,,the ,lives of the ,saints ,,rev4 ,s4 ,,baring-,,gould ,,sixteen ,,volumes ,,volume ,,the ,,first ,illustration3 ,,silver-,,gilt ,,monstrance1 ,in the ,treasury of the ,cathedral1 ,aix-la-,chapelle4 ,,the ,lives of the ,saints ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,s4 ,,baring-,,gould1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,edition in #af ,volumes ,revised with ,introduction and ,additional ,lives of ,english ,martyrs1 ,cornish and ,welsh ,saints1 and a full ,index to the ,entire ,work ,,illustrated ,,by ,,over #djj ,,engravings ,,volume ,,the ,,first ,january ,,london ,,john ,c4 ,,nimmo #ad ,,king ,,william ,,street1 ,,strand ,,mdcccxcvii ,printed by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,at the ,ballantyne ,press ,,author',s ,,preface ,,to ,,first ,,edition 7#ahgb7 ,the ,lives of the ,saints1 which ,i have begun1 is an undertaking1 of whose difficulty few can have any idea4 ,let it be remembered1 that there were ,saints in every century1 for eighteen hundred years2 that their ,acts are interwoven with the profane history of their times1 and that the history1 not of one nation only1 but of almost every nation under the sun2 that the records of these lives are sometimes fragmentary1 sometimes mere hints to be culled out of secular history2 that authentic records have sometimes suffered interpolation1 and that some records are forgeries2 that the profane history with which the lives of the ,saints is mixed up is often dark and hard to be read2 and then some idea may be formed of the difficulty of this undertaking4 ,after having had to free the ,acts of a martyr from a late accretion of fable1 and to decide whether the passion took place under--say ,decius or ,diocletian1 ,claudius the ,elder1 or ,claudius the younger1--the writer of a hagiology is hurried into ,byzantine politics1 and has to collect the thread of a saintly confessor's life from the tangle of political and ecclesiastical intrigue1 in that chaotic period when emperors rose and fell1 and patriarchs succeeded each other with bewildering rapidity4 ,and thence he is1 by a step1 landed in the romance world of ,irish hagiology1 where the footing is as insecure as on the dark bogs of the ,emerald ,isle4 ,thence he strides into the midst of the wreck of ,charlemagne's empire1 to gather among the splinters of history a few poor mean notices of those holy ones living then1 whose names have survived1 but whose acts are all but lost4 ,and then the scene changes1 and he treads the cool cloister of a mediaeval abbey1 to glean materials for a memoir of some peaceful recluse1 which may reflect the crystalline purity of the life without being wholly colourless of incident4 ,and then1 maybe1 he has to stand in the glare of the great conflagration of the sixteenth century1 and mark some pure soul passing unscathed through the fire1 like the lamp in ,abraham's vision4 ,that one man can do justice to this task is not to be expected4 ,when ,bellarmine heard of the undertaking of ,rosweydus1 he asked ,what is this man's age8 does he expect to live two hundred years8 ,but for the work of the ,bollandists1 it would have been an impossibility for me to undertake this task4 ,but even with this great storehouse open1 the work to be got through is enormous4 ,bollandus began ,january with two folios in double columns1 close print1 of #abjj pages each4 ,as he and his coadjutors proceeded1 fresh materials came in1 and ,february occupies three volumes4 ,may swelled into seven folios1 ,september into eight1 and ,october into ten4 ,it was begun in #afdc1 and the fifty-seventh volume appeared in #ahfa4 ,the labour of reading1 digesting1 and selecting from this library is enormous4 ,with so much material it is hard to decide what to omit1 but such a decision must be made1 for the two volumes of ,january have to be crushed into one1 not a tenth of the size of one of ,bollandus1 and the ten volumes for ,october must suffer compression to an hundredth degree1 so as to occupy the same dimensions4 ,i had two courses open to me4 ,one to give a brief outline1 bare of incident1 of the life of every ,saint2 the other to diminish the number of lives1 and present them to the reader in greater fulness1 and with some colour4 ,i have adopted this latter course1 but ,i have omitted no ,saint of great historical interest4 ,i have been compelled to put aside a great number of lesser known saintly religious1 whose eventless lives flowed uniformly in prayer1 vigil1 and mortification4 ,in writing the lives of the ,saints1 ,i have used my discretion1 also1 in relating only those miracles which are most remarkable1 either for being fairly well authenticated1 or for their intrinsic beauty or quaintness1 or because they are often represented in art1 and are therefore of interest to the archaeologist4 ,that errors in judgment1 and historical inaccuracies1 have crept into this volume1 and may find their way into those that succeed1 is1 ,i fear1 inevitable4 ,all ,i can promise is1 that ,i have used my best endeavours to be accurate1 having had recourse to all such modern critical works as have been accessible to me1 for the determining of dates1 and the estimation of authorities4 ,believing that in some three thousand and six hundred memoirs of men1 many of whose lives closely resembled each other1 it would be impossible for me to avoid a monotony of style which would become as tedious to the reader as vexatious to myself1 ,i have occasionally admitted the lives of certain ,saints by other writers1 thereby giving a little freshness to the book1 where there could not fail otherwise to have been aridity2 but ,i have1 ,i believe1 in no case1 inserted a life by another pen1 without verifying the authorities4 ,at the head of every article the authority for the life is stated1 to which the reader is referred for fuller details4 ,the editions of these authorities are not given1 as it would have greatly extended the notices1 and such information can readily be obtained from that invaluable guide to the historian of the ,middle ,ages1 ,potthast3 ,bibliotheca ,historica ,medii ,aevi1 ,berlin1 #ahfb2 the second part of which is devoted to the ,saints4 ,i have no wish that my work should be regarded as intended to supplant that of ,alban ,butler4 ,my line is somewhat different from his4 ,he confined his attention to the historical outlines of the saintly lives1 and he rarely filled them in with anecdote4 ,yet it is the little details of a man's life that give it character1 and impress themselves on the memory4 ,people forget the age and parentage of ,s4 ,gertrude1 but they remember the mouse running up her staff4 ,a priest of the ,anglican ,church1 ,i have undertaken to write a book which ,i hope and trust will be welcome to ,roman and ,anglican ,catholics1 alike4 ,it would have been unseemly to have carried prejudice1 impertinent to have obtruded sectarianism1 into a work like this4 ,i have been called to tread holy ground1 and kneel in the midst of the great company of the blessed2 and the only fitting attitude of the mind for such a place1 and such society1 is reverence4 ,in reading the miracles recorded of the ,saints1 of which the number is infinite1 the proper spirit to observe is1 not doubt1 but discrimination4 ,because much is certainly apocryphal in these accounts1 we must not therefore reject what may be true4 ,the present age1 in its vehement naturalism1 places itself1 as it were1 outside of the circle of spiritual phenomena1 and is as likely to deny the supernatural agency in a marvel1 as a mediaeval was liable to attribute a natural phenomenon to spiritual causes4 ,in such cases we must consider the evidence and its worth or worthlessness4 ,it may be that1 in ,god's dealings with men1 at a time when natural means of cure were unattainable1 the supernatural should abound1 but that when the science of medicine became perfected1 and the natural was rendered available to all1 the supernatural should1 to some extent1 at least1 be withdrawn4 ,of the ,martyrologies referred to1 it may be as well to mention the dates of the most important4 ,that of ,ado is of the ninth century1 ,bede's of the eighth2#a there are several bearing the name of ,s4 ,jerome1 which differ from one another1 they are forms of the ancient ,roman ,martyrology4 ,the ,martyrology of ,notker 7,d4 #iab71 of ,rabanus ,maurus 7,d4 #hef71 of ,usuardus 7#hge71 of ,wandalbert 7circ4 #hha74 ,the general catalogue of the ,saints by ,ferrarius was published in #afbe1 the ,martyrology of ,maurolycus was composed in #adej1 and published #aefh4 ,the modern ,roman ,martyrology is based on that of ,usuardus4 ,it is impossible1 in the limited space available for a preface1 to say all that is necessary on the various ,kalendars1 and ,martyrologies1 that exist1 also on the mode in which some of the ,saints have received apotheosis4 ,comparatively few ,saints have received formal canonization at ,rome2 popular veneration was regarded as sufficient in the mediaeval period1 before order and system were introduced2 thus there are many obscure ,saints1 famous in their own localities1 and perhaps entered in the kalendar of the diocese1 whose claims to their title have never been authoritatively inquired into1 and decided upon4 ,there is also great confusion in the monastic kalendars in appropriating titles to those commemorated2 here a holy one is called the ,venerable1 there the ,blessed1 and in another ,saint4 ,with regard also to the estimation of authorities1 the notes of genuineness of the ,acts of the martyrs1 the tests whereby apocryphal lives and interpolations may be detected1 ,i should have been glad to have been able to make observations4 ,but this is a matter which there is not space to enter upon here4 ,the author cannot dismiss the work without expressing a hope that it may be found to meet a want which he believes has long been felt2 for ,english literature is sadly deficient in the department of hagiology4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,this only exists in an interpolated condition4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,the ,,lives ,,of ,,the ,,saints ,,the ,,martyrologies ,a martyrology means1 properly1 a list of witnesses4 ,the martyrologies are catalogues in which are to be found the names of the ,saints1 with the days and places of their deaths1 and generally with the distinctive character of their sanctity1 and with an historic summary of their lives4 ,the name is incorrect if we use the word martyr in its restricted sense as a witness unto death4 ,hagiology would be more suitable1 as a martyrology includes the names of many ,saints who were not martyrs4 ,but the term ,martyrology was given to this catalogue at an early age1 when it was customary to commemorate only those who were properly martyrs1 having suffered death in testimony to their faith2 but it is not unsuitable if we regard as martyrs all those who by their lives have testified to the truth1 as indeed we are justified in doing4 ,in the primitive ,church it was customary for the ,holy ,eucharist to be celebrated on the anniversary of the death of a martyr--if possible1 on his tomb4 ,where in one diocese there were several martyrs1 as1 for instance1 in that of ,caesarea1 there were many days in the year on which these commemorations were made1 and the ,church--say that of ,caesarea--drew up a calendar with the days marked on which these festivals occurred4 ,in his ,church ,history1 ,eusebius quotes a letter from the ,church of ,smyrna1 in which1 after giving an account of the martyrdom of their bishop1 ,s4 ,polycarp1 the disciple of ,s4 ,john the ,divine1 the ,smyrnians observe3 ,our subtle enemy1 the devil1 did his utmost that we should not take away the body1 as many of us anxiously wished4 ,it was suggested that we should desert our crucified ,master1 and begin to worship ,polycarp4 ,fools6 who knew not that we can never desert ,christ1 who died for the salvation of all men1 nor worship any other4 ,him we adore as the ,son of ,god2 but we show respect to the martyrs1 as ,his disciples and followers4 ,the centurion1 therefore1 caused the body to be burned2 we then gathered his bones1 more precious than pearls1 and more tried than gold1 and buried them4 ,in this place1 ,god willing1 we will meet1 and celebrate with joy and gladness the birthday of this martyr1 as well in memory of those who have been crowned before1 as by his example to prepare and strengthen others for the combat4#b ,s4 ,polycarp suffered in the year #aff2 he had been ordained ,bishop of ,smyrna by ,s4 ,john in #if4 ,this passage is extremely interesting1 for it shows us1 in the age following that of the apostles1 the ,church already keeping the festivals of martyrs1 and1 as we may conclude from the words of the letter1 over the tombs of the martyrs4 ,in this the ,church was following the pattern shown to ,s4 ,john in vision2 for he heard the cry of the souls of the martyrs reposing under the altar in heaven4 ,guided1 doubtless1 by this1 the ,church erected altars over the bodies of saints4 ,among the early ,christian writers there are two1 ,s4 ,paulinus of ,nola1 and ,prudentius1 whose testimony is of intrinsic value1 not only from its being curiously interesting1 but because it is so full and unequivocal as to the fact of the tombs of the martyrs being used as altars4#c ,in one of his letters to ,severus1 ,s4 ,paulinus encloses some verses of his own composition1 which were to be inscribed over the altar under which was deposited the body of ,s4 ,clavus1 of whom the venerable prelate says3 ,sancta sub aeternis altaribus ossa quiescunt4#d ,before describing the basilica of ,nola1 the ,saint proceeds to give a sketch of another but a smaller church1 which he had just erected in the town of ,fondi4 ,after furnishing some details about this latter edifice1 he says1 ,the sacred ashes--some of the blessed relics of the apostles and martyrs--shall consecrate this little basilica also in the name of ,christ1 the ,saint of saints1 the ,martyr of martyrs1 and the ,lord of lords4#e ,for this church two inscriptions were composed by ,paulinus3 one1 to accompany the painting with which he had adorned the apse2 the other1 to announce that portions of the relics of the ,apostle ,s4 ,andrew1 of the ,evangelist ,s4 ,luke1 and of ,s4 ,nazarius1 and other martyrs1 were deposited under the altar4 ,his verses may be thus rendered3 ,in royal shrines1 with purple marble graced1 ,their bones are under lighted altars placed4 ,a holy band enshrined in one small chest1 ,full mighty names within its tiny breast4 ,prudentius visited not only the more celebrated churches in ,spain built over the bodies of the martyrs1 he being a ,spaniard by birth1 but he also visited those of ,italy and ,rome on a journey made in #dje4 ,during his residence in the capital of ,christianity1 the poet frequented the catacombs2 and he has bequeathed to us a valuable record of what he there saw4 ,in his hymn in honour of ,s4 ,hippolytus1 he tells us that he visited the sepulchral chapel in which were deposited the remains of the martyr2 and1 after having described the entrance into the cemetery1 and the frescoes that adorned it1 he adds3 ,in gloomy cave the martyr's corpse is placed1 ,and there to ,god with sacred altars graced1 ,to give the sacrament the board is spread1 ,and zealous guard the holy martyr's bed4 ,the bones are resting in this hallowed tomb1 ,to wait th' eternal ,judge's gracious boon2 ,and there with holy food are nourished those ,who call on ,christ where tawny ,tiber flows4#f ,in his other hymns1 ,prudentius bears the most unequivocal testimony to the practice1 even then a long time in use1 of depositing the relics of the ,saints immediately under the altar4 ,it is unnecessary to quote more4 ,the assertions of ancient writers on this point have been several times verified4 ,the bodies of the martyrs have been discovered under the high altars of the churches dedicated to ,god in their memory4 ,the body of ,s4 ,martina1 together with those of two other martyrs1 ,,ss4 ,concordens and ,epiphanius1 were found in #afbd under the high altar of the ancient church near the ,roman ,forum1 which bears the name of the ,saint4 ,the body of ,s4 ,agnes1 and that of another virgin martyr1 were also ascertained to be under the high altar of her church1 denominated ,fuori delle ,mura4 ,these1 however1 had all been removed from the ,catacombs into ,rome1 within the walls4 ,now this fact being established1 as well as that of the annual commemoration of the ,saint reposing in the church1 it follows that it became necessary for a ,church to draw up calendars marking those days in the year which were consecrated to the memory of martyrs whose relics were preserved in it2 for instance1 in the ,church of ,fondi1 which contained relics of ,s4 ,andrew1 ,s4 ,luke1 ,s4 ,nazarius1 and others1 the ,holy ,eucharist would be celebrated over the relics on the day of ,s4 ,andrew1 on that of ,s4 ,luke1 on that of ,s4 ,nazarius1 and so on2 and it would be necessary for the ,church to have a calendar of the days thus set apart4 ,in the first centuries of the ,church1 not only the ,saints whose bodies reposed in the church1 but also the dead of the congregation were commemorated4 ,when a ,roman ,consul was elected1 on entering on his office he distributed among his friends certain presents1 called diptychs4 ,these diptychs were folding tablets of ivory or boxwood1 sometimes of silver1 connected together by hinges1 so that they could be shut or opened like a book4 ,the exterior surface was richly carved1 and generally bore a portrait of the ,consul who gave them away4 ,upon the inner surface was written an epistle which accompanied the present1 or a panegyric on himself4 ,they were reminders to friends1 given much as a ,christmas card is now sent4 ,the diptych speedily came into use in the ,church4 ,as the ,consul on his elevation sent one to his friends to remind them of his exaltation1 so1 on a death in the congregation1 a diptych was sent to the priest as a reminder of the dead who desired the prayers of the faithful4 ,at first1 no doubt1 there was a pack of these little memorials1 each bearing the name of the person who desired to be remembered at the altar4 ,but1 for convenience1 one double tablet was after a while employed instead of a number1 and all the names of those who were to be commemorated were written in this book4 ,from the ancient liturgies we gather that it was the office of the deacon to rehearse aloud1 to the people and the priest1 this catalogue registered in the public diptychs4 ,in the ,ecclesiastical ,hierarchy1 attributed to ,s4 ,dionysius the ,areopagite1 but really of a later date1 the end of the fifth century1 the author says of the ceremonies of the ,eucharist1 that after the kiss of peace1 ,when all have reciprocally saluted one another1 there is made the mystic recitation of the sacred tablets4#g ,in the ,liturgy of ,s4 ,mark we have this1 ,the deacon reads the diptychs 7or catalogue7 of the dead4 ,the priest then bowing down prays3 ,to the souls of all these1 ,o ,sovereign ,lord our ,god1 grant repose in ,thy holy tabernacle1 in ,thy kingdom1 bestowing on them the good things promised and prepared by ,thee1 etc4 ,it is obvious that after a while the number of names continually swelling would become too great to be recited at once4 ,it became necessary1 therefore1 to take some names on one day1 others on another4 ,and this originated the ,necrologium1 or catalogue of the dead4 ,the custom of reading the diptychs has ceased to be observed in the ,roman ,liturgy1 though we find it indicated there by the ,oratio supra ,diptycha4 ,at present1 when the celebrating priest arrives at that part of the ,canon called the ,memento1 he secretly commemorates those for whose souls he more particularly wishes to pray4 ,but1 in addition to the diptychs of those for whom the priest and congregation were desired to pray1 there was the catalogue of the ,martyrs and ,saints for whom the ,church thanked ,god4 ,for instance1 in the modern ,roman ,mass1 in the ,canon we have this commemoration3 ,joining in communion with1 and reverencing1 in the first place1 the memory of the glorious and ever-virgin ,mary1 ,mother of our ,god and ,lord ,jesus ,christ2 as also of ,thy blessed apostles and martyrs1 ,peter and ,paul1 ,andrew1 ,james1 ,john1 ,thomas1 ,james1 ,philip1 ,bartholomew1 ,matthew1 ,simon and ,thaddaeus2 ,linus1 ,cletus1 ,clement1 ,xystus1 ,cornelius1 ,cyprian1 ,laurence1 ,chrysogonus1 ,john and ,paul1 ,cosmas and ,damian1 and of all ,thy ,saints1 etc4 ,this is obviously a mere fragment of a commemoration of the ,blessed ,virgin1 of the apostles1 and then of the special ,roman martyrs4 ,the catalogue of the ,saints to be remembered was long2 there were hundreds of martyrs at ,rome alone1 and their names were written down on sacred diptychs especially appropriated to this purpose4 ,such an inscription was equivalent to the present ceremony of canonization4 ,the term canonization itself tells the history of the process4 ,it is derived from that part of the ,mass called the ,canon1 in which occurs that memorial already quoted4 ,on the day when the ,pope1 after a scrutinizing examination into the sanctity of a servant of ,god1 formally inscribes him among the ,saints1 he adds his name at the end of those already enumerated in the ,canon1 after ,cosmas and ,damian1 and immediately reads ,mass1 adding this name at this place4 ,formerly every bishop could and did canonize--that is1 add the name of any local ,saint or martyr worthy of commemoration in his diocese4 ,when the list became long1 it was found impracticable to commemorate all nominatim at once1 and the ,saints were named on their special days4 ,thus1 out of one set of diptychs grew the ,necrologium1 and out of the other the ,martyrology4 ,the ,church took pains to collect and commit to writing the acts of the martyrs4 ,this is not to be wondered at2 for the martyrs are the heroes of ,christianity1 and as the world has her historians to record the achievements of the warriors who have gained renown in conflict for power1 so the ,church had her officers to record the victories that her sons won over the world and ,satan4 ,the ,saints are the elect children of the spouse of ,christ1 the precious fruit of her body2 they are her crown of glory4 ,and when these dear children quit her to reap their eternal reward1 the mother retains precious memorials of them1 and holds up their example to her other children to encourage them to follow their glorious traces4 ,the first to institute an order of scribes to take down the acts of the martyrs was ,s4 ,clement1 the disciple of ,s4 ,peter1 as we are told by ,pope ,s4 ,damasus1 in the ,liber ,pontificale4#h ,according to this tradition1 ,s4 ,clement appointed seven notaries1 men of approved character and learning1 to collect in the city of ,rome1 each in his own region of the city1 the acts of the martyrs who suffered in it4 ,to add to the guarantee of good faith1 ,pope ,s4 ,fabian#i placed these seven notaries under the control of the seven subdeacons1 who with the seven deacons were placed over the fourteen cardinal regions of the city of ,rome4 ,moreover1 the ,roman ,pontiffs obtained the acts of martyrs who had suffered in other churches4 ,these acts were the procs verbal of their trial1 with the names of the judges under whom they were sentenced1 and an account of the death endured4 ,the acts of ,s4 ,philip of ,heraclea1 ,,ss4 ,hilary and ,tatian1 and ,,ss4 ,peter1 ,paul1 ,andrew1 and ,dionysia1 are examples of such acts4 ,other acts were those written by eye-witnesses1 sometimes friends of the martyrs2 those of the martyrs1 ,,ss4 ,perpetua1 ,felicitas1 and their companions are instances4 ,the first part of these was written by ,s4 ,perpetua herself1 and reaches to the eve of her martyrdom2 then another confessor in the same prison took the pen and added to the eve of his death1 and the whole was concluded by an eye-witness of their passion4 ,other acts again were written by those who1 if not eye-witnesses1 were able1 from being contemporaries and on the spot1 to gather reliable information2 such are the narratives of the martyrs of ,palestine by ,eusebius1 ,bishop of ,caesarea4 ,unfortunately1 comparatively few of the acts of the martyrs have come down to us in their genuine freshness2 and the ,church of ,rome1 which set the example in appointing notaries to record the facts1 has been most careless about preserving these records unadulterated2 so that even the acts of some of her own bishops and martyrs1 ,s4 ,alexander1 and ,s4 ,marcellinus1 and ,s4 ,callixtus1 are romances devoid of all stamp of truth4 ,tertullian#aj says that on the natal days1 that is1 on the days of martyrdom of the ,saints who have suffered for ,christ1 ,we keep an annual commemoration4 ,it is easy to see how this usage necessitated the drawing up of lists in which were inscribed not only the names of the martyrs1 and the place of their decease1 but also a few words relative to their conflict1 so that the people might associate their names with their victories1 and the names might not become1 in time1 to them empty sounds4 ,s4 ,cyprian was absent from ,carthage when the persecution was raging there1 but he wrote to his clergy1 ,note the days of their death1 that we may celebrate their commemorations along with the memorials of the martyrs4#aa ,s4 ,augustine says1#ab ,the ,christian people celebrate the memory of the martyrs with religious solemnity1 both to excite to imitation1 and that they may become fellows in their merits and be assisted by their prayers4 ,adrian ,i4 quotes the #acth ,canon of the ,african ,church and the #dgth of the third ,carthaginian ,council1 in a letter to ,charlemagne1 in which he says1 ,the ,sacred ,canons approved of the passions of the ,holy ,martyrs being read in ,church when their anniversary days were being celebrated4 ,the names of the martyrs to be commemorated were announced on the eve4 ,by degrees other names besides those of martyrs were introduced into the ,martyrologies1 as those of faithful servants of ,god whose lives were deserving of imitation1 but who had not suffered to the death in testimony to the truth4 ,thus we have confessors1 or those who endured hardships for ,christ1 doctors1 or teachers of the ,church1 virgins1 widows1 bishops and abbots1 and even penitents4 ,the ,martyrologies may be divided into two series1 the ancient and the modern4 ,we need only concern ourselves with the ,ancient ,martyrologies4 ,the first to draw up a tolerably full ,martyrology was ,eusebius the historian1 ,bishop of ,caesarea in ,palestine1 and he did this at the request of the ,emperor ,constantine4 ,in this ,martyrology he noted all the martyrs of whom he had received an authentic account on the days of their suffering1 with the names of the judges who sentenced them1 the places where they suffered1 and the nature of their sufferings4 ,eusebius wrote about ,a4,d4 #cbj1 but there were collections of the sort already extant1 as we may learn from the words of ,s4 ,cyprian already quoted1 who in his instructions to his clergy ordered them to compile what was practically a ,martyrology of the ,carthaginian ,church4 ,we have not got the ,greek ,martyrology of ,eusebius1 but we have the ,latin version made by ,s4 ,jerome4 ,bede says of this1 ,jerome was not the author1 but the translator of this book2 ,eusebius is said to have been the author4 ,but even this ,latin version has not come down to us in its original form4 ,there are numerous copies1 purporting to be the ,martyrology of ,s4 ,jerome1 still extant1 but hardly two of them agree4 ,the copies have been amplified4 ,the occasion of ,s4 ,jerome making his translation was as follows4 ,at the ,council of ,milan1 held in #cij1 the presiding ,bishop1 ,gregory of ,cordova1 read out daily on the eve1 as usual1 the lists of martyrs whose anniversary was to be celebrated on the morrow4 ,as a good number of those present knew nothing of the martyrs thus commemorated1 they wrote by the hands of ,chromatius1 ,bishop of ,aquileja1 and ,heliodorus1 ,bishop of ,altino1 to ,s4 ,jerome1 then at ,bethlehem1 to request him to draw up for their use a ,martyrology out of the collection made by ,eusebius of ,caesarea4 ,to this ,s4 ,jerome answered by letter1 stating that he had got the passions of the martyrs written by ,eusebius1 and that he would gladly execute what was asked of him4 ,with this letter he sent the ,martyrology1 with the name of a martyr to every day in the year except the first of ,january4#ac ,unfortunately1 as already said1 we have not got a copy of the ,martyrology unamended and unenlarged4 ,next in importance to the ,martyrology of ,jerome comes the ,martyrologium ,romanum ,parvum1 mentioned by ,s4 ,gregory the ,great1 who sent a copy of it to the ,bishop of ,aquileja4 ,ado1 ,bishop of ,vienne1 saw this2 it was lent him for a few days1 and he made a transcript with his own hand1 as he tells us in the preface to his own ,martyrology1 and it served him as the basis for his work4 ,baronius was unable to discover a copy1 though he made inquiry for it1 in the libraries of ,italy2 but it was discovered by ,rosweydus1 the learned ,bollandist1 and published by him in #afac4 ,s4 ,gregory the ,great1 in his #bith ,epistle1 says1 ,we have the names of nearly all the martyrs with their passions set down on their several days1 collected into one volume1 and we celebrate the ,mass daily in their honour4 ,cassiodorus1 in his ,institution of ,divine ,lessons1 says1 ,read constantly the passions of the martyrs1 which among other places you will find in the letter of ,s4 ,jerome to ,chromatius and ,heliodorus2 they flourished over the whole earth1 and provoked to imitation2 you will be led thereby to the heavenly kingdom4 ,next in importance to the ,martyrology of ,jerome and the little ,roman ,martyrology1 comes that of the ,venerable ,bede4 ,in the catalogue of his own works that he drew up1 he says1 ,i wrote a ,martyrology of the natal days of the holy martyrs1 in which ,i took care to set down all ,i could find1 not only on their several days1 but ,i also gave the sort of conflict they underwent1 and under what judge they conquered the world4 ,if we compare this ,martyrology with the ,acts of the ,martyrs1 we see at once that ,bede took his account from them verbatim1 merely condensing the narrative4 ,the ,martyrology of ,bede was written about #gbj2 ,drepanius ,florus1 a priest of ,lyons1 who died #hfj1 added to it considerably1 and most of the copies of ,bede's ,martyrology that we have are those enlarged by ,florus4 ,the next martyrologist was ,usuardus1 monk of ,saint-,germain-des-,prs1 who died in #hgf4 ,he wrote his ,martyrology at the request of ,charles the ,bald1 who was dissatisfied with the ,martyrologies of ,jerome and of ,bede because they were too short in their narratives1 and also because several days in the calendar were left blank4 ,this account1 which ,usuardus gives in his preface1 does not tally with the words of the epistle attributed to ,s4 ,jerome that precedes his ,martyrology2 and leads to the suspicion that this portion of the epistle1 at least1 is not genuine4 ,usuardus certainly used the ,hieronyman ,martyrology as the basis of his work1 and this has caused his work to be designated the larger ,hieronyman ,martyrology4 ,this work of ,usuardus was so full1 that it displaced the earlier ,martyrologies in a great many churches4 ,the best edition of the ,martyrology of ,usuardus is that of ,solerius1 ,antwerp1 #agad-agag4 ,usuardus was followed by ,wandelbert1 monk of ,prum1 who died in #hgj4 ,wandelbert followed the ,martyrologies of ,,ss4 ,jerome and ,bede1 as amplified by ,florus1 and wrote the notices of the martyrs in hexameter ,latin verses4 ,this monument of patience is composed of about #cfj metrical pieces1 of which each contains the life of the ,saint commemorated on the day4 ,to these1 which form the bulk of the work1 are prefixed others of less importance1 prefaces1 dedicatory epistles to ,lothair1 preliminary discourses on the importance of the ,martyrology1 on the knowledge of times and seasons1 months and days1 etc4 ,although ,wandelbert wrote for the most part in hexameters1 he abandoned them occasionally for lyric metres1 which he managed with less facility4 ,d',achry published this ,martyrology in his ,spicilegium1 but the edition is a bad one4 ,the next martyrologist is ,ado1 ,bishop of ,vienne1 who has been already mentioned in connection with the ,martyrologium ,parvum4 ,ado was born about the year #hjj1 and died in #hge4 ,in his preface1 ,ado says3 ,for this work of noting on their proper days the nativities of the ,saints1 which are generally found confusedly in calendars1 ,i have made use of a venerable and very ancient ,martyrology1 at ,aquileja1 sent to a certain holy bishop by the ,roman ,pontiff1 and this was lent me1 when at ,ravenna1 for a few days by a certain religious brother4 ,this ,i diligently copied1 and thought to place it at the head of my work4 ,i have1 however1 inserted the passions of the ,saints somewhat longer in this ,martyrology1 for the use of the infirm brothers1 and those less able to get at books1 that they may be able to read out of a little book a compendium to the praise of ,god and the memory of the martyrs1 instead of overhauling a host of big volumes with much labour4 ,the best edition of ,ado's ,martyrology is that by ,geo4 ,rhodigini1 published at ,rome1 #agdj4 ,there have been many later ,martyrologies1 but these are of far inferior importance1 and need not be here enumerated4 ,in the ,east1 the ,greeks had anciently their collections4 ,that of ,eusebius probably formed the basis of later ,menologies4 ,in the ,horology are contained calendars of the ,saints for every day with prayers2 this portion of the ,horology is called the ,menology4 ,the ,menology is divided into months1 and contains the lives of the ,saints1 in abridgment1 for each day1 or the simple commemoration of those whose acts are extant4 ,the ,menology of the ,greeks is1 therefore1 much the same as the ,latin ,martyrology1 and there are almost as many ,menologies as there are ,martyrologies4 ,the principal is that of the ,emperor ,basil ,,ii4 7d4 #ajbe71 published by ,ughelli in his ,italia ,sacra4 ,the larger ,menologies are entitled ,synaxaria1 because they were read in the churches on days of assembly4 ,these lives are very long1 and the ,menology contains the substance in a condensed form4 ,the modern ,roman ,martyrology was drawn up by order of ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii41 who appointed for the purpose eight commissaries1 amongst whom was ,baronius4 ,it leaves much to be desired1 as it bristles with inaccuracies4 ,a fresh edition was issued with some corrections by ,benedict ,,xiv4 ,it demands a careful revision4 ,many of its inaccuracies have been pointed out in the course of this work4 ,it is impossible to dismiss the subject of ,martyrologies without a word on the ,acta ,sanctorum of the ,bollandists4 ,this magnificent collection of ,lives of the ,saints is arranged on the principle of the ,synaxarium1 or ,martyrology--that is to say1 the ,saints are not given in their chronological order1 but as they appear in the calendar4 ,heribert ,resweidus1 of ,utrecht1 was a learned ,jesuit father1 born in #aefc1 who died #afbi4 ,in #afjg he published the ,fasti sanctorum quorum vitae manuscriptae in ,belgio1 a book containing the plan of a vast work on the lives of all the ,saints1 which he desired to undertake4 ,in #afac he published ,notes on the old ,roman ,martyrology1 which he was the first to discover4 ,in #afae he brought out the ,lives of the ,hermits1 and in #afai another work on the ,eremites of ,palestine and ,egypt4 ,in #afbf he published the ,lives of the ,virgin ,saints4 ,he died before the great work for which he had collected1 and to which he had devoted his time and thoughts1 was begun4 ,but the project was not allowed to drop4 ,it was taken up by ,john ,bollandus1 another ,jesuit2 with him were associated two other fathers of the same order1 ,henschenius and ,papebrock1 and in #afdc appeared the ,january volumes1 two in number4 ,in #afdh the three volumes of the ,february ,saints issued from the press4 ,bollandus died in #affe1 and the ,march volumes1 three in number1 edited by ,henschenius and ,papebrock1 appeared in #affh4 ,as the work proceeded1 material came in in abundance1 and the work grew under their hands4 ,may was represented by seven volumes2 so also ,june1 ,july1 and ,august4 ,the compilation is not yet complete4 ,at present1 this huge work consists of about sixty folio volumes1 which bring the student down to within three days of the end of the month of ,october2 but a large store of material is being utilized in order to complete that month forthwith1 and further stores have been accumulated towards the ,lives of the ,saints for ,november and ,december1 about #djjj of such biographies being still to be actually written4 ,moreover1 the earlier volumes are very incomplete1 and at least the months of ,january to ,april need rewriting4 ,the principle on which the ,bollandists have worked is an excellent one4 ,they have not themselves written the lives of the ,saints1 but they publish every scrap of record1 and all the ancient acts and lives of the ,saints that are extant4 ,the work is a storehouse of historical materials4 ,to these materials the editors prefix an introductory essay on the value and genuineness of the material1 and on the chronology of the ,saint's life4 ,they have done their work conscientiously and well4 ,only occasionally have they omitted acts or portions of lives which they have regarded as mythical or unedifying4 ,these omissions are to be regretted1 as they would have been instructive4 ,another valuable repository of the lives of ,saints is ,mabillon's ,collection of the ,acts of the ,saints of the ,order of ,s4 ,benedict1 in nine volumes1 published #affh-agja4 ,the arrangement in this collection is by centuries4 ,theodoric ,ruinart1 in #afhi1 published the ,acts of the ,martyrs1 but not a complete series2 he selected only those which he regarded as genuine4 ,with regard to ,england there is a ,martyrology of ,christ ,church1 ,canterbury1 written in the thirteenth century1 and now in the ,british ,museum 7,arundell ,,mss41 ,no4 #fh72 also a ,martyrology written between #abbj and #abbd1 from the south-west of ,england2 this also is in the ,british ,museum 7,,mss4 ,reg4 #b1 ,a4 xiii474 ,a ,saxon ,martyrology1 incomplete1 is among the ,harleian ,,mss4 7#bghe7 in the same museum4 ,it dates from the fourteenth century4 ,there is a transcript among the ,sloane ,,mss4 7#dich71 of a ,martyrology of ,north ,english origin1 but this also is incomplete4 ,there are others1 later1 of less value4 ,the most interesting is ,the ,martiloge in ,englysshe1 after the use of the chirche of ,salisbury1 printed by ,wynkyn de ,worde in #aebf1 reissued by the ,henry ,bradshaw ,society in #ahic4 ,to these ,martyrologies must be added the ,legenda of ,john of ,tynemouth1 ,a4,d4 #acej2 that of ,capgrave1 ,a4,d4 #adej1 his ,nova ,legenda1 printed in #aeaf2 ,whitford's ,martyrology1 #aebf2 ,wilson's ,martyrologue1 #ast edition1 #afjh1 #bnd edition1 #afdj2 and ,bishop ,challoner's ,memorial of ,ancient ,british ,piety1 #agfa4 ,recently the ,rev4 ,richard ,stanton1 ,priest of the ,oratory1 ,london1 has issued an invaluable ,martyrology of ,england and ,wales1 #ahhg4 ,scottish ,kalendars have been reprinted and commented on1 and brief lives of the ,saints given by the late ,bishop ,forbes of ,brechin1 in ,kalendars of ,scottish ,saints1 ,edinburgh1 #ahgb4 ,unhappily little is known of the ,welsh and ,cornish and some local ,english ,saints1 but it is my purpose to add such information as can be gathered concerning them4 ,s4 ,,baring-,,gould4 ,january #ahig4 ,illustration3 ,decoration ,,footnotes3 #b ,euseb41 ,hist4 ,eccl41 lib4 iv41 cap4 xv4 #c ,s4 ,paulinus was born ,a4,d4 #cec1 and elected ,bishop of ,nola ,a4,d4 #dji4 ,prudentius was born ,a4,d4 #cdh4 #d ,ep4 xii41 ad ,severum1 ,his holy bones 'neath lasting altars rest4 #e ,ep4 xii41 ad ,severum4 #f ,hymn xi4 #g ,eccl4 ,hierarch41 cap4 iii4 #h ,s4 ,damasus was born ,a4,d4 #cjd1 and died ,a4,d4 #chd4 #i ,he died ,a4,d4 #bej2 see ,ep4 i4 #aj ,born ,a4,d4 #afj1 died ,a4,d4 #bde4 #aa ,ep4 xxxvii4 #ab ,lib4 xx41 contra ,faustum1 cap4 xxi4 #ac ,the copies of these letters prefixed to the ,martyrology vary greatly1 and their authenticity has been questioned2 but the circumstance is probably true4 ,illustration3 ,decoration ,,contents ,a ,,page ,s4 ,adalhardt #cd ,adelelm #dfa ,adrian #abh ,aelred #agf ,agatho #acg ,agnes #cag ,aidan #dfg ,aldegund #dfj ,aldric #if ,alexander ,acoemetus #bbh ,,ss4 ,anastasius and comp4 #ccd ,b4 ,angela of ,foligni #fc ,s4 ,anteros #ch ,anthony #bdi ,apollinaris ,synclet #gj ,apollo #cgb ,arcadius #afb ,,ss4 ,archelaa and others #bgh ,s4 ,artemas #cgj ,asclas #cdf ,athanasius #ch ,atticus #ajj ,audifax #bhe ,augurius #cab ,b ,s4 ,babylus #cfa ,baldwin #aab ,balthazar #adh ,barsas of ,edessa #dfj ,bassian of ,lodi #bhf ,bathild #cid ,benedict ,biscop #afg ,bertilia #ea ,,ss4 ,blaithmac and comp4 #bhi ,s4 ,brithwald #aca ,c ,s4 ,cadoc #cfc ,caesaria #afg ,canute ,lavard #ig ,cedd #ia ,ceolwulf #bcf ,charlemagne #dcg ,christiana #adf ,circumcision1 ,the #a ,s4 ,clement of ,ancyra #cdg ,concord #c ,conversion of ,s4 ,paul #cgj ,s4 ,cyriacus #afc ,cyril1 ,alexandria #dah ,cyrinus #dd ,,ss4 ,cyrus1 ,john1 and others #dfe ,d ,s4 ,dafrosa #eg ,datius #baj ,deicolus #bhj ,devota #cii ,domitian #acf ,e ,s4 ,egwin #afj ,,ss4 ,elvan and ,mydwyn #e ,epiphany1 ,the #hb ,s4 ,erminold #hf ,eulogius #cab ,euthymius #cje ,eutropius #afc ,f ,s4 ,fabian #bii ,fechin #caj ,felix #aii ,fillan #abg ,francis of ,sales #ddc ,frodobert #aab ,fructuosus #cab ,fulgentius #aj ,fursey #bdc ,g ,s4 ,gaudentius #ccd ,genoveva #df ,genulph #bdg ,gerlach #ha ,germanicus #bhd ,gildas #ddj ,gonsalvo #adb ,gordius #db ,b4 ,gotfried #aid ,s4 ,gregory of ,langres #eh ,gudula #aae ,h ,s4 ,habakkuk #bhe ,henry #bde ,,ss4 ,hermylus and ,stratonicus #agi ,s4 ,hilary #ahb ,honoratus #bdj ,hyacintha #dfb ,hyginus #adi ,i ,s4 ,isidore #bbh ,j ,s4 ,james 7,tarantaise7 #bdb ,james the ,penitent #dcc ,john the ,almsgiver #cdh ,john the ,calybite #bcc ,john ,chrysostom #djj ,john of ,therouanne #dae ,julian of ,le ,mans #cih ,,ss4 ,julian and comp4 #aba ,s4 ,justina #acc ,,ss4 ,juventine and ,maximus #cga ,k ,s4 ,kentigern #ahg ,l ,s4 ,launomar #bhg ,laurence ,justiniani #aai ,leobard #bgh ,lucian of ,antioch #hh ,lucian of ,beauvais #ii ,lupus of ,chlons #dac ,m ,s4 ,macarius1 ,alexandria #bh ,macarius1 ,egypt #bba ,macedonius #cfb ,macra #he ,macrina #bjb ,marcella #dff ,marcellus #bch ,marcian #acd ,marciana #abj ,mares #cgd ,,ss4 ,maris and others #bhe ,s4 ,martha #bhe ,,ss4 ,martyrs at ,lichfield #bh ,martyrs in the ,thebaid #fe ,s4 ,maurus #bcd ,maximus #cga ,meinrad #cba ,melanius #he ,melas #bci ,melor #dd ,mildgytha #bgc ,mochua or ,cronan #bj ,mochua or ,cuan #ai ,mosentius #afc ,n ,s4 ,nicanor #acc ,o ,s4 ,odilo #bj ,b4 ,ordorico #baa ,s4 ,oringa #adf ,p ,s4 ,palaemon #adi ,palladius #dag ,patiens #ajj ,patroclus #cae ,paul #bae ,paula #chd ,,ss4 ,paul and comp4 #bgg ,s4 ,paulinus #dcf ,pega #aah ,peter ,balsam #ci ,peter ,nolasco #dgj ,peter of ,canterbury #hf ,peter of ,sebaste #abe ,peter's ,chair #bge ,pharaildis #fj ,polycarp #cgh ,poppo #cge ,praejectus #cge ,primus #dd ,prisca #bgf ,priscilla #bch ,r ,s4 ,raymund #ceg ,rigobert #fa ,rumon #eg ,s ,s4 ,sabine #bgc ,,ss4 ,sabinian and ,sabina #dci ,s4 ,salvius #afj ,,ss4 ,satyrus and others #afc ,s4 ,sebastian #cjj ,serapion #dgj ,sethrida #ach ,severinus #aja ,silvester #cf ,simeon ,stylites #gb ,simeon the ,old #chc ,,ss4 ,speusippus and others #bdf ,s4 ,sulpicius ,severus #ddb ,s4 ,susanna #bgh ,syncletica #fg ,t ,s4 ,telemachus #g ,telesphorus #fe ,thecla #bgh ,,ss4 ,thecla and ,justina #acc ,s4 ,theodoric #dad ,theodosius #aea ,,ss4 ,theodulus comp4 #bjb ,theognis comp4 #dd ,s4 ,theoritgitha #cig ,,ss4 ,thyrsus and comp4 #daf ,tigris and ,eutropius #afc ,s4 ,timothy #cei ,titus #ec ,tyllo #id ,u ,s4 ,ulphia #dfh ,v ,s4 ,valentine #ij ,valerius of ,trves #dci ,valerius 7,saragossa7 #dag ,veronica of ,milan #aif ,vincent #cca ,vitalis #aef ,w ,b4 ,walter of ,bierbeeke #cda ,s4 ,william 7,bourges7 #aci ,wulsin #aah ,wulstan #bij ,x ,,ss4 ,xenophon and ,mary #chi ,,xxxviii ,monks1 in ,ionia #age ,z ,,ss4 ,zosimus and ,athanasius #ch ,illustration3 ,decoration ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,silver-,,gilt ,,monstrance ,frontispiece ,in the ,treasury of the ,cathedral1 ,aix-la-,chapelle4 ,,the ,,circumcision ,,of ,,christ to face p4 #a ,from the grand ,vienna edition of the ,missale ,romanum4 ,,oblation ,,of ,,an ,,infant ,,to ,a ,,religious ,,community on p4 #cg ,s4 ,genoveva to face p4 #dh ,from ,caractristiques des ,saints dans l',art populaire numres et expliques1 par le ,p4 ,,ch4 ,,cahier1 de la ,compagnie de ,jesus4 #dto4 ,paris1 #ahfg4 ,s4 ,,simeon ,,stylites #gb ,from ,,hone',s ,everyday ,book4 ,,the ,,epiphany #hb ,from the ,vienna ,missal4 ,,worshippers ,,at ,,the ,,shrine ,,of ,a ,,saint on p4 #hg ,,seal ,,of ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,brussels #ih ,s4 ,,genoveva #acb ,s4 ,,egwin1 ,,bp4 ,,of ,,worcester to face p4 #afj ,after ,,cahier4 ,s4 ,,aelred1 ,,ab4 ,,of ,,rievaux to face p4 #agf ,from a ,design by ,a4 ,,welby ,,pugin4 ,s4 ,,odilo on p4 #agh ,s4 ,,hilary ,,baptizing ,s4 ,,martin ,,of ,,tours to face p4 #ahd ,from a ,window1 dated #aebh1 in the ,church of ,s4 ,florentin1 ,yonne4 ,,the ,,three ,,children ,,in ,,the ,,fiery ,,furnace #ahd ,from the ,catacombs4 ,,seal ,,of ,,robert ,,wishart1 ,,bp4 ,,of ,,glasgow1 #abgb-acaf on p4 #aih ,,hermit ,,saints--,s4 ,,anthony #bad ,,hermit ,,saint to face p4 #baf ,from a ,drawing by ,a4 ,,welby ,,pugin4 ,s4 ,,ceolwulf 787 on p4 #bcg ,s4 ,,honor to face p4 #bdj ,after ,,cahier4 ,s4 ,,anthony ,,tortured ,,by ,,demons #beb ,from the ,design by ,,martin ,,schonguer4 ,,the ,,chair ,,of ,s4 ,,peter ,,in ,,the ,,vatican on p4 #bgd ,s4 ,,peter',s ,,commission1 ,,feed ,,my ,,flock to face p4 #bgd ,,the ,,apostolic ,,succession #bgd ,,baptism ,,and ,,confirmation on p4 #bhc ,from a ,painting in the ,catacombs4 ,s4 ,,wulstan1 ,,bp4 ,,of ,,worcester to face p4 #bif ,from a ,design by ,a4 ,,welby ,,pugin4 ,,ss4 ,,fabian ,,and ,,sebastian on p4 #bih ,s4 ,,sebastian to face p4 #cjd ,from a ,drawing by ,,lucas ,,schraudolf4 ,,the ,,peacock ,,as ,a ,,christian ,,emblem on p4 #caa ,s4 ,,agnes to face p4 #caf ,from the ,vienna ,missal4 ,,the ,,virgin ,,appearing ,,to ,s4 ,,ildephonsus #cef ,after a ,painting by ,,murillo in the ,museum at ,madrid4 ,s4 ,,timothy #cfj ,from a ,window of the ,eleventh ,century at ,neuweiler4 ,s4 ,,paul on p4 #cfi ,after a ,bronze in ,christian ,museum in the ,vatican4 ,,the ,,conversion ,,of ,,st4 ,,paul to face p4 #cgj ,after the ,cartoon by ,,raphael4 ,,alpha ,,and ,,omega2 ,,the ,,first ,,and ,,the ,,last on p4 #cgg ,,ss4 ,,paula1 ,,prisca1 ,,and ,,paul to face p4 #chd ,s4 ,,cyril ,,of ,,alexandria #dbd ,after the ,picture by ,,dominichino 7or ,,dominiquin7 in the ,church of ,grotta ,ferrata1 ,rome4 ,s4 ,,cyril ,,of ,,alexandria #dcb ,after ,,cahier4 ,,charlemagne ,,and ,s4 ,,louis #dcf ,after a ,picture in the ,palais de ,justice1 ,paris4 ,,baptism ,,of ,,vanquished ,,saxons ,,by ,,command ,,of ,,charlemagne on p4 #dch ,from a ,miniature of the #aeth ,century in the ,burgundy ,library at ,brussels4 ,s4 ,,francis ,,of ,,sales to face p4 #ddh ,s4 ,,aldegund #dfj ,after ,,cahier4 ,,virgin ,,in ,,crescent on p4 #dfd ,after ,,albert ,d,,rer4 ,s4 ,,marcella to face p4 #dff ,after an ,engraving of the ,seventeenth ,century4 ,s4 ,,ulphia #dfh ,from ,,cahier4 ,s4 ,,peter ,,nolasco #dgj ,from ,,cahier4 ,illustration3 ,decoration ,illustration3 ,,the ,,circumcision ,,of ,,christ4 ,from the grand ,vienna ,edition of the ,missale ,romanum4 ,jan4 #a4 ,,lives ,,of ,,the ,,saints ,january #a4 ,the ,feast of the ,circumcision of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,s4 ,,gaspar1 one of the ,magi4 ,s4 ,,concord1 ,p4 ,m41 at ,spoleto1 in ,umbria1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #age4 ,,ss4 ,,elvan1 ,b41 and ,,mydwyn1 in ,england1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #aih4 ,s4 ,,martina1 ,v4 ,m41 at ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #bce4 ,s4 ,,paracodius1 ,b4 of ,vienne1 ,a4,d4 #bci4 ,s4 ,,severus1 ,m41 at ,ravenna1 ,a4,d4 #cjd4 ,s4 ,,telemachus1 ,m41 at ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #djd4 ,s4 ,,fulgentius1 ,b4 ,c4 of ,ruspe1 in ,n4 ,africa1 ,a4,d4 #ecc4 ,s4 ,,mochua1 or ,,cuan1 ,ab4 in ,ireland1 #fth cent4 ,s4 ,,mochua1 or ,,cronan1 ,ab4 of ,balla1 in ,ireland1 #gth cent4 ,s4 ,,eugendus1 ,ab4 of ,condate1 in the ,jura1 ,a4,d4 #eha4 ,s4 ,,fanchea1 or ,,fain1 ,v4 ,abss41 of ,rosairthir1 in ,ireland1 #fth cent4 ,s4 ,,clare1 ,ab4 of ,vienne1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #ffj4 ,s4 ,,william1 ,ab4 ,s4 ,benignus1 at ,dijon1 ,a4,d4 #ajca4 ,s4 ,odilo1 ,ab4 ,cluny1 ,a4,d4 #ajdi4 ,,the ,,circumcision ,,of ,,our ,,lord4 ,this festival is celebrated by the ,church in order to commemorate the obedience of our ,lord in fulfilling all righteousness1 which is one branch of the meritorious cause of our redemption1 and by that means abrogating the severe injunctions of the ,mosaic law1 and placing us under the grace of the ,gospel4 ,god gave to ,abraham the command to circumcise all male children on the eighth day after birth1 and this rite was to be the seal of covenant with ,him1 a token that1 through shedding of the blood of ,one to come1 remission of the original sin inherited from ,adam could alone be obtained4 ,it was also to point out that the ,jews were cut off1 and separate1 from the other nations4 ,by circumcision1 a ,jew belonged to the covenant1 was consecrated to the service of ,god1 and undertook to believe the truths revealed by ,him to ,his elect people1 and to hold the commandments to which ,he required obedience4 ,thus1 this outward sign admitted him to true worship of ,god1 true knowledge of ,god1 and true obedience to ,god's moral law4 ,circumcision looked forward to ,christ1 who1 by ,his blood1 remits sin4 ,consequently1 as a rite pointing to ,him who was to come1 it is abolished1 and its place is taken by baptism1 which also is a sign of covenant with ,god1 admitting to true worship1 true knowledge1 and true obedience4 ,but baptism is more than a covenant1 and therefore more than was circumcision4 ,it is a ,sacrament2 that is1 a channel of grace4 ,by baptism1 supernatural power1 or grace1 is given to the child1 whereby it obtains that which by nature it could not have4 ,circumcision admitted to covenant1 but conferred no grace4 ,baptism admits to covenant1 and confers grace4 ,by circumcision1 a child was made a member of ,god's own peculiar people4 ,by baptism1 the same is done2 but ,god's own people is now not one nation1 but the whole ,catholic ,church4 ,christ underwent circumcision1 not because ,he had inherited the sin of ,adam1 but because ,he came to fulfil all righteousness1 to accomplish the law1 and for the letter to give the spirit4 ,it was1 probably1 the extravagances committed among the heathen at the kalends of ,january1 upon which this day fell1 that hindered the ,church for some ages from proposing it as an universal set festival4 ,the writings of the ,fathers are full of invectives against the idolatrous profanations of this day1 which concluded the riotous feasts in honour of ,saturn1 and was dedicated to ,janus and ,strena1 or ,strenua1 a goddess supposed to preside over those presents which were sent to1 and received from1 one another on the first day of the year1 and which were called after her1 strenae2 a name which is still preserved in the trennes1 or gifts1 which it is customary in ,france to make on ,new ,year's ,day4 ,but1 when the danger of the heathen abuses was removed1 by the establishment of ,christianity in the ,roman empire1 this festival began to be observed2 and the mystery of our ,blessed ,lord's ,circumcision is explained in several ancient homilies of the fifth century4 ,it was1 however1 spoken of in earlier times as the ,octave of the ,nativity1 and the earliest mention of it as the ,circumcision is towards the end of the eleventh century1 shortly before the time of ,s4 ,bernard1 who also has a sermon upon it4 ,in the ,ambrosian ,missal1 used at ,milan1 the services of the day contain special cautions against idolatry4 ,in a ,gallican ,lectionary1 which is supposed to be as old as the seventh century1 are special lessons ,in ,circumcisione ,domini4 ,ivo1 of ,chartres1 in #ajij1 speaks of the observance of this day in the ,french ,church4 ,the ,greek ,church also has a special commemoration of the ,circumcision4 ,s4 ,,concord1 ,p4 ,m4 7,,about #age47 ,s4 ,concord is mentioned in all the ,latin ,martyrologies4 ,his festival is celebrated at ,bispal1 in the diocese of ,gerona1 in ,spain1 where his body is said to be preserved1 on the #bnd ,jan4 ,his translation is commemorated on the #dth ,july4 ,the following is an abridgment of his genuine ,acts4 ,in the reign of the ,emperor ,marcus ,antoninus1 there raged a violent persecution in the city of ,rome4 ,at that time there dwelt in ,rome a sub-deacon1 named ,concordius1 whose father was priest of ,s4 ,pastor's1 ,cordianus by name4 ,concord was brought up by his father in the fear of ,god1 and in the study of ,holy ,scripture1 and he was consecrated sub-deacon by ,s4 ,pius1 ,bishop of ,rome4 ,concord and his father fasted and prayed1 and served the ,lord instantly in the person of ,his poor4 ,when the persecution waxed sore1 said ,concord to his father1 ,my lord1 send me away1 ,i pray thee1 to ,s4 ,eutyches1 that ,i may dwell with him a few days1 until this tyranny be overpast4 ,his father answered1 ,my son1 it is better to stay here that we may be crowned4 ,but ,concord said1 ,let me go1 that ,i may be crowned where ,christ shall bid me be crowned4 ,then his father sent him away1 and ,eutyches received him with great joy4 ,with him ,concord dwelt for a season1 fervent in prayer4 ,and many sick came to them1 and were healed in the name of ,jesus ,christ4 ,then1 hearing the fame of them1 ,torquatus1 governor of ,umbria1 residing at ,spoleto1 sent and had ,concord brought before him4 ,to him he said1 ,what is thy name8 ,he answered1 ,i am a ,christian4 ,then1 said the ,governor1 ,i asked concerning thee1 and not about thy ,christ4 ,s4 ,concord replied1 ,i have said that ,i am a ,christian1 and ,christ ,i confess4 ,the ,governor ordered3 ,sacrifice to the immortal gods1 and ,i will be to thee a father1 and will obtain for thee favour at the hands of the ,emperor1 and he will exalt thee to be priest of the gods4 ,s4 ,concord said1 ,harken unto me1 and sacrifice to the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and thou shalt escape eternal misery4 ,then the governor ordered him to be beaten with clubs1 and to be cast into prison4 ,then1 at night1 there came to him the blessed ,eutyches1 with ,s4 ,anthymius1 the bishop2 for ,anthymius was a friend of the governor2 and he obtained permission of ,torquatus to take ,concord home with him for a few days4 ,and during these days he ordained him priest1 and they watched together in prayer4 ,and after a time1 the governor sent and brought him before him once more and said to him1 ,what hast thou decided on for thy salvation8 ,then ,concord said1 ,christ is my salvation1 to whom daily ,i offer the sacrifice of praise4 ,then he was condemned to be hung upon the little horse2 and1 with a glad countenance1 he cried1 ,glory be to ,thee1 ,lord ,jesus ,christ6 ,after this torment he was cast into prison1 with irons on his hands and neck4 ,and blessed ,concord began to sing praise to ,god in his dungeon1 and he said1 ,glory be to ,god on high1 and in earth peace to men of good will4 ,then1 that same night1 the angel of the ,lord stood by him1 and said1 ,fear not to play the man1 ,i shall be with thee4 ,and when three days had passed1 the governor sent two of his officers1 at night1 to him with a small image of ,jupiter4 ,and they said1 ,hear what the governor has ordered2 sacrifice to ,jupiter or lose thy head4 ,then the blessed ,concord spat in the face of the idol1 and said1 ,glory be to ,thee1 ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,then one of the officers smote off his head in the prison4 ,afterwards1 two clerks and certain religious men carried away his body1 and buried it not far from the city of ,spoleto1 where many waters flow forth4 ,,ss4 ,,elvan ,,and ,,mydwyn4 7,,about #aih47 ,mentioned in ,english ,martyrologies1 and by ,ferrarius in his ,general ,catalogue of the ,saints4 ,the evidence for these ,saints is purely traditional2 the first written record of them was by ,gildas1 ,a4,d4 #efj1 but his account is lost4 ,it is referred to by ,matthew of ,westminster4 ,saint ,elvan of ,avalon1 or ,glastonbury1 was brought up in that school erroneously said to have been founded by ,s4 ,joseph of ,arimathea4 ,he vehemently preached the truth before ,lucius1 a ,british king1 and was mightily assisted by ,s4 ,mydwyn of ,wales 7,meduinus71 a man of great learning4 ,lucius despatched ,elvan and ,mydwyn to ,rome1 on an embassy to ,pope ,eleutherius1 in #agi1 who consecrated ,elvan bishop1 and appointed ,mydwyn teacher4 ,he gave them1 as companions1 two ,roman clerks1 ,faganus and ,deruvianus2 or1 according to some1 ,fugatius and ,damianus4 ,they returned with these to ,king ,lucius1 who was obedient to the word of ,god1 and received baptism along with many of his princes and nobles4 ,elvan became the second archbishop of ,london4 ,he and ,mydwyn were buried at ,avalon4 ,s4 ,patrick is said to have found there an ancient account of the acts of the ,apostles1 and of ,fugatius and ,damianus1 written by the hand of ,s4 ,mydwyn4 ,matthew of ,westminster gives the following account of the conversion of ,lucius1 under the year #ahe3--;,about the same time1 ,lucius1 king of the ,britons1 directed letters to ,eleutherius1 entreating him that he would make him a ,christian4 ,and the blessed pontiff1 having ascertained the devotion of the king1 sent to him some religious teachers2 namely1 ,faganus and ,deruvianus1 to convert the king to ,christ1 and wash him in the holy font4 ,and when that had been done1 then the different nations ran to baptism1 following the example of the king1 so that in a short time there were no infidels found in the island4 ,there is a considerable amount of exaggeration in this account of ,matthew of ,westminster1 which must not be passed over4 ,lucius is known in the ,welsh triads by the name of ,lleurwg1 or ,lleufer ,mawr1 which means ,the great ,luminary1 and this has been ,latinized into ,lucius1 from ,lux1 light4 ,he was king of a portion of ,south ,wales only4 ,the ,welsh authorities make no mention of the alleged mission to ,rome1 though1 that such a mission should have been sent1 is extremely probable4 ,some accounts say that ,medwy and ,elfan were ,britons1 and that ,dyfan and ,ffagan 7,deruvianus and ,faganus7 were ,roman priests4 ,but both these names are ,british1 consequently we may conjecture that they were of ,british origin1 but resided then at ,rome4 ,four churches near ,llandaf bore the names of ,lleurwg 7,lucius71 ,dyfan1 ,ffagan1 and ,medwy1 which confirms the belief in the existence of these ,saints1 and indicates the scene of their labours4 ,matthew of ,westminster adds3--,a4,d4 #ahe4 ,the blessed priests1 ,faganus and ,deruvianus1 returned to ,rome1 and easily prevailed on the most blessed ,pope that all that they had done should be confirmed4 ,and when it had been1 then the before-mentioned teachers returned to ,britain1 with a great many more1 by whose teaching the nation of the ,britons was soon founded in the faith of ,christ1 and became eminent as a ,christian people4 ,and their names and actions are found in the book that ,gildas the historian wrote1 concerning the victory of ,aurelius ,ambrosius4 ,geoffrey1 of ,monmouth1 who1 unsupported1 is thoroughly untrustworthy1 mentions the same circumstance1 on the authority of the treatise of ,gildas1 now lost4 ,the embassy to ,rome shall be spoken of at length1 under the title of ,s4 ,lucius1 ,december #aath4 ,see also ,nennius1 #bb2 ,bede's ,eccles4 ,hist4 i4 #d2 and the ,liber ,landavensis1 p4 #fe4 ,s4 ,,telemachus1 ,h4 ,m4 7,,about #djd47 ,the following account of the martrydom of ,s4 ,telemachus is given by ,theodoret1 in his ,ecclesiastical ,history1 book v41 chap4 #bf3--;,honorius1 who had received the empire of ,europe1 abolished the ancient exhibitions of gladiators in ,rome on the following occasion3--,a certain man1 named ,telemachus1 who had embraced a monastic life1 came from the ,east to ,rome at a time when these cruel spectacles were being exhibited4 ,after gazing upon the combat from the amphitheatre1 he descended into the arena1 and tried to separate the gladiators4 ,the bloodthirsty spectators1 possessed by the devil1 who delights in the shedding of blood1 were irritated at the interruption of their savage sports1 and stoned him who had occasioned the cessation4 ,on being apprised of this circumstance1 the admirable ,emperor numbered him with the victorious martyrs1 and abolished these iniquitous spectacles4 ,for centuries the wholesale murders of the gladiatorial shows had lasted through the ,roman empire4 ,human beings1 in the prime of youth and health1 captives or slaves1 condemned malefactors1 and even free-born men1 who hired themselves out to death1 had been trained to destroy each other in the amphitheatre for the amusement1 not merely of the ,roman mob1 but of the ,roman ladies4 ,thousands1 sometimes in a single day1 had been ,butchered to make a ,roman holiday4 ,the training of gladiators had become a science4 ,by their weapons1 and their armour1 and their modes of fighting1 they had been distinguished into regular classes1 of which the antiquaries count up full eighteen3 ,andabatae1 who wore helmets1 without any opening for the eyes1 so that they were obliged to fight blindfold1 and thus excited the mirth of the spectators2 ,hoplomachi1 who fought in a complete suit of armour2 ,mirmillones1 who had the image of a fish upon their helmets1 and fought in armour1 with a short sword1 matched usually against the ,retiarii1 who fought without armour1 and whose weapons were a casting-net and a trident4 ,these1 and other species of fighters1 were drilled and fed in families by lanistae1 or regular trainers1 who let them out to persons wishing to exhibit a show4 ,women1 even high-born ladies1 had been seized in former times with the madness of fighting1 and1 as shameless as cruel1 had gone down into the arena1 to delight with their own wounds and their own gore1 the eyes of the ,roman people4 ,and these things were done1 and done too often under the auspices of the gods1 and at their most sacred festivals4 ,so deliberate and organized a system of wholesale butchery has never perhaps existed on this earth before or since1 not even in the worship of those ,mexican gods1 whose idols ,cortez and his soldiers found fed with human hearts1 and the walls of their temples crusted with human gore4 ,gradually the spirit of the ,gospel had been triumphing over this abomination4 ,ever since the time of ,tertullian1 in the second century1 ,christian preachers and writers had lifted up their voice in the name of humanity4 ,towards the end of the third century1 the ,emperors themselves had so far yielded to the voice of reason1 as to forbid1 by edicts1 the gladiatorial fights4 ,but the public opinion of the mob1 in most of the great cities1 had been too strong both for ,saints and for ,emperors4 ,s4 ,augustine himself tells us of the horrible joy which he1 in his youth1 had seen come over the vast ring of flushed faces at these horrid sights4 ,the weak ,emperor ,honorius bethought himself of celebrating once more the heathen festival of the ,secular ,games1 and formally to allow therein an exhibition of gladiators4 ,but1 in the midst of that show1 sprang down into the arena of the ,colosseum of ,rome1 this monk ,telemachus1 some said from ,nitria1 some from ,phrygia1 and with his own hands parted the combatants1 in the name of ,christ and ,god4 ,the mob1 baulked for a moment of their pleasure1 sprang on him1 and stoned him to death4 ,but the crime was followed by a sudden revulsion of feeling4 ,by an edict of the ,emperor1 the gladiatorial sports were forbidden for ever2 and the ,colosseum1 thenceforth useless1 crumbled slowly away into that vast ruin which remains unto this day1 purified1 as men well said1 from the blood of tens of thousands1 by the blood of this true and noble martyr4#ad ,s4 ,,fulgentius1 ,b4 ,c4 7,a4,d4 #ecc47 ,roman ,martyrology and nearly all the ,latin ,martyrologies4 ,his life was written by one of his disciples1 and addressed to his successor1 ,felicianus4 ,many of his writings are extant4 ,fulgentius belonged to an honourable senatorial family of ,carthage1 which had1 however1 lost its position with the invasion of the ,vandals into ,northern ,africa4 ,his father1 ,claudius1 who had been unjustly deprived of his house in ,carthage1 to give it to the ,arian priest1 retired to an estate belonging to him at ,telepte1 a city of the province of ,byzacene4 ,and here1 about thirty years after the barbarians had dismembered ,africa from the ,roman empire1 in the year #dfh1 was born ,fulgentius4 ,shortly after this his father died1 and the education of the child devolved wholly on his mother1 ,mariana4 ,it has been often observed that great men have had great mothers4 ,mariana was a woman of singular intelligence and piety4 ,she carefully taught her son to speak ,greek with ease and good accent1 and made him learn by heart ,homer1 ,menander1 and other famous poets of antiquity4 ,at the same time1 she did not neglect his religious education1 and the youth grew up obedient and modest4 ,she early committed to him the government of the house1 and servants1 and estate2 and his prudence in these matters made his reputation early1 and he was appointed procurator of the province4 ,but it was not long before he grew weary of the world2 and the love of ,god drew him on into other paths4 ,he found great delight in religious reading1 and gave more time to prayer4 ,he was in the habit of frequenting monasteries1 and he much wondered to see in the monks no signs of weariness1 though they were deprived of all the relaxations and pleasures which the world provides4 ,then1 under the excuse that his labours of office required that he should take occasional repose1 he retired at intervals from business1 and devoted himself to prayer and meditation1 and reduced the abundance of food with which he was served4 ,at length1 moved by a sermon of ,s4 ,augustine on the thirty-sixth ,psalm1 he resolved on embracing the religious life4 ,there was at that time a certain bishop1 ,faustus by name1 who had been driven1 together with other orthodox bishops1 from their sees1 by ,huneric1 the ,arian king4 ,faustus had erected a monastery in ,byzacene4 ,to him ,fulgentius betook himself1 and asked to be admitted into the monastery4 ,but the ,bishop repelled him saying1 ,why1 my son1 dost thou seek to deceive the servants of ,god8 ,then wilt thou be a monk when thou hast learned to despise luxurious food and sumptuous array4 ,live as a layman less delicately1 and then ,i shall believe in thy vocation4 ,but the young man caught the hand of him who urged him to depart1 and1 kissing it said1 ,he who gave the desire is mighty to enable me to fulfil it4 ,suffer me to tread in thy footsteps1 my father6 ,then1 with much hesitation1 ,faustus suffered the youth to remain1 saying1 ,perhaps my fears are unfounded4 ,thou must be proved some days4 ,the news that ,fulgentius had become a monk spread far and wide4 ,his mother1 in transports of grief1 ran to the monastery1 crying out1 ,faustus6 restore to me my son1 and to the people their governor4 ,the ,church always protects widows2 why then dost thou rob me1 a desolate widow1 of my child8 ,faustus in vain endeavoured to calm her4 ,she desired to see her son1 but he refused to give permission4 ,fulgentius1 from within1 could hear his mother's cries4 ,this was to him a severe temptation1 for he loved her dearly4 ,shortly after1 he made over his estate to his mother1 to be discretionally disposed of1 by her1 in favour of his brother ,claudius1 when he should arrive at a proper age4 ,he practised severe mortification of his appetite1 totally abstaining from oil and everything savoury1 and his fasting produced a severe illness1 from which1 however1 he recovered1 and his constitution adapted itself to his life of abstinence4 ,persecution again breaking out1 ,faustus was obliged to leave his monastery1 and ,fulgentius1 at his advice1 took refuge in another1 which was governed by the ,abbot ,felix1 who had been his friend in the world1 and who became now his brother in religion4 ,felix rejoiced to see his friend once more1 and he insisted on exalting him to be abbot along with himself4 ,fulgentius long refused1 but in vain2 and the monks were ruled by these two abbots living in holy charity1 ,felix attending to the discipline and the bodily necessities of the brethren1 ,fulgentius instructing them in the divine love4 ,thus they divided the authority between them for six years1 and no contradictions took place between them2 each being always ready to comply with the will of the other4 ,in the year #dii1 the country being ravaged by the ,numidians1 the two abbots were obliged to fly to ,sicca ,veneria1 a city of the proconsular province of ,africa4 ,here they were seized by orders of an ,arian priest1 and commanded to be scourged4 ,felix1 seeing the executioners seize first on ,fulgentius1 exclaimed1 ,spare my brother1 who is not sufficiently strong to endure your blows1 lest he die under them1 and strike me instead4 ,felix having been scourged1 ,fulgentius was next beaten4 ,his pupil says1 ,blessed ,fulgentius1 a man of delicate body1 and of noble birth1 was scarce able to endure the pain of the repeated blows1 and1 as he afterwards told us1 hoping to soothe the violence of the priest1 or distract it awhile1 that he might recover himself a little1 he cried out1 ',i will say something if ,i am permitted4' ,the priest ordered the blows to cease1 expecting to hear a recantation4 ,but ,fulgentius1 with much eloquence1 began a narration of his travels2 and after the priest had listened awhile1 finding this was all he was about to hear1 he commanded the executioners to continue their beating of ,fulgentius4 ,after that1 the two abbots1 naked and bruised1 were driven away4 ,before being brought before the ,arian priest1 ,felix had thrown away a few coins he possessed2 and his captors1 not observing this1 after they were released1 he and ,fulgentius returned to the spot and recovered them all again4 ,the ,arian bishop1 whose relations were acquainted with the family of ,fulgentius1 was much annoyed at this proceeding of the priest1 and severely reprimanded him4 ,he also urged ,fulgentius to bring an action against him1 but the confessor declined1 partly because a ,christian should never seek revenge1 partly also because he was unwilling to plead before a bishop who denied the divinity of the ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,fulgentius1 resolving to visit the deserts of ,egypt1 renowned for the sanctity of the solitaries who dwelt there1 went on board a ship for ,alexandria1 but the vessel touching at ,sicily1 ,s4 ,eulalius1 abbot at ,syracuse1 diverted him from his intention1 assuring him that a perfidious dissension had severed this country from the communion of ,s4 ,peter4 ,all these monks1 whose marvellous abstinence is noised abroad1 have not got with you the ,sacrament of the ,altar in common2 meaning that ,egypt was full of heretics4 ,fulgentius visited ,rome in the latter part of the year #ejj1 during the entry of ,theodoric4 ,oh1 said he1 how beautiful must the heavenly ,jerusalem be1 if earthly ,rome be so glorious4 ,a short time after1 ,fulgentius returned home1 and built himself a cell on the sea-shore1 where he spent his time in prayer1 reading and writing1 and in making mats and umbrellas of palm leaves4 ,at this time the ,vandal heretic1 ,king ,thrasimund1 having forbidden the consecration of ,catholic bishops1 many sees were destitute of pastors1 and the faithful were reduced to great distress4 ,faustus1 the bishop1 had ordained ,fulgentius priest1 on his return to ,byzacene1 and now1 many places demanded him as their bishop4 ,fulgentius1 fearing this responsibility1 hid himself2 but in a time of such trial and difficulty the ,lord had need of him1 and ,he called him to shepherd ,his flock in a marvellous manner4 ,there was a city named ,ruspe1 then destitute of a bishop1 for an influential deacon therein1 named ,felix1 whose brother was a friend of the procurator1 desired the office for himself4 ,but the people1 disapproving his ambition1 made choice unanimously of ,fulgentius1 of whom they knew only by report2 and upon the primate ,victor1 bishop of ,carthage1 giving his consent that the neighbouring bishops should consecrate him1 several people of ,ruspe betook themselves to the cell of ,fulgentius1 and by force compelled him to consent to be ordained4 ,thus1 he might say1 in the words of the prophet1 ,a people whom ,i have not known shall serve me4 ,the deacon1 ,felix1 taking advantage of the illegality of the proceeding1 determined to oppose the entrance of ,s4 ,fulgentius by force1 and occupied the road by which he presumed the bishop would enter ,ruspe4 ,by some means the people went out to meet him another way1 and brought him into the ,cathedral1 where he was installed1 whilst the deacon1 ,felix1 was still awaiting his arrival in the road4 ,then he celebrated the ,divine ,mysteries1 with great solemnity1 and communicated all the people4 ,and when ,felix1 the deacon1 heard this1 he was abashed1 and refrained from further opposition4 ,fulgentius received him with great sweetness and charity1 and afterwards ordained him priest4 ,as bishop1 ,s4 ,fulgentius lived like a monk2 he fed on the coarsest food1 and dressed himself in the plainest garb1 not wearing the orarium1 which it was customary for bishops to put upon them4 ,he would not wear a cloak 7casula7 of gay colour1 but one very plain1 and beneath it a blackish1 or milk-coloured habit 7pallium71 girded about him4 ,whatever might be the weather1 in the monastery he wore this habit alone1 and when he slept1 he never loosed his girdle4 ,in the tunic in which he slept1 in that did he sacrifice2 he may be said1 in time of sacrifice1 to have changed his heart rather than his habit4#ae ,his great love for a recluse life induced him to build a monastery near his house at ,ruspe1 which he designed to place under the direction of his old friend1 the ,abbot ,felix4 ,but before the building could be completed1 ,king ,thrasimund ordered the banishment of the ,catholic bishops to ,sardinia4 ,accordingly1 ,s4 ,fulgentius and other prelates1 sixty in all1 were carried into exile1 and during their banishment they were provided yearly with provisions and money by the liberality of ,symmachus1 ,bishop of ,rome4 ,a letter of this ,pope to them is still extant1 in which he encourages them1 and comforts them4 ,s4 ,fulgentius1 during his retirement1 composed several treatises for the confirmation of the faith of the orthodox in ,africa4 ,king ,thrasimund1 desirous of seeing him1 sent for him1 and appointed him lodgings in ,carthage4 ,the king drew up a set of ten objections to the ,catholic faith1 and required ,fulgentius to answer them4 ,the ,saint immediately complied with his request1 and his answer had such effect1 that the king1 when he sent him new objections1 ordered that the answers should be read to himself alone4 ,he then addressed to ,thrasimund a confutation of ,arianism1 which we have under the title of ,three ,books to ,king ,thrasimund4 ,the prince was pleased with the work1 and granted him permission to reside at ,carthage2 till1 upon repeated complaints from the ,arian bishops1 of the success of his preaching1 which threatened1 they said1 the total conversion of the city to the faith in the ,consubstantial1 he was sent back to ,sardinia1 in #ebj4 ,he was sent on board one stormy night1 that he might be taken away without the knowledge of the people1 but the wind being contrary1 the vessel was driven into port again in the morning1 and the news having spread that the bishop was about to be taken from them1 the people crowded to say farewell1 and he was enabled to go to a church1 celebrate1 and communicate all the faithful4 ,being ready to go on board when the wind shifted1 he said to a ,catholic1 whom he saw weeping1 ,grieve not1 ,i shall shortly return1 and the true faith of ,christ will flourish again in this realm1 with full liberty to profess it2 but divulge not this secret to any4 ,the event confirmed the truth of the prediction4 ,thrasimund died in #ebc1 and was succeeded by ,hilderic1 who gave orders for the restoration of the orthodox bishops to their sees1 and that liberty of worship should be accorded to the ,catholics4 ,the ship which brought back the bishops to ,carthage was received with great demonstrations of joy4 ,the pupil of the bishop1 and eye-witness of the scene1 thus describes it3--,such was the devotion of the ,carthaginian citizens1 desiring to see the blessed ,fulgentius again1 that all the people ardently looked for him whom they had seen wrestle so manfully before them4 ,the multitude1 which stood upon the shore1 was silent in expectation as the other bishops disembarked before him1 seeking with eyes and thoughts only him whom they had familiarly known1 and eagerly expecting him from the ship4 ,and when his face appeared1 there broke forth a huge clamour1 all striving who should first salute him1 who should first bow his head to him giving the benediction1 who should deserve to touch the tips of his fingers as he walked1 who might even catch a glimpse of him1 standing afar off4 ,from every tongue resounded the praise of ,god4 ,then the people1 going before and following after the procession of the blessed confessors1 moved to the ,church of ,s4 ,agileus4 ,but there was such a throng of people1 especially around ,fulgentius1 whom they especially honoured1 that a ring had to be formed about him by the holy precaution of the ,christians1 to allow him to advance upon his way4 ,moreover1 the ,lord1 desiring to prove the charity of the faithful1 marvellously poured upon them1 as they moved1 a heavy shower of rain4 ,but the heavy down-pour deterred none of them1 but seemed to be the abundant benediction of heaven descending on them1 and it so increased their faith1 that they spread their cloaks above blessed ,fulgentius1 and composed of their great love a new sort of tabernacle over him4 ,and the evening approaching1 the company of prelates presented themselves before ,boniface1 the bishop 7of ,carthage7 of pious memory1 and all together praised and glorified ,god4 ,then the blessed ,fulgentius traversed the streets of ,carthage1 visiting his friends and blessing them2 he rejoiced with them that did rejoice1 and wept with them that did weep2 and so1 having satisfied all their wishes1 he bade farewell to his brethren1 and went forth out of ,carthage1 finding on all the roads people coming to meet him in the way with lanterns1 and candles1 and boughs of trees1 and great joy1 giving praises to the ineffable ,god1 who had wondrously made the blessed ,fulgentius well pleasing in the sight of all men4 ,he was received in all the churches as if he were their bishop1 and thus the people throughout ,byzacene rejoiced as one man over his return4 ,arrived at ,ruspe1 ,s4 ,fulgentius diligently laboured to correct what was evil1 and restore what was fallen down1 and strengthen what was feeble in his diocese4 ,the persecution had lasted seventy years1 so that many abuses had crept in1 and the faith of many was feeble1 and ignorance prevailed4 ,he carried out his reformation with such gentleness1 that he won1 sooner or later1 the hearts of the most vicious4 ,in a council1 held at ,junque1 in #ebd1 a certain bishop1 named ,quodvultdeus1 disputed the precedency with the ,bishop of ,ruspe1 who made no reply1 but took the first place accorded him by the council4 ,however1 ,s4 ,fulgentius publicly desired1 at the convention of another council1 that he might be allowed to yield the precedence to ,quodvultdeus4 ,about a year before his death1 the bishop retired from all business1 to prepare his soul for its exit1 to a little island named ,circinia4 ,the necessities of his flock recalled him1 however1 to ,ruspe for a little while4 ,he bore the violent pains of his last illness with great resignation1 praying incessantly1 ,lord grant me patience now1 and afterwards pardon4 ,he called his clergy about him1 and asked them to forgive him if he had shewn too great severity at any time1 or had offended them in any way1 and then1 committing his soul into the hand of ,god as a merciful ,creator1 he fell asleep in the evening of ,january #a,,st1 ,a4,d4 #ecc1 in his sixty-fifth year4 ,relics1 at ,bourges1 in ,france1 where ,may #af is observed as the feast of his translation1 in the year #gad4 ,s4 ,,mochua1 ,,or ,,cuan4 7,,about #f,,th ,,cent47 ,commemorated in the ancient ,irish ,martyrologies on the #aath ,april2 probably as being the day of his translation4 ,but he died on ,jan4 #ast4 ,the life of ,s4 ,mochua1 in the ,bollandists1 is legendary1 and is full of the wildest fable4 ,,saint ,,mochua was the son of a certain ,cronan1 of noble race1 and spent his youth in fighting4 ,at the age of thirty1 he laid aside his arms1 and burnt a house1 with all its contents1 which had been given to him by his uncle1 saying that a servant of ,christ should take nothing from sinners4 ,then he settled at a spot called ,teach ,mochua4 ,he is said to have healed ,s4 ,finnan1 or ,munnu1 of leprosy1 and when ,s4 ,finnan was about to return home1 and his horse broke its leg1 ,s4 ,mochua summoned a stag out of the forest to come and draw the vehicle1 in place of the horse4 ,in his time1 the first stone church was erected in ,ireland by ,s4 ,kieran1 and during the building of the church1 there fell no rain to impede the masons1 for the clouds were stayed by the prayers of ,s4 ,mochua4 ,he is said to have founded thirty churches4 ,to assist in drawing wood from the forest to build these churches1 ,mochua called to his aid twelve stags1 which served as patiently and obediently as oxen4 ,and when his virtues drew to him many people and much praise1 the old man fled from place to place1 for he considered that the glory of this world would turn his heart from the glory of the world to come4 ,and when very aged1 he escaped with his oratory bell into a wild and mountainous part1 and there the clapper fell to the ground1 at a place called ,dagrinnis4 ,he was troubled in spirit1 so bleak and lonely did the place appear2 but an angel announced to him that there he was to build a cell1 and there to die2 and in this spot he spent thirty years1 and wrought many miracles1 and died in the ninety-ninth year of his age4 ,it is difficult to clear the lives of many of the ,irish ,saints from the fable wherewith lively imaginations have invested them1 in their oral transmission through many hundreds of years4 ,s4 ,,mochua1 ,,or ,,cronan1 ,,of ,,balla 7#g,,th ,,cent47 ,the day of his death is unknown4 ,he is here mentioned because of the similarity of his name to that of ,s4 ,mochua1 of ,teach ,mochua4 ,his life is legendary4 ,saint ,mochua1 or ,cronan1 was the third son of ,began1 a man of good family4 ,as a child1 he was despised by his parents1 and sent to keep sheep4 ,but ,s4 ,congal1 passing by his father's house1 called the boy to follow him1 and made him a monk4 ,s4 ,mochua founded the monastery of ,balla in ,connaught4 ,he departed to the ,lord in the fifty-sixth year of his age4 ,s4 ,,odilo1 ,,ab4 ,,cluny4 7,a4,d4 #ajdi47 ,roman and ,benedictine ,martyrologies4 ,two lives of ,s4 ,odilo are extant1 one written by ,jotsald1 a monk1 who had lived under his rule1 and who wrote it for ,stephen1 the nephew of the ,saint4 ,the other1 a very inferior life1 by ,s4 ,peter ,damian4 ,both are printed in the ,bollandists1 but the first is from an imperfect ,,ms4 ,it was printed entire by ,mabillon1 ,acta ,,ss4 ,o4 ,s4 ,b4 ,odilo belonged to the family of ,mercoeur1 one of the most illustrious of ,auvergne4 ,jotsald says3--,in the beginning of the account of his virtues ,i must relate what happened to him as a boy4 ,and lest it be thought incredible1 ,i mention that ,i heard it from those to whom he was wont to narrate the circumstance4 ,when he was quite a little boy in his father's house1 before he was sent to school1 he was destitute of almost all power in his limbs1 so that he could not walk or move himself without help4 ,it happened that one day his father's family were moving to another place1 and a nurse was given charge of him to carry him4 ,on her way1 she put the little boy down with her bundles before the door of a church1 dedicated to the ,mother of ,god1 as she and the rest were obliged to go into some adjacent houses to procure food4 ,as they were some while absent1 the boy finding himself left alone1 impelled by divine inspirations1 began to try to get to the door and enter the ,church of the ,mother of ,god4 ,by some means1 crawling on hands and knees1 he reached it1 and entered the church1 and went to the altar1 and caught the altar vestment with his hands2 then1 with all his power1 stretching his hands on high1 he tried to rise1 but was unable to do so1 his joints having been so long ill-united4 ,nevertheless1 divine power conquered1 strengthening and repairing the feeble limbs of the boy4 ,thus1 by the intervention of the ,mother of ,god1 he rose1 and stood upon his feet whole1 and ran here and there about the altar4 ,the servants returning to fetch their bundles1 and not finding the child1 were much surprised1 and looked in all directions1 and not seeing him1 became greatly alarmed4 ,however1 by chance1 entering the church1 they saw him rambling and running about it2 then they recognised the power of ,god1 and joyously took the boy in their arms1 and went to their destination1 and gave him1 completely whole1 to his parents1 with great gladness4 ,as a child1 he showed singular simplicity1 modesty1 and piety4 ,thus passed his childish years1 and as the strength of youth began to succeed to boyhood1 he silently meditated how to desert the flesh-pots of ,egypt1 and to strive to enter the ,land of ,promise1 through the trials of the world4 ,o good ,jesu6 how sweet is ,thy call6 how sweet the inspiration of ,thy ,spirit1 which as soon as ,thou strikest on the heart1 turns the fire of the ,babylonish furnace into love of the celestial country4 ,so6 as soon as thou strikest the heart of the youth1 thou changest it4 ,whilst he was thus meditating1 ,s4 ,majolus passed through ,auvergne1 and ,odilo came to him2 then the old man1 looking on the graceful form and comely face of the youth1 and by the instinct of the ,saints seeing into his soul1 he loved him greatly2 also the youthful ,odilo felt a great affection for the aged monk4 ,and when they spoke to one another1 ,odilo opened his heart to ,majolus1 and the venerable man encouraged the youth to persevere in his good intentions4 ,shortly after1 ,odilo left his home1 as ,abraham of old went forth out of ,ur of the ,chaldees1 and sought admittance into the abbey of ,cluny1 as into the ,promised ,land4 ,o good ,jesu6 how pleasant it was to see this sheep shorn of its worldly fleece1 again ascend as from the baptismal font6 ,then1 wearing our habit1 you might have seen our sheep amongst the others of ,his flock1 first in work1 last in place1 seeking the pastures of eternal verdure2 attending to the lamps1 sweeping the floors1 and doing other common offices4 ,but the pearl could not remain long concealed4 ,after four years1 ,s4 ,majolus1 after many hard labours borne for ,christ1 went out of the darkness of ,egypt1 entered ,jerusalem1 and was placed in eternal peace by ,christ4 ,as death approached1 he chose ,odilo to be his successor1 and to him and to the ,lord1 he committed his flock4 ,but ,s4 ,odilo shrank from the position for which his youth1 as he considered1 disqualified him2 however1 he was elected by the whole community1 and was therefore unable to refuse the office wherewith he was invested by the vote of the brethren1 and the desire of the late abbot4 ,his disciple1 ,jotsald1 gives a very beautiful picture of his master4 ,he describes him as being of middle stature1 with a face beaming with grace1 and full of authority2 very emaciated and pale2 his eyes bright and piercing1 and often shedding tears of compunction4 ,every motion of his body was grave and dignified2 his voice was manly1 and modulated to the greatest sweetness1 his speech straightforward and without affectation or artificiality4 ,his disciple says that he would recite psalms as he lay on his bed1 and falling asleep1 his lips would still continue the familiar words1 so that the brethren applied to him the words of the bride1 ,i sleep but my heart waketh1 ,ego dormio et cor meum vigilat4 ,he read diligently1 and nothing gave him greater delight than study4 ,his consideration for others was very marked4 ,he was burdensome to none1 to none importunate1 desirous of no honour1 he sought not to get what belonged to others1 nor to keep what was his own4 ,his charity was most abundant2 often the brethren feared that it exceeded what was reasonable1 but they found that though he gave largely1 he did not waste the revenues of the monastery4 ,once1 in time of famine1 he was riding along a road1 when he lit on the naked bodies of two poor boys who had died of hunger4 ,odilo burst into tears1 and descending from his horse1 drew off his woollen under garment and wrapping the bodies in it1 carefully buried them4 ,in this famine he sold the costly vessels of the ,sanctuary1 and despoiled the ,church of its gold and silver ornaments1 that he might feed the starving people4 ,amongst the objects thus parted with was the crown of gold presented to the abbey by ,henry1 ,king of the ,romans4 ,he accompanied this ,prince in his journey to ,rome1 when he was crowned emperor1 in #ajad4 ,this was his second journey thither2 he made a third in #ajag1 and a fourth in #ajbb4 ,out of devotion to ,s4 ,benedict1 he paid a visit to ,monte ,cassino1 where he kissed the feet of all the monks1 at his own request1 which was granted him with great reluctance4 ,the convocation of the brethren was regularly held by him till he was at the point of death4 ,o how joyous he was in the midst of them1 as standing in the midst of the choir1 and looking to right and left he saw the ring of young plantings1 and remembered the verse of ,david's song1 ',thy children shall be as the olive branches round about thy table4' ,filii tui sicut novellae olivarum1 in circuitu mensae tuae4 ,and the more the number of brothers increased1 the more he exhibited his joy of heart by signs4 ,and when some seemed distressed thereat1 he was wont to say1 ',grieve not that the flock has become great1 my brothers1 ,he who has called us in1 ,he governs1 and will provide4' ,fulbert1 ,bishop of ,chartres1 called him the archangel of monks2 and the name1 says his disciple1 became him well4 ,s4 ,odilo1 out of his great compassion for the souls of the dead expiating the penalty of their sins in purgatory1 instituted the commemoration of ,all ,souls for the morrow of ,all ,saints1 in the ,cluniac order1 which was afterwards adopted by the whole ,catholic ,church in the ,west4 ,many incidents of his travels1 and miracles that he wrought1 are related by his pupil4 ,as he was riding over the ,jura mountains1 in snowy weather1 the horse carrying his luggage fell1 and was precipitated into the valley1 and all the baggage was scattered in the snow-drifts4 ,with much trouble1 the horse and much of the baggage were recovered1 but a valuable ,sacramentary1 inscribed with gilt letters1 and some glass vessels1 with embossed work1 were lost4 ,that evening1 ,odilo and his monks arrived at a cell1 under the jurisdiction of ,s4 ,eugendus1 and being much troubled at his loss1 as much rain fell in the night1 ,s4 ,odilo sent some of the brethren early next morning to search for the lost treasures4 ,but the snow-drifts were so deep that they could not find them1 and he was obliged to leave without them4 ,however1 as the spring came round1 a certain priest1 named ,ermendran1 was walking in the glen1 and he found the book uninjured1 and the glass goblets unbroken4 ,he brought them to the cell1 and on the return of ,odilo to the ,jura1 he received his lost treasures intact4 ,another story of a glass vessel comes on good authority4 ,the circumstances were related by ,albert1 ,bishop of ,como1 in these words1 ,once our ,abbot and ,superior came to the court of the ,emperor ,henry1 and whilst there1 it happened one day that at table a goblet of glass1 of ,alexandrine workmanship1 very precious1 with coloured enamel on it1 was placed before him4 ,he called me and ,landulf1 afterwards ,bishop of ,turin1 to him1 and bade us take this glass to ,odilo4 ,we accordingly1 as the ,emperor had bidden1 took it1 and going to the abbot1 offered it to him1 on the part of the ,emperor1 humbly bowing4 ,he received it with great humility1 and told us to return after a while for the goblet again4 ,then1 when we had gone away1 the monks1 filled with natural curiosity to see and handle a new sort of thing1 passed the vessel from hand to hand1 and as they were examining it1 it slipped through their fingers to the ground1 and was broken4 ,when the gentle man of ,god was told this1 he was not a little grieved1 and said1 ',my brothers1 you have not done well1 for by your negligence1 the young clerks who have the custody of these things will1 maybe1 lose the favour of the ,emperor1 through your fault4 ,now1 that those who are innocent may not suffer for your carelessness1 let us all go to church and ask ,god's mercy about this matter4' ,therefore1 they all ran together into the church1 and sang psalms and prayed1 lest some harm should befall us--,albert and ,landulf1 each of them earnestly supplicating ,god for us4 ,when the prayer was over1 the holy man ordered the broken goblet to be brought to him4 ,he looked at it1 and felt it1 and could find no crack or breakage in it4 ,wherefore1 he exclaimed indignantly1 ',what are you about1 brothers8 ,you must be blind to say that the glass is broken1 when there is not a sign of injury done to it4' ,the brethren1 considering it1 were amazed at the miracle1 and did not dare to speak4 ,then1 after a while1 ,i and my companion came back for the vessel1 and we asked it of him who was carrying it4 ,he called me apart1 and returned it to me1 bidding me tell the ,emperor to regard it as a great treasure4 ,and when ,i asked his meaning1 he told me all that had happened4 ,s4 ,odilo seems to have been fond of art1 for he rebuilt the monasteries of his order1 and made them very beautiful1 and the churches he adorned with all the costly things he could procure4 ,the marble pillars for ,cluny were brought1 by his orders1 in rafts down the ,durance1 into the ,rhone1 and he was wont to say of ,cluny1 that he found it of wood and left it of marble4 ,he erected over the altar of ,s4 ,peter1 in the church1 a ciborium1 whose columns were covered with silver1 inlaid with nigello work4 ,when he felt that his death approached1 he made a circuit of all the monasteries under his sway1 that he might leave them in thorough discipline1 and give them his last admonitions4 ,on this journey he reached ,souvigny1 a priory in ,bourbonnais1 where he celebrated the ,vigil of the ,nativity1 and preached to the people1 although at the time suffering great pain4 ,after that1 he announced to the brethren in chapter1 that he was drawing nigh to his end1 and he besought their prayers4 ,as he was too weak to go to the great ,church of ,s4 ,peter1 which was attended by the monks1 he kept the festival of the ,nativity with a few brethren1 whom he detained1 to be with him in the ,chapel of ,s4 ,mary2 joyously he praecented the psalms and antiphons1 and gave the benedictions1 and performed all the ceremonies of that glad festival1 forgetful of his bodily infirmities1 knowing that soon he was to see ,god face to face1 in the land of the living1 and no more in a glass darkly4 ,most earnest was he1 lest death should come and find him unprepared4 ,throughout the ,octave1 he was carried in the arms of the monks to church1 where he assisted at the choir offices1 night and day1 and at the celebration of the mass1 refreshing himself at the sacred mysteries1 and looking forward to the feast of the ,circumcision1 when his friend ,william1 abbot of ,dijon1 had fallen asleep1 on which day1 he foretold1 he also should enter into his rest4 ,on that day1 carried by his brethren1 he was laid before the altar of the ,virgin ,mother1 and the monks sang vespers4 ,now and then their voices failed1 through over much sorrow1 and then he recited the words of the psalms they in their trouble had omitted4 ,as night crept in at the windows1 he grew weaker and fainter4 ,then the brothers laid sack-cloth and ashes under him1 and as he was lifted in the arms of one1 brother ,bernard1 he asked1 reviving a little1 where he was4 ,the brother answered1 ,on sack-cloth and ashes4 ,then he sighed forth1 ,god be thanked6 and he asked that the little children1 and the whole body of the brethren1 might be assembled4 ,and when all were gathered around him1 he directed his eyes to the ,cross1 and his lips moved in prayer1 and he died thus in prayer1 gazing on the sign of his salvation4 ,his body was laid in the nave of the ,church of ,souvigny1 near that of ,s4 ,majolus4 ,he is often represented saying mass1 with purgatory open beside the altar1 and those suffering extending their hands to him1 in allusion to his having instituted the commemoration of ,all ,souls4 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,the ,hermits1 by ,rev4 ,c4 ,kingsley1 p4 #aec1 #aed4 #ae ,this passage has been quoted by some to show that at this period special vestments were not in general use for the ,eucharist1 as an argument against their present use4 ,but it by no means appears from the passage quoted that ,fulgentius did not wear ,eucharistic vestments4 ,it simply says that he wore at ,mass the habit he lived and slept in4 ,this is what monks and friars do now2 they put the vestment over the habit4 ,,january #b4 ,the ,octave of ,s4 ,stephen1 the ,first ,martyr4 ,,ss4 ,,frontasius1 ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm4 in ,gaul4 ,,ss4 ,,martyrs1 at ,lichfield1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cjd4 ,s4 ,,isidore1 ,b4,c41 in ,egypt1 #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,macarius1 ,,of ,,alexandria1 ,ab41 ,a4,d4 #cid4 ,s4 ,,aspasius1 ,c41 at ,melun1 ,france1 ,a4,d4 #eej4 ,s4 ,,maximus1 ,ab4 ,m41 in ,france1 ,a4,d4 #fad4 ,s4 ,,adalhardt1 ,ab4 of ,corbie1 ,a4,d4 #hbf4 ,s4 ,,silvester1 ,monk of ,trani1 in ,s4 ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #aahe4 ,,the ,,holy ,,martyrs ,,of ,,lichfield4 7,a4,d4 #cjd47 ,anglican ,martyrologies4 ,lichfield derives its name from ,lyke-field1 the field of dead bodies1 because it is traditionally said1 that in the persecution of ,diocletian1 many ,christians suffered there for the faith4 ,the arms of ,lichfield are a plain strewn with corpses4 ,nothing certain is known of this event1 which is probably altogether apocryphal4 ,s4 ,,macarius ,,of ,,alexandria1 ,,ab4 7,a4,d4 #cid47 ,there were two ,macarii4 ,both are commemorated together by the ,greeks1 on ,jan4 #aith2 but the ,latins commemorate ,s4 ,macarius of ,alexandria1 on ,jan4 #bnd2 and ,s4 ,macarius the ,egyptian1 on ,jan4 #aeth4 ,the history of this ,s4 ,macarius is perfectly authentic1 having been written by ,s4 ,palladius 7,b4 #cfh17 in the year #dba2 the writer knew ,s4 ,macarius personally1 having been nine years in the cells1 of which ,s4 ,macarius was priest4 ,three of these years ,macarius and ,palladius lived together2 so that1 as the author says1 he had every opportunity of judging of his manner of life and actions4 ,saint ,macarius the younger was born in ,alexandria1 of poor parents1 and followed the trade of confectioner4 ,desirous of serving ,god with his whole heart1 he forsook the world in the flower of his age1 and spent upwards of sixty years in the deserts1 in the exercise of fervent penance and prayer4 ,he first retired into the ,thebaid1 or ,upper ,egypt1 about the year #cce2 then1 aiming at greater disengagement1 he descended to ,lower ,egypt1 in or about the year #cgc4 ,here there were three deserts almost adjoining each other2 that of ,sct2 that of the ,cells1 so called because of the multitude of cells wherewith its rocks were honey-combed2 and a third1 which reached the western bank of the ,nile1 called the ,nitrian desert4 ,s4 ,macarius had a cell in each of these deserts4 ,when he was in ,nitria he gave advice to those who sought him4 ,but his chief residence was in the desert of the ,cells4 ,there each hermit lived separate1 assembling only on ,saturday and ,sunday1 in the church1 to celebrate the divine mysteries1 and to partake of the ,holy ,communion4 ,all the brothers were employed at some handicraft1 generally they platted baskets or mats4 ,all in the burning desert was still2 in their cells the hermits worked1 and prayed1 and cooked their scanty victuals1 till the red ball of the sun went down behind the sandy plain to the west2 then from all that region rose a hum of voices1 the rise and fall of song1 as the evening psalms and hymns were being chanted by that great multitude of solitaries in dens and caves of the earth4 ,palladius has recorded an instance of the great self-denial observed by these hermits4 ,a present was made to ,s4 ,macarius of a bunch of grapes1 newly gathered4 ,the holy man carried it to a neighbouring solitary who was sick2 he sent it to another1 and each wishing that some dear brother should enjoy the fruit rather than himself1 passed it on to another2 and thus the bunch of grapes made the circuit of the cells1 and was brought back to ,macarius4 ,the severity of life practised by these hermits was great4 ,for seven years together ,s4 ,macarius lived on raw herbs and pulse1 and for the three following years contented himself with four or five ounces of bread a day4 ,his watchings were not less surprising4 ,he told ,palladius that it had been his great desire to fix his mind on ,god alone for five days and nights continuously4 ,and when he supposed he was in the proper mood1 he closed his cell1 and stood up1 and said1 ,now thou hast angels and archangels1 and all the heavenly host in company with thee4 ,be in heaven1 and forget earthly things4 ,and so he continued for two nights and days1 wrapped in heavenly contemplations1 but then his hut seemed to flame about him1 even the mat on which he stood1 and his mind was diverted to earth4 ,but it was as well1 said he2 for ,i might have fallen into pride4 ,the reputation of the monastery of ,tabenna1 under ,s4 ,pachomius1 drew him to it in disguise4 ,s4 ,pachomius told him he seemed too far advanced in years to begin to practise the austerities undergone by himself and his monks2 nevertheless1 on his earnest entreaty1 he admitted him4 ,then ,lent drew on1 and the aged ,macarius saw the monks fasting1 some two whole days1 others five1 some standing all night1 and sitting at their work during the day4 ,then he1 having soaked some palm leaves1 as material for his work1 went apart into a corner1 and till ,easter came1 he neither ate nor drank1 nor sat down1 nor bowed his knee1 nor lay down1 and sustained life on a few raw cabbage leaves which he ate on ,sundays2 and when he went forth for any need he returned silently to his work1 and occupied his hands in platting1 and his heart in prayer4 ,but when the others saw this1 they were astonished1 and remonstrated with ,s4 ,pachomius1 saying1 ,why hast thou brought this fleshless man here to confound us with his austerities4 ,send him away1 or we will desert this place4 ,then the abbot went to ,macarius1 and asked him who he was1 and when he told his name1 ,pachomius was glad1 and cried1 ,many years have ,i desired to see thee4 ,i thank thee that thou hast humbled my sons2 but now1 go thy way1 sufficiently hast thou edified us2 go1 and pray for us4 ,macarius1 on one occasion1 to subdue his flesh1 filled two great baskets with sand1 and laying them on his shoulders1 walked over the hot desert1 bowed beneath them4 ,a friend meeting him1 offered to ease him of his burden1 but ,no1 said the old hermit1 ,i have to torment my tormentor2 meaning his body4 ,one day1 a gnat stung him in his cell1 and he killed it4 ,then1 ashamed that he had allowed himself to be irritated by the petty insect1 and to have lost an opportunity of enduring mortification with equanimity1 he went to the marshes of ,sct1 and stayed there six months1 suffering greatly from the stings of the insects4 ,when he returned1 he was so disfigured by their bites1 that he was only recognized by his voice4 ,the terrible severity with which these ,egyptian hermits punished themselves is perhaps startling1 but it was something needed at a time when the civilized world was sunk in luxury1 profligacy1 and indifference4 ,that was a time which called for a startling and vivid contrast to lead minds into self-inspection4 ,private profligacy among all ranks was such as cannot be described in any modern pages4 ,the clergy of the cities1 though not of profligate lives1 and for the most part unmarried1 were able to make no stand against the general corruption of the age1 because--at least if we are to trust such writers as ,jerome and ,chrysostom--they were giving themselves up to ambition and avarice1 intrigue and party spirit4 ,no wonder if1 in such a state of things1 the minds of men were stirred by a passion akin to despair4 ,it would have ended often1 but for ,christianity1 in such an actual despair as that which had led1 in past ages1 more than one noble ,roman to slay himself1 when he lost all hope for the ,republic4 ,christianity taught those who despaired of society1 of the world--in one word1 of the ,roman empire1 and all that it had done for men--to hope at last for a ,kingdom of ,god after death4 ,it taught those1 who1 had they been heathens and brave enough1 would have slain themselves to escape out of a world which was no place for honest men1 that the body must be kept alive1 at least1 for the sake of the immortal soul1 doomed1 according to its works1 to endless bliss or endless torment4 ,but that the world--such1 at least1 as they saw it then--was doomed1 ,scripture and their own reason taught them4 ,they did not merely believe1 but see1 in the misery and confusion1 the desolation1 and degradation around them1 that all that was in the world1 the lust of the flesh1 the lust of the eye1 and the pride of life1 was not of the ,father1 but of the world2 that the world was passing away1 and the lust thereof1 and that only he who did the will of ,god could abide for ever4 ,they did not merely believe1 but saw1 that the wrath of ,god was revealed from heaven against all unrighteousness of men2 and that the world in general was treasuring up to themselves wrath1 tribulation1 and anguish1 against a day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of ,god1 who would render to every man according to his works4 ,that they were correct in their judgment of the world about them1 contemporary history proves abundantly4 ,that they were correct1 likewise1 in believing that some fearful judgment was about to fall on man1 is proved by the fact that it did fall2 that the first half of the fifth century saw1 not only the sack of ,rome1 but the conquest and desolation of the greater part of the civilized world1 amid bloodshed1 misery1 and misrule1 which seemed to turn ,europe into a chaos1 which would have turned it into a chaos1 had there not been a few men left who still felt it possible and necessary to believe in ,god1 and to work righteousness4 ,under these terrible forebodings1 men began to flee from a doomed world1 and try to be alone with ,god1 if by any means they might save each man his own soul in that dread day4#af ,s4 ,macarius1 of ,alexandria1 and his namesake1 the ,egyptian1 lived much together4 ,they were both exiled in #cge1 at the instigation of the ,arian patriarch of ,alexandria1 who dreaded their influence over the people1 and zeal for the orthodox faith4 ,they crossed the ,nile together in a ferryboat1 when they encountered two military tribunes1 accompanied by a great array of horses1 with decorated bridles1 of equipages1 soldiers1 and pages covered with ornaments4 ,the officers looked long at the two monks in their old dresses1 humbly seated in a corner of the bark4 ,they might well look at them1 for in that bark two worlds stood face to face2 old ,rome1 degraded by the emperors1 and the new ,christian republic1 of which the monks were the precursors4 ,as they approached the shore1 one of the tribunes said to the cenobites1 ,you are happy1 for you despise the world4 ,it is true1 answered the ,alexandrine1 we despise the world1 and the world despises you4 ,you have spoken more truly than you intended2 we are happy in fact1 and happy in name1 for we are called ,macarius1 which means in ,greek happy4 ,the tribune made no answer1 but1 returning to his house1 renounced all his wealth and rank1 and went to seek happiness in solitude4 ,in art1 ,s4 ,macarius is represented with wallets of sand on his shoulders2 sometimes with a hyaena and its young1 because the story is told that one day a hyaena brought her young one and laid it at the feet of the hermit4 ,he looked at the animal1 and saw that it was blind1 therefore he pitied the poor whelp1 and prayed to ,god2 then he touched the eyes of the young hyaena1 and it saw plain4 ,next day1 the mother brought a sheepskin and laid it at his feet1 and this the hermit wore continually afterwards1 till he gave it to ,s4 ,melania4 ,,footnotes3 #af ,kingsley1 ,the ,hermits1 p4 #d1 #f4 ,s4 ,,adalhardt1 ,,or ,,adelard1 ,,ab4 ,c4 7,a4,d4 #hbf47 ,named in many later ,western ,martyrologies1 but not enrolled in the ,roman ,kalendar4 ,he is variously called ,adelhard1 ,adalarch1 ,alard1 and ,adelhardt4 ,his life was written by ,s4 ,paschasius ,radbertus1 his disciple1 and this was epitomized by ,s4 ,gerard1 of ,sauve-,majeur1 in the #aath century4 ,paschasius says that the reason of his writing the life1 was to recall him whom almost the whole world regards as holy and admirable2 whom we have seen1 and whose love we enjoyed4 ,adalhardt was of royal race1 having been the son of ,bernhardt1 son of ,charles ,martel1 the brother of ,king ,pepin2 so that ,adalhardt was cousin-german to ,charlemagne1 by whom he was called to court in his youth1 and created ,count of the ,palace4 ,but when the king put away his wife1 the daughter of ,desiderius1 ,king of ,italy1 to marry another1 ,adalhardt left the court1 disgusted with its lawlessness and vice1 and became a monk at ,corbie1 at the age of twenty1 in the year #ggc4 ,he was made gardener1 and1 as his historian says1 ,with ,mary he sought ,jesus in the garden4 ,at ,corbie1 he was so frequently visited by his relations1 his friends1 and acquaintances1 that he had not sufficient solitude for the labour of turning his soul from earth to heaven2 therefore he left ,corbie and betook himself to ,monte ,cassino2 but by order of the ,emperor ,charles1 he was brought back again to ,corbie1 where he was shortly after elected abbot4 ,he was compelled at last1 by ,charlemagne1 to quit the monastery1 and take upon him the charge of prime minister to his son ,pepin1 to whom he had intrusted the government of ,italy4 ,on the death of ,charlemagne1 ,louis the ,pious succeeded to the throne1 and dismissed all the old ministers and officers of his father4 ,bernard1 son of ,pepin1 the elder brother of ,louis1 who was dead1 having asserted his right to the throne1 ,king ,louis suspected the abbot of ,corbie of having been privy to this attempt1 and he exiled him to the island of ,heri1 or ,herimoutier1 and his brothers and sisters were sent into monasteries4 ,his brother ,walla was forced to become a monk at ,corbie2 ,bernharius was sent to ,lerins2 his sister ,gundrada was given to the charge of ,s4 ,radegund1 at ,poictiers1 and only ,theodradra was left unmolested at ,soissons4 ,adalhardt spent seven years in banishment at ,herimoutier1 and then the king1 having recognized his error1 recalled him1 to the great grief of the monks of ,heri1 to whom his meekness and charity had made him dear1 and to the joy of those of ,corbie1 to whom he returned4 ,he was not1 however1 allowed to remain at peace in his abbey at the head of his monks1 but was recalled to court1 where the king1 whose disposition was much changed1 followed his advice in all his undertakings1 and ,adalhardt was of great use to him1 in suggesting improvement in the laws4 ,at length1 in #hbc1 he obtained leave to return to ,corbie1 which he governed till his death4 ,he had an admirable memory1 so that he never forgot the face1 or name1 or disposition of one of his monks2 and he was careful to speak with each of them once a week4 ,during the banishment of the ,saint1 another ,adalhardt1 who governed the monastery by his appointment1 began the foundation of another ,corbie1 in the diocese of ,paderborn1 in ,westphalia1 that it might be a nursery of missionaries for the conversion of the northern nations4 ,s4 ,adalhardt often journeyed from one ,corbie to the other1 that he might provide for the welfare1 and look to the discipline of both houses4 ,finding himself attacked with fever1 and knowing that he should not recover1 he used every effort to reach the mother house before ,christmas4 ,this he achieved1 and there he calmly prepared for his passage1 communicating daily4 ,hearing of his sickness1 ,hildemann1 ,bishop of ,beauvais1 who had been a monk under him1 hurried to his side1 and administered to him the ,sacrament of extreme unction1 