mo/ ,high2 & ^! acts ( devotion may h be5 ( ! utmo/ importance = ! religi\s life ( ! individual ,israelite4 ,b ! congregation takes no real "p 9 ! wor%ip2 x is done = !m1 b n by !m2 x is an opus op]atum p]=m$ by ! pr9ce & ! prie/s = ! good ( ! community1 & is equally necess>y & equally valid :e!r !re is a congregation pres5t to witness x or n4 ,^? :o att5d are !mselves b repres5tatives ( ! nation ( ,israel1 9 ^: int]e/ ! ritual is kept up4 ,b ! supreme repres5tative ( ! p is ! k+1 & we note h[ ev]y?+ is done to emphasise 8 peculi> dignity )9 ! sanctu>y4 ,x 0 necess>y p]haps to d some?+ to comp5sate = ! loss ( di/9ction caus$ by ! exclusion ( ! royal bodygu>d f ! ,temple4 ,! pr9ce is /ill ! "o conspicu\s figure 9 ! out] c\rt4 ,ev5 8 private sacrificial meals are eat5 9 solit>y /ate1 9 ! ea/]n gateway1 :i* is us$ = no o!r purpose4 ,& 9 ! great functions :]e ! pr9ce appe>s 9 8 repres5tative "* he approa*es ne>] to ! alt> ?an is p]mitt$ to any o!r layman4 ,he asc5ds ! /eps ( ! ea/]n gateway 9 ! sight ( ! p1 & pass+ ?r\gh he pres5ts 8 (f]+s on ! v]ge ( ! inn] c\rt :i* none b ! prie/s may ent]4 ,8 :ole position is ?us "o ( great importance 9 ! celebration ( public ord9ances4 ,9 detail 8 functions are no d\bt det]m9$ by anci5t prescriptive usages n kn[n to u1 b modifi$ 9 accordance ) ! /rict] ideal ( hol9ess :i* ,ezekiel's vision 0 int5d$ to en=ce4 #c4 ,f9ally1 we h to obs]ve t ! pr9ce is rigor\sly exclud$ f prop]ly prie/ly (fices4 ,x is true t 9 "s respects 8 position is analog\s to t ( ! high prie/ "u ! law4 ,b ! analogy ext5ds only to t aspect ( ! high prie/'s functions 9 :i* he appe>s z ! head & repres5tative ( ! religi\s community1 & ceases ! mom5t he ent]s ^u prie/ly duties4 ,s f> z ! special degree ( sanctity :i* *>act]ises ! prie/hood is conc]n$1 ! pr9ce is a layman1 & z su* he is jeal\sly deb>r$ f approa*+ ! alt>1 & ev5 f intrud+ into ! sacr$ inn] c\rt :]e ! prie/s m9i/]4 ,n[ ?is fact has p]haps a deep] hi/orical importance ?an we are apt to imag9e4 ,!re is good reason to believe t 9 ! old ,temple ! k+s ( ,judah frequ5tly (ficiat$ 9 p]son at ! alt>4 ,at ! "t :5 ! mon>*y 0 e/abli%$ x 0 ! rule t any man might sacrifice = himself & 8 h\sehold1 & t ! k+ z ! repres5tative ( ! nation %\ld sacrifice on its behalf 0 an ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple too obvi\s to require express sanction4 ,accord+ly we f9d t bo? ,saul & ,david on public occasions built alt>s & (f]$ sacrifice to ,jehovah4 ,! old] !ory inde$ seems to h be5 t prie/ly rights 7 inh]5t 9 ! k+ly (fice1 & t ! act+ prie/s 7 ! m9i/]s to :om ! k+ delegat$ ! great] "p ( 8 prie/ly functions4 ,al?\gh ! k+ might n appo9t any "o to ?is duty )\t respect to ! ,levitical qualification1 he ex]cis$ )9 c]ta9 limits ! "r ( depos+ "o family & in/all+ ano!r 9 ! prie/hood ( ! royal sanctu>y4 ,! h\se ( ,zadok itself ow$ its position to su* an act ( ecclesia/ical au?ority on ! "p ( ,david & ,solomon4 ,! la/ occasion on :i* we read ( a k+ ( ,judah (ficiat+ 9 p]son 9 ! ,temple is at ! d$ication ( ! new alt> ( ,ahaz1 :5 ! k+ n only himself sacrific$1 b gave directions to ! prie/s z to ! future obs]vance ( ! ritual4 ,! occasion 0 no d\bt unusual1 b !re is n a ^w 9 ! n>rative to indicate t ! k+ 0 committ+ an irregul> action or exce$+ ! recognis$ pr]ogatives ( 8 position4 ,x w\ld be unsafe1 h[ev]1 to conclude t ?is /ate ( ?+s cont9u$ un*ang$ till ! close ( ! mon>*y4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,isaiah ! ,temple rose greatly 9 ! religi\s e/imation ( ! p1 & a v probable result ( ?is w\ld be an increas+ s5se ( ! importance ( ! m9i/ration ( ! (ficial prie/hood4 ,! sil5ce ( ! hi/orical books & ( ,deut]onomy may n c\nt = mu* 9 an argum5t on ?is "q2 b ,ezekiel's own decisions lack ! emphasis & solemnity ) :i* he introduces an absolute innovation l ! sep>ation betwe5 prie/s & ,levites 9 *4 xliv4 ,x is at lea/ possible t ! lat] k+s _h gradually ceas$ to ex]cise ! "r ( sacrifice1 s t ! privilege _h laps$ ?r\gh desuetude4 ,nev]!less x 0 a great /ep to h ! pr9ciple affirm$ z a fundam5tal law ( ! !ocracy2 & ?is ,ezekiel und\bt$ly does4 ,if no o!r practical object 7 ga9$1 x s]v$ at lea/ to illu/rate 9 ! mo/ emphatic way ! idea ( hol9ess1 :i* dem&$ ! exclusion ( e layman f unhall[$ contact ) ! mo/ sacr$ emblems ( ,jehovah's pres5ce4 ,x w be se5 f all t has be5 said t ! real int]e/ ( ,ezekiel's treatm5t ( ! mon>*y lies f> ap>t f mod]n problems :i* might seem to h a sup]ficial aff9ity ) x4 ,no lessons c fairly be d$uc$ f x on ! relations betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 or ! propriety ( end[+ & e/abli%+ ! ,*ri/ian religion1 or ! duty ( rul]s to ma9ta9 ord9ances = ! b5efit ( _! subjects4 ,its importance lies 9 ano!r direction4 ,x %[s ! transition 9 ,israel f a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* ! k+ is bo? de jure & de facto ! s\rce ( p[] & ! repres5tative ( ! nation & :]e 8 religi\s /atus is ! natural consequ5ce ( 8 civic dignity1 to a v diff]5t /ate ( ?+s1 :]e ! =ms ( ! anci5t con/itution are reta9$ al?\gh ! p[] has l>gely vani%$ f !m4 ,! pr9ce n[ requires to h 8 religi\s duties impos$ on him by an ab/ract political sy/em ^: sole sanction is ! au?ority ( ! ,deity4 ,x is a transition :i* has no precise p>allel any:]e else1 al?\gh resemblances m or less in/ructive might d\btless be in/anc$ f ! hi/ory ( ,ca?olicism4 ,n[h]e does ,ezekiel's idealism appe> m wond]fully bl5d$ ) 8 equally *>act]i/ic cons]vatism ?an "h4 ,!re is no real trace ( ! t5d5cy attribut$ to ! prophet to exalt ! prie/hood at ! exp5se ( ! mon>*y4 ,! pr9ce is aft] all a mu* m impos+ p]sonage ev5 9 ! c]emonial wor%ip ?an any prie/4 ,al?\gh he lacks ! prie/ly quality ( hol9ess1 8 duties are q z important z ^? ( ! prie/s1 :ile 8 dignity is f> great] ?an !irs4 ,! consid]ations t ent] 9 to limit 8 p[] & importance come f ano!r qu>t]4 ,!y are su* z ^!3 fir/1 ! loss ( milit>y lead]%ip1 :i* is at lea/ to be presum$ 9 ! circum/ances ( ! ,messianic k+dom2 second1 ! welf>e ( ! p at l>ge2 & ?ird1 ! pr9ciple ( hol9ess1 ^: supremacy has to be v9dicat$ 9 ! p]son ( ! k+ no less ?an 9 t ( 8 meane/ subject4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ?+ is t ! transition ref]r$ to 0 n actually accompli%$ ev5 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel itself4 ,x 0 only 9 a vision t ! mon>*y 0 ev] to be repres5t$ 9 ! =m :i* x be>s "h4 ,f ! "t ( ,ezekiel no native k+ 0 ev] to rule ov] ,israel aga9 save ! prie/pr9ces ( ! ,asmonean dyna/y1 ^: con/itutional position 0 def9$ by _! highprie/ly dignity4 ,ezekiel's vision is !re=e a prep>ation = ! k+less /ate ( po/exilic ,judaism4 ,! =eign pot5tates to :om ! ,jews 7 subject did 9 "s in/ances provide mat]ials = ! ,temple wor%ip1 b _! local repres5tatives 7 ( c\rse unqualifi$ to fill ! position assign$ to ! pr9ce by ! great prophet ( ! ,exile4 ,! community _h to get along z be/ x c\ld )\t a k+1 & ! task 0 n difficult4 ,! ,temple dues 7 paid directly to ! prie/s & ,levites1 & ! function ( repres5t+ ! community be=e ! alt> 0 assign$ to ! ,high ,prie/4 ,x 0 !n inde$ t ! ,high ,prie/hood came to ! front & blossom$ out into all ! magnific5ce ( its legal position4 ,x 0 n only ! religi\s "p ( ! pr9ce's duties t fell to x1 b a consid]able %>e ( 8 political importance z well4 ,z ! only h]$it>y in/itution t _h surviv$ ! ,exile1 x naturally became ! *ief c5tre ( social ord] 9 ! community4 ,by degrees ! ,p]sian & ,greek k+s f\nd x exp$i5t to deal ) ! ,jews ?r\gh ! ,high ,prie/1 ^: au?ority !y 7 b\nd to respect1 & ?us to leave him a free h& 9 ! int]nal affairs ( ! commonweal?4 ,! ,high ,prie/hood1 9 fact1 0 a civil z well z a prie/ly dignity4 ,we c see t ?is great revolution w\ld h brok5 ! cont9uity ( ,hebrew hi/ory f> m viol5tly ?an x did1 b = ! /epp+/one furni%$ by ! ideal 8pr9ce0 ( ,ezekiel's vision4 ,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,! ,ritual4 ,*apt]s xlv41 xlvi4 ,x is difficult to g back 9 imag9ation to a "t :5 sacrifice 0 ! sole & suffici5t =m ( e complete act ( wor%ip47#bfe7 ,t ! slaught] ( an animal1 or at lea/ ! pres5tation ( a mat]ial (f]+ ( "s sort1 %\ld ev] h be5 consid]$ ( ! ess5ce ( int]c\rse ) ! ,deity may seem to u incr$ible 9 ! light ( ! idea ( ,god :i* we n[ possess4 ,yet !re c be no d\bt t !re 0 a /age ( religi\s developm5t :i* recognis$ no true approa* to ,god except z consummat$ 9 a sacrificial action4 ,! ^w 8sacrifice0 itself pres]ves a memorial ( ?is crude & e>ly type ( religi\s s]vice4 ,etymologically x d5otes no?+ m ?an a sacr$ act4 ,b among/ ! ,romans1 z among/ ourselves1 x 0 regul>ly appli$ to ! (f]+s at ! alt>1 :i* 7 ?us m>k$ out z ! sacr$ actions p> excell5ce ( anci5t religion4 ,x w\ld be impossible to expla9 ! extraord9>y p]si/5ce & vitality ( ! in/itution among/ races t _h atta9$ a relatively high degree ( civilisation1 unless we und]/& t ! ideas connect$ ) x g back to a "t :5 sacrifice 0 ! typical & fundam5tal =m ( primitive wor%ip4 ,by ! "t ( ,ezekiel1 h[ev]1 ! age ( sacrifice 9 ?is /rict & absolute s5se may be said to h pass$ away1 at lea/ 9 pr9ciple4 ,dev\t ,jews :o _h liv$ ?r\gh ! captivity 9 ,babylon & f\nd t ,jehovah 0 !re to !m 8a little ( a sanctu>y107#bff7 c\ld n possibly fall back into ! belief t _! ,god 0 only to be approa*$ & f\nd ?r\gh ! ritual ( ! alt>4 ,& long be=e ! ,exile1 ! e?ical tea*+ ( ! prophets _h l$ ,israel to appreciate ! ext]nal rites ( sacrifice at _! true value4 ,:]e)al %all ,i come be=e ,jehovah ,or b[ myself be=e ,god on high8 ,%all ,i come be=e ,him ) burnt(f]+s1 ,) calves ( a ye> old8 ,is ,jehovah pleas$ ) ?\s&s ( rams1 ,) myriads ( riv]s ( oil8 ,%all ,i give my fir/born z an atonem5t = me1 ,! fruit ( my body z a s9(f]+ = my life8 ,he ha? %[$ !e1 ,o man1 :at is good2 ,& :at does ,jehovah require ( !e1 ,b to d ju/ice & to love m]cy1 ,& to walk humbly ) ?y ,god87#bfg7 ,?is great ^w ( spiritual religion _h be5 utt]$ long be=e ,ezekiel1 z a prote/ aga9/ ! s5seless multiplication ( sacrifices :i* came 9 9 ! reign ( ,manasseh4 ,nor c we suppose t ,ezekiel1 ) all 8 engrossm5t 9 matt]s ( ritual1 0 ins5sible to ! l(ty tea*+ ( 8 pr$ecessors1 or t 8 conception ( ,god 0 less spiritual ?an !irs4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! wor%ip ( ,israel 0 nev] aft]w>ds :olly absorb$ 9 ! r\t9e ( ! ,temple c]emonies4 ,! in/itution ( ! synagogue ) its purely devotional ex]cises ( pray] & read+ ( ! ,scriptures mu/ h be5 ne>ly coeval ) ! second ,temple1 & prep>$ ! way f> m ?an ! latt] = ! spiritual wor%ip ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b ev5 ! ,temple wor%ip 0 spiritualis$ by ! s]vice ( praise & ! m>vell\s developm5t ( devotional poetry :i* x call$ =?4 8,! emotion ) :i* ! wor%ipp] approa*es ! second ,temple1 z record$ 9 ! ,psalt]1 has little to d ) sacrifice1 b re/s r on ! fact t ! :ole wondr\s hi/ory ( ,jehovah's grace to ,israel is vividly & p]sonally realis$ z he /&s amid/ ! fe/al cr[d at ! anci5t seat ( ,god's ?rone1 & adds 8 voice to ! swell+ song ( praise407#bfh7 ,h[ !n1 x may be ask$1 are we to acc\nt = ! fact t ! prophet %[s su* int5se int]e/ 9 ! details ( a sy/em :i* 0 already los+ its religi\s significance8 ,if sacrifice 0 no long] ( ! ess5ce ( wor%ip1 :y %\ld he be s c>eful to legislate = a s*eme ( ritual 9 :i* sacrifice is ! prom95t feature1 & say no?+ ( ! inw>d /ate ( he>t :i* alone is an acceptable (f]+ to ,god8 ,! *ief reason no d\bt is t ! ritual elem5ts ( religion 7 ! only matt]s1 ap>t f moral duties1 :i* admitt$ ( be+ r$uc$ to a legal sy/em1 & t ! =mation ( su* a sy/em 0 dem&$ by ! circum/ances ) :i* ! prophet _h to deal4 ,! "t 0 n yet come :5 ! pr9ciple ( a c5tral national sanctu>y c\ld be ab&on$1 & if su* a sanctu>y 0 to be ma9ta9$ )\t dang] to ! highe/ int]e/s ( religion x 0 necess>y t its s]vice %\ld be regulat$ ) a view to pres]ve ! deposit ( reveal$ tru? t _h be5 committ$ to ! nation ?r\gh ! prophets4 ,! ess5tial features ( ! sacrificial in/itutions 7 *>g$ ) a deep religi\s significance1 & !re exi/$ 9 ! popul> m9d a great mass ( s\nd religi\s impression & s5tim5t clu/]+ ar\nd t c5tral rite4 ,to disp5se ) ! in/itution ( sacrifice w\ld h r5d]$ wor%ip entirely impossible = ! great body ( ! p1 :ile to leave x unregulat$ 0 to invite a recurr5ce ( ! abuses :i* _h be5 s fruitful a s\rce ( corruption 9 ! pa/4 ,h5ce ! object ( ! ritual ord9ances :i* we are ab\t to consid] is tw(old3 9 ! fir/ place to provide an au?oris$ code ( ritual free f ev]y?+ t sav\r$ ( pagan usages1 & 9 ! second to utilise ! public wor%ip z a means ( deep5+ & purify+ ! religi\s conceptions ( ^? :o c\ld be influ5c$ 9 no o!r way4 ,ezekiel's legislation has a special reg>d = ! wants ( ! 8common rude man0 ^: religi\s life ne$s all ! help x c get f ext]nal obs]vances4 ,su* p]sons =m ! majority ( e religi\s society2 & to tra9 _! m9ds to a deep] s5se ( s9 & a m vivid appreh5sion ( ! div9e hol9ess prov$ to be ! only way 9 :i* ! spiritual tea*+ ( ! prophets c\ld be made a practical p[] 9 ! community at l>ge4 ,x is true t ! highe/ spiritual ne$s 7 n satisfi$ by ! legal ritual4 ,b ! irrepressible long+s ( ! s\l = ne>] fell[%ip ) ,god _c be dealt ) by rigid =mal enactm5ts4 ,ezekiel is cont5t to leave !m to ! guidance ( t ,_s ^: sav+ op]ations w h *ang$ ! he>t ( ,israel & made x a true p ( ,god4 ,! sy/em ( ext]nal obs]vances :i* he =e%ad[s 9 8 vision 0 n meant to be ! life ( religion1 b x 01 s to speak1 ! trellis "w :i* 0 necess>y to support ! delicate t5drils ( spiritual piety until ! "t :5 ! _s ( filial wor%ip %\ld be ! possession ( e true memb] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,god4 ,be>+ ^! facts 9 m9d1 we may n[ proce$ to exam9e ! s*eme ( sacrificial wor%ip conta9$ 9 *apt]s xlv4 & xlvi4 ,only its lead+ features c "h be notic$1 & ! po9ts mo/ des]v+ ( att5tion may be gr\p$ "u ?ree heads3 ! ,fe/ivals1 ! ,repres5tative ,s]vice1 & ! ,idea ( ,atonem5t4 ,i4 ,,! ,,ye>ly ,,fea/s4--,! mo/ /rik+ ?