,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is e-text is bas$ on ! #ahjb edition4 ,! orig9al spell+ has be5 reta9$1 z well z inconsi/5cies1 su* z 'musquetry'_/'musketry'1 ',du ,frne'_/'du ,fresne'1 ',melzio'_/',meltio'_/',melzi'1 etc4 ,uncommon or old-/yle spell+ has n be5 alt]$1 su* z 'opake' 7opaque71 'v]degris' 7v]digris71 'dut*ess' 7du*ess71 etc4 ,errors due to bad pr9t1 z well z m9or punctuation errors h be5 tacitly correct$4 ,9 ! text1 ! plates are ref]5c$ by us+ ,roman num]als1 :]eas ! captions ( ! plates %[ ,arabic num]als2 ! same applies to ! ,table ( ,*apt]s & ! *apt] head+s1 respectively4 ,?is inconsi/5cy has be5 reta9$4 ,footnotes relat$ to introductory *apt]s h be5 prefix$ ) ! lett] 'i' 7i#a-;i#baj72 footnotes 9 da ,v9ci's own text1 h[ev]1 are %[n 9 pla9 ,arabic num]als 7#a-ajb74 ,italic passages 9 ! orig9al v]sion h be5 plac$ betwe5 und]scores 7text72 text 9 small caps has be5 symbolis$ by =w>d sla%es 7_/small caps_/74 ,a sup]script "* has be5 d5om9at$ by a prec$+ c>et symbol 774 ,! foll[+ typographical errors h be5 correct$3 p4 xviii3 'ov]spead' -- 'ov]spread'2 ',v9cius a/ oculis' -- ',v9cius e/ oculis' p4 lxxxiii3 ',vas>i1 #cf1' -- ',vas>i1 p4 #cf' p4 lxxxv3 ',mae/rodi' -- ',mae/ro di' p4 xcii3 ',fonta9bleau' -- ',fonta9ebleau' p4 #bb3 ,plate #b3 orig9al caption po9ts to page #b2 correct$ to page #bb4 p4 #cg3 'pully' --'pulley' p4 #aag3 '&so' -- '& s' p4 #aef3 ',a ,b ,e ,d' -- ',c ,b ,e ,d' p4 #aha3 't t' -- '?an t' ,footnote #fb3 'tranf]r$' -- 'transf]r$' ,! ,table ( ,*apt]s has be5 mov$ to ! beg9n+ ( ! text = reasons ( cl>ity & compreh5sibility4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,pa9t+1 ,,by ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci4 ,pr9t$ by _/,s4 ,gosnell_/1 ,little ,que5 ,/reet1 ,holborn1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci1 f a ,picture ,9 ! ,flor5t9e ,museum4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor #ei ,high ,holborn ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,pa9t+1 ,,by ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci4 ,,fai?fully ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,orig9al ,,italian1 ,,& ,,n[ ,,fir/ ,,dige/$ ,,"u ,,prop] ,,heads1 _/,by_/ ,,john ,,francis ,,rigaud1 _/,esq4_/ ,,academician ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,academy ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,,at ,,london1 ,,& ,,also ,,( ,,! ,,academia ,,clem5t9a ,,at ,,bologna1 ,,& ,,! ,,royal ,,academy ,,at ,,/ockholm4 ,illu/rat$ ) tw5ty-?ree ,copp]-plates1 & o!r ,figures4 ,,to ,,:i* ,,is ,,prefix$ ,a ,,new ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,au?or1 ,,drawn ,,up ,,f ,,au!ntic ,,mat]ials ,,till ,,n[ ,,inaccessible1 _/,by_/ ,,john ,,sidney1 ,,hawk9s1 _/,esq4_/ ,f4,a4,s4 ,ars e/ habitus quidam faci5di v] cum ratione4 ,,ari/ot4 ,,e?ic4 ,,lib4 #f4 ,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,j4 ,,taylor1 ,,at ,,! ,,ar*itectural ,,libr>y1 ,,high ,,holborn4 ,m4,,dccc4,,ii4 ,,table ,,( ,,*apt]s4 ,! ,numb] at ! ,end ( ea* ,title ref]s to ! correspond+ ,*apt] 9 ! orig9al ,edition 9 ,italian4 ,,draw+4 ,,proportion4 ,*ap4 #a4 ,:at ! "y ,/ud5t 9 ,pa9t+ ought 9 ! fir/ ,place to le>n4 ,*apt] #a4 #b4 ,rule = a "y ,/ud5t 9 ,pa9t+4 #c4 #c4 ,h[ to discov] a "y ,man's ,disposition = ,pa9t+4 #d4 #d4 ,( ,pa9t+1 & its ,divisions4 #dg4 #e4 ,division ( ! ,figure4 #dh4 #f4 ,proportion ( ,memb]s4 #di4 #g4 ,( ,dim5sions 9 g5]al4 #agc4 #h4 ,motion1 ,*anges1 & ,proportion ( ,memb]s4 #aff4 #i4 ,! ,diff]5ce ( ,proportion betwe5 ,*ildr5 & gr[n ,m54 #afi4 #aj4 ,! ,alt]ations 9 ! ,proportion ( ! human ,body f ,infancy to full ,age4 #afg4 #aa4 ,( ! ,proportion ( ,memb]s4 #age4 #ab4 ,t e ,"p be proportion$ to its ,:ole4 #bej4 #ac4 ,( ! ,proportion ( ! ,memb]s4 #ahe4 #ad4 ,! ,dang] ( =m+ an errone\s ,judgm5t 9 reg>d to ! ,proportion & ,beauty ( ! ,p>ts4 #db4 #ae4 ,ano!r ,precept4 #ab4 #af4 ,! ,mann] ( draw+ f ,relievos1 & r5d]+ ,pap] fit = x4 #abg4 #ag4 ,( draw+ f ,ca/s or ,nature4 #ca4 #ah4 ,to draw ,figures f ,nature4 #ch4 #ai4 ,( draw+ f ,nature4 #be4 #bj4 ,( draw+ ,academy ,figures4 #cj4 #ba4 ,( /udy+ 9 ! ,d>k1 on fir/ wak+ 9 ! ,morn+1 & be=e go+ to sleep4 #ag4 #bb4 ,obs]vations on draw+ ,portraits4 #ahh4 #bc4 ,! ,me?od ( reta9+ 9 ! ,memory ! ,lik5ess ( a ,man1 s z to draw 8 ,portrait1 aft] hav+ se5 him only once4 #ahi4 #bd4 ,h[ to rememb] ! ,=m ( a ,face4 #aij4 #be4 ,t a ,pa9t] %\ld take ,pleasure 9 ! ,op9ion ( e ,body4 #ai4 ,,anatomy4 #bf4 ,:at is pr9cipally to be obs]v$ 9 ,figures4 #bac4 #bg4 ,mode ( ,/udy+4 #g4 #bh4 ,( be+ univ]sal4 #bb4 #bi4 ,a ,precept = ! ,pa9t]4 #e4 #cj4 ,( ! ,measures ( ! human ,body1 & ! b5d+ ( ,memb]s4 #agd4 #ca4 ,( ! small ,bones 9 sev]al ,jo9ts ( ! human ,body4 #bbi4 #cb4 ,memor&um to be obs]v$ by ! ,pa9t]4 #eg4 #cc4 ,! ,%\ld]s4 #aga4 #cd4 ,! ,diff]5ce ( ,jo9ts betwe5 ,*ildr5 & gr[n ,m54 #afh4 #ce4 ,( ! ,jo9ts ( ! ,f+]s4 #agj4 #cf4 ,( ! ,jo9t ( ! ,wri/4 #agf4 #cg4 ,( ! ,jo9t ( ! ,foot4 #agg4 #ch4 ,( ! ,knee4 #agh4 #ci4 ,( ! ,jo9ts4 #agi4 #dj4 ,( ! ,nak$4 #bbj4 #da4 ,( ! ,?ickness ( ! ,muscles4 #bba4 #db4 ,fat ,subjects h small ,muscles4 #bbb4 #dc4 ,:i* ( ! ,muscles disappe> 9 ! diff]5t ,motions ( ! ,body4 #bbc4 #dd4 ,( ! ,muscles4 #bbf4 #de4 ,( ! ,muscles4 #bbd4 #df4 ,! ,ext5sion & ,contraction ( ! ,muscles4 #bbg4 #dg4 ,( ! ,muscle betwe5 ! ,*e/ & ! l[] ,belly4 #bcj4 #dh4 ,( a ,man's complex ,/r5g?1 b fir/ ( ! ,arm4 #bcd4 #di4 ,9 :i* ( ! two ,actions1 ,pull+ or ,pu%+1 a ,man has ! greate/ ,p[]1 ,plate ,,ii4 #bce4 #ej4 ,( ! b5d+ ( ,memb]s1 & ( ! ,fle% r\nd ! b5d+ ,jo9t4 #bcf4 #ea4 ,( ! nak$ ,body4 #ahj4 #eb4 ,( a ,ligam5t )\t ,muscles4 #bbh4 #ec4 ,( ,creases4 #bch4 #ed4 ,h[ ne> beh9d ! ,back "o ,arm c be br\ght to ! o!r4 ,plate ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 #bcb4 #ee4 ,( ! ,muscles4 #bbe4 #ef4 ,( ! ,muscles4 #aid4 #eg4 ,( ! b5d+ ( ! ,body4 #bjd4 #eh4 ,! same ,subject4 #bje4 #ei4 ,! ,necessity ( anatomical ,k4 #dc4 ,,motion ,,& ,,equipoise ,,( ,,figures4 #fj4 ,( ! ,equipoise ( a ,figure /&+ /ill4 #bjc4 #fa4 ,motion produc$ by ! ,loss ( ,equilibrium4 #bjh4 #fb4 ,( ! ,equipoise ( ,bodies1 ,plate ,v4 #bfc4 #fc4 ,( ,positions4 #aib4 #fd4 ,( balanc+ ! ,weight r\nd ! ,c5tre ( ,gravity 9 ,bodies4 #bad4 #fe4 ,( ,figures t h to lift up1 or c>ry any ,weight4 #bae4 #ff4 ,! ,equilibrium ( a ,man /&+ ^u 8 ,feet1 ,plate ,,vi4 #bja4 #fg4 ,( ,walk+1 ,plate ,,vii4 #bjb4 #fh4 ,( ! ,c5tre ( ,gravity 9 ,m5 & ,animals4 #aii4 #fi4 ,( ! correspond+ ,?ickness ( ,p>ts on ea* ,side ( ! ,body4 #bfi4 #gj4 ,( ! ,motions ( ,animals4 #bdi4 #ga4 ,( ,quadrup$s & _! ,motions4 #bfh4 #gb4 ,( ! ,quickness or ,sl[ness ( ,motion4 #bfg4 #gc4 ,( ! ,motion ( ,animals4 #bii4 #gd4 ,( a ,figure mov+ aga9/ ! ,w9d1 ,plate ,,viii4 #bie4 #ge4 ,( ! ,balance ( a ,figure re/+ ^u its ,feet4 #bff4 #gf4 ,a ,precept4 #cej4 #gg4 ,( a ,man /&+1 b re/+ m ^u "o ,foot ?an ! o!r4 #bfd4 #gh4 ,( ! ,balance ( ,figures1 ,plate ,,ix4 #bji4 #gi4 ,9 :at ,mann] ext5d+ "o ,arm alt]s ! ,balance4 #aih4 #hj4 ,( a ,man be>+ a ,weight on 8 ,%\ld]s1 ,plate ,x4 #bjj4 #ha4 ,( ,equilibrium4 #bjf4 #hb4 ,( ,motion4 #aie4 #hc4 ,! ,level ( ! ,%\ld]s4 #aif4 #hd4 ,objection to ! above answ]$1 ,plate ,,xi4 & ,,xii4 #aig4 #he4 ,( ! ,position ( ,figures1 ,plate ,,xiii4 #hi4 #hf4 ,( ! ,jo9ts4 #ahd4 #hg4 ,( ! ,%\ld]s4 #agb4 #hh4 ,( ! ,motions ( a ,man4 #bjg4 #hi4 ,( ! ,disposition ( ,memb]s prep>+ to act ) great ,=ce1 ,plate ,,xiv4 #bcc4 #ij4 ,( ?r[+ any ,?+ ) ,viol5ce1 ,plate ,,xv4 #bfa4 #ia4 ,on ! ,motion ( driv+ any ,?+ into or draw+ x out ( ! ,gr\nd4 #bfb4 #ib4 ,( =cible ,motions1 ,plate ,,xvi4 #aha4 #ic4 ,! ,action ( ,jump+4 #bfj4 #id4 ,( ! ?ree ,motions 9 jump+ upw>ds4 #bgj4 #ie4 ,( ! easy ,motions ( ,memb]s4 #baa4 #if4 ,! greate/ ,twi/ :i* a ,man c make1 9 turn+ to look at himself beh9d1 ,plate ,,xvii4 #bca4 #ig4 ,( turn+ ! ,leg )\t ! ,?igh4 #bcg4 #ih4 ,po/ures ( ,figures4 #bfe4 #ii4 ,( ! ,gracefulness ( ! ,memb]s4 #baj4 #ajj4 ,t x is impossible = any ,memory to reta9 ! ,aspects & ,*anges ( ! ,memb]s4 #bga4 #aja4 ,! ,motions ( ,figures4 #bdb4 #ajb4 ,( common ,motions4 #bdh4 #ajc4 ,( simple ,motions4 #bci4 #ajd4 ,complex ,motions4 #bdj4 #aje4 ,motions appropriat$ to ! ,subject4 #bda4 #ajf4 ,appropriate ,motions4 #bde4 #ajg4 ,( ! ,po/ures ( ,wom5 & "y ,p4 #bei4 #ajh4 ,( ! ,po/ures ( ,*ildr54 #beh4 #aji4 ,( ! ,motion ( ! ,memb]s4 #ahf4 #aaj4 ,( m5tal ,motions4 #bdf4 #aaa4 ,effect ( ! ,m9d ^u ! ,motions ( ! ,body1 occasion$ by "s outw>d ,object4 #bdg4 ,,l9e> ,,p]spective4 #aab4 ,( ^? :o apply !mselves to ! ,practice1 )\t hav+ le>nt ! ,!ory ( ! ,art4 #bc4 #aac4 ,precepts 9 ,pa9t+4 #cdi4 #aad4 ,( ! ,b\nd>ies ( ,objects call$ ,outl9es or ,cont\rs4 #bia4 #aae4 ,( l9e> ,p]spective4 #cbb4 #aaf4 ,:at ,p>ts ( ,objects disappe> fir/ by ,di/ance4 #cah4 #aag4 ,( remote ,objects4 #caf4 #aah4 ,( ! ,po9t ( ,sight4 #bha4 #aai4 ,a ,picture is to be view$ f "o ,po9t only4 #ei4 #abj4 ,( ! ,dim5sions ( ! fir/ ,figure 9 an hi/orical ,pa9t+4 #ia4 #aba4 ,( ,objects t are lo/ to ! ,sight1 9 ,proportion to _! ,di/ance4 #bib4 #abb4 ,errors n s easily se5 9 small ,objects z 9 l>ge ones4 #eb4 #abc4 ,hi/orical ,subjects "o above ano!r on ! same ,wall to be avoid$4 #ed4 #abd4 ,:y ,objects 9 ,pa9t+ c nev] deta* z natural ,objects d4 #ec4 #abe4 ,h[ to give ! prop] ,dim5sion to ,objects 9 ,pa9t+4 #ga4 #abf4 ,h[ to draw accurately any p>ticul> ,spot4 #cb4 #abg4 ,disproportion to be avoid$1 ev5 9 ! accessory ,p>ts4 #bij4 ,,inv5tion _/or_/ ,,composition4 #abh4 ,precept = avoid+ a bad ,*oice 9 ! ,/yle or ,proportion ( ,figures4 #de4 #abi4 ,v>iety 9 ,figures4 #ba4 #acj4 ,h[ a ,pa9t] ought to proce$ 9 8 ,/udies4 #f4 #aca4 ,( sket*+ ,hi/ories & ,figures4 #ac4 #acb4 ,h[ to /udy ,composition4 #if4 #acc4 ,( ! ,attitudes ( ,m54 #baf4 #acd4 ,v>iety ( ,positions4 #bag4 #ace4 ,( ,/udies f ,nature = ,hi/ory4 #cg4 #acf4 ,( ! ,v>iety ( ,figures 9 ,hi/ory ,pa9t+4 #id4 #acg4 ,( ,v>iety 9 ,hi/ory4 #ig4 #ach4 ,( ! ,age ( ,figures4 #beb4 #aci4 ,( ,v>iety ( ,faces4 #ih4 #adj4 ,a ,fault 9 ,pa9t]s4 #dd4 #ada4 ,h[ y may le>n to compose ,gr\ps = ,hi/ory ,pa9t+4 #ij4 #adb4 ,h[ to /udy ! ,motions ( ! human ,body4 #ie4 #adc4 ,( ,dresses1 & ( ,drap]ies & ,folds4 #ceh4 #add4 ,( ! ,nature ( ,folds 9 ,drap]ies4 #cei4 #ade4 ,h[ ! ,folds ( ,drap]ies ought to be repres5t$1 ,plate ,,xviii4 #cfj4 #adf4 ,h[ ! ,folds 9 ,drap]ies ought to be made4 #cfa4 #adg4 ,=e-%ort5+ ( ,folds1 ,plate ,,xix4 #cfb4 #adh4 ,( ,folds4 #cfd4 #adi4 ,( ,decorum4 #bea4 #aej4 ,! ,"* ( ,figures 9 ,composition4 #bec4 #aea4 ,! ,motion ( ! ,muscles1 :5 ! ,figures are 9 natural ,positions4 #aic4 #aeb4 ,a ,precept 9 ,pa9t+4 #eh4 #aec4 ,( ! ,motion ( ,man1 ,plate ,,xx4 & ,,xxi4 #ahb4 #aed4 ,( ,attitudes1 & ! ,motions ( ! ,memb]s4 #ahc4 #aee4 ,( a s+le ,figure sep>ate f an hi/orical ,gr\p4 #bab4 #aef4 ,on ! ,attitudes ( ! human ,figure4 #bah4 #aeg4 ,h[ to repres5t a ,/orm4 #ff4 #aeh4 ,h[ to compose a ,battle4 #fg4 #aei4 ,! ,repres5tation ( an ,orator & 8 ,audi5ce4 #bed4 #afj4 ,( demon/rative ,ge/ures4 #bdc4 #afa4 ,( ! ,attitudes ( ! ,by-/&]s at "s rem>kable ,ev5t4 #bai4 #afb4 ,h[ to repres5t ,night4 #fe4 #afc4 ,! ,me?od ( awak5+ ! ,m9d to a ,v>iety ( ,inv5tions4 #af4 #afd4 ,( ,composition 9 ,hi/ory4 #ic4 ,,expression _/&_/ ,,"*4 #afe4 ,( expressive ,motions4 #ej4 #aff4 ,h[ to pa9t ,*ildr54 #fa4 #afg4 ,h[ to repres5t old ,m54 #fb4 #afh4 ,h[ to pa9t old ,wom54 #fc4 #afi4 ,h[ to pa9t ,wom54 #fd4 #agj4 ,( ! ,v>iety ( ,faces4 #bdd4 #aga4 ,! ,p>ts ( ! ,face1 & _! ,motions4 #ahg4 #agb4 ,laugh+ & ,weep+4 #beg4 #agc4 ,( ,ang]4 #bee4 #agd4 ,despair4 #bef4 ,,light _/&_/ ,,%ad[4 #age4 ,! ,c\rse ( ,/udy to be pursu$4 #b4 #agf4 ,:i* ( ! two is ! mo/ useful ,k1 ! ,outl9es ( ,figures1 or t ( ,light & ,%ad[4 #ef4 #agg4 ,:i* is ! mo/ important1 ! ,%ad[ or ,outl9es 9 ,pa9t+4 #bgg4 #agh4 ,:at is a ,pa9t]'s fir/ ,aim & ,object4 #cje4 #agi4 ,! ,diff]5ce ( ,sup]ficies1 9 reg>d to ,pa9t+4 #bgh4 #ahj4 ,h[ a ,pa9t] may become univ]sal4 #aj4 #aha4 ,accuracy ought to be le>nt be=e ,dispat* 9 ! ,execution4 #ah4 #ahb4 ,h[ ! ,pa9t] is to place himself 9 reg>d to ! ,light1 & 8 ,model4 #dj4 #ahc4 ,( ! be/ ,light4 #da4 #ahd4 ,( draw+ by ,c&le-light4 #cd4 #ahe4 ,( ^? ,pa9t]s :o draw at ,home f "o ,light1 & aft]w>ds adapt _! ,/udies to ano!r ,situation 9 ! ,c\ntry1 & a diff]5t ,light4 #df4 #ahf4 ,h[ high ! ,light %\ld be 9 draw+ f ,nature4 #bg4 #ahg4 ,:at ,light ! ,pa9t] mu/ make use ( to give mo/ ,relief to 8 ,figures4 #ee4 #ahh4 ,advice to ,pa9t]s4 #bf4 #ahi4 ,( ,%ad[s4 #fj4 #aij4 ,( ! ,k9d ( ,light prop] = draw+ f ,relievos1 or f ,nature4 #bi4 #aia4 ,:e!r ! ,light %\ld be admitt$ 9 ,front or sideways2 & :i* is ! mo/ pleas+ & graceful4 #gd4 #aib4 ,( ! ,diff]5ce ( ,lights accord+ to ! ,situation4 #bhi4 #aic4 ,h[ to di/ribute ! ,light on ,figures4 #bgi4 #aid4 ,( ! ,beauty ( ,faces4 #aia4 #aie4 ,h[1 9 draw+ a ,face1 to give x ,grace1 by ! ,managem5t ( ,light & ,%ade4 #ce4 #aif4 ,h[ to give ,grace & ,relief to ,faces4 #bhg4 #aig4 ,( ! ,t]m9ation ( ,bodies ^u ea* o!r4 #bid4 #aih4 ,( ! ,back-gr\nds ( pa9t$ ,objects4 #aed4 #aii4 ,h[ to deta* & br+ =w>d ,figures out ( _! ,back-gr\nd4 #bhh4 #bjj4 ,( prop] ,back-gr\nds4 #ada4 #bja4 ,( ! g5]al ,light diffus$ ov] ,figures4 #cjc4 #bjb4 ,( ^? ,p>ts 9 ,%ad[s :i* appe> ! d>ke/ at a ,di/ance4 #cbg4 #bjc4 ,( ! ,eye view+ ! ,folds ( ,drap]ies surr\nd+ a ,figure4 #cfc4 #bjd4 ,( ! ,relief ( ,figures remote f ! ,eye4 #ccf4 #bje4 ,( ,outl9es ( ,objects on ! ,side t[>ds ! ,light4 #ccg4 #bjf4 ,h[ to make ,objects deta* f _! ,gr\nd1 t is to say1 f ! ,surface on :i* !y are pa9t$4 #cdb4 ,,contra/e ,,& ,,effect4 #bjg4 ,a ,precept4 #cdc4 #bjh4 ,( ! ,int]position ( transp>5t ,bodies betwe5 ! ,eye & ! ,object4 #ceg4 #bji4 ,( prop] ,back-gr\nds = ,figures4 #bhc4 #baj4 ,( ,back-gr\nds4 #afj4 ,,reflexes4 #baa4 ,( ,objects plac$ on a light ,gr\nd1 & :y su* a ,practice is useful 9 ,pa9t+4 #aei4 #bab4 ,( ! diff]5t ,effects ( ,:ite1 accord+ to ! ,diff]5ce ( ,back-gr\nds4 #aci4 #bac4 ,( ,rev]b]ation4 #ge4 #bad4 ,:]e !re _c be any ,rev]b]ation ( ,light4 #gf4 #bae4 ,9 :at ,"p ! ,reflexes h m or less ,brightness4 #gi4 #baf4 ,( ! reflect$ ,lights :i* surr\nd ! ,%ad[s4 #gh4 #bag4 ,:]e ,reflexes are to be mo/ app>5t4 #hb4 #bah4 ,:at ,"p ( a ,reflex is to be ! lighte/4 #hj4 #bai4 ,( ! ,t]m9ation ( ,reflexes on _! ,gr\nds4 #hh4 #bbj4 ,( d\ble & treble ,reflexions ( ,light4 #hc4 #bba4 ,reflexes 9 ! ,wat]1 & p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,air4 #ace4 ,,col\rs _/&_/ ,,col\r+4 ,,col\rs4 #bbb4 ,:at ,surface is be/ calculat$ to receive mo/ ,col\rs4 #abc4 #bbc4 ,:at ,surface w %ew mo/ p]fectly its true ,col\r4 #abe4 #bbd4 ,on :at ,surface ! true ,col\r is lea/ app>5t4 #aca4 #bbe4 ,:at ,surfaces %ew mo/ ( _! true & g5u9e ,col\r4 #acb4 #bbf4 ,( ! ,mixture ( ,col\rs4 #aba4 #bbg4 ,( ! ,col\rs produc$ by ! ,mixture ( o!r ,col\rs1 call$ second>y ,col\rs4 #afa4 #bbh4 ,( ,v]degris4 #aai4 #bbi4 ,h[ to increase ! ,beauty ( ,v]degris4 #abj4 #bcj4 ,h[ to pa9t a ,picture t w la/ almo/ = ev]4 #ceb4 #bca4 ,! ,mode ( pa9t+ on ,canvass1 or ,l95 ,clo?4 #cec4 #bcb4 ,( lively & beautiful ,col\rs4 #ajj4 #bcc4 ,( transp>5t ,col\rs4 #aac4 #bcd4 ,9 :at ,"p a ,col\r w appe> 9 its greate/ ,beauty4 #aad4 #bce4 ,h[ any ,col\r )\t ,gloss1 is m beautiful 9 ! ,lights ?an 9 ! ,%ades4 #aae4 #bcf4 ,( ! ,appe>ance ( ,col\rs4 #aaf4 #bcg4 ,:at ,"p ( a ,col\r is to be ! mo/ beautiful4 #aag4 #bch4 ,t ! ,beauty ( a ,col\r is to be f\nd 9 ! ,lights4 #aah4 #bci4 ,( ,col\rs4 #aaa4 #bdj4 ,no ,object appe>s 9 its true ,col\r1 unless ! ,light :i* /rikes ^u x be ( ! same ,col\r4 #aej4 #bda4 ,( ! ,col\r ( ,%ad[s4 #adg4 #bdb4 ,( ,col\rs4 #aec4 #bdc4 ,:e!r x be possible = all ,col\rs to appe> alike by means ( ! same ,%ad[4 #aji4 #bdd4 ,:y ,:ite is n reckon$ among ! ,col\rs4 #aee4 #bde4 ,( ,col\rs4 #aef4 #bdf4 ,( ! ,col\r+ ( remote ,objects4 #cci4 #bdg4 ,! ,surface ( all opake ,bodies p>ticipates ( ! ,col\r ( ! surr\nd+ ,objects4 #bih4 #bdh4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ,col\rs4 #afb4 ,,col\rs ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,light ,,& ,,%ad[4 #bdi4 ,( ! ,light prop] = pa9t+ ,fle% ,col\r f ,nature4 #cf4 #bej4 ,( ! ,pa9t]'s ,w9d[4 #bif4 #bea4 ,! ,%ad[s ( ,col\rs4 #aja4 #beb4 ,( ! ,%ad[s ( ,:ite4 #ajd4 #bec4 ,:i* ( ! ,col\rs w produce ! d>ke/ ,%ade4 #aje4 #bed4 ,h[ to manage1 :5 a ,:ite t]m9ates ^u ano!r ,:ite4 #ach4 #bee4 ,on ! ,back-gr\nds ( ,figures4 #adj4 #bef4 ,! ,mode ( compos+ ,hi/ory4 #ib4 #beg4 ,rem>ks conc]n+ ,lights & ,%ad[s4 #cjb4 #beh4 ,:y ! ,%ad[s ( ,bodies ^u a :ite ,wall are bluei% t[>ds ! ,ev5+4 #cbh4 #bei4 ,( ! ,col\r ( ,faces4 #abf4 #bfj4 ,a ,precept relat+ to ,pa9t+4 #bhd4 #bfa4 ,( ,col\rs 9 ,%ad[4 #aeh4 #bfb4 ,( ! ,*oice ( ,lights4 #bh4 ,,col\rs ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,back-,,gr\nds4 #bfc4 ,( avoid+ h>d ,outl9es4 #ea4 #bfd4 ,( ,outl9es4 #cch4 #bfe4 ,( ,back-gr\nds4 #ccd4 #bff4 ,h[ to deta* ,figures f ! ,gr\nd4 #gj4 #bfg4 ,( ,uni=mity & ,v>iety ( ,col\rs ^u pla9 ,surfaces4 #cjd4 #bfh4 ,( ,back-gr\nds suitable bo? to ,%ad[s & ,lights4 #acg4 #bfi4 ,! app>5t ,v>iation ( ,col\rs1 occasion$ by ! ,contra/e ( ! ,gr\nd ^u :i* !y are plac$4 #aab4 ,,contra/e1 ,,h>mony1 ,,& ,,reflexes1 ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,col\rs4 #bgj4 ,gradation 9 ,pa9t+4 #add4 #bga4 ,h[ to assort ,col\rs 9 su* a ,mann] z t !y may add ,beauty to ea* o!r4 #ii4 #bgb4 ,( deta*+ ! ,figures4 #gc4 #bgc4 ,( ! ,col\r ( ,reflexes4 #hg4 #bgd4 ,:at ,body w be ! mo/ /rongly t+$ ) ! ,col\r ( any o!r ,object4 #abd4 #bge4 ,( ,reflexes4 #gg4 #bgf4 ,( ! ,surface ( all %ad[$ ,bodies4 #abb4 #bgg4 ,t no reflect$ ,col\r is simple1 b is mix$ ) ! ,nature ( ! o!r ,col\rs4 #hd4 #bgh4 ,( ! ,col\r ( ,lights & ,reflexes4 #aeg4 #bgi4 ,:y reflect$ ,col\rs seldom p>take ( ! ,col\r ( ! ,body :]e !y meet4 #he4 #bhj4 ,! ,reflexes ( ,fle% ,col\rs4 #ha4 #bha4 ,( ! ,nature ( ,comp>ison4 #adf4 #bhb4 ,:]e ! ,reflexes are se54 #hf4 ,,p]spective ,,( ,,col\rs4 #bhc4 ,a ,precept ( ,p]spective 9 reg>d to ,pa9t+4 #ced4 #bhd4 ,( ! ,p]spective ( ,col\rs4 #acd4 #bhe4 ,! ,cause ( ! ,dim9ution ( ,col\rs4 #acf4 #bhf4 ,( ! ,dim9ution ( ,col\rs & ,objects4 #cef4 #bhg4 ,( ! ,v>iety obs]vable 9 ,col\rs1 accord+ to _! ,di/ance or ,proximity4 #ajb4 #bhh4 ,at :at ,di/ance ,col\rs are entirely lo/4 #ajc4 #bhi4 ,( ! ,*ange obs]vable 9 ! same ,col\r1 accord+ to its ,di/ance f ! ,eye4 #abh4 #bij4 ,( ! bluei% ,appe>ance ( remote ,objects 9 a ,l&scape4 #cag4 #bia4 ,( ! ,qualities 9 ! ,surface :i* fir/ lose !mselves by ,di/ance4 #bic4 #bib4 ,f :at ,cause ! ,azure ( ! ,air proce$s4 #aea4 #bic4 ,( ! ,p]spective ( ,col\rs4 #ajg4 #bid4 ,( ! ,p]spective ( ,col\rs 9 d>k ,places4 #adh4 #bie4 ,( ! ,p]spective ( ,col\rs4 #adi4 #bif4 ,( ,col\rs4 #aeb4 #big4 ,h[ x happ5s t ,col\rs d n *ange1 ?\gh plac$ 9 diff]5t ,qualities ( ,air4 #ajh4 #bih4 ,:y ,col\rs exp]i5ce no app>5t ,*ange1 ?\gh plac$ 9 diff]5t ,qualities ( ,air4 #ajf4 #bii4 ,contr>y ,op9ions 9 reg>d to ,objects se5 af> (f4 #adb4 #cjj4 ,( ! ,col\r ( ,objects remote f ! ,eye4 #adc4 #cja4 ,( ! ,col\r ( ,m\nta9s4 #afc4 #cjb4 ,:y ! ,col\r & ,%ape ( ,objects are lo/ 9 "s ,situations app>5tly d>k1 ?\gh n s 9 ,reality4 #aaj4 #cjc4 ,v>i\s ,precepts 9 ,pa9t+4 #cdj4 ,,a]ial ,,p]spective4 #cjd4 ,a]ial ,p]spective4 #afe4 #cje4 ,! ,p>ts ( ! smalle/ ,objects w fir/ disappe> 9 ,pa9t+4 #cjf4 #cjf4 ,small ,figures ought n to be too mu* f9i%$4 #bhb4 #cjg4 ,:y ! ,air is to appe> :it] z x approa*es ne>] to ! ,e>?4 #fi4 #cjh4 ,h[ to pa9t ! di/ant ,"p ( a ,l&scape4 #fh4 #cji4 ,( precise & confus$ ,objects4 #gb4 #caj4 ,( di/ant ,objects4 #cee4 #caa4 ,( ,build+s se5 9 a ?ick ,air4 #cab4 #cab4 ,( ,t[ns & o!r ,objects se5 ?r\gh a ?ick ,air4 #cji4 #cac4 ,( ! inf]ior ,extremities ( di/ant ,objects4 #cae4 #cad4 ,:i* ,p>ts ( ,objects disappe> fir/ by be+ remov$ f>!r f ! ,eye1 & :i* pres]ve _! ,appe>ance4 #cba4 #cae4 ,:y ,objects are less di/+ui%$ 9 proportion z !y are f>!r remov$ f ! ,eye4 #cai4 #caf4 ,:y ,faces appe> d>k at a ,di/ance4 #cbj4 #cag4 ,( ,t[ns & o!r ,build+s se5 ?r\gh a ,fog 9 ! ,morn+ or ,ev5+4 #cbe4 #cah4 ,( ! ,height ( ,build+s se5 9 a ,fog4 #cbd4 #cai4 ,:y ,objects :i* are high1 appe> d>k] at a ,di/ance ?an ^? :i* are l[1 ?\gh ! ,fog be uni=m1 & ( equal ,?ickness4 #cbf4 #cbj4 ,( ,objects se5 9 a ,fog4 #cbc4 #cba4 ,( ^? ,objects :i* ! ,eye p]ceives ?r\gh a ,mi/ or ?ick ,air4 #caa4 #cbb4 ,miscellane\s ,obs]vations4 #cjh4 ,,miscellane\s ,,obs]vations4 ,,l&scape4 #cbc4 ,( ,objects se5 at a ,di/ance4 #cac4 #cbd4 ,( a ,t[n se5 ?r\gh a ?ick ,air4 #cad4 #cbe4 ,h[ to draw a ,l&scape4 #cc4 #cbf4 ,( ! ,gre5 ( ! ,c\ntry4 #abi4 #cbg4 ,:at ,gre5s w appe> mo/ ( a bluei% ,ca/4 #acj4 #cbh4 ,! ,col\r ( ! ,sea f diff]5t ,aspects4 #ade4 #cbi4 ,:y ! same ,prospect appe>s l>g] at "s ,times ?an at o!rs4 #cjg4 #ccj4 ,( ,smoke4 #cca4 #cca4 ,9 :at ,"p ,smoke is lighte/4 #cbi4 #ccb4 ,( ! ,sun-beams pass+ ?r\gh ! ,op5+s ( ,cl\ds4 #caj4 #ccc4 ,( ! ,beg9n+ ( ,ra94 #cdg4 #ccd4 ,! ,seasons are to be obs]v$4 #cde4 #cce4 ,! ,diff]5ce ( ,climates is to be obs]v$4 #cdd4 #ccf4 ,( ,du/4 #ccj4 #ccg4 ,h[ to repres5t ! ,w9d4 #cdf4 #cch4 ,( a ,wild]ness4 #bhe4 #cci4 ,( ! ,horizon se5 9 ! ,wat]4 #cfe4 #cdj4 ,( ! ,%ad[ ( ,bridges on ! ,surface ( ! ,wat]4 #cdh4 #cda4 ,h[ a ,pa9t] ought to put 9 ,practice ! ,p]spective ( ,col\rs4 #afd4 #cdb4 ,v>i\s ,precepts 9 ,pa9t+4 #ccb4 #cdc4 ,! ,brilliancy ( a ,l&scape4 #acc4 ,,miscellane\s ,,obs]vations4 #cdd4 ,:y a pa9t$ ,object does n appe> s f> di/ant z a real "o1 ?\gh !y be convey$ to ! ,eye by equal ,angles4 #ccc4 #cde4 ,h[ to draw a ,figure /&+ ^u its ,feet1 to appe> =ty ,braccia high1 9 a ,space ( tw5ty ,braccia1 ) proportionate ,memb]s4 #cjj4 #cdf4 ,h[ to draw a ,figure tw5ty-f\r ,braccia high1 ^u a ,wall twelve ,braccia high4 ,plate ,,xxii4 #cja4 #cdg4 ,:y1 on measur+ a ,face1 & !n pa9t+ x ( ! same ,size1 x w appe> l>g] ?an ! natural "o4 #big4 #cdh4 ,:y ! mo/ p]fect ,imitation ( ,nature w n appe> to h ! same ,relief z ,nature itself4 #cda4 #cdi4 ,univ]sality ( ,pa9t+4 ,a ,precept4 #i4 #cej4 ,9 :at ,mann] ! ,mirror is ! true ,ma/] ( ,pa9t]s4 #bge4 #cea4 ,:i* ,pa9t+ is to be e/eem$ ! be/4 #bgf4 #ceb4 ,( ! ,judgm5t to be made ( a ,pa9t]'s ,"w4 #cce4 #cec4 ,h[ to make an imag9>y ,animal appe> natural4 #bhf4 #ced4 ,pa9t]s are n to imitate "o ano!r4 #bd4 #cee4 ,h[ to judge ( "o's own ,"w4 #bgd4 #cef4 ,( correct+ ,errors :i* y discov]4 #ad4 #ceg4 ,! be/ ,place = look+ at a ,picture4 #bhj4 #ceh4 ,( ,judgm5t4 #ae4 #cei4 ,( ,employm5t anxi\sly wi%$ = by ,pa9t]s4 #bgb4 #cfj4 ,advice to ,pa9t]s4 #h4 #cfa4 ,( ,/atu>y4 #cea4 #cfb4 ,on ! ,measurem5t & ,division ( ,/atues into ,p>ts4 #ci4 #cfc4 ,a ,precept = ! ,pa9t]4 #aa4 #cfd4 ,on ! ,judgm5t ( ,pa9t]s4 #bgc4 #cfe4 ,t a ,man ought n to tru/ to himself1 b ought to consult ,nature4 #bj4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,translation4 ,! excell5ce ( ! foll[+ ,treatise is s well kn[n to all 9 any tol]able degree conv]sant ) ! ,art ( ,pa9t+1 t x w\ld be almo/ sup]flu\s to say any ?+ respect+ x1 7 x n t x "h appe>s "u ! =m ( a new translation1 ( :i* "s acc\nt may be expect$4 ,( ! orig9al ,"w1 :i* is 9 reality a selection f ! volum9\s manuscript collections ( ! ,au?or1 bo? 9 folio & qu>to1 ( all su* passages z relat$ to ,pa9t+1 no edition appe>$ 9 pr9t till #afea1 ?\gh its ,au?or di$ s long be=e z ! ye> #aeai2 & x is ow+ to ! circum/ance ( a manuscript copy ( ^! extracts 9 ! orig9al ,italian1 hav+ fall5 into ! h&s ( ,raphael du ,fresne2 t 9 ! =m] ( ^! ye>s x 0 publi%$ at ,p>is 9 a ?9 folio volume 9 t language1 accompani$ ) a set ( cuts f ! draw+s ( ,nicolo ,p\ss91 & ,alb]ti2 ! =m] hav+ design$ ! human figures1 ! latt] ! geometrical & o!r repres5tations4 ,?is precaution 0 probably necess>y1 ! sket*es 9 ! ,au?or's own collections be+ s v slight z n to be fit = publication )\t fur!r assi/ance4 ,p\ss9's draw+s 7 m]e outl9es1 & ! %ad[s & back-gr\nds beh9d ! figures 7 add$ by ,err>d1 aft] ! draw+s _h be5 made1 &1 z ,p\ss9 himself says1 )\t 8 k4 ,9 ! same ye>1 & size1 & pr9t$ at ! same place1 a translation ( ! orig9al "w into ,fr5* 0 giv5 to ! _w by ,monsieur de ,*ambray 7well kn[n1 "u 8 family "n ( ,fre>t1 z ! au?or ( an excell5t ,p>allel ( anci5t & mod]n ,ar*itecture1 9 ,fr5*1 :i* ,mr4 ,evelyn translat$ into ,engli%74 ,! /yle ( ?is translation by ,mons4 de ,*ambray1 be+ ?\ght1 "s ye>s aft]1 too antiquat$1 "s "o 0 employ$ to revise & mod]nise x2 & 9 #agaf a new edition ( x1 ?us poli%$1 came out1 ( :i* x may be truly said1 z is 9 g5]al ! case on su* occasions1 t :atev] ! suppos$ advantage obta9$ 9 purity & ref9em5t ( language might be1 x 0 m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! want ( ! m valuable qualities ( accuracy1 & fidelity to ! orig9al1 f :i*1 by ^! v>iations1 x became fur!r remov$4 ,! fir/ translation ( ?is ,treatise into ,engli%1 appe>$ 9 ! ye> #agba4 ,x does n decl>e by :om x 0 made2 b ?\gh x pr(esses to h be5 done f ! orig9al ,italian1 x is evid5t1 ^u a comp>ison1 t m use 0 made ( ! revis$ edition ( ! ,fr5* translation4 ,indiff]5t1 h[ev]1 z x is1 x _h become s sc>ce1 & ris5 to a price s extravagant1 t1 to supply ! dem&1 x 0 f\nd necess>y1 9 ! ye> #agif1 to repr9t x z x /ood1 ) all its errors on its head1 no opportunity !n (f]+ ( procur+ a fre% translation4 ,?is la/ impression1 h[ev]1 be+ n[ also dispos$ (1 & a new "o aga9 call$ =1 ! pres5t ,translator 0 induc$ to /ep =w>d1 & und]take ! (fice ( fre% translat+ x1 on f9d+1 by comp>+ ! =m] v]sions bo? 9 ,fr5* & ,engli% ) ! orig9al1 _m passages :i* he ?\ght might at once be m concisely & m fai?fully r5d]$4 ,8 object1 !re=e1 has be5 to atta9 ^! ends1 & z rules & precepts l ! pres5t all[ b little room = ! decorations ( /yle1 he has be5 m solicit\s = fidelity1 p]spicuity1 & precision1 ?an = smoo? s5t5ces1 & well-turn$ p]iods4 ,nor 0 ?is ! only advantage :i* x 0 f\nd ! pres5t opportunity w\ld af=d2 = ! orig9al "w consi/+ 9 fact ( a numb] ( entries made at diff]5t times1 )\t any reg>d to _! subjects1 or att5tion to me?od1 might r 9 t /ate be consid]$ z a *aos ( intellig5ce1 ?an a well-dige/$ treatise4 ,x has n[1 !re=e1 = ! fir/ "t1 be5 attempt$ to place ea* *apt] "u ! prop] head or bran* ( ! art to :i* x belongs2 & by s do+1 to br+ toge!r ^? :i* 7?\gh relat$ & ne>ly connect$ 9 sub/ance7 /ood1 accord+ to ! orig9al arrangem5t1 at su* a di/ance f ea* o!r z to make x tr\blesome to f9d !m ev5 by ! assi/ance ( an index2 & difficult1 :5 f\nd1 to comp>e !m toge!r4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is plan1 x mu/ be confess$1 has be51 t 9 a few in/ances ! same precept has be5 f\nd 9 sub/ance repeat$2 b ?is is s f> f be+ an objection1 t x evid5tly proves ! precepts 7 n ! ha/y op9ions ( ! mom5t1 b settl$ & fix$ pr9ciples 9 ! m9d ( ! ,au?or1 & t he 0 consi/5t 9 ! expression ( 8 s5tim5ts4 ,b if ?is mode ( arrangem5t has 9 ! pres5t case disclos$ :at might h escap$ obs]vation1 x has also be5 productive ( m mat]ial advantages2 =1 besides facilitat+ ! f9d+ ( any p>ticul> passage 7an object 9 itself ( no small importance71 x cle>ly %ews ! "w to be a mu* m complete sy/em ?an ^? be/ acqua9t$ ) x1 _h be=e any idea (1 & t _m ( ! ref]5ces 9 x app>5tly to o!r writ+s ( ! same ,au?or1 relate 9 fact only to ! pres5t1 ! *apt]s ref]r$ to hav+ be5 f\nd 9 x4 ,^! are n[ po9t$ out 9 ! notes1 & :]e any obscurity has occurr$ 9 ! text1 ! read] w f9d "s assi/ance at lea/ attempt$ by ! ins]tion ( a note to solve ! difficulty4 ,no pa9s or exp5se h be5 sp>$ 9 prep>+ ! pres5t "w = ! press4 ,! cuts h be5 re-engrav5 ) m att5tion to correctness 9 ! draw+1 ?an ^? :i* accompani$ ! two editions ( ! =m] ,engli% translation possess$ 7ev5 ?\gh !y _h be5 fre% engrav5 = ! impression ( #agif72 & ! diagrams are n[ ins]t$ 9 _! prop] places 9 ! text1 in/ead ( be+1 z be=e1 collect$ all toge!r 9 two plates at ! end4 ,besides ?is1 a new ,life ( ! ,au?or has be5 also add$ by a ,fri5d ( ! ,translator1 ! mat]ials = :i* h be5 furni%$1 n f vague reports1 or unc]ta9 conjectures1 b f memor&a ( ! ,au?or himself1 n be=e us$4 ,=tunately = ?is und]tak+1 ! manuscript collections ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 :i* h lately pass$ f ,italy into ,france1 h1 s9ce _! removal ?i!r1 be5 c>efully inspect$1 & an ab/ract ( _! cont5ts publi%$ 9 a qu>to pamphlet1 pr9t$ at ,p>is 9 #agig1 & intitl$1 ,essai sur les ,ouvrages physico-ma!matiques de ,leon>d de ,v9ci2 by ,j4 ,b4 ,v5turi1 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy at ,mod5a2 a ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,bologna1 c4 ,f ?is pamphlet a great deal ( orig9al intellig5ce respect+ ! ,au?or has be5 obta9$1 :i*1 d]iv$ z x is f 8 own in=mation1 c\ld n possibly be f\nd$ on bett] evid5ce4 ,to ?is ,life we %all ref] ! read] = a fur!r acc\nt ( ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! pres5t ,treatise1 conceiv+ we h already effect$ our purpose1 by "h giv+ him a suffici5t idea ( :at he is to expect f ! ensu+ pages4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ! ,au?or ( ! foll[+ ,treatise1 0 ! natural son ( ,pietro da ,v9ci1 a not>y ( ,v9ci1 9 ,tuscanyi#a1 a village situat$ 9 ! valley ( ,arno1 a little bel[ ,flor5ce1 & 0 born 9 ! ye> #adeb;i#b4 ,hav+ discov]$1 :5 a *ild1 a /rong incl9ation & tal5t = pa9t+1 ( :i* he _h giv5 pro(s by sev]al little draw+s & sket*es2 8 fa!r "o day accid5tally took up "s ( !m1 & 0 induc$ to %ew !m to 8 fri5d ,&rea ,v]oc*io1 a pa9t] ( "s reputation 9 ,flor5ce1 :o 0 also a *as]1 an ar*itect1 a sculptor1 & goldsmi?1 = 8 advice1 z to ! propriety ( br++ up 8 son to ! pr(ession ( pa9t+1 & ! probability ( 8 becom+ em95t 9 ! art4 ,! answ] ( ,v]oc*io 0 su* z to confirm him 9 t resolution2 & ,leon>do1 to fit him = t purpose1 0 accord+ly plac$ "u ! tuition ( ,v]oc*ioi#c4 ,z ,v]oc*io comb9$ 9 himself a p]fect k ( ! arts ( *as+ & sculpture1 & 0 a deep pr(ici5t 9 ar*itecture1 ,leon>do _h 9 ?is situation ! means & opportunity ( acquir+ a v>iety ( in=mation1 :i* ?\gh p]haps n imm$iately connect$ ) ! art to :i* 8 pr9cipal att5tion 0 to be direct$1 might1 ) ! assi/ance ( su* a m9d z ,leon>do's1 be r5d]$ subsidi>y to 8 gr& object1 t5d to promote 8 k ( ! !ory1 & facilitate 8 practice ( ! pr(ession = :i* he 0 int5d$4 ,accord+ly we f9d t he _h ! good s5se to avail himself ( ^! advantages1 & t "u ,v]oc*io he made great progress1 & attract$ 8 ma/]'s fri5d%ip & confid5ce1 by ! tal5ts he discov]$1 ! sweetness ( 8 mann]s1 & ! vivacity ( 8 dispositioni#d4 ,( 8 pr(ici5cy 9 pa9t+1 ! foll[+ in/ance is record$2 & ! skill he aft]w>ds manife/$ 9 o!r bran*es ( sci5ce1 on v>i\s occasions1 evid5tly demon/rat$ h[ solicit\s he _h be5 = k ( all k9ds1 & h[ c>eful 9 8 y\? to lay a good f\ndation4 ,v]oc*io _h und]tak5 = ! religi\s ( ,vallombrosa1 )\t ,flor5ce1 a picture ( our ,savi\r's ,baptism by ,/4 ,john1 & consign$ to ,leon>do ! (fice ( putt+ 9 f ! orig9al draw+1 ! figure ( an angel hold+ up ! drap]y2 b1 un=tunately = ,v]oc*io1 ,leon>do succe$$ s well1 t1 despair+ ( ev] equall+ ! "w ( 8 s*ol>1 ,v]oc*io 9 disgu/ ab&on$ 8 p5cil = ev]1 conf9+ himself 9 future solely to ! practice ( sculpturei#e4 ,on ?is success ,leon>do became s5sible t he no long] /ood 9 ne$ ( an in/ructor2 & !re=e quitt+ ,v]oc*io1 he n[ began to "w & /udy = himself4 ,_m ( 8 p]=mances ( ?is p]iod are /ill1 or 7 lately to be se5 at ,flor5ce2 & besides ^!1 ! foll[+ h be5 also m5tion$3 ,a c>toon ( ,adam & ,eve 9 ! ,g>d51 :i* he did = ! ,k+ ( ,portugali#f4 ,?is is highly comm5d$ = ! exquisite gracefulness ( ! two pr9cipal figures1 ! beauty ( ! l&scape1 & ! incr$ible exactitude ( ! %rubs & fruit4 ,at ! in/ance ( 8 fa!r1 he made a pa9t+ = "o ( 8 old neighb\rs at ,v9cii#g2 x consi/$ :olly ( su* animals z h naturally an hatr$ to ea* o!r1 jo9$ artfully toge!r 9 a v>iety ( attitudes4 ,"s au?ors h said t ?is pa9t+ 0 a %ieldi#h1 & h relat$ ! foll[+ p>ticul>s respect+ x4 ,"o ( ,pietro's neighb\rs meet+ him "o day at ,flor5ce1 told him he _h be5 mak+ a %ield1 & w\ld be glad ( 8 assi/ance to get x pa9t$2 ,pietro und]took ?is (fice1 & appli$ to 8 son to make good ! promise4 ,:5 ! %ield 0 br\ght to ,leon>do1 he f\nd x s ill made1 t he 0 oblig$ to get a turn] to smoo? x2 & :5 t 0 done1 he began to consid] ) :at subject he %\ld pa9t x4 ,= ?is purpose he got toge!r1 9 8 ap>tm5t1 a collection ( live animals1 su* z liz>ds1 crickets1 s]p5ts1 silk-worms1 locu/s1 bats1 & o!r creatures ( t k9d1 f ! multitude ( :i*1 v>i\sly adapt$ to ea* o!r1 he =m$ an horrible & t]rific animal1 emitt+ fire & poison f 8 jaws1 flames f 8 eyes1 & smoke f 8 no/rils2 & ) s great e>ne/ness did ,leon>do apply to ?is1 t ?\gh 9 8 ap>tm5t ! /5* ( ! animals t f "t to "t di$ !re1 0 s /rong z to be sc>cely tol]able1 he1 ?r\gh 8 love to ! art1 entirely disreg>d$ x4 ,! "w be+ f9i%$1 ,leon>do told 8 fa!r he might n[ see x2 & ! fa!r "o morn+ com+ to 8 ap>tm5t = t purpose1 ,leon>do1 be=e he admitt$ him1 plac$ ! %ield s z to receive f ! w9d[ its full & prop] light1 & !n op5$ ! door4 ,n kn[+ :at he 0 to expect1 & little imag9+ t :at he saw 0 n ! creatures !mselves1 b a m]e pa9t$ repres5tation ( !m1 ! fa!r1 on ent]+ & behold+ ! %ield1 0 at fir/ /agg]$ & %ock$2 :i* ! son p]ceiv+1 told him he might n[ s5d ! %ield to 8 fri5d1 z1 f ! effect :i* ! sight ( x _h !n produc$1 he f\nd he _h atta9$ ! object at :i* he aim$4 ,pietro1 h[ev]1 _h too mu* sagacity n to see t ?is 0 by mu* too great a curiosity = a m]e c\ntryman1 :o w\ld nev] be s5sible ( its value2 he !re=e privately b\ght = 8 fri5d an ord9>y %ield1 rudely pa9t$ ) ! device ( an he>t ) an arr[ ?r\gh x1 & sold ?is = an hundr$ ducats to "s m]*ants at ,flor5ce1 by :om x 0 aga9 sold = ?ree hundr$ to ! ,duke ( ,milani#i4 ,he aft]w>ds pa9t$ a picture ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & by h] side a vessel ( wat]1 9 :i* 7 fl[]s3 9 ?is he s contriv$ x1 z t ! light reflect$ f ! fl[]s ?rew a pale r$ness on ! wat]4 ,?is picture 0 at "o "t 9 ! possession ( ,pope ,clem5t ! ,sev5?i#aj4 ,= 8 fri5d ,antonio ,segni he also made a design1 repres5t+ ,neptune 9 8 c>1 drawn by sea-horses1 & att5d$ by tritons & sea-gods2 ! heav5s ov]spread ) cl\ds1 :i* 7 driv5 9 all directions by ! viol5ce ( ! w9ds2 ! waves appe>$ to be roll+1 & ! :ole ocean seem$ 9 an upro>i#aa4 ,?is draw+ 0 aft]w>ds giv5 by ,fabio ! son ( ,antonio ,segni1 to ,giovanni ,gaddi1 a great collector ( draw+s1 ) ?is epigram3 ,p9xit ,virgilius ,neptunum1 p9xit ,hom]us1 ,dum m>is undisoni p] vada flectit equos4 ,m5te quidem vates illum conspexit ut]que1 ,v9cius e/ oculis1 jureque v9cit eosi#ab4 ,9 ,engli% ?us3 ,virgil & ,hom]1 :5 !y ,neptune %ew'd1 ,z he ?r\gh boi/'r\s seas 8 /e$s compell'd1 ,9 ! m9d's eye alone 8 figure view'd2 ,b ,v9ci saw him1 & has bo? excell'di#ac4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ ! foll[+3 ,a pa9t+ repres5t+ two horsem5 engag$ 9 fight1 & /ruggl+ to te> a flag f ea* o!r3 rage & fury are 9 ?is admirably express$ 9 ! c\nt5ances ( ! two combatants2 _! air appe>s wild1 & ! drap]y is ?r[n into an unusual ?\gh agreeable disord]4 ,a ,m$usa's head1 & a picture ( ! ,adoration ( ! ,magii#ad4 ,9 ?is la/ !re are "s f9e heads1 b bo? ?is & ! ,m$usa's head are said by ,du ,fresne to h be5 evid5tly unf9i%$4 ,! m9d ( ,leon>do 0 h[ev] too active & capaci\s to be cont5t$ solely ) ! practical "p ( 8 art2 nor c\ld x submit to receive z pr9ciples1 conclusions1 ?\gh confirm$ by exp]i5ce1 )\t fir/ trac+ !m to _! s\rce1 & inve/igat+ _! causes1 & ! sev]al circum/ances on :i* !y dep5d$4 ,= ?is purpose he det]m9$ to engage 9 a deep exam9ation into ! !ory ( 8 art2 & ! bett] to effect 8 int5tion1 he resolv$ to call 9 to 8 aid ! assi/ance ( all su* o!r bran*es ( sci5ce z c\ld 9 any degree promote ?is gr& object4 ,vas>i has relat$i#ae1 t at a v e>ly age he _h1 9 ! %ort "t ( a few mon?s only t he appli$ to x1 obta9$ a deep k ( ari?metic2 & says1 t 9 lit]ature 9 g5]al1 he w\ld h made great atta9m5ts1 if he _h n be5 too v]satile to apply long to "o subject4 ,9 music1 he adds1 he _h made "s progress2 t he !n det]m9$ to le>n to play on ! lyre2 & t hav+ an uncommonly f9e voice1 & an extraord9>y promptitude ( ?\ght & expression1 he became a celebrat$ improvisatore3 b t 8 att5tion to ^! did n induce him to neglect pa9t+ & modell+ 9 :i* la/ art he 0 s great a pr(ici5t1 t 9 8 y\? he modell$ 9 clay "s heads ( wom5 laugh+1 & also "s boys' heads1 :i* appe>$ to h come f ! h& ( a ma/]4 ,9 ar*itecture1 he made _m plans & designs = build+s1 &1 :ile he 0 yet "y1 propos$ convey+ ! riv] ,arno into ! canal at ,pisai#af4 ,( 8 skill 9 poetry ! read] may judge f ! foll[+ sonnet pres]v$ by ,lomazzoi#ag1 ! only "o n[ exi/+ ( 8 composition2 & = ! translation ) :i* x is accompani$ we are indebt$ to a lady4 ,,sonnetto ,,morale4 ,*i non pu quel vuol1 quel *e pu voglia1 ,*e quel *e non si pu folle vol]e4 ,adunque saggio l'uomo da t5]e1 ,*e da quel *e non pu suo vol] toglia4 ,p] *'ogni diletto no/ro e doglia ,/a 9 s e n1 sap]1 vol]1 pot]e1 ,adunque quel sol pu1 *e co 'l dov]e ,ne trahe la ragion suor di sua soglia4 ,ne sempre da vol] quel *e l'uom puote1 ,spesso p> dolce quel *e torna am>o1 ,piansi gia quel *'io volsi1 poi *'io l'ebbi4 ,adunque tu1 lettor di que/e note1 ,s'a te vuoi ess] buono e a' gli altri c>o1 ,vogli sempre pot] quel *e tu debbi4 ,,translation4 ,a ,,moral ,,sonnet4 ,! man :o _c :at he w\ld atta91 ,)9 8 p['r 8 wi%es %\ld re/ra93 ,! wi% ( ,folly o'er t b\nd aspires1 ,! wise man by x limits 8 desires4 ,s9ce all our joys s close on sorr[s run1 ,we "k n :at to *oose or :at to %un2 ,let all our wi%es /ill our duty meet1 ,nor bani% ,reason f h] awful seat4 ,nor is x always be/ = man to w ,ev'n :at 8 p['rs c rea*2 "s lat5t ill ,b5ea? a fair appe>ance may delude ,& make him rue :at e>ne/ he pursu$4 ,!n1 ,read]1 z y scan ?is simple page1 ,let ?is "o c>e y\r ev'ry ?\ght engage1 7,) self-e/eem & g5'ral love 't is fraught17 ,wi% only p['r to d j :at y ought4 ,! c\rse ( /udy :i* ,leon>do _h ?us und]tak51 w\ld1 9 its mo/ limit$ ext5t by any "o :o %\ld attempt x at ?is "t1 be f\nd p]haps almo/ m ?an c\ld be successfully accompli%$2 b yet 8 curiosity & unb\nd$ ?ir/ = in=mation1 induc$ him r to enl>ge ?an contract 8 plan4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t to ! /udy ( geometry1 sculpture1 anatomy1 he add$ ^? ( ar*itecture1 me*anics1 optics1 hydro/atics1 a/ronomy1 & ,nature 9 g5]al1 9 all h] op]ationsi#ah2 & ! result ( 8 obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 int5d$ n only = pres5t use1 b z ! basis & f\ndation ( future discov]ies1 he det]m9$1 z he proce$$1 to commit to writ+4 ,at :at "t he began ^! 8 collections1 ( :i* we %all h occasion to speak m p>ticul>ly h]eaft]1 is no :]e m5tion$2 b x is ) c]ta9ty kn[n1 t by ! mon? ( ,april #adij1 he _h already completely fill$ two folio volumesi#ai4 ,not)/&+ ,leon>do's prop5sity & application to /udy1 he 0 n inatt5tive to ! graces ( ext]nal accompli%m5ts2 he 0 v skilful 9 ! managem5t ( an horse1 rode gracefully1 & :5 he aft]w>ds arriv$ to a /ate ( afflu5ce1 took p>ticul> pleasure 9 appe>+ 9 public well m\nt$ & h&somely acc\tr$4 ,he possess$ great dext]ity 9 ! use ( arms3 = mi5 & grace he might cont5d ) any g5tleman ( 8 "t3 8 p]son 0 rem>kably h&some1 8 behavi\r s p]fectly polite1 & 8 conv]sation s *>m+1 t 8 company 0 covet$ by all :o knew him2 b ! avocations to :i* ?is la/ circum/ance subject$ him1 are "o reason :y s _m ( 8 works rema9 unf9i%$i#bj4 ,) su* advantages ( m9d & body z ^!1 x 0 no wond] t 8 reputation %\ld spread itself1 z we f9d x soon did1 ov] all ,italy4 ,! pa9t+ ( ! %ield be=e m5tion$1 _h already1 z has be5 notic$1 come into ! possession ( ! ,duke ( ,milan2 & ! subsequ5t acc\nts :i* he _h f "t to "t he>d ( ,leon>do's abilities & tal5ts1 induc$ ,lodovic ,s=za1 surnam$ ! ,moor1 !n ,duke ( ,milan1 ab\t1 or a little be=e ! ye> #adhi;i#ba1 to invite him to 8 c\rt1 & to settle on him a p5sion ( five hundr$ cr[ns1 a consid]able sum at t "ti#bb4 ,v>i\s are ! reasons assign$ = ?is invitation3 ,vas>ii#bc attributes x to 8 skill 9 music1 a sci5ce ( :i* ! ,duke is said to h be5 fond2 o!rs h ascrib$ x to a design :i* ! ,duke ent]ta9$ ( erect+ a braz5 /atue to ! memory ( 8 fa!ri#bd2 b o!rs conceive x orig9at$ f ! circum/ance1 t ! ,duke _h n long be=e e/abli%$ at ,milan an academy = ! /udy ( pa9t+1 sculpture1 & ar*itecture1 & 0 desir\s t ,leon>do %\ld take ! conduct & direction ( xi#be4 ,! second 01 h[ev]1 we f9d1 ! true motive2 & we are fur!r in=m$1 t ! invitation 0 accept$ by ,leon>do1 t he w5t to ,milan1 & 0 already !re 9 #adhi;i#bf4 ,among ! collections ( ,leon>do /ill exi/+ 9 manuscript1 is a copy ( a memorial pres5t$ by him to ! ,duke ab\t #adij1 ( :i* ,v5turi has giv5 an abridgm5ti#bg4 ,9 x he (f]s to make = ! ,duke milit>y bridges1 :i* %\ld be at ! same "t light & v solid1 & to tea* him ! me?od ( plac+ & def5d+ !m ) security4 ,:5 ! object is to take any place1 he c1 he says1 empty ! dit* ( its wat]2 he kn[s1 he adds1 ! art ( con/ruct+ a subt]rane\s gall]y "u ! dit*es !mselves1 & ( c>ry+ x to ! v spot t %all be want$4 ,if ! =t is n built on a rock1 he und]takes to ?r[ x d[n1 & m5tions t he has new contrivances = bomb>d+ ma*9es1 ordnance1 & mort>s1 "s adapt$ to ?r[ hail %ot1 fire1 & smoke1 among ! enemy2 & = all o!r ma*9es prop] = a siege1 & = w>1 ei!r by sea or l&1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,9 peace also1 he says he c be useful 9 :at conc]ns ! erection ( build+s1 conduct+ ( wat]-c\rses1 sculpture 9 bronze or m>ble1 & pa9t+2 & rem>ks1 t at ! same "t t he may be pursu+ any ( ! above objects1 ! eque/rian /atue to ! memory ( ! ,duke's fa!r1 & 8 illu/ri\s family1 may /ill be go+ on4 ,if any "o d\bts ! possibility ( :at he proposes1 he (f]s to prove x by exp]im5t1 & ocul> demon/ration4 ,f ?is memorial x seems cle>1 t ! ca/+ ( ! bronze /atue 0 8 pr9cipal object2 pa9t+ is only m5tion$ incid5tally1 & no notice is tak5 ( ! direction or managem5t ( ! academy = pa9t+1 sculpture1 & ar*itecture2 x is probable1 !re=e1 t at ?is "t !re 0 no su* int5tion1 ?\gh x is c]ta9ly true1 t he 0 aft]w>ds plac$ at ! head ( x1 & t he bani%$ f x ! b>b>\s /yle ( ar*itecture :i* till !n _h prevail$ 9 x1 & introduc$ 9 its /ead a m pure & classical ta/e4 ,:atev] 0 ! fact ) respect to ! academy1 x is h[ev] well kn[n t ! /atue 0 ca/ 9 bronze1 f9i%$1 & put up at ,milan1 b aft]w>ds demoli%$ by ! ,fr5* :5 !y took possession ( t placei#bh aft] ! defeat ( ,lodovic ,s=za4 ,"s "t aft] ,leon>do's arrival at ,milan1 a design _h be5 ent]ta9$ ( cutt+ a canal f ,m>tesana to ,milan1 = ! purpose ( op5+ a communication by wat] betwe5 ^! two places1 &1 z x is said1 ( supply+ ! la/ ) wat]4 ,x _h be5 fir/ ?\ght ( s e>ly z #adeg;i#bi2 b f ! difficulties to be expect$ 9 its execution1 x seems to h be5 laid aside1 or at lea/ to h proce$$ sl[ly1 till ,leon>do's arrival4 ,8 (f]s ( s]vice z eng9e] 9 ! above memorial1 probably induc$ ,lodovic ,s=za1 ! !n ,duke1 to resume ! int5tion ) vig\r1 & accord+ly we f9d ! plan 0 det]m9$ on1 & ! execution ( x intru/$ to ,leon>do4 ,! object 0 noble1 b ! difficulties to be enc\nt]$ 7 suffici5t to h disc\rag$ any m9d b ,leon>do's2 = ! di/ance 0 no less ?an two hundr$ miles2 & be=e x c\ld be complet$1 hills 7 to be levell$1 & vallies fill$ up1 to r5d] !m navigable ) securityi#cj4 ,9 ord] to enable him to surm\nt ! ob/acles ) :i* he =esaw he %\ld h to cont5d1 he retir$ to ! h\se ( 8 fri5d ,signior ,melzi1 at ,vav]ola1 n f> di/ant f ,milan1 & !re appli$ himself s$ul\sly = "s ye>s1 z x is said1 b at int]vals only we mu/ suppose1 & accord+ z 8 und]tak+ proce$$1 to ! /udy ( philosophy1 ma!matics1 & e bran* ( sci5ce t c\ld at all fur!r 8 design2 /ill cont9u+ ! me?od he _h be=e adopt$1 ( ent]+ d[n 9 writ+ promiscu\sly1 :atev] he wi%$ to implant 9 8 memory3 & at ?is place1 9 ?is & 8 subsequ5t visits f "t to "t1 he is suppos$ to h made ! great] "p ( ! collections he has left beh9d himi#ca1 ( ! cont5ts ( :i* we %all h]eaft] speak m at l>ge4 ,al?\gh engag$ 9 ! conduct ( s va/ an und]tak+1 & 9 /udies s ext5sive1 ! m9d ( ,leon>do does n appe> to h be5 s :olly occupi$ or absorb$ 9 !m z to incapacitate him f att5d+ at ! same "t to o!r objects also2 & ! ,duke !re=e be+ desir\s ( ornam5t+ ,milan ) "s specim5s ( 8 skill z a pa9t]1 employ$ him to pa9t 9 ! refectory ( ! ,dom9ican conv5t ( ,santa ,m>ia delle ,gratie1 9 t city1 a picture1 ! subject ( :i* 0 to be ! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,( ?is picture x is relat$1 t ,leon>do 0 s impress$ ) ! dignity ( ! subject1 & s anxi\s to answ] ! high ideas he _h =m$ ( x 9 8 own m9d1 t 8 progress 0 v sl[1 & t he sp5t mu* "t 9 m$itation & ?\ght1 dur+ :i* ! "w 0 app>5tly at a /&4 ,! ,prior ( ! conv5t1 ?9k+ x !re=e neglect$1 compla9$ to ! ,duke2 b ,leon>do assur+ ! ,duke t n less ?an two h\rs 7 e day be/[$ on x1 he 0 satisfi$4 ,nev]!less ! ,prior1 aft] a %ort "t1 f9d+ ! "w v little advanc$1 once m appli$ to ! ,duke1 :o 9 "s degree ( ang]1 z ?9k+ ,leon>do _h deceiv$ him1 reprim&$ him 9 /rong t]ms = 8 delay4 ,:at ,leon>do _h scorn$ to urge to ! ,prior 9 8 def5ce1 he n[ ?\ght fit to plead 9 8 excuse to ! ,duke1 to conv9ce him t a pa9t] did n lab\r solely ) 8 h&s1 b t 8 m9d might be deeply /udy+ 8 subject1 :5 8 h&s 7 unemploy$1 & he 9 appe>ance p]fectly idle4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 he told ! ,duke t no?+ rema9$ to ! completion ( ! picture b ! heads ( our ,savi\r & ,judas2 t z to ! =m]1 he _h n yet be5 able to f9d a fit model to express its div9ity1 & f\nd 8 inv5tion inadequate ( itself to repres5t x3 t ) respect to t ( ,judas1 he _h be5 9 va9 = two ye>s se>*+ among ! mo/ ab&on$ & pr(ligate ( ! species = an head :i* w\ld convey an idea ( 8 "*2 b t ?is difficulty 0 n[ at l5g? remov$1 s9ce he _h no?+ to d b to introduce ! head ( ! ,prior1 ^: +ratitude = ! pa9s he 0 tak+1 r5d]$ him a fit ar*etype ( ! p]fidy & +ratitude he wi%$ to express4 ,"s p]sons h saidi#cb1 t ! head ( ,judas 9 ! picture 0 actually copi$ f t ( ! ,prior2 b ,m>iette d5ies x1 & says ?is reply 0 m]ely int5d$ z a ?reati#cc4 ,a diff]5ce ( op9ion has also prevail$ conc]n+ ! head ( our ,savi\r 9 ?is picture2 = "s h conceiv$ x left int5tionally unf9i%$i#cd1 :ile o!rs ?9k !re is a gradation ( resemblance1 :i* increas+ 9 beauty 9 ,/4 ,john & our ,savi\r1 %ews 9 ! dignifi$ c\nt5ance ( ! latt] a sp>k ( 8 div9e maje/y4 ,9 ! c\nt5ance ( ! ,r$eem]1 say ^! la/1 & 9 t ( ,judas1 is excell5tly express$ ! extreme idea ( ,god made man1 & ( ! mo/ p]fidi\s ( mortals4 ,?is is also pursu$ 9 ! *>act]s ne>e/ to ea* ( !mi#ce4 ,little judgm5t c n[ be =m$ ( ! orig9al beauty ( ?is picture1 :i* has be51 & app>5tly ) v good reason1 highly comm5d$4 ,un=tunately1 ?