,,h]bals ,,_! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,evolution ,a ,,*apt] ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,botany #adgj-afgj ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,manag] ,illu/ration ,ed9burgh3 #ajj1 ,,pr9ces ,,/reet ,london3 ,,william ,,wesley ,,son1 #bh1 ,,essex ,,/reet1 ,,/r& ,b]l93 ,a4 ,,a%] ,,co4 ,leipzig3 ,f4 ,a4 ,,brockhaus ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,bombay & ,calcutta3 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,all rights res]v$ ,illu/ration3 ,,leonh>d ,,fu*s 7#aeja-aeff74 ,engrav+ by ,speckle 9 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,,h]bals ,,_! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,evolution ,a ,,*apt] ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,botany #adgj-afgj ,,by ,,agnes ,,arb] 7,,mrs4 ,e4 ,a4 ,,newell ,,arb]7 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,newnham ,,college1 ,,cambridge ,,& ,,( ,,univ]sity ,,college1 ,,london ,cambridge3 at ! ,univ]sity ,press #aiab ,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,to ,,my ,,fa!r ,h4 ,r4 ,,rob]tson 8,:]e=e x maye please y\r 444 g5tl5es to take ^! my lab\rs 9 good wor!1 n accord+ unto _! unwor?9es1 b accord+e unto my good m9d & w1 (f]+ & gev+e !m unto y40 ,,william ,,turn]',s ,h]bal1 #aefh4 ,,preface ,to add a volume su* z ! pres5t to ! exi/+ multitude ( books ab\t books calls = "s apology4 ,my excuse mu/ be t _m ( ! be/ h]bals1 especially ! e>li] ones1 are n easily accessible1 & aft] exp]i5c+ ke5 delight f !m myself1 ,i h felt t "s acc\nt ( ^! works1 9 connection ) reproductions ( typical illu/rations1 might be ( int]e/ to o!rs4 ,9 ! words ( ,h5ry ,lyte1 ! translator ( ,dodo5s1 8,i ?9ke x suffici5t = any1 :om reason may satisfie1 by way ( answe>e to alleage ?is action & s5t5ti\s position3 ,bonum1 quo communius1 eo melius et pr/antius3 a good ?+ ! m common x is1 ! bett] x is40 ,! ma9 object ( ! pres5t book is to trace 9 outl9e ! evolution ( ! pr9t$ h]bal 9 ,europe betwe5 ! ye>s #adgj & #afgj1 prim>ily f a botanical1 & second>ily f an arti/ic /&po9t4 ,! m$ical aspect1 :i* c\ld only be dealt ) satisfactorily by a speciali/ 9 t sci5ce1 ,i h practically left unt\*$1 z also ! g>d5+ lit]ature ( ! p]iod4 ,bibliographical in=mation is n giv5 9 detail1 except 9 s f> z x subs]ves ! ma9 objects ( ! book4 ,ev5 )9 ^! limitations1 ! pres5t acc\nt is f> f be+ an exhau/ive monograph4 ,x aims m]ely at pres5t+ a g5]al sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ! h]bal dur+ a p]iod ( two hundr$ ye>s4 ,! titles ( ! pr9cipal botanical works1 :i* 7 publi%$ betwe5 #adgj & #afgj1 are giv5 9 ,app5dix ,i4 ,! book is f\nd$ ma9ly ^u a /udy ( ! h]bals !mselves4 ,my att5tion 0 fir/ direct$ to ^! works by read+ a copy ( ,lyte's translation ( ,dodo5s' ,h]bal1 :i* happ5$ to come into my h&s 9 #ahid1 & at once ar\s$ my int]e/ 9 ! subject4 ,i h also drawn freely ^u ! hi/orical & critical lit]ature deal+ ) ! p]iod "u consid]ation1 to :i* full ref]5ces w be f\nd 9 ,app5dix ,,ii4 ,! mat]ials = ?is "w h *iefly be5 obta9$ 9 ! ,pr9t$ ,books ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 b ,i h also made use ( a numb] ( o!r libr>ies4 ,i owe _m ?anks to ,pr(4 ,sew>d1 ,f4,r4,s41 :o sugge/$ t ,i %\ld und]take ?is book1 & gave me special facilities = ! /udy ( ! f9e collection ( old botanical works 9 ! ,botany ,s*ool1 ,cambridge4 ,9 addition ,i mu/ record my gratitude to ! ,univ]sity ,libr>ian1 ,mr ,f4 ,j4 ,h4 ,j5k9son1 ,m4,a41 & ,mr ,c4 ,e4 ,sayle1 ,m4,a41 ( ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 & also to ,dr ,/apf1 ,keep] ( ! ,kew ,h]b>ium & ,libr>y4 ,by ! k9dness ( ,dr ,norman ,moore1 ,h>veian ,libr>ian to ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians1 ,i h _h access to t spl5did libr>y1 & my be/ ?anks are due to him1 & to ! ,assi/ant-,libr>ian1 ,mr ,b>l[4 ,to ! latt] ,i am especially indebt$ = in=mation on bibliographical po9ts4 ,i h also to ?ank ,mr ,knapman ( ! ,ph>maceutical ,society1 ,dr ,molhuiz51 ,keep] ( ! ,manuscripts1 ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 ,leyd51 & ! ,libr>ian ( ! ,teyl] ,in/itute1 ,ha>lem1 = giv+ me opportunities = exam9+ ! books "u _! *>ge4 ,! great majority ( ! illu/rations are reproduc$ f photographs tak5 directly f ! orig9als by ,mr ,w4 ,tams ( ,cambridge1 to :om ,i am greatly indebt$ = ! skill & c>e ) :i* he has ov]come ! difficulties incid5tal to photograph+ f old books1 ! pages ( :i* are s (t5 wr9kl$1 discol\r$ or worm-eat54 ,= ! use ( ,plate ,,xviii1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,leon>do da ,v9ci's ,note-,books1 ,i am "u obligations to ! au?or1 ,mr ,edw>d ,mc,curdy1 ,m4,a41 & to ,messrs ,duckwor? ,co4 ,text-figs4 #g1 #ah1 #gg1 #gh & #aab are reproduc$ by ! c\rtesy ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,bibliographical ,society1 f pap]s by ! late ,dr ,payne1 to :i* ! ref]5ces w be f\nd 9 ,app5dix ,,ii1 :ile1 = ! use ( ,text-fig4 #ajh1 ,i am indebt$ to ! ,royal ,numismatic ,society4 ,= p]mission to utilise ! mod]n facsimile ( ! fam\s ,dioscorides manuscript ( ,juliana ,anicia1 f :i* ,plates ,i1 ,,ii1 & ,,xv are d]iv$1 ,i h to ?ank ,pr(4 ,dr ,josef ,ritt] von ,k>abacek1 ( ! k4 k4 ,h(biblio!k at ,vi5na4 ,9 connection ) ! portraits ( h]bali/s "h reproduc$1 ,i wi% to ackn[l$ge ! g5]\s assi/ance :i* ,i h receiv$ f ,sir ,sidney ,colv91 =m]ly ,keep] ( ,pr9ts & ,draw+s1 ,briti% ,museum4 ,i w\ld also record my ?anks to ,mr ,a4 ,w4 ,poll>d1 ,secret>y ( ! ,bibliographical ,society1 ,pr(4 ,kill]mann ( ,reg5sburg1 ,signor9a ,adelaide ,m>*i ( ,flor5ce1 ,mr ,c4 ,d4 ,%]born ( ! ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory7 & ,dr ,b4 ,daydon ,jackson1 ,g5]al ,secret>y ( ! ,l9nean ,society1 all ( :om h k9dly giv5 me in=mation ( great value4 ,= help 9 ! translation ( c]ta9 ,g]man & ,lat9 texts1 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr ,e4 ,g4 ,tuck]1 ,b4,a41 ,mr ,f4 ,a4 ,s*olfield1 ,m4,a41 & to my bro!r1 ,mr ,d4 ,s4 ,rob]tson1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,i wi%1 fur!r1 to express my gratitude to my fa!r = advice & sugge/ions4 ,)\t 8 help1 ,i %\ld sc>cely h felt myself compet5t to discuss ! subject f ! arti/ic /&po9t4 ,to my husb&1 also1 ,i owe _m ?anks = assi/ance 9 v>i\s directions1 m p>ticul>ly 9 criticis+ ! manuscript1 & 9 see+ ! volume ?r\gh ! press4 ,i am indebt$ to my si/]1 ,miss ,janet ,rob]tson1 = ! cov]1 ! design = :i* is bas$ ^u a wood-cut 9 ! ,ortus ,sanitatis ( #adia4 ,a book ( ?is k9d1 9 ! prep>ation ( :i* _m previ\s works h be5 laid "u contribution1 is d\btless op5 to a c]ta9 criticism :i* ,william ,turn]1 8! ,fa!r ( ,briti% ,botany10 anticipat$ 9 ! case ( 8 own writ+s4 ,i ?9k ,i _c d bett] ?an pr(f] my excuse 9 ! v words ( ?is sixte5?-c5tury h]bali/3 8,= "s ( !m w saye1 seynge t ,i graunte t ,i h ga!r$ ?is booke ( s manye writ]s1 t ,i (f] unto y an heape ( o!r m5nis lab\res1 & no?+e ( myne owne1444 ,to :om ,i aunsw]e1 t if ! honye t ! bees ga!r out ( s manye fl\re ( h]bes1 %rubbes1 & trees1 t are gr[+ 9 o!r m5nis m$[es1 feldes & closes3 maye ju/elye be call$ ! bees honye3444 ,s maye ,i call x t ,i h le>n$ & ga!r$ ( manye good aut\res 444 my booke40 ,,agnes ,,arb]4 ,,balf\r ,,laboratory1 ,,cambridge1 #bf? ,july1 #aiab4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,botany #a4 ,introductory #a #b4 ,ari/otelian ,botany #b #c4 ,m$ic9al ,botany #f ,,ii4 ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,pr9t$ ,,h]bals 7,,fifte5? ,,c5tury7 #a4 ,! ,encyclopdia ( ,b>?olomu ,anglicus & #8,! ,book ( ,nature' #aj #b4 ,! #8,h]b>ium' ( ,apuleius ,platonicus #aa #c4 ,! ,lat9 #8,h]b>ius' #af #d4 ,! ,g]man #8,h]b>ius' & relat$ ,works #ah #e4 ,! #8,hortus ,sanitatis' #be ,,iii4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,h]bal ,,9 ,,engl& #a4 ,! #8,h]b>ium' ( ,apuleius ,platonicus #ce #b4 ,banckes' ,h]bal #ch #c4 #8,! ,grete ,h]ball' #dj ,,iv4 ,,! ,,botanical ,,r5aissance ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,& ,,sev5te5? ,,c5turies #a4 ,! ,h]bal 9 ,g]many #dg #b4 ,! ,h]bal 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries #gj #c4 ,! ,h]bal 9 ,italy #gi #d4 ,! ,h]bal 9 ,switz]l& #ij #e4 ,! ,h]bal 9 ,france #ih #f4 ,! ,h]bal 9 ,engl& #ajj #g4 ,! ,revival ( ,ari/otelian ,botany #aaf ,v4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,plant ,,description #aai ,,vi4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,plant ,,classification #acd ,,vii4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,botanical ,,illu/ration #aed ,,viii4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,signatures1 ,,& ,,a/rological ,,botany #bjd ,,ix4 ,,conclusions #bba ,,app5dix ,i ,a ,*ronological ,li/ ( ! ,pr9cipal ,h]bals & ,relat$ ,botanical ,works publi%$ betwe5 #adgj & #afgj #bbg ,,app5dix ,,ii ,a ,li/1 9 ,alphabetical ,ord]1 ( ! ,pr9cipal ,critical & ,hi/orical ,works deal+ ) ! ,subjects discuss$ 9 ?is ,book #bda ,,index #bdg ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,frontispiece ,leonh>d ,fu*s 7#aeja-aeff7 ,engrav+ by ,speckle 9 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb ,,plates ,,plate ,face page ,i4 8,son*os0 ,dioscorides4 ,codex ,anici ,julian4 circa ,a4,d4 #ejj4 ,r$uc$ #d ,,ii4 8,/ratiotes0 ,dioscorides4 ,codex ,anici ,julian4 circa ,a4,d4 #ejj4 ,r$uc$ #h ,,iii4 ,wood-cut ( ,plants ,konrad von ,meg5b]g4 ,das p* d] natur4 #adge4 ,r$uc$ #aj ,,iv4 8,orbicul>is0 ,h]b>ium ,apuleii ,platonici4 8 #adhd4 7,! t9t repres5ts col\r+1 :i* 0 probably contempor>y7 #ab ,v4 8,m&ragora0 ,m&rake ,h]b>ium ,apuleii ,platonici4 8 #adhd4 7,! t9t repres5ts col\r+1 :i* 0 probably contempor>y7 #cd ,,vi4 ,joa*im ,cam]>ius1 ! y\ng] 7#aecd-aeih7 ,engrav+ by ,b>?olomu ,kilian4 ,probably betwe5 #afej & #agjj4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,pr9ts & ,draw+s1 ,briti% ,museum #fh ,,vii4 ,*>les de l'cluse 7#aebf-afji7 ,pr9t 9 ! ,botany ,s*ool1 ,cambridge #gd ,,viii4 ,ma?ias de l',obel 7#aech-afaf7 ,engrav+ by ,franois ,dell>ame4 #afae4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,pr9ts & ,draw+s1 ,briti% ,museum #gh ,,ix4 ,fabio ,colonna 7#aefg-afej7 ,ekphrasis4 #afjf #hh ,x4 ,konrad ,gesn] 7#aeaf-aefe7 ,pr9t 9 ! ,botany ,s*ool1 ,cambridge #ib ,,xi4 ,gasp>d ,bauh9 7#aefj-afbd7 ,!atrum ,anatomicum4 #afje #id ,,xii4 ,john ,g]>d 7#aede-afjg7 ,! ,h]ball4 #afcf #ajh ,,xiii4 ,john ,p>k9son 7#aefg-afej7 ,!atrum botanicum4 #afdj #aad ,,xiv4 ,&rea ,cesalp9o 7#aeai-afjc7 ,drawn by ,g4 ,zoc*i & engrav$ by ,f4 ,allegr9i1 #agfe1 aft] an old portrait 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,botanic ,g>d5 at ,pisa4 ,pr9t 9 ! ,botany ,s*ool1 ,cambridge #aaf ,,xv4 8,phasiolos0 ,bean ,dioscorides4 ,codex ,anici ,julian4 circa ,a4,d4 #ejj4 ,r$uc$ #aed ,,xvi4 8,dracontea0 ,h]b>ium ,apuleii ,platonici4 8 #adhd4 7,! t9t repres5ts col\r+1 :i* 0 probably contempor>y7 #aef ,,xvii4 ,/udy ( ,aquilegia vulg>is ,l41 ,columb9e ,albre*t ,dr]1 #aebf4 ,draw+ 9 ! ,alb]t9a1 ,vi5na4 ,r$uc$ #afh ,,xviii4 ,/udy ( ,orni?ogalum umbellatum ,l41 ,/> ( ,be?lehem1 & o!r plants ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 #adeb-aeai4 ,draw+ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y1 ,w9dsor4 ,r$uc$ #agj ,,xix4 8,crocus ,byzant9us0 & 8,crocus ,montanus hispan40 ,"p ( a plate f ,crispian de ,passe4 ,hortus ,floridus4 #afad #bjb ,,xx4 8,c]v>ia fm9a0 ,?urneiss]4 ,hi/oria sive ,descriptio ,plant>um4 #aehg #baf ,,xxi4 ,ni*olas ,culpep] 7#afaf-afed7 ,a ,physicall ,directory4 #afdi4 ,engrav+ by ,cross #bah ,,figures ,,9 ,,! ,,text#a ,! initial lett]s1 :i* w be f\nd at ! beg9n+ ( ea* *apt]1 are tak5 f ,pi]re ,belon's #8,les ,obs]vations de plusieurs s+ul>itez et *oses mmorables1 tr\ves en ,grece1 ,asie1 ,jude1 ,egypte1 ,arabie1 et autres pays e/ranges1 444 ,imprim ,p>is p> ,b5oi/ ,prvo/4' #aeec4 ,,text-,,fig4 ,,page #a4 8,plantago0 ,planta9 ,h]b>ium ,apuleii ,platonici1 8 #adhd #ab #b4 8,artemisia0 ,h]b>ium ,apuleii ,platonici1 8 #adhd #ac #c4 8,lilium0 ,h]b>ius ,mogunt9us1 #adhd #ad #d4 8,ari/olo*ia longa0 ,h]b>ius ,mogunt9us1 #adhd #ae #e4 8,s]p5t>ia0 ,h]b>ius ,mogunt9us1 #adhd #af #f4 8,brionia0 ,arnaldus de ,villa ,nova1 ,tractatus de virtutibus h]b>um1 #adii #ag #g4 8,acorus0 ,iris ,h]b>ius zu ,teuts*1 ,ma9z1 #adhe #bc #h4 8,leop>dus0 ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia #be #i4 8,daucus0 ,c>rot ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia #bf #aj4 8,pass]0 ,sp>r[ ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia #bg #aa4 8,pavo0 ,peacock ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia #bg #ab4 8,arbor vel lignum vite p>adisi0 ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia #bh #ac4 8,n>cissus0 ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia #bi #ad4 8,baus] vel ,bausor0 ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia #cj #ae4 8,panis0 ,bread ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia #ca #af4 8,ambra0 ,amb] ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia #cb #ag4 8,unicornus0 ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia #cc #ah4 ,a ,h]bali/'s ,g>d5 ,le ,j>d9 de ,sant1 8 #aeci #cd #ai4 ,wood-cut ( ,plants ,b>?olomu ,anglicus1 ,lib] de proprietatibus r]um1 ,wynkyn de ,worde1 8 #adie4 ,r$uc$ #cg #bj4 8,yv]y0 ,ivory ,! ,grete ,h]ball1 #aebi #db #ba4 8,n5uf>0 ,wat]lily ,! ,grete ,h]ball1 #aebi #dd #bb4 8,walwurtz mnnl90 ,symphytum1 ,comfrey ,brunfels1 ,h]b>um viv eicones1 ,vol4 ,i4 #aecj4 ,r$uc$ #dh #bc4 8,helleborus ,nig]0 ,helleborus viridis ,l41 ,gre5 ,hellebore ,brunfels1 ,h]b>um viv eicones1 ,vol4 ,i4 #aecj4 ,r$uc$ #di #bd4 8,synnaw0 ,al*emilla1 ,ladies' ,mantle ,brunfels1 ,h]b>um viv eicones1 ,vol4 ii4 #aeca4 ,r$uc$ #ea #be4 8,c>yophyllata0 ,geum1 ,av5s ,brunfels1 ,h]b>um viv eicones1 ,vol4 iii4 #aedj4 ,r$uc$ #eb #bf4 ,hi]onymus ,bock or ,tragus 7#adih-aeed7 ,kreut] ,b*1 #aeea #ec #bg4 8,erdb]50 ,frag>ia1 ,/rawb]ry ,bock1 ,kreut] ,b*1 #aedf #ed #bh4 8,pimp]nuss0 ,pi/acia1 ,pi/a*io-nut ,bock1 ,kreut] ,b*1 #aedf #ef #bi4 8,tribulus aquaticus0 ,trapa natans ,l41 ,bull-nut ,bock1 ,de /irpium1 #aeeb #eg #cj4 8,brassic qu>tum g5us0 ,cabbage ,fu*s1 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$ #ei #ca4 8,polygonatum latifolium0 ,solomon's ,seal ,fu*s1 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$ #fa #cb4 8,cucumis turcicus0 ,cucurbita maxima ,du*41 ,giant ,pumpk9 ,fu*s1 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$ #fc #cc4 8,erdpffel0 ,ranunculus fic>ia ,l41 ,less] ,cel&9e ,rhodion1 ,kreutt]b*1 #aecc #fe #cd4 8,ocimoides fruticosum0 ,sil5e fruticosa ,l4 ,cam]>ius1 ,hortus m$icus1 #aehh #fg #ce4 8,palma0 ,se$l+s ( ,phnix dactylif]a ,l41 ,date ,palm ,cam]>ius1 ,hortus m$icus1 #aehh #fi #cf4 ,remb]t ,dodo5s 7#aeag-aehe7 ,a ,niewe ,h]ball4 ,translat$ by ,lyte1 #aegh #ga #cg4 8,capp>is0 ,capp>is ovata ,l4 ,dodo5s1 ,pemptades1 #aehc #gc #ch4 8,anemone trifolia0 ,dodo5s1 ,pemptades1 #aehc #ge #ci4 8,lacryma ,iob0 ,coix la*ryma-,jobi ,l41 ,job's ,te>s de l'cluse1 ,r>iorum 444 p] ,hispanias1 #aegf #gg #dj4 ,pi]&rea ,mattioli 7#aeja-aegg7 ,engrav+ by ,philippe ,galle1 ,virorum ,doctorum ,effigies1 ,antw]p1 #aegb #hj #da4 8,pyra0 ,pyrus communis ,l41 ,pe> ,mattioli1 ,comm5t>ii1 #aefj #ha #db4 8,av5a0 ,oats ,mattioli1 ,comm5t>ii1 #aefj #hb #dc4 8,trifolium acetosum0 ,oxalis ,mattioli1 ,comm5t>ii1 #aefe4 ,r$uc$ #hc #dd4 8,malus0 ,pyrus malus ,l41 ,apple ,mattioli1 ,comm5t>ii1 #aefe4 ,r$uc$ #hd #de4 8,arbor ,mal5conico0 or 8,arbor tri/is0 ,tree ( ,sorr[ ,durante1 ,h]b>io ,nuovo1 #aehe #hf #df4 8,apocynum0 ,colonna1 ,phytobasanos1 #aeib #hg #dg4 8,kalli0 ,salicornia1 ,glasswort ,prosp]o ,alp9o1 ,de plantis gypti1 #aeib #hi #dh4 8,la*ryma ,iob0 ,coix la*ryma-,jobi ,l41 ,job's ,te>s ,siml]1 ,vita ,conradi ,gesn]i1 #aeff #ia #di4 8,solanum tub]osum escul5tum0 ,potato ,bauh91 ,prodromos1 #afbj #ie #ej4 ,jacques d',al*amps 7#aeac-aehh7 ,wood-cut1 circa #afjj1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,pr9ts & ,draw+s1 ,briti% ,museum4 ,enl>g$ #ig #ea4 8,orni?ogalum magnum0 d',al*amps1 ,hi/oria g5]alis plant>um1 #aehf #ii #eb4 8,tabaco0 ,nicotiana1 ,tobacco ,mon>des1 ,joyfull newes out ( ! newe f\nde worlde1 #aehj #aje #ec4 8,reub>be0 ,c5taurea rhaponticum ,l4 ,lyte1 ,a ,niewe ,h]ball1 #aegh #ajg #ed4 8,! bre$e ( ,b>nakles0 ,g]>d1 ,! ,h]ball1 #aeig #aaa #ee4 8,b>b]ry0 ,b]b]is ,"p ( a l>ge wood-cut f ,p>k9son1 ,p>adisus ,t]re/ris1 #afbi #aad #ef4 8,c>damomum0 787 ,solanum dulcam>a ,l41 ,bitt]sweet ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia #aba #eg4 8,pionia0 ,peony ,arnaldus de ,villa ,nova1 ,tractatus de virtutibus h]b>um1 #adii #abc #eh4 8,petasites0 ,butt]bur ,fu*s1 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$ #abf #ei4 8,s$um majus0 de l'cluse1 ,r>iorum p] ,hispanias1 #aegf #abh #fj4 8,battata ,virg9iana0 ,solanum tub]osum ,l41 ,potato ,g]>d1 ,! ,h]ball1 #aeig #abi #fa4 8,rose ,ribwoorte0 an abnormal ,planta9 ,g]>d1 ,! ,h]ball1 #aeig #aca #fb4 8,beta ,cretica sem9e aculeato0 ,bauh91 ,prodromos1 #afbj #acb #fc4 8,c>ui0 ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia #ace #fd4 8,buglossa0 ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia #acg #fe4 8,n5uf>0 ,wat]lily ,arnaldus de ,villa ,nova1 ,tractatus de virtutibus h]b>um1 #adii #aci #ff4 8,n5uph>0 ,nympha alba ,l41 ,:ite ,wat]lily ,brunfels1 ,h]b>um viv eicones1 ,vol4 ,i4 #aecj4 ,r$uc$ #ada #fg4 8,gele ,plomp50 ,nuph> luteum ,sm41 ,yell[ ,wat]lily de l',obel1 ,kruydtbck1 #aeha #adb #fh4 8,n9fea0 ,wat]lily ,durante1 ,h]b>io ,nuovo1 #aehe #add #fi4 8,tussilago0 ,tussilago f>f>a ,l41 ,coltsfoot ,fu*s1 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$ #adg #gj4 8,plantago major0 ,planta9 ,fu*s1 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$ #adi #ga4 8,al?a ,?ur+ica0 ,lavat]a ?ur+iaca ,l4 ,cam]>ius1 ,hortus m$icus1 #aehh #aej #gb4 8,pulsatilla0 ,anemone pulsatilla ,l41 ,pasque-fl[] ,cam]>ius1 ,de plantis ,epitome ,mat?ioli1 #aehf #aeb #gc4 8,brionia0 ,h]b>ius ,mogunt9us1 #adhd #aeh #gd4 8,ireos vel ,iris0 ,arnaldus de ,villa ,nova1 ,tractatus de virtutibus h]b>um1 #adii #aei #ge4 8,capillus ,v5]is0 ,maid5hair ,f]n ,arnaldus de ,villa ,nova1 ,tractatus de virtutibus h]b>um1 #adii #afj #gf4 8,cuscuta0 ,dodd] ,arnaldus de ,villa ,nova1 ,tractatus de virtutibus h]b>um1 #adii #afa #gg4 8,cuscuta0 ,dodd] ,h]b>ius zu ,teuts*1 ,ma9z1 #adhe #afc #gh4 8,alkek5gi0 ,physalis1 ,w9t] ,*]ry ,h]b>ius zu ,teuts*1 ,ma9z1 #adhe #afd #gi4 8,alkek5gi0 ,physalis1 ,w9t] ,*]ry ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia #afe #hj4 8,cuscuta0 ,dodd] ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia #aff #ha4 8,botris0 ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia #afg #hb4 8,as>um0 ,as>abacca ,brunfels1 ,h]b>um viv eicones1 ,vol4 ,i4 #aecj4 ,r$uc$ #afi #hc4 8,ku*5s*ell0 ,anemone pulsatilla ,l41 ,pasque-fl[] ,brunfels1 ,h]b>um viv eicones1 ,vol4 ,i4 #aecj4 ,r$uc$ #aga #hd4 8,lappa0 ,arctium1 ,burdock ,brunfels1 ,h]b>um viv eicones1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #aeca4 ,r$uc$ #agc #he4 8,scolop5dria0 ,h>t's-tongue ,f]n ,rhodion1 ,kreutt]b*1 #aecc #agd #hf4 8,dipsacus albus0 ,teasle ,fu*s1 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$ #agf #hg4 8,apios0 ,la?yrus tub]osus ,l41 ,e>?-nut ,pea ,fu*s1 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$ #agh #hh4 8,arum0 ,arum maculatum ,l41 ,wild ,arum ,fu*s1 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$ #agi #hi4 ,! ,draughtsm5 & ,engrav] employ$ by ,leonh>d ,fu*s ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$ #aha #ij4 8,w9t]grn0 ,pyrola1 ,w9t]gre5 ,bock1 ,kreut] ,b*1 #aedf #ahb #ia4 8,rautt50 ,botry*ium1 ,moonwort ,bock1 ,kreut] ,b*1 #aedf #ahc #ib4 8,ca/anum nuss0 ,ca/anea1 ,*e/nut ,bock1 ,kreut] ,b*1 #aedf #ahd #ic4 8,fungi0 ,toad/ools ,mattioli1 ,comm5t>ii1 #aefj4 ,r$uc$ #ahe #id4 8,rosaceum0 ,mattioli1 ,comm5t>ii1 #aefj4 ,r$uc$ #ahf #ie4 8,sub] primus0 ,mattioli1 ,comm5t>ii1 #aefe4 ,r$uc$ #ahg #if4 8,tragor*is0 ,or*is hirc9a ,l41 ,liz>d ,or*is ,dodo5s1 ,pemptades1 #aehc #ahh #ig4 8,aconitum luteum m9us0 ,eran?is hiemalis ,l41 ,w9t] ,aconite ,dodo5s1 ,pemptades1 #aehc #ahi #ih4 8,draco arbor0 ,dracna1 ,dragon ,tree de l'cluse1 ,r>iorum 444 p] ,hispanias1 #aegf #aia #ii4 8,cyclam9us0 ,cam]>ius1 ,de plantis ,epitome 444 ,mat?ioli1 #aehf #aib #ajj4 8,rosa ,hi]i*untica0 ,ana/atica hi]o*untica ,l41 ,rose ( ,j]i*o ,cam]>ius1 ,hortus m$icus1 #aehh #aic #aja4 8,pip] ,nigrum0 ,pepp] d',al*amps1 ,hi/oria g5]alis plant>um1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #aehg #aid #ajb4 8,c$rus0 ,c$> ,belon1 ,de arboribus1 #aeec #aie #ajc4 8,l5tisco del ,p]u0 ,pi/acia l5tiscus ,l41 ,ma/ic ,tree ,durante1 ,h]b>io ,nuovo1 #aehe #aig #ajd4 8,mala ,aurantia ,*95sia0 ,orange ,aldrov&i1 ,d5drologia1 #affg4 ,r$uc$ #aih #aje4 8,*ondrilla0 ,colonna1 ,phytobasanos1 #aeib #bja #ajf4 8,alkek5gi0 ,physalis1 ,w9t] ,*]ry ,blanka>t1 ,n$]-l&s*5 ,h]b>ius1 #afih #bjc #ajg4 ,! ,male ,m&rake ,brunfels1 ,contrafayt ,kret]bu*1 ,&] ,teyl1 #aecg #bje #ajh4 ,!ophra/us von ,hoh5heim1 call$ ,p>acelsus 7#adic-aeda7 ,f a m$al1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,see ,f4 ,w4 ,web]1 ,app5dix ,,ii #bjf #aji4 ,h]bs ( ! ,scorpion ,porta1 ,phytognomonica1 #aeia #bji #aaj4 ,lun> ,h]bs ,porta1 ,phytognomonica1 #aeia #bac #aaa4 ,a/rological ,diagram relat+ to ! ga!r+ ( 8,c]v>ia fm9a0 ,?urneiss]1 ,hi/oria sive ,descriptio ,plant>um1 #aehg #bag #aab4 ,wood-cut f ! ,title-page ( ! ,grete ,h]ball1 #aebf4 ,r$uc$ #bbc #aac4 ,a ,h]bali/'s ,g>d5 & ,/ore-room ,das ,kret]b* od] ,h]b>ius4 ,pr9t$ by ,he9ri* ,/ayn]1 ,augsburg1 #aecd #bbe ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,botany #a4 ,,introductory4 ,9 ! pres5t book1 ! special subject treat$ is ! evolution ( ! pr9t$ h]bal1 betwe5 ! ye>s #adgj & #afgj1 b x is impossible to arrive at cle> ideas on ?is subject )\t "s k ( ! e>li] /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( ,botany4 ,! fir/ *apt] w !re=e be devot$ to ! briefe/ possible sket* ( ! progress ( ,botany be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 9 ord] t ! position occupi$ by ! ,h]bal 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ce may be realis$ 9 its true p]spective4 ,f ! v beg9n+ ( its exi/5ce1 ! /udy ( plants has be5 approa*$ f two widely sep>at$ /&po9ts--! philosophical & ! utilit>ian4 ,reg>d$ f ! fir/ po9t ( view1 ,botany /&s on its own m]its1 z an integral bran* ( natural philosophy1 :]eas1 f ! second1 x is m]ely a by-product ( m$ic9e or agriculture4 ,?is di/9ction1 h[ev]1 is a some:at arbitr>y "o2 ! m philosophical ( botani/s h n disda9$ at times to consid] ! uses ( h]bs1 & ^? :o ent]$ ^u ! subject1 ) a purely m$ical int5tion1 h (t5 become /ud5ts ( plant life = its own sake4 ,at diff]5t p]iods 9 ! evolution ( ! sci5ce1 "o or o!r aspect has pr$om9at$1 b f classical times onw>ds1 x is possible to trace ! developm5t ( ^! two di/9ct l9es ( inquiry1 :i* h sometimes conv]g$1 b m (t5 pursu$ p>allel & unconnect$ pa?s4 ,botany z a bran* ( philosophy may be said to h ow$ its inception to ! wond]ful m5tal activity ( ! f9e/ p]iod ( ,greek culture4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ! nature & life ( plants fir/ came def9itely )9 ! scope ( inquiry & speculation4 #b4 ,,ari/otelian ,,botany4 ,ari/otle1 ,plato's pupil1 conc]n$ himself ) ! :ole field ( sci5ce1 & 8 influ5ce1 especially dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 _h a mo/ pr(\nd effect on ,european ?\ght4 ,! great] "p ( 8 botanical writ+s1 :i* belong to ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 are un=tunately lo/1 b1 f su* fragm5ts z rema91 x is cle> t 8 int]e/ 9 plants 0 ( an ab/ract nature4 ,he held t all liv+ bodies1 ^? ( plants z well z ( animals1 are organs ( ! s\l1 ?r\gh :i* !y exi/4 ,x 0 broad1 g5]al speculations1 su* z ^!1 :i* *iefly attract$ him4 ,he asks :y a gra9 ( corn gives rise 9 its turn to a gra9 ( corn & n to an olive1 ?us rais+ a plexus ( problems1 :i*1 despite ! progress ( mod]n sci5ce1 /ill baffle ! acute/ ?9k]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,ari/otle bequea!d 8 libr>y to 8 pupil ,!ophra/us1 :om he nam$ z 8 successor4 ,!ophra/us 0 well fitt$ to c>ry on ! traditions ( ! s*ool1 s9ce he _h1 9 e>li] ye>s1 /udi$ "u ,plato himself4 ,he produc$ a #8,hi/ory ( ,plants' 9 :i* ,botany is treat$ 9 a some:at m concrete & def9ite fa%ion ?an is ! case 9 ,ari/otle's writ+s4 ,!ophra/us m5tions ab\t #dej plants1 :]eas ! numb] ( species 9 ,greece kn[n at ! pres5t day is at lea/ #cjjj4 ,8 descriptions1 ) few exceptions1 are meagre1 & ! id5tification ( ! plants to :i* !y ref] is a matt] ( extreme difficulty4 ,9 v>i\s po9ts ( obs]vation1 ,!ophra/us 0 9 advance ( 8 "t4 ,he notic$1 = in/ance1 ! di/9ction betwe5 c5tripetal & c5trifugal infloresc5ces--a di/9ction :i* does n seem to h aga9 attract$ ! att5tion ( botani/s until ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 int]e/$ 9 ! g]m9ation ( se$s1 & 0 aw>e1 ?\gh some:at dimly1 ( ! ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 ! se$l+ ( ! ,bean & t ( ! ,:eat4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 k ( ,ari/otelian botany 0 br\ght into we/]n ,europe at two diff]5t p]iods1--! n9? & ! ?irte5? c5turies4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ,rhabanus ,magn5tius ,maurus1 a ,g]man writ]1 compil$ an encyclopdia :i* conta9$ in=mation ab\t plants1 indirectly d]iv$ f ! writ+s ( ,!ophra/us4 ,rhabanus actually bas$ 8 "w ^u ! writ+s ( ,isidor ( ,seville1 :o liv$ 9 ! six? & sev5? c5turies--,isidor hav+ obta9$ 8 botanical data f ,pl9y1 ^: k ( plants 0 9 turn borr[$ f ,!ophra/us4 ,! r5ewal ( ,ari/otelian le>n+ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 d]iv$ less directly f classical writ+s ?an 0 ! case ) ! e>li] revival4 ,f ! "t ( ,alex&] onw>ds1 v>i\s ,greek s*ools _h be5 f\nd$ 9 ,syria4 ,^! s*ools 7 l>gely conc]n$ ) ! tea*+s ( ,ari/otle1 :i* 7 !nce h&$ on into ,p]sia1 ,arabia & o!r c\ntries4 ,! ,arabs translat$ ! ,syriac v]sions ( ,greek writ]s into _! own language1 & _! physicians & philosoph]s kept alive ! k ( sci5ce dur+ ! d>k ages :5 ,greece & ,rome _h ceas$ to be ! homes ( le>n+1 & :ile culture 0 /ill 9 its infancy 9 ,g]many1 ,france & ,engl&4 ,! ,arabic translations ( classical writ+s 7 ev5tually r5d]$ into ,lat91 or ev5 sometimes into ,greek aga91 & 9 ?is guise f\nd _! way to we/]n ,europe4 ,among/ o!r books1 :i* suff]$ ^! successive metamorphoses1 0 ! pseudo-,ari/otelian botany ( ,nicolaus ( ,damascus1 :i* has acquir$ importance 9 ! annals ( we/]n sci5ce1 because x =m$ ! basis ( ! botanical "w ( ,alb]tus ,magnus4 ,alb]t ( ,boll/adt 7#aaic-abhj71 ,bi%op ( ,ratisbon1 0 a fam\s s*ola/ic philosoph]4 ,he 0 e/eem$ "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( 8 age1 & 0 call$ 8,alb]tus ,magnus0 dur+ 8 life-"t1 ! title be+ conf]r$ on him by ! unanim\s cons5t ( ! s*ools4 ,! 8,angelic ,doctor10 ,/ ,?omas ,aqu9as1 became "o ( 8 pupils4 ,accord+ to leg5d>y lore ! "n ( ,alb]tus w\ld h be5 unkn[n 9 sci5ce1 b = div9e int]v5tion1 :i* miracul\sly affect$ 8 c>e]4 ,z a boy1 tradition says t he 0 s+ul>ly lack+ 9 intellig5ce1 s mu* s t x 0 fe>$ t he w\ld be compell$ to ab&on ! hope ( ent]+ mona/ic life1 s9ce he seem$ incapable ev5 ( ! limit$ acquirem5ts necess>y4 ,h[ev]1 "o night1 ! ,bless$ ,virg91 t\*$ by 8 f]v\r & piety1 appe>$ be=e him 9 glory1 & ask$ :e!r he w\ld r excel 9 philosophy or 9 !ology4 ,alb]tus )\t hesitation *ose philosophy4 ,! ,virg9 grant$ 8 desire1 b1 be+ inw>dly w\nd$ at 8 *oice1 %e add$ t1 because he _h pref]r$ pr(ane to div9e k1 he %\ld s9k back1 be=e ! end ( 8 life1 into 8 pri/9e /ate ( /upidity4 ,accord+ to ! leg5d1 ?is came to pass4 ,?ree ye>s be=e 8 dea? he 0 sudd5ly /ruck d[n1 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 /ud5ts1 & nev] rega9$ 8 m5tal p[]s4 ,! botanical "w ( ,alb]tus =ms only a small fraction ( 8 writ+s1 b x is ) t "p alone t we are "h conc]n$4 ,z already m5tion$1 8 k ( botany 0 bas$ ^u a m$ival ,lat9 "w1 :i* he rev]5c$ z ,ari/otle's1 b :i* is n[ attribut$ to ,nicolaus ,damasc5us1 :o 01 h[ev]1 a foll[] ( ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/us4 ,al?\gh ,alb]tus und\bt$ly drew 8 botanical inspiration f ?is book1 a l>ge proportion ( 8 writ+s on ! subject 7 orig9al4 ,! ideas ( ,alb]tus 7 9 _m ways curi\sly advanc$1 especially 9 ! sugge/ions :i* he gives z to ! classification ( plants1 & 9 8 obs]vations ( detail$ /ructure 9 c]ta9 fl[]s4 ,we %all return to 8 writ+s 9 future *apt]s deal+ ) ^! subjects4 ,x w suffice n[ to m5tion 8 rem>kable in/9ct = morphology1 9 :i* he 0 probably unsurpass$ dur+ ! next f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,he po9ts out1 = in/ance1 t1 9 ! v9e1 a t5dril sometimes occurs 9 place ( a bun* ( grapes1 & f ?is he concludes t ! t5dril is to be int]pret$ z a bun* ( grapes incompletely develop$4 ,he di/+ui%es also betwe5 ?orns & prickles1 & realises t ! =m] are /em /ructures1 & ! latt] m]ely surface organs4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i #8,son*os' ,dioscorides1 ,codex ,anici ,julian1 circa ,a4,d4 #ejj4 ,r$uc$4 ,alb]tus seems to h _h a f9e scorn = t bran* ( ! sci5ce n[ kn[n z ,sy/ematic ,botany4 ,he consid]$ t to catalogue all ! species 0 too va/ & detail$ a task1 & "o altoge!r unsuit$ to ! philosoph]4 ,h[ev]1 9 8 ,six? ,book he s f> unb5ds z to give descriptions ( a numb] ( plants4 ,z reg>ds ab/ract problems1 ! views ( ,alb]tus on plant life may be summ$ up z foll[s4 ,! plant is a liv+ be+1 & its life pr9ciple is ! vegetable s\l1 ^: function is limit$ to n\ri%m5t1 gr[? & reproduction--feel+1 desire1 sleep1 & sexuality1 prop]ly s call$1 be+ unkn[n 9 ! plant _w4 ,alb]tus 0 tr\bl$ by _m subtle problems connect$ ) ! s\ls ( plants1 su* que/ions1 = in/ance1 z :e!r 9 ! case ( ! mat]ial union ( two individuals1 su* z ! ivy & its support+ tree1 _! s\ls also unit$4 ,l ,!ophra/us1 & o!r e>ly writ]s1 ,alb]tus held ! !ory t species 7 mutable1 & illu/rat$ ?is view by po9t+ out t cultivat$ plants might run wild & become deg5]ate1 :ile wild plants might be dome/icat$4 ,"s ( 8 ideas1 h[ev]1 on ! possibility ( *anges f "o species to ano!r1 7 q baseless4 ,he /at$1 = in/ance1 t1 if a wood ( oak or bee* 7 raz$ to ! gr\nd1 an actual trans=mation took place1 asp5s & popl>s spr++ up 9 place ( ! previ\sly exi/+ trees4 ,! temp]ate tone ( ! rem>ks made by ,alb]tus on ! m$ical virtues ( plants contra/s fav\rably ) ! pu]ilities ( _m lat] writ]s4 ,mu* ( ! criticism f :i* he has suff]$ at v>i\s times has be51 9 reality1 direct$ aga9/ a book call$ #8,de virtutibus h]b>um1' ! au?or%ip ( :i* 0 q errone\sly attribut$ to him4 ,we %all ref] to ?is "w aga9 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,alb]tus1 no great /ud5t ( ,ari/otelian botany arose be=e ,&rea ,cesalp9o1 ^: writ+s1 :i* belong to ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 w be consid]$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,! "w ( ,cesalp9o _h great qualities1 b1 curi\sly en\gh1 x _h little influ5ce on ! sci5ce ( 8 "t4 ,he may be reg>d$ z p]haps ! la/ important repres5tative ( ,ari/otelian botany4 #c4 ,,m$ic9al ,,botany4 ,) ! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 ! speculative botany ( ! anci5ts began to lose its hold ^u ?9k+ m54 ,?is may be attribut$ to ! curi\s lack ( vitality1 & ! abs5ce ( ! p[] ( active developm5t1 manife/$ 9 ?is aspect ( ! subject s9ce its initiation at ! h&s ( ,ari/otle4 ,x _h prov$ comp>atively b>r51 because1 ?\gh ! m9ds :i* engag$ 9 x 7 among ! f9e/ t h ev] be5 conc]n$ ) ! sci5ce1 ! basis ( obs]v$ fact 0 inadequate 9 quality & quantity to su/a9 ! philosophical sup]/ructure built ^u x4 ,x might h be5 suppos$ a priori t accurate obs]vation ( natural ph5om5a ne$$ a less highly evolv$ type ( m9d ?an t requir$ to cope ) metaphysical consid]ations1 & h5ce t1 9 ! developm5t ( any sci5ce1 ! epo* ( obs]vation w\ld h prec$$ ! epo* ( speculation4 ,9 actual fact1 h[ev]1 ! rev]se appe>s to h be5 ! case4 ,! p[] ( sci5tific obs]vation seems to h lagg$ _m c5turies beh9d ! p[] ( reason+1 & to h rea*$ its maturity at lea/ two ?\s& ye>s lat]4 ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/us arriv$ by ! subtle/ m5tal processes at a c]ta9 attitude t[>ds ! univ]se1 & at c]ta9 ideas conc]n+ ! nature ( ?+s4 ,!y attempt$ a direct advance 9 sci5tific ?\ght by ext5d+ ^! conceptions to include ! plant _w4 ,x 0 an h]oic ef=t1 b "o :i* c\ld n ultimately =m a basis = cont9u$ progress1 because1 9 its inception1 preconceiv$ ideas _h come fir/1 & ! facts ( ,nature second4 ,x seems to be almo/ a law ( ?\ght1 t x is ! indirect advances :i* 9 ! end prove to be ! mo/ f]tile4 ,! progress ( a sci5ce1 l t ( a sail+ boat1 m (t5 proce$s by means ( 8tack+0 ?an by foll[+ a direct c\rse4 ,9 ! case ( botany1 ! pa? :i* 0 de/9$ to lead fur!