,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is e-text is bas$ on ! #aijc edition ( ! orig9al book4 ,m9or punctuation errors h be5 tacitly correct$4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation1 ligatures1 & acc5t$ =ms1 su* z 'sun-fl[]_/sunfl[]'1 '=mul_/=mulae'1 ',comb9atori_/,comb9atoria'1 etc41 h be5 reta9$4 ,miss+ footnote numb]s h be5 add$ accord+ to sequ5ce4 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts has be5 *ang$ reg>d+ ! cont5t ( ! fir/ section ',biographies1 ,works1 & ,essays4' ,italic text 9 ! orig9al v]sion has be5 plac$ betwe5 und]scores 7italic72 passages 9 small caps h be5 symbolis$ by =w>d sla%es 7_/small caps_/74 oe repres5ts ! respective ligature1 text signifies a sup]script passage4 ,! foll[+ passages h be5 correct$3 p4 #af3 ',beza' -- ',bza'2 'be=e ,v5etian tribunal' -- 'be=e ! ,v5etian tribunal' p4 #ah 7sid5ote73 ',circus' -- ',circu' p4 #cj3 ',artic' -- ',arctic'2 't]re/ial' -- 't]re/rial' p4 #cg3 ',mauvissre' -- ',mauvissire' p4 #fd3 'aqua9tance' -- 'acqua9tance' p4 #ga3 'bann' -- 'ban' p4 #aca3 'fana/ic' -- 'fanta/ic' p4 #beb3 'philosphy' -- 'philosophy' p4 #bie3 'allmighty' -- 'almighty' p4 #ccj3 'intuites' -- 'intuits' p4 #cdh3 'docr9e' -- 'doctr9e' p4 #cec3 ',c>rire' -- ',c>rire' ,index1 ,b>?olmss1 ,*ri/ian3 ' #b1 #af1 #bj1 444' -- '#e1 #af1 #bj1 444' ,,giordano ,,bruno ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,giordano ,bruno4 ,/atue by ,ettore ,f]r>i4 ,,giordano ,,bruno ,,by ,j4 ,,lewis ,mc,i,n,t,y,r,e ,m4,a4 ,,ed94 ,,& ,,oxon43 ,d4,,sc4 ,,ed943 ,,&]son ,,lectur] ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ab]de5 ,london ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 _/,limit$_/ ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aijc ,all rights res]v$ ,to ,,my ,,wife ,,preface ,?is volume attempts to d ju/ice to a philosoph] :o has h>dly receiv$ 9 ,engl& ! consid]ation he des]ves4 ,ap>t f ! ,life ( ,giordano ,bruno1 by ,i4 ,fri? 7,mrs4 ,opp5heim71 9 ! ,engli% & ,=eign ,philosophical ,libr>y1 #ahhg1 !re has be5 no complete "w 9 our language ^u ! poet1 tea*]1 & m>tyr ( ,nola1 :ile 8 philosophy has be5 treat$ only 9 occasional articles & reviews4 ,yet he is recognis$ by ! m lib]al-m9d$ among ,italians z ! greate/ & mo/ d>+ ?9k] _! c\ntry has produc$4 ,! pa?os ( 8 life & dea? has p]haps caus$ 8 image to /& out m /rongly 9 ! m9ds ( 8 c\ntrym5 ?an t ( any o!r ( _! lead]s ( ?\ght4 ,a movem5t ( popul> en?usiasm1 begun 9 #ahgf1 result$1 on #i? ,june #ahhi1 9 ! unveil+ ( a /atue 9 ,rome 9 ! ,campo dei ,fiori1 ! place on :i* ,bruno 0 burn$4 ,bo? 9 ,france & 9 ,g]many he has be5 recognis$ z ! prophet1 if n z ! actual f\nd]1 ( mod]n philosophy1 & z "o ( ! e>lie/ apo/les ( fre$om ( ?\ght & ( spee* 9 mod]n times4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! pres5t "w--! ,life ( ,bruno--is bas$ ^u ! docum5ts publi%$ by ,b]ti1 ,duf\r1 & o!rs1 & on ! p]sonal ref]5ces 9 ,bruno's own works4 ,i h tri$ to ?r[ "s light on ,bruno's life 9 ,engl&1 on 8 relations ) ! ,fr5* ,ambassador1 ,mauvissire1 & on 8 %>e 9 "s ( ! lit]>y movem5ts ( ! "t4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 be5 no m successful ?an o!rs 9 f9d+ any docum5ts ref]r+ directly to ,bruno's visit to ,engl&4 ,9 ! second "p--,! ,philosophy ( ,bruno--,i h s\ght to give n a sy/ematic outl9e ( ,bruno's philosophy z a :ole "u ! v>i\s famili> head+s1 :i* w\ld prove an almo/ impossible task1 b a sket*1 z ne>ly z possible 9 ,bruno's own words1 ( ! problems :i* int]e/$ ?is m9d ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ( ! solutions (f]$4 ,! fir/ *apt] po9ts out ! s\rces f :i* ,bruno d]iv$ ! mat]ials ( 8 ?9k+4 ,! succe$+ *apt]s are devot$ to "s ( ! ma9 works ( ,bruno1--! ,causa 7,*apt] ,,ii471 ,inf9ito & ,de ,imm5so 7,*apt]s ,,iii4 & ,,iv471 ,de ,m9imo 7,*apt] ,v471 ,spaccio 7,*apt] ,,vi471 & ,h]oici ,furori 7,*apt] ,,vii471--& conta9 z little z possible ( ei!r criticism or comm5t1 except 9 s f> z ^! are impli$ 9 ! selection & arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial4 ,i h adopt$ ?is me?od p>tly because ,bruno's works are /ill comp>atively unkn[n to ! ,engli% read]1 & p>tly because 8 /yle1 full z x is ( obscurities1 r$undances1 repetitions1 l5ds itself to selection1 b n easily to compact exposition4 ,sev]al phases ( ,bruno's activity ,i h left almo/ unt\*$--8 poetry1 8 ma!matical !ories1 8 art ( memory4 ,! eigh? *apt] turns ^u 8 philosophy ( religion1 ab\t :i* !re has be5 mu* controv]sy2 :ile ! la/ attempts to br+ him into relation & comp>ison ) "s ( ! philosoph]s :o succe$$ him4 ,i subjo9 a li/ ( works & articles :i* are ( importance = ! /udy ( ,bruno4 ,?r\gh\t ,i h ref]r$ = ,bruno's works to ! rec5t ,italian edition ( ! ,lat9 works1 issu$ at ! public exp5se1 #ahgi to #ahia 7?ree volumes 9 eight p>ts1 ) introductions1 etc471 & to ,lag>de's edition ( ! ,italian works--,go?a1 #ahhh4 ,( ! latt] !re are two volumes1 b ! pag+ is cont9u\s f "o to ! o!r1 page #dja beg9n+ ! second volume4 ,j4 ,,lewis ,m',,intyre4 _/,univ]sity ( ,ab]de5_/1 #af? ,july #aijc4 ,,cont5ts ,,page _/,biographies1 ,works1 & ,essays_/ xiii ,,"p ,i _/,life ( ,bruno_/ #a ,,"p ,,ii _/,philosophy ( ,bruno_/ #aai ,,*apt] ,i _/,! ,s\rces ( ! ,philosophy_/ #aba ,,*apt] ,,ii _/,! ,f\ndations ( ,k_/ #aec ,,*apt] ,,iii _/,! ,inf9ite ,univ]se--,! ,mirror ( ,god_/ #ahj ,,*apt] ,,iv _/,nature & ! ,liv+ ,worlds_/ #bjc ,,*apt] ,v _/,! ,la/ & ! ,lea/ ,?+s3 ,atoms & ,s\l-,monads_/ #bbc ,,*apt] ,,vi _/,! ,practical ,philosophy ( ,bruno_/ #beb ,,*apt] ,,vii _/,! ,high] ,life_/ #bgg ,,*apt] ,,viii _/,positive ,religions & ! ,religion ( ,philosophy_/ #bid ,,*apt] ,,ix _/,bruno 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy_/ #cbc ,,index #cfa ,,biographies ,,& ,,g5]al ,,works ,,on ,,bruno ,b>?olmss1 ,*ri/ian1 ,jordano ,bruno1 vol4 i41 ,p>is1 #ahdf--on ! life & times ( ,bruno2 vol4 #b1 #ahdg--on 8 works & philosophy4 ,c>rire1 ,moritz1 ,die philosophis*e ,weltans*auung d] ,re=mationszeit1 #a/ ed41 #ahdg2 #bnd ed41 #ahhg4 ,b]ti1 ,dom5ico1 ,giordano ,bruno da ,nola1 sua vita e sua dottr9a4 ,appe>$ fir/ 9 ! ,nuova ,antologia1 #ahfg4 ,"s new docum5ts 7 publi%$ 9 ,docum5ti intorno a ,giordano ,bruno da ,nola1 #ahhj4 ,a second edition ( ! ,life1 includ+ all ! docum5ts1 appe>$ 9 #ahhi4 ,duf\r1 ,g4 ,b4 ,g5ve 7#aegh74 ,docum5ts 9dits3 ,g5ve1 #ahhd4 ,also giv5 9 ,b]ti's second edition4 ,sigw>t1 ,die ,leb5sges*i*te ,g4 ,b4's 7,v]zei*niss d] ,doctor51 etc41 ,tb+51 #ahhj71 a pap] :i* is exp&$ & correct$ 9 8 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 #a/ s]ies 7pp4 #di-abd & #bic-cjd73 ,freiburg i4 ,b41 #ahhi4 ,brunnh(]1 ,g4 ,b4's ,weltans*auung und ,v]hngniss3 ,leipzig1 #ahhb4 ,a vigor\s eulogy ( ,bruno & 8 "w4 ,fri?1 ,life ( ,giordano ,bruno3 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,riehl1 ,giordano ,bruno1 ,zur ,er9n]ung an d5 #ag4 ,febru>1 #afjj3 ,leipzig1 #a/ ed41 #ahhi2 #bnd1 #aijj4 ,khl5beck 7,l&seck7 ,bruno1 d] ,mrtyr] d] neu5 ,weltans*auung3 ,leipzig1 #ahij4 ,pognisi1 ,g4 ,b4 e l',ar*ivio di ,san ,giovanni ,decollato2 ,tor9o1 etc41 #ahia4 ,italian biographies & pamphlets are innum]able4 ,among ! be/ are-- ,m>iano1 ,g4 ,b4 ,la ,vita e l'uomo3 ,roma1 #ahha4 ,levi1 ,g4 ,b4 o la ,religione del ,p5si]o3 ,tor9o1 #ahhg4 ,morselli1 ,g4 ,b41 ,commemorazione1 etc43 ,tor9o1 #ahhh4 ,morselli reg>ds ,bruno z ! precursor ( all mod]n philosophy1 & z prophet ( mo/ ( ! sci5tific discov]ies ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,tocco1 ,g4 ,b4 ,conf]5za3 ,fir5ze1 #ahhf4 ,on ,bruno's religion & philosophy ( religion4 ,( writ]s 9 ,engli% on ,bruno may also be nam$3--,ow51 9 8 ,sceptics ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance3 ,london1 #ahic 7pp4 #bdd-cdb72 ,daniel ,br9ton & ,?omas ,davidson1 ,g4 ,b41 ,philosoph] & ,m>tyr1 ,two ,addresses3 ,philadelphia1 #ahij2 ,plumptre1 9 8 ,/udies 9 ,little-kn[n ,subjects3 ,london1 #ahih 7pp4 #fa-abg72 ,:ittak] 9 ,essays & ,notices1 #ahie 7repr9t$ f ,m9d1 ,april #ahhd & ,july #ahhg72 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,octob] #aijb1 ,giordano ,bruno 9 ,engl&2 & ,r4 ,adamson1 ,! ,developm5t ( ,mod]n ,philosophy3 ,ed9burgh & ,london1 #aijc1 vol4 #b 7pp4 #bc-dd74 ,,"p ,i ,,life ,,( ,,bruno ,i ,sid5ote3 ,bir? & ,family4 ,9 #aedh1 at a /ormy p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( ,italy1 ,bruno 0 born 9 ! t[n%ip ( ,nola1 ly+ )9 ! k+dom ( ,naples1 :i* at t "t 0 "u ,spani% rule4 ,8 fa!r1 ,giovanni1 0 a soldi]1 probably ( good family1 & 9 def]5ce1 x may be suppos$1 to ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 ! son 0 nam$ ,filippo2 ! m fam\s "n ( ,giordano 0 only assum$ :5 he ent]$ a religi\s ord]4 ,?r\gh 8 "m1 ,fraulissa ,savol9a1 a ,g]man or ,saxon orig9 has be5 claim$ = ,bruno2 !re 7 sev]al inhabitants ( ,teutonic "n 9 ! village ( 8 bir?--sugge/+ a settlem5t ( ,l&kne*ts1--& ! "n1 ,fraulissa1 has a ,g]man r+2#a b ,bruno himself n[h]e 9 ! addresses or works publi%$ 9 ,g]many makes any h9t ( 8 own connection ) ! race1 :ile ! "n 0 probably a g5]ic t]m = ! wife ( a soldi]1 borr[$ f ! ,swiss or ,g]man m5-at-arms4#b ,sid5ote3 ,nola4 ,_! home 0 on ! l[] slopes ( ,m\nt ,cicala1 :i* rises above ,nola1 & amid its laugh+ g>d5s ,bruno fir/ imbib$ a love ( nature1 :i* m>k$ him out f s _m ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,! soil ( ,nola is among ! mo/ f]tile ( all ,italy1 & ! pleasant pla9 9 :i* x lies is r+$ ) hills :i* lie %ad[y "u ! cle> sky2 mo/ prom95t & mo/ my/]i\s is ,vesuvius1 a few miles to ! s\?4 ,b ! *>ms ( natural beauty 9 ,nola 7 surpass$ by ^? ( picturesque antiquity3 ! half-my?ical ,pelasgians f\nd$ x be=e ! walls ( ,rome 7 begun2 !y 7 foll[$ by ! ,*alcidians ( ,cuma1 f :om ! ,nolans inh]it$ a ,greek _s1 calm yet quick1 eag] 9 ! pursuit ( wisdom & 9 ! love ( beauty1 :i* d[n ev5 to ! #af? c5tury di/+ui%$ !m above o!r ,italians4 ,!re foll[$ a *equ]$ hi/ory 9 :i* ! ,samnites1 ! e>ly ,romans1 ,hannibal1 ,sulla1 & ,sp>tacus1 play$ successive p>ts4 ,nola 0 ! dea?-place ( ,augu/us1 & to t fact ow$ its greatness 9 ,imp]ial times1 :5 its two great amphi!atres & multitude ( beautiful temples topp$ a great city1 %ut 9 by massive walls1 ) twelve gates t op5$ to all p>ts ( ,italy4 ,evil times 7 to come2 ,al>ic1 ! ,s>ac5s1 ,manfr$1 & o!rs _h _! w ( ,nola1 & e>?quakes1 flood1 & plague r$uc$ x by ! end ( ! #ae? c5tury to "o t5? ( its =m] self4 ,x _h its own m>tyrs1 = ! old fai? & = ! new2 "o ( ! latt]1 ,pomponio ,alg]io1 suff]$ dur+ ,bruno's lifetime a fate t =e%ad[$ 8 own2 accus$ :ile a /ud5t at ,padua ( contempt = ! ,*ri/ian religion1 he 0 imprison$ 9 ,padua1 ,v5ice1 & ,rome1 & f9ally burnt at ! /ake4 ,its sons nev] lo/ _! love = ! "m-t[n2 ,bruno speaks ( x always ) affection1 z to him ! g>d5 ( ,italy2 ( a nephew ( ,ambrogio ,leone1 ! hi/orian ( its antiquities1 we are told t1 on return+ to ,nola aft] a few days' abs5ce1 seem+ ill ) long+1 he ?rew himself on ! e>? & kiss$ x ) unspeakable joy4#c ,p]haps ! sugge/ion ( ,b>?olmss is n gr\ndless1 t ! volcanic soil & air ( ,nola influ5c$ ! "* ( ! p z ( ! w9e4 ,h5ce ! delicacy ( _! s5ses1 vivacity ( ge/ure1 mobility ( hum\r1 & passionate ard\r ( _s4#d ,sid5ote3 ,*ildhood ( ,bruno4 ,( ! *ildhood ( ,bruno little is to be le>n$4 ,cicala1 8 home1 he describes z a little village ( f\r or five cottages n too magnific5t4#e ,9 all probability 8 upbr++ 0 simple1 8 surr\nd+s homely4 ,we ne$ n g fur!r1 & suppose t 8 surr\nd+s 7 n only homely1 b degrad$ & vici\s4#f ,8 fa!r1 al?\gh a soldi] by pr(ession1 seems to h be5 a man ( "s culture2 at lea/ he 0 a fri5d ( ! poet ,tansillo1 :o excit$ ! admiration ( ! "y ,bruno1 & fir/ turn$ 8 m9d t[>ds ! ,muses4 ,tansillo's poetry1 foll[+ ! ta/e ( ! age1 0 n too ref9$1 b its passion call$ =? a ready reflection 9 ! ard5t nature ( ! lad4 ,x 0 p]haps ! only door to ! high] arti/ic life ( ! "t :i* 0 op5 to ,bruno2 ! neighb\rs1 if we may judge f satiric ref]5ces 9 ! ,italian ,dialogues1 7 ( a r\gh homely type4 ,bruno tells1 = example1#g h[ ,scipio ,savol9o 7p]haps 8 uncle7 us$ to confess all 8 s9s to ,don ,paul9o1 ,cur ( ,s4 ,primma t is 9 a village ne> ,nola 7,cicala71 on a ,holy ,friday1 ( :i* ?\gh !y 7 _m & great1 8 boon companion ! ,cur absolv$ him )\t difficulty4 ,once 0 en\gh1 h[ev]1 = 9 ! foll[+ ye>s1 )\t _m words or circum/ances1 ,scipio w\ld say to ,don ,paul9o1 ,fa!r m9e1 ! s9s ( a ye> ago to-day1 y "k !m2 & ,don ,paul9o w\ld reply1 ,son1 ?\ kn[e/ ! absolution ( a ye> ago to-day--g 9 peace & s9 no m6 ,"o incid5t ( ,bruno's *ildhood1 :i* has be5 ?\ght a promise ( extraord9>y p[]s1 he himself relates 9 ! ,sigillus ,sigillorum4 ,describ+ ! diff]5t causes ( conc5tration1#h 7,contractio71 he in/ances fe> among !m3--,i myself1 :5 /ill 9 swaddl+ clo!s1 0 once left alone1 & saw a great & ag$ s]p5t1 :i* _h come out ( a hole 9 ! wall ( ! h\se2 ,i call$ my fa!r1 :o 0 9 ! next room2 he ran ) o!rs ( ! h\sehold1 s\ght = a /ick1 gr[l$ at ! pres5ce ( ! s]p5t1 utt]+ words ( vehem5t ang]1 :ile ! o!rs express$ _! fe> = me1--& ,i und]/ood _! words no less cle>ly1 ,i believe1 ?an ,i %\ld und]/& !m n[4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s1 wak+ up z if f a dream1 ,i recall$ all ?is to _! memory1 no?+ be+ fur!r f ! m9ds ( my p>5ts2 !y 7 greatly a/oni%$4#i ,z well !y might be6 ,x is h>dly "r1 h[ev]1 to see 9 ! /ory evid5ce ( m>vell\s faculty %[+ itself 9 infancy1 beyond t ( an impressionable & t5aci\s m9d4 ,no d\bt ! drama _h be5 repeat$ _m times by ! p>5ts = beho( ( visitors4#aj ,sup]/iti\s beliefs ab\nd$ among ,bruno's fell[-c\ntrym52 _m ( !m clung to him ?r\gh life1 7 m\ld$ by him into a place 9 8 philosophy1 & bore fruit 9 8 lat] tea*+ & practice ( natural magic4 ,?us we are told h[ ! spirits ( ! e>? & ( ! wat]s may at times1 :5 ! air is pure & calm1 become visible to ! eye4 ,he himself _h se5 !m on ,bee* ,hill1 & on ,laurel ,hill1 & !y frequ5tly appe>$ to ! inhabitants ( ^! places1 sometimes play+ tricks ^u !m1 /eal+ & hid+ _! cattle1 b aft]w>ds return+ ! prop]ty to _! /alls4 ,o!r spirits 7 se5 ab\t ,nola by ! temple ( ,portus 9 a solit>y place1 & ev5 "u a c]ta9 rock at ! roots ( ,m\nt ,cicala1 =m]ly a cemet]y = ! plague-/rick52 he & _m o!rs _h suff]$ ! exp]i5ce :5 pass+ at night ( be+ /ruck ) a multitude ( /ones1 :i* reb\nd$ f ! head & o!r p>ts ( ! body ) great =ce1 9 quick succession1 b did no injury ei!r to him or to any ( ! o!rs4#aa ,x 0 at ,nola t ,bruno saw :at seem$ a ball or beam ( fire1 b 0 really "o ( ! liv+ be+s t inhabit ! e!real space2 z x came mov+ swiftly 9 a /raight l9e1 x almo/ t\*$ ! ro(s ( ! h\ses & w\ld h /ruck ! face ( ,m\nt ,cicala1 b x sprang up into ! air & pass$ ov]4#ab ,to und]/& ! m9d ( ,bruno1 x is necess>y to rememb] ! atmosph]e ( sup]/ition 9 :i* he liv$ z a *ild4 ,sid5ote3 ,unity ( ,nature4 ,"o lesson f nature 0 e>ly implant$ :i* gave body & =m to ,bruno's lat] views3 he _h se5 f ,cicala1 ! fair m\nt1 h[ ,vesuvius look$ d>k1 rugg$1 b>e1 b>r51 & repell5t2 b :5 lat] he /ood on ! slopes ( ,vesuvius itself1 he discov]$ t x 0 a p]fect g>d51 ri* 9 all ! faire/ =ms & col\rs1 & luxuri\s b\nty ( fruits1 :ile n[ x 0 8 own belov$ hill1 ,cicala1 t gloom$ dim & =mless 9 ! di/ance4 ,he le>nt once = all t ! div9e maje/y ( nature is ev]y:]e ! same1 t di/ance alt]s ! look b nev] ! nature or sub/ance ( ?+s1 t ! e>? is ev]y:]e full ( life1--& beyond ! e>? ! :ole univ]se1 he inf]r$1 mu/ be ! same4#ac ,,ii ,sid5ote3 ,naples4 ,sid5ote3 #aefc4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,dom9icans4 ,:5 ab\t elev5 ye>s ( age1 ,bruno pass$ f ,nola to ,naples 9 ord] to receive ! high] education ( ! day--,humanity1 ,logic1 & ,dialectic1--att5d+ bo? public & private c\rses2 & 9 8 fifte5? ye> 7#aefb or #aefc7 he took ! habit ( ,/4 ,dom9ic1 & ent]$ ! mona/]y ( t ord] 9 ,naples4 ,( 8 e>li] tea*]s he m5tions only two1--il ,s>nese1 :o is probably ,v9c5zo ,colle da ,s>no1 a writ] ( repute1 & ,fra ,!ophilo da ,vairano1 a fav\rite expon5t ( ,ari/otle1 :o 0 aft]w>ds call$ to lecture 9 ,rome4 ,mu* +5uity has be5 ex]cis$ 9 attempt+ to f9d a reason = ,bruno's *oice ( a religi\s life2 b ! ,*ur* 0 almo/ ! only c>e] op5 to a clev] & /udi\s boy1 ^: p>5ts 7 nei!r ri* nor p[]ful4 ,! ,dom9ican ,ord] into :i* he 0 tak51 al?\gh ! n>r[e/1 & ! mo/ bigot$1#ad 0 all-p[]ful 9 ! k+dom1 & direct$ ! ma*9]y ( ! ,inquisition4 ,naples 0 gov]n$ by ,spa9 ) a firm h&1 & ! ,dom9ican 0 ! *os5 ord] ( ,spa94 ,j at ?is "t !re 7 riots aga9/ ! ,inquisition1 to :i* an end 0 put by ! behead+ & burn+ ( two ( ! r+lead]s4#ae ,! ,wald5sian p]secution 0 !n fi]c] & m brutal ?an x _h ev] be52 on a day ( #aefa eighty-eight victims 7 but*]$ ) ! same knife1 _! bodies qu>t]$1 & di/ribut$ along ! road to ,calabria4#af ,plague1 fam9e1 e>?quake1 ! ,turks1 & ! ,brig&s1 "u ,k+ ,m>coni1 swell$ ! wave ( disa/] t _h come ^u ! k+dom ( ,naples4 ,little wond] !n t "o ^: aim 0 a life ( le>n+ %\ld seek x "u ! mantle ( ! /rong ,dom9ican ord]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,cloi/]4 ,sid5ote3 #aegb4 ,! cloi/] /ood above ,naples1 amid/ beautiful g>d5s1 & _h be5 ! home ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ^: g5tle _s /ill brea!d )9 its walls4 ,9 its *ur*1 amid ! ma/]pieces ( ,giovanni ,m]liano ( ,nola1 ! ,buon>otti ( ,naples1 /ood ! image ( ,*ri/ :i* _h spok5 ) ! ,angelic ,doctor1 & _h approv$ 8 works4 ,long aft]w>ds1 at 8 trial1 ,bruno spoke ( hav+ ! works ( ,/4 ,?omas always by him1 cont9ually read+1 /udy+ & re-/udy+ !m1 & hold+ !m de>4 ,on 8 entry into ! ord]1 ,bruno laid d[n1 z 0 cu/om>y1 ! "n ,filippo1 & took t ( ,giordano1 by :i*1 except = a %ort p]iod1 he 0 !nce=? kn[n4 ,aft] 8 ye>'s probation he took ! v[s be=e ,ambrosio ,pasqua1 ! ,prior1 & 9 due c\rse1 probably ab\t #aegb1 became prie/1 8 fir/ mass be+ said 9 ,campagna4#ag ,sid5ote3 ,processes = h]esy4 ,sid5ote3 #aegf4 ,sid5ote3 ,rome4 ,x 0 ! age ( ! c\nt]-re=mation :i* _h be5 inaugurat$ by ,loyola1 its c\rse set by ! decision ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t to erase ) fire & sword ! lea/ traces ( h]esy1 & ,bruno e>ly began to feel 8 fett]s1 & to suff] f _! weight4 ,dur+ 8 noviciate ev51 a writ+ _h be5 drawn up aga9/ him1 because he _h giv5 away "s images ( ! sa9ts1 reta9+ = himself only a crucifix1 & aga9 because he _h advis$ a fell[-novice1 :o 0 read+ ,! ,sev5 ,delights ( ! ,madonna to ?r[ x aside & take r ,! ,lives ( ! ,fa!rs or "s su* book4 ,b ! writ+ 0 m]ely int5d$ to t]rify him1 & ! same day 0 torn up by ! ,prior4#ah ,9 #aegf1 h[ev]1 ! suspicions ( 8 sup]iors took a m active turn1 & a process 0 in/itut$ 9 :i* ! matt] ( ! noviciate 0 support$ by *>ges ( lat] date1 ( :i* ,bruno nev] le>n$ ! details4 ,he believ$ ! *ief c\nt 0 an apology = ! ,arian h]esy made by him 9 ! c\rse ( a private conv]sation1 & r on ! gr\nd ( its s*ola/ically correct =m ?an on t ( its tru?4#ai ,9 any case ,bruno left ,naples :ile ! process 0 p5d+1 & came to ,rome1 :]e he put up 9 ! cloi/] ( ,m9]va4 ,8 accus]s did n leave him 9 peace1 h[ev]3 a ?ird process 0 ?reat5$ at ,rome ) #acj articles2#bj &1 on le>n+ f a fri5dly s\rce t "s works ( ,/4 ,*ryso/om & ,/4 ,hi]onymus1 ) a comm5t>y ( ! ar*-h]etic ,erasmus1 _h be5 discov]$--he _h1 z he suppos$1 safely dispos$ ( !m be=e leav+ ,naples1--,bruno yield$ to discretion1 ab&on$ 8 monkly habit1 & escap$ f ,rome4 ,f ?is "t began a life ( re/less w&]+ ?r\gh\t ,europe :i* end$ only aft] sixte5 ye>s1 :5 he fell into ! p[] ( ! ,inquisition at ,v5ice4 ,,iii ,sid5ote3 ,noli4 ,sid5ote3 #aegf8 ,sid5ote3 ,savona4 ,tur94 ,v5ice4 ,bruno1 :o resum$ = ! "t 8 baptismal "n ( ,filippo1 j\rney$ fir/ to ! picturesque little t[n ( ,noli1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,g5oa1 :i!r a m fam\s exile1 ,dante1 _h also come4 ,!re he liv$ = f\r or five mon?s1 tea*+ gramm> to boys1 & ! ,sph]e--t is1 a/ronomy & cosmography1 ) a da% ( metaphysics1--to c]ta9 g5tlem54 ,!nce he came to ,savona1 to ,tur91#ba & to ,v5ice4 ,9 ,v5ice six weeks 7 sp5t1 probably 9 ! va9 attempt to f9d "w--! pr9t+ (fices & ! s*ools 7 clos$ on acc\nt ( ! plague :i* 0 c>ry+ (f ?\s&s ( ! inhabitants2 b ! "t 0 utilis$ 9 pr9t+ ! fir/ ( 8 books--no long] extant--on ! ,signs ( ! ,times1#bb writt51 l s _m o!r works ( o!r p1 to put toge!r a few dan>i4 ,x 0 %[n to a rev]5d ,fa!r ,remigio ( ,flor5ce1 !re=e 0 probably or?odox1 or its unor?odoxy 0 veil$4 ,?is "w may h be5 ! fir/ ( ,bruno's writ+s on ! art ( memory or on ,lully's art ( kn[+4 ,ano!r "w belong+ to ?is e>ly p]iod 0 ! ,ark ( ,noah4 ,x 0 probably writt5 be=e he left ,naples1 & 0 d$icat$ to ,pope ,pius ,v41 b is n kn[n to h be5 publi%$3 its title is t ( a my/ical writ+ ( ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor1 b accord+ to ! acc\nt 9 ! ,c5a1#bc x 0 an allegorical & probably satirical "w1 some:at aft] ! fa%ion ( ,bruno's ,cabala3--,! animals _h assembl$ to settle a disput$ "q ( rank1 & ! ass 0 9 great dang] ( los+ 8 pre-em95t po/1--9 ! poop ( ! ,ark1--because 8 p[] lay 9 ho(s r ?an 9 horns2 :5 we consid] ,bruno's frequ5t & bitt] invocations ( ,as9ity1 we c h>dly avoid see+ 9 ! "w an allusion to ! cr$ulity & ignorance ( ! monkhood4 ,sid5ote3 ,padua4 ,sid5ote3 ,brescia4 ,sid5ote3 ,milan4 ,sid5ote3 ,b]gamo4 ,sid5ote3 ,*ambry4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5eva4 ,sid5ote3 ,may #aegi4 ,sid5ote3 ,did ,bruno adopt ,calv9ism8 ,sid5ote3 ,fre$om ( spee*4 ,sid5ote3 ,de la ,faye4 ,f ,v5ice1#bd ,bruno tells u1 ,i w5t to ,padua1 :]e ,i f\nd "s fa!rs ( ! ord] ( ,/4 ,dom9ic1 :om ,i knew2 !y p]suad$ me to resume ! habit1 ev5 ?\gh ,i %\ld n wi% to return to ! ord]1 z x 0 m conv5i5t = travel3 ) ?is idea ,i w5t to ,b]gamo1 & _h a robe made ( *eap :ite clo?1 plac+ ov] x ! scapul> :i* ,i kept :5 ,i left ,rome4 ,on 8 way to ,b]gamo he seems to h t\*$ at ,brescia & ,milan1 at ! =m] place cur+1 ) v9eg> & polypod1 a monk :o claim$ to h ! _s ( prophecy4#be ,at ,milan he fir/ he>d ( 8 future patron & fri5d1 ,sir ,philip ,sidney4#bf ,f ,b]gamo he 0 mak+ = ,lyons1 b at ,*ambry 0 w>n$ t he w\ld meet ) little sympa?y !re1 & turn$ accord+ly t[>ds ,g5eva1 ! home ( exil$ re=m]s ( all nationalities1 b especially ( ,italians4 ,x is unc]ta9 h[ ! "t 0 di/ribut$ among ^! places1--possibly ,bruno sp5t a w9t]1 z ,b]ti sugge/s1 at ,*ambry1 hav+ cross$ ! ,alps ! previ\s autumn2--:at is c]ta9 is1 t he arriv$ at ,g5eva 9 ,april or ,may ( #aegi4 ,"u ! date ,may #bb1 ( t ye>1 9 ! book ( ! ,rector ( ! ,academy at ,g5eva1 is inscrib$ ! "n ,philippus ,brunus1 9 8 own h&4 ,on 8 arrival at ! ho/elry 9 ,g5eva1 he 0 call$ ^u by a di/+ui%$ exile & re=m]1 ! ,m>quis ( ,vico1 a ,neapolitan4 ,to ! c\rt at ,v5ice1 ,bruno gave ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is visit & ( 8 life 9 ,g5eva3--,he ask$ me :o ,i 01 & :e!r ,i _h come to /ay !re & to pr(ess ! religion ( ! city1 to :i*1 aft] ,i _h giv5 an acc\nt ( myself & ( my reasons = ab&on+ ! ,ord]1 ,i said t ,i _h no int5tion ( pr(ess+ ! religion ( ! city1 n kn[+ :at x 01 & t !re=e ,i wi%$ r to rema9 liv+ 9 fre$om & security1 ?an 9 any o!r mann]4 ,i 0 p]suad$1 9 any case1 to lay aside ! habit ,i wore2 s ,i _h made = myself f ! clo? a pair ( trews & o!r ?+s1 :ile ! ,m>quis himself1 ) o!r ,italians1 gave me a sword1 hat1 cape1 & o!r necess>ies ( clo?+1 & enabl$ me to support myself s f> by correct+ pro(s4 ,i /ay$ ab\t two mon?s1 & att5d$ at times ! prea*+s & discussions1 bo? ( ,italians & ,fr5*m5 :o lectur$ & prea*$ 9 ! city2 among o!rs1 ,i he>d sev]al times ,nicolo ,balbani ( ,lucca1 :o read on ! epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 & prea*$ ! ,gospels2 b hav+ be5 told t ,i c\ld n rema9 !re long if ,i did n make up my m9d to adopt ! religion ( ! city1 = if n ,i %\ld receive no assi/ance1 ,i resolv$ to leave4#bg ,:5 ! inscription ( ,bruno's "n 9 ! book ( ! ,rector ( ! ,academy 0 f\nd1 a d\bt appe>$ to be ?r[n ^u ! tru? or frankness ( ?is evid5ce ab\t himself4 ,! regulations ( #aeei _h made x necess>y = int5d+ memb]s to accept & sign ! ,calv9i/ confession ( fai?2 b f #aegf onw>d1 x 0 only requir$ t !y %\ld belong to ! community1 a condition ,bruno fulfill$ by att5d+ ! m9i/rations ( ,nicolo ,balbani at ! ,italian ,*ur*2 ?is w\ld acc\nt also = 8 "n be+ 9 ! li/ ( ! ,prote/ant refugees4 ,! real cause ( 8 dep>ture f ,g5eva has1 h[ev]1 be5 reveal$ by ! docum5ts :i* ,duf\r publi%$ 9 #ahhd4bh ,on ,?ursday ,augu/ #f1 #aegi1 "o ,philippe ,jordan call$ ,brunus1 an ,italian1 0 br\ght be=e ! ,c\ncil1 = hav+ caus$ to be pr9t$ c]ta9 replies & invectives aga9/ ,m4 de la ,faye1 enum]at+ tw5ty errors made by ! latt] 9 "o ( 8 lectures4 ,de la ,faye 0 !n ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,academy1 ( :i* 9 #aehj he became ,rector1 resign+ t po/ = ! !ological *air a few ye>s lat]4 ,8 "o title to fame is1 t he 0 ! biograph] ( ,bza1 & he 0 9 no s5se a /rong man2 all ! m bitt] & int5se 0 8 ang] at ! intrud+ ,italian :o criticis$ 8 views1 &--a f> grav] crime--disp>ag$ 8 le>n+4 ,bruno1 he>d be=e a body ( c\ncillors1 & hav+ confess$ 8 fault1 0 to be set free on giv+ ?anks to ,god & an apology to ,m4 de la ,faye1 admitt+ 8 fault be=e ! ,consi/ory 7! gov]n+ body ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,g5eva71 & te>+ up ! defamatory libel4#bi ,b :5 he did appe>1 on ,augu/ #ac1 ! philosoph] adopt$ a diff]5t tone3--,philippe ,brun appe>$ be=e ! ,consi/ory--to admit 8 fault1 9 s f> z he _h err$ 9 doctr9e1 & call$ ! m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,g5eva 'p$agogues1' ass]t+ t he nei!r w\ld excuse nor condemn himself 9 t1 = x _h n be5 report$ truly1 al?\gh he und]/ood t "o1 ,an?ony de la ,faye1 _h made su* a report4 ,inquir$ :om he _h call$ p$agogues1 he repli$ ) _m excuses & ass]tions t he _h be5 p]secut$1 mak+ _m conjectures & num]\s o!r accusations4----,f9ally1 x 0 decid$ t he be duly admoni%$1 t he h to admit 8 fault1 & t1 %\ld he refuse to d s1 he be =bidd5 communion1 & s5t back aga9 to ! ,c\ncil1 :o are pray$ n to endure su* a p]son1 a di/urb] ( ! s*ool2 & 9 ! meantime he %all h to admit 8 fault4 ,he repli$ t he rep5t$ ( hav+ committ$ ! fault1 = :i* he w\ld make am5ds by a bett] conv]sation1 & fur!r confess$ t he _h utt]$ calumny aga9/ ,de la ,faye4 ,! admonitions & exclusions f ! communion 7 c>ri$ out1 & he 0 s5t back ) admonitions4#cj ,app>5tly ^! /eps 7 effective2 ! requir$ apology 0 made1 & on ,augu/ #bg ,bruno 0 absolv$ f ! =m ( excommunication pass$ ^u him4 ,no d\bt1 h[ev]1 life 9 ,g5eva 0 made less easy = him1 & he left soon aft]4 ,! s5t5ce ( excommunication pass$ by ! ,consi/ory--! only "o )9 its p[]--does n prove t ,bruno 0 a full memb] ( ! ,prote/ant community1 nor t he p>took ( ! communion1 :i* at 8 trial 9 ,v5ice he absolutely d5i$ ev] hav+ done2 b =mal excommunication mu/ h entail$ _m unpleasantnesses1 s t 8 appeal = remission is q compreh5sible4 ,8 un=tunate exp]i5ces 9 ,g5eva acc\nt1 h[ev]1 = ! extreme dislike ( ,calv9ism :i* 8 writ+s express4 ,( ! two re=m$ s*ools1 ,lu!ranism 0 by f> ! m tol]ant1 & gave him1 lat]1 ! m cordial welcome4 ,calv91 we mu/ rememb]1 ^: _s cont9u$ 9 ,!odore ,bza1 _h writt5 a pamphlet on ,s]vetus1 a fai?ful exposition ( ! errors ( ,mi*ael ,s]vetus1 a %ort refutation ( ! same1 9 :i* x is %[n to be lawful to co]ce h]etics by ! sword4 ,x 0 m probably1 h[ev]1 ,bruno's attitude t[>ds ! ,ari/otelian philosophy :i* br\ght him into conflict ) ! au?orities3 ,g5eva 0 z ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( ! all-wisdom ( ,ari/otle z ,rome4#ca ,bza _h writt5 to ,ramus t !y _h decid$ once = all1 ne tantillum ab ,ari/otelis s5t5ti deflect]e1 & ,arm9ius1 :5 a y\? ( tw5ty-two1 0 expell$ f ,g5eva = tea*+ ! ,dialectic ( ,ramus4 ,,iv ,sid5ote3 ,lyons4 ,sid5ote3 ,t\l\se4 ,sid5ote3 #aegi-ha ,aft] a %ort /ay 9 ,lyons1 :]e he c\ld n make en\gh to keep him alive1 ,bruno pass$ to ,t\l\se1 :i* boa/$ !n ( "o ( ! mo/ fl\ri%+ univ]sities 9 ! _w4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( 8 life be=e ! ,v5etian tribunal1 he gives two ye>s & a half to ,t\l\se1 b he mu/ h left x be=e ! end ( #aeha1 s t 8 actual /ay 0 only two ye>s4 ,:ile he 0 hold+ private classes on ! ,sph]e1 & o!r philosophical subjects1 a *air at ! ,univ]sity fell vacant4 ,bruno 0 p]suad$ to become a c&idate2 to t end he took a ,doctorate 79 ,!ology71 & 0 all[$ to compete4 ,by ! free election ( ! /ud5ts1 z ! cu/om 01 he 0 *os5 = ! *air1 & !reaft] = two sessions lectur$ on ,ari/otle's ,de ,anima & on o!r matt]s4 ,"p ( ^! lectures is p]haps giv5 to u 9 ! works publi%$ aft]w>ds at ,p>is4 ,x 0 =tunate t ! ,univ]sity did n require ( its ord9>y pr(essors t !y %\ld att5d mass1 z 0 ! case1 = example1 at ! ,sorbonne4 ,bruno c\ld n h done s ow+ to 8 excommunication1 b t he 0 unconsci\s ( any want ( sympa?y t[>ds ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is %[n by 8 visit 9 ,t\l\se to ! confessional ( a ,jesuit4 ,! city 0 n g5]ally fav\rable to h]etics1 & 9 #afaf ,lucilio ,van9i 0 burnt !re = 8 op9ions4 ,a cancell$ phrase 9 ! evid5ce sugge/s t ,bruno's dep>ture f ,t\l\se 0 ow+ to disputes & difficulties reg>d+ 8 doctr9e1 b 8 alleg$ reason 0 ! civil w> t 0 !n rag+ 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 ) ,h5ry ( ,nav>re 9 ! field4 ,:ile at ,t\l\se1 ,bruno seems to h complet$ a "w 9 m ?an "o volume1 ! ,clavis ,magna1 or ,great ,key1 a g5]al1 & z ,bruno ?\ght1 a f9al textbook on ! art ( memory3--,all ! ideas ( ! old] writ]s on ?is subject 7s f> z we are able to make out f ! books t h come to our h&s71 _! doctr9es & me?ods1 h _! fitt+ place 9 our inv5tion1 :i* is a sup]latively pregnant "o1 & has appropriat$ to x ! book ( ! ,great ,key4#cb ,"o volume only1 x appe>s1 0 publi%$ by ,bruno1 & t 9 ,engl&1 ! ,sigillus ,sigillorum4 ,sid5ote3 ,works publi%$ 9 ,p>is4 ,sid5ote3 ,de ,umbris4 ,sid5ote3 ,ars ,memori4 ,sid5ote3 ,cantus ,circu4 ,to ,p>is ,bruno came ab\t ! close ( #aeha1 & almo/ at once sprang into fame4 ,a c\rse ( ?irty lectures on ,! ?irty div9e attributes 7z giv5 by ,?omas ,aqu9as7 br\ght him ! (f] ( an ord9>y pr(essor%ip1 b ?is he c\ld n take1 be+ unable to att5d mass4 ,h[ev]1 8 fame rea*$ ! e>s ( ! k+1 ,h5ry ! ,?ird1 :o summon$ him to 8 pres5ce1 to "k among o!r ?+s :e!r ! memory ,bruno _h1 & ! art ( memory he pr(ess$1 7 natural or due to magic4 ,bruno prov$ to him t a p[]ful memory 0 a natural product1 & d$icat$ to him a book on ! ,art ( ,memory4 ,h5ry ,,iii4 0 ! son ( an ,italian "m1 & _h a ke51 if uncritical & dilettante1 love ( le>n+4 ,at ! "t ,bruno arriv$ 9 ,p>is philosophy 0 "o ( ! k+'s *ief hobbies1 & ! fact _h a great influ5ce on ,bruno's future4 ,dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,p>is ,bruno publi%$ sev]al works1 ( :i* ! fir/ p]haps 0 ! ,%ad[s ( ,ideas 7,de ,umbris ,ide>um71 #aehb1 d$icat$ to ,h5ry ,,iii41 along ) :i*1 b )\t a sep>ate frontispiece1 0 ! ,art ( ,memory 7,ars ,memori ,jordani ,bruni72 !re foll[$ ,! ,incantation ( ,circe 7,cantus ,circu71 #aehb1 d$icat$ to ,pr9ce ,h5ry ( ,ang\lme1 & edit$ by ,regnault4 ,! ,de ,umbris gives ! metaphysical basis ( ! art ( memory1 ! ,ars ,memori a psy*ological analysis ( ! faculty1 & an acc\nt ( ! !ory ( ! art itself1 :ile ! ,cantus ,circu (f]s fir/ a practical application1 & secondly a m elem5t>y acc\nt ( ! !ory & practice ( ! sy/em4 ,obscurity 01 9 ^? days ( p$antry1 "o ( ! safe/ ways ( secur+ a he>+3 !re is no?+ ( value 9 ,bruno's art except ! philosophy by :i* he s\ght to support x--a r5ovat$ ,neoplatonism4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t ! art 0 a conv5i5t means ( introduc+ ,bruno to /range univ]sities1 ga9+ him fav\r ) ! great1 or help+ him out ( press+ money tr\bles4 ,x 0 8 exot]ic philosophy ) :i* he c\ld c>efully drape 8 philosophy ( religion ho/ile to ! ,*ur*1 & ride z a hobby horse 9 8 unfruitful hum\rs4#cc ,!re c be no "q ( ,bruno's own belief 9 x2 x 0 n1 = example1 a ciph] language by :i* he cov]$ 8 real ?\ghts3 ! ,cop]nican !ory is n1 z ,b]ti says1 abs5t f ! ,p>isian writ+s1 r x is =c$ obtrusively into !m4#cd ,sid5ote3 ,de ,comp5dios ,ar*itectur1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,il ,c&elaio4 ,9 ,p>is 0 publi%$ also ! ,comp5di\s ,ar*itecture 7,de ,comp5dios ,ar*itectur et ,complem5to ,artis ,lullii71 #aehb1 d$icat$ to ,giovanni ,moro1 ! ,v5etian ,ambassador 9 ,p>is4 ,x is ! e>lie/ ( ! ,lullian works 9 :i* ,bruno exp\nds or comm5ts ^u ! art ( ,raymond ,lully1 a logical calculus & mnemonic s*eme 9 "o1 t attract$ _m imitators up to & aft] ,bruno's "t4 ,9 ! same ye> appe>$ a "w ( a v diff]5t /amp1 ,il ,c&elaio1 or ,! ,tor*be>]1 a com$y by ,bruno ( ,nola1 ,academico di nulla academia1 detto il fa/idito3 ,9 tri/itia hil>is1 hil>itate tri/is4 ,x is a satire ^u "s ( ! *ief vices ( ! age--9 ! =efront p$antry1 sup]/ition1 & sordid love4 ,)\t great dramatic p[]--! *>act]s are p]sonifi$ types1 n individuals--x has be5 judg$ to be second to none ( ! com$ies ( ! "t1 9 _s1 wit1 & p]t com$y4 ,x c]ta9ly excels 9 _m respects ! ,cortegiana ( ,aret9o1 to :i* x is simil> 9 "*4 ,x is equally reali/ic 9 ! s5se t x calls a spade a spade1 & does n %r9k f repres5t+ vice z speak+ 9 its own language4 ,bruno is n1 h[ev]1 to be blam$ = an obsc5ity :i* 0 de rigueur 9 ! lit]ature ( ! "t4 ,b al?\gh ! hum\r is broad & occasionally amus+1 !re is no grace1 no light] t\*2 ! picture is all d>k4 ,! attack ^u ! p$ant1 h[ev]1 /rikes a keynote ( ,bruno's life2 9 him he saw ! greate/ enemy 8 tea*+ _h to face1 & !re=e he /ruck at him :5ev] ! opportunity (f]$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,univ]sity4 ,ow+ p]haps to "s ( ^! works1 ,bruno 0 grant$ an ,extraord9>y ,read]%ip at ! univ]sity4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 two univ]sities 9 ,p>is1 & x is unc]ta9 at :i* ,bruno taught3 !y 7 ! ,sorbonne1 ca?olic & cons]vative1 ! c5sor%ip ( :i* mu/ h pass$ 8 ,p>isian works1 & ! ,college ( ,france--foll[+ ! lib]al policy ( its f\nd]1 ,francis ,,ii41 decl>+ w> aga9/ p$antry 9 g5]al1 & ! ,jesuit ,society 9 p>ticul>4#ce ,z has be5 said1 ,bruno 0 at ?is "t eag] to be tak5 back into ! fold ( ! ,*ur*1 & turn$ to ! ,jesuits = assi/ance1 s t ! latt] college c\ld h>dly h be5 8 habitation2 on ! o!r h&1 8 revolution>y tea*+ c\ld n fail 9 ! end to excite ! indignation ( ! ,sorbonne pupils3 ,ari/otle 01 "h z else:]e1 div9e4 ,yet :5 ,bruno return$ to ,p>is 9 #aehe1 & :5 he 0 on ! eve ( a second dep>ture1 he recall$ ) pleasure ! humanity & k9dness %[n to him by rectors & pr(essors on 8 fir/ visit4 ,!y _h hon\r$ him by ! cont9u$ pres5ce ( ! m le>n$ at 8 lectures bo? public & private1 s t any title r ?an t ( /rang] 0 befitt+ him ) ?is k9dly p>5t ( lett]s4#cf ,& ,no/itz1 "o ( ,bruno's pupils1 rememb]$ ) admiration1 ?irty-?ree ye>s lat]1 ! skill & v]satility ( 8 tea*]3 ,he 0 able to disc\rse impromptu on any subject sugge/$1 to speak )\t prep>ation ext5sively & eloqu5tly1 & he attract$ _m pupils & admir]s 9 ,p>is4#cg ,b ,bruno's evil g5ius w\ld n all[ him re/2 :e!r on acc\nt1 z he himself says1 ( tumults1--:i* may mean ei!r ! civil w>#ch or an active resi/ance to 8 own tea*+ on ! "p ( ! y\? ( ,p>is1--or because ( ! attraction ( a less bigot$ c\ntry1 he 0 drawn 9 #aehc to ex*ange ,p>is = ,london4 ,v ,sid5ote3 ,engl&1 #aehc4 ,engl& "u ,elizabe? 0 r5[n$ = its tol]ance2 all mann] ( religi\s refugees f\nd !re a place ( safety3 to ,italians its welcome 0 p>ticul>ly cordial1 _! language 0 ! fav\r$ "o ( ! c\rt1 & ,elizabe? h]self eag]ly saw & spoke ) !m 9 _! own tongue4 ,florio--an ,italian 9 spite ( hav+ _h ,london = 8 bir?place1 ! fri5d ( ,%akespe>e1 ( ,sp5s] & ,b5 ,jonson--0 con/antly at c\rt2 two ( ,elizabe?'s physicians 7 ,italian1 z 7 sev]al ( ! tea*]s ( ! univ]sities4 ,p]haps ! happie/ days ( ,bruno's tr\bl$ life 7 sp5t "h2 he _h access to ! mo/ brilliant lit]>y society ( ! "t2 he 0 able to speak1 write1 & publi% 9 8 own tongue1 & 9 consequ5ce gave all ! mo/ poli%$ & brilliant ( 8 works to ! _w dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,sid5ote3 ,ox=d1 #aehc4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,univ]sity & ,ari/otle4 ,9 ,april1 ,may1 & ,june ( #aehc ,bruno 0 9 ,ox=d1 al?\gh ! univ]sity & college records make no m5tion ( 8 "n4 ,he mu/ h kn[n x z a /ronghold ( ,ari/otelianism2 on its /atutes /ood t ,ba*elors & ,ma/]s :o did n foll[ ,ari/otle fai?fully 7 liable to a f9e ( five %ill+s = e po9t ( div]g5ce1 & = e fault committ$ aga9/ ! ,logic ( ! ,organon2 & t ?is 0 no dead law _h be5 prov$ a few ye>s be=e :5 "o ,b>ebones 0 degrad$ & expell$ because ( an attack on ,ari/otle f ! /&po9t ( ,ramus4 ,! only liv+ subject ( tea*+ 0 !ology1 !re 0 no real sci5ce1 & no real s*ol>%ip4 ,?is peaceful s*ool 0 n likely to be gratifi$ by ! lett] :i* ,bruno wrote ask+ p]mission to lecture at ,ox=d2 x is pr9t$ 9 ! ,explicatio ,trig9ta ,sigillorum3#ci ,to ! mo/ excell5t ! ,vice-,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 its mo/ fam\s ,doctors & celebrat$ ,ma/]s--,salutation f ,philo!us ,jordanus ,brunus ( ,nola1 ,doctor ( a m sci5tific !ology1 pr(essor ( a pur] & less h>mful le>n+1 kn[n 9 ! *ief univ]sities ( ,europe1 a philosoph] approv$ & hon\rably receiv$1 a /rang] ) none b ! uncivilis$ & ignoble1 a wak5] ( sleep+ m9ds1 tam] ( presumptu\s & ob/9ate ignorance1 :o 9 all respects pr(esses a g5]al love ( man1 & c>es n = ! ,italian m ?an = ! ,briton1 male m ?an female1 ! mitre m ?an ! cr[n1 ! toga m ?an ! coat ( mail1 ! c[l$ m ?an ! unc[l$2 b loves him :o 9 int]c\rse is ! m peaceable1 polite1 fri5dly & useful--7,brunus7 :om only propagators ( folly & hypocrites dete/1 :om ! hon\rable & /udi\s love1 :om noble m9ds applaud4 ,! epi/le :i* s beg9s is ! preface to a "w on ! art ( discov]+1 arrang+1 & rememb]+ facts ( k1 by :i* ,bruno hop$ to comm5d himself to ! ,engli%1 z he _h succe$$ 9 comm5d+ himself to ! ,fr5* univ]sities4 ,he attempt$ to dis>m prejudice by %elt]+ "u ! tw(old tru?--if ?is writ+ appe>s to conflict ) ! common & approv$ fai?1 und]/& t x is put =w>d by me n z absolutely true1 b z m consonant ) our s5ses & our reason1 or at lea/ less dissonant ?an ! o!r side ( ! anti!sis4 ,& rememb]1 t we are n s mu* eag] to %[ our own k1 z mov$ by ! desire ( %[+ ! weakness ( ! common philosophy1 :i* ?ru/s =w>d :at is m]e op9ion z if demon/ratively prov$1 & ( mak+ x cle> by our discussion 7if ! gods grant x7 h[ mu* 9 h>mony ) regulat$ s5se1 9 consonance ) ! tru? ( ! sub/ance ( ?+s1 is t :i* ! g>rul\s multitude ( plebeian philosoph]s ridicule z =eign to s5se4 ,sid5ote3 ,alasco ( ,pol&4 ,sid5ote3 ,! disputation4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,c5a4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,causa4 ,he 0 coldly receiv$1 h[ev]2 9 common-s5se ,engl& 8 new art c\ld evoke no en?usiasm1 & 8 real & vital doctr9es met ) no?+ b opposition at ! old univ]sity--! wid[ ( true sci5ce1 ,bruno calls x4 ,f ! #aj? to ! #ac? ,june ! ,poli% pr9ce1 ,alasco1 0 9 ,ox=d1 & disputations 7 held 9 8 hon\r z well z banquets4 ,among o!rs1 ,bruno disput$ publicly 9 pres5ce ( ! pr9ce & "s ( ! ,engli% nobility4#dj ,alasco appe>s to h caus$ "s excitem5t to ! ,elizabe?an c\rt4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,faunt 7( ! secret>y's (fice7 he _h be5 ,g5]al 9 m ?an =ty f\ght battles1 spoke ,lat9 & ,italian well1 & 0 ( great rev5ues4 ,mauvissire grumbl$ 9 a lett] to ! ,fr5* k+1 t ! ,palat9e ,lasque & a ,scotti% ambassador seem$ to be gov]n+ ! c\rt4#da ,! real object ( ! visit 0 app>5tly political1 to prev5t ! traffic 9 arms betwe5 ,engl& & ,muscovy4#db ,:e!r ,alasco succe$$ 9 ?is design or n1 he seems to h f\nd life 9 ,engl& too fa/ = 8 purse--,a le>n$ man ( graceful figure1 ) a v long be>d1 9 decor\s & beautiful attire1 :o 0 receiv$ k9dly by ! ,que51 ) great hon\r & praise by ! nobles1 by ! univ]sity ( ,ox=d ) erudite delectations 7oblectationibus7 & v>i$ spectacles2 b aft] f\r mon?s1 be+ h>ass$ = debt1 he )drew secretly4#dc ,! arrival ( ?is tragic-comic figure 9 ,ox=d appe>s to h gratifi$ ! city & univ]sity2 he 0 mo/ hospitably receiv$1 & put up at ,*ri/ ,*ur*4 ,on ! foll[+ day !re 0 a d9n] at ,all ,s\ls1 at :i* he 0 solemnlie satisfi$ ) s*ol>lie ex]cises & c\rtlie f>e4 ,t ev5+ 0 p]=m$ a pleasant com$ie1 ! ,rivales1 & on ! foll[+ night a /atelie trag$ie1 ,dido1#dd & !re 7 9 ! int]vals %[s1 disputations 9 philosophy1 physics1 & div9ity1 9 all ( :i*1 we are glad to "k1 ^! le>n$ oppon5ts1 respond5ts1 & mod]ators1 acquitt$ !mselves l !mselves1 %>plie & s\ndlie4 ,let u hope t ,bruno too1 :o took "p 9 "o ( ^! disputations1 made ?is impression4 ,accord+ to 8 own acc\nt ! protagoni/ put =w>d by ! univ]sity c\ld n reply to "o ( 8 argum5ts1 & 0 left fifte5 times by z _m syllogisms1 l a h5 9 ! /ubble1 resort+ accord+ly to incivility & abuse1 9 face ( ! pati5ce & humanity ( ! ,neapolitan re>$ "u a k9d] sky4 ,! result 0 un=tunate = ,bruno2 x put an end to ! public lectures1 :i* he 0 giv+ at ! "t1 on ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l & on ! ,five-fold ,sph]e4 ,! same mon? he return$ to ,london1 & %ortly aft] publi%$ ! ,c5a 7,a%-,w$nesday ,supp]71 9 :i* he ridicul$ ! ,ox=d ,doctors4 ,int] alia1 he ?\ght !y knew a good deal m ( be] ?an ( ,greek4#de ,! impression ?is attack produc$ 9 8 ,london circle 0 app>5tly n t :i* he desir$1 = 9 ! foll[+ dialogue1 ! ,causa1 he 0 mu* m judici\s4#df ,he admitt$ mu* 9 ! univ]sity t 0 well in/itut$ f ! beg9n+3 ! f9e arrangem5t ( /udies1 ! gravity ( ! c]emonies1 c>eful ord]+ ( ! ex]cises1 seeml9ess ( ! habits worn1 & _m o!r circum/ances t made = ! requirem5ts & adornm5t ( a univ]sity2 )\t d\bt e "o mu/ admit x to be ! fir/ 9 ,europe1 & consequ5tly 9 all ! _w--nay1 m1 9 g5tl5ess ( _s & acut5ess ( m9d1 su* z are naturally br\ght out 9 bo? p>ts ( ,brita91 x equals p]haps ! mo/ excell5t ( ! univ]sities4 ,nor is x to be =gott5 t be=e speculative philosophy 0 taught 9 any o!r "p ( ,europe x fl\ri%$ "h1 & ?r\gh its pr9ces 9 metaphysics 7al?\gh b>b>ians 9 spee* & ( ! pr(ession ( ! c[l7 ! spl5d\r ( "o ( ! noble/ & r>e/ sph]es ( philosophy1 9 our times almo/ ext9ct1 0 diffus$ to all o!r academies 9 civilis$ c\ntries4 ,:at ,bruno condemn$ 9 ,ox=d 0 ! undue att5tion x gave to language & words1 to ! ability to speak 9 ,cic]onian ,lat9 & 9 eloqu5t-phrase1 neglect+ ! realities ( :i* ! words 7 signs4 ,z = ! k ( ,ari/otle & ( philosophy g5]ally t 0 dem&$ = ! degree ( ,ma/] or ,doctor1 ,bruno sugge/s an evasion t probably _h its orig9 9 ! und]graduate wit ( ! "t4 ,! /atute read nisi potav]it e fonte ,ari/otelis1 b !re 7 ?ree spr+s 9 ! t[n1 ! ,fons ,ari/otelis1 ,fons ,py?agorae1 ,fons ,platonis1 & z ! wat] = ! be] & cid] 0 tak5 f ^! spr+s1 "o c\ld n be ?ree days 9 ,ox=d )\t imbib+ n m]ely ( ! spr+ ( ,ari/otle1 b ( ^? ( ,py?agoras & ( ,plato z well4 ,doctors 7 easily creat$ & doctorates easily b\ght4 ,!re 7 ( c\rse exceptions1 m5 r5[n$ = eloqu5ce & doctr9e l ,tobias ,mat!w#dg & ,culpepp]1#dh b z a rule ! nobility & be/ m5 g5]ally refus$ to avail !mselves ( ! hon\r1 & pref]r$ ! sub/ance ( le>n+ to its %ad[4 ,,vi ,sid5ote3 ,london4 ,x 0 aft] 8 return f ,ox=d t ! pleasant & busy life 9 ,london lit]>y society began--! p]iod ( ,bruno's greate/ productiv5ess4 ,9 ! h\se ( ! enlight5$ & cultur$ ,mauvissire he f\nd1 = ! fir/ "t s9ce leav+ ,nola1 a home4#di ,bruno's position 9 ,london has giv5 rise to great diff]5ce ( op9ion2 none ( ! ord9>y contempor>y records make m5tion ( him1 or ! slighte/ allusion to 8 pres5ce 9 ,engl&4 ,at 8 trial he pr(ess$ to h br\ght lett]s to ! ,fr5* ,ambassador f ! ,k+ ( ,france1 to h /ay$ at ! h\se ( ! =m] cont9u\sly1 to h gone con/antly to ! ,c\rt ) ! ,ambassador1 & to h kn[n ,elizabe?2 & 9 8 works he claims intimacy ) ,sidney & ,greville4 ,x 0 consequ5tly ?\ght t he mov$ 9 ! highe/ ,engli% society ( ! "t1 & f ! ,c5a t he belong$ to a lit]>y cot]ie1 or club1 ( :i* ,sidney1 ,greville1 ,dy]1 ,temple1 & o!rs 7 memb]s4 ,lag>de1 believ+ ,bruno 7b on ludicr\s gr\nds7#ej to h sprung f ! l[e/ ( ,italian society1 c\ld h>dly accept ?is famili> leg5d ( ,bruno-biographies1 & m rec5tly1 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review has que/ion$ bo? ! fri5d%ip ) ,sidney & ,greville1 & ! exi/5ce ( ! suppos$ ,society4 ,z to ! la/1 !re 0 c]ta9ly at "o "t a lit]>y society1 ,sidney's ,areopagus1 to :i* ,sp5s] belong$ 9 #aegi1 b :i* conc]n$ itself *iefly ) artificial rules ( v]sification1 & ! m]its ( v>i\s metres2 ! habit ( meet+ may h v well p]si/$ = a few ye>s1 aft] ! fir/ flu% ( en?usiasm _h pass$1 & ! ,a% ,w$nesday supp] may h repres5t$ "o ( ^! meet+s to :i* ,bruno--! def5d] ( ! ,cop]nican !ory--may h be5 invit$ z ,protagoni/4 ,z = ,bruno's position1 x mu/ h be5 t ( a secret>y or tutor1 p]haps bo?1 9 ,mauvissire's employm5t4 ,! ,fr5* ,ambassador 0 con/antly 9 want ( funds1 & c\ld n v well af=d to support any casual /rang] :om ! ,k+ ( ,france recomm5d$ to him4 ,9 ,novemb] #aehd he compla9$ ( absolute p5ury1 ( be+ unable to obta9 money due to him f ! ,k+ ( ,france 7! ,k+ paid him by occasional doles only71 ( be+ h>d press$ by ,london & ,italian bank]s1 :ile 8 wife 0 9 ill heal?4 ,he 0 n greatly respect$ ei!r by ! ,c\rt1 :o1 ) good gr\nds1 believ$ him to h no influ5ce ) ! ,fr5* ,k+1 or by ,m>y ( ,scotl& & ! ,engli% ,ca?olics1 p>tly because ( 8 suppos$ ,hugu5ot lean+s1 & p>tly because ( _! di/ru/ ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 or by ! ,fr5* ,k+ himself4 ,mauvissire _h be5 s5t to ,engl& z "o :o c\ld be tru/$ n to err by way ( undue zeal4 ,h5ry _h no desire to see ! un=tunate ,que5 ( ,scots lib]at$1 al?\gh he put out all 8 diplomatic p[] to save h] life2 ! /atus quo 9 ,engl& suit$ 8 policy only too well2 !re 0 no ne$ = active int]f]5ce4 ,x 0 ,m>y ( ,guise t spurr$ on ,mauvissire to act z en]getically z he did = ,que5 ,m>y4 ,we may assume !n t ,bruno1 :5 ,ox=d reject$ him1 ent]$ ! ,fr5* ,embassy z an un(ficial secret>y4 ,! words he employ$ at ! ,v5etian inquiry q h>monise ) ?is supposition3 ,9 8 h\se ,i /ay$ z 8 g5tleman1 no?+ m1 n z fri5d or gue/1 b z 8 g5tleman4#ea ,t he w5t con/antly to ,c\rt ) ! ,ambassador1 & 0 introduc$ to ,que5 ,elizabe?1 w\ld be natural 9 ! case ( a secret>y--x w\ld be curi\s 9 ! case ( a m]e gue/1 or ( any s]vant l[] ?an a secret>y4 ,f9ally1 9 ! ,inf9ito#eb ! grateful rem>k t ,mauvissire ent]ta9$ ,bruno )9 8 family1 n z "o :o 0 ( s]vice to him 7,mauvissire71 b z "o :om he c\ld s]ve on ! _m occasions 9 :i* aid 0 requir$ by ! ,nolan1 obvi\sly sugge/s t s]vices 7 r5d]$ by ,bruno to ! ,ambassador4 ,a man :o 0 prep>$ to make a liv+ by tea*+ *ildr5 z readily z by lectur+ to /ud5ts1 by sett+ books 9 pr9t z readily z by writ+ !m1 0 n likely to be an exp5sive secret>y1 & x mu/ h be5 pleasant to ,bruno to escape f ! turmoil ( s*ola/ic /rife & its bitt] antagonisms to ! quiet hav5 ( ! ,embassy4 ,8 ho/ 0 a well-mean+1 k9dly1 b un=tunate man1 unequal to ! great issues t 7 be+ decid$ ar\nd him4 ,al?\gh x 0 a ,ca?olic family1 & mass 0 frequ5tly said 9 ! h\se1 ,bruno's religi\s fre$om 0 respect$4 ,he att5d$ nei!r mass nor any ( ! prea*+s1 on acc\nt ( 8 excommunication4 ,if "o may judge f ,bruno's en?usiasm1 ! wife & daught] ( ,mauvissire mu/ h be5 *>m+ companions1 ! "o end[$ ) no mean beauty ( =m1 bo? veil+ & clo?+ ! _s )91 & also ) ! ?reefold bless+ ( a discreet judgm5t1 a pleas+ mode/y1 & a k9d c\rtesy1 hold+ 9 an indissoluble tie ! m9d ( h] consort1 & captivat+ all :o come to "k h]2 ! o!r1 :o has sc>cely se5 six summ]s1 & f h] spee* y c\ld n tell :e!r %e be ( ,italy1 ( ,france1 or ( ,engl&2 f h] musical play1 :e!r %e is ( corporeal or incorporeal sub/ance2 f ! ripe sweetness ( h] mann]s1 :e!r %e is desc5d$ f heav5 or ris5 f e>?4#ec ,= ,mauvissire himself1 to :om ! ?ree mo/ important ( ! ,italian dialogues are d$icat$1 no words t ,bruno c inv5t are too high praise4 ,9 ! d$ication ( ! ,causa1 aft] comp>+ 8 p]sev]+ zeal & delicate diplomatic p[]s to ! dropp+ ( wat] ^u h>d /one1 & 8 /eadfa/ support ( ,bruno 9 face ( detractions ( ! ignorant & ! m]c5>y1 ( sophi/s1 hypocrites1 b>b>ians1 & plebeians1 to ! /r5g? ( ! rock aga9/ see?+ waves1 ! philosoph] adds1 ,i1 :om ! fooli% hate1 ! ignoble despise1 :om ! wise love1 ! le>n$ admire1 ! great hon\r--,i1 = ! great fav\rs enjoy$ f y1 food & %elt]1 fre$om1 safety1 h>b\rage1 :o ?r\gh y h escap$ s t]rible & fi]ce a /orm1 to y consecrate ?is an*or1 ^! %r\ds & slack5$ sails1 ?is m]*&ise s de> to me1 m preci\s /ill to ! future _w1 to ! end t ?r\gh y\r fav\r !y may n fall a prey to ! ocean ( inju/ice1 turbul5ce1 & ho/ility4 ,! m]*&ise ( :i* ,bruno ?\ght s highly 0 ! ,dialogue itself2 we mu/ ( c\rse all[ = ! gr&iloqu5ce ( ! d$ications ( ! "t1 & ( ,bruno's especially1 b a real gratitude %9es ?r\gh ! words4 ,sid5ote3 ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5doa4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! ,que5 mu/ be tak5 mu* less s]i\sly1 al?\gh 8 praise ( h] =m$ "o ( ! _m c\nts aga9/ him 9 ,v5ice4 ,t mo/ s+ul> & r>e ( ladies1 :o f ?is cold clime1 ne> to ! ,arctic p>allel1 %$s a bright light ^u all ! t]re/rial globe4 ,elizabe?1 a ,que5 9 title & 9 dignity1 inf]ior to no ,k+ 9 all ! _w4 ,= h] judgm5t1 c\nsel1 & gov]nm5t1 n easily second to any o!r t be>s a sceptre 9 ! e>?4 ,9 h] famili>ity ) ! arts1 k ( ! sci5ces1 und]/&+ & practice ( all languages spok5 9 ,europe by ! p or by ! le>n$1 ,i leave ! :ole _w to judge :at rank %e %\ld hold among pr9ces4#ed ,9 a satirical passage ( ! ,causa1 :]e ,bruno is prov+ t all vices1 defects1 crimes are mascul9e1 all virtues1 excell5ces1 goodnesses1 fem99e1 ,elizabe? is giv5 z a cr[n+ example3--?an :om no man is m wor?y 9 ! :ole k+dom1 among ! nobles no "o m h]oic1 among ! long rob$ no "o m le>n$1 among ! c\ncillors no "o m wise4#ee ,exagg]at$ z ! language is1 x is n m s ?an 0 common ) ! writ]s :o adorn$ ,elizabe?'s ,c\rt2 & x 0 "o ( 8 errors :i* ,bruno c\ld easily regret be=e 8 judges4 ,9 my book on '! ,cause1 ,pr9ciple1 & ,"o1' ,i praise ! ,que5 ( ,engl& & call h] 'div9e1' n z a t]m ( wor%ip1 b z an epi!t su* z ! anci5ts us$ to apply to _! pr9ces1 & 9 ,engl& :]e ,i !n 01 & :]e ,i compos$ ?is book1 ! title 'div9e' is usually giv5 to ! ,que54 ,i 0 ! m incl9$ to call h] s1 t %e knew me1 z ,i w5t cont9ually ) ! ,ambassador to ,c\rt2 b ,i "k ,i err$ 9 prais+ ?is lady1 %e be+ a h]etic1 & 9 call+ h] 'div9e4' ,?r\gh ,mauvissire1 ,bruno made acqua9tance ) ,b]n>d9o di ,m5doa1 ,spani% ,ambassador to ,engl& f #aegh to #aehd1 a mu* /rong] man z well z a m unscrupul\s s]vant ( 8 k+ ?an ,mauvissire c\ld be4 ,bruno says def9itely t ,m5doa 0 kn[n by him at ! ,engli% ,c\rt4 ,s well 0 he kn[n t ,bruno approa*$ ! ,ambassador 9 ,p>is on ! delicate subject ( 8 own relations ) ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & 0 introduc$ by him to ! ,papal ,nuncio4 ,!re is absolutely no reason = d\bt+ ^! /atem5ts1 & if true1 !y are q compatible ) acqua9tance1 if n fri5d%ip1 betwe5 ,bruno & ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 or ! o!rs :om he m5tions4 ,m5doa 0 n1 h[ev] a p]sona grata at ,c\rt3 he 0 a ?or\gh-go+ support] ( ! ,scotti% ,que51 & seems to h _h a f+] 9 almo/ e conspiracy t 0 plann$ or =m$ by ! ,engli% ,ca?olics4 ,he became unbe>able to ,que5 ,elizabe?2 8 recall 0 dem&$ & refus$2 b 9 ,janu>y ( #aehd he 0 compell$ to leave ,engl&1 & a =mal rupture ) ,spa9 0 ! consequ5ce1 :i* became actual w> f\r ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,philip ( ,spa9 did n des]t 8 *ampion1 9 :om he _h ! highe/ confid5ce4 ,9 ,octob] ( #aehd ,m5doa became ,ambassador to ,france1 & !re 9 #ahee ,bruno r5ew$ acqua9tance ) him4 ,sid5ote3 ,sidney4 ,sid5ote3 ,greville4 ,sid5ote3 ,sp5s]4 ,l all 8 contempor>ies1 ,bruno came "u ! spell ( ,sir ,philip ,sidney's *>m4 ,he _h already he>d 9 ,milan & 9 ,france ( t mo/ illu/ri\s & excell5t cavali]1 "o ( ! r>e/ & brighte/ spirits 9 ! _w4 ,to ,sir ,philip are d$icat$ ! two *ief e?ical writ+s ( ,bruno1 ! ,spaccio1 & ! ,h]oici ,furori1 ) ! express$ assurance t ! au?or is n pres5t+ a lyre to a deaf man1 nor a mirror to a bl9d4 ,! ,italian reasons ) "o :o c und]/& 8 spee*2 8 v]ses are "u ! c5sure & ! protection ( a poet4 ,philosophy displays h] =m unveil$ to s cle> an eye z y\rs4 ,! way ( h]oism is po9t$ out to a h]oic & g5]\s _s4 ,sidney 0 "o ( ! fir/ to take an int]e/ 9 ! ,italian on 8 arrival 9 ,engl&1 & :5 ! ,spaccio 0 publi%$1 on ! eve1 z ,bruno ?\ght1 ( 8 dep>ture f ,engl& t[>ds ! close ( #aehd1ef ,bruno c\ld n turn 8 back ^u ,sidney's beautiful1 =tunate1 & *ivalr\s c\ntry1 )\t salut+ him ) a m>k ( recognition1 along ) ! g5]\s & humane _s1 ,sir ,fulke ,greville4 ,!re 0 "s disagreem5t1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ,greville & ,bruno1 ! invidi\s ,er9nys ( vile1 malignant1 ignoble1 int]e/$ p]sons1 _h spread its poison betwe5 !m1 9 ,bruno's emphatic words4 ,:at ! gr\nd ( division 0 we d n "k2 possibly ! tone 9 :i* ! ,c5a spoke ( ,ox=d m51 & ( ,engli% s*ol>s g5]ally1 _h (f5d$ ,greville1 & ?is may h call$ out ! p>tial retractation 9 ! ,causa4 ,z is well kn[n ! fri5d%ip ( ! two m51 ,sidney & ,greville 7) :om ,edw>d ,dy] 0 closely associat$71 0 ( ! noble/ type4 ,greville di$ 9 #afbh 9 ! fulness ( ye>s & ( hon\rs1 b _h reta9$ ! impress ( 8 "y fri5d%ip fre% to ! end4#eg ,x may be add$ t he became an intimate ( ,francis ,bacon1 :o may ?r\gh him h be5 introduc$ to ,bruno's works4 ,x mu/ h be5 9 "s su* way also t ,sp5s] knew ( ,bruno1 z x is probable t ! ,cantos on ,mutability 7fir/ publi%$ po/hum\sly 9 #afji1 b writt5 probably aft] 8 visit to ,engl& 9 #aeif7 7 sugge/$ by ,bruno's ,spaccio4#eh ,! new poet c]ta9ly c\ld n h met ,bruno1 = he 0 9 ,irel& cont9u\sly1 z secret>y1 f #aehj till #aehi1 :5 he came ov] to publi% ! fir/ ?ree books ( ! ,fa]ie ,que54 ,sid5ote3 ,bacon4 ,sid5ote3 ,%akespe>e4 ,x is possible1 on ! o!r h&1 t ,bruno met ,bacon1 :o 0 a ris+ "y b>ri/] & memb] ( ,p>liam5t :5 he arriv$ 9 ,engl&1 & _h already a*iev$ "s fame z a critic ( ,ari/otle4 ,! idea1 h[ev]1 t he knew & influ5c$ ,%akespe>e1 is entirely fanciful4 ,ri*>d ,field1 a fri5d ( ,%akespe>e1 _h come to ,london 9 #aegi1 & s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip ) ,?omas ,vautrolli]2 & ,field 0 ,%akespe>e's fir/ publi%]1 hav+ set up = himself by #aehg4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t be=e ?is "t ,%akespe>e work$ 9 ,vautrolli]'s pr9t+ (fice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 univ]sally receiv$ t ,vautrolli] 0 ,bruno's publi%] 9 ,engl&1 & ,bruno usually correct$ 8 own pro(s4 ,h5ce ! two may h met1 ,%akespe>e & ,bruno1 9 a grimy pr9t]'s d54 ,! idea is *>m+1 b x has to yield be=e ! light ( fact4 ,%akespe>e did n come to ,london until #aehf1 & !re is no pro( t he work$ ) ,vautrolli]4 ,bruno _h left ,engl& by ! end ( #aehe1 & !re is no pro( t ,vautrolli] 0 8 pr9t]4 ,! sugge/$ analogies betwe5 "o or two ideas 9 ,hamlet & ,bruno's conceptions ( transmigration1 ( ! relativity ( evil1 & ! re/1 are ( ! %all[e/4#ei ,?omas ,vautrolli]1 a ,fr5* pr9t] :o came to ,london "s ye>s be=e1 & set up a press 9 ,blackfri>s1 0 said 7by ,?omas ,bak]7 to h ga9$ an undesir$ notoriety z ,bruno's pr9t]1 & to h be5 compell$ to leave ,engl& = a p]iod1 :i* he sp5t 9 ,ed9burgh1 to ! advantage ( ,scotti% pr9t+4 ,! ,trig9ta ,sigilli & all ! ,italian ,dialogues ( ,bruno 7 c]ta9ly publi%$ 9 ,engl&1 al?\gh ,v5ice or ,p>is 0 set d[n z _! place ( publication4 ,accord+ to ,bruno1 ?is 0 t !y might sell m easily1 & h ! great] success1 = if !y _h be5 m>k$ z pr9t$ 9 ,engl&1 !y w\ld h sold ) great] difficulty 9 ^? p>ts4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r ,vautrolli] 0 really ! pr9t]2 9 any case x 0 n on t acc\nt t he w5t to ,ed9burgh4#fj ,sid5ote3 ,florio4 ,sid5ote3 ,alex&] ,dicson4 ,sid5ote3 ,antidicsonus4 ,sid5ote3 ,watson4 ,( ! ,italians 9 ,engl& dur+ ,elizabe?'s reign ! mo/ famili> to u is ,florio1 ^: fa!r _h be5 prea*] to ! ,prote/ant ,italians 9 ,london4 ,florio _h be5 at ,ox=d1 f :i* univ]sity he d$icat$ 8 ,fir/ ,fruites to ,leice/] 9 #aegh1 s t he 0 already well kn[n z a s*ol> :5 ,bruno came to ,engl& & made 8 acqua9tance4 ,?is may h occurr$ ?r\gh ,sidney2 or vice v]sa1 ,sidney's att5tion may h be5 call$ to ,bruno by ,florio4 ,! latt] 0 describ$ by ,cornwallis z "o :o look$ m l a good fell[ ?an a wise man1 yet 0 wise beyond 8 =tune or 8 education4 ,x 0 long aft] ,bruno's dep>ture t ,florio devot$ himself to ! *>m+ translation ( ,montaigne 7publi%$ 9 #afjc71 ( :i* a copy has be5 f\nd be>+ ,%akespe>e's "n1 :ile to ,%akespe>e is attribut$ a sonnet 9 praise ( ,florio4 ,curi\sly1 we f9d him 9 8 translation ackn[l$g+ assi/ance f "o ) :om ,bruno also has casually connect$ him 9 ! ,c5a1 viz4 ,mat!w ,gw9ne4 ,( ,bruno's m intimate acqua9tance 9 ,engl& we "k little3 !re are two ^: names occur 9 ! dialogues1 ,smi? 9 ! ,c5a1 & ,dicson 9 ! ,causa1 bo? sympa!tic li/5]s & adh]5ts ( ,!ophilo1 :o is ,bruno's repres5tative4 ,! =m] x is naturally difficult to place3 he may h[ev] h be5 ! poet ,william ,smi?1 a disciple ( ,sp5s]1 :o publi%$ a pa/oral poem ,*loris1 or ! ,compla9t ( ! ,passionate ,despis$ ,%eph]d4 ,( ,dicson1--le>n$1 hon\rable1 lovable1 well-born fai?ful fri5d ,alex&] ,dicson1 :om ! ,nolan loves z 8 own eyes1#fa a little m c be told4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( a ,de ,umbra ,rationis1 7#aehc71 obvi\sly inspir$ by ,bruno's ,de ,umbris ,ide>um1 & on ! same basis ( ,neoplatonism4 ,! "w is extremely sket*y1 occasionally diffuse1 & ( little value ev5 7 !re any?+ ( value 9 ! ,art ( ,memory :i* x tea*es4 ,b x seems f a reply x call$ =? 7,antidicsonus7 to h _h "s vogue1 & to h be5 back$ by a vigor\s & aggressive s*ool 9 :i* ,bruno1 :o is jo9$ 9 condemnation ) ,dicson1 may h _h a place4#fb ,! poet ,?omas ,watson has also connect$ ,bruno ) ,dicson 9 8 ,comp5dium ,memori ,localis1 publi%$ 9 #aehe or #aehf4 ,watson also publi%$ a translation ( ,tasso's ,am9ta1 9 ,lat9 hexamet]s1--9 #aehe1 i4e4 9 ! ye> foll[+ ! appe>ance ( ,bruno's ,spaccio1 ) its satire on ,tasso's ,age ( ,gold4#fc ,watson _h be5 9 ,p>is 9 #aeha1 :5 he met ,wals+ham1 & he may ( c\rse h met ,bruno also3 he 0 a s*ol>ly poet1 al?\gh 8 "w lay m 9 ! direction ( translation & imitation ( =eign writ]s1 ?an 9 t ( orig9al v]se1 b dur+ 8 lifetime he rank$ z ! equal ( ,sp5s] & ,sidney4 ,! ,comp5dium ( ,local ,memory is 9 cle>1 simple1 classical ,lat91 9 /rong contra/ ) ! correspond+ works ( ,dicson & ( ,bruno2 b ! pr9ciples ( ! ,art :i* x describes are ^? ( ,bruno1 or ,rav5na1 or ( "s common s\rce1 m skilfully arrang$ & m aptly express$4 ,,vii ,sid5ote3 ,! ,?irty ,seals4 ,sid5ote3 ,c5a de le ,c5]i4 ,sid5ote3 ,de la causa1 pr9cipio et ,uno1 #aehd4 ,sid5ote3 ,de l'inf9ito univ]so et ,mondi4 ,no few] ?an sev5 works f ,bruno's facile p5 7 publi%$ 9 ,engl&2 ! fir/ ( ^! 0 ! ,?irty ,seals1 & ! ,seal ( ,seals 7#aehc7 ,explicatio ,trig9ta ,sigillorum1 quibus adjectus e/ ,sigillus#fd ,sigillorum4 ,x 0 d$icat$ to ,mauvissire1 b ! introductory epi/le 0 address$ to ! ,vice-,*ancellor ( ,ox=d4 ,b\nd along ) x1 9 front1 0 a ,mod]n & ,complete ,art ( ,rememb]+ :i* is m]ely a repr9t ( ! la/ "p ( ! ,cantus ,circu4 ,! "w belongs to ! mnemonic & psy*ological writ+s ( ,bruno2 ! ?irty seals are h9ts = ! acquir+1 arrang+1 & recollect+ ( all sci5ces & arts1 ! ,seal ( ,seals = comp>+ & expla9+ all op]ations ( ! m9d4 ,& x may be call$ ,art ( ,arts2 = "h y w easily f9d all t is !oretically enquir$ into by logic1 metaphysics1 ! cabala1 natural magic1 arts great & small4 7,! "p call$ ,sigillus ,sigillorum 0 a volume ( ,bruno's ,clavis ,magna1 p]haps ! only volume publi%$47 ,x 0 foll[$ by an ,italian dialogue1 ! ,a% ,w$nesday ,supp]1 ,la ,c5a de le ,c5]i1 also d$icat$ to ,mauvissire4 ,writt5 9 praise ( ! ,cop]nican !ory1 x goes beyond ,cop]nicus himself 9 its intuition ( ! inf9ity ( ! univ]se1 ( ! id5tity ( matt] 9 ! e>? ) ! matt] ( ! planets & />s1 & ( ! possibility t su* liv+ be+s inhabit !m z inhabit ! e>?3 e>? & />s !mselves are also said to be liv+ organisms3 s !re are n sev5 planets or w&]+ />s only1 b innum]able su*2 = e _w1 :e!r ( ! sun-type or ( ! e>?-type1 is 9 motion1 its motion proce$+ f ! _s )9 x4 ,f9ally1 ?is philosophy is %[n to be 9 complete accord ) all true religion1 to conflict only ) ! false4 ,aft] ! ,a%-,w$nesday ,supp] came ,cause1 ,pr9ciple1 & ,unity 7,de la causa1 pr9cipio et ,uno71 #aehd2 aga9 d$icat$ to ,mauvissire4#fe ,! fir/ ( its dialogues is an apology = ! ,c5a1 :i*1 z we h se51 _h caus$ consid]able feel+ 9 ,bruno's circle ( read]s1 = ! sev]ity & irony ( its /rictures ^u ,ox=d1 & ,engl& g5]ally4 ,9 ! o!rs ! imman5ce or spirituality ( all causation2 ! et]nity ( matt]2 its div9ity z ! pot5tiality ( all life2 its realisation 9 ! univ]se z a :ole 7z a =m$ ?+72 ! inf9ite :ole & ! innum]able p>ts1 z diff]5t aspects ( ! same3 ! orig9 ( evil & ( dea?3 ! co9cid5ce ( matt] & =m 9 ! ,"o3 ! s\rce ( all individual & f9ite =ms 9 ! "o mat]ial sub/ance3 ! co9cid5ce 9 ! ,"o ( ! possible & ! real1 ! c5tury & ! mom5t1 ! solid & ! po9t3 ! univ]se all c5tre & all circumf]5ce3 div]sity & diff]5ce z no?+ b div]se & diff]5t aspects ( "o & ! same sub/ance3 ! co9cid5ce ( contr>ies3--^! are among ! *ief topics ( ?is1 ! fre%e/ & mo/ brilliant ( ,bruno's philosophical writ+s3 a dialogue wor?y ( ,plato1 ,moritz ,c>rire has said4 ,9 ! same ye> appe>$ ,! ,inf9ite ,univ]se & its worlds 7,de l'inf9ito univ]so et ,mondi71 d$icat$ to ,mauvissire4#ff ,x conta9$ a ma/]ly array ( reasons1 physical & metaphysical1 = ! belief t ! univ]se is inf9ite1 & is full ( innum]able worlds ( liv+ creatures2 s5se & imag9ation are %[n to be at once ! s\rce & ! limit ( human k4 ,yet ! argum5t is ma9ly a priori3 ! inf9ite p[] ( ! ,effici5t ,cause _c be ineffective1 ! div9e goodness _c )hold ! good ( life f any possible be+2 ! div9e w is "o ) ! div9e intellig5ce & ) ! div9e action3 all possible exi/5ce falls )9 ! sph]e ( ! div9e intellig5ce1 !re=e is will$2 b :atev] is will$ is realis$1 = ! p[] is inf9ite2 & :atev] is is good1 = x is will$ by ! inf9itely good4 ,:atev] really is1 is a sub/ance1 & !re=e immortal4 ,! sub/ance ( u is immutable1 only ! outw>d face or =m ( x *anges1 passes away2 9 ! :ole all ?+s are good2 :]e ?+s appe> evil or defective1 x is because we look at ! "p or ! pres5t1 n at ! :ole or ! et]nal4 ,sid5ote3 ,spaccio de la be/ia trionfante4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,cabala1 #aehe4 ,! ,expulsion ( ! ,triumphant ,bea/1 ,spaccio de la be/ia trionfante1 #aehd1fg 0 d$icat$ to ,sir ,philip ,sidney4 ,9 =m an allegorical1 satirical prose poem1 x is 9 fact an introduction to a new e?ical sy/em4 ,a rep5tant ,jupit] resolves to drive out ! num]\s bea/s t occupy 8 heav5ly firmam5t--! con/ellations--& to replace !m by ! virtues1 ) ,tru? z _! cr[n4 ,he calls a c\ncil ( ! gods to consid] ?is plan1 & 9 ! discussion t foll[s numb]less topics are t\*$ ^u--! hi/ory ( religions1 ! contra/ betwe5 natural & positive religion1 & ! fundam5tal =ms ( morality4 ,! ,spaccio is1 h[ev]1 prep>atory to a future "w1 9 :i* moral philosophy %all be treat$ by ! inn] light :i* ! div9e intellectual sun has irradiat$ into my s\l1 says ,bruno2#fh 9 x1 & o!r dialogues1 ! :ole /ructure ( ! philosophy is to be complet$1 ( :i* ! ,be/ia is m]ely a t5tative sket*4#fi ,jupit] repres5ts ! human _s2 & ! con/ellations1 ! ,be>1 ! ,scorpion1 etc41 are ! vices ( ! age1 :i* are to be driv5 out by ,bruno's hi]>*y ( virtues4 ,! "w1 :i* is ri* 9 bo? moral & religi\s sugge/ion1 0 e>ly reg>d$ z an attack on ! ,pope or ! ,*ur*1 ! suppos$ ,triumphant ,bea/4 ,gasp> ,s*opp1 = example1 writes to t effect aft] witness+ ,bruno's dea?4 ,x is really an attack ^u all religions ( m]e cr$ulity z oppos$ to religions ( tru? & ( de$s4 ,! ,cabal 7,cabala del ,cavallo ,pegaseo1 con l' ,aggiunta dell' ,as9o ,cill5ico7 0 publi%$ 9 #aehe4gj ,x is d$icat$ to an imag9>y ,bi%op ( ,casam>ciano1 :o repres5ts ! _s ( backw>dness1 ignorant simplicity1 & 0 n a real p]son1 z "s biograph]s suppos$4 ,x is a /ill m bit+1 a m]ciless satire on ,as9ity 7i4e4 ignorance1 cr$ulity1 & un5quir+ fai? 9 religion74 ,9 a lat] "w#ga !re is a rem>k on ! ,as9us ,cill5icus1 ! image & figure ( ! animal are well kn[n1 _m h writt5 on x1 we among ! re/1 9 a p>ticul> fa%ion2 b z x displeas$ ! vulg>1 & fail$ to please ! wise1 = its s9i/] mean+1 ! "w 0 suppress$4 ,:e!r ?is ref]s to ! :ole ,cabala1 or to ! la/ "p ( x1 is n kn[n4 ,sid5ote3 ,h]oici ,furori1 #aehe4 ,! ,en?usiasms ( ! ,noble 7,de gl' h]oici furori71 #aehe1gb d$icat$ to ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 consi/s ( sonnets1 ) prose illu/rations1 aft] ! model ( ,dante's ,vita ,nuova4 ,its !me is t ( ! ,phdrus & ,symposium1 ! ris+ ( ! love = spiritual beauty out ( t = s5sible beauty1 rea*+ its height 9 ! div9e furor--an ec/atic unity ) ! div9e life1 9 :i* all ! mis]ies & mis=tunes ( ! m]ely e>?ly life disappe>4 ,_m ( ! sonnets are ( extreme beauty1 al?\gh ,brunnh(] goes too f> :5 he speaks ( !m z surpass+ ,petr>ca's1 except 9 smoo?ness ( =m1 & z equall+ ,%akespe>e's4 ,,viii ,sid5ote3 ,! wom5 ( ,engl&4 ,x may n be amiss to give f ^! works "s illu/rations ( life 9 ,engl& z ,bruno f\nd x4 ,engl&1 z 9 ! days ( ,erasmus1 0 r5[n$ on ! cont95t = its beautiful wom51 & ,bruno's passionate & en?usia/ic nature c\ld n b feel ! attraction ( ! fair & graci\s nymphs ( ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,c5a he appeals to ! muses ( ,engl&1 graci\s & g5tle1 s(t & t5d]1 "y1 fair & delicate1 blond-hair$1 :ite ( *91 p9k ( *eek1 ( entic+ lips1 eyes div9e1 brea/s ( ivory1 & he>ts ( adamant3 h[ _m ?\ghts d ,i weave = y 9 my m9d1 h[ _m emotions besiege my _s1 h[ _m passions fill my life1 h[ _m te>s p\r f my eyes1 sighs bur/ f my brea/1 fires sp>kle f my he>t8#gc ,nature 0 tak+ its rev5ge inde$ = ! long ye>s ( suppression 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,if ?is d>k1 sl5d]1 int]e/+ ,italian f\nd fav\r ) ! fair & cultur$ inhabitants ( ,engl&1 he 0 ! less successful ) ! p 9 g5]al1 ! ,plebs1 !n z n[ uncompromis+ly oppos$ to ! =eign]4 ,9 8 belief ,engl& c\ld boa/ ( a ,plebs :i* = want ( respect1 rud5ess1 r\ghness1 ru/icity1 savag]y1 ill tra9+1 0 second to none 9 ! _w4#gd ,no d\bt he writes f exp]i5ce :5 he describes ! great] "p ( !m z appe>+ l s _m wolves & be>s1 :5 !y see a =eign]--"o "p ( !m1 ! artisans1 %opkeep]s1 kn[+ y z "s k9d ( =eign]1 screw _! noses at y1 call y dog6 traitor6 /rang]6 :i* is ) !m a t]m ( high abuse1 & r5d]s its object liable to all ! injuries 9 ! _w1 no matt] :at mann] ( man he is1 "y or old1 9 g[n or 9 uni=m1 noble or g5tleman4 ,!y w come ^u y ) a ru/ic fury1 c>eless ( ! :o or :y1 :]e1 or h[1 n ref]r+ to "o ano!r1 b e "o1 giv+ v5t to ! natural hatr$ he has = ! =eign]1 w try ) 8 own h& & 8 own rod to take ! measure ( y\r d\blet1 & if y are n c>eful to save y\rself1 ( ! hair ( y\r head2--& :5 at l5g? y ?9k y may be all[$ to g to ! b>b]'s1 & to re/ y\r we>i$1 ill-h&l$ body1 behold !m s _m execution]s & tip/affs2--if !y c pret5d t y t\*$ any "o ( !m1 y w h y\r back & legs z sore z if y _h ! heels ( ,m]cury1 or 7 m\nt$ ^u ! ,pegasean ,horse1 or be/rode ! /e$ ( ,p]seus1 ! ,hippogriff ( ,a/olfo1 ! drom$>y ( ,madian1 or _h trott+ "u y "o ( ! giraffes ( ! ?ree ,magicians3 by =ce ( bl[s !y w make y run1 help+ y =w>d ) _! heavy fi/s1--bett] = y 7 !y ho(s ( ox1 ass1 or mule3 & w n let y g till !y h y fa/ 9 a prison1--& !re ,i take my leave ( y4 ,9 ! second dialogue ( ! ,c5a1 !re occurs incid5tally1 a *>act]i/ic acc\nt ( ! /ate ( ,elizabe?an ,london4 ,fulke ,greville _h agre$ ) ,bruno to h a discussion 9 8 h\se on ! ,cop]nican !ory1 on ! ev5+ ( ,a% ,w$nesday4 ,:5 ! day came1 no fur!r message arriv+1 ,bruno conclud$ t ! meet+ _h be5 po/pon$1 & aft] d9n] w5t out to visit "s ,italian fri5ds4 ,return+ aft] sunset1 he f\nd ,florio & ,gu9 7,gwynne71 impati5tly await+ him3 a numb] ( cavali]s1 g5tlem51 & doctors1 _h met to he> ! discussion1 b ! *ief "* ( ! play 0 awant+4 ,!y hurri$ him (f1 9 ! d>k1 & ?9k+ to %ort5 ! road1 left ! /raight way & made = ! ,?ames to get a boat to take !m to ! ,palace4 ,arriv$ at ! bridge ( ,"l ,buckhur/'s ,palace1 we %\t$ & cri$ = 'o>es'--'id e/ ,gondoli]i'--& wa/$ z mu* "t z w\ld easily h suffic$ to take u by l& to our de/9ation1 & to h done "s bus9ess on ! way4 ,at la/ f af> two boatm5 repli$1 & sl[ly1 sl[ly drew up to ! %ore2 aft] _m int]rogations & replies z to ! :5ce1 :i!r1 :y1 & h[ mu*1 !y re/$ ! b[ on ! la/ /ep ( ! bridge4 ,!n "o ( ! two1 t appe>$ l ! anci5t boatman ( ! ,t>t>ean _w1 gave 8 h& to ! ,nolan1 :ile ! o!r1 :o ,i ?9k 0 8 son1 al?\gh 8 ye>s 7 five & sixty or s1 receiv$ ! re/ ( u4 ,al?\gh !re 0 no ,h]cules or ,a5eas or ,rhadaman?1 k+ ( ,s>za1 /ill 444 ,gemuit sub pond]e cimba ,sutilis1 et multam accepit limosa paludem4444 ,! sweet h>mony 7( its creak+ & :i/l+7 l love1 invit$ u to =get our mis=tunes1 ! times & ! seasons1 & to accompany ! s\nds ) song4 ,florio 7recall+ 8 days ( love7 sang ,dove s5za me dolce mia vita1 & ! ,nolan repli$ ) ,s>ac9 dol5te or ,fem5il +egno1 & ! l2 & s little by little we advanc$ z ! b>que p]mitt$4 ,al?\gh worms & age _h r$uc$ x to some?+ l cork1 x seem$ f its fe/9a l5te all ( lead1 & ! arms ( ! two anci5ts worn out4 ,s ) mu* "t we made little way1 & be=e we _h cov]$ a ?ird ( ! di/ance--a little beyond ! place !y call ! ,temple--our old fa!rs1 in/ead ( hurry+1 ran _! pr[ alongside ! %ore4 ,to ! ,nolan ask+ if !y wi%$ a little brea?+ "t1 !y answ]$ t !y 7 n go+ any fur!r1 = ?is 0 _! /ance4 ,9 conclusion1 !y w\ld n budge = u1 & :5 we _h paid !m & ?ank$ !m 7!re is no?+ else to d :5 y suff] a wrong f "o ( ^! canaille71 !y %[$ u ! direct road = gett+ on to ! /reet4 ,n[1 oh = y\r help1 ,maphel9a1 muse ( ,m]l96 ,t 0 a road :i* comm5c$ 9 a black mud1 f :i* !re 0 no escape ev5 by good luck4 ,! ,nolan1 :o _h /udi$ & practis$ 9 ! s*ools m ?an we1 bade u foll[ him ?r\gh a passage1 t he ?\ght to see1 fil?y ?\gh x 04 ,b he _h n ceas$ speak+ :5 he 0 plant$ 9 ! mire s firmly t he c\ld n drag out 8 limbs1 & s ) mutual help we w5t ?r\gh ! mid/ ( x1 hop+ t ! purgatory w\ld be ( %ort duration2 b by unju/ & h>d fate he & we f\nd ourselves engulf$ 9 a slimy passage1 t1 j z if x 7 ! 'field ( jeal\sy' or ! 'g>d5 ( delights1' 0 b\nd$ on ?is side & on t by good walls1 & because !re 0 no light to guide u we c\ld n di/+ui% betwe5 ! way we _h come & ! way we ought to g1 hop+ at e /ep = ! end4 444 ,high] up ! /reet we f\nd a lava :i* on "o side left a /ony place :]e we c\ld walk dry2 /ep by /ep we /umbl$ l drunk m5--& n )\t dang] ( break+ a head or a leg4 ,to make a long /ory %ort at la/ ! ,elysian fields appe>$1 viz4 ! broad1 ord9>y /reet--& !n f ! h\ses we discov]$ we 7 ab\t tw5ty /eps f ! place :]e we _h set out to f9d ! boatman1 & n f> f ! ,nolan's rooms6 ,! temptation to give up ! exp$ition 0 ov]come1 & aft] sundry adv5tures ) appr5tices1 s]vitors1 & bravos ( ! g5tle class1 !y arriv$ safely at ,fulke ,greville's1 :]e supp] 0 already 9 progress4 ,sid5ote3 ,ho/ility 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,italian dialogues ! p]sonal note ( compla9t s\nds m highly ?an 9 ,bruno's o!r works1 & we may imag9e t ,bruno himself felt neglect$ 9 ,engl& m ?an 9 o!r c\ntries1 :ile ,engli% ho/ility to 8 tea*+ 0 probably m contemptu\s1 !re=e m gall+ & m difficult to ov]come4 ,he might repeat z he did1 ! bold say+ t to ! true philosoph] e c\ntry is fa!rl&1 or call himself ) ,socrates a citiz5 ( ! _w2 b a t\* ( despair s\nds ?r\gh ! words3--a citiz5 & s]vant ( ! _w1 son ( ,fa!r ,sol & ,"m ,e>?2 because he loves ! _w too mu*1 he mu/ be hat$1 curs$1 p]secut$1 & reject$ by x4 ,mean:ile let him n be idle1 nor ill-occupi$ :ile await+ dea?1 transmigration1 *ange4#ge ,else:]e !re is almo/ a savage /oicism2 he cries t he is attack$ n by "o b by _m1 almo/ by all1 & ! reason is t he hates ! p1 c>es n = ! multitude1 adores "o ?+ only3--,t ?r\gh :i* he 9 subjection is free1 9 pa9 cont5t1 9 necessity ri*1 9 dea? liv+1 & ?r\gh :i* he envies n ^? :o 9 fre$om are slaves1 9 pleasure pa9$1 9 ri*es poor1 9 life dead1 because 9 ! body !y h a *a9 t b9ds !m1 9 ! _s an inf]no t depresses !m1 9 ! s\l error t weak5s !m1 & 9 ! m9d le?>gy t slays1 etc4#gf ,yet ! climate ( ,engl& seems to h pleas$ ,bruno3 !re m ?an 9 any o!r region ! climate is temp]ate2 = ! excessive rig\r ( ! sn[s is driv5 out by ! e>? b5ea?1 & ! sup]flu\s f]v\r ( ! sun blesses x ) a cont9u\s1 a p]petual spr+1 z is te/ifi$ by ! ev] gre5 & fl[]y l&4#gg ,f ! ,spaccio1 x appe>s t he 0 /ruck 9 ,engl&1 int] alia1 ) ! multitude ( cr[s1 ! ri*ness ( ! %eep & ! sleekness ( ! cattle1 ! /]n game-laws1 & ! l&-hung] ( ! p4#gh ,,ix ,sid5ote3 ,return to ,france1 ,octob] #aehe4 ,:5 ,mauvissire 0 recall$1 ,bruno 9 all probability sail$ ) him4 ,x _h be5 decid$1 unju/ly1 z ,mauvissire ?\ght1 to recall him to ,france 9 #aehd2 b ow+ to 8 wife's heal? & p]haps 8 claims on ! ,fr5* treasury1 he secur$ a po/ponem5t till ! foll[+ ye>1 on condition he %\ld d 8 be/ = ,que5 ,m>y & h] son ) ,elizabe?1 b n mix himself up ) any ( ! plots aga9/ ,elizabe?4 ,9 ,octob] #b1 #aehe1 he 0 /ill 9 ,london1 = he wrote to 8 fri5d ,ar*ibald ,d\glas1 ! ,scotti% ,ambassador1 f ,london on t date2 ! foll[+ lett]1 h[ev]1 0 f ,p>is 7,nov4 #c1 #aehe7 & told a pa!tic /ory4#gi ,on 8 way across 7,bruno ) him1 we may suppose7 he _h be5 robb$ ( all he _h 9 ,engl&1 d[n to 8 %irt1 ( ! h&some pres5ts giv5 him by ! ,que51 & ( 8 silv] plate3 no?