+ 9 ,ezekiel's fe/al cal5d>7#bfi7 is ! division ( ! ecclesia/ical ye> into two precisely simil> p>ts4 ,ea* half ( ! ye> comm5ces ) an aton+ sacrifice = ! purification ( ! sanctu>y f defilem5t contract$ dur+ ! previ\s half47#bgj7 ,ea* conta9s a great fe/ival--9 ! "o case ! ,passov]1 beg9n+ on ! f\rte5? day ( ! fir/ mon? & la/+ sev5 days1 & 9 ! o!r ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles 7simply call$ ! ,fea/71 beg9n+ on ! fifte5? day ( ! sev5? mon? & also la/+ = sev5 days47#bga7 ,! passage is *iefly devot$ to a m9ute regulation ( ! public sacrifices to be (f]$ on ^! occasions1 o!r & m *>act]i/ic features ( ! celebration be+ assum$ z well kn[n f tradition4 ,x is difficult to see :at is ! precise mean+ ( ! propos$ re>rangem5t ( ! fea/s 9 two p>allel s]ies4 ,x may be due simply to ! prophet's love ( symmetry 9 all dep>tm5ts ( public life1 or x may h be5 sugge/$ by ! fact t at ?is "t ! ,babylonian cal5d>1 accord+ to :i* ! ye> beg9s 9 spr+1 0 sup]impos$ on ! old ,hebrew ye> comm5c+ 9 ! autumn47#bgb7 ,at all ev5ts x involv$ a brea* ) preexilic tradition1 & 0 nev] c>ri$ out 9 practice4 ,! e>li] legislation ( ! ,p5tateu* recognises a cycle ( ?ree fe/ivals--,passov] & ,unleav5$ ,bread1 ! ,fea/ ( ,h>ve/ or ( ,weeks 7,p5teco/71 & ! ,fea/ ( ,+a!r+ or ( ,tab]nacles47#bgc7 ,9 ord] to c>ry ?r\gh 8 symmetrical division ( ! sacr$ ye> ,ezekiel has to ignore "o ( ^!1 ! ,fea/ ( ,p5teco/1 :i* seems to h always be5 c\nt$ ! lea/ important ( ! ?ree4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t he contemplat$ its abolition1 = he is c>eful n to alt] 9 any p>ticul> ! positive regulations ( ,deut]onomy2 only x did n fall into 8 s*eme1 & s he does n ?9k x ( suffici5t importance to prescribe regul> public sacrifices = x4 ,aft] ! ,exile1 h[ev]1 ,jewi% practice 0 regulat$ by ! canons ( ! ,prie/ly ,code1 9 :i*1 along ) o!r fe/ivals1 ! anci5t ?reefold cycle is cont9u$1 & /at$ sacrifices are prescrib$ = ,p5teco/1 j z = ! o!r two47#bgd7 ,simil>ly1 ! two aton+ c]emonies 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ & sev5? mon?s17#bge7 :i* are n m5tion$ 9 ! old] legislation1 are replac$ 9 ! ,prie/s' ,code by ! s+le ,day ( ,atonem5t on ! t5? day ( ! sev5? mon?1 :il/ ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> is celebrat$ by ! ,fea/ ( ,trumpets on ! fir/ day ( ! same mon?47#bgf7 ,b al?\gh ! details ( ,ezekiel's sy/em ?us prov$ to be impracticable 9 ! circum/ances ( ! re/or$ ,jewi% community1 x succe$$ 9 ! f> m important object ( infus+ a new _s into ! celebration ( ! fea/s1 & impress+ on !m a diff]5t "*4 ,! anci5t ,hebrew fe/ivals 7 all associat$ ) joy\s incid5ts ( ! agricultural ye>4 ,! ,fea/ ( ,unleav5$ ,bread m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( h>ve/1 :5 8! sickle 0 fir/ put into ! corn407#bgg7 ,at ?is "t also ! fir/l+s ( ! flock & h]d 7 sacrific$4 ,! sev5 weeks :i* elapse till ,p5teco/ are ! season ( ! c]eal h>ve/1 :i* is !n br\ght to a close by ! ,fea/ ( ,h>ve/1 :5 ! goodness ( ,jehovah is ackn[l$g$ by ! pres5tation ( "p ( ! produce at ! sanctu>y4 ,f9ally ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles celebrates ! mo/ joy\s occasion ( ! ye>1 ! /or+ ( ! produce ( ! w9epress & ! ?re%+floor47#bgh7 ,! nature ( ! fe/ivals is easily se5 f ! ev5ts ) :i* !y are ?us associat$4 ,!y are occasions ( social mir? & fe/ivity1 & ! religi\s rites obs]v$ are ! expressions ( ! nation's he>tfelt gratitude to ,jehovah = ! bless+ t has re/$ on ! lab\rs ( husb&man & %eph]d ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! ,passov] ) its memories ( anxiety & escape 0 no d\bt ( a m sombre "* ?an ! o!rs1 b ! joy\s & fe/ive nature ( ,p5teco/ & ,tab]nacles is /rongly insi/$ on 9 ! book ( ,deut]onomy4 ,by ^! in/itutions religion 0 closely int]tw9$ ) ! great int]e/s ( eday life1 & ! fact t ! sacr$ seasons ( ! ,israelites' ye> 7 ! occasions on :i* ! natural joy ( life 0 at its fulle/1 be>s witness to ! simplem9d$ piety :i* 0 fo/]$ by ! old ,hebrew wor%ip4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a dang] t 9 su* a /ate ( ?+s religion %\ld be altoge!r lo/ sight ( 9 ! exub]ance ( natural hil>ity & expressions ( social goodw4 ,& inde$ no great height ( spirituality c\ld be n\ri%$ by a type ( wor%ip 9 :i* devotional feel+ 0 conc5trat$ on ! expression ( gratitude to ,god = ! b\ntiful gifts ( ,8 provid5ce4 ,x 0 good = ! *ildhood ( ! nation1 b :5 ! nation became a man x mu/ put away *ildi% ?+s4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! po/exilic ritual 0 to deta* ! sacr$ seasons m & m f ! secul> associations :i* _h once be5 _! *ief significance4 ,?is 0 done p>tly by ! addition ( new fe/ivals :i* _h no su* natural occasion1 & p>tly by a *ange 9 ! po9t ( view f :i* ! old] celebrations 7 reg>d$4 ,no attempt 0 made to oblit]ate ! traces ( ! aff9ity ) ev5ts ( common life :i* ende>$ !m to ! he>ts ( ! p1 b increas+ importance 0 atta*$ to _! hi/oric significance z memorials ( ,jehovah's graci\s deal+s ) ! nation 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,exodus4 ,at ! same "t !y take on m & m ! "* ( religi\s symbols ( ! p]man5t relations betwe5 ,jehovah & ,8 p4 ,! beg9n+s ( ?is process c be cle>ly disc]n$ 9 ! legislation ( ,ezekiel4 ,n inde$ 9 ! direction ( a hi/oric int]pretation ( ! fea/s1 = ?is is ignor$ ev5 9 ! case ( ! ,passov]1 :]e x 0 already firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! national consci\sness4 ,b ! in/itution ( a special s]ies ( public sacrifices1 :i* 0 ! same = ! ,passov] & ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 & p>ticul>ly ! prom95ce giv5 to ! s9(f]+1 obvi\sly t5d$ to draw ! m9d ( ! p away f ! pass+ int]e/ ( ! occasion1 & fix x on ^? /&+ obligations impos$ by ! hol9ess ( ,jehovah on :i* ! cont9uance ( all ,8 b\nties dep5d$4 ,we _c be mi/ak5 9 ?9k+ t "o design ( ! new ritual 0 to correct ! excesses ( unre/ra9$ animal enjoym5t by deep5+ ! s5se ( guilt & ! fe> ( possible (f5ces aga9/ ! sanctity ( ! div9e pres5ce4 ,= x 0 at ^! fe/ivals t ! pr9ce 0 requir$ to (f] ! aton+ sacrifice = himself & ! p47#bgi7 ,?us ! effect ( ! :ole sy/em 0 to fo/] ! s5sitive & tremul\s tone ( piety :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ,judaism1 9 contra/ to ! he>ty1 if undiscipl9$1 religion ( ! anci5t ,hebrew fea/s4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,/at$ ,,s]vice4--,9 ! c\rse ( ?is *apt] we h _h occasion m ?an once to t\* on ! prom95ce giv5 9 ,ezekiel's vision to sacrifices (f]$ 9 accordance ) a fix$ rubric 9 ! "n ( ! :ole community4 ,! significance ( ?is fact may be/ be se5 f a comp>ison ) ! sacrificial regulations ( ! book ( ,deut]onomy4 ,^! are n num]\s1 b !y deal exclusively ) private sacrifices4 ,! p]son address$ is ! individual h\sehold]1 & ! sacrifices :i* he is enjo9$ to r5d] are = himself & 8 family4 ,!re is no explicit allusion 9 ! :ole book to ! (ficial sacrifices :i* 7 (f]$ by ! regul> prie/hood & ma9ta9$ at ! k+'s exp5se4 ,9 ,ezekiel's s*eme ( ,temple wor%ip ! case is exactly ! rev]se4 ,"h !re is no m5tion ( private sacrifice except 9 ! incid5tal notices z to ! freew (f]+s & ! sacrificial meal ( ! pr9ce17#bhj7 :ile on ! o!r h& great att5tion is paid to ! ma9t5ance ( ! regul> (f]+s provid$ by ! pr9ce = ! congregation4 ,?is ( c\rse does n mean t !re 7 no /atutory sacrifices 9 ! old ,temple1 or t ,ezekiel contemplat$ ! cessation ( private sacrifice 9 ! new4 ,deut]onomy passes ov] ! public sacrifices because !y 7 "u ! jurisdiction ( ! k+1 & ! p at l>ge 7 n directly responsible = !m2 & simil>ly ,ezekiel is sil5t z to private (f]+s because _! obs]vance 0 assur$ by all ! traditions ( ! sanctu>y4 ,/ill x is a notewor?y fact t ( two codes ( ,temple wor%ip1 sep>at$ by only half a c5tury1 ea* legislates exclusively = t elem5t ( ! ritual :i* is tak5 = grant$ by ! o!r4 ,:at x indicates is no?+ less ?an a *ange 9 ! rul+ conception ( public wor%ip4 ,be=e ! ,exile ! idea t ,jehovah c\ld des]t ,8 sanctu>y h>dly ent]$ into ! m9d ( ! p1 & c]ta9ly did n 9 ! lea/ affect ! confid5ce ) :i* !y avail$ !mselves ( ! privileges ( wor%ip4 ,! ,temple 0 !re & ,god 0 pres5t )9 x1 & all t 0 necess>y 0 t ! spontane\s devotion ( ! wor%ipp]s %\ld be regulat$ by ! ess5tial conditions ( c]emonial propriety4 ,b ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple _h prov$ t ! m]e exi/5ce ( a sanctu>y 0 no gu>antee ( ! fav\r & protection ( ! ,god :o 0 suppos$ to dwell )9 x4 ,jehovah might be driv5 f ,8 ,temple by ! pres5ce ( s9 among ! p1 or ev5 by a neglect ( ! c]emonial precautions :i* 7 necess>y to gu>d aga9/ ! pr(anation ( ,8 hol9ess4 ,on ?is idea ! :ole edifice ( ! lat] ritual is built up1 & "h z 9 o!r respects ,ezekiel has %[n ! way4 ,9 8 view ! validity & effici5cy ( ! :ole ,temple s]vice hangs on ! due p]=mance ( ! public rites :i* pres]ve ! nation 9 a condition ( sanctity & cont9ually repres5t x z a holy p be=e ,god4 ,"u cov] ( ?is repres5tative s]vice ! individual may draw ne> ) confid5ce to seek ! face ( 8 ,god 9 acts ( private homage1 b ap>t f ! regul> (ficial c]emonial 8 wor%ip has no reality1 because he c h no assurance t ,jehovah w accept 8 (f]+4 ,8 "r ( access to ,god spr+s f 8 fell[%ip ) ! religi\s community ( ,israel1 & h5ce ! indisp5sable presupposition ( e act ( wor%ip is t ! /&+ ( ! community be=e ,jehovah be pres]v$ intact by ! rites appo9t$ = t purpose4 ,&1 z has be5 already said1 ^! rites are repres5tative 9 "*4 ,be+ p]=m$ on behalf ( ! nation1 ! obligation ( pres5t+ !m re/s ) ! pr9ce 9 8 repres5tative capacity1 & ! %>e ( ! p 9 !m is indicat$ by ! tribute :i* ! pr9ce is emp[]$ to levy = ?is end4 ,9 ?is way ! ideal unity ( ! nation f9ds cont9ual expression 9 ! wor%ip ( ! sanctu>y1 & ! supreme int]e/ ( religion is transf]r$ f ! m]e act ( p]sonal homage to ! abid+ conditions ( acceptance ) ,god symbolis$ by ! /at$ s]vice4 ,let u n[ look at "s details ( ! s*eme 9 :i* ?is important idea is embodi$4 ,! f\ndation ( ! :ole sy/em is ! daily burnt (f]+--! tmd4 ,"u ! fir/ ,temple ! daily (f]+ seems to h be5 a burnt(f]+ 9 ! morn+ & a meal(f]+ 7m9hah7 9 ! ev5+17#bha7 & ?is practice seems to h cont9u$ d[n to ! "t ( ,ezra47#bhb7 ,accord+ to ! ,levitical law x consi/s ( a lamb morn+ & ev5+1 accompani$ on ea* occasion by a m9hah & a libation ( w9e47#bhc7 ,ezekiel's ord9ance occupies a middle position betwe5 ^! two4 ,"h ! tamd is a lamb = a burnt(f]+ 9 ! morn+1 along ) a m9hah ( fl\r m+l$ ) oil2 & !re is no provision = an ev5+ sacrifice47#bhd7 ,! pres5tation ( ?is sacrifice on ! alt> 9 ! morn+1 z ! basis on :i* all o!r (f]+s ?r\gh ! day 7 laid1 may be tak5 to symbolise ! tru? t ! acceptance ( all ord9>y acts ( wor%ip dep5d$ on ! repres5tation ( ! community be=e ,god 9 ! regul> s]vice4 ,to ! spiritual p]ception ( a ,psalmi/ x may h sugge/$ ! duty ( comm5c+ ea* day's "w ) an act ( devotion3-- ,jehovah1 9 ! morn+ %alt ,?\ he> my voice2 ,9 ! morn+ w ,i set my pray] 9 ord] be=e ,!e1 & w look out47#bhe7 ,! (f]+s = ! ,sabba?s & new moons may be consid]$ z amplifications ( ! daily sacrifice4 ,!y consi/ exclusively ( burnt (f]+s4 ,on ! ,sabba? six lambs are pres5t$1 p]haps "o = ea* work+ day ( ! week1 toge!r ) a ram = ! ,sabba? itself 7,sm5d74 ,at ! new moon fea/ ?is (f]+ is repeat$ ) ! addition ( a bullock4 ,x may be not$ "h once = all t ea* burnt sacrifice is accompani$ by a correspond+ m9hah1 accord+ to a fix$ scale4 ,= s9(f]+s1 on ! o!r h&1 no m9hah seems to be appo9t$4 ,at ! annual 7or r halfye>ly7 celebrations ! s9(f]+ appe>s = ! fir/ "t among ! /at$ sacrifices4 ,! sacrifice = ! cleans+ ( ! sanctu>y at ! beg9n+ ( ea* half ( ! ye> consi/s ( a "y bullock = a s9(f]+1 9 addition ( c\rse to ! burnt(f]+s :i* 7 prescrib$ = ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,= ! ,passov] & ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles ! daily (f]+ is a he goat = a s9(f]+1 & sev5 bullocks & sev5 rams = a burnt (f]+ dur+ ! week cov]$ by ^! fe/ivals4 ,besides ?is1 at ,passov]1 & probably also at ,tab]nacles1 ! pr9ce pres5ts a bullock z a s9(f]+ = himself & ! p4 ,we h n[ to consid] m p>ticul>ly ! place :i* ?is class ( sacrifices occupies 9 ! ritual4 ,,iii4 ,,aton+ ,,sacrifices4--,x is evid5t1 ev5 f ?is %ort survey1 t ! idea ( atonem5t holds a conspicu\s place 9 ! symbolism ( ,ezekiel's ,temple4 ,he is1 inde$1 ! e>lie/ writ] 7sett+ aside ! ,levitical ,code7 :o m5tions ! special class ( sacrifices kn[n z s9 & guilt(f]+s4 ,"u ! fir/ ,temple c]emonial (f5ces 7 regul>ly aton$ = at "o "t by money paym5ts to ! prie/s1 & ^! f9es are call$ by ! names aft]w>ds appli$ to ! expiatory sacrifices47#bhf7 ,x does n foll[1 ( c\rse1 t su* sacrifices 7 unkn[n be=e ! "t ( ,ezekiel1 nor is su* a conclusion probable 9 itself4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! prophet alludes to !m r %[s t ! idea 0 p]fectly famili> to 8 contempor>ies4 ,b ! prom95ce ( ! s9(f]+ 9 ! public ritual may be safely set d[n z a new dep>ture 9 ! ,temple s]vice1 z x is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ symptoms ( ! *ange t pass$ ov] ! _s ( ,israel's religion at ! "t ( ! ,exile4 ,( ! elem5ts t contribut$ to ?is *ange ! mo/ important 0 ! deep5$ consci\sness ( s9 t _h be5 produc$ by ! tea*+ ( ! prophets z v]ifi$ 9 ! t]rible calamity ( ! ,exile4 ,we h se5 h[ frequ5tly ,ezekiel insi/s on ?is effect ( ! div9e judgm5t2 h[1 ev5 9 ! "t ( h] p>don & re/oration1 he repres5ts ,israel z a%am$ & conf\nd$1 n op5+ h] m\? any m = ! remembrance ( all t %e _h done4 ,we are !re=e prep>$ to f9d t full provision is made = ! expression ( ?is abid+ s5se ( guilt 9 ! revis$ s*eme ( wor%ip4 ,?is 0 done n by new rites inv5t$ = ! purpose1 b by seiz+ on ^? elem5ts ( ! old ritual :i* repres5t$ ! wip+ out ( iniquity1 & by s remodell+ ! :ole sacrificial sy/em z to place ^! prom95tly 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,su* elem5ts 7 f\nd *iefly 9 ! s9(f]+ & guilt(f]+1 :i* occupi$ a subsidi>y position 9 ! old ,temple1 b are elevat$ to a place ( comm&+ importance 9 ! new4 ,! precise di/9ction betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( sacrifice is an obscure po9t ( ! ,levitical ritual :i* has nev] be5 p]fectly cle>$ up4 ,9 ! sy/em ( ,ezekiel1 h[ev]1 we obs]ve t ! guilt(f]+ plays no "p 9 ! /at$ s]vice1 & mu/ !re=e h be5 res]v$ = private transgressions ( ! law ( hol9ess4 ,& 9 g5]al x may be rem>k$ t ! aton+ sacrifices diff] f o!rs1 n 9 _! mat]ial1 b 9 c]ta9 features ( ! sacr$ actions to be obs]v$ ) reg>d to !m4 ,we _c "h ent] ^u ! details ( ! symbolism1 b ! mo/ important fact is t ! fle% ( ! victims is nei!r (f]$ on ! alt> z 9 ! burnt(f]+1 nor eat5 by ! wor%ipp]s z 9 ! peace(f]+1 b belongs to ! category ( mo/ holy ?