/ 9 ! end 0 ! app>5tly unpromis+ "o ( m$ic9e4 ,v>i\s plants f v e>ly times _h be5 us$ z heal+ ag5ts1 & x became necess>y to /udy !m 9 detail1 simply 9 ord] to discrim9ate ! k9ds employ$ = diff]5t purposes4 ,x 0 f ?is purely utilit>ian beg9n+ t sy/ematic botany = ! mo/ "p orig9at$4 ,z we %all %[ 9 lat] *apt]s1 ne>ly all ! h]bali/s ^: "w is discuss$ 9 ! pres5t volume 7 m$ical m54 ,! necessity = "s means ( recognis+ accurately ! individual species ( m$ic9al plants l$ 9 "t to a s\nd] & m exact k ( _! morphology ?an _h ev] be5 acquir$ "u ! influ5ce ( ?9k]s su* z ,alb]tus ,magnus1 :o reg>d$ ) "s contempt ! idea ( becom+ acqua9t$ 9 detail ) ! c\ntless =ms ( plant life4 ,! mass ( obs]vations relat+ to h]bs & fl[]s1 accumulat$ dur+ a p]iod ( _m c5turies1 l>gely = m$ic9al purposes1 is to-day s]v+ z ! basis = f>-rea*+ biological !ories1 :i* c\ld nev] h aris5 )\t su* a f\ndation4 ,x is n sy/ematic botany alone t we owe 9 ! fir/ in/ance to m$ic9e4 ,nehemiah ,grew 7#afda-agab71 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! sci5ce ( plant anatomy1 0 l$ to emb>k ^u ?is subject because 8 anatomical /udies z a physician sugge/$ to him t plants1 l animals1 probably possess$ an int]nal /ructure wor?y ( inve/igation1 s9ce !y 7 ! "w ( ! same ,creator4 ,9 ,anci5t ,greece !re 0 consid]able traffic 9 m$ic9al plants4 ,! h]bali/s#b & druggi/s#c :o made a regul> bus9ess ( collect+1 prep>+ & sell+ !m1 d n appe> h[ev] to h be5 held 9 good repute4 ,lucian makes ,h]cules address sculapius z 8a root-digg] & a w&]+ quack#d40 ,! h]bali/s seem to h attempt$ to keep _! bus9ess select by f5c+ x ab\t ) all mann] ( sup]/itions1 mo/ ( :i* h = _! moral t h]b-collect+ is too dang]\s an occupation = ! un9itiat$4 ,!ophra/us draws att5tion to ! absurdity ( "s ( ! root-digg]s' directions = ga!r+ m$ic9al plants4 ,= in/ance he quotes ) ridicule ! idea t ! ,peony %\ld be ga!r$ at night1 s9ce1 if ! fruit is collect$ 9 ! daytime1 & a wood-peck] happ5s to witness ! act1 ! eyes ( ! h]bali/ are endang]$4 ,he also po9ts out t x is folly to suppose t an (f]+ ( a honey-cake mu/ be made :5 ,iris ftidissima is root$ up1 or to believe t if an eagle comes ne> :5 ,hellebore is be+ collect$1 anyone :o is engag$ 9 ! "w is fat$ to die )9 ! ye>4 ,! h]bali/s' k ( plants mu/ h be5 9 ! fir/ place transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation entirely by ^w ( m\?1 b z "t w5t on1 writt5 records began to replace ! oral tradition4 ,! e>lie/ extant ,european "w deal+ ) m$ic9al plants is ! fam\s ,mat]ia ,m$ica ( ,dioscorides1 :i* 0 accept$ z an almo/ infallible au?ority z late z ! ,r5aissance p]iod4 ,dioscorides ,anaz>beus 0 a m$ical man :o probably fl\ri%$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 9 ! "t ( ,n]o & ,vespasian4 ,tradition has1 h[ev]1 sometimes assign$ to him ! po/ ( physician to ,antony & ,cleopatra4 ,8 native l& 0 ,asia ,m9or1 b he appe>s to h travell$ widely4 ,9 8 ,mat]ia ,m$ica he describ$ ab\t five hundr$ plants1 ) "s attempt at an ord]ly s*eme1 ?\gh1 naturally1 ! result is seldom successful :5 judg$ by our mod]n /&>ds ( classification4 ,! actual descriptions ( ! plants are v slight1 & x is only ^? ) p>ticul>ly sali5t *>act]i/ics :i* c be recognis$ ) any ease4 ,c>eful rese>* on ! "p ( lat] writ]s has h[ev] l$ to ! id5tification ( a numb] ( ! plants to :i* he ref]s4 ,!re is a fam\s manuscript ( ,dioscorides at ,vi5na1 :i* is said to h be5 copi$ at ! exp5se ( ,juliana ,anicia1 ! daught] ( ! ,emp]or ,flavius ,anicius1 ab\t ! end ( ! fif?1 or ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury4 ,! "* ( ! script settles ! age )9 n>r[ limits4 ,juliana liv$ into ! reign ( ,ju/9ian1 & 0 r5[n$ = h] ard5t ,*ri/ian fai?1 & = ! *ur*es :i* %e built4 ,! manuscript :i* be>s h] "n is illu/rat$ by a numb] ( draw+s1 :i* are 9 "s cases rem>kably beautiful1 & v naturali/ic4 ,a facsimile reproduction ( ?is manuscript 0 publi%$ 9 #aijf1 & x is ?us r5d]$ accessible to /ud5ts4 ,examples ( ! figures are %[n on a r$uc$ scale 9 ,plates ,i1 ,,ii & ,,xv4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii #8,/ratiotes' ,dioscorides1 ,codex ,anici ,julian1 circa ,a4,d4 #ejj4 ,r$uc$4 ,! botani/s ( ! ,r5aissance devot$ a great deal ( "t & en]gy to ! consid]ation ( ! writ+s ( ,dioscorides4 ,! *ief ( ! _m comm5tators :o dealt ) ! subject 7 ,mat?iolus1 ,ruellius & ,amatus ,lusitanus1 & a discussion ( ! botany ( ,dioscorides =m$ an integral "p ( almo/ e sixte5?-c5tury h]bal4 ,"o ( ! contempor>ies ( ,dioscorides1 ,gaius ,pl9ius ,secundus1 commonly call$ ! ,eld] ,pl9y1 %\ld p]haps be m5tion$ at ?is po9t1 al?\gh he 0 n a physician1 nor does he des]ve ! "n ( a philosoph]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 #8,natural ,hi/ory1' :i* is an encyclopdic acc\nt ( ! k ( 8 "t1 he treats ( ! vegetable _w4 ,he ref]s to a f> l>g] numb] ( plants ?an ,dioscorides1 probably because ! latt] conf9$ himself to ^? :i* 7 ( importance f a m$ic9al po9t ( view1 :]eas ,pl9y m5tion$ indiscrim9ately any plant to :i* he f\nd a ref]5ce 9 any previ\s book4 ,pl9y's "w 0 *iefly ( ! nature ( a compilation1 & inde$ x w\ld sc>cely be reasonable to expect mu* orig9al obs]vation ( nature f a man :o 0 s devot$ to books t x 0 record$ ( him t he consid]$ ev5 a walk to be a wa/e ( "t6 ,! writ+s ( ! classical au?ors1 especially ,!ophra/us & ,dioscorides1 dom9at$ ,european botany completely until1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 o!r influ5ces began to make !mselves felt4 ,z we %all see 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 ! e>lie/ pr9t$ h]bals adh]$ closely to ! classical tradition4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,pr9t$ ,,h]bals 7,,fifte5? ,,c5tury7 #a4 ,,! ,,encyclop,,dia ,,( ,,b>?olom,,u ,,anglicus ,,& #8,,! ,,book ,,( ,,nature4' ,aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 a v active p]iod ( book production foll[$1 dur+ :i* _m works1 :i* _h previ\sly pass$ a m or less l5g?y exi/5ce 9 manuscript1 7 put into circulation 9 pr9t1 contemporane\sly ) books actually writt5 at ! "t4 ,! result is t a numb] ( ! 8incunabula10 z pr9t$ books ( ! fifte5? c5tury are te*nically call$1 are f> m anci5t1 z reg>ds ! matt] :i* !y conta91 ?an ! date ( _! publication w\ld seem to sugge/4 ,?is *>act]i/ic is illu/rat$ 9 ! ,encyclopdia ( ,b>?olomu ,anglicus1 & 9 ,konrad von ,meg5b]g's #8,das p* d] natur1' :i* 7 p]haps ! e>lie/ pr9t$ books conta9+ /rictly botanical in=mation4 ,! =m] "w1 :i* 0 fir/ pr9t$ ab\t #adgj1 0 compil$ by a monk1 sometimes call$ ,b>?olomew de ,glanville1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! title by :i* x is g5]ally kn[n is #8,lib] de proprietatibus r]um4' ,"o ( ! sections ( :i* x is compos$ is conc]n$ ) an acc\nt ( a l>ge numb] ( trees & h]bs1 arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord]1 & is *iefly occupi$ ) _! m$ic9al prop]ties4 ,x also includes "s !oretical consid]ations ab\t plants1 on ,ari/otelian l9es4 ,an ,engli% translation1 :i* 0 pr9t$ by ,wynkyn de ,worde be=e ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 is int]e/+ z conta9+ ! v primitive botanical wood-cut reproduc$ 9 ,text-fig4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii ,wood-cut ( ,plants ,konrad von ,meg5b]g1 ,das p* d] natur1 #adge4 ,r$uc$4 #8,das p* d] natur' is slightly lat] z reg>ds ! date ( publication1 hav+ be5 pr9t$ by ,hanns ,bml] at ,augsburg 9 #adge4 ,x seems to h be5 v popul>1 = x pass$ ?r\gh six or sev5 editions be=e ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( manuscripts ( #8,! ,book ( ,nature' exi/1 z _m z eighte5 be+ pres]v$ 9 ! ,vi5na ,libr>y & sev5te5 at ,muni*4 ,! text is a compilation f old ,lat9 writ+s1 & is said to h be5 translat$ into ,g]man z e>ly z #acdi4 ,! portion deal+ ) plants consi/s ( an acc\nt ( ! virtues ( eighty-n9e h]bs ) _! ,lat9 & ,g]man names4 ,! *ief int]e/ ( ! "w1 f our pres5t po9t ( view1 lies 9 ! fact t x conta9s ! e>lie/ kn[n botanical wood engrav+ 7,plate ,,iii74 ,we %all return to ?is subject 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 #b4 ,,! ,,h]b>ium ,,( ,,apuleius ,,platonicus4 ,ano!r v e>ly book bas$ on classical writ+s1 especially ^? ( ,dioscorides & ,pl9y1 0 ! #8,h]b>ium' ( ,apuleius ,platonicus4 ,?is little ,lat9 "w is among ! e>lie/ to :i* ! t]m 8,h]bal0 is g5]ally appli$4 ,a h]bal has be5 def9$ z a book conta9+ ! names & descriptions ( h]bs1 or ( plants 9 g5]al1 ) _! prop]ties & virtues4 ,! ^w is believ$ to h be5 d]iv$ f a m$ival ,lat9 adjective 8h]balis10 ! sub/antive 8lib]0 be+ und]/ood4 ,x is ?us exactly comp>able 9 orig9 ) ! ^w 8manual0 9 ! s5se ( a h&-book4 ,f\r e>ly pr9t$ editions ( ! ,h]bal ( ,apuleius ,platonicus are kn[n1 all ( :i* appe> to h be5 bas$ on diff]5t manuscripts4 ,! e>lie/ 0 publi%$ 9 ,rome late 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 f a manuscript discov]$ by ,joh4 ,philippus de ,lignam9e1 physician to ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv4 ,no?+ is def9itely kn[n conc]n+ ! au?or1 b x is conjectur$ t he 0 a native ( ,africa1 & t 8 book may date f ! fif? c5tury1 or possibly ev5 ! f\r?4 ,! "w und\bt$ly _h a c>e] ( _m c5turies 9 manuscript be=e x 0 pr9t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #a3 8,plantago0 ,planta9 ,h]b>ium ,apuleii ,platonici1 8 #adhd4 ,v>i\s extant manuscripts ( ! ,h]b>ium are illu/rat$ ) col\r$ draw+s ( ! crude/ description1 :i* are f\nd on comp>ison to be id5tical 9 _m diff]5t examples1 & to h be5 reproduc$1 9 a degrad$ =m1 :5 ! book 0 pr9t$4 ,! orig9al figures1 f :i* ! draw+s 9 ! diff]5t manuscripts 7 copi$1 mu/ date back to v e>ly times4 ,!y probably repres5t1 z ,dr ,payne has po9t$ out1 a s*ool ( botanical draughtsman%ip d]iv$ f late ,roman art4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv #8,orbicul>is' ,h]b>ium ,apuleii ,platonici1 8 #adhd4 ,! t9t repres5ts col\r+1 :i* 0 probably contempor>y4 ,^! illu/rations1 "s ( :i* are reproduc$ 9 ,plates ,,iv1 ,v & ,,xvi1 & ,text-figs4 #a & #b1 w be discuss$ 9 great] detail 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,"o ( _! peculi>ities is t1 if a h]b has ! p[] ( heal+ ! bite or /+ ( any animal1 t animal is drawn ) ! plant on ! same block4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #b4 8,artemisia0 ,h]b>ium ,apuleii ,platonici1 8 #adhd4 ,soon aft] ! appe>ance 9 ,italy ( ! e>lie/ pr9t$ editions ( ! ,h]b>ium ( ,apuleius ,platonicus1 ?ree works ( great importance 7 publi%$ at ,ma9z 9 ,g]many4 ,^! 7 ! ,lat9 #8,h]b>ius' 7#adhd71 ! ,g]man #8,h]b>ius' 7#adhe71 & d]iv$ f ! latt]1 ! #8,hortus ,sanitatis' 7#adia74 ,! ,lat9 & ! ,g]man ,h]b>ius1 toge!r ) ! ,h]b>ium ( ,apuleius ,platonicus1 may be reg>d$ z ! doy5s among/ pr9t$ h]bals4 ,all ?ree seem to h be5 l>gely bas$ ^u pre-exi/+ manuscripts1 repres5t+ a tradition ( great antiquity4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #c4 8,lilium0 ,h]b>ius ,mogunt9us1 #adhd4 ,! v>i\s =ms ( ! ,lat9 & ,g]man ,h]b>ius1 & ( ! ,hortus ,sanitatis are describ$ "u _m titles1 & ! unravell+ ( ! v>i\s editions is a matt] ( great difficulty4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 be=e copyright exi/$1 z soon z a popul> "w 0 publi%$1 pirat$ editions & translations sprang into exi/5ce4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,g]man ,h]b>ius1 a new edition 0 pr9t$ at ,augsburg only a few mon?s aft] ! appe>ance ( ! orig9al at ,ma9z4 ,"s su* editions 7 dat$1 & "s undat$1 & ! s\rces f :i* !y 7 d]iv$ 7 seldom ackn[l$g$4 ,! passage ( ! e>lie/ pr9t$ books ?r\gh ! press 0 naturally extremely sl[1 z comp>$ ) ! rapid production ( ! pres5t day4 ,! result 0 t ! pr9t] _h leisure to make occasional alt]ations1 s t diff]5t copies belong+ actually to ! same edition sometimes %[ slight v>iations4 ,! bibliograph] has ?us to deal ) an additional elem5t ( confusion4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #d4 8,ari/olo*ia longa0 ,h]b>ius ,mogunt9us1 #adhd4 ,z f> z ! works n[ "u consid]ation are conc]n$1 h[ev]1 mu* ( ! obscurity has be5 remov$ by ! late ,dr ,payne1 to :om we owe a v lucid memoir on ! v>i\s editions ( ! ,lat9 & ,g]man ,h]b>ius & ! ,hortus ,sanitatis1 bas$ 9 "p ^u ! rese>*es ( ,dr ,ludwig ,*\lant4 ,free use has be5 made ( 8 acc\nt 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 #c4 ,,! ,,lat9 ,,h]b>ius4 ,! "w to :i* we may ref] = conv5i5ce z ! ,lat9 ,h]b>ius is also kn[n "u _m o!r titles--#8,h]b>ius 9 ,lat9o1' #8,aggregator de ,simplicibus1' #8,h]b>ius ,mogunt9us1' #8,h]b>ius ,patav9us1' etc4 ,x 0 orig9ally pr9t$ at ,ma9z by ,pet] ,s*ff] 9 #adhd1 9 ! =m ( a small qu>to4 ,x is int]e/+ to recall t ! e>lie/ specim5 ( pr9t+ f movable type kn[n to exi/ 0 produc$ 9 ! same t[n ?irty ye>s be=e4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #e4 8,s]p5t>ia0 ,h]b>ius ,mogunt9us1 #adhd4 ,o!r e>ly editions & translations ( ! ,h]b>ius appe>$ 9 ,bav>ia1 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ,italy1 & probably also 9 ,france4 ,! "w1 l mo/ ( ! e>ly h]bals1 0 anonym\s1 & 0 a compilation f m$ival writ]s1 & f c]ta9 classical & ,arabian au?ors4 ,x seems to h no connection ) ! ,h]b>ium ( ,apuleius1 :i* is n[h]e cit$4 ,! majority ( ! au?orities quot$ wrote be=e #acjj ,a4,d4 & no au?or is m5tion$ :o might n h be5 kn[n to a writ] ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 t is to say1 at lea/ a hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,h]b>ius 0 publi%$4 ,x is q possible t ! "w 0 n writt5 at ! "t x 0 pr9t$1 b may h _h a previ\s c>e] 9 manuscript4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #f4 8,brionia0 ,arnaldus de ,villa ,nova1 ,tractatus de virtutibus h]b>um1 #adii4 ,! wood-blocks ( ! fir/ ,g]man edition are bold & decorative1 b z a rule %[ little attempt at realism 7,text-figs4 #c1 #d1 #e & #gc74 ,a diff]5t & bett] set ( figures 7 us$ 9 ,italy to illu/rate ! text 7,text-figs4 #f1 #eg1 #fe1 #gd1 #ge1 #gf74 ,! au?or%ip ( ?is v]sion ( ! ,h]b>ius is sometimes errone\sly attribut$ to ,arnold de ,nova ,villa1 a physician ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 a mi/ake :i* arose ?r\gh ! conspicu\s citation ( 8 "n 9 ! preface to ! ,v5etian editions4 ,! descriptions & figures ( ! h]bs are arrang$ alphabetically4 ,all ! plants discuss$ 7 natives ( ,g]many or 9 cultivation !re1 & ! object ( ! "w seems to h be5 to help ! read] to ! use ( *eap & easily obta9$ rem$ies1 9 cases ( illness or accid5t4 #d4 ,,! ,,g]man ,,h]b>ius ,,& ,,relat$ ,,works4 ,( ev5 great] importance ?an ! ,lat9 ,h]b>ius is ! ,g]man ,h]b>ius or #8,h]b>ius zu ,teuts*1' sometimes also call$ ! ,g]man ,ortus ,sanitatis1 or ! ,small] ,ortus4 ,?is folio1 :i* 0 ! f\ndation ( ! lat] works call$ ,hortus 7or ,ortus7 ,sanitatis1 appe>$ at ,ma9z1 also f ! pr9t+ press ( ,pet] ,s*ff] 9 #adhe1 ! ye> foll[+ ! publication ( ! ,lat9 ,h]b>ius4 ,x has be5 mi/ak5ly reg>d$ by "s au?ors z a m]e translation ( ! latt]4 ,h[ev]1 ! two books are nei!r ! same 9 ! text nor 9 ! illu/rations4 ,! ,g]man ,h]b>ius appe>s to be an indep5d5t "w except z reg>ds ! ?ird "p ( ! book--! index ( drugs accord+ to _! uses--:i* may owe some?+ to ! ,lat9 ,h]b>ius4 ,x seems f ! preface t ! orig9ator ( ! book 0 a ri* man1 :o _h travell$ 9 ! ea/1 & t ! m$ical portion 0 compil$ "u 8 direction by a physician4 ,! latt] 0 probably ,dr ,johann von ,cube1 :o 0 t[n physician ( ,frank=t at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! preface to ! ,h]b>ius zu ,teuts* beg9s ) ! words1 8,(ft und vil habe i* by mir selb/ betra*t die wund]sam w]ck des s*epf]s d] natu]40 ,simil> words are f\nd 9 all ! diff]5t ,g]man editions1 & 9 ! lat] ,hortus ,sanitatis !y are translat$ into ,lat94 ,! preface reveals s cle>ly & s delightfully ! _s 9 :i* ! "w 0 und]tak5 t x seems wor? :ile to translate x almo/ 9 ext5so4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 to grasp ! m$ical ideas *>act]i/ic ( ! e>li] h]bals1 su* z ^? pres5t$ 9 ! preface :i* foll[s1 unless "o und]/&s ! special t]m9ology1 9 :i* ! 8f\r elem5ts0 & ! 8f\r pr9ciples0 or 8natures0 play a great "p4 ,! ideas express$ by ^! t]ms _h begun to dom9ate m$ical & physiological notions five or six hundr$ ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 & !y held _! own = a p]iod ( m ?an two ?\s& ye>s4 ,z an in/ance ( _! con/ant occurr5ce 9 lit]ature we may recall ,sir ,toby's rem>k 9 #8,twelf? ,night1' 8,d n our lives consi/ ( ! f\r elem5ts80 ,9 ,ari/otle's "t ^! conceptions mu/ h be5 already q famili> to 8 pupils4 ,l1 8 pr$ecessors he di/+ui%$ f\r elem5ts1 ,fire1 ,wat]1 ,e>? & ,air1 & to ^! he add$ a fif?--! ,e!r4 ,9 ! f\r elem5ts1 ! f\r pr9ciples are comb9$ 9 pairs--fire be+ *>act]is$ by heat & dryness1 air by heat & moi/ure1 wat] by cold & moi/ure1 & e>? by cold & dryness4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle1 heat & cold are active1 :ile dryness & moi/ure are passive 9 _! nature4 ,by ! 8temp]am5t0 ( a man is und]/ood ! balance or proportion ma9ta9$ betwe5 ^! conflict+ t5d5cies4 ,! p>ticul> 8virtues0 ( ea* plant1 9 o!r words ! p[] ( re/or+ lo/ heal? or 8temp]am5t10 are det]m9$ by ! 8pr9ciples0 :i* x conta9s1 & ! proportions 9 :i* ^! occur4 ,) ?is introduction we may pass on to ! preface ( ! ,h]b>ius zu ,teuts*#e3 8,_m a "t & (t h ,i contemplat$ inw>dly ! wondr\s works ( ! ,creator ( ! univ]se3 h[ 9 ! beg9n+ ,he =m$ ! heav5s & adorn$ !m ) goodly1 %9+ />s1 to :i* ,he gave p[] & might to influ5ce ev]y?+ "u heav54 ,also h[ ,he aft]w>ds =m$ ! f\r elem5ts3 fire1 hot & dry--air1 hot & moi/--wat]1 cold & moi/--e>?1 dry & cold--& gave to ea* a nature ( its own2 & h[ aft] ?is ! same ,great ,ma/] ( ,nature made & =m$ h]bs ( _m sorts & animals ( all k9ds1 & la/ ( all ,man1 ! noble/ ( all creat$ ?+s4 ,!reupon ,i ?\ght on ! wondr\s ord] :i* ! ,creator gave ^! same creatures ( ,81 s t ev]y?+ :i* has its be+ "u heav5 receives x f ! />s1 & keeps x by _! help4 ,i consid]$ fur!r h[ t 9 ev]y?+ :i* arises1 gr[s1 lives or so>s 9 ! f\r elem5ts nam$1 be x metal1 /one1 h]b or animal1 ! f\r natures ( ! elem5ts1 heat1 cold1 moi/ness & dryness are m+l$4 ,x is also to be not$ t ! f\r natures 9 "q are also mix$ & bl5d$ 9 ! human body 9 a measure & temp]am5t suitable to ! life & nature ( man4 ,:ile man keeps )9 ?is measure1 proportion or temp]am5t1 he is /rong & heal?y1 b z soon z he /eps or falls beyond ! temp]am5t or measure ( ! f\r natures1 :i* happ5s :5 heat takes ! upp] h& & /rives to /ifle cold1 or1 on ! contr>y1 :5 cold beg9s to suppress heat1 or man becomes full ( cold moi/ure1 or aga9 is depriv$ ( ! due measure ( moi/ure1 he falls ( necessity into sickness1 & draws nigh unto dea?4 ,!re are _m causes ( di/urbances1 su* z ,i h m5tion$1 9 ! measure ( ! f\r elem5ts :i* is ess5tial to man's heal? & life4 ,9 "s cases x is ! poison\s & hidd5 influ5ce ( ! heav5s act+ aga9/ man's nature1 = f ?is arise impurity & poison+ ( ! air2 9 o!r cases ! food & dr9k are unsuitable1 or suitable b n tak5 9 ! "r quantities1 or at ! "r "t4 ,( a tru? ,i w\ld z soon c\nt !e ! leaves on ! trees1 or ! gra9s ( s& 9 ! sea1 z ! ?+s :i* are ! causes ( a relapse f ! temp]am5t ( ! f\r natures1 & a beg9n+ ( man's sickness4 ,x is = ?is reason t s _m ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( p]ils & dang]s beset man4 ,he is n fully sure ( 8 heal? or 8 life = "o mom5t4 ,:ile consid]+ ^! matt]s1 ,i also rememb]$ h[ ! ,creator ( ,nature1 ,:o has plac$ u amid su* dang]s1 has m]cifully provid$ u ) a rem$y1 t is ) all k9ds ( h]bs1 animals & o!r creat$ ?+s to :i* ,he has giv5 p[] & might to re/ore1 produce1 give & temp] ! f\r natures m5tion$ above4 ,"o h]b is heat+1 ano!r is cool+1 ea* aft] ! degree ( its nature & complexion4 ,9 ! same mann] _m o!r creat$ ?+s on ! e>? & 9 ! wat] pres]ve man's life1 ?r\gh ! ,creator ( ,nature4 ,by virtue ( ^! h]bs & creat$ ?+s ! sick man may recov] ! temp]am5t ( ! f\r elem5ts & ! heal? ( 8 body4 ,s9ce1 !n1 man c h no great] nor nobl] treasure on e>? ?an bodily heal?1 ,i came to ! conclusion t ,i c\ld n p]=m any m hon\rable1 useful or holy "w or lab\r ?an to compile a book 9 :i* %\ld be conta9$ ! virtue & nature ( _m h]bs & o!r creat$ ?+s1 toge!r ) _! true col\rs & =m1 = ! help ( all ! _w & ! common good4 ,!reupon ,i caus$ ?is praisewor?y "w to be begun by a ,ma/] le>n$ 9 physic1 :o1 at my reque/1 ga!r$ into a book ! virtue & nature ( _m h]bs out ( ! ackn[l$g$ ma/]s ( physic1 ,gal51 ,avic5na1 ,s]apio1 ,dioscorides1 ,p&ect>ius1 ,plate>ius & o!rs4 ,b :51 9 ! process ( ! "w1 ,i turn$ to ! draw+ & depict+ ( ! h]bs1 ,i m>k$ t !re are _m preci\s h]bs :i* d n gr[ "h 9 ^! ,g]man l&s1 s t ,i c\ld n draw !m ) _! true col\rs & =m1 except f he>say4 ,!re=e ,i left unf9i%$ ! "w :i* ,i _h begun1 & laid aside my p51 until su* "t z ,i _h receiv$ grace & disp5sation to visit ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 & also ,m\nt ,s9ai1 :]e ! body ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 ,sa9t ,ca!r9e1 re/s 9 peace4 ,!n1 9 ord] t ! noble "w ,i _h begun & left incomplete %\ld n come to n\ght1 & also t my j\rney %\ld b5efit n my s\l alone1 b ! :ole _w1 ,i took ) me a pa9t] ready ( wit1 & cunn+ & subtle ( h&4 ,& s we j\rney$ f ,g]many ?r\gh ,italy1 ,i/ria1 & !n by way ( ,slavonia or ! ,w9dis* l&1 ,croatia1 ,albania1 ,dalmatia1 ,greece1 ,corfu1 ,morea1 ,c&ia1 ,rhodes & ,cyprus to ! ,promis$ ,l& & ! ,holy ,city1 ,j]usalem1 & !nce ?r\gh ,arabia ,m9or to ,m\nt ,s9ai1 f ,m\nt ,s9ai t[>ds ! ,r$ ,sea 9 ! direction ( ,cairo1 ,babylonia1 & also ,alex&ria 9 ,egypt1 :5ce ,i return$ to ,c&ia4 ,9 w&]+ ?r\gh ^! k+doms & l&s1 ,i dilig5tly s\ght aft] ! h]bs !re1 & _h !m depict$ & drawn1 ) _! true col\r & =m4 ,& aft] ,i _h1 by ,god's grace1 return$ to ,g]many & home1 ! great love :i* ,i bore ?is "w impell$ me to f9i% x1 & n[1 ) ! help ( ,god1 x is accompli%$4 ,& ?is book is call$ 9 ,lat91 ,ortus ,sanitatis1 & 9 ,g]man1 g>t d'gesun!yt#f4 ,9 ?is g>d5 are to be f\nd ! p[] & virtues ( #dce plants & o!r creat$ ?+s1 :i* s]ve = ! heal? ( man1 & are commonly us$ 9 apo!c>ies' %ops = m$ic9e4 ,( ^!1 ab\t #cej appe> "h z !y are1 ) _! true col\rs & =m4 ,&1 s t x might be useful to all ! _w1 le>n$ & unle>n$1 ,i _h x compil$ 9 ! ,g]man tongue4 99 99 99 99 99 99 8,n[ f>e =? into all l&s1 ?\ noble & beautiful ,g>d51 ?\ delight ( ! heal?y1 ?\ com=t & life ( ! sick4 ,!re is no man liv+ :o c fully decl>e ?y use & ?y fruit4 ,i ?ank ,!e1 ,o ,creator ( heav5 & e>?1 ,:o ha/ giv5 p[] to ! plants1 & o!r creat$ ?+s conta9$ 9 ?is book1 t ,?\ ha/ grant$ me ! grace to reveal ?is treasure1 :i* until n[ has la9 buri$ & hid f ! sight ( common m54 ,to ,!e be glory & hon\r1 n[ & = ev]4 ,am540 ,pass+ f ! preface to ! botanical "p ( ! ,g]man ,h]b>ius1 we f9d t x is divid$ into *apt]s1 ea* ( :i* deals ) a h]b1 except 9 a comp>atively small numb] ( cases 9 :i* an animal1 or a sub/ance useful to man su* z butt] or lime1 =ms ! subject4 ,! *apt]s are arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,! ,h]b>ius zu ,teuts* repres5ts a notable advance ^u ! ,lat9 ,h]b>ius 9 ! matt] ( ! figures4 ,its publication1 accord+ to ,dr ,payne1 8=ms an important l&-m>k 9 ! hi/ory ( botanical illu/ration1 & m>ks p]haps ! greate/ s+le /ep ev] made 9 t art40 ,?is e/imate seems to ! pres5t writ] to be some:at exagg]at$1 b x mu/ at lea/ be conc$$ t ! figures 9 "q are1 on ! :ole1 drawn ) great] fre$om & realism ?an ^? ( ! ,lat9 ,h]b>ius1 & are (t5 rem>kably beautiful 7,text-figs4 #g1 #gg1 #gh74 ,! mo/ attractive is p]haps t ( ! ,dodd] climb+ on a plant ) fl[]s & pods 7,text-fig4 #gg71 :i* is drawn 9 a ma/]ly fa%ion4 ,^! wood-cuts =m ! basis ( ne>ly all botanical illu/rations = ! next half-c5tury1 be+ copi$ & recopi$ f book to book4 ,no "w :i* excell$1 or ev5 equall$ !m 0 produc$ until a new p]iod ( botanical illu/ration began ) ! ,h]bal ( ,brunfels1 publi%$ 9 #aecj4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #g4 8,acorus0 ,iris ,h]b>ius zu ,teuts*1 ,ma9z1 #adhe4 ,! ,g]man ,h]b>ius 0 mu* copi$ & translat$ into o!r languages1 ! orig9al set ( figures be+1 z a rule1 reproduc$ on a small] scale4 ,accord+ to ,dr ,payne1 ! e>lie/ ,fr5* edition call$ #8,arbolayre' 7d]iv$ f ! ,lat91 h]bol>ium7 is n[ an exce$+ly r>e book4 ,x is said to diff] little f ! orig9al except 9 ! fact t ! ,fr5* translator decl9$ to believe ! my? t ! ,m&rake root has human =m4 ,ano!r e>ly ,fr5* h]bal1 v simil> to ! ,arbolayre1 0 publi%$ "u ! "n ( #8,le ,grant ,h]bi]4' ,! orig9 ( ! text ( ?is book has be5 ! subject ( "s discussion4 ,*\lant reg>d$ x z d]iv$ f ! ,ortus ,sanitatis1 b an ,italian au?ority1 ,signor ,giulio ,camus1 has discov]$ two fifte5?-c5tury manuscripts 9 ! ,biblioteca ,e/5se at ,mod5a1 :i* h ?r[n a diff]5t light on ! subject4 ,"o ( ^! is ! "w commonly call$ #8,circa in/ans1' :ile ! o!r is a v]sion ( ! ,grant ,h]bi]2 on comp>+ ! two1 ,signor ,camus conclud$ t ! ,fr5* manuscript 0 obvi\sly d]iv$ f ,circa in/ans4 ,a v]sion ( ! latt]1 diff]+ some:at f ! ,mod5a manuscript1 0 pr9t$ at ,f]r>a 9 #adhh1 & o!r editions appe>$ lat]4 ,! figures :i* illu/rate ! ,grant ,h]bi] seem to h be5 d]iv$ f ^? ( ! ,ortus ,sanitatis r ?an ^? ( ! ,h]b>ius4 ,! "w is ( special int]e/ to ,briti% botani/s1 s9ce x 0 translat$ into ,engli% & publi%$1 9 #aebf1 z ! #8,grete ,h]ball1' a book :i* w be discuss$ at l5g? 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,ano!r "w1 :i* appe>$ ) r$uc$ copies ( ! famili> illu/rations f ! ,g]man ,h]b>ius1 0 ! #8,lib] de arte di/ill&i de ,simplicibus' ( ,hi]onymus ,brauns*weig 7#aejj74 ,9 ?is book1 ! me?od ( di/ill+ h]bs1 9 ord] to make use ( _! virtues1 0 describ$ 9 consid]able detail1 ) draw+s ( ! app>atus employ$4 #e4 ,,! ,,hortus ,,sanitatis4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #h4 8,leop>dus0 ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia4 ,! ?ird ( ! fundam5tal botanical works1 produc$ at ,ma9z t[>ds ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 0 ! #8,hortus1' or z x is m commonly call$ #8,ortus ,sanitatis1' pr9t$ by ,jacob ,meyd5ba* 9 #adia4 ,x is 9 "p a modifi$ ,lat9 translation ( ! ,g]man ,h]b>ius1 b x is n m]ely ?is1 = x conta9s treatises on animals1 birds1 fi%es & /ones1 :i* are almo/ unrepres5t$ 9 ! ,h]b>ius4 ,ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! figures ( h]bs are new4 ,! re/ are copi$ on a r$uc$ scale f ! ,g]man ,h]b>ius1 & ! draw+1 :i* is by no means improv$1 (t5 %[s t ! copyi/ did n fully und]/& ! nature ( ! object he 0 attempt+ to portray4 ,z an example ( a wood-cut1 :i* has lo/ mu* ( its "* 9 copy+1 we may take ! ,dodd] 7cf4 ,text-figs4 #hj & #gg74 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #i4 8,daucus0 ,c>rot ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia4 ,! ,ortus ,sanitatis is v ri* 9 pictures4 ,! fir/ edition op5s ) a full-page wood-cut1 modifi$ f t at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,g]man ,h]b>ius1 & repres5t+ a gr\p ( figures1 :o appe> to be engag$ 9 discuss+ "s m$ical or botanical problem4 ,be=e ! treatise on ,animals1 !re is ano!r l>ge engrav+ ( ?ree figures ) a numb] ( bea/s at _! feet1 & be=e t on ,birds1 !re is a lively picture ) an ar*itectural backgr\nd1 %[+ a sc5e :i* sw>ms ) innum]able birds ( all k9ds1 ^: peculi>ities are app>5tly be+ discuss$ by two savants 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,! treatise on ,fi%es beg9s ) a l&scape ) wat]1 enliv5$ by %ipp+4 ,!re are two figures 9 ! =egr\nd1 & 9 ! wat]1 fi%es1 crabs & my?ical mon/]s su* z m]m51 are se5 disport+ !mselves4 ,be=e ! treatise on ,/ones1 !re is a v spirit$ sc5e repres5t+ a numb] ( figures 9 a jewell]'s %op1 & two l>ge wood-cuts ( doctors & _! pati5ts illu/rate ! m$ical portion ) :i* ! book concludes4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #aj4 8,pass]0 ,sp>r[ ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #aa4 8,pavo0 ,peacock ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ab4 8,arbor vel lignum vite p>adisi0 ,tree ( ,p>adise ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia4 ,! treatise on ,plants is consid]ably modifi$ f ! ,g]man ,h]b>ius1 & ! virtues ( ! h]bs describ$ are dealt ) at great] l5g?4 ,! ,h]b>ium ( ,apuleius ,platonicus is m ?an once quot$1 ?\gh n by "n4 ,a numb] ( new illu/rations are add$1 "s ( :i* are highly imag9ative4 ,! ,tree ( ,life 7,text-fig4 #ab7 & ! ,tree ( ,k are dealt ) among/ o!r botanical objects1 a woman-head$ s]p5t be+ introduc$ 9 ! fir/ case1 & ,adam & ,eve 9 ! second4 ,!re is a beautiful description ( ! virtues ( ! ,tree ( ,life1 9 :i* we read t he :o %\ld eat ( ! fruit 8%\ld be clo!d ) bless$ immortality1 & %\ld n be fatigu$ ) infirmity1 or anxiety1 or lassitude1 or we>9ess ( tr\ble40 ,! engrav+ :i* is nam$ ,n>cissus 7,text-fig4 #ac7 has dim9utive figures em]g+ f ! fl[]s1 l a trans=mation sc5e at a pantomime6 ,x is probably1 h[ev]1 int5d$ to repres5t ! conv]sion ( ! beautiful y\?1 ,n>cissus1 into a fl[]4 ,ap>t f ^! my?ological subjects1 !re are a numb] ( v curi\s engrav+s4 ,a tree call$ 8,bausor10 = in/ance1 :i* 0 believ$ to exhale a n>cotic poison1 l ! fabul\s ,upas tree1 has two m5 ly+ b5ea? its %ade1 app>5tly 9 ! sleep ( dea? 7,text-fig4 #ad74 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ac4 8,n>cissus0 ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ad4 8,baus] vel ,bausor0 ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia4 ,among ! h]bs1 sub/ances su* z />*1 v9eg>1 *eese1 soap1 etc41 are includ$1 & z ^! d n l5d !mselves to direct repres5tation1 !y become ! excuse = a delightful set ( g5re pictures4 8,w9e0 is illu/rat$ by a man gaz+ at a glass2 8,bread10 by a h\sewife ) loaves on ! table be=e h] 7,text-fig4 #ae72 8,wat]10 by a f\nta92 8,honey10 by a boy :o seems to be extract+ x f ! comb2 & 8,milk10 by a woman milk+ a c[4 ,! picture :i* appe>s "u ! head+ ( ,amb] %[s great +5uity 7,text-fig4 #af74 ,! writ] po9ts out t ?is sub/ance1 accord+ to "s au?ors1 is ! fruit or gum ( a tree gr[+ by ! sea1 :ile accord+ to o!rs x is produc$ by a fi% or by sea foam4 ,9 ord] to repres5t all ^! possibilities1 ! figure %[s ! sea1 indicat$ 9 a conv5tional fa%ion1 ) a tree gr[+ out ( x1 & a fi% swimm+ 9 x4 ,! writ] ( ! ,ortus ,sanitatis1 on ! o!r h&1 holds ! op9ion t ,amb] is g5]at$ "u ! sea1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,fungi :i* arise on l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ae4 8,panis0 ,bread ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia4 ,! treatises on animals & fi%es are full ( pictures ( my?ical creatures1 su* z a unicorn be+ c>ess$ by a lady z ?\gh x 7 a little dog 7,text-fig4 #ag71 recall+ ! 8,lady & ,unicorn0 tape/ry 9 ! ,muse ,cluny--a fight betwe5 a man & hydras--! phnix 9 ! flames--& a h>py ) its claws 9 a man's body4 ,o!r mon/]s :i* are figur$ include a dragon1 ! ,basilisk1 ,pegasus1 & a bird ) a long neck :i* is ti$ 9 an ornam5tal knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #af4 8,ambra0 ,amb] ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia4 ,lat] ,lat9 editions ( ! ,ortus ,sanitatis 7 pr9t$ 9 ,g]many & ,italy1 & translations 7 also popul>4 ,! "p ( ! book deal+ ) animals & /ones 0 produc$ 9 ,g]man "u ! "n ( #8,g>t d] ,gesun!it2 zu ,lat9 ,ortus ,sanitatis1' s z to =m a supplem5t to ! ,g]man ,h]b>ius1 :i* dealt1 z we h se51 almo/ exclusively ) h]bs4 ,no really complete translation ( ! ,hortus 0 ev] publi%$1 except t pr9t$ by ,anto9e ,vr>d 9 ,p>is ab\t ! ye> #aejj1 "u ! title1 #8,ortus sanitatis translate de lat9 en francois4' ,h5ry ,,vii 0 "o ( ,vr>d's patrons1 & 9 ! acc\nt books ( ,john ,h]on1 ,treasur] ( ! ,*amb]1 :i* are pres]v$ at ! ,record ,(fice1 !re is an entry 7#aeja-b7 :i* runs1 8,item to ,an?ony ,vr>d = two bokes call$ ! g>dyn ( hel? 444 #f40 ,?is ref]s to a copy1 9 two p>ts1 ( ,vr>d's translation ( ! ,ortus ,sanitatis1 :i* is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ag4 8,unicornus0 ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia4 ,! complete ,ortus ,sanitatis made its appe>ance = ! la/ "t z #8,le ,j>d9 de ,sant1' pr9t$ by ,philippe le ,noir ab\t #aeci1 & sold 9 ,p>is1 8a l5seigne de la ,rose blan*e c\ronnee40 ,text-fig4 #ah1 tak5 f ?is book1 %[s h[ ! arti/ ( ! p]iod repres5t$ a 8,g>d5 ( ,heal?40 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ah4 ,a ,h]bali/'s ,g>d5 ,le ,j>d9 de ,sant1 8 #aeci4 ,! title-pages ( ! e>ly h]bals 7 (t5 decorat$ ) su* pictures4 ,a m ambiti\s example is reproduc$ 9 ,text-fig4 #aac4 ,9 ?is case ! apo!c>y's /ore-room is also depict$1 & a h\sewife is portray$1 lay+ fragrant h]bs among l954 ,! small g>d5 sc5e on ! title-page ( ! #8,grete ,h]ball' 7#aebf7 is ( special int]e/1 s9ce x includes repres5tations ( ! male & female ,m&rake 7,text-fig4 #aab74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v #8,m&ragora' ,m&rake ,h]b>ium ,apuleii ,platonici1 8 #adhd4 ,! t9t repres5ts col\r+1 :i* 0 probably contempor>y4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,h]bal ,,9 ,,engl& #a4 ,,! ,,h]b>ium ,,( ,,apuleius ,,platonicus4 ,conc]n+ ! ,h]b>ium ( ,apuleius ,platonicus1 a few rem>ks h be5 already made4 ,?is h]bal 0 p]haps ! fir/ ?r\gh :i* any k9d ( sy/ematic k ( m$ic9al plants 0 br\ght into ,brita94 ,= ?is reason x may be m5tion$ "h1 al?\gh manuscript h]bals d n1 /rictly1 come )9 our prov9ce4 ,9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y !re is an ,anglo-,saxon translation ( ! "w1 :i* is said to h be5 made = ,k+ ,alfr$4 ,ano!r ,anglo-,saxon manuscript ( lat] date1 probably transcrib$ betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ajjj & ! ,norman ,conque/1 has be5 r5d]$ into mod]n ,engli% by ,dr ,cockayne4 ,! classical & ,anglo-,saxon plant-names are giv5 9 ! h]bal1 &1 al?\gh !re is sc>cely any attempt at description1 ! localities :]e ! plants may be f\nd are sometimes m5tion$4 ,! great] "p ( ! manuscript is conc]n$ ) ! virtues ( h]bs4 ,! plants 7 reg>d$ 9 ?is1 z 9 mo/ e>ly works1 m]ely z 8simples10 t is1 ! simple con/itu5ts ( comp\nd m$ic9es4 ,hi]onymus ,bock 9 #aeea describ$ 8 h]bal z be+ an acc\nt ( 8die ,e9fa*e erd ,gew*s1 ,simplicia g5ant#g40 ,! t]m 8simple10 n[ almo/ obsolete1 0 a h\sehold ^w 9 e>li] times1 :5 mo/ rem$ies 7 manufactur$ at home 9 ! /ill-room4 ,! expression ( ,jaques 9 #8,z ,y ,l ,x'--8a melan*oly ( m9e own1 comp\nd$ ( _m simples1 extract$ f _m objects0--w\ld n h seem$ 9 ! lea/ f>-fet*$ to an audi5ce ( t day4 ,x is int]e/+ t1 al?\gh ! ^w 8simple10 us$ 9 ?is s5se1 has vani%$ f our common spee*1 its anti!sis 8comp\nd0 has held its place 9 ! language ( ph>macy4 ,! s\!rn s\rce ( ! ,h]bal ( ,apuleius is sugge/$ by ! fact t ! orig9 ( ! heal+ art is attribut$ to sculapius & ,*iron4 ,we are told1 also1 t ! ,wormwoods 7 discov]$ by ,diana1 :o 8deliv]$ _! p[]s & lee*dom to ,*iron1 ! c5taur1 :o fir/ f ^! worts set =? a lee*dom40 ,! ,lily-(-!