+ 0 left1 ei!r to him or to 8 wife & *ildr51 s t !y resembl$ ^? exil$ ,iri% :o solicit alms 9 ,engl&1 ) _! *ildr5 by _! side4 ,he _h l5t money also to ! ,que5 ( ,scots1 & 0 9 great tr\ble conc]n+ x1 = nei!r h] (fic]s nor h] treasur] possess$ a s\1 nor did !y speak ( repaym5t4 ,! un=tunate ambassador _h fall5 ^u evil days3 he 0 accus$ ( hav+ spok5 ill ( 8 successor1 ,*ateauneuf1 & _h to write1 z ! report w5t1 to ,elizabe?1 to unsay 8 ins9uations4 ,9 ,decemb] #aehf1 he wrote to ,ar*ibald ,d\glas ( 8 wife--! ,m>ia de ,bo*etel1 :om ,bruno praises--hav+ di$ 9 *ildbir?4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k h[ ,bruno f>$ 9 ! robb]y ( ,mauvissire's goods4 ,at lea/ we may assume t he arriv$ 9 ,p>is ) v little worldly goods1 b ) "p ( ! manuscript ( a great "w on ! ,univ]se 7! ,de ,imm5so7 9 8 possession1 dur+ ! mon? ( ,octob] #aehe4 ,x ,sid5ote3 ,p>is3 ,oct4 #aehe-;,june #aehf4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,*ur*4 ,sid5ote3 ,! #abj ,!ses4 ,9 ,p>is ,i sp5t ano!r ye> 9 ! h\se ( g5tlem5 ( my acqua9tance1 b at my own exp5se ! great] "p ( ! "t3 because ( ! tumults ,i left ,p>is1 & w5t f !re to ,g]many4#hj ,s ,bruno told ! tribunal at ,v5ice2 b ! duration ( 8 second visit to ,p>is 0 f ,octob] #aehe to ,june #aehf4 ,"o ( 8 fir/ /eps 0 to make fur!r ef=ts t[>ds reconciliation ) ! ,*ur*3 he pres5t$ himself = confession to a ,jesuit fa!r1 :ile consult+ ) ! ,bi%op ( ,b]gamo 7! ,papal ,nuncio71 b !y 7 unable to absolve him1 z he 0 an apo/ate4 ,:at ,bruno wi%$ 0 t he might be receiv$ into ! ,*ur* )\t be+ compell$ to return aga9 to ! prie/hood1 & he begg$ ! ,nuncio to write to ! ,pope ,sixtus ,v4 on 8 behalf4 ,! ,bi%op1 h[ev]1 _h no hope ( ! fav\r be+ grant$1 & decl9$ to write unless ,bruno agre$ to return to 8 ord]4 ,to ! same effect 0 ! advice ( ! ,jesuit fa!r ,alfonso ,spagnolo to :om he 0 ref]r$2 to obta9 absolution f ! ,pope he mu/ return to ! ord]--to 8 bonds1 9 o!r words2 & )\t absolution he c\ld n enjoy ! privileges ei!r ( mass or ( ! confessional4#ha ,?is idea ,bruno c\ld by no means ent]ta91 & !re=e he resign$ himself to 8 position z an ali5 to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,he _h no int5tion ( rema9+ 9 ,p>is1 :]e p]haps 8 ,italian writ+s _h made him no long] acceptable1 b he desir$ n to leave x )\t "s recognition ( ! fav\r %[n him !re 9 ! pa/4 ,! means he adopt$ 0 a public disputation1 to be held 9 ! ,royal ,hall ( ! univ]sity at ,p5teco/ ( ! ye> #aehf4 ,^! disputations ( ! le>n$ 7 a delight to ! y\? ( ! "t1 & drew audi5ces comp>able 9 our own "t only to great football or cricket mat*es4#hb ,he drew up "o hundr$ & tw5ty !ses aga9/ ! ,p]ipatetic ,philosophy1 :i* /ill =m$ ! sub/ance ( ! tea*+ at ! ,sorbonne2 & 8 side 0 tak5 up by ! rival1 m mod]n1 college ( ,cambray 7aft]w>ds ! ,college ( ,france71 ( :i* he appe>s n[ to h become an associate4#hc ,x 0 ! cu/om ( ! real prop\nd] ( ! !ses to preside at ! debate1 leav+ x to ano!r to act z protagoni/1 & int]v5+ only :5 ! latt]'s discomfiture 0 imm95t4 ,9 ?is case ,bruno *ose a "y ,p>isian nobleman ( 8 own foll[+--,john ,h5nequ91 a ,ma/] ( ,arts--b we may well imag9e t he did n long keep sil5t himself4 ,we h no k ( h[ ! debate w5t1 b x _c h be5 too fav\rable to ,bruno1 = he left ,p>is imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,its date 0 ! #be? ( ,may2 ,bruno1 !re=e1 left ,p>is probably 9 e>ly ,june #aehf4 ,sid5ote3 ,criticism ( ,p]ipatetic ,!ory4 ,! articles1 ) a note ( explanation atta*$ to ea*1 & an introduction to ! :ole--7,excubitor1 ! ,awak5]7--be+ ! address ( ,h5nequ9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! disputation1 b writt5 by ,bruno himself--7 publi%$ 9 ,p>is & aga9 at ,witt5b]g4#hd ,!y conta9 a temp]ate b p[]ful criticism ( ! ,ari/otelians1 by ! words ( ,ari/otle himself1 & ( ,ari/otle f ! /&po9t ( ,bruno's own physical !ory1 :i* he believ$ to be t ( ! ,py?agoreans & ,platoni/s4 ,! "r to criticise ! div9e ,ari/otle1 ,bruno claim$ on ! same gr\nds z ^? on :i* ,ari/otle himself enjoy$ ! "r ( criticis+ 8 pr$ecessors3 we are to him z he to !m3 _! tru?1 :i* to him seem$ error1 may be "r to u aga91 = op9ion1 l o!r hi/ory1 moves 9 cycles4 ,& z to au?ority1 ! mass ( :i* 0 aga9/ ,bruno1 if we are really sick1 x helps u n\ght t public op9ion ?9ks we are really mak+ = heal?4#he ,x is a poor m9d t w ?9k ) ! multitude because x is a multitude3 tru? is n alt]$ by ! op9ions ( ! vulg> or ! confirmation ( ! _m--x is m bless$ to be wise 9 tru? 9 face ( op9ion ?an to be wise 9 op9ion 9 face ( tru?4#hf ,! new philosophy gives w+s to ! m9d1 to c>ry x f> f ! prison cell 9 :i* x has be5 deta9$ by ! old sy/em1 & f :i* x c\ld look out ^u ! orbs ( ! />s only ?r\gh *9ks & cracks3--to c>ry x out into inf9ite space1 to behold ! innum]able worlds1 si/]s ( ! e>?1 l x 9 he>t & 9 w1 liv+ & life-produc+2 & return+1 to see )9 itself--n )\t1 ap>t1 or f> f u1 b 9 ourselves1 & ev]y:]e "o1 m intimate1 m 9 ! he>t ( ea* ( u1 ?an we are to ourselves#hg--! div9e cause1 s\rce1 & c5tre ( ?+s4 ,ari/otle & ! s\rces ( ! s*ola/ic philosophy 7 occupy+ ,bruno's leisure almo/ exclusively at ?is "t3 he _h begun ! great ,lat9 "w1 ! ,de ,imm5so1 :i* 0 to see ! light 9 ,frank=t2 & he publi%$ 9 ?is ye> a comm5t>y on ! physics ( ,ari/otle z well z an acc\nt ( a ma!matical & cosmometric inv5tion ( "o ,fabrizio ,mord5ti1 :i* seems to be ( mu* less value ?an ,bruno suppos$4#hh ,,xi ,sid5ote3 #aehf4 ,sid5ote3 ,ma9z4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>burg4 ,sid5ote3 ,july #be1 #aehf4 ,sid5ote3 ,witt5b]g4 ,sid5ote3 ,aug4 #bj1 #aehf4 ,sid5ote3 ,d$ication ( ,de ,lampade4 ,leav+ ,france = ,g]many1 ! ,nolan made 8 fir/ halt at ,mez1 or ,magonza1 :i* is an ar*iepiscopal city1 & ! fir/ elector ( ! ,empire2#hi x is c]ta9ly ,may5ce4 ,!re he rema9$ "s days2 b n f9d+ ei!r !re or at ,vispure1 a place n f> f !re1 any means ( livelihood su* z he c>$ =1 he w5t on to ,witt5b]g 9 ,saxony4 ,vispure has caus$ consid]able ex]cise ( +5uity among ,bruno's biograph]s4 ,! be/ explanation seems to be t ( ,brunnh(]1 t x repres5ts ,wiesbad51 :i* is n f> f ,may5ce1 & is /ill popul>ly kn[n z ,wisb>e or ,wisbore2 b !re may also be a telescop+ ( ! words ,wiesbad5 & ,m>burg4 ,bruno 0 c]ta9ly at ! latt] t[n1 b x is ( c\rse a long di/ance f ,may5ce4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,july #aehf1 ,petrus ,nigidius1 ,doctor ( ,law & ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy1 0 elect$ ,rector ( ! univ]sity at ,m>burg4 ,9 ! roll ( /ud5ts matriculat$ "u 8 rector%ip /&s z eigh? "n t ( ,jordanus ,nolanus ( ,naples1 ,doctor ( ,roman ,!ology1 ) ! date ,july #be1 #aehf1 & ! foll[+ note by ! rector3--,:5 ! "r ( publicly tea*+ philosophy 0 d5i$ him by me1 ) ! cons5t ( ! faculty ( philosophy1 = weighty reasons1 he blaz$ out1 grossly insult+ me 9 my own h\se1 prote/+ ,i 0 act+ aga9/ ! law ( nations1 ! cu/om ( all ! univ]sities ( ,g]many1 & all ! s*ools ( humanity4 ,he refus$ !n to become a memb] ( ! univ]sity1--8 fee 0 readily return$1 & 8 "n accord+ly eras$ f ! album ( ! univ]sity by me4 ,! "n c\ld /ill be read ?r\gh ! ?ick l9e drawn across x1 & "s lat] rector1 :5 ,bruno _h become m fam\s1 re-wrote ! "n above1 & cancell$ ! words ) ! cons5t ( ! faculty ( philosophy 9 ,nigidius' note4#ij ,! weighty reasons = :i* ,bruno 0 driv5 f ,m>burg may h be5 m]ely 8 description ( himself z a ,doctor ( ,roman ,!ology at a ,prote/ant univ]sity2 or p]haps an attack ^u ,ramus at a place :]e ! ,ramian ,logic _h _m adh]5ts2 or ! ,cop]nican sy/em taught by him1 :i* 0 z firmly oppos$ by ,prote/ants z by ,ca?olics4 ,9 any case ! ,knight-,errant ( ,philosophy dep>t$ sorr[fully & came to ,witt5b]g1 :]e he f\nd1 = ! ?ird "t1 a respite f 8 j\rney+s4 ,on ! #bj? ,augu/ #aehf he matriculat$ at ! univ]sity1#ia & !re rema9$ = ne>ly two ye>s4 ,!n1 z n[1 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* 9 ,g]many 0 divid$ into two p>ties1 ! ,lu!ran & ! ,calv9i/ or ,re=m$ ,*ur*es4 ,melan*?on's attempt to unite ! two--he himself belong$ to ! latt]--br\ght ^u 8 head ! =mula ( concord1 bett] kn[n z ! =mula ( discord1 because ( ! disputes x caus$4 ,among o!r ?+s x condemn$ ! views ( ! ,calv9i/s on ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 _! d5ial ( 8 ,real ,pres5ce 9 ! bread & w9e ( ! communion table1 & _! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation4 ,:5 ,bruno arriv$ 9 ,witt5b]g1 ,lu!rans 7 /ill 9 p[]1 z !y _h be5 "u ! old ,duke ,augu/us4 ,8 son ,*ri/ian ,i41 h[ev]1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,john ,casimir1 8 bro!r-9-law1 ( ! ,palat9ate1 _h gone ov] to ! ,calv9i/ faction1 & 0 try+ ) ! aid ( ! ,*ancellor1 ,krell1 to supplant ! reign+ fai? & au?ority4 ,at ! univ]sity ! philosophical faculty 01 9 ! ma91 ,calv9i/1 ! !ological ,lu!ran2 & among ! latt] p>ty 0 an ,italian ,alb]ico ,g5tile1 ! fa!r ( ,int]national ,law1 :om ,bruno _h p]haps kn[n 9 ,engl& z a pr(essor at ,ox=d4 ,?r\gh him ,bruno f\nd fav\r ) ! ,lu!ran p>ty1 & receiv$ p]mission to lecture1 on ! condition t he taught no?+ t 0 subv]sive ( _! religion4 ,= two ye>s1 accord+ly1 he lectur$ on ! ,organon ( ,ari/otle1 & o!r subjects ( philosophy1 includ+ ! ,lullian art1 :i* he _h = a "t disc>d$4 ,! excell5t t]ms on :i* he /ood ) 8 colleagues is %[n by ! d$ication ( a ,lullian "w1 ,de ,lampade ,comb9atoria1 to ! s5ate ( ! univ]sity4 ,he speaks gratefully ( _! k9d reception ( himself1 ! fre$om ( access & resid5ce :i* 0 grant$ n only to /ud5ts b to pr(essors f all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,9 8 own case a man ( no "n1 fame1 or au?ority among y1 escap$ f ! tumults ( ,france1 support$ by no pr9cely comm5dation1 ) no outw>d m>ks ( di/9ction su* z ! public loves1 nei!r approv$ nor ev5 que/ion$ 9 ! dogmas ( y\r religion2 b z %[+ no ho/ility to man1 r a peaceful & g5]al philan?ropy1 & my only title ! pr(ession ( philosophy1 m]ely because ,i 0 a pupil 9 ! temple ( ! ,muses1 y ?\ght me wor?y ( ! k9dlie/ welcome1 enroll$ me 9 ! album ( y\r academy1 & gave me a place 9 a body ( m5 s noble & le>n$ t ,i c\ld n fail to see 9 y nei!r a private s*ool nor an exclusive conv5ticle1 b z becomes ! ,a!ns ( ,g]many1 a true univ]sity4 ,9 ?is introduction a l>ge numb] ( ! pr(essors are invok$ by "n1 among !m ! enlight5$ ,grn1 a pr(essor ( philosophy1 :o taught t !ology _c be deta*$ f philosophy--t !y are necess>y complem5ts "o ( ! o!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,works publi%$4 ,sid5ote3 ,de ,progressu1 #aehg4 ,9 ,witt5b]g 0 publi%$ 7#aehg71 ! ,de ,lampade ,comb9atoria ,lulliana1 ! second ( ! comm5t>ies on ,lully's art1 & repres5t+ p]haps ! clavis magna ( ! ,de ,umbris & o!r ,p>isian publications4 ,x 0 d$icat$ to ! s5atus ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,witt5b]g4 ,a repr9t1 h[ev]1 appe>$ 9 ,prague 9 ! foll[+ ye> ) a new frontispiece1 a d$ication to ,william ( ,/4 ,clem5t1 & ! addition ( a small treatise4#ib ,! *ief purpose ( ! "w 0 to furni% ! read] ) means = ! discov]y ( an indef9ite numb] ( propositions & middle t]ms = speak+ & argu+4 ,x is also ! sole key to ! intellig5ce ( all ,lullian works :atsoev]1 ,bruno writes ) 8 sublime confid5ce1 & no less to a great numb] ( ! my/]ies ( ! ,py?agoreans & ,cabali/s4 ,z 9 ! e>li] "w1 s 9 ?is also1 ! root ideas are t ?\ght is a complex ( elem5ts1 :i* are to x z ! lett]s ( ! alphabet are to a pr9t$ book2 b ?\ght & reality or nature are n oppos$ to "o ano!r--!y are ess5tially "o4 ,! elem5ts ( ?\ght :5 discov]$ w accord+ly give u ! con/itutive elem5ts ( nature & ! connections 91 & work+s (1 nature w be und]/ood f ! diff]5t complications ( ^! simple elem5ts ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! same ye> appe>$ ! ,de ,progressu et ,lampade ,v5atori ,logicorum1 ,to enable "o to dispute promptly & copi\sly on any subject propos$4 ,x 0 d$icat$ to ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,witt5b]g1 & 0 ma9ly a comm5t>y1 )\t special ref]5ces1 on ! ,topics ( ,ari/otle1 & d\btless =m$ "p ( ! lectures on ! ,organon1 giv5 9 ,bruno's fir/ ye> at ,witt5b]g4 ,! simile ( ! hunt--i4e4 ! idea t ! solution ( a problem or ! f9d+ ( a middle t]m is l a qu>ry t has to be /alk$ & hunt$ d[n--is a fav\rite "o ) ,bruno4 ,sid5ote3 #aehh4 ,sid5ote3 ,oratio ,val$ictoria4 ,sid5ote3 ,lu!r4 ,un=tunately = ,bruno1 ! ,duke's p>ty 9 ,witt5b]g soon ga9$ ! upp] h&--only = a "t1 x is true#ic--;& ! p>ty to :i* ,bruno himself belong$ fell out ( p[]4 ,z a ,cop]nican1 ,bruno mu/ 9 any case soon h fall5 f\l ( ! ,calv9i/s1 by :om ! new !ory _h be5 decl>$ a h]esy4 ,he !re=e left ,witt5b]g 9 ! beg9n+ ( #aehh1 aft] deliv]+ on ! #h? ( ,m>* an eloqu5t f>ewell address to ! univ]sity 7,oratio ,val$ictoria74 ,by ! fable ( ,p>is & ! ?ree ,goddesses1 he indicat$ 8 own *oice ( ,wisdom 7,m9]va7 ov] ri*es or fame 7,juno71 & ov] worldly pleasure or ! delights ( society 7,v5us73--,wisdom is communicat$ nei!r s readily nor s widely z ri*es or pleasure4 ,!re are n & !re nev] h be5 s _m ,philosoph]s z ,emp]ors & ,pr9ces2 nor to s _m has x be5 grant$ to see ,m9]va rob$ & arm$1 z to see ,v5us & ,juno ev5 9 nak$ simplicity4 ,to see h] is to become bl9d1 to be wise ?r\gh h] is to be fooli%4 ,!y say ,tiresias saw ,m9]va nak$1 & 0 /ruck bl9d2 :o t _h look$ ^u h]1 w\ld n despise ! sight ( o!r ?+s8--'man %all n see me & live4' 444 ,wisdom1 ,sophia1 ,m9]va1 beautiful z ! moon1 great z ! sun1 t]rible z ! m>%all$ ranks ( armies2 l ! moon 9 h] fair gracefulness1 l ! sun 9 h] l(ty maje/y1 l armies 9 h] inv9cible c\rage4444 ,! fir/-born be=e all creatures1 sprung f ! head ( ,jove--= %e is a brea? f ! virtue ( ,god1 an emanation ( omnipot5t brightness1 s9c]e & pure1 cle> & inviolate1 hon\rable1 p[]ful1 & k9d beyond words1 well pleas+ to ,god1 incomp>able3--pure1 because no?+ ( defilem5t c t\* h]2 cle>1 because %e is ! brightness ( et]nal light2 inviolate1 because %e is ! spotless mirror ( ! maje/y ( ,god2 hon\rable1 because ! image ( goodness itself2 p[]ful1 because be+ "o %e c d all ?+s1 be+ p]man5t 9 h]self1 %e r5ews all ?+s2 k9d1 because %e visits ! nations t are sacr$ to h] & makes m5 fri5ds ( ,god1 & prophets2 pleas+ to ,god1 because ,god loves only him t dwells ) wisdom2 incomp>able1 = %e is m beautiful ?an ! sun & bright] ?an ! light ( all ! />s4 ,h] h ,i lov$ & s\ght f my y\?1 & desir$ = my sp\se1 & h become a lov] ( h] =m--& ,i pray$ t %e might be s5t to abide ) me1 & "w ) me1 t ,i might "k :at ,i lack$1 & :at 0 acceptable to ,god3 = %e knew & und]/ood1 & w\ld guide me sob]ly 9 my "w & w\ld keep me 9 h] *>ge3 444 ,b wisdom 9 ! highe/ s5se1 9 its ess5ce z ! ?\ght ( ,god1 is incommunicable1 incompreh5sible1 ap>t f all ?+s4 ,wisdom has ?ree phases or aspects or 'mansions'--fir/1 ! m9d ( ,god ! et]nal1 !n ! visible _w itself :i* is ! fir/-born1 & ?ird1 ! m9d ( man :i* is ! second-born ( ! highe/1 ! true wisdom unatta9able by man4 ,"h among m5 wisdom has built h]self a h\se ( reason & ( ?\ght 7:i* comes aft] ! _w71 9 :i* we see ! %ad[ ( ! fir/1 ! ar*etypal & ideal h\se 7:i* is be=e ! _w71 & ! image ( ! second1 ! s5sible & natural h\se1 :i* is ! _w4 ,! sev5 columns ( ! h\se or temple are ! sev5 ,arts--,gramm>1 ,rhetoric 7) poetry71 ,logic1 ,ma!matics1 ,physics1 ,e?ics1 & ,metaphysics1 & ! temple 0 built fir/ among ! ,egyptians & ,assyrians1 viz4 9 ! ,*aldeans1 !n among ! ,p]sians1 ) ! ,magi & ,zoroa/]1 ?ird ! ,indians ) _! ,gymnosophi/s2 444 sev5?ly1 9 our "t1 among ! ,g]mans4 ,s f> has ,bruno come f tak+ ! ,g]mans z m]e be]-bibb]s1 z he _h writt5 ( !m 9 ,engl&4#id ,s9ce ! empire 7( wisdom7 devolv$ ^u y !re h ris5 among/ y new arts & great m9ds1 ! l ( :i* no o!r nations c %ew4 ,9 ! category ( ,g]man temple-build]s are ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,nicolas ( ,cusa1 ,cop]nicus1 ,pal+5ius1 ,p>acelsus2 among humani/s _m1 apt imitators ( ! ,attic & ,ausonian muses1 & among !m "o great] ?an ! re/ :o m ?an imitates1 r rivals1 ! anci5t muses 7,erasmus74 ,x is n unnatural t1 9 8 own ,witt5b]g1 ,lu!r %\ld be prais$1 z among ! temple-build]s or prie/s ( tru?3 b ,bruno's words h a r+ ( s9c]ity1 prov+ t 8 sympa?y 0 really ar\s$ = ! ,lu!rans4 ,:5 ! _w 0 infect$ by t /rong man arm$ ) key & sword1 fraud & =ce1 cunn+ & viol5ce1 hypocrisy & f]ocity1--at once fox & lion1 & vic> ( ! tyrant ( hell1--infect$ ) a sup]/iti\s wor%ip & an ignorance m ?an brutal1 "u ! "n ( div9e wisdom & ( a ,god-pleas+ simplicity2 & !re 0 no "o to oppose or )/& ! voraci\s bea/1 or dispose an unwor?y & ab&on$ g5]ation to bett] & happi] /ate & condition1--:at o!r "p ( ,europe or ! _w c\ld h br\ght =? = u t ,alcides1 /rong] ?an ,h]cules himself1 9 t he did great] ?+s ) less ef=t & ) few] in/rum5ts1--de/roy+ a great] & f> m deadly mon/] ?an ev] any ( ! pa/ c5turies _h to suff]8 ,"h 9 ,witt5b]g he dragg$ up t ?ree-head$ ,c]b]us ) its ?reefold ti>a f its pit ( d>kness3 y saw x1 & x ! sun4 ,"h t dog ( ,/yx 0 compell$ to vomit =? its poison4 ,"h y\r ,h]cules1 y\r c\ntry's ,h]cules1 triumph$ ov] ! adamant9e gates ( hell1 ov] ! city girt ab\t ) its ?reefold wall1 & def5d$ by its n9e w9d+s ( ! ,/yx4 ,to ?is temple ,bruno1 eag] 9 8 pursuit ( ! ev]-elud+ ,tru?1 _h come1--a =eign]1 an exile1 a fugitive1 ! sport ( =tune1 meagre 9 body1 sl5d] ( means1 de/itute ( fav\r1 pursu$ by ! hatr$ ( ! multitude & ! contempt ( fools & ! base1 & c\ld on leav+ say to its p t he _h become an occasion1 or matt]1 or subject 9 :om !y unfold$ & demon/rat$ to ! _w ! beauty & weal? ( _! virtues ( mod]ation1 urbanity1 & k9dness ( he>t4 ,x 0 ! la/1 or ne>ly ! la/1 spell ( happ9ess t life _h 9 /ore = him4 ,,xii ,sid5ote3 ,prague3 #aehh4 ,sid5ote3 ,june #aj1 #aehh4 ,sid5ote3 ,janu>y #ac1 #aehi4 ,sid5ote3 ,helm/adt4 ,! c\rt ( ! ,emp]or ,rudolph ,,ii4 0 at ,prague1 9 ,bohemia2 f !re 8 fame z a ,maec5as ( ! le>n$1 & especially ( ^? :o claim$ p[] to read ! heav5s or to "w magic1 _h spread to _m c\ntries4 ,p]haps ,sidney1 :o _h visit$ him f ,elizabe? on ! dea? ( ,maximilian1 may h spok5 ( him to ,bruno3 :ile two ( ,bruno's fri5ds1 ! ,spani% ,ambassador ,/4 ,clem5t & ! ma!matician ,mord5tius1 7 at ,prague 9 #aehh4 ,?i!r1 accord+ly1 he n[ turn$ 9 ! hope ( settl$ qu>t]s1 introduc+ himself1 z 0 8 frequ5t habit1 ) a ,lullian "w1 :i* he caus$ to be pr9t$ soon aft] 8 arrival1 & d$icat$ to ! ,spani% ,ambassador4#ie ,! introductory lett] is dat$ f ,prague1 ,june #aj1 #aehh1 & is 9 praise ( ,lully1 ^: importance to philosophy ,bruno values mu* m highly ?an 8 successors h done3 x promis$ at ! same "t a future "w1 ! ,lampas ,cabali/ica1 9 :i* ! inn] secrets ( ,lullism 7 to be m fully reveal$4 ,?is1 s f> z we "k1 nev] appe>$1 & ,bruno tri$ to obta9 ! ,emp]or's patronage by a ma!matical "w d$icat$ to him1 ( some:at revolution>y type--,"o hundr$ & sixty articles aga9/ ! ma!maticians & philosoph]s ( ! day4 ,! ,emp]or1 h[ev]1 _h few funds to sp>e = any b ! pr(ess$ a/rologi/s & al*emi/s 9 :om lay 8 real int]e/--n at all sci5tific1 al?\gh ,ty*o ,brah & ,kepl] pr(it$ !mselves & ! _w by x4 ,) ?ree hundr$ doll>s1 :i* ! ,emp]or gave 9 recognition ( 8 p[]s1 ,bruno left ab\t ! close ( ! ye>1 & on ,janu>y #ac1 #aehi1 matriculat$ 9 ! ,julian univ]sity ( ,brunswick at ,helm/adt4 ,?is1 ! y\nge/ univ]sity 9 ,g]many at ! "t1 ( only twelve ye>s' /&+1 _h be5 f\nd$ = ! ,prote/ant cause by ! reign+ ,duke ,julius1 a breezy & popul> pr9ce1 :o lov$ !ologians little1 ,ca?olics n at all1 & f\nd$ a model univ]sity on lib]al pr9ciples4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 an unqualifi$ success4 ,bruno receiv$ "s recognition f ! univ]sity1 or f ! ,duke1 & :5 ! latt] di$ 9 ,may #aehi he obta9$ p]mission to give a fun]al oration "s days aft] ! (ficial programme _h be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh 7on ! #a/ ( ,july7--! ,oratio ,consolatoria4#if ,bruno pr(esses z 8 reason = wi%+ to speak t he mu/ express 8 gratitude to "o :o _h made ! univ]sity he f\nd$ free to all lov]s ( ! ,muses1 ev5 to /rang]s su* z ,bruno himself 03--an exile f 8 ,italian fa!rl& = hon\rable reasons & zeal = ! tru?1 "h he _h receiv$ ! fre$om ( ! univ]sity3 9 ,italy he 0 expos$ to ! gre$y maw ( ! ,roman wolf--"h he 0 9 safety3 !re he _h be5 *a9$ to a sup]/iti\s & absurd cult--"h he 0 exhort$ to m re=m$ rites4 ,:at is rem>kable 9 ?is spee* is ! bitt]ness ( ,bruno's p]sonal attack ^u ,rome1 & ! viol5t tyranny ( ! ,tib]9e bea/4 ,! con/ellations are allegorically treat$ z symbols ( ! virtues ( ,julius1 or ( ! vices :i* he attack$ & repress$3 among !m ! head ( ! ,gorgon1 on :i* = hair !re gr[ v5om\s snakes1 repres5t+ t mon/] ( p]v]se ,papal tyranny1 :i* has tongues m num]\s ?an ! hairs ( ! head1 aid+ & s]v+ x1 ea* & all blasphem\s aga9/ ,god1 nature1 & man1 infect+ ! _w ) ! ranke/ poison ( ignorance & vice4 ,x 0 inde$ /range t ,bruno %\ld h ?\ght ( ent]+ ,italy aft] publi%+ words l ^!4 ,sid5ote3 ,excommunication ( ,bruno 9 ,helm/adt4 ,sid5ote3 ,oct4 #f1 #aehi4 ,sid5ote3 #aeij4 ,h[ev]1 he 0 n to f9d ! ,prote/ants mu* m tol]ant ?an ! ,ca?olics4 ,9 ! univ]sity ar*ives !re is extant a lett] f him to ! prorector ( ! academy1 appeal+ aga9/ a public excommunication ( himself by ! fir/ pa/or & sup]9t5d5t ( ! *ur* at ,helm/adt1 ,boe?ius4 ,accord+ to ?is lett]1 ,boe?ius _h made himself bo? judge & execution]1 )\t giv+ ! ,italian a he>+ at all3 & ! lett] appeal$ to ! s5ate & rector aga9/ ! public execution ( an unju/ s5t5ce1 privately pass$2 x dem&$ a he>+1 s t if any legal d]ogation 7 to be made f 8 rank & good "n1 he might at lea/ feel x to be ju/ly made1 & dem&$ t ,boe?ius be summon$ to %[ he _h n fulm9at$ 8 bolt out ( private malice1 b 9 pursuance ( ! duty ( a good pa/or on behalf ( 8 %eep4 ,! date ( ! lett] is ,octob] #f1 #aehi4 ,no fur!r records ( ! affair h be5 f\nd1 s t ! appeal 0 probably reject$4 ,! mean+ ( ! excommunication is n q cle>3 ,bruno does n seem to h be5 a full memb] ( ei!r ! re=m$ or ! ,lu!ran *ur*1 al?\gh att5d+ s]vices2 & 9 all probability ! s5t5ce 0 a =mal "o1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c>ri$ s]i\s social inconv5i5ces ) x4 ,! prorector1 ,h(mann1 0 n "o to sympa?ise ei!r ) ,bruno or ) 8 philosophy2 he 0 unhappy unless attack+ "s o!r p]son's op9ions3 philosophy 9 g5]al fell "u 8 condemnation1 al?\gh he pr(ess$ k ( x4 ,a few ye>s aft] he drove ,bruno f ,helm/adt he himself 0 de?ron$ f 8 place ( au?ority1 ord]$ to /ick to 8 la/1 & _h to leave ,helm/adt 9 ! end 7#afja74 ,no d\bt x is aga9/ him t ! invectives 9 ,de ,imm5so1#ig are direct$3--,?is s*ol>*1 excell+ director ( ! s*ool ( ,m9]va3 ?is ,rhadaman?us ( boys1 )\t a %ad[ ( an idea ev5 ( ord9>y philosophy1 lauds to ! skies ! ,p]ipatetic1 & d>es to criticise ! ?\ghts ( div9] m5 7^: a%es are to be pref]r$ to ! s\ls ( su* z ^!74 ,lat] ,boe?ius also _h to be suppress$ by ! consi/ory4#ih ,! "y ,duke1 ) :om no d\bt ,bruno /ood 9 fav\r1 s9ce he pres5t$ him ) eighty scudi aft] ! fun]al oration1 0 ( ! opposite p>ty to ,h(mann1 b ev5 ) ?is support ! ,italian c\ld n /ruggle aga9/ 8 enemies1 & t[>ds ! middle ( #aeij he left = ,frank=t1 9 ord] to get two books pr9t$4 ,,xiii ,sid5ote3 ,frank=t4 ,sid5ote3 ,zri*1 #aeia4 ,^! 7 ! great ,lat9 works he _h be5 writ+1 p]haps begun 9 ,engl& itself2--! ,de ,m9imo1 & ! ,de ,imm5so1 ) ! ,de ,monade z a "p ( or introduction to ! latt]4 ,! pr9t+1 h[ev]1 0 n begun till ! foll[+ ye>3 ! c5sor's p]mission 0 obta9$ = ! fir/ ( !m only 9 ,m>* #aeia1 & x appe>$ 9 ! catalogue ( ! ,spr+ bookm>ket4 ,he aga9 s\ght & f\nd patronage ) an old fri5d ( ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 "o ( ! ,we*els1 fam\s pr9t]s ( _! day1 9 ! h\se ( ano!r ( :om 7,&r7 ,sidney _h liv$4 ,9 ! protocol-book ( ! c\ncil ( ,frank=t1 "u ! date ,july #b1 #aeij1 a petition ( ,jordanus ,brunus ( ,nola is m5tion$1 9 :i* he asks p]mission to /ay 9 ! h\se ( ! pr9t] ,we*el4 ,?is1 z ! book ( ! ,burgoma/] "u ! same date %[s1 0 r\ghly refus$3--,soll man ime se9 pitt abs*lag51 und sag51 das er se9 pf5nig &]swo v]zehre--8 petition is to be refus$ & he is to be told g & sp5d 8 co9 else:]e4 ,9 spite ( ?is refusal1 ,we*el f\nd ,bruno lodg+ 9 ! ,c>melite ,mona/]y1 :]e he /ay$1 work+ ) 8 own h&s at ! pr9t+ ( 8 books1 = "s six mon?s1--until ,decemb]1 p]haps1 ( t ye>4 ,frank=t 0 ! ma9 c5tre ( ! book _w 9 ^? days2 to its half-ye>ly book-m>ts pr9t]s & sell]s came f all p>ts ( ,europe to see ! new books ( ! _w1 to dispose ( _! goods1 to /ock _! h\ses4 ,among o!rs 9 ?is ye> came ! booksell]s ,ciotto & ,b]tano1 :o aft]w>ds 7 witnesses be=e ! ,inquisition1 & :o /ay$ 9 ! mona/]y probably 9 ,septemb] ( t ye>1 :]e !y met ,bruno4 ,9 ! d$ication ( ! ,de ,m9imo1 ( date ,febru>y #ac1 #aeia1 ,bruno's publi%]s wrote t he _h only ! la/ folium ( ! "w to correct1 :5 by an un=ese5 *ance he 0 hurri$ away1 & c\ld n put ! f9i%+ h& ^u x1 z he _h done on ! re/ ( ! "w3 he wrote accord+ly ask+ u to supply 9 8 "n :at by *ance x _h be5 d5i$ him to complete4 ,! un=ese5 *ance may1 z ,sigw>t sugge/s1 h be5 ! f9al putt+ into effect ( ! ,c\ncil's refusal to all[ him to /ay 9 ! t[n1 :i* may till !n h rema9$ a dead lett]2 or x may h be5 ! summons to ,zuri*4 ,he _h made ! acqua9tance ( a "y ,swiss squire1 ,ha9zel1 an ,augsburg] by bir?1 at ^: ca/le ( ,elgg 9 ,switz]l& a gay & op5 hospitality 0 ext5d$ to a numb] ( ! biz>re & ! le>n$ spirits ( ! "t3 ,ha9zel _h lean+s t[>ds ! ,black ,arts1--,al*emy & ! re/1--b _h int]e/ to sp>e = any o!rs ab\t :i* an air ( my/]y clung1 su* z ,bruno's ,art ( ,memory & ( ,k4 ,bruno sp5t a few mon?s ) him ne> ,zri* & wrote = him ! ,de imag9um compositione1 etc4--z a h&book ( ^! arts4 ,ano!r ( ! ,frank=t pupils w\ld also be 9 ,zri*1 ! brilliant b erratic ,raphael ,egl91 :o publi%$ 9 #afji at ,m>burg 7:]e he 0 pr(essor ( !ology71 a "w ,bruno _h dictat$ 9 ,zri*1--! ,summa ,t]m9orum ,metaphysicorum4 ,egl9 suff]$ along ) 8 fri5d ,ha9zel f ! trick]y ( ! ,al*emi/s1 to :om rec\rse 0 _h 9 ! hope ( repair+ ! =tunes dissipat$ by ! ,squire ( ,elgg's hospitality4#ii ,! ,summa is d$icat$ 9 a lett] ( ,april #aeie 7f ,zri*7 to ,fr$]ic a ,salices1 & 9 a p]sonal rem9isc5ce ,egl9 rem>ks on ,bruno's flu5cy ( ?\ght & spee*--/&+ on "o foot1 he w\ld bo? ?9k & dictate z fa/ z ! p5 c\ld foll[3 s rapid 0 8 m9d1 s =ceful 8 _s4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>*1 #aeia4 ,9 ord] p]haps to pr9t ! ,de ,imag9um ,compositione = ,ha9zel1 or to complete ! o!r works1 ,bruno return$ to ,frank=t ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 #aeia1 & on ! #ag? ( t mon? obta9$ p]mission to publi% ! ,de ,m9imo4#ajj ,x is to ?is p]iod probably t he ref]r$ :5 he spoke ( himself be=e ! ,v5etian tribunal1 z hav+ sp5t six mon?s 9 ,frank=t 7,doc4 #i74 ,x 0 a second p]iod ( six mon?s aft] 8 return f ! ,zri* visit1 ( :i* he omitt$ all m5tion--no d\bt he _h good reason = t4#aja ,at ! autumn book-m>ket 8 ,de ,monade1 ,de ,imm5so1 & ,de ,imag4 ,compositione1 7 ready#ajb--! la/ works t he publi%$4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 on an evil day = himself1 he respond$ to ! invitation ( a "y ,v5etian patrician1 & cross$ ov] to 8 fa!rl&1--! la/ ( 8 free j\rney+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,de ,m9imo4 ,sid5ote3 ,de ,monade4 ,sid5ote3 ,de ,imm5so4 ,! ,frank=t works are fully dealt ) 9 ! *apt]s on ,bruno's philosophy t foll[3 9 _! ord] !y 7 7#a7 ! ,de triplici ,m9imo et ,m5sura3--,on ! ?reefold m9imum & measurem5t1 be+ ! elem5ts ( ?ree speculative & ( _m practical sci5ces3--d$icat$ to ,duke ,h5ry ( ,brunswick4 ,x is ! fir/ ( ?ree ,lat9 poems1 writt5 some:at aft] ! mann] ( ,lucretius1 b ) prose notes to ea* *apt] or section4 ,! /yle un=tunately seldom approa*es t ( ,lucretius1 ei!r 9 ,lat9ity or 9 poetic imag]y1 b ! works are full ( vigor\s v]se1 & ! =ce ( ! ideas suff]s little f ! fact t !y are press$ into ! ,procru/ean b$ ( rhyme & rhy?m4 ,! o!rs 7 7#b7 ! ,de ,monade1 ,num]o et ,figura3--,on ! ,monad1 numb] & figure1 be+ ! elem5ts ( a m esot]ic 7secret1 or p]haps inw>d7 ,physics1 ,ma!matics1 & ,metaphysics2 & 7#c7 ! ,de ,imm5so et ,innum]abilibus3--,on ! ,immeasurable & ! ,innum]able1 or on ! univ]se & ! worlds4 ,bo? are d$icat$ to ,duke ,h5ry4 ,! ?ree works toge!r conta9 ,bruno's f9i%$ philosophy ( ,god & ( ,nature1 ( ! univ]se & ( ! worlds )9 x1 z well z a criticism ( ! prevail+ & contr>y doctr9es ( ! "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,de ,imag4 ,comp4 ,9 ,frank=t appe>$ also1 9 #aeia1 7#d7 ! ,de ,imag9um1 ,signorum1 et ,ide>um ,compositione3--,on ! composition or arrangem5t1 ( ,images1 ,signs1 & ,ideas1 = all k9ds ( inv5tions1 dispositions1 & memory4 ,x is d$icat$ to ,ha9zel1 & is ! la/ ( ! works publi%$ by ,bruno himself4 ,x sums up all ^? publi%$ e>li] on ! !ory ( k & on ! art ( memory4 ,x assumes an id5tity betwe5 ! ,m9d f :i* ! univ]se sprang1 or :i* is express$ 9 ! univ]se1 & ! m9d ( ea* individual by :om x is kn[n or approa*$4 ,x foll[s t ! ideas 9 our own m9ds conta9 implicitly a k ( ! inmo/ nature ( reality4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x is *iefly ! mnemonic coroll>ies ( ?is ?\ght t are develop$--ideas are to be arrang$ or gr\p$ ab\t c]ta9 images or pictures1 9 su* a way t :5 any "o occurs to ! m9d1 x may readily call up ^? o!rs :i* are mo/ closely associat$ ) x1 i4e4 :i* belong to ! same ,greek3 topos or place 9 ! m9d4 ,,xiv ,sid5ote3 ,v5ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,aug4 #aeia4 ,dur+ ! second "p ( 8 /ay 9 ,frank=t1 ,bruno receiv$ an invitation f a "y patrician ( ,v5ice1 ,giovanni ,moc5igo1 to come to him !re & in/ruct him 9 ! arts = :i* ,bruno 0 fam$4 ,to ! surprise ( all :o knew ! circum/ances1 ,bruno accept$1 & re-ent]$1 9 ,augu/1 ! ,italy :i* he _h left "s f\rte5 ye>s e>li] z a refugee4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! booksell] ,ciotto t ! negotiations 7 c>ri$ on4 ,moc5igo appe>$ 9 8 %op "o day to buy a "w ( ,bruno :i* ,ciotto 9 8 deposition call$ at fir/ ! ,h]oici ,furori1 b ?is "n 0 cancell$1 & ,de ,m9imo magno et m5sura writt5 9 its /ead2 9 all probability x 0 nei!r ! ,furori nor any ( ! ,lat9 poems to :i* ! second 7errone\s7 title might ref]1 b "o ( ! ,lullian works4 ,moc5igo ask$ at ! same "t :e!r ,ciotto knew ,bruno1 & :]e he 02 & on ! reply t he 0 probably at ,frank=t 7!y _h f\nd lodg+ 9 ! same mona/]y !re71 ,moc5igo express$ a wi% t ,bruno w\ld come to ,v5ice to tea* him ! secrets ( ,memory1 & ! o!rs he pr(ess$1 z %[n by ! book t _h j *ang$ h&s4 ,ciotto believ$ ,bruno w\ld come if ask$2 & accord+ly1 aft] a few days1 ,moc5igo br\ght a lett] = ,bruno1 :i* ,ciotto und]took to deliv]1 & 9 :i* he 0 bes\ght to come to ,v5ice4 ,! message mu/ h be5 deliv]$ 9 ! autumn ( #aeia1 & ,bruno seems to h repli$ by imm$iate acceptance4#ajc ,a previ\s lett]1 h[ev]1 _h be5 writt51 probably be=e ,moc5igo spoke ) ,ciotto1 & s5t by ano!r h&2 x may h be5 ! receipt ( x :i* br\ght ,bruno f ,zri* to ,frank=t1 to ha/5 ! pr9t+ ( 8 ,lat9 works4 ,9 bo? lett]s !re 7 evid5tly speci\s promises ( protection4#ajd ,sid5ote3 ,bruno's reasons = return+4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>* #c1 #aeib4 ,! motives ( ,moc5igo 7 m ?an que/ionable4 ,he 0 ( ! noble/ blood ( ,v5ice1 ! ,doge's ,*air hav+ be5 sev5 times fill$ by memb]s ( 8 family1 & among ! patrician y\? !re 0 a fa%ionable craze = ,lullism & k9dr$ mu*-promis+ arts at ?is "t4#aje ,de ,val]iis1 ano!r ,v5etian noble1 wrote1 9 #aehi1 an ,opus ,aureum1 :i* 0 publi%$ at ,/rassburg along ) o!r ,lullian works 7includ+ ,bruno's7 9 #afji4 ,aga91 ,bruno believ$ 91 & probably taught1 a k9d ( natural magic1 ! magic ( sympa!tic influ5ce f />s1 animals1 plants1 & /ones ^u ! life ( man4 ,moc5igo1 z 8 conduct abundantly %[$1 0 %all[1 mean1 sup]/iti\s1 weak-m9d$1 & va94 ,he 0 j ! type ( man to be attract$ !re=e by any?+ t sav\r$ ( ! black art1 ( :i* ,bruno 0 popul>ly reg>d$ z a devotee4 ,8 real aim may h be5 to be initiat$ by ,bruno into ?is1 al?\gh he pr(ess$ ! desire m]ely ( hav+ ! ,lullian mnemonics & art ( inv5tion taught him4 ,8 disappo9tm5t1 :5 he f\nd ,bruno _h no?+ new to give him 9 t direction1 might acc\nt1 9 a man ( 8 "*1 = ! rev5ge he took4 ,b !re may h be5 worse beh9d3 ,moc5igo _h be5 "o ( ! ,savii all' ,eresia--! assessors appo9t$ by ! ,/ate to ! ,inquisition ,bo>d 9 ,v5ice--& 0 !re=e famili> ) ! intrigues ( t body4 ,he 0 also "u ! influ5ce ( 8 ,fa!r ,confessor1 by ^: ord]s he d5\nc$ ,bruno4 ,! proce$+s make x extremely probable1 !re=e1 t ! ,inquisition laid a trap = ,bruno1 into :i* he unsuspect+ly walk$4 ,x is m difficult to und]/& h[ ! latt] s calmly ent]$ ! lion's jaws4 ,acidalius 7,val5s ,havek5?al71 writ+ to ,mi*ael ,=gacz f ,bologna 7,janu>y #ba1 #aeib71 express$ ! g5]al surprise4 ,tell me "o ?+ m3 ,giordano ,bruno1 :om y knew at ,witt5b]g1 ! ,nolan1 is said to be liv+ j n[ among y at ,padua4 ,is x really s8 ,:at sort ( man is ?is t he d>es ent] ,italy1 :i* he left an exile1 z he us$ himself to confess8 ,i wond]1 ,i wond]6 ,i _c yet believe ! rum\r1 al?\gh ,i h x on good au?ority4 ,y %all tell me :e!r x is true or false4 ,b cle>ly ill rum\rs 7 spread+1 = on ! ?ird ( ,m>* he wrote 9 a diff]5t tone1 ,i no long] wond] ab\t t o!r sophi/1 s div]se & incr$ible are ! tales ,i he> daily ( him "h4#ajf ,probably ,bruno did n und]/& :at mann] ( reputation he _h2 he /ill reg>d$ himself z belong+ to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,ciotto depos$ he _h he>d no?+ f ,bruno's lips :i* might sugge/ a d\bt ( 8 be+ a good ,ca?olic & ,*ri/ian4 ,v5ice 0 a free & p[]ful /ate1 ,moc5igo ! son ( a p[]ful h\se1 s t he may well h look$ = safety2 & x 0 8 belov$ ,italy1 = :i* he _h nev] ceas$ to ye>n s9ce ! day he _h cross$ ! ,alps4 ,to ,v5ice1 at any rate1 he came1 liv+ = a "t by himself1 & sp5d+ "s ?ree mon?s also at ,padua1 ! neighb\r+ univ]sity t[n1 :]e he ga!r$ pupils ab\t him1 & wrote z con/antly z be=e4 ,"s manuscripts t 7 b\ght 9 ,p>is a few ye>s ago1 & :i* _h belong$ to ,bruno1 7 p>tly writt5 9 ! h& ( "o ( ^! pupils1 ,j]ome ,besl]1 :om ,bruno _h kn[n 9 ,helm/adt1 & :o act$ !re z 8 copyi/4 ,o!rs ( 8 ,g]man1 & possibly "s ,engli% fri5ds 7 met ) at ?is r5[n$ univ]sity4#ajg ,x 0 only a few mon?s aft] he left t ,galilei 0 invit$ to tea* 9 ,padua--! creator ( mod]n sci5ce foll[+ 9 ! /eps ( its prophet4#ajh ,! univ]sity 0 9 a /ate ( f]m5t at ! "t ,bruno arriv$1 "o ( ! hotte/ disputes be+ t betwe5 ! /ud5ts & c]ta9 pr(essors1 :o read or dictat$ in/ead ( freely speak+ _! lectures--,doctores *>tacei !y 7 call$--& a f9e ( tw5ty ducats 0 impos$ by ! s5ate on e "o :o %\ld be f\nd guilty ( ?is crime4 ,bruno's memory-art may !re=e1 z ,b>?olmss sugge/s1 h suppli$ a felt want4 ,sid5ote3 ,bruno 9 ,moc5igo's h\se4 ,e>ly 9 #aeib ,bruno took a fatal /ep1 :i* %[$ h[ little he realis$ 8 dang]--he gave up 8 p]sonal fre$om & w5t to live 9 ,moc5igo's h\se4 ,!re ! two opposite natures soon cla%$1 & ! "y patrician began to %[ 8 real "*4 ,! tea*+ did n satisfy him1 did n give him ! p[] ov] nature & man :i* he no d\bt expect$4 ,he approa*$ ,ciotto aga9 be=e ! spr+ book-m>ket1 tell+ him h[ ,giordano 0 liv+ 9 8 h\se at 8 exp5se1 :o promis$ to tea* me mu*1 & has _h clo!s & money 9 pl5ty f me1 b ,i _c br+ him to a po9t1 & fe> he may n be q hone/2 & ask+ him to make inquiries 9 ,frank=t z to ,bruno's "*1 & ! likelihood ( 8 fulfill+ 8 obligations4 ,ciotto return$ ) an unfav\rable report3 ,bruno 0 kn[n to make pr(ession ( a memory-art1 & ( o!r simil> secrets1 b _h nev] be5 kn[n to d any good ) !m1 & all :o _h gone to him = su* ?+s _h rema9$ unsatisfi$2 moreov]1 x 0 n und]/ood 9 ,frank=t h[ he c\ld /ay 9 ,v5ice1 z he 0 held = a man ( no religion4 ,to ?is ,moc5igo repli$1 ,i too h my d\bts ( him1 b ,i w see h[ mu* ,i c get ( :at he promis$ me1 s z n to lose entirely :at ,i h paid him1 & !n ,i w give him up to ! judgm5t ( ! ,holy ,(fice--! ,inquisition4 ,?is e/imable frame ( m9d no d\bt ass]t$ itself 9 ! relations ( pupil & ma/]4 ,bruno _h be5 introduc$ by ,ciotto to ! h\se ( ,&rea ,moros9i1 an enlight5$ patrician1 ^: op5 hospitality a numb] ( ! mo/ cultur$ m5 ( ! "t enjoy$2 !y =m$ an ,academy aft] ! mann] ( ^? ( ,cos5za1 ,naples1 & o!r places4 ,sev]al g5tlem5 meet !re1 said ,moros9i ( ^! ga!r+s1 prelates among !m1 = ent]ta9m5t1 disc\rs+ ( lit]ature1 & pr9cipally ( philosophy2 ?i!r ,bruno came sev]al times1 & talk$ ( v>i\s ?+s1 z is ! cu/om2 b !re 0 nev] a sign t he held any op9ions aga9/ ! fai?1 & s f> z ,i 7,moros9i7 am conc]n$1 ,i h always ?\ght him a ,ca?olic1 & _h ,i _h ! lea/ suspicion ( ! contr>y ,i %\ld n h p]mitt$ him to ent] my h\se4#aji ,! la/ /atem5t mu/1 ( c\rse1 be tak5 cum grano4 ,at ?is "t ,bruno 0 prep>+ a "w on ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts1 & on ,sev5 o!r ,inv5tive ,arts1#aaj :i* he hop$ to be able to pres5t to ! ,pope 9 ord] to obta9 f him absolution1 & h ! ban ( excommunication remov$1 )\t ! compulsion ( aga9 ent]+ ! ord]4 ,_m ,neapolitan fa!rs ( ! ord] came to ,v5ice to a meet+ ( ,*apt]1 & to "s ( ^! ,bruno spoke--to a ,fa!r ,dom5ico especially3--he wi%$ to pres5t himself at ! feet ( 8 ,hol9ess ) "s approv$ "w1 & 8 ultimate design1 z he told ,dom5ico1 0 to g to ,rome & live quietly a life ( lett]s1 p]haps obta9+ "s lectur+ 9 addition4#aaa ,among o!rs he consult$ ,moc5igo1 :o promis$ to assi/ him s f> z he c\ld4 ,,xv ,sid5ote3 ,may #bb4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,inquisition4 ,sid5ote3 ,second ,d5unciation4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,v5etian tribunal4 ,meantime ,moc5igo 0 putt+ pressure on ,bruno to obta9 ! secrets he s\ght to "k1 :ile ,bruno at la/ became aw>e ( 8 dang]4 ,he pret5d$ he wi%$ to g to ,frank=t to h "s books pr9t$1 & on a c]ta9 ,?ursday 9 ,may he took leave ( ,moc5igo4 ,! latt]1 fe>+ 8 prey 0 ab\t to escape1 began to cajole him into /ay+1 b pass$ to compla9t & f9ally to ?reats z ,bruno p]si/$4 ,on ! night ( ! foll[+ day 7,friday71 z ,bruno _h already made prep>ations = leav+1 ,moc5igo came ) 8 s]vitor ,b>tolo & five or six m51 :om ,bruno recognis$ z gondoli]s1 f ! neighb\r+ /ance1 seiz$ ! philosoph] & lock$ him up 9 an attic-room4 ,moc5igo promis$1 if he w\ld /ay & tea* :at 0 desir$--viz4 ! =mul = memory & geometry6--to set him at lib]ty1 o!rwise some?+ unpleasant w\ld befal him4 ,?is novel me?od ( draw+ in/ruction be+ foil$ by ! self-respect ( ! prison]1 ! latt] 0 left = ! night1 transf]r$ ! foll[+ day to a cell> "u ! gr\nd1 & dur+ ! night 0 h&$ ov] to ! s]vants ( ! ,inquisition1 :o br\ght him to _! prison4 ,on ! #bcrd ( ,may1 ,moc5igo d5\nc$ him to ! ,holy ,(fice1 ) a hide\s b cunn+ trave/y ( "s ( 8 op9ions1 report+ him1 = example1 z say+ t ,*ri/'s miracles 7 only app>5t1 t ,he & ! apo/les 7 magicians1 & t he himself 7,bruno7 c\ld d z mu* or m if he _h a m9d2 t ! ,ca?olic fai? 0 full ( blasphemies aga9/ ,god2 t ! ,fri>s ought to be prev5t$ f prea*+1 & %\ld be depriv$ ( _! rev5ues1 because ! _w 0 bef\l$ by !m--!y 7 asses1 & ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* asses' beliefs1 & s on4 ,! arre/ 0 on ! foll[+ night 7,sunday night71 & on ! ,monday a second d5unciation 0 ent]$ by ,moc5igo1 ?an :i* !re is no m pitiful self-revelation ( meanness & hypocrisy extant4 ,he confesses or r boa/s t1 on lock+ up ,bruno1 he _h recit$ ! *>ges he w\ld make aga9/ him1 hop+ to co]ce him into reveal+ 8 secrets1 i4e4 ! ,secret ,arts4 ,bruno's only reply _h be5 to ask = 8 lib]ty1 to say t he _h n really int5d$ to leave1 b 0 /ill ready to tea* ,moc5igo ev]y?+ he knew1 to "w = him 7to be my slave1 said ,moc5igo71 )\t any fur!r recognition1 & to give him any?+ t he _h 9 ! h\se2 only he ask$ to h return$ him a copy ( a book ( conjurations t ,moc5igo _h f\nd among 8 writt5 pap]s & _h appropriat$4 ,to expla9 8 delay 9 accus+ ,bruno1 ,moc5igo pr(ess$ n to h be5 able to get en\gh aga9/ ! latt] until he _h ! philosoph] 9 8 own h\se two mon?s e>li] 7viz4 9 ,m>*71 & !n ,i wi%$ to get ! good ( him1 & by ! /eps ,i took ,i 0 able to assure myself t he w\ld n leave )\t tell+ me ( x4 ,all ! "t ,i promis$ myself to br+ ! matt] be=e ! c5sor%ip ( ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,^! d5\ncem5ts 7 confirm$ on oa? by ,moc5igo1 ^: age is giv5 at ?irty-f\r ye>s1 s t ! excuse ( y\? falls f him4 ,! foll[+ ,tuesday ! ,holy ,tribunal met to consid] ! case4 ,x consi/$1 9 ,v5ice1 ( ! ,papal ,nuncio 7,ludovico ,tab]na71 ! ,patri>* ( ,v5ice 7,lor5zo ,priuli71#aab ! ,fa!r ,inquisitor 7,john ,gabrielli ( ,saluzzo1 de ,salutiis71#aac along ) ?ree assessors or repres5tatives ( ! ,/ate 7,savii all' ,eresia71 "o ( :om 0 always pres5t1 ) ! "r ( susp5d+ ! meet+ if he ?\ght prop]3 at ! pres5t "t ! ?ree 7 ,aloysius ,fusc>i1 ,seba/ian ,b>badico1 & ,tomaso ,moros9i4 ,on ?is day ! evid5ce ( ,ciotto & ,b]tano1 ! booksell]s :o _h kn[n ,bruno at ,frank=t z well z at ,v5ice 7,b]tano 0 also at ,zri*71 0 tak52 x 0 9 ! ma9 fav\rable1 only ,b]tano recall$ ! prior ( ! ,c>melite mona/]y at ,frank=t hav+ said ( ,bruno t he sp5t mo/ ( 8 "t 9 writ+1 & w5t ab\t dream+ dreams & m$itat+ new ?+s1 t he _h a f9e m9d & k ( lett]s1 & 0 a univ]sal man1 b t he _h no religion s f> z ! prior knew1 & he quot$ a say+ ( ,bruno's to ! effect t ! apo/les did n "k ev]y?+1 & t he _h ! m9d1 if he wi%$1 to make all ! _w ( "o religion2 :ile ,ciotto report$ ! common belief 9 ,frank=t t ,bruno 0 a man ( no religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ exam9ation ( ,bruno4 ,! prison] himself 0 !n br\ght =w>d--,a man ( ord9>y /ature1 ) *e/nut-br[n be>d1 ( ! age & appe>ance ( =ty ye>s2 ,ciotto1 too1 describ$ him z a sl5d] man ( small /ature1 ) a small d>k be>d1 ab\t =ty ye>s ( age4 ,bruno ( 8 own accord1 be=e a "q 0 put1 pr(ess$ 8 read9ess to speak ! tru?2 he _h sev]al times _h ! ?reat made to him ( be+ br\ght be=e ! ,holy ,(fice 7viz4 by ,moc5igo71 b _h always treat$ x z a je/1 because he 0 q ready to give an acc\nt ( himself4 ,?is he proce$$ to d4 ,! biographical "p ( 8 acc\nt has be5 embodi$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ird deposition ( ,moc5igo4 ,on ! #bi? ,moc5igo made ano!r deposition1 ! result ( fur!r reflections1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,fa!r ,inquisitor1 on ! utt]ances ( ,bruno aga9/ ! ,ca?olic fai?4 ,bruno _h said t ! ,ca?olics did n act on ! model ( ! apo/les1 :o taught by example & good de$s1 conv]t+ ?r\gh love1 n =ce2 t he pref]r$ ! ,ca?olic religion to o!rs1 b x also /ood 9 great ne$ ( re=m2 t he hop$ great ?+s f ! ,k+ ( ,nav>re2 t x 0 a mi/ake to all[ ! fri>s to rema9 s ri* 79 ,v5ice73 !y %\ld d z 9 ,france1 :]e ! nobles enjoy$ ! rev5ues ( ! mona/]ies1 ! fri>s liv+ on s\p1 z befitt$ su* asses4 ,?is 0 a p[]ful /roke ( diplomacy on ,moc5igo's "p4 ,x 0 also h9t$ t ,bruno's life 0 n pure1 t he said ! ,*ur* err$ 9 mak+ a s9 ( :at 0 ( great s]vice 9 nature1 & ( :at he 7,bruno7 reg>d$ z a high m]it4 ,sid5ote3 ,! tw(old tru?4 ,sid5ote3 ,fra ,dom5ico4 ,sid5ote3 ,philosophical & !ological tru?4 ,sid5ote3 ,bruno's cre$4 ,next day 7,saturday7 ,bruno cont9u$ 8 acc\nt ( 8 life1 ! fir/ note ( def5ce be+ /ruck 9 an appeal to ! fam\s doctr9e ( ! tw(old tru?4 ,"s ( ! works compos$ by me & pr9t$ ,i d n approve1 because ,i spoke & disc\rs$ too mu* z a philosoph] r ?an z an 'hone/'#aad man & good ,*ri/ian1 & 9 p>ticul> ,i "k t 9 "s ( ^! works ,i taught & believ$ on philosophic gr\nds :at ought to h be5 ref]r$ to ! pot5cy1 wisdom1 & goodness ( ,god1 accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 bas+ my doctr9e on s5se & reason1 & n ^u fai?4 ,on ,tuesday1 ,june #b1 a deposition 0 read f ,fra ,dom5ico da ,noc]a confirm+ ,bruno's appeal to him1 & 8 desire = ! fav\r ( ! ,pope & a reconciliation ) ! ,*ur*1 s t he might be able to live quietly 9 ,rome4 ,! prison] 0 !n cross-exam9$1 & submitt$ a li/ ( 8 works1 publi%$ & unpubli%$4 ,9 ^! he claim$ to h spok5 always philosophically1 & accord+ to ! light ( nature1 hav+ no special reg>d to :at ought to be believ$ accord+ to ! fai?3 8 int5tion _h be5 n to impugn religion1 b only to exalt philosophy1 al?\gh _m impieties might h be5 utt]$ on ! /r5g? ( 8 natural light4 ,directly he _h taught no?+ contr>y to ! ,*ri/ian ,ca?olic religion2 ?us 9 ,p>is he _h be5 all[$ to v9dicate ! articles aga9/ ! ,p]ipatetics & o!rs1 by natural pr9ciples1 )\t prejudice to ! tru? accord+ to ! light ( ! fai?3 indirectly1 ,ari/otle's & ,plato's works 7 z contr>y1 inde$ mu* m contr>y1 to ! fai? ?an ! articles philosophically prop\nd$ & def5d$ by him4 ,he proce$$ to give an admirable /atem5t ( 8 philosophical cre$ :i* might h fir$ ! he>ts ( 8 judges3--,i believe 9 an inf9ite univ]se1 ! effect ( ! inf9ite div9e pot5cy1 because x has seem$ to me unwor?y ( ! div9e goodness & p[] to create a f9ite _w1 :5 able to produce besides x ano!r & o!rs inf9ite3 s t ,i h decl>$ t !re are endless p>ticul> worlds simil> to ?is ( ! ,e>?2 ) ,py?agoras ,i reg>d x z a />1 & simil> to x are ! moon1 ! planets1 & o!r />s1 :i* are inf9ite1 & all ^! bodies are worlds1 & )\t numb]1 con/itut+ ! inf9ite all 7univ]sit7 9 an inf9ite space2 :ile ! latt] is call$ ! inf9ite univ]se1 9 :i* are innum]able worlds2 s t !re are two k9ds ( inf9ity1 "o 9 ! magnitude ( ! univ]se1 ! o!r 9 ! multitude ( worlds1 by :i* indirectly ! tru? accord+ to ! fai? may be impugn$4 ,9 ?is univ]se ,i place a univ]sal provid5ce1 9 virtue ( :i* ev]y?+ lives1 gr[s1 moves1 & comes to & abides 9 its p]fection4 ,x is pres5t 9 two fa%ions3 ! "o is t 9 :i* ! _s is pres5t 9 ! body1 :olly 9 ! :ole1 & :olly 9 any "p ( ! :ole1 & t ,i call nature1 ! %ad[1 ! footpr9t ( div9ity2 ! o!r is ! ineffable way 9 :i* ,god by ess5ce1 pres5ce & p[]1 is 9 all & above all1 n z "p1 n z _s or life1 b 9 an inexplicable way4 ,!n 9 ! div9ity1 ,i reg>d all attributes z be+ "o & ! same ?+4 ,) !ologians & ! greate/ philosoph]s ,i assume ?ree attributes--p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness1 or m9d1 und]/&+1 & love2 ?r\gh ^!1 ?+s h1 fir/1 exi/5ce by reason ( m9d2 !n an ord]$ & di/9ct exi/5ce by reason ( und]/&+2 ?ird1 concord & symmetry by reason ( love4 ,di/9ction 9 div9ity is ?us posit$ by way ( reason1 n ( sub/antial tru?4 ,god 9 ,himself is "o2 b ?ree aspects ( ?is unity may be di/+ui%$1 ,m9d 7,w or ,=ce or ,p[]71 ,und]/&+ 7,k1 ! ,^w71 & ,love or ,s\l4 ,^! ?ree aspects correspond1 ( c\rse1 to ! ?ree ,p]sons ( ! ,godhead1 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,_s respectively4 ,bruno confesses1 h[ev]1 to h d\bt$1 f ! philosophic po9t ( view1 ! becom+ fle% ( ! ,und]/&+ or ,^w ( ,god1 al?\gh he did n rememb] giv+ def9ite expression to ?is d\bt2 & z to ! ,_s1 he did n ?9k ( x z a p]son1 b r z ! s\l or life 9 ! univ]se4#aae ,f ! ,_s1 ! life ( ! univ]se1 spr+s1 9 my philosophy1 ! life & s\l ( ev]y?+ t has s\l & life2 & ,i reg>d x z immortal1 z also bodies 9 sub/ance are immortal1 dea? be+ no?+ b division & congregation3 z ! ,prea*] says1 ',! ?+ t ha? be5 x is t :i* %all be1 & t :i* is done is t :i* %all be done2 & !re is no new ?+ "u ! sun4' ,sid5ote3 ,aqu9as4 ,bruno confess$ to h d\bt$ ! application ( ! ^w p]sons to ^! di/9ctions )9 ! ,godhead1 s9ce 8 eighte5? ye>2 b he _h read 9 ,/4 ,augu/9e t x 0 n an old t]m1 b new at t "t4 ,to none ( 8 d\bts z to ! di/9ction ( p]sons or ! ,inc>nation _h he ev] kn[+ly giv5 expression1 except 9 quot+ o!rs1 ,arius1 ,gabellius1 & ! l4444 ,on ! same day1 9 8 prison-h\se1 he 0 fur!r exam9$1 & repeat$ t :atev] he _h writt5 or said contr>y to ! ,ca?olic fai? 0 n int5d$ z direct impugnm5t ( ! fai?1 b 0 bas$ on philosophic gr\nds or on ! au?ority ( h]etics2 he made cle>] also 8 reason = d\bt+ ! applicability ( ! t]m p]sons to ! di/9ctions 9 ! ,godhead1 quot+ ,augu/9e's words1 ,cum =mid9e pr(]imus hoc nom5 p]sonae1 qu&o loquimur de div9is1 et necessitate coacti utimur4 ,especially z to ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ he _h be5 unable to und]/& h[ !re c\ld be any su* relation betwe5 ! inf9ite1 div9e sub/ance1 & ! human1 f9ite1 z betwe5 any o!r two ?+s1--s\l & body1 = example1--:i* may subsi/ toge!r z "o reality1 b he _h only hesitat$ z to ! ineffable mann] ( ! ,inc>nation1 & n z to ! au?ority ( ! ,holy ,scriptures :i* says ,! ,^w 0 made fle%4 ,div9ity c\ld n be held1 !ologically speak+1 to be along ) humanity 9 any o!r fa%ion ?an by way ( assi/5tia 7i4e4 tempor>y influ5ce or pres5ce71 b he did n inf] any?+ f ?is contr>y to ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 or ( ! suppos$ ,div9e ,be+ t is call$ ,*ri/2 ! miracles ( ,*ri/ he _h always held to be div9e1 true1 & real--n app>5t miracles2 :ile ! miracles ( o!rs 7 only 9 virtue ( ,*ri/3 z to ! sacrifice ( ! ,holy ,mass & ! ,transub/antiation ( ! fle% & blood ( ,*ri/ he _h always held ) ! ,*ur*3 he _h n att5d$ ,mass because ( 8 excommunication1 b _h be5 to ,vesp]s & to prea*+s 9 ! ,*ur*es3 9 8 deal+s ) h]etics1 he _h always treat$ ( matt]s philosophical1 & _h nev] all[$ any?+ to escape him t 0 contr>y to ! ,ca?olic ,doctr9e1 & = t reason ,calv9i/s & ,lu!rans _h always ?\ght ( him z hav+ no religion1 because he did n entangle himself ) !irs1 & _h be5 9 _m p>ts )\t hav+ communicat$1 or accept$ ! religion ( any ( !m4 ,"s ( ! gross] *>ges ( ,moc5igo 7 read to him1 :i* he /r5u\sly d5i$1--& z he spoke1 says ! fai?ful record1 he grew exce$+ly sorr[ful1 m>vell+ t su* ?+s c\ld be imput$ to him4 ,m /r5u\s grew 8 ass]tion ( 8 or?odoxy--z to ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 ! ,virg9 ,mo!rhood1 ! ,sacram5t ( ,rep5tance2 he spoke ( 8 repeat$ ef=ts to obta9 absolution1 h[ = 8 s9s he _h always ask$ p>don ( ,god1 & w\ld also will+ly h confess$ himself _h he be5 able1 because he _h nev] d\bt$ ( ?is sacram5t 7or ( any ( ! o!rs71 be+ firmly conv9c$ t imp5it5t s9n]s 7 condemn$ & t hell 0 _! portion4 ,h]etic !ologians1--,melan*?on1 ,lu!r1 ,calv9 & o!rs1--he condemn$ & despis$1 & _h read _! books f curiosity m]ely1 al?\gh !re 7 o!rs1 z ^? ( ,raymond ,lully1 :i* he _h kept by him because !y treat$ ( matt]s philosophical4 ,sa9t ,?omas ,aqu9as1 on ! o!r h&1 he _h always e/eem$ & lov$ z 8 own s\l2 _h 8 writ+s always by him1 read1 /udi$1 & pond]$ ov] !m2 & _h spok5 ( ,aqu9as 9 "o ( 8 works z ,! ,hon\r & ,light ( all ! race ( !ologians1 & ( ,p]ipatetics among philosoph]s4#aaf ,:5 he _h spok5 ( good works z necess>y = salvation1 he _h 9 8 m9d n ,ca?olicism1 b ! re=m$ religion1 :i* is 9 fact de=m$ 9 ! extreme4 ,"o by "o ,moc5igo's *>ges 7 read1 & d5i$1 except t z to 8 contra/+ ! apo/les' me?od ( spread+ ! ,gospel ) t ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1--?is *>ge he evad$4 ,:5 ! grosse/ ( all1 h[ev]1 0 read1 alleg+ him to h said ! app>5t miracles ( ,*ri/ & ! apo/les 7 due to ! black art1 & t he himself c\ld equally well d !m all--he c\ld n re/ra9 himself2--rais+ bo? h&s1 & cry+1 ',:at is ?is8 ,:o has inv5t$ ^! devilries8 ,i nev] said su* a ?+1 x nev] ent]$ my imag9ation2 oh ,god6 :at is ?is8 ,i w\ld r be dead ?an t su* a ?+ %\ld h be5 utt]$ by me6' ,8 ref]5ces to wom5 he admitt$ an error1 b !y _h be5 spok5 9 lightness amid company & dur+ talk ( ?+s otiose & mundane4 ,?reat5$ ) extreme measures if he refus$ to confess 8 errors ) respect to ! ,*ur*1 ,bruno promis$ to make a great] ef=t to recall all he _h said & done aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian & ,ca?olic fai?1 prote/$ ! s9c]ity ( all he said1 & 0 left 9 peace = a "t4 ,?is int]view took place 9 ! prison ( ! ,inquisition4 ,on ! foll[+ day 9 ! same place ! exam9ation 0 cont9u$--8 neglect ( ,holy ,days & ,fa/+s 9 ,engl& & ,g]many2 8 att5dance at h]etic prea*+s 7al?\gh he emphatically d5i$ t he ev] p>took ( ! communion 9 any ,prote/ant *ur*72 8 d\bts conc]n+ ! ,inc>nation1 ! ,miracles1 ! ,sacram5ts2 8 famili>ity ) magical arts2 8 praise ( h]etics & h]etic ,pr9ces1--^! 7 "s ( ! _m po9ts ( indictm5t :i* he _h to face4 ,! ,book ( ,conjurations1 & o!rs l x1 he pr(ess$ to h _h only out ( curiosity1 al?\gh he despis$ & discr$it$ sorc]y2 b he _h wi%$ to /udy ! div9+ art1 & especially ! div9atory 7prophetic7 side ( a/rology1 m]ely out ( sci5tific int]e/1 & !re=e _h su* books by him4 ,h]etics he _h prais$1 only = ! moral virtues !y _h %[$1 or f conv5tion 7z 9 ! case ( ,que5 ,elizabe?74 ,! c\rse ( 8 exam9ation 0 mak+ cle> to ,bruno at la/ 9 h[ great dang] he really /ood2 & on ?is day he made1 probably 9 hope ( imm$iate release1 a =mal & solemn abjuration ( all ! errors he _h ev] committ$ p]ta9+ to ! ,ca?olic life & pr(ession1 all ! h]esies he _h believ$ & ! d\bts he _h p]mitt$ himself to hold ab\t ! ,ca?olic ,fai? or ! decrees ( ! ,*ur*2 & pray$ t ! ,holy ,tribunal w\ld receive him into ! bosom ( ! ,holy ,*ur*1 provide him ) rem$ies prop] to 8 salvation1 & %[ m]cy ^u him4 ,sid5ote3 ,july #cj4 ,! e>li] processes aga9/ him at ,naples & at ,rome 71 h[ev]1 recall$ to m9d2 & on ! foll[+ day he 0 aga9 que/ion$ z to 8 famili>ity ) ! magic arts4 ,?ree weeks lat] ,moros9i 0 exam9$ & ,ciotto re-exam9$2 9 bo? cases ! evid5ce 0 :olly 9 ,bruno's fav\r4 ,!n a long int]val elaps$4 ,x 0 n till ! #cj? ( ,july t ! case 0 aga9 tak5 up4#aag ,bruno _h no?+ to add to 8 def5ce1 except 8 con/ant desire to ent] ! ,*ur*1 if he c\ld only d s )\t und]go+ ! bondage ( monkhood aga94 ,worn out by anxiety1 & possibly by torture1 he humbl$ himself be=e 8 judges3 kneel+1 he ask$ p>don ( ,god & ( 8 judges = all ! errors he _h committ$1 & (f]$ himself z prep>$ = any p5ance !y might lay ^u him4 ,he hop$ 8 *a/isem5t might exce$ r 9 gravity ?an 9 publicity1 :]eby di%on\r might be ca/ ^u ! sacr$ habit ( ! ,ord] :i* he _h borne2 & if by ! m]cy ( ,god & ( _! illu/ri\s lord%ips1 8 life %\ld be grant$ him1 he promis$ to make am5ds = ! sc&al he _h creat$ by equally great edification4 ,,xvi ,sid5ote3 ,dec4 #bb4 ,?is clos$ ! acts ( ! process s f> z ! ,v5etian tribunal 0 conc]n$4 ,! ,sacr$ ,congregation ( ! ,supreme ,tribunal ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 at ,rome1 0 eag] to secure ! di/+ui%$ h]etic = itself1 & on ! #ab? ( ,septemb] ! ,c>d9al ,san ,sev]9a wrote to ?is effect2 ! ,v5etian tribunal1 on ! #ag?1 gave ord]s t ,bruno be s5t z soon z possible to ! ,gov]nor ( ,ancona1 :o w\ld see to 8 fur!r cu/ody to ,rome4 ,on ! #bh? ?is decision 0 report$ to ! ,doge & ,c\ncil ( ,v5ice by ! ,vic> ( ! ,patri>* 7! ,fa!r ,inquisitor & ,?omas ,moros9i be+ pres5t71 ) an acc\nt ( ! *>ges aga9/ ,bruno1 & he add$1 t !y did n wi% to act )\t fir/ in=m+ ! ,college 7! ,doge & ,s5ators71 s t !y might give :at ord] !y ?\ght fit1 & ! tribunal w\ld wait to "k :at reply %\ld be made to ,rome2 b he begg$ = exp$ition1 s9ce !re 0 at t v "t an opportunity ( s5d+ ! prison] 9 security2 to all :i* ! ,s5ate promis$ to give due consid]ation4 ,on ! same day ! ,fa!r ,inquisitor return$1 aft] d9n]1 to le>n ! decision ( ! ,signors1 add+ t !re 0 a vessel at h&1 ready to set out4 ,! ,/ate 0 n s will+1 h[ev]1 to all[ ! ,*ur* to h its way1 & x 0 repli$ t ! matt] be+ ( mom5t1 & des]v+ consid]ation1 & ! occupations ( ! ,/ate be+ _m & weighty1 !y c\ld n at t "t come to a decision1 & 8 ,rev]5ce might = ! pres5t let ! vessel sail4 ,on ! #crd ( ,octob] !y wrote to _! ambassador 7,donato7 at ,rome1 t ! reque/ _h be5 refus$1 on ! gr\nd t x meant an infr+em5t ( ! rights ( ! ,v5etian tribunal & a m5ace = ! future to _! subjects4 ,ne>ly ?ree mon?s elaps$ be=e any fur!r /eps 7 tak54 ,on ! #bbnd ,decemb] ! ,papal ,nuncio appe>$ be=e ! ,college press+ !m to deal ) ! ,fri> ,giordano ,bruno1 describ$ z a publicly kn[n ,ar*-h]etic1 :om ! ,pope desir$ to h at ,rome1 9 ord] to br+ to an end ! process t 0 begun aga9/ him 9 ! ,holy ,inquisition1 & _! s]5ities 7 begg$ to p]mit 8 be+ c>ri$ to ,rome1 t ju/ice might be done4 ,8 ,hol9ess1 ! ,pope1 _h already1 9 ! int]val1 impress$ 8 desire ^u ! m9ds ( ! ambassadors at ,rome4 ,on ! procurator1 ,donato1 :o _h mean:ile return$ f ,rome1 press+ ! uncon/itutional nature ( ! act1 ! ,nuncio po9t$ out t ,bruno 0 a ,neapolitan1 n a subject ( ! ,v5etian ,republic at all2 t !re 7 e>li] unf9i%$ processes aga9/ him bo? 9 ,naples & 9 ,rome2 & t 9 simil> cases ! accus$ _h be5 s5t to ! *ief tribunal at ,rome4 ,! ,s5ate agre$ to consid] ! matt]1 & express$ _! desire to give e possible satisfaction to 8 ,hol9ess4 ,sid5ote3 ,janu>y #g1 #aeic4 ,on ! #g? ( ,janu>y1 _! procurator1 ,cont>9i1 report$ on ,bruno to ! ,college t 8 faults 7 extremely grave 9 respect ( h]esies1 al?\gh 9 o!r respects "o ( ! mo/ excell5t & r>e/ natures1 & ( exquisite le>n+ & k2 b1 s9ce ! case 0 begun at ,naples & ,rome1 0 "o ( extraord9>y gravity1 & ,bruno a /rang]1 n a subject1 he ?\ght x might be conv5i5t to satisfy 8 ,hol9ess1 z _h be5 done be=e at times 9 simil> cases4 ,he also h9t$ t ,bruno himself1 on be+ in=m$ t 8 case 0 to be br\ght to a spe$y conclusion1 _h said he w\ld s5d a writ+ 9 :i* he 0 to ask to be remitt$ to ,rome1 b t ?is might h be5 int5d$ m]ely to put (f "t4 ,8 report he desir$ to h kept secret1 bo? = public & = private reasons4#aah ,x 0 successful 9 its aim1 = on ! #g? ( ,janu>y x 0 decid$ t to gratify ! ,pope1 ! said ,giordano ,bruno be remitt$ to ! ,tribunal ( ! ,inquisition at ,rome1 be+ consign$ to ,monsignor ! ,nuncio t he may be s5t 9 :at cu/ody & by :at means 8 ,rev]5d ,lord%ip ?9ks be/2 t ! ,nuncio be notifi$ ( ?is1 & t our ambassador at ,rome be also advis$ !re( to repres5t x to 8 ,hol9ess z a m>k ( ! cont9u$ read9ess ( ! ,republic to d :at is pleas+ to him4#aai ,! ambassador1 ,p>uta1 0 in=m$ ( ! decision1 & ask$ to pres5t x to ! ,pope z proce$+1 9 ! words ( ! lett]1 f our rev]5d & filial reg>d = 8 ,hol9ess1 ) :om y %\ld condole 9 our "n on 8 indisposition2 & if on ! arrival ( ^! pres5ts he is 9 good heal?1 z ) ! grace ( ,god we hope1 y %all congratulate him !reupon4 ,8 ,hol9ess1 on ,p>uta's in=m+ him ( ! decision1 0 highly gratifi$1 & repli$ ) c\rte\s & k9dly words1 say+ h[ greatly he desir$ to rema9 always 9 h>mony ) ! ,republic1 & h[ he hop$ x might n give him bones t 7 v h>d to gnaw1 9 case o!rs %\ld ca/ up to him t he yield$ ov]mu* to ! affection he bore x4#abj ,cle>ly ,v5ice _h no desire to qu>rel ) ! ,papal ,gov]nm5t j at t "t1 & ! un=tunate ,bruno 0 made a political sacrifice4 ,! p]si/5cy ( ! ,pope's repres5tative at ,v5ice 9 dem&+ ,bruno's transf]5ce to ,rome1 & ! ,pope's evid5t relief :5 ,v5ice yield$1 %[ h[ important ! dea? or complete recantation ( ,bruno _h come to be ?\ght by ! ,ca?olic p>ty4 ,on ! #bg? ( ,febru>y #aeic ,bruno ent]$ ! prison ( ! ,inquisition at ,rome4#aba ,,xvii ,bruno's behavi\r be=e ! ,v5etian tribunal has be5 reg>d$ z a signal blot ^u 8 "*4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 cross-exam9ation he entirely *ang$ 8 attitude1 :i* 0 at fir/ "o ( defiant self-confid5ce1 op5 confession ( 8 7philosophic7 diff]5ces f ! ,*ur*1 & ( indirect attacks ^u ! fai? 9 8 writ+s2 insi/5ce ^u 8 "r to use ! natural light ( s5se & reason1 s long z ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* 7 accept$ by way ( fai?4 ,lat] he pass$ f ?is attitude to "o ( anxi\s & angry d5ial ( all *>ges ( het]odoxy1 ( traffick+ ) h]etics1 & ! l2 & f9ally to "o ( almo/ cr++ submission & pr(ess$ read9ess to und]go any puni%m5t = 8 misde$s4 ,x is possible t he began by ov]rat+ ! tol]ance ( ! ,v5etian ,republic4 ,9 ,moros9i's circle1 ( :i* ,fra ,paolo ,s>pi 0 aft]w>ds a memb]1 he _h he>d enlight5$ talk & free criticism ( ! ,*ur*1 & especially ( ,rome4 ,"o ( ! reput$ say+s ( ,moros9i1 we 7 born ,v5etians be=e we became ,*ri/ians1 makes "o hesitate to accept z q hone/ 8 evid5ce be=e ! tribunal4 ,b ,bruno's trial occurr$ at a "t :5 tol]ance _h giv5 way to diplomacy4 ,_h ,bruno be5 a ,v5etian or ( ano!r nationality ! result w\ld h be5 diff]5t4 ,!y _h adopt$ a policy ( fri5d%ip t[>ds ! ,papal gov]nm5t1 & 9 consequ5ce dealt dur+ t p]iod mu* m sev]ely ) h]etical doctr9e ?an ) loos5ess ( life4 ,bruno may h discov]$ ?is 9 ! c\rse ( 8 trial1 & *ang$ 8 position 9 ord] to save 8 life4 ,sigw>t comes to ! conclusion t x is impossible to believe 9 8 entire g5u95ess & tru?fulness2 x is cle> t he 0 n[ try+ to save himself & escape condemnation by submission4 ,numb]less quotations might be made f 8 writ+s :i* give ! lie to 8 d5ials be=e ! tribunal1 & 8 wond]ful memory c\ld n h all[$ !m to slip f 8 m9d4 ,h[ev]1 !re is ?is to be said1 t ,bruno _h nev] reg>d$ himself z any?+ b a ,ca?olic2 t 8 criticisms ( t ,*ur* 7 sugge/ions ( re=m f )9 r ?an attacks f )\t2 t he _h always reta9$ an in/9ctive dislike bo? ( ,calv9ism & ( ,lu!ranism1 9 spite ( 8 exagg]at$ b conv5tional praises ( ,lu!r at ,witt5b]g2 t he _h nev] =mally comp>$ 8 philosophy ) 8 traditional fai?1 b r laid t fai? aside & work$ z a philosoph] m]ely3 h5ce 8 reputation 9 ,g]many z a man ( no religion4 ,:5 he fir/ became aw>e t he 0 9 dang] ( los+ life or at lea/ lib]ty1 & 8 dream ( a quiet retirem5t ) fre$om ( "w 9 ,italy began to fade1 he mu/ h lo/ 8 c5tre ( judgm5t1 & _h difficulty 9 e/imat+ 8 own pa/ do+s & say+s f ! new /&po9t4 ,x w\ld be unju/ to say !re 0 ! smalle/ elem5t ( hypocrisy 9 8 submission1 or ( deceit 9 8 d5ial ( guilt4 ,& 9 any case1 :atev] errors he committ$ be=e ! ,v5etian tribunal 7 amply am5d$ by 8 behavi\r be=e ! ,roman4#abb ,"o ?+ is c]ta93 he nev] ei!r !n or aft]w>ds recant$ or 9 any s5se )drew a s+le proposition belong+ to 8 philosophical cre$4 ,to ,rome !re w5t ) him1 9 all probability1 copies ( ! d5unciations & evid5ce giv5 at ,v5ice1 ! works :i* ,moc5igo _h m>k$1 & li/s ( all 8 works1 includ+ t giv5 by himself1 :i* w\ld be valuable c\ld x n[ be f\nd4 ,f ,janu>y #af1 #aeic to ,janu>y #ad1 #aeii !re is absolute sil5ce conc]n+ ,bruno1 s f> z discov]$ docum5ts g4 ,9 #ahdi an opportunity 0 obta9$ ( /udy+ ! ar*ives ( ! ,vatican1 b ! /ud5t did n pass beyond ,novemb] #aeih 7beg9n+ f ,febru>y #afjj71 be=e ! opportunity 0 ov]4#abc ,! e>lie/ ( ^! records ( ,bruno is1 z /at$ above1 ( ,janu>y #ad1 #aeii4 ,to ! congregation 7( ! ,holy ,(fice7 !re 7 read eight h]etical propositions1 tak5 f ! works ( ,fra ,giordano ,bruno ( ,nola1 apo/ate ( ! ord] ( ,prea*+ ,fri>s1 imprison$ 9 ! prison ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 & f ! process aga9/ him1 by ! ,rev]5d ,fa!rs ,commiss>io & ,bell>m9o4 ,x 0 decid$ t select$ propositions be read to him1 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r he 0 will+ to abjure !m z h]etical4 ,o!r h]etical propositions are to be look$ = 9 ! process & 9 ! books4 ,:at _h happ5$ all ^! ye>s8 ,:y 0 ,bruno's life sp>$ s long8 ,?is unusual clem5cy on ! "p ( ! ,inquisition po9ts to a great diff]5ce 9 _! e/imate ( ,bruno's importance f _! view ( t ( o!r h]etics4 ,9 a li/ ( tw5ty-"o prison]s ( ! ,inquisition made on ! #e? ( ,april #aeii1 only "o besides ,bruno _h be5 = m ?an a ye> 9 _! h&s2 ! duration ( imprisonm5t = ! o!rs c\ld be c\nt$ by mon?s or days4 ,z a g5]al rule !y 7 n sl[ 9 /rik+4 ,among ! reasons t h be5 sugge/$ is ! "t requir$ to g ov] ! f\r processes :i* _h already be5 drawn up aga9/ ,bruno1 if ! docum5ts 7 extant1 & to obta9 & read 8 books & manuscripts4 ,?is may be dismiss$ at once2 ,bruno's books c\ld n be sc>ce !n1 al?\gh !y became s lat]1 & x c\ld n require six ye>s to f9d en\gh mat]ial to condemn him if t 7 desir$4 ,ano!r sugge/ion is t ,bruno 0 a ,dom9ican1 & ! :ole ord] 0 conc]n$ 9 procur+ 8 recantation1 r ?an h ! sc&al :i* 8 dea? 9 apo/asy w\ld cause4 ,! hi/orians ( ! ord] aft]w>ds d5i$ t ,bruno1 if really put to dea?1 _h be5 "o ( _! ord]--,_h he be5 "o ( u he w\ld h rema9$ ) u et convictu et s5sibus4#abd ,m probable is ! idea t ,pope ,clem5t _h "s fav\r = ,bruno1 :o _h int5d$ to d$icate a book to him1 & ^: skilful p5 & bit+ tongue he hop$ to w9 ov] to ! side ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! book on ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts may h be5 actually complet$1 & may h pres5t$ a modus viv5di betwe5 religi\s au?ority & philosophic fre$om1 z ,brunnh(] sugge/s4 ,if ! hope ( w9n+ him ov] 0 really held1 x is n likely t !y refra9$ 9 8 case1 any m ?an 9 ,campanella's1 f ! use ( torture4 ,bell>m9o1 a ,jesuit1 to :om along ) ,commiss>io ! /udy ( ,bruno's works & ( ! processes _h be5 entru/$1 0 "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ prelates ( ! day1 a ke5 & ready controv]siali/1 9 spite ( 8 reput$ love ( peace1 & a skilful writ] ( _m apologetic & polemical works4 ,b5ea? ! surface ( enlight5m5t !re lay hidd5 a nature ( int5se bigotry3 x 0 he :o decid$ t ,cop]nicanism 0 a h]esy2 he play$ a "p lat] 9 ! process aga9/ ,galilei1 & 9 ! attack ^u ,fra ,paolo ,s>pi2 ?r\gh 8 ag5cy ! ,platoni/ ,patrizzi 0 induc$ to retract 8 h]esies1 & 8 works 7 plac$ along ) ^? ( ,telesius1 ! apo/le ( ,naturalism1 ^u ! index4 ,sid5ote3 ,febru>y #d1 #aeii4 ,on ! #d? ( ,febru>y ! congregation aga9 consid]$ ,bruno's case1 he hav+ 9 ! int]val made "s prote/ aga9/ ! eight propositions select$4 ,8 ,hol9ess decre$ t x %\ld be intimat$ to him by ! ,rev]5d ,fa!rs ,bell>m9o & ,commiss>io1 t ! propositions are h]etical1 & n only n[ or lately decl>$ h]etical1 b accord+ to ! mo/ anci5t ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* & ! ,apo/olic ,see4 ,if he %all admit !m z su*1 x is well1 b if n1 a t]m ( =ty days %all be set him4 ,:at 7 ! eight propositions8 ,x is ( c\rse almo/ impossible to say1 b probably ,tocco#abe is "r 9 sugge/+ t !y 7 nei!r any ( ^? already )drawn 9 ,v5ice 7z held philosophically1 b n !ologically71 nor any ( ! *>ges ( ,moc5igo :i* ,bruno _h s vigor\sly d5i$1 b actual admissions common to 8 works & to ! confessions he _h made at ,v5ice--= example1 propositions z to 7#a7 ! di/9ction ( p]sons 9 ,god2 7#b7 ! ,inc>nation ( ! ,^w2 7#c7 ! nature ( ! ,holy ,_s2 7#d7 ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/2 7#e1 #f1 & #g7 ! necessity1 et]nity1 & inf9ity ( ,nature2 7#h7 ! ,transmigration ( ,s\ls4 ,x mu/ h be5 9 ! la/ f\r ( ^!1 or "s simil> propositions1 t ,bruno /ood fa/ by 8 new fai?4 ,,xviii ,sid5ote3 ,decemb] #ba1 #aeii4 ,he 0 grant$ m ?an =ty days1 h[ev]1 or ! p]iod 0 r5ew$1 = x 0 n until ! #ba/ ( ,decemb] ( t ye> t ! pati5ce or p]sev]ance ( ! ,inquisition began to be exhau/$4 ,on t date--! next on :i* !re is any record ( ,bruno--! congregation aga9 reop5$ ! case4 ,9 a r\gh copy ( ! report :i* has be5 f\nd ,bruno is quot$ z say+1 t he nei!r ought nor w recant1 t he has no?+ to recant1 no matt] = recantation1 does n "k :at he ought to recant4 ,9 ! fair copy ! names ( ! memb]s ( ! tribunal are giv54 ,at _! head 0 ,c>d9al ,madruzzi1 & among !m 7 ! fanatical ,san ,sev]91 embitt]$ by 8 failure to secure ! ,papacy 7he _h gone s f> z to *oose 8 "n--,clem5t--:5 8 rival 0 elect$ 9 #aeib1 & became ,clem5t ,,viii471 ! man :o figures 9 hi/ory z hav+ decl>$ ,/4 ,b>?olomew's a glori\s day1 a day ( joy = ,ca?olics2 ! ascetic ,sfondrati2 ! intol]ant ,borghese1 aft]w>ds ,pope ,paul ,v42 & ! le>n$ ,bell>m9o4 ,aft] he>+ ,bruno on 8 def5ce1 x 0 decid$ among !m t ,hippolyte ,m>ia1 g5]al ( ! ,dom9ican ord]1 & ,paul ( ,mir&ula1 _! vic>1 %\ld deal ) ,bruno1 %[ him :at _h to be abjur$1 t he might confess 8 errors1 am5d 8 ways1 & agree to abjure2 & %\ld try to br+ him to ! po9t z soon z possible4 ,bruno1 h[ev]1 z !y report$1 /ood firm1 d5y+ t he _h made any h]etical /atem5ts1 & insi/+ t he _h be5 misund]/ood by ! m9i/]s ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 & by 8 ,hol9ess2 & at ! same meet+ 7#bj? ( ,janu>y #afjj7 a memorial f ,bruno to ! ,pope1 :o 0 pres5t1 hav+ be5 op5$ b n read1 x 0 decre$ t fur!r measures be proce$$ to1 s]vatis s]v&is1 t s5t5ce be pass$1 & t ! said ,fri> ,giordano be h&$ ov] to ! secul> au?ority4 ,on ! #h? ( ,febru>y ?is decision 0 c>ri$ into effect1 & he 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,gov]nor ( ,rome1 ) ! usual recomm5dation t he be puni%$ ) z great clem5cy z possible1 & )\t effusion ( blood--! =mula = burn+ at ! /ake4 ,a witness ( ! pass+ ( ! s5t5ce 0 ,gasp> ,s*opp1 a y\?ful b none ! less fanatical conv]t f ! re=m$ religion to ,ca?olicism4 ,x 0 a ye> ( jubilee 9 ,rome4 ,pope ,clem5t 0 possess$ ( great diplomatic gifts1 he _h ga9$ ! submission ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ( ,france1 _h unit$ ,france aga9 ) ,spa91 & deta*$ x f ,engl&1 & _h quiet$ or lull$ num]\s disputes )9 ! ,*ur* itself4 ,rome 0 !re=e cr[d$ ) visitors1 m s ?an usual ev5 9 a ye> ( jubilee4 ,( ! di/+ui%$ =eign]s pay+ _! homage to ,clem5t1 ,gasp> ,s*opp 0 "o2 facile ( tongue z ( p51 he quickly ga9$ ! ,pope's fav\r1 0 made a knight ( ,/4 ,pet]1 & a c\nt ( ! ,sacr$ ,palace4 ,?is adept at coat-turn+ s5t f ,rome a lett] to ,conrad ,ritt]%aus51 :i* 0 = long ! sole au?ority = ,bruno's dea?1 b 0 held by ,ca?olic writ]s on ,bruno to be a =g]y4 ,9 ! face ( ! solid argum5ts & evid5ce =?com+1 ,ca?olic review]s ev5 at ! pres5t day d5y t ,bruno 0 put to dea?4 ,x is q ne$less at ?is date to ent] into ! "q ( ! au!nticity ( ! lett]1 its ass]tion ( ,bruno's puni%m5t be+ ! sole gr\nd on :i* t 0 ev] d\bt$4#abf ,we le>n f x t ,bruno 0 publicly report$ 9 ,rome to h be5 burn$ z a ,lu!ran2 & "o ( ! aims ( ,s*opp 9 writ+--:i* he did on ! v day ( ,bruno's dea?--0 to prove ! falsity ( ?is report4 ,he _h he>d ! s5t5ce pron\nc$1 & its damnatory clauses he gives z ! foll[+3--7#a7 ,bruno's e>ly d\bts conc]n+ & ultimate d5ial ( ! ,transub/antiation1 & ( ! virg9 conception2 7#b7 ! publication 9 ,london ( ! ,be/ia ,trionfanti1 :i* 0 held to mean ! ,pope2 7#c7 ! horrible absurdities taught 9 8 ,lat9 writ+s1 su* z ! inf9ite numb] ( worlds1 ! transmigration ( s\ls1 ! lawfulness & utility ( magic1 ! ,holy ,_s describ$ z m]ely ! s\l ( ! _w1 ! et]nity ( ! _w1 ,moses spok5 ( z an ,egyptian work+ 8 miracles by magic--9 :i* he excell$ o!r ,egyptians--& z hav+ inv5t$ ! decalogue1 ! ,holy ,scriptures a fable1 ! salvation ( ! devil1 ! ,hebrews alone desc5d$ f ,adam & ,eve1 o!r peoples f ! m5 creat$ ! previ\s day2 ,*ri/ n ,god1 b an illu/ri\s magician1 :o deceiv$ m51 & on t acc\nt 0 prop]ly hang$ 7impiccato7 & n crucifi$2 ! prophets & apo/les corrupt m51 magicians1 :o 7 = ! mo/ "p hang$4 ,9 f9e1 ,i %\ld nev] h done 7 ,i to pass 9 review all ! mon/rosities he has advanc$1 :e!r 9 8 books or by ^w ( m\?4 ,9 "o ^w1 !re is n an error ( ! pagan philosoph]s or ( our h]etics1 anci5t or mod]n1 t he did n su/a94 ,! delay at ,rome1 x is sugge/$1 0 due to ,bruno's con/ant promises to retract1 b he 0 only putt+ (f 8 judges1 & ! duration ( 8 imprisonm5t is giv5 7(ficially87 at ab\t two ye>s4 ,x is cle> t on ! occasion ( ! s5t5ce be+ read ! d5\ncem5ts ( ,moc5igo1 z well z all lat] evid5ces dragg$ f ,bruno's own lips1 or pick$ up f 8 books1 7 recit$ = ! b5efit1 presumably1 ( ! visitors pres5t4 ,:5 ! s5t5ce 0 pron\nc$ ,bruno 0 degrad$1 excommunicat$1 & h&$ ov] to ! secul> magi/rates1 z we h se54 ,! :ole lett] is r$eem$ by ! reply ( ,bruno to 8 judges--,great] p]haps is y\r fe> 9 pron\nc+ my s5t5ce ?an m9e 9 he>+ x4 ,^! /rong words are almo/ ! la/ we h ( ,bruno4 ,at ! /ake he turn$ 8 eyes angrily away f ! crucifix held be=e him4 ,& s1 adds ,s*opp1 he 0 burn$ & p]i%$ mis]ably1 & is gone to tell1 ,i suppose1 9 ^? o!r worlds ( 8 fancy1 h[ ! blasphem\s & impi\s are dealt ) by ! ,romans6 ,x is pleasant to "k t :5 ,"l ,digby 0 ,engli% ambassador to ,spa9 he caus$ ,gasp>d ,s*opp to be horse-:ipp$4#abg ,= ! degradation ( ,bruno1 z we le>n f ! ,regi/] ( ! ,depository-,g5]al ( ! ,pontificate1 two scudi ( gold 7 paid to ! ,bi%op ( ,sidonia4 ,! memorable words he utt]$ at ! "t 7 report$ by ano!r ?an ,s*opp1 ! ,c\nt ( ,v5timiglia1 :o 0 a pupil ( ,bruno1 & pres5t at 8 dea? 7p]haps at ! s5t5ce also7--,y :o s5t5ce me are 9 great] fe> ?an ,i :o am condemn$2 & be=e 8 dea? ,bruno recomm5d$ ,v5timiglia to foll[ 9 8 glori\s foot/eps1 to avoid prejudices & errors4#abh ,9 ! ,avvisi & ,ritorni ( ,rome1 :i* repres5t$1 h[ev] meagrely1 ! newspap]s ( ! "t1 two ref]5ces to ,bruno appe>$1 ) %ort g>bl$ acc\nts ( him4 ,9 "o he 0 spok5 ( z a ,fri> ( ,s4 ,dom9ic1 ( ,nola1 burnt alive 9 ! ,campo di ,fiori1 an ob/9ate h]etic1 ) 8 tongue ti$1 ow+ to ! bruti% words he utt]$1 refus+ to li/5 to ! com=t]s or o!rs3 9 ano!r he 0 report$ z say+ t he di$ a m>tyr1 & will+ly1 & t 8 s\l w\ld asc5d ) ! smoke to ,p>adise1 b n[ he kn[s :e!r he spoke ! tru?6 ,! fulle/ acc\nt1 h[ev]1 ( 8 dea?1 & "o :i* %\ld put to re/ all d\bts on ! subject1 is 9 ! reports ( ! ,company ( ,/4 ,john ! ,behead$4 ,?is company--call$ also ! ,company ( ,m]cy or ,pity 7della mis]icordia7--0 in/itut$ = ! purpose ( accompany+ condemn$ h]etics to ! place ( dea?1 enc\rag+ !m to rep5t1 to die ) contrition = _! s9s4 ,! prie/s bore tablets pa9t$ ) images1 :i* 7 pres5t$ to ! condemn$ to kiss1 f "t to "t1 till ! faggots 7 lit4 ,ev5 ! execution] 0 call$ to _! aid occasionally1 & ! cruelle/ me?ods adopt$ to produce at lea/ ! appe>ance ( kiss+1 & s ( rep5tance4 ,9 ob/9ate cases1 on ! o!r h&1 ! tongue 0 ti$1 s t ! h]etic c\ld n speak to ! p4 ,:5 ! suff]]s rep5t$ be=e dea? ! ,company took note ( _! la/ wi%es1 & !y 7 buri$ 9 ! tombs ( ! ,cloi/] donat$ = t purpose by ,innoc5t ,,viii41 b if !y 7 imp5it5t no w 0 all[$1 & ! a%es 7 ab&on$ to ! w9ds ( heav54 ,?is mu/ h happ5$ 9 ,bruno's case1 = !re is no m5tion ( w or ( burial 9 ! report4 ,its date is ,?ursday1 #af? ,febru>y 7an error = #ag?71 & x reads ?us3#abi--;,at ! second h\r ( ! night x 0 intimat$ to ! ,company t an imp5it5t 0 to be execut$ 9 ! morn+2 s at ! six? h\r ! com=t]s & ! *apla9 met at ,/4 ,ursula1 & w5t to ! prison ( ! ,t[] ( ,nona4 ,aft] ! cu/om>y pray]s 9 ! *apel !re 0 consign$ to !m ! "u-m5tion$ condemn$ to dea?1 viz4 ,giordano1 son ( ! late ,giovanni ,bruno1 an ,apo/ate ,fri> ( ,nola 9 ! ,k+dom1 an imp5it5t h]etic4 ,) all *>ity our bre?r5 exhort$ him to rep5t1 & !re 7 call$ two ,fa!rs ( ,/4 ,dom9ic1 two ( ! ,society ( ,jesus1 two ( ! new ,*ur*1 & "o ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 :o1 ) all affection & mu* le>n+1 %[$ him 8 error1 b he rema9$ to ! end 9 8 accurs$ ob/9acy1 8 bra9 & intellect see?+ ) a ?