and scarcely left him4 ,one day1 however1 the bishop left the room for a moment1 and1 on his return1 saw the sick man in great transport4 ,the ,abbot exclaimed1 ,hither speedily1 ,bishop1 ,i urge you1 and kiss the feet of ,jesus1 my ,lord1 for ,he is at my side4 ,then the ,bishop of ,beauvais trembled with awe1 and stood still1 not knowing what to say or do4 ,but ,adalhardt said no more4 ,on the ,octave of the ,nativity1 he called together the brethren1 and having received the ,body and ,blood of ,christ1 he said to the assembled monks1 ,o my sons1 the fruit of my old age in the ,lord6 ,i have finished the number of my days1 and to-day ,i shall depart1 and go the way of all flesh1 and appear in the presence of my ,redeemer4 ,i have finished the course of my struggle1 and what reward ,i shall receive1 ,i know not4 ,but help me1 ,i pray1 that ,i in you1 and you in me1 may rejoice in the ,lord4 ,thus saying1 he surrendered his pure soul to ,him who made it4 ,he was buried at the foot of the chancel steps in the ,church of ,s4 ,peter1 at ,corbie2 but in the year #ajdj the body was taken up and enshrined4 ,s4 ,,silvester1 ,,of ,,trani1 ,,monk4 7,a4,d4 #aahe47 ,s4 ,silvester1 monk of ,trani1 near ,barletta1 in ,south ,italy1 is held there in great reverence1 and commemorated on the #bnd ,jan4 and #bnd ,may4 ,saint ,silvester1 of whom nothing authentic is known1 is traditionally said to have been a monk of the order of ,s4 ,basil1 in the convent of ,s4 ,michael1 at ,bari4 ,various miracles are attributed to him1 as his having gone one winter day to ,catania and back on foot4 ,he is also said to have entered a baker's furnace to scrape the living embers together for him1 when he had lost his shovel1 and to have come forth unhurt4 ,illustration3 ,oblation of an ,infant to a ,religious ,community4 ,after a ,miniature in the ,burgundy ,library at ,brussels4 ,january #c4 ,the ,octave of ,s4 ,john1 the ,evangelist4 ,s4 ,,anteros1 ,pope and ,m41 at ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #bcf4 ,s4 ,,florentius1 ,b4,m41 at ,vienne1 in ,france1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #beh4 ,,ss4 ,,zosimus ,,and ,,athanasius1 ,,mm41 in ,cilicia1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #bij4 ,s4 ,,peter ,,balsam1 ,m41 at ,aulane in ,palestine1 ,a4,d4 #bia4 ,s4 ,,gordius1 ,m41 at ,caesarea1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cbj4 ,,ss4 ,,theognis1 ,,primus1 ,,and ,,cyrinus1 ,,mm41 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cbj4 ,s4 ,,melor1 ,m41 in ,cornwall1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #daa4 ,s4 ,,genoveva1 ,v41 at ,paris1 ,a4,d4 #eab4 ,s4 ,,bertilia1 ,v41 at ,marolles1 ,a4,d4 #fhg4 ,s4 ,,anteros1 ,p4 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #bcf47 ,commemorated in the ,roman ,martyrology1 and in that attributed to ,bede1 that of ,usuardus1 c4 ,saint ,anteros succeeded ,s4 ,pontianus as ,bishop of ,rome in #bce4 ,he instituted the office of notaries in the ,church1 to take down the sayings and sufferings of the martyrs1 so that faithful records of their acts might be preserved4 ,he died1 ,june #ahth1 ,a4,d4 #bcf4 ,,ss4 ,,zosimus ,,and ,,athanasius1 ,,mm4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #bij47 ,roman ,martyrology and ,greek ,menaea4 ,the ,greeks keep their commemoration1 however1 on ,jan4 #dth4 ,the authority for the following account is the ,greek ,menaea4 ,these martyrs suffered under ,diocletian1 in ,cilicia4 ,s4 ,zosimus was a hermit4 ,his ears were burnt off with red hot irons1 afterwards he was plunged into a vessel of molten lead1 and was then dismissed4 ,he returned to his desert1 converted and baptized ,athanasius1 and died in his cell4 ,s4 ,,peter ,,balsam1 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #bia47 ,commemorated in most ,latin ,martyrologies1 and in the ,greek ,menaea on the #abth ,jan4 ,he is mentioned as ,peter the ,ascetic1 by ,eusebius2 his genuine ,acts are given in ,ruinart4 ,eusebius1 in his account of the martyrs of ,palestine1 appended to the #hth book of his ,ecclesiastical ,history1 says3--,on the eleventh of the month ,audynoeus1 i4e41 on the third of the ides of ,january 7#aath ,jan471 in the same city of ,caesarea1 ,peter the ,ascetic1 also called ,absolom1 from the village of ,anea1 on the borders of ,eleutheropolis1 like the purest gold1 with a good resolution1 gave proof of his faith in the ,christ of ,god4 ,disregarding both the judge and those around him1 that besought him in many ways to have compassion on himself1 and to spare his youth and blooming years1 he preferred his hope in the ,supreme ,god of all1 and even to life itself4 ,the name of this ,saint seems to have been ,peter ,absolom2 the latter appellation has been corrupted into ,apselm1 ,anselm1 and ,balsam4 ,the acts of his martrydom are authentic4 ,they are as follows3-- ,at that time ,peter1 called ,balsam1 was captured at ,aulane1 in the time of persecution4 ,he came from the borders of ,eleutheropolis1 and was brought before the governor1 ,severus1 who said to him1 ,what is your name8 ,peter answered1 ,i am called by my paternal name of ,balsam1 but in baptism ,i received my spiritual name of ,peter4 ,the ,governor1 ,to what family do you belong8 ,peter1 ,i am a ,christian4 ,the ,governor1 ,what office do you bear8 ,peter1 ,what office can be more honourable than to live a ,christian8 ,the ,governor1 ,have you any parents8 ,peter1 ,i have none4 ,the ,governor1 ,there you lie1 for ,i have heard that you have4 ,peter1 ,in the ,gospel ,i am commanded to renounce all things when ,i come to confess ,christ4 ,the ,governor1 ,do you know the imperial edicts8 ,peter1 ,i know the laws of ,god1 the ,sovereign true and everlasting4 ,the ,governor1 ,it is commanded by the most clement emperors that all ,christians shall either sacrifice1 or be executed in various ways4 ,peter1 ,and this is the command of the everlasting ,king4 ,if thou sacrifice to any demon1 and not to ,god alone1 thou shalt be plucked out of the ,book of the ,living4 ,judge thou which ,i shall obey4 ,the ,governor1 ,come1 listen to me1 sacrifice and obey the law4 ,peter1 ,i will not sacrifice to gods made by men's hands of wood and stone4 ,and he poured forth a vehement invective against idolatry4 ,the governor ordered him to the rack1 and when he was slung to it1 he said1 ,well1 ,peter1 what say you to this8 ,how do you like your swing8 ,peter said1 ,bring the iron hooks2 ,i have already told thee that ,i will not sacrifice to devils1 but to ,god alone1 for whom ,i suffer4 ,the governor ordered him to be tortured4 ,and when the stress of torment was very great1 the martyr uttered no cry of pain1 but sang1 ,one thing have ,i desired of the ,lord1 which ,i will require3 even that ,i may dwell in the house of the ,lord all the days of my life1 to behold the fair beauty of the ,lord1 and to visit ,his temple4 ,what reward shall ,i give unto the ,lord for all the benefits that ,he hath done unto me8 ,i will take the cup of salvation1 and call upon the ,name of the ,lord4 ,as he thus spake1 the governor ordered other executioners to come to the work1 being much exasperated4 ,and the crowd standing by1 when they saw much blood run over the pavement1 lamented1 and urged him1 saying1 ,o man1 compassionate thyself1 and sacrifice1 that thou mayest escape these dreadful pains4 ,but the holy man of ,god answered them1 ,these pains are nothing1 and give me no suffering2 but were ,i to deny the name of my ,god1 ,i know that ,i should fall into greater torments1 which would last eternally4 ,the ,governor said1 ,you had better sacrifice1 or you will repent it4 ,no1 answered ,peter2 ,i will not sacrifice1 and ,i shall not repent it4 ,the ,governor said1 ,well1 then ,i shall pronounce sentence4 ,that1 said ,peter1 is what ,i most ardently desire4 ,then the governor gave sentence in these words1 ,i command ,peter1 continuously despising the commands of the unconquered emperors1 to suffer the death of the cross4 ,thus1 the venerable athlete of ,christ1 fulfilling his agony1 was found worthy to participate in the ,passion of his ,lord4 ,and he suffered at ,aulane1 on the third of the nones of ,january 7,jan4 #crd17 under ,maximian1 the emperor4 ,this account is somewhat abbreviated from the ,acts4 ,there is some little discrepancy between it and that of ,eusebius4 ,the ecclesiastical historian says he was executed at ,caesarea2 the ,acts say at ,aulane2 but as this was an insignificant village in the district over which the governor of ,caesarea held jurisdiction1 the discrepancy is only apparent4 ,eusebius says he suffered on the third of the ides2 the ,acts1 that he suffered on the third of the nones4 ,it is probable that ,eusebius is right1 for the ,greeks observe the martyrdom of ,s4 ,peter ,balsam on the #abth ,jan41 and in the ,martyrology1 attributed to ,s4 ,jerome1 the passion of this ,saint is given as occurring on the third of the ides1 #aath ,jan4 ,s4 ,,gordius ,m4 7,,about #cbj47 ,commemorated by the ,roman ,martyrology and the ,greek ,menaea on the same day4 ,the account of his passion is given by ,s4 ,basil the ,great in a panegyric at ,caesarea1 on the anniversary of his martyrdom1 which he says was then recent4 ,this account1 given on the scene of his suffering1 within the memory of man1 so that some of those who heard the discourse of ,s4 ,basil1 had seen the conflict of the martyr1 is unquestionably trustworthy4 ,saint ,gordius was a native of ,caesarea1 in ,cappadocia1 and was a centurion in the army4 ,when ,galerius issued his edicts against the ,church in the ,east 7#cjc17 ,gordius laid aside his office1 and retired into the desert1 where he lived in fasting and prayer amongst the wild beasts4 ,in the desert he spent many years1 but his zeal for ,christ gave him no rest4 ,the churches in ,caesarea had been destroyed1 the clergy scattered1 and many ,christians had conformed1 rather than lose their lives4 ,it was a heathen city once more1 and such salt as had remained had lost its savour4 ,the spirit of the ,lord stirred in the soul of ,gordius1 and urged him to return to his native city1 and there play the man for ,christ1 where so many had fallen away from the faith4 ,one day that the amphitheatre was crowded to see horse and chariot races in honour of ,mars1 the god of war1 when the benches were thronged1 and ,jew and ,gentile1 and many a ,christian also1 says ,s4 ,basil1 was present at the spectacle1 and all the slaves were free to see the sight1 and the boys had been given holiday from school for the same purpose1 suddenly1 in the race-course1 appeared a man in rags1 with long beard and matted locks2 his face and arms burned with exposure to the sun1 and shrivelled with long fasting2 and he cried aloud1 ,i am found of them who sought me not1 and to them who asked not after me1 have ,i manifested myself openly4 ,every eye was directed upon this wild-looking man1 and when it was discovered who he was1 there rose a shout from ,gentile and ,christian2 the latter cried because they rejoiced to see the faithful centurion in the midst of them again2 the former1 because they hated the truth1 and were wrath at the disturbance of the sports4 ,then1 continues ,s4 ,basil1 the clamour and tumult became more1 and filled the whole amphitheatre2 horses1 chariots1 and drivers were forgotten4 ,in vain did the rush of wheels fill the air2 none had eyes for anything but ,gordius2 none had ears to hear anything but the words of ,gordius4 ,the roar of the theatre1 like a wind rushing through the air1 drowned the noise of the racing horses4 ,when the crier had made silence1 and all the pipes and trumpets1 and other musical instruments were hushed1 ,gordius was led before the seat of the governor1 who was present1 and was asked1 blandly1 who he was and whence he came4 ,then he related1 in order1 what was his country1 and family1 and the rank he had held1 and why he had thrown up his office and fled away4 ',i am returned1' said he1 'to shew openly that ,i care naught for your edicts1 but that ,i place my hope and confidence in ,jesus ,christ alone4' ,the governor1 being exceedingly exasperated at the interruption in the sports1 and the open defiance cast in his face by a deserter1 before the whole city1 ordered him at once to be tortured4 ,then1 ,s4 ,basil proceeds to relate in his graphic style1 the whole crowd poured from the theatre towards the place of judgment1 and all those who had remained behind in the city ran to see the sight4 ,the city was deserted4 ,like a great river1 the inhabitants rolled to the place of martyrdom2 mothers of families1 noble and ignoble1 pushed there2 houses were left unprotected1 shops were deserted by the customers1 and in the market-place goods lay here and there neglected4 ,servants threw up their occupations1 and ran off to see the spectacle1 and all the rabble was there to see this man4 ,maidens forgot their bashfulness and shame of appearing before men1 and sick people and old men crawled without the walls1 that they1 too1 might share the sight4 ,the relations of ,gordius1 in vain1 urged him to yield and apologise for his defiance of the state religion2 signing himself with the cross1 he cheerfully underwent the torments of leaded scourges1 of the little horse1 fire1 and knife1 and was finally beheaded4 ,,ss4 ,,theognis1 ,,primus1 ,,and ,,cyrinus1 ,,mm4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #cbj47 ,the ,martyrologies of ,s4 ,jerome1 ,bede1 ,usuardus1 c4 ,commemorated in the ,roman ,martyrology on this day2 in the ,greek ,menaea on the #bnd ,jan4 ,theognis1 especially1 is famous throughout ,east and ,west4 ,the account in the ,menaea and ,menology is probably trustworthy4 ,the ,acts published by the ,bollandists are of doubtful authority4 ,theognis was the son of the ,bishop of ,cyzicus1 in ,hellespont4 ,in the persecution of ,licinius1 he and his companions suffered at ,cyzicus1 being first scourged1 and then cast into the sea4 ,s4 ,,melor1 ,m4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #daa47 ,english ,martyrologies on this day1 though he died on ,oct4 #ast1 on which day he is mentioned in ,usuardus4 ,his life in ,capgrave is of no historical value--a composition of the #aath cent4 incertum even to ,william of ,malmesbury4 ,when first ,christianity penetrated ,britain1 a great number of ,saints existed1 especially in ,wales and ,cornwall4 ,at this time there was a duke1 or prince1 of ,cornwall1 named ,melian1 whose brother1 ,rivold1 revolted against him1 and put him to death4 ,melian left a son1 ,melor1 and the usurper only spared his life at the intercession of the bishops and clergy4 ,he1 however1 cut off his right hand and left foot1 and sent him into one of the ,cornish monasteries to be brought up4 ,the legend goes on to relate that the boy was provided with a silver hand and a brazen foot1 and that one day1 when he was aged fourteen1 he and the abbot were nutting together in a wood1 when the abbot saw the boy use his silver hand to clasp the boughs and pick the nuts1 just as though it were of flesh and blood4 ,also1 that one day he threw a stone1 which sank into the earth1 and from the spot gushed forth a fountain of pure water4 ,rivold1 fearing lest the boy should depose him1 bribed his guardian1 ,cerialtan1 to murder him4 ,this ,cerialtan performed4 ,he cut off the head of ,melor1 and carried it to the duke2 but angels with lights stood around the body and guarded it4 ,on his way to the duke1 ,cerialtan was parched with thirst1 and exclaimed1 ,wretched man that ,i am6 ,i am dying for a drop of water4 ,then the head of the murdered boy said1 ,cerialtan1 strike the ground with thy rod1 and a fountain will spring up4 ,he did so1 and quenched his thirst at the miraculous well1 and pursued his way4 ,when ,rivold saw the head1 he touched it1 and instantly sickened1 and died three days after4 ,the head was then taken back to the body1 and was buried with it4 ,but the relics were afterwards taken to ,amesbury1 in ,wiltshire4 ,it must be remembered1 in reading the legends of the ,british and ,irish ,saints of the first period1 that we have nothing like contemporary histories of their lives1 and that these legends were committed to writing many hundreds of years after their death1 so that the original facts became surrounded with an accretion of fable so dense that it is impossible to distinguish truth from falsehood in the legends as they have reached us4 ,s4 ,,genoveva1 ,v4 7,a4,d4 #eab47 ,s4 ,genoveva is mentioned in almost all the ,latin ,martyrologies4 ,her life was written by an anonymous learned man1 in the reign of ,childebert1 about eighteen years after her death4 ,three ancient lives exist1 but whether one of these is that then composed1 it is impossible to say4 ,the blessed ,genoveva was born at ,nanterre1 near ,mont ,valerien1 on the outskirts of ,paris4 ,her father's name was ,severus2 that of her mother was ,gerontia4 ,when ,s4 ,germanus1 ,bishop of ,auxerre1 was on his way to ,britain1 to oppose the heresy of ,pelagius1 with his companion1 ,s4 ,lupus1 they passed through ,nanterre4 ,the people went out to meet him1 and receive the benedictions2 men1 and women1 and children in companies4 ,amongst the children1 ,s4 ,germanus observed ,genoveva1 and bade her be brought before him4 ,the venerable bishop kissed the child1 and asked her name4 ,the surrounding people told him1 and the parents coming up1 ,s4 ,germanus said to them1 ,is this little girl your child8 ,they answered in the affirmative4 ,then1 said the bishop1 happy are ye in having so blessed a child4 ,she will be great before ,god2 and1 moved by her example1 many will decline from evil and incline to that which is good1 and will obtain remission of their sins1 and the reward of life from ,christ the ,lord4 ,and then1 after a pause1 he said to ,genoveva1 ,my daughter1 ,genoveva6 ,she answered1 ,thy little maiden listens4 ,then he said1 ,do not fear to tell me whether it be not thy desire to dedicate thy body1 clean and untouched1 to ,christ1 as ,his bride8 ,she said1 ,blessed be thou1 father1 for thou hast spoken my desire4 ,i pray ,god earnestly that ,he will grant it me4 ,have confidence1 my daughter1 said ,s4 ,germain2 be of good courage1 and what thou believest in thy heart1 and confessest with thy lips1 perform in work4 ,god will add to thy comeliness virtue and fortitude4 ,then they went to the church1 and sang ,nones and ,vespers1 and throughout the office the bishop held his hand on the little maiden's head4 ,and that evening1 after supper had been eaten1 and they had sung a hymn1 ,s4 ,germain bade ,severus retire with his daughter1 but bring her to him very early in the morning again4 ,so when the day broke1 ,severus came back bringing the child1 and the old bishop smiled1 and said1 ,hail1 my daughter ,genoveva4 ,dost thou recall the promise thou didst make yesterday1 about keeping thy body in integrity8 ,she answered1 ,i remember what ,i promised to thee1 my father1 and to ,god1 that with ,his help ,i would preserve the chastity of my mind1 and the integrity of my body1 unto the end4 ,then ,s4 ,germain picked up from the ground a little brass coin with the sign of the cross on it1 which he had observed lying there whilst he was speaking1 and gave it her1 saying1 ,bore a hole in this1 and wear it round thy neck in remembrance of me1 and let not any other metal ornament1 gold or silver1 or pearls1 adorn thy neck or fingers4 ,then he bade her farewell1 commending her to the care of her father1 and pursued his journey4 ,it has been supposed by some that the command of ,s4 ,germain not to wear gold1 c41 indicates that she was of wealthy parents1 and they are disposed to doubt the common tradition of the place1 and the ancient ,breviary1 which says that she kept sheep for her father on the slopes of ,valerien at ,nanterre4 ,but there need be no difficulty upon this point1 for the sons and daughters of men of some position1 at that period1 were thus employed1 and there was not supposed to be anything demeaning in the office4 ,thus1 ,s4 ,cuthbert1 though of noble race1 kept sheep on the ,northumbrian moors4 ,at the age of fifteen she was presented to the ,bishop of ,paris1 to be consecrated to the religious life4 ,with her were two other virgins1 and though she was the youngest of the three1 the bishop1 moved by some interior inspiration1 placed her first1 saying that heaven had already sanctified her4 ,on the death of her parents1 she moved to ,paris1 where she was remarked for her sanctity and miraculous powers4 ,when ,s4 ,germain was on his way to ,britain again1 he passed through ,paris1 and asked after ,genoveva1 when certain envious persons tried to poison his mind against her2 but he1 despising their slanders1 greeted her with great kindness openly1 so as to testify before all the people how highly he honoured her1 as he had done before at ,nanterre4 ,the influence exerted by this holy woman must have been very great1 for she persuaded the ,parisians to remain in the city1 instead of flying into the country1 when the hosts of ,attila1 ,king of the ,huns1 threatened it4 ,then ,genoveva assembled the pious matrons1 and with them fasted1 and prayed1 asking ,god incessantly1 with many tears1 to avert the scourge of the ,huns from the city4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,genoveva1 ,patroness of the ,city of ,paris4 ,from ,cahier4 ,jan4 #c4 ,a tumult1 however1 arose2 many people saying that she was a false prophet1 and that she would bring ruin on the citizens by dissuading them from escaping with their goods to places of greater security4 ,the mob1 headlong and cruel--as a ,parisian mob has ever been--came upon her to stone her1 or drown her in the ,seine1 and they would have carried their ferocious purpose into execution1 had not her ancient friend and father in ,god1 ,s4 ,germain1 stood by her in her extremity4 ,he was then dying at ,auxerre1 and his thoughts turned to the little girl he had consecrated to ,god in bygone years1 in the humble church of ,nanterre4 ,then1 he bade the archdeacon take to her the ,eulogae1 or blessed bread1#ag in token of love and regard4 ,the archdeacon arrived when the feeble woman was in greatest peril4 ,he had heard the prophecy of ,s4 ,germain of old2 and1 running among the people1 he exhibited the ,eulogies sent by the holy bishop1 and told them how highly he had venerated her virtues2 so he appeased the multitude and dispersed them4 ,the saying of the ,apostle was fulfilled1 ,all men have not faith2 but the ,lord is faithful1 who shall stablish you1 and keep you from evil2 for by the prayers of ,s4 ,genoveva the city was preserved1 and the army of ,alaric came not near it4 ,s4 ,genoveva lived on a little barley bread1 and a few beans stewed in oil2 but after she was aged fifty1 at the command of the bishop1 she ate also fish1 and drank milk4 ,feeling a great reverence for ,s4 ,denis1 she desired greatly to build a church in his honour1 and she1 one day1 urged some priests to undertake the work4 ,but they hesitated1 saying that they were not able to do so2 one reason being that there was no means of burning lime4 ,then ,s4 ,genoveva said1 ,go1 and cross the city bridge1 and tell me what you hear4 ,the priests left her1 and as they passed over the bridge1 they heard two swineherds in conversation4 ,one said to the other1 ,whilst ,i was following one of my pigs the other day1 it led me into the forest to a large limekiln4 ,that is no marvel1 answered the other1 for ,i found a sapling in the forest uprooted by the wind1 and under its roots was an old kiln4 ,on hearing this1 the priests returned and told ,genoveva what the swineherds had said1 and she rejoiced1 and set the ,priest ,genes over the work2 and all the citizens1 at the instigation of ,s4 ,genoveva1 assisted2 and she encouraged the workmen1 till the church of ,s4 ,denis was built and roofed in4 ,this incident is not a little curious1 as it exhibits the fall and prostration of the arts at this period1 when1 apparently1 the science of building was forgotten1 and old ,roman limekilns had to be used1 because the ,gauls1 owing to the incursions of barbarians and civil war1 had lost the art of building them4 ,childeric1 though a heathen1 had a great respect for ,genoveva1 and was unable to refuse her1 when she requested him1 to spare the lives of his prisoners4 ,on one occasion1 when he was about to execute1 outside the city1 a large number of captives made in war1 he ordered the gates to be closed behind him1 lest ,genoveva should follow1 and obtain pardon for them4 ,but when the saintly woman heard that the blood of so many men was about to flow1 in a paroxysm of compassion1 she hurried through the streets1 and reaching the gates1 put her hand to them1 and though locked and barred1 they unclosed at the touch of charity1 and she pursued the king2 and1 falling down before him1 would not be comforted till she had obtained pardon for all those whom he had ordered to be executed4 ,after ,paris was blockaded by the ,franks1 the neighbourhood suffered greatly from famine1 as the harvests had been destroyed and the country laid waste4 ,genoveva1 seeing that many died of want1 conducted vessels to ,arcis1 and procuring sufficient supplies1 returned with them to ,paris4 ,every ,saturday night1 ,genoveva was wont to watch in prayer1 that the ,lord coming in the ,holy ,eucharist of ,his day1 might find his servant watching4 ,it fell out that one stormy night1 as the ,sabbath drew towards ,sunday morn1 and the cock had crowed1 she left her home to betake herself to the church of ,s4 ,denis1 with the virgins who were her fellows1 and the lantern that was carried before her was extinguished by a puff of wind2 then the maidens were frightened at the pitch darkness1 the howling of the storm1 and the rain1 and the road was so muddy that1 without a light1 they could not pick their way4 ,then ,genoveva took the lantern in her hand1 and the candle lighted of itself within2 and holding it1 she entered the church4 ,she performed several pilgrimages to the shrine of ,s4 ,martin1 at ,tours1 in company with those holy women who lived with her1 and imitated her virtues4 ,she died at the age of eighty-nine1 probably in the year #eab2 but the date is not to be ascertained with certainty4 ,patroness of ,paris4 ,relics1 in the church of ,s4 ,etienne du ,mont1 at ,paris4 ,in art1 ,s4 ,genoveva is represented1 7#a71 with a devil blowing out her candle1 and an angel rekindling it4 ,sometimes1 in old sculpture1 the devil is provided with a pair of bellows2 or1 7#b71 she is restoring sight to her mother with the water of the well of ,nanterre2 or1 7#c71 guarding her father's sheep2 or1 7#d71 with the keys of ,paris at her girdle1 as patroness of the city2 or1 7#e71 holding bread in her lap2 or1 7#f71 with the well of ,nanterre at her side4 ,s4 ,,bertilia1 ,v4 7,a4,d4 #fhg47 ,belgian and ,gallo-,belgian ,martyrologies4 ,the life is from a ,,ms4 at ,marolles1 of uncertain date1 but apparently authentic4 ,saint ,bertilia was born of noble parents4 ,from an early age her heart turned to the service of ,god alone1 and she delighted in attending the offices of religion4 ,a youth of noble blood1 named ,guthland1 sought her hand in marriage1 for she was very beautiful1 gentle in speech1 and modest in manner4 ,but ,bertilia refused him1 desiring to retire into a solitary place2 however1 when her parents urged her vehemently1 she gave a reluctant consent to their wishes1 and was married4 ,nevertheless1 at her desire1 the young husband and she lived together in all chastity1 as brother and sister1 serving the poor1 and given to hospitality4 ,on the death of her husband1 she divided his goods with the ,church1 and built a great church at ,marolles1 with a little cell adjoining it for her habitation4 ,one night1 after long protracted prayer in the church1 she returned to her cell1 where she was seized with excruciating pains2 nevertheless1 she knelt down and prayed with fervour1 and prepared her soul for its departure4 ,after having received the last ,sacraments1 she fell asleep in ,christ1 and was buried in the church she had built at ,marolles4 ,she was taken up and enshrined by ,gerard ,,ii41 ,bishop of ,cambray1 on ,september #adth1 #ajha2 and translated to another shrine on the #hth ,october1 #abba4 ,patroness of ,marolles1 in the diocese of ,cambray4 ,relics at ,marolles4 ,illustration3 ,decoration ,,footnotes3 #ag ,the custom of blessing bread and distributing it amongst the faithful1 prevails still in the ,french ,church1 as may be seen at any festival in a church of importance4 ,the blessed bread is not to be confounded with the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,it is taken about the church in baskets1 and is a sort of sweet-cake4 ,this is a relic of the ancient ,love ,feasts or ,agapae4 ,january #d4 ,octave of the ,holy ,innocents4 ,s4 ,,titus1 ,b4 and ,ap4 of ,crete1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #aje4 ,,ss4 ,,aquilinus1 ,,geminus1 ,,eugenius1 ,,and ,,others1 ,martyrs in ,africa4 ,s4 ,,dafrosa1 ,w4 ,c41 at ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #cfa4 ,s4 ,,rumon1 ,b4 ,c41 at ,tavistock1 in ,devonshire4 ,s4 ,,gregory1 ,b4 of ,langres1 in ,france1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #eda4 ,s4 ,,pharaildis1 ,v41 in ,brabant1 about ,a4,d4 #gde4 ,s4 ,,rigobert1 ,b4 of ,rheims1 ,a4,d4 #gdi4 ,s4 ,,libentius1 ,abp4 of ,bremen1 ,a4,d4 #ajac4 ,b4 ,,angela1 of ,foligni1 in ,umbria1 ,a4,d4 #acji4 ,s4 ,,titus1 ,b4 7,,about #aje47 ,s4 ,titus is commemorated on this day in the ,roman1 and all the ,latin ,martyrologies4 ,but the ,greeks observe the feast of ,s4 ,titus on ,august #beth4 ,much of his history can be gathered from the first and second epistles of ,s4 ,paul to the ,corinthians1 and from his epistle to ,s4 ,titus2 also from the ,greek ,menologium1 and his life1 written by ,zenas1 the lawyer1 in the ,menaea2 and that by ,peter de ,natalibus1 compiled from ,greek sources4 ,saint ,titus was born of ,gentile parents1 being descended from the ancient royal family of ,crete4#ah ,he was a favourite companion of ,s4 ,paul1 who calls him his son in ,christ4 ,his virtue gained him the particular esteem of this ,apostle2 for we find him employed as secretary and interpreter by ,s4 ,paul2 and the ,apostle styles him his brother4#ai ,on one occasion1 when much depressed1 he was consoled by the presence of ,titus3 ,god1 that comforteth those that are cast down1 comforted us by the coming of ,titus2#bj and he testified1 on another occasion1 that he found no rest in his spirit1 because at ,troas he had not met ,titus4#ba ,in the year #ea1 ,titus accompanied ,s4 ,paul to the ,council that was held at ,jerusalem1 on the subject of the ,mosaic rites4 ,though the ,apostle had consented to the circumcision of ,timothy1 in order to render his ministry more acceptable among the ,jews1 he would not allow the same in the case of ,titus1 apprehensive of giving thereby a sanction to the faction which held to the necessity of combining the rites of the ,law with the ,sacraments of the ,gospel4 ,towards the close of the year #ef1 ,s4 ,paul sent ,titus from ,ephesus to ,corinth1 with full commission to remedy several subjects of scandal1 and to allay the dissensions in that ,church4 ,he was there received with great respect1 and was satisfied with the penance and submission of the offenders2 but could not be prevailed upon to accept from them any present1 not even so much as his own maintenance4 ,his love for that ,church was very great1 and at the request of the ,corinthians1 he interceded with ,s4 ,paul for the pardon of the incestuous man whom he had excommunicated4 ,he was sent the same year by the ,apostle1 a second time1 to ,corinth1 to bring the alms of that ,church to ,jerusalem1 for the relief of the necessity of the poor ,christians there4 ,all these particulars we learn from ,s4 ,paul's two epistles to the ,corinthians4 ,s4 ,paul1 after his first imprisonment1 returning from ,rome into the ,east1 made some stay in the island of ,crete1 of which ,rustilius1 the governor1 was married to the sister of ,s4 ,titus4 ,he consecrated his beloved disciple1 ,titus1 to be bishop of that island1 and left him there to finish the work he had begun4#bb ,we may form a judgment1 says ,s4 ,chrysostom1 from the importance of the charge1 how great was the esteem of ,s4 ,paul for his disciple4#bc ,but the ,apostle1 on his return into ,europe the year after1 finding the loss of such a companion too material1 ordered him to meet him at ,nicopolis1 in ,epirus1 where he intended to pass the winter1 as soon as ,artemas or ,tychicus1 whom the ,apostle was about to send to him1 to take the place of the bishop during his absence1 should arrive4#bd ,and when he came1 he bade him assist ,zenas1 the lawyer1 and ,apollos on their journey4#be ,from this ,zenas we have certain incidents of the life of ,s4 ,titus1 which have been preserved in a fragmentary condition in the ,greek ,menaea4 ,zenas relates the conversion of ,s4 ,titus thus3--,titus1 living in the island of ,crete1 was learned in ,greek literature1 having been studious in youth4 ,but the dreams of the poets and philosophers did not satisfy the inward craving of his soul after truth4 ,one day1 when twenty years old1 he heard a voice say to him1 ,titus1 depart hence and save thy soul1 for the learning of the ,greeks will not profit thee unto salvation4 ,wondering in himself what this could mean1 he was bidden by the same voice to take up a ,hebrew volume that he had long disregarded1 and open it4 ,and the book was the ,prophet ,isaiah1 and the place of the ,scriptures that his eye rested on was this1 ,keep silence before me1 ,o islands2 and let the people renew their strength3 let them come near2 then let them speak1#bf and what follows4 ,he seems to have read on much of that chapter1 with its promise to the isles1 and to have applied to himself the words1 ,thou whom ,i have taken from the ends of the earth1 and called thee from the chief men thereof1 and said unto thee1 ,thou art my servant2 ,i have chosen thee1 and not cast thee away4 ,fear thou not2 for ,i am with thee3 be not dismayed2 for ,i am thy ,god3 ,i will strengthen thee2 yea1 ,i will help thee2 yea1 ,i will uphold thee with the right hand of my righteousness4444 ,when the poor and needy seek water1 and there is none1 and their tongue faileth for thirst1 ,i the ,lord will hear them1 ,i the ,god of ,israel will not forsake them4#bg ,these were words very different from those of the poets of ,greece1 and gave an idea of ,god quite other from that formed by ,homer1 in whose writings he had found delight2 so ,titus left his ,greek studies and his native island1 and sought ,jerusalem1 the chief city of that people of whom the prophet spake such great things4 ,and when he was there he saw ,jesus1 and heard ,him teach4 ,perhaps he was one of those ,greeks whom ,s4 ,andrew brought to ,christ4#bh ,he believed1 and was of the number of the first disciples4 ,he remained at ,jerusalem after the ascension and the descent of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,after he joined ,s4 ,paul1 he accompanied him in most of his journeys4 ,in #fe1 ,s4 ,paul sent him to preach the ,word of ,god in ,dalmatia1 after he had visited him in ,nicopolis2#bi but he probably was there for no great length of time1 though the ,dalmatians honour him as their ,apostle4 ,peter de ,natalibus relates that when death approached1 he saw angels coming from heaven in a glorious train to fetch his soul1 and that his face lit up with joy at their approach1 and shone with supernatural splendour4 ,he committed his people to ,god in long and earnest prayer1 and then yielded up his spirit in peace to ,christ his ,saviour4 ,the body of ,s4 ,titus was kept1 with great veneration1 in the ,cathedral of ,gortyna2 but that city having been ruined by the ,saracens1 in #hbc1 the metropolitan see was transferred to ,candia1 seventeen miles from the ancient ,gortyna2 there the head of ,s4 ,titus was preserved1 till it was carried off by the ,venetians1 and is now among the sacred treasures of ,s4 ,mark's1 at ,venice4 ,patron of ,candia1 or ,crete4 ,s4 ,,dafrosa1 ,w4 ,c4 7,a4,d4 #cfa47 ,mentioned in ,roman ,martyrology1 and in those of ,bede1 ,ado1 ,notker1 ,maurolycus1 c4 ,all known of her is contained in the ,martyrologies4 ,this ,saint was the wife of ,s4 ,flavian1 a martyr4 ,she was one of the few who suffered in the reign of ,julian1 the ,apostate2 having been sentenced by ,apronianus1 praefect of the city1 in ,rome1 along with her daughters1 ,demetria and ,bibiana4 ,s4 ,flavian1 her husband1 was crowned on the #bbnd ,december2 and she followed him shortly4 ,she was sent to the house of a certain ,faustus1 who desired to have her in marriage2 but she refused to become his wife1 and converted him to the faith4 ,he was baptized by ,s4 ,john the priest1 who is commemorated on ,june #bcrd4 ,faustus was executed1 and his body cast to the dogs2 but ,dafrosa saved it1 and buried it secretly at night4 ,then1 in a dream1 her husband ,flavian appeared to her1 and called her to follow him4 ,and at the expiration of five days1 whilst engaged in prayer1 she migrated to her heavenly country4 ,s4 ,,rumon1 ,b4 ,c4 ,does not occur in the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,william of ,malmesbury informs us that the history of ,s4 ,rumon's life was destroyed by the wars1 which devastated ,england4 ,he was a bishop2 but of what see we do not know4 ,many of the early ,saints of the ,church in ,cornwall1 ,wales1 and ,ireland1 received episcopal consecration1 without jurisdiction4 ,his body was preserved at ,tavistock1 in ,devonshire1 where ,ordulf1 ,earl of ,devonshire1 built a church under his invocation1 before the year #ifj4 ,s4 ,,gregory ,,of ,,langres1 ,b4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #eda47 ,roman and ,gallican ,martyrologies4 ,the life of ,s4 ,gregory of ,langres was written by ,s4 ,gregory of ,tours1 who died #eia4 ,saint ,gregory1 one of the principal senators of ,autun1 in ,france1 was appointed count of the city1 and for many years administered justice with the utmost prudence and uprightness4 ,his wife1 ,armentaria1 was also of senatorial rank2 by her he had several children1 of whom ,tetricus was numbered among the ,saints4 ,after the death of his wife1 having been elected by the clergy and citizens of ,langres to be their bishop1 he was consecrated by the metropolitan4 ,as bishop1 his life was edifying4 ,he was a model of humility1 and sought1 above all things1 to conceal his acts of self-denial1 and long communings with ,god4 ,he ate barley bread1 but that this might not be observed1 he had wheat cakes piled on the table above his brown barley cakes1 so that he could draw from the dish those for his own eating1 whilst the others ate white bread1 and supposed him to be doing the same4 ,in like manner1 at table he used a dull glass goblet1 so that it might not be noticed that he drank water1 whereas1 the others were supplied with wine4 ,at night1 he was wont to rise from his bed1 when everybody else was asleep1 and steal1 on tip-toe1 to the baptistery of the church1 where he passed several hours in prayer and singing psalms4 ,this was long unobserved2 but one night a deacon was awake1 and saw the bishop rise4 ,wondering at his proceeding1 when ,s4 ,gregory had left the dormitory1 he rose also1 and stole softly after him1 and saw him enter the baptistery1 the gate opening to him of its own accord4 ,for some time there was silence2 and then the bishop's voice was heard chanting1 and immediately many voices took up the psalm1 and the singing continued for three hours4 ,i1 for my part1 says ,s4 ,gregory1 of ,tours1 think that the ,saints1 of whom the relics were there preserved1 revealed themselves to the blessed man1 and sang praises to ,god in company with him4 ,one day1 as he was walking to ,langres1 he was struck with fever1 and he died shortly after2 and his blessed countenance was so glorified after his departure1 that it looked like a blushing rose1 whilst the rest of his body was shining like a white lily1 so that it seemed then to have a foretaste of its future resurrection beauty4 ,he was buried at ,dijon1 which was then in the diocese of ,langres1 and his son1 ,tetricus1 succeeded him in the see of ,langres4 ,there is much uncertainty about the date of his death4 ,in some ,martyrologies he is said to have died in #ece2 ,galesinius says in #ebd4 ,but he was present at the ,council of ,clermont1 in #ece1 and signed the decrees of the third ,council of ,orleans by his deputy1 ,evantius1 the priest1 in #ech2 but did not appear at1 or send a deputy to1 the fourth ,council of ,orleans1 in #eda4 ,it is1 therefore1 probable that the see was then vacant by his death4 ,in art1 ,s4 ,gregory appears before a church door1 which an angel opens to him2 or with chains1 because it is said that as his body was being taken to burial1 the bier was set down before a prison1 and the chains fell off the prisoners1 and they were freed at the same moment4 ,s4 ,,pharaildis1 ,v4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #gde47 ,belgian and ,german ,martyrologies4 ,authorities for her life3--,a ,,ms4 life from the monastery of ,mont ,gerard1 published by the ,bollandists1 and by ,molanus on the ,belgian ,saints4 ,besides1 we have mention of her in the lives of her mother and sisters4 ,saint ,pharaildis was the daughter of ,theodoric1 duke of ,lorraine1 and his wife1 ,s4 ,amalberga4 ,the family was one of ,saints4 ,the brother of ,s4 ,pharaildis1 on the mother's side1 was ,s4 ,emenbert1 ,bishop of ,cambray1 and her sisters were ,s4 ,rainelda and ,s4 ,gudula4 ,she was born at ,ghent1 and after her baptism1 was taken by her aunt1 ,s4 ,gertrude1 to be by her brought up4 ,she was married1 but lived with her husband as though single4 ,for thirty years she rose every night at cock-crow1 and sought the church of the nearest monastery to hear prime1 and matins1 and lauds4 ,she died at the age of ninety1 and was buried in the church of ,s4 ,bavo1 in ,ghent1 ,a4,d4 #gde1 but afterwards was carried to ,nivelles by the religious of ,ghent1 fleeing the incursions of the ,normans4 ,a portion of the relics was left at ,nivelles1 but the major part was brought back to ,ghent1 and enshrined in the new church of ,s4 ,pharaildis1 which was destroyed by the ,calvinists in #aeff4 ,the relics1 however1 were saved4 ,on the #agth ,dec41 #afjh1 the chapter of ,s4 ,pharaildis1 in ,ghent1 gave some portion to a little chapel at ,steenockerzeel4 ,in ,flemish1 ,s4 ,pharaildis is called ,veerle1 or ,verelde4 ,in art1 ,s4 ,pharaildis appears as a patroness of ,ghent1 with a goose in her arms1 or at her feet1 ,gans being the ,flemish for a goose2 in base ,latin1 ,ganta or ,gansa2 and the ,latin name of ,ghent1 in the ,middle ,ages1 being ,gantum4 ,she is also represented with loaves of bread2 for1 according to a legend1 a woman having begged bread of her sister for her child1 the sister said1 ,i have none to give to you2 there's no bread in the house4 ,and when the poor woman urged her1 she exclaimed1 ,may ,s4 ,pharaildis change the bread into stones if there be any here4 ,whereupon1 some loaves she had by her were petrified4 ,s4 ,,rigobert1 ,,abp4 ,,of ,,rheims4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #gdi47 ,roman1 ,benedictine1 and ,gallican ,martyrologies4 ,authority3--,a life of the #ith cent4 ,saint ,rigobert1 a ,benedictine monk1 was ordained archbishop of ,rheims in the year #fif4 ,he consecrated ,dagobert ,,ii41 ,chilperic ,,ii41 and ,theoderic ,,ii41 kings of the ,franks4 ,in his diocese he laboured to restore discipline and sanctity of life4 ,when ,charles ,martel and ,ragenfried were fighting for the mastery1 the former came with his troops before ,rheims1 and demanded to be admitted4 ,the bishop refused to open the gates1 ,because1 said he1 ,i know not whether you or ,ragenfried will be given the kingdom4 ,charles ,martel went away in a fury1 and vowed1 if he gained the day1 he would make the cautious archbishop suffer for it4 ,when ,charles ,martel had subdued his rival1 he returned to ,rheims1 and drove ,s4 ,rigobert into exile1 and gave the revenues of the see to laymen1 creatures of the court4 ,whilst at ,rheims1 ,s4 ,rigobert had lived over the city gate1 and kept the keys of the town4 ,the window of his chamber looked towards the ,basilica of ,s4 ,remigius1 and at it he was wont to pray1 like ,daniel1 with his face turned to ,jerusalem4 ,that he might easily1 and at will1 descend into the church of ,s4 ,peter1 which was situated near the gateway1 ,s4 ,rigobert had a hole knocked in a turret of the church1 so that by a ladder he could descend into the church to prayer1 and return by it to a little oratory1 dedicated to ,s4 ,michael1 which he had built on the city wall4 ,but this oratory did not stand very long1 for ,king ,louis gave the monastery of ,s4 ,peter to his daughter ,alpaida2 and her husband1 ,begus1 having knocked his head against the lintel of the door when entering the little chapel--he being a very tall man--ordered it to be pulled down1 pretending that it cut off the light from the windows of the church4 ,humility1 says the chronicler dryly1 never knocks its head against any thing4 ,s4 ,rigobert1 when in exile1 retired to ,gascony1 but was recalled by ,pepin1 and returned to ,rheims2 but finding that1 contrary to canon law1 ,milo1 an abbot1 had been appointed to the see1 he went away to ,gernicour1 a village at no great distance4 ,at ,gernicour1 he lived in poverty1 in great humility and prayer2 sometimes he visited ,rheims1 that he might celebrate on the altar of ,s4 ,mary1 which had been conceded to him by ,milo4 ,one day he was at ,cormicy1 and visited the church of ,s4 ,cyriac1 to pray for his poor diocese1 a prey to ravening wolves2 and his prayer being ended1 he conversed with ,wibert1 comptroller of ,rheims1 who invited him to dine with him1 as the table was ready4 ,but ,s4 ,rigobert answered1 ,i may not eat1 as ,i have to celebrate mass this morning in the church of ,s4 ,peter1 at ,gernicour4 ,whilst he was speaking1 a poor widow brought the deputy-governor a goose4 ,here1 said ,wibert1 as you will not dine with me1 take this goose home with you1 and cook it for your own dinner4 ,then ,s4 ,rigobert gave it to his little serving boy to carry before him2 and he went on his way saying his office2 when the goose flew out of the boy's hands1 and was gone4 ,the boy was much grieved1 and was on the point of crying4 ,the bishop1 seeing the sad face of the child1 interrupted his psalm to console him1 and to tell him that the loss of this world's goods should not draw forth tears1 but that the heart should trust in ,god1 who gives all things bountifully4 ,then the bishop resumed his psalms1 now reciting them to himself1 and then breaking forth into song4 ,presently the goose came fluttering down before the feet of the old man1 so the boy put it under his arm again1 and brought it safely to ,gernicour4 ,but it was not cooked for dinner4 ,indeed1 the bishop would not allow it to be killed1 and the goose became so tame1 that it followed him about1 and would even accompany him on his walks to ,rheims1 and wait there for him when he said mass at the altar of ,s4 ,mary4 ,relics1 in the church of ,s4 ,denis1 at ,rheims1 and in the chapel of ,s4 ,rigobert1 in the ,cathedral of ,notre ,dame1 at ,paris4 ,in art1 he is represented with a goose4 ,b4 ,,angela4 ,,of ,,foligni4 7,a4,d4 #acji47 ,b4 ,angela was beatified by ,pope ,innocent ,,xii4 in #afic4 ,her life and revelations were written by her confessor1 ,arnald1 friar of the order of ,s4 ,francis1 in her lifetime1 and the revelations were submitted to her for correction4 ,the ,blessed ,angela1 of ,foligni1 belonged to a rich and honourable family in ,umbria4 ,she was married1 and had children4 ,upon the death of her mother1 husband1 and children1 her heart turned in an agony of love to ,god alone1 and appeared filled to overflowing with that divine charity of which an earthly affection is but a reflection4 ,she was frequent in prayer1 and made a discreet use of the ,sacrament of penance4 ,once she confessed her sins to me1 says ,friar ,arnald1 preserving the most perfect knowledge of her sins1 and was filled with so much contrition and tears1 from the beginning of her confession to the end1 and with so great humility1 that ,i wept in my heart1 believing most surely1 that if the whole world was deceived1 ,god would not permit her1 who was full of so much truth and integrity1 to be deceived4 ,the following night she was sick1 well nigh to death1 and next morning she drew herself1 with great effort1 to the ,franciscan ,church1 and ,i was then saying mass1 and ,i communicated her1 and ,i know that she never communicated without ,god giving her some great favour1 and that a new one continually4 ,but so great were the consolations and illuminations which she received in her soul1 that frequently they seemed to overflow into her body4 ,thus1 when she was standing with me1 and her soul was lifted up1 her face and body were transformed1 through joy1 at the divine words of address1 and devotion1 and delight at the consolations1 that her eyes shone as candles1 and her face flushed like a rose1 and became radiant and angelical1 as was beyond nature4 ,the inner life and meditations of the ,blessed ,angela were written down from her lips1 and were read over to her by the confessor4 ,they are full of instruction and beauty1 and are of considerable length4 ,she died on the #dth ,january1 #acji4 ,her body reposes in a shrine in the ,franciscan ,church at ,foligni4 ,illustration3 ,decoration ,,footnotes3 #ah ,peter de ,nat4 #ai #b ,cor4 xii4 #af4 #bj #b ,cor4 vii4 #f4 #ba #b ,cor4 xi4 #ac4 #bb ,zenas and ,peter de ,nat4 ,the latter does not say that ,s4 ,paul visited ,crete1 but that he sent ,titus there4 ,s4 ,paul says1 ,i left thee in ,crete1 ,tit4 i4 #d1 showing that he did visit that island with ,titus4 #bc ,homil4 i4 in ,tit4 #bd ,tit4 iii4 #ab4 #be ,tit4 iv4 #ac4 #bf ,isa4 xli4 #a4 #bg ,isa4 xli4 #i1 #aj1 #ag4 #bh ,john xii4 #ba4 #bi #b ,tim4 iv4 #aj4 ,january #e4 ,the ,vigil of the ,epiphany4 ,s4 ,,telesphorus1 ,p4 ,m41 ,a4,d4 #aci4 ,,the ,,holy ,,martyrs ,,in ,,the ,,thebaid1 ,a4,d4 #cjb4 ,s4 ,,syncletica1 ,v41 in ,egypt1 #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,apollinaris ,,syncletica1 ,v41 #eth cent4 ,s4 ,,simeon ,,stylites1 ,h41 ,a4,d4 #dfj4 ,s4 ,,emiliana1 ,v41 #fth cent4 ,s4 ,,edward ,,the ,,confessor1 ,k4 of ,england1 ,a4,d4 #ajff4 ,s4 ,,gerlach1 ,h41 near ,maestrecht1 ,a4,d4 #aagj4 ,s4 ,,telesphorus1 ,,pope1 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #aci47 ,mentioned originally in the ,carmelite ,breviary4 ,this ,pope was inserted in the ,roman ,breviary by ,clement ,,viii4 ,he is commemorated by the ,greeks on ,feb4 #bb4 ,saint ,telesphorus was by birth a ,greek1 and was the seventh ,bishop of ,rome4 ,towards the end of the year #abh1 he succeeded ,s4 ,sixtus ,i41 and sat eleven years on the throne of ,s4 ,peter1 and saw the havoc which the persecution of ,hadrian wrought in the ,church4 ,he ended his life by an illustrious martyrdom1 says ,eusebius4#cj ,,the ,,martyrs ,,in ,,the ,,thebaid4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #cjb47 ,one cannot but admire1 says ,eusebius1 in his ,ecclesiastical ,history 7lib4 viii41 c4 #h1 #i71 those who suffered in ,egypt1 their native land1 where thousands1 both men1 and women1 and children1 despising the present life for the sake of our ,saviour's doctrine1 submitted to death in various shapes4 ,some1 after being tortured with scrapings and the rack1 and the most dreadful scourgings1 and other innumerable agonies1 which one might shudder to hear1 were finally committed to the flames2 some plunged and drowned in the sea1 others voluntarily offering their heads to the executioners2 others dying in the midst of their torments1 some wasted away by famine1 and others again fixed to the cross4 ,some1 indeed1 were executed as malefactors usually were2 others1 more cruelly1 were nailed head downwards1 and kept alive1 until they were destroyed by starving1 on the cross itself4 ,but it would exceed all power of detail to give an idea of the sufferings and tortures which the martyrs of ,thebais endured4 ,these1 instead of hooks1 had their bodies scraped with potsherds1 and were mangled in this way until they died4 ,women1 tied by one foot1 and then raised on high in the air by certain machines1 with their naked bodies wholly uncovered1 presented this most foul1 cruel1 and inhuman spectacle to all beholders2 others again perished1 bound to trees and branches4 ,for1 drawing the stoutest of the branches together by machines for this purpose1 and binding the limbs of the martyrs to each of these1 they then let loose the boughs to resume their natural position1 designing thus to produce a violent action1 to tear asunder the limbs of those whom they thus treated4 ,but all these things were doing not only for a few days1 or for some time1 but for a series of whole years4 ,at one time1 ten or more2 at another1 more than twenty2 at another time1 not less than thirty1 and even sixty2 and again1 at another time1 a hundred men1 with their wives and little children1 were slain in one day1 whilst they were condemned to various and varied punishments4 ,we ourselves1 when on the spot1 saw many crowded together in one day1 some suffering decapitation1 some the torments of flames2 so that the murderous weapon was completely blunted1 and having lost its edge1 broke to pieces2 and the executioners themselves1 wearied with slaughter1 were obliged to relieve one another4 ,then1 also1 we were witnesses to the most admirable ardour of mind1 and the truly divine energy and alacrity of those that believed in the ,christ of ,god4 ,for1 as soon as the sentence was pronounced against the first1 others rushed forward from other parts to the tribunal before the judge1 confessing they were ,christians1 most indifferent to the dreadful and many kinds of tortures that awaited them1 but declaring themselves fully1 and in the most undaunted manner1 on the religion which acknowledges only one ,supreme ,god4 ,they received1 indeed1 the final sentence of death with gladness and exultation1 so far as even to sing and send up hymns of praise and thanksgiving1 until they breathed their last4 ,the names of these blessed ones1 whose bones are strewn over the deserts of ,egypt1 are unknown to us2 but they are written in the ,book of ,life4 ,at the day of the general ,resurrection they will rise and stand1 on their feet1 a great army4 ,s4 ,,syncletica1 ,v4 7#d,,th ,,cent47 ,s4 ,syncletica is commemorated by the ,westerns on the #eth ,jan41 and by the ,easterns on the #dth ,jan4 ,her life1 written shortly after her death1 has been attributed to ,s4 ,athanasius1 but on insufficient grounds4 ,at a time when luxury was carried to extremities1 and the body was pampered1 and the lust of the flesh1 the lust of the eye1 and the pride of life1 were the objects for which men and women lived1 here and there the spirit of man throbbed with higher aspirations1 and yearned to break away from the gilded round of wealthy frivolity1 to live a truer life and breathe a purer air4 ,society was rotten to its core2 decency was not observed in conversation2 modesty was forgotten in dress1 and all that could gratify the flesh1 and excite passion1 was studied as an art4 ,in the midst of this hot1 sickly atmosphere of evil1 pure souls1 like that of ,syncletica1 stifled4 ,the modest mind of a young girl shrank into itself1 like a delicate flower that closes at the rude touch1 and died to the world4 ,if she were a heathen1 she bent her head1 and sickened and faded4 ,if she were a ,christian1 she found in the shadow of the ,church1 a fresh spot where she might bloom1 fanned by the breezes of ,paradise4 ,syncletica was born at ,alexandria1 of wealthy parents1 of ,macedonian extraction1 who had settled there4 ,being very beautiful and well-dowered1 she was sought in marriage by many suitors2 but declined all offers1 for her girlish heart had awakened to a love truer and deeper than any human affection2 the best of her love she gave to ,god1 and she desired to be ,his1 and ,his alone4 ,on the death of her parents she devoted her attention to her blind sister2 and together1 they served ,god in prayer and almsgiving4 ,in token of renunciation of the world1 and to deliver herself from troublesome pursuit by fortune-hunters1 she cut off her hair1 and disposed of her estates1 but she sought to avoid notice in all that she did1 and to conceal her good deeds and self-sacrifices4 ,nevertheless1 she became known1 and young maidens and women resorted to her for advice1 and to study her example4 ,she was reluctant to be forced thus into a position which she dreaded2 nevertheless1 unable to refuse the girls and young women that assistance they so much needed1 she gave them much instruction1 which has been preserved to us in the record we have of her life1 and her words abound in practical common sense4 ,listen to me1 she said to the maidens2 we all know how we can be saved1 but we fail through our own carelessness4 ,the first thing to be done1 is to keep the commandment1 ',thou shalt love the ,lord thy ,god with all thy heart1 and thy neighbour as thyself2 for in this consists all perfection4' ,these are few words1 but there is plenty of matter in them4 ,then beware of retrogression4 ,the corn in the ,gospel brought forth2 some an hundred-fold1 some sixty-fold1 and some thirty-fold4 ,beware lest1 beginning at sixty1 we fall back to thirty4 ,let those who are virgins take care of their eyes1 and their tongue1 and their ears1 and keep them in modesty1 not looking about them boldly1 nor talking flippantly1 nor listening to certain things that may be said4 ,obedience is better than asceticism1 for asceticism may puff up1 but obedience brings one down4 ,there is an asceticism which is of the devil4 ,how are we to distinguish right asceticism from that which is wrong8 ,by its moderation4 ,have you begun fasting8 ,don't make pretexts to wriggle out of it on the score of health1 for the lady who does not fast is just as much subject to maladies as she who does4 ,s4 ,syncletica died at the age of eighty1 of cancer on the mouth1 and consumption in the lungs1 from which she suffered with great patience for three years4 ,the cancer made horrible ravages in her face1 and became so distressingly offensive1 that to ward off infection from those who nursed her1 she allowed it to be treated with the mixture which is used for embalming corpses4 ,illustration3 ,decoration ,s4 ,,apollinaris ,,syncletica1 ,v4 7,,beginning ,,of #e,,th ,,cent47 ,commemorated in the ,latin ,martyrologies on this day1 but by the ,greeks on ,jan4 #dth4 ,her life1 written by one who lived at the same time1 is given by ,metaphrastes4 ,this life represents her as daughter of ,anthemius1 the ,emperor4 ,metaphrastes concludes1 but wrongly1 that she was daughter of ,anthemius1 who was appointed ,emperor of the ,west by ,leo ,i4 ,but it appears more probable that she was the daughter of ,anthemius1 consular prefect of the city1 who acted as regent after the death of ,arcadius1 during the minority of ,theodosius the younger4 ,this ,anthemius was grandfather of the ,emperor ,anthemius4 ,it is quite possible that the regent may have received imperial honours4 ,the narrative in one place1 speaking of the expedition of ,apollinaris to the ,holy ,land1 says1 ,a few days after1 when we had found companions1 we went on to the ,holy ,city4 ,and when1 at a certain place1 we turned aside1 on account of our burdens1 and the slaves and serving maids who were with us1 we rested awhile4 ,this is the only allusion to himself made by the writer1 and it is so casual1 that it is difficult not to regard it as an evidence of the authenticity of the piece4 ,the story is1 however1 so much like a romance1 and is open to so many critical objections1 that it is difficult to accept it exactly as it is4 ,saint ,apollinaris1 called from her high rank ,syncletica1 was the daughter of ,anthemius4 ,she had a sister of a different spirit from herself4 ,the parents of ,apollinaris desired to unite her in marriage1 at an early age1 to some wealthy noble1 but she manifested such a fixed resolution to remain single1 that they yielded to her wish4 ,in her heart she desired to retire completely from the world2 having heard of the wondrous lives of the recluses in ,egypt1 she longed greatly to see and imitate them4 ,her parents having consented to her making a pilgrimage to ,jerusalem1 she visited the holy places1 and in ,jerusalem she liberated all the slaves who had been sent to bear her company1 and dismissed them with liberal gifts1 retaining in her service only an eunuch and an old man to prepare her tent4 ,in ,jerusalem1 she bribed an aged woman to procure for her1 secretly1 the habit of a recluse1 and this she kept by her for a proper moment4 ,on her way back she visited the tomb of ,s4 ,meria1 on the ,egyptian coast2 and after prayer retired to her sleeping tent1 when she assumed the monastic habit1 and cast aside her worldly dress1 with all its ornaments4 ,then1 in the night1 when the two men were asleep without1 she stole from her tent1 and fled into the desert1 and took refuge in a morass4 ,next morning the servants were filled with consternation1 and sought her everywhere in vain4 ,then they appeared before the governor of the city ,lemna 787 where they were2 and he assisted in the search1 but all was in vain2 so the governor sent a letter to the parents of ,apollinaris1 with her clothes and baggage1 narrating the circumstances4 ,anthemius and his wife wept when they heard of the loss of their daughter1 but consoled themselves with the belief that she had entered some community of religious women4 ,however1 ,s4 ,apollinaris made her way into the desert of ,sct1 where lived ,s4 ,macarius of ,alexandria1 at the head of a large monastery of recluses in cells and caves4 ,apollinaris1 having cut off her hair1 and being much tanned by exposure to the sun1 and wasted with hunger in the marsh1 where she had lived on a few dates1 passed as a man1 and was supposed1 from being beardless1 to be an eunuch4 ,she spent many years there under the name of ,dorotheus4 ,now it fell out that her sister1 being grievously tormented with a devil1 ,anthemius bethought himself on sending her to ,macarius to be healed1 for the fame of his miracles had spread far and wide4 ,but when the young girl was brought to ,macarius1 the aged abbot1 moved by some interior impulse1 conducted her to ,dorotheus1 and bade him heal the possessed by prayer4 ,then ,s4 ,apollinaris earnestly1 and with many tears1 besought ,macarius not to tempt her thus1 for ,god had not given to her the gift of performing miracles4 ,nevertheless he persisted2 then the possessed woman was shut into the cell of ,dorotheus for several days1 that he might1 by prayer and fasting1 cast the demon forth4 ,and when1 after a while1 the virgin seemed to be healed1 she was restored to the attendants1 who conducted her to her parents with great joy4 ,some months after1 the maiden suffered from an attack of dropsy1 and the parents1 in shame and grief1 supposing her to be pregnant1 questioned her closely thereabout4 ,but she could not account for her size1 and when they pressed her more vehemently1 moved by the evil spirit1 she declared that ,dorotheus1 the hermit1 had seduced her4 ,on hearing this1 ,anthemius sent to ,sct1 that ,dorotheus should be brought before him4 ,the holy congregation was filled with horror and dismay on hearing the charge1 and they went with one accord and cried to ,god to put away from them so grievous a reproach4 ,then said ,dorotheus1 ,be of good courage1 my brethren1 the ,lord will reveal my innocence4 ,and when she was brought before ,anthemius1 she said1 ,i am your daughter1 ,apollinaris4 ,then they fell on her neck and wept1 and she prayed to ,god1 and kissed her sister1 and the ,lord heard her cry1 and healed the damsel of her disease4 ,and after having tarried with them a few days1 she returned to the desert once more4 ,s4 ,,simeon ,,stylites1 ,h4 7,a4,d4 #dfj47 ,commemorated on this day in the ,latin ,martyrologies1 but on ,sept4 #ast by the ,greeks4 ,there were three of this name2 the second1 who lived at a later date1 is commemorated by the ,greeks on ,may #bdth2 and the third1 whom they designate ,priest and ,archimandrite1 on ,july #bfth4 ,these two later ,saints copied the great ,simeon ,stylites1 of world-wide renown4 ,the life of this famous hermit was written by a disciple of his1 named ,anthony1 who was with him when he died2 and also by ,theodoret1 who knew him well in life4 ,also1 by ,evagrius in his ,ecclesiastical ,history4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,simeon ,,stylites4 ,from ,hone's ,every ,day ,book4 ,jan4 #e4 ,simeon1 says ,theodoret1 was born in the village of ,gesa1 between ,antioch and ,cilicia1 and as a boy kept his father's sheep4 ,one day1 forced by heavy snow to leave them in the fold1 he went with his parents to the church1 and there heard the ,gospel read1 which blesses those who mourn and weep2 which calls those enviable who have a pure heart4 ,and when he asked a bystander what he would gain who kept the ,beatitudes1 the man propounded to him the life of self-sacrifice4 ,this1 ,theodoret adds1 he heard from the ,saint's own tongue4 ,forthwith1 ,simeon going out of the church1 went to a neighbouring monastery1 governed by one ,timothy2 and falling down before the gate1 he lay five days1 neither eating nor drinking4 ,and on the fifth day1 the abbot1 coming out1 asked him1 ,whence art thou1 my son8 ,what parents hast thou1 that thou art so afflicted8 ,or1 what is thy name1 lest perchance thou hast done wrong8 or1 perchance1 thou art a slave1 and fleest from thy master8 ,then the lad answered with tears1 ,no1 master6 ,i long to be a servant of ,god1 and to save my soul4 ,suffer me to enter the monastery1 and send me not away4 ,then the abbot1 taking him by the hand1 introduced him into the house1 saying to the brethren1 ,my sons1 behold ,i deliver you this brother2 teach him the rules4 ,he was in the convent about four months1 serving all without complaint1 and in that time he learned the whole ,psalter by heart4 ,but the food which he took with his brethren1 he gave away secretly to the poor1 reserving for himself only food for one day in the seven4 ,but one day1 having gone to the well to draw water1 he took the rope from the bucket and wound it round his body1 from the loins to the neck1 and wore it till his flesh was cut into by the rope4 ,one day1 some of the brethren found him giving his food to the poor2 and when they returned1 they complained to the abbot1 saying1 ,we cannot abstain like him2 he fasts from ,lord's day to ,lord's day1 and gives away his food4 ,then the abbot rebuked him1 and ,simeon answered not4 ,and the abbot being angry1 bade strip him1 and found the rope round him1 sunk into the flesh1 and with great trouble it was uncoiled1 and the skin came off with it2 then the monks took care of him and healed him4 ,when he was healed1 he went out of the monastery and entered a deserted tank1 where there was no water2 no man knowing4 ,after a few days1 he was found1 and the abbot descended into the tank4 ,then the blessed ,simeon1 seeing him1 began to entreat1 saying1 ,i beg you1 servants of ,god1 let me alone one hour1 that ,i may render up my spirit2 for yet a little while1 and it will fail4 ,but my soul is very weary1 because ,i have angered the ,lord4 ,but the abbot said to him1 ,come1 servant of ,god1 that we may take thee to the monastery4 ,but when he would not1 they brought him by force1 and he stayed in the community about one year4 ,after this1 says ,theodoret1 he came to the ,telanassus1 under the peak of the mountain1 on which he lived till his death1 and having found a little house1 he remained in it shut up for three years4 ,but1 eager to advance in virtue1 he tried to persuade ,blasus1 who was archpriest of the villages around1 to leave nothing within by him1 for forty days and nights1 but to close up the door with clay4 ,the priest warned him that to die by one's own act is no virtue1 but is a great crime4 ,put by me then1 father1 he said1 ten loaves1 and a cruse of water1 and if ,i find my body needs sustenance1 ,i will partake of them4 ,then ,blasus did so1 and at the end of the days ,blasus removed the clay1 and going in1 found the bread and water untouched1 and ,simeon lying1 unable to speak or move4 ,getting a sponge1 he moistened and opened his lips1 and then gave him the ,holy ,eucharist2 and strengthened by this immortal ,food1 he chewed1 little by little1 lettuces and succory1 and such like4 ,when he had passed three years in that little house1 he took possession of the peak1 which has since been so famous2 and when he had commanded a wall to be made round him1 and procured an iron chain1 he fastened one end of it to a great stone1 and the other to his right foot1 so that he could not1 if he wished1 have left those bounds4 ,but when ,meletius1 ,bishop of ,antioch1 saw him1 he told him that if he had the will to remain1 the iron profited nothing4 ,then1 having sent for a smith1 he bade him strike off the chain4 ,the fame of the wondrous austerities of this man wrought upon the wild ,arab tribes1 and effected what no missionaries had been able1 as yet1 to perform4 ,no doubt the fearful severities exercised by ,simeon1 on himself1 are startling and even shocking4 ,but the ,spirit of ,god breathes where ,he wills1 and thou canst not tell whence ,he cometh and whither ,he goeth4 ,what but the divine ,spirit could have caught that young boy's soul away from keeping sheep1 and looking forward to the enjoyment of youth1 and precipitated it into this course1 so contrary to flesh and blood8 ,theodoret says1 that as kings change the impression on their coins1 sometimes stamping them with the image of lions1 sometimes of stars1 sometimes of angels1 so the divine ,monarch produces different marks of sanctity at different periods1 and at each period ,he calls forth these virtues1 or characters1 ,he needs for a particular work4 ,so was it now2 on the wild sons of the desert1 no missionaries had made an impression2 their rough hearts had given no echo to the sound of the ,gospel4 ,something of startling novelty was needed to catch their attention1 and strike their imagination1 and drag them violently to the cross4 ,these wild men came from their deserts to see the weird1 haggard man in his den4 ,he fled from them as they crowded upon him1 not into the wastes of sand1 but up a pillar2 first up one six cubits1 then one twelve cubits1 and finally1 one of thirty-six4 ,the sons of ,ishmael poured to the foot of the pillar1 like a river along the roads1 and formed an ocean of men about it4 ,and1 says ,theodoret1 myriads of ,ishmaelites1 who had been enslaved in the darkness of impiety1 were illuminated by that station on the column4 ,for this most shining light1 set as it were on a candlestick1 sent forth all around its beams1 like the sun1 and one might see ,iberi1 ,persians1 and ,armenians coming and receiving divine baptism4 ,but the ,ishmaelites 7,arabs17 coming by tribes1 #bjj and #cjj at a time1 and sometimes even #a1jjj1 denied with shouts the error of their ancestors2 and breaking in pieces the images they had worshipped1 and renouncing the orgies of ,venus1 they received the divine ,sacraments1 and accepted laws from that holy tongue4 ,and this ,i have seen with my own eyes1 and have heard them renouncing the impiety of their fathers1 and assenting to ,evangelic doctrine4 ,here was the result4 ,little did the boy know1 as he lay before the monastery door five days without eating1 to what ,god had called him2 for what work he was predestined1 when he coiled the rope about his body4 ,the ,spirit had breathed1 and he had followed the impulse1 and now he wrought what the tongue of a prophet could not have affected4 ,and it was worth the pain of that rope torn from his bleeding body2 it was recompense for those long fastings4 ,three winters1 that my soul might grow to ,thee1 ,i lived up there on yonder mountain side2 ,my right leg chain'd into the crag1 ,i lay ,pent in a roofless close of ragged stones2 ,inswathed sometimes in wandering mist1 and twice ,black'd with ,thy branding thunder1 and sometimes ,sucking the damps for drink1 and eating not4 ,it was worth all this1 if souls could be added to the ,lord1 as they were1 by hundreds and thousands4 ,god's ways are not as our ways4 ,the ,god who needed these souls1 called up the soul of ,simeon to do the work1 and ,simeon obeyed1 and traversed perhaps the most awful path man has yet trod4 ,it is not for us to condemn a mode of life which there is no need for men to follow now4 ,it was needed then1 and he is rightly numbered with the ,saints1 who submitted his will to that of ,god1 to make of him an instrument for ,his purpose in the way that ,he saw best4 ,there came from ,arabena a certain good man1 says ,theodoret1 who1 when he had come to that mountain peak1 ',tell me1' he cried1 'by the very ,truth1 art thou a man1 or of incorporeal nature8' ,but when all there were displeased with the question1 the ,saint bade them all be silent1 and bade them set a ladder to the column1 and bade the man come up2 and first look at his hands1 and then feel inside his cloak of skins1 and see not only his feet1 but also a severe ulcer in them4 ,but when he saw that he was a man1 and the size of that sore1 and learnt from him how he took nourishment1 he came down and told me all4 ,on festivals1 from the setting of the sun till its appearance again1 he stood all night with his hands uplifted to heaven1 neither soothed with sleep1 nor conquered by fatigue4 ,but in toils so great1 and so great magnitude of deeds1 and multitude of miracles1 his self-esteem is as moderate as if he were in dignity the least of men4 ,besides his modesty1 he is easy of access of speech1 and gracious1 and answers every man who speaks to him4 ,and from the bounteous ,god he has received the gift of teaching1 and he makes exhortations to the people twice every day4 ,he may be seen also acting as a judge1 giving just decisions4 ,this1 and the like1 is done after the ninth hour4 ,for all night1 and through the day to the ninth hour1 he prays perpetually4 ,after that he sets forth divine teaching to those who are present1 and then1 having heard each man's petition1 having performed some cures1 he settles disputes4 ,about sunset1 he begins the rest of his converse with ,god4 ,but though he is employed in this way1 he does not give up the care of the churches1 sometimes fighting against the impiety of the ,greeks1 sometimes checking the audacity of the ,jews1 sometimes putting to flight the heretics1 and sometimes sending messages to the emperor2 sometimes stirring up rulers to zeal for ,god1 and sometimes exhorting the pastors of the churches to bestow more care on their flocks4 ,to make trial of his humility1 an order was sent him1 in the name of the neighbouring bishops and abbots1 to quit his pillar1 and new manner of life4 ,the ,saint1 ready to obey the summons1 was about to step down2 when the messenger1 seeing his willingness to obey1 said he was empowered to authorize him to follow his vocation4 ,once1 his mother hearing of his fame1 came to see him1 but was not allowed to enter the enclosure around the pillar4 ,but when ,simeon heard his mother's voice1 he said to her1 ,bear up1 my mother1 a little while1 and we shall see each other1 if ,god will4 ,but she began to weep and rebuke him1 saying1 ,son1 why hast thou done this8 ,in return for the body ,i bore thee1 thou has filled me with grief4 ,for the milk with which ,i nourished thee1 thou hast given me tears4 ,for the kiss with which ,i kissed thee1 thou hast given me an aching heart4 ,she made us all weep1 says ,anthony1 who writes this incident4 ,simeon1 on his pillar1 was also deeply agitated1 and1 covering his face with his hands1 he wept bitterly1 and cried to her1 ,lady mother1 be still a little while1 and we shall see each other in eternal rest4 ,the poor mother1 with harrowed heart1 hung about the place for three days1 crying to her son1 and wrung with grief to see his terrible penance4 ,then ,simeon1 grieving for her1 prayed to ,god to give her rest1 and at the end of those three days she fell asleep in ,christ4 ,then the people took up her body and brought it where ,simeon might see it4 ,and he1 weeping1 said1 ,the ,lord receive thee in joy1 mother6 because thou hast endured tribulation for me1 and borne me1 and nursed and nourished me with labour4 ,then he prayed1 ,lord ,god of virtues1 who sittest above the ,cherubim1 and searchest the foundations of the abyss1 who knewest ,adam before he was2 who hast promised the riches of the kingdom of heaven to those who love ,thee2 who didst speak to ,moses out of the burning bush2 who blessedst ,abraham our father2 who bringest to ,paradise the souls of the just1 and sinkest the souls of the ungodly in perdition2 who didst humble the lions before ,daniel1 and mitigate for the ,three ,children the strong fire of the ,chaldees2 who didst nourish ,elijah by the ravens which brought him food1 receive her soul in peace1 and put her in the place of the holy ,fathers1 for ,thine is the power1 for ever and ever4 ,a robber1 ,jonathan by name1 fled to ,s4 ,simeon1 and embraced the column1 weeping bitterly1 and confessing his sins1 and saying that he desired to repent4 ,then the ,saint cried1 ,of such is the kingdom of heaven4 ,but beware that thou fall not again4 ,then came the officials from ,antioch1 demanding the poor wretch1 that he might be cast to wild beasts in the amphitheatre4 ,but ,simeon answered1 ,my sons1 ,i brought him not hither1 but ,one greater than ,i4 ,i cannot give him up1 for ,i fear ,him who sent the man to me4 ,then the sergeants1 struck with fear1 went away4 ,and ,jonathan lay for seven days embracing the column1 and then asked leave to depart4 ,the ,saint asked him if he was going to return to sin4 ,no1 my lord6 answered the robber2 but my time is fulfilled4 ,and straightway he gave up the ghost2 and when the sergeants came from ,antioch1 again insisting that he should be given up to suffer for his crimes1 ,simeon replied1 pointing to the body1 ,he who brought the poor sinner here1 has come with ,his angels1 and has pardoned this man ,himself4 ,anthony1 his disciple1 thus relates the death of the old hermit4 ,after a few years1 it befell one day1 that he bowed himself in prayer1 and remained so three days1 ,friday1 the ,sabbath1 and the ,lord's day4 ,then ,i was terrified1 and went up to him on the pillar1 and stood before his face1 and said1 ',master1 arise6 bless us1 for the people have been waiting three days and nights for a blessing from thee4' ,but he answered me not1 so ,i said to him again1 ',wherefore dost thou grieve me1 my lord6 ,i beseech thee1 put out thy hand to me4' ,and seeing that he did not answer1 ,i thought to tell no one2 for ,i feared to touch him1 and standing about half-an-hour1 ,i bent down1 and put my ear to listen2 and there was no breathing4 ,and so ,i understood that he rested in the ,lord2 and turning faint1 ,i wept most bitterly2 and bending down1 ,i kissed his eyes2 and ,i cried1 ',master1 remember me in thy holy rest4' ,and lifting up his garments1 ,i fell at his feet1 and kissed them1 and holding his hands1 ,i laid them on my eyes1 saying1 ',bless me1 ,i beseech thee1 my lord6' ,the body was taken to ,antioch1 and there buried with great pomp4 ,s4 ,,edward ,,the ,,confessor1 ,k4 ,s4 ,edward is commemorated on this day in the ,roman ,martyrology1 by order of ,innocent ,,iv4 ,on this day1 he is mentioned in the old ,english ,martyrologies as well1 but the festival of his ,translation1 ,oct4 #acth1 is that which is chiefly observed in his honour1 and to that day we shall refer our readers for his life4 ,s4 ,,gerlach1 ,h4 7,,about #aagj47 ,mentioned in the ,cologne1 ,german1 and ,gallo-,belgic ,martyrologies4 ,two lives of this ,saint exist1 one written during the life of those who remembered him1 and were able to describe his personal appearance2 the other written by ,wilhelm ,cripius1 son of the ,chancellor of ,gueldres1 by command of the bishop1 ,henry ,cuyck1 of ,roermund4 ,saint ,gerlach sprang from a noble family1 in the neighbourhood of ,maestricht4 ,he was a knight1 and lived a somewhat disorderly life2 but one day1 as he was about to engage in a tournament1 the news reached him of the sudden death of his wife1 whom he loved passionately4 ,casting aside lance and shield1 he hastened to his castle1 and in grief over her loss1 formed the resolution of renouncing the world4 ,he visited ,rome1 and confessed the sins of his life to ,pope ,eugenius ,,iii41 who bade him1 as a penance1 go to ,jerusalem1 and for seven years nurse the sick in its hospitals4 ,he obeyed1 and on his return to ,rome1 at the expiration of seven years1 found ,adrian ,,iv4 on the throne4 ,adrian bade him live a retired life4 ,accordingly1 ,gerlach returned to his estates1 and distributed all his possessions among the poor1 reserving for himself only sufficient for his support4 ,he then took up his abode in a hollow oak2 but some envious persons having complained to the ,bishop of ,liege that he offered idolatrous worship to the tree1 the bishop ordered it to be cut down2 but afterwards1 recognizing the virtue of the penitent knight1 he became his protector4 ,he wore sack-cloth next his skin1 and over that a battered suit of mail4 ,he spent his nights in prayer1 in the church of ,s4 ,servais1 ,maestricht4 ,,footnotes3 #cj ,hist41 lib4 iv4 c4 #aj4 ,january #f4 ,the ,epiphany4 ,s4 ,,melchior1 one of the ,magi4 ,s4 ,,macra1 ,v4 ,m41 near ,rheims1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cjc4 ,s4 ,,melanius1 ,b4 of ,rennes1 ,a4,d4 #ehj4 ,s4 ,,peter1 ,ab4 of ,canterbury1 ,a4,d4 #fjh4 ,s4 ,,erminold1 ,ab4 of ,prufening1 and ,m41 ,a4,d4 #aaba4 ,,the ,,ven4 ,,gertrude ,,van ,,oosten1 ,v41 at ,delft1 ,a4,d4 #aceh4 ,s4 ,,john ,,ribeira1 ,patr4 of ,antioch1 and ,abp4 of ,valencia1 in ,spain1 ,a4,d4 #afaa4 ,,the ,,epiphany4 ,the principal design of the ,church in celebrating this feast is1 that her members may show gratitude to ,god for manifesting the ,gospel to the ,gentile world1 and vouchsafing to it the same privileges as to the ,jews1 who had hitherto been ,his chosen and peculiar people2 the first instance of this divine favour was the ,manifestation of ,christ to the ,wise ,men of the ,east4 ,but1 in all1 there are three great manifestations of our ,saviour commemorated on this day2 all of which1 ,s4 ,chrysostom says1 happened on the same day1 though not in the same year4 ,the first of these was ,his manifestation by a star1 which conducted the ,magi to come and worship ,him4 ,the second ,manifestation was that of the ,blessed ,trinity1 at ,his ,baptism4 ,the third was the ,manifestation of the ,divinity of ,christ1 at ,cana1 by miraculously changing water into wine4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,epiphany4 ,from the ,vienna ,missal4 ,jan4 #f4 ,but the principal event which is this day celebrated1 is the ,manifestation of our ,lord to the ,wise ,men of the ,east4 ,these1 who are called ,magi in ,greek1 were doubtless men of high rank4 ,tradition holds them to have been princes or kings2 and they are given the names of ,gaspar1 ,melchior1 and ,balthasar4 ,they are said to have been baptized by the ,apostle ,thomas1 and to have preached the ,gospel in ,persia4 ,their bodies were brought by the first ,christian emperors from the ,east to ,constantinople1 whence they were conveyed to ,milan4 ,but the ,emperor ,frederick ,i4 carried them off to ,cologne1 in #aafb1 where they still remain4 ,many very curious traditions1 of no authority1 have attached to these three holy men4 ,they were said to have been ,shem1 ,ham1 and ,japhet1 who had fallen asleep in a cave1 and to have woke only at the ,nativity of ,christ1 when they came to adore ,him2 and then to have returned to their cave and died4 ,a much more trustworthy tradition is to the effect that each wise man belonged to a different stock2 that one was of the seed of ,shem1 another of the family of ,japhet1 and that the third1 represented in art as black1 belonged to the descendants of ,ham4 ,the three names ,gaspar1 ,melchior1 and ,balthazar1 are not found in any writers earlier than the twelfth century4 ,before ,pope ,s4 ,leo the ,great spoke of them as three1 the number was sometimes supposed to have been as many as twelve4 ,barhebraeus says1 ,magi came from the ,east4 ,some affirm that three princes came with a thousand men2 but ,james1 the bishop 7of ,edessa17 said that there were twelve princes1 who1 having left seven thousand soldiers at the ,euphrates1 came on with a thousand men to ,jerusalem4 ,some authors have suggested that the seeming star1 which appeared to the ,magi in the ,east1 might be that glorious ,light which shone upon the shepherds of ,bethlehem1 when the angel came to impart to them the tidings of our ,saviour's birth1 which1 at a distance1 might appear like a star4 ,according to an ancient commentary on ,s4 ,matthew1 this star1 on its first appearance to the wise men1 had the form of a radiant child1 bearing a sceptre or cross2 and in some early ,italian frescoes it is thus depicted3-- ,in a trice a star shone forth ,oh6 so brightly shining6 ,nearer1 nearer yet it came1 ,still towards earth inclining2 ,and 'twas shaped--,o6 wondrous sight6 ,like a child with visage bright1 ,holding sign of kindly might1 ,with a ,cross combining4 ,it is to be expected that the ,epiphany1 containing in itself1 as has been observed1 three distinct festivals1 would be known by a variety of distinct names4 ,in the ,mozarabic ritual it is called the ,apparition of the ,lord2 in ,germany it is the ,three-,kings' ,day4 ,the ,greeks keep the ,nativity and the ,manifestation to the ,wise ,men on the same day1 the #beth ,december1 and keep the #fth ,january as the festival of the ,baptism of our ,lord4 ,the first historical notice of the ,epiphany is found in ,s4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 ,a4,d4 #bjj2 in the time of ,s4 ,chrysostom1 ,a4,d4 #djj1 it is mentioned as an ancient and principal festival of the ,asiatic ,church4 ,the earliest distinct trace of it in the ,west is found in ,gaul1 in the middle of the fourth century4 ,ammianus ,marcellinus 7xxi4 #b71 relates of ,julian the ,apostate1 that in ,a4,d4 #cfa1 he celebrated in the ,christian ,church at ,paris1 the feast of the ,epiphany in ,january1 shortly before he publicly renounced the ,christian religion4 ,the title of ,day of ,lights was given to this festival as commemorating the earthly manifestation of the ,light of the ,world1 and also because it was the supposed day of the ,baptism of our ,lord1 to which rite the term illumination was especially given4 ,hence it became1 and in the ,greek ,church it is still1 one of the three solemn times of baptism4 ,greek ,hymn4--,o ,christ1 the ,true ,light1 which lighteth every man that cometh into the world1 let the ,light of ,thy ,countenance shine upon us1 that thereby we may behold the unapproachable ,light1 and guide ,thou our steps to fulfil ,thy ,commandments4 ,s4 ,,macra1 ,v4 ,m4 7,,about #cjc47 ,mentioned in the ,roman and ,german ,martyrologies4 ,the account of her martyrdom is from the ,martyrologies1 and from her ,acts1 published by the ,bollandists4 ,during the savage persecutions of ,diocletian and ,maximian1 emperors1 one ,rictiovarus was governor at ,soissons1 in ,gaul1 who laboured to put down ,christianity4 ,the virgin ,macra was treated by him with inhuman barbarity2 she was exposed to fire1 her breasts were cut off1 and she was rolled on potsherds and coals2 then1 spreading out her hands1 she prayed1 ,o ,lord ,jesu ,christ1 who madest me triumph over the chains in my dungeon1 and madest the fire to which ,i was exposed as sweet as dew1 ,i pray ,thee1 receive my soul1 for now is the time come for ,thee to set my spirit free6 ,so saying1 she entered into her rest4 ,she is regarded as the patroness of ,fimes1 near ,rheims4 ,in art1 she is represented with her breasts on a book which she carries4 ,s4 ,,melanius1 ,b4 ,,of ,,rennes4 7,a4,d4 #ehj47 ,commemorated in the ,roman ,martyrology on this day4 ,his life was written by a contemporary1 according to ,ducange4 ,s4 ,melanius was born at ,plas1 in the neighbourhood of ,vannes1 in ,brittany1 and became a monk when grown to man's estate4 ,upon the death of ,s4 ,amandus1 ,bishop of ,rennes1 he was compelled by the clergy and people to fill that see4 ,he accepted the election of himself with great reluctance4 ,he is related to have performed many miracles1 and to have extirpated the last remnants of heathenism in his diocese4 ,he died on a journey through his diocese1 at ,la ,vilaine4 ,his body was placed in a boat1 which1 says the legend1 returned to ,rennes against the stream1 without oars or sail4 ,s4 ,,peter1 ,,ab4 ,,of ,,canterbury4 7,a4,d4 #fjh47 ,named in the ,english ,martyrologies4 ,authority for his life1 ,bede4 ,hist4 ,eccl41 i4 #cc4 ,bede says of this ,saint1 that he was a disciple of ,s4 ,gregory the ,great1 and first abbot of the monastery of ,s4 ,peter1 at ,canterbury1 which was in later years called ,s4 ,augustine's monastery4 ,going to ,france in #fjh1 he was drowned near the harbour of ,ambleteuse1 near ,boulogne4 ,the peasants of the place buried the body without much regard1 not knowing at first whose it was1 but by night a light appeared above it2 and1 perceiving that the drowned man was a ,saint1 his body was exhumed1 and conveyed to ,boulogne4 ,s4 ,,erminold1 ,,ab4 ,,of ,,prufening1 ,,and ,m4 7,a4,d4 #aaba47 ,mentioned in the ,german ,martyrologies4 ,his life was written by a monk of ,prufening1 about the year #abij4 ,s4 ,erminold sprang from one of the first families in ,swabia1 and was given in early life to ,william1 abbot of ,hirschau1 to be educated4 ,a better tutor could not have been found for him1 for ,william was one of the most learned and pious men of the age4 ,the youthful ,erminold made rapid progress in his studies1 and he grew up in favour with ,god and man4 ,when his pupilage was ended1 he took the vows of monastic life upon him4 ,in #aaaj1 he was appointed by the ,emperor ,henry ,v41 to the abbey of ,lorch1 on the ,rhine2 but hearing that this had been given him at the request of his brother1 as a return for something his brother had done for the ,emperor1 ,erminold threw up the office1 so as not to incur the least suspicion of simony1 and returned to ,hirschau4 ,but the ,bishop of ,bamberg1 having founded an abbey at ,prufening1 near ,ratisbon1 he was invited to colonize it1 and be its first father4 ,he accordingly betook himself thither1 with a few brethren4 ,having incurred the hostility of some of his monks1 by insisting on strict discipline1 one1 named ,aaron1 struck him with a knife and mortally wounded him4 ,he died1 forgiving his murderer4 ,illustration3 ,worshippers at the ,shrine of a ,saint4 ,january #g4 ,s4 ,,lucian1 ,p4 ,m41 at ,antioch1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cab4 ,s4 ,,nicetas1 ,b4 ,c41 circ4 ,a4,d4 #djb4 ,s4 ,,valentine1 ,b4 of ,passau1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #ddj4 ,s4 ,,cedd1 ,b4 of ,london1 ,a4,d4 #ffd4 ,s4 ,,tyllo1 ,monk in ,gaul1 circ4 #gjj4 ,b4 ,,wittekind1 ,duke of ,westphalia1 ,a4,d4 #hjj4 ,s4 ,,rainold1 ,monk and ,m41 of ,dortmund1 in ,westphalia4 ,s4 ,,aldric1 ,b4 of ,le ,mans1 in ,france1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #hee4 ,s4 ,,canute1 ,duke of ,schleswig1 ,a4,d4 #aacc4 ,s4 ,,lucian1 ,p4 ,m41 ,,of ,,antioch4 7,,about #cab47 ,commemorated on this day by the ,latins1 on the #aeth ,october by the ,greeks4 ,this ,s4 ,lucian is not to be confused with ,s4 ,lucian of ,beauvais1 commemorated on ,jan4 #hth4 ,he is spoken of by ,s4 ,jerome and ,theodoret4 ,s4 ,chrysostom has a homily on ,s4 ,lucian4 ,information concerning him is also obtained from the ,greek ,menaea1 and from the ,acts of his martyrdom in ,metaphrastes4 ,saint ,lucian was born at ,samosata1 in ,syria2 his parents were ,christians1 and sought above all things to educate their son in the fear of ,god4 ,both died and left him an orphan at the age of twelve1 and the boy1 in his desolation1 distributed his goods to the poor1 and took refuge with ,macarius at ,edessa1 who taught out of ,holy ,scripture the things concerning eternal life4 ,arrived at man's estate1 he was ordained priest1 and opened a school at ,antioch1 and diligently laboured at procuring a correct version of the ,holy ,scriptures1 by comparing together the different ,hebrew copies4 ,his version of the sacred writings was used by ,s4 ,jerome1 and proved of much assistance to him in his work of writing the ,vulgate4 ,when ,maximian persecuted the ,church1 ,s4 ,lucian concealed himself1 but was betrayed by a ,sabellian priest into the hands of the persecutors2 he was taken to ,nicomedia1 and brought before ,maximian4 ,on his way he was the means of recovering forty ,christian soldiers1 who had lapsed4 ,in ,nicomedia he was subjected to torture4 ,his feet were placed in the stocks1 which were distended1 so as to dislocate his legs4 ,his hands were fastened to a beam1 which was above his head1 and he was laid on sharp potsherds1 so that his back was lacerated and pierced4 ,after this1 he was allowed to lie on his cell floor1 unable to rise1 on account of his legs being out of joint1 and was starved to death4 ,he lingered fourteen days4 ,and when the feast of the ,manifestation drew nigh1 he desired greatly to receive the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,when the fatal day had arrived1 which was looked forward to1 some of the disciples desired to receive from their master his last celebration of the divine mystery4 ,but it seemed doubtful how they might bring a table into the prison1 and how they might conceal it from the eyes of the impious4 ,but when many of the disciples were assembled1 and others were arriving1 he said3 ',this breast of mine shall be the table1 and ,i reckon it will not be less esteemed of ,god than one of inanimate material2 and ye shall be a holy temple1 standing round about me4' ,and thus it was accomplished1 for because the saintly man was at the end of his life1 the guards were negligent1 and so ,god1 as ,i think1 to honour his martyr1 removed all impediments to that being done which was proposed4 ,for when all stood in close ring round the martyr1 so that one standing by the other shut him completely from view1 he ordered the symbols of the divine ,sacrifice to be placed on his breast4 ,after that he raised his eyes to heaven1 and uttered the accustomed prayers4 ,then1 when he had uttered many sacred prayers1 and had done all the requisite acts in the sacred rite1 he and the rest communicated1 and he sent to those who were absent1 as he himself shows in his last ,epistle to them4 ,next day some officers came from the ,emperor to see if he were still alive4 ,and as he saw them standing about him1 he said thrice1 ',i am a ,christian1' and so saying1 he died4 ,the body was then thrown into the sea1 to the great grief of his disciples1 who desired to bury it4 ,but fifteen days after it was recovered4 ,a legend says that a dolphin brought it ashore2 be that as it may1 it was found and was buried4 ,in art1 ,s4 ,lucian is sometimes represented with a chalice and ,host1 in allusion to his offering the holy ,sacrifice in prison2 sometimes with a dolphin at his side4 ,s4 ,,valentine1 ,b4 ,,of ,,passau4 7,,about #ddj47 ,some ,german ,martyrologies1 and the ,roman1 commemorate ,s4 ,maximilian1 ,m41 and ,s4 ,valentine1 ,b4,c41 on ,oct4 #bi4 ,but ,s4 ,valentine is commemorated alone on this day at ,passau4 ,valentine was sent by the ,pope to preach the ,gospel in the ,passau4 ,he found that his work was without fruit1 and returned to ,rome to implore the ,holy ,father to send him elsewhere4 ,but the ,pope consecrated him bishop1 and sent him back to ,passau1 to preach in season and out of season1 whether it produced fruit or not4 ,the ,bishop renewed his efforts1 but the ,pagans and ,arians combined to drive him out of the city4 ,thereupon he went among the ,rhaetian ,alps1 and his teaching produced abundant fruit among the mountaineers4 ,at length he resolved to serve ,god1 and purify his own soul1 in a life of retirement4 ,he therefore built a little chapel and monastery at ,mais1 in ,tyrol1 and there he died4 ,relics1 at ,passau4 ,s4 ,,cedd1 ,b4 ,,of ,,london4 7,a4,d4 #ffd47 ,english ,martyrologies4 ,his life is given by ,bede1 in his ,ecclesiastical ,history1 lib4 #c1 caps4 #ba1 #bb1 #bc4 ,peada1 son of ,penda1 ,king of ,mercia1 being appointed by his father ,king of the ,midland ,english1 by which name ,bede distinguished the inhabitants of ,leicestershire1 and part of ,lincolnshire and ,derbyshire1 from the rest of the ,mercians2 the young king visited ,oswy1 ,king of ,northumbria1 at ,atwell1 or ,walton1 was baptized along with several of his nobles1 by ,bishop ,finan1 and was provided by ,oswy with two priests to instruct his people in ,christianity4 ,one of these was ,s4 ,cedd1 who had been trained in the monastery of ,lindisfarne4 ,when these two1 says ,bede1 travelling to all parts of that country1 had gathered a numerous church to the ,lord1 it happened that ,cedd returned home1 and came to the church of ,lindisfarne to confer with ,bishop ,finan2 who1 finding how successful he had been in the work of the ,gospel1 made him ,bishop of the ,church of the ,east ,saxons1 calling to him two other bishops1 to assist at the ordination4 ,cedd1 having received the episcopal dignity1 returned to his province1 and pursuing the work he had begun1 with more ample authority1 built churches in several places1 ordaining priests and deacons to assist him in the work of faith1 and the ministry of baptizing1 especially in the city which1 in the language of the ,saxons1 is called ,ithancester1#ca as also in that named ,tilabury 7,tilbury72 the first of which places is on the bank of the ,pante1 the other on the bank of the ,thames2 where1 gathering a flock of servants of ,christ1 he taught them to observe the discipline of regular life1 as far as those rude people were then capable4 ,whilst the doctrine of everlasting life was thus1 for a considerable time1 making progress1 to the joy of the ,king and of all the people1 it happened that the ,king1 at the instigation of the enemy of all good men1 was murdered by his own kindred4 ,the same man of ,god1 whilst he was bishop among the ,east ,saxons1 was wont also to visit1 at intervals1 his own country1 ,northumberland1 to make exhortations4 ,ethelwald1 the son of ,king ,oswald1 who reigned over the ,deiri1 finding him a holy1 wise1 and good man1 desired him to accept some land to build a monastery1 to which the ,king himself might frequently resort1 to offer his prayers and hear the word1 and be buried in it when he died2 for he believed that he should receive much benefit by the prayers of those who were to serve ,god in that place4 ,the ,king had before with him a brother of the same bishop1 called ,celin1 a man no less devoted to ,god2 who1 being a priest1 was wont to administer to him the word and the ,sacraments1 by whose means he chiefly came to know and love the bishop4 ,that prelate1 therefore1 complying with the ,king's desires1 chose himself a place to build a monastery among craggy and distant mountains1 which looked more like lurking places for robbers1 and retreats for wild beasts1 than habitations for men4 ,the man of ,god1 desiring first to cleanse the place for the monastery from former crimes1 by prayer and fasting1 that it might become acceptable to our ,lord1 and so to lay the foundations1 requested the ,king to give him leave to reside there all the approaching ,lent1 to pray4 ,all which time1 except ,sundays1 he fasted till the evening1 according to custom1 and then took no other sustenance than a little bread1 one egg1 and a little milk mixed with water4 ,this1 he said1 was the custom of those of whom he had learnt the rule of regular discipline2 first1 to consecrate to our ,lord1 by prayer and fasting1 the places which they had newly received for building a monastery or a church4 ,when there were ten days of ,lent still remaining1 there came a messenger to call him to the ,king2 and he1 that the religious work might not be intermitted1 on account of the ,king's affairs1 entreated his priest1 ,cynebil1 who was also his own brother1 to complete that which had been so piously begun4 ,cynebil readily complied1 and when the time of fasting and prayer was over1 he there built the monastery1 which is now called ,lestingan1#cb and established therein the religious customs of ,lindisfarne4 ,at this time1 owing to the influence of ,s4 ,wilfrid1 who had been established at ,ripon by ,alchfrid1 son of ,king ,oswy1 a great split was forming in the ,church1 which made itself felt even in the ,royal family4 ,all the missionaries of the north had been brought up in ,iona1 or ,lindisfarne1 and followed the ,keltic ritual2 ,wilfrid1 ordained by a ,french bishop1 introduced ,roman ways4 ,oswy had been baptized and educated by ,keltic monks1 and followed the usages of the ,mother ,church of ,iona2 but his wife1 ,eanfleda1 had learned in exile ,roman ways1 and she brought with her to the court of ,oswy a ,canterbury priest--,romanus by name1 and ,roman in heart--who guided her religious exercises4 ,two ,easter feasts were thus celebrated every year in the same house2 and as the ,saxon kings had transferred to the chief festivals of the ,christian year1 and especially to the ,queen of ,feasts1 the meeting of assemblies1 and the occasion which those assemblies gave them of displaying all their pomp1 it is easy to understand how painful it must have been for ,oswy to sit1 with his earls and thanes1 at the great feast of ,easter1 at the end of a wearisome ,lent1 and to see the ,queen1 with her maids of honour and her servants1 persisting in fasting and penance1 it being with her still only ,palm ,sunday4#cc ,to settle this difference1 and prevent a rupture1 the ,king convoked a parliament at ,whitby1 in #ffd4 ,in this parliament ,colman1 ,bishop of ,lindisfarne1 ,cedd1 ,bishop of the ,east ,saxons1 who had at this time re-established the episcopal see of ,london1 and ,s4 ,hilda1 the great abbess of ,whitby1 upheld the ,keltic rite4 ,on the other side were ,s4 ,wilfrid1 the young ,prince ,alchfrid1 and ,james1 the deacon of ,york4 ,in this parliament1 it was decided that the ,roman usages should be adopted1 and ,cedd renounced the customs of ,lindisfarne1 in which he had been educated1 and returned to his diocese of ,london to spread the ,roman usages there4 ,cedd1 says ,bede1 for many years had charge of his bishopric and of the monastery of ,lastingham1 over which he had placed superiors4 ,it happened that he came there at the time that a plague was raging1 and he fell sick and died4 ,he was first buried in the open air1 but in process of time1 a church of stone was built in the monastery1 in honour of the ,mother of ,god1 and his body was interred in the same1 on the right hand of the altar4 ,the ,bishop left the monastery to be governed after him by his brother ,chad1 who was afterwards made bishop4 ,for the four brothers1 ,cedd1 and ,cynebil1 ,celin1 and ,ceadda 7,chad7--which is a rare thing to be met with--were all celebrated priests of our ,lord1 and two of them also came to be bishops4 ,s4 ,,tyllo1 ,h4 7,,about #gjj47 ,cologne1 ,german1 and ,belgian ,martyrologies4 ,the name is sometimes ,tyllo1 ,thillo1 or ,hillo2 in ,belgium1 ,theaulon or ,tilman4 ,authority3 ,a life published in the ,bollandists1 which agrees with scattered notices of him in various writers4 ,s4 ,tillo1 the ,patron of ,iseghem1 in ,belgium1 was a son of ,saxon parents1 but was stolen1 when young1 from his home1 and sold as a slave in ,gaul4 ,s4 ,eligius1 who redeemed many slaves1 bought the lad1 and being struck with his beauty and intelligence1 sent him to the monastery of ,solignac1 to be educated by ,s4 ,remacle1 then abbot of ,solignac4 ,after his education was complete1 he was returned to ,s4 ,eligius1 who was a goldsmith1 patronized by ,king ,dagobert and the nobles of the court4 ,with him ,tillo learned the trade of a goldsmith1 and made many vessels and ornaments of gold and silver1 encrusted with gems1 for the ,king4 ,whilst he worked1 he had the ,holy ,scriptures open before him1 and as he chased the silver and gold he studied the ,word of ,god4 ,he kept ever in his heart the maxim1 ,whatsoever ye would that men should do to you1 do ye even so to them1 and all his work was done to the best of his ability1 and executed with punctuality4 ,thus1 he found favour with ,eligius1 and with all the customers of his master4 ,when ,eligius left his shop1 and became a bishop1 he called to the clerical office and to the religious life1 his apprentice whom he had bought in the market many years before4 ,tillo1 as priest and monk1 showed a pattern of holiness1 and was made abbot of ,solignac1 near ,limoges4 ,but ruling three hundred monks and attending to the worldly affairs of a great monastery1 and more than that1 the multitude of visitors1 made the life one for which the goldsmith's apprentice1 trained to work in silence1 and think and read1 felt himself unfitted2 so one night he fled away and was lost4 ,he penetrated the woods and mountains of ,auvergne1 seeking out a suitable spot for a hermitage1 and one day he lit upon a quiet place1 hid away among the rocky mountains1 into which he could only just crawl on hands and knees4 ,having got in1 he found a pleasant glade1 surrounded with trees1 having streams watering it from the mountain side1 and there were plenty of apple trees1 from which he concluded it had been previously a hermitage4 ,here he lived for some time1 praying and reading1 and tilling the soil4 ,by degrees1 it was rumoured that a holy hermit lived in that glade1 and the people of the neighbourhood came to see him1 and he called himself ,brother ,paul4 ,and to all who visited him this was the rule of life he gave1 ,believe in ,god the ,father ,almighty1 and in ,jesus ,christ his ,son1 also in the ,holy ,ghost1 three persons1 but one ,god4 ,keep your mind from vain cogitations and your body pure from all uncleanness2 avoid self-conceit1 and be instant in prayer4 ,and when there was ever more and more of a concourse1 and many desired to put themselves under his direction1 he went forth1 and sought out a suitable spot1 and found it at ,bayac1 where he founded a monastery4 ,there he remained some while1 till a longing came over him to revisit ,solignac1 and he fled away when all his monks were asleep1 as he had fled previously from ,solignac4 ,and when he reached ,solignac1 he was received with great joy4 ,then he asked the abbot ,gundebert to build him a little cell outside the monastery1 in which he might reside with one or two of the brethren who sought a stricter life4 ,his wish was granted1 and in this cell he spent the rest of his days4 ,he is regarded with special veneration at ,iseghem1 in ,flanders1 because he visited that place in company with ,s4 ,eligius1 and there remained some time teaching the people4 ,in art1 he is represented with a chalice in one hand and an abbatial staff in the other4 ,s4 ,,aldric1 ,b4 ,,of ,,mans4 7,a4,d4 #hee47 ,gallican ,martyrology4 ,ancient ,life in ,baluze3 ,miscel4 iii4 ,s4 ,aldric was born about the year #hjj4 ,when aged fourteen his father sent him to the court of ,louis the ,pious4 ,one day1 as he was praying in church at ,aix-la-,chapelle1 he felt called by ,god to leave a life in the world1 and dedicate himself to the service of the altar4 ,with difficulty he persuaded the ,king to let him depart1 and he was sent to the ,bishop of ,metz4 ,there he remained some years1 received the tonsure1 and was ordained priest4 ,louis the ,pious1 hearing of the wisdom and sanctity of ,aldric1 appointed him to be his chaplain and confessor4 ,aldric was afterwards elected ,bishop of ,mans1 and was consecrated on the #bbnd ,december1 #hcb4 ,when raised to the episcopal throne1 he kept a stricter guard over himself1 and treated his body with great rigour1 but to others he was gentle and lenient4 ,all his income was spent in works of mercy4 ,he redeemed captives1 relieved the poor1 built churches1 and founded monasteries4 ,in the civil wars which divided the ,french monarchy1 his fidelity to his prince and to ,charles the ,bald1 his successor1 involved him in trouble1 and he was expelled for about a twelvemonth from his see4 ,on his return1 he laboured more indefatigably than ever to perfect the discipline of his diocese1 for which purpose he collected the canons of ,councils and decrees of the ,popes into what he called a ,capitulary4 ,some fragments have reached us of the regulations which he made for the celebration of divine service2 in which he orders ten wax candles1 and ninety lamps1 to be lighted in his ,cathedral on all great festivals4 ,s4 ,,canute ,,lavard1 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #aacc47 ,schleswig and ,scandinavian ,breviaries4 ,life in ,knytlinga ,saga1 ,saxo ,grammaticus1 ,schleswig ,breviary1 c4 ,canute ,lavard was second son of ,eric the ,good1 ,king of ,denmark4 ,his elder brother1 ,nicolas1 became ,king of ,denmark1 though he was illegitimate1 as ,canute was very young4 ,nicolas had a son named ,magnus1 who was also brought up with ,canute4 ,canute purchased the duchy of ,schleswig1 and occupied himself with clearing the seas and islands of ,denmark of the pirates who infested them4 ,on one occasion1 a pirate whom he had captured1 and condemned with others to be hung1 cried out that he was of royal blood1 and was related to ,canute4 ,then1 said the duke1 you shall hang at the topmast head above the others4 ,henry1 ,king of the ,sclaves1 being dead1 ,canute succeeded him4 ,the popularity of this prince1 owing to his gentleness1 virtue1 and piety1 stirred up the envy of ,magnus1 who feared lest he should put in a claim to the throne of ,denmark1 to which indeed he had a right prior to ,magnus and his father4 ,in order to make sure of the succession1 ,magnus decoyed his unsuspicious kinsman into a wood1 surrounded him with armed men1 and killed him4 ,illustration3 ,seal of the ,city of ,brussels4 ,s4 ,gudule1 p4 #aae4 ,,footnotes3 #ca ,on the ,blackwater2 there is no city there now1 but numerous traces of an ancient settlement1 and an old chapel marks the site1 in the parish of ,bradwell4 #cb ,lastingham1 near ,pickering1 in ,yorkshire4 #cc ,bede iii4 #be4 ,january #h4 ,s4 ,,lucian1 ,b4 ,m41 ,,and ,,companions1 at ,beauvais4 ,s4 ,,patiens1 ,b4 of ,metz1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #aeb4 ,s4 ,,atticus1 ,patr4 of ,constantinople1 ,a4,d4 #dbe4 ,s4 ,,severinus1 ,p4 and ,apostle of ,austria1 ,a4,d4 #dhb4 ,s4 ,,severinus1 ,b4 ,c41 in ,italy1 #fth cent4 ,b4 ,,baldwin1 ,archdeacon of ,laon1 ,m41 #fth cent4 ,s4 ,,frodobert1 ,ab41 at ,troyes1 #gth cent4 ,s4 ,,gudula1 ,v41 at ,brussels1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #gab4 ,s4 ,,pega1 ,v41 in ,england1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #gah4 ,s4 ,,erard1 ,bishop in ,bavaria1 #hth cent4 ,s4 ,,garibald1 ,b4 of ,ratisbon1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #abeb4 ,s4 ,,wulsin1 ,b4 of ,sherbourn1 ,a4,d4 #ihc4 ,s4 ,,laurence ,,justiniani1 ,patr4 of ,venice1 ,a4,d4 #adee4 ,s4 ,,lucian1 ,b4 ,m4 ,,at ,,beauvais4 ,roman1 ,gallican1 and ,anglican ,martyrologies2 ,bede1 ,ado1 ,notker1 and others4 ,his date uncertain4 ,as little is known of this ,s4 ,lucian1 it is probable that the so-called ,reformers retained his name in the ,anglican ,calendar by mistake1 confusing him with the ,s4 ,lucian of ,antioch1 ,jan4 #gth1 a much better known ,saint4 ,there is much uncertainty about this martyr4 ,some writers maintain that he was a disciple of ,s4 ,peter4 ,others say that he was sent into ,gaul by ,s4 ,clement1 ,bishop of ,rome1 at the end of the first century1 and suffered death under the reign of ,domitian4 ,it is certain1 however1 that he came into ,gaul to preach the faith to the pagan inhabitants1 and that he finished his labours at ,beauvais1 by the death of a martyr4 ,there is good reason to believe that he was of noble ,roman blood1 and that he accompanied ,s4 ,denys of ,paris1 or ,s4 ,quentin of ,amiens1 on his mission1 about the year #bde4 ,s4 ,lucian was accompanied by his friends1 ,maximian and ,julian4 ,they suffered in different places1 and on different days2 but they were laid by faithful disciples in one tomb1 and are commemorated together4 ,s4 ,lucian is called in some calendars a priest2 but in an ancient one of the ninth century1 he is styled a bishop1 and such has been the constant tradition at ,beauvais4 ,in art1 he is represented holding his head in his hands4 ,s4 ,,patiens1 ,b4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #aeb47 ,roman ,martyrology2 ,martyrologies of ,cologne1 of ,rabanus1 ,notker1 c4 ,his life is traditional4 ,s4 ,patiens is said to have been a disciple of ,s4 ,john the ,evangelist1 and to have been sent by him into ,gaul4 ,he settled at ,metz1 where he became the fourth ,bishop4 ,s4 ,,atticus1 ,,patr4 ,,of ,,constantinople4 7,a4,d4 #dbe47 ,roman ,martyrology1 that of ,usuardus and the ,german ,martyrologies4 ,authorities for his life1 very numerous3 ,socrates1 ,sozomen1 ,synesius1 ,palladius1 ,photius1 ,nicephorus1 ,zonaras1 c4 ,atticus1 a man of gentle spirit and conciliatory manners1 succeeded ,s4 ,chrysostom in the see of ,constantinople4 ,he1 at first1 refused to admit the name of his predecessor into the diptychs2 but was afterwards moved to yield1 in accordance with the ,latin ,church1 which refused communion with the see of ,constantinople till the righteousness of the cause of the great ,chrysostom had been acknowledged4 ,atticus was engaged in correspondence on this subject with ,s4 ,cyril of ,alexandria1 who vehemently resented the admission of the name of ,chrysostom1 till he also yielded at the instance of ,isidore of ,pelusium4 ,s4 ,,severinus1 ,p4 ,,ap4 ,,of ,,noricum4 7,a4,d4 #dhb47 ,roman ,martyrology and those of ,germany4 ,the life of ,s4 ,severinus was written by his disciple1 ,eugippius1 in the year #eaa1 as he states in a letter to ,paschatius1 the deacon4 ,the following