-,valley1 on ! o!r h&1 is said to h be5 f\nd by ,apollo & giv5 by him 8to sculapius1 ! lee*40 ,_m ( ! acc\nts ( ! virtues ( ! plants are ( ! nature ( spells or *>ms r ?an ( m$ical recipes4 ,= in/ance x is recomm5d$ t 8if any propose a j\rney1 !n let him take to him 9 h& ?is wort artemisia1 444 !n he w n feel mu* toil 9 8 j\rney40 ,z is usually ! case 9 ! old] h]bals1 ! prop] mode ( uproot+ ! ,m&rake is describ$ ) mu* gu/o4 8,?is wort 444 is mickle & illu/ri\s ( aspect1 & x is b5eficial4 ,?\ %alt 9 ?is mann] take x1 :5 ?\ come/ to x1 !n ?\ und]/&e/ x by ?is1 t x %9e? at night altoge!r l a lamp4 ,:5 fir/ ?\ see/ its head1 !n inscribe ?\ x in/antly ) iron1 le/ x fly f !e2 its virtue is s mickle & s fam\s1 t x w imm$iately flee f an unclean man1 :5 he come? to x2 h5ce z we be=e said1 d ?\ inscribe x ) iron1 & s %alt ?\ delve ab\t x1 z t ?\ t\* x n ) ! iron1 b ?\ %alt e>ne/ly ) an ivory /aff delve ! e>?4 ,& :5 ?\ see/ its h&s & its feet1 !n tie ?\ x up4 ,!n take ! o!r end & tie x to a dog's neck1 s t ! h\nd be hungry2 next ca/ meat be=e him1 s t he may n rea* x1 except he j]k up ! wort ) him4 ,( ?is wort x is said1 t x ha? s mickle might1 t :at ?+ soev] tugge? x up1 t x %all soon 9 ! same mann] be deceiv$4 ,!re=e1 z soon z ?\ see t x be j]k$ up1 & h possession ( x1 take x imm$iately 9 h&1 & twi/ x1 & wr+ ! ooze out ( its leaves into a glass ampulla40 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ai4 ,wood-cut ( ,plants ,b>?olomu ,anglicus1 ,lib] de proprietatibus r]um1 ,wynkyn de ,worde1 8 #adie4 ,r$uc$4 ,! writ] ( ! h]bal evid5tly fully accept$ ! my?ical notion t ! ,m&rake 0 furni%$ ) human limbs4 ,plate ,v %[s h[ ?is plant 0 depict$ 9 an e>ly pr9t$ edition ( ! ,h]b>ium ( ,apuleius1 b mu* m spirit$ & s5sational treatm5ts ( ! same subject are to be f\nd 9 "s ( ! manuscripts deal+ ) h]bs4 ,sixte5?-c5tury repres5tations are %[n 9 ,text-figs4 #ajg & #aab4 ,! e>lie/ ,engli% pr9t$ book conta9+ in=mation ( a def9itely botanical "* is probably ! translation ( ! #8,lib] de proprietatibus r]um' ( ,b>?olomu ,anglicus1 :i* 0 pr9t$ by ,wynkyn de ,worde be=e ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,?is has be5 briefly m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt] 7pp4 #aj & #aa7 & a wood-cut f x is %[n 9 ,text-fig4 #ai4 #b4 ,,banckes' ,,h]bal4 ,! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,engl&1 :i* c really be call$ a h]bal1 is an anonym\s qu>to volume1 )\t illu/rations1 publi%$ 9 #aebe4 ,! title-page runs1 8,"h begynne? a newe mat]1 ! :i*e %ewe? & treate? ( ye v]tues & proprytes ( h]bes1 ! :i*e is call$ an ,h]ball40 ,on ! la/ page we f9d ! words 8,imprynt$ by me ,ry*>de ,banckes1 dwellynge 9 ,london1 a lytel fro ye ,/ockes 9 ye ,pultry40 ,i h n be5 able to satisfy myself t ?is "w is directly d]iv$ f any pre-exi/+ book1 & x seems possible t x may really h "s claim to orig9ality4 ,dr ,payne sugge/s t x is probably an abridgem5t ( "s m$ival ,engli% manuscript on h]bs4 ,x is c]ta9ly q a diff]5t "w f ! mu* m fam\s ,grete ,h]ball1 pr9t$ 9 ! succe$+ ye>1 &1 al?\gh !re are no figures1 x is 9 "s ways a bett] book4 ,di/9ctly less space1 9 proportion1 is devot$ to ! virtues ( ! plants1 &1 on ! :ole1 m botanical in=mation is giv54 ,= in/ance1 "u ! head+ 8,capillus v5]is10 we f9d ! foll[+ description3 8,?is h]be is call$ ,mayd5 he]e or wat]worte4 ,?is h]be ha! leves lyke to ,f]ne1 b ! leves be small]1 & x gr[e? on walles & /ones1 & 9 ye myddes ( ye lefe is z x 7 blacke he]e40 ,! ,grete ,h]ball1 on ! o!r h&1 v\*safes only ! meagre in=mation1 8,capillus v5]is is an h]be s nam$06 ,9 cases :]e ! virtues ( ! h]bs are n /rictly m$ic9al1 !y are describ$ 9 ,banckes' h]bal ) m ?an a t\* ( poetry4 ,rosem>y has p]haps ! mo/ *>m+ li/ ( attributes1 "s ( :i* are wor? quot+4 ,! read] is direct$ to 8take ! fl[res & make p[d] !r( & bynde x to ! ryght arme 9 a lyn5 clo!1 & x %all make ! lyght & m]y4444 ,also take ! fl[res & put !m 9 a *e/ amonge y\re clo!s or amonge bokes & m\ghtes %all n hurte !m4444 ,also boyle ! leves 9 :yte wyne & was%e ?y face !r) 444 ?\ %all h a fayre face4 ,also put ! leves "u ?y b$des he$1 & ?\ %albe delyv]$ ( all evyll dremes4444 ,also take ! leves & put !m into a vessel ( wyne 444 yf ?\ sell t wyne1 ?\ %all h good lucke & sp$e 9 ! sale4444 ,also make ! a box ( ! wood & smell to x & x %all pres]ne pres]ve ?y y\!4 ,also put !r( 9 ?y doores or 9 ?y h[se & ?\ %albe )\t daung] ( ,add]s & o!r v5ym\s s]p5tes4 ,also make ! a b>ell !r( & drynke ?\ ( ! drynke t /&e? !r9 & ?\ n$es to f]e no poyson t %all hurte ye1 & yf ?\ set x 9 ?y g>d5 kepe x hone/ly = x is mo*e pr(ytable40 ,! popul>ity ( ,banckes' ,h]bal is atte/$ by ! fact t a l>ge numb] ( editions appe>$ f diff]5t presses1 al?\gh _! id5tity has be5 obscur$ by ! v>i\s names "u :i* !y 7 publi%$4 ,to consid] ^! editions 9 detail is a task = ! bibliograph] r ?an ! botani/1 & x w n be attempt$ "h4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 m5tion a few typical examples4 ,9 #aeej1 a book 0 pr9t$ by 8,jhon kynge0 ) ! title #8,a litle ,h]ball ( ! prop]ties ( ,h]bes newly am5d$ & correct$1 wy? c]tayn ,additions at ! ende ( ! boke1 decl>+ :at ,h]bes ha? influ5ce ( c]ta9 ,/]res & con/ellations1 :]by maye be *os5 ! be/ & mo/ lucky tymes & dayes ( _! m9i/racion1 accord+ to ! ,moone beyng 9 ! signes ( heav51 ! :i* is daily appo9t$ 9 ! ,almanacke1 made & ga!r$ 9 ! ye>e ( our ,lorde ,god4 ,,mdl ! ,,xii daye ( ,febru>y1 by ,an?ony ,askham1 ,physycyon4' ,?is "w1 :i* is g5]ally call$ ,askham's ,h]bal1 is directly d]iv$ f ,banckes' ,h]bal1 ) ! addition ( "s a/rological lore4 ,! book kn[n z ,c>y's or ,copl&'s ,h]bal1 :i* 0 probably fir/ publi%$ ab\t ! same "t z ,askham's ,h]bal1 is simply a lat] edition ( ! h]bal ( ,ry*>de ,banckes1 & ano!r closely simil> edition ) an almo/ id5tical title 0 publi%$ by ,kynge4 ,ano!r v]sion ( ! same "w1 undat$1 & pr9t$ by ,rob]t ,wy]1 appe>$ "u an ev5 m deceptive title--#8,a newe ,h]ball ( ,mac]1 ,translat$ out ( ,lat5 9 to ,englys%e4' ,!re 01 z a matt] ( fact1 a c]ta9 milius ,mac]1 a contempor>y ( ,virgil & ,ovid1 :o wrote ab\t plants 9 ,lat9 v]se1 & !re is also a h]bal :i* 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & :i* is kn[n by ! "n ( #8,mac] ,floridus de viribus h]b>um4' ,mac] ,floridus or milius ,mac] is suppos$ to h be5 ! pseudonym ( a physician ^: real "n 0 ,odo4 #8,de viribus h]b>um' deals ) sev5ty-sev5 plants 9 alphabetical ord]1 & describes _! virtues 9 m$ival ,lat9 v]se1 :i* is believ$ to date back to ! t5? c5tury4 ,x is illu/rat$ ) wood-cuts :i* are app>5tly copi$ f ^? ( ! ,h]b>ius zu ,teuts*4 ,!re seems to be no ju/ification :atev] = ! use ( ,mac]'s "n on ! title-page ( #8,a newe ,h]ball ( ,mac]4' ,except = "s slight v]bal diff]5ces1 x is id5tical ) ,banckes' h]bal ( #aebe4 ,ano!r closely simil> edition1 also undat$1 0 publi%$ "u ! "n ( #8,mac]s ,h]bal4 ,practysd by ,doctor ,lynacro4' ,mac]'s "n 0 probably m]ely borr[$ 9 ea* case1 9 ord] to give ! books a well-s\nd+ title1 & ?us to increase ! *ances ( sale4 #c4 ,,! ,,grete ,,h]ball4 ,among ! e>li] ,engli% h]bals1 ! great] reputation belongs1 n to ,banckes' ,h]bal 9 any ( its =ms1 b to ! #8,grete ,h]ball' pr9t$ by ,pet] ,trev]is 9 #aebf1 & aga9 9 #aebi4 ,?is 0 admitt$ly a translation f ! ,fr5*1 namely f ! "w kn[n z #8,le ,grant ,h]bi]1' ^: orig9 we h discuss$ on p4 #bd4 ,9 ! preface & supplem5t1 h[ev]1 x also %[s "s indebt$ness to ! ,ortus ,sanitatis4 ,! figures 9 ! ,grete ,h]ball are degrad$ copies ( ! s]ies :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,h]b>ius zu ,teuts* 7see ,text-figs4 #bj & #ba74 ,! introduction to ! ,grete ,h]ball1 ?\gh x is less nave & *>m+ ?an ! correspond+ "p ( ! ,g]man ,h]b>ius1 may yet be quot$1 9 "p1 z giv+ a v lucid idea ( ! utilit>ian po9t ( view ( ! h]bali/ ( ! p]iod1 & also z br++ home to ! read] ! imm5se influ5ce ( ! !ory ( ! f\r elem5ts3 8,consyd]ynge ! grete goodnesse ( almyghty god creat\r ( hev5 & er!1 & al ?ynge !r9 compreh5d$ to :om be et]nall laude & prays1 etc4 ,consyd]ynge ! c\rs & nature ( ! f\re elem5tes & qualytees :]e to ye nature ( man is inclyn$1 out ( ! :i*e elem5tes issue? dyv]s qualytees infyrmytees & dyseases 9 ! corporate body ( man1 b god ( 8 goodnesse t is creat\r ( all ?ynges ha? ordeyn$ = mankynde 7:i*e he ha? creat$ to 8 owne lyk5esse7 = ! grete & t5d] love1 :i* he ha? unto hym to :om all ?+es er!ly he ha? ordeyn$ to be obeysant1 = ! su/5tacyon & hel! ( 8 lovynge creature mankynde :i*e is onely made egally ( ! f\re elem5tes & qualitees ( ! same1 & :an any ( ^! f\re hab\nde or ha? m domynacyon1 ! "o ?an ! o!r x con/rayne? ye body ( man to grete infyrmytees or dyseases1 = ! :i*e ye et]nall god ha? gyv5 ( 8 hab\ndante grace1 v]tues 9 all man] ( h]bes to cure & heale all man] ( sek5esses or infyrmytes to hym befallyng ?rugh ! influ5t c\rse ( ! f\re elem5tes be=esayd1 & ( ! corrupcyons & ye v5ym\s ayres contr>ye ye hel! ( man4 ,also ( onholsam meates or drynkes1 or holsam meates or drynkes tak5 ontemp]atly :i*e be call$ surfetes t br5ge? a man sone to grete dyseases or sek5esse1 :i*e dyseases b5 ( nombre & ompossyble to be reh]s$1 & =tune z well 9 vilages :]e z no!r surgeons nor phisicians be dwellyng nygh by _m a myle1 z x doo? 9 good t[nes :]e !y be r$y at h&e4 ,:]=e bro!rly love compelle? me to wryte ?rugh ye gyftes ( ! holy go/ %ewynge & en=mynge h[ man may be holp5 ) gr5e h]bes ( ! g>dyn & w$ys ( ye feldys z well z by co/ly receptes ( ! potyc>ys prepayr$40 ,! conclusion ( ! :ole matt]1 :i* is set =? imm$iately be=e ! index1 is 9 ^! words3 8,o ye wor?y r$]s or practicy5s to :ome ?is noble volume is pres5t ,i bese*e y[ take intellyg5ce & beholde ye workes & op]acyons ( almyghty god :i* ha? endew$ 8 symple creature mankynde ) ! graces ( ye holy goo/ to h p>fyte kn[lege & und]/&ynge ( ! v]tue ( all man] ( h]bes & trees 9 ?is booke compreh5dyd40 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #bj4 8,yv]y0 ,ivory ,! ,grete ,h]ball1 #aebi4 ,f a tw5tie?-c5tury po9t ( view1 ! ,grete ,h]ball conta9s mu* t is curi\s1 especially 9 relation to m$ical matt]s4 ,ba?+ 0 evid5tly reg>d$ z a /range fad4 ,we le>n1 on ! au?ority ( ,gal51 t 8_m folke t ha? ba!d !m 9 colde wat] h dy$ or !y came home40 ,wat] dr9k+ seems to h be5 ?\ght almo/ equally p]nici\s1 = we are told1 8may/] ,isaac say? t x is unpossyble = !m t drynke? ov]mo*e wat] 9 !yr y\? to come to ye aege t god ordeyn$ !m40 ,a p]iod :5 m5 7 m prone ?an !y are to-day to settle _! diff]5ces by ! use ( _! own /rong "r arms is reflect$ 9 ! v>i\s rem$ies propos$ = su* afflictions z 8black5esse or brus+e comynge ( /rypes1 specyally yf !y be 9 ! face40 ,turn+ to less concrete ailm5ts1 x is r /rik+ to f9d :at a l>ge numb] ( prescriptions aga9/ melan*oly are consid]$ necess>y4 ,= in/ance1 8,to make folke m]y at ye table10 "o is recomm5d$ to 8take f\re leves & f\re rotes ( v]vayn 9 wyne1 ?an spryncle ! wyne all ab\t ! h\s :]e ! eatynge is & !y %all be all m]y40 ,! smoke ( ,ari/olo*ia 8make? ! pacy5t m]y m]vayl\sly10 & also 8dryve? all devylls%nesse & all tr\ble out ( ye h\se40 ,bugloss & ,mugwort are also recomm5d$ to produce m]rim5t1 & x is sugge/$ t ! less] ,mugwort %\ld be laid "u ! door ( ! h\se1 =1 if ?is is done1 8man nor womann c n anoy 9 t h\s#h40 ,! numb] ( specifics propos$ z a cure = baldness is some:at surpris+1 :5 "o rememb]s t ?is condition is (t5 attribut$ to ! n]v\s /ress & /ra9 ( mod]n life6 ,hair-dyes & /a9s = ! nails also receive _! %>e ( att5tion4 ,v rem>kable p[]s 7 ascrib$ to products ( ! ocean1 su* z coral & pe>ls4 ,! =m] is describ$ z be+ 8a man] ( /ony sub/aunce t is f\nde 9 p>tyes ( ! see1 & specyally 9 hol[e1 & cavy hylles t b5 9 ye see1 & gr[e? z a man] ( a glewy hum\r1 & cleve? to ! /ones40 ,! writ] m5tions t 8"s say t ! re$ corall kepe? ! h\s t x is 9 fro lyghtnynge1 ?ondre1 & tempe/40 ,pe>ls 7 reg>d$ z ( great value 9 m$ic9e1 &1 = weakness ( ! he>t1 ! pati5t is recomm5d$ to 8,take ! p[dre ( p]les ) sugre ( roses10 :i* sugge/s a rem$y wor?y ( a poet6 ,_m travell]s' tales are incorporat$ 9 ! h]bal2 we f9d1 = in/ance1 a mo/ ?rill+ description ( ! lode/one4 8,lapis magnetis is ! adamant /one t drawe? yr54 ,x 444 is f\nde 9 ! brymmes ( ! occyan see4 ,& !re be hylles ( x1 & ^! hylles drawe ye %yppes t h nayles ( yr5 to !m1 & breke ! %yppes up drawynge ( ! nayles out40 ,?is description is illu/rat$ by a picture ( a rocky p9nacle & a %ip go+ to pieces2 "o man is already 9 ! wat]1 & two o!rs are on ! po9t ( los+ _! lives4 ,_m ( ! rem$ies = diff]5t ailm5ts /rike ! mod]n read] z be+ viol5t 9 a t]rify+ degree1 & adapt$ to a m robu/ age ?an ! pres5t2 !y incl9e "o to e*o ! words1 8,!re 7 giants 9 ! e>? 9 ^? days40 ,b app>5tly ! sixte5? c5tury held an exactly correspond+ view ( its pr$ecessors1 = "u ! head+ ( 8:yte elebore0 we read1 8,9 olde tyme x 0 commely us$ 9 m$ycyns z we use squamony4 ,= ! body ( man 0 /rong] ?an x is n[1 & myght bett] endure ! vyol5ce ( elebore1 = man is weyk] at ?is "t ( nature40 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ba4 8,n5uf>0 ,wat]lily ,! ,grete ,h]ball1 #aebi4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t bo? ,*ri/ianity & ,greek my?ology f9d a place 9 ! ,grete ,h]ball4 ,! discov]y ( ,artemisia & its virtues is attribut$ to ,diana & ! ,c5taurs1 b 9 ! ev5t ( be+ bitt5 by a mad dog1 ! suff]] is recomm5d$ to appeal to ! ,virg9 ,m>y be=e employ+ any rem$y4 8,z sone z ye be byt5 g to ! *yr*e1 & make ?y (frynge to our lady1 & pray "h to helpe & heale !e4 ,?an rubbe ye sore ) a newe clo!10 etc4 ,q a numb] ( m$ic9es enum]at$ 9 ! ,grete ,h]ball /ill hold _! own 9 mod]n practice4 ,liquorice is recomm5d$ = c\ghs2 laudanum1 h5bane1 opium & lettuces z n>cotics2 olive oil & slak$ lime = scalds2 cuttle-fi% bone = :it5+ ! tee?1 & borax & rose wat] = ! complexion4 ,?is book ?r[s an int]e/+ light on ! e>ly names ( ,briti% plants4 ,! ,primrose is call$ 8,prym]olles0 or 8saynt pet]worte40 ,! 8devylles bytte0 is said to be 8s call$ by cause ! rote is blacke & seme? t x is iagg$ ) bytynge1 & "s say t ! devyll _h envy at ! v]tue !r( & bete ! rote s = to h de/roy$ x40 ,duckwe$ is call$ 8,l5tylles ( ! wat]0 or 8frogges fote10 :ile ,cuckoo-p9t is kn[n by ! picturesque "n ( 8pre/es hode10 & ,wood-sorrel is call$ 8,alleluya0 or 8cuk[es meate40 ,"o ( ! mo/ noticeable features ( ! h]bal is ! exposure ( me?ods ( 8fak+0 drugs1 = ! protection ( ! public1 8to es*ew ye frawde ( !m t selle? x40 ,?is is a great /ep 9 advance f ! days ( ! old ,greek h]bali/s1 :5 secrecy 0 "p ( ! /ock-9-trade ( a druggi/1 &1 z we h po9t$ out 9 a previ\s *apt]1 ! cr$ul\s public 0 w>n$ (f by ?reats ( ! miracul\s & fe>ful ills1 :i* w\ld foll[ any unskill$ m$dl+ ) ! subject4 ,ano!r "w1 :i* 0 illu/rat$ ) ! same figures z ^? ( ! ,grete ,h]ball1 0 #8,! v]tuose boke ( ,di/illacyon ( ! wat]s ( all man] ( ,h]bes1' :i* appe>$ 9 #aebg4 ,?is 0 a translation by ,laur5ce ,&rew f ! #8,lib] de arte di/ill&i' ( ,hi]onymus ,brauns*weig1 to :i* we h already ref]r$4 ,x 0 almo/ entirely occupi$ ) an acc\nt ( me?ods ( di/illation1 b occasionally !re is a picturesque t\* ( description4 ,= example1 9 speak+ ( ! ,mi/letoe1 ! au?or says1 8,?is h]be ha? a longe sl5d] lefe no!r full gr5e1 nor ful yel[e1 & b]e? a small :yte b]ye40 ,! book 0 pr9t$ 89 ! flete /rete by me ,laur5s ,&rewe1 9 ! sygne ( ! gold5 ,crosse40 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,botanical ,,r5aissance ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,& ,,sev5te5? ,,c5turies #a4 ,,! ,,h]bal ,,9 ,,g]many4 ,9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,botany1 ,kurt ,spr5gel fir/ us$ ! hon\r$ title1 8,! ,g]man ,fa!rs ( ,botany10 to describe a gr\p ( h]bali/s--,brunfels1 ,bock1 ,fu*s & ,cordus--^: "w belongs pr9cipally to ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! 0 ,otto ,brunfels ,o?o ,brunfelsius1 :o is said to h be5 born 9 #adfd4 ,8 surname is d]iv$ f ! fact t 8 fa!r1 :o 0 a coop]1 came f ,s*loss ,brunfels1 ne> ,ma9z4 ,:5 ,otto grew up1 he became a ,c>?usian monk4 ,we d n "k h[ long 8 mona/ic c>e] la/$1 b ev5tually 8 heal? appe>s to h brok5 d[n1 &1 at ! same "t1 8 fai? 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* 0 und]m9$ by ! acqua9tance :i* he began to make ) prote/ant doctr9es4 ,he fl$ f ! mona/]y1 & took up 8 abode 9 ,/rasburg1 :]e he 0 = n9e ye>s headma/] ( ! gramm> s*ool4 ,he wrote v>i\s !ological works1 b ultimately turn$ 8 att5tion to m$ic9e1 &1 be=e 8 dea? 9 #aecd1 he _h become t[n physician at ,b]n4 ,z evid5ce ( 8 m$ical /udies we h 8 f9e h]bal1 :i* is /ill full ( int]e/1 :]eas 8 o!r works1 :i* he probably reg>d$ z mu* m s]i\s contributions1 h fall5 into oblivion4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #bb4 8,walwurtz mnnl90 ,symphytum1 ,comfrey ,brunfels1 ,h]b>um viv eicones1 ,vol4 ,i4 #aecj4 ,r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #bc4 8,helleborus ,nig]0 ,helleborus viridis ,l41 ,gre5 ,hellebore ,brunfels1 ,h]b>um viv eicones1 ,vol4 ,i4 #aecj4 ,r$uc$4 ,a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( ! h]bal may be said to date f ! ye> #aecj1 :5 ! fir/ "p ( ,brunfels' "w1 ! #8,h]b>um viv eicones1' 0 publi%$ by ,s*ott ( ,/rasburg4 ,9 ?is book1 ) its beautiful & naturali/ic illu/rations1 !re is1 z ! title indicates1 a real return to nature2 ! plants are repres5t$ z !y are1 & n 9 ! conv5tionalis$ aspect :i* _h become traditional 9 ! e>li] h]bals1 ?r\gh successive copy+ by "o arti/ f ano!r1 )\t ref]5ce to ! plants !mselves4 ,! blocks = ! #8,h]b>um viv eicones' 7 execut$ by ,hans ,weiditz1 :o 0 probably also ! draughtsman4 ,examples are %[n 9 ,text-figs4 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 #hb1 #hc & #hd4 ,! illu/rations ( ,brunfels' h]bal are incomp>ably bett] ?an ! text1 :i* is v poor1 & l>gely borr[$ f previ\s writ]s4 ,brunfels' k ( botany 0 *iefly d]iv$ f ! /udy ( c]ta9 ,italian au?ors1 ,man>dus & o!rs1 :o sp5t _! "t 9 try+ to id5tify ! plants !y saw gr[+ ar\nd !m ) ^? describ$ by ,dioscorides4 ,?is 0 by no means unreasonable 9 _! case1 s9ce x 0 ! plants ( ! ,m$it]ranean region t ,dioscorides _h enum]at$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,brunfels attempt$ to employ ! same me?ods 9 8 exam9ation ( ! flora ( ! ,/rasburg di/rict1 & ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e1 _m difficulties & discrepancies arose4 ,he _h no und]/&+ ( ! geographical di/ribution ( plants1 & did n realise t diff]5t regions h dissimil> floras4 ,x is curi\s t ?is %\ld h be5 s1 :5 we rememb] t ,!ophra/us1 m ?an eighte5 hundr$ ye>s e>li]1 _h cle>ly po9t$ out t ! prov9ces ( ,asia h ea* _! own *>act]i/ic plants1 & t "s1 :i* occur 9 "o region1 are abs5t f ano!r4 ,hi]onymus ,bock1 :o 9 8 ,lat9 writ+s call$ himself ,tragus 7,text-fig4 #bf71 0 a contempor>y ( ,brunfels1 ?\gh 8 botanical "w 0 some:at lat] 9 date4 ,he 0 born 9 #adih1 & de/9$ by 8 p>5ts = ! cloi/]4 ,b he prov$ to h no vocation = ! mona/ic life1 &1 hav+ pass$ ?r\gh a univ]sity c\rse1 he obta9$1 by fav\r ( ! ,c\nt ,palat9e ,ludwig1 ! po/ ( s*ool tea*] at ,zweibrck51 & ov]se] ( ! ,c\nt's g>d54 ,aft] 8 patron's dea? he remov$ to ,hornba*1 :]e he prea*$ ! gospel1 & also _h an ext5sive m$ical practice1 devot+ 8 sp>e "t to botany4 ,b he got into "s tr\ble1 app>5tly ow+ to 8 prote/antism1 & 0 oblig$ to leave ,hornba*4 ,he 0 9 s]i\s /raits until ,c\nt ,philip ( ,nassau1 :om he _h previ\sly cur$ ( a sev]e illness1 gave him %elt] & support 9 8 own ca/le4 ,he 0 ev5tually able to return to ,hornba*1 :]e he fill$ ! (fice ( prea*] until 8 dea? 9 #aeed4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #bd4 8,synnaw0 ,al*emilla1 ,ladies' ,mantle ,brunfels1 ,h]b>um viv eicones1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #aeca4 ,r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #be4 8,c>yophyllata0 ,geum1 ,av5s ,brunfels1 ,h]b>um viv eicones1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #aedj4 ,r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #bf4 ,hi]onymus ,bock or ,tragus1 #adih-aeed ,engrav+ by ,david ,k&el4 ,kreut] ,b*1 #aeea4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #bg4 8,erdb]50 ,frag>ia1 ,/rawb]ry ,bock1 ,kreut] ,b*1 #aedf4 ,bock's great "w is ! #8,new ,kreutt]bu*1' a h]bal :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 #aeci1 pr9t$ at ,/rasburg by ,w5del ,rihel4 ,9 subsequ5t editions ! title 0 abbreviat$ to #8,kreut] ,b*4' ,! fir/ edition 0 )\t illu/rations1 b a second1 conta9+ _m wood-cuts1 foll[$ 9 #aedf4 ,! majority ( ! figures are said to h be5 copi$ on a r$uc$ scale f ^? 9 ,fu*s' magnific5t h]bal1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aedb1 betwe5 ! fir/ & second editions ( ,bock's "w4 ,fu*s' figures mu/ h be5 us$ ) great discretion1 = ! plagi>ism is (t5 n obvi\s 7see ,text-figs4 #bg1 #ij1 #ia74 ,a consid]able numb] ( ! figures are new1 be+ drawn & engrav$ by ,david ,k&el1 ^: initials appe> on ! portrait ( ,bock1 reproduc$ 9 ,text-fig4 #bf4 ,! wood-cuts ( trees 9 ! ?ird "p ( ! book are p>ticul>ly noticeable 7see ,text-figs4 #bh & #ib7 & are (t5 made m int]e/+ by ! introduction ( figures ( m5 & animals4 ,bock's *ief claim to remembrance1 h[ev]1 does n lie 9 8 figures1 b 9 8 descriptions1 :i* 7 a great advance on ^? previ\sly publi%$4 ,he 0 c>eful also to note ! mode ( occurr5ce & localities ( ! plants m5tion$1 & 9 ?is feature 8 "w %[$ "s approa* to a flora 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w4 ,bock seems to h be5 a ke5 collector1 al?\gh hamp]$ by ill-heal?1 & a great po9t 9 8 fav\r is t he describ$ only ^? plants :i* _h come "u 8 own p]sonal obs]vation4 ,! ,royal ,f]n 7,osmunda7 0 traditionally suppos$ to be> se$ ^u ,/4 ,john's ,eve1 ?\gh f]ns 7 g5]ally believ$ at t "t to h no organs ( fructification4 ,to te/ ?is /atem5t1 ,bock f\r times sp5t ! night 9 ! =e/4 ,he f\nd 8small black se$ l poppy se$10 9 spite ( ! fact t he 8us$ no *>m1 incantation or magic "*10 b w5t ^u 8 se>* )\t sup]/ition4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #bh4 8,pimp]nuss0 ,pi/acia1 ,pi/a*io-nut ,bock1 ,kreut] ,b*1 #aedf4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #bi4 8,tribulus aquaticus0 ,trapa natans ,l41 ,bull-nut ,bock1 ,de /irpium1 #aeeb4 ,bock's fre$om f ! cr$ulity :i* p]meat$ ! "w ( s _m ( ! e>ly botani/s is "o ( 8 mo/ rem>kable *>act]i/ics4 ,8 *apt]s on ,v]b5a & ,artemisia reflect cle>ly ! indep5d5ce ( 8 ?\ght4 ,he po9ts out t ! =m] plant is collect$ r = purposes ( magic ?an = m$ic9e1 & he c h>dly conta9 8 scorn at ! 8monkey tricks & c]emonies0 connect$ ) ! use ( ! latt]4 ,leonh>d ,fu*s or ,fu*sius1 ! ?ird ( ! ,fa!rs ( ,g]man ,botany 7see ,frontispiece71 belong$ to ! same g5]ation z ,hi]onymus ,bock1 ?\gh he 0 a little y\ng] & produc$ 8 *ief "w ?ree ye>s lat]4 ,he 0 born 9 #aeja at ,membd+5 9 ,bav>ia1 & at an e>ly age he became a /ud5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,erfurt1 :]e he is said to h tak5 a ba*elor's degree 9 8 ?irte5? ye>6 ,aft] a p]iod ( s*ool tea*+1 he resum$ 8 /udies1 ?is "t at ! ,univ]sity ( ,+ol/adt1 :]e he devot$ himself *iefly to classics1 & became a ,ma/] ( ,arts4 ,aft] ?is he turn$ 8 att5tion to m$ic9e1 & took a doctor's degree4 ,at ,+ol/adt he came "u ! influ5ce ( ,lu!r's writ+s1 :i* won him ov] to ! re=m$ fai?4 ,fu*s began to practise z a physician at ,muni*1 b 9 #aebf he return$ to ,+ol/adt z ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e4 ,he seems to h be5 ( a re/less temp]am5t1 :i* 0 probably acc5tuat$ by ! p]secution to :i* 8 prote/ant op9ions expos$ him4 ,8 c>e] = m ?an =ty ye>s consi/$ ( p]iods ( active practice1 alt]nat+ ) p]iods ( univ]sity tea*+4 ,9 #aece he 0 appo9t$ to a pr(essor%ip at ,tb+51 &1 :ile he held ?is po/1 he decl9$ a call to ! ,univ]sity ( ,pisa1 & also an invitation to become physician to ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k4 ,x is cle> t1 bo? z a physician & a tea*]1 he 0 9 great dem&4 ,he acquir$ a widespread reputation by 8 successful treatm5t ( a t]rible epidemic disease1 :i* swept ov] ,g]many 9 #aebi4 ,a little book ( m$ical in/ructions & pray]s aga9/ ! plague1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 %[s t 8 fame _h ext5d$ to ,engl&4 ,x is entitl$1 #8,a wor?y practise ( ! mo/e le>n$ ,phisition ,mai/] ,leon]d ,fu*sius1 ,doctor 9 ,phisicke1 mo/ necess>y 9 ?is ne$full tyme ( our visitation1 = ! com=te ( all good & fay?full p1 bo? olde & yonge1 bo? = ! sicke & = !m t w\lde avoyde ! daung] ( contagion4' ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #cj4 8,brassic qu>tum g5us0 ,cabbage ,fu*s1 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$4 ,9 spite ( 8 pr(essional activity1 ,fu*s f\nd "t to produce a botanical ma/]piece1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aedb f ! press ( ,is+r9 ( ,basle1 "u ! title #8,de hi/oria /irpium4' ,?is 0 a ,lat9 h]bal deal+ ) ab\t f\r hundr$ native ,g]man1 & "o hundr$ =eign plants1 & 0 foll[$ 9 ! succe$+ ye> by a ,g]man edition1 call$ ! #8,new ,kret]b*4' ,( all ! botani/s ( ! ,r5aissance1 ,fu*s is p]haps ! "o :o des]ves mo/ to be held 9 hon\r4 ,he is notably sup]ior to 8 two pr$ecessors 9 matt]s call+ = s*ol>%ip1 su* z ! critical /udy ( ! plant nom5clature ( classical au?ors4 ,8 h]bal rivals1 or ev5 surpasses1 t ( ,brunfels 9 its illu/rations1 & t ( ,bock 9 its ,g]man text4 ,! lett]-press ( ! ,lat9 edition is1 on ! :ole1 inf]ior to ! ,g]man1 ! brief descriptions be+ (t5 tak5 ^w = ^w f previ\s writ]s4 ,! ,lat9 edition op5s1 h[ev]1 ) a long & mo/ int]e/+ preface1 9 s+ul>ly pure & f9e ,lat94 ,fu*s is ke5ly indignant at ! ignorance ( h]bs display$ ev5 by m$ical m54 ,8 outbur/ on ?is subject may be lit]ally translat$ z foll[s3--8,b1 by ,immortal ,god1 is x to be wond]$ at t k+s & pr9ces d n at all reg>d ! pursuit ( ! inve/igation ( plants1 :5 ev5 ! physicians ( our "t s %r9k f x t x is sc>cely possible to f9d "o among a hundr$ :o has an accurate k ( ev5 s _m z a few plants80 ,t ,fu*s' "w 0 inde$ a lab\r ( love is a conviction t mu/ =ce itself ^u ev]yone :o /udies 8 h]bal1 & x is fur!r borne out by 8 own words 9 ! preface--words :i* be> ! /amp ( a lively en?usiasm3 8,b !re is no reason :y ,i %\ld dilate at great] l5g? ^u ! pleasantness & delight ( acquir+ k ( plants1 s9ce !re is no "o :o does n "k t !re is no?+ 9 ?is life pleasant] & m delightful ?an to w&] ov] woods1 m\nta9s1 pla9s1 g>l&$ & adorn$ ) fl[]lets & plants ( v>i\s sorts1 & mo/ elegant to boot1 & to gaze int5tly ^u !m4 ,b x increases t pleasure & delight n a little1 if !re be add$ an acqua9tance ) ! virtues & p[]s ( ^! same plants40 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ca4 8,polygonatum latifolium0 ,solomon's ,seal ,fu*s1 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$4 ,! wood-cuts :i* illu/rate ,fu*s' h]bal are ( extraord9>y beauty 7,text-figs4 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #eh1 #gj1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh74 ,"s ( !m ga9 a special int]e/ z be+ ! fir/ ,european figures ( c]ta9 ,am]ican plants1 e4g4 ,indian ,corn 7,zea mais ,l47 & ! ,great ,pumpk9 7,cucurbita maxima ,du*47 7,text-fig4 #cb74 ,^! wood-cuts became famili> 9 ,engl& 9 ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 be+ us$ on a r$uc$ scale 7borr[$ f ! octavo edition7 9 bo? ,william ,turn]'s h]bal & ,lyte's ,dodo5s1 two books :i* we %all consid] a little lat]4 ,9 ,fu*s' great "w we are =tunate 9 possess+1 9 addition to ! botanical draw+s1 a full-l5g? portrait ( ! au?or himself1 hold+ a spray ( ,v]onica1 on ! v]so ( ! title-page 7see ,frontispiece71 &1 at ! end ( ! "w1 nam$ portraits1 :i* are g5]ally suppos$ to repres5t ! arti/ :o drew ! plants f nature1 ! draughtsman ^: bus9ess x 0 to copy ! outl9e on to ! wood1 & ! engrav] :o actually cut ! block 7,text-fig4 #hi74 ,x has also be5 sugge/$ t ! fir/ ( ^! is p]haps engag$ 9 col\r+ a pr9t$ %eet4 ,^! portraits are p[]fully drawn1 & rem>kably conv9c+4 ,x is pleasant to ?9k t we "k n m]ely ! names1 b ! v features ( ! m5 :o collaborat$ to give u :at is p]haps ! mo/ beautiful h]bal ev] produc$4 ,! influ5ce ( ,fu*s' illu/rations is m /rongly felt 9 lat] "w ?an t ( 8 text4 ,! majority ( ! wood engrav+s 9 ,bock's #8,kreut] ,b*' 7#aedf71 ,dodo5s' #8,cr deboeck' 7#aeed71 ,turn]'s #8,new ,h]ball' 7#aeea-aefh71 ,lyte's #8,niewe ,h]ball' 7#aegh7 & ,jean ,bauh9's #8,hi/oria plant>um univ]salis' 7#afea71 are copi$ f ,fu*s1 or ev5 pr9t$ f 8 actual wood-blocks1 :ile a numb] ( 8 figures reappe> 9 ! h]bals ( ,eg5olph1 d',al*amps1 ,tab]nmontanus1 etc41 & ! comm5t>ies ( ,ruellius & ,amatus ,lusitanus on ,dioscorides4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #cb4 8,cucumis turcicus0 ,cucurbita maxima ,du*41 ,giant ,pumpk9 ,fu*s1 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$4 ,fu*s arrang$ 8 "w alphabetically1 mak+ no attempt at a natural gr\p+ ( ! plants1 & 8 h]bal is !re=e )\t importance 9 ! hi/ory ( plant classification4 ,8 influ5ce on me?ods ( plant description 01 h[ev]1 consid]able1 z is %[n by ! fact t ,dodo5s1 9 8 #8,cr deboeck1' took ,fu*s' h]bal z a model = ! ord] ( description ( ea* plant4 ,fu*s' text1 z well z 8 figures1 may ?us be said to h _h an effect1 ev5 if an indirect "o1 on ,briti% botany1 s9ce ! h]bals ( ,lyte & ( ,g]>d are bas$ on ! "w ( ,dodo5s1 9 :i*1 z we h j %[n1 ! influ5ce ( ,fu*s is cle>ly felt4 ,! publi%] ,*ri/ian ,eg5olph ( ,frank=t1 ?\gh n himself a botanical writ]1 mu/ be m5tion$ at ?is /age1 because he br\ght out1 9 #aecc1 a set ( plant illu/rations :i* became p>ticul>ly well kn[n 7e4g4 ,text-figs4 #cc & #he74 ,!y d n reflect any great cr$it on ,eg5olph1 s9ce !y 7 mo/ly pirat$ f ,brunfels4 ,!y 7 n ev5 us$ to illu/rate a new h]bal1 b m]ely a new edition ( ! old ,g]man ,h]b>ius1 enl>g$ & improv$ by ,dr ,eu*>ias ,rhodion1 & issu$ "u ! "n ( #8,kreutt]b* von allem ,erdtgew*s4' ,eg5olph 0 evid5tly a ke5 man ( bus9ess1 = he made 8 figures d duty ov] & ov] aga94 ,he us$ !m n only z illu/rations to ! h]bal1 b z a sep>ate publication1 )\t any lett]-press1 & also 9 conjunction ) an entirely unrelat$ text1 su*1 = example1 z a ,lat9 v]sion ( ,dioscorides4 ,_m lat] editions ( ! ,kreutt]b* appe>$1 & to ^! a numb] ( figures 7 add$1 *iefly copies1 on a r$uc$ scale1 f ^? ( ,bock1 :o _h himself made consid]able use ( ! draw+s 9 ! octavo edition ( ,fu*s' h]bal4 ,! editions produc$ "u ! auspices ( ,adam ,lonic]1 ! publi%]'s son-9-law1 are p>ticul>ly well kn[n4 ,no o!r botanical works ( ! p]iod _h a success comp>able to t ( ?is long s]ies ( books1 ( :i* ,rhodion's #8,kreutt]b*' 0 ! prototype4 ,?is success 01 h[ev]1 a*iev$ 9 ! tee? ( mu* adv]se contempor>y criticism4 ,fu*s1 9 ! preface ( 8 #8,hi/oria /irpium' 7#aedb71 ref]r$ ) unsp>+ t\* to ,eg5olph's botanical mi/akes4 ,8 tr5*ant indictm5t may be r5d]$ into ,engli% z foll[s--8,among all ! h]bals :i* exi/ to-day1 !re are none :i* h m ( ! crasse/ errors ?an ^? :i* ,eg5olph1 ! pr9t]1 has already publi%$ aga9 & aga940 ,?is /atem5t ,fu*s supports by means ( actual examples4 ,x mu/ nev]!less be admitt$ t1 ev5 if _! quality 0 poor1 ! h]bals publi%$ by ,eg5olph & 8 successors did good s]vice 9 dissem9at+ "s k ( ! plant _w among a v wide public4 ,!re is1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 a beautiful copy ( ! #aecf edition1 ) a b9d+ /amp$ 9 gold & be>+ ! arms ( ,m>y1 ,du*ess ( ,suffolk1 daught] ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,! du*ess may p]haps h inh]it$ a ta/e = h]bals f h] fa!r1 = ! ,briti% ,museum also possesses a copy ( ,vr>d's translation ( ! #8,ortus ,sanitatis1' :i* is kn[n to h be5 pur*as$ by him4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #cc4 8,erdpffel0 ,ranunculus fic>ia ,l41 ,less] ,cel&9e ,rhodion1 ,kreutt]b*1 #aecc4 ,among ! ,g]man ,fa!rs ( ,botany1 ,spr5gel includes a comp>atively little kn[n "n1 t ( ,val]ius ,cordus 7#aeae-aedd71 a man ^: actual a*ievem5t 0 small1 b :o1 if he _h n di$ s "y1 w\ld probably h become "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ! e>li] h]bali/s4 ,8 fa!r1 ,euricius ,cordus1 0 a physician1 botani/1 & man ( lett]s1 s ,val]ius 0 br\ght up 9 a =tunate environm5t4 ,at sixte5 he graduat$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,m>burg1 &1 aft] /udy+ 9 v>i\s t[ns1 he pass$ f ! position ( pupil to t ( tea*]1 & exp\nd$ ,dioscorides at ! ,univ]sity ( ,witt5b]g4 ,he travell$ widely 9 se>* ( plants1 & visit$ _m ( ! savants ( ! p]iod4 ,he is kn[n to h made a /ay at ,tb+51 & x is highly probable t he became p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ,leonh>d ,fu*s4 ,cordus _h always long$ to see1 "u _! native skies1 ! plants ab\t :i* ! anci5ts _h writt51 &1 9 fulfilm5t ( ?is dream1 he und]took a long excursion into ,italy4 ,he visit$ _m ( ! t[ns1 among/ o!rs ,padua1 ,bologna1 ,flor5ce & ,si5a1 travell+ p>tly on foot & p>tly on horseback1 & g5]ally accompani$ by 8 fri5d ,hi]onymus ,s*reib]4 ,! j\rney 0 a v try+ "o to m5 accu/om$ to a m nor!rly climate4 ,wild & difficult c\ntry _h to be trav]s$ 9 ! height ( summ]1 & ! exposure & fatigue l$ to a tragic conclusion4 ,cordus 0 injur$ by a kick f a horse1 :i* br\ght on a fev]1 & 8 companions _h great difficulty 9 gett+ him z f> z ,rome4 ,he ralli$1 h[ev]1 & 8 fri5ds 7 deceiv$ into ! belief t he 0 on ! road to recov]y4 ,!y ev5 ?