\s& errors & vanities4 ,s1 p]sev]+ 9 8 ob/9acy1 he 0 l$ by ! s]vants ( ju/ice to ! ,campo dei ,fiori1 !re /ripp$1 b\nd to a /ake1 & burnt alive1 att5d$ always by our ,company *ant+ ! litanies1 ! com=t]s exhort+ him up to ! la/ po9t to ab&on 8 ob/9acy1 b 9 x f9ally he end$ 8 mis]able1 unhappy life4 ,s ,bruno pass$ away2 8 a%es 7 scatt]$1 8 "n almo/ =gott54 ,8 dea? 0 ! m]e/ incid5t amid ! great do+s ( ! ye> ( ,jubilee4 ,none ( ! _m bi%ops & c>d9als & di/+ui%$ visitors 9 ,rome1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,gasp>d ,s*opp1 makes any m5tion ( ! occurr5ce or ( ! man2 & ,s*opp did s only because he wi%$ to po9t a moral f ! case4 ,dur+ 8 sev5 ye>s' imprisonm5t1 ,bruno _h almo/ pass$ out ( ! %ort-liv$ memory ( 8 fell[m54 ,burn+s ( h]etics 7 n infrequ5t spectacles1 & requir$ no special notice4 ,?ree ye>s lat] 7,augu/ #g1 #afjc7 all 8 works 7 plac$ ^u ! ,index1 & consequ5tly became r>e4 ,!y 7 class$ ) o!r dang]\s works on ! black arts1 & ,bruno's "n became "o to avoid4 ,?is 0 ! dea? :i* 9 happi] days he _h =ese5 = himself %\ld he ev] ent] ,italy3--,tor*es1 fifty or a hundr$1 w n fail him1 ev5 ?\gh ! m>* be at mid-day1 %\ld x be 8 fate to die 9 ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntry4 ,:at 7 ! real gr\nds on :i* 8 condemnation & s5t5ce 7 f\nd$8 ,! alleg$ gr\nds we h already se51 b !y _c h =m$ ! actual motive ( ! ,pope & ! ,inquisition4 ,nei!r at ,v5ice nor 9 ,rome c mu* weight h be5 laid ^u ! evid5ce ( ! weakl+ ,moc5igo4 ,! ,c>d9als _c h imag9$ t ,bruno w\ld ev] op5 8 he>t or ev5 speak freely to s %all[ a nature s utt]ly diff]5t 9 all ?+s f himself4 ,! m]e fact ( 8 hav+ left 8 ord] 0 n en\gh1 nor 8 refusal to return to x1 nor 7 8 h]etical op9ions--def5d$ z !y might be1 & z ,ari/otle's own tea*+ _h to be def5d$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 by ! subt]fuge ( ! tw(old tru?4 ,_h 8 *ief fault be51 z "s h ?\ght1 8 praises ( ,elizabe?1 ,h5ry ,,iii41 ,h5ry ( ,nav>re1 ,lu!r1 ,duke ,julius1 & o!r enemies1 real or suppos$1 ( ! ,*ur*1 he w\ld n s long h occupi$ ! prisons ( ! ,inquisition4 ,probably 8 e>lie/ biograph]1 ,b>?olmss1 0 "r 9 sugge/+ t ,bruno 0 reg>d$ z a h]esi>*--he is sev]al times s describ$ 9 ! docum5ts--! f\nd] ( a new sect1 ! lead] ( an incipi5t b dang]\s crusade aga9/ ! ,*ur*4 ,x 0 z ! apo/le ( a new religion1 f\nd$ on a new intuition1 a new conception ( ! univ]se1 & ( its relation to ,god1 t ,bruno di$4 ,_h he be5 won ov] to ! side ( ! ,*ur*1 8 m9d conqu]$ & 8 _s cru%$ by ! long ye>s ( wait+1 & possibly ! days & nights ( physical torture1 x w\ld h be5 a signal triumph = ! papacy4 ,b ! he>t :i* _h trembl$ at ! beg9n+1 :5 ! sudd5 gulf yawn$ be=e x1 grew m & m /eadfa/ z its trials increas$4 ,we c only re-e*o ,c>rire's words1 t 9 ! s\l ( su* a man1 :o aft] eight ye>s' conf9em5t 9 ! prisons ( ! ,inquisition rema9$ s firm1 ! gov]n+ motives mu/ h be5 an et]nal & inviolable impulse t[>ds ,tru?1 an unb5d+ s5se ( "r1 an irrepressible & free en?usiasm4 ,t = :i* he di$ 0 n any special cult or any special int]pretation ( ,scripture or hi/ory1 b a broad fre$om ( ?\ght ) ! "r ( free int]pretation ( hi/ory & ( nature1 :i* 9 8 own case 0 f\nd$ ^u a philosophy1 "o ( ! noble/ t has be5 ?\ght out by man4 ,! fe> ( dea? 0 no "p ( ?is philosophy2 :at we call dea?1 x tea*es1 is a m]e *ange ( /ate1 ( accid5ts--no real sub/ance1 su* z ! human _s is1 c ev] die4 ,"o ( ! highe/ values ( 8 philosophy he ?\ght to be ?is1 t x fre$ man f ! fe> ( dea?1 :i* is worse ?an dea? itself4 ,/rik+ly apposite to 8 own fate is a passage f ,ovid#acj t he quotes-- ,o' g5us attonitum gelidae =mid9e mortis1 ,quid ,/yga1 quid t5ebras1 et nom9a vana timetis1 ,mat]iam vatum1 falsique p]icula mundi8 ,corpora sive rogus flamma1 seu tabe vetu/as ,ab/ul]it1 mala posse pati non ulla putetis2 ,morte c>5t animae domibus habitantque receptae4 ,bruno himself liv$ )9 ! sph]e ( :i* he writes 9 ! ,spaccio1 surr\nd$ by ! impregnable wall ( true philosophic contemplation1 :]e ! peacefulness ( life /&s =tifi$ & on high1 :]e tru? is op51 :]e ! necessity ( ! ,et]nity ( all sub/antial ?+s is cle>1 :]e n\ght is to be fe>$ b to be depriv$ ( human p]fection & ju/ice4 ,8 f9e/ epitaph is to be f\nd 9 8 own words1 ,i h f\ght3 t is mu*--victory is 9 ! h&s ( fate4 ,be t z x may ) me1 ?is at lea/ future ages w n d5y ( me1 be ! victor :o may1--t ,i did n fe> to die1 yield$ to none ( my fell[s 9 con/ancy1 & pref]r$ a spirit$ dea? to a c[>dly life4 ,no end 9 hi/ory is m tragic1 :5 look$ at 9 all its circum/ances1 ?an t ( ,giordano ,bruno4 ,fir/ a life ( endless1 unre/+ /ruggle1 /riv+ ?r\gh ye>s ( w&]+1 9 _m l&s1 to ov]come prejudice & outworn au?ority1 to proclaim & urge on unwill+ m9ds ! spl5did gospel :i* inspir$ himself1 & by :i* = a brief "t he may h ?\ght to supplant ! old2 n[ admir$ ( k+s1 & s\ght aft] by ! highe/ 9 ! l&1 at ano!r "t a hunt$ p$l> ( lit]>y w>es2 !n eight ye>s 9 d>kness f ! _w1 ) %ame or dea? to *oose = release4 ,! *oice made = ! nobl] end1 ! mock]ies ( religion he _h dete/$ & revil$ pursu$ him to ! end to--! v /ake2 & ! fun]al pyre ( ?is m>tyr = lib]ty ( ?\ght1 = ! new light ( sci5ce1 became a spectacle = ! gay & ?\ghtless sight-se]s ( ! ,roman ,jubilee ye>1 to all ( :om1 "o sad disciple except$1 x 0 b ano!r damnable & ob/9ate h]etic :o 0 on ?is e>?1 = t brief spell1 =eta/+ 8 et]nal doom4 ,,xix ,x is n easy to *>act]ise s complex a p]sonality z ,bruno und\bt$ly 04 ,! fi]y passionate blood ( ! s\? ran 9 8 ve9s1 ! joy ( a /rong-fl[+ life 0 9 8 he>t & bra94 ,a *ild ( ,nature1 he 0 almo/ f ! fir/1 cribb$1 cab9$1 & conf9$ by ! /one walls ( ! cloi/]1 z 8 m9d 0 hamp]$ by ! laws & dogmas ( ! ,*ur*4#aca ,f ,nature h]self he drew 8 fir/ lessons4 ,:ile 8 fell[s taught t ,nature 0 a ?+ ( evil1 he le>nt to love h]1 & to turn to h] r ?an to ! au?ority ( man = in/ruction4 ,he believ$ also1 z v few ( 8 age did1 9 ! p[] ( human ?\ght to p5etrate ! secret nature ( ?+s1 to rea* ev5 to ! deepe/ & highe/ reality1 s f> z t c be kn[n by ano!r ?an itself4 ,tru/+ to 8 own m9d1 to s5se & reason1 = 8 !ory ( ! _w1 he f\nd himself oppos$ 9 all ess5tials to ! g5]al ?\ght ( ! "t4 ,8 purpose f ! fir/ 0 to use 8 own eyes1 to discov] tru? = himself1 & to hold fa/ :atev] seem$ to be "r1 irrespective ( ! op9ions ( o!rs4 ,f ! beg9n+ ,i 0 conv9c$ ( ! vanity ( ! cry :i* summons u to close or l[] ! eyes t 7 giv5 to u op5 & upw>d-look+4 ,see+ ,i d n pret5d n to see1 nor fe> to pr(ess x op5ly2 & z !re is cont9ual w> betwe5 light & d>kness1 k & ignorance1 ev]y:]e h ,i met ) hatr$1 abuse1 clam\r1 insult 7ay1 n )\t risk to my life7 f ! brute & /upid multitude2 b guid$ by ! h& ( tru? & ! div9e light1 ,i h ov]come x4 ,n t he really =m$ 8 !ory by induction f s5se-data1 or by d$uctive reason+2 x 0 r an inspiration1 or an intuition1 spr++ f 8 temp]am5t1 to :i* optimism 0 z necess>y z pessimism repell5t2 & !re 7 num]\s sugge/ions ( x bo? 9 ,bruno's imm$iate pr$ecessors1 ,cop]nicus & ! re/1 & 9 e>li] ?9k]s4 ,bruno himself f\nd x1 z he ?\ght1 9 ! m anci5t pre-,ari/otelian philosophies4 ,b1 h[ev] obta9$1 ?is philosophy satisfi$ ev5 8 b\ndless en?usiasm1 & x became ! *ief motive ( 8 life to conv9ce o!rs ( its tru?1 inspire !m ) ! same en?usiasm1 & end[ !m ) ! joy\s fre$om ( life ( :i* x seem$ to him to be ! s\rce4 ,8 philosophy1 9 o!r words1 became 8 religion1 8 inw>d religion1--,ca?olicism rema9+ a m]e habit1 a set ( =mulae to :i* he 0 indiff]5t1 to mo/ ( :i* he 0 will+ to subscribe because he _h n que/ion$ !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,au?ority4 ,8 p]fect self-confid5ce1 & belief 9 ! p[] ( human reason 7especially 8 own reason7 to p5etrate ! my/]ies ( ?+s1 0 accompani$ by contempt = ! argum5t f au?ority 9 philosophy1 contempt = humility1 submission1 ob$i5ce 9 ! speculative life4 ,to believe ) ! _m because !y 7 _m 0 ! m>k ( a slave4 ,bruno1 be=e ,bacon1 be=e ,desc>tes1 insi/$ on ! ne$ ( fir/ ( all cle>+ ! m9d f all prejudices1 all traditional beliefs t re/$ on au?ority alone1 be=e attempt+ ! pursuit ( tru?4 ,!y 7 imp$im5ts--burd5s t delay$ or prev5t$ ! atta9m5t ( ! goal4 ,! :ole ( ! ,cabala is a satire on ! quieti/ic attitude1 ! /&po9t ( ignorant & ignor+ fai?1 :i* reg>ds s5se & reason z alike mislead+ & unnecess>y guides1 = :i* sci5ce & philosophy are m]e tr\bl+s ( ! /ill wat]s ( life4 ,oh1 holy as9ity6 "o ( ! sonnets beg9s1 oh1 holy ignorance1 holy folly & pi\s devotion1 :i* alone make/ s\ls s good t human wit & zeal c no fur!r g2 /r5u\s wat*fulness1 9 :atsoev] art1 or inv5tion1 or contemplation ( ! wise1 arrives n to ! heav5 :]e9 ?\ builde/ ?y mansion4 ,( :at avail is y\r /udy1 ye curi\s ones1 y\r desire to "k h[ nature works1 :e!r ! />s are e>?1 or fire or sea8 ,holy as9ity = t c>es n1 b ) fold$ h&s & b5d$ knees awaits f ,god its fate4#acb ,hav+ already t t\* ( vanity 9 8 "* :i* ! possession ( a quick m9d among slugg>ds or dull>ds almo/ inevitably entails1 he 0 ?r[n1 by 8 attitude t[>ds nature & ! ,*ur*1 m & m back ^u himself4 ,at e /ep he met ) a lead51 uncompreh5d+1 b dogg$ opposition1 until he seem$ to himself ! "o see+ man 9 a _w ( ! bl9d4 ,at times ?is belief 0 express$ only too emphatically2 ! read] ( ,bruno mu/ expect to f9d a passage 9 almo/ e "w po9t+ out t t "w is ! be/ ( its k9d1 & disp5ses ) all o!rs on ! subject2 :ile 8 oppon5ts 9 any !ory are b$aub$ ) epi!ts to :i* ! am5ities ( mod]n p>ty /rife are polit5ess itself4#acc ,b\ndless 0 8 confid5ce 9 himself1 9 8 p[] ( disc]n+ tru?1 & 9 8 ability to ov]come all difficulties 9 ! way ( its discov]y4 ,difficulty1 he writes 9 ! ,c5a1 is orda9$ to *eck poltroons4 ,?+s ord9>y & easy are = ! vulg>1 = ord9>y p4 ,b r>e1 h]oic1 div9e m5 pass along ?is way ( difficulty1 t necessity may be con/ra9$ to yield !m ! palm ( immortality4 ,al?\gh x may n be possible to come s f> z to ga9 ! prize1 run y\r race nev]!less1 d y\r h>de/ 9 :at is ( s great importance1 /rive to y\r la/ brea?4 ,x is n only he :o arrives at ! goal t is prais$1 b also :oev] dies no c[>d's or poltroon's dea?2 he ca/s ! fault ( 8 loss & ( 8 dea? ^u ! back ( fate1 & %[s ! _w t he has come to su* an end by no defect ( himself1 b by error ( =tune4#acd ,8 outw>d =tunes left ,bruno indiff]5t2 x 0 ! opposition to 8 philosophy t embitt]$ him1 & excit$ ! magnific5t invectives scatt]$ ev]y:]e ?r\gh 8 works4 ,( 8 own mission ,bruno _h ! highe/ conception3 ,! ,nolan has set free ! human m9d1 & its k1 t 0 %ut up )9 ! n>r[ prison-h\se ( ! atmosph]e 7! tr\bl$ air71 :5ce x c\ld only ) difficulty1 z ?r\gh *9ks1 see ! f> di/ant />s2 its w+s 7 clipp$1 t x might n fly & pass ?r\gh ! veil ( cl\ds1 & see t :i* is really to be f\nd !re4444 ,b he 9 ! eye ( s5se & reason1 ) ! key ( unwe>i$ inquiry1 has op5$ ^? prison-doors ( ! tru? :i* man might op51 laid b>e nature t 0 cov]$ ov] & veil$ f sight1 giv5 eyes to ! moles1 enlight5$ ! bl9d 444 loos5$ ! tongue ( ! mute1 t c\ld n & d>$ n express _! inmo/ feel+s4#ace ,x 0 n to ! _m t he spoke1 h[ev]2 !re 0 little 9 8 he>t ( t love = 8 fell[man t 0 s *>m+ a trait 9 ,sp9oza1 ) all ! latt]'s desire = solitude1 & "u all 8 p]secutions4 ,bruno1 :e!r a son ( ! p or n1 _h nev] ! slighte/ respect = t body4 ,we h already se5 :at op9ion he =m$ ( ! ,engli% populace1 & he held a simil> view ( ! plebs 9 g5]al--,rogatus tumet1 ,pulsatus rogat1 ,pugnis concisus adorat1 he quotes 7or misquotes7#acf conc]n+ x4 ,di/ru/ ( ! natural man he _h imbib$ along ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*1 & d\bt z to 8 capacity = receiv+ or und]/&+ ! tru?4 ,^? :o h acquir$ ! tru? t he has to tea* ne$ n1 he writes1 communicate x to all1 unless !y w see :at sw9e c d ) pe>ls1 & w ga!r ^? fruits ( _! zeal & lab\r :i* usually spr+ f ra% & fooli% ignorance1 toge!r ) presumption & incivility1 its con/ant & tru/y companions4#acg ,speak+ ( ! doctr9e ( ! necessity ( all human ev5ts1 z det]m9$ & =ese5 by ,god1 & its co9cid5ce ) true lib]ty1 he %[s h[ !ologians & philosoph]s h held x1 b h refra9$ f communicat+ x to ! vulg>1 by :om x c\ld n be und]/ood1 :o w\ld use x z an excuse = giv+ re9 to _! passions4 ,fai? is requir$ = ! in/ruction ( ! plebs1 t mu/ be gov]n$2 demon/ration 7tru?7 = ! wise1 ! contemplative1 t "k h[ to gov]n !mselves & o!rs4#ach ,s speculation z to ! future life mu/ be kept f !m1 = x is ) ! greate/ difficulty t !y c be re/ra9$ f vice & impell$ to virtu\s acts ?r\gh _! fai? 9 et]nal puni%m5t3 :at w\ld become ( !m if !y 7 p]suad$ ( "s light] condition regulat+ ! rew>ds ( h]oic & humane de$s1 ! puni%m5t ( wick$ness & s98#aci ,he 0 an ari/ocrat ( le>n+1--only ! wise %\ld h ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w2 ! p 7 unfit to judge ei!r ( tru? or ( m54 ,sid5ote3 ,p$antry4 ,along ) ?is di/ru/ ( ! vulg> w5t a f> m int5se dislike ( ! k9d ( le>n+ !y admir$1 & ( ! type ( s*ol>1 ! p$ant1 t mo/ appeal$ to !m4 ,! m9ds ( ! vulg>1 x seem$ to him1 7 m readily turn$ by sophisms1 by ! appe>ances on ! surface ( ?+s1 ?an by ! tru? t is hidd5 9 _! sub/ance1 & is inde$ _! sub/ance itself2#adj & ! man--too frequ5t 9 ! ,italian1 & g5]ally 9 ! le>n$ _w ( ^? days--mo/ apt to veil a real ignorance by a pret5d$ k1 by a %[ ( ext]nals1 by appeal to au?orities ) :om he _h himself no acqua9tance1 0 ! p$ant4 ,bruno himself 0 n )\t t t\* ( vanity :i* l$ him1 l o!rs1 to mass toge!r quotations & phrases f ,lat9 & ev5 f ,greek writ]s2 to po9t an argum5t by =c$ analogies f classical my?ology2 to heap up ref]5ces1 9 support ( 8 !ories1 to ! ,neoplatoni/s1 to ! my/ics1 to ! ,cabbalah1 to ! old] ,greek philosoph]s3 ^! adornm5ts 7 q 9 ! fa%ion ( 8 "t1 & look$ at 9 t light !y add to1 r ?an detract f1 ! peculi> *>m & _s ( 8 writ+s4 ,! true p$ant--su* z ,polihimnio 9 ! ,causa 7:o has be5 ?\ght to h sugge/$ ,polonius 9 ,hamlet71 ,mamphurio 9 ! ,c&elaio1 ,prud5tio 9 ! ,c5a--is "o t = /yle loves long words1 le>n$ phrases1 irrespective ( _! context2 :o1 "u pret5ce ( accuracy1 delights 9 trifl+1 subtle di/9ctions1 s[s broadca/ my?ological or classical allusions )\t a h9t ( relevancy4 ,8 fav\rite hunt+-gr\nd is1 h[ev]1 philosophy1 & x is to philosophy1 accord+ to ,bruno1 t ! p$ant has done greate/ injury4 ,"o ( ! mo/ vigor\s descriptions ( him :i* ,bruno gives is 9 ! ,causa1#ada :]e1 no d\bt1 "s ( ! actual writ]s ( ! "t are satiris$4 ,curi\sly1 ,ramus & ,patrizzi1 bo? re=m]s ( philosophy1 are m5tion$ z ar*-p$ants2 b m5 h always criticis$ mo/ bitt]ly ^? :o /ood ne>e/ to !mselves4 ,bruno reg>d$ words z ! s]vants ( 8 p51 claim$1 & inde$ ex]cis$ almo/ too freely1 ! "r ( inv5t+ new words = new ?+s4 ,use & wont1 he knew1 det]m9$ ! fate ( words z ( o!r ?+s2 "s :i* _h fall5 into decay w\ld rise aga91 o!rs n[ hon\r$ w\ld lapse f use4 ,= ! tea*+ ( ! philosoph]s ( old _! own old words 7 ! cle>e/ mirror1 b = new !ories new words might be s\ght f ! readie/ s\rce3--gramm>ians are ! s]vants ( words1 words are our s]vants2 x is = !m to /udy ! use to :i* we put our words4#adb ,,xx ,= su* co9age1 z = illu/rations to 8 !ories1 ref]5ces to old au?orities1 mat]ial = 8 satire on p$ants1 z well z = m d\btful purposes1--my/ical or magical =mul1 or pro(s1--8 prodigi\s memory nev] left ,bruno at a loss4 ,b if ?is memory1 9 its t5acity1 suppli$ him ) p[]ful & ready argum5ts aga9/ 8 oppon5ts 9 _! appeal to ! au?ority ( antiquity1 x 0 also1 9 its f]tility1 ! s\rce ( ! *ief defects ( 8 writ+1 & p]haps also ( 8 speak+4 ,8 imag9ation runs riot 9 ! pursuit ( allegories1 metaphors1 similes f my?ology4 ,tirabos*i1 ! hi/orian ( ,italian lit]ature1 defies ! mo/ acute intellig5ce to p5etrate into 8 sy/em1 ! mo/ pati5t ( m5 to endure ! read+ ( x4 ,s f> 0 ?is enorm\s mass ( mat]ial f block+ up ! spr+ ( orig9ality 9 8 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! ideas 9 :i* he may be said to h anticipat$ mod]n ?\ght are innum]able4 ,no d\bt1 9 _m cases1 !y came f ! e>li] ,greek philosoph]s :om he *iefly /udi$2 b ,bruno inv>iably gives !m a connection ) 8 own !ory1 su* z precludes u f tak+ 8 re/oration ( !m = a happy *ance4 ,su* ideas1 = example1 are ^? ( ! evolution or gradual trans=mation ( l[] organisms into high] 7,de ,umbris1 ,int4 #g71 ( ! "p play$ by ! h& 9 ! evolution ( ! human race 7,cabala1 ,l4 #ehf4 #ce71 ( ! gradual *anges br\ght ab\t on ! surface ( ! e>?1 its seas1 its isl&s1 ! configuration ( ! l&1 ! climate ( diff]5t c\ntries1 by ! con/ant1 if imp]ceptible1 op]ation ( natural causes 7,c5a1 ,l4 #aij ff473 ( ! true nature ( m\nta9s1 :i* are only excresc5ces z comp>$ ) ! real m\nta9s1 ! l>g] cont95ts t slope upw>ds f ! sea 7e4g4 ,france73 ( ! true nature ( comets1 s f> at lea/ z t !y are p]fectly natural bodies alli$ to planets#adc 7,inf9it4 ,l4 #cgb2 ,de ,imm4 iv4 #i4 #ea72 ( ! id5tity ( ! matt] ( heav5ly bodies ) t ( ! e>?1 ! univ]sality ( movem5t 7ev5 ! fix$ />s move1 cf4 ,inf9it41 ,l4 #cej1 #cea1 #djj71 ! possibility 7he said r ! c]ta9ty7 ( o!r worlds ?an our own be+ inhabit$ by be+s simil> to or m highly develop$ ?an ourselves 7,l4 #cfj4 #bg74 ,he anticipat$ also ! idea ( ,less+ t my?s may conta9 =e%ad[+s ( tru?1 & t !y %\ld be int]pret$ n by _! lett]1 z matt]s ( fact1 b by _! _s1 z indications ( high] tru?s ( reason4 ,! ,bible %\ld be int]pret$ 9 ! same way3 z ,sp9oza aft]w>ds taught1 s ,bruno held1 t ! ,scriptures inculcat$ moral & practical tru?s1 to :i* _! seem+ly hi/orical /atem5ts 7 entirely subord9ate4 ,add to ?is f]m5t+ ?\ght1 p[] ( memory1 ke5ness & sur5ess ( glance1 & imag9ative =ce1 ! fact t ,bruno _h a deeply poetic nature1 fi]y1 vivid1 passionate 9 def5ce ( :at seem$ to him true1 equally passionate 9 hatr$ ( :at seem$ to him false1 & ! s\rces ( 8 /r5g? & weakness alike become cle>4 ,! ,italian writ+s rema91 9 spite ( _! occasional obscurity1 ! mo/ brilliant ( philosophical works 9 t language1 :ile ! ,lat9 works are a monum5t ( le>n+ 7too (t5 misappli$ or useless71 ( acute reason+1 & ( poetic en?usiasm4 ,,xxi ,sid5ote3 ,religion4 ,bruno 0 f> f be+ :at we %\ld n[ call a ,rationali/2 he felt t cold reason1 m]e human logic alone1 c\ld n fa?om ! deepe/ nature ( ?+s1 :i* 0 ,god1 b t ?is deepe/ nature ( ?+s 0 ap>t f conditions ( "t & space4 ,:atev] occurr$ "u ^! conditions1--:atev] fell )9 ! actual _w1--he claim$ = s5se & reason1 i4e4 z a subject ( natural explanation1 z accessible 9 all its aspects to human k4 ,!re are ?us two v di/9ct sides to ,bruno's philosophical "*3 on ! "o side he is a =]unn] ( mod]n sci5ce1 9 8 love ( nature z a :ole1 9 8 desire to und]/& x1 9 8 application ( purely empirical me?ods to its analysis4 ,to ?is side belong 8 rejection ( ! or?odox dogmas conc]n+ ! ,tr9ity1 ! ,immaculate ,conception1 & ! re/1 8 !ory ( an evolution ( man1 8 idea ( a natural hi/ory ( religions1 8 entire rejection ( au?ority h[ev] high z an argum5t = or aga9/ a !ory or view ( nature4 ,8 own religi\s cre$ 0 simple1 & he believ$ x to be ! ess5ce ( :at 0 true 9 all ! j>r+ sects t _h sep>at$ man f man1 nation f nation1 & race f race--! law ( love--:i* spr+s n f ! evil g5ius ( any "o race1 b f ,god ! fa!r ( all1 & is 9 h>mony ) univ]sal nature1 :i* tea*es a g5]al love ( man1 t we %\ld love our enemies ev51 %\ld n rema9 l brutes or b>b>ians1 b be trans=m$ into ! lik5ess ( ,him :o makes ,8 sun to rise ^u ! good & ! bad1 & p\rs ! ra9 ( ,8 m]cies ^u ! j & ! unju/4 ,?is is ! religion above controv]sy or dispute1 :i* ,i obs]ve f ! belief ( my own m9d1 & f ! cu/om ( my fa!rl& & my race4#add ,on ! o!r side1 he _h inh]it$ ! my/icism ( ! ,neoplatoni/ s*ool1 or at lea/ x call$ out a responsive e*o f 8 m9d s soon z he came "u its influ5ce4 ,he 0 full ( en?usiasm1 z we %all f9d1 = ! div9e--9 ?+s1 9 u1 9 ! _w1 9 ! univ]se--a ,god-intoxicat$ man f> m /rik+ly ?an ! impassive ,sp9oza4 ,x 0 because ! ,cop]nican !ory fitt$ into 8 my/ical ?\ght ( ! ,"o1 z an id5tity ( ! inf9itely small1 ! po9t1 & ! inf9itely great1 ! broad1 deep1 immeasurable univ]se1 t x appe>$ to him an inspiration ( g5ius4 ,!re=e he def5d$ x1 ext5d$ x fur!r ?an its orig9ator d>$ ext5d x1 & f9ally di$ = x & = all t x meant to him4 ,8 belief 9 natural magic belongs aga9 to ?is side1 or r to ! influ5ce ( ! "o side ( 8 nature ^u ! o!r2 ow+ to _! ess5tial unity 9 ,god1 natural ?+s h sympa?ies ) "o ano!r & ) human life1 s t a *ange 9 "o ?+--a /one1 a tree--may indirectly cause a correspond+ *ange 9 ano!r1 a human be+4 ,x 0 *>act]i/ic ( him t he s\ght to give to ^! beliefs--:i*1 be x rememb]$1 7 univ]sal 9 8 "t--a rational basis1 a connection ) 8 ?\ght-sy/em z a :ole4 ,! two sides or /&po9ts are nev] f> ap>t 9 ,bruno3 x is (t5 impossible to say to :i* a giv5 !ory or mood %\ld be attribut$1 b 9 8 e>li] life ! my/ical1 9 8 lat] ! naturali/ic1 or rationali/ /&po9t may be said to h pr$om9at$4 ,x is ) ! m metaphysical attitude t a c]ta9 ve9 ( optimism 9 ,bruno's philosophy is connect$1 ! famili> conception ( evil1 natural or moral1 z necess>y = ! good ( ! :ole1 l ! discords by :i* a h>mony is height5$4 ,no absolute evil1 = ! consi/5t ,neoplatoni/1 c possibly exi/ 9 a _w :i* fl[s f ! div9e & is an outp\r+ ( ,8 nature4 ,b ,bruno _h little or no?+ ( ! practical optimi/ 9 8 own "*2 :atev] he ?\ght to be evil1 he f\ght aga9/ ) all 8 might2 a victim ( intol]ance1 he _h himself no tol]ation = "s po9ts ( view--^?1 namely1 :i* he felt might weak5 ! bonds ( civil society & ( human bro!rhood4 ,su* evil tea*]s1 he writes 9 ! ,sigillus 7ii4 #b4 #ahb71 succe$+ "t1 & a _w wise ov]late 9 its own ill condition1 w ext]m9ate z ! t>es1 cank]-worms1 locu/ plagues ( _! age--nay1 z scorpions & vip]s4 ,bruno saw only too cle>ly ! evils ( ! _w1 & ( 8 age1 f ! greate/ ( :i*--tyranny ov] ! s\l1 & suppression ( m5tal lib]ty--he suff]$ 9 8 own p]son2 & 8 life1 z we h se51 0 sp5t 9 a ceaseless1 & = ! "t unavail+1 /ruggle aga9/ !m4 ,b he nev] lo/ 8 fai? 9 ! ultimate victory ( 8 own philosophy1 bas$ z x 0 ^u 8 fai? 9 ! ess5tial goodness1 ju/ice1 & tru? ( ! et]nal s\rce ( ?+s4 ,z all ?+s fl[ f1 s all ?+s t5d to return to ,god4 ,philosophy goes fur!r ?an to tea* m]ely t pa9 & evil are n absolute facts1 n gr\nd$ 9 ! nature ( ?+s2 x also frees ! believ] f ! burd5 !y impose3--! practical te/ ( a p]fect philosophy is1 :5 "o by ! height ( 8 speculation is s f> )drawn f bodily ?+s z h>dly to feel pa94 ,& !re is great] virtue1 z we believe1 9 "o :o has come to su* a po9t z n to feel pa9 at all ?an 9 ano!r :o feels x b resi/s4 ,he :o is m deeply mov$ by ! ?\ght ( "s o!r ?+ does n feel ! pangs ( dea?4#ade ,,works ,,( ,,bruno ,,publi%$ ,,aft] #aeibadf #a4 ,summa t]m9orum metaphysicorum ad capess5dum ,logicae et ,philosophiae /udium1 ex ,jordani ,bruni ,nolani ,entis desc5su manusc4 exc]pta2 nunc primum luci commissa2 a ,raphaele ,egl9o ,iconio1 ,tigur9o3 ,zuri*1 #aeie4 ,repr9t$ 9 #afji3--,summa ,t]m9orum ,metaphysicorum1 ,jordani ,bruni ,nolani4 ,accessit eiusdem ,praxis ,desc5sus seu ,multiplicatio ,entis ex ,manuscripto p] ,raphaelum ,egl9um ,iconium ,tigur9um 9 ,acad4 ,m>purg4 ,pr(ess4 ,!olog4 cum supplem5to ,rodolphi ,gocl5ii ,s5ioris1 ,m>burg1 #afji4adg ,describ$ by ! editor1 ,egl91 :o 0 ) ,bruno at ,zuri*1 & aft]w>ds became ,pr(essor ( ,!ology at ,m>burg1 z ,bruno's ,metaphysical rema9s4 ,x repres5ts ! fruit ( ! lectures giv5 by ,bruno at ,zuri* 9 #aeia1adh & is "o ( ! e>lie/ philosophical diction>ies extant4 ,x is on ! model ( ! ,fif? ,book ( ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics1 n[ kn[n to h be5 int5d$ by ,ari/otle z a sep>ate "w1 b diff]s 9 its *oice & arrangem5t ( ! t]ms ( philosophy :i* are discuss$4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! "w1 :i* 0 publi%$ by itself 9 ,zuri*1 may be/ be describ$ z a h&book to philosophy g5]ally1 ! ma9 ref]5ce be+ to ,ari/otle's sy/em1 z 0 natural3 ) x ,bruno writes = ! mo/ "p 9 agreem5t4 ,! second "p1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 n publi%$ until ! ,m>burg ,edition 7p4 #gc ff4 ( ! ,/ate ,edition71 is an application ( ! sev]al t]ms already def9$ to ! ,neoplatoni/ philosophy3 9 its fir/ section 7,de ,deo seu ,m5te7 !y are appli$ & illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to ,god z ! s\rce ( ! _w1 ( :om all ?+s are emanations1 9 a graduat$ scale ( be+2 9 ! second 7,intellectus seu ,idea7 to ! _w ( ,ideas--,god 9 ! _w1 ! s\l 9 all ?+s & 9 ev]y?+2 & a ?ird section 7,amor seu pul*ritudo7 %\ld h foll[$1 deal+ ) ,god z ! end & goal ( ?+s1 b is awant+4#adi ,! docum5t on ! ,pr$icates ( ,god :i* ,moc5igo pres5t$ to ! ,c\rt at ,v5ice 0 probably ! second "p ( ! ,summa1 or p]haps only its fir/ section 7,brunnh(]1 p4 #ajf74 #b4 ,artificium p]or&i traditum a ,jordano ,bruno ,nolano ,italo1 communicatum a ,johan4 ,h5rico ,al/$io4 ,9 gratiam eorum qui eloqu5tiae vim et rationem cognosc]e cupiunt4 ,frank=t1 #afab4 7,also 9 ,gfrr]1 & ,/ate ,edition1 vol4 ii4 pt4 #c1 ,no4 #c74--;,a summ>y (1 or a comm5t>y on1 ! spuri\s ,rhetoric ( ,ari/otle 7ad ,alex&rum71 ) ! addition ( a second "p by ,bruno1 on :i* he himself lays no great /ress1 on elocution or adornm5t2 he ref]s 8 read]s1 h[ev]1 to ! orators !mselves = complete in/ruction4 ,x conta9s *iefly li/s ( heads ( argum5ts & ( synonyms = rhetorical use4 ,app>5tly ! "w is pr9t$ f notes ( ,bruno's lectures 9 ,witt5b]g 7#aehg71 :i* came into ! h&s ( ! editor1 ,al/$1 9 #afaj4 #c4 ,lampas ,trig9ta ,/atu>um4--,fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,/ate ,edition1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #a-beh1 f ,,mss4 ( ! ,nor(f collection at ,mosc[4 ,?is is 9 ! h& ( ,besl]1 ,bruno's pupil & copyi/1 & 0 done at ,padua 9 ! autumn ( #aeia1 al?\gh ,besl] _h receiv$ ! orig9al1 :i* he copi$1 9 ,april #aeij at ,helm/adt4 ,ano!r ,,ms4 is 9 ! ,augu/an ,libr>y1 & is bo? m obvi\sly correct & ( e>li] date ?an ! copy ( ,besl] 7#aehg72 9 all probability ! "w 0 dictat$ by ,bruno at ,witt5b]g1 & is t ref]r$ to z ,lampas ,cabali/ica 9 ! lett] ( d$ication prefix$ to ! ,de ,speci]um ,scrut9io 7,prague1 #aehh71 & z %ortly to be publi%$4#aej ,x conta9s a f9i%$ /udy ( philosophy f ,bruno's /&po9t1 arrang$ "u ?irty & m head+s1 ,types1 ,/atues & ,images1 ,fields1 etc4 ,"u ea* head+ are ?irty articles1 conditions1 descriptions1 contemplations4 ,= example1 we h fir/ ! two triads--,*aos1 ,orcus1 ,nox2 & ,pat]1 ,intellectus ,primus1 ,lux--typify+ ! l[e/ & ! highe/ pr9ciples ( ?+s3 ! fir/ ?ree are ,vacuum1 ,pot5cy 9 ,appetite1 & ,matt]2 ! second ?ree ,m9d or ,reason1 ,und]/&+ or ,s\l1 & ,love or ,_s4 ,at ! close ( ! ,/atuae !re foll[s ! practical application ( !m to ! scale ( ,nature--! outfl[ ( ! highe/ t[>ds ! l[e/1 ! gradual transition f l[e/ to highe/2 an acc\nt ( ! ?irty pr$icates ( ,sub/ance & ( ,nature 9 ! univ]sal s5se2 & a logical or me?odological illu/ration ( ! uses ( ! ,art "u ! head+s ( ,def9ition1 ,v]ification1 ,demon/ration4 ,! g5]al purpose ( ! :ole is to give an in/rum5t = discov]y 7,inv5tion7 ( tru?1 aft] ! model ( ! ,lullian ,art1 j z "s ( ! e>li] works 7e4g4 ,de ,umbris7 conta9 a simil> in/rum5t = rememb]+ k acquir$4#aea ,un=tunately ! "w is entirely m>r$ by ! artificial di/9ctions drawn1 & ! ty+ d[n 7or expansion7 ( ! ideas treat$ !re9 to ! ?irty fundam5tal notions & ?irty applications ( ea*4 ,?us subjects & pr$icates are ?irty 9 numb] ea*1 & ! modes ( pr$ication are 9 classes ( fifte54 ,x is impossible n to agree ) ,tocco's v]dict1 t ,h[ev] f9e ! analysis employ$ 9 di/+ui%+ ! subtle/ %ades ( concepts1 h[ev] great ! numb] ( elevat$ philosophical ?\ghts scatt]$ ?r\gh\t1 exp\nd$ ) vig\r & felicity ( imag]y1 ! tractate z a :ole has little value1 j z ! ars inv5tiva itself has little--m fit to blunt ?an to %>p5 ! inv5tive p[]s4#aeb ,"o gladly re-e*oes ,bruno's words at ! close3 ,itaque gratias deo ag5tes1 ,artem ,inv5tivam p] trig9ta /atuas p]fecimus4 #d4 ,animadv]siones circa ,lampaaem ,lullianam 7,/ate ,edition1 vol4 ii4 pt4 #b74--;,f ! ,augu/an ,,mss41 dat$ #ac? ,m>* #aehg4 ,notes dictat$ 9 ,witt5b]g1 on ! ,lullian art z a univ]sal in/rum5t = ! discov]y ( tru?4 #e4 ,libri ,physicorum ,ari/otelis1 a cl>iss4 ,dn4 ,d4 ,jordano ,bruno ,nolano explanati4--,f two codices 9 ! ,erlang5 ,libr>y1 ! second ( :i* is 9 ! h& ( ,besl]1 & 0 writt51 presumably1 at ,helm/adt4 ,! e>li] ,,ms4 9 a ,g]man h&writ+ po9ts to ! comm5t>ies hav+ be5 dictat$ by ,bruno dur+ 8 /ay at ,witt5b]g4#aec ,! books ( ,ari/otle treat$ are ! five books ( ! ,physica1 ! ,de g5]atione et corruptione1 ! ,meteorologica1 ,book ,,iv4 ,!re is an introduction on ! me?ods ( ! sci5ces1 & o!r matt]s1 by ,bruno himself2 ! rema9d] foll[s closely ! text ( ,ari/otle1 except 9 ! f\r? & fif? books1 :]e ,bruno is mu* less exact4 #f4 ,de ,magia1 et ,!ses de ,magia4--,! ,,ms4 ( ?is "w is 9 ! ,erlang5 ,codex1 by ,besl]1 & also 9 ! ,mosc[ 7,nor(f7 collection1 by ! same h&2 ! =m] is a copy ( ! latt]1 :i* 0 dictat$ by ,bruno 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aeij at ,helm/adt4 ,x deals ) "o ( ! ?ree divisions ( ,magic1 viz4 ,natural or ,physical ,magic 7! o!rs be+ ,div9e1 ,metaphysical or ,sup]natural1 & ,ma!matical--t ( symbols1 numb]s1 etc474 ,physical magic is %[n to be a natural consequ5ce1 fir/1 ( ! fact t ! same s\l1 ! s\l ( ! _w1 is 9 all ?+s1 ( :i* ! individual f9ite s\l ( ea* ?+ is a tempor>y mode or phase2 h5ce all ?+s are l9k$ "o ) ano!r1 ?r\gh _! spiritual id5tity1 9 a bond ( sympa?y2 secondly1 ( ! hi]>*y ( be+s--! pr9ciple t all f9ite ?+s are emanations1 9 increas+ degree ( imp]fection1 f ! ,div9e4 ,! ,!ses repres5t a summ>y ( ! ,de ,magia1 & 9 ! latt] ! head+s ( ! =m] are ref]r$ to ?r\gh\t1 except 9 two episodes or excursus n /rictly connect$ ) natural magic 7on _s-*>ms & _s-analogies73 ! "w is ref]r$ to 9 ! ,de ,m9imo1 i4 #c4 #baj 7re ! magical influ5ces ( bodies newly dead2 ! s\l ev]y:]e recognises ! matt] ( its own body1 z we h %[n 9 ! book on physical magic74 #g4 ,de ,magia ,ma!matica4--,m]ely a collection ( exc]pts f writ]s on ,magic--,tritemius1 ,agrippa1 ,pietro ,di ,abano1 ! 7,pseudo-7 ,alb]tus ,magnus4 7,nor(f ,,mss4 ,! title is t ( ! ,italian editors47 #h4 ,de ,r]um ,pr9cipiis et ,elem5tis et ,causis4--7,nor(f ,,mss4 ,! writ+ 0 begun on ! #af? ( ,m>* #aeij1 9 ,helm/adt1 by ,besl]1 to ,bruno's dictation47 ,x conta9s ! !ory ( ! natural & mat]ial elem5ts or pr9ciples ( ?+s--light & fire1 w9d or air1 wat] or vap\r or d>kness1 & e>? or ! dry1 ) _! =ms1 "t & place--leav+ ! metaphysical & ! immat]ial pr9ciples 7_s & s\l7 = consid]ation else:]e4 ,x is n ( great sci5tific value4 ,bruno makes use ( ab/ract t]ms ev5 m readily ?an ,ari/otle 7e4g4 lux sem9alit] e/ ubique1 et 9 t5ebris1 p4 #ead74 ,! *ief aim ( ! "w is to illu/rate ! magical applications ( ! diff]5t elem5ts#aed 7cf4 pp4 #eaf1 #ebe1 etc474 ,its value ma9ly lies 9 ! light x ?r[s on ,bruno's atomic !ory1 & on "o or two o!r m9or po9ts ( 8 philosophy--! h>mony1 co-ord9ation1 & sympa?y betwe5 all natural ?+s1 ! doctr9es ( lib]ty & necessity1 etc4 #i4 ,de ,m$ic9a ,lulliana1 p>tim ex ma!maticis1 p>tim ex physicis pr9cipiis educta4--,writt5 imm$iately aft] ! above 7de r]um pr9cipiis71 to :i* x occasionally ref]s3 m]ely a collection ( ab/racts f works ( ,lully on m$ic9e1 z a practical application ( ! sy/em ( magic conta9$ 9 ! ?ree previ\s writ+s4 ,x is accord+ly ( ! a/rological type ( m$ival m$ic9e4 #aj4 ,de ,v9culis 9 g5]e4 ,nor(f ,,mss4--,a fir/ sket* 9 ,bruno's own h&1 dat+ probably f ,frank=t2 & a lat]1 mu* m detail$1 9 ,besl]'s1 copi$ at ,padua4 ,x 9 a s5se completes ! tractates on ,magic1 by deal+ ) attraction 9 g5]al1 ( :i* ! attractions & sympa?ies ( natural & ma!matical magic are special cases4 ,z x /&s1 h[ev] 7= nei!r sket* is f9i%$3 ,bruno's cov]s wid] gr\nd ?an ,besl]'s1 ! latt] breaks (f abruptly be=e ! natural end is rea*$71 x is a psy*ological essay on ! human passions1 & m especially on human love1 f a purely objective1 matt]-(-fact /&po9t4 ,9 x ! mo/ grossly mat]ial & ! highe/ spiritual s\rces ( love are plac$ side by side2 & to love1 includ+ self-love1 are r$uc$ all passions1 all effects1 ev5 hate1 :i* is an outcome1 a rev]sion ( love4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,philosophy ,,( ,,bruno ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,sid5ote3 ,ari/otle's rejection ( ma!matical me?od4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 treatm5t ( ! e>li] ,greeks4 ,9 ! s*ool & ! mona/]y at ,naples ,bruno pass$ z a matt] ( c\rse ?r\gh a tra9+ 9 ! ,s*ola/ic ,philosophy4 ,be=e ent]+ ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,dom9ic at fifte5 ye>s ( age he _h /udi$ humane lett]s1 logic1 & dialectic1#aee & _h att5d$1 among o!r lectures1 a private c\rse by ,!ophilus ( ,v>rano1 an ,augu/9e monk & di/+ui%$ ,ari/otelian4 ,f him1 probably1 ,bruno receiv$ an impetus t[>ds ! /udy ( ,ari/otle 9 ! orig9al works1 if n also 9 ! orig9al tongue1 :i* /ood him 9 admirable /ead :5 he came lat] to attack ! f\ndations ( ! vulg> philosophy4 ,he 0 famili> at fir/ h& ) all ! ma9 writ+s ( ,ari/otle4#aef ,he _h read1 too1 & cites1 mo/ ( ! e>li] comm5tators--,adra/us & ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisias1 ,porphyry1 ,!mi/ius1 ,simplicius1 & ,philoponus#aeg--;z well z ! lat]1 ! ,arabians & o!r ,s*oolm54 ,he _h accord+ly a m ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! m9d ( ,ari/otle ?an any ( ! latt]'s /aun*e/ support]s 9 8 "t3 ! lack ( ! hi/oric s5se prev5t$ him1 h[ev]1 f tak+ a j view ( ! sy/em z a :ole3 x 0 n ! ,ari/otle ( ,greek philosophy :om he reject$1 & aga9/ :om he wield$ ! p[]ful weapons ( 8 arm\ry1 b ! ,ari/otle ( 8 own day1--a liv+ =ce ) :i* no "o c\ld avoid a reckon+1 ! influ5ce ( :i* 0 no long] = good1 b :i* =m$1 z ,bruno felt1 a b>ri] aga9/ ! progressive ?\ght & _s ( ! "t4 ,9 ! introductory lett] to ! ,figuratio ,ari/4 ,phys4 ,auditus1 ,bruno gave ?ree reasons = und]tak+ ! "w3#aeh--7a7 t he might n appe>1 l s _m o!rs1 to be tak+ up ! (fice ( c5sor )\t a suffici5t k ( 8 subject2 7#b7 t he might pres5t to 8 oppon5ts ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle z x really 01 = ! majority ( ! ,ari/otelians admir$ x r f _! fai? 9 ! man ,ari/otle ?an f discrim9ate judgm5t conc]n+ ! pr9ciples ( ! philosophy2 7#c7 t he might seem n an audaci\s cavill] aga9/ ?\ghts t 7 beyond 8 dep?1 b a g5u9e & legitimate disputant on doctr9es t 7 cle> to himself4#aei ,! "n ( ,ari/otle 0 a *>m2 8 op9ion f9al n 9 matt]s ( pure philosophy alone1 b equally 9 natural !ory2 8 natural philosophy _h be5 h>monis$ ) scriptural au?ority1 & 0 ! accept$ doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! cry :i* 8 critic he>d _h weight beh9d x3 ,y aga9/ ,ari/otle--aga9/ s _m au?orities1 s great names8 ,i w\ld r be 9 error along ) !m1 ?an f9d tru? ) y6#afj ,! dang] lay n s mu* 9 ! error ( ,ari/otle's !ory ( nature1 or ( 8 metaphysical !ories1 z 9 8 au?ority2 _m ( ! ,p]ipatetics1 ,bruno says 9 ! ,c5a1 gr[ angry1 & flu% & qu>rel ab\t ,ari/otle1 yet d n und]/& ev5 ! mean+s ( ! titles ( 8 books4#afa ,x 0 ! influ5ce ( ?is au?ority t ,bruno1 9 ! int]e/s ( true philosophy & sci5ce1 set to "w to und]m9e4 ,! *>ge :i* he br\ght aga9/ ,ari/otle 0 ! same z t :i* ,bacon aft]w>ds br\ght--t he attempt$ to expla9 nature by logical categories4 ,x is n /range t f impossible1 logical1 & imag9>y di/9ctions q discordant ) ! tru? ( ?+s1 he inf]s an inf9ite numb] ( o!r untru?s 7inconv5i5tia74#afb ,matt] is =mless only to logical ab/raction1 z ) ,ari/otle1 :o is con/antly divid+ by reason :at is indivisible accord+ to nature & tru?3#afc a logical int5tion 7or concept7 is made into a pr9ciple 7or elem5t7 ( nature4#afd ,h[ev] unfair & inde$ absurd ! *>ge mu/ appe> :5 ,ari/otle is consid]$ 9 8 actual place )9 ! developm5t ( philosophy & sci5ce1 & h[ev] f> ,bruno or ,bacon or any ( ! nature-philosoph]s ( ! ,r5aissance 0 f avoid+ ! use 9 explanation ( simil> purely logical or metaphysical conceptions1 x 0 /ill a great & necess>y /ep to call att5tion to ! ne$ ( obs]vation & exp]im5t ^u nature1 & to ! value ( ma!matics z a me?od ( calculat+ & correlat+ ! ph5om5a obs]v$4 ,?is 0 a second objection to ,ari/otle1 t he despis$ ma!matics1 be+ too mu* ( a logician 7& /rong] 9 criticism ?an 9 argum5t71 yet1 ,bruno adds1 :5 he s\ght to expla9 any ( ! m pr(\nd facts ( nature1 he 0 (t5 driv5 by necessity to ! repudiat$ ma!matics4 ,_m ( ,bruno's own ma!matical applications sav\r r ( ,neopy?agorean my/icism ?an ( ! _s ( mod]n sci5ce1 & 8 geometry 0 f> f ,euclidean1 b he at lea/ made a s]i\s attempt to acc\nt = ! build+-up ( bodies & ( ! univ]se on ma!matical pr9ciples4 ,a ?ird objection1 :i* aga9 we f9d 9 ,bacon1 is z to ,ari/otle's treatm5t ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,8 depreciation ( !m is condemn$ 9 ! ,causa3--,( all philosoph]s ,i d n "k "o :o f\nds m ^u imag9ation1 or is fur!r remov$ f nature ?an he3 & if sometimes :at he says is excell5t1 we "k t x does n spr+ f 8 own pr9ciples1 b is always a proposition tak5 f o!r philosoph]s4#afe ,9 ano!r passage he is describ$ z a dry sophi/1 aim+ ) malici\s explanations & frivol\s argum5ts to p]v]t ! op9ions ( ! anci5ts1 & to oppose ! tru?1 n s mu* p]haps ?r\gh imbecility ( intellig5ce z ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( envy & ambition4#aff ,s ,bacon speaks ( him z impos+ innum]able fictions ^u ! nature ( ?+s at 8 own w3 be+ ev]y:]e m anxi\s z to h[ "o %\ld extricate oneself by an answ]1 & h[ "s positive reply 9 words %\ld be made1 ?an z to ! int]nal tru? ( ?+s4#afg ,9 p>ticul> x 0 argu$ t ,ari/otle confus$ ! v>i\s mean+s ( ! same "n ) "o ano!r3--,he takes ! ^w vacuum 9 a s5se 9 :i* no "o has ev] und]/ood x1 build+ ca/les 9 ! air1 & !n pull+ d[n 8 'vacuum1' b n t ( any o!r :o has spok5 ( a vacuum or made use ( ! "n4 ,s he acts 9 all o!r cases1--^? = example ( 'motion1' 'inf9ite1' 'matt]1' '=m1' 'demon/ration1' 'be+1' always build+ on ! fai? ( 8 own def9ition1 :i* gives ! "n a new s5se4#afh ,sid5ote3 ,! ,pre-,ari/otelians4 ,! close /udy ( ,ari/otle himself1 :i* 0 "o ( ! greate/ results ( ! ,humani/ movem5t1 _h ! effect ( br++ into great] prom95ce ! e>li] ,greek philosoph]s1 ^: doctr9es ,ari/otle /ates & criticises 9 _m ( 8 works--notably ! ,physics & ,metaphysics4 ,! r$iscov]y ( antiquity includ$ t ( anci5t philosophy2 & ,bruno's dissatisfaction ) ,ari/otle l$ him into great] sympa?y ) ! nature-philosoph]s :om ,ari/otle decri$4 ,t[>ds ^! e>li] ,greeks1 z t[>ds o!r philosoph]s1 8 attitude is :olly t ( an ,eclectic3 he does n attempt to appreciate _! relative value1 nor to discov] any evolution ( ?\ght ?r\gh ! successive sy/ems4 ,f ea* he takes t :i* agrees or appe>s to agree ) 8 own philosophy1 & treats x z an anticipation (1 or z an au?ority =1 ! latt]4 ,! univ]sal intellig5ce1 = example1 z ! univ]sal effici5t cause 9 nature1 is a doctr9e ascrib$ 9 ! ,causa indiscrim9ately to ! ,py?agoreans1 ! ,platoni/s1 ! ,magi1 ,orpheus1 ,emp$ocles1 & ,plot9us4#afi ,! belief 9 an inf9ite e!r 7,h]aclitus' ,fire7 surr\nd+ ! e>?1 & conta9+ innum]able worlds )9 x1 9 ! ,c5a is attribut$1 equally )\t discrim9ation1 to ,h]aclitus1 ,democritus1 ,epicurus1 ,py?agoras1 ,p>m5ides1 & ,melissus4#agj ,x5ophanes repres5t$ = ,bruno ! /atic aspect ( ,pan!ism--! ,absolute ,"o z 9 itself1 ap>t f all ref]5ce to ! f9ite2#aga ,h]aclitus its dynamic aspect--! ,absolute z unfold+1 reveal+ itself1 appe>+ 9 & ?r\gh ! f9ite4#agb ,anaxagoras express$ ! relation betwe5 ! f9ite individual & ! ,"o1--,all ?+s are 9 all ?+s1 = omnipot5t1 all-produc+ div9ity p]vades ! :ole1 !re=e no?+ is s small b t div9ity lies conceal$ 9 x4#agc ,ev]y?+ is 9 ev]y?+1 because _s or s\l is 9 all ?+s1 & !re=e out ( any?+ may be produc$ any?+ else4#agd ,to ,anaxagoras1 z to ,bruno1 nature 0 div9e4#age ,no special di/9ction 0 made by ,bruno betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ,anaxagoras & t ( ,emp$ocles3 9 "o passage he attributes to ! =m] ! !ory ( effluxes & influxes ( atoms ?r\gh ! pores ( bodies1 :i* really belongs to ! latt]1#agf & 9 ano!r sugge/s t ,emp$ocles only put 9 a m ab/ract way :at ,anaxagoras _h %[n concretely1 t all ?+s are 9 all4#agg ,sid5ote3 ,democritus ,sid5ote3 ,lucretius ,) ,leucippus & ,democritus ,bruno might h be5 expect$ to claim aff9ity1 ?r\gh _! common atomism & naturalism3 ) two c>d9al features ( ! traditional ,epicureanism he 0 h[ev] 9 entire disagreem5t4 ,! "o 0 its admission ( ! void or vacuum3 x expla9$ ! con/itution ( div]se bodies out ( atoms :i* 7 all ( ! same sph]ical =m1 by ! diff]5t positions & ord] 9 :i* ! void & solid p>ts respectively 7 arrang$1 :]eas ,bruno c\ld n imag9e ! corporeal atoms hold+ toge!r )\t a mat]ial sub/ance1 ext5d+ cont9u\sly ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4#agh ,! o!r po9t ( contra/ 0 its d5ial t any?+ b corporeal matt] exi/s1 ) ! coroll>y t =ms are m]ely accid5tal dispositions ( matt]3 ,bruno confesses to h be5 at "o "t ( ! same op9ion1 b he _h be5 unable :olly to r$uce =ms to matt]1 & !re=e 0 compell$ to admit two k9ds ( sub/ance1 =ms or ideas1 & matt] or body1 al?\gh ^! aga9 7 modes ( a /ill high] unity1 ! ,"o4#agi ,! deep ?\ght ( ! le>n$ ,lucretius#ahj e>ly fasc9at$ ,bruno1 & ,lucretius gave ! tr5d n only to mu* ( 8 philosophy b also to ! /yle ( 8 writ+4 ,! ,lat9 poems 7 sugge/$ by ,lucretius' ,de r]um natura1 to :i* !y are f> inf]ior1 c]ta9ly1 9 lit]>y *>m2 ! philosophical sy/em ( ! lat] writ] h[ev] is n only bold] & gr&] 9 itself1 b f> m ?or\ghly work$ out into ! detail ( exposition & ( criticism4 ,9 ! ,italian dialogues also ,lucretius is con/antly quot$1--frequ5tly f memory1 z "o may judge f ! errors made4 ,sid5ote3 ,neoplatonism ,sid5ote3 ,egyptian !osophy4 ,sid5ote3 ,hebrew ,cabala4 ,b 9 ! fir/ reaction aga9/ ! n[ b>r5 ,p]ipatetic philosophy1 ! s*ool to :i* ,bruno turn$1 ) s _m ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 0 t :i* nom9ally d]iv$ f ,ari/otle's imm$iate pr$ecessor4 ,! revival ( ,platonism 9 its second>y =m ( ,neoplatonism 0 "o ( ! mo/ m>k$ traits ( ! "t4 ,9 connection ) ! attempt to unite ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,*ur*es 9 #adch1 a ,greek s*ol> came f ,con/ant9ople1--"o ,georgius ,gemi/us 7,gemi/us ,ple?on71--to ! c\rt at ,flor5ce1 & !re op5$ ! m9ds ( ! ,italians to ! beauty ( ! ,platonic philosophy4 ,its my/ical _w ( ideas *>m$ all :o 7 embu$ ) ! new _s--romantic1 adv5tur\s1 hopeful1 self-confid5t4 ,! ,ideas1 x is true1 7 mat]ialis$ & p]sonifi$ 9 ! transition ?r\gh ,neoplatonism1 & x 0 z spirits ( ! />s & worlds1 demons ( ! e>? & sea1 ! liv+ s\ls ( plants & /ones1 t !y appeal$ to m9ds f$ on ! gross] f>e ( m$ival sup]/ition4 ,ple?on's lectures1 uncritical z !y 71 ensur$ ! spread ( ,platonism 9 ,italy4 ,bess>ion ( ,trebizond1 ,m>silio ,fic9o1 :o became head ( ! ,platoni/ ,academy at ,flor5ce1 & ,pico ( ,mir&ula foll[$ 9 8 /eps4 ,bo? ,fic9o & ,pico are m5tion$ by ,bruno1 & 8 k ( ,plato1 z ( ,plot9us1 ,porphyry1 & o!r ,neoplatoni/s1 0 d]iv$1 almo/ c]ta9ly1 f ,fic9o's translations4 ,! tea*+ ( ,plato 0 int]pret$ 9 ! light (1 & confus$ by admixture )1 ! my/ical ideas ( ,philo & ,plot9us1 ( ,porphyry & ,iambli*us1 ( ! ,jewi% ,cabala1 & ! my?ical say+s ( ,egyptian1 ,*aldean1 ,indian1 & ,p]sian sages4 ,! new _w 0 /ruggl+ = light1 & x ru%$ t[>ds e gleam ( brightness1 h[ev] feeble4 ,?us 9 ! address to ! s5ate at ,witt5b]g be=e leav+ ! univ]sity1 ,bruno nam$ ! =emo/ ( ^? :om he reg>d$ z ,build]s ( ! ,temple ( ,wisdom3 ! li/ beg9s ) ! ,*aldeans among ! ,egyptians & ,assyrians2 !re foll[ ,zoroa/] & ! ,magi among ! ,p]sians1 ! ,gymnosophi/s ( ,india1 ,orpheus & ,atlas among ,?racians & ,libyans1 ,?ales & o!r wise m5 among ! ,greeks1--& s d[n to ,p>acelsus 9 ,bruno's own c5tury4 ,! fanta/ic gr\p+ is *>act]i/ic ( ! uncritical syncretism ( ?is la/ phase ( ,neoplatonism3 ,ple?on _h conjo9$ ! dogmas ( ,plato ) ^? ( ,zoroa/]1 & _h confirm$ bo? by illu/rations f ,greek my?ology4 ,among ! mo/ widely read works 7 ^? ( ,iambli*us ! ,platoni/1 :o di$ e>ly 9 ! f\r? c5tury1--! ,life ( ,py?agoras1 & especially ! ,my/]ies ( ! ,egyptians4#aha ,ano!r "w1 9 _m books1 :i* has n come d[n to u1 b :i* p5etrat$ into ! lit]ature ( ! middle ages1 0 on ! ,p]fect ,!ology ( ! ,*aldaeans4 ,to ,iambli*us1 z to ,plot9us1 ! ,ideal _w 0 a hi]>*y ( ,gods1 f ! ineffable1 unse>*able ,"o1 d[n1 ti] ^u ti]1 ?r\gh successive emanations1 to ! ,gods t are imman5t 9 ! _w we "k & ! ?+s ( ! _w4 ,9 ! s*eme n only d ! ,ideas ( ,plato1 ! ,numb]s ( ,py?agoras1 ! ,=ms ( ,ari/otle1 f9d a place1 b also all ! ,gods ( ! ,greek my?ology1 ( ! ,egyptian religion1 ( ! ,babylonian & ,hebrew esot]ic cults4 ,! same "* is to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! s-call$ ,h]mes or ,m]curius ,trismegi/us1 to :om ,bruno con/antly appeals4#ahb ,x 0 p>tly = _! cosmology1 m 9 accord ) mod]n ?\ght ?an t ( ! ,p]ipatetics & ! ,*ur*1 t !y 7 read2 b /ill m = ! support _! belief 9 demonic spirits1 gov]n+ ! movem5ts ( ! worlds & ( all individual ?+s1 gave to magical & !urgical practices1 :i* ?r\gh ! slack5+ ( ! rule ( ! ,*ur* 7 n[ univ]sal4 ,all />s are call$ fires by ! ,*aldaeans1 writes ,bruno1 animals ( fire1 m9i/]s ( fire1 innum]able gods1 div9e oracles4#ahc ,! ,*aldaeans & ! wise ,rabbis end[$ ! />s ) intellig5ce & feel+4#ahd ,!re are "s :o are by no means ?\ght wor?y ( a he>+ among philosoph]s1--! ,*aldaeans & ,hebrew sages1 :o attribute body to ! omnipot5t ,god1 call+ him 'a consum+ fire'3 bel[ ,him 7 innum]able ,gods1 flames ( fire1 & spirits ( air1 :i* 7 subtle1 active1 mobile bodies3 s\ls too 7 spirits--t is1 subtle bodies2 & ,bruno adds1 ,we d n pursue ?is mode ( philosophis+1 b are f> f despis+ x1 nor h ev] ?\ght t a wise man %\ld ?9k x contemptible4#ahe ,! !ology or !osophy ( ! ,egyptians is prais$ 9 ! ,spaccio1#ahf--,! magical & div9e cult ( ! ,egyptians1 :o saw div9ity 9 all ?+s1 & 9 all actions 7ea* manife/+ div9ity 9 its own special way72 & knew by means ( its =ms 9 ! bosom ( nature h[ to secure ! b5efits !y d]iv$ f x--z out ( ! sea & riv]s x gives fi%1 out ( ! des]ts wild bea/s1 & out ( m9es metals1 out ( trees fruits1 & out ( c]ta9 p>ts ( nature1 c]ta9 animals1 c]ta9 brutes1 c]ta9 plants1 are gift$ c]ta9 fates1 virtues1 =tunes1 or impressions4 ,div9ity 9 ! sea 0 call$ ,neptune1 9 ! sun ,apollo1 9 ! e>? ,c]es1 9 ! des]ts ,diana1 & div]sely 9 ea* ( ! o!r species ( ?+s3 z div9e ideas1 !y 7 div]se deities 9 ,nature1 & all 7 ref]r$ to "o deity ( deities1 "o s\rce ( ,ideas above ,nature4 ,! passage %[s cle>ly ! connection betwe5 ! reviv$ en?usiasm = ! old pagan cults & ! new b d>k beg9n+s ( indep5d5t /udy ( nature1 9 ,magic1 ,div9ation1 ,al*emy1 & ,a/rology3 equally close 0 ! connection ( bo? ) ! revival ( ,pan!ism1 ! conception ( nature z a s+le :ole ?robb+ ) "o life1 spr++ f "o s+le s\rce4 ,s ( ! ,hebrew ,cabala1 ,bruno writes1 its wisdom 7:atev] x be 9 its k9d7 d]ives f ! ,egyptians1 among :om ,moses 0 br\ght up4 ,9 ! fir/ place x attributes to ! fir/ pr9ciple a "n ineffable1 f :i* proce$1 9 ! second place1 f\r names1 aft]w>ds resolv$ into twelve1 ^! into sev5ty-two1 ^! into "o hundr$ & =ty-f\r1 etc41 etc4 ,by ea* "n !y "n a god1 an angel1 an intellig5ce1 a p[] t presides ov] a species ( ?+s1--s ! :ole ( div9ity is r$uc$ back to "o s\rce1 z all light is br\ght back to ! fir/1 self-%9+ light2 & ! images 9 ! div]se1 innum]able mirrors1--p>ticul> exi/5ces1--are ref]r$ to "o =mal1#ahg ideal s\rce4#ahh ,z might be expect$1 ,plato himself 0 be/ kn[n to ! s*ool ?r\gh "o ( ! lea/ *>act]i/ic ( 8 works1 ! ,timaeus1 ) its fanta/ic cosmology & demonology1 alongside ( :i* 0 plac$ ! "w ( 7! ,pseudo-7 ,timaeus ( ,locris1 a lat] writ+1 bas$ ^u t ( ,plato1 al?\gh pr(ess+ to belong to an e>li] date3 next to ^! 9 importance came ! ,republic1 ) ! !ory ( ,ideas4 ,x 0 f ! ,*aldaeans1 ,egyptians1 & ,py?agoreans t ,plato 0 suppos$ to h d]iv$ 8 cosmology4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ) ! sy/em ( ,plot9us t ,bruno's e>li] !ory has ! close/ aff9ity3 he pass$ f> beyond t sy/em1 z ! foll[+ *apt]s may %[1 b _m ( ! ideas t _h come d[n f ! ma/] rema9$ ?r\gh\t "p ( ! basis ( ,bruno's ?\ght3 su* are1 = example1 ! idea ( ! ,univ]sal ,intellig5ce1--di/9ct f ! ,"o1 ! ,highe/ & ,unkn[able ,be+1 or ,god1--z ! s\l ( ! _w & ! s\rce ( ! =ms ( mat]ial ?+s2#ahi ! rationes or ideas :i* are conta9$ 9 x m\ld & =m all ?+s f ! se$ onw>ds3 ! se$ is a m9iature _w conta9+ implicitly1 i4e4 9 its ratio1 =m or s\l1 ! p]fect ?+4#aij ,! conception aga9 ( ! l[]1 s5sible _w1 z an imitation ( ! high]1 ! intelligible1 is d]iv$ f ,plot9us1 z is t ( ! sev5 grades or /eps ( emanation f ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciple to ! mat]ial _w1 :i* correspond to ! sev5 grades by :i* ! human m9d rises f ! k ( s5sible ?+s to t ( ! ,highe/1 ! ,good4#aia ,! ord] ( k corresponds /ep = /ep ) ! ord] ( emanation--( creation4 ,mo/ significant ( all = ! developm5t ( ,bruno's philosophy 0 ,plot9us' conception ( an intelligible matt]1 :i* is common to all ! diff]5t be+s & species1 9 ! intelligible _w1 j z brute matt] is t :i* is common to all k9ds ( corporeal objects4#aib ,aga9 f ,plot9us d]ives ! di/9ction t ! matt] und]ly+ ! intelligible _w is all ?+s & all toge!r3 hav+ 9 x 7implicitly7 all =ms1 !re is no?+ into :i* x may *ange3 :]eas ! matt] ( ! s5sible _w becomes all by *ange 9 its p>ts1 becomes at successive mom5ts ?is & t1 is !re=e at all times 9 div]sity1 *ange1 movem5t4 ,matt] ( ei!r k9d is nev] )\t =m1 b all =ms are 9 !m 9 diff]5t ways--9 ! "o 9 ! in/ant ( et]nity1 9 ! o!r 9 ! in/ants ( "t2 9 ! "o all at once1 9 ! o!r successively1 9 ! "o complicitly1 9 ! o!r explicitly4#aic ,! same idea is attribut$ 9 ! ,de ,imm5so 7,book ,v47 to ! ,platoni/s1--t ,god has imbu$ cele/ial matt] ) all =ms at once1 b gives !m to elem5tal matt] 9 s+le mom5ts1 j z he has p\r$ into ! nature ( ! ,gods all ideas once = all1 b in/ils !m into animal nature day by day4 ,& z 9 ! ord] ( m9ds !re is an ultimate pr9ciple :i* is incorruptible1 s 9 ! ord] ( bodies4 ,= ! ord] ( bodies foll[s t ( intellig5ces z a footm>k foll[s ! foot1 z a %ad[ foll[s ! body2 h5ce :atev] ord] is prov$ to hold ( m9ds1 ! same w be f\nd to hold ( bodies4#aid ,x only rema9$ to id5tify ! two k9ds ( matt]1 ! div9e & ! elem5tal1 ! spiritual & ! corporeal1 to obta9 ! pure ,pan!i/ic naturalism ( ! middle p]iod ( ,bruno's philosophy3 at t /age he 0 no long] 9 sympa?y ) ! ,neoplatoni/ psy*ology1 & d5i$ ! doctr9e ( a sep>ate intellig5ce or und]/&+ 9 man1 an intellig5ce1 t is1 ( diff]5t orig9 f s5se1 & !re=e ( diff]5t k9d2 he reject$ also _! view t ! imag9ation :i* is ! s\rce ( in/9ct 9 animals1 diff]s f human imag9ation1 & _! ass]tion ( a diff]5ce 9 k9d betwe5 reason & intellect 9 man4 ,= ,bruno1 z ! ord] ( nature 0 ?r\gh\t ! same 9 k9d1 con/itut$ ( simil> elem5ts1 s ! ord] ( ?\ght or k 0 "o 9 k9d1 f its l[e/ phase 9 s5se1 to its highe/ 9 ! div9e ec/asy4 ,9 ! ,h]oici ,furori 7z aga9 9 ! po/hum\s ,de ,v9culis 9 g5]e7 ! ,platonic doctr9e ( ! asc5t to ! ec/atic vision & love ( div9e beauty1 f s5se-p]ception & ! mat]ial feel+ = s5sible beauty1 is ! ess5tial topic ?r\gh\t3 & 9 bo? ,bruno is l>gely indebt$ = 8 symbolism to ! ,neoplatoni/ my/ics4 ,sid5ote3 ,av]roes3--,ibn ,ros*d 7#aabf-aaih74 ,! r5ew$ passion = physical sci5ce br\ght ano!r s*ool ( philosophy into prom95ce--! ,arabian4#aie ,! *ief comm5t>ies ( ?is s*ool on ,ari/otle1 z well z _m ( _! orig9al writ+s1 7 translat$ & publi%$ be=e ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,_! int]e/ be+ direct$ r t[>ds ! physical & metaphysical writ+s ( ! ma/]1 ?an t[>ds ! logical1 !y help$ to satisfy & to fo/] ! gr[+ _s ( inquiry1 & at ! same "t to spread abroad a m exact k ( ! real ,ari/otle ?an 0 to be d]iv$ f ! ,*ri/ian comm5tators1 ^: philosophy 0 mu* less 9 sympa?y ) ,ari/otle's ?an 0 imag9$4 ,! g5]al tr5d ( ! ,arabian s*ool 9 metaphysics 0 t[>ds a modifi$ ,ari/otelianism1 leav5$ by ! ,neoplatoni/ conception ( ! ess5tial unity ( all be+ & all ?\ght1 p>ticul> ?+s & p>ticul> ideas be+ a free outfl[ f ! ,"o1 into :i* !y ( necessity return aga9 )\t affect+ its fundam5tal nature4 ,bruno 0 famili> ) ,avic5na1#aif ,avempace1#aig ,avicebron1#aih ,algazel1#aii & above all ,av]roes4 ,avicebron or ,av5cebrol 0 ! au?or ( ! fam\s ,fons ,vitae1 ! ,s\rce ( ,life1 :i* ga9$ a q undes]v$ notoriety = its suppos$ mat]ialism4 ,bruno did n "k x at fir/ h&1 b ?r\gh quotations 9 ! translat$ ,arabian writ+s1#bjj & criticisms 9 ! ,s*ola/ics4 ,accord+ly 8 idea ( x is by no means accurate4#bja ,he knew t ,avicebron _h spok5 ( matt] z div9e1 t he _h r$uc$ ev5 ! sub/antial =ms ( ,ari/otle to transitory phases ( matt]--! /able1 ! et]nal1 prog5etrix1 "m ( all ?+s1#bjb & _h %[n ! logical necessity ( assum+ a matt]1 or gr\nd1 out ( :i* corporeal nature on ! "o h&1 incorporeal or spiritual on ! o!r1 are diff]5tiat$4#bjc ,x is cle> t ?is und]ly+ matt] 0 n mat]ial 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 b a unity :i* 9 itself 0 nei!r corporeal nor spiritual1 yet 9 its diff]5t aspects 0 bo? at once4 ,t is a conception :i* =m$ "o ( ! ma9 !ses 9 ,bruno's philosophy4 ,directly or indirectly1 he drew f ! ,fons ,vitae ! ?\ght ( a common some?+ :i* runs ?r\gh all diff]5ces1 :i* is _! basis1 & gives !m reality1 :i* /&s to !m 9 ! relation ( ,ari/otle's matt] to =ms3 "u ! diff]5ces ( bodily objects !re lies "o common matt]1 "u ! diff]5ces ( spiritual be+s ano!r1 & "u ! diff]5ces ( ^! two second>y matt]s lies a prim>y matt] 9 :i* bo? are "o4 ,s too ! progress ( ?\ght is f ! mo/ complex1 or composite1 mat]ial bodies1--?r\gh ! less complex1 ! spiritual1--to ! highe/ & simple/1 ! ,"o4#bjd ,( ,algazel's ,makacid--a resum ( ! *ief philosophical sy/ems1 :i* 7 criticis$ 9 a second "p ( ! "w--a translation 0 publi%$ 9 #aejf4 ,al?\gh an or?odox !ologian1 he taught ,bruno t ! ,sacr$ ,books _h z _! end n s mu* tru? or k ab\t reality z goodness ( cu/om1 ! advantage ( ! civil body1 h>moni\s liv+ toge!r ( peoples1 & practice = ! b5efit ( human int]c\rse1 ma9t5ance ( peace1 increase ( republics2#bje 9 o!r words1 t ! ,bible claim$ no au?ority 9 reg>d to matt]s ( hi/orical fact or ( natural sci5ce1 b conta9$ a revelation ( moral or practical r ?an ( speculative or !oretical tru?4#bjf ,= ,av]roes1 ,bruno has ! highe/ respect3#bjg he con/antly speaks ( him z ! mo/ subtle & weighty ( ! ,p]ipatetics2 ,av]roes1 ?\gh an ,arab & ignorant ( ,greek 7671 is m at home 9 ! ,p]ipatetic doctr9e ?an any ,greek ,i h read3 & he w\ld h und]/ood x bett]1 _h he n be5 s devot$ to 8 deity ,ari/otle4#bjh ,?is bl9d fai? 9 ,ari/otle 0 ! weak spot 9 ,av]roes' arm\r1 & ! cause ( _m ( 8 subtleties4 ,he c\ld n believe t ,ari/otle1 ^: k 0 co-ext5sive ) creation1 c\ld h err$2 r ?an d5y ,ari/otle1 he refus$ to believe 8 own s5ses4#bji ,9 philosophical !ory !re 7 at lea/ two po9ts ( contact betwe5 ,bruno & ! great ,arabian--"o 0 ! doctr9e t =ms1 i4e4 individual p>ticul> objects1 are s5t out f & !re=e orig9ally conta9$ 9 matt]1 or1 9 mod]n phrase1 t ! evolution ( natural objects is f )9 outw>ds1 n impos$ ^u nature by an ali5 & sep>ate creator3#baj ! o!r 0 ! !ory ( a univ]sal intellig5ce p]vad+ & illum9at+ all human m9ds1 yet rema9+ "o & ! same 9 all1 itself an emanation f ! ,div9e1 & ! l[e/ 9 ! ord] ( intellig5ces4#baa ,bruno did n1 h[ev]1 speak ( x z sep>ate f ! f9ite m9ds1 b z imman5t 9 !m3 nor did he reg>d x z ! only immortal elem5t 9 man4 ,sid5ote3 ,alb]tus ,magnus4 ,( ! ,s*ola/ics prop]1 f :om mu* at lea/ ( ,bruno's t]m9ology is d]iv$1 two seem to h influ5c$ him mo/ /rongly3--,alb]t ! ,great1 ^: int]e/ 9 natural sci5ce entitl$ him to a place 9 ! temple ( wisdom3 ,he _h no equal 9 8 "t1 & 0 f> sup]ior to ,ari/otle1 ^: s*ool1 9 :i* he rank$ accord+ to ! conditions ( 8 age1 0 unwor?y ( him2#bab & ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ! angelic doctor1 hon\r & glory ( all & e race ( !ologians & ( ,p]ipatetic philosoph]s4#bac ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 ! ,s*ola/ic is to ,bruno ! p$ant1 ! dabbl] 9 words1 z contra/$ ) ! /ud5t ( nature or ( reality4#bad ,"u ?is condemnation fell two ( ! greate/ innovators ^u ! ,ari/otelian philosophy ( 8 own "t1--,ramus1 & ,patrizzi4 ,! great logician 0 m]ely a ,fr5* ar*-p$ant1 :o has writt5 ,! ,s*ool ^u ! ,lib]al ,arts1 & ! ,animadv]sions aga9/ ,ari/otle4 ,we may admit t he und]/ood ,ari/otle1 b he und]/ood him badly2 & _h he und]/ood him well1 he w\ld p]haps h be5 m9d$ to make hon\rable w> ^u him1 z ! judici\s ,telesio has done4#bae ,! fa%ionable philosoph] & ,platoni/ is un altro /]co di p$anti1 an ,italian :o has soil$ s _m quires ) 8 ,discussiones ,p]ipateticae2 we _c say he und]/ood ,ari/otle1 ei!r well or ill1 b he has read & re-read1 /it*$ & un/it*$1 & comp>$ ) a ?\s& o!r ,greek au?ors1 fri5dly & unfri5dly to ,ari/otle1 & 9 ! end has und]gone great lab\r1 n only )\t any pr(it1 b also ) v great dispr(it1 s t he :o w\ld see into :at presumptu\s folly & vanity ! p$antic habit may plunge a man1 let him look at t book1 be=e ! memory ( x is lo/4 ,tocco has laid 8 f+] ^u ! reason = ,bruno's dislike ( ^! mod]ns1 & x expla9s 8 objection to ! ,s*ola/ics g5]ally3--x 0 t !y attempt$ to remodel & re=m ! ,logic & ,rhetoric ( ,ari/otle1 ! v p>ts ( 8 "w :i* ,bruno reg>d$ z ! mo/ p]fect1--& neglect$ ! physical works1 ! !ory ( :i* _h s p[]ful an au?ority to back x1 & !re=e all ! m requir$ ! en]gies ( ! /rong] m9ds ( ! "t to be direct$ ^u x4#baf ,sid5ote3 ,lully1 #abce-acje4 ,"o ( ! m$ival writ]s ,bruno associat$ s closely ) himself1 t 8 indebt$ness might easily be exagg]at$3 ?is 0 ,raymond ,lully1 ^: grim figure /&s out f ! %ad[y ?irte5? c5tury1--! au?or ( ! celebrat$ ,art ( ,reason+4#bag ,! object ( ! ,art 0 to tabulate ! prim>y =ms or elem5ts ( ?\ght1 & _! modes ( comb9ation1 f :i* data1 x 0 believ$1 any process ( reason+1 h[ev] complex1 might be c>ri$ out1 )\t great] exp5diture ( en]gy ?an 9 p]=m+ an ari?metical op]ation ) any ( ! fir/ n9e numb]s4 ,!re 0 no "q ( a possible divorce betwe5 ?\ght & reality4 ,! result ( any su* process ( rational calculus prop]ly c>ri$ out 0 tru?4 ,bruno ?\ght ) ,lully t ! ultimate ideas )9 rea* ( human ?\ght 7 at ! same "t sub/antial elem5ts 9 reality & t ! complete/ k ( reality--%ort ( ! ,absolute--0 )9 ! p[] ( human reason to a*ieve4 ,lully includ$ 9 ?is rational sph]e ! dogmas ( ,*ri/ian !ology3 fai? 0 = ! _m1 :o mu/ be driv5 to believe2 reason = ! few1 ! wise4 ,lully's me?od attract$1 & 8 tea*+ influ5c$ ne>ly all ! great] m9ds ( ! lat] middle ages1 & ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,!y became a s\rce ( z bitt] cont5tion z ! doctr9es ( ,ari/otle himself4 ,bruno speaks ( ,lully z almo/ div9e2 ,agrippa1 aft] be+ an ard5t foll[]1 came to see ! vanity ( ! sy/em1 & ,bacon call$ x a me?od ( impo/ure4 ,at diff]5t times ,bruno exp\nd$1 criticis$1 & exp&$ ! ,art4 ,he claims#bah to h embelli%$ ! me?od ( him :om ! be/ lead]s among philosoph]s admire1 foll[1 imitate4 ,duns ,scotus 7,scotig5a71 ,ni*olas ( ,cusa1 ,p>acelsus1 ,agrippa1 are nam$1 unju/ly1 z hav+ drawn _! *ief doctr9es f ?is s\rce3 ,lefevre & ,b\ill#bai cit$ among 8 mo/ rec5t foll[]s4 ,! art 0 taught by "s div9e g5ius to a rude uncultur$ h]mit1 & al?\gh x seems to issue f "o too d5se & /upid1 yet x excels ! tea*+ ( any fam\s ,attic orator 9 ?is k9d1 z a crop ( :eat excels "o ( b>ley4 ,x seem$ to u unfitt+ t ?is "w1 /ruggl+ upw>ds to ! light1 aga9/ ! envy ( oppress+ d>kness1 %\ld be suff]$ to p]i% & be lo/4#bbj ,yet ,bruno by no means ?\ght ,lully's exposition p]fect4 ,( 8 own ,lullian "w1 ! ,de ,comp5diosa ,ar*itectura1#bba he says t x suffices = ! und]/&+1 e/imat+1 & prosecut+ ( ! art ( ,lully1 by ^? :o are skill$ 9 ! vulg> philosophy4 ,= 9 x is express$ 9 "o :ole1 all t is 9 ,lully's _m ',arts1' 9 :i* he always seems to be say+ ! same ?+2 y h !re all t is 9 ! ,ars ,brevis1 ! ,ars ,magna1 & o!r books be>+ ! "n ( ,arbor ,sci5tiae1 ,inv5tionis1 ,artes demon/rativae1 mixtionis pr9cipiorum1 ,auditus cabali/ici1 or any o!r ( t k9d1 9 :i* ! poor fell[ /rove always to express ! same ?+4 ,x 0 ! dream ( univ]sal k t attract$ ,bruno & o!rs to ,lullism1 j z ! dream ( univ]sal p[] ov] nature attract$ ! great] m9ds ( ! ,r5aissance to ! pseudo-sci5ce ( ,al*emy4 ,! same idea is at ! root ( bo?4 ,all ?+s are 9 all ?+s1 i4e4 ! "o fundam5tal nature is 9 ea* & e individual ?+1 !re=e out ( any "o may be produc$ any o!r4 ,s 9 ! idea ( any "o ?+1 ! k ( all & any o!rs is necess>ily conta9$1 requir+ only a prop] me?od = its extraction1 z out ( ! se$ may be br\ght ! great tree4 ,!re=e1 to ,bruno1 ! h]mit ,lully seem$ omnisci5t & almo/ div9e1 8 me?od an inspiration f above4#bbb ,!re is little1 h[ev]1 to connect ,bruno ) ! sub/antive tea*+ ( ,lully1 ap>t f ! me?od4 ,he explicitly rejects1 = example1 ! ma9 cont5tion ( ,lully1 t ! ,*ri/ian dogmas are capable ( demon/ration by reason4--,^? relations 7i4e4 betwe5 ,god & man71 :i* h be5 reveal$ to ! wor%ipp]s ( ,*ri/ alone1 are contr>y to all reason+1 philosophy1 o!r fai?s & sup]/itions1 & all[ ( no demon/ration b ( fai? only1 9 spite ( :at ,lully 9 8 madness 7delir&o7 attempt$ to d1 9 face ( ! op9ion ( ! great !ologians4#bbc ,sid5ote3 ,nicolaus ,cusanus4 ,=emo/ ( all1 h[ev]1 ( ! influ5ces :i* direct$ ,bruno's ?\ght 0 t ( ! ,c>d9al ,nicolaus ( ,cusa 7,ni*olas ,*rypffs74 ,a pre-re=mation re=m]1 he /&s bo? 9 !ology & philosophy betwe5 ! old & ! new eras1 summ+ up 9 8 own !ory ! pure/ !ology & ! mo/ ref9$ philosophy ( ! ,middle ,ages1 yet inevitably po9t+ =w>ds to a sci5tific & religi\s re=m :i* %\ld transc5d bo?4 ,:]e1 cri$ ,bruno 9 8 oration at ,witt5b]g1 w y f9d 8 equal8 & ! great] he is ! few] are !y to :om he is accessible4 ,_h n ! robe ( ! prie/ infect$ 8 g5ius x w\ld h be5 n m]ely equal to b f> sup]ior to t ( ,py?agoras4#bbd ,he knew & disc]n$ mu*1 & is truly "o ( ! mo/ gift$ natures t h ev] brea!d ! air ( heav52 b z to ! appreh5sion ( tru?1 he 0 l a swimm] 9 tempe/u\s wat]s1 ca/ n[ high n[ l[1 he did n see ! light cont9u\sly1 op5ly1 cle>ly2 did n swim z 9 calm & quiet wat]s1 b int]rupt$ly1 at int]vals1 = he _h n ca/ (f all ! false pr9ciples :i* he _h receiv$ f ! common doctr9e--8 />t+-po9t4#bbe ,a sket* ( ! philosophy ( ! ,cusan w %[ 9 h[ close a relation ,bruno /&s to him1 yet h[ great is ! diff]5ce 9 outcome betwe5 ! two philosophies4 ,clem5s1 ^: sympa?ies are ) ! or?odox !ologian1 does n hesitate to say t ?is is ! real & direct s\rce f :i* ,bruno drew ) bo? h&s1 ! philosophy to :i* he owes _m ( ! ma9 pr9ciples ( 8 nature-philosophy1 & :i* he has to ?ank = all ! ess5tials ( tea*+ said to be peculi> to himself2 & ,falck5b]g is equally incl9$ to und]rate ! orig9ality ( ! ,italian 9 pref]5ce to ! ,g]man philosoph]4 ,! outset ( ,cusanus' philosophy is f a !ory ( k :i* he held f ,platoni/ traditions3--,k is po/]ior bo? 9 "t & 9 value to ,be+1 or ,reality1 ( :i* x is at be/ a copy or a sign1 h5ce ,reality c nev] be :olly compreh5d$ by x4 ,e human ass]tion is at be/ a conjecture1 a hypo!sis or approa* to tru?1 b nev] ! absolute tru? itself4 ,only 9 ! ,div9e _s are ?\ght & reality "o2 ! ,div9e ?\ght is at ! same "t creative1 human only reflective1 imitative1 ?us ! ,ultimate ,be+ is & mu/ rema9 incompreh5sible = human m9ds4 ,s ,bruno also taught4 ,! ,cusan did n1 h[ev]1 reject on ?is acc\nt all human k4 ,on ! contr>y1 reason approximates ev] m & m closely to ! ,div9e m9d1 z a polygon approa*es m & m to ! =m ( a circle :5 ! numb] ( its sides is increas$2 z x nev] becomes an actual circle1 s ! ,div9e reason may be kn[n ev] m & m truly ?r\gh human reason1 b nev] q truly4 ,x is ! k ( ?is our ess5tial ignorance ( ! ,div9e t br+s u ne>e/ to x4#bbf ,?us al?\gh f "o po9t ( view all t is be/ 9 human exp]i5ce may be attribut$ to ! ,div9e nature 9 a high] =m 7positive !ology71 f ano!r e pr$icate1 ev5 ! highe/1 may be d5i$ ( x 7negative !ology71 or f /ill a ?ird /&po9t 7my/ical !ology71 contr>y pr$icates equally hold or d n hold ( ! ,div9e4 ,?is co9cid5ce ( contr>ies1 sugge/$ p]haps by ! tradition ( ,h]aclitus & ,emp$ocles1 0 9 ! ,cusan a pr9ciple ( k m]ely4 ,! ,div9e 0 at once ! greate/ & ! lea/2 greate/ because we c\ld n imag9e x add$ to1 = x 0 ! all2 lea/ because1 be+ truly exi/5t1 we c\ld n imag9e any?+ tak5 away f x4 ,x is ow+ to ! limits ( human ?\ght1 !re=e1 t ,god is at once greate/ & lea/1 equal & unequal1 _m & "o2 ,god ,himself is free f all contradiction1 ! app>5t contr>ies ( our und]/&+ are 9 ,him "o & ! same4 ,s1 to our imag9ation1 ! inf9ite circle co9cides ) ! inf9ite /raight l9e1 & a top sp9n+ ) its fa/e/ movem5t appe>s to /& /ill4 ,bruno extols ! greatness ( ?is discov]y--,consid]+ x physically1 ma!matically1 morally1 "o sees t ! philosoph] :o saw into ! co9cid5ce ( contr>ies made a discov]y ( ! highe/ importance1 & t ! magician :o kn[s to seek x :]e x is is no feeble practician4#bbg ,yet1 al?\gh he made use ( ! same geometrical illu/rations1 & believ$ himself to be sub/antially foll[+ ,cusanus1 8 !ory 0 widely diff]5t4 ,! co9cid5ce spr+s 9 ,bruno1 n f ! limitations ( ! human m9d1 b f ! fulness ( ! ,div9e nature4 ,x is n 9 ,god z ! transc5d5t unkn[able ,be+ t ! co9cid5ce inh]es1 b 9 ! inf9ite univ]se z "o ) ,god1 :i* is 9 itself at once ! greate/ & ! lea/1 ! maximum & ! m9imum4 ,s9ce nature is p]meat$ by ,god1 9 ev]y?+1 9 ! lea/ ( ?+s1 is ,god ! greate/2 ! lea/ is ! greate/1 has 9 x ! nature ( ! :ole1 & s1 too1 ! greate/ is ! lea/4 ,9 ,bruno x is a pan!i/ic1 9 ! ,cusan a !i/ic1 doctr9e4 ,! same conception occurs aga9 9 its diff]5t mean+s1 :5 bo? comp>e ,god to an inf9ite circle 9 :i* c5tre & circumf]5ce are "o2 9 ,cusanus x is to our k t ,he s appe>s1 9 ,bruno ,he really is inf9ite1 & is ) ,8 :ole nature at any po9t or c5tre1 z well z 9 ! :ole1 ! circumf]5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,tr9ity4 ,) ! ,cusan ! ?reefold nature ( ! ,highe/ ,be+ is d$uc$ z a necessity ( ,reason3 x is 7#a7 unity et]nal2 7#b7 sam5ess or equality et]nal2 & 7#c7 ! union ( unity & equality4 ,z !re _c be ?ree et]nal & highe/ be+s1 ^! ?ree are necess>ily "o--! ,unity 7! ,fa!r7 produces or begets f itself ! same 7! ,son71 & out ( bo? spr+s _! union 7! ,holy ,gho/71 yet ea* ( ^! 9 ! ,"o is "o & ! same4#bbh ,9 ! univ]se1 ! creat$ _w1 !re is also a ,tr9ity1 s9ce x is a copy or reflection ( ! ,div9e4 7#a7 ,possibility or ,matt]1 ! unlimit$1 indet]m9ate1 b capable ( be+ limit$ & det]m9$1 corresponds to ! unity ( ! et]nal2 7#b7 ,actuality1 or ,=m1 ! limit+ or det]m9+ some?+1 t :i* limits1 corresponds to ! sam5ess or equality ( ! ,et]nal2 & 7#c7 ! unify+ movem5t by :i* ! possible receives actuality1 matt] receives =m1 imply+ a _s ( union1 ( ,love1 corresponds to ! ,absolute ,union1 ! ,holy ,gho/4#bbi ,at a lat] /age ( 8 philosophy1 h[ev]1 ! ,cusan gave a second d$uction ( ! ,tr9ity4#bcj ,god is bo? ,absolute ,possibility1 ,absolute ,p[] or ,pot5cy 7! ,creative ,^w1 ! ,son71 & ! union ( bo? 9 ,absolute ,reality2 yet ^! are m]ely diff]5t aspects or po9ts ( view ( ! ,et]nal ,be+4 ,aga91 ,god is ! id5tity ( kn[+1 or intellect1 ! kn[able or intelligible 7! ,^w71 & love1 z ! int]-relation ( ea* ) ea*1 ! /riv+ ( ! kn[+ aft] ! kn[able1 its highe/ good4#bca ,bruno also adopts ! ,tr9ity ( ,possibility or ,matt]1 ,pot5cy or ,=m1 & ,reality1 b x is appli$ at once to ,god & to ,nature z two sides ( ! same ?+4 ,z ! ,div9e pot5cy is inf9ite1 s is nature1 its expression1 inf9ite2 matt] & =m d n 9 _! orig9 /& oppos$ to "o ano!r1 z if sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 any m ?an p[] & possibility are sep>ate 9 ,god2 all t c be is realis$2 matt] has 9 itself all possible =ms1 & produces ^! out ( itself 9 ! successive mom5ts ( "t2 ! univ]se is et]nal1 !re=e1 9 ord] t ! inf9ite p[] may 9 x be realis$4 ,9 all ^! respects ,bruno trans=ms ! or?odox ,cusanus' conception ( a creat$ & f9ite _w2 al?\gh n[h]e p]haps has ! idea ( a creation be5 m skilfully wov5 into a pr(\nd philosophical sy/em ?an 9 ! ,c>d9al's qua9t dialogues4 ,! ,cusan does n attempt ! impossible1 to acc\nt = ! fact ( creation--,god compreh5ds 7or conta9s7 all ?+s1 = all ?+s are 9 ,him1 & ,he unfolds all ?+s out ( ,himself1 = 9 all ?+s ,he lives2 b ! ess5ce & ! process ( ! compreh5sion & ! unfold+ are unkn[able by u1 j z we c nev] und]/& h[ *ance comes to be unit$ ) necessity 7creation7 9 ! _w4 ,x is to ?is incompreh5sible p>tn]%ip t ! imp]fections ( creat$ ?+s are attribut$4 ,9 its reality ! univ]se is f9ite1 limit$2 9 its possibility 7i4e4 its idea7 x is inf9ite1 b only privatively inf9ite--t is1 ,god c\ld /ill call a m p]fect univ]se into exi/5ce ?an x has actually pleas$ ,him to d4 ,only ,he1 z ! ,absolute ,greate/1 is inf9ite 9 ! full negative s5se1 i4e4 t :i* c nei!r be nor be ?\ght great] ?an x is4 ,"h ,bruno's !ory is 9 complete contra/ ) t ( ! ,cusan4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m consequ5ces t bo? alike h drawn1 z t no two ?+s 9 ! univ]se are :olly & 9 all respects alike 7! id5tity ( indisc]nibles72 ea* ?+ expresses ! nature ( ! :ole 9 a special way1 b all ?+s may be arrang$ 9 graduat$ scales f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 or f any "o to any o!r1 i4e4 !re are no absolute diff]5ces1 only diff]5ces ( degree4 ,nor are !re absolute c5tres 9 ! univ]se1 or 9 any ( ! worlds1 nor p]fect figures--?us !re are no p]fect circles describ$1 e4g4 by ! planets1 9 nature4 ,a fur!r coroll>y 0 t ! :ole is mirror$ 9 ea* ( ! p>ts1 z ea* p>ticul> ?+ p>takes ( ! s\l or creative =ce ( all2 ea* does n1 h[ev]1 mirror or reflect ! ,div9e nature ) ! same adequacy z e o!r2 "s d s m p]fectly ?an o!rs1 man mo/ p]fectly ( all4#bcb ,cusanus did n def9itely accept ! sugge/ion ( a s\l ( ! univ]se1 analog\s 9 its relation to ! _w to ! s\l ( man 9 ! body2 /ill less did he id5tify x ) ,god1 z ,bruno t5d$ m & m to d4 ,h5ce he escap$ ! fanta/ical consequ5ces ( ! belief 9 ,univ]sal ,animism1 :i* 7 drawn )\t res]ve by ! ,r5aissance writ]s--! consequ5ce1 e4g4 t if "o s\l1 "o nature1 p]vades all ?+s1 & is ! life ( all ?+s1 !n out ( ea* may be produc$ any o!r--out ( lead1 gold1 etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! f\r elem5ts at lea/ 7 diff]5t =ms ( ! same fundam5tal be+1 & might be produc$ ea* out ( ! o!r2 &1 9 common ) ,bruno1 ,cusanus held ! pre-,ari/otelian belief 9 ,atomism3--!re _c be division ( any?+1 cube or surface1 or l9e--ad inf9itum2 ultimately !re mu/ 9 ea* k9d be a m9imum1#bcc an atom1 beyond :i* we _c 9 fact g1 al?\gh to ?\ght x may be /ill fur!r divisible2 s !re is 9 e figure1 9 e k9d ( ?+1 a def9ite numb] ( atoms4 ,x 0 p>tly ?is ?\ght1 p>tly also ! my/ical value f "t immemorial giv5 to ! diff]5t numb]s & geometrical figures1 t l$ bo? ,cusanus & ,bruno to look to ma!matics & geometry = ! true me?od or organon ( natural sci5ce4 ,numb] is ! natural & fruitful pr9ciple ( ! und]/&+'s activity2 irrational be+s d n numb]4 ,b numb] is no?+ b ! unfold+ ( ! und]/&+4 ,)\t x ! und]/&+ w\ld h none ( ! results to :i* x atta9s4444 ,no?+ c exi/ be=e numb]1 = all t goes beyond ! simple/ unity is 9 its fa%ion a composite1 &1 !re=e1 )\t numb] is un?9kable1 = multitude1 diff]5ce1 & relation ( p>ts arise f numb]4#bcd ,9 bo? aga9 human k proce$s inv]sely z creation 7or emanation7 f numb]1 ! _m1 back ?r\gh successive grades ( simplicity to ! "o highe/1 mo/ simple1 ,god1 9 :om are all ?+s complicitly 7)\t numb]74 ,:at appe>s to u z aft] ano!r1 successive1 is by no means aft] 9 ,?y ,?\ght1 :i* is et]nity itself4 ,! s+le ?\ght1 :i* is ,?y ^w1 embraces 7complicat7 all & ea* 9 itself1 ,?y s+le ^w _c be manifold1 opposite1 *angeable4444 ,9 ! et]nity 9 :i* ,?\ ?9ke/1 co9cides all ! aft] ano!r ( "t1 ) ! n[ ( et]nity4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no pa/ nor future :]e future & pa/ co9cide ) ! pres5t4#bce ,! m]ely logical und]/&+1 t :i* is bas$ ^u s5se & requires s5se-images = its mat]ial1 is inadequate to ?is highe/ k1 gives approximation m]ely1 & we are ?r[n back ^u my/ical intuition on ! "o h&1 reason$ fai? on ! o!r1 = our insight into ! true nature ( ! ,"o & ! ,all4#bcf ,sid5ote3 ,agrippa ( ,nette%eim4 ,o!r influ5ces :i* gave direction to ,bruno's g5ius belong r to physical sci5ce & pseudo-sci5ce ?an to philosophical !ory4 ,cornelius ,agrippa ( ,nette%eim 7#adhg-aece71 ! s*ol>ly adv5tur]1 ! ,fau/ :o acquir$ all ! k & mo/ ( ! arts ( 8 "t1 wrote a comp5dium & ju/ification 7f ,neoplatoni/ philosophy7 ( magical practices1#bcg & at ! close ( 8 life ! great declamation on ! unc]ta9ty & vanity ( all sci5ces & arts1#bch--;a plea = ! simple life & ! simple gospel4 ,! ,de occulta philosophia is ! *ief s\rce f :i* ,bruno drew ! fanta/ical lore ( ! ,de ,monade4#bci ,! satires ^u ,as9ity1 z ! *ief human virtue1 9 ! ,spaccio & ! ,cabala1 direct$ z !y are aga9/ bl9d fai? )\t works or wisdom1 f\nd _! occasion at lea/ 9 ,agrippa's praise ( ! ,ass 79 ! ,de ,vanitate7 z ! m\?piece ( ,god 9 ! /ory ( ,balaam1 & ! be>] ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t hi/ory4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>acelsus4 ,sid5ote3 ,c>danus4 ,sid5ote3 ,telesio4 ,p>acelsus#bdj propos$ a re=m ( m$ic9e on ,neoplatoni/ pr9ciples1 attack+ ! ,gal5ian doctr9e ( ! ,f\r ,hum\rs1 :i* 0 bas$ on ! f\r elem5ts ( ! ,ari/otelians 7! w>m & ! cold1 ! moi/ & ! dry74 ,8 own m natural !ory made salt1 sulphur1 & m]cury ! 7*emical7 elem5ts ( all ?+s--^? :i* 9 liv+ organisms 7 vivifi$ & direct$ by an inn] _s 7e4g4 ! ,ar*aeus 9 man71 a direct emanation f ! s\l ( ! univ]se4 ,?r\gh _! common con/itution1 & ! _s t infus$ all ?+s alike1 !re 0 a subtle1 my/]i\s sympa?y betwe5 ! microcosm & ! macrocosm1 ! individual body & ! univ]se1 & x 0 by ! /udy ( ! relations 7magical1 a/rological1 & ! re/7 betwe5 ! />s & ! ?