+s1 & mu/ be consum$ by ! prie/s 9 a holy place4 ,9 c]ta9 extreme cases1 h[ev]1 x has to be burn$ )\t ! sanctu>y47#bhg7 ,n[ 9 ! *apt]s be=e u ! idea ( sacrificial atonem5t is *iefly develop$ 9 connection ) ! mat]ial fabric ( ! sanctu>y4 ,! sanctu>y may contract defilem5t by involunt>y lapses f ! /r+5t rules ( c]emonial purity on ! "p ( ^? :o use x1 :e!r prie/s or laym54 ,su* errors ( inadv]t5ce 7 almo/ unavoidable "u ! complicat$ set ( =mal regulations into :i* ! fundam5tal idea ( hol9ess bran*$ out1 yet !y are reg>d$ z endang]+ ! sanctity ( ! ,temple1 & require to be c>efully aton$ = f "t to "t1 le/ by _! accumulation ! wor%ip %\ld be invalidat$ & ,jehovah driv5 f ,8 dwell+place4 ,b besides ?is ! ,temple 7or at lea/ ! alt>7 is unfit = its sacr$ functions until x has und]gone an initial process ( purification4 ,! pr9ciple involv$ /ill survives 9 ! consecration ( ecclesia/ical build+s 9 ,*ri/5dom1 al?\gh its application _h d\btless a mu* m s]i\s import "u ! old disp5sation ?an x c possibly h "u ! new4 ,a full acc\nt ( ?is initial c]emony ( purification is giv5 9 ! end ( ! =ty?ird *apt]1 & a glance at ! details ( ! ritual may be en\gh to impress on u ! conceptions t und]lie ! process4 ,x is a protract$ op]ation1 ext5d+ app>5tly ov] eight days47#bhh7 ,! fir/ & fundam5tal act is ! (f]+ ( a s9(f]+ ( ! highe/ degree ( sanctity1 ! victim be+ a bullock & ! fle% be+ burn$ outside ! sanctu>y4 ,! blood alone is spr9kl$ on ! f\r horns ( ! alt>1 ! f\r corn]s ( ! 8settle10 & ! 8bord]03 ?is is ! fir/ /age 9 ! d$ication ( ! alt>4 ,!n = sev5 days a hegoat is (f]$ = a s9(f]+1 ! same rites be+ obs]v$1 & aft] x a burnt(f]+ consi/+ ( a bullock & a ram4 ,^! sacrifices are int5d$ only = ! purification ( ! alt>1 & only on ! day aft] _! completion is ! alt> ready to receive ord9>y public or private gifts--burnt(f]+s & peace(f]+s4 ,n[ f\r expressions are us$ to d5ote ! effect ( ^! c]emonies on ! alt>4 ,! mo/ g5]al is 8consecrate10 lit]ally 8fill its h&07#bhi7--;a phrase us$ orig9ally ( ! in/allation ( a prie/ into 8 (fice1 & !n appli$ metaphorically to consecration or initiation 9 g5]al4 ,! o!rs are 8purify107#bij7 8uns9107#bia7 7! special effect ( ! s9(f]+7 & 8expiate407#bib7 ,( ^! ! la/ is ! mo/ important4 ,x is ! te*nical prie/ly t]m = atonem5t = s91 ! ref]5ce be+ ( c\rse g5]ally to p]sons4 ,z to ! fundam5tal mean+ ( ! ^w1 !re has be5 a great deal ( discussion1 :i* has n yet l$ to a decisive result4 ,! *oice seems to lie betwe5 two radical ideas1 ei!r to 8wipe out0 or to 8cov]10 & s r5d] inop]ative47#bic7 ,b ei!r etymology enables u to und]/& ! use ( ! ^w 9 legal t]m9ology4 ,x means to undo ! effect ( a transgression on ! religi\s /atus ( ! (f5d]1 or1 z 9 ! case be=e u1 to remove natural or contract$ impurity f a mat]ial object4 ,& :e!r ?is is conceiv$ z a cov]+ up ( ! fault s z to conceal x f view1 or a wip+ out ( x1 am\nts 9 ! end to ! same ?+4 ,! significant fact is t ! same ^w is appli$ bo? to p]sons & ?+s4 ,x furni%es ano!r illu/ration ( ! intimate way 9 :i* ! ideas ( moral guilt & physical defect are bl5d$ 9 ! c]emonial ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! mean+ ( ! two aton+ s]vices appo9t$ = ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ & ! sev5? mon? is n[ cle>4 ,!y are int5d$ to r5ew p]iodically ! hol9ess ( ! sanctu>y e/abli%$ by ! initiatory rites j describ$4 ,= x is evid5t t no indelible "* c atta* to ! k9d ( sanctity ) :i* we are "h deal+4 ,x is apt to be lo/1 if n by m]e lapse ( "t1 at lea/ by ! repeat$ contact ( frail m5 :o ) ! be/ int5tions are n always able to fulfil ! conditions ( a "r use ( sacr$ ?+s4 ,e failure & mi/ake detracts f ! hol9ess ( ! ,temple1 & ev5 unnotic$ & altoge!r unconsci\s (f5ces w\ld 9 c\rse ( "t pr(ane x if n purg$ away4 ,h5ce 8= e "o t erre? & = him t is simple07#bid7 atonem5t has to be made = ! h\se twice a ye>4 ,! ritual to be obs]v$ on ^! occasions be>s a g5]al resemblance to t ( ! inaugural c]emony1 b is simpl]1 only a s+le bullock be+ pres5t$ = a s9(f]+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x expressly symbolises a purification ( ! ,temple z well z ( ! alt>4 ,! blood is spr9kl$ n only on ! 8settle0 ( ! alt>1 b also on ! doorpo/s ( ! h\se1 & ! po/s ( ! ea/]n gate ( ! inn] c\rt4 ,we may n[ pass on to ! second application made by ,ezekiel ( ! idea ( sacrificial atonem5t4 ,^! purifications ( ! sanctu>y1 :i* bulk s l>gely 9 8 sy/em1 h _! c\nt]p>t 9 atonem5ts made directly = ! faults ( ! p4 ,= ?is purpose1 z we h already se51 a s9(f]+ 0 to be pres5t$ at ea* ( ! great annual fe/ivals by ! pr9ce1 = himself & ! nation :i* he repres5t$4 ,b x is important to obs]ve t ! idea ( atonem5t is n conf9$ to "o p>ticul> class ( sacrifices4 ,x lies at ! f\ndation ( ! :ole sy/em ( ! /at$ s]vice1 ! purpose ( :i* is expressly said to be 8to make atonem5t = ! h\se ( ,israel407#bie7 ,?us :ile ! halfye>ly s9(f]+ af=d$ a special opportunity = confession ( s9 on ! "p ( ! p1 we are to und]/& t ! hol9ess ( ! nation 0 secur$ by ! obs]vance ( e "p ( ! prescrib$ ritual :i* regulat$ its int]c\rse ) ,god4 ,& s9ce ! nation is 9 itself imp]fectly holy & /&s 9 con/ant ne$ ( =giv5ess1 ! ma9t5ance ( its sanctity by sacrificial rites 0 equival5t to a p]petual act ( atonem5t4 ,special (f5ces ( individuals _h ( c\rse to be expiat$ by special sacrifices1 b b5ea? all p>ticul> transgressions lay ! broad fact ( human impurity & infirmity2 & 9 ! con/ant 8cov]+ up0 ( ?is by a div9ely in/itut$ sy/em ( religi\s ord9ances we recognise an aton+ elem5t 9 ! regul> ,temple s]vice4 ,! sacrificial ritual may !re=e be reg>d$ z a b>ri] int]pos$ betwe5 ! natural uncleanness ( ! p & ! awful hol9ess ( ,jehovah seat$ 9 ,8 ,temple4 ,t m5 %\ld be p]mitt$ to approa* ,him at all is an unspeakable privilege conf]r$ on ,israel 9 virtue ( its cov5ant relation to ,god4 ,b t ! approa* is surr\nd$ by s _m precautions & re/rictions is a p]petual witness to ! tru? t ,god is ( pur] eyes ?an to behold iniquity & "o ) :om evil _c dwell4 ,if ^! precautions c\ld h be5 always p]fectly obs]v$1 x is probable t no p]iodical purification ( ! sanctu>y w\ld h be5 enjo9$4 ,! ord9>y ritual w\ld h suffic$ to ma9ta9 ! nation 9 a /ate ( hol9ess correspond+ ) ! requirem5ts ( ,jehovah's nature4 ,b ?is 0 impossible on acc\nt ( ! sl[ness ( m5's m9ds & _! liability to err 9 _! mo/ sacr$ duties4 ,s9 is s subtle & p]vasive t x is conceiv$ z p5etrat+ ! network ( ord9ances de/9$ to int]cept x1 & rea*+ ev5 to ! dwell+ place ( ,jehovah ,himself4 ,x is to remove su* accid5tal1 ?\gh inevitable1 violations ( ! maje/y ( ,god t ! ritual edifice is cr[n$ by c]emonies = ! purification ( ! sanctu>y4 ,!y are1 s to speak1 atonem5ts 9 ! second degree4 ,_! object is to comp5sate = defects 9 ! ord9>y r\t9e ( wor%ip1 & to remove ! arre>s ( guilt :i* _h accumulat$ ?r\gh neglect ( "s "p ( ! c]emonial s*eme4 ,?is idea appe>s q cle>ly 9 ,ezekiel's legislation1 b x is f> m impressively exhibit$ 9 ! ,levitical law1 :]e diff]5t elem5ts ( ,ezekiel's ritual are ga!r$ up into "o celebration 9 ! ,great ,day ( ,atonem5t1 ! mo/ solemn & impos+ ( ! :ole ye>4 ,h5ce we see t ! :ole sy/em ( sacrificial wor%ip is firmly knit toge!r1 be+ p]vad$ f end to end by ! "o pr9ciple ( expiation1 beh9d :i* lay ! assurance ( p>don & acceptance to all :o approa*$ ,god 9 ! use ( ! appo9t$ means ( grace4 ,h]e9 lay ! *ief value ( ! ,temple ritual = ! religi\s life ( ,israel4 ,x s]v$ to impress on ! m9d ( ! p ! great realities ( s9 & =giv5ess1 & s to create t pr(\nd consci\sness ( s9 :i* has pass$ ov]1 spiritualis$ b n weak5$1 into ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce4 ,?us ! law prov$ itself a s*oolma/] to br+ m5 to ,*ri/1 9 ^: aton+ dea? ! evil ( s9 & ! et]nal conditions ( =giv5ess are once = all & p]fectly reveal$4 ,! positive tru?s taught or sugge/$ by ! ritual ( atonem5t are too num]\s to be consid]$ "h4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t nei!r 9 ,ezekiel nor 9 any o!r "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is an au?oritative int]pretation giv5 ( ! mo/ ess5tial features ( ! ritual4 ,! p seem to h be5 left to expla9 ! symbolism z be/ !y c\ld1 & _m po9ts :i* are obscure & unc]ta9 to u mu/ h be5 p]fectly intelligible to ! lea/ in/ruct$ among/ !m4 ,= u ! only safe rule is to foll[ ! guidance ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s 9 _! use ( sacrificial in/itutions z types ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,! inve/igation is too l>ge & intricate to be attempt$ 9 ?is place4 ,b x may be well 9 conclusion to po9t out "o or two g5]al pr9ciples1 :i* ought nev] to be ov]look$ 9 ! typical int]pretation ( ! expiatory sacrifices ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place atonem5t is provid$ only = s9s committ$ 9 ignorance2 & moral & c]emonial (f5ces /& precisely on ! same foot+ 9 ! eye ( ! law4 ,9 ,ezekiel's sy/em1 inde$1 x 0 only s9s ( inadv]t5ce t ne$$ to be consid]$4 ,he has 9 view ! f9al /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* ! p1 ?\gh n p]fect nor exempt f liability to error1 are :olly incl9$ to obey ! law ( ,jehovah s f> z _! k & ability ext5d4 ,b ev5 9 ! ,levitical legislation !re is no legal disp5sation = guilt incurr$ ?r\gh wanton & delib]ate defiance ( ! law ( ,jehovah4 ,to s9 ?us is to s9 8) a high h&107#bif7 & su* (f5ces h to be expiat$ by ! dea? ( ! s9n]1 or at lea/ 8 exclusion f ! religi\s community4 ,& :e!r ! precept belong to :at we call ! c]emonial or to ! moral side ( ! law1 ! same pr9ciple holds good1 al?\gh ( c\rse its application is "osid$1 /rictly moral transgressions be+ = ! mo/ "p volunt>y1 :ile ritual (f5ces may be ei!r volunt>y or inadv]t5t4 ,b = wilful & highh&$ dep>ture f any precept1 :e!r e?ical or c]emonial1 no atonem5t is provid$ by ! law2 ! guilty p]son 8falls into ! h&s ( ! liv+ ,god10 & =giv5ess is possible only 9 ! sph]e ( p]sonal relations betwe5 man & ,god1 into :i* ! law does n ent]4 ,?is leads to a second consid]ation4 ,aton+ sacrifices d n pur*ase =giv5ess4 ,t is to say1 !y are nev] reg>d$ z ex]cis+ any influ5ce on ,god1 mov+ ,him to m]cy t[>ds ! s9n]4 ,!y are simply ! =ms to :i*1 by ,jehovah's own appo9tm5t1 ! promise ( =giv5ess is atta*$4 ,h5ce sacrifice has n ! fundam5tal significance 9 ,old ,te/am5t religion t ! dea? ( ,*ri/ has 9 ! ,new4 ,! :ole sacrificial sy/em1 z we see q cle>ly f ,ezekiel's prophecy1 presupposes r$emption2 ! p are already re/or$ to _! l& & sanctifi$ by ,jehovah's pres5ce among/ !m be=e ^! in/itutions come into op]ation4 ,! only purpose t !y s]ve 9 ! sy/em ( religion to :i* !y belong is to secure t ! bless+s ( salvation %all n be lo/4 ,bo? 9 ?is vision & ?r\gh\t ! ,old ,te/am5t ! ultimate gr\nd ( confid5ce 9 ,god lies 9 hi/oric acts ( r$emption 9 :i* ,jehovah's sov]eign grace & love to ,israel are reveal$4 ,?r\gh ! sacrifices ! individual 0 enabl$ to assure himself ( 8 int]e/ 9 ! cov5ant bless+s promis$ to 8 nation4 ,!y 7 ! sacram5ts ( 8 p]sonal acceptance ) ,jehovah1 & z su* 7 ( ! highe/ importance = 8 normal religi\s life4 ,b !y 7 n & c\ld n be ! basis ( ! =giv5ess ( s9s1 nor did lat] ,judaism ev] fall into ! error ( seek+ to appease ! ,deity by a multiplication ( sacrificial gifts4 ,:5 ! insuffici5cy ( ! ritual sy/em to give true peace ( consci5ce or to br+ back ! outw>d tok5s ( ,god's fav\r is dwelt ^u1 ! anci5t ,*ur* falls back on ! spiritual conditions ( =giv5ess already enunciat$ by ! prophets4 ,?\ desire/ n sacrifice t ,i %\ld give x1 ,?\ delighte/ n 9 burnt(f]+4 ,! sacrifices ( ,god are a brok5 _s3 ,a brok5 & a contrite he>t1 ,o ,god1 ,?\ wilt n despise47#big7 ,f9ally1 we h le>n$ f ,ezekiel t ! idea ( atonem5t is n lodg$ 9 any p>ticul> rite1 b p]vades ! sacrificial sy/em z a :ole4 ,sugge/ive z ! ritual ( ! s9(f]+ is to ! ,*ri/ian consci5ce1 x mu/ n be isolat$ f o!r developm5ts ( ! sacrificial idea or tak5 to embody ! :ole p]man5t mean+ ( ! in/itution4 ,!re are at lea/ two o!r aspects ( sacrifice :i* are cle>ly express$ 9 ! ritual legislation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--t ( homage1 *iefly symbolis$ by ! burnt(f]+1 & t ( communion1 symbolis$ by ! peace(f]+ & ! sacrificial fea/ obs]v$ 9 connection ) x4 ,& al?\gh1 bo? 9 ,ezekiel & ! ,levitical law1 ^! two elem5ts are ?r[n into ! %ade by ! idea ( expiation1 yet !re are subtle l9ks ( aff9ity betwe5 all ?ree1 :i* w h to be trac$ out be=e we are 9 a position to und]/& ! fir/ pr9ciples ( sacrificial wor%ip4 ,! brilliant & le>n$ rese>*es ( ! late ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? h ?r[n a flood ( light on ! orig9al rite ( sacrifice & ! important place :i* x occupies 9 anci5t religion47#bih7 ,he has s\ght to expla9 ! intricate sy/em ( ! ,levitical legislation z an unfold+1 "u v>i$ hi/orical influ5ces1 ( diff]5t aspects ( ! idea ( communion betwe5 ,god & m51 :i* is ! ess5ce ( primitive sacrifice4 ,9 p>ticul> he has %[n h[ special aton+ sacrifices arise ?r\gh emphasis+ by appropriate symbolism ! elem5t ( reconciliation :i* is implicitly conta9$ 9 e act ( religi\s communion ) ,god4 ,?is at lea/ enables u to und]/& h[ ! aton+ ritual ) all its di/9ctive features yet resembles s closely t :i* is common to all types ( sacrifice1 & h[ ! idea ( expiation1 al?