\gh x is said to h be5 9 oil1 ! wall on :i* x 0 pa9t$ n hav+ be5 prop]ly prep>$1 ! orig9al col\rs h be5 s effectually defac$ by ! damp1 z to be no long] visiblei#cf2 & ! fa!rs1 = ^: use x 0 pa9t$1 ?9k+ x entirely de/roy$1 & "s ye>s s9ce wi%+ to height5 & wid5 a door "u x1 lead+ out ( _! refectory1 h giv5 a decid$ pro( ( _! own want ( ta/e1 & h[ little !y 7 s5sible ( its value1 by p]mitt+ ! workm5 to break ?r\gh ! wall on :i* x 0 pa9t$1 &1 by s do+1 entirely to de/roy ! l[] "p ( ! picturei#cg4 ,! injury done by ! damp to ! col\r+ has be51 x is true1 9 "s measure repair$ by ,mi*ael ,angelo ,bellotti1 a pa9t] ( ,milan1 :o view+ ! picture 9 #agbf1 made an (f] to ! ,prior & conv5t to re/ore1 by means ( a secret :i* he possess$1 ! orig9al col\rs4 ,8 proposition be+ accept$1 & ! exp]im5t succe$+ beyond _! hopes1 ! conv5t made him a pres5t ( five hundr$ p\nds = 8 lab\r1 & he 9 return communicat$ to !m ! secret by :i* x _h be5 effect$i#ch4 ,depriv$1 z !y c]ta9ly are by ^! ev5ts1 ( ! means ( judg+ accurately ( ! m]it ( ! orig9al1 x is /ill "s consolation to ! lov]s ( pa9t+1 t sev]al copies ( x made by ,leon>do's s*ol>s1 _m ( :om 7 v able arti/s1 & at a "t :5 ! picture _h n be5 yet injur$1 are /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,a li/ ( ^! copies is giv5 by ,p4 ,m4 ,guglielmo della ,valle1 9 8 edition ( ,vas>i's ,lives ( ! ,pa9t]s1 9 ,italian1 vol4 v4 p4 #cd1 & f him x is "h ins]t$ 9 ! notei#ci4 ,francis ! ,fir/ 0 s *>m$ on view+ ! orig9al1 t n be+ able to remove x1 he _h a copy made1 :i* is n[1 or 0 "s ye>s s9ce1 at ,/4 ,g]ma9s1 & sev]al pr9ts h be5 publi%$ f x2 b ! be/ :i* has yet appe>$ 7& v f9e x is7 is "o n long s9ce engrav5 by ,morgh51 at ,rome1 impressions ( :i* h f\nd _! way into ?is c\ntry1 & be5 sold1 x is said1 = t5 or twelve gu9eas ea*4 ,9 ! same refectory ( ! ,dom9icans at ,milan is1 or 01 also pres]v$ a pa9t+ by ,leon>do1 repres5t+ ,duke ,lodovic1 & ,beatrix 8 du*ess1 on _! knees2 done no d\bt ab\t ?is "ti#dj4 ,& at or ne> ?is p]iod1 he also pa9t$ = ! ,duke ! ,nativity1 :i* 0 =m]ly1 & may p]haps be /ill1 9 ! ,emp]or ( ,g]many's collectioni#da4 ,z ,leon>do's pr9cipal aim1 :5ev] he 0 left at lib]ty to pursue ! b5t ( 8 own incl9ation1 seems to h be5 progressive improvem5t 9 ! art ( pa9t+1 he appe>s to h s$ul\sly embrac$ all opportunities ( increas+ 8 in=mation2 & wisely p]ceiv+1 t )\t a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) anatomy1 a pa9t] c\ld effect b little1 he 0 p>ticul>ly desir\s ( ext5d+ 8 k 9 t bran*4 ,= t purpose he _h frequ5t conf]5ces on ! subject ) ,m>c ,antonio della ,torre1 pr(essor ( anatomy at ,paviai#db1 & n only 0 pres5t at _m dissections p]=m$ by him1 b made abundance ( anatomical draw+s f ,nature1 _m ( :i* 7 aft]w>ds collect$ into a volume by 8 s*ol> ,francisco ,melzii#dc4 ,su* p]sev]ance & assiduity z ,leon>do's1 unit$ z !y 7 ) su* uncommon p[]s z 81 _h already =m$ _m arti/s at t "t ( di/+ui%$ reputation1 b :o aft]w>ds became /ill m fam\s1 & might probably h r5d]$ ,milan ! repository ( "s ( ! mo/ valuable specim5s ( pa9t+1 & rais$ x to a rank little1 if at all1 inf]ior to t :i* ,flor5ce has s9ce held ) ! admir]s ( ! polite arts1 _h x n happ5$ t by ! disa/r\s t]m9ation ( a conte/ betwe5 ! ,duke ( ,milan & ! ,fr5*1 all hopes ( fur!r improvem5t 7 entirely cut (f2 & ,milan1 at "o bl[1 lo/ all ! advantages ( :i* x 0 ev5 !n 9 possession4 ,= ab\t ?is "t ! tr\bles 9 ,italy began to break 9 on ,leon>do's quiet1 & he f\nd 8 patron1 ! ,duke1 engag$ 9 a w> ) ! ,fr5* = ! possession ( 8 duk$om2 :i* n only endang]$ ! academy1 b ultimately depriv$ him bo? ( 8 dom9ions & 8 lib]ty2 z ! ,duke 01 9 #aejj1 completely defeat$1 tak5 prison]1 & c>ri$ into ,france1 :]e1 9 #aeaj1 he di$ a prison] 9 ! ca/le ( ,lo*esi#dd4 ,by ?is ev5t ( ! ,duke's defeat1 & ! consequ5t ru9 ( ! ,s=za family1 all fur!r progress 9 ! canal ( ,m>tesana1 ( :i* mu* /ill rema9$ to be donei#de1 0 put a /op to2 ! academy ( ar*itecture & pa9t+ 0 entirely brok5 up2 ! pr(essors 7 turn$ adrift1 & ! arts bani%$ f ,milan1 :i* at "o "t _h promis$ to h be5 _! refuge & pr9cipal feati#df4 ,italy 9 g5]al 01 x is true1 a ga9] by ! disp]sion ( s _m able & deeply in/ruct$ arti/s z issu$ f ?is s*ool1 ?\gh ,milan suff]$2 = no?+ c\ld s mu* t5d to ! dissem9ation ( k z ! mix+ su* m5 among o!rs :o ne$$ t in=mation 9 :i* ^! excell$4 ,among ! numb] ?us sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 we f9d pa9t]s1 c>v]s1 ar*itects1 f\nd]s1 & engrav]s 9 cry/al & preci\s /ones1 & ! names ( ! foll[+ h be5 giv51 z ! pr9cipal3 ,ces>e da ,se/o1 ,&rea ,sala9o1 ,gio4 ,antonio ,boltraffio1 ,b]n>d9o ,lov9o1 ,b>tolommeo della ,porta1 ,lor5zo ,lottoi#dg4 ,to ^! has be5 add$ ,gio4 ,paolo ,lomazzo2 b ,della ,valle1 9 a note 9 8 edition ( ,vas>i1 vol4 v4 p4 #cd1 says ?is la/ 0 a disciple ( ,gio4 ,batti/a della ,c]va1 & n ( ,leon>do4 ,du ,fresne m5tions besides ! above1 ,francis ,melzi1 ,m>k ,uggioni ,gobbo1 an extraord9>y pa9t] & c>v]2 ,annibal ,fontana1 a work] 9 m>ble & preci\s /ones2 & ,b]nazzano1 an excell5t pa9t] ( l&scapes2 b omits ,della ,porta1 & ,lor5zo ,lotto4 ,9 #adii1 ! ye> be=e ,duke ,lodovic's defeat1 ,leon>do be+ at ,milan1 0 employ$ by ! pr9cipal inhabitants to contrive an automaton = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ,lewis ,,xii4 ,k+ ( ,france1 :o 0 expect$ %ortly to make a public entry into t city4 ,?is ,leon>do did1 & x consi/$ ( a ma*9e repres5t+ a lion1 ^: inside 0 s well con/ruct$ ( clockwork1 t x m>*$ out to meet ! ,k+1 made a /& :5 x came be=e him1 re>$ up on its h9d] legs1 & op5+ its brea/1 pres5t$ an escut*eon ) fleurs de lis qu>t]$ on xi#dh4 ,lomazzo has said t ?is ma*9e 0 made = ! entry ( ,francis ! ,fir/2 b he is mi/ak51 t pr9ce hav+ nev] be5 at ,milan till ! ye> #aeae;i#di1 at :i* "t ,leon>do 0 at ,rome4 ,compell$ by ! disord]s ( ,lomb>dy1 ! mis=tunes ( 8 patron1 & ! ru9 ( ! ,s=za family1 to quit ,milan1 ,leon>do betook himself to ,flor5ce1 & 8 inducem5ts to ?is resolution seem to h be5 ! resid5ce !re ( ! ,m$ici family1 ! great patrons ( arts1 & ! good ta/e ( its pr9cipal inhabitantsi#ej1 r ?an its vic9ity to ! place ( 8 bir?2 = :i*1 "u ! circum/ances t att5d$ t ev5t1 x is n probable he c\ld ent]ta9 mu*1 if any pr$ilection4 ,! fir/ "w :i* he "h und]took 0 a design = an alt>-piece = ! *apel ( ! college ( ! ,annunciati4 ,its subject 01 our ,savi\r1 ) 8 "m1 ,/4 ,ann1 & ,/4 ,john2 b ?\gh ?is draw+ is said to h r5d]$ ,leon>do v popul> among 8 c\ntrym51 to s great a degree1 t numb]s ( p w5t to see x1 x does n appe> t any picture 0 pa9t$ f x1 nor t ! und]tak+ ev] proce$$ f>!r ?an a sket* ( a design1 or r1 p]haps1 a f9i%$ draw+4 ,:5 ,leon>do "s ye>s aft]w>ds w5t into ,francei#ea1 ,francis ! ,fir/ 0 desir\s ( hav+ a picture f ?is draw+1 & at 8 desire he !n put x into col\rs2 b :e!r ev5 ?is la/ 0 a regul> picture1 or1 :i* is m probable1 only a col\r$ draw+1 we are n in=m$4 ,! picture1 h[ev]1 on :i* he be/[$ ! mo/ "t & lab\r1 & :i* !re=e seems int5d$ by him z ! complete/ specim5 ( 8 skill1 at lea/ 9 ! bran* ( portrait-pa9t+1 0 t :i* he did ( ,mona ,lisa1 bett] kn[n by ! appellation ( la ,gioconda1 a ,flor5t9e lady1 ! wife ( ,francisco del ,giocondo4 ,x 0 pa9t$ = h] husb&1 aft]w>ds pur*as$ by ,francis ! ,fir/1 & 0 till lately to be se5 9 ! ,k+ ( ,france's cab9et4 ,leon>do be/[$ f\r entire ye>s ^u x1 & aft] all is said to h left x unf9i%$i#eb4 ,?is has be5 s repeat$ly said ( ! works ( ?is pa9t]1 t we are "h induc$ to inquire into ! evid5ce ( ! fact4 ,an arti/ :o feels by exp]i5ce1 z e "o mu/1 h[ f> %ort ( ! ideas ( p]fection he has =m$ 9 8 own m9d1 8 be/ p]=mances always fall1 w naturally be l$ to consid] ^! z b v fa9t expressions ( 8 own conceptions4 ,leon>do's disposition to ?9k no?+ effect$ :ile any ?+ rema9$ to be done1 & a m9d l 81 cont9ually sugge/+ successive improvem5ts1 might !re=e1 & mo/ probably did produce 9 him an op9ion t 8 own mo/ lab\r$ pieces 7 f> f be+ f9i%$ to t ext5t ( beauty :i* he wi%$ to give !m2 & ^! s5tim5ts ( !m he might 9 all likelihood be frequ5tly he>d to decl>e4 ,comp>+ 8 productions1 h[ev]1 ) ^? ( o!r ma/]s1 !y w be f\nd1 not)/&+ ?is ass]tion to ! contr>y1 z em95t 9 ?is p>ticul> also1 z = ! m valuable qualities ( composition1 draw+1 "*1 expression1 & col\r+4 ,ab\t ! same "t ) ?is ( la ,gioconda1 he pa9t$ ! portraits ( a nobleman ( ,mantua1 & ( la ,g9evra1 a daught] ( ,am]icus ,b5cii#ec1 mu* celebrat$ = h] beauty2 & is said to h f9i%$ a picture ( ,flora "s ye>s s9ce rema9+ at ,p>isi#ed2 b ?is la/ ,m>iette discov]$ to be ! "w ( ,melzio1 f ! circum/ance ( f9d+1 on a close inspection1 ! "n ( ?is la/ ma/] writt5 on xi#ee4 ,9 ! ye> #aejc1 he 0 elect$ by ! ,flor5t9es to pa9t _! c\ncil-*amb]4 ,! subject he *ose = ?is1 0 ! battle aga9/ ,attilai#ef2 & he _h already made "s progress 9 8 "w1 :51 to 8 great mortification1 he f\nd 8 col\rs peel f ! walli#eg4 ,) ,leon>do 0 jo9$ 9 ?is und]tak+1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 :o pa9t$ ano!r side ( ! room1 & :o1 !n a "y man ( n m ?an tw5ty-n9e1 _h ris5 to su* reputation1 z n to fe> a competition ) ,leon>do1 a man ( ne> sixtyi#eh4 ,! productions ( two su* able ma/]s plac$ 9 ! same room1 begun at ! same "t1 & proce$+ gradually /ep by /ep toge!r1 af=d$1 no d\bt1 occasion & opportunity to ! admir]s & critics 9 pa9t+ to comp>e & contra/ ) ea* o!r _! respective excell5cies & defects4 ,_h ^! p]sons cont5t$ !mselves simply ) comp>+ & appreciat+ ! m]its ( ^! ma/]s accord+ to ju/ice & tru?1 x might p]haps h be5 advantage\s to bo?1 z direct+ _! att5tion to ! correction ( errors2 b z ea* arti/ _h 8 admir]s1 ea* _h also 8 enemies2 ! p>tisans ( ! "o ?9k+ !y did n suffici5tly value ! m]it ( _! fav\rite if !y all[$ any to 8 antagoni/1 or did n1 on ! contr>y1 endeav\r to cru% by detraction ! too =midable reputation ( 8 adv]s>y4 ,f ?is conduct 0 produc$ :at might easily h be5 =ese52 !y fir/ became jeal\s rivals1 & at l5g? op5 & invet]ate enemiesi#ei4 ,leon>do's reputation1 :i* _h be5 = _m ye>s gradually increas+1 0 n[ s firmly e/abli%$1 t he appe>s to h be5 look$ up to z be+1 :at he really 01 ! reviv] & re/or] ( ! art ( pa9t+2 & to su* an height _h ! curiosity to view 8 works be5 excit$1 t ,raphael1 :o 0 at t "t "y1 & /udy+1 ?\ght x wor? 8 :ile to make a j\rney to ,flor5ce 9 ! mon? ( ,octob] #aejd;i#fj1 on purpose to see !m4 ,nor 0 8 lab\r lo/1 or 8 "t ?r[n away 9 s do+2 = on fir/ see+ ! works ( ,leon>do's p5cil1 he 0 induc$ to ab&on ! dry & h>d mann] ( 8 ma/] ,p]ug9o's col\r+1 & to adopt 9 its /ead ! /yle ( ,leon>doi#fa1 to :i* circum/ance is ow+ no small portion ( t e/eem 9 ! art1 to :i* ,raphael aft]w>ds v ju/ly arriv$4 ,8 fa!r hav+ di$ 9 #aejd;i#fb1 he 9 consequ5ce ( t ev5t became engag$ ) 8 half-bro!rs1 ! legitimate sons ( ,pietro da ,v9ci1 9 a law-suit = ! recov]y ( a %>e ( 8 fa!r's prop]ty1 :i* 9 a lett] f ,flor5ce to ! ,gov]nor ( ,milan1 ! date ( :i* does n appe>1 he speaks ( hav+ almo/ br\ght to a conclusioni#fc4 ,at ,flor5ce he cont9u$ f #aejc to #aejg;i#fd1 & 9 ! c\rse ( t "t pa9t$1 among o!r pictures ( less note1 a ,virg9 & ,*ild1 once 9 ! h&s ( ! ,botti family2 & a ,bapti/'s head1 =m]ly 9 ^? ( ,camillo ,albizzii#fe2 b 9 #aejh1 & ! succe$+ ye>1 he 0 at ,milan1 :]e he receiv$ a p5sion :i* _h be5 grant$ him by ,lewis ,,xii4i#ff2 & 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb] #aeac1 he1 9 company ) 8 s*ol> ,francesco ,melzi1 quitt$ ,milani#fg1 & set out = ,rome 7:i* till t "t he _h nev] visit$71 enc\rag$ p]haps to ?is resolution by ! circum/ance t 8 fri5d ,c>d9al ,john de ,m$icis1 :o 0 aft]w>ds kn[n by ! assum$ "n ( ,leo ,x4 _h a few mon?s be=e be5 advanc$ to ! papacyi#fh4 ,8 kn[n p>tiality to ! arts1 & ! fri5d%ip :i* _h subsi/$ betwe5 him & ,leon>do1 held out to ! latt] a well-f\nd$ expectation ( employm5t = 8 p5cil at ,rome1 & we f9d 9 ?is expectation he 0 n deceiv$2 z1 soon aft] 8 arrival1 ! ,pope actually signifi$ 8 int5tion ( sett+ him to "w4 ,^u ?is ,leon>do began di/ill+ oils = 8 col\rs1 & prep>+ v>ni%es1 :i* ! ,pope he>+1 said p]tly & ignorantly en\gh1 t he c\ld expect no?+ f a man :o ?\ght ( f9i%+ 8 works be=e he _h begun !mi#fi4 ,_h ! ,pope kn[n1 z he seems n to h done1 t oil 0 ! vehicle 9 :i* ! col\rs 7 to h be5 work$1 or be5 witness ei!r to ! almo/ annihilation ( ! col\rs 9 ,leon>do's fam\s picture ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 ow+ to ! damp ( ! wall1 or to ! peel+ ( ! col\rs f ! wall 9 ! c\ncil-*amb] at ,flor5ce1 he probably w\ld h sp>$ ?is ill-natur$ reflection4 ,if x appli$ at all1 x c\ld only be to a v small "p ( ! pursuit 9 :i* ,leon>do 0 occupi$1 namely1 prep>+ v>ni%2 & if age 7 necess>y to give ! v>ni% /r5g?1 or x 7 ! bett] = keep+1 ! answ] 0 9 an equal degree bo? silly & imp]t95t2 & x is no wond] x %\ld disgu/ su* a m9d z ,leon>do's1 or produce1 z we f9d x did1 su* a brea* betwe5 ! ,pope & him1 t ! int5d$ pictures1 :atev] !y might h be51 7 nev] begun4 ,disgu/$ ) 8 treatm5t at ,rome1 :]e ! =m] antipa?y betwe5 him & ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 aga9 reviv$ by ! p>tisans ( ea*1 he ! next ye> quitt$ x2 & accept+ an invitation :i* _h be5 made him by ,francis ! ,fir/1 he proce$$ into ,francei#gj4 ,at ! "t ( ?is j\rney he is said to h be5 sev5ty ye>s oldi#ga1 :i* _c be correct1 z he did n live to atta9 t age 9 ! :ole4 ,probably ! s+ul>ity ( 8 appe>ance 7= 9 8 latt] ye>s he p]mitt$ 8 be>d to gr[ long71 toge!r ) ! effect :i* 8 int5se application to /udy _h produc$ 9 8 con/itution1 might h giv5 rise to an op9ion t he 0 old] ?an he really 02 & inde$ x seems pretty cle>1 t :5 he arriv$ 9 ,france he 0 ne>ly worn out 9 body1 if n 9 m9d1 by ! anxiety & application ) :i* he _h pursu$ 8 =m] /udies & inve/igations4 ,al?\gh ! ,k+'s motive to ?is invitation1 :i* seems to h be5 a wi% to pr(it by ! p5cil ( ,leon>do1 0 completely disappo9t$ by 8 ill /ate ( heal?1 :i* ! fatigues ( 8 j\rney & ! *ange ( ! climate produc$1 s t on 8 arrival 9 ,france no hopes c\ld be ent]ta9$ by ! ,k+ ( enri*+ 8 collection ) any pictures by ,leon>do2 yet ! ,fr5* p 9 g5]al1 & ! ,k+ 9 p>ticul>1 are expressly said to h be5 z fav\rable to him z ^? ( ,rome _h be5 injuri\s1 & he 0 receiv$ by ! ,k+ 9 ! mo/ affectionate mann]4 ,x 0 h[ev] un=tunately too soon evid5t t ^! symptoms ( decay 7 only ! =]unn]s ( a m fatal di/emp] "u :i* = sev]al mon?s he langui%$1 b :i* by degrees 0 increas+ ^u him4 ,( ?is he 0 s5sible1 & !re=e 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #aeah1 he det]m9$ to make 8 w1 to :i* he aft]w>ds add$ "o or m codicils4 ,by ^! he fir/ describes himself z ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 pa9t] to ! ,k+1 at pres5t resid+ at ! place call$ ,cl\x1 ne> ,amboise1 & !n desires to be buri$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,flor5t9e at ,amboise1 & t 8 body %\ld be accompani$ f ! said place ( ,cl\x to ! said *ur*1 by ! college ( ! said *ur*1 & ! *apla9s ( ,/4 ,d5nis ( ,amboise1 & ! fri>s m9or ( ! said place2 & t be=e 8 body is c>ri$ to ! said *ur*1 x %\ld rema9 ?ree days 9 ! *amb] 9 :i* he %\ld die1 or 9 "s o!r2 he fur!r ord]s t ?ree great masses & ?irty less] masses ( ,/4 ,gregory1 %\ld be celebrat$ !re1 & a l s]vice be p]=m$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,d5nis1 & 9 t ( ! said fri>s m9or4 ,he gives & bequea?s to ,franco di ,melzio1 a g5tleman ( ,milan1 9 return = 8 s]vices1 all & e ! books :i* he ! te/ator has at pres5t1 & o!r in/rum5ts & draw+s respect+ 8 art3 ,to ,bapti/a de ,villanis1 8 s]vant1 ! moiety ( ! g>d5 :i* he has )\t ! walls ( ,milan2 & ! o!r moiety ( ! said g>d5 to ,salay 8 s]vant4 ,he gives to ! said ,francesco ,meltio ! arre>s ( 8 p5sion1 & ! sum ( money ow+ to him at pres5t1 & at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 by ! treasur] ,m4 ,johan ,sap92 & to ! same p]son all & s+ul> 8 clo!s & ve/m5ts4 ,he ord]s & wills1 t ! sum ( f\r hundr$ cr[ns ( ! sum :i* he has 9 ! h&s ( ! *amb]la9 ( ,santa ,m>ia ,nuova1 at ,flor5ce1 %\ld be giv5 to 8 bre?r5 resid+ at ,flor5ce1 ) ! pr(it & emolum5t !reon4 ,& la/ly1 he appo9ts ! said ,gia4 ,francesco de ,meltio1 :ole & sole executori#gb4 ,?is ,w be>s date1 & appe>s to h be5 execut$ on ! #bc;d ( ,april #aeah4 ,he h[ev] surviv$ ! mak+ ( x m ?an a ye>2 & on ! #bc;d ( ,april #aeai;i#gc1 ! day twelvemon? on :i* x _h be5 orig9ally made1 he1 ?\gh x does n appe> = :at reason1 re-execut$ x2 & ! next day add$ a codicil1 by :i* he gave to 8 s]vant1 ,gio4 ,batti/a de ,villanis1 ! "r :i* _h be5 grant$ him 9 return = 8 lab\rs on ! canal ( ,m>tesana1 ( exact+ a c]ta9 portion ( all ! wood transport$ on ! ,tic9oi#gd4 ,all ?is int]val ( "t betwe5 ! mak+ & re-execution ( 8 w1 & inde$ ! :ole p]iod f 8 arrival 9 ,france1 he seems to h be5 /ruggl+ "u an incurable illness4 ,! ,k+ frequ5tly dur+ its cont9uance hon\r$ him ) visits2 & x has be5 said1 t 9 "o ( ^! ,leon>do ex]t+ himself beyond 8 /r5g?1 to %ew 8 s5se ( ?is pr9ce's condesc5sion1 0 seiz$ ) a fa9t+ fit1 & t ! ,k+ /oop+ =w>d to support him1 ,leon>do expir$ 9 8 arms1 on ! #b;d ( ,may #aeai;i#ge4 ,v5turi has tak5 "s pa9s to disprove ?is fact1 by %ew+i#gf1 t ?\gh 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! ye>s #aeaf & #aeai1 ! ,fr5* c\rt pass$ elev5 mon?s at diff]5t times at ,amboise2 yet on ! #a/ ( ,may #aeai1 x 0 c]ta9ly n "h1 b at ,/4 ,g]ma9s4 ,hi/ory1 h[ev]1 :5 incorrect1 is m frequ5tly a mixture ( true & false1 ?an a total fabrication ( falsehood2 & x is !re=e n impossible1 or improbable1 t ! ,k+ might %ew su* an act ( k9dness 9 "s ( 8 visits :5 he 0 resid5t at ,amboise1 & t ,leon>do might recov] f t fit1 & n die till "s "t aft]2 at :i* latt] "t ! ,c\rt & ! ,k+ might be abs5t at ,/4 ,g]ma9s4 ,?is is surely a m rational supposition ?an to imag9e su* a fact c\ld h be5 inv5t$ )\t any f\ndation = x :atev]4 ,x is impossible )9 ! limits t c "h be all[$1 to d any ?+ l ju/ice to ! m]its ( ?is extraord9>y man3 all t c 9 ?is place be effect$ is to give ! pr9cipal facts respect+ him2 & ?is is all1 !re=e1 t has be5 attempt$4 ,a suffici5t acc\nt1 h[ev]1 at lea/ = ! pres5t purpose1 x is presum$ has be5 giv5 above ( ! ,au?or1 & ! productions ( 8 p5cil1 & x n[ rema9s !re=e only to speak ( ^? ( 8 p54 ,) :at view ! ,au?or engag$ 9 ?is ardu\s c\rse ( /udy1 h[ eag] he 0 9 ! pursuit ( k1 h[ anxi\s to avail himself ( ! be/ means ( obta9+ complete in=mation on e subject to :i* he appli$1 & h[ c>eful to m9ute d[n :atev] he procur$ t c\ld be useful1 h be5 already %ewn 9 ! c\rse ( ! =ego+ n>rative2 b 9 ord] to prev5t ! necessity ( int]rupt+ !re ! succession ( ev5ts1 x has be5 res]v$ = ?is place to describe ! cont5ts & ext5t ( 8 collections1 & to give a brief idea ( ! bran*es to :i* !y relate4 ,on inquiry !n we le>n1 t ,leon>do's productions ( ?is k9d consi/ ( f\rte5 manuscript volumes1 l>ge & small1 n[ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,national ,in/itute at ,p>is1 :i!r !y h be5 "s few ye>s s9ce remov$ f ! ,ambrosian libr>y at ,milan2 & ( "o folio volume 9 manuscript also1 9 ! possession ( 8 ,maje/y ! ,k+ ( ,great ,brita94 ,( ^? at ,p>is1 ,j4 ,b4 ,v5turi1 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy at ,mod5a1 & ( ! ,in/itute ( ,bologna1 c4 :o 0 p]mitt$ to inspect !m1 saysi#gg1 t !y conta9 speculations 9 ^? bran*es ( natural philosophy ne>e/ alli$ to geometry2 t !y are fir/ sket*es & occasional notes1 ! ,au?or always int5d+ aft]w>ds to compose f !m complete treatises4 ,he adds fur!r1 t !y are writt5 backw>ds f "r to left1 9 ! mann] ( ! ori5tal writ]s1 probably ) int5tion t ! curi\s %\ld n rob him ( 8 discov]ies4 ,! _s ( geometry guid$ him ?r\gh\t1 :e!r x 7 9 ! art ( analys+ a subject 9 ! connexion ( ! disc\rse1 or ! c>e ( always g5]aliz+ 8 ideas4 ,z to natural philosophy1 he nev] 0 satisfi$ on any proposition if he _h n prov$ x by exp]im5t4 ,f ! extracts giv5 f ^! manuscripts by ,v5turi himself1 & :i* he has rang$ "u ! diff]5t heads m5tion$ 9 ! notei#gh1 ! cont5ts ( ^! volumes appe> to be extremely miscellane\s2 & x is evid5t1 z ,v5turi has m>k$ by ref]5ces :]e ea* extract is to be f\nd 9 ! orig9al1 t f ! great di/ance at :i* passages on ! same subject are plac$ f ea* o!r1 !y mu/ h be5 ent]$ )\t any reg>d to me?od or arrangem5t ( any k9d :atev]4 ,! volume 9 ! possession ( 8 ,britannic ,maje/y is describ$ z consi/+ ( a v>iety ( elegant heads1 "s ( :i* are drawn ) r$ & black *alks on blue or r$ pap]1 o!rs ) a metal p5cil on a t9t$ pap]2 a few ( !m are wa%$ & height5$ ) :ite1 & _m are on common pap]4 ,! subjects ( ^! draw+s are miscellane\s1 z portraits1 c>icatures1 s+le figures1 tilt+1 horses1 & o!r animals2 botany1 optics1 p]spective1 gunn]y1 hydraulics1 me*anics1 & a great numb] ( anatomical subjects1 :i* are drawn ) a m spirit$ p51 & illu/rat$ ) a v>iety ( manuscript notes4 ,?is volume conta9s :at is ( m importance1 ! v *>act]i/ic head ( ,leon>do1 z x 0 sket*$ by himself1 & n[ engrav$ by t em95t arti/ ,mr4 ,b>tolozzii#gi4 ,specim5s f ?is volume h be5 publi%$ "s ye>s s9ce by ,mr4 ,dalton1 & m rec5tly & accurately by ,mr4 ,*amb]la9e2 & ?\gh x mu/ be confess$1 t ! =m] are extremely ill drawn1 & betray ! grosse/ ignorance ( ! effect :i* light & %ad[ 7 int5d$ to produce1 yet "s ( ! subjects :i* ! volume conta9s may be asc]ta9$ by !m2 & among !m is also a fac simile ( a page ( ! orig9al manuscript1 :i* proves ?is1 l ! o!r volumes1 to be 9 ,italian1 & writt5 backw>ds4 ,! latt] is a v beautiful "w1 & is calculat$ to give an accurate idea ( ,leon>do's tal5ts z a draughtsmani#hj4 ,f ^! two publications x appe>s1 t ?is volume also is ( a v miscellane\s nature1 & t x consi/s ( manuscript entries1 int]sp]s$ ) f9i%$ draw+s ( heads & figures1 & slight sket*es ( me*anical eng9es & anatomical subjects1 "s ( :i* are int]mix$ ) ! writ+ itself4 ,x has be5 already se51 t ^! volumes 7 orig9ally giv5 by ! w ( ,leon>do to ,francisco ,melzi2 & _! subsequ5t hi/ory we are enabl$ to /ate on ! au?ority ( ,john ,ambrose ,maz5ta1 ?r\gh ^: h&s !y pass$4 ,du ,fresne1 9 ! life prefix$ to ! edition :i* he publi%$ 9 ,italian1 ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci's ,treatise on ,pa9t+1 has1 9 a v loose way1 & )\t cit+ any au?ority1 giv5 _! hi/ory2 b ,v5turi has ins]t$i#ha a translation into ,fr5*1 f ! orig9al manuscript memoir ( ,maz5ta2 & f him a v]sion ( x into ,engli% is "h giv51 ) ! addition ( ,v5turi's notes1 r5d]$ also into ,engli%4 ,x is ne> fifty ye>si#hb s9ce !re fell into my h&s ?irte5 volumes ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci 9 folio & qu>to1 writt5 backw>ds4 ,accid5t br\ght !m to me 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,i 0 resid+ at ,pisa1 = ! purpose ( /udy+ ! law1 9 ! family ( ,aldus ,manutius ! y\ng]1 a great lov] ( books4 ,a p]son nam$ ,lelio ,gav>di1 ( ,asola1 ,prevo/ ( ,s4 ,z5o1 at ,pavia1 a v ne> relation ( ,aldus1 came to our h\se2 he _h be5 a tea*] ( ! belles lettres 9 ! family ( ! ,melzi ( ,milan1 call$ de ,vav]o1 to di/+ui% !m f o!r families ( ! same "n 9 t city4 ,he _h1 at _! c\ntry h\se at ,vav]o1 met ) sev]al draw+s1 in/rum5ts1 & books ( ,leon>do4 ,francisco ,melzii#hc approa*$ ne>] ?an any "o to ! mann] ( ,de ,v9ci2 he work$ little1 because he 0 ri*2 8 pictures are v mu* f9i%$1 !y are (t5 conf\nd$ ) ^? ( 8 ma/]4 ,at 8 dea? he left ! works ( ,leon>do 9 8 h\se at ,vav]o1 to 8 sons1 :o hav+ ta/es & pursuits ( a diff]5t k9d1 neglect$ ^! treasures1 & soon disp]s$ !m2 ,lelio ,gav>di possess$ himself ( z _m ( !m z he pleas$2 he c>ri$ ?irte5 volumes to ,flor5ce1 9 hopes ( receiv+ = !m a good price f ! ,gr& ,duke ,francis1 :o 0 eag] aft] works ( ?is sort2 & ! r z ,leon>do 0 9 great reputation 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,b ?is pr9ce di$i#hd z soon z ,gav>di 0 arriv$ at ,flor5ce4 ,he !n w5t to ,pisa1 to ! h\se ( ,manutius4 ,i c\ld n approve 8 proce$+2 x 0 sc&al\s4 ,my /udies be+ f9i%$1 ,i _h occasion to return to ,milan4 ,he gave me ! volumes ( ,v9ci1 desir+ me to return !m to ! ,melzi3 ,i acquitt$ myself fai?fully ( my commission2 ,i c>ri$ !m all back to ,horatio1 ! *ief ( ! family ( ,melzi1 :o 0 surpris$ at my be+ will+ to give myself ?is tr\ble4 ,he made me a pres5t ( ^! books1 tell+ me he _h /ill _m draw+s by ! same au?or1 long neglect$ 9 ! g>rets ( 8 h\se 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?us ^! books became my prop]ty1 & aft]w>ds !y belong$ to my bro!rsi#he4 ,^! latt] hav+ made too mu* p>ade ( ?is acquisition1 & ! ease ) :i* ,i 0 br\ght to x1 excit$ ! envy ( o!r amateurs1 :o beset ,horatio1 & obta9$ f him "s draw+s1 "s figures1 "s anatomical pieces1 & o!r valuable rema9s ( ! cab9et ( ,leon>do4 ,"o ( ^! spung]s = ! works ( ,leon>do1 0 ,pompeo ,aret91 son ( ! ,cavali] ,leoni1 =m]ly a disciple ( ,bon>oti1 & :o 0 ab\t ,philip ,,ii4 ,k+ ( ,spa91 = :om he did all ! bronzes :i* are at ! ,escorial4 ,pompeo engag$ himself to procure = ,melzi an employm5t to ! s5ate ( ,milan1 if he succe$$ 9 recov]+ ! ?irte5 books1 wi%+ to (f] !m to ,k+ ,philip1 a lov] ( su* curiosities4 ,flatt]$ ) ?is hope1 ,melzi w5t to my bro!r's h\se3 he bes\ght him on 8 knees to re/ore him 8 pres5t2 he 0 a fell[-collegian1 a fri5d1 a b5efactor3 sev5 volumes 7 return$ to himi#hf4 ,( ! six o!rs :i* rema9$ to ! ,maz5ta family1 "o 0 pres5t$ to ,c>d9al ,fr$]ic ,borromeo1 = ! ,ambrosian libr>yi#hg4 ,my bro!r gave a second to ,ambrose ,fig9i1 a celebrat$ pa9t] ( 8 "t1 :o left x to 8 heir ,h]cole ,bian*i1 ) ! re/ ( 8 cab9et4 ,urg$ by ! ,duke ( ,savoy1 ,i procur$ = him a ?ird2 & 9 conclusion1 my bro!r hav+ di$ at a di/ance f ,milani#hh1 ! ?ree rema9+ volumes came also into ! h&s ( ,pompeo ,aret92 he re-assembl$ also o!rs ( !m1 he sep>at$ ! leaves ( !m to =m a ?ick volumei#hi1 :i* pass$ to 8 heir ,polidoro ,cal*i1 & 0 aft]w>ds sold to ,galeazzo ,arconati4 ,?is g5tleman keeps x n[ 9 8 ri* libr>y2 he has refus$ x to ! ,duke ( ,savoy1 & to o!r pr9ces :o 7 desir\s ( x4 ,9 addition to ?is memoir1 ,v5turi noticesi#ij1 t ,h[>d ,e>l ( ,arundel made ineffectual ef=ts to obta9 ?is l>ge volume1 & (f]$ = x z f> z #fj1jjj francs1 9 ! "n ( ! ,k+ ( ,engl&4 ,arconati w\ld nev] "p ) x2 he b\ght elev5 o!r books ( ,da ,v9ci1 :i* came also1 accord+ to appe>ance1 f ,leoni2 9 #afcg he made a gift ( !m all to ! ,ambrosian libr>yi#ia1 :i* already 0 9 possession ( ! volume ,e1 f ,maz5ta1 & receiv$ aft]w>ds ! volume ,k f ,horatio ,ar*9to1 9 #afgd;i#ib4 ,v5turi says1 ?is is ! hi/ory ( all ! manuscripts ( ,v9ci t are come into ,france2 !y are 9 numb] f\rte51 because ! volume ,b conta9s an app5dix ( eighte5 leaves1 :i* may be sep>at$1 & consid]$ z ! f\rte5? volumei#ic4 ,9 ! pr9t$ catalogue ( ! libr>y ( ,tur91 "o does n see notic$ ! manuscript :i* ,maz5ta gave to ! ,duke ( ,savoy3 x has !n disappe>$4 ,might x n be t :i* an ,engli%man got copi$ by ,francis ,ducci1 libr>y-keep] at ,flor5ce1 & a copy ( :i* is /ill rema9+ 9 ! same cityi#id8 ,! ,trivulce family at ,milan1 accord+ to ,v5turii#ie1 possess also a manuscript ( ,v9ci1 :i* is 9 great "p only a vocabul>y4 ,( ! volume 9 ! possession ( 8 ,britannic ,maje/y1 ! foll[+ acc\nt is giv5 9 ! life ( ,leon>do1 prefix$ to t numb] already publi%$ f x by ,mr4 ,*amb]la9e3 ,x 0 "o ( ! ?ree volumes :i* became ! prop]ty ( ,pompeo ,leoni1 t is n[ 9 8 ,maje/y's cab9et4 ,x is r probable ?an c]ta91 t ?is great curiosity 0 acquir$ = ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 by ! ,e>l ( ,arundel1 :5 he w5t ,ambassador to ! ,emp]or ,f]d9& ,,ii4 9 #afcf1 z may inde$ be inf]r$ f an in/ructive inscription ov] ! place :]e ! volumes are kept1 :i* sets =?1 t ,james ,k+ ( ,engl& (f]$ ?ree ?\s& pi/oles = "o ( ! volumes ( ,leon>do's works4 ,& "s docum5ts 9 ! ,ambrosian libr>y give col\r to ?is conjecture4 ,?is volume 0 happily pres]v$ dur+ ! civil w>s ( ! la/ c5tury among o!r specim5s ( ! f9e arts1 :i* ! munific5ce ( ,*>les ,i4 _h amass$ ) a dilig5ce equal to 8 ta/e4 ,& x 0 discov]$ soon aft] 8 pres5t ,maje/y's accession 9 ! same cab9et :]e ,que5 ,c>ol9e f\nd ! f9e portraits ( ! c\rt ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 by ,hans ,holbe91 :i* ! ,k+'s lib]ality p]mitt$ me lately to lay be=e ! public4 ,on ! cov] ( ?is volume is writt51 9 gold lett]s1 :at asc]ta9s its desc5t2 ,disegni di ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 re/aurati da ,pompeo ,leoni4 ,al?\gh no "p ( ! collections ( ,leon>do 0 arrang$ & prep>$ by himself1 or o!rs "u 8 direction1 = publication1 "s extracts h be5 made f 8 writ+s1 & giv5 to ! _w z sep>ate tracts4 ,! be/ kn[n1 & inde$ ! pr9cipal ( ^!1 is ! foll[+ ,treatise on ,pa9t+1 ( :i* !re w be occasion to say m pres5tly2 b besides ?is1 ,edw>d ,coop]1 a ,london booksell]1 ab\t ! ye> #agbj1 publi%$ a fragm5t ( a ,treatise by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 on ! ,motions ( ! ,human ,body1 & ! ,mann] ( draw+ ,figures1 accord+ to geometrical ,rules4 ,x conta9s b t5 plates 9 folio1 includ+ ! title-page1 & 0 evid5tly extract$ f "s ( ! volumes ( 8 collections1 z x consi/s ( slight sket*es & v]bal descriptions bo? 9 ,italian & ,engli%1 to expla9 su* ( !m z ne$$ x4 ,mr4 ,dalton1 z has be5 be=e notic$1 sev]al ye>s s9ce publi%$ "s engrav+s f ! volume 9 our ,k+'s collection1 b !y are s badly done z to be ( no value4 ,mr4 ,*amb]la9e !re=e1 9 #agif1 took up ! int5tion afre%1 & 9 t ye> 8 fir/ numb] came out1 :i* is all t has yet appe>$4 ,( ! ,treatise on ,pa9t+1 ,v5turii#if gives ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 ,! ,treatise on ,pa9t+ :i* we h ( ,v9ci is only a compilation ( diff]5t fragm5ts extract$ f 8 manuscripts4 ,x 0 9 ! ,b>b]9i libr>y at ,rome1 9 #afcj;i#ig3 ! ,cav4 del ,pozzo obta9$ a copy f x1 & ,p\ss9 design$ ! figures ( x 9 #afdj;i#ih4 ,?is copy1 & ano!r d]iv$ f ! same s\rce1 9 ! possession ( ,!v5ot1 s]v$ z ! basis = ! edition publi%$ 9 #afea1 by ,raphael du ,frne4 ,! manuscript ( ,pozzo1 ) ! figures ( ,p\ss91 is actually at ,p>is1 9 ! valuable collection ( books ( ,*>d9i#ii4 ,x is f ?is t ,i h tak5 ! relation ( ,maz5ta2 x is at ! end ( ! manuscript "u ?is title3 ,"s ,notices ( ! ,works ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci at ,milan1 & ( 8 ,books1 by ,j4 ,ambrose ,maz5ta ( ,milan1 ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,prie/s ,regul> ( ,/4 ,paul1 call$ ! ,b>nabites4 ,maz5ta does n ann\nce himself z ! au?or ( ! compilation2 he may h[ev] be s2 x may also happ51 t ! compilation 0 made by ! heir himself ( ,v9ci1 ,francisco ,melzo4 ,vas>i1 ab\t #aefg1 saysi#ajj1 t a pa9t] ( ,milan _h ! manuscripts ( ,v9ci1 :i* 7 writt5 backw>ds2 t ?is pa9t] came to him1 & aft]w>ds w5t to ,rome1 ) int5tion to get !m pr9t$1 b t he did n "k :at 0 ! result4 ,h[ev] x may be1 ,du ,frne confesses t ?is compilation is imp]fect 9 _m respects1 & ill arrang$4 ,x is s1 because ! compil] has n seiz$ ! me?odical _s ( ,v9ci1 & t !re are mix$ ) x "s pieces :i* belong to o!r tracts2 besides1 "o has n se5 :]e _m o!r *apt]s h be5 neglect$ :i* ought to make "p ( x4 ,= example1 ! comp>ison ( pa9t+ ) sculpture1 :i* has be5 ann\nc$ z a sep>ate treatise ( ! same au?or1 is no?+ m ?an a *apt] belong+ to ! ,treatise on ,pa9t+1 ,a4 #aje4 ,all ?is w be complete1 & put 9 ord]1 9 ! ,treatise on ,opticsi#aja4 ,9 ! mean "t1 h[ev]1 ! foll[+ are ! diff]5t editions ( ?is compilation1 su* z x is at pres5t3 ,trattato della ,pittura di ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 nuovam5te dato 9 ,luce1 con la ,vita dell' ,autore da ,raphaele du ,frne1 ,p>igi #afea1 9 fol42 repr9t$ at ,naples 9 #agcc1 9 folio2 at ,bologna1 9 #aghf1 9 folio2 at ,flor5ce1 9 #agib1 9 #dto4 ,?is la/ edition has be5 giv5 f a copy 9 ! h&-writ+ ( ,/ephano della ,bella4 ----,translat$ into ,fr5* by ,rol& ,fre>t de ,*ambray1 ,p>is #afea1 fol4 repr9t$ ibid4 #agaf1 9 #abmo1 & #agif1 9 #hvo4 ----,translat$ into ,g]man1 9 #dto4 ,nuremb]g #aghf1 ,weigel4 ----,translat$ into ,greek by ,panagiotto1 manuscript 9 ! ,nani libr>y at ,v5ice4 ,ano!r manuscript copy ( ?is compilation 0 9 ! possession ( ,p4 ,orl&i1 f :5ce x pass$ into ! libr>y ( ,smi?i#ajb4 ,cell9i1 9 a disc\rse publi%$ by ,morelli1 saysi#ajc1 t he possess$ a copy ( a book ( ,de ,v9ci on ,p]spective1 :i* he communicat$ to ,s]lio1 & t ?is latt] publi%$ f x all t he c\ld compreh5d4 ,might n ?is be ! tract :i* ,gori ann\nces to be 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,academy ( ,cortonai#ajd8 ,! reputation 9 :i* ! ,treatise on ,pa9t+ ought to be held1 is n n[ = ! fir/ "t to be settl$2 its m]it has be5 ackn[l$g$ by ! be/ judges1 ?\gh at t "t x lab\r$ "u great disadvantage f ! want ( a prop] arrangem5t4 ,9 ! pres5t publication t objection is remov$1 & ! attempt has be5 fav\rable to ! "w itself1 z x has %ewn x1 by br++ toge!r ! sev]al *apt]s t relat$ to ea* o!r1 to be a mu* m complete & connect$ treatise ?an 0 be=e suppos$4 ,not)/&+ h[ev] ! fair e/imation 9 :i* x has always /ood1 & :i* is no m ?an its due1 "o p]son has be5 f\nd h>dy en\gh to endeav\r1 ?\gh unsuccessfully1 to less5 its cr$it3 a circum/ance :i* x w\ld n h be5 wor? :ile to notice1 if x _h n be5 intimat$ to u1 t !re are /ill "s p]sons 9 ,france :o side ) ! objector1 :i*1 z he 0 a ,fr5*man1 & ,leon>do an ,italian1 may p]haps be ascrib$1 9 "s measure at lea/1 to ! desire :i* 9 sev]al in/ances t p h lately %ewn ( claim+ on behalf ( _! c\ntrym51 a pref]5ce ov] o!rs1 to :i* !y are n entitl$4 ,abraham ,bosse1 ( ! city ( ,t\rs1 an engrav] 9 copp]1 :o liv$ 9 ! la/ c5tury1 is ! p]son "h allud$ to2 & x may n be imp]t95t 9 ?is place to /ate "s ( ! motives by :i* he 0 induc$ to su* a conduct4 ,at ! "t :5 ?is ,treatise fir/ made its appe>ance 9 ,france1 z well 9 ,italian z 9 ,fr5*1 ,bosse appe>s to h be5 resid5t at ,p>is1 & 0 a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,pa9t+1 :]e he gave ! fir/ lessons on p]spective1 &1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,mons4 ,des>gues1 publi%$ f "t to "t sev]al tracts on geometry & p]spective1 ! mann] ( design+1 & ! art ( engrav+1 "s ( :i* at lea/ are describ$ 9 ! title-page1 z pr9t$ at ,p>is = ! au?ori#aje4 ,?is man1 9 8 lectures1 hav+1 x is said1 attack$ "s ( ! pictures pa9t$ by ,le ,brun1 ! !n ,director ( ! ,academy1 _h be5 v des]v$ly remov$ f 8 situation1 & =c$ to quit ! ,academy1 = endeav\r+ to less5 t au?ority1 :i* = ! in/ruction & improvem5t ( /ud5ts x 0 necess>y ! ,director %\ld possess1 & attempt+ ?us to r5d] fruitless ! precepts :i* 8 situation requir$ him to deliv]4 ,z ?is ,treatise ( ,leon>do _h 9 ! translation be5 adopt$ by ,le ,brun1 :o fully saw its value1 & introduc$ x into ! ,academy = ! advantage ( ! /ud5ts1 by :i* means ! sale ( ,bosse's "w might be1 & probably 01 affect$2 ,bosse1 at ! end ( a ,treatise on ,geometry & ,p]spective1 taught 9 ! ,royal ,academy ( ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture1 publi%$ by him 9 octavo 9 #affe1 has ins]t$ a pap] ) ?is title1 :i* 9 ! orig9al is giv5 9 ,fr5*1 b we h pref]r$ translat+ x3 ,:at foll[s is = ^? :o %all h ! curiosity to be acqua9t$ ) a "p ( ! proc$+s ( ,mons4 ,des>gues1 & myself1 aga9/ "s ( our antagoni/s1 & "p ( _! skill2 toge!r ) "s rem>ks made on ! cont5ts ( sev]al *apt]s ( a ,treatise attribut$ to ,leon>do de ,v9ci1 translat$ f ,italian into ,fr5* by ,mons4 ,fre>t ,sieur de ,*ambray1 f a manuscript tak5 f t :i* is 9 ! libr>y ( ! illu/ri\s1 virtu\s1 & curi\s ,mons4 le ,*evali] ,du ,puis at ,rome4 ,aft] ! explanation ( 8 motives above giv51 x is n wond]ful to f9d him ass]t+1 t ?is ,treatise ( ,leon>do 0 9 a numb] ( circum/ances inf]ior to 8 own2 nor to obs]ve1 t 9 a li/ ( "s ( ! *apt]s :i* he has !re giv51 we %\ld be frequ5tly told by him t !y are false1 absurd1 ridicul\s1 confus$1 trifl+1 weak1 &1 9 %ort1 e ?+ b good4 ,x is true t ! e/imation ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci 0 9 ,france too high = him to attack )\t risk+ 8 own "* = judgm5t & ta/e1 & he has !re=e f\nd x necess>y = 8 purpose insidi\sly to sugge/ t ^! *apt]s 7 int]polations2 b ( ?is he has produc$ no pro(1 :i*1 _h x be5 ! fact1 might h be5 easily obta9$1 by only gett+ "s fri5d to consult ,leon>do's manuscript collections 9 ! ,ambrosian libr>y4 ,t he w\ld h tak5 ?is /ep if he _h expect$ any success f x1 may fairly be inf]r$ f ! circum/ance ( 8 writ+ to ,p\ss9 at ,rome1 app>5tly 9 hopes ( induc+ him to say some?+ to ! disadvantage ( ! "w2 & 8 omitt+ to make ?is inquiry aft] ! enmity he has %ewn aga9/ ! book1 fully ju/ifies an op9ion t he =bore to inquire1 because he 0 consci\s t su* an inve/igation w\ld h t]m9at$ 9 v9dicat+ 8 adv]s>ies f 8 asp]sions1 & h furni%$ evid5ce ( _! fidelity & accuracy4 ,:at ! lett] :i* he wrote to ,p\ss9 conta9$1 he has n in=m$ u2 b he has giv5 u1 z he says1 ,p\ss9's answ]i#ajf1 9 :i* are "s passages relat+ to ?is ,treatise1 ( :i* we "h give a translation3 ,z to :at conc]ns ! book ( ,leon>d ,v9ci1 x is true t ,i h design$ ! human figures :i* are 9 t :i* ,mons4 le ,*evali] du ,puis has2 b all ! o!rs1 :e!r geometrical or o!rwise1 are ( "o man1 nam$ ,gli ,alb]ti1 ! v same :o has drawn ! plants :i* are 9 ! book ( subt]rane\s ,rome2 & ! awkw>d l&scapes :i* are beh9d "s ( ! little human figures ( ! copy :i* ,mons4 du ,*ambray has caus$ to be pr9t$1 h be5 add$ to x by "o ,err>d1 )\t my kn[+ any ?+ ( x4 ,all t is good 9 ?is book may be writt5 on "o %eet ( pap]1 9 a l>ge "*1 & ^? :o believe t ,i approve all t is 9 x1 d n "k me2 ,i :o pr(ess nev] to give sanction to ?+s ( my pr(ession :i* ,i "k to be ill done & ill said4 ,:oev] recollects ! diff]5ce 9 ! c\rse ( /udy pursu$ & recomm5d$ by ,leon>do 7t ( ,nature71 f t obs]v$ by ,p\ss9 7t ( ! antique71 & rememb]s also ! diff]5t =tunes ( ,le ,brun & ,p\ss91 t ! "o 0 at ! head ( 8 pr(ession1 enjoy+ all its hon\rs & emolum5ts1 :ile ! o!r1 ?\gh consci\s ( 8 own great p[]s1 0 toil+ = a daily subsi/5ce 9 comp>ative obscurity1 may easily conceive :y ! latt] c\ld n approve a "w :i* s /rongly inculcates ! adopt+ ,nature z ! guide ?r\gh\t2 & :i* 0 at ! same "t patroniz$ by "o :om he c\ld n b consid] z 8 m =tunate rival4 ,x may h[ev] be truly affirm$1 t ev5 ! tal5ts ( ,p\ss91 great z !y c]ta9ly 71 & 8 k & correctness 9 draw+1 w\ld h be5 abundantly improv$ by an att5tion to ! rules laid d[n 9 ?is ,treatise1 & t ! /udy ( ,nature w\ld h fre$ 8 pictures f t resemblance to /atues :i* 8 figures frequ5tly h1 & be/[$ on !m ! s(t & fle%y appe>ance = :i* ,leon>do 0 s rem>kable2 :ile a m9ute inve/igation ( ,leon>do's sy/em ( col\r+ w\ld h produc$ p]haps 9 him z =tunate a *ange z we h se5 x did 9 ! case ( ,raphael4 ,?\gh ,bosse tells ui#ajg1 t he _h se5 9 ! h&s ( ,mons4 ,felibi51 a manuscript copy ( ?is ,tract on ,pa9t+1 :i* he said he _h tak5 f ! same orig9al m5tion$ be=e1 = ! purpose ( translat+ x into ,fr5*2 & t on ,bosse's po9t+ out to him "s ( ^! errors1 & in=m+ him t ,mons4 de ,*ambray 0 f> advanc$ 9 8 translation1 he ab&on$ 8 design1 & assign$ to ! ,sieur de ,*ambray ! privilege he _h obta9$ = x2 we h no int5tion "h to enum]ate or answ] ,bosse's objections1 m]ely because su* an und]tak+ w\ld greatly exce$ ! limits :i* c "h be all[$ u4 ,mo/ ( !m w be f\nd capti\s & spl5etic1 &1 toge!r ) ! majority ( ! re/1 might be fully refut$ by a d$uction ( facts2 x is h[ev] suffici5t on ! pres5t occasion to say1 t :]ev] opportunity has be5 af=d$ ( trac+ ! means by :i* ,leon>do procur$ 8 mat]ials = any great composition1 he is f\nd to h exactly pursu$ ! pa? :i* he recomm5ds to o!rsi#ajh2 & = ! success ( 8 precepts1 & :at may be effect$ by !m1 we ne$ only appeal to 8 own example4 ,to ?is enum]ation ( ! productions ( ,leon>do's p51 & 9 contradiction to ! fact already ass]t$1 t no "p ( 8 collections 0 ev] arrang$ or prep>$ = publication by himself1 x is probable we may be told we %\ld add tracts on ,motion2 on ! ,equilibrium ( bodies2 on ! nature1 equilibrium1 & motion ( ,wat]2 on ,anatomy2 on ! ,anatomy ( an horse2 on ,p]spective2 & on ,light & ,%ad[3 :i* are ei!r m5tion$ by himself 9 ! ,treatise on ,pa9t+1 or ascrib$ to him by o!rs4 ,b z to ^!1 !re is great reason = suppos+1 t1 ?\gh !y might be int5d$1 !y 7 nev] actually drawn up into =m4 ,c]ta9 x is1 t no su* h be5 ev] giv5 to ! _w1 z ^? be=e notic$ are ! only treatises ( ?is au?or t h yet appe>$ 9 pr9t2 & ev5 !y h already be5 %ewn to be no m ?an extracts f ! imm5se mass ( 8 collections ( su* passages z relat$ to ! subjects on :i* !y pr(ess to give intellig5ce4 ,if any tracts !re=e 9 8 "n1 on any ( ! above topics1 are any :]e exi/+ 9 manuscript1 & 9 obscurity1 x is probable !y are only simil> selections4 ,& inde$ x w be f\nd on inspection1 t 8 collections consi/ ( a multitude ( entries made at diff]5t times1 )\t me?od1 ord]1 or arrangem5t ( any k9d1 s z to =m an imm5se *aos ( intellig5ce1 :i* he1 l _m o!r volum9\s collectors1 int5d$ at "s future "t to dige/ & arrange1 b un=tunately po/pon$ ?is task s long1 t he did n live to c>ry t int5tion into effect4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 %\ld x happ51 z p]haps x may1 t any volume ( ! :ole is conf9$ exclusively to any "o bran* ( sci5ce1 su* z hydro/atics = in/ance1 x 0 n ! consequ5ce ( a design$ plan1 b only arose f ?is accid5t1 t he _h !n made t bran* ! object ( 8 pursuit1 & = a "t laid aside ! re/4 ,9 pro( ( ?is ass]tion x may be obs]v$1 t ! v treatise ( light & %ad[ above m5tion$1 is describ$ z 9 ! ,ambrosian libr>y at ,milan1 & z a folio volume cov]$ ) r$ velvet1 pres5t$ by ,signior ,mazz5ta to ,c>d9al ,borromeoi#aji2 f all :i* circum/ances x is evid5tly prov$ to be "o ( ! volumes n[ exi/+ 9 ,francei#aaj1 :i* 7 inspect$ & describ$ by ,v5turi 9 ! tract s (t5 cit$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is life4 ,al?\gh ! pr9cipal ( ,leon>do's productions h be5 already m5tion$1 x has be5 ?