+s ( e>?1 betwe5 ! diff]5t metals & ! body ( man1 t ,p>acelsus propos$ to re=m ! art ( m$ic9e4 ,bruno1 9 ! ,causa1#bda praises ,p>acelsus = 8 philosophical treatm5t ( m$ic9e1 t he did n re/ cont5t ) ! ?ree *emical pr9ciples alone = explanation ( ! diff]5t vital ph5om5a1 b s\ght ! true pr9ciple ( life ev]y:]e 9 a _s or s\l4 ,he is "o ( ! build]s ( ! temple ( wisdom1--ad miraculum m$icus4#bdb ,9 8 magical writ+s & 9 ! ,de ,monade1 ,bruno is l>gely indebt$ = mat]ials to ,p>acelsus4 ,! same g5]al t5d5cy1 ! desire = a return to nature & to s5se-obs]vation z oppos$ to ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 & to ! cult ( logical or grammatical subtleties1 is f\nd also 9 ,c>dan4#bdc ,9 8 "w !re is ! same mixture ( ma!matics & physical sci5ce ) !ology1 magic1 & ,neoplatonism1 & to him ,bruno owes _m ( 8 sup]/itions4 ,! m pr(\nd ,telesio also 7:o be=e ,bruno made hon\rable w> ^u ,ari/otle7#bdd attempt$1 indep5d5tly ( all au?ority1 f s5se-k & induction alone1 to p5etrate ! my/]ies ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,cop]nicus4 ,only "o "n rema9s ) :i* t ( ,bruno is indelibly associat$--t ( ,cop]nicus1 ^: ,de orbium coele/ium ,revolutionibus 0 publi%$ 9 #aedc4 ,x 0 8 !ory ( ! sol> sy/em1 co9cid+ z x seem$ ) t ( ! mo/ anci5t philosoph]s1 t gave ! decisive tr5d to ,bruno's ?\ght1 hold+ him fa/ to ! "o all-important fact t ! e>? is n ! c5tre ( ! univ]se b "o ( its humble/ memb]s4 ,)\t ! solid argum5ts ( ,cop]nicus1 ,bruno's sup]b conception ( ! cosmic sy/em w\ld h rema9$ a dream1 an intuition ( g5ius1 r ?an a well-gr\nd$ =eca/ ( mod]n sci5tific discov]y4 ,!re is m und]/&+1 said ,bruno1 9 two ( 8 *apt]s ?an 9 ! :ole philosophy ( nature ( ,ari/otle & all ! ,p]ipatetics4#bde ,grave1 ?\ghtful1 c>eful1 & mature 9 m9d1 n inf]ior to any ( ! a/ronom]s t w5t be=e him--9 natural judgm5t f> sup]ior to ,ptolemy1 ,hipp>*1 ,eudoxus1 & all ! o!rs t h walk$ 9 _! foot/eps--a height he atta9$ by free+ himself f ! prejudices1 n to say bl9dness1 ( ! vulg> philosophy4 ,yet he did n get beyond x2 be+ m a /ud5t ( ma!matics ?an ( nature1 he 0 unable :olly to uproot all unfitt+1 va9 pr9ciples1 to solve all contr>y difficulties1 lib]ate bo? himself & o!rs f s _m va9 inquiries1 & fix _! contemplation on ?+s abid+ & sure4 ,) all t1 :o c suffici5tly appraise ! greatness ( ?is ,g]man1 :o paid little he$ to ! fooli% multitude1 & /ood solid aga9/ ! torr5t ( oppos+ belief4 ,al?\gh almo/ de/itute ( liv+ reasons = weapons1 he took up ^? ca/-(f & ru/y fragm5ts t he c\ld get to 8 h& f antiquity2 repoli%$ !m1 br\ght ! pieces toge!r1 m5d$ !m1 s t ?r\gh 8 argum5ts--ma!matical r ?an physical ?\gh !y 7--he made a cause t _h be5 ridicul$1 despis$1 neglect$1 to be hon\r$ & priz$1 to seem m probable ?an its contr>y1 & c]ta9ly m suitable & exp$iti\s = calculation4#bdf ,cop]nicus _h put =w>d ! !ory z a hypo!sis m]ely1 & _h %[n h[ mu* m simply ! diff]5t positions ( ! sun & planets z se5 f ! e>? c\ld be expla9$ by x1 & h[ mu* m accurately !y c\ld be calculat$4 ,9 ! ,epi/le prefix$ to 8 "w 7said by ,bruno n to be by ,cop]nicus himself71 ! read] 0 w>n$ ( ! folly ( tak+ ?is hypo!sis z true4 ,to ,bruno ! contr>y ( ! hypo!sis 0 absurd4 ,bruno did n appreciate ! ma!matical pro(s ( ,cop]nicus1 & con/antly spoke ( him z too mu* ( a ma!matician1 too little ( a physici/3 8 own ma!matical demon/rations 71 h[ev]1 mu* less successful ?an ^? ( 8 pr$ecessor4#bdg ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,k#bdh ,x is ! object ( ?is *apt] to give "s acc\nt ( ! speculations on nature & _s :i* occupi$ ,bruno dur+ 8 fir/ ye> 9 ,engl&1 & :i* %[ h[ h>d he 0 /riv+ to pi]ce ?r\gh ! %ell ( m$ival ?\ght 9 :i* 8 m9d 0 encas$4 ,h[ev] fi]cely he /ruggl$ to ga9 8 fre$om1 x 0 impossible t he %\ld d s q at once4 ,) all 8 contempor>ies1 he 0 imbu$ 9 ,ari/otle's ways ( ?\ght1 & ! problems he set himself to answ] 7 l>gely det]m9$ = him by ,ari/otle4 ,! categories ) :i* he wr\ght1--pr9ciple1 cause1 =m1 matt]1 pot5cy1 act1 subject1 7 ^? ( ! ,/agirite1 & 7 op51 !re=e1 to ! same *>ge ( unfruitfulness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile ! outw>d =m ( ,bruno's philosophy1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t its matt] also1 7 ess5tially ,ari/otelian1 ! _s :i* infus$ x all 0 n s2 ! emotion & en?usiasm ) :i* he wrote sav\r$ r ( ! fire ( ,plato ?an ( ! logical m9d ( 8 successor2 & ?r\gh\t1 ! new conception ( nature & ( m9d :i* belongs to mod]n philosophy 0 /ruggl+ to ! light4 ,f 8 ,platoni/ ma/]s ,bruno _h le>n$ t ! ,highe/ or ,fir/ ,pr9ciple 0 unkn[able to man1 be+ beyond ! rea* ( 8 s5ses & ( 8 und]/&+ alike3 a complete sy/ematisation ( k 0 !re=e impossible4 ,a philosophy ( nature _h to seek only = physical 7i4e4 real or imman5t7 causes or pr9ciples2 ^! might dep5d1 inde$1 ^u ! highe/ & fir/ pr9ciple or cause1 b ! dep5d5ce 0 n s close t ! k ( ! =m] gave u k ( ! latt]3 no s+le sy/em ( k c\ld embrace bo?4 ,kn[+ ! univ]se1 we yet knew no?+ ( ! ess5ce or sub/ance ( its fir/ cause1 any m ?an t ( ! sculptor ,apelles c\ld be inf]r$ f ! /atue he _h made4 ,! ?+s ( nature1 al?\gh effects ( ! div9e op]ation1 became ! remote/ accid5ts1 :5 reg>d$ z means to ! k ( ! div9e sup]natural ,ess5ce4 ,we h /ill less gr\nd = kn[+ x ?an = kn[+ ,apelles f 8 f9i%$ /atues1 = all ( ^! we may see1 & exam9e1 "p by "p1 b n ! great & inf9ite effect ( ! div9e pot5cy4#bdi ,! ,fir/ ,pr9ciple is1 !re=e1 ! conc]n ( ! morali/ & ( ! !ologian1 z reveal$ to !m by ! gods1 or decl>$ to !m ?r\gh ! inspir$ k ( div9] m5 & ( ! prophets4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! univ]se we h ! inf9ite image ( ,god1 & x is1 !re=e1 possible ?r\gh x to obta9 an approximate k ( ,him3 ! magnific5t />s & %9+ bodies1 :i* are s _m inhabit$ worlds1 & animate be+s or deities1 worlds simil> to t :i* conta9s ourselves1 mu/ dep5d1 s9ce !y are composite & capable ( dissolution1 ^u a pr9ciple & cause2 & consequ5tly1 by _! greatness1 _! life & "w1 !y %[ =? & prea* ! maje/y ( ?is fir/ pr9ciple & cause4#bej ,?us ! />t+-po9t ( ,bruno's mature philosophy is nature z ! ve/ige or impr9t ( div9ity1 & div9ity is consid]$ only z nature itself or z reflect$ 9 nature3 ! pres5ce ( a transc5d5t pr9ciple above & beyond nature is1 inde$1 premis$ to ! discussion ( ! ,causa1 b x is no long] admitt$ t its /udy falls )9 ! philosoph]'s scope1 nor does x ev] hamp] or 9 any way influ5ce ! c\rse ( ! argum5t4 ,s f> f t1 we f9d1 at ! completion ( ! dialogue1 t we h arriv$ at an imman5t pr9ciple or div9ity1 :i* r5d]s ! transc5d5t sup]flu\s4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr9ciple3 ,cause4 ,! purpose ( ! ,causa1#bea ,bruno's fir/ purely philosophical "w1 0 to det]m9e :at are ! creative & con/itutive pr9ciples ( ! natural _w1--its effici5t cause1 its end1 its =m1 its matt]1 & its unity2 or1 9 o!r words1 to lay d[n ! f\ndations ( k1 to give an outl9e-picture ( reality ! details ( :i* x 0 left to exp]i5ce & obs]vation to fill 94 ,bruno beg9s by lay+ d[n c]ta9 di/9ctions1 :i*1 h[ev]1 d n1 9 ! end1 prove v b9d+4 ,fir/1 a pr9ciple 7pr9cipio7 is t :i* ent]s1 intr9sically1 into ! con/itution ( a ?+1 :ile a cause concurs f )\t 9 its production2 ?us1 matt] & =m1 :i* are pr9ciples r ?an causes1 are ! elem5ts ( :i* a ?+ is compos$ & into :i* x is resolv$4 ,a cause1 on ! o!r h&1 rema9s outside ( ! resultant object--= example1 ! effici5t1 creat+ cause1 & ! end or f9al cause = :i* ! ?+ is orda9$4 ,pr9ciple is ! m g5]al t]m1 = 9 ,nature1 n ev]y?+ t is pr9ciple1 is also cause3 ! po9t is pr9ciple ( ! l9e1 n cause2 ! in/ant1 ( ! ev5t2 ! />t+-po9t1 ( ! movem5t2 ! premisses1 ( ! argum5t4#beb ,god is bo? pr9ciple & cause1 b f diff]5t po9ts ( view3 ,he is fir/ pr9ciple 9 s f> z all ?+s are po/]ior to him 9 nature1 duration1 or dignity2 he is fir/ cause 9 s f> z all ?+s are di/+ui%$ f him z effect f effici5t1 ?+ produc$ f produc]4 ,! po9ts ( view are diff]5t1 = n always is ! prior & m wor?y a cause ( t :i* is po/]ior & less wor?y2 & n always is ! cause prior & m wor?y ?an t :i* is caus$4#bec ,!re are really two m>ks ( a pr9ciple giv5 by ,bruno1 priority 9 wor?1 & int]nality2 b1 g5]ally1 a pr9ciple is t )\t :i* a ?+ c\ld n come into be+1 & :i* if tak5 away w\ld take away also ! be+ ( ! ?+4 ,to a cause ! latt] half ( ?is description w\ld n apply1 z x rema9s outside ( ! effect4 ,?us ,god z pr9ciple is imman5t 9 all ?+s1 & is ! high] s\rce f :i* !y proce$4 ,?is tw(old int]pretation ( ! relation ( ,god to nature & to natural ?+s 0 already inh]5t 9 ! ,neoplatonic doctr9e :i* =m$ ,bruno's />t+-po9t1 s9ce ,god z ! s\rce ( emanation 0 outside ( ! emanations !mselves1 & 0 unaffect$ by !m2 on ! o!r h&1 ! gradations 9 ! diff]5t /ages ( emanation1 & ! possibility ( ris+ f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 to ! ,"o above all1 impli$ ! exi/5ce ( some:at ( ! ,"o z a common nature 9 all4 ,! two po9ts ( view 71 h[ev]1 held ap>t1 & ! contradiction betwe5 !m 0 n consci\sly p]ceiv$1 s t ! co9cid5ce ( nature betwe5 ,god z ! s\rce1 & matt] z ! l[e/ emanation1 nev] sugge/$ itself2 on ! contr>y1 _! complete opposition 0 ma9ta9$ until ,bruno put =w>d 8 !ory ( ! div9ity ( matt]1 :i* =ms ! real !me ( ! ,causa4 ,sid5ote3 ,effici5t cause ( nature4 ,! effici5t cause ( ! natural _w is ! univ]sal intellig5ce1 ! fir/ & pr9cipal faculty ( ! s\l ( ! _w4 ,?is intellectus univ]salis is to natural ?+s z our intellect to ! ?\ghts ( our m9d1 & ,bruno id5tifies x ) ! ,demiurge ( ! ,platoni/s1 & ! se$-s[] ( ! ,magi1 = x impregnates matt] ) all =ms3 x is an artefice int]no1 = x works f )9 9 giv+ =m & figure to matt]1 z ! se$ or root f )9 s5ds =? ! /em1 ! /em ! bran*es1 ! bran*es ! =m$ twigs1 & ^! ! buds2 f )9 leaves1 fl[]s1 fruit are =m$1 figur$1 patt]n$2 f )9 aga9 9 due "t ! sap is recall$ f leaves & fruit to twigs1 f twigs to bran*es1 f ^! to /em1 f /em to root4444 ,b h[ mu* great] an artific] is he t works n 9 any s+le "p ( matt] alone1 b cont9ually & 9 all4#bed ,! intellectus is bo? ext]nal & int]nal to any p>ticul> be+2 i4e4 x is n a "p ( any p>ticul> exi/5ce1 is n exhau/$ by x1 !re=e is s f> ext]nal to x2 on ! o!r h&1 x does n act ^u matt] f )\t1 b f )91#bee ! effici5t cause is at ! same "t an inw>d pr9ciple4 ,sid5ote3 ,=mal cause ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,f9al cause4 ,! =mal cause ( nature is ! ideal reason2 be=e ! intellig5ce c produce species or p>ticul> ?+s1 c br+ !m =? f ! pot5tiality ( matt] into reality1 x mu/ conta9 !m =mally1 i4e4 ideally1 9 itself1 z ! sculptor _c m\ld diff]5t /atues )\t hav+ fir/ ?\ght out _! diff]5t =ms4#bef ,?is ideal reason is ! ,idea ante rem ( ! ,s*ola/ics4 ,! ideas ( ! intellig5ce are n1 z su*1 ! ?+s ( nature1 !y are ! models by :i* ! intellect guides nature 9 its production ( individual ?+s4 ,! f9al cause :i* ! intellect sets be=e itself is ! p]fection ( ! univ]se1 i4e4 t all possible =ms may h actual exi/5ce 9 ! diff]5t portions ( matt]2 f its joy 9 ?is end proce$s its ceaseless activity 9 ! production ( =ms out ( matt]4#beg ,sid5ote3 ,=m4 ,among con/itutive pr9ciples or elem5ts ( ?+s1 ! intellectus aga9 takes ! =emo/ place z ! =m2 =1 z we h se51 x is bo? extr9sic & intr9sic to ! nature ( ?+s1 444 ! s\l is 9 ! body z ! pilot 9 ! %ip2 9 s f> z he is mov$ along ) x1 he is "p ( ! %ip1 b 9 s f> z he gov]ns & guides x1 he is n a "p b a sep>ate ag5t2 s ! s\l ( ! univ]se1 9 s f> z x animates & gives =m to ?+s1 is intr9sic =mal pr9ciple2 9 s f> z x directs & gov]ns1 x is n "p1 nor pr9ciple1 b cause4#beh ,z ext]nal1 ! s\l ( ! _w is indep5d5t ( matt]1 & unt\*$ by its defects3 x is only ! p]fections ( ! l[] t are pres5t 9 ! high] be+1 & t to a high] degree4 ,z int]nal x con/itutes ! s\l 9 all ?+s--d[n to ! v l[e/1 al?\gh 9 ^! x is repress$ or lat5t4 ,?is all-pres5ce ( s\l does n mean1 h[ev]1 t ea* p>ticul> ?+1 e4g4 a table or g>m5t1 is1 z su*1 a liv+ & s5sible be+1 b only t 9 ev]y?+1 h[ev] small or insignificant1 !re is a portion or %>e ( _s1 animat+ x1 & ?is1 if x f9d a prop]ly dispos$ subject1 may ext5d itself s z to become plant or animal1 & may receive ! limbs ( any body :atsoev]1 su* z is commonly said to be animate4 ,ev5 ! smalle/ mat]ial body1 !re=e1 has 9 x ! pot5tiality ( life & m9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,sub/ance4 ,x foll[s t !re are1 /rictly speak+1 only two sub/ances1 matt] & _s3 all p>ticul> ?+s result f ! composition 9 v>y+ degrees ( ^! two--are !re=e m]e accid5ts1 & h no abid+ reality4 ,bruno jo9s issue 9 ?is ) ! ,p]ipatetics1 to :om ! real man1 = example1 is a composite ( body & s\l1 or ! true s\l is ! p]fection or actualisation ( ! liv+ body1 or is a resultant f a c]ta9 h>mony ( =m & ( limbs4#bei ,dea? or dissolution w\ld mean to !m ! loss ( _! be+2 :]eas nei!r body nor s\l ne$ fe> dea?1 = bo? matt] & =m are con/ant abid+ pr9ciples4#bfj ,?is !ory ( sub/ance & ( immortality 0 reg>d$ by ,bruno z "o ( ! c>d9al po9ts ( 8 philosophy1#bfa & "o 9 :i* he diff]$ mo/ widely f ,ari/otle1 z int]pret$ by him1 & f ! ,ari/otelians4 ,its /atem5t1 & ! criticism ( ! ,p]ipatetics1 occur aga9 & aga9 ?r\gh\t ! works1 & he believ$ ! removal f man ( ! fe> ( dea? to be "o ( ! greate/ results ( 8 tea*+4--,?is _s1 be+ p]si/5t along ) matt]--& ^! be+ ! "o & ! o!r indissoluble1 x is impossible t any?+ %\ld 9 any respect see corruption or come to dea?1 9 its sub/ance1 al?\gh 9 c]ta9 accid5ts ev]y?+ *anges face1 & passes n[ into "o composition1 n[ into ano!r1 ?r\gh n[ "o disposition1 n[ ano!r1 leav+ (f or tak+ up n[ ?is n[ t exi/5ce4 ,ari/otelians1 ,platoni/s1 & o!r sophi/s h n und]/ood :at ! sub/ance ( ?+s is4 ,9 natural ?+s t :i* !y call sub/ance1 ap>t f matt]1 is pure accid5t4 ,:5 we "k :at =m really is1 we "k :at is life & :at is dea?2 &1 ! va9 & pu]ile fe> ( ! latt] pass+ f u1 we exp]i5ce "s ( t bless$ness :i* our philosophy br+s ) x1 inasmu* z x lifts ! d>k veil ( fooli% s5tim5t conc]n+ ,orcus & ! insatiable ,*>on1 t wre/s f u or empoisons all t is sweete/ 9 our lives4#bfb ,!re is a c]ta9 ambiguity 9 ! description ( sub/ance4 ,:e!r is ! spiritual unity :i* is plac$ ov] aga9/ matt] itself sub/ance1 or is x r ! p>ticul> s\ls :i* are "p ( x1 & :i* are ?us immortal1 *ang+ only ! =m ( composition into :i* !y ent]8 ,9 ?is dialogue x seems ,bruno is speak+ only ( ! _w-s\l1#bfc b 9 lat] works1 especially 9 ! ,spaccio & ,de ,m9imo1 ! sub/antiality & immortality ( ! individual s\l are categorically ass]t$4 ,9 ! ,causa h[ev]1 ,bruno ma9ta9s q cle>ly ! sub/antiality ( ! univ]sal s\l alone1 ! f9ite individual be+ m]ely "o ( ! modes ( its det]m9ation 9 matt]4#bfd ,hav+ %[n t no "p ( matt] is ev] entirely )\t =m1 ,bruno leaves aside = ! pres5t ! "q :e!r all =m 7,_s7 is equally accompani$ by matt]4 ,! =m or _w-s\l is n m ?an "o1 = all num]ical multiplication dep5ds on matt]4 ,x is 9 itself un*ang+2 only ! objects v>y1 ! diff]5t portions ( matt] into :i* x ent]s3 & al?\gh 9 ! object x is ! _s or =m :i* causes ! "p to diff] f ! :ole1 yet x does n diff] 9 ! "p or 9 ! :ole4 ,!re are diff]5ces ( aspect only1 accord+ z x is reg>d$ z 7a7 subsi/+ 9 itself1 or z 7b7 ! actuality & p]fection ( "s object1 or z 7c7 ref]r$ to diff]5t objects ) diff]5t dispositions4#bfe ,t is1 ,_s 9 itself1--! univ]sal ,_s1--! ,_s or ,s\l ( a p>ticul> animate be+1 ! ,spirits or ,s\ls ( a numb] ( diff]5t be+s 7a sy/em ( be+s71 ^! are all ! same ?+ look$ at f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,x is ! same unique ,_s :i* det]m9es ! life ( ! human individual1 ! developm5t ( ! human race z a :ole1 & ! p]si/5ce ( ! _w2 ! s\l ( ,caes> & ! _s ( humanity are "o ) ! s\l ( ! univ]se4 ,! relation ( _s to matt] 9 ,bruno's philosophy is m difficult to und]/&4 ,_s is said to be nei!r ext]nal to nor mix$ ) matt]1 nor inh]5t 9 x1 b inexi/5t1 i4e4 associat$ ) or pres5t to x4 ,moreov] x is def9$ & det]m9$ by matt]1 because hav+ 9 itself p[] to realise p>ticul> ?+s ( innum]able k9ds1 x contracts or limits itself to realise a giv5 individual2 & on ! o!r side ! pot5cy ( matt]1 :i* is indet]m9ate1 & capable ( any =m :atsoev]1 is det]m9$ to "o p>ticul> k9d2 s t ! "o is cause ( ! def9ition & det]m9ation ( ! o!r4 ,?us p>ticul> bodies are modes 7det]m9ations7 ( _s & also ( matt]4 ,z ! univ]sal =m1 _s is all-pres5t ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 n h[ev] mat]ially or 9 ext5sion1 b spiritually1 i4e4 int5sively4 ,bruno's fav\rite illu/ration is t ( a voice or utt]ance--imag9e a voice :i* is :olly 9 ! :ole ( a room1 & 9 e "p ( x2 ev]y:]e x is he>d :olly1 z ^! words :i* ,i speak are und]/ood :olly by all1 & w\ld be ev5 if !re 7 a ?\s& pres5t2 & if my voice c\ld rea* to all ! _w1 x w\ld be all 9 all4#bff ,s ! s\l is individual1 n z a po9t is1 b1 analog\sly to a voice1 or utt]ance1 fill+ ! univ]se4 ,x is cle> f ^! passages t ! f9ite s\l has no m reality 9 ?is phase ( ,bruno's pan!ism ?an 9 ,sp9oza's2 n only is ! _w-s\l "o z unique1 b x is also "o z indivisible--!re are no p>ts ( x3 x is :olly 9 ea* ( ! p>ts ( ! univ]se--9 ea* ( its realisations4 ,! f9ite individual1 z ?is p>ticul> s\l 9 ?is p>ticul> body1 is accord+ly a m]e accid5t1 & passes away z all accid5ts d2 its exi/5ce is due *iefly to matt]1 by ! v>y+ dispositions ( :i* ! univ]sal =m is det]m9$ to ?is or t p>ticul> =m2 matt] is 9 g5]al ! s\rce ( all p>ticul>ity1 all numb] & measure4 ,! difficulty und]ly+ ?is attribution ( div]sity to a matt] :i* is suppos$ to be1 ap>t f ! =m1 undet]m9$ & undiff]5tiat$1 has be5 ref]r$ to above4 ,x is emphasis$ 9 ! argum5t to ?is "p ( ! ,causa giv5 9 ! introductory epi/le1#bfg :]e matt]1 al?\gh =mless 9 itself1 is spok5 ( z consi/+ 9 div]se grades ( active & passive qualities8 ,bruno seems1 h[ev]1 at ?is "t unconsci\s ( ! difficulty4 ,c]ta9ly f pure matt] & pure =m1 body & _s1 /&+ ov] aga9/ "o ano!r1 no />t c\ld be made4 ,div]sity _h to come into ! _w someh[4 ,sid5ote3 ,! d$uction ( matt]4 ,we h n yet solv$ ! problem z to ! relation betwe5 ^! two pr9ciples !mselves--matt] & =m4 ,bruno confesses to h held at "o p]iod ! ,epicurean view t matt] 0 ! only sub/ance1 ! =ms be+ m]ely accid5tal dispositions ( x2 b on fur!r consid]ation he 0 compell$ to recognise a =mal z well z a mat]ial sub/ance4#bfh ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 bo? =m & matt] t5d z ! philosophy develops to co9cide 9 a high] unity :i* is at la/ ! ultimate reality4 ,! pro( ( ,matt] is f ! analogy betwe5 ,nature & ,art4 ,all :o h attempt$1 said ,bruno1 to di/+ui% matt] f =m h made use ( ! analogy ( ! arts 7e4g4 ! ,py?agoreans1 ,platoni/s1 ,p]ipatetics74 ,take "s art su* z t ( ! wood-work]2 9 all its =ms & all its op]ations x has z subject 7or mat]ial7 wood--z ! iron-work] has iron2 ! tailor1 clo?4 ,all ^! arts produce ea* 9 its own mat]ial v>i\s pictures1 arrangem5ts1 figures1 none ( :i* is prop] or natural to t mat]ial4 ,s ,nature1 :i* art resembles1 mu/ h = its op]ations a c]ta9 matt] 7mat]ial72 = no ag5t int5d+ to make some?+ c "w )\t some?+ ( :i* to make x1 or wi%+ to act c d s )\t some?+ on :i* to act2 !re is !re=e a species ( subject or mat]ial1 ( :i* & 9 :i* nature effectuates its op]ation1 its "w1 & :i* is by x =m$ 9 ! _m =ms pres5t$ to ! eye ( reflection4 ,& z wood by itself has n any artificial =m1 b may h any or all ?r\gh ! action ( ! wood-work]1 s ! matt] ( :i* we speak1 ( itself & 9 its own nature1 has n any natural =m1 b may h any or all ?r\gh ! ag5t1 ! active pr9ciple ( nature4 ,?is natural matt] or mat]ial is imp]ceptible1 diff]+ s f ! mat]ial ( art1 because ! matt] ( nature has absolutely no =m1 :]eas ! matt] ( art is a ?+ already =m$ by nature4 ,art c op]ate only ^u ! surface ( ?+s =m$ by nature1 z wood1 iron1 /one1 wool1 & simil> ?+s2 b nature op]ates f ! c5tre s to speak1 ( its subject1 or matt]1 :i* 9 itself is :olly devoid ( =m4 ,! subjects ( ! arts are _m--( nature "o2 = ^? be+ div]sely =m$ by nature1 are diff]5t & v>i\s1 :ile ! latt]1 n be+ =m$ at all1 is entirely indiff]5t1--e diff]5ce & v>iety be+ due to ! =m4#bfi ,z x is absolutely =mless1 ?is matt] _c be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 :i* are ! m$ia ( natural =ms1 b only by ! eye ( reason4 ,z visible matt]1 t ( art1 rema9s ! same "u c\ntless v>iations ( =m1--! =m ( a tree becom+ t ( a trunk1 ( a beam1 ( a table1 a *air1 a /ool1 a comb1 its nature z wood cont9u+ ?r\gh\t2 s 9 nature t :i* 0 se$ becomes h]b2 ! h]b1 corn 9 ! e>2 ! corn1 bread2 ! bread1 bile2 bile1 blood2 blood aga9 se$1 an embryo1 a man1 a corpse1 e>?1 /one1 or o!r ?+s1 & s ?r\gh all natural =ms4 ,!re mu/ !n be "o & ! same ?+ :i* 9 itself is n /one nor e>?1 nor corpse1 nor man1 nor embryo1 nor blood1 nor any?+ else4#bgj ,s ! ,py?agorean ,timaeus#bga inf]r$1 f ! transmutations ( ! elem5ts "o into ano!r1--e>? into wat]1 ! dry into ! moi/1--a t]tium quid1 :i* 0 nei!r moi/ nor dry1 b became subject n[ ( ! "o1 n[ ( ! o!r nature4 ,o!rwise ! e>? w\ld h gone to no?+ & ! wat] come f no?+1 :i* is impossible4 ,?us no?+ is ev] annihilat$ b ! accid5tal1 ! ext]ior1 mat]ial =m1 bo? matt] & ! sub/antial =m1 i4e4 _s1 be+ et]nal4 ,sid5ote3 ,natural =ms4 ,! argum5t has prov$ t !re is a some?+1 ! ,i "k n :at ( ,locke1 :i* is ! sub/ance ( all natural ?+s1 natural =ms4 ,we h n[ to see 9 :at relation ?is sub/ance /&s to ! =ms1 ! diff]5ces1 :i* are on its surface4 ,all natural =ms dissolve 9 matt]1 & come aga9 9 matt]1 s t no?+ is really con/ant1 firm1 et]nal1 or des]v+ ( ! "n ( a pr9ciple1 b matt]3 besides t ! =ms h no exi/5ce )\t matt]1 9 x !y are g5]at$ & decay1 f x !y issue1 into x are receiv$ aga92 !re=e matt]1 :i* rema9s always ! same & always fruitful1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! only sub/antial pr9ciple1 z t :i* always is & always abides2 & ! =ms b z v>y+ dispositions ( matt]1 :i* come & g1 cease & are r5ew$2 !re=e !y h no claim to be pr9ciples4#bgb ,! matt] or mat]ial ( :i* ,bruno "h speaks is :at aft]w>ds 0 call$ ext5sion1 or ! ext5d$ sub/ance1 & ! natural =ms are ! v>i\s individual %apes or bodies ( nature3 bo? f ! trans=mations ( "o into ! o!r1 & aga9 f ! fact t ! p>ticul> =ms come into be+ & cease to exi/1 x 0 argu$ t !re mu/ be an und]ly+ some?+1 mat]ial inde$1 b diff]5t f all ! ?+s we "k or see1 indiff]5tly capable ( becom+ any "o ( !m1 p]si/+ ?r\gh\t _! becom+1 _! *ange1 & _! ceas+ to exi/1--i4e4 a p]man5t reality4 ,sid5ote3 ,matt] z pot5tiality4 ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ pr9ciple or absolute4 ,matt]1 h[ev]1 meant n only subject or sub/rate1 b also pot5tiality1 or possibility3 & we h to consid] x 9 ?is light also4 ,ev]y?+ t exi/s is !re=e possible1 & ! possibility ( com+ into exi/5ce1--passive pot5cy1--implies t ( br++ into exi/5ce--active pot5tiality or p[]2 ! "o is nev] )\t ! o!r1 n ev5 9 ! fir/ pr9ciple4 ,?us ! fir/ pr9ciple is all t :i* x has ! possibility ( be+--9 x reality & possibility are "o2 :]eas a /one1 e4g4 is n all t x has ! possibility ( be+1 = x is n lime1 nor vase1 nor du/1 nor grass4 ,t :i* is all t x c be1 ! ,absolute1 is also all t any o!r ?+ is or c be3 x embraces all be+ )9 itself4 ,o!r ?+s are n ?us absolute1 b limit$ to "o reality at a "t1 i4e4 "o specific & p>ticul> exi/5ce4 ,!y c be m only ?r\gh succession & *ange4 ,e possibility & actuality t 9 ! 7fir/7 pr9ciple is z x 7 complicate1 unit$1 "o1 9 o!r ?+s is explicate1 disp]s$1 _m4 ,! univ]se1 :i* is ! great simulacrum & image 7( ! fir/ pr9ciple7 is--x also--all t :i* x may be 9 its k9ds & pr9cipal memb]s1 z conta9+ all matt]1 to :i* no elem5t ( ! :ole 7! univ]sal7 =m c be add$1 9 :i* no phase ( t =m is ev] want+2 b x is n all t :i* x may be 9 its diff]5ces1 its modes1 prop]ties1 & individuals2 ?us x is a m]e %ad[ ( ! fir/ reality1 & fir/ pot5cy1 & s f> 9 x reality & possibility are n ! same absolutely1 t no "p ( x is all t :i* x may be3 besides t1 z we h said1 ! univ]se is all t x may be only 9 explicitness1 disp]sion1 di/9ctness1 :]eas its pr9ciple is s unit$ly & indiff]5tly1 = 9 x all is all1 & ! same1 simply1 )\t diff]5ce or di/9ction4#bgc ,sid5ote3 ,matt] & =m are "o4 ,sid5ote3 ,matt] or sub/rate ( ! spiritual _w4 ,bruno works out at consid]able l5g? ! p>adoxes to :i* ?is id5tity ( all possibility & all reality 9 ! fir/ pr9ciple lead4 ,?us1 9 magnitude x is bo? greate/ & lea/1 & z 9 magnitude1 s 9 goodness1 9 beauty2 ! sun w\ld fitly repres5t su* a pr9ciple if x 7 at ! same mom5t 9 all p>ts ( ! univ]se1 if its motion 7 s swift t x 0 ev]y:]e at once1 & !re=e motionless4 ,god1 h[ev]1 is n only all t ! sun may be1 b also all t ev]y?+ else may be--pot5cy ( all pot5cies1 reality ( all realities1 life ( all lives1 s\l ( all s\ls1 be+ ( all be+s4 ,t :i* else:]e is contr>y & opposite1 is 9 ,him "o & ! same4#bgd ,bruno has br\ght u back 9 a curi\s way to ! v fir/ pr9ciple :i* he propos$ to exclude f contemplation3 x c be und]/ood1 x is true1 only by negations1 = our intellect _c measure itself ) ! immeasurable3 we c =m no image or idea ( a great t might n be great]4 ,b "h foll[s "o ( ! mo/ vital /eps 9 8 philosophy3--,z ! absolute possibility1 ! fir/ pr9ciple becomes itself matt]1 & z !re is no possibility )\t an actuality1 pres5t or to come1 ! absolute possibility is also absolute reality1 or matt] & =m co9cide 9 ! ,"o4#bge ,we approa* ?is conclusion fir/ f ! consid]ation ( matt] z subject 7sub/rate74 ,f ! *anges ( "o natural sub/ance into o!rs we inf]r$ a univ]sal sub/rate1 undiff]5tiat$1 :i* =m$ at once ! basis ( ! community ( nature 9 ?+s1 & ! gr\nd ( _! diff]5ce4#bgf ,b ! spiritual & ! corporeal worlds1 also1 z di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 imply a common subject or sub/rate 9 :i* !y are "o or id5tical4 ,bruno ref]s1 z we h se51 to ,plot9us#bgg z hav+ held t di/9ction & diff]5ce imply a common gr\nd or unity1 & t intelligible di/9ctions are n exempt f ?is rule4 ,z man qu man is diff]5t f lion qu lion1 b 9 ! common nature ( animal or ( corporeal sub/ance !y are "o & ! same1 s ! matt] ( ?+s corporeal1 z su*1 is diff]5t f ! matt] ( ?+s incorporeal1 z su*3 b f ano!r po9t ( view x is ! same matt] :i* 9 dim5sions or ext5sion is corporeal matt]1 & :i* :5 )\t dim5sions or ext5sion is an incorporeal sub/ance4 ,9 ?+s et]nal 7spiritual7 !re is "o matt] 9 "o simple realisation1 9 ?+s v>iable 7corporeal7 matt] has n[ "o1 n[ ano!r2 9 ! =m]1 x has at "o "t & all toge!r all t :i* x c h1 & is all t x may be2 9 ! latt]1 at _m times1 on diff]5t occasions1 & 9 succession4 ,! =m] has all species ( figure & dim5sion1 & because x has all1 x has none3 = t :i* is s _m div]se ?+s1 _c be any "o ( !m 9 p>ticul>4 ,t :i* is all mu/ include e p>ticul> exi/5ce4#bgh ,9 x1 absolute pot5cy & absolute actuality1 matt] & =m1 d n diff] at all2 x is ! extreme ( purity1 simplicity1 individuality1 & unity1 because x is absolutely all4 ,x is individual 9 ! highe/ s5se4 ,be+ bo? matt] & =m1 x is nei!r3 z matt]1 x has all dim5sions & none2 z =m1 x has all =mal exi/5ce or qualities & none4 ,! corporeal matt] is contract$ to ?is or t dim5sion1 :]eas spiritual matt] is free 7absoluta7 ( dim5sions1 !re=e is bo? above all1 & compris+ all4 ,?us matt] 9 itself1 be+ )\t dim5sions1 is indivisible3 x acquires dim5sions accord+ to ! nature ( ! =m x receives3 ! dim5sions "u ! human =m diff] f ^? "u ! horse =m1 & f ^? "u ! olive or ! myrtle =m4 ,b be=e x c be "u any ( ^! =ms1 x mu/ h 9 faculty all _! dim5sions1 z x has ! possibility or pot5cy ( receiv+ all ! =ms4 ,9 itself x includes r ?an excludes all dim5sions1 because x does n receive !m z f )\t1 b s5ds !m1 br+s !m =?1 f itself1 z f ! womb4#bgi ,9 o!r words1 ,nature1 "u "o aspect1 is a spiritual unity1 9 :i* are compris$ all possible diff]5ces1 or all sep>ate exi/5ces3 "u ano!r x is ^! _m exi/5ces !mselves1 9 ea* ( :i*1 9 succession1 all diff]5ces are realis$1 all modes come into be+3 & f9ally1 "u ano!r aspect1 x is ! =ce :i* br+s =? ! sep>ate =ms or exi/5ces out ( ! =mless1 indet]m9ate1 undiff]5tiat$ unity ( be+1 or ,god4 ,! two k9ds ( matt]1 or pot5tiality1 ! l[] & ! high]1 are ?us ess5tially "o2 s we rea* ! notion1 n inde$ ( ! highe/ & be/ pr9ciple1 z ,bruno is aga9 c>eful to rem9d u1 b ( ! s\l ( ! _w1 z reality ( all1 & pot5cy ( all1 & all 9 all4 ,?us 9 ! end1 al?\gh individuals are innum]able1 all ?+s are "o2 & ! k ( ?is unity is ! goal & limit ( all philosophy ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,! unity ( _s & body4 ,sid5ote3 ,co9cid5ce ( all ?+s 9 ! ,"o4 ,?is unity1 :i* embraces all ! kn[able1 is ! subject ( ! fif? dialogue ( ! ,causa4 ,! /eps by :i* we h rea*$ x are3--fir/1 ! id5tification ( a common nature1 or sub/ratum 9 ?+s corporeal1--corporeal matt]1 t :i* is common to all physical exi/5ces2 secondly1 ! recognition t !re mu/ simil>ly be a correspond+ matt]1 or common gr\nd ( ?+s spiritual2 !re also diff]5ces exi/ & dem& an id5tity2 & f9ally1 corporeal matt] & spiritual matt] mu/ !mselves co9cide 9 gr\nd2 !re mu/ exi/ t :i* is indiff]5tly ei!r1 or :i* is ! pot5cy ( bo?1 & _! subject or sub/ratum4 ,to ! objection t to h dim5sions is *>act]i/ic ( matt]1 x is answ]$ t ea* k9d ( matt] has dim5sions1 only ! latt] has !m absolutely1 i4e4 x has all indiff]5tly1 & !re=e none1 :ile ! o!r is always contract$ to "o or o!r at ea* in/ant1 b has all successively4 ,we h se5 t at ! close ( ! f\r? dialogue ,bruno ref]s aga9 to ! fir/ pr9ciple1 unkn[able1 or kn[able only by fai?1 & pr(esses to ab/a9 f any consid]ation ( x4 ,x is q cle>1 h[ev]1 t ,bruno c\ld n h said ( x any?+ o!r ?an he says ( ?is unity ( ! corporeal & ! spiritual itself4 ,t :i* is implicitly all reality 9 su* a mann] t x is at ! same "t none ( ! p>ticul> =ms ( ! real1 is all ?+s & none--c\ld n be o!r ?an ! highe/ pr9ciple4 ,fur!r1 ?is unity already has ! di/9ction appli$ =m]ly to ! ,highe/ ,intellig5ce1--x is all1 & at ! same "t x creates all1 9 produc+ ! =ms out ( itself4 ,! unity !n is only ! _w-s\l f a special po9t ( view1 or ! _w-s\l is at once ! unity ( itself & ( ! corporeal _w4#bhj ,?is means t ( ! spiritual & ! corporeal worlds ea* is a unity 9 itself1 & ea* only a special aspect ( a f9al unity :i* embraces bo?4 ,x is no wond] !n t ,s*ell+ f\nd a cong5ial _s 9 ,bruno4 ,! reality ( ?is f9al matt] or unity is moreov] high]1 tru]1 ?an t ( any ( ! =ms to :i* x gives bir?1 & f9ally x is div9e4 ,little m is want+ to prove ! entire sup]fluity ( ! !ological highe/ pr9ciple4 ,! unity 7or matt]7 is by no means an ab/ract id5tity1 b a concrete :ole1 :i* conta9s all diff]5tiation 9 itself1 & a dynamic be+1 :i* produces1 or realises1 its own modes4 ,det]m9ate1 s5sible1 explicate exi/5ce is n ! highe/ *>act]i/ic 7raggione7 ( actuality1 b is a ?+ consequ5t1 an effect ( ! latt]2 ?us ! pr9cipal ess5ce ( wood1 e4g4 ! *>act]i/ic ( its actuality1 does n consi/ 9 its be+ 'b$'2 b 9 its be+ ( su* a sub/ance & consi/5cy t x may be b$1 b5*1 beam1 idol1 or any?+ =m$ ( wood4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 f its mat]ial produces all ?+s1 n z art1 by me*anical removal or addition ( p>ts1 b by sep>ation1 bir?1 efflux1 z ! ,py?agoreans und]/ood1--,bruno adds ,anaxagoras1 ,democritus1 ! ,wise ,m5 ( ,babylon1 ,moses6 ,r1 !n1 x conta9s ! =ms & includes !m1 ?an is empty ( !m1 or excludes !m2 & matt]1 :i* makes explicit :at x conta9s implicitly1 ought to be call$ a ,div9e ?+3 x is ! sub/ance ( nature4#bha ,?us ! ,"o is ! only ultimate reality2 x is nei!r matt] nor =m1 yet bo? toge!r1--implicitly4 ,& x has no p>ts1 or all p>ts1 = all p>ts co9cide 9 x1 ! smalle/ ) ! greate/1 9 x all p>ticul> ?+s co9cide ) "o ano!r1 & all diff]5ces4 ,x has all possible exi/5ce & is !re=e un*angeable1 x has all p]fections & !re=e is inf9itely p]fect4 ,sid5ote3 ,indiff]5ce ( all ?+s 9 ! ,inf9ite4 ,! univ]se is "o1 inf9ite1 immovable4 ,"o is ! absolute possibility1 "o ! reality4 ,"o ! =m or s\l1 "o matt] or body4 ,"o ! ?+1 "o ! ens4 ,"o ! greate/ & be/1 :i* c n be compris$1 & !re=e c nei!r be end$ nor limit$1 & ev5 s is inf9ite & unlimit$1 & consequ5tly immovable4 ,x does n move locally1 = !re is no place outside ( itself1 to :i* x might transport itself 7= x is ! all74 ,( x is no g5]ation1 = !re is no o!r exi/5ce :i* x c desire or expect1 = x has all exi/5ce4 ,( x is no corruption1 = !re is no o!r ?+ to :i* x c *ange2 x is ev]y?+4 ,x _c gr[ less or great]1 = x is inf9ite2 x _c be add$ to1 & x _c be subtract$ f1 = ! inf9ite has no proportional p>ts4 ,x _c be subject to mutation 9 any quality :atev]1 nor is !re any?+ contr>y to1 or div]se f x1 :i* may alt] x1 = 9 x all ?+s are 9 h>mony4#bhb ,9 x height is n great] ?an l5g? or dep?2 h5ce by a k9d ( simile x may be call$ a sph]e4 ,x has no p>ts1 = a "p ( ! inf9ite mu/ be inf9ite1 & if x is inf9ite x concurs 9 "o ) ! :ole2 h5ce ! univ]se is "o1 inf9ite1 )\t p>ts4 ,)9 x !re is n "p great] & "p less1 = "o "p1 h[ev] great1 has no great] proportion to ! inf9ite ?an ano!r1 h[ev] small2 & !re=e1 9 inf9ite duration1 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! h\r & ! day1 betwe5 ! day & ! ye>1 betwe5 ! ye> & ! c5tury1 betwe5 ! c5tury & ! mom5t2 = mom5ts & h\rs are n m 9 numb] ?an c5turies1 & ^? be> no less proportion to et]nity ?an ^!4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! immeasurable1 ! foot is n diff]5t f ! y>d1 ! y>d f ! mile1 = 9 proportion to imm5sity1 ! mile is n ne>] ?an ! foot4 ,inf9ite h\rs are n m ?an inf9ite c5turies1 inf9ite feet are n ( great] numb] ?an inf9ite miles4#bhc ,?us1 ,bruno frankly draws ! conclusion1 :i* is inh]5t 9 all pan!i/ic ?\ght1 t 9 ! inf9ite all ?+s are indiff]5t2 !re are no proportional p>ts !re(--9 x "o is n great] nor bett] ?an ano!r3 ,9 comp>ison1 similitude1 union1 id5tity ) ! inf9ite1 "o does n approa* ne>] by be+ a man ?an by be+ an ant1 by be+ a /> ?an by be+ a man4 ,9 ! inf9ite ^! ?+s are indiff]5t1 & :at ,i say ( ^! holds ( all o!r ?+s or p>ticul> exi/5ces4 ,n[ if all ^! p>ticul> ?+s 9 ! inf9ite are n "o & ano!r1 are n diff]5t1 are n species1 x necess>ily foll[s t !y are n numb] 7i4e4 n di/9ct7--! univ]se is aga9 an immovable1 un*angeable "o4 ,if 9 x act does n diff] f pot5cy1 !n po9t1 l9e1 sup]ficies & body d n diff] 9 x 7= ea* is pot5cy ( ! o!r--a l9e by motion may become a surface1 a surface a body74 ,9 ! inf9ite1 !n1 po9t does n diff] f body2 s9ce ! po9t is pot5cy ( body1 x does n diff] f body1 :]e pot5cy & act are "o & ! same ?+4 ,if po9t does n diff] f body1 c5tre f circumf]5ce1 f9ite f inf9ite1 ! greate/ f ! lea/1 !n ! univ]se1 z we h said1 is all c5tre1 or ! c5tre ( ! univ]se is ev]y:]e2 or1 aga91 ! circumf]5ce is ev]y:]e b ! c5tre is n[h]e4 ,?us1 n only are ! p>ticul> exi/5ces indiff]5t 9 ! inf9ite3 !y h also 9 x no true reality1 i4e4 _! exi/5ce is a purely relative "o4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! relation ( p>ticul> ?+s "o to ano!r4 ,x foll[s f ! argum5t t all ?+s are 9 all2 ea* p>ticul> ?+ has ! possibility ( all reality1 has all reality implicit 9 itself1 b only "o mode is at any p>ticul> "t realis$1 & ! life ( p>ticul> ?+s consi/s 9 _! con/ant transmutation f "o mode to ano!r4 ,:ile ! univ]se compreh5ds all exi/5ce & all modes ( exi/5ce1--( p>ticul> ?+s1 ea* has all exi/5ce1 b n all modes ( exi/5ce1 & _c actually h all circum/ances & accid5ts1 = _m =ms are incompatible 9 ! same subject1 ei!r z contr>ies or z belong+ to div]se species4 ,! same individual subject 7supposito7 _c be "u ! accid5ts ( horse & ( man1 "u ! dim5sions ( a plant & ( an animal4 ,moreov]1 ! univ]se compreh5ds all exi/5ce :olly1 because outside ( & beyond inf9ite exi/5ce !re is no?+ t exi/s1 = !re is no outside or beyond3 ( p>ticul> ?+s on ! o!r h&1 ea* compreh5ds all exi/5ce1 b n :olly1 = beyond ea* are inf9ite o!rs4 ,b ! ens1 sub/ance1 ess5ce ( all is "o1 :i* be+ inf9ite & unlimit$ 9 its sub/ance z 9 its duration1 9 its greatness z 9 its =ce1 c nei!r be call$ pr9ciple nor resultant2 = z ev]y?+ concurs 9 its unity & id5tity1 x is n relative1 b absolute4 ,9 ! "o inf9ite1 immovable1 :i* is sub/ance1 ens1 !re is multitude1 numb]2 & numb]1 z mode ( ! ens1 diff]5tiates ?+ f ?+2 x does n !re=e make ! ens to be m ?an "o1 b to be ( _m modes1 =ms1 & figures4 ,h5ce leav+ ! logicians to _! va9 imag9+s1 we f9d t all t makes diff]5ce & numb] is pure accid5t1 pure figure1 pure complexion2 e creation ( :atsoev] sort x may be is an alt]ation1 ! sub/ance rema9+ always ! same1 = !re is only ,"o ,be+1 div9e1 immortal4#bhd ,sid5ote3 ,beauty1 h>mony1 p]man5ce ( nature4 ,?us all ?+s are 9 ! univ]se1 ! univ]se 9 all ?+s2 we 9 x1 x 9 u2 & s all concurs 9 a p]fect unity4 ,!re=e1 cries ,bruno1 we ne$ n be tr\bl$ 9 _s1 nor be afraid2 = ?is unity is "o1 /able1 & always abides2 ?is "o is et]nal2 e aspect1 e face1 e o!r ?+1 is vanity1 is z n\ght2 all t is outside ( ?is ,"o is n\ght4 ,^! philosoph]s h f\nd ! wisdom t !y love1 :o h f\nd ?is unity4 ,wisdom1 tru?1 unity1 are ! same4 ,all diff]5ce 9 bodies1 diff]5ce ( =mation1 complexion1 figure1 col\r1 or o!r prop]ty1 is no?+ b a v>y+ aspect ( "o & ! same sub/ance1--an aspect t *anges1 moves1 passes away1 ( "o immovable1 abid+1 & et]nal be+1 9 :i* are all =ms1 figures1 memb]s1 b indi/9ct & agglom]at$1 j z 9 ! se$1 or g]m1 ! arm is n di/9ct f ! head1 ! s9ew f ! bone1 & ! di/9ction or disglom]ation does n produce ano!r & new sub/ance1 b only realises 9 act & fulfilm5t c]ta9 qualities ( ! sub/ance1 already pres5t4 ,! co9cid5ce ( ,bruno's doctr9e ) "s ( ,sp9oza's pr9cipal positions is /rik+1 al?\gh _! t]ms are diff]5t4 ,! indet]m9ate all-compris+ unity ( ,bruno is t :i* 0 aft]w>ds call$ by ,sp9oza sub/ance2 its two aspects1 mat]ial & spiritual--sub/ances ) ,bruno1--are attributes 9 ,sp9oza1 & f9ally1 ! innum]able f9ite & pass+ modes ) bo? are m]e accid5ts1 & !re=e d n det]m9e any *ange 9 ! "o reality itself4 ,9 a subsequ5t *apt] o!r m detail$ resemblances w be po9t$ out 9 _! be>+ on ! hi/ory ( ,sp9oza's developm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,co9cid5ce ( ,contr>ies4 ,sid5ote3 ,signs4 ,! conclud+ portion ( ?is dialogue & ( ! "w is tak5 up ) ! doctr9e ( ! ,co9cid5ce ( ,contr>ies1 :i* d]ives f t ( ! unity & co9cid5ce ( all diff]5ces1 & :i*1 al?\gh x 0 und\bt$ly conta9$ 9 8 own sy/em1 ,bruno obta9$ directly f ,ni*olas ( ,cusa4 ,x is an indirect pro(1 f ! side ( p>ticul> ?+s !mselves1 ( ! id5tity ( all 9 ! ,"o4 ,! fir/ illu/rations are geometrical4#bhe ,! /raight l9e & ! circle1 or ! /raight l9e & ! curve1 are opposites2 b 9 _! elem5ts1 or _! m9ima1 !y co9cide1 =1 z ,cusanus saw1 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! smalle/ possible arc & ! smalle/ possible *ord4 ,aga91 9 ! maximum !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! inf9ite circle & ! /raight l9e2 ! great] a circle is1 ! m ne>ly x approximates to /raightness 444 z a l9e :i* is great] 9 magnitude ?an ano!r approximates m ne>ly to /raightness1 s ! greate/ ( all ought to be sup]latively1 m ?an all1 /raight1 s t 9 ! end ! inf9ite /raight l9e is an inf9ite circle4 ,?us ! maximum & ! m9imum come toge!r 9 "o exi/5ce1 z has already be5 prov$1 & bo? 9 ! maximum & 9 ! m9imum1 contr>ies are "o & indiff]5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,v]ifications4 ,^! geometrical illu/rations are signs ( ! id5tity ( contr>ies1 ^? :i* foll[ are call$ by ,bruno v]ifications1#bhf ! fir/ ( :i* is tak5 f ! prim>y qualities ( bodies4 ,! elem5t ( heat1 its pr9ciple1 mu/ be indivisible--x _c h diff]5ces )9 itself1 & c be nei!r hot nor cold1 !re=e x is an id5tity ( hot & cold4 ,"o contr>y is ! 'pr9ciple' or />t+-po9t ( ! o!r1 & !re=e transmutations are circul>1 because !re is a sub/rate1 pr9ciple1 t]m1 cont9uation & concurr5ce ( bo?4 ,s m9imal w>m? & m9imal cold are ! same4 ,! movem5t t[>ds cold takes its beg9n+ f ! limit ( greate/ heat 7its pr9ciple 9 ano!r s5se74 ,?us n only d ! two maxima sometimes concur 9 resi/ance1 ! two m9ima 9 concordance1 b ev5 ! maximum & ! m9imum concur ?r\gh ! succession ( transmutations4 ,doctors fe> :5 "o is 9 ! be/ ( heal?2 x is 9 ! height ( happ9ess t ! =esee+ are mo/ timid4 ,s also ! pr9ciple ( corruption & ( g5]ation is "o & ! same4 ,! end ( decay is ! beg9n+ ( g5]ation2 corruption is no?+ b a g5]ation1 g5]ation a corruption4 ,love is hate1 hate is love 9 ! end2 hatr$ ( ! unfitt+ is love ( ! fitt+1 ! love ( ?is ! hatr$ ( t4 ,9 sub/ance & 9 root1 !re=e1 love & hate1 fri5d%ip & /rife1 are "o & ! same ?+4 ,poison gives its own antidote1 & ! greate/ poisons are ! be/ m$ic9es4 ,!re is b "o pot5cy ( two contr>ies1 because contr>ies are appreh5d$ by "o & ! same s5se1 !re=e belong to ! same subject or sub/rate2 :]e ! pr9ciple 7i4e4 ! s\rce1 or faculty7 ( ! k ( two objects is ! same1 ! pr9ciple 7i4e4 elem5t>y =m7 ( _! exi/5ce is also "o4 7,examples are ! curv$ & ! plane1 ! concave & ! convex1 ang] & pati5ce1 pride & humility1 mis]l9ess & lib]ality74 ,9 conclusion3--,he :o w\ld "k ! greate/ secrets ( nature1 let him reg>d & contemplate ! m9ima & maxima ( contr>ies & opposites4 ,pr(\nd magic x is to "k h[ to extract ! contr>y aft] hav+ f\nd ! po9t ( union4 ,ari/otle 0 /riv+ t[>ds x1 b did n atta9 x1 said ,bruno2 rema9+ ) 8 foot 9 ! g5us ( opposition1 he 0 s fett]$ t he c\ld n desc5d to ! species ( contr>iety 444 b w&]$ fur!r f ! goal at e /ep1 z :5 he said t contr>ies c\ld n co-exi/ at ! same "t 9 ! same subject4#bhg ,!re is a nave b at ! same "t a bold realism 9 ?is dem& ( ,bruno's t reality %all correspond ev5 to ! simpl] unities ( ?\ght--unities :i* aft] all are m]e limitations4 ,x is only because we _c di/+ui% 9 imag9ation betwe5 an inf9ite circle & a /raight l9e t _! id5tity 9 actual exi/5ce is po/ulat$1 & s ! m9imal *ord & m9imal arc co9cide to our limit$ imag9ation only4 ,admitt$ly 9 ! case ( s5se-qualities ! argum5t is f on5ess ( faculty kn[+ to on5ess ( ?+s kn[n4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are only1 z we h said1 signs & v]ifications ( a metaphysical tru? :i* is arriv$ at by o!r me?ods4 ,a correspond+ passage 9 ! ,de ,m9imo#bhh expla9s m fully ! co9cid5ce ( contr>ies 9 ! m9imum3--,9 ! m9imum1 ! simple1 ! monad1 all opposites co9cide1 odd & ev51 _m & few1 f9ite & inf9ite2 !re=e t :i* is m9imum is also maximum1 & any degree betwe5 ^!4 ,besides ! co9cid5ce ( contr>ies 9 ,god z ! monad ( monads1 ! examples are giv5 ( ! indiff]5ce ( all dim5sions 9 ! univ]se1 & ! ubiquity ( its c5tre2 ! indiff]5ce ( ! radial directions f ! c5tre ( a p>ticul> sph]e2 ! indiff]5ce ( all po9ts 9 ! diurnal rotation ( ! e>?1 s t any po9t :atev] is ea/1 we/1 nor?1 or s\?2 ! subjective co9cid5ce ( concave & convex 9 ! circle 7subjective mean+ 9 ! ?+ itself72 ! co9cid5ce ( ! acute & ! obtuse angle 9 ! incl9ation ( "o l9e to ano!r2 t ( smalle/ arc & *ord z ( greate/ arc & *ord1 :5ce x foll[s t ! inf9ite circle & ! inf9ite /raight l9e1 also ! inf9ite diamet]1 area1 & c5tre are "o & ! same4 ,la/ly1 we h ! co9cid5ce ( swifte/ motion ) sl[e/1 or ) re/1 = ! absolutely swift 7swift 'simplicit]1' i4e4 9 its highe/ possible manife/ation1 )\t any degree ( ! contr>y1 sl[ness7 :i* moves f ,a to ,b1 & f ,b to ,a1 is at once 9 ,a1 & 9 ,b1 & 9 ! :ole orbit1 !re=e1 x /&s /ill4 ,^! co9cid5ces are aga9 ( two k9ds3 "s subjective 9 ! mod]n s5se1 e4g4 ! co9cid5ces ( directions 9 ! globe2 any "o may be tak5 z dep? accord+ to ! spectator's /&po9t2 o!rs are objective1 e4g4 :5 9 ,god ! "o & ! _m are said to co9cide4 ,accord+ z ! /ress is laid on "o or on ! o!r1 ! !ory may be reg>d$ z ei!r duali/ic 7z ,cusanus' really 07 or z pan!i/ic4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t x 0 9 ! latt] s5se t ,bruno held ! co9cid5ce ( contr>ies4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,inf9ite ,,univ]se--,,! ,,mirror ,,( ,,god#bhi ,9 ! contemplation ( ! inf9ite1 writes ,bruno1 man atta9s 8 highe/ good4 ,all ?+s aspire to ! end = :i* !y are orda9$1 & ! m p]fect its nature ! m nobly & effectively does ea* aspire4 ,man alone1 h[ev]1 z end[$ ) a tw(old nature1 pursues a tw(old good1--on ! b\nd>y l9e ( et]nity & "t1 betwe5 ! ar*etypal _w & ! copy1 ! intelligible & ! s5sible1 p>ticipat+ 9 ei!r sub/ance4#bij ,human ef=t c f9d satisfaction 9 none b ! highe/ & fir/ tru? & goodness4 ,nei!r our intellect nor our w ev] re/s4 ,x is cle> !re=e t _! end lies n 9 p>ticul> goods or tru?s :i* lead u on f "o to ano!r & to ano!r1 b 9 univ]sal good & tru?1 outside ( & beyond :i* no good or tru? exi/s4 ,s long z we believe t any tru? is left to "k1 or any good to ga91 we seek always fur!r tru?1 desire always fur!r good4 ,! end ( our inquiry1 !re=e1 & ( our ef=t _c be 9 a tru? or 9 a good t is limit$4 ,9 ea* & all is ! desire 9-born to become all ?+s4 ,su* inf9ite desire implies ! exi/5ce 9 reality ( t :i* w satisfy x4 ,if ,univ]sal ,nature or ,_s is able to satisfy ! appetite ( ea* p>ticul> nature or mode ( itself1 & t ( itself z a :ole1 !n ! und]/&+ & desire :i* are innate1 insep>able f & co-sub/antial ) ea* & all %all n be 9 va91 nor look hopelessly to a false & impossible end4 ,aga91 7 univ]sal nature & ! effici5t cause cont5t ) f9ite tru? & good1 !y w\ld n satisfy ! inf9ite aspiration ( p>ticul> ?+s4 ,x is true t ev5 ! desire = cont9uance ( our pres5t life is n satisfi$2 a p>ticul> mode ( matt] _c realise all =ms or ideas at once1 b only 9 succession & "o by "o2 x kn[s & !re=e desires only t :i* is pres5t to x at any giv5 "t3 by =ce ( nature1 !re=e1 x comes 9 its ignorance 7:i* arises f ! contraction ( ! =m to ?is or t p>ticul> matt] & ! limitation ( matt] by ?is or t =m7 to desire to be always t :i* x n[ is4 ,! wise s\l1 h[ev]1 w n fe> dea?1 w inde$ sometimes wi% = x1 s9ce !re awaits e sub/ance et]nity ( duration1 imm5sity ( space1 & ! realisation ( all be+4 ,:atev] ! good be = :i* a man /rives1 let him turn 8 eyes to ! heav5s & ! worlds2 !re is spread be=e him a picture1 a book1 a mirror1 9 :i* he may behold1 read1 contemplate ! impr9t 7ve/igium71 ! law1 & ! reflection ( ! highe/ good--& ) 8 s5sible e>s dr9k 9 ! highe/ h>mony1 & raise himself z by a ladd]1 accord+ to ! grades ( ! =ms ( ?+s1 to ! contemplation ( ano!r1 ! highe/ _w4#bia ,! contemplation ( ! ext5d$ inf9ite & explicate or unfold$ nature is ?us only a means by :i* we may rise to ! contemplation ( ! inf9ite 9 itself1 implicate nature1 ,god4 ,x is no frivol\s or futile contemplation1 b "o mo/ weighty & wor?y ( ! p]fect man1 :i* we pursue1 :5 we seek ! spl5d\r1 ! fusion1 & ! int]communication ( div9ity & ( nature n 9 an ,egyptian1 ,syrian1 ,greek or ,roman individual1 n 9 food1 dr9k1 or any ignoble matt]1 ) ! gap+ _m1 b 9 ! augu/ palace ( ! all-p[]ful1 9 ! immeasurable space ( ! ,e!r1 9 ! inf9ite pot5cy ( tw(old nature1 all-becom+ & all-creat+4 ,s f ! et]nal va/ & immeasurable effect 9 visible ?+s1 we compreh5d ! et]nal & ! immeasurable maje/y & goodness4 ,let u !n turn our eyes to ! omni=m image ( ! omni=m ,god1 & gaze ^u ! liv+ & mighty reflection ( ,him4 ,! ?ree *>act]i/ics ( ! univ]se z a mirror ( ,god :i* ,bruno s\ght to drive home to ! m9ds ( m5 7 its inf9ite ext5t1 ! inf9ite numb] ( its p>ts1 & its uni=mity1 or ! simil>ity ( its con/itu5t elem5ts ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t4 ,8 illu/rations & 8 argum5ts w\ld 9 _m cases cause a smile if !y 7 put =w>d s]i\sly at ! pres5t day1 b no absurdities c outbalance 8 en?usiasm1 ! read9ess & ?or\ghness ( 8 polemic aga9/ ,ari/otle & ! old cosmology1 & ! f]tility ( imag9ation by :i* he is able to look1 & to make o!rs look1 at ?+s f 8 new1 & !re=e1 at fir/1 confus+ po9t ( view4 ,sid5ote3 ,! univ]se inf9ite4 ,bruno's argum5ts re/ p>tly on inf]5ces f s5se-k1 p>tly on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,?us ! inf9ity ( ext5t is evid5c$1 fir/1 by ! tea*+ ( s5se1 9 ! con/ant *ange :i* our circle ( vision und]goes z we move f "o place to ano!r4 ,!re always appe>s to be an ultimate limit1 b no soon] d we move ?an ! limit is se5 to h be5 only app>5t2 s1 x may be inf]r$1 c\ld we transf] ourselves ) our s5ses to any ( ! di/ant />s1 we %\ld /ill seem to ourselves to be 9 ! c5tre ( a clos$ sph]e1--! v same appe>ance :i* is pres5t$ to u on ?is e>?4 ,ari/otle's !ory ( ! limitation ( space by ! ultimate sph]e ( ! heav5s 0 op5 to objections1 _m ( :i* 7 rais$ 9 ! e>ly s*ools4 ,! subtle ,av]roes _h endeav\r$ to avoid "s ( ^! by ! doctr9e t beyond ?is out] sph]e is ! div9e be+1 ! et]nal self-suffici5t ,m9d4#bib ,b h[1 asks ,bruno1 c body be b\nd$ by t :i* is n body8 ,! div9e nature is no less nor 9 any o!r mann] )9 ! :ole ?an )\t2 x is nei!r place nor 9 place4#bic ,space !re=e is always b\nd$ by space1 body by body1 t is1 ea* is inf9ite 9 ext5t4 ,7 div9ity t :i* b\nds space1 x w\ld itself be space "u ano!r "n4#bid ,ari/otle's !ory impli$ t ! univ]se z a :ole 0 n 9 any place or space4 ,! place ( ea* body1 he _h said1 is ! conta9+ surface ( ! sph]e above x2 ! out]mo/ sph]e1 !re=e1 z !re is no o!r beyond x1 is itself unconta9$ & )\t place4 ,! !ory impli$ also ! id5tity ( body & space1 & 0 ! gr\nd ( ,ari/otle's rejection ( ! vacuum 9 nature4 ,= a tru] conception ( ,space1 ,bruno turn$ to an e>li] comm5tator 7or gr\p ( comm5tators--,philoponus7 on ,ari/otle1 :o def9$ x z a cont9u\s physical quantity 9 ?ree dim5sions1 9 :i* ! magnitude ( bodies is conta9$1 9 nature be=e & ap>t f all bodies1 receiv+ all indiff]5tly1 beyond all conditions ( action & passion1 n mix+ ) ?+s1 imp5etrable1 )\t =m or place4#bie ,x is call$ physical1 because x c n be sep>at$ f ! exi/5ce ( natural ?+s4 ,x is itself n conta9$1 because x equals ) its dim5sions ^? ( body z ! transp>5cy ( a cry/al has ! same dim5sions ) ! cry/al itself4 ,nei!r body nor space c be ?\ght ( ! "o ap>t f ! o!r4#bif ,grant$ ! inf9ity ( space1 t ( matt] necess>ily foll[s by an inv]se ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason3--= !re is no reason1 accord+ to ,bruno1 :y ?is small "p alone ( space1 :]e our e>? is1 %\ld be fill$2 ! et]nal op]ation is n di/9ct f ! et]nal p[]1 nor c\ld x be ! w ( ,god to cramp nature1 :i* is ! h& ( ! all-p[]ful1 8 =ce1 act1 reason1 ^w1 voice1 ord] & w4#big ,!re is "o matt]1 "o p[]1 "o space1 "o effici5t cause1 ,god & ,nature1 ev]y:]e equally1 & ev]y:]e p[]ful4--,we insult ! inf9ite cause :5 we say t x may be ! cause ( a f9ite effect2 to a f9ite effect x c h nei!r ! "n nor ! relation ( an effici5t4#bih ,! correspond+ argum5t f ! capacity ( our human imag9ation to ?9k always ( a great] ?an any giv5 magnitude1 i4e4 its inability to re/ %ort ( ! inf9ite1 is exp&$ else:]e4 ,our imag9ative faculty is ! umbra or %ad[ ( nature2 its p[]1 !re=e1 ( add+ quantity to quantity1 ad inf9itum1 mu/ h some?+ 9 nature to :i* x corresponds2 nature does n give a faculty = :i* !re is no satisfaction4 ,!re is !n 9 tru? an inf9ite univ]se1 su* z our imag9ation dem&s4 ,bruno notices ! objection t on ?is !ory any?+ :atev] might be said ab\t ! univ]se1 e4g4 t x is inf9ite man1 s9ce "o c imag9e a human =m fill+ ! univ]se2 & he replies1 x is inf9ite man1 or inf9ite ass1 or inf9ite tree1 ea* & all1 s9ce 9 ! inf9ite all p>ticul> ?+s are "o & ! same4#bii ,sid5ote3 ,ari/otle4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,! primum mobile4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,! elem5ts4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,! :ole & its p>ts4 ,! argum5ts we h trac$ are3--7#a7 ,:at appe>s to be a limit to our s5ses always proves to be imag9>y1 :5 we are able to te/ x1 !re=e we may inf] t x is imag9>y 9 o!r cases2 7#b7 ! v notion ( space1 imply+ t x has nei!r =m nor place1 means t x is inf9ite1 limitless2 7#c7 we _c imag9e a portion ( space ?an :i* !re is n ano!r great]1 & s ad inf9itum3 b reality _c fall %ort ( ?\ght1 !re=e space is inf9ite4 ,! argum5ts ( ,ari/otle aga9/ ! inf9ity ( ! _w are tak5 up 9 detail 9 ! second book ( ! ,de ,imm5so4 ,z ! controv]sy1 h[ev] important at ! "t1 has lo/ mu* ( its int]e/ = u1 we ne$ only give a brief sket* ( its ma9 l9es4 ,! fir/ argum5t 0 drawn f ! assumption ( an ultimate sph]e or primum mobile :i* mov$ ab\t ! e>? z a c5tre4#cjj ,x 0 cle> t if ! univ]se 7 inf9ite ! radii ( ?is sph]e w\ld be inf9itely prolong$1 & !re=e ! t]m9i ( any two giv5 radii at an inf9ite di/ance "o f ano!r4 ,! motion ( ! sph]e w\ld ?us be inconceivable1 = x w\ld require inf9ite "t 9 :i* to pass f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,! answ] ( ,bruno 0 t ! univ]se z a :ole 0 n moveable at all1 nor _h x any c5tre2 only its p>ts 7 mov$ & ea* ( ^! _h its own relative & f9ite c5tre4 ,! app>5t motion ( ! sph]e 0 due to ! real movem5t ( ! e>? ab\t its axis4 ,a simil> answ] 0 giv5 to ! argum5t f ! movem5ts ( bodies accord+ to _! elem5ts4 ,z to u on ! e>?1 ! e>? appe>s to be ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 s to ! inhabitants ( ! moon1 ! moon w appe> to be su*4 ,matt] ris+ f ! e>? to ! moon w\ld appe> to ! inhabitants ( ! latt] to fall4 ,^! di/9ctions 7 relative to ! f9ite worlds1 b might n be ref]r$ to ! :ole univ]se4 ,z ! e>? is "o _w1 ! moon ano!r1 s ea* has its own c5tre1 ea* its own up & d[n3 nor c ^! diff]5ces be assign$ absolutely to ! :ole & its p>ts toge!r1 b only relatively to ! position & condition ( ! latt]4#cja ,9 8 ?ird argum5t ,ari/otle s\ght to prove t inf9ite body 9 g5]al 0 impossible4#cjb ,if ! :ole is inf9ite its simple elem5ts mu/ be s also4 ,^! mu/ be ei!r ( an inf9ite numb] ( k9ds1 diff]5t f "o ano!r1 or ( a f9ite numb] ( k9ds1 or all ( ! same k9d4 ,b ! fir/ ( ! alt]natives is impossible on ! a priori gr\nd t ea* elem5t mu/ h a special k9d ( movem5t correspond+ to x1 & ! k9ds ( movem5t are actually few 9 numb]2 ! second & ?ird1 because ! movem5t ( ! elem5ts %\ld !n be inf9ite1 :]eas 9 ! actual univ]se motion is limit$ bo? 9 c5tre & circumf]5ce4 ,! argum5ts1 h[ev]1 d n apply to ,bruno's !ory ( ! univ]se4 ,motion is always f "o def9ite po9t to ano!r2 we d n set out f ,italy 9 ord] to g on ad inf9itum1 b to g to "s def9ite po9t4 ,he does n1 z ,epicurus did1 reg>d all m9ima z 9 inf9ite motion d[nw>ds ?r\gh ! univ]se2 !re is no d[n1 no c5tre1 no up1 all is simply & g5]ally 9 flux4 ,x is n ! elem5ts t are innum]able 9 k9d1 b ! composite bodies1 ! />s1 :i* are con/itut$ by !m2 & ( ^! ! p>ts move ab\t _! natural body1 z ! p>ts ( ! e>? t[>ds ! e>?1 & ^? ( ! moon t[>d ! moon 9 _! own regions2 all motion is !re=e limit$1--ea* _w has1 z x 71 m>g9s ( its own4 ,! idea t if any ( ! elem5ts1 z fire or wat]1 7 inf9ite1 !re w\ld be inf9ite lightness or gravity1 & h5ce t ! univ]se w\ld move z a :ole upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 is equally at fault4 ,to ! univ]se z a :ole ! t]ms heavy & light d n apply1 b only to its p>ts1 ! f9ite & det]m9ate bodies consi/+ ( f9ite & det]m9ate elem5ts4 ,^! elem5ts1 :e!r !y be tak5 z ( "o or m k9ds1 s9ce !y _c move outside ( ! univ]se1 mu/ h f9ite movem5ts4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,action betwe5 ! inf9ite & ! f9ite4 ,! f\r? argum5t#cjc 0 bas$ ^u ! impossibility ( action betwe5 an inf9ite body & a second body :e!r f9ite or inf9ite4 ,an inf9ite _c act ^u a f9ite because ! action w\ld necess>ily be timeless4 ,7 x 9 "t we c\ld !n f9d a f9ite body :i* 9 ! same "t w\ld produce ! same effect2 b !re c be no su* equality betwe5 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite4 ,simil>ly action betwe5 two inf9ites w\ld occur 9 inf9ite "t2 9 o!r words1 w\ld n take place at all4 ,! conclusion is t nei!r fire nor e>? nor any ( ! elem5ts c be inf9ite 9 quantity4 ,bruno sugge/s1 9 ! fir/ place1#cjd t a *ange may be produc$ timelessly2 ?us if a body 9 a l>ge circle cov] a c]ta9 space 9 ! m9imum ( "t1 a body 9 a small] circle w cov] a less space 9 no "t1 = no?+ c be small] ?an ! m9imum4#cje ,9 ! second place1 no action ( ! :ole or effect ^u ! :ole exi/s1 x is only ! f9ite bodies )9 x1 ea* ) its f9ite =ce1 t act ^u "o ano!r4 ,ev5 if two inf9ite bodies1 ov] aga9/ "o ano!r1 7 suppos$1 _! action w\ld n be ( "o :ole ^u ano!r1 b ( ! p>ts on ! contigu\s p>ts4#cjf ,=ce is ex]t$ by bodies n int5sively b ext5sively1 because z1 :]e "o "p ( a body is1 !re ano!r is n1 s at ! po9t :]e "o "p ( ! body acts ano!r does n4#cjg ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,proportion ( p>ts to :ole 9 ! inf9ite4 ,a difficulty1 n unkn[n to rec5t philosophy1 occurr$ z to ! relation ( inf9ites to "o ano!r4 ,:atev] is an elem5t ( ! inf9ite mu/ be inf9ite also2 h5ce bo? e>?s & suns are inf9ite 9 numb]4 ,b ! inf9ity ( ! =m]1 said ,bruno1 is n great] ?an t ( ! latt]2 nor1 :]e all are inhabit$1 are ! inhabitants 9 great] proportion to ! inf9ite ?an ! />s !mselves4#cjh ,ea* sun is surr\nd$ by sev]al e>?s or planets1 b ! "o class is n great] 9 respect ( its inf9ite ?an ! o!r4 ,a s+le sun1 e>?1 con/ellation1 is n really a "p ( ! inf9ite nor a "p 9 x1 = x c be> no proportion to x4 ,a ?\s& inf9ities are n m ?an two or ?ree1 & ev5 "o is n compreh5sible by f9ite numb]s4 ,9 ! innum]able & ! immeasurable !re is no place = m or less1 few or _m1 nor = any di/9ctions ( numb] or measure4#cji ,! matt] ( ! />s is immeasurable1 & no less immeasurable is t ( ! fi]y type or suns ?an ( ! aque\s type or e>?s4 ,nor does ! fact t ^! inf9ities are n giv5 to s5se disprove _! exi/5ce1 z ,ari/otle _h ma9ta9$4 ,to imag9e !re is no?+ beyond ! sph]e :i* limits our range ( sight1 is to be l ,bruno z a *ild1 :5 he believ$ !re 0 no?+ beyond ,m\nt ,vesuvius because !re 0 no?+ to /rike 8 s5ses4#caj ,?\gh ea* class be inf9ite1 we h se5 t ! inf9ite does n act inf9itely1 t is int5sively1 b acts f9itely1 i4e4 ext5sively4 ,ea* individual & species is f9ite1 b ! numb] ( all individuals is inf9ite1 & inf9ite are ! matt] 9 :i* !y consi/ & ! space 9 :i* !y move4 ,ev]y:]e1 !re=e1 limit & measure are only 9 ! p>ticul> & ! individual1 :i*1 comp>$ ) ! univ]se1 are no?+4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,figure & body4 ,a fur!r argum5t 0 d]iv$ f ! necessity ( figure 9 body & f ! relation ( body to space4#caa ,e body is kn[n to u z ( a c]ta9 & def9ite figure1 :]eas inf9ite body w\ld necess>ily be unfigur$4 ,9 ?is case1 said ,bruno1 ,ari/otle is conf\nd+ body ) space1 al?\gh he else:]e sep>ates ! two notions4 ,t space is some?+ o!r ?an ! bodies :i* fill x1 t x is m ?an limit or figure1 is evid5t f ! fact t always betwe5 any two corporeal surfaces1 betwe5 any two atoms1 !re is space4 ,nor is space m]ely an accid5t ( body1 a special quality ( x1 z col\r is1 = example1 = we _c ?9k ( col\r )\t a body 9 :i* x exi/s1 & :5 ! body is ab/ract$ ! col\r goes also1 :]eas space may be ?\ght ( ap>t f body1 & body1 :5 remov$ does n take ) x its space4 ,p]haps we %\ld say t space is really ! cont9u\s e!r or light :i* p5etrates ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 & seems to fill space m cont9u\sly ?an wood1 /one1 or iron1 9 :i* !re is an admixture ( vacuum4 ,mu/ all bodies be figur$1 !n ! figure ( ! inf9ite is ! sph]e4 ,! dim5sions ( space co9cide ) ^? ( body1 & ! def9ition giv5 ( body z tri-dim5sional quantity applies also to space3--!re _c be any body :i* is n 9 place1 nor c its dim5sions exi/ )\t equal dim5sions ( ! conta9+ space4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,! c5tre ( ! e>?1 etc4 ,a sev5? argum5t1 closely relat$ to "s ( ! o!rs1 is drawn f ! old belief 9 ! e>? z ! c5tre ( gravity1 ! heavie/ body 9 ! univ]se1 & 9 ! empyrean z ! out]mo/ limit & ! lighte/ body4#cab ,b1 z we h se51 !re is 9 ! univ]se no c5tre--z ! />s & _! inhabitants are heav5ly be+s to u1 s are we & our e>? to !m4 ,j z ! e>? kn[s no c5tre or d[nw>d direction prop] :i* is away f its own body1 b only a c5tre ( its mass1 a c5tral cav]n ( its he>t1 f :i* ! preci\s life is diffus$ ?r\gh ! :ole body1 & :i* we may believe to be ! *ief seat ( ! s\l2 s !re mu/ be 9 ! moon & o!r bodies a c5tre :i* connects all p>ts1 to :i* e memb] contributes1 & :i* is n\ri%$ by all ! =ces ( ! liv+ body4 ,! old belief1 !re=e1 t if !re 7 inhabitants at ! antipodes !y w\ld be apt to fall d[nw>ds into space1 or t ! p>ts ( ! moon & its liv+ be+s might fall ^u our e>?1 0 absurd1 = ! face ( ! e>? always looks upw>d 9 ! direction ( ! radii f ! c5tre to ! sup]ficies4#cac ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,! p]fect z ! self-limit$4 ,! la/ argum5t 0 t drawn f ! suppos$ p]fection ( ! univ]se4#cad ,ari/otle def9$ ! p]fect z t :i* 0 limit$ by itself1 n by ano!r4 ,h5ce ! immeasurable w\ld n be p]fect1 :ile ! _w 0 p]fect because limit$ by its own t]m9us4 ,aga9 body does n pass ov] into any o!r k9d ( quantity1 b x is ! limit into :i* ! l9e & ! po9t fl[4 ,! fir/ argum5t1 said ,bruno1 w\ld hold ( any fragm5t ( body1 :ile ! second w\ld apply to any animal or memb] ( an animal1 = ^! also are self-conta9$ & d n pass ov] into any o!r k9d4 ,p]fection has no ref]5ce to quantity1 nor to limitation by self1 :i* is a geometrical det]m9ation4#cae ,= ?is me*anical idea ( p]fection1 ,bruno sub/itutes a teleological2 ! p]fect is t :i* consi/s ( a numb] ( p>ts or memb]s1 work+ toge!r t[>ds ! end = :i* ! :ole is orda9$3 ! univ]se is p]fect z adorn$ by s _m worlds1 :i* are s _m deities1 & z t 9 & to :i*1 z a unity embrac+ ! p]fection ( all1 innum]able ?+s p]fect 9 _! k9d are r$uc$1 ref]r$1 unit$4#caf ,sid5ote3 ,inf9ite numb] ( worlds4 ,! inf9ity ( space or e!r & ( matt] be+ prov$1 x foll[s aga91 by ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 t ! worlds are innum]able or inf9ite 9 numb]4--,z x is good t ! _w exi/s1 & w\ld be bad did x n exi/1 s 9 a simil> space1 & :]e simil> causes are1 x is good t !re be a _w1 & bad %\ld !re n be "o4 ,if ! _w is s+le1 !n !re is a s+le1 f9ite1 p>ticul> good1 & inf9ite wide-spread univ]sal evil4 ,he :o is able to produce good1 & does n d s1 )\t cause1 is evil2 z n to be able is privatively evil1 to be able & to be unwill+ w\ld be s positively1 & ,god 9 reg>d to ! f9ite effect w\ld be a f9itely good cause1 9 reg>d1 h[ev]1 to ! repression ( inf9ite realisation1 w\ld be inf9itely evil4#cag ,p]fection does n belong to our _w1 our sy/em1 tak5 by itself1 s9ce !re are innum]able o!r possible worlds :i* _c be conta9$ 9 x4 ,giv5 a man end[$ ) all human p]fections1 ! exi/5ce ( o!r m5 subord9ate to him is n exclud$1 b r dem&$ 9 ord] t he may fulfil ! h>mony ( 8 be+4 ,s ! be/1 ! fir/1 ( ! monads1--:i* comprises all p>ticul> ?+s 9 itself1--embraces1 9 spite ( its unity1 innum]able worlds1 )\t limit1 "u its corporeal aspect4 ,"o does n suffice1 = ! productive m9d diffuses itself ?r\gh\t ! :ole univ]se1 :olly 9 e "p1 9 equal goodness & p[]1 & fills ! void 9 ord] t its great image may be pres5t$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole4#cah ,nature ?us puts =? an inf9ite mirror ( itself & a fitt+ reflection2 its sub/ance is inf9ite & its =ce et]nal1 !re is an explicit immeasurable1 z ,god is implicitly 9 ! :ole & ev]y:]e :olly4#cai ,to ! inf9ite no?+ f9ite be>s any proportion1 nor c be a fitt+ product ( x4 ,h5ce if x communicate itself at all to corporeal ?+s1 or unfold its magnitude 9 corporeal exi/5ces & 9 multitude1 ! reflection ( its ess5ce & impr9t ( its p[] mu/ be inf9ite 9 magnitude & )\t numb]4 ,al?\gh1 :5 we consid] individuals s+ly1 "u t proximate & imm$iate respect 9 :i* !y are p>ticul>s1 !y mu/ be ref]r$ to a f9ite pr9ciple & cause 7s9ce a f9ite effect dem&s a f9ite p[]71 9 ! consid]ation ( ! univ]se1 h[ev]1 ea* & all ! innum]able exi/5ces 9 immeasurable space po9t to an inf9ite fir/ cause4#cbj ,sid5ote3 ,argum5t f ,god to ! _w4 ,9 ! simplicity & unity ( ,god's be+1 all attributes are "o1 !re=e k1 w1 & p[] co9cide4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is doctr9e ,bruno unfolds 9 a s]ies ( aphorisms or propositions--:i* are int]e/+ z anticipat+ ,sp9oza's me?od ( pro(3#cba--a4 ,! ,div9e ess5ce is inf9ite4 #b4 ,z ! measure ( be+1 s is ! measure ( p[]4 #c4 ,z ! measure ( p[]1 s is ! measure ( action4 #d4 ,god is absolutely simple ess5ce or be+ 9 :i* !re c be no complexity nor int]nal div]sity4 #e4 ,consequ5tly 9 him1 be+1 p[]1 action1 volition1 & :atev] c be truly attribut$ to him1 are "o & ! same4 #f4 ,!re=e ! w ( ,god is above all ?+s1 & c be fru/rat$ nei!r by himself nor by ano!r4 #g4 ,consequ5tly ! ,div9e w is n only necess>y1 b is necessity itself1 & its opposite is n only impossible b impossibility itself4 #h4 ,9 simple ess5ce !re _c be contr>iety ( any k9d1 nor inequality3 w1 !re=e1 is n contr>y to1 nor unequal to1 p[]4 #i4 ,necessity & lib]ty are "o1 h5ce :at acts by ! necessity ( nature acts freely2 x w\ld n act freely at all did x act o!rwise ?an is dem&$ by necessity & nature1 or by ! necessity ( nature4#cbb #aj4 ,!re is n an inf9ite p[]1 unless !re be an inf9ite possible2 i4e4 !re is n t :i* is able to create an inf9ite unless !re be t :i* is able to be creat$4 ,:at is a p[] :i* is impossible ( realisation or :i* is relative to an impossible8 #aa4 ,z !re is a _w 9 ?is space1 s also !re is able to be "o 9 any space simil> to t :i*1 7 ?is _w remov$1 w\ld rema9 equal to ! _w4 #ab4 ,!re is no gr\nd = d5y+1 outside ! _w1 a simil> space to t 9 :i* ! _w is1 nor any = reg>d+ x z f9ite4#cbc #ad4 ,x is bett] to be ?an n to be2 x is m wor?y to create :at is good ?an n to create x4 ,to posit 7create7 be+ & tru? is incomp>ably bett] ?an to all[ n-be+ or no?+4 #ae4 ,! pot5cy ( nature ought n to be fru/rat$1 nor space rema9 unfill$ = inf9ite duration1 = !n pot5cy w\ld be relative to an impossible4 #af4 ,t inf9ite pot5cy 7:e!r ext5sive or int5sive7 %\ld be fru/rat$ ( exi/5ce means t inf9ite evil %\ld be actually posit$1 z space is actually inf9ite4 #ag4 ,z ?is space c receive ?is _w & be adorn$ !reby1 s also any simil> space :atev]1 indisc]nible f x1 a simil> pr9ciple be+ pres5t1 c\ld h receiv$ a simil> _w4#cbd #ai4 ,( ,god & ( nature we %\ld ?9k z highly z possible4 #bj4 ,( ! greate/ ?+s no?+ %\ld be ra%ly ass]t$ :i* is contr>y to s5se & reason4 ,sid5ote3 ,k ( ,god4 ,! inf9ite numb] ( worlds is ?us made to dep5d = its pro( ^u ! id5tity ( p[] & w1 ( w & k1 i4e4 ?\ght1 9 ,god4 ,:atev] is 9 ! m9d ( ,god is realis$ 9 ! univ]se4 ,be=e ,god pa/1 pres5t1 & future are "o1 pres5t1 & et]nal2#cbe he is unable to *ange 8 purpose or to d5y himself4 ,:at he wills & :at he c are "o & ! same2 nor c he d :at he wills n1 = fate is ! ,div9e w itself4 ,h5ce1 z he _c be o!r ?an he is1 s no?+ c be done by him o!rwise ?an z x is done4 ,! nature ( ,god is a simple sub/ance2 h[ev] _m names be pr$icat$ ( x1 !y signify1 "o & all1 ! same ?+4#cbf ,inf9ite virtue1 if limit$ nei!r by itself nor by ano!r1 acts by ! necessity ( its own nature1 n by a necessity ali5 to itself & to its w2 x is itself necessity4 ,! necessity by :i* x acts1 !re=e1 c be fru/rat$ nei!r f )91 by itself1 nor f )\t1 by ano!r3 n ! =m]1 = x _c be bo? "o ?+ & ano!r1 nor ! latt]1 because its necessity is ! law ( all o!r ?+s4 ,!re c be no?+ :i* may prev5t ?is nature1 necessity1 w1 p[]1 f proce$+ accord+ to its :ole p[]1 :i* is goodness itself1 accord+ to its :ole goodness1 :i* is p[] itself1 & bo? are inf9ite1 & diffuse !mselves inf9itely4 ,man's lib]ty ( action is express$ imp]fectly1 & sometimes 9 an imp]fect object1 is cont9ually be+ di/urb$ by passion & ignorance ( ?+s2 = if we act$ )\t any di/urbance ( ! w1 or c\rse ( ?\ght1 )\t ignorance1 or passion1 !n our action w\ld be det]m9$ always t[>ds ! bett] ( two oppos$ ends4 ,be=e we act we /& betwe5 ! two ways & delib]ate1 & at la/ det]m9e1 b 9 unc]ta9ty & p]turb$ness ( _s2 :ile ,god1 z 9 nature mo/ p]fect1 acts 9 ! "o ( two ways t is ! mo/ fitt+4 ,nor is x an imp]fection ( nature to be det]m9$ 9 "o direction only1 away f t :i* may lead to error4 ,?us we may n ref] ! w & action ( ,god to a lib]ty ( ?is k9d1 ( be+ equally or unequally dispos$ to two contradictory volitions or acts--a lib]ty ( indiff]5ce--b 8 lib]ty is ( ! k9d :i* is id5tical ) necessity4 ,ov] x is no?+ great]1 9 ! way ( x !re is no?+ equal1 all ?+s 9 all & ?r\gh\t all s]ve x4 ,god's k is n discursive1 involves no ef=t4 ,to be 9 ! m9d ( ,god is to be realis$ 7species concepta deo e/ effectio resque74 ,?us z ! p]fect monad1 he is intr9sically & extr9sically ! :ole1 su/a9+ all ?+s4 ,!re is on ! "o side inf9ite goodness & inf9ite desire = its realisation1 on ! o!r inf9ite desire ( be+ realis$2 ! result mu/ be p]fect satisfaction & p]fect good4 ,sid5ote3 ,ab/ract ideas4 ,9 ord] to und]/& h[ f> ,bruno has mov$ at ?is1 ! f9al /age ( 8 philosophy1 f ! ,neoplatonism ( its beg9n+s1 ! n9? *apt] ( ! la/ book ( ! ,de ,imm5so mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4#cbg ,x is int]e/+ 9 view ( ! relation ( ,sp9oza to ,bruno1 z well z ( ! consi/5cy ( ,bruno's own ?\ght4 ,9 x ! exi/5ce ( ab/ract ideal types is cont5d$ aga9/1--,n[h]e is ess5ce ap>t f exi/5ce2--nature is no?+ b ! virtue t is imman5t 7insita7 9 ?+s1 & ! law by :i* all ?+s fulfil _! c\rse4 ,!re is no ab/ract t subsi/s 9 logical reason b n 9 reality1 no ju/ice by :i* ?+s are j1 no goodness ?r\gh :i* !y are good1 wisdom ?r\gh :i* !y are wise1 nor are deitas & f]itas ! gr\nd ( exi/5ce ( gods & bea/s3 nor is x light by :i* %9+ bodies %9e1 nor %ad[ by :i* folly1 d>kness1 fictions1 nons5se come to exi/4 ,! /ud5t ( nature mu/ n suppose =m & matt]1 light & col\r & motion1 to exi/ sep>ately by !mselves because !y may be conceiv$ or def9$ by !mselves4 ,!re is !n no ar*etypal _w to :i* ! ,creator look$ 9 fabricat+ ?is ( ours1 b nature produces all ?+s f )9 itself1 )\t ?\ght or hesitation4 ,/udy to "k :]e ,nature & ,god are1 = !re are ! causes ( ?+s1 ! life ( pr9ciples1 ! s\rce ( elem5ts1 ! se$s ( ! ?+s t are to be br\ght =?1 ! typal =ms1 active pot5cy produc+ all ?+s1 444 !re is also matt]1 ! und]ly+ passive pot5cy1 abid+1 pres5t1 ev] com+ toge!r into "o z x 71 = x is n z if a creator came f on high1 to give x ord] & =m f )\t4 ,matt] p\rs =? all ?+s f its own lap1 ,nature itself is ! inw>d workman1 a liv+ art1 a wondr\s virtue :i* is end[$ ) m9d1 giv+ realisation to a matt] :i* is its own1 n =eign to itself2 n hesitat+1 b produc+ all ?+s easily out ( itself1 z fire %9es & burns1 z light spreads )\t ef=t ?r\gh space4444 ,nature is n s mis]ably end[$ z to be excell$ by human art1 :i* is direct$ by a k9d ( int]nal s5se1 :ile sev]al k9ds ( animals1 guid$ by _! inw>d m9d1 %[ an innate =esight ( a wond]ful k9d1--ants & ! indu/ri\s bees1 :i* h no type or model spread be=e !m4 ,= !re is a nature :i* is m ?an pres5t to1 :i* is imman5t 9 ?+s1 remote f none z none is remote f be+1 except ! false3 & :ile only ! surface ( ?+s )\t *anges1 deep] 9 ! he>t ( all ?an is ea* to itself x lives1 ! pr9ciple ( exi/5ce1 s\rce ( all =ms1 444 ,m9d1 ,god1 ,be+1 ,"o1 ,tru?1 ,fate1 ,reason1 ,ord]4#cbh ,natura naturata is ?us n a resultant or outcome ( natura naturans ) ,bruno2 !y are "o & ! same ?+ "u diff]5t aspects1 & bo? are "o ) ,god1 ! liv+ =ce 9 ?+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,ari/otle on plurality ( worlds4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]fection4 ,! argum5ts ( ,ari/otle aga9/ ! plurality ( worlds are 9 ! sev5? book set out "o by "o1 & controv]t$ f ,bruno's own /&po9t1 at times ) great fulness & subtlety4 ,x w\ld be unpr(itable to ent] f> into ?is debate1 :]e ! advantage lay s obvi\sly on "o side4 ,we h already se5 t ,bruno 0 able to lay 8 f+] ^u ! weak spot 9 ,ari/otle's sy/em1 ! def9itions ( space & "t4 ,!re is no absolute norm ( "t1 said ,bruno1 :e!r ari?metical1 geometrical1 or physical2 = 9 ?is k9d we _c fix a m9imum1 & lea/ ( all on ,p]ipatetic pr9ciples2 !re is always a less ?an any giv5 p]iod ( "t1 h5ce we _c lay d[n any true measure ( "t1 i4e4 all "t is relative to ! individual4 ,9 any case ! daily movem5t 7( ! out]mo/ sph]e1 z ,ari/otle ?\ght1 b 9 fact7 ( ! e>?1 is n really circul>4 ,!re are z _m mov+ ag5ts z !re are />s1 z !re are s\ls1 or deities4#cbi ,b if we mu/ assume "s "o presid+ ov] ! inf9ite numb] ( ag5ts1 we mu/ asc5d above all or desc5d d[n to ! c5tre ( all1 to ! absolute be+1 pres5t above all & )9 all 444 m intimate to all ?+s ?an ea* is to itself1 n m di/ant f "o ?an f ano!r1 = x is equally ! ne>e/ to all4#ccj ,sev]al ( ! argum5ts ( ,ari/otle 7 drawn f ab/ract conceptions ( unity & p]fection1 & evid5tly rais$ int]e/+ problems = ! "t ( ,bruno4 ,!y are1 briefly1 t a plurality ( worlds w\ld be irrational1 s9ce no reason c\ld be giv5 = "o numb] r ?an ano!r1 t x is m 9 accordance ) ! p]fection ( ! monad1 t all reality %\ld be mass$ toge!r 9 "o _w1 t ! economy ( nature does n admit ( ! multiplication ( goods1 t ! passive capacity 7matt]7 is n equal to ! active p[] 7! =m71 t ! p]fect is by its v nature unique4 ,bruno answ]s t !re is no def9ite1 b an inf9ite1 numb] ( worlds1 & t if ! =m] 7 ! case no reason c\ld be put =w>d :y !re %\ld be only "o1 :i* 9 ,bruno's s5se ( _w is no d\bt true4 ,z to ! monad1 ! true monad is t :i* embraces all numb] or plurality 9 itself4 ,we are n compell$ to def9e a numb]1 we :o say t !re is an inf9ite numb] ( worlds2 !re no di/9ction exi/s ( odd or ev51 s9ce ^! are diff]5ces ( numb]1 n ( ! innum]able4 ,nor c ,i ?9k !re h ev] be5 philosoph]s :o1 9 posit+ sev]al worlds1 did n posit !m also z inf9ite3 = w\ld n reason1 :i* dem&s some?+ fur!r beyond ?is s5sible _w1 s also outside ( & beyond :atev] numb] ( worlds is assum$1 assume aga9 ano!r & ano!r8#cca ,sid5ote3 ,"o life 9 all ! worlds4 ,t !re are m worlds ?an "o is due to ! pres5ce ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t space ( ! same pr9ciple ( life1 :i* ev]y:]e has ! same effect2 j z )9 "o ( ^! worlds1 ! e>?1 we f9d diff]5t species ( ! same animal--( man1 = example--:i* _c be desc5d$ f ! same p>5tage4 ,!re are m5 ( diff]5t col\rs1 cavem51 m\nta9-pygmies1 ! gu>dians ( m9]als1 ! giants ( ! ,s\?1 ea* ( :i* races mu/ h be5 produc$ indep5d5tly 9 its own place4 ,& f9ally1 al?\gh x is true t no?+ c be add$ to ! p]fect1 :y may n ! p]fect be multiplicable8 ,?\gh ! p]fect man is "o1 nature may produce sev]al )9 ! same species4 ,ev]y:]e is "o s\l1 "o _s ( ! _w1 :olly 9 ! :ole & 9 e "p ( x1 z we f9d 9 our less] _w also4 ,?is s\l 444 7%\ld ! k9d ( place & ( elem5t n conflict7 produces all ?