life is extracted from ,mr4 ,kingsley's ,hermits1#cd with certain necessary modifications4 ,what has been once well done1 the author is unwilling to do again1 and do in an inferior manner4 ,in the middle of the fifth century the province of ,noricum 7,austria1 as we should now call it71 was the very highway of invading barbarians1 the centre of the human ,maelstrom1 in which ,huns1 ,allemanni1 ,rugii1 and a dozen wild tribes more1 wrestled up and down1 and round the starving and beleaguered towns of what had once been a happy and fertile province1 each tribe striving to trample the other under foot1 and to march southward1 over their corpses1 to plunder what was still left of the already plundered wealth of ,italy and ,rome4 ,the difference of race1 of tongue1 and of manners1 between the conquered and their conquerors1 was made more painful by difference in creed4 ,the conquering ,germans and ,huns were either ,arians or heathens4 ,the conquered race 7though probably of very mixed blood71 who called themselves ,romans1 because they spoke ,latin1 and lived under the ,roman law1 were orthodox ,catholics2 and the miseries of religious persecution were too often added to the usual miseries of invasion4 ,it was about the year #dee-fj4 ,attila1 the great ,king of the ,huns1 who called himself--and who was--the ,scourge of ,god was just dead4 ,his empire had broken up4 ,the whole centre of ,europe was in a state of anarchy and war2 and the hapless ,romans along the ,danube were in the last extremity of terror1 not knowing by what fresh invader their crops would be swept off up to the very gates of the walled towers1 which were their only defence2 when there appeared among them1 coming out of the ,east1 a man of ,god4 ,who he was he would not tell4 ,his speech showed him to be an ,african ,roman--a fellow-countryman of ,s4 ,augustine--probably from the neighbourhood of ,carthage4 ,he had certainly at one time gone to some desert in the ,east1 zealous to learn the more perfect life4 ,severinus1 he said1 was his name2 a name which indicated high rank1 as did the manners and the scholarship of him who bore it4 ,but more than his name he would not tell4 ,if you take me for a runaway slave1 he said1 smiling1 get ready money to redeem me with when my master demands me back4 ,for he believed that they would have need of him2 that ,god had sent him into that land that he might be of use to its wretched people4 ,and certainly he could have come into the neighbourhood of ,vienna1 at that moment1 for no other purpose than to do good1 unless he came to deal in slaves4 ,he settled first at a town1 called by his biographer ,casturis2 and1 lodging with the warden of the church1 lived quietly the hermit life4 ,meanwhile the ,german tribes were prowling round the town2 and ,severinus1 going one day into the church1 began to warn the priests and clergy1 and all the people1 that a destruction was coming on them which they could only avert by prayer1 and fasting1 and the works of mercy4 ,they laughed him to scorn1 confiding in their lofty ,roman walls1 which the invaders--wild horsemen1 who had no military engines--were unable either to scale or batter down4 ,severinus left the town at once1 prophesying1 it was said1 the very day and hour of its fall4 ,he went on to the next town1 which was then closely garrisoned by a barbarian force1 and repeated his warning there3 but while the people were listening to him1 there came an old man to the gate1 and told them how ,casturis had been already sacked1 as the man of ,god had foretold2 and going into the church1 threw himself at the feet of ,s4 ,severinus1 and said that he had been saved by his merits from being destroyed with his fellow-townsmen4 ,then the dwellers in the town hearkened to the man of ,god1 and gave themselves up to fasting1 and almsgiving1 and prayer for three whole days4 ,and on the third day1 when the solemnity of the evening sacrifice was fulfilled1 a sudden earthquake happened1 and the barbarians1 seized with panic fear1 and probably hating and dreading--like all those wild tribes--confinement between four stone walls1 instead of the free open life of the tent and the stockade1 forced the ,romans to open their gates to them1 rushed out into the night1 and1 in their madness1 slew each other4 ,in those days a famine fell upon the people of ,vienna2 and they1 as their sole remedy1 thought good to send for the man of ,god from the neighbouring town4 ,he went1 and preached to them1 too1 repentance and almsgiving4 ,the rich1 it seems1 had hidden up their stores of corn1 and left the poor to starve4 ,at least ,s4 ,severinus discovered 7by divine revelation1 it was supposed71 that a widow named ,procula had done as much4 ,he called her out into the midst of the people1 and asked her why she1 a noble woman and free-born1 had made herself a slave to avarice1 which is idolatry4 ,if she would not give her corn to ,christ's poor1 let her throw it into the ,danube to feed the fish1 for any gain from it she would not have4 ,procula was abashed1 and served out her hoards thereupon willingly to the poor2 and a little while afterwards1 to the astonishment of all1 vessels came down the ,danube laden with every kind of merchandize4 ,they had been frozen up for many days near ,passau1 in the thick ice of the river ,enns3 but the prayers of ,god's servant had opened the ice-gates1 and let them down the stream before the usual time4 ,then the wild ,german horsemen swept around the walls1 and carried off human beings and cattle1 as many as they could find4 ,severinus1 like some old ,hebrew prophet1 did not shrink from advising hard blows1 where hard blows could avail4 ,mamertinus1 the tribune1 or officer in command1 told him that he had so few soldiers1 and those so ill-armed1 that he dare not face the enemy4 ,severinus answered that they should get weapons from the barbarians themselves2 the ,lord would fight for them1 and they should hold their peace3 only if they took any captives they should bring them safe to him4 ,at the second milestone from the city they came upon the plunderers1 who fled at once1 leaving their arms behind4 ,thus was the prophecy of the man of ,god fulfilled4 ,the ,romans brought the captives back to him unharmed4 ,he loosed their bonds1 gave them food and drink1 and let them go4 ,but they were to tell their comrades that1 if ever they came near that spot again1 celestial vengeance would fall on them1 for the ,god of the ,christians fought from heaven in his servants cause4 ,so the barbarians trembled1 and went away4 ,and the fear of ,s4 ,severinus fell on all the ,goths1 heretic ,arians though they were2 and on the ,rugii1 who held the north bank of the ,danube in those evil days4 ,s4 ,severinus1 meanwhile1 went out of ,vienna1 and built himself a cell at a place called ,at the ,vineyards4 ,but some benevolent impulse--divine revelation his biographer calls it--prompted him to return1 and build himself a cell on a hill close to ,vienna1 round which other cells soon grew up1 tenanted by his disciples4 ,there1 says his biographer1 he longed to escape the crowds of men who were wont to come to him1 and cling closer to ,god in continual prayer3 but the more he longed to dwell in solitude1 the more often he was warned by revelations not to deny his presence to the afflicted people4 ,he fasted continually2 he went barefoot even in the midst of winter1 which was so severe1 the story continues1 in those days around ,vienna1 that waggons crossed the ,danube on the solid ice3 and yet1 instead of being puffed-up by his own virtues1 he set an example of humility to all1 and bade them with tears to pray for him1 that the ,saviour's gifts to him might not heap condemnation on his head4 ,over the wild ,rugii ,s4 ,severinus seems to have acquired unbounded influence4 ,their king1 ,flaccitheus1 used to pour out his sorrows to him1 and tell him how the princes of the ,goths would surely slay him2 for when he had asked leave of him to pass on into ,italy1 he would not let him go4 ,but ,s4 ,severinus prophesied to him that the ,goths would do him no harm4 ,only one warning he must take3 ,let it not grieve him to ask peace even for the least of men4 ,the friendship which had thus begun between the barbarian king and the cultivated ,saint was carried on by his son ,feva3 but his deadly and noxious wife1 ,gisa1 who appears to have been a fierce ,arian1 always1 says his biographer1 kept him back from clemency4 ,one story of ,gisa's misdeeds is so characteristic both of the manners of the time and of the style in which the original biography is written1 that ,i shall take leave to insert it at length4 ,the ,king ,feletheus 7who is also ,feva71 the son of the afore-mentioned ,flaccitheus1 following his father's devotion1 began1 at the commencement of his reign1 often to visit the holy man4 ,his deadly and noxious wife1 named ,gisa1 always kept him back from the remedies of clemency4 ,for she1 among the other plague-spots of her iniquity1 even tried to have certain ,catholics re-baptized3 but when her husband did not consent1 on account of his reverence for ,s4 ,severinus1 she gave up immediately her sacrilegious intention1 burdening the ,romans1 nevertheless1 with hard conditions1 and commanding some of them to be exiled to the ,danube4 ,for when one day1 she1 having come to the village next to ,vienna1 had ordered some of them to be sent over the ,danube1 and condemned to the most menial offices of slavery1 the man of ,god sent to her1 and begged that they might be let go4 ,but she1 blazing up in a flame of fury1 ordered the harshest of answers to be returned4 ',i pray thee1' she said1 'servant of ,god1 hiding there within thy cell1 allow us to settle what we choose about our own slaves4' ,but the man of ,god hearing this1 ',i trust1' he said1 'in my ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 that she will be forced by necessity to fulfil that which in her wicked will she has despised4' ,and forthwith a swift rebuke followed1 and brought low the soul of the arrogant woman4 ,for she had confined in close custody certain barbarian goldsmiths1 that they might make regal ornaments4 ,to them the son of the aforesaid king1 ,frederick by name1 still a little boy1 had gone in1 in childish levity1 on the very day on which the queen had despised the servant of ,god4 ,the goldsmiths put a sword to the child's breast1 saying1 that if any one attempted to enter1 without giving them an oath that they should be protected1 he should die2 and that they would slay the king's child first1 and themselves afterwards1 seeing that they had no hope of life left1 being worn out with long prison4 ,when she heard that1 the cruel and impious queen1 rending her garments for grief1 cried out1 ',o servant of ,god1 ,severinus1 are the injuries which ,i did thee thus avenged8 ,hast thou obtained1 by the earnest prayer thou hast poured out1 this punishment for my contempt1 that thou shouldst avenge it on my own flesh and blood8' ,then1 running up and down with manifold contrition and miserable lamentation1 she confessed that for the act of contempt which she had committed against the servant of ,god she was struck by the vengeance of the present blow2 and forthwith she sent knights to ask for forgiveness1 and sent across the river the ,romans1 his prayers for whom she had despised4 ,the goldsmiths1 having received immediately a promise of safety1 and giving up the child1 were in like manner let go4 ,the most reverend ,severinus1 when he heard this1 gave boundless thanks to the ,creator1 who sometimes puts off the prayers of suppliants for this end1 that as faith1 hope1 and charity grow1 while lesser things are sought1 ,he may concede greater things4 ,lastly1 this did the mercy of the ,omnipotent ,saviour work1 that while it brought to slavery a woman free1 but cruel over much1 she was forced to restore to liberty those who were enslaved4 ,this having been marvellously gained1 the queen hastened with her husband to the servant of ,god1 and showed him her son1 who1 she confessed1 had been freed from the verge of death by his prayers1 and promised that she would never go against his commands4 ,to this period of ,severinus' life belongs the famous story of his interview with ,odoacer1 the first barbarian king of ,italy1 and brother of the great ,onulf or ,wolf1 who was the founder of the family of the ,guelphs1 ,counts of ,altorf1 and the direct ancestors of ,victoria1 ,queen of ,england4 ,their father was ,aedecon1 secretary at one time of ,attila1 and chief of the little tribe of ,turklings1 who1 though ,german1 had clung faithfully to ,attila's sons1 and came to ruin at the great battle of ,netad1 when the empire of the ,huns broke up at once and for ever4 ,then ,odoacer and his brother started over the ,alps to seek their fortunes in ,italy1 and take service1 after the fashion of young ,german adventurers1 with the ,romans2 and they came to ,s4 ,severinus' cell1 and went in1 heathens as they probably were1 to ask a blessing of the holy man2 and ,odoacer had to stoop and to stand stooping1 so huge he was4 ,the ,saint saw that he was no common lad1 and said1 ,go to ,italy1 clothed though thou be in ragged sheepskins3 thou shalt soon give greater gifts to thy friends4 ,so ,odoacer went up into ,italy1 deposed the last of the ,caesars1 a paltry boy1 ,romulus ,augustulus by name1 and found himself1 to his own astonishment1 and that of all the world1 the first ,german king of ,italy2 and1 when he was at the height of his power1 he remembered the prophecy of ,severinus1 and sent to him1 offering him any boon he chose to ask4 ,but all that the ,saint asked was1 that he should forgive some ,romans whom he had banished4 ,s4 ,severinus meanwhile foresaw that ,odoacer's kingdom would not last1 as he seems to have foreseen many things4 ,for when certain ,german knights were boasting before him of the power and glory of ,odoacer1 he said that it would last some thirteen1 or at most fourteen years2 and the prophecy 7so all men said in those days7 came exactly true4 ,there is no need to follow the details of ,s4 ,severinus's labours through some five-and-twenty years of perpetual self-sacrifice--and1 as far as this world was concerned1 perpetual disaster4 ,eugippius's chapters are little save a catalogue of towns sacked one after the other1 from ,passau to ,vienna1 till the miserable survivors of the war seemed to have concentrated themselves under ,s4 ,severinus's guardianship in the latter city4 ,we find1 too1 tales of famine1 of locust-swarms1 of little victories over the barbarians1 which do not arrest wholesale defeat3 but we find1 through all1 ,s4 ,severinus labouring like a true man of ,god1 conciliating the invading chiefs1 redeeming captives1 procuring for the cities which were still standing supplies of clothes for the fugitives1 persuading the husbandmen1 seemingly through large districts1 to give even in time of dearth a tithe of their produce to the poor2--a tale of noble work indeed4 ,eugippius relates many wonders in his life of ,s4 ,severinus4 ,the reader finds how the man who had secretly celebrated a heathen sacrifice was discovered by ,s4 ,severinus1 because1 while the tapers of the rest of the congregation were lighted miraculously from heaven1 his taper alone would not light4 ,he records how the ,danube dared not rise above the mark of the cross which ,s4 ,severinus had cut upon the posts of a timber chapel2 how a poor man1 going out to drive the locusts off his little patch of corn instead of staying in the church all day to pray1 found the next morning that his crop alone had been eaten1 while all the fields around remained untouched4 ,also he records the well-known story1 which has a certain awfulness about it1 how ,s4 ,severinus watched all night by the bier of the dead priest ,silvinus1 and ere the morning dawned bade him1 in the name of ,god1 speak to his brethren2 and how the dead man opened his eyes1 and ,severinus asked him whether he wished to return to life1 and he answered complainingly1 ,keep me no longer here2 nor cheat me of that perpetual rest which ,i had already found1 and so1 closing his eyes once more1 was still for ever4 ,at last the noble life wore itself out4 ,for two years ,severinus had foretold that his end was near2 and foretold1 too1 that the people for whom he had spent himself should go forth in safety1 as ,israel out of ,egypt1 and find a refuge in some other ,roman province1 leaving behind them so utter a solitude1 that the barbarians1 in their search for the hidden treasures of the civilization which they had exterminated1 should dig up the very graves of the dead4 ,only1 when the ,lord willed to deliver them1 they must carry away his bones with them1 as the children of ,israel carried the bones of ,joseph4 ,then ,severinus sent for ,feva1 the ,rugian king and ,gisa1 his cruel wife2 and when he had warned them how they must render an account to ,god for the people committed to their charge1 he stretched his hand out to the bosom of the king4 ,gisa1 he asked1 dost thou love most the soul within that breast1 or gold and silver8 ,she answered that she loved her husband above all4 ,cease then1 he said1 to oppress the innocent3 lest their affliction be the ruin of your power4 ,severinus' presage was strangely fulfilled4 ,feva had handed over the city of ,vienna to his brother ,frederick--poor and impious1 says ,eugippius4 ,severinus1 who knew him well1 sent for him1 and warned him that he himself was going to the ,lord2 and that if1 after his death1 ,frederick dared touch aught of the substance of the poor and the captive1 the wrath of ,god would fall on him4 ,in vain the barbarian pretended indignant innocence2 ,severinus sent him away with fresh warnings4 ,then on the nones of ,january he was smitten slightly with a pain in the side4 ,and when that had continued for three days1 at midnight he bade the brethren come to him4 ,he renewed his talk about the coming emigration1 and entreated again that his bones might not be left behind2 and having bidden all in turn come near and kiss him1 and having received the most ,holy ,sacrament1 he forbade them to weep for him1 and commanded them to sing a psalm4 ,they hesitated1 weeping4 ,he himself gave out the psalm1 ,praise the ,lord in ,his saints1 and let all that hath breath praise the ,lord2 and so went to rest in the ,lord4 ,no sooner was he dead than ,frederick seized on the garments kept in the monastery for the use of the poor1 and even commanded his men to carry off the vessels of the altar4 ,then followed a scene characteristic of the time4 ,the steward sent to do the deed shrank from the crime of sacrilege4 ,a knight1 ,anicianus by name1 went in his stead1 and took the vessels of the altar4 ,but his conscience was too strong for him4 ,trembling and delirium fell on him1 and he fled away to a lonely island1 and became a hermit there4 ,frederick1 impenitent1 swept away all in the monastery1 leaving nought but the bare walls1 which he could not carry over the ,danube4 ,but on him1 too1 vengeance fell4 ,within a month he was slain by his own nephew4 ,then ,odoacer attacked the ,rugii1 and carried off ,feva and ,gisa captive to ,rome4 ,and then the long-promised emigration came4 ,odoacer1 whether from mere policy 7for he was trying to establish a half-,roman kingdom in ,italy17 or for love of ,s4 ,severinus himself1 sent his brother ,onulf to fetch away into ,italy the miserable remnant of the ,danubian provincials1 to be distributed among the wasted and unpeopled farms of ,italy4 ,and with them went forth the corpse of ,s4 ,severinus1 undecayed1 though he had been six years dead1 and giving forth exceeding fragrance1 though 7says ,eugippius7 no embalmer's hand had touched it4 ,in a coffin1 which had been long prepared for it1 it was laid on a waggon1 and went over the ,alps into ,italy1 working 7according to ,eugippius7 the usual miracles on the way1 till it found a resting-place near ,naples1 in that very villa of ,lucullus at ,misenum1 to which ,odoacer had sent the last ,emperor of ,rome to dream his ignoble life away in helpless luxury4 ,so ends this tragic story4 ,of its truth there can be no doubt4 ,m4 ,ozanam has well said of that death-bed scene between the saint and the barbarian king and queen--,the history of invasions has many a pathetic scene3 but ,i know none more instructive than the dying agony of that old ,roman expiring between two barbarians1 and less touched with the ruin of the empire1 than with the peril of their souls4#ce ,but even more instructive1 and more tragic also1 is the strange coincidence that the wonder-working corpse of the starved and bare-footed hermit should rest beside the last ,emperor of ,rome4 ,it is the symbol of a new era4 ,the kings of this world have been judged and cast out4 ,the empire of the flesh is to perish1 and the empire of the spirit to conquer thenceforth for evermore4 ,relics1 in the church of ,s4 ,severino at ,naples4 ,patron 7but not sole ,patron7 of ,austria1 ,vienna1 ,bavaria4 ,b4 ,,baldwin1 ,m4 ,,of ,,laon4 7#f,,th ,,cent47 ,german and ,gallican ,martyrologies4 ,life by an unknown author4 ,the ,blessed ,baldwin1 archdeacon of ,laon1 in the reign of ,dagobert1 was the son of ,basus1 a nobleman1 and ,salaberga1 who is numbered among the ,saints4 ,his sister's name was ,astruda1 who is also reckoned a ,saint4 ,baldwin having incurred the enmity of certain evil men1 was by them treacherously murdered4 ,the details are not known4 ,s4 ,,frodobert1 ,,ab4 ,,of ,,troyes4 7#g,,th ,,cent47 ,gallican and ,german ,martyrologies4 ,s4 ,frodobert died on ,jan4 #ast1 but his body was translated on ,jan4 #hth1 and on that day1 accordingly1 his festival is observed at ,troyes1 and by the ,benedictine ,order4 ,his life was written by his disciple1 ,lupellus1 and used in the compilation of a later life1 by a monk of ,moutier la ,celle1 near ,troyes1 about #hgb4 ,s4 ,frodobert1 the son of parents of the middle class1 from the earliest age was inspired with the love of ,god1 and a wondrous gentleness and child-like simplicity4 ,he is said1 as a little boy1 to have healed his mother of blindness1 as1 in a paroxysm of love and compassion for her affliction1 he kissed her darkened eyes1 and signed them with the cross4 ,at an early age he entered the abbey of ,luxeuil1 where his singleness of soul and guilelessness exposed him to become the butt of the more frivolous monks4 ,during the time that he was there1 a certain ,teudolin1 abbot of ,s4 ,seguanus1 was staying at ,luxeuil for the purpose of study1 and ,frodobert was much with him1 being ordered to attend on the wants of the visitor1 and obey him implicitly4 ,this ,teudolin diversified his labours with playing practical jokes on his gentle assistant2 but ,frodobert never resented any jest4 ,one day the abbot ,teudolin sent ,frodobert to another monk1 who was also fond of practising jokes on ,frodobert1 for a pair of compasses1 saying that he wanted them for writing4 ,the lay brother took the message without in the least knowing what compasses were4 ,the monk1 suspecting that the abbot had sent ,frodobert on a fool's errand1 put a pair of stones off a hand-mill round his neck1 and told him to take them to ,teudolin4 ,frodobert obeyed1 but was scarcely able to stagger along the cloister under the weight4 ,on his way1 the abbot of ,luxeuil1 his own superior1 met him1 and amazed to see the poor brother bowed to earth under this burden1 bade him throw down the mill-stones1 and tell him whither he was taking them4 ,frodobert obeyed1 and said that the abbot ,teudolin had sent him for them1 as he wanted them for literary purposes4 ,the superior burst into tears1 grieved that the good1 simple-minded lay brother should have been thus imposed upon1 and hastening to the visitor1 and then to the monk who had put the compasses about ,frodobert's neck1 he administered to them such a sharp rebuke1 that from that day forward no more practical jokes were played upon him4 ,as years passed1 his virtue became more generally known1 and the ,bishop of ,troyes summoned him to be in attendance on himself4 ,the humble monk in vain entreated to be allowed to return to his monastery2 the bishop retained him about his person in his palace4 ,as he was unable to return to the quiet of his cloister1 ,frodobert withdrew as much as possible from the world in which he moved1 into the calm of his own heart1 and practised great abstinence in the midst of the abundance wherewith the bishop's table was supplied4 ,living outside his cloister1 he kept its rules1 and in ,lent he never ate anything till after sunset4 ,those who were less strict in their living1 sneered at his self-denial1 and told the bishop that ,frodobert kept a supply of victuals in his bedroom1 and ate privily4 ,to prove him1 the prelate gave him a chamber in the church tower1 and burst in upon him at all unseasonable moments1 but was never able to detect the slightest proof of the charge being well founded4 ,he1 therefore1 regretted his mistrust1 and restored the monk to his room in the palace4 ,frodobert was given at last1 by ,clovis ,,ii41 some marshy land near ,troyes1 and on this he built a monastery1 which he called ,la ,celle1 which was soon filled with numerous monks1 and became famous for the learned men it educated4 ,here ,s4 ,frodobert spent many years4 ,he passed his declining years in building a church to ,s4 ,peter1 and when the church was completed1 his strength failed1 and he knew that he had not many days to live4 ,his great desire was to see it consecrated on the feast of the ,nativity1 and he sent two of his monks to the bishop to beseech him to dedicate his new church that day4 ,but the duties of ,christmas1 in his ,cathedral1 rendered it impossible for the prelate to grant this request4 ,frodobert received the refusal with many tears1 but lifting his eyes and hands to heaven1 he prayed1 and ,god prolonged his days1 so that he survived to see his church consecrated on the ,octave of the ,nativity1 ,jan4 #ast2 and when the ceremony was over1 he resigned his soul into the hands of ,god4 ,the body was translated1 some years after1 on the #hth ,january4 ,the weather had been wet1 and the marshes were under water1 so that the abbot and monks were in trouble1 because their house was surrounded with the flood1 and it would be difficult for the bishop and clergy of ,troyes to attend the ceremony of the translation4 ,grant1 said the abbot1 that the blessed ,frodobert may obtain for us a sharp frost1 or we shall have no one here tomorrow4 ,this was said on the eve of the projected translation4 ,that night1 so hard a frost set in1 that by morning the whole surface of the water was frozen like a stone1 and the bishop1 clergy1 and faithful of ,troyes1 came to the monastery over the ice4 ,s4 ,,gudula1 ,v4 7,,about #gab47 ,gallo-,belgian and ,cologne ,martyrologies4 ,two lives of ,s4 ,gudula exist1 besides notices of her in the lives of other members of the family of saints to which she belonged4 ,one life1 by a certain ,hubert1 was compiled after #ajdg1 the other is anonymous1 given by ,surius4 ,that of ,hubert is an amplification of an older life1 written in simple and rude style4 ,he did not apparently add anything to the history1 except the account of the various translations of her relics1 up to his time2 but he re-wrote the life in more pedantic and florid style4 ,the date of the birth of this holy virgin is uncertain4 ,during the reign of ,king ,dagobert1 or of his son ,sigebert1 there lived in ,brabant a count named ,witgere4 ,his wife ,amalberga1 who is said to have been the sister of ,pepin of ,landen1 presented him with many children2 ,rainilda1 ,pharaildis1 and ,emebert1 who occupied the episcopal throne of ,cambrai1 and was afterwards elevated to the ranks of the blessed4 ,amalberga was again pregnant1 and an angel announced to her1 in a dream1 that the child that should be born to her1 would be a model of sanctity4 ,a few days after1 ,s4 ,gudula was born1 and her relative1 ,s4 ,gertrude1 was her sponsor1 and took charge of her education4 ,when ,gudula was still a child1 she longed to fly the world4 ,she and her sister ,rainilda betook themselves to ,lobbes1 and asked to be admitted into the monastery4 ,but as women were not permitted to invade its precincts1 their request was denied4 ,after waiting three days at the gates1 ,gudula turned away sorrowful1 but her sister ,rainilda1 more persevering1 remained undeterred by repeated refusals1 till1 overcoming by her persistency1 she was allowed to live under the rule of the monastery4 ,gudula returned to her parents2 but living at home1 she lived a recluse4 ,in those wild times of civil war and general violence1 it is not surprising to see gentle spirits flutter like doves to the convent gates1 as to an ark of refuge1 from the storms raging without1 which they were so powerless to withstand4 ,about two miles from her parents' castle was a little village named ,moorsel1 where was an oratory dedicated to the ,saviour2 thither went ,s4 ,gudula every morning at cock-crow4 ,and now follows an incident similar to that related of ,s4 ,genoveva4 ,one wild night1 the ,prince of the ,power of the air extinguished the light which the servant girl carried before the ,saint2 and she1 in profound darkness1 on a barren heath1 knew not how to find the path4 ,gudula knelt down and prayed to ,god1 and the light rekindled in her lantern1 so that she went on her way rejoicing4 ,at early mass1 one frosty morning1 the priest1 as he turned towards the people1 noticed ,gudula wrapped in devotion1 and her feet were exposed from beneath her gown2 he saw with dismay that there were no soles to her shoes1 so that though she appeared to be well shod1 she in reality walked barefoot4 ,the good priest1 pained to think that her tender feet should be chilled by the icy stones of the pavement1 as soon as he had unvested1 took his warm mittens1 and put them under the feet of the young countess2 but she rejected them1 much distressed that her act of penance had been discovered4 ,on leaving the church1 she met a poor woman1 with her crippled dumb son on her back4 ,the boy was bowed double1 and was so deformed that he could not feed himself4 ,the ,saint looked at the poor mother and then at the unfortunate child1 and actuated by a movement of compassion1 she took the cripple into her arms1 and besought ,god to pity him4 ,instantly the stiff joints became supple1 and the back was straightened1 and the child1 feeling himself whole1 cried out3 ,see1 mother6 see6 ,gudula1 abashed at the miracle1 implored the poor woman to keep what had taken place a secret2 but she1 full of gratitude1 published it abroad4 ,when ,s4 ,gudula died1 all the people followed her body to the grave4 ,she was buried on the #hth ,january1 #gab1 according to the general opinion1 in a tomb before the door of the oratory of the village of ,hamme1 near ,releghem4 ,on the morrow1 a poplar that stood at the foot of her grave was seen1 in spite of the season1 to have burst into green leaf4#cf ,the body was afterwards transported to ,nivelles1 ,mons1 and ,maubeuge1 through fear of the ,normans2 and then was laid in the oratory of ,moorsel1 which she had loved so well in life4 ,when ,charlemagne came to ,moorsel1 he built there a monastery1 richly endowed2 but the convent disappeared in the times of anarchy which followed the death of the founder1 and the body was finally taken from the robber baron who had appropriated to himself the lands of ,moorsel1 and brought to ,brussels2 where1 since #ajdg1 a magnificent church has eternalized the memory of the daughter of ,witgere4 ,the site of the chapel at ,hamme is now a kiln4 ,gudula2 ,french1 ,gudule2 ,flemish1 ,goole4 ,relics1 at the church of ,,ss4 ,michel et ,gudule1 ,brussels4 ,patroness of ,brussels4 ,in art1 represented with a lantern1 and an angel kindling it4 ,s4 ,,pega1 ,v4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #gah47 ,english ,martyrologies4 ,authorities3 ,felix of ,croyland1 ,florence of ,worcester1 ,ordericus ,vitalis1 lib4 iv4 c4 #ag4 ,s4 ,pega was the sister of ,s4 ,guthlac of ,croyland1 and though of the royal blood of the ,mercian kings1 forsook the world and led a retired life in the country1 where now stands ,peakirk1 in ,northamptonshire4 ,there ,pega1 ,s4 ,guthlac's sister1 was for a long time a servant of the ,lord4 ,after her brother's death1 she used all her endeavours to wear out her life for the love of ,christ1 by still severer austerities4 ,she1 therefore1 undertook a pilgrimage to ,rome1 to pray at the threshold of the holy ,apostles1 for herself and her kinsfolk1 and she there triumphantly departed1 on the sixth of the ides 7#hth7 of ,january4 ,s4 ,pega1 called in ,northamptonshire ,s4 ,pee1 is not to be confounded with ,s4 ,bega1 or ,s4 ,bees1 who is commemorated on ,september #hth4 ,s4 ,,wulsin1 ,b4 ,,of ,,sherbourn4 7,a4,d4 #ihc47 ,benedictine ,martyrology4 ,in ,english ,martyrologies ,s4 ,wulsin was commemorated on ,sept4 #bgth4 ,mentioned by ,matthew of ,westminster4 ,his life is given by ,capgrave4 ,matthew of ,westminster says 7,de gestis ,pontif4 ,anglorum1 lib4 #b73--;,dunstan1 the archbishop1 when he was ,bishop of ,london1 made him 7,wulsin71 abbot of ,westminster1 a place where formerly ,mellitus had raised a church to ,s4 ,peter1 and here he formed a monastery of twelve monks4 ,having discharged his office prudently and with sanctity1 he was made ,bishop of ,sherbourn4 ,then he at once instituted monks in the episcopal seat1 and dismissed the secular clerks1 lest he should seem to sleep when so many bishops of the time were patrons of diligence4 ,his sanctity1 if manifest in life1 was more so in death4 ,for when he was nigh the gates of death1 the eyes of his understanding being opened1 he exclaimed singing1 ',i see the heavens opened1 and ,jesus standing at the right hand of ,god6' ,which song he uttered without faltering1 and singing1 he died4 ,s4 ,,laurence ,,justiniani1 ,,patr4 ,,of ,,venice4 7,a4,d4 #adee47 ,s4 ,laurence ,justiniani died on ,jan4 #hth4 ,he was beatified by ,clement ,,vii41 in the year #aebd1 and was canonized in #afih by ,alexander ,,viii4 ,the #eth ,sept41 the day of his consecration as bishop1 is generally observed in his honour1 instead of ,jan4 #hth1 and to that day we refer our readers for his life4 ,illustration3 ,decoration ,,footnotes3 #cd ,the ,hermits1 by the ,rev4 ,c4 ,kingsley4 ,macmillan1 #ahfi1 pp4 #bbd1 #bci4 #ce ,la ,civilisation ,chretienne chez les ,francs4 ,paris1 #ahfa1 p4 #da4 #cf ,so related in one of the lives4 ,the other exaggerates the incident1 and says that in the night a poplar tree sprang up4 ,january #i4 ,s4 ,,marciana1 ,v4 ,m41 in ,africa1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cjj4 ,,ss4 ,,julian1 ,,basilissa1 ,,celsus1 ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm1 in ,egypt1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #caj4 ,s4 ,,peter1 ,b4 of ,sebaste1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #chg4 ,s4 ,,marcellinus1 ,b4 of ,ancona1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #eff4 ,s4 ,,fillan1 ,ab41 in ,scotland1 #hth cent4 ,s4 ,,adrian1 ,ab41 at ,canterbury1 ,a4,d4 #gji4 ,s4 ,,brithwald1 ,abp4 of ,canterbury1 ,a4,d4 #gca4 ,s4 ,,marciana1 ,v4 ,m4 7,,about #cjj47 ,roman1 ,spanish1 ,german1 and other ,martyrologies4 ,there is some difficulty as to whether the ,african ,s4 ,marciana and the ,saint of the same name1 honoured at ,toledo1 are to be distinguished2 but probably they are the same4 ,some hagiographers have supposed that there were two1 because at ,toledo1 ,s4 ,marciana is commemorated on ,july #abth1 but that is in all probability the day of her translation4 ,the ,acts of the ,african ,saint and the ,toledan hymn to ,s4 ,marciana1 as well as the account of her in the ,mozarabic ,breviary1 relate the same incidents4 ,none of these are of any great authority4 ,saint ,marciana was a native of ,rusuccus1 in ,mauritania4 ,when at ,caesarea1 in ,mauritania1 she was brought before the governor on the charge of having overthrown a marble statuette of ,diana1 which stood above a drinking fountain in the public street4 ,for this outrage on the established religion1 she was scourged1 and then delivered over to the lust of the gladiators1 but was miraculously delivered1 for ,god was as careful to protect the modesty of his servant1 as was she to proclaim the honour of ,his name4 ,she was exposed in the amphitheatre to a lion1 which1 however1 spared her2 but a bull gored her with its horns1 and a leopard despatched her4 ,patroness of ,tortosa1 in ,spain4 ,,ss4 ,,julian1 ,,basilissa1 ,,celsus1 ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm4 7,,about #caj47 ,roman ,martyrology and ,greek ,menaea4 ,authority3--,the ,acts of these martyrs4 ,they are referred to by ,s4 ,eulogius1 the martyr1 who flourished about ,a4,d4 #hej4 ,they have been inserted by ,metaphrastes in his collection of the lives of the ,saints1 in ,greek4 ,s4 ,aldhelm of ,sherbourne1 wrote a panegyric on these ,saints1 in ,anglo-,saxon1 in #gjj2 and ,s4 ,venantius ,fortunatus wrote a hymn in honour of them in #fbj4 ,the ,acts purport to have been written by an eye-witness of the martyrdom1 for he says3--,we write the ,acts of the ,saints from what we saw with our eyes1 wherefore we hope to receive some little share in future blessedness4 ,the writer survived to the time of ,constantine the ,great1 for he speaks of churches erected to the memory of these martyrs4 ,nevertheless1 the ,acts cannot be regarded as genuine4 ,they are nothing but a religious romance1 possibly founded on fact4 ,such religious romances were common in the #eth cent41 written to supply ,christians with wholesome reading in place of the sensual fictions of ,heliodorus1 ,achilles1 ,tatius1 c4 ,as there are no less than thirty-six ,julians in the ,roman ,martyrology1 and of these seven are commemorated in ,january1 there is great liability to confusion4 ,s4 ,julian seems to have suffered on the #fth ,january2 but on account of the concurrence of the ,epiphany1 his memorial was transferred to different days in different dioceses1 and this again has proved an element of confusion4 ,s4 ,julian was born at ,antino1 in ,egypt1 of noble parents4 ,the love of ,god1 and ,god alone1 filled his heart from earliest childhood4 ,at the age of eighteen his parents required him to marry4 ,this troubled him much1 for he had read the saying of ,s4 ,paul1 ,he that is unmarried careth for the things that belong to the ,lord1 how he may please the ,lord3 but he that is married careth for the things that are of the world1 how he may please his wife4 #a ,cor4 vii4 #cb1 #cc4 ,he besought his parents to allow him to defer giving them a final answer till he had well considered their proposal during seven days4 ,he now fasted1 and watched1 and prayed1 revealing to ,god the desire of his heart1 to keep his body in virginity1 and his soul devoted to ,god alone4 ,at the end of the seven days he saw ,christ in a vision1 who said to him1 ,fear not1 ,julian1 to take thee a wife1 and to fulfil the desire of thy parents4 ,as virgins ye shall serve me1 and ,i shall not be separated from you1 and as virgins shall ye enter into my kingdom4 ,then ,julian was filled with great joy1 and he considered whom he should choose4 ,now there was one maiden1 ,basilissa by name1 who was well-known to his parents1 and with whom he had been acquainted from childhood1 and whom he loved for her whiteness of soul4 ,therefore he told his father that he consented to marry ,basilissa4 ,and she1 on her side1 was glad to be the wife of ,julian1 but her timid soul shrank from the cares and responsibilities of marriage1 for she was as yet young and fresh to the world4 ,the marriage took place with all the boisterous merriment and display1 usual then as now2 and evening approaching1 the young bride was led by the maidens1 who were her fellows1 to the nuptial chamber4 ,now when ,julian entered1 there came an odour in the apartment1 as of lilies and roses1 though the season was mid-winter1 and an awe fell on their young hearts4 ,and they put their hands together1 and promised to serve ,god together in purity and fervour1 with singleness of heart all their days4 ,then they were aware of ,one present in the room1 and kneeling down1 they fell prostrate1 and besought ,him to accomplish the good work ,he had begun in them4 ,and when they looked up1 the chamber was full of light1 and they saw ,jesus and ,mary1 and an innumerable company of virgin ,saints4 ,then the ,lord said1 ,thou hast conquered1 ,o ,julian1 thou hast conquered6 ,and the ,blessed ,virgin said1 ,blessed art thou1 ,basilissa1 who hast thus sought with single heart the glory that is eternal4 ,then said ,jesus1 ,my soldiers1 who have overcome the wiles of the old serpent1 rise and behold what is prepared for you6 ,thereupon came two clothed in white robes1 and girded about the loins with golden zones1 having crowns of flowers in their hands1 and they raised them from the ground and showed them an open book seven times brighter than silver1 inscribed with golden letters1 and round about it stood four elders1 having vials in their hands of pure gold1 from which ascended diverse odours4 ,and one1 answering1 said1 ,in these four vials your perfection is contained4 ,for out of these daily ascends an odour of sweet fragrance before the ,lord4 ,therefore1 blessed are ye1 because ye have rejected the unsatisfying pleasures of this world to strive after those which are eternal1 which eye hath not seen1 nor ear heard1 neither hath it entered into the heart of man to conceive4 ,then ,julian looked1 and beheld his name1 and the name of his wife1 ,basilissa1 written in the book4 ,and the elder said1 ,in that book are written the chaste and the sober1 the truthful and the merciful1 the humble and gentle1 those whose love is unfeigned1 bearing adversities1 patient in tribulation1 and those who1 for the love of ,jesus ,christ1 have given up father and mother1 and wife and children1 and lands1 for his sake1 lest they should impede the progress of their souls to perfection1 and they who have not hesitated to shed their blood for his name1 in the number of whom you also have merited to be written4 ,then the vision passed4 ,but ,julian and ,basilissa spent the night in prayer1 and singing joyful praises to the ,lord4 ,and when his parents were dead1 ,julian divided his house and made it into a hospital1 and all his substance he spent in relieving the necessities of the sick and suffering4 ,he ruled over the portion devoted to the men1 and ,basilissa1 his wife1 at the head of a number of devout virgins1 governed the women's department4 ,many men placed themselves under the guidance of ,s4 ,julian1 and assisted him in his works of charity1 and laboured for the advancement of ,god's glory1 and the salvation of their own souls4 ,it is from the circumstance of ,s4 ,julian having been the first to establish a hospital for the sick1 that he has been called by distinction ,julian the ,hospitaller4 ,after many years1 ,basilissa died in peace2 her husband ,julian survived her4 ,in the persecution of ,diocletian he was seized and subjected to cruel tortures4 ,the governor1 ,marcian1 ordered him to be dragged1 laden with chains1 and covered with wounds1 about the city4 ,as the martyr passed the school where ,celsus1 the son of the governor1 was being instructed1 the boys turned out into the street to see the soldier of ,christ go by4 ,then suddenly the lad exclaimed1 ,i see angels accompanying1 and extending a glorious crown to him4 ,i believe1 ,i believe in the ,god of the ,christians6 ,and throwing away his books1 he fell at the feet of ,julian1 and kissed his wounds4 ,when the father heard this1 he was filled with ungovernable fury1 and believed that the ,saint had bewitched the boy2 he ordered them both to be cast into the lowest dungeon1 a loathsome place1 where the corrupting carcases of malefactors lay1 devoured by maggots4 ,but ,god filled this hideous pit with light1 and transformed the stench into fragrant odours1 so that the soldiers who kept the prison were filled with wonder1 and believed4 ,that same night1 a priest1 ,antony1 who lived with seven little boys1 orphans committed to his care by their parents1 summoned by ,god1 came with these seven children to the prison4 ,an angel went before them1 and at his touch the gates flew open4 ,then ,antony1 the priest1 baptized ,celsus and the believing soldiers4 ,on the morrow the governor1 supposing that the night in the pit had cured his son1 sent him to his mother1 and the boy1 having related to her in order all he had seen and heard1 she believed with her whole heart1 and was baptized by the priest4 ,the governor1 ,marcian1 ordered all these converts to death4 ,the soldiers were executed with the sword1 the seven boys were cast into the fire1 the rest were tortured to death4 ,relics1 at ,morigny1 near ,etampes1 and in the church of ,s4 ,basilissa1 at ,paris4 ,patron of hospitals4 ,in art1 ,s4 ,julian and ,s4 ,basilissa are represented holding the same lily stalk1 or looking on the ,book of ,life wherein their names are written4 ,s4 ,,peter1 ,b4 ,,of ,,sebaste4 7,,about #chg47 ,roman ,martyrology and ,greek ,menaea4 ,the life of ,s4 ,peter occurs in that of his sister1 ,s4 ,macrina1 written by his brother1 ,s4 ,gregory of ,nyssa4 ,he is also spoken of by ,socrates1 ,theodoret1 and ,philostorgius4 ,the family of which ,s4 ,peter was descended was very ancient and illustrious1 as we are informed by ,s4 ,gregory ,nazianzen4 ,it has become famous for its saints1 for three brothers were at the same time eminently holy bishops1 ,s4 ,basil1 ,s4 ,gregory of ,nyssa1 and ,s4 ,peter of ,sebaste2 and their elder sister1 ,s4 ,macrina1 was the spiritual mother of many saints4 ,their father and mother1 ,s4 ,basil the elder1 and ,s4 ,emilia1 were banished for their faith in the reign of ,galerius ,maximian1 and fled into the deserts of ,pontus2 they are commemorated in the ,roman martyrology on ,may #cjth4 ,the grandmother of ,s4 ,peter was ,s4 ,macrina the elder1 who had been instructed in the way of salvation by ,s4 ,gregory the ,wonder-worker4 ,s4 ,peter of ,sebaste1 was the youngest of ten children2 he lost his father whilst still an infant1 and was therefore brought up by his mother and sister4 ,when the aged ,emilia was dying1 she drew her two children--the only two who were present--to her1 and taking their hands1 she looked up to heaven1 and having prayed ,god to protect1 govern1 and sanctify her absent children1 she said1 ,to ,thee1 ,o ,lord1 ,i dedicate the first-fruits2 and the tenth of my womb4 ,this1 my first-born1 ,macrina1 ,i give thee as my first-fruits2 and this1 my tenth child1 ,peter1 ,i give thee as my tithe4 ,they are thine by law1 and thine they are by my free gift4 ,hallow1 ,i pray thee1 this my first-born daughter1 and this my tenth child1 and son4 ,and thus blessing them1 she expired1 says ,s4 ,gregory ,nyssen4 ,s4 ,emilia had founded two monasteries1 one for men1 the other for women2 the former she put under the direction of her son ,basil1 the latter under that of her daughter ,macrina4 ,peter1 whose thoughts where wholly bent on cultivating the seeds of piety sown in his heart1 retired into the house governed by his brother1 situated on the bank of the river ,iris2 and when ,s4 ,basil was obliged to quit that post in #cfb1 he left the abbacy in the hands of ,s4 ,peter1 who discharged this office for several years with great prudence and virtue4 ,soon after ,s4 ,basil was made ,bishop of ,caesarea1 in ,cappadocia1 in #cgj1 he promoted his brother ,peter to the priesthood4 ,his brother1 ,s4 ,basil1 died on ,jan4 #ast1 ,a4,d4 #cgi1 and ,eustathius1 ,bishop of ,sebaste1 an ,arian and a furious persecutor of ,s4 ,basil1 died soon after4 ,s4 ,peter was consecrated in his room1 in #chj1 to root out the ,arian heresy in that diocese1 where it had taken deep hold4 ,in #cha1 he attended the general council held at ,constantinople1 and joined in the condemnation of the ,macedonian heresy4 ,his death happened in summer1 about the year #chg1 and his brother1 ,s4 ,gregory of ,nyssa1 mentions that his memory was honoured at ,sebaste by an anniversary solemnity4 ,peter1 says ,nicephorus 7lib4 ii4 c4 #dd71 who sprang from the same parents as ,basil1 was not so well-read in profane literature as his brother1 but he was not his inferior in the splendour of his virtue4 ,s4 ,,fillan1 ,,ab4 7#h,,th ,,cent47 ,scottish and ,irish ,martyrologies4 ,life in the ,aberdeen ,breviary4 ,s4 ,fillan1 whose name is famous in ancient ,scottish and ,irish ,calendars1 was the son of ,feriach1 a noble1 and his saintly wife ,kentigerna1 daughter of ,cualann1 king of ,leinster4 ,his father ordered him to be thrown into the lake1 near his castle1 and drowned1 when he was shown to him1 for he was somewhat unshapely4 ,but1 by the ministry of the angels1 at the prayer of his mother1 he floated ashore4 ,s4 ,fillan was given by ,bishop ,ibar to the abbot ,munna1 to be educated4 ,as he wrote at night in his cell1 he held up his left hand1 and it shone so brilliantly that he was able to write with the right hand by the light shed by the left hand4 ,when the abbot ,munna died 7,a4,d4 #fce71 ,s4 ,fillan was elected to succeed him as head of the monastery of ,kilmund in ,argyleshire4 ,after some years1 he resigned his charge1 and retired to his uncle ,congan1 brother to his mother1 in a place called ,siracht1 a mountainous part of ,glendarshy1 in ,fifeshire1 where1 with the assistance of seven others1 he built a church4 ,he was buried at ,straphilline1 and his relics were long preserved there with honour4 ,the ,scottish historians attribute to his intercession a memorable victory obtained by ,king ,robert ,bruce1 in #acad1 over the ,english at ,bannockburn4 ,his pastoral staff and bell still exist4 ,s4 ,,adrian1 ,,ab4 ,,of ,,canterbury4 7,a4,d4 #gji47 ,anglican and some of the ,german ,martyrologies4 ,life in ,bede1 ,eccles4 ,hist41 lib4 iv41 c4 #a1 #b2 lib4 v4 c4 #bj4 ,deusdedit1 says the ,venerable ,bede1 the sixth ,bishop of the church of ,canterbury1 died on the #adth ,july1 #ffe4 ,the see then became vacant for some considerable time1 until the priest ,wighard1 a man skilled in ecclesiastical discipline1 of the ,english race1 was sent to ,rome by ,king ,egbert 7of ,kent71 and ,oswy1 ,king of the ,northumbrians1 with a request that he might be ordained ,bishop of the ,church of ,england2 sending at the same time presents to the ,apostolic ,pope1 and many vessels of gold and silver4 ,arriving at ,rome1 where ,vitalian presided at that time over the ,apostolic see1 and having made known to the aforesaid ,pope the occasion of his journey1 he was not long after snatched away1 with almost all his companions that went with him1 by a pestilence which happened at that time4 ,but the ,apostolic ,pope1 having consulted about that affair1 made diligent inquiry for some one to send to the ,archbishop of the ,english ,churches4 ,there was then in the ,niridian monastery1 which is not far from the city of ,naples1 an abbot called ,adrian1 by nation an ,african1 well versed in holy writ1 experienced in monastic and ecclesiastical discipline1 and excellently skilled in both ,greek and ,latin4 ,the ,pope1 sending for him1 commanded him to accept the bishopric1 and repair to ,britain2 he answered that he was unworthy of so great a dignity1 but said he would name another1 whose learning and age were fitter for the ecclesiastical office4 ,and having proposed to the ,pope a certain monk1 belonging to a neighbouring monastery of virgins1 whose name was ,andrew1 he was by all that knew him1 judged worthy of a bishopric2 but bodily infirmity prevented his being advanced to the episcopal office4 ,then again ,adrian was pressed to accept the bishopric1 but he desired a respite for a time1 to see whether he could find another fit to be ordained bishop4 ,there was at that time1 in ,rome1 a monk called ,theodore1 well-known to ,adrian1 born at ,tarsus1 in ,cilicia1 a man well instructed in worldly and divine literature1 as also in ,greek and ,latin2 of known probity of life1 and venerable for age1 being sixty-six years old4 ,adrian offered him to the ,pope to be ordained bishop1 and prevailed2 but upon these conditions1 that he should conduct him into ,britain1 because he had already travelled through ,france twice upon several occasions1 and was1 therefore1 better acquainted with the way1 and was1 moreover1 sufficiently provided with men of his own2 as also that1 being his fellow labourer in doctrine1 he might take special care that ,theodore should not1 according to the custom of the ,greeks1 introduce anything contrary to the true faith into the ,church where he presided4 ,theodore1 being ordained sub-deacon1 waited four months for his hair to grow1 that it might be shorn into the shape of a crown2 for he had before the tonsure of ,s4 ,paul#cg the ,apostle1 after the manner of the ,easterns4 ,he was ordained by ,pope ,vitalian1 in the year of the ,lord #ffh1 on ,sunday1 the #bfth of ,march1 and on the #bgth of ,may was sent with ,adrian into ,britain4 ,they proceeded by sea to ,marseilles1 and thence by land to ,arles1 and having delivered to ,john1 ,archbishop of that city1 ,pope ,vitalian's letters of recommendation1 were by him detained1 till ,ebroin1 the king's mayor of the palace1 sent them a pass to go where they pleased4 ,having received the same1 ,theodore repaired to ,agilbert1 ,bishop of ,paris1 and was by him kindly received1 and long entertained4 ,but ,adrian went first to ,emme1 and then to ,faro1 ,bishops of ,sens and ,meaux1 and lived with them a considerable time2 for the hard winter had obliged them to rest wherever they could4 ,king ,egbert1 being informed by messengers1 that the bishop they had asked of the ,roman prelate was in the kingdom of ,france1 sent thither his praefect1 ,redford1 to conduct him2 who1 being arrived there1 with ,ebroin's leave1 conveyed him to the port of ,quentavic 7,s4 ,quentin72 where1 being indisposed1 he made some stay1 and as soon as he began to recover1 sailed over into ,britain4 ,but ,ebroin detained ,adrian1 suspecting that he went on some message from the ,emperor to the kings of ,britain1 to the prejudice of the kingdom1 of which he at that time took especial care2 however1 when he found that he really had no such commission1 he discharged him1 and permitted him to follow ,theodore4 ,as soon as he came1 he received from him the monastery of ,s4 ,peter the ,apostle1 where the ,archbishops of ,canterbury are usually buried2 for at his departure1 the ,apostolic ,lord had ordered that ,theodore should provide for him in his diocese1 and give him a suitable place to live in with his followers4 ,theodore arrived in his church the second year after his consecration1 on ,sunday1 ,may #bgth4 ,soon after1 he visited all the island1 wherever the tribes of the ,angles inhabited2 and everywhere attended and assisted by ,adrian1 he taught the right rule of life1 and the canonical custom of celebrating ,easter4 ,this was the first ,archbishop whom all the ,english ,church obeyed4 ,and forasmuch as both of them were well read in both sacred and secular literature1 they gathered a crowd of disciples1 and there flowed from them daily rivers of knowledge to water the hearts of their hearers2 and1 together with the books of ,holy ,writ1 they also taught them the arts of ecclesiastical poetry1 astronomy1 and arithmetic4 ,a testimony of which is1 that there are still living at this day some of their scholars1 who are as well versed in the ,greek and ,latin tongues as in their own1 in which they were born4 ,nor were there ever happier times since the ,english came into ,britain2 for their kings1 being brave men and good ,christians1 were a terror to all barbarous nations1 and the minds of all men were bent upon the joys of the heavenly kingdom of which they had just heard2 and all who desired to be instructed in sacred reading had masters at hand to teach them4 ,s4 ,adrian died ,a4,d4 #gji1 after having spent thirty-nine years in ,britain4 ,his tomb was famous for miracles wrought at it4 ,s4 ,,brithwald1 ,,abp4 ,,of ,,canterbury4 7,a4,d4 #gca47 ,bede1 lib4 v41 c4 #h1 #bc4 ,william of ,malmesbury3 ,de ,gest4 ,pontificum ,anglorum2 ,roger of ,hoveden2 ,matthew of ,westminster1 c4 ,he is called also ,bretwald and ,berthwald4 ,bede says that after the death of ,s4 ,theodore1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 in #fij1 ,berthwald succeeded1 being abbot of the monastery of ,reculver1 which lies on the north side of the mouth of the river ,inlade4 ,he was a man learned in the ,scriptures1 and well instructed in ecclesiastical and monastic discipline1 yet not to be compared with his predecessor4 ,he was chosen ,bishop in the year of our ,lord's ,incarnation1 #fib1 on the first day of ,july1 ,withred and ,suebhard being kings of ,kent2 he was consecrated the next year1 on ,sunday1 the #bith ,june1 by ,godwin1 ,metropolitan ,bishop of ,france1 and was enthroned on ,sunday1 ,april #cast4 ,in the year of our ,lord's ,incarnation1 #gca1 ,archbishop ,berthwald died of old age1 on the #ith of ,january1 having held his see thirty-seven years six months and fourteen days4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,genoveva1 ,jan4 #c1 p4 #df4 ,,footnotes3 #cg ,this tonsure consisted in shaving the whole head4 ,january #aj4 ,s4 ,,nicanor1 ,m41 ,a4,d4 #gf4 ,,ss4 ,,thecla1 ,v41 and ,,justina1 ,confessors in ,sicily1 #crd cent4 ,s4 ,,marcian1 ,p4 ,c41 at ,constantinople1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #dgf4 ,s4 ,,domitian1 ,b4 ,c41 in ,armenia1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #fjj4 ,s4 ,,agatho1 ,pope of ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #fhb4 ,s4 ,,sethrida1 ,v41 ,abbess of ,brie1 in ,france1 #gth cent4 ,s4 ,,william1 ,ab4 and ,abp4 of ,bourges1 ,a4,d4 #abji4 ,s4 ,,gonsalvo1 ,p4 ,c41 ,portugal1 ,a4,d4 #abei4 ,b4 ,,christiana1 or ,,oringa1 ,v41 in ,etruria1 ,a4,d4 #acaj4 ,s4 ,,nicanor1 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #gf47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,commemorated by the ,greeks on ,july #bhth and ,december #bhth4 ,saint ,nicanor1 one of the first seven deacons appointed by the ,apostles1 was a native of ,cyprus1 to which he returned1 that he might preach the ,gospel on the dispersion of the ,apostles4 ,he was variously tortured and then executed1 in the reign of ,vespasian1 but where is not known4 ,,ss4 ,,thecla1 ,v41 ,,and ,,justina4 7#c,,rd ,,cent47 ,authority for the lives of these ,saints3 the lections in the proper offices for this day in the church of ,lentini1 in ,sicily4 ,s4 ,thecla was a noble virgin of ,lentini1 and daughter of ,s4 ,isidore4 ,she buried the bodies of the martyrs with loving reverence4 ,for three years she suffered from paralysis1 and could not leave her bed1 but was healed by the prayers of ,,ss4 ,alphius1 ,philadelphus1 and ,cyrinus4 ,when they were in prison for the faith1 she visited them and ministered to their necessities1 and when they had been slain and cast into a well1 she extracted the bodies and buried them4 ,tertullus1 the governor1 hearing of this1 sent for her1 but his sudden death saved her from injury4 ,during the persecution1 she concealed ,agatho1 ,bishop of ,lipari1 in one of her farms2 and when the persecution was over1 she and her friend ,justina spent their fortunes in works of mercy4 ,s4 ,,marcian1 ,p4 7,,about #dgf47 ,honoured in the ,greek ,menaea and ,roman ,martyrology on the same day4 ,his life1 by an anonymous writer1 is given by ,simeon ,metaphrastes4 ,s4 ,marcian was born at ,constantinople2 he belonged to a noble ,roman family1 related to that of the ,emperor ,theodosius4 ,from his childhood he served ,god in watching1 fasting1 and prayer4 ,his great compassion for the necessities of the poor made it impossible for him to refuse relief1 when he had anything to give away4 ,in the reign of the ,emperor ,marcian1 ,anatolius1 the ,archbishop1 ordained him priest4 ,his love for the poor manifested itself1 not merely in abundant almsgiving1 but also in his making their instruction in the truth his favourite pursuit4 ,the severity of his morals was made a handle by those who feared the example of his virtue1 as a tacit rebuke of their sloth and avarice1 to fasten on him a suspicion of ,novatianism2 but his meekness and silence triumphed over this1 and other slanders4 ,the patriarch ,gennadius conferred on him the dignity of treasurer of the church of ,constantinople4 ,s4 ,marcian built1 or repaired1 in a stately manner a great number of churches4 ,the following incident is related of the dedication of the church of ,s4 ,anastasia1 for which he had obtained a site1 and which he had built in spite of numerous impediments4 ,on the day that the church was to be consecrated1 he was on his way to attend the ceremony1 when he was accosted in the street by a very poor man1 whose rags scarce held together1 and who implored him1 for the love of ,god1 to give him an alms4 ,s4 ,marcian felt in his bosom1 but found he had no money there4 ,the pauper would take no refusal1 and the compassionate heart of the treasurer was melted at the aspect of his tatters and emaciation4 ,quickly he slipped off the tunic he wore under his sacerdotal vestments1 handed it to the beggar1 and then hurried on to the new church1 drawing his alb and chasuble about him1 to conceal the deficiency of a nether garment4 ,the church was crowded1 the ,emperor ,leo and the ,empress1 the senate1 and almost the whole city were present4 ,marcian was bidden celebrate the ,holy ,sacrifice before all1 in the new church he had built4 ,so1 full of shame1 he began1 hoping that the folds of his chasuble would conceal the absence of a tunic4 ,but all saw him as though clothed beneath his sacerdotal vestments with a garment as of pure gold1 which flashed as he moved4 ,the patriarch ,gennadius was offended1 and rebuked him when the liturgy was over1 for having worn a private garment1 more splendid than his ecclesiastical vesture1 and worthy only of an emperor4 ,marcian fell at his feet1 and denied that he had worn any such raiment4 ,then ,gennadius1 wroth at his having spoken falsely1 as he thought1 for he supposed his eyes could not have been deceived1 caught him by the vesture1 and drew it aside1 and behold6 ,marcian was bare of all other garments save his sacerdotal apparel4 ,s4 ,marcian built also the church of ,s4 ,irene1 another of ,s4 ,isidore1 and a baptistery of magnificent appearance1 surrounded with five porches1 like that at ,jerusalem4 ,but this one1 says the chronicler1 was greater than that by the sheep market1 for here greater miracles were wrought than there4 ,to that1 an angel descended on one day in the year1 and healed but one at a time2 at this1 whenever a servant of the ,lord ministers1 ,christ himself is present4 ,the healing1 moreover1 is not but once a year1 but daily1 and not of bodies only1 but of souls as well4 ,s4 ,marcian's great compassion extended to women of bad character1 and despising the slander and gossip which he might occasion1 by visiting them in their houses1 setting only before his eyes the blessedness of plucking these brands from the burning1 he often sought them out in haunts of crime2 and if they had taken up evil courses through poverty only1 he found for them honest occupations1 and by his exhortations and tears1 and his overflowing charity1 he convinced and persuaded many of these unhappy women1 so that they came openly and did penance1 and some he sent on pilgrimages to ,jerusalem1 and some went into solitude1 and recompensed for the past by self-mortification in the desert4 ,s4 ,,domitian1 ,b4 ,c4 7,,about #fjj47 ,greek ,menaea and ,roman ,martyrology4 ,his life in the ,menaea1 and fuller by ,theophylact ,simocatta4 ,he is mentioned also by ,evagrius1 his contemporary4 ,a letter to him from ,s4 ,gregory the ,pope1 is extant1 praising his learning1 prudence and zeal4 ,s4 ,domitian was the son of pious parents1 ,theodore and ,eudoxia by name4 ,he was an intimate friend1 if not1 as ,evagrius says1 a kinsman of the ,emperor ,maurice4 ,he was married for a few years1 but his wife dying1 he devoted himself to the services of the ,church1 and was consecrated ,bishop of ,melitene1 in ,armenia1 at the age of thirty4 ,on the murder of ,hormisdas1 the ,persian ,king1 his son ,chosros ,,ii41 succeeded him 7#eib71 but the ,general ,varam having revolted against him1 and being deserted by many of his soldiers1 ,chosros fled with his wife1 and two newly-born children1 to ,circesium4 ,thence he sent an embassy to the ,emperor ,maurice1 desiring peace2 for at that time war was being waged between the ,persians and the ,roman emperors4 ,at the persuasion of ,s4 ,domitian1 ,maurice admitted his suit1 and treated ,chosros as his guest1 instead of as an exile1 welcomed him with royal gifts1 and placed the whole of his body-guards1 and the entire ,roman army1 at his disposal4 ,moreover1 by way of still greater distinction1 he sent ,domitian1 ,bishop of ,melitene1 to attend him4 ,the ,roman army defeated ,varam1 and ,chosros was reinstated on the throne of ,persia4 ,domitian was liberally recompensed for his share in this transaction1 but he kept nothing for himself4 ,every gift made him1 he offered to the ,church1 or to the poor2 restoring churches1 and supporting hospitals4 ,he died at ,constantinople1 whither he had been summoned by the ,emperor4 ,s4 ,,agatho1 ,,pope4 7,,about #fhb47 ,his life by ,anastasius1 the librarian4 ,commemorated by the ,greeks on ,feb4 #bast4 ,agatho1 a ,sicilian by birth1 was remarkable for his charity and gentleness4 ,having been several years treasurer of the ,church of ,rome1 he succeeded ,domnus in the ,pontificate1 in #fgi4 ,he was represented by three legates in the sixth general council1 the third of ,constantinople1 in #fhj1 against the ,monothelite heresy1 which he confuted in a learned letter to the ,emperor ,constantine ,pogonatus1 appealing to the constant tradition of the ,apostolic ,church of ,rome1 acknowledged1 says he1 by the whole ,catholic ,church to be the mother and mistress of all the churches1 and to derive her superior authority from ,s4 ,peter1 the ,prince of the ,apostles1 to whom ,christ committed his whole flock1 with a promise that his faith should never fail4 ,on the #beth day of ,february1 the ,council decided against ,macarius1 author of the ,monothelite heresy1 and solemnly was the episcopal stole 7orarium7 removed from his shoulders1 and from those of ,basil1 ,bishop of ,crete1 who followed his opinion1 and their thrones were cast out of the council hall1 in token that they were removed from their office1 and ejected from the communion of the ,church4 ,this ,pope restored ,s4 ,wilfrid to the see of ,york1 from which he had been ejected by the ,bishops and ,king of ,northumbria1 with the consent of ,s4 ,theodore1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,s4 ,,sethrida1 ,v41 ,,abss4 7#g,,th ,,cent47 ,anglican ,martyrologies1 ,saussaye4 ,authority3--,bede1 ,eccles4 ,hist41 lib4 iii4 c4 #h4 ,bede says that ,sethrida was a daughter of the wife of ,anna1 ,king of the ,east ,angles1 and that she served ,god in the monastery of ,brie1 for at that time1 but few monasteries being built in the country of the ,angles1 many were wont1 for the sake of the monastic conversation1 to repair to the monasteries of the ,franks or ,gauls2 and they also sent their daughters there to be instructed1 and delivered to their heavenly bridegroom1 especially in the monasteries of ,brie1 ,chelles1 and ,andelys4 ,s4 ,,william1 ,,ab4 ,,and ,,abp4 ,,of ,,bourges4 7,a4,d4 #abji47 ,gallican ,martyrologies4 ,his life1 written by a contemporary1 was published1 with the style altered and shortened1 by ,surius2 the same is re-published by the ,bollandists1 together with a second life1 written by another contemporary1 from a ,,ms4 at ,antwerp4 ,another life by a ,canon of ,bourges1 date uncertain1 was published by ,labbe1 ,bibl4 nova ,,ii41 p4 #cgi1 #chf4 ,on the death of ,henry de ,sully1 ,archbishop of ,bourges1 the clergy of that church1 unable to agree upon a successor1 requested ,eudo1 ,bishop of ,paris1 to nominate4 ,for this purpose1 the bishop came to ,beauvais1 but found it no easy matter to decide1 without causing an eruption of party feeling4 ,in his desire to choose a good man1 and one who would commend himself to all1 in consultation with two friends1 he resolved on committing the matter to ,god4 ,accordingly1 all the most advisable names were written on slips of parchment1 and were sealed1 and then deposited beneath the corporal on the altar4 ,the ,bishop celebrated very early1 with great devotion1 and earnestly besought ,god to indicate him whom he had chosen4 ,when mass was over1 he put his hand beneath the corporal1 and drew forth one of the billets4 ,he broke the seal in the presence of his two friends1 and saw that the name of ,william1 abbot of ,challis1 was written on the parchment4 ,no one else was privy to this appeal4 ,as he left the church1 the clergy whom he had convened to elect cried out that they desired ,william of ,challis as their bishop1 and on him the majority of votes fell4 ,then the bishopric was offered to ,william1 but he recoiled from accepting it1 with the greatest dismay1 for he was a man of retiring habits and of singular humility4 ,however1 on an order coming to him from the superior of the society1 the abbot of ,citeaux1 and also from the papal legate1 he was unable to refuse2 and he was consecrated in the year #abjj4 ,after the ceremony was over1 he laid aside the vestments in which he had received his ordination1 and which were of little value1 in a press1 till his dying day4 ,in his new dignity he omitted nothing of the severity of his cloister life1 disciplining himself more strictly than before1 because his business was calculated to distract his thoughts1 and his high position was dangerous to humility4 ,he was gentle and loving to penitent sinners2 and towards the incorrigible he was stern1 but he refused to have recourse to the civil power against them2 he had a horror of shedding blood1 so that he looked with the utmost repugnance upon the violence and warlike customs of his time4 ,when the crusade against the ,albigenses was resolved upon1 ,william of ,beauvais resolved on accompanying the expedition4 ,perhaps his earnestness would move the heretics to repentance1 and his horror of bloodshed might serve as a check upon the crusaders4 ,the ,albigensian heresy1 which was a revival of ,paulicianism1 ate as a canker into the ,church of ,france4 ,it was not even a form of ,christianity1 but was a heathen philosophical sect which had adopted a few ,christian tenets4 ,the history of the sect was as follows3--,manes1 a ,persian heathen1 flourished in the middle of the third century1 dying about #bgg1 the founder of a new religion1 after having been1 like ,simon ,magus1 a temporary and nominal convert to the ,gospel4 ,he was not an inventor of his religion1 but merely a blender of the earlier ,gnostic heresies with the ,persian doctrines of ,zoroaster1 added to a somewhat larger element of ,christianity than the ,gnostics had chosen to accept4 ,the ,paulicians were a sect which took shape about #ffj1 out of ,manichaeism1 or the religion of ,manes4 ,they were cruelly persecuted by the ,byzantine ,emperors1 during two whole centuries1 and spread to the ,west by degrees2 one stream emigrated to ,bohemia1 where it became the parent of ,hussitism2 the other to the south of ,france1 where it was called ,albigensianism4 ,the fundamental dogma of this new ,manichaeism was a dualism of good and evil principles or gods1 equally matched4 ,the evil was the origin of the visible creation1 the world and men's bodies2 the good ,god was the creator of the invisible world and men's souls4 ,the opposition of matter and spirit constituted the basis of their moral systems4 ,these systems were diverse2 some1 regarding everything natural as evil1 abstained from meat1 from marriage1 and from all employments2 whilst others1 regarding the soul as so distinct from the body as to be incapable of being soiled by any of its actions1 gave themselves up to the grossest licentiousness4 ,the moral condition of ,provence1 where ,albigensianism held sway1 was like ,sodom and ,gomorrah1 as may be seen by the poetry of the troubadours2 so that ,god's wrath could not but fall on a land so polluted4 ,the licentiousness which this creed encouraged1 helped to make it spread1 and the ,christianity of the whole of the south of ,france was imperilled4 ,at the head of these heretics1 the ,count of ,toulouse invaded the lands of the ,king of ,aragon1 devastated them1 robbed the churches1 burnt the monasteries1 and ill-treated the clergy1 and slaughtered the ,christians of either sex1 and every age1 without mercy1 says ,matthew ,paris4 ,but this being at length made known1 their heretical aggression was put down by the faithful ,christians1 who1 at the command of ,pope ,gregory1 had come as crusaders from various parts of the ,west1 for the defence of the ,christian faith4 ,william of ,beauvais was not1 however1 destined to play a part in that sanguinary war4 ,he was called to his rest in ,january1 #abji4 ,drawing near his end1 he received first extreme unction1 and then1 as the ,blessed ,sacrament was brought to him1 he struggled up in his bed1 and falling on his knees1 with many tears1 and hands outspread in the shape of a cross1 he adored the presence of his ,saviour4 ,the night following1 he began as usual to recite the ,office of ,nocturns1 but was unable to pronounce more than the first two words1 and sign himself with the cross4 ,then he was laid1 at his desire1 on ashes1 and the vestments in which he had been consecrated bishop were produced1 that he might be laid dressed in them in his grave4 ,his body was buried in the ,cathedral of ,bourges1 but was burnt1 and the ashes scattered to the winds1 by the ,calvinists1 on the occasion of their plundering the ,cathedral in #aefb4 ,patron of ,bourges1 and of the ancient ,university of ,paris4 ,in art1 he is represented holding a monstrance1 or in adoration before one1 to represent his great devotion towards the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,he is also represented with tears on his cheeks1 for he is said to have wept whenever he was told of some scandal of his diocese1 or wrong done to the poor4 ,it may be noted1 as a coincidence1 that his festival was the day of ,archbishop ,william ,laud's martyrdom in #afdd4 ,s4 ,,gonsalvo1 ,p4 ,c4 7,,about #abei47 ,his life was compiled in ,portuguese1 by ,didacus de ,rosario1 of the order of ,friar ,preachers1 from scattered notices and confused accounts4 ,s4 ,gonsalvus or ,gonsalvo1 was born of noble parents1 at the little village of ,vizzella1 in the diocese of ,braga1 in ,portugal4 ,many little incidents are related of his childhood1 as how1 when an infant at the font1 he stretched out his little hands to the crucifix2 how his nurse was wont to take him with her to church1 and watch his little eyes fixed intently upon the figure of ,christ crucified1 on the rood screen2 how1 when nothing else would still his cries1 the child was taken to church1 and there was content looking at the statues and pictures of the ,saints4 ,when he grew to man's estate1 he was ordained priest1 and was appointed rector of the church of ,s4 ,payo1 near his father's estates4 ,here he lived as a father to the poor1 and was regular in the fulfilment of his duties as parish priest4 ,after a while the desire came upon him to visit the ,holy ,land1 and he left his nephew1 a priest1 who had been trained in his house1 and in whose principles he had confidence1 to take charge of the parish during his absence4 ,he then started on his pilgrimage1 and was absent for fourteen years4 ,in the meantime1 his nephew1 relieved of the constraint of his uncle's presence1 abandoned himself to the indulgence of his ruling passion1 a love of field sports4 ,he filled the parsonage house with dogs and hawks1 and spent his time in hunting and revelry4 ,the poor were forgotten1 and the church was neglected4 ,at length1 ,gonsalvo not returning1 the nephew asked the ,bishop to institute him to the living1 pretending that he had received authentic information of the death of his uncle4 ,one day ,gonsalvo1 ragged1 sunburnt1 with grizzled locks and foot-sore1 returned to his parsonage2 but the dogs1 at the sight of a mendicant1 began to bark furiously1 and when he attempted to pass them1 bit him and tore his rags1 so that he was compelled to retire4 ,the parish priest hearing the noise1 looked from his window1 and seeing a poor man in tatters defending himself against the dogs1 sent a servant to call them off1 and tell the poor man that the owner of the house objected to beggars4 ,gonsalvo1 filled with indignation against his nephew for the manner in which he had betrayed his trust1 rushed into the house1 passed the dogs which the servant restrained1 and appeared in the door of the dining apartment1 as the nephew was seating himself to an abundant and sumptuous meal4 ,then the old pilgrim's wrath flamed forth1 and he cried1 ,was it for this that thy uncle left his parish and committed the care of souls into thy hands8 ,a wolf now guards the sheep and devours them6 ,the nephew1 exasperated at the words of reproach1 and angry at the intrusion1 caught up a stick1 and running upon the old man1 drove him with many blows from the house1 refusing to listen to him1 and believe him1 when he declared his name4 ,then ,gonsalvo1 full of grief1 retired to a wild spot near ,amarante1 where was an old shed1 beside the river ,tamego4 ,amarante was once a small town2 at this time it had fallen into complete ruin1 and was deserted4 ,here ,gonsalvo erected a little oratory in honour of the ,blessed ,virgin1 and laboured to instruct the peasantry of the neighbourhood in ,christian doctrine1 and to stir up in their hearts the love of ,god4 ,but he was not satisfied that he was serving his ,master in the way which ,he willed4 ,he therefore prayed most earnestly to be guided aright1 and to have the will of ,god made clear to him4 ,after long fasting1 one day1 as he lay prostrate in supplication before the altar1 ,our ,lady appeared to him and said1 ,rise1 ,gonsalvo1 and enter that religious order in which thou shalt hear the ,angelic ,salutation open and close the offices of prayer4 ,then ,gonsalvo took his staff and wandered from city to city1 and from monastery to monastery1 listening to the choir offices1 but ever being disappointed1 for they closed with ,benedicamus ,domino1 and not with the ,ave ,maria4 ,and when he came to ,vinerana1 where were four religious houses1 whereof one was ,dominican1 and another ,franciscan1 by chance he sought shelter in the former4 ,then when the bells began to chime for vespers1 he went to the church1 and heard the friars begin their office with ,ave ,maria4 ,with beating heart he waited for the conclusion of vespers1 and heard them close with the ,angelic ,salutation4 ,then he knew that he had found the place of his rest2 and he asked to be admitted into the order1 and was gladly received4 ,but after awhile he desired to go back to his poor peasants at ,amarante2 therefore he asked leave of the superior1 and it was accorded him4 ,so he returned to his cell and oratory1 and there preached to the people the word of ,god4 ,now it happened that at ,amarante there was a ford of the ,tamego1 which was much used1 as it lay in the direct route from ,braga to ,lamego and the south4 ,it was1 however1 dangerous1 and a great number of lives were lost whilst ,gonsalvo lived at ,amarante4 ,he considered much the necessity there was that a bridge should be built1 how many lives it would be the means of saving1 and what a great convenience it would prove to travellers4 ,he accordingly resolved on building one1 and he went round the country begging for his bridge4 ,by many his project was regarded as visionary1 and he would himself have despaired of accomplishing his undertaking1 had he not been upheld by his strong confidence in the goodness of ,god4 ,this confidence was1 moreover1 sustained by signs and wonders1 showing him that ,god approved his undertaking4 ,if we may believe the life of him1 written by ,de ,rosario1 on one occasion he begged of a nobleman1 who1 as a rude joke1 and to get rid of the beggar1 scribbled a couple of lines on a scrap of paper1 and bade him take it to his wife1 who would give him something4 ,the ,saint walked to the nobleman's castle1 and was exhausted with fatigue when he reached it and presented the note4 ,the lady looked at it1 and saw written therein1 ,the bearer is a poor fool who wishes to build a bridge4 ,let him have the weight of this paper in cash4 ,she laughed1 and showed the message to ,gonsalvo1 telling him that her husband had been making sport of him4 ,be it so1 said the priest1 yet give me the weight of that note in money4 ,she cast the paper into one scale1 and into the other she put silver2 then1 to her amazement1 the note weighed a large sum of money4 ,thus ,god compensated his servant for his labour1 and punished the nobleman for his bitter jest4 ,little by little the money was begged1 and at length the poor priest was able to set masons to work1 and to erect the desired bridge over the ,tamego4 ,s4 ,gonsalvo died1 and was buried at ,amarante1 of which place he is patron4 7,gonsalvus1 in ,portuguese1 ,gonalo1 ,gonsallo1 or ,gonsalvo47 ,in art1 he is represented with a bridge in his hand4 ,b4 ,,oringa1 ,,or ,,christiana1 ,v4 7,a4,d4 #acaj47 ,her life1 from an ancient ,,ms41 in the ,convent of ,s4 ,clara1 at ,florence1 was published by ,silvanus ,razzi1 and reprinted in the ,acta ,sanctorum4 ,the ,blessed ,oringa was born at ,sancta ,croce1 on the ,arno1 in the year #abcg1 of poor parents1 who died whilst she was young4 ,she kept the cattle on the farm occupied by her two brothers4 ,the cows were taken by her into the woods to pasture1 and they became so docile that they obeyed her voice in all things4 ,when she grew to a marriageable age1 her brothers determined that she should become the wife of a small farmer in the parish2 but she ran away1 and escaping across the river1 made her way to ,lucca4 ,the way was long1 and night falling1 the young girl lost the road1 and wandered in a forest4 ,at the same time her fancy conjured up horrible forms to frighten her4 ,she would had died of terror1 but for the companionship of a little hare which played about her skirts1 as tamely as if it had been a favourite kitten1 and rested on her lap all night1 when she cast herself down in weariness4 ,next morning1 the hare gambolled before her1 and led her into the road1 after which it ran away4 ,at ,lucca she entered the service of a pious family4 ,as she was annoyed on account of her beauty1 she stained her skin with walnut juice4 ,having gone on a pilgrimage to ,mount ,gargano1 on which the archangel ,michael had once appeared1 for she held the angels in great reverence2 on her return1 some men with whom she fell in on the road1 towards dusk1 misled her with evil purpose2 but ,s4 ,michael himself flashing out of the darkness at her side1 protected her1 and led her in the right road4 ,later in life she visited ,rome1 and took service in the house of a pious widow1 named ,margaret1 who treated her as a daughter rather than as a domestic4 ,at ,rome she was called ,christiana1 instead of her baptismal name of ,oringa4 ,she occasionally fell into ecstasies as she prayed1 and saw into futurity4 ,when aged seventy she was struck with paralysis1 in which she lay three years4 ,as she died1 her face is said to have shone with a celestial light4 ,illustration3 ,decoration ,january #aa4 ,s4 ,,balthazar1 ,k41 one of the ,magi1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #ed4 ,s4 ,,hyginus1 ,pope1 ,a4,d4 #aef4 ,s4 ,,leucius1 ,b4 of ,brindisi1 in ,italy4 ,s4 ,,palaemon1 ,h41 #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,theodosius1 of ,antioch1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #dab4 ,s4 ,,theodosius ,,the ,,coenobiarch1 ,a4,d4 #ebi4 ,s4 ,,vitalis1 ,monk of ,gaza1 #gth cent4 ,s4 ,,salvius1 ,b4 of ,amiens1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #fae4 ,s4 ,,egwin1 ,b4 of ,worcester1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #gbj4 ,s4 ,,paulinus1 ,patr4 of ,aquileia1 ,a4,d4 #hjc4 7,see ,jan4 #bh47 ,s4 ,,balthazar1 ,k4 7,,about #ed47 ,cologne ,breviary4 ,in some ,martyrologies ,s4 ,gaspar is commemorated on this day1 and ,s4 ,balthazar on the #fth ,jan42 but the ,cologne use is to commemorate ,s4 ,melchior on the #ast1 ,s4 ,gaspar on the #fth1 and ,s4 ,balthazar on the #aath ,january1 as the #ast ,jan4 is the ,circumcision1 and the #fth is the ,epiphany2 at ,cologne this day is kept1 with special services1 as the ,feast of the ,three ,kings2 ,melchior1 ,gaspar1 and ,balthazar being hereon commemorated together4 ,on this day ,s4 ,balthazar1 one of the ,magi1 ,king and ,bishop1 having received consecration from the hands of the ,apostle ,s4 ,thomas1 after celebrating the ,holy ,sacrifice1 fell asleep4 ,according to some authorities1 the ,three ,kings met in the royal church of the city ,sewe1 in the ,east2 when the eldest1 ,melchior1 being one hundred and sixteen years old1 consecrated the venerable mysteries on ,jan4 #ast1 the ,octave of the ,nativity1 and then died4 ,on the feast of the ,epiphany1 ,gaspar1 aged one hundred and twelve1 did the same2 and on the #aath ,january1 ,balthazar1 aged one hundred and nine1 offered the adorable sacrifice1 gave up the ghost1 and was laid in the same sepulchre with the two others4 ,see what has been said on the subject of the ,three ,kings in the account of the ,epiphany4 ,s4 ,,hyginus1 ,,pope4 7#aef47 ,of this ,pope1 who succeeded ,s4 ,telesphorus1 little is known4 ,eusebius informs us that he sat four years in the chair of ,s4 ,peter4 ,he brought the church in ,rome into more complete organization than heretofore1 taking advantage of the repose after persecution1 enjoyed under the mild ,emperor ,antoninus ,pius4 ,he is said to have been a ,greek1 and to have been educated in philosophy4 ,in his reign the heretics ,cerdo and ,valentine came to ,rome4 ,s4 ,,palaemon1 ,h4 7#d,,th ,,cent47 ,from the authentic life of ,s4 ,pachomius1 of whom ,s4 ,palaemon was the master4 ,s4 ,palaemon was an aged hermit in the deserts of ,upper ,egypt1 when ,pachomius1 released from military service1 and desiring to flee the world1 came to him and desired to become his pupil4 ,the old anchorite refused to receive him1 because his manner of life was too severe for a youth4 ,i eat nothing but bread and salt1 said he2 ,i never taste wine1 and ,i watch half the night4 ,then1 answered ,pachomius1 ,i believe in ,jesus ,christ my ,lord1 who will give me strength and patience to assist thee in thy prayers to follow thy holy conversation4 ,then ,palaemon1 beholding him with his spiritual eye1 saw that he was a chosen vessel1 and admitted him to be his disciple4 ,so they lived together1 serving the ,lord in fasting and tears and prayer4 ,when the feast of ,easter came1 ,pachomius1 to honour the day of the ,resurrection1 prepared a dinner of herbs and oil1 and set it before the master4 ,but ,palaemon1 pressing his brow with his hands1 exclaimed1 ,my ,lord suffered on the ,cross1 and shall ,i taste oil8 ,so he refused it1 and contented himself with bread and salt4 ,one evening1 a solitary came into their cell1 and asked to join them in prayer2 then1 filled with a spirit of presumption1 he said1 ,if we are the true servants of ,god1 let us say our prayers standing on live coals4 ,but ,palaemon was wroth1 and rebuked him for his pride4 ,however1 the monk persisted1 and by ,satan's craft1 he stood unhurt on the red-hot cinders4 ,then he retired to his own cell1 puffed up with self-confidence4 ,but pride goes before a fall1 and shortly after he fell into fleshly lust2 then1 filled with shame1 he crept back to the cave of ,palaemon1 and falling at his feet1 with bitter tears1 confessed his sin4 ,when ,s4 ,pachomius was inspired to found a monastery at ,tabenna1 he announced his intention to ,s4 ,palaemon4 ,the old man accompanied his pupil1 and took up his abode at ,tabenna1 for he loved ,pachomius as his own son1 and he could not bear to be separated from him4 ,therefore he said1 ,let us make a compact together1 that we part not the one from the other1 till ,god break our union4 ,and to this ,pachomius gladly agreed4 ,so they lived much together1 till the old man died1 and then his disciple buried him at ,tabenna4 ,s4 ,,theodosius1 ,,the ,,coenobiarch1 ,h4 7,a4,d4 #ebi47 ,greek ,menaea and ,roman ,martyrology4 ,the life of ,s4 ,theodosius1 written by a contemporary anonymous author1 supposed by ,baronius1 but without sufficient grounds1 to be ,cyril1 the author of the lives of ,,ss4 ,euthemius1 ,saba1 and ,john the ,silent4 ,but ,cave says that the life of ,s4 ,theodosius was written by ,theodore1 ,bishop of ,pera4 ,theodosius was born in the little town of ,marissa1 in ,cappadocia1 in #dbc4 ,he was ordained reader1 but some time after1 being moved by ,abraham's example1 to quit his country and friends1 he resolved to visit the holy places4 ,he accordingly set out for ,jerusalem1 and visited the famous ,s4 ,simeon ,stylites1 near ,antioch1 on his way4 ,s4 ,simeon accosted him by name1 and bade him ascend his pillar1 when he embraced him1 and foretold several circumstances of his life1 giving him advice how to act under them4 ,having satisfied his devotion in visiting the holy places in ,jerusalem1 he betook himself to the cell of ,longinus1 a holy man1 who dwelt near the tower of ,david1 and to him he became dear1 on account of his singular virtue4 ,a lady1 named ,icelia1 having built a church to the honour of the ,virgin ,mother of ,god1 on the high road to ,bethlehem1 ,longinus appointed his disciple1 ,theodosius1 to the charge of this church4 ,but he did not retain this charge long2 loving solitude1 he retired to the mountains1 and took up his abode in the cave1 where the ,wise ,men were traditionally held to have reposed on their way to ,bethlehem4 ,here he passed his time in labouring with his hands1 in fasting1 and in prayer4 ,his food was coarse pulse and herbs2 for thirty years he did not taste bread4 ,many desired to serve ,god under his direction3 he at first determined to admit six or seven1 but was soon obliged to receive a greater number1 and at length came to a resolution never to reject any that presented themselves with dispositions that seemed sincere4 ,the first lesson he taught his monks was1 that the continual remembrance of death is the foundation of religious perfection4 ,to impress the thought of death more deeply on their minds1 he caused a great sepulchre to be constructed as the common burying place of his monks4 ,when it was complete1 half seriously and half in jest1 he said3 ,the tomb is finished1 which of you will be its first inmate8 ,then one1 ,basil1 a priest1 knelt at his feet1 and asked to be the first to celebrate the dedication of the sepulchre4 ,therefore ,s4 ,theodosius ordered all the offices of the dead to be recited for ,basil1 first for three days1 then for nine1 and then for forty2 and at the close of the forty days he died without sickness or pain1 as though going to sleep4 ,and for forty days after his death he was seen by the abbot ,theodosius in his place among the brethren1 chanting the praises of ,god4 ,none others saw him1 but one ,aetius heard his voice4 ,then the abbot1 hearing ,aetius confess this1 prayed to ,god to open his eyes1 and seeing the dead monk again in choir1 he pointed him out2 and then ,aetius saw him1 and ran1 and would have embraced him1 but he vanished out of his sight4 ,once1 as ,easter approached1 there was a deficiency of food in the monastery1 and they had not even bread for the ,holy ,sacrifice4 ,this troubled them sore1 for they feared that the holy feast would come1 and pass1 without their being able to celebrate the divine liturgy4 ,therefore they prayed with one accord to ,god1 and behold6 mules laden with provisions arrived at the monastery1 and amongst the provisions was bread for the sacrifice4 ,the lustre of the sanctity of ,s4 ,theodosius drawing great numbers to him1 who desired to serve ,god under his direction1 he resolved on building a large monastery to receive them all2 but where to build it he knew not4 ,after some consideration1 he took a censer1 and put charcoal and incense thereon1 but no fire1 and he prayed3 ,o ,god who didst of old1 by many and great miracles1 confirm ,israel2 who didst to thy servant ,moses persuade by many and various marvels1 to take on him the burden of ruling that people2 who didst turn the water of ,egypt into blood1 and then re-convert it again2 who didst give to ,gideon an earnest of his victory in the fleece and the dew2 who didst assure ,hezekiah of an addition to his days1 by the return of the shadow on the dial2 who didst at the cry of ,elias send fire from heaven to consume his sacrifice4 ,thou art the same ,lord1 unto whom this day ,i plead6 ,hear thou the prayers of the servant1 and show me where ,i shall build a temple to ,thy honour1 and a habitation for thy servants and my disciples4 ,show1 ,o ,lord6 by the kindling of these coals1 where the place shall be1 to ,thy glory1 and to the acknowledgment of many1 and the confirmation of the truth4 ,having uttered this prayer1 he walked through the land with the censer in his hand4 ,and when he came1 after much wandering1 to a desert spot called ,gutilla1 on the shores of the ,dead ,sea1 he turned and came home1 and as he neared his cave the coals kindled1 and the smoke of the incense rose towards heaven1 as a sign that thence should ascend the prayers of the faithful from age to age1 in the daily sacrifice4 ,there accordingly he erected his monastery1 and it was soon filled with holy monks4 ,to this monastery were annexed several infirmaries2 one for the sick monks1 two for sick lay folk2 one for the aged and feeble monks1 and one for persons deranged4 ,all succours1 spiritual and temporal1 were afforded in these hospitals1 which were kept in admirable order1 and were attended by the monks with alacrity and care4 ,s4 ,theodosius erected also several buildings for the reception of strangers1 in which he exercised an unbounded hospitality1 entertaining all that came1 for whose use there were1 on one occasion1 above a hundred tables served with provisions4 ,the monastery itself was like a city of saints in the midst of a desert2 and in it reigned regularity1 silence1 charity1 and peace4 ,there were four churches belonging to it1 one for each of the three nations of which his community was composed1 each speaking a different language1 and the fourth church was for the use of the recovering lunatics4 ,the nations into which his community was divided were the ,greeks1 and all those using the liturgy in the ,greek tongue2 the second church was used by those having divine worship in the ,armenian language2 and in the third church the holy praises of ,god were sung1 and the sacrifice was offered in the language of the ,bessi1 that is1 of the wandering nations of ,arab race4 ,thus by them1 says the contemporary writer2 the rule of hymnody was carried out1 and seven times a day was it offered to the ,god of all4 ,but when it behoved them to participate in the venerable ,sacrament1 the law was very beautifully constituted among them1 that till after the ,gospel1 divinely inspired1 each should hear in his own church and language the divine voice2 but after that they were assembled into one--the possessed alone excepted--namely1 into the large church of the ,greeks1 as is done to this day1 and there they participate together of the sanctifying gifts4 ,at times not set apart for public prayer and necessary rest1 every monk was obliged to apply himself to some trade or manual labour4 ,sallust1 patriarch of ,jerusalem1 appointed ,s4 ,sabas superior of all the hermits in ,palestine1 and ,s4 ,theodosius head of all the monks living in community1 for which reason he obtained the title of ,coenobiarch4 ,these two great servants of ,god lived in close friendship1 and together strove against the heresy of ,eutyches1 which then devastated the ,church4 ,for the ,emperor ,anastasius favoured the ,eutychians2 he banished the patriarch of ,antioch and the patriarch of ,jerusalem1 and introduced an heretical bishop1 ,severus1 into the latter see1 commanding the ,syrians to obey and hold communion with him4 ,then these great ascetic saints1 with those bodies of religious men whom they ruled1 proved bulwarks of the faith1 uncompromising defenders of the truth4 ,like rocks in the desert1 they remained unchanged and immovable4 ,in vain did the emperor employ persuasion1 attempt bribery1 and finally exile the ,cenobiarch2 he could not be moved1 but journeyed through the land from which the bishops had been expelled1 confirming the faithful1 and denouncing the established heresy4 ,at ,jerusalem1 having assembled the people together1 he from the pulpit cried with a loud voice1 ,if any man receives not the four ,general ,councils as the four ,gospels1 let him be anathema6 ,such boldness in an old man1 venerated for his sanctity1 inspired with courage those whom the edicts had frightened4 ,his discourses produced a wonderful effect on the people1 and ,god gave a sanction to his zeal by miracles4 ,the ,emperor sent an order for his banishment1 which was executed2 but dying soon after1 ,theodosius was recalled by his successor ,justin1 who was a ,catholic4 ,our ,saint survived his return eleven years4 ,so great was his humility1 that1 seeing two monks at variance with each other1 he threw himself at their feet1 and would not rise till they were reconciled4 ,once1 having excommunicated one of his monks for some offence1 the man defiantly excommunicated ,theodosius1 and he meekly accepted the sentence1 and acted as one cut off from the society of the faithful and participation in the ,sacraments1 till the guilty monk1 confounded and repentant1 removed the ban4 ,during the last year of his life he was afflicted with a painful disease1 which reduced him to a shadow4 ,it was noticed by those who nursed him1 that1 even in his sleep1 his lips murmured the familiar words of prayer4 ,perceiving the hour of his dissolution draw nigh1 he gave his last exhortations to his disciples1 and foretold many things which came to pass after his death2 and then fell asleep in ,christ1 on the #aath ,jan41 #ebi4 ,peter1 patriarch of ,jerusalem1 and the whole country1 assisted at his interment4 ,he was buried in the first cell the cave of the ,magi4 ,s4 ,,vitalis1 ,,monk4 7,,beginning ,,of #g,,th ,,cent47 ,greek ,menaea4 ,his history occurs as an episode in the life of ,s4 ,john the ,almsgiver1 patriarch of ,alexandria1 by ,leontius1 ,bishop of ,naplous in ,cyprus1 from the relation of the ,acts of ,s4 ,john1 by his clergy4 ,this life was commended in the seventh ,general ,council1 and is perfectly authentic4 ,the story of ,vitalis1 or ,vitali1 monk of ,gaza1 is brought in by the ,bishop of ,naplous1 in his life of ,s4 ,john the ,almsgiver1 almost accidentally1 to illustrate the long suffering and charity of ,s4 ,john1 that thinketh not evil4 ,but ,i know not1 in all the glorious histories of the blessed ones1 one story so deeply touching as that of the little known1 and soon forgotten1 monk of ,gaza4 ,where he was born we know not2 of what parents he was born we are ignorant2 but we do know that his was a heart full1 to overflowing1 with the divine charity of ,him who came to seek and to save those that were lost4 ,whilst ,john the ,almsgiver was patriarch of ,alexandria1 there arrived in that city1 an old man of sixty1 or thereabouts1 in monk's garb4 ,in his cell he had thought over the crimes of that pleasure-loving city1 and having read in the ,gospel the story of the woman taken in adultery1 in the old monk's heart kindled a sudden fire of zeal1 which drove him to ,alexandria1 that he might save some of those poor women who sold themselves4 ,arrived in the city1 he obtained the names of all the harlots1 and then hired himself as a day labourer4 ,every evening he took his wage1 and with it went to one of the unfortunate women1 and supped with her1 and gave her the rest1 and said1 ,i pay thee this1 that thou mayest spend one night without sin4 ,then he retired into a corner of the room1 where she slept1 and passed the night in reciting psalms1 and praying with many tears for the woman present2 and he rejoiced that1 by his toil of the day1 he had saved her from evil on that one night4 ,and thus he visited all the harlots in ,alexandria1 and from each1 as he went forth in the morning1 he took a solemn promise that she would reveal to none what had taken place1 so long as he was alive4 ,now1 considerable scandal arose1 and ,vitalis was loudly condemned4 ,one said to him1 ,monk1 take to thyself a wife1 and lay aside thy religious garb1 that the name of ,god be not blasphemed through thee4 ,but ,vitalis answered1 ,i will not take to myself a wife1 nor will ,i change my habit4 ,he that will be scandalized1 let him be scandalized4 ,what hast thou to do with me8 ,hath ,god constituted you to be my judges8 ,go to1 look to yourselves1 ye have not to answer for me4 ,there is one ,judge and one holy day of judgment1 wherein every man shall give an account of his own works4 ,one of the ,defenders of the ,church 7this was the name of an officer who saw to the order and morals of the clergy and monks17 came to the patriarch ,john1 and told him what he had heard of the abbot ,vitalis4 ,but the patriarch closed his ears1 and rebuked the accuser1 saying1 ,remember what were the words of ,constantine of pious memory2 he said that the crimes of priests ought not to be divulged1 and that if he detected a priest or a monk in wrong-doing1 he would draw his purple imperial robe over him1 so that none might be scandalized4 ,and when quarrelsome individuals wrote accusations against certain prelates1 he formed them into a packet1 and cast them into the fire4#ch ,but ,vitalis1 though he bore without a murmur the shame1 the hard speeches1 and false accusations that fell to his share1 was deeply sensitive for the souls of others1 lest through him they should be wounded4 ,yet he could not relinquish his mission2--the love of ,god constrained him thereto1 and many a poor woman1 moved by the tears and prayers of the holy man1 deserted her evil courses1 and married and settled into ways of steadiness2 and many1 filled with bitter compunction1 fled from that city of temptation1 to expiate their offences in the desert4 ,seeing how great a blessing attended his work1 ,vitalis persevered in spite of obloquy2 but he prayed to ,god to reveal the truth after his death1 that the reproach might be wiped off the monastic garb he wore2 but he would not suffer the truth to be known whilst he lived1 or the houses of ill-fame would be closed against him1 and the prosecution of his mission would be hindered4 ,one morning1 very early1 as he left a harlot's door1 a man came in1 and seeing a monk issue forth1 he struck him over the head1 exclaiming1 ,how long1 rascal1 do you outrage ,christ by not mending your wicked ways8 ,then said ,vitalis1 ,believe me1 friend1 thou shalt receive from me1 a humble monk1 such a stroke that all ,alexandria shall ring with it4 ,so saying1 he went his way to the little chamber where he lodged1 by the church of ,s4 ,metras1 near the ,gate of the ,sun4 ,what followed is not very clear4 ,but if we put aside some absurd fable which has attached itself to the story1 we shall find that it was something like this3--,probably from the unfortunate woman1 from whom ,vitalis had gone forth1 and to whom the man who had smitten him entered1 that man heard the truth2 then1 full of contrition1 he rushed forth and proclaimed abroad how he had wronged ,vitalis1 and how mistaken was the popular opinion concerning him4 ,so a crowd collected1 and rolled in the direction of the cell of ,vitalis1 by the ,gate of the ,sun4 ,the man foremost of all cried1 ,pardon me my violence1 ,vitalis1 thou man of ,god6 ,and so the mob broke into the little hovel where he dwelt4 ,then they saw the despised monk kneeling upright1 with his hands clasped1 dead and rigid2 and before him lay a sheet of paper1 whereon were written the words of the ,apostle1 #a ,cor4 iv4 #e1 ,judge nothing before the time1 until the ,lord come1 who both will bring to light the hidden things of darkness1 and will make manifest the counsels of the heart4 ,then1 when this was noised abroad1 almost the whole city came together1 and the patriarch ,john arrived1 and all the clergy1 and they took up the body of ,vitalis4 ,thereupon1 all those women who had been converted by him1 and were married1 came forth1 bearing lamps and candles1 and went before him1 beating their breasts and crying1 ,we have lost our deliverer and instructor6 ,and they told how1 by his urgent prayers and burning zeal for their souls1 he had rescued them from a life of misery4 ,but he who had smitten the old monk his death-blow1 struck with compunction1 renounced his vicious ways1 and entered the monastery at ,gaza1 and lived and died in the cell once occupied by ,vitalis4 ,thus did ,vitalis deal him such a blow that all ,alexandria rang with it4 ,s4 ,,salvius1 ,,of ,,amiens1 ,b4 ,c4 7,,about #fae47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,there are three bishops1 ,saints1 of this name1 one ,bishop of ,albi1 one ,bishop of ,angoulme1 and this one1 ,bishop of ,amiens2 they are often confounded by writers4 ,s4 ,salvius lived as a monk for many years1 in what monastery is not known4 ,he was afterwards elected abbot4 ,being chosen ,bishop of ,amiens1 he ruled the diocese with prudence1 but little or nothing is known of his acts4 ,as he died in an ecstasy1 a brilliant light is said to have illuminated his cell1 and praying with extended arms1 he surrendered his soul4 ,s4 ,,egwin1 ,,of ,,worcester1 ,b4 ,c4 7,,about #gbj47 ,the life of ,s4 ,egwin was written by his contemporary1 ,s4 ,brithwald1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,this original has not descended to us1 but a fragment of a somewhat later recension of this life exists2 and a still later life1 probably an amplification of that by ,brithwald4 ,moreover1 ,s4 ,egwin is mentioned by ,matthew of ,westminster1 ,florence of ,worcester2 ,william of ,malmesbury also speaks of him in his ,acts of the ,english ,bishops4 ,s4 ,egwin was of the royal blood of the ,mercian kings1 and was born at ,worcester1 in the reign of ,ethelred and ,kenred4 ,he was elected ,bishop in #fib4 ,by his zeal in rebuking the illicit connexions formed by some of the great men in his diocese1 and vehemence in reforming the corrupt morals of all1 he stirred up a party against him1 and with the connivance of the ,king1 he was expelled his diocese4 ,egwin1 meekly bending to his fate1 determined to make a pilgrimage to ,rome4 ,according to a popular mediaeval legend1 he also resolved to expiate at the same time certain sins of his youth1 by putting iron fetters on his feet1 which were fastened with a lock1 and he cast the key into the ,avon4 ,as he neared ,italy1 on a ship from ,marseilles1 a huge fish floundered upon deck1 and was killed and cut open2 when1 to the surprise of the ,saint1 in its belly was found the key to his fetters4 ,he accepted this as an expression of the will of heaven1 and released his limbs4 ,according to another version of the story1 the fish was caught in the ,tiber1 after ,s4 ,egwin had appeared before the ,pope in ,rome2 but ,william of ,malmesbury doubts the whole story as an idle legend4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,egwin1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,worcester1 ,after ,cahier4 ,jan4 #aa4 ,after his return1 with the assistance of ,kenred1 ,king of ,mercia1 ,s4 ,egwin founded the famous abbey of ,evesham1 under the invocation of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,after this he undertook a second journey to ,rome1 in company with ,kenred1 and ,offa1 ,king of the ,east ,saxons4 ,s4 ,egwin died on the #cjth ,december1 #gag1 and was buried in the monastery of ,evesham4 ,the translation of his relics probably took place on ,jan4 #aath1 on which day many ,english ,martyrologies mark his festival4 ,illustration3 ,decoration ,,footnotes3 #ch ,theodoret1 lib4 i4 c4 #aa4 ,january #ab4 ,s4 ,,arcadius1 ,m41 in ,africa1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #bfj4 ,,ss4 ,,satyrus1 ,,cyriacus1 ,,mosentius1 ,,mm4 ,,ss4 ,,tigris1 ,p41 and ,,eutropius1 ,,mm41 ,a4,d4 #djd4 ,s4 ,,john1 ,b4 ,c4 of ,ravenna1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #die4 ,s4 ,,caesaria1 ,v41 at ,arles1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #ecj4 ,s4 ,,victorinus1 ,ab41 in ,spain1 ,a4,d4 #efj4 ,s4 ,,benedict ,,biscop1 in ,england1 ,a4,d4 #gjc4 ,,ss4 ,,xxxviii1 ,,monks1 ,,mm41 in ,ionia1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #gej4 ,s4 ,,aelred1 ,ab4 of ,rievaulx1 in ,yorkshire1 ,a4,d4 #aaff4 ,s4 ,,arcadius1 ,m4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #bfj47 ,roman ,martyrology1 those of ,bede1 ,ado1 ,usuardus1 ,notker1 c4 ,authority1 a panegyric by ,s4 ,zeno1 ,bishop of ,verona1 his contemporary4 ,during a severe outbreak of persecution1 in the reign of ,gallienus1 in the north of ,africa1 ,arcadius1 doubting his own constancy1 sought refuge in flight1 and escaping from ,caesarea1 hid himself4 ,as he did not appear at the sacrifices1 the ,governor ordered his house to be searched4 ,it was found to be deserted1 save by a relative of his1 whom the soldiers seized1 and1 at the command of the ,governor1 detained till ,arcadius should surrender himself4 ,hearing of this capture1 and unwilling that his kinsman should suffer1 ,arcadius deserted his hiding place1 and gave himself up4 ,the ,governor1 exasperated at his constancy in refusing to adore the gods of the state religion1 ordered him to be dismembered1 piecemeal and leisurely4 ,first his fingers were taken off1 joint by joint2 then his toes1 then his hands at the wrists1 and his feet at the ankles4 ,as he extended his hands to amputation1 he prayed1 ,thy hands have made me and fashioned me2 ,o give me understanding that ,i may keep thy law4 ,thereupon the judge ordered his tongue to be cut out4 ,he was cast on his back1 and his feet were taken off4 ,then his legs and arms were amputated at the knees and elbows1 finally at the thighs and shoulders1 so that he was nothing save a human trunk in a pool of blood1 with his limbs in little fragments scattered about him4 ,thus he expired2 but the ,christians collected the portions of his body1 and buried them with the trunk reverently1 glorifying ,god for having given such constancy to his martyr4 ,in art1 represented as a torso2 sometimes1 for some reason unknown1 with a candle in his hand4 ,,ss4 ,,satyrus1 ,,cyriacus1 ,,mosentius1 ,,mm4 7,,date ,,uncertain47 ,all ,martyrologies4 ,nothing is known for certain of the date of their martyrdoms1 or whether they all suffered together4 ,s4 ,satyrus is said to have signed the cross1 and breathed on an idol in the street of ,achaia 7on the ,euxine871 and it fell4 ,wherefore he was executed by decapitation4 ,this is stated in all the ,martyrologies1 but some say the act was done at ,antioch4 ,of the others1 his companions1 nothing is known4 ,,ss4 ,,tigris1 ,p41 ,,and ,,eutropius1 ,,lector1 ,,mm4 7,a4,d4 #djd47 ,roman ,martyrology and ,german ,martyrologies4 ,not commemorated by the ,greeks4 ,authorities3 ,sozomen1 lib4 viii4 c4 #bb1 #bc2 ,nicephorus ,callistus1 lib4 xiii42 ,s4 ,john ,chrysostom also1 in his #abth letter to ,s4 ,olympias1 speaks of ,tigris the priest4 ,when ,s4 ,john ,chrysostom had incurred the anger of the ,empress ,eudoxia1 by declaiming against her silver statue set up close to the church of the ,eternal ,wisdom at ,constantinople1 by her machinations he was deposed and exiled from the city1 and ,arsacius was ordained patriarch of ,constantinople in his room4 ,but a large company of bishops and priests1 and others of the clerical order1 refused to recognize the right of ,arsacius1 and being driven from the churches1 held their divine worship in places apart4 ,for the space of two months after his deposition1 ,chrysostom remained at his post1 though he refrained from appearing in public2 after that he was obliged to leave1 being banished by the ,emperor ,arcadius4 ,on the very day of his departure the church caught fire1 and a strong easterly wind carried the flames to the senate house4#ci ,the party opposed to ,s4 ,john ,chrysostom immediately spread the report that this fire was the result of a wilful act of incendiarism by the ,johannites1 or party of the exiled bishop4 ,socrates1 the historian1 strongly prejudiced against ,chrysostom1 distinctly charged them with the act4 ,he says1 ,on the very day of his departure1 some of ,john's friends set fire to the church1 and then he adds1 ,the severities inflicted on ,john's friends1 even to the extent of capital punishment1 on account of this act of incendiarism1 by ,optatus1 the prefect of ,constantinople1 who being a pagan was1 as such1 an enemy to the ,christians1 ,i ought1 ,i believe1 to pass by in silence4 ,there can be no doubt that the fire was purely accidental1 and that it was used as a means of endeavouring to excite the people of ,constantinople against their favourite ,chrysostom1 that bold champion of the truth against spiritual wickedness in high places1 and the ,erastianism of a large party of bishops and clergy1 just as before ,nero had charged the burning of old ,rome on the ,christians4 ,on this false charge some of the most faithful and zealous adherents of ,chrysostom suffered1 amongst them were the priest ,tigris1 and the reader ,eutropius4 ,the rest shall be quoted from ,sozomen1 who1 belonging to the party of ,chrysostom1 gives those details which ,socrates found it convenient to omit3--,both parties mutually accused each other of incendiarism2 the enemies of ,john asserted that his partizans had been guilty of the deed from revenge2 the other side1 that the crime had been perpetrated by their enemies1 with intention of burning them in the church4 ,those citizens who were suspected of attachment to ,john1 were sought out and cast into prison1 and compelled to anathematize