\ght prop]1 = ! satisfaction ( ! curi\s1 "h to subjo9 a catalogue ( su* ( !m z h come to our k2 di/+ui%+ 9 x su* z 7 only draw+s1 f su* z 7 f9i%$ pictures1 & notic+ also :i* ( !m h be5 engrav51 & by :om4 ,,catalogue ,,( ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci4 ,,ar*itecture4 ,_m designs = plans & build+s1 made by him 9 8 y\?i#aaa4 ,a model made by him = rais+ ! ro( ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,john1 at ,flor5cei#aab4 ,! h\se ( ! family ( ,melzi at ,vaprio1 suppos$ by ,della ,valle to be design$ by ,leon>doi#aac4 ,,models _/&_/ ,,sculpture4 ,"s heads ( laugh+ wom51 modell$ by him 9 clay1 9 8 y\?i#aad4 ,"s boys' heads also1 :i* appe>$ to h come f ! h& ( a ma/]i#aae4 ,?ree figures 9 bronze1 ov] ! gate on ! nor? side ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,john1 at ,flor5ce1 made by ,gio4 ,francesco ,ru/ici1 b design$ ) ! advice ( ,leon>do da ,v9cii#aaf4 ,a model 9 clay1 9 alto relievo4 ,x is a circle ( ab\t two palms 9 diamet]1 & repres5ts ,/4 ,j]om 9 a grotto1 old1 & mu* worn out by pray]4 ,x 0 9 ! possession ( ,sig4 ,ignazio ,hug=d1 a pa9t] at ,flor5ce1 :o 0 induc$ to buy x 9 consequ5ce ( ! great praises :i* 9 8 y\? he _h he>d be/[$ on x by ! celebrat$ ,anton4 ,dom9ico ,gabbiani1 8 ma/]1 :o knew x to be ( ! h& ( ,leon>do4 ,?is model appe>s to h be5 mu* /udi$ 9 ! "t ( ,pontormo & ,rosso2 & _m copies ( x1 bo? draw+s & pictures1 are to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ,flor5ce1 well pa9t$ 9 _! mann]i#aag4 ,! eque/rian /atue 9 memory ( ! ,duke ( ,milan's fa!r1 :i* 0 n only f9i%$ & expos$ to view1 b brok5 to pieces by ! ,fr5* :5 !y took possession ( ,milan4 ,x has be5 said by "s1 t ! model only 0 f9i%$1 & ! /atue nev] ca/1 & t x 0 ! model only :i* ! ,fr5* de/roy$i#aah4 ,vas>i1 p4 #cf1 m5tions a little model by ,leon>do 9 wax1 b he does n say :at 0 its subject4 ,,draw+s4 _/,vas>i_/1 p4 #bd1 says1 t x 0 ,leon>do's practice to model figures f ! life1 & !n to cov] !m ) f9e ?9 lawn or cambric1 s z to be able to see ?r\gh x1 & ) ! po9t ( a f9e p5cil to trace (f ! outl9es 9 black & :ite2 & t "s su* draw+s he _h 9 8 collection4 ,a head 9 *i>o oscuro1 9 ! possession ( ,vas>i1 & m5tion$ by him z div9e1 a draw+ on pap]i#aai4 ,a c>ton ( ,adam & ,eve 9 ,p>adise1 made by him = ! ,k+ ( ,portugal4 ,x is done ) a p5 9 *i>o oscuro1 & height5$ ) :ite1 & 0 int5d$ to be work$ z tape/ry 9 silk & gold2 b ,vas>i says x 0 nev] execut$1 & t 9 8 "t ! c>ton rema9$ at ,flor5ce1 9 ! h\se ( ,ottaviano de ,m$ici4 ,:e!r ?is c>ton is /ill exi/+ is unkn[ni#abj4 ,sev]al ridicul\s heads ( m5 & wom51 =m]ly 9 ,vas>i's collection1 drawn 9 p5 & inki#aba4 ,aurelio ,lov9o _h1 says ,lomazzo1 a book ( sket*es by ,leon>do1 ( odd & ridicul\s heads4 ,?is book appe>s to h conta9$ ab\t #bej figures ( c\ntrym5 & c\ntrywom5 laugh+1 drawn by ! h& ( ,leon>do4 ,c>d4 ,silvio ,val5ti _h a simil> book1 9 :i* 7 c>icature heads drawn ) a p51 l t engrav5 by ,c\nt ,caylus4 ,( ^! c>icatures m5tion is made 9 ! second volume ( ! ,lett]e ,pittori*e1 p4 #agj;i#abb4 ,! passage 9 ! ,lett]e ,pittori*e "h ref]r$ to1 is "p ( a lett] )\t any "n or date1 address$ ,al ,sig4 ,c4 di ,c42 b a note ( ! editor's expla9s ^! initials1 z mean+ ,sig4 ,conte di ,caylus1 & supposes ! au?or to h be5 ! y\ng] ,m>iette4 ,! lett] m5tions a collection ( heads f ,leon>do's draw+s1 publi%$ by ! ,c\nt2 & ! editor1 9 ano!r note1 tells u1 t !y are c>icature heads drawn 9 p5 & ink2 t ! orig9als 7 b\ght 9 ,holl&1 f ,sig4 ,c>d94 ,silvio ,val5ti1 & t ! pr9ts ( :i* ! lett] speaks1 are 9 ! fam\s collection ( ! ,cors9i libr>y4 ,! au?or ( ! ,lett] supposes ^! c>icatures to h be5 drawn :5 ,v9ci retir$ to ,melzi's h\se1 t he inv5t$ !m z a new sort ( recreation1 & int5d$ !m z a subject = ! academy :i* he _h e/abli%$ at ,milan4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! same ,lett]1 p4 #agc1 #agd1 ?is collection ( draw+s ( heads is aga9 m5tion$1 & x is !re said1 t x might be t :i* belong$ to ! ,e>l ( ,arundel4 ,?is conjecture is f\nd$ on !re be+ _m su* heads engrav5 =m]ly by ,holl>4 ,9 fact1 ! numb] ( ! plates :i* he has done f draw+s ( ?is pa9t]1 are ne> "o hundr$1 :i* compose diff]5t s]ies4 ,! au?or ( ! ,lett] adds1 t1 if a conjecture might be p]mitt$1 we might affirm1 t ?is is ! collection ( heads ( :i* ,paul ,lomazzo speaks2 at lea/ ! description :i* he gives ( a simil> collection :i* 0 9 ! h&s ( ,aurelio ,lov9o1 a pa9t] ( ,milan1 corresponds ) ?is z well 9 ! numb] ( ! draw+s z _! subjects4 ,x repres5ts1 l ?is1 /udies f old m51 c\ntrym51 wr9kl$ old wom51 :i* are all laugh+4 ,ano!r "p ( ?is ,lett] says1 x is easy to believe t ! collection ( draw+s ( heads :i* occasion$ ?is ,lett]1 might be "o ( ^? books 9 :i* ,leon>do not$ ! mo/ s+ul> c\nt5ances4 ,9 p4 #aih ( ! same ,lett]1 ,holl>'s engrav+s are said to be ab\t an hundr$1 & to h be5 done at ,antw]p 9 #afde1 & ! foll[+ ye>2 & 9 p4 #aii1 ,c\nt ,caylus's publication is said to conta9 #ei plates 9 aqua =tis1 done 9 #agcj1 & t ?is latt] is ! "w s (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,lett]4 ,ano!r collection ( ! same k9d ( c>icature heads m5tion$ 9 ,m>iette's ,lett]i#abc1 z exi/+ 9 ! cab9et ( ei!r ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 or ! ,k+ ( ,s>d9ia4 ,f\r c>icature heads1 m5tion$1 ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aij1 z be+ 9 ! possession ( ,sig4 ,crozat4 ,!y are describ$ z drawn ) a p51 & are said to h come orig9ally f ,vas>i's collection ( draw+s4 ,( ?is collection x is said1 9 a note on ! above passage1 t x 0 aft]w>ds c>ri$ into ,france1 & fell into ! h&s ( a booksell]1 :o took ! volume to pieces1 & dispos$ ( ! draw+s sep>ately1 & t _m ( !m came into ! cab9ets ( ! ,k+1 & ,sig4 ,crozat4 ,o!rs say1 & x is m cr$ible1 t ,vas>i's collection pass$ into t ( ! ,gr& ,dukes ( ,m$ici4 ,a head ( ,am]ico ,vespucci1 9 *>coal1 b copi$ by ,vas>i 9 p5 & inki#abd4 ,a head ( an old man1 beautifully drawn 9 *>coali#abe4 ,an head ( ,sc>ramuccia1 capta9 ( ! gypsies1 9 *alk2 =m]ly belong+ to ,pi]francesco ,giambull>i1 canon ( ,/4 ,lor5zo1 at ,flor5ce1 & left by him to ,donato ,valdambr9i ( ,arezzo1 canon ( ,/4 ,lor5zo alsoi#abf4 ,sev]al designs ( combatants on horseback1 made by ,leon>do = ,g5til ,borri1 a ma/] ( def5cei#abg1 to %ew ! diff]5t positions necess>y = a horse soldi] 9 def5d+ himself1 & attack+ 8 enemy4 ,a c>ton ( our ,savi\r1 ! ,virg91 ,/4 ,ann1 & ,/4 ,john4 ,vas>i says ( ?is1 t = two days1 p ( all sorts1 m5 & wom51 "y & old1 resort$ to ,leon>do's h\se to see ?is wond]ful p]=mance1 z if !y _h be5 go+ to a solemn fea/2 & adds1 t ?is c>ton 0 aft]w>ds 9 ,france4 ,x seems t ?is 0 int5d$ = an alt>-piece = ! high alt> ( ! *ur* ( ! ,annunziata1 b ! picture 0 nev] pa9t$i#abh4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ,leon>do aft]w>ds w5t into ,france1 he1 at ! desire ( ,francis ! ,fir/1 put ! design into col\rs4 ,lomazzo has said1 t ?is c>ton ( ,/4 ,ann 0 c>ri$ into ,france2 t 9 8 "t x 0 at ,milan1 9 ! possession ( ,aurelio ,lov9o1 a pa9t]2 & t _m draw+s f x 7 9 exi/5ce4 ,:at 0 ! fate ?is c>ton ( ,/4 ,ann und]w5t1 may be se5 9 a lett] ( ,p4 ,re/a1 pr9t$ 9 ! ?ird volume ( ! ,lett]e ,pittori*e1 9 :i* he says1 t ,leon>do made ?ree ( ^! c>tons1 & nev]!less did n conv]t x into a picture1 b t x 0 pa9t$ by ,salai1 & t ! picture is /ill 9 ! sacri/y ( ,/4 ,celsus at ,milani#abi4 ,a draw+ ( an old man's head1 se5 9 front1 9 r$ *alk2 m5tion$ ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aia4 ,a c>ton design$ by him = pa9t+ ! c\ncil-*amb] at ,flor5ce4 ,! subject :i* he *ose = ?is purpose 01 ! hi/ory ( ,niccolo ,picc99o1 ! ,capta9 ( ,duke ,philip ( ,milan1 9 :i* he drew a gr\p ( m5 on horseback fight+ = a /&>di#acj4 ,m>iette1 9 a note1 ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aic1 m5tions ?is c>ton1 :i* he says repres5t$ two horsem5 fight+ = a /&>d2 t x 0 only "p ( a l>ge hi/ory1 ! subject ( :i* 0 ! r\t ( ,niccolo ,picc99o1 ,g5]al ( ! army ( ,philip ,duke ( ,milan1 & t a pr9t 0 engrav5 ( x by ,edel9ck1 :5 "y1 b ! draw+ f :i* he work$ 0 a bad "o4 ,9 ! catalogue ( pr9ts f ! works ( ,leon>do1 ins]t$ ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aie1 ?is pr9t is aga9 m5tion$ & describ$ m truly1 z repres5t+ f\r horsem5 fight+ = a /&>d4 ,x is !re suppos$ to h be5 engrav5 f a draw+ by ,fiamm+o1 & t ?is draw+ might h be5 made f ! picture :i* ,du ,fresne speaks ( z be+ 9 8 "t 9 ! possession ( ,sig4 ,la ,maire1 an excell5t pa9t] ( p]spective4 ,a design ( ,neptune drawn 9 8 c> by sea horses1 att5d$ by sea gods2 made by him = 8 fri5d ,antonio ,segnii#aca4 ,sev]al anatomical draw+s made f ! life1 _m ( :i* h be5 s9ce collect$ into a volume1 by 8 s*ol> ,francesco ,melzii#acb4 ,a book ( ! ,anatomy ( man1 m5tion$ by ,vas>i1 p4 #cf1 ! draw+s = :i* 7 made ) ! assi/ance ( ,m>c ,antonio della ,torre1 be=e notic$ 9 ! pres5t life4 ,x is probably ! same ) ! prec$+4 ,a beautiful & well-pres]v$ /udy 9 r$ & black *alk1 ( ! head ( a ,virg91 f :i* he aft]w>ds pa9t$ a picture4 ,?is /udy 0 at "o "t 9 ! celebrat$ ,villa de ,vec*ietti1 b aft]w>ds1 9 consequ5ce ( a sale1 pass$ into ! h&s ( ,sig4 ,ignazio ,hug=di#acc4 ,two heads ( wom5 9 pr(ile1 little diff]+ f ea* o!r1 drawn 9 l mann] 9 black & r$ *alk1 b\ght at ! same sale by ,sig4 ,hug=d1 b n[ among ! ,elector ,palat9e's collection ( draw+si#acd4 ,a book ( ! ,anatomy ( a horse1 m5tion$ by ,vas>i1 p4 #cf1 z a di/9ct "w2 b probably includ$ 9 ,leon>do's manuscript collections4 ,see ! acc\nt be=e giv5 ( !m4 ,sev]al designs by ,leon>do 7 9 ! possession ( ,sig4 ,jabac1 :o seems to h be5 a collector ( pictures1 & to h b\ght up = ! ,k+ ( ,france sev]al excell5t pictures p>ticul>ly by ,leon>do da ,v9cii#ace4 ,a draw+ ( a "y man embrac+ an old woman1 :om he is c>ess+ = ! sake ( h] ri*es4 ,?is is m5tion$1 ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aih1 z engrav5 by ,holl>1 9 #afdf4 ,a head ( a "y man se5 9 pr(ile1 engrav5 9 aqua =tis by ,conte di ,caylus1 f a draw+ 9 ! ,k+ ( ,france's collectioni#acf4 ,a fragm5t ( a ,treatise on ! ,motions ( ! ,human ,body1 already m5tion$ 9 ! =ego+ life4 ,9 ! ,lett]e ,pittori*e1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aii1 m5tion is made ( a pr9t repres5t+ "s int]twi/$ l9es ^u a black gr\nd1 9 ! /yle ( "s ( ,alb]t ,dur]'s engrav+s 9 wood4 ,9 ! middle ( ?is1 9 a small comp>tm5t1 is to be read1 _/,academia ,leon>di ,v9_/4 ,vas>i1 x is !re said1 has notic$ x z a s+ul>ity4 ,9 p4 #bjj ( ! same "w1 a simil> pr9t is also notic$1 :i* diff]s only 9 ! inscription f ! =m]4 ,9 ?is la/ x is _/,academia ,leon>di ,vici_/4 ,bo? ?is & ! =m] pr9t are said to be extremely r>e1 & only to h be5 se5 9 ! ,k+ ( ,france's collection4 ,x does n h[ev] appe> f any ?+ 9 ! ,lett4 ,pitt4 t !y 7 design$ by ,leon>do4 ,! ,abate di ,villelo91 9 8 ,catalogue ( ,pr9ts publi%$ 9 #afff1 speaks1 "u ! article ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ( a pr9t ( ! tak+ d[n f ! ,cross2 b ! ,lett4 ,pitt4 says x 0 engrav5 f ,eneas ,vico1 n f ,leon>doi#acg4 ,two draw+s ( mon/]s1 m5tion$ by ,lomazzo1 consi/+ ( a boy's head ea*1 b horribly di/ort$ by ! misplac+ ( ! features1 & ! introduction ( o!r memb]s n 9 ,nature to be f\nd !re4 ,^! two draw+s 7 9 ! h&s ( ,francesco ,borella1 a sculptori#ach4 ,a portrait by ,leon>do1 ( ,artus1 ,mae/ro di ,cam]a to ,francis ,i4 drawn 9 black lead p5cili#aci4 ,! head ( a ,cs> cr[n$ ) oak1 among a valuable collection ( draw+s 9 a ?ick volume 9 folio1 9 ! possession ( ,sig4 ,pagavei#adj4 ,! proportions ( ! human body4 ,! orig9al ( ?is is pres]v$ 9 ! possession ( ,sig4 ,pagave4 ,at ! head & foot ( ?is draw+ is to be read ! description :i* beg9s ?us3 ,tanto apre l',uomo nelle braccia quanto la sua altezza1 c4 & above all1 at ! head ( ! "w is ! fam\s ,la/ ,supp]1 :i* he proposes to 8 s*ol>s z ! rule ( ! arti#ada4 ,! ,circumcision1 a l>ge draw+ m5tion$ ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 #bhc1 z ! "w ( ,leon>do1 by ,nicolo ,gabburri1 9 a lett] dat$ ,flor5ce1 #d? ,oct4 #agcb1 & address$ ,al ,sig4 ,pietro ,m>iette4 ,gabburri says he saw ?is draw+1 & t x 0 done on :ite pap] a little t9t$ ) ,indian ink1 & height5$ ) c]use4 ,its own] !n 0 ,aless&ro ,galilei1 an ar*itect ( ,flor5ce4 ,a draw+ consi/+ ( sev]al laugh+ heads1 9 ! middle ( :i* is ano!r head 9 pr(ile1 cr[n$ ) oak leaves4 ,?is draw+ 0 ! prop]ty ( ! ,e>l ( ,arundel1 & 0 engrav5 by ,holl> 9 #afdf;i#adb4 ,a man sitt+1 & collect+ 9 a look+-glass ! rays ( ! sun1 to dazzle ! eyes ( a dragon :o is fight+ ) a lion4 ,a pr9t ( ?is is spok5 (1 ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aig1 z badly engrav5 by an anonym\s arti/1 b x is !re said to h s little ( ,leon>do's mann] z to af=d reason = believ+ x n design$ by him1 ?\gh x might p]haps be f\nd among 8 draw+s 9 ! ,k+ ( ,france's collection4 ,ano!r pr9t ( x1 ( ! same size1 has be5 engrav5 f ! draw+ by ,conte de ,caylus4 ,x repres5ts a p5sive man1 & diff]s f ! =m] 9 ?is respect1 t 9 ?is ! man is nak$1 :]eas 9 ! draw+ he is clo!d4 ,,pa9t+s4 ,a ,madonna1 =m]ly 9 ! possession ( ,pope ,clem5t ! ,sev5?i#adc4 ,a small ,madonna & ,*ild1 pa9t$ = ,baldass> ,tur9i da ,pescia1 :o 0 ! ,dat>yi#add at ,lyons1 ! col\rs ( :i* are mu* fad$i#ade4 ,x is n kn[n :]e ?is n[ is4 ,a ,virg9 & ,*ild1 at "o "t 9 ! h&s ( ! ,botti familyi#adf4 ,! ,virg9 sitt+ 9 ,/4 ,ann's lap1 & hold+ h] little ,son1 =m]ly at ,p>isi#adg4 ,?is has be5 engrav5 9 wood1 9 *i>o oscuro1 by an unkn[n arti/4 ,! picture 0 9 ! ,k+ ( ,france's cab9et1 & a simil> "o is 9 ! sacri/y ( ,/4 ,celsus at ,milani#adh4 ,ano!r ,virg9 ) h] ,son1 ,/4 ,john1 & an ,angel1 m5tion$ by ,du ,fresne1 z at ,p>isi#adi4 ,a ,madonna & ,*ild1 9 ! possession ( ! ,m>quis di ,surdii#aej4 ,a ,madonna & ,*ild1 pa9t$ on ! wall 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,on(rio at ,romei#aea4 ,a ,madonna kneel+1 9 ! ,k+'s gall]y 9 ,francei#aeb4 ,an ,holy ,family1 ) ,/4 ,mi*ael1 & ano!r ,angel1 9 ! ,k+ ( ,france's collectioni#aec4 ,a ,madonna1 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,francis at ,milan1 attribut$ to ,leon>do by ,sormani#aed4 ,a ,virg9 & ,*ild1 by ,leon>do1 9 ,piac5za1 ne> ! *ur* ( ,our ,lady 9 ! ,fields4 ,x 0 b\ght = #cjj *equ9s by ! ,pr9cipe di ,belgioiosoi#aee4 ,a ,madonna1 half l5g?1 hold+ on h] knee ! infant ,jesus1 ) a lily 9 8 h&4 ,a pr9t ( ?is1 engrav5 9 aqua =tis by ,giuseppe ,ju/]1 is m5tion$ ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aif4 ,! picture is !re said to h be5 9 ! possession ( ,*>les ,pat91 & 0 suppos$ by "s to h be5 pa9t$ = ,francis ,i4 ,an ,h]odiade1 "s "t 9 ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu's possessioni#aef4 ,! daught] ( ,h]odias1 ) an execution] hold+ out to h] ! head ( ,/4 ,john1 9 ! ,b>b]9i palacei#aeg4 ,an ,h]odiade ) a basket1 9 :i* is ! head ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,a pr9t ( ?is 9 aqua =tis1 by ,gio4 ,trov51 "u ! direction ( ,t5i]s1 is m5tion$ ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aig1 & is !re said to h be5 done f a picture :i* 0 !n 9 ! cab9et ( ! ,ar*duke ,leopold1 b _h be5 be=e 9 t ( ! ,emp]or4 ,ano!r picture ( ! same subject1 b diff]5tly dispos$4 ,x is also an half l5g?4 ,a pr9t f x1 9 aqua =tis1 by ,alessio ,loyr1 is m5tion$ ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aig2 b x is n !re said 9 ^: possession ! picture ev] 04 ,! angel 9 ,v]ro*io's picture be=e m5tion$i#aeh4 ,! %ield1 m5tion$ by ,vas>i1 p4 #bf1 z pa9t$ by him at ! reque/ ( 8 fa!r1 & consi/+ ( s]p5ts1 c4 ,a head ( ,m$usa1 9 oil1 9 ! palace ( ,duke ,cosmo4 ,x is /ill 9 be+1 & 9 good pres]vationi#aei4 ,a head ( an angel rais+ "o arm 9 ! air1 9 ! collection ( ,duke ,cosmoi#afj4 ,:e!r ?is is a picture1 or only a draw+1 does n appe>2 b z ,vas>i does n notice any diff]5ce betwe5 t & ! head ( ,m$usa1 :i* he decid$ly says is 9 oil1 x is probable t ?is is s also4 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,magi3 x 0 9 ! h\se ( ,am]ico ,b5ci1 opposite to ! ,portico ( ,p]uzzii#afa4 ,! fam\s ,la/ ,supp]1 9 ! ,refectory ( ! ,dom9ican conv5t ( ,santa ,m>ia delle ,graziei#afb4 ,a li/ ( ! copies made f ?is celebrat$ picture has1 toge!r ) its hi/ory1 be5 giv5 9 a =m] page4 ,a pr9t has be5 engrav5 f x "u ! direction ( ,pietro ,s\tman2 b he be+ a s*ol> ( ,rub5s1 has introduc$ into x s mu* ( ,rub5s's mann]i#afc1 t x c no long] be kn[n = ,leon>do da ,v9ci's4 ,besides ?is1 ,m>iette also m5tions two o!r pr9ts1 "o ( !m an engrav+1 ! o!r an et*+1 b bo? by unkn[n au?ors4 ,he notices also1 t ! ,c\nt di ,caylus _h et*$ x 9 aqua =tisi#afd4 ,! pr9t lately engrav5 ( x by ,morgh5 has be5 already notic$ 9 a =m] page4 ,a ,nativity1 s5t z a pres5t f ! ,duke ( ,milan to ! ,emp]ori#afe4 ,! portraits ( ,lodovic ,s=za1 ,duke ( ,milan1 & ,maximilian 8 elde/ son1 & on ! o!r side ,beatrix 8 dut*ess1 & ,francesco 8 o!r son1 all 9 "o picture1 9 ! same ,refectory ) ! ,la/ ,supp]i#aff4 ,! portraits ( two ( ! h&some/ wom5 at ,flor5ce1 pa9t$ by him z a pres5t to ,lewis ,,xiii#afg4 ,! pa9t+ 9 ! c\ncil-*amb] at ,flor5cei#afh4 ,! subject ( ?is is ! battle ( ,attilai#afi4 ,a portrait ( ,g9evra1 daught] ( ,am]ico ,b5cii#agj4 ,! portrait ( ,mona ,lisa1 ! wife ( ,francesco del ,giocondo1 pa9t$ = h] husb&i#aga4 ,lomazzo has said1 %e 0 a ,neapolitan1 b ?is is suppos$ a mi/ake1 & t %e 0 a ,flor5t9ei#agb4 ,9 a note ( ,m>iette's1 ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 p4 #age1 ?is picture is said to h be5 9 ! collection ( ,francis ,i4 ,k+ ( ,france1 :o gave = x #djjj cr[ns4 ,a small picture ( a *ild1 :i* 0 at ,pescia1 9 ! possession ( ,baldass> ,tur9i4 ,x is n kn[n :]e ?is n[ isi#agc4 ,a pa9t+ ( two horsem5 /ruggl+ = a flag1 9 ! ,palais ,royal at ,p>isi#agd4 ,a nobleman ( ,mantuai#age4 ,a picture ( ,flora1 :i* ,du ,fresne m5tions z be+ 9 8 "t at ,p>is4 ,?is is said to h be5 once 9 ! cab9et ( ,m>y de ,m$icisi#agf1 & ?\gh = "s "t suppos$ to h be5 pa9t$ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 0 discov]$ by ,m>iette to h be5 ! "w ( ,francisco ,melzi1 ^: "n is ^u xi#agg4 ,9 ! supplem5t to ! life ( ,leon>do1 ins]t$ 9 ,della ,valle's edition ( ,vas>i1 ?is picture is said to h be5 pa9t$ = ! ,duke de ,s4 ,simone4 ,a head ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 9 ! h&s ( ,camillo ,albizzoi#agh4 ,! ,conception ( ! bless$ ,virg91 = ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,francis at ,milani#agi4 ,?is 0 e/eem$ a copy1 & n wor? m ?an #cj *equ9s1 till an ,engli%man came !re1 :o ?\ght a l>ge sum ( money well employ$ 9 ! pur*ase ( xi#ahj4 ,/4 ,john 9 ! ,wild]ness1 said to be at ,p>isi#aha4 ,9 ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aig1 m5tion is made ( a pr9t ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 half l5g?1 by ,sig4 ,jabac1 :o _h ! orig9al picture1 :i* 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,k+ ( ,france's cab9et4 ,joseph & ,potiph>'s wife1 :i* ,mons4 de ,*>mois1 secret>y to ! ,duke ( ,s*omb]g1 _hi#ahb4 ,a portrait ( ,raphael1 9 oil1 9 ! ,m$ici gall]y4 ,?is is m5tion$ 9 ,vas>i1 p4 #dg2 & ?\gh n expressly !re said to be by ,leon>do1 is s plac$ z to make x d\btful :e!r x 0 or n4 ,a ,nun1 half l5g?1 by ,leon>do1 9 ! possession ( ,abbate ,nicol9ii#ahc4 ,two f9e heads1 pa9t$ 9 oil by ,leon>do1 b\ght at ,flor5ce by ,sig4 ,bali di ,breteuil1 ambassador f ,malta to ,rome4 ,"o ( ^!1 repres5t+ a woman1 0 9 8 fir/ mann]4 ,! o!r1 a ,virg91 9 8 la/i#ahd4 ,a ,l$a1 :i* ,lomazzo says 0 at ,fonta9ebleau1 & did n yield 9 col\r+ to ! portrait ( ,joconda 9 ! ,duke's gall]y4 ,ri*>dson says x 0 9 ! palace ,matteii#ahe4 ,! head ( a dead man1 ) all its m9ute p>ts1 pa9t$ by ,leon>do1 =m]ly 9 ! ,mattei palace1 b no long] !rei#ahf4 ,a picture conta9+ a /udy ( two mo/ delicate female heads1 9 ! ,b>b]9i palace at ,romei#ahg4 ,a portrait ( a girl ) a book 9 h] h&1 9 ! ,/rozzi palace 9 ,romei#ahh4 ,! ,dispute ( ,jesus ) ! ,doctors1 half l5g?1 9 ! ,panfili palacei#ahi4 ,five pictures 9 ! ,ambrosian libr>y at ,milan1 ! subjects n m5tion$i#aij4 ,"s 9 ! gall]y ( ! ar*bi%opric at ,milan1 ! numb] & subjects equally unnotic$i#aia4 ,"o picture 9 ! sacri/y ( ,santa ,m>ia1 ne> ,/4 ,celsus at ,milani#aib4 ,a small head ( ,*ri/1 :ile a y\?1 m5tion$ by ,lomazzo4 ,probably ?is may be ! /udy = ! picture ( ,jesus disput+ ) ! ,doctors1 at ! ,panfili palacei#aic4 ,/4 ,mi*ael ) a man kneel+1 9 ! ,k+ ( ,france's collectioni#aid4 ,a ,bac*us1 9 ! same collectioni#aie4 ,! fair ,f]raia1 9 ! same collectioni#aif4 ,a portrait ( a lady1 !re alsoi#aig4 ,a ,*ri/ ) a globe 9 8 h&i#aih4 ,a v f9e picture1 half l5g?1 n[ 9 ! possession ( ,ri*>d ,tr[>d1 ,esq4 ( ,pall ,mall4 ,?is 0 engrav5 by ,holl> 9 #afej1 9 aqua =tisi#aii4 ,! ,fall ( ,phaeton1 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 ( :i* ,scannelli speaks1 b x is m5tion$ by no "o elsei#bjj4 ,/4 ,ca!r9e ) a palm-bran*1 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,duke ( ,mod5ai#bja4 ,! head ( a "y man arm$1 9 ! same collection1 v graceful1 b inf]ior to ! ,/4 ,ca!r9ei#bjb4 ,a portrait ( ! ,que5 ( ,naples1 :i* 0 9 ! ,aldobr&9i gall]y1 b aft]w>ds to be f\nd 9 a *amb] ( portraits 9 ! ,panfili palace4 ,x is n equal 9 col\r+ to ! ,dispute ( ,jesus ) ! ,doctorsi#bjc4 ,a portrait 9 pr(ile ( ! ,dut*ess ( ,milan1 m5tion$ by ,ri*>dson z be+ 9 a *amb] lead+ to ! ,ambrosian libr>yi#bjd4 ,a beautiful figure ( ! ,virg91 half l5g?1 9 ! palace ( ,vaprio4 ,x is ( a gigantic size1 = ! head ( ! ,virg9 is six common palms 9 size1 & t ( ! ,div9e ,infant f\r 9 circumf]5ce4 ,della ,valle speaks ( hav+ se5 ?is 9 ! ye> #agia1 & says he is n ignorant t tradition ascribes ?is ,madonna to ,bramante1 not)/&+ :i* he gives x to ,leon>doi#bje4 ,a laugh+ ,pomona ) ?ree veils1 comm5d$ by ,lomazzo4 ,x 0 done = ,francis ,i4 ,k+ ( ,francei#bjf4 ,! portrait ( ,cecilia ,gall>ani1 m5tion$ by ,bell9cione 9 "o ( 8 sonnets1 z pa9t$ by ,leon>doi#bjg4 ,ano!r ( ,lucrezia ,cavelli1 a celebrat$ p]=m] on ! lute1 ascrib$ to him on ! same au?ority4 ,copies ( bo? ?is & ! =m] may be se5 at ,milani#bjh4 ,our ,savi\r be=e ,pilate1 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,flor5t9o1 at ,amboise4 ,x is ?\ght t ! c>ton only ( ?is 0 ,leon>do's1 & t ! picture 0 pa9t$ by ,&rea ,salai1 or ,melzii#bji4 ,a portrait ( ,leon>do by himself1 half l5g?1 9 ! ,ambrosian libr>y at ,milani#baj4 ,della ,valle has ins]t$ a copy ( ?is be=e ! ,supplem5t to ,leon>do's ,life1 9 8 edition ( ,vas>i1 = :i* purpose ,sig4 ,pagave transmitt$ him a draw+ f ! orig9al picture4 ,b ,leon>do's own draw+ = ! picture itself1 is 9 ! possession ( 8 ,britannic ,maje/y1 & f t ,mr4 ,*amb]la9e has prefix$ to 8 publication be=e m5tion$1 a plate engrav5 by ,b>tolozzi4 ,a ,,treatise1 c4 ,,draw+4 ,,proportion4 _/,*ap4 ,i4_/--,:at ! "y ,/ud5t 9 ,pa9t+ ought 9 ! fir/ ,place to le>n4 _/,!_/ "y /ud5t %\ld1 9 ! fir/ place1 acquire a k ( p]spective1 to enable him to give to e object its prop] dim5sions3 aft] :i*1 x is requisite t he be "u ! c>e ( an able ma/]1 to accu/om him1 by degrees1 to a good /yle ( draw+ ! p>ts4 ,next1 he mu/ /udy ,nature1 9 ord] to confirm & fix 9 8 m9d ! reason ( ^? precepts :i* he has le>nt4 ,he mu/ also be/[ "s "t 9 view+ ! works ( v>i\s old ma/]s1 to =m 8 eye & judgm5t1 9 ord] t he may be able to put 9 practice all t he has be5 taught#a4 _/,*ap4 ,,ii4_/--,rule = a "y ,/ud5t 9 ,pa9t+4 _/,!_/ organ ( sight is "o ( ! quicke/1 & takes 9 at a s+le glance an inf9ite v>iety ( =ms2 not)/&+ :i*1 x _c p]fectly compreh5d m ?an "o object at a "t4 ,= example1 ! read]1 at "o look ov] ?is page1 imm$iately p]ceives x full ( diff]5t *>act]s2 b he _c at ! same mom5t di/+ui% ea* lett]1 mu* less c he compreh5d _! mean+4 ,he mu/ consid] x ^w by ^w1 & l9e by l9e1 if he be desir\s ( =m+ a j notion ( ^! *>act]s4 ,9 l mann]1 if we wi% to asc5d to ! top ( an edifice1 we mu/ be cont5t to advance /ep by /ep1 o!rwise we %all nev] be able to atta9 x4 ,a "y man1 :o has a natural incl9ation to ! /udy ( ?is art1 ,i w\ld advise to act ?us3 ,9 ord] to acquire a true notion ( ! =m ( ?+s1 he mu/ beg9 by /udy+ ! p>ts :i* compose !m1 & n pass to a second till he has well /or$ 8 memory1 & suffici5tly practis$ ! fir/2 o!rwise he loses 8 "t1 & w mo/ c]ta9ly protract 8 /udies4 ,& let him rememb] to acquire accuracy be=e he attempts quickness4 _/,*ap4 ,,iii4_/--,h[ to discov] a "y ,man's ,disposition = ,pa9t+4 _/,_m_/ are v desir\s ( le>n+ to draw1 & are v fond ( x1 :o are1 not)/&+1 void ( a prop] disposition = x4 ,?is may be kn[n by _! want ( p]sev]ance2 l boys1 :o draw e ?+ 9 a hurry1 nev] f9i%+1 or %ad[+4 _/,*ap4 ,,iv4_/--,( ,pa9t+1 & its ,divisions4 _/,pa9t+_/ is divid$ into two pr9cipal p>ts4 ,! fir/ is ! figure1 t is1 ! l9es :i* di/+ui% ! =ms ( bodies1 & _! compon5t p>ts4 ,! second is ! col\r conta9$ )9 ^? limits4 _/,*ap4 ,v4_/--,division ( ! ,figure4 _/,!_/ =m ( bodies is divid$ into two p>ts2 t is1 ! proportion ( ! memb]s to ea* o!r1 :i* mu/ correspond ) ! :ole2 & ! motion1 expressive ( :at passes 9 ! m9d ( ! liv+ figure4 _/,*ap4 ,,vi4_/--,proportion ( ,memb]s4 _/,!_/ proportion ( memb]s is aga9 divid$ into two p>ts1 viz4 equality1 & motion4 ,by equality is meant 7besides ! measure correspond+ ) ! :ole71 t y d n conf\nd ! memb]s ( a "y subject ) ^? ( old age1 nor plump ones ) ^? t are lean2 & t1 moreov]1 y d n bl5d ! robu/ & firm muscles ( man ) fem99e s(tness3 t ! attitudes & motions ( old age be n express$ ) ! quickness & alacrity ( y\?2 nor ^? ( a female figure l ^? ( a vigor\s "y man4 ,! motions & memb]s ( a /rong man %\ld be su* z to express 8 p]fect /ate ( heal?4 _/,*ap4 ,,vii4_/--,( ,dim5sions 9 g5]al4 _/,9_/ g5]al1 ! dim5sions ( ! human body are to be consid]$ 9 ! l5g?1 & n 9 ! bread?2 because 9 ! wond]ful works ( ,nature1 :i* we endeav\r to imitate1 we _c 9 any species f9d any "o "p 9 "o model precisely simil> to ! same "p 9 ano!r4 ,let u be att5tive1 !re=e1 to ! v>iation ( =ms1 & avoid all mon/rosities ( proportion2 su* z long legs unit$ to %ort bodies1 & n>r[ *e/s ) long arms4 ,obs]ve also att5tively ! measure ( jo9ts1 9 :i* ,nature is apt to v>y consid]ably2 & imitate h] example by do+ ! same4 _/,*ap4 ,,viii4_/--,motion1 ,*anges1 & ,proportion ( ,memb]s4 _/,!_/ measures ( ! human body v>y 9 ea* memb]1 accord+ z x is m or less b5t1 or se5 9 diff]5t views1 increas+ on "o side z mu* z !y dim9i% on ! o!r4 _/,*ap4 ,,ix4_/--,! ,diff]5ce ( ,proportion betwe5 ,*ildr5 & gr[n ,m54 _/,9_/ m5 & *ildr5 ,i f9d a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! jo9ts ( ! "o & ! o!r 9 ! l5g? ( ! bones4 ,a man has ! l5g? ( two heads f ! extremity ( "o %\ld] to ! o!r1 ! same f ! %\ld] to ! elb[1 & f ! elb[ to ! f+]s2 b ! *ild has only "o1 because ,nature gives ! prop] size fir/ to ! seat ( ! intellect1 & aft]w>ds to ! o!r p>ts4 _/,*ap4 ,x4_/--,! ,alt]ations 9 ! ,proportion ( ! human ,body f ,infancy to full ,age4 _/,a man_/1 9 8 infancy1 has ! bread? ( 8 %\ld]s equal to ! l5g? ( ! face1 & to ! l5g? ( ! arm f ! %\ld] to ! elb[1 :5 ! arm is b5t#b4 ,x is ! same aga9 f ! l[] belly to ! knee1 & f ! knee to ! foot4 ,b1 :5 a man is arriv$ at ! p]iod ( 8 full gr[?1 e "o ( ^! dim5sions becomes d\ble 9 l5g?1 except ! face1 :i*1 ) ! top ( ! head1 und]goes b v little alt]ation 9 l5g?4 ,a well-proportion$ & full-gr[n man1 !re=e1 is t5 times ! l5g? ( 8 face2 ! bread? ( 8 %\ld]s w be two faces1 & 9 l mann] all ! above l5g?s w be d\ble4 ,! re/ w be expla9$ 9 ! g5]al measurem5t ( ! human body#c4 _/,*ap4 ,,xi4_/--,( ! ,proportion ( ,memb]s4 _/,all_/ ! p>ts ( any animal :atev] mu/ be correspond5t ) ! :ole4 ,s t1 if ! body be %ort & ?ick1 all ! memb]s belong+ to x mu/ be ! same4 ,"o t is long & ?9 mu/ h its p>ts ( ! same k9d2 & s ( ! middle size4 ,some?+ ( ! same may be obs]v$ 9 plants1 :5 un9jur$ by m5 or tempe/s2 = :5 ?us injur$ !y bud & gr[ aga91 mak+ "y %oots f old plants1 & by ^? means de/roy+ _! natural symmetry4 _/,*ap4 ,,xii4_/--,t e ,"p be proportion$ to its ,:ole4 _/,if_/ a man be %ort & ?ick1 be c>eful t all 8 memb]s be ( ! same nature1 viz4 %ort arms & ?ick1 l>ge h&s1 %ort f+]s1 ) broad jo9ts2 & s ( ! re/4 _/,*ap4 ,,xiii4_/--,( ! ,proportion ( ! ,memb]s4 _/,measure_/ ^u y\rself ! proportion ( ! p>ts1 &1 if y f9d any ( !m defective1 note x d[n1 & be v c>eful to avoid x 9 draw+ y\r own compositions4 ,= ?is is reckon$ a common fault 9 pa9t]s1 to delight 9 ! imitation ( !mselves4 _/,*ap4 ,,xiv4_/--,! ,dang] ( =m+ an errone\s ,judgm5t 9 reg>d to ! ,proportion & ,beauty ( ! ,p>ts4 _/,if_/ ! pa9t] has clumsy h&s1 he w be apt to introduce !m into 8 works1 & s ( any o!r "p ( 8 p]son1 :i* may n happ5 to be s beautiful z x ought to be4 ,he mu/1 !re=e1 gu>d p>ticul>ly aga9/ t self-love1 or too good op9ion ( 8 own p]son1 & /udy by e means to acquire ! k ( :at is mo/ beautiful1 & ( 8 own defects1 t he may adopt ! "o & avoid ! o!r4 _/,*ap4 ,,xv4_/--,ano!r ,precept4 _/,!_/ "y pa9t] mu/1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 accu/om 8 h& to copy+ ! draw+s ( good ma/]s2 & :5 8 h& is ?us =m$1 & ready1 he %\ld1 ) ! advice ( 8 director1 use himself also to draw f relievos2 accord+ to ! rules we %all po9t out 9 ! treatise on draw+ f relievos#d4 _/,*ap4 ,,xvi4_/--,! ,mann] ( draw+ f ,relievos1 & r5d]+ ,pap] fit = x4 _/,:5_/ y draw f relievos1 t+e y\r pap] ( "s d>ki% demi-t9t4 ,& aft] y h made y\r outl9e1 put 9 ! d>ke/ %ad[s1 &1 la/ ( all1 ! pr9cipal lights1 b sp>+ly1 especially ! small] ones2 because ^? are easily lo/ to ! eye at a v mod]ate di/ance#e4 _/,*ap4 ,,xvii4_/--,( draw+ f ,ca/s or ,nature4 _/,9_/ draw+ f relievo1 ! draftsman mu/ place himself 9 su* a mann]1 z t ! eye ( ! figure to be drawn be level ) 8 own#f4 _/,*ap4 ,,xviii4_/--,to draw ,figures f ,nature4 _/,accu/om_/ y\rself to hold a plummet 9 y\r h&1 t y may judge ( ! be>+ ( ! p>ts4 _/,*ap4 ,,xix4_/--,( draw+ f ,nature4 _/,:5_/ y draw f ,nature1 y mu/ be at ! di/ance ( ?ree times ! height ( ! object2 & :5 y beg9 to draw1 =m 9 y\r own m9d a c]ta9 pr9cipal l9e 7suppose a p]p5dicul>72 obs]ve well ! be>+ ( ! p>ts t[>ds t l9e2 :e!r !y int]sect1 are p>allel to x1 or oblique4 _/,*ap4 ,,xx4_/--,( draw+ ,academy ,figures4 _/,:5_/ y draw f a nak$ model1 always sket* 9 ! :ole ( ! figure1 suit+ all ! memb]s well to ea* o!r2 & ?\gh y f9i% only t "p :i* appe>s ! be/1 h a reg>d to ! re/1 t1 :5ev] y make use ( su* /udies1 all ! p>ts may hang toge!r4 ,9 compos+ y\r attitudes1 take c>e n to turn ! head on ! same side z ! brea/1 nor let ! arm g 9 a l9e ) ! leg#g4 ,if ! head turn t[>ds ! "r %\ld]1 ! p>ts mu/ be l[] on ! left side ?an on ! o!r2 b if ! *e/ come =w>d1 & ! head turn t[>ds ! left1 ! p>ts on ! "r side are to be ! highe/4 _/,*ap4 ,,xxi4_/--,( /udy+ 9 ! ,d>k1 on fir/ wak+ 9 ! ,morn+1 & be=e go+ to sleep4 _/,i h_/ exp]i5c$ no small b5efit1 :5 9 ! d>k & 9 b$1 by retrac+ 9 my m9d ! outl9es ( ^? =ms :i* ,i _h previ\sly /udi$1 p>ticul>ly su* z _h appe>$ ! mo/ difficult to compreh5d & reta92 by ?is me?od !y w be confirm$ & treasur$ up 9 ! memory4 _/,*ap4 ,,xxii4_/--,obs]vations on draw+ ,portraits4 _/,!_/ c>tilage1 :i* raises ! nose 9 ! middle ( ! face1 v>ies 9 eight diff]5t ways4 ,x is equally /raight1 equally concave1 or equally convex1 :i* is ! fir/ sort4 ,or1 secondly1 unequally /raight1 concave1 or convex4 ,or1 ?irdly1 /raight 9 ! upp] "p1 & concave 9 ! "u4 ,or1 f\r?ly1 /raight aga9 9 ! upp] "p1 & convex 9 ^? bel[4 ,or1 fif?ly1 x may be concave & /raight b5ea?4 ,or1 six?ly1 concave above1 & convex bel[4 ,or1 sev5?ly1 x may be convex 9 ! upp] "p1 & /raight 9 ! l[]4 ,& 9 ! eigh? & la/ place1 convex above1 & concave b5ea?4 ,! unit+ ( ! nose ) ! br[s is 9 two ways1 ei!r x is /raight or concave4 ,! =ehead has ?ree diff]5t =ms4 ,x is /raight1 concave1 or r\nd4 ,! fir/ is divid$ into two p>ts1 viz4 x is ei!r convex 9 ! upp] "p1 or 9 ! l[]1 sometimes bo?2 or else flat above & bel[4 _/,*ap4 ,,xxiii4_/--,! ,me?od ( reta9+ 9 ! ,memory ! ,lik5ess ( a ,man1 s z to draw 8 ,pr(ile1 aft] hav+ se5 him only once4 _/,y_/ mu/ obs]ve & rememb] well ! v>iations ( ! f\r pr9cipal features 9 ! pr(ile2 ! nose1 m\?1 *91 & =ehead4 ,& fir/ ( ! nose1 ( :i* !re are ?ree diff]5t sorts#h1 /raight1 concave1 & convex4 ,( ! /raight !re are b f\r v>iations1 %ort or long1 high at ! end1 or l[4 ,( ! concave !re are ?ree sorts2 "s h ! concavity above1 "s 9 ! middle1 & "s at ! end4 ,! convex noses also v>y ?ree ways2 "s project 9 ! upp] "p1 "s 9 ! middle1 & o!rs at ! bottom4 ,nature1 :i* seems to delight 9 inf9ite v>iety1 gives aga9 ?ree *anges to ^? noses :i* h a projection 9 ! middle2 = "s h x /raight1 "s concave1 & "s convex4 _/,*ap4 ,,xxiv4_/--,h[ to rememb] ! ,=m ( a ,face4 _/,if_/ y wi% to reta9 ) facility ! g5]al look ( a face1 y mu/ fir/ le>n h[ to draw well sev]al faces1 m\?s1 eyes1 noses1 *9s1 ?roats1 necks1 & %\ld]s2 9 %ort1 all ^? pr9cipal p>ts :i* di/+ui% "o man f ano!r4 ,= in/ance1 noses are (t5 diff]5t sorts#i4 ,/raight1 bun*$1 concave1 "s rais$ above1 "s bel[ ! middle1 aquil9e1 flat1 r\nd1 & %>p4 ,^! affect ! pr(ile4 ,9 ! front view !re are elev5 diff]5t sorts4 ,ev51 ?ick 9 ! middle1 ?9 9 ! middle1 ?ick at ! tip1 ?9 at ! beg9n+1 ?9 at ! tip1 & ?ick at ! beg9n+4 ,broad1 n>r[1 high1 & l[ no/rils2 "s ) a l>ge op5+1 & "s m %ut t[>ds ! tip4 ,! same v>iety w be f\nd 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! face1 :i* mu/ be drawn f ,nature1 & reta9$ 9 ! memory4 ,or else1 :5 y mean to draw a lik5ess f memory1 take ) y a pocket-book1 9 :i* y h m>k$ all ^! v>iations ( features1 & aft] hav+ giv5 a look at ! face y mean to draw1 retire a little aside1 & note d[n 9 y\r book :i* ( ! features are simil> to x2 t y may put x all toge!r at home4 _/,*ap4 ,,xxv4_/--,t a ,pa9t] %\ld take ,pleasure 9 ! ,op9ion ( e body4 _/,a pa9t]_/ ought n c]ta9ly to refuse li/5+ to ! op9ion ( any "o2 = we "k t1 al?\gh a man be n a pa9t]1 he may h j notions ( ! =ms ( m52 :e!r a man has a hump on 8 back1 a ?ick leg1 or a l>ge h&2 :e!r he be lame1 or h any o!r defect4 ,n[1 if we "k t m5 are able to judge ( ! works ( ,nature1 %\ld we n ?9k !m m able to detect our errors8 ,,anatomy4 _/,*ap4 ,,xxvi4_/--,:at is pr9cipally to be obs]v$ 9 ,figures4 _/,!_/ pr9cipal & mo/ important consid]ation requir$ 9 draw+ figures1 is to set ! head well ^u ! %\ld]s1 ! *e/ ^u ! hips1 ! hips & %\ld]s ^u ! feet4 _/,*ap4 ,,xxvii4_/--,mode ( ,/udy+4 _/,/udy_/ ! sci5ce fir/1 & !n foll[ ! practice :i* results f t sci5ce4 ,pursue me?od 9 y\r /udy1 & d n quit "o "p till x be p]fectly engrav5 9 ! memory2 & obs]ve :at diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ! memb]s ( animals & _! jo9ts#aj4 _/,*ap4 ,,xxviii4_/--,( be+ univ]sal4 _/,x_/ is an easy matt] = a man :o is well v]s$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( 8 art1 to become univ]sal 9 ! practice ( x1 s9ce all animals h a simil>ity ( memb]s1 t is1 muscles1 t5dons1 bones1 c4 ,^! only v>y 9 l5g? or ?ickness1 z w be demon/rat$ 9 ! ,anatomy#aa4 ,z = aquatic animals1 ( :i* !re is great v>iety1 ,i %all n p]suade ! pa9t] to take !m z a rule1 hav+ no connexion ) our purpose4 _/,*ap4 ,,xxix4_/--,a ,precept = ! ,pa9t]4 _/,x_/ reflects no great hon\r on a pa9t] to be able to execute only "o ?+ well1 su* z a head1 an academy figure1 or drap]ies1 animals1 l&scape1 or ! l1 conf9+ himself to "s p>ticul> object ( /udy2 because !re is sc>cely a p]son s void ( g5ius z to fail ( success1 if he apply e>ne/ly to "o bran* ( /udy1 & practise x cont9ually4 _/,*ap4 ,,xxx4_/--,( ! ,measures ( ! human ,body1 & ! b5d+ ( ,memb]s4 _/,x_/ is v necess>y t pa9t]s %\ld h a k ( ! bones :i* support ! fle% by :i* !y are cov]$1 b p>ticul>ly ( ! jo9ts1 :i* increase & dim9i% ! l5g? ( !m 9 _! appe>ance4 ,z 9 ! arm1 :i* does n measure ! same :5 b5t1 z :5 ext5d$2 its diff]5ce betwe5 ! greate/ ext5sion & b5d+1 is ab\t "o eigh? ( its l5g?4 ,! increase & dim9ution ( ! arm is effect$ by ! bone project+ out ( its socket at ! elb[2 :i*1 z is se5 9 figure ,a ,b1 ,plate ,i4 is l5g!n$ f ! %\ld] to ! elb[2 ! angle x =ms be+ less ?an a "r angle4 ,x w appe> long] z t angle becomes m acute1 & w %ort5 9 proportion z x becomes m op5 or obtuse4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #ae4 ,*ap4 #cg4 ,plate #a4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 _/,*ap4 ,,xxxi4_/--,( ! small ,bones 9 sev]al ,jo9ts ( ! human ,body4 _/,!re_/ are 9 ! jo9ts ( ! human body c]ta9 small bones1 fix$ 9 ! middle ( ! t5dons :i* connect sev]al ( ! jo9ts4 ,su* are ! patellas ( ! knees1 & ! jo9ts ( ! %\ld]s1 & ^? ( ! feet4 ,!y are eight 9 numb]1 "o at ea* %\ld]1 "o at ea* knee1 & two at ea* foot "u ! fir/ jo9t ( ! great toe t[>ds ! heel4 ,^! gr[ extremely h>d z a man advances 9 ye>s4 _/,*ap4 ,,xxxii4_/--,memor&um to be obs]v$ by ! ,pa9t]4 _/,note_/ d[n :i* muscles & t5dons are br\ght into action by ! motion ( any memb]1 & :5 !y are hidd54 ,rememb] t ^! rem>ks are ( ! greate/ importance to pa9t]s & sculptors1 :o pr(ess to /udy anatomy1 & ! sci5ce ( ! muscles4 ,d ! same ) *ildr51 foll[+ ! diff]5t gradations ( age f _! bir? ev5 to decrepitude1 describ+ ! *anges :i* ! memb]s1 & p>ticul>ly ! jo9ts1 und]go2 :i* ( !m gr[ fat1 & :i* lean4 _/,*ap4 ,,xxxiii4_/--,! ,%\ld]s4 _/,!_/ jo9ts ( ! %\ld]s1 & o!r p>ts :i* b5d1 %all be notic$ 9 _! places 9 ! ,treatise on ,anatomy1 :]e ! cause ( ! motions ( all ! p>ts :i* compose ! human body %all be expla9$#ab4 _/,*ap4 ,,xxxiv4_/--,! ,diff]5ce ( ,jo9ts betwe5 ,*ildr5 & gr[n ,m54 _/,"y_/ *ildr5 h all _! jo9ts small1 b !y are ?ick & plump 9 ! spaces betwe5 !m2 because !re is no?+ ^u ! bones at ! jo9ts1 b "s t5dons to b9d ! bones toge!r4 ,! s(t fle%1 :i* is full ( fluids1 is enclos$ "u ! sk9 9 ! space betwe5 ! jo9ts2 & z ! bones are bigg] at ! jo9ts ?an 9 ! space betwe5 !m1 ! sk9 ?r[s (f 9 ! progress to manhood t sup]fluity1 & draws ne>] to ! bones1 ?9n+ ! :ole "p toge!r4 ,b ^u ! jo9ts x does n less51 z !re is no?+ b c>tilages & t5dons4 ,= ^! reasons *ildr5 are small 9 ! jo9ts1 & plump 9 ! space betwe51 z may be obs]v$ 9 _! f+]s1 arms1 & n>r[ %\ld]s4 ,m51 on ! contr>y1 are l>ge & full 9 ! jo9ts1 9 ! arms & legs2 & :]e *ildr5 h holl[s1 m5 are knotty & prom95t4 _/,*ap4 ,,xxxv4_/--,( ! ,jo9ts ( ! ,f+]s4 _/,!_/ jo9ts ( ! f+]s appe> l>g] on all sides :5 !y b5d2 ! m !y b5d ! l>g] !y appe>4 ,! contr>y is ! case :5 /raight4 ,x is ! same 9 ! toes1 & x w be m p]ceptible 9 proportion to _! fle%9ess4 _/,*ap4 ,,xxxvi4_/--,( ! ,jo9t ( ! ,wri/4 _/,!_/ wri/ or jo9t betwe5 ! h& & arm less5s on clos+ ! h&1 & gr[s l>g] :5 x op5s4 ,! contr>y happ5s 9 ! arm1 9 ! space betwe5 ! elb[ & ! h&1 on all sides2 because 9 op5+ ! h& ! muscles are ext5d$ & ?9n$ 9 ! arm1 f ! elb[ to ! wri/2 b :5 ! h& is %ut1 ! same muscles swell & %ort54 ,! t5dons alone />t1 be+ /ret*$ by ! cl5*+ ( ! h&4 _/,*ap4 ,,xxxvii4_/--,( ! ,jo9t ( ! ,foot4 _/,!_/ increase & dim9ution 9 ! jo9t ( ! foot is produc$ on t side :]e ! t5dons are se51 z ,d ,e ,f1 ,plate ,i4 :i* increases :5 ! angle is acute1 & dim9i%es :5 x becomes obtuse4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood ( ! jo9t 9 ! front "p ( ! foot ,a ,b ,c4 _/,*ap4 ,,xxxviii4_/--,( ! ,knee4 _/,(_/ all ! memb]s :i* h pliable jo9ts1 ! knee is ! only "o t less5s 9 ! b5d+1 & becomes l>g] by ext5sion4 _/,*ap4 ,,xxxix4_/--,( ! ,jo9ts4 _/,all_/ ! jo9ts ( ! human body become l>g] by b5d+1 except t ( ! leg4 _/,*ap4 ,,xl4_/--,( ! ,nak$4 _/,:5_/ a figure is to appe> nimble & delicate1 its muscles mu/ nev] be too mu* m>k$1 nor are any ( !m to be mu* swell$4 ,because su* figures are expressive ( activity & swiftness1 & are nev] load$ ) mu* fle% ^u ! bones4 ,!y are made light by ! want ( fle%1 & :]e !re is b little fle% !re _c be any ?ickness ( muscles4 _/,*ap4 ,,xli4_/--,( ! ,?ickness ( ! ,muscles4 _/,muscul>_/ m5 h l>ge bones1 & are 9 g5]al ?ick & %ort1 ) v little fat2 because ! fle%y muscles 9 _! gr[? contract clos] toge!r1 & ! fat1 :i* 9 o!r in/ances lodges betwe5 !m1 has no room4 ,! muscles 9 su* ?9 subjects1 n be+ able to ext5d1 gr[ 9 ?ickness1 p>ticul>ly t[>ds _! middle1 9 ! p>ts mo/ remov$ f ! extremities4 _/,*ap4 ,,xlii4_/--,fat ,subjects h small ,muscles4 _/,?\gh_/ fat p h ?is 9 common ) muscul> m51 t !y are frequ5tly %ort & ?ick1 !y h ?9 muscles2 b _! sk9 conta9s a great deal ( spongy & s(t fle% full ( air2 = t reason !y are light] ^u ! wat]1 & swim bett] ?an muscul> p4 _/,*ap4 ,,xliii4_/--,:i* ( ! ,muscles disappe> 9 ! diff]5t ,motions ( ! ,body4 _/,9_/ rais+ or l[]+ ! arm1 ! pectoral muscles disappe>1 or acquire a great] relievo4 ,a simil> effect is produc$ by ! hips1 :5 !y b5d ei!r inw>ds or outw>ds4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t !re is m v>iety ( appe>ances 9 ! %\ld]s1 hips1 & neck1 ?an 9 any o!r jo9t1 because !y are susceptible ( ! greate/ v>iety ( motions4 ,b ( ?is subject ,i %all make a sep>ate treatise#ac4 _/,*ap4 ,,xliv4_/--,( ! ,muscles4 _/,!_/ muscles are n to be scrupul\sly m>k$ all ! way1 because x w\ld be disagreeable to ! sight1 & ( v difficult execution4 ,b on t side only :]e ! memb]s are 9 action1 !y %\ld be pron\nc$ m /rongly2 = muscles t are at "w naturally collect all _! p>ts toge!r1 to ga9 increase ( /r5g?1 s t "s small p>ts ( ^? muscles w appe>1 t 7 n se5 be=e4 _/,*ap4 ,,xlv4_/--,( ! ,muscles4 _/,!_/ muscles ( "y m5 are n to be m>k$ /rongly1 nor too mu* swell$1 because t w\ld indicate full /r5g? & vig\r ( age1 :i* !y h n yet atta9$4 ,nev]!less !y mu/ be m or less express$1 z !y are m or less employ$4 ,= ^? :i* are 9 motion are always m swell$ & ?ick] ?an ^? :i* rema9 at re/4 ,! intr9sic & c5tral l9e ( ! memb]s :i* are b5t1 nev] reta9s its natural l5g?4 _/,*ap4 ,,xlvi4_/--,! ,ext5sion & ,contraction ( ! ,muscles4 _/,!_/ muscle at ! back "p ( ! ?igh %[s m v>iety 9 its ext5sion & contraction1 ?an any o!r 9 ! human body2 ! second1 9 t respect1 are ^? :i* compose ! buttocks2 ! ?ird1 ^? ( ! back2 ! f\r?1 ^? ( ! neck2 ! fif?1 ^? ( ! %\ld]s2 & ! six?1 ^? ( ! ,abdom51 :i*1 tak+ _! rise "u ! brea/1 t]m9ate "u ! l[] belly2 z ,i %all expla9 :5 ,i speak ( ea*4 _/,*ap4 ,,xlvii4_/--,( ! ,muscle betwe5 ! ,*e/ & ! l[] ,belly4 _/,!re_/ is a muscle :i* beg9s "u ! brea/ at ! ,/]num1 & is ins]t$ into1 or t]m9ates at ! ,os pubis1 "u ! l[] belly4 ,x is call$ ! ,rectus ( ! ,abdom52 x is divid$1 l5g?ways1 into ?ree pr9cipal portions1 by transv]se t5d9\s int]sections or ligam5ts1 viz4 ! sup]ior "p1 & a ligam5t2 ! second "p1 ) its ligam5ts2 & ! ?ird "p1 ) ! ?ird ligam5t2 :i* la/ unites by t5dons to ! ,os pubis4 ,^! divisions & int]sections ( ! same muscle are int5d$ by nature to facilitate ! motion :5 ! body is b5t or di/5d$4 ,if x 7 made ( "o piece1 x w\ld produce too mu* v>iety :5 ext5d$1 or contract$1 & also w\ld be consid]ably weak]4 ,:5 ?is muscle has b little v>iety 9 ! motion ( ! body1 x is m beautiful#ad4 _/,*ap4 ,,xlviii4_/--,( a ,man's complex ,/r5g?1 b fir/ ( ! ,arm4 _/,!_/ muscles :i* s]ve ei!r to /raight5 or b5d ! arm1 arise f ! diff]5t processes ( ! ,scapula2 "s ( !m f ! protub]ances ( ! ,hum]us1 & o!rs ab\t ! middle ( ! ,os hum]i4 ,! ext5sors ( ! arm arise f beh9d1 & ! flexors f be=e4 ,t a man has m p[] 9 pull+ ?an 9 pu%+1 has be5 prov$ by ! n9? proposition ,de ,pond]ibus#ae1 :]e x is said1 t ( two equal weights1 t w h ! greate/ p[] :i* is f>!/ remov$ f ! pole or c5tre ( its balance4 ,x foll[s !n ( c\rse1 t ! muscle ,n ,b1 ,plate ,,ii4 & ! muscle ,n ,c1 be+ ( equal p[]1 ! inn] muscle ,n ,c1 w nev]!less be /rong] ?an ! outw>d "o ,n ,b1 because x is ins]t$ into ! arm at ,c1 a po9t f>!r remov$ f ! c5tre ( ! elb[ ,a1 ?an ,b1 :i* is on ! o!r side ( su* c5tre1 s t t "q is det]m9$4 ,b ?is is a simple p[]1 & ,i ?\ght x be/ to expla9 x be=e ,i m5tion$ ! complex p[] ( ! muscles1 ( :i* ,i mu/ n[ take notice4 ,! complex p[]1 or /r5g?1 is1 = in/ance1 ?is1 :5 ! arm is go+ to act1 a second p[] is add$ to x 7su* z ! weight ( ! body & ! /r5g? ( ! legs1 9 pull+ or pu%+71 consi/+ 9 ! ext5sion ( ! p>ts1 z :5 two m5 attempt to ?r[ d[n a column2 ! "o by pu%+1 & ! o!r by pull+#af4 _/,*ap4 ,,xlix4_/--,9 :i* ( ! two ,actions1 ,pull+ or ,pu%+1 a ,man has ! greate/ ,p[]1 ,plate ,,ii4 _/,a man_/ has ! greate/ p[] 9 pull+1 = 9 t action he has ! unit$ ex]tion ( all ! muscles ( ! arm1 :ile "s ( !m mu/ be inactive :5 he is pu%+2 because :5 ! arm is ext5d$ = t purpose1 ! muscles :i* move ! elb[ _c act1 any m ?an if he pu%$ ) 8 %\ld]s aga9/ ! column he means to ?r[ d[n2 9 :i* case only ! muscles t ext5d ! back1 ! legs "u ! ?igh1 & ! calves ( ! legs1 w\ld be active4 ,f :i* we conclude1 t 9 pull+ !re is add$ to ! p[] ( ext5sion ! /r5g? ( ! arms1 ( ! legs1 ( ! back1 & ev5 ( ! *e/1 if ! oblique motion ( ! body require x4 ,b 9 pu%+1 ?\gh all ! p>ts 7 employ$1 yet ! /r5g? ( ! muscles ( ! arms is want+2 = to pu% ) an ext5d$ arm )\t motion does n help m ?an if a piece ( wood 7 plac$ f ! %\ld] to ! column meant to be pu%$ d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #bb4 ,*ap4 #dh1 #di4 ,plate #b4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 _/,*ap4 ,l4_/--,( ! b5d+ ( ,memb]s1 & ( ! ,fle% r\nd ! b5d+ ,jo9t4 _/,!_/ fle% :i* cov]s ! bones ne> & at ! jo9ts1 swells or dim9i%es 9 ?ickness accord+ to _! b5d+ or ext5sion2 t is1 x increases at ! inside ( ! angle =m$ by ! b5d+1 & gr[s n>r[ & l5g!n$ on ! outw>d side ( ! ext]ior angle4 ,! middle betwe5 ! convex & concave angle p>ticipates ( ?is increase or dim9ution1 b 9 a great] or less degree z ! p>ts are ne>] to1 or f>!r f1 ! angles ( ! b5d+ jo9ts4 _/,*ap4 ,,li4_/--,( ! nak$ ,body4 _/,!_/ memb]s ( nak$ m5 :o "w h>d 9 diff]5t attitudes1 w %ew ! muscles m /rongly on t side :]e !y act =cibly to br+ ! "p into action2 & ! o!r muscles w be m or less m>k$1 9 proportion z !y co-op]ate 9 ! same motion4 _/,*ap4 ,,lii4_/--,( a ,ligam5t )\t ,muscles4 _/,:]e_/ ! arm jo9s ) ! h&1 !re is a ligam5t1 ! l>ge/ 9 ! human body1 :i* is )\t muscles1 & is call$ ! /rong ligam5t ( ! ,c>pus2 x has a squ>e %ape1 & s]ves to b9d & keep close toge!r ! bones ( ! arm1 & ! t5dons ( ! f+]s1 & prev5t _! dilat+1 or />t+ out4 _/,*ap4 ,,liii4_/--,( ,creases4 _/,9_/ b5d+ ! jo9ts ! fle% w always =m a crease on ! opposite side to t :]e x is tight4 _/,*ap4 ,,liv4_/--,h[ ne> beh9d ! ,back "o ,arm c be br\ght to ! o!r1 ,plate ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 _/,:5_/ ! arms are c>ri$ beh9d ! back1 ! elb[s c nev] be br\ght ne>] ?an ! l5g? f ! elb[ to ! end ( ! longe/ f+]2 s t ! f+]s w n be se5 beyond ! elb[s1 & 9 t situation1 ! arms ) ! %\ld]s =m a p]fect squ>e4 ,! greate/ ext5sion ( ! arm across ! *e/ is1 :5 ! elb[ comes ov] ! pit ( ! /oma*2 ! elb[ & ! %\ld] 9 ?is position1 w =m an equilat]al triangle4 _/,*ap4 ,,lv4_/--,( ! ,muscles4 _/,a nak$_/ figure be+ /rongly m>k$1 s z to give a di/9ct view ( all ! muscles1 w n express any motion2 because x _c move1 if "s ( its muscles d n relax :ile ! o!rs are pull+4 ,^? :i* relax cease to appe> 9 proportion z ! o!rs pull /rongly & become app>5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #bd4 ,*ap4 #ed4 ,plate #c4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #bd4 ,*ap4 #ec4 ,plate #d4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 _/,*ap4 ,,lvi4_/--,( ! ,muscles4 _/,!_/ muscles ( ! human body are to be m or less m>k$ accord+ to _! degree ( action4 ,^? only :i* act are to be %ewn1 & ! m =cibly !y act1 ! /rong] !y %\ld be pron\nc$4 ,^? t d n act at all mu/ rema9 s(t & flat4 _/,*ap4 ,,lvii4_/--,( ! ,b5d+ ( ! ,body4 _/,!_/ bodies ( m5 dim9i% z mu* on ! side :i* b5ds1 z !y increase on ! opposite side4 ,t dim9ution may at la/ become d\ble1 9 proportion to ! ext5sion on ! o!r side4 ,b ( ?is ,i %all make a sep>ate treatise#ag4 _/,*ap4 ,,lviii4_/--,! same ,subject4 _/,!_/ body :i* b5ds1 l5g!ns z mu* on "o side z x %ort5s on ! o!r2 b ! c5tral l9e betwe5 !m w nev] less5 or increase4 _/,*ap4 ,,lix4_/--,! ,necessity ( anatomical ,k4 _/,!_/ pa9t] :o has obta9$ a p]fect k ( ! nature ( ! t5dons & muscles1 & ( ^? p>ts :i* conta9 ! mo/ ( !m1 w "k to a c]ta9ty1 9 giv+ a p>ticul> motion to any "p ( ! body1 :i*1 & h[ _m ( ! muscles give rise & contribute to x2 :i* ( !m1 by swell+1 occasion _! %ort5+1 & :i* ( ! c>tilages !y surr\nd4 ,he w n imitate ^? :o1 9 all ! diff]5t attitudes !y adopt1 or inv5t1 make use ( ! same muscles1 9 ! arms1 back1 or *e/1 or any o!r p>ts4 ,,motion ,,& ,,equipoise ,,( ,,figures4 _/,*ap4 ,,lx4_/--,( ! ,equipoise ( a ,figure /&+ /ill4 _/,!_/ non-exi/5ce ( motion 9 any animal re/+ on its feet1 is ow+ to ! equality ( weight di/ribut$ on ea* side ( ! l9e ( gravity4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxi4_/--,motion produc$ by ! ,loss ( ,equilibrium4 _/,motion_/ is creat$ by ! loss ( due equipoise1 t is1 by inequality ( weight2 = no?+ c move ( itself1 )\t los+ its c5tre ( gravity1 & ! f>!r t is remov$1 ! quick] & /rong] w be ! motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #bg4 ,*ap4 #fb4 ,plate #e4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxii4_/--,( ! ,equipoise ( ,bodies1 ,plate ,v4 _/,!_/ balance or equipoise ( p>ts 9 ! human body is ( two sorts1 viz4 simple1 & complex4 ,simple1 :5 a man /&s ^u 8 feet )\t motion3 9 t situation1 if he ext5ds 8 arms at diff]5t di/ances f ! middle1 or /oop1 ! c5tre ( 8 weight w always be 9 a p]p5dicul> l9e ^u ! c5tre ( t foot :i* supports ! body2 & if he re/s equally ^u bo? feet1 !n ! middle ( ! *e/ w be p]p5dicul> to ! middle ( ! l9e :i* measures ! space betwe5 ! c5tres ( 8 feet4 ,! complex balance is1 :5 a man c>ries a weight n 8 own1 :i* he be>s by diff]5t motions2 z 9 ! figure ( ,h]cules /ifl+ ,anteus1 by press+ him aga9/ 8 brea/ ) 8 arms1 aft] he has lift$ him f ! gr\nd4 ,he mu/ h z mu* ( 8 own weight ?r[n beh9d ! c5tral l9e ( 8 feet1 z ! weight ( ,anteus adds be=e4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxiii4_/--,( ,positions4 _/,!_/ pit ( ! neck1 betwe5 ! two ,clavicles1 falls p]p5dicul>ly ) ! foot :i* be>s ! weight ( ! body4 ,if "o ( ! arms be ?r[n =w>ds1 ?is pit w quit t p]p5dicul>2 & if "o ( ! legs goes back1 t pit is br\ght =w>ds1 & s *anges its situation at e *ange ( po/ure4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxiv4_/--,( balanc+ ! ,weight r\nd ! ,c5tre ( ,gravity 9 ,bodies4 _/,a figure_/ /&+ ^u its feet )\t motion1 w =m an equipoise ( all its memb]s r\nd ! c5tre ( its support4 ,if ?is figure )\t motion1 & re/+ ^u its feet1 happ5s to move "o ( its arms =w>ds1 x mu/ necess>ily ?r[ z mu* ( its weight on ! opposite side1 z is equal to t ( ! ext5d$ arm & ! accid5tal weight4 ,& ! same ,i say ( e "p1 :i* is br\ght out beyond its usual balance4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxv4_/--,( ,figures t h to lift up1 or c>ry any ,weight4 _/,a weight_/ c nev] be lift$ up or c>ri$ by any man1 if he d n ?r[ m ?an an equal weight ( 8 own on ! opposite side4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxvi4_/--,! ,equilibrium ( a ,man /&+ ^u 8 ,feet1 ,plate ,,vi4 _/,!