+s ev]y:]e2 s t = ! g5]ation ( "s ev5 "t is n requir$4444 ,! inf9ite univ]se1 & x only "u ,god1 is p]fect4 ,no?+ f9ite is s good t x c\ld n be bett]2 :atev] may be bett] has "s degree ( evil & defect1 z :at is n absolutely bright is n )\t "s signs ( obscurity4444 ,!re=e ! p]fect1 absolutely & 9 itself1 is "o1 inf9ite1 :i* _c be great] or bett]1 & ?an :i* no?+ c be great] or bett]4 ,?is is "o1 ev]y:]e1 ! only ,god1 univ]sal nature1 ( :i* no?+ c be a p]fect image or reflection1 b ! inf9ite4 ,ev]y?+ f9ite !re=e is imp]fect1 e s5sible _w is imp]fect1 z good & evil1 matt] & =m1 light & d>kness1 joy & sadness concur 9 x1 & all ?+s ev]y:]e are 9 alt]ation & movem5t2 b all ( !m1 9 ! inf9ite1 are z 9 unity1 tru?1 & goodness1 & 9 ?is aspect ! inf9ite is rightly call$ ! univ]se4#ccb ,9 ! inf9ite1 z we h le>n$ f ! ,causa1 all contr>ies are "o4 ,! univ]se is p]fect1 n because ( its quantity1 b because x conta9s all o!r ?+s 9 x4#ccc ,)9 ! limits ( _! k9d small causes c produce small effects ) "s p]fection2 mu* m effective is t immeasurable & m g5]al cause1 ( :i* no?+ /&s 9 ! way4 ,x is a h>mony ( ! _m 9 "o1 ! only corporeal image ( ! div9e m9d4 ,! f9ite1 h[ev]1 is imp]fect only :5 tak5 ap>t f ! :ole to :i* x belongs1 i4e4 evil & defect are appe>ances only4 ,al?\gh 9 nature n all ?+s are ( _! be/1 & m species ?an "o produce mon/rosities1 yet we may n f9d fault ) ! great build+ ( ! mighty ar*itect1 = ev5 ! small1 weak1 & dim9utive contributes its "p to ! nobility ( ! :ole4 ,is a picture mo/ beautiful :5 x is blazon$ all ov] ) gold & purple8 ,does x n %9e out be/ f a dull backgr\nd8 ,c !re be any "p :i*1 9 its ord] & place )9 ! :ole body1 is n good1 & ! be/ 9 ! end & 9 ! :ole8 ,a h>mony 9 music is bett] ! great] ! v>iety )9 x ( l5g?1 acc5t1 pause1 & ! l4#ccd ,! p]fect may be ei!r 7#a7 ! p]fect absolutely1 or 7#b7 ! p]fect 9 its k9d4 ,! =m] aga9 is tw(old1 accord+ z x is 7#a7 t :i* is :olly 9 ! :ole & 9 e "p1 or 7#b7 t :i* is :olly 9 ! :ole b n 9 ! "p4 ,( ^! ! "o is div9ity1 ! intellect ( ! univ]se1 absolute goodness & tru?1 ! o!r ! immeasurable corporeal reflection ( ! div9e4 ,z )9 ! univ]se !re are _m ?+s p]fect 9 _! k9d1 :i* x comb9es 9 its unity1 conta9+ 9 itself ! p]fection ( all1 x may 9 a second s5se be call$ ! absolutely p]fect4 ,= no "o _w s+ly1 nor sy/em ( worlds1 nor any numb] ( sy/ems1 c be br\ght into comp>ison ) ,god1 except indirectly1 ?r\gh ! immeasurable wisdom1 p[]1 & goodness4 ,no?+ is absolutely imp]fect or evil1 = ! highe/ nature exi/s 9 a c]ta9 s5se 9 ! meane/ & l[e/1 z on ! palette ( a pa9t] col\rs are ?\ght little ( :i* pres5tly1 unfold$ into ! s*eme ( ! picture1 %all seem to be1 along ) ! pa9t] himself1 ( *ief importance4#cce ,moral evil1 itself1 z we %all f9d1 has no reality = ,bruno's pan!ism4 ,ju/ice & goodness1 n exi/+ z ab/ract entities1 h _! only gr\nd 9 ! div9e w1 i4e4 9 ! c\rse ( nature4#ccf ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n 9 ! "p1 ! detail1 ! trivial or m9ute exi/5ce1 t ! div9e w is mo/ adequately decl>$1 b 9 ! :ole1 its plan & its law4 ,:at is be/ & mo/ glori\s1 mo/ beseem+ ! goodness ( ,8 nature1 is to be attribut$ to ,8 w4 ,x is impi\s to seek ?is 9 ! blood ( insects1 9 ! mummi$ corpse1 9 ! foam ( ! epileptic1 "u ! %ak+ feet ( murd]]s1 or 9 ! melan*oly my/]ies ( vile necromanc]s2#ccg x mu/ be s\ght r 9 ! inviolable1 intem]ate law ( nature1 9 ! religion ( a m9d direct$ duly by t law1 9 ! spl5d\r ( ! sun1 9 ! beauty ( ! ?+s :i* are br\ght =? f ?is our p>5t1 aft] ,8 true image1 z express$ bodily 9 ! beauty ( ^? innum]able liv+ ?+s1 :i*1 9 ! immeasurable sweep ( ! "o heav51 %9e & live1 h s5se & intellig5ce1 & s+ praises to ! ,"o1 ! highe/ & be/4#cch ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,nature ,,& ,,! ,,liv+ ,,worlds ,we h f\nd t1 accord+ to ,bruno1 ! univ]se is inf9ite 9 ext5t1 & t !re are innum]able worlds )9 x3 x rema9s to "k :at are ! mat]ials t con/itute ! univ]se1 & ! mov+ pr9ciples t gov]n its *anges & direct ! worlds 9 _! c\rses4 ,sid5ote3 ,uni=mity ( ,nature4 ,nature1 he said1 is ! same 9 k9d1 9 its sub/ance1 & 9 its elem5ts1 ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t--a d>+ conception = a "t :5 ! empyrean & all space beyond x 7 /ill reg>d$ z ! special abode ( div9ity4 ,he rem9d$ 8 oppon5ts ( 8 own *ildi% exp]i5ces3--:5 f ,cicala he look$ t[>ds ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 he ?\ght x d>k1 gloomy1 b>e ( trees & fl[]s2 b :5 he approa*$ x1 he f\nd x fair] ?an ,cicala itself1 :ile n[ ! latt] look$ b>e & d>k4#cci ,! ,ari/otelians 7 committ+ a simil> error 9 judg+ ! di/ant />s & ! firmam5t to be 9 reality z !y appe>$ to our eyes1 & 9 d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( t :i* 0 n visible to u4 ,z ! philosoph] mu/ n believe :at _c be demon/rat$ by evid5ce1 s nei!r mu/ he fooli%ly despise or f9d fault ) :at _c be disprov$ by reason4#cdj ,_h m51 in/ead ( b5d+ s long ov] ! books ( ,ari/otle & 8 comm5tators1 ! nebulosa volum9a1 b turn$ _! eyes to ! book & light ( nature1 !y w\ld h =m$ a f> diff]5t conception ( ! con/itution ( ! heav5s ?an t ( ! eight1 n9e1 t51 or m sph]es & innum]able epicycles ( ! ,ptolemaic sy/em4 ,bruno %[$ h[ z we rise f ! surface ( ! e>? our horizon becomes wid]1 :ile 9 detail less vivid1 & he suppos$ himself to cont9ue ! asc5sion upw>ds to ! surface ( ! moon4#cda ,a few miles away tree & m\nta9 w\ld n be di/+ui%able f ! re/ ( ! e>?1 b we %\ld p]ceive only a wide circle ( light ) d>k spots1 ! appe>ance ( sea & ( l& respectively4 ,z ! di/ance increas$ ! =m ( ! e>? w\ld become m visible :ile x lo/ all appe>ance ( opacity1 & ! :ole w\ld seem cont9u\s light4 ,z we ne>$ ! moon1 ! e>? w\ld come to appe> exactly z ! moon does to u f ! e>?4 ,! moon also revolves r\nd its own axis1 & f x1 z ) u1 ! univ]se w appe> to revolve r\nd x z c5tre4 ,x _h be5 said t ! appe>ance ( ! heav5ly bodies _h always be5 & cont9u$ to be ! same1 b ,bruno po9ts to ! fact t al?\gh a m\nta91 :5 se5 f at h&1 *anges its face f day to day1 & f season to season1 yet f a di/ance x seems always ! same4#cdb ,x is ow+ to ! di/ance t ! face ( ! moon appe>s to u nev] to *ange1 al?\gh x is c]ta9ly subject to z _m alt]ations z ! e>? itself2 & to ! dwell]s on ! moon ! e>? w appe> equally *angeless4 ,! light & %ad[ se5 on ! surface ( ! moon are due to ! v>iety ( sea & l& 9 x1 ! "o reflect+ light1 ! o!r absorb+4 ,on ! moon1 z on ! e>?1 ,nature is 9 cont9u\s *ange3 = example1 ! relative positions ( sea & l& are ev] alt]+2 b ! magnitude ( ! di/ance r5d]s ^! invisible1 & m especially ! m9ut5ess & gradual nature ( ! *anges !mselves4 ,! lun> spectator w be pres5t$ ) eclipses ( ! e>?1 &1 accord+ to ! position ( sea & l&1 i4e4 ( light & %ad[1 ) phases ( ! e>?4#cdc ,9 ! same way ,bruno appli$ 8 pr9ciple ( simil>ity to %[ t f di/ant />s ! e>? w\ld appe> ( uni=m magnitude & unv>y+ position1 :ile 9 ! neighb\rhood ( o!r suns x & all ! o!r planets w\ld disappe>4 ,z matt] is ! same 9 k9d ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 s x is subject ev]y:]e to ! same law ( unceas+ *ange3--,! sun 9 its ris+ nev] seeks twice ! same po9t1 all ?+s by /ress ( ! cont9u\s flux are r5ew$1 nor ev] seek aga9 ! haunts !y h left1 nor is !re any "p ( ! e>? :i* does n pass ?r\gh e region1 & a l =ce n[ c>ries ea* "p 9 "o direction or ano!r1 n[ drives x away2 & if by *ance any "o revisit ! c5tre1 x is no long] 9 ! same =m1 nor 9 ! same connection 7ord9e74#cdd ,n ev5 ! :ole c ev] be twice ! same1 s9ce ! ord] & arrangem5t ( its p>ts are cont9u\sly *ang+4 ,ev5 9 ?+s t seem ev] to pres5t ! same face !re is a lat5t alt]ation :i* "t w br+ to light4 ,!re w\ld o!rwise be no?+ to prev5t ! :ole ( ,nature be+ fix$1 petrifi$1 z x 71 to all et]nity4 ,yet ! sub/ance ( ?+s--! atom--is un*ang+4#cde ,all ?+s are 9 fl[2 ! p>ts ( ! e>?1 seas1 & riv]s v>y _! positions1 by a c]ta9 ebb+ & fl[+ ord] ( ,nature4 ,z matt] w&]s1 fl[+ 9 & out1 n[ "h1 n[ !re1 s ! =ms travel ?r\gh matt]4 ,= !re is n any =m :i*1 once occupy+ a portion ( matt]1 reta9s x always1 nor any matt] :i*1 once obta9+ a c]ta9 =m1 ma9ta9s x = ev]4 ,h5ce x is t1 matt] always tak+ up "o =m or ano!r1 & hav+ equal capacity = all1 consequ5tly by virtue ( its et]nity x mu/ sometimes fall 9 ) t :i* is able to b9d x to itself = ev]2 if ?is 7 to happ51 all ?+s w\ld be s con/itut$ t !re w\ld be no alt]ation or diff]5ce 9 !m4#cdf ,sid5ote3 ,! ,e!r4 ,! univ]se to ,bruno is transfus$ ) _s1 s\l or life1 ! s\l ( ! univ]se1 :i* animates its e "p4 ,! seat or place ( ,god is ! univ]se1 ev]y:]e ! :ole immeasurable heav51 empty space1 ( :i* ,he is ! fulness4 ,! mat]ial aspect1 or1 z ,bruno sometimes seems to say1 ! body ( ?is _s is ! e!r1 a subtle fluid di/+ui%$ f ! air we brea! by ! abs5ce ( moi/ure4 ,! e!r is a purely passive1 non-resi/+ m$ium1 p]meat+ ! univ]se1 )\t quality1 & unimpressionable by =ce or action2 ?us x is p5etrat$ by ! heat ( any radiat+ body )\t dim9i%+ its =ce4 ,x took ! place1 = ,bruno1 ( ! my?ical ,fif? ,ess5ce1 :i* _h s long f$ ! dreams ( philosoph]s--,div9e yet corporeal1 mat]ial yet )\t matt]1 a =m )\t privation1 conjo9+ act ) pot5cy1 nei!r heavy nor light1 suff]+ nei!r g5]ation1 nor corruption1 nor alt]ation1 nei!r increase nor decrease2 beyond :i* no s5sible exi/5ce is1 fir/-born & creatrix ( ,nature1 simple/ ( be+s1 all-conta9+1 mo/ p[]ful1 mo/ active1 mo/ liv+1 mo/ p]fect ( exi/5ces1 end[$ ) life & intellig5ce1 ( its own nature mov+ circul>ly1 etc41 etc4--all ?is is at l5g? prov$ to h be5 a mo/ port5t\s %ad[ )\t body4#cdg ,heav5 is ei!r empty space1 or x is an e!real sub/ance1 a v subtle k9d ( air1 :i* is ! fir/ & mo/ univ]sal occupant ( space4#cdh ,aga91 ! e!r is describ$ z a vap\r or smoke1 a nebul\s matt]1 p5etrat+ ?r\gh\t ! dep?s ( ! void1 int]p5etrat+ all ?+s & embrac+ all2 z n ent]+ into movem5t ( its own accord1 = x is b an exhalation ( ! w9d--a k9d ( cont9u\s vap\r su* z is conta9$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?3 9 x is nei!r heat nor cold nor any simil> effect 7passio71 b x is ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ^! are borne4 ,all ^! require moi/ure3 moi/ure alone c fix light or d>kness or comb9e atoms into a concrete body & prev5t _! r&om flight ?r\gh ! air4#cdi ,x has be5 claim$ t 9 ?is & o!r passages ,bruno anticipat$ ! mod]n !ory ( ! e!r2 x mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 t he expressly d5ies to its p>ts any k9d ( motion--x is only ! composite body :i* moves--& t he speaks ( ?is heav5 or e!r z ! s\l :i* is at once imman5t 9 & compreh5ds ! />s1 i4e4 z ! s\l ( ! univ]se4 ,sid5ote3 ,moi/ure4 ,sid5ote3 ,e>?3 ,fire4 ,( ! /rictly mat]ial elem5ts ( ! univ]se1 ! mo/ important is moi/ure or wat]4 ,x is moi/ure :i* gives concret5ess & !re=e weight to ?+s4 ,no?+ has weight :i* has n be5 =m$ into "o by ! union ( innum]able p>ts "u ! action ( wat]4#cej ,consi/5tly ) ?is1 ,bruno believ$ ! heavie/ bodies1 z ! metals1 to be ! mo/ solid & concrete1 & !re=e to conta9 mo/ moi/ure4 ,x is moi/ure also :i*1 p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! art]ies1 ve9s1 & bones ( ! e>?1 gives to x bo? v>iety ( aspect & ! p[] ( life4 ,! visible moi/ure on ! e>?'s surface1 ! seas & lakes1 is a m]e no?+ z comp>$ to t :i* is diffus$ ?r\gh its int]ior--is b ! sweat1 z x 71 ( ! e>?'s body4#cea ,bruno's passion = homog5eity l$ him to und]/& t 9 its surface ! l& "u ! sea is simil> to t above x1 ) :i* ! =m] is cont9ually *ang+ place1 & x is divid$ up into pla9s1 m\nta9s1 valleys1 ! isl&s & rocks ( ! sea be+ ! tops ( ! m\nta9s3--a rem>kable intuition ( ! tru?1 h[ev] arriv$ at4 ,z to ! famili> elem5ts1 e>? & fire1 ,bruno c\ld nei!r all[ a special place or sph]e nor a special direction ( movem5t to ei!r1 z 9 ! ,ari/otelian cosmology4 ,! e>? 0 n ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & !re 7 e>?s or simil> planets ev]y:]e4 ,to ! sev]al argum5ts ( ! ,p]ipatetics#ceb = ! c5trality ( ! e>?1--f ! heav9ess1 ! d>kness1 solidity1 composite "* ( ! e>?'s matt]1 & ! movem5ts ( its p>ts1 f ! idea t contr>ies %un "o ano!r s t ! colde/ elem5t1 = example1 %\ld be 9 ! c5tre1 ! hotte/ at ! extreme1--,bruno oppos$ ! common-s5se answ]s t 8 own !ory sugge/$ to him4 ,8 appeal 0 always f fictiti\s ord] to ! evid5ce ( s5se & reason4 ,! argum5t has no long] any int]e/ 9 itself1 & to pursue x into detail w\ld h>dly be edify+2 b s full is x1 s weighty & s vigor\s1 t "o wond]s h[ ev5 ! ,p]ipatetics fail$ to be conv9c$ by x4 ,bruno's v errors are int]e/+4 ,fire = example1 f> f be+ ! out]mo/1 lighte/1 subtle/ elem5t1 0 reg>d$ by him z a body ( :i* ! sub/ance1 7light & heat be+ accid5ts7 0 wat] mix$ ) e>?2#cec & 9 g5]al1 he ma9ta9$1 no elem5t 0 ev] f\nd 9 isolation4 ,z to ! suppos$ coldness ( ! c5tral elem5t1--! e>?1--he believ$1 aga9 anticipat+ future discov]ies1 t ! c5tre ( ! e>? 0 n cold1 b hot1 ! s\rce ( t]re/rial w>m?2 b ! !ory loses some?+ ( its value1 sci5tifically1 f ! imag9$ vitality ( ! planet1 by :i* x is support$4#ced ,x 0 natural t ! co9cid5ce ( contr>ies %\ld be br\ght to d duty aga9/ ! maxim on :i* ! ,ari/otelian view 0 really bas$--namely1 t contr>ies t5d to re/ at ! greate/ possible di/ance f "o ano!r1 aga9/ :i* ,bruno m>%all$ a :ole army ( facts4 ,away f ! %ad[ ( ! e>? !re 0 p]haps no light b t ( ! sun1 too /rong = our eyes1 = ! daylight arose f a mixture ( ! light ( ! sun & ! d>kness ( ! e>?2 we c\ld see o!r col\rs by x1 = ! reason t !y 7 simil>ly compos$--mixtures ( light & d>kness4 ,! heat ( ! sun also 0 only be>able :5 temp]$ by ! coolness ( ! e>? or o!r planets4 ,! body ( ! e>?1 great z x is1 c be> ?is heat only ?r\gh its swift revolution4 ,z to ! objection t if ! e>? mov$ we %\ld feel its motion1 ,bruno rem>k$ t :5 we are c>ri$ 9 a smoo?ly & cont9u\sly mov+ vehicle1 n /rik+ aga9/ any object1 we d n p]ceive t we are mov+1 except by comp>ison ) "s object kn[n to u to be fix$4 ,?us s5se furni%es its own correction4#cee ,! diff]5ces 9 ! di/ances ( ! planets f ! sun1 z se5 f ! e>?1 are expla9$ mu* m readily by ! assumption t !y & ! e>? itself are mov+ ab\t ! sun1 ?an by t ( ! c5trality ( ! e>?1 :i* compell$ a/ronom]s to ! complicat$ device ( ! epicycles4#cef ,! fact t ! moon always turns ! same face t[>ds ! e>? disprov$ ! ,ptolemaic !ory3 7 x on an epicycle1 z 0 suppos$1 ?is w\ld be impossible4 ,accord+ to ! old doctr9e1 ! e>? 0 fix$ immovably 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 :ile ab\t x circl$ ! sph]es ( sun1 planets1 & fix$ />s4 ,) ,bruno1 on ! o!r h&1 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se is ev]y:]e1 or n[h]e1--9 o!r words x is relative to ! body on :i* ! spectator is suppos$ to /&4 ,! pr9ciple ( cont9u\s *ange 0 employ$ to expla91 among o!r matt]s1 ! v>iation ( ! equ9oxes1 :i* 0 already kn[n to occur2 b ! cont9u\s *ange 0 itself acc\nt$ = on teleological gr\nds4--,! motion :i* causes ! poles to tremble1 & ! equ9octial & sol/itial po9ts to v>y irregul>ly1 is on acc\nt ( ! v>iations :i* are always tak+ place 9 p>ts ( ! e>?2 = ! frigid zones may n always be frigid1 nor ! torrid1 torrid2 all p>ts mu/ re/ & h holiday f ea* k9d ( 'affect1' & consequ5tly take up e k9d ( disposition successively4 444 ,! c5tre ( ! e>?1 !re=e1 & its position relatively to ! poles1 w v>y4#ceg ,no /> ev] repeats "o day ! revolution ( ! previ\s1 or any "o ye> t ( ano!r4 ,ma!matical exactness1 z we h se51 is nev] f\nd 9 ! mat]ial _w3 ! e>? may n always pres5t ! same face to ! sun1 s t "o pole mu/ at l5g? pass into ! place ( ! o!r--a *ange :i* mu/ occur s5sibly & cont9u\sly1 & irregul>ly1 z natural bodies & elem5ts ( bodies are naturally 9 cont9u\s alt]ation & movem5t4 ,! same composite body is nev] 9 exactly ! same /ate at any two mom5ts1 nor consi/s ( q ! same p>ts1 = f all sides & ev]y:]e !re is1 necess>ily1 an unceas+ influx & efflux ( elem5t>y bodies4#ceh ,! />s & planets are comp>$ to a flock ( birds1 :i* float hi!r & ?i!r 9 ! cle> e!r1 guid$ only by _! desires4#cei ,nev] does ! flock pres5t precisely ! same appe>ance twice4 ,9 nature ! law is vicissitude & succession1 s t ea* ?+ may 9 actual fact come to be all ?+s4#cfj ,sid5ote3 ,e>?s & ,suns4 ,sid5ote3 ,comets4 ,all ! />s consi/ ( ! same elem5ts1 s9ce wat] _c subsi/ )\t e>?1 nor fire )\t wat]2 b 9 "s />s ! aque\s elem5t pr$om9ates 7planets71 9 o!rs ! igne\s 7suns74 ,f sam5ess ( appe>ance & ( effects 7accid5ts7 we may inf] sam5ess ( sub/ance4 ,x is cle> !re=e to ,bruno t moon1 planets1 />s1 are all ( precisely ! same sub/ance z ! e>?4 ,x is unnecess>y to po9t out by h[ long a p]iod ?is brilliant philosophical fai? prec$$ ! sl[] if sur] m>* ( sci5ce4 ,! great worlds ( ! univ]se are ( two k9ds--! suns1 9 :i* fire is ! pr$om9at+ elem5t1 & f :i* light is diffus$2 & ! e>?s or planets1 9 :i* wat] pr$om9ates & :i* reflects light4 ,to ! fir/ class belong ! s-call$ fix$ />s1 f :i* our sun w\ld appe> no l>g] & no bright] ?an !y appe> to u2 to ! second belong ! moon1 ,m]cury1 & o!r planets1 all 9 "o & ! same e!real space1 susp5d$ 9 free air & balanc$ by _! own weight z is our e>?4 ,9 all are seas & woods1 riv]s1 m51 cattle1 reptiles1 birds1 fi%es1 z on ! e>?1 & 9 all ! same cont9u\s *anges occur4#cfa ,no "o is 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se r ?an ano!r1 = ab\t all equally ext5ds immeasurable space ) its innum]able />s4 ,( ^! fir/ bodies "o k9d c\ld n exi/ )\t ! o!r1 = x is by ! conc\rse ( contr>ies & opposites t nature provides = movem5t1 life1 & gr[? 9 ?+s4 ,ab\t ea* ( ! sc9tillat+ />s1 or suns1 :i* we see1 !re mu/ circle planets :i* are = ! mo/ "p invisible to u1 b :i* may become visible4#cfb ,9 ! same way1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! smallness ( _! bodies1 & especially on t ( ! less int5sity ( reflect$ light 9 comp>ison ) light ( orig9al =ce1 ! planets :i* are ab\t our fix$ />1 ! sun1 w\ld n be se5 f any ( ! o!rs4 ,! discov]y 9 ! la/ half-c5tury ( :at is almo/ c]ta9ly a satellite ( ,sirius confirms 9 ?is also ,bruno's anticipation ( nature4 ,ano!r ( ^! 0 8 !ory ( comets1#cfc :i* he held to be ( ! same nature z planets1 & to move 9 simil> orbits4 ,he believ$ also t !re 7 o!r sol> planets :i* nev] appe>$ to u because _! position 9 ! heav5s preclud$ _! reflect+ any ( ! sun's rays to u3--a belief to :i* ! report$ eclipses ( ! sun by occult bodies has giv5 "s support4 ,! %ape ( ! comet1 ) its app5dages1 0 only app>5t1 ,bruno said1 & 0 due to ! angle made by ! light reflect$ f its surface4 ,9 ano!r ref]5ce1 h[ev]1 he comp>es x ) ! oblique reflection ( light f a mirror1 or f ! surface ( wat]2 x is ! wat]y matt]1 ! vap\rs :i* are drawn out by ! w>m? ( ! sun1 t give ! unusual reflection4#cfd ,?is %[s h[ ne>ly he approa*$ ! mod]n !ory4 ,9 ! true _s ( ! ,r5aissance1 h[ev]1 he appeal$ to ! au?ority ( ! anci5ts1 ( ,aes*ylus & ,hipp>*us ( ,*ios1 :o1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 reg>d$ ! comets z planets4#cfe ,! comets ( ! sixte5? c5tury1#cff s f> z obs]v$1 w5t :olly aga9/ ! receiv$ view t _! orbits mu/ lie )9 ! sph]e ( ! moon1 & prov$ t ! sub/ance ( bodies beyond t sph]e 0 ! same z ! elem5t>y sub/ance ( ! e>?1 z well z t !re 0 p5etrable space beyond4 ,bo? ( ^! to ,bruno 7 important consequ5ces4 ,/ill great]1 h[ev]1 0 _! importance = humanity1 9 remov+ ! gr\nds ( ! t]ror :i* comets & o!r heav5ly wond]s _h hi!rto inspir$4 ,!re are "s1 said ,bruno1 :o re/ _! fai? 9 a virtue above & beyond nature1 say+ t ,god1 :o is above nature1 creates ^! appe>ances 9 ! heav5s 9 ord] to signify some?+ to u3 z if ^? 7 n bett]1 nay ! v be/1 signs ( div9ity :i* arise 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature2 among :i* are ^? ( :i* we speak1 = !y also are n ap>t f ?is ord]1 al?\gh _! ord] is hidd5 f u4 ,to acc\nt = ! _m appe>ances :i* seem$ to conflict ) 8 new view ( ! univ]se1 ,bruno _h rec\rse to sev]al slight exp]im5ts & analogies ( daily obs]vation su* z a s*oolma/] might employ at ! pres5t day be=e 8 class1#cfg b by :i* ev5 a man ( ,kepl]'s intellig5ce refus$ !n to be conv9c$2 at lea/ he w\ld n op5ly pr(ess 8 conviction4 ,among o!r fruitful sugge/ions :i* ,bruno makes is t ! sun may p]haps turn on its own axis1 & aga9 t x may conta9 vap\r & e>?4#cfh ,he _h a curi\s !ory t ! heat ( ! sun is only direct$ outw>d f ! surface1 n inw>ds2 t ?is is ! g5]al c\rse ( radiation2 & t x leaves an inn] surface ( ! sun cold1 on :i* sol> animals live2 f9ally t meteors are animals expell$ f ! sun6 ,s always ! fruitful idea is accompani$ by ! absurd4 ,f ! pr9ciple ( ! id5tity ( nature x foll[s t bodies :i* are remote f u are ! same 9 k9d ) ^? t are ) u & ne> u2 no?+ may be d5i$ ( ! =m] :i* is affirm$ ( ! latt]1 & vice v]sa4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 !re=e1 ( _! simil> composition & simil> p>ts4 ,?us if "h on ! e>? we n[h]e see fire subsi/+ )\t e>?1 n[h]e e>? )\t wat] or fire1 :ile _! composites are bo? conta9$ 9 & p5etrat$ by air & void1 !n ! same is necess>ily ! case 9 ! upp] _w also2 nei!r s5se nor reason compels u to ass]t or suspect o!rwise4#cfi ,bruno has grasp$1 h[ev] confus$ly1 ! idea t ea* individual1 ea* be+ 9 ! univ]se1 is z x 7 an epitome ( ! univ]se itself2 t ea* !re=e /&s 9 a peculi> relation to x1 diff]+ f x only 9 ! proportion 9 :i* ! elem5ts are compos$ into unity4 ,x is impossible n to see 9 ?is idea ! g]m ( ! mo/ important developm5t ( ,leibniz' philosophy1 :atev] ! s\rce may h be5 ?r\gh :i* x came to ! latt]4 ,x is true t "h1 at lea/1 ,bruno's conception appe>s mu* less spiritual ?an t ( 8 successor1 inasmu* z he is ?9k+ r ( ! actual physical elem5ts :i* g to make up a body 7& 9 :i* all bodies are simil> to "o ano!r74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! =mation ( ! body is1 9 8 view1 ! "w ( ! s\l1 & x is 9 ! la/ resort ! id5tity ( ! univ]sal s\l ( nature 9 all its memb]s t br+s ea* ( ^! into correspond5ce ) all o!rs4 ,x is true1 also1 t ,bruno has no def9ite explanation ( :at con/itutes an individual1 & 8 read]s are expos$ to ! dilemma ei!r ( reg>d+ ! physical atoms z !mselves beseelt1--a view :i* ,bruno n[h]e sanctions1--or1 on ! o!r h&1 ( accept+ a dualism ( _s 7! s\l ( ! univ]se or ,god7 & matt] 7! mat]ial atoms1 moi/ure1 fire1 & e!r74 ,yet ! t5\r ( ,bruno's philosophy is :olly oppos$ to su* a dualism4 ,z a coroll>y ( ?is !ory1 ,bruno sugge/$ an explanation ( :at has be5 call$ spontane\s g5]ation1 support$1 h[ev]1 by tales ( ! cr$ul\s r ?an by actual obs]vation4 ,du/ t has be5 heat$ by ! sun1 z soon z moi/ure falls ^u x1 becomes a frog1 ! :ole sub/ance ( dung goes into worms or flies1 ! body ( a horse w turn into wasps1 ! provid5t bee rises f ! body ( an ox6#cgj ,z ea* ?+ is 9 its inn] nature id5tical ) e o!r1 s x may1 & 9 ! natural c\rse does1 become e o!r1 z we h le>n$ f ! ,italian works4 ,nev]!less1 ! outw>d appe>ances ( ?+s d n cease to be diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,t is m lat5t 9 "o subject :i* is m unfold$ 9 ! rema9d]4 ,! subject ( all is "o 7monas71 & all ?+s are 9 tru? "o1 al?\gh 9 individuals !y seem to be _m4 ,sid5ote3 ,movem5ts ( bodies2 _! s\l-pr9ciple4 ,! movem5ts ( ! e>? & ( o!r free-mov+ bodies are always attribut$ by ,bruno to an int]nal pr9ciple or s\l4 ,movem5t f )\t c\ld only take place ?r\gh direct contact1 & ! liquid air or e!r is too light to move ^! heavy bodies4#cga ,x is tak+ ?+s by ! wrong end to say t ! load/one attracts ! iron1 ! amb] ! /raw1 ! sun ! sunfl[]4 ,9 ! iron !re is a k9d ( s5se1 awak5$ by a spiritual 7i4e4 a subtly mat]ial7 virtue diffus$ f ! load/one1 444 & g5]ally ev]y?+ t desires & has intellig5ce moves t[>ds ! ?+ desir$1 conv]ts itself into x z f> z possible1 beg9n+ ) ! wi% to be 9 ! same place4 ,by ! same pr9ciple are expla9$ ! ph5om5a ( gravity1 :i* is def9$ z impulse t[>ds ! place ( pres]vation1 su* z ! e>? is to ! /one t has =m$ "p ( x2 its opposite1 levity1 is impulse away f ! contr>y or ! injuri\s4 ,gravity & levity are no?+ b ! impulse ( p>ts to _! place1 :]e !y may ei!r move or be at re/1 or to a place ?r\gh :i* x is necess>y = !m to g 79 ! circul> movem5t ( all mat]ial ?+s74 ,?us ! motions ( ! heavy & ! light are m]ely relative movem5ts2 ! same k9d ( motion does n belong always to ! same k9d ( sub/ance or elem5t4#cgb ,! movem5t ( ! />s is det]m9$ n by consid]ations ( place only1 b also by ! necessity t bodies ( "o k9d are "u ( d]iv+ su/5ance f ^? ( ano!r1--! suns f ! e>?s & ! e>?s f ! suns4 ,x is ?r\gh ! s\l t _! ne$s are felt1 & ! s\l directs _! movem5ts z does ! human s\l ^? ( ! human body4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 no fix$ limits to _! movem5ts3 !y are gov]n$ only by ! conv5i5ce ( life1 z p]ceiv$ by ! s5se & m9d1 :i* are inborn 9 ea*4 ,by ?is fanta/ic pr9ciple ,bruno expla9$ :at he ?\ght to be ! fact1 t all heav5ly bodies :atsoev] are 9 movem5t2 or p]haps we %\ld say he inf]r$ ! fact f ! pr9ciple3--:i* 0 fir/ 9 ! ord] ( 8 ?\ght x w\ld be impossible to "k4 ,l mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies he look$ ^u ! conception ( a s\l 9 all ?+s ) peculi> rev]5ce-- ,porgimus haec paucis1 vulgus procul e/o prophanum1 ,ne liceat laico sacrum consc5d]e montem4 ,! me?od by :i* ,bruno s\ght to "k ! nature ( ! s\ls ( ! worlds is "o :i* ! c\rse ( mod]n philosophy has r5d]$ famili> to u 9 o!r connections4 ,x re/s ^u ! argum5t f ! "p to ! :ole4 ,:atev] we f9d 9 a "p ( ! _w belongs1 9 a high] s5se 7sublimius71 to ! :ole1 & mu/ be attribut$ to x4 ,all ! capacities ( ea* "p are attribut$ to ! :ole--t is1 _! p]fections & activities1 n ! qualities !y possess z p>ts1 & z less ?an ! :ole 9 any respect4 ,?us ! h9drances to :i* less] individuals are expos$1 ! necessity ( tak+ 9 & giv+ out matt] z _! =ms *ange1 exi/ 9 ! great] individual 9 a m9imal degree4 ,b 9 all p>ts ( ! e>? ,bruno f\nd signs ( life1 s5sation1 & ev5 intellig5ce4 ,/ones ( diff]5t k9ds 7 univ]sally believ$ to h a k9d ( s5sibility & in/9ct3 to move ( _! own accord1 attract o!r bodies to !mselves1 act ^u our human spirits & s5ses4 ,! ph5om5a ( animal in/9ct 7 a con/ant object ( int]e/ to ,bruno1 :o saw 9 !m ! expression ( a deep] intellig5ce ?an ! m]ely human4 ,x is true ! obs]vations on :i* he built may n always h be5 exact2 b t does n detract f ! value ( 8 pr9ciple4 ,?us ! porcup9e 7i/rix7 mov$ 8 admiration because ( its c>eful /or+ up ( a /ock ( d>ts 9 its back1 ) :i* to protect its life2 x c\ld1 ) un]r+ aim1 ca/ "o at its enemy1 he>+1 x is said1 ) its sk92 & its precision f> surpass$ all t ! cunn+ ( man1 ) 8 _m in/rum5ts1 c\ld d4 ,) p]fect skill x ?rew its d>ts1 yet sp>+ly1 s t no "p ( its body 0 ev] def5celess1 ! _s direct+ all its actions f "o c5tre1 to :i*1 f e "p ( ! body1 report 0 made6 ,) h[ mu* high] reason w ! /> be end[$1 ( ! body ( :i* animals are made1 by ^: _s !y fl\ri%8 ,s ! e>? f "o c5tre directs all its actions & ^? ( its p>ts2 x nev] errs1 nei!r x nor any ( ! worlds :i* dwell 9 ! immeasurable e!r4#cgc ,bruno reject$#cgd ! popul> notion t ! behavi\r ( ants1 spid]s1 & o!r animals does n spr+ f _! prop] =esight & artifice1 b f div9e1 un]r+ intellig5ce act+ ^u !m f )\t1 giv+ !m ^? ?ru/s 7sp9te7 :i* are call$ natural in/9cts--a t]m :i* he reg>d$ z mean+less4 ,is ?is 'natural in/9ct' s5se or intellect8 ,if ! =m]1 is x int]nal or ext]nal8 ,cle>ly x is n ext]nal2 b if int]nal1 :]e is ! int]nal s5se f :i* !y c\ld h _! =esight1 _! arts & artifices1 _! precautions1 exp$itions1 to meet v>i\s conditions1 bo? pres5t & future8 ,!re mu/ be "s proximate pr9ciple1 i4e4 a =m ( intellig5ce peculi> to ea* animal1 :i* det]m9es its actions4 ,! div9e & univ]sal intellig5ce is m]ely ! pr9ciple t gives x intellig5ce1 ?r\gh :i* x und]/&s4#cge ,! action ( animals ( a giv5 k9d 7 suppos$ to be aft] "o p]fect model1 & to be undelib]ate4 ,bruno !re=e plac$ _! intellig5ce high] ?an t ( man1 ne>] ! level ( t ( ! _w-s\ls4 ,! swall[ makes its ne/1 ! ants _! cave1 ! spid]s _! web or nets1 9 "o way only1 ?an :i* !y c\ld n make !m m admirably or suitably4444 ,:o kn[s :e!r ! _s ( man is ris+ upw>ds1 t ( o!rs mov+ d[nw>ds8 ,at lea/ x is to be ref]r$ to a defect ( light & div9e =ce t m5 hesitate & delib]ate 9 all t belongs to ! means ( life1 ! modes ( wor%ip & def5ce1 = if all knew p]fectly1 all w\ld be gov]n$ 9 ! be/1 & consequ5tly 9 "o way only4 ,x is1 !n1 on ! analogy ( ^! suppos$ high]1 un]r+ faculties ( animals t ,bruno consid]s ! s\ls ( ! worlds to ?9k & act4 ,!y h p]fect fre$om1 s9ce _! life & s\l are _! own1 n borr[$1 z ours4 ,?us z we brea!1 see1 sleep1 )\t lab\r or anxiety1 & :ile our s\l p]=ms ! function ( life1 ! vital hum\rs & spirits cont9ually circulate1 s ^!1 ! *ief memb]s ( ! _w1 div9e animals1 h no ne$ to und]go any anxi\s toil1 = all ?+s ) !m are done = ! be/4 ,_! fix$ aim ( life def9es = !m c]ta9 det]m9ate orbits1 9 :i* !y move freely by ! =ce ( t s\l :i* is mu* m c]ta9ly pres5t 9 ^! high1 p]fect1 div9e bodies ?an 9 u1 ( m ignoble condition1 :o draw f !m _s & body1 come =? liv+ out ( _! bosom1 are n\ri%$ by !m1 & at l5g? are dissolv$ & receiv$ back into !m4#cgf ,x is to ! int]nal _s also t ! sph]ical =m ( ! worlds is due4 ,! s-call$ m\nta9s ( ! e>? d n 9 ! lea/ detract f its sph]ical =m4 ,bruno anticipat$ mod]n sci5ce 9 8 discov]y or intuition t ! real m\nta9s are n ^? we are accu/om$ to call su*1 b imm5se tracts ( c\ntry1--! :ole ( ,france1 = example4 ,i f9d ! :ole c\ntry ( ,france to be "o m\nta91 :i* rises gradually f ! ,nor? ,sea to ,auv]gne1 :]e is its summit1 m>k$ on ! we/ by ! ,pyr5ees1 :]e ! ,g>onne fl[s1 on ! ea/ by ! ,rhone1 on ! s\? by ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4#cgg ,! :ole e>? is1 h[ev]1 z smoo? 9 reality z is to u ! pumice /one1 :i* to ! ant seems furr[$ ) m\nta9s & valleys4 ,x is on teleological gr\nds t ,bruno acc\nts = ?is sph]icity4 ,composite ?+s are pres]v$ ?r\gh ! h>mony & union ( _! p>ts1 :ile decay arises f dissolution4 ,b su* h>mony & union are be/ secur$ by ! sph]ical =m3 t[>ds ?is =m1 !n1 e s\l aspires 9 ! m\ld+ ( its body4 ,! mo/ p]fect animals1 ! />s1 hav+ few] limitations1 h ! great] advantages2 be+ almo/ indep5d5t1 free1 self-suffici5t1 !y are mo/ closely unit$ 9 !mselves1 i4e4 t5d mo/ ne>ly to ! purely sph]ical =m4#cgh ,h[ev] p]fect !y are1 ! />s are yet ( mortal /uff4 ,y may say if y w t ! worlds *ange & decay 9 old age1 or t ! e>? seems to gr[ grey ) ye>s1 & t all ! great animals ( ! univ]se p]i% l ! small1 = !y *ange1 decay1 dissolve4 ,matt]1 we>y ( old =ms1 eag]ly snat*es aft] new1 = x desires to become all ?+s1 & to resemble1 z f> z may be1 all be+4 ,! efflux & influx ( atomic matt] into ! great bodies is cont9u\s1 & ?is is ! only k9d ( motion :i* is unceas+4#cgi ,z ! conflux ( native matt] is great]1 s ! bodies gr[ m & m1 & increase up to a c]ta9 limit1 on t\*+ :i* !y gr[ we>y & become subject to a contr>y ord]2 z ab\t ! se$ atoms are ga!r$ & add$ cont9u\sly until ! body & its limbs rea* _! maturity1 :5 ! same p>ts are ca/ out f ! c5tre1 & ! break+ up ( ! composite is pres5t$ to our eyes4 ,h5ce !re are atoms innum]able roam+ ?r\gh ! void1 :ile inf9ite *anges succe$ "o ano!r 9 bodies4 ,^? 9 "o region receive ! atoms repuls$ f ano!r3 !re is no dang] ( _! /ray+ inf9itely )\t rea*+ a goal1 = ev]y:]e are great bodies to receive :at is expell$ f o!r />s4 ,composite z ! worlds are1--capable1 !re=e1 ( dissolution & de/ruction1--yet1 z ,timaeus _h sugge/$1 ! p[] & provid5ce ( ! div9e purpose may ma9ta9 !m et]nally z !y are4 ,,*apt] ,v#chj ,,! ,,la/ ,,& ,,! ,,lea/ ,,?+s3 ,,atoms ,,& ,,s\l-,,monads ,! reaction aga9/ ,ari/otelianism _h1 z "o ( its results1 a r5asc5ce ( ! atomic !ory ( ,democritus & ,lucretius2 & "o ( ! e>lie/ adh]5ts ( ! r5ovat$ doctr9e 0 ,bruno4 ,al?\gh a complete pres5tation ( ! !ory 0 n giv5 until 8 lat] works1 ! ,de ,m9imo & ! ,articuli adv4 ,ma!maticos1 appe>$1 yet already 9 ! ,italian dialogues !re 7 frequ5t ref]5ces to x4 ,9 ! ,c5a1#cha = example1 x is said t 9 ! physical division ( a f9ite body inf9ite progress is impossible1 &1 z we %all aft]w>ds f9d1 9 ,bruno !re is no di/9ction betwe5 physical & ma!matical division4 ,aga91 9 ! ,c5a an animi/ic atomism is sugge/$1 :i* pres5ts a curi\s anticipation ( "s ( ,leibniz' *>act]i/ic views4 ,x is m ?an probable1 z all ?+s p>take ( life1 t _m or innum]able individuals live n only 9 u1 b 9 all composite ?+s2 :5 any?+ dies1 z is said1 we mu/ believe x to be n dea?1 b *ange only2 ! accid5tal composition or concord ceases1 ! ?+s t ent] into x rema9+ always immortal2 & ?is is tru] ( ^? ?+s we call spiritual ?an ( ^? we call corporeal or mat]ial4#chb ,?us e body or organism1 = all bodies are organisms to ,bruno1 is itself con/itut$ by o!r liv+ be+s1 ! atoms--liv+ atoms--be+ alike ! orig9 & ! end ( all4 ,s ,leibniz wrote3--,e liv+ body has a presid+ entele*y1 :i* is ! s\l 9 ! animal2 b ! memb]s ( ?is liv+ body are full ( o!r liv+ be+s--plants1 animals1--ea* ( :i*1 aga91 has its entele*y or presid+ s\l4#chc ,9 ! ,inf9ito ,bruno ref]s to ! cont9u\s *anges ( all composite bodies z aris+ f ! ceaseless flux ( atoms out ( & into ea* body1 ev5 ! great] animals1 ! />s & planets1 s5d+ out p>ticles1 :i* w&] ?r\gh ! univ]se f "o to ano!r4#chd ,aga91 :5 discuss+ ! f\r elem5ts1 he ascribes to wat] ! p[] ( hold+ toge!r ! atoms ( e>?1 or ! dry4 ,if f ! e>? all wat] 7 to be remov$1 s t !re rema9$ purely dry matt]1 ?is rema9d] w\ld necess>ily be an incoh]5t1 r>e1 loose sub/ance1 easy to be disp]s$ ?r\gh ! air1 9 ! =m ( innum]able discont9u\s bodies2 = :ile ! air or e!r makes a cont9uum1 t :i* makes a coh]5t cont9uum is wat] or moi/ure4#che ,^! indivisible prime bodies1 ( :i* ! worlds are orig9ally compos$1 are spok5 ( z fly+ ?r\gh\t space f _w to _w1 9 inf9ite movem5t1 ent]+ n[ into ?is1 n[ into t composition4#chf ,f9ally1 9 ! ,spaccio1 we are rem9d$ t e trifle1 h[ev] wor?less1 is ( value 9 ! ord] ( ! :ole1 ! univ]se1 = great ?+s are compos$ ( little1 little ?+s ( ! lea/1 & ^! ( ! individuals 7or indivisibles7 or m9ima4#chg ,9 its ma9 outl9es1 accord+ly1 ,bruno's atomic !ory 0 already =m$ 9 8 m9d :5 he wrote 8 e>li] philosophical works1 & ev5 "s ( 8 peculi> applications ( x _h already sugge/$ !mselves4 ,x is h>dly possible1 !re=e1 to f9d any v m>k$ developm5t 9 ?is reg>d betwe5 ! ,london & ! ,frank=t p]iods4 ,!re is elaboration & completion r ?an developm5t 9 any def9ite direction2#chh &1 z we h se51 ! writ+ ( ! l>g] works1 conta9+ ! develop$ sy/em1 0 project$ 9 ,london1 & ev5 c>ri$ out to a c]ta9 ext5t be=e ,bruno left ,engl&4#chi ,9 ! ,acrotismus1 :i* occupies a middle place betwe5 ! two p]iods1 ! doctr9e is equally 9 evid5ce1 9 ref]5ce bo? to ! atoms & to ! cont9u\s e!r 9 :i* !y move4 ,!re is a limit to ! division ( nature--an indivisible some?+2 ! division ( nature arrives at ultimate m9imal p>ts1 unapproa*able by human in/rum5ts4 ,( ^! m9imal bodies e s5sible body is compos$1 & su* a body1 resolv$ into its m9ima1 c reta9 no semblance ( complexity2 = ^! are ! fir/ bodies out ( :i* all o!rs are made1 & :i* are1 9 ! true/ s5se1 ! matt] ( all ?+s t h corporeal exi/5ce4 ,resolv$ into ^! p>ts1 /one has no look ( /one1 fle% ( fle%1 bone ( bone2 9 _! elem5ts1 bone1 /one1 & fle% d n diff]1 b only :5 =m$ out ( ^!1 comp\nd$1 compact$1 & arrang$ 9 div]se mann]s1 d fle%1 /one1 & bone & o!r ?+s become diff]5t "o f ano!r4#cij ,& ,bruno describes h[1 betwe5 ! heav5ly bodies1 !re is a sub/ance1 +5]able & incorruptible1 ! immeasurable air1 a k9d ( spiritual body--! e!r4#cia ,sid5ote3 ,object ( ,de ,m9imo4 ,sid5ote3 ,atomism a metaphysical doctr9e4 ,its full ext5sion1 h[ev]1 ! !ory receives 9 ! ,de ,m9imo1 :]e ! atom1 or corporeal unity1 is n ! sole m9imum discuss$4 ,! full title ( ! "w is3--,on ! ?reefold m9imum1 & measure1 be+ ! pr9ciples ( ! ?ree speculative sci5ces & ( _m practical arts4 ,we f9d n[h]e any di/9ct /atem5t z to :at ,bruno meant by ! ?reefold m9imum1 & ! ?ree speculative sci5ces to :i* its sev]al memb]s ref]4 ,x 0 suppos$ t ! m9ima 7 7#a7 ! monad or unity :i* is ! unit ( numb]1 7#b7 ! po9t1 :i* is ! unit ( ! l9e1 & 7#c7 ! atom1 :i* is ! unit ( body4 ,b ari?metic & geometry c h>dly be call$ speculative sci5ces1 & ,tocco has %[n t ,bruno _h 9 view ! triad ( ,god1 ! s\l & ! atom--! ?ree k9ds ( simple sub/ance1 ea* immortal & inde/ructible3--,god z ! supreme & mo/ simple unity1 ,monad ( ,monads2 s\l z t :i* lives 9 ea* composite be+ & holds 9 unity ! atoms :i* f "t to "t ent] into its composition2 & ! atom1 ! mo/ simple ( mat]ial sub/ances1 9 ! sum ( :i*1 ) _! conta9+ e!r1 ! mat]ial univ]se consi/s4 ,_h ,bruno c>ri$ out 8 subdivision ( ! speculative sci5ces1 he w\ld probably h ref]r$ ,god1 z ! sub/ance ( all reality1 to a speculative !ology1 ( ,neoplatoni/ type2 s\l z ! simple sub/ance ( animate be+s to metaphysics prop]2 & ! atoms1 ! sub/ance ( body1 to a speculative physics1 deal+ ) ! metaphysical presuppositions ( ! g5]al !ory ( nature1 :i* 0 set =? 9 ! ,de ,imm5so4 ,! s*eme1 h[ev]1 0 nev] fully c>ri$ out1#cib ! times be+ n yet ripe = ! complete sep>ation ( ! speculative & ! exp]im5tal or obs]vational sci5ces4 ,9 ref]r+ ! atomic !ory to metaphysics1 ,bruno %[$ a true in/9ct1 = :ile 9 "o s5se atomism is a sci5tific hypo!sis capable ( furni%+ laws :i* expla9 ! int]action ( bodies1--! corpuscul> !ory1--& z su* has prov$ its value by ! brilliant developm5ts ( rec5t ye>s1 on ! o!r h&1 x is also a presupposition ( k1 a gr\nd ( ! possibility ( our k ( body1 & !re=e has its place 9 speculative !ory1 or metaphysics1 9 ! wide/ s5se4 ,bo? po9ts ( view are pres5t$ 9 ,bruno's doctr9e1 b t f :i* he />ts is ! epi/emological1 foll[+ 9 ?is ! guidance ( ,ni*olas ( ,cusa4 ,sid5ote3 ,k implies ! atom4 ,sid5ote3 ,relativity ( m9imum4 ,k is measurem5t1 & all measure implies a m9imum 9 ea* k9d ( be+4 ,7 x possible to subdivide any?+ ad inf9itum1 ! half w\ld be pot5tially equal to ! :ole1 & measurem5t fru/rat$4 ,!re mu/ be a limit to division1 an ultimate "p1 :i* itself has no p>ts1 & :i* is ! sub/ance ( ! composition into :i* x ent]s1 ! composition on ! o!r h& be+ an accid5t ( ?is m9imum4 ,z x is prim>ily a condition ( measurem5t1 ! m9imum diff]s 9 ! diff]5t sph]es ( measure or k to :i* ! category ( quantity applies4 ,9 magnitudes ( "o or two dim5sions x is ! po9t1 9 bodies ! atom1 9 numb]s ! monad or unity4 ,?us numb] is accid5t ( ! monad1 monad is ! ess5ce ( numb]1 z composition is accid5t ( ! atom1 atom is ess5ce ( ! composite4 ,aga91 ! s5sible m9imum mu/ be f> great] ?an ! natural or real m9imum1 = 9 s f> z m9imum is qualifi$ by s5sible1 x is impli$ t ! m9imum is n absolutely su*1 b is a composite4 ,! m9imum ( ta/e1 t\*1 etc41 mu/ possess c]ta9 qualities1 by :i* x has relation to s5se1 & ^! c d]ive only f "s =m ( composition4 ,9 _! prim>y =m ! m9ima ( nature mu/ be )\t diff]5ce2 !re=e t "s are s5sible1 o!rs n1 mu/ be due to "s addition 9 ! =m]4#cic ,?us ea* species ( exi/5ce1 z light1 moi/ure1 vital =ce1#cid has its own m9imum1 & ! m9imum is relative 9 ?is s5se also1 t !re are diff]5t k9ds ( exi/5ce n resolvable "o into ano!r3 ! absolute m9imum w\ld be ,god1 :o is also ! absolute maximum4 ,! relative m9imum1 accord+ly1 is det]m9$ ei!r by ! ?\ght & design ( ! obs]v]1 or by ! species ( exi/5ce to :i* ! subject belongs2 nature has set limits1 bo? l[] & upp]1 )9 :i* ! individual ( any species mu/ /ay1 or cease to belong to t species4 ,accord+ly1 :at "o reg>ds z great & composite1 ano!r may take z fir/ & m9imum3 ! unit ( "o sci5ce may be analys$ 9 ano!r into fur!r elem5ts4 ,py?agoras 9 8 philosophy />t$ ) ! monad & numb]s2 ,plato ) atoms1 l9es & surfaces2 ,emp$ocles ) ! f\r elem5ts2 ! physicians ) ! f\r hum\rs1 & s on2 b ! ,py?agorean monad is prior to ! plac$ monad 7! atom71 ,plato's matt] ( bodies to ! qualifi$ bodies ( ,emp$ocles1 ! f\r simple bodies ( ,emp$ocles to ! f\r fir/ comb9ations ( ^!1 ! f\r hum\rs4 ,s to ! univ]se ! :ole sol> sy/em1 ! sun & all its planets1 may be a simple unit4#cie ,"h ,bruno sugge/s two pr9ciples = ! classification & sy/ematis+ ( ! sci5ces1 to :i* x w\ld h be5 well _h he himself & 8 successors fai?fully adh]$4 ,! "o is1 t ! modes ( measurem5t1 i4e4 ! me?ods & laws ( ! sci5ces1 mu/ diff] = ! diff]5t k9ds ( exi/5ce /udi$3 t a biological law1 = example1 _c be adopt$ z an explanation ( m5tal ph5om5a1 nor ! atomic !ory acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,on ! o!r h& !re are ord]s ( exi/5ce1 accord+ to ! complexity ( ! subjects involv$4 ,if we reg>d ! sci5ce :i* deals ) ! m concrete subject z high]1 !n ea* high] sci5ce 7e4g4 psy*ology7 mu/ take = grant$ ! pr9ciples & results ( ea* l[] sci5ce 7biology1 physics1 ma!matics71--ea* mu/ adopt & reta9 a unit = itself1 :i* x has n fur!r to analyse4 ,sid5ote3 ,! m9ima 9 ! classification ( sci5ces4 ,9 ! same way ! m9ima (f] a gr\nd = ! di/9ction ( ! m ab/ract sci5ces "o f ano!r4 ,! t]m individual nature 7atoma natura7 may1 accord+ to ,bruno1 h "o ( sev]al uses4 ,x may be appli$ ei!r negatively or privatively1 & if negatively1 !n ei!r accid5tally or sub/antially4 ,8 in/ance ( ! accid5tal use is a voice or s\nd1 :i* exp&s sph]ically1 is :olly :]ev] x is1 i4e4 ! full cont5t ( ! s\nd is he>d1 :]ev] its influ5ce ext5ds1 n a "p "h1 a "p !re1 al?\gh ! int5sity may v>y 9 degree4 ,( ! sub/antial use examples are ! _s1 :i* is :olly 9 ! :ole body ( man1 or t _s :i* is 9 ! :ole ext5t ( ! life ( ! e>?1 by ^: life we live & 9 :i* we h our be+1 or1 above ?is sub/antial nature or individual s\l1 t ( ! univ]se1 & supreme above all1 ! m9d ( m9ds1 ,god1 "o _s completely fill+ all ?+s4#cif ,! atom-nature is privatively s-call$1 :5 x is ! elem5t & sub/ance ( a magnitude :i* is ! same 9 k9d ) x1 & may be r$uc$ to x1 & x is di/+ui%$ f ! atom negatively s-call$1 because x is n divisible1 ei!r 9 g5us or 9 species1 ei!r p] se or p] accid5s4 ,examples are1 7#a7 9 discrete quantities3--unity to ! ma!matician1 ! univ]sal proposition to ! logician1 ! syllable to ! gramm>ian2 & 7#b7 9 cont9u\s quantities1 v>y+ ) ! species ( cont9uum3--! m9imal pa91 sweetness1 col\r1 light1 triangle1 circle1 /raight l9e1 curve2 9 duration1 ! in/ant2 9 place1 ! m9imal space2 9 l5g? & bread?1 ! po9t2 9 body1 ! lea/ & fir/ body4 ,sid5ote3 ,m9imum z sub/ance4 ,9 ! second place1 ! atom or m9imum is also a metaphysical ,greek3 p\ /2 n only is x ! la/ result ( analysis1 b x is also ! p]man5t sub/ance ( be+1 & aga9 x conta9s all be+ 9 itself--x is ess5ce ( be+4 ,?us su* an individual nature nev] comes into exi/5ce by way ( g5]ation1 nor passes out ( x by way ( corruption or dissolution2 only p] accid5s may we say t x n[ is1 n[ is n4#cig ,c]ta9 ( !m1 h[ev]1 ! s\ls1 deities1 ,god1 are 9 _! intr9sic nature et]nal1 immortal1 indissoluble4 ,( ^! x 0 ,bruno's int5tion to treat at l>ge 9 a ,metaphysics & a ,de ,anima :i* he purpos$ to write if ,god grant$ him "t4#cih ,un=tunately1 x 0 will$ o!rwise4 ,no?+ t becomes1 *anges1 decays1 is real 7ens74 ,x is by m$itat+ on ?is p]petual unity ( nature1 by con=m+ ourselves1 & pres]v+ ourselves 9 lik5ess to x1 t we come to p>take 9 ! life ( ! gods1 & to des]ve ! "n ( sub/ance4 ,t :i* "t1 movem5t1 fate br+ to u is n\ght2 = :ile !y are1 !y are n4 ,let u !n1 cries ,bruno1 supply ! m9d ) mat]ial1 9 ! contemplation ( ! m9imum1 ?r\gh :i* x may exalt itself to ! maximum4#cii ,s9ce ! real m9imum1 :e!r atom or s\l1 is immortal & inde/ructible1 we "k1 z ,py?agoras saw1 t !re is no dea?1 b only transition2 dea? is a dissolution :i* c occur only to ! composite1 = ! composite is nev] sub/ance1 b is always adv5titi\s4 ,o!rwise we %\ld be *ang+ our sub/ance e mom5t ) ! cont9u\s influx ( atoms into our bodies4 ,only by ! individual sub/ance ( ! s\l are we t :i* we are2 ab\t x z a c5tre1 :i* is ev]y:]e 9 its :ole be+ 7ubique totum71 ! disgregation & aggregation ( atoms takes place4 ,accord+ to a law ( ! s\l-_w1 all bodies & =ces t5d to ! sph]ical =m2 ,god1 z monad ( monads1 is ! p]fect or inf9ite sph]e1 ( :i* ! c5tre is at once n[h]e & ev]y:]e2 & 9 ,him 7z 9 all m9ima1 simple sub/ances1 monads7 all opposites co9cide1 ! _m & ! few1 f9ite & inf9ite2 !re=e t :i* is m9imum is also maximum1 or any?+ betwe5 ^!1 ea* is all ?+s1 ! greate/ & ! :ole4#djj ,!re=e1 if contemplation is to foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( nature1 x mu/ beg91 cont9ue1 & end ) ! m9imum4#dja ,9 o!r words1 ! m9imum 9 ea* sph]e ( be+ conta9s implicitly 9 itself ! :ole reality ( t sph]e4 ,! m9imum is its sub/ance1 n m]ely ! ultimate ( analysis1 b ! actual s\rce1 ! dynamic orig9 ( reality1 z ,god is implicitly ! :ole univ]se & also ! s\rce ( ! univ]se z x actually exi/s4 ,x is because ! m9imum is all reality1 is ! maximum1 t ! k ( x gives u t ( ! :ole4 ,sid5ote3 ,uniqu5ess ( all ?+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,s5se & k4 ,sid5ote3 ,relativity4 ,sid5ote3 ,judgm5t bas$ ^u s5sation4 ,9 ! ?ird place ! atomic !ory (f]s an explanation ( ! uniqu5ess ( ea* natural exi/5ce1 :i* ,bruno's philosophical !ory already assum$4 ,! ev] mov+ atoms pres5t a me*anism by :i* ! inf9ite div]sity & inf9ite succession ( *ange 9 ?+s may be br\ght ab\t4 ,! appe>ance ( simil>ity1 exactness1 etc41 is1 z we h f\nd1 an illusion4 ,ma!matically exact figures or bodies--a true circle1 = example--are unatta9able by s5se1 ev5 if !y exi/ 9 nature2 b !y d n exi/ 9 nature4 ,s5se is ! prim>y faculty1 ?r\gh :i* ! mat]ial ( all o!rs mu/ pass1 s t :at has n ent]$ ?r\gh t w9d[ ( ! s\l _c be kn[n at all4 ,b a s+le po9t out ( place on ! circumf]5ce ( a circle makes x cease to be a true circle1 & our s5se-appreh5sion is necess>ily s confus$ & indi/9ct t we _c di/+ui% betwe5 ! true & ! false1 :]e tru? dep5ds ^u s inappreciable a diff]5ce4 ,moreov] s5se-k is relative to ! kn[+ subject1 or to ! subject's position ) reg>d to ! object4 ,:at to ! eye ( "o is too l>ge is to ano!r too small2 a s\nd :i* is pleasant to "o e> is n s to ano!r2 ! food :i* to ! hungry man ta/es sweet1 to ! full man is nause\s2 ! ape to ! ape is beautiful1 b to ! man is ( laught]-inspir+ ugl9ess4 ,h5ce ! circumspect w n say ?is has a good od\r1 ta/e1 s\nd1 ?is has a beautiful appe>ance1 b w add to me1 n[1 sometimes4 ,no?+ is good or evil1 pleasant or pa9ful1 beautiful or ugly1 simply & absolutely2 b ! same objects 9 relation to individual subjects receive f ! s5ses contr>y d5om9ations1 z !y 9 fact produce contr>y effects4 ,9 decid+ :at is to be call$ good or bad1 hon\rable or base1 nature & cu/om h be5 ! *ief ag5ts1 & alt]ations h issu$ f ! sl[ rise & victory ( diff]5t op9ions4 ,among ! ,druids & ,magi c]ta9 ?+s 7 p]=m$ publicly at sacrifices :i* n[1 ev5 :5 committ$ 9 privacy1 are reg>d$ z execrable1 & are s by way ( law1 & 9 ! pres5t condition ( affairs4 ,philosophy1 z x tea*es to ab/ract f p>ticul>s1 to br+ ! nature & condition ( ?+s z f> z possible "u an absolute judgm5t1 mu/ def9e diff]5tly ! useful & good 9 an absolute s5se1 f ! useful & good z contract$ to ! human species4 ,objectively !re is no def9itely good or def9itely evil1 def9itely true or def9itely false1 s t f "o po9t ( view we may say t all ?+s are good2 f ano!r t all ?+s are evil2 f a ?ird t no?+ is good or evil1 z nei!r ( ! contr>ies is true2 f a f\r? t all ?+s are bo? good & evil1 z ea* ( ! contr>ies is true4 ,no s5se deceives or is deceiv$3 ea* judges ( its prop] object accord+ to its own measure4 ,!re is no high] tribunal to :i* to ref] its object1 nor c reason judge ( col\r any m ?an c ! e>2 s5sible tru? does n foll[ any g5]al or univ]sal rule1 b "o :i* is p>ticul>1 mutable1 & v>iable4 ,9 ! work+ ( an ext]nal s5se !re may be diff]5t degrees ( p]fection or defect1 b n ( tru? or falsity1 :i* consi/ 9 ! ref]5ce ( ! subject & pr$icate to "o ano!r4 ,! faculty by :i* we judge ?is or t to be true col\r or light1 & di/+ui% f app>5t col\r or light1 is n 9 ! eye4 ,to affirm t man is an animal1 we mu/ "k bo? man & animal1 "k t animal nature is 9 man1 & o!r ?+s :i*1 z means or circum/ances1 concur directly or indirectly 9 ?is k4 ,ext]nal s5se c appreh5d only "o species or image ( ! object2 f ! col\r & figure to pass to its "n1 its tru?1 its diff]5ce f o!r objects1 belongs to a m inw>d faculty4 ,yet ! latt] is always bas$ ^u s5se2--a deaf man c nei!r imag9e nor dream ( s\nds :i* he has nev] he>d1 nor a bl9d man ( col\rs & figures :i* he has nev] se54#djb ,?is digression on ! relativity ( k1 & on ! diff]5t functions ( s5se & reason1 9 :i* ,bruno foll[s p>tly ! tea*+ ( ,lucretius1 p>tly ! ,p]ipatetic doctr9e ( k1 %[s t ev5 if a true or p]fectly exact geometrical figure exi/$ 9 nature1 none ( ! faculties ) :i* we are end[$ c\ld appreh5d x1 s9ce x is n giv5 by ext]nal s5se4#djc ,sid5ote3 ,no exactness or simil>ity 9 composites4 ,b 9 ! second place#djd reason tells u t no true circle1 or o!r figure1 is possible 9 nature3 = !re is 9 nature no simil>ity except 9 ! atoms2 a true circle w\ld imply ! equality ( all l9es f ! c5tre1 b no two l9es 9 nature are entirely & 9 all respects equal to "o ano!r4 ,! circle or "p ( a circle :i* appe>s mo/ p]fect to u--! ra9b[--is an illusion ( ! s5ses1 due to ! reflection ( ! light ( ! sun f ! cl\ds2 s ! circles made by a /one fall+ into wat] _c be p]fect1 = ?is w\ld mean t ! /one itself is p]fectly sph]ical1 t ! wat] is ev]y:]e ( ! same d5sity1 t no w9d is play+ ^u its surface4 ,s\nd is n equally diffus$ ow+ to diff]5ces 9 ! d5sity & r>ity ( ! air1 nor is ! horizon ev] a p]fect circle1 ow+ to diff]5ces ( cle>ness 9 diff]5t directions4 ,object & faculty alike are 9 cont9u\s *ange2 all natural ?+s are cont9ually alt]+ _! =m or *ang+ _! position2 !re=e al?\gh !y seem to s5se to rema9 fix$ = a "t1 we "k t ?is is impossible1 f ! nature ( ?+s4#dje ,:atsoev] falls 9 ! scope ( s5se-p]ception1 ev5 ! di/ant sph]e & />s1 we judge to consi/ ( ! same elem5ts1 !re=e to be subject equally to p]petual v>iability & vicissitude4 ,?us--! atoms alone be+ simple1 & rema9+ ev] ! same--no composite ?+ c be ! same = "o mom5t ev51 z ea* is be+ alt]$ cont9ually 9 all p>ts & on all sides by ! efflux & influx ( innum]able atoms4#djf ,h5ce no?+ is p]fectly /raight1 no?+ p]fectly circul> among composites1 no?+ absolutely solid b ! atoms1 no?+ absolutely void b ! spaces betwe5 !m4 ,! facet ( a diamond appe>s to be a p]fect plane1 p]fectly compact1 yet 9 reality x is r\gh & por\s4#djg ,9 matt] no two l9es or figures are entirely equal1 nor c ! same figure be repeat$ twice4#djh ,no man is twice ( ! same weight1 ! v in/rum5ts by :i* we measure & weigh ?+s are !mselves 9 con/ant *ange1 & ! flux ( atoms is nev] equal1 b n[ d5s]1 n[ r>]4 ,9 g5]al no two ?+s are ( ! same weight1 l5g?1 s\nd1 or numb]1 nor are two motions or p>ts ( motion ev] ! same4 ,to say t t5 trees are equal to t5 o!rs is to speak m]ely f a logical po9t ( view1 = 9 fact ea* is "o 9 a peculi> & special s5se4#dji ,equality is only 9 ^? ?+s :i* are p]man5t & ! same2 *ang+ bodies are unequal to !mselves at any two in/ants4#daj ,no?+ v>iable or composite consi/s at two mom5ts ( "t :olly ( ! same p>ts & ! same ord] ( p>ts1 s9ce ! efflux & influx ( atoms is cont9u\s1 & !re=e n ev5 f ! prim>y integrat+ p>ts w y be able to "n a ?+ z ! same twice4#daa ,numb] itself is n an absolute1 b a relative det]m9ation3 x does n t\* ! nature ( ! ?+ itself4 ,nature has no diff]5ce ( numb]1 z we h1 ( odd & ev51 t5s & hundr$s2 nor d ! gods1 spirits1 or o!r rational be+s def9e ! numb]s & measures ( objects by ! same s]ies ( t]ms4 ,bo? numb]s & ! me?ods ( numb]+ are z div]se z are ! f+]s1 heads1 & m5tal equipm5t ( ! numb]]s4 ,t :i* fits 9 ) ! numb]s ( nature w !re=e nev] fit 9 ) our numb]s4 ,?us t5 horses & t5 m51 al?\gh det]m9$ ari?metically by "o & ! same numb]1 are 9 nature1 or physically1 :olly unequal to "o ano!r4#dab ,sid5ote3 ,! atoms4 ,sid5ote3 ,"t & space4 ,9 ord] t m5's m9ds may be bett] dispos$ = ! reception ( tru?1 x is necess>y fir/ to demoli% ! f\ndations ( error2#dac ,bruno accord+ly sets himself to disprove ! inf9ite divisibility ( ! cont9uum4#dad ,x 0 ! common belief t !re 7 no limits set to ! divid+ p[] ( ei!r nature or art1 s t1 h[ev] small a "p might be arriv$ at1 x 0 possible to divide x into yet small] p>ts1 on ! analogy ( ! division ( a fraction into t5s ( ?\s&s ( p>ts4 ,bruno d5i$ ?is analogy to be ju/ifiable1 z 9 ! latt] case we are conc]n$ n ) division b ) multiplication or addition1 n ) a cont9uum1 b ) discrete quantities1 & x 0 "p ( 8 g5]al !ory t ! addition ( discretes might be c>ri$ on ad inf9itum2 ! inv]se process he d5i$4 ,he ?us held op9ions directly contr>y to ^? ( ,ari/otle1 ) :om ! mass ( ! univ]se 0 f9ite1 limit$ by its enclos+ sph]e1 ! p>ts ( ! univ]se unlimit$4 ,ari/otle _h an upp] b n a l[] limit2 ,bruno a l[] b n an upp]4 ,s "t & space1 :i* ,ari/otle _h treat$ z f9ite 9 duration or ext5t1 b z inf9itely divisible1 l ! univ]se itself1 are reg>d$ by ,bruno z unlimit$ 9 _! dim5sions1 b z consi/+ ( discrete m9imal p>ts4 ,9 e po9t ( duration is beg9n+ )\t end1 & end )\t beg9n+2 x is ! c5tre ( two inf9ities4 ,!re=e ! :ole ( duration is "o inf9ite in/ant1 bo? beg9n+ & end1 z immeasurable space is an inf9ite m9imum or c5tre4 ,! beg9n+ & s\rce ( all errors1 bo? 9 physics & 9 ma!matics1 is ! resolution ( ! cont9u\s 9 inf9itum4 ,to u x is cle> t ! resolution bo? ( nature & ( true art1 :i* does n advance beyond nature1 desc5ds f a f9ite magnitude & numb] to ! atom1 b t !re is no limit to ! ext5sion ( ?+s ei!r 9 nature or 9 ?\ght1 except 9 reg>d to ! =m ( p>ticul> species4 ,ev]y:]e & always we f9d ! m9imum1 ! maximum n[h]e & nev]4 ,! maximum & m9imum1 h[ev]1 may 9 "o s5se co9cide1 s t we "k ! maximum to be ev]y:]e1 s9ce f :at has be5 said x is evid5t t ! maximum consi/s 9 ! m9imum & ! m9imum 9 ! maximum1 z 9 ! _m is ! "o1 9 ! "o ! _m4 ,yet reason & nature may m readily sep>ate ! m9imum f ! maximum ?an ! maximum f ! m9imum4 ,!re=e ! immeasurable univ]se is no?+ b c5tre ev]y:]e2 et]nity no?+ b a mom5t always2 immeasurable body an atom2 immeasurable plane a po9t2 immeasurable space ! receptacle ( a po9t or atom4#dae ,! *ief s\rce ( error on ! "p ( ! ,p]ipatetics 0 _! failure to di/+ui% betwe5 ! m9imum z a "p1 & ! m9imum a t]m9us or limit4 ,h5ce _! idea t no comb9ation ( physical m9ima w\ld give a magnitude1 s9ce two or m w\ld t\* "o ano!r ) _! :ole surface1 i4e4 w\ld co9cide3--o!rwise ! m9imum w\ld h p>ts1 a "p ( ea* t\*+ ! o!r1 & a "p n t\*+4 ,on _! !ory x w\ld foll[ t magnitudes d n consi/ ( p>ts1 or at lea/ n ( elem5t>y p>ts4 ,?is is inconsi/5t ) nature1 = exi/+ magnitudes mu/ h be5 built up out ( nature's elem5ts1 & ) art1 = art c measure only on ! assumption ( fir/ p>ts4 ,x is true t :at is posit$ z fir/ "p 9 "o op]ation may be ! la/ result 9 ano!r1 = ! m9imum1 z we h se51 is a relative conception1 b "s fir/ "p is always assum$ 9 any op]ation4 ,& z ! op]ation ( art is n inf9ite1 s nei!r is !re inf9ite subord9ation ( p>ts4#daf ,:5 two m9ima t\* "o ano!r1 !y d n d s ) _! :ole body1 or any "p ( x1 b "o ) its t]m9us or limit may t\* sev]al o!rs2 no body t\*es ano!r ) ! :ole ( itself or a "p1 b ) ei!r ! :ole or ! "p ( its limit+ surface4 ,! t]m9us ( a ?+ is !re=e no "p ( x1 & by implication n a m9imal "p4 ,h5ce !re are two k9ds ( m9ima conc]n$--t ( ! t\*+ body1 or "p1 & ! m9imum ( t by :i* ! contact is effect$1 ! t]m9us4#dag ,! atom1 :i* is ! m9imal sph]e1 t\*es 9 ! absolutely m9imal po9t1 ! smalle/ t]m9us4 ,o!r sph]es d n t\* 9 a po9t simply1 b 9 m ?an "o1 or 9 a plane circle4#dah ,by add+ limit to limit we nev] obta9 a magnitude2 ! t]m9us is no "p1 & !re=e if 9 contact x w\ld t\* ) its :ole self1 s t magnitude is n made up ( t]m9i1 :e!r po9ts1 atoms1 l9es1 or surfaces :i* are t]m9i2 & ?is 0 ! false gr\nd on :i* ! ,ari/otelians d5i$ ! possibility ( ! atom4 ,x rema9$ to ask if ! t]m9i 7 inf9ite1 s9ce ! atoms 7 n2 b x 0 cle> t _! numb] 0 det]m9$ by t ( ! atoms4 ,= two limits d n t\* "o ano!r3--,!y d n coh]e or make a quantum1 b ?r\gh !m o!rs 9 contact ) "o ano!r make a contiguum or cont9uum4#dai ,x may be add$ t if ! p>ts ( a divisible body 7 inf9ite 9 numb]1 ! p>ts ( ! :ole w\ld be equall$ by ! p>ts ( ! half1 = 9 ! inf9ite !re c be no great] & less4 ,9 ! inf9ite1 z we h se5 above1 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 palms1 digits1 miles1 betwe5 units & ?\s&s1 nor 9 ! inf9ite "t t has elaps$ are !re m mon?s ?an ye>s1 m ye>s ?an c5turies4 ,if any "o set ( ^! 7 less ?an ! o!rs x w\ld be f9ite1 & if "o f9ite numb] may be appli$ to ! :ole1 !n ! :ole is f9ite4#dbj ,! =ce ( ! ,a*illes dilemma 0 d]iv$ f ! false idea t ! m9imum ( "o k9d _h "s relation to t ( ano!r k9d1 e4g4 t ( "t to t ( motion1 t ( impulsive =ce to t ( ! motion produc$4 ,a ?+ ( "o k9d does n def9e or measure a ?+ ( ano!r1 & ! duration ( "o does n comp>e 9 ! same s5se ) ! duration ( ano!r4 ,p>ts ( diff]5t ?+s are only equivocally call$ p>ts1 & m9ima are m9ima only accord+ to _! prop] 7& div]se7 def9itions2 !re=e "o is n measur$ by ano!r1 except 9 a r\gh way1 = practical purposes4#dba ,sid5ote3 ,! vacuum4 ,atoms sph]ical4 ,z ! atoms come into contact ) "o ano!r1 n 9 all po9ts ( _! surface1 b 9 a def9ite numb]1 x foll[s t !re is a space betwe5 !m1 9 ! int]/ices2 x 0 ?is ?\ght :i* l$ ,democritus to posit a vacuum4#dbb ,! figure ( ! corporeal m9imum mu/ be sph]ical1 = any mass :i* has projections c always be ?\ght ( z small]1 :5 ^! projections h be5 remov$2 & nature itself sugge/s ?is1 by ! gradual r\nd+ (f ( sub/ances ?r\gh "t1 & ! app>5t r\ndness & smoo?ness ( r\gh & jagg$ bodies :5 ! obs]v] is at a di/ance4#dbc ,div]sity ( =ms ( composite bodies results easily f sph]ical atoms1 ?r\gh diff]5ces 9 situation & ord]1 diff]+ am\nts ( vacuum & solid2 b a simple vacuum ) solid bodies is n suffici5t1--!re mu/ be a c]ta9 matt] ?r\gh :i* ! latt] coh]e toge!r4#dbd ,al?\gh all o!r det]m9ations may be ab/ract$ f1 figure at lea/ mu/ be pr$icat$ ( ! atoms2 quantity _c be ass]t$ ( t :i* is ?\ght to be unfigur$4 ,^! det]m9ations ( ! m9imum1 ?\gh n giv5 to s5se1 may nev]!less be made object ( ?\ght1 by analogy or inf]5ce f ! comb9ations ( s5sible m9ima 9 l>g] composites1 ! same =ms ( aggregation be+ repeat$ 9 ! high] :i* occur 9 ! l[] =ms4#dbe ,f ! consid]ation ( ma!matical figures z consi/+ ( m9ima1 ,bruno attempt$ bo? to remodel & to simplify ! exi/+ ma!matical !ory1 &1 un=tunately fell f\l ( ! new analytical ma!matics1 ! !ory ( rationals & ( approximations1 :i* at t "t 0 receiv+ m>k$ ext5sions1 & :i* has s9ce ju/ifi$ itself s completely by results4 ,x is true he did n entirely reject x1 b he reg>d$ x z m]ely an artifice = r\gh practical measurem5ts4 ,! true measure is always ! m9imum1 inf]r$ by analogy f ! comb9ations ( great] p>ts1 :i* are p]ceiv$ by s5se4 ,?us ! m9imal circle1 aft] ! atom itself1 consi/s ( sev5 m9ima1 ! m9imal triangle ( ?ree1 & ! m9imal squ>e ( f\r1 & z ea* figure increases n by ! addition ( "o atom m]ely1 b by a numb] det]m9$ by ! orig9al numb] ( atoms 9 ! figure1 x foll[s t no "o figure is ev] equal to ano!r4 ,?us ! second triangle is ( six m9ima1 ! second squ>e ( n9e1 ! second circle ( n9ete54 ,! squ>+ ( ! circle is !re=e impossible1#dbf al?\gh x may be approximately rea*$ ?r\gh ! ultimate co9cid5ce ( arc & *ord1 by :i* ! circle becomes equal to a polygon ) an inf9ite numb] ( sides4#dbg ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only an approximation ( s5se1 :i* fails to obs]ve ! inf9itesimal diff]5ces t are caus$ by ! exi/5ce ( a few atoms1 m or less1 9 a figure4 ,!y are visible to ! eye ( reason1 :i* compreh5ds t no two figures 9 nature are ev] exactly equal4 ,9 exact geometry ! numb] ( "o species ( figure has no?+ 9 common ) t ( ano!r4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t ev5 on 8 own gr\nd ,bruno 0 9 error 9 ?is reg>d2 = example1 ! sev5? triangle & ! fif? squ>e are ea* compos$ ( ?irty-six m9ima4#dbh ,b x is h>dly necess>y to take s]i\sly 8 tea*+ 9 ?is respect4 ,he 0 :olly gov]n$ by ! belief 9 ! inf9ite div]sity ( nature1 & ! absolute incomm5surability ( any memb] ( "o species ( be+s ) "o ( a diff]5t species4 ,s9ce a def9ite m9imum exi/s1 x is n possible ei!r 9 reality or 9 ?\ght = a squ>e to be equall$ by a circle1 nor ev5 a squ>e by a p5tagon1 a triangle by a squ>e1 nor 9 f9e any species ( figure by a figure ( ano!r species2 = diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( sides implies also diff]5ce 9 ! ord] & numb] ( p>ts4 ,z figures 9 ?is respect are z numb]s1 & "o species ( numb] _c be equall$ by ano!r ei!r '=mally' or fundam5tally 7i4e4 ei!r 9 idea or 9 fact71 we c nev] make an equilat]al figure ( any k9d equal to "o ( ano!r by fir/ p>ts4#dbi ,:]e ?is trans=mation is app>5tly c>ri$ out1 z :]e a cube ( wax is m\ld$ to ano!r figure1 ! result is due to ! v>y+ degrees ( d5sity 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! mat]ial2 no solid p>ts are add$ or subtract$1 b ! disposition & ext5t ( ! pores or vacua are alt]$4 ,b no argum5t c be drawn f ?is r\gh me?od1 = ! pr9ciples ( practice are diff]5t f ^? ( sci5ce4#dcj ,! latt] pr9ciples are !n appli$ boldly to geometrical sci5ce3 ?us x is %[n t an angle1 al?\gh x may be multipli$ indef9itely1 c be divid$ only into two p>ts2 all its l9es1 x is und]/ood1 consi/+ ( fila or r[s ( atoms2#dca t ! circle has n an inf9ite numb] ( radii1 = f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5tre only six su* l9es c be drawn2#dcb t n e l9e c be divid$ into two equal p>ts1 = ! physical l9e or filum may1 naturally1 consi/ ( an odd numb] ( atoms2#dcc 9 any case geometrical bisection c at be/ be a ne> approximation1--?\gh ! two halves be app>5tly equal1 !y may really diff] by _m atoms4 ,on ?is basis1 9 ! f\r? & fif? books ( ! ,de ,m9imo1 ,bruno (f]s a simplification ( ! geometry ( ,euclid4 ,z nature itself is ! highe/ unification ( ! manifold1 & ! monad is ! unity & ess5ce ( all numb]1 s we are taught to pass f ! inf9ite =ms & images ( art to ! def9ite =ms ( nature1 :i* ! m9d 9 h>mony ) nature grasps 9 a few =ms1 :ile ! fir/ m9d has at once ! pot5tiality & ! reality ( all p>ticul> ?+s 9 ! 7simple7 monad4#dcd ,9 accordance ) ! me?od ( simplification sugge/$ by ?is doctr9e1 ,bruno sets himself to %[ t ! great] "p ( ,euclid may be intuitively pres5t$ 9 ?ree complicat$ figures1 nam$ respectively ! ,atrium ,appoll9is1 ,atrium ,palladis1 & ,atrium ,v5]is4 ,he hop$ t by ?is means1 if n always1 = ! mo/ "p at any rate1 )\t fur!r explanation1 ! demon/ration & ! v evid5ce ( ! ?+ might be pres5t$ to ! s5ses ( all1 )\t numb]s1--n aft] ! p>tial me?od ( o!rs1 :o 9 consid]+ a /atue take n[ ! foot1 n[ ! eyes1 n[ ! =ehead1 n[ o!r p>ts sep>ately1--b expla9+ all 9 ea* & ea* 9 all4#dce ,x is no "p ( ! purpose ( ?is book to g at l5g? into ! ma!matics ( ,bruno1 :i* un=tunately h n yet met ) a compet5t exposition4 ,ap>t f ! difficulty ( ! matt] itself1 ! poetical =m & sett+ ( 8 !orems is an additional /umbl+-block 9 ! way ( und]/&+4 ,bruno 0 put to _m %ifts 9 ord] to give a poetical col\r+ to ! mo/ prosaic ( subjects4 ,we h gone ?us fully into ! detail ( ,bruno's atomic !ory1 m s p]haps ?an its intr9sic value seems to dem&1 because ?is aspect ( 8 doctr9e is ! mo/ important philosophically1 & has ex]cis$ ! greate/ influ5ce ^u ! c\rse ( speculation4 ,x also provides mo/ cle>ly an exemplification ( ! return :i* 0 made1 or ?\ght to be made1 by ! ,r5aissance to ! old] pre-,ari/otelian philosophy & sci5ce4 ,! rejection by ,ari/otle & 8 s*ola/ic foll[]s ( ! atomic !ory ( ,leucippus & ,democritus _h be5 bas$ ^u ! id5tification ( space & body4 ,! possibility ( a vacuum 9 ! corporeal _w 0 d5i$1 on ! gr\nd t discret5ess 0 inconsi/5t ) ! cont9uity :i* 0 felt to be a necess>y condition ( space4 ,accord+ly1 ! re9troduction ( ! atom 0 possible only 9 "o ( two ways--ei!r by ! di/9ction betwe5 body & space1 or by ! application ( ! atomic con/itution ( body to space itself4 ,! =m] & tru] solution 0 n op5 to ,bruno4 ,8 "t 0 /ill too mu* "u ! dom9ation ( ,p]ipatetic ?\ght = him to be able to take ! important /ep ( critically sep>at+ ^! two notions4 ,! latt] way1 !re=e1 0 t :i* he foll[$4 ,h5ce ! curi\s attempt to remodel ma!matical !ory on ! basis ( ! atom1 :i* we h describ$ above1 & ! r$uction ( ma!matical c]ta9ty to an illusion ( s5se4 ,figure is to be f\nd only 9 ! comb9ations ( atoms2 & ow+ to ! sph]ical =m ( ! atom1 ! inf9ite numb] ( !m exi/+ 9 any body :i* is pres5t$ to s5se1 & ! space :i* lies betwe5 _! surfaces1 ma!matical equality & exactness are impossible4 ,nei!r /raight l9e1 !re=e1 nor p]fect circle are to be f\nd 9 reality4 ,ma!matics1 :i* %\ld be bas$ ^u1 or :i* presupposes1 cont9uity1 is conf\nd$ ) physics1 :i* presupposes ! analysis ( body into discrete1 imp5etrable atoms4 ,physical atomism f9ds its ju/ification 9 ! exp]i5c$ fact ( resi/ance1 :i* is ! prim>y quality ( body z p]ceiv$ by our s5ses4 ,9 ma!matical space1 on ! o!r h&1 we ab/ract f all qualities except t ( dim5sion only4 ,resi/ance w\ld be inexplicable 7 x possible to proce$ ad inf9itum 9 divid+ matt]2 x implies an ultimate irr$ucible & inde/ructible unit1 :e!r we reg>d ?is unit z a c5tre ( =ce or z an in]t sub/ance m]ely4 ,! same influ5ce ( ,ari/otelian ?\ght l$ ,bruno to posit a subtle matt]1 ! ,e!r1 z fill+ up ! int]/ices betwe5 ! atoms4 ,space & body hav+ be5 id5tifi$1 x 0 se5 t a vacuum 0 inconsi/5t ) ! nature ( ?+s4 ,! ,ari/otelian pl5um 0 re9troduc$ 9 ?is =m1 t !re might be "s reality :]e ! discrete atoms 7 n4 ,! bold] /ep ( ass]t+ ! fact1 & inde$1 ! necessity ( a vacuum z a presupposition ( k ( ! mat]ial _w1 0 n tak5 until !re appe>$ ! "w ( ,gass5di1 by :om ! f9al bl[ 0 giv5 to ! old conception ( body & space1 & ?r\gh :om ! critical sep>ation ( ! "o f ! o!r 0 fir/ r5d]$ possible4 ,x is curi\s t ,bruno did n ?9k ( apply+ to ! cont9u\s e!r any geometrical measure2 _h he done s1 he w\ld h und]/ood ! value ( ! new !ory ( inf9itesimals & irrationals :i* he oppos$ s /rongly4 ,aga91 _h he c>ri$ out m fully ! di/9ction :i* he draws betwe5 ! atom & ! t]m9us or limit1 ! same result w\ld h foll[$4 ,pure geometry is ! geometry ( ! limit2 = ! limit is n only betwe5 atom & atom1 or body & body1 b also betwe5 atom & vacuum or e!r4 ,9 ?is s5se x is bo? cont9u\s & figur$1 ! compatibility ( :i* qualities ,bruno _h d5i$2 ! cont9u\s is measur$1 n by mak+ x discrete1 b by mak+ ! numb]1 ! measure1 fluid or cont9u\s4 ,sid5ote3 ,metaphysical atomism4 ,lasswitz has %[n t !re are 9 ,bruno's !ory ?ree di/9ct aspects1 n1 h[ev]1 cle>ly sep>at$ "o f ano!r1 ( ! atomic hypo!sis3 !y may be nam$ sev]ally ! metaphysical1 ! physical1 & ! critical aspects4 ,f ! metaphysical po9t ( view ! atom is ! ultimately simple1 indet]m9ate sub/ance ( ?+s2 its conception results f ! ef=t to f9d ! real sub/ance :i* is outside (1 & unaffect$ by1 ! *ange & decay app>5t on ! surface ( ?+s1 b felt to be unreal4 ,simplicity1 unity1 sub/ance1 is t :i* is s\ght1 an abid+ some:at und]ly+ ! flux ( ! univ]se1 :i* is reg>d$ z an illusory appe>ance to s5se4 ,f ?is aspect x is t ! id5tity ( m9imum & maximum1 ( ! lea/ ) ! greate/1 is to be expla9$4 ,numb]1 plurality1 & div]sity no long] apply to ! absolutely simple3 all are det]m9ations ( human & f9ite orig9 :i* are "h no long] valid4 ,9 ! simple all contr>ies co9cide1 = ! v reason t x has no det]m9ations 9 itself2 ev5 ! highe/ qualities :i* m5 w\ld attribute to ,god1 = example1--ju/ice & goodness1--are improp]ly pr$icat$ ( him1 = z 9 him ! greate/ & ! lea/ co9cide1 s d goodness & evil & all o!r contr>y qualities4 ,9 ?is respect ,bruno 0 foll[+ closely 9 ! foot/eps ( ,nicolaus ( ,cusa4 ,sid5ote3 ,physical ,atomism4 ,sid5ote3 ,critical ,atomism4 ,f ! second po9t ( view1 t ( physical atomism1 ! atom is no?+ m ?an a hypo!sis to expla9 ! con/itution & qualities ( nature z we exp]i5ce x4 ,we seek to acc\nt = ! diff]5ces 9 mat]ial bodies & 9 _! ways ( act+ ^u "o ano!r by ! int]action ( ultimate elem5ts ( :i* ! nature & laws may be v>i\sly int]pret$4 ,( ?is po9t ( view also !re are traces 9 ,bruno1 al?\gh = x he _h lea/ reg>d4 ,he does n attempt1 = example1 to apply ! !ory ( ! atoms to expla9 ! f\r elem5ts :i* _h come d[n f ,ari/otle4 ,he leaves !m practically intact1 & we h se5 t !y =m a /&+ difficulty 9 ! way ( a consi/5t !ory4 ,! e>? alone is atomic 9 its nature2 wat]1 air1 & fire seem alike fluid & cont9u\s 9 quality1 b :]e9 _! diff]5ce f "o ano!r consi/s he 0 unable1 or did n c>e1 to make cle>4 ,p]haps1 if we take 8 view at its be/1 we %\ld say t all ?ree repres5t /rata1 v>y+ 9 d5sity1 ( ! "o fluid & all-p]vad+ e!r4 ,_h he work$ out ?is conception1 :i* 0 evid5tly pres5t1 on occasions1 to 8 m9d1 he w\ld h giv5 an example ( :at is meant by physical atomism4 ,b ?is 0 left = ano!r c5tury to fulfil4 ,f ! ?ird or critical po9t ( view1 :i* inquires into ! presuppositions or ! possibility ( k1 ,bruno may be reg>d$ z be+1 to "s ext5t1 a =]unn] ( ,kant1 9 ! /ress he lays ^u ! relation ( ! m9imum to measure or k1 & 9 8 doctr9e ( ! relativity ( ! conception ( ! m9imum4 ,! m9imum1 in/ead ( a la/ ( division1 becomes a fir/ ( composition--a gr\nd :i* we mu/ necess>ily assume 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! exp]i5c$ fact ( composition4 ,to "k a composite is to measure x1 & measurem5t implies ! m9imum or fir/ "p1 )\t :i* quantity 9 any =m _c be expla9$4 ,z ! comp>ison ( numb]s ) "o ano!r1 _! det]m9ation z great] or less1 is only possible on ! assumption ( a unit1 a common measure to :i* ea* may be ref]r$1 s ! comp>ison ( bodies ) "o ano!r1 z to quantity & quality alike1 dem&s a corporeal m9imum1 to :i* _! diff]5ces mu/ be r$uc$4 ,?is relation to k c>ries ) x ! relativity ( ! m9imum accord+ to ! subject-matt] ) :i* ! kn[] is = ! "t be+ conc]n$4 ,if all k is ( ! same type1 !n 9 ea* application ( x--ea* subdivision ( k z a :ole--!re is presuppos$ ! correspond+ m9imum4 ,t :i* is lea/ 9 "o sph]e may be greate/ 9 ano!r2 t :i* is elem5t ( "o sci5ce may be t :i* ano!r seeks to analyse into less] con/itu5ts4 ,! cele/ial body1 :i* is a highly complex comb9ation ( elem5ts1 may be ! unit ( a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,! phrase1 :i* is ! unit ( ! rhetorician1 is analys$ by ! logician & ! gramm>ian into t]ms & words2 ^! are analys$ by ano!r sci5ce into syllables & lett]s2 ^! by ! ma!matician into l9es & po9ts4 ,?us e sci5ce has its own 7relative7 m9imum4 ,only "o m9imum is absolutely s nam$1--,god z ! monad ( monads4 ,x is to be not$ t ! relativity ( ! monad is dep5d5t ^u ! orig9 ( its conception1 9 ! conditions ( k2 x is because quantity is univ]sal t a m9imum is necess>y1 & x is because quantity diff]s 9 k9d1 9 ea* subject ( k1--because x is1 9 s*ola/ic phrase1 equivocally appli$ 9 ! diff]5t cases1--t ! m9ima diff] f "o ano!r4 ,! m9imal numb] is no measure ( ! m9imal body nor ( ! geometrical figure1 & ! numb]s :i* are 9 use among m5 are n ^? :i* may be employ$ by o!r & high] rational be+s4 ,?us1 ev5 numb] itself is a relative det]m9ation2 t5 horses1 said ,bruno1 are n really equal to t5 m51 b only conv5tionally4 ,! anci5t atomism ^u :i* ,bruno f\nd$ 8 !ory 01 at any rate 9 its traditional r5d]+1 frankly mat]iali/ic4 ,x admitt$ no?+ b atoms & ! void1 all ?+s else be+ dep5d5t ^u ! composition ( atoms1 :i* itself1 & all t results f x1 is m]ely an appe>ance to s5se1 )\t correspond+ reality 9 nature4 ,all physical op]ations 7 expla9$ by me*anical arrangem5t & movem5t ( ! atoms4 ,! me?od :i* 0 pursu$ ?us unsci5tifically1 )\t consci\sness ( ! ext5t ( its validity1 mod]n atomic !ory has foll[$ sci5tifically1 ) full compreh5sion ( its be>+s1 & p]haps )\t due consid]ation ( its limits4 ,bruno tells u t he _h at "o "t be5 an adh]5t ( ,democritus' atomic !ory1 b on reflection _h be5 unable to re/ satisfi$ ) 8 mat]iali/ic acc\nt ( ! nature ( ?+s4 ,9 ?is case also he %[$ himself unable to get rid ( ! ties :i* b\nd all ! ?\ght ( 8 "t--ev5 t ?\ght :i* mo/ believ$ itself to be free4 ,ari/otle's di/9ction ( =m & matt] 9 nature1 ( pure activity & pure passivity1 _h /ill suffici5t influ5ce to r5d] ev5 9 ,bruno's "t a purely me*anical treatm5t ( nature an impossibility4 ,! oppos+ s*ool1 ! ,neo-,platonism :i* attract$ s _m m9ds ( t p]iod1 because ( its suppos$ inconsi/5cy ) ,ari/otle's sy/em1 0 itself an (f%oot1 to "s ext5t1 ( t sy/em1 & 0 /ill less sci5tific 9 its t5d5cy4 ,my/icism1 ( :i* x 0 p>tly a cause & p>tly an effect1 l5t its weight also aga9/ any me*anical int]pretation ( nature4 ,?us ev5 :ile app>5tly gov]n$ by sci5tific aspiration1 ,bruno gives a teleological s*eme ( ! univ]se :i* r5d]s any sci5tific explanation ( x impossible4 ,n only1 z we h se51 is ! e!r id5tifi$ ) ! fir/ sub/ance1 _s1 or s\l ( ! univ]se1 b also ! great] & less] organic bodies are gov]n$ ea* by its individual s\l1 :i* is someh[ di/+ui%$ f ! univ]sal _s1 & )9 ea* ( ^! is an inf9ite numb] ( small] liv+ bodies4 ,9 o!r words1 ! atoms !mselves are animat$ virtually1 if n actually4 ,?is animi/ic int]pretation is 9 direct conflict ) ! me*anical int]pretation :i* sci5ce has foll[$1 & :i* x mu/ cont9ue to foll[ if x is to produce any result4 ,?us1 motion & ! *anges ( composition t d]ive f motion are expla9$ n by ! me*anical impact ( atoms & bodies ^u "o ano!r1 b by ! action ( ! intr9sic s\l 9 ea* be+1 :i* causes ! motion ( ! body1 9 accordance ) its ne$ & desire ( self-pres]vation4 ,all motion1 ev5 ! slighte/1 is ?us expla9$ by a f9al cause4 ,9 ! :ole univ]se also1 ! con/antly occurr+ *anges & trans=mations are due to a simil> f9al cause--! ne$ = ea* ?