him4 ,arsacius was not long after ordained over the ,church of ,constantinople4 ,nothing operated so much against him as the persecution carried on against the followers of ,john4 ,as these latter refused to hold communion1 or even to join in prayer with him1 and met together in the further parts of the city1 he complained to the ,emperor of their conduct4 ,the tribune was commanded to attack them with a body of soldiers1 and by means of clubs and stones he soon dispersed their assembly4 ,the most distinguished among them in point of rank1 and those who were most zealous in their adherence to ,john1 were cast into prison4 ,the soldiers1 as is usual on such occasions1 went beyond their orders1 and stripped the women of their ornaments4 ,although the whole city was thus filled with trouble and lamentation1 the affection of the people for ,john remained the same4 ,after the popular insurrection had been quelled1 the prefect of the city appeared in public1 as if to inquire into the cause of the conflagration1 and to bring the perpetrators of the deed to punishment2 but1 being a pagan1 he exulted in the destruction of the ,church1 and ridiculed the calamity4 ,eutropius1 a reader1 was required to name the persons who had set fire to the church2 but1 although he was scourged severely1 although his sides and cheeks were torn with iron nails1 and although lighted torches were applied to the most sensitive parts of his body1 no confession could be extorted from him1 notwithstanding his youth and delicacy of constitution4 ,after having been subjected to these tortures1 he was cast into a dungeon1 where he soon afterwards expired4 ,a dream of ,sisinius concerning ,eutropius seems worthy of insertion in this history4 ,sisinius1 the ,bishop of the ,novatians1 saw in his sleep a man1 tall in stature1 and handsome in person1 standing near the altar in the ,novatian ,church of ,s4 ,stephen4 ,this man complained of the rarity of goodness among men1 and said that he had been searching throughout the city1 and found but one who was good1 and that one was ,eutropius4 ,astonished at what he had seen1 ,sisinius made known the dream to the most faithful of his priests1 and commanded him to make search for ,eutropius1 wherever he might be4 ,the priest1 rightly conjecturing that this ,eutropius could be no other than he who had been so barbarously tortured by the prefect1 went from prison to prison in quest of him4 ,at length he found him1 and made known to him the dream of the ,bishop1 and besought him with tears to pray for him4 ,such are the details we possess concerning ,eutropius4 ,tigris1 a priest1 was about the same time stripped of his clothes1 scourged on the back1 bound hand and foot1 and stretched on the rack4 ,he was a foreigner1 and an eunuch1 but not by birth4 ,he was originally a slave in the house of a man of rank1 and on account of his faithful services had obtained his freedom4 ,he was afterwards ordained priest1 and was distinguished by his moderation and meekness of disposition1 and by his charity towards strangers and the poor4 ,such were the events which took place in ,constantinople4 ,those who were in power at court procured a law in favour of ,arsacius1 by which it was enacted that the orthodox were to assemble together in churches only1 and that if they seceded from communion with the above-mentioned ,bishop1 they were to be exiled4 ,s4 ,,caesaria1 ,v4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #ecj47 ,gallican ,martyrologies4 ,her history from the life of ,s4 ,caesarius of ,arles1 her brother1 by his disciple1 ,cyprian4 ,s4 ,caesaria was the superior of a convent of religious women1 erected by her brother1 ,s4 ,caesarius1 at ,arles4 ,when1 in #ejg1 the ,franks and ,burgundians1 under ,alaric1 had been defeated by ,clovis1 ,theodoric invaded the south of ,gaul from ,italy1 and besieged the city1 and battered down the convent which had been erected for ,s4 ,caesaria4 ,when tranquillity was re-established1 ,caesarius rebuilt the monastery1 and called his sister from ,marseilles to inhabit it4 ,the rule of ,s4 ,caesaria1 drawn up by her brother1 exists1 and is published by the ,bollandists4 ,s4 ,,benedict ,,biscop4 7,a4,d4 #gjc47 ,roman1 ,benedictine1 and ,anglican ,martyrologies4 ,life from ,william of ,malmesbury1 ,bede's ,homilies and ,ecclesiastical ,history1 ,florence of ,worcester1 ,matthew of ,westminster4 ,the following account is condensed from the life of ,s4 ,benedict ,biscop1 in ,montalembert's ,monks of the ,west1 ,bk4 xiii41 c4 #b4 ,benedict was born of the highest ,anglo-,saxon nobility1 in the year #fbh4 ,while he was still very young1 he held an office in the household of ,king ,oswy4 ,at twenty-five he gave up secular life1 marriage1 and his family1 restored his lands to the king1 and dedicated himself to the service of ,god4 ,before he settled in any community he went to ,rome1 whither he had been long attracted by that desire of praying at the tomb of the ,apostles1 which became so general among the ,anglo-,saxons4 ,he started in company with ,s4 ,wilfrid1 but the two young ,northumbrian nobles separated at ,lyons4 ,after his first visit to ,rome1 ,benedict returned thither a second and a third time1 having in the meantime assumed the monastic habit in the island of ,lerins4 ,pope ,vitalianus1 struck with the piety and knowledge of so constant and zealous a pilgrim1 assigned to him1 as guide and interpreter1 that ,greek1 ,theodore1 who became ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 and who1 when he went to ,england1 transferred the monk of ,lerins to be abbot of the principal monastery in ,canterbury4 ,after thus spending two years with the new ,archbishop1 the abbot ,benedict1 instead of re-visiting his native district1 went for the fourth time to ,rome1 #fga4 ,he was then in the prime of life2 but when it is considered what were the difficulties and dangers of such a journey--at such a time--when we remember that a journey from ,london to ,rome then took twice as long1 and was a hundred times more dangerous than a journey from ,london to ,australia is now1 we are amazed at the energy which induced so many ,anglo-,saxon monks1 not once only1 but many times in their life1 to cross the sea and the ,alps on their way to ,rome4 ,his fourth expedition was undertaken in the interests of literature4 ,he brought back a cargo of books1 partly sold1 partly given to him2 and1 in passing by ,vienne1 the ancient capital of the ,gauls1 on his return1 he brought with him many more which he had deposited there in the charge of his friends4 ,when he returned at length to his native ,northumbria1 he sought ,king ,egfrid1 the son of his former master1 ,oswy1 then the reigning monarch1 and told him all he had done during the twenty years that had passed since he left his country and the royal service4 ,then1 endeavouring to communicate to him the religious ardour with which his own heart was filled1 he explained to the ,king all he had learned at ,rome and elsewhere1 of ecclesiastical and monastic discipline1 showing him the books and relics which he had brought back4 ,egfrid1 who had not yet begun his struggle with ,wilfrid1 allowed himself to be won by the stories of the pilgrim1 for whom he conceived a great affection2 and in order that he might apply his experience to the government of a new community1 he detached from his own possessions1 and presented to ,benedict1 an estate situated at the mouth of the ,wear1 a little stream which flows through ,durham1 and throws itself into the ,northern sea1 a little south of the ,tyne4#dj ,this gave the name of ,wearmouth to the new monastery1 which was dedicated to ,s4 ,peter1 the ,prince of the ,apostles1 according to the express wish of ,egfrid1 in agreement with that of ,benedict1 as an evidence of his leanings towards ,rome4 ,this foundation was no sooner assured1 than the unwearied ,benedict took ship again1 to seek in ,france masons to build him a stone church1 in the ,roman style1 for everything that came from ,rome was dear to him4 ,the church was carried on with so much energy1 that1 a year after the first stone was laid1 the church was roofed in1 and mass was celebrated under one of those stone arches which excited the surprise of the ,english in the seventh century4 ,he brought glass-makers also from ,france1 for there were none in ,england2 and these foreign workmen1 after having put glass into the windows of the church and new monastery1 taught their art to the ,anglo-,saxons4 ,animated by a zeal which nothing could discourage1 and inspired by intelligent patriotism1 and a sort of passion for beauty in art1 which shrank neither from fatigue nor care1 he sent to seek beyond the seas all that he could not find in ,england--all that seemed necessary to him for the ornamentation of his church2 and not finding even in ,france all he wanted1 he went for the fifth time to ,rome4 ,even this was not his last visit1 for some years later he made a sixth pilgrimage4 ,on both occasions he brought treasures back with him1 chiefly books in countless quantities1 and of every kind4 ,he was a passionate collector1 as has been seen1 from his youth4 ,he desired each of his monasteries to possess a great library1 which he considered indispensable to the instruction1 discipline1 and good organization of the community2 and reckoned upon the books as the best means of retaining his monks in their cloisters2 for much as he loved travelling himself1 he did not approve of other monks passing their time on the highways and byways1 even under pretext of pilgrimages4 ,along with the books he brought a great number of pictures and coloured images4 ,by introducing these images from ,rome to ,northumberland1 ,benedict ,biscop has written one of the most curious1 and1 at the same time1 forgotten pages in the history of art4 ,the ,venerable ,bede1 who speaks with enthusiasm of the expeditions of his master and friend1 leads us to suppose that he brought back with him only portable pictures1 but it may be supposed that the abbot of ,wearmouth brought back with him both painters and mosaic-workers1 to work on the spot at the decoration of his churches4 ,how can it be otherwise explained1 how pictures on wood1 brought even by water from ,rome to ,england1 should have been large enough to cover the walls and arches of the two or three churches of which ,bede speaks4 ,however this may be1 the result was that the most ignorant of the ,christians of ,northumbria found1 on entering these new monastic churches1 under a material form1 the attractive image of the instructions which the monastic missionaries lavished on them4 ,learned and unlearned could contemplate and study with delight1 we are told1 here the sweet and attractive form of the new-born ,saviour1 there the ,twelve ,apostles surrounding the ,blessed ,virgin2 upon the northern wall all the parables of the ,gospels2 upon the southern1 the visions of the ,apocalypse2 elsewhere1 a series of pictures which marked the harmony between the ,old and ,new ,testaments2 ,isaac carrying the wood for his sacrifice opposite to ,jesus bearing ,his ,cross2 the brazen serpent opposite ,jesus crucified1 and so on4#da ,all these ,bede1 who had seen them1 describes with great delight4 ,after ,latin and ,greek books1 after art1 it was the turn of music4 ,on his return from his fifth voyage1 ,benedict brought back with him from ,rome an eminent monk1 called ,john1 precentor of ,s4 ,peter's1 to establish at ,wearmouth the music and ,roman ceremonies with entire exactitude4 ,as soon as he had arrived at ,wearmouth1 this learned abbot set out in writing the order of the celebration of all feasts for all the year1 of which he soon circulated numerous copies4 ,then he opened classes1 at which he taught1 viva voce1 the liturgy and ecclesiastical chants4 ,the best singers of the ,northumbrian monasteries came to listen to him1 and invited him to visit their communities4 ,the passionate zeal of ,benedict for the building and decoration of his monastic houses1 did not make him forget the more essential interests of his foundations4 ,before leaving ,rome he took care to constitute his community upon the immovable basis of the rule of ,s4 ,benedict4 ,he obtained from ,pope ,agatho a charter which guaranteed the liberty and security of the new monastery of ,wearmouth4 ,in order to give ,benedict a new mark of sympathy1 ,king ,egfrid assigned to him another estate1 near to the first4 ,this was the cradle of the monastery of ,jarrow1 the name of which is inseparably linked with that of ,bede4 ,this monastery he dedicated to ,s4 ,paul1 and appointed one of his most intimate friends and fellow pilgrims1 ,ceolfrid1 abbot of the new foundation4 ,in order to be more at liberty to devote his time to travel1 ,benedict took a coadjutor in the government of ,wearmouth4 ,this new abbot was his nephew1 ,easterwin1 his junior by twenty-two years1 and like ,biscop1 of high birth4 ,the noble youth took pride in following minutely the rule of the house1 like any other monk4 ,thanks to his illustrious biographer1 we know what the occupations of a ,saxon thane turned monk were in the seventh century4 ,his duties were to thrash and winnow the corn1 to milk the goats and cows1 to take his turn in the kitchen1 the bakehouse1 and the garden1 always humble and joyous in his obedience4 ,when he became coadjutor1 and was invested1 in ,biscop's absence1 with all his authority1 the young abbot continued the course of communal life2 and when his duties as superior led him out of doors to where the monks laboured in the fields1 he set to work along with them1 taking the plough or the fan in his own hands1 or forging iron upon the anvil4 ,he was robust as well as young and handsome2 but his look was infinitely gentle1 and his conversation full of amiability4 ,when he was compelled to reprove a fault1 it was done with such tender sadness that the culprit felt himself incapable of any new offence which should bring a cloud over the benign brightness of that beloved face4 ,his table was served with the same provisions as that of the monks2 and he slept in the general dormitory1 which he left only five days before his death1 being then hopelessly ill1 to prepare himself in a more solitary place1 for the last struggle4 ,when he felt his end approaching1 he had still strength enough left to go down into the garden2 and1 seating himself there1 he called to him all his brethren1 who wept the anticipated loss of such a father4 ,then1 with the tenderness which was natural to him1 he gave to each of them a last kiss4 ,the following night 7,march #gth1 #fhf7 he died1 aged thirty-six1 whilst the monks were singing matins4 ,when ,benedict returned from his last expedition to ,rome he found his benefactor1 ,king ,egfrid1 and his nephew1 ,easterwin1 both dead1 along with a great number of his monks1 carried off by one of the epidemics then so frequent4 ,the only survivors at ,jarrow were the abbot and one little scholar1 whose fame was destined to eclipse that of all the ,saxon ,saints and kings1 who are scarcely known to posterity except by his pen4#db ,benedict ,biscop did not lose courage1 but promptly collected new subjects under his sway1 recommenced and pursued1 with his habitual energy1 the decoration of his two churches of ,s4 ,peter and ,s4 ,paul4 ,the monks had already chosen as successor to ,easterwin a deacon named ,sigfried1 a learned and virtuous man1 but affected with lung disease1 and the first of the ,english in whom history indicates a malady so general and so fatal to their race4 ,benedict's own turn was1 however1 soon to come4 ,god preserved his life to purify him1 and put his patience to a long and cruel trial1 before calling him to his eternal recompense4 ,after having devoted the first thirteen years of his abbacy to the laborious and wandering life so dear to him1 and to those distant expeditions that produced so many fruits for his order and his country1 he was stricken with a cruel disease1 which lasted for three years1 and paralysed all his members one after the other4 ,though kept to his bed by his infirmity1 and unable to follow his brethren to the choir1 he1 notwithstanding1 continued to celebrate each service1 both day and night1 with certain of the monks1 mingling his feeble voice with theirs4 ,at night his sleepless hours were consoled by the reading of the ,gospels1 which was kept up without interruption by a succession of priests4 ,often1 too1 he collected the monks and novices round his couch1 addressing to them urgent and solemn counsels1 and among other things begging them to preserve the great library which he had brought from ,rome1 and not to allow it to be spoiled or dispersed2 but above all1 to keep faithfully the rules which1 after a careful study of the seventeen principal monasteries which he had visited during his journeys1 he had collected for them4 ,he also dwelt much upon the injunction he had already often repeated1 that they should pay no regard to high birth in their choice of an abbot1 but look simply to his life and doctrine4 ,if ,i had to choose between two evils1 said he1 ,i should prefer to see the spot on which ,i have established our dear monastery fall back into eternal solitude1 rather than to be succeeded here by my own brother1 who1 we all know1 is not in the good way4 ,the strength of the abbot1 and at the same time that of his poor coadjutor1 was by this time so exhausted by their respective diseases1 that they both perceived that they must die1 and desired to see each other for the last time before departing from this world4 ,in order that the wish of these two tender friends should be accomplished1 it was necessary to bring the dying coadjutor to the bed of the abbot4 ,his head was placed on the same pillow2 but they were both so feeble that they could not even embrace each other1 and the help of brotherly hands was necessary to join their lips4 ,all the monks assembled in chapter round this bed of suffering and love2 and the two aged ,saints1 having pointed out among them a successor1 approved by all1 breathed together1 with a short interval between1 their last breath4 ,thus died1 at the age of sixty-two1 ,s4 ,benedict of ,england1 a worthy rival of the great patriarch of the monks of the ,west1 whose robe and name he bore4 ,,ss4 ,,xxxviii ,,monks1 ,,in ,,ionia4 7,,about #gej47 ,the account of their martyrdom was written by ,theosterictus1 a confessor in the same ,iconoclastic persecution4 ,in the horrible persecution of the orthodox by ,constantine ,copronymus1 on the subject of the images1 concerning which more shall be said elsewhere1 the blessed martyr ,stephen the younger1 ,archimandrite of ,auxentia1 was in prison1 when a monk1 ,theosterictus by name1#dc was admitted to him1 with his nose cut off1 and his cheeks burnt with pitch2 he came from the monastery of ,peleceta1 and related to the abbot how1 on the ,wednesday in ,holy ,week1 as the unbloody ,sacrifice was being offered in the monastery church1 a band of soldiers1 by command of the heretical ,emperor1 broke into the sacred building and interrupted the mysteries4 ,thirty-eight monks were chained1 the rest were mutilated1 their noses cut off1 and their beards steeped in tar1 and then fired4 ,then the soldiers set the whole convent in flames4 ,the thirty-eight were carried off to the borders of ,ephesus1 and thrust into the furnace of an old bath2 the openings were then closed1 and they were suffocated therein4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,aelred1 ,,abbot ,,of ,,rievaulx4 ,from a ,design by ,a4 ,welby ,pugin4 ,jan4 #ab4 ,s4 ,,aelred1 ,,ab4 ,,of ,,rievaulx4 7,a4,d4 #aaff47 ,authorities3 ,his life in ,capgrave1 and his own writings1 still extant4 ,he was of noble descent1 and was born in the north of ,england1 in #aaji4 ,being educated in learning and piety1 he was invited by ,david1 the pious ,king of ,scotland1 to his court1 made master of his household1 and highly esteemed both by him and the courtiers4 ,his virtue shone with bright lustre in the world1 particularly his meekness1 which ,christ declared to be his favourite virtue1 and the distinguishing mark of his true disciples4 ,the following is a memorable instance to what a degree ,s4 ,aelred possessed this virtue3--,a certain person of quality having insulted and reproached him in the presence of the ,king1 ,aelred heard him out with patience1 and thanked him for his charity and sincerity1 in telling him his faults4 ,this behaviour had such an influence on his adversary that it made him ask his pardon on the spot4 ,another time1 whilst he was speaking on a certain matter1 one interrupted him with very harsh reviling expressions3 the servant of ,god heard him with tranquility1 and afterward resumed his discourse with the same calmness and presence of mind as before4 ,he desired ardently to devote himself entirely to ,god1 by forsaking the world2 but the charms of friendship detained him some time longer in it1 and were fetters to his soul2 reflecting notwithstanding that he must sooner or later be separated by death from those he loved most1 he condemned his own cowardice1 and broke at once those bands of friendship1 which were more agreeable to him than all other sweets of life4 ,to relinquish entirely all his worldly engagements1 he left ,scotland1 and embraced the austere ,cistercian order1 at ,rievaulx1 in ,yorkshire1 where ,walter de l',especke had founded a monastery in #aabb4 ,at the age of twenty-four1 in #aacc1 he became a monk under the first abbot1 ,william1 a disciple of ,s4 ,bernard4 ,in spite of the delicacy of his body he set himself cheerfully to practise the greatest austerities1 and employed much of his time in prayer and reading4 ,his heart turned with great ardour to the love of ,god1 and this made him feel all his mortifications sweet and light4 ,thy yoke doth not oppress1 but raiseth the soul2 thy burden hath wings1 not weight1 said he4 ,he speaks of divine charity with love1 and by his frequent ejaculations on the subject1 it seems to have been the sweet consolation of his soul4 ,may thy voice 7says he7 sound in my ears1 ,o ,good ,jesus1 that my heart may learn how to love thee1 that my mind may love thee1 that the interior powers1 the bowels of my soul1 and very marrow of my heart may love thee1 and that my affections may embrace thee1 my only true good1 my sweet and delightful joy6 ,o my ,god6 ,he who loves thee possesses thee2 and he possesses thee in proportion as he loves1 because thou art love itself4 ,this is that abundance with which thy beloved are inebriated1 dissolved to themselves1 that they may live into thee1 by loving thee4 ,he had been much delighted in his youth with reading ,cicero2 but after his conversion found that author1 and all other reading1 tedious and bitter1 which was not sweetened with the honey of the holy name of ,jesus1 and seasoned with the word of ,god1 as he says in the preface to his book ,on ,spiritual ,friendship4 ,he was much edified with the very looks of a holy monk1 called ,simon1 who had despised high birth1 an ample fortune1 and all the advantages of mind and body1 to serve ,god in that penitential state4 ,this monk went and came as one deaf and dumb1 always recollected in ,god2 and was such a lover of silence1 that he would scarce speak a few words to the prior on necessary occasions4 ,his silence however was sweet1 agreeable1 and full of edification4 ,our ,saint says of him1 ,the very sight of his humility stifled my pride1 and made me blush at the want of mortification in my looks4 ,this holy monk1 having served ,god eight years in perfect fidelity1 died in #aadb1 in wonderful peace1 repeating with his last breath1 ,i will sing eternally1 ,o ,lord1 thy mercy1 thy mercy1 thy mercy6 ,s4 ,aelred1 much against his inclination1 was made abbot of a new monastery of his order1 founded by ,william1 ,earl of ,lincoln1 at ,revesby1 in ,lincolnshire1 in #aadb1 and after1 in #aadc1 of ,rievaulx1 where he governed three hundred monks4 ,describing their life1 he says that they drank nothing but water1 ate little1 laboured hard1 slept little1 and on hard boards2 never spoke1 except to their superiors on necessary occasions2 and loved prayer4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,odilo1 ,jan4 #a1 p4 #bj4 ,,footnotes3 #ci ,socrates1 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 vi4 c4 #ah4 #dj ,monk-,wearmouth on the north bank of the river4 #da ,bede3 ,vitae ,abbt4 in ,wiramuth1 c4 #f4 #db ,this is ,bede1 who describes1 further on1 how the abbot and that little boy celebrated alone1 and in great sadness1 the whole psalms of the monastic service1 with no little labour1 until new monks arrived4 #dc ,not to be confused with ,theosterictus1 disciple of the abbot ,s4 ,nicetas1 who writes this account4 ,january #ac4 ,the ,octave of the ,epiphany4 ,s4 ,,potitus1 ,m41 ,a4,d4 #aff4 ,,ss4 ,,hermylus ,,and ,,stratonicus1 ,,mm41 at ,belgrade1 ,a4,d4 #cae4 ,s4 ,,glaphyra1 ,v41 at ,amasia1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cbd4 ,s4 ,,agricius1 ,b4 of ,trves1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cce4 ,s4 ,,hilary1 ,b4 of ,poictiers1 ,a4,d4 #cfh4 ,s4 ,,virentius1 ,p41 in ,burgundy1 ,a4,d4 #djj4 ,s4 ,,kentigern1 ,b4 of ,glasgow1 ,a4,d4 #fja4 ,b4 ,,berno1 ,ab4 of ,cluny1 ,a4,d4 #ibj4 ,s4 ,,heldemar1 ,h41 in ,artois1 ,a4,d4 #ajig4 ,b4 ,,gotfried1 of ,kappenberg1 ,a4,d4 #aabg4 ,b4 ,,jutta1 ,w4 and ,recluse1 at ,huy1 in ,belgium1 ,a4,d4 #abbh4 ,b4 ,,veronica1 ,v4 at ,milan1 ,a4,d4 #adig4 ,,ss4 ,,hermylus ,,and ,,stratonicus1 ,,mm41 ,,at ,,belgrade4 7,a4,d4 #cae47 ,greek ,menaea and ,menologium4 ,the ,acts in ,metaphrastes are compiled from the original genuine ,acts1 and may be trusted4 ,when ,licinius was in ,mysia he sought out the ,christians1 to punish them with death1 being moved thereto by his great hatred to the religion of ,christ1 which ,constantine protected4 ,socrates says1 in his ,ecclesiastical ,history1 that ,licinius hated the ,christians2 and that1 although for a while1 from dread of ,constantine1 he avoided open persecution1 yet he managed to plot against them covertly1 and at length proceeded to acts of undisguised malevolence4 ,the persecution1 however1 was local1 not extending beyond those districts where ,licinius himself was1 but these and other public outrages could not long remain concealed from ,constantine4 ,by this perfidy he drew upon himself the ,emperor ,constantine's heaviest displeasure2 and the pretended treaty of friendship having been so flagrantly violated1 it was not long before they took up arms against each other4#dd ,when ,licinius was at ,sigidunum 7,belgrade71 on the ,danube1 a deacon1 named ,hermylus1 was denounced to him as a despiser of the gods of ,rome4 ,the ,emperor ordered him to be brought before him4 ,the order was obeyed4 ,then the ,emperor said1 ,answer me1 and tell me openly1 dost thou confess thyself to be a ,christian8 ,not only do ,i acknowledge myself to be a ,christian1 but to be consecrated a deacon to the service of ,god4 ,well then1 be deacon in the service of the gods1 said ,licinius4 ,thou must be deaf1 ,emperor6 ,i said that ,i served ,god the all-seeing1 not these blind stocks4 ,licinius ordered the deacon to be smitten on the cheeks1 and said1 ,not so glib with thy tongue1 ,hermylus4 ,honour the ,emperor1 sacrifice to the gods1 and save thy life4 ,then ,hermylus cried out with a loud voice1 ,thou shalt endure torments without end1 from the hand of ,god1 because thou dost adore vain idols1 and seekest to destroy those who serve the living ,god1 as though envious of their superiority4 ,then the martyr was taken back to prison4 ,and after three days he was again brought forth1 and when ,licinius had mounted the tribunal1 he said1 ,well now1 ,hermylus1 art thou prepared to abandon this folly and escape what is in store for thee8 ,but the deacon answered1 ,i am ready to endure4 ,there is one ,god in heaven to whom ,i live1 and to whom ,i am ready to die4 ,he will succour me4 ,we shall soon see what ,his succour is worth1 said the ,emperor2 and ordered him to be beaten4 ,then six men cast him on the ground and stripped him1 and scourged him4 ,but ,hermylus cried1 ,o ,lord my ,god1 who before ,pilate enduredst the scourge1 strengthen me suffering for ,thee1 that ,i may finish my course1 and that1 being made partaker in ,thy sufferings1 ,i maybe made also to partake in ,thy glory4 ,then there was heard a voice from heaven1 saying1 ,verily1 verily1 ,hermylus1 in three days shalt thou receive a glorious reward6 ,hearing this1 the martyr was filled with boldness1 and a great fear fell on all around4 ,then ,licinius hastily remitted the deacon to prison4 ,now the jailor's name was ,stratonicus1 and he was a disciple1 but secretly1 like ,nicodemus1 not having great boldness1 and he comforted ,hermylus in the dungeon as well as he could1 for he was also his personal friend4 ,on the morrow1 the ,emperor ordered the brave soldier of ,christ to be led forth again1 and beaten on the stomach1 as his back was one great wound1 and the instrument wherewith he was to be beaten was a willow rod1 twisted and knotted into a triangle1 and this1 say the ,acts1 was a most excruciating torture1 for the angles and knots cut like knives into the flesh4 ,but as he bore this with unflinching constancy1 the tyrant commanded that his belly should be torn with little iron hooks4 ,then ,stratonicus1 the jailor1 unable to bear the sight of his friend's sufferings1 covered his face with his hands and burst into tears4 ,seeing this1 the soldiers who stood by jeered him1 and called the attention of the ,emperor to the agitation of the jailor4 ,then ,stratonicus1 mustering up all his courage1 cast himself before ,licinius1 and cried1 ,sire6 ,i am a ,christian1 ,i believe in ,god1 the maker of heaven and earth4 ,then ,licinius ordered him to be scourged4 ,and ,stratonicus1 looking piteously at his friend1 said1 ,hermylus1 pray for me to ,christ1 that ,i may be able to endure6 ,and when ,licinius saw that ,stratonicus was covered with wounds1 he bade the executioners desist1 and he remitted the jailor and the prisoner to the same dungeon4 ,but on the morrow1 finding ,stratonicus resolute1 he ordered him and ,hermylus to be drowned in the ,danube4 ,then they were tied up in nets and cast into the river4 ,three days after their bodies were washed up1 and were buried by the ,christians4 ,s4 ,,hilary1 ,b4 ,d4 ,,of ,,poictiers4 7,a4,d4 #cfh47 ,in the ,roman ,missal1 before #adce1 there was no mention of ,s4 ,hilary2 in the reformed ,breviary of ,cardinal ,quignon1 published by authority of ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 ,s4 ,hilary was commemorated on ,jan4 #cast1 the same day as that on which he was noted in the ,york ,calendar1 because ,jan4 #acth is the ,octave of the ,epiphany4 ,afterwards1 however1 the commemoration of ,s4 ,hilary was fixed for ,jan4 #adth1 his name being inserted in the ,martyrology on the #acth2 but with this clause1 ,his festival is1 however1 to be celebrated on the morrow1 so as not to interfere with the ,octave of the ,epiphany4 ,the ,sarum1 ,dominican1 ,belgian1 and some of the ,german ,calendars mark the #acth as the feast of ,s4 ,hilary4 ,the ,anglican ,calendar also notes his name on this day4 ,the ,bollandists give his life on this day1 though in the ,roman offices the commemoration is on the morrow4 ,his own writings1 and the histories of his age1 contain all the materials for his life4 ,s4 ,hilary was born at ,poictiers in ,gaul4 ,there is some reason to believe that his family was illustrious in that country4 ,his parents were pagans1 and he was brought up in idolatry4 ,he gives an account of his conversion to the faith of ,christ in his book ,on the ,trinity4 ,he was married before his conversion2 and his wife1 by whom he had a daughter1 named ,apra1 was yet living when he was chosen ,bishop of ,poictiers1 about the year #cec2 but from the time of his ordination he lived in perpetual continence4 ,it is probable that ,s4 ,hilary was elected ,bishop from the rank of a layman1 as was often the case in the early ages1 and received all orders by accumulation4 ,he soon became renowned in ,gaul as a preacher2 and ,s4 ,martin1 then a young man1 was attracted by his name1 and lived for a time at ,poictiers as his disciple4 ,immediately after the ,arian ,council at ,milan1 in ,a4,d4 #cee1 which had condemned ,s4 ,athanasius1 and had prevailed on the ,emperor ,constantius to banish all the ,bishops who adhered to him1 ,s4 ,hilary wrote to the ,emperor1 entreating him to stop the persecution1 to recall the ,catholic ,bishops1 and forbid secular judges to interfere in the affairs of the ,church4 ,this remonstrance had no effect2 but he had the satisfaction of seeing the ,gallican ,bishops remain firm during those days of trial4 ,saturninus1 ,bishop of ,arles1 alone united with ,ursacius and ,valens1 two ,illyrian ,bishops1 to vex the ,catholics4 ,they held an ,arian synod at ,bziers in ,languedoc1 at which ,saturninus himself presided4 ,s4 ,hilary there made a noble confession of the ,nicene ,faith1 and refuted the heresy of ,arius2 but the party of ,saturninus1 reinforced by ,bishops from the neighbouring countries1 was too strong for him1 and he was condemned and deposed2 and immediately afterwards the ,emperor ,constantius banished him into ,phrygia4 ,he left ,gaul early in ,a4,d4 #cef1 in company with ,rhodanus1 ,bishop of ,toulouse1 whom ,god called from those evils to ,his kingdom1 soon after their arrival in ,phrygia4 ,his departure was followed by a cruel persecution of the ,gallican clergy2 but nothing could daunt their constancy1 or prevail on them to communicate with the enemies of ,s4 ,hilary and the ,nicene ,faith1 or to fill up his see1 which in the eye of the ,church was not vacant4 ,the priests and deacons of ,toulouse were severely beaten1 and their church profaned4 ,in ,a4,d4 #ceg the ,bishops wrote a letter to ,s4 ,hilary assuring him of their fidelity and firmness4 ,about the same time ,s4 ,hilary received a letter from ,apra1 his only daughter1 informing him that she had been asked in marriage by a young man4 ,she was then about thirteen or fourteen years of age4 ,he immediately wrote to her1 entreating her to set her thoughts on the more precious rewards which the ,lord ,jesus has promised to those virgins who devote themselves wholly to their ,heavenly ,spouse1 and are not entangled in the snares of earthly love4 ,he reminded her of that blissful company whom the ,church commemorates on the feast of the ,holy ,innocents 7,dec4 #bh71 who sing a new song which no man can learn but they who are virgins and follow the ,lamb whithersoever ,he goeth4 ,she yielded to his pious counsel2 and on his return home ,god took her to ,himself at his request1 without pain or any visible sickness4 ,bishop ,jeremy ,taylor relates this little story in his own beautiful language in the ,holy ,dying4 ,in return for the comforting letter which the ,gallican ,bishops had sent him1 and at their request to be informed regarding the faith of the ,eastern ,churches1 ,s4 ,hilary wrote his ,history of ,synods in the end of ,a4,d4 #ceh4 ,it contains an account of the various councils that had been assembled in the ,east on the subject of the ,arian heresy1 together with a defence of the ,nicene ,faith4 ,it is addressed to the ,british ,bishops among others1 whom he congratulates on their steadfastness4 ,the ,saint also wrote his book ,on the ,trinity during his exile1 and a smaller treatise ,against the ,arians4 ,he was also the undoubted author of several hymns1 and others have been attributed to him4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,hilary ,,baptizing ,s4 ,,martin1 ,,of ,,tours4 ,from a ,window1 dated #aebh1 in the ,church of ,s4 ,florentin1 ,yonne4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,three ,,children ,,in ,,the ,,fiery ,,furnace4 ,from the ,catacombs4 ,jan4 #ac4 ,in ,a4,d4 #cei the ,western ,bishops held a synod at ,rimini1 at which nearly four hundred were present4 ,the ,arian party among them beguiled the rest by its address1 to sanction its errors by their signatures4 ,the ,bishops of ,agen and ,tongres took a prominent lead in the proceedings of the synod4 ,in ,september of the same year ,s4 ,hilary was invited with other ,catholic ,bishops by the semi-,arians to their council at ,seleucia1 in ,isauria4 ,their object was to defeat the ,arians1 and they hoped that the ,catholics would assist them4 ,in this council ,s4 ,hilary bore witness to the faith of the ,western ,church being the same as that declared to be the ,catholic ,faith at the ,council of ,nice in ,a4,d4 #cbe1 and he protested against both the ,arian and semi-,arian opinions as novelties4 ,he accompanied the deputies of the council to ,constantinople1 in hopes of obtaining from the ,emperor ,constantius the recall of his sentence of banishment4 ,while the ,arian synod was sitting at ,constantinople1 in ,january1 ,a4,d4 #cfj1 he entreated the ,emperor to grant him a conference with ,saturninus1 ,bishop of ,arles1 the author of his exile1 and that he might be allowed to appear in the synod1 and bear witness to the ,catholic ,faith4 ,he also complained of the perplexity which the multiplication of creeds and confessions of faith had occasioned2 for in the preceding year alone four had been published to the ,church4 ,the ,emperor refused to grant ,s4 ,hilary what he asked2 but the ,arians so much dreaded his presence in the ,east1 that they persuaded ,constantius to send him back to ,gaul1 yet without formally recalling the sentence of exile4 ,the joy of his return to his ,church and his native land was much lessened by the miserable confusion which he left behind him in the ,east4 ,still it must have been very great2 and his approach was hailed with delight by the ,church in ,gaul4 ,s4 ,martin1 who had been living in retirement in the island of ,gallenari1 off the city of ,genoa1 went to ,rome to meet him2 but finding that he had already left it1 he followed him to ,poictiers1 and soon after built a monastery near the town 7see ,november #aa47 ,s4 ,hilary immediately applied himself to repair the mischief which the ,council of ,rimini had done3 and a synod was assembled at ,paris1 which condemned its proceedings1 and declared the true ,faith of the consubstantiality of the ,son of ,god4 ,the ,bishops also corresponded with their banished brethren in the ,east4 ,in ,a4,d4 #cfc ,s4 ,hilary made a journey into ,italy in company with ,eusebius of ,vercelli4 ,they were at ,milan in the autumn of the following year1 at the time when the ,emperor ,valentinian arrived there4 ,the people were ,catholic1 and even abstained from entering the churches1 to avoid communicating with ,auxentius their ,arian ,bishop4 ,in a public disputation which the ,emperor invited him to hold1 ,s4 ,hilary extorted from the ,arian a confession of the ,nicene ,faith1 which was taken down in writing and preserved4 ,auxentius was enraged at being thus vanquished1 and prevailed on the ,emperor to send ,s4 ,hilary away from ,milan4 ,before his departure he addressed a letter to the ,catholic ,bishops and laity in the neighbourhood1 exhorting them to remain firm4 ,this was the last public act of his life which is recorded4 ,he returned home to ,poictiers1 and finished his labours by a blessed death in ,january1 ,a4,d4 #cfh1 according to the testimony of the greater number of historians4 ,a brilliant light is said to have filled the chamber where the body of the holy man was lying4 ,s4 ,gregory of ,tours attests the truth of a miracle performed at his tomb2 and others also are authenticated by various writers4 ,but neither the fame of these1 nor respect for the memory of the saintly ,confessor1 prevented his tomb from being violated by the ,calvinists in #aefg4 ,s4 ,,kentigern1 ,,or ,,mungo1 ,b4 ,,of ,,glasgow4 7,a4,d4 #fja47 ,his life was written by ,s4 ,asaph1 his disciple in the monastery of ,llan-,elwyn1 in ,wales1 founded by ,kentigern when exiled4 ,this life has not come down to us in its original form4 ,we have1 however1 his life compiled in #aabe by ,jocelyn1 monk of ,furness1 from ancient authorities1 by order of ,bishop ,jocelyn of ,glasgow4 ,undoubtedly the life of ,s4 ,asaph formed the basis of this compilation4 ,s4 ,kentigern is also spoken of by many ancient ,scottish historians1 ,john ,major de ,gest4 ,scotorum1 lib4 ii4 c4 #g2 ,hector ,boece1 lib4 ix2 ,leslie1 lib4 iv41 c4 ,s4 ,kentigern is said#de to have been the illegitimate son of ,themin1 daughter of ,loth1 ,king of the ,picts1 by ,eugenius ,,iii41 ,king of the ,scots2 but there is great uncertainty about his origin4 ,when the ,pictish ,king found that his daughter was likely to become a mother1 he was filled with grief and anger1 and ordered her to be thrown down a rock1 on ,mount ,dunpeld4 ,by ,god's mercy she was not injured1 and was then1 by her father's orders1 sent to ,culross1 where she brought forth a son4 ,at the same time ,s4 ,servan1 being engaged in saying matins1 heard angels singing4 ,when he had finished his office he left his cell1 and descending to the sea shore in the grey dusk1 found there a mother rocking her new-born babe1 wherefore the old hermit exclaimed1 being moved with compassion1 ,mochoche1 mochoche6 which being interpreted is1 ,my dear1 my dear6 ,then he took the unfortunate girl and her babe to his cell1 instructed her in the faith of ,christ1 and baptized her and her little one1 and he called her ,tanca1 and him he named ,kentiern4#df ,so the child grew up in the old man's cell1 and became so dear to him1 that he called him familiarly ,mungho1 or ,dearest1 and by this name he is generally known in ,scotland4 ,his mother learned to love ,god1 and to serve him with all her heart1 and bitterly to bewail her fault4 ,many pretty legends of the childhood of ,kentigern have been wafted down to us4 ,s4 ,servan had a pet redbreast which was wont to eat out of his hand1 and to perch on his shoulder1 and when he chanted the psalms of ,david1 the little bird flapped its wings and twittered shrilly4 ,now ,servan had several lads whom he educated at ,culross1 and these envied ,kentigern1 because he was the favourite of the old master1 so in spite they wrung the neck of the redbreast1 and charged the favourite boy with having done the deed4 ,but ,kentigern took the little dead bird1 and crying bitterly1 and praying to ,god1 signed the cross over it4 ,then when the old man returned from church1 the bird hopped to meet him as usual1 chirping joyously4 ,in those days it was no easy matter to kindle a fire1 indeed1 without a flame from which to light one1 it was impossible1 for in the north1 sticks are not dry enough to be rubbed into a blaze as they can be in hot climates4 ,therefore it was necessary that fires should never be allowed to become extinct4 ,it was the duty of the boys of ,s4 ,servan1 in turn by weeks1 to rise during the night and mend the fire1 so that there should not be a deficiency of light for illumining the ,church at the matin offices4 ,when it was ,kentigern's week1 the boys1 to bring him into trouble1 extinguished the fire4 ,mungo1 rising as usual1 went to the hearth but found the fire out4 ,then he took a stick and placed it over the cold ashes1 and invoking the name of the ,holy ,trinity1 he blew upon the dead cinders1 and a flame leaped up which kindled the branch2 and thereat he lighted the ,church candles4 ,at last1 unable to endure longer the envy of his fellow pupils1 ,kentigern ran away4 ,and when ,s4 ,servan discovered it1 he pursued him1 and reached the bank of a river1 but ,kentigern had escaped to the other side4 ,then the old man cried to him1 ,alas6 my dearest son1 the light of my eyes1 and the staff of my age1 wherefore hast thou deserted me8 ,remember that ,i took thee from thy mother's womb1 nursed thee1 and taught thee to this day4 ,do not desert my white hairs4 ,then ,kentigern1 bursting into tears1 answered1 ,my father1 it is the will of the ,most ,high that ,i should go4 ,servan cried out1 ,return1 return1 dear son1 and ,i1 from being a father1 will be to thee as a son1 from being a master ,i will become a disciple4 ,but ,kentigern1 suffused with tears1 replied1 ,it cannot be1 my father2 return and admonish thy disciples1 and instruct them by thine example4 ,i must go where the ,lord ,god calls me4 ,then ,servan blessed him across the river1 lifting up his holy hands1 and sorrowfully they parted the one from the other1 to see each other's face no more in this life4 ,kentigern settled near ,glasgow1 where he inhabited a cave in the face of a rock1 where the people looked at him with respectful curiosity1 while he studied the direction of the storms at sea1 and drank in with pleasure the first breezes of the spring4 ,having converted many of the people1 together with the ,king of ,strathclyde1 he was consecrated ,bishop by an ,irish prelate1 the ,keltic ,church being ignorant of the ,nicene canon requiring three to consecrate1 with unction of holy oil1 invocation of the ,holy ,spirit1 and imposition of hands4 ,the district of ,strathclyde1 or ,cumbria1 on the west coast of ,britain1 from the mouth of the ,clyde to that of the ,mersey1 that is to say1 from ,glasgow to ,liverpool1 was occupied by a mingled race of ,britons and ,scots1 whose capital was ,al-,cluid1 now ,dumbarton4 ,it was in this region that ,s4 ,kentigern was called to labour4 ,as bishop1 he still dwelt in his rocky cell1 where he used a stone for a pillow1 and to inure his body to hardships1 he stood in the ,clyde to recite his psalter4 ,he wore a dress of goat-skin bound about his loins1 and a hood1 and over all1 his white linen alb1 which he never left off2 and carried in his hand his pastoral staff of wood without ornament1 and in his other hand his office book4 ,thus he was ever prepared to execute his ministry2 and thus attired1 he went through the kingdom from the ,clyde to the ,firth of ,forth4 ,in his cell he lived on bread and cheese and milk1 but when he was with the ,king1 he relaxed the severity of his fasting1 so as not to appear ungracious when offered more abundant and better food2 however1 on his return to his cell1 he curtailed his allowance1 so as to make up for his relaxation of rule at court4 ,when ,s4 ,kentigern was made ,bishop of ,glasgow1 ,gurthmel ,wledio was ,king of the ,north ,britons4 ,he was succeeded by ,roderick the ,liberal 7,rydderach ,hael71 a religious and deserving prince1 who was driven by his rebellious subjects under ,morken ,mawr to ,ireland4 ,morken having usurped the throne of ,strathclyde1 drove ,s4 ,kentigern out of the country1 and the ,saint took refuge in ,wales with ,s4 ,david1 ,bishop of ,menevia1 and remained with him till the ,prince of ,denbigh bestowed on him lands1 where he built the famous monastery of ,llan-,elwyn1 afterwards called ,s4 ,asaph4 ,here he gathered about him a great number of disciples and scholars1 and he was there at the date of the death of ,s4 ,david1 in #edd4 ,on the death of ,morken1 ,roderick returned to ,scotland1 and recovered his crown4 ,he immediately recalled ,kentigern to his see1 and he1 leaving his monastery to the care of ,s4 ,asaph1 went back to ,glasgow in #efj4 ,roderick's mother was ,irish1 and he had been baptized by an ,irish monk1 and greatly respected ,kentigern4 ,the ,saint returned bringing with him a hive of ,welsh monks1 and established the seat of his renewed apostleship once more at ,glasgow1 where ,ninian had preceded him nearly a century before1 without leaving any lasting traces of his passage4 ,kentigern1 more fortunate1 established upon the site of a burying-ground1 consecrated by ,ninian1 the first foundation of that magnificent cathedral which still bears his name1 though diverted to a religion different from that he professed4 ,kentigern collected round him numerous disciples1 all learned in holy literature1 all working with their hands1 and possessing nothing as individuals4 ,they dwelt1 says ,jocelyn1 in separate cells1 as did ,kentigern1 thence were they called ,calledei4 ,he distinguished himself during his episcopate by his efforts to bring back to the faith the ,picts of ,galloway1 which formed part of the kingdom of ,strathclyde2 and afterwards1 by numerous mission and monastic foundations throughout all ,albyn--a name which was then given to midland ,scotland4 ,his disciples penetrated even to the ,orkney ,isles1 where they probably met with the missionaries of ,s4 ,columba1 despatched from ,iona4 ,the salutary and laborious activity of ,kentigern must often have encroached upon the regions which were specially within the sphere of ,columba4 ,but the generous heart of ,columba was inaccessible to jealousy4 ,he was1 besides1 the personal friend of ,kentigern and of ,king ,roderick4#dg ,the fame of the ,bishop of ,strathclyde's apostolic labours drew him from his isle to do homage to his rival in love and good works4 ,he arrived from ,iona with a great train of monks1 whom he arrayed in three companies at the moment of their entrance into ,glasgow4 ,kentigern distributed in the same way the numerous monks who surrounded him in his episcopal monastery1 and whom he led out to meet the abbot of ,iona4 ,he divided them1 according to their age1 into three bands1 the youngest of whom walked first2 then those who had reached the age of manhood2 and last of all1 the old and grey-haired1 among whom he himself took his place4 ,they all chanted the anthem1 ,they shall sing in the ways of the ,lord3 that great is the glory of the ,lord4 ,the path of the just is made3 and the way of the saints is prepared4 ,the monks of ,iona1 on their side1 chanted the versicle1 ,the saints shall go from strength to strength3 and unto the ,god of gods appeareth every one of them in ,sion4#dh ,from every side echoed the ,alleluia2 and it was to the sound of these words of ,holy ,scripture that the ,apostles of the ,picts and ,scots met at what had been the extreme boundary of the ,roman empire1 and limit of the power of the ,caesars1 and upon a soil henceforth for ever freed from paganism and idolatry4 ,they embraced each other tenderly1 and passed several days in intimate and friendly intercourse4 ,the historian1 who has preserved for us the account of this interview1 does not conceal a less edifying incident4 ,he confesses that some robbers had joined themselves to the following of the abbot of ,iona1 and that they took advantage of the general enthusiasm to steal a ram from the ,bishop's flock4 ,they were soon taken2 but ,kentigern pardoned them4 ,columba and his fellow ,apostle exchanged their pastoral staves before they parted1 in token of mutual affection4 ,the staff of ,s4 ,columba1 afterwards used by ,s4 ,kentigern1 was in later times given to ,s4 ,wilfred1 who placed it in the monastic church he founded at ,ripon4 ,i know not how far we may put faith in another narrative of ,jocelyn1 which has remained ,kentigern's most popular title to fame4 ,the wife of ,king ,roderick1 led astray by a guilty passion for a knight of her husband's court1 had the weakness to bestow on him a ring which had been given to her by the ,king4 ,when ,roderick was out hunting with this knight1 the two took refuge on the banks of the ,clyde1 during the heat of the day1 and the knight1 falling asleep1 unwittingly stretched out his hand1 upon which the ,king saw the ring which he had given to the ,queen as a token of his love4 ,it was with difficulty that he restrained himself from killing the knight on the spot2 but he subdued his rage1 and contented himself by taking the ring from his finger1 and throwing it into the river1 without awakening the guilty sleeper4 ,when he had returned to the town1 he demanded his ring from the ,queen1 and1 as she could not produce it1 threw her into prison1 and gave orders for her execution4 ,she obtained1 however1 a delay of three days1 and having in vain sought the ring from the knight to whom she had given it1 she had recourse to ,s4 ,kentigern4 ,he1 moved by the remembrance of his mother1 through whose sin he had entered the world1 and anxious that the unhappy woman should be given time for repentance1 prayed to ,god1 and the ring was found in the belly of a salmon caught in the ,clyde1 and sent by him to the ,queen1 who showed it to her husband1 and thus escaped the punishment which awaited her4 ,on her liberation she hastened to ,kentigern1 confessed her fault to him1 and was exhorted by him to amend her life and do penance for the past4 ,it is for this reason that the ancient effigies of the ,apostle of ,strathclyde represent him holding the episcopal cross in one hand1 and in the other a salmon with a ring in its mouth4 ,s4 ,kentigern lived to a very advanced age1 and his jaws being too weak to masticate his food1 his lower jaw was supported by a band of linen tied round his head4 ,he died gently as he was being lifted out of a warm bath1 in the year #fja4 ,patron of ,glasgow4 ,in art1 represented with a fish and a ring4 7,see above47 ,b4 ,,gotfried ,,of ,,kappenberg4 7,a4,d4 #aabg47 ,his life by a writer of the same time1 a monk of ,kappenberg1 who1 though he did not know ,gotfried himself1 derived his information from those who knew him well4 ,he is also mentioned1 and the principal incidents of his life noticed1 in the life of ,s4 ,norbert4 ,godfrey or ,gotfried1 ,count of ,kappenberg1#di in ,westphalia1 lived at a period when the nobles of ,germany were engaged in constant feuds with one another1 falling on each others lands1 burning the villages1 and carrying off the cattle4 ,it was a period when the poor suffered untold woes4 ,it is good to live under the crook1 they said1 meaning that their only place1 where they could live in security1 was on the lands of the abbeys4 ,one little incident mentioned in the life of ,count ,gotfried1 shews the lawlessness of the times4 ,the ,count and the city of ,mnster not being on good terms1 a party of the ,kappenbergers made a foray1 and swept up all the cattle from the farms in the neighbourhood of ,mnster1 and brought them in triumph to the ,count2 but he rebuked them saying1 ,take all these back again2 my quarrel is with the men of the city2 it is not seemly that the innocent and helpless farmers should lose their all on account of a contest of the rights of which they know nothing4 ,gotfried happening to attend1 along with his brother ,otto1 the preaching of ,s4 ,norbert1 who traversed ,westphalia at this time1 was converted1 and resolved on turning his fortress into a monastery4 ,his wife at first opposed his intention1 and his relations used all their influence to dissuade him4 ,but his earnestness moved his wife at last to withdraw her objections1 and to consent to his entering the religious life2 she1 at the same time1 also resolved to take the veil4 ,accordingly1 ,gotfried and his brother ,otto1 who was his junior1 received the tonsure1 and became canons of ,s4 ,augustine1 under the rule of ,s4 ,norbert of ,prmontr4 ,frederick1 ,count of ,arnsberg1 the father of ,gotfried's wife1 was furious4 ,he was a man of great cruelty1 in whose dungeons languished many wretches1 and who delighted in war4 ,his protests were in vain1 the ,count of ,kappenberg transformed his castle into a monastery1 and built two more1 at ,varlar and ,elstadt4 ,so great was the humility of ,gotfried1 that finding he was continually given his title of ,count1 even by the brethren1 he took upon himself the most disagreeable office in the house1 that of scourer of the privies4 ,frederick1 ,count of ,arnsberg1 finding remonstrances in vain1 threatened to fall on the county of ,kappenberg1 and drive the monks out ,as for that ,norbert6 he exclaimed1 who has come riding on an ass through ,westphalia1 turning men's heads1 let me catch him1 and ,i'll hang him and his ass at the two ends of one rope over a bough1 and see which is the heaviest fool of the twain4 ,gotfried and his brethren sent to ,prmontr1 to tell their father in religion1 that it was impossible for them to remain in ,germany1 that ,count ,arnsberg would attack them shortly2 and they added the threat uttered against ,norbert himself and his ass4 ,be of good cheer1 ,i have overcome the world1 said ,christ1 he wrote back to them1 and as for me and my ass1 we are coming into ,westphalia to be weighed one against the other4 ,nor was ,s4 ,norbert long in coming2 he rode upon his ass to the door of ,kappenberg2 but there was no further danger1 ,count ,frederick of ,arnsberg was dead4 ,before he died1 ,gotfried visited the cradle of his order1 ,prmontr1 the home of ,s4 ,norbert4 ,on his way back1 next year1 he sickened1 and died at ,elstadt4 ,b4 ,,veronica1 ,v4 ,,of ,,milan4 7,a4,d4 #adig47 ,beatified by ,pope ,leo ,x4 ,her life and revelations were written by ,brother ,isidore of ,isolani1 ,o4,s4,d41 from the account given him by those who had known her well2 among others from the notes of ,benedetta1 and the recital of ,thaddaea1 two sisters1 who had been intimately acquainted with ,veronica4 ,this account was printed in #aeah1 at ,milan4 ,veronica was the daughter of a pious peasant at ,binasco1 a small village between ,milan and ,pavia4 ,her father was noted for his integrity1 and when he sold a horse he always mentioned its defects to the purchaser4 ,veronica was employed in the fields weeding1 as the parents were too poor to send her to the school4 ,veronica desired earnestly to become a sister in the convent of ,s4 ,martha1 at ,milan1 but her mother assured her that it was impossible to join a religious community without a knowledge of letters4 ,accordingly1 every night ,veronica laboured1 by the light of her little oil lamp1 at her alphabet and spelling book2 but she made little progress4 ,one night1 as she lay with her hands spread out on the table1 and her head bowed1 disheartened at the difficulty of her task1 the ,blessed ,virgin appeared to her in a robe of dazzling blue1 like the summer sky4 ,my child1 said the gentle ,mother1 trouble thyself not with this scholarship1 the only learning thou needst is comprised in three letters1 white1 black1 and red4 ,this white letter is purity of soul and body2 this black letter is simplicity1 contentedness with what ,god sends you1 and freedom from taking offence2 this red letter is meditation on the passion of my dear ,son4 ,let these three branches of learning be mastered1 and all the other letters come of themselves4 ,veronica1 some years later1 entered the convent of ,s4 ,martha1 as a lay sister1 and her duties were to beg for the society1 as her ignorance of reading and ,latin disqualified her from chanting the choir offices with the full sisters4 ,she persevered in the study of those three letters shown her by the ,queen of ,heaven1 and in studying them she advanced far on the way of perfection4 ,she was honoured with wondrous revelations1 but her modesty was so great that she sought to conceal them4 ,on the ,octave of ,corpus ,christi1 #adhg1 during mass1 she saw in the adorable ,sacrament exposed in the ,tabernacle1 the form of ,jesus ,christ as a little child surrounded by adoring angels4 ,in her simplicity she asked one of the other sisters if she had seen the ,holy ,child1 and when she answered in the negative1 ,veronica flushed red1 and said no more4 ,it was a great disappointment to her that she was unable to sing the choir offices1 and she made it a special object of prayer that her understanding might be enlightened1 so that she might join the others in their psalmody4 ,then an angel descended to her cell1 and he held in his hand the psalter1 and opening it before her1 bade her read1 and all her difficulty passed away1 and she chanted the psalms of ,david1 with the antiphons and responses1 alternately with the ,angel of ,god4 ,one night1 when she had been very ill1 and deprived of the privilege of communion1 she rose from her sick bed1 drawn by an irresistible impulse to the church4 ,it was full of light2 she cast herself at the altar steps1 before the adorable ,sacrament1 and ,jesus in a cloud of glory communicated her ,himself4 ,she lay three years in a lingering illness1 all which time she would never be exempted from any of the duty of the house1 or make use of the least indulgence1 though she was given leave2 her answer always was1 ,i must work whilst ,i can1 whilst ,i have time4 ,sister ,thaddaea informed the writer of her life1 that on ,whitsun-,monday1 #adif1 she went to the cell of ,veronica1 who was ill1 at the hour of nones1 and was astonished to see a bright light streaming from the chinks in the door4 ,looking in through a hole1 she saw ,veronica1 in dazzling light1 chanting nones4 ,veronica died in the year #adig4 ,illustration3 ,seal of ,robert ,wishart1 ,bp4 of ,glasgow1 #abgb-acaf4 ,see life of ,s4 ,kentigern1 p4 #aic4 ,,footnotes3 #dd ,lib4 ,i41 c4 #c1 #d4 #de ,by ,david ,camerarius1 ,hector ,boece1 and ,condeus4 #df ,from ,ken-tiern1 chief lord4 #dg ,adamnan i4 #ae4 #dh ,in viis ,domini magna est gloria ,domini1 et via justorum facta est3 et iter sanctorum praeparatum est4 ,ibunt sancti de virtute in virtutem3 videbitur ,deus corum in ,sion4 #di ,near ,lunen1 on the river ,lippe4 ,january #ad4 ,s4 ,,pontian1 ,m41 at ,spoleto1 #bnd cent4 ,s4 ,,felix1 ,p4 ,c41 at ,nola1 #crd cent4 ,s4 ,,macrina1 at ,neocaesarea1 #dth cent4 ,,ss4 ,,theodulus1 ,,paul1 ,,proclus1 ,,hypatius1 ,,isaac1 ,,and ,,others1 ,monks1 ,,mm41 at ,sinai1 #eth cent4 ,s4 ,,datius1 ,abp4 of ,milan1 ,a4,d4 #eeb4 ,s4 ,,fulgentius1 ,b4 of ,carthagina1 ,a4,d4 #fai4 ,b4 ,,engelmar1 ,h4 ,m4 in ,bavaria1 beginning of #abth cent4 ,b4 ,,sabbas1 ,abp4 of ,servia1 #acth cent4 ,b4 ,,ordorico1 ,friar at ,udine1 in ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #acca4 ,for ,s4 ,,hilary1 see ,,jan4 #ac4 ,s4 ,,felix1 ,p4 ,c41 ,,at ,,nola4 7#c,,rd ,,cent47 ,on this day are commemorated two priests1 ,confessors1 of ,nola1 of the same name1 ,felix4 ,this has led to almost inextricable confusion among ,martyrologists4 ,there is another1 a martyr1 of this name4 ,the life of ,s4 ,felix is given by ,s4 ,gregory of ,tours1 ,de ,glor4 ,martyr1 lib4 i4 c4 #ajd1 and by the ,venerable ,bede4 ,the miracles wrought by him have also been recorded by ,s4 ,paulinus of ,nola4 ,saint ,felix was a native of ,nola1 in ,campania1 where his father1 ,hermias1 who was by birth a ,syrian1 and had served in the army1 had purchased an estate and settled4 ,he had two sons1 ,felix and ,hermias1 to whom1 at his death1 he left his property4 ,the younger1 loving the things of ,caesar rather than the things of ,god1 says ,bede1 served in the army1 but ,felix1 more happy--as his name implies--enrolled himself as a soldier of ,jesus ,christ4 ,having passed the grades of lector and exorcist1 he was finally ordained priest by ,maximus1 ,bishop of ,nola4 ,persecution having broken out1 the aged ,bishop1 mindful of the injunction1 ,when they persecute you in one city flee to another 7,matt4 x4 #bc71 escaped to the hills1 and left his flock to the charge of ,felix1 whom he designated as his successor4 ,the persecutors1 not finding the ,bishop1 seized on ,felix1 and cast him1 heavily ironed1 into a dungeon strewn with broken crockery1 into which no ray of light entered4 ,in the meantime1 ,maximus was perishing with cold and hunger in the mountains1 hardships which his great age made him unable to endure4 ,one night an angel appeared to ,felix1 and bade him go forth out of prison and succour the aged ,bishop4 ,then his chains fell off his neck1 and hands1 and feet1 and the doors opened to him of their own accord1 and guided by the angel1 he was brought to the hiding place of ,maximus1 whom he found prostrate and speechless1 and apparently dying4 ,he moistened the old man's lips with wine1 and forced some food into his mouth1 and chafed his frozen limbs4 ,by slow degrees the ,bishop was restored1 and then laying him upon his shoulders1 ,felix carried him home before daybreak1 where a pious old woman took care of him4 ,felix1 with the blessing of his pastor1 repaired secretly to his own lodgings1 and there kept himself concealed1 praying for the ,church without ceasing1 till peace was restored to it by the death of the ,emperor ,decius in #bea4 ,persecution breaking forth again1 the sergeants were sent in quest of ,felix4 ,meeting him in the street1 and not recognizing him1 they stopped him and asked if he had met ,felix on the way4 ,no1 he answered2 ,i have not met him4 ,they went on1 but something arousing their suspicion1 they had not gone far before they turned and hastened back4 ,felix had1 in the meantime1 crept through a small hole in some old broken walls4 ,the officers came to the place1 but seeing a spider's web covering the hole1 they did not search the place1 thinking that ,felix could not have passed that way4 ,but this was the ,lord's doing4 ,he had sent the little spider to drop his lines and lace them together1 with the utmost rapidity1 over the place through which ,his servant had escaped4 ,felix1 finding among the ruins1 between two houses1 an old well half dug1 hid himself in it for six months2 and received during that time wherewithal to subsist from a devout ,christian woman4 ,peace having been restored to the ,church1 the ,saint quitted his retreat1 and was received in the city as an angel from heaven4 ,soon after1 ,s4 ,maximus dying1 ,felix was unanimously elected ,bishop2 but he persuaded the people to make choice of ,quintus1 because he was the senior priest1 having been ordained seven days before him4 ,his property having been confiscated in the persecution1 ,s4 ,felix rented a little spot of barren land1 not exceeding three acres1 which he tilled with his own hands1 and was able by his industry to support himself1 and give something in alms to the poor4 ,he died at a good old age1 on ,jan4 #adth1 on which day the ,martyrology1 under the name of ,s4 ,jerome1 and all others of later date mention him4 ,patron of ,nola1 in conjunction with other ,saints4 ,relics1 in the ,cathedral at ,nola4 ,in art1 he is represented 7#a71 with an angel striking off his chains2 7#b71 with a bunch of grapes1 wherewith he fed ,s4 ,maximus2 7#c71 bearing ,s4 ,maximus on his shoulders1 or in his arms2 7#d71 with a spider4 ,s4 ,,macrina ,,the ,,elder1 ,c41 ,,at ,,neocaesarea4 7#d,,th ,,cent47 ,spoken of by ,s4 ,gregory ,nyssen1 her grandson1 in his life of his sister ,macrina4 ,s4 ,gregory ,nazianzen gives a fuller account in his life of her grandson1 ,s4 ,basil the ,great4 ,in the persecution of ,galerius1 ,a4,d4 #cjd1 ,s4 ,macrina and her husband were obliged to hide till the tyranny was overpast1 in a wooded mountain in ,pontus1 for seven years1 suffering severely from cold and from insufficiency of food4 ,they were1 however1 able to catch and kill wild deer4 ,,ss4 ,,theodulus1 ,p4 ,,paul1 ,,proclus1 ,,hypatius1 ,,isaac1 ,,and ,,others1 ,,monks ,,and ,,mm4 ,,at ,,sinai4 7#e,,th ,,cent47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,german ,martyrology on the #acth ,jan4 ,the account of the martyrdom of these monks was written by ,s4 ,nilus himself1 an eye-witness of their passion1 and father of ,theodulus1 one of the sufferers1 though not the martyr of the same name4 ,o my friends1 says ,s4 ,nilus1 in his account of the tragedy commemorated this day2#ej ,i1 wretched man that ,i am1 had two sons1 one of whom ,i had to lament1 the other remained with his mother4 ,after ,i had become the father of these two1 my wife and ,i separated4 ,a vehement craving after solitude and rest drew me into the desert2 ,i could think and look to nothing else4 ,when the desire of anything has engrossed the mind1 it draws it violently from all things else1 even from good works1 and strains towards that which it desires1 heeding no impediments and toils4 ,when1 then1 ,i was thus impelled to go forth1 ,i took my two sons--they were quite little fellows then--and ,i led them to their mother1 and ,i gave one to her1 and kept the other with me1 and ,i told her my design1 and begged her not to oppose it4 ,she did not resist me1 seeing my earnestness1 yielding rather to necessity than consenting spontaneously4 ,but know1 all of you1 that the separation of those who have been united in legitimate marriage1 and have become one body1 by ,him who in ,his secret council has joined them1 is no light matter4 ,it is like hacking through a living body with a sword4 ,nilus1 having escaped with his little son ,theodulus into the deserts of ,sinai1 took up his abode with the monks1 and served ,god in the solitude and rest he had so much desired1 ,among these1 continues ,nilus1 ,caesar's money does not circulate1 for they neither buy nor sell4 ,each is ready to give freely to the other whatever he wants4 ,olives and dates1 and rarely bread1 is all they have to give1 but they become tokens of charity1 and sufficiently evidence liberality of intention4 ,there is no envy among them1 and he who abounds less in good works does not feel jealous of him who abounds more4 ,their cells are not close together1 but at some little distance from one another1 not because of want of love1 but that they may mould themselves to the pattern ,god has set before them in all quiet and silence4 ,on the ,lord's ,day they all assemble in one church1 and meet accordingly once a week2 lest1 on the other hand1 total isolation should break the bonds of concord and make them forgetful of the offices due to one another1 and their manners become savage and uncouth4 ,after having all participated of the ,divine ,mysteries1 they accordingly meet to converse4 ,but why should ,i relate more of their ways8 ,all at once a storm came on1 a cloud of barbarians burst upon the settlement1 early one morning1 when the hymns had just ceased4 ,i was there then with my son4 ,i was descending the holy mountain to visit the ,saints who inhabited the bush1 as ,i was wont to do often1 when ,i heard the noise of shouts and cries1 and like yelping of dogs1 the barbarians carried off all the ,saints had prepared for their winter provision4 ,they dragged them out of the church and stripped them1 and made a circle round them with drawn swords1 and eyes filled with fury1 ready to kill them4 ,then1 first they bade the priest stretch out his neck1 and he1 without a cry1 though they cut him on the back with their blades1 signed himself and whispered1 ',blessed be the ,lord6' ,one blow cut him from the back-bone to the jaw1 and cut through his ear2 the next blow was from his shoulder to his cheek4 ,so the holy man sank down modestly4 ,the previous evening that admirable man at supper had said1 ',how do we know whether we shall all live to meet again at table8' ,after that they killed him who lived with the old priest1 and then the boy who served them4 ,then the ,arabs1 brandishing their bloody weapons1 rushed after the monks1 who scattered in all directions1 some escaping down the valley1 and some1 ,nilus included1 flying up the all but inaccessible rocks of ,sinai1 whither the ,arabs did not trouble themselves to pursue them4 ,nilus escaped reluctantly1 for his boy was in the hands of the barbarians4 ,i stood bewildered1 he says not knowing what to do1 and bound to the child by my bowels of love1 and unable to fly till the boy made signs to me with his eyes to escape2 but ,i could hardly persuade myself to do so4 ,my feet went forward and dragged my body along1 ,i hardly knew how1 for my heart would not leave him1 and ,i turned my face ever and anon to look at the boy4 ,thus ,i reached the mountain1 following the others1 and saw my poor boy carried away1 unable to look about him as he would1 but furtively casting glances towards where ,i was4 ,such is the tie of nature1 that separation of bodies does not break it1 but it is cruelly wrenched4 ,the cow which is led away lows piteously and often1 always turning its head towards the dear calf1 and by its eyes proving the intensity of its grief4 ,and ,i1 when ,i had reached1 ,i know not how1 the mountain top1 with my mind one way and my body elsewhere1 ,i tried still to see my son1 but ,i could not1 the distance was too great4 ,then ,i burst into prayer to ,god1 weeping for my captive son and the murdered saints4 ,after the barbarians had killed many others1 they went their way2 and as day declined we were able1 without fear1 to descend and bury the bodies4 ,we found some quite dead1 but ,theodulus1 the priest1 was still breathing and able to speak4 ,therefore we1 sitting down there1 passed the night there1 weeping1 at the old man's request4 ,the dying priest bade them be of good cheer1 reminding them that ,job was robbed of his substance and his children1 and was grievously plagued in his body1 yet1 trusting in ,god1 he was given in the end more than he had lost4 ,then1 kissing the survivors1 he breathed forth his holy soul4 ,s4 ,theodulus and these martyrs fell on ,jan4 #adth2 but other sufferers who were put to death by this horde of barbarians are commemorated with them4 ,s4 ,nilus gives an account of the sufferings of several of these1 whom the ,arabs hunted from the rocks1 wherever there was a spring of water and a patch of herbage4 ,nilus1 having obtained money1 went into the desert in quest of the ,arabs1 in company with an armed embassy1 to their chief or king1 that he might ransom his son4 ,having gone eight days1 we were hard pressed for want of water2 but those who knew the locality said that there was a spring somewhere near4 ,so the party ran here and there in their eagerness to find and enjoy it2 and ,i went along too1 but on account of my age was not able to travel as fast as they1 and could not run without loss of dignity4 ,now the well was really behind them1 hidden behind a little hill1 so that they kept rushing further from it1 and ,i1 ascending the mound1 lighted suddenly upon it1 for it lay on the other side1 and there ,i saw a number of ,arabs gathered round it4 ,when ,i thus fell into the hands of the enemy1 ,i cannot say whether ,i was glad or sorry1 for ,i was between the two conditions of mind1 being fearful for my personal safety1 but very anxious to see my son1 whom ,i hoped to deliver out of captivity1 or at least to share captivity with him4 ,those who had accompanied me escaped1 throwing themselves down1 and creeping away behind the hill2 but the barbarians1 shouting1 surrounded me1 and dragged me violently about1 but ,i looked about with great desire1 hoping among them to catch a sight of my boy4 ,suddenly1 some of our party1 armed1 appeared on the horizon1 and the barbarians1 in great alarm1 fled away1 and in a moment the spot where they had swarmed was bare and lifeless4 ,next day we continued our course1 and so for four days did we persevere1 till we reached the camp2 and when it was announced that there were ambassadors come to the ,king1 we were brought before ,haman1 the chief of the barbarians4 ,who1 when we had presented gifts1 gave us a gracious reception1 and lodged us near him1 till he could make perquisition for the offenders4 ,my heart beat violently1 and ,i waited the result in an agony of suspense4 ,every sound seemed to me to speak of him whom ,i sought so anxiously2 my ears were ever on the alert1 and my mind on the stretch for the tidings1 that ,i might be certified whether my son lived or was dead4 ,ever before my eyes ,i saw his image1 sometimes ,i saw him killed in one way1 sometimes in another1 and ,i fancied ,i heard his weeping voice calling me4 ,o wretched boy6 art thou alive or art thou dead8 ,if thou hast escaped death1 what miserable bondage is thine8 ,if thou hast died1 where is thine unburied corpse8 ,at last the messengers returned1 and by their faces ,i read the sad news4 ',you need not speak1' ,i said1 ',i see in your countenances that ,i have no hope4' ,but they assured me that ,theodulus1 my little fellow1 was not dead1 but was sold to some one or other in the city ,eleusa4 ,then ,i resolved to go there in quest of him4 ,but ,i had no rest in mind1 for ,i thought1 ,well1 if he lives1 he is lost to me1 for he serves as a slave2 he cannot follow his free will1 but is for ever subject to the caprice of a master4 ,as we were on our way to ,eleusa1 a young man1 driving some laden animals1 met us4 ,he had already seen me in the camp1 and he knew all about my affair4 ,he1 being in ,eleusa1 made inquiries1 and learned that my son had been brought there by the barbarians1 and had been sold4 ,seeing me coming1 he advanced last and smiling towards me1 and when we were within speaking distance1 he shouted cheerily to me1 and stretching forth his right hand1 he turned it behind him over his shoulder1 and pulled out a letter from his quiver1 which he gave to me1 telling me that my boy was alive1 and bade me be of good cheer1 and not to be out of heart because he was a slave1 for he had been bought by a ,christian priest4 ,then ,i1 being without money or home1 and unable thus to reward the fellow1 blessed him with many tears1 and prayed that he might be abundantly rewarded by ,god for the joy he gave me1 ,i being unable to offer him anything4 ,but ,i1 as soon as ,i reached the city1 went first of all to the church1 as to the source of all good1 and ,i gave honour there to ,god1 watering the pavement with my tears1 and filling the sacred building with the sound of my sobs4 ,thence ,i was guided to the house where my son was1 sending first of all before me messengers to break the news of my coming4 ,all knew me1 by the report which had preceded me1 to be the father of the boy who had been sold there1 and there was not a person all along the street who did not express joy1 in countenance1 and running out of their houses with glad faces1 seemed as though each rejoiced with me over a lost son re-found4 ,now when we came to the door of the house1 he was called out and told that ,i was there1 and they brought him to salute me4 ,and when we saw one another1 we did not rejoice1 nor exclaim at first1 but both cried till our tears dribbled over our breasts4 ,he ran to me1 but scarcely knew me1 ,i was so ragged in dress1 and my hair uncombed4 ,believing what others said rather than knowing me1 he came with arms outspread and clasped me round with bursting heart4 ,but ,i knew him when he was a long way off1 though there were numbers of others there1 for it was just the same face1 stamped by constant remembrance on my mind2 and unable to contain my joy1 my strength suddenly failed me1 and ,i fell down4 ,then the people1 seeing me with open mouth on the ground1 thought me dead4 ,there was great outcry1 but when my son had clasped me in his arms1 my spirit came back1 and ,i knew where ,i was1 and who ,i was1 whom ,i saw before me with mine eyes4 ,then ,i hugged him and he hugged me1 never satisfying our great desire4 ,however1 at last1 when more composed1 ,i blamed myself to him as the cause of all these misfortunes1 because ,i had taken him away from his home to a wild place which was full of danger1 and it was so1 as ,i said4 ,then ,theodulus told his father all his adventures with the ,arabs4 ,father1 said he1 on the night after we were taken1 the barbarians had prepared everything for a sacrifice1 altar1 sword1 incense1 and the like1 and we thought we were sure to be killed and offered up on the morrow4 ,then my fellow captive1 in the night1 ran away and escaped1 but ,i was afraid to do so1 not knowing whither to go in the desert1 but ,i prayed to ,god till ,i fell asleep4 ,and1 waking early in the morning when dawn broke on the horizon1 ,i knelt with my hands on my knees1 and my face bowed upon them1 wetting my bosom with my tears1 and again with my whole heart ,i cried out to ,him who alone could deliver me1 ',thou1 ,lord1 alone hast power over life and death1 ,thou hast shown wonders of old and hast delivered ,thy servants out of peril4 ,thou didst save ,isaac1 lying on the altar1 and ,joseph from the hands of his brethren4 ,save me1 too1 for ,thy great ,name's sake4' ,then1 presently1 the ,arabs awoke1 and making a great noise because my companion was gone1 asked me where he was2 but when ,i said that ,i did not know1 because ,i had not run away1 they were not angry4 ,then my mind became calm1 and ,i blessed ,god4 ,after that they consulted1 and brought me to the city to sell me4 ,they stripped me naked1 and put a sword round my neck1 to show that if ,i was not bought they would kill me4 ,then ,i was exposed for sale1 and ,i stretched out my hands suppliantly to the purchasers to save me from death1 promising my glad service if they would redeem my blood4 ,then after a while he came by and bought me1 even the ,bishop of this place4 ,now the ,bishop had bought the boy out of charity1 and he at once surrendered him to his father1 regarding nothing the price he had paid for him1 and he1 moreover1 furnished them with food for their long journey home2 and before he dismissed them1 feeling confident of their vocation1 he ordained together to the priesthood both father and son4 ,s4 ,,datius1 ,,abp4 ,c41 ,,of ,,milan4 7,a4,d4 #eeb47 ,roman and other ,latin ,martyrologies4 ,datius1 ,dacius1 or ,dasius1 is spoken of by ,procopius ,cassidorus1 whose letter to ,s4 ,datius is extant1 and by ,s4 ,gregory the ,great1 who relates the incident of his reduction of the evil spirits to silence1 narrated in the text1 in his ,dialogues1 lib4 iii41 c4 #d4 ,s4 ,datius ruled the see of ,milan in a stormy time1 when ,italy was over-run with the ,goths4 ,when ,milan was threatened1 ,s4 ,datius implored ,belisarius to come to its protection1 or send troops to defend the city4 ,belisarius was then at ,rome1 and ,s4 ,datius made the journey to ,rome1 on purpose to urge upon him1 in person1 the protection of the city4 ,belisarius1 though hard pressed through the deficiency of supplies afforded him by the ,emperor ,justinian1 detached a body of men to the defence of the ,milanese1 and for a time ,milan was thought to be safe4 ,soon1 however1 a large army of ,goths and ,burgundians swooped down upon it and besieged it4 ,belisarius1 seeing the danger to which the city was exposed1 sent troops under his generals1 ,martin and ,uliaris1 to the succour4 ,but they1 through timidity1 did not venture to attack the ,goths4 ,in the city famine prevailed to such an extent1 that as ,s4 ,datius relates in his ,annals1 an unfortunate mother roasted and ate her infant1 that being the first morsel she had eaten since her confinement4 ,the city was surrendered1 but the terms of surrender were not kept4 ,it was given up to plunder1 and the streets ran with the blood of the butchered citizens4 ,what became of the ,archbishop is not known2 some assert that he was taken captive to ,ravenna1 but was liberated at the intercession of his friend ,cassiodorus4 ,the ,arian ,king1 ,totila1 drove ,s4 ,datius from his see1 and he escaped to ,constantinople4 ,on his way occurred that incident recorded by ,s4 ,gregory the ,great1 by which he is chiefly known4 ,arriving at ,corinth1 and looking about for a large house1 which would lodge him and his companions1 he saw a mansion1 which seemed exactly suited to his purpose1 and was apparently unoccupied4 ,having instituted inquiries1 he was told that the house was haunted1 and that it was impossible for any man to spend the night in it4 ,ghost and devil will not scare a servant of ,god6 said ,s4 ,datius1 and he ordered beds to be made in the haunted house4 ,he said his prayers as usual1 and then retired to rest4 ,about midnight he was aroused by a hideous rout1 like the braying of asses1 the grunting of swine1 the squeaking of rats1 and the hissing of serpents4 ,then ,datius1 raising himself in bed1 shouted1 ,oh1 ,satan6 thou who saidst in thine heart1 ,i will ascend into heaven1 ,i will exalt my throne above the stars of ,god3 ,i will be like the most ,high6 7,isa4 xiv4 #ac1 #ad47 ,well done1 ,i say1 ,satan4 ,thou1 who wouldst be like ,god1 art reduced to bray like a jackass1 and grunt like a hog4 ,instantly there was dead silence1 and ,s4 ,datius was no more troubled with unearthly noises4 ,b4 ,,ordorico1 ,o4,s4,f4 7,a4,d4 #acca47 ,his life1 by several writers on the ,franciscan ,saints4 ,his travels were dictated by him to ,friar ,guglielmo1 who wrote them down1 and added an account of his death4 ,no copy of his original ,latin ,,ms4 exists1 and the ,italian and ,latin copies we have vary so much from one another that it is difficult to know which is the most correct4 ,copyists1 not considering the things related in his travels as sufficiently marvellous1 have supplied by their fancy what ,ordorico never dictated4 ,although no copy of the original ,,ms4 exists1 we can trace the progress of amplification and error by comparing the oldest and best account of the travels extant1 with some of the later narratives of ,friar ,ordorico's life and adventure4 ,among the early travellers in the ,east a conspicuous place is due to ,friar ,ordorico de ,pordenone1 commonly called ,il ,beato1 the ,blessed4 ,he was born in the district of ,pordenone1 in the ,friuli1 about the year #abhf4 ,early in life he entered the ,order of ,friars ,minors1 or ,franciscans1 and took the vows in their house at ,udine4 ,after many years of exemplary life and industry he girded up his loins for the perilous pilgrimage and great mission--that is1 he proceeded to the remote countries of the ,east to convert the infidel and idolater4 ,he is believed to have been absent from ,italy for the long space of sixteen years4 ,he took with him his monastic habit1 his cord1 and his pilgrim's staff1 and apparently no other thing4 ,where there were ,christians1 he claimed their charity2 and where there were none1 he threw himself upon the hospitality of the unbelievers4 ,friar ,ordorico went from the ,adriatic ,sea to ,constantinople1 and proceeding from that great city to the ,black ,sea1 he landed at ,trebizond4 ,from ,trebizond he travelled through ,armenia and ,persia1 and came to ,ormuz on the ,persian ,gulf4 ,at ,ur of the ,chaldees1 he was shocked to find that the men did the knitting and spinning2 and he was surprised that they liked a head of venison more than four fat partridges4 ,at ,bagdad1 says he1 the men are handsome and the women ugly2 the women carry loads and the men saunter about in idleness4 ,but this1 alas6 is not confined to ,bagdad4 ,at the port of ,balsora he embarked1 and crossing the ,indian ,ocean1 he reached the coasts of ,malabar4 ,there1 says he1 he much surprised1 the people prefer dates to venison4 ,thence he turned round upon ,ceylon4 ,he landed in that magnificent island1 and travelled through the greater part of it4 ,he describes the quantities of elephants which are found in the interior of that country2 the blood-sucking land-leeches1 so well-known to the ,indians1 which render the passage through the jungle so painful to ,europeans2 he correctly describes the general qualities of that remarkable tree1 the talipot1 which flourishes in the island of ,ceylon1 and in the contiguous ,malabar country4 ,he mentions ,adam's ,peak1 and the lake at its side1 which the natives told him was formed of the tears of ,adam and ,eve after their fall4 ,but1 adds the friar1 ,i perceived this to be false1 for ,i saw the water flowing from the mountain into the lake1 and filling it4 ,he adds that on the sides of the lake rubies are discovered4 ,his account of the pearl fishery is without exaggeration4 ,in the neighbouring continent some of the ,brahminical superstitions are correctly set down4 ,the excessive cruelty and indisputable cannibalism of the ,andaman ,islanders1 who are called natives of ,bodan1 are accurately noted4 ,so shocked was the friar with what he saw there1 that he remained there some while preaching1 but he admits with no success4 ,then he voyaged to ,meliapore4 ,after this he ran down the ,indian ,ocean to ,sumatra and ,java1 whence he appears to have reached some of the islands of ,japan1 which he calls ,zapan4 ,he next entered the empire of ,china1 and there he remained several years4 ,he travelled through various of the vast provinces of ,china1 and then turned ,west1 and after long and dangerous wayfaring1 he entered the country of ,thibet4 ,in company with three other friars1 he was one day resting with them under a tree1 when the ,khan passed by4 ,then one of the friars1 who was a bishop1 put on his pontifical vestments1 and took his pastoral cross1 and all four advanced to meet the ,khan chanting the ,veni ,creator4 ,then the ,khan stopped his car1 and asked who these were1 and when told that they were four ,frank missionaries1 he called them to him1 and kissed the cross of the bishop4 ,then1 because it is the custom of the country not to approach the king empty-handed1 the friars offered him a plate with some apples on it4 ,the ,khan took two1 ate one1 and drove away tossing the other about in his hands4 ,from his kissing the cross the friars were satisfied that he knew something of the ,catholic faith4 ,the account left of these travels breaks off abruptly in ,thibet1 leaving us entirely in the dark as to the route and the manner by which the friar reached ,europe4 ,it is known1 however1 from a postscript to his book1 that he returned in #accj1 when he was forty-four years old4 ,his health appears to have been much broken by the fatigues and privations he had undergone during his peregrinations2 and he died within a few months after his return to his native country4#ea ,illustration3 ,hermit ,saints4 ,s4 ,anthony4 ,,footnotes3 #ej ,the narrative of ,s4 ,nilus is necessarily much condensed4 ,i regret having to do this1 as it is most touching in its entirety4 #ea ,a much fuller account of the travels of ,b4 ,ordorico than ,i am able to give here may be read in ,mac,farlane's ,romance of ,travel1 ,,ii4 c4 #a4 ,the most correct version of these travels is that given by ,bollandus1 ,jan4 ,t4 #a1 pp4 #ibj-ihf1 which ,mac,farlane does not seem to have seen4 ,january #ae4 ,s4 ,,ephysius1 ,m41 at ,cagliari4 ,s4 ,,paul1 the ,first ,hermit in ,egypt1 ,a4,d4 #cda4 ,s4 ,,macarius ,,of ,,egypt1 ,p4 and ,ab41 in ,sct1 ,a4,d4 #cia4 ,s4 ,,isidore1 ,p4 and ,monk1 at ,alexandria1 ,a4,d4 #djd4 ,s4 ,,alexander ,,acoemetus1 at ,constantinople1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #dcj4 ,s4 ,,john ,,the ,,calybite1 #eth cent4 ,s4 ,,maurus1 ,ab4 of ,glanfeuil1 in ,france1 ,a4,d4 #ehd4 ,s4 ,,ytha1 ,v41 in ,ireland1 #fth cent4 ,s4 ,,bonitus1 ,,or ,,bon1 ,b4 of ,claremont1 beginning of #hth cent4 ,s4 ,,embert1 ,b4 of ,cambrai1 beginning of #hth cent4 ,s4 ,,ceolwulf1 ,k4 and ,monk1 in ,england1 #hth cent4 ,s4 ,,paul1 ,,the ,,first ,,hermit ,,in ,,egypt4 7,a4,d4 #cda47 ,s4 ,paul died on ,jan4 #ajth1 on which day he is commemorated in most ancient ,martyrologies1 as the ,roman1 that of ,cologne1 ,bede1 c4 ,but both ,greeks and ,latins have transferred his feast to ,jan4 #aeth1 so as not to interfere with the celebration of the ,octave of the ,epiphany4 ,the ,york ,breviary and those of ,paul ,,iii41 and of the ,dominican ,order1 commemorate him on the #bith ,jan4 ,his life1 written by ,s4 ,jerome1 is perfectly authentic4 ,the following is a translation1 much abridged1 from the original4 ,under the persecuting ,emperors ,decius and ,valerius1 at the time that ,cornelius was ,bishop at ,rome1 and ,cyprian1 ,bishop at ,carthage1 were condemned to shed their blessed blood1 a cruel tempest swept over the ,churches in ,egypt and the ,thebaid4 ,in those days1 in the ,lower ,thebaid1 was ,paul1 to whom had been left a rich inheritance1 at the death of both his parents1 with a sister already married4 ,he was then about fifteen years old1 well taught in ,greek and ,egyptian literature1 gentle tempered1 and loving ,god much4 ,when the storm of persecution burst1 he withdrew into a distant city4 ,but his sister's husband purposed to betray him1 notwithstanding the tears of his wife2 however1 the boy discovered it1 and fled into the desert hills4 ,once there1 necessity became a pleasure1 and going on1 and then stopping awhile1 he reached at last a stony cliff1 at the foot of which was a great cave2 its mouth closed with a stone4 ,having rolled this away1 and exploring more greedily1 he saw within a great vault open to the sky above1 but shaded by the spreading boughs of an ancient date-palm2 and in it a clear spring1 the rill of which1 flowing a short space forth1 was sucked up again by the soil4 ,there were1 besides1 not a few dwellings in that cavernous mountain1 in which he saw rusty anvils and hammers1 with which coin that had been stamped of old4 ,for this place was an old workshop for base coin4 ,therefore1 in this beloved dwelling1 offered him as it were by ,god1 he spent all his life in prayer and solitude1 while the palm-tree gave him food and clothes4 ,when the blessed ,paul had been leading the heavenly life on earth for #aac years1 and ,antony1 ninety years old1 was dwelling in another solitude1 this thought 7so ,antony was wont to assert7 entered his mind--that no monk more perfect than himself had settled in the desert4 ,but as he lay still by night1 it was revealed to him that there was another monk far better than he1 to visit whom he must set out4 ,so when the light broke1 the venerable old man1 supporting his weak limbs on a staff1 began to go he knew not whither4 ,and now the mid-day1 with the sun roasting above1 grew fierce2 and yet he was not turned from the journey he had begun1 for he said ',i trust in my ,god1 that he will show ,his servant that which ,he has promised4' ,antony went on through that region1 seeing only the tracks of wild beasts1 and the wide waste of the desert4 ,what he should do1 or whither turn1 he knew not4 ,a second day had now run by4 ,illustration3 ,,hermit ,,saint4 ,from a ,drawing by ,a4 ,welby ,pugin4 ,jan4 #ae4 ,one thing remained1 to be confident that he could not be deserted by ,christ4 ,all night through he spent a second darkness in prayer1 and while the light was still dim1 he saw afar a she-wolf1 panting with heat and thirst1 creeping in at the foot of the mountain4 ,following her with his eyes1 and drawing nigh to the cave when the beast was gone1 he began to look in3 but in vain2 for the darkness stopped his view4 ,however1 as the ,scripture saith1 perfect love casteth out fear2 with gentle step and bated breath the cunning explorer entered1 and going forward slowly1 and stopping often1 watched for a sound4 ,at length he saw afar off a light through the horror of the darkness2 then he hastened on more greedily1 struck his foot against a stone1 and made a noise1 at which the blessed ,paul shut and barred his door1 which had stood open4 ,then ,antony1 casting himself down before the entrance1 prayed there till the sixth hour1 and more1 to be let in1 saying1 ',who ,i am1 and whence1 and why ,i am come1 thou knowest ,i know that ,i deserve not to see thy face2 yet1 unless ,i see thee1 ,i will not return4 ,thou who receivest beasts1 why repellest thou a man8 ,i have sought1 and ,i have found4 ,i knock that it may be opened to me3 which if ,i win not1 here will ,i die before thy gate4 ,surely thou shalt at least bury my corpse4' ',no one begs thus to threaten4 ,no one does injury with tears4 ,and dost thou wonder why ,i do not let thee in1 seeing thou art a mortal guest8' ,thus spake ,paul1 and then smiling1 he opened the door4 ,they mutually embraced and saluted each other by name1 and committed themselves in common to the grace of ,god4 ,and after the holy kiss1 ,paul1 sitting down with ,antony1 thus began-- ',behold him whom thou hast sought with such labour2 with limbs decayed by age1 and covered with unkempt white hair4 ,behold1 thou seest but a mortal1 soon to become dust4 ,but1 because charity bears all things1 tell me1 ,i pray thee1 how fares the human race8 whether new houses are rising in the ancient cities8 by what emperor is the world governed8 whether there are any left who are led captive by the deceits of the devil8' ,as they spoke thus1 they saw a raven settle on a bough2 who1 flying gently down1 laid1 to their wonder1 a whole loaf before them4 ,when he was gone1 ',ah1' said ,paul1 'the ,lord truly loving1 truly merciful1 hath sent us a meal4 ,for sixty years past ,i have received daily half a loaf1 but1 at thy coming1 ,christ hath doubled his soldiers' allowance4' ,then1 having thanked ,god1 they sat down on the brink of the glassy spring4 ,but here a contention arising as to which of them should break the loaf1 occupied the day till well-nigh evening4 ,paul insisted1 as the host2 ,antony declined1 as the younger man4 ,at last it was agreed that they should take hold of the loaf at opposite ends1 and each pull towards himself1 and keep what was left in his hand4 ,next they stooped down1 and drank a little water from the spring2 then1 offering to ,god the sacrifice of praise1 they passed the night watching4 ,and when day dawned again1 the blessed ,paul said to ,antony1 ',i knew long since1 brother1 that thou wert dwelling in these lands2 long since ,god had promised thee to me as a fellow-servant3 but because the time of my falling asleep is now come1 and 7because ,i always longed to depart1 and to be with ,christ7 there is laid up for me1 when ,i have finished my course1 a crown of righteousness2 therefore thou art sent from the ,lord to cover my corpse with mould1 and give back dust to dust4' ,antony1 hearing this1 prayed him with tears and groans not to desert him1 but take him as his companion on such a journey4 ,but he said1 ',thou must not seek the things which are thine own1 but the things of others4 ,it is expedient for thee1 indeed1 to cast off the burden of the flesh1 and to follow the ,lamb3 but it is expedient for the rest of the brethren that they should be still trained by thine example4 ,wherefore go1 unless it displeases thee1 and bring the cloak which ,athanasius the bishop gave thee1 to wrap up my corpse4' ,but this the blessed ,paul asked1 not because he cared greatly whether his body decayed covered or bare 7for he had long been used to clothe himself with woven palm leaves71 but that ,antony's grief at his death might be lightened when he left him4 ,antony astounded that he had heard of ,athanasius and his own cloak1 dared answer nothing3 but keeping in silence1 and kissing his eyes and hands1 returned to the monastery4 ,tired and breathless1 he arrived at home4 ,there two disciples met him1 who had been long sent to minister to him1 and asked him1 ',where hast thou tarried so long1 father8' ,he answered1 ',woe to me a sinner1 who falsely bear the name of a monk4 ,i have seen ,elias2 ,i have seen ,john in the desert2 ,i have truly seen ,paul in ,paradise2' and so1 closing his lips1 and beating his breast1 he took the cloak from his cell1 and when his disciples asked him to explain more fully what had befallen1 he said1 ',there is a time to be silent1 and a time to speak4' ,then going out1 and not taking even a morsel of food1 he returned by the way he had come4 ,for he feared--what actually happened--lest ,paul in his absence should render up his soul to ,christ4 ,and when the second day had shone1 and he had retraced his steps for three hours1 he saw amid hosts of angels1 amid the choirs of prophets and apostles1 ,paul shining white as snow1 ascending up on high4 ,the blessed ,antony used to tell afterwards1 how he ran the rest of the way so swiftly1 that he seemed to fly like a bird4 ,nor without cause4 ,for entering the cave he saw ,paul on bended knees1 erect with hands spread out on high1--a lifeless corpse4 ,and at first1 thinking that it still lived1 he prayed in like wise4 ,but when he heard no sighs come from the worshipper's breast1 he gave him a tearful kiss1 understanding how the very corpse of the ,saint was praying to that ,god to whom all live4 ,so1 having wrapped up and carried forth the corpse1 and chanting hymns1 ,antony grew sad1 because he had no spade1 wherewith to dig the ground2 and thinking over many plans in his mind1 said1 ',if ,i go back to the monastery1 it is a three days' journey4 ,if ,i stay here1 ,i shall be of no more use4 ,i will die1 then1 as it is fit2 and1 falling beside thy warrior1 ,o ,christ6 breathe my last breath4' ,as he was thinking thus to himself1 two lions came running from the inner part of the desert1 their manes tossing on their necks4 ,seeing these1 he shuddered at first3 but then1 turning his mind to ,god1 he remained without fear4 ,they came straight to the corpse of the blessed old man1 and crouched at his feet1 wagging their tails1 and roaring with mighty growls1 so that ,antony understood them to lament1 as best they could4 ,then they began to claw the ground with their paws1 and1 carrying out the sand eagerly1 dug a place large enough to hold a man3 then at once1 as if begging a reward for their work1 they came to ,antony1 drooping their necks1 and licking his hands and feet4 ,but he perceived that they prayed a blessing from him2 and at once1 bursting into praise of ,christ1 because even dumb animals felt that ,he was ,god1 he said1 ',lord1 without whose word not a leaf of the tree drops1 nor one sparrow falls to the ground1 give to them as thou knowest how to give4' ,and1 signing to them with his hand1 he bade them go4 ,and when they had departed1 he bent his aged shoulders to the weight of the holy corpse2 and laying it in the grave1 heaped earth on it1 and raised a mound as is the wont4 ,and when another dawn shone1 lest the pious heir should not possess aught of the goods of the intestate dead1 he kept for himself the tunic which ,paul had woven out of the leaves of the palm2 and returning to the monastery1 told his disciples all throughout2 and1 on the solemn days of ,easter and ,pentecost1 he always clothed himself in ,paul's tunic4 ,s4 ,,macarius ,,of ,,egypt1 ,,ab4 7,a4,d4 #cia47 ,not to be confounded with ,s4 ,macarius of ,alexandria 7,jan4 #bnd74 ,this ,macarius is commemorated by the ,greeks on ,jan4 #aith2 by the ,roman later ,martyrology on ,jan4 #aeth1 but in earlier ones on the same day as the other ,macarius1 ,jan4 #bnd4 ,authorities for his life are ,palladius1 in his ,history ,lausiaca1 a thoroughly trustworthy contemporary1 ,ruffinus1 ,sozomen1 ,socrates1 ,cassian1 c4 ,s4 ,macarius the ,elder was born in ,upper ,egypt1 about the year #cjj1 and was brought up in the country to attend cattle4 ,in his childhood1 in company with some others1 he stole some figs and ate one of them2 but from his conversion to his death1 he never ceased bewailing this offence4 ,by a powerful call of divine grace1 he was led to desert the world in his youth1 and to take up his abode in a little cell made of mats4 ,a wicked woman falsely accused him of having deflowered her2 for which supposed crime he was dragged through the streets1 beaten and insulted1 as a base hypocrite under the garb of a monk4 ,he suffered all with patience1 and sent the woman what he earned by his work1 saying to himself1 ,well1 ,macarius1 having now another to provide for1 you must work all the harder4 ,but the woman1 in the anguish of her travail1 confessed that she had maligned him1 and told the real name of her seducer4 ,then the people regarded him as a ,saint1 whom lately they would have slain4 ,to shun the esteem of men he fled into the desert of ,sct1 being then about thirty years of age4 ,in this solitude he lived sixty years1 and became the spiritual father of innumerable holy persons1 who put themselves under his direction1 and were governed by the rules he prescribed them2 but all dwelt in separate hermitages4 ,s4 ,macarius admitted only one disciple with him to entertain strangers4 ,he was compelled by an ,egyptian bishop to receive the order of priesthood1 about the year #cdj1 the fortieth of his age1 that he might celebrate the ,divine ,mysteries for the convenience of his holy colony4 ,when the desert became better peopled1 there were four churches built in it1 served by as many priests4 ,the austerities of ,s4 ,macarius were very severe4 ,he usually ate but once a week4 ,evagrius1 his disciple1 once asked him leave to drink a little water1 under a parching thirst3 but ,macarius bade him be satisfied with reposing a little in the shade1 saying1 ,for these twenty years ,i have never eaten1 drunk1 nor slept as much as nature demanded4 ,to deny his own will1 he did not refuse to drink a little wine1 when others desired him2 but he would punish himself for this indulgence by abstaining two or three days from all manner of drink2 and it was for this reason that his disciples desired strangers never to tender him a drop of wine4 ,he delivered his instructions in few words1 and principally inculcated silence1 humility1 mortification and continual prayer1 to all sorts of people4 ,he used to say1 ,in prayer you need not use many or grand words4 ,you can always repeat1 ,lord1 show me mercy as ,thou knowest best2 or1 ,assist me1 ,o ,lord6 ,his mildness and patience were invincible1 and occasioned the conversion of a heathen priest4 ,a young man applying to ,s4 ,macarius for spiritual advice1 he directed him to go to a burying place and upbraid the dead2 and after that to go and flatter them4 ,well1 said ,macarius1 when the young man returned1 ,how did the dead receive thy abuse of them4 ,they answered not a word1 he replied4 ,and how did they behave when flattered8 ,they took no notice of that either4 ,go1 said ,macarius1 and do thou likewise4 ,a monk complained to ,macarius that he could fast in the monastery1 but not in solitude4 ,ah6 said the abbot1 thou likest to have people see that thou art fasting4 ,beware of vainglory4 ,god revealed to ,macarius that two women in the nearest city excelled him in virtue1 in spite of all his fasting1 and tears1 and prayer4 ,he took his staff1 and left the desert1 and went in quest of them1 and lo6 they were two homely married women1 of whom no one talked1 but who were extremely careful not to say spiteful things of their neighbours1 who had not the smallest idea that they were saints1 and who laboured night and day to make home pleasant to their husbands and children4 ,lucius1 the ,arian usurper of the see of ,alexandria1 who had expelled ,peter1 the successor of ,s4 ,athanasius1 in #cgf1 sent troops into the deserts1 to disperse the zealous monks1 several of whom sealed their faith with their blood4 ,the chiefs1 the two ,macarii1 ,isidore1 ,pambo1 and others1 were banished1 by the authority of the ,emperor ,valens1 to a little isle of ,egypt1 in the midst of stagnant marshes4 ,the inhabitants1 who were pagans1 were all converted to the faith by these confessors4 ,the public indignation obliged ,lucius to suffer them to return to their cells4 ,the ,church of ,god flashes forth some peculiar type of sanctity at one time1 and then another4 ,it is like a rain-drop in the sun1 blazing now crimson1 now green1 now yellow1 now blue4 ,as there is need1 ,god calls up an army of ,saints1 exactly adapted to meet the difficulties of the times1 to uphold the truth1 and form1 as it were1 a prop to stay up his tottering ,church4 ,now it is the martyrs1 who by their constancy conquer the infidels1 now it is these hermits of the ,syrian and ,egyptian deserts1 against whose orthodoxy ,arianism breaks and crumbles to powder4 ,humanly speaking1 these hermits saved the doctrine of the ,godhead of ,christ from being denied1 and disappearing from the creed of the ,church4 ,an age like the present1 so like the condition of the ,roman world in its highest civilization1 when pleasure and self-will are the sole things sought1 and when ,arianism is in power in high places1 and the learned and polished1 admitting the excellency of ,christianity in general1 allow to ,christ only the place of a founder of a school of religious thought--such an age as this seems one meet for the revival of the hermit life as a witness for the truth1 and a protest against luxury4 ,this1 and this only1 as far as we can judge1 will meet the great want of the day2 it is not preaching that will recover the multitude lapsed into religious indifference2 it must be the example of men1 believing with such a fiery faith1 that they sacrifice everything the world holds precious1 for the sake of the truth that ,jesus ,christ1 the everlasting ,god1 came in the ,flesh4 ,nothing in the wonderful history of the hermits of ,egypt is so incredible as their number4 ,but the most weighty authorities agree in establishing it4 ,it was a kind of emigration of towns to the desert1 of civilization to simplicity1 of noise to silence1 of corruption to innocence4 ,the current once begun1 floods of men1 of women1 and of children threw themselves into it1 and flowed thither during a century1 with resistless force4 ,let us quote some figures4 ,pachomius1 who died at fifty-six1 reckoned three thousand monks under his rule2 his monasteries of ,tabenna soon included seven thousand1 and ,s4 ,jerome affirms that as many as fifty thousand were present at the annual gathering of the general congregation of monasteries which followed his rule4 ,there were five thousand on the mountain of ,nitria alone4 ,nothing was more frequent than to see two hundred1 three hundred1 or five hundred monks under the same abbot4 ,near ,arsino 7now ,suez71 the abbot ,serapion governed ten thousand1 who1 in the harvest time1 spread themselves over the country to cut the corn1 and thus gained the means of living and giving alms4 ,it has even been asserted that there were as many monks in the deserts of ,egypt as inhabitants in the towns4 ,the towns themselves were1 so to speak1 inundated by them1 since in #cef1 a traveller found in the single town of ,oxyrynchus 7,abou ,girge7 upon the ,nile1 ten thousand monks and twenty thousand virgins consecrated to ,god4#eb ,the immense majority of these religious were cenobites1 that is to say1 they lived in the same enclosure1 and were united by common rule and practice under an elected head1 whom they everywhere called abbot1 from the ,syriac word abba1 which means father4 ,the cenobitical life superseded rapidly1 and almost completely1 the life of solitaries4 ,scarcely any man became a solitary until after having been a cenobite1 and in order to meditate upon ,god during the last years of his life4 ,custom has1 therefore1 given the title of monks to cenobites alone4 ,ambitious at once of reducing to subjection their rebellious flesh1 and of penetrating the secrets of the celestial light1 these cenobites united the active with the contemplative life4 ,the various and incessant labours which filled up their days are known4 ,in the great frescoes of the cemetery of ,pisa1 they appear in their coarse black or brown dresses1 a cowl upon their shoulders1 occupied in digging up the soil1 in cutting down trees1 in fishing in the ,nile1 in milking the goats1 in gathering the dates which served them for food1 in plaiting the mats on which they were to die4 ,others are absorbed in reading or meditating on the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,thus a ,saint has said that the cells united in the desert were like a hive of bees4 ,there each had in his hands the wax of labour1 and in his mouth the honey of psalms and prayers4 ,the days were divided between prayer and work4 ,the work was divided between field labour and the exercise of various trades4 ,there were among these monks entire colonies of weavers1 of carpenters1 of curriers1 of tailors1 and of fullers4#ec ,all the rules of the patriarchs of the desert made labour obligatory1 and the example of their holy lives gave authority to the rule4 ,when ,macarius of ,egypt came to visit the great ,antony1 they immediately set to work on their mats together1 conferring thus upon things important to souls2 and ,antony was so edified by the zeal of the priest1 that he kissed his hands1 saying1 ,what virtues proceed from these hands6 ,each monastery was then a great school of labour2 it was also1 at the same time1 a great school of charity4 ,the monks practised charity not only among themselves1 and with regard to the poor inhabitants of the neighbouring countries1 but especially in the case of travellers whom the necessities of commerce called to the banks of the ,nile1 and of the numerous pilgrims1 whom their increasing fame drew to the desert4 ,a more generous hospitality had never been exercised1 nor had the universal mercy1 introduced by ,christianity into the world1 blossomed anywhere to such an extent4 ,a thousand incidents in their history reveal the most tender solicitude for the miseries of the poor4 ,the ,xenodochium--that is1 the asylum for the poor and strangers--formed from that time a necessary appendix to every monastery4 ,the most ingenious combinations1 and the most gracious inspirations of charity are to be found in this history4 ,a certain monastery served as an hospital for sick children2 another was transformed by its founder into an hospital for lepers and cripples4 ,behold1 said he1 in shewing to the ladies of ,alexandria the upper floor which was reserved for women1 behold my jacinths4 ,then conducting them to the floor below1 were the men were placed1 ,see my emeralds4 ,they were hard only upon themselves4 ,under a burning sky1 in a climate which has always seemed the cause1 or the excuse of vice1 in a country given up at all times to every kind of luxury and depravity1 there were thousands of men who1 during two centuries1 interdicted themselves from the very shadow of a sensual gratification1 and made of the most rigorous mortification a rule as universal as a second nature4 ,it was their rule also to cultivate the mind by the study of sacred literature4 ,the rule of ,s4 ,pachomius made the reading of divers portions of the ,bible a strict obligation4 ,all the monks1 besides1 were required to be able to read and write4 ,to qualify themselves for reading the ,scriptures was the first duty imposed upon the novices4 ,when1 towards evening1 at the hour of vespers1 after a day of stifling heat1 all work ceased1 and from the midst of the sands1 from the depths of caverns1 from pagan temples cleared of their idols1 and from all the vast tombs of a people dead1 now occupied by these men dead to the world1 the cry of a living people rose to heaven2 when everywhere1 and all at once1 the air vibrated with hymns1 prayers1 and the pious and solemn1 tender and joyous songs of these champions of the soul and conquerors of the desert1 who celebrated1 in the language of ,david1 the praises of the living ,god1 the thanksgivings of the freed soul1 and the homage of vanquished passions1--then the traveller1 the pilgrim1 and especially the new convert stood still1 lost in emotion1 and transported with the sounds of that sublime concert1 cried aloud1 ,behold1 this is ,paradise4#ed ,go1 said the most eloquent doctor of the ,church at that period2 go to the ,thebaid2 you