\gh conc5trat$ 9 a p>ticul> class ( sacrifices1 is nev]!less spread ov] ! :ole surface ( ! sacrificial ritual4 ,x w\ld be premature z well z presumptu\s to attempt "h to e/imate ! consequ5ces ( ?is !ory = ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,b x c]ta9ly seems to op5 up ! prospect ( a wid] & deep] appreh5sion ( ! religi\s tru?s :i* are diff]5tiat$ & specialis$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t disp5sation1 to be reunit$ 9 t great ,aton+ ,sacrifice1 9 :i* ! blood ( ! new cov5ant has be5 %$ = _m = ! remission ( s9s4 ,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,r5ewal ,& ,allotm5t ,( ,! ,l&4 ,*apt]s xlvii41 xlviii4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! =tysev5? *apt] ! vision>y =m ( ! revelation1 :i* _h be5 int]rupt$ by ! important s]ies ( communications on :i* we h be5 s long engag$1 is aga9 resum$4 ,! prophet1 once m "u ! direction ( 8 angelic guide1 sees a /ream ( wat] issu+ f ! ,temple build+s & fl[+ ea/w>d into ! ,dead ,sea47#bii7 ,aft]w>ds he receives ano!r s]ies ( directions relat+ to ! b\nd>ies ( ! l& & its division among ! twelve tribes47#cjj7 ,) ?is ! vision & ! book f9d _! appropriate close4 ,i ,! ,temple /ream1 to :i* ,ezekiel's att5tion is n[ = ! fir/ "t direct$1 is a symbol ( ! miracul\s trans=mation :i* ! l& ( ,canaan is to und]go 9 ord] to fit x = ! habitation ( ,jehovah's ransom$ p4 ,anticipations ( a r5ewal ( ! face ( nature are a common feature ( ,messianic prophecy4 ,!y h _! roots 9 ! religi\s int]pretation ( ! possession ( ! l& z ! *ief tok5 ( ! div9e bless+ on ! nation4 ,9 ! vicissitudes ( agricultural or pa/oral life ! ,israelite read ! reflection ( ,jehovah's attitude t[>ds ,himself & ,8 p3 f]tile seasons & luxuriant h>ve/s 7 ! sign ( ,8 fav\r2 dr\ght & fam9e 7 ! pro( t ,he 0 (f5d$4 ,ev5 at ! be/ ( times1 h[ev]1 ! condition ( ,pale/9e left mu* to be desir$ f ! husb&man's po9t ( view1 especially 9 ! k+dom ( ,judah4 ,nature 0 (t5 /]n & unpropiti\s1 ! cultivation ( ! soil 0 always att5d$ ) h>d%ip & unc]ta9ty1 l>ge tracts ( ! c\ntry 7 giv5 ov] to irreclaimable b>r5ness4 ,!re 0 always a vision ( bett] ?+s possible1 & 9 ! la/ days ! prophets *]i%$ ! expectation t t vision w\ld be realis$4 ,:5 all causes ( (f5ce are remov$ f ,israel & ,jehovah smiles on ,8 p1 ! l& w blossom into sup]natural f]tility1 ! pl\ghman ov]tak+ ! reap]1 & ! tread] ( grapes him t s[e? se$1 ! m\nta9s dropp+ new w9e & ! hills melt+47#cja7 ,su* idyllic pictures ( univ]sal pl5ty & com=t ab\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! prophets1 & are n want+ 9 ! pages ( ,ezekiel4 ,we h already _h "o 9 ! description ( ! bless+s ( ! ,messianic k+dom27#cjb7 & we %all see t 9 ?is clos+ vision a complete remodell+ ( ! l& is presuppos$1 r5d]+ x all alike suitable = ! habitation ( ! tribes ( ,israel4 ,! riv] ( life is ! mo/ /rik+ pres5tation ( ?is g5]al conception ( ,messianic felicity4 ,x is "o ( ^? vivid images f ,ea/]n life :i*1 ?r\gh ! ,apocalypse1 h pass$ into ! symbolism ( ,*ri/ian es*atology4 8,& he %[$ me a pure riv] ( wat] ( life1 cle> z cry/al1 proce$+ out ( ! ?rone ( ,god & ( ! ,lamb4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! /reet ( x1 & on ei!r side ( ! riv]1 0 !re ! tree ( life1 :i* b>e twelve mann] ( fruits1 & yield$ h] fruits e mon?3 & ! leaves ( ! tree 7 = ! heal+ ( ! nations407#cjc7 ,s writes ! se] ( ,patmos1 9 words ^: music *>ms ! e> ev5 ( ^? to :om runn+ wat] means mu* less ?an x did to a native ( ?ir/y ,pale/9e4 ,b ,john _h read ( ! my/ic riv] 9 ! pages ( 8 fav\rite prophet be=e he saw x 9 vision4 ,! close resemblance betwe5 ! two pictures leaves no d\bt t ! orig9 ( ! conception is to be s\ght 9 ,ezekiel's vision4 ,! und]ly+ religi\s tru? is ! same 9 bo? repres5tations1 t ! pres5ce ( ,god is ! s\rce f :i* ! influ5ces fl[ =? t r5ew & purify human exi/5ce4 ,! tree ( life on ea* bank ( ! riv]1 :i* yields its fruit e mon? & ^: leaves are = heal+1 is a detail transf]r$ directly f ,ezekiel's imag]y to fill out ! description ( ! glori\s city ( ,god into :i* ! nations ( !m t are sav$ are ga!r$4 ,b ) all its idealism1 ,ezekiel's conception pres5ts _m po9ts ( contact ) ! actual physiography ( ,pale/9e2 x is less univ]sal & ab/ract 9 its significance ?an t ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,! fir/ ?+ t might h sugge/$ ! idea to ! prophet is t ! ,temple m\nt _h at lea/ "o small /ream1 ^: 8s(tfl[+0 wat]s 7 already reg>d$ z a symbol ( ! sil5t & unobtrusive influ5ce ( ! div9e pres5ce 9 ,israel47#cjd7 ,! wat]s ( ?is /ream fl[$ ea/w>d1 b !y 7 too scanty to h any appreciable effect on ! f]tility ( ! region ?r\gh :i* !y pass$4 ,fur!r1 to ! s\? ea/ ( ,j]usalem1 betwe5 x & ! ,dead ,sea1 /ret*$ ! great wild]ness ( ,judah1 ! mo/ desolate & inhospitable tract 9 ! :ole c\ntry4 ,!re ! /eep declivity ( ! lime/one range refuses to deta9 suffici5t moi/ure to n\ri% ! mo/ meagre vegetation1 al?\gh ! few spots :]e wells are f\nd1 z at ,eng$i1 are clo!d ) almo/ tropical luxuriance4 ,to reclaim ^! b>r5 slopes & r5d] !m fit = human indu/ry1 ! ,temple wat]s are s5t ea/w>d1 mak+ ! des]t to blossom z ! rose4 ,la/ly1 !re 0 ! ,dead ,sea itself1 9 ^: bitt] wat]s no liv+ ?+ c exi/1 ! natural emblem ( resi/ance to ! purposes ( ,him :o is ! ,god ( life4 ,^! diff]5t elem5ts ( ! physical reality 7 famili> to ,ezekiel1 & come back to m9d z he foll[s ! c\rse ( ! new ,temple riv]1 & obs]ves ! wond]ful trans=mation :i* x is de/9$ to effect4 ,he fir/ sees x break+ =? f ! wall ( ! ,temple at ! "rh& side ( ! entrance1 & fl[+ ea/w>d ?r\gh ! c\rts by ! s\? side ( ! alt>4 ,!n at ! out] wall he meets x ru%+ f ! s\? side ( ! ea/]n gate1 & /ill pursu+ its ea/]ly c\rse4 ,at a ?\s& cubits f ! sanctu>y x is only ankle deep1 b at successive di/ances ( a ?\s& cubits x rea*es to ! knees1 to ! lo9s1 & becomes f9ally an impassable riv]4 ,! /ream is ( c\rse miracul\s f s\rce to m\?4 ,e>?ly riv]s d n ?us broad5 & deep5 z !y fl[1 except by ! accession ( tribut>ies1 & tribut>ies are out ( ! "q "h4 ,?us x fl[s on1 ) its swell+ volume ( wat]1 ?r\gh 8! ea/]n circuit10 8d[n to ! ,arabah0 7! tr\gh ( ! ,jordan & ! ,dead ,sea71 & rea*+ ! sea x sweet5s its wat]s s t !y teem ) fi%es ( all k9ds l ^? ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,its un9vit+ %ores become ! sc5e ( a busy & ?riv+ indu/ry2 fi%]m5 ply _! craft f ,eng$i to ,eneglaim17#cje7 & ! food supply ( ! c\ntry is mat]ially increas$4 ,! prophet may n h be5 greatly conc]n$ ab\t ?is1 b "o *>act]i/ic detail illu/rates 8 c>eful =e?\ght 9 matt]s ( practical utility4 ,x is f ! ,dead ,sea t ,j]usalem has always obta9$ its supply ( salt4 ,! purification ( ?is lake might h its drawbacks if ! production ( ?is indisp5sable commodity %\ld be int]f]$ )4 ,salt1 besides its cul9>y uses1 play$ an important "p 9 ! ,temple ritual1 & ,ezekiel 0 n likely to =get x4 ,h5ce ! /range b em95tly practical provision t ! %all[s & m>%es at ! s\? end ( ! lake %all be exempt$ f ! influ5ce ( ! heal+ wat]s4 8,!y are giv5 = salt407#cjf7 ,we may v5ture to draw "o lesson = our own in/ruction f ?is beautiful prophetic image ( ! bless+s t fl[ f a pure religion4 ,! riv] ( ,god has its s\rce high up 9 ! m\nt :]e ,jehovah dwells 9 inaccessible hol9ess1 & :]e ! :iterob$ prie/s m9i/] ceaselessly be=e ,him2 b 9 its desc5t x seeks out ! mo/ desolate & unpromis+ region 9 ! c\ntry1 & turns x into a g>d5 ( ! ,"l4 ,:ile ! :ole l& ( ,israel is to be r5ew$ & made to m9i/] to ! good ( man 9 fell[%ip ) ,god1 ! ma9 /ream ( f]tility is exp5d$ 9 ! app>5tly hopeless task ( reclaim+ ! ,judan des]t & purify+ ! ,dead ,sea4 ,x is an emblem ( ! e>?ly m9i/ry ( ,him :o made ,himself ! fri5d ( publicans & s9n]s1 & lavi%$ ! res\rces ( ,8 grace & ! weal? ( ,8 affection on ^? :o 7 deem$ beyond ord9>y possibility ( salvation4 ,x is to be fe>$1 h[ev]1 t ! practice ( mo/ ,*ur*es has be5 too mu* ! rev]se ( ?is4 ,!y h be5 tempt$ to conf9e ! wat] ( life )9 fairly respectable *annels1 among/ ! prosp]\s & cont5t$1 ! occupants ( happy homes1 :]e ! advantages ( religion are mo/ likely to be appreciat$4 ,t seems to h be5 f\nd ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 & 9 times :5 spiritual life has run l[ x has be5 c\nt$ en\gh to keep ! old ruts fill$ & leave ! wa/e places & /agnant wat]s ( our civilisation ill provid$ ) ! means ( grace4 ,n[adays we are sometimes rem9d$ t ! ,dead ,sea mu/ be dra9$ be=e ! gospel c h a fair *ance ( influ5c+ human lives1 & !re may be mu* wisdom 9 ! sugge/ion4 ,a va/ deal ( social dra9age may h to be accompli%$ be=e ! ^w ( ,god has free c\rse4 ,unheal?y & impure conditions ( life may be mitigat$ by wise legislation1 temptations to vice may be remov$1 & ve/$ int]e/s t ?rive on ! degradation ( human lives may be cru%$ by ! /rong arm ( ! community4 ,b ! true _s ( ,*ri/ianity c nei!r be conf9$ to ! wat]c\rses ( religi\s habit1 nor wait = ! s*emes ( ! social re=m]4 ,nor w x display its p[]s ( social salvation until x c>ries ! en]gies ( ! ,*ur* into ! l[e/ haunts ( vice & mis]y ) an e>ne/ desire to seek & to save t :i* is lo/4 ,ezekiel _h 8 vision1 & he believ$ 9 x4 ,he believ$ 9 ! reality ( ,god's pres5ce 9 ! sanctu>y & 9 ! /ream ( bless+s t fl[$ f ,8 ?rone1 & he believ$ 9 ! possibility ( reclaim+ ! wa/e places ( 8 c\ntry = ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,:5 ,*ri/ians are unit$ 9 l fai? 9 ! p[] ( ,*ri/ & ! abid+ pres5ce ( ,8 ,_s1 we may expect to see times ( refre%+ f ! pres5ce ( ,god & ! :ole e>? fill$ ) ! k ( ! ,"l z ! wat]s cov] ! sea4 ,,ii ,ezekiel's map ( ,pale/9e is m>k$ by some?+ ( ! same ma!matical regul>ity :i* 0 exhibit$ 9 8 plan ( ! ,temple4 ,8 b\nd>ies are l ^? we sometimes see on ! map ( a newly settl$ c\ntry l ,am]ica or ,au/ralia--t is to say1 !y l>gely foll[ ! m]idian l9es & p>allels ( latitude1 b take advantage "h & !re ( natural fronti]s suppli$ by riv]s & m\nta9 ranges4 ,?is is absolutely true ( ! int]nal divisions ( ! l& betwe5 ! tribes4 ,"h ! nor!rn & s\!rn b\nd>ies are /raight l9es runn+ ea/ & we/ ov] hill & dale1 & t]m9at+ at ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea & ! ,jordan ,valley1 :i* =m ( c\rse ! we/]n & ea/]n limits4 ,z to ! ext]nal delimitation ( ! c\ntry x is un=tunately n possible to speak ) c]ta9ty4 ,! ea/]n fronti] is fix$ by ! ,jordan & ! ,dead ,sea s f> z !y g1 & ! we/]n is ! sea4 ,b on ! nor? & s\? ! l9es ( dem>cation _c be trac$1 ! places m5tion$ be+ ne>ly all unkn[n4 ,! nor? fronti] ext5ds f ! sea to a place call$ ,haz>enon1 said to lie on ! bord] ( ,hauran4 ,x passes ! 8entrance to ,hama?10 & has to ! nor? n only ,hama?1 b also ! t]ritory ( ,damascus4 ,b none ( ! t[ns ?r\gh :i* x passes--,he?lon1 ,b]o?a1 ,sibraim--c be id5tifi$1 & ev5 its g5]al direction is altoge!r unc]ta947#cjg7 ,f ,haz>enon ! ea/]n bord] /ret*es s\?w>d till x rea*es ! ,jordan1 & is prolong$ s\? ( ! ,dead ,sea to a place call$ ,tam>1 also unkn[n4 ,f ?is we proce$ we/w>ds by ,kade% till we /rike ! riv] ( ,egypt1 ! ,wady el,ari%1 :i* c>ries ! b\nd>y to ! sea4 ,x w be se5 t ,ezekiel1 = reasons on :i* x is idle to speculate1 excludes ! transjordanic t]ritory f ! ,holy ,l&4 ,speak+ broadly1 we may say t he treats ,pale/9e z a rectangul> /rip ( c\ntry1 :i* he divides into transv]se sections ( indet]m9ate bread?1 & !n proce$s to p>cel out ^! among/ ! twelve tribes4 ,a simil> obscurity re/s on ! motives :i* det]m9$ ! disposition ( ! diff]5t tribes )9 ! sacr$ t]ritory4 ,we c und]/&1 inde$1 :y sev5 tribes are plac$ to ! nor? & only five to ! s\? ( ! capital & ! sanctu>y4 ,j]usalem lay mu* ne>] ! s\? ( ! l&1 & 9 ! orig9al di/ribution all ! tribes _h _! settlem5ts to ! nor? ( x except ,judah & ,simeon4 ,ezekiel's arrangem5t seems ?us to comb9e a desire = symmetry ) a recognition ( ! claims ( hi/orical & geographic reality4 ,we c also see t to a c]ta9 ext5t ! relative positions ( ! tribes correspond ) ^? !y held be=e ! ,exile1 al?\gh ( c\rse ! sy/em requires t !y %all lie 9 a regul> s]ies f nor? to s\?4 ,dan1 ,a%]1 & ,naphtali are left 9 ! extreme nor?1 ,manasseh & ,ephraim to ! s\? ( !m1 :ile ,simeon lies z ( old 9 ! s\? ) "o tribe betwe5 x & ! capital4 ,b we _c tell :y ,b5jam9 %\ld be plac$ to ! s\? & ,judah to ! nor? ( ,j]usalem1 :y ,issa*> & ,zebulun are transf]r$ f ! f> nor? to ! s\?1 or :y ,reub5 & ,gad are tak5 f ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan to be settl$ "o to ! nor? & ! o!r to ! s\? ( ! city4 ,"s pr9ciple ( arrangem5t !re mu/ h be5 9 ! m9d ( ! prophet1 & sev]al h be5 sugge/$2 b x is p]haps bett] to confess t we h lo/ ! key to 8 mean+47#cjh7 ,! prophet's int]e/ is c5tr$ on ! /rip ( l& res]v$ = ! sanctu>y & public purposes1 :i* is subdivid$ & measur$ out ) ! utmo/ precision4 ,x is tw5tyfive ?\s& cubits 7ab\t #ha_/c miles7 broad1 & ext5ds "r across ! c\ntry4 ,! two extremities ea/ & we/ are ! cr[n l&s assign$ to ! pr9ce = ! purposes we h already se54 ,9 ! middle a squ>e ( tw5tyfive ?\s& cubits is m>k$ (f2 ?is is ! 8oblation0 or sacr$ (f]+ ( l&1 9 ! middle ( :i* ! ,temple /&s4 ,?is aga9 is subdivid$ into ?ree p>allel sections1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram4 ,! mo/ nor!rly1 t5 ?\s& cubits 9 bread?1 is assign$ to ! ,levites2 ! c5tral portion1 includ+ ! sanctu>y1 to ! prie/s2 & ! rema9+ five ?\s& cubits is a 8pr(ane place0 = ! city & its common l&s4 ,! city itself is a squ>e ( f\r ?\s& five hundr$ cubits1 situat$ 9 ! middle ( ?is s\?mo/ section ( ! oblation4 ,) its free space ( two hundr$ & fifty cubits 9 wid? belt+ ! wall x fills ! entire bread? ( ! section2 ! communal possessions flank+ x on ei!r h&1 j z ! pr9ce's doma9 does ! 8oblation0 z a :ole4 ,! produce ( ^! l&s is 8= food to !m t #8s]ve' i4e41 inhabit ! city407#cji7 ,resid5ce 9 ! capital1 x appe>s1 is to be reg>d$ z a public s]vice4 ,! ma9t5ance ( ! civic life ( ,j]usalem 0 an object 9 :i* ! :ole nation 0 int]e/$1 a tru? symbolis$ by nam+ its twelve gates aft] ! twelve sons ( ,jacob47#caj7 ,h5ce1 also1 its population is to be repres5tative ( all ! tribes ( ,israel1 & :oev] comes to dwell !re is to h a %>e 9 ! l& belong+ to ! city47#caa7 ,b evid5tly ! legislation on ?is po9t is incomplete4 ,h[ 7 ! inhabitants ( ! capital to be *os5 out ( all ! tribes8 ,w\ld its citiz5%ip be reg>d$ z a privilege or z an on]\s responsibility8 ,w\ld x be necess>y to make a selection out ( a ho/ ( applications1 or w\ld special inducem5ts h to be (f]$ to procure a suffici5t population8 ,to ^! que/ions ! vision furni%es no answ]1 & !re is no?