+ to become explicitly t :i* x already is implicitly1 i4e4 ! :ole ( reality4 ,x requir$ once m a critical sep>ation ( ! sph]es ( validity ( ! respective conceptions ( nature & _s1 su* z ,kant attempt$1 be=e full scope c\ld be giv5 to me*anical int]pretation on ! "o side1 & teleology re/rict$ to ! doma9 ( _s only on ! o!r4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,practical ,,philosophy ,,( ,,bruno ,! di/9ctively e?ical tea*+ ( ,bruno is conta9$ 9 ! two dialogues--! ,spaccio della ,be/ia ,trionfante1 & ! ,h]oici ,furori4 ,! latt] describes ! /ruggles & aspirations ( ! h]oic or g5]\s human s\l 9 its pursuit ( ! inf9itely beautiful & good--its ef=ts t[>ds union ) ! div9e s\rce ( all ?+s4 ,to ?is m con/ructive "w1 9 :i* moral philosophy 0 to be treat$ accord+ to ! inw>d light ) :i* ! div9e sun ( intellig5ce _h irradiat$ ! s\l ( ! writ]1 ! ,spaccio 0 to =m an introduction4 ,x seem$ well to beg9 ) a k9d ( prelude1 aft] ! mann] ( musicians2 to draw "s dim & confus$ l9es1 z pa9t]s d2 to lay deep bases & d>k f\ndations1 z d ! great build]s2 & ?is end seem$ be/ a*iev$ by putt+ d[n 9 numb] & 9 ord] all ! prim>y =ms ( morality :i* are ! capital virtues & vices4#dcf ,! ,spaccio1 ) its %ort] app5dage1 ! ,cabala del ,cavallo ,pegaseo1 conta9$ a bitt] attack ^u ! preval5t =ms ( ,*ri/ian religion2 x especially attack$ ! doctr9e ( ! all-suffici5cy ( fai?1 :i*1 int]pret$ z x !n 01 might /& z ! =mula ( m$iaeval corruption & /agnation2 & x 0 ^u ?is dialogue1 almo/ solely1 t ! reputation ,bruno long enjoy$--t ( be+ an a!i/--0 bas$4 ,x is !re=e well to rememb] ! introductory nature ( ! "w4 ,_h n a!ism be5 frequ5tly synonym\s ) unor?odoxy1 ! ,h]oic ,en?usiasms w\ld h %[n on h[ %all[ a f\ndation ! *>ge re/$1 = t dialogue brea!s ! pure/ religi\s emotion & aspiration4 ,bruno _h1 h[ev]1 a premonition ( ! fate t 0 to befall 8 memory4 ,he prote/$1 p]haps ) a t\* ( s>casm1 t no?+ 9 8 "w 0 said ass]tively1--t he _h no wi% ei!r directly or indirectly to /rike at ! tru?1 to s5d a %aft aga9/ any?+ t 0 hon\rable1 useful1 natural1 &1 consequ5tly1 div9e4#dcg ,8 own religion 0 t :i* _h its beg9n+1 its gr[?1 & its cont9uance 9 ! rais+ ( ! dead1 mak+ :ole ! sick1 & giv+ ( "o's goods2 & n t 9 ! _s ( :i* ! goods ( o!rs 7 seiz$1 ! :ole maim$1 & ! liv+ put to dea?4#dch ,! conclusions ( ! ,spaccio 7 n !re=e to be reg>d$ z pres5t+ a f9i%$ sy/em1 b z m]e sugge/ions1 to be te/$ :5 ! music %\ld be giv5 9 conc]t1 ! picture f9i%$1 ! ro( put on ! build+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is cle> also t 9 ! ,spaccio ,bruno int5d$ to pres5t a popul> moral philosophy1 or to po9t out ! degree ( virtue :i* might be atta9$ )\t ! influ5ce ( ! div9e afflatus describ$ 9 ! ,en?usiasms4 ,z 9 ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle be=e ,bruno1 & 9 t ( ,sp9oza aft] him1 ! p]fection ( ?is cu/om>y morality =m$ at ! same "t ! ante-*amb] ?r\gh :i* alone entrance 0 to be ga9$ into ! inn] *amb] ( div9e love4 ,?is is ! real mean+ t und]lies ! biz>re & at times extravagant hum\r ( ! dialogue3 x po9ts out ! purification to :i* ! human s\l mu/ submit be=e x c become a fitt+ vessel = ! div9e en?usiasm4 ,sid5ote3 ,fai? & works4 ,be=e a pur] morality c be taught to any avail1 !re mu/ exi/ a desire = x 9 ! m9ds ( ^? to :om x %all be reveal$4 ,9 ! way ( ,bruno's propos$ re=mation !re /ood ! attitude ( ! ,*ur* & ( ! religi\s ord]s t[>ds fai? & t[>ds works respectively4 ,fai? meant m]ely pr(ess$ belief 91 or acceptance (1 _! doctr9es1 & con=mity ) _! practices--bl9d acceptance & unreason+ con=mity--9 contra/ ) :i* an e>?ly life t 0 simply moral 0 held to be ( no value t[>ds ! bless$ life h]eaft]4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ?is _s ! wor/ vices 7 practis$1 condon$1 & p>don$1 ev5 9 ,bi%ops & ,c>d9als1 n to speak ( ! ord9>y prie/s & monks4 ,x is only z embody+ ?is conception t ,bruno attack$ ! ,*ur*4 ,?us ,jupit]1 9 ! ,spaccio1 compla9s t 8 p[]s are decay+3--,i h n vig\r en\gh to pit myself aga9/ c]ta9 half-m51 & ,i mu/1 to my great *agr91 leave ! _w to run its c\rse z *ance & =tune direct4 ,i am l ! old lion ( sop--! ass kick$ x ) impunity1 ! ape play$ tricks ^u x1 ! pig came & rubb$ its du/y paun* ^u x1 z if x 7 "s lifeless log4 ,my noble oracles1 fanes1 & alt>s are ?r[n d[n1 & mo/ unwor?ily desecrat$2 :ile alt>s & /atues are rais$ !re to "s :om ,i am a%am$ to "n1 = !y are worse ?an our satyrs1 fauns1 & o!r half-bea/s1 vil] ?an ! crocodiles ( ,egypt2 = ^! at lea/ %[$ "s m>k ( div9ity :5 magically guid$1 b ^? are q ! scum ( ! e>?4#dci ,bruno is ironically contra/+ ! ,*ri/ian ideal1 z he int]prets x1 ) t ( ! ,greeks & ,egyptians4 ,! =m] is t ( a be+ only half-human1 half-free2 on "o side ( 8 nature he is r$uc$ to ! level ( ! bea/1 ! ass1 ! be>] ( burd5s1 unque/ion+1 fai?ful4 ,aga91 "o ( ! con/ellations1 ! ,corona ,borealis1 is to be left 9 ! heav5s1 escap+ ! g5]al fate1#ddj until ! "t :5 x %all be giv5 9 rew>d to ! inv9cible arm t %all br+ peace1 ! long-desir$1 to a mis]able1 long-suff]+ ,europe1 cutt+ d[n ! _m heads ( t worse ?an ,l]nean mon/] t is scatt]+ its fateful poison ( manifold h]esy1 & s5d+ x ?r\gh e portion ( h] ve9s4#dda ,to ?is decision ( ,jupit]1 ,momus1 ! critic & wit ( ! assembly1 adds t x w\ld be en\gh if a c]ta9 sect ( p$ants c\ld be root$ out1 :o1 do+ no good !mselves1 z ! div9e & natural law bade1 yet ?\ght !mselves1 & desir$ to be ?\ght by o!rs1 pi\s & pleas+ to ! gods2 !y said t to d good 0 good1 to d evil1 evil2 b t m5 ga9$ grace & fav\r ) ! gods1 n ?r\gh ! good t !y did1 b ?r\gh hop+ & believ+ 9 accordance ) _! cate*ism4 ,z if ! gods1 said ,m]cury1 7 anxi\s ab\t no?+ b _! own va+lory1 c>$ no?+ = ! injury caus$ to human society4 ,& !y defame u1 ,momus cont9u$1 by call+ ?is an in/itution ( heav51 decry+ effects or fruits2 :ile all ! "t !y are do+ no "w !mselves1 b liv+ on ! works ( o!rs1 :o in/itut$ temples1 *apels1 hospices1 hospitals1 colleges1 univ]sities1 = q o!r m5 ?an !y4 ,^! o!rs1 ev5 if !y are n p]fect1 w n1 l _! usurp]s1 be p]v]se & p]nici\s to ! _w2 !y w be useful to ! /ate1 skill$ 9 speculative sci5ce1 /udi\s ( morality1 fann+ zeal & en?usiasm = do+ good to "o ano!r1 & ma9ta9+ ! common weal = :i* all laws are orda9$4 ,! usurp]s are worse ?an grubs1 cat]pill>s1 or de/roy+ locu/s1 & %\ld be ext]m9at$ accord+ly4#ddb ,h[ is x possible1 we read else:]e1 t m5 %\ld reg>d t z ! highe/ type ( religion :i* holds behavi\r1 ! do+ ( good de$s1 to be unimportant1 or ev5 to be vice & error2 or pret5ds t ! gods d n c>e = good de$s--t ?r\gh su*1 h[ev] great !y are1 m5 are n ju/ifi$8#ddc ,?is cre$ 0 a disease t ran ?r\gh a man's nature & poison$ x = ev]4 ,:5 "o turn$ f any o!r pr(ession or fai? to ?is1 8 lib]ality 0 ex*ang$ = av>ice1 mildness = insol5ce1 humility = pride2 =m]ly op5 h&$ ) 8 own goods1 he n[ became a robb] & usurp] ( ^? ( o!rs2 a good man became a hypocrite2 a s9c]e "o1 cunn+ly evil2 a simple "o1 malici\s2 he :o 0 once consci\s ( 8 own defects became ! mo/ arrogant ( m52 he :o 0 ready to d any good action1 to le>n any new k1 became prone to e k9d ( ignorance & ribaldry2 he :o _h m]ely ! mak+s ( a rogue became ! wor/ possible ( m54#ddd ,miracle-work+ 0 ! univ]sal means by :i* ! supremacy ( fai? 0 ma9ta9$4 ,momus !re=e propos$ to s5d ,orion ^u ! e>?4 ,he c d miracles--c walk ^u ! waves ( ! sea )\t s9k+ or wett+ 8 feet2 let u s5d him among m5 to make !m believe ev]y?+ we w\ld h !m believe--t black is :ite1 t ! human intellect is bl9d :]e x ?9ks itself to see be/2 t :at to reason appe>s excell5t1 good1 be/1 is vile1 wick$1 evil 9 ! extreme2 t nature is a /rumpet1 ! law ( nature a ribaldry2 t nature & div9ity _c "w toge!r = "o & ! same good end2 t ! ju/ice ( ! "o is n subord9ate to t ( ! o!r1 b t !y are z contr>y z d>kness & light4#dde ,sid5ote3 ,as9ity4 ,! attitude ( m9d :i* =m$ ! ideal ( ! ,*ur* = its memb]s ,bruno typifi$ frequ5tly en\gh1 z we h se51 by ! ,ass1 aft] ,cusanus' ,docta ,ignorantia & ,agrippa's praise ( ,as9ity 9 8 "w on ,! ,vanity ( all ,sci5ces4 ,b !y 7 9 e>ne/3 ,bruno bitt]ly ironical4 ,9 8 ,cabala ,as9ity is giv5 ! two places left vacant 9 ! heav5s by ! c\ncil ( ! gods 9 ! ,spaccio3 ! place ( ,ursa ,major is tak5 by ,as9ity 9 ! ab/ract1 t ( ,eridanus by ,as9ity 9 ! concrete4 ,! :ole "w is 9 praise ( ! pure goodness1 royal s9c]ity1 magnific5t maje/y ( ignorance1 le>n$ fooli%ness1 div9e ,as9ity4#ddf ,as9ity is 9 ! sph]e ( practice z submission to au?ority 9 t ( speculation1 or p$antry 9 t ( tea*+4 ,aga9/ all ( ^! ,bruno ca/s ! %afts ( 8 irony1 n[ broad & heavy1 n[ f9e1 light & pi]c+4#ddg ,! li/ ( virtues :i* ,bruno gives z adorn+ ! s\l ( ! r5ovat$ man does n pres5t any novelty1 except p]haps 9 ! ord] assign$ to ! diff]5t virtues4#ddh ,along ) ea* my?ical figure ( ! con/ellations he names ! v>i\s vices t are expell$1 & into ! place ( :i* ! virtues come4 ,! ,be>1 ! highe/ con/ellation 9 ! heav5s1 is replac$ by ,tru?1 ! ,dragon by ,prud5ce1 ,cepheus by ,sophia1 or ,wisdom4 ,! foll[+ table %[s "s ( ! virtues :i* occupy ! diff]5t po/s vacat$ by ! my?ical be+s ( ! heav5s1 & _! contr>y vices4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- _/,con/ellation4_/ _/,virtue4_/ _/,vices4_/ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a4 ,ursa ,tru? ,de=mity1 ,falsity1 ,defect1 ,impossibility1 ,cont+5cy1 ,hypocrisy1 ,impo/ure1 ,felony4 #b4 ,ursa ,major ,! place is left left vacant1 to be fill$ 9 ! satire ( ! ,cabala by ,as9ity 9 ! ab/ract4 #c4 ,draco ,prud5ce4 ,cunn+1 ,craft9ess1 ,malice1 ,/upidity1 ,in]tia1 ,imprud5ce4 7,envy74#ddi #d4 ,cepheus ,wisdom4 ,sophi/ry1 ,ignorance 7( evil disposition71 fooli% ,fai? 7,h>dness74 #e4 ,bootes ,law4 ,prev>ication1 ,crime1 7,arctophylax7 ,excess1 ,exorbitance1 7,incon/ancy74 #f4 ,corona ,judgm5t4 ,iniquity4 ,borealis #g4 ,h]cules ,c\rage4 ,f]ocity1 ,fury1 ,cruelty4 ,slackness1 ,debility1 ,pusillanimity 7,viol5ce74 #h4 ,lyra ,mnemosyne1 & ,ignorance1 ,in]tia1 ! ,n9e ,be/iality 7,conspiracy74 ,muses1 h] daught]s1--! bran*es ( k4 #i4 ,cygnus ,rep5tance4 ,self-love1 ,uncleanness1 ,fil?9ess1 ,immode/y1 ,wantonness4 #aj4 ,cassiopeia ,simplicity4 ,boa/fulness on ! "o side1 ,dissimulation on ! o!r 7,vanity74 #aa4 ,p]seus ,dilig5ce or ,torpor1 ,idl5ess1 ,in]tia1 ,solicitude4 ,fooli% ,occupation1 ,p]turbation1 ,va9 solicitude4 #ab4 ,triptolemus ,humanity or ,misan?ropy1 ,envy1 ,philan?ropy4 ,malignity4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,!re foll[ z virtues3--,sagacity1 judici\s election or *oice1 affability1 magnanimity 7,aquila72 div9e en?usiasm or rapture 7,pegasus72 hopefulness1 fai? & s9c]ity 7! ,triangle72 virtu\s emulation1 tol]ance1 sociability 7& fri5d%ip--! ,pleiades72 love 7peace & fri5d%ip--,gem9i72 conv]sion or em5dation1 h]oic g5]osity 7or magnanimity1 aga9--,leo72 cont95ce1 equity 7& ju/ice--,libra72 s9c]ity 7obs]vance ( promises--,scorpio72 contemplation1 ! love ( solitude 7fre$om ( m9d71 temp]ance 7,aqu>ius72 j res]ve & taciturnity1 tranquillity ( m9d1 indu/ry1 prud5t fe>1 vigilance = ! /ate1 k9dl9ess1 lib]ality1 judici\s sagacity 7,hydra72 div9e magic 7& soo?say+71 ab/95ce 7! ,cup671 ! div9e p>able 7! sacr$ my/]y1--,*iron72 s9c]e piety & wise religion 7! ,alt>72 hon\r1 glory1 &1 f9ally1 heal?1 security & repose1 z ! due rew>d ( ! virtues1 & remun]ation = zeal\s "w & endurance4#dej ,x w be se5 t ! li/ is r$undant1 & x is m s 9 ! text1 :]e sev]al virtues are usually giv5 "u ea* head4 ,sev]al ( ! names d n d5ote virtues 9 ! ord9>y s5se 7e4g4 k ( magic1 ability to int]pret ! div9e p>ables73 !y are m]ely qualities :i* x is desirable = ! good man to h4 ,o!rs ref] to qualities :i* c\ld n be acquir$ by any "o de/itute ( !m 7e4g4 hope1 love1 piety71 :ile o!rs repres5t r ! outcome ( ! virtu\s life ?an any "o ( its con/itu5t elem5ts1 e4g4 ,k1 ,div9e ,en?usiasm1 ,contemplation1 ,hon\r4 ,!re rema9 ! famili> virtues ( ,greek philosophy3--,c\rage2 prud5ce & sagacity2 temp]ance 7cont95ce & ab/95ce72 wisdom 7or ! love ( tru?72 ju/ice1 includ+ submission to law1 active ju/ice or judgm5t1 & equity2 s9c]ity1 ) tru?fulness1 simplicity1 fai?1 ! obs]vance ( promises2 sociability & fri5dl9ess1 ) humanity1 affability1 tol]ance1 k9dl9ess2 lib]ality2 magnanimity & h]oic g5]osity2 tranquillity or g5tl5ess4 ,m mod]n are ! virtues ( solicitude1 dilig5ce or indu/ry1 ( emulation1 & ( love ( solitude1 or ,mona*ism4 ,!re is accord+ly no?+ ( value to be d]iv$ = sy/ematic e?ics f ?is or f any o!r "w ( ,bruno4 ,x is 9 ! digressions f ! ma9 argum5t t 8 philosophy ( practical life is reveal$4#dea ,sid5ote3 ,peace & lib]ty4 ,sid5ote3 ,law ,sid5ote3 ,judgm5t4 ,! two ?+s :i* seem$ to ,bruno = 8 "t ! mo/ desirable 7 peace & fre$om--fre$om alike ( ?\ght & ( spee*4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,*ur* :i* he consi/5tly condemn$ 7 on ! "o h& its viol5ce1 ! diss5sion & /rife x /irr$ up1 on ! o!r its tyranny ov] m9d & tongue4 ,h5ce ! aim ( ! moral life1 f ! l[] plane on :i* we /& 9 ! ,spaccio1 is to secure ! prosp]ity ( ! /ate1 ! peaceful common life ( its memb]s1 & ! avoidance ( all int]f]5ce ) ! individual1 except :]e ! positive end1 security1 appe>s endang]$4 ,( ! n9e muses1 ! daught]s ( ,mnemosyne1#deb ,e?ica is at once ! la/ born & ! mo/ wor?y4 ,h] task is to in/itute religions1 to e/abli% c]emonies1 to posit laws1 to execute judgm5ts1 ) prud5ce1 sagacity1 read9ess1 & g5]\s philan?ropy2 to approve1 confirm1 pres]ve1 def5d :atev] is well in/itut$1 e/abli%$1 posit$1 execut$2 adapt+1 z f> z may be1 bo? passions & actions to ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 & ! common life ( m54--,! function ( ,law1 ! daught] ( wisdom1 is to prev5t ! p[]ful f mak+ undue use ( _! pre-em95ce & /r5g?1 & 9 o!r respects vigor\sly to protect ! common life & civil int]c\rse ( m54#dec ,! p[]ful are to be su/a9$ by ! weak1 ! feeble are n to be oppress$ by ! /rong1 tyrants are to be depos$1 j gov]nors & k+s orda9$ & confirm$1 republics fo/]$2 viol5ce %all n tread reason "u foot1 ignorance n despise k1 ! poor %all be aid$ by ! ri*1 virtues & /udies necess>y or useful to ! community be promot$1 advanc$1 ma9ta9$4 ,no "o is to be put into a place ( p[] t is n sup]ior 9 m]its1 by =ce ( virtue & tal5t1 ei!r 9 himself1 :i* is r>e & almo/ impossible1 or ?r\gh communication ) & c\nsel ( o!rs1 :i* is due1 ord9>y & necess>y4 ,! two h&s by :i* any law is /rong to b9d are ju/ice & possibility1 "o mod]at$ by ! o!r1 = al?\gh _m ?+s are possible t are n j1 no?+ is j t is n possible4 ,:e!r x come f heav5 or f ! e>?1 no in/itution or law ought to be approv$ or accept$ :i* does n t5d to ! highe/ end1 viz4 ! direction ( our m9ds & re=m ( our natures s t !y produce fruits necess>y or useful = human int]c\rse4#ded ,judgm5t %all make a scale ( virtues & ( crimes1 ! greate/ 9 ei!r class be+ t :i* affects ! ,republic z a :ole2 next t :i* affects o!r individuals ?an ! ag5t2 a crime committ$ betwe5 two :o are 9 accord is h>dly a crime1 :ile !re is no crime if ! fault rema9s 9 ! individual--does n proce$ to bad example or to bad de$4 ,rep5tance is to be approv$ by x1 b n set ^u ! same level z innoc5ce2#dee belief & op9ion1 b n plac$ s high z de$s & "w2 confession & admission ( fault1 b n z correction & ab/5tion4 ,x %all n place "o :o to no purpose mortifies ! fle% on a level ) "o :o bridles 8 _s1 nor comp>e "o :o is a useless solit>y ) ano!r :o is 9 pr(itable int]c\rse#def ) 8 fell[s1 nor applaud s highly "o :o1 p]haps unnecess>ily1 subdues 8 desires1 z ano!r1 :o refra9s f evil-speak+ & f evil-do+2 n make s great a triumph ov] "o :o has heal$ a base1 useless cripple1 wor? little if any m :5 :ole ?an maim$1 z ov] ano!r :o has lib]at$ 8 fa!rl&1 or re=m$ a m9d diseas$4#deg ,! ,roman p 0 ! type ( ! be/-gov]n$ /ate1 m bridl$ & re/ra9$ f ! vices ( incivility & b>b>ity1 m ref9$ & will+ = g5]\s und]tak+s ?an any o!r2 & z _! law & religion 71 s 7 _! cu/oms & de$s1 s _! hon\r & happ9ess4 ,h[ diff]5t f ! p$ants ( ! ,*ur*1 :o fl\ri% ?r\gh\t ,europe3 :ile salut+ ) peace !y br+ :]ev] !y ent] 9 ! sword ( division1 & ! fire ( disp]sion2 tak+ son f fa!r1 neighb\r f neighb\r1 citiz5 f fa!rl&1 & caus+ o!r divorces m abhorr5t & contr>y to all nature & law2 call+ !mselves m9i/]s ( "o :o raises ! dead & heals ! sick1 !y m ?an all o!rs on ! e>? are maim]s ( ! s\nd1 & slay]s ( ! liv+1 n s mu* ) fire & sword1 z ) ! tongue ( malice4#deh ,sid5ote3 ,! scales4 ,"u ! ,scales1 ,bruno describes "s ( ! re=ms he believes necess>y3 9 c\rts1 (fices & hon\rs are = ! future to g by m]it2 9 republics1 ! j are to preside1 ! weal?y to contribute1 ! le>n$ to tea*1 ! prud5t to guide1 ! brave to fight1 ^? t h judgm5t to c\nsel1 ^? t h au?ority to comm&2 9 /ates1 ! scales repres5t ! keep+ ( contracts ( peace1 conf$]ations1 leagues1 ! c>eful weigh+ ( action be=eh&2 9 individuals ! weigh+ ( :at ea* wi%es ) :at he kn[s1 ( :at he kn[s ) :at he c1 ( :at he wi%es1 kn[s1 & c ) :at he ought2 ( :at he wi%es1 kn[s1 c1 & ought1 ) :at he is1 does1 has1 & expects4#dei ,sid5ote3 ,s9c]ity4 ,und]ly+ ?is cult ( humanity "o _c b feel ! robu/ naturalism ( ! ,r5aissance1 :i* 9 ,bruno's m9d is ap>t altoge!r f ! my/ical exclusive intellectualism ( 8 m *>act]i/ic philosophy4 ,x is ) man z a natural be+1 liv+ out 8 e>?ly life1 & ga!r+ su* fruits z may be ( k9dl9ess & love f 8 fell[-creatures1 t ! practical philosophy is conc]n$4 ,! religion attack$ 0 "o t /ruck at ! root ( ?is human love1 & made ( e>? a purgatory = ! sake ( ! unc]ta9 life to come4 ,h5ce ! emphasis laid on s9c]ity1 fai?fulness1 or tru?fulness1 z high among ! virtues4 ,)\t x e contract is unc]ta9 & d\btful1 all int]c\rse is dissolv$1 all social life at an end4 ,bruno is z rigid z ,kant 9 reg>d to ! keep+ ( fai?2 ev5 promises made to ! wick$ may n be brok54 ,x 0 a law ( "s ,jew or ,s>ac51 brutal & b>b>ian1 n ( civilis$ & h]oic ,greek or ,roman1 t sometimes1 & ) c]ta9 k9ds ( p1 fai? might be pl$g$ = individual ga91 & = an opportunity ( deception1 mak+ x ! s]vant ( tyranny & trea*]y4#dfj ,! antipa?y ( ,bruno t[>ds ! ,jews is to be expla9$ by ! same pr9ciple ( social life & progress2 x is n1 z ,lag>de supposes1#dfa an (fspr+ ( 8 hatr$ t[>ds ! ,*ur*1 reg>d$ z a direct desc5dant ( ,judaism4 ,s f> z x is n an expression ( an unreason+ anti-,semitic wave ( feel+1 su* z occasionally ov]:elms "s ( ! ,european peoples1 x may h _h ?ree gr\nds3 ! reput$ av>ice ( ! ,jew3#dfb 8 exclusiv5ess1 unsociability2--a race always base1 s]vile1 m]c5>y1 solit>y1 incommunicative1 %unn+ int]c\rse ) ! ,g5tiles1 :om !y brutally despise1 & by :om 9 _! turn1 & ) good reason1 !y are contemn$3#dfc--or 8 religion1 :i* appe>$ to ,bruno a corruption ( ! nobl] ,egyptian religion4 ,?us 9 ,spaccio#dfd ! puni%m5t ( ! *ildr5 = ! s9s ( ! fa!rs is said to be f\nd only among ,b>b>ians1 & fir/ among ! ,jews1 a race s pe/il5t1 lepr\s1 & g5]ally p]nici\s t x %\ld be effac$ f ! e>?4#dfe ,sid5ote3 ,temp]ance4 ,temp]ance1 z a virtue1 is r ! peace ( m9d t goes ) civilisation--urbanity--?an ! m physical virtue3 its opposites are intemp]ance1 excess1 asp]ity1 savag]y1 b>b>ity4 ,x is ?r\gh intemp]ance 9 s5sual & 9 intellectual passions t families1 republics1 civil societies1 ! _w1 are dissolv$1 disord]$1 de/roy$1 swall[$ up4#dff ,aga91 ,bruno's unor?odox /&po9t ) reg>d to ! v[s ( *a/ity & ( celibacy tak5 by nuns & prie/s is "p ( a heal?y reaction t[>ds naturalism f ! false s5tim5t :i* condemn$ z unholy :atev] p]ta9$ to ! natural man4 ,! place ( ,virgo is tak5 by *a/ity1 cont95ce1 mode/y1 %ame2 ! contra/+ vices be+ lu/1 incont95ce1 %amelessness4 ,x is ?r\gh ^!1 ,bruno adds1 t virg9ity becomes a virtue4 ,9 itself x is nei!r virtue nor vice1 implies no goodness1 dignity1 or m]it1 & :5 x resi/s ! comm& ( nature x becomes a wrong1 an impot5ce1 a folly1 madness express2 :ile if x is 9 compliance ) "s urg5t reason1 x is call$ cont95ce1 & has ! ess5ce ( virtue1 because x p>ticipates 9 t c\rage & contempt = pleasure :i* is n va9 or wor?less1 b b5efits human int]c\rse & br+s hon\rable satisfaction to o!rs4#dfg ,! laws ( ! wise d n =bid love1 b irrational love2 ! sycophancies ( ! fooli% prescribe1 )\t reason1 limits to reason1 & condemn ! law ( nature2 ! mo/ corrupt ( !m call x corrupt1 because by x !y are n rais$ above nature to become h]oic spirits1 b are deprav$1 contr>y to nature & bel[ all wor?1 to become brutes4#dfh ,sid5ote3 ,! ,gold5 ,age4 ,9 ! ?ird dialogue ( ! ,spaccio is a digression on ,otium1 ,idl5ess1 & ! ,gold5 ,age1 :i* _h be5 br\ght into popul>ity by ! pa/oral poem ( ,tasso1 ! ,am9ta1 & its imitators 7e4g4 ,gu>9i 9 ! ,pa/or ,fido74 ,otium presses its claim to a place 9 ! heav5s z be+ m truly a virtue ?an solicitude or /r5u\s ef=t1 to :i* ! place ( ,p]seus _h be5 giv54 ,its *ief argum5t is t ?r\gh x ! gold5 age _h be5 in/itut$ & ma9ta9$1 by ! law ( idl5ess :i* is ! law ( nature1 :ile x 0 ?r\gh solicitude1 ) its foll[+ ( va+lory1 contempt ( o!rs1 viol5ce1 oppression1 torm5t1 fe>1 & dea?1 t ! age _h dep>t$4 ,all praise ! fair age ( gold1 :5 ,i kept m9ds quiet & peaceful1 safe f ?is virtu\s goddess ( y\rs4 ,= _! bodies1 hung] 0 suffici5t sauce to make a delici\s & satisfy+ repa/ out ( acorns1 apples1 *e/nuts1 pea*es1 & roots1 :i* b5ign nature adm9i/]$ at a "t :5 su* food 0 ! be/ n\ri%m5t = !m1 gave !m mo/ pleasure1 & kept !m longe/ 9 life1 :i* ! _m artificial sauces t indu/ry & zeal h discov]$ _c d4#dfi ,indu/ry _h introduc$ prop]ty1 & divid$ up n only ! e>?1 :i* is giv5 to all its *ildr51 b also ! sea1 & p]haps ! air z well2 s t in/ead ( suffici5cy = all !re is too mu* = "s & too little = o!rs4 ,x _h introduc$ an unnatural inequality1 & confus$ toge!r peoples :om nature _h int5d$ to live ap>t1 ) ! consequ5ce t ! vices ( "o race 7 be+ implant$ ^u ^? ( o!rs4 ,! "r ( ! /rong] _h tak5 ! place ( ! law ( nature1 viol5ce t ( ! peace ( nature1 :i* are ! law & peace ( ,god4 ,o bella et de l'oro ,non gia p]*e di latte ,s5 corse il fiume1 et /ill mele il bosco4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ma 'n primav]a et]na ,*' hora s' acc5de et v]na ,rise di luce1 et di s]5o il cielo1 ,ne porto p]egr9o ,o' gu]ra1 o m]ce a' l' altrui lidi il p9o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ma legge aurea et felice ,*e natura scolpi4 ,s' ei piace1 ei lice#dgj ,bruno 0 no imp]iali/4 ,nature seem$ to him to h fix$ def9ite b\nd>ies to ! ext5sion ( ! diff]5t races1 by :i* ! special g5ius ( ea* 0 kept pure4 ,9 ! ,c5a 7#abf4 #i7 ,tiphys & 8 successors 7,columbus1 ,vespucci1 & o!rs are meant1 al?\gh n nam$7 are said to h discov]$ means ( di/urb+ ! peace ( peoples1 violat+ ! natural tr5d ( ! g5ius ( c\ntries1 conf\nd+ :at =esee+ nature _h di/+ui%$1 d\bl+1 ?r\gh comm]ce1 evil feel+s1 add+ ! vices ( "o race to ^? ( ano!r1 propagat+ new incitem5ts1 in/rum5ts1 me?ods ( tyranny & assass9ation1 :i* 9 "t1 by ! natural vicissitude ( ?+s1 w\ld recoil ^u our own heads4#dga ,x 0 really1 he ?\ght1 = ! advantage ( m5 !mselves t ! _w-regions %\ld be kept z di/9ct 9 _! usages & cu/oms z !y are physically di/9ct by ! natural divisions ( m\nta9s & tracts ( sea4 ,f region to region1 vice & ! poison ( p]v]se laws & religions1 ! mat]ials ( discord & ext]m9ation1 7 propagat$ & dissem9at$ to ! suffocation ( e good fruit2 !re 7 no advantages :i* c\ld comp>e ) ^! evils4#dgb ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! coloni/s ( ! day 7 ! ,spani>ds1 ) ! corruption & cruelty ( ^: rule ,italians 7 only too famili>2 & _! misde$s 7 f> great] 9 ! new _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,progress4 ,sid5ote3 ,evolution4 ,sid5ote3 ,man & ! animals4 ,! age ( gold1 h[ev]1 ( idl5ess1 & peaceful happ9ess1 0 f> f ,bruno's ideal2 ! reply ( ,momus to ,otium %[$ t x _h n made m5 virtu\s 9 ! gold5 age any m ?an ! brutes 7 virtu\s n[--t m5 7 p]haps orig9ally m /upid ?an _m ( ! latt]2 b 9 _! emulation ( div9e actions & _! attempts to satisfy spiritual desires1 difficulties _h aris5 & ne$s sprung up2 ?r\gh ^! _! m9ds 7 %>p5$1 indu/ries _h be5 discov]$1 arts inv5t$2 & s f day to day out ( ! dep? ( ! human intellect necessity br\ght =? new & m>vell\s inv5tions4#dgc ,?us m & m !y advance1 ?r\gh press+ & e>ne/ occupation1 f ! be/ial nature1 & approximate m & m ne>ly to ! div9e4 ,t inju/ice & vice increase along ) indu/ries is only a coroll>y ( ! increase ( ju/ice & ( virtue4 ,if ox5 or apes _h z mu* virtue & _s z man1 !y w\ld h ! same appreh5sions1 ! same passions1 & ! same vices4 ,s 9 m5 ^? t h 9 !m some:at ( ! pig nature1 or ( ! ass or ox nature1 are c]ta9ly less wick$1 n infect$ by s crim9al vices z m highly develop$ m5 might be2 b !y are n = t m virtu\s1 unless ! brutes also are m virtu\s ?an m51 be+ infect$ ) few] vices4#dgd ,9 ?is g5]\s conception ( human progress1 & ( its spur--solicitude1 necessity1 pa9--,bruno is q at "o ) mod]n !ories ( human evolution2 x c h>dly be said1 h[ev]1 t he anticipat$ ! evolution !ory s f> z x involves an id5tity ( orig9 = human be+s & l[] animals4 ,! idea t diff]5t human be+s express diff]5t animal types 0 n a new "o4 ,x means 9 ,bruno t su* m5 h animal s\ls1 b ?is is n because _! bodies h rev]t$ to ! animal type4 ,x is ! s\l t m\lds ! body & gives1 9 ^! cases1 ! animal expression to ! face--! look ( wolf1 or be>1 or fox1 or s]p5t4 ,!re is no "q ( a physical cont9uity betwe5 animal & man1 b !re is a psy*ical cont9uity1 s9ce a s\l :i* is t ( an animal 9 "o g5]ation may become t ( a man 9 ano!r4#dge ,a mu* ne>] approa* to ! evolution-!ory is to be f\nd 9 ! ,cabala1#dgf :]e x is said t if a s]p5t c\ld h its head m\ld$ into t ( a man1 its tongue wid5$1 its %\ld]s broad5$1 arms & h&s bran*+ out f x1 &1 :]e ! tail n[ is1 a pair ( legs1 x w\ld ?9k1 look1 brea!1 speak1 "w1 & walk j z a man does1 = x w\ld be no?+ b a man4 ,or if ! rev]se process occurr$1 9 a man 7involution71 9 place ( talk+ he w\ld hiss1 9 place ( walk+ he w\ld creep1 9 place ( build+ a palace he w\ld holl[ out a hid+-place = himself4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 because ! body ( ! "o _h be5 trans=m$ into t ( ! o!r animal1 function foll[+ /ructure2 ! s\l ) all its qualities is un*ang$--x is "o & ! same 9 bo?2 ! diff]5ces are only 9 ! p[] ( expression4 ,a s]p5t or any o!r animal might h a high] intellig5ce ?an man1 yet rema9 inf]ior to him ?r\gh pov]ty ( in/rum5ts4 ,if man _h n h&s1 b two feet 9 _! /ead1 h[ev] high 8 intellig5ce1 family & social life w\ld h be5 no m endur+ ) him ?an ) ! horse1 ! de]1 or ! pig2 x w\ld only h expos$ him to great] dang] & m c]ta9 ru92 &1 9 consequ5ce1 !re w\ld h be5 none ( ! in/itutions ( doctr9e1 ! inv5tions ( discipl9e1 ! congregations ( citiz5s1 ! rais+ ( edifices & o!r ?+s t repres5t human greatness & excell5ce1 & make man ! inv9cible sup]ior ov] all o!r species4 ,all ?is is ref]r$ n s mu* to 8 m9d z to 8 h&1 ! organ ( organs4#dgg ,x is 9 ! developm5t ( ! h&1 also1 t mod]n an?ropology has s\ght "o ( ! *ief conditions ( human developm5t4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t 9 ^! !ories !re are two positions n di/9ctly sep>at$3 "o t ! s\l gives =m to ! body1 ! o!r t all diff]5ce comes f ! body1 ! s\l rema9+ ap>t1 & 9 its ess5ce unt\*$ by ! *anges its body und]goes4 ,we %all h to return to ?is "q 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,ri*es & pov]ty4 ,sid5ote3 ,av>ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,=tune4 ,ano!r digression occurs "u ,h]cules1#dgh :]e ,ri*es1 ,pov]ty1 & ,=tune cont5d = ! place ( hon\r t is f9ally giv5 to ,c\rage or ,=titude4 ,su* p]sonifications ( ! virtues _h be5 famili>is$ 9 ,italian philosophy by ,petr>ca 7,rem$ium utriusque =tunae71 b ,bruno ref]s back to ,crantor's discussion ( ! relative value = ! s\l ( ,ri*es & o!r goods4#dgi ,9 our dialogue ,ri*es is decid$ to be nei!r good nor bad 9 itself2 x may be indiff]5tly ei!r1 accord+ to its possessor3 !re=e x is to incur nei!r disgrace nor hon\r1 nei!r be condemn$ to ,hades1 nor rais$ up to ,heav51 b to w&] f place to place4 ,x %all be f\nd by no "o :o has n fir/ rep5t$ ( 8 good m9d & heal?y bra92 he mu/ give up1 accord+ to ,momus1 all ?\ght ( prud5ce1 n tru/+ 9 ,heav51 reg>d+ n ju/ice or inju/ice1 hon\r or %ame1 calm or /orm1 b committ+ all to *ance4 ,z a g5]al rule ,ri*es are to g to ! mo/ ins5sate1 ! mo/ fooli%1 c>eless1 silly--to bew>e ( ! wise z ( fire4 ,pov]ty1 on ! o!r h& 79 inf]ior or corporeal goods71 may be conjo9$ ) ri*es 9 goods ( ! m9d1 z ri*es 9 inf]ior goods may nev] be1 = no "o t is wise or wi%es to ga9 k c ev] a*ieve great ?+s by _! means4 ,to philosophy ,ri*es are an imp$im5t1 :ile ,pov]ty (f]s x a safe & easy road4 ,he w be great :o 9 pov]ty is ri* because he is cont5t2 & he is a slave :o 9 ri*es is poor because he has n en\gh4 ,n he t has little b he t desires mu* is really poor4 ,! fri5ds ( ,pov]ty are op51 ! enemies ( ,ri*es are secret2 ! poor man by repress+ desire may rival ,jove 9 happ9ess2 ! ri*1 ev] spread+ m & m widely ! nets ( cupidity1 is plung$ m & m into dep?s ( mis]y4 ,av>ice is ! d>k side1 ! %ad[1 ( bo? ,ri*es & ,pov]ty1 ev] flee+ ,pov]ty & pursu+ ,ri*es1 b ev] elud$ by ! latt]1 & ev] caught by ! =m]2 f> f ,pov]ty 9 reality1 %e is ev] close by x 9 imag9ation2 x is ?is d>kness or %ad[ t make ,pov]ty & ,ri*es alike to be evil4 ,"o may be poor 9 virtue ( affect 7feel+1 emotion7 z well z 9 virtue ( effect 7actual1 mat]ial want74 ,=tune also is reject$1 9 spite ( h] claim to be absolutely j2 z all ?+s are ultimately or really "o1 no "p ( ! _w1 %e claims1 %\ld be treat$ z m wor?y or unwor?y ?an ano!r1 & =tune reg>ds all equally1 or does n respect any p>ticul> p]son m ?an ano!r1 :i* is really ju/ice6 ,sid5ote3 ,c\rage4 ,sid5ote3 ,simplicity4 ,sid5ote3 ,self-consci\sness4 ,to ! place = :i* ^! h /riv5 succe$s ,=titude1 ! s]vant ( ! high] virtues3 ,con/ant & brave mu/ be he t adm9i/]s judgm5t1 ) prud5ce1 by ! law1 & accord+ to tru?4 ,he %all be guid$ by ! book 9 :i* is ! catalogue ( ! ?+s ! brave man ought n to fe>1 viz43 ^? :i* d n make him worse1 z hung]1 nak$ness1 ?ir/1 pa91 pov]ty1 solitude1 p]secution1 dea?2 & t ( o!r ?+s :i*1 z !y make him worse1 mu/ be avoid$ at all co/1--gross ignorance1 inju/ice1 infidelity1 ly+1 av>ice1 & ! re/4#dhj ,beside ,=titude may be plac$ ,simplicity1#dha betwe5 ! vici\s extremes ( ,boa/fulness on ! "o h& & ,dissimulation on ! o!r1 ! latt] be+ ! less hateful ( ! two3 sometimes ev5 ! gods mu/ make use ( x1 & to escape envy1 reproa*1 outrage1 ,prud5ce is wont to cov] ,tru? ) h] ve/m5ts4 ,simplicity is pleas+ to ! gods1 = x has 9 a mann] ! lik5ess ( ! div9e c\nt5ance1 be+ always ! same & unconsci\s ( itself4 ,t :i* reflects ^u or is consci\s ( itself1 makes itself 9 a s5se to be _m1 to be o!r & o!r1 becom+ bo? object & faculty1 ! kn[+ & ! kn[able1 :]eas 9 ! act ( intellig5ce _m ?+s concur 9 "o4 ,! mo/ simple intellig5ce does n "k itself1 by reflection1 because x is absolute1 pure light3 & aga9 x alone kn[s itself1 negatively1 = x _c be hidd54#dhb ,sid5ote3 ,solicitude4 ,sid5ote3 ,tru?4 ,! transition f ord9>y morality1--! virtue ( ! ev]yday life ( human society1--to ! div9e aspiration ( ! h]oic s\l1 is to be f\nd 9 ! virtue ( ,solicitude1 & ! prim>y triad ( ,tru?1 ,prud5ce1 & ,wisdom4 ,on ! feet ( ,solicitude 7,dilig5ce1 ,endurance7 are ! w+$ s&als ( ! div9e impetus1 ?r\gh :i* %e leaves b5ea? h] ! vulg> good1 & contemns ! s(t c>esses ( pleasures1 t1 l insidi\s sir5s1 try to delay h] 9 ! pursuit ( ! works %e seeks4 ,on lab\r & fatigue %e nurses ! g5]\s m9d1--enables x n only to subdue itself1 b to atta9 ! highe/ /ate--t ( n feel+ fatigue1 or pa91 :5 fatigue or pa9 mu/ be und]gone4 ,9 noble "w fatigue is pleasure & n fatigue to itself1 b 9 o!r ?an 9 su* "w or virtu\s activity1 x is n pleasure to itself1 b intol]able fatigue4 ,be ) me ,solicitude concludes1 g5]\s1 h]oic1 anxi\s ,fe>1 /imulate me t ,i d n p]i% f ! numb] ( ! illu/ri\s be=e ,i p]i% f t ( ! liv+4 ,be=e torpor or dea? take f me my h&s1 grant t ! glory ( my works may n be 9 _! p[] to take4 ,anxiety1 grant t ! ro( be f9i%$ be=e ! ra9 come3 t ! w9d[s be :ole be=e ! w9ds ( trea*]\s & unquiet w9t] bl[4 ,memory ( a well-sp5t life1 ?\ %alt make old age & dea? de/roy my s\l be=e !y di/urb x4 ,fe> ( los+ ! glory acquir$ 9 my life %all make old age & dea? n bitt] to me1 b de> & desirable4 ,! end :i* ?is /r5u\s virtue seeks is t ( ! intellectual triad plac$ 9 ! highe/ "p ( ! heav5s by ! gods1--,tru?1 ,prud5ce & ,wisdom1 :i* 9 reality are "o & ! same4#dhc ,tru? is ! unity :i* /&s above ! all ( ?+s1 & ! goodness :i* is pre-em95t ov] all ?+s1 = be+1 goodness1 & tru? are "o3--9 o!r words1 x is ! ,eleatic ,"o1--! implicit univ]se1--( ! metaphysical works4#dhd ,x is be=e ?+s z cause & pr9ciple1 & ?+s h dep5d5ce ^u x3 x is 9 ?+s1 z _! sub/ance1 & ?r\gh x ?+s subsi/3 x is aft] ?+s1 = ?r\gh x ?+s are kn[n )\t error4 ,^! ?ree aspects repres5t metaphysical1 physical1 & logical tru? respectively4 ,:at is pres5t$ to our s5ses & may be grasp$ by our intellig5ce1 is n ! highe/ tru?1 b only ! figure1 image1 respl5d5ce1 or appe>ance ( x4 ,prud5ce also is bo? above & 9 u4 ,x is above z ,provid5ce1 :5 x is also tru? itself1 & !re ,lib]ty1 ,necessity1 ,ess5ce1 ,entity1 all are "o1 ! ,absolute4 ,9 u ,prud5ce is ! virtue ( ! consultative & delib]ative faculty1--x is a pr9cipal =m ( reason deal+ ) ! univ]sal & ! p>ticul>1#dhe has = its maid-s]vant dialectics1 & = guide acquir$ wisdom1 vulg>ly call$ metaphysics1 :i* deals ) ! univ]sals ( all ?+s t fall )9 human k4#dhf ,s too ,wisdom1 ,sophia1 is at once supra-mundane1--:5 x is "o ) ,provid5ce itself1 light & eye 9 "o1--& mundane1 inf]ior1 n tru? itself1 wisdom itself1 b p>ticipant 9 tru? & 9 wisdom1--an eye t is illum9at$ by a =eign light4 ,! fir/ is invisible1 infigurable1 incompreh5sible2 ! second is figur$ 9 ! heav5s1 reflect$ 9 f9ite m9ds1 communicat$ by words4 ,! e>?ly or inf]ior =ms1 h[ev]1 z ,bruno makes cle>1 are ( value only = ! sake ( ! high] unity1 to atta9 :i* is ! real end ( ! philosophic life4 ,he :o pret5ds to "k :at he does n "k1 says ,wisdom1 is a wanton ,sophi/3 he :o d5ies kn[+ :at he kn[s1 is ungrateful to ! ,active ,intellig5ce1 insults tru?1 & outrages me1 z d all ^? :o seek me--n = myself1 or = ! supreme virtue & love ( t div9ity :i* is above e ,jupit] & e heav51--b ei!r to sell me = money1 hon\r1 or o!r ga91 or to be kn[n r ?an to "k1 or to detract f & be able to de/roy ! happ9ess ( o!rs4444 ,!y t seek me = love ( ! supreme & fir/ tru? are wise1 & !re=e bless$4#dhg ,bruno's ,summum ,bonum is !re=e k1 an intellectual compreh5sion ( ! ,all ( ?+s1 z x is 9 ! supreme ,unity or s\rce ( ! _w4 ,x is = ! sake ( ?is end ( ! few1 ! wise1 t ! _m1 ! vulg>1 & fooli%1 are to be kept at peace1 9 h>mony ) "o ano!r1 foll[+ ob$i5tly _! high] guides 9 religion or 9 ! /ate4 ,!re is n 9 ,bruno any m ?an 9 ,sp9oza any s5se ( ! inf9ite wor?1 or ! inf9ite pitifulness ( man z an e>?-born creature ( hopes & fe>s1 creep+ t[>ds ! light1 ) ! clogg+ d>kness beh9d1 grop+ 9 *ildi% t]ror & *ildi% tru/1 = ! h& ( a lov+1 human ,god4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh he liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,re=mation1 its true mean+ pass$ him by4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,high] ,,life ,we n[ turn to ! high] moral life1 :i* is at ! same "t ! religi\s life1 ( ! h]oic s\l 9 its /ruggle t[>ds p]fection4 ,?is p]fection consi/s 9 compreh5sion ( ! _w z inf9itely p]fect1 9 ! union ) ,god z ! s\rce f :i* ! _w fl[s1 ! _s 9 :i* x lives1 & 9 ! ,love ( ,god z at once inf9ite beauty & inf9ite goodness4 ,we h se5 t !re are to ,bruno1 z to ,plato & to ,ari/otle1 two classes ( m51 ! vulg> & ! h]oic1#dhh ! l[] or subject1 & ! upp] or rul+ classes3 z 9 ea* ( u !re are two pr9ciples1 a high]1 intellect or reason or m9d1 & a l[]1 s5se & s5sual passion4 ,! dang] is z great to ! _w :5 ! l[] class attempts to usurp ! place ( ! high]1 z x is to ! individual s\l :5 passion ov]:elms reason4 ,! spread ( p$antry1 9 ! univ]sities & 9 ! *ur*es1 great] 9 8 "t & m m5ac+ to human progress ?an x _h ev] be51 0 an illu/ration to ,bruno's eye ( ! results ensu+ :5 l[] m9ds tamp]$ ) div9e k4#dhi ,! h]oic s\l is rais$ by ! div9e _s )9 x out ( ! turmoil ( ! con/ant *ange & vicissitude1 to :i* ! vulg> s\l is1 9 common ) all liv+ ?+s1 subject$4 ,! beg9n+1 middle1 & end1 bir?1 gr[?1 & p]fection ( all e>?ly ?+s are f contr>ies1 ?r\gh contr>ies1 9 contr>ies1 & to contr>ies2 & :]e !re is contr>iety1 !re is also action1 reaction1 movem5t1 div]sity1 multitude1 ord]1 degrees1 succession1 *ange4 ,!re is nev] any pleasure1 we read else:]e1 )\t "s bitt]ness2--nay1 if !re 7 n ! bitt] 9 ?+s1 !re w\ld n be ! pleasurable1 = fatigue makes u to f9d pleasure 9 repose1 sep>ation causes u to f9d joy 9 union1 & s ev]y:]e we f9d t "o contr>y is ! reason ( ano!r be+ desir$ & pleas+3#dij & s x is ) pa94 ,none1 !re=e1 are ev] satisfi$ ) _! /ate1 except ! unfeel+ or ! fooli% :o h no k ( _! own ill1 b enjoy ! pres5t )\t fe> ( ! future1 c f9d re/ 9 :at is1 & h no feel+ or desire = :at might be3 9 %ort h no s5se ( contr>iety1 :i* is figur$ by ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil4#dia ,ignorance is ! "m ( s5sual happ9ess & joy2 h5ce ! h]oic love 79 its beg9n+7 is a torm5t1 = x does n re/ 9 ! pres5t1 z does s5sual love1 b feels ambition1 emulation1 suspici\s fe> = ! future1 ! abs5t1 ! contr>y4 ,yet ! wise man is nei!r happy nor mis]able1--kn[+ t good & evil are alike relative1 alike fad+ & tempor>y ?+s1 he is nei!r dismay$ nor elat$1 b becomes cont95t 9 8 incl9ations1 & temp]ate 9 8 pleasures4 ,pleasure is n really pleasure to him1 = he has pres5t to him its ceas+2 pa9 is n pa91 = he has by =ce ( ?\ght its t]m9ation be=e him3 all mutable ?+s !re=e are to him z ?+s t are n4#dib ,ow+ to ! ev]-mov+ cycle ( *ange1 ! ord9>y s\l mu/ ( necessity fall back1 9 ! c\rse ( ! et]nal process ( its life1 to ! l[e/ /age1 h[ev] high 9 ! scale x may h ris52 b ?is1 al?\gh an evil = x1 does n prejudice ! :ole1 9 :i* all ?+s "w toge!r = good4 ,"s few1 h[ev]1 may escape ?is dang]1 ?r\gh becom+ unit$ ) ! et]nal ,m9d or ,s\rce4#dic ,!y !n cease to be subject to mutation1--,m9d be+ immutable1--& p]si/ 9 et]nal bless$ness & love4 ,= su* fav\r$ ones ( heav51 ! greate/ evils ( ?is life are conv]t$ into goods1 correspond+ly great4 ,x is suff]+ t compels ! lab\r & ! /riv+ :i* lead mo/ frequ5tly to ! glory ( immortal spl5d\r4 ,dea? 9 "o age makes to live 9 all o!rs4#did ,sid5ote3 ,k9ds ( furor4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two k9ds ( furori 7or inspiration74 ,9 "s !re is only bl9dness1 /upidity1 unreason+ impulse2 o!rs consi/ 9 a c]ta9 div9e ab/raction by :i* "s m5 become bett] 9 fact ?an ord9>y m54 ,^! aga9 are ( two k9ds1 = "s becom+ ! habitation ( gods or ( div9e spirits1 say or d miracul\s ?+s )\t !mselves or o!rs und]/&+ ! reason2 ^! = ! mo/ "p are promot$ to ?is /ate f "o ( rud5ess & ignorance3 ! div9e s5se & _s ent]s into !m z into a h\se swept & g>ni%$1 !y be+ void ( any _s or s5se ( _! own4 ,o!rs be+ m habituat$ to or skill$ 9 contemplation1 & hav+ innate 9 !m a lucid & intellectual _s1 are mov$ by an int]nal impulse & natural f]v\r1 ) love ( div9ity1 ju/ice1 tru?1 glory2 by ! fire ( desire1 fann$ by ! brea? ( purpose1 !y give edge to _! s5ses1 & 9 ! sulphur ( ! ?9k+ faculty enk9dle ! light ( reason1 by :i* !y see fur!r ?an ord9>y m54 ,^! come 9 ! end to speak & op]ate n z vases or in/rum5ts1 b z pr9cipal artific]s & ag5ts--! fir/ h wor? or dignity1 ! second are wor?y3 or ! fir/ are wor?y z an ass t c>ries ! sacram5ts1 ! second z a sacr$ ?+4 ,9 ! fir/ we see div9ity 9 effect--we admire1 adore1 obey x2 9 ! second we see ! excell5ce ( our own humanity4#die ,sid5ote3 ,asc5t t[>ds union ) ! div9e4 ,! /eps t[>ds ! highe/ peak ( human excell5ce are comp>$1 aft] ,neoplatoni/ example1 to ! degrees 9 int5sity ( light1 z we proce$ f d>kness1 9 :i* x is entirely abs5t1 to %ad[1 !n to ! col\rs 9 _! ord] f black to :ite1 next to ! brightness diffus$ f poli%$ or transp>5t bodies1 ! rays outfl[+ f ! sun1 f9ally to ! sun itself1 9 :i* light is mo/ truly & mo/ vividly itself4#dif ,fir/ ( all x is ne$ful = ! s\l to turn to ! light1 by act ( conv]sion to pres5t ! light ( intellig5ce to its eyes1 s to rega9 its lo/ virtue1 to /r5g!n its s9ews1 to t]rify & put to r\t its enemies1--! l[]1 s5se-feel+s & passions4 ,! conv]sion seems to arise z by an act ( grace f above2 or1 to express ?is 9 o!r words1 ! s\l or _s t5ds t[>ds t ) :i* x has greate/ aff9ity1 z ! sun-fl[] t5ds t[>ds ! sun1 & ?is aff9ity 9 ! human s\l is ,love4#dig ,! symbol ( love is fire1 = love conv]ts ! object ( love into ! lov]1 z fire is ( all elem5ts ! mo/ active1 ! mo/ pot5t to trans=m o!rs into itself4#dih ,x is ! div9e 9 man t makes him or impels him to love ,god z ,he is 9 reality1 & ! goal or aim ( t love is to take ,god into himself1 to become "o ) ,god4 ,no really div9e or h]oic love c ev] re/ satisfi$ 9 any?+ b spiritual beauty4 ,= !re are ?ree k9ds ( love1 z !re are ?ree k9ds ( ,platonic rapture--! contemplative1 ! practical1 ! idle or voluptu\s4 ,"o f ! p]ception ( corporeal =m & beauty rises to ! ?\ght ( ! spiritual & div9e2 ano!r enjoys ! vision ( beauty = itself1 & = ! grace ( ! _s t is reflect$ 9 ! grace ( ! body2 :ile /ill ano!r enjoys only ! mat]ial pleasure t beauty provides2 ! la/ is ! love ( b>b>\s natures1 incapable ( rais+ !mselves to love t :i* is really wor?y ( love4#dii ,sid5ote3 ,beauty4 ,to ! two high] k9ds ( love correspond ! two k9ds ( beauty--s5sible & intelligible4 ,t 9 ! body :i* calls =? love--its beauty--is a c]ta9 spirituality1 :i* consi/s n 9 def9ite dim5sions1 nor 9 det]m9ate col\rs or =ms1 b 9 a c]ta9 h>mony & consonance ( memb]s & col\rs4 ,corporeal beauty is n1 h[ev]1 true or p]man5t beauty1 & !re=e _c call =? true or p]man5t love4 ,! beauty ( bodies is accid5tal1 %ad[y1 & l o!r qualities is absorb$1 alt]$1 & decays ?r\gh ! *ange ( ! subject-body1 = ! latt] frequ5tly f beautiful becomes ugly1 )\t any *ange tak+ place 9 ! s\l4 ,reason1 h[ev]1 appreh5ds ! m truly beautiful by conv]sion to t :i* makes beauty 9 body1 ! s\rce ( ! beauty1 & t is ! s\l1 :i* has s m\ld$ & =m$ x4 ,intellect rises /ill high]1 sees t :ile ! s\l is incomp>ably beautiful above ! beauty ( bodily ?+s1 x is n beautiful 9 itself1 or primitively1 o!rwise !re c\ld n exi/ ! div]sity t is f\nd 9 s\ls--"s be+ wise1 lovable1 beautiful1 o!rs fooli%1 hateful1 ugly4 ,h5ce x mu/ rise to t high] intellig5ce :i* ( itself is beautiful & ( itself is good4 ,t is ! ,"o1 ! ,supreme ,capta91 :o :5 pres5t$ to ! eyes ( ! ?\ghts militant1 illum9ates !m1 enc\rages1 /r5g!ns1 & leads !m to victory 9 ! contempt ( e o!r beauty1 & repudiation ( e o!r good4 ,its pres5ce1 !re=e1 is t :i* enables u to ov]come e difficulty & conqu] e =ce4#ejj ,! ,intellig5ce :i* is ! true/ beauty atta9able by u1 is n yet ,div9ity itself1 b only ! highe/ intelligible species1 or =m1 ! highe/ ,idea4 ,div9ity itself is ! f9al1 ! mo/ p]fect object ( ?\ght & love1 n atta9able 9 our pres5t /ate1 9 :i* ,god _c become object to u1 except ?r\gh "s image4#eja ,no image ( ! ,div9e1 h[ev]1 ev5 ! mo/ inadequate1 c be ab/ract$ or o!rwise d]iv$ by ! s5ses1 f corporeal beauty or excell5ce4 ,su* c be =m$ only by ! intellect1 & on su* ! human intellect fe$s1 9 ?is l[] _w1 until x be all[$ to behold ) pur] eyes ! beauty ( div9ity itself4 ,9 a f9e simile ,bruno describes h[ "o may come to "s mansion1 mo/ exquisitely adorn$1 & z he goes ab\t obs]v+ n[ ?is1 n[ t1 is pleas$ & happy1 fill$ ) delight & noble wond]4 ,b if !n he sees ! liv+ ,"l ( ^! beautiful =ms1 ( beauty incomp>ably great]1 he lets g all c>e or ?\ght ( !m1 int5t :olly on ?is "o1 _! s\rce4 ,su* is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! e>?ly /ate1 :5 we see ! div9e beauty 9 intelligible or ab/ract =ms1 d]iv$ f its effects1 its works1 ma/]pieces1 its %ad[s & similitudes1 & ! p]fect /ate1 :5 we are all[$ to behold x 9 its real pres5ce4#ejb ,! intelligible species ( ?is conception1 :i* ,bruno d]ives f ,neoplatonism1 are simply ! ideas ( ! speculative sci5ces1 :i* include1 h[ev]1 :at w\ld n[ be call$ ! natural sci5ces4 ,human ,p]fection consi/s 9 a =m ( k1 a sy/em ( ?\ght1 by :i* ! kn[] becomes "o ) ! m9d 9 :i* ?is ?\ght-sy/em orig9at$1 ! m9d ( ,god4 ,our k--t is1 our p]fection--c nev]1 h[ev]1 be complete1 s9ce ! object1 ! kn[able1 c nev] be p]fectly compreh5d$4 ,b x may be made complete s f> z our vision ext5ds2 & h]e9 lies a sav+ clause = ! ord9>y man4 ,few c rea* ! goal1 b all may run2 x is en\gh t ea* d 8 be/ possible4 ,! g5]\s _s pref]s to fail nobly 9 ! pursuit ( ! highe/ r ?an to succe$ 9 inf]ior & bas] ent]prises4#ejc ,acteon typifies ! human intellect 9 its pursuit ( ! div9e wisdom & capture ( div9e beauty4#ejd ,! wild bea/s :om he tracks d[n are ! intelligible species or ideal =ms1 r>ely s\ght1 & r>ely se5 by ^? t seek !m4 ,8 dogs are ! ?\ghts t issue outw>ds 9 se>* ( goodness1 wisdom1 beauty beyond himself4 ,! fate ( ,acteon--8 dea? "u ! fangs ( 8 own h\nds--repres5ts h[ ! g5]\s _s1 com+ into ! pres5ce ( t highe/ beauty1 is ravi%$ out ( itself1 is conv]t$ into ! v prey :i* x pursu$3 itself is n[ ! prey ( its own ?\ghts1 = x has contract$ div9ity into itself1 has no long] to seek x outside ( itself3 z love conv]ts into ! ?+ lov$4#eje ,8 dea? means t he ends 8 life accord+ to ! _w ( folly1 ( s5se1 ( bl9dness & ( fancy1 only to comm5ce ! new intellectual life1 ! life ( ! gods4#ejf ,sid5ote3 ,! inf9ite process4 ,! fir/ /ep1 h[ev]1 9 ! desire ( ! inf9itely beautiful is b ! beg9n+ ( an endless s]ies2 ! he>t goes out on an endless que/1 :ile ! intellect _c b foll[4 ,= ! intellect _c re/ 9 any def9ite or f9ite idea or object1 b is driv5 ev] =w>ds t[>ds ! s\rce ( all ideas1 ! ocean ( all tru? & goodness4 ,:atev] =m may be pres5t$ to x & compreh5d$ by x1 x judges t !re mu/ be a great] above & beyond t4 ,h5ce x is 9 con/ant disc\rse & movem5t1 = :atev] x possesses is se5 to be a measur$ ?+1 & !re=e _c be suffici5t 9 itself1 nor good 9 itself1 nor beautiful 9 itself4 ,x is n ! univ]se1 n absolute ,be+1 b ,be+ contract$ to ?is or t nature1 species1 =m1 repres5t$ to ! intellect1 & pres5t$ to ! m9d 7animo74 ,?us always f beauty compreh5d$1 & !re=e measur$ or limit$1--! beautiful by p>ticipation1--we progress t[>ds t :i* is truly beautiful1 beautiful )\t any limit or m>g94#ejg ,on ! o!r h&1#ejh ?is inf9ite process is n 9 va91 = x is n f imp]fect to p]fect1 b a circul> movem5t ab\t ! degrees ( p]fection1 9 ord] to arrive at ! inf9ite c5tre :i* is nei!r =m$ nor =m4 ,?is p>adox ,tansillo 7tak+ ! "p ( ! ,nolan7 refuses to expla94 ,x probably h9ts at ! idea1 z famili> 9 ,bruno z ! inf9ite process itself1 t 9 ea* =m or degree ( p]fection1 ! inf9ite ) all its p]fection1 is :olly pres5t4 ,x is a c5tre :i* is at ! same "t ! circumf]5ce4 ,9 a subsequ5t dialogue#eji ! object alike ( intellectual pursuit & ( ! he>t's desire is describ$ z a positive or p]fective inf9ite4 ,! w _c re/ satisfi$ ) a f9ite good2 b if !re is o!r good beyond1 desires x1 seeks x1 because1 z ! common say+ goes1 ! acme ( "o species is ! foot & ! beg9n+ ( ! next high] species4 ,! highe/ good be+ inf9ite1 x is communicat$ inf9itely1 b also accord+ to ! nature ( ! ?+s to :i* x is communicat$4 ,nei!r to ! univ]se1 e4g4 z reg>ds mass & figure1 nor to ! intellect1 nor to ! he>t1 are any def9ite limits fix$2 yet ! intellect & ! he>t may /ill become p]fect ?r\gh or by _! object1 = t object is n m]ely a privative inf9ite#eaj or pot5tiality1 b a p]fective or positive#eaa inf9ite z be+ itself actuality & p]fection4 ,:5 ! intellect conceives tru?1 or light1 ! good1 ! beautiful1 )9 ! :ole capacity ( its nature1 & ! s\l dr9ks ( ! div9e nect> & ( ! s\rce ( et]nal life1 s mu* z its vessel c hold1 x is se5 t ! light 7( tru?7 ext5ds beyond1 & t ! intellect may g on & on1 p5etrat+ m deeply into x4 ,! nect> & ! s\rce ( liv+ wat] are inf9itely productive2 ! s\l may qu5* its ?ir/ 9 x aga9 & aga94#eab ,?us ! bless$ or p]fect life = ,bruno meant a p]man5t1 cont9u\s absorption ( ! individual s\l 9 ! div9e goodness--a p]man5ce or et]nity :i* 0 also "o ) ! in/ant ( "t4 ,!re 0 no great] value at any lat] mom5t ?an at ! fir/ union ( ! s\l ) its div9e object3 ! s\l 0 !reby remov$1 once = all1 out ( ! con/ant flux ( ?+s1 ! incessant r5ewal & rebir? ( ! s\l ?r\gh\t ! ages1 & lift$ up into ! calm ( ! et]nal & immutable4 ,sid5ote3 ,s\l & body4 ,ev5 ! h]oic s\l1 h[ev]1 is1 z o!r s\ls1 on ! bord] l9e betwe5 corporeal & incorporeal nature2 9 "p x t5ds to rise t[>ds ! upp] _w1 9 "p incl9es t[>ds ! l[] _w4 ,if s5se asc5ds to imag9ation1 imag9ation to reason1 reason to intellect1 intellect to m9d1 !n ! s\l is :olly conv]t$ into ,god1 & its dwell+-place is ! intelligible _w4 ,9 ! contr>y direction x desc5ds ?r\gh conv]sion to ! s5sible _w1 by way ( intellect1 reason1 imag9ation1 s5se1 & ! vegetative faculty4 ,m9d 7! highe/ faculty 9 ,bruno's psy*ology3--! intuitive p]ception ( unity ) ! supreme ideal _w7 is oppress$ by its conjunction ) ! m mat]ial faculties ( ! s\l2 kn[+ ( a high] /ate to :i* ! s\l might rise1 x despises ! pres5t 9 fav\r ( ! future4 ,if a brute _h s5se ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 its condition & t ( man1 & betwe5 ! bas5ess ( its /ate & ! nobility ( t ( man1 to :i* x did n feel x impossible to rise1 x w\ld pref] dea? :i* %\ld put x on ! way to t /ate1 to life :i* held x fa/ 9 its pres5t "o4 ,s ! s\l1 compell$ by its l(ti] ?\ghts1 z if dead to ! body1 aspires upw>ds4 ,al?\gh liv+ 9 ! body1 x vegetates !re z dead--is pres5t 9 x s f> z animation is conc]n$1 b abs5t f x 9 its prop] action4#eac ,?us ! h]oic s\l1 al?\gh pres5t 9 ! body1 is abs5t f x ) ! bett] "p ( itself1 & unites itself 9 an indissoluble bond ) div9e ?+s4 ,x feels nei!r love nor hatr$ ( mortal ?+s1 consid]+ itself too great to be ! slave & s]vant ( its body3 ! latt] x reg>ds simply z a prison-h\se )9 :i* its lib]ty is clos$ 92 a sn>e t holds its w+s entangl$2 a *a9 t b9ds its h&s2 fett]s t hold its feet fa/2 a veil t bewild]s its vision4 ,yet x is nei!r slave1 nor captive1 nor entangl$1 nor *a9$1 nor held fa/1 b\nd nor bl9d1 = ! body _c tyrannise ov] x fur!r ?an itself all[s4 ,x has _s allott$ to x proportionally to its ne>ness to div9ity1 s9ce ! corporeal _w & matt] are subject to div9ity & nature4 ,s x may make itself /rong aga9/ =tune1 magnanim\s aga9/ inju/ice1 bold 9 face ( pov]ty1 disease1 & p]secution4#ead ,sid5ote3 ,! s\l4 ,sid5ote3 ,di/raction ( ! body4 ,! s\l ( man1 9 ,bruno's psy*ology1 z 9 ,ari/otle's1 p]=ms a d\ble function3--! "o is to vivify & actuate ! body1 & ! o!r to contemplate ! high] _w4 ,x has a receptive faculty t[>ds ! spiritual1 an active faculty t[>ds ! corporeal4 ,body is z dead1 a ?+ privative t[>ds ! s\l1 :i* is its life & p]fection1 & ! s\l is z dead1 a ?+ privative to ! high] illum9at+ intellig5ce f :i* its intellect d]ives bo? its t5d5cy or nature1 & its actual =m1 its realisation4#eae ,! s\l is n locally 9 ! body1 b is relat$ to x z intr9sic =m1 & z extr9sic giv] ( =m3 m\ld+ ! memb]s1 & giv+ %ape to ! composite result f )9 & f )\t4 ,body is 9 s\l1 s\l 9 m9d1 & m9d ei!r is1 or is 9 ,god1 z ,plot9us said4#eaf ,! dualism ( nature & div9ity1 ( corporeal & spiritual1 intellect & s5se1 p]meates ! e?ical z x p]meates ! e>li] philosophical ?\ght ( ,bruno3 n[h]e is ! ,neoplatoni/ ef=t to ov]come ! dualism inh]5t bo? 9 ,plato & 9 ,ari/otle less effective ?an "h4 ,?us ! body rema9s--9 spite ( ! cont9uity seem+ly ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! highe/ & ! l[e/ ( ! emanations f ! supreme1 or ! id5tity ass]t$ betwe5 s5se1 imag9ation1 reason1 intellect1--! *ief h9drance to ! aspiration ( ! s\l4 ,= ! body is 9 cont9ual movem5t1 *ange1 alt]ation1 & its faculties are condition$ by its inh]5t nature1 its op]ations by its faculties4 ,h[ !n c immobility1 subsi/5ce1 entity1 tru?1 be und]/ood by t :i* is always diff]5t f itself1 always act+ & becom+ 9 diff]5t ways8 ,:at tru?1 :at repres5tation c be depict$ or impress$ :5 ! pupils ( ! eyes are disp]s$ into wat]1 ! wat] into vap\r1 ! vap\r into flame1 ! flame into air--t into o!r ?+s & aga9 o!r1 ! object ( s5se & s5se-k pass+ endlessly ?r\gh ! inf9ite cycle ( *anges8 ,?\ght & passion take _! "* f _! object1 or ! s5se-data on :i* !y are bas$3 b t :i* has always be=e x n[ "o ?+ n[ ano!r1 n[ 9 "o way n[ 9 ano!r1 mu/ necess>ily be q bl9d 9 reg>d to t beauty :i* is always "o1 & 9 "o mann]1 :i* is unity itself1 entity1 id5tity4#eag ,into ! v life ( ! g5]\s s\l !re ent]1 accord+ly1 ! contr>ieties by :i* on a l[] plane ! s\l is gov]n$3--! skilfulness & art ( nature cause x to fa9t ) desire = t :i* de/roys x1 to be cont5t 9 ! mid/ ( torm5t1 to be torm5t$ 9 ! mid/ ( all cont5t4 ,= no?+ d]ives f pr9ciples ( peace1 b ev]y?+ f contr>y pr9ciples1 ?r\gh ! victory & dom9ance ( "o side ( ! contr>iety4 ,!re is no pleasure ( g5]ation on "o side )\t ! pa9 ( corruption on ! o!r2 & ! ?+s t are becom+ & ^? t are decay+ are conjo9$ 9 "o & ! same composite be+4 ,! s5se ( joy & ! s5se ( sorr[ g ev] toge!r2 x is call$ joy r ?an sorr[ if ! =m] pr$om9ates & has great] =ce to solicit ! s5se4#eah ,! life 9 dea? ( ! m div9e s\l is only an extreme in/ance3--x is ! dea? ( lov]s f an extreme ( joy1 ! ,cabali/ mors osculi1 & is at ! same "t et]nal life1 su* z man may h pot5tially1 9 disposition1 9 ?is _w1 b actually1 9 effect1 9 et]nity alone4#eai ,aga9 x is ! contra/ ( inf9ite desire & f9ite p[]3--! weakness ( ! human m9d :i* is int5t on its div9e ent]prise1 & sudd5ly is engulf$ 9 ! abyss ( incompreh5sible excell5ce4 ,s5se & imag9ation are confus$ & absorb$1 ! s\l c nei!r g =w>d nor backw>d1 nor "k :]e to turn1 b loses its be+ j z a drop ( wat] vani%es 9 ! sea1 or a little vap\r ?9s out & loses its prop] sub/ance 9 ! spaci\s immeasurable air4#ebj ,sid5ote3 ,intellig5ce & love4 ,z ! height ( our intellig5ce1 s is ! dep? ( our love or passion2 ! high]1 i4e4 ! m compreh5sive1 ! object ( k1 ! m absorb$ become feel+s & emotions 9 its contemplation4#eba ,! mo/ complete absorption is t ( ! h]oic m9d 9 its inf9ite & all-compreh5sive object4 ,t is n p]fect div9e h]oic love :i* feels ! spur or ! bridle1 or regret or grief = any o!r love2 b t :i* is entirely )\t s5se or feel+ ( o!r passions4 ,x is s deep 9 its delight t no?+ c displease or div]t x or cause x to /umble 9 ! lea/1 & ?is is to rea* ! highe/ bless$ness 9 our pres5t /ate--to h pleasure )\t any s5se ( pa94#ebb ,! loss ( s5se is caus$ by ! absorption ( ! :ole be+ 9 virtue1 9 ! truly good1 & 9 felicity4 ,regulus1 ,lucretia1 ,socrates1 ,anax>*us1 ,scaevola1 ,cocles1 are in/anc$ z noble human be+s :o _h no feel+ or s5se ( ! greate/ tortures1 or :at w\ld be su* to bas] human natures4#ebc ,a ke5] joy1 or fe>1 or hope1 fai?1 or indignation1 or contempt1 turns ! m9d away f any pres5t1 less vivid1 passion4 ,"o :o is m deeply mov$ by ! sight ( "s o!r ?+1 does n suff] ! pangs ( dea?4 ,! truly wise & virtu\s man1 n feel+ pa91 is p]fectly happy1 s f> z ! pres5t life admits1 at lea/ 9 ! eye ( reason4 ,sid5ote3 ,aspiration4 ,9 its aspiration ! s\l ne$ n g beyond itself1 ne$ only ent] into ! dep?s ( its own m9d 7m5s72 = ?is x is unnecess>y to op5 ! eyes wide ^u ! heav5s1 to raise al(t ! h&s1 to w5d "o's way to ! temple1 to intone to ! e>s ( idols1 t "o may be/ be he>d2 r we %\ld ent] into ! inn]mo/ he>t ( ourselves1 = ,god is ne> to u1 ) u1 )9 u1 m truly ?an we are 9 ourselves2 be+ s\l ( s\ls1 life ( lives1 ess5ce ( ess5ces4 ,div9ity is n m nor less pres5t 9 ! o!r worlds ?an 9 our own or 9 ourselves4#ebd ,!re=e ! h]oic s\l )draws f ! _m1 nei!r hat+ !m nor seek+ to be l !m1 associat+ only ) ^? :om x may make bett]1 or :o may make x bett]2 b aim+ ev] to be self-suffici5t 9 its own wisdom4 ,! s\l mu/ come to ! po9t :5 x no long] reg>ds b despises fatigue1 & ! m ! conte/ ( passions & vices rages )91 ! /ruggle ( vici\s enemies )\t1 ! m x mu/ aspire & rise1 & pass1 ) "o brea? 7if x may be7 ov] ?is m\nta9 ( difficulty4 ,"h !re is no ne$ = o!r arms or %ield ?an ! gr&eur ( an inv9cible m9d1 ! endurance ( a _s :i* ma9ta9s ! ev5 t5or ( its life1 proce$s f k1 & is regulat$ by ! art ( speculat+ ^u ?+s high & l[1 div9e & human1 9 :i* its highe/ good consi/s4#ebe ,sid5ote3 ,love ( ,god4 ,to ! love 9 ! human s\l !re corresponds love 9 ! div9e nature1 because love is ( ! ess5ce ( div9ity4 ,x prec$es1 9 ! my?ology ( ! anci5ts1 all ! o!r gods4 ,h5ce !re is a natural in/9ct or t5d5cy ( all ?+s t[>ds ! beautiful & good4 ,love is t by virtue ( :i* all ?+s are produc$1 :i* is 9 all ?+s1 & is ! vig\r ( all ?+s2 by its guidance s\ls rise to contemplation1 by ! p[] ( flight x inspires1 ! difficulties ( nature are ov]come1 & m5 become unit$ ) ,god4#ebf ,to see ,god is to be se5 by ,god2 to be he>d by div9ity is to he> ! voice ( div9ity2 to be fav\r$ by its grace is ! same ?+ z (f]+ oneself to x4 ,! div9e pot5cy t is :olly 9 ev]y?+ does n (f] nor )draw itself except ?r\gh ! conv]sion ( ! o!r1 its object1 to x1 or av]sion f x4#ebg ,to love ,god is to be lov$ by ,god4 ,x is only ?r\gh love1 aga91 t we c approa* ! inmo/ nature ( ,god2 we _c reason or ev5 ?9k ( ! div9e )\t detract+ f x r ?an add+ to its glory4#ebh ,to ?9k ( ,god is to limit ,him1 &1 !re=e1 z we h se51 e conception ( ,him is inadequate3 ! deepe/1 ! highe/ k ( div9e ?+s is by way ( negation1 nev] by affirmation4 ,= ! div9e beauty & div9e goodness c nev] fall )9 our und]/&+ 7our conceptual k71 b are ev] beyond & beyond 9 absolute incompreh5sibility4 ,no f9ite intellig5ce ev] p]ceives ! sub/ance ( div9ity1 b always its similitude1 its image2 ev5 ! highe/ intellig5ces are1 9 ! language ( ! s*ools1 n =mally1 b only d5om9atively1 gods1 or div9e1--div9ity & ! div9e beauty rema9+ "o & exalt$ above all ?+s4#ebi ,be+ itself et]nal1 un*angeable1 ! div9e tru? reveals itself to ! few to :om x is reveal$--n z 9 ! physical sci5ces1 :i* are acquir$ by ! natural light ( s5se & reason1 proce$+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 9 successive /ages1 b--sudd5ly & at "o /roke4 ,!re is no ne$ ( exp5se ( "t1 labori\s /udy1 active inquiry1 to secure x2 b x ent]s into u z readily z ! sol> light is pres5t1 )\t lapse ( "t to him :o turns to x1 & lays himself op5 to receive x4#ecj ,:5 ! s\l is ?us :olly turn$ to ,god--to ! ,idea ( ,ideas--! m9d is lift$ up to ! unity above ess5ce1 & becomes all love1 all simplicity & unity4 ,! s\l is p]meat$ at once ) ! desire or love ( ! div9e beauty 9 itself1 )\t similitude1 figure1 image1 or =m--a desire or love :i* is its own realisation4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,positive ,,religions ,,& ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,philosophy ,! ho/ility :i* ! ,italian & "s ( ! ,lat9 writ+s ( ,bruno %[$ t[>ds ! positive religions ( 8 day1 alike ! ,ca?olic1 ! ,re=m$1 ! ,jewi%1 & ! ,mahom$an1 _h two gr\nds3 8 belief t religi\s or sect>ian /rife 0 ! *ief cause ( ! evils ( w> & civil discord t 7 rife ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & ! fact t "o & all ( ^! ,*ur*es claim$ ! "r ( limit+ ?\ght z well z ( dictat+ practice1 & 9 _! ex]cise ( ?is "r =m$ an un5durable b>ri] 9 ! way ( human progress4 ,( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 to :i* all 8 life ,bruno belong$ 9 _s if n 9 outw>d con=mity1 he nev] expressly d5i$ any ( ! ess5tial doctr9es1 z he ma9ta9$ be=e ! ,inquisition at ,v5ice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he admitt$ t he _h occasionally made indirect criticism ( ^! doctr9es1 speak+ or writ+ philosophically1 n !ologically4 ,to ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 = example1 he _h giv5 a rationali/1 half-my/ical int]pretation1 see+ 9 x a figure or metaphor ( ! co9cid5ce 9 ,god ( ! ?ree highe/ pr9ciples--,m9d 7! ,fa!r71 ,intellect 7! ^w1 ! ,son71 & ,love1 ! creat+1 vivify+ =ce ( ! ,univ]se 7! ,com=t] or ,holy ,_s74 ,x is q cle> t he did n accept z philosophically true ! di/9ction ( ,p]sons1 or ! special div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,only once1 p]haps1 does he write s]i\sly ( ,*ri/ z ! ,son ( ,god1 & t 9 "o ( ! po/hum\s works1 ! ,lampas ,trig9ta ,/atu>um4#eca ,*>ity is ! mo/ p]fect & consummate h>mony1 by :i* ! s\l 9 u becomes s h>moni\s 9 itself t x is attun$ bo? to ,god & to all m5 equally1 n only to fri5ds b ev5 to enemies2 to ?is p]fection we are drawn1 impell$1 invit$ by ! ,son ( ! almighty ,god1 to raise u up to ! lik5ess ( ! ,fa!r1 ':o make? ,8 sun to rise ^u good & evil1 & s5ds ,8 ra9 ^u ! j & ! unju/1' uplift+ u f ! savage condition ( life common to brutes & to ! uncivilis$1 :o love _! fri5ds & neighb\rs1 b hate /rang]s & enemies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is v law is else:]e spok5 ( z com+ n f ! evil _s or g5ius ( any "o race1 b f ,god1 ! ,fa!r ( all1 z be+ 9 h>mony ) univ]sal nature1 & z tea*+ a g5]al philan?ropy2 t we %\ld love our v enemies1 n be l brutes & b>b>ians1 b trans=m ourselves aft] ! image ( ,him :o makes ,8 sun to rise ^u good & evil1 & makes ! ra9 ( ,8 m]cies to fall ^u j & unju/4 ,?is is ! religion :i* ,i obs]ve1 z beyond all controv]sy1 & above all disputation1 bo? f ! conviction ( my m9d1 & 9 accordance ) ! cu/om ( my fa!rl& & race4#ecb ,:at ,bruno reject$ 9 ,*ri/ianity 0 ! :ole mass ( doctr9e :i* sugge/$ a miracul\s or sup]natural int]f]5ce ) ! ord] ( nature1 = ! b5efit ei!r ( a p>ticul> p]son1 or ( a p>ticul> race4 ,t is ! n]ve1 = example1 ( 8 satire ^u ! popul> idea ( ,provid5ce 9 ! ,spaccio4#ecc ,!re ,m]cury1 on "o ( 8 visits to ,sophia1 relates a numb] ( ?+s he has to see c>ri$ out1 by ! ord] ( ,provid5ce1 ab\t ! little hamlet ( ,cicala4 ,!y are none ( ! cleane/--! numb] ( melons t are to rip5 9 ,franz9o's g>d5 & t are n to be ga!r$ till ov]-ripe1 ( jujubes t are to be pick$ f ,giovanni ,bruno's tree1 t are to fall to ! e>?1 or t are to be eat5 by worms2 h[ ,va/a1 9 curl+ ! hair on h] temples1 is to ov]heat ! iron & burn fifty-sev5 ( !m1 b is n to scor* h] head--& s on4 ,^! unpleasant details1 h[ev]1 are only a prelude to a philosophical conception ( ! div9e action4 ,god1 x is said1 does n provide = ?is & t individual z occasion arises4#ecd ,he does all ?+s )\t delib]ation1 anxiety1 or p]plexity3 provides = innum]able species & an inf9ite numb] ( individuals1 n 9 any ord] ( succession1 b at once & all toge!r3 ,he is n l a f9ite ag5t1 do+ ?+s "o by "o1 ) _m acts1 an inf9ite numb] ( acts = an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s1 b does ev]y?+1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 ) "o simple & unique act4#ece ,s ! k ( ,god is simple1 conta9+ implicitly 9 itself all ?+s t are or happ5 9 ! ext5d$ univ]se 7! explicate unity74 ,x is only to our confus$ vision t ?is div9e gov]nm5t does n appe> j & holy4 ,m]cury advises ,sophia to put m /r5g? & w>m? into h] pray]s1 = to ! m9d ( ! inf9ite ! small is z important z ! great6 ,! lea/ ?+s are j z mu* a c>e to ! gods z ! pr9cipal ?+s1 = ! greate/ & *iefe/ _c subsi/ )\t ! lea/ & l[lie/4 ,! m9ute/ trifle 9 ! ord] ( ! univ]se is important1 = great ?+s are compos$ ( little1 little ?+s ( lea/ ?+s1 & ^! ( atoms & m9ima4#ecf ,! act ( ! div9e k is ! sub/ance ( all ?+s3 all are !re=e kn[n1 orda9$1 =ese54 ,div9e k is n z human1 :i* comes aft] ?+s1 b is be=e & 9 all ?+s1 & if x 7 n s1 ?+s c\ld n be causes or ag5ts1 ei!r proximate or second>y4#ecg ,?us ! ord] ( nature is fix$ & et]nal1 orda9$ & =ekn[n f all "t4 ,we h se5 t ,bruno reject$ ! sup]/iti\s idea t comets & o!r heav5ly wond]s _h a sup]natural mean+2 & t he f\nd ! true/ signs ( div9ity 9 ! ord]ly c\rse ( nature4#ech ,miracles he expla9$ ei!r ?r\gh impo/ure or ?r\gh sympa!tic magic4 ,along ) ^! he reject$ also :at may be call$ ! morbid side ( m$ival ,*ri/ianity--its con/ant dwell+ ^u ! physical1 s5sational aspects ( ,*ri/'s life1 suff]+s1 & dea?1#eci its appeal to ! hy/]ical 9 man4 ,aga9/ a religion ( incoh]5t p]sonal emotion & brute ignorance1 he w\ld set "o ( humane love & ( reason$ k4 ,! *ief value ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 8 eyes1 0 its prea*+ ( ! ,gospel law ( mutual love1 :i* ! tyranny ( ,rome _h violat$4#edj ,! religion to :i* he gave 8 adh]5ce 0 t :i* rais$ ! dead1 heal$ ! sick1 gave to ! poor2 n ! contr>y =m to :i* ! ,inquisition _h br\ght ! ,*ur* 9 ,ca?olic l&s4 ,sid5ote3 ,man & ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bible1--n sci5ce b morality its aim4 ,) great boldness ,bruno drew f 8 conception ( ! ,inf9ite ! consequ5ce t !re c be no action ( ! f9ite ^u ! inf9ite1 no *ange or effect 9 ,god produc$ ?r\gh man4 ,a practical coroll>y ( ?is 0 ! argum5t = fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,! virtue ( ,judgm5t1 9 ! ,spaccio1 has entru/$ to x ! def5ce ( ! true law1 & ! removal ( unju/ or false laws1 dictat$ by enmity to ! peace & happ9ess ( ! human commonweal?4 ,x %all k9dle & fan ! appetite = glory 9 ! human brea/1 z ! only sure /imulus = incit+ m5 to ! h]oic de$s t increase1 ma9ta91 or /r5g!n republics4 ,b x %all n pay he$ to :at m5 imag9e or ?9k1 provid$ _! words & de$s d n corrupt ! peace ( ! realm4 ,de$s are its only conc]n1 & x has to judge ! tree1 n by ! f95ess1 b by ! goodness ( its fruits4 ,heav5 is n int]e/$ 9 any way 9 :at does n int]e/ man2 x is mov$ & ang]$1 n by any?+ done1 said1 or ?\ght by m51 except 9 s f> z ! welf>e ( republics is endang]$4 ,gods w\ld n be gods if !y 7 ei!r pleas$ or displeas$1 griev$ or delight$1 by :at m5 did or ?\ght2 !y w\ld be m ne$y ?an m51 w\ld be z dep5d5t on m5 z m5 are on !mselves = utility & pr(it4#eda ,! gods are beyond all passion3 !y h active ang] & pleasure only1 n passive4 ,!re=e !y d n ?reat5 puni%m5t or promise rew>d = good or evil t results 9 !m1 b = t committ$ on peoples & 9 ! human societies :i* !y fo/] by _! div9e laws & /atutes1 s9ce human laws d n suffice4 ,! gods d n seek ! rev]5ce1 fe>1 love1 wor%ip1 or respect ( m51 = any o!r end or utility ?an t ( m5 !mselves4 ,glory _c be add$ to ! gods f )\t2 !y h made _! laws n to receive glory b to communicate glory to m54 ,! sole sph]e ( ju/ice is ! moral actions ( m5 ) reg>d to o!r m52 inw>d s9s are s9s only s f> z !y h outw>d effect1 & inw>d ju/ice is n ju/ice )\t outw>d practice4#edb ,9 ! ,c5a ,bruno _h already made practical use ( ?is pr9ciple 9 ma9ta9+ t ! ,scriptures tea* n sci5ce1 b an ideal ( conduct1 & !re=e t any argum5t f !m z to ! actual con/itution ( ! _w is devoid ( compell+ =ce1 :ile1 on ! o!r side1 no sci5tific !ory or hypo!sis c be rul$ out simply because x is contradict$ by any /atem5t 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,!y 7 writt51 n 9 ! s]vice ( our intellect to in/ruct u 9 philosophy1 b = ! grace ( our m9d & he>t1 orda9+ by _! laws :at %\ld be our behavi\r 9 ! moral life4 ,! ,scriptures 7 writt5 9 ! language & adapt$ to ! intellig5ce ( ! vulg>1 ! p ( ! "t4 ,a hi/orian mak+ use ( words :i* ! ord9>y man c\ld n und]/&1 w\ld be absurd2 & /ill m s w\ld be "o :o desir$ to give to a :ole p a law & model ( life1 if he 7 to employ t]ms :i* he alone or v few c\ld und]/&1 & %\ld wa/e "t ov] matt]s indiff]5t to ! end = :i* ! laws 7 orda9$4 ,= ?is reason ,alghazel said t ! function ( ! books ( ! law 0 n s mu* to probe ! tru? ( ?+s1 or speculation1 z to promote good cu/oms1 & to provide = ! welf>e ( republics & ( humanity4 ,to use ! t]ms ( sci5ce :]e !re is no ne$1 is to ask t ! vulg>1 ! fooli% _m1 f :om only conduct is requir$1 %all h a special compreh5sion1--to ask t ! h& %all h ! eye1 :]eas x is n made by nature to see1 b to "w1 & to obey ! eye4#edc ,! revelation ( ! ,scriptures is accord+ly r$uc$ to t ( a moral ideal1 to be en=c$ ^u ! ord9>y man by ! ?reat ( future puni%m5t & promise ( future rew>d2 b x is an ideal :i* ! wise man w\ld acquire by ! light ( reason alone1 & :i* he w\ld pursue = its own sake4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! c]emonies & wor%ip ( ! ,*ur* 7 nev] attack$ by ,bruno1 nor did he ev] place himself 9 op5 ho/ility to x2 :ile he submitt$1 =mally at lea/1 to ! rites ( ! ,prote/ant *ur*es 9 ,g5eva & ,helm/adt4 ,! gr\nds ( ?is outw>d con=mity may h be5 v>i\s3 ,bruno _h no int]e/ 9 speculative !ology1 & probably kept an op5 m9d t[>ds ! prevail+ dogmas & ! c]emonies t symbolis$ ! tru?s conta9$ 9 !m4 ,he believ$ ) ,pomponazzi1 & o!rs aft] him1 t religion is a good ?+ = ! _m1 ! fooli% & ignorant ( ! _w1 :ile k or philosophy takes its place ) ! wise4 ,! =m] mu/ be gov]n$ by laws :i* !y h bl9dly to obey1 h5ce ! sup]natural sanction requir$2 ! latt] pursue ! true good )\t ?is /imulus1 by virtue ( reason4 ,b = ! sake ( ! _m1 ! few mu/ con=m 9 outw>d practice ) ! religion ( _! /ate4#edd ,brunnh(] goes s f> z to see 9 ?is ! idea ( ,less+1 t religion is a means :]eby m5 are gradually educat$ upw>ds to a true k ( ,god1--lead+ !m f ! /ate ( d>kness & savag]y to t ( moral behavi\r1 at :i* po9t only ! full light ( sci5ce & philosophy takes ! place ( religion4#ede ,!re 0 a religion1 h[ev]1 = ! few z well z = ! _m1 = ! :olly civilis$ z well z = ! semi-b>b>ians ( ,europe1--! philosophical religion ( ! ,h]oici ,furori4 ,ano!r reason = 8 con=mity 0 t ,bruno reg>d$ ! hi/orical religions z allegories1 or metaphors1 ( tru?4 ,n t x 0 = e "o to say :at 0 metaphorical m]ely1 :at tru? or fact3 9 ! h&s ( ,jews1 ,*ri/ians1 & ,mahom$ans1 & ! _m sects ( ea*1 ! same ,scripture met ) z _m int]pretations z ! numb] ( ! sects4#edf ,! int]pretation ( ! div9e words1 utt]$ by inspir$ prophet or poet1--= ! div9e inspiration 0 n giv5 at "o place or "o "t only1--0 aga9 ! "w ( ! wise few4 ,sid5ote3 ,egyptian religion3 ,animism4 ,bruno's own lean+ 0 t[>ds ,rationalism1--z 9 8 int]pretation ( ! ,tr9ity1 ( ,creation1 ( ! ,inc>nation1 ( ,immortality1 ( ,provid5ce4#edg ,9 ?is he 0 only foll[+ ,lully & ,nicolaus ( ,cusa1 :o also demon/rat$ "s ( ! deepe/ ( ,*ri/ian doctr9es1 int]pret$ 9 _! own way4 ,yet ,bruno 0 by no means a ?or\gh ,rationali/3 !re rema9$ always a sph]e )9 :i* ,fai? only 0 available1 to :i* nei!r reason nor intellect c\ld p5etrate4 ,we rememb] t he ridicul$ ,lully = attempt+ to demon/rate "s ( ! p>ticul> doctr9es :i* are reveal$ to ! wor%ipp]s ( ,*ri/ 7,*ri/icoli7 alone1 are contr>y to all reason1 philosophy1 o!r fai?s or sup]/itions1 & are capable ( no demon/ration1 b admit ( fai? only4#edh ,x is improbable t any ironical mean+ %\ld be read into ! words2 = ! di/9ction betwe5 fai? & k or sci5ce1 betwe5 !ological & philosophical discussion1 betwe5 ! sup]natural light & ! light ( nature or reason1 occurs aga9 & aga91 n only 9 ,bruno's replies to ! ,inquisitors ( ,v5ice1 b 9 ! publi%$ works4 ,"h & !re he deprecates ! tak+ ( 8 /atem5ts1 %\ld !y conflict ) or t5d to weak5 ! accept$ fai?1 z ass]tively made1 & claims1 l ,cop]nicus1 ! "r ( argu+ = any !sis :i* is m 9 h>mony ) our s5se & reason1 or at lea/ less out ( h>mony ) !m ?an ! contradictory !sis1 h[ev] high ! au?ority ( ! latt] may be4#edi ,discreet !ologians w\ld fix no limit to natural reason+s1 h[ev] f> ^! w5t1 provid$ !y did n det]m9e aga9/ ! div9e au?ority1 b subord9at$ !mselves to x4#eej ,ev5 ! ,h]oici ,furori disclaims any sup]natural reason+ or revelation4 ,if !re is ano!r ord]1 above ! natural1 :i* ei!r de/roys or corrects ! latt]1 ,i believe 9 x1 & may n dispute ab\t x1 = ,i d n reason 9 any o!r ?an a natural _s4 ,he is deal+ ) ,philosophy1 n ,!ology4#eea ,9 o!r words1 ,bruno refuses to dogmatise1 j z he condemns dogmatism 9 o!rs2 philosophy or sci5ce %\ld be all[$ to pursue its own c\rse1 irrespective ( religion1 & untrammell$ by ! ,*ur*1 s long z x does n attack ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 & !reby weak5 ! =ces t make = peace & h>mony among m54#eeb ,%ort ( t1 entire fre$om ( ?\ght %\ld be all[$4 ,sometimes x might be well t ! wise & h]oic1 z well z ! o!rs1 %\ld submit & humble ! light ( reason receiv$ f ,god1 ! m>k ( div9ity hidd5 9 ! sub/ance ( our nature1 if "s high] light =bid or w>n4 ,b1--,9 matt]s ( philosophy at lea/1 by ^: free alt>s ,i h tak5 refuge f ! ?reat5+ waves1 ,i %all li/5 only to ^? doctors :o bid u n close ! eyes b op5 !m z widely z we may4#eec ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ,bruno1 l _m o!rs :o 7 un/able 9 ! ,*ur*1 made use ( ! subt]fuge ( ! tw(old tru?2#eed 9 o!r words1 t he pr(ess$ to disbelieve !ologically :at he accept$ z philosophical tru?3 or t he held "o & ! same proposition to be true to s5se & reason1 i4e4 to h>monise ) all o!r natural k1 & yet to be false to fai?1 i4e4 inconsi/5t ) reveal$ tru?4 ,b no !ologian d5i$ m /r5u\sly ?an ,bruno1 9 spite ( occasional lapses1 ! possibility ( two k9ds ( tru?4 ,!re 7 inde$ two k9ds ( evid5ce3 "o f ! light ( our own s5ses & rational inf]5ce1 su* z we require 9 speculative sci5ces1 9 ! arts1 & 9 practical life1 :]e true & false1 good & evil1 are appreh5d$ by human reason & natural light2 ! o!r1 f light ( a =eign1 namely1 a div9e s\rce4 ,= z ,god nei!r deceives nor is deceiv$1 & is n envi\s1 b good 9 ! highe/ degree--is inde$ tru? & goodness itself2 s1 :5 he speaks to u ( occult ?+s1 ( my/]ies1 x mu/ be evid5t t ev]y?+ he proposes = our belief is true1 & t ev]y?+ he proposes = our do+ is good4 ,b ,god is also ! ,au?or ( nature1 ( our s5ses1 ( our eyes1 & ( t tru? & evid5ce :i* is 9 !m & accord+ to !m2 tru? does n contradict tru?1 goodness is n oppos$ to goodness4 ,! ^w ( ,god t is spread ?r\gh ! p>ts ( nature1 ,8 h& & in/rum5t1--= ,nature is ei!r ,god himself1 or ! div9e =ce manife/ 9 ?+s1--is n oppos$ to ! ^w ( ,god1 f :atev] o!r "p or pr9ciple x spr+s4#eee ,!re c\ld be no cle>] ass]tion ( ! "r ( philosophy & sci5ce to pursue _! own way 9 ! discov]y ( tru?4 ,no?