\ght x safe to leave him1 :ile !y made an excursion to ,naples1 b he did n survive until _! return4 ,8 fate1 l t ( ,keats1 0 to see ,rome & die4 ,none ( ! botanical works ( ,val]ius ,cordus 7 publi%$ dur+ 8 life-"t1 b 8 comm5t>ies on ,dioscorides & 8 #8,hi/oria /irpium' 7 edit$ by ,gesn] aft] 8 dea?4 ,! great m]it ( ! #8,hi/oria' lies 9 ! vividness ( ! descriptions4 ,! au?or seems to h exam9$ ! plants = _! own sake--n m]ely 9 ! int]e/ ( ! arts ( heal+4 ,cordus did notewor?y s]vice to m$ic9e1 h[ev]1 = :5 he pass$ ?r\gh ,nuremb]g on 8 travels he 0 able to lay be=e ! physicians ( t t[n a collection ( m$ical recipes1 *iefly select$ f e>li] writ+s4 ,?is "w1 :i* _h = "s "t be5 9 use 9 ,saxony 9 manuscript =m1 0 consid]$ s valuable t1 aft] x _h be5 exam9$ & te/$ "u ! auspices ( ! t[n c\ncil1 x 0 publi%$ (ficially z ! ,nuremb]g #8,disp5satorium1' probably 9 #aedfi4 ,?is is said to be ! fir/ "w ( ! nature ( a ph>macopia ev] publi%$ "u gov]nm5t au?ority4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #cd4 8,ocimoides fruticosum0 ,sil5e fruticosa ,l4 ,cam]>ius1 ,hortus m$icus1 #aehh4 ,a pass+ ref]5ce may be made at ?is po9t to ,jacob ,!odor ( ,b]gzab]n 7#aebj-aeij71 a h]bali/ ^: "w 0 p]haps ( no v great importance1 b :o is closely connect$ ) ! ,g]man ,fa!rs ( ,botany1 hav+ be5 ! pupil bo? ( ,otto ,brunfels & ( ,hi]onymus ,bock4 ,9 8 books he call$ himself ,tab]nmontanus4 ,l ! majority ( ! h]bali/s1 ,!odor 0 a m$ical man1 & 8 /udy ( botany 0 a hobby :i* ext5d$ ov] _m ye>s4 ,he project$ a h]bal1 b 0 unable = a long "t to c>ry ! idea into effect1 be+ det]r$ by ! co/ ( ! illu/rations4 ,?is difficulty 0 ev5tually ov]come1 *iefly ?r\gh ! g5]osity ( ,c\nt ,palat9e ,fr$]ick ,,iii1 & ( ! ,frank=t publi%]1 ,nicolaus ,bassu4 ,! h]bal fir/ appe>$ 9 #aehh1 "u ! title #8,neuw ,kreut]bu*1' & 9 #aeij ! illu/rations 7 publi%$ )\t any text z ! #8,eicones plant>um4' ,! h]bal is a l>ge & v f9ely illu/rat$ "w4 ,! figures1 h[ev]1 are = ! mo/ "p n orig9al1 b are reproduc$ f ,bock1 ,fu*s1 ,dodo5s1 ,mattioli1 de l'cluse & de l',obel4 ,?is collection ( wood-blocks became famili> 9 ,engl& a few ye>s lat]1 :5 !y 7 acquir$ by ! pr9t] ,john ,norton1 & us$ to illu/rate ,g]>d's #8,h]ball' :i* appe>$ 9 #aeig4 ,!re is /ill ano!r ,g]man h]bali/ ( ! sixte5? c5tury ^: "w mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,?is is ,joa*im ,cam]>ius#aj ! y\ng] 7,plate ,,vi74 ,8 fa!r 0 a celebrat$ philologi/1 & a fri5d ( ,melan*?on4 ,! son1 :o 0 born 9 #aecd1 0 attract$ to botany 9 8 e>ly y\?4 ,he /udi$ at ,witt5b]g & o!r univ]sities1 & travell$ 9 ,hung>y & ,italy4 ,he sp5t "s "t 9 ! latt] c\ntry1 & took a doctor's degree 9 m$ic9e at ,bologna4 ,at ,pisa1 he became acqua9t$ ) ,&rea ,cesalp9o4 ,f9ally he return$ to ,g]many1 & settl$ d[n at ,nuremb]g4 ,"h he cultivat$ a g>d5 :i* 0 kept suppli$ ) r>e plants by 8 fri5ds1 & ! ,nuremb]g m]*ants4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi ,,joa*im ,,cam]>ius1 ! y\ng] 7#aecd-aeih74 ,engrav+ by ,b>?olomu ,kilian1 probably betwe5 #afej & #agjj4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,pr9ts & ,draw+s1 ,briti% ,museum4 ,cam]>ius br\ght out an edition ( ,mattioli 7#8,de plantis ,epitome'71 b 8 *ief "w 0 ! #8,hortus m$icus et philosophicus1' :i* appe>$ 9 #aehh4 ,! illu/rations to ?is book consi/ p>tly ( draw+s by ,gesn]1 :i* ! au?or _h b\ght a few ye>s previ\sly1 & p>tly ( orig9al figures4 ,x is impossible to discrim9ate ) any exactness betwe5 ! "w ( ! two m54 ,^! wood-cuts1 ( :i* ,text-figs4 #cd1 #ce1 #ga & #ajj are examples1 w be discuss$ m fully 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,f ! botanical po9t ( view1 !y repres5t a consid]able advance1 s9ce ! details ( floral /ructure are (t5 %[n on an enl>g$ scale4 ,cam]>ius 0 a good obs]v]1 & 8 travels furni%$ him ) mu* in=mation reg>d+ ! localities = ! plants :i* he describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ce4 8,palma0 ,se$l+s ( ,phnix dactylif]a ,l41 ,date ,palm ,cam]>ius1 ,hortus m$icus1 #aehh4 #b4 ,,! ,,h]bal ,,9 ,,! ,,l[ ,,c\ntries4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! ,h]bal fl\ri%$ exce$+ly 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,?is 0 due 9 "p to ! zeal & activity ( ! botani/s ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 b p]haps ev5 m to ! munific5ce1 & love ( le>n+ = its own sake1 :i* di/+ui%$ t pr9ce ( publi%]s1 ,*ri/ophe ,plant9 ( ,antw]p4 ,9 ^! qualities he =ms a notable contra/ to ,eg5olph ( ,frank=t1 to ^: %ortcom+s we h already drawn att5tion4 ,plant9's life ext5d$ f ab\t #aead to #aehi1 & ?us includ$ ! c5tral ye>s ( t wond]ful c5tury4 ,he 0 a native ( ,t\ra9e1 & /udi$ ! art ( pr9t+ at ,ca5 & o!r ,fr5* t[ns4 ,t[>ds #aeej1 he & 8 wife1 ,jeanne ,rivire1 settl$ 9 ,antw]p1 :]e he work$ at book-b9d+1 & 8 wife sold l95 9 a little %op4 ,lat]1 he return$ to ! pr(ession ( pr9t+1 & 8 bus9ess 9 ?is direction gradually develop$1 & 0 ev5tually transf]r$ to ! fam\s ,maison ,plant94 ,*ri/ophe's reputation grew to su* an ext5t t great ef=ts 7 made1 9 v>i\s qu>t]s1 to tempt him f ,antw]p4 ,! ,duke ( ,savoy & ,pi$mont1 = in/ance1 did all he c\ld to p]suade him to come to ,tur91 promis+ him ext5sive pr9t+ works & all necess>y funds--b he rema9$ fai?ful to ! city ( 8 adoption4 ,p]haps ! mo/ pot5t factor 9 8 success 0 8 ke5 judgm5t ( m51 :i* enabl$ him s to *oose 8 subord9ates t he ga!r$ ar\nd him an unrivall$ /aff4 ,"o ( ,plant9's daught]s m>ri$ ,jean ,moretus1 h] fa!r's *ief assi/ant & successor1 & f him ! bus9ess desc5d$ ?r\gh eight g5]ations ( pr9t]s to d\>d ,jean ,hyac9! ,moretus1 ! la/ ( 8 race1 f :om1 9 #ahgf1 ! citiz5s ( ,antw]p pur*as$ ! ,maison ,plant9 & its cont5ts4 ,! h\se _h rema9$ practically un*ang$ s9ce ! days :5 ,*ri/ophe ,plant9 liv$ & work$ !re1 & x is n[ pres]v$ z ! ,muse ,plant9-,moretus4 ,x is built r\nd a rectangul> c\rty>d1 & its beauty1 bo? 9 proportion & 9 detail1 is su*1 t "o feels at once t ,plant9 a*iev$ ! ambition he express$ 9 8 *>m+ sonnet--#8,le ,bonheur de ce ,monde'--8,avoir une maison commode1 propre et belle40 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #cf4 ,remb]t ,dodo5s1 #aeag-aehe ,a ,niewe ,h]ball1 translat$ by ,lyte1 #aegh4 ,! pictures1 furniture & hang+s1 & n only ! v presses1 fonts1 & furnaces = ca/+ ! type1 b ev5 ! old acc\nt books & correct$ pro(-%eets are /ill to be se51 all 9 _! appropriate places4 ,! wage-books are pres]v$1 %[+ ! weekly e>n+s ( compositors1 engrav]s & book-b9d]s1 ?r\gh\t a p]iod ( ?ree c5turies4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,maison ,plant9 begg>s description1 & a visit !re is an infallible recipe = transport+ ! imag9ation back to ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 :5 pr9t+ 0 9 its fir/ y\?1 & 0 treat$ ) ! rev]5ce due to "o ( ! f9e arts4 ,! fir/ ,belgian botani/ ( _w-wide r5[n 0 ,remb]t ,dodo5s or ,dodonu 7,text-fig4 #cf74 ,he 0 a contempor>y ( ,plant91 hav+ be5 born at ,mal9es 9 #aeagaa4 ,he /udi$ at ,l\va91 & visit$ ! univ]sities & m$ical s*ools ( ,france1 ,italy & ,g]many1 ev5tually qualify+ z a doctor4 ,he 0 successful 9 8 pr(ession1 be+ physician to ! ,emp]ors ,maximilian ,,ii & ,rudolph ,,ii1 & f9ally becom+ ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e at ,leyd51 :]e he di$ 9 #aehe4 ,8 int]e/ 9 ! m$ical aspect ( botany l$ him to write a h]bal1 &1 9 ord] to illu/rate x1 he obta9$ ! use ( ! wood-blocks :i* _h be5 employ$ 9 ! octavo edition ( ,fu*s' "w4 ,to ^! a numb] ( new engrav+s 7 add$4 ,! book 0 publi%$ 9 ,dut* 9 ! ye> #aeed by ,v&]loe1 "u ! title #8,cr deboeck4' ,! text is n a translation ( ,fu*s1 z is sometimes suppos$1 al?\gh ,dodo5s took ,fu*s z 8 model = ! ord] ( description ( ea* plant4 ,! me?od ( arrangem5t is 8 own1 & he indicates localities & times ( fl[]+ 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 in=mation :i* cle>ly c\ld n h be5 d]iv$ f ! e>li] writ]4 ,almo/ simultane\sly ) ! fir/ ,dut* edition1 a ,fr5* issue appe>$ "u ! title ( #8,hi/oire des ,plantes4' ,! translation 0 c>ri$ out by ,*>les de l'cluse1 ) ^: own "w we %all %ortly deal4 ,dodo5s sup]vis$ ! production ( ! book1 & took ! opportunity to make "s additions4 ,x became kn[n 9 ,engl& ?r\gh ,lyte's translation1 :i* w be discuss$ 9 a lat] section ( ?is *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #cg4 8,capp>is0 ,capp>is ovata ,l4 ,dodo5s1 ,pemptades1 #aehc4 ,! la/ ,dut* edition ( ! h]bal1 = :i* ! au?or himself 0 responsible1 0 pr9t$ by ,v&]loe 9 #aefc4 ,! publi%] !n p>t$ ) ,fu*s' blocks1 :i* 7 probably acquir$ by ! pr9t] ( ,lyte's ,dodo5s 9 ,engl&4 ,?is circum/ance put great difficulties 9 ! way ( ,dodo5s' wi% to reproduce 8 h]bal 9 ,lat94 ,h[ev] x prov$ a bless+ 9 disguise1 = he _h ! good =tune to meet1 9 ,*ri/ophe ,plant91 8un homme qui ne reculait devant aucune dp5se1 p\r donn] aux ouvrages qui sortai5t de ses presses t\te la p]fection et le mrite dont ils tai5t susceptibles40 ,plant9 und]took to produce a mu* modifi$ ,lat9 translation ( ! h]bal1 & to h new blocks engrav$ = x1 :il/ ,dodo5s1 on 8 side1 engag$ to supply ! arti/s ) fre% plants1 & to sup]9t5d _! lab\rs4 ,! "w proce$$ sl[ly1 & 0 publi%$ 9 p>ts4 ,x 0 f9ally complet$ 9 #aehc1 & 0 produc$ 9 "o volume1 "u ! "n ( #8,/irpium hi/ori pemptades sex sive libri trig9ta4' ,9 ?is "w1 by f> ! l>g] numb] ( ! figures are orig9al 7see ,text-figs4 #cg1 #ch1 #if & #ig72 "s1 h[ev]1 7 borr[$ f de l'cluse & de l',obel4 ,?is arose f ! fact t ,plant9 0 also ! publi%] = bo? ^! writ]s1 & z he bore ! exp5se ( _! blocks1 he _h an agreem5t ) ! ?ree au?ors t _! illu/rations %\ld be treat$ z common prop]ty4 ,a few ( ,dodo5s' figures 7 bas$ ^u ^? 9 ! fam\s manuscript ( ,dioscorides1 n[ at ,vi5na 7see pp4 #h1 #he1 #aed74 ,9 ! #8,pemptades1' ! botani/ 9 ,dodo5s 0 m to ! =e1 & ! physician less 9 evid5ce ?an 9 8 e>li] "w4 ,x is p>ticul>ly difficult to appraise ) any exactness ! s]vices :i* ,dodo5s r5d]$ to botany4 ,betwe5 him & 8 two y\ng] c\ntrym51 de l'cluse & de l',obel1 !re 0 s intimate a fri5d%ip t !y freely imp>t$ _! obs]vations to "o ano!r1 & p]mitt$ ! use ( !m1 & also ( _! figures1 9 "o ano!r's books4 ,to attempt to asc]ta9 exactly :at degree ( m]it %\ld be attribut$ to ea* ( ! ?ree1 w\ld be a task equally difficult & ?ankless4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii ,,*>les ,,de ,l',,cluse 7#aebf-afji74 ,pr9t 9 ! ,botany ,s*ool1 ,cambridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ch4 8,anemone trifolia0 ,dodo5s1 ,pemptades1 #aehc4 ,*>les de l'cluse or ,clusius#ab 7,plate ,,vii7 0 born at ,arras 9 ! ,fr5* ,ne!rl&s 9 #aebf2 l ,dodo5s1 he pass$ ! clos+ ye>s ( 8 life at ,leyd54 ,he /udi$ at ,l\va91 & o!r univ]sities1 includ+ ,montpeli]1 :]e he came "u ! influ5ce ( ! botani/1 ,guillaume ,rondelet1 :o also numb]$ d',al*amps1 de l',obel1 ,pi]re ,p5a & ,jean ,bauh9 among 8 pupils4 ,de l'cluse 0 an en?usia/ic adh]5t ( ! re=m$ fai?1 to :i* he 0 conv]t$ by ! influ5ce ( ,melan*?on1 & he suff]$ religi\s p]secution1 :i* br\ght ev5 actual m>tyrdom to "s ( 8 relatives4 ,?\gh he did n himself lose 8 life1 he 0 depriv$ ( 8 prop]ty1 &1 betwe5 pov]ty & ill-heal?1 8 c>e] seems to h be5 a melan*oly "o4 ,he pass$ a nomad exi/5ce1 atta*$ at "o "t z tutor to "s great family1 :ile1 at o!rs1 he 0 occupi$ 9 writ+ or translat+ = ,rondelet1 ,dodo5s or ,plant91 or und]tak+ prec>i\s employm5t at ! c\rt ( ,vi5na4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd5 f9ally appo9t$ him to a pr(essor%ip4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t he paid m ?an "o visit to ,engl&1 & t he 0 intimate ) ,sir ,francis ,drake1 :o gave him plants f ! ,new ,_w4 ,de l'cluse _h a reputation = v]satility sc>cely exce$$ by t ( 8 contempor>y1 ! 8,admirable0 ,cri*ton4 ,he is said to h _h a wide k ( ,lat91 ,greek1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,flemi%1 ,spani%1 law1 philosophy1 hi/ory1 geography1 zoology1 m9]alogy & numismatics1 besides 8 *os5 subject ( botany4 ,s9ce 8 botanical db 0 made z ! translator ( ,dodo5s1 we may ) reason look ^u him z a disciple ( ! latt]4 ,! fir/ orig9al "w de l'cluse produc$ 0 an acc\nt ( ! plants :i* he _h obs]v$ :ile on an adv5tur\s exp$ition to ,spa9 & ,portugal ) two pupils4 ,?is 0 s successful botanically t he br\ght back two hundr$ new species4 ,! description ( 8 f9ds 0 publi%$ by ,plant9 9 #aegf1 "u ! title ( #8,r>iorum aliquot /irpium p] ,hispanias obs]vat>um ,hi/oria4' ,wood-blocks 7 engrav$ purposely = ?is book 7see ,text-figs4 #ci1 #ei & #ih71 b1 = ! confusion ( ! bibliograph]1 "s ( !m 7 also us$ to illu/rate ,dodo5s' "w 9 ! int]val :ile ! ,spani% flora ( de l'cluse await$ publication4 ,9 #aehc appe>$ our au?or's second "w1 :i* did ! same s]vice = ! botany ( ,au/ria & ,hung>y z ! previ\s volume _h done = ! botany ( ,spa94 ,^! two works1 toge!r ) "s additional matt]1 7 republi%$ 9 #afja z ! #8,r>iorum plant>um hi/oria4' ,9 ?is book1 ! species belong+ to ! same g5us are (t5 br\ght toge!r1 b1 beyond ?is1 !re is little attempt at sy/ematic arrangem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ci4 8,lacryma ,iob0 ,coix la*ryma-,jobi ,l41 ,job's ,te>s de l'cluse1 ,r>iorum 444 p] ,hispanias1 #aegf4 ,de l'cluse 0 weak 9 ! syn!tic faculty1 8 /r5g? ly+ r 9 8 p[]s ( obs]vation4 ,cuvi] reckons t he add$ m ?an six hundr$ to ! numb] ( kn[n plants4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( 8 v]satile m9d1 t 8 botanical int]e/s 7 n conf9$1 l ^? ( mo/ ( ! e>ly work]s1 to fl[]+ plants4 ,a manuscript is pres]v$ 9 ! ,leyd5 ,libr>y#ac conta9+ m ?an eighty beautiful wat]-col\r draw+s ( fungi1 execut$ "u ! direction ( de l'cluse1 by arti/s employ$ by 8 great fri5d & patron1 ,b>on ,boldizsr de ,bat?yny4 ,?is g5tleman is said to h be5 s en?usia/ic a botani/1 t he set a ,turki% prison] at lib]ty1 on ! condition t he %\ld obta9 plants = him f ,turkey4 ,de l'cluse seems to h be5 a man ( wide fri5d%ips1 & 8 botanical correspond5ce 0 v l>ge4 ,he did mu* = horticulture1 & is call$ by 8 fri5d1 ,m>ie de ,brim51 ,pr9cesse de ,*imay1 8le pre de t\s les beaux ,j>d9s de ce pays40 ,he des]ves especial gratitude = "o b5efit ( a v practical nature1 namely ! introduction ( ! ,potato into ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,x is wor?y ( note t de l'cluse1 unlike ! majority ( ! h]bali/s1 0 n a physician1 & al?\gh he laid consid]able /ress on ! prop]ties ( plants1 he 0 n preoccupi$ ) ! m$ical side ( ! subject4 ,he /udi$ plants = _! own sake1 & ab&on$ ! futile ef=t to id5tify !m ) ^? m5tion$ by ! anci5ts4 ,! ?ird ( ! trio ( botani/s :om we are n[ consid]+ is ,ma?ias de l',obel de ,lobel or ,lobelius1 :o 0 born 9 ,fl&]s 9 #aech1 & di$ 9 ,engl&1 at ,highgate1 9 #afaf 7,plate ,,viii74 ,he /udi$ at ,montpeli]1 "u ,guillaume ,rondelet1 :o1 f9ally1 bequea!d to him 8 botanical manuscripts4 ,"h also he became acqua9t$ ) a "y ,prov5al1 ,pi]re ,p5a1 ) :om he aft]w>ds collaborat$ 9 botanical "w4 ,de l',obel took up m$ic9e z 8 pr(ession1 & ev5tually became physician to ,william ! ,sil5t1 a po/ :i* he held until ! assass9ation ( ! ,/ad?old]4 ,lat] on1 he & ,p5a came to ,engl&1 probably to seek a peaceful life "u ! prosp]\s sway ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 :i* 0 s fav\rable to ! arts & sci5ces4 ,_! pr9cipal "w 0 d$icat$ to h]1 9 t]ms ( hyp]bolic praise4 ,de l',obel seems to h be5 well receiv$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 = he 0 invit$ to sup]9t5d ! m$ic9al g>d5 at ,hackney1 belong+ to ,"l ,z\*e1 & he ev5tually obta9$ ! title ( ,botani/ to ,james ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii ,,ma?ias ,,de ,l',,obel 7#aech-afaf74 ,engrav+ by ,franois ,dell>ame1 #afae4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,pr9ts & ,draw+s1 ,briti% ,museum4 ,de l',obel's *ief botanical "w 0 ! #8,/irpium adv]s>ia nova#ad1' publi%$ 9 #aegj1 ) ,p5a z jo9t au?or4 ,p5a does n appe> to h be5 a botani/ ( mu* importance1 & he ev5tually q =sook ! subject 9 fav\r ( m$ic9e4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 h[ev]1 t de l',obel 0 incl9$ to m9imise ! value ( 8 colleague's "w4 ,! sy/em ( classification1 ^u :i* de l',obel's reputation really re/s1 is set =? 9 ?is book4 ,! ma9 feature ( 8 s*eme is t he di/+ui%es diff]5t gr\ps by ! peculi>ities ( _! leaves4 ,he is ?us l$ to make a r\gh sep>ation betwe5 ! classes :i* we n[ call ,dicotyl$ons & ,monocotyl$ons4 ,! details ( 8 sy/em w be consid]$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,9 #aegf ! "w 0 enl>g$1 & republi%$ z ! #8,plant>um seu ,/irpium ,hi/oria'2 x 0 also translat$ into ,flemi%1 & appe>$ "u ! title ( #8,kruydtbck' 9 #aeha1 d$icat$ to ,william ( ,orange1 & ! ,burgoma/]s & o!r function>ies ( ,antw]p4 ,! blocks 7see ,text-fig4 #fg7 us$ to illu/rate ?is "w 7 tak5 f previ\s books1 especially ^? ( de l'cluse4 ,imm$iately aft] ! publication ( ! ,kruydtbck1 ,plant9 br\ght out an album ( ! engrav+s x _h conta9$1 :i*1 al?\gh !y _h be5 also us$ to illu/rate ! h]bals ( ,dodo5s & de l'cluse1 7 n[ gr\p$ accord+ to de l',obel's arrangem5t1 :i* 0 recognis$ z ! be/4 #c4 ,,! ,,h]bal ,,9 ,,italy4 ,! ,italian botani/s ( ! ,r5aissance devot$ !mselves *iefly to int]pret+ ! works ( ! classical writ]s on ,natural ,hi/ory1 & to ! id5tification ( ! plants to :i* !y ref]r$4 ,?is came ab\t q naturally1 f ! fact t ! ,m$it]ranean flora1 :i* !y saw ar\nd !m1 0 actually t ) :i* ! writ]s 9 "q _h be51 9 _! day1 famili>4 ,! botani/s ( s\!rn ,europe 7 n compell$1 z 7 ^? ^: homes lay nor? ( ! ,alps1 to di/ort facts be=e !y c\ld make ! plants ( _! native c\ntry fit into ! procru/ean b$ ( classical descriptions4 ,"o ( ! *ief ( ! comm5tators & h]bali/s ( ?is p]iod 0 ,pi]&rea ,mattioli or ,mat?iolus 7,text-fig4 #dj71 :o 0 born at ,si5a 9 #aeja1 & di$ ( ! plague 9 #aegg4 ,we realise some?+ ( ! frightful ext5t ( ?is sc\rge1 :5 we rememb] t x claim$ z victims no less ?an ?ree ( ! small company ( ,r5aissance botani/s1 ,gesn]1 ,mattioli & ,zaluzian4 ,leonh>d ,fu*s 0 br\ght into fame by 8 successful treatm5t ( "o ( ^! epidemics4 ,x %\ld also be recall$ t1 :ile ,gasp>d ,bauh91 "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! lat] h]bali/s1 0 practis+ z a physician at ,basle1 no less ?an ?ree ( ^! t]rible outbreaks occurr$ 9 ! t[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #dj4 ,pi]&rea ,mattioli1 #aeja-aegg ,engrav+ by ,philippe ,galle4 ,virorum ,doctorum ,effigies1 ,antw]p1 #aegb4 ,mattioli 0 ! son ( a doctor1 & 8 e>ly life 0 pass$ 9 ,v5ice1 :]e 8 fa!r 0 9 practice4 ,he 0 de/9$ = ! law1 b 8 inh]it$ ta/es l$ him away f jurisprud5ce to m$ic9e4 ,he practis$ 9 sev]al diff]5t t[ns1 & became physician1 successively1 to ! ,ar*duke ,f]d9&1 & to ! ,emp]or ,maximilian ,,ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #da4 8,pyra0 ,pyrus communis ,l41 ,pe> ,mattioli1 ,comm5t>ii1 #aefj4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #db4 8,av5a0 ,oats ,mattioli1 ,comm5t>ii1 #aefj4 ,mattioli's #8,comm5t>ii 9 sex libros ,p$acii ,dioscoridis1' 8 *ef-d'uvre1 ! gradual production & improvem5t ( :i* occupi$ 8 leisure h\rs ?r\gh\t 8 life1 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aedd4 ,x 0 translat$ into _m languages & appe>$ 9 c\ntless editions4 ,! success ( ! "w 0 ph5om5al1 & x is said t #cb1jjj copies ( ! e>li] editions 7 sold4 ,! title does n d ! book ju/ice1 = x conta9s1 besides an exposition ( ,dioscorides1 a ,natural ,hi/ory deal+ ) all ! plants kn[n to ,mattioli4 ,! e>ly editions _h small illu/rations only 7,text-figs4 #da1 #db1 #ic & #id71 b1 lat] on1 editions ) l>ge & v beautiful figures 7 publi%$1 su* z t :i* appe>$ at ,v5ice 9 #aefe 7,text-figs4 #dc1 #dd1 #ie74 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #dc4 8,trifolium acetosum0 ,oxalis ,mattioli1 ,comm5t>ii1 #aefe4 ,r$uc$4 ,mattioli's descriptions ( ! plants ) :i* he deals are n s good z ^? ( "s ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,he f\nd & record$ a c]ta9 numb] ( new plants1 especially f ! ,tyrol1 b mo/ ( ! species1 :i* he describ$ = ! fir/ "t1 7 n 8 own discov]ies1 b 7 communicat$ to him by o!rs4 ,luca ,gh9i1 = in/ance1 _h project$ a simil> "w1 b h&$ ov] all 8 mat]ial to ,mattioli1 :o also plac$ on record ! discov]ies made by ! physician1 ,wilhelm ,quakelbe51 :o _h accompani$ ! celebrat$ diplomati/1 ,aug]-,gisla9 ,busbecq1 on a mission to ,turkey4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #dd4 8,malus0 ,pyrus malus ,l41 ,apple ,mattioli1 ,comm5t>ii1 #aefe4 ,r$uc$4 ,busbecq br\ght f ,con/ant9ople a wond]ful collection ( ,greek manuscripts1 includ+ ,juliana ,anicia's copy ( ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica ( ,dioscorides1 n[ 9 ! ,vi5na ,libr>y 7see pp4 #h & #aed74 ,he discov]$ ?is great manuscript 9 ! h&s ( a ,jew1 :o requir$ a hundr$ ducats = x4 ,?is price 0 almo/ prohibitive1 b ,busbecq 0 an en?usia/1 & he successfully urg$ ! ,emp]or1 ^: repres5tative he 01 8to r$eem s illu/ri\s an au?or f t s]vitude#ae40 ,8 purpose 9 buy+ ! manuscript seems to h be5 l>gely 9 ord] to communicate x to ,mattioli1 :o w\ld ?us be able to make use ( x 9 prep>+ 8 ,comm5t>ies on ,dioscorides4 ,! p]sonal "* ( ,mattioli does n appe> to h be5 a pleasant "o4 ,he engag$ 9 num]\s controv]sies ) 8 fell[ botani/s1 & hurl$ ! mo/ abusive language at ^? :o v5tur$ to criticise him4 ,ano!r ,italian h]bali/1 ,ca/or ,durante1 slightly lat] 9 date ?an ,mattioli1 %\ld p]haps be m5tion$ "h1 n because ( ! intr9sic value ( 8 "w1 b because ( its widespread popul>ity4 ,at lea/ two ( 8 books appe>$ 9 _m editions & translations4 ,durante 0 a physician :o issu$ a s]ies ( botanical compilations1 b$iz5$ ) ,lat9 v]se4 ,! be/ kn[n ( 8 works is ! #8,h]b>io ,nuovo1' publi%$ at ,rome 9 #aehe 7,text-figs4 #de & #ajc74 ,a second book1 ! orig9al v]sion ( :i* is seldom met )1 has surviv$ 9 ! =m ( a ,g]man translation1 by ,pet] ,uff5ba*4 ,! ,g]man v]sion 0 nam$ #8,hortulus ,sanitatis4' ,z an illu/ration ( ,durante's *>m+ly unsci5tific mann]1 we may take ! leg5d ( ! 8,arbor tri/is0 :i* occurs 9 bo? ^! works4 ,! figure :i* accompanies x 7,text-fig4 #de7 %[s1 b5ea? ! moon & />s1 a draw+ ( a tree ^: trunk has a human =m4 ,! description1 z x occurs 9 ! #8,hortulus ,sanitatis1' may be translat$ z foll[s3 8,( ?is tree ! ,indians say1 !re 0 once a v beautiful maid51 daught] ( a mighty "l call$ ,p>isatac*o4 ,?is maid5 lov$ ! ,sun1 b ! ,sun =sook h] because he lov$ ano!r4 ,s1 be+ scorn$ by ! ,sun1 %e slew h]self1 & :5 h] body _h be5 burn$1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( t l&1 ?is tree sprang f h] a%es4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y ! fl[]s ( ?is tree %r9k s int5sely f ! ,sun1 & nev] op5 9 8 pres5ce4 ,& ?us x is a special delight to see ?is tree 9 ! night "t1 adorn$ on all sides ) its lovely fl[]s1 s9ce !y give =? a delici\s p]fume1 ! l ( :i* is n to be met ) 9 any o!r plant1 b no soon] does "o t\* ! plant ) "o's h& ?an its sweet sc5t vani%es away4 ,& h[ev] beautiful ! tree has appe>$1 & h[ev] sweetly x has bloom$ at night1 directly ! ,sun rises 9 ! morn+ x n only fades b all its bran*es look z ?\gh !y 7 )]$ & dead40 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #de4 8,arbor ,mal5conico0 or 8,arbor tri/is0 ,tree ( ,sorr[ ,durante1 ,h]b>io ,nuovo1 #aehe4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #df4 8,apocynum0 ,colonna1 ,phytobasanos1 #aeib4 ,mu* m fam\s ?an ,durante 0 ,fabio ,colonna1 or1 z he is m g5]ally call$1 ,fabius ,columna 7,plate ,,ix71 :o 0 born at ,naples 9 #aefg4 ,8 fa!r 0 a well-kn[n littrateur4 ,fabio ,colonna's pr(ession 0 t ( law1 b he 0 also well acqua9t$ ) languages1 music1 ma!matics & optics4 ,he tells u 9 ! preface to 8 pr9cipal "w t 8 int]e/ 9 plants 0 ar\s$ by 8 difficulty 9 obta9+ a rem$y = epilepsy1 a disease f :i* he suff]$4 ,hav+ tri$ all sorts ( prescriptions )\t result1 he exam9$ ! lit]ature on ! subject1 & discov]$ t mo/ ( ! writ]s ( 8 "t m]ely s]v$ up ! results obta9$ by ! anci5ts1 (t5 9 a v incorrect =m4 ,s he w5t to ! f\nta9 head1 ,dioscorides1 & aft] mu* rese>* id5tifi$ ,val]ian z be+ ! h]b :i* t writ] _h recomm5d$ aga9/ epilepsy1 & succe$$ 9 cur+ himself by its use4 ,?is exp]i5ce conv9c$ ,colonna t ! k ( ! id5tity ( ! plants describ$ by ! anci5ts 0 9 a mo/ unsatisfactory condition1 & he set himself to produce a "w :i* %\ld rem$y ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,?is book 0 publi%$ 9 #aeib1 "u ! "n ( #8,phytobasanos1' :i* embodies a qua9t conceit aft] ! fa%ion ( ! "t4 ,! title is a comp\nd ,greek ^w mean+ 8plant torture10 & 0 app>5tly employ$ by ,colonna to expla9 t he _h subject$ ! plants to ordeal by torture1 9 ord] to wre/ f !m ! secret ( _! id5tity4 ,b x mu/ be confess$ t ,colonna himself is by no means free f error1 z reg>ds ! names :i* he assigns to !m4 ,! great feature ( ! #8,phytobasanos1' h[ev]1 is ! excell5ce ( ! descriptions & figures4 ,! latt] are fam\s z be+ ! fir/ et*+s on copp] us$ to illu/rate a botanical "w 7,text-figs4 #df & #aje74 ,!y 7 an advance on all previ\s plant draw+s1 except ! "w ( ,gesn] & ,cam]>ius1 9 giv+1 9 _m cases1 detail$ analyses ( ! fl[]s & fruit z well z habit draw+s4 ,we owe to ,colonna also ! te*nical use ( ! ^w 8petal10 :i* he sugge/$ z a descriptive t]m = ! col\r$ floral leaves#af4 ,by means ( 8 wide sci5tific correspond5ce1 ,colonna kept 9 t\* ) _m ( ! naturali/s ( 8 "t1 notably ) de l'cluse & ,gasp>d ,bauh94 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ix ,,fabio ,,colonna 7#aefg-afej74 ,ekphrasis1 #afjf4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #dg4 8,kalli0 ,salicornia1 ,glasswort ,prosp]o ,alp9o1 ,de plantis gypti1 #aeib4 ,a pass+ ref]5ce may be made "h to a book :i* is r ( ! nature ( a local flora ?an a h]bal1 entitl$ #8,prosp]i ,alp9i de plantis gypti1' :i* 0 publi%$ at ,v5ice 9 #aeib4 ,x conta9s a numb] ( wood-cuts1 :i* appe> to be orig9al4 ,! "o reproduc$ 7,text-fig4 #dg7 repres5ts ,salicornia1 ! ,glasswort4 ,! au?or 0 a doctor :o w5t to ,egypt ) ! ,v5etian consul1 ,giorgio ,emo1 & _h opportunities ( collect+ plants !re4 ,he is said to h be5 ! fir/ ,european writ] to m5tion ! ,c(fee plant1 :i* he saw gr[+ at ,cairo4 ,prosp]o ,alp9o ev5tually became ,pr(essor ( ,botany at ,padua1 & enri*$ ! botanical g>d5 ( t t[n ) ,egyptian plants4 #d4 ,,! ,,h]bal ,,9 ,,switz]l&4 ,among ! _m sci5tific m51 ^: names are associat$ ) ,switz]l&1 "o ( ! mo/ r5[n$ is ,konrad ,gesn] 7,plate ,x71 :o 0 born at ,zuri* 9 #aeaf1 ! son ( a poor furri]4 ,8 ta/e = botany 0 due1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to ! influ5ce ( 8 uncle1 a prote/ant prea*]4 ,konrad w5t to ,france to /udy m$ic9e1 b 9 ,p>is1 ! ri*ness ( ! libr>ies1 & ! delight ( associat+ ) le>n$ m51 tempt$ him away f 8 special subject into a c\rse ( omnivor\s read+4 ,aft] an int]val ( s*ool tea*+ at ,zuri*1 he betook himself to ,basle1 :]e he ent]$ m me?odically ^u ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 at ! same "t attempt+ to support himself by work+ at a ,lat9 diction>y4 ,h[ev]1 aft] a %ort p]iod ( /ud5t life1 he f\nd ! exp5se too great1 & 0 oblig$ to ab&on x1 & to take a po/ z tea*] ( classics 9 ,lausanne4 ,he _h receiv$ assi/ance at diff]5t times f 8 native t[n1 :i* aga9 came to 8 help at ?is juncture1 & g5]\sly allott$ to him a 8,reise/ip5dium10 = ! cont9uance ( 8 m$ical /udies4 ,he inde$ ow$ mu* to ,zuri*1 =1 aft] tak+ 8 doctorate1 he 0 appo9t$ fir/ to ! pr(essor%ip ( ,philosophy !re1 & !n to t ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 :i* he held until he di$ ( ! plague 9 8 =ty-n9? ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #dh4 8,la*ryma ,iob0 ,coix la*ryma-,jobi ,l41 ,job's ,te>s ,siml]1 ,vita ,conradi ,gesn]i1 #aeff4 ,gesn]'s mo/ rem>kable *>act]i/ic 0 8 v]satility & encyclopdic k2 he has be5 call$ ! ,pl9y ( 8 "t4 ,8 "w on bibliographical & l+ui/ic subjects 0 ( importance1 & he also wrote on m$ic9e1 m9]alogy1 zoology & botany4 ,! botanical works publi%$ dur+ 8 life 7 n ( great importance1 b1 at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 he _h already prep>$ a l>ge "p ( ! mat]ial = a g5]al hi/ory ( plants1 :i* 0 int5d$ z a companion "w to 8 fam\s #8,hi/oria ,animalium4' ,9 ord] to illu/rate x1 he _h collect$ #aejj draw+s ( plants1 ! majority orig9al1 ?\gh "s 7 f\nd$ on previ\s wood-cuts1 especially ^? ( ,fu*s4 ,! und]tak+ 0 s f> advanc$ t "s ( ! figures _h be5 drawn ^u ! wood1 & c]ta9 blocks _h ev5 be5 engrav$4 ,! :ole collection1 & ! manuscripts1 he bequea!d = publication to 8 fri5d ,casp> ,wolf4 ,wolf seems to h made an hone/ ef=t to c>ry out ,gesn]'s wi%es1 & he succe$$ 9 publi%+ a few ( ! wood-cuts1 z an app5dix to ,siml]'s #8,vita ,conradi ,gesn]i' 7e4g4 ,text-fig4 #dh74 ,un=tunately he 0 hamp]$ by weak heal?1 & ! task1 z a :ole1 prov$ beyond 8 p[]s4 ,he sold ev]y?+ to ,joa*im ,cam]>ius ! y\ng]1 ) ! proviso t ! pur*as] %\ld make himself responsible = ! publication4 ,cam]>ius fail$ to fulfil ! _s ( ?is obligation4 ,x is true t he br\ght a l>ge numb] ( ,gesn]'s figures be=e ! public1 b he did ?is only by ! indirect me?od ( us+ !m1 among 8 own draw+s1 to illu/rate an edition ( ,mattioli1 & a book ( 8 own4 ,f9ally1 ab\t a hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,cam]>ius1 ,gesn]'s draw+s & blocks came into ! possession ( ! eighte5?-c5tury botani/ & bibliograph]1 ,*ri/oph ,jacob ,trew1 :o publi%$ !m1 ?us giv+ ,gesn] 8 due s f> z 0 possible at t late date4 ,su* blocks z 7 9 good condition 7 pr9t$ directly1 &1 f ! draw+s1 a numb] ( copp] engrav+s 7 made1 col\r$ l ! orig9als4 ,! draw+s 7 ( unequal m]it1 "s ( !m be+ on a v small scale & lack+ 9 cle>ness4 ,9 "o po9t1 h[ev]1 ,gesn] %[s a m>k$ advance on ! me?ods ( 8 contempor>ies--namely 9 giv+ detail$1 analys$ /udies ( fl[] & fruit /ructure1 z well z a draw+ %[+ ! habit ( ! plant4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t1 ev5 9 ,trew's edition1 x is impossible to discrim9ate ) c]ta9ty betwe5 ! "w ( ,gesn] & t ( ,cam]>ius4 ,un=tunately1 we h no k ( ! text ( ,gesn]'s manuscript1 b 8 lett]s make x cle> t 8 int]e/ 9 botany 0 ?or\ghly sci5tific4 ,if 8 "w 7 extant1 he w\ld probably %9e z a discov]] ( new species1 especially among alp9es1 = 8 figures indicate t he 0 acqua9t$ ) a numb] ( plants :i* de l'cluse1 ,gasp>d ,bauh9 & o!rs 7 ! fir/ to describe4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x ,,konrad ,,gesn] 7#aeaf-aefe74 ,pr9t 9 ! ,botany ,s*ool1 ,cambridge4 ,among ,gesn]'s num]\s sci5tific correspond5ts 0 ,jean ,bauh91 a brilliant "y man1 tw5ty-five ye>s 8 junior4 ,_! acqua9tance began :5 ,bauh9 0 only eighte51 b1 9 spite ( 8 fri5d's y\?1 ,gesn] consult$ him 9 botanical difficulties1 describ+ him z 8eruditissimus et ornatissimus juv5is40 ,jean ,bauh9 0 ! son ( a ,fr5* doctor1 a native ( ,ami5s1 :o _h be5 conv]t$ to prote/antism by read+ ! ,lat9 translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t prep>$ by ,erasmus4 ,9 consequ5ce ( 8 *ange ( fai?1 he 0 subject$ to religi\s p]secution1 :i* he avoid$ by retreat+ to ,switz]l&1 :]e 8 sons ,jean & ,gasp>d 7 born4 ,! m$ical tradition seems to h be5 rem>kably /rong 9 ! family4 ,bo? ,jean & ,gasp>d became doctors--,gasp>d1 ^: sons also ent]$ ! pr(ession1 be+1 9 fact1 ! second ( six g5]ations ( physicians4 ,= two hundr$ ye>s1 an unbrok5 succession ( memb]s ( ! family 7 m$ical m54 ,aft] ,jean ,bauh9 _h /udi$ = a "t at ! ,univ]sity ( ,basle1 he w5t to ,tb+51 :]e he le>n$ botany f ,leonh>d ,fu*s4 ,f ,tb+5 he proce$$ to ,zuri*1 & accompani$ ,gesn] on "s j\rneys 9 ! ,alps4 ,aft] fur!r travel on 8 own acc\nt1 & a p]iod at ! ,univ]sity ( ,montpeli]1 he rea*$ ,lyons1 :]e he came 9 contact ) d',al*amps1 :o engag$ him to assi/ ) ! #8,hi/oire des plantes4' ,bauh9 began to occupy himself ) ?is "w1 b 8 prote/antism prov$ a /umbl+-block to 8 life !re1 & he 0 oblig$ to quit ,france4 ,jean ,bauh9's *ief botanical "w1 ! #8,hi/oire univ]selle des plantes1' 0 a mo/ ambiti\s und]tak+1 :i* he did n live to see publi%$4 ,h[ev]1 8 son-9-law ,*]l]1 a physician ( ,basle1 :o _h help$ him 9 prep>+ x1 br\ght out a prelim9>y sket* ( x 9 #afai1 &1 9 #afej & #afea1 ! magnum opus itself 0 publi%$1 "u ! "n ( #8,hi/oria plant>um univ]salis4' ,?is book is a compilation f all s\rces1 & includes descriptions ( #ejjj plants4 ,! figures1 ( :i* !re are m ?an #cejj1 are small & badly execut$4 ,a l>ge proportion ( !m are ultimately d]iv$ f ^? ( ,fu*s4 ,jean ,bauh9's m fam\s bro!r1 ,gasp>d or ,casp> 7,plate ,,xi71 0 born 9 #aefj1 & 0 ?us ! y\ng] by n9ete5 ye>s4 ,gasp>d /udi$ at ,basle1 ,padua1 ,montpeli]1 ,p>is & ,tb+54 ,he also travell$ 9 ,italy1 mak+ obs]vations ^u ! flora1 & becom+ acqua9t$ ) sci5tific m54 ,un=tunately he miss$ be+ a pupil ( ,leonh>d ,fu*s1 s9ce 8 soj\rn at ,tb+5 took place "s ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! fam\s h]bali/1 :o _h be5 8 bro!r's tea*]4 ,! illness & dea? ( 8 fa!r 9 #aehb made x necess>y = him to settle 9 ,basle1 :]e he became ,pr(essor ( ,botany & ,anatomy1 & ev5tually ( ,m$ic9e4 ,inspir$ by ! example ( 8 bro!r1 he conceiv$ ! plan ( collect+1 9 a s+le "w1 all t _h be5 previ\sly writt5 ^u plants1 &1 especially1 ( draw+ up a concordance ( all ! names giv5 by diff]5t au?ors to ! same species4 ,8 ext5sive e>ly travels s]v$ z a good prep>ation = ?is task1 s9ce he _h n only obs]v$ & collect$ widely1 b _h e/abli%$ relations ) ! be/ botani/s 9 ,europe4 ,he =m$ a h]b>ium ( ab\t #djjj plants1 includ+ specim5s f correspond5ts 9 _m c\ntries1 ev5 ,egypt & ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,besides /udy be>+ directly on 8 great project1 he accompli%$ a consid]able am\nt ( critical & editorial "w1 :i* also _h its value 9 relation to 8 ma9 plan4 ,he produc$ new editions ( ,mattioli's ,comm5t>ies1 & ( ! h]bal ( ,tab]nmontanus1 & publi%$ a criticism ( d',al*amps' #8,hi/oria plant>um4' ,!re is a m>k$ p>allelism betwe5 ! c>e]s ( ! ,bauh9 bro!rs1 = ,gasp>d's great "w und]w5t mu* ! same vicissitudes z t ( ,jean4 ,! ma9 "p ( ,gasp>d's *ief "w nev] saw ! light at all1 al?\gh 8 son br\ght out "o in/alm5t ( x1 _m ye>s aft] 8 fa!r's dea?4 ,gasp>d 0 h[ev] m =tunate ?an ,jean1 9 t he liv$ to see ! publication ( ?ree important prelim9>y volumes1 z ! result ( 8 rese>*es1 & x is on ^! t 8 reputation re/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xi ,,gasp>d ,,bauh9 7#aefj-afbd74 ,!atrum ,anatomicum1 #afje4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #di4 8,solanum tub]osum escul5tum0 ,potato ,bauh91 ,prodromos1 #afbj4 ,! #8,prodromos !atri botanici' ( #afbj consi/$ ( descriptions ( #fjj species1 :i* ! au?or reg>d$ z new1 al?