+ to %[ :e!r ,ezekiel contemplat$ ! possibility t resid5ce 9 ! new city might pres5t few attractions & _m disadvantages to an agricultural community su* z he _h 9 view4 ,x is a curi\s incid5t ( ! return f ! ,exile t ! problem ( peopl+ ,j]usalem em]g$ 9 a m s]i\s =m ?an ,ezekiel f 8 ideal po9t ( view c\ld h =ese54 ,we read t 8! rul]s ( ! p dwelt at ,j]usalem3 ! re/ ( ! p also ca/ lots1 to br+ "o ( t5 to dwell 9 ,j]usalem1 ! holy city1 & n9e p>ts 9 o!r cities4 ,& ! p bless$ all ! m5 t will+ly (f]$ !mselves to dwell at ,j]usalem407#cab7 ,!re may h be5 causes = ?is g5]al reluctance :i* are unkn[n to u1 b ! pr9cipal reason 0 d\btless ! "o :i* has be5 h9t$ at1 t ! new colony liv$ ma9ly by agriculture1 & ! di/rict 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! capital 0 n suffici5tly f]tile to support a l>ge agricultural population4 ,! new ,j]usalem 0 at fir/ a some:at artificial f\ndation1 & a city too l>gely develop$ = ! res\rces ( ! community ( :i* x 0 ! c5tre4 ,its exi/5ce 0 necess>y m = ! protection & support ( ! ,temple ?an = ! ord9>y ends ( civilisation2 & h5ce to dwell 9 x 0 = ! majority an act ( selfsacrifice by :i* a man 0 felt to des]ve well ( 8 c\ntry4 ,& ! only important diff]5ce betwe5 ! actual reality & ,ezekiel's ideal is t 9 ! latt] ! sup]natural f]tility ( ! l& & ! reign ( univ]sal peace obviate ! difficulties :i* ! f\nd]s ( ! po/exilic !ocracy _h to enc\nt]4 ,?is seem+ indiff]5ce ( ! prophet to ! secul> int]e/s repres5t$ by ! metropolis /rikes u z a s+ul> feature 9 8 programme4 ,x is /range t ! man :o 0 s ?\ghtful ab\t ! saltpans ( ! ,dead ,sea %\ld pass s lightly ov] ! details ( ! recon/ruction ( a city4 ,b we h _h sev]al intimations t ?is is n ! dep>tm5t ( ?+s 9 :i* ,ezekiel's hold on reality is mo/ conspicu\s4 ,we h already rem>k$ on ! boldness ( ! conception :i* *anges ! site ( ! capital 9 ord] to gu>d ! sanctity ( ! ,temple4 ,& n[1 :5 its situation & =m are accurately def9$1 we h no sket* ( municipal in/itutions1 no h9t ( ! purposes = :i* ! city exi/s1 & no glimpse ( ! busy & v>i$ activities :i* we naturally connect ) ! "n4 ,if ,ezekiel ?\ght ( x at all1 except z exi/+ on pap]1 he 0 probably int]e/$ 9 x z furni%+ ! repres5tative congregation on m9or occasions ( public wor%ip1 su* z ! ,sabba?s & new moons1 :5 ! :ole p c\ld n be expect$ to assemble4 ,! tru? is t ! idea ( ! city 9 ! vision is simply an ab/ract religi\s symbol1 a sort ( epitome & conc5tration ( !ocratic life4 ,l ! figure ( ! pr9ce 9 e>li] *apt]s1 x is tak5 f ! national in/itutions :i* p]i%$ at ! ,exile2 ! outl9e is reta9$1 ! typical significance is enhanc$1 b ! =m is %ad[y & indi/9ct1 ! col\r & v>iety ( concrete reality are abs5t4 ,x 0 p]haps a /age ?r\gh :i* political conceptions _h to pass be=e _! religi\s mean+ c\ld be appreh5d$4 ,& yet ! fact t ! symbol ( ! ,holy ,city is pres]v$ is deeply sugge/ive & inde$ sc>cely less important 9 its own way ?an ! ret5tion ( ! type ( ! k+4 ,ezekiel c no m ?9k ( ! l& )\t a capital ?an ( ! /ate )\t a pr9ce4 ,! ^w 8city0--synonym ( ! fulle/ & mo/ int5se =m ( life1 ( life regulat$ by law & elevat$ by devotion to a common ideal1 9 :i* e wor?y faculty ( human nature is quick5$ by ! close & v>i$ int]c\rse ( m5 ) ea* o!r--has def9itely tak5 its place 9 ! vocabul>y ( religion4 ,x is !re1 n to be sup]s$$1 b to be ref9$ & spiritualis$1 until ! city ( ,god1 glorifi$ 9 ! praises ( ,israel1 becomes ! inspiration ( ! l(tie/ ?\ght & ! mo/ ard5t long+ ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,& ev5 = ! p]plex+ problems t ! ,*ur* has to face at ?is day !re is h>dly a m pr(itable ex]cise ( ! ,*ri/ian imag9ation ?an to dream ) practical int5t ( ! consecration ( civic life ?r\gh ! subjection ( all its influ5ces to ! ends ( ! ,r$eem]'s k+dom4 ,on ! o!r h& we mu/ surely recognise t ?is vision ( a ,temple & a city sep>at$ f ea* o!r--:]e religi\s & secul> int]e/s are z x 7 conc5trat$ at diff]5t po9ts1 s t ! "o may be m effectually subord9at$ to ! o!r--is n ! f9al & p]fect vision ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,t ideal has play$ a lead+ & influ5tial "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is ess5tially ! ideal =mulat$ 9 ,augu/9e's great "w on ! city ( ,god1 :i* rul$ ! ecclesia/ical polity ( ! m$ival ,*ur*4 ,! ,/ate is an unholy in/itution2 x is an embodim5t ( ! p[] ( ?is pres5t evil _w3 ! true city ( ,god is ! visible ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & only by subjection to ! ,*ur* c ! ,/ate be r$eem$ f itself & be made a means ( bless+4 ,t !ory s]v$ a provid5tial purpose 9 pres]v+ ! traditions ( ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh d>k & tr\bl$ ages1 & tra9+ ! rude nations ( ,europe 9 purity & righte\sness & rev]5ce = t by :i* ,god makes ,himself kn[n4 ,b ! ,re=mation 01 among/ o!r ?+s1 a prote/ aga9/ ?is conception ( ! relation ( ,*ur* to ,/ate1 ( ! sacr$ to ! secul>4 ,by ass]t+ ! "r ( ea* believ] to deal ) ,*ri/ directly )\t ! m$iation ( ,*ur* or prie/ x broke d[n ! middle wall ( p>tition betwe5 religion & eday duty2 x sanctifi$ common life by %[+ h[ a man may s]ve ,god z a citiz5 9 ! family or ! work%op bett] ?an 9 ! cloi/] or at ! alt>4 ,x made ! k+dom ( ,god to be a pres5t p[] :]ev] !re are lives trans=m$ by love to ,*ri/ & s]v+ _! fell[m5 = ,8 sake4 ,& if ,ca?olicism may f9d "s plausible support = its !ory 9 ,ezekiel & ! ,old ,te/am5t !ocracy 9 g5]al1 ,prote/ants may p]haps ) bett] "r appeal to ! gr&] ideal repres5t$ by ! new ,j]usalem ( ! ,apocalypse--! city t ne$s no ,temple1 because ! ,"l ,himself is 9 h] mid/4 8,& ,i ,john saw ! holy city1 new ,j]usalem1 com+ d[n f ,god out ( heav51 prep>$ z a bride adorn$ = h] husb&4 ,& ,i he>d a great voice out ( heav5 say+1 ,behold1 ! tab]nacle ( ,god is ) m51 & ,he w dwell ) !m1 & !y %all be ,8 p1 & ,god ,himself %all be ) !m1 & be _! ,god4444 ,& ,i saw no temple !re93 = ! ,"l ,god ,almighty & ! ,lamb are ! temple ( x4 ,& ! city _h no ne$ ( ! sun1 nei!r ( ! moon1 to %9e 9 x3 = ! glory ( ,god did light5 x1 & ! ,lamb is ! light !re(407#cac7 ,x may be difficult = u amid ! entanglem5ts ( ! pres5t to read t vision aright--difficult to say :e!r x is on e>? or 9 heav5 t we are to look = ! city 9 :i* !re is no ,temple4 ,wor%ip is an ess5tial function ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/2 & s long z we are 9 our e>?ly abode wor%ip w require ext]nal symbols & a visible organisation4 ,b ?is at lea/ we "k1 t ! w ( ,god mu/ be done on e>? z x is 9 heav54 ,! true k+dom ( ,god is )9 u2 & ,8 pres5ce ) m5 is realis$1 n 9 special religi\s s]vices :i* /& ap>t f our common life1 b 9 ! con/ant influ5ce ( ,8 ,_s1 =m+ our *>act]s aft] ! image ( ,*ri/1 & p]meat+ all ! *annels ( social int]c\rse & public action1 until ev]y?+ done on e>? is to ! glory ( our ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav54 ,t is ! ideal set =? by ! com+ ( ! holy city ( ,god1 & only 9 ?is way c we look = ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise embodi$ 9 ! new "n ( ,ezekiel's city1 ,jehovah%ammah1-- ,,! ,,"l ,,is ,,!re4 ,,footnotes #a ,h]odotus1 i4 #ajcajf4 #b ,if ! 8?irtie? ye>0 ( *4 i4 #a c\ld ref] to ! prophet's age at ! "t ( 8 call1 8 bir? w\ld fall 9 ! v ye> 9 :i* ! ,law ,book 0 f\nd4 ,al?\gh t int]pretation is extremely improbable1 he c h>dly h be5 mu* m1 or less1 ?an ?irty ye>s old at ! "t4 #c ,! op9ion1 once preval5t1 t x 0 ! ,*aboras 9 ,nor!rn ,mesopotamia1 :]e colonies ( ,nor!rn ,israelites _h be5 settl$ a c5tury & a half be=e1 has no?+ to ju/ify x1 & is n[ univ]sally ab&on$4 #d ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n c]ta94 ,al?\gh ,j]emiah's prop]ty & resid5ce 7 9 ,ana?o?1 8 (ficial connection may h be5 ) ! ,temple 9 ,j]usalem4 #e ,! passage xxxiii4 #adbf is want+ 9 ! ,,lxx41 & may possibly be a lat] ins]tion4 ,ev5 if g5u9e x w\ld h>dly alt] ! g5]al e/imate ( ! prophet's tea*+ express$ above4 #f ,j]4 xv4 #d2 #b ,k+s xxiii4 #bf4 #g ,9 ! sup]scription ( ! book 7*4 i4 #ac7 a d\ble date is giv5 = ?is occurr5ce4 ,9 v]4 #a x is said to h tak5 place 89 ! ?irtie? ye>02 b ?is expression has nev] be5 satisfactorily expla9$4 ,! pr9cipal sugge/ions are3 7#a7 t x is ! ye> ( ,ezekiel's life2 7#b7 t ! reckon+ is f ! ye> ( ,josiah's re=mation2 & 7#c7 t x is accord+ to "s ,babylonian era4 ,b none ( ^! has mu* probability1 unless1 ) ,klo/]mann1 we g fur!r & assume t ! explanation 0 giv5 9 an e>li] "p ( ! prophet's autobiography n[ lo/--a view :i* is support$ by no evid5ce & is contr>y to all analogy4 ,cornill proposes to omit v]4 #a entirely1 *iefly on ! gr\nd t ! use ( ! fir/ p]son be=e ! writ]'s "n has be5 m5tion$ is unnatural4 ,t ! sup]scription does n read smoo?ly z x /&s has be5 felt by _m critics2 b ! rejection ( ! v]se is p]haps a too facile solution4 #h ,n 8amb]10 b a natural alloy ( silv] & gold1 highly e/eem$ 9 antiquity4 #i ,cf4 ,exod4 xxiv4 #aj3 8l ! v heav5s = pur5ess40 #aj ,duhm on ,isa4 xxx4 #bg4 #aa ,b? mri1 or simply mr1 occurr+ ab\t fifte5 times 9 ! fir/ half ( ! book1 b only once aft] *4 xxiv4 #ab ,klo/]mann4 #ac ,9 *4 iii4 #ab read 8,z ! glory ( ,jehovah arose f its place0 in/ead ( 8,bless$ be ! glory10 etc4 7 = 74 #ad ,a some:at simil> episode seems to h occurr$ 9 ! life ( ,isaiah4 ,see ! comm5t>ies on ,isa4 viii4 #afah4 #ae ,^! v]ses 7*4 iii4 #bbbg7 furni% "o ( ! *ief supports ( ,klo/]mann's peculi> !ory ( ,ezekiel's condition dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( 8 c>e]4 ,tak+ ! ^w 8dumb0 9 its lit]al s5se1 he consid]s t ! prophet 0 afflict$ ) ! malady kn[n z alalia1 t ?is 0 int]mitt5t d[n to ! date ( *4 xxiv41 & !n became *ronic till ! fugitive arriv$ f ,j]usalem 7*4 xxxiii4 #ba71 :5 x f9ally disappe>$4 ,?is is connect$ ) ! rem>kable s]ies ( symbolic actions relat$ 9 *4 iv41 :i* are reg>d$ z exhibit+ all ! symptoms ( catalepsy & hemiplegia4 ,^! facts1 toge!r ) ! prophet's liability to ec/atic visions1 ju/ify1 9 ,klo/]mann's view1 ! hypo!sis t = sev5 ye>s ,ezekiel lab\r$ "u s]i\s n]v\s disord]s4 ,! p>tiality %[n by a few writ]s to ?is view probably spr+s f a desire to ma9ta9 ! lit]al accuracy ( ! prophet's descriptions4 ,b 9 t aspect ! !ory breaks d[n4 ,ev5 ,klo/]mann admits t ! b9d+ ) ropes _h no exi/5ce save 9 ,ezekiel's imag9ation4 ,b if we are oblig$ to take into acc\nt :at seem$ to ! prophet1 x is bett] to expla9 ! :ole ph5om5a on ! same pr9ciple4 ,!re c be no good gr\nds = tak+ ! dumbness z real & ! ropes z imag9>y4 ,besides1 x is surely a que/ionable exp$i5t to v9dicate a prophet's lit]alism at ! exp5se ( 8 sanity4 ,9 ! h&s ( ,klo/]mann & ,orelli ! hypo!sis assumes a /up5d\s miracle2 b x is obvi\s t a critic ( ano!r s*ool might readily 8we> 8 rue ) a diff]5ce10 & treat ! :ole ( ,ezekiel's prophetic exp]i5ces z halluc9ations ( a d]ang$ intellect4 #af ,an +5i\s attempt has be5 made by ,pr(essor ,cornill to re>range ! v]ses s z to br+ out two sep>ate s]ies ( actions1 "o ref]r+ exclusively to ! exile & ! o!r to ! siege4 ,b ! propos$ read+ requires a some:at viol5t h&l+ ( ! text1 & does n seem to h met ) mu* acceptance4 ,! bl5d+ ( div]se elem5ts 9 a s+le image appe>s also 9 *4 xii4 #caf4 #ag ,! correspond5ce w\ld be almo/ exact if we date ! comm5cem5t ( ! nor!rn captivity f #gcd1 :5 ,tigla?piles] c>ri$ away ! inhabitants ( ! nor!rn & ea/]n p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is is a possible view1 al?\gh h>dly necess>y4 #ah ,or1 ) a diff]5t po9t+1 8,%e *ang$ ,my judgm5ts to wick$ness40 #ai ,see *4 xxvii4 #bj ,hammnim--a ^w ( d\btful mean+1 h[ev]4 ,! ^w = idols1 gilllm1 is all b peculi> to ,ezekiel4 ,x is v>i\sly expla9$ z blockgods or dunggods--9 any case an epi!t ( contempt4 ,! a%rah1 or sacr$ pole1 is nev] ref]r$ to by ,ezekiel4 #ba ,9 v]4 #ad ! true s5se has be5 lo/ by ! corruption ( ! ^w ,riblah into ,diblah4 #bb ,! reason may be t two diff]5t rec5sions ( ! text h be5 comb9$ & mix$ up4 ,s ,hitzig & ,cornill4 #bc ,amos viii4 #b4 #bd ,cf4 ,luke xvii4 #bfcj4 #be ,ezekiel's use ( ! div9e names w\ld h>dly be satisfactory to ,r5an4 ,outside ( ! prophecies address$ to hea!n nations ! g5]ic "n is nev] us$ absolutely1 except 9 ! phrases 8visions ( ,god0 7?ree times7 & 8_s ( ,god0 7once1 9 *4 xi4 #bd1 :]e ! text may be d\btful74 ,else:]e x is us$ only ( ,god 9 ,8 relation to m51 z1 e4g41 9 ! expression 8be to y = a ,god40 occurs once 7*4 x4 #e7 & alone ?ree times 9 *4 xxviii4 7address$ to ! pr9ce ( ,tyre74 ,! prophet's ^w1 :5 he wi%es to express absolute div9ity1 is j ! 8prop]0 "n 1 9 accordance no d\bt ) ! int]pretation giv5 9 ,exod4 iii4 #ac1 #ad4 #bf ,( :at nature ?is idolatr\s symbol 0 we _c c]ta9ly det]m9e4 ,! ^w us$ = 8image0 7semel7 occurs 9 only two o!r passages4 ,! writ] ( ! books ( ,*ronicles uses x ( ! a%]ah :i* 0 set up by ,manasseh 9 ! ,temple1 & x is possible t he means ?us to id5tify t object ) :at ,ezekiel saw 7cf4 #b ,*ron4 xxxiii4 #g1 & #b ,k+s xxi4 #g74 ,?is int]pretation is z satisfactory z any t has be5 propos$4 #bg ,! nature ( ! cults is be/ expla9$ by ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 :o supposes t !y are a survival ( aborig9al totemi/ic sup]/itions :i* _h be5 pres]v$ 9 secret circles till n[1 b sudd5ly assum$ a new importance ) ! collapse ( ! national religion & ! belief t ,jehovah _h left ! l&4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 h ?\ght t x is ,egyptian rites :i* are ref]r$ to4 ,?is view might be/ expla9 its preval5ce among ! eld]s1 b x has little positive support4 #bh ,x has be5 suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ! sunwor%ip ref]r$ to "h is ( ,p]sian orig91 *iefly because ( ! obscure expression 9 v]4 #ag3 8,behold !y put ! twig to _! nose40 ,?is has be5 expla9$ by a ,p]sian cu/om ( hold+ up a bran* be=e ! face1 le/ ! brea? ( ! wor%ipp] %\ld contam9ate ! purity ( ! deity4 ,b ,p]sia _h n yet play$ any great "p 9 hi/ory1 & x is h>dly cr$ible t a di/9ctively ,p]sian cu/om %\ld h f\nd its way into ! ritual ( ,j]usalem4 ,moreov]1 ! words d n occur 9 ! description ( ! sun wor%ipp]s1 nor d !y ref] p>ticul>ly to !m4 #bi ,foll[+ ! ,,lxx4 #cj ,x is notewor?y t 9 ! dirge ( *4 xix4 ,ezekiel ignores ! reign ( ,jehoiakim4 ,is ?is because he too ow$ 8 elevation to ! int]v5tion ( a =eign p[]8 #ca ,especially if we read v]4 #ab1 z 9 ,,lxx41 8,t he may n be se5 by any eye1 & he %all n see ! e>?40 #cb ,by ?is "n = ,*alda ,ezekiel seems to express 8 contempt = ! comm]cial activity :i* =m$ s l>ge an elem5t 9 ! greatness ( ,babylon 7*4 xvi4 #bi ,r4,v471 p]haps also 8 s5se ( ! uncong5ial environm5t 9 :i* ! dis9h]it$ k+ & ! nobility ( ,judah n[ f\nd !mselves4 #cc ,jehoiakim4 #cd ,! long l9e is divid$ into two unequal p>ts by a csura ov] ! end4 #ce ,mo/ly adopt$ f ,cornill4 ,! ,engli% read] may ref] to ,dr4 ,davidson's comm5t>y4 #cf ,?is ^w is unc]ta94 #cg ,ezekiel1 p4 #he4 #ch ,translat+ ) ,,lxx4 #ci ,! exact =ce ( ! reflexive =m us$ 7na' n?i1 niphal7 is d\btful4 ,! translation giv5 is t ( ,cornill1 :i* is c]ta9ly =cible4 #dj ,! same rule is appli$ to direct communion ) ,god 9 pray] 9 ,psalm lxvi4 #ah3 8,if ,i reg>d iniquity 9 my he>t1 ! ,"l w n he>40 #da ,see above1 p4 #ig f4 #db ,see bel[1 pp4 #agi f4 #dc ,v]4 #cc may1 h[ev]1 be an int]polation 7,cornill74 #dd ,9 v]4 #da ! ,syriac ,v]sion reads1 ) a slight alt]ation ( ! text1 8!y %all burn !e 9 ! mid/ ( ! fire40 ,! read+ has some?