will find there a solitude still more beautiful than ,paradise1 a thousand choirs of angels under human form1 nations of martyrs1 armies of virgins1 the diabolical tyrant chained1 and ,christ triumphant and glorified4#ee ,s4 ,,isidore1 ,p4 ,,and ,,monk ,,in ,,alexandria4 7,a4,d4 #djd47 ,almost all the ancient ,martyrologies commemorate ,s4 ,isidore on the same day as ,s4 ,macarius the ,elder4 ,authorities for his life1 same as for ,s4 ,macarius4 ,s4 ,isidore1 priest and monk1 lived in ,alexandria as hospitaller1 that is1 in charge of a hospital for the reception of strangers and the poor4 ,he suffered many persecutions1 first from ,lucius1 the ,arian ,bishop1 who ill-treated the two ,macarii1 and afterwards from the orthodox bishop1 ,theophilus1 who1 moved by some jealousy1 unjustly charged him with favouring the views of ,origen4 ,he took refuge at ,constantinople with ,s4 ,john ,chrysostom1 where he repudiated the heresy of ,origen1 declaring that he was falsely accused of holding it1 and died in #djd4 ,s4 ,,alexander1 ,,of ,,the ,,sleepless ,,ones1 ,,monk ,,at ,,alexandria4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #dcj47 ,roman ,martyrology and ,greek ,menaea4 ,the life of ,s4 ,alexander1 written by a disciple of his1 exists in ,greek4 ,from this the following epitome is taken4 ,s4 ,alexander was of ,asiatic origin1 and was educated at ,constantinople1 where he entered the army1 and was advanced to the office of eparchus1 or proctor4 ,being a studious reader of the ,old and ,new ,testament1 he often mused on the words of ,christ1 ,if thou wilt be perfect1 go and sell that thou hast1 and give to the poor1 and thou shalt have treasure in heaven2 and come1 follow ,me4 7,matt4 xix4 #ba74 ,then1 moved by these words1 he resolved to obey the command1 and he sold his possessions and made distribution unto those that had need2 and hastening away1 into the solitudes of ,syria1 he became a monk for seven years4 ,after that1 inflamed with zeal against idolatry1 he went into the nearest city1 which was ,edessa1 on a solemn festival of the heathen gods1 and set fire to the temple4 ,he was at once seized and brought before the governor1 ,rabbulus1 who remanded him till the rage of the populace should be abated1 and he could be judged with calmness and equity4 ,rabbulus often sent for ,alexander out of prison1 and heard him gladly4 ,and ,alexander unfolded to him the doctrine of ,christ and the great power of ,god4 ,and as he expounded to him the ,scriptures1 he related the wondrous works of ,elijah1 how that he had prayed1 and ,god had withheld the rain three years1 and at his prayer had again brought a cloud and abundance of rain upon the earth1 and also how he had cried1 and ,god had sent fire from heaven to consume his sacrifice4 ,then1 hearing this1 ,rabbulus said1 ,nay6 thou speakest of marvels4 ,if the ,god of whom thou tellest wrought those wonders then1 ,he can work them now4 ,cry unto ,him to send fire on earth1 that ,i may see and believe4 ,instantly1 filled with confidence1 the holy man1 ,alexander1 turned to the ,east and spread forth his hands1 and prayed2 then there fell fire from heaven1 and consumed the mats that were laid upon the ground1 but hurt nothing else4 ,and the ,governor bowed his head1 and said1 ,the ,lord ,he is ,god1 the ,lord ,he is ,god6 ,then he was baptized1#ef he and all his house1 and he suffered ,alexander to go forth to the people1 and in their audience plead for the cause of ,christ against their false gods4 ,so they hastened and destroyed their images1 and multitudes were added to the ,church4 ,and after that ,alexander went away into the desert1 where he heard there was a band of robbers1 desiring to save their souls1 as ,jesus on the ,cross had saved the thief4 ,so the robbers took him1 and he exhorted them1 and spake the ,word to them1 and they believed1 they and their chief1 so that he tarried some while with them--they were thirty in number--and he baptized them4 ,but the robber-chief1 as he was being baptized1 prayed in secret4 ,then said ,alexander1 ,i saw thy lips move4 ,what was thy petition8 ,and he answered1 ,i have been a great sinner1 and ,i fear my old habits of evil resuming the mastery4 ,i prayed ,god1 if it were ,his will1 to let ,his servant depart in peace1 now that mine eyes have seen salvation4 ,the prayer was heard1 and the captain died within eight days1 whilst still in the white dress he wore for his baptism4 ,but ,alexander remained with the robbers1 and turned their den into a monastery1 and converted the robbers into monks1 and they served ,god in fasting and prayer4 ,now when he saw that they were established firmly in the course of penitence1 he appointed one of them to be their abbot1 and he went his way into ,mesopotamia1 and founded a monastery on the ,euphrates1 where he dwelt twenty years1 and had very many monks under him4 ,and after that he visited ,antioch1 ,palmyra1 and other cities1 taking with him one hundred and fifty of his monks1 that they might preach the ,gospel to those who were yet in heathen darkness4 ,the people of ,palmyra shut their gates against him1 saying that such a host of monks would devour all the produce in the market4 ,then ,alexander and his brethren halted outside the city for three days1 and the heathen people around brought them food1 which they accepted with thanks4 ,after that ,alexander took the ,book of the ,gospels1 and stood in the way1 and cried3 ,glory be to ,god in the ,highest1 and on earth peace1 goodwill towards men4 ,this was the signal of departure1 so the whole moving monastery deserted their camp and went towards ,antioch1 where the brother of ,alexander1 ,peter by name1 was superior of a large monastery4 ,alexander and one companion went to the gate and knocked4 ,then the porter looked forth1 and said1 ,wait without1 till ,i go to the abbot1 and ask permission for you to enter and refresh yourselves4 ,but ,alexander thrust in on the heels of the porter1 and went after him to the abbot's chamber1 and there ,peter knew him1 and cast himself on his neck4 ,but ,alexander said1 ,our father ,abraham went forth himself to receive strangers1 and invited them in1 and our ,lord ,jesus ,christ exhorted his followers to show glad hospitality1 but thou lettest a wayfaring man stand without1 and makest a favour of admitting him6 ,then he turned1 and went away in a rage1 and would not eat in the monastery of his brother4 ,and when they would enter into ,antioch1 the bishop1 ,theodotus1 being prejudiced against ,alexander1 ordered that he and his monks should be refused admission4 ,so they sat down all day in the heat outside1 but rising up to sing their psalms at midnight1 they all went forward chanting1 and no man stayed them1 through the streets of ,antioch1 and they found an old bath-house1 and lodged there4 ,then the ,bishop feared to disturb them1 for all the people magnified them4 ,there they stayed some time and erected a large hospital1 where they cherished the sick and the poor4 ,but one ,malchus1 a sub-deacon1 who was greatly offended with the monks1 went to the ,bishop1 and urged that they should be expelled4 ,and when he had been given license1 he went with all the church sextons and drove the monks from their lodgings1 and he boxed ,alexander on the ear1 saying1 ,go forth1 thou rascal6 ,but ,alexander said nothing1 save that he quoted the words of ,s4 ,john1 ,the servant's name was ,malchus4 7xviii4 #aj47 ,then the ,governor of the city1 finding that the people would take part with the monks1 and that a tumult would be made1 came with force1 and drave the brethren without the walls4 ,so ,alexander and his monks swarmed off to the ,crithenian monastery1 which he had founded1 and there he saw that the discipline was admirable4 ,thence he went to ,constantinople1 taking with him from ,crithene twenty-four monks1 and in all he was now followed by three hundred1 and they were ,greeks1 and ,romans1 and ,syrians1 and he settled them at ,gomon1 on the ,bosphorus1 near ,constantinople1 and divided them into six choirs1 who should alternately sing the divine office1 so that ceaselessly1 night and day1 the praises of ,christ might ascend4 ,thence his order was called the ,acoemeti1 or the ,sleepless ,ones1 for1 in it1 some were ever watching for the coming of the ,bridegroom4 ,however1 even in ,constantinople1 he was not left in peace1 but the civil powers interfered and broke up the monastery1 and the monks were imprisoned and beaten1 and ill-treated in divers ways1 so that1 for a while1 the incessant song was interrupted4 ,but when the persecution was over1 the monks flowed together again1 and the sleepless vigil recommenced4 ,s4 ,alexander died and was buried at ,gomon4 ,s4 ,,john ,,the ,,calybite1 ,h4 7,,about #dej47 ,commemorated on the same day by ,greeks and ,latins4 ,some old ,western ,martyrologies honoured him on ,feb4 #bgth4 ,authority1 his life by ,simeon ,logotheta4#eg ,s4 ,john the ,calybite is the ,eastern counterpart of the ,western ,s4 ,alexis4 ,at an early age he met a monk of the ,sleepless ,ones1 founded by ,s4 ,alexander1 as mentioned in the immediately preceding life2 and he was so struck with what he heard of the religious life1 that he desired to enter it4 ,returning home1 he asked his parents1 who were wealthy1 to make him a present of the ,holy ,gospels4 ,they1 surprised that the boy desired a book1 instead of some article of dress or of play1 purchased him a handsomely illuminated and illustrated book of the ,gospels4 ,the boy read1 ,he that loveth father and mother more than me1 is not worthy of me4 ,then he ran away from home1 and made his way to ,gomon1 where he entered the ,sleepless order4 ,the archimandrite1 or abbot1 thinking him too young1 objected to receive him1 but when the boy persisted1 he made him undergo the discipline of the monks4 ,he remained there1 however1 six years1 and then a longing came over him to see his father and mother again2 so he told the superior1 who said1 ,did ,i not say to thee1 thou art too young4 ,go in peace to thy home4 ,so ,john left the monastery4 ,but returning home1 he did not make himself known to his parents1 but1 changing clothes with a beggar1 he crouched at the gate of his father's house and begged4 ,then his father gave him daily food from his kitchen2 but after a while his mother1 disliking the presence of a squalid beggar at the door1 bade the servants remove him to a little cot1 and thence he took his name of ,calybite1 or ,cotter4 ,three years after1 as he was dying1 he sent for his mother1 and revealed himself to her4 ,he was buried beneath the hut1 and his parents built a church over his tomb4 ,relics1 in the church dedicated to him at ,rome2 his head at ,besanon1 in the church of ,s4 ,stephen4 ,s4 ,,maurus1 ,,ab4 ,,of ,,glanfeuil4 7,a4,d4 #ehd47 ,the life of ,s4 ,maurus1 professing to be by ,s4 ,faustus1 is not of the date it pretends to4 ,it was written by ,odo of ,glanfeuil 7,d4 #hfh72 it is1 however1 probable that he used a previous composition of ,s4 ,faustus1 monk of ,cassino 7,d4 #fbj71 amplifying and altering in style4 ,other authorities are ,s4 ,gregory the ,great1 ,dialog4 ,,ii41 and a metrical life1 falsely attributed to ,paulus ,diaconus4 ,a nobleman1 named ,eguitius1 gave his little son ,maurus1 aged twelve1 to the holy patriarch ,benedict1 to be by him educated4 ,the youth surpassed all his fellow monks in the discharge of his monastic duties1 and when he was grown up1 ,s4 ,benedict made him his coadjutor in the government of ,subiaco4 ,placidus1 a fellow-monk1 going one day to fetch water1 fell into the lake1 and was carried about a bow-shot from the bank4 ,s4 ,benedict seeing this from his cell1 sent ,maurus to run and draw him out4 ,maurus obeyed1 walked upon the water1 without perceiving it1 and pulled out ,placidus by the hair1 without himself sinking4 ,the fame of ,benedict and his work had not been slow to cross the frontiers of ,italy2 it resounded especially in ,gaul4 ,a year before the death of the patriarch1 two envoys arrived at ,monte ,cassino1 from ,innocent1 ,bishop of ,mans1 who1 not content with forty monasteries which had arisen during his episcopate in the country over which he ruled1 still desired to see his diocese enriched by a colony formed by the disciples of the new head and law-giver of the cenobites in ,italy4 ,benedict confided this mission to the dearest and most fervent of his disciples1 the young deacon ,maurus4 ,he gave him four companions1 one of whom1 ,faustus1 is the supposed author of the history of the mission2 and bestowed on him a copy of the rule1 written with his own hand1 together with the weights for the bread1 and the measure for the wine1 which should be allotted to each monk every day1 to serve as unchanging types of that abstinence which was to be one of the strongest points of the new institution4 ,at the head of this handful of missionaries1 who went to sow afar the seed destined to produce so great a harvest1 ,maurus came down from ,monte ,cassino1 crossed ,italy and the ,alps1 paused beneath the precipices which overhang the monastery of ,agaunum now ,s4 ,maurice in the ,valais1 beside the foaming ,rhone1 which the ,burgundian king1 ,sigismund1 had just raised over the relics of the ,theban ,legion2 then went into the ,jura to visit the colonies of ,condate4 ,arrived upon the banks of the ,loire1 and repulsed by the successor of the ,bishop who had called him1 he stopped in ,anjou1 which was then governed by a viscount called ,florus1 in the name of ,theodebert1 ,king of ,austrasia4 ,this viscount offered one of his estates to the disciple of ,benedict1 that he might establish his colony there1 besides giving one of his sons to become a monk1 and announcing his own intention of consecrating himself to ,god4 ,on this estate1 bathed by the waters of the ,loire1 ,maurus founded the monastery of ,glanfeuil1 which afterwards took his own name4 ,the site of this monastery1 now lost among the vineyards of ,anjou1 merits the grateful glance of every traveller who is not insensible to the advantages which flowed from that first ,benedictine colony over the whole of ,france4 ,the beloved son of ,s4 ,benedict spent forty years at the head of his ,french colony2 he saw as many as a hundred and forty monks officiate there2 and when he died1 after having lived apart for two years in an isolated cell1 to prepare himself in silence for appearing before ,god1 he had dropped into the soil of ,gaul1 a germ which could neither perish nor be exhausted4 ,in art1 ,s4 ,maurus is represented holding the weights and measures given him by ,s4 ,benedict4 ,s4 ,,ceolwulf1 ,k41 ,,monk4 7,a4,d4 #gfg47 ,old ,english ,martyrologies on ,march #adth2 later ones on this day1 on which he is commemorated in the ,roman ,calendar4 ,authorities3 ,bede1 ,florence of ,worcester1 ,william of ,malmesbury1 ,henry ,huntingdon1 ,simeon of ,durham1 c4 ,bede dedicated his ,history of the ,english to ,ceolwulf1 ,king of ,northumbria1 whose tender solicitude for monastic interests made the monk of ,jarrow look to him as a patron4 ,ceolwulf was of the race of ,ida the ,burner2 after two obscure reigns1 ,ceolwulf was called to the throne1 and vainly attempted to struggle against the disorder and decay of his country4 ,he was vanquished and made captive by enemies whose names are not recorded1 and was shut up in a convent4 ,he escaped1 however1 regained the crown1 and reigned for some time in a manner which gained the applause of ,bede4 ,but after a reign of eight years1 a regret1 or an unconquerable desire for that monastic life which had been formerly forced upon him against his will1 seized him4 ,he made the best provisions possible for the security of his country1 and for a good understanding between the spiritual and temporal authorities1 nominating as his successor a worthy prince of his race4 ,then1 giving up the cares of power1 and showing himself truly the master of the wealth he resigned1 he cut his long beard1 had his head shaved in the form of a crown1 and retired to bury himself anew in the holy island of ,lindisfarne1 in the monastery beaten by the winds and waves of the northern sea4 ,there he passed the last thirty years of his life in study and happiness4 ,he had1 while king1 enriched this monastery with many great gifts1 and obtained permission for the use of wine and beer for the monks1 who1 up to that time1 according to the rigid rule of ancient ,keltic discipline1 had been allowed no beverage but water and milk4 ,illustration3 ,decoration ,,footnotes3 #eb ,for authorities for these statements1 see ,montalembert's ,monks of the ,west1 ,i4 p4 #cae4 #ec ,s4 ,jerome1 ,proef4 in ,reg4 ,s4 ,pachomii1 #f4 #ed ,pallad4 ,hist4 ,lausiaca1 c4 #g4 #ee ,s4 ,john ,chrysostom1 in ,matt41 hom4 ,,viii4 ,the above account of the life of the monks in ,egypt is by the eloquent pen of the ,count de ,montalembert4 #ef ,rabbulus was afterwards consecrated ,bishop of ,edessa4 #eg ,bollandus gives two lives2 one is authentic1 the other is not4 ,the first states that he lived at ,constantinople1 from which he escaped to ,gomon1 threescore furlongs from the city1 by water4 ,the second1 mistaking new ,rome for old ,rome1 makes him voyage from ,italy to ,bithynia4 ,january #af4 ,s4 ,,priscilla1 ,matron1 at ,rome1 #ast cent4 ,s4 ,,marcellus1 ,pope1 ,m41 at ,rome1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cji4 ,s4 ,,melas1 ,b4 ,c41 at ,rhinoclusa1 #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,honoratus1 ,b4 ,c41 of ,arles1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #dcj ,s4 ,,james1 ,b4 ,c41 of the ,tarantaise1 #eth cent4 ,s4 ,,valerius1 ,b4 ,c41 of ,sorrente1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #fjj4 ,s4 ,,tatian1 ,b4 ,c41 at ,underzo1 in ,italy1 #gth cent4 ,s4 ,,fursey1 ,ab41 in ,france1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #fec4 ,s4 ,,tossa1 ,b4 ,c41 of ,augsburg1 ,a4,d4 #ffa4 ,s4 ,,henry1 ,h41 in ,northumberland1 ,a4,d4 #aabg4 ,,ss4 ,,franciscan ,,martyrs1 in ,mauritania1 ,a4,d4 #abbj4 ,s4 ,,priscilla1 ,,matron1 ,,at ,,rome4 7#a,,st ,,cent47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,this ,priscilla is not to be confounded with the wife of ,aquila 7,acts xviii4 #bf47 ,she was the mother of ,s4 ,pudens 7#b ,tim4 iv4 #ba71 who was the father of ,,ss4 ,praxedes and ,pudentiana1 the guests and disciples of ,s4 ,peter4 ,nothing more is known of her4 ,s4 ,,marcellus1 ,,pope1 ,m4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #cji47 ,the ,greeks have confounded ,marcellus with his predecessor1 ,marcellinus1 who is commemorated on ,april #bfth4 ,roman ,martyrology1 that of ,bede1 ,ado1 ,notker1 c4 ,the ,acts are not to be trusted4 ,saint ,marcellus succeeded ,pope ,marcellinus1 in #cjh1 after the see had been vacant for three years and a half4 ,an epitaph written on him by ,pope ,damasus1 says that by enforcing the penitential canons1 he drew on himself the hostility of lukewarm ,christians4 ,for his severity to an apostate he was exiled by the tyrant ,maxentius4 ,relics1 in the church of ,s4 ,marcellus at ,rome2 also at ,mons and ,namur1 in ,belgium4 ,s4 ,,melas1 ,b4 ,c4 ,,of ,,rhinoclusa4 7#d,,th ,,cent47 ,roman and ,german ,martyrologies4 ,authority for his life1 ,sozomen4 ,rhinoclusa1 or ,rinocorurus1 was near the river of ,egypt1 dividing ,egypt from ,palestine2 of this city and monastic settlement ,s4 ,melas was ,bishop4 ,sozomen1 in his ,ecclesiastical ,history1 gives the following account of him 7lib4 vi4 c4 #ca73-- ,rinocorurus was celebrated at this period1 on account of the holy men who were born and flourished there4 ,i have heard that the most eminent among them were ,melas1 the ,bishop of the country2 ,denis and ,solon1 the brothers and successors of ,melas4 ,when the decree went forth for the ejection of all bishops opposed to ,arianism1 the officers appointed to execute the mandate found ,melas engaged in trimming the lights of the church1 and clad in an old cloak soiled with oil1 fastened by a girdle4 ,when they asked him for the ,bishop1 he replied that he was within1 and that he would conduct them to him4 ,as they were fatigued with their journey1 he led them to the episcopal dwelling1 made them sit down at his table1 and placed before them such things as he had4 ,after the repast1 he supplied them with water to wash their hands1 and then told them who he was4 ,amazed at his conduct1 they confessed the mission on which they had arrived2 but1 from respect to him1 gave him full liberty to go wherever he would4 ,he1 however1 replied that he would not shrink from the sufferings to which the other bishops1 who maintained the same sentiments as himself1 were exposed1 and that he was ready to go into exile4 ,he had been accustomed1 from his youth up1 to practise all the virtues of asceticism4 ,the ,church of ,rinocorurus1 having been thus1 from the beginning1 under the guidance of such exemplary bishops1 never afterwards swerved from their doctrine4 ,the clergy of this ,church dwell in one house1 sit at the same table1 and have all things in common4 ,s4 ,,honoratus1 ,b4 ,,of ,,arles4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #dcj47 ,honoratus1 in ,french ,honor1 is commemorated in almost all the ,western ,kalendars4 ,his life by his kinsman and successor1 ,s4 ,hilary4 ,another life of him is apocryphal4 ,a tissue1 says ,bollandus1 of fables and crazes2 which1 says ,baronius1 cannot be read without nausea1 except by those with iron stomachs1 and wits covered with the rust of ignorance4 ,this life1 therefore1 must be completely put aside1 as worthless1 and we must draw all our information from that by ,s4 ,hilary1 ,bishop of ,arles4 ,the sailor who proceeds from the roadstead of ,toulon towards ,italy or the ,east1 passes among two or three islands1 rocky and dry1 surmounted here and there by a slender cluster of pines4 ,he looks at them with indifference1 and avoids them4 ,however1 one of these islands has been1 for the soul and for the mind1 a centre purer and more fertile than any famous isle of the ,greek sea4 ,it is ,lerins1 formerly occupied by a city1 which was already ruined in the time of ,pliny1 and where1 at the commencement of the fifth century1 nothing more was to be seen than a desert coast1 rendered unapproachable by the number of serpents which swarmed there4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,honor4 ,after ,cahier4 ,jan4 #af4 ,in #daj a man landed and remained there2 he was called ,honoratus4 ,descended from a consular race1 educated and eloquent1 but devoted from his youth to great piety2 he desired to be made a monk4 ,his father charged his eldest brother1 a gay and impetuous young man1 to turn him from the ascetic life2 but1 on the contrary1 it was he who gained his brother4 ,after many difficulties1 he at last found repose at ,lerins2 the serpents yielded the place to him2 a multitude of disciples gathered round him4 ,a community of austere monks and indefatigable labourers was formed there4 ,the face of the isle was changed1 the desert became a paradise2 a country bordered with deep woods1 watered by streams1 rich with verdure1 enamelled with flowers1 revealed the fertilizing presence of a new race4 ,honoratus1 whose fine face was radiant with a sweet and attractive majesty1#eh opened the arms of his love to the sons of all countries who desired to love ,christ4 ,a multitude of disciples of all nations joined him4 ,there is1 perhaps1 nothing more touching in monastic annals than the picture traced by ,s4 ,hilary1 one of the most illustrious sons of ,lerins1 of the paternal tenderness of ,honoratus for the numerous family of monks whom he had collected round him4 ,he could reach the depths of their souls to discover all their griefs4 ,he neglected no effort to banish every sadness1 every painful recollection of the world4 ,he watched their sleep1 their health1 their food1 their labours1 that each might serve ,god according to the measure of his strength4 ,thus he inspired them with a love more than filial4 ,in him1 they said1 we find not only a father1 but an entire family1 a country1 the whole world4 ,when he wrote to any of those who were absent1 they said1 on receiving his letter1 written according to the usage of the time1 upon tablets of wax1 ,it is honey which he has poured back into that wax1 honey drawn from the inexhaustible sweetness of his heart4 ,in that island paradise1 and under the care of such a shepherd1 the perfume of life breathed everywhere4 ,these monks1 who had sought happiness by renouncing secular life1 felt and proclaimed that they had found it2 to see their serene and modest joy1 their union1 their gentleness1 and their firm hope1 one would have believed one's self1 says ,s4 ,eucher1 in the presence of a battalion of angels at rest4#ei ,how ,s4 ,honoratus converted ,s4 ,hilary by his prayers1 as told by ,s4 ,hilary himself1 shall be related when we speak of that ,saint4 ,honoratus was1 by compulsion1 made to assume the direction of the see of ,arles1 and was consecrated ,bishop in #dbf4 ,he died in the arms of ,s4 ,hilary1 who succeeded him in #dbi4 ,relics1 at ,s4 ,honor1 formerly ,lerins4 ,in art1 he appears expelling serpents from the isle with his staff4 ,s4 ,,james1 ,b4 ,,of ,,the ,,tarantaise4 7#e,,th ,,cent47 ,authority for his life1 a fragmentary life of uncertain date1 published by ,bollandus4 ,james1 of ,asiatic origin1 and a soldier1 was one of the first disciples of ,s4 ,honoratus in his monastic settlement at ,lerins4 ,when ,s4 ,honoratus was appointed ,archbishop of ,arles1 he called ,james to be the first ,bishop of the ,tarantaise1 the valleys of the ,isre and ,arc1 of which ,moutiers is the modern capital1 between the ,graian and ,pennine ,alps4 ,s4 ,james made ,centronum1 or ,moutiers1 the seat of the bishopric1 and there he laboured to convert the people still buried in heathenism4 ,of him is related a story very similar to that told of other ,saints1 viz41 that as his monks were cutting down trees in the forest1 for the construction of his cathedral church1 a bear killed one of the oxen which drew the timber4 ,then the monks fled in consternation to ,s4 ,james1 who went boldly to the bear and said1 ,i1 ,james1 the servant of ,christ1 command thee1 cruel beast1 to bow thy stubborn neck to the yoke1 in place of the ox thou hast slain4 ,then the bear was obedient1 and drew the timber to the church4 ,s4 ,james is also said to have taken an ass's load of pure snow of the mountain in mid-summer1 as a tribute to ,gondecar1 ,king of the ,burgundians1 having nothing else to offer1 when the king had ordered a tax to be levied on all the produce of the land4 ,s4 ,,fursey1 ,,ab4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #fec47 ,roman1 ,donegal1 and ,scottish ,martyrologies1 but ,english on ,march #dth2 ,feb4 #beth is noted in several ,kalendars as the festival of the translation of his relics1 also ,sept4 #bh4 ,a very ancient life of ,s4 ,fursey1 of the date of ,bede1 exists2 later and more prolix lives exist1 but are of less authority4 ,bede himself relates the principal events of the life of this ,saint in his history1 and quotes the above-mentioned life1 lib4 iii4 c4 #ai4 ,fursey1 son of ,fintan1 an ,irish prince1 was abbot of a monastery in the diocese of ,tuam4 ,afterwards1 travelling with two of his brothers1 ,fullan and ,ultan1 through ,england1 he entered the province of ,essex1 and was honourably received by the king1 ,sigebert1 and performing his usual employment of preaching the ,gospel1 says ,bede1 by the example of his virtue1 and the efficacy of his discourse1 he converted many unbelievers to ,christ1 and confirmed in faith and love those that already believed4 ,here he fell into some infirmity of body1 and was thought worthy to see a vision from ,god2 in which he was admonished diligently to proceed in the ministry of the ,word1 and indefatigably to continue his usual vigils and prayers4 ,being confirmed by this vision1 he applied himself with all speed to build a monastery on the ground which had been given him by ,king ,sigebert1 and to establish regular discipline therein4 ,the monastery was pleasantly situated in the woods1 and with the sea not far off2 it was built within the area of a castle called ,cnobheresburg 7,burghcastle1 in ,suffolk47 ,there1 falling sick1 he fell into a trance1 and quitting his body from evening till cock-crow1 he was found worthy to behold the choirs of angels1 and to hear the praises which are sung in heaven4 ,the abbot ,fursey1 becoming desirous of ridding himself of all business of this world1 quitted his monastery1 having first confided the care of it to his brother ,fullan2 and resolved to end his life as a hermit4 ,he repaired to his brother ,ultan1 who had already adopted the life of a solitary1 and lived a whole year with him in prayer and hard labour4 ,afterwards1 the province being desolated by war1 he crossed the sea to ,france1 and was there honourably entertained by ,clovis1 ,king of the ,franks1 and then by the noble ,erconwald4 ,he built a monastery at ,lagny1 about six miles north of ,paris1 on the ,marne1 and falling sick not long after1 departed this life4 ,erconwald took his body1 and deposited it in the porch of a church he was building in his town of ,peronne1 till the church itself should be dedicated4 ,this happened twenty-seven days after1 and the body being taken from the porch to be re-buried1 near the altar1 was found as entire as if he had but just died4 ,fursey in ,french is ,fourcy1 and in ,flemish ,fro4 ,patron of ,lagny and ,peronne4 ,relics1 at ,peronne4 ,in art1 7#a71 with oxen at his feet1 because his body was placed on a wagon1 and the oxen allowed to conduct it without guide1 and they went to ,peronne2 or 7#b71 making a fountain spring up at ,lagny1 by thrusting his staff into the soil2 or beholding a vision1 7#c71 of angels1 or 7#d71 of the flames of purgatory and hell1 in reference to his remarkable vision4#fj ,s4 ,,henry1 ,h4 ,,in ,,northumberland4 7,a4,d4 #aabg47 ,english ,martyrologies4 ,his life in ,capgrave4 ,s4 ,henry was of ,danish origin4 ,leaving his parents and wife1 he resolved to serve ,god in solitude1 and escaped to ,coquet ,island1 off the coast of ,northumberland4 ,his relatives came after him1 urging him to return to his home2 then1 in an agony of doubt1 he cast himself before his crucifix1 and implored ,god to reveal to him what was ,his will4 ,then it seemed to him that the ,saviour said to him1 ,abide here1 play the man1 and strengthen thine heart to resist4 ,i have called thee in mine eternal purpose4 ,so he remained1 and laboured in the islet1 and a few brethren joined him1 but lived in separate cells4 ,and when he died1 they heard the bell of his little hovel ring violently1 so they ran1 and found him dead1 with the bell rope in his hand1 and the candle by his side was alight4 ,his body was taken to ,tynemouth1 and was buried in the church of the ,blessed ,virgin1 near that of ,s4 ,oswin4 ,,footnotes3 #eh ,s4 ,eucher1 ,de laude ,eremi1 p4 #cdb4 #ei ,so far ,montalembert's ,monks of the ,west1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,book ,,iii4 #fj ,there is not space to give an account of ,s4 ,fursey's vision1 which seems to have been the original of ,dante's ,divina ,commedia4 ,january #ag4 ,,ss4 ,,brethren1 ,,speusippus1 ,,eleusippus1 ,,meleusippus1 ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm4 in ,cappadocia4 ,s4 ,,genulph1 ,b4 in ,france1 #crd cent4 ,s4 ,,antony ,,the ,,great1 ,ab4 in ,egypt1 ,a4,d4 #cef4 ,s4 ,,sabine1 ,b4 of ,piacenza1 in ,italy1 #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,nenn1 ,ab4 in ,ulster1 ,ireland1 #fth cent4 ,s4 ,,sulpicius1 ,b4 of ,bourges1 in ,france1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #fdg4 ,s4 ,,mildgytha1 ,v4 in ,kent1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #gcj4 ,s4 ,,ricmer1 ,ab4 at ,le ,mans1 in ,france1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #gjj4 ,,ss4 ,,speusippus1 ,,eleusippus1 ,,meleusippus1 ,,leonilla1 ,,jonilla1 ,,neo ,,and ,,turbo1 ,,mm4 7,,date ,,uncertain47 ,roman ,martyrology and ,greek ,menaea4 ,the relics of these ,saints having been moved to ,langres1 in ,france1 they are sometimes called ,martyrs of ,langres1 and are supposed to have suffered there2 but this is a mistake4 ,a copy of the ,acts of their martyrdom was sent from ,langres by one ,varnahair to ,s4 ,ceraunus1 ,bishop of ,paris1 in the beginning of the #gth century4 ,the original ,acts are said to have been written by ,,ss4 ,neo and ,turbo1 but they have not come down to us without manifest corruption and interpolation4 ,speusippus1 ,eleusippus1 and ,meleusippus were three sons at a birth of a believing mother and a heathen father4 ,they were instructed in the ,christian faith by their aunt1 ,leonilla1 and then1 in boyish enthusiasm1 they rushed from her knee1 where they had been taught1 to demolish the idols in the temples of the city they inhabited4 ,they were taken and burnt in one pyre1 and received the baptism of blood4 ,jonilla1 a woman standing by1 with her little babe in her arms1 cried out1 ,i also am a ,christian1 ,i believe in ,christ1 my ,god and my ,king4 ,then the judge ordered her hands to be bound behind her back1 and that she should be hung by her hair4 ,her husband1 horrified at the sentence1 implored her to save her life for his sake and that of the babe2 but she answered1 ,true1 that ,i gave life to this dear little one1 but it is true also that ,i owe my life to ,god1 and ,i cannot set ,god after my child4 ,leonilla1 the aunt of the brothers1 was executed4 ,then ,neo1 who wrote these ,acts1 closing his tablets1 in which he had inscribed what had taken place1 gave them to his colleague1 ,turbo1 and ran to the image of ,nemesis1 and cast it down1 and stamped on the marble fragments4 ,and when the guardians of the temple saw this1 they seized him and beat and stoned him till he yielded up his soul to ,god4 ,turbo also1 who wrote the victories of these confessors1 not long afterwards suffered martyrdom4 ,with these words the ,acts close4 ,these saintly brothers are called in ,france ,les ,,ss4 ,jaumes1 that is to say ,gemelli1 for ,tergemini2 sometimes ,geaumes4 ,s4 ,,genulph1 ,b4 ,c4 7#c,,rd ,,cent47 ,commemorated on this day at ,cahors1 of which diocese he is regarded as the ,apostle and first ,bishop4 ,he is however mentioned in several ,martyrologies as ,bishop of ,bourges4 ,it is probable that he was a missionary ,bishop without settled see4 ,called in the ,roman ,martyrology1 ,june #agth1 ,gundulph2 same day and name the same in the ,bourges ,breviary1 that being the day of his translation1 ,jan4 #agth1 of his death4 ,his life was written by ,s4 ,sebastus1 three years after the death of ,s4 ,genulph1 but this has not come down to us in its original form4 ,it has1 however1 doubtless formed the basis of a life written about ,a4,d4 #iaj1 published by ,bollandus4 ,genitus and his wife1 ,aclia1 were pious ,christians at ,rome1 serving ,god constantly1 night and day1 and happy in one another's love4 ,but one thing they lacked which grieved them sore1 they had no child4 ,having asked ,god to look upon them and give them a son1 ,he heard their prayer1 and the wife of ,genitus brought forth a man-child1 and they called him ,genulph1 or ,gundulph4 ,at the age of five1 the parents gave him to ,s4 ,sixtus1 ,bishop of ,rome1 to educate him in the knowledge and love of ,god4 ,on the breaking out of the ,decian persecution1 ,s4 ,sixtus ordained ,genulph bishop1 bade him and his father go into ,gaul1 and preach the ,gospel there4 ,s4 ,genulph ever wore a garment of camel's hair1 except when he celebrated the ,holy ,mysteries1 when he was arrayed in soft linen1 and such other shining vestments as pertain to so great a mystery4 ,but when the mystery was celebrated1 he put on him again the rough garb4#fa ,having entered the territory of the ,cadurci1 now called ,cahors1 he preached the word of ,god vehemently1 and wrought many miracles of healing4 ,then he and his father were denounced to the ,governor1 and were beaten and scorched with fire1 but remained constant to the faith1 witnessing a good profession1 so that the ,governor marvelled1 and questioned them about their faith1 and so was brought to a knowledge of the truth2 and he released the confessors from prison1 and they preached boldly1 and multitudes came and were baptized2 so mightily grew the word of ,god and prevailed4 ,and afterwards he left ,cahors1 and went north1 till he came to the country of the ,bituriges1 or ,berry1 and there he took up his residence in a haunted cell1 which all the people of the neighbourhood avoided1 through fear4 ,but ,genulph sprinkled it with holy water1 and signed himself with the cross1 and boldly took up his residence therein1 nor was he troubled by evil spirits4 ,living in this cell1 he laboured diligently with his hands1 cultivating the soil1 and keeping very many cocks and hens4 ,the fame of his sanctity drew others to him1 and he became the head of a community4 ,also many sick came there to be nursed1 and the peasants to be instructed4 ,then ,genulph fed them with the eggs1 and with the hens1 which he killed and roasted4 ,one day a fox came1 and carried off a hen4 ,hearing the noise in the poultry yard1 ,genulph ran out1 and saw the fox stealing away with his prey4 ,then he cried1 ,reynard6 that hen is not thine4 ,wherefore dost thou rob the poor brothers1 who have not injured thee8 ,and the fox let go the hen unhurt4 ,when he was dying1 he exhorted the brethren to wrap him in sack-cloth and bury him outside the church1 for it seemed to him unfitting that the prey of worms and corruption should be placed within the holy tabernacle4 ,s4 ,,antony ,,the ,,great1 ,,ab4 7,a4,d4 #cef47 ,s4 ,antony is famous in the ,east as in the ,west1 and is named in all ,kalendars4 ,his life was written by ,s4 ,athanasius1 and is quite genuine4 ,s4 ,antony is also spoken of at length by ,sozomen1 ,socrates1 ,s4 ,jerome1 ,ruffinus1 ,theodoret1 ,evagrius1 c4 ,the following account is a condensed translation of the life of the great patriarch of monks1 by ,s4 ,athanasius4 ,it is necessarily very much abbreviated4 ,antony was an ,egyptian by race1 born of noble parents1#fb who had a sufficient property of their own3 and as they were ,christians1 he too was ,christianly brought up1 and when a boy was nourished in the house of his parents1 besides whom and his home he knew nought4 ,but when he grew older1 he would not be taught letters1#fc not wishing to mix with other boys2 but all his longing was 7according to what is written of ,jacob7 to dwell simply in his own house4 ,but when his parents took him into the ,lord's house he was not saucy1 as a boy1 nor inattentive as he grew older2 but was subject to his parents1 and attentive to what was read1 turning it to his own account4 ,nor1 again1 did he trouble his parents for various and expensive dainties2 but was content with what he found1 and asked for nothing more4 ,when his parents died1 he was left alone with a little sister1 when he was about eighteen or twenty years of age1 and he took care both of his house and of her4 ,but not six months after their death1 as he was going as usual to the ,lord's house1 and collecting his thoughts1 he meditated1 as he walked1 how the ,apostles had left all and followed the ,saviour2 and how those in the ,acts brought the price of what they had sold1 and laid it at the ,apostles' feet1 to be given away to the poor2 and what1 and how great1 a hope was laid up for them in heaven4 ,with this in his mind he entered the church4 ,and it befell then that the ,gospel was being read2 and he heard how the ,lord had said to the rich man1 ,if thou wilt be perfect1 go1 sell all that thou hast1 and give to the poor2 and come1 follow me1 and thou shalt have treasure in heaven4 ,antony1 therefore1 as if the remembrance of the saints had come to him from ,god1 and as if the lesson had been read on his account1 went forth at once from the ,lord's house1 and gave away to those of his own village the possessions he had inherited from his ancestors 7three hundred plough-lands1 fertile and very fair71 that they might give no trouble either to him or his sister4 ,all his moveables he sold1 and a considerable sum which he received for them he gave to the poor4 ,but having kept back a little for his sister1 when he went again into the ,lord's house1 he heard the ,lord saying in the ,gospel1 ,take no thought for the morrow2 and1 unable to endure any more delay1 he went out and distributed that too to the needy4 ,and having committed his sister to known and faithful virgins1 and given to her wherewith to be educated in a nunnery1 he himself thenceforth devoted himself1 outside his house1 to training2 taking heed to himself1 and using himself severely4 ,for monasteries were not then common in ,egypt1 nor did any monks know the wide desert2 but each1 who wished to take heed to himself1 exercised himself alone1 not far from his own village4 ,there was then1 in the next village1 an old man who had trained himself in a solitary life from his youth4 ,when ,antony saw him1 he emulated him in that which is noble4 ,and first he began to stay outside the village2 and then1 if he heard of any earnest man1 he went to seek him1 and did not return till he had seen him4 ,so dwelling there at first1 he settled his mind neither to look back towards his parents' wealth nor to recollect his relations2 but he put all his longing and all his earnestness on training himself more intensely4 ,for the rest he worked with his hands1 because he had heard1 ,if any man will not work1 neither let him eat2 and of his earnings he spent some on himself and some on the needy4 ,he prayed continually1 because he knew that one ought to pray secretly1 without ceasing4 ,he attended also so much to what was read1 that with him none of the ,scriptures fell to the ground1 but he retained them all1 and for the future his memory served him instead of books4 ,behaving thus1 ,antony was beloved by all2 and submitted truly to the earnest men to whom he used to go4 ,and from each of them he learnt some improvement in his earnestness and his training3 he contemplated the courtesy of one1 and another's assiduity in prayer2 another's freedom from anger2 another's love of mankind3 he took heed to one as he watched2 to another as he studied3 one he admired for his endurance1 another for his fasting and sleeping on the ground2 he laid to heart the meekness of one1 and the long-suffering of another2 and stamped upon his memory the devotion to ,christ and the mutual love which all in common possessed4 ,and thus filled full1 he returned to his own place of training1 gathering to himself what he had got from each1 and striving to show all their qualities in himself4 ,he never emulated those of his own age1 save in what is best2 and did that so as to pain no one1 but make all rejoice over him4 ,and all in the village who loved good1 seeing him thus1 called him the friend of ,god2 and some embraced him as a son1 some as a brother4 ,but the devil1 who hates and envies what is noble1 would not endure such a purpose in a youth3 but attempted against him all that he is wont to do2 suggesting to him the remembrance of his wealth1 care for his sister1 relation to his kindred1 love of money1 love of glory1 the various pleasures of luxury1 and the other solaces of life2 and then the harshness of virtue1 and its great toil2 and the weakness of his body1 and the length of time2 and altogether raised a great dust-cloud of arguments in his mind1 trying to turn him back from his righteous choice4 ,but when the enemy saw himself to be too weak for ,antony's determination1 then he attacked him with the temptations which he is wont to use against young men2 but ,antony protected his body with faith1 prayers1 and fastings4 ,at last1 when the evil one could not overthrow ,antony even thus1 as if beside himself he appeared to the sight as a black child1 and falling down before him1 no longer tempted him to argue1 but using a human voice1 said1 ,i have deceived many2 ,i have cast down many4 ,but now ,i have been worsted in the battle4 ,then1 when ,antony asked him1 ,who art thou who speakest thus to me8 he forthwith replied in a pitiable voice1 ,i am the spirit of impurity4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,anthony ,,tortured ,,by ,,demons4 ,from the ,design by ,martin ,schonguer4 ,jan4 #ag4 ,this was ,antony's first struggle against the devil3 or rather this mighty deed in him was the ,saviour's1 who condemned sin in the flesh that the righteousness of the ,lord should be fulfilled in us1 who walk not after the flesh1 but after the ,spirit4 ,but neither did ,antony1 because the evil one had fallen1 grow careless and despise him2 neither did the enemy1 when worsted by him1 cease from lying in ambush against him4 ,antony ate once a day1 after the setting of the sun1 and sometimes only once in two days1 often even in four2 his food was bread with salt1 his drink nothing but water4 ,when he slept he was content with a rush-mat2 but mostly he lay on the bare ground4 ,he would not anoint himself with oil1 saying that it was more fit for young men to be earnest in training than to seek things which softened the body2 and that they must accustom themselves to labour4 ,so forgetting the past1 he daily1 as if beginning afresh1 took more pains to improve1 saying over to himself continually the ,apostle's words1 ,forgetting what is behind1 stretching forward to what is before4 ,antony then went to the tombs1 which happened to be some way from the village2 and having bidden one of his acquaintances bring him bread at intervals of many days1 he entered one of the tombs1 and1 shutting the door upon himself1 remained there alone4 ,but ,satan1 terrified lest in a little while he should fill the desert with his training1 coming one night with a multitude of daemons1 beat him so much with stripes that he lay speechless from the torture4 ,but by the providence of ,god1 the next day his acquaintance came1 bringing him the loaves4 ,and having opened the door1 and seeing him lying on the ground for dead1 he carried him to the ,lord's house in the village1 and laid him on the ground2 and many of his kinsfolk and the villagers sat round him1 as round a corpse4 ,but about midnight1 ,antony coming to himself1 and waking up1 saw them all sleeping1 and only his acquaintance awake1 and1 nodding to him to approach1 begged him to carry him back to the tomb1 without waking any one4 ,when that was done1 the door was shut1 and he remained as before1 alone inside4 ,and because he could not stand on account of the daemon's blows1 he prayed prostrate4 ,and after his prayer1 he said with a shout1 ,here am ,i1 ,antony3 ,i do not fly from your stripes2 yea1 do your worst1 nothing shall separate me from the love of ,christ4 ,and then he sang1 ,though an host were laid against me1 yet shall not my heart be afraid4 ,so then1 in the night1 the devils made such a crash1 that the whole place seemed shaken1 and the daemons1 as if breaking in the four walls of the room1 seemed to enter through them1 changing themselves into the shapes of beasts and creeping things2 and the place was forthwith filled with shapes of lions1 bears1 leopards1 bulls and snakes1 asps1 scorpions and wolves1 and each of them moved according to his own fashion4 ,the lion roared1 longing to attack2 the bull seemed to toss2 the serpent writhed1 and the wolf rushed upon him2 and altogether the noises of all the apparitions were dreadful4 ,but ,antony lay unshaken and awake in spirit4 ,he groaned at the pain of his body3 but clear in intellect1 and as it were mocking1 he said1 ,if there were any power in you1 it were enough that one of you should come on2 but since the ,lord has made you weak1 therefore you try to frighten me by mere numbers4 ,and a proof of your weakness is1 that you imitate the shapes of brute animals4 ,and taking courage1 he said again1 ,if ye can1 and have received power against me1 delay not1 but attack2 but if ye cannot1 why do ye disturb me in vain8 ,for a seal to us and a wall of safety is our faith in the ,lord4 ,the devils1 having made many efforts1 gnashed their teeth at him1 because he rather mocked at them than they at him4 ,but neither then did the ,lord forget ,antony's wrestling1 but appeared to help him4 ,for1 looking up1 he saw the roof as it were opened1 and a ray of light coming down towards him4 ,the devils suddenly became invisible1 and the pain of his body forthwith ceased1 and the building became quite whole4 ,but ,antony1 feeling the succour1 and getting his breath again1 and freed from pain1 questioned the vision which appeared1 saying1 ,where wert thou8 ,why didst thou not appear to me from the first1 to stop my pangs8 ,and a voice came to him1 ,antony1 ,i was here1 but ,i waited to see thy fight4 ,therefore1 since thou hast withstood1 and hast not been worsted1 ,i will be to thee always a succour1 and will make thee become famous everywhere4 ,hearing this1 he rose and prayed1 and was so strong1 that he felt that he had more power in his body than he had before4 ,he was then about thirty-and-five years old4 ,and on the morrow he went out1 and was yet more eager for devotion to ,god2 and1 going to that old man aforesaid1 he asked him to dwell with him in the desert4 ,but when he declined1 because of his age1 and because no such custom had yet arisen1 he himself straightway set off to the mountain4 ,but the fiend cast in his way a great silver plate4 ,but ,antony1 perceiving the trick of him who hates what is noble1 stopped4 ,and he judged the plate worthless2 and said1 ,whence comes a plate in the desert8 ,this is no beaten way4 ,had it fallen1 it could not have been unperceived1 from its great size2 and besides1 he who lost it would have turned back and found it1 because the place is desert4 ,this is a trick of the devil4 ,thou shalt not hinder1 devil1 my determination by this3 let it go with thee into perdition4 ,then again he saw gold lying in the way as he came up4 ,antony1 wondering at the abundance of it1 stepped over it and never turned1 but ran on in haste1 until he had lost sight of the place4 ,and growing even more and more intense in his determination1 he rushed up the mountain1 and finding an empty enclosure full of creeping things1 on account of its age1 he dwelt in it4 ,the creeping things straightway left the place3 but he blocked up the entry1 having taken with him loaves for six months 7for the ,thebans do this1 and they often remain a whole year fresh71 and having water with him1 entering1 as into a sanctuary1 he remained alone1 never going forth1 and never looking at any one who came4 ,thus he passed a long time there training himself1 and only twice a year received loaves1 let down from above through the roof4 ,but those of his acquaintance who came to him1 as they often remained days and nights outside 7for he did not allow any one to enter71 used to hear as it were crowds inside clamouring1 thundering1 lamenting1 crying1 ,depart from our ground4 ,what dost thou even in the desert8 ,thou canst not abide our onset4 ,at first those without thought that there were some men fighting with him1 and that they had got in by ladders3 but when1 peeping in through a crack1 they saw no one1 then they took for granted that they were devils4 ,his acquaintances came up continually1 expecting to find him dead1 and heard him singing1 ,let ,god arise1 and let his enemies be scattered2 let them also that hate ,him flee before ,him4 ,like as the wax melteth at the fire1 so let the ungodly perish at the presence of ,god4 ,and again1 ,all nations compassed me round about1 but in the name of the ,lord will ,i destroy them4 ,he endured this for twenty years1 training himself alone2 neither going forth1 nor being seen by any one for long periods of time4 ,but after this1 when many longed for him1 and wished to imitate his training1 and others who knew him came1 and would have burst in the door by force1 ,antony came forth1 as from some inner shrine1 initiated into the mysteries of ,god4 ,and when they saw him they wondered2 for his body had neither grown fat1 nor waxed lean from fasting1 but he was just such as they had known him before his retirement4 ,they wondered again at the purity of his soul1 because it was neither contracted1 as if by grief1 nor relaxed by pleasure1 nor possessed by laughter or by depression2 for he was neither troubled at beholding the crowd1 nor over-joyful at being saluted by too many2 but was altogether equal1 as being governed by reason1 and standing on that which is according to nature4 ,many sufferers in body1 who were present1 did the ,lord heal by him4 ,and ,he gave to ,antony grace in speaking1 so that he comforted many who grieved1 and reconciled others who were at variance1 exhorting all to prefer nothing in the world to the love of ,christ1 and persuading and exhorting them to be mindful of the good things to come1 and of the love of ,god towards us1 who spared not ,his own ,son1 but delivered ,him up for us all4 ,he persuaded many to choose the solitary life2 and so1 thenceforth1 cells sprang up in the mountains1 and the desert was colonized by monks4 ,but when he returned to the cell1 he persisted in the noble labours of his youth2 and by continued exhortations he increased the willingness of those who were already monks1 and stirred to love of training the greater number of the rest2 and quickly1 as his speech drew men on1 the cells became more numerous2 and he governed them all as a father4 ,the cells in the mountains were like tents filled with divine choirs1 singing1 discoursing1 fasting1 praying1 rejoicing over the hope of the future1 working that they might give alms thereof1 and having love and concord with each other4 ,and there was really to be seen1 as it were1 a land by itself1 of piety and justice2 for there was none there who did wrong1 or suffered wrong2 but a multitude of men training themselves1 and in all of them a mind set on virtue4 ,after these things1 the persecution which happened under the ,maximinus of that time1#fd laid hold of the ,church2 and when the holy martyrs were brought to ,alexandria1 ,antony too followed1 leaving his cell1 and saying1 ,let us depart too1 that we may wrestle if we be called1 or see them wrestling4 ,and he longed to be a martyr himself1 but1 not choosing to give himself up1 he ministered to the confessors in the mines1 and in the prisons4 ,and he was very earnest in the judgment-hall to excite the readiness of those who were called upon to wrestle2 and to receive and bring on their way1 till they were perfected1 those of them who went to martyrdom4 ,at last the judge1 seeing the fearlessness and earnestness of him and those who were with him1 commanded that none of the monks should appear in the judgment-hall1 or haunt at all in the city4 ,so all the rest thought good to hide themselves that day2 but ,antony cared so little for the order1 that he washed his cloak1 and stood next day upon a high place1 and appeared to the ,governor in shining white4 ,therefore1 when all the rest wondered1 and the ,governor saw him1 and passed by with his array1 he stood fearless4 ,he himself prayed to be a martyr1 and was like one grieved1 because he had not borne his witness4 ,but the ,lord was preserving him for our benefit1 and that of the rest1 that he might become a teacher to many in the training which he had learnt from ,scripture4 ,for many1 when they only saw his manner of life1 were eager to emulate it4 ,so he again ministered continually to the confessors2 and1 as if bound with them1 wearied himself in his services4 ,and when at last the persecution ceased1 and the blessed ,bishop ,peter had been martyred1 he left the city1 and went back to his cell4 ,and he was there1 day by day1 a martyr in his conscience1 and wrestling in the conflict of faith2 for he imposed on himself a much more severe training than before2 and his garment was within of hair1 without of skin1 which he kept till his end4 ,when1 then1 he retired1 and had resolved neither to go forth himself1 nor to receive any one1 one ,martinian1 a captain of soldiers1 came and gave trouble to ,antony4 ,for he had with him his daughter1 who was possessed by a devil4 ,and while he remained a long time knocking at the door1 and expecting him to come to pray to ,god for the child1 ,antony could not bear to open1 but leaning from above1 said1 ,man1 why criest thou to me8 ,i1 too1 am a man1 as thou art4 ,but if thou believest1 pray to ,god1 and it shall come to pass4 ,forthwith1 therefore1 he believed1 and called on ,christ2 and went away1 his daughter made whole4 ,most of the sufferers1 when he did not open the door1 sat down outside the cell1 and praying1 were cleansed4 ,but when he saw himself troubled by many1 and not being permitted to retire1 as he wished1 being afraid lest he himself should be puffed up by what the ,lord was doing by him1 or lest others should count of him above what he was1 he resolved to go to the ,upper ,thebaid1 to those who knew him not4 ,and1 in fact1 having taken loaves from the brethren1 he sat down on the bank of the river1 watching for a boat to pass1 that he might embark and go up in it4 ,and as he watched1 a voice came to him3 ,antony1 whither art thou going1 and why8 ,and he1 not terrified1 but as one accustomed to be often called thus1 answered when he heard it1 ,because the crowds will not let me be at rest2 therefore am ,i minded to go up to the ,upper ,thebaid1 on account of the many annoyances which befall me2 and above all1 because they ask of me things beyond my strength4 ,and the voice said to him1 ,even if thou goest up to the ,thebaid1 even if1 as thou art minded to do1 thou goest down to the cattle pastures1#fe thou wilt have to endure more2 but if thou wilt really be at rest1 go now into the inner desert4 ,and when ,antony said1 ,who will show me the way1 for ,i have not tried it8 forthwith he was shown ,saracens who were going to journey that road4 ,so1 going to them1 and drawing near them1 ,antony asked leave to depart with them into the desert4 ,they willingly received him2 and1 journeying three days and three nights with them1 he came to a very high mountain2#ff and there was water under the mountain1 clear1 sweet1 and very cold1 and a plain outside2 and a few neglected date-palms4 ,then ,antony1 as if stirred by ,god1 loved the spot4 ,having received bread from those who journeyed with him1 he remained alone in the mount1 no one else being with him4 ,for he recognized that place as his own home1 and kept it thenceforth4 ,and the ,saracens themselves seeing ,antony's readiness1 came that way on purpose1 and joyfully brought him loaves2 and he had1 too1 the solace of the dates1 which were then small and paltry4 ,but after this1 the brethren1 having found out the spot1 like children remembering their father1 were anxious to send things to him2 but ,antony saw that1 in bringing him bread1 some were put to trouble and fatigue2 so he asked some who came to him to bring him a hoe and a hatchet1 and a little corn2 and when these were brought1 having gone over the land round the mountain1 he found a very narrow place which was suitable1 and tilled it2 and1 having plenty of water to irrigate it1 he sowed2 and1 doing this year by year1 he got his bread from thence1 rejoicing that he should be burdensome to no one on that account4 ,but after this1 seeing again some people coming1 he planted also a very few pot-herbs1 that he who came might have some small solace1 after the labour of that hard journey4 ,at first1 however1 the wild beasts in the desert1 coming on account of the water1 often hurt his crops and his tillage2 but he1 gently laying hold of one of them1 said to them all1 ,why do you hurt me1 who have not hurt you8 ,depart1 and1 in the name of the ,lord1 never come near this place4 ,and from that time forward1 as if they were afraid of his command1 they never came near the place4 ,so he was there alone in the inner mountain1 having leisure for prayer and for training4 ,but the brethren who ministered to him asked him that they might bring him olives1 and pulse1 and oil every month2 for1 after all1 he was old4 ,being once asked by the monks to come down to them1 and to visit them and their places1 he journeyed with the monks who came for him4 ,a camel carried their loaves and their water1 for that desert is all dry1 and there is no drinkable water except in that mountain where his cell is4 ,but when the water failed on the journey1 and the heat was most intense1 they all began to be in danger2 for finding no water1 they could walk no more1 but lay down on the ground1 and they let the camel go1 and gave themselves up4 ,then the old man1 seeing them in danger1 was grieved1 and departing a little way from them1 he bent his knees1 and stretching out his hands1 he prayed1 and forthwith the ,lord caused water to come out where he had stopped and prayed4 ,thus all of them drinking1 took breath again2 and having filled their skins1 they sought the camel1 and found her2 for it befell that the halter had been twisted round a stone1 and thus she had been stopped4 ,so1 having brought her back1 and given her to drink1 they put the skins on her1 and went through their journey unharmed4 ,and when they came to the outer cells1 all embraced him1 looking on him as a father4 ,and there was joy again in the mountains1 and comfort through their faith in each other4 ,and he too rejoiced1 seeing the willingness of the monks1 and his sister grown old in maidenhood1 and herself the leader of other virgins4 ,and so1 after certain days1 he went back again to his own mountain4 ,and after that many came to him2 and others1 who suffered1 dared also to come4 ,now to all the monks who came to him he gave continually this command3 ,to trust in the ,lord and love ,him1 and to keep themselves from foul thoughts and fleshly pleasures2 and not to be deceived by fulness of bread2 and to avoid vainglory2 and to pray continually2 and to sing before sleep and after sleep2 and to lay by in their hearts the commandments of ,scripture2 and to remember the works of the ,saints1 in order to have their souls attuned to emulate them4 ,but especially he counselled them to meditate continually on the ,apostle's saying1 ,let not the sun go down upon your wrath2 and this he said was spoken of all commandments in common1 in order that1 not on wrath alone1 but on every other sin1 the sun should never go down2 for it was noble and necessary that the sun should never condemn us for a baseness by day1 nor the moon for a sin or even a thought by night2 therefore1 in order that that which is noble may be preserved in us1 it was good to hear and to keep what the ,apostle commanded3 for he said1 ,judge yourselves1 and prove yourselves4 ,let each then take account with himself1 day by day1 of his daily and nightly deeds2 and if he has not sinned1 let him not boast1 but let him endure in what is good and not be negligent1 neither condemn his neighbour1 neither justify himself until the ,lord comes who searches secret things4 ,for we often deceive ourselves in what we do4 ,giving therefore the judgment to ,him1 let us sympathize with each other2 and let us bear each other's burdens1 and examine ourselves2 and what we are behind in1 let us be eager to fill up4 ,and let this1 too1 be our counsel for safety against sinning4 ,let us each note and write down the deeds and motions of the soul as if we were about to relate them to another2 and be confident that as we shall be utterly ashamed that they should be known1 we shall cease from sinning1 and even from desiring anything mean4 ,as therefore1 when in each other's sight we dare not commit a crime1 so if we write down our thoughts1 and confess them1 we shall keep ourselves the more from foul thoughts1 for shame lest they should be known4 ,and thus forming ourselves we shall be able to bring the body into slavery1 and please the ,lord on the one hand1 and on the other trample on the snares of the enemy4 ,this was his exhortation to those who met him3 but with those who suffered he suffered1 and prayed with them4 ,and those who suffered he exhorted to keep up heart1 and to know that the power of cure was none of his1 nor of any man's2 but only belonged to ,god1 who works when and whatsoever ,he chooses4 ,so the sufferers received this as a remedy1 learning not to despise the old man's words1 but rather to keep up heart2 and those who were cured1 learned not to bless ,antony1 but ,god alone4 ,but when two brethren were coming to him1 and water failed them on the journey1 one of them died1 and the other was about to die4 ,in fact1 being no longer able to walk1 he too lay upon the ground expecting death4 ,but ,antony1 as he sat on the mountain1 called two monks who happened to be there1 and hastened them1 saying1 ,take a pitcher of water1 and run on the road towards ,egypt2 for of two who are coming hither one has just expired1 and the other will do so if you do not hasten4 ,for this has been showed to me as ,i prayed4 ,so the monks1 going1 found the one lying dead1 and buried him2 and the other they recovered with the water1 and brought him to the old man4 ,now the distance was a day's journey4 ,but this alone in ,antony was wonderful1 that sitting on the mountain he kept his heart watchful1 and the ,lord showed him things afar off4 ,and concerning those who came to him1 he often predicted some days1 or even a month1 beforehand1 and the cause why they were coming4 ,for some came only to see him1 and others on account of sickness1 and all thought the labour of the journey no trouble1 for each went back aware that he had been benefited4 ,but how tolerant was his temper1 and how humble his spirit6 for though he was so great1 he wished to put every ecclesiastic before himself in honour4 ,for to the bishops and priests he bowed his head2 and if a deacon came to him1 he discoursed with him on what was profitable1 but in prayer he gave place to him4 ,he often asked questions1 and deigned to listen to all present1 confessing that he was profited if any one said aught that was useful4 ,moreover1 his countenance had great and wonderful grace2 and this gift too he had from the ,saviour4 ,for if he was present among the multitude of monks1 and any one who did not previously know him wished to see him1 as soon as he came1 he passed by all the rest1 and ran to ,antony himself1 as if attracted by his eyes4 ,he did not differ from the rest in stature or in stoutness1 but in the steadiness of his temper1 and the purity of his soul2 for as his soul was undisturbed1 his outward senses were undisturbed likewise1 so that the cheerfulness of his soul made his face cheerful4 ,and he was altogether wonderful in faith1 and pious1 for he never communicated with the ,meletian#fg schismatics1 knowing their malice and apostasy from the beginning2 nor did he converse amicably with ,manichaeans or any other heretics1 save only to exhort them to be converted to piety4 ,for he held that their friendship and converse was injury and ruin to the soul4 ,so also he detested the heresy of the ,arians1 and exhorted all not to approach them1 nor hold their misbelief4#fh ,being sent for by the bishops and all the brethren1 he went down from the mountain1 and entering ,alexandria1 he denounced the ,arians1 teaching the people that the ,son of ,god was not a created thing1 but that ,he is the ,eternal ,word and ,wisdom of the ,essence of the ,father4 ,wherefore he said1 ,do not have any communication with these most impious ,arians2 for there is no communion between light and darkness4 ,for you are pious ,christians3 but they1 when they say that the ,son of ,god1 who is from the ,father1 is a created being1 differ nought from the heathen1 because they worship the creature instead of the ,creator4 ,all the people therefore rejoiced at hearing that heresy anathematized by such a man2 and all those in the city ran together to see ,antony2 and the ,greeks1#fi and those who are called their priests1 came into the church1 wishing to see the man of ,god4 ,and many heathens wished to touch the old man1 believing that it would be of use to them2 and in fact as many became ,christians in those few days as would have been usually converted in a year4 ,and when some thought that the crowd troubled him1 he quietly said that they were not more numerous than the fiends with whom he wrestled on the mountain4 ,but when he left the city1 and we were setting him on his journey1 when we came to the gate1 a certain woman called to him3 ,wait1 man of ,god1 my daughter is grievously vexed with a devil2 wait1 ,i beseech thee1 lest ,i too harm myself with running after thee4 ,the old man hearing it1 and being asked by us1 waited willingly4 ,but when the woman drew near1 the child dashed itself on the ground2 and when ,antony prayed and called on the name of ,christ1 it rose up sound1 the unclean spirit having gone out2 and the mother blessed ,god1 and we all gave thanks3 and he himself rejoiced at leaving the city for the mountain1 as for his own home4 ,now he was very prudent2 and what was wonderful1 though he had never learnt letters1 he was a shrewd and understanding man4 ,when some philosophers met him in the outer mountain1 and thought to mock him1 because he had not learnt letters1 ,antony answered1 ,which is first1 the sense or the letters8 ,and1 which is the cause of the other1 the sense of the letters1 or the letters of the sense8 ,and when they said that the sense came first1 ,antony replied1 ,if then the sense be sound1 the letters are not needed4 ,so they went away wondering1 when they saw so much understanding in an unlearned man4 ,for though he had lived1 and grown old1 in the mountain1 his manners were not rustic1 but graceful and courteous2 and his speech was seasoned with the divine salt4 ,the fame of ,antony reached even the kings1 for ,constantine1 and his sons1 ,constantius and ,constans1 hearing of these things1 wrote to him as to a father1 and begged to receive an answer from him4 ,but he did not make much of the letters1 nor was puffed up by their messages2 and he was just the same as he was before the kings wrote to him4 ,and he called his monks and said1 ,wonder not if a king writes to us1 for he is but a man3 but wonder rather that ,god has written ,his law to man1 and spoken to us by ,his own ,son4 ,so he declined to receive their letters1 saying he did not know how to write an answer to such things2 but being admonished by the monks that the kings were ,christians1 and that they must not be scandalized by being despised1 he permitted the letters to be read1 and wrote an answer2 accepting them because they worshipped ,christ1 and counselling them1 for their salvation1 not to think the present life great1 but rather to remember judgment to come2 and to know that ,christ was the only true and eternal king2 and he begged them to be merciful to men1 and to think of justice and the poor4 ,and they1 when they received the answer1 rejoiced4 ,thus was he kindly towards all1 and all looked on him as their father4 ,he then betook himself again into the inner mountain1 and continued his accustomed training4 ,but often1 when he was sitting and walking with those who came unto him1 he was astounded1 as is written in ,daniel4 ,and after the space of an hour1 he told what had befallen to the brethren who were with him1 and they perceived that he had seen some vision4 ,often he saw in the mountain what was happening in ,egypt1 and once he told what he had seen1 to ,serapion the ,bishop1 who saw him occupied with a vision4 ,for as he sat1 he fell as it were into an ecstasy1 and groaned much at what he saw4 ,then1 after an hour1 turning to those who were with him1 he fell into a trembling1 and rose up and prayed1 and bending his knees1 remained so a long while2 and then the old man rose up and wept4 ,the bystanders1 therefore1 trembling and altogether terrified1 asked him to tell them what had happened1 and they tormented him so much1 that he was forced to speak4 ,and he groaning greatly--,ah6 my children1 he said1 it were better to be dead than to live and behold the things that ,i have seen shall come to pass4 ,and when they asked him again1 he said with tears1 that ,wrath will seize on the ,church1 and she will be given over to men like unto brutes1 which have no understanding2 for ,i saw the table of the ,lord's house1 and mules standing all around it in a ring and kicking inwards1 as a herd does when it leaps in confusion2 and ye all perceived how ,i groaned1 for ,i heard a voice saying1 ',my sanctuary shall be defiled4' ,this the old man saw1 and after two years there befell the present inroad of the ,arians1#gj and the plunder of the churches1 when they carried off the holy vessels by violence1 and made the heathen carry them3 and when too they forced the heathens from the prisons to join them1 and in their presence did on the ,holy ,table what they would4#ga ,then we all perceived that the kicks of those mules foreshadowed to ,antony what the ,arians are now doing1 without understanding1 as brute beasts4 ,but when ,antony saw this sight1 he exhorted those about him1 saying1 ,lose not heart1 children2 for as the ,lord has been angry1 so will ,he again be appeased1 and the ,church shall soon receive again her own order and shine forth as she is wont2 and ye shall see the persecuted restored to their place1 and impiety retreating again into its own dens1 and the pious faith speaking boldly everywhere with all freedom4 ,only defile not yourselves with the ,arians1 for this teaching is not of the ,apostle1 but of their father the devil2 barren and irrational like the deeds of those mules4 ,all the magistrates asked him to come down from the mountain1 that they might see him1 because it was impossible for them to go in thither to him4 ,and when he declined1 they insisted1 and even sent to him prisoners under the charge of soldiers1 that at least on their account he might come down4 ,so being forced by necessity1 and seeing them lamenting1 he came to the outer mountain4 ,and his labour this time too was profitable to many1 and his coming for their good4 ,to the magistrates1 he was of use1 counselling them to prefer justice to all things1 and to fear ,god1 and to know that with what judgment they judged they should be judged in turn4 ,but he loved best of all his life in the mountain4 ,once again1 when he was compelled in the same way to leave it1 by those who were in want1 and by the general of the soldiers1 who entreated him earnestly1 he came down1 and having spoken to them somewhat of the things which conduced to salvation1 he was pressed also by those who were in need4 ,but being asked by the general to lengthen his stay1 he refused1 and persuaded him by a graceful parable1 saying1 ,fishes1 if they lie long on the dry land1 die2 so monks who stay with you lose their strength4 ,as the fishes then hasten to the sea1 so must we to the mountain1 lest if we delay we should forget what is within4 ,another general1 named ,balacius1 bitterly persecuted us ,christians on account of his affection for those abominable ,arians4 ,his cruelty was so great that he even beat nuns1 and stripped and scourged monks4 ,antony sent him a letter to this effect3--,i see wrath coming upon thee4 ,cease1 therefore1 to persecute the ,christians1 lest the wrath lay hold upon thee1 for it is near at hand4 ,but ,balacius1 laughing1 threw the letter on the ground1 and spat on it2 and insulted those who brought it1 bidding them tell ,antony1 ,since thou carest for monks1 ,i will soon come after thee likewise4 ,and not five days had passed1 when the wrath laid hold on him4 ,for ,balacius himself1 and ,nestorius1 the ,eparch of ,egypt1 went out to the first station from ,alexandria1 which is called ,chaereas's4 ,both of them were riding on horses belonging to ,balacius1 and the most gentle in all his stud3 but before they had got to the place1 the horses began playing with each other1 as is their wont1 and suddenly the more gentle of the two1 on which ,nestorius was riding1 attacked ,balacius and pulled him off with his teeth1 and so tore his thigh that he was carried back to the city1 and died in three days4 ,but the rest who came to ,antony he so instructed that they gave up at once their lawsuits1 and blessed those who had retired from this life4 ,and those who had been unjustly used he so protected1 that you would think he1 and not they1 was the sufferer4 ,and he was able to be of use to all2 so that many who were serving in the army1 and many wealthy men1 laid aside the burdens of life and became thenceforth monks2 and altogether he was like a physician given by ,god to ,egypt4 ,for who met him grieving1 and did not go away rejoicing8 ,who came mourning over his dead1 and did not forthwith lay aside his grief8 ,who came wrathful1 and was not converted to friendship8 ,what poor man came wearied out1 and1 when he saw and heard him1 did not despise wealth and comfort himself in his poverty8 ,what monk1 who had grown remiss1 was not strengthened by coming to him8 ,what young man coming to the mountain and looking upon ,antony1 did not forthwith renounce pleasure and love temperance8 ,who came to him tempted by devils1 and did not get rest8 ,who came troubled by doubts1 and did not get peace of mind8 ,for this was the great thing in ,antony's asceticism1 that 7as ,i have said before71 having the gift of discerning spirits1 he understood their movements1 and knew in what direction each of them turned his endeavours and his attacks4 ,and not only he was not deceived by them himself1 but he taught those who were troubled in mind how they might turn aside the plots of devils1 teaching them the weakness and the craft of their enemies4 ,how many maidens1 too1 who had been already betrothed1 and only saw ,antony from afar1 remained unmarried for ,christ's sake6 ,some1 too1 came from foreign parts to him1 and all1 having gained some benefit1 went back from him as from a father4 ,he was visiting1 according to his wont1 the monks in the outer mountain1 and having learned from ,providence concerning his own end1 he said to the brethren1 ,this visit to you is my last1 and ,i wonder if we shall see each other again in this life4 ,it is time for me to set sail1 for ,i am near a hundred and five years old4 ,and when they heard that1 they wept1 and kissed the old man4 ,and he1 as if he were setting out from a foreign city to his own1 spoke joyfully1 and exhorted them not to grow idle in their labours1 or cowardly in their training1 but to live as those who died daily4 ,and when the brethren tried to force him to stay with them and make his end there1 he would not endure it1 on many accounts1 as he showed by his silence2 and especially on this3--,the ,egyptians are wont to wrap in linen the corpses of good persons1 and especially of the holy martyrs1 but not to bury them underground1 but to lay them upon benches and keep them in their houses2#gb thinking that by this they honour the departed4 ,now ,antony had often asked the bishops to exhort the people about this1 and1 in like manner1 he himself rebuked the laity and terrified the women2 saying that it was a thing neither lawful1 nor in any way holy2 for that the bodies of the patriarchs and prophets are to this day preserved in sepulchres1 and that the very body of our ,lord was laid in a sepulchre1 and a stone placed over it to hide it1 till ,he rose the third day4 ,and thus saying1 he showed that those broke the law who did not bury the corpses of the dead1 even if they were saints2 for what is greater or more holy than the ,lord's body8 ,many1 then1 when they heard him1 buried their dead thenceforth underground2 and blessed the ,lord that they had been taught rightly4 ,being then aware of this1 and afraid lest they should do the same by his body1 he hurried himself1 and bade farewell to the monks in the outer mountain2 and coming to the inner mountain1 where he was wont to abide1 after a few months he grew sick1 and calling those who were by--and there were two of them who had remained there within fifteen years1 he said to them1 ,i indeed go the way of the fathers1 as it is written1 for ,i perceive that ,i am called by the ,lord4 ,promise to bury me secretly1 so that no one shall know the place1 save you alone1 for ,i shall receive my body incorruptible from my ,saviour at the resurrection of the dead4 ,and distribute my garments thus4 ,to ,athanasius1 the bishop1 give one of my sheepskins1 and the cloak under me1 which was new when he gave it me1 and has grown old by me2 and to ,serapion1 the bishop1 give the other sheepskin2 and do you have the hair-cloth garment4 ,and for the rest1 children1 farewell1 for ,antony is going1 and is with you no more4 ,saying this1 when they had embraced him1 he stretched out his feet1 and1 as if he saw friends coming to him1 and grew joyful on their account 7for1 as he lay1 his countenance was bright71 he departed and was gathered to his fathers4 ,and they forthwith1 as he had commanded them1 preparing the body and wrapping it up1 hid it under ground3 and no one knows to this day where it is hidden1 save those two servants only4 ,in art1 ,s4 ,antony appears 7#a71 with a hog which has a bell attached to its neck4 ,sometimes1 however1 ,s4 ,antony holds the bell4 ,he was regarded as the ,patron of the ,hospitallers2 and when ordinances were passed forbidding the poor from allowing their swine to run loose about the streets1 as they were often in the way of horses1 an exception was made in favour of the pigs of the hospitallers1 on consideration of their wearing a bell round their necks4 ,but it is possible that this did not originate the symbol1 but that rather1 on account of the hog being the symbol of ,s4 ,antony1 the ,antonine ,hospitallers were allowed to preserve theirs1 and that the hog represents the flesh which ,s4 ,antony controlled1 and the bell is a common symbol of hermits2 7#b71 he is represented with his peculiar cross4 ,the cross of ,s4 ,antony is a crutch1 or the ,egyptian cross1 like the letter ,t4 ,s4 ,,sabine1 ,b4 ,,of ,,piacenza4 7,,end ,,of #d,,th ,,cent47 ,authorities3 ,roman ,martyrology and the ,dialogues of ,s4 ,gregory the ,great1 lib4 ,,iii41 c4 #aj4 ,s4 ,sabine or ,savine1 was of ,roman origin2 he was made ,bishop of ,piacenza in ,italy1 and was present at the great ,council of ,nicaea1 and also at that of ,aquileija4 ,s4 ,gregory relates of him1 that on one occasion the river ,po had overflowed its banks1 and was devastating the church lands4 ,then ,sabine said to his deacon1 ,go and say to the river1 ',the ,bishop commands thee to abate thy rage1 and return into thy bed4' ,but the deacon refused to go1 thinking he was sent on a fool's errand4 ,therefore ,sabine said to his notary1 ,write on a strip of parchment these words1 ,sabine1 servant of the ,lord ,jesus ,christ to the river ,po1 greeting3--,i command thee1 ,o river1 to return into thy bed1 and do no more injury to the lands of the church1 in the name of ,jesus ,christ1 our common ,lord4 ,and when the notary had thus written1 the ,bishop said1 ,go1 cast this into the river4 ,and he did so2 then the flood abated1 and the ,po returned within its banks1 as aforetime4 ,after having governed his diocese forty-five years1 he died on ,december #aath1 and was buried in the church of the ,twelve ,apostles1 but now known as the church of ,s4 ,savine1 on ,jan4 #agth4 ,s4 ,,mildgytha1 ,v4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #gcj47 ,mildgytha1 ,mildwitha1 ,milgith or ,milwith1 as she is variously called1 is commemorated in the ,english ,kalendars4 ,nothing more is known of ,s4 ,mildgytha than that she was the youngest sister of ,s4 ,mildred and ,s4 ,milburgh1 and daughter of ,s4 ,ermenburga and ,merewald1 ,prince of ,mercia1 who was the son of the terrible ,penda1 the great enemy of ,christianity in ,mid-,england4 ,mildgytha1 like her sisters1 took the veil1 and died a nun at ,canterbury4 ,illustration3 ,the ,chair of ,s4 ,peter in the ,vatican4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,peter',s ,,commission1 ,,feed ,,my ,,flock4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,apostolic ,,succession4 ,jan4 #ah4 ,,footnotes3 #fa ,vita1 ex duobus veteribus ,,mss41 ,bolland4 ,,ii4 p4 #hc #fb ,he is said to have been born at ,coma1 near ,heracleia1 in ,middle ,egypt1 ,a4 ,d4 #bea4 #fc ,seemingly the ,greek language and literature4 #fd ,a4,d4 #cja4 ,galerius ,valerius ,maximinus 7his real name was ,daza7 had been a shepherd-lad in ,illyria1 like his uncle ,galerius ,valerius ,maximianus2 and rose1 like him1 through the various grades of the army to be co-,emperor of ,rome1 over ,syria1 ,egypt1 and ,asia ,minor2 a furious persecutor of the ,christians1 and a brutal and profligate tyrant4 ,such were the kings of the world from whom those old monks fled4 #fe ,the lonely alluvial flats at the mouths of the ,nile4 ,below the cliffs1 beside the sea1 as one describes them4 #ff ,now the monastery of ,deir ,antonios1 over the ,wady el ,arabah1 between the ,nile and the ,red ,sea1 where ,antony's monks endure to this day4 #fg ,meletius1 ,bishop of ,lycopolis1 was the author of an obscure schism calling itself the ,church of the ,martyrs1 which refused to communicate with the rest of the ,eastern ,church4 #fh ,arius 7whose most famous and successful opponent was ,athanasius1 the writer of this biography7 maintained that the ,son of ,god was not co-equal and co-eternal with the ,father1 but created by ,him out of nothing1 and before the world4 ,his opinions were condemned in the famous ,council of ,nicaea1 ,a4,d4 #cbe4 #fi ,i4e4 those were still heathens4 #gj ,probably that of ,a4,d4 #cda1 when ,gregory of ,cappadocia1 nominated by the ,arian ,bishops1 who had assembled at the ,council of ,antioch1 expelled ,athanasius from the see of ,alexandria1 and great violence was committed by his followers and by ,philagrius the ,prefect4 ,athanasius meanwhile fled to ,rome4 #ga ,i4e4 celebrated there their own ,communion4 #gb ,evidently the primaeval custom of embalming the dead1 and keeping mummies in the house1 still lingered among the ,egyptians4 ,january #ah4 ,s4 ,,peter',s ,,chair1 at ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #dc4 ,s4 ,,prisca1 ,v4 ,m41 at ,rome1 about ,a4,d4 #ej4 ,,ss4 ,,paul ,,and ,,thirty-,,six ,,companions1 ,,mm41 in ,egypt4 ,,ss4 ,,archelaa1 ,,thecla1 ,,and ,,susanna1 ,v41 ,,mm41 at ,salerno1 in ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #bhe4 ,s4 ,,volusian1 ,b4 ,c4 of ,tours1 in ,france1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #djj4 ,,ss4 ,,liberata ,,and ,,faustina1 ,,vv41 at ,como1 in ,italy1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #ehj4 ,s4 ,,leobard1 ,h41 ,marmoutier1 ,france1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #ehc4 ,s4 ,,deicolus1 ,ab4 of ,lure1 in ,burgundy1 beginning of #gth cent4 ,s4 ,,face1 ,c41 at ,cremona1 in ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #abgb4 ,s4 ,,peter',s ,,chair4 7,a4,d4 #dc47 ,all ancient ,latin ,martyrologies4 ,the commemoration having1 however1 died out1 it was restored by ,pope ,paul ,,iv4 ,the feast of the ,chair of ,s4 ,peter is found in a copy of the ancient ,martyrology1 passing under the name of ,s4 ,jerome1 made in the time of ,s4 ,willibrod1 in #gbj4 ,it was an ancient custom observed by churches to keep an annual feast of the consecration of their bishops1 and especially of the founding of the episcopate in them4 ,the feast of ,s4 ,peter's ,chair is the commemoration of the institution of the patriarchal see of ,rome by ,s4 ,peter1 the ,prince of the ,apostles4 ,this day1 says ,s4 ,augustine 7,serm4 xv4 de ,sanctis71 has received the name of the ,chair from our predecessor1 because ,s4 ,peter1 the first of the ,apostles1 is said on this to have taken the throne of his episcopate4 ,rightly1 therefore1 do the churches venerate the natal day of that chair which the ,apostle received for the good of the churches4 ,the ancient wooden seat of ,s4 ,peter is preserved in the ,vatican4 ,that ,s4 ,peter founded the church at ,rome by his preaching is expressly asserted by ,caius1 an ecclesiastical writer born about ,a4,d4 #bjb1gc who relates that he and ,s4 ,paul suffered there4 ,the same is affirmed by ,dionysius1 ,bishop of ,corinth1 in the second age4#gd ,s4 ,irenaeus1 who lived in the same age1 calls the ,church of ,rome the greatest and most ancient church1 founded by the two glorious ,apostles1 ,peter and ,paul4#ge ,eusebius says1 ,peter1 that powerful and great ,apostle1 like a noble commander of ,god1 fortified with divine armour1 bore the precious merchandise of the revealed light from the east to those in the west1 and came to ,rome1 announcing the light itself1 and salutary doctrine of the soul1 the proclamation of the kingdom of ,god4#gf ,and he adds that his first epistle was said to have been composed at ,rome1 and that he shows this fact1 by calling the city by an unusual trope1 ,babylon2 thus1 ,the ,church of ,babylon1 elected together with you1 saluteth you4 7#a ,pet4 v4 #ac4gg7 ,s4 ,,prisca1 ,v4 ,m41 ,,at ,,rome4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #ej47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,she is often confounded with ,s4 ,priscilla mentioned in the ,acts of the ,apostles1 the wife of ,aquila1 but called ,prisca in the second epistle of ,paul to ,timothy4 ,what adds to the confusion is1 that ,s4 ,prisca is said in her ,acts to have suffered under ,claudius1 but whether ,claudius1 who reigned from #da-ed1 or the second ,claudius1 who reigned from #bfc to #bgj1 is not stated2 but it seems probable that it was under the first ,claudius4#gh ,the ,acts of ,s4 ,prisca are a forgery1 and deserve no confidence4 ,the following account is taken from the ,martyrologies4 ,s4 ,prisca1 a maiden of consular birth1 being accused of ,christianity1 at the age of thirteen1 was ordered by the ,emperor ,claudius to sacrifice to idols4 ,on her steadfastly refusing1 she was beaten with the hand and cast into prison4 ,on the morrow she was again urged to sacrifice1 but when she remained invincible1 she was beaten with rods1 and then taken back to prison4 ,the third day she was exposed to a lion1 which however crouched at her feet1 doing her no injury4 ,then1 having been tortured on the little horse1 with hooks and pincers1 she was led outside of the city1 and was decapitated4 ,an eagle is said to have defended her body from dogs1 till ,christians came and buried it4 ,,ss4 ,,paul ,,and ,,thirty-,,six ,,companions1 ,,mm4 ,,in ,,egypt4 7,,date ,,uncertain47 ,from the ancient ,acts in ,bollandus and ,ruinart4 ,in ,egypt thirty-seven ,christian soldiers entered into a zealous confederacy to spread the ,gospel throughout the country4 ,their leader was one ,paul4 ,they divided themselves into four companies4 ,paul and nine others went eastwards4 ,recumbus1 with eight more1 went to the north2 ,theonas1 with the like number1 to the south2 and ,popias1 with the remainder1 to the west4 ,the ,governor of ,egypt1 alarmed at the report he heard of this confederacy1 sent troops to apprehend them1 and when they were brought before him he ordered them to instant execution2 those who went to the east and south1 to be burnt2 those who went to the north to be beheaded1 and those who travelled west to be crucified4 ,they suffered on the #ahth ,january1 but in what year is not mentioned4 ,,ss4 ,,archelaa1 ,,thecla1 ,,and ,,susanna1 ,,vv41 ,,mm4 ,,at ,,salerno4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #bhe47 ,the ,acts of these martyrs constitute the lections for this day in the ,salerno ,breviary4 ,archelaa1 a virgin consecrated to ,god1 during the persecution of ,diocletian1 took refuge with two maidens1 ,thecla and ,susanna1 in a private house outside the walls of ,nola1 in ,campania1 hoping to remain unnoticed till the storm was passed4 ,but ,leontius1 ,governor of ,salerno1 having heard that they were ,christians1 ordered them to be brought before him4 ,archelaa was exposed to lions1 but was unhurt2 then the inhuman judge ordered boiling oil and pitch to be poured over her naked body4 ,in her agony1 she spread her hands to heaven1 and cried3 ,look1 ,o ,lord1 on us1 and be mindful of thy servants4 ,extinguish the fire which consumes me1 and cool my tortured body1 refreshing me after the wounds the wicked one has dealt me6 ,then a sudden sunbeam shot from between the clouds upon her1 and a voice was heard1 ,o ,martyr1 fear not6 ,a crown is laid up for thee in heaven4 ,fear not1 ,i am with thee1 and ,i will give thee refreshment and succour4 ,then ,leontius ordered ,archelaa1 ,thecla1 and ,susanna to have their heads smitten off with the executioner's sword4 ,s4 ,,leobard1 ,h41 ,,at ,,marmoutier4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #ehc47 ,gallican ,martyrologies4 ,authority3 the life of ,s4 ,leobard1 written by his friend1 ,s4 ,gregory of ,tours4 ,leobard was the son of noble parents in ,auvergne4 ,the youth loved study and prayer4 ,on reaching his majority1 his father urged him to marry1 but the young man1 having no wish to take to himself a wife1 refused4 ,the father1 however1 pressed him so strongly1 that at last he consented to be betrothed4 ,then1 says ,s4 ,gregory1 the ring1 the kiss1 and the shoe were given1 and the betrothal feast was kept4 ,but ,leobard lost his father shortly after1 and taking the betrothal gifts1 he rode to his brother's house1 to make them over to him4 ,he found his brother so drunk that he did not even invite him to stay the night with him1 so ,leobard tied up his horse1 and crept into a hay loft and slept there4 ,but in the middle of the night he woke1 and his mind turned to the importance of saving his soul1 and of striving to be like ,christ4 ,then he resolved to renounce the world wholly2 but first to seek counsel at the tomb of ,s4 ,martin at ,tours4 ,from ,tours he went to ,marmoutier1 and joined himself to a hermit named ,alaric1 who spent his time in making parchment and writing out ,holy ,scripture4 ,leobard lived in a cave1 which he dug out of the rock1 enlarging it and improving it as he saw fitting2 and here he spent twenty-two years in prayer and study and writing1 and in labour with his hands4 ,he was frequently visited by ,s4 ,gregory of ,tours1 who was his personal friend4 ,on a ,sunday1 being very ill1 he said to him who ministered to him in his sickness1 ,prepare me some food4 ,it is ready1 sir1 answered the servant shortly after4 ,go forth1 said the hermit1 and see if the people are returning from mass4 ,and this he said because he knew that his hour was come1 and he desired to be alone with ,god when he migrated4 ,so the servant went out and looked towards the church1 and waited1 and presently he returned to say that he saw the congregation drifting homewards1 then he saw his master lying dead upon the ground1 and he1 too1 was going home4 ,s4 ,,deicolus1 ,,ab4 ,,of ,,lure4 7,,beginning ,,of #g,,th ,,cent47 ,deicolus1 in ,irish ,deichul1 in ,french ,del1 ,dl1 ,dielf1 ,dieu1 or ,diel1 is commemorated on this day in the ,roman ,martyrology and in the ,anglican ,kalendars4 ,his translation is observed on ,feb4 #aeth or ,nov4 #bast4 ,his life was written by an anonymous author about the year #gjj4 ,deicolus quitted ,ireland1 his native country1 with ,s4 ,columbanus1 and lived with him1 first in the kingdom of the ,east ,angles1 and afterwards at ,luxeuil1 the great monastery he founded in ,france4 ,when ,s4 ,columbanus was expelled by the fierce ,queen ,brunehaut and her son ,thierri1 ,king of ,burgundy1 ,deicolus followed him1 but his strength failing him1 he was unable to continue in the companionship of the energetic and active ,columbanus2 therefore1 falling at the feet of his superior1 he besought his permission to retire to some solitude where he could serve ,god in tranquillity4 ,then ,columbanus1 compassionating the exhaustion of his companion1 said in a fatherly tone1 ,god ,almighty1 out of love to whom thou didst leave thy country1 and hast ever obeyed me1 make us together to rejoice in the presence of ,his ,majesty4 ,and when they had long clasped each other1 and had shed many tears1 then the abbot blessed his follower with these words1 ,the ,lord give thee blessing out of ,zion1 and make thee to see ,jerusalem in prosperity all thy life long4 ,then he hastily tore himself away weeping1 and ,deicolus remained alone in ,burgundy4 ,and after he had knelt down and commended himself to ,god1 he turned and went through the wild tangled thicket and waste lands1 seeking where he might settle4 ,but the country was a wilderness without habitation4 ,then1 by chance1 he lighted on a swineherd1 who was feeding pigs on acorns in the forest2 who was much surprised to see a stranger4 ,but ,deicolus said1 ,fear not1 my brother1 ,i am a monk4 ,and now ,i beseech thee1 show me a commodious spot where ,i may settle4 ,then the swineherd mused and said1 ,there is no such place in this wilderness1 save a little lake we call ,luthra1 with fresh springs4 ,and when ,deicolus urged him to conduct him thither1 the swineherd said1 ,i cannot do so1 for ,i shall lose my hogs if ,i leave them without a keeper4 ,but ,deicolus took his staff1 and planted it in the ground1 and said1 ,be without fear1 my staff shall be thy substitute1 and the swine will not stray till thou returnest4 ,then the pigwarden believed the word of the man of ,god1 and he left his swine1 and guided ,deicolus to the place called ,luthra2 and there was a little chapel1 dedicated to ,s4 ,martin1 built by a gentleman named ,weifhardt1 where service was occasionally performed by his chaplain4#gi ,now ,deicolus was pleased with the place1 and he dwelt in the forest1 and every day he visited the little chapel and opened the door and went in1 and there he prayed4 ,but the priest who served that chapel was very wroth1 and he spoke to the people1 saying1 ,there is a man1 a sort of hermit1 who haunts the woods1 and he intrudes on this chapel1 and uses it1 as if it were his own private property4 ,if he be caught here by me1 ,i swear that ,i will beat him well4 ,then the people choked the windows and door with brambles and thorns1 to prevent the ingress of the hermit4 ,nevertheless1 regardless of the impediment1 he came as usual4 ,so the priest complained to ,weifhardt1 who flew into a rage1 and ordered his servants to scour the woods for ,deicolus1 and when they had caught him1 savagely to maltreat him4 ,all which they obeyed4 ,but shortly after1 the gentleman fell sick of a most painful disorder1 and when his wife1 ,berthilda1 thought that he must die1 she considered that perhaps the disease was sent in punishment for the injury done to the hermit4 ,therefore she bade her servants find him and bring to the sick-bed4 ,now when ,deicolus heard that ,weifhardt was grievously tormented1 mindful of the command of ,christ1 to return good for evil1 he hasted and went to the castle of the gentleman1 and entered the room4 ,and as the day was hot1 and he had walked fast1 he plucked off his mantle1 for he was heated4 ,then the servants ran to take it from him1 but ,deicolus exclaimed1 ,on him who serves ,god the elements attend1 and he needeth not the assistance of man4 ,then1 seeing a sunbeam shot through the window1 he cast his mantle upon it1 and it rested on the sunbeam4#hj ,and when he had prayed1 the ,lord healed the gentleman2 and ,berthilda gave ,deicolus the farm of ,luthra1 and the little chapel1 and the wood adjoining4 ,then the hermit walked round the land given him1 and he rejoiced and cried1 ,this shall be thy rest for ever2 here shalt thou dwell1 for thou hast a delight therein4 ,now it happened one day1 as he sat reading in his cell1 that ,king ,clothaire ,,ii4 was hunting in the forest1 and his dogs pursued a wild boar1 and when the beast was hard pressed1 it rushed into the oratory of ,deicolus1 covered with foam4 ,thereupon the hermit extended his hand1 and laid it on the boar1 and said1 ,believe me1 because thou hast taken refuge in the love of the brethren1 thy life shall be spared to-day4 ,then the hunters came up1 with the hounds1 and they found the boar lying panting before the altar1 and the man of ,god standing at the door to protect the beast4 ,so the ,king asked ,deicolus who he was1 and whence he came1 and when the hermit had told him that he was the disciple of ,columbanus1 who had promised to him in old times that he should reign over three kingdoms1 which now had come to pass1 he gave to ,deicolus the game in the wood and the fish in the waters1 and some vineyards4 ,so ,deicolus gathered brethren1 and built a monastery4 ,and after a time the abbot ,deicolus became desirous of visiting ,rome1 so he went with some of his brethren1 and obtained a charter from the ,pope1 conferring privileges on his monastery4 ,after his return he remained some years governing his monks1 ever cheerful and of amiable disposition2 the joy and peace of his soul beamed in his countenance4 ,s4 ,columbanus once said to him in his youth1 ,deicolus1 why art thou always smiling8 ,he answered in simplicity1 ,because no one can take my ,god from me4 ,the year of his death is not known with certainty4 ,it was on the #ahth ,january that he heard ,god's call to depart4 ,then he took the ,holy ,sacrament1 and after having communicated himself1 he kissed all the brethren1 and when he had kissed the last he fell asleep4 ,illustration3 ,baptism and ,confirmation1 from a ,painting in the ,catacombs4 ,,footnotes3 #gc ,euseb4 ,hist4 ,eccl41 lib4 ,,ii4 c4 #be4 #gd ,euseb4 lib4 ,,ii4 c4 #be4 #ge ,lib4 ,,iii4 c4 #c4 #gf ,euseb4 lib4 ,,ii4 c4 #ad4 #gg ,ibid4 c4 #ae4 #gh ,that ,claudius ,i4 did persecute the ,church appears from ,acts xviii4 #b4 ,why ,alban ,butler should give ,s4 ,prisca the date #bge1 after the death of the second ,claudius1 when all notices of her are unanimous in saying she suffered under ,claudius ,i41 ,i am at a loss to conjecture4 #gi ,lure is in the diocese of ,besanon1 among the ,vosges mountains1 between ,vesoul and ,belfort4 #hj ,a similar story is told of ,s4 ,goar 7,july #fth71 ,s4 ,florence 7,nov4 #gth71 ,s4 ,amabilis 7,oct4 #aith71 ,s4 ,cuthman 7,feb4 #hth71 ,s4 ,david1 abbot in ,sweden 7,july #aeth71 ,s4 ,hildevert1 ,b4 of ,meaux 7,may #bgth71 ,s4 ,robert of ,chaise-,dieu1 ,s4 ,cunegunda1 ,s4 ,odo of ,urgel1 ,s4 ,leonore1 ,s4 ,lucarus of ,brixen1 ,s4 ,bridget1 ,b4 ,utho of ,metten1 and the ,blessed ,alruna of ,altaich4 ,i give it for what it is worth4 ,the story is traditional1 not having been consigned to writing for a hundred years after the death of ,s4 ,deicolus4 ,january #ai4 ,s4 ,,germanicus1 ,m41 at ,smyrna1 in ,asia ,minor1 ,a4,d4 #afa4 ,,ss4 ,,maris1 ,,martha1 ,,audifax1 ,,and ,,habakkuk1 ,,mm41 near ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #bgj4 ,s4 ,,bassian1 ,b4 of ,lodi1 in ,italy1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #dji4 ,s4 ,,catellus1 ,b4 of ,castellamare1 in ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #fag4 ,s4 ,,launomar1 ,p41 ,ab4 of ,corbion1 in ,france1 ,a4,d4 #eic4 ,s4 ,,remigius1 ,b4 of ,rouen1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #gga4 ,,ss4 ,,blaithmaic1 ,ab41 ,,and ,,companions1 ,monks and ,,mm41 at ,iona1 in ,scotland1 ,a4,d4 #hbd4 ,s4 ,,canute1 ,k4 ,m41 in ,denmark1 ,a4,d4 #ajhf4 ,see ,july #aj4 ,s4 ,,wulstan1 ,b4 of ,worcester1 ,a4,d4 #ajie4 ,s4 ,,henry1 ,b4 ,m41 at ,upsala1 in ,sweden1 ,a4,d4 #aaej4 ,s4 ,,germanicus1 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #afa47 ,roman ,martyrology1 and those of ,usuardus1 ,ado1 ,notker and that attributed to ,bede1 also the later ones of ,maurolycus1 ,bellinus and ,galesinius1 sometimes also on ,feb4 #ah4 ,authority1 the contemporary ,epistle of the ,church of ,smyrna to the ,church of ,pontus1 describing the martyrdom of ,,ss4 ,germanicus1 ,polycarp1 and others2 quoted by ,eusebius1 lib4 ,,iv4 c4 #ae4 ,the ,epistle of the ,church of ,smyrna1 narrating its sufferings under the ,emperors ,marcus ,antoninus and ,lucius ,aurelius1 says3--,germanicus1 a noble youth1 was particularly pre-eminent as a martyr1 for1 strengthened by divine grace1 he overcame the natural dread of death implanted in us2 although the pro-consul was desirous of persuading him1 and urged him from consideration of his youth1 that1 as he was so young and blooming1 he should take compassion on himself4 ,he1 however1 hesitated not1 but eagerly irritated the wild beast let loose upon him1 that he might be the sooner freed from this unjust and lawless generation4 ,the ,acts of this martyr have been lost4 ,,ss4 ,,maris1 ,,martha1 ,,audifax ,,and ,,habakkuk1 ,,mm4 7,a4,d4 #bgj47 ,modern ,roman ,martyrology1 but the ancient ,roman ,martyrology commemorated them on ,jan4 #bjth1 so did that attributed to ,s4 ,jerome1 and many others4 ,authority1 the authentic ,acts4 ,in the time of the ,emperor ,claudius ,,ii41 there came a man from ,persia1 named ,maris1 with his wife ,martha1 and his two sons1 ,audifax and ,habakkuk1 to ,rome1 where they sought out the ,christians who were in prison1 and ministered to them4 ,at this time ,claudius had given orders for the suppression of ,christianity4 ,two hundred and sixty ,christians were condemned to work in the sand-pits on the ,salarian way2 but were afterwards brought into the amphitheatre1 and were killed with arrows1 and their bodies thrown on a pyre4 ,maris and his sons withdrew the bodies from the fire1 and with the assistance of a priest1 named ,john1 they buried many of them in the catacomb on the ,salarian way4 ,and in the evening1 passing under a house1 they heard singing1 and they knew that what they heard was a ,christian canticle4 ,then they struck at the door1 and those who were within feared to open1 thinking it was the soldiers come to take them2 but the bishop1 who was with the congregation1 went boldly to the door and opened it2 then they knew that these were ,christians who stood without2 so they fell on their necks and kissed them4 ,now it fell out that ,maris and his wife and sons were in the house of ,asterius1 a new convert1 on a certain occasion1 with ,valentine the priest1 when the soldiers entered the house and took all within before the ,emperor1 who remanded them to ,muscianus1 the prefect1 to be by him sentenced according to their deserts4 ,muscianus ordered ,maris and his two sons to be beaten1 and then to be placed on the little horse and tortured with iron hooks and lighted torches1 but ,martha to stand by1 and see her husband and children tormented4 ,as they remained constant1 he commanded their hands to be struck off4 ,then ,martha stooped and dipped her finger in their blood1 and signed her brow therewith4 ,exasperated to the last degree1 the judge ordered ,maris and the two sons to be decapitated in a sand-pit1 and ,martha to be drowned in a well1 all which was carried into execution4#ha ,a pious matron1 named ,felicitas1 rescued the bodies1 and buried them in her farm4 ,s4 ,,bassian1 ,b4 ,,of ,,lodi4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #dji47 ,roman and many other ,martyrologies4 ,double feast with octave at ,lodi4 ,authorities1 his life by an anonymous author1 of uncertain date1 also the lections for this day in the ,lodi ,breviary4 ,s4 ,ambrose1 in his #fjth letter1 speaks of ,s4 ,bassian4 ,bassian was the son of ,sergius1 praefect of ,syracuse1 a heathen4 ,as a child he is said to have scrawled the sign of the cross in the dust1 and was rebuked for so doing by his nurse4 ,this set him wondering1 and his mind turned to the religion of the ,crucified1 so that when sent to ,rome1 at the age of twelve1 to be educated in the liberal arts1 he sought out those who reverenced that sign which his nurse had forbidden him to scribble4 ,a priest1 named ,gordian1 instructed the lad in the ,christian faith1 and finally baptized him4 ,as soon as his father heard of his conversion1 he sent orders to have him brought home at once4 ,then ,bassian1 fearing the result1 should he be re-conducted to ,syracuse1 ran away to ,ravenna4 ,on his way occurred one of those simple and touching incidents which abound in the lives of the saints1 and which in spite of repetition1 must be related4 ,a stag with her two fawns bounded into the road1 the hunters were in pursuit1 the stag was not willing to desert her little ones1 and they were too young to make good their escape4 ,seeing the distress of the mother1 ,bassian called to her1 and she came to him with her fawns1 and licked his feet1 as he caressed her dappled hide4 ,soon after the hunters came up1 and one more impetuous than the rest1 attempted to take the stag4 ,then ,bassian threw his arms round her neck1 and called on ,god to protect her4 ,instantly the man1 whose anger had flamed up at the resistance offered him1 fell in an apoplectic fit2 and when he recovered1 withdrew in fear1 without injuring the stag4 ,in the reign of ,valerian1 ,bassian was elected ,bishop of ,lodi1 and ruled the diocese with zeal and discretion4 ,he built in his ,cathedral city the church of the ,twelve ,apostles1 and ,s4 ,ambrose assisted in its dedication4 ,bassian was with ,s4 ,ambrose when he died4 ,s4 ,,launomar1 ,,ab4 ,,of ,,corbion4 7,a4,d4 #eic47 ,s4 ,launomar1 called in ,french ,laumer or ,lomer1 is commemorated in the ,gallican ,martyrologies4 ,his life was written by one who apparently knew him1 as we may conclude from certain passages therein4 ,s4 ,laumer as a boy kept his father's sheep near ,chartres2 afterwards1 having learned his letters1 he heard the call of ,god1 and gave himself up to his service4 ,he was ordained priest1 and entering a monastery1 was appointed steward4 ,however1 such a life did not suit him1 and he retired into the forest1 escaping from the monastery one stormy night1 when all the brethren were asleep1 taking in his hand nothing save his staff4 ,he took refuge in the depths of the forest1 where he hoped none would find him1 but his sanctity becoming known1 disciples flocked to him4 ,two miracles occur in his forest life very similar to those related of other saints4 ,one night as he prayed1 the ,prince of the power of the ,air1 hoping to frighten him1 by leaving him in the dark1 thrice extinguished his light1 and thrice was it rekindled4 ,one day he saw a hind pursued by wolves1 he ordered the wolves to desist from pursuing the poor animal1 which came and crouched at his feet1 whilst he patted it4 ,then he gave the hind his blessing and dismissed it4 ,when the number of his disciples increased1 so that he felt his solitude dissolved1 ,laumer fled away again1 and hid himself in the wood1 where afterwards rose the monastery of ,corbion1 near ,dreux4 ,but a city set on a hill cannot be hid1 his cell of green leaves and wattles soon became the centre of a colony of monks1 and a nobleman whose land this was1 gave it to him1 that he might build thereon a monastery4 ,one instance of the gentleness of ,s4 ,laumer deserves not to be passed over4 ,during the night1 some robbers stole a cow belonging to the monks4 ,the brethren were in despair4 ,the robbers however1 had lost their way in the tangled forest1 as they drove the cow away1 and they wandered all night and the next day1 unable to discover the road2 when1 as evening settled in1 they saw the forest lighten1 and they came out1 driving the cow1 upon the clearing of the monastery1 and ,s4 ,laumer himself stood before them4 ,they at once fell at his feet1 asking his pardon1 and imploring him to direct them aright2 but he raised them1 and said1 ,i thank you1 kind friends1 for finding and bringing back to me my strayed cow2 you must be very tired and hungry1 follow me4 ,then he led them into his hut1 and set before them such things as he had1 and they ate and were refreshed1 and he set them on their right road1 but of course1 without the cow4 ,,ss4 ,,blaithmac ,,and ,,comp4 ,,monks1 ,m4,m4 7,a4,d4 #hbd7 ,irish ,martyrologies4 ,authority3--,the ,acts of ,s4 ,blaithmac written in verse by his contemporary ,walafrid ,strabo1 and the ,irish ,annals4 ,s4 ,blaithmac was a native of ,ireland1 son of ,flann1 perhaps one of the southern ,niells1 princes of ,meath1 the names of ,flann and ,blaithmac having been common in that family4 ,he was heir to a principality1 but he abandoned his prospects in this world to become a monk1 and afterwards an abbot4 ,blaithmac had an ardent desire to visit foreign parts1 but he was prevented by his friends and companions from leaving ,ireland4 ,at length he passed over to ,iona1 which was shortly after invaded by a party of ,northmen4 ,as he was anxious to receive the crown of martyrdom1 he determined to remain there whatever might happen1 and by his example induced some others to stay with him1 advising those who feared death to take refuge on the mainland4 ,while he was celebrating mass the ,danes burst into the church1 and having slaughtered the monks1 demanded of the abbot where was the precious shrine of ,s4 ,columba4 ,this had been carried off and concealed underground1 where the abbot knew not4 ,accordingly he answered that he was ignorant where it was1 and added that even if he had known1 he would not have pointed out the spot to them4 ,they then put him to death4 ,the ,ulster ,annals give his martyrdom in #hbe-hbh4 ,the ,irish annals generally agree in fixing his death at #hbc 7,a4,d4 #hbd74 ,mabillon was wrong in supposing it took place in #gic4 ,blaithmac is derived from ,blaith1 a flower2 hence his latinized name is ,florigenius or ,florus4 ,s4 ,,wulstan1 ,b4 ,,of ,,worcester4 7,a4,d4 #ajie47 ,anglican and ,german and ,roman ,martyrologies4 ,authorities3 his life by ,florence of ,worcester 7,d4 #aaah71hb and ,william of ,malmesbury1 written #dg years after the death of ,s4 ,wulstan2 another in ,roger of ,wendover1 and numerous notices in other old ,english historians4 ,he is called variously ,wulstan and ,wulfstan4 ,s4 ,wulstan was born in ,warwickshire of pious parents4 ,his father's name was ,ealstan1 and his mother's ,wulfgeova4 ,both his parents were so devoted to the religious life1 that1 by mutual consent1 they retired into monastic houses4 ,inspired by such examples1 but chiefly by his mother's persuasion1 ,wulfstan quitted the world whilst yet young1 and took the monastic habit in the same monastery in ,worcester where his father had devoted himself to the service of ,god4 ,he was there ordained deacon1 and then priest1 by the bishop4 ,observing a very strict course of life1 he soon became remarkable for his vigils1 fasting and prayers4 ,in consequence of his discipline of himself1 he was first