\gh sev]al _h1 z a matt] ( fact1 be5 already describ$ by de l'cluse4 ,figures ( ab\t #adj species are giv51 two ( :i* are "h reproduc$ 7,text-figs4 #di & #fb74 ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,potato 7,text-fig4 #di71 /ill reta9s ! "n ( ,solanum tub]osum :i* ,bauh9 gave to x4 ,he _h previ\sly publi%$ a description ( ?is plant 9 an e>li] "w1 ! #8,phytop9ax' ( #aeif4 ,9 #afbc1 ,gasp>d ,bauh9 br\ght out 8 mo/ important botanical book1 ! #8,p9ax#ag !atri botanici4' ,by ?is date1 ow+ to ! numb] ( diff]5t names be/[$ ^u ! same plant by diff]5t au?ors1 & ! v>y+ id5tifications ( ^? describ$ by ! anci5ts1 ! subject ( plant nom5clature _h be5 r$uc$ to a condition ( woeful confusion4 ,bauh9's #8,p9ax' conv]t$ *aos into ord]1 s9ce x conta9$ ! fir/ complete & me?odical concordance ( ! names ( plants1 & 0 s au?oritative z to e>n = ! au?or ! title ( 8lgislateur en botanique40 ,! "w1 :i* dealt ) ab\t #fjjj plants1 0 recognis$ z pre-em95t = _m ye>s4 ,morison criticis$ ! s*eme ( arrangem5t on :i* x 0 bas$1 b adopt$ its nom5clature1 z also did ,ray4 ,t\rne=t also reta9$1 z f> z possible1 ! names ( ! g5]a & species us$ 9 ! #8,p9ax4' ,z ,sa*s long ago po9t$ out1 ?is "w is 8! fir/ & = t "t a completely exhau/ive book ( synonyms1 & is /ill indisp5sable = ! hi/ory ( individual species--no small praise to be giv5 to a "w t is m ?an #bej ye>s old40 ,gasp>d ,bauh9 des]ves great hon\r z ! fir/ :o introduc$ "s degree ( ord] into ! *aotic muddle ( nom5clature & synonymy4 ,! special m]its ( 8 "w1 m especially 8 p[] ( concise & lucid description1 & 8 faculty = sy/ematic arrangem5t1 may p]haps be attribut$ to 8 ,fr5* blood1 s9ce su* qualities are m>k$ly *>act]i/ic ( ,fr5* sci5tific writ+4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t ! two bro!rs ,bauh9 %\ld h c>ri$ on _! "w indep5d5tly & sep>ately1 consid]+ t !y _h 9 view practically id5tical objects--objects 9 :i* ea* only a*iev$ a p>tial success4 ,x seems z if a "w ( mu* great] value might h result$ if !y _h jo9$ =ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ej4 ,jacques d',al*amps1 #aeac-aehh ,enl>g$ f wood-cut1 circa #afjj1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,pr9ts & ,draw+s1 ,briti% ,museum4 #e4 ,,! ,,h]bal ,,9 ,,france4 ,france 7exclud+ ! ,fr5* ,ne!rl&s7 does n seem1 at fir/ sight1 to h contribut$ a great deal t[>ds ! developm5t ( ! ,h]bal 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,jean & ,gasp>d ,bauh91 & ! publi%]1 ,*ri/ophe ,plant91 7 ,fr5* by extraction1 ?\gh ,switz]l& & ,holl& 7 _! c\ntries by adoption4 ,mo/ ( ! important h]bals publi%$ 9 o!r languages 7 translat$ into ,fr5* q e>ly 9 _! hi/ory1 sometimes 9 a modifi$ =m1 s t ,france 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 0 probably by no means backw>d 9 botanical k4 ,"o su* adaptation 0 #8,l',hi/oire des ,plantes1' by ,ge(roy ,l9oci]1 :i* 0 f\nd$1 9 "p1 on ! works ( ,fu*s & ,mattioli4 ,a well-kn[n "n among ! e>li] ,fr5* writ]s is t ( ,jean ,ruel1 or ,joannes ,ruellius1 z he is commonly call$ 7#adgd-aecg74 ,he 0 a physician1 & a pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 & *iefly devot$ himself to ! em5d+ & expla9+ ( ,dioscorides4 ,he also wrote a g5]al botanical treatise1 #8,de ,natura ,/irpium1' :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 ,p>is 9 #aecf4 ,?is "w1 :i* is )\t illu/rations1 is int5d$ ma9ly to elucidate ! anci5t writ]s4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ! ,fr5* h]bali/s 0 ,jacques d',al*amps 7,text-fig4 #ej71 ^: magnum opus1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aehf1 =m$ a comp5dium ( mu* ( ! mat]ial :i* _h be5 contribut$ by ! diff]5t nations4 ,he 0 born at ,ca5 9 #aeac1 & aft] /udy+ m$ic9e at ,montpeli]1 ent]$ ^u ! practice ( x at ,lyons1 :]e he rema9$ until 8 dea? 9 #aehh4 ,d',al*amps' great "w is g5]ally call$ ! #8,hi/oria plant>um ,lugdun5sis4' ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! au?or's "n is n m5tion$ on ! title-page4 ,f ! preface "o w\ld ga!r t ,johannes ,mol9u 7or ,desm\l9s7 0 ! *ief au?or4 ,h[ev]1 judg+ by ! way 9 :i* ! book 0 quot$ by contempor>y writ]s1 !re appe>s to be little d\bt t d',al*amps 0 really responsible = x1 ?\gh assi/$ at diff]5t times by ,jean ,bauh9 & ,desm\l9s4 ,! #8,hi/oria plant>um' _h num]\s faults1 b x 01 at ! "t1 ! mo/ complete univ]sal flora t exi/$4 ,x conta9$ ab\t #bgjj figures 7two ( :i* are reproduc$ 9 ,text-figs4 #ea & #aja71 b1 bo? 9 draw+ & wood-cutt+1 !y %[ m>k$ inf]iority to mu* ( ! e>li] "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ea4 8,orni?ogalum magnum0 d',al*amps1 ,hi/oria g5]alis plant>um1 #aehf4 #f4 ,,! ,,h]bal ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,! greate/ "n among ,briti% h]bali/s ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod is t ( ,william ,turn]1 physician & div9e1 ! 8,fa!r ( ,briti% ,botany40 ,he 0 a nor?-c\ntryman1 a native ( ,morpe? 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 :]e he 0 born probably betwe5 #aeaj & #aeae4 ,he receiv$ 8 education at :at is n[ ,pembroke ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,pembroke des]ves to be especially held 9 hon\r by botani/s1 = a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ,nehemiah ,grew1 :o 0 z pre-em95t among ,briti% botani/s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury z ,turn] 0 among ^? ( ! sixte5?1 also became a /ud5t at ?is college4 ,l s _m ( ! e>ly botani/s1 ,william ,turn] 0 closely associat$ ) ! ,re=mation4 ,he embrac$ ! views ( 8 fri5ds & in/ructors at ,cambridge1 ,ni*olas ,ridley & ,hugh ,latim]1 & f\ght = ! re=m$ fai? ?r\gh\t 8 life1 bo? ) p5 & by ^w ( m\?4 ,8 cau/ic wit 0 also us$1 ) almo/ equal vehem5ce1 to attack ! abuses :i* crept into 8 own p>ty4 ,a ban 0 put ^u 8 writ+s 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 & = a "t he suff]$ imprisonm5t1 b1 :5 ,edw>d ,,vi came to ! ?rone1 8 =tunes improv$1 &1 aft] a long & t$i\s p]iod ( wait+ = pref]m5t1 he obta9$ ! ,dean]y ( ,wells4 ,difficulty 9 eject+ ! previ\s ,dean caus$ mu* delay 9 obta9+ possession ( ! h\se1 & ,turn] lam5t$ bitt]ly t1 9 ! small & cr[d$ tempor>y lodg+1 8i c n g to my booke = ye cry+ ( *ild] noyse yt is made 9 my *amb]40 ,a cl]gyman's life mu/ h be5 full ( unwelcome vicissitudes 9 ^? days1 if ,turn]'s c>e] 0 at all typical4 ,dur+ ,m>y's reign he 0 a fugitive1 & ! =m] ,dean ( ,wells 0 re9/at$4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ,elizabe? asc5d$ ! ?rone1 ! position 0 rev]s$1 & ,turn] came back to ,wells1 8! usurp]10 z he calls 8 rival1 be+ eject$4 ,b 8 triumph 0 %ort-liv$1 = 9 #aefd he 0 susp5d$ = noncon=mity4 ,8 controv]sial me?ods 7 viol5t 9 ! extreme1 & he seems to h be5 a ?orn 9 ! fle% ( 8 sup]iors4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,ba? & ,wells wrote on "o occasion t he 0 8mu* encombr$ w? mr ,doctor ,turn] ,deane ( ,welles1 = 8 undiscrete behavior 9 ! pulpitt3 :]e he m$le? w? all matt]s1 & unsemelie speake? ( all e/ates1 m ?an ys /&+e )e discressyon40 ,*ri/ian doctr9e 0 by no means ! only subject t occupi$ ,turn]'s att5tion4 ,he _h tak5 a m$ical degree ei!r at ,f]r>a or ,bologna1 &1 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,vi1 he 0 physician to ! ,duke ( ,som]set1 ! ,protector4 ,he _h travell$ mu* 9 ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 ,holl& & ,g]many1 at ! p]iods :5 8 religi\s op9ions exclud$ him f ,engl&4 ,"o ( ! great advantages1 :i* he reap$ f 8 w&]+s1 0 ! opportunity ( /udy+ botany at ,bologna "u ,luca ,gh9i1 :o 0 also ! tea*] ( ,cesalp9o4 ,ano!r savant1 ) :om he became acqua9t$ on ! ,cont95t1 0 ,konrad ,gesn]1 :om he visit$ at ,zuri*1 & ) :om he ma9ta9$ a w>m fri5d%ip4 ,he also correspond$ ) ,leonh>d ,fu*s4 ,turn]'s e>lie/ botanical "w 0 ! #8,libellus de re h]b>ia novus' 7#aech71 :i* is ! fir/ book 9 :i* localities = _m ( our native ,briti% plants are plac$ on record4 ,9 #aedh ?is 0 foll[$ by ano!r little "w1 #8,! names ( h]bes 9 ,greke1 ,lat91 ,engli%e1 ,du*e & ,fr5*e wy? ! commune names t ,h]b>ies & ,apotec>ies use4' ,9 ! preface to ?is book1 ,turn] tells u t he _h project$ a ,lat9 h]bal1 & _h inde$ writt5 x1 b refra9$ f publi%+ x because1 :5 he 8ax$ ! advise ( ,phisicianes 9 ?ys matt]1 _! advise 0 t ,i %\lde cease f settynge out ( ?is boke 9 lat9 tyll ,i _h s5e ^? places ( ,engl&e1 :]e9 is mo/e pl5tie ( h]bes1 t ,i might 9 my h]bal decl>e to ! greate hon\re#ah ( our c\ntre :at numbre ( sov]e9e & /rang h]bes 7 9 ,engl&e t 7 n 9 o!r nations1 ^: c\nsell ,i h fol[$ def]ryng to set out my h]bal 9 lat91 tyl t ,i h s5e ! we/ c\ntrey1 :i* ,i nev] sawe yet 9 al my lyfe1 :i* c\ntrey ( all places ( ,engl&1 z ,i he>e say is mo/e ri*ely repl5i%$ wy? all kyndes ( /raunge & wond]full workes & giftes ( nature1 z are /ones1 h]bes1 fi%es & metalles40 ,he expla9s t :ile wait+ to complete 8 h]bal1 he has be5 advis$ to publi% ?is little book 9 :i* he has set =? ! names ( plants4 ,he adds1 8& because m5 %\ld n ?ynke t ,i write ( t ,i nev] sawe1 & t ,potic>ies %\lde be excuselesse :5 z ! ryghte h]bes are requir$ ( !m1 ,i h %ew$ 9 :at places ( ,engl&e1 ,g]many1 & ,italy ! h]bes gr[e & maye be _h = lab\re & money40 ,turn]'s *ef-d'uvre 0 8 #8,h]ball1' publi%$ 9 ?ree in/alm5ts1 ! fir/ 9 ,london 9 #aeea1 ! fir/ & second toge!r at ,cologne 9 #aefb1 dur+ 8 exile 9 ! reign ( ,m>y1 & ! ?ird "p1 toge!r ) ! prec$+1 9 #aefh4 ,! title ( ! fir/ "p runs z foll[s1 #8,a new ,h]ball1 :]9 are conteyn$ ! names ( ,h]bes 444 ) ! prop]ties degrees & naturall places ( ! same1 ga!r$ & made by ,wylliam ,turn]1 ,physicion unto ! ,duke ( ,som]settes ,grace4' ,! figures illu/rat+ ! h]bal are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! same z ^? 9 ! octavo edition ( ,fu*s' "w1 publi%$ 9 #aede4 ,! d$ication ( ! h]bal1 9 its complet$ =m1 to ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ?r[s "s light on ,turn]'s life1 & incid5tally on t illu/ri\s lady h]self4 ,! doctor recalls1 ) p>donable pride & p]haps a t\* ( bl>ney1 an occasion on :i* ! ,pr9cess ,elizabe?1 z %e !n 01 _h conv]s$ ) him 9 ,lat94 8,z = y\r k 9 ! ,lat9 tonge10 he writes1 8xviii ye>es ago or m1 ,i _h 9 ! ,duke ( ,som]settes h\se 7beynge 8 ,physition at t tyme7 a good tryal !re(1 :5 z x pleas$ y\r grace to speake ,lat9 unto me3 = al?\gh ,i h bo? 9 ,engl&1 l[e & highe ,g]manye1 & o!r places ( my longe traveil & pelgrimage1 nev] spake ) any noble or g5tle woman1 t spake s wel & s mu* congrue fyne & pure ,lat91 z y\r grace did unto me s longe ago40 ,turn] def5ds himself aga9/ ! ins9uation t 8a booke intreat+e onelye ( trees1 h]bes & w$es1 & %rubbes1 is n a mete pres5t = a pr9ce10 & c]ta9ly1 if we accept 8 acc\nt ( ! /ate ( k at ! "t1 ! ne$ = su* a book mu/ h be5 mo/ urg5t4 ,he expla9s t1 :ile he 0 /ill at ,pembroke ,hall1 ,cambridge1 he endeav\r$ to le>n ! names ( plants1 b1 8su*e 0 ! ignorance 9 simples at t tyme10 t he c\ld get no in=mation on ! subject1 ev5 f physicians4 ,he claims t 8 h]bal has consid]able orig9ality--a claim :i* seems well f\nd$4 ,9 8 own words--8!y t h r$ ! fir/ "p ( my ,h]bal1 & h comp>$ my writ+es ( plantes ) ^? ?+es t ,mat?iolus1 ,fu*sius1 ,tragus1 & ,dodoneus wrote 9 ye fir/e editiones ( _! ,h]balles1 maye easily p]ceyve t ,i taught ! tru! ( c]teyne plantes1 :i* ^! above nam$ writ]s ei!r knew n at al1 or ellis err$ 9 !m greatlye4444 ,s yt z ,i le>n$ some?+ ( !m1 s !y e!r might or did le>ne som?+e ( me agayne1 z _! second editions maye te/ifye4 ,& because ,i w\ld n be lyke unto a cry] yt crye? a lo/e horse 9 ! m>ke?1 & telle? all ! m>kes & tok5s t he ha?1 & yet nev] sawe ! horse1 ne!r c\lde kn[e ! horse if he sawe him3 ,i w5te into ,italye & into div]se p>tes ( ,g]many1 to kn[e & se ! h]bes my selfe40 ,?is h]bal conta9s _m evid5ces ( ,turn]'s indep5d5ce ( ?\ght4 ,he f\ght aga9/ :at he reg>d$ z sup]/ition 9 sci5ce ) ! same ard\r ) :i* he ent]$ ^u religi\s polemics4 ,! leg5d ( ! human =m ( ! ,m&rake receives scant m]cy at 8 h&s4 ,z he po9ts out1 8,! rootes :i* are cont]fit$ & made l litle puppettes & mammettes1 :i* come to be sold 9 ,engl& 9 boxes1 ) heir1 & su* =me z a man ha?1 are no?yng elles b foli%e fe9$ trifles1 & n naturall4 ,= !y are s trymm$ ( crafty !ves to mocke ! poore p ) all1 & to rob !m bo? ( !yr wit & !yr money4 ,i h 9 my tyme at div]se tymes tak5 up ! rootes ( ,m&rag out ( ! gr\nde1 b ,i nev] saw any su* ?yng ^u or 9 !m1 z are 9 & ^u ! p$l]s rootes t are com5ly to be solde 9 boxes40 ,turn] 01 h[ev]1 by no means ! fir/ to dispute ! ,m&rake sup]/ition2 9 ! ,grete ,h]ball ( #aebf x is def9itely refut$1 & x is ignor$ 9 "s works t are ( ev5 e>li] date4 ,! hoax 0 long-liv$1 = we f9d ,g]>d also expos+ x 9 #aeig4 ,turn] _h a f9e scorn = any sup]/iti\s notions he detect$ 9 ! writ+s ( 8 contempor>ies1 & seems to h be5 p>ticul>ly pleas$ if he c\ld %[ t 9 any disput$ matt] !y 7 wrong1 :ile ! anci5ts1 = :om he _h a great rev]5ce1 7 "r4 ,= in/ance he has a great deal to say ab\t a !ory1 held by ,mattioli1 9 opposition to ! op9ions ( ,!ophra/us & ,dioscorides1 t ! ,broomrape 7,oroban*e7 c\ld kill o!r plants m]ely by its baneful pres5ce1 )\t any physical contact4 ,he decl>es t ?is view is aga9/ reason1 au?ority & exp]i5ce1 & po9ts out t ! figure :i* ,mattioli gives is faulty1 9 omitt+ to %[ ! roots1 :i* are ! real in/rum5ts ( de/ruction4 ,he triumphantly concludes1 8,& z t\*ynge exp]i5ce1 ,i "k t ! fre%e & yong ,oroban*e ha? commyng out ( ! great roote1 _m lytle /rynges 444 :]e) x take? holde ( ! rootes ( ! h]bes t gr[ next unto x4 ,:]e=e ,mat?iolus ought n s lyghtly to h defac$ ! autorite ( ,!ophra/ s anci5t & sub/antiall autor40 ,turn]'s "w is l>gely occupi$ ) ! op9ions ( e>ly writ]s1 especially ,dioscorides1 & 8 respect = _! au?ority is a some:at curi\s trait 9 a "* :i* seems1 9 o!r directions1 to h be5 s unor?odox4 ,he did n h[ev] treat _! books z ! la/ ^w on ! subject1 & ! ?ird "p ( 8 h]bal is occupi$ ) plants 8:]e( is no m5tion made ne!r ( ye old ,grecianes nor ,lat9es40 ,turn]'s h]bal is arrang$ alphabetically1 & does n %[ evid5ce ( any int]e/ 9 ! relation%ips ( ! plants4 ,x is z individuals1 & ess5tially z 8simples10 t he reg>d$ !m4 ,8 descriptions ( !m 7 (t5 vividly express$1 ?\gh n m>k$ly orig9al4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t botany 0 n ! only sci5ce :i* he /udi$4 ,he wrote ab\t birds1 & also contribut$ in=mation ab\t ,engli% fi%es to ,gesn]'s #8,hi/oria ,animalium4' ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #eb4 8,tabaco0 ,nicotiana1 ,tobacco ,mon>des1 ,joyfull newes out ( ! newe f\nde worlde1 #bnd ed4 #aehj4 ,be=e discuss+ ! next h]bal :i* appe>$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 we may ref] 9 pass+ to a botanical book :i* h>dly comes "u ?is head+1 b :i* is ( int]e/ 9 relation to ! hi/ory ( ! "t4 ,nicolas ,mon>des1 a ,spani% physician1 _h publi%$1 9 #aefi & #aega1 "s acc\nt ( ! plants :i* _h lately be5 br\ght to ,europe f ! rec5tly discov]$ ,we/ ,indies1 & ?is "w 0 translat$ into ,engli% by ,john ,frampton 9 #aegg1 "u ! title ( #8,joyfull newes out ( ! newe f\nde worlde4' ,?is book conta9s a good figure ( ! ,tobacco plant 7,text-fig4 #eb71 p]haps ! fir/ ev] publi%$1 & also a long acc\nt ( its virtues4 ,! read] is told t ! ,negroes & ,indians aft] inhal+ tobacco smoke 8doe rema9e light5$1 )\t any we>9esse1 = to lab\re aga93 & !i dooe ?is ) s greate pleasure1 t al?\gh !i bee n we>ie1 yet !i are v desir\s = to dooe x3 & ! ?yng is come to s mu*e effecte1 t _! mai/]s doe? *a/5 !im = x1 & doe burne ! ,tabaco1 because !i %\ld n use x40 ,tw5ty-sev5 ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ "p ( ,turn]'s h]bal1 a translation ( ,dodo5s' "w1 made by ,h5ry ,lyte1 appe>$ 9 ,engl&4 ,lyte 0 born ab\t #aebi1 &1 t[>ds ! end ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 he became a /ud5t at ,ox=d4 ,he 0 a man ( means1 addict$ to travel1 & 8 temp]am5t seems to h be5 mu* mild] & less revolution>y ?an t ( 8 pr$ecessor ,turn]4 ,he did n p]haps add v greatly to ! k ( ,engli% botany1 b he did a valuable s]vice 9 introduc+ ,dodo5s' h]bal into ?is c\ntry4 ,8 book1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #aegh1 0 pr(ess$ly a translation ( ! ,fr5* v]sion ( ,dodo5s' ,cr deboeck ( #aeed1 :i* _h be5 made by de l'cluse 9 #aeeg4 ,lyte's copy ( ?is "w1 ) copi\s manuscript notes1 &1 on ! title-page1 ! qua9t endorsem5t1 8,h5ry ,lyte taught me to speake ,engli%e10 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is copy proves t ,lyte 0 no m]e me*anical translator1 = ! "w is annotat$ & correct$ ) great c>e1 ref]5ces to de l',obel & ,turn] be+ introduc$4 ,! title ( ,lyte's book is z foll[s3 #8,a ,niewe ,h]ball or ,hi/orie ( ,plantes3 :]9 is contayn$ ! :ole disc\rse & p]fect description ( all sortes ( ,h]bes & ,plantes3 _! div]s & sundry k9des3 _! /raunge ,figures1 ,fa%ions1 & ,%apes3 _! ,names1 ,natures1 ,op]ations1 & ,v]tues3 & t n onely ( ^? :i* are "h gr[yng 9 ?is our ,c\ntrie ( ,engl&e1 b ( all o!rs also ( =rayne ,realmes1 commonly us$ 9 ,physicke4 ,fir/ set foor? 9 ! ,d\t*e or ,almaigne tongue1 by t le>n$ ,d4 ,remb]t ,dodo5s1 ,physition to ! ,emp]\r3 ,& n[e fir/ translat$ out ( ,fr5* into ,engli%1 by ,h5ry ,lyte ,esquy]4' ,! illu/rations us$ 9 ! book 7 ! same z ^? :i* _h appe>$ 9 ! translation by de l'cluse1 & 7 = ! mo/ "p copies ( ^? 9 ! octavo edition ( ,fu*s' h]bal1 ) "s additional blocks1 :i* _h be5 cut specially = ,dodo5s4 ,! result is t _m ( ! same figures occur bo? 9 ,turn] & 9 ,lyte4 ,!re are said to be #hgj figures 9 ,lyte's h]bal1 ( :i* ab\t ?irty are new4 ,( ! latt] ,c5taurea rhaponticum is an example 7,text-fig4 #ec74 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ec4 8,reub>be0 ,c5taurea rhaponticum ,l4 ,lyte1 ,a ,niewe ,h]ball1 #aegh4 ,lyte occasionally adds a criticism ( 8 own 9 a diff]5t type f t us$ 9 ! ma9 body ( ! text4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! book1 !re is a long set ( dogg]el v]ses 89 comm5dation ( ?is worke10 :i* imply t ,remb]t ,dodo5s himself made additions to ! ,engli% translation4 ,! mo/ important /anza is ! foll[+3-- 8,great 0 8 toyle1 :i*e fir/ ?is worke dyd frame4 ,& s 0 81 :i*e v5tr$ to translate x1 ,= :5 he _h full f9i%t all ! same1 ,he m9d$ n to adde1 nor to abate x4 ,b :at he f\nde1 he m5t :ole to relate x4 ,till ,remb]t he1 did s5de additions /ore4 ,= to augm5t ,lytes travell pa/ be=e40 ,we n[ come to ,john ,g]>d#ai 7,plate ,,xii71 ! be/ kn[n ( all ! ,engli% h]bali/s1 b :o1 x mu/ be confess$1 sc>cely des]ves ! fame :i* has fall5 to 8 %>e4 ,g]>d1 a native ( ,*e%ire1 0 a 8,ma/] 9 ,*irurg]ie10 b 0 bett] kn[n z a rem>kably successful g>d5]4 ,= tw5ty ye>s he sup]vis$ ! g>d5s belong+ to ,"l ,burleigh 9 ! ,/r&1 & at ,!obalds 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 besides hav+ himself a fam\s g>d5 9 ,holborn1 !n ! mo/ fa%ionable di/rict ( ,london4 ,9 #aeif he publi%$ a li/ ( ! plants :i* he cultivat$ 9 ,holborn1 :i* is int]e/+ z be+ ! fir/ complete catalogue ev] publi%$ ( ! cont5ts ( a s+le g>d54 ,g]>d's reputation re/s h[ev] on a mu* l>g] "w1 #8,! ,h]ball or ,g5]all ,hi/orie ( ,plantes1' pr9t$ by ,john ,norton 9 #aeig1 b ! mann] 9 :i* ?is book orig9at$ does ! au?or little cr$it4 ,x seems t ,norton1 ! publi%]1 _h commission$ a c]ta9 ,dr ,prie/ to translate ,dodo5s' f9al "w1 ! #8,pemptades' ( #aehc1 into ,engli%1 b ,prie/ di$ be=e ! "w 0 f9i%$4 ,g]>d simply adopt$ ,prie/'s translation1 complet$ x1 & publi%$ x z 8 own1 m]ely alt]+ ! arrangem5t f t ( ,dodo5s to t ( de l',obel4 ,he adds insult to injury by gratuit\sly rem>k+1 9 an address to ! read] at ! beg9n+ ( ! h]bal1 t 8,doctor ,prie/1 "o ( our ,london ,coll$ge1 ha? 7z ,i he>d7 translat$ ! la/ edition ( ,dodonu1 :i* meant to publi% ! same2 b be+ prev5t$ by dea?1 8 translation likewise p]i%$40 ,aft] ! mann] ( ! p]iod1 ! h]bal is embelli%$ ) a numb] ( prefatory lett]s1 9 "o ( :i*1 writt5 by ,/eph5 ,br$well1 a /atem5t occurs :i* is s inconsi/5t ) ,g]>d's own rem>ks t he c]ta9ly committ$ an ov]sight 9 all[+ x to /&6 ,9 ,br$well's words--8,d4 ,prie/ = 8 translation ( s mu* z ,dodonu1 ha? h]eby left a tombe = 8 honorable sepulture4 ,ma/] ,g]>d comm+ la/1 b n ! lea/1 ha? _m waies accommodat$ ! :ole worke unto our ,engli% nation40 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xii ,,john ,,g]>d 7#aede-afjg74 ,! ,h]ball1 #afcf4 ,! #8,h]ball' is a massive volume1 9 cle> ,roman type1 contra/+ m>k$ly ) ! black lett] us$ 9 ! works ( ,turn] & ,lyte1 & giv+ ! book a mu* m mod]n appe>ance4 ,x conta9s ab\t #ahjj wood-cuts1 ne>ly all f blocks us$ by ,tab]nmontanus 9 8 #8,eicones' ( #aeij1 :i* ,norton obta9$ f ,frank=t2 less ?an "o p] c5t4 are orig9al4 ,!re is an illu/ration repres5t+ ! ,virg9ian ,potato1 :i* appe>s to be new1 & is p]haps ! fir/ figure ( ?is plant ev] publi%$ 7,text-fig4 #fj74 ,g]>d did n "k en\gh ab\t botany to c\ple ! wood-blocks ( ,tab]nmontanus ) _! appropriate descriptions1 & de l',obel 0 reque/$ by ! pr9t] to correct ! au?or's blund]s4 ,?is he did1 accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 9 v _m places1 b yet n s _m z he wi%$1 s9ce ,g]>d became impati5t1 & summ>ily /opp$ ! process ( em5dation1 on ! gr\nd t de l',obel _h =gott5 8 ,engli%4 ,aft] ?is episode1 ! relations betwe5 ! two botani/s seem1 n unnaturally1 to h become some:at /ra9$4 ,g]>d evid5tly aim$ at convey+ in=mation 9 simple language1 = 9 "o place1 :]e he speaks ( a prep>ation be+ 8squirt$0 into ! eyes1 he apologises = ! colloquialism1 expla9+ t he does n wi% 8to be ov] eloqu5t among g5tlewom51 unto :om especially my works are mo/ necess>y40 ,! value ( ,g]>d's "w mu/ inevitably be at a disc\nt1 :5 we realise t x is impossible1 f int]nal evid5ce1 to accept him z a cr$ible witness4 ,8 (t-quot$ acc\nt ( ! 8,goose tree10 8,b>nakle tree10 or ! 8tree be>+ ,geese10 removes :at little respect "o may h felt = him z a sci5ti/1 n s mu* because he held an absurd belief1 :i* 0 widely accept$ at ! "t1 b r because he w5t out ( 8 way to /ate t x 0 confirm$ by 8 own obs]vations6 ,he gives a figure to illu/rate ! orig9 ( ! ,geese 7,text-fig4 #ed71 :i* is n1 h[ev]1 orig9al4 ,g]>d relates h[ trees1 actually be>+ %ells :i* op5 & hat* out b>nacle geese1 occur 9 ! 8,or*ades#bj10 b he /ates t on ?is po9t he has no fir/-h& k4 ,he proce$s1 h[ev]1 to rem>k1 8,b :at our eies h se5e1 & h&s h t\*$1 we %all decl>e4 ,!re is a small ,il&e 9 ,lanca%ire call$ ! ,pile ( ,f\ld]s1 :]e9 are f\nd ! brok5 peeces ( old & brus$ %ips1 "s :]e( h be5e ca/ ?i!r by %ipwracke1 & also ! trunks or bodies ) ! bran*es ( old & rott5 trees1 ca/ up !re likewise3 :]on is f\nd a c]ta9e spume or fro?1 t 9 "t bre$e? unto c]ta9e %els1 9 %ape l ^? ( ! muskle1 b %>p] po9t$1 & ( a :iti% col\r2 :]e9 is conte9$ a ?+ 9 =me l a lace ( silke f9ely wov51 z x 7 togi!r1 ( a :iti% col\r2 "o ende :]e( is fa/n$ unto ! inside ( ! %ell1 ev5 z ! fi% ( ,oi/]s & ,muskles are2 ! o!r ende is made fa/ unto ! belly ( a rude masse or lumpe1 :i* 9 "t comme? to ! %ape & =me ( a ,bird3 :5 x is p]fectly =m$1 ! %el gape? op51 & ! fir/ ?+ t appe]e? is ! =esaid lace or /r+2 next come ! legs ( ! ,birde hang+ out2 & z x gr[e? great]1 x op5e? ! %ell by degrees1 till at l5g? x is all come foor?1 & hange? onely by ! bill2 9 %ort space aft] x comme? to full maturitie1 & falle? into ! sea1 :]e x ga!re? fea!rs1 & gr[e? to a f\le1 bigg] !n a ,mall>d1 & less] ?an a ,goose40 ,! fable ( ! ,goose ,tree 0 reject$ 9 ! lat] editions ( ,g]>d's #8,h]ball1' publi%$ aft] ! au?or's dea?4 ,x reappe>s1 h[ev]1 late 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 9 ! #8,hi/oria ,naturalis' ( ,john ,jon/on4 ,! leg5d is ( respectable antiquity1 be+ f\nd 9 v>i\s e>ly *ronicles4 ,seba/ian ,mu5/]1 = example1 9 8 #8,cosmographia#ba1' pr9t$ at ,basle 9 #aede1 ref]s to x z record$ by previ\s writ]s1 & figures a tree ) p5d5t fruits1 out ( :i* geese are dropp+ into a lake or /ream4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ed4 8,! bre$e ( ,b>nakles0 ,g]>d1 ,! ,h]ball1 #aeig4 ,hector ,boe?ius ,boece 9 8 ,scotti% ,*ronicle gives a qua9t acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( geese f driftwood 9 ! sea1 89 ! small boris & hollis0 ( :i* 8gr[is small wormis4 ,fir/ ?ay s*aw ?air heid & feit1 & la/ ( all !y s*aw ?air plum is & wyngis4 ,f9ally quh5 ?ay ar cumyn to ! iu/ mesure & quantite ( geis1 ?ay fle 9 ! aire1 z o?ir f[lis dois#bb40 ,x is r surpris+ to f9d t ,william ,turn] 0 a believ] 9 ! same my?1 al?\gh1 unlike ,g]>d1 he took great pa9s to satisfy himself ( ! tru? ( ! /ory1 :i* he seems to h approa*$ ) q an op5 m9d4 ,8 acc\nt is z foll[s3-- 8,:5 aft] a c]ta9 "t ! firwood ma/s or planks or y>d-arms ( a %ip h rott$ on ! sea1 !n fungi1 z x 71 break out ^u !m fir/1 9 :i* 9 c\rse ( "t "o may disc]n evid5t =ms ( birds1 :i* aft]w>ds are clo!d ) fea!rs1 & at la/ become alive & fly4 ,n[ le/ ?is %\ld seem fabul\s to anyone1 besides ! common evid5ce ( all ! long-%ore m5 ( ,engl&1 ,irel&1 & ,scotl&1 t r5[n$ hi/orian ,gyraldus1 444 be>s witness t ! g5]ation ( ! ,b]nicles is none o!r ?an ?is4 ,b inasmu* z x seem$ h>dly safe to tru/ ! vulg> & by reason ( ! r>ity ( ! ?+ ,i did n q cr$it ,gyraldus1 444 ,i took c\nsel ( a c]ta9 man1 ^: upright conduct1 (t5 prov$ by me1 _h ju/ifi$ my tru/1 a !ologian by pr(ession & an ,iri%man by bir?1 ,octavian by "n1 :e!r he ?\ght ,gyraldus wor?y ( belief 9 ?is affair4 ,:o1 tak+ oa? ^u ! v ,gospel :i* he taught1 answ]$ t :at ,gyraldus _h report$ ( ! g5]ation ( ?is bird 0 absolutely true1 & t ) 8 own eyes he _h behold5 "y1 z yet b rudely =m$1 & also h&l$ !m1 &1 if ,i 7 to /ay 9 ,london = a mon? or two1 t he w\ld take c>e t "s gr[+ *icks %\ld be br\ght 9 to me#bc40 ,! ,goose ,tree is also figur$ by de l',obel & d',al*amps1 b x is refre%+ to f9d t ,colonna 9 8 #8,phytobasanos' 7#aeib7 flatly d5ies ! tru? ( ! leg5d4 ,! importance ( ,g]>d's #8,h]ball' 9 ! hi/ory ( botany is *iefly due to an improv$ edition1 br\ght out by ,?omas ,johnson 9 #afcc1 ?irty-six ye>s aft] ! "w 0 orig9ally publi%$4 ,johnson 0 an apo!c>y 9 ,london1 & cultivat$ a physic g>d5 on ,sn[ ,hill4 ,8 fir/ botanical "w 0 a %ort acc\nt ( ! plants collect$ by memb]s ( ! ,apo!c>ies' ,company on an excursion 9 ,k5t4 ,?is is ( int]e/ z be+ ! e>lie/ memoir ( ! k9d publi%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,lat] on1 descriptions ( botanical t\rs 9 ! we/ ( ,engl&1 & 9 ,wales1 appe>$ f 8 p54 ,b x is z ! editor ( ,g]>d t he is *iefly rememb]$4 ,he greatly enl>g$ ! #8,h]ball1' & illu/rat$ x ) ,plant9's wood-cuts4 ,8 edition conta9$ an acc\nt ( no less ?an #bhej plants4 ,johnson also correct$ num]\s errors1 & ! :ole "w1 trans=m$ by him1 rose to a mu* high] grade ( value4 ,x 0 repr9t$1 )\t alt]ation1 9 #afcf4 ,:5 ! ,civil ,w>s broke out1 ,johnson1 :o is said to h be5 a man ( great p]sonal c\rage1 jo9$ ! ,royali/s4 ,he took an active "p 9 ! def5ce ( ,bas+ ,h\se1 & receiv$ a %ot w\nd dur+ ! siege1 f :i* he di$4 ,john ,p>k9son 7#aefg-afej7 may be reg>d$ z ! la/ ,briti% h]bali/1 ( ! p]iod we are consid]+1 ^: "w 0 ( any great int]e/ f ! botanical po9t ( view4 ,8 portrait is %[n 9 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,l ,g]>d & ,johnson1 he cultivat$ a fam\s g>d5 9 ,london4 ,9 ^! days ( bricks & mort>1 x is h>d to realise t g>d5s ( su* importance fl\ri%$ 9 ,holborn1 ,sn[ ,hill1 & ,long ,acre respectively4 ,ano!r important ,london g>d5 ( ! p]iod 0 t at ,lambe?1 belong+ to ,john ,tradescant1 g>d5] to ,*>les ,i4 ,p>k9son became apo!c>y to ,james ,i & botani/ to ,*>les ,i4 ,! e>li] ( ! two books1 by :i* he is rememb]$1 0 r ( ! nature ( a g>d5+ "w ?an ( a h]bal4 ,x appe>$ 9 #afbi "u ! title1 #8,p>adisi 9 ,sole ,p>adisus ,t]re/ris4 ,a ,g>d5 ( all sorts ( pleasant fl[]s :i* our ,engli% ayre w p]mitt to be n\rs$ up 444 toge!r ,) ! "r ord]+e plant+ & pres]v+ ( !m & _! uses & v]tues4' ,x has lately become accessible 9 ! =m ( a facsimile repr9t4 ,! words 8,p>adisi 9 ,sole0 =m a pun ^u ! au?or's "n1 & may be translat$ 8,( p>k-9-sun40 ,! book 0 d$icat$ to ,que5 ,h5rietta ,m>ia1 ) ! pray] t %e w accept 8?is speak+ ,g>d540 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ee4 8,b>b]ry0 ,b]b]is ,"p ( a l>ge wood-cut1 ,p>k9son1 ,p>adisus ,t]re/ris1 #afbi4 ,! preface to ?is "w is entirely at v>iance ) ! idea t sci5tific k has only be5 gradually acquir$ by ! human race4 ,9 ,p>k9son's words3--8,god1 ! ,creator ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 at ! beg9n+ :5 he creat$ ,adam1 inspir$ him ) ! k ( all naturall ?+s 7:i* successively desc5d$ to ,noah aft]w>des1 & to 8 ,po/]ity73 =1 z he 0 able to give names to all ! liv+ ,creatures1 accord+ to _! sev]all natures2 s no d\bt b hee _h also ! k1 bo? :at ,h]bes & ,fruits 7 fit1 ey!r = ,meate or ,m$ic9e1 = ,use or = ,delight40 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiii ,,john ,,p>k9son 7#aefg-afej74 ,!atrum botanicum1 #afdj4 ,elaborate directions = ! plant+ & treatm5t ( a g>d5 prec$e an acc\nt ( a l>ge numb] ( plants cultivat$ at t "t1 ) "s m5tion ( _! uses4 ,! book is illu/rat$ ) full-page wood engrav+s ( no great m]it1 9 ea* ( :i* a numb] ( diff]5t plants are repres5t$ 7,text-fig4 #ee is tak5 f "p ( "o illu/ration74 ,! figures are p>tly orig9al & p>tly copi$ f ! books ( de l'cluse1 de l',obel & o!rs4 ,9 #afdj1 ,p>k9son foll[$ up ?is "w ) a mu* l>g] volume1 deal+ ) plants 9 g5]al1 & call$ ! #8,!atrum botanicum3 ,! ,!at] ( ,plants4 ,or1 an ,h]ball ( a ,l>ge ,ext5t4' ,he compla9s t ! publication ( ! "w has be5 delay$1 p>tly ?r\gh ! 8disa/r\s times10 b *iefly ?r\gh ! ma*9ations ( 8wret*$ & p]v]se m540 ,accord+ to ! preface to ! #8,p>adisus ,t]re/ris1' ! au?or's orig9al idea 0 m]ely to supplem5t 8 description ( ! ,fl[] ,g>d5 by an acc\nt ( 8,a ,g>d5 ( ,simples40 ,?is s*eme grew into "o ( a m ext5sive & g5]al nature1 b )\t los+ ! pr$om9ant m$ical int]e/1 :i* w\ld h *>act]is$ ! "w z orig9ally plann$4 ,9 accordance ) ?is int5tion1 ! virtues ( ! h]bs are dealt ) 9 great detail4 ,p>k9son's h]bal is 9 "s ways an improvem5t on t ( ,johnson & ,g]>d4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( ,bauh9's #8,p9ax' is incorporat$1 ) ! result t ! acc\nt ( ! nom5clature ( ea* plant becomes v full & detail$4 ,_m ( de l',obel's manuscript notes are also ins]t$4 ,! s*eme ( classification adopt$ is1 h[ev]1 m>k$ly inf]ior to t ( de l',obel4 ,occasionally1 9 spite ( 8 comp>atively late date1 ,p>k9son displays an imag9ation t is truly m$ival4 ,he is eloqu5t on ! subject ( t r>e & preci\s commodity1 ! horn ( ! ,unicorn1 :i* is a cure = _m bodily ills4 ,he describes ! animal z liv+ 8f>re remote f ^! p>ts1 & 9 huge va/ ,wild]nesses among o!r mo/ fi]ce & wilde bea/s40 ,he discusses1 also1 ! use ( ! p[d] ( mummies z a m$ic9e1 & 8 description is enliv5$ ) a picture ( an embalm$ corpse4 ,! illu/rations to ! ,!atrum ,botanicum are ( no importance1 be+ *iefly copi$ f ^? ( ,g]>d4 ,! great ,briti% botani/s :o foll[ next ^u ,p>k9son1 9 po9t ( "t1 are ,rob]t ,morison 7b4 #afbj7 & ,john ,ray 7b4 #afbg71 b z _! *ief works appe>$ aft] ! close ( ! p]iod select$ = special /udy 9 ?is book 7#adgj-afgj71 & z !y 7 botani/s 9 ! mod]n s5se1 r ?an h]bali/s1 we w n attempt any discussion ( _! writ+s4 ,:ile ,morison & ,ray 7 advanc+ ! subject ( ,sy/ematic ,botany1 ,nehemiah ,grew & ! ,italian1 ,m>cello ,malpighi1 born respectively 9 #afda & #afbh1 7 lay+ ! f\ndations ( ! sci5ce ( ,plant ,anatomy4 ,_! "w1 also1 is outside ! scope ( ! pres5t book1 & x is only m5tion$ at ?is po9t 9 ord] to %[ t ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury witness$ a consid]able revolution 9 ! sci5ce4 ,f ?is p]iod onw>ds1 ) ! op5+ up ( new l9es ( inquiry1 ! importance ( ! h]bal /eadily decl9$1 & ?\gh books :i* come "u ?is head+ 7 produc$ ev5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! day ( _! pre-em95ce 0 ov]4 #g4 ,,! ,,revival ,,( ,,ari/otelian ,,botany4 ,! subject ( ,ari/otelian botany sc>cely comes )9 ! scope ( a book on ,h]bals1 b1 at ! same "t1 x _c be %>ply sep>at$ f ! botany ( ! h]bali/s4 ,x !re=e seems desirable to make a brief ref]5ce at ?is po9t to its *ief sixte5?-c5tury expon5t1 ! ,italian savant1 ,&rea ,cesalp9o 7#aeai-afjc71 & to "o or two o!r writ]s ^: po9t ( view 0 simil>4 ,we h already %[n t1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ,alb]tus ,magnus c>ri$ on ! tradition ( ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/us4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 !re 0 aga9 a revival ( ?is aspect ( ! /udy1 z well z ( ! bran* ) :i* we are "h m imm$iately conc]n$1 t1 namely1 :i* deals ) plants f ! /&po9t ( m$ic9e & natural hi/ory4 ,cesalp9o 7,plate ,,xiv71 x is true1 0 l>gely conc]n$1 l ! h]bali/s1 ) ! m]e description ( plants1 b ! fame ( 8 great "w1 #8,de plantis libri ,,xvi' 7#aehc71 re/s ^u ! fir/ book1 :i* conta9s an acc\nt ( ! !ory ( botany on ,ari/otelian l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiv ,,&rea ,,cesalp9o 7#aeai-afjc74 ,drawn by ,g4 ,zoc*i & engrav$ by ,f4 ,allegr9i1 #agfe1 aft] an old portrait 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,botanic ,g>d5 at ,pisa4 ,pr9t 9 ! ,botany ,s*ool1 ,cambridge4 ,cesalp9o's /r5g? lay 9 ! fact t he took a rem>kably broad view ( ! subject1 & approa*$ x z a tra9$ ?9k]4 ,he _h le>n$ ! be/ lesson ,greek ?\ght _h to (f] to ! sci5tific work]--! k ( h[ to ?9k4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 ! defects ( 8 qualities1 & 8 rev]5ce = ! classics l$ him into an inela/ic & ov] lit]al acceptance ( ,ari/otelian conceptions4 ,! *ief tangible contribution1 :i* ,cesalp9o made to botanical sci5ce1 0 8 insi/5ce on ! prime importance ( ! organs ( fructification4 ,?is 0 ! idea on :i* he *iefly laid /ress 9 8 sy/em ( classification1 to :i* we %all return 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,a botani/ :o _h some?