+ to recomm5d x4 ,dea? by burn+ 0 an anci5t puni%m5t ( h>lotry 7,g54 xxxviii4 #bd71 al?\gh x is n likely t x 0 /ill inflict$ 9 ! "t ( ,ezekiel4 #de 8,to eat ^u ! m\nta9s0 7if t read+ c be reta9$7 mu/ mean to take "p 9 ! sacrificial fea/s :i* 7 held on ! high places 9 hon\r ( idols4 ,b if ) ,w4 ,r4 ,smi? & o!rs we sub/itute ! phrase 8eat ) ! blood10 assimilat+ ! read+ to t ( *4 xxxiii4 #be1 ! (f5ce is /ill ( ! same nature4 ,9 ! "t ( ,ezekiel to eat ) ! blood probably meant n m]ely to eat t :i* _h n be5 sacrific$ to ,jehovah1 b to engage 9 a rite ( di/9ctly hea!ni% "*4 ,cf4 ,lev4 xix4 #bj1 & see ! note 9 ,smi?'s ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 p4 #caj4 #df ,9 ! /rik+ passage *4 xiv4 #abbc ! application ( ! doctr9e ( individual retribution to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem is discuss$4 ,x is treat$ z 8an exception to ! rule0 7,sm5d7--p]haps ! exception :i* proves ! rule4 ,! rule is t 9 a national judgm5t ! mo/ em95t sa9ts save nei!r son nor daught] by _! righte\sness1 b only _! own lives 7vv4 #acbj74 ,at ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 h[ev]1 a remnant escapes & goes into captivity ) sons & daught]s1 9 ord] t _! corrupt lives may prove to ! e>li] exiles h[ necess>y ! de/ruction ( ! city 0 7vv4 #babc74 ,! argum5t is an admission t ! judgm5t on ,israel 0 n c>ri$ out 9 accordance ) ! /rict pr9ciple laid d[n 9 *4 xviii4 ,x is difficult1 inde$1 to reconcile ! v>i\s utt]ances ( ,ezekiel on ?is subject4 ,9 *4 xxi4 #c1 #d he expressly ann\nces t 9 ! d[nfall ( ! /ate righte\s & wick$ %all p]i% toge!r4 ,9 ! vision ( *4 ix41 on ! o!r h&1 ! righte\s are m>k$ = exemption f ! fate ( ! city4 ,! tru? appe>s to be t ! prophet is consci\s ( /&+ betwe5 two disp5sations1 & does n hold a consi/5t view reg>d+ ! "t :5 ! law prop] to ! p]fect disp5sation comes into op]ation4 ,! po9t on :i* !re is no ambiguity is t 9 ! f9al judgm5t :i* u%]s 9 ! ,messianic age ! pr9ciple ( individual retribution %all be fully manife/$4 #dg ,?is is true :e!r 7z "s expositors ?9k7 ! date 9 *4 xx4 is m]ely an ext]nal m>k introduc+ a new division ( ! book1 or :e!r 7z seems m natural7 x is due to ! fact t "h ,ezekiel recognis$ a turn+po9t ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,su* visits ( ! eld]s z t "h record$ mu/ h be5 ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,two o!rs are m5tion$1 & ( ^! "o is undat$ 7*4 xiv4 #a72 ! o!r at lea/ admits ! supposition t x 0 connect$ ) a v def9ite *ange ( op9ion among ! exiles 7*4 viii4 #a3 see above1 p4 #hj74 ,we may !re=e reasonably suppose t ! precise note ( "t "h introduc$ m>ks ?is p>ticul> incid5t z hav+ possess$ a peculi> significance 9 ! relations betwe5 ! prophet & 8 fell[exiles4 ,:at its significance may h be5 we %all consid] 9 ! next lecture1 see p4 #agd4 #dh ,! v]ses xx4 #dedi ( ! ,engli% ,v]sion really belong to *4 xxi41 & are s plac$ 9 ! ,hebrew4 ,9 :at foll[s ! v]ses w be numb]$ accord+ to ! ,hebrew text4 #di ,at ?ree places ! mean+ is entirely lo/1 ?r\gh corruption ( ! text4 #ej ,cf4 *4 xvii4 #ea ,! ref]5ce is to ! ,messiah1 & seems to be bas$ on ! anci5t prophecy ( ,g54 xlix4 #aj1 read+ !re in/ead ( 4 #eb ,! ^w 8cov5ant0 is n "h us$4 #ec ,ap>t f ! case ( ,jeph?ah1 :i* is entirely exceptional1 ! fir/ hi/orical in/ance is t ( ,ahaz 7#b ,k+s xvi4 #c74 #ed ,!re /ill rema9 ! critical difficulties4 ,:at are ! ambigu\s laws to :i* ! prophet ref]s8 ,x is ( c\rse n to be assum$ z c]ta9 t !y are to be f\nd 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 at lea/ 9 ! exact =m :i* ,ezekiel has 9 view4 ,!re may h be5 at t "t a consid]able am\nt ( uncodifi$ legislative mat]ial :i* pass$ vaguely z ! law ( ,jehovah4 ,! 8ly+ p5 ( ! scribes0 seems to h be5 busy 9 ! multiplication ( su* enactm5ts 7,j]4 viii4 #h74 ,/ill1 x is a legitimate inquiry :e!r any ( ! extant laws ( ! ,p5tateu* are op5 to ! int]pretation :i* ,ezekiel seems to h 9 view4 ,! p>ts ( ! ,p5tateu* 9 :i* ! regulation ab\t ! d$ication ( ! fir/born occurs are ! scall$ ,book ( ! ,cov5ant 7,exod4 xxii4 #bi1 #cj71 ! %ort code ( ,exod4 xxxiv4 #agbf 7vv4 #ai f471 ! enactm5t connect$ ) ! in/itution ( ! ,passov] 7,exod4 xiii4 #ab f471 & ! prie/ly ord9ance 7,numb4 xviii4 #ae74 ,n[1 9 ?ree ( ^! f\r passages1 ! inf]5ce to :i* ,ezekiel ref]s is expressly exclud$ by ! provision t ! fir/born ( m5 %all be r$eem$4 ,! only "o :i* be>s ! appe>ance ( ambiguity is t 9 ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant1 :]e we read3 8,! fir/born ( ?y sons %alt ?\ give unto ,me2 likewise %alt ?\ d ) ?9e ox5 & ?y %eep3 sev5 days x %all be ) its dam1 on ! eigh? day ?\ %alt give x to ,me40 ,"h ! fir/born *ildr5 & ! fir/l+s ( animals are put on a level2 & if any passage 9 our pres5t ,p5tateu* w\ld l5d itself to ! false con/ruction :i* ! lat] ,israelites fav\r$1 x w\ld be ?is4 ,on ! o!r h& ?is passage does n conta9 ! p>ticul> te*nical ^w 7he'ebr7 us$ by ,ezekiel4 ,! ^w probably means simply 8d$icate10 al?\gh ?is 0 und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( d$ication by sacrifice4 ,! only passage ( ! f\r :]e ! v]b occurs is ,exod4 xiii4 #ab2 & ?is accord+ly is ! "o g5]ally fix$ on by critics z hav+ sanction$ ! abuse 9 "q4 ,b ap>t f its express exemption ( fir/born *ildr5 f ! rule1 ! passage fails 9 ano!r respect to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! case4 ,! prophet appe>s to speak "h ( legislation address$ to ! second g5]ation 9 ! wild]ness1 & ?is c\ld n ref] to ! ,passov] ord9ance 9 its pres5t sett+4 ,on ! :ole we seem to be driv5 to ! conclusion t ,ezekiel is n ?9k+ ( any "p ( our pres5t ,p5tateu*1 b to "s o!r law simil> 9 its t]ms to t ( ,exod4 xiii4 #ab f41 al?\gh equivocal 9 ! same way z ,exod4 xxii4 #bi f4 ,9 ! text above ,i h giv5 :at appe>s to me ! mo/ natural int]pretation ( ! passage1 )\t ref]r+ to ! num]\s o!r views :i* h be5 put =w>d4 ,van ,hoonack]1 9 ,le ,museon 7#ahic71 subjects ! v>i\s !ories to a se>*+ criticism1 & arrives himself at ! nebul\s conclusion t ! 8/atutes :i* 7 n good0 are n /atutes at all1 b provid5tial *a/isem5ts4 ,t cuts ! knot1 x does n untie x4 #ee ,none ( ! int]pretations ( v]4 #bi gives a satisfactory s5se4 ,cornill rejects x z 8absond]li* und aus dem ,t5or des ganz5 ,cap4 h]ausfall5d40 #ef ,see ,dillmann's note on ,lev4 xxvii4 #cb1 quot$ by ,davidson4 #eg ,read+ = ) ! ,,lxx4 #eh ,! transition v]4 #ci is1 h[ev]1 v difficult4 ,z x /&s 9 ! ,hebrew text x conta9s an ironical concession 7a goodnatur$ "o1 ,sm5d ?9ks7 to ! p]si/5t advocates ( idolatry1 ! only tol]able translation be+1 8,s s]ve ye e man 8 idols1 b h]eaft] ye %all surely he>k5 to ,me1 & ,my holy "n ye %all no long] pr(ane ) y\r gifts & y\r idols40 ,b ?is s5se is n 9 itself v natural1 & ! ,hebrew con/ruction by :i* x is express$ w\ld be some:at /ra9$4 ,! mo/ satisfactory r5d]+ is p]haps t giv5 9 ! ,syriac ,v]sion1 :]e two clauses ( our ,hebrew text are transpos$3 8,b z = y1 ,o h\se ( ,israel1 if ye w n he>k5 to ,me1 g s]ve e man 8 idols6 ,yet h]eaft] ye %all no m pr(ane ,my holy "n 9 y10 etc4 #ei ,x is n c]ta9 :at is ! exact mean+ wrapp$ up 9 ^! designations4 ,a v slight *ange 9 ! po9t+ ( ! ,hebrew w\ld give ! s5se 8h] t5t0 = ,ohola & 8my t5t 9 h]0 = ,oholibah4 ,?is is ! int]pretation adopt$ by mo/ comm5tators1 ! idea be+ t :ile ! t5t or temple ( ,jehovah 0 9 ,judah1 ,sam>ia's 8t5t0 7religi\s sy/em7 0 ( h] own mak+4 ,x is n likely1 h[ev]1 t ,ezekiel has any su* %>p contra/ 9 8 m9d1 s9ce ! :ole ( ! argum5t proce$s on ! simil>ity ( ! c\rse pursu$ by ! two k+doms4 ,x is simpl] to take ! ^w ,ohola z mean+ 8t5t10 & ,oholibah z 8t5t 9 h]10 ! signification ( ! names be+ practically id5tical4 ,! allusion is suppos$ to be to ! t5ts ( ! high places :i* =m$ a m>k$ feature ( ! idolatr\s wor%ip practis$ 9 bo? divisions ( ! c\ntry 7cf4 *4 xvi4 #af74 ,?is is bett]1 ?\gh n entirely conv9c+1 s9ce x does n expla9 h[ ,ezekiel came to fix on ?is p>ticul> emblem z a m>k ( ! religi\s condition ( ,israel4 ,x may be wor? not+ t ! ^w conta9s ! same numb] ( consonants z 7 ,sam>ia1 al?\gh ! ^w is always writt5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t71 & ! same numb] z 4 ,! ,ea/]n cu/om ( giv+ simil> names to *ildr5 ( ! same family 7l ,hasan & ,huse97 is aptly in/anc$ by ,sm5d & ,davidson4 #fj ,?is ^w is ( d\btful mean+4 #fa ,sm5d ?9ks t ! illu/ration is expla9$ by ! seclud$ life ( females 9 ! ,ea/1 :i* makes x q intelligible t a woman might be captivat$ by ! picture ( a man %e _h nev] se51 & try to induce him to visit h]4 #fb ,on ^! names ( nations see ,davidson's ,comm5t>y1 p4 #afh1 & ! ref]5ce !re to ,delitzs*4 #fc ,! words r5d]$ 9 ,e4,v41 8?\ %alt be laugh$ to scorn & _h 9 d]ision0 7v]4 #cb71 8& pluck (f ?y own brea/s0 7v]4 #cd71 are want+ 9 ! ,,lxx4 ,! passage ga9s 9 =ce by ! omission4 ,! words translat$ 8break ! %]ds !re(0 7v]4 #cd7 are un9telligible4 #fd ,al?\gh ! text 9 p>ts ( vv4 #db1 #dc is v imp]fect4 #fe ,on ! read+ "h see above1 p4 #aej4 #ff ,! eigh? v]se1 ref]r+ to ! ,sabba? & ! sanctu>y1 is reject$ by ,cornill on int]nal gr\nds1 b = t !re is no ju/ification4 ,if ! v]se is reta9$1 x w be se5 t ! enum]ation ( s9s corresponds pretty closely 9 sub/ance1 ?\gh n 9 arrangem5t1 ) ! precepts ( ! ,decalogue4 #fg ,read ) ! ,,lxx4 1 in/ead ( 1 8purifi$40 #fh ,?is appe>s to be ! mean+ ( ! simile 9 v]4 #bd2 ! judgm5t is conceiv$ z a p>*+ dr\ght1 & ! po9t ( ! comp>ison is t its sev]ity is n temp]$ by ! f]tilis+ /reams :i* %\ld h desc5d$ on ! p 9 ! %ape ( s\nd political & religi\s guidance4 #fi ,foll[+ ! ,,lxx4 we %\ld read 8^: pr9ces0 7 7 = 8! conspiracy ( h] prophets0 7 7 9 v]4 #be4 #gj ,read 1 8wood10 in/ead ( 1 8bones0 7,boett*] & o!rs74 #ga ,! words 8except by fire0 repres5t an em5dation propos$ by ,cornill1 :i* may be some:at bold1 b c]ta9ly expresses an idea 9 ! passage4 #gb ,cf4 ,j]4 xiii4 #bg3 8,?\ %alt n be pron\nc$ clean1 = h[ long a "t yet60 #gc ,i4e41 z g5]ally expla9$1 bread br\ght by sympa?is+ fri5ds1 to be %>$ ) ! m\rn+ h\sehold3 cf4 ,j]4 xvi4 #g2 #b ,sam4 iii4 #ce4 ,wellhaus51 h[ev]1 proposes to read 8bread ( m\rn]s0 7 = 74 #gd ,! words 8& ,seir0 9 v]4 #h are want+ 9 ! true text ( ! ,,lxx41 & %\ld probably be omitt$4 #ge ,isa4 xvi4 #f1 xxv4 #aa2 ,j]4 xlviii4 #bi1 #db4 #gf ,rawl9son1 ,hi/ory ( ,phnicia4 #gg ,clos+ /anzas ( ,! ,s*ol> ,gipsy4 #gh ,bo? ,mov]s & ,rawl9son make x ! basis ( _! survey ( ,tyrian comm]ce4 #gi ,babylon & ,egypt are probably omitt$ because ( ! peculi> po9t ( view assum$ by ! prophet4 ,!y 7 too p[]ful to be repres5t$ z slaves ( ,tyre1 ev5 9 poetry4 #hj ,e4,v41 8go+ to & fro40 #ha ,s ,cornill1 = 7 m]*ants74 #hb ,see *4 xxvii4 #f1 :]e ivory is said to come f ,*ittim or ,cyprus4 #hc ,! ,hebrew text adds 8purple1 embroid]$ "w1 & byssus02 b mo/ ( ^! ?+s are omitt$ 9 ! ,,lxx4 #hd ,! text ( vv4 #ah1 #ai is 9 confusion1 & ,cornill1 f a comp>ison ) a contempor>y w9eli/ ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 & also an ,assyrian "o f ! libr>y ( ,as%urbanipal1 makes x read ?us3 8,w9e ( ,helbon & ,zim9 & ,arnaban !y furni%$ 9 ?y m>kets4 ,f ,uzal10 etc4 ,bo? li/s are quot$ 9 ,s*rad]'s ,cunei=m ,inscriptions & ! ,old ,te/am5t1 "u ?is v]se4 #he ,! latt] half ( ?is v]se1 h[ev]1 is ( v unc]ta9 int]pretation4 ,= full explanation ( ! ar*ological details 9 ?is *apt] x w be necess>y to consult ! comm5t>ies & ! lexicon4 ,see also ,rawl9son's ,hi/ory ( ,phnicia1 pp4 #bhe ff4 #hf ,) a *ange ( "o lett] 9 ! ,hebrew text1 = 1 z 9 ! ,,lxx4 & ,t>gum4 #hg ,hebrew1 ,thm2 ,babylonian1 ,tiamat4 #hh ,psalm xxxvi4 #f3 cf4 ,g54 vii1 #aa4 #hi ,contra ,ap41 ,i4 #ba2 ,ant41 ,x4 xi4 #a4 #ij ,cf4 ,hv]nick aga9/ ,hitzig & ,w9]1 ,ezekiel1 pp4 #dcf f4 #ia ,! same eng9e]+ feat 0 accompli%$ by ,alex&] ! ,great 9 sev5 mon?s1 b ! ,greek g5]al probably adopt$ m sci5tific me?ods 7su* z piledriv+7 ?an ! ,babylonians2 &1 besides1 x is possible t ! rema9s ( ,nebu*adnezz>'s embankm5t may h facilitat$ ! op]ation4 #ib ,= ! ^w 1 r5d]$ 8?y bord]s10 ,cornill proposes to read 1 :i* he ?9ks might mean 8?9e an*orage40 ,! translation is d\btful1 b ! s5se is c]ta9ly appropriate4 #ic ,s5ir 0 ! ,amorite "n ( ,m\nt ,h]mon1 ! ,phnician "n be+ ,sirion 7,deut4 iii4 #i74 ,s5ir1 h[ev]1 occurs on ! ,assyrian monum5ts1 & 0 probably widely kn[n4 #id ,teas%ur 7read in/ead ( 71 a k9d ( tree m5tion$ sev]al times 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is g5]ally id5tifi$ ) ! %]bn tree4 #ie ,eli%ah is "o ( ! sons ( ,javan 7,ionia7 7,g54 x4 #d71 & mu/ h be5 "s "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean coa/1 subject to ! influ5ce ( ,greece4 ,italy1 ,sicily1 & ! ,peloponnesus h be5 sugge/$4 #if ,! details ( ! description are ne>ly all illu/rat$ 9 pictures ( ,phnician w>galleys f\nd on ,assyrian monum5ts4 ,!y %[ ! s+le ma/ ) its squ>e sail1 ! d\ble r[ ( o>s1 ! fight+ m5 on ! deck1 & ! r[ ( %ields along ! bulw>ks4 ,9 an ,egyptian picture we h a repres5tation ( ! embroid]$ sail 7anci5t %ips are said n to h c>ri$ a flag74 ,! canvas is ri*ly ornam5t$ ) v>i\s devices ov] its :ole surface1 & b5ea? ! sail we see ! cab9 or awn+ ( col\r$ /uff m5tion$ 9 ! text4 #ig ,see above1 pp4 #bcb ff4 #ih ,x is n cle> :e!r ! dirge is cont9u$ to ! end ( ! *apt]1 or :e!r vv4 #cc ff4 are spok5 by ! prophet 9 explanation ( ! di/ress ( ! nations4 ,! prop] elegiac measure _c be made out )\t "s alt]ation ( ! text4 #ii ,dan4 x4 #bj1 #ba1 xii4 #a4 #ajj 8,! dea? ( ! uncircumcis$0--i4e41 a dea? :i* involves exclusion f ! rites ( hon\rable burial2 l burial 9 unconsecrat$ gr\nd among ,*ri/ian nations4 #aja ,dean ,*ur*1 ,ca!dral & ,univ]sity ,s]mons1 p4 #aej4 #ajb 8,we h1 inde$1 a nom9al religion1 to :i* we pay ti!s ( prop]ty & sev5?s ( "t2 b we h also a practical & e>ne/ religion1 to :i* we devote n9et5?s ( our prop]ty1 & sixsev5?s ( our "t4 ,& we dispute a great deal ab\t ! nom9al religion3 b we are all unanim\s ab\t ?is practical "o2 ( :i* ,i ?9k y w admit t ! rul+ goddess may be be/ g5]ally describ$ z ! #8,goddess ( ,gett+on1' or #8,britannia ( ! ,m>ket4' ,! ,a!nians _h an #8,a!na ,agoraia1' or ,a!na ( ! ,m>ket2 b %e 0 a subord9ate type ( _! goddess1 :ile our ,britannia ,agoraia is ! pr9cipal type ( ours4 ,& all y\r great ar*itectural works are1 ( c\rse1 built to h]4 ,x is long s9ce y built a great ca!dral2 & h[ y w\ld laugh at me if ,i propos$ build+ a ca!dral on ! top ( "o ( ^! hills ( y\rs1 to make x an ,acropolis6 ,b y\r railroad m\nds1 va/] ?an ! walls ( ,babylon2 y\r railroad /ations1 va/] ?an ! temple ( ,ephesus1 & innum]able2 y\r *imneys1 h[ mu* m mighty & co/ly ?an ca!dral spires6 y\r h>b\rpi]s2 y\r w>eh\ses2 y\r ex*anges6--all ^! are built to y\r great ,goddess ( #8,gett+on2' & %e has =m$1 & w cont9ue to =m1 y\r ar*itecture1 z long z y wor%ip h]2 & x is q va9 to ask me to tell y h[ to build to h]2 y "k f> bett] ?an ,i40--,! ,cr[n ( ,wild ,olive4 #ajc ,! 