_/ weight ( a man re/+ ^u "o leg w always be equally divid$ on ea* side ( ! c5tral or p]p5dicul> l9e ( gravity1 :i* supports him4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxvii4_/--,( ,walk+1 ,plate ,,vii4 _/,a man_/ walk+ w always h ! c5tre ( gravity ov] ! c5tre ( ! leg :i* re/s ^u ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #bh4 ,*ap4 #ff4 ,plate #f4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #bh4 ,*ap4 #fg4 ,plate #g4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxviii4_/--,( ! ,c5tre ( ,gravity 9 ,m5 & ,animals4 _/,!_/ legs1 or c5tre ( support1 9 m5 & animals1 w approa* ne>] to ! c5tre ( gravity1 9 proportion to ! sl[ness ( _! motion2 &1 on ! contr>y1 :5 ! motion is quick]1 !y w be f>!r remov$ f t p]p5dicul> l9e4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxix4_/--,( ! correspond+ ,?ickness ( ,p>ts on ea* ,side ( ! ,body4 _/,!_/ ?ickness or bread? ( ! p>ts 9 ! human body w nev] be equal on ea* side1 if ! correspond+ memb]s d n move equally & alike4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxx4_/--,( ! ,motions ( ,animals4 _/,all_/ bip$s 9 _! motions l[] ! "p imm$iately ov] ! foot t is rais$1 m ?an ov] t re/+ on ! gr\nd1 & ! highe/ p>ts d j ! contr>y4 ,?is is obs]vable 9 ! hips & %\ld]s ( a man :5 he walks2 & also 9 birds 9 ! head & rump4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxxi4_/--,( ,quadrup$s & _! ,motions4 _/,!_/ highe/ p>ts ( quadrup$s are susceptible ( m v>iation :5 !y walk1 ?an :5 !y are /ill1 9 a great] or less degree1 9 proportion to _! size4 ,?is proce$s f ! oblique position ( _! legs :5 !y t\* ! gr\nd1 :i* raise ! animal :5 !y become /raight & p]p5dicul> ^u ! gr\nd4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxxii4_/--,( ! ,quickness or ,sl[ness ( ,motion4 _/,!_/ motion p]=m$ by a man1 or any o!r animal :atev]1 9 walk+1 w h m or less velocity z ! c5tre ( _! weight is m or less remov$ f ! c5tre ( t foot ^u :i* !y are support$4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxxiii4_/--,( ! ,motion ( ,animals4 _/,t_/ figure w appe> ! swifte/ 9 its c\rse :i* leans ! mo/ =w>ds4 ,any body1 mov+ ( itself1 w d x ) m or less velocity 9 proportion z ! c5tre ( its gravity is m or less remov$ f ! c5tre ( its support4 ,?is is m5tion$ *iefly 9 reg>d to ! motion ( birds1 :i*1 )\t any clapp+ ( _! w+s1 or assi/ance ( w9d1 move !mselves4 ,?is happ5s :5 ! c5tre ( _! gravity is out ( ! c5tre ( _! support1 viz4 out ( its usual resid5ce1 ! middle betwe5 ! two w+s4 ,because1 if ! middle ( ! w+s be m backw>d ?an ! c5tre ( ! :ole weight1 ! bird w move =w>ds & d[nw>ds1 9 a great] or less degree z ! c5tre ( its weight is m or less remov$ f ! middle ( its w+s4 ,f :i* x foll[s1 t if ! c5tre ( gravity be f> remov$ f ! o!r c5tre1 ! desc5t ( ! bird w be v oblique2 b if t c5tre be ne> ! middle ( ! w+s1 ! desc5t w h v little obliquity4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #ca4 ,*ap4 #gd4 ,plate #h4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxxiv4_/--,( a ,figure mov+ aga9/ ! ,w9d1 ,plate ,,viii4 _/,a man_/ mov+ aga9/ ! w9d 9 any direction does n keep 8 c5tre ( gravity duly dispos$ ^u ! c5tre ( support#ah4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxxv4_/--,( ! ,balance ( a ,figure re/+ ^u its ,feet4 _/,!_/ man :o re/s ^u 8 feet1 ei!r be>s ! weight ( 8 body ^u !m equally1 or unequally4 ,if equally1 x w be ) "s accid5tal weight1 or simply ) 8 own2 if x be ) an additional weight1 ! opposite extremities ( 8 memb]s w n be equally di/ant f ! p]p5dicul> ( 8 feet4 ,b if he simply c>ries 8 own weight1 ! opposite extremities w be equally di/ant f ! p]p5dicul> ( 8 feet3 & on ?is subject ( gravity ,i %all write a sep>ate book#ai4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxxvi4_/--,a ,precept4 _/,!_/ navel is always 9 ! c5tral or middle l9e ( ! body1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! pit ( ! /oma* to t ( ! neck1 & mu/ h z mu* weight1 ei!r accid5tal or natural1 on "o side ( ! human figure z on ! o!r4 ,?is is demon/rat$ by ext5d+ ! arm1 ! wri/ ( :i* p]=ms ! (fice ( a weight at ! end ( a /eely>d2 & w require "s weight to be ?r[n on ! o!r side ( ! navel1 to c\nt]balance t ( ! wri/4 ,x is on t acc\nt t ! heel is (t5 rais$4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxxvii4_/--,( a ,man /&+1 b re/+ m ^u "o ,foot ?an ! o!r4 _/,aft]_/ a man1 by /&+ long1 has tir$ ! leg ^u :i* he re/s1 he s5ds "p ( 8 weight ^u ! o!r leg4 ,b ?is k9d ( po/ure is to be employ$ only = old age1 infancy1 or extreme lassitude1 because x expresses we>9ess1 or v little p[] 9 ! limbs4 ,= t reason1 a "y man1 /rong & heal?y1 w always re/ ^u "o ( 8 legs1 & if he removes a little ( 8 weight ^u ! o!r1 x is only a necess>y prep>ative to motion1 )\t :i* x is impossible to move2 z we h prov$ be=e1 t motion proce$s f inequality#bj4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxxviii4_/--,( ! ,balance ( ,figures1 ,plate ,,ix4 _/,if_/ ! figure re/s ^u "o foot1 ! %\ld] on t side w always be l[] ?an ! o!r2 & ! pit ( ! neck w fall p]p5dicul>ly ov] ! middle ( t leg :i* supports ! body4 ,! same w happ5 9 :atev] o!r view we see t figure1 :5 x has n ! arm mu* ext5d$1 nor any weight on its back1 9 its h&1 or on its %\ld]1 & :5 x does n1 ei!r beh9d or be=e1 ?r[ out t leg :i* does n support ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #cb4 ,*ap4 #gh4 ,plate #i4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #cc4 ,*ap4 #hj4 ,plate #aj4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxxix4_/--,9 :at ,mann] ext5d+ "o ,arm alt]s ! ,balance4 _/,!_/ ext5d+ ( ! arm1 :i* 0 b5t1 removes ! weight ( ! figure ^u ! foot :i* be>s ! weight ( ! :ole body3 z is obs]vable 9 rope-danc]s1 :o dance ^u ! rope ) _! arms op51 )\t any pole4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxxx4_/--,( a ,man be>+ a ,weight on 8 ,%\ld]s1 ,plate ,x4 _/,!_/ %\ld] :i* be>s ! weight is always high] ?an ! o!r4 ,?is is se5 9 ! figure opposite1 9 :i* ! c5tre l9e passes ?r\gh ! :ole1 ) an equal weight on ea* side1 to ! leg on :i* x re/s4 ,if ! weight 7 n equally divid$ on ea* side ( ?is c5tral l9e ( gravity1 ! :ole w\ld fall to ! gr\nd4 ,b ,nature has provid$1 t z mu* ( ! natural weight ( ! man %\ld be ?r[n on "o side1 z ( accid5tal weight on ! o!r1 to =m a c\nt]poise4 ,?is is effect$ by ! man's b5d+1 & lean+ on ! side n load$1 s z to =m an equilibrium to ! accid5tal weight he c>ries2 & ?is _c be done1 unless ! load$ %\ld] be rais$1 & ! o!r l[]$4 ,?is is ! res\rce ) :i* ,nature has furni%$ a man on su* occasions4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxxxi4_/--,( ,equilibrium4 _/,any_/ figure be>+ an additional weight out ( ! c5tral l9e1 mu/ ?r[ z mu* natural or accid5tal weight on ! opposite side z is suffici5t to =m a c\nt]poise r\nd t l9e1 :i* passes f ! pit ( ! neck1 ?r\gh ! :ole mass ( weight1 to t "p ( ! foot :i* re/s ^u ! gr\nd4 ,we obs]ve1 t :5 a man lifts a weight ) "o arm1 he naturally ?r[s out ! opposite arm2 & if t be n en\gh to =m an equipoise1 he w add z mu* ( 8 own weight1 by b5d+ 8 body1 z w enable him to resi/ su* accid5tal load4 ,we see also1 t a man ready to fall sideways & backw>ds at ! same "t1 always ?r[s out ! arm on ! opposite side4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxxxii4_/--,( ,motion4 _/,:e!r_/ a man moves ) velocity or sl[ness1 ! p>ts above ! leg :i* su/a9s ! weight1 w always be l[] ?an ! o!rs on ! opposite side4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxxxiii4_/--,! ,level ( ! ,%\ld]s4 _/,!_/ %\ld]s or sides ( a man1 or any o!r animal1 w pres]ve less ( _! level1 9 proportion to ! sl[ness ( _! motion2 &1 vice v]s1 ^? p>ts w lose less ( _! level :5 ! motion is quick]4 ,?is is prov$ by ! n9? proposition1 treat+ ( local motions1 :]e x is said1 any weight w press 9 ! direction ( ! l9e ( its motion2 !re=e ! :ole mov+ t[>ds any "o po9t1 ! p>ts belong+ to x w foll[ ! %orte/ l9e ( ! motion ( its :ole1 )\t giv+ any ( its weight to ! collat]al p>ts ( ! :ole4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #ce4 ,*ap4 #hd4 ,plate #aa4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #ce4 ,*ap4 #hd4 ,plate #ab4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #ce4 ,*ap4 #he4 ,plate #ac4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxxxiv4_/--,objection to ! above answ]$1 ,plate ,,xi4 & ,,xii4 _/,x_/ has be5 object$1 9 reg>d to ! fir/ "p ( ! above proposition1 t x does n foll[ t a man /&+ /ill1 or mov+ sl[ly1 has 8 memb]s always 9 p]fect balance ^u ! c5tre ( gravity2 because we d n f9d t ,nature always foll[s t rule1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! figure w sometimes b5d sideways1 /&+ ^u "o foot2 sometimes x w re/ "p ( its weight ^u t leg :i* is b5t at ! knee1 z is se5 9 ! figures ,b ,c4 ,b ,i %all reply ?us1 t :at is n p]=m$ by ! %\ld]s 9 ! figure ,c1 is done by ! hip1 z is demon/rat$ 9 ano!r place4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxxxv4_/--,( ! ,position ( ,figures1 ,plate ,,xiii4 _/,9_/ ! same proportion z t "p ( ! nak$ figure m>k$ ,d ,a1 less5s 9 height f ! %\ld] to ! hip1 on acc\nt ( its position ! opposite side increases4 ,& ?is is ! reason3 ! figure re/+ ^u "o 7suppose ! left7 foot1 t foot becomes ! c5tre ( all ! weight above2 & ! pit ( ! neck1 =m$ by ! junction ( ! two ,clavicles1 quits also its natural situation at ! upp] extremity ( ! p]p5dicul> l9e 7:i* passes ?r\gh ! middle surface ( ! body71 to b5d ov] ! same foot2 & z ?is l9e b5ds ) x1 x =ces ! transv]se l9es1 :i* are always at "r angles1 to l[] _! extremities on t side :]e ! foot re/s1 z appe>s 9 ,a ,b ,c4 ,! navel & middle p>ts always pres]ve _! natural height4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxxxvi4_/--,( ! ,jo9ts4 _/,9_/ ! b5d+ ( ! jo9ts x is p>ticul>ly useful to obs]ve ! diff]5ce & v>iety ( %ape !y assume2 h[ ! muscles swell on "o side1 :ile !y flatt5 on ! o!r2 & ?is is m app>5t 9 ! neck1 because ! motion ( x is ( ?ree sorts1 two ( :i* are simple motions1 & ! o!r complex1 p>ticipat+ also ( ! o!r two4 ,! simple motions are1 fir/1 :5 ! neck b5ds t[>ds ! %\ld]1 ei!r to ! "r or left1 & :5 x raises or l[]s ! head4 ,! second is1 :5 x twi/s to ! "r or left1 )\t ris+ or b5d+1 b /raight1 ) ! head turn$ t[>ds "o ( ! %\ld]s4 ,! ?ird motion1 :i* is call$ complex1 is1 :5 to ! b5d+ ( x is add$ ! twi/+1 z :5 ! e> leans t[>ds "o ( ! %\ld]s1 ! head turn+ ! same way1 & ! face turn$ upw>ds4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxxxvii4_/--,( ! ,%\ld]s4 _/,(_/ ^? :i* ! %\ld]s c p]=m1 simple motions are ! pr9cipal1 su* z mov+ ! arm upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,?\gh "o might almo/ call ^? motions inf9ite1 = if ! arm c trace a circle ^u a wall1 x w h p]=m$ all ! motions belong+ to ! %\ld]s4 ,e cont9u$ quantity be+ divisible ad inf9itum1 & ?is circle be+ a cont9u$ quantity1 produc$ by ! motion ( ! arm go+ ?r\gh e "p ( ! circumf]5ce1 x foll[s1 t ! motions ( ! %\ld]s may also be said to be inf9ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #cg4 ,*ap4 #hi4 ,plate #ad4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxxxviii4_/--,( ! ,motions ( a ,man4 _/,:5_/ y mean to repres5t a man remov+ a weight1 consid] t ! motions are v>i\s1 viz4 ei!r a simple motion1 by b5d+ himself to raise ! weight f ! gr\nd upw>ds1 or :5 he drags ! weight aft] him1 or pu%es x be=e him1 or pulls x d[n ) a rope pass+ ?r\gh a pulley4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t ! weight ( ! man's body pulls ! m 9 proportion z ! c5tre ( 8 gravity is remov$ f ! c5tre ( 8 support4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! /r5g? ( ! ef=t t ! legs & back make :5 !y are b5t1 to return to _! natural /raight situation4 ,a man nev] asc5ds or desc5ds1 nor walks at all 9 any direction1 )\t rais+ ! heel ( ! back foot4 _/,*ap4 ,,lxxxix4_/--,( ! ,disposition ( ,memb]s prep>+ to act ) great ,=ce1 ,plate ,,xiv4 _/,:5_/ a man prep>es himself to /rike a viol5t bl[1 he b5ds & twi/s 8 body z f> z he c to ! side contr>y to t :i* he means to /rike1 & collect+ all 8 /r5g?1 he1 by a complex motion1 returns & falls ^u ! po9t he has 9 view#ba4 _/,*ap4 ,,xc4_/--,( ?r[+ any ,?+ ) ,viol5ce1 ,plate ,,xv4 _/,a man_/ ?r[+ a d>t1 a /one1 or any ?+ else ) viol5ce1 may be repres5t$1 *iefly1 two diff]5t ways2 t is1 he may be prep>+ to d x1 or ! act may be already p]=m$4 ,if y mean to place him 9 ! act ( prep>ation1 ! inside ( ! foot ^u :i* he re/s w be "u ! p]p5dicul> l9e ( ! pit ( ! neck2 & if x be ! "r foot1 ! left %\ld] w be p]p5dicul> ov] ! toes ( ! same foot4 _/,*ap4 ,,xci4_/--,on ! ,motion ( driv+ any ,?+ into or draw+ x out ( ! ,gr\nd4 _/,he_/ :o wi%es to pit* a pole into ! gr\nd1 or draw "o out ( x1 w raise ! leg & b5d ! knee opposite to ! arm :i* acts1 9 ord] to balance himself ^u ! foot t re/s1 )\t :i* he c\ld nei!r drive 91 nor pull out any ?+4 _/,*ap4 ,,xcii4_/--,( =cible ,motions1 ,plate ,,xvi4 _/,(_/ ! two arms1 t w be mo/ p[]ful 9 its ef=t1 :i*1 hav+ be5 f>!/ remov$ f its natural situation1 is assi/$ m /rongly by ! o!r p>ts to br+ x to ! place :]e x means to g4 ,z ! man ,a1 :o moves ! arm ) a club ,e1 & br+s x to ! opposite side ,b1 assi/$ by ! motion ( ! :ole body4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #ch4 ,*ap4 #ij4 ,plate #ae4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #ci4 ,*ap4 #ib4 ,plate #af4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 _/,*ap4 ,,xciii4_/--,! ,action ( ,jump+4 _/,nature_/ w ( itself1 & )\t any reason+ 9 ! m9d ( a man go+ to jump1 prompt him to raise 8 arms & %\ld]s by a sudd5 motion1 toge!r ) a great "p ( 8 body1 & to lift !m up high1 till ! p[] ( ! ef=t subsides4 ,?is impetu\s motion is accompani$ by an in/antane\s ext5sion ( ! body :i* _h b5t itself1 l a spr+ or b[1 along ! back1 ! jo9ts ( ! ?ighs1 knees1 & feet1 & is let (f obliquely1 t is1 upw>ds & =w>ds2 s t ! disposition ( ! body t5d+ =w>ds & upw>ds1 makes x describe a great ar* :5 x spr+s up1 :i* increases ! leap4 _/,*ap4 ,,xciv4_/--,( ! ?ree ,motions 9 jump+ upw>ds4 _/,:5_/ a man jumps upw>ds1 ! motion ( ! head is ?ree times quick] ?an t ( ! heel1 be=e ! extremity ( ! foot quits ! gr\nd1 & twice z quick z t ( ! hips2 because ?ree angles are op5$ & ext5d$ at ! same "t3 ! sup]ior "o is t =m$ by ! body at its jo9t ) ! ?igh be=e1 ! second is at ! jo9t ( ! ?ighs & legs beh9d1 & ! ?ird is at ! in/ep be=e#bb4 _/,*ap4 ,,xcv4_/--,( ! easy ,motions ( ,memb]s4 _/,9_/ reg>d to ! fre$om & ease ( motions1 x is v necess>y to obs]ve1 t :5 y mean to repres5t a figure :i* has to turn itself a little r\nd1 ! feet & all ! o!r memb]s are n to move 9 ! same direction z ! head4 ,b y w divide t motion among f\r jo9ts1 viz4 ! feet1 ! knees1 ! hips1 & ! neck4 ,if x re/s ^u ! "r leg1 ! left knee %\ld be a little b5t inw>d1 ) its foot some:at rais$ outw>d4 ,! left %\ld] %\ld be l[] ?an ! o!r1 & ! nape ( ! neck turn$ on ! same side z ! outw>d ankle ( ! left foot1 & ! left %\ld] p]p5dicul> ov] ! great toe ( ! "r foot4 ,& take x z a g5]al maxim1 t figures d n turn _! heads /raight ) ! *e/1 ,nature hav+ = our conv5i5ce =m$ ! neck s z to turn ) ease on e side1 :5 ! eyes want to look r\nd2 & to ?is ! o!r jo9ts are 9 "s measure subs]vi5t4 ,if ! figure be sitt+1 & ! arms h "s employm5t across ! body1 ! brea/ w turn ov] ! jo9t ( ! hip4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #da4 ,*ap4 #if4 ,plate #ag4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 _/,*ap4 ,,xcvi4_/--,! greate/ ,twi/ :i* a ,man c make1 9 turn+ to look at himself beh9d4 ,plate ,,xvii4 _/,!_/ greate/ twi/ t ! body c p]=m is :5 ! back ( ! heels & ! front ( ! face are se5 at ! same "t4 ,x is n done )\t difficulty1 & is effect$ by b5d+ ! leg & l[]+ ! %\ld] on t side t[>ds :i* ! head turns4 ,! cause ( ?is motion1 & also :i* ( ! muscles move fir/ & :i* la/1 ,i %all expla9 9 my treatise on anatomy#bc4 _/,*ap4 ,,xcvii4_/--,( turn+ ! ,leg )\t ! ,?igh4 _/,x_/ is impossible to turn ! leg inw>ds or outw>ds )\t turn+ ! ?igh by ! same motion1 because ! sett+ 9 ( ! bones at ! knee is su*1 t !y h no motion b backw>ds & =w>ds1 & no m ?an is necess>y = walk+ or kneel+2 nev] sideways1 because ! =m ( ! bones at ! jo9t ( ! knee does n all[ x4 ,if ?is jo9t _h be5 made pliable on all sides1 z t ( ! %\ld]1 or t ( ! ?igh bone ) ! hip1 a man w\ld h _h 8 legs b5t on ea* side z (t5 z backw>ds & =w>ds1 & seldom or nev] /raight ) ! ?igh4 ,besides1 ?is jo9t c b5d only "o way1 s t 9 walk+ x c nev] g beyond ! /raight l9e ( ! leg2 x b5ds only =w>ds1 = if x c\ld b5d backw>ds1 a man c\ld nev] get up aga9 ^u 8 feet1 if once he 7 kneel+2 z :5 he means to get up f ! kneel+ po/ure 7on bo? knees71 he gives ! :ole weight ( 8 body to "o ( ! knees to support1 unload+ ! o!r1 :i* at t "t feels no o!r weight ?an its own1 & !re=e is lift$ up ) ease1 & re/s 8 foot flat ^u ! gr\nd2 !n return+ ! :ole weight ^u t foot1 & lean+ 8 h& ^u 8 knee1 he at once ext5ds ! o!r arm1 raises 8 head1 & /raight5+ ! ?igh ) ! body1 he spr+s up1 & re/s ^u ! same foot1 :ile he br+s up ! o!r4 _/,*ap4 ,,xcviii4_/--,po/ures ( ,figures4 _/,figures_/ t are set 9 a fix$ attitude1 are nev]!less to h "s contra/ ( p>ts4 ,if "o arm come be=e1 ! o!r rema9s /ill or goes beh9d4 ,if ! figure re/ ^u "o leg1 ! %\ld] on t side w be l[] ?an ! o!r4 ,?is is obs]v$ by arti/s ( judgm5t1 :o always take c>e to balance ! figure well ^u its feet1 = fe> x %\ld appe> to fall4 ,because by re/+ ^u "o foot1 ! o!r leg1 be+ a little b5t1 does n support ! body any m ?an if x 7 dead2 !re=e x is necess>y t ! p>ts above t leg %\ld transf] ! c5tre ( _! weight ^u ! leg :i* supports ! body4 _/,*ap4 ,,xcix4_/--,( ! ,gracefulness ( ! ,memb]s4 _/,!_/ memb]s are to be suit$ to ! body 9 graceful motions1 expressive ( ! mean+ :i* ! figure is int5d$ to convey4 ,if x _h to give ! idea ( g5teel & agreeable c>riage1 ! memb]s mu/ be sl5d] & well turn$1 b n lean2 ! muscles v slightly m>k$1 indicat+ 9 a s(t mann] su* z mu/ necess>ily appe>2 ! arms1 p>ticul>ly1 pliant1 & no memb] 9 a /raight l9e ) any o!r adjo9+ memb]4 ,if x happ51 on acc\nt ( ! motion ( ! figure1 t ! "r hip be high] ?an ! left1 make ! jo9t ( ! %\ld] fall p]p5dicul>ly on ! highe/ "p ( t hip2 & let t "r %\ld] be l[] ?an ! left4 ,! pit ( ! neck w always be p]p5dicul> ov] ! middle ( ! in/ep ( ! foot t supports ! body4 ,! leg t does n be> w h its knee a little l[] ?an ! o!r1 & ne> ! o!r leg4 ,9 reg>d to ! positions ( ! head & arms1 !y are inf9ite1 & = t reason ,i %all n ent] into any detail$ rule conc]n+ !m2 suffice x to say1 t !y are to be easy & free1 graceful1 & v>i$ 9 _! b5d+s1 s t !y may n appe> /iff l pieces ( wood4 _/,*ap4 ,c4_/--,t x is impossible = any ,memory to reta9 ! ,aspects & ,*anges ( ! ,memb]s4 _/,x_/ is impossible t any memory c be able to reta9 all ! aspects or motions ( any memb] ( any animal :atev]4 ,?is case we %all exemplify by ! appe>ance ( ! h&4 ,& because any cont9u$ quantity is divisible ad inf9itum1 ! motion ( ! eye :i* looks at ! h&1 & moves f ,a to ,b1 moves by a space ,a ,b1 :i* is also a cont9u$ quantity1 & consequ5tly divisible ad inf9itum1 & 9 e "p ( ! motion v>ies to its view ! aspect & figure ( ! h&2 & s x w d if x move r\nd ! :ole circle4 ,! same w ! h& d :i* is rais$ 9 its motion1 t is1 x w pass ov] a space1 :i* is a cont9u$ quantity#bd4 ,illu/ration _/,*ap4 ,,ci4_/--,! ,motions ( ,figures4 _/,nev]_/ put ! head /raight ^u ! %\ld]s1 b a little turn$ sideways to ! "r or left1 ev5 ?\gh ! figures %\ld be look+ up or d[n1 or /raight1 because x is necess>y to give !m "s motion ( life & _s4 ,nor ev] compose a figure 9 su* a mann]1 ei!r 9 a front or back view1 z t e "p falls /raight ^u ano!r f ! top to ! bottom4 ,b if y wi% to introduce su* a figure1 use x = old age4 ,nev] repeat ! same motion ( arms1 or ( legs1 n only n 9 ! same figure1 b 9 ^? :i* are /&+ by1 or ne>2 if ! necessity ( ! case1 or ! expression ( ! subject y repres5t1 d n oblige y to x#be4 _/,*ap4 ,,cii4_/--,( common ,motions4 _/,!_/ v>iety ( motions 9 man are equal to ! v>iety ( accid5ts or ?\ghts affect+ ! m9d1 & ea* ( ^! ?\ghts1 or accid5ts1 w op]ate m or less1 accord+ to ! temp] & age ( ! subject2 = ! same cause w 9 ! actions ( y\?1 or ( old age1 produce v diff]5t effects4 _/,*ap4 ,,ciii4_/--,( simple ,motions4 _/,simple_/ motion is t :i* a man p]=ms 9 m]ely b5d+ backw>ds or =w>ds4 _/,*ap4 ,,civ4_/--,complex ,motion4 _/,complex_/ motion is t :i*1 to produce "s p>ticul> action1 requires ! body to b5d d[nw>ds & sideways at ! same "t4 ,! pa9t] mu/ be c>eful 9 8 compositions to apply ^! complex motions accord+ to ! nature ( ! subject1 & n to weak5 or de/roy ! effect ( x by introduc+ figures ) simple motions1 )\t any connexion ) ! subject4 _/,*ap4 ,,cv4_/--,motions appropriat$ to ! ,subject4 _/,!_/ motions ( y\r figures are to be expressive ( ! quantity ( /r5g? requisite to ! =ce ( ! action4 ,let n ! same ef=t be us$ to take up a /ick z w\ld easily raise a piece ( timb]4 ,!re=e %ew great v>iety 9 ! expression ( /r5g?1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! load to be manag$4 _/,*ap4 ,,cvi4_/--,appropriate ,motions4 _/,!re_/ are "s emotions ( ! m9d :i* are n express$ by any p>ticul> motion ( ! body1 :ile 9 o!rs1 ! expression _c be %ewn )\t x4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! arms fall d[n1 ! h&s & all ! o!r p>ts1 :i* 9 g5]al are ! mo/ active1 rema9 at re/4 ,b su* emotions ( ! s\l z produce bodily action1 mu/ put ! memb]s into su* motions z are appropriat$ to ! int5tion ( ! m9d4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an ample subject1 & we h a great deal to say ^u x4 ,!re is a ?ird k9d ( motion1 :i* p>ticipates ( ! two already describ$2 & a f\r?1 :i* dep5ds nei!r on ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,?is la/ belongs to ins5sibility1 or fury1 & %\ld be rank$ ) madness or /upidity2 & s adapt$ only to grotesque or ,moresco "w4 _/,*ap4 ,,cvii4_/--,( ! ,po/ures ( ,wom5 & "y ,p4 _/,x_/ is n becom+ 9 wom5 & "y p to h _! legs too mu* asund]1 because x d5otes boldness2 :ile ! legs close toge!r %ew mode/y4 _/,*ap4 ,,cviii4_/--,( ! ,po/ures ( ,*ildr54 _/,*ildr5_/ & old p are n to express quick motions1 9 :at conc]ns _! legs4 _/,*ap4 ,,cix4_/--,( ! ,motion ( ! ,memb]s4 _/,let_/ e memb] be employ$ 9 p]=m+ its prop] functions4 ,= in/ance1 9 a dead body1 or "o asleep1 no memb] %\ld appe> alive or awake4 ,a foot be>+ ! weight ( ! :ole body1 %\ld n be play+ its toes up & d[n1 b flat ^u ! gr\nd2 except :5 x re/s entirely ^u ! heel4 _/,*ap4 ,,cx4_/--,( m5tal ,motions4 _/,a m]e_/ ?\ght1 or op]ation ( ! m9d1 excites only simple & easy motions ( ! body2 n ?is way1 & t way1 because its object is 9 ! m9d1 :i* does n affect ! s5ses :5 x is collect$ )9 itself4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxi4_/--,effect ( ! ,m9d ^u ! ,motions ( ! ,body1 occasion$ by "s outw>d ,object4 _/,:5_/ ! motion is produc$ by ! pres5ce ( "s object1 ei!r ! cause is imm$iate or n4 ,if x be imm$iate1 ! figure w fir/ turn t[>ds x ! organs mo/ necess>y1 ! eyes2 leav+ its feet 9 ! same place2 & w only move ! ?ighs1 hips1 & knees a little t[>ds ! same side1 to :i* ! eyes are direct$4 ,,l9e> ,,p]spective4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxii4_/--,( ^? :o apply !mselves to ! ,practice1 )\t hav+ le>nt ! ,!ory ( ! ,art4 _/,^?_/ :o become enam\r$ ( ! practice ( ! art1 )\t hav+ previ\sly appli$ to ! dilig5t /udy ( ! sci5tific "p ( x1 may be comp>$ to m>9]s1 :o put to sea 9 a %ip )\t rudd] or compass1 & !re=e _c be c]ta9 ( arriv+ at ! wi%$-= port4 ,practice mu/ always be f\nd$ on good !ory2 to ?is1 ,p]spective is ! guide & entrance1 )\t :i* no?+ c be well done4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxiii4_/--,precepts 9 ,pa9t+4 _/,p]spective_/ is to ,pa9t+ :at ! bridle is to a horse1 & ! rudd] to a %ip4 ,! size ( a figure %\ld d5ote ! di/ance at :i* x is situat$4 ,if a figure be se5 ( ! natural size1 rememb] t x d5otes its be+ ne> to ! eye4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxiv4_/--,( ! ,b\nd>ies ( ,objects call$ ,outl9es or ,cont\rs4 _/,!_/ outl9es or cont\rs ( bodies are s little p]ceivable1 t at any small di/ance betwe5 t & ! object1 ! eye w n be able to recognise ! features ( a fri5d or relation1 if x 7 n = _! clo!s & g5]al appe>ance4 ,s t by ! k ( ! :ole x comes to "k ! p>ts4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxv4_/--,( l9e> ,p]spective4 _/,l9e>_/ ,p]spective consi/s 9 giv+1 by e/abli%$ rules1 ! true dim5sions ( objects1 accord+ to _! respective di/ances2 s t ! second object be less ?an ! fir/1 ! ?ird ?an ! second1 & by degrees at la/ !y become invisible4 ,i f9d by exp]i5ce1 t1 if ! second object be at ! same di/ance f ! fir/1 z ! fir/ is f ! eye1 ?\gh !y be ( ! same size1 ! second w appe> half ! size ( ! fir/2 &1 if ! ?ird be at ! same di/ance beh9d ! second1 x w dim9i% two ?irds2 & s on1 by degrees1 !y w1 at equal di/ances1 dim9i% 9 proportion2 provid$ t ! int]val be n m ?an tw5ty cubits#bf2 at :i* di/ance x w lose two f\r?s ( its size3 at =ty x w dim9i% ?ree f\r?s2 & at sixty x w lose five six?s1 & s on progressively4 ,b y mu/ be di/ant f y\r picture twice ! size ( x2 =1 if y be only once ! size1 x w make a great diff]5ce 9 ! measure f ! fir/ to ! second4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxvi4_/--,:at ,p>ts ( ,objects disappe> fir/ by ,di/ance4 _/,^?_/ p>ts :i* are ( less magnitude w fir/ vani% f ! sight#bg4 ,?is happ5s1 because ! %ape ( small objects1 at an equal di/ance1 comes to ! eye "u a m acute angle ?an ! l>ge ones1 & ! p]ception ( !m is less1 9 proportion z !y are less 9 magnitude4 ,x foll[s !n1 t if ! l>ge objects1 by be+ remov$ to a great di/ance1 & consequ5tly com+ to ! eye by a small angle1 are almo/ lo/ to ! sight1 ! small objects w entirely disappe>4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxvii4_/--,( remote ,objects4 _/,!_/ outl9es ( objects w be less se51 9 proportion z !y are m di/ant f ! eye4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxviii4_/--,( ! ,po9t ( ,sight4 _/,!_/ po9t ( sight mu/ be on a level ) ! eyes ( a common-siz$ man1 & plac$ ^u ! horizon1 :i* is ! l9e =m$ by a flat c\ntry t]m9at+ ) ! sky4 ,an exception mu/ be made z to m\nta9s1 :i* are above t l9e4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxix4_/--,a ,picture is to be view$ f "o ,po9t only4 _/,?is_/ w be prov$ by "o s+le example4 ,if y mean to repres5t a r\nd ball v high up1 on a flat & p]p5dicul> wall1 x w be necess>y to make x oblong1 l ! %ape ( an egg1 & to place y\rself 7t is1 ! eye1 or po9t ( view7 s f> back1 z t its outl9e or circumf]5ce may appe> r\nd4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxx4_/--,( ! ,dim5sions ( ! fir/ ,figure 9 an hi/orical ,pa9t+4 _/,!_/ fir/ figure 9 y\r picture w be less ?an ,nature1 9 proportion z x rec$es f ! front ( ! picture1 or ! bottom l9e2 & by ! same rule ! o!rs beh9d x w g on less5+ 9 an equal degree#bh4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxxi4_/--,( ,objects t are lo/ to ! ,sight 9 ,proportion to _! ,di/ance4 _/,!_/ fir/ ?+s t disappe>1 by be+ remov$ to "s di/ance1 are ! outl9es or b\nd>ies ( objects4 ,! second1 z !y remove f>!r1 are ! %ad[s :i* divide contigu\s bodies4 ,! ?ird are ! ?ickness ( legs & feet2 & s 9 succession ! small p>ts are lo/ to ! sight1 till no?+ rema9s b a confus$ mass1 )\t any di/9ct p>ts4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxxii4_/--,errors n s easily se5 9 small ,objects z 9 l>ge ones4 _/,suppos+_/ ?is small object to repres5t a man1 or any o!r animal1 al?\gh ! p>ts1 by be+ s mu* dim9i%$ or r$uc$1 _c be execut$ ) ! same exactness ( proportion1 nor f9i%$ ) ! same accuracy1 z if on a l>g] scale1 yet on t v acc\nt ! faults w be less conspicu\s4 ,= example1 if y look at a man at ! di/ance ( two hundr$ y>ds1 & ) all due att5tion mean to =m a judgm5t1 :e!r he be h&some or ugly1 de=m$ or well made1 y w f9d t1 ) all y\r endeav\rs1 y c h>dly v5ture to decide4 ,! reason is1 t ! man dim9i%es s mu* by ! di/ance1 t x is impossible to di/+ui% ! p>ts m9utely4 ,if y wi% to "k by demon/ration ! dim9ution ( ! above figure1 hold y\r f+] up be=e y\r eye at ab\t n9e in*es di/ance1 s t ! top ( y\r f+] corresponds ) ! top ( ! head ( ! di/ant figure3 y w p]ceive t y\r f+] cov]s1 n only its head1 b "p ( its body2 :i* is an evid5t pro( ( ! app>5t dim9ution ( t object4 ,h5ce x (t5 happ5s1 t we are d\btful1 & c sc>cely1 at "s di/ance1 di/+ui% ! =m ( ev5 a fri5d4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxxiii4_/--,hi/orical ,subjects "o above ano!r on ! same ,wall to be avoid$4 _/,?is_/ cu/om1 :i* has be5 g5]ally adopt$ by pa9t]s1 on ! front & sides ( *apels1 is mu* to be condemn$4 ,!y beg9 ) an hi/orical picture1 its l&scape & build+s1 9 "o comp>tm5t4 ,aft] :i*1 !y raise ano!r comp>tm5t1 & execute ano!r hi/ory ) o!r build+s ^u ano!r level2 & f !nce !y proce$ to a ?ird & f\r?1 v>y+ ! po9t ( sight1 z if ! behold] 0 go+ up /eps1 :ile1 9 fact1 he mu/ look at !m all f bel[1 :i* is v ill judg$ 9 ^? matt]s4 ,we "k t ! po9t ( sight is ! eye ( ! spectator2 & if y ask1 h[ is a s]ies ( subjects1 su* z ! life ( a sa9t1 to be repres5t$1 9 diff]5t comp>tm5ts on ! same wall8 ,i answ]1 t y are to place ! pr9cipal ev5t 9 ! l>ge/ comp>tm5t1 & make ! po9t ( sight z high z ! eye ( ! spectator4 ,beg9 t subject ) l>ge figures2 & z y g up1 less5 ! objects1 z well ! figures1 z build+s1 v>y+ ! plans accord+ to ! effect ( p]spective2 b nev] v>y+ ! po9t ( sight3 & s complete ! s]ies ( subjects1 till y come to a c]ta9 height1 :]e t]re/rial objects c be se5 no m1 except ! tops ( trees1 or cl\ds & birds2 or if y introduce figures1 !y mu/ be a]ial1 su* z angels1 or sa9ts 9 glory1 or ! l1 if !y suit ! purpose ( y\r hi/ory4 ,if n1 d n und]take ?is k9d ( pa9t+1 = y\r "w w be faulty1 & ju/ly repreh5sible#bi4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxxiv4_/--,:y ,objects 9 ,pa9t+ c nev] deta*1 z natural ,objects d4 _/,pa9t]s_/ (t5 despair ( be+ able to imitate ,nature1 f obs]v+1 t _! pictures h n ! same relief1 nor ! same life1 z natural objects h 9 a look+-glass1 ?\gh !y bo? appe> ^u a pla9 surface4 ,!y say1 !y h col\rs :i* surpass 9 brightness ! quality ( ! lights1 & 9 d>kness ! quality ( ! %ades ( ! objects se5 9 ! look+-glass2 b attribute ?is circum/ance to _! own ignorance1 & n to ! true cause1 because !y d n "k x4 ,x is impossible t objects 9 pa9t+ %\ld appe> ) ! same relief z ^? 9 ! look+-glass1 unless we look at !m ) only "o eye4 ,! reason is ?is4 ,! two eyes ,a ,b look+ at objects "o beh9d ano!r1 z ,m & ,n1 see !m bo?2 because ,m _c entirely occupy ! space ( ,n1 by reason t ! base ( ! visual rays is s broad1 t ! second object is se5 beh9d ! fir/4 ,b if "o eye be %ut1 & y look ) ! o!r ,s1 ! body ,f w entirely cov] ! body ,r1 because ! visual rays beg9n+ at "o po9t1 =m a triangle1 ( :i* ! body ,f is ! base1 & be+ prolong$1 !y =m two div]g+ tang5ts at ! two extremities ( ,f1 :i* _c t\* ! body ,r beh9d x1 !re=e c nev] see x#cj4 ,illu/ration _/,*ap4 ,,cxxv4_/--,h[ to give ! prop] ,dim5sion to ,objects 9 ,pa9t+4 ,illu/ration _/,9_/ ord] to give ! appe>ance ( ! natural size1 if ! piece be small 7z m9iatures71 ! figures on ! =e-gr\nd are to be f9i%$ ) z mu* precision z ^? ( any l>ge pa9t+1 because be+ small !y are to be br\ght up close to ! eye4 ,b l>ge pa9t+s are se5 at "s di/ance2 :5ce x happ5s1 t ?\gh ! figures 9 ea* are s diff]5t 9 size1 9 appe>ance !y w be ! same4 ,?is proce$s f ! eye receiv+ ^? objects "u ! same angle2 & x is prov$ ?us4 ,let ! l>ge pa9t+ be ,b ,c1 ! eye ,a1 & ,d ,e a pane ( glass1 ?r\gh :i* are se5 ! figures situat$ at ,b ,c4 ,i say t ! eye be+ fix$1 ! figures 9 ! copy ( ! pa9t+s ,b ,c are to be small]1 9 proportion z ! glass ,d ,e is ne>] ! eye ,a1 & are to be z precise & f9i%$4 ,b if y w execute ! picture ,b ,c ^u ! glass ,d ,e1 ?is ought to be less f9i%$ ?an ! picture ,b ,c1 & m s ?an ! figure ,m ,n transf]r$ ^u ! glass ,f ,g2 because1 suppos+ ! figure ,p ,o to be z mu* f9i%$ z ! natural "o 9 ,b ,c1 ! p]spective ( ,o ,p w\ld be false1 s9ce1 ?\gh 9 reg>d to ! dim9ution ( ! figure x w\ld be "r1 ,b ,c be+ dim9i%$ 9 ,p ,o1 ! f9i%+ w\ld n agree ) ! di/ance1 because 9 giv+ x ! p]fection ( ! natural ,b ,c1 ,b ,c w\ld appe> z ne> z ,o ,p2 b1 if y se>* = ! dim9ution ( ,o ,p1 ,o ,p w be f\nd at ! di/ance ,b ,c1 & ! dim9ution ( ! f9i%+ z at ,f ,g4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxxvi4_/--,h[ to draw accurately any p>ticul> ,spot4 _/,take_/ a glass z l>ge z y\r pap]1 fa/5 x well betwe5 y\r eye & ! object y mean to draw1 & fix+ y\r head 9 a frame 79 su* a mann] z n to be able to move x7 at ! di/ance ( two feet f ! glass2 %ut "o eye1 & draw ) a p5cil accurately ^u ! glass all t y see ?r\gh x4 ,aft] t1 trace ^u pap] :at y h drawn on ! glass1 :i* trac+ y may pa9t at pleasure1 obs]v+ ! a]ial p]spective4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxxvii4_/--,disproportion to be avoid$1 ev5 9 ! accessory ,p>ts4 _/,a great_/ fault is committ$ by _m pa9t]s1 :i* is highly to be blam$1 t is1 to repres5t ! habitations ( m51 & o!r p>ts ( _! compositions1 s l[1 t ! doors d n rea* z high z ! knees ( _! inhabitants1 ?\gh1 accord+ to _! situation1 !y are ne>] to ! eye ( ! spectator1 ?an ! m5 :o seem will+ to ent] !m4 ,i h se5 "s pictures ) porticos1 support$ by columns load$ ) figures2 "o grasp+ a column aga9/ :i* x leans1 z if x 7 a walk+-/ick1 & o!r simil> errors1 :i* are to be avoid$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,,inv5tion1 _/or_/ ,,composition4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxxviii4_/--,precept = avoid+ a bad ,*oice 9 ! ,/yle or ,proportion ( ,figures4 _/,!_/ pa9t] ought to =m 8 /yle ^u ! mo/ proportionate model 9 ,nature2 & aft] hav+ measur$ t1 he ought to measure himself also1 & be p]fectly acqua9t$ ) 8 own defects or defici5cies2 & hav+ acquir$ ?is k1 8 con/ant c>e %\ld be to avoid convey+ into 8 "w ^? defects :i* he has f\nd 9 8 own p]son2 = ^! defects1 becom+ habitual to 8 obs]vation1 mislead 8 judgm5t1 & he p]ceives !m no long]4 ,we ought1 !re=e1 to /ruggle aga9/ su* a prejudice1 :i* gr[s up ) u2 = ! m9d1 be+ fond ( its own habitation1 is apt to repres5t x to our imag9ation z beautiful4 ,f ! same motive x may be1 t !re is n a woman1 h[ev] pla9 9 h] p]son1 :o may n f9d h] admir]1 if %e be n a mon/]4 ,aga9/ ?is b5t ( ! m9d y ought v cauti\sly to be on y\r gu>d4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxxix4_/--,v>iety 9 ,figures4 _/,a pa9t]_/ ought to aim at univ]sal excell5ce2 = he w be greatly want+ 9 dignity1 if he d "o ?+ well & ano!r badly1 z _m d1 :o /udy only ! nak$ figure1 measur$ & proportion$ by a pair ( compasses 9 _! h&s1 & d n seek = v>iety4 ,a man may be well proportion$1 & yet be tall or %ort1 l>ge or lean1 or ( a middle size2 & :oev] does n make great use ( ^! v>ieties1 :i* are all exi/+ 9 ,nature 9 its mo/ p]fect /ate1 w produce figures z if ca/ 9 "o & ! same m\ld1 :i* is highly repreh5sible4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxxx4_/--,h[ a ,pa9t] ought to proce$ 9 8 ,/udies4 _/,!_/ pa9t] ought always to =m 9 8 m9d a k9d ( sy/em ( reason+ or discussion )9 himself on any rem>kable object be=e him4 ,he %\ld /op1 take notes1 & =m "s rule ^u x2 consid]+ ! place1 ! circum/ances1 ! lights & %ad[s4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxxxi4_/--,( sket*+ ,hi/ories & ,figures4 _/,sket*es_/ ( hi/orical subjects mu/ be slight1 att5d+ only to ! situation ( ! figures1 )\t reg>d to ! f9i%+ ( p>ticul> memb]s1 :i* may be done aft]w>ds at leisure1 :5 ! m9d is s dispos$4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxxxii4_/--,h[ to /udy ,composition4 _/,!_/ "y /ud5t %\ld beg9 by sket*+ slightly "s s+le figure1 & turn t on all sides1 kn[+ already h[ to contract1 & h[ to ext5d ! memb]s2 aft] :i*1 he may put two toge!r 9 v>i\s attitudes1 we w suppose 9 ! act ( fight+ boldly4 ,?is composition also he mu/ try on all sides1 & 9 a v>iety ( ways1 t5d+ to ! same expression4 ,!n he may imag9e "o ( !m v c\rage\s1 :ile ! o!r is a c[>d4 ,let ^! attitudes1 & _m o!r accid5tal affections ( ! m9d1 be ) great c>e /udi$1 exam9$1 & dwelt ^u4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxxxiii4_/--,( ! ,attitudes ( ,m54 _/,!_/ attitudes & all ! memb]s are to be dispos$ 9 su* a mann]1 t by !m ! int5tions ( ! m9d may be easily discov]$4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxxxiv4_/--,v>iety ( ,positions4 _/,!_/ positions ( ! human figure are to be adapt$ to ! age & rank2 & to be v>i$ accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! sexes1 m5 or wom54 _/,*ap4 ,,cxxxv4_/--,( ,/udies f ,nature = ,hi/ory4 _/,x_/ is necess>y to consid] well ! situation = :i* ! hi/ory is to be pa9t$1 p>ticul>ly ! height2 & let ! pa9t] place accord+ly ! model1 f :i* he means to make 8 /udies = t hi/orical picture2 & set himself z mu* bel[ ! object1 z ! picture is to be above ! eye ( ! spectator1 o!rwise ! "w w be faulty4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxxxvi4_/--,( ! ,v>iety ( ,figures 9 ,hi/ory ,pa9t+4 _/,hi/ory_/ pa9t+ mu/ exhibit v>iety 9 its fulle/ ext5t4 ,9 temp]1 size1 complexion1 actions1 plumpness1 leanness1 ?ick1 ?91 l>ge1 small1 r\gh1 smoo?1 old age & y\?1 /rong & muscul>1 weak1 ) little appe>ance ( muscles1 *e]fulness & melan*oly4 ,"s %\ld be ) curl$ hair1 & "s ) /raight2 "s %ort1 "s long1 "s quick 9 _! motions1 & "s sl[1 ) a v>iety ( dresses & col\rs1 accord+ z ! subject may require4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxxxvii4_/--,( ,v>iety 9 ,hi/ory4 _/,a pa9t]_/ %\ld delight 9 introduc+ great v>iety into 8 compositions1 avoid+ repetition1 t by ?is f]tility ( inv5tion he may attract & *>m ! eye ( ! behold]4 ,if x be requisite accord+ to ! subject meant to be repres5t$1 t !re %\ld be a mixture ( m5 diff]+ 9 _! faces1 ages1 & dress1 gr\p$ ) wom51 *ildr51 dogs1 & horses1 build+s1 hills & flat c\ntry2 obs]ve dignity & decorum 9 ! pr9cipal figure2 su* z a k+1 magi/rate1 or philosoph]1 sep>at+ !m f ! l[ classes ( ! p4 ,mix n afflict$ or weep+ figures ) joyful & laugh+ ones2 = ,nature dictates t ! *e]ful be att5d$ by o!rs ( ! same disposition ( m9d4 ,laught] is productive ( laught]1 & vice v]s4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxxxviii4_/--,( ! ,age ( ,figures4 _/,d_/ n br+ toge!r a numb] ( boys ) z _m old m51 nor "y m5 ) infants1 nor wom5 ) m52 if ! subject y mean to repres5t does n oblige y to x4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxxxix4_/--,( ,v>iety ( ,faces4 _/,!_/ ,italian pa9t]s h be5 accus$ ( a common fault1 t is1 ( introduc+ into _! compositions ! faces1 & ev5 ! :ole figures1 ( ,roman emp]ors1 :i* !y take f ! antique4 ,to avoid su* an error1 let no repetition take place1 ei!r 9 p>ts1 or ! :ole ( a figure2 nor let !re be ev5 ! same face 9 ano!r composition3 & ! m ! figures are contra/$1 viz4 ! de=m$ oppos$ to ! beautiful1 ! old to ! "y1 ! /rong to ! feeble1 ! m ! picture w please & be admir$4 ,^! diff]5t *>act]s1 contra/$ ) ea* o!r1 w increase ! beauty ( ! :ole4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t a pa9t]1 :ile he is compos+1 w use any little sket* or scrap ( draw+ he has by him1 & endeav\r to make x s]ve 8 purpose2 b ?is is extremely injudici\s1 because he may v (t5 f9d t ! memb]s he has drawn h n ! motion suit$ to :at he means to express2 & aft] he has adopt$1 accurately drawn1 & ev5 well f9i%$ !m1 he w be lo? to rub out & *ange !m = o!rs4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxl4_/--,a ,fault 9 ,pa9t]s4 _/,x_/ is a v great fault 9 a pa9t] to repeat ! same motions 9 figures1 & ! same folds 9 drap]ies 9 ! same composition1 z also to make all ! faces alike4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxli4_/--,h[ y may le>n to compose ,gr\ps = ,hi/ory ,pa9t+4 _/,:5_/ y are well in/ruct$ 9 p]spective1 & "k p]fectly h[ to draw ! anatomy & =ms ( diff]5t bodies or objects1 x %\ld be y\r delight to obs]ve & consid] 9 y\r walks ! diff]5t actions ( m51 :5 !y are talk+1 or qu>rell+2 :5 !y laugh1 & :5 !y fight4 ,att5d to _! positions1 & to ^? ( ! spectators2 :e!r !y are attempt+ to sep>ate ^? :o fight1 or m]ely look]s-on4 ,be quick 9 sket*+ ^! ) slight /rokes 9 y\r pocket-book1 :i* %\ld always be ab\t y1 & made ( /a9$ pap]1 z y ought n to rub out4 ,:5 x is full1 take ano!r1 = ^! are n ?+s to be rubb$ out1 b kept ) ! greate/ c>e2 because =ms & motions ( bodies are s inf9itely v>i\s1 t ! memory is n able to reta9 !m2 !re=e pres]ve ^! sket*es z y\r assi/ants & ma/]s4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxlii4_/--,h[ to /udy ! ,motions ( ! human ,body4 _/,!_/ fir/ requisite t[>ds a p]fect acqua9tance ) ! v>i\s motions ( ! human body1 is ! k ( all ! p>ts1 p>ticul>ly ! jo9ts1 9 all ! attitudes 9 :i* x may be plac$4 ,!n make slight sket*es 9 y\r pocket-book1 z opportunities occur1 ( ! actions ( m51 z !y happ5 to meet y\r eye1 )\t be+ p]ceiv$ by !m2 because1 if !y 7 to obs]ve y1 !y w\ld be di/urb$ f t fre$om ( action1 :i* is prompt$ by inw>d feel+2 z :5 two m5 are qu>rell+ & angry1 ea* ( !m seem+ to be 9 ! "r1 & ) great vehem5ce move _! eyebr[s1 arms1 & all ! o!r memb]s1 us+ motions appropriat$ to _! words & feel+s4 ,?is !y c\ld n d1 if y want$ !m to imitate ang]1 or any o!r accid5tal emotion2 su* z laught]1 weep+1 pa91 admiration1 fe>1 & ! l4 ,= t reason1 take c>e nev] to be )\t a little book1 = ! purpose ( sket*+ ^? v>i\s motions1 & also gr\ps ( p /&+ by4 ,?is w tea* y h[ to compose hi/ory4 ,two ?+s dem& ! pr9cipal att5tion ( a good pa9t]4 ,"o is ! exact outl9e & %ape ( ! figure2 ! o!r1 ! true expression ( :at passes 9 ! m9d ( t figure1 :i* he mu/ feel1 & t is v important4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxliii4_/--,( ,dresses1 & ( ,drap]ies & ,folds4 _/,!_/ drap]ies ) :i* y dress figures ought to h _! folds s accommodat$ z to surr\nd ! p>ts !y are int5d$ to cov]2 t 9 ! mass ( light !re be n any d>k fold1 & 9 ! mass ( %ad[s none receiv+ too great a light4 ,!y mu/ g g5tly ov]1 describ+ ! p>ts2 b n ) l9es across1 cutt+ ! memb]s ) h>d not*es1 deep] ?an ! "p c possibly be2 at ! same "t1 x mu/ fit ! body1 & n appe> l an empty bundle ( clo?2 a fault ( _m pa9t]s1 :o1 enam\r$ ( ! quantity & v>iety ( folds1 h encumb]$ _! figures1 =gett+ ! int5tion ( clo!s1 :i* is to dress & surr\nd ! p>ts gracefully :]ev] !y t\*2 & n to be fill$ ) w9d1 l bladd]s1 puff$ up :]e ! p>ts project4 ,i d n d5y t we ought n to neglect introduc+ "s h&some folds among ^! drap]ies1 b x mu/ be done ) great judgm5t1 & suit$ to ! p>ts1 :]e1 by ! actions ( ! limbs & position ( ! :ole body1 !y ga!r toge!r4 ,above all1 be c>eful to v>y ! quality & quantity ( y\r folds 9 compositions ( _m figures2 s t1 if "s h l>ge folds1 produc$ by ?ick wooll5 clo?2 o!rs1 be+ dress$ 9 ?9n] /uff1 may h !m n>r[]2 "s %>p & /raight1 o!rs s(t & undulat+4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxliv4_/--,( ! ,nature ( ,folds 9 ,drap]ies4 _/,_m_/ pa9t]s pref] mak+ ! folds ( _! drap]ies ) acute angles1 deep & precise2 o!rs ) angles h>dly p]ceptible2 & "s ) none at all2 b in/ead ( !m1 c]ta9 curv$ l9es4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxlv4_/--,h[ ! ,folds ( ,drap]ies ought to be repres5t$1 ,plate ,,xviii4 _/,t_/ "p ( ! drap]y1 :i* is ! f>!/ f ! place :]e x is ga!r$1 w appe> m approa*+ its natural /ate4 ,e ?+ naturally incl9es to pres]ve its primitive =m4 ,!re=e a /uff or clo?1 :i* is ( equal ?ickness on bo? sides1 w always incl9e to rema9 flat4 ,= t reason1 :5 x is con/ra9$ by "s fold to rel9qui% its flat situation1 x is obs]v$ t1 at ! "p ( its greate/ re/ra9t1 x is cont9ually mak+ ef=ts to return to its natural %ape2 & ! p>ts mo/ di/ant f x reassume m ( _! primitive /ate by ample & di/5d$ folds4 ,= example1 let ,a ,b ,c be ! drap]y m5tion$ above2 ,a ,b ! place :]e x is fold$ or re/ra9$4 ,i h said t ! "p1 :i* is f>!/ f ! place ( its re/ra9t1 w\ld return m t[>ds its primitive %ape4 ,!re=e ,c be+ ! f>!/1 w be broad] & m ext5d$ ?an any o!r "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #fh4 ,*ap4 #ade4 ,plate #ah4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #fi4 ,*ap4 #adg4 ,plate #ai4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxlvi4_/--,h[ ! ,folds 9 ,drap]ies ought to be made4 _/,drap]ies_/ are n to be encumb]$ ) _m folds3 on ! contr>y1 !re ought to be "s only :]e !y are held up ) ! h&s or arms ( ! figures1 & ! re/ left to fall ) natural simplicity4 ,!y ought to be /udi$ f ,nature2 t is to say1 if a wooll5 clo? be int5d$1 ! folds ought to be drawn aft] su* clo?2 if x be ( silk1 or ?9 /uff1 or else v ?ick = lab\r]s1 let x be di/+ui%$ by ! nature ( ! folds4 ,b nev] copy !m1 z "s d1 aft] models dress$ 9 pap]1 or ?9 lea!r1 = x greatly misleads4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxlvii4_/--,=e-%ort5+ ( ,folds1 ,plate ,,xix4 _/,:]e_/ ! figure is =e-%ort5$1 !re ought to appe> a great] numb] ( folds1 ?an on ! o!r p>ts1 all surr\nd+ x 9 a circul> mann]4 ,let ,e be ! situation ( ! eye4 ,m ,n w h ! middle ( e circul> fold successively remov$ f>!r f its outl9e1 9 proportion z x is m di/ant f ! eye4 ,9 ,m ,o ( ! o!r figure ! outl9es ( ^! circul> folds w appe> almo/ /raight1 because x is situat$ opposite ! eye2 b 9 ,p & ,q q ! contr>y1 z 9 ,n & ,m4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxlviii4_/--,( ,folds4 _/,!_/ folds ( drap]ies1 :atev] be ! motion ( ! figure1 ought always to %ew1 by ! =m ( _! outl9es1 ! attitude ( su* figure2 s z to leave1 9 ! m9d ( ! behold]1 no d\bt or confusion 9 reg>d to ! true position ( ! body2 & let !re be no fold1 :i*1 by its %ad[1 breaks ?r\gh any ( ! memb]s2 t is to say1 appe>+ to g 9 deep] ?an ! surface ( ! "p x cov]s4 ,& if y repres5t ! figure clo!d ) sev]al g>m5ts1 "o ov] ! o!r1 let x n appe> z if ! upp] "o cov]$ only a m]e skeleton2 b let x express t x is also well furni%$ ) fle%1 & a ?ickness ( folds1 suitable to ! numb] ( its "u g>m5ts4 ,! folds surr\nd+ ! memb]s ought to dim9i% 9 ?ickness ne> ! extremities ( ! "p !y surr\nd4 ,! l5g? ( ! folds1 :i* are close to ! memb]s1 ought to produce o!r folds on t side :]e ! memb] is dim9i%$ by =e-%ort5+1 & be m ext5d$ on ! opposite side4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxlix4_/--,( ,decorum4 _/,obs]ve_/ decorum 9 e ?