+ 9 common ) ,cesalp9o 0 ! ,bohemian au?or1 ,adam ,zaluziansky von ,zaluzian 7#aeeh-afac74 ,8 mo/ important "w 0 ! #8,me?odi h]b>i libri tres1' publi%$ at ,prague 9 #aeib4 ,z a h]bal x does n rank high1 s9ce ,zaluziansky nei!r record$ any new plants1 nor gave ! ,bohemian localities = ^? already kn[n4 ,b x op5s ) a survey ( botany 9 g5]al1 :i* is ( int]e/ z %[+ an approa* to ! mod]n sci5tific /&po9t1 9 s f> z ! au?or pleads = ! treatm5t ( botany z a sep>ate subject1 & n z a m]e bran* ( m$ic9e4 ,8 rem>ks on ?is po9t may be translat$ z foll[s3--8,x is cu/om>y to connect ,m$ic9e ) ,botany1 yet sci5tific treatm5t dem&s t we %\ld consid] ea* sep>ately4 ,= ! fact is t 9 e art1 !ory mu/ be disconnect$ & sep>at$ f practice1 & ! two mu/ be dealt ) s+ly & individually 9 _! prop] ord] be=e !y are unit$4 ,& = t reason1 9 ord] t ,botany 7:i* is1 z x 71 a special bran* ( ,physics7 may =m a unit by itself be=e x c be br\ght into connection ) o!r sci5ces1 x mu/ be divid$ & unyok$ f ,m$ic9e40 ,guy de la ,brosse1 a ,fr5* writ] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 discusses ! s\ls ( plants & relat$ topics1 q 9 ! mann] ( ! ,ari/otelian s*ool4 ,9 8 book #8,de la ,nature1 ,v]tu1 et ,utilit des ,plantes1' d$icat$ to 8,monseigneur le tres-illu/re et le tres-rev]& ,c>d9al ,monseigneur le ,c>d9al de ,ri*elieu10 he treats ( v>iation )9 s+le species1 ! s5sitiv5ess ( plants1 _! *emi/ry & prop]ties1 & _m o!r topics4 ,8 "w is full ( int]e/1 b a discussion ( x w\ld lead u beyond ! b\nds ( our pres5t subject4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,plant ,,description ,probably "o ( ! *ief objects1 :i* ! e>ly h]bali/s _h 9 view 9 writ+ _! books1 0 to enable ! read] to id5tify v>i\s m$ic9al plants4 ,nev]!less1 until well into ! sixte5? c5tury1 _! draw+s 7 s conv5tional1 & _! descriptions left s mu* to be desir$1 t x mu/ h be5 an almo/ impossible task to arrive at ! names ( plants by _! aid alone4 ,! idea :i* sugge/s itself is t a k ( ! actual plants 01 9 practice1 transmitt$ by ^w ( m\?1 & t ! h]bals 7 only us$ z ref]5ce books1 to asc]ta9 ! reput$ qualities ( h]bs1 ) ^: appe>ance ! read] 0 already q famili>4 ,if ?is supposition is correct1 x p]haps acc\nts = ! v primitive /ate 9 :i* ! art ( plant description rema9$ dur+ ! e>li] p]iod ( ! botanical r5aissance4 ,:5 we turn to ! ,ari/otelian s*ool1 we f9d t ! writ+s ( ,!ophra/us include c]ta9 plant descriptions1 :i*1 al?\gh !y seem some:at rudim5t>y :5 judg$ by mod]n /&>ds1 are greatly 9 advance ( ^? conta9$ 9 ! fir/ pr9t$ h]bals4 ,! m$ival philosoph]1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 :o1 z we h already po9t$ out1 0 a foll[] ( ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/us1 also %[$ m>k$ orig9ality 9 8 descriptions ( fl[]s1 & drew att5tion to a numb] ( po9ts :i* appe> to h escap$ ! notice ( _m m rec5t writ]s4 ,= in/ance1 9 describ+ ! fl[] ( ! ,borage he di/+ui%$ ! gre5 calyx1 ! corolla ) its ligul> outgr[?s1 ! five /am5s & ! c5tral pi/il1 ?\gh naturally he fail$ to und]/& ! function ( ! latt] organs4 ,he obs]v$ t1 9 ! ,lily1 ! calyx 0 abs5t1 b t ! petals !mselves %[$ transitions f gre5 to :ite4 ,he notic$ ! e>ly fall ( ! calyx 9 ! ,poppy1 & its p]si/5ce until ! rip5+ ( ! fruit 9 ! ,rose4 ,on ! subject ( floral /ivation1 8 obs]vations 7 surpris+ly advanc$4 ,he po9t$ out t ! successive :orls ( sepals & petals alt]nat$ ) "o ano!r1 & conclud$ t ?is 0 a device = ! bett] protection ( ! fl[]4 ,alb]tus fur!r classifi$ ! v>i\s =ms ( fl[] "u ?ree types3-- #a4 ,bird-=m 7e4g4 ,aquilegia1 ,viola & ,lamium74 #b4 ,pyramid- & ,bell-=m4 #c4 ,/>-=m4 ,:5 we leave ! e>ly ,ari/otelian botani/s1 & turn to ^? :o /udi$ ! subject prim>ily f ! m$ical po9t ( view1 we f9d a great fall+ (f 9 ! p[] ( description4 ,! acc\nts ( ! plants 9 ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica ( ,dioscorides1 = example1 are s brief & meagre t only ^? ) ! mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ics c be id5tifi$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,! ,h]b>ium ( ,apuleius ,platonicus1 ! e>lie/ "w to :i* ! t]m 8h]bal0 is g5]ally appli$1 sc>cely makes any attempt at describ+ ! plants to :i* x ref]s4 ,su* a p>agraph z ! foll[+#bd gives an acc\nt ( a plant1 :i*1 comp>$ ) mo/ ( ! o!r descriptions 9 ! h]bal1 may fairly be call$ precise & full4 8,?is wort1 :i* is nam$ radiolus1 by ano!r "n ev]f]n1 is l f]n2 & x is produc$ 9 /ony places1 & 9 old h\se /eads2 & x has on ea* leaf two r[s ( fair spots1 & !y %9e l gold40 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ef4 8,c>damomum0 8 ,solanum dulcam>a ,l41 ,bitt]sweet ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia4 ,! gr\p ( late fifte5?-c5tury h]bals :i* we discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii--! ,lat9 & ,g]man ,h]b>ius & ! ,hortus ,sanitatis--are alike 9 giv+ v brief & inadequate acc\nts ( ! *>act]s ( ! plants enum]at$1 al?\gh _! descriptions (t5 h a c]ta9 nave *>m4 ,x is sc>cely wor? :ile to give actual examples ( _! me?ods4 ,x w p]haps suffice to quote a few specim5s f ! ,engli% #8,grete ,h]ball#be1' :i* is a "w ( mu* ! same class4 ,! ,wood ,sorrel#bf is dealt ) z foll[s3 8,?is h]be gr[e? 9 ?re places1 & specyally 9 h$ges1 woodes & "u walles sydes & ha? leves lyke iii lev$ grasse & ha? a s\re smell z sorell1 & ha? a yel[e fl[re40 ,z ano!r example we may cite ! ,*icory1 :i* is describ$ z hav+ 8crok$ & wry!n /alkes1 & ! fl\re is ( ye col\r ( ! skye40 ,( ! ,wat]lilies1 we receive a /ill m g5]alis$ acc\nt3 8,n5uf> is an h]be t gr[e? 9 wat]1 & ha? l>ge leves & ha? a fl\re 9 man] ( a rose1 ! rote !re( is call$ treumyan & is v bygge4 ,x is ( two man]s4 ,"o is :yte1 & ano!r yel[e40 ,occasionally we meet ) a h9t ( m detail$ obs]vation4 ,= in/ance1 ! col\r$ c5tral fl[] 9 ! umbel ( ! ,c>rot is m5tion$1 ?\gh 9 t]ms t s\nd some:at /range to ! mod]n botani/4 ,we read t x 8ha? a l>ge fl\re & 9 ! myddle !r( a lytell re$ prycke40 ,x is some:at rem>kable t ,banckes' ,h]bal1 ?\gh orig9ally publi%$ a ye> e>li] ?an ! fir/ edition ( ! ,grete ,h]ball1 %[s a slight b di/9ct sup]iority 9 ! matt] ( description 7see p4 #ch74 ,p]haps ?is is to be connect$ ) ! fact t ,banckes' ,h]bal is )\t illu/rations4 ,b ev5 if we all[ t ! descriptions 9 ,banckes' ,h]bal occasionally seize on sali5t features1 x mu/ be admitt$ t !y /ill leave a great deal to ! imag9ation4 ,z two typical examples1 :i* are p]haps z good z any 9 ! book1 we may take ^? ( ,tutsan#bg & ( ,%eph]d's ,purse4 ,( ! fir/ ! h]bali/ writes1 8,?is h]be ha! leves somdele re$ lyke unto ye leves ( ,orage4 ,& ?is h]be ha! s5[es on 8 leves z ha? ,plantayne1 & x ha! yel[e fl\res & b]e? blacke b]ys1 & x gr[e? 9 dry woodes40 ,( ,%eph]d's ,purse he says1 8,?is h]be ha! a small /alke & full ( braun*es & ragg$ leves & a :yte fl[re4 ,! coddes !r( be lyke a purse40 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #eg4 8,pionia0 ,peony ,arnaldus de ,villa ,nova1 ,tractatus de virtutibus h]b>um1 #adii4 ,! #8,h]b>um viv eicones' ( ,otto ,brunfels 7#aecj7 0 ! fir/ h]bal illu/rat$ ) draw+s1 :i* are ?r\gh\t bo? beautiful & true to nature4 ,! descriptions1 on ! o!r h&1 are q unwor?y ( ! figures1 be+ mo/ly borr[$ f e>li] writ]s4 ,! wond]ful excell5ce ( ! wood-blocks1 ) :i* ! ,g]man ,fa!rs ( ,botany enri*$ _! books1 01 9 "o s5se1 an actual h9drance to ! developm5t ( ! art ( plant description4 ,s9ce ! p5cil ( ! draughtsman c\ld repres5t e subtlety 9 ! *>act]i/ic =m ( a plant1 ! botani/ might well be excus$ = ?9k+ t to take ! tr\ble to set beside ! draw+ a precise1 v]bal description ( ! plant 9 "q 0 a "w ( sup]]ogation4 ,h[ev]1 9 ano!r s5se ! draughtsman indirectly help$ ! cause ( sci5tific accuracy 9 :at1 = want ( a bett] expression1 may be call$ ^w-pa9t+4 ,!re is no d\bt t con/ant critical exam9ation ( ! arti/'s "w mu/ h t5d$ to educate ! eye ( ! botani/ :o sup]vis$ 8 ef=ts1 & to increase 8 p]ception ( delicate %ades ( diff]5ce or simil>ity ( =m1 :i* he might nev] h notic$1 or attempt$ to express 9 words1 if ! draughtsman _h n1 z x 71 l5t him 8 tra9$ eyesight4 ,! next great work]1 ,hi]onymus ,bock1 diff]s f ,brunfels 9 ! comp>ative unimportance ( 8 contributions to plant illu/ration1 & ! relatively great] value ( 8 text4 ,8 descriptions ( fl[]s & fruits are excell5t1 & ! way 9 :i* he indicates ! g5]al habit is (t5 ma/]ly4 ,z an example we may quote 8 description ( ,mi/letoe plants1 :i* may be translat$ z foll[s3 8,!y gr[ almo/ 9 ! %ape ( a clu/]1 ) _m =ks & articulations4 ,! :ole plant is light gre51 ! leaves are fle%y1 plump & ?ick1 l>g] ?an ^? ( ! ,box4 ,!y fl[] 9 ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 ! fl[]s are h[ev] v small & yell[ 9 col\r1 f !m develop1 t[>ds autumn1 small1 r\nd :ite b]ries v l ^? on ! wild gooseb]ry4 ,^! b]ries are full inside ( :ite t\gh lime1 yet ea* b]ry has its small black gra91 z if x 7 ! se$1 :i* h[ev] does n gr[ :5 s[n1 =1 z ,i h said above1 ! ,mi/letoe only orig9ates & develops on trees4 ,9 w9t] mi/el ?ru%es seek _! food f ! ,mi/letoe1 b 9 summ] !y are caught ) x1 = bird-lime is commonly made f its b>k4 ,?us ! ,mi/letoes are bo? b5eficial & h>mful to birds40 ,9 #8,de hi/oria /irpium1' ! great ,lat9 "w ( ,leonh>d ,fu*s1 ! plant descriptions are brief & ( little importance1 be+ frequ5tly tak5 ^w = ^w f previ\s writ]s4 ,?is book1 h[ev]1 is notable 9 possess+ a full gloss>y ( ! te*nical t]ms us$1 :i* is ( importance z be+ ! fir/ contribution ( ! k9d to botanical lit]ature4 ,we may translate two examples at r&om1 to %[ ! /yle ( ,fu*s' def9itions3-- 8,/am5s are ! po9ts apices t %oot =? 9 ! middle ( ! fl[]-cup calyx3 s call$ because !y spr+ out l ?reads f ! inmo/ bosom ( ! fl[]#bh40 8,pappus1 bo? to ! ,greeks & to ! ,lat9s1 is ! fluff :i* falls f fl[]s or fruits4 ,s also c]ta9 woolly hairs :i* rema9 on c]ta9 plants :5 !y lose _! fl[]s1 & aft]w>ds disappe> into ! air1 are pappi1 z happ5s 9 ,s5ecio1 ,son*us & sev]al o!rs40 ,9 ! ,g]man edition ( ,fu*s' h]bal1 ! descriptions are rem>kably good = _! "t1 be+ m me?odical ?an ^? ( ,bock1 ?\gh sometimes less lively & picturesque4 ,z an in/ance ( 8 mann] we may cite 8 acc\nt ( ! ,butt]bur1 ( :i* 8 wood-cut is %[n 9 ,text-fig4 #eh4 8,! fl[] ( ,butt]bur10 he writes1 8is ! fir/ to appe>1 be=e ! plant or leaves4 ,! fl[] is clu/]-%ap$1 ) _m small1 pale p9ki% fl[]ets1 & is l a f9e bun* ( v9e fl[]s 9 full bloom to look at4 ,?is l>ge clu/]-%ap$ fl[] has a holl[ /alk1 at times a span high2 x )]s & decays )\t fruit toge!r ) ! /alk4 ,!n ! r\nd1 gray1 a%-col\r$ leaves appe>1 :i* are at fir/ l ,coltsfoot1 b aft]w>ds become s l>ge t "o leaf w cov] a small1 r\nd table4 ,!y are light gre5 on "o side1 & :iti% or gray on ! o!r4 ,ea* leaf has its own br[n1 hairy & holl[ /em1 on :i* x sits l a wide hat or a mu%room turn$ ov]4 ,! root gr[s v ?ick1 is :ite & por\s inside1 & has a /rong1 bitt] ta/e40 ,our ,engli% h]bali/1 ,william ,turn]1 is (t5 fre% & effective 9 8 descriptions4 ,he comp>es ! ,dodd] 7,cuscuta7 to 8a great r$ h>pe /rynge10 & ! se$ vessels ( ,%eph]d's ,purse to 8a boyes sat*el or litle bagge40 ,( ! ,dead ,nettle he says1 8,lamium ha? leaves l unto a ,nettel1 b lesse ind5t$ ab\t1 & :yt]4 ,! d[ny ?ynges t are 9 x l pryckes1 byte n1 ye /alk is f\r-squ>e1 ! fl\res are :yte1 & h a /ronge savor1 & are v l unto litle c\les1 or hoodes t /& ov] b>e heades4 ,! s$e is blak & gr[e? ab\t ! /alk1 c]tayn places goyng betw5e1 z we se 9 horeh\nd40 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #eh4 8,petasites0 ,butt]bur ,fu*s1 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$4 ,! ?ree great botani/s ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ,dodo5s1 de l'cluse & de l',obel1 7 s closely associat$ t x is h>dly necess>y to consid] _! /yle ( plant description individually4 ,h5ry ,lyte's well-kn[n h]bal ( #aegh 0 a translation ( ! #8,hi/oire des ,plantes1' :i* is itself a v]sion by de l'cluse ( ! ,dut* h]bal ( ,dodo5s4 ,we may ?us fairly illu/rate ! /yle ( plant description ( ?is s*ool by a quotation f ,lyte1 s9ce x has ! advantage ( reta9+ ! sixte5?-c5tury flav\r1 :i* is s easily lo/ 9 a mod]n translation4 ,z a typical example we may take a p>agraph ab\t ! ,/orksbill 7,erodium74 ,x w be notic$ t x does n repres5t any great advance ^u ,fu*s' "w4 8,! fir/ k9de ( ,g]anion or ,/orckes bill1 8 leaves are cut & iagg$ 9 _m peeces1 l to ,cr[foote1 8 /alkes be sl5d]1 & p>t$ into sundry braun*es1 ^u :i* gr[e? smal fl\res som:at l roses1 or ! fl\res ( ,mall[es1 ( a light murrey or r$de col\r3 aft] !m comme? little r\nd heades1 ) smal long billes1 l ,n$els1 or l ! beakes ( ,cranes & ,he>ons1 :]e9 ! se$e is contayn$3 ,! roote is ?icke1 r\nd1 %orte1 & knobby1 ) c]tayne small /r+s hang+ by x40 ,9 8 #8,pemptades' ( #aehc1 ,dodo5s gave a gloss>y ( botanical t]ms4 ,8 def9itions suff]1 h[ev]1 f vagu5ess1 & are n calculat$ greatly to advance ! accurate description ( plants4 ,z an example we may take 8 acc\nt ( ! fl[]1 :i* may be translat$ z foll[s3-- 8,! fl[] 77 we call ! joy ( trees & plants4 ,x is ! hope ( fruits to come1 = e gr[+ ?+1 accord+ to its nature1 produces (fspr+ & fruit aft] ! fl[]4 ,b fl[]s h _! own special p>ts40 ,! descriptions f ! p5 ( de l'cluse are *>act]is$ by great] fulness & clos] att5tion to fl[] /ructure ?an ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,! plant :i* he calls ,s$um or ,semp]vivum majus1 ( :i* 8 wood-cut is reproduc$ 9 ,text-fig4 #ei1 is describ$ z be+ 8a %rub r ?an a h]b2 occasionally x rea*es ! height ( two cubits #c ft4 & is z ?ick z ! human arm1 ) a quantity ( twigs z ?ick z a man's ?umb3 ^! spread out into num]\s rays ( ! ?ickness ( a f+]4 ,! ends ( ^! t]m9ate 9 a k9d ( circle1 :i* is =m$ by num]\s leaves press+ inw>ds all toge!r & ov]lapp+1 j z 9 ,s$um vulg>e majus4 ,^! leaves h[ev] are fat & full ( juice1 & %ap$ l a tongue1 & slightly s]rat$ r\nd ! edge1 ) a some:at a/r+5t flav\r2 ! :ole %rub is coat$ ) a ?ick1 fle%y1 sappy b>k4 ,! out] membrane incl9es to a d>k col\r1 & is speckl$ z 9 ,ti?ymalus *>acia3 ! speckles are simply ! rema9s ( leaves :i* h fall5 (f4 ,mean:ile a ?ick p$icel cov]$ ) leaves spr+s out f ! top ( ! l>g] bran*es1 & be>s1 s to speak1 a ?yrsus ( _m yell[ fl[]s1 scatt]$ ab\t l />s1 pleasant to behold4 ,& :5 ! fl[]s beg9 to rip51 & are runn+ to se$ 7! se$ is v small71 ! p$icel gr[s sl5d]4 ,b ! plant is an ev]gre540 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ei4 8,s$um majus0 de l'cluse1 ,r>iorum 444 p] ,hispanias1 #aegf4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #fj4 8,battata ,virg9iana0 ,solanum tub]osum ,l41 ,potato ,g]>d1 ,! ,h]ball1 #aeig4 ,9 ,g]>d's #8,h]ball' ( #aeig ! descriptions are seldom suffici5tly orig9al to be ( mu* int]e/4 ,we may quote1 h[ev]1 8 acc\nt ( ! ,potato fl[] 7,text-fig4 #fj71 !n s great a novelty t 9 8 portrait 7,plate ,,xii7 he is repres5t$ hold+ a spray ( x 9 8 h&4 ,x has1 he says1 8v faire & pleasant fl[]s1 made ( "o entire :ole leafe1 :i* is fold$ or plait$ 9 su* /range sort1 t x seeme? to be a fl[] made ( sixe sundrie small leaves1 :i* _c be easily p]ceiv$1 except ! same be pull$ op54 ,! col\r :]e( x is h>d to expresse4 ,! :ole fl[] is ( a light purple color1 /ripp$ d[n ! middle ( e folde or welt1 ) a light %ew ( yell[nes1 z ?\gh purple & yell[ 7 mix$ togi!r3 9 ! middle ( ! fl[] ?ru/e? foor? a ?icke fat po9tell1 yell[ z golde1 ) a small %>pe gre5e pricke or po9t 9 ! midde/ !re(40 ,! plant descriptions by ,val]ius ,cordus1 :i* 7 publi%$ aft] 8 dea?1 are among ! be/ produc$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 b !y are too l5g?y = quotation "h4 ,s f> z ! p]iod ) :i* we deal 9 ?is book is conc]n$1 ! z5i? ( plant description may be said to be rea*$ 9 ! #8,prodromos' ( ,gasp>d ,bauh9 7#afbj71 9 :i* a high level ( t]s5ess & accuracy is atta9$4 ,z an example we may translate 8 description ( 8,beta ,cretica sem9e aculeato10 ( :i* 8 draw+ is reproduc$ 9 ,text-fig4 #fb3 8,f a %ort tap]+ root1 by no means fibr\s1 spr+ sev]al /alks ab\t #ah in*es long3 !y /raggle ov] ! gr\nd1 & are cyl9drical 9 %ape & furr[$1 becom+ gradually :ite ne> ! root ) a slight coat+ ( d[n1 & spread+ out into little sprays4 ,! plant has b few leaves1 simil> to ^? ( ,beta nigra1 except t !y are small]1 & suppli$ ) long petioles4 ,! fl[]s are small1 & ( a gre5i% yell[4 ,! fruits "o c see gr[+ 9 l>ge numb]s close by ! root1 & f t po9t !y spread along ! /alk1 at almo/ e leaf4 ,!y are r\gh & tub]cl$ & sep>ate into ?ree reflex$ po9ts4 ,9 _! cavity1 "o gra9 ( ! %ape ( an ,adonis se$ is conta9$2 x is slightly r\nd$ & ends 9 a po9t1 & is cov]$ ) a d\ble lay] ( r$di% membrane1 ! inn] "o enclos+ a :ite1 f>9ace\s core40 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #fa4 8,rose ,ribwoorte0 an abnormal ,planta9 ,g]>d1 ,! ,h]ball1 #aeig4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #fb4 8,beta ,cretica sem9e aculeato0 ,bauh91 ,prodromos1 #afbj4 ,any great advance on ,bauh9's descriptions c\ld h>dly be expect$ dur+ ! p]iod :i* we are discuss+1 s9ce x clos$ be=e ! nature ( ! ess5tial p>ts ( ! fl[] 0 really und]/ood4 ,x 0 n until #afhb t ! fact t ! /am5s are male organs 0 po9t$ out 9 pr9t by ,nehemiah ,grew1 ?\gh he himself attribut$ ?is discov]y to ,sir ,?omas ,mill+ton1 a botani/ o!rwise unkn[n4 ,g]>d's acc\nt ( ! /am5s & /igma ( ! ,potato z a 8po9tell1 yell[ z golde1 ) a small %>pe gre5e pricke or po9t 9 ! midde/ !re(10 vague z x seems to ! tw5tie?-c5tury botani/1 is by no means to be despis$1 :5 we rememb] t ! writ] 0 h&icapp$ by complete ignorance ( ! function ( ! /ructures :i* he saw be=e him4 ,a fur!r h9drance to improvem5t 9 plant description 0 ! lack ( a me?odical t]m9ology4 ,z we h already %[n1 bo? ,fu*s & ,dodo5s attempt$ gloss>ies ( botanical t]ms1 b ^! d n seem to h become an integral "p ( ! sci5ce4 ,x is a common compla9t among non-botani/s at ! pres5t day1 t ! subject has become incompreh5sible to ! layman1 ow+ to ! excessive use ( te*nical words4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 "s tru? 9 ?is /atem5t1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 a /udy ( ! writ+s ( ! e>li] botani/s makes x cle> t a description ( a plant c\*$ 9 ord9>y language--9 :i* ! botanical mean+ ( ! t]ms employ$ has be5 subject$ to no rigid def9ition--(t5 breaks d[n completely on all critical po9ts4 ,x is to ,joa*im ,jung & to ,l9nu t we owe ! f\ndations ( ! accurate t]m9ology1 n[ at ! disposal ( ! botani/ :5 he sets out to describe a new plant4 ,! publi%$ "w ( ^! two writ]s belongs1 h[ev]1 to ! late sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 & is ?us outside ! scope ( ! pres5t volume4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,plant ,,classification ,9 ! e>lie/ ,european works on natural hi/ory--^? ( ! ,ari/otelian s*ool--we meet ) an attempt to classify ! diff]5t v>ieties ( plants4 ,x 0 inevitable t ! writ]s ( ?is s*ool %\ld make su* an attempt1 s9ce no m9d tra9$ 9 ,greek philosophy c\ld be cont5t to leave a sci5ce 9 ! condition ( a m]e *aos ( isolat$ descriptions4 ,at fir/ ! mo/ obvi\s di/9ction1 t ( size1 0 us$ z ! *ief crit]ion :]eby to sep>ate ! diff]5t gr\ps ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,9 ! #8,hi/ory ( ,plants' ( ,!ophra/us1 we f9d ,trees1 ,%rubs1 ,bu%es & ,h]bs treat$ z def9ite classes1 )9 :i*1 cultivat$ & wild plants are di/+ui%$4 ,o!r di/9ctions ( l[] value are made betwe5 ev]gre5 & decidu\s1 fruit+ & fruitless1 & fl[]+ & fl[]less plants4 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 :o kept alive 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! _s ( ,ari/otelian botany1 0 m advanc$ ?an ,!ophra/us 9 8 me?od ( classification4 ,x is true t he divides ! vegetable _w into ,trees1 ,%rubs1 ,und]%rubs1 ,bu%es1 ,h]bs & ,fungi1 b at ! same "t he po9ts out t ?is is an arbitr>y s*eme1 s9ce ^! gr\ps _c always be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 & also because ! same plant may belong to diff]5t classes at diff]5t p]iods ( its life4 ,a /udy ( ! writ+s ( ,alb]tus reveals ! fact t he _h 9 m9d1 ?\gh he did n cle>ly /ate x1 a mu* m highly evolv$ sy/em1 :i* may be diagrammatically repres5t$ z foll[s4 ,! mod]n equival5ts ( 8 diff]5t gr\ps are %[n 9 squ>e brackets3-- ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #fc4 8,c>ui0 ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia4 ,i4 ,leafless plants ,cryptogams 9 "p4 ,,ii4 ,leafy plants ,phan]ogams & c]ta9 ,cryptogams4 #a4 ,corticate plants ,monocotyl$ons4 #b4 ,tunicate plants ,dicotyl$ons4 7a7 ,h]bace\s4 7b7 ,woody4 ,! ^w tunicate 9 ! above table is us$ = ! plants :i* ,alb]tus describes z gr[+ 8ex ligneis tunicis40 ,x seems cle> f ?is expression t he realis$ t !re 0 an anatomical di/9ction betwe5 ,dicotyl$ons & ,monocotyl$ons4 ,consid]+ h[ mu* ,alb]tus _h a*iev$1 x is some:at curi\s t ,cesalp9o1 :o repres5t$ ,ari/otelian botany 9 ! sixte5?1 z ,alb]tus did 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 %\ld h produc$ s inadequate a sy/em z 8 own contribution to ! subject4 ,we owe to him "o m>k$ advance1 ! recognition1 namely1 ( ! importance ( ! se$4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 8 classification sav\rs too mu* ( hav+ be5 ?\ght out 9 ! /udy1 & x suff]s by comp>ison ) o!r sy/ems ( ab\t ! same p]iod1 su* z ^? ( de l',obel & ,bauh91 :i* 7 arriv$ at r by in/9ct1 act+ ^u obs]vation1 ?an by a def9ite & self-consci\s intellectual ef=t4 ,cesalp9o makes 8 ma9 di/9ction1 on ! old ,ari/otelian plan1 betwe5 ,trees & ,%rubs on ! "o h&1 & ,und]%rubs & ,h]bs on ! o!r4 ,he divides ! fir/ ( ^! gr\ps into two1 & ! second into ?irte5 classes1 dep5d+ *iefly on se$ & fruit *>act]s4 ,v few ( ^! classes really repres5t natural gr\ps1 & ! *ief ( all di/9ctions among ,fl[]+ ,plants1 t betwe5 ,dicotyl$ons & ,monocotyl$ons1 :i* 0 =e%ad[$ by ,alb]tus1 is almo/ lo/ to sight4 ,:5 we turn f ! botanical philosoph]s to ! h]bali/s prop]1 we f9d an altoge!r diff]5t /ate ( affairs4 ,! ,ari/otelian botani/s 7 consci\s1 f ! beg9n+1 ( ! philosophic necessity = "s =m ( classification4 ,! m$ical botani/s1 on ! o!r h&1 7 only int]e/$ 9 plants z individuals1 & 7 driv5 to classify !m m]ely because "s sort ( arrangem5t 0 necess>y = conv5i5ce 9 deal+ ) a l>ge numb] ( k9ds4 ,! fir/ ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 t ( ,dioscorides1 %[s "s attempt at ord]1 b ! arrangem5t is seldom at all natural4 ,occasionally ! au?or gr\ps toge!r plants :i* are ne>ly relat$1 z :5 he treats ( a numb] ( ,labiates1 or ( ,umbellif]s successively--b ?is is r>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #fd4 8,buglossa0 ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia4 ,pl9y 0 n1 /rictly speak+1 a m$ical botani/1 b at ! same "t he may be m5tion$ 9 ?is connection1 s9ce 8 int]e/ 9 plants 0 ess5tially utilit>ian4 ,l ,!ophra/us1 he beg9s 8 acc\nt ( plants ) ! trees1 b 8 reason = s do+ is pr(\ndly diff]5t f t ( ! ,greek writ]1 & illu/rates ! div]g5ce betwe5 :at we may call ! an?ropoc5tric & ! sci5tific outlook ^u ! plant _w4 ,!ophra/us plac$ trees at ! head ( ! vegetable k+dom1 because he consid]$ _! organisation ! highe/1 & mo/ completely expressive ( plant nature2 ,pl9y1 on ! o!r h&1 began ) trees because ( _! great value & importance to man4 ,z an example ( 8 ideas ( arrangem5t1 we may m5tion t he places ! ,myrtle & ,laurel side by side1 because ! ,laurel takes a correspond+ place 9 triumphs to t accord$ to ! ,myrtle 9 ovations6 ,turn+ to ! h]bals !mselves1 we f9d t ! e>lie/ %[ no trace ( a natural gr\p+1 ! plants be+1 z a rule1 arrang$ alphabetically4 ,?is is ! case1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,lat9 & ,g]man ,h]b>ius1 ! ,ortus ,sanitatis & _! d]ivatives1 & ev5 9 ! h]bals ( ,brunfels & ( ,fu*s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ,bock's h]bal1 on ! o!r h&1 ! plants are gr\p$ z h]bs1 %rubs & trees1 accord+ to ! classical s*eme4 ,! au?or evid5tly made "s ef=t1 )9 ^! classes1 to arrange !m accord+ to _! relation%ips4 ,9 ! preface to ! ?ird edition he writes--8,i h plac$ toge!r1 yet kept di/9ct1 all plants :i* are relat$ & connect$1 or o!rwise resemble "o ano!r & are comp>$1 & h giv5 up ! =m] old rule or arrangem5t accord+ to ! ,a4,b4,c4 :i* is se5 9 ! old h]bals4 ,= ! arrangem5t ( plants by ! ,a4,b4,c4 occasions mu* disp>ity & error40 ,al?\gh ! l>g] classificatory divisions1 z n[ und]/ood1 7 n recognis$ by ^! e>ly work]s1 !y _h at lea/ a dim und]/&+ ( ! di/9ction betwe5 g5]a & species4 ,?is dates back to ,!ophra/us1 :o %[$1 by gr\p+ toge!r diff]5t species ( oaks1 figs1 etc41 t he _h "s conception ( a g5us4 ,we owe to ,konrad ,gesn] ! fir/ =mulation ( ! idea t g5]a %\ld be d5ot$ by sub/antive names4 ,he 0 probably ! e>lie/ botani/ :o cle>ly exp\nd$ ! di/9ction betwe5 a g5us & a species4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s he writes--8,& we may hold ?is = c]ta91 t !re are sc>cely any plants t con/itute a g5us :i* may n be divid$ into two or m species4 ,! anci5ts describe "o species ( ,g5tian2 ,i "k ( t5 or m40 ,v little ( ,gesn]'s botanical "w 0 ev] publi%$1 & x 0 left to ,fabio ,colonna to put be=e ! botanical _w ! true nature ( g5]a4 ,he held mo/ enlight5$ views on ! subject1 &1 9 #afaf1 cle>ly /at$ 9 8 #8,ekphrasis' t g5]a %\ld n be bas$ on simil>ities ( leaf =m1 s9ce ! aff9ities ( plants are indicat$ n by ! leaf1 b by ! *>act]s ( ! fl[]1 ! receptacle1 &1 especially1 ! se$#bi4 ,he br\ght =w>d in/ances to %[ t previ\s au?ors _h sometimes plac$ a plant 9 ! wrong g5us1 because !y only att5d$ to ! leaves & ignor$ ! /ructure ( ! fl[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #fe4 8,n5uf>0 ,wat]lily ,arnaldus de ,villa ,nova1 ,tractatus de virtutibus h]b>um1 #adii4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ,gasp>d ,bauh91 at ! end ( ! sixte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! b9>y sy/em ( nom5clature is us$ ) a high degree ( consi/5cy1 ea* species be>+ a g5]ic & specific "n1 ?\gh sometimes a ?ird1 or ev5 a f\r?1 descriptive ^w is add$4 ,^! extra words are n1 h[ev]1 really ess5tial4 ,9 ! preface to ! #8,phytop9ax' 7#aeif7 ,bauh9 /ates t1 = ! sake ( cle>ness1 he has appli$ "o "n to ea* plant & add$ also "s easily recognisable "*#cj4 ,! b9omial me?od 0 =e%ad[$ at a v e>ly date1 = 9 a fifte5?-c5tury manuscript ( ! old h]bal #8,circa in/ans1' to :i* we h ref]r$ on p4 #bd1 ?is sy/em prevails to a rem>kable ext5t4 ,:5 we turn to ^? g5]al s*emes ( classification :i* 7 evolv$ by ! h]bali/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 we are at once /ruck by ! great diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 ! pr9ciples on :i* ^! s*emes are bas$1 & ^? at :i* we h arriv$ at ! pres5t day4 ,to classify plants accord+ to _! uses & m$ic9al prop]ties is obvi\sly ! fir/ sugge/ion t arises1 :5 ! univ]se is reg>d$ f a simple1 an?ropoc5tric /&po9t4 ,9 ! ,grete ,h]ball ( #aebf we get a ludicr\sly cle> example ( ?is me?od1 appli$ to ! special case ( ! ,fungi4 8,fungi b5 mus%]ons4444 ,!re be two man]s ( !m1 "o man] is de$ly & slee? slaye? !m t eate? ( !m & be call$ tode /oles1 & ! o!r doo? n40 ,?is acc\nt ( ! ,fungi occurs also 9 ! e>li] manuscript h]bal1 #8,circa in/ans1' m5tion$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph4 ,?is !ory ( classification has be5 %[n 9 m rec5t times to conta9 ! g]m ( some?+ m ne>ly approa*+ a natural sy/em ?an "o w\ld imag9e at fir/ sight4 ,bo? ,l9nu & de ,jussieu h po9t$ out t relat$ plants h simil> prop]ties1 &1 9 #ahjd1 ,a4 ,p4 de ,c&olle1 9 8 #8,essai sur les proprits mdicales des ,plantes1 comp>es avec leurs =mes extrieures et leur classification naturelle1' c>ri$ ! argum5t mu* fur!r4 ,he %[$ t 9 no less ?an tw5ty-"o families ( fl[]+ plants1 ! same m$ic9al prop]ties 7 f\nd ?r\gh\t all ! memb]s ( ! ord]4 ,?is is v rem>kable1 :5 we rememb] t ! /ate ( k at t "t 0 su* t de ,c&olle 0 oblig$ to dismiss a l>ge numb] ( ord]s ) ! words 8prop]ties unkn[n40 ,q rec5tly ! subject ( ! diff]5tiation ( gr\ps ( plants accord+ to _! *emi/ry has aga9 come to ! =e1 &1 9 ! future1 *emical *>act]s w probably be numb]$ among ! recognis$ crit]ia = use 9 elaborat+ s*emes ( classification4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ff4 8,n5uph>0 ,nympha alba ,l41 ,:ite ,wat]lily ,brunfels1 ,h]b>um viv eicones1 ,vol4 ,i4 #aecj4 ,r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #fg4 8,gele ,plomp50 ,nuph> luteum ,sm41 ,yell[ ,wat]lily de l',obel1 ,kruydtbck1 #aeha4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( botanical classification1 ! fir/ advance f ! purely utilit>ian /&po9t 0 m>k$ by ! recognition ( ! fact t ! /ructure & mode ( life ( ! plants !mselves are ( importance4 ,9 ! "w ( writ]s su* z ,dodo5s & d',al*amps1 to take two typical examples1 we f9d ! issues curi\sly confus$ by ! work+ ( ?ree diff]5t pr9ciples side by side2 t is to say1 by ! simultane\s insi/5ce 7i7 on ! habitat1 7ii7 on ! 8virtues10 & 7iii7 on ! /ructure1 z af=d+ clues to ! sy/ematic position ( ! plant 9 "q4 ,! h]bali/ ?us erects 8 s*eme on a basis consi/+ ( a confus$ m$ley ( ecological1 m$ical1 & morphological pr9ciples4 ,an enum]ation ( ! eighte5 head+s1 "u :i* d',al*amps1 9 #aehf1 describ$ ! vegetable k+dom1 s f> z x 0 !n kn[n1 w %[ ! p]plexities :i* surr\nd$ ! fir/ grop+s aft] a natural sy/em4 ,8 head+s may be translat$ z foll[s3-- ,i4 ,( trees :i* gr[ wild 9 woods4 ,,ii4 ,( fruits gr[+ wild 9 ?ickets & %rubb]ies4 ,,iii4 ,( trees :i* are cultivat$ 9 pleasure g>d5s & or*>ds4 ,,iv4 ,( c]eals & pulse1 & ! plants :i* gr[ 9 ! field ) !m4 ,v4 ,( g>d5 h]bs & pot h]bs4 ,,vi4 ,( umbellif]\s plants4 ,,vii4 ,( plants ) beautiful fl[]s4 ,,viii4 ,( fragrant plants4 ,,ix4 ,( plants gr[+ 9 m>%es4 ,x4 ,( plants gr[+ 9 r\gh1 rocky1 s&y & sunny places4 ,,xi4 ,( plants gr[+ 9 %ady1 wet1 m>%y & f]tile places4 ,,xii4 ,( plants gr[+ by ! sea1 & 9 ! sea itself4 ,,xiii4 ,( climb+ plants4 ,,xiv4 ,( ?i/les & all sp9y & prickly plants4 ,,xv4 ,( plants ) bulbs1 & succul5t & knotty roots4 ,,xvi4 ,( ca?>tic plants4 ,,xvii4 ,( poison\s plants4 ,,xviii4 ,( =eign plants4 ,among ^! eighte5 gr\ps1 ! only ones :i* h any pret5sion to be+ natural are ,,vi 7,umbellif]s7 & ,,xiv 7,?i/les71 & ^! m]ely approximate r\ghly to relat$ gr\ps ( g5]a4 ,among ! ,umbellif]s we meet ) ,a*illea & o!r g5]a :i* d n really belong to ! ord]1 :il/1 ) ! ,?i/les1 !re are gr\p$ o!r sp9y plants1 su* z ,a/ragalus tragacan?a1 :i*1 9 a natural sy/em1 w\ld occupy a place remote f ! ,composites4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #fh4 8,n9fea0 ,wat]lily ,durante1 ,h]b>io ,nuovo1 #aehe4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t improv$ sy/ems ( classification1 to :i* we %all %ortly ref]1 7 put =w>d 9 ! sixte5? & e>ly sev5te5? c5turies1 we f9d t1 z late z #afdj1 ,john ,p>k9son 9 8 well kn[n h]bal1 divid$ all ! plants !n kn[n into sev5te5 classes or tribes--! sequ5ce 9 :i* ^! classes 7 plac$ hav+1 9 mo/ cases1 no mean+ at all4 ,a few ( 8 tribes are natural1 b _m are valueless z an expression ( aff9ities4 ,z an example we may m5tion 8 ?ird class1 8,v5em\s1 ,sleepy1 & ,hurtfull ,plants1 & _! ,c\nt]poysons10 & 8 sev5te5?1 8,/range & ,outl&i% ,plants40 ,9 ,p>k9son's classification1 we see ,botany rev]t+ once m to ! position ( a m]e h&-maid to ,m$ic9e4 ,9 ! fir/ book ( ,dodo5s' #8,pemptades' 7#aehc7 ! pr9ciples ( botany are discuss$4 ,! old ,ari/otelian classification into ,trees1 ,%rubs1 ,und]%rubs & ,h]bs is accept$1 b ) "s res]vations4 ,! au?or po9ts out t an individual plant may1 ow+ to cultivation1 or f "s o!r cause1 pass f "o class into ano!r4 ,he in/ances ,ric9us1 :i* is an h]bace\s annual ) u1 b a tree 9 o!r c\ntries#ca4 ,! g5]al s*eme ( classification1 :i* ,dodo5s prop\nd$1 has mu* 9 common ) t ( d',al*amps1 :i* we h already outl9$4 ,)9 ! l>g] gr\ps1 he %[s a /rong] p]ception ( natural gr\p+ ?an appe>s 9 8 arrangem5t ( ! l>g] classes !mselves4 ,he (t5 gr\p$ toge!r g5]a :i* we n[ reg>d z memb]s ( ! same natural ord]1 & species :i* we n[ look ^u z belong+ to a s+le g5us4 ,= in/ance he br\ght toge!r g5]a belong+ respectively to ! ,g]aniace1 ,hyp]icace1 ,plantag9ace1 ,crucif]1 ,composit1 etc4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 he 0 only p>tially successful1 z 9 ! ,umbellif]1 among :i* he describ$ ,nigella 7,love-9-a-,mi/7 & a c\ple ( ,saxifrages4 ,?is example %[s h[ little /ress 0 laid on ! fl[]s & fruit at ?is "t1 f ! po9t ( view ( classification4 ,! g5]al habit1 & ! %ape ( ! leaves 7 ! features t receiv$ mo/ att5tion4 ,resemblances & diff]5ces betwe5 ! =ms ( ! leaves alone mu/ naturally appe> to ! botani/ ( ! pres5t day to be a v inadequate basis = a g5]al sy/em ( classification4 ,nev]!less ,ma?ias de l',obel work$ out a s*eme on ^! l9es :i* _h great m]it1 & 0 a consid]able advance on previ\s ef=ts4 ,he put =w>d 8 sy/em 9 8 #8,/irpium adv]s>ia' 7#aegj-ga7 & us$ x also 9 8 lat] "w4 ,x 0 ?us publi%$ mu* e>li] ?an ! v primitive s*emes ( d',al*amps & ,dodo5s to :i* we h j ref]r$4 ,! be/ po9t ( 8 sy/em is t1 by reason ( _! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces ( leaf /ructure1 he di/+ui%es ! classes n[ kn[n to u z ,monocotyl$ons & ,dicotyl$ons4 ,he introduces a useful feature 9 ! %ape ( a synoptic table ( species :i* prec$es ea* m or less natural gr\p ( plants4 ,! sup]iority ( 8 classification to ! o!r arrangem5ts 9 ! field at ! "t 0 imm$iately realis$4 ,we h evid5ce ( ?is 9 ! fact t1 aft] 8 #8,kruydtbck' 0 publi%$1 ,plant9 br\ght out an album ( ! wood-engrav+s us$ 9 ! book1 :i*1 al?