appointed master of the novices1 and afterwards1 on account of his acquaintance with the ecclesiastical services1 precentor and treasurer of the church4 ,being now intrusted with the custody of the church1 he embraced the opportunities it afforded him for being almost perpetually in the sacred edifice1 spending whole nights before the altar in prayer2 and when he was exhausted with fatigue1 he lay on one of the church benches1 and placed his prayer-book beneath his head as a pillow4 ,after some time1 on the death of the prior1 ,bishop ,aldred appointed ,wulstan to succeed him4 ,as prior1 he preached every ,lord's ,day to the people1 with so great unction1 that they were moved to tears4 ,one of the monks grumbled1 and said that ,wulfstan forgot his place1--it was the office of the bishop to preach1 and that of the monk to hold his tongue4 ,hearing this1 ,wulfstan said1 ,my brother1 the ,word of ,god is not bound4 ,although very abstemious and moderate in his diet1 he had not refrained from meat1 till one day that roast goose was being prepared for dinner1 the fragrance filled the church1 and ,wulstan1 who was at the altar celebrating mass1 was so distracted with the delicious odour1 for he was very hungry1 as it was the late choral mass1 that he could not collect his thoughts4 ,then1 filled with shame1 before he left the altar he vowed never to touch meat again1 and he kept this vow to his dying day4 ,on the elevation of ,aldred1 ,bishop of ,worcester1 to the archbishopric of ,york1 by unanimous consent of the clergy and laity in the election of a successor1 ,wulstan was chosen2 the king having granted them permission to elect whom they pleased4 ,it chanced that the legates from the ,pope were present at the election1 but neither they nor the clergy and people could persuade ,wulstan to accept the charge1 of which he declared himself to be unworthy4 ,at last1 being sharply reproved for his obstinate willfulness by ,wulfsi1 a hermit1 and being strongly urged by ,s4 ,edward the ,confessor1 then king1 he yielded1 and was consecrated on the ,feast of the ,nativity of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 #ajfb4 ,as bishop1 ,wulstan maintained the same severity towards himself2 every day he sang the late high mass2 it being usual for the priests to take the choral mass by weeks1 in turns1 it being very trying1 as the celebrant had to remain fasting till a late hour4 ,wulstan not only sang the high mass daily1 but also all the canonical hours1 and when he rode on journeys1 he had his book open before him on the pommel of his saddle1 and he chanted aloud the psalms of ,david4 ,as the old church and monastic buildings reared by ,s4 ,oswald were being demolished1 to make way for more splendid edifices1 ,wulstan stood one day1 and looked at the roofless church1 and the walls that were being torn down1 and his eyes filled with tears4 ,why should you weep1 said a monk1 standing by2 you should rather laugh1 to see the meanness of the first house swept away1 to make room for a glorious second one4 ,no1 answered ,wulstan1 ,i see nothing to rejoice over in the demolition of the work of our ,saints4 ,true1 they knew not how to rear a stately building2 but under a mean roof1 they offered the adorable sacrifice to ,god with great devotion1 and set saintly examples to their flock2 and we--we collect and carve the stones of the material temple1 and neglect the edification of that which is spiritual--the souls of men4 ,below him in church sat a curly-headed choir boy4 ,one day the bishop bent down1 and laying his hand on the glossy curls1 said1 ,all these will fall off one day6 ,then the boy in alarm1 turned round and said1 ,oh1 save my curls for me6 ,my child1 do not fear1 as long as ,i live you shall retain your abundant hair4 ,and so he did1 for many long years1 till ,wulstan died1 and then1 says the chronicler who records this strange little incident1 his hair came off as the bishop had foretold4#hc ,when ,william the ,conqueror established himself in ,england1 he not only gave the lands to his ,norman nobles1 but also the bishoprics to his ,norman clergy4 ,wulstan is a fool1 he cannot speak ,french6 said ,william1 and he ordered ,lanfranc1 his ,norman ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 to depose the plain ,saxon ,bishop of ,worcester1 on the charge of ignorance4 ,a conclave was held in ,westminster ,abbey in #ajgd1 to decide a dispute between ,robert1 ,archbishop of ,york1 and ,lanfranc1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 as to the question whether the diocese of ,worcester belonged to the northern or the southern province1 and at the same time to deprive ,wulstan4 ,when called in question as to his slender attainments in learning1 he rose and said1 ,we have not sung ,sext yet4 ,let us chant the office first1 and ,i will answer afterwards4 ,but those around him remonstrated1 saying1 ,let us do our business first1 and we can sing the service afterwards2 we shall become objects of ridicule to the king and nobles1 if we keep them waiting till we have done our office4 ,no6 exclaimed ,wulstan2 the duty to ,god must be done first1 and then we will consider the petty disputes of men4 ,having sung the service1 he directly proceeded to the council chamber4 ,to his dependants1 who were desirous of withholding him1 and who could not be persuaded that their cause was not in danger1 he said1 ,know for certain1 that ,i here see the holy archbishops1 ,dunstan of ,canterbury and ,oswald of ,york1 defending me this day by their prayers1 and they will darken the understandings of my gainsayers4 ,then he gave his benediction to a monk who could speak ,norman ,french1 but imperfectly at best1 and ordered him to state his case for him4#hd ,there stood the grave long-bearded ,saxon bishop arraigned for ignorance before the ,norman king1 and his smooth-shaven#he ,norman prelates4 ,wulstan1 the representative of the people1 ,lanfranc of the nobles2 ,wulstan1 the bishop of the conquered1 and ,lanfranc of the conquerors4 ,when the poor ,saxon peasants had come to him at ,worcester1 and had complained that these ,norman invaders trampled down their corn1 and robbed them of their cattle1 and ground them down with taxes2 ,they are ,god's scourge1 these ,normans1 punishing us for our sins1 my children1 said ,wulstan4 ,and now he was to be deprived of his office by these invaders1 that a ,norman might occupy his stool1 and shepherd with his crook the ,saxon bondsmen4 ,the council decided1 in accordance with the royal pleasure1 that ,wulstan was too ignorant to deserve to retain his see1 and that therefore he must resign his pastoral staff and ring4 ,the ring1 the token that he was wedded to his diocese before ,god1 that he said he would never resign1 in life or in death4 ,i received this ring without coveting it1 and ,i will bear it with me to my grave4#hf ,but the staff1 the token of jurisdiction1 that he could be deprived of1 so rising from his place1 with unruffled composure1 and placid countenance1 holding his staff1 he said1 ,truly1 my ,lord ,archbishop1 truly ,i know that ,i am unworthy of this honour1 nor fit to bear this burden1 nor sufficient to endure the labour4 ,i knew this when the clergy elected me1 and when the bishops urged me1 and when my own master1 ,king ,edward1 invited me4 ,he1 with the authority of the apostolic see1 laid this burden on my shoulders1 and ordered me to be invested with the episcopate1 by the token of this staff4 ,now thou desirest of me this pastoral staff1 which thou gavest me not2 thou demandest of me the surrender of the office thou laidest not on me4 ,i1 indeed1 am well aware of my ignorance1 and yielding to the sentence of this holy conclave1 ,i resign my staff--not to thee1 but to him who gave it me4 ,saying this he went forth from the chapter house to the tomb of ,s4 ,edward the ,confessor1 and standing before the stone1 he cried1 ,thou knowest1 ,o my ,master6 how reluctantly ,i received this burden1 how often ,i fled away from it2 how1 when sought1 that it might be imposed on me1 ,i secreted myself4 ,i confess that ,i am a fool1 but thou didst constrain me4 ,there lacked not the election of the brethren1 the entreaty of the people1 the will of the bishops1 the favour of the nobles2 but none of these things weighed with me like thy authority2 it was thy will that bent mine4 ,and now we have a new king1 a new law1 a new archbishop1 who found new rights and declare new sentences4 ,they convince thee of error1 who commanded1 and me of presumption1 who obeyed4 ,therefore1 not to them who demand1 but to thee who gavest2 not to them1 fallible1 walking in darkness1 but to thee who hast been led forth into the clear light of very truth1 and hast escaped out of this region of error and ignorance1 to thee ,i resign my staff1 to thee ,i surrender the cure of those thou didst commend to me1 to thee ,i commit them in confidence1 knowing well thy merits4 ,having said this1 he slowly raised his hand a little1 and said1 ,my lord and king1 accept this1 and surrender it to whom thou choosest6 ,then he struck the staff into the sepulchral stone1 and laying aside his pontifical habit1 he seated himself1 as a monk1 among the monks4 ,was there ever a grander incident in ,english ,church history8 ,was there ever a nobler speech uttered by an ,english bishop8 ,then all1 surprised1 saw that the staff stood in the stone2 and one ran and told ,lanfranc1 but he believed it not1 and bade ,gundulf1 ,bishop of ,rochester1 to whom he had promised the bishopric of ,worcester1 to go and bring back the staff4 ,so ,gundulf went1 but the staff was immovably imbedded in the stone4 ,then the archbishop and the king went to the tomb1 and sought to wrench the staff from where it stood1 but they were unable4 ,lanfranc at once turned1 and coming straight down to where the monk sat1 he bowed to him1 and said1 ,verily ,god resisteth the proud and giveth grace unto the humble4 ,thy simplicity was scorned by us1 brother1 but thy righteousness is made clear as the light4 ,our wisdom has been brought to naught1 and thy ignorance has prevailed4 ,take then again that charge which we unadvisedly deprived thee of1 but which we1 by our authority and the judgment of ,god1 commit to thee once more4 ,but ,wulstan hesitated2 however1 being urged vehemently by those who stood by1 he went to the tomb again1 and said3--,now1 my lord and king1 to whose judgment ,i commended myself1 and to whom ,i resigned my staff1 show me what is thy pleasure4 ,thou hast preserved thine honour1 thou hast made manifest my innocence4 ,if thine old sentence stands1 restore to me my staff2 if not1 yield it to whom thou wilt6 ,then he put forth his hand1 and touched the staff1 and he removed it at once with ease4#hg ,to ,lanfranc and ,wulstan1 acting conjointly1 is due the cessation of the slave traffic in ,england4 ,it was the custom of the ,english to sell slaves to the ,irish1 and this was subject to a tax which passed into the royal exchequer4 ,the credit of this action1 says ,malmesbury1#hh ,i know not whether to attribute to ,lanfranc1 or to ,wulstan1 who would scarcely have induced the king1 reluctant from the profit it produced to him1 to this measure1 had not ,lanfranc commended it1 and ,wulstan1 powerful through the sanctity of his character1 commended it by episcopal authority4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,wulstan1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,worcester4 ,from a ,design by ,a4 ,welby ,pugin4 ,jan4 #ai4 ,having taken the oath of allegiance to ,william1 ,wulstan remained faithful4 ,when1 in the same year1 #ajgd1 some of the ,saxon earls rose against the ,conqueror1 ,wulstan and the abbot of ,evesham1 supported by the sheriff of ,worcester and ,walter de ,lacy1 prevented their junction1 by raising their vassals and occupying the ford of the ,severn4#hi ,in the ,barons' revolt1 #ajhh1 ,bernard du ,neuf-,march1 ,roger de ,lacy1 who had lately wrested ,hereford from the king1 and ,ralph de ,mortimer1 with the vassals of the ,earl of ,shrewsbury1 having assembled a numerous army of ,english1 ,normans and ,welsh1 burst into the province of ,worcester1 declaring that they would burn the city of ,worcester1 plunder the ,church of ,god and ,s4 ,mary1 and take summary vengeance on the inhabitants for their loyalty to the king4 ,on hearing this1 the reverend father ,wulstan1 ,bishop of ,worcester1 a man of deep piety and dove-like simplicity1 beloved alike by ,god and the people he governed1 faithful to the king as his earthly lord1 was in great tribulation2 but soon rallying1 by ,god's mercy1 prepared to stand manfully by his people and city4 ,while they armed themselves to repel the enemy1 he poured forth supplications in the impending danger1 exhorting his people not to despair4 ,meanwhile1 the ,normans1 taking counsel1 entreated the bishop to remove from the church into the castle1 saying that his presence there would give them more security1 if they were in great peril1 for they loved him much4 ,such was his extraordinary kindness of heart1 that from duty to the king1 and regard for them1 he assented to their request4 ,thereupon1 the bishop's retainers made ready1 and the garrison and the whole body of citizens assembled1 declaring that they would encounter the enemy on the other side of the ,severn1 if the bishop would give them leave4 ,taking their arms1 and being arrayed for battle1 they met the bishop1 as he was going to the castle1 and besought him to grant their desire1 to which he freely assented4 ',go1' said he1 ',my sons1 go in peace1 go in confidence1 with ,god's blessing and mine4 ,trusting in ,god1 ,i promise you that no sword shall hurt you this day4 ,be loyal1 and do valiantly for the safety of the people and the city4' ,the victory was complete4 ,the rebels were routed1 and the king's liege-men and the bishop's retainers returned home in triumph1 without the loss of a single man4#ij ,he died in the year #ajie1 on ,january the #aith1 and was buried with his ring on his finger4 ,god suffered no man to remove from his finger the ring with which he had received episcopal consecration1 says ,florence of ,worcester2 that the holy man might not appear to forfeit his engagement to his people1 to whom he had often protested that he would not part with it during his life1 nor even on the day of his burial4 ,illustration3 ,,ss4 ,fabian and ,sebastian4 ,jan4 #bj4 ,,footnotes3 #ha ,at ,santa ,ninfa1 about thirteen miles from ,rome4 #hb ,florence knew ,s4 ,wulstan personally1 as appears from his account of his vigils4 ,he says1 ,he sometimes went four days and nights without sleep1--a thing we could hardly have believed1 if we had not heard it from his own mouth4 #hc ,s4 ,wulstan sometimes joked2 but the specimen recorded by ,malmesbury is not striking for wit1 nor for its reverence1 wherefore ,i give it in ,latin4 ,being asked why he wore lamb's wool garments in winter1 instead of cat's skin like the other clergy he answered1 ,nunquam audivi cantari ,cattus ,dei1 sed ,agnus ,dei2 ideo non catto1 sed agno volo calefieri4 #hd ,so far ,william of ,malmesbury1 who abruptly closes1 saying that he will no longer torture the patience of his readers4 ,what follows is from ,roger of ,wendover4 #he ,dr4 ,rock3 ,church of our ,fathers1 ,,ii4 p4 #ii1 plate4 #hf ,roger of ,wendover1 and ,capgrave4 #hg ,this most striking incident is not mentioned by ,florence of ,worcester1 or ,william of ,malmesbury1 but occurs in ,roger of ,wendover and ,matthew of ,westminster4 #hh ,chronicle1 lib4 ,,iii4 #hi ,florence of ,worcester4 #ij ,florence of ,worcester4 ,january #bj4 ,s4 ,,fabian1 ,pope and ,m41 at ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #bej4 ,s4 ,,sebastian1 ,m41 at ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #cjc4 ,s4 ,,euthymius ,,the ,,great1 ,ab4 in ,palestine1 ,a4,d4 #dgc4 ,s4 ,,fechin1 ,ab41 at ,fore1 in ,ireland1 ,a4,d4 #ffe4 ,s4 ,,maur1 ,b4 of ,cesena1 in ,italy1 middle of #gth cent4 ,s4 ,,benedict1 ,h41 near ,fiesole1 in ,italy4 ,s4 ,,fabian1 ,,pope ,,and ,m41 ,,at ,,rome4 7,a4,d4 #bej47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authorities3 ,eusebius1 lib4 vi4 c4 #bi and #ci2 the ,liber de ,romanis ,pontificibus2 ,s4 ,jerome1 lib4 de ,eccles4 ,script4 c4 #ed2 a letter of ,s4 ,cyprian 7#ee7 to ,cornelius1 c4 ,saint ,fabian succeeded ,anteros in the see of ,rome4 ,it is said that ,fabian had come to ,rome out of the country1 and1 by divine grace1 he was singled out in a very remarkable manner to be bishop4 ,for1 when all the brethren had assembled in the church for the purpose of ordaining him that should succeed in the episcopate1 though there were many eminent and illustrious men present1 yet no one thought of any but ,fabian4 ,they relate that a dove1 suddenly fluttering down1 rested upon his head1 bringing up before their minds the scene when the ,holy ,spirit of old came down on the ,saviour4 ,thereupon the whole body exclaimed with one voice1 as if moved by the ,spirit of ,god1 ,he is worthy6#ia and without delay they took him and placed him upon the episcopal throne4#ib ,s4 ,fabian governed the ,church of ,rome for sixteen years4 ,he is said by some to have converted and baptized the ,emperor ,philip4 ,philip1 after a reign of seven years1 says ,eusebius1 was succeeded by ,decius1 who1 in consequence of his hatred to ,philip1 raised a persecution against the ,church1 in which ,fabian suffered martyrdom1 and was succeeded1 as ,bishop of ,rome1 by ,cornelius4#ic ,relics1 in the churches of ,s4 ,martin de la ,monte1 ,s4 ,praxedes1 a head and an arm in that of ,s4 ,sebastian1 in ,rome4 ,in art1 he appears with the pontifical tiara and a dove4 ,s4 ,,sebastian1 ,m41 ,,at ,,rome4 7,a4,d4 #cjc47 ,all the ancient ,latin ,martyrologies4 ,the ,greeks commemorate him on ,december #ahth4 ,the original ,acts are not in our possession4 ,what is regarded as the ,acts appears to be a panegyric1 falsely attributed to ,s4 ,ambrose1 on ,s4 ,sebastian's ,day4 ,the incidents are no doubt taken from the original ,acts1 but the long sermons and theological instructions put into the mouths of ,s4 ,sebastian and ,tranquillinus1 are certainly oratorical compositions of the author who passes for ,s4 ,ambrose4 ,s4 ,sebastian was born at ,narbonne1 in ,gaul1 but his parents were of ,milan1 in ,italy1 and he was brought up in that city4 ,he was a fervent soldier of ,christ at the same time that he served in the army of the ,emperor4 ,he was so greatly regarded by the ,emperors ,diocletian and ,maximian1 that he was elevated to the command of the first cohort1 for he was a man prudent1 upright in word and act1 faithful in business1 fervent in spirit4 ,he was enabled1 by his rank and office1 to be of service to those who were imprisoned for the faith of ,christ4 ,he relieved their sufferings1 and urged them to constancy4 ,two brothers1 ,marcus and ,marcellianus1 had been accused of being ,christians1 and were expecting execution in prison1 when their friends1 admitted to see them1 implored them with tears to save their lives by apostasy4 ,they seemed to waver2 they promised to deliberate4 ,sebastian heard of this1 and rushed to save them4 ,he was too well known to be refused admittance1 and he entered their gloomy prison as an angel of light4 ,tranquillinus1 the father of the two youths1 had obtained from ,agrestius ,chromatius1#id prefect of the city1 a respite of thirty days for them1 to try their constancy2 and1 to second his efforts1 they had been placed in the house of ,nicostratus1 the keeper of the records 7primiscrinius74 ,sebastian's was a bold and perilous office4 ,besides the two ,christian captives1 there were gathered in the place sixteen heathen prisoners2 there were the parents of the unfortunate youths weeping over them1 to allure them from their threatened fate2 and there was the magistrate1 ,nicostratus1 with his wife ,zo1 drawn thither by the compassionate wish of seeing the youths snatched from their fate4 ,could ,sebastian hope that of this crowd not one would be found whom a sense of official duty1 or a hope of pardon1 or hatred of ,christianity1 might impel to betray him1 if he avowed himself a ,christian8 ,the room was illumined only by an opening in the roof1 and ,sebastian1 anxious to be seen by all1 stood in the ray which shot through it2 strong and brilliant where it beat1 but leaving the rest of the apartment dark4 ,it broke against the gold and jewels of his rich tribune's armour1 and as he moved1 scattered itself in brilliant reflections into the darkest recesses of the gloom2 while it beamed with serene steadiness on his uncovered head4#ie ,o most happy soldiers of ,christ1 valiant warriors in the fight6 are ye now1 after having undergone so much that ye touch the palm1 are ye now1 ,i ask1 about to withdraw from the fight and lay aside the crown1 overcome by these blandishments8 ,let them see in you the fortitude of ,christian soldiers1 sheathed rather in fortitude than in armour of iron4 ,can it be that you will cast away the rewards of victory at the instigation of a woman8 ,can it be that half-conquering already1 you will bow your necks to be trampled on by the deadly foe8 ,words of reproach and threatening and promise poured from his lips4#if ,the scene that followed baffles description4 ,all were moved2 all wept4 ,marcus and ,marcellianus were ashamed of their late hesitation4 ,tranquillinus and his wife were convinced2 the prisoners joined in the tumult of these new affections2 and ,sebastian saw himself surrounded by a group of men and women smitten by grace1 softened by its influences1 and subdued by its power2 yet all was lost if one remained behind4 ,he saw the danger1 not to himself1 but to the ,church1 if a sudden discovery were made1 and to those souls fluttering in uncertain faith4 ,zo knelt before ,sebastian with a beseeching look and outstretched arm1 but she spoke not a word1 for1 six years before1 her tongue had been paralysed in a severe sickness1 and she had not spoken since4 ,sebastian looked at her earnestly1 and read in her signs1 and the expression of her countenance1 that she believed in her heart4 ,then he asked wherefore she spoke not1 and it was told him that she was dumb4 ,then1 raising his hand and signing her mouth with a cross1 he said1 ,if ,i am the true servant of ,christ1 and those things are true which ,i have spoken1 and thou ,o1 woman1 hast heard1 may the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 in whom ,i believe1 restore the use of thy tongue1 and open thy mouth1 as he opened the mouth of his prophet ,zachariah4 ,then suddenly the woman cried out3--,blessed art thou1 and blessed is the word of thy mouth1 and blessed are they that believe in ,jesus ,christ1 the ,son of the living ,god4 ,and when ,nicostratus saw the grace of ,god revealed by the healing of his wife1 he fell at the feet of ,sebastian1 and offered to break the chains off the hands and feet of the confessors1 and let them go2 but to this they would not consent4 ,then ,nicostratus transferred them all1 with ,tranquillinus and his wife1 to the full liberty of his house1 after having obtained leave from ,claudius the keeper of the prisons 7,commentariensis47 ,sebastian lost no time in putting them under the care of the priest ,polycarp1 of the title1 or parish of ,s4 ,pastor1 who diligently instructed them1 night and day4 ,in the meantime1 ,claudius1 the gaoler1 came to the house of ,nicostratus1 and said1 ,the prefect is much disturbed at my having allowed the prisoners to be in your house2 and therefore he requires you to appear before him and explain the reason4 ,nicostratus at once went to the prefect1 and told him that he had taken the ,christian prisoners into his own house1 with the purpose of moving them the more easily to apostasy4 ,you did well1 said ,chromatius1 and he dismissed him4 ,on his way home1 the keeper of the rolls told ,claudius the truth2 and when he related how ,sebastian had healed his wife1 ,claudius exclaimed in an agony of eagerness3--,send him to my house1 ,i have two lads1 sons of my first wife1 one dropsical1 the other a poor wretched cripple4 ,if he cured your wife1 he can heal my sons4 ,then running home1 he brought his two boys1 one in each arm1 to the house of ,nicostratus1 and introduced them into the company of the neophytes1 and casting the boys in the midst1 implored the disciples to recover his poor children1 and declaring that he believed with all his heart4 ,then ,polycarp1 the priest1 took the names of the whole company1 they were sixty-eight in all1 and he baptized them4 ,now when the two boys rose from the baptismal water1 they were healed of their infirmities2 and ,tranquillinus1 who had suffered excruciating torments from the gout1 also felt that he was made whole4 ,chromatius1 the prefect1 was afterwards converted1 and having resigned his office1 retired into privacy4 ,the care which ,sebastian took of the ,christian prisoners1 and the efforts he made to stimulate their courage1 could not long remain secret2 and he was denounced to the ,emperor ,diocletian1 who sent for him1 and in a rage1 exclaimed1 ,what6 ,i have had thee about my person1 and thou hast conspired against my safety6 ,s4 ,sebastian answered1 ,i pray daily for thy safety and for the prosperity of the state1 to the ,god of heaven1 for ,i reckon no succour can be got from gods of stone4 ,then ,diocletian ordered him to be taken out into a field1 and be shot to death with arrows4 ,therefore the soldiers placed him as their mark1 and left him for dead1 bristling with arrows4 ,but a certain woman1 named ,irene1 the widow of the martyr ,castulus1 finding that he still lived1 took him to her lodgings1 at the head of the great staircase of the palace1 and there nursed him till he was convalescent4 ,and one day1 as he began to walk1 the ,emperor passed4 ,then he started out to the head of the stairs4 ,he had heard the familiar trumpet notes1 which told him of the ,emperor's approach1 and he had risen1 and crept to greet him4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,sebastian4 ,from a ,drawing by ,lucas ,schraudolf4 ,jan4 #bj4 ,diocletian6 he cried out1 in a hollow but distinct voice2 ,false are the words of thy idol priests1 my sovereign1 who say that we ,christians are adversaries to the state2 who cease not to pray for thy welfare and that of the realm4 ,what6 exclaimed the ,emperor2 ,art thou ,sebastian8 ,i am ,sebastian1 raised as from death to witness against thee for thy cruel persecution of the servants of ,christ4 ,then the ,emperor1 in a rage1 ordered him to be taken into the court-yard of the palace1 and to be beaten to death with clubs1 and his body to be cast into the sewer4 ,and when all this had been done1 a devout woman1 named ,lucina1 by night rescued the body from the place where it had been cast1 and buried it reverently in her own garden4 ,a church was afterwards built over his relics by ,pope ,damasus4 ,patron of ,chiemsee1 ,mannheim1 ,oetting1 ,palma1 ,rome1 ,soissons2 of makers of military laces1 of archers1 makers of fencing foils4 ,relics1 at ,soissons1 the head at ,eternach1 in ,luxemburg1 portions at ,mantua1 at ,malaga1 ,seville1 ,toulouse1 ,munich1 ,paris1 ,tournai1 in the ,cathedral2 ,antwerp1 in the church of the ,jesuits2 and at ,brussels1 in the ,court ,chapel4 ,in art1 can always be recognized as a young man1 transfixed with arrows4 ,s4 ,,euthymius ,,the ,,great1 ,,ab4 7,a4,d4 #dgc47 ,greek and ,latin1 and ,syriac ,martyrologies4 ,authority1 his life by ,cyrillus1 monk of his monastery1 in #edc1 sixty years after the death of ,euthymius2 he derived much of his information from an old monk who had been the disciple of the ,saint4 ,there was a man named ,paul1 with his wife ,dionysia1 at ,melitene in ,armenia1 good ,christians1 loving one another1 but childless4 ,then1 with one consent1 they entered into the church of the ,martyr ,polyeuctus1 and abode there many days instant in prayer1 that they might be given a son4 ,and after this had continued some time1 in a vision of the night1 the martyr appeared to them1 and said1 ,your prayer is heard1 now therefore depart in peace2 and when the child is born1 let him be named ,euthymius1 or the ',well disposed4' ,now it fell out1 that shortly after the child's birth1 ,paul died4 ,then ,dionysia1 the widow1 took her babe1 and went to her brother ,eudoxius1 the chaplain or confessor to the ,bishop of ,melitene1 and gave the little boy to him1 as ,hannah presented ,samuel to ,eli1 that he should minister before the ,lord4 ,after that1 ,dionysia was ordained deaconess1 and in due course ,euthymius received the sacred orders of lector1 and sub-deacon1 and finally was made priest1 and appointed to the oversight of all the monasteries in the diocese4 ,euthymius often visited the church of ,s4 ,polyeuctus1 and loving solitude1 was wont to spend whole nights in prayer on a neighbouring mountain4 ,but the love of being alone with ,god grew upon him1 so that he could not rest1 and at the age of twenty-nine1 he secretly deserted his native place1 and went to ,jerusalem1 where he visited the holy places2 and then retired into the desert1 near the ,laura of ,paran1#ig he found a cell in every way convenient1 and there he abode4 ,now there was a monk near his cell1 named ,theoctistus1 and him ,euthymius loved greatly1 for he was a good man1 and full of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the love of the same things1 says his biographer2 and society in labour1 united them so closely in the bond of charity1 and to such an extent were their spirits blended in affection1 that each was1 as it were1 planted in the heart of the other4 ,after five years spent in ,paran1 ,euthymius resolved1 with his friend ,theoctistus1 to fly into a solitude1 more remote4 ,so they went away into the barren mountains1 near the ,dead ,sea2 and there1 searching for a place where they might dwell1 they discovered a ravine1 down which a torrent poured1 and in the face of the rock was a cave4 ,then they entered into it and there they abode1 living on vegetables1 and drinking the water of the brook4 ,now it fell out1 one day1 that some shepherds came that way1 and ascending to the cavern looked in1 and were frightened when they saw two men1 very haggard1 with long beards4 ,but ,euthymius bade them be of good cheer1 for they were hermits who dwelt there on account of their sins4 ,then the shepherds noised it abroad1 and many disciples came to them1 and they built a monastery1 and ,euthymius appointed ,theoctistus to rule over it2 and then he retired1 loving solitude1 into a remote hermitage1 whence he issued forth only on the ,sabbath 7,saturday7 and the ,sunday4 ,he enjoined on the monks to be diligent in work1 and never to allow their hands to be idle4 ,for1 said he1 if men in the world labour to support themselves1 their wives1 families and children1 how much rather we1 who have the poor depending upon us4 ,having cured ,terebon1 the son of ,aspebetes1 of paralysis1 which afflicted one side of his body1 ,aspebetes1 chief of the ,arabs in ,palestine1 desired baptism1 and took the name of ,peter4 ,such multitudes of ,arabs followed his example1 that ,juvenal1 patriarch of ,jerusalem1 ordained him bishop of the wandering tribes1 and he assisted at the council of ,ephesus against ,nestorius1 in #dca4 ,he built ,s4 ,euthymius a ,laura on the right hand of the road from ,jerusalem to ,jericho1 in the year #dbj4 ,euthymius could never be prevailed upon to depart from his rule of strict solitude2 but he governed his monks by superiors to whom he gave directions on ,sundays4 ,do not suppose1 said he to his monks1 that you come into the desert to leave temptation behind you4 ,and then he related to them the following story4 ,there was in ,egypt a man afflicted with a very violent temper4 ,so he ran away from his home into a monastery1 where he thought he would be free from incentives to anger4 ,but there he was frequently irritated by the other monks who1 unintentionally1 gave him annoyance4 ,so he determined to escape wholly from the society of men1 and then said he1 ,i cannot give way1 for ,i shall never be tempted4 ,so he took with him only an earthenware bowl1 out of which to drink1 and he hid himself in a remote desert4 ,now1 one day1 he was fetching water from the spring1 and he upset the bowl1 and the water fell2 then he dipped the vessel again1 and as he was going1 his foot tripped1 and again the water was spilt2 he dipped it once more1 but his hand shook1 and he overturned the basin a third time4 ,then1 flaming into a furious passion1 he dashed the bowl against a stone1 and shivered it to fragments4 ,and when his anger cooled down1 he looked at his shattered bowl1 and said1 ,oh fool that ,i am6 how can ,i escape the temptation which is in my nature6 ,if ,i have not men to be angry with ,i rage against an earthen pot6 ,there was a man in the ,laura1 named ,auxentius1 whom the steward told to attend upon the mules1 for he was apt at mule-grooming4 ,but ,auxentius indignantly refused1 saying1 he came to the monastery to be a monk1 and not an ostler4 ,and when he constantly refused1 on the next ,lord's ,day1 the steward complained to ,euthymius1 who sent for the man4 ,then ,euthymius said1 ,my son1 it is necessary that some one of the brethren should attend to the stables4 ,why shouldst not thou do this8 ,because1 answered ,auxentius1 ,i don't like it4 ,alas1 exclaimed the abbot2 ,i see thou art not imitating ,him who said1 ,i came not to do mine own will1 ,i came not to be ministered to1 but to minister4 ,when the monk still refused1 ,euthymius said sadly1 ,well1 go thy way1 and see if self-will will make thee happy4 ,and presently the man fell ill1 and in his sickness his conscience smote him1 and he sent for the abbot1 and he said1 ,i was wrong1 ,i will look to the mules4 ,then ,euthymius healed him1 and ,auxentius did as was required of him4 ,s4 ,euthymius showed great zeal against the ,nestorian and ,eutychian heretics4 ,the turbulent ,empress ,eudocia1 after the death of her husband1 ,theodosius1 retired into ,palestine1 and there continued to favour them with her protection4 ,aroused by domestic affliction1 the captivity of her daughter and grand-daughters1 and the plunder of ,rome1 she sent to ask advice of ,s4 ,simeon ,stylites4 ,he answered that her misfortunes were the consequence of her sins1 and especially of her having persecuted the orthodox faith2 and ordered her to follow the direction of ,euthymius4 ,by the advice of ,s4 ,euthymius1 she renounced ,eutychianism1 and embraced the ,catholic communion4 ,in #dei1 she sent word to ,euthymius that she was coming to see him1 and that she designed settling on his ,laura sufficient revenues for its subsistence4 ,he returned her answer that she need not do so1 and that she must prepare for death4 ,she obeyed1 and died shortly after4 ,one of the last disciples of our ,saint was the young ,s4 ,sabas1 whom he dearly loved4 ,in the year #dgc1 on the #acth ,january1 ,martyrius and ,elias1 two monks1 to whom ,s4 ,euthymius had foretold that they should become patriarchs of ,jerusalem1 came with several others to visit him1 and to conduct him to his ,lent retreat in a solitary place4 ,he said that he would stay with them all that week1 and leave them on the ,saturday following1 meaning1 by death4 ,three days after1 he gave orders that a general vigil should be observed on the eve of ,s4 ,anthony's ,day2 on this he made a discourse to his spiritual children4 ,he appointed ,elias to be his successor1 and foretold that ,domitian1 a beloved disciple1 who had long ministered to him1 should follow him out of this world1 on the seventh day1 which happened accordingly4 ,euthymius died on ,saturday1 the #bjth of ,january1 being ninety-five years old1 of which he had spent sixty-eight in his beloved deserts4 ,s4 ,,fechin1 ,,ab4 ,,of ,,fore4 7,a4,d4 #ffe47 ,authority1 a life written in the #abth century1 from tradition4 ,like so many of these ,irish lives which were handed down from generation to generation1 it contains many improbabilities4 ,s4 ,fechin was abbot of ,foure1 in ,west ,meath1 where he governed three hundred monks4 ,he is said to have pitied the monks engaged in grinding their corn in querns1 he therefore brought water from a marsh to the monastery1 by cutting a tunnel through the rock1 and then established a water mill4 ,of this ,giraldus ,cambrensis relates the following3--,there is a mill at ,foure1 which ,s4 ,fechin made most miraculously with his own hands1 in the side of a certain rock4 ,no women are allowed to enter either this mill or the church of the saint2 and the mill is held in as much reverence by the natives as any of the churches dedicated to him4#ih ,the ,saint finding a poor leper1 full of sores one day1 took him to the ,queen1 and bade her minister to him as to ,christ4 ,she bravely overcame her repugnance1 and tended him with gentle care4#ii ,fechin was the son of ,coelcharna1 descendant of ,eochad ,fionn1 brother to the famous king ,conn of the ,hundred ,battles1 and his mother ,lassair was of the royal blood of ,munster4 ,when fit to be sent to school he was placed under ,s4 ,nathy of ,achonry4 ,having finished his studies he was ordained priest1 and retired to a solitary place at ,fore in ,westmeath1 there to live as a hermit4 ,but he was followed by many disciples1 and ,fore became a monastery of three hundred monks4 ,he also established a religious house in the island of ,immagh1 near the coast of ,galway4 ,the inhabitants were then pagans1 but ,fechin and his monks converted them4 ,his influence was very great with the kings and princes of his age4 ,he died of a dreadful pestilence which swept ,ireland in ,a4,d4 #ffe4 ,illustration3 ,the ,peacock as a ,christian ,emblem4 ,,footnotes3 #ia ,this was the common acclamation at the election of bishops1 of which we have many examples in ,philostorgius1 lib4 ix4 c4 #aj4 ,and in the relation of things done at the election of ,eradins 7recorded in ,s4 ,augustine's ,epistles71 we read that they cried out twenty times1 ,he is worthy and just6 and five times1 ,he is deserving1 he is worthy6 #ib ,eusebius4 lib4 vi4 c4 #bi4 #ic ,ibid4 c4 #ci4 #id ,this name presents a difficulty1 as it does not appear in the lists of the prefects of the city4 ,bollandus suggests1 not very plausibly1 that on account of his secession from the state religion1 his name was expunged4 #ie ,this is ,h4 ,e4 ,cardinal ,wiseman's elegant description of the scene1 which accords exactly with the ,acts4 ,this incident is not due to his imagination1 but occurs in the ,acts in these words3--,igitur1 cum haec ,beatissimus ,sebastianus1 indutus chlamyde1 succinctus baltheo1 ex suo ore proferret1 subito per unam fere horam splendore nimio de coelo veniente illuminatus est4 #if ,in the version of the ,acts by ,s4 ,ambrose1 the whole lengthy exhortation is given4 ,this can hardly1 however1 be original1 but is the composition of the author who passes for ,s4 ,ambrose4 #ig ,a ,laura was a colony of eremites dwelling in separate hovels or caves1 and differed in this particular from a monastery1 where all dwelt under one roof4 #ih ,topography of ,ireland1 c4 #eb4 #ii ,here occurs a very favourite incident in the lives of these ,irish saints2 it shall be given in ,latin4 ,the same is told of ,s4 ,mochua and others4 ,leprosus ad ,reginam dixit3 ,nares meas in ore tuo suge1 et phlegma inde extrahe4 ,at illa viriliter agens1 sicut imperavit fecit1 et phlegma in linteum posuit2 iterum quoque ei mandavit1 ut similiter faceret1 et id quod extraheret1 ,s4 ,fechino reservaret4 ,when the ,queen looked into the handkerchief1 she found two clots of solid gold1 one of which she retained1 the other she gave to ,s4 ,fechin4 ,the incident ,i give as characteristic1 rather than edifying4 ,january #ba4 ,,ss4 ,,fructuosus1 ,b4,m41 ,,augurius1 ,,and ,,eulogius1 ,,dd41 ,,mm41 at ,tarragona1 in ,spain1 ,a4,d4 #bei4 ,s4 ,,patroclus1 ,m41 at ,troyes1 in ,france1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #bgb4 ,s4 ,,agnes1 ,v4,m41 at ,rome1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cjc4 ,s4 ,,epiphanius1 ,b4 of ,pavia1 in ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #dif4 ,s4 ,,meinrad1 ,h4 ,m41 at ,einsiedeln1 in ,switzerland1 ,a4,d4 #hfa4 ,,ss4 ,,fructuosus1 ,b4 ,m41 ,,augurius ,,and ,,eulogius1 ,,dd41 ,,mm4 7,a4,d4 #bei47 ,roman ,martyrology1 those of ,usuardus1 ,bede1 ,notker1 ,ado1 c4 ,the perfectly genuine ,acts1 which are extant1 were read in the ,church on this day1 as ,s4 ,augustine testifies in his sermon for their commemoration4 ,valerian and ,gallienus being emperors1#ajj ,aemilian and ,bassus consuls1 on ,january #afth1 being the ,lord's-day1 ,fructuosus1 the ,bishop1 ,augurius and ,eulogius1 the deacons1 were taken4 ,fructuosus was in bed1 but hearing the tramp of the officers1 he rose at once and went out barefoot4#aja ,to whom the soldiers said1 ,come1 the governor wants thee and thy deacons4 ,fructuosus said1 ,let us go1 but please1 let me put on my shoes4 ,the soldiers said1 ,as thou desirest1 shoe thyself4 ,as soon as they were come1 they were put into prison4 ,fructuosus1 certain and glorying in the crown of the ,lord1 to which he was called1 prayed without ceasing4 ,there were also with him some of the brethren1 praying him to have them in remembrance4 ,next day1 he baptized in the prison our brother ,rogatian4 ,and they were six days in prison1 and then were brought forth4 ,it was on the #bast ,january1 and a ,friday1 that they were heard4 ,aemilian1 the governor1 said1 ,let ,fructuosus1 the ,bishop1 ,augurius and ,eulogius be brought forward4 ,according to custom it was said1 ,they are here4 ,aemilian1 the governor1 said to ,fructuosus1 the ,bishop1 ,hast thou heard what the ,emperors have ordered6 ,fructuosus1 the ,bishop1 said1 ,i do not know what their orders are2 ,i am a ,christian4 ,aemilian said1 ,they have ordered that the gods be worshipped4 ,fructuosus said1 ,i worship one ,god1 who made heaven and earth1 the sea and all that therein is4 ,aemilian said1 ,do you know that there are many gods8 ,the ,bishop said1 ,no1 ,i do not4 ,then thou soon shalt1 said the governor4 ,fructuosus1 the ,bishop1 looked up to the ,lord1 and began to pray within himself4 ,aemilian said1 ,who will be heard1 who feared1 who adored1 if the gods and the countenance of the ,emperor are despised8 ,then he said to ,augurius1 the deacon1 ,don't listen to the words of ,fructuosus4 ,augurius answered1 ,i worship the ,almighty ,god4 ,aemilian1 the governor1 said to ,eulogius1 the deacon1 ,dost thou not worship ,fructuosus8 ,by no means1 said ,eulogius1 but ,i worship the same ,god as does ,fructuosus4 ,aemilian said to ,fructuosus1 ,art thou a ,bishop8 ,fructuosus answered1 ,i am4 ,you were one1 said the ,governor1 and he ordered them to be burnt alive4 ,and when ,fructuosus1 the ,bishop1 and his deacons1 were led into the amphitheatre1 the people began to mourn for ,fructuosus1 for he was greatly beloved1 not by the brethren only1 but also by the heathen4 ,for he was a vessel of election and a teacher of the people4 ,and when some1 in brotherly charity1 offered them a spiced cup to drink1 he said1 ,the hour of breaking fast is not yet come4 ,for it was the fourth hour1 though indeed they had solemnly celebrated the station 7fast7 on the fourth day 7,wednesday7 in the prison4 ,therefore joyously on the sixth day 7,friday7 they hastened to conclude this station 7fast7 with prophets and martyrs in ,paradise4 ,and when they had come to the amphitheatre1 one1 named ,augustalis1 a lector1 ran to him1 with tears1 beseeching him to suffer him to unloose his shoes4 ,but the blessed martyr said1 ,stand aside1 ,i can put off my own shoes4 ,and when he had done so1 our brother and fellow-soldier1 ,felix1 went up to him1 and took his right hand1 asking him to remember him4#ajb ,to him ,s4 ,fructuosus replied in a clear voice1 so that all heard1 ,it behoves me to hold in mind the whole ,catholic ,church1 extending from east to west4 ,then1 as he was in the gate of the amphitheatre1 ready to advance to his unfading crown1 rather than to his pains1 as the officers saw1 and the brethren heard1 and the ,holy ,spirit urged and spake1 ,fructuosus the ,bishop1 exclaimed1 ,a pastor will not be lacking to you1 nor will the love and promises of the ,lord fail1 now or hereafter4 ,this which ye behold is the infirmity of one hour4 ,and when the bands wherewith their hands were tied had been burnt through1 rejoicing1 they cast themselves on their knees1 sure of the resurrection1 and having formed the sign of victory1#ajc they poured forth their souls1 praying to the ,lord4 ,the brethren1 sad as if bereft of a shepherd1 endured their solitude2 not that they lamented ,fructuosus1 but rather they desired to be mindful of the faith and passion of each4 ,when night came1 they hastened to the amphitheatre with wine1 with which to extinguish the charred bodies1 which being done1 they collected the ashes of the martyrs1 and each carried away a portion4 ,but neither in this did the marvellous works of the ,lord fail2 that the faith of the believers might be stimulated1 and an example might be given to the little ones4 ,after his passion1 ,fructuosus appeared to the brethren1 and exhorted them to restore1 without delay1 what each had carried off of the ashes1 out of love1 that they might be laid altogether in one place4#ajd ,fructuosus in ,spanish ,frutos1 in ,french ,fruteux4 ,patron of ,taragona4 ,relics1 in the ,benedictine monastery1 near the ,porto ,fino1 at ,genoa2 some portions1 however1 in the church of ,s4 ,montana1 at ,barcelona4 ,s4 ,,patroclus1 ,m4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #bgb47 ,from the ,acts published by ,bollandus1 an early recension of the original ,acts4 ,when the ,emperor ,aurelian was in ,gaul1 he came to ,troyes1 and hearing that there was a ,christian there1 named ,patroclus1 he ordered him to be brought before him1 when the following examination was had of him3-- ,aurelian--,what is thy name8 ,he answered1 ,i am called ,patroclus4 ,aurelian--,what is thy religion1 or1 what ,god dost thou worship8 ,patroclus--,i adore the living and true ,god1 who inhabits heaven1 and regards the humble1 and knows all things or ever they are done4 ,aurelian--,give up this nonsense1 and adore and serve our ,gods1 from whom you will derive honour and riches4 ,patroclus--,i will adore only the true ,god1 who made all things visible and invisible4 ,aurelian--,dispute of those things which you say are true4 ,patroclus--,those things which ,i declare are true and probable2 but ,i know why falsehood hates the truth4 ,aurelian--,i will burn you alive if you will not sacrifice to the gods4 ,patroclus--,i offer the sacrifice of praise1 and myself as a living victim to ,god who has deigned to call me to martyrdom4 ,then ,aurelian commanded--,put fetters on his feet1 and hot manacles on his hands1 and cudgel him on the back1 and then shut him up in a privy cell1 until ,i make up my mind what is to be done with him4 ,then ,patroclus was given into custody to one ,elegius until the third day4 ,and when he was brought forth again to be examined1 ,aurelian greeted him with1 ,well1 despiser1 hast thou thought better of it1 and art thou ready to sacrifice8 ,patroclus--,the ,lord delivereth the souls of his servants1 and will not forsake them that hope in ,him4 ,if thou desirest anything out of my treasures1 ,i will freely give it thee1 for1 believe me1 thou art poor4 ,aurelian--,i1 poor6 ,patroclus--,thou hast earthly wealth1 but art poor in faith of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,aurelian--,enough of this4 ,our gods are mighty4 ,patroclus--,who are they8 ,aurelian--,first ,apollo1 the chief2#aje then ,jove1 the great god2 and ,diana1 the mother of the gods4#ajf ,patroclus--,why1 how can they be almighty1 when ,apollo kept sheep for ,admetus1 and ,jove died of a pain in his belly2 and as for your ,diana1 every one knows she is the noon-tide demon4 ,then ,aurelian1 inflamed with rage1 ordered ,patroclus to be taken to a marshy place1 and to be there executed4 ,but when the soldiers led him to the bank of the ,seine1 which had overflowed1 ,patroclus escaped from them across the river1 and took refuge on a hill dedicated to idol worship4 ,here a woman saw him1 and she went straightway and told the soldiers4 ,then they came upon him1 and smote off his head4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,agnes4 ,from the ,vienna ,missal4 ,jan4 #ba4 ,s4 ,patroclus in ,france is called ,s4 ,parre4 ,he is one of the ,patrons of ,troyes4 ,s4 ,,agnes1 ,v4 ,m4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #cjc47 ,roman ,martyrology1 modern ,anglican ,kalendar1 and ,greek ,menaea4 ,the ,greeks commemorate her on ,jan4 #adth1 #bast1 and ,july #eth4 ,her ,acts1 attributed to ,s4 ,ambrose1 are a rhetorical recension of her genuine ,acts4 ,s4 ,ambrose refers to ,s4 ,agnes in lib4 ,i4 ,de ,virginibus1 and in his ,commentary on ,ps4 civ41 and in lib4 ,i4 c4 #d of his offices4 ,there is also a hymn of ,prudentius1 relating the ,acts of this famous martyr4 ,the ,acts are sufficiently elegant to be really by ,s4 ,ambrose1 and are far superior in style to those of ,s4 ,sebastian1 falsely attributed to him4 ,s4 ,jerome says that the tongues and pens of all nations are employed in the praises of this ,saint1 who overcame both the cruelty of the tyrant1 and the tenderness of her age1 and crowned the glory of chastity with that of martyrdom4#ajg ,s4 ,augustine observes that her name signifies chaste in ,greek1 and a lamb in ,latin4 ,she has been always looked upon in the ,church as a special patroness of purity4 ,we learn from ,s4 ,ambrose and ,s4 ,augustine1 that she was only thirteen years old at the time of her death4 ,she suffered in the persecution of ,diocletian4 ,her riches and beauty excited one of the young nobles of ,rome1 the son of the prefect of the city1 to attempt to gain her hand in marriage4 ,to him she answered1 ,i am already engaged to one--to him alone ,i keep my troth4#ajh ,and when he asked further1 her answer was1 ,he has already pledged me to ,him by his betrothal ring1 and has adorned me with precious jewels4 ,he has placed a sign upon my brow that ,i should have no other lover but he4 ,he has showed me incomparable treasures1 which he has promised to give me if ,i persevere4 ,honey and milk have ,i drawn from ,his lips1 and ,i have partaken of ,his body1 and with ,his blood has he adorned my cheeks4 ,his mother is a virgin1 and ,his father knew not woman4 ,him the angels serve1 ,his beauty sun and moon admire2 by ,his fragrance the dead are raised1 by ,his touch the sick are healed4 ,his wealth never fails1 and ,his abundance never grows less4 ,for ,him alone do ,i keep myself4 ,to ,him alone in true confidence do ,i commit myself4 ,whom loving ,i am chaste1 whom touching ,i am clean1 whom receiving ,i am a virgin4 ,the youth repulsed1 and filled with jealousy against the unknown lover1 complained to the father of ,agnes1 who was much disturbed1 doubting whether she were mad1 or had given her heart to some one without his knowing it4 ,by degrees it transpired that ,agnes was a ,christian4 ,thereupon ,symphronius1#aji the governor1 sent for her parents1 and they1 alarmed for her safety1 urged her to submit1 and marry the young man4 ,she1 however1 constantly refused1 declaring that she desired to remain a virgin4 ,very well1 said the ,governor2 then become a vestal virgin1 and serve the goddess in celibacy4 ,do you think1 answered ,agnes1 that if ,i have refused your living son1 of flesh and blood1 that ,i shall dedicate myself to gods of senseless stone8 ,be not headstrong1 said ,symphronius2 you are only a child1 remember1 though forward for your age4 ,i may be a child1 replied ,agnes2 but faith dwells not in years1 but in the heart4 ,i will tell you how ,i shall deal with you1 cried ,symphronius4 ,you shall be stripped1 and driven naked into a house of ill-fame1 to be subjected to insult and outrage4 ,then the clothes were taken off the slender body of the girl1 and she was forced out into the street4 ,in shame she loosened the band that confined her abundant hair1 and let it flow over her body1 and cover her4 ,you may expose my virtue to insult1 said she to the prefect1 but ,i have the angel of ,god as my defence4 ,for the only-begotten ,son of ,god1 whom you know not1 will be to me an impenetrable wall1 and a guardian never sleeping1 and an unflagging protector4 ,and so it was4 ,for when she was placed in the brothel1 the room was filled with light1 and an angel brought her a robe1 white as snow1 to cover her nakedness4 ,and also1 when the governor's son burst in at the door in tumultuous exultation1 the angel smote him1 that he fell senseless on the ground4#aaj ,thereupon there was an uproar1 and the people said1 she had slain him by her enchantments4 ,but when he was come to himself he was ashamed1 and the governor feared4 ,therefore he committed the sentencing of ,agnes to the deputy1 ,aspasius1 who ordered that she should be immediately executed4 ,and all the people rushed after her1 crying1 ,away with the witch1 away with her6 ,then a fire was kindled1 and ,agnes was placed upon the pyre4 ,but she1 lifting up her hands in the midst of the fire1 prayed1 ,o ,father ,almighty1 who alone art to be worshipped1 feared1 and adored1 ,i give ,thee thanks for that through thy holy ,son1 ,i have escaped the threats of the profane tyrant1 and with unstained footstep have passed over the filthy slough of lust2 and now1 behold1 ,i come to ,thee1 whom ,i have loved1 have sought1 and have always longed for4 ,thy name ,i bless1 ,i glorify1 world without end4#aaa ,and she continued1 ,so now ,i am bedewed with the ,holy ,ghost from on high2 the furnace grows cold about me1 the flame is divided asunder1 and its heat is rolled back on them that quickened it4 ,i bless ,thee1 ,o ,father of my ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 who permittest me1 intrepid1 to come to ,thee through the fires4 ,lo6 what ,i have believed1 that now ,i see2 what ,i have hoped for1 that now ,i hold2 what ,i have desired1 that now ,i embrace4 ,i confess ,thee with my lips1 and with my heart1 ,i altogether desire ,thee4 ,i come to ,thee one and true ,god1 who with our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 thy ,son1 and with the ,holy ,ghost1 livest and reignest through ages of ages4 ,amen4 ,and when she had finished praying1 the fire became wholly extinct2 then ,aspasius1 the deputy1 ordered a sword to be thrust into her throat4 ,but1 said he suddenly1 why is she not bound8 ,the executioner turned over a quantity of manacles1 and selected the smallest pair he could find1 and placed them round her wrists4 ,agnes with a smile1 shook her hands1 and they fell1 like ,s4 ,paul's viper1 clattering at her feet4#aab ,then she calmly knelt down1 and with her own hands drew forward her hair1 so as to expose her neck to the blow4#aac ,a pause ensued1 for the executioner was trembling with emotion1 and could not wield his sword4#aad ,as the child knelt alone1 in her white robe1 with her head inclined1 her arms crossed modestly upon her bosom1 and her locks hanging to the ground1 and veiling her features1 she might not inaptly have been compared to some rare plant1 of which the slender stalk1 white as a lily1 bent with the luxuriance of its golden blossom4 ,and thus1 bathed in her rosy blood1 said the author of the ,acts1 ,christ betrothed to ,himself his bride and martyr4 ,then her parents1 having no sorrow1 but all joy1 took her body1 and placed it in a tomb on their farm1 not far from the city1 on the ,numentan road4 ,but there being a great crowd of ,christians following1 the pagan mob and soldiers pursued them1 and drove them away with stones and weapons4 ,but ,emerentiana1 who was the foster-sister of ,agnes1 a holy virgin1 though only a catechumen1 stood intrepid and motionless by the tomb1 and there she was stoned to death4 ,after her death ,agnes appeared in glory to her parents4 ,from the heavenly regions ,girt with heavenly legions1 ,eight days past1 her home she sought2 ,and a lamb1 the whitest1 ,loveliest1 purest1 brightest1 ,in her loving arms she brought4 ,these thou seest1 my mother ,these1 and many another1 ,are my blest companions now4 ,relics1 in the church of ,s4 ,agnes1 at ,rome2 portions at ,utrecht2 a few small particles at ,rouen1 in the church of ,s4 ,ouen2 at ,melun2 in the ,cathedral at ,cologne2 in the ,court ,chapel at ,brussels2 and in the ,jesuit ,church at ,antwerp4 ,in art1 she appears 7#a7 with a lamb1 or 7#b7 with an angel protecting her1 or 7#c7 standing on a flaming pyre1 or 7#d7 with a sword4 ,s4 ,,meinrad1 ,h4 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #hfa47 ,authority1 an ancient anonymous and perfectly authentic life in the library of the monastery at ,einsiedeln4 ,about the year of grace #gig1 was born ,meinrad1 ,count of ,hohenzollern4 ,he was born in that part of ,swabia1 then called ,sulichgau1 which comprised the valleys of ,steinlach and ,sturzel1 and the towns of ,rottenburg and ,slchen4 ,berthold1 the father of ,meinrad1 had married the daughter of the ,count of ,slchen1 and lived with his wife in the strong castle of ,slchen on the ,nekar4 ,meinrad lived at home till he was ten or eleven years old4 ,at that time the island of ,reichenau possessed a ,benedictine monastery of great reputation4 ,this island is situated in the arm of the lake of ,constance1 called the ,zeller-see1 and very fertile4 ,the monks superintended two schools in this island1 connected with their monastery1 one for the boys who were in training to be monks1 the other for the sons of nobles1 who desired to live in the world4 ,at the time that ,meinrad entered the school1 his kinsman1 ,hatto of ,slchen1 was abbot4 ,at this period the great lesson that the monks had to teach the ,germans was1 the dignity of labour4 ,the ,germans were a turbulent people1 loving war1 harrying their neighbour's lands1 hunting and fighting1 despising heartily the work of tilling the land1 and tending cattle4 ,the monks began to labour with their hands1 and by degrees they broke through the prejudices of the time1 and converted the ,germans into an agricultural people4 ,in #hah1 when ,meinrad was aged #ba1 the first vines were planted in ,reichenau1 to become1 to this day1 the principal source of revenue to those to whom it belongs4 ,the position of ,reichenau1 on the main road to ,italy1 gave it a special importance4 ,many foreign bishops1 who1 halting there on their journeys1 had carried away with them a pleasant memory of that quiet isle in the blue lake1 returned to it to spend their last years in peace4 ,thus the ,bishop ,egino retired to ,reichenau1 and built there1 in #gii1 the church of ,our ,lady1 at the western extremity of the island1 which still exists4 ,at the time of the consecration of this church1 ,meinrad was in the monastery school2 this was in #haf4 ,seven hundred monks1 a hundred novices1 and four hundred scholars assisted at the ceremony1 and sang the grand psalms and ,coelestis urbs with wondrous effect4 ,the time came for ,meinrad to leave school and decide on his career4 ,the voice of his heart called him to the service of ,god1 and he prepared for ,holy ,orders4 ,in #hba he was ordained deacon1 and shortly afterwards priest4 ,he was fond of study2 but the book that most charmed his imagination was the account of the ,fathers of the ,desert1 by ,cassian4 ,the forms of these venerable hermits in their caves seemed to appear to him and beckon him on4 ,the voice which had called him to the priesthood said to him1 ,friend1 go up higher1 and he took vows as a monk in the abbey of ,reichenau1 to his great-uncle ,erlebald1 now superior1 on the resignation of ,hatto in #hbb4 ,he was then aged twenty-five4 ,at the upper extremity of the ,lake of ,zrich was the little cloister of ,bollingen1 dependant on that of ,reichenau4 ,it contained a prior and twelve brethren1 who had established themselves in this wild neighbourhood1 lost1 as it were1 among the mountains1 to become the teachers of a neighbourhood buried in darkness4 ,they established a school for the gentry and also for the serfs1 in which they taught the boys what was suitable for their different stations in life4 ,being in want of a master for this school1 they sent to the abbot of ,reichenau for one4 ,his choice fell on ,meinrad1 who was at once despatched to the humble priory1 situated on the confines of civilization1 to which the mountains and dense forests seemed to say1 ,thus far and no further shalt thou go4 ,in his new situation1 ,meinrad drew upon himself general esteem and affection4 ,his prudence in the direction of souls1 his learning1 and his modesty1 endeared him to all4 ,nevertheless1 from the moment of his entering into the priory1 ,meinrad had felt a yearning in his heart for a life more secluded1 in which he could pray and meditate without distraction4 ,about two leagues off1 beyond the lake1 rose ,mount ,etzel1 covered with dense forest4 ,often from the window of his cell did his eyes rest1 with an invincible longing1 on the blue mountain4 ,the desire became1 at length1 so uncontrollable1 that he resolved to visit the ,etzel1 and seek among its rocks for some place where he might pass his days in repose4 ,one day1 accordingly1 he took with him one of his pupils1 and1 entering a boat1 rowed to the foot of the desired mount4 ,a few hours after he was at the summit1 and his heart beat with a sweet joy at the sight of a place to which his yearning soul had long turned4 ,behind him was a pathless forest of pines1 inhabited by wolves1 but he feared them not4 ,he descended the hill by the side of ,rapperschwyl1 and arrived at the village1 called afterwards ,altendorf4 ,he rested at the house of a pious widow1 who received him hospitably4 ,to her ,meinrad confided his design1 and asked her to minister to his necessities on the ,etzel1 should he retire thither4 ,she readily promised to do so4 ,having thanked her1 he returned full of joy to ,bollingen4 ,he asked the prior to give him his benediction and permission to accomplish his project4 ,he1 with regret1 permitted him to respond to the call of grace1 and ,meinrad at once tore himself from his companions and pupils1 and crossed the lake to the beloved mountain4 ,this was in ,june1 #hbh1 when ,meinrad was aged thirty-one4 ,he took nothing with him save his missal1 a book of instructions on the ,gospels1 the rule of ,s4 ,benedict1 and the works of ,cassian4 ,burdened with these volumes1 he climbed the ,etzel1 and stood on a commanding point4 ,at his feet and before him lay the blue lake of ,zrich1 its waters sleeping in sunshine2 behind him was the gloomy horror of the forest4 ,beyond1 the ,alpine peaks wreathed in glaciers1 glittering in the light1 and around him a solemn silence1 broken only by the distant scream of a magpie1 or the creaking of the pines in the breeze4 ,the first care of the new solitary was to provide himself with shelter against rain and storm4 ,he collected broken boughs1 and interlaced them between four pines that served as corner posts to his hovel1 and roofed it in with fern4 ,this was his first house2 but shortly after1 the widow1 having heard that he had retired to the ,etzel1 built him a hut of pine logs1 and a little chapel1 in which he might offer the ,holy ,sacrifice4 ,she attended to all his necessities1 as she had promised1 and ,meinrad was now at the summit of happiness4 ,strange must have been those first evenings and nights in loneliness4 ,there is a sense of mystery which oppresses the spirit when alone among the fragrant trees1 that stand stiff and entranced1 awaiting the coming on of night4 ,to persons unaccustomed to the woods1 few moments of greater solemnity could occur than those following the set of sun4 ,a shadow falls over the forest1 and in the deep winding tunnels that radiate among the grey1 moss-hung trunks1 the blackness of night condenses apace4 ,mysterious noises are heard2 the rustling of large birds settling themselves for the night1 the click of falling cones1 the cry of the wild cat1 or the howl of the wolf4 ,the gold light1 that all day has flickered through the boughs and diapered the spine strewn soil1 has wholly disappeared1 save that for a moment it lies a flake of fire on the distant snowy peak4 ,patches of ash-grey sky1 seen through the interstices of the branches1 diffuse no light4 ,perhaps an evening breeze whispers secrets among the pine-tops and pipes between the trunks1 or hums an indistinct tune1 pervading the whole air1 among the green needle-like leaves of the firs4 ,and then1 when night has settled in1 the moon shoots its fantastic silver among the moving branches1 and draws weird pictures over the brambles and uneven soil4 ,branches snap with a report like a pistol1 and voices of unseen birds and beasts sound ghost-like among the dark aisles of the labyrinth of firs4 ,it is well to picture these surroundings1 when we call up before us the figures of the old hermits4 ,their trials were not only of hunger1 and thirst1 and cold2 there was the trial of nerve as well4 ,in the forest cell1 ,meinrad disciplined his body by rigorous fasts1 and his soul by constant prayer4 ,by degrees1 his cabin became a resort of pilgrims1 who arrived seeking ease to their troubled consciences1 or illumination to their dark understandings4 ,always united to ,god1 always penetrated with the sense of ,his presence1 he strove to know the will of ,god1 and to submit his own will wholly to that4 ,seven years passed1 and the number of those who visited him increased every day4 ,then1 finding his solitude no more a solitude1 he resolved to leave the ,etzel1 and bury himself in some nook far from the habitations of men4 ,behind the ,etzel extended a vast forest untrodden by man1 whose savage and gloomy loneliness attracted ,meinrad4 ,whilst he was musing on his projected flight1 some of his old pupils at ,bollingen came1 as was their wont occasionally1 to visit their former master4 ,meinrad descended the mountain with them to the point where the river ,sihl1 after numerous windings in the forest1 flows gently through an agreeable valley1 and empties itself into the lake4 ,the pines on its banks were reflected in the glassy water1 and in its crystal depths could be seen multitudes of trout4 ,the young monks desiring to have a day's fishing1 ,meinrad crossed the river1 and entered the forest4 ,he walked on silent and meditating1 looking around him1 in hopes of discovering some place suitable for the purpose that occupied his mind4 ,after a walk of an hour and a half1 in a southerly direction1 he reached the foot of a range of hills which formed a semi-circle as far as the ,alb4 ,in this basin1 enclosed within the arms of the mountain1 wound a little stream over a bed of moss1 from a spring beneath the roots of two large pines4 ,to the south lay the valley of the ,alb1 blocked by the rugged snow-topped crags of the ,mythen4 ,this was just such a solitude as ,meinrad had desired4 ,he fell on his knees1 and thanked ,god for having brought him to so pleasant a spot1 and drinking for the first time from the fountain1 he returned to his companions1 who1 having caught a bag full of fish1 went back with him to his hermitage1 and as evening fell1 returned to ,bollingen4 ,meinrad now prepared to leave the ,etzel4 ,he went to ,altendorf to thank the widow who had provided for him1 and then he departed1 taking with him one monk of ,bollingen and a peasant1 to carry such things as would be necessary in the wilderness4 ,as they descended the hill towards the river1 the brother saw a nest of ravens on a branch2 he climbed the tree1 and taking the nest1 brought it along with the two young birds it contained to ,meinrad1 who kept them1 to be the companions of his solitude4 ,a few paces above the spring1 where there was a gentle rise1 he decided should be the site of his habitation1 and there accordingly he erected a simple hut of logs4 ,providence did not desert him4 ,the abbess ,hedwig1 head of a small community of women at ,zrich1 undertook to minister to his necessities1 in place of the widow of ,altendorf2 and from time to time she sent him food1 and such things as be needed4 ,he was now left in complete solitude1 and often the temptation came upon him1 as he lay shivering with cold in the winter nights1 and the snow drifted about his cabin1 to give up this sort of life1 and return to the community at ,bollingen or ,reichenau4 ,but he resisted these thoughts1 as temptations of the evil one1 with redoubled prayer and fasting4 ,in this place he spent several years in perfect retirement1 till a carpenter of ,wollerau1 coming there one day in quest of some wood1 discovered his cell4 ,after that1 he was visited by hunters1 and then1 by degrees1 a current of pilgrims flowed towards his abode1 as had been the case on the ,etzel4 ,what added to this was the present of a statue of the ,blessed ,virgin and ,child1 made to ,meinrad by ,hildegard1 daughter of ,louis the ,german1 who had been appointed by her father abbess of ,zrich1 in #hec4 ,this image speedily acquired the credit of being miraculous1 and thus began that incessant pilgrimage which has continued for over a thousand years to the venerated shrine where it is preserved4 ,meinrad had spent twenty-five years in solitude2 and his love for this mortified and retired life had grown stronger in his heart as he grew older4 ,he was glad when winter1 the frost1 and the snow came to block the paths1 and diminish the concourse of pilgrims2 yet in spite of the rigour of the climate at that season1 and the want of roads through the forest1 he still saw many visitors1 who came to confide to him their troubles1 as children to a father1 and to ask counsel of his prudence4 ,there were also days in which he was alone1 and1 shut up in his log-hut1 heard only the hissing of the wind among the trees1 and the howling of the wolves1 pressed by hunger in the forest2 all was sad around the hermitage1 the flowers1 the grass1 the little spring slept under the snow1 spread like a white pall over dead nature4 ,the two ravens1 perched on a branch of pine which overhung the cabin door1 uttered their plaintive croak4 ,meinrad alone was happy4 ,he celebrated the ,divine ,mysteries1 and holding in his hands the eternal ,victim1 offered himself1 in conjunction with the sacrifice of ,calvary2 desiring earnestly that he might be found worthy to die the death of a martyr4 ,his prayer was heard4 ,during the last years of ,meinrad's life1 pilgrims laid presents at the door of ,meinrad1 and before the image of ,mary4 ,those that served to adorn the chapel he kept1 the rest he gave away to the poor4 ,two men1 one from the ,grisons1 named ,peter1 the other a ,swabian1 named ,richard1 suspecting that he had a store of money collected from the pilgrims1 resolved on robbing him4 ,they met in a tavern at ,endigen1 where now stands ,rapperschwyl1 where they spent the night4 ,next day1 ,january #bast1 #hfa1 long before daybreak1 they took the road to the ,etzel and entered the forest4 ,for a while they lost their way1 for the paths were covered with snow4 ,however1 at length they discovered the hermitage4 ,the ravens screamed at their approach1 and fluttered with every token of alarm about the hut1 so that1 as the murderers afterwards confessed1 they were somewhat startled at the evident tokens of alarm in the birds4 ,the assassins reached the chapel door4 ,s4 ,meinrad had said his morning prayers1 and had celebrated mass4 ,the murderers watched him through a crack in the door1 and when he had concluded the sacrifice1 and had turned from the altar1 they knocked4 ,meinrad opened1 and received them cheerfully4 ,my friends1 said he2 had you arrived a little earlier1 you might have assisted at the sacrifice4 ,enter and pray ,god and ,his ,saints to bless you2 then come with me and ,i will give you such refreshments as my poor cell affords4 ,so saying he left them in the chapel1 and went to prepare food in his own hut4 ,the murderers rushed after him1 and he turned and said1 smiling1 ,i know your intention4 ,when ,i am dead1 place one of these tapers at my head1 and the other at my feet1 and escape as quickly as you can1 so as not to be overtaken4 ,he gave to one his cloak and to the other his tunic2 and they beat him about the head with their sticks1 till he fell dead at their feet4 ,then they threw his body on the bed of dried leaves whereon he was wont to sleep1 and cast a rush mat over it4 ,they then searched the hut for money1 but found none4 ,before leaving1 they remembered the request of ,meinrad1 and placed one of the tapers at his head1 the other they took to the chapel1 to light it at the ever-burning lamp4 ,when they returned1 to their astonishment1 they saw that the candle at the head of the body was alight4 ,filled with a vague fear1 they set down the other candle and took to flight4 ,but the two faithful ravens pursued them1 screaming harshly1 and dashing against the heads of the murderers with their beaks and claws1 as though desirous of avenging their master's death4 ,frightened more and more1 and continually pursued and exposed to the attack of the enraged birds1 the murderers ran towards ,wollerau1 where they met the carpenter who had discovered the retreat of ,meinrad4 ,this man1 recognizing the tame ravens of the hermit1 and suspecting mischief1 hastily bade his brother not allow the two men to escape out of his sight1 and then ran to the hermitage1 where he found the body of the ,saint4 ,the candle at his feet had set fire to the mat1 but the flame had expired as soon as it had reached the corpse4 ,the carpenter at once returned to ,wollerau1 where he spread the news of the murder1 and having bade his wife and some friends take care of the body of ,s4 ,meinrad1 he went in pursuit of the assassins on the ,zrich road4 ,he soon overtook them4 ,the ravens were fluttering with shrill screams at the windows of a house4 ,he entered and denounced the murderers4 ,they were taken1 and delivered over to justice4 ,by their confession all the circumstances of the martyrdom were made known4 ,relics1 at ,einsiedeln1 where1 in #ahfa1 the thousandth anniversary of the ,saint's death was celebrated with great pomp4 ,,footnotes3 #ajj ,this account is a translation of the ,acts2 it is a very fair specimen of the original documents as written by the ,church notaries at the time4 ,the style being too simple to please the taste of later ages1 too many of them were re-written in florid diction1 and long speeches were put in the martyrs' mouths4 #aja ,one reading is insolutus1 another in soleis4 #ajb ,that is1 to intercede for him when he1 the martyr1 stood in the presence of ,christ in ,paradise4 #ajc ,that is1 extending their arms1 so that they formed the symbol of the ,cross4 #ajd ,slightly abbreviated from the ,acts4 #aje ,aurelian was a special votary of the sun4 #ajf ,there is some blunder here4 #ajg ,s4 ,hieron1 ,ep4 #f4 #ajh ,s4 ,august4 ,serm4 #bgd4 #aji ,here a difficulty occurs4 ,there is no such name in the lists of the prefects of the city4 ,according to this account1 he transferred to the deputy1 ,aspasius1 the duty of sentencing her4 ,in some accounts he is called ,aspasius ,paternus4 ,a ,paternus was prefect of the city in #bfd and #bfe2 an ,ovinius ,paternus in #bha4 ,aspasius ,paternus1 pro-consul of ,africa1 in or about #bfj1 is mentioned by ,s4 ,cyprian4 ,it is probable that ,symphronius was not prefect of the city1 but a powerful senator1 and that ,aspasius is the same as ,ovinius ,paternus4 ,transcribers made havoc of the names in the ,acts4 #aaj ,antiphon to ,ps4 cix4 ,dixit ,dominus1 for ,s4 ,agnes' ,day1 and ,greek ,menaea4 #aaa ,this is appointed as the antiphon to the ,magnificat for ,s4 ,agnes' ,day4 #aab ,prudentius4 #aac ,ibid4 #aad ,s4 ,ambrose lib4 ,i4 ,de ,virgin4 c4 #b4 ,january #bb4 ,s4 ,,vincent1 ,d4 ,m41 at ,saragossa1 in ,spain1 ,a4,d4 #cjd4 ,,ss4 ,,vincent1 ,,orontius1 ,,victor1 ,,and ,,aquilina1 ,,mm41 at ,gerunda1 in ,spain1 ,a4,d4 #cjd4 ,s4 ,,blaesilla1 ,w41 at ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #chc4 ,s4 ,,gaudentius1 ,b4 of ,novara1 in ,italy1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #dah4 ,,ss4 ,,anastasius ,,and ,,lxx4 ,,companions1 ,,mm41 in ,assyria1 ,a4,d4 #fbh4 ,s4 ,,dominic1 ,ab4 of ,sora1 in ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #ajca4 ,s4 ,,brithwald1 ,b4 of ,wilton1 in ,england1 ,a4,d4 #ajde4 ,b4 ,,walter ,,van ,,bierbeeke1 ,monk1 at ,hemmerode1 in ,belgium1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #abbj4 ,s4 ,,vincent1 ,d4 ,,and ,m4 7,a4,d4 #cjd47 ,all ,western ,martyrologies1 and by the ,greeks on the same day1 and ,nov4 #aath4 ,the ,acts1 very ancient1 quoted by ,metaphrastes1 are a very early recension of the original ,acts by the notaries of the ,church4 ,also1 a hymn of ,prudentius4 ,this most illustrious martyr of the ,spanish ,church was born at ,saragossa in ,arragon1 the mother of martyrs1 as ,prudentius calls it4 ,his parents are mentioned in his ,acts1 which are at least older than ,s4 ,augustine 7,august #bh71 in whose time they were publicly read in the church of ,hippo4 ,the name of his father was ,eutychius2 and his mother1 ,enola1 was a native of ,osca1 or ,huesca1 which sometimes claims the honour of his birth4 ,he was trained in the discipline of the ,christian faith by ,valerius1 ,bishop of ,saragossa1 and was in due time ordained to the office of deacon4 ,the ,bishop was a man of venerable piety1 but laboured under an impediment in his speech4 ,he therefore devoted himself to prayer and contemplation1 and intrusted the care of teaching to ,s4 ,vincent1 whom he also appointed his principal or archdeacon4 ,dacian was then ,governor of ,spain under ,diocletian and ,maximian1 and had already distinguished himself by his cruelty against the ,christians4 ,the imperial edict for the seizure of the clergy had just been published in the end of the year #cjc1 in which the laity were not included until the following year4 ,valerius and his deacons were accordingly loaded with chains and carried to ,valencia1 where the ,governor then was4 ,the pains of hunger were added to their sufferings1 in the hope of subduing their fortitude4 ,when they were brought before ,dacian he first tried the effect of mild language and promises of reward if they would obey the orders of the ,emperors and sacrifice to the gods4 ,he reminded ,valerius of the influence which his episcopal dignity gave him2 and to ,vincent he represented the honour of his family1 and the sweet joys of youth which still lay before him4 ,but the confessors of ,christ were not to be thus moved4 ,valerius1 being unable from his infirmity to reply to the artful persuasions of the tempter1 ,vincent made a noble profession of the faith in the name of them both4 ,the ,bishop was condemned to exile1 where he seems afterwards to have finished his course by martyrdom2 and ,vincent was remanded to prison1 thence to pass by a more painful but a speedier way to his crown4 ,his body was stretched upon the rack and cruelly torn with iron hooks1 but no torture could shake his resolution or disturb the calm which sat upon his countenance4 ,he defied the utmost efforts of his tormentors2 and1 when they began to grow weary1 ,dacian ordered them to be beaten1 suspecting that they spared the martyr4 ,but the ,governor himself was at last moved to a faint pity by the miserable spectacle1 and entreated ,vincent to purchase his deliverance by at least giving up the ,christian books4 ,vincent1 still continuing firm1 was taken from the rack and led to a more terrible torture called the ,question4 ,it was an iron frame with bars running across it1 sharp as scythes1 and underneath a fire was kindled1 which made the whole frame red hot4 ,to this fearful agony the martyr walked with a willing step1 and even went before the executioners4 ,and1 as he lay bound upon the bed of torture1 his eyes were fixed on heaven1 his lips moved as if in prayer1 and a peaceful smile would sometimes pass across his countenance4 ,no cruelty was spared that diabolical ingenuity could invent1 but the love of ,christ surpassed the wrath of man and won the day4 ,when the malice of his enemies could do no more1 he was carried back to prison1 and laid in a dark dungeon strewn with broken potsherds1 which allowed his wounded body no rest4 ,his feet1 too1 were fastened in the stocks4 ,but ,god was mindful of ,his servant1 and sent ,his angels to comfort him1 bestowing a foretaste of his reward while his trial was as yet unfinished4 ,his cell was illuminated with the light of heaven1 his bonds were loosed1 and the floor of his prison seemed to be strewn with flowers4 ,the martyr and his celestial visitants sang hymns together1 and the unwonted sound astonished the jailer4 ,he looked into the cell1 and1 overpowered by what he saw and heard1 confessed the power of ,god and the truth of the ,christian faith4 ,when ,dacian heard of it he shed tears of rage2 but1 finding it was useless to continue his cruelty1 he gave orders that some repose should be allowed to the martyr4 ,his motives for this act of clemency are variously represented2 perhaps he only meant to recruit the strength of ,vincent that he might endure further tortures2 or perhaps he feared that1 if he expired under them1 the ,christian faith might be exalted in the eyes of the people by his constancy4 ,but1 whatever was the policy of ,dacian1 ,god overruled it to obtain for ,his blessed servant an easy departure4 ,the scattered remnant of ,christians gathered round him1 and tended him with anxious care4 ,they provided a soft bed1 on which he was no sooner laid than he yielded up his soul to the ,lord1 on ,january #bb1 ,a4,d4 #cjd4 ,the rage of the ,governor followed his poor remains4 ,his body was cast out into a field to become the prey of wild beasts and birds2 but was defended by a raven4 ,then1 to add further indignities to it1 it was taken out in a boat and thrown into the sea with a mill-stone about the neck4 ,during the night it was washed ashore1 and at last was privately buried by some good ,christians in a humble chapel near ,valencia4 ,when the fury of the persecution had ceased1 it was removed with great honour1 and buried under the altar of the principal church4 ,s4 ,,gaudentius1 ,b4 ,,of ,,novara4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #dah47 ,from his life by an anonymous writer in1 or about1 #gfj2 quite trustworthy4 ,gaudentius was a native of ,ivrea 7,eporoedia71 under the shadows of the ,alps2 he was brought up as a ,christian1 and exhibited early indications of piety4 ,on reaching man's estate he went to ,novara1 was ordained priest1 and became so distinguished for his sanctity1 that ,s4 ,ambrose visited him4 ,when ,constantius1 the ,arian ,emperor1 exiled ,s4 ,eusebius1 the ,catholic ,bishop of ,vercelli1 ,gaudentius went into exile with him2 on his return he was elected to the episcopal throne of ,novara4 ,s4 ,,anastasius ,,the ,,persian1 ,,and ,,lxx4 ,,companions1 ,,mm4 ,,in ,,assyria4 7,a4,d4 #fbh47 ,commemorated by ,greeks and ,westerns4 ,his ,acts are genuine1 having been written either by the monk commissioned to attend him during his passion1 or from his dictation4 ,these ,acts were referred to in the #gth ,general ,council1 #ahj years after his death4 ,there lived in ,rages1 in ,persia1 at the time when the true ,cross fell into the hands of ,chosros1 ,king of ,persia1 ,a4,d4 #fad1 a young man1 named ,magundat1 the son of a ,magian of rank4 ,the capture of the ,cross was famed all through ,persia1 and ,magundat was led by curiosity to enquire about it of some ,christians4 ,thus he learned the history of the ,passion of ,jesus ,christ1 and the doctrine of the ,redemption4 ,it left a deep impression on his mind4 ,he was soon after called to serve in the army that marched under ,sarbar through the north of ,asia ,minor to ,chalcedon1 but on his retreat1 ,magundat left the army1 and visited ,hierapolis in ,syria4 ,in that city he lodged with a ,persian ,christian1 a silversmith1 with whom he often went to the ,christian ,church4 ,there he contemplated the pictures of saints glorified on golden grounds1 and martyrs in their agonies1 and asked about them4 ,his curiosity was satisfied1 and being greatly moved by what he heard1 he felt a desire to visit those holy places where ,christ had been born and where he had died1 as he had seen painted on the walls of the ,church of the ,martyrs in ,hierapolis4 ,therefore he went to ,jerusalem1 and he lodged there also in the house of a smith1 who was a ,christian2 and to him he opened his heart1 and related how he had been led to desire baptism1 and a right to the ,resurrection of the ,just4 ,he was1 therefore1 placed under instruction1 and was afterwards baptized by ,modestus1 vicar of the ,apostolic seat1 as he is called in the ,acts1 who governed ,jerusalem1 ,zachary the patriarch being in captivity4 ,he prepared himself for the ,holy ,sacrament with great devotion1 and spent the octave after it--which persons baptized passed in white garments--in continuous prayer4 ,at his baptism he took the name of ,anastasius1 thereby meaning1 in ,greek1 his resurrection to a new life4 ,after his baptism1 the more perfectly to keep inviolably his baptismal vows and obligations1 he resolved on becoming a monk in a monastery five miles from ,jerusalem4 ,justin1 the abbot1 made him first learn the ,greek tongue and the psalter2 then cutting off his hair1 gave him the monastic habit1 in the year #fbj4 ,anastasius was always most earnest in all spiritual duties1 especially in assisting at the celebration of the ,divine ,mysteries4 ,his favourite reading was the lives of the saints2 and when he read the triumphs of the martyrs1 his eyes overflowed with tears1 and he longed to be found worthy to share their glory4 ,being tormented with the memory of the superstitious and magical rites1 which his father had taught him1 he was delivered from that troublesome temptation by discovering it to his director1 and by his advice and prayers4 ,after seven years spent in great perfection in this monastery1 his desire of martyrdom daily increasing1 and having been assured by a revelation that his prayers for that grace were heard1 he left that house1 and visited the places of devotion in ,palestine1 at ,diospolis1 ,gerizim1 and ,our ,lady's church at ,caesarea1 where he stayed two days4 ,this city1 with the greatest part of ,syria1 was then subject to the ,persians4 ,the ,saint1 seeing certain ,persian soothsayers of the garrison occupied in their abominable superstitions in the streets1 boldly spoke to them1 remonstrating against the impiety of such practices4 ,the ,persian magistrates apprehended him as a suspected spy2 but he informed them that he had once enjoyed the dignity of ,magian amongst them1 but had renounced it to become a humble follower of ,christ4 ,upon this confession he was thrown into a dungeon1 where he lay three days without eating or drinking1 till the return of ,marzabanes1 the governor1 to the city4 ,when interrogated by him1 he confessed his conversion to the faith4 ,marzabanes commanded him to be chained by the foot to another criminal1 and his neck and one foot to be also linked together by a heavy chain1 and condemned him1 in this condition1 to carry stones4 ,the ,persians1 especially those of his own province1 and his former acquaintance1 upbraided him with having disgraced his country1 kicked and beat him1 plucked his beard1 and loaded him with burdens above his strength4 ,the ,governor sent for him a second time1 but could not induce him to pronounce the impious words which the ,magians used in their superstitions2 ,for1 said he1 the wilful calling of them to remembrance defiles the heart4 ,the judge then threatened he would write immediately to the king1 if he did not comply4 ,write what you please1 said the ,saint1 ,i am a ,christian3 ,i repeat it again1 ,i am a ,christian4 ,marzabanes commanded him to be forthwith beaten with knotty clubs4 ,the executioners were preparing to bind him fast to the ground2 but the ,saint told them it was unnecessary1 for he had courage enough to lie down under the punishment without moving1 and he regarded it as his greatest happiness to suffer for ,christ4 ,he only begged leave to put off his monk's habit1 lest it should be treated with that contempt which only his body deserved4 ,he therefore laid it aside respectfully1 and then stretched himself on the ground1 and1 without being bound1 remained all the time of the cruel torment1 bearing it without changing his posture4 ,the ,governor again threatened him to acquaint the king with his obstinacy4 ,whom ought we rather to fear1 said ,anastasius1 a mortal man1 or ,god1 who made all things out of nothing8 ,the judge pressed him to sacrifice to fire1 and to the sun and moon4 ,the ,saint answered1 he could never acknowledge as gods creatures which ,god had made only for the use of man2 upon which he was remanded to prison4 ,his old abbot1 hearing of his sufferings1 sent two monks to assist him1 and ordered prayers to be offered daily for him4 ,the confessor1 after carrying stones all the day1 spent the greatest part of the night in prayer1 to the surprise of his companions2 one of whom1 a ,jew1 saw and showed him to others at prayer in the night1 shining in brightness and glory like a blessed spirit1 and angels praying with him4 ,as the confessor was chained to a man condemned for a public crime1 he prayed always with his neck bowed downwards1 keeping his chained foot near his companion1 not to disturb him4 ,marzabanes1 in the meantime1 having informed ,chosros1 and received his orders1 acquainted the martyr by a messenger1 without seeing him1 that the king would be satisfied if he would by word of mouth abjure the ,christian faith3 after which he might choose whether he would be an officer in the king's service1 or still remain a ,christian and a monk2 adding he might in his heart always adhere to ,christ1 provided he would but for once renounce ,him in words privately1 in his presence1 in which there could be no harm1 nor any great injury to his ,christ1 as he said4 ,anastasius answered firmly1 that he would never even seem to dissemble1 or to deny his ,god4 ,then the ,governor told him that he had orders to send him bound into ,persia to the king4 ,there is no need of binding me1 said the ,saint3 ,i go willingly and cheerfully to suffer for ,christ4 ,the ,governor put on him and on two other prisoners the mark1 and gave orders that they should set out after five days4 ,in the meantime1 on the feast of the ,exaltation of the ,cross1 the #adth of ,september1 at the request of the ,commerciarius1 or tax-gatherer for the king1 who was a ,christian of distinction1 ,anastasius had leave to go to the church and assist at the ,divine ,sacrifice4 ,his presence and exhortations encouraged the faithful1 excited the lukewarm to fervour1 and moved all to tears4 ,he dined that day with the ,commerciarius1 and then returned with joy to his prison4 ,on the day appointed1 the martyr left ,caesarea in ,palestine1 with two other ,christian prisoners1 under a strict guard1 and was followed by one of the monks whom the abbot had sent to assist and encourage him4 ,the ,acts of his martyrdom were written by this monk1 or at least from what he related by word of mouth4 ,the ,saint received great marks of honour1 much against his inclination1 from the ,christians1 wherever he came4 ,this made him fear lest human applause should rob him of his crown1 by infecting his heart with pride4 ,he wrote from ,hierapolis1 and again from the river ,tigris to his abbot1 begging the prayers of his brethren4 ,having reached ,barsaloe in ,assyria1 six miles from ,discartha or ,dastagerde1 near the ,euphrates1 where the king then was1 the prisoners were thrown into a dungeon1 till his pleasure was known4 ,an officer came from ,chosros to interrogate the ,saint1 who made answer1 touching his magnificent promises3 ,my religious habit and poor clothes show that ,i despise from my heart the gaudy pomp of the world4 ,the honours and riches of a king1 who must shortly die himself1 are no temptation to me4 ,next day the officer returned to the prison1 and endeavoured to intimidate him by threats and reproaches4 ,but the ,saint said calmly1 ,my lord judge1 do not give yourself so much trouble about me4 ,by the grace of ,christ ,i am not to be moved3 so execute your pleasure without more ado4 ,the officer caused him to be unmercifully beaten with staves1 after the ,persian manner1 insulting him all the time1 and often repeating1 that because he rejected the king's bounty1 he should be treated in that manner every day1 as long as he lived4 ,this punishment was inflicted on him three days2 on the third1 the judge commanded him to be laid on his back1 and a heavy beam pressed down by the weight of two men on his legs1 crushing the flesh to the very bone4 ,the martyr's tranquility and patience astonished the officer1 who went again to acquaint the king with his behaviour4 ,in his absence the jailer1 a ,christian1 gave every one free access to the martyr4 ,the ,christians immediately filled the prison2 every one sought to kiss his feet or chains1 and kept as relics whatever had been sanctified by their touch4 ,the ,saint1 with confusion and indignation1 strove to hinder them1 and expressed his dissatisfaction at their proceedings4 ,the officer1 returning from the king1 caused him to be beaten again1 which the confessor bore rather as a statue than as flesh and blood4 ,then he was hung up for two hours by one hand1 with a great weight at his feet1 and tampered with by threats and promises4 ,the judge1 despairing to overcome him1 went back to the king for his last orders1 which were1 that ,anastasius and all the ,christian captives should be put to death4 ,he returned speedily to put these orders into execution1 and caused the two companions of ,anastasius1 with threescore and eight other ,christians1 to be strangled one after another1 on the banks of the river1 before his face1 the judge all the time pressing them to return to the ,persian worship1 and to escape so disgraceful a death4 ,anastasius1 with his eyes lifted up to heaven1 gave thanks to ,god for bringing his life to so happy a conclusion2 and said he expected that he should have met with a more cruel death1 by the torture of all his members2 but seeing that ,god granted him one so easy1 he embraced it with joy4 ,he was accordingly strangled1 and when dead1 his head was struck off4 ,this was in the year #fbh1 the seventeenth of the ,emperor ,heraclius4 ,his body1 along with the rest of the dead1 was exposed to be devoured by dogs1 but it was the only one they left untouched4 ,it was afterwards redeemed by the ,christians1 who laid it in the monastery of ,s4 ,sergius1 a mile from his place of triumph1 in the city of ,barsaloe1 called afterwards from that monastery1 ,sergiopolis4 ,the monk that attended him brought back his colobium1 or linen sleeveless tunic4 ,the ,saint's body was afterwards brought into ,palestine1 thence it was removed to ,constantinople1 and finally to ,rome4 ,relics1 in the church of ,,ss4 ,vincent and ,anastasius at ,rome1 also in the chapel of the ,santa ,scala1 near ,s4 ,john ,lateran1 at ,rome4 ,in art1 he figures with a hatchet4 ,often his head alone1 on a plate2 to be distinguished from that of ,s4 ,john ,baptist1 by the cowl that accompanies it4 ,b4 ,,walter ,,of ,,bierbeeke1 ,,monk ,,at ,,hemmerode4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #abbj47 ,authority1 life in ,caesarius of ,heisterbach's ,dialogus ,miraculorum1 ,distinctio ,,vii4 c4 xxxviii4 ed4 ,strange4 ,caesarius knew ,walter1 and some of the things he relates from what ,walter told him1 or from some of the brethren who where eye-witnesses to the events he describes4 ,at the same time allowance must be made for the great credulity of ,caesarius4 ,walter of ,bierbeeke1 in ,brabant1 was a knight of noble blood1 having been related to ,henry1 ,duke of ,louvain4 ,he fought against the ,saracens in the ,holy ,land1 and was a brave and upright chevalier4 ,he was also a man of deep piety1 and of a fervent devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,like ,sir ,galahad he might have said3-- ---- all my heart is drawn above1 ,my knees are bowed in crypt and shrine2 ,i never felt the kiss of love1 ,nor maiden's hand in mine4 ,more beauteous aspects on me beam1 ,me mightier transports move and thrill2 ,so keep ,i fair through faith and prayer ,a virgin heart in work and will4 ,the great ,german writer1 ,fouqu1 seems to have had this ,brabantine hero in his mind's eye1 when he wrote his ,aslauga's ,knight4 ,like ,froda1 in that exquisite story1 ,walter of ,bierbeeke had fixed his heart on a heavenly mistress1 whose pure image haunted his dreams4 ,a story told by ,caesarius1 illustrative of this1 must not be omitted1 though we may doubt its truth4 ,walter rode with a brilliant company of knights to a tournament4 ,on his way he passed a little chapel1 and the bell was tinkling for mass4 ,it was a feast of ,our ,lady1 and the good knight1 leaping from his horse1 entered the chapel to hear the mass of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,you will be late for the tournament6 shouted his companions4 ,my duty is first to ,her1 answered ,walter1 pointing to the image of the ,mother of ,god4 ,now when the mass was said1 and the beginning of the ,gospel of ,s4 ,john was read1 then the knight rose from his knees1 remounted his horse1 and rode towards the town4 ,as he neared the lists1 he asked of some hurrying from it how matters fared4 ,the tournament is well nigh over1 was the answer1 ,walter of ,bierbeeke has borne down all competitors4 ,he has done marvellously4 ,but the knight understood not4 ,he asked others1 and the same answer was given4 ,then he rode into the lists1 but met with no distinguished success4 ,and when all was over1 many knights came to him and said1 ,deal graciously by us4 ,what mean you8 he asked4 ,we were captured and disarmed by thee in the lists1 and we must ransom ourselves4 ,but ,i was not there4 ,nay1 but it was thou1 they replied2 for we saw thy cognizance on helm and shield1 and heard thy cry1 and knew thy voice4 ,then ,walter knew that his heavenly ,mistress had sent an angel to fight for him1 whilst he worshipped at her humble shrine4 ,and after that1 many a token did she show1 that she had accepted ,walter as her knight4 ,then his love to her waxed daily stronger1 and he said1 ,i have been her knight1 now will ,i be her slave4 ,so he went into a little chapel1 dedicated to his dear ,lady1 and put a rope round his neck1 and offered himself at the altar to be her serf1 and to pay to her a yearly tax4 ,and because out of honour to the heavenly queen he so humbled himself1 says ,caesarius2 therefore she1 on the other hand1 glorified him1 whom she loved1 in many ways4 ,after a while he wearied of wearing coat of mail1 and he cast his weapons and harness aside1 and donned the ,cistercian habit in the monastery of ,hemmerode4 ,there he was not allowed to live in such retirement as he loved2 being unskilled in ,latin1 he was made to serve as a lay-brother instead of being in constant attendance in choir4 ,several pretty stories are told of his cloister life4 ,at dinner1 as is usual in monasteries1 a monk read aloud from a ,latin book4 ,the abbot noticed ,walter during the meal1 every day1 to seem very intent on what was being read2 smiles came out on his face1 and sometimes tears trickled down his cheeks4 ,at last the abbot sent for him1 and asked him1 ,what art thou attending to8 ,thou understandest not the ,latin book4 ,no1 not that book1 said ,walter2 but ,i have another book open before my mind's eye1 full of sacred pictures1 and ,i look at the first1 and there ,i see ,gabriel announcing to ,mary that ,christ is coming4 ,then ,i turn over the leaf1 and ,i see the stable of ,bethlehem1 and the adoring shepherds2 and ,i see the ,magi come2 and the next picture is the ,presentation in the ,temple2 and so my book goes on1 and ,i come at last to ,calvary and the grave4 ,and that is a picture book of which ,i never weary4 ,once he was sent in a boat laden with wine to ,zealand4 ,and a storm arose so that the vessel was in great danger1 and she drave before the wind all night4 ,thinking that they must all perish1 ,walter made his confession to his servant1 there being no priest on board1 and then he descended into the hold1 after midnight1 and placing his little ivory statue of the ,blessed ,virgin before him1 he knelt down and prayed1 expecting death4 ,as he prayed he slept4 ,then1 in a dream1 he saw the monastery of ,hemmerode1 and in it was an old monk1 ,arnold by name1 harping1 and singing psalms1 and praying for those who go down to the sea in ships and exercise their business in great waters4 ,then ,walter awoke1 and went to the mariners and said1 ,be of good cheer1 we shall not perish1 ,arnold at ,hemmerode is not asleep to-night1 but is harping on his harp and singing to ,god for us4 ,now when they had come safe to land1 ,walter returned to his monastery1 and told the abbot of his dream4 ,then the abbot sent for the monk ,arnold1 and he said to him1 ,what wast thou doing on the vigil of ,s4 ,nicholas8 ,for it was on that night that the vessel had been in danger4 ,i could not sleep at all that night1 answered the monk1 so ,i prayed to1 and praised ,god4 ,but thou wast harping on a harp1 said the abbot4 ,nay1 my lord1 answered the monk ,arnold2 this is what ,i do4 ,i play with my fingers on an imaginary harp1 under my habit1 making music in my soul2 and this ,i do whenever my devotion flags4 ,now ,walter went with his superior1 the abbot ,eustace1 to the monastery of ,villars1 which was of the same ,cistercian order4 ,and in the evening the abbot of ,villars called all the monks before the abbot ,eustace of ,hemmerode4 ,and he said1 ,are they all here8 ,he answered1 ,all are here but two little ,french boys1 who have communicated to-day1 and on such days as they communicate they love to remain in silence by themselves4 ,now on the morrow1 when the convent had gone to nones1 and the elder of these boys was waiting the sound of the bell1 leaning on his spade before the church door1 he read the little nones of ,our ,lady1 and reading1 he fell asleep4 ,then he thought he saw the ,blessed ,virgin1 with a great company enter the church1 and she looked not towards him4 ,and he cried1 ,oh wretched me6 she calls me not6 ,then the ,mother of ,god turning1 looked at him1 and signing to a monk1 bade him go and call the boy1 and this the monk did1 coming to him1 and saying1 ,the ,mistress calleth thee4 ,when he woke1 he told his fellow the dream2 and when they went within1 he saw ,walter1 and he whispered to his companion1 ,if that monk had a grey habit instead of a white one1 ,i would say that it was he who summoned me4 ,now on the morrow1 when ,walter and the abbot ,eustace were about to depart1 they stood in the door1 and ,walter wore his grey travelling habit4 ,then the boy exclaimed1 ,yes1 that certainly is he4 ,a few days after1 the blessed ,walter of ,bierbeeke died at ,hemmerode1 and strange to say1 within a day or two1 the little ,french boy was called away also4 ,illustration3 ,decoration ,january #bc4 ,s4 ,,parmenas1 one of the first ,seven ,deacons1 end of #ast cent4 ,s4 ,,messalina1 ,v4 ,m41 at ,foligno1 in ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #bej4 ,s4 ,,asclas1 ,m41 at ,antino1 in ,egypt1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cjd4 ,s4 ,,emerentiana1 ,v4 ,m41 at ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #cjd4 7,see p4 #cba47 ,s4 ,,clement1 ,b4 of ,ancyra1 ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm41 beginning of #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,amasius1 ,b4 ,c4 of ,teano1 near ,capua1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cef4 ,s4 ,,eusebius1 ,ab4 in ,syria1 #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,mausimas1 ,p4 in ,syria1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #djj4 ,s4 ,,urban1 ,b4 of ,langres1 #eth cent4 ,s4 ,,john ,,the ,,almsgiver1 ,patr4 of ,alexandria1 ,a4,d4 #faf4 ,s4 ,,ildephonsus1 ,b4 of ,toledo1 ,a4,d4 #ffg4 ,s4 ,,boisilus1 of ,melrose1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #ffd4 ,s4 ,,maimbod1 ,m41 at ,besanon4 ,s4 ,,bernard1 ,ab4 of ,vienne1 in ,france1 #ith cent4 ,s4 ,,raymond1 of ,pennaforte1 ,c4 in ,spain1 ,a4,d4 #abge4 ,s4 ,,margaret1 ,v41 at ,ravenna1 ,a4,d4 #aeje4 ,s4 ,,asclas1 ,m4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #cjd7 ,s4 ,asclas was martyred on ,jan4 #bast1 but his body was found on ,jan4 #bcrd1 and on this latter day he is usually commemorated4 ,his ,acts1 in a fragmentary condition1 are genuine4 ,asclas1 a native of ,antino1 was brought before the ,roman governor1 ,arrianus1 when he visited ,hermopolis1 in the ,thebaid1 or ,upper ,egypt4 ,after a close interrogation1 which is faithfully recorded in the ,acts of this martyr1 the ,governor exclaimed1 ,come1 now6 sacrifice to the gods1 and consult thy safety4 ,i have various instruments at hand1 as thou seest4 ,try1 now1 said the martyr1 boldly4 ,try1 now1 which will prevail1 thou and thy instruments1 or ,i and my ,christ4 ,the ,governor ordered him to be swung from the little horse1 and his flesh to be torn off in ribands4 ,this was done4 ,then ,arrianus said sullenly1 ,i see he is as obdurate as ever4 ,an orator1 standing by1 remarked1 ,the approach of death has robbed him of his wits4 ,asclas turned his head1 and said1 ,no1 ,i am robbed neither of my wits nor of my ,god4 ,now this had taken place on the further side of the river1 near ,antino2 and as there were not sufficient conveniences for continuing the torture1 the ,governor said1 ,we will return to ,hermopolis4 ,so he ordered ,asclas into one boat2 and when he had been taken over the ,nile1 then ,arrianus entered his boat1 and began to cross4 ,thereupon ,asclas cried out1 ,o ,lord1 for whose sake ,i have suffered1 may ,thy name be glorified now1 even by unwilling lips4 ,retain the vessel in the midst of the river1 till ,arrianus confesses ,thy power4 ,then suddenly the boat stood1 as though it had grounded on a sand-bank1 and it could not be moved1 till the ,governor wrote on a piece of parchment3 ,the ,lord of ,asclas1 ,he is ,god1 and there is none other god save ,he4 ,and when he had sent this to the martyr1 the boat floated1 and was propelled to the shore4 ,then the ,governor1 inflamed with rage1 thinking that the captive had used magical arts1 tortured him by applying fire to his sides and belly1 till his body was one great sore4 ,and after that he cast him1 with a stone attached to his neck1 into the ,nile4 ,s4 ,,clement1 ,b4 ,,of ,,ancyra1 ,,and ,,his ,,companions1 ,,mm4 7,,beginning ,,of #d,,th ,,cent47 ,commemorated by the ,greeks4 ,the ,greek ,acts of these martyrs are not genuine4 ,s4 ,clement1 ,bishop of ,ancyra1 was the son of a heathen father and a ,christian mother4 ,when ,clement was ten years old1 his mother died4 ,before her death1 she summoned him to her side1 and urged him not to desert ,christ1 whatever sufferings he might be called on to endure for ,his sake4 ,being possessed of private means1 on coming of age1 he adopted a number of poor boys1 and educated them in the nurture and admonition of the ,lord4 ,he was at length ordained ,bishop of ,ancyra1 his native city4 ,in the persecution of ,diocletian1 he was taken and brought before the governor4 ,he was treated with great barbarity1 being torn with hooks1 and his teeth and jaw broken with a large stone4 ,as he lay among other prisoners that night in the jail1 a bright light filled it1 and the prisoners saw a man enter in dazzling garments1 who held in his hand the ,holy ,eucharist1 and therewith he communicated the bishop4 ,but whether he were mortal priest1 or an angel of ,god1 no man knows4 ,along with ,clement1 one ,agathangelus and many others1 men1 women1 and boys suffered for ,christ1 whose names are written in the ,book of ,life4 ,s4 ,,john ,,the ,,almsgiver1 ,,patriarch ,,of ,,alexandria4 7,a4,d4 #faf47 ,s4 ,john died on ,nov4 #aath4 ,but as that is the feast of ,s4 ,mennas1 among the ,greeks1 they commemorate him on ,nov4 #abth2 and as the #aath is the feast of ,s4 ,martin among the ,latins1 the commemoration of ,s4 ,john is transferred in some ,martyrologies to ,jan4 #bcrd1 in others to ,feb4 #crd1 and in others again to ,july #acth4 ,authority1 his life by ,leontius1 ,bishop of ,cyprus1 and ,s4 ,john ,damascene1 ,orat4 #c2 also a life in ,metaphrastes4 ,leontius wrote from the account of the priests of ,alexandria1 who had been under ,s4 ,john4 ,john the ,eleemosynary1 or the ,almsgiver1 was a very wealthy native of ,amathus in ,cyprus1 and a widower4 ,having buried all his children1 he employed his whole fortune in relieving the necessities of the poor4 ,on his election to the metropolitan see of ,alexandria1 he at once ordered a list to be made of his masters4 ,when asked what he meant1 he replied that he desired to know how many poor there were demanding his services in the great city1 for1 like his ,lord1 he had come to minister to their needs4 ,as many as #g1ejj were found without a livelihood4 ,john at once undertook to relieve them4 ,finding that their poor little savings were wasted by the fraud of tradesmen1 who used unequal balances and unjust measures1 he at once began an attack on such dealings1 and thereby stirred up no small hostility against himself on the part of the petty shopkeepers4 ,twice in the week he drew his chair outside the church door1 and placed two benches before it1 that he might hear the complaints of the oppressed1 and remedy them1 as far as lay in his power4 ,one day he was found softly crying4 ,why these tears8 he was asked4 ,none seek my assistance this day1 he replied4 ,thou shouldst rather rejoice that there is no need1 said his interlocutor4 ,then he raised his eyes to heaven1 with a joyous smile1 and thanked ,god4 ,he built hospitals for the sick and visited them1 not as captives1 but as brothers1 says ,leontius4 ,he was discreet in his charities4 ,to women and girls he gave twice as much as to men1 because they are less able to earn a living4 ,but he would not allow anything to be given to those who were dressy and adorned with trinkets4 ,but it was not the poor alone that he assisted4 ,a merchantman1 having been twice ruined by shipwrecks1 had as often relief from the good patriarch1 who the third time gave him a ship belonging to the church1 laden with corn4 ,this vessel was driven by a storm to ,britain1 where raged a famine4 ,he was therefore able to sell the corn at a good price1 and brought back a load of ,british silver4#aae ,a nobleman having been greatly reduced1 the patriarch ordered his treasurer to give him fifteen pounds of gold4 ,the treasurer thinking this too much1 reduced the gift to five4 ,almost directly after1 a wealthy lady sent him an order for five hundred pounds4 ,the patriarch1 who had expected more from that quarter1 asked her to come to him4 ,may it please your ,holiness1 said she2 ,i wrote the order last night for fifteen hundred pounds1 but this morning ,i saw that the #aj on the cheque had disappeared4 ,s4 ,john at once concluded that this was ,god's doing4 ,he turned to the treasurer and asked how much had been given the poor nobleman4 ,on the hesitation of this man1 he sent for the gentleman1 and found that his liberal orders had not been complied with4 ,what is sown to the ,lord1 the ,lord restores an hundred fold1 said the patriarch4 ,i knew that five pounds alone could have been given1 when ,he returned me only five hundred4 ,nicetas ,patricius1 sub-praetor of ,africa1 saw the lavish charity of the patriarch with a jealous eye4 ,the state exchequer was without funds1 and he thought to appropriate the wealth of the patriarch to such purposes as the state required4 ,accordingly1 one day he visited ,john the ,almsgiver1 with his attendants1 and peremptorily demanded his money4 ,here is my strong box1 said the patriarch2 but the money belongs to the church1 not to the state4 ,if you choose to take it1 you may do so1 but ,i will not give it you1 for it is not mine to give4 ,nicetas1 without more ado1 ordered his servants to shoulder the money chest1 and take it away4 ,as he opened the door to leave1 he saw some domestics bringing up a number of pots labelled ,,virgin ,,honey4 ,hah6 said the sub-praetor1 ,i wish you would give me a taste of your honey6 ,you shall have some1 said the ,patriarch4 ,now when the pots were opened1 it was found that they contained a contribution in money sent to the ,bishop2 as indeed those who brought them announced4#aaf ,when ,john saw the amount thus supplied to his pillaged treasury1 he ordered one of his servants to take a pot1 labelled as it was1 to ,nicetas1 and to put it on his table1 saying1 ,all those pots you met coming upstairs1 as you went out1 were full of the same sort of honey4 ,and ,john wrote a note1 which he attached to the pot1 to this effect3 ,i will never leave thee1 nor forsake thee1 said the ,lord2 and ,his word is true1 and no lie4 ,think not that mortal man can restrain the everlasting ,god4 ,farewell4 ,now1 ,nicetas was sitting at table with friends at supper1 when it was announced that the patriarch's honey awaited him4 ,he ordered it at once to be set on the table1 and said1 ,that patriarch is out of temper with me1 that ,i can see1 or he would have sent me more than one miserable little pot4 ,but when he opened the jar1 behold6 it was full of money4 ,then he felt compunction for what he had done1 and he ordered his servants to haste1 and return to the patriarch his cash-box1 and all the contents of the honey-pot4 ,nicetas1 after this1 became friendly to the patriarch1 who1 as a token of response1 stood godfather to his children4 ,on one occasion this friendship was clouded1 and threatened dissolution4 ,the governor had imposed a tax1 which fell with peculiar severity on the poor4 ,john complained1 and back-biters were not slow to excite ,nicetas against ,john1 by representing him as fomenting general discontent4 ,the governor rushed to the patriarch's lodgings1 and exploded into a storm of angry words1 which left our ,saint agitated and distressed4 ,as evening drew on1 he wrote on a scroll the words1 ,the sun is setting1 and sent it to ,nicetas1 who1 recalling the