+ reveal$ f above c conflict ) tru? acquir$ by ! discursive1 sl[-mov+ human reason1 nor on ! o!r h& c any real tru? arriv$ at by sci5ce ev] contradict ! pure1 g5u9ely-reveal$1 ^w ( ,god4 ,! sph]e ( fai? is sep>at$ f t ( reason2 fai? foll[s ! au?ority ( revelation1 is an infallible c]ta9ty equal to1 if n great] ?an1 t ( s5se-k & ! intuition ( fir/ pr9ciples4 ,reveal$ tru?s are outside ! sph]e ( s5se & reason1 n1 h[ev]1 z oppos$ or contr>y to ! tru?s belong+ to t sph]e1 b z above !m4 ,:ile philosophical fai? enables u to act accord+ to reason & human nature1 guid+ u by pr9ciples innate 9 ourselves1 to ! p]fection ( our natural condition1 !ological fai? leads u by sup]natural pr9ciples to a sup]natural end1 to become =m$ 9 ! lik5ess & 9 ! k ( ,god4#eef ,nei!r mu/ we call to ! b> ( reason :at is above reason1 summon be=e our tribunal cases ( et]nity1#eeg nor on ! o!r h& mu/ fai? be all[$ to prejudice ! discov]y ( tru? by natural me?ods3 if s1 x becomes a dang] & a sn>e4#eeh ,bruno 0 !re=e a ,rationali/ only 9 a limit$ s5se3 :ile he claim$ = ! philosoph] entire fre$om ( int]pretation ( religi\s dogmas or leg5ds1 ! int]pretation 0 to be gov]n$ n by ! facts ( ord9>y k1 b by ! my/ical intuition ( div9e tru?1 giv51 9 inspir$ mom5ts1 to ! h]oic s\l4 ,!re 7 two types ( rationalism 9 m$iaeval philosophy--t ( ,av]roes1 :i* s\ght to supplant ! positive religions by a religion ( philosophy1 & t ( ,scotus ,erig5a1 :i* aim$ at uphold+ popul> fai?s :ile all[+ ! philosoph] fre$om ( ?\ght 9 int]pret+ ! doctr9es ^! fai?s involv$4 ,bruno's rationalism is cle>ly ( ! second type1 al?\gh p]sonally he dislik$ all prevail+ religions = ! reasons already giv54#eei ,all positive religions express$ = him "o & ! same tru?1 "s m1 "s less adequately1--t ! supreme end ( human activity is ! union ( ! s\l ) ,god1 :]eby x becomes "o ) ,god & is rais$ above ! sph]e ( s5se & reason1 above nature1 out ( ! ord9>y cycle ( human life & human dea?4 ,t :i* ( all o!rs mo/ ne>ly approa*$ 8 ideal 0 ! half-my?ical religion ( ! ,egyptians1 f :om inde$ he believ$ ! lat] religions1 z well z ! e>li] philosophies1 to h be5 inspir$4 ,! ,egyptian wor%ip ( ! gods 9 ! =m ( liv+ animals 0 symbolic ( ! tru? t ,god is 9 all ?+s3 ,animals & plants1 says ,jupit] 9 ! ,spaccio1 are liv+ effects ( nature1 & nature is no?+ b ,god 9 ?+s4 ,div]se ?+s repres5t div]se deities1 & div]se p[]s4#efj ,god is 9 all ?+s1 b n fully express$ 9 ea*1 9 "s m1 9 "s less excell5tly1 9 "s "o div9e attribute or p[] pr$om9ates1 9 "s ano!r4 ,?us ! vip] or ! scorpion repres5ts ,m>s1 ! cock or ! lion ! ,sun1 because ( _! great] aff9ity1 respectively1 ) ^! deities1 or r ) ! div9e p[]s :i* ! deities embody4 ,= z div9ity is communicat$ 9 a div9e scale d[nw>ds to nature1 s f ! light t is reflect$ 9 natural ?+s we may rise to ! div9e life t is above !m4 ,x 0 on ^! sympa?ies betwe5 animals1 plants1 metals1 on ! "o h&1 & ! v>i\s attributes ( div9ity on ! o!r1 t g5u9e magic & div9ation dep5d$4 ,! ,magi asc5d$ by ! same scale ( nature to ! highe/ div9ity1 by :i* t div9ity itself desc5d$ to ! lea/ ( ?+s1 9 its self-communication4 ,_! c]emonies 7 n va9 imag9ations1 b liv+ voices t rea*$ ! v e>s ( ! gods4 ,^! wise m5 knew ,god to be 9 ?+s1 div9ity to be lat5t 9 nature1 act+ 9 & sc9tillat+ div]sely f div]se subjects1 & mak+ !m to p>ticipate 9 itself1 z 9 its be+1 life1 & intellig5ce4#efa ,( ,jupit]1 ,v5us1 & ! re/ is said :at ,bruno no d\bt ?\ght ( ,*ri/1 & o!r f\nd]s ( religion1 t !y _h be5 mortal human be+s4 ,:at m5 ador$ 0 n ,jupit]1 z a div9e be+1 b div9ity1 z express$ 9 ,jupit]3 9 ?is or t man 7 wor%ipp$ ! "n & symbol ( a div9ity :i* 9 _! bir? communicat$ itself to m51 & ) _! dea? 0 ?\ght to h complet$ its "w & to h return$ to heav54#efb ,b div9ity is communicat$ n only ?r\gh ^! div9ely *os5 human vessels1 b ?r\gh e>?1 & sun1 & moon1 ! planets1 ! />s1 & all t is 9 !m3 "o div9ity "u innum]able names1 accord+ to ! innum]able modes 9 :i* x is diffus$4 ,endlessly v>i$ also are ! me?ods by :i* x mu/ be s\ght1 "u conditions appropriate to ea* ?+1 :ile x mu/ be hon\r$ & wor%ipp$ ) endlessly diff]5t rites1 because ! k9ds ( fav\r we seek to obta9 f x are beyond numb]4 ,lat] religions _h trans=m$ = ! worse :at to ! ,egyptians 0 m]ely a fable or metaphor1 by :i* a my/]y above ! rea* ( s5se 0 express$1 or pres5t$ to ! m9d 9 a sign or symbol4#efc ,sid5ote3 ,! f9ite & ! inf9ite4 ,h[ ,bruno und]/ood ! relation ( ! f9ite human s\l to ! div9e m9d1 or to ! s\l ( ! univ]se1 x is n easy to det]m9e1 & x is d\btful :e!r he ev] made x cle> to himself4 ,m51 z natural be+s1 ent] into ! det]m9ate ord] ( ,nature1 :i*1 z we h se51 is ! div9e p[] t moves matt] to life4 ,?is div9e p[] is ! s\l 9 all ?+s1 ev]y:]e "o mundane _s1 :olly 9 ! :ole & 9 e "p ( x1 produc+ all ?+s 9 ea* accord+ to ! conditions ( matt]1 "t1 & place4 ,m51 = example1 are n desc5d$ f "o p>5t only1 b h come to life 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 9 diff]5t places & at diff]5t times2 h5ce ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! races4#efd ,we h se5 t ,bruno also rev]ts repeat$ly to ! idea t v>i\s m5 pres5t 9 _! expressions v>i\s animal *>act]s1 :i* are an index to _! inw>d nature1 & at ! same "t po9t to a transition f a previ\s or t[>ds a future /ate4#efe ,& aga9 x 0 %[n h[ animals diff]$ f m5 n necess>ily 9 degree or quality ( m9d1 b only 9 ! outw>d organism ?r\gh :i* alone ! m9d c\ld express itself4 ,x is cle> !n t man %\ld h no high] place ?an any o!r animal1 %\ld /& no ne>] ,god ?an !y2 yet 9 a s5se he does1 = ! human /ate appe>s to be ! only "o f :i* ! s\l may raise itself out ( ! incessant fl[ ( e>?ly vicissitude1 & enjoy ! calm ( et]nal intellectual union ) ,god4#eff ,! s\l ( any animal 7or plant87 may 9 "t1 h[ev]1 take ! body ( a man1 :5 ?is outlet is giv5 to x1 j z t ( a man1 %\ld he refuse 8 opportunity1 may s9k back1 & inde$ mu/ s9k back1 to ! animal /ate1 9 ! nev]-ceas+ cycle ( *ange4 ,b :at precisely is ?is s\l t passes f "o body to ano!r1 p]haps f "o /> to ano!r8 ,9 "o passage we read t z 9 corporeal matt] ! body ( ! ass does n diff] f t ( ! man1 s 9 spiritual matt] ! s\l ( ! ass rema9s ! same z t ( ! man2 ! s\l ( ei!r is n diff]5t f t :i* is 9 all ?+s1 i4e4 ! s\l ( ! univ]se4#efg ,we %\ld !n h to assume t x is matt]1 n ! =m or s\l1 t diff]5tiates individuals4 ,accord+ to ! diff]5ces ( ! organis$ bodies are ! s\ls t are 9 !m2 or1 x is "o & ! same s\l :i* con/itutes ! vital & cognitive pr9ciple 9 diff]5t animal bodies1 & 9 diff]5t worlds or />s4 ,! individual human & animal s\ls w\ld be m]ely modes ( ! "o e>?-s\l1 j z ! diff]5t />-s\ls w\ld be m]ely modes ( ! "o s\l ( ! univ]se1 ! fir/ & highe/ emanation ( div9ity4 ,! immortality ( ! individual s\l w\ld mean accord+ly its reabsorption1 at ! close ( its bodily life1 into ! et]nal2 b x w\ld be impossible !n to ascribe any cont9uity or id5tity to ! s\ls ( two be+s :i* succe$ ea* o!r 9 nature4 ,?is imp]sonal immortality is t :i* is mo/ prom95t 9 ! ,italian dialogues2 x gives place1 s f> z prom95ce is conc]n$1 to q ano!r /&po9t 9 ! lat] ,lat9 works4 ,?us we f9d 9 ! ,causa ! comp>ison ( ! pres5ce ( ! spiritual 9 matt] to t ( a voice 9 a room3 x is :olly 9 ! room & 9 e "p ( ! room1 yet x is only "o utt]ance t is s he>d 9 ! diff]5t p>ts4#efh ,x might be add$ t ! diff]5t degrees ( p]fection or ( div9ity 9 diff]5t ?+s w\ld correspond exactly ) ! diff]5ces 9 ! int5sity1 vividness1 ( ! s\nd 9 ne>] & m di/ant p>ts ( ! room4 ,z matt] itself is ultimately "o ) _s1#efi ! outcome ( ?is !ory is an extreme ,pan!ism2 especially z 9 ! ,causa ! transc5d5t ,unity1 else:]e di/+ui%$ f ! s\l ( ! univ]se1 is disreg>d$4 ,div9ity con/itutes bo? exi/5ce & ess5ce ( all ?+s1 & all ?+s are ultimately "o--,god1 9 :om individual be+s h _! reality1 & 9 :om ea* is "o ) all o!r be+s4 ,we h n to look = div9ity at a di/ance f u1 = we h x ) u1 m truly intimate to u ?an we are to ourselves2 & s ) all o!r f9ite ?+s4#egj ,x has be5 %[n also t dea? f ?is /&po9t is m]ely ! dissolution ( a composite ?+ into its immortal elem5ts1 _s & matt]2#ega dea? is a *ange ( accid5ts to ! sub/ance 7i4e4 ( qualities1 conditions71 nev] a *ange ( sub/ance itself4#egb ,n only we1 b all o!r sub/ances1 spiritual & corporeal alike1 are beyond rea* ( dea?2 b z all sub/ances are ultimately "o1 ?is does n mean a peculi>1 p]sonal immortality = ea* ( u z sep>ate be+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,optimism4 ,x foll[s also f ?is aspect ( ,bruno's philosophy1 t z all ?+s are div9e1 s all are good4 ,! =ms ( all liv+ ?+s--m51 animals1 metals1 ev5 ^? ( de=m$ creatures--are beautiful & p]fect 9 heav5 7i4e4 sub specie aet]nitatis74#egc ,all ?+s be+ subord9at$ to ! w ( ! be/1 ev]y?+ is good1 & t5ds t[>ds good2 ! contr>y is only app>5t :5 we refuse to look beyond ! pres5t1 z ! beauty ( a build+ is n manife/ to "o :o sees only a "p ( x1 a /one1 a piece ( cem5t1 a p>tition wall1 b is cle>e/ to "o :o c see ! :ole1 & is able to comp>e "p ) "p4#egd ,sid5ote3 ,! wor? ( ! f9ite individual4 ,b !re is ano!r aspect ( ,bruno's !ory ( ! relation ( ! f9ite individual s\l to ! univ]sal _s1 accord+ to :i* e f9ite ?+ has an inf9ite wor? f ! v fact ( its exi/5ce z a memb]1 or "p ( ! univ]se4 ,x is 9 ?is phase1 lat] 9 "t ?an ! o!r1 b nev] completely dissociat$ f x1 t ! real contribution ( ,bruno to ! hi/ory ( philosophy appe>s4 ,x is =e%ad[$ 9 ! ,h]oici ,furori1#ege :]e ! pursuit ( an inf9ite object by a f9ite intellig5ce is ju/ifi$ f ! inf9ite pot5tiality ( ! latt]1 z et]nal & unlimit$ 9 its capacity = delight & bless$ness4 ,! inf9ite desire is itself a pl$ge ( its fulfilm5t 9 an et]nal life4#egf ,! individual1 f9ite z x is1 mu/ realise 9 itself ! :ole nature ( ! univ]se to :i* x belongs2 ea* ?+1 ea* sub/ance or monad1 realises 9 ! c\rse ( its life all o!r possible exi/5ces4 ,ea* takes on successively all possible =ms1 j z at e mom5t all possible =ms are actually realis$ 9 ! univ]se z a :ole4 ,ea* ?+1 & e "p ( ea*1 pres5t to u ! similitude1 ! image ( ! univ]se4 ,x is precisely ! ?\ght :i* aft]w>ds loom$ s l>gely 9 ! philosophy ( ,leibniz1 t ea* monad is a mirror ( ! univ]se4 ,! transmigration ( ! e>li] philosophy appe>s 9 a f> nobl] light 9 ?is phase4 ,! s\l ( man does n *ange 9 itself z x passes ?r\gh its innum]able =ms2 n[ x is end[$ ) ! in/rum5ts or memb]s ( ! human body2 anon x w take up ! memb]s ( ano!r body2 = ! s\l :i* has n[ ! bodily organs ( a horse !re await ! bodily memb]s ( a man & ( all o!r k9ds ( be+1 9 regul> s]ies1 or 9 confus$ ord]2 ! dea? ( ! pres5t memb]s has no be>+ ^u ! future life & its innum]able =ms4 ,! s\l w\ld n suff] if ?is 7 kn[n to x2 ! wise s\l does n fe> dea?1 sometimes desires x1 & goes to meet x4 ,be=e e sub/ance lies et]nity = duration1 imm5sity = place1 omni=mity = realisation4#egg ,! s\l is n limit$ to ! e>? alone1 b has ! inf9ite worlds be=e x1 = its dwell+-place4 ,x is ow+ to ?is individual 7indivisible1 !re=e un*ang+7 sub/ance--! s\l--t we are :at we are2 ab\t x z a c5tre !re occur 9 ea* life cont9u\s mass+ & unmass+ ( corporeal atoms1 ?r\gh :i* ! *anges ( =m are br\ght ab\t4 ,by bir? & gr[? ! _s-ar*itect exp&s into ?is mass ( :i* we consi/1 spread+ outw>ds f ! he>t4 ,?i!r aga9 x )draws1 w9d+ up ! ?reads ( its web1 retir+ by ! same pa? along :i* x advanc$1 pass+ out by ! same gate ?r\gh :i* x ent]$4 ,bir? is expansion ( ! c5tre1 life consi/5cy ( ! sph]e1 dea? contraction to ! c5tre4 ,x is ! s\l t ga!rs ab\t x1 gr\ps & vivifies ! atom-mass2 & ! /ronge/ argum5t = its immortality is t x _c be ( less value1 ( inf]ior condition1 ?an ! atoms !mselves ( :i* x avails itself to its own ends1 & :i* are 9 _! nature imp]i%able4#egh ,ea* s\l exi/s ap>t 9 its own unity & individuality2 ! s\l ( ! univ]se does n imp>t any?+ ( itself to ! s\ls ( its memb]s4#egi ,! hi]>*y ( s\ls is n a scale ( be+s )9 be+s1 b a multitude ( realities1 co-exi/5t to all et]nity1 ! ,monas ,monadum at _! head1 repres5t+ p]fectly1 completely1 at e mom5t 7i4e4 timelessly71 ! reality ( all ! o!rs1 yet sep>able f !m4 ,( ! o!rs t is high] :i* kn[s m p]fectly1 & 9 clos] unity--t is1 m adequately--! univ]se to :i* x belongs4 ,?us !re is ! daemon or s\l :i* is :olly 9 ! :ole ext5t ( ! life ( ! e>?1 by ! life ( :i* we live1 & 9 ! be+ ( :i* we are2 above x is ! individual s\l or sub/antial nature :i* is 9 ! wid] ext5t ( ! sol> sy/em to :i* ! e>? belongs2 above x aga9 ! s\l ( ! :ole sy/em ( ! univ]se2 & highe/ ( all ! m9d ( m9ds--,god1 ! "o _s fill+ all ?+s :olly4#ehj ,s 9 ! ,lampas ! ,intellectus primus is said to be sep>able f p>ticul> f9ite intellig5ces4 ,x does n belong to _! sub/ance3 x works 9 !m1 b n z a "p ( !m4 ,x does n gradually leave ! be+ to :i* x has pres5t$ itself :5 t beg9s to decay1 b simply ceases to op]ate1 j z x comes also sudd5ly to ea*1 if at all4#eha ,x foll[s t ea* ( ! l[] monads is s f> imp]fect t x is nev] at any "o "t all t x has ! possibility ( be+2 ! et]nal ess5ce ( humanity1 = example1 ! tru? ( humanity1 its ideal1 is realis$ n 9 any "o individual1 b only 9 ! species z a :ole1#ehb & ?is is true ( ! p]fection ( e o!r species4 ,b ,bruno's optimism surm\nts ?is difficulty4 ,! evil1 ! imp]fection1 is s only to ! individual1 & 9 t p>ticul> phase ( its life4 ,ea* ?+ has a d\ble t5d5cy & a d\ble /riv+--to rema9 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x is1 & to press beyond t to realise new =ms4 ,b ea* ?+ has 9 itself ! nature ( ! :ole--is !re=e 9 its inmo/ nature p]fect4 ,x is imp]fect only 9 its explicit nature--on its outw>d side4 ,! /riv+ aft] new life is due to ! felt conflict1 or want ( h>mony1 betwe5 :at x has 9 x to become--its inn] self--& :at x has actually become1 ! limit$ =m 9 :i* x appe>s4 ,on ! "o h& evil is necess>y = good1 = 7 ! imp]fections n felt1 !re w\ld be no /riv+ aft] p]fection2 all defect & s9 consi/ m]ely 9 privation1 9 ! non-realisation ( possible qualities4 ,x w\ld n be well 7 evil non-exi/5t1 = x makes = ! necessity ( good1 s9ce if evil 7 remov$ ! desire ( good w\ld also cease4#ehc ,9 its :ole life1 h[ev]1 ! s\l w realise all good1 & !re=e is only p] accid5s imp]fect4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev] mean 9 itself at any mom5t1 x is a necess>y "p ( ! :ole1 & !re=e1 relatively to ! :ole x is good4 ,if we look to ! ord] ( ! univ]se x w appe> t e action & effect is good by way ( necessity1 = ev5 ! ?+s :i* appe> ! mo/ trifl+ & sordid are p>ts ( great] & m noble ?+s1 z ! =mless are p>ts ( ! =m$1 ! lea/ are necess>y elem5ts ( ! great1 ! great ( ! greate/2 & z ! less _c subsi/ )\t ! lea/1 s nei!r c ! greate/ )\t ! great4 ,all be+s1 !re=e1 ( :atsoev] nature1 are good1 if !y are rightly consid]$1 n less good ?an great] ?+s1 if we take into acc\nt ! fact t ! goodness ( ! :ole dep5ds on ! goodness ( its p>ts4#ehd ,e "p1 e individual 9 ! univ]se1 diff]s f e o!r2 ea* has its own inali5able individuality by :i* x /&s out f all o!rs & is itself4 ,s f> 0 ?is pr9ciple c>ri$ by ,bruno t1 z we h se51 he d5i$ t any body c\ld ev] occupy ! same place twice2 ! planets mov$ n 9 circles or regul> pa?s1 b ev] 9 spiral c\rse1 s t at ea* mom5t _! places 7 o!r ?an at any prior or lat] mom5t4 ,no two circles1 no two l9es 9 nature1 7 ev] exactly equal2 h5ce !re 0 nev] a p]fect circle nor a p]fectly /raight l9e4 ,! pr9ciple is n at all an epi/emological "o4 ,x does n mean t we c\ld n di/+ui% betwe5 two precisely equal ?+s1 b t two su* ?+s c\ld n exi/1 n ev5 9 ! m9ute/ =ms ( nature1 s9ce ! inf9ite v>iety ( ! inf9ite all mu/ reflect at e mom5t ! inf9ite1 et]nally realis$1 ?\ght ( ! ,"o ,m9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,god 9 nature4 ,!re are accord+ly ?ree aspects ( ,god 9 ,bruno's philosophy--?ree diff]5t /&po9ts f :i* ,he may be approa*$4 ,! fir/ is t ( natural religion--,god 9 ,nature4 ,nature is ! omni=m image ( ! omni=m ,god--,8 great liv+ semblance 7simulacrum74#ehe ,its ord] reveals ! m9d f :i* x spr+s--! />s decl>e ! glory ( ! maje/y ( ,god & ! works ( ,8 h&s4 ,!nce we are uplift$ to ! inf9ite cause ( ! inf9ite effect4#ehf ,nature is ,god 9 ?+s1#ehg ,8 inf9ite mirror1 ! explicate1 unfold$1 ext5d$1 immeasurable _w1 & ,he is implicitly ev]y:]e 9 ! :ole4#ehh ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no argum5t f ! _w to ,god's exi/5ce4 ,f ! fir/ ! inf9ite p[] & goodness are assum$1 & ! univ]se1 9 ,bruno's ?\ght1 is simply a broad g5]al revelation ( :at ea* "o ( u may f9d 9 himself4#ehi ,sid5ote3 ,god 9 u4 ,! =m :i* ! cosmological argum5t takes 9 ,bruno is t z individual ?+s1 tak5 s+ly1 mu/ be ref]r$ ea* to a f9ite pr9ciple & cause1 a f9ite effect imply+ a f9ite p[]2 s f ! po9t ( view ( ! univ]se ( ?+s1 ! innum]able individuals 9 immeasurable space mu/ be ref]r$ to an inf9ite fir/ cause4 ,b to our ?\ght ! univ]se is only an incit+ cause2 we _c "k ,god or any?+ ( ,god's nature f x fur!r ?an an ar*itect or sculptor c be kn[n f "o or all ( 8 works4 ,! beauty & maje/y ( ext]nal nature leads u to aspire to ,god1 its s\rce2 b a ne>] spr+ ( k is 9 ourselves4 ,we are l$ to reg>d div9ity n z )\t u1 sep>ate or di/ant f u1 b z )9 ourselves 7s9ce x is ev]y:]e :olly71 = x is m intimate to u ?an we c be to ourselves1 s9ce x is ! sub/antiat+ & mo/ ess5tial c5tre ( all ess5ces & ( all be+4#eij ,x is f ^! two aspects ( 8 philosophy1 ! id5tify+ ( nature ) ,god1 & ! id5tify+ ( ! true be+ ( ea* ( u ) ,god1 t ,bruno has be5 describ$ z a ,pan!i/4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 z ?is t]m implies ! id5tity ( ! individual ?+s ) ea* o!r1 ! conception t all ?+s are "o1 n 9 ! s5se ( =m+ a unity ( diff]5ts1 b 9 ! s5se ( an indiff]5ce or uni=mity ( all1 ! t]m ,pan!ism w\ld give a v false impression ( ,bruno's religi\s belief4 ,x is nei!r ! ,pan!ism :i* r$uces all to a lifeless "o1 9 :i* all diff]5ces are m]g$1 nor t :i* breaks up ! "o into a _m 9 :i* all diff]5ces are lo/2 b ! ,pan!ism ( a liv+1 self-manife/+ ,"o1 :i* is ?r\gh\t et]nity unfold+ itself 9 ! div]se units ( ! _w--a pan!ism n diff]5t f t ( any ( ! high] religions4 ,sid5ote3 ,god 9 ,himself4 ,nei!r 9 nature1 h[ev]1 nor 9 ourselves1 9 ! s\l ( man1 is ! :ole be+ ( ,god to be f\nd4 ,c\ld we inde$ see ! sub/ance1 ! tru? ( ourselves1 c\ld our eye 9 see+ itself see all ?+s1 z ! eye ( ,god 9 see+ o!r ?+s sees itself1--!n x w\ld be possible to und]/& all ?+s & to create all ?+s1 = we %\ld !n 9 reality be ,god4 ,we nev] p5etrate to ! deep-ly+ individual 9 ourselves1 b see only ! accid5ts1 ! ext]nals2 z we nev] see our own eye1 b only its reflection f a mirror1 s our intellect _c see itself 9 itself1 nor any?+ else 9 itself1 b always "s ext]nal =m1 semblance1 image1 figure1 sign4#eia ,! tru? ( ?+s--,god--ev]y:]e eludes our s5se & our reason1 our discursive intellig5ce4 ,x is reveal$1 z we h se51 only to our intuitive1 compreh5sive glance--a sudd5 insight = :i* reason only prep>es ! way4 ,yet ev5 ?is insight1 compreh5sion1 is n compreh5d+4 ,we are br\ght1 p]haps1 ?r\gh x into contact & into h>mony ) ,him1 b ,he is nev]1 ev5 to intuition1 kn[able4 ,to be kn[n w\ld mean to be compreh5d$1 limit$1 & !re=e f9ite4 ,fir/1 !n1 ,god1 ! ,monad1 or ,m9d1 is ! true1 inn]mo/ nature ( ?+s2 9 !mselves ?+s are 9 motion1 9 matt]1 dep5d5t1 defective1 are r non-entia ?an entia1 = z f n-be+ !y become1 s f be+ !y may cease to be2 h5ce !y truly exi/ only :]e !y _c cease to be1 i4e4 9 ! fir/ cause & unfail+ pr9ciple1 :i* has p[] to br+ !m =? :5 x w4 ,!re=e !y are m truly 9 ! ,monad itself1 & consequ5tly are m truly kn[n 9 x1 9 simplicity & toge!rness1 :]e all ?+s are "o 9 an ineffable s5se1 )\t di/9ction1 di/ribution1 or numb]4#eib ,god is ! s\rce ( ! det]m9ations1 ! =ms ( all ?+s4 ,! fir/ measure is ,m9d itself3 = all measure receives its d5om9ation f m9d#eic 7m5sura1 m5s74 ,"o is m9d1 ev]y:]e :olly1 giv+ measure to all ?+s2 "o intellect1 giv+ ord] to all ?+s2 "o love1 produc+ h>mony betwe5 all ?+s4#eid ,! fir/ section ( ! ,praxis ,desc5sus sums up ! relation1 ! mean+ ( creation1 ?us3#eie--;,god is ! univ]sal sub/ance1 be+1 by :i* all ?+s are2 ess5ce1 ! s\l ( all ess5ce1 by :i* :atev] is1 is2 m intimate 9 e be+ ?an its =m or its nature2 = z nature is ! gr\nd ( ! be+ ( ea* ?+1 s ! deep] gr\nd ( ! nature ( ea* ?+ is ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ism4 ,9 ! second place1 ! ord] & life ( ?+s has its s\rce 9 ,god1 z ! ,monas ord9atrix2 ! :ole ord] ( nature1 bo? z x is simultane\sly1 z x has be51 & z x %all be1 lies complicitly1 grasp$ 9 "o ?\ght1 & realis$ 9 "o act1 9 8 ,m9d4 ,:at immutable sub/ance wills1 x wills immutably1 i4e4 x wills necess>ily1 n z det]m9$ by an ali5 w1 :i* en=ces ! necessity1 b ( its own w2 ?is necessity is f> f be+ contr>y to lib]ty2 lib]ty itself1 w1 & necessity are "o & ! same 79 ,god74#eif ,div9e necessity diff]s f natural causation1 ! sequ5ce ( causes & effects1 9 t 9 nature ! causes1 w1 & k may be fru/rat$1 ! effect av]t$2 b div9e necessity is necessity 9 all respects--to w1 to "k1 to act1 are "o4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ,god is above & beyond bo? natural ?+s & _! ord] 9 ! univ]se z a :ole4 ,9 ! lat] works1 x is no long] z a my/ical be+--inaccessible1 because :olly ab/ract1 empty ( cont5t1 ! sublimat$ unity ( ?+s--t ,god is posit$4 ,! ,neoplatonism ( ! e>li] works1 al?\gh rema9+ 9 ! language & ev5 9 mu* ( ! ?\ghts ( ! lat]1 has be5 ov]come 9 fact4#eig ,god is inde$ transc5d5t1 beyond ! _w1 b ,he is s only z compreh5d+ ! _w 9 ,himself1 its s\rce1 its tru?--yet m ?an ! s\rce ( ?+s or ( _! ord]4 ,9 all o!r ?+s we may di/+ui% betwe5 exi/5ce & ess5ce 7i4e4 ! fact ( _! be+1 _! hi/orical pres5ce 9 ! _w1 & _! nature1 ?r\gh :i* !y are :at !y are72 9 ,god alone ^! are "o or indi/+ui%able4#eih ,god & ?+s diff] by a great] diff]5ce ?an sub/ance & accid5t--i4e4 ?+s are n accid5ts1 or modes ( ,god4 ,!y diff] f "o ano!r by _! special diff]5tiae1 b resemble 9 o!r respects4 ,god diff]s1 n z m>k$ (f1 limit$ by !m1 b z conta9+ !m all 9 ess5ce1 pres5ce1 p[] & et]nity4#eii ,he is n ap>t f ?+s1 b 9 !m2 9 !m n z compreh5d$ or conta9$ by !m1 b z compreh5d+ & conta9+ !m1 & z ! ess5tial basis ( all ?+s1 ! c5tre ( ! univ]sal life & sub/ance4#fjj ,he is all ?+s 9 all1 because ,he gives exi/5ce to all2 ,he is none ( !m1 because above all1 transc5d+ ea* & all 9 ess5ce1 nobility & p[]4#fja ,he comprises all ?+s1 n z exclud$ &1 z x 71 look+ ^u !m f ap>t & f above1 = ,he is also compris$ by all ?+s4 ,he is compris$ also n z includ$1 conta9$1 repress$ )9 ali5 limits1 = ,he also comprises all ?+s4 ,he is !re=e )9 all ?+s1 z ,he :o gives ess5ce to all ?+s2 & is ! basis ( all be+1 ! he>t & s\rce ( all life4 ,he comprises all ?+s1 z excell+ !m1 gov]n+1 mov+1 dispos+1 limit+--,himself unlimit$4#fjb ,h5ce1 also1 z we saw1 ,he is nameless2 names are = di/+ui%+1 def9+1 sep>at+ f o!r ?+s1 b ,he is above all diff]5ce1 o!rness1 div]sity1 multitude#fjc2 or aga91 all names1 all pr$icates1 attributes1 are equally true ( ,him1 because ,he comprises all 9 ,himself4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,he is ,monad ( ,monads1 entity ( entities1 9 :om are all ?+s1 :o is 9 none1 n ev5 9 ,himself1 because ,he is indivisible1 & is simplicity itself4#fjd ,bruno's philosophical religion is 9 ! end a !ism1 b !ism ( a purely intellectual or rationali/ type4 ,! natural _w is aft] all no?+ ov] aga9/ ,god :o subsi/s 9 absolute simplicity--z ,m9d2 9 absolute immobility1 *angelessness--z ,intellect 7! ,_w ( ,ideas72 9 absolute p]fection1 self-suffici5cy1 & self-satisfaction--z ,love1 or ,holy ,_s4 ,ov] aga9/ ?is self-conta9$ ,tr9ity1 ! *ang+ & pass+ _w is a non-ens3 z x *anges n1 nei!r c x "k *ange3 to "k *ange w\ld be a *ange 9 itself--its k is z immutable1 z simple z itself4 ,al?\gh we see ?+s come into be+ t be=e 7 n1 & ! _w itself1 z is believ$1 0 produc$ out ( no?+--a new ?+1 yet f ?is *ange & novelty ( effects1 no *ange 9 ,8 action or p[] c be inf]r$1 = ,he exi/s above all motion & all vicissitude1 an un*ang+ ag5t 9 et]nity2 n z artific]s1 or mat]ial pr9ciples1 mov$ by *ang+ dispositions to new will+1 new faculty1 new effects1 b f ! in/ant ( et]nity1 above "t & above *ange1 ,he creates all t :i* becomes 9 "t1 9 *ange1 9 motion1 9 vicissitude4 ,be=e & above "t & motion !re is n always "t & motion1 b !re we f9d div9ity1 immutable & inv>iable4 ,he has f et]nity will$ t to be :i* n[ is4 ,!re lib]ty makes necessity1 necessity atte/s lib]ty4#fje ,pa/ is n pa/ to x 7! ,fir/ ,intellig5ce71 nor future future1 b ! :ole ( et]nity is pres5t to x z "o :ole1 all toge!r1 9 its complet5ess4#fjf ,seldom1 ev5 9 rec5t ideali/ philosophy1 has ! ,_w ( ,ideas ma9ta9$ its hold s p[]fully ov] a m9d ^: :ole tr5d 0 t[>ds a naturali/ic int]pretation ( ?+s4 ,! religi\s in/9ct dom9ates to ! la/ ,bruno's ?\ght2 ^! passages are f ! v late/ ( 8 works4 ,ea* & all ( 8 speculations on nature1 on its elem5ts1 its individuals1 its g5]al laws1 br+ him back to ! all-embrac+ ,m9d1 9 :i* nature has its s\rce1 b :i* nature by no means exhau/s4 ,s 8 speculations on ! nature ( man1 on ! moral life1 on ! inspiration ( ! arti/ & ( ! g5]\s human s\l1 ! hunt] aft] tru?1 po9t aga9 to a ?\ght1 a _w above nature1 reveal$ nei!r caprici\sly nor yet to ! natural faculties ( ! seek]1 b to a div9ely implant$ p[] ( intuitive insight4 ,x 0 an attempt1 m consi/5t p]haps & m ?or\gh ?an any o!r has be51 to comb9e ! indep5d5ce & fre$om & wor? ( individual s\ls1 ( ! f9ite _m1 9 "o ?\ght ) ! absolute unity1 necessity1 et]nity ( ,god4 ,& ?is1 aft] all1 is ! "o aim philosophy has to a*ieve4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,bruno ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,philosophy ,p]haps no philosoph] ( equal orig9ality & /r5g? has _h s little app>5t influ5ce ^u contempor>y or lat] ?\ght z ,bruno4 ,8 "n h>dly occurs 9 any ( ! writ]s ( 8 own or ! foll[+ c5tury2 :5 x does occur1 x is m5tion$ only t ! au?or may make suffici5tly cle> ! discrepancy betwe5 ! actual or reput$ views ( ,bruno & ^? ( himself4 ,yet x is easy to und]e/imate ! influ5ce 8 writ+s & 8 p]sonality ex]cis$2 nei!r 9 ,france1 9 ,engl&1 nor 9 ,g]many c\ld 8 prolong$ /ay h fail$ to r\se1 9 "s at lea/ ( 8 he>]s1 sympa?y ) 8 l(ty conception ( ! univ]se & ( man's de/9y2 ?r\gh !m ,bruno's books mu/ h pass$ into ! h&s ( _m philosoph]s1 bo? be=e & aft] !y 7 plac$ ^u ! ,index ,expurgatorius 9 #afjc4 ,a natural consequ5ce ( ?is public ban w\ld be t ,bruno 0 no long] quot$ or ref]r$ to z an au?ority2 b all ?9k]s ( sceptical or lib]al t5d5cy w\ld at lea/ be eag] to read 8 works :5 ! opportunity (f]$ itself4 ,ow+ to ! great sc>city ( ! copies & _! increas+ co/l9ess1 ?is w\ld become a *ance less & less frequ5t z "t w5t on4 ,ev5 s1 h[ev]1 "o may trace h[ 8 ideas filt]$ ?r\gh _m m9ds & help$ to det]m9e ! c\rse ( mod]n philosophy1 ( :i* ,bruno has z high claims z ei!r ,bacon or ,desc>tes to be nam$ ! f\nd]4 ,sid5ote3 ,antidicsonus4 ,sid5ote3 ,?omas ,watson4 ,9 ,engli% writ]s ! only contempor>y notices ( ,bruno :i* h be5 f\nd are 9 two small works on mnemonics1--"o by a pr(ess$ oppon5t ( ,bruno's fri5d1 ,alex&] ,dicson1 ! o!r by ! poet ,?omas ,watson4 ,! =m]1 ! ,anti-dicsonus ( a c]ta9 ,cambridge s*ol>1 ,g4 ,p41 ( date #aehd1 0 d$icat$ to ,?omas ,m(fat or ,m\fet1 a well-kn[n philosoph] & doctor ( m$ic9e1 f :om support 0 hop$ aga9/ ! ,dicson ,s*ool4 ,( ?is s*ool ,bruno1 :o 0 !n 9 ,engl&1 mu/ h be5 reg>d$ z a memb]4 ,! au?or is a foll[] ( ,ramus1 & ridicules ! art ( memory :i* consi/s 9 locis et umbris & its self-p>ad+ memoriographs1 su* z ,metrodorus1 ,rosselius1 ! ,nolan1 & ,dicson2 ^! are ! reefs & :irlpools 9 :i* ! pur] sci5ce ( memory w\ld h be5 :olly de/roy$1 _h %e n clung to h] fai? 9 ! ,rameans z a pill> ( refuge4 ,x is an int]e/+ note1 = x %[s t ,bruno's antipa?y to ,ramus 0 return$ by ,ramus' foll[]s1--an antipa?y s difficult to und]/& :5 we rememb] t bo? 7 re=m]s 9 philosophy1 & t bo? zeal\sly attack$ ,ari/otle4 ,! "w aga9/ :i* ,g4 ,p4 writes is ,alex&] ,dicson's ,de ,umbra rationis et iudicii1 sive de memoriae virtute ,prosopopoeia1 d$icat$ to ! ,e>l ( ,leice/] 7#aehc74 ,!re c be no d\bt t x is bas$ ^u ,bruno's ,de ,umbris ,ide>um 7#aehb71 ) :i* x agrees bo? 9 sub/ance & 9 metaphysical basis4 ,dicson1 z already po9t$ out1 0 "o ( ,bruno's m\?pieces 9 an ,italian dialogue4 ,"h at lea/ is an av5ue = influ5ce f ,bruno ^u ,engli% ?\ght4 ,un=tunately ,dicson's "w is n ( great value1 &1 ) ! man himself1 has long be5 =gott54 ,b ,g4 ,p4's reliance ^u ,m(fat's support to repel ! attacks ( ,scepsius1#fjg & ! wra? & viol5ce t[>ds me ( ! :ole s*ool ( ,dicson1 %[s t on ! side1 at any rate1 ( 8 mnemonic doctr9e ,bruno's tea*+ _h n fall5 on :olly b>r5 soil4 ,aga91 he is spok5 ( ) respect1 if n q ) admiration1 9 ,?omas ,watson's d$ication ( 8 ,comp5dium ,memoriae ,localis 7n4 d41 b probably #aehe7 to ,h5ry ,nol1 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s c\rti]4 ,i v mu* fe> if my little "w 7nugae meae7 is comp>$ ) ! my/ical & deeply le>n$ ,sigilli ( ! ,nolan1 or ) ! ,umbra artificiosa ( ,dicson1 x may br+ m infamy to its au?or ?an utility to ! read]4 ,! s*ol>ly poet1 t]se & brilliant ,lat9i/1 c\ld h>dly h felt 9 h>mony ) ! passionate b confus$ ?\ght1 ! virile b uns*ol>ly /yle ( ,bruno2 yet ! art ( memory he pr(esses 9 ?is comp5dium is no o!r ?an t ( ,bruno & ( ,dicson1 & ! ,memoriographs1 :om ,g4 ,p4 attacks4 ,sid5ote3 ,bacon4 ,if we turn to ,bacon1 :o 0 9 ,london :ile ,bruno 0 ) ,mauvissire1 already 9 high fav\r ) ! ,que51 & at home 9 ! society ( ,burghley1 ,leice/]1 ,wals+ham1 & ,sidney1 we f9d entire neglect ( ,bruno's philosophy4 ,only 9 "o passage1 p]haps1 does ,bacon m5tion ,bruno's "n2 x is 9 ! introduction to ! ,hi/oria ,naturalis et ,exp]im5talis4#fjh ,aft] a li/ ( ! philosoph]s ( ,greece1 & ! rem>k t all ^! made up at _! pleasure feign$ acc\nts 7or plots7 ( worlds1 z ( fables1 & recit$1 publi%$ ^! fables ( !irs--"s m consi/5t c]ta9ly & probable1 o!rs h>d] ( belief1 he adds t among ! mod]ns1 ?r\gh ! in/ruction ( s*ools & colleges1 ! imag9ation is kept )9 /rict] b\nds1 yet m5 h n ceas$ imag9+4 ,patrizzi1 ,talesio1 ,bruno1 ,sev]9 ( ,d5m>k1 ,gilb]t ( ,engl&1 ,campanella1 h tri$ ! /age1 act$ new plays :i* 7 nei!r m>k$ by applaud+ fav\r ( ! public1 nor by brilliancy ( plot4 ,! names are ^? ( m5 ) :om x is no %ame = ,bruno to /& side by side2 & "o & all are in/ances ( ,bacon's incapacity = grasp+ ! true direction 9 :i* ! ?\ght ( 8 "t 0 fl[+2 b ! m]e m5tion ( ,bruno 9 su* a context implies t 8 works 7 /ill read1 & t !y 7 e/imat$ at a high value by ! lov]s ( philosophy4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m po9ts ( contact betwe5 ,bacon & ,bruno1 sugge/+ an influ5ce1 indirect if n direct1 ( ! latt] ^u ! =m]4 ,bacon 0 p]fectly at home 9 ,italian lit]ature1 & x is unlikely t he omitt$ to read ,bruno's dialogues4 ,two casual b significant pro(s t he did s are1 ! leg5d relat$ ( ,m\nt ,a?os & ( ,olympus1 t m5 _h writt5 9 ! a%es ( ! sacrifices (f]$ ^u _! summits1 & _h return$ ! foll[+ ye> to f9d ! a%es & ! writ+ undi/urb$1 ! inf]5ce be+ t ! summits ( ^! m\nta9s 7 9 a region ( p]petual calm2#fji & ! sugge/ion t ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies may be 9 spiral l9es in/ead ( 9 p]fect circles4#faj ,! latt] especially is a *>act]i/ic ?\ght ( ,bruno4 ,bacon1 l ,bruno1 0 a believ] 9 a purifi$ natural magic1 ! h&maid ( metaphysics1 because ( its broad ways & wid] dom9ion ov] nature4#faa ,!y are unit$ 9 _! admiration = ! ,book ( ,job z a comp5dium ( natural philosophy4 ,bacon writes t if we take t small book ( ,job & dilig5tly "w ?r\gh x1 we %all f9d x full1 &1 z x 71 pregnant ) ! my/]ies ( natural philosophy4#fab ,bo? recur ) conviction to ! say+ ( ,solomon t !re is no?+ new "u ! sun4 ,z to novelty1 !re is no "o :o has ?or\ghly imbib$ lett]s & philosophy1 b has _h x impress$ on 8 he>t t !re is no?+ new ^u ! e>?4#fac ,deep] h>monies1 if n m sugge/ive1 exi/ betwe5 ! two re=m]s ( philosophy ?an ^!4 ,"o is ! argum5t aga9/ au?ority1 aga9/ g5]al agreem5t1 aga9/ antiquity ( belief1 z gr\nds or reasons = belief1 & ! special application ( ?is argum5t to und]m9e ! hold ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy ^u ! m9ds ( m54 ,x is ! old age ( ! _w & ! fulness ( ye>s t are to be reg>d$ z its true antiquity4 ,= t age1 ) respect to u anci5t & old]1 ) respect to ! _w itself 0 new & y\ng]4 ,z we expect great] k & matur] judgm5t f an old man ?an f a "y1 s f our own age we %\ld expect 7if x knew its /r5g?1 & 7 will+ to make trial & to put x =?7 f> great] ?+s ?an f old times1 etc4#fad ,s fai? & religion are to be kept ap>t f inve/igation1 sci5ce1 or philosophy1 al?\gh ! latt] does n on t acc\nt c>ry u away f ,god2 ! "o %[s ! w1 ! o!r 7natural philosophy7 ! p[] ( ,god4#fae ,to fai? are to be giv5 ! ?+s t are ( fai?1 to philosophy ! ?+s t are ( philosophy4#faf ,x 0 on ! same gr\nd also--! use ( o!r ?an natural pr9ciples to expla9 natural ph5om5a--t bo? ,bruno & ,bacon condemn$ ! physical works ( ,ari/otle4 ,he corrupt$ natural philosophy ) 8 dialectics--gave ! human s\l1 ! noble/ ( sub/ances1 a g5us f words ( second int5tion2 settl$ ! bus9ess ( ! d5se & ! r>e1 ?r\gh :i* bodies occupy great] or less dim5sions or spaces1 by ! feign$ di/9ction betwe5 act & pot5cy2 ass]t$ a unique & prop] movem5t ( ea* body1 be+ m conc]n$ = an answ] "o might make 9 a discussion & to h some?+ positive 9 words1 ?an = ! inw>d tru? ( ?+s1 z is be/ %[n by a comp>ison ( 8 philosophy ) ! o!rs celebrat$ among ! ,greeks4 ,& ,bacon1 l ,bruno & o!r innovators ( ! day1 goes back to ,anaxagoras1 ,leucippus & ,democritus1 ,p>m5ides1 ,emp$ocles1 ,h]aclitus1 ^: pr9ciples h some?+ ( natural philosophy1 & sav\r ( ! nature ( ?+s--exp]i5ce1 bodily exi/5ce1 :]eas ! physics ( ,ari/otle1 = ! mo/ "p1 s\nd ( no?+ b dialectical t]ms4#fag ,sid5ote3 ,me?od4 ,sid5ote3 ,omnia animata4 ,! false /ra9+ aft] simplicity ( explanation1 ! t5d5cy to seek = simil>ities r ?an diff]5ces1 to expect ord] on ! surface r ?an at ! root ( ?+s1 is condemn$ z vigor\sly by ,bruno z by ,bacon1 al?\gh n plac$ 9 ! =efront ( ! !ory ( me?od1 z x is by ! latt] writ]4 ,"o ( ! ,idols ( ! ,tribe 0--! t5d5cy to suppose great] ord] & equality 9 ?+s ?an is actually to be f\nd2 al?\gh 9 nature _m ?+s are monodica 7i4e4 monadica1 unique71 & full ( imp>ity1 yet ! m9d feigns p>allels1 correspond5ces1 relations :i* are n4 ,h5ce ! errone\s idea1 e4g4 t '9 ! heav5s all ?+s move 9 p]fect circles1' reject+ utt]ly spiral l9es & dracones 7except = ! "n73 h5ce ! elem5t ( fire & its sph]e 7 introduc$ to con/itute a quat]nio ) ! o!r ?ree t 7 actually p]ceiv$ by s5se1 etc4#fah ,^! ?+s 7 condemn$ also1 & = ! same reason1 by ,bruno1 :o1 h[ev]1 w5t fur!r1 & insi/$ on ! uniqu5ess ( e individual exi/5ce 9 ! univ]se4 ,aga9 ,bacon reta9$ 7)\t1 h[ev]1 giv+ x a place 9 8 philosophy7 ! s*ola/ic di/9ction betwe5 div9e or angelic1 intuitive1 k1 & ! acquir$ piecemeal k ( man4 ,god1 ! indit] & work] ( =ms1 & p]haps angels & 7high]7 intellig5ces1 "k =ms imm$iately by affirmation1 & f ! beg9n+ ( _! contemplation4 ,b t is c]ta9ly above m5 to :om x is conc$$ only to advance 9 ! beg9n+ by negatives1 to come to re/ 9 ! la/ place only1 9 affirmatives1 aft] exclusion ( e k9d4#fai ,9 ,bruno ! same di/9ction is drawn1 b x is made also )9 human k1 ! intuitive k ( ! h]oic m9d be+ ! same 9 k9d z t ( ! high] intellig5ces1 & only diff]5t f t ( ,god 9 t x does n create :at x intuits4 ,s ! s*ola/ic di/9ction ( natura naturans z ! =m or imman5t pr9ciple ( ?+s1 & natura naturata z ! sum ( ?+s actually exi/+1 ! outw>d expression 9 matt] ( ! activity ( ! =m--a di/9ction :i*1 9 ,bruno1 is transc5d$ by ! id5tification ( "o ) ! o!r1 z two aspects ( a high] unity--also reappe>s 9 ,bacon's !ory ( =m4 ,h[ev] diff]5t ! =m ( ,bacon may h seem$ to himself f ! s*ola/ic =m1 x is /ill ! imman5t cause ( ! prop]ties ( ! body to :i* x belongs1 or 9 :i* x adh]es1 & z su* is actually nam$ by ,bacon ! natura naturans4#fbj ,s ) ,bacon1 z ) ,bruno1 ,campanella1 & ,telesius1 all ?+s are end[$ ) life1 ) s5sation1 ) s\l1 :i* is ! inw>d pr9ciple ( _! ext]nal movem5ts4 ,he ridicul$ ,gilb]t1 :o fir/ sugge/$ a sci5tific explanation ( magnetism & electricity1 & put =w>d on 8 own acc\nt z a !ory ( electrical attraction t friction excites ! appetite ( bodies = contact1 :i* appetite does n l air mu*1 b pref]s some?+ else :i* is tangible4 ,! ph5om5a ( *emical aff9ity & ! l 7 also expla9$1 precisely z ,campanella or ,c>dan w\ld acc\nt = !m1 by ! delight 9 mutual contact1 i4e4 by an inh]5t s5sibility1 & desire or /riv+ ( l t[>ds l4#fba ,9 bo? ,bacon & ,bruno1 also1 ?is univ]sal animism is comb9$ ) an atomi/ic !ory ( me*anical nature1 & ) ! belief t no physical ph5om5on is und]/ood until x c be express$ 9 ma!matical t]ms3 ! m our inquiry incl9es to simple natures1 ! pla9] & cle>] %all ?+s become2 = we %all h to deal ) ! simple in/ead ( ! manifold1 ! computable in/ead ( ! surd1 ! def9ite & c]ta9 in/ead ( ! vague1--z 9 ! elem5ts ( lett]s1 & ! notes ( h>monies1 & an inquiry is be/ conduct$ :5 ! physical is def9$ by ! ma!matical4#fbb ,! la/ result ( analysis is n1 ) ei!r ,bacon or ,bruno1 ! atom ( ! ,epicurean physics1 viz4 an immutable sub/ance float+ 9 empty space2 b ,bacon's p>ticulae v]ae are mu* m confus$ly ?\ght out ?an ! ,italian's !ory--( a subtle e!real matt] diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 & ( ! d5s] atoms :i* are 9 con/ant motion )9 x4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ! same p]petual flux & reflux 9 matt] ) ,bacon z ) ,bruno4#fbc ,9 ! la/ resort1 ,bacon took refuge 9 a hope ( future explanation--always1 h[ev]1 by simple1 positive1 computable factors--reg>d+ atoms & void1 z on a p> ) mat]ia prima1 human ab/ractions1 entirely unfruitful1 n light-br++ anticipations ( nature4 ,9 reg>d to ! relation betwe5 ! human und]/&+ & nature1 bo? _h absolute convictions ( ! p[] ( ! =m]1 direct$ by ! rules ( exp]i5ce & limit$ by ! data ( s5sation1 to compreh5d ! latt]2 b :ile ,bruno saw 9 ! negative limits ( ! und]/&+ a positive h9t ( a reality beyond1 ! m c>eful ,bacon saw only a fur!r gr\nd = fall+ back f reason ^u fai?4 ,?us ! incapacity ( ! m9d to re/ 9 any f9ite space1 )\t ?9k+ ( a space beyond t & beyond1 or ( imag9+ a body ?an :i* none c\ld be great]1 0 pro( to ,bruno t space itself 0 inf9ite1 & t body or matt] 0 immeasurable1 i4e4 inf9ite 9 ext5t & 9 quantity4 ,bacon also makes use ( ?is impossibility 9 ! human intellect ( re/+1 acquiesc+1 at any po9t z a f9ality4 ,x mu/ ev] pass beyond--b x is 9 va94 ,?us x is un?9kable t !re %\ld be any extreme or out]mo/ rim to ! _w1 our m9d always ( necessity ?9ks !re may be some?+ beyond3 nor c we ?9k h[ et]nity c\ld h fl[$ d[n to ?is day3 ! di/9ction betwe5 an inf9ity a p>te ante & an inf9ity a p>te po/ _c be ma9ta9$1 = x w\ld foll[ t "o inf9ite is great] ?an ano!r1 & t an inf9ite is us$ up1 & decl9es into a f9ite4 ,simil> is ! subtlety ab\t l9es always divisible 7h[ev] small p>ts we take71 f ! impot5cy ( ?\ght4#fbd ,b ! conclusion drawn is simply ! positivi/ "o1 t su* endless que/ion+ aft] ! unkn[able is pr(itless & absurd4 ,! "o sees 9 x a metaphysical or cosmological argum5t--inf9ite capacity = kn[+ implies an inf9ite to be kn[n1 z inf9ite or endless desire implies an inf9ite or limitless good3 ! o!r a me?odological argum5t aga9/ attempt+ to fly :5 we are born to creep4 ,9 two o!r cases ,bacon reject$ ! "w ( ,bruno1 & rightly1 viz4 9 reg>d to ! ,art ( ,lully1 & ! ,art ( ,memory2 & x is possible t he may h _h ,bruno 9 8 m9d 9 writ+ bo? passages4 ,"s m51 r o/5tati\s ?an le>n$1 h lab\r$ ab\t a c]ta9 me?od n des]v+ ! "n ( a true me?od1 z be+ r a k9d ( impo/ure1 :i* may nev]!less h prov$ acceptable to "s trifl]s4 ,su* 0 ! ,art ( ,lully1 simply a mass$ collection ( te*nical t]ms4 ,?is k9d ( collection resembles an old brok]'s %op1 :]e _m fragm5ts ( ?+s are to be f\nd1 b no?+ ( any value4#fbe ,aga91 !re exi/s c]ta9ly "s k9d ( art 7( memory71 b we are conv9c$ t bett] precepts = confirm+ & ext5d+ ! memory might be laid d[n ?an are conta9$ 9 ?is art1 & also t ! practice ( ! art might be made bett] ?an z x has be5 receiv$4 ,z n[ manag$1 x is b b>r5 & useless4#fbf ,sid5ote3 ,kepl]4 ,on ! ,cont95t x 0 r ! cosmological !ories ( ,bruno t attract$ att5tion2 & !re1 no less ?an 9 ,engl&1 e suspicion ( sympa?y ) ! h]etic 0 avoid$4 ,only ,kepl] _h ! c\rage to compla9 7z a lett] ( ,m>t9 ,hasdal to ,galilei tells7 t ,galilei _h omitt$ to make praiseful m5tion ( ,bruno 9 8 ,nuntius ,sid]eus4#fbg ,galilei1 a ?or\gh diplomati/1 w\ld h>dly h gone s f>3#fbh yet 9 ! metaphysical basis ( 8 !ory ( ! univ]se1 & 9 8 !ory ( k1 he only elaborates ideas already sugge/$ by ,bruno4#fbi ,b ,kepl]1 fe>less be=e m51 %rank f ! ?\ght ( ! inf9ite _w 9 :i* ,bruno f\nd a glori\s fre$om = ! play ( 8 m9d4 ,kepl] c\ld n1 & did n1 give up 8 enclos+ sph]e ( fix$ />s1 %utt+ 9 ! sol> sy/em z com=tably z ! orange-sk9 its se$s1 n accept+ ! giddy hypo!sis ( ,bruno t ea* ( ! />s is itself a sun1 ) a sol> sy/em ( its own1 & t beyond & beyond1 9 endless s]ies1 are o!r suns & o!r worlds4#fcj ,ev5 ,van9i ! un=tunate1 if light-head$1 sceptic1 :o 9 #afai1 at ,t\l\se1 met ) a fate simil> to t ( ,bruno1 b m horrible1 m5tions ! latt] only by indication 9 8 e>li] "w1--! ,amphi!atre ( ! ,et]nal ,provid5ce 7p4 #cei7--,nonnulli semiphilosophi novi h said t beyond ! la/ sph]e ( ! heav5s !re is an inf9ite creat$ univ]se1 z if f ,god no f9ite action c\ld proce$4#fca ,sid5ote3 ,desc>tes4 ,( ! philosoph]s :o repres5t ! ma9 l9e ( developm5t ( mod]n ?\ght on ! ,cont95t 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1--,desc>tes1 ,gass5di1 ,sp9oza1 ,leibniz1--!re is n "o :o has n be5 accus$ ( hav+ borr[$ 8 *ief doctr9es1 )\t ackn[l$gm5t1 f ! ,italian philosoph]4 ,bi%op ,huet#fcb describ$ ,bruno z ! antesignanus ( ! ,c>tesian philosophy1 & po9t$ to ! ,de ,imm5so et innum]abilibus z conta9+ indications ( almo/ all its ideas4 ,! *>ge is ( c\rse absurd s f> z ,desc>tes' *>act]i/ic philosophy is conc]n$--! ideas by :i* he creat$ a revolution 9 mod]n ?\ght4 ,bruno inde$ begg$ m5 to ?r[ ov] all prejudices1 all traditional beliefs1 be=e ent]+ ^u ! /udy ( nature3 he agre$ ) ,desc>tes !re=e 9 reject+ :olly e au?ority b t ( man's own reason1 9 dem&+ complete fre$om ( ?\ght1 n only f outw>d1 b also f inw>d1 subjective fett]s4 ,mo/ ne>ly he approa*es ! ,c>tesian d\bt 9 ! preface to ! ,articuli adv4 ,ma!maticos4#fcc ,z to ! lib]al arts1 s f> f me is ! cu/om or in/itution ( believ+ ma/]s or p>5ts1 or ev5 ! common s5se :i* 7by its own acc\nt7 (t5 & 9 _m ways is prov$ to deceive u & lead u a/ray1 t ,i nev] settle any?+ 9 philosophy ra%ly or )\t reason2 b :at is ?\ght p]fectly c]ta9 & evid5t1 :5ev] & :]ev] x has be5 br\ght into controv]sy1 is z d\btful to me z ?+s t are ?\ght too difficult ( belief1 or too absurd4 ,b ?is is /ill v f> f ! univ]sal d\bt ( ,desc>tes1--d\bt1 n ( ?is or t p>ticul> op9ion or belief1 b ( all possible beliefs4 ,bruno's aim 0 k1 to add to or correct ! sum ( g5]al op9ion z to ! _w z a :ole1 z to man's relation to x & to ,god2 ,desc>tes' 0 c]ta9ty1 to f9d a basis f :i* a sy/em ( ?\ght might be built up de novo1 & f :i* at ! same "t a secure gr\nd = morality & religion might be d]iv$4 ,! d\bt 0 no?+ )\t ! c]ta9ty to :i* x l$1--! c]ta9ty ( self-consci\sness1--:i*1 z x has be5 said1 is only ! o!r side1 ! positive expression ( ! univ]sal d\bt itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! subsequ5t /eps ( ! ,c>tesian philosophy1--! argum5ts on ! nature ( ,god1 & ! relation ( ! inf9ite to ! f9ite sub/ances1--_m t\*es sugge/ ! influ5ce ( ,bruno's compreh5sive attempt to comb9e a philosophical pan!ism ) a sci5tific atomism4 ,x is unlikely t ,desc>tes %\ld h be5 ignorant ( a writ] well kn[n to ,m]s5ne & ,huet4 ,! =m]#fcd w\ld h excus$ ,bruno _h he be5 cont5t to philosophise ^u a po9t1 an atom1 or on unity1--b because he attack$ ! ,*ri/ian religion1 x is reasonable to decry him z "o ( ! mo/ wick$ m5 ! e>? has ev] produc$6 ,c]ta9ly ! fact t ,desc>tes n[h]e m5tions ! guilty philosoph] is ( no importance 9 decid+ z to ! influ5ce ( ! latt] ^u him4#fce ,sid5ote3 ,gass5di #aeib-afee4 ,x 0 only natural t ,gass5di's critics %\ld h plac$ him 9 a close relation to ! ,nolan4 ,!re is no improbability 9 ! idea t ,gass5di 0 attract$ to ! latt] z an oppon5t ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy1 aga9/ :i* he himself _h already writt5 9 8 y\?--al?\gh no "p ( ! "w 0 publi%$ until #afbd4fcf ,bo? also approa*$ ! re=m ( natural philosophy f ! same /&po9t1 t ( s5se-exp]i5ce1 & bo? arriv$ at an atomic !ory ( ! ultimate con/itution ( nature4 ,bruno1 be=e ,gass5di1 _h attempt$ to place ! e?ical tea*+ ( ,epicurus 9 a fair] light ?an popul> prejudice all[$1 b :ile ,gass5di foll[$ ,epicurus 9 8 atomism only too /rictly1 ,bruno 0 mu* m indep5d5t1 & advanc$ mu* ne>] to ! mod]n view4 ,s 9 8 g5]al !ory ( ! sy/em ( ! _w1 ,gass5di /ops half-way--) ! conception ( a limit$ matt]1 b 9 an endless space1 ( a beg9n+ = ! _w1 b 9 an endless "t1 ( a plurality ( worlds ) ! e>? z c5tre ( our sy/em3 "h also x is ,bruno t is ! m advanc$1 & ! m d>+ ?9k]2--yet1 f ! respect ) :i* ,gass5di writes ( ,cop]nicus1 x is cle> t 8 sympa?ies 7 ) ! new hypo!sis4 ,x may be add$ t al?\gh ,gass5di reject$ ! notion ( a _w-s\l1 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 z di/9ct f ,god1 & t ( s\ls ( ! individual worlds1 or ( /ones1 etc41 yet he too 0 fa9 to expla9 ! attraction ( ! magnet = ! iron1 ( ! e>? = ! /one1 ( atom = atom1 by an influ5ce pass+ f ! "o to ! o!r1 by :i* ! "o became aw>e ( ! o!r's exi/5ce1 & 0 impell$ t[>ds x1 i4e4 by a k9d ( s5se1 or feel+1 a s\l1 :i* 0 at ! same "t ! pr9ciple ( movem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,sp9oza4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 on ! developm5t ( ,sp9oza's#fcg ?\ght t ! mo/ direct influ5ce ( ,bruno c be %[n4 ,sigw>t#fch & ,av5>ius#fci h prov$ t 9 prep>+ ! %ort treatise on ,god1 ,man1 & 8 ,bless$ness1 ,sp9oza mu/ h _h ! ,causa & ,inf9ito ( ,bruno almo/ be=e 8 eyes4 ,! treatise consi/s ( sev]al p>ts :i* are m or less indep5d5t ( "o ano!r1 & :i* repres5t t5tative approa*es t[>ds ! f9i%$ ,e?ics2 b x diff]s f ! ,e?ics 9 ! f> great] prom95ce ( ! my/ical1 ,neoplatoni/ elem5t4 ,pollock sugge/s t x may h be5 8 free-?9k+ tea*] ,dr4 ,van d5 ,ende :o introduc$ ,sp9oza to ,bruno's writ+s3 !re is no ext]nal evid5ce ( ! acqua9tance%ip1 b t1 x is ne$less to say1 is ( slight importance4 ,sp9oza c]ta9ly read ,italian1 & he practis$ 9 o!r cases ! same neglect ( au?orities1 ( ^: sub/ance he 0 mak+ use3 x 0 inde$ ! cu/om ( ! "t--!re 7 few :o foll[$ ,burton's example4 ,!re are c]ta9 g5]al resemblances betwe5 ! f9i%$ philosophies ( ! two au?ors1 s f> z ,bruno c be said to h a f9i%$ philosophy4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple ( bo? is ! unity out ( :i* all ?+s spr+1 to :i* all return1 & 9 :i* all h _! true nature1 or highe/ reality1--a unity ) :i* bo? id5tify nature & _s alike1 & :i* is = bo? ,god4 ,god is accord+ly beyond ! rea* ( all human k2 det]m9ation is negation1 limit1 by :i* ! inf9ite is unt\*$4 ,all attributes 9 ,god are "o only1 or none2 ?\ght is "o ) ext5sion1 love ) intellig5ce2 yet 9 /rictness ,god is nei!r ?\ght nor ext5sion1 intellig5ce nor love1 or he is ^! 9 ano!r ?an our human mean+4 ,s f> z ?is c5tral ?\ght is conc]n$1 x is ,bruno t is ! deep] ?9k]4 ,9 him ! ,"o is n a dead negation1 9 :i* real ?+s are absorb$ to ! loss ( all _! reality & life1 z x is ) ,sp9oza3 r x is a liv+ f\nta91 gu%+ =? 9 ! inf9ite /reams ( liv+ be+s3 ! :ole ( nature is ! expression ( its own inw>d be+4 ,! ,"o is 9 process2 ! :ole1 9 :i* ?is process results1 is a h>mony e memb] ( :i* has its own indep5d5t reality & wor?1 ov] aga9/ all o!rs1 z a manife/ation ( div9ity4 ,! life ( ! "o is t ( its memb]s2 all are necess>y to x1 z x to !m4 ,c>rire#fdj inde$ places ,bruno above ,sp9oza z hav+ f\nd 9 ! "o a self-consci\sness1 a subject inf9ite 9 t x kn[s itself & all ?+s 9 itself1 pres]v+ all ?+s1 z necess>y to its ext]nal enjoym5t & love2 :ile ,sp9oza is /ill )9 ! bonds ( sub/ance--9 ,god !re is nei!r und]/&+ nor w1 9 ,him all diff]5ce vani%es1 ! modes are an illusion4 ,s ! ,sp9ozi/ic p>allelism betwe5 ?\ght & matt] f9ds its c\nt]p>t 9 ,bruno1 ) :om all t is ?\ght1 all t is possible1 is also real1 or actual1 i4e4 has ext5d$ or mat]ial exi/5ce4 ,x is true t ?is conception is mu* m precisely express$ 9 ,sp9oza1 ) 8 clean-cut di/9ction betwe5 ! _w ( body & ! _w ( m9d or ideas1 to :i* ! possible belongs1 b x 0 a di/9ction :i* he c\ld n consi/5tly uphold2 on ! o!r h&1 ! univ]sal animism1 ! doctr9e t to e mat]ial ?+ or ev5t !re corresponds a spiritual reality or process1 :i* is only ! o!r side ( ! p>allelism ( s\l & body1 is m cle>ly & vigor\sly def5d$ by ! e>li] philosoph]4 ,! natural & ! spiritual1 matt] & =m1 are n two pr9ciples1 or elem5ts :i* comb9e to produce a giv5 result1 or :i* h>monise ) "o ano!r3 !y are "o & ! same ?+1 & _! tru? is _! life1 _! s\l1 _! ?\ght4 ,bruno 0 9 e>ne/ ) 8 animism1 z 8 confid5t belief 9 magical correlations %[$4#fda ,f _! pr9ciples bo? d]iv$ a conviction ( ! necessity#fdb & ( ! goodness ( all ?+s1 b x is ,bruno r ?an ,sp9oza :o attempt$ to reconcile individual lib]ty ) det]m9ism 9 ! univ]se z a :ole1 & individual moral responsibility ) ! necess>y goodness ( ! all4 ,! correspond+ relativity ( evil1 ! fallacy ( =tune or *ance 7z any?+ b unc]ta9ty ( ! f9ite m9d71 7 already ass]t$ by ,bruno1 & 8 ideas z to ! relation betwe5 ! religion ( ! ,*ur*1 or ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible1 & ! inve/igations ( sci5ce1 are precisely ^? :i* ,sp9oza adopts4 ,sid5ote3 ,! %ort tractate4 ,sid5ote3 ,ratio4 ,9 ! ,de ,deo seu ,hom9e1 h[ev]1 ! correspond5ces are mu* great] & m def9ite betwe5 ,sp9oza & ,bruno1 %[+ t ! =m] pass$ ?r\gh a phase ( ,neoplatonism1 9 :i* 8 pan!ism 0 mu* less =mal or ab/ract ?an x aft]w>ds became4 ,?us ! pr$icates appli$ 9 ! ,e?ics to ,god are appli$ "h to nature1 z by ,bruno also3--,nature is inf9ite 9 ! s5se ( )\t limits or b\nds1 conta9+ no p>ts 9 itself1 & !re=e n a :ole ov] aga9/ o!r :oles2 !re _c be two inf9ites1 or b\ndless worlds4#fdc ,! p>allelism betwe5 outw>d nature & ! ?\ght or und]/&+ ( ,god is also m aft] ,bruno's mode ( expression 7*4 ii4 #aa1 #ai74 ,nei!r sub/ance nor qualities c be 9 ! inf9ite und]/&+ ( ,god1 :i* are n =malit] 9 nature 7#a7 because ( ! inf9ite p[] ( ,god--!re is no cause or gr\nd 9 ,him :y ,he %\ld create "o ?+ r ?an ano!r1 h5ce ,he creates all2 7#b7 because ( ! simplicity ( ,8 w2 7#c7 because ,he _c refra9 f do+ :at is good4 ,! !sis1 & ! fir/ & ?ird ( ! argum5ts by :i* x is support$1 are all v]bally close to ,bruno's argum5t 9 ! ,inf9ito & 9 ! ,de ,imm5so4 ,s ! ef=t ( all f9ite ?+s aft] self-cons]vation1#fdd & _! consequ5t movem5t1 are expla9$ n me*anically1 ?r\gh ! action ( "o mat]ial ?+ ^u ano!r1 b r spiritually1 ?r\gh ! unity ( nature 9 :i* all %>e4 ,?us ev5 t possibility ( an action ( ?\ght ^u matt] 7ext5sion7 is all[$1 :i* 9 ! ,e?ics is1 =mally at lea/1 d5i$4 ,9 ! ,tractate also !re is m emphasis laid ^u ! goodness ( ,god1 z ! s\rce ( ! inf9ite _w ( f9ite be+s1 :]eas 9 ! ,e?ics a logical1 me*anical necessity takes its place4 ,x is 9 ! second1 m my/ical & e?ical "p1 ( ! treatise1 h[ev]1 t ! influ5ce ( ! ,nolan philosoph] is mo/ app>5t1 & "h x is ! ,summa ,t]m9orum or ,h]oici ,furori t seems to h =m$ ! direct or indirect s\rce ( _m ( ! conceptions--su*1 = example1 z ! di/9ction betwe5 ,ratio & ,intellectus4 ,ratio is discursive ?\ght1 build+ up k by successive /eps2 ,intellectus intuitive ?\ght1 direct & simultane\s p]ception ( ! :ole ( ! object--! only adequate or complete =m ( k1 = :i* reason+ is m]ely a prep>ation 9 u4 ,our k ( ,god1 s f> z x is possible at all1 is ( ! second type3 we _c "k ,him z he is1 ?r\gh ,8 effects1 ,8 creation3 x is only ! few to :om ,he reveals ,himself t c "k ,him z ,he is1 by direct contact ) ,him4 ,yet ?is revelation is con/antly op5 to all m52 = ea* & all ,god is1 always1 intimately pres5t1 m intimately ?an ea* is to himself4#fde ,o!r ideas :i* ,sigw>t has f\nd common to ! ,%ort ,tractate & ! writ+s ( ,bruno1 are ^? ( ! ,love ( ,god z spr++ f ! k ( ,god2 ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! degrees or /ages ( love & ^? ( k2 ! inability ( our m9ds to re/ 9 a f9ite object or f9ite good1 ! con/ant pressure onw>ds t[>ds o!r & o!r objects2 ! contra/ betwe5 s5sible love & intellectual love2 ,god z ! highe/1 mo/ complete object1 ! k ( ,him above & embrac+ 9 itself all o!r k1 mak+ ! kn[] "o ) 8 object1 trans=m+ him into ,god himself2 ! div9e ,h>mony 9 ! s\l :i* ensues2 ! love ( ,god :i* is man's highe/ bless$ness1 :i* is :olly dis9t]e/$1 & bl9d to all e>?ly good or beautiful ?+s2 love :i* is unlimit$ 9 its possibility1 z its object is inf9ite3 ) ?is limitless possibility ( ,love is ! idea ( immortality connect$2 b ,bruno d$uces f ! immortality ( man ! possibility ( a love :i* increases inf9itely2 :ile = ,sp9oza1 on ! contr>y1 ! inf9itely increas+ love ( ,god is a gr\nd ( pro( = immortality4#fdf ,:5 !re is add$ to ^! _m in/ances ( doctr9es 9 ,sp9oza's e>li] "w :i* 7 lat] modifi$ 9 ! direction ( great] rigidity & me*anical sy/ematisation1 ! fact t ! ,tractate embraces two t5tative dialogues1 9 "o ( :i* ,sp9oza is repres5t$ by a ,!ophilus 7z ,bruno 9 s _m ( 8 dialogues is repres5t$71 x is impossible n to feel conv9c$ t ,sp9oza = a p]iod ( 8 life at lea/ 0 a foll[] ( ,bruno4 ,x is true t _m ( ^! ideas are n ! prop]ty ( ,bruno alone1 b ( ! s*ool ( ,neoplatonism ( :i* he l ,sp9oza 0 at any rate a p>tial adh]5t1 b n[h]e else ?an 9 ,bruno is to be f\nd ! same collocation ( ^! ideas z occur 9 ?is tractate ( ,sp9oza4 ,x is an op5 "q :e!r ! movem5t ( ! latt] away f ! ,italian's philosophy 0 entirely a progressive1 & n 9 "s respects a retrograde movem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,leibniz4 ,at fir/ sight x might seem mu* m natural to connect ,leibniz ) ,bruno1 because ( ! obvi\s correspond5ce ( _m ( _! fundam5tal ideas3--_! analysis ( ! univ]se into a sy/em ( indep5d5t realities1 ea* diff]+ f e o!r--ea* mirror+ ! univ]se 9 itself f its own individual po9t ( view2 ea* !re=e 9 a s5se conta9+ or compris+ ! all 9 itself1 z ea* is aga9 a necess>y con/itu5t ( ! all4 ,9 place ( ,sp9oza's dead _w1 we f9d 9 ,leibniz1 z 9 ,bruno1 f9ite ?+s 9 con/ant fl[1 con/ant *ange1 ea* pass+ necess>ily ?r\gh e phase ?r\gh :i* any o!r has pass$--repres5t+ ! univ]se z x is 9 "t1 z well z ! univ]se z x is at any mom5t 9 actual exi/5ce2 ea* exp]i5c+1 9 o!r words1 ! life1 ! process1 z well z ! quality1 ! be+ ( ! all4 ,ev]y?+ t is1 is necess>ily1 ev]y?+ t occurs1 occurs necess>ily1 9 ,bruno because ! :ole fl[s out f ! ?\ght ( ,god1 z ,god ?9ks x 7i4e4 9 ! relations 9 :i* x /&s 9 ! "o all-embrac+ ?\ght ( ,god72 9 ,leibniz1 because ( ! w ( ,god1 :o 9 ,8 goodness has *os5 ! be/ ( all ideal sy/ems1 )9 :i* ea* ?+ or ev5t has its necess>y place4 ,9 bo?1 all ?+s are1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! :ole1 good3--9 ,bruno because 9 ,god tru? & goodness1 w & und]/&+1 are "o2 9 ,leibniz because ( ! w ( ,god1 :i* has *os5 = ! be/3 evil is f9itude1 or aga9 is ignorance1 an error ( /&po9t4 ,9 bo? fre$om & necessity are "o1 because ! necessity belongs to ,god's own nature2 ,he wills out ( ,himself1 undet]m9$1 un9flu5c$ f )\t1 & ?is is fre$om4 ,9 bo?1 z we h se51 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is a gr\nd bo? = ! inf9ite numb] & inf9ite v>iety ( ! f9ite be+s 9 ! univ]se1 & = ! impossibility t two %\ld exi/ :i* are exactly id5tical "o ) ano!r4 ,7 x kn[n t ,leibniz _h /udi$ ,bruno be=e 8 sy/em 0 =m$1 we might almo/ say t he _h *os5 t aspect ( ! ,nolan philosophy :i* ) ,sp9oza _h be5 disreg>d$1 viz4 ! aspect 9 :i* all rights are giv5 to ! f9ite individual1 & to ! _w ( f9ite be+s1 z ea* repres5t+ ! inf9ite1 conta9+ ! inf9ite 9 itself1 &1 s f> z possibility goes1 ea* ( inf9ite div9e wor?4 ,:]eas j t side :i* appeal$ to ,sp9oza w\ld h fail$ to t\* ,leibniz--! side 9 :i* ,god appe>s z "o ) ! univ]se1 n z beyond or outside ( x1 b z imman5t 9 ! :ole1 & pres5t 9 ! fulness ( ,8 nature to ea* & e memb] ( ! :ole4 ,philosophically ,leibniz' mission 0 to develop ! ,c>tesian doctr9e ( ! ?ree sub/ances--,god1 f9ite _s1 & body--9 a direction :i* id5tifi$ ! fir/ & ?ird ) ! second1 broke up ! unity ( ,god into ! immeasurable _m ( ! monad spirits1 & its inf9ity into indef9it5ess4 ,! ,god ( ,leibniz1 ev5 z ! highe/ ( ! monads1 is sep>ate f1 ap>t f1 ! o!r monads--a f9ite along ) o!r f9ites4 ,s ea* ( ! ord9>y monads is a _w by itself1 %ut up )9 itself1 ) no w9d[s f :i* x c look out ^u ! _w1 & really be affect$ by :at is pass+ )\t x4 ,!re is no )\t--ea* is1 9 a ^w1 ,god1 & s f> z x is conc]n$ !re may be no o!r be+ 9 exi/5ce4 ,bruno1 on ! contr>y1 0 fully consci\s--at times--( ! necessity ( hold+ ! balance betwe5 ! inf9ite unity ( ,god & ! f9ite units or realities1 :i* are ! expression1 ! manife/ation1 ! self-revelation ( ! "o4 ,:y ?is revelation8 he does n inde$ ask2 b giv5 x z actual1 he f9ds ! reconciliation 9 x at once ( ! necessity ( ! :ole & ! lib]ty ( ! unit1 ! goodness ( ! all & ! moral frailty ( ! individual4#fdg ,int]e/+ z ?is speculative comp>ison ( ! two philosophies may be1 !re is n1 h[ev]1 ev5 ! slighte/ gr\nd = attribut+ any direct hi/orical influ5ce ( ,bruno ^u ,leibniz4 ,if influ5ce occurr$ at all--:i* is d\btful--x 0 ?r\gh ,sp9oza or "s ( ! m9or philosophical writ+s ( ! "t4 ,lacroze 79 a lett] ( #agcg7 accus$ ,leibniz ( hav+ drawn 8 :ole sy/em f ,bruno's book ,de ,maximo et ,m9imo 7sic673 he add$ t he _h told ,leibniz ?is fact himself1 bo? by ^w ( m\? & 9 writ+1 & t ! reason :y s few _h notic$ x 0 t ! philosophical writ+s ( ,bruno 7 obscure & repell5t4 ,! same sugge/ion has be5 repeat$ly made s9ce--m especially z reg>ds ! "n ,monad1 :i* ,leibniz1 aft] mu* se>*+ & delib]ation1 gave to 8 real unities f #afif onw>ds4#fdh ,brunnh(] goes s f> z to see bo? ! ideas & ! ma9 =mulas ( ,leibniz 9 ,bruno--! monad-doctr9es1 monads z liv+ mirrors ( ! univ]se1 z fulgurations ( ,god1 ! ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony--! future z involv$ 9 ! pres5t1 ! pres5t is pregnant ) ! future1--! ph5om5ality ( s5se-objects--,god z ! highe/ monad1 etc4 ,he argues t ,leibniz d]iv$ 8 idea t ! monads h no w9d[s by :i* any?+ c ent] or dep>t f casual rem>ks by ,bruno z to ! w9d[s ( ! s\l1 ! gates ( ! s5ses by :i* images ent] 91 or ! *9ks & holes by :i* we gaze outw>ds ^u ! _w4 ,! c\p de grce 0 giv5 to ?is leg5d1 = s we mu/ call x1 by ,ludwig ,/e9 9 8 ,leibniz und ,sp9oza4#fdi ,he %[$ t ,leibniz 0 already 9 full possession ( ! idea ( ! monad at lea/ t5 ye>s be=e he f\nd ! mo/ fitt+ expression = x1 & t aft] #afif he us$ ! ^w ,monad always z ! di/9ctive badge or typical "n = 8 sub/ances or =ces2 t be=e #agjj he knew ( ,bruno only "o ( ! ,lullian works 7! ,de ,arte ,comb9atori1 v4 ,dut5s1 ii4 #cfg71 & p]haps ! ma!matical articles 7adv4 ,ma!maticos1 ib4 iii4 #adg74 ,ap>t f ^! works1 :i* c\ld h no ref]5ce to 8 own philosophy1 he 0 acqua9t$ ) ,bruno only by he>say1 z a reput$ =]unn] ( ,desc>tes2 ev5 z libr>ian ( ! ,brunswick ,libr>y1 al?\gh "s ( ,bruno's works 7 9 8 gu>dian%ip1 he is n likely to h read !m until 8 att5tion 0 call$ to !m by _! alleg$ resemblance to 8 own !ory4 ,& !n1 z we le>n f ! lett] to ,lacroze 7#aa? ,april #agjh71fej he h>dly appreciat$ !m at _! true value--,mr4 ,tol& has n spok5 to me ( ! ,spec*io 7i4e4 ,spaccio1 an error t does n %[ mu* famili>ity ) ,bruno7 della ,be/ia trionfante ( ,giordano ,bruno4 ,i ?9k ,i h se5 ! book at "s "t1 & t x is aga9/ ! ,pope4 ,i h two works ( 8 on ! ,inf9ite1 "o 9 ,lat91 ! o!r 9 ,italian4 ,! au?or is n want+ 9 g5ius1 b is n v pr(\nd 7ne manque pas d'esprit1 mais il n'e/ pas trop pr(ond74 ,else:]e he speaks ( ,bruno only z believ+ 9 innum]able worlds ) ,leucippus & ,democritus1 & z hav+ be5 burnt1 n1 z he believes1 on acc\nt ( 8 book ! ,de ,imm5so1 b = o!r op9ions4#fea ,!re is !re=e little reason to suppose t ,leibniz _h great int]e/ 9 ,bruno1 or t he _h read 8 works s c>efully z to h d]iv$ any su/5ance or advancem5t = 8 philosophy f !m4 ,/e9 has 9 any case %[n t ! t]m ,monad came to ,leibniz1 n f ,bruno at all1 b f ! y\ng] ,van ,helmont1 9 ^: !ory x plays almo/ z important a "p z 9 ,leibniz--al?\gh ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two ,monads 0 great] ?an ! resemblance4#feb ,mean:ile lit]ature 9 ,france & ,engl& _h n lo/ sight ( ,bruno4#fec ,9 #afcc !re 0 publi%$ 9 ! =m] a play1 ,boniface et le ,pdant1 :i* has be5 describ$ z a ref9$ & ,gallicis$ imitation ( ! ,c&elaio2 9 its turn x sugge/$1 p]haps1 ! ,pdant ,j\ ( ,cyrano de ,b]g]ac1 & "s ( ! p$ant-sc5es 9 ,molire4#fed ,9 #afcd 9 ,engl& a masque by ,?omas ,c>ew--! ,coelum ,britannicum--0 play$ 9 ,engli% by ,*>les ,i41 :i* 0 bas$1 p>tly at lea/1 ^u ! ,spaccio1 ) ,*>les ,i4 9 ! place ( ,tru?4#fee ,sid5ote3 ,bayle4 ,sid5ote3 ,budgell4 ,sid5ote3 ,tol&4 ,pi]re ,bayle1 by ! article 9 8 ,dictionnaire ,hi/orique et ,critique 7#afig71 :i* _h a v wide influ5ce1 probably damn$ ,bruno's reputation = a c5tury4 ,! article on ,sp9oza also did ! same s]vice = ! ,dut* philosoph]1 ) :om1 inde$1 ,bayle jo9$ ,bruno1 z hav+ held ! same abom9able doctr9e ( a!ism4 ,he _h no real k ( ,bruno1 ! biography is frivol\s & inexact1 & ! philosophy--a g>bl$ v]sion--is report$ on he>say4#fef ,x 0 ,bayle's au?ority :i* /amp$ ,bruno ) ! s>ca/ic description ( a knight errant 9 philosophy1 :i* has sometimes be5 spok5 ( z a happy t\* ( ,hegel's inv5tion1 b really dates back to "o ,lion>do ,nicodemo 7#afhc71 :o describ$ ,bruno z play+ ! "p ( a w&]+ knight 7i4e4 a travell+ s*ola/ic71 n[ "h1 n[ !re1 at diff]5t univ]sities 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,switz]l&1 ,italy1 ) %ield p5dant1 & lance 9 re/1 *all5g+ ! ,ari/otelians to le>n$ combat4#feg ,9 ,engl& ! same asp]sion ^u ,bruno's "n 0 /]eotyp$ by an article 9 ! ,spectator ( ,may #bg1 #agab 7"o ( ,budgell's74 ,! writ]1 h[ev]1 _h ! fairness1 :i* ,bayle _h n1 to read ,bruno's ,spaccio be=e mak+ reflections ^u x4 ,contr>y to 8 expectations1 = ,bruno 0 a pr(ess$ a!i/1 ) a design to depreciate religion1 he f\nd v little dang] 9 x4 ,?is did n prev5t him f tak+ ,bruno z a text = a w\ld-be humor\s disquisition on ,a!ism4 ,x 0 ,john ,tol&1#feh ! poor d5iz5 ( ,grub ,/reet1 & once fam\s1 or infam\s1 au?or ( ,*ri/ianity n ,my/]i\s1 :o 9 ,engl& fir/ paid ,bruno some?+ ( ! respect he des]v$4 ,8 *ampion%ip 0 n1 p]haps1 ( ! mo/ disc]n+ or ( ! mo/ valuable1 b x 0 hone/4 ,a copy ( ! ,spaccio _h come into 8 possession1--"o :i* he believ$ to be ! only "o !n 9 exi/5ce1--& z a result ( 8 read+ he claim$ ,bruno z ! f\nd] ( free ?\ght4 ,he _h /udi$ ! say+s on ,div9e ,magic 9 t "w1 & _h fa/5$ on ! fact t ,bruno reg>d$ magic z no?+ b a m recondite1 non-vulg>1 al?\gh p]fectly natural wisdom4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly true2 b ,tol& add$1 ,s he sometimes calls ! et]nal vicissitude ( mat]ial =ms ,transmigration1 :i* 0 at lea/ mislead+4 ,among 8 manuscripts ,tol& left an acc\nt ( ,giordano ,bruno's ,book ( ! ,univ]se 7,de l' ,inf9ito71 along ) a translation ( ! introductory epi/le4#fei ,& some:at e>li]1 9 #agac1 a translation ( ! ,spaccio 0 made into ,engli% by ,w4 ,morehead1#ffj :o may h be5 "o ( ,tol&'s bre?r51 z ! ,qu>t]ly ,review] sugge/s4 ,tol& himself 01 h[ev]1 believ$ to be ! au?or4 ,he _h visit$ ,lacroze at ,b]l9 9 #agjf1 & _h def5d$ ! ,nolan aga9/ t virul5t se>*]-out ( a!i/s1 dei/s1 pan!i/s1 & ! l miscreants & lib]t9es4 ,to a fell[-en?usia/ 9 ,g]many 7,b>on ,hoh5dorf7 ,tol& wrote ?ree ye>s lat]1 giv+ ! pro(s ( ,bruno's puni%m5t1 ) a translation ( ,s*opp's acc\nt1 & /at+ 8 belief z to ,bruno's real doctr9e 7viz4 free-?9k+74#ffa ,! au?or1 he wrote1 gives full play to 8 _s1 :i* is always div]t+1 b at ! same "t v p[]ful2 he is (t5 diffuse1 b nev] we>isome4 ,9 a v small space he has exp\nd$ a complete sy/em ( natural religion1 ! !ory ( anci5t cosmography1 hi/ory1 comp>ison & refutation ( diff]5t op9ions1 besides _m curi\s obs]vations on div]se subjects4 ,b ! au?or ab\nds 9 pleasantries1 & 9 satirical traits3 he is impi\s 9 a sov]eign degree1 & does n always keep himself )9 ! limits ( allegory4 ,& s ,bruno1 l ,sp9oza 9 ?is also1 w5t d[n to po/]ity z a wor?less1 impi\s a!i/1 "o ( ! reput$ au?ors ( ! my?ical "w ,de ,tribus ,impo/oribus1 :i* no "o _h ev] se51 b 9 :i* ! ?ree f\nd]s ( ! great religions ( ! _w 7 attack$ z consci\s *eats6 ,s f> 0 ! _w z yet f und]/&+ ! m>tyr = tru? & = ! religion ( ?\ght4 ,x 0 f ,g]many t ! reaction came4 ,! /ory ( ! re/oration ( ,bruno's "n 78 ,ehr5rettung7 has be5 told by ,b>?olmss1 & ne$s b a v brief sket* "h4 ,heumann#ffb repudiat$ ,lacroze's description ( him z an a!i/ & =]unn] ( ,sp9oza's pan!ism1 describ+ him z a m>tyr = ! ,lu!ran fai? & z an eclectic 9 philosophy4 ,bruck]#ffc--)\t ! hi/orical s5se1 b a pa9/ak+ & le>n$1 if diffuse1 analy/1 judg+ all philosophies by ! /&>d ( or?odox ,prote/antism & ! ,leibnizian philosophy--yet sympa?is$ ) ,bruno1 describ$ him z an eclectic1 comb9+ ideas ( ! ,eleatics ) ^? ( ,democritus & ,epicurus1 ,cop]nicus & ,py?agoras1 n an impo/or1 b an intellectual en?usia/--cum ratione insanivit4 ,?r\gh\t ! rema9+ "p ( ! c5tury a numb] ( monographs appe>$1 by ,jordan1 ,*ri/iani1 ,k9d]vat]2 )1 on ! contra side1 ,lessman & ,lauckh>d4 ,adelung ?\ght ,bruno wor?y ( a place 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,folly 7#aghe74 ,9 ! same ye> 7#aghe7 appe>$ ,f4 ,h4 ,jacobi's ,lett]s on ,sp9oza's ,philosophy1 :i* conta9$ a re/oration at "o /roke ( bo? ,bruno & ,sp9oza to _! place among ! great names ( ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4#ffd ,?is f9e ?9k]--if n great ?9k]--p5etrat$ by ! beauty & calm ( ,sp9oza's pan!ism1 saw 9 ,bruno a true =]unn]4 ,bruno _h tak5 up ! sub/ance ( ! anci5t philosophy1 trans=m$ x into fle% & blood1 0 :olly p]meat$ by its _s1 )\t ceas+ to be himself4 ,naturally x 0 9 ! ,causa t ,jacobi f\nd ! greate/ aff9ity ) ,sp9oza1 z 9 x ! />t+-po9t ( ,bruno is f ! ,"o1 ! ,highe/1 :i* is at ! same "t ! ,all--! univ]se1 ! unity ( ! ,"o & ,_m1 ( ,_s & ,nature4 ,jakobi's fri5d1 ,hamann1 ! ,wiz>d ( ! ,nor?1 ! my/ical critic ( ,kantianism1 w5t a /ep fur!r ?an ,jakobi himself2 ,bruno's pr9ciple ( ! co9cid5ce ( opposites1 he said1 0 ( m value to him ?an all ! ,kantian criticism4 ,9 ! pan!i/ic or moni/ic side ( ,bruno's philosophy he f\nd sympa?y ) 8 own revolt aga9/ ! excessive intellectualism & rationalism :i* seem$ to him to be ! *ief dang] ( ! ,kantian philosophy4#ffe ,goe! also 0 c>ri$ away by ! fl[+ tide ( en?usiasm1 &1 inde$1 8 own philosophical conception _h mu* aff9ity ) t ( ! ,nolan1 al?\gh 9 _! inn] natures ! two m5 diff]$ toto coelo4#fff ,buhle--fir/ 9 8 ,comm5t on ! ,rise & ,progress ( ,pan!ism 7#agij71 aft]w>ds 9 8 le>n$ & c>eful ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy#ffg--plac$ ,bruno among/ ! highe/ ( pan!i/ic writ]s4 ,ev5 ,t5nemann#ffg gr[s eloqu5t ov] ! brilliant ef=t ( ,bruno1 by :i* he almo/ a*iev$ a philosophy ( ! ,absolute two c5turies be=e ,s*ell+ & ,hegel4#ffh ,fulleborn is m cauti\s & critical1 b 9 8 ,contributions to ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy he gives analyses & extracts f sev]al ( ,bruno's works4#ffi ,s*ell+ himself1 z is cle> f ! dialogue :i* he wrote be>+ ,bruno's "n1 reg>d$ ! ,italian z ne>e/ to himself among 8 =]unn]s 9 ! philosophy ( ! absolute4 ,!re is obvi\sly a close analogy betwe5 ! two2 & ,s*ell+ may be said to take1 ) reg>d to ! c\rse ( philosophy aft] him1 ! same place :i* ,bruno took z reg>ds ! l9es ( developm5t 9 ! philosophy ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,bo? _h a wid] view1 & p]haps a deep] insight1 ?an _! successors1 :ile lack+ ! p[] ( /r5u\s ?\ght necess>y to c>ry out _! views into ! complet5ess ( a philosophical sy/em4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r ,s*ell+ knew mu* m ( ,bruno ?an ,jakobi's essay & 8 ab/ract ( ! ,causa _h to tell4 ,hegel took a mu* less en?usia/ic view ( ,bruno's philosophy ?an did 8 contempor>y & sometime p>tn]--to place ,bruno on a level ) ,sp9oza 0 to give him a high] reputation ?an he des]v$3 8 doctr9e 0 a m]e re-e*o ( ! ,alex&r9e4 ,yet ,hegel1 too1 saw some?+ to admire 9 ?is ,bac*antic _s1 revell+ 9 ! discov]y ( its on5ess ) ! ,idea1 & ) all o!r be+s1 ) ! all ( nature :i* is an ext]nalisation ( _s4 ,x 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ,hegel or ( ! ,hegelian philosophy t ! fir/ really complete & satisfactory /udies ( ,bruno appe>$3--,*ri/ian ,b>?olmss' ,jordano ,bruno1#fgj & ,moritz ,c>rire's ,philosophis*e ,weltans*auung d] ,re=mationszeit4#fga ,! quick & g5]\s en?usiasm ( ! fir/1 ! wide philosophic compreh5sion ( ! second h probably done m to attract public att5tion to ! =gott5 ,nolan1 & to gu>antee him a p]man5t place 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 ?an any o!r writ+s ab\t him4 ,s9ce _! "t ! lit]ature ^u ,bruno has /eadily increas$1 & ) x has gr[n ! compreh5sion ( & sympa?y ) ! man z well z ) ! idea he s fe>lessly proclaim$1 & s /r5u\sly def5d$4 ,x is no "p ( ! purpose ( ?is "w to p>allel ,bruno ) any ( ! m mod]n philosoph]s4 ,x is foolh>dy to say1 = example1 z ,brunnh(] does1 t ,s*op5hau] alone rea*es ! same height ( lit]>y /yle 9 mod]n philosophy1 al?\gh ! ,nolan leaves ! ,frank=t philosoph] f> beh9d him ?r\gh ! /r5g? ( 8 philosophical conception ( ! univ]se1 :i* holds its own aga9/ pessimism & optimism alike4#fgb ,x is foolh>dy1 & x is mislead+1 to place him 9 comp>ison ) philosoph]s :o h ne>ly ?ree c5turies ( ?\ght1 ( social1 indu/rial1 & lit]>y gr[?1 betwe5 him & !m4 ,l all ! philosoph]s :om a t\* ( poetical imag9ation has r$eem$1 ,bruno /&s m or less alone1 & he ov]tops all ! o!rs ( 8 c5tury4 ,none ( ! ord9>y rubrics ( hi/orical t]m9ology 9 philosophy apply to him1 n ev5 t ( ,eclectic4 ,he is f> m ?an t4 ,8 philosophy1 z p]haps ^! pages h %[n1 be>s ! /amp ( individuality1 ! individuality ( a /rong m9d1 f$ ) ne>ly all ! k1 & all ! out-rea*+ guesses at tru? ( its own "t1 & ( ! times t _h gone be=e1 /riv+ to turn ?is difficult mass into n\ri%m5t = itself1 & to transmit ! a*ievem5t to o!rs4 ,he 0 an eclectic1 j z e great ?9k] is an eclectic1 b x is ! bricks m]ely1 n ! /yle ( ar*itecture1 t he has borr[$ f o!rs4 ,he nev] f\nd$ a s*ool1 n m]ely because ! circum/ances ( 8 life1 & ! fate ( 8 writ+s1 preclud$ him f be+ widely kn[n or /udi$ 9 any c\ntry1 b also because 8 philosophy 0 too mu* a ?+ ( himself to be readily attractive to _m ( 8 he>]s or read]s4 ,yet x has be5 a =ce mak+ = ! progress ( ?\ght & ( lib]ty1 & x is /ill an active =ce4 ,human nature has n yet lo/ ! t5d5cy to re/ calmly 9 its habit ( believ+1 to %ut itself up 9 its f9ite _w1 refus+ ei!r to look abroad1 or to look at itself f an ext]nal po9t ( view2 x is /ill apt to ?9k geoc5trically1 to take its molehills = m\nta9s1 :ile und]look+1 if ! t]m may be all[$1 ! real m\nta9s t are be=e x1 to hold dogg$ly to "o contr>y1 reject utt]ly ! o!r1 :]eas ! tru? always lies 9 _! unity4 ,to ^! recurr+ foibles ( humanity1 & m especially1 p]haps1 ( philosophic humanity1 ! fre% & vigor\s writ+s ( ! ,dom9ican monk & m>tyr ( ! sixte5? c5tury w ev] =m a heal?y c\nt]poise4 ,,additional ,,notes #a4 ,to p4 #e & p4 #bg1 ,bruno's upbr++4--,9 ! ,inf9ito1 ,lag4 #cfb4 #cd1 ,bur*io1 ! ,ari/otelian p$ant ( ! dialogue1 addresses ,fraca/orio 9 ! foll[+ polite t]ms3--,y w\ld be m le>n$ ?an ,ari/otle--y1 a bea/1 a poor devil1 a begg>1 a wret*1 f$ on bread ( millet1 p]i%+ ( hung]1 begott5 ( a tailor1 born ( a wa%]-woman1 nephew to ,cecco ! cobbl]1 figol di ,momo1 po/iglion de le puttane1 bro!r to ,laz>us t makes %oes = asses6 ,x is almo/ incr$ible t any "o %\ld h tak5 ^! words z biographical or r auto-biographical4 ,!y are 9 ! m\? ( a p$ant & enemy3 !y are address$ n to ! ,bruno-"* ( ! dialogue 7,philo!o71 b to ,fraca/orio1 :o tempor>ily takes 8 place z a well-tra9$ disciple4 ,yet ,lag>de1 t amaz+ editor1 gravely wond]s :e!r ! ,dom9icans did n "k t _! novice _h be5 po/iglion de le puttane1 or :e!r !y 7 glad to =get x :5 !y saw ! pure & attractive "y face6 7v4 ,lag>de's edition ( ! ,italian works1 pp4 #ghi1 #gih74 #b4 ,to p4 #aj4 ,! ,arian h]esy4--,be=e ! ,v5etian tribunal ,bruno expla9$ 8 position ) reg>d to ! ,arian h]esy ?us3--,i %[$ ! op9ion ( ,arius to be less dang]\s ?an x 0 g5]ally held to be1 because g5]ally x is und]/ood t ,arius meant to say t ! ,^w 0 ! fir/ creation ( ! ,fa!r1 & ,i decl>$ t ,arius said ! ,^w 0 nei!r ,creator nor ,creation1 b int]m$i>y betwe5 ! ,creator & ! ,creation1 z ! ^w is int]m$i>y betwe5 ! speak] & :at is spok51 & !re=e x is said to be fir/-born be=e all creatures2 ?r\gh x1 n out ( x1 h all ?