\gh !y _h also appe>$ z illu/rations to ! works ( ,dodo5s & de l'cluse1 7 n[ arrang$ z 9 ! s*eme put =w>d by de l',obel1 8accord+ to _! g5us & mutual relation%ip#cb40 ,!re seems little d\bt t de l',obel made a m consci\s ef=t ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors to arrive at a natural classification1 & t he realis$ t su* a classification w\ld reveal a unity 9 all liv+ be+s4 ,9 ! preface to 8 #8,/irpium adv]s>ia nova' ( #aegj he writes--8,= ?us 9 an ord]1 ?an :i* no?+ m beautiful exi/s 9 ! heav5s or 9 ! m9d ( a wise man1 ?+s :i* are f> & widely diff]5t become1 z x 71 "o ?+40 ,de l',obel's s*eme is n express$ 9 ! cle> mann] to :i* we h become accu/om$ 9 m mod]n sy/ems1 because1 9 common ) o!r botani/s ( 8 "t1 he did n1 z a rule1 give names to ! gr\ps :i* we n[ call ord]s1 or draw any %>p l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,de l',obel's arrangem5t1 9 spite ( its good features1 _h s]i\s drawbacks4 ,! anomal\s ,monocotyl$ons1 su* z ,arum1 ,tamus1 ,aloe & ,ruscus1 are scatt]$ among ! ,dicotyl$ons1 :ile ,dros]a 7! ,sundew7 appe>s among ! ,f]ns1 & s on4 ,simil>ities ( leaf =m1 :i* are n[ reg>d$ m]ely z in/ances ( 8homopla/ic conv]g5ce10 are responsible = _m curi\s gr\p+s4 ,= in/ance 9 ! #8,kruydtbck' we f9d ! ,twayblade 7,li/]a7 ! ,may ,lily 7,maian!mum7 & ! ,planta9 7,plantago7 describ$ 9 succession1 :ile1 9 ano!r "p ( ! book1 v>i\s ,clov]s 7,trifolium71 ,wood ,sorrel 7,oxalis7 & ,anemone hepatica are gr\p$ toge!r4 ,x is also n surpris+ t ! ,m>% ,m>igold 7,cal?a71 ! ,wat]lilies 7,nympha & ,nuph>71 ,limnan!mum & ,frogbit 7,hydro*>is7 %\ld foll[ "o ano!r1 or t de l',obel %\ld h br\ght toge!r ! ,broomrape 7,oroban*e71 ! ,too?wort 7,la?ra71 ! ,bird's-ne/ ,or*id 7,neottia7 & a numb] ( ,fungi4 ,9 ^! latt] in/ances ! au?or has really arriv$ at g5u9e biological 7?\gh n morphological7 gr\ps4 ,he has recognis$1 on ! "o h&1 ! m>k$ uni=mity ( ! type ( leaf *>act]i/ic ( 8swimm+0 wat]-plants1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 he has obs]v$ ! leaflessness & abs5ce ( gre5 col\r1 :i* are negative features common to s _m saprophytes & p>asites4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #fi4 8,tussilago0 ,tussilago f>f>a ,l41 ,coltsfoot ,fu*s1 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$4 ,! p]ception ( natural aff9ities among plants :i*1 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 0 gradually1 9 a dim1 in/9ctive fa%ion1 aris+ 9 m5's m9ds1 is p]haps be/ express$ 9 ! "w ( ,gasp>d ,bauh91 especially 9 8 #8,p9ax !atri botanici' 7#afbc74 ,?is "w is divid$ into twelve books1 ea* book be+ fur!r sub-divid$ into sections1 compreh5d+ a v>iable numb] ( g5]a4 ,nei!r ! books nor ! sections h1 z a rule1 any g5]al head+1 b !re are c]ta9 exceptions4 ,= in/ance1 ,book ,,ii is call$ #8de ,bulbosis1' & a section ( ,book ,,iv1 includ+ eighte5 g5]a1 is head$ #8,umbellif]4' ,"s ( ! sections repres5t truly natural gr\ps4 ,book ,,iii1 ,section ,,vi1 = example1 consi/s ( t5 g5]a ( ,composit1 :ile ,book ,,iii1 ,section ,,ii includes six ,crucif]s4 ,o!r sections conta9 plants ( m ?an "o family1 b yet %[ a di/9ct feel+ = relation%ip4 ,= in/ance1 ,book ,v1 ,section ,i includes ,solanum1 ,m&ragora1 ,hyoscyamus1 ,nicotiana1 ,papav]1 ,hypec\m & ,argemone--t is to say f\r g5]a f ! ,solanace foll[$ by ?ree f ! ,papav]ace4 ,! common "* :i* br+s !m toge!r "h is1 no d\bt1 _! n>cotic prop]ty1 b1 al?\gh no def9ite l9e 0 drawn betwe5 ! plants belong+ to ^! two widely sund]$ families1 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are describ$ %[s t _! di/9ctness 0 recognis$4 ,"s ( ,bauh9's o!r gr\ps1 h[ev]1 :i*1 l t j discuss$1 are di/+ui%$ by _! prop]ties1 or1 9 o!r words1 by _! *emical features1 h no pret5sion to naturalness f a morphological /&po9t4 ,?is is ! case ) ! gr\p describ$ 9 ,book ,,xi1 ,section ,,iii "u ! "n ( 8,aromata10 :i* consi/s ( a het]og5e\s assemblage ( g5]a belong+ to diff]5t ord]s1 :i* are only connect$ by ! fact t !y all yield spices useful to man4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #gj4 8,plantago major0 ,planta9 ,fu*s1 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ga4 8,al?a ,?ur+ica0 ,lavat]a ?ur+ica ,l4 ,cam]>ius1 ,hortus m$icus1 #aehh4 ,!re is no d\bt t1 on ! :ole1 ,bauh9 0 m>k$ly successful 9 recognis+ aff9ities )9 small cycles1 b he broke d[n on ! broad] "q ( ! relation%ips betwe5 ! gr\ps ( g5]a s con/itut$4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 h>dly surpris+ :5 we rememb] h[ mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s among sy/ematic botani/s1 ev5 to-day1 ^u ! subject ( ! relations ( ! ord]s to "o ano!r4 ,l de l',obel1 ,bauh9 seems to h believ$ 9 ! g5]al pr9ciple ( a progression f ! simpl] to ! m highly develop$ =ms4 ,8 application ( ?is pr9ciple l$ him to beg9 ) ! ,grasses & to conclude ) ! ,trees4 ,! "q z to :i* gr\ps among ! ,fl[]+ ,plants ,angiosp]ms are to be consid]$ z relatively primitive1 is /ill1 at ! pres5t day1 an op5 "o1 b x w\ld be g5]ally conc$$ t ,bauh9's arrangem5t _c be accept$4 ,!re is little d\bt1 f ! /&po9t ( mod]n botany1 t ! ,grasses are a highly specialis$ gr\p1 :ile ! 8tree habit0 has be5 adopt$ indep5d5tly by _m plants belong+ to entirely diff]5t cycles ( aff9ity1 & ?us1 except 9 r>e cases1 x _c be us$ z a crit]ion ( relation%ip4 ,on ! subject ( ! relations ( ! ,cryptogams 7fl[]less plants7 to ! ,phan]ogams 7fl[]+ plants71 ,bauh9 _h evid5tly no cle> ideas1 b su* c\ld h>dly be hop$ = 9 ! /ate ( k ( t "t4 ,we f9d1 = in/ance1 ! ,f]ns1 ,mosses1 ,corals7671 ,fungi1 ,alg1 ! ,sundew1 etc41 s&wi*$ betwe5 "s ,legum9os1 & a section consi/+ *iefly ( ,?i/les4 ,! classification put =w>d by ! ,bohemian botani/1 ,zaluziansky1 9 #aeib1 al?\gh 9 its g5]al features no bett] ?an t ( ,dodo5s1 or ( d',al*amps1 & c]ta9ly less satisfactory ?an t ( de l',obel or ! lat] s*eme ( ,bauh91 is an improvem5t on all ( ^! 9 "o p>ticul>1 namely1 t he beg9s ) ! ,fungi & deals next ) ,mosses4 ,aft] ! ,mosses he describes ! ,grasses1 & 8 classification concludes ) ! ,trees4 ,he 0 ?us evid5tly attempt+ to pass f ! simpl] to ! m complex1 & 8 arrangem5t indicates t1 unlike c]ta9 o!r botani/s ( 8 "t1 he look$ ^u ! ,l[] ,cryptogams z comp>atively simple & primitive plants4 ,he 0 n s cle>-sight$1 h[ev]1 on ! subject ( ! ,f]ns1 = he plac$ !m ) ! ,umbellif] & "s ,composit1 no d\bt because he 0 influ5c$ by ! =m ( ! leaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #gb4 8,pulsatilla0 ,anemone pulsatilla ,l41 ,pasque-fl[] ,cam]>ius1 ,de plantis ,epitome 444 ,mat?ioli1 #aehf4 ,x is curi\s t ,cesalp9o1 :o1 z we h po9t$ out1 _h arriv$ at ! v important pr9ciple t ! se$ & fruit *>act]s 7 ( major value 9 classification1 yet put =w>d a sy/em :i* 0 di/9ctly inf]ior to t ( ,gasp>d ,bauh91 al?\gh ! latt] appe>s to h be5 guid$ by no su* g5]al pr9ciples4 ,probably ! reason = ?is is to be s\ght 9 ! fact t no sy/em ( classification c repres5t natural aff9ities1 unless x takes into acc\nt ! nature ( ! plant z a :ole4 ,x is true t1 comp>$ ) ! *>act]s ( ! reproductive organs1 ! leaf-=m & habit1 ow+ to _! pla/icity1 h to be us$ ) great discretion z sy/ematic crit]ia1 b1 nev]!less1 no sy/em ( classification c af=d to ignore !m entirely4 ,cesalp9o bas$ 8 s*eme too exclusively ^u se$ *>act]s1 to ! neglect ev5 ( ! /ructure ( ! fl[]1 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 al?\gh he laid s mu* /ress ^u ! nature ( ! se$1 he did n grasp ! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ! embryos ( ! ,monocotyl$ons & ! ,dicotyl$ons1 due to ! possession ( "o1 & two se$-leaves respectively4 ,! *ief drawback ( 8 s*eme1 h[ev]1 0 8 failure to realise t liv+ organisms are too complex to fall into a classification bas$ on any "o feature1 important z t feature may prove to be :5 us$ 9 conjunction ) o!r *>act]s4 ,^? h]bali/s1 on ! o!r h&1 :o attack$ ! problem ( ! classification ( plants )\t any preconceiv$1 academic !ory1 dep5d$1 "o might almo/ say1 on ! glimm]+s ( common s5se = ! recognition ( aff9ities4 ,?is 0 no d\bt a dim & fitful illum9ation1 b x 0 at lea/ less p>tial ?an ! n>r[1 lime-light beam ( a rigid !ory4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,botanical ,,illu/ration ,9 ! art ( botanical illu/ration1 evolution 0 by no means a simple & /raight=w>d process4 ,we d n f9d1 9 ,europe1 a /eady advance f e>ly illu/rations ( poor quality to lat] ones ( a f9] "*4 ,on ! contr>y1 among ! e>lie/ extant draw+s1 ( a def9itely botanical int5tion1 we meet ) wond]fully good figures1 free f su* features z w\ld be n[ g5]ally reg>d$ z ar*aic4 ,! fam\s ,vi5na manuscript ( ,dioscorides 7see pp4 #h & #he7 is a rem>kable example ( ! excell5ce ( "s ( ! v e>ly "w4 ,x dates back to ! end ( ! fif?1 or ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x is illu/rat$ ) bru% draw+s on a l>ge scale1 :i* 9 _m cases are notably naturali/ic1 & (t5 q mod]n 9 appe>ance 7,plates ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,xv74 ,! g5]al habit ( ! plant is admirably express$1 & occasionally1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,bean 7,plate ,,xv71 ! *>act]s ( ! fl[]s & se$-vessels are well indicat$4 ,9 ?is draw+1 also1 ! leaves are effectively =e%ort5$4 ,!re are a numb] ( o!r manuscript h]bals 9 exi/5ce1 illu/rat$ ) int]e/+ figures4 ,! ,libr>y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd5 possesses a p>ticul>ly f9e example#cc1 :i* is ascrib$ to ! sev5? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xv #8,phasiolos' ,bean ,dioscorides1 ,codex ,anici ,julian1 circa ,a4,d4 #ejj4 ,r$uc$4 ,?is "w conta9s col\r$ draw+s ( exceptional beauty1 :i* are small] ?an ^? 9 ! ,vi5na manuscript1 b q equally reali/ic4 ,x is h[ev] ) ! hi/ory ( botanical figures s9ce ! inv5tion ( ! pr9t+ press t we are "h m especially conc]n$4 ,f ?is epo* onw>ds1 ! hi/ory ( botanical illu/ration is intimately b\nd up ) ! hi/ory ( wood-engrav+1 until1 at ! extreme end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 engrav+ on metal fir/ came into use to illu/rate h]bals4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 metal-engrav+s & wood-cuts exi/$ side by side1 b wood-engrav+ gradually decl9$1 & 0 9 great measure sup]s$$ by engrav+ on metal4 ,! f9e/ p]iod ( plant illu/ration 0 dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 wood-engrav+ 0 at its z5i?4 ,botanical wood-engrav+s may be reg>d$ z belong+ to two s*ools1 b x %\ld be und]/ood t ! di/9ction betwe5 !m is some:at arbitr>y & mu/ n be press$ v f>4 ,"o ( ^! may p]haps be reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! la/1 decad5t expression ( t s*ool ( late classical art :i*1 a ?\s& ye>s e>li]1 _h giv5 rise to ! draw+s 9 ! ,vi5na manuscript4 ,probably no orig9al wood-cuts ( ?is s*ool 7 produc$ aft] ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! second phase1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* culm9at$1 arti/ically1 if n sci5tifically1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 we f9d a r5aissance ( ! art1 due to a m direct /udy ( nature4 ,! fir/ s*ool1 ( :i* we may take ! cuts 9 ! ,roman edition ( ! #8,h]b>ium' ( ,apuleius ,platonicus 78 #adhd7 z typical examples1 has1 z ,dr ,payne has po9t$ out1 c]ta9 v well-m>k$ *>act]i/ics4 ,! figures ( ! plants 7see ,plates ,,iv1 ,v1 ,,xvi1 & ,text-figs4 #a & #b71 :i* occupy squ>e or oblong spaces1 are v =mal & are (t5 repres5t$ ) complete bilat]al symmetry4 ,!y %[ no sign ( hav+ be5 drawn directly f nature1 b look z if !y 7 f\nd$ on previ\s "w4 ,!y h a decorative r ?an a naturali/ic appe>ance2 x seems1 inde$1 z if ! pr9ciple ( decorative symmetry controll$ ! arti/ almo/ aga9/ 8 w4 ,^! draw+s are some:at ( ! nature ( diagrams by a draughtsman 8:o g5]aliz$ 8 k ( ! object40 ,9 ,dr ,payne's own words1 8,su* figures1 pass+ ?r\gh ! h&s ( a hundr$ copyi/s1 became m & m conv5tional1 till !y rea*$ _! la/ & mo/ degrad$ =m 9 ! rude cuts ( ! ,roman ,h]b>ium1 :i* repres5t n ! infancy1 b ! old age ( art4 ,unc\? z !y are1 we may reg>d !m ) "s respect1 bo? z be+ ! images ( fl[]s t bloom$ _m c5turies ago1 & also z ! la/ ripple ( ! rec$+ tide ( ,classical ,art40 ,! illu/rations ( ! #8,h]b>ium' ( ,apuleius 7 copi$ f pre-exi/+ manuscripts1 & ! age ( ! orig9als is no d\bt mu* great] ?an t ( ! pr9t$ "w4 ,^? "h reproduc$ are tak5 f a copy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 :i* ! pictures 7 col\r$1 probably at ! "t :5 ! book 0 publi%$4 ,col\r+ ( ! figures 0 *>act]i/ic ( _m ( ! e>lie/ works 9 :i* wood-engrav+ 0 employ$4 ,9 cases :]e uncol\r$ copies ( su* books exi/1 !re are (t5 blank spaces 9 ! wood-cuts1 :i* 7 left 9 ord] t c]ta9 details might aft]w>ds be add$ 9 col\r4 ,! orig9 ( wood-engrav+ is closely connect$ ) ! e>ly hi/ory ( play+-c>d manufacture4 ,play+-c>ds 7 at fir/ col\r$ by means ( /5cil plates1 & ! same me?od1 v naturally1 came to be employ$ 9 connection ) ! wood-blocks us$ = book illu/ration4 ,! engrav+s 9 ! #8,h]b>ium' ( ,apuleius are execut$ 9 black1 9 v crude outl9e4 ,at lea/ two col\rs1 n[ mu* fad$1 7 also employ$ by means ( /5cill+4 ,! "w 0 co>sely done1 & ! col\rs only 8regi/]0 v r\ghly4 ,br[n appe>s to h be5 us$ = ! animals1 roots & fl[]s1 & gre5 = ! leaves4 ,! draw+s %[ "s r curi\s mann]isms4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! fir/ cut labell$ 8,vettonia10 ea* ( ! lanceolate leaves is outl9$ cont9u\sly on ! "o side1 b ) a brok5 l9e on ! o!r4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! illu/rations 9 ! #8,h]b>ium' are possibly n wood-engrav+s1 b rude cuts 9 metal1 excavat$ aft] ! mann] ( a wood-block4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvi #8,dracontea' ,h]b>ium ,apuleii ,platonici1 8 #adhd4 ,! t9t repres5ts col\r+1 :i* 0 probably contempor>y4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! imag9ative portrait ( ! ,m&rake 7,plate ,v74 ,figures ( ! animals ^: bites or /+s 7 suppos$ to be cur$ by ! use ( a p>ticul> h]b1 7 (t5 introduc$ into ! draw+1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,planta9 7,text-fig4 #a7 :i* is accompani$ by a s]p5t & a scorpion4 ,9 ?is figure ! cross-hat*+ ( :ite l9es on black--! simple/ possible device f ! po9t ( view ( ! wood-engrav]--is employ$ ) good effect4 ,sometimes ! ess5tial "* ( ! plant is seiz$1 b ! way 9 :i* x is express$ is curi\sly lack+ 9 a s5se ( proportion1 z 9 ! case ( 8,dracontea0 7,plate ,,xvi71 "o ( ! ,arum family4 ,! figures 9 ! #8,h]b>ium' are *>act]is$ by an excell5t trait1 :i* is common to mo/ ( ! old] h]bals1 namely ! habit ( portray+ ! plant z a :ole1 includ+ its roots4 ,?is came ab\t naturally because ! root 0 (t5 ( special value f ! druggi/'s po9t ( view4 ,x is to be regrett$ t1 9 mod]n botanical draw+s1 ! recognition ( ! p>am\nt importance ( ! fl[] & fruit 9 classification has l$ to a comp>ative neglect ( ! organs ( vegetation1 especially ^? :i* exi/ und]gr\nd4 ,we n[ come to a s]ies ( illu/rations1 :i* may be reg>d$ z occupy+ an int]m$iate position betwe5 ! classical tradition ( ! #8,h]b>ium' ( ,apuleius1 & ! r5aissance ( botanical draw+1 :i* took place e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,^! include ! illu/rations to ! #8,book ( ,nature1' & to ! ,lat9 & ,g]man #8,h]b>ius1' ! #8,ortus ,sanitatis1' & _! d]ivatives1 :i* 7 discuss$ 9 ,*apt]s ,,ii & ,,iii4 #8,das p* d] natur' ( ,konrad von ,meg5b]g occupies a unique position 9 ! hi/ory ( botany1 = x is ! fir/ "w 9 :i* a wood-cut repres5t+ plants 0 us$ ) ! def9ite int5tion ( illu/rat+ ! text1 & n m]ely = a decorative purpose4 ,x 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,augsburg 9 #adge1 & is ?us sev]al ye>s old] ?an ! e>lie/ pr9t$ edition ( ! #8,h]b>ium' ( ,apuleius ,platonicus :i* we h j discuss$4 ,! s+le plant draw+1 :i* illu/rates x1 is probably n ( su* great antiquity1 h[ev]1 z ^? ( ! #8,h]b>ium1' = its appe>ance sugge/s t x 0 probably execut$ f nature = ?is book1 & n copi$ & recopi$ f "o manuscript to ano!r be=e x 0 engrav$4 ,! illu/ration 9 "q is a full-page wood-cut1 %[+ a numb] ( plants1 gr[+ 9 situ 7,plate ,,iii74 ,sev]al species 7e4g4 ,ranunculus acris1 ! ,mead[ ,butt]cup1 ,viola odorata1 ! ,sweet ,violet1 & ,convall>ia majalis1 ! ,lily-(-!-,valley7 are di/9ctly recognisable4 ,x is noticeable t1 9 two cases 9 :i* a rosette ( radical leaves is repres5t$1 ! c5tre ( ! rosette is fill$ 9 9 black1 ^u :i* ! leaf-/alks appe> 9 :ite4 ,?is use ( ! black backgr\nd1 :i* gives a ri* & solid effect1 0 c>ri$ mu* fur!r 9 lat] books1 su* z ! #8,ortus ,sanitatis4' ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #gc4 8,brionia0 ,h]b>ius ,mogunt9us1 #adhd4 ,a wood-cut1 some:at simil> 9 /yle to t j describ$1 b m primitive1 occurs 9 ,trevisa's v]sion ( ! m$ival encyclopdia ( ,b>?olomu ,anglicus1 :i* 0 pr9t$ by ,wynkyn de ,worde be=e ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is probably ! fir/ botanical figure illu/rat+ an ,engli% book4 ,x is reproduc$ 9 ,text-fig4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #gd4 8,ireos vel ,iris0 ,arnaldus de ,villa ,nova1 ,tractatus de virtutibus h]b>um1 #adii4 ,! illu/rations to ! ,lat9 #8,h]b>ius' or #8,h]b>ius ,mogunt9us1' publi%$ at ,ma9z 9 #adhd 7,text-figs4 #c1 #d1 #e1 #gc71 =m ! next gr\p ( botanical wood-cuts4 ,! figures are mu* bett] ?an ^? ( ! #8,h]b>ium' ( ,apuleius1 b at ! same "t !y are1 z a rule1 =mal & conv5tional1 & (t5 q unrecognisable4 ,! want ( realism is v conspicu\s 9 su* a draw+ z t ( ! ,lily 7,text-fig4 #c71 9 :i* ! leaves are repres5t$ z if !y _h no organic cont9uity ) ! /em4 ,"s ( ! figures are wond]fully *>m+1 & 9 _! decorative effect recall ! plant designs s (t5 us$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages to enri* ! bord]s ( illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ! case ( ! ,briony 7,text-fig4 #gc74 ,! conv5tional =m ( t5dril "h employ$ is also se5 9 o!r e>ly "w1 su* z ! ro(-pa9t+ ( a ,v9e 9 ! ,*apel ( ,/ ,&rew1 ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 & "s 8,decorat$0 /a9$ glass at ,wells1 bo? ( :i* are consid]ably e>li] 9 date ?an ! #8,h]b>ius ,mogunt9us4' ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ge4 8,capillus ,v5]is0 ,maid5hair ,f]n ,arnaldus de ,villa ,nova1 ,tractatus de virtutibus h]b>um1 #adii4 ,a m int]e/+ s]ies ( figures1 also illu/rat+ ! text ( ! ,lat9 #8,h]b>ius1' 0 publi%$ 9 ,italy a little lat]4 ,! wood-cuts are believ$ to be mo/ly d]iv$ f ,g]man orig9als4 ,text-figs4 #f1 #eg1 #fe1 #gd1 #ge & #gf are tak5 f a ,v5etian edition ( #adii4 ,^! draw+s are m ambiti\s ?an ^? 9 ! orig9al ,g]man issue1 &1 on ! :ole1 ! results are m naturali/ic4 ,! f]n call$ 8,capillus ,v5]is10 :i* is probably int5d$ = ! ,maid5hair1 is repres5t$ hang+ f rocks ov] wat]1 j z x does 9 ,devon%ire caves to-day 7,text-fig4 #ge74 ,ano!r delightful wood-cut1 almo/ 9 ! ,japanese /yle1 is t ( an ,iris gr[+ at ! m>g9 ( a /ream1 f :i* a graceful bird is dr9k+ 7,text-fig4 #gd74 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #gf4 8,cuscuta0 ,dodd] ,arnaldus de ,villa ,nova1 ,tractatus de virtutibus h]b>um1 #adii4 ,9 ! v symmetrical draw+ ( ! ,peony 7,text-fig4 #eg7 !re is an attempt to repres5t ! tub]\s roots1 :i* are indicat$ 9 solid black4 ,! no less symmetrical ,wat]lily 7,text-fig4 #fe7 is rem>kable = its rhizome1 on :i* ! sc>s ( ! leaf bases are fai?fully repres5t$4 ,?is draw+ is ( int]e/1 also1 on acc\nt ( its frank disreg>d ( proportion4 ,! fl[] /alks are drawn n m ?an twice z long z ! bread? ( ! leaf6 ,we may1 ,i ?9k1 safely conclude t ! draughtsman knew q well t he 0 n repres5t+ ! plant z x 01 & t he int5tionally gave a conv5tional r5d]+1 :i* did n pr(ess to be m ?an an indication ( c]ta9 di/9ctive features ( ! plant4 ,?is attitude ( ! arti/ to 8 "w1 :i* is s diff]5t f t ( ! sci5tific draughtsman ( ! pres5t day1 is se5 ) great cle>ness 9 _m ( ! draw+s 9 m$ival manuscripts4 ,= in/ance1 a plant su* z ! ,h\seleek may be repres5t$ gr[+ on ! ro( ( a h\se--! plant be+ ab\t ?ree times ! size ( ! build+4 ,no "o w\ld imag9e t ! arti/ 0 "u ! delusion t ^! proportions held good 9 nature4 ,! little h\se 0 m]ely introduc$ 9 ord] to convey graphic in=mation z to ! habitat ( ! plant conc]n$1 & ! scale on :i* x 0 depict$ 0 simply a matt] ( conv5i5ce4 ,be=e an art c be appreciat$1 its conv5tions mu/ be accept$4 ,x w\ld be z absurd to qu>rel ) ! illu/rations we h j describ$1 on acc\nt ( _! lack ( proportion1 z to condemn gr& op]a because1 9 real life1 m5 & wom5 d n conv]se 9 song4 ,! idea ( naturali/ic draw+s1 9 :i* ! size ( ! p>ts %\ld be %[n 9 _! true relations1 0 ( comp>atively late gr[?4 ,9 #adhe1 ! ye> foll[+ ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ,lat9 #8,h]b>ius1' ! v important "w kn[n z ! ,g]man #8,h]b>ius1' or #8,h]b>ius zu ,teuts*1' made its appe>ance at ,ma9z4 ,z we po9t$ out 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 its illu/rations1 :i* are execut$ on a l>ge scale1 are (t5 ( rem>kable beauty4 ,dr ,payne consid]$ "s ( !m comp>able to ^? ( ,brunfels 9 fidelity ( draw+1 ?\gh v inf]ior 9 wood-cutt+4 ,!y are di/9ctly m reali/ic ?an ev5 ^? ( ! ,v5etian edition ( ! ,lat9 #8,h]b>ius1' to :i* we h j ref]r$4 ,x is int]e/+1 = in/ance1 to comp>e ! draw+s ( ! ,dodd] 7,text-figs4 #gf & #gg7 9 ! two works4 ,o!r excell5t draw+s are ^? ( ! ,w9t] ,*]ry 7,text-fig4 #gh71 ,iris 7,text-fig4 #g71 ,lily1 ,*icory1 ,comfrey & ,peony4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #gg4 8,cuscuta0 ,dodd] ,h]b>ius zu ,teuts*1 ,ma9z1 #adhe4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #gh4 8,alkek5gi0 ,physalis1 ,w9t] ,*]ry ,h]b>ius zu ,teuts*1 ,ma9z1 #adhe4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #gi4 8,alkek5gi0 ,physalis1 ,w9t] ,*]ry ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia4 ,a pirat$ second edition ( ! #8,h]b>ius zu ,teuts*' appe>$ at ,augsburg only a few mon?s aft] ! publication ( ! fir/ at ,ma9z4 ,! figures1 :i* are r\ghly copi$ f ^? ( ! orig9al edition1 are v inf]ior to !m4 ,9 fact1 ! ,ma9z wood-cuts ( #adhe excel ^? ( all subsequ5t issues4 ,9 ! #8,ortus ,sanitatis' ( #adia1 ab\t two-?irds ( ! draw+s ( plants are copi$ f ! #8,h]b>ius zu ,teuts*4' ,!y are (t5 mu* spoil$ 9 ! process1 & x is evid5t t ! copyi/ frequ5tly fail$ to grasp ! int5tion ( ! orig9al arti/4 ,! wood-cut ( ! ,dodd] 7,text-fig4 #hj71 = in/ance1 is lam5tably inf]ior to t 9 ! #8,h]b>ius zu ,teuts*' 7,text-fig4 #gg74 ,!re is (t5 a t5d5cy1 9 ! lat] "w1 to make ! figures occupy ! space 9 a m decorative fa%ion2 = in/ance1 :]e ! /alk 9 ! orig9al draw+ is simply cut across obliquely at ! base1 we f9d 9 ! #8,ortus ,sanitatis' t its po9t$ end is cont9u$ into a conv5tional fl\ri% 7cf4 ! figures ( ! ,w9t] ,*]ry 9 ! two works1 ,text-figs4 #gh & #gi74 ,among ! orig9al figures _m1 z we h already indicat$1 repres5t purely my?ical subjects 7e4g4 ,text-figs4 #ac & #ag74 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #hj4 8,cuscuta0 ,dodd] ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia4 ,! use ( a black backgr\nd1 aga9/ :i* ! /alks & leaves =m a contra/ 9 :ite1 :i* we notic$ 9 ! #8,book ( ,nature1' is c>ri$ fur!r 9 ! #8,ortus ,sanitatis4' ,?is is %[n p>ticul>ly well 9 ! ,tree ( ,p>adise 7,text-fig4 #ab7 & also 9 ,text-figs4 #aj & #ha4 ,no consi/5t me?od is foll[$ 9 ! co>se %ad+ :i* is employ$4 ,9 "s cases !re seems to h be5 an attempt at ! conv5tion1 us$ s successfully by ! ,japanese1 ( d>k5+ ! und]side ( ! leaf1 b1 sometimes1 9 ! same figure1 c]ta9 leaves are treat$ 9 ?is way1 & o!rs n4 ,9 "s ( ! g5re pictures1 ,noah's ,ark trees are introduc$1 ) cr[ns consi/+ entirely ( p>allel horizontal l9es1 decreas+ 9 l5g? f bel[ upw>ds1 s z to give a triangul> =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ha4 8,botris0 ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,ma9z1 #adia4 ,an edition ( ! #8,ortus ,sanitatis1' :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,v5ice 9 #aeaa1 is illu/rat$ 9 great "p ) wood-cuts bas$ on ! orig9al figures4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 a v diff]5t appe>ance1 s9ce a great deal ( %ad+ is introduc$1 & 9 "s cases p>allel l9es are laid 9 ) consid]able dext]ity4 #8,! ,grete ,h]ball' & a numb] ( works ( ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury d]iv$ f ! #8,h]b>ius zu ,teuts*1' ! #8,ortus ,sanitatis1' & simil> s\rces1 are ( no importance 9 ! hi/ory ( botanical illu/ration1 s9ce sc>cely any ( _! figures are orig9al4 ,! (t-repeat$ set ( wood-cuts1 ultimately d]iv$ f ! #8,h]b>ius zu ,teuts*1' 7 also us$ to illu/rate ,hi]onymus ,brauns*weig's ,di/illation ,book 7,lib] de arte di/ill&i de ,simplicibus1 #aejj74 ,t ! conv5tional figures ( ! p]iod did n satisfy ! botani/ is %[n by "s int]e/+ rem>ks by ,hi]onymus at ! conclusion ( 8 "w4 ,he tells ! read] t he mu/ att5d to ! text r ?an ! figures1 8= ! figures are no?+ m ?an a fea/ = ! eyes1 & = ! in=mation ( ^? :o _c read or write#cd40 ,dur+ ! fir/ ?ree decades ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! art ( botanical illu/ration 0 practically 9 abeyance 9 ,europe4 ,su* books z 7 publi%$ 7 *iefly suppli$ ) m]e copies ( old] wood-cuts4 ,b1 9 #aecj1 an entirely new era 0 inaugurat$ ) ! appe>ance ( ,brunfels' great "w1 ! #8,h]b>um viv eicones1' 9 :i* a numb] ( plants native to ,g]many1 or commonly cultivat$ !re1 7 drawn ) a beauty & fidelity :i* h r>ely be5 surpass$ 7,text-figs4 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 #ff1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd74 ,x is int]e/+ to recall t ! date #aecj is (t5 tak51 9 ! /udy ( o!r arts 7e4g4 /a9$ glass71 z ! limit ( ! 8,go?ic0 p]iod1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! 8,r5aissance40 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvii ,/udy ( ,aquilegia vulg>is ,l41 ,columb9e ,albre*t ,dr]1 #aebf4 ,draw+ 9 ! ,alb]t9a1 ,vi5na4 ,r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #hb4 8,as>um0 ,as>abacca ,brunfels1 ,h]b>um viv eicones1 ,vol4 ,i4 #aecj4 ,r$uc$4 ,brunfels' illu/rations repres5t a notable advance on any previ\s botanical wood-cuts1 s mu* s1 inde$1 t ! sudd5ness ( ! improvem5t seems to call = "s special explanation4 ,on tak+ a broad] view ( ! subject1 we f9d t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 !re 0 a m>k$ advance 9 all ! bran*es ( book illu/ration1 & n m]ely 9 ! botanical side ) :i* we are "h conc]n$4 ,?is impetus seems to h be5 due to ! fact t _m ( ! be/ arti/s1 above all ,albre*t ,dr]1 began at t p]iod to draw = wood-engrav+1 :]eas 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! able/ m5 _h %[n a t5d5cy to despise ! craft & to hold alo( f x4 ,! engrav+s 9 ,brunfels' h]bal & ! f9e books :i* succe$$ x1 %\ld n be consid]$ z if !y 7 an isolat$ manife/ation1 b %\ld be view$ 9 relation to o!r contempor>y & ev5 e>li] plant draw+s1 :i* 7 n int5d$ = book illu/rations4 ,"s ( ! mo/ rem>kable are ^? by ,albre*t ,dr]1 :i* 7 produc$ be=e ! appe>ance ( ,brunfels' h]bal1 dur+ ! fir/ ?irty ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ea* ( 8 col\r$ draw+s ( sods ( turf1 kn[n z 8das grosse ,ras5/ck10 & 8das kle9e ,ras5/ck10 a tangl$ gr\p ( gr[+ plants is portray$ exactly z x occurr$ 9 nature1 ) a m>vell\s comb9ation ( arti/ic *>m & sci5tific accuracy4 ,pr(4 ,kill]mann has be5 at pa9s to id5tify ! g5us & species ( almo/ e plant repres5t$1 & has describ$ ! draw+s z 8das er/e ,d5kmal d] ,pflanz5kologie40 ,9 #aebf1 ,dr] c>ri$ out a beautiful s]ies ( plant draw+s1 among ! mo/ fam\s ( :i* are ^? ( ! ,columb9e1 & ! ,great] ,cel&9e4 ,! =m] is reproduc$ on a small scale 9 ,plate ,,xvii2 x is sc>cely possible to imag9e a m p]fect 8habit draw+0 ( a plant4 ,9 ,italy1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci's exquisite /udies ( plants1 ( :i* ,plate ,,xviii is an example1 mu/ also h po9t$ ! way to a bett] era ( h]bal illu/ration4 ,9 8 "w1 ! arti/ic int]e/ pr$om9ates ov] ! botanical to a great] ext5t ?an is ! case ) ,dr]'s draw+s4 ,x is /range to ?9k t num]\s editions ( ! #8,ortus ,sanitatis' & simil> books1 ) _! crude & primitive wood-cuts1 %\ld h be5 publi%$ :ile su* an arti/ z ,leon>do da ,v9ci 0 at ! z5i? ( 8 p[]s4 ,if int]nal evid5ce alone 7 available1 x might plausibly be ma9ta9$ t ! engrav+s 9 ! #8,ortus ,sanitatis' & ! draw+s ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7 c5turies ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xviii ,/udy ( ,orni?ogalum umbellatum ,l41 ,/> ( ,be?lehem1 & o!r plants ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #adeb-aeai4 ,draw+ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y1 ,w9dsor4 ,we are ?us l$ to ! conclusion t1 ?\gh ! engrav+s 9 ,brunfels' h]bal are sep>at$ f previ\s botanical figures by an almo/ impassable gulf1 !y %\ld n be reg>d$ z a sudd5 & inexplicable developm5t4 ,! art ( naturali/ic plant draw+ _h arriv$ indep5d5tly at :at 0 p]haps its high-wat] m>k ( excell5ce1 b x is 9 ,brunfels' great "w t we f9d x1 = ! fir/ "t1 appli$ to ! illu/ration ( a botanical book4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #hc4 8,ku*5s*ell0 ,anemone pulsatilla ,l41 ,pasque-fl[] ,brunfels1 ,h]b>um viv eicones1 ,vol4 ,i4 #aecj4 ,r$uc$4 ,! illu/rations 9 ,brunfels' h]bal 7 engrav$1 & probably drawn also1 by ,hans ,weiditz1 or ,guiditius1 "s ( ^: "w has be5 ascrib$ to ,albre*t ,dr]4 ,! title #8,h]b>um viv eicones'--#8,liv+ ,pictures ( ,plants'--indicates ! mo/ di/9ctive feature ( ! book1 namely t ! arti/ w5t direct to nature1 in/ead ( reg>d+ ! plant _w ?r\gh ! eyes ( previ\s draughtsm54 ,?is *>act]i/ic is be/ appreciat$ on comp>+ ,brunfels' figures ) ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,8 picture ( ! ,wat]lily 7,text-fig4 #ff71 = example1 contra/s notably ) t ( ! same subject f ! ,v5etian #8,h]b>ius' 7,text-fig4 #fe74 ,9 ! =m] ! arti/ has caught ! exact look ( ! leaves & /alks1 buoy$ up by ! wat]4 ,?r\gh\t ! "w1 ! draw+ seems to be ( a slightly high] quality ?an ! actual engrav+2 ! l9es are1 to use ! te*nical t]m1 occasionally some:at 8rott50 or ev5 brok54 ,9 "o respect ! welcome reaction f ! conv5tional & g5]alis$ e>ly draw+s w5t almo/ too f>4 ,_m ( ,brunfels' wood-cuts 7 done f imp]fect specim5s1 9 :i*1 = example1 ! leaves _h )]$ or _h be5 damag$ by insects4 ,?is is cle>ly %[n 9 ,text-fig4 #hd4 ,! arti/'s ambition 0 evid5tly limit$ to repres5t+ ! specim5 he _h be=e him1 :e!r x 0 typical or n4 ,! notion _h n !n be5 grasp$ t ! ideal botanical draw+ avoids ! peculi>ities ( any individual specim51 & seeks to portray ! *>act]s really typical ( ! species4 ,^! *>act]s c sometimes only be arriv$ at by a comp>ison ( num]\s specim5s4 ,f ! figures "h reproduc$ a good idea ( ! /yle ( ,weiditz c be obta9$4 ,8 l9e is usually firm & broad1 & b little %ad+ is employ$4 ,! *ief m]it ( ! draw+s lies 9 _! crisp & virile outl9es4 ,reg>d$ f ! po9t ( view ( decorative book illu/ration1 ! beautiful draw+s ( ! p]iod "u consid]ation sometimes fail$ to rea* ! /&>d set by e>li] "w4 ,! v /rong1 black1 velvety l9e ( _m ( ! fifte5?-c5tury wood-engrav+s1 & ! occasional use ( solid black backgr\nds 7cf4 ,text-fig4 #ha7 give a great s5se ( ri*ness1 especially 9 comb9ation ) ! black lett] type1 ) :i* !y h>monise s admirably4 ,a page be>+ su* illu/rations is (t5 m satisfy+ to ! eye ?an "o 9 :i* ! desire to express ! subtleties ( plant =m1 9 reali/ic fa%ion1 has l$ to ! use ( a m delicate l9e4 ,h[ev]1 ! prim>y object ( ! h]bal illu/rations 01 aft] all1 a sci5tific & n a decorative "o1 &1 f ?is po9t ( view1 ! ga9 9 realism m ?an comp5sates = ! loss 9 ! h>moni\s balance ( black & :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #hd4 8,lappa0 ,arctium1 ,burdock ,brunfels1 ,h]b>um viv eicones1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #aeca4 ,r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #he4 8,scolop5dria0 ,h>t's-tongue ,f]n ,rhodion1 ,kreutt]b*1 #aecc4 ,our *ronological survey ( ! *ief botanical wood-cuts br+s u next to ^? publi%$ by ,eg5olph 9 #aecc1 to illu/rate ,rhodion's #8,kreutt]b*4' ,^! h sometimes be5 reg>d$ z ( consid]able importance1 almo/ comp>able1 9 fact1 ) ^? ( ,brunfels4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ^! wood-engrav+s leads1 h[ev]1 to ! conclusion t practically all ! *ief figures 9 ,eg5olph's book h be5 copi$ f ^? ( ,brunfels1 b on a small] scale1 & rev]s$4 ,x is true t ! /yle ( engrav+ is diff]5t1 & t1 z ,hatton has po9t$ out1 ,eg5olph's fl[+1 easy1 almo/ bru%-l l9e is v di/9ct f t ( ,weiditz4 ,b ! fact ( ! plagi>ism rema9s4 ,! two figures "h reproduc$--! ,less] ,cel&9e 7,text-fig4 #cc7 & ! ,h>t's-tongue ,f]n 7,text-fig4 #he7--;are r$uc$ copies f ,brunfels4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t1 z ! ?ird "p ( ,brunfels' great "w _h n appe>$ :5 ,eg5olph's book 0 publi%$1 ! latt] mu/ h be5 at a loss = figures ( ! plants :i* ,brunfels _h res]v$ = 8 ?ird volume4 ,we f9d t 9 ! case ( "o su* plant1 ! ,asp>agus1 he solv$ ! problem by go+ back to ! old famili> wood-cut :i* _h done duty 9 ! #8,ortus ,sanitatis' & ! #8,h]b>ius zu ,teuts*4' ,9 ! ?ird volume ( ,brunfels' h]bal 7:i* appe>$ aft] 8 dea?7 !re is a small figure1 t ( 8,auricula muris10 :i* diff]s conspicu\sly 9 /yle f ! o!r engrav+s1 & :i* appe>s to repres5t a case 9 :i* ! tables 7 turn$1 & a figure 0 borr[$ f ,eg5olph4 ,9 8 lat] books1 ,eg5olph us$ wood-cuts pirat$ f ^? ( ,fu*s & ,bock1 :i* we mu/ n[ consid]4 ,9 ! "w ( ,leonh>d ,fu*s 7,frontispiece7 plant draw+1 z an art1 may be said to h rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t4 ,x is true t1 at a lat] p]iod1 :5 ! botanical importance ( ! detail$ /ructure ( ! fl[] & fruit 0 recognis$1 figures 7 produc$ :i* convey$ exact] & m copi\s in=mation on ^! po9ts ?an did ^? ( ,fu*s4 ,nev]!less1 at lea/ 9 ! op9ion ( ! pres5t writ]1 ! illu/rations to ,fu*s' h]bals 7#8,de hi/oria /irpium1' #aedb1 & #8,new ,kret]b*1' #aedc7 repres5t ! high-wat] m>k ( t type ( botanical draw+ :i* seeks to express ! individual "* & habit ( ea* species1 treat+ ! plant broadly z a :ole1 & n lay+ m /ress ^u ! reproductive ?an ! vegetative organs4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #hf4 8,dipsacus albus0 ,teasle ,fu*s1 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$4 ,fu*s' figures are on s l>ge a scale t ! plant frequ5tly _h to be repres5t$ z curv$1 9 ord] to fit x into ! folio page4 ,! illu/rations "h reproduc$ 7,text-figs4 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #eh1 #fi1 #gj1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh7 d n give an entirely j idea ( _! beauty1 s9ce ! l9e employ$ 9 ! orig9al is s ?9 t x is ill-adapt$ to ! r$uction necess>y "h4 ,if ! draw+s h any fault1 x is p]haps to be f\nd 9 ! some:at blank & unf9i%$ look1 occasionally produc$ :5 un%ad$ outl9e draw+s are us$ on s l>ge a scale4 ,?is is ! case = in/ance 9 ! figure ( ! ,aloe4 ,x may be t ,fu*s _h 9 m9d ! possibility t ! pur*as] might wi% to col\r ! "w1 & to fill 9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( detail = himself4 ,! exi/+ copies ( ?is & o!r old h]bals (t5 h ! figures pa9t$1 g5]ally 9 a di/ress+ly crude & heavy fa%ion4 ,! col\r+ 9 _m cases appe>s to h be5 done at a v e>ly date4 ,9 ! octavo edition ( ,fu*s' h]bal publi%$ 9 #aede1 small v]sions ( ! l>ge wood-cuts appe>$4 ,x is p]haps invidi\s to draw di/9ctions betwe5 ! "w ( ,fu*s & t ( ,brunfels1 s9ce !y are bo? ( su* exquisite quality4 ,h[ev]1 m]ely z an expression ( p]sonal op9ion1 ! pres5t writ] mu/ confess to feel+ t !re is a f9] s5se ( p[] & fre$om ( h&l+ ab\t ! illu/rations 9 ,fu*s' h]bal ?an ^? ( ,brunfels4 ,sometimes 9 ,fu*s' figures a wond]fully decorative _s is %[n1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,e>?