+ y repres5t1 t is1 fitness ( action1 dress1 & situation1 accord+ to ! dignity or meanness ( ! subject to be repres5t$4 ,be c>eful t a k+1 = in/ance1 be grave & maje/ic 9 8 c\nt5ance & dress2 t ! place be well decorat$2 & t 8 att5dants1 or ! by-/&]s1 express rev]5ce & admiration1 & appe> z noble1 9 dresses suitable to a royal c\rt4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! repres5tation ( a mean subject1 let ! figures appe> l[ & despicable2 ^? ab\t !m ) simil> c\nt5ances1 & actions1 d5ot+ base & presumptu\s m9ds1 & meanly clad4 ,9 %ort1 9 bo? cases1 ! p>ts mu/ correspond ) ! g5]al s5tim5t ( ! composition4 ,! motions ( old age %\ld n be simil> to ^? ( y\?2 ^? ( a woman to ^? ( a man2 nor %\ld ! latt] be ! same z ^? ( a boy4 _/,*ap4 ,,cl4_/--,! ,"* ( ,figures 9 ,composition4 _/,9_/ g5]al1 ! pa9t] ought to introduce v few old m51 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( hi/orical subjects1 & ^? few sep>at$ f "y p2 because old p are few1 & _! habits d n agree ) ^? ( y\?4 ,:]e !re is no con=mity ( cu/om1 !re c be no intimacy1 &1 )\t x1 a company is soon sep>at$4 ,b if ! subject require an appe>ance ( gravity1 a meet+ on important bus9ess1 z a c\ncil1 = in/ance1 let !re be few "y m5 introduc$1 = y\? will+ly avoids su* meet+s4 _/,*ap4 ,,cli4_/--,! ,motion ( ! ,muscles1 :5 ! ,figures are 9 natural ,positions4 _/,a figure_/1 :i* does n express by its position ! s5tim5ts & passions1 by :i* we suppose x animat$1 w appe> to indicate t its muscles are n ob$i5t to its w1 & ! pa9t] v defici5t 9 judgm5t4 ,= t reason1 a figure is to %ew great eag]ness & mean+2 & its position is to be s well appropriat$ to t mean+1 t x _c be mi/ak51 nor made use ( = any o!r4 _/,*ap4 ,,clii4_/--,a ,precept 9 ,pa9t+4 _/,!_/ pa9t] ought to notice ^? quick motions1 :i* m5 are apt to make )\t ?9k+1 :5 impell$ by /rong & p[]ful affections ( ! m9d4 ,he ought to take memor&ums ( !m1 & sket* !m 9 8 pocket-book1 9 ord] to make use ( !m :5 !y may answ] 8 purpose2 & !n to put a liv+ model 9 ! same position1 to see ! quality & aspect ( ! muscles :i* are 9 action4 _/,*ap4 ,,cliii4_/--,( ! ,motion ( ,man1 ,plates ,,xx4 & ,,xxi4 _/,!_/ fir/ & pr9cipal "p ( ! art is composition ( any sort1 or putt+ ?+s toge!r4 ,! second relates to ! expression & motion ( ! figures1 & requires t !y be well appropriat$1 & seem+ att5tive to :at !y are ab\t2 appe>+ to move ) alacrity & _s1 accord+ to ! degree ( expression suitable to ! occasion2 express+ sl[ & t>dy motions1 z well z ^? ( eag]ness 9 pursuit3 & t quickness & f]ocity be express$ ) su* =ce z to give an idea ( ! s5sations ( ! actors4 ,:5 a figure is to ?r[ a d>t1 /ones1 or ! l1 let x be se5 evid5tly by ! attitude & disposition ( all ! memb]s1 t su* is its int5tion2 ( :i* !re are two examples 9 ! opposite plates1 v>i$ bo? 9 action & p[]4 ,! fir/ 9 po9t ( vig\r is ,a4 ,! second is ,b4 ,b ,a w ?r[ 8 weapon f>!r ?an ,b1 because1 ?\gh !y seem desir\s ( ?r[+ x to ! same po9t1 ,a hav+ turn$ 8 feet t[>ds ! object1 :ile 8 body is twi/$ & b5t back ! contr>y way1 to increase 8 p[]1 returns ) m velocity & =ce to ! po9t to :i* he means to ?r[4 ,b ! figure ,b hav+ turn$ 8 feet ! same way z 8 body1 x returns to its place ) great inconv5i5ce1 & consequ5tly ) weak5$ p[]s4 ,= 9 ! expression ( great ef=ts1 ! prep>atory motions ( ! body mu/ be /rong & viol5t1 twi/+ & b5d+1 s t x may return ) conv5i5t ease1 & by t means h a great effect4 ,9 ! same mann]1 if a cross-b[ be n /rung ) =ce1 ! motion ( :atev] x %oots w be %ort & )\t effect2 because1 :]e !re is no impulse1 !re c be no motion2 & if ! impulse be n viol5t1 ! motion is b t>dy & feeble4 ,s a b[1 :i* is n /rong1 has no motion2 &1 if x be /rung1 x w rema9 9 t /ate till ! impulse be giv5 by ano!r p[] :i* puts x 9 motion1 & x w %oot ) a viol5ce equal to t :i* 0 employ$ 9 b5d+ x4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ! man :o does n twi/ & b5d 8 body w h acquir$ no p[]4 ,!re=e1 aft] ,a has ?r[n 8 d>t1 he w f9d himself twi/$ ! contr>y way1 viz4 on ! side :]e he has ?r[n2 & he w h acquir$ only p[] suffici5t to s]ve him to return to :]e he 0 at fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #gb4 ,*ap4 #aec4 ,plate #bj4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #gb4 ,*ap4 #aec4 ,plate #ba4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 _/,*ap4 ,,cliv4_/--,( ,attitudes1 & ! ,motions ( ! ,memb]s4 _/,!_/ same attitude is n to be repeat$ 9 ! same picture1 nor ! same motion ( memb]s 9 ! same figure1 nay1 n ev5 9 ! h&s or f+]s4 ,& if ! hi/ory requires a great numb] ( figures1 su* z a battle1 or a massacre ( soldi]s1 9 :i* !re are b ?ree ways ( /rik+1 viz4 ?ru/+1 cutt+1 or back-h&$2 9 t case y mu/ take c>e1 t all ^? :o are cutt+ be express$ 9 diff]5t views2 "s turn+ _! backs1 "s _! sides1 & o!rs be se5 9 front2 v>y+ 9 ! same mann] ! ?ree diff]5t ways ( fight+1 s t all ! actions may h a relation to ^? ?ree pr9ciples4 ,9 battles1 complex motions display great art1 giv+ _s & animation to ! :ole4 ,by complex motion is meant1 = in/ance1 t ( a s+le figure %ew+ ! front ( ! legs1 & at ! same "t ! pr(ile ( ! %\ld]4 ,b ( ?is ,i %all treat 9 ano!r place#ca4 _/,*ap4 ,,clv4_/--,( a s+le ,figure sep>ate f an hi/orical ,gr\p4 _/,!_/ same motion ( memb]s %\ld n be repeat$ 9 a figure :i* y mean to be alone2 = in/ance1 if ! figure be repres5t$ runn+1 x mu/ n ?r[ bo? h&s =w>d2 b "o =w>d & ! o!r backw>d1 or else x _c run4 ,if ! "r foot come =w>d1 ! "r arm mu/ g backw>d & ! left =w>d1 because1 )\t su* disposition & contra/e ( p>ts1 x is impossible to run well4 ,if ano!r figure be suppos$ to foll[ ?is1 "o ( its legs %\ld be br\ght some:at =w>d1 & ! o!r be p]p5dicul> "u ! head2 ! arm on ! same side %\ld pass =w>d4 ,b ( ?is we %all treat m fully 9 ! book on motion#cb4 _/,*ap4 ,,clvi4_/--,on ! ,attitudes ( ! human ,figure4 _/,a pa9t]_/ is to be att5tive to ! motions & actions ( m51 occasion$ by "s sudd5 accid5t4 ,he mu/ obs]ve !m on ! spot1 take sket*es1 & n wait till he wants su* expression1 & !n h x c\nt]feit$ = him2 = in/ance1 sett+ a model to weep :5 !re is no cause2 su* an expression )\t a cause w be nei!r quick nor natural4 ,b x w be ( great use to h obs]v$ e action f nature1 z x occurs1 & !n to h a model set 9 ! same attitude to help ! recollection1 & f9d out some?+ to ! purpose1 accord+ to ! subject 9 h&4 _/,*ap4 ,,clvii4_/--,h[ to repres5t a ,/orm4 _/,to_/ =m a j idea ( a /orm1 y mu/ consid] x att5tively 9 its effects4 ,:5 ! w9d bl[s viol5tly ov] ! sea or l&1 x removes & c>ries (f ) x e ?+ t is n firmly fix$ to ! g5]al mass4 ,! cl\ds mu/ appe> /raggl+ & brok51 c>ri$ accord+ to ! direction & ! =ce ( ! w9d1 & bl5d$ ) cl\ds ( du/ rais$ f ! s&y %ore4 ,bran*es & leaves ( trees mu/ be repres5t$ z c>ri$ along by ! viol5ce ( ! /orm1 &1 toge!r ) numb]less o!r light sub/ances1 scatt]$ 9 ! air4 ,trees & grass mu/ be b5t to ! gr\nd1 z if yield+ to ! c\rse ( ! w9d4 ,b\ghs mu/ be twi/$ out ( _! natural =m1 ) _! leaves rev]s$ & entangl$4 ,( ! figures disp]s$ 9 ! picture1 "s %\ld appe> ?r[n on ! gr\nd1 s wrapp$ up 9 _! cloaks & cov]$ ) du/1 z to be sc>cely di/+ui%able4 ,( ^? :o rema9 on _! feet1 "s %\ld be %elt]$ by & hold+ fa/ beh9d "s great trees1 to avoid ! same fate3 o!rs b5d+ to ! gr\nd1 _! h&s ov] _! faces to w>d (f ! du/2 _! hair & _! clo!s fly+ /raight up at ! m]cy ( ! w9d4 ,! high trem5d\s waves ( ! /ormy sea w be cov]$ ) foam+ fro?2 ! mo/ subtle p>ts ( :i*1 be+ rais$ by ! w9d1 l a ?ick mi/1 mix ) ! air4 ,:at vessels are se5 %\ld appe> ) brok5 cordage1 & torn sails1 flutt]+ 9 ! w9d2 "s ) brok5 ma/s fall5 across ! hulk1 already on its side amid/ ! tempe/u\s waves4 ,"s ( ! crew %\ld be repres5t$ z if cry+ al\d = help1 & cl++ to ! rema9s ( ! %att]$ vessel4 ,let ! cl\ds appe> z driv5 by tempe/u\s w9ds aga9/ ! summits ( l(ty m\nta9s1 envelop+ ^? m\nta9s1 & break+ & recoil+ ) r$\bl$ =ce1 l waves aga9/ a rocky %ore4 ,! air %\ld be r5d]$ awfully d>k1 by ! mi/1 du/1 & ?ick cl\ds4 _/,*ap4 ,,clviii4_/--,h[ to compose a ,battle4 _/,fir/_/1 let ! air exhibit a confus$ mixture ( smoke1 aris+ f ! dis*>ge ( artill]y & musquetry1 & ! du/ rais$ by ! horses ( ! combatants2 & obs]ve1 t du/ be+ ( an e>?y nature1 is heavy2 b yet1 by reason ( its m9ute p>ticles1 x is easily impell$ upw>ds1 & mixes ) ! air2 nev]!less1 x naturally falls d[nw>ds aga91 ! mo/ subtle p>ts ( x alone ga9+ any consid]able degree ( elevation1 & at its utmo/ height x is s ?9 & transp>5t1 z to appe> ne>ly ( ! col\r ( ! air4 ,! smoke1 ?us mix+ ) ! du/y air1 =ms a k9d ( d>k cl\d1 at ! top ( :i* x is di/+ui%$ f ! du/ by a bluei% ca/1 ! du/ reta9+ m ( its natural col\r4 ,on t "p f :i* ! light proce$s1 ?is mixture ( air1 smoke1 & du/1 w appe> mu* bright] ?an on ! opposite side4 ,! m ! combatants are involv$ 9 ?is turbul5t mi/1 ! less di/9ctly !y w be se51 & ! m confus$ w !y be 9 _! lights & %ades4 ,let ! faces ( ! muskete]s1 _! bodies1 & e object ne> !m1 be t+$ ) a r$di% hue1 ev5 ! air or cl\d ( du/2 9 %ort1 all t surr\nds !m4 ,?is r$ t+e y w dim9i%1 9 proportion to _! di/ance1 f ! prim>y cause4 ,! gr\ps ( figures1 :i* appe> at a di/ance betwe5 ! spectator & ! light1 w =m a d>k mass ^u a light gr\nd2 & _! legs w be m undet]m9$ & lo/ z !y approa* ne>] to ! gr\nd2 because !re ! du/ is heavi] & ?ick]4 ,if y mean to repres5t "s /raggl+ horses1 runn+ out ( ! ma9 body1 introduce also "s small cl\ds ( du/1 z f> di/ant f ea* o!r z ! leap ( ! horse1 & ^! little cl\ds w become fa9t]1 m scanty1 & diffus$1 9 proportion to _! di/ance f ! horse4 ,t ne>e/ to 8 feet w consequ5tly be ! mo/ det]m9$1 smalle/1 & ! ?icke/ ( all4 ,let ! air be full ( arr[s1 9 all directions2 "s asc5d+1 "s fall+ d[n1 & "s d>t+ /raight =w>ds4 ,! bullets ( ! musketry1 ?\gh n se51 w be m>k$ 9 _! c\rse by a tra9 ( smoke1 :i* breaks ?r\gh ! g5]al confusion4 ,! figures 9 ! =e-gr\nd %\ld h _! hair cov]$ ) du/1 z also _! eyebr[s1 & all p>ts liable to receive x4 ,! victori\s p>ty w be runn+ =w>ds1 _! hair & o!r light p>ts fly+ 9 ! w9d1 _! eyebr[s l[]$1 & ! motion ( e memb] prop]ly contra/$2 = in/ance1 9 mov+ ! "r foot =w>ds1 ! left arm mu/ be br\ght =w>ds also4 ,if y make any ( !m fall5 d[n1 m>k ! trace ( 8 fall on ! slipp]y1 gore-/a9$ du/2 & :]e ! gr\nd is less impregnat$ ) blood1 let ! pr9t ( m5's feet & ( horses1 t h pass$ t way1 be m>k$4 ,let !re be "s horses dragg+ ! bodies ( _! rid]s1 & leav+ beh9d !m a furr[1 made by ! body ?us trail$ along4 ,! c\nt5ances ( ! vanqui%$ w appe> pale & deject$4 ,_! eyebr[s rais$1 & mu* wr9kl$ ab\t ! =ehead & *eeks4 ,! tip ( _! noses some:at divid$ f ! no/rils by ar*$ wr9kles t]m9at+ at ! corn] ( ! eyes1 ^? wr9kles be+ occasion$ by ! op5+ & rais+ ( ! no/rils2 ! upp] lips turn$ up1 discov]+ ! tee?4 ,_! m\?s wide op51 & expressive ( viol5t lam5tation4 ,"o may be se5 fall5 w\nd$ on ! gr\nd1 endeav\r+ ) "o h& to support 8 body1 & cov]+ 8 eyes ) ! o!r1 ! palm ( :i* is turn$ t[>ds ! enemy4 ,o!rs runn+ away1 & ) op5 m\?s seem+ to cry al\d4 ,betwe5 ! legs ( ! combatants let ! gr\nd be /rew$ ) all sorts ( arms2 z brok5 %ields1 spe>s1 swords1 & ! l4 ,_m dead bodies %\ld be introduc$1 "s entirely cov]$ ) du/1 o!rs 9 "p only2 let ! blood1 :i* seems to issue imm$iately f ! w\nd1 appe> ( its natural col\r1 & runn+ 9 a w9d+ c\rse1 till1 mix+ ) ! du/1 x =ms a r$di% k9d ( mud4 ,"s %\ld be 9 ! agonies ( dea?2 _! tee? %ut1 _! eyes wildly />+1 _! fi/s cl5*$1 & _! legs 9 a di/ort$ position4 ,"s may appe> dis>m$1 & beat5 d[n by ! enemy1 /ill fight+ ) _! fi/s & tee?1 & endeav\r+ to take a passionate1 ?\gh unavail+ rev5ge4 ,!re may be also a /raggl+ horse )\t a rid]1 runn+ 9 wild disord]2 8 mane fly+ 9 ! w9d1 beat+ d[n ) 8 feet all be=e him1 & do+ a deal ( damage4 ,a w\nd$ soldi] may also be se5 fall+ to ! gr\nd1 & attempt+ to cov] himself ) 8 %ield1 :ile an enemy b5d+ ov] him endeav\rs to give him ! f9i%+ /roke4 ,sev]al dead bodies %\ld be heap$ toge!r "u a dead horse4 ,"s ( ! conqu]ors1 z hav+ ceas$ fight+1 may be wip+ _! faces f ! dirt1 collect$ on !m by ! mixture ( du/ ) ! wat] f _! eyes4 ,! corps de res]ve w be se5 advanc+ gaily1 b cauti\sly1 _! eyebr[s direct$ =w>ds1 %ad+ _! eyes ) _! h&s to obs]ve ! motions ( ! enemy1 amid/ cl\ds ( du/ & smoke1 & seem+ att5tive to ! ord]s ( _! *ief4 ,y may also make _! comm&] hold+ up 8 /aff1 pu%+ =w>ds1 & po9t+ t[>ds ! place :]e !y are want$4 ,a riv] may likewise be introduc$1 ) horses =d+ x1 da%+ ! wat] ab\t betwe5 _! legs1 & 9 ! air1 cov]+ all ! adjac5t gr\nd ) wat] & foam4 ,n a spot is to be left )\t "s m>ks ( blood & c>nage4 _/,*ap4 ,,clix4_/--,! ,repres5tation ( an ,orator & 8 ,audi5ce4 _/,if_/ y h to repres5t a man :o is speak+ to a l>ge assembly ( p1 y are to consid] ! subject matt] ( 8 disc\rse1 & to adapt 8 attitude to su* subject4 ,if he means to p]suade1 let x be kn[n by 8 ge/ure4 ,if he is giv+ an explanation1 d$uc$ f sev]al reasons1 let him put two f+]s ( ! "r h& )9 "o ( ! left1 hav+ ! o!r two b5t close1 8 face turn$ t[>ds ! audi5ce1 ) ! m\? half op51 seem+ to speak4 ,if he is sitt+1 let him appe> z go+ to raise himself up a little1 & 8 head be =w>d4 ,b if he is repres5t$ /&+1 let him b5d 8 *e/ & 8 head =w>d t[>ds ! p4 ,! auditory are to appe> sil5t & att5tive1 ) _! eyes ^u ! speak]1 9 ! act ( admiration4 ,!re %\ld be "s old m51 ) _! m\?s close %ut1 9 tok5 ( approbation1 & _! lips press$ toge!r1 s z to =m wr9kles at ! corn]s ( ! m\?1 & ab\t ! *eeks1 & =m+ o!rs ab\t ! =ehead1 by rais+ ! eyebr[s1 z if /ruck ) a/oni%m5t4 ,"s o!rs ( ^? sitt+ by1 %\ld be seat$ ) _! h&s )9 ea* o!r1 r\nd "o ( _! knees2 "s ) "o knee ^u ! o!r1 & ^u t1 "o h& receiv+ ! elb[1 ! o!r support+ ! *91 cov]$ ) a v5]able be>d4 _/,*ap4 ,,clx4_/--,( demon/rative ,ge/ures4 _/,!_/ action by :i* a figure po9ts at any ?+ ne>1 ei!r 9 reg>d to "t or situation1 is to be express$ by ! h& v little remov$ f ! body4 ,b if ! same ?+ is f> di/ant1 ! h& mu/ also be f> remov$ f ! body1 & ! face ( ! figure po9t+1 mu/ be turn$ t[>ds ^? to :om he is po9t+ x out4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxi4_/--,( ! ,attitudes ( ! ,by-/&]s at "s rem>kable ,ev5t4 _/,all_/ ^? :o are pres5t at "s ev5t des]v+ notice1 express _! admiration1 b 9 v>i\s mann]s4 ,z :5 ! h& ( ju/ice puni%es "s malefactor4 ,if ! subject be an act ( devotion1 ! eyes ( all pres5t %\ld be direct$ t[>ds ! object ( _! adoration1 aid$ by a v>iety ( pi\s actions ) ! o!r memb]s2 z at ! elevation ( ! ho/ at mass1 & o!r simil> c]emonies4 ,if x be a laughable subject1 or "o excit+ compassion & mov+ to te>s1 9 ^? cases x w n be necess>y = all to h _! eyes turn$ t[>ds ! object1 b !y w express _! feel+s by diff]5t actions2 & let !re be sev]al assembl$ 9 gr\ps1 to rejoice or lam5t toge!r4 ,if ! ev5t be t]rific1 let ! faces ( ^? :o run away f ! fight1 be /rongly expressive ( fright1 ) v>i\s motions2 z %all be describ$ 9 ! tract on ,motion4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxii4_/--,h[ to repres5t ,night4 _/,^?_/ objects :i* are entirely depriv$ ( light1 are lo/ to ! sight1 z 9 ! night2 !re=e if y mean to pa9t a hi/ory "u ^? circum/ances1 y mu/ suppose a l>ge fire1 & ^? objects t are ne> x to be t+$ ) its col\r1 & ! ne>] !y are ! m !y w p>take ( x4 ,! fire be+ r$1 all ^? objects :i* receive light f x w appe> ( a r$di% col\r1 & ^? t are mo/ di/ant f x w p>take ( ! d>kness t surr\nds !m4 ,! figures :i* are repres5t$ be=e ! fire w appe> d>k 9 proportion to ! brightness ( ! fire1 because ^? p>ts ( !m :i* we see1 are t+$ by t d>kness ( ! night1 & n by ! light ( ! fire1 :i* !y int]cept4 ,^? t are on ei!r side ( ! fire1 w be half 9 ! %ade ( night1 & half 9 ! r$ light4 ,^? se5 beyond ! ext5t ( ! flames1 w be all ( a r$di% light ^u a black gr\nd4 ,9 reg>d to _! attitudes1 let ^? :o are ne>e/ ! fire1 make scre5s ( _! h&s & cloaks1 aga9/ ! scor*+ heat1 ) _! faces turn$ on ! contr>y side1 z if ready to run away f x4 ,! mo/ remote w only be %ad+ _! eyes ) _! h&s1 z if hurt by ! too great gl>e4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxiii4_/--,! ,me?od ( awak5+ ! ,m9d to a ,v>iety ( ,inv5tions4 _/,i w_/ n omit to introduce among ^! precepts a new k9d ( speculative inv5tion1 :i* ?\gh app>5tly trifl+1 & almo/ laughable1 is nev]!less ( great utility 9 assi/+ ! g5ius to f9d v>iety = composition4 ,by look+ att5tively at old & sme>$ walls1 or /ones & ve9$ m>ble ( v>i\s col\rs1 y may fancy t y see 9 !m sev]al compositions1 l&scapes1 battles1 figures 9 quick motion1 /range c\nt5ances1 & dresses1 ) an inf9ity ( o!r objects4 ,by ^! confus$ l9es ! inv5tive g5ius is excit$ to new ex]tions4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxiv4_/--,( ,composition 9 ,hi/ory4 _/,:5_/ ! pa9t] has only a s+le figure to repres5t1 he mu/ avoid any %ort5+ :atev]1 z well ( any p>ticul> memb]1 z ( ! :ole figure1 because he w\ld h to cont5d ) ! prejudices ( ^? :o h no k 9 t bran* ( ! art4 ,b 9 subjects ( hi/ory1 compos$ ( _m figures1 %ort5+s may be introduc$ ) great propriety1 nay1 !y are indisp5sable1 & ought to be us$ )\t res]ve1 z ! subject may require2 p>ticul>ly 9 battles1 :]e ( c\rse _m %ort5+s & contortions ( figures happ51 among/ su* an enrag$ multitude ( actors1 possess$1 z x 71 ( a brutal madness4 ,,expression _/&_/ ,,"*4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxv4_/--,( expressive ,motions4 _/,let_/ y\r figures h actions appropriat$ to :at !y are int5d$ to ?9k or say1 & ^! w be well le>nt by imitat+ ! deaf1 :o by ! motion ( _! h&s1 eyes1 eyebr[s1 & ! :ole body1 endeav\r to express ! s5tim5ts ( _! m9d4 ,d n ridicule ! ?\ght ( a ma/] )\t a tongue tea*+ y an art he does n und]/&2 he w d x bett] by 8 expressive motions1 ?an all ! re/ by _! words & examples4 ,let !n ! pa9t]1 ( :atev] s*ool1 att5d well to ?is maxim1 & apply x to ! diff]5t qualities ( ! figures he repres5ts1 & to ! nature ( ! subject 9 :i* !y are actors4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxvi4_/--,h[ to pa9t ,*ildr54 _/,*ildr5_/ are to be repres5t$ ) quick & contort$ motions1 :5 !y are sitt+2 b :5 /&+1 ) fe>ful & timid motions4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxvii4_/--,h[ to repres5t old ,m54 _/,old_/ m5 mu/ h sl[ & heavy motions2 _! legs & knees mu/ be b5t :5 !y are /&+1 & _! feet plac$ p>allel & wide asund]4 ,let !m be b[$ d[nw>ds1 ! head lean+ mu* =w>d1 & _! arms v little ext5d$4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxviii4_/--,h[ to pa9t old ,wom54 _/,old_/ wom51 on ! contr>y1 are to be repres5t$ bold & quick1 ) passionate motions1 l furies#cc4 ,b ! motions are to appe> a great deal quick] 9 _! arms ?an 9 _! legs4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxix4_/--,h[ to pa9t ,wom54 _/,wom5_/ are to be repres5t$ 9 mode/ & res]v$ attitudes1 ) _! knees r close1 _! arms draw+ ne> ea* o!r1 or fold$ ab\t ! body2 _! heads look+ d[nw>ds1 & lean+ a little on "o side4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxx4_/--,( ! ,v>iety ( ,faces4 _/,!_/ c\nt5ances ( y\r figures %\ld be expressive ( _! diff]5t situations3 m5 at "w1 at re/1 weep+1 laugh+1 cry+ out1 9 fe>1 or joy1 & ! l4 ,! attitudes also1 & all ! memb]s1 ought to correspond ) ! s5tim5t express$ 9 ! faces4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxxi4_/--,! ,p>ts ( ! ,face1 & _! ,motions4 _/,!_/ motions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! face1 occasion$ by sudd5 agitations ( ! m9d1 are _m4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! are1 ,laught]1 ,weep+1 ,call+ out1 ,s++1 ei!r 9 a high or l[ pit*1 ,admiration1 ,ang]1 ,joy1 ,sadness1 ,fe>1 ,pa91 & o!rs1 ( :i* ,i propose to treat4 ,fir/1 ( ,laugh+ & ,weep+1 :i* are v simil> 9 ! motion ( ! m\?1 ! *eeks1 ! %utt+ ( ! eyebr[s1 & ! space betwe5 !m2 z we %all expla9 9 its place1 9 treat+ ( ! *anges :i* happ5 9 ! face1 h&s1 f+]s1 & all ! o!r p>ts ( ! body1 z !y are affect$ by ! diff]5t emotions ( ! s\l2 ! k ( :i* is absolutely necess>y to a pa9t]1 or else 8 figures may be said to be twice dead4 ,b x is v necess>y also t he be c>eful n to fall into ! contr>y extreme2 giv+ extraord9>y motions to 8 figures1 s t 9 a quiet & peaceable subject1 he does n seem to repres5t a battle1 or ! revell+s ( drunk5 m53 b1 above all1 ! actors 9 any po9t ( hi/ory mu/ be att5tive to :at !y are ab\t1 or to :at is go+ =w>d2 ) actions t d5ote admiration1 respect1 pa91 suspicion1 fe>1 & joy1 accord+ z ! occasion1 = :i* !y are br\ght toge!r1 may require4 ,endeav\r t diff]5t po9ts ( hi/ory be n plac$ "o above ! o!r on ! same canvass1 nor walls ) diff]5t horizons#cd1 z if x 7 a jewell]'s %op1 %ew+ ! goods 9 diff]5t squ>e caskets4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxxii4_/--,laugh+ & ,weep+4 _/,betwe5_/ ! expression ( laught] & t ( weep+ !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! motion ( ! features ei!r 9 ! eyes1 m\?1 or *eeks2 only 9 ! ruffl+ ( ! br[s1 :i* is add$ :5 weep+1 b m elevat$ & ext5d$ 9 laugh+4 ,"o may repres5t ! figure weep+ z te>+ 8 clo!s1 or "s o!r expression1 z v>i\s z ! cause ( 8 feel+ may be2 because "s weep = ang]1 "s ?r\gh fe>1 o!rs = t5d]ness & joy1 or = suspicion2 "s = real pa9 & torm5t2 :il/ o!rs weep ?r\gh compassion1 or regret at ! loss ( "s fri5d & ne> relation4 ,^! diff]5t feel+s w be express$ by "s ) m>ks ( despair1 by o!rs ) mod]ation2 "s only %$ te>s1 o!rs cry al\d1 :ile ano!r has 8 face turn$ t[>ds heav51 ) 8 h& depress$1 & 8 f+]s twi/$4 ,"s aga9 w be full ( appreh5sion1 ) _! %\ld]s rais$ up to _! e>s1 & s on1 accord+ to ! above causes4 ,^? :o weep1 raise ! br[s1 & br+ !m close toge!r above ! nose1 =m+ _m wr9kles on ! =ehead1 & ! corn]s ( ! m\? are turn$ d[nw>ds4 ,^? :o laugh h !m turn$ upw>ds1 & ! br[s op5 & ext5d$4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxxiii4_/--,( ,ang]4 _/,if_/ y repres5t a man 9 a viol5t fit ( ang]1 make him seize ano!r by ! hair1 hold+ 8 head wri!d d[n aga9/ ! gr\nd1 ) 8 knee fix$ ^u ! ribs ( 8 antagoni/2 8 "r arm up1 & 8 fi/ ready to /rike2 8 hair /&+ on end1 8 eyebr[s l[ & /raight2 8 tee? close1 & se5 at ! corn] ( ! m\?2 8 neck swell$1 & 8 body cov]$ 9 ! ,abdom5 ) creases1 occasion$ by 8 b5d+ ov] 8 enemy1 & ! excess ( 8 passion4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxxiv4_/--,despair4 _/,!_/ la/ act ( despond5cy is1 :5 a man is 9 ! act ( putt+ a p]iod to 8 own exi/5ce4 ,he %\ld be repres5t$ ) a knife 9 "o h&1 ) :i* he has already inflict$ ! w\nd1 & te>+ x op5 ) ! o!r4 ,8 g>m5ts & hair %\ld be already torn4 ,he w be /&+ ) 8 feet asund]1 8 knees a little b5t1 & 8 body lean+ =w>d1 z if ready to fall to ! gr\nd4 ,,light _/&_/ ,,%ad[4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxxv4_/--,! ,c\rse ( ,/udy to be pursu$4 _/,!_/ /ud5t :o is desir\s ( mak+ great pr(ici5cy 9 ! art ( imitat+ ! works ( ,nature1 %\ld n only le>n ! %ape ( figures or o!r objects1 & be able to del9eate !m ) tru? & precision1 b he mu/ also accompany !m ) _! prop] lights & %ad[s1 accord+ to ! situation 9 :i* ^? objects appe>4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxxvi4_/--,:i* ( ! two is ! mo/ useful ,k1 ! ,outl9es ( ,figures1 or t ( ,light & ,%ad[4 _/,!_/ k ( ! outl9e is ( mo/ consequ5ce1 & yet may be acquir$ to great c]ta9ty by d9t ( /udy2 z ! outl9es ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! human figure1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* d n b5d1 are inv>iably ! same4 ,b ! k ( ! situation1 quality1 & quantity ( %ad[s1 be+ inf9ite1 requires ! mo/ ext5sive /udy4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxxvii4_/--,:i* is ! mo/ important1 ! ,%ad[s or ,outl9es 9 ,pa9t+4 _/,x_/ requires mu* m obs]vation & /udy to arrive at p]fection 9 ! %ad[+ ( a picture1 ?an 9 m]ely draw+ ! l9es ( x4 ,! pro( ( ?is is1 t ! l9es may be trac$ ^u a veil or a flat glass plac$ betwe5 ! eye & ! object to be imitat$4 ,b t _c be ( any use 9 %ad[+1 on acc\nt ( ! inf9ite gradation ( %ades1 & ! bl5d+ ( !m1 :i* does n all[ ( any precise t]m9ation2 & mo/ frequ5tly !y are confus$1 z w be demon/rat$ 9 ano!r place#ce4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxxviii4_/--,:at is a ,pa9t]'s fir/ ,aim1 & ,object4 _/,!_/ fir/ object ( a pa9t] is to make a simple flat surface appe> l a relievo1 & "s ( its p>ts deta*$ f ! gr\nd2 he :o excels all o!rs 9 t "p ( ! art1 des]ves ! greate/ praise4 ,?is p]fection ( ! art dep5ds on ! correct di/ribution ( lights & %ades1 call$ ,*i>o-scuro4 ,if ! pa9t] !n avoids %ad[s1 he may be said to avoid ! glory ( ! art1 & to r5d] 8 "w despicable to real connoisseurs1 = ! sake ( acquir+ ! e/eem ( vulg> & ignorant admir]s ( f9e col\rs1 :o nev] h any k ( relievo4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxxix4_/--,! ,diff]5ce ( ,sup]ficies1 9 reg>d to ,pa9t+4 _/,solid_/ bodies are ( two sorts3 ! "o has ! surface curvil9e>1 oval1 or sph]ical2 ! o!r has sev]al surfaces1 or sides produc+ angles1 ei!r regul> or irregul>4 ,sph]ical1 or oval bodies1 w always appe> deta*$ f _! gr\nd1 ?\gh !y are exactly ( ! same col\r4 ,bodies also ( diff]5t sides & angles w always deta*1 because !y are always dispos$ s z to produce %ades on "s ( _! sides1 :i* _c happ5 to a pla9 sup]ficies#cf4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxxx4_/--,h[ a ,pa9t] may become univ]sal4 _/,!_/ pa9t] :o wi%es to be univ]sal1 & please a v>iety ( judges1 mu/ unite 9 ! same composition1 objects susceptible ( great =ce 9 ! %ad[s1 & great sweetness 9 ! managem5t ( !m2 acc\nt+1 h[ev]1 9 e in/ance1 = su* boldness & s(t5+s4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxxxi4_/--,accuracy ought to be le>nt be=e ,dispat* 9 ! ,execution4 _/,if_/ y wi% to make good & useful /udies1 use great delib]ation 9 y\r draw+s1 obs]ve well among ! lights :i*1 & h[ _m1 hold ! fir/ rank 9 po9t ( brightness2 & s among ! %ad[s1 :i* are d>k] ?an o!rs1 & 9 :at mann] !y bl5d toge!r2 comp>e ! quality & quantity ( "o ) ! o!r1 & obs]ve to :at "p !y are direct$4 ,be c>eful also 9 y\r outl9es1 or divisions ( ! memb]s4 ,rem>k well :at quantity ( p>ts are to be on "o side1 & :at on ! o!r2 & :]e !y are m or less app>5t1 or broad1 or sl5d]4 ,la/ly1 take c>e t ! %ad[s & lights be unit$1 or lo/ 9 ea* o!r2 )\t any h>d /rokes1 or l9es3 z smoke loses itself 9 ! air1 s are y\r lights & %ad[s to pass f ! "o to ! o!r1 )\t any app>5t sep>ation4 ,:5 y h acquir$ ! habit1 & =m$ y\r h& to accuracy1 quickness ( execution w come ( itself#cg4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxxxii4_/--,h[ ! ,pa9t] is to place himself 9 reg>d to ! ,light1 & 8 ,model4 _/,let_/ ,a ,b be ! w9d[1 ,m ! c5tre ( x1 ,c ! model4 ,! be/ situation = ! pa9t] w be a little sideways1 betwe5 ! w9d[ & 8 model1 z ,d1 s t he may see 8 object p>tly 9 ! light & p>tly 9 ! %ad[4 ,illu/ration _/,*ap4 ,,clxxxiii4_/--,( ! be/ ,light4 _/,!_/ light f on high1 & n too p[]ful1 w be f\nd ! be/ calculat$ to %ew ! p>ts to advantage4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxxxiv4_/--,( ,draw+ by ,c&le-light4 _/,to_/ ?is artificial light apply a pap] bl9d1 & y w see ! %ad[s undet]m9$ & s(t4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxxxv4_/--,( ^? ,pa9t]s :o draw at ,home f "o ,light1 & aft]w>ds adapt _! ,/udies to ano!r ,situation 9 ! ,c\ntry1 & a diff]5t ,light4 _/,x_/ is a great error 9 "s pa9t]s :o draw a figure f ,nature at home1 by any p>ticul> light1 & aft]w>ds make use ( t draw+ 9 a picture repres5t+ an op5 c\ntry1 :i* receives ! g5]al light ( ! sky1 :]e ! surr\nd+ air gives light on all sides4 ,?is pa9t] w\ld put d>k %ad[s1 :]e ,nature w\ld ei!r produce none1 or1 if any1 s v fa9t z to be almo/ imp]ceptible2 & he w\ld ?r[ reflect$ lights :]e x is impossible !re %\ld be any4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxxxvi4_/--,h[ high ! ,light %\ld be 9 draw+ f ,nature4 _/,to_/ pa9t well f ,nature1 y\r w9d[ %\ld be to ! ,nor?1 t ! lights may n v>y4 ,if x be to ! ,s\?1 y mu/ h pap] bl9ds1 t ! sun1 9 go+ r\nd1 may n alt] ! %ad[s4 ,! situation ( ! light %\ld be su* z to produce ^u ! gr\nd a %ad[ f y\r model z long z t is high4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxxxvii4_/--,:at ,light ! ,pa9t] mu/ make use ( to give mo/ ,relief to 8 ,figures4 _/,!_/ figures :i* receive a p>ticul> light %ew m relief ?an ^? :i* receive an univ]sal "o2 because ! p>ticul> light occasions "s reflexes1 :i* proce$ f ! light ( "o object ^u ! %ad[s ( ano!r1 & helps to deta* x f ! d>k gr\nd4 ,b a figure plac$ 9 front ( a d>k & l>ge space1 & receiv+ a p>ticul> light1 c receive no reflexion f any o!r objects1 & no?+ is se5 ( ! figure b :at ! light /rikes on1 ! re/ be+ bl5d$ & lo/ 9 ! d>kness ( ! back gr\nd4 ,?is is to be appli$ only to ! imitation ( night subjects ) v little light4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxxxviii4_/--,advice to ,pa9t]s4 _/,be_/ v c>eful1 9 pa9t+1 to obs]ve1 t betwe5 ! %ad[s !re are o!r %ad[s1 almo/ imp]ceptible1 bo? = d>kness & %ape2 & ?is is prov$ by ! ?ird proposition#ch1 :i* says1 t ! surfaces ( globul> or convex bodies h z great a v>iety ( lights & %ad[s z ! bodies t surr\nd !m h4 _/,*ap4 ,,clxxxix4_/--,( ,%ad[s4 _/,^?_/ %ad[s :i* 9 ,nature are undet]m9$1 & ! extremities ( :i* c h>dly be p]ceiv$1 are to be copi$ 9 y\r pa9t+ 9 ! same mann]1 nev] to be precisely f9i%$1 b left confus$ & bl5d$4 ,?is app>5t neglect w %ew great judgm5t1 & be ! +5i\s result ( y\r obs]vation ( ,nature4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxc4_/--,( ! ,k9d ( ,light prop] = draw+ f ,relievos1 or f ,nature4 _/,lights_/ sep>at$ f ! %ad[s ) too mu* precision1 h a v bad effect4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to avoid ?is inconv5i5ce1 if ! object be 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 y ne$ n let y\r figures be illum9$ by ! sun2 b may suppose "s transp>5t cl\ds int]pos$1 s t ! sun n be+ visible1 ! t]m9ation ( ! %ad[s w be also imp]ceptible & s(t4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxci4_/--,:e!r ! ,light %\ld be admitt$ 9 ,front or sideways2 & :i* is mo/ pleas+ & graceful4 _/,!_/ light admitt$ 9 front ( heads situat$ opposite to side walls t are d>k1 w cause !m to h great relievo1 p>ticul>ly if ! light be plac$ high2 & ! reason is1 t ! mo/ prom95t p>ts ( ^? faces are illum9$ by ! g5]al light /rik+ !m 9 front1 :i* light produces v fa9t %ad[s on ! "p :]e x /rikes2 b z x turns t[>ds ! sides1 x beg9s to p>ticipate ( ! d>k %ad[s ( ! room1 :i* gr[ d>k] 9 proportion z x s9ks into !m4 ,besides1 :5 ! light comes f on high1 x does n /rike on e "p ( ! face alike1 b "o "p produces great %ad[s ^u ano!r2 z ! eyebr[s1 :i* deprive ! :ole sockets ( ! eyes ( light4 ,! nose keeps x (f f great "p ( ! m\?1 & ! *9 f ! neck1 & su* o!r p>ts4 ,?is1 by conc5trat+ ! light ^u ! mo/ project+ p>ts1 produces a v great relief4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxcii4_/--,( ! ,diff]5ce ( ,lights accord+ to ! ,situation4 _/,a small_/ light w ca/ l>ge & det]m9$ %ad[s ^u ! surr\nd+ bodies4 ,a l>ge light1 on ! contr>y1 w ca/ small %ad[s on !m1 & !y w be mu* confus$ 9 _! t]m9ation4 ,:5 a small b /rong light is surr\nd$ by a broad b weak] light1 ! latt] w appe> l a demi-t9t to ! o!r1 z ! sky r\nd ! sun4 ,& ! bodies :i* receive ! light f ! "o1 w s]ve z demi-t9ts to ^? :i* receive ! light f ! o!r4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxciii4_/--,h[ to di/ribute ! ,light on ,figures4 _/,!_/ lights are to be di/ribut$ accord+ to ! natural situation y mean y\r figures %\ld occupy4 ,if y suppose !m 9 sun%9e1 ! %ades mu/ be d>k1 ! lights broad & ext5d$1 & ! %ad[s ( all ! surr\nd+ objects di/9ctly m>k$ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,if se5 9 a gloomy day1 !re w be v little diff]5ce betwe5 ! lights & %ades1 & no %ad[s at ! feet4 ,if ! figures be repres5t$ )9 doors1 ! lights & %ad[s w aga9 be di/9ctly divid$1 & produce %ad[s on ! gr\nd4 ,b if y suppose a pap] bl9d at ! w9d[1 & ! walls pa9t$ :ite1 ! effect w be ! same z 9 a gloomy day1 :5 ! lights & %ad[s h little diff]5ce4 ,if ! figures are enlight5$ by ! fire1 ! lights mu/ be r$ & p[]ful1 ! %ad[s d>k1 & ! %ad[s ^u ! gr\nd & ^u ! walls mu/ be precise2 obs]v+ t !y spread wid] z !y g (f f ! body4 ,if ! figures be enlight5$1 p>tly by ! sky & p>tly by ! fire1 t side :i* receives ! light f ! sky w be ! brighte/1 & on ! o!r side x w be r$di%1 some:at ( ! col\r ( ! fire4 ,above all1 contrive1 t y\r figures receive a broad light1 & t f above2 p>ticul>ly 9 portraits1 because ! p we see 9 ! /reet receive all ! light f above2 & x is curi\s to obs]ve1 t !re is n a face ev] s well kn[n among/ y\r acqua9tance1 b w\ld be recognis$ ) difficulty1 if x 7 enlight5$ f b5ea?4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxciv4_/--,( ! ,beauty ( ,faces4 _/,y_/ mu/ n m>k any muscles ) h>dness ( l9e1 b let ! s(t light glide ^u !m1 & t]m9ate imp]ceptibly 9 delightful %ad[s3 f ?is w arise grace & beauty to ! face4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxcv4_/--,h[1 9 draw+ a ,face1 to give x ,grace1 by ! ,managem5t ( ,light & ,%ade4 _/,a face_/ plac$ 9 ! d>k "p ( a room1 acquires great additional grace by means ( light & %ad[4 ,! %ad[$ "p ( ! face bl5ds ) ! d>kness ( ! gr\nd1 & ! light "p receives an increase ( brightness f ! op5 air1 ! %ad[s on ?is side becom+ almo/ ins5sible2 & f ?is augm5tation ( light & %ad[1 ! face has mu* relief1 & acquires great beauty4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxcvi4_/--,h[ to give ,grace & ,relief to ,faces4 _/,9_/ /reets runn+ t[>ds ! we/1 :5 ! sun is 9 ! m]idian1 & ! walls on ea* side s high t !y ca/ no reflexions on t side ( ! bodies :i* is 9 %ade1 & ! sky is n too bright1 we f9d ! mo/ advantage\s situation = giv+ relief & grace to figures1 p>ticul>ly to faces2 because bo? sides ( ! face w p>ticipate ( ! %ad[s ( ! walls4 ,! sides ( ! nose & ! face t[>ds ! we/1 w be light1 & ! man :om we suppose plac$ at ! entrance1 & 9 ! middle ( ! /reet1 w see all ! p>ts ( t face1 :i* are be=e him1 p]fectly illum9$1 :ile bo? sides ( x1 t[>ds ! walls1 w be 9 %ad[4 ,:at gives additional grace is1 t ^! %ades d n appe> cutt+1 h>d1 or dry1 b s(tly bl5d$ & lo/ 9 ea* o!r4 ,! reason ( x is1 t ! light :i* is spread all ov] 9 ! air1 /rikes also ! pavem5t ( ! /reet1 & reflect+ ^u ! %ady "p ( ! face1 x t+es t slightly ) ! same hue3 :ile ! great light :i* comes f above be+ conf9$ by ! tops ( h\ses1 /rikes on ! face f diff]5t po9ts1 almo/ to ! v beg9n+ ( ! %ad[s "u ! project+ p>ts ( ! face4 ,x dim9i%es by degrees ! /r5g? ( !m1 increas+ ! light till x comes ^u ! *91 :]e x t]m9ates1 & loses itself1 bl5d+ s(tly into ! %ades on all sides4 ,= in/ance1 if su* light 7 ,a ,e1 ! l9e ,f ,e w\ld give light ev5 to ! bottom ( ! nose4 ,! l9e ,c ,f w give light only to ! "u lip2 b ! l9e ,a ,h w\ld ext5d ! %ad[ to all ! "u p>ts ( ! face1 & "u ! *94 ,9 ?is situation ! nose receives a v /rong light f all ! po9ts ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e4 ,illu/ration _/,*ap4 ,,cxcvii4_/--,( ! ,t]m9ation ( ,bodies ^u ea* o!r4 _/,:5_/ a body1 ( a cyl9drical or convex surface1 t]m9ates ^u ano!r body ( ! same col\r1 x w appe> d>k] on ! edge1 ?an ! body ^u :i* x t]m9ates4 ,& any flat body1 adjac5t to a :ite surface1 w appe> v d>k2 b ^u a d>k gr\nd x w appe> light] ?an any o!r "p1 ?\gh ! lights be equal4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxcviii4_/--,( ! ,back-gr\nds ( pa9t$ ,objects4 _/,!_/ gr\nd :i* surr\nds ! figures 9 any pa9t+1 ought to be d>k] ?an ! light "p ( ^? figures1 & light] ?an ! %ad[$ "p4 _/,*ap4 ,,cxcix4_/--,h[ to deta* & br+ =w>d ,figures out ( _! ,back-gr\nd4 _/,if_/ y\r figure be d>k1 place x on a light gr\nd2 if x be light1 ^u a d>k gr\nd2 & if x be p>tly light & p>tly d>k1 z is g5]ally ! case1 contrive t ! d>k "p ( ! figure be ^u ! light "p ( ! gr\nd1 & ! light side ( x aga9/ ! d>k#ci4 _/,*ap4 ,,cc4_/--,( prop] ,back-gr\nds4 _/,x_/ is ( ! greate/ importance to consid] well ! nature ( back-gr\nds1 ^u :i* any opake body is to be plac$4 ,9 ord] to deta* x prop]ly1 y %\ld place ! light "p ( su* opake body aga9/ ! d>k "p ( ! back-gr\nd1 & ! d>k p>ts on a light gr\nd#dj2 z 9 ! cut#da4 ,illu/ration _/,*ap4 ,,cci4_/--,( ! g5]al ,light diffus$ ov] ,figures4 _/,9_/ compositions ( _m figures & animals1 obs]ve1 t ! p>ts ( ^! diff]5t objects ought to be d>k] 9 proportion z !y are l[]1 & z !y are ne>] ! middle ( ! gr\ps1 ?\gh !y are all ( an uni=m col\r4 ,?is is necess>y1 because a small] portion ( ! sky 7f :i* all bodies are illum9at$7 c give light to ! l[] spaces betwe5 ^! diff]5t figures1 ?an to ! upp] p>ts ( ! spaces4 ,x is prov$ ?us3 ,a ,b ,c ,d is t portion ( ! sky :i* gives light to all ! objects b5ea?2 ,m & ,n are ! bodies :i* occupy ! space ,s ,t ,r ,h1 9 :i* x is evid5tly p]ceiv$1 t ! po9t ,f1 receiv+ ! light only f ! portion ( ! sky ,c ,d1 has a small] quantity ( x ?an ! po9t ,e :i* receives x f ! :ole space ,a ,b 7a l>g] portion ?an ,c ,d72 !re=e x w be light] 9 ,e ?an 9 ,f4 ,illu/ration _/,*ap4 ,,ccii4_/--,( ^? ,p>ts 9 ,%ad[s :i* appe> ! d>ke/ at a ,di/ance4 ,illu/ration _/,!_/ neck1 or any o!r "p :i* is rais$ /raight upw>ds1 & has a projection ov] x1 w be d>k] ?an ! p]p5dicul> front ( t projection2 & ?is project+ "p w be light]1 9 proportion z x pres5ts a l>g] surface to ! light4 ,= in/ance1 ! recess ,a receives no light f any "p ( ! sky ,g ,k1 b ,b beg9s to receive ! light f ! "p ( ! sky ,h ,k1 & ,c f ,g ,k2 & ! po9t ,d receives ! :ole ( ,f ,k4 ,!re=e ! *e/ w be z light z ! =ehead1 nose1 & *94 ,b :at ,i h p>ticul>ly to recomm5d1 9 reg>d to faces1 is1 t y obs]ve well ^? diff]5t qualities ( %ades :i* are lo/ at diff]5t di/ances 7:ile !re rema9 only ! fir/ & pr9cipal spots or /rokes ( %ades1 su* z ^? ( ! sockets ( ! eyes1 & o!r simil> recesses1 :i* are always d>k71 & at la/ ! :ole face becomes obscur$2 because ! greate/ lights 7be+ small 9 proportion to ! demi-t9ts7 are lo/4 ,! quality1 !re=e1 & quantity ( ! pr9cipal lights & %ades are by means ( great di/ance bl5d$ toge!r into a g5]al half-t9t2 & ?is is ! reason :y trees & o!r objects are f\nd to be 9 appe>ance d>k] at "s di/ance ?an !y are 9 reality1 :5 ne>] to ! eye4 ,b !n ! air1 :i* int]poses betwe5 ! objects & ! eye1 w r5d] !m light aga9 by t++ !m ) azure1 r 9 ! %ades ?an 9 ! lights2 = ! lights w pres]ve ! tru? ( ! diff]5t col\rs mu* long]4 _/,*ap4 ,,cciii4_/--,( ! ,eye view+ ! ,folds ( ,drap]ies surr\nd+ a ,figure4 _/,!_/ %ad[s betwe5 ! folds ( a drap]y surr\nd+ ! p>ts ( ! human body w be d>k] z ! deep holl[s :]e ! %ad[s are g5]at$ are m directly opposite ! eye4 ,?is is to be obs]v$ only :5 ! eye is plac$ betwe5 ! light & ! %ady "p ( ! figure4 _/,*ap4 ,,cciv4_/--,( ! ,relief ( ,figures remote f ! ,eye4 _/,any_/ opake body appe>s less reliev$ 9 proportion z x is f>!r di/ant f ! eye2 because ! air1 int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & su* body1 be+ light] ?an ! %ad[ ( x1 x t>ni%es & weak5s t %ad[1 less5s its p[]1 & consequ5tly less5s also its relief4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccv4_/--,( ,outl9es ( ,objects on ! ,side t[>ds ! ,light4 _/,!_/ extremities ( any object on ! side :i* receives ! light1 w appe> d>k] if ^u a light] gr\nd1 & light] if se5 ^u a d>k] gr\nd4 ,b if su* body be flat1 & se5 ^u a gr\nd equal 9 po9t ( light ) itself1 & ( ! same col\r1 su* b\nd>ies1 or outl9es1 w be entirely lo/ to ! sight#db4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccvi4_/--,h[ to make ,objects deta* f _! ,gr\nd1 t is to say1 f ! ,surface on :i* !y are pa9t$4 _/,objects_/ contra/$ ) a light gr\nd w appe> mu* m deta*$ ?an ^? :i* are plac$ aga9/ a d>k "o4 ,! reason is1 t if y wi% to give relief to y\r figures1 y w make ^? p>ts :i* are ! f>!/ f ! light1 p>ticipate ! lea/ ( x2 !re=e !y w rema9 ! d>ke/1 & e di/9ction ( outl9e w\ld be lo/ 9 ! g5]al mass ( %ad[s4 ,b to give x grace1 r\ndness1 & effect1 ^? d>k %ades are always att5d$ by reflexes1 or else !y w\ld ei!r cut too h>d ^u ! gr\nd1 or /ick to x1 by ! simil>ity ( %ade1 & relieve ! less z ! gr\nd is d>k]2 = at "s di/ance no?+ w\ld be se5 b ! light p>ts1 !re=e y\r figures w\ld appe> mutilat$ ( all t rema9s lo/ 9 ! back-gr\nd4 ,,contra/e ,,& ,,effect4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccvii4_/--,a ,precept4 _/,figures_/ w h m grace1 plac$ 9 ! op5 & g5]al light1 ?an 9 any p>ticul> or small "o2 because ! p[]ful & ext5d$ light w surr\nd & embrace ! objects3 & works done 9 t k9d ( light appe> pleasant & graceful :5 plac$ at a di/ance#dc1 :ile ^? :i* are drawn 9 a n>r[ light1 w receive great =ce ( %ad[1 b w nev] appe> at a great di/ance1 b z pa9t$ objects4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccviii4_/--,( ! ,int]position ( transp>5t ,bodies betwe5 ! ,eye & ! ,object4 _/,!_/ great] ! transp>5t int]position is betwe5 ! eye & ! object1 ! m ! col\r ( t object w p>ticipate (1 or be *ang$ into t ( ! transp>5t m$ium#dd4 ,:5 an opake body is situat$ betwe5 ! eye & ! lum9>y1 s t ! c5tral l9e ( ! "o passes also ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! o!r1 t object w be entirely depriv$ ( light4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccix4_/--,( prop] ,back-gr\nds = ,figures4 _/,z_/ we f9d by exp]i5ce1 t all bodies are surr\nd$ by lights & %ad[s1 ,i w\ld h ! pa9t] to accommodate t "p :i* is enlight5$1 s z to t]m9ate ^u some?+ d>k2 & to manage ! d>k p>ts s t !y may t]m9ate on a light gr\nd4 ,?is w be ( great assi/ance 9 deta*+ & br++ out 8 figures#de4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccx4_/--,( ,back-gr\nds4 _/,to_/ give a great effect to figures1 y mu/ oppose to a light "o a d>k gr\nd1 & to a d>k figure a light gr\nd1 contra/+ :ite ) black1 & black ) :ite4 ,9 g5]al1 all contr>ies give a p>ticul> =ce & brilliancy ( effect by _! opposition#df4 ,,reflexes4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxi4_/--,( ,objects plac$ on a light ,gr\nd1 & :y su* a ,practice is useful 9 ,pa9t+4 _/,:5_/ a d>ki% body t]m9ates ^u a light gr\nd1 x w appe> deta*$ f t gr\nd2 because all opake bodies ( a curv$ surface are n only d>k on t side :i* receives no light1 & consequ5tly v diff]5t f ! gr\nd2 b ev5 t side ( ! curv$ surface :i* is enlight5$1 w n c>ry its pr9cipal light to ! extremities1 b h betwe5 ! gr\nd & ! pr9cipal light a c]ta9 demi-t9t1 d>k] ?an ei!r ! gr\nd or t light4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxii4_/--,( ! diff]5t ,effects ( ,:ite1 accord+ to ! ,diff]5ce ( ,back-gr\nds4 _/,any_/ ?+ :ite w appe> :it]1 by be+ oppos$ to a d>k gr\nd2 &1 on ! contr>y1 d>k] ^u a light gr\nd4 ,?is we le>n f obs]v+ sn[ z x falls2 :ile x is desc5d+ x appe>s d>k] aga9/ ! sky1 ?an :5 we see x aga9/ an op5 w9d[1 :i* 7ow+ to ! d>kness ( ! inside ( ! h\se7 makes x appe> v :ite4 ,obs]ve also1 t sn[ appe>s to fall v quick & 9 a great quantity :5 ne> ! eye2 b :5 at "s di/ance1 x seems to come d[n sl[ly1 & 9 a small] quantity#dg4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxiii4_/--,( ,rev]b]ation4 _/,rev]b]ations_/ are produc$ by all bodies ( a bright nature1 t h a smoo? & tol]ably h>d surface1 :i*1 repell+ ! light x receives1 makes x reb\nd l a foot-ball aga9/ ! fir/ object oppos$ to x4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxiv4_/--,:]e !re _c be any ,rev]b]ation ( ,light4 _/,!_/ surfaces ( h>d bodies are surr\nd$ by v>i\s qualities ( light & %ad[4 ,! lights are ( two sorts2 "o is call$ orig9al1 ! o!r d]ivative4 ,! orig9al light is t :i* comes f ! sun1 or ! brightness ( fire1 or else f ! air4 ,! d]ivative is a reflect$ light4 ,b to return to our def9ition1 ,i say1 !re c be no reflexion on t side :i* is turn$ t[>ds any d>k body2 su* z ro(s1 ei!r high or l[1 %rubs1 grass1 wood1 ei!r dry or gre52 because1 ?\gh e individual "p ( ^? objects be turn$ t[>ds ! orig9al light1 & /ruck by x2 yet ! quantity ( %ad[ :i* e "o ( ^! p>ts produces ^u ! o!rs1 is s great1 t1 ^u ! :ole1 ! light1 n =m+ a compact mass1 loses its effect1 s t ^? objects _c reflect any light ^u ! opposite bodies4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxv4_/--,9 :at ,"p ! ,reflexes h m or less ,brightness4 _/,!_/ reflect$ lights w be m or less app>5t or bright1 9 proportion z !y are se5 aga9/ a d>k] or fa9t] gr\nd2 because if ! gr\nd be d>k] ?an ! reflex1 !n ?is reflex w appe> /rong] on acc\nt ( ! great diff]5ce ( col\r4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 if ?is reflexion has beh9d x a gr\nd light] ?an itself1 x w appe> d>k1 9 comp>ison to ! brightness :i* is close to x1 & !re=e x w be h>dly p]ceptible#dh4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxvi4_/--,( ! reflect$ ,lights :i* surr\nd ! ,%ad[s4 _/,!_/ reflect$ lights :i* /rike ^u ! mid/ ( %ad[s1 w bright5 up or less5 _! obscurity 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( ^? lights1 & _! proximity to ^? %ad[s4 ,_m pa9t]s neglect ?is obs]vation1 :ile o!rs att5d to & d$uce _! practice f x4 ,?is diff]5ce ( op9ion & practice divides ! s5tim5ts ( arti/s1 s t !y blame ea* o!r = n ?9k+ & act+ z !y !mselves d4 ,! be/ way is to /e] a middle c\rse1 & n to admit ( any reflect$ light1 b :5 ! cause ( x is evid5t to e eye2 & vice v]s1 if y introduce none at all1 let x appe> evid5t t !re 0 no reasonable cause = x4 ,9 do+ s1 y w nei!r be totally blam$ nor prais$ by ! v>iety ( op9ion1 :i*1 if n proce$+ f entire ignorance1 w ensure to y ! approbation ( bo? p>ties4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxvii4_/--,:]e ,reflexes are to be mo/ app>5t4 _/,(_/ all reflect$ lights1 t is to be ! mo/ app>5t1 bold1 & precise1 :i* deta*es f ! d>ke/ gr\nd2 &1 on ! contr>y1 t :i* is ^u a light] gr\nd w be less app>5t4 ,& ?is proce$s f ! contra/e ( %ades1 by :i* ! fa9te/ makes ! d>k ones appe> /ill d>k]2 s 9 contra/$ lights1 ! brighte/ cause ! o!rs to appe> less bright ?an !y really are#di4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxviii4_/--,:at ,"p ( a ,reflex is to be ! lighte/4 _/,t_/ "p w be ! brighte/ :i* receives ! reflect$ light betwe5 angles ! mo/ ne>ly equal4 ,= example1 let ,n be ! lum9>y1 & ,a ,b ! illum9at$ "p ( ! object1 reflect+ ! light ov] all ! %ady "p ( ! concavity opposite to x4 ,! light :i* reflects ^u ,f w be plac$ betwe5 equal angles4 ,b ,e at ! base w n be reflect$ by equal angles1 z x is evid5t t ! angle ,e ,a ,b is m obtuse ?an ! angle ,e ,b ,a4 ,! angle ,a ,f ,b h[ev]1 ?