+s be5 creat$4444 7,doc4 xi4 ,b]t4 i4 p4 #djc74 #c4 ,to p4 #cc4 ,sidney & ,greville4--,greville _h be5 a s*oolmate ( ,sidney at ,%rewsbury1 b proce$$ to ,jesus ,college1 ,cambridge1 :ile ,sidney w5t to ,*ri/ ,*ur* at ,ox=d2 aft]w>ds !y 7 con/ant fri5ds at ,c\rt4 ,:5 ,sidney w5t to ,heidelb]g 9 #aegg1 ! ,que5 w\ld n all[ ! h&some ,greville to accompany him1 nor w\ld %e let ei!r g ) ,drake to ! ,we/ ,indies 9 #aehe1 & ,greville 0 kept at home f ,leice/]'s ,exp$ition to ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 9 :i* poor ,sidney met ) a h]oic dea? 7,oct4 #ag1 #aehf74 ,9 a lett] ( #aehf1 ,greville describes ,sidney z t pr9ce ( g5tlem53 writ+ to ,d\glas aft] ,sidney's dea?1 he says t ! "n ( ,sidney's fri5d%ip has c>ri$ him above 8 own wor?4 ,! epitaph ,greville wrote = himself is famili>1 b w be> repetition3--,fulke ,greville1 ,s]vant to ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ,c\ncillor to ,k+ ,james1 & fri5d to ,sir ,philip ,sidney4 ,trophaeum ,peccati4 #d4 ,to p4 #ce4 ,vautrolli] & ,bruno4--,vautrolli] trad$ 9 ,scotl& z e>ly z #aehj z a booksell]3 he _h already enjoy$ ! patronage ( ,k+ ,james1 & 0 ev5 enc\rag$ to return ) a pr9t+ press1 :i* he did 9 #aehd4 ,!reaft] he publi%$ 9 bo? ,london & ,ed9burgh till #aehg4 ,on ! o!r h& "s ( ,bruno's works 7 pr9t$ 9 #aehe1 s t ! !ory ( ,vautrolli]'s flight to ,scotl& ow+ to 8 be+ ! pr9t] ( ,bruno's works1 falls ?r\gh4 ,! bus9ess 9 ,london 0 c>ri$ on dur+ 8 abs5ce by 8 wife1 & ! tr\bles out ( :i* ,mr4 ,r&olph help$ him 7 q unconnect$ ) ,bruno1 & may h aris5 f 8 pr9t+ ( ,john ,knox's ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,scotl&1 :i* ,ar*bi%op ,:itgift suppress$4 ,! lett] to ,mr4 ,r&olph is 9 ,l',esp9e's ,treatise ( ,apo/asy1 #aehg 7,vautrolli]3 ,london74 #e4 ,to p4 #ea4 ,mord5tius4--,fabrizio ,mord5te ( ,sal]no 0 a ma!matician ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ( :om only two works are kn[n to h exi/$1--"o publi%$ 9 #aeig1 ! o!r writt5 9 conjunction ) 8 bro!r ,gasp> 9 #aeia4 ,he 0 ! inv5tor ( an eight-po9t compasses ( :i* ,bruno writes 9 ! second ( ! ,mord5tius dialogues1 & on :i* he be/[s app>5tly extravagant praise4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! inv5tion1 z f> z "o c discov]1 consi/$ 9 ! introduction ( f\r runn]s1 two on ei!r limb ( ! compasses1 & secur$ by screws2 b !re seems to h be5 no gradation ( ! compasses1 & x is difficult to p]ceive any great value 9 ! novelty1 )\t t ess5tial addition4 ,! fir/ ( ! two dialogues sugge/s a possible orig9 = "s ( ,bruno's ideas on atomic geometry1 z we f9d1 attribut$ to ,mord5tius1 two ideas t 7 appli$ to "s purpose 9 ,bruno's own ma!matical works4 ,!y are 7#a7 t ( ! measurem5t ( inappreciable subdivisions ( cont9u\s quantities by integration1 & 7#b7 t ( ! impossibility ( inf9ite division1 ! cont9u\s be+ compos$ ( discrete m9ima1 beyond :i* no division c g1 & ! m9ima 7l ! maxima7 be+ relative1 diff]+ 9 diff]5t subjects1 s t1 = example1 :at 9 a/ronomy is a m9imal quantity may 9 geodesy be great] ?an ! diamet] ( ! e>?4 ,,index ,absolute1 fir/ pr9ciple or1 #aff ,agrippa ( ,nette%eim1 ,cornelius1 #adh1 #adi2 ,de occulta philosophia1 #aca1 #adi2 ,de ,vanitate ,sci5ti>um1 #adi1 #beg ,alasco1 ,pr9ce1 ( ,pol&1 #bc ,alg]io1 ,pomponio1 #d ,al/$1 ,john ,h5ry1 ,artificium p]or&i1 #aad ,anaxagoras1 #abf ,animism1 #cje2 univ]sal1 #adg ,antidicsonus1 #cf1 #cbd ,aqu9as1 ,/4 ,?omas1 #i1 #hj1 #acg ,areopagus1 lit]>y society1 #bg ,aret9o1 ,pietro1 ,cortegiana (1 #ai ,arian h]esy1 !1 #ceg ,ari/otle1 ,de ,anima1 #af1 #aeh1 #aei2 criticism (1 #ej1 #abc2 ,organon1 #ec1 #ee2 ,topics1 #ee2 ,metaphysics1 #aac1 #abe2 ,rhetoric1 #aad1 #ach2 ,physics1 #aae1 #aaf1 #abb1 #abe1 #bcf2 ,de g5]atione et corruptione1 #aaf2 ,meteorologica1 #aaf2 ,bruno's acqua9tance )1 #aba-bc2 rejection ( ma!matical me?od1 #abc2 treatm5t ( pr$ecessors1 #abd2 ,logic1 #ach2 !ory ( limitation ( space1 #ahc2 on f9itude ( _w1 #ahe1 #ahf2 on plurality ( worlds1 #aig ,as9ity1 #beg ,aspiration1 #bia ,atom1 !1 #bcf2 k implies !1 #bbg2 sph]ical1 #bdj2 & mat]ialism1 #bdi ,atomism1 belief ( ,bruno & ,cusanus 91 #adg2 a metaphysical doctr9e1 #bbg1 #bdf2 ma!matical1 #bde2 physical1 #bdg2 critical1 #bdg2 & ma!matics1 #cca ,av>ice1 #bgb ,av5>ius1 #ccg ,av]roes1 #acf1 #cje ,avicebron or ,av5cebrol1 ,fons ,vitae1 #ace ,bacon1 ,francis1 #cc1 #abc1 #aci1 #cbe-bi2 ,novum ,organum1 #abc1 #abd1 #cbg-cb2 ,hi/oria ,naturalis et ,exp]im5talis1 #cbe2 ,hi/oria ,v5torum1 #cbf2 ,de ,augm5tis ,sci5ti>um1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #ccc2 me?od1 #cbi2 !ory ( =m1 #ccj ,balbani1 ,nicolo1 ( ,lucca1 #ac ,b>?olmss1 ,*ri/ian1 #e1 #af1 #bj1 #ig1 #caa1 #cdh1 #cej ,basu' ,catalogue ( ,frank=t ,books1 #fe ,bayle1 ,pi]re1 #cdh ,beauty1 #bha1 #bhc2 reason appreh5ds true1 #bha ,bell>m9o1 c5sor ( ,bruno's works1 #hi ,b]ti1 ,dom5ico1 #e1 #h1 #aj1 #aa1 #id1 #ie1 #ccc1 #ceg ,besl]1 ,bruno's pupil & copyi/1 #aad-ag ,bible's tea*+1 !1 #bii ,bo*etel1 ,m>ia de1 #dg ,body1 di/raction ( !1 #bhh ,bodies1 movem5ts (1 #baf2 prime1 #bbd ,brunnh(]1 #c1 #ah1 #da1 #ea1 #fj1 #fd1 #hi1 #aad1 #cja1 #ccg1 #cde1 #ced ,bruno1 ,giovanni1 fa!r ( ,bruno1 #c ,bruno1 ,giordano 7,filippo71 bir? & family1 #c2 *ildhood1 #e1 #ceg2 at ,naples1 #h1 #aba2 ent]s ,dom9ican ,ord]1 #i2 became prie/1 #i2 *>ges ( h]esy1 #i1 #aj2 at ,rome1 #aj2 at ,v5ice1 #aa1 #ff2 at ,padua1 #ab1 #fi2 at ,g5eva1 #ab2 be=e ,consi/ory1 #ae2 at ,t\l\se1 #af1 #ag2 ,doctor 9 ,!ology & pr(essor1 #af2 at ,p>is1 #ag1 #ah2 ,read] at ! univ]sity1 #bj2 at ,london1 #ba2 at ,ox=d1 #ba2 impressions ( ,ox=d1 #be2 relation to ,mauvissire1 #bg2 on ,mauvissire1 #bi2 admiration = wom5 ( ,engl&1 #da2 ho/ility 9 ,engl&1 #de2 consults ,bi%op ( ,b]gamo1 #dh2 associate ( ,college ( ,france1 #di2 at ,m>burg1 #ea2 at ,witt5b]g1 #eb2 at ,helm/adt1 #fj2 d5\nc$ by ,moc5igo at ,v5ice1 #gb1 #gc2 exam9ation be=e ,tribunal1 #gd1 #bid1 #ceg2 def5ce1 #ge2 cre$1 #gf1 #gg1 #aji2 abjuration ( errors1 #ha2 remitt$ to ,rome1 #hd2 or?odoxy1 #hg2 dea?1 #ib-if2 gr\nds = dea?1 #ig2 mission1 #ajc2 dislike ( p$antry1 #aje2 orig9ality1 #ajg2 optimism 9 philosophy1 #aaa1 #age1 #cac2 works publi%$ dur+ imprisonm5t & po/hum\sly1 #aac-ag2 int]e/ 9 ,greek philosophy1 #abe2 & ,cusanus1 #adg2 religion1 #big2 rationalism1 #cja2 re/oration ( "n1 #cea ,publications--,italian ,dialogues1 #e1 #bi1 #cd1 #de1 #abg2 ,sigillus ,sigillorum1 #e1 #ab1 #ag1 #cg1 #aaa1 #aab1 #acg1 #adj1 #big2 ,le ,op]e ,italiane1 #e1 #hi2 ,op]a ,lat9a1 #f1 #g1 #ab1 #ag1 #bj1 #bb1 #dj1 #hj1 #if1 #ajf1 #aac1 #aad1 #abb1 #abf1 #abg1 #acd-cg1 #adj1 #ada1 #aea1 #agh1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahh1 #aif-bjj1 #bjb1 #bjg1 #bji-aa1 #bac1 #baf1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bff1 #bib1 #bie1 #big1 #bih1 #cjb-d1 #cjg1 #caj1 #caa1 #cac-af1 #cah-bj1 #ccd1 #cce2 ,de ,imm5so1 #h1 #dh1 #ea1 #fb1 #fe1 #ajh1 #abb1 #acc1 #aeb1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aia1 #aib1 #aif1 #bjc-jh1 #bab1 #bac1 #bae1 #bah1 #bba1 #bbc1 #bbf1 #cjg1 #caa1 #cae2 ,signs ( ! ,times1 #aa2 ,ark ( ,noah1 #aa2 ,cabala1 #aa1 #dj1 #da1 #ajb1 #ajg1 #adi1 #bai1 #beb1 #bfe1 #bgj1 #cjh2 ,c5a1 #ab1 #bc1 #be1 #bg1 #cc1 #ce1 #cg1 #da1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #abc1 #abe1 #abf1 #aeb1 #afa1 #afc1 #agj1 #baf1 #bai1 #bfh1 #bii1 #cjj1 #cja1 #caj1 #cbg2 ,clavis ,magna1 #ag1 #cg2 ,! ,?irty ,div9e ,attributes1 #ag2 ,de ,umbris1 #ah1 #ai1 #ajc1 #ajg1 #aae1 #caj1 #cbd2 ,ars ,memori1 #ah2 ,cantus ,circu1 #ah1 #cg2 ,de ,comp5diosa ,ar*itectura1 #ai1 #adj1 #ada2 ,il ,c&elaio1 #ai1 #ajf2 ,oratio ,consolatoria1 #ba1 #fj1 #bfj1 #bih2 ,explicatio ,trig9ta ,sigillorum1 #bb1 #bf1 #cd1 #cg2 ,immortality ( ! ,s\l & ,! ,five-fold ,sph]e1 #be2 ,causa1 #be1 #bi1 #cj1 #cc1 #ce1 #ch1 #ajf1 #abd-bf1 #acb1 #acc1 #ace1 #acg1 #ach1 #aej1 #aec1 #aee1 #bjj1 #cjb1 #cji1 #cdj2 ,inf9ito1 #bh1 #ajh1 #abe1 #aca1 #adb1 #ahj1 #ahe1 #aib1 #bag1 #bba1 #bbd1 #caj1 #ceg2 ,spaccio1 #cb1 #ci1 #dj1 #df1 #eg1 #acj1 #aca1 #add1 #adi1 #afj1 #bbd1 #beb-ed1 #bfe1 #bif1 #cjb1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cda2 ,h]oici ,furori1 #cb1 #da1 #db1 #ajj1 #abf1 #abi1 #acd1 #acg1 #beb1 #bec1 #cjb1 #caj1 #cac2 ,mod]n & ,complete ,art ( ,rememb]+1 #cg2 ,c5tum et ,vig9ti1 ,articuli ,de ,natura et ,mundo1 #di2 ,de ,lampade ,comb9atoria1 #ec1 #aci1 #bfa2 ,de ,lampade ,comb9atoria ,lulliana1 #ed2 ,de ,speci]um ,scrut9o1 #ed1 #ei1 #aad2 ,de ,progressu ,lampada ,v5atoria ,logicorum1 #ee2 ,de ,m9imo1 #fb-fe1 #ajf1 #aaf1 #afj1 #afc1 #agh1 #bbc1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bcd-cf1 #bch-da1 #bdc1 #cab1 #cac1 #cbj2 ,de ,monade1 #fb1 #fe1 #hj1 #adi1 #aej2 ,articuli adv4 ,ma!maticos1 #aaj1 #bdd1 #bie1 #cah1 #cce2 ,summa t]m9orum metaphysicorum1 #aac1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cjh1 #cba1 #cda2 ,artificium p]or&i1 #aad2 ,lampas ,trig9ta ,/atu>um1 #aad1 #bie1 #cac1 #cad1 #cbj1 #cba2 ,de ,magia1 et ,!ses de ,magia1 #aaf2 ,de ,magia ,ma!matica1 #aaf1 #acg2 ,de ,r]um ,pr9cipiis et ,elem5tis et ,causis1 #aaf2 ,de ,m$ic9a ,lulliana1 #aag1 #aci2 ,de ,v9culis 9 g5]e1 #aag1 #acd1 #bff2 ,acrotismus1 #ahj1 #bag1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bbf ,budgell1 ,eu/ace1 9 ,spectator1 #cdh ,buhle1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 #ceb ,burton1 ,rob]t1 ,anatomy ( ,melan*oly1 #cdg ,cabala1 ,hebrew1 #acj1 #aca ,camd5's ,elizabe?1 #bd ,c>danus1 #aej ,c>rire1 ,moritz1 #cci ,cause ( nature1 effici5t1 #aeg1 #ahd2 =mal1 #aeh2 f9al1 #aeh ,*ange1 ceaseless1 #bje1 #baj1 #bba ,*ri/ianity1 attack on1 #bbe ,cicala1 ,m\nt1 #e1 #g ,clem5s1 ,f4 ,j4 #adb1 #bff ,co9cid5ce ( all ?+s 9 ,"o1 #agb1 #agf2 ( contr>ies1 #agf1 #agi1 #bji2 v]ifications (1 #agg-gi ,comets1 ,bruno's !ory (1 #bab ,comm]ce1 ! 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practical1 #bfa2 ! /r5u\s1 #bgi2 & dea? contra/$1 #bhi ,london ( ,elizabe?1 !1 #db1 #de ,love1 degrees (1 #bha2 intellig5ce &1 #bij ,lucian's ,p>liam5t ( ! ,gods1 #ci ,lucretius1 #abg2 ,de r]um natura1 #abg ,lully1 ,raymond1 #ach-da2 ,art ( ,reason+1 #aae1 #aci1 #ccc ,lu!r1 #eg ,magnus1 ,alb]tus1 #acg ,man & ! animals1 #bgj2 & ,god1 #bih ,matt]1 div9ity (1 #aeg2 _s &1 #afa2 & =m1 #afc1 #afh2 d$uction (1 #afc2 ! true sub/ance1 #afe2 z pot5tiality1 #aff2 sub/rate ( ! spiritual _w1 #afh2 ! ultimate unity1 #aga ,mat!w1 ,tobias1 #bf ,mauvissire1 #bf1 #bg1 #bi1 #dg2 ,teulet ,pap]s1 #bc2 ,salisbury ,pap]s1 #dg ,melan*?on1 #eb ,m5doa1 ,b]n>d9o di1 #ca1 #cb ,metaphysical ,rema9s1 #aac ,m9ima1 ! ?ree1 #bbg2 9 ! classification ( ! sci5ces1 #bbi ,m9imum1 relativity (1 #bbg2 z sub/ance1 #bcj2 inde/ructible1 #bca2 ma!matics ( !1 #bda ,miracles & deceit1 #beg ,mirror ( ,god1 #ahb ,moc5igo1 ,giovanni1 #ff1 #fg1 #gj1 #gb1 #gc1 #ge ,moi/ure1 a mat]ial elem5t1 #bjg ,mord5te1 ,fabrizio1 #ea1 #ceh ,morehead1 ,w41 #ci1 #cdi ,moros9i1 ,&rea1 #ga ,my/ical & naturali/ic attitude comp>$ #aaj1 #aaa ,naples1 ,bruno at1 #h1 #aba2 cloi/] at1 #i ,nature z "o & _m1 #afi2 p]man5ce ( beauty1 h>mony1 #age2 uni=mity (1 #bjc2 & _s1 #bea ,necessity & lib]ty1 #aie ,neoplatoni/ s*ool1 #abg1 #abh2 my/icism ( !1 #aaj1 #acd ,nicodemo1 ,lion>do1 #cdh ,nicolaus ( ,cusa1 #ada1 #agf2 sket* ( 8 philosophy1 #adb-dh2 ,de ,docta ,ignorantia1 #adc1 #ade1 #beg2 & ,bruno comp>$1 #add1 #adf2 ,al*oran1 #ade2 ,de ,ludo globi1 #adg2 ,de ,idiota1 #adi2 ,de ,conjecturis1 #adh2 ,de ,visione ,dei1 #adh2 ,de ,v5atione ,sapi5ti1 #adh ,nigidius1 ,petrus1 #ea ,nola1 #c1 #d1 #g ,object ( ,de ,m9imo1 #bbf ,ovid1 ,metamorphoses1 #ii ,ox=d & ,ari/otle1 #ba1 #bb2 ,bruno's impressions (1 #be ,padua1 #ab1 #fi ,p>acelsus1 #adi1 #aej2 ad miraculum m$icus1 #aej ,p>is1 #ah ,p]fection1 ab/ract conception (1 #aih2 plurality &1 #aii2 nature (1 #bja2 progress &1 #bhe ,p]ipatetic philosophy1 !ses aga9/1 #di2 criticism ( !ory1 #di ,philosophy1 practical te/ ( a p]fect1 #aab2 ,bruno's--,matt] & _s1 #aei2 necessity & lib]ty1 #aie2 simil>ity 9 composites1 #bcd2 "t & space1 #bcg2 "p & limit1 #bci2 peace & lib]ty1 #bfa2 s9c]ity1 #bfd2 temp]ance1 #bfe2 evolution1 #bgj2 av>ice1 #bgb2 =tune1 #bgb2 c\rage1 #bgc2 simplicity1 #bgc2 solicitude1 #bgd2 beauty1 #bha1 #bhc2 love1 #bha1 #bij ,pius ,v41 ,pope1 #ci ,plato1 ,timu1 #aca2 ,republic1 #aca ,platonism1 ,platoni/s1 #abh1 #acc ,ple?on4 ,see ,gemi/us1 ,georgius ,plot9us1 #acb1 #acc2 ,enneads1 #acb1 #afh ,pognisi1 ,giordano ,bruno1 #if ,prague1 #ei ,pre-,ari/otelians1 !1 #abe ,pr$icates ( ,god1 #aad2 ( sub/ance & nature1 #aae ,primum mobile1 !1 #ahe ,pr9ciple3 cause1 #aee2 fir/ or absolute1 #aff ,process1 ! inf9ite1 #bhd ,progress1 human1 #bfi2 & p]fection1 #bhe ,prud5ce1 ! virtue ( delib]ative faculty1 #bge ,qu>t]ly ,review1 #bg1 #cd1 #cdh ,ramus1 ,petrus1 ,dialectic (1 #af1 #cbd ,ratio or discursive ?\ght1 #cda ,rationalism 9 ,bruno1 #cja2 m$ival1 #cje ,reality ( ?+s1 timeless1 #cba ,reu*l91 ,johann1 ,de arte cabbali/ica1 #aca ,ri*es & pov]ty1 #bga ,riehl1 ,giordano ,bruno1 #fi ,ro*e1 ,la1 ,memoirs ( ,lit]ature1 #id ,roman p1 ,bruno on1 #bfc ,rome1 ,bruno at1 #aj2 tribunal at1 #ia ,rudolph ,,ii41 #ei ,savol9a1 ,fraulissa1 "m ( ,bruno1 #c ,s*ell+1 #ceb ,s*ola/ics1 !1 #acg ,s*op5hau]1 #ced ,s*opp1 ,gasp>1 #dj1 #id2 lett] on ,bruno's dea?1 #ib1 #cej ,self-consci\sness1 #bgc ,s5se-k1 relativity (1 #bcb ,%akespe>e1 #cd1 #ce ,sidney1 ,sir ,philip1 #ab1 #bg1 #ca1 #cb1 #ce1 #ei1 #ceg ,sigw>t1 #c1 #eb1 #fc-fe1 #fg1 #hf1 #ccg1 #cdj1 #cdb ,s\l1 ! goods ( !1 #bga2 ! body1 #bhf2 functions ( !1 #bhf2 hi]>*y (1 #cac ,s\l-pr9ciple 9 bodies1 #baf1 #bbd ,spagnolo1 ,alfonso1 #dh ,sp5s]1 ,edmund1 ,cantos on ,mutability1 #cc2 ,frie ,que51 #cc ,sp9oza on ,bible int]pretation1 #ajh2 & ,bruno1 #agf1 #ccg-dc2 ,de ,deo seu ,hom9e1 #cdj1 #cdb2 ,e?ics1 #cda ,_s & matt]1 #afa2 unity (1 & body1 #agj ,/>s1 s\ls ( !1 #bag ,/e91 ,ludwig1 #cdf ,sup]/ition & natural law1 #g ,tansillo1 affection ( ,bruno =1 #e2 quot$1 #bhc ,tasso1 ,am9ta1 #cf1 #bfh ,telesio1 ,de natura r]um1 #aej ,temple ( ,wisdom1 !1 #eg2 build]s (1 #abh ,t5nemann1 ,wilhelm ,g41 #ceb ,!ism 9 ,bruno1 #cai ,!ophilus ( ,v>rano1 #aba ,tirabos*i1 ,girolamo1 hi/orian1 #ajg ,tocco1 ,felice1 ,conf]5za1 #ij2 ,le ,op]e ,lat9e de ,g4 ,bruno1 #aad1 #bbe2 criticism ( ,lampas ,trig9ta ,/atu>um1 #aae2 ,le ,op]e ,in$ite di ,g4 ,bruno1 #aae1 #aaf2 ,le ,fonti piu rec5ti1 #ach1 #adi ,tol&1 ,john1 #ch1 #id1 #cdi ,tr9ity1 rejection ( !1 #aji2 ,cusanus' pro( ( !1 #ade2 int]pretation ( !1 #bid1 #bie ,trismegi/us1 ,m]curius or ,h]mes1 #abi ,tru?1 philosophical & !ological1 #gf2 ! implicit univ]se1 #bgd1 #bge2 ! tw(old1 #cjc ,univ]se1 inf9ite 9 ext5t1 #ahb1 #ahc2 p]fection ( !1 #aij ,vacuum1 !1 #bdj ,van9i1 ,lucilio1 burnt z a h]etic at ,t\l\se1 #ag1 #ccd ,vautrolli]1 booksell]1 #cd1 #ceh ,v5ice1 works publi%$ at1 #aa2 tribunal at1 #gc1 #bid1 #ceg2 relation betwe51 & ! ,pope1 #he ,v]ifications ( co9cid5ce1 #agg ,vico1 ,m>quis (1 #ab ,virtues1 table ( !1 #bei ,wagn] 9 ,bruno's ,op]e ,italiane1 #hi ,wald5sian p]secution1 #h ,watson1 ,?omas1 ,comp5dium ,memori ,localis1 #cf1 #cbe2 translation ( ,tasso's ,am9ta1 #cf ,:ole & its p>ts1 !1 #ahf ,williams1 ,l41 #da ,wisdom review$1 #bge ,witt5b]g1 ,bruno at1 #ea1 #eb2 works publi%$ at1 #ed1 #ee2 lectures at1 #aad2 notes dictat$ at1 #aae ,wittmann1 ,ar*iv fr ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 #ace1 #acf ,works1 ,m>burg edition1 #aac2 ,/ate edition1 #aac-aae2 publi%$ dur+ imprisonm5t & po/hum\sly1 #aac-aag2 ,nor(f collection1 #aaf1 #aag ,worlds1 innum]able1 #aia1 #aid2 decay (1 #bba ,zuri*1 ,bruno at1 #fd2 "w publi%$ at1 #aac ,,! ,,end ,pr9t$ by _/,r4 ,r4 ,,cl>k1 ,,limit$_/1 ,ed9burgh ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,brunnh(]1 p4 #cba1 ,app5dix4 ,footnote #b3 ,sigw>t1 i4 p4 #aah 7note #e74 ,footnote #c3 ,b]ti1 ,vita di ,s4 ,b41 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #d3 ,b>?olmss1 vol4 i4 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #e3 ,lag>de1 #deb4 #bc4 ,footnote #f3 ,v4 additional note4 ,footnote #g3 ,lag>de1 ,op4 ,ital41 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #h3 i4e4 ,height5+ ( normal p[]s4 ,footnote #i3 ,op4 ,lat4 ii4 #b4 #ahd4 ,footnote #aj3 ,on ,bruno's family v4 ,fior5t9o1 9 ! ,giornale de la ,dom5ica 7,naples71 = ,jan4 #bi1 #ahhb4 ,footnote #aa3 ,de ,magia1 ,op4 ,lat4 iii4 ,op4 #dcj1 #dca4 ,footnote #ab3 ,de ,imm5so1 v4 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #b4 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #ac3 ,de ,imm5so1 iii4 7i4 #a4 #cac74 ,footnote #ad3 ,ct4 ! punn+ l9e ,dom9i canes evangelium latrantur p] totum orbem4 ,footnote #ae3 ,b]ti1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #af3 ,cf4 ,spaccio de la ,be/ia1 ,lag4 p4 #eeb1 #a4 ,footnote #ag3 ,v5etian ,docum5ts1 ,no4 #h4 ,footnote #ah3 ,docs4 #h & #ac4 ,footnote #ai3 ,vide additional note4 ,footnote #bj3 ,doc4 #a 7,b]ti1 p4 #cgh74 ,footnote #ba3 ,tasso came ab\t ! same "t1 to be repuls$ z plague-/rick5 f ! gates4 ,footnote #bb3 ,doc4 #i4 ,b]ti1 p4 #cic 7a l9e is omitt$ 9 ! #bnd ,edition74 ,footnote #bc3 ,lag4 #adg4 #ba4 ,footnote #bd3 ,fra ,paolo ,s>pi 0 at ?is "t tea*+ philosophy 9 "o ( ! mona/]ies 9 ,v5ice1 b ,bruno does n seem to h met him4 ,footnote #be3 ,sig4 ,sig4 7,op4 ,lat4 ii4 #b4 #aia74 ,footnote #bf3 ,c5a1 ,lag4 #adc4 #dj4 ,footnote #bg3 ,doc4 #i4 ,footnote #bh3 ,giordano ,bruno ,g5ve 7#aegi71 p> ,?ophil ,duf\r3 v4 ,b]ti1 pp4 #ddi ff4 ,footnote #bi3 ,f ! ,regi/] ( ! ,c\ncil4 ,footnote #cj3 ,regi/] ( ,consi/ory1 #aegg-aegi4 ,footnote #ca3 ,b>?olmss1 i4 pp4 #fb1 #fc 7) note74 ,footnote #cb3 ,vide ,de ,umbris 7,op4 ,lat4 ii4 #a4 p4 #fe1 cf4 p4 #hg74 ,footnote #cc3 ,brunnh(]'s ,giordano ,bruno1 etc41 p4 #be4 ,footnote #cd3 ,introd4 to ,de ,umbris4 ,footnote #ce3 ,b>?olmss1 ,i4 #gd4 ,footnote #cf3 ,vide ,acrot4 ,camo]4 ,epi/le to ! ,rector ( ! ,univ]sity 7,filesac474 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 #ef1 #eg4 ,footnote #cg3 ,artificium ,ari/4 ,lull4 ,ram4 #afae4 ,footnote #ch3 ,cf4 ,orat4 ,consol4 7i4 #a4 #cb74 ,footnote #ci3 ,op4 ,lat4 ii4 #b4 pp4 #gf-h4 ,footnote #dj3 ,c5a1 ,l4 #agf1 #cg ff4 ,footnote #da3 ,teulet ,pap]s1 ii4 p4 #egj 7,may #af1 #aehc74 ,footnote #db3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #fic4 ,footnote #dc3 ,camd5's ,elizabe?4 ,footnote #dd3 ,! ,,ms4 ( ,dido1 :i* 0 act$ by ,*ri/ ,*ur* m51 is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*4 ,footnote #de3 ,lag4 p4 #abj ff4 ,footnote #df3 ,l4 p4 #bbj4 ,footnote #dg3 #aedf-afbh4 ,/udi$ at ,univ]sity ,college2 ,presid5t ( ,/4 ,john's1 #aegb-g2 ,dean ( ,*ri/ ,*ur* 7to #aehd72 aft]w>ds ,ar*bi%op ( ,york3 ,"o ( a prop] p]son 7su* p1 cet]is p>ibus & sometimes cet]is imp>ibus1 7 pref]r$ by ! ,que57 & an excell5t prea*]--7,full]1 quot$ 9 ! ,dict4 ,nat4 ,biog47 ,footnote #dh3 ,w>d5 ( ,new1 #aegc-ii2 ,dean ( ,*i*e/]1 #aegg4 ,footnote #di3 ,vide ,trig4 ,sigilli1 ,d$ication4 ,footnote #ej3 ,vide add4 note4 ,footnote #ea3 ,doc4 #i1 ,b]ta1 p4 #cje4 ,ca/elnuovo1 9 casa del qual non faceva altro se non *e /ava p] il suo g5tilhomo4 ,footnote #eb3 ,preface1 ,l4 #cje4 ,footnote #ec3 ,lag4 #bfd1 #bj4 ,footnote #ed3 ,l4 #adc4 ,footnote #ee3 ,l4 #bbf4 #be ff4 ,footnote #ef3 ,mauvissire's successor 0 nom9at$ 9 ,nov4 #aehd1 al?\gh he did n leave until a ye> lat]4 ,footnote #eg3 ,vide add4 note4 ,footnote #eh3 ,fir/ po9t$ out1 ,i believe1 by ,mr4 ,:ittak] 9 ,essays & ,notices1 #ahie 7v4 ! note to ,giordano ,bruno1 p4 #id74 ,footnote #ei3 ,cf4 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,oct4 #aijb4 ,! ref]5ces are ,ts*is*witz3 ,%akespe>e-,=s*ung5--,hamlet1 #ahfh2 ,w4 ,knig1 ,%akespe>e-,jahrbu*1 xi42 ,fri?'s ,giordano ,bruno2 on ! o!r side ,bey]sdorff1 ,giordano ,bruno und ,%akespe>e 7#ahhi72 ,furness 9 ! ,new ,v>iorum ,%akespe>e4 ,footnote #fj3 ,vide add4 note4 ,footnote #fa3 ,lag4 #bbc4 #d4 ,footnote #fb3 ,vide infra1 "p ii4 *4 #i4 ,footnote #fc3 ,9 ! ,am9ta4 ,footnote #fd3 ,sigillus is really a dim9utive ( ,signum 9 ,bruno's view2 ,seal !re=e means mu* ! same z ,sign4 ,footnote #fe3 ,v5ezia on ! title-page4 ,footnote #ff3 ,aga9 ,v5etia4 ,! ,introduction is translat$ 9 ,a collection ( sev]al pieces1 by ,mr4 ,john ,tol&1 #b vols41 ,london1 #agbf4 ,footnote #fg3 ,p>igi4 ,translat$1 except = ! introductory lett] to ,sidney1 9 ,sp4 dalla ,be/4 ,triom41 or ! ,expulsion ( ! ,triumphant ,bea/1 ,london1 #agac2 attribut$ to ,w4 ,morehead4 ,! ,spaccio 0 9 its outw>d =m1 no d\bt1 sugge/$ by ,lucian's ,p>liam5t ( ! ,gods4 ,fior5t9o has po9t$ out t ,niccolo ,franco _h made use ( a simil> idea 9 a dialogue publi%$ 9 #aeci1 9 :i* he describ$ a j\rney to heav51 :]e he 0 at fir/ refus$ admittance2 he _h a p>ley ) ! ,gods1 until1 ) ! aid ( ,momus1 he obta9$ p]mission to ent]1 conv]s$ ) ,jupit]1 receiv$ "s fav\rs1 & return$4 ,franco 0 impal$ 9 #aefe by ,pope ,pius ,v41 h5ce p]haps ! abs5ce ( 8 "n 9 ,bruno4 ,p]haps ! idea ( ! ,spaccio 0 also det]m9$ by a prophecy ( ! ,bohemian ,cipriano ,le[icz 7,on ! m signal great conjunctions ( ! planets1 #aefd71 t ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,april #aehd w\ld occur a reunion ( almo/ all ! planets 9 ! sign ( ,aries1 & x %\ld be ! la/ 9 t sign4 ,x 0 inf]r$ t ! ,*ri/ian religion w\ld also come to an end !n4 ,?is w\ld agree ) ! reason giv5 above = ,bruno's preface1 viz4 t he 0 leav+ ,engl& 9 #aehd1 ,mauvissire's t]m hav+ expir$4 ,footnote #fh3 ,lag4 #dag4 ,footnote #fi3 ,ib4 #djh4 ,footnote #gj3 ,p>igi is on ! title page4 ,footnote #ga3 ,op4 ,lat4 ii4 #c1 #bcg4 ,footnote #gb3 ,also ,p>igi4 ,translat$ 9 ,! ,h]oic ,en?usia/s1 an ,e?ical ,poem1 by ,l4 ,williams1 ,london1 #ahhg4 7,! ,argum5t or ,summ>y1 & ! ,apology ( ,bruno1 are omitt$47 ,footnote #gc3 ,lag4 #abc4 #c4 ,cf4 ,h]4 ,fur4 #gdg4 #ai--le belle et gratiose ,n9fe del ,padre ,tamesi1 #gdi4 #dj1 ,leggiadre ,nimphe1 *'a le' h]bose ,sponde del ,tamesi g5til fatte ,soggiorno1 & #gec4 #aj4 ,footnote #gd3 ,lag4 #add4 #aj4 ,footnote #ge3 ,lag4 #djf4 #ag 7,spaccio74 ,footnote #gf3 ,lag4 #bib4 ,footnote #gg3 #eba4 #bg ff4 ,footnote #gh3 #eea4 #ch1 #ebb4 #bc1 #eej4 #b1 #dij4 #c4 ,footnote #gi3 ,salisbury ,pap]s1 iii4 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #hj3 ,doc4 #i4 ,footnote #ha3 ,doc4 #ag4 ,b]ti1 p4 #dbf1 #dbg4 ,footnote #hb3 ,l&seck's ,bruno4 ,footnote #hc3 ,vide ,op4 ,lat4 vol4 iii4 ,introd4 p4 xxxix4 ,footnote #hd3 ,c5tum et ,vig9ti ,articuli ,de ,natura et ,mundo1 adv4 ,p]ipateticos1 ,p>is1 #aehf2 & ,j4 ,b4 ,n4 ,camo]ac5sis ,acrotismus1 etc4 ,witt5b]g1 #aehh4 ,camo]ac5sis qualifies ,bruni1--( ! ,college ( ,cambray4 ,acrotismus is b>b>\s ,lat9is+ ( ,greek3 ,akroasis4 ,footnote #he3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 #fc4 ,footnote #hf3 i4 #a4 #fe4 ,footnote #hg3 ,ib4 #fh1 #fi4 ,footnote #hh3 ,figuratio ,ari/otelici ,physici ,auditus1 ,p>is1 #aehf4 ,dialogi ,duo de ,fabricii ,mord5tis ,sal]nitani prope div9a ad9v5tione ad p]fectam cosmimetrae praxim1 ,p>is1 #aehf4 ,vide add4 note4 ,footnote #hi3 ,doc4 #i4 ,footnote #ij3 ,egl91 a pupil ( ,bruno1 0 ,pr(essor ( ,!ology at ,m>burg 9 #afjg 7,brunnh(]1 p4 #fj74 ,footnote #ia3 ,sigw>t4 ,! univ]sity has s9ce be5 unit$ ) t ( ,halle1 ! seat be+ at ! latt] place4 ,footnote #ib3 ,de ,speci]um ,scrut9io et ,lampade ,comb9atoria ,raimundi ,lulli1 ! omnisci5t & almo/ div9e h]mit doctor4 ,prague1 #aehh4 ,footnote #ic3 ,krell 0 imprison$1 & put to dea? t5 ye>s lat]4 ,footnote #id3 ,vide ,spaccio1 ,lag4 #eaf4 #aa1 & #eec4 #ba ff4 ,footnote #ie3 ,de ,speci]um ,scrut9io1 vide supra1 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #if3 ,publi%$ #aehi1 ,helm/adt4 ,footnote #ig3 ,bk4 iv4 *4 #aj4 ,footnote #ih3 ,cf4 ,fri?'s ,bruno1 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote #ii3 ,vide ,brunnh(] & ,sigw>t4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,c5sor's ,regi/]3 ,frank=t ,ar*ives4 ,footnote #aja3 ,sigw>t1 & ,op4 ,lat4 vol4 iii4 introd4 p4 xxix4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,bassu ,catalogue ( ,frank=t ,books f #aefd-aeib1 pr9t$ #aeib 7,sigw>t74 ,footnote #ajc3 ,doc4 #f 7,ciotto's evid5ce74 ,footnote #ajd3 ,doc4 #h 7,bruno's own /atem5ts74 ,footnote #aje3 ,sigw>t1 ,kl4 ,s*rift51 i4 p4 #cjb4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,vide ,op4 ,lat41 vol i41 introd4 p4 xx4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,b]tano describ$ him z lectur+ at ,padua to "s ,g]man s*ol>s 7,doc4 #g74 ,on ,besl]1 & ,bruno's connection ) him1 v4 ,/lzle1 ,ar*iv f4 ,ges*i*te d4 ,phil41 iii4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,riehl1 ,giordano ,bruno4 ,footnote #aji3 ,doc4 #ae1 ,moros9i's evid5ce4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,doc4 #ag 7,bruno74 ,cf4 #af 7,ciotto re-exam9$71 & #i 7,bruno74 ,footnote #aaa3 ,doc4 #aj4 ,footnote #aab3 ,ambassador 9 ,p>is dur+ ,bruno's fir/ visit 7#aehb74 ,footnote #aac3 ,! ,nuncio 0 sometimes repres5t$ by 8 auditor1 ! ,patri>* by 8 vic>4 ,footnote #aad3 i4e4 or?odox1 "r-?9k+4 ,footnote #aae3 ,bruno ref]s to ! ,py?agorean doctr9e1 quot+ ! neid1 vi4 #gbd ff43 ,pr9cipio coelum 444 m5s agitat molem4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,de ,monade 7,op4 ,lat4 i4 #b4 p4 #dae74 ,footnote #aag3 ,doc4 #ag4 ,footnote #aah3 ,doc4 #bd4 ,v5etian ,/ate ,ar*ives4 ,footnote #aai3 ,doc4 #be4 ,/ate ,ar*ives4 ,footnote #abj3 ,docs4 #bf1 #bg4 ,footnote #aba3 ,roman ,docum5ts1 ,,iii4 ,footnote #abb3 ,x mu/ n be left out ( m9d t docum5ts h occasionally be5 tamp]$ )1 & /atem5ts put into ! m\?s ( witnesses :i* are 9 sub/ance false1 z ,fior5t9o h9ts conc]n+ ^! reports ( ,bruno's trial4 ,b !re is no special reason = d\bt "h4 ,footnote #abc3 ,x is (ficially /at$ t !re are no fur!r docum5ts4 ,footnote #abd3 ,wagn]'s introduction to ,bruno's ,op]e ,italiane1 p4 #g4 ,footnote #abe3 ,conf]5za1 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #abf3 ,= ! "p ( ?is lett] relative to ,bruno1 v4 ,b>?olmss 7) ,fr5* translation71 ,b]ti & ,fri?4 ,footnote #abg3 ,! lett] 0 translat$ into ,engli% by ,la ,ro*e1 ,memoirs ( ,lit]ature1 vol4 ii41 & by ,tol&1 ,misc4 ,works1 vol4 i4 ,s*opp ref]s to ,bruno's dea? 9 a "w publi%$ 9 #afaa 7i4e4 sev]al ye>s be=e ! lett] itself 0 publi%$7 z hav+ occurr$ t5 ye>s e>li] 7,b]ti1 p4 #aj74 ,footnote #abh3 ,b]ti1 p4 #cbf1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #abi3 ,pognisi1 ,giordano ,bruno e l',ar*ivio di ,san ,giovanni ,decollato1 ,tor9o1 #ahia1 & vol4 iii4 ( ,op4 ,lat4 introd4 ,footnote #acj3 ,metam4 xv4 ,footnote #aca3 ,cf4 ,h]4 ,fur4 #fbc4 #bj ff4 ,footnote #acb3 ,lag4 #efd4 #be4 ,footnote #acc3 ,e4g4 cf4 ,de ,umbris1 p4 #aj ff41 & ,magia ,ma?41 ,op4 ,lat4 iii4 #e4 #ejf4 ,footnote #acd3 ,lag4 #ada4 #e4 ,footnote #ace3 ,c5a1 ,lag4 #abe4 #ab ff4 ,footnote #acf3 ,juv5al1 i4 #c4 #cjj4 ,footnote #acg3 ,lag4 #abi4 #g4 ,footnote #ach3 ,lag4 #cah4 #e4 ,footnote #aci3 ,lag4 #fai4 #bj4 ,cf4 also #gjj4 #be1 #gag4 #ci4 ,footnote #adj3 ,lag4 #gah4 #bf4 ,footnote #ada3 ,lag4 #bbc4 #ad ff41 cf4 #bdb4 #ce1 & ,de ,m9imo1 bk4 iii4 #a4 ,footnote #adb3 ,de ,m9imo1 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #c1 #ace4 ,footnote #adc3 ,9 8 ,de ,orbitis ,planet>um1 #ahja1 ,hegel demon/rat$ t ! numb] ( planets c\ld n exce$ sev54 ,be=e x appe>$1 ,piazzi _h discov]$ ,c]es4 ,footnote #add3 ,art4 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,epi/4 ,d$4 7i4 #c4 #d74 ,footnote #ade3 ,sig4 ,sig4 7ii4 #b4 #aib47 ,footnote #adf3 ,works publi%$ dur+ ,bruno's imprisonm5t1 & po/hum\sly4 ,footnote #adg3 ,cf4 ,op4 ,lat4 vol4 i4 pt4 #d4 ,also 9 ,gfrr]4 ,footnote #adh3 ,cf4 p4 #fg1 l4 #aa4 ,footnote #adi3 ,brunnh(] 7p4 #ha7 sugge/s t ! fir/ "p conta9s ! exot]ic1 ! second ! esot]ic tea*+ ( ,bruno4 ,b z ,tocco 7,op]e ,lat9e di ,g4 ,b41 p4 #acf7 rightly po9ts out1 "s su* k ( ,ari/otelian t]ms z t 9 ,"p i4 w\ld =m a necess>y prelim9>y to ! /udy ( philosophy 9 ,bruno's "t4 ,he makes use ( ! ,ari/otelian t]ms to express ideas q diff]5t f ^? ( ,ari/otle4 ,footnote #aej3 ,op4 ,lat4 ii4 #b4 #ccc4 ,footnote #aea3 ,vide ,tocco1 ,op]e ,in$ite di ,g4 ,b4 ,napoli1 #ahia4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #aec3 ,vide ,op4 ,lat4 iii41 ,introduction by ,vitelli2 b accord+ to ,/lzle 7,ar*iv fr ,ges*4 d4 ,phil4 iii4 #ahij7 & ,tocco 7,op4 ,in$41 p4 #ii7 !y belong to ! fir/ /ay 9 ,p>is4 ,! latt] adds t !y may h be5 repeat$ 9 ,witt5b]g4 ,footnote #aed3 ,"u ! head+ ,"t 7de tempore7 !re is a %ort treatise on ,a/rology4 ,footnote #aee3 ,doc4 #h3 ! words sugge/ a special tra9+ 9 ,lat91 ,greek1 ,philosophy1 & ,rhetoric1--n ! :ole ,trivium & ,quadrivium ( ! ord9>y education ( ! day1 z ,b]ti supposes4 ,footnote #aef3 ,cf4 ,op4 ,lat4 ii4 #b4 #fa2 ii4 #c2 i4 #d4 #ci1 #fe1 #fi2 i4 #a4 #bef1 etc4 ,footnote #aeg3 i4 #d4 #ba2 i4 #a4 #bbc2 i4 #a4 #bca4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,a comp5dium ( ,ari/otle's ,physics4 ,footnote #aei3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #d4 #aca ff4 ,footnote #afj3 7,de ,imm5so1 iii4 #c71 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 #cdj4 ,footnote #afa3 ,lag4 #aca4 ,footnote #afb3 ,op4 ,lat4 ii4 #b4 #acc4 ,footnote #afc3 ,lag4 #bci4 ,footnote #afd3 ,ib4 #beb4 ,cf4 ,bacon's ,nov4 ,org4 i4 #ed3--;,ari/otle1 :o altoge!r enslav$ 8 natural ,philosophy to 8 ,logic1 & s r5d]$ x ne>ly useless & cont5ti\s1 7vide infra1 *4 #i74 ,footnote #afe3 ,lag4 #bef4 ,footnote #aff3 ,ib4 #bhj4 ,footnote #afg3 ,nov4 ,org4 i4 #fb4 ,footnote #afh3 7,de l' ,inf9ito71 ,lag4 #cbd4 ,footnote #afi3 ,lag4 #bca4 ,footnote #agj3 ,ib4 #ahc4 ,cf4 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 #bhb1 #bhh4 ,footnote #aga3 ,cf4 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 #if1 #c4 #bf1 #c4 #bga2 i4 #a4 #bia2 i4 #c4 #bf2 iii4 #gj1 etc4 ,footnote #agb3 ,lag4 #bhb4 ,footnote #agc3 ,op4 ,lat4 ii4 #b4 #aif1 & 7,h]4 ,fur47 ,lag4 #gbb4 #ce4 ,footnote #agd3 ,c5a1 ,lag4 #bcg4 #i4 ,cf4 ,h]4 ,fur4 ,lag4 #gbb4 #ce4 ,footnote #age3 ,lag4 #bef4 #be1 #bgc4 #be4 ,cf4 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 #cgg4 ,footnote #agf3 i4 #a4 #bgb4 ,footnote #agg3 i4 #b4 #adh4 ,footnote #agh3 i4 #c4 #adj4 ,footnote #agi3 ,causa1 ,lag4 #bdg4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #c4 #afi4 ,footnote #aha3 ,cf4 ,h]4 ,fur41 ,lag4 #fcf4 ,if n by ,iambli*us1 ?is "w issu$ c]ta9ly f 8 s*ool1 to :i* ,julian ! ,apo/ate belong$4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,e4g4 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 #cgf4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,op4 cit4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #b4 #dji4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,lag4 #ecb4 ,footnote #ahg3 i4e4 creative or orig9al4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,spaccio1 ,lag4 #ecc4 ,bruno 0 probably acqua9t$ ) ! ,de arte cabbali/ica 7#aeag7 ( ,reu*l9 ! ,platoni/1 & ) ,pico ( ,mir&ula's ,cabali/>um selectiora obscurioraque dogmata4 ,( ! ,cabala itself ! fir/ "p 7,creation7 0 publi%$ 9 ,hebrew at ,mantua #aefb1 a translation into ,lat9 at ,basle #aehg3 ! second "p1 ,! ,book ( ,spl5d\r1 ,hebrew1 #aefj1 a translation1 n1 z x seems1 until ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,x is unlikely t ,bruno read ,hebrew1 al?\gh he makes use ( ,hebrew lett]s among 8 symbols4 ,b !re 7 _m writ+s on ! ,cabala f :i* he c\ld h d]iv$ 8 idea ( _! tea*+--e4g4 ,agrippa's ,occulta ,philosophia1 to :i* he 0 indebt$ = mu* ( ! ,de ,monade4 ,! ,cabala 7i4e4 traditional tea*+7 is a collection ( dogmas made ab\t ! n9? & ?irte5? c5turies2 x 0 c]ta9ly influ5c$ by ,neoplatonism1 & conta9$ ! int]pretation ( creation z emanation 9 graduat$ s]ies ( be+s f ! "o supreme ,be+1 ( ! ,logos or ,div9e ,^w z int]m$i>y betwe5 ! ,supreme & ! l[] be+s 7viz1 ! mat]ial _w & all s5sible objects73 ! elem5ts ( ! ,logos are ! ,sephiro?1 ! t5 numb]s ( ,py?agoras1 correspond+ to ! *ief virtues or qualities2 next to ^! are ! ideas or =ms1 !n ! _w-s\ls1 & la/ ( all mat]ial ?+s4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,causa1 ,lag4 #bca4 ,footnote #aij3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #b4 #aif4 ,footnote #aia3 ,ib4 ii4 i4 #dh4 ,footnote #aib3 ,plot9us1 ,enneads1 ii4 #d4 #d2 cf4 ,bruno's ,causa1 ,lag4 #bfg4 ,footnote #aic3 ,causa1 ,lag4 #bga2 cf4 ,plot4 ,enn4 ii4 #d4 #c4 ,footnote #aid3 i4 #b4 #aag4 ,footnote #aie3 ,vide ,munk1 ,mlanges de ,philosophie juive et ,arabe1 ,p>is1 #aehi2 & ,dictionnaire des sci5ces ,philosophiques1 ,p>is1 #ahdd-eb4 ,footnote #aif3 ,ibn ,s9a1 #ihj-ajcg _/,a4,d4_/2 cf4 ,op4 ,lat4 iii4 #deh1 #dge4 ,footnote #aig3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 #bbc1 call$ by ,bruno ,hispanus1 b really an ,arabian1 ,ibn ,badja1--d4 #aach4 ,footnote #aih3 ,a ,jew1 ,ibn ,gebirol1 fl4 #ajej4 ,footnote #aii3 ,al ,ghazzali1 #ajei-aaaa _/,a4,d4_/ ,footnote #bjj3 ,cf4 ,op4 ,lat4 iii4 #fif4 ,footnote #bja3 ,vide ,wittman1 ,giord4 ,bruno's ,beziehung5 zu ,av5cebrol 9 ! ,ar*iv fr ,ges*i*te d] ,phil4 #ac4 #b 7#aijj74 ,footnote #bjb3 ,causa1 ,lag4 #bec2 cf4 #bdf1 & ,op4 ,lat4 iii4 #fif4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,causa1 ,lag4 #bfe4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,cf4 ,wittman1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #bje3 ,c5a1 ,lag4 #agj4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,h]4 ,fur4 ,lag4 #gdb4 ,algazel is connect$ ) ,av]roes by ,bruno 9 ano!r argum5t aga9/ au?ority1--t ! m]e habit ( & famili>ity ) a giv5 belief does n au?orise its tru?1 = ^? :o f boyhood & y\? are accu/om$ to eat poison1 come to su* a /ate t x is trans=m$ into a sweet & good n\ri%m5t = !m1 & on ! contr>y !y come to abhor :at is really good & pleasant accord+ to common nature4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,a ,lat9 translation ( ,av]roes' ,comm5t>ies 0 publi%$ 9 #adgb1 & "o ( 8 criticisms ( ,algazel 7,de/ructio de/ructionis7 9 #adig & 9 #aebg4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,causa1 ,lag4 #bga1 & ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #b4 #daa4 ,footnote #bji3 i4 #a4 #cgj4 ,footnote #baj3 ,causa1 ,lag4 #bga3 on ,av]roes cf4 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 #bba1 #bbd1 #ccg1 #cch1 etc4 ,footnote #baa3 ,h]4 ,fur4 ,lag4 #fgg4 ,footnote #bab3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 #af4 ,alb]tus liv$ f #aaic to #abhj ,a4,d4 ,!re are frequ5t ref]5ces to ! spuri\s writ+s attribut$ to him1 9 ,bruno's ,de ,magia ,ma!matica1 etc4 ,footnote #bac3 i4 #b4 #dae4 ,cf4 ,sig4 ,sig4 ii4 #b4 #aij1 = a reput$ miracle relat$ ( ,sa9t ,?omas4 ,footnote #bad3 ,cf4 ! ridicule 9 ,lag4 #cfa & #efc4 ,footnote #bae3 ,causa1 ,lag4 #bdf4 ,footnote #baf3 ,tocco1 ,fonti piu rec5ti1 etc41 p4 #ech4 ,footnote #bag3 ,besides ! sev]al works on ! ,art ( ,reason+1 ,lully _h writt5 also on !ology & on m$ic9e1 & ,bruno1 9 8 7po/hum\s7 ,m$ic9a ,lulliana1 gave a comp5dium ( ! latt] gr\p ( writ+s4 ,footnote #bah3 ,de ,lampade ,comb9atoria1 ,op4 ,lat4 ii4 #b4 #bcd4 ,footnote #bai3 ,fab] ,/apul5sis 7c4 #aejj71 & ,c>olus ,bovillus 7c4 #adgj-aeec74 ,bo? 7 r foll[]s ( ,cusanus4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,op4 ,lat4 ii4 #b4 #bdb4 ,footnote #bba3 ii4 #b4 #fa4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,op4 ,lat4 ii4 #b4 #cbi1 #c4 #big4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,de ,comp4 ,ar*4 ii4 #b4 #db4 ,footnote #bbd3 i4 #a4 #ag4 ,on ,cusanus v4 ,falck5b]g1 ,grundzge d] ,philosophie des ,nicolaus ,cusanus1 #ahhj1 ,ueb+]1 ,philosophie des ,n4 ,c41 #ahhj1 & ,gotteslehre des ,n4 ,c41 #ahhh1 ,f4 ,j4 ,clem5s1 ,giord4 ,bruno und ,nikolaus von ,cusa1 #ahdg1 ,s*>pff1 ,des ,n4 von ,c4 wi*/ig/e ,s*rift51 #ahfb4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,inf9ito1 ,lag4 #cdh4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,cf4 ,cusanus' ,de docta ignorantia4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,spaccio1 ,lag4 #dbj4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,de docta ignorantia1 i4 #g4 ,al*oran1 ii4 #g1 #h4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,doct4 ignor4 ii4 #g4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,de ,posse/4 ,footnote #bca3 ,al*oran1 ii4 #f4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,cusanus1 ,de ,ludo globi1 bk4 i4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,cusanus1 ,de ,idiota1 iii4 7,de ,m5te1 #i74 ,footnote #bcd3 ,cusanus1 ,de ,conjecturis1 i4 #d4 ,footnote #bce3 ,id4 ,de ,visione ,dei1 #aj4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,id4 ,de ,v5atione ,sapi5tiae4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,de occulta philosophia4 ,footnote #bch3 ,de ,vanitate ,sci5ti>um4 ,footnote #bci3 ,tocco4 ,fonti piu rec5ti1 etc4 p4 #ecd4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,!ophra/us ,bomba/es von ,hoh5heim1 #adic-aeda4 ,footnote #bda3 ,lag4 #bdg4 ,footnote #bdb3 i4 #a4 #ag4 ,9 ! ,sig4 ,sig4 ii4 #b4 #aha1 he is put =w>d z an example ( ! value ( ! life ( solitude3--,p>acelsus1 :o glories m 9 ! title ( h]mit ?an 9 t ( doctor or ma/]1 became a lead] & au?or among physicians1 second to none--a ref]5ce to ! title ( ,eremita1 :i* ,p>acelsus took1 h[ev]1 f 8 bir?place ,e9si$eln1 & to 8 well kn[n & /rongly express$ contempt = ! le>n+ ( books4 ,footnote #bdc3 #aeja-aegf _/,a4,d4_/ ,footnote #bdd3 ,! fir/ two books ( ! ,de natura r]um 7 publi%$ 9 #aefe4 ,footnote #bde3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 #ag4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,c5a1 ,lag4 #abd4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,bruno praises & gives long extracts f ,cop]nicus 9 ! ,de ,imm5so1 bk4 iii4 *4 #i4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,de la ,causa1 etc4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,lag4 #bbi4 ,footnote #bej3 ,lag4 #bbi4 ,footnote #bea3 ,de la ,causa1 pr9cipio et uno1 #aehd4 ,footnote #beb3 ,lag4 #bcj4 ,footnote #bec3 ,ib4 ,! t]ms correspond to ,ari/otle's ,greek3 ar* & ,greek3 aition1 respectively2 no cle> di/9ction 0 drawn betwe5 _! mean+s by ,ari/otle1 h[ev]4 ,bruno's aim is to contra/ ! inw>dly active1 imman5t pr9ciple ( life & ( movem5t ) ! transi5t1 outw>dly active cause1 & to int]pret nature1 z a :ole1 z ! manife/ation ( "s su* inw>d pr9ciple1 r ?an z a me*anical sy/em to :i* ! impulse 0 giv5 f )\t4 ,footnote #bed3 ,lag4 #bca4 #ch4 ,! ,intellectus is id5tifi$ also ) ! ,py?agorean _w-mov] 7,v]g4 ,a5eid1 vi4 #gbf72 ! ,_w's ,eye ( ! ,orphic ,poems2 ! di/+ui%] ( ,emp$ocles2 ! ,fa!r & ,prog5itor ( all ?+s ( ,plot9us4 ,footnote #bee3 ,lag4 #bcb4 #bd4 ,footnote #bef3 ,lag4 #bcb4 #cc ff4 ,footnote #beg3 ,on ,p]fection1 vide infra1 p4 #aii4 ,footnote #beh3 ,lag4 #bcc4 #bg4 ,cf4 ,ari/4 ,de ,anima1 ii4 #a4 ,footnote #bei3 ,cf4 ,ari/4 ,de ,anima1 ii4 *4 #a & #b4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,lag4 #bch4 #cd4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,cf4 ,lucretius4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,lag4 #bjb4 #dj4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,cf4 e4g4 #bch4 #ab1 :5 ! =m or s\l is said to be "o 9 all ?+s1 & diff]5ces are said to arise f ! dispositions ( matt]4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,vide infra1 *4 #e4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,lag4 #bdj4 #bh4 ,footnote #bff3 ,lag4 #bdb4 #g4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,epi/4 ,prom41 ,lag4 #bjc4 #ai4 ,:5 he wrote ! ,de ,m9imo ! "q _h at lea/ pres5t$ itself to ,bruno z requir+ solution3 vide bk4 iv4 7,op4 ,lat4 i4 #c4 #bgd74 ,individual diff]5ces are ref]r$ to two possible s\rces--! diff]5t compositions ( ! =ms or ideal types1 & ! v>i$ dispositions ( matt]2 & x is sugge/$ t ! latt] ( ^! may d]ive f ! =m]4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,lag4 #bdf4 #cg4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,lag4 #bdh4 #ag4 ,! app>5t conflict betwe5 ?is & ! prec$+ pages w resolve itself bel[4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,lag4 #bdi4 #ce4 ,footnote #bga3 ,pseudo-,timaeus1 #id ,a4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,lag4 #bec4 #aa4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,lag4 #beg1 #beh4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,lag4 #beh-bfj4 ,footnote #bge3 ,lag4 #bfa4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,lag4 #bff4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,supra1 *4 i4 ,cf4 ,plot9us1 ,ennead1 ii4 #d4 #d4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,lag4 #bfi4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,lag4 #bfh-bga4 ,bruno ref]s "h to ,av]roes1 & especially to ,plot9us1 v4 *4 i4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,comp>e ! ambiguity 9 ,sp9oza's def9ition ( m9d 9 relation to body4 ,footnote #bha3 ,lag4 #bgc1 #bgd4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,lag4 #bgg4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,lag4 #bgh4 #d4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,lag4 pp4 #bgh-bha4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,lag4 #bhe4 #ce4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,lag4 #bhh4 #e4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,lag4 #bhh1 #bhi4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #c4 #adg4 #a4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,de ,imm5so3 de l' ,inf9ito3 ,acrotismus1 etc4 ,footnote #bij3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 p4 #bjb4 ,footnote #bia3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 p4 #bjc4 ,footnote #bib3 ,de ,imm5so1 bk4 i4 *4 #f4 ,footnote #bic3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 p4 #bbb4 ,footnote #bid3 ,p4 #bbg4 ,footnote #bie3 ,p4 #bca4 ,footnote #bif3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 p4 #bcb4 ,on ,space1 cf4 ,acrot4 ,art4 #ca1 #cc-cg 7,vacuum1 ,e!r1 etc471 & ,inf9ito1 ,lag4 #cfe4 ,footnote #big3 ,p4 #bcd4 ,footnote #bih3 ,p4 #bce4 ,footnote #bii3 ,cf4 ,inf9ito1 ,lag4 #cbb4 #a ff4 = ! argum5t4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,bk4 ii4 *4 #b42 cf4 ,inf9ito1 ,dial4 v41 ,lag4 #chg4 ,footnote #cja3 ,de ,imm4 i4 #a4 #bfd2 cf4 ,inf4 #cib4 #ae4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,bk4 ii4 *4 #d 7#bfg ff474 ,footnote #cjc3 ,bk4 ii4 *4 #f4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,*4 #g4 7p4 #bgh72 cf4 ,inf9ito1 ,lag4 #cce ff4 ,footnote #cje3 ,vide infra1 *4 #e4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 p4 #bgi4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,ib4 p4 #bha4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,bk4 ii4 *4 #h 7p4 #bhc72 cf4 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #d4 #baf1 & ,inf9ito1 ,lag4 #cdd ff4 #cch4 ,footnote #cji3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 p4 #bhd4 ,footnote #caj3 ,p4 #bhe4 ,footnote #caa3 ,bk4 ii4 *4 #aj4 p4 #bic4 ,footnote #cab3 ,bk4 ii4 *4 #aa4 ,footnote #cac3 ,p4 #cjj ff4 ,footnote #cad3 ,bk4 ii4 *4 #ab4 #cjb ff4 ,footnote #cae3 ,bk4 ii4 *4 #ac4 ,footnote #caf3 ,cf4 also infra1 p4 #aii ff4 ,footnote #cag3 ,de ,imm4 bk4 i4 *4 #aj4 pp4 #bce-h2 cf4 ,inf9ito1 #cab f41 #caf4 ,bruno does n use ! t]m pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason3 8 pr9ciple is ! inv]se ( t ( ,leibniz--:atev] has n a suffici5t reason = exi/+ is necess>ily non-exi/5t1--,bruno's be+ t :atev] has n a suffici5t reason = non-exi/5ce 7i4e4 :atev] is possible7 necess>ily exi/s4 ,footnote #cah3 ,de ,imm4 bk4 i4 *4 #aa4 p4 #bci2 ,inf94 #cad f4 ,footnote #cai3 ,de ,imm4 bk4 i4 *4 #aa4 p4 #bda4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,ib4 ,s*ol4 *4 #aa4 pp4 #bda1 #bdb4 ,footnote #cba3 ,p4 #bdb ff4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,cf4 ,inf9ito1 ,lag4 #caf4 #ba4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,no4 #ac /ates t ! worlds c\ld n int]f]e ) "o ano!r1 s9ce space is inf9ite4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,no4 #ah d5ies t ! p]fection ( ! _w 9 "o space %\ld ei!r add to or detract f ! p]fection ( ano!r _w 9 o!r space or r5d] x less necess>y4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,bk4 i4 *4 #ab4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,p4 #bde4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,op4 ,lat4 vol4 i4 pt4 #b4 p4 #caj4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,ib41 *4 x4 p4 #cab ff4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,cf4 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #b4 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,p4 #bfj4 ,on ,"t cf4 ,acrot41 ,arts4 #ch-dj4 ,footnote #cca3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #b4 p4 #bgd4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #b4 p4 #cjg4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,p4 #cji ff4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,p4 #caa4 ,footnote #cce3 ,p4 #cab4 ,cf4 ,fior5t9o's ,telesio1 p4 #he4 ,on ,p]fection1 & ! ,p]fection ( ! ,univ]se1 cf4 ,bruno's ,acrot41 ,arts4 #ag & #ea4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,cf4 ,sp9oza4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,allusions to practices ( ! ,black ,art4 ,footnote #cch3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #b4 p4 #caf4 ,footnote #cci3 ,de ,imm5so1 iii4 *4 #a4 7p4 #cac ff474 ,footnote #cdj3 ,p4 #cag4 ,footnote #cda3 ,bk4 iii4 *4 #b4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,*4 #d4 p4 #cda ff4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,s ,bruno expla9$ ! phases ( ! moon4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,bk4 vi4 *4 #ag4 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #cde3 ,*4 #ah4 p4 #bah4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,ib4 p4 #bbj4 ,if ! fl[ ( *ange 7 arre/$ at any "o po9t 9 ,nature1 x w\ld ultimately be arre/$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,bk4 iv4 *4 #a4 7,op4 ,lat4 i4 #b4 p4 #f74 ,footnote #cdh3 ,p4 #g4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,p4 #h4 ,footnote #cej3 ,p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #cea3 ,aft] ,emp$ocles4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,de ,imm4 bk4 iii4 *4 #e4 ,footnote #cec3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 p4 #cec4 ,footnote #ced3 ,p4 #ced4 ,footnote #cee3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 p4 #cbi4 ,footnote #cef3 ,! say+ ( ,k+ ,alfonso 9 ?is reg>d is wor? repetition1--t _h he be5 consult$ at ! creation ( ! _w he w\ld h sp>$ ! ,mak] "s absurdities4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a44 #cfj4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,p4 #cfb1 cf4 supra4 ,footnote #cei3 ,p4 #cfi 7*4 #g7-- ,promptius utque magis quvis p]nice volucrum ,v]sum quaque me5t1 imm5sumque a]a f9dant ,intima nempe animae vis concitat illa1 etc4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,p4 #cgb4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,de ,imm4 bk4 iv4 *4 #c4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,*4 #h 7p4 #db f474 ,footnote #cfc3 ,*4 #d1 ,s*ol4 cf4 bk4 iv4 *4 #ac 7,op4 ,lat4 i4 #b4 #fg74 ,footnote #cfd3 ,de ,imm4 bk4 vi4 *4 #ai4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #b4 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #cff3 #aeca1 #aecb1 #aegb1 #aegg1 #aehe4 7,bk4 v4 *s4 #i & #ac47 ,footnote #cfg3 ,e4g4 ,de ,imm4 bk4 iv4 *4 #e4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,ib4 *4 #g4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,de ,imm4 bk4 v4 *4 #b 7p4 #aai74 ,footnote #cgj3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #b4 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #cga3 ,c5a1 ,lag4 #ahc4 #cj4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,lag4 #ahd4 #ce2 ,acrot4 ,art4 #fh2 ,inf9ito1 #cgj4 #bi1 #cge4 #f1 #cij4 #cd2 ,acrot4 ,art4 #hj 7i4 #a4 #ahi71 etc4 ,footnote #cgc3 ,de ,imm4 bk4 v4 *4 #a4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,c5a1 ,lag4 #ahe4 #d4 ,footnote #cge3 ,cabala1 p4 #ehg4 #bc ff4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,on movem5ts ( suns & e>?s1 z det]m9$ by ! s\l1 & ! ne$ ( mutual su/5ance1 cf4 ,acrot4 ,arts4 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #gb4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,cf4 ,c5a1 ,lag4 #aff4 #cb1 :]e x is sugge/$ t ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees once =m$ ! summit ( a v high m\nta91 gradually brok5 up1 ?r\gh cont9u\s geological *anges1 into ! less] =ms we n[ call m\nta9s4 ,s ! :ole ( ,brita9 is a m\nta91 ris+ up out ( ! sea2 its summit is ! highe/ po9t1 ,scotl&4 ,footnote #cgh3 ,de ,imm4 bk4 iv4 *4 #ah4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,cf4 ,inf9ito1 ,lag4 #cea4 #cj1 on ! gradual *anges ( ! e>?'s surface1 :i* ,bruno inf]s are pres5t1 al?\gh imp]ceptible1 9 o!r />s also4 ,cf4 ib4 #ccb4 #ae1 & ,de ,imm41 bks4 iv4 & vi42 ,acrot4 ,arts4 #dh & #gd4 ,9 ,inf4 #cec4 #cj1 rocks1 lakes1 riv]s1 spr+s1 etc41 are comp>$ to ! diff]5t memb]s or organs ( ! human body3 ! accid5ts or di/urbances ( !m1--cl\ds1 ra91 sn[1 etc41--to ! diseases ( ! human body4 ,footnote #chj3 ,acrotismus3 ,de ,m9imo4 ,footnote #cha3 ,lag4 p4 #aeh4 ,footnote #chb3 ,lag4 #afd4 #ah4 ,footnote #chc3 ,monadology1 #gj4 ,cf4 also #fd1 #ff1 #fg-fi4 ,footnote #chd3 ,lag4 #ccb4 ,footnote #che3 ,lag4 #ceg4 #aj2 cf4 #ccd4 #bd1 #cei4 #ac1 #cic4 #e1 & ,h]4 ,fur4 #gch4 #ag4 ,footnote #chf3 ,lag4 #cfg4 #ab1 #cge4 #cg4 ,footnote #chg3 ,lag4 #dee4 #cg4 ,footnote #chh3 ,contra/ ,tocco1 ,op]e ,lat9e di ,g4,b41 "p #e4 ,footnote #chi3 ,fior5t9o's ,preface to ,op4 ,lat4 vol4 i4 p4 xxviii4 ,footnote #cij3 ,acrot4 ,cam4 ,art4 #db1 p4 #aed4 ,footnote #cia3 ,acrot4 ,cam4 ,art4 #fe4 ,footnote #cib3 ,vide ,de ,m94 p4 #baa 7bk4 ii4 *4 #f74 ,footnote #cic3 ,de ,m94 bk4 i4 *4 #i4 ,footnote #cid3 ,ib4 ,s*ol4 7p4 #agj74 ,footnote #cie3 ,*4 #aj4 ,footnote #cif3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #c4 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #cig3 ,?is ?\ght recurs 9 ,leibniz4 ,footnote #cih3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #c4 pp4 #bji-baa4 ,footnote #cii3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #c4 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #djj3 ,p4 #adg4 #a4 ,footnote #dja3 ,p4 #adi4 #c4 ,footnote #djb3 ,de ,m94 bk4 ii4 *4 #c1 pp4 #aia ff4 ,footnote #djc3 ,p4 #aie4 #bj4 ,footnote #djd3 ,*4 #d4 ,footnote #dje3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #c4 p4 #aii4 #ae4 ,footnote #djf3 ,p4 #bjj4 #bj4 ,footnote #djg3 ,p4 #bjj4 #bh1 #bja4 #d2 cf4 #bbc4 #aa4 ,footnote #djh3 ,de ,m94 bk4 ii4 *4 #e4 ,footnote #dji3 ,p4 #bjc4 #bg4 ,footnote #daj3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #c4 p4 #bjg4 #e 7cf4 p4 #cjb1 bk4 v4 *4 #b74 ,footnote #daa3 ,p4 #bjh4 #i4 ,footnote #dab3 ,p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #dac3 ,de ,m94 bk4 i4 *4 #e4 ,footnote #dad3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 ,z4 #a4 #bca1 a #bc4 ,footnote #dae3 ,de ,m94 p4 #aec4 #bb ff4 ,footnote #daf3 ,p4 #aeh4 ,footnote #dag3 ,de ,m94 ,p4 #agc4 #i2 cf4 #agc4 #g1 #ahj4 ,footnote #dah3 ,p4 #afj4 ,footnote #dai3 ,p4 #afa4 ,footnote #dbj3 ,p4 #afb4 ,footnote #dba3 ,de ,m94 i4 *4 #h4 ,footnote #dbb3 ,*4 #aa4 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #dbc3 ,*4 #ab4 ,footnote #dbd3 ,*4 #b4 p4 #adj4 ,footnote #dbe3 ,de ,m94 i4 *4 #ad4 p4 #ahd4 #bc4 ,footnote #dbf3 ii1 *4 #h4 p4 #bad4 ,footnote #dbg3 iii4 *4 #ab4 p4 #bfg4 ,footnote #dbh3 ,lasswitz1 p4 #bf1 note1 :]e x is said ! eigh? triangle & ! six? circle are equal4 ,footnote #dbi3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #c4 p4 #bag4 #i4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,pp4 #bai1 #bba4 ,footnote #dca3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #c4 p4 #bdc 7bk4 iii4 *4 #c74 ,footnote #dcb3 ,p4 #bde 7bk4 iii4 *4 #d471 cf4 p4 #cbc 7bk4 v4 c4 #i71 #cbd4 7c4 #aj74 ,footnote #dcc3 ,p4 #cjf 7bk4 v4 *4 #e474 ,footnote #dcd3 ,p4 #bgj4 #ad4 ,footnote #dce3 ,cf4 ,art4 adv4 ,ma?4 ii4 ,! figures !re are slightly diff]5t1 & nam$ ,figurae ,m5tis1 ,intellectus1 ,amoris4 ,footnote #dcf3 ,lag4 #djg4 #be4 ,footnote #dcg3 ,lag4 p4 #djg4 #g4 ,footnote #dch3 ,p4 #djf4 #bi4 ,footnote #dci3 ,lag4 #dbg4 #ai4 ,footnote #ddj3 ,! con/ellations z typify+ vices 7 to be expell$ f ! heav5s & replac$ by ! p]sonifi$ virtues4 ,footnote #dda3 ,lag4 p4 #dde4 ,footnote #ddb3 ,lag4 p4 #ddf4 #a ff41 cf4 #ddg4 ,que/a fetida ,sporc>ia del mondo1 & #dfg4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,p4 #dfb4 #cj4 ,footnote #ddd3 ,p4 #dfh4 #be4 ,footnote #dde3 ,lag4 p4 #edc4 #ce ff41 cf4 #edd4 #bj1 #edf4 #af1 & esp4 #eed4 #ac ff4 7,*iron ! ,c5taur71 = o!r ref]5ces to ! ,*ur* & its beliefs4 ,bruno c\ld n h writt5 ! la/ passage :ile reta9+ any %r$ ( g5u9e belief 9 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/4 v4 also #ecd4 #cb4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,cabala1 p4 #efe4 ,footnote #ddg3 ,cf4 ! poem 9 ! ,cabala1 p4 #efd4 #be1 ,o' ,sant' ,as9ita1 & ,c5a1 ,lag4 #adg4 #ba 7! ,ark ( ,noah71 etc4 ,footnote #ddh3 ,! li/s giv5 9 ! argum5t are n q ! same z ^? 9 ! body ( ! "w1 & bo? diff] to "s ext5t f ! li/ ( vices :i* is put 9 ! m\? ( ,jupit] at ! beg9n+1 p4 #dci4 ,footnote #ddi3 ,f ,lag4 p4 #dci4 ,footnote #dej3 ,cf4 also p4 #dhh4 ,ano!r li/ ( virtues is 9 ! eulogium on ,julius 9 ! ,oratio ,consolatoria 7,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 #dg ff474 ,!re also ! con/ellations typify diff]5t virtues4 ,footnote #dea3 ,9 ! ,de ,lamp4 ,comb41 are two li/s ( virtues & vices1 aft] ,lully2 ) ea* virtue are giv5 ! two vici\s extremes1 9 ,ari/otelian fa%ion4 7,op4 ,lat4 ii4 #b4 #beg74 ,footnote #deb3 ,lag4 #dhi4 #ah 7,sub ,lyra74 ,!y are ,ari?metica1 ,geometria1 ,musica1 ,logica1 ,poesia1 ,a/rologia1 ,physica1 ,metaphysica1 ,e?ica4 ,footnote #dec3 ,lag4 p4 #dfa4 #aa ff4 ,footnote #ded3 ,pp4 #dfa1 #dfb4 ,footnote #dee3 ,9 contra/ ) ,/4 ,luke #ae4 #g4 ,footnote #def3 ,read+ conv]sation = cons]vation4 ,footnote #deg3 ,lag4 pp4 #dfd1 #dfe4 ,footnote #deh3 ,lag4 pp4 #dfe1 #dff4 ,footnote #dei3 ,p4 #ebg4 ,footnote #dfj3 ,pp4 #ebj1 #eba4 ,footnote #dfa3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #gid4 ,footnote #dfb3 ,comp>e ! picture ( ,av>ice 9 ,spaccio1 pp4 #dgg1 #dgh1 ) ,%akespe>e's ,%ylock4 ,footnote #dfc3 ,cabala1 p4 #egf4 #ca4 ,footnote #dfd3 ,p4 #ejj4 #dj4 ,footnote #dfe3 ,cf4 p4 #ece4 #d1 & #eda4 #ce1--;,escrem5to de l' ,egitto1 :i* may n mean m ?an outgr[? or (f%oot ( ,egypt1 al?\gh x has be5 int]pret$ o!rwise4 ,footnote #dff3 ,p4 #edb4 #ah4 ,footnote #dfg3 ,spaccio1 p4 #ebf4 #aa2 ,clem5s' translation 7op4 cit4 p4 #agb7 gives ?is say+ an unnecess>ily s9i/] mean+4 ,footnote #dfh3 ,de ,v9culis 9 g5]e 7,op4 ,lat4 iii4 p4 #fig4 #bf74 ,footnote #dfi3 ,lag4 p4 #ejc4 #bj4 ,footnote #dgj3 ,f ,tasso's ,am9ta1 act i4 sub f94--,bruno h>dly ev] m5tions ! au?ors ( ! poems 9 8 e?ical works1 s t ! layman 9 lit]ature has great difficulty 9 kn[+ :i*1 if any1 are 8 own4 ,?us ,rixn] & ,sib] translate ! above1 & give x z ,bruno's 7op4 cit4 p4 #bcj74 ,9 ! f\r? l9e ,bruno reads ,e 'n = ,ma 'n4 ,footnote #dga3 ,cf4 ,inf9ito1 p4 #cih4 #af4 ,footnote #dgb3 ,cf4 ,de ,imm4 vii4 #af 7,op4 ,lat4 i4 #b4 p4 #bgh74 ,footnote #dgc3 ,lag4 p4 #ejg4 #f4 ,footnote #dgd3 ,p4 #ejg4 #ad4 ,footnote #dge3 ,vide infra1 *4 vii41 re transmigration4 ,footnote #dgf3 ,lag4 p4 #ehf4 #aa4 ,footnote #dgg3 ,lag4 p4 #ehf4 #ce ff4 ,footnote #dgh3 ,ib4 p4 #dfi4 #g4 ,footnote #dgi3 ,sextus ,ma?4 xi4 #ea-eh4 ,crantor 0 "o ( ! ,old ,academy1 & wrote a comm5t>y on ! ,timaeus1 z well z "s e?ical works1 ( :i* t ,on ,m\rn+ seems to h be5 mo/ 9 vogue4 ,! goods ( ! s\l 7 plac$ 9 ! foll[+ ord] ( m]it by him3--,virtue1 ,heal?1 ,pleasure1 ,ri*es4--,vide ,zell]1 ii4 #fif4 ,footnote #dhj3 ,lag4 p4 #dhg1 #dhh4 ,footnote #dha3 ,p4 #dib 7,cassiopoeia74 ,footnote #dhb3 ,p4 #dic4 ,footnote #dhc3 ,vide ,lag4 pp4 #deg ff4 ,footnote #dhd3 ,vide supra1 *4 #b4 & cf4 ,cabala1 ,lag4 #egh4 #ce4 ,footnote #dhe3 ,a rem9isc5ce ( ,ari/otle's ,greek3 phronsis4 ,footnote #dhf3 ,lag4 #deh4 #dei4 ,footnote #dhg3 ,lag4 #dei4 #dfj4 ,footnote #dhh3 ,!re is a m+l+1 9 ,bruno's use ( ?is ^w1 ( mean+s d]iv$ f ,greek3 hrs1 & f ,plato's ,greek3 ers4 ,footnote #dhi3 ,lag4 #gag4 #ci ff4 ,footnote #dij3 ,lag4 #fcd4 #d4 ,footnote #dia3 #fcd4 #bb4 ,footnote #dib3 ,lag4 #fce4 ,footnote #dic3 #fdi1 #fej4 ,footnote #did3 #fbf1 #bj f4 ,footnote #die3 ,lag4 #fci4 #bb ff42 cf4 ,sig4 ,sig4 #dh1 = ! fir/ k9d ( furor 7,op4 ,lat4 ii4 #b4 #aia74 ,footnote #dif3 ,lag4 #fgb4 #a4 ,footnote #dig3 ,cf4 ! ,sonnet on p4 #fca3-- ,amor p] cui tant' alto il v] disc]no1 ,*' apre le porte di diamante n]e1 ,p] gl' oc*i entra il mio nume1 et p] v$]e ,nasce1 vive1 si nutre1 ha regno et]no1 ,fa scorg]--quant' ha 'l ciel1 t]r' et inf]no4 ,footnote #dih3 ,lag4 #fbh4 #ah4 ,footnote #dii3 ,lag4 #fci4 ,footnote #ejj3 ,lag4 #fgb4 #bi4 ,footnote #eja3 #fdf4 #b ff4 ,footnote #ejb3 ,lag4 #fdf1 #fdg4 ,footnote #ejc3 #fdg4 #cd ff42 cf4 ! ,sonnet 7,tansillo's7 on p4 #fdh3-- ,poi *e spiegat' ho' l' ali al bel desio1 ,quanto piu sott' il pie l' aria mi scorgo1 ,piu le veloci p5ne al v5to porgo1 ,et spreggio il mondo1 et v]s' il ciel m' invio4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f5di sicur le nubi1 et muor cont5to2 ,s' il ciel si illu/re morte ne de/9a4 ,footnote #ejd3 ,alle selve i ma/9i e i' veltri slaccia ,il grovan ,atteon1 etc41 p4 #fea4 ,footnote #eje3 ,lag4 #fea1 #feb4 ,footnote #ejf3 #fec4 #f4 ,footnote #ejg3 ,lag4 #fed1 #fee4 ,footnote #ejh3 #feh4 #af4 ,footnote #eji3 #gca4 #i ff4 ,footnote #eaj3 ,e4g4 d>kness is privatively inf9ite1 al?\gh x has a limit 9 light1 a positive some?+4 ,footnote #eaa3 ,e4g4 light is positively inf9ite2 its limit--d>kness--is privation4 ,footnote #eab3 ,lag4 #gca4 ,footnote #eac3 ,lag4 #ffb1 #ffc4 ,footnote #ead3 #gja4 #cj ff4 ,footnote #eae3 ,lag4 #gcb4 #bc2 ! t]ms correspond to ,greek3 dynamis & ,greek3 en]geia1 or ,greek3 hyl & ,greek3 eidos1 respectively4 ,footnote #eaf3 #fdg4 #g4 ,footnote #eag3 ,lag4 #gdd4 #a ff4 ,footnote #eah3 #fif4 #bd2 cf4 #fha4 #bb4 ,footnote #eai3 #gje4 #ce4 ,footnote #ebj3 #gaf4 #ad4 ,footnote #eba3 ,lag4 #ffc4 #cf2 cf4 #fff4 #e4 ,footnote #ebb3 ,p4 #fhj4 #b ff4 ,footnote #ebc3 ,cf4 also ,sigillus ,sigillorum 7ii4 #b4 #aib71 :]e ,polemon & ,laur5tius are add$ to ! above li/4 ,! highe/ k9d ( contraction or conc5tration is ! subject1 viz4 t :i* is prop] to philosoph]s4 ,cf4 also ,de ,v9culis 9 g5]e 7vol4 iii4 p4 #feg74 ,diog5es ! ,cynic & ,epicurus are plac$ side by side z hav+ held t !y _h atta9$ ! highe/ good 9 ?is life possible to man1 :5 !y c\ld keep ! m9d free f pa91 fe>1 ang]1 or o!r melan*oly passions & pres]ve x 9 a c]ta9 h]oic delight4 ,by ?is contempt ( ! ignoble ?+s 9 ?is life1 viz4 ^? subject to *ange1 !y prote/$ t !y _h atta9$1 ev5 9 ?is mortal body1 to a life simil> to t ( ! gods4 ,footnote #ebd3 ,lag4 #gjj4 #ce2 cf4 #fha4 #ai4 ,footnote #ebe3 ,p4 #gjj4 #ad1 #gja4 #d ff42 cf4 also #gaj4 #aa4 ,! div9e beauty excludes ! possibility ( our lov+ 9 its /ead any o!r object4 ,also #gac4 #cj4 ,footnote #ebf3 ,op4 ,lat41 ii4 #b4 #aie4 ,footnote #ebg3 ,lag4 #gjd4 #aj4 ,footnote #ebh3 ,lag4 #fii4 #c4 ,footnote #ebi3 ,p4 #gdb4 #bd2 cf4 also #gbc4 #bh & #gbd4 #ag4 ,footnote #ecj3 ,lag4 #gda4 #ad4 ,footnote #eca3 ,op4 ,lat4 iii4 #aeh4 ,footnote #ecb3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #c4 #d 7,lett] to ,rudolph ,,ii41 prefix$ to ! ,art4 adv4 ,ma?474 ,footnote #ecc3 ,lag4 #deb4 #c ff4 ,footnote #ecd3 ,cf4 ,lucretius1 ii4 #ajic ff4 ,footnote #ece3 ,lag4 #ded4 #f4 ,footnote #ecf3 ,lag4 #dee4 #ce4 ,cf4 ,de ,imm5so1 ii4 #ac4 #caj1 #caa4 ,footnote #ecg3 ,lag4 #def4 #g4 ,footnote #ech3 ,cf4 ! mock]y ( ,momus 9 ! ,spaccio 7sub ,orion1 ,lag4 p4 #edc74 ,footnote #eci3 ,sig4 ,sig4 ,op4 ,lat4 ii4 #b4 #aij4 ,footnote #edj3 ,orat4 ,consol4 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 #ea2 cf4 i4 #c4 #d4 ,footnote #eda3 ,cf4 ,lucretius1 ii4 #fdf3 ,omnis enim p] se divom natura necesse/1 etc4 ,footnote #edb3 ,lag4 #dfc4 #dfd4 ,footnote #edc3 ,c5a1 ,lag4 #afi4 #ag ff42 cf4 ,sp9oza1 ,tractatus ,!ologico politicus1 esp4 *4 #ad & #ae1 & preface1 #bd3 ,scripturam rationem absolute lib]am rel9qu]e et nihil cum philosophia commune hab]e4 ,footnote #edd3 ,cf4 :at is said ( ! dang] ( prea*+ det]m9ism to ! _m1 9 ,inf41 ,lag41 #cag4 #aa1 & ,h]4 ,fur41 ,lag4 #fai4 #bj4 ,footnote #ede3 ,giordano ,bruno's1 ,weltans*auung1 etc41 pp4 #bc1 #bd4 ,footnote #edf3 ,c5a1 ,lag4 #aga1 #agb4 ,footnote #edg3 ,vide ,b]ti1 ,docs4 xi4 & xii4 ,footnote #edh3 ,comp4 ,ar*4 art4 ,lull41 ,op4 ,lat4 ii4 #b4 #db4 ,footnote #edi3 ,op4 ,lat4 ii4 #b4 #gh 7preface to ,trig9ta ,sigilli72 cf4 i4 #a4 #hb 7,acrotismus71 & ! ,spaccio 7supra1 p4 #bec74 ,footnote #eej3 ,causa1 ,lag4 #bfg4 #g4 ,footnote #eea3 ,lag4 #fic4 #bb4 ,footnote #eeb3 ,cf4 ! passage 9 ! ,inf9ito ref]r$ to above1 ,lag4 #cag4 #aa4 ,footnote #eec3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #c4 #f4 ,footnote #eed3 ,e4g4 by ,sigw>t4 ,cf4 supra1 p4 #ge4 ,footnote #eee3 ,summa1 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #d4 #ajj1 #aja 7sub4 ,evid5tia74 ,footnote #eef3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #ii1 sub ,fides4 ,footnote #eeg3 ,ib4 s4 ,auctoritas2 cf4 ,causa1 ,lag4 #bga4 #dj4 ,footnote #eeh3 ,e4g4 ,inf4 ,lag4 #cgh4 #af4 ,footnote #eei3 ,cf4 ,tocco1 ,conf]5za1 p4 #ej ff4 ,footnote #efj3 ,lag4 #ebi ff4 ,footnote #efa3 ,spaccio1 ,lag4 p4 #ecj4 ,footnote #efb3 ,spaccio1 #eca4 ,footnote #efc3 ,de ,imm5so1 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #b4 #agb4 ,footnote #efd3 ,de ,imm5so1 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #b4 #bhd f43 ,e l& produces all k9ds ( animals1 z is cle> f inaccessible isl&s1 nor 0 !re "o fir/ wolf1 or lion1 or bull1 f :i* all wolves1 lions1 & cattle are desc5d$ & transport$ to ^! isl&s1 b at e "p ! e>? f ! beg9n+ has giv5 all ?+s1 etc4 ,footnote #efe3 ,cf4 ,spaccio1 ,lag4 #daa4 #i2 ,h]4 ,fur4 #ffb4 #bb2 ,cantus ,circaeus 7,op4 ,lat4 ii4 #a72 ,de ,m9imo 7i4 #c4 #bjg72 ,de ,monade 7i4 #b4 #cbg71 & iii4 #bfa1 #fec4 ,footnote #eff3 ,cf4 ,plato's ,pha$rus1 #fa4 ,footnote #efg3 ,cabala1 ,lag4 #ehd4 ,footnote #efh3 ,lag4 #bdb4 #c4 ,footnote #efi3 ,causa1 ,dial4 #d2 esp4 ,lag4 #bfe1 #ch ff4 ,footnote #egj3 ,c5a1 ,lag4 #abh4 #e2 cf4 ,spaccio1 #ecc4 #af1 #eci4 #b1 & ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #c4 #adf4 ,footnote #ega3 ,lag4 #afd4 #ah ff4 ,footnote #egb3 ,lag4 #bjb4 #ci ff41 #bch4 #bg ff41 #cjc4 #ag1 #cag4 #g1 #dji4 #ac1 #edg4 #af2 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #c4 #adb4 ,footnote #egc3 ,de ,umbris 7ii4 #a4 #df74 ,footnote #egd3 ,inf4 #cjc4 #ba4 ,footnote #ege3 ,lag4 #ff4 #g4 ,footnote #egf3 ,cf4 ,b>?olmss 7vol4 i4 p4 #abd71 :o ref]s to ,c>dan & ,campanella z (f]+ a simil> pro( ( immortality4 ,footnote #egg3 ,de ,imm41 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 #bje4 ,footnote #egh3 ,de ,m9imo1 bk4 i4 7i4 #c4 #adc74 ,!re also x is said t ! trans=mations are n =tuit\s1 b dep5d on ! "* ( ! life t has be5 liv$1 z ,py?agoras & ! ,platoni/s taught4 ,footnote #egi3 ,bruno incl9es to ?is view only 9 "o ( 8 late/ works1 ! ,lampas 7vol4 iii4 #ei71 b x is cle>ly impli$ 9 ! ,de ,m9imo4 ,footnote #ehj3 ,de ,m9imo1 ii4 *4 #f 7,op4 ,lat4 i4 #c4 #bjh ff474 ,cf4 i4 #b4 #hj3 ,! seats ( ! bless$ are ! />s2 ! seat ( ! gods is ! e!r or heav5s2 = ! />s ,i call gods 9 a second>y s5se2 ! seat ( ,god is ! univ]se1 ev]y:]e1 ! :ole immeasurable heav5--empty space1 ( :i* he is ! fulness4 ,= ,bruno's ,demonology1 vide i4 #b4 #fa 7,de ,imm5so1 iv4 #aa71 & i4 #b4 #cii 7,de ,monade74 ,footnote #eha3 ,lampas1 ,op4 ,lat4 iii4 #dh2 cf4 ,h]4 ,fur4 ,lag4 #gda4 #ae4 ,footnote #ehb3 ,h]4 ,fur4 ,lag4 #gba4 #cc4 ,footnote #ehc3 ,lampas1 ,op4 ,lat4 iii4 #ba2 cf4 #bc4 ,footnote #ehd3 ,ib4 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #ehe3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 #bje4 ,footnote #ehf3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #b4 #ea2 i4 #a4 #fh4 ,footnote #ehg3 i4 #b4 #aea4 ,footnote #ehh3 i4 #a4 #bda4 ,footnote #ehi3 ,de ,imm5so1 bk4 i4 *4 #aj-ac4 ,footnote #eij3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a4 #fh1 etc4 ,footnote #eia3 ,cf4 ,op4 ,lat4 ii4 #c4 #ij 7,de ,imag4 ,comp474 ,intellect is "h us$ 9 a g5]al s5se1 n 9 ! special "o ( intuitive ?\ght4 ,footnote #eib3 ,summa1 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #d4 #aag4 ,x does n imply _! =mal id5tity4 ,footnote #eic3 ,art4 adv4 ,ma?4 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #c4 #af4 ,footnote #eid3 i4 #b4 #cdf4 ,footnote #eie3 i4 #d4 #gc4 ,footnote #eif3 i4 #d4 #ie4 ,footnote #eig3 ,= ,bruno's revolt aga9/ ! my/ical 9 ,neoplatonism1 cf4 ,de ,imm4 v4 #a4 #a 7,op4 ,lat4 i4 #b4 #aah71 & cf4 viii4 p4 #bih ff4 #cac2 ,de ,mon41 p4 #daj4 ,footnote #eih3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #d4 #gi4 ,footnote #eii3 ,ib4 #hc4 ,footnote #fjj3 ,ib4 #he4 ,footnote #fja3 ,ib4 #hf4 ,footnote #fjb3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #d4 p4 #ii4 ,god is n1 h[ev]1 passively compris$3 cf4 iii4 #eji 7,de r]um pr9cip473 ,m5s em95tius tota 9 toto ita ut etiam sit tota extra totum et supra totum1 etc4 ,footnote #fjc3 ,op4 ,lat4 iii4 #db 7,lampas71 cf4 i4 #d4 #he1 #hf4 ,footnote #fjd3 i4 #c4 #adf1 #adg 7,de ,m947 ,footnote #fje3 ,summa1 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #d4 #ic1 #ie4 ,footnote #fjf3 ,lampas1 ,op4 ,lat4 iii4 #de4 ,footnote #fjg3 ,scepsius1 beh9d ^: au?ority ,dicson %elt]s1 is1 accord+ to ,g4 ,p41 ,dicson himself4 ,footnote #fjh3 ,ellis & ,sp$d+1 ii4 #ac4 ,footnote #fji3 ,hi/oria ,v5torum1 ,ellis & ,sp$d+1 ii1 p4 #ea2 cf4 ,nov4 ,org4 ii4 #ab4 ,! s\rce ( ! ,m\nt ,a?os leg5d is c]ta9ly ,ari/otle's ,problemata 7xxvi4 #ci71 :ile t = ,olympus is ei!r ,sol9us1 or m probably ,bruno1 9 ! ,c5a de le ,c5]e 7,lag4 #afg4 #ac74 ,bruno1 on 8 "p1 ref]s to ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisias2 x is n to be f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 ,alex&]'s comm5t>y ^u ! ,meteorologica 7,e4 & ,s4 ref] to ,idel]1 i4 #adh74 ,footnote #faj3 ,nov4 ,org4 i4 aph4 #de4 ,footnote #faa3 ,ib4 ii4 #i4 ,footnote #fab3 ,de ,augm4 i4 p4 #dff2 cf4 ,bruno's ,c5a1 ,lag4 #agg4 #bg4 ,else:]e1 h[ev]1 ,bacon condemns ! habit ( "s ( ! mod]ns1 :o h attempt$ to base natural philosophy ^u ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis & ! ,book ( ,job1 & o!r sacr$ scriptures4--,nov4 ,org4 i4 ax4 #fe4 ,footnote #fac3 ,de ,augm4 i4 #dgi1 & ,bruno1 passim4 ,footnote #fad3 ,nov4 ,org4 i4 ax4 #hd2 cf4 #gg 7! argum5t ex cons5su71 & ,de ,augm4 i4 p4 #deh4 ,9 _! note ,e4 & ,s4 ref] to ,esdras1 c4 #ad1 v4 #aj3 ! _w has lo/ its y\?1 & ! times beg9 to wax old2 & to ,casmann's ,problemata ,m>9a 7#aeif71 z well z to ,bruno's ,c5a 7#aehd74 ,footnote #fae3 ,nov4 ,org4 i4 #hi4 ,footnote #faf3 ,ib4 i4 #fe4 ,footnote #fag3 ,nov4 ,org4 i4 #fc2 cf4 also #ga4 ,footnote #fah3 ,ib4 i4 #de4 ,footnote #fai3 ,nov4 ,org4 ii4 #ae4 ,x 0 a s*ola/ic di/9ction2 ,e4 & ,s4 illu/rate x f ,?omas ,aqu9as' ,summa ,!ologiae1 ,ima1 q4 #de 7,e4 & ,s4 i4 p4 #bei74 ,footnote #fbj3 ,ib4 ii4 #a4 ,footnote #fba3 ,e4g4 ib4 i4 #ff1 :]e are add$ ! appetite a ?+ has to return to its natural dim5sion or ext5sion 7viz4 ,ela/icity71 ! appetite to conjugate ) masses ( its own k9d1 z ! d5se to ! sph]e ( ! e>?1 ! r>e to ! sph]e ( ! sky4 ,^! are describ$ z really physical k9ds ( motion1 n1 z ,ari/otle's are1 logical & s*ola/ical4 ,cf4 ! ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,e4 & ,s4 ii4 #fjj1 #fjb2 & ,bruno1 supra4 ,footnote #fbb3 ,nov4 ,org4 ii4 #h4 ,footnote #fbc3 ,vide ,bacon's ,essay on ! ,vicissitude ( ,?+s2 & = 8 ,atomism1 ! ,hi/oria ,d5si et ,r>i 7,e4 & ,s4 vol4 ii471 & ,cogit4 de ,natura ,r]um 7ib4 vol4 iii474 ,footnote #fbd3 ,nov4 ,org4 i4 #dh4 ,footnote #fbe3 ,de ,augm4 vi4 *4 #b4 ,footnote #fbf3 ,ib4 v4 *4 #e4 ,footnote #fbg3 ,b]ti1 ,vita di ,g4 ,b4 p4 #i4 ,footnote #fbh3 ,vide ,cay von ,brockdorff1 ,galilei's ,philosophis*e ,mission 7,vi]teljahrs*rift fr ,wiss4 ,philos4 und ,sociol41 #aijb74 ,footnote #fbi3 ,vide ! ,discorsi3 & cf4 ! trucul5t ,brunnh(]3 ,galileo1 d] ,bruno ,zuglei* ausbeutete und ignorirte 7op4 cit41 p4 #fi74 ,footnote #fcj3 ,vide ,sigw>t1 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 vol4 i41 on ,kepl]3 he ref]s to ,op]a1 i4 p4 #fhh1 & vi4 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #fca3 ,fior5t9o1 9 ,bruno1 ,op4 ,lat41 vol4 i4 p4 xix4 ,! full title ( ,van9i's "w is1 ,amphi!atrum aet]nae provid5tiae div9o-magicum1 *ri/iano-physicum1 necnon a/rologo-ca?olicum1 adv]sus vet]es philosophos1 ,a!os1 ,epicureos1 ,p]ipateticos et ,/oicos4 ,auctore ,julio ,cs>e ,van9o1 ,philosopho1 ,!ologo1 ae ,juris utriusque ,doctor4 ,lugduni1 #afae4 ,) 8 rem>k comp>e ,campanella1 ,quidam ,nolanus 7,metaphys4 ii4 #a4 #e74 ,footnote #fcb3 ,c5sura ,philosophiae ,c>tesianae1 #afhi4 ,footnote #fcc3 ,op4 ,lat4 i4 #c4 #d4 ,footnote #fcd3 ,contre l'impit des dsi/es1 a?es et lib]t9s de ce temps 7#afbd1 p4 #bbi1 #bcd1 etc474 ,footnote #fce3 ,vide ,b>?olmss1 i4 pp4 #beg1 #bei4 ,desc>tes1 l ,galilei1 0 c>eful n to prejudice himself 9 ! eyes ( ! ,*ur*4 ,= ,gass5di1 v4 ,g5tzk51 ,hi/4 ,phil41 p4 #aed4 ,footnote #fcf3 ,ex]citationes p>adoxicae adv]sus ,ari/oteleos4 ,footnote #fcg3 ,cf4 ,brunnh(]1 p4 xix3 ,! long] ,i consid] ! "q1 ! m probable x appe>s to me t ,sp9oza w\ld h be5 impossible1 hi/orically1 if ,bruno _h _h "t to develop ! ri* fulness ( 8 ideas 9 a sy/ematic =m4 ,cf4 p4 #ha1 :]e1 h[ev]1 he lays too mu* /ress on v]bal analogies betwe5 ,bruno's ,summa & ! ,e?ica ( ,sp9oza4 ,footnote #fch3 ,sp9oza's ,neu5tdeckt] ,tractat von ,gott1 dem ,m5s*51 und dess5 ,glckseligkeit1 ,go?a1 #ahff1 & 8 translation ( ?is1 ,kurz] ,tractat1 ) introduction & notes4 ,tb+51 #ahgj4 ,footnote #fci3 ,die ,beid5 ,er/5 ,phas5 des ,sp9ozis*5 ,pan!ismus4 ,leipzig1 #ahfh4 ,footnote #fdj3 ,moritz ,c>rire1 ,weltans*auung d] ,re=mationszeit1 p4 #dgj4 ,footnote #fda3 ,cf4 ,tocco1 ,conf]5za1 p4 #ae2 ,sigw>t1 ,neu5tdeckt] ,tractat1 pp4 #aaj-aac4 ,footnote #fdb3 ,e4g4 ,bruno's ,acrot4 7,op4 ,lat4 i4 #a1 #ajh74 ,footnote #fdc3 ,%ort ,tractate1 *4 i4 #i1 & ,bruno's ,causa1 ,dial4 v4 ,sigw>t1 ,neu5t4 ,tract41 pp4 #aae1 #aaf4 ,footnote #fdd3 ,il desio di cons]v>si ( ,bruno4 ,pollock 7,sp9oza1 p4 #aji7 ref]s to ,desc>tes1 ,pr94 ,phil4 #b1 *s4 #cg & #dc1 & ,sp9oza's ,cog4 ,met4 7pt4 i4 *4 #f1 #i71 :]e ! ef=t is ! ?+ itself1 :]eas 9 ! essay x is provid5ce1 i4e4 ,god4 ,cf4 "p i41 *4 #e1 ) ,e?ica1 iii4 #f & #g4 ,footnote #fde3 ,sigw>t1 ,neu5t4 ,tract41 pp4 #abj-abd4 ,footnote #fdf3 ,ib4 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #fdg3 ,cf4 ,c>rire4 ,op4 cit4 p4 #dga ff4 ,footnote #fdh3 ,!sauri ,epi/olici la ,croziani1 #agdf2 ,hans*1 ,pr94 ,philos4 ,leibn41 #agbh2 ,!s4 ix41 xxxi41 lxxi4 ,cf4 ,/eff5s1 ,clem5s1 ,dhr+1 ,brunnh(]1 op4 cit41 & also 9 ,g4,b4's ,lehre vom ,kle9/51 als die ,quelle d] pr-e/ablirt5 ,h>monie von ,leibniz1 #ahij2 also ,tocco1 etc4 ,footnote #fdi3 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,entwickelungsges*i*te d] ,leibnizs*5 ,philosophie 7#ahij71 v4 pp4 #aig ff4 ,footnote #fej3 ,9 ,dut5s1 v4 #dib2 cf4 also a lett] ( #a/ ,may 7p4 #dic74 ,footnote #fea3 ,9 ,dut5s1 v4 #che 7,june #agab71 & v4 #cfi4 ,footnote #feb3 ,x appe>s t ! t]m ,monas ,monadum us$ by ,bruno ( ,god does n occur 9 ,leibniz at all4 ,footnote #fec3 ,9 ,burton's ,anatomy ( ,melan*oly 7#afba7 ,brunus appe>s ) ,cop]nicus z au?or ( "s prodigi\s t55t or p>adox ( ! e>?'s motion1 ( inf9ite worlds 9 an inf9ite wa/e 7vol4 i4 p4 #aa ( ,%illeto's edition74 ,9 ! ,digression on ,air1 ! ,c5a is ref]r$ to 7ii4 p4 #df71--! *anges ( sea & l&1 ! fix$ />s z suns ) planets ab\t !m1 ! air ( ! heav5s z id5tical ) t ( ! e>?1 ! inf9ite worlds 9 an inf9ite e!r 7ib4 #dg1 #eg1 #fb74 ,bruno1 infelix ,brunus z ,kepl] _h call$ him1 is class$ ) a!i/ical writ]s 9 a lat] "p ( ! "w 7vol4 iii4 p4 #ddg74 ,footnote #fed3 ,b>?olmss1 i4 pp4 #bfa1 #bfb4 ,footnote #fee3 ,vide ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,octob] #aijb3 ,giordano ,bruno 9 ,engl&1 & ! biography ( ,c>ew 9 ,encycl4 ,britan4 7by ,r4 ,adamson74 ,footnote #fef3 ,cf4 ,b>?olmss1 i4 p4 #bfc4 ,footnote #feg3 ,vide ,rixn] und ,sib]1 op4 cit4 heft v4 p4 #bcd4 ,footnote #feh3 ,janius ,junius ,tol& 7#affi-agbb72 v4 ,leslie ,/eph5's ,engli% ,?\ght1 etc41 vol4 i4 *4 #c4 ,footnote #fei3 ,vide ,collection ( sev]al pieces ( ,mr4 ,john ,tol&1 ) "s memoirs ( 8 life & writ+s1 ,london 7#agbf71 vol4 i4 ,footnote #ffj3 ,accord+ to ! ,briti% ,museum ,catalogue4 ,no "n is on ! title page ( ! "w--,spaccio1 etc41 or ! ,expulsion ( ! ,triumphant ,bea/4 ,to ! *equ]$ hi/ory ( ?is title & its v>i\s int]pretations may be add$ a mod]n in/ance f ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography1 sub ,vautrolli]3 ,bruno's ,la/ ,tromp6 ,footnote #ffa3 ,vide ,tol&'s ,miscellane\s ,works1 ,london 7#agdg71 vol4 i4 ,footnote #ffb3 ,acta ,philosophorum 7#agae ff471 p>ts iii4 ix4 xi4 xv41 cf4 ,zimm]mann 9 ,mus4 ,helvet4 ,t4 v4 ,footnote #ffc3 ,kurze ,frag5 aus d] ,phil4 ,hi/4 7#agcf71 & ,hi/4 ,crit4 7#agdb-agdd74 ,footnote #ffd3 ,cf4 8 ,w]ke1 t4 iv4 pt4 #b4 ,footnote #ffe3 ,cf4 ,c>rire1 op4 cit4 p4 #dge4 ,footnote #fff3 ,brunnh(] has sugge/$ an active influ5ce ( ,bruno ^u ,goe!--v4 ,g!--,jahrbu* 7#ahhf71 ,g!'s ,bildkraft 7#ahij71 ,leipzig2 also ,c>rire1 p4 #dhg4 ,footnote #ffg3 ,ges*i*te des neu]5 ,philosophie1 #f vols41 ,gtt+5 7#ahjj-ahje71 vol4 #b4 ,footnote #ffh3 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 #aa vols4 7#agih-ahai71 vol4 #i1 pp4 #cgb-dbi4 ,footnote #ffi3 ,beitrge1 vii4 #d & xi4 #a4 ,footnote #fgj3 #b vols41 ,p>is1 #ahdf1 #ahdg4 ,footnote #fga3 ,/uttg>t1 #ahdg1 pp4 #cfe-did4 #bnd edition1 enl>g$1 ,leipzig1 #ahhg1 #b vols4 ,bo? ( ! above works 7 prec$$ by a translation into ,italian 7by ,flor5ce ,wadd+ton7 ( ,s*ell+'s ,dialogue1 ) an introduction by ,t]5zio ,mamiani 7on ,bruno71 ,fir5ze1 #ahde2 #bnd edition1 #ahei4 ,footnote #fgb3 ,op4 cit41 ,vorr$e1 xi4 ,a bibliography ( ! m rec5t works on ,bruno is giv5 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is volume4