8fi]y /ones0 may repres5t ! ?und]bolts1 :i* 7 h>mless to ! pr9ce 9 virtue ( 8 innoc5ce4 ,x may be not$ t ! 8preci\s /ones0 t 7 8 cov]+ 7v]4 #ac7 correspond ) n9e out ( ! twelve jewels t cov]$ ! high prie/ly brea/plate 7,exod4 xxviii4 #agai71 ! /ones ( ! ?ird r[ be+ ^? n "h repres5t$4 ,?is sugge/s t ! allusion is r to bejewell$ g>m5ts ?an to ! plumage ( ! w+s ( ! *]ub ) :om ! pr9ce has be5 wrongly id5tifi$4 #ajd ,j]4 xxv4 #bb1 xxvii4 #c4 #aje ,ezek4 xxix4 #f1 #g3 cf4 ,isa4 xxxvi4 #f 7! words ( ,rab%akeh74 ,9 v]4 #g read 1 8h&10 = 1 8%\ld]10 & 1 8made/ to tott]10 = 1 8made/ to /&40 #ajf ,?is is probable accord+ to ! ,hebrew text1 :i*1 h[ev]1 omits ! numb] ( ! mon? 9 *4 xxxii4 #ag4 ,! ,septuag9t reads 89 ! fir/ mon?02 if ?is is accept$1 x w\ld be bett] to read ! elev5? ye> in/ead ( ! twelf? 9 *4 xxxii4 #a1 z is done by "s anci5t v]sions & ,hebrew codices4 ,! *ange involves a diff]5ce ( only "o lett] 9 ,hebrew4 #ajg ,*4 xxxii4 #ag1 foll[+ ! ,,lxx4 read+4 #ajh ,migdol 0 on ! nor?ea/ bord] ( ,egypt1 twelve miles s\? ( ,pelusium 7,s971 at ! m\? ( ! ea/]n arm ( ! ,nile4 ,sy5e is ! mod]n ,ass\an1 at ! fir/ cat>act ( ! ,nile1 & has always be5 ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,egypt prop] & ,e?iopia4 #aji ,pa?ros is ! "n ( ,upp] ,egypt1 ! n>r[ valley ( ! ,nile above ! ,delta4 ,9 ! ,egyptian tradition x 0 reg>d$ z ! orig9al home ( ! nation & ! seat ( ! olde/ dyna/ies4 ,:e!r ,ezekiel means t ! ,egyptians %all recov] only ,pa?ros1 :ile ! ,delta is all[$ to rema9 uncultivat$1 is a "q t mu/ be left undecid$4 #aaj ,hebrew1 8,cu%1 & ,put1 & ,lud1 & all ! mix$ multitude1 & ,*ub1 & ! sons ( ! l& ( ! cov5ant40 ,cornill reads1 8,cu%1 & ,put1 & ,lud1 & ,lub1 & all ,arabia1 & ! sons ( ,crete40 ,! em5dations are p>tly bas$ on some:at intricate reason+ f ! text ( ! ,greek & ,e?iopic v]sions2 b !y h ! advantage ( yield+ a s]ies ( prop] names1 z ! context seems to dem&4 ,put & ,lud are tribes ly+ to ! we/ ( ,egypt1 & s also is ,lub1 :i* may be safely sub/itut$ = ! o!rwise unkn[n ,*ub ( ! ,hebrew text4 #aaa ,read+ 1 8/rong ones10 in/ead ( 1 8ngods10 z 9 ! ,,lxx4 ,! latt] t]m is common 9 ,isaiah1 b does n occur else:]e 9 ,ezekiel1 al?\gh he _h con/ant occasion to use x4 #aab ,! cities are n m5tion$ 9 any geographical ord]4 ,memphis 7,noph7 & ,!bes 7,no7 are ! anci5t & popul\s capitals ( ,l[] & ,upp] ,egypt respectively2 ,tanis 7,zoan7 0 ! city ( ! ,hyksos1 & subsequ5tly a royal seat2 ,pelusium 7,s971 8! bulw>k ( ,egypt10 & ,daphne 7,tahpanhes7 gu>d$ ! approa* to ! ,delta f ! ,ea/2 ,heliopolis 7,on1 wrongly po9t$ ,av57 0 ! fam\s c5tre ( ,egyptian wisdom1 & ! *ief seat ( ! wor%ip ( ! sungod ,ra2 & ,buba/is 7,pibese?71 besides be+ a celebrat$ religi\s c5tre1 0 "o ( ! possessions ( ! ,egyptian milit>y ca/e4 #aac ,x is only fair to say t ! con/ruction 8a ,t'as%ur1 a c$>10 or1 /ill m1 8a ,t'as%ur ( a c$>10 is some:at h>%4 ,x is n unlikely t ! ^w 8c$>0 may h be5 add$ aft] ! read+ 8,assyrian0 _h be5 e/abli%$1 9 ord] to complete ! s5se4 #aad ,see ,sm5d on ! passage4 ,dr4 ,davidson1 h[ev]1 d\bts ! possibility ( ?is3 see 8 comm5t>y4 #aae ,?is use ( ! ^w 8uncircumcis$0 is peculi>4 ,! idea seems to be t circumcision1 among nations :i* l ! ,israelites practis$ ! rite1 0 an indisp5sable m>k ( memb]%ip 9 ! community2 & ^? :o lack$ ?is m>k 7 treat$ z social outca/s1 n entitl$ to hon\rable sepulture4 ,h5ce ! ^w c\ld be us$1 z "h1 9 ! s5se ( unhall[$4 #aaf ,cf4 ,isa4 xiv4 #ahbj3 8,all ( ! k+s ( ! nations1 all ( !m1 sleep 9 glory1 e "o 9 8 own h\se4 ,b ?\ art ca/ =? away f ?y sepul*re1 l an abom9able bran*1 clo!d ) ! sla91 t are ?ru/ ?r\gh ) ! sword1 t g d[n to ! /ones ( ! pit2 z a c>case trodd5 und]foot4 ,?\ %alt n be jo9$ ) !m 9 burial10 etc4 #aag ,! text ( ^! v]ses 7#aiba7 is 9 "s confusion4 ,! above is a translation ( ! read+ propos$ by ,cornill1 :o 9 ! ma9 foll[s ! ,,lxx4 #aah ,,lxx4 = 8( ! uncircumcis$40 #aai 8,%ields10 a conjecture ( ,cornill1 seems to be dem&$ by ! p>allelism4 #abj ,j]4 xliii4 #hac2 xliv4 #abad1 #bgcj2 xlvi4 #acbf4 #aba ,ant41 ,x4 ix4 #g4 #abb ,zeits*rift fr ,aegyptis*e ,spra*e1 #ahgh1 pp4 #b ff4 & pp4 #hg ff4 #abc ,ibid41 #ahhd1 pp4 #hg ff41 #ic ff4 #abd ,see ,s*rad]1 ,keil9s*riftli*e ,biblio!k1 ,,iii4 ii41 pp4 #adj f4 #abe ,! hypo!sis ( a jo9t reign ( ,hophra & ,amasis f #egj to #efd 7,wi$emann7 may or may n be necess>y to e/abli% a connection betwe5 ! ,babylonian inscription & t ( ,neshor2 x is c]ta9 t ,amasis began to reign 9 #egj1 & t ,hophra is n ! ,ph>aoh m5tion$ by ,nebu*adnezz>4 #abf ,j]usalem 0 tak5 9 ! f\r? mon? ( ! elev5? ye> ( ,z$ekiah or ( ,ezekiel's captivity4 ,! ann\ncem5t rea*$ ,ezekiel1 accord+ to ! read+ ( ! ,hebrew text1 9 ! t5? mon? ( ! twelf? ye> 7*4 xxxiii4 #ba7--t is1 ab\t eighte5 mon?s aft] ! ev5t4 ,x is h>dly cr$ible t ! transmission ( ! news %\ld h be5 delay$ s long z ?is2 & !re=e ! read+ 8elev5? ye>10 f\nd 9 "s manuscripts & 9 ! ,syriac ,v]sion1 is n[ g5]ally reg>d$ z correct4 #abg ,j]4 xxxix4 #i4 #abh ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ! ^w happlt1 8! fugitive10 may be us$ 9 a collective s5se1 ( ! :ole body ( captives c>ri$ away aft] ! de/ruction ( ! city4 #abi ,*4 xxiv4 #babd4 #acj ,*s4 xvii4 #bbbd1 xxi4 #bf1 #bg4 #aca ,see pp4 #ajb ff4 #acb ,cf4 especially *4 xxii4 #acc ,see bel[1 pp4 #cah f41 & *4 xxviii4 #acd ,po9t+ ! ,hebrew text 9 accordance ) ! r5d]+ ( ! ,,lxx4 #ace ,?is seems to me to be ! cle> mean+ ( ,isaiah's prophecy ( ! ,messiah 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? *apt]1 al?\gh ! contr>y is (t5 ass]t$4 ,micah v4 #af may1 h[ev]1 be an exception to ! rule /at$ above4 #acf ,v]4 #be4 ,! idea is bas$ on ,hosea ii4 #ah1 :]e ,god promises to make a cov5ant = ,israel 8) ! bea/s ( ! field1 & ! birds ( heav51 & ! creep+ ?+s ( ! gr\nd40 ,?is is to be und]/ood q lit]ally3 x means immunity f ! ravages ( wild bea/s & o!r noxi\s creatures4 ,ezekiel's promise1 h[ev]1 is probably to be expla9$ 9 accordance ) ! t]ms ( ! allegory3 ! 8evil bea/s0 are ! =eign nations f :om ,israel _h suff]$ s sev]ely 9 ! pa/4 #acg ,?is is ! s5se ( ! expression 9 v]4 #bi 7lit]ally 8a plantation = a "n074 ,! ,,lxx41 h[ev]1 read 1 :i* may be translat$ 8a p]fect vegetation40 ,at all ev5ts ! phrase is n a title ( ! ,messiah4 #ach ,! ^w 8m50 9 v]4 #ca %\ld be omitt$1 z 9 ! ,,lxx4 #aci ,cf4 ,amos ix4 #aa f42 ,hosea ii4 #b1 iii4 #e2 ,isa4 xi4 #ac2 ,micah ii4 #ab f41 v4 #c4 #adj #a ,k+s xii4 #af 7cf4 #b ,sam4 xx4 #a74 ,x %\ld be m5tion$1 h[ev]1 t ! la/ clause 9 ! ,,lxx4 is replac$ by a m prosaic s5t5ce3 8= ?is man is n fit to be a rul] nor a pr9ce40 #ada ,j]4 xxxiii4 #aeag4 #adb ,cf4 *4 xliii4 #g1 xlv4 #h1 xlvi4 #af ff4 #adc ,*4 xxxvii4 #be4 #add 8,das ,knig?um wird diese ! ,davidic ,familie ni*t wi$] erhalt51 d5n ,eze*iel fhrt =t3 #8,i* ,iahwe w]de ihn5 ,gott se9 und me9 ,kne*t ,david wird ns d4 h4 ,fr/ 9 ihr] ,mitte se94' ,also nur e9 ,fr/5?um wird d] ,familie ,davids 9 d] bess]5 ,zukunft ,israel's zu ,!il40--,,/ade1 ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ci4 #ade ,*4 xxxvii4 #bbbd4 #adf ,on ! :ole subject ( ! relation ( ! gods to ! l& see ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #ia ff4 #adg ,jo%4 xxii4 #ai2 #a ,sam4 xxvi4 #ai2 ,hosea ix4 #ce4 #adh ,*4 xxxvi4 #ac4 #adi ,*4 xxxvi4 #cj3 cf4 xxxiv4 #bi4 #aej ,g54 xxvii4 #bh1 #ci4 #aea ,numb4 xiii4 #cb4 #aeb ,isa4 lxii4 #d4 #aec ,vv4 #ah1 #ai4 ,! words 9 brackets are want+ 9 ! ,,lxx4 #aed ,vv4 #bj1 #bb1 #bc4 #aee ,james ii4 #g4 #aef ,psalm xlii4 #aj4 #aeg ,*4 xxxix4 #bc4 #aeh ,! phrase 8cause y to walk0 7v]4 #bg7 is v /rong 9 ! ,hebrew1 almo/ 8,i w br+ x ab\t t ye walk40 #aei ,! ?irtysev5? v]se h>dly be>s ! s5se :i* is sometimes put ^u x3 8,i am ready to d ?is = ! h\se ( ,israel1 yet ,i w n d x until !y h le>n$ to pray = x40 ,t is true ( spiritual bless+s g5]ally2 b ,ezekiel's idea is simpl]4 ,! p>ticle 8yet0 is n adv]sative b temporal1 & ! 8?is0 ref]s to :at foll[s1 & n to :at prec$es4 ,! mean+ is1 8,! "t %all come :5 ,i w answ] ! pray] ( ! h\se ( ,israel10 etc4 #afj ,*apt] ,,xxiii4 bel[4 #afa ,cf4 #a ,k+s xvii42 #b ,k+s iv4 #ac ff41 xiii4 #ba4 #afb #a ,!ss4 iv4 #ac ff4 #afc ,isa4 xxvi4 #ai4 #afd ,dan4 xii4 #b4 #afe ,john v4 #be3 cf4 vv4 #bh1 #bi4 #aff ,isa4 vii4 #h4 #afg ,*apt] ,v41 above4 #afh ,*4 xxxvi4 #afch4 #afi ,*4 xxxvi4 #ba4 #agj ,*s4 xviii4 #bc1 xxxiii4 #aa4 #aga ,see pp4 #ge f4 above4 #agb ,*4 vi4 #haj4 #agc ,*s4 xvi4 #fafc1 xx4 #dc1 #dd1 xxxvi4 #ca1 #cb4 #agd ,*4 xviii4 #ca4 #age ,cf4 ,joel's 8,r5d y\r he>t1 & n y\r g>m5ts0 7,joel ii4 #ac74 #agf ,*s4 xi4 #ai1 xxxvi4 #bf1 #bg4 #agg ,*s4 xxxvi4 #bg1 xxxvii4 #ad4 #agh ,hosea xiv4 #e4 #agi ,isa4 xxxii4 #ae4 #ahj ,*s4 xi4 #bj1 xxxvi4 #bg4 #aha ,rom4 vii4 #af4 #ahb ,rom4 viii4 #b4 #ahc ,j]4 xxxi4 #cc4 #ahd ,*s4 vi4 #i1 xvi4 #fc1 xx4 #dc1 xxxvi4 #ca1 #cb4 #ahe ,cf4 *4 xxxix4 #bc4 #ahf ,see *4 xxxviii4 #aa1 #ab4 #ahg ,*4 xxxviii4 #aibc4 #ahh ,*4 xxxix4 #bc4 #ahi ,see ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 p4 #eeh2 ,s*rad]1 ,cunei=m ,inscriptions1 etc41 on ?is passage4 #aij ,me%e* & ,tubal are ! ,mos*i & ,tib>5i ( ! ,greek geograph]s1 ly+ s\?ea/ ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,a c\ntry or tribe ,ro% has n be5 f\nd4 #aia ,gom] 7accord+ to o!rs1 h[ev]1 ,cappadocia7 & ,tog>mah 7v]4 #f74 #aib ,cu% & ,put 7v]4 #e74 #aic ,v]4 #g4 ,! ,,lxx4 reads 8= me0 in/ead ( 8unto !m10 giv+ to ! ^w mi%m> ! s5se ( 8res]ve =ce40 #aid ,! words ( v]4 #d1 8,i w turn !e back1 & put hooks into ?y jaws10 are want+ 9 ! be/ manuscripts ( ! ,,lxx41 & are p]haps bett] omitt$4 ,gog does n ne$ to be dragg$ =? ) hooks2 he comes up will+ly en\gh1 z soon z ! opportunity pres5ts itself 7vv4 #aa1 #ab74 #aie ,isa4 x4 #g4 #aif ,an actual p>allel is furni%$ by ! cr[ds ( slavedeal]s :o foll[$ ! army ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes :5 x set out to cru% ! ,maccaban insurrection 9 #aff ,b4,c4 #aig ,9 v]4 #ad ! ,,lxx4 has 8he /irr$ up0 in/ead ( 8"k10 & gives a m =cible s5se4 #aih ,zeph4 i4iii4 #h2 ,j]4 iv4vi4 #aii ,cf4 besides ! passages already cit$1 ,isa4 x4 #ecd1 xvii4 #abad2 ,micah iv4 #aaac4 #bjj ,v]4 #ba4 ,,lxx43 8,i w summon aga9/ him e t]ror40 #bja 7m\nt$ ar*]s7 is ! t]m appli$ to !m by ,h]odotus 7iv4 #df74 #bjb ,?is translation1 :i* is giv5 by ,hitzig & ,cornill1 is obta9$ by a *ange 9 ! punctuation ( ! ^w r5d]$ 8pass5g]s0 9 v]4 #aa3 cf4 ! 8m\nta9s ( ,ab>im10 ,numb4 xxxiii4 #dg1 #dh2 ,deut4 xxxii4 #di4 #bjc 8,x %all /op ! noses ( ! pass5g]s0 7v]4 #aa7 gives no s5se2 & ! text1 z x /&s1 is almo/ untranslatable4 ,! ,,lxx4 reads1 8& !y %all seal up ! valley10 :i* gives a good en\gh mean+1 s f> z x goes4 #bjd ,v]4 #bf4 ,! *oice betwe5 ! r5d]+ 8=get0 & t ( ! ,engli% ,v]sion1 8be>10 dep5ds on ! position ( a s+le dot 9 ! ,hebrew4 ,9 ! =m] case 8%ame0 mu/ be tak5 9 ! s5se ( reproa* 7s*&e72 9 ! latt] x means ! inw>d feel+ ( selfabasem5t 7s*aam74 ,! =gett+ ( pa/ trespasses1 if t is ! "r read+1 c only mean t !y are entirely brok5 (f & dismiss$ f m9d2 !re is no?+ inconsi/5t ) passages l *4 xxxvi4 #ca4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t 9 any ev5t ! ref]5ce is to ! future2 8aft] t !y h borne0 is altoge!r wrong4 #bje ,! beg9n+ ( ! ye> is t ref]r$ to 9 ,lev4 xxv4 #i1 ! t5? day ( ! sev5? mon? 7,septemb],octob]74 ,f ! ,exile d[nw>ds two cal5d>s 7 9 use1 ! beg9n+ ( ! sacr$ ye> fall+ 9 ! sev5? mon? ( ! civil ye>4 ,x 0 n necess>y = ,ezekiel to m5tion ! numb] ( ! mon?4 #bjf ,see pp4 #cah f4 #bjg ,cf4 ,davidson1 ,ezekiel1 pp4 liv4 f4 #bjh ,see ,pr(4 ,w4 ,r4 ,smi?1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 pp4 #ddb f4 #bji ,see v]4 #aj1 8let !m measure ! patt]n02 v]4 #aa1 8t !y may keep ! :ole =m !re(40 #baj ,?is la/ gr\p is consid]$ to be compos$ ( sev]al lay]s ( legislation1 & "o ( its sections is ( p>ticul> int]e/ = u because ( its num]\s aff9ities ) ! book ( ,ezekiel4 ,x is ! %ort code conta9$ 9 ,lev4 xvii4xxvi41 n[ g5]ally kn[n z ! ,law ( ,hol9ess4 #baa ,?is argum5t is mo/ fully work$ out by ,wellhaus5 9 ! fir/ division ( 8 ,prolegom5a zur ,ges*i*te ,israels3 ,i41 8,ges*i*te des ,cultus40 #bab ,x %\ld p]haps be /at$1 ev5 9 s incomplete a sket* z ?is1 t !re is /ill "s diff]5ce ( op9ion among critics z to ,ezekiel's relation to ! scall$ 8,law ( ,hol9ess0 9 ,lev4 xvii4xxvi4 ,x is agre$ t ?is %ort b extremely int]e/+ code is ! e>lie/ complete1 or ne>ly complete1 docum5t t has be5 incorporat$ 9 ! body ( ! ,levitical legislation4 ,its aff9ities ) ,ezekiel bo? 9 ?