\gh x is betwe5 angles ( less quality ?an ! angle ,e1 & has a common base ,b ,a1 is betwe5 angles m ne>ly equal ?an ,e1 !re=e x w be light] 9 ,f ?an 9 ,e2 & x w also be bright]1 because x is ne>] to ! "p :i* gives !m light4 ,accord+ to ! #f? rule#ej1 :i* says1 t "p ( ! body is to be ! lighte/1 :i* is ne>e/ to ! lum9>y4 ,illu/ration _/,*ap4 ,,ccxix4_/--,( ! ,t]m9ation ( ,reflexes on _! ,gr\nds4 _/,!_/ t]m9ation ( a reflect$ light on a gr\nd light] ?an t reflex1 w n be p]ceivable2 b if su* a reflex t]m9ates ^u a gr\nd d>k] ?an itself1 x w be pla9ly se52 & ! m s 9 proportion z t gr\nd is d>k]1 & vice v]sa#ea4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxx4_/--,( d\ble & treble ,reflexions ( ,light4 _/,d\ble_/ reflexes are /rong] ?an s+le ones1 & ! %ad[s :i* int]pose betwe5 ! common light & ^! reflexes are v fa9t4 ,= in/ance1 let ,a be ! lum9\s body1 ,a ,n1 ,a ,s1 are ! direct rays1 & ,s ,n ! p>ts :i* receive ! light f !m4 ,o & ,e are ! places enlight5$ by ! reflexion ( t light 9 ^? p>ts4 ,a ,n ,e is a s+le reflex1 b ,a ,n ,o1 ,a ,s ,o is ! d\ble reflex4 ,! s+le reflex is t :i* proce$s f a s+le light1 b ! d\ble reflexion is produc$ by two diff]5t lights4 ,! s+le "o ,e is produc$ by ! light /rik+ on ,b ,d1 :ile ! d\ble "o ,o proce$s f ! enlight5$ bodies ,b ,d & ,d ,r co-op]at+ toge!r2 & ! %ad[s :i* are betwe5 ,n ,o & ,s ,o w be v fa9t4 ,illu/ration _/,*ap4 ,,ccxxi4_/--,reflexes 9 ! ,wat]1 & p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,air4 _/,!_/ only portion ( air t w be se5 reflect$ 9 ! wat]1 w be t :i* is reflect$ by ! surface ( ! wat] to ! eye betwe5 equal angles2 t is to say1 ! angle ( incid5ce mu/ be equal to ! angle ( reflexion4 ,,col\rs _/&_/ ,,col\r+4 ,,col\rs4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxxii4_/--,:at ,surface is be/ calculat$ to receive mo/ ,col\rs4 _/,:ite_/ is m capable ( receiv+ all sorts ( col\rs1 ?an ! surface ( any body :atev]1 t is n transp>5t4 ,to prove x1 we %all say1 t any void space is capable ( receiv+ :at ano!r space1 n void1 _c receive4 ,9 ! same mann]1 a :ite surface1 l a void space1 be+ de/itute ( any col\r1 w be fitte/ to receive su* z are convey$ to x f any o!r enlight5$ body1 & w p>ticipate m ( ! col\r ?an black c d2 :i* latt]1 l a brok5 vessel1 is n able to conta9 any ?+4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxxiii4_/--,:at ,surface w %ew mo/ p]fectly its true ,col\r4 _/,t_/ opake body w %ew its col\r m p]fect & beautiful1 :i* has ne> x ano!r body ( ! same col\r4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxxiv4_/--,on :at ,surfaces ! true ,col\r is lea/ app>5t4 _/,poli%$_/ & glossy surfaces %ew lea/ ( _! g5u9e col\r4 ,?is is exemplifi$ 9 ! grass ( ! fields1 & ! leaves ( trees1 :i*1 be+ smoo? & glossy1 w reflect ! col\r ( ! sun1 & ! air1 :]e !y /rike1 s t ! p>ts :i* receive ! light d n %ew _! natural col\r4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxxv4_/--,:at ,surfaces %ew mo/ ( _! true & g5u9e ,col\r4 _/,^?_/ objects t are ! lea/ smoo? & poli%$ %ew _! natural col\rs be/2 z we see 9 clo?1 & 9 ! leaves ( su* grass or trees z are ( a woolly nature2 :i*1 hav+ no lu/re1 are exhibit$ to ! eye 9 _! true natural col\r2 unless t col\r happ5 to be confus$ by t ( ano!r body ca/+ on !m reflexions ( an opposite col\r1 su* z ! r$ness ( ! sett+ sun1 :5 all ! cl\ds are t+$ ) its col\r4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxxvi4_/--,( ! ,mixture ( ,col\rs4 _/,al?\gh_/ ! mixture ( col\rs may be ext5d$ to an inf9ite v>iety1 almo/ impossible to be describ$1 ,i w n omit t\*+ slightly ^u x1 sett+ d[n at fir/ a c]ta9 numb] ( simple col\rs to s]ve z a f\ndation1 & ) ea* ( ^! mix+ "o ( ! o!rs2 "o ) "o1 !n two ) two1 & ?ree ) ?ree1 proce$+ 9 ?is mann] to ! full mixture ( all ! colors toge!r3 !n ,i w\ld beg9 aga91 mix+ two ( ^! col\rs ) two o!rs1 & ?ree ) ?ree1 f\r ) f\r1 & s on to ! end4 ,to ^! two col\rs we %all put ?ree2 to ^! ?ree add ?ree m1 & !n six1 increas+ always 9 ! same proportion4 ,i call ^? simple col\rs1 :i* are n compos$1 & _c be made or suppli$ by any mixture ( o!r col\rs4 ,black & ,:ite are n reckon$ among col\rs2 ! "o is ! repres5tative ( d>kness1 ! o!r ( light3 t is1 "o is a simple privation ( light1 ! o!r is light itself4 ,yet ,i w n omit m5tion+ !m1 because !re is no?+ 9 pa9t+ m useful & necess>y2 s9ce pa9t+ is b an effect produc$ by lights & %ad[s1 viz4 *i>o-scuro4 ,aft] ,black & ,:ite come ,blue & ,yell[1 !n ,gre51 & ,tawny or ,umb]1 & !n ,purple & ,r$4 ,^! eight col\rs are all t ,nature produces4 ,) ^! ,i beg9 my mixtures1 fir/ ,black & ,:ite1 ,black & ,yell[1 ,black & ,r$2 !n ,yell[ & ,r$3 b ,i %all treat m at l5g? ( ^! mixtures 9 a sep>ate "w#eb1 :i* w be ( great utility1 nay v necess>y4 ,i %all place ?is subject betwe5 !ory & practice4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxxvii4_/--,( ! ,col\rs produc$ by ! ,mixture ( o!r ,col\rs1 call$ second>y ,col\rs4 _/,!_/ fir/ ( all simple col\rs is ,:ite1 ?\gh philosoph]s w n ackn[l$ge ei!r ,:ite or ,black to be col\rs2 because ! fir/ is ! cause1 or ! receiv] ( col\rs1 ! o!r totally depriv$ ( !m4 ,b z pa9t]s _c d )\t ei!r1 we %all place !m among ! o!rs2 & accord+ to ?is ord] ( ?+s1 ,:ite w be ! fir/1 ,yell[ ! second1 ,gre5 ! ?ird1 ,blue ! f\r?1 ,r$ ! fif?1 & ,black ! six?4 ,we %all set d[n ,:ite = ! repres5tative ( light1 )\t :i* no col\r c be se52 ,yell[ = ! e>?2 ,gre5 = wat]2 ,blue = air2 ,r$ = fire2 & ,black = total d>kness4 ,if y wi% to see by a %ort process ! v>iety ( all ! mix$1 or compos$ col\rs1 take "s col\r$ glasses1 &1 ?r\gh !m1 look at all ! c\ntry r\nd3 y w f9d t ! col\r ( ea* object w be alt]$ & mix$ ) ! col\r ( ! glass ?r\gh :i* x is se52 obs]ve :i* col\r is made bett]1 & :i* is hurt by ! mixture4 ,if ! glass be yell[1 ! col\r ( ! objects may ei!r be improv$1 or greatly impair$ by x4 ,black & ,:ite w be mo/ alt]$1 :ile ,gre5 & ,yell[ w be meliorat$4 ,9 ! same mann] y may g ?r\gh all ! mixtures ( col\rs1 :i* are inf9ite4 ,select ^? :i* are new & agreeable to ! sight2 & foll[+ ! same me?od y may g on ) two glasses1 or ?ree1 till y h f\nd :at w be/ answ] y\r purpose4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxxviii4_/--,( ,v]degris4 _/,?is_/ gre51 :i* is made ( copp]1 ?\gh x be mix$ ) oil1 w lose its beauty1 if x be n v>ni%$ imm$iately4 ,x n only fades1 b1 if wa%$ ) a sponge & pure wat] only1 x w deta* f ! gr\nd ^u :i* x is pa9t$1 p>ticul>ly 9 damp wea!r2 because v]degris is produc$ by ! /r5g? ( salts1 :i* easily dissolve 9 ra9y wea!r1 b /ill m if wa%$ ) a wet sponge4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxxix4_/--,h[ to increase ! ,beauty ( ,v]degris4 _/,if_/ y mix ) ! ,v]degris "s ,caball9e ,aloe1 x w add to x a great degree ( beauty4 ,x w\ld acquire /ill m f ,saffron1 if x did n fade4 ,! quality & goodness ( ?is ,aloe w be prov$ by dissolv+ x 9 w>m ,br&y4 ,suppos+ ! ,v]degris has already be5 us$1 & ! "p f9i%$1 y may !n glaze x ?9ly ) ?is dissolv$ ,aloe1 & x w produce a v f9e col\r4 ,?is ,aloe may be gr\nd also 9 oil by itself1 or ) ! ,v]degris1 or any o!r col\r1 at pleasure4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxxx4_/--,h[ to pa9t a ,picture t w la/ almo/ = ev]4 _/,aft]_/ y h made a draw+ ( y\r int5d$ picture1 prep>e a good & ?ick prim+ ) pit* & brickdu/ well p\nd$2 aft] :i* give x a second coat ( :ite lead & ,naples yell[2 !n1 hav+ trac$ y\r draw+ ^u x1 & pa9t$ y\r picture1 v>ni% x ) cle> & ?ick old oil1 & /ick x to a flat glass1 or cry/al1 ) a cle> v>ni%4 ,ano!r me?od1 :i* may be bett]1 is1 in/ead ( ! prim+ ( pit* & brickdu/1 take a flat tile well vitrifi$1 !n apply ! coat ( :ite & ,naples yell[1 & all ! re/ z be=e4 ,b be=e ! glass is appli$ to x1 ! pa9t+ mu/ be p]fectly dri$ 9 a /ove1 & v>ni%$ ) nut oil & amb]1 or else ) purifi$ nut oil alone1 ?ick5$ 9 ! sun#ec4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxxxi4_/--,! ,mode ( pa9t+ on ,canvass1 or ,l95 ,clo?#ed4 _/,/ret*_/ y\r canvass ^u a frame1 !n give x a coat ( weak size1 let x dry1 & draw y\r outl9es ^u x4 ,pa9t ! fle% col\rs fir/2 & :ile x is /ill fre% or moi/1 pa9t also ! %ad[s1 well s(t5$ & bl5d$ toge!r4 ,! fle% col\r may be made ) :ite1 lake1 & ,naples yell[4 ,! %ades ) black1 umb]1 & a little lake2 y may1 if y please1 use black *alk4 ,aft] y h s(t5$ ?is fir/ coat1 or dead col\r1 & let x dry1 y may ret\* ov] x ) lake & o!r col\rs1 & gum wat] t has be5 a long :ile made & kept liquid1 because 9 t /ate x becomes bett]1 & does n leave any gloss4 ,aga91 to make ! %ades d>k]1 take ! lake & gum z above1 & ink#ee2 & ) ?is y may %ade or glaze _m col\rs1 because x is transp>5t2 su* z azure1 lake1 & sev]al o!rs4 ,z = ! lights1 y may ret\* or glaze !m slightly ) gum wat] & pure lake1 p>ticul>ly v]milion4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxxxii4_/--,( lively & beautiful ,col\rs4 _/,=_/ ^? col\rs :i* y mean %\ld appe> beautiful1 prep>e a gr\nd ( pure :ite4 ,?is is meant only = transp>5t col\rs3 z = ^? t h a body1 & are opake1 x matt]s n :at gr\nd !y h1 & a :ite "o is ( no use4 ,?is is exemplifi$ by pa9t$ glasses2 :5 plac$ betwe5 ! eye & cle> air1 !y exhibit mo/ excell5t & beautiful col\rs1 :i* is n ! case1 :5 !y h ?ick air1 or "s opake body beh9d !m4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxxxiii4_/--,( transp>5t ,col\rs4 _/,:5_/ a transp>5t col\r is laid ^u ano!r ( a diff]5t nature1 x produces a mix$ col\r1 diff]5t f ei!r ( ! simple ones :i* compose x4 ,?is is obs]v$ 9 ! smoke com+ out ( a *imney1 :i*1 :5 pass+ be=e ! black soot1 appe>s bluei%1 b z x asc5ds aga9/ ! blue ( ! sky1 x *anges its appe>ance into a r$di% br[n4 ,s ! col\r lake laid on blue w turn x to a violet col\r2 yell[ ^u blue turns to gre52 saffron ^u :ite becomes yell[2 :ite scumbl$ ^u a d>k gr\nd appe>s blue1 & is m or less beautiful1 z ! :ite & ! gr\nd are m or less pure4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxxxiv4_/--,9 :at ,"p a ,col\r w appe> 9 its greate/ ,beauty4 _/,we_/ are to consid] "h 9 :at "p any col\r w %ew itself 9 its mo/ p]fect purity2 :e!r 9 ! /ronge/ light or deepe/ %ad[1 9 ! demi-t9t1 or 9 ! reflex4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to det]m9e fir/1 ( :at col\r we mean to treat1 because diff]5t col\rs diff] mat]ially 9 t respect4 ,black is mo/ beautiful 9 ! %ades2 :ite 9 ! /ronge/ light2 blue & gre5 9 ! half-t9t2 yell[ & r$ 9 ! pr9cipal light2 gold 9 ! reflexes2 & lake 9 ! half-t9t4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxxxv4_/--,h[ any ,col\r )\t ,gloss1 is m beautiful 9 ! ,lights ?an 9 ! ,%ades4 _/,all_/ objects :i* h no gloss1 %ew _! col\rs bett] 9 ! light ?an 9 ! %ad[1 because ! light vivifies & gives a true k ( ! nature ( ! col\r1 :ile ! %ad[s l[]1 & de/roy its beauty1 prev5t+ ! discov]y ( its nature4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 black be m beautiful 9 ! %ad[s1 x is because black is n a col\r4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxxxvi4_/--,( ! ,appe>ance ( ,col\rs4 _/,!_/ light] a col\r is 9 its nature1 ! m s x w appe> :5 remov$ to "s di/ance2 b ) d>k col\rs x is q ! rev]se4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxxxvii4_/--,:at ,"p ( a ,col\r is to be ! mo/ beautiful4 _/,if_/ ,a be ! light1 & ,b ! object receiv+ x 9 a direct l9e1 ,e _c receive t light1 b only ! reflexion f ,b1 :i* we %all suppose to be r$4 ,9 t case1 ! light x produces be+ r$1 x w t+e ) r$ ! object ,e2 & if ,e happ5 to be also r$ be=e1 y w see t col\r increase 9 beauty1 & appe> r$d] ?an ,b2 b if ,e 7 yell[1 y w see a new col\r1 p>ticipat+ ( ! r$ & ! yell[4 ,illu/ration _/,*ap4 ,,ccxxxviii4_/--,t ! ,beauty ( a ,col\r is to be f\nd 9 ! ,lights4 _/,z_/ ! quality ( col\rs is discov]$ to ! eye by ! light1 x is natural to conclude1 t :]e !re is mo/ light1 !re also ! true quality ( ! col\r is to be se52 & :]e !re is mo/ %ad[ ! col\r w p>ticipate (1 & be t+$ ) ! col\r ( t %ad[4 ,rememb] !n to %ew ! true quality ( ! col\r 9 ! light p>ts only#ef4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxxxix4_/--,( ,col\rs4 _/,!_/ col\r :i* is betwe5 ! light & ! %ad[ w n be s beautiful z t :i* is 9 ! full light4 ,!re=e ! *ief beauty ( col\rs w be f\nd 9 ! pr9cipal lights#eg4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxl4_/--,no ,object appe>s 9 its true ,col\r1 unless ! ,light :i* /rikes ^u x be ( ! same ,col\r4 _/,?is_/ is v obs]vable 9 drap]ies1 :]e ! light folds ca/+ a reflexion1 & ?r[+ a light on o!r folds opposite to !m1 make !m appe> 9 _! natural col\r4 ,! same effect is produc$ by gold leaves ca/+ _! light reciprocally on ea* o!r4 ,! effect is q contr>y if ! light be receiv$ f an object ( a diff]5t col\r#eh4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxli4_/--,( ! ,col\r ( ,%ad[s4 _/,!_/ col\r ( ! %ad[s ( an object c nev] be pure if ! body :i* is oppos$ to ^! %ad[s be n ( ! same col\r z t on :i* !y are produc$4 ,= in/ance1 if 9 a room1 ! walls ( :i* are gre51 ,i place a figure clo!d 9 blue1 & receiv+ ! light f ano!r blue object1 ! light "p ( t figure w be ( a beautiful blue1 b ! %ad[s ( x w become d+y1 & n l a true %ade ( t beautiful blue1 because x w be corrupt$ by ! reflexions f ! gre5 wall2 & x w\ld be /ill worse if ! walls 7 ( a d>ki% br[n4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxlii4_/--,( ,col\rs4 _/,col\rs_/ plac$ 9 %ad[ w pres]ve m or less ( _! orig9al beauty1 z !y are m or less imm]s$ 9 ! %ade4 ,b col\rs situat$ 9 a light space w %ew _! natural beauty 9 proportion to ! brightness ( t light4 ,"s say1 t !re is z great v>iety 9 ! col\rs ( %ad[s1 z 9 ! col\rs ( objects %ad$ by !m4 ,x may be answ]$1 t col\rs plac$ 9 %ad[ w %ew less v>iety among/ !mselves z ! %ad[s are d>k]4 ,we %all soon conv9ce ourselves ( ?is tru?1 if1 f a l>ge squ>e1 we look ?r\gh ! op5 door ( a *ur*1 :]e pictures1 ?\gh enri*$ ) a v>iety ( col\rs1 appe> all clo!d 9 d>kness4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxliii4_/--,:e!r x be possible = all ,col\rs to appe> alike by means ( ! same ,%ad[4 _/,x_/ is v possible t all ! diff]5t col\rs may be *ang$ into t ( a g5]al %ad[2 z is manife/ 9 ! d>kness ( a cl\dy night1 9 :i* nei!r ! %ape nor col\r ( bodies is di/+ui%$4 ,total d>kness be+ no?+ b a privation ( ! primitive & reflect$ lights1 by :i* ! =m & col\r ( bodies are se52 x is evid5t1 t ! cause be+ remov$ ! effect ceases1 & ! objects are entirely lo/ to ! sight4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxliv4_/--,:y ,:ite is n reckon$ among ! ,col\rs4 _/,:ite_/ is n a col\r1 b has ! p[] ( receiv+ all ! o!r col\rs4 ,:5 x is plac$ 9 a high situation 9 ! c\ntry1 all its %ades are azure2 accord+ to ! f\r? proposition#ei1 :i* says1 t ! surface ( any opake body p>ticipates ( ! col\r ( any o!r body s5d+ ! light to x4 ,!re=e :ite be+ depriv$ ( ! light ( ! sun by ! int]position ( any o!r body1 w rema9 :ite2 if expos$ to ! sun on "o side1 & to ! op5 air on ! o!r1 x w p>ticipate bo? ( ! col\r ( ! sun & ( ! air4 ,t side :i* is n oppos$ to ! sun1 w be %ad$ ( ! col\r ( ! air4 ,& if ?is :ite 7 n surr\nd$ by gre5 fields all ! way to ! horizon1 nor c\ld receive any light f t horizon1 )\t d\bt x w\ld appe> ( "o simple & uni=m col\r1 viz4 t ( ! air4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxlv4_/--,( ,col\rs4 _/,!_/ light ( ! fire t+es e ?+ ( a r$di% yell[2 b ?is w h>dly appe> evid5t1 if we d n make ! comp>ison ) ! daylight4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! ev5+ ?is is easily done2 b m c]ta9ly aft] ! morn+ twilight2 & ! diff]5ce w be cle>ly di/+ui%$ 9 a d>k room1 :5 a little glimpse ( daylight /rikes ^u any "p ( ! room1 & !re /ill rema9s a c&le burn+4 ,)\t su* a trial ! diff]5ce is h>dly p]ceivable1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? col\rs :i* h mo/ simil>ity2 su* z :ite & yell[1 light gre5 & light blue2 because ! light :i* /rikes ! blue1 be+ yell[1 w naturally turn x gre52 z we h said 9 ano!r place#fj1 t a mixture ( blue & yell[ produces gre54 ,& if to a gre5 col\r y add "s yell[1 x w make x ( a m beautiful gre54 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxlvi4_/--,( ! ,col\r+ ( remote ,objects4 _/,!_/ pa9t]1 :o is to repres5t objects at "s di/ance f ! eye1 ought m]ely to convey ! idea ( g5]al undet]m9$ masses1 mak+ *oice1 = t purpose1 ( cl\dy wea!r1 or t[>ds ! ev5+1 & avoid+1 z 0 said be=e1 to m>k ! lights & %ad[s too /rong on ! extremities2 because !y w\ld 9 t case appe> l spots ( difficult execution1 & )\t grace4 ,he ought to rememb]1 t ! %ad[s are nev] to be ( su* a quality1 z to oblit]ate ! prop] col\r1 9 :i* !y orig9at$2 if ! situation ( ! col\r$ body be n 9 total d>kness4 ,he ought to m>k no outl9e1 n to make ! hair /r+y1 & n to t\* ) pure :ite1 any b ^? ?+s :i* 9 !mselves are :ite2 9 %ort1 ! lighte/ t\* ^u any p>ticul> object ought to d5ote ! beauty ( its prop] & natural col\r4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxlvii4_/--,! ,surface ( all opake ,bodies p>ticipates ( ! ,col\r ( ! surr\nd+ ,objects4 _/,!_/ pa9t] ought to "k1 t if any :ite object is plac$ betwe5 two walls1 "o ( :i* is also :ite1 & ! o!r black1 !re w be f\nd betwe5 ! %ady side ( t object & ! light side1 a simil> proportion to t ( ! two walls2 & if t object be blue1 ! effect w be ! same4 ,hav+ !re=e to pa9t ?is object1 take "s black1 simil> to t ( ! wall f :i* ! reflexes come2 & to proce$ by a c]ta9 & sci5tific me?od1 d z foll[s4 ,:5 y pa9t ! wall1 take a small spoon to measure exactly ! quantity ( col\r y mean to employ 9 mix+ y\r t9ts2 = in/ance1 if y h put 9 ! %ad+ ( ?is wall ?ree spoonfuls ( pure black1 & "o ( :ite1 y h1 )\t any d\bt1 a mixture ( a c]ta9 & precise quality4 ,n[ hav+ pa9t$ "o ( ! walls :ite1 & ! o!r d>k1 if y mean to place a blue object betwe5 !m ) %ades suitable to t col\r1 place fir/ on y\r pallet ! light blue1 su* z y mean x to be1 )\t any mixture ( %ade1 & x w d = ! lighte/ "p ( y\r object4 ,aft] :i* take ?ree spoonfuls ( black1 & "o ( ?is light blue1 = y\r d>ke/ %ades4 ,!n obs]ve :e!r y\r object be r\nd or squ>e3 if x be squ>e1 ^! two extreme t9ts ( light & %ade w be close to ea* o!r1 cutt+ %>ply at ! angle2 b if x be r\nd1 draw l9es f ! extremities ( ! walls to ! c5tre ( ! object1 & put ! d>ke/ %ade betwe5 equal angles1 :]e ! l9es int]sect ^u ! sup]ficies ( x2 !n beg9 to make !m light] & light] gradually to ! po9t ,n ,o1 less5+ ! /r5g? ( ! %ad[s z mu* z t place p>ticipates ( ! light ,a ,d1 & mix+ t col\r ) ! d>ke/ %ade ,a ,b1 9 ! same proportion4 ,illu/ration _/,*ap4 ,,ccxlviii4_/--,g5]al ,rem>ks on ,col\rs4 _/,blue_/ & gre5 are n simple col\rs 9 _! nature1 = blue is compos$ ( light & d>kness2 su* is ! azure ( ! sky1 viz4 p]fect black & p]fect :ite4 ,gre5 is compos$ ( a simple & a mix$ col\r1 be+ produc$ by blue & yell[4 ,any object se5 9 a mirror1 w p>ticipate ( ! col\r ( t body :i* s]ves z a mirror2 & ! mirror 9 its turn is t+$ 9 "p by ! col\r ( ! object x repres5ts2 !y p>take m or less ( ea* o!r z ! col\r ( ! object se5 is m or less /rong ?an ! col\r ( ! mirror4 ,t object w appe> ( ! /ronge/ & mo/ lively col\r 9 ! mirror1 :i* has ! mo/ aff9ity to ! col\r ( ! mirror itself4 ,( col\r$ bodies1 ! pure/ :ite w be se5 at ! greate/ di/ance1 !re=e ! d>k] ! col\r1 ! less x w be> di/ance4 ,( diff]5t bodies equal 9 :it5ess1 & 9 di/ance f ! eye1 t :i* is surr\nd$ by ! greate/ d>kness w appe> ! :ite/2 & on ! contr>y1 t %ad[ w appe> ! d>ke/ t has ! brighte/ :ite r\nd x4 ,( diff]5t col\rs1 equally p]fect1 t w appe> mo/ excell5t1 :i* is se5 ne> its direct contr>y4 ,a pale col\r aga9/ r$1 a black ^u :ite 7?\gh nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r are col\rs71 blue ne> a yell[2 gre5 ne> r$2 because ea* col\r is m di/9ctly se51 :5 oppos$ to its contr>y1 ?an to any o!r simil> to x4 ,any ?+ :ite se5 9 a d5se air full ( vap\rs1 w appe> l>g] ?an x is 9 reality4 ,! air1 betwe5 ! eye & ! object se51 w *ange ! col\r ( t object into its own2 s w ! azure ( ! air *ange ! di/ant m\nta9s into blue masses4 ,?r\gh a r$ glass e ?+ appe>s r$2 ! light r\nd ! />s is dimm$ by ! d>kness ( ! air1 :i* fills ! space betwe5 ! eye & ! planets4 ,! true col\r ( any object :atev] w be se5 9 ^? p>ts :i* are n occupi$ by any k9d ( %ade1 & h n any gloss 7if x be a poli%$ surface74 ,i say1 t :ite t]m9at+ abruptly ^u a d>k gr\nd1 w cause t "p :]e x t]m9ates to appe> d>k]1 & ! :ite :it]4 ,,col\rs ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,light ,,& ,,%ad[4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxlix4_/--,( ! ,light prop] = pa9t+ ,fle% ,col\r f ,nature4 _/,y\r_/ w9d[ mu/ be op5 to ! sky1 & ! walls pa9t$ ( a r$di% col\r4 ,! summ]time is ! be/1 :5 ! cl\ds conceal ! sun1 or else y\r walls on ! s\? side ( ! room mu/ be s high1 z t ! sun-beams _c /rike on ! opposite side1 9 ord] t ! reflexion ( ^? beams may n de/roy ! %ad[s4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccl4_/--,( ! ,pa9t]'s ,w9d[4 _/,!_/ w9d[ :i* gives light to a pa9t+-room1 ought to be made ( oil$ pap]1 )\t any cross b>1 or project+ edge at ! op5+1 or any %>p angle 9 ! inside ( ! wall1 b %\ld be slant+ by degrees ! :ole ?ickness ( x2 & ! sides be pa9t$ black4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccli4_/--,! ,%ad[s ( ,col\rs4 _/,!_/ %ad[s ( any col\r :atev] mu/ p>ticipate ( t col\r m or less1 z x is ne>] to1 or m remote f ! mass ( %ad[s2 & also 9 proportion to its di/ance f1 or proximity to ! mass ( light4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclii4_/--,( ! ,%ad[s ( ,:ite4 _/,to_/ any :ite body receiv+ ! light f ! sun1 or ! air1 ! %ad[s %\ld be ( a bluei% ca/2 because :ite is no col\r1 b a receiv] ( all col\rs2 & z by ! f\r? proposition#fa we le>n1 t ! surface ( any object p>ticipates ( ! col\rs ( o!r objects ne> x1 x is evid5t t a :ite surface w p>ticipate ( ! col\r ( ! air by :i* x is surr\nd$4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccliii4_/--,:i* ( ! ,col\rs w produce ! d>ke/ ,%ade4 _/,t_/ %ade w be ! d>ke/ :i* is produc$ by ! :ite/ surface2 ?is also w h a great] prop5sity to v>iety ?an any o!r surface2 because :ite is n prop]ly a col\r1 b a receiv] ( col\rs1 & its surface w p>ticipate /rongly ( ! col\r ( surr\nd+ objects1 b pr9cipally ( black or any o!r d>k col\r1 :i* be+ ! mo/ opposite to its nature1 produces ! mo/ s5sible diff]5ce betwe5 ! %ad[s & ! lights4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccliv4_/--,h[ to manage1 :5 a ,:ite t]m9ates ^u ano!r ,:ite4 _/,:5_/ "o :ite body t]m9ates on ano!r ( ! same col\r1 ! :ite ( ^! two bodies w be ei!r alike or n4 ,if !y be alike1 t object :i* ( ! two is ne>e/ to ! eye1 %\ld be made a little d>k] ?an ! o!r1 ^u ! r\nd+ ( ! outl9e2 b if ! object :i* s]ves z a gr\nd to ! o!r be n q s :ite1 ! latt] w deta* ( itself1 )\t ! help ( any d>k] t]m9ation4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclv4_/--,on ! ,back-gr\nds ( ,figures4 _/,(_/ two objects equally light1 "o w appe> less s if se5 ^u a :it] gr\nd2 &1 on ! contr>y1 x w appe> a great deal light] if ^u a space ( a d>k] %ade4 ,s fle% col\r w appe> pale ^u a r$ gr\nd1 & a pale col\r w appe> r$d] ^u a yell[ gr\nd4 ,9 %ort1 col\rs w appe> :at !y are n1 accord+ to ! gr\nd :i* surr\nds !m4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclvi4_/--,! ,mode ( compos+ ,hi/ory4 _/,among/_/ ! figures :i* compose an hi/orical picture1 ^? :i* are meant to appe> ! ne>e/ to ! eye1 mu/ h ! greate/ =ce2 accord+ to ! second proposition#fb ( ! ?ird book1 :i* says1 t col\r w be se5 9 ! greate/ p]fection :i* has less air int]pos$ betwe5 x & ! eye ( ! behold]2 & = t reason ! %ad[s 7by :i* we express ! relievo ( bodies7 appe> d>k] :5 ne> ?an :5 at a di/ance1 be+ !n dead5$ by ! air :i* int]poses4 ,?is does n happ5 to ^? %ad[s :i* are ne> ! eye1 :]e !y w produce ! greate/ relievo :5 !y are d>ke/4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclvii4_/--,rem>ks conc]n+ ,lights & ,%ad[s4 _/,obs]ve_/1 t :]e ! %ad[s end1 !re be always a k9d ( half-%ad[ to bl5d !m ) ! lights4 ,! %ad[ d]iv$ f any object w mix m ) ! light at its t]m9ation1 9 proportion z x is m di/ant f t object4 ,b ! col\r ( ! %ad[ w nev] be simple3 ?is is prov$ by ! n9? proposition#fc1 :i* says1 t ! sup]ficies ( any object p>ticipates ( ! col\rs ( o!r bodies1 by :i* x is surr\nd$1 al?\gh x 7 transp>5t1 su* z wat]1 air1 & ! l3 because ! air receives its light f ! sun1 & d>kness is produc$ by ! privation ( x4 ,b z ! air has no col\r 9 itself any m ?an wat]1 x receives all ! col\rs t are betwe5 ! object & ! eye4 ,! vap\rs mix+ ) ! air 9 ! l[] regions ne> ! e>?1 r5d] x ?ick1 & apt to reflect ! sun's rays on all sides1 :ile ! air above rema9s d>k2 & because light 7t is1 :ite7 & d>kness 7t is1 black71 mix$ toge!r1 compose ! azure t becomes ! col\r ( ! sky1 :i* is light] or d>k] 9 proportion z ! air is m or less mix$ ) damp vap\rs4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclviii4_/--,:y ! ,%ad[s ( ,bodies ^u a :ite ,wall are bluei% t[>ds ,ev5+4 ,illu/ration _/,!_/ %ad[s ( bodies produc$ by ! r$ness ( ! sett+ sun1 w always be bluei%4 ,?is is acc\nt$ = by ! elev5? proposition#fd1 :i* says1 t ! sup]ficies ( any opake body p>ticipates ( ! col\r ( ! object f :i* x receives ! light2 !re=e ! :ite wall be+ depriv$ entirely ( col\r1 is t+$ by ! col\r ( ^? bodies f :i* x receives ! light1 :i* 9 ?is case are ! sun & ! sky4 ,b because ! sun is r$ t[>ds ! ev5+1 & ! sky is blue1 ! %ad[ on ! wall n be+ enlight5$ by ! sun1 receives only ! reflexion ( ! sky1 & !re=e w appe> blue2 & ! re/ ( ! wall1 receiv+ light imm$iately f ! sun1 w p>ticipate ( its r$ col\r4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclix4_/--,( ! ,col\r ( ,faces4 _/,!_/ col\r ( any object w appe> m or less di/9ct 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( its surface4 ,?is proportion is prov$1 by obs]v+ t a face appe>s d>k at a small di/ance1 because1 be+ compos$ ( _m small p>ts1 x produces a great numb] ( %ad[s2 & ! lights be+ ! smalle/ "p ( x1 are soone/ lo/ to ! sight1 leav+ only ! %ad[s1 :i* be+ 9 a great] quantity1 ! :ole ( ! face appe>s d>k1 & ! m s if t face has on ! head1 or at ! back1 some?+ :it]4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclx4_/--,a ,precept relat+ to ,pa9t+4 _/,:]e_/ ! %ad[s t]m9ate ^u ! lights1 obs]ve well :at p>ts ( !m are light] ?an ! o!rs1 & :]e !y are m or less s(t5$ & bl5d$2 b above all rememb]1 t "y p h no %>p %ad+s3 _! fle% is transp>5t1 some?+ l :at we obs]ve :5 we put our h& betwe5 ! sun & eyes2 x appe>s r$di%1 & ( a transp>5t brightness4 ,if y wi% to "k :at k9d ( %ad[ w suit ! fle% col\r y are pa9t+1 place "o ( y\r f+]s close to y\r picture1 s z to ca/ a %ad[ ^u x1 & accord+ z y wi% x ei!r light] or d>k]1 put x ne>] or f>!r f x1 & imitate x4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxi4_/--,( ,col\rs 9 ,%ad[4 _/,x_/ happ5s v (t5 t ! %ad[s ( an opake body d n reta9 ! same col\r z ! lights4 ,sometimes !y w be gre5i%1 :ile ! lights are r$di%1 al?\gh ?is opake body be all ov] ( "o uni=m col\r4 ,?is happ5s :5 ! light falls ^u ! object 7we w suppose f ! ,ea/71 & t+es t side ) its own col\r4 ,9 ! ,we/ we w suppose ano!r opake body ( a col\r diff]5t f ! fir/1 b receiv+ ! same light4 ,?is la/ w reflect its col\r t[>ds ! ,ea/1 & /rike ! fir/ ) its rays on ! opposite side1 :]e !y w be /opp$1 & rema9 ) _! full col\r & brightness4 ,we (t5 see a :ite object ) r$ lights1 & ! %ades ( a bluei% ca/2 ?is we obs]ve p>ticul>ly 9 m\nta9s cov]$ ) sn[1 at sun-set1 :5 ! effulg5ce ( its rays makes ! horizon appe> all on fire4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxii4_/--,( ! ,*oice ( ,lights4 _/,:atev]_/ object y int5d to repres5t is to be suppos$ situat$ 9 a p>ticul> light1 & t entirely ( y\r own *oos+4 ,if y imag9e su* objects to be 9 ! c\ntry1 & ! sun be ov]ca/1 !y w be surr\nd$ by a great quantity ( g5]al light4 ,if ! sun /rikes ^u ^? objects1 !n ! %ad[s w be v d>k1 9 proportion to ! lights1 & w be det]m9$ & %>p2 ! primitive z well z ! second>y ones4 ,^! %ad[s w v>y f ! lights 9 col\r1 because on t side ! object receives a reflect$ light hue f ! azure ( ! air1 :i* t+es t "p2 & ?is is p>ticul>ly obs]vable 9 :ite objects4 ,t side :i* receives ! light f ! sun1 p>ticipates also ( ! col\r ( t4 ,?is may be p>ticul>ly obs]v$ 9 ! ev5+1 :5 ! sun is sett+ betwe5 ! cl\ds1 :i* x r$d5s2 ^? cl\ds be+ t+$ ) ! col\r ( ! body illum9at+ !m1 ! r$ col\r ( ! cl\ds1 ) t ( ! sun1 ca/s a hue on ^? p>ts :i* receive ! light f !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^? p>ts :i* are n turn$ t[>ds t side ( ! sky1 rema9 ( ! col\r ( ! air1 s t ! =m] & ! latt] are ( two diff]5t col\rs4 ,?is we mu/ n lose sight (1 t1 kn[+ ! cause ( ^? lights & %ades1 x be made app>5t 9 ! effect1 or else ! "w w be false & absurd4 ,b if a figure be situat$ )9 a h\se1 & se5 f )\t1 su* figure w h its %ad[s v s(t2 & if ! behold] /&s 9 ! l9e ( ! light1 x w acquire grace1 & d cr$it to ! pa9t]1 z x w h great relief 9 ! lights1 & s(t & well-bl5d$ %ad[s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! inside ( ! room appe>s less obscure1 because !re ! %ad[s are almo/ imp]ceptible3 ! cause ( :i* we %all expla9 9 its prop] place4 ,,col\rs ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,back-,,gr\nds4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxiii4_/--,( avoid+ h>d ,outl9es4 _/,d_/ n make ! b\nd>ies ( y\r figures ) any o!r col\r ?an t ( ! back-gr\nd1 on :i* !y are plac$2 t is1 avoid mak+ d>k outl9es4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxiv4_/--,( ,outl9es4 _/,!_/ extremities ( objects :i* are at "s di/ance1 are n se5 s di/9ctly z if !y 7 ne>]4 ,!re=e ! pa9t] ought to regulate ! /r5g? ( 8 outl9es1 or extremities1 accord+ to ! di/ance4 ,! b\nd>ies :i* sep>ate "o body f ano!r1 are ( ! nature ( ma!matical l9es1 b n ( real l9es4 ,! end ( any col\r is only ! beg9n+ ( ano!r1 & x ought n to be call$ a l9e1 = no?+ int]poses betwe5 !m1 except ! t]m9ation ( ! "o aga9/ ! o!r1 :i* be+ no?+ 9 itself1 _c be p]ceivable2 !re=e ! pa9t] ought n to pron\nce x 9 di/ant objects4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxv4_/--,( ,back-gr\nds4 _/,"o_/ ( ! pr9cipal p>ts ( pa9t+ is ! nature & quality ( back-gr\nds1 ^u :i* ! extremities ( any convex or solid body w always deta* & be di/+ui%$ 9 nature1 ?\gh ! col\r ( su* objects1 & t ( ! gr\nd1 be exactly ! same4 ,?is happ5s1 because ! convex sides ( solid bodies d n receive ! light 9 ! same mann] ) ! gr\nd1 = su* sides or extremities are (t5 light] or d>k] ?an ! gr\nd4 ,b if su* extremities 7 to be ( ! same col\r z ! gr\nd1 & 9 ! same degree ( light1 !y c]ta9ly c\ld n be di/+ui%$4 ,!re=e su* a *oice 9 pa9t+ ought to be avoid$ by all intellig5t & judici\s pa9t]s2 s9ce ! int5tion is to make ! objects appe> z x 7 out ( ! gr\nd4 ,! above case w\ld produce ! contr>y effect1 n only 9 pa9t+1 b also 9 objects ( real relievo4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxvi4_/--,h[ to deta* ,figures f ! ,gr\nd4 _/,all_/ solid bodies w appe> to h a great] relief1 & to come m out ( ! canvass1 on a gr\nd ( an undet]m9$ col\r1 ) ! greate/ v>iety ( lights & %ades aga9/ ! conf9es ( su* bodies 7z w be demon/rat$ 9 its place71 provid$ a prop] dim9ution ( lights 9 ! :ite t9ts1 & ( d>kness 9 ! %ades1 be judici\sly obs]v$4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxvii4_/--,( ,uni=mity & ,v>iety ( ,col\rs ^u pla9 ,surfaces4 _/,!_/ back-gr\nds ( any flat surfaces :i* are uni=m 9 col\r & quantity ( light1 w nev] appe> sep>at$ f ea* o!r2 vice v]s1 !y w appe> sep>at$ if !y are ( diff]5t col\rs or lights4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxviii4_/--,( ,back-gr\nds suitable bo? to ,%ad[s & ,lights4 _/,!_/ %ad[s or lights :i* surr\nd figures1 or any o!r objects1 w help ! m to deta* !m ! m !y diff] f ! objects2 t is1 if a d>k col\r does n t]m9ate ^u ano!r d>k col\r1 b ^u a v diff]5t "o2 z :ite1 or p>tak+ ( :ite1 b l[]$1 & approximat$ to ! d>k %ade4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxix4_/--,! app>5t ,v>iation ( ,col\rs1 occasion$ by ! ,contra/e ( ! ,gr\nd ^u :i* !y are plac$4 _/,no_/ col\r appe>s uni=m & equal 9 all its p>ts unless x t]m9ate on a gr\nd ( ! same col\r4 ,?is is v app>5t :5 a black t]m9ates on a :ite gr\nd1 :]e ! contra/e ( col\r gives m /r5g? & ri*ness to ! extremities ?an to ! middle4 ,,contra/e1 ,,h>mony1 ,,& ,,reflexes1 ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,col\rs4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxx4_/--,gradation 9 ,pa9t+4 _/,:at_/ is f9e is n always beautiful & good3 ,i address ?is to su* pa9t]s z are s atta*$ to ! beauty ( col\rs1 t !y regret be+ oblig$ to give !m almo/ imp]ceptible %ad[s1 n consid]+ ! beautiful relief :i* figures acquire by a prop] gradation & /r5g? ( %ad[s4 ,su* p]sons may be comp>$ to ^? speak]s :o 9 conv]sation make use ( _m f9e words )\t mean+1 :i* altoge!r sc>cely =m "o good s5t5ce4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxxi4_/--,h[ to assort ,col\rs 9 su* a ,mann] z t !y may add ,beauty to ea* o!r4 _/,if_/ y mean t ! proximity ( "o col\r %\ld give beauty to ano!r t t]m9ates ne> x1 obs]ve ! rays ( ! sun 9 ! composition ( ! ra9b[1 ! col\rs ( :i* are g5]at$ by ! fall+ ra91 :5 ea* drop 9 its desc5t takes e col\r ( t b[1 z is demon/rat$ 9 its place#fe4 ,if y mean to repres5t great d>kness1 x mu/ be done by contra/+ x ) great light2 on ! contr>y1 if y want to produce great brightness1 y mu/ oppose to x a v d>k %ade3 s a pale yell[ w cause r$ to appe> m beautiful ?an if oppos$ to a purple col\r4 ,!re is ano!r rule1 by obs]v+ :i*1 ?\gh y d n increase ! natural beauty ( ! col\rs1 yet by br++ !m toge!r !y may give additional grace to ea* o!r1 z gre5 plac$ ne> r$1 :ile ! effect w\ld be q ! rev]se1 if plac$ ne> blue4 ,h>mony & grace are also produc$ by a judici\s arrangem5t ( col\rs1 su* z blue ) pale yell[ or :ite1 & ! l2 z w be notic$ 9 its place4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxxii4_/--,( deta*+ ! ,figures4 _/,let_/ ! col\rs ( :i* ! drap]ies ( y\r figures are compos$1 be su* z to =m a pleas+ v>iety1 to di/+ui% "o f ! o!r2 & al?\gh1 = ! sake ( h>mony1 !y %\ld be ( ! same nature#ff1 !y mu/ n /ick toge!r1 b v>y 9 po9t ( light1 accord+ to ! di/ance & int]position ( ! air betwe5 !m4 ,by ! same rule1 ! outl9es are to be m precise1 or lo/1 9 proportion to _! di/ance or proximity4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxxiii4_/--,( ! ,col\r ( ,reflexes4 _/,all_/ reflect$ col\rs are less brilliant & /rong1 ?an ^? :i* receive a direct light1 9 ! same proportion z !re is betwe5 ! light ( a body & ! cause ( t light4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxxiv4_/--,:at ,body w be ! mo/ /rongly t+$ ) ! ,col\r ( any o!r ,object4 _/,an_/ opake surface w p>take mo/ ( ! g5u9e col\r ( ! body ne>e/ to x1 because a great quantity ( ! species ( col\r w be convey$ to x2 :]eas su* col\r w\ld be brok5 & di/urb$ if com+ f a m di/ant object4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxxv4_/--,( ,reflexes4 _/,reflexes_/ w p>take1 m or less1 bo? ( ! col\r ( ! object :i* produces !m1 & ( ! col\r ( t object on :i* !y are produc$1 9 proportion z ?is latt] body is ( a smoo!r or m poli%$ surface1 ?an t by :i* !y are produc$4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxxvi4_/--,( ! ,surface ( all %ad[$ ,bodies4 _/,!_/ surface ( any opake body plac$ 9 %ad[1 w p>ticipate ( ! col\r ( any o!r object :i* reflects ! light ^u x4 ,?is is v evid5t2 = if su* bodies 7 depriv$ ( light 9 ! space betwe5 !m & ! o!r bodies1 !y c\ld n %ew ei!r %ape or col\r4 ,we %all conclude !n1 t if ! opake body be yell[1 & t :i* reflects ! light blue1 ! "p reflect$ w be gre51 because gre5 is compos$ ( blue & yell[4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxxvii4_/--,t no reflect$ ,col\r is simple1 b is mix$ ) ! ,nature ( ! o!r ,col\rs4 _/,no_/ col\r reflect$ ^u ! surface ( ano!r body1 w t+e t surface ) its own col\r alone1 b w be mix$ by ! concurr5ce ( o!r col\rs also reflect$ on ! same spot4 ,let u suppose ,a to be ( a yell[ col\r1 :i* is reflect$ on ! convex ,c ,o ,e1 & t ! blue col\r ,b be reflect$ on ! same place4 ,i say t a mixture ( ! blue & yell[ col\rs w t+e ! convex surface2 & t1 if ! gr\nd be :ite1 x w produce a gre5 reflexion1 because x is prov$ t a mixture ( blue & yell[ produces a v f9e gre54 ,illu/ration _/,*ap4 ,,cclxxviii4_/--,( ! ,col\r ( ,lights & ,reflexes4 _/,:5_/ two lights /rike ^u an opake body1 !y c v>y only 9 two ways2 ei!r !y are equal 9 /r5g?1 or !y are n4 ,if !y be equal1 !y may /ill v>y 9 two o!r ways1 t is1 by ! equality or inequality ( _! brightness2 !y w be equal1 if _! di/ance be ! same2 & unequal1 if x be o!rwise4 ,! object plac$ at an equal di/ance1 betwe5 two equal lights1 9 po9t bo? ( col\r & brightness1 may /ill be enlight5$ by !m 9 two diff]5t ways1 ei!r equally on ea* side1 or unequally4 ,x w be equally enlight5$ by !m1 :5 ! space :i* rema9s r\nd ! lights %all be equal 9 col\r1 9 degree ( %ade1 & 9 brightness4 ,x w be unequally enlight5$ by !m :5 ! spaces happ5 to be ( diff]5t degrees ( d>kness4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxxix4_/--,:y reflect$ ,col\rs seldom p>take ( ! ,col\r ( ! ,body :]e !y meet4 _/,x_/ happ5s v seldom t ! reflexes are ( ! same col\r ) ! body f :i* !y proce$1 or ) t ^u :i* !y meet4 ,to exemplify ?is1 let ! convex body ,d ,f ,g ,e be ( a yell[ col\r1 & ! body ,b ,c1 :i* reflects its col\r on x1 blue2 ! "p ( ! convex surface :i* is /ruck by t reflect$ light1 w take a gre5 t+e1 be+ ,b ,c1 act$ on by ! natural light ( ! air1 or ! sun4 ,illu/ration _/,*ap4 ,,cclxxx4_/--,! ,reflexes ( ,fle% ,col\rs4 _/,!_/ lights ^u ! fle% col\rs1 :i* are reflect$ by ! light /rik+ ^u ano!r fle%-col\r$ body1 are r$d] & m lively ?an any o!r "p ( ! human figure2 & t happ5s accord+ to ! ?ird proposition ( ! second book#fg1 :i* says1 ! surface ( any opake body p>ticipates ( ! col\r ( ! object :i* reflects ! light1 9 proportion z x is ne> to or remote f x1 & also 9 proportion to ! size ( x2 because1 be+ l>ge1 x prev5ts ! v>iety ( col\rs 9 small] objects r\nd x1 f int]f]+ )1 & discompos+ ! pr9cipal col\r1 :i* is ne>]4 ,nev]!less x does n prev5t its p>ticipat+ m ( ! col\r ( a small object ne> x1 ?an ( a l>ge "o m remote4 ,see ! six? proposition#fh ( p]spective1 :i* says1 t l>ge objects may be situat$ at su* a di/ance z to appe> less ?an small ones t are ne>4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxxxi4_/--,( ! ,nature ( ,comp>ison4 _/,black_/ drap]ies w make ! fle% ( ! human figure appe> :it] ?an 9 reality x is#fi2 & :ite drap]ies1 on ! contr>y1 w make x appe> d>k]4 ,yell[ w r5d] x high] col\r$1 :ile r$ w make x pale4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxxxii4_/--,:]e ! ,reflexes are se54 _/,(_/ all reflexions ( ! same %ape1 size1 & /r5g?1 t w be m or less /rong1 :i* t]m9ates on a gr\nd m or less d>k4 ,! surface ( ^? bodies w p>take mo/ ( ! col\r ( ! object t reflects x1 :i* receive t reflexion by ! mo/ ne>ly equal angles4 ,( ! col\rs ( objects reflect$ ^u any opposite surface by equal angles1 t w be ! mo/ di/9ct :i* has its reflect+ ray ! %orte/4 ,( all col\rs1 reflect$ "u equal angles1 & at equal di/ance ^u ! opposite body1 ^? w be ! /ronge/1 :i* come reflect$ by ! lighte/ col\r$ body4 ,t object w reflect its own col\r mo/ precisely on ! opposite object1 :i* has n r\nd x any col\r t cla%es ) its own2 & consequ5tly t reflect$ col\r w be mo/ confus$ :i* takes its orig9 f a v>iety ( bodies ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,t col\r :i* is ne>e/ ! oppos$ object1 w t+e x ! mo/ /rongly2 & vice v]s3 let ! pa9t]1 !re=e1 9 8 reflexes on ! human body1 p>ticul>ly on ! fle% col\r1 mix "s ( ! col\r ( ! drap]y :i* comes ne>e/ to x2 b n pron\nce x too di/9ctly1 if !re be n good reason = x4 ,,p]spective ,,( ,,col\rs4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxxxiii4_/--,a ,precept ( ,p]spective 9 reg>d to ,pa9t+4 _/,:5_/1 on acc\nt ( "s p>ticul> quality ( ! air1 y c no long] di/+ui% ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! lights & %ad[s ( objects1 y may reject ! p]spective ( %ad[s1 & make use only ( ! l9e> p]spective1 & ! dim9ution ( col\rs1 to less5 ! k ( ! objects oppos$ to ! eye2 & ?is1 t is to say1 ! loss ( ! k ( ! figure ( ea* object1 w make ! same object appe> m remote4 ,! eye c nev] arrive at a p]fect k ( ! int]val betwe5 two objects v>i\sly di/ant1 by means ( ! l9e> p]spective alone1 if n assi/$ by ! p]spective ( col\rs4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxxxiv4_/--,( ! ,p]spective ( ,col\rs4 _/,!_/ air w p>ticipate less ( ! azure ( ! sky1 9 proportion z x comes ne>] to ! horizon1 z x is prov$ by ! ?ird & n9? proposition#gj1 t pure & subtile bodies 7su* z compose ! air7 w be less illum9at$ by ! sun ?an ^? ( ?ick] & gross] sub/ance3 & z x is c]ta9 t ! air :i* is remote f ! e>?1 is ?9n] ?an t :i* is ne> x1 x w foll[1 t ! latt] w be m impregnat$ ) ! rays ( ! sun1 :i* giv+ light at ! same "t to an inf9ity ( atoms float+ 9 ?is air1 r5d]s x m s5sible to ! eye4 ,s t ! air w appe> light] t[>ds ! horizon1 & d>k] z well z blu] 9 look+ up to ! sky2 because !re is m ( ! ?ick air betwe5 our eyes & ! horizon1 ?an betwe5 our eyes & t "p ( ! sky above our heads4 ,illu/ration ,= in/ance3 if ! eye plac$ 9 ,p1 looks ?r\gh ! air along ! l9e ,p ,r1 & !n l[]s itself a little along ,p ,s1 ! air w beg9 to appe> a little :it]1 because !re is m ( ! ?ick air 9 ?is space ?an 9 ! fir/4 ,& if x be /ill remov$ l[]1 s z to look /raight at ! horizon1 no m ( t blue sky w be p]ceiv$ :i* 0 obs]vable along ! fir/ l9e ,p ,r1 because !re is a mu* great] quantity ( ?ick air along ! horizontal l9e ,p ,d1 ?an along ! oblique ,p ,s1 or ! p]p5dicul> ,p ,r4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxxxv4_/--,! ,cause ( ! ,dim9ution ( ,col\rs4 _/,!_/ natural col\r ( any visible object w be dim9i%$ 9 proportion to ! d5sity ( any o!r sub/ance :i* int]poses betwe5 t object & ! eye4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxxxvi4_/--,( ! ,dim9ution ( ,col\rs & ,objects4 _/,let_/ ! col\rs vani% 9 proportion z ! objects dim9i% 9 size1 accord+ to ! di/ance4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxxxvii4_/--,( ! ,v>iety obs]vable 9 ,col\rs1 accord+ to _! ,di/ance1 or ,proximity4 _/,!_/ local col\r ( su* objects z are d>k] ?an ! air1 w appe> less d>k z !y are m remote2 &1 on ! contr>y1 objects light] ?an ! air w lose _! brightness 9 proportion to _! di/ance f ! eye4 ,9 g5]al1 all objects t are d>k] or light] ?an ! air1 are discol\r$ by di/ance1 :i* *anges _! quality1 s t ! light] appe>s d>k]1 & ! d>k] light]4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxxxviii4_/--,at :at ,di/ance ,col\rs are entirely lo/4 _/,local_/ col\rs are entirely lo/ at a great] or less di/ance1 accord+ z ! eye & ! object are m or less elevat$ f ! e>?4 ,?is is prov$ by ! sev5? proposition#ga1 :i* says1 ! air is m or less pure1 z x is ne> to1 or remote f ! e>?4 ,if ! eye !n1 & ! object are ne> ! e>?1 ! ?ickness ( ! air :i* int]poses1 w 9 a great measure confuse ! col\r ( t object to ! eye4 ,b if ! eye & ! object are plac$ high above ! e>?1 ! air w di/urb ! natural col\r ( t object v little4 ,9 %ort1 ! v>i\s gradations ( col\r dep5d n only on ! v>i\s di/ances1 9 :i* !y may be lo/2 b also on ! v>iety ( lights1 :i* *ange accord+ to ! diff]5t h\rs ( ! day1 & ! ?ickness or purity ( ! air1 ?r\gh :i* ! col\r ( ! object is convey$ to ! eye4 _/,*ap4 ,,cclxxxix4_/--,( ! ,*ange obs]vable 9 ! same ,col\r1 accord+ to its ,di/ance f ! ,eye4 _/,among_/ sev]al col\rs ( ! same nature1 t :i* is ! ne>e/ to ! eye w alt] ! lea/2 because ! air :i* int]poses betwe5 ! eye & ! object se51 envelopes1 9 "s measure1 t object4 ,if ! air1 :i* int]poses1 be 9 great quantity1 ! object se5 w be /rongly t+$ ) ! col\r ( t air2 b if ! air be ?91 !n ! view ( t object1 & its col\r1 w be v little ob/ruct$4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxc4_/--,( ! bluei% ,appe>ance ( remote ,objects 9 a ,l&scape4 _/,:atev]_/ be ! col\r ( di/ant objects1 ! d>ke/1 :e!r natural or accid5tal1 w appe> ! mo/ t+$ ) azure4 ,by ! natural d>kness is meant ! prop] col\r ( ! object2 ! accid5tal "o is produc$ by ! %ad[ ( "s o!r body4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxci4_/--,( ! ,qualities 9 ! ,surface :i* fir/ lose !mselves by ,di/ance4 _/,!_/ fir/ "p ( any col\r :i* is lo/ by ! di/ance1 is ! gloss1 be+ ! smalle/ "p ( x1 z a light )9 a light4 ,! second t dim9i%es by be+ f>!r remov$1 is ! light1 because x is less 9 quantity ?an ! %ad[4 ,! ?ird is ! pr9cipal %ad[s1 no?+ rema9+ at la/ b a k9d ( middl+ obscurity4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxcii4_/--,f :at ,cause ! ,azure ( ! ,air proce$s4 _/,!_/ azure ( ! sky is produc$ by ! transp>5t body ( ! air1 illum9$ by ! sun1 & int]pos$ betwe5 ! d>kness ( ! expanse above1 & ! e>? bel[4 ,! air 9 itself has no quality ( smell1 ta/e1 or col\r1 b is easily impregnat$ ) ! quality ( o!r matt] surr\nd+ x2 & w appe> blu] 9 proportion to ! d>kness ( ! space beh9d x1 z may be obs]v$ aga9/ ! %ady sides ( m\nta9s1 :i* are d>k] ?an any o!r object4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! air appe>s ( ! mo/ beautiful azure1 :ile on ! o!r side t receives ! light1 x %ews ?r\gh t m ( ! natural col\r ( ! m\nta94 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxciii4_/--,( ! ,p]spective ( ,col\rs4 _/,!_/ same col\r be+ plac$ at v>i\s di/ances & equal elevation1 ! =ce & effect ( its col\r+ w be accord+ to ! proportion ( ! di/ance :i* !re is f ea* ( ^! col\rs to ! eye4 ,x is prov$ ?us3 let ,c ,b ,e ,d be "o & ! same col\r4 ,! fir/1 ,e1 is plac$ at two degrees ( di/ance f ! eye ,a2 ! second1 ,b1 %all be f\r degrees1 ! ?ird1 ,c1 six degrees1 & ! f\r?1 ,d1 eight degrees2 z appe>s by ! circles :i* t]m9ate ^u & int]sect ! l9e ,a ,r4 ,let u suppose t ! space ,a ,r1 ,s ,p1 is "o degree ( ?9 air1 & ,s ,p ,e ,t ano!r degree ( ?ick] air4 ,x w foll[1 t ! fir/ col\r1 ,e1 w pass to ! eye ?r\gh "o degree ( ?ick air1 ,e ,s1 & ?r\gh ano!r degree1 ,s ,a1 ( ?9n] air4 ,& ,b w s5d its col\r to ! eye 9 ,a1 ?r\gh two degrees ( ?ick air1 & ?r\gh two o!rs ( ! ?9n] sort4 ,c w s5d x ?r\gh ?ree degrees ( ! ?91 & ?ree ( ! ?ick sort1 :ile ,d goes ?r\gh f\r degrees ( ! "o1 & f\r ( ! o!r4 ,?is demon/rates1 t ! gradation ( col\rs is 9 proportion to _! di/ance f ! eye#gb4 ,b ?is happ5s only to ^? col\rs :i* are on a level ) ! eye2 z = ^? :i* happ5 to be at unequal elevations1 we _c obs]ve ! same rule1 because !y are 9 t case situat$ 9 diff]5t qualities ( air1 :i* alt] & dim9i% ^! col\rs 9 v>i\s mann]s4 ,illu/ration _/,*ap4 ,,ccxciv4_/--,( ! ,p]spective ( ,col\rs 9 d>k ,places4 _/,9_/ any place :]e ! light dim9i%es 9 a gradual proportion till x t]m9ates 9 total d>kness1 ! col\rs also w lose !mselves & be dissolv$ 9 proportion z !y rec$e f ! eye4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxcv4_/--,( ! ,p]spective ( ,col\rs4 _/,!