maxim of ,s4 ,paul1 ,let not the sun go down upon your wrath1 was moved to regret his violence1 and he sped with the same celerity as before1 but with different purpose1 to the residence of the patriarch1 to ask his pardon1 and heal their friendship4 ,the good prelate could ill bear to be at discord with another1 though the fault was none of his4 ,on one occasion he had excommunicated1 for a few days1 two clerks1 who had attacked each other with their fists4 ,one bore the sentence in a right spirit of compunction1 but the other with resentment4 ,next ,sunday1 the patriarch was at the altar celebrating4 ,as the deacon was about to remove the veil covering the sacred vessels1 ,john remembered all at once the hostility of the clerk1 and the words of our ,lord3 ,if thou bringest thy gift to the altar1 and there rememberest that thy brother hath ought against thee1 leave there thy gift before the altar1 and go thy way2 first be reconciled to thy brother1 and then come and offer thy gift4 7,matt4 v4 #be1 #bd47 ,then1 bidding the deacon recite the general prayer over and over again till his return1 he left the altar1 and1 entering the vestry1 sent a minister to bring the clerk who was not in charity with him4 ,and when this man came1 the patriarch fell before him on his knees1 and bowed his white head1 and said1 ,pardon me1 my brother6 ,then the clerk1 full of shame to see the patriarch1 an aged man1 in all his splendid vestments1 at his feet1 flung himself down1 weeping1 confessed his wrong1 and asked forgiveness4 ,then the patriarch embraced him1 and returning to the altar1 finished the sacrifice4 ,having in vain exhorted a certain nobleman to forgive one with whom he was at variance1 he invited him to his private chapel1 to assist at his mass4 ,now as they were reciting the ,lord's ,prayer1 the patriarch kept silence after he had said1 ,give us this day our daily bread2 and the server1 at a signal from him1 ceased also2 but the nobleman continued1 ,and forgive us our trespasses as we forgive them that trespass against us1--and then noticed that he had made that one petition alone1 so he paused4 ,then the patriarch turned round at the altar and said1 ,what hast thou now asked8--to be forgiven by ,god as thou forgivest others4 ,the nobleman was pricked at the heart1 and fell down and promised to forget the wrong that had been done him4 ,observing that as soon as the ,gospel was read at ,mass1 a portion of the congregation retired and stood outside the church1 talking among themselves1 the patriarch went forth and seated himself amongst them1 saying1 ,where the sheep are1 there the shepherd must also be1 and they with shame came into church4 ,thus he broke through a pernicious custom4 ,the patriarch1 one day1 took a bishop named ,troilus1 then visiting ,alexandria1 to see his poor in a certain quarter1 where he had erected for their accommodation a number of domed huts1 supplied with beds1 mattrasses1 and blankets for the winter4 ,now ,troilus had seen a handsome chased silver drinking cup in the town1 and had set his heart upon it2 it cost thirty pounds1 and he had brought this sum with him1 intending to buy the cup on his return1 and when he had shaken himself free from the charitable patriarch4 ,i see1 said ,john1 you have some money with you--many pounds1 if ,i mistake not2 distribute it among these my poor4 ,troilus was unable to refuse2 and so1 most reluctantly1 his gold went into the pocket of the beggars instead of into that of the silversmith4 ,he was so greatly put out about this that he fretted himself into a fever4 ,the patriarch1 not seeing him1 or hearing of him1 for some days1 sent a servant to invite him to dinner2 but the ,bishop declined1 saying that he suffered from a bad cold and fever4 ,then ,s4 ,john hastened to his house to sympathize with the sick man1 but soon discovering that there was more of temper than malady in the case1 he guessed the cause1 and said1 ,by the way1 ,i borrowed of you thirty pounds the other day1 for my poor2 if you are so disposed1 ,i will at once repay the sum4 ,then--says the writer of the life of ,s4 ,john--when the ,bishop saw the money in the hand of the patriarch1 all at once his fever vanished1 his cold flew away1 and his colour and vigour came back2 so that any one might have seen what was the real cause of his indisposition4 ,and now1 if you are well enough1 you will dine with me1 said the patriarch4 ,i am ready1 answered ,bishop ,troilus1 jumping off his bed1 on which he had cast himself in his fever of vexation4 ,now it fell out that after dinner the ,bishop dropped asleep with his head on the table1 and in a dream he saw himself in a wondrous land of rare beauty2 and there he beheld a glorious house of unearthly beauty1 over the door of which was inscribed1 ,,the ,,eternal ,,mansion ,,and ,,place ,,of ,,repose ,,of ,,troilus1 ,,the ,,bishop4 ,having read this1 he was glad4 ,but there came by a certain ,one1 with many attendants in robes of white1 and ,he looked up and read the title1 and said3 ,not so1 change the superscription4 ,then the attendants removed the writing1 and replaced it with this1 ,,the ,,eternal ,,mansion ,,and ,,place ,,of ,,repose ,,of ,,john1 ,,archbishop ,,of ,,alexandria1 ,,purchased ,,for ,,thirty ,,pounds4 ,one of his domestic servants having fallen into great difficulties1 the patriarch privately helped him1 by giving him two pounds4 ,i do not know how ,i can sufficiently thank your excellence and angelic holiness1 said the servant4 ,no thanks1 said the patriarch1 ,humble ,john--so he was wont to call himself--has not yet shed his blood for you1 as his ,master taught him4 ,there was a certain man1 named ,theopentus1 greatly given to charity1 who died leaving an only son4 ,and on his death-bed1 he called the boy1 and said to him1 ,i have ten pounds1 and that is all that remains to me2 shall ,i give it to you or to the ,virgin ,mother of ,god8 ,and when the boy said1 ,it shall be her's2 then the father said1 ,go and spend it among the poor4 ,now when the patriarch heard of this1 and that the orphan was left destitute1 and was in great want2 knowing that it would hurt him to offer him charity1 he devised an innocent deception4 ,he bade a scribe draw up a false pedigree1 making himself and the deceased to be cousins1 and he bade him show it to the youth1 and bring him to the residence of the patriarch4 ,and when this was done1 the holy man ran to the lad and kissed him1 and said1 ,how is this6 that the child of my dear kinsman is in poverty4 ,i must provide for thee1 my dear son4 ,so he made him an allowance1 and married and settled him comfortably in ,alexandria4 ,when the ,persians devastated the ,holy ,land and sacked ,jerusalem1 ,s4 ,john entertained all who fled into ,egypt1 and nursed the wounded4 ,he also sent to ,jerusalem1 for the use of the poor there1 a large sum of money1 and a thousand sacks of corn1 as many of pulse1 one thousand barrels of wine1 and one thousand ,egyptian workmen to assist in rebuilding the churches4 ,he moreover despatched two bishops and an abbot to ransom the captives4 ,s4 ,john lived a simple life1 his apparel1 the furniture of his house1 his diet1 were all of the meanest4 ,a person of distinction in the city1 being informed that he had only an old tattered blanket on his bed1 sent him a very handsome one4 ,humble ,john wore it over him for one night1 but sold it next day1 and gave the price to the poor2 for1 during the night1 he thought of some poor wretches who had no blankets at all4 ,the friend1 being informed of this1 bought the blanket1 and sent it to him again4 ,it met with the same fate as before1 and he again and again re-purchased it4 ,we shall see who will be tired first1 said the patriarch2 he of buying1 or ,i of selling1 the blanket4 ,there was one class of men to whom it was peculiarly difficult to offer assistance1 and that was the slaves1 placed at the almost complete disposal of their masters4 ,but the watchful care of ,s4 ,john did not forget them4 ,to the masters he spoke noble words3 ,these men are made in the image of ,god4 ,what constitutes you different from them8 ,you and your slaves have legs and arms1 and eyes and mouths1 and a soul alike4 ,s4 ,paul said1 ',whosoever is baptised into ,christ hath put on ,christ--ye are all one in ,christ4' ,in ,christ master and slave are equal4 ,christ took on ,him the form of a servant1 teaching us to respect our servants4 ,god regardeth the humble1 we are taught2 ,he says not1 the lofty ones1 but those who are least esteemed4 ,for the sake of the poor slave were the heavens made1 for him the earth1 for him the stars1 for him the sun1 for him the sea and all that therein is4 ,for him ,christ abased ,himself to wash ,his servants' feet1 for him ,he suffered1 for him ,he died4 ,shall we purchase with money such an one1 so honoured1 redeemed with such precious blood8 ,you ill-treat a servant1 as though he were not of like nature with you1 yet is he highly honoured by ,god4 ,a monk arrived in ,alexandria with a young ,jewess in his company1 whom he had converted and baptized2 this caused great scandal1 and by order of the patriarch1 he was severely beaten4 ,the monk bore his chastisement meekly1 without exculpating himself4 ,next day it was made so evident that the monk was without the least blame1 that the patriarch sent for him to ask his forgiveness1 and ever after he was most careful not to judge rashly4 ,my sons1 said he1 when he heard people blame others2 be not hasty to judge and condemn4 ,we see often the sin of fornication1 but we see not the hidden repentance4 ,we see the crime of a theft1 but we see not the sighs and tears of contrition4 ,we severely blame the fornicator1 the thief1 or the perjurer1 but ,god receives his hidden confessions1 and bitter sorrow1 and holds it as very precious4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,virgin ,,appearing ,,to ,s4 ,,ildephonsus4 ,after a ,painting by ,murillo in the ,museum at ,madrid4 ,jan4 #bc4 ,nicetas1 the governor1 persuaded the ,saint to accompany him to ,constantinople1 to pay a visit to the ,emperor4 ,s4 ,john was admonished from heaven1 whilst he was on his way1 at ,rhodes1 that his death drew near2 so he said to ,nicetas1 ,you invite me to the king of the earth2 but the ,king of heaven calls me to ,himself4 ,he therefore sailed to his native island of ,cyprus1 and soon after died at ,amanthus1 the home of his boyhood and married life1 and where he had laid his wife and children1 and there he fell asleep in ,christ at the age of sixty-four1 after having ruled the patriarchal see of ,alexandria ten years4 ,s4 ,,raymund1 ,,of ,,pennaforte1 ,o4,s4,d4 7,a4,d4 #abge47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authorities3 ,the bull of his canonization1 by ,clement ,,viii41 in #afja1 and a life by ,leander ,albertus4 ,s4 ,raymund was born in #aage1 at ,pennaforte1 a castle in ,catalonia4 ,at the age of thirty he went to ,bologna1 in ,italy1 to perfect himself in the study of canon and civil law4 ,in #abai the ,bishop of ,barcelona1 who had been at ,rome1 took ,raymund home with him and made him archdeacon of ,barcelona4 ,in #abbb he took the religious habit of ,s4 ,dominic1 eight months after the founder had died4 ,james1 ,king of ,arragon1 had married ,eleonora of ,castile within the prohibited degrees1 without a dispensation4 ,a legate of ,pope ,gregory ,,ix41 in a council of bishops held at ,tarragona1 declared the marriage null4 ,acting on the mind of the prince1 by his great sanctity and earnestness1 ,raymund persuaded him to introduce the inquisition into the kingdom to suppress the ,waldenses and ,albigenses1 who had made many converts to their pernicious doctrines4 ,the object of ,s4 ,raymund doubtless was that it should serve as a check to the diffusion of heresy1 and be a protection to simple souls against the poison which the ministers of ,antichrist strove to infuse into them4 ,the inquisitors were to be the dogs protecting the sheep from the wolves4 ,s4 ,raymund laboured diligently1 by exhortation and example1 to convert the ,moors and heretics1 and his efforts were attended with extraordinary success4 ,pope ,gregory ,,ix41 having called ,s4 ,raymund to ,rome1 made him his confessor4 ,in #abce he was named to the archbishopric of ,tarragona1 but1 by his tears1 he persuaded the ,pope not to enforce his acceptance of the responsible charge4 ,in #abch he was chosen general of the ,dominican order4 ,he made the visitation of the order on foot1 and reduced the constitution to a more complete system than heretofore4 ,being in ,majorca with the king1 he discovered that ,king ,james was living in adultery with a lady of his court4 ,as the king would not dissolve the sinful union1 the ,saint implored leave to depart2 the king refused1 and forbade any shipper taking him into his vessel4 ,thereupon ,raymund boldly spread his cloak on the water1 and standing on it1 was wafted across to ,barcelona4 ,this miracle so alarmed the king1 that he became a sincere penitent4 ,raymund died on ,jan4 #fth1 #abge1 at the age of a hundred4 ,,footnotes3 #aae ,from the mines in the ,cassiterides1 ,devon and ,cornwall4 #aaf ,we see here an instance of the manner in which some stories of miracles were formed4 ,leontius1 who heard the story from the clergy acquainted with all the circumstances1 says that the bearer of the pots told the ,patriarch that they contained money2 but that1 for greater security1 they were labelled honey4 ,but ,metaphrastes1 in telling the story1 says that1 miraculously1 the honey was converted into gold4 ,january #bd4 ,s4 ,,timothy1 ,b4 ,m4 at ,ephesus1 ,a4,d4 #ig4 ,,ss4 ,,babylus1 ,b41 and ,,companions1 ,,mm41 at ,antioch1 #crd cent4 ,s4 ,,felician1 ,b4 ,m4 of ,foligni1 in ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #bej4 ,s4 ,,macedonius1 ,h41 in ,syria1 beginning of #eth cent4 ,s4 ,,eusebia1 ,v41 at ,mylasa1 in ,caria 7,asia ,minor71 #eth cent4 ,s4 ,,cadoc1 ,ab41 in ,wales1 and ,m41 #fth cent4 ,s4 ,,zosimus1 ,b4 of ,babylon1 in ,egypt1 #fth cent4 ,s4 ,,timothy1 ,b4 ,,of ,,ephesus4 7,a4,d4 #ig47 ,by almost all the ancient ,latin ,martyrologies1 ,s4 ,timothy is commemorated on this day1 but by the ,greeks on ,jan4 #bb4 ,the ,martyrology called by the name of ,s4 ,jerome on ,sept4 #bg4 ,that of ,wandelbert on ,may #af1 possibly because of some translation of relics4 ,authorities3 the ,epistles of ,s4 ,paul1 and the ,acts of ,s4 ,timothy1 by ,polycrates1 ,bishop of ,ephesus 7#baj71 which1 however1 we have not in their original form1 but in a recension of the #eth or #fth century2 other ,acts of ,s4 ,timothy1 also in ,greek1 and a life in ,metaphrastes4 ,saint ,timothy1 the beloved disciple of ,s4 ,paul1 was born at ,lystra in ,lycaonia4 ,his father was a ,gentile1 but his mother1 ,eunice1 was a ,jewess4 ,she1 with ,lois1 his grandmother1 embraced ,christianity1 and ,s4 ,paul commends their faith4 ,s4 ,timothy had made the writings of the ,old ,testament his study from infancy4#aag ,s4 ,paul took the young man as the companion of his labours1#aah but first he had him circumcised at ,lystra1 as a condescension to the prejudices of the ,jews4 ,he would not suffer ,s4 ,titus1 born of ,gentile parents1 to be brought under the law1 but ,timothy1 on account of his ,jewish mother1 to avoid scandal to the ,jews1 he submitted to circumcision4 ,when ,s4 ,paul was compelled to quit ,beraea1 he left ,timothy behind him to confirm the new converts4 ,but on his arrival at ,athens ,s4 ,paul sent for him1 and sent him to ,thessalonica where the ,christians were suffering persecution4 ,thence he returned to ,s4 ,paul1 who was then at ,corinth1 to give an account of his mission4#aai ,from ,corinth ,s4 ,paul went to ,jerusalem1 and thence to ,ephesus4 ,here he formed the resolution of returning into ,greece1 and he sent ,timothy and ,erastus before him through ,macedonia1 to apprize the faithful in those parts of his intention of visiting them4 ,timothy had a special charge to go afterwards to ,corinth1 to correct certain abuses there4 ,s4 ,paul awaited his return1 in ,asia1 and then went with him into ,macedonia and ,achaia4 ,during the subsequent imprisonment of ,s4 ,paul1 ,timothy appears to have been with him4 ,he was ordained ,bishop of ,ephesus1 probably in the year #fd4 ,s4 ,paul wrote his first ,epistle to ,timothy from ,macedonia1 in #fd2 and his second in #fe1 from ,rome1 while there in chains1 to press him to come to ,rome1 that he might see him again before he died4 ,s4 ,timothy was afterwards associated with ,s4 ,john2 and in the ,apocalypse he is the ,angel1 or ,bishop1 of the ,church of ,ephesus1 to whom ,christ sends ,his message by ,s4 ,john4#abj ,during the great annual feast of the ,catagogii1 which consisted of processions bearing idols1 with women lewdly dancing before them1 and ending in bloodshed1 ,s4 ,timothy moved by righteous zeal1 rushed into the portico of the temple1 and exhorted the frenzied revellers to decency2 but this so enraged them1 that they fell upon him with sticks and stones1 and killed him4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,timothy4 ,from a ,window of the ,eleventh ,century at ,neuweiler4 ,jan4 #bd4 ,,ss4 ,,babylus1 ,b41 ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm4 7#c,,rd ,,cent47 ,latin ,martyrologies ,jan4 #bd2 ,greek ,menaea ,sept4 #d4 ,authorities3 ,eusebius1 ,sozomen1 ,philostorgius2 and his ,acts1 written by ,leontius1 patriarch of ,antioch1 ,a4,d4 #cdh1 which exist only in a fragmentary condition2 also ,s4 ,chrysostom3 ,contra ,gentiles de ,s4 ,babyla1 and ,hom4 de ,s4 ,babyla2 the latter written in #chg4 ,on the death of ,zebinus1 patriarch of ,antioch1 in the year #bcg1 ,s4 ,babylus was elected to the patriarchal throne4 ,the ,emperor ,philip1 passing through ,antioch in #bdd1 and being1 as is supposed1 a catechumen1 desired to visit the church4 ,babylus1 informed of his approach1 went to meet him at the gate1 and forbade his ingress1 because he was stained with the blood of his predecessor1 ,gordian1 who had associated him in the empire1 and whom he had basely murdered4 ,according to ,s4 ,chrysostom1 who relates this anecdote1 the ,emperor withdrew in confusion4 ,but according to the ,acts it was not the ,emperor ,philip1 but the governor1 ,numerian1 who attempted to enter the church1 but was repulsed as being an idolator and stained with murder1 by the dauntless ,bishop2 and ,nicephorus ,callistus1 and ,philostorgius say the same4 ,certain it is that ,s4 ,babylus suffered under this governor ,numerian1 son of ,carus1 who was afterwards1 for eight months1 emperor1 conjointly with his brother ,carinus4 ,babylus1 and three little boys1 aged respectively twelve1 nine1 and seven1 orphans1 whom he brought up in his house1 were so cruelly handled by the torturers before the governor1 that the boys died1 and ,babylus expired shortly after in prison4 ,in order to put a stop to the abominations of the famous temple and oracle of ,daphne1 the zealous ,emperor ,gallus1 brother of ,julian1 buried the body of ,s4 ,babylus opposite the temple gate4 ,from that day the oracle ceased to speak4 ,the apostate ,emperor ,julian ordered its removal1 in hopes of restoring liberty to the demon who uttered the oracles1 and the ,christians translated the sacred relics to the city1 singing psalms along the road1 says ,sozomen4 ,the best singers went first1 and the multitude chanted in chorus1 and this was the burden of their song3 ,confounded are all they that worship carved images1 and delight in vain gods4#aba ,s4 ,,macedonius1 ,h4 7,,beginning ,,of #e,,th ,,cent47 ,greek ,menaea4 ,authorities3 ,theodoret in his ,philotheus1 c4 #ac1 and his ,ecclesiastical ,hist4 lib4 v4 c4 #bj2 ,nicephorus ,callistus1 lib4 xii4 #dd4 ,theodoret's mother was under the direction of ,s4 ,macedonius4 ,s4 ,macedonius lived a life of great austerity on barley and water4 ,for forty-five years he inhabited a dry ditch1 after that he spent twenty-five in a rude cabin4 ,a sedition having broken out in ,antioch1 and the people having overthrown the statue of the ,empress ,flacilla1 ,theodosius1 the ,emperor1 in a fit of rage1 ordered the city to be set on fire and reduced to the condition of a village4 ,blood would also have been infallibly shed1 had not ,s4 ,ambrose obtained from ,theodosius1 shortly before1 the passing of the law that no sentence against a city should take effect till thirty days had expired4 ,the ,emperor sent his chamberlain1 ,eleutherius1 to ,antioch to execute his severe sentence against the city and its inhabitants4 ,as he entered the streets lined with trembling citizens1 a ragged hermit1 it was ,macedonius1 plucked him by the cloak and said3 ,go to the ,emperor1 and say to him from me1 ,you are not only an ,emperor1 but a man2 and you ought not only to remember what is due to an empire1 but also to human nature4 ,man was made in the image and likeness of ,god4 ,do not then order the image of ,god to be destroyed4 ,you pass this cruel sentence1 because an image of bronze has been overthrown4 ,and for that will you slay living men1 the hair of whose head you cannot make to grow8 ,when this speech was reported to the ,emperor1 he regretted his angry sentence1 and sent to withdraw it4 ,s4 ,,cadoc1 ,,ab4 7,,between ,a4,d4 #ebb ,,and #eij47 ,english and ,gallican ,martyrologies4 ,through a strange confusion1 ,s4 ,cadoc of ,wales has been identified with ,s4 ,sophias of ,beneventum in ,italy2 because ,s4 ,cadoc appears in the ,martyrologies as ,s4 ,cadoc1 at ,benavenna 7,weedon71 and ,s4 ,sophias or ,sophius ,bishop of ,beneventum being commemorated the same day1 the life given by ,bollandus1 with hesitation1 is a confused jumble of these two saints into one4 ,the best account of ,s4 ,cadoc is in ,rees ,lives of the ,cambro-,british ,saints2 and in ,la ,ville-marqu's ,la ,lgende ,celtique4 ,there is also a poem composed in honour of ,s4 ,cadoc1 by ,richard ap ,rhys of ,llancarvan1 between #adej and #adhj1 published in the ,iolo ,,mss41 p4 #cja1 and the sentences1 proverbs and aphorisms of ,s4 ,cadoc are to be found in ,myvrian ,archaeology1 iii4 p4 #aj4 ,the following epitome of his life is from ,m4 de ,montalembert's ,monks of the ,west1 with additions from ,m4 de ,ville-marqu and corrections from ,rees4 ,immediately after the period occupied in the annals of ,wales by ,king ,arthur and the monk-bishop ,david1 appears ,s4 ,cadoc1 a personage regarding whom it is difficult to make a distinction between history and legend1 but whose life has left a profound impression upon the ,keltic races4 ,his father ,gwynllyw ,filwr1 surnamed the ,warrior1 one of the petty kings of ,south ,wales1 having heard much of the beauty of the daughter of a neighbouring chief1 had her carried off by a band of three hundred vassals1 from the midst of her sisters1 and from the door of her own chamber1 in her father's castle4 ,the father hastened to the rescue of his daughter with all his vassals and allies1 and soon overtook ,gwynllyw1 who rode with the young princess at the croup1 going softly not to fatigue her4 ,it was not an encounter favourable for the lover3 two hundred of his followers perished1 but he1 himself1 succeeded in escaping safely with the lady4 ,of this rude warrior and this beautiful princess was to be born the saint who has been called the ,doctor of the ,welsh1 and who founded the great monastic establishment of ,llancarvan4 ,the very night of his birth1 the soldiers1 or1 to speak more justly1 the robber-followers of the king1 his father1 who had been sent to pillage the neighbours right and left1 stole the milch cow of a holy ,irish monk1 who had no sustenance1 he nor his twelve disciples1 except the abundant milk of this cow4 ,when informed of this nocturnal theft1 the monk got up1 put on his shoes in all haste1 and hurried to reclaim his cow from the king1 who was still asleep4 ,the latter took advantage of the occasion to have his new-born son baptized by the pious solitary1 and made him promise to undertake the education and future vocation of the infant4 ,the ,irishman gave him the name of ,cadoc1 7,cattwg17 which means warlike2 and then1 having recovered his cow1 went back to his cell to await the king's son1 who was sent to him at the age of seven1 having already learned to hunt and fight4 ,the young prince passed twelve years with the ,irish monk1 whom he served1 lighting his fire and cooking his food1 and who taught him the rudiments of ,latin grammar4 ,preferring the life of a recluse to the throne of his father1 he went to ,ireland for three years1 to carry on his education at ,lismore1 a celebrated monastery school1 after which he returned to ,wales1 and continued his studies under a famous ,roman rhetorician1 newly arrived from ,italy4 ,this doctor had more pupils than money2 famine reigned in his school4 ,one day poor ,cadoc1 who fasted continually1 was learning his lesson in his cell1 seated before a little table1 and leaning his head on his hands1 when suddenly a white mouse1 coming out of a hole in the wall1 jumped on the table1 and put down a grain of corn2 then ,cadoc rising1 followed the mouse into a cellar1 one of those old ,keltic subterranean granaries1 remains of which are found to this day in ,wales and ,cornwall4 ,there ,cadoc found a large heap of corn1 which served to feed the master and his pupils for many days4 ,having early decided to embrace monastic life1 he hid himself in a wood1 where1 after making a narrow escape from assassination by an armed swineherd of a neighbouring chief1 he saw1 near a forgotten fountain1 where a white swan floated1 an enormous wild boar1 white with age1 coming out of his den1 and make three bounds1 one after another1 stopping each time1 and turning round to stare furiously at the stranger who had disturbed him in his resting place4 ,cadoc marked with three branches the three bounds of the wild boar1 which afterwards became the site of the church1 dormitories1 and refectory of the great abbey of ,llancarvan4 ,the abbey took its name1 ,the ,church of the ,stags1 from the legend that two deers from the neighbouring wood came one day to replace two idle and disobedient monks who had refused to perform the necessary labour for the construction of the monastery1 saying1 ,are we oxen1 that we should be yoked to carts1 and compelled to drag timber8 ,the rushes were torn up1 the briars and thorns were cut down1 and ,s4 ,cadoc dug deep trenches to drain the morass formed about the fountain he had discovered4 ,one day1 when the chapel he was building was nearly completed1 a monk came that way1 bearing on his back a leather pouch containing tools for working metal1 and some specimens of his handicraft4 ,his name was ,gildas4 ,he was the son of a chief in ,westmoreland1 and his brother1 ,aneurin1 was one day famous among the bards of ,britain4#abb ,gildas opened his bag and produced a bell4 ,its form was that of a tall square cap1 and it was made of a mixture of silver and copper1 not molten1 but hammered4 ,cadoc took the bell and sounded it1 and the note was so sweet that he greatly desired the bell1 and asked ,gildas to give it him4 ,no1 said the bell-maker2 ,i have destined it for the altar of ,s4 ,peter at ,rome4 ,but when ,gildas offered the bell to the ,pope1 the holy father was unable to sound it2 then ,gildas knew he must give it to the ,welsh monk2 so he returned to ,britain1 and offered it to ,cadoc1 and when he held it1 the bell rang sweetly as heretofore4 ,llancarvan became a great workshop1 where numerous monks1 subject to a very severe rule1 bowed their bodies under the yoke of continual fatigue1 clearing the forests1 and cultivating the fields when cleared2 it was besides1 a great literary and religious school1 in which the study of the ,holy ,scriptures held the van1 and was followed by that of the ancient authors1 and their more modern commentators4 ,cadoc loved to sum up1 chiefly under the form of sentences in verse and poetical aphorisms1 the instructions given to his pupils of the ,llancarvan cloister4 ,a great number of such utterances have been preserved4 ,we instance a few4 ,truth is the elder daughter of ,god4 ,without light nothing is good4 ,without light there is no piety4 ,without light there is no religion4 ,without light there is no faith4 ,the sight of ,god1 that is light4 ,without knowledge1 no power4 ,without knowledge1 no wisdom4 ,without knowledge1 no freedom4 ,without knowledge1 no beauty4 ,without knowledge1 no nobility4 ,without knowledge1 no victory4 ,without knowledge1 no honour4 ,without knowledge1 no ,god4 ,the best of attitudes is humility4 ,the best of occupations is work4 ,the best of sentiments1 pity4 ,the best of cares1 justice4 ,the best of pains1 peacemaking4 ,the best of sorrows1 contrition4 ,the best of characters1 generosity4 ,when one of his disciples asked him to define love1 he answered1 ,love1 it is ,heaven4 ,and hate8 asked his disciple4 ,hate is hell4 ,and conscience8 ,it is the eye of ,god in the soul of man4 ,the best of patriots1 said ,s4 ,cadoc1 is he who tills the soil4 ,when a chief at the head of a band of robbers1 came to pillage ,llancarvan1 ,s4 ,cadoc went against him with his monks armed with their harps1 chanting and striking the strings4 ,then the chief recoiled1 and left them unmolested4 ,another chief1 enraged at ,cadoc receiving his son into his monastery1 came with a force to reclaim the youth and destroy the cloister4 ,cadoc went to meet him1 bathed in sunshine1 and found the chief and his men groping in darkness4 ,he gave them light1 and they returned ashamed to their homes4 ,cadoc had the happiness of assisting in the conversion of his father4 ,in the depths of his cloister he groaned over the rapines and sins of the old robber from whom he derived his life4 ,accordingly he sent to his father's house three of his monks1 to preach repentance4 ,his mother1 the beautiful ,gwladys1 was the first to be touched1 and it was not long before she persuaded her husband to agree with her4 ,they called their son to make to him a public confession of their sins1 and then1 father and son chanted together the psalm1 ,exaudiat te ,dominus--,the ,lord hear thee in the day of trouble4 ,when this was ended1 the king and queen retired into solitude1 establishing themselves in two cabins on the bank of a river1 where they worked for their livelihood1 and were often visited by their son4 ,the invasion of the ,saxons obliged ,s4 ,cadoc to fly1 first to the island of ,flat-holmes in the ,bristol ,channel1 and then into ,brittany1 where he founded a new monastery1 on a little desert island of the archipelago of ,morbihan1 which is still shown from the peninsula of ,rhuys2 and to make his school accessible to the children of the district1 who had to cross to the isle and back again in a boat1 he threw a stone bridge four hundred and fifty feet long across this arm of the sea4 ,in this modest retreat the ,welsh prince resumed his monastic life1 adapting it especially to his ancient scholarly habits4 ,he made his scholars learn ,virgil by heart3 and one day1 while walking with his friend and companion1 the famous historian ,gildas1 with his ,virgil under his arm1 the abbot began to weep at the thought that the poet1 whom he loved so much1 might be even then perhaps in hell4 ,at the moment when ,gildas reprimanded him severely for that perhaps1 protesting that without any doubt ,virgil must be damned1 a sudden gust of wind tossed ,cadoc's book into the sea4 ,he was much moved by this accident1 and1 returning to his cell1 said to himself1 ,i will not eat a mouthful of bread1 nor drink a drop of water1 till ,i know truly what fate ,god has allotted to one who sang upon earth as the angels sing in heaven4 ,after this1 he fell asleep1 and soon after1 dreaming1 he heard a soft voice addressing him1 ,pray for me1 pray for me1 said the voice1 never be weary of praying2 ,i shall yet sing eternally the mercy of the ,lord4 ,the next morning a fisherman brought him a salmon1 and the ,saint found in the fish the book which the wind had snatched out of his hands4 ,after a sojourn of several years in ,brittany1 ,cadoc left his new community flourishing under the government of another pastor1 and to put in practice that maxim which he loved to repeat to his followers3--,wouldst thou find glory8 march to the grave4 ,he returned to ,britain1 not to find again the ancient peace and prosperity of his beloved retreat of ,llancarvan1 but to establish himself in the very centre of the ,saxon settlements1 and console the numerous ,christians who had survived the massacres of the ,conquest1 and lived under the yoke of a foreign and heathen race4 ,he settled at ,weedon1 in the county of ,northampton2#abc and it was there that he awaited his martyrdom4 ,one morning1 when vested in the ornaments of his priestly office1 as he was celebrating the ,divine ,sacrifice1 a furious band of ,saxon cavalry1 chasing the ,christians before them1 entered pell-mell into the church1 and crowded towards the altar4 ,the ,saint continued the sacrifice as calmly as he had begun it4 ,a ,saxon chief1 urging on his horse1 and brandishing his lance1 went up to him and struck him to the heart4 ,cadoc fell on his knees2 and his last desire1 his last thought1 were still for his dear countrymen4 ,lord1 he said1 while dying1 invisible ,king1 ,saviour ,jesus1 grant me one grace1--protect the ,christians of my country6 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,paul1 after a ,bronze in ,christian ,museum in the ,vatican4 ,,footnotes3 #aag #b ,tim4 iii4 #ad4 #aah #a ,thess4 iii4 #b2 #a ,cor4 iv4 #ag4 #aai ,acts xviii4 #abj ,rev4 ii4 #a1 #g4 #aba ,hist4 ,eccl4 v4 c4 #ai3 also ,socrates1 ,eccl4 ,hist4 iii4 #ai4 #abb ,the ,gododdin1 a poem descriptive of the massacre of the ,british chiefs at ,stonehenge by ,hengest1 was composed by ,aneurin whilst in prison4 #abc ,the ancient name of ,weedon having been ,benavenna1 this has helped to cause the confusion which arose between ,s4 ,cadoc and ,s4 ,sophias of ,benevento in ,italy4 ,january #be4 ,,conversion ,,of ,s4 ,,paul4 ,s4 ,,artemas1 ,m41 at ,puteoli4 ,,ss4 ,,juventine ,,and ,,maximus1 ,,mm41 at ,antioch1 ,a4,d4 #cfb4 ,s4 ,,publius1 ,ab4 of ,zeugma1 in ,syria1 #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,apollo1 ,ab4 in ,egypt1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cie4 ,s4 ,,mares1 ,ab4 in ,syria1 #eth cent4 ,s4 ,,praejectus1 ,b41 ,,and ,,companions1 at ,clermont1 ,a4,d4 #fgd4 ,s4 ,,poppo1 ,ab4 of ,stavelot1 in ,belgium1 ,a4,d4 #ajdh4 ,b4 ,,henry ,,of ,,suso1 ,o4,s4,d41 at ,ulm1 in ,germany1 ,a4,d4 #acfe4 ,,the ,,conversion ,,of ,s4 ,,paul4 ,the circumstances of the ,conversion of ,s4 ,paul are so fully recorded in the ,acts of the ,holy ,apostles1 chaps4 xix41 xxii41 xxvi41 as not to need repetition here1 being familiar to all4 ,among the ,greeks1 ,s4 ,ananias1 who baptized ,s4 ,paul1 is commemorated on this day4 ,s4 ,,artemas1 ,m4 ,commemorated at ,puteoli and ,naples under the name of ,artemas1 but in the ancient ,martyrology attributed to ,s4 ,jerome1 he is called ,antimasius1 a mistake of copyists for ,artimasius or ,artemas4 ,the ,acts are those preserved by the ,church of ,puteoli1 and seem to be founded on others of great antiquity2 they exist only in a fragmentary condition1 and give no clue to the date of the martyrdom4 ,artemas was a pious ,christian boy in ,puteoli1 in the south of ,italy4 ,he was sent to school to one ,cathageta1 a heathen4 ,out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh1 and the boy1 filled with faith1 spoke of his belief to some of his fellow-scholars4 ,it was soon known among the boys that ,artemas was a ,christian1 and it came to the master's ears4 ,cathageta lectured and browbeat the little scholar1 and threatened him with the rod4 ,you may whip1 said the brave boy2 but you will only whip my faith deeper into me4 ,then the master1 in a rage1 shouted to the boys to punish him1 and the cruel tiger-cubs1 educated to bloodshed by the atrocities of the arena1 fell upon him with their iron pens1 used for scratching on wax tablets1 and stabbed him to death4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,conversion ,,of ,s4 ,,paul4 ,after the ,cartoon by ,raphael4 ,jan4 #be4 ,,ss4 ,,juventine ,,and ,,maximus1 ,,mm41 ,,at ,,antioch4 7,a4,d4 #cfb47 ,authorities3 the #djth ,homily of ,s4 ,john ,chrysostom2 ,theodoret1 ,hist4 ,eccl4 lib4 iii4 c4 #ae2 ,nicephorus ,callistus1 lib4 x4 c4 #ab4 ,theodoret says3--,the ,emperor ,julian continued to oppose religion with greater and greater boldness1 while he assumed the specious appearance of clemency1 in order to lay snares to entrap men1 and seduce them into irreligion4 ,he cast things offered to idols into the fountains of the city of ,antioch1 so that no one could drink of the streams without partaking of the hateful sacrifices4 ,he defiled in the same way everything that was sold in the market-place2 for he had water which had been offered to idols sprinkled on the bread1 meat1 fruit1 herbs1 and all other articles of food4 ,the ,christians lamented these abominations1 yet partook of the food according to the precept of the ,apostle4 7#a ,cor4 x4 #be47 ,two of the ,emperor's guards1 who were his shield-bearers and companions in arms1 vehemently deplored1 at a certain convivial meeting1 the perpetration of such odious deeds4 ,one of those who had been present acquainted the ,emperor with this speech4 ,the ,emperor sent for these two men1 and asked what it was that they had said4 ,this question they answered thus1 in the warmth of their zeal3 ',o ,emperor1 having been brought up in the true religion1 and having been accustomed to the admirable laws of ,constantine1 we cannot but be deeply grieved at witnessing the very food contaminated by being mixed with idol offerings4 ,we lamented this privately1 and now1 publicly1 we express our regret4 ,this is the only cause of sorrow which we experience under your government4' ,on hearing these words the ,emperor threw off the mask of clemency4 ,such excruciating tortures were1 by his orders1 inflicted on these two men1 that they expired under them4 ,the ,church of ,antioch honoured them as defenders of religion1 and interred them in a magnificent tomb2 and even to this day an annual festival is celebrated in their honour4 ,their names were ,juventius 7,juventinus7 and ,maximus4 ,s4 ,,apollo1 ,,ab4 ,,in ,,the ,,thebaid4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #cie47 ,commemorated on this day by ,greeks and ,latins alike1 though some ,latin ,martyrologies note him on the #ahth ,april4 ,authorities3 his life by ,palladius in the ,hist4 ,lausiaca2 and ,sozomen1 lib4 iii4 c4 #ad1 who calls him ,apollonius4 ,palladius is an excellent authority1 for during his residence among the hermits of the ,thebaid1 he was personally acquainted with ,apollo4 ,this illustrious hermit began his discipline of himself by a solitary life in the desert1 at the age of fifteen4 ,he spent forty years by himself1 and then1 called by ,god to guide the souls of others1 he became head of a congregation of monks in ,upper ,egypt4 ,in the reign of ,julian the ,apostate1 hearing that his brother1 who was in the army1 was imprisoned for his religion1 he went at the head of his monks to visit him4 ,the tribune entering the prison shortly after1 and seeing so many monks within1 ordered the gates to be closed1 and vowed he would enlist them all as soldiers4 ,but in the night an angel came1 bearing a lamp1 and opened the doors of the prison and led them forth1 and they escaped with great joy to their beloved desert4 ,about fifty monks obeyed him2 but he did not confine his sympathies to them4 ,hearing that the country people were about to fight one another about some trifling subject of contention1 ,apollo rushed from his rocks1 and flinging himself amongst them1 conjured them not to shed one another's blood4 ,one party promised to retire1 but the other1 headed by a redoubted robber1 confident in his powers1 held out4 ,then ,apollo turned to the chief and said1 ,my son1 lay down thine arms1 and ,i will pray ,god to pardon thy many offences4 ,the man cast away his weapons1 and threw himself at the feet of the abbot4 ,on another occasion he heard that a village procession of a famous wooden idol was about to take place2 he went down1 and kneeling1 prayed ,god to prevent it4 ,then the image became immovable1 so that neither priest nor people could take it from its place in the temple4 ,the priests said1 ,a ,christian has done this4 ,yes1 said ,apollo1 ,i have done it by my prayers1 and he exhorted the people to forsake the worship of such vain gods4 ,one ,easter day the community had only some old stale loaves and a few dried olives1 and they lamented that on so great a day they must fast1 as in ,lent4 ,be of good cheer1 said the abbot1 let each ask for what he likes best1 and on such a day the loving ,god will give it him4 ,but they would not ask1 thinking themselves unworthy of such a favour4 ,but he said1 ,fear not1 ,i will pray4 ,then they all knelt down1 and ,apollo asked1 and they said ,amen4 ,now as this response came1 behold there arrived men and asses bringing a present to the monks1 and it consisted of fresh loaves1 pomegranates1 citrons1 honey in the comb1 nuts1 and a pitcher of fresh milk1 grapes and figs1 and large luscious dates 7nicolai74 ,the monks of ,apollo communicated every day1 and some ate nothing from communion to communion1 living only on this heavenly food4 ,these were some of the pieces of advice ,apollo gave to his monks3--,it behoves us to be ever joyous1 for we ought not to be sad about our salvation4 ,the ,gentiles are sad1 the ,jews weep1 and sinners mourn1 all those whose affections are fixed on earthly things have cause to be agitated in mind1 but not we4 ,and it was so1 that the monks were always cheerful and gay1 and if any appeared sad1 the abbot knew the cause must be sin1 and he sent for him4 ,let the monks communicate every day1 for those who withdraw from the ,sacraments1 from them ,god withdraws ,himself4 ,but he who approaches them assiduously receives the ,saviour4 ,that is a salutary saying1 ',he that eateth my flesh and drinketh my blood dwelleth in ,me1 and ,i in him4' ,daily1 therefore1 let the monks prepare themselves1 and daily let them receive it4 ,let asceticism1 he added1 be secret4 ,i do not like those who put chains on their necks1--they do it to be seen of men2 let them rather fast in their cells1 where no one will know anything about it4 ,s4 ,,mares1 ,,ab4 ,,in ,,syria4 7#e,,th ,,cent47 ,from the ,philotheus of ,theodoret1 cap4 #bj4 ,s4 ,mares spent thirty-seven years in a small damp cell1 constant in prayer4 ,theodoret says that towards his end1 ,i went to his door1 and he bade me open4 ,he was aged ninety1 and wore common goat's hair garments4 ,all his food was bread and salt4 ,as1 for long1 he had desired to see the ,holy ,sacrifice offered1 but was not able1 he asked that the oblation of the ,divine ,gift might be made there4 ,i willingly obeyed1 and having ordered the sacred vessels to be brought from the village1 and using for an altar the hands of the deacons1 ,i offered the mystic1 divine1 and salutary ,sacrifice4 ,but he was filled with all spiritual delight1 and thought that he saw heaven1 and declared he had never had such joy4 ,i was greatly pleased with him1 and ,i should be doing him and myself a wrong1 if after his death ,i did not praise him4 ,s4 ,,praejectus1 ,b41 ,,and ,,others1 ,,mm41 ,,at ,,clermont4 7,a4,d4 #fgd47 ,s4 ,praejectus1 in ,french ,s4 ,priest1 ,priets1 ,prie1 or ,prix1 is commemorated in the ,gallican1 ,belgic1 ,sarum1 and other ,martyrologies4 ,authority3 his life by two contemporary writers4 ,s4 ,praejectus1 ,bishop of ,clermont in ,auvergne1 severely rebuked one ,hector1 a noble of ,marseilles1 for having ravished a young lady of ,auvergne1 and seized on her estates4 ,his remonstrances having been disregarded1 he hastened to ,king ,childeric ,,ii4 to lay his complaint before him1 and the king gave orders for the execution of ,hector4 ,on the return of the ,saint to his see1 some friends of ,hector waylaid him at a place called ,volvic1 near ,clermont1 and murdered him4 ,s4 ,,poppo1 ,,ab4 ,,of ,,stavelot4 7,a4,d4 #ajdh47 ,modern ,roman ,martyrology4 ,the name occurs in no ancient ,martyrologies2 it owes its insertion to ,baronius4 ,his life was written by ,everhelm1 abbot of ,hautmont1 his contemporary1 in #ajfi4 ,the blessed ,poppo1 born in ,flanders in #igh1 as a youth served in arms4 ,he made a pilgrimage to the ,holy ,land1 and1 on his return1 engaged himself to the daughter of his friend ,frumhold4 ,when the time of his marriage drew nigh1 ,poppo mounted his horse one night1 together with some retainers1 to ride to fetch his bride4 ,he had not gone far before a dazzling flash of light illumined him within1 in his soul1 and bathed his body in a blaze of glory4 ,as it faded away1 he spurred on his horse1 and then noticed that a flame burnt on the point of his spear2 it was as though he rode bearing a tall church taper in his hand4 ,astounded at this marvel1 he reined in his steed1 and turning to his companions said1 ,god calls me to another life4 ,then he left home and went1 with the light still illuminating his soul1 and served in a hospital for the sick4 ,one day a miserable leper was brought in so covered with sores that he could not be placed with the other inmates4 ,thinking that the poor creature was cold in the night1 ,poppo went to him with his own coverlid1 and laid it over him4 ,next morning the leper was whole1 the charity of ,poppo had healed him4 ,richard1 abbot of ,verdun1 appointed ,poppo to rule the abbey of ,s4 ,vedast1 which had fallen into scandalous disorder4 ,when the ,emperor ,henry ,,ii4 was in the ,betawe1 between the two branches of the ,rhine1 ,poppo1 having to visit him about some affairs concerning his monastery1 found the prince enjoying a favourite pastime of his2 a naked man was smeared with honey and exposed to bears2 and the sport consisted in the bears trying to lick the man1 and he eluding their embraces4 ,as this sport not unfrequently ended in the man being injured1 and sometimes killed1 ,poppo rebuked the king1 and brought him to a sense of the impropriety of encouraging such coarse and dangerous amusements4 ,that this sport was popular1 appears from ,hincmar1 ,archbishop of ,rheims1 being obliged to forbid his clergy and monks attending either it or bear-bating4 ,on another occasion1 when ,poppo was on his way to the ,emperor1 then at ,strasburg1 as he passed through the ,ellisgau1 with some of his monks1 they saw a wolf carry off a man by the neck into a marsh4 ,poppo at once called his monks to the rescue4 ,they were unable1 on account of the loose texture of the swamp1 to go direct to where the man lay1 but they surrounded the marsh1 and following the bloody traces1 recovered the man1 who was much mangled2 they bound up his wounds1 and he finally recovered4 ,what became of the wolf they saw not1 and hoped1 and hoping believed1 he was smothered in the marsh4 ,poppo was afterwards created abbot of ,stavelot1 where the monks had fallen into grave disorders4 ,his efforts to reform them so irritated some of the worst1 that they attempted to poison him1 but failed4 ,having thoroughly reformed the monastery1 he rebuilt and beautified the church1 and died on the feast of the ,conversion of ,s4 ,paul1 after having received extreme unction from the hands of the abbot ,everhelm1 who is his biographer4 ,illustration3 ,alpha and ,omega2 the first and the ,last4 ,january #bf4 ,s4 ,,polycarp1 ,b4 ,m4 of ,smyrna1 ,a4,d4 #afg4 ,s4 ,,simeon ,,the ,,old1 ,ab4 in ,syria1 end of #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,paula1 ,w41 at ,bethlehem1 ,a4,d4 #djd4 ,s4 ,,xenophon1 ,,his ,,wife ,,and ,,sons1 #eth cent4 ,s4 ,,bathild1 ,q41 in ,france1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #fgj4 ,s4 ,,theoritgitha1 ,v41 at ,barking1 in ,essex1 #gth cent4 ,s4 ,,gobert1 ,c41 at ,foss1 in ,belgium4 ,s4 ,,alberic1 ,ab4 of ,citeaux1 beginning of #abth cent4 ,b4 ,,haseka1 ,r41 in ,westphalia1 ,a4,d4 #abfa4 ,s4 ,,polycarp1 ,b4 ,m4 ,,of ,,smyrna4 7,a4,d4 #afg47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authorities3 ,his ,acts1 written by the ,church of ,smyrna immediately after his martyrdom1 ,eusebius1 c4 ,saint ,polycarp was converted to ,christianity in the year #hj1 when quite young1 and he had the privilege of accompanying those who had seen ,jesus ,christ4 ,s4 ,john1 whose special disciple he was1 consecrated him ,bishop of ,smyrna in the year #if4 ,he is supposed to be the ,angel or ,bishop of the ,church of ,smyrna1 to whom alone1 in the messages recorded in the ,apocalypse1 did ,jesus ,christ address praise unmixed with blame4#abd ,i know thy works1 and tribulation1 and poverty1 7but thou art rich71 and ,i know the blasphemy of them which say they are ,jews1 and are not1 but are the synagogue of ,satan4 ,fear none of those things which thou shalt suffer2 behold1 the devil shall cast some of you into prison1 that ye may be tried2 and ye shall have tribulation ten days2 be thou faithful unto death1 and ,i will give thee a crown of life4 ,in the year #aeh1 ,s4 ,polycarp visited ,rome4 ,the cause of his visit is not exactly declared2 but he had a conference with ,pope ,anicetus concerning the time of celebrating the ,paschal ,feast2 and the disputes upon this subject were carried on so warmly1 in the second century1 that perhaps we are to seek no other reason for ,polycarp undertaking so long a journey4 ,the first day of the week1 or ,sunday1 appears to have been held sacred1 on account of our ,lord's ,resurrection1 from the very beginning of the ,church4 ,the eastern and western ,christians agreed in keeping a solemn fast for some time preceding the feast of the ,resurrection4 ,there was1 however1 one important difference between them4 ,the ,asiatic ,christians kept a feast on the true ,passover1 as well as observing the great ,easter festival4 ,the western ,christians kept the ,paschal feast on ,easter ,day4 ,by separating the ,passover feast from the feast of the ,resurrection1 the ,easterns had a burst of festivity interrupting discordantly the hush of the great fast1 which caused great offence to the western sense of propriety4 ,both parties laid claims to apostolic authority for their respective customs4 ,the eastern ,christians asserted that ,,ss4 ,john and ,philip had sanctioned their custom2 while the brethren at ,rome defended themselves by the authority of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul4 ,this being the case1 and neither of the parties being willing to concede1 a conference between an ,asiatic ,bishop and the ,bishop of ,rome seemed a very desirable measure4 ,polycarp had been personally known to ,s4 ,john1 and had been appointed by him to his bishopric4 ,anicetus was1 singularly enough1 the seventh ,bishop of ,rome since the beginning of the century1 but ,polycarp had occupied the see of ,smyrna during the whole of that time4 ,s4 ,irenaeus1 who relates the conference between ,anicetus and ,polycarp1 states that neither could convince the other4 ,the meeting was1 however1 conducted and terminated in perfect amity4 ,the two bishops were firm1 and wedded to their respective customs2 but the bond of peace was not broken between them2 and as proof of their mutual goodwill1 they received together the supersubstantial food1 the ,pope allowing ,polycarp1 out of respect for his age and character1 to celebrate4 ,in the sixth year of the reign of ,marcus ,aurelius1 an exhibition of games in ,smyrna kept the city in excitement for some days1 and the ,christians were made to fight with wild beasts for the amusement of the populace4 ,polycarp himself was advised to withdraw from the storm1 and he concealed himself for some time at a short distance from the city4 ,his retreat was betrayed by a boy1 who was threatened with the rack unless he discovered him4 ,herod1 the magistrate1 whose office it was to prevent misdemeanours1 sent horsemen by night to beset his lodgings4 ,the ,saint was above stairs in bed1 but refused to make his escape1 saying1 ,god's will be done4 ,he went down1 met them at the door1 ordered them a handsome supper1 and desired only some time for prayer before he went with them4 ,this granted1 he began his prayer standing1 and continued it in that posture for two hours1 recommending to ,god his own flock and the whole ,church1 with so much earnestness and devotion1 that several of those that were come to seize him1 repented having undertaken the commission4 ,they set him on an ass1 and were conducting him towards the city1 when he was met on the road by ,herod and his father1 ,nicetes1 who took him into their chariot1 and endeavoured to persuade him to a little compliance1 saying1 ,what harm is there in sacrificing1 to escape death8 ,the bishop at first was silent1 in imitation of our ,saviour3 but being pressed1 he gave them this resolute answer1 ,i shall never do what you desire of me4 ,at these words1 they thrust him out of the chariot with such violence1 that his leg was bruised by the fall4 ,the holy man went forward cheerfully to the place where the people were assembled4 ,upon his entering it1 a voice from heaven was heard by many3 ,polycarp1 be courageous1 and play the man4 ,he was led directly to the tribunal of the pro-consul1 who exhorted him to respect his own age1 to swear by the genius of the ,emperor1 and blaspheme ,christ4 ,polycarp replied1 ,i have served ,him these fourscore and six years1 and ,he never did me any harm1 but much good4 ,how can ,i then blaspheme my ,king and my ,saviour8 ,if you require of me to swear by the genius of ,caesar1 as you call it1 hear my free confession2 ,i am a ,christian3 but if you desire to learn the ,christian religion1 appoint a time1 and hear me4 ,the pro-consul then1 assuming a tone of severity1 said1 ,i have wild beasts4 ,call for them1 replied the ,saint3 for we are unalterably resolved not to change from good to evil4 ,it is only good to pass from evil to good4 ,the pro-consul said1 ,if you despise the beasts1 ,i will cause you to be burnt to ashes4 ,polycarp answered1 ,you threaten me with a fire which burns for a short time1 and then goes out2 but are1 yourself1 ignorant of the judgment to come1 and of the fire prepared for the wicked4 ,why do you delay8 ,bring against me what you please4 ,whilst he said this his countenance shone with a certain heavenly grace1 insomuch that the pro-consul was struck with admiration4 ,however1 he ordered a crier to make public proclamation three times1 ,polycarp has confessed himself a ,christian4 ,at this proclamation the whole multitude of ,jews and ,gentiles gave a great shout4 ,they unanimously demanded that he should be burnt alive4 ,their request was no sooner granted than every one ran1 with all speed1 to fetch wood from the baths and shops4 ,the ,jews were particularly active and busy on this occasion4 ,the pile being prepared1 ,polycarp put off his garments1 untied his girdle1 and began to take off his shoes4 ,the wood and other combustibles were heaped around him4 ,the executioners would have attached him to the stake2 but he said to them1 ,suffer me to be as ,i am4 ,he who gives me grace to endure this fire1 will enable me to stand still without that precaution4 ,they1 therefore1 contented themselves with tying his hands behind his back1 and in this posture1 looking up towards heaven1 he prayed as follows3 ,o ,almighty ,lord ,god1 ,father of ,thy beloved and blessed ,son ,jesus ,christ1 by whom we have received the knowledge of ,thee1 ,god of angels1 powers1 and every creature1 and of all the race of the just that live in ,thy presence6 ,i bless ,thee for having been pleased in ,thy goodness to bring me to this hour1 that ,i may receive a portion in the number of ,thy martyrs1 and partake of the chalice of ,thy ,christ1 for the resurrection to eternal life1 in the incorruptibleness of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,grant me to be received this day as a pleasing sacrifice1 such an one as thou ,thyself hast prepared1 that so ,thou mayest accomplish what ,thou1 ,o true and faithful ,god6 hast foreshown4 ,wherefore1 for all things ,i praise1 bless1 and glorify ,thee1 through the eternal high priest ,jesus ,christ1 ,thy beloved ,son1 with whom1 to ,thee1 and the ,holy ,ghost1 be glory now and for ever4 ,amen4 ,he had scarce said ,amen1 when fire was set to the pile1 and increased to a mighty flame4 ,but behold a wonder seen by us1 say the authors of these ,acts4 ,the flames forming themselves into an arch1 like the sails of a ship swelled with the wind1 gently encircled the body of the martyr2 which stood in the middle1 like purified gold or silver1 appearing bright through the flames2 and his body sending forth such a fragrance1 that we seemed to smell precious spices4 ,the heathen were exasperated to see that his body could not be consumed1 and ordered a spearman to pierce him through1 which he did1 and such a quantity of blood issued out of his left side as to quench the fire4 ,the malice of the devil ended not here3 he endeavoured to obstruct the relics of the martyr being carried off by the ,christians2 for many desired to do it1 to show their respect to his body4 ,therefore1 by the suggestion of ,satan1 ,nicetes advised the pro-consul not to bestow it on the ,christians1 lest1 said he1 abandoning the crucified man1 they should adore ,polycarp3 the ,jews suggested this1 ,not knowing1 say the authors of these ,acts1 that we can never forsake ,christ1 nor adore any other1 though we love the martyrs1 as his disciples and imitators1 for the great love they bore their ,king and ,master4 ,the centurion then cast the body into the midst of the fire1 and burnt it to ashes4 ,we afterwards took up the bones1 say the writers of the ,acts1 more precious than the richest jewels or gold1 and deposited them decently in a place at which1 may ,god grant us to assemble with joy1 to celebrate the birthday of the martyr4 ,his tomb is still shown near ,smyrna4 ,s4 ,,simeon ,,the ,,old1 ,,ab4 7,,end ,,of #d,,th ,,cent47 ,greek ,menaea4 ,authority1 ,theodoret1 in his ,philotheus1 c4 #f4 ,simeon the ,old dwelt a life of solitude in a cave1 feeding on vegetables4 ,one day some travellers arrived at his cell1 having lost their way and asked the old hermit to direct them to a certain fort for which they were bound4 ,the hermit called two lions from the desert1 and gave them to the travellers as guides4 ,this incident was related to ,theodoret by one who was present on the occasion4 ,when a large number of disciples assembled under his direction1 the aged ,simeon went away to mount ,amanus1 near ,antioch1 and there built a monastery4 ,but afterwards1 being desirous of ending his days on ,sinai1 he went into the desert of that mountain4 ,and there he saw one day two hands raised from the mouth of a cave4 ,thinking it might be a snare of the devil1 he approached with caution4 ,at the sound of his footsteps the supplicating hands were drawn in1 and he saw no man2 then he cried to the dweller of the cave to come forth1 and there issued out of it an old hermit dressed in palm leaves1 who said that he and a brother hermit had come to establish themselves on ,sinai1 and they had promised each other never to separate4 ,now before they reached the holy mount the brother hermit died2 so the survivor buried his corpse1 and1 faithful to his promise1 tarried by his grave till the ,lord should call him2 and every day a lion brought him a bunch of dates4 ,now when ,simeon had partaken of his dates1 and they had sung together the matin office1 he went on1 and reaching ,sinai with his monks1 established on the mountain two monasteries1 one at the summit1 and the other at the foot4 ,s4 ,,paula1 ,w41 ,,at ,,bethlehem4 7,a4,d4 #djd47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,s4 ,paula died on ,jan4 #bfth1 after sunset1 consequently some commemorate her on ,jan4 #bgth4 ,authority3 her life written by ,s4 ,jerome1 her director1 in a letter to her daughter ,eustochium4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,paula4 ,jan4 #bf4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,prisca4 ,from a ,window at ,winchester4 ,jan4 #ah4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,paul4 ,after ,vischer4 ,jan4 #ah4 ,the blessed ,paula was born at ,rome in the year #cdg4 ,her father was ,rogatus1 of noble ,grecian origin4 ,her mother1 ,blesilla1 reckoned the ,gracchi1 the ,scipios and ,paulus ,aemilius among her ancestors4 ,this illustrious birth was made more honourable by her union with ,toxotius1 of the ,julian race1 and very wealthy4 ,her virtues endeared her to the people of ,rome1 and her modesty1 gravity1 and prudence caused her to be generally respected4 ,her husband died when she was aged twenty-three1 and grief for his loss nearly brought her to the grave as well4 ,toxotius left behind him four daughters1 ,blesilla1 ,paulina1 ,eustochium1 ,julia1 and ,ruffina2 the youngest child was a boy1 and he bore the name of his father4 ,the heart-broken widow at length found repose in submission to the will of ,god4 ,filled with a sense of the vanity of all earthly things1 she strove to detach her affections daily from all save ,god4 ,after the death of her husband she would not sit down to table with any man1 not even with the bishops1 whose advice she sought1 and who were most hospitably entertained in her house4 ,by degrees she accustomed herself to plain food1 and inexpensive clothing4 ,instead of a downy couch1 she made her bed on the hard floor4 ,hitherto all my care has been how ,i might please my husband1 said she1 now ,i will care for naught save how ,i may best serve ,jesus ,christ4 ,she was now called on to bewail the death of her eldest daughter ,blesilla1 who died shortly after her husband1 to whom she had been married only for a short time4 ,s4 ,jerome wrote on this occasion to ,s4 ,paula from ,bethlehem4 ,after having tenderly recalled the pale and gentle face1 bowed with exhaustion after fever on the slender neck1 the angelic form1 of the departed daughter1 ,s4 ,jerome adds2 ,but what am ,i doing8 ,i would dry the tears of a mother and mingle mine with hers4 ,i do not conceal my emotion4 ,i write weeping4 ,but ,jesus wept over ,lazarus1 because ,he loved him4 ,it is difficult to console another when one is also overwhelmed with grief1 and when the broken heart can find no words4 ,o ,paula1 ,i take ,jesus ,christ to witness1 whose ,majesty ,blesilla now sees2 ,i take the holy angels to witness1 whose companion she now is2 that ,i suffer the same anguish of heart as you1 for ,i1 having been her spiritual father1 had learned to love her dearly4 ,paula saw also her second daughter ,paulina die1 who had been married to ,tammachius1 a man of noble consular birth1 as illustrious for his piety as for his descent1 the first of monks in the first of cities1 ,s4 ,jerome called him in after years1 when he had embraced the monastic life in ,rome4 ,she also survived her fourth daughter ,ruffina1 married to the patrician ,aletheus1 but this affliction fell upon her when she was no longer in ,rome4 ,her daughters had grown up1 and her son ,toxotius1 having been secured a careful bringing up1 by his sister ,ruffina1 ,s4 ,paula felt that she might now follow at liberty the bent of her desire4 ,the stirring life in ,rome gave her no rest4 ,her noble birth and great wealth made her in great request1 and the time1 which she desired to devote to ,god alone1 was broken up by the petty business and formalities of social life1 which could not be dispensed with in the great city4 ,she therefore resolved to abandon ,rome1 her palace1 her crowds of servants1 her numerous acquaintances1 many friends1 and dear children4 ,she desired to visit the holy scenes consecrated by ,christ1 and then to settle quietly down near her old confessor and director ,jerome1 then inhabiting a cell at ,bethlehem4 ,it was no light matter parting with her relations and children1 but she had this consolation1 ,eustochium1 her unmarried daughter1 accompanied her1 one in heart with her mother1 desirous of consecrating her virginity1 as ,paula desired to dedicate her widowhood1 to ,jesus ,christ4 ,when they left ,rome1 the kinsmen accompanied them to the port4 ,it was a heart-breaking scene4 ,paula took her place on the deck of the vessel that was to bear her away for ever4 ,the anchor was drawn up1 the moorings cast loose1 and the rowers bowed to their task4 ,then the grief of ,toxotius became incontrollable2 he stretched forth his arms to her1 sobbing1 ,mother1 mother6 do not leave me4 ,the grief of the others was silent1 manifesting itself in copious tears4 ,but ,paula1 raising her dry eyes to heaven1 turned her face from the shore1 and conquered by a superhuman effort the agony caused by the rending of so many dear ties4 ,on reaching ,jerusalem she found that a palace had been furnished for her reception by the governor1 with every comfort and even luxury4 ,she1 however1 chose the meanest chamber therein1 in which to lodge1 and spent her time in visiting the holy sites4 ,she prayed long and earnestly before the true ,cross1 kissed the stones on which the body of ,jesus had lain1 and watered with her tears the dust of the ,dolorous ,way along which ,he had borne ,his ,cross4 ,she then journeyed to ,bethlehem1 and adored ,christ in the cave of the ,nativity4 ,overwhelmed with awe she exclaimed1 ,oh1 how dare ,i1 a poor sinner1 kiss the crib where the ,lord wailed as a little babe8 ,how dare ,i offer my prayer1 where the ,virgin brought the ,word into the world in the substance of our flesh6 ,let the home of my ,redeemer be henceforth my resting place1 here will ,i dwell where ,he walked the earth as man4 ,having settled at ,bethlehem into a poor little house1 she engaged workpeople to erect on the road to ,jerusalem a spacious hospital for pilgrims and sick persons1 and also a monastery for ,s4 ,jerome and his monks4 ,she then erected three convents for women1 with one church in which all the inmates of the three houses assembled for the divine office4 ,there they met to sing prime1 tierce1 sext1 nones1 vespers1 compline1 and the midnight lauds2 thus they daily sang the whole psalter1 which every sister was required to learn by heart4 ,on ,sundays they went to the neighbouring church where the ,divine ,sacrifice was offered1 and where they communicated4 ,all the sisters worked with their hands1 and made clothes for themselves and for the poor4 ,no man was ever suffered to set foot within their doors4 ,paula governed them with great charity and discretion1 animating them by her own example4 ,neither she nor her daughter1 ,eustochium1 refused to perform the most menial offices in the sisterhood4 ,if any of the sisters proved talkative she was separated from the rest1 and made to walk last and to eat alone4 ,she was gladdened to hear in her retreat of the marriage of her son ,toxotius to a pious maiden1 named ,leta1 to whom ,s4 ,jerome addressed the first treatise on the education of women which the ,christian spirit had inspired1 and which prepared for cloistral life the young ,paula1 her daughter1 devoted to the ,lord from the cradle1 and a nun1 like her grandmother and her aunt4 ,he offered with the candour of genius1 to educate the child himself1 and old as ,i am1 said he1 ,i shall accustom myself to infantine lispings1 more honoured in this than was ,aristotle1 for ,i shall instruct not a king of ,macedon1 destined to perish by poison of ,babylon1 but a servant and spouse of ,christ1 to be presented to ,him in the heavens4 ,but ,toxotius and his wife seem to have thought that an aged monk1 immersed in study1 would not prove so suitable for the nurture of the little maiden as a woman1 and they therefore sent her to ,s4 ,paula1 her grandmother4 ,s4 ,paula lived to the age of fifty-six years and eight months1 of which she had spent in her widowhood five at ,rome1 and almost twenty at ,bethlehem4 ,in her last illness she repeated almost incessantly the verses of the psalms1 which express the ardour of the soul to see ,jerusalem which is above1 and there to be united to her ,god4 ,when she was no longer able to speak1 she formed the sign of the ,cross on her lips1 and expired in perfect peace1 on ,jan4 #bfth1 ,a4,d4 #djd4 ,her body1 borne by bishops1 attended by acolytes holding lighted tapers1 was buried on the #bhth of the same month1 in the church of the ,holy ,manger at ,bethlehem4 ,s4 ,,xenophon1 ,,his ,,wife1 ,,and ,,sons4 7#e,,th ,,cent47 ,commemorated by the ,greeks on this day1 and introduced into the ,roman ,martyrology by ,clement the ,,viii4 ,authority3 a life in ,simeon ,metaphrastes of uncertain date4 ,in the ,court of ,constantine the ,great at ,byzantium was a senator named ,xenophon1 a devout ,christian1 whose wife's name was ,mary4 ,they had two sons whom they loved as the apples of their eyes1 ,john and ,arcadius4 ,these sons were destined for the law1 and after they had finished their education in ,greek at home1 ,xenophon sent them in a ship destined for ,berytus1 to be there instructed in law1 that being then a great legal school4 ,at the time of their departure1 ,xenophon was sick nigh unto death1 and he bade them farewell from his bed4 ,the young men had not been many days at sea before a violent tempest burst upon them1 and the vessel was speedily reduced to a wreck4 ,the brothers cast their arms round each other's necks and kissing1 bade one another farewell4 ,then the wreck broke up on a reef1 and in the havoc of the waves rending the fragile ship1 they lost sight of one another4 ,however1 it fell out that both reached the land on broken pieces of the vessel1 but they were cast up so far apart that each supposed that he alone was saved4 ,john came ashore not far from a monastery1 into which he was hospitably received1 and where he was well cared for till he had recovered the exhaustion consequent on battling with the waves for life4 ,in the monastery ,john found a calm and cheerfulness such as he had not experienced in the world2 it seemed to him a peaceful refuge for the storm-tossed soul as well as for the shipwrecked body1 and he resolved to remain there as a monk4 ,arcadius had also come ashore2 he made his way to ,jerusalem1 in great trouble of mind1 having lost in the vessel all the money his father had given him wherewith to prosecute his studies1 and above all1 his brother4 ,now alone and poor1 he knew not whither to go1 and what to do4 ,then one day he came to a monastery governed by an aged abbot1 who comforted him1 and urged him to despise the world1 and seek rest in ,god4 ,arcadius remembered how1 as a little boy1 he had heard his father descant on the peace of the cloister and the happiness of monastic life4 ,he therefore gladly assumed the habit1 and bent his head for the tonsure4 ,now at ,byzantium1 ,xenophon had recovered of his malady1 and he and his wife often communed together of their absent sons4 ,not hearing any news of them1 he sent a servant to ,berytus to make enquiries4 ,the servant returned one day when ,xenophon was at court1 so that the mother1 ,mary1 was the first to hear of the loss of the vessel4 ,the servant said that it was feared at ,berytus that all on board had perished4 ,the ,lord gave1 and the ,lord hath taken away1 blessed be the name of the ,lord1 said she4 ,evening came1 and with it returned her husband from the court1 with a crowd of servants and torch-bearers4 ,he found supper spread1 and his wife awaiting him4 ,he sat down1 but noticing that she was grieved in spirit1 and that her eyes were full of tears1 he asked the reason4 ,she changed the subject1 and after a while1 so as gently to break the news to him1 she said that the servant was on his way home4 ,xenophon started from the table in agitation1 and asked where he was4 ,how do you know that he is here8 he may have been delayed through sickness on the way1 said ,mary1 restraining her grief with an effort4 ,but the letters1 where are the letters8 asked her husband1 white with emotion4 ,surely you can delay reading them till tomorrow1 said the wife2 eat your supper now1 at least1 with a glad mind4 ,then her tears streamed down her cheeks4 ,xenophon looked steadily at her1 and asked in a low voice1 ,is it well with the boys8 ,then she told him all4 ,and ,xenophon said1 ,the ,lord's name be praised who has given me such a prudent and self-constrained wife1 and instead of giving way1 went to ,mary and kissed her and comforted her1 for now that the need for control was removed1 all her mother's heart gave way in a passion of tears and sobs4 ,xenophon and his wife had no rest4 ,were their children dead or alive8 ,that they must know2 so they resolved to go together to ,palestine to find them alive or dead4 ,on arriving at ,jerusalem they visited the holy places1 and prayed everywhere that if it were the ,lord's will1 they might see again once more the faces of their sons4 ,one day in the street they saw a servant they had given to the youths now wearing the monastic habit2 ,xenophon fell down reverently before him1 and when the man1 full of shame1 implored him not to do so1 ,it is not you ,i reverence1 but your habit1 said the nobleman4 ,then the man told him how the ship had been wrecked1 and how nearly all had perished1 but he1 escaping to land1 had taken the monastic profession upon him4 ,three years had passed since ,john and ,arcadius had sailed from ,byzantium1 and the parents began to despair of hearing any tidings of them1 when one day they visited the monastery of the abbot who had received ,arcadius4 ,the old man having heard their story1 knew at once that one of their sons was with him1 and from what he had learned1 he conjectured that the other was alive in another house4 ,he therefore bade them be of good cheer1 assuring them that their sons lived1 and he bade them meet him on a certain day upon ,mount ,calvary1 by which time he would be supplied with further information4 ,now it fell out that ,john was then in ,jerusalem visiting the scenes of the ,passion4 ,the aged abbot sent for him and spake with him1 and soon learned that his suspicions were correct1 and that he was the brother of his monk4 ,arcadius at this moment arrived4 ,the abbot said to ,john1 ,brother1 what is thy history1 ,i pray thee relate it to me4 ,so ,john began1 ,i am the son of wealthy parents in ,byzantium1 who sent me with my brother to ,berytus1 to study law2 ,i loved my brother as my own soul4 ,he was dearer to me than my life4 ,on our voyage a storm fell on us1 and the vessel was wrecked1 then my brother ,arcadius and ,i--hereat ,arcadius trembled1 and extended his hands1 and fell at the feet of the abbot1 and stammered forth1 ,it is my brother1 my brother6 ,and when ,john heard his voice1 he knew him2 but they knew each other not before1 for they were both cowled1 and greatly altered through fasting4 ,and the brothers lifted up their voices and wept1 and embraced each other with exceeding joy4 ,then the abbot said1 ,my sons1 ,i bid you be silent and restrain yourselves4 ,your parents come this way1 and too great joy falling too suddenly upon them may be more than they can bear1 therefore ,i say unto you1 refrain yourselves awhile4 ,hardly had he done speaking1 and the two monks had fallen behind1 before ,xenophon came up ,calvary1 leading ,mary4 ,they were much aged by care4 ,they came on with their wistful eyes fixed on the old abbot2 and scarce regarded the monks who followed him1 for their thoughts were on what he had to tell them4 ,they cried1 ,where are our dear sons1 father8 ,then the abbot said1 ,rejoice1 my children1 rejoice and praise the ,lord6 your sons are found4 ,now go and prepare a feast1 and ,i will come shortly with my two disciples whom you see here1 and when we have eaten1 ,i will bring your sons to your arms4 ,now when ,xenophon and ,mary heard this1 they were filled with joy1 and they hasted and made ready a feast1 and the abbot came1 he and his two disciples1 and they sat down and did eat4 ,but all the while1 as ,arcadius and ,john heard the dear voices of father and mother1 they shook with suppressed emotion1 and turned their heads aside1 and bowed them on their breasts1 that the tears might trickle unseen4 ,and as they ate1 the conversation turned to the holy lives of the ascetics in the monasteries and lauras of ,palestine4 ,oh said ,xenophon2 how peaceful and glad of heart are all there2 methinks there the word of the prophet is fulfilled1 that the desert should bloom as a rose4 ,right glad should ,i be1 were my dear boys to seek such blessed places of heavenly consolation1 and lying down in those green pastures1 there find rest4 ,but if they were to do this1 thou wouldst be deprived of their society1 said the abbot4 ,that matters not1 said ,xenophon2 ,if ,i could but see their faces again1 and know that they had set their hearts on ,god alone1 ,i should be comforted4 ,and now1 said the abbot2 let one of these monks speak1 and say why he has entered on the monastic life4 ,thereupon ,arcadius began with faltering voice3 ,i and my brother here present were born at ,byzantium1 of good ,christian parents1 and the name of the one was ,xenophon1 and the name of the other was ,mary4 ,upon this the father and mother uttered a cry1 and ran1 and they were locked in the embrace of their children4 ,the abbot stood by and saw with joy their tears and kisses2 and after a while he said1 ,give glory to ,god6 so they raised their hands and eyes to heaven1 and praised ,him who had brought them together again4 ,but now that ,xenophon and his wife had found their children1 they felt that there was nothing more for which they cared on earth1 and they also went into solitude1 and served ,god in fasting and prayers night and day4 ,thus the whole family laboured with one heart for one end1 the salvation of their souls and the glory of ,god2 and though separated in body1 they were united in heart1 and now they dwell together in the ,paradise of ,god4 ,s4 ,,bathild1 ,q4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #fgj47 ,roman and other ,martyrologies4 ,in some1 however1 on ,jan4 #bgth2 at ,paris on ,jan4 #cjth4 ,authorities3 her life by two contemporary writers4 ,the first is in plain unpolished style4 ,its date appears from allusions such as this3--,the venerable ,theudofred1 who is now bishop1 was then abbot4 ,the illustrious offspring of ,bathild1 now reigning1 c4 ,the writer of the other expressly states that he had seen and known the virtues of her whom he describes4 ,archimbold1 mayor of the palace1 in the reign of ,dagobert1 ,king of ,france1 bought a slender fair-haired ,english slave girl4 ,the name of this girl was ,bathild1 given her probably because of her work1 for the name signifies the damsel of the lady's bower4#abe ,in service she grew up to woman's estate1 and was very beautiful1 but1 withal1 adorned with a meek and quiet spirit4 ,she is thus described by one of her biographers3--,her pious and admirable conversation attracted the admiration of the prince1 and all his ministers4 ,for she was of a benignant spirit and sober manners1 prudent and shy1 never scheming evil1 never light in talk1 or pert in speech2 but in all her actions upright4 ,she was of ,saxon race1 in shape graceful and pleasing1 with a bright face and a staid gait1 and as such1 she found favour with the prince1 so that he constituted her his cup-bearer1 and as such1 dealing honestly1 she stood often by him ministering to him4 ,but so far from being lifted up by her position1 she showed the utmost humility to her fellow-servants1 cheerfully obeying them1 ministering reverently to her elders1 often taking their shoes off for them1 scraping and cleaning them1 and bringing them their washing water1 and mending their clothes also4 ,all this she did without a murmur1 with gentle and pious alacrity4 ,now it fell out that ,archimbold lost his wife1 and he looked about for one to fill her place4 ,then his glance rested on the fair-haired1 blue-eyed ,saxon maid1 so kindly and so obliging4 ,but when he announced that it was his intention to make her his wife1 she was so alarmed that she hid herself among the under maids of the kitchen1 dishevelled her light hair1 begrimed her face1 and worked in rags1 so that the mayor supposed she had gone clean away1 and after a while forgot her1 and possibly thinking that such a match might have been after all a mistake1 he married some one else4 ,then ,bathild shook her tatters off1 braided her flaxen hair1 washed her sunny face1 and shone forth in her accustomed place4 ,but she had fled the mayor to catch the king4 ,how ,clovis became attached to her is not recorded2 possibly he had long noticed the meek maiden at the mayor's elbow filling his wine goblet1 and her disappearance had made him aware of the strength of his passion4 ,certain it is that shortly after1 he asked her to be his lawful wife1 and to sit at his side on the throne of ,france4 ,there was no escaping a king2 and at the age of nineteen1 in #fdi1 she was married accordingly to ,clovis ,,ii4 ,as queen she exercised a most salutary influence over the mind of her husband1 and persuaded him to enact many salutary laws4 ,she became a nursing mother to the ,church in ,france1 and exerted herself to the utmost of her power to relieve the necessities of the poor1 and ameliorate the condition of the serfs4 ,she bore her husband three sons1 who all successively wore the crown1 ,clothaire ,,iii41 ,childeric ,,ii41 and ,thierry ,i4 ,after six years of married life1 in #fee1 ,bathild was left a widow1 when her eldest son was only five years old4 ,she then became regent of the kingdom4 ,the gentle queen remembered her sorrows as a slave1 and resolved to become the benefactress of the slave4 ,slavery was universally and firmly established in ,france4 ,to root out such an institution at once was impossible2 it could only be done with caution1 lest it should alarm and rouse to opposition the great slave owners4 ,she had sufficient penetration to discover the great cause of slavery in ,france4 ,the old ,gallic population was crushed beneath an enormous tax1 to pay which mothers were obliged to sell their children1 and which reduced into bondage those unfortunates who could not pay4 ,this impost she abolished1 and thereby cut off the source of slavery4 ,she also forbade the retention or purchase of ,christian slaves2 but1 to save vested interests1 this law did not emancipate those already in bonds1 but was of future operation only4 ,she employed1 moreover1 all the money she could spare in the purchase out of bondage of such children as mothers had sold1 out of dire necessity4 ,she also sent ambassadors to all the ,european courts1 to announce that the sale of ,french subjects was strictly forbidden1 and that any slave who should set foot on ,french soil would be held from that moment to be free4 ,bathild also founded a large number of religious houses4 ,france was then overspread with forests2 vast districts were pathless wildernesses1 uninhabited by men4 ,old cities which had thriven under the ,roman empire had fallen into ruins1 and the wolf made his lair in the deserted chambers4 ,how was all this desolation to be remedied1 this waste land to be reclaimed8 ,a number of men must be gathered together at certain spots1 and these must become civilizing centres1 diffusing knowledge amongst the people1 and cultivating the soil4 ,such were the monasteries4 ,they were dotted about in the wildest parts of the vast woods1 and little by little the trees were cleared away about them1 and pastures and corn land usurped their place1 and with the advance of agriculture1 civilization spread4 ,bathild founded ,corbie1 ,chelles1 and ,jumiges1 besides others of less note4 ,towards the close of her days1 when her son ,clothaire was of an age to govern1 she retired into the monastery of ,chelles1 where she finished her days in peace1 dying at the age of fifty1 in #fhj4 ,s4 ,,theoritgitha1 ,v41 ,,at ,,barking4 7#g,,th ,,cent47 ,anglican ,martyrologies1 but new ,anglo-,roman ,martyrology1 ,jan4 #bc4 ,authority3 ,bede's ,eccl4 ,hist4 lib4 #d4 c4 #i4 ,theoritgitha was a holy sister in the convent of ,barking on the ,thames1 under the rule of the abbess ,ethelberga4 ,she had always endeavoured to serve ,god in all humility and sincerity1 says ,bede1 and she took care to assist this same mother in keeping up regular discipline1 by instructing and reproving the younger ones4 ,she suffered nine years from a cruel distemper1 which purified her soul4 ,she saw in a vision a sign of the approaching death of ,s4 ,ethelberga4 ,illustration3 ,decoration ,,footnotes3 #abd ,rev4 ii4 #i4 #abe ,bath-hildr in ,norse1 meaning the maiden 7hildr7 of the ,bath-stofa1 the female apartment in a ,norse1 ,saxon or ,frankish house4 ,she is sometimes called ,bathildes1 sometimes ,baltidis4 ,january #bg4 ,s4 ,,julian1 ,b41 of ,mans1 in ,france4 ,s4 ,,julian1 ,m41 at ,atina1 in ,italy1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #acc4 ,s4 ,,devota1 ,m41 in ,corsica1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cjc4 ,s4 ,,peter ,,the ,,egyptian1 ,h41 in ,syria1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #djj4 ,s4 ,,chrysostom1 ,b4 ,d41 at ,constantinople1 ,a4,d4 #djg4 ,s4 ,,domitian1 ,monk and ,deacon in ,judea1 ,a4,d4 #dgc4 ,s4 ,,marius1 ,ab4 of ,la-val-benoit1 near ,sisteron1 in ,france1 #fth cent4 ,s4 ,,lupus1 ,b41 of ,chalons-sur-,saone1 in ,france1 beginning of #gth cent4 ,s4 ,,vitalian1 ,pope of ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #fga4 ,s4 ,,emerius1 ,ab41 and his mother1 ,s4 ,,candida1 at ,banoles1 in ,spain1 end of #hth cent4 ,s4 ,,gamelbert1 ,p41 in ,bavaria1 end of #hth cent4 ,s4 ,,sulpicius1 ,b41 of ,s4 ,ghislain in ,belgium4 ,s4 ,,theodoric ,,ii41 ,b1 of ,orleans1 ,a4,d4 #ajbb4 ,s4 ,,gildwin1 ,can4 of ,dol1 in ,brittany1 ,a4,d4 #ajgg4 ,s4 ,,john1 ,b4 of ,french ,flanders1 ,a4,d4 #aacj4 ,s4 ,,julian1 ,b4 ,,of ,,mans4 7,,date ,,uncertain47 ,called the ,apostle of ,celtic ,gaul2 he is commemorated on this day in the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,in the ,paris ,martyrology on the #bhth ,jan41 others on the #cast2 that of ,cologne on #bfth ,jan4 ,in the ,roman ,martyrology he is said to have been sent by ,s4 ,peter into ,gaul2 but as ,bollandus has shown1 this is an error4 ,his life was written by one ,brother ,lethald in1 or about1 ,a4,d4 #iij4 ,saint ,julian was the first to carry the light of the ,gospel into that portion of ,france of which ,le ,mans is the capital4 ,there he laboured with great success1 destroyed the idol which the people worshipped1 and persuaded great numbers to be baptized4 ,his life1 written several hundreds of years after his death1 is of small authority1 and contains little of interest4 ,his relics were given to ,paderborn in ,westphalia1 in #aadc4 ,s4 ,,devota1 ,v4 ,m41 ,,in ,,corsica4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #cjc47 ,deivota seems to have been the correct form of her name1 but she is usually called ,devota4 ,authority3 her ,acts4 ,deivota1 or ,devota was brought up from childhood in the ,christian faith2 when she was quite young1 she was taken into the house of ,eutyches1 a senator1 and probably a relation4 ,eutyches was not a ,christian1 but he was a kindly disposed man1 who disliked persecution4 ,on the publication of the edict of ,diocletian against ,christianity1 he sacrificed along with the other senators2 but the governor1 being told that he sheltered in his house a little ,christian maiden1 ordered him to be poisoned1 and ,devota to be executed with great barbarity4 ,her feet were tied together1 and she was dragged over rough ground till her limbs were dislocated1 and she was cut and bruised over her entire person4 ,when1 after this1 she was stretched on the rack1 she besought ,jesus ,christ to release her4 ,her prayer was heard1 and with a gentle sigh she expired4 ,at the same moment a white dove was seen fluttering over her2 it expanded its pure wings1 and mounting1 was lost in the deep blue of the sky4 ,during the night a devout priest1 named ,benenatus1 a deacon1 ,apollinarius1 and a believing boatman1 ,gratian by name1 removed her body1 and placing it amidst spices in the little skiff1 rowed out to sea4 ,then a white dove appeared1 skimming over the water1 then waiting1 and hovering before them1 then darting forward2 and they1 remembering the apparition at her death1 followed the guidance of the dove1 and reached ,monaco1 where they laid her4 ,s4 ,,john ,,chrysostom1 ,b4 ,d4 7,a4,d4 #djg47 ,authorities3 ,socrates1 ,sozomen1 life by ,palladius1 and his own writings1 c4 ,john ,chrysostom was the son of ,secundus1 a military officer1 born about #cdg1 at ,antioch1 and on his father's death1 soon afterwards1 he became indebted for a careful and ,christian training to his pious mother1 ,anthusa4 ,he studied rhetoric under the accomplished pagan teacher ,libanius1 who afterwards1 on being asked to name his own successor1 replied1 ,john would be the fittest1 if the ,christians had not stolen him4 ,he was baptized by ,meletius1 patriarch of ,antioch2 his chief friend was ,s4 ,basil1 and ,anthusa's earnest pleadings were required to counteract ,basil's proposal that they should both retire into monastic life4 ,chrysostom1 as we may most conveniently call him1 could not resist his mother's appeal2 he continued to live at home1 but in the practice of monastic asceticism and the diligent reading of ,scripture4 ,he studied theology under ,diodore1 the companion of ,flavian1 who had been the champions of orthodoxy against ,arianism1 first as laymen1 and afterwards as priests1 in ,antioch4 ,meletius1 who had baptized ,john ,chrysostom1 was himself a confessor4 ,it was probably about #cgb-cgd that ,chrysostom and ,basil were spoken of as likely to be made bishops2 and ,chrysostom1 by a singular artifice--the justification of which forms the least pleasing portion of his treatise ,on the ,priesthood1--procured ,basil's consecration while evading the burden himself4 ,for several years he carried out the plan which1 during his mother's lifetime he had abandoned1 living first in cenobitic tabernacles1 and afterwards as a hermit in a cave1 until his health1 never robust1 gave way1 and he was obliged to return to ,antioch1 where he entered the ministry4 ,early in #chg1 an increase of taxes provoked the people of ,antioch to sedition4 ,they threw down the brazen statues of the ,emperor ,theodosius1 and his deceased wife1 the pious and charitable ,flacilla4 ,flavian1 who had been elected and consecrated patriarch1 on the death of ,meletius1 set forth a little before ,lent1 to appease the emperor1 and met the officers of the empire1 sent from court to avenge the insult4 ,his absence was well supplied by ,chrysostom1 who had recently received priest's orders1 and who began to turn this trouble to account by a course of ,sermons on the ,statues1 as they are called4 ,in these he endeavoured to allay the people's terror1 and to convince them of their besetting sins--of which swearing was the chief--and so far succeeded1 that the churches were thronged all day4 ,the people of ,antioch were pardoned by the emperor at the intercession of the patriarch4 ,s4 ,chrysostom had been five years deacon1 and twelve years priest1 when ,nectarius1 bishop of ,constantinople died1 in #cig1 after an episcopate which had relaxed the general tone of the clergy4 ,then1 says the biographer of ,s4 ,chrysostom1 there came together some who were not wanted1 priests unworthy of the priesthood1 besetting the palace gates1 resorting to bribery1 falling on their knees even1 before the people4 ,disgusted by this scandalous eagerness for an office which saints were wont to dread1 the faithful entreated ,arcadius1 the ,emperor1 to look out for one who could administer it worthily4 ,eutropius1 the emperor's chamberlain1 had learned by visiting ,antioch to admire the character of ,chrysostom4 ,he made ,arcadius write to the military commander at ,antioch1 desiring him to send the priest ,john to ,constantinople1 without causing any public excitement4 ,the commander sent a message to ,chrysostom1 asking him to meet him at the ,church of the ,martyrs1 near the ,roman ,gate4 ,chrysostom complied2 was placed in a public conveyance1 and hurried away from the scene of his early life and priestly labours4 ,several bishops were summoned for the consecration4 ,theophilus of ,alexandria had come to ,constantinople to solicit the appointment for his priest ,isidore4 ,he was required to consecrate ,chrysostom1 but endeavoured to withdraw1 reading the decision and earnestness of ,chrysostom in his face1 and disliking him1 for he was a thoroughly worldly1 self-seeking prelate4 ,eutropius showed him some papers1 however1 saying1 ,choose between consecrating ,john1 and undergoing a trial on the charges made against you in these documents4 ,theophilus could make no reply4 ,he consecrated ,chrysostom on ,feb4 #bfth1 ,a4,d4 #cih2 but he never forgave him for having been the cause of this severe mortification4 ,over a city in which intrigue and adulation were practised as the royal road to honour1 ,john ,chrysostom1 straight forward and outspoken1 was set as patriarch4 ,he came to be chief shepherd over a clergy given up to ease and sycophancy1 flattering the rich and powerful1 fawning on the emperor for place1 and betraying their charge1 the poor4 ,chrysostom set to work at once as a reformer of abuses4 ,he forbad the clergy frequenting the banquets of great men2 he struggled against the practice of entertaining spiritual sisters4 ,several clergy were deprived2 ,chrysostom drew upon himself the bitter dislike of many members of their body4 ,he examined the accounts of the church-stewards1 cut off superfluous expenses1 and ordered the sum thus saved to be applied to the maintenance of hospitals4 ,he scrutinized the lives of the widows receiving pension from the ,church2 he earnestly besought contributions to a fund for the poor2 he exhorted the faithful to attend the nocturnal services1 but to leave their wives at home with the children4 ,he rebuked the rich for their pride and selfishness4 ,so great was the charm of his golden tongued eloquence1 and of the unmistakeable nobleness and sincerity of his character1 that the city put on a new aspect of piety2 and the worship of the ,catholics became more real1 and their lives more earnest and pure4 ,among those of the higher classes in ,constantinople who were offended by the uncompromising character of their new archbishop1 was ,eutropius1 the chamberlain1 who had raised him to the see4 ,he desired to see the ,church respectable and subservient1 the patriarch pious and obedient1 to the state4 ,the ,church1 in his view1 was a portion of the state organization1 the clergy the moral police1 always to be under the direction of the crown4 ,but under ,chrysostom's government it was becoming unmanageable and independent4 ,to curtail its liberties1 he procured a law to annul the right of asylum in the churches1 which had been growing up during the century4 ,but he was soon driven himself1 by a revolution in the emperor's counsels1 to clasp the altar as the safeguard of his life4 ,chrysostom violated the new law in defence of its author2 and while ,eutropius lay cowering in the sanctuary1 bade the people take home this new lesson on the vanity of vanities4 ,the altar1 said he1 is more awful than ever1 now that it holds the lion chained4 ,he called on his hearers to beg the emperor's clemency1 or rather1 to ask the ,god of mercy to save ,eutropius from threatened death1 and enable him to put away his many crimes4 ,he bravely withstood the court in the cause of ,christian humanity2 but ,eutropius himself quitted the church1 and was condemned to exile4 ,at this time the ,origenist controversy was raging with great acrimony4 ,it is difficult to pronounce an opinion upon it4 ,origen had unquestionably published some heretical opinions1 but some were also attributed to him which he did not hold4 ,theophilus of ,alexandria had leaned strongly towards the ,origenists1 but he was not a man of principle1 and he adopted that view which suited his purposes at the time4 ,finding it would answer his ends better to oppose ,origenism1 he denounced it in his ,paschal letters1 in #dja4 ,the monks and hermits of ,egypt had been regarded with an evil eye by heathens1 ,arians1 and insincere ,christians4 ,all the learned1 the philosophers1 and men of letters1 among the pagans1 were emulous in their protest4 ,the impassioned activity of the monks against idolatry1 their efforts1 more and more successful1 to extirpate it from the heart of the rural population1 naturally exasperated the last defenders of the idols4 ,the ,arians were still more implacable than the ,pagans4 ,the tendency of these enemies of the ,divinity of ,christ was in everything to abuse1 degrade1 and restrain the spirit of ,christianity4 ,how should the monastic life1 which was its most magnificent development escape their fury8 ,the war between them and the monks was therefore long and cruel4 ,the persecution which ,paganism had scarcely time to light up to its own advantage under ,julian1 was pitiless under the ,arian ,constantius1 and more skilful1 without being more successful1 under the ,arian ,valens4 ,in the time of ,constantius1 entire monasteries1 with the monks they contained1 were burnt in ,egypt1 and in the frightful persecution under the ,arian patriarch ,lucius1 raised in ,alexandria1 a troop of imperial soldiers ravaged the solitude of ,nitria1 and massacred its inhabitants4 ,and now ,lucius was succeeded by the worldly1 ambitious1 and utterly unspiritual ,theophilus1 who hated the poor monks of the desert as a living reproach upon his own self-seeking1 and his aim to accommodate ,christianity to worldliness4 ,he soon quarrelled with ,s4 ,isidore the hospitaller1 who had suffered under the ,arian ,lucius1 and whom he now drove from ,alexandria1 hating him1 as those holding to mammon always will hate those who hold to ,christ4 ,isidore fled to ,nitria4 ,theophilus brought the charge of ,origenism against the monks there4 ,the chief ,nitrian monks were ,dioscorus1 ,bishop of ,nitria1 ,ammonius1 ,eusebius1 and ,euthymius2 they were known as the ,tall ,brothers4 ,theophilus ordered them to be expelled2 when they came to remonstrate1 his eyes flashed1 his face became livid1 he threw his episcopal pall round the neck of ,ammonius1 struck him on the face with open palm and clenched fist1 and cried1 ,heretic1 anathematize ,origen6 ,they returned to ,nitria2 the patriarch1 in a synod1 condemned them unheard1 and proceeded by night to attack their monasteries1 at the head of a drunken band4 ,dioscorus was dragged from his throne2 the cells of the other three were burned1 together with copies of both ,testaments1 and even the reserved portions of the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,it was said that a boy perished in the flames4 ,the brothers1 with many of their companions1 fled to ,scythopolis in ,palestine1 hoping to support themselves in a place famous for palms1 by their occupation of weaving palm-baskets4 ,the enmity of ,theophilus hunted them out of this refuge2 they reached ,constantinople1 and fell at ,chrysostom's feet1 ,who is it1 asked he with tears1 that has injured you8 ,they answered1 ,pope ,theophilus2 prevail upon him1 father1 to let us live in ,egypt1 for we have never done aught against him or against our ,saviour's law4 ,he lodged them in the church called ,anastasia2 allowed them to attend the service1 but prudently1 to avoid1 if possible1 a breach with their persecutor1 debarred them from the communion4 ,they had been condemned by their own patriarch1 and it was not for him to admit them to communion without a fair investigation and authoritative exculpation4 ,he wrote to ,theophilus1 in the tone of a son and brother1 praying him to be reconciled to the fugitives2 but ,theophilus1 who disclaimed his right to interfere1 defamed them as sorcerers and heretics4 ,the ,tall ,brothers now appealed to the emperor and empress1 who ordered ,theophilus to be summoned1 and the accusations against the brothers made by him to be examined4 ,the accusations were soon proved to be groundless4 ,theophilus1 who openly said he was going to court in order to depose ,john1 arrived in ,constantinople in ,june1 #djb1 with a load of gifts for the emperor1 the empress1 and the court1 from ,egypt and ,india4 ,he at once assumed a tone of contumelious hostility towards ,s4 ,chrysostom4 ,he would not visit or speak to him2 he even abstained from entering the church4 ,while ,chrysostom declined to hear judicially the complaints of the ,tall ,brothers1 ,theophilus was concocting a scheme for his deposition4 ,all the courtiers among the bishops1 and the worldly among the clergy desired it1 for their tempers rebelled against godly discipline1 and the example of his own self-denial was a standing protest against their self-indulgence4 ,acacius1 ,bishop of ,berrhoea1 had been provided with so homely a lodging by ,chrysostom that he joined the malcontents1 venting his spleen in the curious menace1 ,i will cook a dish for him6 ,eudoxia1 the empress1 who had heard of a sermon in which ,chrysostom had lashed the pride of women1 took the side of his enemies1 who determined to hold a council at a suburb of ,chalcedon1 called ,the ,oak4 ,the bishops who attended were thirty-six4 ,twenty-nine charges were advanced against the patriarch4 ,some were of open violence2 that he had beaten and chained a monk1 had struck a man in church so as to draw blood1 and then had offered the sacrifice4 ,others were of evil speaking2 he had said his clergy were not worth three-pence2 he had accused three deacons of having stolen his pall4 ,he was also charged with misconduct in his office2 he sold church furniture1 had been careless in conferring orders2 he was unsociable1 gave women private interviews1 was irreverent in church1 and ate wafers while sitting on his throne4 ,some of these charges were gross exaggerations of that plain-spoken severity which knew no respect of persons4 ,others were inventions more or less malignant4 ,one of the basest was the charge about disposing of church ornaments4 ,like other saints1 he had done so for the sake of the suffering poor4 ,while these charges were being read at the ,oak1 he sat in his palace with forty bishops1 and consoled them by quoting texts of ,scripture4 ,i am now ready to be offered4 ,do not weep and break my heart6 ,to me to live is ,christ1 and to die is gain4 ,now entered two young bishops from the council at the ,oak citing ,john to appear1 with other clergy4 ,the forty bishops sent a deputation to remonstrate with ,theophilus4 ,chrysostom1 for himself1 sent word that he objected to ,theophilus and three others as disqualified1 by avowed hostility1 to be his judges4 ,a bishop1 named ,isaac1 produced a new list of charges1 three of which were remarkable4 ,he had used strong language about fervour of rapturous devotion4 ,he had been emphatic in his assurances of ,divine long-suffering4 ,this was denounced as an encouragement of sinners in their sins2 but it was forgotten that he had warned men against presuming thereon4 ,he had eaten before administering baptism1 that is the ,paschal baptism which was followed immediately by a celebration of the ,holy ,eucharist1 and which therefore implied non-fasting performance of the sacrifice2 and he had given the ,eucharist to persons who were not fasting2 two charges which he vehemently denied4 ,if ,i have done this1 may my name be effaced from the roll of bishops1 he said4 ,the council pronounced him contumacious1 and deposed him1 requesting the emperor1 ,arcadius1 also to punish him for insolence towards ,eudoxia4 ,this was in #djc4 ,appealing in vain to a more just tribunal1 ,chrysostom was dragged from his church1 and hurried by night into ,bithynia4 ,that night an earthquake shook the palace2 ,eudoxia1 frightened at the omen1 wrote to the exile1 entreating him to return4 ,he was escorted to the city by a joyous multitude1 bearing tapers and chanting psalms1 who forced him1 in spite of the irregularity of such a proceeding1 to ascend his throne1 before the sentence of the council of the ,oak could be annulled4 ,this was1 however1 speedily done by a synod of sixty bishops2 the hostile assembly could not stand its ground1 and ,theophilus1 after meanly forcing the two surviving brothers1 on the ground of their monastic obedience1 to ask his pardon1 consulted his safety by flight to ,alexandria4 ,new troubles soon began4 ,in ,september of the same year #djc1 a silver statue of the ,empress ,eudoxia was erected near the cathedral1 and the ,manichean governor of the city encouraged wild and heathenish dancing in its honour1 which interrupted the church service4 ,chrysostom spoke strongly on the subject1 and was said to have begun a sermon with the words1 ,again ,herodias rages1 again she demands the head of ,john4 ,the foes of the archbishop seized the opportunity4 ,his old enemy ,theophilus sent three bishops to ,constantinople4 ,the feeble ,emperor ,arcadius was persuaded to order that ,chrysostom should be refused the use of the churches4 ,easter-eve came1 ,april #af4 ,arcadius said to the chief adversaries of ,chrysostom1 ,see to it1 that you are not giving me wrong counsel4 ,on our heads1 they answered1 be the deposition of ,john6 ,one of the forty faithful bishops bade the haughty empress fear ,god1 and have pity on her own children4 ,as the churches were closed to ,s4 ,john ,chrysostom1 he held the solemn services of the day in the ,baths of ,constantine4 ,thither the people thronged1 abandoning the churches4 ,the courtier bishops complained1 and it was resolved to break up this assembly4 ,a band of soldiers was sent together with four hundred barbarian recruits to clear the bath1 about #i p4m4 ,they pressed onwards to the font1 dispersed the catechumens1 for on that day it was customary to baptize great numbers1 struck the priests on the head until their blood was mingled with the baptismal water1 rushed up to the altar where the sacred ,body and ,blood were reserved for communicating the newly baptized1 and overthrew them1 so that as ,s4 ,chrysostom says in his letter to ,pope ,innocent of ,rome1 the most holy ,blood of ,christ1 as might be expected in so great a tumult1 was spilled on the clothes of the soldiers4 ,thus were the ,arian horrors renewed4 ,on ,easter-day1 ,arcadius1 riding out of the city1 saw some three thousand newly baptized in their white robes4 ,who are those persons8 he asked4 ,they are heretics1 was the answer2 and a new onslaught was made upon them4 ,during the paschal season1 those who would not disown ,s4 ,chrysostom were cast into prison4 ,within the churches1 instead of the joyful worship of the season1 were heard the sounds of torture1 and the terrible oaths by which men were commanded to anathematize the archbishop4 ,his life was twice attempted2 his people guarded his house2 he wrote an account of what had happened to the ,bishops of ,rome1 ,milan and ,aquileia4 ,pope ,innocent1 who had already heard ,theophilus' version of the story1 continued his communion for the present to both parties1 but summoned ,theophilus to attend a council4 ,towards the end of ,whitsun-week1 ,arcadius was prevailed upon to send another mandate to ,chrysostom--,commend your affairs to ,god1 and depart4 ,chrysostom was persuaded to depart secretly2 he called his friends to prayer2 kissed them1 bade farewell in the baptistry to the deaconesses1 and desired them to submit to a new bishop1 if he were ordained without having solicited the see4 ,the ,church cannot be without a bishop4 ,whilst the people waited for him to mount his horse at the great western door1 he went out at the eastern2 repeating to himself the words of ,job1 ,naked came ,i out of my mother's womb1 and naked ,i return thither6 ,this was his final expulsion1 ,june #bjth1 #djd2 he crossed over to ,bithynia1 while a fire broke out which consumed the cathedral and the palace of the senate4 ,some ascribed it to incendiaries2 others called it a sign of divine wrath4 ,several of ,chrysostom's friends1 the ,joannites1 as they were called1 were cruelly treated1 as if guilty of the fire4#abf ,the place of his exile was ,cucusus1 in ,armenia2 and there1 after a journey1 the pain of which was only alleviated by marks of sympathy and reverence1 he arrived in the middle of ,september4 ,the bishop of ,cucusus offered to resign his see in his favour2 and ,dioscorus1 a man of rank1 entreated him as a favour to occupy his own house1 which he fitted up for the exile's convenience1 with a liberality against which ,chrysostom writes1 ,i am continually exclaiming4 ,very soon after he reached ,cucusus1 the ,empress ,eudoxia bore a dead child and expired4 ,pope ,innocent wrote to the exile1 exhorting him to patience by ,scriptural examples4 ,a good man can be exercised1 but he cannot be overcome1 while the ,divine ,scriptures fortify his mind4 ,venerable brother1 let your conscience comfort you4 ,he also wrote to the clergy and laity of ,constantinople1 declaring his intention of holding a ,general ,council for the composing of these miserable quarrels4 ,the saintly exile in ,cucusus1 while suffering from illness and intense cold1 and in constant peril from freebooters1 continued to discharge the office of a good shepherd4 ,he wrote letter after letter to the faithful lady ,olympias in ,constantinople1 exhorting her to remember that the only trial really terrible was sin4 ,he lamented that faithful bishops were suffering for adherence to his communion2 he exhorted them and their clergy to be of good courage4 ,his pastoral thoughtfulness extended far beyond a merely general care for his brethren's welfare4 ,we find him rebuking two priests of ,constantinople1 one of whom had only preached five times between his expulsion and ,october1 while the other had not preached once2 setting on foot a mission to the pagans of ,phoenicia2 anxious to have a good bishop consecrated for the ,goths2 drawing tighter the old ties which bound him to the clergy of ,antioch1 and employing part of his friend's contributions in the redemption of captives1 and the relief of the poor4 ,pope ,innocent now boldly espoused his cause1 as that of a confessor for righteousness' sake4 ,he assembled a synod1 and persuaded ,honorius1 ,emperor of the ,west1 who had already remonstrated with ,arcadius1 ,emperor of the ,east1 to write in a more peremptory tone1 demanding a council at ,thessalonica1 and pointing out ,theophilus of ,alexandria as the reputed author of the present evils4 ,towards the end of the year1 the furious incursions of the ,isaurian robbers1 filling the country with rapine and bloodshed1 compelled ,s4 ,chrysostom to take shelter in the castle of ,arabiscus4 ,the winter was again a time of discomfort2 he could not obtain a sufficiency of medicines2 and the snow-drifts prevented him from receiving his friend's letters4 ,about this time the western delegates sent from ,rome with four eastern bishops who had gone thither to plead the cause of ,chrysostom1 were intercepted on their way to ,constantinople1 and confined in a fortress1 their credentials were violently wrung from them1 and instead of being allowed to see ,arcadius1 the westerns were sent back to ,italy1 the easterns banished to the frontiers of the empire4 ,on their way they were cruelly harassed1 robbed of their money1 wearied by prolonged days' journeys1 and compelled to lodge in the lowest haunts of profligacy4 ,one of them consoled his brethren by observing that their presence recalled the wretched women to thoughts of ,god1 which might result in their salvation1 and ,his glory4 ,that the persecution was in great measure a systematic revenge on ,chrysostom as the representative of clerical strictness1 is evidenced by such a fact as that a venerable man named ,hilary was scourged1 not by a judge1 but by the clergy4 ,chrysostom wrote to thank his western friends for their sympathy1 and sent a second letter to ,pope ,innocent1 assuring him that in the third year of exile1 amid famine1 pestilence1 war1 sieges1 indescribable solitude1 and daily peril from ,isaurian swords1 he was greatly consoled and delighted by ,innocent's genuine1 stedfast1 and abundant charity4 ,the winter of #djf-g was severe1 but ,chrysostom preserved his health by never stirring out of a close and well-warmed chamber4 ,in the summer his enemies1 dreading his influence on the people of ,antioch1 who went to visit him1 procured an order for his removal to ,pityus on the shores of the ,black ,sea1 the last fortress of the empire4 ,his guards were ordered to exhaust him by long journeys4 ,through scorching heat and drenching rains1 he was hurried on1 and never allowed the refreshment of the bath2 one only of the guards being disposed to show him furtive kindnesses4 ,for three months this painful journey lasted2 at length they halted at the ,church of ,s4 ,basiliscus1 a short distance from ,comana1 in ,pontus4 ,that night1 the sufferer had a foreboding that his release was at hand4 ,the martyr ,basiliscus appeared to him and said1 ,courage1 brother ,john1 tomorrow we shall be together4 ,in the morning1 ,sept #ad1 #djg1 he begged to be allowed to stay in the church until eleven o'clock in the forenoon4 ,it could not be2 he was forced to proceed1 but after travelling about four miles1 he was so evidently dying1 that they returned to the church4 ,there he asked for white garments1 and exchanged for them those which he wore4 ,he was still fasting2 he received the ,holy ,communion1 doubtless from the priest of the church1 offered up his last prayer1 added his usual thanksgiving1 ,glory to ,god for all things1 and sealed it with a final1 ,amen4 ,then he stretched out his feet1 which had run so beauteously for the salvation of the penitent1 and the rebuke of the habitual sinners1 and calmly expired1 in about the sixtieth year of his age1 and in the tenth of his episcopate4 ,he was buried beside the martyr ,basiliscus1 the funeral being attended by a throng of virgins and monks from ,syria1 ,cilicia1 ,pontus1 and ,armenia4 ,no comment on his glorious life could be so expressive as the doxology with which it closed1 and which1 gathering into one view all its contrasts1 recognised not only in success and honour1 but in cruel outrage1 and homeless desolation1 the gracious presence of a never-changing ,love4#abg ,s4 ,,lupus1 ,b4 ,,of ,,chalons4 7#g,,th ,,cent47 ,called in ,france ,loup1 ,leul1 or ,leu4 ,he was canonized by ,pope ,john ,,viii1 in #hgi2 he is commemorated on this day at ,chlons2 also there on ,april #cjth1 the day of his canonization4 ,his life is by an anonymous writer1 who says that he wrote it from the remembrance of those who had read the ,acts of ,s4 ,lupus which had been destroyed by fire4 ,s4 ,lupus1 ,bishop of ,cabilinum1 or ,chlons sur ,saone1 flourished about the year #faj4 ,he was the son of honourable parents1 and he commended himself to the people by his abundant charity1 his self-denial1 and his tenderness to the sick4 ,chlons being ill-provided with drinking water1 and the soil dry and sandy1 he miraculously provided it with an abundant spring which flows to the present day4 ,the story is thus told4 ,he stood one day with his ivory pastoral staff in hand watching the hay makers2 the sun was hot1 and the labourers were exhausted4 ,moved with compassion1 and knowing that the turbid waters of the river were unfit to drink1 he struck his staff into the sand1 and a limpid spring bubbled up4 ,when dying he sent for the governor of ,chlons1 and begged him to pardon the unfortunate wretches who languished in the prison under sentence of death4 ,the governor roughly refused4 ,after ,lupus was dead1 his funeral passed the city prison1 and the bier was set down at that place4 ,the prisoners stretched their hands through the bars of their windows crying piteously4 ,instantly their chains fell off1 the doors flew open1 and they were set at liberty4 ,s4 ,,theodoric ,,ii1 ,b4 ,c4 ,,of ,,orleans4 7,a4,d4 #ajbb47 ,called in ,france ,thierry4 ,authority3 an ancient life in ,bollandus4 ,s4 ,thierry was born at ,chteau ,thierry1 so called from an ancestor of the saint1 whose family was noble and wealthy4 ,he was taken to court and gained the confidence of ,king ,robert the ,good4 ,on the death of ,bishop ,arnulf of ,orleans1 ,thierry was elected1 with the consent of the king1 to fill the vacant see4 ,his appointment was opposed by a priest named ,adalric who had desired the throne for himself1 and who had the indecency to burst into the church with a band of armed men1 and thrust up to the very altar1 uttering violent menaces1 when ,thierry was being consecrated1 in the hopes of terrifying the consecrating bishops from what they were doing4 ,afterwards the priest at the head of a party of ruffians waylaid the ,bishop by night1 in a lane1 and throwing him from his horse1 ran him through1 as they believed1 with a sword4 ,the weapon providentially cut through his garments without wounding him2 and when the would-be assassins had fled1 he rose and regained the city4 ,adalric1 fearing the consequences1 threw himself on the compassion of the ,bishop1 and asked his pardon1 which ,thierry frankly accorded him4 ,thierry died on a journey at ,tonnerre1 where his kinsman ,count ,milo built the church of ,s4 ,michael over his body4 ,he was succeeded on the throne of ,orleans by the priest ,adalric4 ,s4 ,,john1 ,b4 ,,of ,,french ,,flanders4 7,a4,d4 #aacj47 ,this saint was forced into the episcopate by ,pope ,urban against his desire4 ,he was a most meek and gentle-spirited man1 full of thought for others1 but severe upon himself1 as was evidenced by one little fact noticed by his biographer4 ,he was wont to rise very early to his prayers1 and when he did so1 he took the greatest care not to disturb others in the room and house4 ,when he was dying1 crowds of people came to see his loved face for the last time1 and he gave them his benediction1 and died in so doing4 ,,footnotes3 #abf ,see concerning the fire and subsequent persecution in the account of ,,ss4 ,eutropius and ,tygris1 ,jan4 #abth2 p4 #afc4 #abg ,this life is1 for the most part1 taken from the ,rev4 ,canon ,bright's ,hist4 of the ,church from ,a4,d4 #cac to ,a4,d4 #dea4 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,january #bh4 ,,ss4 ,,thyrsus1 ,,leucius ,,and ,,others1 ,,mm41 in ,asia1 ,a4,d4 #bej4 ,,ss4 ,,emilian1 ,b41 ,,hilarian1 ,mk41 ,,and ,,others1 ,,mm41 at ,trevi1 in ,umbria1 ,a4,d4 #cjc4 ,s4 ,,valerius1 ,b4 of ,saragossa1 beginning of #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,palladius1 ,h41 in ,syria1 end of #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,cyril1 ,pat4 of ,alexandria1 ,a4,d4 #ddd4 ,s4 ,,john1 ,ab4 of ,reomay1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #ede4 ,s4 ,,james1 ,h41 in ,palestine1 #fth cent4 ,s4 ,,paulinus1 ,patr4 of ,aquileia1 ,a4,d4 #hjd4 ,b4 ,,charlemagne1 ,emp41 ,a4,d4 #had4 ,s4 ,,richard1 ,ab4 of ,valcelles1 in ,france1 #abth cent4 ,s4 ,,julian1 ,b4 of ,cuenca1 in ,spain1 ,a4,d4 #abjg4 ,b4 ,,margaret1 of ,hungary1 ,v4,o4,s4,d42 ,a4,d4 #abga4 ,b4 ,,gentile1 ,w41 ,ravenna1 ,a4,d4 #aecj4 ,,ss4 ,,thyrsus1 ,,leucius1 ,,callinicus1 ,,and ,,others1 ,,mm4 7,a4,d4 #bej47 ,roman ,kalendar on ,jan4 #bhth2 ,greek ,menaea on ,dec4 #adth2 ,mart4 attributed to ,s4 ,jerome on ,jan4 #bjth4 ,the martyrs not having all suffered the same day or in the same places1 has led to considerable variety in the days of their commemoration4 ,their ,acts are extant in three forms1 agreeing together in most particulars1 and evidently amplifications by different hands of the original ,acts4 ,they are not to be implicitly relied upon4 ,in the reign of the ,emperor ,decius1 ,combritius1 the governor of ,bithynia1 made the circuit of the province1 to carry into execution the severe imperial edict against the ,christians4 ,being a man of a naturally cruel disposition he subjected those brought before him to the most exquisite torments his ingenuity could devise4 ,thyrsus had his eyelids pierced1 and rings put through them1 and molten lead was poured down his back4 ,his arms and legs were broken4 ,he died in prison4 ,leucius was hung up1 and torn with iron hooks1 and then decapitated2 ,callinicus and several others suffered in this persecution by various deaths4 ,s4 ,,valerius1 ,b4 ,,of ,,saragossa4 7,,beginning ,,of #d,,th ,,cent47 ,roman ,martyrology1 but in others on ,jan4 #aith1 #bbth1 #bcrd1 or #bith4 ,of this saint little is known1 except that he associated with him ,s4 ,vincent1 to speak for him1 he having an impediment in his speech4 ,when ,dacian persecuted the ,church1 ,s4 ,valerius was taken to ,valentia and there imprisoned4 ,when brought forth and interrogated1 his nervousness prevented him from articulating a word1 therefore ,vincent1 the deacon1 spoke for him4 ,vincent was ordered to execution1 but ,valerius was banished4 ,s4 ,,palladius1 ,h4 ,,in ,,syria4 7,,end ,,of #d,,th ,,cent47 ,this ,palladius is not to be confounded with the author of the ,historia ,lausiaca4 ,he is mentioned by ,theodoret1 who relates of him all that is known4 ,palladius was a friend of ,simeon the ,ancient2 they often met to encourage one another in the practice of self-denial and prayer4 ,one incident in the life of this hermit has been alone transmitted to us4 ,not far from his cell was a frequented market4 ,a merchant who had been at it was waylaid1 robbed and murdered by a man who1 after having done the deed1 cast the body by the door of the hermit's cell4 ,next day a crowd assembled1 instigated by the murderer1 and with threatening looks and words1 they broke open the hermit's door1 and drew him forth1 charging him with the murder4 ,then ,palladius raised his hands and eyes to heaven and prayed4 ,and when his prayer was concluded1 he turned to the corpse and said1 ,young man1 designate the murderer6 ,thereupon the dead man partly rose1 raised his hand and pointed at him who had killed him2 and when he was apprehended1 articles belonging to the deceased were discovered upon him4 ,s4 ,,cyril1 ,,patr4 ,,of ,,alexandria4 7,a4,d4 #ddd47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,the ,greeks celebrate the memory of ,s4 ,cyril on ,june #ith1 and commemorate him together with ,s4 ,athanasius on ,june #ahth4 ,authorities3 ,socrates1 ,sozomen1 ,marius ,mercator1 the ,acts of the council of ,ephesus1 and his own letters and treatises c4 ,this great champion of the faith has been attacked by modern writers as passionate and intolerant2 it is true that he was guilty of several errors in administrating his patriarchate1 and that his impetuosity gave the impulse which led to serious violation of justice4 ,but we must remember that no man1 not the greatest of saints1 is without imperfection of character1 and that the greatest of saints are they who1 having serious natural defects1 have mastered them by their faith and self-control4 ,s4 ,cyril began his patriarchate under disadvantageous circumstances4 ,he was the nephew of ,theophilus1 patriarch of ,alexandria1 ,chrysostom's worst enemy1 a man devoid of principle1 wholly given up to pride of station2 on ,october #aeth1 #dab1 he closed his episcopate of twenty-seven years2 a melancholy instance of great powers rendered baneful to the ,church by a worldly spirit and a violent temper4 ,he was succeeded by his nephew ,cyril4 ,the evil of his uncle's example hung about him for some time1 obscuring the nobleness which was to shine out afterwards4 ,he desired above all things the ascendancy of the ,church2 as to the means of obtaining which1 he had fewer scruples than became a minister of ,him who rebuked the attack on ,malchus4 ,he closed the ,novatian church1 took away its sacred ornaments1 and deprived its ,bishop of his property4 ,the ,jews of ,alexandria--a powerful body during many centuries--had procured the disgrace and punishment of ,hierax1 an admirer of ,cyril's sermons4 ,cyril1 naturally indignant1 menaced the chief of their community2 the ,jews' revenge was to raise a cry at midnight1 ,the ,church of ,s4 ,alexander is on fire6 and to massacre those ,christians who rushed out to save their church4 ,cyril appears to have made up his mind that the ,christians must right them1 without expecting justice from the praefect ,orestes1 and he organized at daybreak a force which attacked the synagogues1 expelled the ,jews from ,alexandria1 and treated their property as rightful spoil4 ,orestes1 exasperated at this hasty and lawless vengeance1 would not listen to the explanations which ,cyril offered2 and the archbishop1 after vainly holding out the ,gospels to enforce his attempts at a reconciliation1 gave up all hopes of peace4 ,five hundred monks of ,nitria1 inflamed by a furious partisanship1 entered the city and reviled the praefect as a pagan4 ,i am a ,christian1 he exclaimed2 ,atticus of ,constantinople baptized me4 ,a monk named ,ammonius disproved his own ,christianity by throwing a stone at the praefect1 which inflicted a ghastly wound4 ,he was seized1 and expired under tortures2 but ,cyril so miserably forgot himself as to call this ruffian an admirable martyr1 a proceeding of which he was afterwards heartily ashamed4 ,then followed a darker tragedy4 ,hypatia1 a learned lady1 and teacher of philosophy1 and a heathen1 who had great influence in the city in opposing ,christianity1 was supposed to have embittered ,orestes against ,cyril2 and some fiery zealots1 headed by a reader of the church1 named ,peter1 dragged her from her house and tore her to pieces1 limb from limb4 ,cyril was no party to this hideous deed1#abh but it was the work of men whose passions he had originally called out4 ,had there been no onslaught on the synagogues1 there would have been no murder of ,hypatia4 ,the people of ,alexandria were singularly fiery and given to civil contensions4 ,gibbon says of them1 ,the most trifling occasion1 a transient scarcity of flesh or lentils1 the neglect of an accustomed salutation1 a mistake of precedency in the public baths1 or even a religious dispute1 were at any time sufficient to kindle a sedition among that vast multitude1 whose resentments were furious and implacable4#abi ,a ferocious civil war which lasted twelve years1 and raged within the city1 till a considerable portion had been reduced to ruins in the reign of ,valerian1 had originated in a dispute between a soldier and a townsman about a pair of shoes4 ,cyril had inherited all his uncle's violent prejudice against ,s4 ,john ,chrysostom4 ,pope ,innocent had not been able to procure the vindication of his memory at ,constantinople4 ,but soon after his death1 ,atticus his successor1 a good man1 but weak and timid1 and a declared enemy to ,chrysostom1 who had resisted the ,pope's exhortation1 yielded to the popular feeling1 and to the advice of the ,emperor ,theodosius1 who thought that for peace and unity there would be no harm in writing a dead man's name on a diptych1 i4e41 on the table of names of the departed prayed for at the ,mass4 ,atticus excused himself for this compliance in a letter to ,cyril1 in which he observed that1 in these ,eucharistic commemorations1 laymen as well as bishops were included4 ,the nephew of ,theophilus was not likely to be thus appeased2 and he extracted from the messengers of ,atticus the confession that ,chrysostom was now commemorated as a ,bishop4 ,in his view1 ,chrysostom was simply a man who had forfeited the episcopate2 and he called upon ,atticus to expunge from the sacerdotal catalogue the name of one who was no minister1 distinctly intimating that unless he resolved to uphold the authority of the ,council of the ,oak1#acj he would forfeit the communion of the patriarchate of ,alexandria4 ,but as time passed1 ,cyril thought better of this1 and regretted his violence and prejudice4 ,isidore of ,pelusium1 a pious abbot1 wrote to him1 ,put an end to these dissensions1 lest you incur the judgment of ,god1 and urged him not to make a perpetual schism in the ,church by refusing to commemorate ,chrysostom4 ,he placed the name of ,chrysostom on his diptychs1 and immediately was received into communion with ,rome from which he had been estranged by his adherence to the prejudices of his uncle4 ,atticus1 patriarch of ,constantinople1 was succeeded in #dbf1 by ,sisinius1 who died on ,christmas ,eve1 #dbg4 ,nestorius1 a ,syrian bred in ,antioch1 of high reputation and great powers as a speaker1 ascetic and studious in his habits1 was consecrated to the see on ,april #ajth1 #dbh4 ,his first sermon indicated a feverish polemical zeal4 ,give me1 he exclaimed1 addressing the ,emperor1 give me the earth clear of heretics1 and ,i will give you heaven in return6 ,help me to overthrow the heretics1 and ,i will help you to overthrow the ,persians4 ,he began his episcopate by attacking an ,arian meeting-house2 the ,arians set fire to it in their despair2 the flames caught other buildings1 and the new patriarch received the ominous name of the ,incendiary4 ,the early violence of ,cyril ought neither to be extenuated nor exaggerated2 but there was somewhat less of provocation for the persecuting zeal of ,nestorius4 ,shortly before ,christmas1 #dbh1 a priest named ,anastasius1 whom the new archbishop had brought from ,antioch1 was preaching in ,s4 ,sophia4 ,in the sermon he said1 ,let no one call ,mary the ,mother of ,god2 for she was a human creature1 of whom ,god could not be born4 ,nestorius was present and approved2 and on ,christmas ,day he himself began a short course of sermons1 in which he called the title heathenish1 and spoke of ,mary's ,son as a mere man1 the instrument employed1 and the vesture worn by ,god4 ,eusebius1 a lawyer in the city1 stood up in full church1 and proclaimed that the ,eternal ,word ,himself was born after the flesh4 ,nestorius denounced this doctrine2 ,it was not the ,word that was born1 said he2 ,it was only the man ,jesus4 ,soon after1 on a festival in honour of the ,virgin1 probably the ,annunciation1 a certain ,bishop ,proclus preached in the great church before ,nestorius4 ,after speaking of ,s4 ,mary in glowing language1 as the bush burning and unconsumed1 the cloud that bore the cherub-throne1 ,gideon's fleece filled with heavenly dew1 he passed to the practical bearings of the ,catholic doctrine4 ,if the ,word had not dwelt in the womb1 ,flesh had never sat down on the holy throne4 ,it was necessary1 either that the doom of death should be executed on all1 for all have sinned1 or that such a price should be paid in exchange as could fully claim the release4 ,man could not save1 for he was under the pressure of the debt of sin4 ,an angel could not redeem humanity1 for he had lacked such a ransom as was needed4 ,one only course remained1 that the sinless ,god should die for sinners4 ,it was ,god who out of ,his compassion became ,man4 ,we do not proclaim a man deified1 but we confess a ,god ,incarnate4 ,the ,self-same was in the ,father's bosom1 and in the ,virgin's womb2 in a mother's arms1 and on the wings of the wind4 ,he was adored by angels1 while ,he sat at meat with publicans4 ,the servant buffeted ,him1 and creation shuddered4 ,he was laid in the tomb1 and he spread out the heavens as a curtain4 ,o the mystery6 ,i see the miracles1 and ,i proclaim the ,godhead2 ,i see the sufferings and ,i declare the ,manhood4 ,nestorius rose from his throne and rebuked the preacher4 ,he said that to speak of ,god as virgin-born was erroneous1 and in after sermons he argued that ,god who held the circle of the earth could not be wrapt in grave-clothes2 that the ,sustainer of all things could not rise from the dead4 ,christ1 he said1 was a sinless man1 the image of the ,godhead through ,his goodness2 and that as a child was of the same nature as its mother1 therefore that ,christ could not be divine as ,mary was not divine4 ,he allowed to ,christ a divinity1 but not the divinity1 placing ,him rather as chiefest of saints than as ,god4 ,it was ,arianism under another form4 ,his sermons caused a great excitement at home as well as abroad4 ,men saw that the question was no strife of words2 laymen who felt that ,catholic truth was their inheritance1 no less than that of the clergy1 shrank from the communion of a bishop who made void the ,incarnation4 ,clergy began to preach against him1 ,they are croaking frogs1 said ,nestorius1 and he obtained an imperial order to silence them4 ,a priest began to celebrate in private1 an abbot and a monk told ,nestorius to his face that he was in error1 and were savagely beaten and imprisoned for so doing4 ,a monk who dared to denounce him as a heretic was scourged and exiled4 ,among his supporters a bishop named ,dorotheus was the chief4 ,when he preached his heresy1 the congregation uttering a cry of indignation1 rushed out of church1 but ,nestorius proceeded with the service1 and administered ,communion to the preacher4 ,the careful circulation of the archbishop's sermons brought them into the hands of the ,egyptian monks4 ,cyril strove to undo their effect by a letter addressed to the monks1 about the end of ,april1 #dbi4 ,they would have done better1 he said1 by abstaining from the controversy2 but it was necessary as things stood1 to impress on them the positive truth4 ,since ,christ was ,emmanuel1 since ,he who was in the form of ,god assumed the form of a servant1 since the ,son of ,man was adorable1 since the ,lord of glory was crucified1 it was impossible to divide the persons1 and separate the manhood from the ,godhead4 ,to sum up all in one simple formula2 ,if our ,lord ,jesus ,christ is ,god1 how can ,his ,mother1 the holy ,virgin1 be not ,mother of ,god8 ,he guarded himself from misrepresentation by clearly confessing that it was from ,mary that ,christ derived ,his human nature1 but that it was not from her that ,he derived ,his divine nature4 ,he was ,god1 from her ,he received ,his humanity1 but to her ,he was not indebted for ,his ,godhead4 ,about ,midsummer he wrote his first letter to ,nestorius1 urging him not to produce scandal and a schism by asserting that ,god dwelt in ,christ instead of proclaiming the ,catholic doctrine that ,christ was ,god4 ,in ,february1 #dcj1 ,s4 ,cyril wrote his second letter to ,nestorius--the great ,epistle which received in subsequent councils a formal sanction from the ,church4 ,he set forth his faith in the clearest terms1 insisting on a real1 not a merely moral union of ,god and ,man in ,christ4 ,nestorius replied1 showing a strange confusion of mind in the matter1 which contrasts painfully with the bright1 crisp1 and lucid style of ,cyril4 ,he was ready to allow that ,christ was an association of ,god with the man1 ,jesus2 but he would not admit that ,god and man made one ,christ4 ,now it was that ,cyril shone as a bright star in the firmament of the ,church1 proved a pillar in the house of ,god1 sustaining the truth4 ,for this ,god had raised him up1 to maintain in the face of heresy1 the ,unity of the ,person in our ,blessed ,lord4 ,what ,s4 ,athanasius had done for the ,church when assailed by ,arianism1 ,cyril was called to perform when she was beaten by ,nestorianism4 ,i care not for distress1 or insult1 or bitterest revilings1 said he in a letter to his clergy1 ,only let the faith be kept safe4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,cyril ,,of ,,alexandria4 ,after the ,picture by ,dominiquin in the ,church of ,grotto ,ferrata1 ,rome4 ,jan4 #bh4 ,early in ,august a council met at ,rome4 ,pope ,celestine quoted a stanza from the ,christmas hymn of ,s4 ,ambrose3-- ,redeemer of ,earth's tribes forlorn4 ,come1 show ,thyself the ,virgin-born2 ,let every age the marvel greet-- ,no common birth for ,god were meet4 ,thus1 he added1 ,our brother ,cyril's meaning1 when he calls ,mary1 the mother of ,god1 entirely agrees with ,talis decet partus ,deum4 ,he cited ,s4 ,hilary and ,s4 ,damasus as teaching the same doctrine of ,one ,christ2 and the council pronounced ,nestorius guilty of heresy4 ,on ,august #aath1 he wrote to ,cyril1 accepting his doctrinal statements1 and giving him an important commission4 ,join the authority of our see to your own1 and freely occupying our place1 execute this sentence with strictness and rigour2 so that1 unless in ten days time from this monition1 he condemns in writing his unholy doctrine1 and assures us that he holds that faith concerning the birth of ,christ our ,god1 which is held by the ,roman ,church1 and by your ,holiness' ,church1 and by all who belong to our religion1 your ,holiness may provide for his ,church1 and let him know that he must needs be cut off from our body4 ,on the #aith of ,november1 the emperor ,theodosius1 at the request of ,nestorius and his opponents1 summoned a general council to meet at ,ephesus at the ensuing ,pentecost4 ,besides the circular letter1 ,cyril received a private one1 angry in tone1 from the emperor1 asking1 ,why have you despised us1 and raised all this agitation1 as if a rash impetuosity were more befitting than accurate inquiry1 or audacity and versatility more pleasing to us than good taste and simple dealing4 ,in a council held at ,alexandria1 ,nestorius was declared heretical1 and was excommunicated4 ,on ,sunday1 ,december #gth1 four bishops entered the cathedral of ,constantinople1 during the time of service1 and presented to ,nestorius the letters of ,celestine and ,cyril excommunicating him4 ,about four or five days before ,whit-sunday1 which in #dca1 fell on ,june #gth1 ,cyril reached ,ephesus1 accompanied by fifty bishops1 and found that ,nestorius had arrived with sixteen before him4 ,the ,roman legates1 ,arcadius and ,projectus1 bishops1 with ,philip1 a priest1 were on their way4 ,pope ,celestine had already expressed to ,cyril his opinion1 that if ,nestorius were minded to repent1 he should by all means be received1 notwithstanding the sentence already pronounced by ,rome and ,alexandria4 ,the bishops of the patriarchate of ,antioch had not yet arrived4 ,the church of ,africa devastated by the ,vandals could send no prelate2 but ,capreolus of ,carthage wrote1 entreating the bishops to maintain the ancient doctrine4 ,hostilities were1 in one sense1 commenced between the parties before the opening of the council4 ,memnon1 bishop of ,ephesus1 excluded the ,nestorians from the churches1 so that they had no place wherein to celebrate ,pentecost1 or to say matins and vespers4 ,acacius1 bishop of ,melitene1 endeavoured to convert ,nestorius4 ,a bishop of the ,nestorian party said to him1 ,the ,son who suffered is one1 ,god the ,word is another4 ,acacius withdrew in horror2 but another saying that fell from ,nestorius impressed itself yet more indelibly upon every ,catholic heart4 ,on ,june #aith1 some prelates were arguing with him on the divinity of ,jesus4 ,for my part1 said he1 several times over1 ,i cannot say that a child of two or three months old was ,god4 ,thus he declared his disbelief in the foundation doctrine of ,christianity4 ,on ,sunday1 ,june #bast1 a fortnight had elapsed from the time fixed for the meeting of the council4 ,the ,bishops were weary of waiting2 illness and even death1 had appeared among them2 and ,john1 patriarch of ,antioch had not arrived4 ,the majority therefore sent a message to ,nestorius1 telling him that the council should begin1 next day4 ,on ,monday1 ,june #bbnd1 when #aih ,bishops assembled in ,s4 ,mary's ,church1 he personally remonstrated against the council being opened till the ,bishops of the patriarchate of ,antioch had arrived4 ,it was in vain2 ,cyril and the majority absolutely refused to delay4 ,on the episcopal throne1 in the centre of the assembly1 were laid the ,gospels2 the ,bishops sat on each side2 ,cyril1 as highest in rank1 and as holding the proxy of ,coelestine1 until the arrival of the ,roman legates1 presided in the assembly4 ,it would have been better if some other bishop had discharged this office2 but it appears that ,cyril's part in the proceedings was mainly that of a producer of evidence1 and that he called on the council to judge between himself and ,nestorius4 ,a second citation was then directed to ,nestorius2 but soldiers with clubs denied the deputies access to his presence1 and he sent out word that he would attend when all the bishops had reached the city4 ,a third message was then dispatched to him2 care being taken to treat him simply as an accused bishop1 not as a condemned heretic4 ,again the rude sentinels thrust back the deputies4 ,if you stand here all night1 you will get no satisfaction2 ,nestorius has ordered that no one from your council shall enter4 ,they returned to ,s4 ,mary's4 ,nestorius1 said the ,bishop of ,jerusalem1 shows a bad conscience4 ,let us now proceed to compare all recent statements with the creed of ,nicaea4 ,when the great confession had been read1 then the second letter of ,cyril to ,nestorius1 and extracts from the sermons of the accused1 the fathers proceeded to depose and excommunicate ,nestorius1 in the name of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ whom he has blasphemed4 ,the sentence was signed by all the bishops2 the first signature being1 ,i1 ,cyril1 ,bishop of ,alexandria1 subscribed to the judgment of the council4 ,it was now late in the summer evening4 ,the bishops1 on issuing from the church1 were welcomed with loud applause by the people1 who had thronged the streets all day4 ,torches and perfumes were burnt before them1 as they proceeded to their several abodes2 and thus ended the memorable first session of the council of ,ephesus4 ,it is interesting to think that while the bishops were going home that night1 after a day of intense excitement1 ,paulinus of ,nola was calmly giving up his soul4 ,his last words1 breathed forth in a low chant at the hour of vespers1 were those of ,psalm cxxxi4 #ag1 7cxxxii47 ,paravi lucernam ,christo meo4 ,i have prepared a lamp for my ,christ4 ,on ,saturday1 ,june #bgth1 ,john of ,antioch arrived with fifteen ,bishops4 ,the council sent deputies to his lodging3 he consented to see them1 but permitted ,count ,irenaeus1 a friend of ,nestorius1 to beat them cruelly4 ,dusty and travel-stained as he was1 ,john proceeded to assemble a conclave of the partisans of ,nestorius1 numbering forty-three ,bishops1 and deposed ,cyril of ,alexandria1 and ,memnon of ,ephesus4 ,theodosius1 the emperor1 prejudiced in favour of ,nestorius1 and thinking1 perhaps not without reason1 that the prelates of ,antioch should have been awaited before the opening of the council1 wrote on ,june #bith1 in severe terms1 ordering that no bishop should leave ,ephesus until the doctrinal question had been fairly scrutinized1 and declaring the proceedings null4 ,and now the ,roman legates arrived1 and the second session was held in ,memnon's house1 ,july #ajth4 ,celestine's letter to the council1 dated ,may #h1 expressed full confidence that the council would join with the legates in executing what ,rome had already decided was good4 ,the bishops answered by applause1 ,one ,coelestine1 one ,cyril1 one faith of the council1 one faith of the world6 ,next day1 in the third session1 the council wrote to the emperor that the whole ,church was against ,nestorius2 and in a fourth session ,john1 patriarch of ,antioch1 who supported the heretic1 was deposed and excommunicated4 ,the emperor then sent his high-treasurer1 ,count ,john1 to compose the differences in a summary manner4 ,on his arrival he at once arrested ,cyril1 ,memnon1 and ,nestorius1 and soldiers were stationed at the doors of their bed-rooms1 to keep them close prisoners4 ,the bishops of the council1 in a letter to the clergy of ,constantinople1 described the distress which they were enduring4 ,we are killed with the heat1 the air is unhealthy1 there is a funeral nearly every day1 the servants are all gone home sick2 but if they make us die here1 we will not alter what ,christ has through us ordained4 ,many of the bishops were very ill2 some had been obliged to sell all that they had1 in order to pay their expenses4 ,cyril wrote also1 but there was a difficulty in getting these letters carried to their destination4 ,the ,nestorians of ,constantinople beset the ships and the roads1 and would allow no ordinary messenger to enter the city4 ,it was determined to give them into the care of a beggar1 who might carry them in the hollow of a cane on which he leant4 ,this ingenious device succeeded4 ,the clergy of ,constantinople received the sentence of deposition pronounced on their patriarch1 and the letters of ,cyril and the council4 ,the clergy openly addressed the emperor on behalf of ,cyril4 ,there was a great stir among the monks1 who were for the most part determined enemies of ,nestorianism4 ,the aged abbot ,dalmatius had not left his monastery for nearly fifty years4 ,the emperor had vainly striven to make him take a part in the processional services during earthquakes4 ,but now he felt1 as he expressed it1 that in a cause which so truly belonged to ,god he could not be inactive4 ,he issued forth1 at the head of a solemn train of monks and abbots1 chanting in two choirs1 which moved towards the palace2 the abbots were at once admitted to the presence of ,theodosius1 and he having read the letter of the council1 said1 ,if these things are so1 let the ,bishops come hither4 ,they are prevented1 said ,dalmatius4 ,no they are not1 said the emperor4 ,they are under arrest1 persisted the abbot4 ,the conference ended to the satisfaction of the abbots2 they came forth1 and directed the multitude without to proceed to a large church at the extremity of the city4 ,again the procession swept onwards2 monks1 bearing wax tapers1 led the psalmody1 without which in those days no great religious movement was conceivable2 and the inspiring1 ,o praise ,god in ,his holiness1 was thundered forth as they approached their destination4 ,the church was thronged with eager listeners2 ,dalmatius caused the letter of the council to be read1 and then described the interview with ,theodosius4 ,dalmatius might well write to the council1 ,i have not neglected your wishes4 ,his interposition was a great event2 he had proved too many for the ,nestorians4 ,by his simple devotion and impressive firmness1 the old recluse had given force and unity to a great mass of public feeling1 and broken the spell by which a party had bound the emperor4 ,it is unnecessary to follow the tangled threads of party strife much further4 ,theodosius confirmed the decree of the council1 and on ,sunday1 ,oct4 #beth1 #dca1 a new patriarch was consecrated to fill the room of ,nestorius4 ,john of ,antioch had been led astray by party feeling1 and in faith he had not been really heretical2 his mind like that of other supporters of ,nestorius was bewildered1 and fearing lest ,cyril should fall in the opposite error1 that of ,apollinaris1 which lost one nature in the other1 making of ,christ but one nature1 he had adopted the side of ,nestorius4 ,now he was reconciled to ,cyril1 who gladly met him halfway1 and by mutual explanation blew away the dust of strife1 and found that their faith was identical4 ,john sent ,paul1 ,bishop of ,emesa1 to ,alexandria with this confession1 ,we confess our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 the only-begotten ,son of ,god1 to be perfect ,god and perfect ,man1 of a reasonable soul and a body2 before the ages begotten of the ,father according to ,his ,godhead1 but for us and for our salvation1 in the latter days1 born of the ,virgin ,mary according to ,his ,manhood2 of one essence with the ,father as to ,godhead1 of one essence with us as to ,manhood4 ,for there took place an union of two natures2 wherefore we confess one ,christ1 one ,son1 one ,lord4 ,according to this notion of the union without confusion1 we confess ,holy ,mary to be ,mother of ,god1 because ,god the ,word was incarnate and made man1 and from ,his very conception united to ,himself the temple taken from her4 ,this formulary ,cyril gladly accepted as orthodox1 and then1 and not till then1 ,paul of ,emesa was permitted to attend the church service1 and invited to preach1 as a ,catholic ,bishop1 on ,christmas ,day4 ,the scene that ensued was a very striking one4 ,he began with the angelic hymn1 proceeded to ,isaiah vii4 #ad1 and then pronounced the momentous words1 ,thus ,mary1 ,mother of ,god1 brings forth ,emmanuel6 ,the church rang with joyful cries2 ,lo1 this is the faith6 ',tis ,god's gift1 orthodox ,cyril6 ,this is what we wanted to hear6 ,paul resumed1 and presently enforced both sides of the great verity4 ,a combination of two perfect natures1 ,i mean ,godhead and ,manhood1 constitutes for us the one ,son1 the one ,christ1 the one ,lord4 ,again the people shouted applause2 ,welcome1 orthodox ,bishop1 the worthy to the worthy6 ,s4 ,cyril died in ,june1 #ddd1 after a pontificate of thirty-two years1 during the last fifteen of which he may be said to have as truly lived for the truth of the unity of the two natures in ,christ1 as his mightiest predecessor1 ,s4 ,athanasius1 had lived for the truth of the ,divinity of ,christ4 ,doubtless1 the fiery spirit1 which ,cyril could not always restrain1 impelled him1 during this great controversy1 into some steps which show that he was not an ,athanasius4 ,but modern critics of his character have said more than enough on this point1 and too little on points of a different kind4 ,historical justice can never demand that we should take the hardest possible view of his conduct at the opening of the council of ,ephesus1 and ignore the noble unselfishness1 the patience in explaining over and over again his own statements1 the readiness in welcoming substantial agreement on the part of others1 in a word1 the power1 and love1 and command which made him a true minister of peace in the reunion of #dcc4 ,we need not dwell on other instances in which he showed a remarkable forbearance1 as when he bore without irritation the schooling of ,s4 ,isidore2 on his care for the due probation of aspirants to the priesthood1 his depth and acuteness as a dogmatic theologian1 his faith and thankfulness when treated as a deposed prisoner4 ,the way not to understand him is to substitute a haughty and heartless dogmatist for the ardent1 anxious1 often the deeply suffering man1 who1 against an opponent strong in sophistry1 in court influence1 and in church power1 persevered in defending the simple truth of the ,scriptural and ,nicene mystery1 that the one ,lord ,jesus ,christ was very ,god of very ,god1 who for us men and for our salvation came down from heaven1 and was incarnate1 and was made ,man4#aca ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,cyril ,,of ,,alexandria4 ,after ,cahier4 ,jan4 #bh4 ,s4 ,,james1 ,,the ,,penitent1 ,h4 7#f,,th ,,cent47 ,roman ,martyrology and ,greek ,menaea1 but by the ,gallo-,belgic ,martyrology on ,jan4 #bith4 ,authority3 a life written apparently not long after the death of ,s4 ,james4 ,there are so many saints1 and even hermit saints of this name1 that some confusion would have arisen but for the remarkable peculiarity of the life of this man4 ,the story of this hermit is a painful and very sad one2 it is that of a great fall and bitter repentance4 ,as a warning to all those who are living lives near to ,god1 to be not high-minded but fear1 the ,church has placed it in her sacred ,kalendar1 but not only as a lesson to such1 but also as an encouragement to the poor wretch who has fallen1 to look up1 not to despair1 for great as may be his sin1 greater is the mercy of ,god4 ,near the city of ,porphyrio in ,samaria lived a hermit in a cave4 ,he was not old1 but in the bloom of manhood4 ,some wicked men1 desirous of disgracing the anchorite1 suborned a harlot to bewitch him4 ,she therefore went to his cave one evening1 and knocked at the door4 ,he opened the door1 and1 seeing a woman1 slammed it in her face4 ,but she continued knocking and imploring to be admitted4 ,night fell1 and the howl of the wolf and the snarl of the hyaena sounded dolefully without2 then the hermit1 fearing lest the woman should become prey to wild beasts1 opened the door1 and asked her who she was4 ,she replied that she was a religious woman on her road from one convent to another1 who sought shelter for the night4 ,then he admitted her to the outer chamber of his cave1 where burnt his fire1 and there he bade her rest1 whilst he retired into the inner chamber1 and closed the door4 ,but1 during the night1 he heard her moaning and sobbing1 then he looked through the little window in the door1 and saw her rolling on the ground1 as if in great pain4 ,he asked what ailed her1 and she answered that she had cramp of the heart1 and implored him to relieve her1 by signing her bosom and heart with holy oil4 ,then she tore open her garment1 and exposed her breast2 and he1 entering1 took oil and anointed her bosom2 but fearing temptation1 he prayed to ,god with great devotion1 and at the same time placed his left hand in the fire1 whilst with his right he continued doing as she demanded1 till suddenly1 she was aware that his left hand was so burned that the fingers were completely charred through4 ,then1 horror-struck1 and filled with compunction1 she threw herself at his feet1 and sobbing confessed her evil design4 ,so he bade her go and sin no more1 and the woman was converted from her evil life1 and she went and lived the rest of her days in the exercise of penitence4 ,now1 after this1 ,james was of good confidence that he had completely mastered the lust of the flesh1 and he was less on his guard against the wiles of ,satan than before4 ,and people saw his maimed hand1 and they praised his great continence1 so his heart was lifted up within him1 and he was filled with spiritual pride4 ,after many years1 when he was over sixty1 there came to his cell a father bringing his daughter1 a very beautiful girl1 who was possessed with an evil spirit1 and he besought the pious hermit to cast forth the demon4 ,and when he had prayed1 the evil spirit went out of her1 but left her almost inanimate4 ,then the father1 thinking her too much exhausted to be at once removed1 or fearing another access of her disorder1 left her in the cell of the ,god-fearing recluse4 ,and when she was there some days1 and he saw her beauty1 he was overcome with a violent passion of love1 and he lost all control over himself1 and forgot ,god1 and deceived the unfortunate girl1 and in madness he savagely murdered her1 and threw the body into a river4 ,and now1 as the sun set on that day of passion and crime1 and the dark night settled down on the wilderness1 the horror of remorse came upon him1 and he writhed in his cave in an agony of shame and despair1 lying with his face on the ground4 ,then1 at last1 haggard and hopeless1 he rushed forth1 resolving to confess his crime and then to return into the world1 as one unworthy to aspire to a close walk with ,god4 ,and when he had come to the nearest monastery1 he called the monks together1 and casting himself at their feet1 sobbed forth his story of shame4 ,the good brothers raised him1 and mingled their tears with his1 and prayed ,god to have mercy on the poor sinner1 and to pluck him as a brand from the burning4 ,after that1 finding no rest1 he went forth1 and lighted1 as evening fell1 on an old hermit sitting in his cave1 who offered him a lodging1 and spread for him such food as he had to offer4 ,but ,james would eat nothing4 ,then the hermit said1 ,dear ,christian brother1 give me some good advice1 how ,i may escape evil thoughts4 ,and when ,james heard that1 he uttered a piercing cry1 staggered to his feet and fell on the ground1 burying his face in his hands4 ,he told all his sin to the hermit1 and said that now he was about to return into the world1 being unworthy to wear the habit of a monk1 and live a life demanding such holiness4 ,when ,i was young1 then ,i controlled my passions1 now that ,i am old1 my passions have conquered me4 ,i cannot raise my eyes1 he said2 ,i despair of salvation4 ,i cannot name the ,saving ,name2 fire will fall from heaven to consume me1 ,i am lost6 ,then the good old hermit cast his arms round his neck and kissed him1 and said1 ,brother1 despair not of ,god's forbearance1 but believe that there is a place for repentance4 ,a broken and a contrite heart ,god will not despise4 ,great is ,god's mercy1 ever following us1 therefore despair not1 brother6 ,he ceased not from speaking1 till the black cloud of despair was rolled away1 and the fallen monk had the courage to hope4 ,then he led him on his way for many miles1 earnestly dissuading him from going into the world2 and so they parted1 with many tears4 ,so ,james sought out a doleful cave which had been used as an old sepulchre1 and he hid himself there1 and spent in it ten years1 bewailing his crime1 only opening the door twice in the week1 to collect a few olives on which to sustain life1 and esteeming himself viler than the dust4 ,and when ten years were accomplished1 he felt that ,god was about to call him1 therefore he went to the nearest city1 and to the ,bishop there1 and besought him1 when he was dead1 to bury him in the old sepulchre in which he had undergone his penance1 and in the soil he had moistened with his many tears4 ,after that he returned to his cave1 and there died1 at the age of seventy-five4 ,s4 ,,paulinus1 ,,patr4 ,,of ,,aquileia4 7,a4,d4 #hjd47 ,s4 ,paulinus died on ,jan4 #aath1 but his festival is observed on ,jan4 #bhth4 ,authorities3 various histories of his time1 and the writings of himself and ,alcuin4 ,s4 ,paulinus1 born about #gbf1 was one of the most illustrious of the patriarchs who sat in the throne of ,aquileia1 which he ascended1 about the year #ggf4 ,he assisted at the council of ,aix-la-,chapelle in #ghb1 of ,ratisbon in #gib1 and of ,frankfort in #gid2 and he held one himself1 at ,friuli1 in #gia or #gif4 ,he combated a form of ,nestorianism propagated by ,felix1 ,bishop of ,urgel1 and ,elipandus1 ,bishop of ,toledo1 with such success that their heresy made no headway in the ,west4 ,in #hjb1 ,s4 ,paulinus assembled a council at ,altino4 ,he died on the #aath ,jan41 #hjd4 ,illustration3 ,,charlemagne ,,and ,s4 ,,louis4 ,after a ,picture in the ,palais de ,justice1 ,paris1 wrongly attributed to ,van ,eyck4 ,jan4 #bh4 ,b4 ,,charlemagne1 ,,emp4 7,a4,d4 #had47 ,inserted in many ,french1 ,german1 and ,belgian ,martyrologies4 ,he was canonized by the ,anti-pope ,paschal ,,iii4 ,the life of this emperor1 written by his secretary ,eginhart1 together with the numerous historical accounts of his transactions1 supply abundant material for his life4 ,the public life of the ,emperor ,charlemagne belongs to the domain of secular history1 rather than to hagiology4 ,we shall confine ourselves1 in this notice1 to those acts which have obtained for him a place in the ,kalendar of the ,church4 ,charlemagne1 son of ,king ,pepin1 was born in #gdb1 and was crowned king of ,france in #gfh4 ,in the early years of his reign he was guilty of grave moral faults1 which he deeply deplored in his after life4 ,he comes before us as a man penetrated with a strong sense of religious responsibility1 and of faith in the divine mission of the ,church4 ,in the midst of his wars1 the spread of the true faith1 and the advancement of learning1 were never absent from his mind4 ,he was zealous in reforming the monasteries1 and for the sake of uniformity1 he introduced into them the rule of ,s4 ,benedict4 ,for the discipline of the clergy1 he procured the convention of many synods1 in which were drawn up his famous ,capitulars4 ,he meditated assiduously on the ,scriptures1 assisted at the divine office1 even that of midnight1 if possible2 had good books read to him at table1 and took but one meal a day4 ,he died at the age of seventy-two1 at ,aix-la-,chapelle1 in #had1 and was there buried4 ,his tomb was opened in #aafe4 ,the body was found1 not reclining in his coffin1 as is the usual fashion of the dead1 but seated on his throne as one alive1 clothed in the imperial robes1 bearing the sceptre in his hand1 and on his knees a copy of the ,gospels4 ,on his fleshless brow was the crown1 the imperial mantle covered his shoulders1 the sword ,joyeuse was by his side1 and the pilgrim's pouch1 which he had borne always while living1 was still fastened to his girdle4 ,his skull and throne and hunting horn are preserved in the sacristy at ,aix4 ,illustration3 ,baptism of ,vanquished ,saxons by command of ,charlemagne4 ,from a ,miniature of the #aeth ,century in the ,burgundy ,library at ,brussels4 ,,footnotes3 #abh ,that ,cyril had any share in this atrocity1 says ,canon ,robertson1 i4 #dja1 appears to be an unsupported calumny4 #abi ,decline and ,fall1 ,ed4 ,bohn1 i4 p4 #cdh4 #acj ,see p4 #djf4 #aca ,chiefly from ,bright's ,church ,history4 ,january #bi4 ,s4 ,,valerius1 ,b4 of ,trves1 end of #ast4 cent4 ,s4 ,,constantius1 ,b4,m4 at ,perugia1 between ,a4,d4 #afa-h4 ,,ss4 ,,sabinian1 ,m41 ,,and ,,sabina1 ,v41 at ,troyes1 in ,france1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #bge4 ,,ss4 ,,papias ,,and ,,maurus1 ,,mm41 at ,rome1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cjc4 ,s4 ,,gildas ,,the ,,wise1 ,ab4 in ,brittany1 #fth cent4 ,s4 ,,sulpicius ,,severus1 ,b4 of ,bourges1 ,a4,d4 #eia4 ,s4 ,,baculus1 ,b4 of ,sorrento1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #fgi4 ,s4 ,,peter ,,thomasius1 ,latin ,patr4 of ,constantinople1 ,a4,d4 #acff4 ,s4 ,,francis ,,of ,,sales1 ,b4 of ,geneva1 ,a4,d4 #afbb4 ,s4 ,,valerius1 ,b4 ,,of ,,treves4 7,,end ,,of #a,,st ,,cent47 ,there are many ,saints of this name4 ,this ,s4 ,valerius appears in very many of the most ancient ,martyrologies4 ,his ,acts1 together with those of ,,ss4 ,eucher and ,maternus1 his companions1 was written by a certain ,goldscher1 of uncertain date1 but ancient2 for it is quoted by ,heriger1 ,ab4 ,lobie1 who died #ajjg4 ,goldscher says that he collected the accounts he found of ,valerius and his companions from various ancient chronicles4 ,eucher1 ,valerius1 and ,maternus1 according to legend wholly unreliable1 were three disciples of ,s4 ,peter1 and were sent by him to preach the ,gospel in ,gaul4 ,the first was consecrated by him bishop1 the second1 deacon1 and ,maternus1 sub-deacon4 ,s4 ,eucher fixed his see at ,trves1 then an important city4 ,after his death ,valerius was elevated to the episcopate1 and preached the word of ,god with so much zeal1 that many were added to the ,church4 ,on his death1 he was succeeded by ,s4 ,maternus4 ,,ss4 ,,sabinian1 ,m41 ,,and ,,sabina1 ,v4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #bge47 ,commemorated in some churches on ,jan4 #beth1 in others on ,jan4 #bith1 ,june #hth1 ,aug4 #bith1 ,sept4 #eth2 sometimes together1 and sometimes severally4 ,authorities3 two ancient lives of ,s4 ,sabinian1 and one of ,s4 ,sabina1 published by ,bollandus4 ,,ss4 ,sabinian and ,sabina were brother and sister1 natives of ,samos4 ,sabinian's soul having been touched by ,christian teaching1 he left his native island1 and coming to ,gaul reached ,troyes1 where he fell in with ,christians1 and he was there baptized in the river ,seine4 ,it is said that his staff1 which he had driven into the bank1 as he went down into the water1 on his return put forth leaves and flowered4 ,in the reign of ,aurelian he was brought before the emperor1 then at ,vienne in ,gaul1 and was cruelly tormented1 by being seated on a heated bench of iron1 and a red-hot helmet was placed on his head4 ,he was afterwards executed with the sword4 ,his sister ,sabina1 who had followed him1 arrived at ,troyes after his martyrdom4 ,she was there baptized1 spent a holy life1 and died a virgin4 ,s4 ,,gildas ,,the ,,wise1 ,,ab41 ,,in ,,brittany4 7#f,,th ,,cent47 ,there are said to have been several ,british saints of this name4 ,but that commemorated on this day is the famous author1 whose writings are extant4 ,it is probable that ,gildas1 having been born in ,scotland1 bred in ,wales1 and a monastic founder in ,brittany1 has been divided into three1 and some of the incidents have attached themselves to ,s4 ,gildas the ,scotchman1 others to ,s4 ,gildas the ,welshman1 and others again to him of ,brittany4 ,yet these are all easily reducible into a consecutive history1 and belong1 in fact1 to one man4 ,his life was written by ,caradoc of ,llancarvan1 about #aaej2 another life is by an anonymous monk of ,rhys4 ,s4 ,gildas1 surnamed the ,wise1 was born in ,north-,britain near the ,clyde1 in the kingdom of which ,dumbarton was the capital4 ,his father was of princely birth2 his eldest son1 ,howel1 was a great warrior1 who1 succeeding his father in the principality1 was slain by ,king ,arthur4 ,mailoc1 another son1 was brought up to the religious life4 ,two other brothers1 and their sister1 ,peteona1 in like manner left the world1 and choosing a retired place in the furthest extremity of that country1 built themselves separate oratories1 where1 by watching1 fasting1 and fervent prayer1 they continually strove to reach their heavenly country4 ,as to ,gildas1 we learn from his own writings1 that he was born in the year of the famous victory1 gained 7as some say1 by ,ambrose2 or1 as others say1 by ,arthur17 over the ,saxons at ,mount ,badon1 near ,bath1 about ,a4,d4 #ebj4 ,he was1 when a child1 committed by his parents to the care of ,s4 ,iltut1 who brought him up in his monastery of ,llan-,iltut in ,glamorganshire1 instructing him in the divine ,scriptures1 and in the liberal arts4 ,these divine meditations wonderfully increased his faith and love of heavenly things1 and influenced in such a manner the whole conduct of his life1 that from his very youth he attained to great perfection and was favoured with the gift of miracles4 ,from ,s4 ,iltut's school1 where he had for companions ,s4 ,samson and ,s4 ,paul of ,leon1 both of whom were afterwards illustrious prelates1 he went over into ,ireland1 for his further improvement in virtue and learning1 among the disciples of ,s4 ,patrick4 ,there he frequented the most celebrated masters of divine and human learning2 and like the industrious bee1 gathered honey from every flower--the honey of virtue and of knowledge4 ,in the meantime1 he failed not to chastise his body and bring it into subjection1 lest1 with all his learning and preaching to others1 he himself might become a cast-away4 ,therefore he fasted much1 and often watched whole nights1 employing that silent time in prayer4 ,after ,gildas was ordained priest1 he preached the ,gospel in the northern parts of ,britain2 where a great part of the inhabitants were heathen1 and those calling themselves ,christians were infected with the ,pelagian heresy4 ,god blessed his labours there with such success1 that great numbers of heathen and heretics were by his means converted to ,christ2 and many miracles were wrought through him in the cure of the sick1 in confirmation of his doctrine4 ,the reputation of his success having reached ,ireland1 the king1 ,ainmeric1 invited him over4 ,gildas accepted the call1 and there1 by his preaching and miracles1 he mightily advanced the kingdom of ,god4 ,he built churches and monasteries1 established ,christian discipline1 regulated the liturgy1 taught for some time in the famous school of ,armagh1 and was1 in a word1 another ,s4 ,patrick to that nation1 by which he has been ever since gratefully honoured among their most illustrious ,saints4 ,after these things1 leaving ,ireland and ,britain1 he sailed over into ,armorica or ,brittany1 and there founded the monastery of ,rhys4 ,but as he was desirous of solitude and undisturbed contemplation1 he made himself an oratory1 at some distance from that monastery1 under a rock upon the bank of the river ,blavet1 where he devoted his solitary hours to prayer4#acb ,the exact date of his death is uncertain4 ,s4 ,,sulpicius ,,severus1 ,b4 ,,of ,,bourges4 7,a4,d4 #eia47 ,there is great confusion caused by there having been so many archbishops of this name4 ,there was a ,sulpicius the ,pious1 ,archbishop of ,bourges about #fdd2 commemorated on ,jan4 #agth4 ,there was also ,sulpicius ,severus1 the disciple of ,s4 ,martin1 whose life ,butler gives on this day1 and who is the famous historian1 but there seems to be no authority for numbering him with the ,saints4 ,butler also says that there were four ,sulpicii1 ,archbishops of ,bourges1 but this seems to be a mistake1 for ,bollandus gives only two1 ,sulpicius the ,pious and ,sulpicius ,severus4 ,little of the acts of this ,saint is known1 and he is here mentioned solely to enable the reader to distinguish the ,saint of this name from the historian1 and also from his successor ,sulpicius the ,pious4 ,s4 ,,francis ,,of ,,sales1 ,b4,c4 ,,of ,,geneva4 7,a4,d4 #afbb47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,beatified1 ,a4,d4 #affa1 canonized1 ,a4,d4 #affe4 ,jan4 #bith1 is the day of the translation of his body to ,annecy2 he died on ,holy ,innocents' ,day4 ,authorities3 authentic lives by his nephew1 ,charles ,augustus de ,sales1 also by ,f4 ,goulu1 general of the ,feuillans1 also by ,henry de ,maupas du ,tour1 ,bishop of ,puys1 and afterward of ,evreux2 also by ,madame de ,bussi-,rabutin1 nun of the ,visitation2 also anecdotes of him collected by his friend ,camus1 ,bishop of ,belley2 and finally1 his own writings4#acc ,s4 ,francis of ,sales was the eldest son of one of the principal nobles of ,savoy1--,john1 ,lord of ,sales1 of ,boisy1 of ,balleyson1 and of ,ville-,roget1 usually styled by the second of these titles4 ,his mother ,frances1 daughter of the ,lord of ,la ,thuille and of ,vallieres1 came of no less noble stock4 ,he had many brothers and sisters1 of whom ,louis1 ,lord of ,la ,thuille1 was the father of ,charles ,augustus1 the pious biographer of the ,saint4 ,francis was born1 ,aug4 #bast1 #aefg4 ,he was sent in early childhood to the college of ,annecy1 where he was trained in all the accomplishments which in those days were considered essential to the rank of a young noble4 ,he was five years at the college of ,annecy4 ,at the age of eleven1 he entreated permission of his father to take the tonsure1 having at that early age decided to adopt the ecclesiastical life4 ,m4 de ,boisy by no means desired this1 for his ambition was1 that his eldest son should succeed him as the head of the family1 and distinguish himself in political life2 but1 with that sort of management which men of great experience often prefer to violent measures1 he permitted him to do as he pleased4 ,the old lord knew that the tonsure did not bind his son finally to become an ecclesiastic2 and he depended on the changes to which a young man's mind is subject1 to dissipate this predilection4 ,in #aehj1 he was sent to pursue his studies in the ,university of ,paris4 ,at ,paris one of the most critical events of his life took place1 a terrible temptation to despair1 which came on suddenly1 and lasted for a considerable time1 but from which he was released in a wonderful manner4 ,he was about the age of seventeen1 when the idea took possession of his mind1 that he was not in a state of grace1 and that the face of ,god was turned away from him4 ,in his agony of mental distress he prayed1 ,lord if ,i may not see ,thee hereafter1 yet1 oh grant1 that ,i may never blaspheme ,thee6 ,he seems1 if it were possible1 to have suffered the very anguish of hell1 without the loss of the love of ,god4 ,during the six weeks this shadow lay upon him1 he could hardly eat or sleep1 he wasted to a skeleton and his friends became greatly alarmed for his health4 ,at length1 this great cross disappeared as suddenly as it came4 ,he one day entered the church of ,s4 ,etienne des ,grs and knelt down before an image of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,his eye was caught by a tablet on the wall1 on which was inscribed the famous prayer of ,s4 ,bernard1 called the ,memorare4 ,he repeated it with great emotion2 and implored that1 through the intercession of ,mary1 it might please ,god to restore his peace of mind4 ,he also made a vow of perpetual chastity4 ,the dark thoughts which had brooded over his soul for many weeks now sped away1 and the sun of ,god's favour shone on it and warmed it once more4 ,he came out of the church in that sweet and profound calmness of mind which he never afterwards lost4 ,considering what he was to become in after life1 the guide and comforter of such a multitude of souls1 it was necessary1 in order to give him his tender overflowing sympathy1 that he should have sounded the most unusual depths of human agony4 ,after having spent five years at ,paris1 he was sent to finish his education at the university of ,padua1 and there he remained till he was twenty-four years of age1 when1 in #aeia1 he took his degree of doctor of laws4 ,soon after his return home1 his father sent him to ,chambry1 to take the office of senator in the court1 and the young ,francis took the opportunity of conferring with the ,bishop on the steps which it would be most advisable for him to take1 in order to ensure the consent of his family to his embracing the ecclesiastical state1 on which his heart had long been set4 ,the ,bishop advised him to wait a little1 before declaring this intention2 and1 in the mean time he obtained a bull from ,rome authorizing the appointment of ,francis to the deanery of the cathedral1 knowing that the attainment of this dignity would soften the feelings of the family towards the purposed steps4 ,the hopes of ,francis1 however1 seemed destined to be frustrated altogether by the extreme anxiety of his father1 both that he should accept the post offered him1 and also that he should marry a rich1 amiable1 and beautiful girl1 the daughter of one of their oldest friends4 ,but ,francis1 to the surprise and despair of his parents1 refused both offers4 ,not long after1 the suspense becoming intolerable to him1 and his vocation day by day stronger1 he resolved to reveal the cause to his father and mother1 and taking with him his cousin1 ,louis of ,sales1 he implored their consent to his becoming a priest4 ,m4 de ,boisy was stupified at his son's proposal1 which took him completely by surprise1 and at first flatly refused his consent4 ,but after combating the resolution of ,francis for a long time1 he yielded to the entreaties of his wife1 who warned him that1 should he oppose so decided a vocation1 it would be refusing him permission to follow the voice of ,god4 ,armed with his father's consent and blessing1 ,francis lost no time in hastening back to the ,bishop of ,geneva1 from whom he received minor orders on ,june #hth1 #aeic4 ,the ,bishop1 who had the highest opinion of his power1 told him that he expected him to preach on the following ,thursday1 which was the ,feast of ,corpus ,christi4 ,when the morning came1 ,francis was seized with a sudden panic1 and he cast himself on his bed when the bells were ringing for service4 ,but1 overcoming his bashfulness1 he rose and went to the cathedral1 where he preached on the ,real ,presence in the ,holy ,eucharist1 a sermon which flowed from a heart which had long loved and adored that ,presence4 ,the ,bishop was much moved by this discourse1 and three leading ,calvinist gentlemen who had come out of sheer curiosity to hear the new preacher were convinced1 and shortly after were received into the ,church of ,god4 ,on the #ahth ,december of the same year1 ,francis was promoted to priests' orders1 on which occasion his ecstatic devotion amazed the assistants4 ,at this time the ,bishop received an appeal from the ,duke of ,savoy to send missionaries into the ,chablais4 ,this is a portion of ,savoy to the south of the lake of ,geneva1 which had been forced into heresy by the canton of ,berne in ,switzerland4 ,the circumstances were as follows4 ,during the wars between the canton of ,berne1 supporting insurgent ,geneva against the ,duke of ,savoy1 ,charles ,,iii1 who was thus engaged in war with ,francis ,i41 ,king of ,france1 the troops of ,berne had invaded the province of ,chablais1 and has wrested it from him4 ,not content with this usurpation1 the senate of ,berne determined to undermine the ,catholic religion in this canton1 and for this purpose divided the conquered province into townships1 of which the principal was fixed at ,thonon1 on the borders of the lake4 ,there were two large churches in the town1 those of ,s4 ,hippolytus1 and ,s4 ,augustine4 ,the authorities of ,berne drove out the ,catholic clergy1 and sent two violent reformers1 ,farel and ,lambertet to preach during ,lent in #aecf1 and try to prevail on the people to disbelieve the majority of those truths which the ,church had taught them4 ,this they accordingly did1 but when ,lambertet began to preach in the pulpit of the church of ,s4 ,hippolytus1 a scene of confusion ensued2 he was absolutely refused a hearing1 and one of the citizens forced him to come down from the pulpit4 ,the government of ,berne1 to punish this tumult1 sent six commissioners1 who1 on the #dth of ,june1 destroyed and defaced the sacred images1 burnt the crosses1 forbade the exercise of the ,catholic religion1 and drove away all the priests and religious2 and by edict forbade the exercise of any ,catholic rite under a penalty of ten florins for each offence4 ,in a few years1 to all intents and purposes1 ,catholicism was banished from the land4 ,fifty-seven years had passed1 and by means of rigid suppression of ,catholicism1 the people had grown up in heresy or total unbelief4 ,now1 the ,chablais was returned to the ,duke of ,savoy1 and he wrote to the ,bishop of ,geneva1 entreating him to send some holy priest to ,thonon to inaugurate the work of leading the people out of the darkness of error into the clear light of the ,gospel of ,christ4 ,the ,bishop sent a virtuous priest1 but the following year the castle of ,thonon was betrayed and destroyed by the ,bernese troops1 and the poor priest1 fearing for his life1 and utterly despairing of effecting any conversions among the ,protestants1 quitted his post1 and returned to report his failure to the ,bishop at ,annecy4 ,but the ,duke1 no way disheartened by this state of things1 rebuilt and fortified the castle of ,allinges not far from ,thonon1 placed it in a garrison1 and wrote again to the ,bishop1 imploring for fresh workers in the neglected spiritual vineyard4 ,the ,bishop summoned a meeting of the ,cathedral ,chapter1 and made a moving discourse before them on the subject of the ,duke's letter1 which he first read to the assembly4 ,a profound and chilling silence followed the ,bishop's appeal1 but all turned to look at the young dean1 whose face seemed radiant with joy and emotion4 ,he rose1 and said simply and earnestly1 ,my ,lord1 if you think me capable and worthy of this mission1 ,i undertake it with joy4 ,at thy word will ,i let down my net6 ,the ,bishop gratefully accepted the generous offer1 and prepared to do all for ,francis that lay in his power to ensure his success4 ,far different1 however1 was the scene in the castle of ,sales1 when the fatal news became known4 ,m4 de ,boisy flew to ,annecy1 and overwhelmed ,francis with entreaties and reproaches4 ,wist ye not that ,i must be about my ,father's business1 was the reply of the ,saint2 then throwing himself at his father's feet1 he besought his consent and his blessing4 ,m4 de ,boisy replied1 ,as to consenting to this mad undertaking1 ,i cannot do it4 ,it is of no use asking me2 and so saying1 the poor old man left the palace1 and returned in tears to his castle1 there to be soothed1 but not consoled1 by the stronger faith of his wife4 ,illustration3 ,franois de ,sales ,euesque et ,prince de ,geneue ,on ,sept4 #ith1 #aeid1 ,francis1 accompanied by his cousin1 ,louis1 started on his evangelical mission4 ,it was necessary to pass by the castle of ,sales1 when ,frances had a fresh battle to fight with his family4 ,the ,chteau of ,sales1 writes a contemporary of our ,saint1 was at that time one of the most beautiful in ,savoy1 situated at the foot of mount ,ferreo1 and surrounded with lovely gardens and shrubberies4 ,a fountain in the centre1 and a lake on one side1 added to its charms4 ,yet all this ,francis seems to have left without a thought or even a regret4 ,during their visit1 the cousins determined to spend a couple of days in retreat4 ,the evening of the second day1 ,francis went to take leave of his mother4 ,her conduct throughout had been admirable4 ,this terrible parting over1 ,francis went back to the chapel1 where1 as a child1 he had so often knelt with that tender mother before the altar and repeated1 evening after evening1 his childish prayers1 and there the noble sacrifice of his whole future life to ,god was consummated and accepted4 ,his natural sorrow quenched in the ,sacred ,presence1 ,francis spent the rest of the night in prayer1 for the success of his mission2 and the next morning the cousins started at break of day1 avoiding all further leave-takings2 and without either servants or provisions2 his father having expressly forbidden any assistance being given to them1 hoping thereby to disgust them of their enterprise4 ,so1 in poverty1 ,s4 ,francis left his ancestral home4 ,nine years afterwards1 writing to the ,pope1 he says1 ,on arriving in the ,chablais1 nothing but heart-breaking sights met our eyes4 ,out of sixty-five parishes1 excepting a few officers of the ,duke's garrisons1 there were scarcely fifty ,catholics4 ,the churches were desecrated or destroyed1 and the cross everywhere broken down4 ,it would be impossible to give an idea of the fury of the ,protestants of ,thonon when they heard of the mission of the two cousins4 ,the news flew to ,geneva1 where a public meeting was instantly held to declare that any one was at liberty to take the lives of the two ,papists who had dared to undertake the mission2 some of the ,protestants present went so far as to swear that they themselves would be their assassins4 ,m4 de ,boisy was alarmed when news reached him that the life of his son was menaced1 and he sent his old and faithful servant1 ,george ,roland1 with positive orders to bring ,francis back2 but the ,saint was not to be moved2 he1 however1 persuaded his cousin1 ,louis1 to go back for a short while1 in order to calm the anxiety of his family1 whilst he himself remained to prosecute his great work4 ,louis obeyed1 but soon returned1 and the two earnest missioners laboured indefatigably together to advance the ,gospel4 ,francis went on foot among the villages1 his stick1 his breviary1 and his ,bible being his sole companions2 ,louis being sent into other parts of the province4 ,one night1 on the #abth ,december1 being on an expedition of this kind1 night came on suddenly2 the earth was covered with snow1 and he found himself alone in a large wood infested with wolves4 ,afraid of being devoured1 he climbed up into a tree to pass the night2 and then1 lest he should fall asleep and drop from the branch1 he tied himself with his leathern girdle to the stem4 ,the next morning some peasants from a neighbouring village found him there1 nearly frozen with cold1 and unable to move4 ,they carried him to their home1 gently chafed his numbed limbs1 and brought him back to warmth and consciousness4 ,their charity was not without its reward1 for the ,saint profited by the occasion to speak to them on things concerning their eternal salvation4 ,his gentle1 loving voice and manner effected even more than his words1 and the zeal he had shown in braving every kind of peril and suffering for the sake of bringing back a few stray sheep to the fold1 spoke more forcibly to their hearts than a thousand sermons4 ,these poor peasants were moved and touched1 and ,s4 ,francis numbered them among his first converts4 ,m4 de ,boisy sent ,george ,roland back to ,francis at the beginning of the year #aeie1 and to the records of this faithful servant1 who from that hour never left him1 we are mainly indebted for the details of the most interesting personal adventures which befell the ,saint4 ,but ,god ,himself interposed on several occasions to save ,his servant from dangers of which even ,george ,roland knew nothing4 ,there was one bigoted ,protestant1 who in the height of fanatical fury1 swore that he would murder ,francis and carry his head to ,geneva4 ,this man was afterwards converted1 and declared on oath that he had thrice waylaid the ,saint to accomplish his purpose1 and that each time his gun missed fire1 and that he had posted various other persons to kill him1 but on each occasion ,god had rendered ,his apostle invisible4 ,the instigator of this diabolical design was at last touched by the wonderful way in which providence shielded ,francis from harm2 he abjured his heresy1 and became afterwards one of the ,saint's most devoted followers4 ,at the beginning of the year #aeie1 ,francis began a short1 clear1 and simple exposition of ,catholic doctrine1 written on loose sheets for distribution among ,protestants1 with an answer to the principal objections raised against the ,faith4 ,every one read and discussed these fly-leaves--and the ,protestants were beyond measure surprised at the way in which all their favourite arguments were disproved1 while some among them were equally startled at finding how their prejudices regarding the ,catholic faith melted away before the sunshine of ,god's truth4 ,the winter1 always severe in ,savoy1 was this year one of unusual rigour4 ,the roads were one sheet of ice1 and ,francis was obliged to put iron clamps on his shoes1 in order to prevent himself from slipping4 ,as he suffered terribly from broken chilblains1 his heels became in such a state that the blood stained the snow as he walked along1 penetrating through his stockings and gaiters4 ,one night he arrived1 with his cousin1 ,louis1 at a village where all the doors were closed against him4 ,in vain they knocked and entreated for admission2 the inhabitants1 who had been prejudiced against them1 refused to give them shelter2 they crept into the village oven1 which was still warm1 and there slept4 ,on the #agth ,july1 he preached a wonderful sermon at ,thonon on the mediation of ,jesus ,christ4 ,he showed his hearers that the ,catholic ,church1 so far from destroying this doctrine1 as the ,protestant asserted1 based her whole system upon it4 ,the ,calvinist ministers were exasperated at the effect of the sermon1 and held a public meeting1 in which it was resolved to charge him with sorcery and magic4 ,they even suborned a man to swear that he had seen ,francis in communication with devils at a witch's festival4 ,as he was walking through a wood at dusk immediately after this1 two men rushed upon him with swords1 uttering horrid imprecations4 ,francis met them with such composure1 that they were overcome1 and casting themselves at his feet1 implored his pardon1 alleging as their excuse the orders they had received from the ,protestant clergy4 ,the ,saint forgave and blessed them1 and pursued his road1 unmolested4 ,the ,calvinists1 more furious than ever1 hired a body of assassins who came secretly1 in the dead of the night to the house in which he lodged4 ,francis had not yet gone to bed4 ,he was watching and praying in his room1 when he heard the tramp of armed men in the street1 and their whispered consultation at the door4 ,he quietly slipped into a secret chamber1 cleverly concealed by a panel in the wall which had been provided in case of any such emergency1 and the assassins hunted through the house from garret to cellar without being able to find him4 ,what promoted the ,catholic faith far more than his sermons1 was his daily life of never-failing charity4 ,madame de ,boisy at last brought her husband to see and feel the beauty and reality of the mission in which their son was engaged4 ,this was an untold relief to ,francis2 and from that time1 father and mother worked together in forwarding to the utmost of their power the apostolic labours of their son4 ,they gave shelter in the castle of ,sales to such of the converts as were compelled to resort to flight in order to escape the fury of the heretics2 and it is impossible to exaggerate the tender zeal with which ,madame de ,boisy looked after their temporal and spiritual wants4 ,the ,saint1 in the meanwhile1 continued without intermission his pastoral work4 ,as he could not carry the ,blessed ,sacrament publicly through the streets of ,thonon to the sick1 he used to take a ,host in a little silver pyx in the shape of a triangle1 suspended by three little silver chains round his neck1 and thus bear our ,lord on his breast4 ,then wrapping himself up in a large cloak1 he would walk along very gravely1 looking on the ground1 without speaking to any one1 or raising his hat4 ,this was the sign he had given to the faithful1 who no sooner saw him passing in that manner than they left their occupations and silently followed1 though at a little distance1 so as not to excite hostile observation4 ,it was an intense joy to him to carry the ,blessed ,sacrament in that way3 his flock often remarked that his face on such occasions positively shone with the fire of his love4 ,as prudence still forbade the public sacrifice of the ,mass in ,thonon1 ,s4 ,francis used to celebrate it in the little village of ,marin1 on the other side of the river ,drance1 in the old church of ,s4 ,stephen4 ,on one occasion he went to preach in an old parish church near ,allinges2 it was ,s4 ,stephen's ,day1 #aeie1 and he summoned the inhabitants as usual by ringing a bell1 but1 as it was very bad weather1 only seven people came4 ,some one said to him that it was not worth while his preaching to so small an audience4 ,he replied1 ,one soul is as precious to me as a thousand2 and he began a most eloquent discourse on the ,invocation of ,saints1 of which he explained the doctrine1 and refuted the ,protestant objections with great clearness4 ,among his seven hearers was a magistrate of ,thonon who had lately joined the ,church1 but had been beset by the ministers1 who had succeeded in shaking his feeble faith4 ,after the sermon1 he threw himself at the feet of ,s4 ,francis and exclaimed1 ,you have saved my soul this day6 ,he then declared that he had meditated abjuring his new ,catholicism next ,thursday2 that having heard the bell ring1 and seen only half-a-dozen poor peasants obey the summons1 and come to the church1 he had thought that1 if ,s4 ,francis were to preach1 it would be a proof that he loved souls1 but if he did not preach1 then he would be convinced that he sought applause4 ,he went on to say that the pains taken by ,s4 ,francis to explain to those half-dozen peasants the doctrine of the ,communion of ,saints1 had cleared away his difficulties1 and had convinced him of the grand and unutterable truth of the ,catholic ,church1 of which he would ever remain a member4 ,little by little the work advanced2 ,francis was given three energetic assistants2 for some time the progress was very small1 but the great mass of the people were like an avalanche1 slowly undermined1 to fall in a body at the foot of the ,cross4 ,it would exceed our limits to detail the steps by which ,s4 ,francis advanced the cause4 ,let us turn to the crowning of his labour4 ,in #aeig1 he celebrated the ,forty ,hours ,exposition of the ,blessed ,sacrament at ,thonon4 ,the churches of ,s4 ,augustine and ,s4 ,hippolytus had been given up to the ,catholics1 and the ,bishop arrived to consecrate them anew1 and to administer the ,sacraments of ,confirmation and ,ordination for the first time for sixty-three years4 ,an enormous crowd assembled from all quarters4 ,after the ,blessed ,sacrament had been carried in procession through the town1 it was placed in an oratory erected for the purpose4 ,very soon a crowd came up1 consisting of three hundred people1 inhabitants of ,bellevaux1 all begging to be admitted into the ,church4 ,the inhabitants of ,s4 ,cergue arrived next1 bearing with them a cross which had been concealed by them between two walls during the ,calvinist persecution1 and which cross remains in the hamlet to this day4 ,some of these poor people arrived barefoot bearing other emblems of the ,passion of our ,lord1 the spear1 the nails1 the crown of thorns4 ,then came the people of ,bonneville1 with the nobility of the ,chablais4 ,one portion of the procession arrived later than the rest1 and that was from the village of ,ternier4 ,they had been attacked by the fanatics of ,geneva on their way4 ,during the ,forty ,hours of ,adoration1 prayers1 meditations1 catechizings1 and sermons succeeded each other without intermission4 ,the personal love which all the people felt for ,s4 ,francis1 together with his tender and touching exhortations1 gave an additional impulse to the devotion of the spectators4 ,whole villages took the opportunity of returning to the faith of their fathers2 and when the ,exposition was over1 the ,bishop and ,s4 ,francis had several hard days' work in receiving such numberless abjurations and administering to them the rites of conditional baptism and confirmation4 ,on ,september #cjth1 the ,duke of ,savoy visited ,thonon1 and the ,chablais ceased to be ,protestant4 ,few heretics now remained1 and the ,duke ordered them to cross the lake to the land of ,vaud1 as the ,calvinists before had expelled those who would not submit to the abolition of their religion4 ,the spiritual conquest achieved by ,francis has been commonly reckoned to have amounted to #gb1jjj souls4 ,in #aeii1 ,s4 ,francis was appointed coadjutor bishop of ,geneva4 ,the continual disputes between ,france and ,savoy were at length adjusted by a treaty contracted at ,lyons1 by which the latter government yielded to the former the province of ,gex to the north of the lake of ,geneva1 containing thirty-seven parishes1 with about #cj1jjj inhabitants4 ,s4 ,francis visited ,paris in #afjb1 and persuaded ,henry ,,iv4 to re-establish the exercise of the ,catholic religion throughout ,gex1 wherever there were a sufficient number of ,catholics2 only the king stipulated that this should be done gradually1 so as to avoid giving alarm to the ,protestants4 ,francis now returned to ,savoy1 where the failing health of the aged ,bishop of ,geneva made it necessary for him to be present4 ,some time previous to his death1 he had the consolation of celebrating the jubilee at ,thonon1 by which the history of the conversion of the ,chablais was wound up4 ,hundreds of thousands of pilgrims of all ranks1 in companies preceded by cross and banner1 poured from all the country round1 making the ,alpine valleys resound with their pious chants1 as they thanked ,god for having brought them out of darkness into the glorious liberty of the children of ,god4 ,more than a hundred confessors were engaged continually at the tribunal of penance2 and altogether #fb1jjj communions were made in the church of ,thonon4 ,on ,dec4 #hth1 #agjb1 ,francis was consecrated bishop1 and appointed to the see of ,geneva1 in the parish church of ,thonon4 ,the first business which ,francis undertook after he was settled at ,annecy1 the seat of the ,bishops of ,geneva1 after their expulsion by the ,calvinists from the city of ,geneva1 was to establish a confraternity of ,christian ,doctrine1 and to make catechetical instruction his strongest point4 ,he heard the classes himself every ,sunday4 ,a more interesting sight there could not be than to behold him1 seated in front of the altar1 teaching the little ones1 the girls on one side1 and the boys on the other4 ,twice in the year he made a festival for the children1 and went through the city with them processionally1 singing ,litanies4 ,the influence of his kindness over them was so great1 that he never came forth1 without the children running out from every nook and corner of the streets to ask his blessing or kiss his robe4 ,when some friends complained of the troops of them who followed him1 he said gently1 ,suffer them to come1 they are my own dear little people4 ,in #afjc1 when he was preaching the ,lent course of sermons at ,dijon1 by invitation of the magistrates1 he made the acquaintance of ,jane ,frances of ,chantal1 in combination with whom he afterwards founded the ,order of the ,visitation4 ,in #afje and #afjf1 he made a general visitation of his whole diocese1 undergoing great fatigue1 and often danger1 in traversing the ,alpine districts1 which formed the greatest part of it1 and everywhere preaching1 catechizing1 and hearing confessions4 ,in #afah1 ,francis was chosen by the ,duke of ,savoy to accompany an embassy to ,paris to negotiate the marriage of his son with the daughter of ,henry ,,iv41 and sister of ,louis ,,xiii4 ,the negotiations of the embassy lasted for nearly a year1 during which ,francis received incessant invitations to preach1 which he did almost daily2 the people never tiring of listening to him4 ,the secret of his power lay in the exquisite charm of divine grace which radiated from him4 ,the churches were so crowded1 that it more than once happened that a ladder had to be brought for the preacher to enter by the window1 the doors being completely blocked up4 ,people ran to gaze at him1 or to touch his robe as he passed in the streets4 ,cardinal de ,retz1 ,bishop of ,paris1 had set his heart on having him as his coadjutor1 and offered him a rich pension1 the entire control of his diocese1 and the appointment of his brother1 ,john ,francis1 to succeed him at ,geneva1 if he would consent to come2 but all was in vain4 ,by degrees the whole of the territory of ,gex was catholicized1 and ,francis had the felicity of continually organizing fresh parishes which had submitted to the ,gospel of ,christ4 ,towards the close of #afbb1 he was invited to attend the ,duke of ,savoy at ,avignon1 where he was to meet ,louis ,,xiii4 ,francis had a presentiment that this journey would be his last2 but he did not think it right to decline the invitation of his sovereign4 ,accordingly he made preparation1 with the utmost calmness1 as if to return no more4 ,he made his will1 and gave directions concerning his funeral1 which he desired should be modest4 ,on ,november #hth he bade farewell to his friends and started next day4 ,at ,lyons a trifling incident happened1 which is worth relating1 as an example of his sweet and gentle demeanour4 ,as he was going on board the boat1 the ferryman refused to receive him without his passport4 ,when his attendants were angry at the delay1 the bishop remarked1 ,let him alone1 he knows the duties of a boatman2 we have forgotten that of a traveller4 ,he had to wait an hour for the passport in a bitterly cold wind4 ,when at last they got on board1 he went and sat by the boatman1 observing1 ,i wish to make friends with this good man1 and to talk to him a little of our ,blessed ,lord4 ,at ,avignon he held aloof from all the magnificence which the reunion of two courts in that splendid age so lavishly displayed1 and spent his time in prayer1 and in conference with religious persons4 ,on his way home he remained at ,lyons1 very ill4 ,nevertheless he said his midnight ,mass on ,christmas morning and preached on the day with great fervour4 ,he then heard confessions1 and said his third ,mass shortly before noon1 after which he broke his fast4 ,then he gave the habit to two novices1 preached1 received a number of visitors1 and waited on the ,queen ,marie de ,medicis1 who was to leave ,lyons next day4 ,yet he was actually a dying man when he thus crowded such astonishing exertions into one day4 ,next day1 the ,feast of ,s4 ,stephen1 he bade his last farewell to the nuns of the ,visitation1 the order he had founded4 ,on the following morning he confessed1 said ,mass1 and gave the ,holy ,communion to the nuns4 ,the ,superioress noticed his altered looks4 ,outside the church he was detained talking to some noblemen4 ,it was cold and foggy1 and he felt a chill4 ,by the time he got home he was excessively fatigued and ill2 but he sat down to write letters1 and received several visitors4 ,on their departure his servant came in1 and began to tell him about a sermon he had heard1 in which the preacher exhorted the ,queen to love her servants4 ,francis said1 ,and you1 do you love me8 ,the good servant could not speak for weeping1 seeing how deadly ill he looked4 ,the saint continued3 ,and ,i1 too1 love you well2 but let us love ,god above all1 ,as he said these words he sank back in a fit4 ,next day the physicians resorted to all the expedients used in the barbarous surgery of the age1 blisters on the head1 the application of a hot iron to the nape of the neck1 and a red-hot ball pressed on the crown till it burnt to the bone4 ,he gradually sank after these operations1 and his lips moving in prayer1 when unable to utter words1 those in attendance knelt and recited the ,recommendation for a departing soul1 during which his gentle spirit departed to its rest4 ,the body1 after having been embalmed1 was removed to ,annecy1 and reposes in the ,church of the ,visitation4 ,illustration3 ,decoration ,,footnotes3 #acb ,he is said to have glazed the east window of his oratory with a pane of an hitherto unheard of size4 #acc ,the following life is epitomized from ,mr4 ,ormsby's ,life of ,s4 ,francis of ,sales1 and ,the ,mission of ,s4 ,francis of ,sales in the ,chablais by ,lady ,herbert4 ,see also ,addenda at end of this volume4 ,january #cj4 ,s4 ,,serena1 ,m41 at ,metz1 ,a4,d4 #cjc4 ,s4 ,,sabina ,,or ,,savina1 ,w41 in the ,milanese1 beginning #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,barsas1 ,b4,c41 of ,edessa1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cga4 ,s4 ,,felix1 ,pope1 ,a4,d4 #ecj4 ,s4 ,,aldegund1 ,v41 at ,maubeuge in ,france1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #fhj4 ,s4 ,,adelelm1 ,ab41 ,burgos1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #aajj4 ,s4 ,,hyacintha1 ,v41 at ,viterbo1 ,a4,d4 #afdj4 ,s4 ,,barsas1 ,b4,c4 ,,of ,,edessa4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #cga47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3 ,theodoret1 ,hist4 ,eccles4 lib4 iv4 c4 #af4 ,barses or ,barsas1 ,bishop of ,edessa was banished by the ,arian ,emperor ,valens to the ,isle of ,aradus2 but when it was found that multitudes resorted to him1 for he was filled with apostolic gifts1 the emperor sent him to ,oxyrynchus1 a city of ,egypt ,but as his fame still attracted attention1 he was banished to a greater distance2 and this old man1 who was worthy of heaven1 was then conveyed to the fortress called ,philae1 situated on the frontier of the barbarian nations4 ,s4 ,,aldegund1 ,v4 7,a4,d4 #fhj47 ,roman and many ancient ,martyrologies2 by others on ,jan4 #bgth1 or ,nov4 #acth1 but these were probably days of translation of relics4 ,authorities2 a life by a contemporary quoted in an anonymous life compiled from already existing notices2 another by one ,hugbald1 and another by a monk of ,s4 ,ghislain4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,aldegund4 ,after ,cahier4 ,jan4 #cj4 ,the blessed ,aldegund was the daughter of ,waldbert1 ,count of ,hainault4 ,her whole heart was given to ,christ whom she chose as her heavenly bridegroom4 ,her parents1 moved by her example1 renounced the world1 and distributed their wealth among the poor4 ,after their death1 in the year #ffa1 ,aldegund took the veil1 and retired into the forest of ,maubeuge where she built a convent1 and became the first abbess4 ,when her fair fame was attacked by wicked slanders1 so that she suffered agonies of grief1 she struggled hard to submit to the hand of ,god1 and at last1 bowing completely to ,his will1 she desired that ,he would try her with ever keener sufferings1 to perfect her by affliction4 ,she was shortly after attacked with cancer in the breast1 from which she died on ,jan4 #cjth1 ,a4,d4 #fhj4 ,s4 ,,adelelm1 ,,ab4 ,,of ,,burgos4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #aajj47 ,authority3 his life by ,rudolf the monk1 who died #aacg4 ,s4 ,adelelm is called also ,elesmo or ,elmo2 and is not to be confounded with another ,adelelm or ,elmo1 who is only beatified4 ,s4 ,adelelm was a noble of ,lyons in ,france1 and served in the army1 till ,god called him to a higher walk1 then he renounced the world1 and became a monk in the ,abbey of ,chaise-,dieu1 after a visit to ,rome4 ,he was ordained priest by ,ranco1 ,bishop of the ,auvergne1 but when he heard that the bishop had been suspended for having simonically obtained the see1 he refused to execute the priestly office1 till a successor was appointed4 ,to see him1 ,adelelm started one stormy night4 ,the way was dark1 and the tempest raged with such fury that1 but that it was necessary1 he would not have started then4 ,however1 he took a candle1 lighted it1 and gave it to his comrade1 and bade him lead the way4 ,notwithstanding the violence of the gale1 the flame burnt steady1 though not enclosed in a lantern1 and illumined their road4 ,from this1 the electric lights seen at mastheads are called by sailors in the ,mediterranean ,s4 ,elmo's lights4 ,he was afterwards invited to ,spain1 and he was chosen abbot of his order in the monastery of ,burgos1 where he died4 ,s4 ,,hyacintha1 ,v4 7,a4,d4 #afdj47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3 the ,bull of her ,canonization4 ,s4 ,hyacintha was the daughter of ,mark ,anthony ,mariscotti1 ,count of ,vignanello1 and of ,octavia ,orsini2 she was born in #aehh1 and received in baptism the name of ,clarissa1 which she exchanged for that of ,hyacintha on entering the cloister4 ,in her earliest childhood she was remarkable for her piety1 but as she grew older she became giddy and frivolous4 ,in her #agth year she was1 one day1 playing with the rope of a well at ,vignanello1 when she slipped over the edge1 and hung1 entangled in the rope1 which held her some minutes suspended above the horrible pit1 till a servant1 observing her peril1 from the castle window1 ran to her assistance1 and rescued her4 ,the shock of this accident seemed for a while to steady her4 ,she shortly after fell in love1 and a marriage was projected1 but when1 through family circumstances1 it was broken off1 ,clarissa would hear of nothing but of taking the veil1 and burying her broken heart in a convent4 ,her father refused at first1 but yielding at length to her sentimental vehemence1 which he mistook for real vocation1 allowed her to take the veil in the convent of ,s4 ,bernardine at ,viterbo4 ,in the convent her heart soon healed1 and she became an annoyance to the whole sisterhood by her vanity and frivolity4 ,after ten years1 she fell ill1 and sent for her confessor4 ,he1 knowing her character1 and wearied with her shallowness1 sharply rebuked her with1 ,beware1 ,hyacintha1 heaven is no place for giddy-pates6 ,his words startled her1 and she cried out1 ,am ,i then lost for ever4 ,no1 he answered1 not if you seek pardon for your sins of the just and merciful ,god1 with sincere resolution of amendment1 and cease to be a scandal and worry to the poor sisters of this house1 by your emptiness and light talk1 and worldly ways4 ,bursting into a flood of tears1 she promised amendment1 sent for all the sisters1 and humbly asked their pardon1 and prayers4 ,then she cast herself at her confessor's feet1 and made a sincere confession4 ,she now completely changed her life2 she would not wear shoes1 and only put on the meanest dress4 ,she strove manfully to overcome the purposelessness of her life and the feebleness of her will2 and as she gradually mastered herself and her vanity1 there broke on that soul1 so long entangled in a fog of petty cares and pleasures1 the burning sun of the love of ,jesus1 filling her with reality1 earnestness1 and devotion4 ,in after years her character was completely the reverse of what it had been1 was full of dignity and meekness1 and above all1 had a purpose in it4 ,in a time of want1 she founded two institutions1 one for the secret relief of decayed gentlefolks1 suffering1 but too proud to ask alms1 or display their misery2 the other a hospital for old people4 ,both societies1 known under the name of the ,oblates of ,s4 ,mary1 exist to this day at ,viterbo4 ,the mercy of ,god rewarded this poor servant1 and she was given singular privileges1 a remarkable gift of prayer1 and a discernment of spirits1 that is1 she could read the troubles of hearts4 ,she died in the year #afdj1 calling on the sacred names of ,jesus and ,mary1 in the #eeth year of her age4 ,she was beatified by ,benedict ,,xiii41 in #agbf1 and canonized by ,pius ,,vii41 on ,may #bdth1 #ahjg4 ,this is one of those instances of the love and fore-thought of the ,church in holding up to every class of mind and sort of temptation1 an example of salvation in it4 ,we have seen her fearlessness in exhibiting ,s4 ,james the hermit to the fallen religious1 here she shows to the thoughtless and giddy female mind1 that for it ,jesus thirsts in spite of its emptiness1 and that for it there is sanctity if it will try to seek it4 ,illustration3 ,virgin in ,crescent1 after ,albert ,durer4 ,january #ca4 ,s4,s4 ,,cyrus1 ,,john1 ,,athanasia ,,and ,,others1 ,,mm4 in ,egypt ,a4,d4 #bej4 ,s4 ,,geminian1 ,b4 of ,modena1 in ,italy4 ,s4 ,,julius ,p41 ,,and ,,julian ,d41 at ,novara1 in ,italy1 beginning of #eth cent4 ,s4 ,,marcella1 ,w41 at ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #daj4 ,s4 ,,patroclus1 ,b4,m4 in ,france4 ,s4 ,,gaud1 ,b41 of ,evreux in ,normandy1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #eca4 ,s4 ,,aidan ,,or ,,maidoc1 ,b41 of ,ferns1 in ,ireland1 beginning of #gth cent4 ,s4 ,,adamnan1 ,p41 of ,coldingham1 end of #gth cent4 ,s4 ,,ulphia1 ,v41 at ,amiens1 #hth cent4 ,s4 ,,athanasius1 ,b41 of ,methone in the ,peloponesus1 #ith cent4 ,s4 ,,eusebius1 ,monk of ,s4 ,gall in ,switzerland1 ,a4,d4 #hhd4 ,s4 ,,martin1 ,p41 of ,soure near ,coimbra1 in ,portugal1 ,a4,d4 #aadg4 ,s4 ,,serapion1 ,m41 among the ,moors1 ,a4,d4 #abdj4 ,s4 ,,peter ,,nolasco1 ,c41 in ,spain1 ,a4,d4 #abef4 ,s4,s4 ,,cyrus1 ,,john ,,and ,,others1 ,,mm41 ,,in ,,egypt4 7,a4,d4 #bej47 ,commemorated by ,greeks1 ,latins1 and ,copts on the same day4 ,authority3 ancient ,greek ,acts4 ,cyrus1 a physician of ,alexandria1 who1 by the opportunities which his profession gave him1 had converted many sick persons to the faith2 and ,john1 an ,arabian1 hearing that a lady1 called ,athanasia1 and her three daughters1 ,theodosia1 ,theoctista and ,eudoxia1 of whom the eldest was only fifteen years of age1 had suffered torments at ,canope in ,egypt for the name of ,christ1 went thither to console them4 ,they were themselves apprehended and cruelly beaten2 their sides were burnt with torches1 and salt and vinegar were poured into their wounds in the presence of ,anastasia and her daughters1 who were also tortured after them4 ,at length the four ladies1 and a few days after1 ,cyrus and ,john1 were beheaded1 the two latter on this day4 ,s4 ,,marcella1 ,w4 7,a4,d4 #daj47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3 the ,letters of ,s4 ,jerome4 ,marcella1 a young widow1 whose name alone is enough to recall the best days of the ,roman republic1 and whose rare beauty1 enhanced by the long and illustrious line of her ancestors1 drew around her numerous suitors1 rejected the suit of ,cerealtis1 the consul1 and resolved to imitate the lives of the ascetics of the ,east4 ,afterwards1 when ,s4 ,jerome came to ,rome to renew the instructions and narratives of those holy men by adding to them the living commentary of his own life1 ,marcella1 with her mother ,albinia1 and her sister ,asella1 placed herself at the head of that select number of illustrious matrons who took him as their guide and oracle4 ,she astonished the holy doctor by her knowledge of the ,divine ,scriptures2 she fatigued him by her thirst always to know more of them than he could teach her2 she made him afraid to find in her a judge rather than a disciple4 ,in her palace on ,mount ,aventine1 she collected1 under the presidency of ,jerome1 the most pious among the noble ladies1 for mutual strength and enlightenment4 ,after having thus first given to ,rome the true model of a ,christian widow1 she passed the last thirty years of her life in her suburban villa transformed into a monastery4 ,the ,goths under ,alaric plundered ,rome in #daj4 ,s4 ,marcella was scourged by them to deliver up her treasures1 which however she had long before distributed among the poor4 ,all the while she was in anguish of soul for her dear spiritual child ,principia1 and falling at the feet of the cruel soldiers1 she tearfully implored them to spare her insult4 ,they conducted them both to the ,church of ,s4 ,paul1 to which ,alaric had granted the right of sanctuary1 and suffered the beautiful young nun ,principia to remain unmolested4 ,s4 ,marcella did not survive this long1 but died peacefully in the arms of ,principia1 about the end of ,august1 #daj1 but her name occurs in the ,roman ,martyrology on ,jan4 #cast4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,marcella4 ,after an ,engraving of the ,seventeenth ,century4 ,jan4 #ca4 ,s4 ,,aidan ,,or ,,maidoc1 ,b41 ,,of ,,ferns4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #fcb47 ,s4 ,aidan of ,ferns is not to be confounded with the illustrious ,s4 ,aidan of ,lindisfarne1 the apostle of ,northumbria1 who is commemorated on ,aug4 #cast4 ,the name seems to have been a very common one in ,ireland1 for ,colgan asserts that there are in the ancient ,irish ,martyrologies as many as thirty-five ,saints of this name4 ,authority3 an ancient life from ,kilkenny1 but certainly not more ancient than the #abth cent4 ,s4 ,maidoc or ,aidan was the son of ,setna1 a noble of ,connaught1 by his wife ,edna2 who1 having for a long time no heir1 sought that blessing from ,god by alms-deeds and prayers2 which was at last granted4 ,this child of prayer was born in the island called ,innis-,breagh-muigh1 in a lake in the diocese of ,kilmore1 and from his childhood declined evil and followed that which is good4 ,after having learnt the first rudiments of piety in his own country1 he left home1 and sailed into ,britain1 to place himself under the discipline of the great ,s4 ,david of ,menevia4 ,with that holy man he remained many years1 and was one of his favourite disciples4 ,a remarkable instance of his prompt obedience is related4 ,being called by a superior from reading his book in the field near the monastery1 to follow a pair of oxen at the plough1 he made such haste to obey1 that he left his book open in the field1 a heavy shower of rain fell1 but when he recovered the book it was not wet4 ,s4 ,david had seen him leave the volume open before the rain fell1 and calling him to him1 bade him prostrate himself as a punishment for having1 as he supposed1 by his carelessness1 spoiled a valuable book4 ,s4 ,maidoc at once obeyed1 and ,s4 ,david went about his work and forgat him4 ,after some hours1 when the office was being said1 he observed that ,maidoc was not present4 ,then he sent in quest of him1 and he was found prostrate on the sea shore1 where his master had bidden him lie1 and he had not risen1 because ,s4 ,david had not removed his penance4 ,at length1 with the blessing of his master1 taking with him other religious of ,menevia1 he returned to ,ireland1 where he founded many churches and monasteries2 of which the chief was ,ferns to which he was consecrated first ,bishop4 ,the prodigies related of him1 are like so many in the lives of the ,irish ,saints1 quite incredible1 as for instance1 his having driven to ,rome and back in twenty-four hours1 his having fed six wolves with six sheep and then restored the sheep whole2 his having brought a sea-cow out of the ocean to draw his plough1 and having returned from a visit to ,s4 ,david in ,wales on the back of a sea-monster2 his having called his bell1 which he had left behind him ,wales1 and it came over the waves with promptitude4 ,all these are fables1 which accumulated in process of time about the lives of the ,irish ,saints1 before they were committed to writing4 ,s4 ,,ulphia ,v4 7#h,,th ,,cent47 ,from the life of ,s4 ,domitius1 ,october #bcrd2 and from an ancient life of the ,saint4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,ulphia4 ,from ,cahier4 ,jan #ca4 ,the blessed ,ulphia was the daughter of noble parents in ,gaul1 she was singularly beautiful in face and graceful in person2 consequently she was sought by many suitors1 but1 with her father's consent she vowed to observe perpetual chastity4 ,at the age of twenty-five she received the veil from the hands of the ,bishop of ,amiens1 and then she retired to ,s4 ,acheuil at some little distance from the city1 where she ministered to ,s4 ,domitius1 an aged hermit and canon of ,amiens4 ,the old man was wont to knock at the door of her little hut as he passed on his way to matins1 and she rose and accompanied him4 ,now the place was marshy and many frogs inhabited the pools4 ,one night they sang so shrilly that ,ulphia could not sleep1 but tossed on her couch1 and drew her serge-habit about her ears1 without being able to stop their voices from penetrating her brain and keeping her awake4 ,after many hours she fell asleep4 ,shortly after1 ,domitius came by and rapped with his stick at the door4 ,there was no answer1 so he called1 ,ulphia1 my child1 get up6 ,then he rapped louder than before4 ,still there was no answer1 so he called1 ,ulphia1 my child1 the second watch of the night is past4 ,as he received no answer1 he supposed she had gone on before4 ,but when he reached the church1 he looked round1 and he saw her not4 ,and when matins was over1 he returned in haste and fear1 thinking something had befallen his dear child4 ,but when he came to the cell1 ,ulphia stood in the door4 ,then she reproached him for not having called her4 ,i did call thee1 ,i knocked loud1 said the old man4 ,it was the frogs' doing6 exclaimed ,ulphia1 and she told him how they had kept her awake half the night4 ,then casting herself on the ground1 she prayed to ,god to quiet the noisy frogs2 and ,domitius knelt beside her and said1 ,amen4 ,after that the reptiles troubled her no more4 ,when she was dying she prayed1 ,saviour6 sanctify1 confirm1 keep1 rule1 strengthen1 comfort me2 and in the end bring me to ,thy sempiternal joys4 ,and when the two virgins who had watched by her had said ,amen1 she fell asleep1 and they left her4 ,at dawn1 one of them looked in and saw that she was dead1 and in dying she had crossed her hands upon her breast1 her face was bright and her lips as though she smiled4 ,s4 ,,serapion1 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #abdj47 ,he was an ,englishman1 whom ,s4 ,peter ,nolasco received into his ,order at ,barcelona4 ,he made two journeys among the ,moors for the ransoming of captives1 in #abdj4 ,the first was to ,murcia1 in which he purchased the liberty of ninety-eight slaves2 the second to ,algiers1 in which he redeemed eighty-seven1 but remained himself a hostage for the full payment of the money4 ,he boldly preached ,christ to the ,mahometans1 and baptised several1 for which he was cruelly tortured1 scourged1 cut and mangled1 at length fastened to a cross1 and was thereon stabbed and quartered alive in the same year1 #abdj4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,peter ,,nolasco1 ,,founder ,,of ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,our ,,lady ,,of ,,mercy ,,for ,,the ,,redemption ,,of ,,captives4 ,from ,cahier4 ,jan4 #ca4 ,s4 ,,peter ,,nolasco1 ,c4 7,a4,d4 #abef47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3 life by ,franciscus ,zumel4 ,peter ,nolasco sprang from one of the first families of ,languedoc4 ,he was born in the year #aahi1 in the village of ,mas des ,saintes ,pucelles4 ,his pious parents took pains to give him a good education1 and to cultivate the germs of virtue which appeared early in his soul4 ,they saw with gladness his compassion for the poor1 and his love of prayer4 ,the child was wont to distribute his pocket-money in alms1 and he went regularly to the matin office sung shortly after midnight4 ,when he was aged #ae1 he lost his father1 who left him heir to a large estate1 but he remained with his mother1 a pious woman1 who laboured to strengthen and confirm in him those graces which grew and expanded daily4 ,being solicited to marry1 he remained some little while in hesitation1 but at last1 rising one night he cast himself before his crucifix in prayer1 and remained till day broke in the east1 imploring ,god's guidance1 and then feeling a clear call1 he resolved to devote his patrimony to the honour and glory of ,god1 and himself to celibacy4 ,he followed ,simon de ,montfort1 in the crusade against the ,albigenses1 an heretical1 or rather heathen sect1 holding two ,gods1 one good1 the other evil1 and who had devastated ,navarre1 burning churches and massacring priests and monks4 ,the crusade was conducted with too much of worldly ambition1 and without that compassionate love which should seek to win by gentleness rather than force by the sword4 ,but the cruel massacres which took place were not the work of the crusaders1 but of a mixed multitude of camp-followers1 who obeyed no officers but such as they chose to appoint1 as appears from the contemporary accounts of that war4 ,however1 ,peter ,nolasco was in no way responsible for the barbarities which sullied this terrible war4 ,in the battle of ,muset1 the ,king of ,aragon1 who headed the ,albigenses1 was killed1 and his son1 aged six1 fell into the hands of ,simon de ,montfort1 who appointed ,peter ,nolasco1 then aged twenty-five1 to be his tutor1 and sent both together into ,spain4 ,in the court of the ,king of ,barcelona1 where the ,kings of ,aragon resided1 ,peter led the life of a recluse4 ,the ,moors at that time were possessed of a considerable portion of ,spain1 and great numbers of ,christians groaned under their tyranny in miserable slavery both there and in ,africa4 ,whenever ,peter saw a ,christian slave1 he was moved with sorrow2 and he resolved to devote his life to the redemption of captives4 ,he endeavoured to found a religious order for a constant supply of men and means whereby to carry on so charitable an undertaking4 ,this design met with great obstacles in the execution2 but the ,blessed ,virgin appearing to the king1 ,s4 ,raymund of ,pennaforte1 and ,s4 ,peter ,nolasco1 the same night1 in visions1 encouraged the prosecution of this charitable scheme4 ,in the year #abbc ,s4 ,peter took the vows before the ,bishop of ,barcelona1 and he became first general of the new order1 which was entitled the ,order of ,our ,lady of ,mercy for the redemption of captives4 ,it was confirmed by ,pope ,gregory ,,ix4 in #abbe4 ,the habit is white1 with a white scapular1 and the arms of ,aragon were worn on the breast1 by desire of the king4 ,s4 ,peter1 after his religious profession1 renounced all his business at court1 and no entreaties of the king could prevail on him to appear there again1 except once1 when called to reconcile two powerful nobles1 who by their dissension had kindled a civil war4 ,he made several journeys along the coasts1 and to ,algiers to purchase captives2 on one of these expeditions he underwent imprisonment for the faith4 ,he died on ,christmas day1 #abhf4 ,almost his last words were those of the ,psalmist1 which summed up the efforts of his life1 ,the ,lord hath sent redemption unto ,his people2 ,he hath commanded ,his covenant for ever4 ,,addenda ,page #ddc1 ,s4 ,francis of ,sales1 ,b4,c4 ,when he wrote this biography the author had not access to the original materials1 as the ,acta ,sanctorum for ,january did not include ,s4 ,francis4 ,he was therefore obliged to have recourse to two modern biographies1 those of ,mr4 ,ormsby and ,lady ,herbert1 based on the ,vie de ,s4 ,franois de ,sales1 by ,m4 ,hamon1 that has gone through a good number of editions4 ,in #ahgh appeared an article1 ,two ,sides to a ,saint--,s4 ,francis de ,sales1 by the ,rev4 ,l4 ,woolsey ,bacon1 which was published in ,macmillan's ,magazine for ,september2 it was founded on the ,lives of ,s4 ,francis by ,marsollier and ,loyau d',amboise1 and ,m4 ,gabriel1 the ,protestant historian of ,geneva4 ,marsollier did not write till #agjj1 and he quoted ,cotolandi1 who composed his ,notice of the ,saint in #afhg4 ,d',amboise is unworthy of consideration1 as his work was mere romance4 ,hamon's ,life is1 on the other hand1 based on the letters of the ,saint1 and on the sworn depositions of eye-witnesses at his canonization4 ,these latter are of very little value1 as any unpartial reader who wades through such documents can assure himself4 ,anyhow they may contain1 and do contain1 fact along with some romance4 ,in ,bulls of ,canonization much fable is introduced that will not endure serious examination4 ,where biographers disagree and mutually vituperate one another as false witnesses1 our only resource is to go to the original letters of the ,saint4 ,canon ,mackey has written four essays to clear the character of ,francis of ,sales 7,london3 ,burns and ,oates4 #ahhc71 and again in ,christian ,literature1 #ahif1 and it must be admitted that he shows a good reason for mistrusting the charges brought against the ,saint4 ,mr4 ,bacon had1 for instance1 accused ,s4 ,francis of addressing a female friend as my dearest girl of my heart1 whereas the original is ,ma trs chre fille de mon coeur4 ,at the time ,s4 ,francis was a bishop of fifty-one1 and although the expression is not at all to the taste of an ,englishman1 has no more meaning than the gushing and fulsome words which close a ,french letter1 or than our ,my dear ,so-and-,so1 and ,yours sincerely4 ,mr4 ,bacon also charges the ,saint with having played fast and loose with the affections of the young lady to whom he was engaged4 ,but the evidence goes no further than to show that at the time he was moved by conflicting considerations--submission to the will of his parents and his own strong reluctance to enter the marriage state4 ,mr4 ,bacon1 moreover1 accuses the ,saint of having carried on the conversion of the ,chablais under the cover of the soldiers of the ,duke of ,savoy4 ,the circumstances seem to have been these4 ,in #aecf the ,bernese1 taking advantage of a rupture between ,france and ,savoy1 treacherously and without declaring war entered the territory of the latter power and occupied ,gex and a portion of the ,chablais4 ,they then wrecked the churches1 drove out the priests1 and forbade the exercise of the ,catholic religion4 ,in #aefd ,savoy recovered the country1 and engaged to allow therein the exercise of the ,protestant religion4 ,this agreement was faithfully observed for twenty-five years1 but in #aehi the ,genevese and ,bernese combined to reoccupy the country4 ,it was recovered by the ,duke of ,savoy1 who considered1 and justly1 that by this violation of the treaty by the ,bernese he was freed from his obligation to tolerate ,protestantism4 ,the mission of ,s4 ,francis lasted for four years from ,september #aeig1 and unquestionably he had the power of the ,duke of ,savoy at his back1 and did not scruple to invoke it4 ,but that was the way of proselytising at the time4 ,protestants and ,catholics alike leaned on the arm of flesh1 and each was equally ready to employ the sword against the other4 ,but certainly at first ,s4 ,francis was not supported by the ,duke in the manner he had expected and desired1 and also no doubt can exist that when the sword was used he employed his best endeavours to prevent its being wantonly and cruelly wielded4 ,his letters show plainly that his success in convincing the people of the ,chablais was almost nil till their fears were excited1 and they were afforded other reasons for renouncing ,protestantism than conviction that ,romanism was better4 ,the real difficulty ,s4 ,francis encountered at first was that the people would not listen to him4 ,the attitude of the people he thus describes3 ,one party do not wish to hear2 the other excuse themselves on the risk they would run if the truce were broken1 should they have shown any approval of ,catholicism2 444 others again are persuaded of the faith1 but we cannot induce them to confess it1 not knowing what will be the end of the truce 7,letter #i74 ,in ,letter #cb he asked the ,duke to allow a senator to call the citizens together1 and in his magisterial robes invite them to listen to his sermons4 ,at last conviction was supposed to be obtained1 and a profession of submission to the ,catholic faith extorted1 when the inhabitants who were contumacious were threatened with expulsion4 ,but it must be remembered that the ,protestant cantons of ,switzerland were equally intolerant1 and determined to expel recalcitrant ,catholics4 ,,end ,,of ,,vol4 #a4 ,printed by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,edinburgh ,london ,transcriber's notes3 - ,difference in spelling of ',ken-tiern' and ',kentiern' is caused by usage of words4 - ,difference in spelling of ',mnster' and ',munster' is caused by different meanings4 - ,ligatures 'ae' converted - as used_/possible in latin texts - to 'ae'4 - ,inserted ',s4' 7for ,saint7 ,theoritgitha in alphabetical list 7toc7 of ,saints4