\ght & /yle are s /rik+ t ,col5so & o!rs h ma9ta9$ ! !ory t ! au?or ( ! ,law ( ,hol9ess 0 no o!r ?an ! prophet himself4 ,?is view is n[ se5 to be unt5able2 b :e!r ! code is old] or m rec5t ?an ! vision ( ,ezekiel is /ill a subject ( discussion among s*ol>s4 ,"s consid] t x is an advance ^u ,ezekiel 9 ! direction ( ! ,prie/s' ,code2 :ile o!rs ?9k t ! book ( ,ezekiel furni%es evid5ce t ! prophet 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,law ( ,hol9ess1 & _h x be=e him z he wrote4 ,t he 0 acqua9t$ ) its laws seems c]ta92 ! "q is :e!r he _h !m be=e him 9 _! pres5t writt5 =m4 ,= full] in=mation on ?is & o!r po9ts t\*$ on 9 ! above pages1 ! read] may consult ,driv]'s ,introduction & ,rob]tson ,smi?'s ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 #bac ,gauti]1 ,la ,mission du ,prophte ,ezekiel1 p4 #aah4 #bad ,! cubit :i* is ! unit ( measurem5t is said to be a h&bread? long] ?an ! cubit 9 common use 7v]4 #e74 ,! l5g? ( ! l>g] cubit is v>i\sly e/imat$ at f eighte5 to tw5tytwo in*es4 ,if we adopt ! small] e/imate1 we h only to take ! half ( ,ezekiel's dim5sions to get ! measurem5t 9 ,engli% y>ds4 ,! o!r1 h[ev]1 is m probable4 ,bo? ! ,egyptians & ,babylonians _h a l>g] & a small] cubit1 _! respective l5g?s be+ approximately z foll[s3-- ,common cubit3 ,egypt #ag4h 941 ,babylon #ai4e 94 ,royal cubit3 ,egypt #bj4g 941 ,babylon #ba4i 94 ,9 ,egypt ! royal cubit exce$$ ! common by a h&bread?1 j z 9 ,ezekiel4 ,x is probable 9 any case t ! l>ge cubit us$ by ! angel 0 ( ! same ord] ( magnitude z ! royal cubit ( ,egypt & ,babylon--i4e41 0 betwe5 tw5ty & a half & tw5tytwo in*es long4 ,cf4 ,b5z+]1 ,hebris*e ,ar*ologie1 pp4 #agh ff4 #bae ,see ! plan 9 ,b5z+]1 ,ar*ologie1 p4 #cid4 #baf ,! out] c\rt1 h[ev]1 is "s feet high] ?an ! level ( ! gr\nd1 be+ ent]$ by an asc5t ( sev5 /eps2 ! height ( ! wall inside mu/ !re=e be less by ?is am\nt ?an ! six cubits1 :i* is no d\bt an outside measurem5t4 #bag ,sm5d & ,/ade assume t x 0 a hundr$ & t5 cubits long1 & ext5d$ five cubits to ! we/ beyond ! l9e ( ! squ>e to :i* x belongs4 ,?is 0 n necess>y1 & x w\ld imply t ! b9y beh9d ! ,temple1 to be aft]w>ds describ$1 0 )\t a wall on its ea/]n side1 :i* is extremely improbable4 7,s ,davidson47 #bah ,accord+ to ! ,septuag9t !y 7 ei!r five or fifte5 9 numb] 9 ea* block4 #bai ,f a lat] passage 7*4 xlvi4 #ai1 #bj7 we le>n t 9 "s recess to ! we/ ( ! nor!rn block ( cells !re 0 a place :]e ^! sacrifices 7! s91 guilt1 & meal(f]+s7 7 cook$1 s t ! p 9 ! out] c\rt might n run any risk ( be+ br\ght 9 contact ) !m4 #bbj ,s 9 ! ,,lxx4 #bba ,! actual build+ ( ! second ,temple _h ( c\rse to be c>ri$ out irrespective ( ! bold idealism ( ,ezekiel's vision4 ,! miracul\s trans=mation ( ! l& _h n tak5 place1 & x 0 altoge!r impossible to build a new metropolis 9 ! region m>k$ out = x by ! vision4 ,! ,temple _h to be erect$ on its old site1 & 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! city4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 h[ev]1 ! requirem5ts ( ! ideal sanctu>y c\ld be compli$ )4 ,s9ce ! new community _h no use = royal build+s1 ! :ole ( ! old ,temple plateau 0 available = ! sanctu>y1 & 0 actually devot$ to ?is purpose4 ,! new ,temple accord+ly _h two c\rts1 set ap>t = sacr$ uses2 & 9 all probability ^! 7 laid out 9 a mann] closely correspond+ to ! plan prep>$ by ,ezekiel4 #bbb ,x is n necess>y to dwell on ! ?ird feature ( ! ,temple plan1 its symmetry4 ,al?\gh ?is has n ! same direct religi\s significance z ! o!r two1 x is nev]!less a po9t to :i* consid]able importance is atta*$ ev5 9 matt]s ( m9ute detail4 ,solomon's ,temple _h1 = example1 only "o door to ! side *amb]s1 9 ! wall fac+ ! s\?1 & ?is 0 suffici5t = all practical purposes4 ,b ,ezekiel's plan provides = two su* doors1 "o 9 ! s\? & ! o!r 9 ! nor?1 = no assignable reason b to make ! two sides ( ! h\se exactly alike4 ,!re are j two slight deviations f a /rictly symmetrical arrangem5t t c be disc]n$2 "o is ! wa%+ *amb] by ! side ( "o ( ! gates ( ! inn] c\rt1 & ! o!r ! space = cook+ ! mo/ holy class ( sacrifices ne> ! block ( cells on ! nor? side ( ! ,temple4 ,) ^! insignificant exceptions1 all ! p>ts ( ! sanctu>y are dispos$ ) ma!matical regul>ity2 no?+ is left to *ance1 reg>d = conv5i5ce is ev]y:]e subord9at$ to ! s5se ( proportion :i* expresses ! ideal ord] & p]fection ( ! :ole4 #bbc ,heb4 xii4 #ad4 #bbd ,heb4 ix4 #haj4 #bbe #b ,k+s xxiii4 #i4 ,! s5se ( ! passage is und\bt$ly t giv5 above2 b ! expression 8unleav5$ bread0 z a g5]al "n = ! prie/s' portion is peculi>4 ,x has be5 propos$ to read1 ) a *ange m]ely ( ! punctuation1 in/ead ( 1 8/atutory portions10 z 9 ,neh4 xiii4 #e4 #bbf #a ,sam4 ii4 #cf4 #bbg ,cf4 *4 xxii4 #bf4 #bbh ,ezra ii4 #cfdj4 #bbi ,ezra ii4 #eh4 #bcj ,ezra viii4 #aebj4 #bca ,on ?is peculi> aff9ity betwe5 hol9ess & uncleanness see ! int]e/+ argum5t 9 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s ,religion ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #dbg ff4 ,! passage ,hag4 ii4 #abad does n appe> to be inconsi/5t ) :at is !re said4 ,! mean+ is t 8v indirect contact ) ! holy does n make holy1 b v direct contact ) ! unclean makes unclean0 7,wellhaus51 ,die ,kle95 ,prophet51 p4 #agj74 #bcb ,cf4 *4 xxiv4 #ag2 ,lev4 x4 #f1 xxi4 #e1 #aj4 #bcc ,x is rem>kable t nei!r "h nor 9 ,leviticus 7*4 xxi4 #ac7 is ! prie/'s wife m5tion$ z "o = :om he may defile himself at h] dea?4 #bcd ,cf4 #b ,k+s xii4 #aa1 xxiii4 #ad1 xxv4 #ah2 ,j]4 xx4 #a4 #bce ,h5ce x does n seem to me t any argum5t c be bas$ on ! fact t a high prie/ 0 at ! head ( ! return+ exiles ei!r = or aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,prie/ly ,code at t date4 #bcf ,lev4 iv4 #c1 #ac3 cf4 ,lev4 xvi4 #f4 #bcg ,exod4 xviii4 #be ff4 #bch ,hosea iv4 #f4 #bci ,cf4 ,deut4 i4 #ag3 8judgm5t is ,god's40 #bdj ,see bel[1 p4 #dic4 #bda #b ,k+s xii4 #daf4 #bdb ,!y also receive ! be/ ( ! arso?1 a ^w ( unc]ta9 mean+1 probably ei!r d\gh or co>se meal4 ,?is (f]+ is said to br+ a bless+ on ! h\sehold4 #bdc ,deut4 xviii4 #c4 #bdd ,deut4 xviii4 #d4 #bde ,! regulations ( ! ,prie/s' ,code ) reg>d to ! rev5ues ( ! ,temple cl]gy are mo/ compreh5sively giv5 9 ,numb4 xviii4 #hcb4 ,! fir/ ?+ t /rikes u !re is ! di/9ction betwe5 ! due ( ! prie/s & t ( ! ,levites4 ,! abs5ce ( any express provision = ! latt] is a some:at rem>kable feature 9 ,ezekiel's legislation1 :5 we consid] ! c>e ) :i* he has def9$ ! /atus & duties ( ! ord]4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t no complete arrangem5ts c\ld be made = ! ,temple s]vice )\t "s law on ?is po9t su* z is conta9$ 9 ! passage ,num4 xviii4 & ref]r$ to 9 ,neh4 x4 #cgci2 & ?is is closely connect$ ) a disposition ( ! ti!s & fir/l+s diff]5t f ! directions ( ,deut]onomy1 & probably also f ! tacit assumption ( ,ezekiel4 ,! book ( ,deut]onomy leaves no d\bt t bo? ! ti!s ( natural produce & ! fir/l+s ( ! flock & h]d 7 int5d$ to furni% ! mat]ial = sacrificial fea/s at ! sanctu>y 7cf4 *s4 xii4 #f1 #g1 #aa1 #ab1 xiv4 #bbbg74 ,! prie/ receiv$ ! usual portions ( ! fir/l+s 7*4 xviii4 #c71 & also a %>e ( ! ti!2 b ! re/ 0 eat5 by ! wor%ipp] & 8 gue/s4 ,9 ,numb4 xviii41 on ! o!r h&1 all ! fir/l+s are ! prop]ty ( ! prie/ 7v]4 #ae71 & ! :ole ( ! ti!s is assign$ to ! ,levites1 :o 9 turn are requir$ to h& ov] a t5? ( ! ti! to ! prie/s 7vv4 #bdcb74 ,! portion ( ! prie/s consi/s ( ! foll[+ items3 7#a7 ,! meal(f]+1 s9(f]+1 & guilt (f]+ 7z 9 ,ezekiel72 7#b7 ! be/ ( oil1 new w9e1 & corn 7z 9 ,deut]onomy7 7v]4 #ab72 7#c7 all ! fir/fruits 7an advance on ,ezekiel7 7v]4 #ac72 7#d7 e devot$ ?+ 7,ezekiel7 7v]4 #ad72 7#e7 all ! fir/l+s 7vv4 #aeah72 7#f7 ! brea/ & "r ?igh ( all ord9>y private sacrifices 7v]4 #ah3 cf4 ,lev4 vii4 #cacd7 7l ,deut]onomy1 b *oic] portions72 7#g7 ! t5? ( ! ,levites' ti!4 ,x w be se5 f ?is enum]ation t ! ,temple t>iff ( ! ,prie/ly law includes1 ) "s slight modification1 all ! requirem5ts ( ,deut]onomy & ,ezekiel1 besides ! two important additions ref]r$ to above4 #bdf ,psalm cxxxiii4 #bdg ,*s4 xlv4 #g1 #h1 xlviii4 #ba1 #bb4 #bdh ,i4e41 ei!r ! sev5? ye>1 z 9 ,j]4 xxxiv4 #ad1 or ! ye> ( ,jubilee1 ! fiftie? ye> 7,lev4 xxv4 #aj72 m probably ! =m]4 #bdi ,amos viii4 #e4 #bej ,ezek4 xlv4 #i1 #aj4 ,9 ! translation ( v]4 #i ,i h foll[$ an em5dation propos$ by ,cornill4 ,! s5se is n affect$1 b ! grammatical con/ruction seems to dem& "s alt]ation on ! ,massoretic text4 #bea ,9 ,exod4 xxx4 #ac1 ,lev4 xxvii4 #be1 ,numb4 iii4 #dg 7,prie/s' ,code7 ! %ekel ( tw5ty g]as is describ$ z ! 8%ekel ( ! sanctu>y10 or 8sacr$ %ekel10 cle>ly imply+ t ano!r %ekel 0 9 common use4 #beb ,ezek4 xlv4 #ab1 accord+ to ! ,,lxx4 #bec ,prov4 xi4 #a4 #bed ,lev4 xix4 #ce1 #cf4 #bee ,ezek4 xlv4 #acaf4 #bef ,! exact figures are1 "o "p 9 sixty ( c]eal produce 7:eat & b>ley71 "o %>e 9 a hundr$ ( oil1 & "o animal out ( e two hundr$ f ! flock 7*4 xlv4 #acae74 #beg ,neh4 x4 #cb1 #cc3 cf4 ,ezek4 xlv4 #ae4 #beh ,exod4 xxx4 #aaaf4 ,:e!r ! ?ird ( a %ekel 9 ! book ( ,nehemiah is a concession to ! pov]ty ( ! p1 or :e!r ! law repres5ts an increas$ *>ge f\nd necess>y = ! full ,temple s]vice1 is a "q t ne$ n be discuss$ "h4 #bei ,*4 xlv4 #ag4 #bfj ,*4 xlv4 #bb4 #bfa ,lev4 xvi4 #aa1 #ae4 #bfb #b ,k+s xvi4 #ae1 #af4 #bfc ,*4 xliv4 #ac4 #bfd ,see *4 xlvi4 #aab4 ,! ,syriac ,v]sion inde$ makes an exception to ?is rule 9 ! case ( ! pr9ce4 ,v]4 #aj reads3 8,b ! pr9ce 9 _! mid/ %all g out by ! gate by :i* he ent]$40 ,b :y ! pr9ce m ?an any o!r body %\ld g back by ! road he came1 or :at p>ticul> hon\r !re 0 9 t1 is a my/]y2 & x is probable t ! read+ is an error orig9at+ 9 repetition ( v]4 #h4 ,! real mean+ ( ! v]se seems to be t ! pr9ce mu/ g 9 & out )\t ! ret9ue ( =eign]s :o us$ to give clat to royal visits to ! sanctu>y4 #bfe ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #aif f4 #bff ,*4 xi4 #af4 #bfg ,micah vi4 #fh4 #bfh ,smi?1 ,old ,te/am5t 9 ,jewi% ,*ur*1 p4 #cgi4 #bfi ,*4 xlv4 #ahbe4 #bgj ,vv4 #ahbj4 ,9 v]4 #bj we %\ld read ) ! ,,lxx4 89 ! sev5? mon?1 on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?10 etc4 #bga ,vv4 #babe4 ,"s critics1 z ,sm5d & ,cornill1 ?9k t 9 v]4 #ad we %\ld read fifte5? in/ead ( f\rte5?1 to p]fect ! symmetry ( ! two halves ( ! ye>4 ,!re is no ,,ms4 au?ority = ! propos$ *ange4 #bgb ,sm5d4 #bgc ,exod4 xxiii4 #adag 7,book ( ! ,cov5ant1 ) :i* ! o!r code--,exod4 xxxiv4 #ahbb--;agrees72 ,deut4 xvi4 #aag4 #bgd ,cf4 ,lev4 xxiii4 #ddd 7,law ( ,hol9ess72 ,numb4 xxviii41 xxix4 #bge ,x is usual to speak ( ^! c]emonies 9 ,ezekiel z fe/ivals4 ,b ?is seems to g beyond ! prophet's mean+4 ,only a s+le sacrifice1 a s9(f]+1 is m5tion$2 & !re is no h9t ( any public assemblage ( ! p on ^! days4 ,x 0 ! prie/s' bus9ess to see t ! sanctu>y 0 purifi$1 & !re 0 no occasion = ! p to be pres5t at ! c]emony4 ,! congregation w\ld be ! ord9>y congregation at ! new moon fea/1 :i* ( c\rse did n repres5t ! :ole population ( ! c\ntry4 ,no d\bt1 z we see f ! ref]5ces bel[1 ! c]emony develop$ into a special fea/ aft] ! ,exile4 #bgf ,cf4 ,lev4 xxiii4 #bccb2 ,numb4 xxix4 #aaa4 #bgg ,cf4 ,deut4 xvi4 #i1 ) ,lev4 xxiii4 #aj f41 #ae t4 ,9 ! "o case ! sev5 weeks to ,p5teco/ are reckon$ f ! putt+ ( ! sickle into ! corn1 9 ! o!r f ! pres5tation ( a fir/ %eaf ( ripe corn 9 ! ,temple1 :i* falls )9 ! ,passov] week4 ,! latt] c only be reg>d$ z a m precise det]m9ation ( ! =m]1 & ?us ,unleav5$ ,bread mu/ h co9cid$ ) ! beg9n+ ( b>ley h>ve/4 #bgh ,deut4 xvi4 #ac4 #bgi ,*4 xlv4 #bb4 #bhj ,*4 xlvi4 #ab3 cf4 xliv4 #c4 #bha #b ,k+s xvi4 #ae3 cf4 #a ,k+s xviii4 #bi1 #cf4 #bhb ,ezra ix4 #e4 #bhc ,numb4 xxviii4 #ch2 ,exod4 xxix4 #chdb4 #bhd ,*4 xlvi4 #acae4 #bhe ,psalm v4 #c1 probably us$ at ! pres5tation ( ! morn+ tamd4 ,a m di/9ct recognition ( ! spiritual significance ( ! ev5+ sacrifice is f\nd 9 ,psalm cxli4 #b4 #bhf #b ,k+s xii4 #ag4 #bhg ,cf4 *4 xliii4 #ba4 #bhh ,ano!r explanation1 h[ev]1 is possible1 & is adopt$ by ,sm5d & ,davidson4 ,assum+ t a burnt(f]+ 0 (f]$ on ! fir/ day1 & hold+ ! :ole description to be some:at elliptical1 !y br+ ! entire process )9 ! limits ( ! week4 ,?is c]ta9ly looks m satisfactory 9 itself4 ,b w\ld ,ezekiel be likely to admit an ellipsis 9 describ+ s important a function8 ,i h tak5 = grant$ above t ! sev5 days ( ! d\ble sacrifice are c\nt$ f ! 8second day0 ( v]4 #bb4 #bhi ,v]4 #bf4 #bij 7v]4 #bj74 #bia a d5om9ative =m f s9 7v]4 #bb74 #bib 7v]4 #bf74 #bic ,see ,smi?1 ,old ,te/am5t 9 ,jewi% ,*ur*1 p4 #cha4 #bid ,*4 xlv4 #bj4 #bie ,*4 xlv4 #ae1 #ag4 #bif ,z di/+ui%$ f s9s1 1 or ?r\gh inadv]t5ce4 ,see ,numb4 xv4 #cj1 #ca4 #big ,psalm li4 #af1 #ag4 #bih ,see 8 ,burnet ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 to :i*1 z well z to 8 ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 ! pres5t *apt] is l>gely indebt$4 #bii ,*4 xlvii4 #aab4 #cjj ,*s4 xlvii4 #acxlviii4 #ce4 #cja ,amos ix4 #ac4 #cjb ,*4 xxxiv4 #bebi4 #cjc ,rev4 xxii4 #a1 #b4 #cjd ,isa4 viii4 #f4 #cje ,eng$i1 8well ( ! kid10 is at ! middle ( ! we/]n %ore2 ,eneglaim1 8well ( two calves10 is unkn[n1 b probably lay at ! nor? end4 ,! ea/]n side is left to ! ,arabian nomads4 #cjf ,v]4 #aa4 #cjg ,i d n myself see mu* objection to suppos+ t x leaves ! sea ne> ,tyre & proce$s ab\t due ea/ to ,haz>enon1 :i* may be ne> ! foot ( ,h]mon1 :]e ,rob9son locat$ x4 ,9 ?is case ! 8entrance to ,hama?0 w\ld be ! s\? end ( ! ,bea'1 :]e "o /rikes nor? to g to ,hama?4 ,?is w\ld correspond ne>ly to ! ext5t ( ! c\ntry actually occupi$ by ! ,hebrews "u ! judges & ! mon>*y4 ,! /atem5t t ! t]ritory ( ,damascus lies to ! nor? pres5ts "s difficulty on any !ory4 ,x may be add$ t ,haz>hattikon 9 v]4 #af is ! same z ,haz>enon2 x is probably1 z ,cornill sugge/s1 a scribe's error = 7! locative end+ be+ mi/ak5 = ! article74 #cjh ,sm5d1 = example1 po9ts out t if we c\nt ! ,levites' portion z a tribal inh]itance1 & include ,manasseh & ,ephraim "u ! h\se ( ,joseph 7z is done 9 ! nam+ ( ! gates ( ! city71 we h ! sons ( ,ra*el & ,leah ev5ly di/ribut$ on ei!r side ( ! 8oblation40 ,!n at ! f>!/ di/ance f ! ,temple are ! sons ( ,jacob's h&maids1 ,gad 9 ! extreme s\?1 & ,dan1 ,a%]1 & ,naphtali 9 ! nor?4 ,?is is +5i\s1 b n 9 ! lea/ conv9c+4 #cji ,v]4 #ah4 #caj ,vv4 #cacd4 ,x is difficult to trace a cle> connection betwe5 ! positions ( ! gates & ! geographical di/ribution ( ! tribes 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! fact t "h ,levi is c\nt$ z a tribe & ,ephraim & ,manasseh are unit$ "u ! "n ( ,joseph indicates p]haps t none 0 int5d$4 #caa ,v]4 #ai4 #cab ,neh4 xi4 #a1 #b4 #cac ,rev4 xxi4 #b1 #c1 #bb1 #bc4