_/ pr9cipal col\rs1 or ^? ne>e/ to ! eye1 %\ld be pure & simple2 & ! degree ( _! dim9ution %\ld be 9 proportion to _! di/ance1 viz4 ! ne>] !y are to ! pr9cipal po9t1 ! m !y w possess ( ! purity ( ^? col\rs1 & !y w p>take ( ! col\r ( ! horizon 9 proportion z !y approa* to x4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxcvi4_/--,( ,col\rs4 _/,(_/ all ! col\rs :i* are n blue1 ^? t are ne>e/ to black w1 :5 di/ant1 p>take mo/ ( ! azure2 &1 on ! contr>y1 ^? w pres]ve _! prop] col\r at ! greate/ di/ance1 t are mo/ dissimil> to black4 ,! gre5 !re=e ( ! fields w *ange soon] into blue ?an yell[1 or :ite1 :i* w pres]ve _! natural col\r at a great] di/ance ?an t1 or ev5 r$4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxcvii4_/--,h[ x happ5s t ,col\rs d n *ange1 ?\gh plac$ 9 diff]5t ,qualities ( ,air4 _/,!_/ col\r w n be subject to any alt]ation :5 ! di/ance & ! quality ( air h a reciprocal proportion4 ,:at x loses by ! di/ance x rega9s by ! purity ( ! air1 viz4 if we suppose ! fir/ or l[e/ air to h f\r degrees ( ?ickness1 & ! col\r to be at "o degree f ! eye1 & ! second air above to h ?ree degrees4 ,! air hav+ lo/ "o degree ( ?ickness1 ! col\r w acquire "o degree ^u ! di/ance4 ,& :5 ! air /ill high] %all h lo/ two degrees ( ?ickness1 ! col\r w acquire z _m ^u ! di/ance2 & 9 t case ! col\r w be ! same at ?ree degrees z at "o4 ,b to be brief1 if ! col\r be rais$ s high z to ent] t quality ( air :i* has lo/ ?ree degrees ( ?ickness1 & acquir$ ?ree degrees ( di/ance1 !n y may be c]ta9 t t col\r :i* is high & remote1 has lo/ no m ?an ! col\r :i* is bel[ & ne>]2 because 9 ris+ x has acquir$ ^? ?ree degrees :i* x 0 los+ by ! same di/ance f ! eye2 & ?is is :at 0 meant to be prov$4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxcviii4_/--,:y ,col\rs exp]i5ce no app>5t ,*ange1 ?\gh plac$ 9 diff]5t ,qualities ( ,air4 ,illu/ration _/,x_/ may happ5 t a col\r does n alt]1 ?\gh plac$ at diff]5t di/ances1 :5 ! ?ickness ( ! air & ! di/ance are 9 ! same inv]se proportion4 ,x is prov$ ?us3 let ,a be ! eye1 & ,h any col\r :atev]1 plac$ at "o degree ( di/ance f ! eye1 9 a quality ( air ( f\r degrees ( ?ickness2 b because ! second degree above1 ,a ,m ,n ,l1 conta9s a ?9n] air by "o half1 :i* air conveys ?is col\r1 x foll[s t ?is col\r w appe> z if remov$ d\ble ! di/ance x 0 at be=e1 viz4 at two degrees ( di/ance1 ,a ,f & ,f ,g1 f ! eye2 & x w be plac$ 9 ,g4 ,if t is rais$ to ! second degree ( air ,a ,m ,n ,l1 & to ! degree ,o ,m1 ,p ,n1 x w necess>ily be plac$ at ,e1 & w be remov$ f ! eye ! :ole l5g? ( ! l9e ,a ,e1 :i* w be prov$ 9 ?is mann] to be equal 9 ?ickness to ! di/ance ,a ,g4 ,if 9 ! same quality ( air ! di/ance ,a ,g int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & ! col\r occupies two degrees1 & ,a ,e occupies two degrees & a half1 x is suffici5t to pres]ve ! col\r ,g1 :5 rais$ to ,e1 f any *ange1 because ! degree ,a ,c & ! degree ,a ,f be+ ! same 9 ?ickness1 are equal & alike1 & ! degree ,c ,d1 ?\gh equal 9 l5g? to ! degree ,f ,g1 is n alike 9 po9t ( ?ickness ( air2 because half ( x is situat$ 9 a degree ( air ( d\ble ! ?ickness ( ! air above3 ?is half degree ( di/ance occupies z mu* ( ! col\r z "o :ole degree ( ! air above w\ld1 :i* air above is twice z ?9 z ! air bel[1 ) :i* x t]m9ates2 s t by calculat+ ! ?ickness ( ! air1 & ! di/ances1 y w f9d t ! col\rs h *ang$ places )\t und]go+ any alt]ation 9 _! beauty4 ,& we %all prove x ?us3 reckon+ fir/ ! ?ickness ( air1 ! col\r ,h is plac$ 9 f\r degrees ( ?ickness1 ! col\r ,g 9 two degrees1 & ,e at "o degree4 ,n[ let u see :e!r ! di/ances are 9 an equal inv]se proportion2 ! col\r ,e is at two degrees & a half ( di/ance1 ,g at two degrees1 & ,h at "o degree4 ,b z ?is di/ance has n an exact proportion ) ! ?ickness ( air1 x is necess>y to make a ?ird calculation 9 ?is mann]3 ,a ,c is p]fectly l & equal to ,a ,f2 ! half degree1 ,c ,b1 is l b n equal to ,a ,f1 because x is only half a degree 9 l5g?1 :i* is equal to a :ole degree ( ! quality ( ! air above2 s t by ?is calculation we %all solve ! "q4 ,= ,a ,c is equal to two degrees ( ?ickness ( ! air above1 & ! half degree ,c ,b is equal to a :ole degree ( ! same air above2 & "o degree m is to be tak5 91 viz4 ,b ,e1 :i* makes ! f\r?4 ,a ,h has f\r degrees ( ?ickness ( air1 ,a ,g also f\r1 viz4 ,a ,f two 9 value1 & ,f ,g also two1 :i* tak5 toge!r make f\r4 ,a ,e has also f\r1 because ,a ,c conta9s two1 & ,c ,d "o1 :i* is ! half ( ,a ,c1 & 9 ! same quality ( air2 & !re is a :ole degree above 9 ! ?9 air1 :i* all toge!r make f\r4 ,s t if ,a ,e is n d\ble ! di/ance ,a ,g1 nor f\r times ! di/ance ,a ,h1 x is made equival5t by ! half degree ,c ,b ( ?ick air1 :i* is equal to a :ole degree ( ?9 air above4 ,?is proves ! tru? ( ! proposition1 t ! col\r ,h ,g ,e does n und]go any alt]ation by ^! diff]5t di/ances4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccxcix4_/--,contr>y ,op9ions 9 reg>d to ,objects se5 af> (f4 _/,_m_/ pa9t]s w repres5t ! objects d>k]1 9 proportion z !y are remov$ f ! eye2 b ?is _c be true1 unless ! objects se5 be :ite2 z %all be exam9$ 9 ! next *apt]4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccc4_/--,( ! ,col\r ( ,objects remote f ! ,eye4 _/,!_/ air t+es objects ) its own col\r m or less 9 proportion to ! quantity ( int]v5+ air betwe5 x & ! eye1 s t a d>k object at ! di/ance ( two miles 7or a d5sity ( air equal to su* di/ance71 w be m t+$ ) its col\r ?an if only "o mile di/ant4 ,x is said1 t1 9 a l&scape1 trees ( ! same species appe> d>k] 9 ! di/ance ?an ne>2 ?is _c be true1 if !y be ( equal size1 & divid$ by equal spaces4 ,b x w be s if ! fir/ trees are scatt]$1 & ! light ( ! fields is se5 ?r\gh & betwe5 !m1 :ile ! o!rs :i* are f>!r (f1 are ?ick toge!r1 z is (t5 ! case ne> "s riv] or o!r piece ( wat]3 9 ?is case no space ( light fields c be p]ceiv$1 b ! trees appe> ?ick toge!r1 accumulat+ ! %ad[ on ea* o!r4 ,x also happ5s1 t z ! %ady p>ts ( plants are mu* broad] ?an ! light ones1 ! col\r ( ! plants becom+ d>k] by ! multipli$ %ad[s1 is pres]v$1 & convey$ to ! eye m /rongly ?an t ( ! o!r p>ts2 ^! masses1 !re=e1 w c>ry ! /ronge/ p>ts ( _! col\r to a great] di/ance4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccci4_/--,( ! ,col\r ( ,m\nta9s4 _/,!_/ d>k] ! m\nta9 is 9 itself1 ! blu] x w appe> at a great di/ance4 ,! highe/ "p w be ! d>ke/1 z be+ m woody2 because woods cov] a great _m %rubs1 & o!r plants1 :i* nev] receive any light4 ,! wild plants ( ^? woods are also naturally ( a d>k] hue ?an cultivat$ plants2 = oak1 bee*1 fir1 cypress1 & p9e trees are mu* d>k] ?an olive & o!r dome/ic plants4 ,ne> ! top ( ^! m\nta9s1 :]e ! air is ?9n] & pur]1 ! d>kness ( ! woods w make x appe> ( a deep] azure1 ?an at ! bottom1 :]e ! air is ?ick]4 ,a plant w deta* v little f ! gr\nd x /&s ^u1 if t gr\nd be ( a col\r some?+ simil> to its own2 &1 vice v]s1 t "p ( any :ite object :i* is ne>e/ to a d>k "o1 w appe> ! :ite/1 & ! less s z x is remov$ f x2 & any d>k object w appe> d>k]1 ! ne>] x is to a :ite "o2 & less s1 if remov$ f x4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccii4_/--,:y ! ,col\r & ,%ape ( ,objects are lo/ 9 "s ,situations app>5tly d>k1 ?\gh n s 9 ,reality4 _/,!re_/ are "s situations :i*1 ?\gh light1 appe> d>k1 & 9 :i* objects are depriv$ bo? ( =m & col\r4 ,?is is caus$ by ! great light :i* p]vades ! int]v5+ air2 z is obs]vable by look+ 9 ?r\gh a w9d[ at "s di/ance f ! eye1 :5 no?+ is se5 b an uni=m d>ki% %ade2 b if we ent] ! h\se1 we %all f9d t room to be full ( light1 & soon di/+ui% e small object conta9$ )9 t w9d[4 ,?is diff]5ce ( effect is produc$ by ! great brightness ( ! air1 :i* contracts consid]ably ! pupil ( ! eye1 & by s do+ dim9i%es its p[]4 ,b 9 d>k places ! pupil is enl>g$1 & acquires z mu* 9 /r5g?1 z x increases 9 size4 ,?is is prov$ 9 my second proposition ( p]spective#gc4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccciii4_/--,v>i\s ,precepts 9 ,pa9t+4 _/,!_/ t]m9ation & %ape ( ! p>ts 9 g5]al are v little se51 ei!r 9 great masses ( light1 or ( %ad[s2 b ^? :i* are situat$ betwe5 ! extremes ( light & %ade are ! mo/ di/9ct4 ,p]spective1 z f> z x ext5ds 9 reg>d to pa9t+1 is divid$ into ?ree pr9cipal p>ts2 ! fir/ consi/s 9 ! dim9ution ( size1 accord+ to di/ance2 ! second conc]ns ! dim9ution ( col\rs 9 su* objects2 & ! ?ird treats ( ! dim9ution ( ! p]ception altoge!r ( ^? objects1 & ( ! degree ( precision !y ought to exhibit at v>i\s di/ances4 ,! azure ( ! sky is produc$ by a mixture compos$ ( light & d>kness#gd2 ,i say ( light1 because ( ! moi/ p>ticles float+ 9 ! air1 :i* reflect ! light4 ,by d>kness1 ,i mean ! pure air1 :i* has none ( ^! extrane\s p>ticles to /op & reflect ! rays4 ,( ?is we see an example 9 ! air int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & "s d>k m\nta9s1 r5d]$ s by ! %ad[s ( an innum]able quantity ( trees2 or else %ad$ on "o side by ! natural privation ( ! rays ( ! sun2 ?is air becomes azure1 b n s on ! side ( ! m\nta9 :i* is light1 p>ticul>ly :5 x is cov]$ ) sn[4 ,among objects ( equal d>kness & equal di/ance1 ^? w appe> d>k] t t]m9ate ^u a light] gr\nd1 & vice v]s#ge4 ,t object :i* is pa9t$ ) ! mo/ :ite & ! mo/ black1 w %ew great] relief ?an any o!r2 = t reason ,i w\ld recomm5d to pa9t]s to col\r & dress _! figures ) ! brighte/ & mo/ lively col\rs2 = if !y are pa9t$ ( a dull or obscure col\r1 !y w deta* b little1 & n be mu* se51 :5 ! picture is plac$ at "s di/ance2 because ! col\r ( e object is obscur$ 9 ! %ades2 & if x be repres5t$ z orig9ally s all ov]1 !re w be b little diff]5ce betwe5 ! lights & ! %ades1 :ile lively col\rs w %ew a /rik+ diff]5ce4 ,,a]ial ,,p]spective4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccciv4_/--,a]ial ,p]spective4 _/,!re_/ is ano!r k9d ( p]spective call$ a]ial1 because by ! diff]5ce ( ! air x is easy to det]m9e ! di/ance ( diff]5t objects1 ?\gh se5 on ! same l9e2 su*1 = in/ance1 z build+s beh9d a wall1 & appe>+ all ( ! same height above x4 ,if 9 y\r picture y want to h "o appe> m di/ant ?an ano!r1 y mu/ fir/ suppose ! air some:at ?ick1 because1 z we h said be=e1 9 su* a k9d ( air ! objects se5 at a great di/ance1 z m\nta9s are1 appe> bluei% l ! air1 by means ( ! great quantity ( air t int]poses betwe5 ! eye & su* m\nta9s4 ,y w !n pa9t ! fir/ build+ beh9d t wall ( its prop] col\r2 ! next 9 po9t ( di/ance1 less di/9ct 9 ! outl9e1 & p>ticipat+1 9 a great] degree1 ( ! bluei% col\r ( ! air2 ano!r :i* y wi% to s5d (f z mu* f>!r1 %\ld be pa9t$ z mu* blu]2 & if y wi% "o ( !m to appe> five times f>!r remov$ beyond ! wall1 x mu/ h five times m ( ! azure4 ,by ?is rule ^! build+s :i* appe>$ all ( ! same size1 & ^u ! same l9e1 w be di/9ctly p]ceiv$ to be ( diff]5t dim5sions1 & at diff]5t di/ances4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccv4_/--,! ,p>ts ( ! ,smalle/ ,objects w fir/ disappe> 9 ,pa9t+4 _/,(_/ objects rec$+ f ! eye ! smalle/ w be ! fir/ lo/ to ! sight2 f :i* x foll[s1 t ! l>ge/ w be ! la/ to disappe>4 ,! pa9t]1 !re=e1 ought n to f9i% ! p>ts ( ^? objects :i* are v f> (f1 b foll[ ! rule giv5 9 ! six? book#gf4 ,h[ _m1 9 ! repres5tation ( t[ns1 & o!r objects remote f ! eye1 express e "p ( ! build+s 9 ! same mann] z if !y 7 v ne>4 ,x is n s 9 nature1 because !re is no sight s p[]ful z to p]ceive di/9ctly at any great di/ance ! precise =m ( p>ts or extremities ( objects4 ,! pa9t] !re=e :o pron\nces ! outl9es1 & ! m9ute di/9ction ( p>ts1 z sev]al h done1 w n give ! repres5tation ( di/ant objects1 b by ?is error w make !m appe> exce$+ly ne>4 ,aga91 ! angles ( build+s 9 di/ant t[ns are n to be express$ 7= !y _c be se571 consid]+ t angles are =m$ by ! concurr5ce ( two l9es into "o po9t1 & t a po9t has no p>ts2 x is !re=e invisible4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccvi4_/--,small ,figures ought n to be too mu* f9i%$4 _/,objects_/ appe> small] ?an !y really are :5 !y are di/ant f ! eye1 & because !re is a great deal ( air int]pos$1 :i* weak5s ! appe>ance ( =ms1 &1 by a natural consequ5ce1 prev5ts our see+ di/9ctly ! m9ute p>ts ( su* objects4 ,x behoves ! pa9t] !re=e to t\* ^? p>ts slightly1 9 an unf9i%$ mann]2 o!rwise x w\ld be aga9/ ! effect ( ,nature1 :om he has *os5 = 8 guide4 ,=1 z we said be=e1 objects appe> small on acc\nt ( _! great di/ance f ! eye2 t di/ance includes a great quantity ( air1 :i*1 =m+ a d5se body1 ob/ructs ! light1 & prev5ts our see+ ! m9ute p>ts ( ! objects4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccvii4_/--,:y ! ,air is to appe> :it] z x approa*es ne>] to ! ,e>?4 _/,z_/ ! air is ?ick] ne>] ! e>?1 & becomes ?9n] z x rises1 look1 :5 ! sun is 9 ! ea/1 t[>ds ! we/1 betwe5 ! nor? & s\?1 & y w p]ceive t ! ?icke/ & l[e/ air w receive m light f ! sun ?an ! ?9n] air1 because its beams meet ) m resi/ance4 ,if ! sky t]m9ate l[1 at ! end ( a pla91 t "p ( x ne>e/ to ! horizon1 be+ se5 only ?r\gh ! ?ick air1 w alt] & break its natural col\r1 & w appe> :it] ?an ov] y\r head1 :]e ! visual ray does n pass ?r\gh s mu* ( t gross air1 corrupt$ by e>?y vap\rs4 ,b if y turn t[>ds ! ea/1 ! air w be d>k] ! ne>] x approa*es ! e>?2 = ! air be+ ?ick]1 does n admit ! light ( ! sun to pass s freely4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccviii4_/--,h[ to pa9t ! di/ant ,"p ( a ,l&scape4 _/,x_/ is evid5t t ! air is 9 "s p>ts ?ick] & gross] ?an 9 o!rs1 p>ticul>ly t ne>e/ to ! e>?2 & z x rises high]1 x becomes ?9n] & m transp>5t4 ,! objects :i* are high & l>ge1 f :i* y are at "s di/ance1 w be less app>5t 9 ! l[] p>ts2 because ! visual ray :i* p]ceives !m1 passes ?r\gh a long space ( d5se air2 & x is easy to prove t ! upp] p>ts are se5 by a l9e1 :i*1 ?\gh on ! side ( ! eye x orig9ates 9 a ?ick air1 nev]!less1 z x asc5ds to ! highe/ summit ( its object1 t]m9ates 9 an air mu* ?9n] ?an t ( ! l[] p>ts2 & = t reason ! m t l9e or visual ray advances f ! eye1 x becomes1 9 its progress f "o po9t to ano!r1 ?9n] & ?9n]1 pass+ f a pure air into ano!r :i* is pur]2 s t a pa9t] :o has m\nta9s to repres5t 9 a l&scape1 ought to obs]ve1 t f "o hill to ano!r1 ! tops w appe> always cle>] ?an ! bases4 ,9 proportion z ! di/ance f "o to ano!r is great]1 ! top w be cle>]2 & ! high] !y are1 ! m !y w %ew _! v>iety ( =m & col\r4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccix4_/--,( precise & confus$ ,objects4 _/,!_/ p>ts t are ne> 9 ! =e-gr\nd %\ld be f9i%$ 9 a bold det]m9$ mann]2 b ^? 9 ! di/ance mu/ be unf9i%$1 & confus$ 9 _! outl9es4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccx4_/--,( di/ant ,objects4 _/,t_/ "p ( any object :i* is ne>e/ to ! lum9>y f :i* x receives ! light1 w be ! lighte/4 ,! repres5tation ( an object 9 e degree ( di/ance1 loses degrees ( its /r5g?2 t is1 9 proportion z ! object is m remote f ! eye x w be less p]ceivable ?r\gh ! air 9 its repres5tation4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxi4_/--,( ,build+s se5 9 a ?ick ,air4 ,illu/ration _/,t_/ "p ( a build+ se5 ?r\gh a ?ick air1 w appe> less di/9ct ?an ano!r "p se5 ?r\gh a ?9n] air4 ,!re=e ! eye1 ,n1 look+ at ! t[] ,a ,d1 w see x m confus$ly 9 ! l[] degrees1 b at ! same "t light]2 & z x asc5ds to ! o!r degrees x w appe> m di/9ct1 b some:at d>k]4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxii4_/--,( ,t[ns & o!r ,objects se5 ?r\gh a ?ick ,air4 ,illu/ration _/,build+s_/ or t[ns se5 ?r\gh a fog1 or ! air made ?ick by smoke or o!r vap\rs1 w appe> less di/9ct ! l[] !y are2 &1 vice v]s1 !y w be %>p] & m visible 9 proportion z !y are high]4 ,we h said1 9 ,*apt] cccxxi4 t ! air is ?ick] ! l[] x is1 & ?9n] z x is high]4 ,x is demon/rat$ also by ! cut1 :]e ! t[]1 ,a ,f1 is se5 by ! eye ,n1 9 a ?ick air1 f ,b to ,f1 :i* is divid$ into f\r degrees1 gr[+ ?ick] z !y are ne>] ! bottom4 ,! less ! quantity ( air int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & its object is1 ! less also w ! col\r ( ! object p>ticipate ( ! col\r ( t air4 ,x foll[s1 t ! great] ! quantity ( ! air int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & ! object se51 is1 ! m ?is object w p>ticipate ( ! col\r ( ! air4 ,x is demon/rat$ ?us3 ,n be+ ! eye look+ at ! five p>ts ( ! t[] ,a ,f1 viz4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e1 ,i say1 t if ! air 7 ( ! same ?ickness1 !re w\ld be ! same proportion betwe5 ! col\r ( ! air at ! bottom ( ! t[] & ! col\r ( ! air t ! same t[] has at ! place ,b1 z !re is 9 l5g? betwe5 ! l9e ,m & ,f4 ,z1 h[ev]1 we h suppos$ t ! air is n ( equal ?ickness1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ?ick] z x is l[]1 x foll[s1 t ! proportion by :i* ! air t+es ! diff]5t elevations ( ! t[] ,b ,c ,f1 exce$s ! proportion ( ! l9es2 because ! l9e ,m ,f1 besides its be+ long] ?an ! l9e ,s ,b1 passes by unequal degrees ?r\gh a quality ( air :i* is unequal 9 ?ickness4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxiii4_/--,( ! inf]ior ,extremities ( di/ant ,objects4 _/,!_/ inf]ior or l[] extremities ( di/ant objects are n s app>5t z ! upp] extremities4 ,?is is obs]vable 9 m\nta9s & hills1 ! tops ( :i* deta* f ! sides ( o!r m\nta9s beh9d4 ,we see ! tops ( ^! m det]m9$ & di/9ctly ?an _! bases2 because ! upp] extremities are d>k]1 be+ less encompass$ by ?ick air1 :i* always rema9s 9 ! l[] regions1 & makes !m appe> dim & confus$4 ,x is ! same ) trees1 build+s1 & o!r objects high up4 ,f ?is effect x (t5 happ5s t a high t[]1 se5 at a great di/ance1 w appe> broad at top1 & n>r[ at bottom2 because ! ?9 air t[>ds ! top does n prev5t ! angles on ! sides & o!r diff]5t p>ts ( ! t[] f be+ se51 z ! ?ick air does at bottom4 ,?is is demon/rat$ by ! sev5? proposition#gg1 :i* says1 t ! ?ick air int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & ! sun1 is light] bel[ ?an above1 & :]e ! air is :itei%1 x confuses ! d>k objects m ?an if su* air 7 bluei% or ?9n]1 z x is high] up4 ,! battlem5ts ( a =tress h ! spaces betwe5 equal to ! bread? ( ! battlem5t1 & yet ! space w appe> wid]2 at a great di/ance ! battlem5ts w appe> v mu* dim9i%$1 & be+ remov$ /ill f>!r1 w disappe> entirely1 & ! =t %ew only ! /raight wall1 z if !re 7 no battlem5ts4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxiv4_/--,:i* ,p>ts ( ,objects disappe> fir/ by be+ remov$ f>!r f ! ,eye1 & :i* pres]ve _! ,appe>ance4 _/,!_/ smalle/ p>ts are ^? :i*1 by be+ remov$1 lose _! appe>ance fir/2 ?is may be obs]v$ 9 ! gloss ^u sph]ical bodies1 or columns1 & ! sl5d] p>ts ( animals2 z 9 a /ag1 ! fir/ sight ( :i* does n discov] its legs & horns s soon z its body1 :i*1 be+ broad]1 w be p]ceiv$ f a great] di/ance4 ,b ! p>ts :i* disappe> ! v fir/1 are ! l9es :i* describe ! memb]s1 & t]m9ate ! surface & %ape ( bodies4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxv4_/--,:y ,objects are less di/+ui%$ 9 proportion z !y are f>!r remov$ f ! ,eye4 _/,?is_/ happ5s because ! smalle/ p>ts are lo/ fir/2 ! second1 9 po9t ( size1 are also lo/ at a some:at great] di/ance1 & s on successively2 ! p>ts by degrees melt+ away1 ! p]ception ( ! object is dim9i%$2 & at la/ all ! p>ts1 & ! :ole1 are entirely lo/ to ! sight#gh4 ,col\rs also disappe> on acc\nt ( ! d5sity ( ! air int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & ! object4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxvi4_/--,:y ,faces appe> d>k at a ,di/ance4 _/,x_/ is evid5t t ! similitude ( all objects plac$ be=e u1 l>ge z well z small1 is p]ceptible to our s5ses ?r\gh ! iris ( ! eye4 ,if ?r\gh s small an entrance ! imm5sity ( ! sky & ( ! e>? is admitt$1 ! faces ( m5 7:i* are sc>cely any ?+ 9 comp>ison ( su* l>ge objects71 be+ /ill dim9i%$ by ! di/ance1 w occupy s little ( ! eye1 t !y become almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,besides1 hav+ to pass ?r\gh a d>k m$ium f ! surface to ! ,ret9a 9 ! inside1 :]e ! impression is made1 ! col\r ( faces 7n be+ v /rong1 & r5d]$ /ill m obscure by ! d>kness ( ! tube7 :5 arriv$ at ! focus appe>s d>k4 ,no o!r reason c be giv5 on t po9t1 except t ! speck 9 ! middle ( ! apple ( ! eye is black1 &1 be+ full ( a transp>5t fluid l air1 p]=ms ! same (fice z a hole 9 a bo>d1 :i* on look+ into x appe>s black2 & t ^? ?+s :i* are se5 ?r\gh bo? a light & d>k air1 become confus$ & obscure4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxvii4_/--,( ,t[ns & o!r ,build+s se5 ?r\gh a ,fog 9 ! ,morn+ or ,ev5+4 _/,build+s_/ se5 af> (f 9 ! morn+ or 9 ! ev5+1 :5 !re is a fog1 or ?ick air1 %ew only ^? p>ts di/9ctly :i* are enlight5$ by ! sun t[>ds ! horizon2 & ! p>ts ( ^? build+s :i* are n turn$ t[>ds ! sun rema9 confus$ & almo/ ( ! col\r ( ! fog4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxviii4_/--,( ! ,height ( ,build+s se5 9 a ,fog4 _/,(_/ a build+ ne> ! eye ! top p>ts w appe> m confus$ ?an ! bottom1 because !re is m fog betwe5 ! eye & ! top ?an at ! base4 ,& a squ>e t[]1 se5 at a great di/ance ?r\gh a fog1 w appe> n>r[] at ! base ?an at ! summit4 ,?is is acc\nt$ = 9 ,*apt] cccxiii4 :i* says1 t ! fog w appe> :it] & ?ick] z x approa*es ! gr\nd2 & z x is said be=e#gi1 t a d>k object w appe> small] 9 proportion z x is plac$ on a :it] gr\nd4 ,!re=e ! fog be+ :it] at bottom ?an at top1 x foll[s t ! t[] 7be+ d>ki%7 w appe> n>r[] at ! base ?an at ! summit4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxix4_/--,:y ,objects :i* are high1 appe> d>k] at a ,di/ance ?an ^? :i* are l[1 ?\gh ! ,fog be uni=m1 & ( equal ,?ickness4 _/,among/_/ objects situat$ 9 a fog1 ?ick air1 vap\r1 smoke1 or at a di/ance1 ! highe/ w be ! mo/ di/9ctly se53 & among/ objects equal 9 height1 t plac$ 9 ! d>ke/ fog1 w be mo/ confus$ & d>k4 ,z x happ5s to ! eye ,h1 look+ at ,a ,b ,c1 ?ree t[]s ( equal height2 x sees ! top ,c z l[ z ,r1 9 two degrees ( ?ickness2 & ! top ,b1 9 "o degree only2 !re=e ! top ,c w appe> d>k] ?an ! top ( ! t[] ,b4 ,illu/ration _/,*ap4 ,,cccxx4_/--,( ,objects se5 9 a ,fog4 _/,objects_/ se5 ?r\gh a fog w appe> l>g] ?an !y are 9 reality1 because ! a]ial p]spective does n agree ) ! l9e>1 viz4 ! col\r does n agree ) ! magnitude ( ! object#hj2 su* a fog be+ simil> to ! ?ickness ( air int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & ! horizon 9 f9e wea!r4 ,b 9 ?is case ! fog is ne> ! eye1 & ?\gh ! object be also ne>1 x makes x appe> z if x 7 z f> (f z ! horizon2 :]e a great t[] w\ld appe> no bigg] ?an a man plac$ ne> ! eye4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxxi4_/--,( ^? ,objects :i* ! ,eyes p]ceive ?r\gh a ,mi/ or ?ick ,air4 _/,!_/ ne>] ! air is to wat]1 or to ! gr\nd1 ! ?ick] x becomes4 ,x is prov$ by ! n9ete5? proposition ( ! second book#ha1 t bodies rise 9 proportion to _! weight2 & x foll[s1 t a light body w rise high] ?an ano!r :i* is heavy4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxxii4_/--,miscellane\s ,obs]vations4 _/,(_/ diff]5t objects equal 9 magnitude1 =m1 %ade1 & di/ance f ! eye1 ^? w appe> ! small] t are plac$ on ! light] gr\nd4 ,?is is exemplifi$ by obs]v+ ! sun :5 se5 beh9d a tree )\t leaves2 all ! ramifications se5 aga9/ t great light are s dim9i%$ t !y rema9 almo/ invisible4 ,! same may be obs]v$ ( a pole plac$ betwe5 ! sun & ! eye4 ,p>allel bodies plac$ upright1 & se5 ?r\gh a fog1 w appe> l>g] at top ?an at bottom4 ,?is is prov$ by ! n9? proposition#hb1 :i* says1 t a fog1 or ?ick air1 p5etrat$ by ! rays ( ! sun1 w appe> :it] ! l[] !y are4 ,?+s se5 af> (f w appe> out ( proportion1 because ! p>ts :i* are ! lighte/ w s5d _! image ) /rong] rays ?an ! p>ts :i* are d>ke/4 ,i h se5 a woman dress$ 9 black1 ) a :ite veil ov] h] head1 :i* appe>$ twice z l>ge z h] %\ld]s cov]$ ) black4 ,,miscellane\s ,,obs]vations4 ,,l&scape4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxxiii4_/--,( ,objects se5 at a ,di/ance4 _/,any_/ d>k object w appe> light] :5 remov$ to "s di/ance f ! eye4 ,x foll[s1 by ! contr>y reason1 t a d>k object w appe> /ill d>k] :5 br\ght ne>] to ! eye4 ,!re=e ! inf]ior p>ts ( any object :atev]1 plac$ 9 ?ick air1 w appe> f>!r f ! eye at ! bottom ?an at ! top2 = t reason ! l[] p>ts ( a m\nta9 appe> f>!r (f ?an its top1 :i* is 9 reality ! f>!/4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxxiv4_/--,( a ,t[n se5 ?r\gh a ?ick ,air4 _/,!_/ eye :i*1 look+ d[nw>ds1 sees a t[n imm]s$ 9 v ?ick air1 w p]ceive ! top ( ! build+s d>k]1 b m di/9ct ?an ! bottom4 ,! tops deta* aga9/ a light gr\nd1 because !y are se5 aga9/ ! l[ & ?ick air :i* is beyond !m4 ,?is is a consequ5ce ( :at has be5 expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxxv4_/--,h[ to draw a ,l&scape4 _/,contrive_/ t ! trees 9 y\r l&scape be half 9 %ad[ & half 9 ! light4 ,x is bett] to repres5t !m z :5 ! sun is veil$ ) ?9 cl\ds1 because 9 t case ! trees receive a g5]al light f ! sky1 & are d>ke/ 9 ^? p>ts :i* are ne>e/ to ! e>?4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxxvi4_/--,( ! ,gre5 ( ! ,c\ntry4 _/,(_/ ! gre5s se5 9 ! c\ntry1 t ( trees & o!r plants w appe> d>k] ?an t ( fields & mead[s1 ?\gh !y may happ5 to be ( ! same quality4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxxvii4_/--,:at ,gre5s w appe> mo/ ( a bluei% ,ca/4 _/,^?_/ gre5s w appe> to approa* ne>e/ to blue :i* are ( ! d>ke/ %ade :5 remote4 ,?is is prov$ by ! sev5? proposition#hc1 :i* says1 t blue is compos$ ( black & :ite se5 at a great di/ance4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxxviii4_/--,! ,col\r ( ! ,sea f diff]5t ,aspects4 _/,:5_/ ! sea is a little ruffl$ x has no sam5ess ( col\r2 = :oev] looks at x f ! %ore1 w see x ( a d>k col\r1 9 a great] degree z x approa*es t[>ds ! horizon1 & w p]ceive also c]ta9 lights mov+ sl[ly on ! surface l a flock ( %eep4 ,:oev] looks at ! sea f on bo>d a %ip1 at a di/ance f ! l&1 sees x blue4 ,ne> ! %ore x appe>s d>ki%1 on acc\nt ( ! col\r ( ! e>? reflect$ by ! wat]1 z 9 a look+-glass2 b at sea ! azure ( ! air is reflect$ to ! eye by ! waves 9 ! same mann]4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxxix4_/--,:y ! same ,prospect appe>s l>g] at "s ,times ?an at o!rs4 _/,objects_/ 9 ! c\ntry appe> sometimes l>g] & sometimes small] ?an !y actually are1 f ! circum/ance ( ! air int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & ! horizon1 happ5+ to be ei!r ?ick] or ?9n] ?an usual4 ,( two horizons equally di/ant f ! eye1 t :i* is se5 ?r\gh ! ?ick] air w appe> f>!r remov$2 & ! o!r w seem ne>]1 be+ se5 ?r\gh a ?9n] air4 ,objects ( unequal size1 b equally di/ant1 w appe> equal if ! air :i* is betwe5 !m & ! eye be ( proportionable inequality ( ?ickness1 viz4 if ! ?icke/ air be int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & ! smalle/ ( ! objects4 ,?is is prov$ by ! p]spective ( col\rs#hd1 :i* is s deceitful t a m\nta9 :i* w\ld appe> small by ! compasses1 w seem l>g] ?an a small hill ne> ! eye2 z a f+] plac$ ne> ! eye w cov] a l>ge m\nta9 f> (f4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxxx4_/--,( ,smoke4 _/,smoke_/ is m transp>5t1 ?\gh d>k] t[>ds ! extremities ( its waves ?an 9 ! middle4 ,x moves 9 a m oblique direction 9 proportion to ! =ce ( ! w9d :i* impels x4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( smoke v>y 9 col\r1 z ! causes t produce !m are v>i\s4 ,smoke nev] produces det]m9$ %ad[s1 & ! extremities are lo/ z !y rec$e f _! prim>y cause4 ,objects beh9d x are less app>5t 9 proportion to ! ?ickness ( ! smoke4 ,x is :it] ne>] its orig91 & blu] t[>ds its t]m9ation4 ,fire appe>s d>k]1 ! m smoke !re is int]pos$ betwe5 x & ! eye4 ,:]e smoke is f>!r di/ant1 ! objects are less confus$ by x4 ,x encumb]s & dims all ! l&scape l a fog4 ,smoke is se5 to issue f diff]5t places1 ) flames at ! orig91 & ! mo/ d5se "p ( x4 ,! tops ( m\nta9s w be m se5 ?an ! l[] p>ts1 z 9 a fog4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxxxi4_/--,9 :at ,"p ,smoke is lighte/4 _/,smoke_/ :i* is se5 betwe5 ! sun & ! eye w be light] & m transp>5t ?an any o!r 9 ! l&scape4 ,! same is obs]v$ ( du/1 & ( fog2 :ile1 if y place y\rself betwe5 ! sun & ^? objects1 !y w appe> d>k4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxxxii4_/--,( ! ,sun-beams pass+ ?r\gh ! ,op5+s ( ,cl\ds4 _/,!_/ sun-beams :i* p5etrate ! op5+s int]pos$ betwe5 cl\ds ( v>i\s d5sity & =m1 illum9ate all ! places ov] :i* !y pass1 & t+e ) _! own col\r all ! d>k places t are beh9d3 :i* d>k places are only se5 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! rays4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxxxiii4_/--,( ! ,beg9n+ ( ,ra94 _/,:5_/ ! ra9 beg9s to fall1 x t>ni%es & d>k5s ! air1 giv+ x a dull col\r1 b receives /ill on "o side a fa9t light f ! sun1 & is %ad$ on ! o!r side1 z we obs]ve 9 cl\ds2 till at la/ x d>k5s also ! e>?1 depriv+ x entirely ( ! light ( ! sun4 ,objects se5 ?r\gh ! ra9 appe> confus$ & ( undet]m9$ %ape1 b ^? :i* are ne> w be m di/9ct4 ,x is obs]vable1 t on ! side :]e ! ra9 is %ad$1 objects w be m cle>ly di/+ui%$ ?an :]e x receives ! light2 because on ! %ady side !y lose only _! pr9cipal lights1 :il/ on ! o!r !y lose bo? _! lights & %ad[s1 ! lights mix+ ) ! light "p ( ! ra91 & ! %ad[s are also consid]ably weak5$ by x4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxxxiv4_/--,! ,seasons are to be obs]v$4 _/,9_/ ,autumn y w repres5t ! objects accord+ z x is m or less advanc$4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( x ! leaves ( ! olde/ bran*es only beg9 to fade1 m or less1 h[ev]1 accord+ z ! plant is situat$ 9 a f]tile or b>r5 c\ntry2 & d n imitate ^? :o repres5t trees ( e k9d 7?\gh at equal di/ance7 ) ! same quality ( gre54 ,endeav\r to v>y ! col\r ( mead[s1 /ones1 trunks ( trees1 & all o!r objects1 z mu* z possible1 = ,nature ab\nds 9 v>iety ad inf9itum4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxxxv4_/--,! ,diff]5ce ( ,climates to be obs]v$4 _/,ne>_/ ! sea-%ore1 & 9 s\!rn p>ts1 y w be c>eful n to repres5t ! ,w9t] season by ! appe>ance ( trees & fields1 z y w\ld d 9 places m inl&1 & 9 nor!rn c\ntries1 except :5 ^! are cov]$ ) ev]-gre5s1 :i* %oot afre% all ! ye> r\nd4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxxxvi4_/--,( ,du/4 _/,du/_/ becomes light] ! high] x rises1 & appe>s d>k] ! less x is rais$1 :5 x is se5 betwe5 ! eye & ! sun4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxxxvii4_/--,h[ to repres5t ! ,w9d4 _/,9_/ repres5t+ ! effect ( ! w9d1 besides ! b5d+ ( trees1 & leaves twi/+ ! wrong side upw>ds1 y w also express ! small du/ :irl+ upw>ds till x mixes 9 a confus$ mann] ) ! air4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxxxviii4_/--,( a ,wild]ness4 _/,^?_/ trees & %rubs :i* are by _! nature m load$ ) small bran*es1 ought to be t\*$ sm>tly 9 ! %ad[s1 b ^? :i* h l>g] foliage1 w cause broad] %ad[s4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxxxix4_/--,( ! ,horizon se5 9 ! ,wat]4 _/,by_/ ! six? proposition#he1 ! horizon w be se5 9 ! wat] z 9 a look+-glass1 on t side :i* is opposite ! eye4 ,& if ! pa9t] has to repres5t a spot cov]$ ) wat]1 let him rememb] t ! col\r ( x _c be ei!r light] or d>k] ?an t ( ! neighb\r+ objects4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxl4_/--,( ! ,%ad[ ( ,bridges on ! ,surface ( ! ,wat]4 _/,!_/ %ad[s ( bridges c nev] be se5 on ! surface ( ! wat]1 unless x %\ld h lo/ its transp>5t & reflect+ quality1 & become tr\bl$ & muddy2 because cle> wat] be+ poli%$ & smoo? on its surface1 ! image ( ! bridge is =m$ 9 x z 9 a look+-glass1 & reflect$ 9 all ! po9ts situat$ betwe5 ! eye & ! bridge at equal angles2 & ev5 ! air is se5 "u ! ar*es4 ,^! circum/ances _c happ5 :5 ! wat] is muddy1 because x does n reflect ! objects any long]1 b receives ! %ad[ ( ! bridge 9 ! same mann] z a du/y road w\ld receive x4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxli4_/--,h[ a ,pa9t] ought to put 9 ,practice ! ,p]spective ( ,col\rs4 _/,to_/ put 9 practice t p]spective :i* tea*es ! alt]ation1 ! less5+1 & ev5 ! entire loss ( ! v ess5ce ( col\rs1 y mu/ take "s po9ts 9 ! c\ntry at ! di/ance ( ab\t sixty-five y>ds#hf f ea* o!r2 z trees1 m51 or "s o!r rem>kable objects4 ,9 reg>d to ! fir/ tree1 y w take a glass1 & hav+ fix$ t well1 & also y\r eye1 draw ^u x1 ) ! greate/ accuracy1 ! tree y see ?r\gh x2 !n put x a little on "o side1 & comp>e x closely ) ! natural "o1 & col\r x1 s t 9 %ape & col\r x may resemble ! orig9al1 & t by %utt+ "o eye !y may bo? appe> pa9t$1 & at ! same di/ance4 ,! same rule may be appli$ to ! second & ?ird tree at ! di/ance y h fix$4 ,^! /udies w be v useful if manag$ ) judgm5t1 :]e !y may be want$ 9 ! (fscape ( a picture4 ,i h obs]v$ t ! second tree is less by f\r fif?s ?an ! fir/1 at ! di/ance ( ?irte5 y>ds4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxlii4_/--,v>i\s ,precepts 9 ,pa9t+4 _/,!_/ sup]ficies ( any opake body p>ticipates ( ! col\r ( ! transp>5t m$ium int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & su* body1 9 a great] or less degree1 9 proportion to ! d5sity ( su* m$ium & ! space x occupies4 ,! outl9es ( opake bodies w be less app>5t 9 proportion z ^? bodies are f>!r di/ant f ! eye4 ,t "p ( ! opake body w be ! mo/ %ad$1 or lighte/1 :i* is ne>e/ to ! body t %ades x1 or gives x light4 ,! surface ( any opake body p>ticipates m or less ( ! col\r ( t body :i* gives x light1 9 proportion z ! latt] is m or less remote1 or m or less /rong4 ,objects se5 betwe5 lights & %ad[s w appe> to h great] relievo ?an ^? :i* are plac$ :olly 9 ! light1 or :olly 9 %ad[4 ,:5 y give /r5g? & precision to objects se5 at a great di/ance1 !y w appe> z if !y 7 v ne>4 ,endeav\r t y\r imitation be su* z to give a j idea ( di/ances4 ,if ! object 9 nature appe> confus$ 9 ! outl9es1 let ! same be obs]v$ 9 y\r picture4 ,! outl9es ( di/ant objects appe> undet]m9$ & confus$1 = two reasons3 ! fir/ is1 t !y come to ! eye by s small an angle1 & are !re=e s mu* dim9i%$1 t !y /rike ! sight no m ?an small objects d1 :i* ?\gh ne> c h>dly be di/+ui%$1 su* z ! nails ( ! f+]s1 insects1 & o!r simil> ?+s3 ! second is1 t betwe5 ! eye & ! di/ant objects !re is s mu* air int]pos$1 t x becomes ?ick2 &1 l a veil1 t+es ! %ad[s ) its own :it5ess1 & turns !m f a d>k col\r to ano!r betwe5 black & :ite1 su* z azure4 ,al?\gh1 by reason ( ! great di/ance1 ! appe>ance ( _m ?+s is lo/1 yet ^? ?+s :i* receive ! light f ! sun w be m disc]nible1 :ile ! re/ rema9 envelop$ 9 confus$ %ad[s4 ,& because ! air is ?ick] ne> ! gr\nd1 ! ?+s :i* are l[] w appe> confus$2 & vice v]s4 ,:5 ! sun t+es ! cl\ds on ! horizon ) r$1 ^? objects :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! di/ance1 appe> bluei%1 w p>ticipate ( t r$ness1 & w produce a mixture betwe5 ! azure & r$1 :i* r5d]s ! prospect lively & pleasant2 all ! opake bodies :i* receive t light w appe> di/9ct1 & ( a r$di% col\r1 & ! air1 be+ transp>5t1 w be impregnat$ ) x1 & appe> ( ! col\r ( lilies#hg4 ,! air :i* is betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun :5 x rises or sets1 w always dim ! objects x surr\nds1 m ?an ! air any :]e else1 because x is :it]4 ,x is n necess>y to m>k /rongly ! outl9es ( any object :i* is plac$ ^u ano!r4 ,x ought to deta* ( itself4 ,if ! outl9e or extremity ( a :ite & curv$ surface t]m9ate ^u ano!r :ite body1 x w h a %ade at t extremity1 d>k] ?an any "p ( ! light2 b if aga9/ a d>k object1 su* outl9e1 or extremity1 w be light] ?an any "p ( ! light4 ,^? objects :i* are mo/ diff]5t 9 col\r1 w appe> ! mo/ deta*$ f ea* o!r4 ,^? p>ts ( objects :i* fir/ disappe> 9 ! di/ance1 are extremities simil> 9 col\r1 & end+ "o ^u ! o!r1 z ! extremities ( an oak tree ^u ano!r oak simil> to x4 ,! next to disappe> at a great] di/ance are1 objects ( mix$ col\rs1 :5 !y t]m9ate "o ^u ! o!r1 z trees1 pl\gh$ fields1 walls1 heaps ( rubbi%1 or ( /ones4 ,! la/ extremities ( bodies t vani% are ^? :i*1 be+ light1 t]m9ate ^u a d>k gr\nd2 or be+ d>k1 ^u a light gr\nd4 ,( objects situat$ above ! eye1 at equal heights1 ! f>!/ remov$ f ! eye w appe> ! l[e/2 & if situat$ bel[ ! eye1 ! ne>e/ to x w appe> ! l[e/4 ,! p>allel l9es situat$ sidewise w concur to "o po9t#hh4 ,^? objects :i* are ne> a riv]1 or a lake1 9 ! di/ant "p ( a l&scape1 are less app>5t & di/9ct ?an ^? t are remote f !m4 ,( bodies ( equal d5sity1 ^? t are ne>e/ to ! eye w appe> ?9ne/1 & ! mo/ remote ?icke/4 ,a l>ge eye-ball w see objects l>g] ?an a small "o4 ,! exp]im5t may be made by look+ at any ( ! cele/ial bodies1 ?r\gh a p9-hole1 :i* be+ capable ( admitt+ b a portion ( its light1 x seems to dim9i% & lose ( its size 9 ! same proportion z ! p9-hole is small] ?an ! usual app>5t size ( ! object4 ,a ?ick air int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & any object1 w r5d] ! outl9es ( su* object undet]m9$ & confus$1 & make x appe> ( a l>g] size ?an x is 9 reality2 because ! l9e> p]spective does n dim9i% ! angle :i* conveys ! object to ! eye4 ,! a]ial p]spective c>ries x f>!r (f1 s t ! "o removes x f ! eye1 :ile ! o!r pres]ves its magnitude#hi4 ,:5 ! sun is 9 ! ,we/ ! vap\rs ( ! e>? fall d[n aga9 & ?ick5 ! air1 s t objects n enlight5$ by ! sun rema9 d>k & confus$1 b ^? :i* receive its light w be t+$ yell[ & r$1 accord+ to ! sun's appe>ance on ! horizon4 ,aga91 ^? t receive its light are v di/9ct1 p>ticul>ly public build+s & h\ses 9 t[ns & villages1 because _! %ad[s are d>k1 & x seems z if ^? p>ts :i* are pla9ly se5 7 com+ out ( confus$ & undet]m9$ f\ndations1 because at t "t e ?+ is ( "o & ! same col\r1 except :at is enlight5$ by ! sun#ij4 ,any object receiv+ ! light f ! sun1 receives also ! g5]al light2 s t two k9ds ( %ad[s are produc$3 ! d>ke/ ( ! two is t :i* happ5s to h its c5tral l9e direct$ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! sun4 ,! c5tral l9es ( ! primitive & second>y lights are ! same z ! c5tral l9es ( ! primitive & second>y %ad[s4 ,! sett+ sun is a beautiful & magnific5t object :5 x t+es ) its col\r all ! great build+s ( t[ns1 villages1 & ! top ( high trees 9 ! c\ntry4 ,all bel[ is confus$ & almo/ lo/ 9 a t5d] & g5]al mass2 =1 be+ only enlight5$ by ! air1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! %ad[s & ! lights is small1 & = t reason x is n mu* deta*$4 ,b ^? t are high are t\*$ by ! rays ( ! sun1 &1 z 0 said be=e1 are t+$ ) its col\r2 ! pa9t] !re=e ought to take ! same col\r ) :i* he has pa9t$ ! sun1 & employ x 9 all ^? p>ts ( 8 "w :i* receive its light4 ,x also happ5s v (t51 t a cl\d w appe> d>k )\t receiv+ any %ad[ f a sep>ate cl\d1 accord+ to ! situation ( ! eye2 because x w see only ! %ady "p ( ! "o1 :ile x sees bo? ! enlight5$ & %ady p>ts ( ! o!r4 ,( two objects at equal height1 t :i* is ! f>!/ (f w appe> ! l[e/4 ,obs]ve ! fir/ cl\d 9 ! cut1 ?\gh x is l[] ?an ! second1 x appe>s z if x 7 high]4 ,?is is demon/rat$ by ! section ( ! pyramidical rays ( ! l[ cl\d at ,m ,a1 & ! second 7:i* is high]7 at ,n ,m1 bel[ ,m ,a4 ,?is happ5s also :51 on acc\nt ( ! rays ( ! sett+ or ris+ sun1 a d>k cl\d appe>s high] ?an ano!r :i* is light4 ,illu/ration _/,*ap4 ,,cccxliii4_/--,! ,brilliancy ( a ,l&scape4 _/,!_/ vivacity & brightness ( col\rs 9 a l&scape w nev] be> any comp>ison ) a l&scape 9 nature :5 illum9$ by ! sun1 unless ! picture be plac$ s z to receive ! same light f ! sun itself4 ,,miscellane\s ,,obs]vations4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxliv4_/--,:y a pa9t$ ,object does n appe> s f> di/ant z a real "o1 ?\gh !y be convey$ to ! ,eye by equal ,angles4 ,illu/ration _/,if_/ a h\se be pa9t$ on ! pannel ,b ,c1 at ! app>5t di/ance ( "o mile1 & by ! side ( x a real "o be p]ceiv$ at ! true di/ance ( "o mile also2 :i* objects are s dispos$1 t ! pannel1 or picture1 ,a ,c1 int]sects ! pyramidical rays ) ! same op5+ ( angles2 yet ^! two objects w nev] appe> ( ! same size1 nor at ! same di/ance1 if se5 ) bo? eyes#ia4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxlv4_/--,h[ to draw a ,figure /&+ ^u its ,feet1 to appe> =ty ,braccia#ib high1 9 a ,space ( tw5ty ,braccia1 ) proportionate ,memb]s4 _/,9_/ ?is1 z 9 any o!r case1 ! pa9t] is n to m9d :at k9d ( surface he has to "w ^u2 p>ticul>ly if 8 pa9t+ is to be se5 f a det]m9$ po9t1 su* z a w9d[1 or any o!r op5+4 ,because ! eye is n to att5d to ! ev5ness or r\ghness ( ! wall1 b only to :at is to be repres5t$ z beyond t wall2 su* z a l&scape1 or any ?+ else4 ,nev]!less a curv$ surface1 su* z ,f ,r ,g1 w\ld be ! be/1 because x has no angles4 ,illu/ration _/,*ap4 ,,cccxlvi4_/--,h[ to draw a ,figure tw5ty-f\r ,braccia high1 ^u a ,wall twelve ,braccia high4 ,plate ,,xxii4 _/,draw_/ ^u "p ( ! wall ,m ,n1 half ! figure y mean to repres5t2 & ! o!r half ^u ! cove above1 ,m ,r4 ,b be=e t1 x w be necess>y to draw ^u a flat bo>d1 or a pap]1 ! pr(ile ( ! wall & cove1 ( ! same %ape & dim5sion1 z t ^u :i* y are to pa9t4 ,!n draw also ! pr(ile ( y\r figure1 ( :atev] size y please1 by ! side ( x2 draw all ! l9es to ! po9t ,f1 & :]e !y int]sect ! pr(ile ,m ,r1 y w h ! dim5sions ( y\r figure z !y ought to be drawn ^u ! real spot4 ,y w f9d1 t on ! /raight "p ( ! wall ,m ,n1 x w come ( its prop] =m1 because ! go+ (f p]p5dicul>ly w dim9i% x naturally2 b t "p :i* comes ^u ! curve w be dim9i%$ ^u y\r draw+4 ,! :ole mu/ be trac$ aft]w>ds ^u ! real spot1 :i* is simil> to ,m ,n4 ,?is is a good & safe me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,page #aif4 ,*ap4 #cdf4 ,plate #bb4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,taylor ,high ,holborn4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccxlvii4_/--,:y1 on measur+ a ,face1 & !n pa9t+ x ( ! same ,size1 x w appe> l>g] ?an ! natural "o4 ,a ,b is ! bread? ( ! space1 or ( ! head1 & x is plac$ on ! pap] at ! di/ance ,c ,f1 :]e ! *eeks are1 & x w\ld h to /& back all ,a ,c1 & !n ! temples w\ld be c>ri$ to ! di/ance ,o ,r ( ! l9es ,a ,f1 ,b ,f2 s t !re is ! diff]5ce ,c ,o & ,r ,d4 ,x foll[s t ! l9e ,c ,f1 & ! l9e ,d ,f1 9 ord] to become %ort]#ic1 h to g & f9d ! pap] :]e ! :ole height is drawn1 t is to say1 ! l9es ,f ,a1 & ,f ,b1 :]e ! true size is2 & s x makes ! diff]5ce1 z ,i h said1 ( ,c ,o1 & ,r ,d4 ,illu/ration _/,*ap4 ,,cccxlviii4_/--,:y ! mo/ p]fect ,imitation ( ,nature w n appe> to h ! same ,relief z ,nature itself4 _/,if_/ nature is se5 ) two eyes1 x w be impossible to imitate x ^u a picture s z to appe> ) ! same relief1 ?\gh ! l9es1 ! lights1 %ades1 & col\r1 be p]fectly imitat$#id4 ,x is prov$ ?us3 let ! eyes ,a ,b1 look at ! object ,c1 ) ! concurr5ce ( bo? ! c5tral visual rays ,a ,c & ,b ,c4 ,i say1 t ! sides ( ! visual angles 7:i* conta9 ^! c5tral rays7 w see ! space ,g ,d1 beh9d ! object ,c4 ,! eye ,a w see all ! space ,,fd1 & ! eye ,b all ! space ,g ,e4 ,!re=e ! two eyes w see beh9d ! object ,c all ! space ,f ,e2 = :i* reason t object ,c becomes z x 7 transp>5t1 accord+ to ! def9ition ( transp>5t bodies1 beh9d :i* no?+ is hidd54 ,?is _c happ5 if an object 7 se5 ) "o eye only1 provid$ x be l>g] ?an ! eye4 ,f all t has be5 said1 we may conclude1 t a pa9t$ object1 occupy+ all ! space x has beh9d1 leaves no possible way to see any "p ( ! gr\nd1 :i* x cov]s entirely by its own circumf]5ce#ie4 ,illu/ration _/,*ap4 ,,cccxlix4_/--,univ]sality ( ,pa9t+2 a ,precept4 _/,a pa9t]_/ _c be said to aim at univ]sality 9 ! art1 unless he love equally e species ( t art4 ,= in/ance1 if he delight only 9 l&scape1 8 c be e/eem$ only z a simple inve/igation2 &1 z our fri5d ,botticello#if rem>ks1 is b a va9 /udy2 s9ce1 by ?r[+ a sponge impregnat$ ) v>i\s col\rs aga9/ a wall1 x leaves "s spots ^u x1 :i* may appe> l a l&scape4 ,x is true also1 t a v>iety ( compositions may be se5 9 su* spots1 accord+ to ! disposition ( m9d ) :i* !y are consid]$2 su* z heads ( m51 v>i\s animals1 battles1 rocky sc5es1 seas1 cl\ds1 woods1 & ! l4 ,x may be comp>$ to ! s\nd ( bells1 :i* may seem to say :atev] we *oose to imag9e4 ,9 ! same mann] also1 ^? spots may furni% h9ts = compositions1 ?\gh !y d n tea* u h[ to f9i% any p>ticul> "p2 & ! imitators ( !m are b sorry l&scape-pa9t]s4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccl4_/--,9 :at ,mann] ! ,mirror is ! true ,ma/] ( ,pa9t]s4 _/,:5_/ y wi% to "k if y\r picture be l ! object y mean to repres5t1 h a flat look+-glass1 & place x s z to reflect ! object y h imitat$1 & comp>e c>efully ! orig9al ) ! copy4 ,y see ^u a flat mirror ! repres5tation ( ?+s :i* appe> real2 ,pa9t+ is ! same4 ,!y are bo? an ev5 sup]ficies1 & bo? give ! idea ( some?+ beyond _! sup]ficies4 ,s9ce y are p]suad$ t ! look+-glass1 by means ( l9es & %ades1 gives y ! repres5tation ( ?+s z if !y 7 real2 y be+ 9 possession ( col\rs :i* 9 _! diff]5t lights & %ades are /rong] ?an ^? ( ! look+-glass1 may c]ta9ly1 if y employ ! rules ) judgm5t1 give to y\r picture ! same appe>ance ( ,nature z y admire 9 ! look+-glass4 ,or r1 y\r picture w be l ,nature itself se5 9 a l>ge look+-glass4 ,?is look+-glass 7be+ y\r ma/]7 w %ew y ! lights & %ades ( any object :atev]4 ,among/ y\r col\rs !re are "s light] ?an ! lighte/ "p ( y\r model1 & also "s d>k] ?an ! /ronge/ %ades2 f :i* x foll[s1 t y ought to repres5t ,nature z se5 9 y\r look+-glass1 :5 y look at x ) "o eye only2 because bo? eyes surr\nd ! objects too mu*1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y are small#ig4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccli4_/--,:i* ,pa9t+ is to be e/eem$ ! be/4 _/,t_/ pa9t+ is ! mo/ comm5dable :i* has ! greate/ con=mity to :at is meant to be imitat$4 ,?is k9d ( comp>ison w (t5 put to %ame a c]ta9 description ( pa9t]s1 :o pret5d !y c m5d ! works ( ,nature2 z !y d1 = in/ance1 :5 !y pret5d to repres5t a *ild twelve mon?s old1 giv+ him eight heads 9 height1 :5 ,nature 9 its be/ proportion admits b five4 ,! bread? ( ! %\ld]s also1 :i* is equal to ! head1 !y make d\ble1 giv+ to a *ild a ye> old1 ! proportions ( a man ( ?irty4 ,!y h s (t5 practis$1 & se5 o!rs practise ^! errors1 t !y h conv]t$ !m into habit1 :i* has tak5 s deep a root 9 _! corrupt$ judgm5t1 t !y p]suade !mselves t ,nature & h] imitators are wrong 9 n foll[+ _! own practice#ih4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccclii4_/--,( ! ,judgm5t to be made ( a ,pa9t]'s ,"w4 _/,!_/ fir/ ?+ to be consid]$ is1 :e!r ! figures h _! prop] relief1 accord+ to _! respective situations1 & ! light !y are 93 t ! %ad[s be n ! same at ! extremities ( ! gr\ps1 z 9 ! middle2 because be+ surr\nd$ by %ad[s1 or %ad$ only on "o side1 produce v diff]5t effects4 ,! gr\ps 9 ! middle are surr\nd$ by %ad[s f ! o!r figures1 :i* are betwe5 !m & ! light4 ,^? :i* are at ! extremities h ! %ad[s only on "o side1 & receive ! light on ! o!r4 ,! /ronge/ & sm>te/ t\*es ( %ad[s are to be 9 ! int]/ice betwe5 ! figures ( ! pr9cipal gr\p :]e ! light _c p5etrate#ii4 ,secondly1 t by ! ord] & disposition ( ! figures !y appe> to be accommodat$ to ! subject1 & ! true repres5tation ( ! hi/ory 9 "q4 ,?irdly1 t ! figures appe> alive to ! occasion :i* br\ght !m toge!r1 ) expressions suit$ to _! attitudes4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccliii4_/--,h[ to make an imag9>y ,animal appe> natural4 _/,x_/ is evid5t t x w be impossible to inv5t any animal )\t giv+ x memb]s1 & ^! memb]s mu/ individually resemble ^? ( "s kn[n animal4 ,if y wi%1 !re=e1 to make a *im]a1 or imag9>y animal1 appe> natural 7let u suppose a s]p5t72 take ! head ( a ma/iff1 ! eyes ( a cat1 ! e>s ( a porcup9e1 ! m\? ( a h>e1 ! br[s ( a lion1 ! temples ( an old cock1 & ! neck ( a sea tortoise#ajj4 _/,*ap4 ,,cccliv4_/--,pa9t]s are n to imitate "o ano!r4 _/,"o_/ pa9t] ought nev] to imitate ! mann] ( any o!r2 because 9 t case he _c be call$ ! *ild ( ,nature1 b ! gr&*ild4 ,x is always be/ to h rec\rse to ,nature1 :i* is replete ) su* abundance ( objects1 ?an to ! productions ( o!r ma/]s1 :o le>nt e ?+ f h]4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccclv4_/--,h[ to judge ( "o's own ,"w4 _/,x_/ is an ackn[l$g$ fact1 t we p]ceive errors 9 ! works ( o!rs m readily ?an 9 our own4 ,a pa9t]1 !re=e1 ought to be well in/ruct$ 9 p]spective1 & acquire a p]fect k ( ! dim5sions ( ! human body2 he %\ld also be a good ar*itect1 at lea/ z f> z conc]ns ! outw>d %ape ( build+s1 ) _! diff]5t p>ts2 & :]e he is defici5t1 he ought n to neglect tak+ draw+s f ,nature4 ,x w be well also to h a look+-glass by him1 :5 he pa9ts1 to look (t5 at 8 "w 9 x1 :i* be+ se5 ! contr>y way1 w appe> z ! "w ( ano!r h&1 & w bett] %ew 8 faults4 ,x w be useful also to quit 8 "w (t51 & take "s relaxation1 t 8 judgm5t may be cle>] at 8 return2 = too great application & sitt+ /ill is sometimes ! cause ( _m gross errors4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccclvi4_/--,( correct+ ,errors :i* y discov]4 _/,rememb]_/1 t :51 by ! ex]cise ( y\r own judgm5t1 or ! obs]vation ( o!rs1 y discov] any errors 9 y\r "w1 y imm$iately set ab\t correct+ !m1 le/1 9 expos+ y\r works to ! public1 y expose y\r defects also4 ,admit n any self-excuse1 by p]suad+ y\rself t y %all retrieve y\r "*1 & t by "s succe$+ "w y %all make am5ds = y\r %ameful neglig5ce2 = y\r "w does n p]i% z soon z x is out ( y\r h&s1 l ! s\nd ( music1 b rema9s a /&+ monum5t ( y\r ignorance4 ,if y excuse y\rself by say+ t y h n "t = ! /udy necess>y to =m a great pa9t]1 hav+ to /ruggle aga9/ necessity1 y y\rself are only to blame2 = ! /udy ( :at is excell5t is food bo? = m9d & body4 ,h[ _m philosoph]s1 born to great ri*es1 h giv5 !m away1 t !y might n be ret>d$ 9 _! pursuits6 _/,*ap4 ,,ccclvii4_/--,! be/ ,place = look+ at a ,picture4 _/,let_/ u suppose1 t ,a ,b is ! picture1 receiv+ ! light f ,d2 ,i say1 t :oev] is plac$ betwe5 ,c & ,e1 w see ! picture v badly1 p>ticul>ly if x be pa9t$ 9 oil1 or v>ni%$2 because x w %9e1 & w appe> almo/ ( ! nature ( a look+-glass4 ,= ^! reasons1 ! ne>] y g t[>ds ,c1 ! less y w be able to see1 because ( ! light f ! w9d[ ^u ! picture1 s5d+ its reflection to t po9t4 ,b if y place y\rself betwe5 ,e ,d1 y may conv5i5tly see ! picture1 & ! m s z y draw ne>] to ! po9t ,d1 because t place is less liable to be /ruck by ! reflect$ rays4 ,illu/ration _/,*ap4 ,,ccclviii4_/--,( ,judgm5t4 _/,!re_/ is no?+ m apt to deceive u ?an our own judgm5t1 9 decid+ on our own works2 & we %\ld d]ive m advantage f hav+ our faults po9t$ out by our enemies1 ?an by he>+ ! op9ions ( our fri5ds1 because !y are too mu* l ourselves1 & may deceive u z mu* z our own judgm5t4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccclix4_/--,( ,employm5t anxi\sly wi%$ = by ,pa9t]s4 _/,&_/ y1 pa9t]1 :o are desir\s ( great practice1 und]/&1 t if y d n re/ x on ! good f\ndation ( ,nature1 y w lab\r ) little hon\r & less pr(it2 & if y d x on a good gr\nd y\r works w be _m & good1 to y\r great hon\r & advantage4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccclx4_/--,advice to ,pa9t]s4 _/,a pa9t]_/ ought to /udy univ]sal ,nature1 & reason mu* )9 himself on all he sees1 mak+ use ( ! mo/ excell5t p>ts t compose ! species ( e object be=e him4 ,8 m9d w by ?is me?od be l a mirror1 reflect+ truly e object plac$ be=e x1 & become1 z x 71 a second ,nature4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccclxi4_/--,( ,/atu>y4 _/,to_/ execute a figure 9 m>ble1 y mu/ fir/ make a model ( x 9 clay1 or pla/]1 & :5 x is f9i%$1 place x 9 a squ>e case1 equally capable ( receiv+ ! block ( m>ble int5d$ to be %ap$ l x4 ,h "s peg-l /icks to pass ?r\gh holes made 9 ! sides1 & all r\nd ! case2 pu% !m 9 till e "o t\*es ! model1 m>k+ :at rema9s ( ! /icks outw>ds ) ink1 & mak+ a c\nt]m>k to e /ick & its hole1 s t y may at pleasure replace !m aga94 ,!n hav+ tak5 out ! model1 & plac$ ! block ( m>ble 9 its /ead1 take s mu* out ( x1 till all ! pegs g 9 at ! same holes to ! m>ks y _h made4 ,to facilitate ! "w1 contrive y\r frame s t e "p ( x1 sep>ately1 or all toge!r1 may be lift$ up1 except ! bottom1 :i* mu/ rema9 "u ! m>ble4 ,by ?is me?od y may *op x (f ) great facility#aja4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccclxii4_/--,on ! ,measurem5t & ,division ( ,/atues into ,p>ts4 _/,divide_/ ! head into twelve p>ts1 ea* "p into twelve degrees1 ea* degree into twelve m9utes1 & ^! m9utes into seconds#ajb4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccclxiii4_/--,a ,precept = ! ,pa9t]4 _/,!_/ pa9t] :o ent]ta9s no d\bt ( 8 own ability1 w atta9 v little4 ,:5 ! "w succe$s beyond ! judgm5t1 ! arti/ acquires no?+2 b :5 ! judgm5t is sup]ior to ! "w1 he nev] ceases improv+1 if ! love ( ga9 d n ret>d 8 progress4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccclxiv4_/--,on ! ,judgm5t ( ,pa9t]s4 _/,:5_/ ! "w is equal to ! k & judgm5t ( ! pa9t]1 x is a bad sign2 & :5 x surpasses ! judgm5t1 x is /ill worse1 z is ! case ) ^? :o wond] at hav+ succe$$ s well4 ,b :5 ! judgm5t surpasses ! "w1 x is a p]fectly good sign2 & ! "y pa9t] :o possesses t r>e disposition1 w1 no d\bt1 arrive at great p]fection4 ,he w produce few works1 b !y w be su* z to fix ! admiration ( e behold]4 _/,*ap4 ,,ccclxv4_/--,t a ,man ought n to tru/ to himself1 b ought to consult ,nature4 _/,:oev]_/ flatt]s himself t he c reta9 9 8 memory all ! effects ( ,nature1 is deceiv$1 = our memory is n s capaci\s2 !re=e consult ,nature = e ?+4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,books ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,j4 ,,taylor4 #a4 ,,sket*es = ,,c\ntry ,,h\ses1 ,,villas1 & ,,rural ,,dwell+s2 calculat$ = ,p]sons ( mod]ate ,income1 & = com=table ,retirem5t4 ,also "s ,designs = ,cottages1 :i* may be con/ruct$ ( ! simple/ ,mat]ials2 ) ,plans & g5]al ,e/imates4 ,by _/,john ,plaw_/4 ,elegantly engrav$ 9 ,aquat9ta on ,=ty-two ,plates4 ,qu>to1 #al4 #aas4 #f;d4 9 bo>ds4 #b4 ,,f]me ,,orn,e1 or ,,rural ,,improvem5ts2 a ,s]ies ( dome/ic & ornam5tal ,designs1 suit$ to ,p>ks1 ,plantations1 ,rides1 ,walks1 ,riv]s1 ,f>ms1 c4 consi/+ ( ,f5ces1 ,paddock-h\ses1 a ,ba?1 ,dog-k5nels1 ,pavilions1 ,f>m-y>ds1 ,fi%+-h\ses1 ,sport+-boxes1 ,%oot+-lodges1 s+le & d\ble ,cottages1 c4 calculat$ = l&scape & picturesque ,effects4 ,by _/,john ,plaw_/1 ,ar*itect4 ,engrav$ 9 ,aquat9ta1 on ,?irty-eight ,plates1 ) appropriate ,sc5]y1 ,plans1 & ,explanations4 ,qu>to2 9 bo>ds1 #al4 #aas4 #f;d4 #c4 ,,rural ,,ar*itecture1 or ,designs f ! simple ,cottage to ! decorat$ ,villa1 includ+ "s :i* h be5 execut$4 ,by _/,john ,plaw_/4 ,on ,sixty-two ,plates1 ) ,sc5]y1 9 ,aquat9ta4 ,half-b\nd1 #bl4 #bs4 #d4 ,,h9ts = ,,dwell+s1 consi/+ ( orig9al ,designs = ,cottages1 ,f>m-h\ses1 ,villas1 c4 ,pla9 & ,ornam5tal2 ) ,plans to ea*1 9 :i* /rict ,att5tion is paid1 to unite ,conv5i5ce & ,elegance ) ,economy4 ,includ+ "s ,designs = ,t[n-h\ses4 ,by _/,d4 ,la+_/1 ,ar*itect & ,surveyor4 ,elegantly engrav$ on ,?irty-f\r ,plates 9 ,aquat9ta1 ) appropriate ,sc5]y1 ,qu>to1 #al4 #es4 9 bo>ds4 #e4 ,,sket*es = ,,cottages1 ,,villas1 c4 ) _! ,plans & appropriate ,sc5]y4 ,by _/,john ,soane_/4 ,to :i* are add$1 ,six ,designs = improv+ & embelli%+ ,gr\nds1 ) ,explanations by an ,amateur1 on ,fifty-f\r ,plates1 elegantly engrav$ 9 ,aquat9ta2 ,folio1 #bl4 #abs4 #f;d4 half-b\nd4 #f4 ,,! ,,ar*itect & ,,build]'s ,,miscellany1 or ,pocket ,libr>y2 conta9+ orig9al picturesque ,designs1 9 ,ar*itecture1 = ,cottages1 ,f>m1 ,c\ntry1 & ,t[n ,h\ses1 ,public ,build+s1 ,temples1 ,gre5-h\ses1 ,bridges1 ,lodges1 & ,gates = ,entrances to ,p>ks & ,pleasure-gr\nds1 ,/ables1 ,monum5tal ,tombs1 ,g>d5 ,seats1 c4 ,by _/,*>les ,middleton_/1 ,ar*itect2 on ,sixty ,plates1 ,octavo1 col\r$1 #al4 #as4 b\nd4 #g4 ,,designs = ,,gates & ,,rails1 suitable to ,p>ks1 ,pleasure-gr\nds1 ,balconies1 c4 ,also "s ,designs = ,trellis ,"w1 on ,tw5ty-sev5 ,plates4 ,by _/,c4 ,middleton_/1 #fs4 ,octavo4 ,pr9t$ by _/,s4 ,gosnell_/1 ,little ,que5 ,/reet1 ,holborn1 ,london4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote i#a3 ,vas>i1 ,vite de ,pittori1 edit4 ,della ,valle1 #hvo4 ,si5a #agib1 vol4 v4 p4 #bb4 ,du ,fresne1 9 ! life prefix$ to ! ,italian editions ( ?is ,treatise on ,pa9t+4 ,v5turi1 ,essai sur les ,ouvrages de ,leon>d de ,v9ci1 #dto4 ,p>is1 #agig1 p4 #c1 #cf4 ,footnote i#b3 ,v5turi1 p4 #c4 ,footnote i#c3 ,vas>i1 #bc4 ,footnote i#d3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#e3 ,du ,fresne4 ,vas>i1 #be4 ,footnote i#f3 ,vas>i1 #bf4 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#g3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#h3 ,vas>i1 #bf4 ,footnote i#i3 ,vas>i1 #bh4 ,footnote i#aj3 ,du ,fresne4 ,vas>i1 #bh4 ,footnote i#aa3 ,du ,fresne4 ,vas>i1 #bh4 ,footnote i#ab3 ,vas>i1 #bh4 ,footnote i#ac3 ,x is impossible 9 a translation to pres]ve ! j+le betwe5 ! "n ,v9ci1 & ! ,lat9 v]b v9cit :i* occurs 9 ! orig9al4 ,footnote i#ad3 ,du ,fresne1 ,vas>i1 #bh4 ,footnote i#ae3 ,vas>i1 #bb4 ,footnote i#af3 ,vas>i1 #bb & #bc4 ,footnote i#ag3 ,lomazzo1 ,trattato della ,pittura1 p4 #bhb4 ,footnote i#ah3 ,vas>i1 #bc4 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#ai3 ,v5turi1 #cg4 ,footnote i#bj3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#ba3 ,v5turi1 #cf4 ,footnote i#bb3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#bc3 ,vas>i1 #cj4 ,lett]e ,pittori*e1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahd4 ,footnote i#bd3 ,v5turi1 #c4 ,footnote i#be3 ,suppl4 to ,life ( ,l4 da ,v9ci1 9 ,vas>i1 #fe4 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#bf3 ,v5turi1 #cf2 :o m5tions also1 t ,leon>do at ?is "t con/ruct$ a ma*9e = ! !atre4 ,footnote i#bg3 ,v5turi1 p4 #dd4 ,footnote i#bh3 ,suppl4 9 ,vas>i1 #gd4 ,footnote i#bi3 ,suppl4 9 ,vas>i1 #fc4 ,footnote i#cj3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#ca3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#cb3 ,de ,piles1 9 ! ,life ( ,leon>do4 ,see ,lett]e ,pittori*e1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote i#cc3 ,lett]e ,pittori*e1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote i#cd3 ,du ,fresne4 ,lett]e ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahf4 ,footnote i#ce3 ,vas>i1 #ca1 9 a note4 ,footnote i#cf3 ,let4 ,pit4 vol4 ii4 #ahc4 ,footnote i#cg3 ,additions to ! ,life 9 ,vas>i1 #ec4 ,my wor?y fri5d1 ,mr4 ,rigaud1 :o has m ?an once se5 ! orig9al picture1 gives ?is acc\nt ( x3 ,! cutt+ ( ! wall = ! sake ( op5+ a door1 0 no d\bt ! effect ( ignorance & b>b>ity1 b x did n mat]ially injure ! pa9t+2 x only took away "s ( ! feet "u ! table1 entirely %ad$4 ,! true value ( ?is picture consi/s 9 :at 0 se5 above ! table4 ,! door is only f\r feet wide1 & cuts (f only ab\t two feet ( ! l[] "p ( ! picture4 ,m damage has be5 done by subsequ5t quacks1 :o1 )9 my own "t1 h und]tak5 to repair x4 ,footnote i#ch3 ,additions to ! ,life 9 ,vas>i1 #ec4 ,footnote i#ci3 ,,copies ,,exi/+ ,,9 ,,milan ,,or ,,else:]e4 ,no4 #a4 ,t 9 ! refectory ( ! fa!rs ,oss]vanti della ,pace3 x 0 pa9t$ on ! wall 9 #aefa1 by ,gio4 ,paolo ,lomazzo4 #b4 ,ano!r1 copi$ on bo>d1 z a picture 9 ! refectory ( ! ,*i]ici ,regol>i di ,s4 ,paolo1 9 _! college ( ,/4 ,b>nabas4 ,?is is p]haps ! mo/ beautiful t c be se51 only t x is n f9i%$ l[] ?an ! knees1 & is 9 size ab\t "o eigh? ( ! orig9al4 #c4 ,ano!r on canvas1 :i* 0 fir/ 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,f$ele1 by ,ago/9o ,s4 ,ago/9o1 = ! refectory ( ! ,jesuits3 s9ce _! suppression1 x exi/s 9 t ( ! ,orfani a ,s4 ,pietro1 9 ,gessate4 #d4 ,ano!r ( ! said ,lomazzo's1 pa9t$ on ! wall 9 ! mona/]y ,maggiore1 v f9e1 & 9 good pres]vation4 #e4 ,ano!r on canvas1 by an unc]ta9 arti/1 ) only ! heads & half ! bodies1 9 ! ,ambrosian libr>y4 #f4 ,ano!r 9 ! ,c]tosa di ,pavia1 done by ,m>co d',ogionno1 a s*ol> ( ,leon>do's1 on ! wall4 #g4 ,ano!r 9 ! possession ( ! monks ,girolam9i di ,ca/ellazzo fuori di ,porta ,lodovica1 ( ! h& ( ! same ,ogionno4 #h4 ,ano!r copy ( ?is ,la/ ,supp] 9 ! refectory ( ! fa!rs ( ,/4 ,b5$ict ( ,mantua4 ,x 0 pa9t$ by ,girolamo ,monsignori1 a ,dom9ican fri>1 :o /udi$ mu* ! works ( ,leon>do1 & copi$ !m excell5tly4 #i4 ,ano!r 9 ! refectory ( ! fa!rs ,oss]vanti di ,lugano1 ( ! h& ( ,b]n>d9o ,lov9o2 a valuable "w1 & mu* e/eem$ z well = its neatness & p]fect imitation ( ! orig9al1 z = its own integrity1 & be+ done by a s*ol> ( ,leon>do's4 #aj4 ,a beautiful draw+ ( ?is fam\s picture is1 or 0 lately1 9 ! possession ( ,sig4 ,giuseppe ,casati1 k+ at arms4 ,suppos$ to be ei!r ! orig9al design by ,leon>do himself1 or a sket* by "o ( 8 be/ s*ol>s1 to be us$ 9 pa9t+ "s copy on a wall1 or on canvas4 ,x is drawn ) a p51 on pap] l>g] ?an usual1 ) a m]e outl9e height5$ ) bi/re4 #aa4 ,ano!r 9 ! refectory ( ! fa!rs ,girolam9i1 9 ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,laur5ce1 9 ! ,escorial 9 ,spa94 ,x 0 pres5t$ to ,k+ ,philip ,,ii4 :ile he 0 9 ,val5cia2 & by 8 ord] plac$ 9 ! said room :]e ! monks d9e1 & is believ$ to be by "s able s*ol> ( ,leon>do4 #ab4 ,ano!r 9 ,/4 ,g]ma9 d',aux]re1 9 ,france2 ord]$ by ,k+ ,francis ,i4 :5 he came to ,milan1 & f\nd he c\ld n remove ! orig9al4 ,!re is reason to ?9k ?is ! "w ( ,b]n>d9o ,lov9o4 #ac4 ,ano!r 9 ,france1 9 ! ca/le ( ,escov5s1 9 ! possession ( ! ,con/able ,montmor5cy4 ,! orig9al draw+ = ?is picture is 9 ! possession ( 8 ,britannic ,maje/y4 ,see ! life prefix$ to ,mr4 ,*amb]la9e's publication ( ! ,designs ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 p4 #e4 ,an engrav+ f x is among ^? :i* ,mr4 ,rog]s publi%$ f draw+s4 ,footnote i#dj3 ,vas>i1 #cd4 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#da3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#db3 ,vas>i1 #cf4 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#dc3 ,vas>i1 #cg4 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#dd3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#de3 ,suppl4 9 ,vas>i1 #fd4 ,footnote i#df3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#dg3 ,suppl4 9 ,vas>i1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh4 ,footnote i#dh3 ,vas>i1 #ch4 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#di3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#ej3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#ea3 ,vas>i1 #ci4 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#eb3 ,vas>i1 #ci4 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#ec3 ,vas>i1 #ci4 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#ed3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#ee3 ,supp4 9 ,vas>i1 #ha4 ,footnote i#ef3 ,suppl4 9 ,vas>i1 #fh4 ,footnote i#eg3 ,vas>i1 #db4 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#eh3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#ei3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#fj3 ,v5turi1 #cg4 ,footnote i#fa3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#fb3 ,v5turi1 #cg4 ,footnote i#fc3 ,v5turi1 #ch4 ,footnote i#fd3 ,v5turi1 #cg4 ,footnote i#fe3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#ff3 ,v5turi1 #ch4 ,footnote i#fg3 ,v5turi1 #ch4 ,footnote i#fh3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#fi3 ,vas>i1 #dd4 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#gj3 ,vas>i1 #dd4 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#ga3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#gb3 ,suppl4 9 ,vas>i1 #gi1 #hj4 ,footnote i#gc3 ,suppl4 9 ,vas>i1 #hj4 ,footnote i#gd3 ,suppl4 9 ,vas>i1 #fe4 ,footnote i#ge3 ,vas>i1 #de4 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#gf3 ,v5turi1 #ci4 ,suppl4 9 ,vas>i1 #hj4 ,footnote i#gg3 ,v5turi1 p4 #d4 ,footnote i#gh3 ,sect4 #a4 ,( ! ,desc5t ( heavy ,bodies1 comb9$ ) ! ,rotation ( ! ,e>?4 #b4 ,( ! ,e>? divid$ into ,p>ticles4 #c4 ,( ! ,e>? & ! ,moon4 #d4 ,( ! ,action ( ! ,sun on ! ,sea4 #e4 ,( ! anci5t ,/ate ( ! ,e>?4 #f4 ,( ! ,flame & ! ,air4 #g4 ,( ,/atics4 #h4 ,( ! ,desc5t ( heavy ,bodies by incl9$ ,planes4 #i4 ,( ! ,wat] :i* "o draws f a ,canal4 #aj4 ,( ,:irlpools4 #aa4 ,( ,vision4 #ab4 ,( milit>y ,ar*itecture4 #ac4 ,( "s ,in/rum5ts4 #ad4 ,two *ymical ,processes4 #ae4 ,( ,me?od4 ,footnote i#gi3 ,see ! ,life prefix$ to ,mr4 ,*amb]la9e's publication ( ! ,designs ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote i#hj3 ,fac similes ( "s ( ! pages ( ! orig9al "w1 are also to be f\nd 9 ?is publication4 ,footnote i#ha3 ,p4 #cc4 ,footnote i#hb3 ,j4 ,a4 ,maz5ta di$ 9 #afce4 ,he gave ! designs = ! =tifications ( ,livorno 9 ,tuscany2 & has writt5 on ! me?od ( r5d]+ ! ,adda navigable4 ,argelati ,script4 ,m$iol4 vol4 ii4 ,v5turi1 #cc4 ,footnote i#hc3 ,we %all see aft]w>ds t ?is man 0 ,leon>do's heir3 he _h c>ri$ back ^! writ+s & draw+s f ,france to ,milan4 ,v5turi1 #cd4 ,footnote i#hd3 ,?is 0 9 #aehg4 ,v5turi1 p4 #cd4 ,footnote i#he3 ,j4 ,amb4 ,maz5ta made himself a ,b>nabite 9 #aeij4 ,v5turi1 #cd4 ,footnote i#hf3 ,! draw+s & books ( ,v9ci are come = ! mo/ "p into ! h&s ( ,pompeo ,leoni1 :o has obta9$ !m f ! son ( ,francisco ,melzo4 ,!re are "s also ( ^! books 9 ! possession ( ,guy ,maz5ta ,lomazzo1 ,tempio della ,pittura1 9 #do1 ,milano #aeij1 page #ag4 ,v5turi1 #ce4 ,footnote i#hg3 ,x is volume ,c4 ,!re is pr9t$ on x 9 gold1 ,vidi ,maz5ta ,patritii ,m$iolan5sis lib]alitate ,an4 #afjc4 ,v5turi1 #ce4 ,footnote i#hh3 ,he di$ 9 #afac4 ,v5turi1 #ce4 ,footnote i#hi3 ,?is is volume ,n1 9 ! ,national ,libr>y4 ,x is 9 folio1 ( a l>ge size1 & has #cib leaves3 x be>s on ! cov] ?is title3 ,disegni di ,mac*9e delle ,arti secreti et altre ,cose di ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 raccolte da ,pompeo ,leoni4 ,v5turi1 #ce4 ,footnote i#ij3 ,p4 #cf4 ,footnote i#ia3 ,a memorial is pres]v$ ( ?is lib]ality by an inscription4 ,v5turi1 #cf4 ,footnote i#ib3 ,?is is m>k$ at p4 #a ( ! same volume4 ,v5turi1 #cf4 ,footnote i#ic3 ,v5turi1 #cf4 ,footnote i#id3 ,lett]e ,pittori*e1 vol4 ii4 ,v5turi1 #cf4 ,footnote i#ie3 ,p4 #cf4 ,8 au?ority is ,g]li1 ,disegni del ,v9ci1 ,milano1 #aghd1 fol4 ,footnote i#if3 ,p4 #db4 ,footnote i#ig3 ,x is said1 t ?is compilation is n[ 9 ! ,albani libr>y4 ,v5turi1 #db4 ,footnote i#ih3 ,! sket*es to illu/rate 8 mean+1 7 probably 9 ,leon>do's orig9al manuscripts s slight z to require t m p]fect draw+s %\ld be made f !m be=e !y c\ld be fit = publication4 ,footnote i#ii3 ,! id5tical manuscript ( ?is ,treatise1 =m]ly belong+ to ,mons4 ,*>d91 "o ( ! two copies f :i* ! edition 9 ,italian 0 pr9t$1 is n[ ! prop]ty ( ,mr4 ,edw>ds ( ,pall ,mall4 ,judg+ by ! *apt]s z !re numb]$1 x w\ld appe> to conta9 m ?an ! pr9t$ edition2 b ?is is m]ely ow+ to ! circum/ance t "s ( ^? :i* 9 ! manuscript /& z di/9ct *apt]s1 are 9 ! pr9t$ edition consolidat$ toge!r4 ,footnote i#ajj3 ,vas>i1 p4 #cg1 gives ! initials ,n4 ,n4 ,footnote i#aja3 ,:i* ,v5turi1 p4 #f1 pr(esses 8 int5tion ( publi%+ f ! manuscript collections ( ,leon>do4 ,footnote i#ajb3 ,biblio!ca ,smi?iana1 #dto4 ,v54 #agee4 ,v5turi1 #dd4 ,footnote i#ajc3 ,libr]ia ,nani1 #dto4 ,v54 #aggf4 ,v5turi1 #dd4 ,footnote i#ajd3 ,gori ,simbol lit]>4 ,flor4 #agea1 vol4 viii4 p4 #ff4 ,v5turi1 #dd4 ,footnote i#aje3 ,see 8 ,trait des ,pratiques ,geometrales et ,p]spectives1 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #affe4 ,footnote i#ajf3 ,p4 #abh4 ,footnote i#ajg3 ,p4 #acd4 ,footnote i#ajh3 ,he obs]v$ crim9als :5 l$ to execution 7,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahb2 on ! au?ority ( ,lomazzo72 not$ d[n any c\nt5ance t /ruck him 7,vas>i1 #bi72 9 =m+ ! animal = ! %ield1 compos$ x ( p>ts select$ f diff]5t real animals 7,vas>i1 p4 #bg72 & :5 he want$ *>act]i/ic heads1 resort$ to ,nature 7,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aha74 ,all :i* me?ods are recomm5d$ by him 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,treatise on ,pa9t+4 ,footnote i#aji3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#aaj3 ,v5turi1 #ce1 9 a note4 ,footnote i#aaa3 ,vas>i1 #bc4 ,footnote i#aab3 ,vas>i1 #bd4 ,footnote i#aac3 ,suppl4 9 ,vas>i1 #fg4 ,footnote i#aad3 ,vas>i1 #bc4 ,footnote i#aae3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#aaf3 ,vas>i1 #de4 ,footnote i#aag3 ,additions to ! life 9 ,vas>i1 p4 #dg4 ,footnote i#aah3 ,suppl4 9 ,vas>i1 #gd4 ,footnote i#aai3 ,vas>i1 #bd4 ,footnote i#abj3 ,vas>i1 #bf4 ,footnote i#aba3 ,vas>i1 #bi4 ,footnote i#abb3 ,additions to ! life 9 ,vas>i1 #fa4 ,footnote i#abc3 ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 #aga4 ,footnote i#abd3 ,vas>i1 #bi4 ,footnote i#abe3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#abf3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#abg3 ,v5turi1 #db4 ,footnote i#abh3 ,vas>i1 #ci4 ,9 a note 9 ,lett]e ,pittori*e1 vol4 ii4 p4 #agd1 on ! be=e cit$ lett] ( ,m>iette1 x is said t ,b]n>d9o ,lov9o 0 a s*ol> ( ,leon>do1 & _h 9 8 possession ! c>ton ( ,/4 ,ann1 :i* ,leon>do _h made = a picture :i* he 0 to pa9t 9 ! *ur* della ,nunziata1 at ,flor5ce4 ,francis ,i4 got possession ( x1 & 0 desir\s t ,leon>do %\ld execute x :5 he came into ,france1 b )\t effect4 ,x is kn[n x 0 n done1 z ?is c>ton w5t to ,milan4 ,lomazzo1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #ag4 ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 p4 #agd1 9 a note4 ,a c>ton simil> to ?is is n[ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,royal ,academy1 at ,london4 ,footnote i#abi3 ,vas>i1 p4 #ci1 9 a note4 ,footnote i#acj3 ,vas>i1 #da4 ,9 ! suppl4 to ! life1 ,vas>i1 #fh1 ! subject pa9t$ 9 ! c\ncil-*amb] at ,flor5ce is said to be ! wond]ful battle aga9/ ,attila4 ,footnote i#aca3 ,du ,fresne4 ,vas>i1 #bh4 ,footnote i#acb3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#acc3 ,additions to ! ,life 9 ,vas>i1 #dh4 ,footnote i#acd3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#ace3 ,additions to ! ,life 9 ,vas>i1 #fj4 ,footnote i#acf3 ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aih4 ,footnote i#acg3 ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote i#ach3 ,additions to ! ,life 9 ,vas>i1 #fh4 ,footnote i#aci3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#adj3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#ada3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#adb3 ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 #aih4 ,footnote i#adc3 ,vas>i1 #bh4 ,footnote i#add3 ,! ,dat>y is ! ,pope's (fic] :o nom9ates to vacant b5efices4 ,footnote i#ade3 ,vas>i1 #dd4 ,footnote i#adf3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#adg3 ,du ,fresne4 ,additions 9 ,vas>i1 #fj4 ,footnote i#adh3 ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 #aif4 ,footnote i#adi3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#aej3 ,du ,fresne4 ,additions to ,vas>i1 #fj4 ,footnote i#aea3 ,additions to ,vas>i1 #ei4 ,footnote i#aeb3 ,additions to ,vas>i1 #fj4 ,footnote i#aec3 ,additions to ,vas>i1 #fj4 ,footnote i#aed3 ,additions 9 ,vas>i1 #fa4 ,footnote i#aee3 ,suppl4 9 ,vas>i1 #fh4 ,footnote i#aef3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#aeg3 ,additions to ,vas>i1 #ei4 ,footnote i#aeh3 ,vas>i1 #be4 ,footnote i#aei3 ,vas>i1 #bh4 ,footnote i#afj3 ,vas>i1 #bi4 ,footnote i#afa3 ,vas>i1 #cj4 ,9 p4 #bi1 x is said 9 a note1 t !re is 9 ! ,m$ici gall]y an ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 by ,leon>do1 unf9i%$1 :i* may probably be ! picture ( :i* ,vas>i speaks4 ,footnote i#afb3 ,vas>i1 #cj4 ,footnote i#afc3 ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 #ahd4 ,! real fact is kn[n to be1 t x 0 engrav5 f a draw+ made by ,rub5s himself1 :o1 z ,i am in=m$1 _h 9 x alt]$ ! back-gr\nd4 ,footnote i#afd3 ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 #aie4 ,footnote i#afe3 ,vas>i1 #cj4 ,footnote i#aff3 ,vas>i1 #cc4 ,footnote i#afg3 ,v5turi1 #d4 ,footnote i#afh3 ,v5turi1 #cg4 ,footnote i#afi3 ,suppl4 9 ,vas>i1 #fh4 ,footnote i#agj3 ,vas>i1 #ci4 ,footnote i#aga3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#agb3 ,suppl4 9 ,vas>i1 #fj4 ,footnote i#agc3 ,vas>i1 #dd4 ,footnote i#agd3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#age3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#agf3 ,suppl4 9 ,vas>i1 #fa4 ,footnote i#agg3 ,ibid4 #ha4 ,footnote i#agh3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#agi3 ,du ,fresne4 ,add4 to ! ,life 9 ,vas>i1 #fj4 ,footnote i#ahj3 ,suppl4 9 ,vas>i1 #fi4 ,footnote i#aha3 ,du ,fresne4 ,add4 to ,vas>i1 #fj4 ,footnote i#ahb3 ,du ,fresne4 ,footnote i#ahc3 ,add4 9 ,vas>i1 #dg4 ,footnote i#ahd3 ,add4 to ,vas>i1 #dh4 ,footnote i#ahe3 ,add4 9 ,vas>i1 #eg4 ,footnote i#ahf3 ,add4 to ,vas>i1 #eh4 ,footnote i#ahg3 ,add4 to ,vas>i1 #ei4 ,footnote i#ahh3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#ahi3 ,ibid4 ,?is is ! picture lately exhibit$ 9 ,brook ,/reet1 ,grosv5or ,squ>e1 & is said to h be5 pur*as$ by ! ,e>l ( ,w>wick4 ,footnote i#aij3 ,add4 to ,vas>i1 #ei4 ,footnote i#aia3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#aib3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#aic3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#aid3 ,ibid4 #fj4 ,footnote i#aie3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#aif3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#aig3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#aih3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#aii3 ,lett4 ,pitt4 vol4 ii4 #aig4 ,footnote i#bjj3 ,add4 9 ,vas>i1 #fj4 ,footnote i#bja3 ,add4 9 ,vas>i1 #fa4 ,footnote i#bjb3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#bjc3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#bjd3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#bje3 ,supp4 9 ,vas>i1 #fg4 ,footnote i#bjf3 ,ibid4 #fh4 ,footnote i#bjg3 ,supp4 9 ,vas>i1 #ge4 ,footnote i#bjh3 ,ibid4 ,footnote i#bji3 ,supp4 9 ,vas>i1 #hj4 ,footnote i#baj3 ,supp4 9 ,vas>i1 #ha4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is passage has be5 by "s p]sons mu* misund]/ood1 & suppos$ to require1 t ! /ud5t %\ld be a deep pr(ici5t 9 p]spective1 be=e he comm5ces ! /udy ( pa9t+2 b x is a k ( ! lead+ pr9ciples only ( p]spective t ! au?or "h means1 & )\t su* a k1 :i* is easily to be acquir$1 ! /ud5t w inevitably fall into errors1 z gross z ^? humor\sly po9t$ out by ,hog>?1 9 8 ,frontispiece to ,kirby's ,p]spective4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,*ap4 #cea4 ,footnote #c3 ,n to be f\nd 9 ?is "w4 ,footnote #d3 ,f ?is1 & _m o!r simil> passages1 x is evid5t1 t ! au?or int5d$ at "s future "t to arrange 8 manuscript collections1 & to publi% !m z sep>ate treatises4 ,t he did n d s is well kn[n2 b x is also a fact1 t1 9 select+ f ! :ole mass ( 8 collections ! *apt]s ( :i* ! pres5t "w consi/s1 great c>e appe>s 9 g5]al to h be5 tak5 to extract also ^? to :i* !re 0 any ref]5ce f any ( ! *apt]s int5d$ = ?is "w1 or :i* f _! subject 7 necess>ily connect$ ) !m4 ,accord+ly1 ! read] w f9d1 9 ! notes to ?is translation1 t all su* *apt]s 9 any o!r "p ( ! pres5t "w are uni=mly po9t$ out1 z h any relation to ! respective passages 9 ! text4 ,?is1 :i* has nev] be=e be5 done1 ?\gh indisp5sably necess>y1 w be f\nd ( s+ul> use1 & x 0 ?\ght prop] "h1 once = all1 to notice x4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance ! *apt]s1 ref]r+ to ! subject 9 ! text1 are ,*ap4 xvi4 xvii4 xviii4 xix4 xx4 xxvi42 & ?\gh ^! d n af=d complete in=mation1 yet x is to be rememb]$1 t draw+ f relievos is subject to ! v same rules z draw+ f ,nature2 & t1 !re=e1 :at is else:]e said on t subject is also equally applicable to ?is4 ,footnote #e3 ,! mean+ ( ?is is1 t ! la/ t\*es ( light1 su* z ! %9+ p>ts 7:i* are always n>r[71 mu/ be giv5 sp>+ly4 ,9 %ort1 t ! draw+ mu/ be kept 9 broad masses z mu* z possible4 ,footnote #f3 ,?is is n an absolute rule1 b x is a v good "o = draw+ ( portraits4 ,footnote #g3 ,see ,*ap4 ci4 ,footnote #h3 ,see ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,footnote #i3 ,see ! two prec$+ *apt]s4 ,footnote #aj3 ,man be+ ! highe/ ( ! animal creation1 ought to be ! *ief object ( /udy4 ,footnote #aa3 ,an int5d$ ,treatise1 z x seems1 on ,anatomy1 :i* h[ev] nev] 0 publi%$2 b !re are sev]al *apt]s 9 ! pres5t "w on ! subject ( ,anatomy1 mo/ ( :i* w be f\nd "u ! pres5t head ( ,anatomy2 & ( su* z c\ld n be plac$ !re1 because !y also relat$ to "s o!r bran*1 ! foll[+ is a li/ by :i* !y may be f\nd3 ,*apt]s vi4 vii4 x4 xi4 xxxiv4 xxxv4 xxxvi4 xxxvii4 xxxviii4 xxxix4 xl4 xli4 xlii4 xliii4 xliv4 xlv4 xlvi4 xlviii4 xlix4 l4 li4 lii4 cxxix4 ,footnote #ab3 ,see *ap4 lxxxvii4 ,footnote #ac3 ,x does n appe> t ?is int5tion 0 ev] c>ri$ into execution2 b !re are _m *apt]s 9 ?is "w on ! subject ( motion1 :]e all t is necess>y = a pa9t] 9 ?is bran* w be f\nd4 ,footnote #ad3 ,anatomi/s h divid$ ?is muscle into f\r or five sections2 b pa9t]s1 foll[+ ! anci5t sculptors1 %ew only ! ?ree pr9cipal ones2 &1 9 fact1 we f9d t a great] numb] ( !m 7z may (t5 be obs]v$ 9 nature7 gives a disagreeable meagr5ess to ! subject4 ,beautiful nature does n %ew m ?an ?ree1 ?\gh !re may be m hid "u ! sk94 ,footnote #ae3 ,a treatise on weights1 l _m o!rs1 int5d$ by ?is au?or1 b nev] publi%$4 ,footnote #af3 ,see ! next *apt]4 ,footnote #ag3 ,x is believ$ t ?is treatise1 l _m o!rs promis$ by ! au?or1 0 nev] writt52 & to save ! necessity ( frequ5tly repeat+ ?is fact1 ! read] is "h in=m$1 once = all1 t 9 ! life ( ! au?or prefix$ to ?is edition1 w be f\nd an acc\nt ( ! works promis$ or project$ by him1 & h[ f> 8 int5tions h be5 c>ri$ into effect4 ,footnote #ah3 ,see *ap4 lxiv4 ,footnote #ai3 ,see 9 ?is "w f *ap4 lx4 to lxxxi4 ,footnote #bj3 ,see *apt]s lxi4 lxiv4 ,footnote #ba3 ,see *apt]s civ4 cliv4 ,footnote #bb3 ,! au?or "h means to comp>e ! diff]5t quickness ( ! motion ( ! head & ! heel1 :5 employ$ 9 ! same action ( jump+2 & he /ates ! proportion ( ! =m] to be ?ree times t ( ! latt]4 ,! reason he gives = ?is is 9 sub/ance1 t z ! head has b "o motion to make1 :ile 9 fact ! l[] "p ( ! figure has ?ree successive op]ations to p]=m at ! places he m5tions1 ?ree times ! velocity1 or1 9 o!r words1 ?ree times ! degree ( ef=t1 is necess>y 9 ! head1 ! prime mov]1 to give ! p[] ( influ5c+ ! o!r p>ts2 & ! rule d$ucible f ?is axiom is1 t :]e two diff]5t p>ts ( ! body concur 9 ! same action1 & "o ( !m has to p]=m "o motion only1 :ile ! o!r is to h sev]al1 ! proportion ( velocity or ef=t 9 ! =m] mu/ be regulat$ by ! numb] ( op]ations necess>y 9 ! latt]4 ,footnote #bc3 ,x is expla9$ 9 ?is "w1 or at lea/ !re is some?+ respect+ x 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 & 9 *ap4 cli4 ,footnote #bd3 ,! eyeball mov+ up & d[n to look at ! h&1 describes a "p ( a circle1 f e po9t ( :i* x sees x 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( aspects4 ,! h& also is moveable ad inf9itum 7= x c g r\nd ! :ole circle--see *ap4 lxxxvii471 & consequ5tly %ew itself 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( aspects1 :i* x is impossible = any memory to reta94 ,footnote #be3 ,see *ap4 xx4 clv4 ,footnote #bf3 ,ab\t ?irte5 y>ds ( our measure1 ! ,flor5t9e braccia1 or cubit1 by :i* ! au?or measures1 be+ #a foot #aj in*es #g-h?s ,engli% measure4 ,footnote #bg3 ,see *ap4 cxxi4 & cccv4 ,footnote #bh3 ,x is suppos$ t ! figures are to appe> ( ! natural size1 & n bigg]4 ,9 t case1 ! measure ( ! fir/1 to be ( ! exact dim5sion1 %\ld h its feet re/+ ^u ! bottom l9e2 b z y remove x f t1 x %\ld dim9i%4 ,no allusion is "h int5d$ to ! di/ance at :i* a picture is to be plac$ f ! eye4 ,footnote #bi3 ,! au?or does n mean "h to say1 t "o hi/orical picture _c be hung ov] ano!r4 ,x c]ta9ly may1 because1 9 view+ ea*1 ! spectator is at lib]ty 7especially if !y are subjects indep5d5t ( ea* o!r7 to %ift 8 place s z to /& at ! true po9t ( sight = view+ e "o ( !m2 b 9 cov]+ a wall ) a succession ( subjects f ! same hi/ory1 ! au?or consid]s ! :ole z1 9 fact1 b "o picture1 divid$ into comp>tm5ts1 & to be se5 at "o view1 & :i* _c !re=e admit m ?an "o po9t ( sight4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! pictures are 9 fact s _m di/9ct subjects unconnect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,footnote #cj3 ,see *ap4 cccxlviii4 ,?is *apt] is obscure1 & may probably be made cle> by m]ely /at+ x 9 o!r words4 ,leon>do objects to ! use ( bo? eyes1 because1 9 view+ 9 t mann] ! objects "h m5tion$1 two balls1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 ! second is se51 :i* w\ld n be ! case1 if ! angle ( ! visual rays 7 n too big = ! fir/ object4 ,:oev] is at all acqua9t$ ) optics1 ne$ n be told1 t ! visual rays comm5ce 9 a s+le po9t 9 ! c5tre1 or ne>ly ! c5tre ( ea* eye1 & cont9ue div]g+4 ,b1 9 us+ bo? eyes1 ! visual rays proce$ n f "o & ! same c5tre1 b f a diff]5t c5tre 9 ea* eye1 & int]sect+ ea* o!r1 z !y d a little be=e pass+ ! fir/ object1 !y become toge!r broad] ?an ! ext5t ( ! fir/ object1 & consequ5tly give a view ( "p ( ! second4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 us+ b "o eye1 ! visual rays proce$ b f "o c5tre2 & z1 !re=e1 !re _c be any int]section1 ! visual rays1 :5 !y rea* ! fir/ object1 are n broad] ?an ! fir/ object1 & ! second is completely hidd54 ,prop]ly speak+1 !re=e1 9 us+ bo? eyes we introduce m ?an "o po9t ( sight1 :i* r5d]s ! p]spective false 9 ! pa9t+2 b 9 us+ "o eye only1 !re c be1 z !re ought1 b "o po9t ( sight4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce betwe5 view+ real objects & ^? repres5t$ 9 pa9t+1 t 9 look+ at ! =m]1 :e!r we use "o or bo? eyes1 ! objects1 by be+ actually deta*$ f ! back gr\nd1 admit ! visual rays to /rike on !m1 s z to =m a correct p]spective1 f :atev] po9t !y are view$1 & ! eye accord+ly =ms a p]spective ( its own2 b 9 view+ ! latt]1 !re is no possibility ( v>y+ ! p]spective2 &1 unless ! picture is se5 precisely "u ! same angle z x 0 pa9t$ "u1 ! p]spective 9 all o!r views mu/ be false4 ,?is is obs]vable 9 ! p]spective views pa9t$ = sc5es at ! playh\se4 ,if ! behold] is seat$ 9 ! c5tral l9e ( ! h\se1 :e!r 9 ! boxes or pit1 ! p]spective is correct2 b1 9 proportion z he is plac$ at a great] or less di/ance to ! "r or left ( t l9e1 ! p]spective appe>s to him m or less faulty4 ,& h5ce arises ! necessity ( us+ b "o eye 9 view+ a pa9t+1 9 ord] !reby to r$uce x to "o po9t ( sight4 ,footnote #ca3 ,*ap4 xcvi4 & civ4 ,footnote #cb3 ,see ! ,life ( ! ,au?or prefix$1 & *ap4 xx4 & ci4 ( ! pres5t "w4 ,footnote #cc3 ,! au?or "h speaks ( unpoli%$ ,nature2 & inde$ x is f su* subjects only1 t ! g5u9e & *>act]i/ic op]ations ( ,nature are to be le>nt4 ,x is ! effect ( education to correct ! natural peculi>ities & defects1 &1 by s do+1 to assimilate "o p]son to ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,footnote #cd3 ,see *ap4 cxxiii4 ,footnote #ce3 ,see *ap4 cclxiv4 ,footnote #cf3 ,see *apt] cclxvii4 ,footnote #cg3 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds frequ5tly inculcat$ ^! precepts 9 8 lectures1 & inde$ !y _c be too (t5 en=c$4 ,footnote #ch3 ,probably ?is w\ld h =m$ a "p ( 8 int5d$ ,treatise on ,light & ,%ad[1 b no su* proposition occurs 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,footnote #ci3 ,see *apt]s cc4 & ccix4 ,footnote #dj3 ,see *ap4 ccix4 ,footnote #da3 ,?is _c be tak5 z an absolute rule2 x mu/ be left 9 a great measure to ! judgm5t ( ! pa9t]4 ,= mu* graceful s(tness & gr&eur is acquir$1 sometimes1 by bl5d+ ! lights ( ! figures ) ! light "p ( ! gr\nd2 & s ( ! %ad[s2 z ,leon>do himself has obs]v$ 9 *apt]s cxciv4 cxcv4 & ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds has (t5 put 9 practice ) success4 ,footnote #db3 ,see *ap4 cclxv4 ,footnote #dc3 ,see *ap4 cxcvi4 ,footnote #dd3 ,he means "h to say1 t 9 proportion z ! body int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & ! object is m or less transp>5t1 ! great] or less quantity ( ! col\r ( ! body int]pos$ w be communicat$ to ! object4 ,footnote #de3 ,see ! note to *ap4 cc4 ,footnote #df3 ,see ! prec$+ *apt]1 & *ap4 cc4 ,footnote #dg3 ,! appe>ance ( motion is less5$ accord+ to ! di/ance1 9 ! same proportion z objects dim9i% 9 size4 ,footnote #dh3 ,see *ap4 ccxvii4 & ccxix4 ,footnote #di3 ,see *ap4 ccxv4 & ccxix4 ,footnote #ej3 ,?is 0 int5d$ to con/itute a "p ( "s book ( ,p]spective1 :i* we h n2 b ! rule "h ref]r$ to w be f\nd 9 *ap4 cccx4 ( ! pres5t "w4 ,footnote #ea3 ,see *ap4 ccxv4 & ccxvii4 ,footnote #eb3 ,no su* "w 0 ev] publi%$1 nor1 = any ?+ t appe>s1 ev] writt54 ,footnote #ec3 ,! ,fr5* translation ( #agaf has a note on ?is *apt]1 say+1 t ! inv5tion ( enamel pa9t+ f\nd out s9ce ! "t ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 w\ld bett] answ] to ! title ( ?is *apt]1 & also be a bett] me?od ( pa9t+4 ,i mu/ beg leave1 h[ev]1 to diss5t f ?is op9ion1 z ! two k9ds ( pa9t+ are s diff]5t1 t !y _c be comp>$4 ,leon>do treats ( oil pa9t+1 b ! o!r is vitrification4 ,leon>do is kn[n to h sp5t a great deal ( "t 9 exp]im5ts1 ( :i* ?is is a specim51 & x may appe> ridicul\s to ! practition]s ( m mod]n date1 z he does n ent] m fully into a m9ute description ( ! mat]ials1 or ! mode ( employ+ !m4 ,! pr9ciple laid d[n 9 ! text appe>s to me to be simply ?is3 to make ! oil entirely evaporate f ! col\rs by ! action ( fire1 & aft]w>ds to prev5t ! action ( ! air by ! means ( a glass1 :i* 9 itself is an excell5t pr9ciple1 b n applicable1 any m ?an enamel pa9t+ to l>ge works4 ,footnote #ed3 ,x is evid5t t di/emp] or size pa9t+ is "h meant4 ,footnote #ee3 ,indian ink4 ,footnote #ef3 ,?is rule is n )\t exception3 see *ap4 ccxxxiv4 ,footnote #eg3 ,see *ap4 ccxxxviii4 ,footnote #eh3 ,see *ap4 ccxxxvii4 ,footnote #ei3 ,see *apt]s ccxlvii4 cclxxiv4 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,probably !y 7 int5d$ to =m a "p ( a di/9ct treatise1 & to h be5 rang$ z propositions 9 t1 b at pres5t !y are n s plac$4 ,footnote #fj3 ,see *ap4 ccxlviii4 ,footnote #fa3 ,see *ap4 cclxxiv4 ,footnote #fb3 ,al?\gh ! au?or seems to h design$ t ?is1 & _m o!r propositions to :i* he ref]s1 %\ld h =m$ a "p ( "s regul> "w1 & he has accord+ly ref]r$ to !m :5ev] he has m5tion$ !m1 by _! int5d$ num]ical situation 9 t "w1 :atev] x might be1 x does n appe> t he ev] c>ri$ ?is design into execution4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al *apt]s 9 ! pres5t "w1 viz4 ccxciii4 cclxxxix4 cclxxxv4 ccxcv4 9 :i* ! pr9ciple 9 ! text is recognis$1 & :i* probably w\ld h be5 transf]r$ into ! project$ treatise1 if he _h ev] drawn x up4 ,footnote #fc3 ,! note on ! prec$+ *apt] is 9 a great measure applicable to ?is1 & ! proposition m5tion$ 9 ! text is also to be f\nd 9 *apt] ccxlvii4 ( ! pres5t "w4 ,footnote #fd3 ,see ! note on ! *apt] next b "o prec$+4 ,! proposition 9 ! text occurs 9 *ap4 ccxlvii4 ( ! pres5t "w4 ,footnote #fe3 ,n 9 ?is "w4 ,footnote #ff3 ,i d n "k a bett] comm5t on ?is passage ?an ,felibi5's ,exam9ation ( ,le ,brun's ,picture ( ! ,t5t ( ,d>ius4 ,f ?is 7:i* has be5 repr9t$ ) an ,engli% translation1 by ,colonel ,p>sons 9 #agjj1 9 folio7 x w cle>ly appe>1 :at ! *a9 ( connexion is betwe5 e col\r !re us$1 & its ne>e/ neighb\r1 & consequ5tly a rule may be =m$ f x ) m c]ta9ty & precision ?an :]e ! /ud5t is left to develope x = himself1 f ! m]e inspection ( diff]5t examples ( col\r+4 ,footnote #fg3 ,see *ap4 ccxxiii4 ccxxxvii4 cclxxiv4 cclxxxii4 ( ! pres5t "w4 ,we h be=e rem>k$1 t ! propositions s frequ5tly ref]r$ to by ! au?or1 7 nev] r$uc$ into =m1 ?\gh app>5tly he int5d$ a regul> "w 9 :i* !y 7 to be includ$4 ,footnote #fh3 ,no :]e 9 ?is "w4 ,footnote #fi3 ,?is is evid5t 9 _m ( ,v&yke's portraits1 p>ticul>ly ( ladies1 _m ( :om are dress$ 9 black velvet2 & ?is rem>k w 9 "s measure acc\nt = ! delicate fairness :i* he frequ5tly gives to ! female complexion4 ,footnote #gj3 ,^! propositions1 any m ?an ! o!rs m5tion$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ?is "w1 7 nev] dige/$ into a regul> treatise1 z 0 evid5tly int5d$ by ! au?or1 & consequ5tly are n to be f\nd1 except p]haps 9 "s ( ! volumes ( ! au?or's manuscript collections4 ,footnote #ga3 ,see *ap4 ccxciii4 cccvii4 cccviii4 ,footnote #gb3 ,see *ap4 cclxxxvii4 ,footnote #gc3 ,?is book on p]spective 0 nev] drawn up4 ,footnote #gd3 ,see *ap4 ccxcii4 ,footnote #ge3 ,see *ap4 ccxii4 ccxlviii4 cclv4 ,footnote #gf3 ,!re is no "w ( ?is au?or to :i* ?is c at pres5t ref]1 b ! pr9ciple is laid d[n 9 *apt]s cclxxxiv4 cccvi4 ( ! pres5t treatise4 ,footnote #gg3 ,see *apt]s cccvii4 cccxxii4 ,footnote #gh3 ,see *ap4 cxvi4 cxxi4 cccv4 ,footnote #gi3 ,see *ap4 cccxiii4 & cccxxiii4 ,footnote #hj3 ,to our obta9+ a correct idea ( ! magnitude & di/ance ( any object se5 f af>1 x is necess>y t we consid] h[ mu* ( di/9ctness an object loses at a di/ance 7f ! m]e int]position ( ! air71 z well z :at x loses 9 size2 & ^! two consid]ations mu/ unite be=e we c decid$ly pron\nce z to its di/ance or magnitude4 ,?is calculation1 z to di/9ctness1 mu/ be made ^u ! idea t ! air is cle>1 z1 if by any accid5t x is o!rwise1 we %all 7kn[+ ! proportion 9 :i* cle> air dims a prospect7 be l$ to conclude ?is f>!r (f ?an x is1 &1 to ju/ify t conclusion1 %all suppose its real magnitude correspond5t ) ! di/ance1 at :i* f its degree ( di/9ctness x appe>s to be4 ,9 ! circum/ance rem>k$ 9 ! text !re is1 h[ev]1 a great deception2 ! fact is1 t ! col\r & ! m9ute p>ts ( ! object are lo/ 9 ! fog1 :ile ! size ( x is n dim9i%$ 9 proportion2 & ! eye be+ accu/om$ to see objects dim9i%$ 9 size at a great di/ance1 supposes ?is to be f>!r (f ?an x is1 & consequ5tly imag9es x l>g]4 ,footnote #ha3 ,?is proposition1 ?\gh und\bt$ly int5d$ to =m a "p ( "s future "w1 :i* nev] 0 drawn up1 makes no "p ( ! pres5t4 ,footnote #hb3 ,see *ap4 cccvii4 ,footnote #hc3 ,vide *ap4 ccxcii4 ccciii4 ,footnote #hd3 ,see *apt] ccxcviii4 ,footnote #he3 ,?is 0 probably to h be5 a "p ( "s o!r "w1 b x does n occur 9 ?is4 ,footnote #hf3 ,c5to braccia1 or cubits4 ,! ,flor5ce braccio is "o foot t5 in*es sev5 eigh?s1 ,engli% measure4 ,footnote #hg3 ,probably ! ,au?or "h means yell[ lilies1 or fleurs de lis4 ,footnote #hh3 ,t po9t is always f\nd 9 ! horizon1 & is call$ ! po9t ( sight1 or ! vani%+ po9t4 ,footnote #hi3 ,see *ap4 cccxx4 ,footnote #ij3 ,see *ap4 cccxvii4 ,footnote #ia3 ,?is position has be5 already laid d[n 9 *apt] cxxiv4 7& w also be f\nd 9 *apt] cccxlviii472 & ! read] is ref]r$ to ! note on t passage1 :i* w also expla9 t 9 ! text1 = fur!r illu/ration4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be prop] to rem>k1 t ?\gh ! au?or has "h suppos$ bo? objects convey$ to ! eye by an angle ( ! same ext5t1 !y _c1 9 fact1 be s se51 unless "o eye be %ut2 & ! reason is ?is3 if view$ ) bo? eyes1 !re w be two po9ts ( sight1 "o 9 ! c5tre ( ea* eye2 & ! rays f ea* ( ^! to ! objects mu/ ( c\rse be diff]5t1 & w consequ5tly =m diff]5t angles4 ,footnote #ib3 ,! braccio is "o foot t5 in*es & sev5 eigh?s ,engli% measure4 ,footnote #ic3 i4e4 ,to be abridg$ accord+ to ! rules ( p]spective4 ,footnote #id3 ,see *ap4 cxxii4 ,footnote #ie3 ,! :ole ( ?is *apt]1 l ! next b "o prec$+1 dep5ds on ! circum/ance ( !re be+ 9 fact two po9ts ( sight1 "o 9 ! c5tre ( ea* eye1 :5 an object is view$ ) bo? eyes4 ,9 natural objects ! effect :i* ?is circum/ance produces is1 t ! rays f ea* po9t ( sight1 div]g+ z !y ext5d t[>ds ! object1 take 9 n only t1 b "s "p also ( ! di/ance beh9d x1 till at l5g?1 at a c]ta9 di/ance beh9d x1 !y cross ea* o!r2 :]eas1 9 a pa9t$ repres5tation1 !re be+ no real di/ance beh9d ! object1 b ! :ole be+ a flat surface1 x is impossible t ! rays f ! po9ts ( sight %\ld pass beyond t flat surface2 & z ! object itself is on t flat surface1 :i* is ! real extremity ( ! view1 ! eyes _c acquire a sight ( any ?+ beyond4 ,footnote #if3 ,a well-kn[n pa9t] at ,flor5ce1 contempor>y ) ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 :o pa9t$ sev]al alt>-pieces & o!r public works4 ,footnote #ig3 ,see *ap4 cxxiv4 & cccxlviii4 ,footnote #ih3 ,see *ap4 x4 ,footnote #ii3 ,see *ap4 cci4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,leon>do da ,v9ci 0 rem>kably fond ( ?is k9d ( inv5tion1 & is accus$ ( hav+ lo/ a great deal ( "t t way4 ,footnote #aja3 ,! me?od "h recomm5d$1 0 ! g5]al & common practice at t "t1 & cont9u$ s ) little1 if any v>iation1 till lately4 ,b ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 ! late ,mr4 ,bacon inv5t$ an entirely new me?od1 :i*1 z bett] answ]+ ! purpose1 he con/antly us$1 & f him o!rs h also adopt$ x into practice4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,?is may be a good me?od ( divid+ ! figure = ! purpose ( r$uc+ f l>ge to small1 or vice v]s2 b x n be+ ! me?od g5]ally us$ by ! pa9t]s = measur+ _! figures1 z be+ too m9ute1 ?is *apt] 0 n introduc$ among/ ^? ( g5]al proportions4