-nut ,pea 7,text-fig4 #hg7 :i* fills ! rectangul> space almo/ 9 ! mann] ( an 8all-ov]0 wall-pap] patt]n4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 :5 discuss+ wood-cuts1 t ! arti/1 :o drew ^u ! block = ! engrav]1 0 work+ "u peculi> conditions4 ,x 0 impossible = him to be unm9dful ( ! b\nd>ies ( ! block1 :5 ^! took ! =m1 z x 71 ( m9iature precipices "u 8 h&4 ,^! b\nd>ies m>k$ out ! exact limit ( space :i* ! figure c\ld occupy4 ,x is n surpris+1 "u ^! circum/ances1 t ! arti/ :o drew ^u ! block %\ld (t5 seem to h be5 obsess$ by its rectangul>ity1 & %\ld h accommodat$ 8 draw+ to its =m 9 a way t 0 unnecess>y & f> f reali/ic1 ?\gh sometimes v decorative4 ,?is is exemplifi$ 9 ! figure ( ! ,e>?-nut ,pea1 to :i* we h j ref]r$ & also 9 ,text-figs4 #da1 #dd1 #fb1 #ib1 #ie1 #aja1 etc4 ,! writ] has be5 told by an arti/ accu/om$1 9 =m] ye>s1 to draw ^u ! wood = ! engrav]1 t to avoid a rectangul> effect requir$ a di/9ct ef=t ( w4 ,at ! pres5t day1 :5 photographic me?ods ( reproduction are almo/ exclusively us$1 ! arti/ is no long] oppressively consci\s ( ! exact outl9e ( ! space :i* 8 figure w occupy4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #hg4 8,apios0 ,la?yrus tub]osus ,l41 ,e>?-nut ,pea ,fu*s1 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #hh4 8,arum0 ,arum maculatum ,l41 ,wild ,arum ,fu*s1 ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$4 ,! figures "h reproduc$ %[ h[ great a v>iety ( subjects 7 successfully dealt ) 9 ,fu*s' "w4 ,! ,cabbage 7,text-fig4 #cj7 is realis$ 9 a way t br+s home to u ! intr9sic beauty ( ?is some:at prosaic subject4 ,9 ! ,wild ,arum 7,text-fig4 #hh7 ! fruit & a dissection ( ! infloresc5ce are repres5t$1 s t1 botanically1 ! draw+ rea*es a high level4 ,fu*s' wood-cuts are ne>ly all orig9al1 b t ( ! ,:ite ,wat]lily appe>s to h be5 f\nd$ ^u ,brunfels' figure4 ,we h s f> spok51 = ! sake ( brevity1 z if ,fu*s actually execut$ ! figures himself4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! case4 ,he employ$ two draughtsm51 ,he9ri* ,fllmaur]1 :o drew ! plants f nature1 & ,albre*t ,mey]1 :o copi$ ! draw+s on to ! wood1 & also an engrav]1 ,veit ,rdolf ,speckle1 :o actually cut ! blocks4 ,fu*s evid5tly delight$ to hon\r 8 colleagues1 = at ! end ( ! book !re are portraits ( all ?ree at "w 7,text-fig4 #hi74 ,! arti/ is draw+ a plant ) a bru% fix$ 9 a quill4 ,! draw+ & pa9t+ ( fl[]s is sometimes dismiss$ almo/ contemptu\sly1 z ?\gh x 7 a humble art 9 :i* an inf]ior arti/1 incapable ( ! m exact+ "w ( draw+ 8f ! life10 might be able to excel4 ,! falsity ( ?is view is %[n by ! fact t ! greate/ ( fl[] pa9t]s h g5]ally be5 m5 :o also did admirable figure "w4 ,fant9-,lat\r is a /rik+ mod]n in/ance1 & "o has b to glance at ! /udies ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7e4g4 ,plate ,,xviii7 & ,albre*t ,dr] 7e4g4 ,plate ,,xvii7 to feel t ! f9e/ plant draw+s c only be produc$ by a ma/] h&1 capable ( a*iev+ success on m ambiti\s l9es4 ,! wood-engrav+s 9 ,fu*s' h]bal are a case 9 po9t4 ,! portraits :i* also illu/rate ! book 7,frontispiece & ,text-fig4 #hi7 %[ t ! tal5ts ( ! arti/s :om he employ$ 7 n conf9$ to plant draw+1 b 7 also /rong 9 ! direction ( vigor\s & able portraiture4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #hi4 ,! ,draughtsm5 & ! ,engrav] employ$ by ,leonh>d ,fu*s ,de hi/oria /irpium1 #aedb4 ,r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ij4 8,w9t]grn0 ,pyrola1 ,w9t]gre5 ,bock1 ,kreut] ,b*1 #aedf4 ,fu*s' gratitude to 8 assi/ants is express$ 9 ! preface to #8,de hi/oria /irpium1' :]e he makes "s rem>ks ^u ! illu/rations1 :i* may be translat$ z foll[s3-- 8,z f> z conc]ns ! pictures !mselves1 ea* ( :i* is positively del9eat$ accord+ to ! features & lik5ess ( ! liv+ plants1 we h tak5 peculi> c>e t !y %\ld be mo/ p]fect1 &1 moreov]1 we h devot$ ! greate/ dilig5ce to secure t e plant %\ld be depict$ ) its own roots1 /alks1 leaves1 fl[]s1 se$s & fruits4 ,fur!rmore we h purposely & delib]ately avoid$ ! oblit]ation ( ! natural =m ( ! plants by %ad[s1 & o!r less necess>y ?+s1 by :i* ! del9eators sometimes try to w9 arti/ic glory3 & we h n all[$ ! craftsm5 s to indulge _! :ims z to cause ! draw+ n to correspond accurately to ! tru?4 ,vitus ,rudolphus ,speckl91 by f> ! be/ engrav] ( ,/rasburg1 has admirably copi$ ! wond]ful indu/ry ( ! draughtsm51 & has ) su* excell5t craft express$ 9 8 engrav+ ! features ( ea* draw+1 t he seems to h cont5d$ ) ! draughtsman = glory & victory40 ,h[ dull & col\rless ! phrases ( mod]n sci5tific writ]s appe>1 beside ! hot-blood$1 arrogant en?usiasm ( ! sixte5? c5tury6 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ia4 8,rautt50 ,botry*ium1 ,moonwort ,bock1 ,kreut] ,b*1 #aedf4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ib4 8,ca/anum nuss0 ,ca/anea1 ,*e/nut ,bock1 ,kreut] ,b*1 #aedf4 ,fu*s' wood-cuts 7 ext5sively pirat$1 especially ^? on a r$uc$ scale1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 8 edition ( #aede4 ,z we h m5tion$ on p4 #ee1 ,hi]onymus ,bock or ,tragus und\bt$ly made use ( !m 9 ! second edition ( 8 #8,kreut] ,b*' 7#aedf7 :i* 0 ! next important1 illu/rat$ botanical "w to appe> aft] ,fu*s' h]bal4 ,an exam9ation ( ! wood-cuts 9 ,bock's h]bal seems1 h[ev]1 to %[ t 8 illu/rations h m claim to orig9ality ?an is (t5 suppos$4 ,! figures ( ,w9t]gre5 7,text-fig4 #ij71 ,moonwort 7,text-fig4 #ia71 & ,/rawb]ry 7,text-fig4 #bg71 "h reproduc$1 are m>k$ly diff]5t f ^? ( ,fu*s1 al?\gh1 9 ! case ( ! fir/1 ,fu*s' wood-cut may h be5 us$ to "s ext5t4 ,! arti/ employ$ by ,bock1 z he himself tells u1 0 ,david ,k&el1 a "y lad1 ! son ( a burgh] ( ,/rasburg4 ,8 draw+s are (t5 ( int]e/1 ap>t f _! botanical aspect4 ,= in/ance1 ! picture ( an ,oak tree includes1 appropriately en\gh1 a sw9e-h]d ) 8 sw9e1 ! ,*e/nut tree gives occasion = a h$gehog 7,text-fig4 #ib7 &1 9 ano!r case1 a monkey & sev]al rabbits are introduc$1 "o ( ! latt] hold+ a %ield be>+ ! arti/'s initials4 ,! wood-cut ( ,trapa1 ! ,bull-nut 7,text-fig4 #bi71 is a highly imag9ative production :i* cle>ly %[s t nei!r ! arti/ nor ! au?or _h ev] se5 ! plant 9 "q4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ic4 8,fungi0 ,toad/ools ,mattioli1 ,comm5t>ii1 #aefj4 ,r$uc$4 ,9 g5]al "*1 ,bock's illu/rations are neat] & m conv5tional ?an ^? ( ,brunfels or ,fu*s4 ,! cr[ns ( ! trees are (t5 made practically squ>e s z to fit ! block 7,text-fig4 #ib74 ,! figures 9 e>li] works1 su* z ! #8,ortus ,sanitatis1' are recall$ 9 ,k&el's disreg>d ( ! proportion betwe5 ! size ( ! tree1 & t ( ! leaves & fruits4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #id4 8,rosaceum0 ,mattioli1 ,comm5t>ii1 #aefj4 ,r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ie4 8,sub] ,primus0 ,mattioli1 ,comm5t>ii1 #aefe4 ,r$uc$4 ,9 po9t ( "t1 ! illu/rations to ! e>ly editions ( ,mattioli's ,comm5t>ies on ! ,six ,books ( ,dioscorides foll[ fairly closely on ^? ( ,fu*s1 b !y are extremely diff]5t 9 /yle 7,text-figs4 #da1 #db1 #ic1 #id74 ,details su* z ! ve9s & hairs ( ! leaves are (t5 elaborately work$ out1 :ile %ad+ is mu* us$1 a consid]able ma/]y ( p>allel l9es be+ %[n4 ,! g5]al effect is occasionally some:at flat & dull4 ,"s ( ! draw+s sugge/ t !y may h be5 done f dri$ plants1 & 9 o!rs ! treatm5t is ov]-cr[d$4 ,b1 9 spite ( ^! defects1 !y =m a m>k$ly individual contribution1 :i* is ( great importance 9 ! hi/ory ( botanical illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #if4 8,tragor*is0 ,or*is hirc9a ,l41 ,liz>d ,or*is ,dodo5s1 ,pemptades1 #aehc4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ig4 8,aconitum luteum m9us0 ,eran?is hiemalis ,l41 ,w9t] ,aconite ,dodo5s1 ,pemptades1 #aehc4 ,num]\s editions ( ,mattioli's "w appe>$ 9 v>i\s languages4 ,9 its e>li] =m ! book _h only small figures 7e4g4 ,text-figs4 #da1 #db1 #ic1 #id71 b 9 "s lat] editions1 notably t :i* appe>$ at ,v5ice 9 #aefe1 !re are l>ge illu/rations :i* are reproduc$ on a r$uc$ scale 9 ,text-figs4 #dc1 #dd1 #ie4 ,^! wood-cuts resemble ! small] ones 9 "*1 b are m decorative 9 effect1 & (t5 rem>kably f9e4 ,:]eas 9 ! "w ( ,brunfels & ,fu*s1 ! beautiful l9e ( a s+le /alk is (t5 ! key-note ( ! :ole draw+1 9 ! "w ( ,mattioli1 ! eye mo/ frequ5tly f9ds its satisfaction 9 ! ri* mass+ ( foliage1 fruit & fl[]s1 sugge/ive ( s\!rn luxuriance4 ,_m ( 8 figures w\ld require little modification to =m ! basis ( a tape/ry patt]n4 ,ano!r rem>kable gr\p ( wood-engrav+s consi/s ( ^? publi%$ by ,plant9 9 connection ) ! "w ( ! ?ree ,l[ ,c\ntry h]bali/s1 ,dodo5s1 de l'cluse & de l',obel4 ,9 ! orig9al edition ( ,dodo5s' h]bal 7#8,cr deboeck1' publi%$ by ,v&]loe 9 #aeed71 m ?an half ! illu/rations 7 tak5 f ,fu*s' octavo edition ( #aede4 ,b ev5tually1 z we h po9t$ out 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 ,v&]loe p>t$ ) ,fu*s' blocks4 ,aft] ?is1 ,plant9 took ov] ! publication ( ,dodo5s' books1 & 9 8 f9al collect$ works 7#8,/irpium hi/ori pemptades sex1' #aehc7 ! majority ( ! illu/rations 7 orig9al1 & 7 c>ri$ out "u ! au?or's eye 7,text-figs4 #cg1 #ch1 #if1 #ig74 ,a few 7namely ^? m>k$ 9 ! ,pemptades1 8,ex ,codice ,cs>eo07 are copi$ f ,juliana ,anicia's manuscript ( ,dioscorides to :i* we h m ?an once ref]r$4 ,"s are also borr[$ f ! works ( de l'cluse & de l',obel1 s9ce ,plant9 0 publi%] to all ?ree botani/s1 & ! wood-blocks engrav$ = !m 7 reg>d$ z1 to "s ext5t1 =m+ a common /ock4 ,9 fact x is (t5 difficult to decide to :i* au?or any giv5 figure orig9ally belong$4 ,?is difficulty is enhanc$ by ! fact t "s 7 actually made = "o & !n us$ = ano!r1 be=e ! "w = :i* !y _h be5 orig9ally de/9$ 0 publi%$4 ,!re is little to be said ab\t de l',obel's figures1 :i* p>took ( ! "* ( ! re/ ( ! wood-cuts = :i* ,plant9 made himself responsible4 ,! ,yell[ ,wat]lily 7,text-fig4 #fg7 is giv5 "h z an example4 ,! wood-cuts illu/rat+ ! comp>atively small books ( de l'cluse are p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! figures associat$ ) ?is trio ( botani/s4 ,! ,dragon ,tree 7,text-fig4 #ih71 8,s$um majus0 7,text-fig4 #ei7 & ,job's ,te>s 7,text-fig4 #ci7 are examples f 8 book on ! plants ( ,spa91 :i* appe>$ 9 #aegf4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ih4 8,draco arbor0 ,dracna1 ,dragon ,tree de l'cluse1 ,r>iorum 444 p] ,hispanias1 #aegf4 ,! popul>ity ( ! l>ge collection ( blocks got toge!r by ! publi%+ h\se ( ,plant9 is %[n by ! frequ5cy ) :i* !y 7 copi$4 ,dr ,b4 ,daydon ,jackson has po9t$ out t ! wood-cut ( ! ,clematis1 :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 ,dodo5s' #8,pemptades' ( #aehc1 reappe>s1 ei!r 9 id5tical =m1 or m or less accurately copi$1 9 works by de l',obel1 de l'cluse1 ,g]>d1 ,p>k9son1 ,jean ,bauh91 ,*abru & ,petiv]4 ,! actual blocks !mselves appe> to h be5 us$ = ! la/ "t :5 ,johnson's edition ( ,g]>d's h]bal made its f9al appe>ance 9 ,london 9 #afcf4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ii4 8,cyclam9us0 ,cam]>ius1 ,de plantis ,epitome 444 ,mat?ioli1 #aehf4 ,ano!r s*ool ( plant illu/ration is repres5t$ 9 ! "w ( ,gesn] & ,cam]>ius4 ,z we m5tion$ on p4 #ib1 ,gesn]'s draw+s 7 n publi%$ dur+ 8 life-"t1 b "s ( !m 7 ev5tually produc$ by ,cam]>ius1 ) ! addition ( figures ( 8 own1 to illu/rate 8 #8,epitome ,mat?ioli' ( #aehf 7,text-figs4 #gb & #ii7 & also 8 lat] "w4 ,9 #agea1 ,c4 ,j4 ,trew publi%$ a collection ( ,gesn]'s draw+s1 _m ( :i* _h nev] be5 se5 be=e2 b ev5 !n1 x prov$ impossible to sep>ate ! "w ( ! two botani/s ) any complet5ess1 s9ce ,gesn]'s draw+s & blocks _h pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ,cam]>ius1 :o _h incorporat$ 8 own ) !m4 ,a few wood-cuts h[ev]1 :i* appe>$ z an app5dix to ,siml]'s ,life ( ,gesn]1 are und\bt$ly ,gesn]'s own "w4 ,"o ( ^! is reproduc$ 9 ,text-fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ajj4 8,rosa ,hi]i*untica0 ,ana/atica hi]o*untica ,l41 ,rose ( ,j]i*o ,cam]>ius1 ,hortus m$icus1 #aehh4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #aja4 8,pip] ,nigrum0 ,pepp] d',al*amps ,hi/oria g5]alis plant>um1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #aehg4 ,pr(essor ,treviranus1 ^: "w on ! use ( wood-engrav+s z botanical illu/rations is s well kn[n1 consid]$ t "s ( ! draw+s publi%$ by ,cam]>ius 9 connection ) 8 la/ "w 7#8,hortus m$icus et philosophicus1' #aehh7 7 among ! be/ ev] produc$4 ,examples are %[n 9 ,text-figs4 #cd1 #ce1 #ga1 #ajj4 ,treviranus po9t$ out t "o ( _! great m]its lay 9 ! selection ( good1 typical specim5s z models4 ,^! figures are v mu* m botanical ?an ^? ( any previ\s au?or2 9 fact--z ,hatton has po9t$ out 9 #8,! ,craftsman's ,plant-,book'--!y are beg9n+ to become too botanical = ! arti/6 ,cam]>ius (t5 gives detail$ analyses ( ! fl[]s & fruit on an enl>g$ scale 7,text-fig4 #ii74 ,among ! illu/rations "h reproduc$ w be se5 "o 7,text-fig4 #ajj7 9 :i* ! se$l+ ( ! ,rose ( ,j]i*o is drawn side by side ) ! mature plant1 & ano!r 7,text-fig4 #ce7 9 :i* ! /ructure ( a g]m9at+ ,date is %[n ) great cle>ness4 ,?is int]e/ 9 se$l+s gives a mod]n t\* to ! "w ( ,cam]>ius4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ajb4 8,c$rus0 ,c$> ,belon1 ,de arboribus1 #aeec4 ,a numb] ( wood-blocks 7 cut at ,lyons to illu/rate d',al*amps' great "w1 ! #8,hi/oria g5]alis plant>um1' #aehf-g4 ,_m ( ^! figures 7 tak5 f ! h]bals ( ,fu*s1 ,mattioli & ,dodo5s1 b !y 7 (t5 embelli%$ ) repres5tations ( insects1 & deta*$ leaves & fl[]s1 scatt]$ ov] ! block ) no app>5t object except to fill ! space4 ,?is peculi>ity1 :i* is %[n 9 ! engrav+ ( ,orni?ogalum reproduc$ 9 ,text-fig4 #ea1 appe>s also 9 ! illu/rations ( a book on ,simples1 by ,joannes ,mesua1 publi%$ 9 ,v5ice 9 #aeha4 ,9 c]ta9 o!r wood-cuts 9 d',al*amps' h]bal1 solid black is us$ 9 an effective fa%ion4 ,?is is ! case = in/ance 9 ,text-fig4 #aja1 :i* is also int]e/+ s9ce two ( ! leaves be> ! initials 8,m0 & 8,h10 :i* 7 possibly ^? ( ! arti/4 ,among less important botanical wood-engrav+s ( ! sixte5? c5tury we may m5tion ^? 9 ! works ( ,pi]re ,belon1 su* z #8,de arboribus' 7#aeec74 ,9 ?is book !re are "s graceful wood-cuts ( trees1 "o ( :i* is reproduc$ 9 ,text-fig4 #ajb4 ,! initial lett]s us$ 9 ! pres5t volume are tak5 f ano!r ( ,belon's books#ce4 ,"s specim5s ( ! qua9t little illu/rations to ,ca/or ,durantes #8,h]b>io ,nuovo' ( #aehe are %[n 9 ,text-figs4 #de1 #fh & #ajc4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e 8 draw+ ( ! ,wat]lily 7,text-fig4 #fh7 ) ^? ( ! ,v5etian edition ( ! ,lat9 #8,h]b>ius' ( #adii 7,text-fig4 #fe71 #8,! ,grete ,h]ball' 7,text-fig4 #ba71 ,brunfels' #8,h]b>um viv eicones' ( #aecj 7,text-fig4 #ff7 & de l',obel's #8,kruydtbck' ( #aeha 7,text-fig4 #fg74 ,! engrav+s 9 ,porta's #8,phytognomonica' 7#aehh7 & 9 ,prosp]o ,alp9o's little book on ,egyptian plants 7#aeib7 are ( good quality4 ,"s curi\s examples ( ! =m]1 :i* w be discuss$ at great] l5g? 9 ! next *apt]1 are %[n 9 ,text-figs4 #aji & #aaj1 & ! ,glasswort1 "o ( ! be/ wood-cuts among ! latt]1 is reproduc$ 9 ,text-fig4 #dg4 ,pass+ on to ! sev5te5? c5tury1 we f9d t ! #8,prodromos' ( ,gasp>d ,bauh9 7#afbj7 conta9s a numb] ( orig9al illu/rations1 b !y are n v rem>kable1 & (t5 h r ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 drawn f press$ specim5s4 ,two examples ( ^! wood-cuts w be f\nd 9 ,text-figs4 #di & #fb4 ,! =m] is int]e/+ z be+ an e>ly repres5tation ( ! ,potato4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ajc4 8,l5tisco del ,p]u0 ,pi/acia l5tiscus ,l41 ,ma/ic ,tree ,durante1 ,h]b>io ,nuovo1 #aehe4 ,p>k9son's #8,p>adisus ,t]re/ris' ( #afbi conta9s a consid]able proportion ( orig9al figures1 besides o!rs borr[$ f previ\s writ]s4 ,! engrav+s 7 made 9 ,engl& by ,switz]4 ,!y are poor 9 quality1 & ! innovation ( repres5t+ a numb] ( species 9 "o l>ge wood-cut is n v successful4 ,text-fig4 #ee %[s a twig ( ,b>b]ry1 :i* is b a s+le item 9 "o ( ^! l>ge illu/rations4 ,among /ill lat] wood-engrav+s1 we may m5tion ! l>ge1 r co>se cuts 9 ,aldrov&i's #8,d5drologia' ( #affg1 "o ( :i*1 ! figure ( ! ,orange1 or 8,mala ,aurantia ,*95sia10 is reproduc$ 9 ,text-fig4 #ajd1 on a greatly r$uc$ scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ajd4 8,mala ,aurantia ,*95sia0 ,orange ,aldrov&i1 ,d5drologia1 #affg4 ,r$uc$4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] no attempt has be5 made to discuss ! illu/rations ( ^? h]bals 7e4g4 ! works ( ,turn]1 ,tab]nmontanus1 ,g]>d1 etc47 9 :i* mo/ ( ! wood-cuts are copi$ f previ\s books4 ,9 ! majority ( su* cases1 ! s\rce ( ! figures has already be5 indicat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,?is brief review ( ! hi/ory ( botanical wood-cuts leads u to ! conclusion t betwe5 #aecj & #afcj1 t is to say dur+ ! hundr$ ye>s :5 ! h]bal 0 at its z5i?1 ! numb] ( sets ( wood-engrav+s :i* 7 pre-em95t--ei!r on acc\nt ( _! intr9sic qualities1 or because !y 7 repeat$ly copi$ f book to book--0 /rictly limit$4 ,we might almo/ say t !re 7 only five collections ( wood-cuts ( plants ( really fir/-rate importance--^?1 namely1 ( ,brunfels1 ,fu*s1 ,mattioli1 & ,plant91 ) ^? ( ,gesn] & ,cam]>ius1 all ( :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! sixty ye>s betwe5 #aecj & #aeij4 ,! wood-blocks ( ! two botani/s la/ m5tion$ _c be consid]$ ap>t f "o ano!r2 f ! sci5tific po9t ( view !y %[ a m>k$ advance1 9 ! introduction ( enl>g$ sket*es ( ! fl[]s & fruit1 9 addition to ! habit draw+s4 ,plant9's set includ$ ^? blocks :i* 7 engrav$ = ! h]bals ( de l',obel1 de l'cluse1 & ! lat] works ( ,dodo5s4 ,at ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 wood cutt+ on ! ,cont95t 0 di/9ctly on ! wane1 & _h begun to be sup]s$$ by engrav+ on metal4 ,! e>lie/ botanical "w1 9 :i* copp]-plate et*+s 7 us$ z illu/rations1 is said to be ,fabio ,colonna's #8,phytobasanos' ( #aeib4 ,^! et*+s1 two ( :i* are %[n 9 ,text-figs4 #df & #aje1 are on a small scale1 b are extremely beautiful & accurate4 ,! details ( ! fl[]s & fruit are (t5 %[n sep>ately1 ! figures1 9 ?is respect1 be+ comp>able ) ^? ( ,gesn] & ,cam]>ius1 ?\gh1 ow+ to _! small size1 !y d n convey s mu* botanical in=mation4 ,9 a lat] book ( ,colonna's1 ! #8,ekphrasis1' analyses ( ! floral p>ts are giv5 9 ev5 great] detail ?an 9 ! #8,phytobasanos4' ,colonna expressly m5tions t he us$ wild plants z models :]ev] possible1 because cultivation is apt to produce alt]ations 9 ! =m4 ,! decorative bord]1 surr\nd+ ea* ( ! figures reproduc$1 0 n pr9t$ f ! copp]4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a l>ge numb] ( botanical books1 illu/rat$ by means ( copp]-plates1 7 produc$4 ,! majority ( ^! 7 publi%$ late 9 ! c5tury1 & ?us sc>cely come )9 our purview4 ,a few ( ! e>li] ones may1 h[ev]1 be ref]r$ to at ?is po9t4 ,9 #afaa ,paul ,r5aulme's #8,specim5 ,hi/ori ,plant>um' 0 publi%$ 9 ,p>is1 b ?\gh ?is "w 0 illu/rat$ ) good copp]-plates1 ! effect 0 some:at spoilt by ! transp>5cy ( ! pap]4 ,two ye>s lat] appe>$ ! #8,hortus ,ey/ett5sis1' by ,basil ,besl]1 an apo!c>y ( ,nuremb]g4 ,x is a l>ge "w ) enorm\s illu/rations1 mo/ly ( m$iocre quality4 ,9 ! succe$+ ye>1 #afad1 a book 0 publi%$ :i* has be5 describ$1 probably ) ju/ice1 z conta9+ "s ( ! be/ copp]-plate figures ( plants ev] produc$4 ,?is 0 ! #8,hortus ,floridus' ( ,crispian de ,passe1 a memb] ( a fam\s family ( engrav]s4 ,l ,p>k9son's #8,p>adisus ,t]re/ris1' into :i* "s ( ! figures are copi$1 x is m ( ! nature ( a g>d5 book ?an a h]bal4 ,9 #afae an ,engli% edition ( ,crispian de ,passe's "w 0 publi%$ at ,utre*t1 "u ! title ( #8,a ,g>d5 ( ,fl[]s4' ,! plates are ! same z ^? 9 ! orig9al "w4 ,! arti/ is p>ticul>ly successful ) ! bulb\s & tub]\s plants1 ! cultivation ( :i* has long be5 su* a specialty ( ,holl&4 ,plate ,,xix is a *>act]i/ic example1 b only "p ( ! orig9al picture is "h reproduc$4 ,! soil on :i* ! plants gr[ is (t5 %[n1 & ! horizon is plac$ v l[1 s t !y /& up aga9/ ! sky4 ,?is conv5tion seems to h be5 *>act]i/ic1 n only ( ! plant draw+s ( ! ,dut* arti/s1 b also ( _! l&scapes4 ,9 ! pa9t+s ( ,cuyp & ,paul ,pott]1 ! sky-l9e is sometimes s l[ t x is se5 betwe5 ! legs ( ! c[s & horses4 ,?is treatm5t 0 no d\bt sugge/$ by life 9 a flat c\ntry1 b x 0 c>ri$ to su* an extreme t ! arti/'s eye-level mu/ h be5 almo/ on ! gr\nd6 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #aje4 8,*ondrilla0 ,colonna1 ,phytobasanos1 #aeib4 ,! pur*as] ( #8,! ,g>d5 ( ,fl[]s' receives detail$ directions = ! pa9t+ ( ! figures1 :i* he is expect$ to c>ry out himself4 ,! book is divid$ into f\r p>ts1 appropriate to ! f\r seasons1 & ea* "p is prec$$ by an enc\rag+ v]se int5d$ to keep alive ! own]'s en?usiasm = 8 task4 ,! /anza at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ section seems to %[ "s anxiety on ! "p ( ! au?or1 le/ ! read] %\ld h begun to we>y ov] ! l5g?y occupation ( col\r+ ! plates4 ,x reads z foll[s3-- 8,if he!rtoe 7my fr5de7 y h1 ,p]=mde ! taske 9 h&3 ,) ioy proce$e1 ?is la/ w be ,! be/1 :5 all is sc&e40 ,z we h already m5tion$1 x is n our int5tion to deal ) ! books publi%$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 = ! sake ( complet5ess1 m5tion two or ?ree examples 9 ord] to %[ ! k9d ( "w t 0 !n be+ done4 ,paolo ,boccone's #8,icones et ,descriptiones' ( #afgd 0 illu/rat$ ) copp]-plates1 "s ( :i* 7 rem>kably subtle & delicate1 :ile o!rs 7 r c>elessly execut$4 ,among slightly lat] works1 we may ref] to a qua9t little ,dut* h]bal by ,/eph5 ,blanka>t1 & to ! #8,p>adisus ,batavus' ( ,paul ,h]mann1 bo? ( :i* belong to ! la/ decade ( ! c5tury4 ,! latt]1 :i* is an 8,elzevir0 ) v good copp]-plates1 0 publi%$ aft] ! au?or's dea?1 & d$icat$1 by 8 wid[1 to ,h5ry ,compton1 ,bi%op ( ,london4 ,9 ! plates :i* illu/rate ,blanka>t's h]bal1 a l&scape & figures are (t5 introduc$ to =m a backgr\nd1 & ! l[ horizon1 to :i* we ref]r$ 9 speak+ ( ! #8,hortus ,floridus1' is a v conspicu\s feature4 ,! picture ( ! ,w9t] ,*]ry is "h reproduc$ z an example 7,text-fig4 #ajf74 ,z %[+ ! complete revolution 9 ! /yle ( plant illu/ration 9 two hundr$ ye>s1 x is int]e/+ to comp>e ?is draw+ ) t ( ! same subject 9 ! ,g]man #8,h]b>ius' ( #adhe 7,text-fig4 #gh74 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! fifte5?-c5tury wood-cut1 ?\gh f> less detail$ & pa9/ak+1 seizes ! g5]al "* ( ! plant 9 a way t ! sev5te5?-c5tury copp]-plate some:at misses4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xix #8,crocus ,byzant9us' & #8,crocus ,montanus hispan4' ,"p ( a plate f ,crispian de ,passe1 ,hortus ,floridus1 #afad4 ,et*+ & engrav+ on metal are well adapt$ to v delicate & detail$ "w1 b f ! po9t ( view ( book-illu/ration1 wood-engrav+ is g5]ally m effective4 ,9 ! latt] ! l9es are rais$1 & ! me?od ( pr9t+ is ?us exactly ! same z 9 ! case ( type1 :ile 9 ! =m] ! process is rev]s$ & ! l9es are incis$4 ,z a result1 !re is a h>mony ab\t a book illu/rat$ ) wood-cuts :i* _c1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 be atta9$1 :5 su* diff]5t processes z pr9t+ f rais$ type1 & f incis$ metal1 are br\ght toge!r 9 ! same volume4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ajf4 8,alkek5gi0 ,physalis1 ,w9t] ,*]ry ,blanka>t1 ,n$]-l&s*5 ,h]b>ius1 #afih4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,signatures ,,& ,,a/rological ,,botany ,dur+ ! prec$+ *apt]s1 we h re/rict$ our discussion to ^? writ+s :i* may be cr$it$ ) hav+ tak5 "s "p1 h[ev] slight1 9 advanc+ ! k ( plants4 ,we h1 z x 71 conf9$ our att5tion to ! ma9 /ream ( botanical progress1 & its tribut>ies4 ,b be=e conclud+1 x may be well to call to m9d ! exi/5ce ( m ?an "o backwat]1 connect$ inde$ ) ! ma9 *annel1 b lead+ n[h]e4 ,! subject ( ! sup]/itions1 ) :i* h]b collect+ has be5 h$g$ ab\t at diff]5t p]iods1 is f> too wide to be dealt ) 9 detail 9 ! pres5t book4 ,we h ref]r$ 9 e>li] *apt]s to ! obs]vances ) :i* ! ,greek h]b-ga!r]s surr\nd$ _! call+ 7p4 #g7 & to ! my/]i\s dang]s :i* are describ$ 9 ! #8,h]b>ium' ( ,apuleius z att5d+ ! uproot+ ( ! ,m&rake 7p4 #cf74 ,!re is comp>atively little ref]5ce to su* matt]s 9 ! works ( ! ,g]man ,fa!rs ( ,botany or ^? ( ! greate/ ( _! successors2 inde$1 z we h previ\sly m5tion$ 7pp4 #ee-eh1 #ajc1 #ajd71 ,bock's fam\s #8,kreut] ,b*' & ,william ,turn]'s h]bal conta9 def9ite refutations ( v>i\s sup]/itions4 ,contemporane\sly1 h[ev]1 ) ! f9e s]ies ( h]bals ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 !re appe>$ a succession ( books ab\t plants1 :i* _h z _! subjects "o or bo? ( two topics--! 8doctr9e ( signatures10 & 8a/rological botany40 ,^! works _c be said to h fur!r$ ! sci5ce to any appreciable ext5t1 b !y h consid]able int]e/1 r on acc\nt ( ! curi\s light :i* !y ?r[ ^u ! attitude ( m9d ( _! writ]s 7& presumably _! read]s also7 ?an f any intr9sic m]it4 ,"o ( ^! au?ors1 9 8 preface1 speaks ( ! 8,notions0 & 8,obs]vations0 conta9$ 9 8 "w1 8mo/ ( :i* ,i am confid5t are true1 & if !re be any t are n s1 yet !y are pleasant40 ,! excuse t ! 8,notions10 *]i%$ by ! botanical my/ics ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 7 8pleasant10 ev5 if untrue1 may p]haps be (f]$ 9 ext5uation ( ! v brief discussion ( _! sali5t po9ts1 :i* we propose to und]take 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ajg4 ,m&rake ,brunfels1 ,contrafayt ,kret]bu*1 ,&] ,teyl1 #aecg4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^? my/ical writ]s :o turn$ _! att5tion to botany 0 und\bt$ly ,philippus ,aureolus ,!ophra/us ,bomba/us ( ,hoh5heim1 bett] kn[n by ! "n ( ,p>acelsus 7#adic-aeda74 ,8 portrait is %[n 9 ,text-fig4 #ajh4 ,he 0 a doctor1 z 8 fa!r _h be5 be=e him1 & 9 #aebg he became pr(essor at ,basle4 ,"h he gave great (f5ce by lectur+ 9 ! vulg> tongue1 burn+ ! writ+s ( ,avic5na & ,gal51 & int]pret+ 8 own works in/ead ( ^? ( ! anci5ts4 ,8 disreg>d ( *]i%$ traditions1 & 8 p]sonal peculi>ities l$ to difficulties ) 8 colleagues1 & he only held 8 po/ = a v %ort "t4 ,= ! re/ ( 8 life he 0 a w&]] on ! face ( ! e>?1 & he di$ 9 comp>ative pov]ty at ,salzburg 9 #aeda4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #ajh4 ,!ophra/us von ,hoh5heim1 call$ ,p>acelsus 7#adic-aeda7 ,f a m$al1 see ,f4 ,p4 ,web]1 ,app5dix ,,ii4 ,! "* & writ+s ( ,p>acelsus are full ( ! /range/ contradictions4 ,br[n+'s poem p]haps gives a bett] idea ( 8 c>e] ?an any prose acc\nt aim+ at hi/orical accuracy4 ,8 life 0 s /range t ! imag9ation ( a poet is ne$$ to revitalise x = u to-day4 ,8 almo/ incr$ible boa/fulness is ! ma9 *>act]i/ic t ev]yone rememb]s--! ^w 8bomba/0 be+1 9 all probability1 co9$ f 8 "n4 ,9 "o ( 8 works1 aft] contemptu\sly dismiss+ all ! great physicians :o _h prec$$ him--,gal51 ,avic5na & o!rs--he rem>ks1 8,i %all be ! ,mon>* & m9e %all ! mon>*y be#cf40 ,! conclusion t he 0 some?+ ( a quack c h>dly be avoid$1 b at ! same "t x mu/ be confess$ t 8 writ+s 7 occasionally illum9$ ) real sci5tific insight1 & t he infus$ new life into *emi/ry & m$ic9e4 ,p>acelsus' actual k ( botany appe>s to h be5 meagre1 = n m ?an a c\ple ( doz5 plant names are f\nd 9 8 works4 ,to und]/& 8 views on ! prop]ties ( plants x is necess>y to turn = a mom5t to 8 *emical !ories4 ,he reg>d$ 8sulphur10 8salt10 & 8m]cury0 z ! ?ree fundam5tal pr9ciples ( all bodies4 ,! s5se 9 :i* he uses ^! t]ms is symbolic1 & ?us diff]s entirely f t 9 :i* !y are employ$ to-day4 8,sulphur0 appe>s to embody ! ideas ( *ange1 combu/ibility1 volatilisation & gr[?2 8salt10 ^? ( /ability & non-inflammability2 8m]cury10 t ( fluidity4 ,! 8virtues0 ( plants dep5d1 accord+ to ,p>acelsus1 ^u ! proportions 9 :i* !y conta9 ^! ?ree pr9ciples4 ,! m$ic9al prop]ties ( plants are ?us ! outcome ( qualities t are n obvi\s at sight4 ,h[1 !n1 is ! physician to be guid$ 9 select+ h]bal rem$ies to cure ! sev]al ailm5ts ( 8 pati5ts8 ,! answ] to ?is "q giv5 by ,p>acelsus is summ$ up 9 :at is kn[n z ! ,doctr9e ( ,signatures4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 _m m$ic9al h]bs are /amp$1 z x 71 ) "s cle> indication ( _! uses4 ,?is may p]haps be be/ und]/ood by means ( a quotation f ,p>acelsus himself 79 ! words ( a sev5te5?-c5tury ,engli% translation74 8,i h (t-times decl>$1 h[ by ! outw>d %apes & qualities ( ?+s we may "k _! inw>d ,v]tues1 :i* ,god ha? put 9 !m = ! good ( man4 ,s 9 ,/ ,johns wort1 we may take notice ( ! =m ( ! leaves & fl[]s1 ! porosity ( ! leaves1 ! ,ve9s4 #a4 ,! porositie or holes 9 ! leaves1 signifie to u1 t ?is h]b helps bo? inw>d & outw>d holes or cuts 9 ! sk94444 #b4 ,! fl[]s ( ,sa9t ,johns wort1 :5 !y are putrifi$ !y are l blood2 :i* tea*e? u1 t ?is h]b is good = w\nds1 to close !m & fill !m up0 etc4 ,x is sometimes held t ! real orig9ator ( ! !ory ( signatures1 9 any approximation to a sci5tific =m1 0 ,giambatti/a ,porta1 :o 0 probably born at ,naples %ortly be=e ! dea? ( ,p>acelsus4 ,he wrote a book ab\t human physiognomy1 9 :i* he endeav\r$ to f9d1 9 ! bodily =m ( man1 indications z to 8 "* & spiritual qualities4 ,?is /udy sugge/$ to him ! idea t ! inn] qualities1 & ! heal+ p[]s ( ! h]bs might also be reveal$ by ext]nal signs1 & ?us l$ to 8 fam\s "w1 ! #8,phytognomonica1' :i* 0 fir/ publi%$ at ,naples 9 #aehh4 ,porta develop$ 8 !ory 9 detail1 & pu%$ x to great l5g?s4 ,he suppos$1 = example1 t long-liv$ plants w\ld l5g!n a man's life1 :ile %ort-liv$ plants w\ld abbreviate x4 ,he held t h]bs ) a yell[ sap w\ld cure jaundice1 :ile ^? ^: surface 0 r\gh to ! t\* w\ld heal ^? diseases t de/roy ! natural smoo?ness ( ! sk94 ,! resemblance ( c]ta9 plants to c]ta9 animals op5$ to ,porta a va/ field ( dogmatism on a basis ( conjecture4 ,plants ) fl[]s %ap$ l butt]flies w\ld1 he suppos$1 cure ! bites ( insects1 :ile ^? ^: roots or fruits _h a jo9t$ appe>ance1 & ?us remotely sugge/$ a scorpion1 mu/ necess>ily be sov]eign rem$ies = ! /+ ( t creature4 ,porta also detect$ _m obscure po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ! fl[]s & fruits ( c]ta9 plants1 & ! limbs & organs ( c]ta9 animals4 ,9 su* cases ( resemblance he held t an inve/igation ( ! temp]am5t ( ! animal 9 "q w\ld det]m9e :at k9d ( disease ! plant 0 int5d$ to cure4 ,x w be recognis$ f ^! examples t ! doctr9e ( signatures 0 rem>kably ela/ic1 & 0 n fett]$ by any rigid consi/5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #aji4 ,h]bs ( ! ,scorpion ,porta1 ,phytognomonica1 #aeia4 ,! illu/rations ( ! #8,phytognomonica' are ( great int]e/ z int]pret+ ,porta's po9t ( view4 ,! "p ( man's body :i* is heal$ by a p>ticul> h]b1 or ! animal ^: bites or /+s c be cur$ by x1 are repres5t$ 9 ! same wood-cut z ! h]b4 ,= example1 ! back view ( a human head ) a ?ick crop ( hair is introduc$ into ! block ) ! ,maid5hair ,f]n1 :i* is an anci5t specific = baldness2 a ,pomegranate ) its se$s expos$1 & a plant ( 8,too?wort10 ) its h>d1 :ite scale-leaves1 are repres5t$ 9 ! same figure z a set ( human tee?2 a draw+ ( a scorpion accompanies "s pictures ( plants ) articulat$ se$-vessels 7,text-fig4 #aji7 & an add]'s head is introduc$ bel[ ! draw+ ( ! plant kn[n z ! 8,add]'s tongue40 ,x w\ld s]ve little purpose to deal 9 detail ) ! v>i\s expon5ts ( ! doctr9e ( signatures1 su*1 = example1 z ,johann ,popp1 :o 9 #afbe publi%$ a h]bal writt5 f ?is /&po9t1 & conta9+ also "s a/rological botany4 ,we w only n[ ref] to "o ( ! lat] *ampions ( ! signatures ( plants1 an ,engli% h]bali/ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :o made ! subject peculi>ly 8 own4 ,?is 0 ,william ,cole#cg1 a ,fell[ ( ,new ,college1 ,ox=d1 :o liv$ & botanis$ at ,putney 9 ,surrey4 ,he seems to h be5 a p]son ( mu* "*1 & 8 vigor\s argum5ts w\ld (t5 be v tell+1 7 x possible to admit ! s\ndness ( 8 premisses4 ,william ,cole c>ri$ ! doctr9e ( signatures to z extreme a po9t z c well be imag9$4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! ,walnut1 f 8 "w #8,adam 9 ,ed51' #afeg1 may be quot$ z an illu/ration3 8,wall-nuts h ! p]fect ,signature ( ! ,head3 ,! out] husk or gre5 ,cov]+1 repres5t ! ,p]icranium1 or outw>d sk9 ( ! skull1 :]eon ! hair gr[e?1 & !re=e salt made ( ^? husks or b>ks1 are exce$+ good = w\nds 9 ! head4 ,! inn] wooddy %ell ha? ! ,signature ( ! ,skull1 & ! little yell[ sk91 or ,peel1 t cov]e? ! ,k]nell ( ! h>d ,m5+a & ,pia-mat]1 :i* are ! ?9 sc>fes t envelope ! bra94 ,! ,k]nel ha? ! v figure ( ! ,bra91 & !re=e x is v pr(itable = ! ,bra91 & resi/s poysons2 ,= if ! ,k]nel be bruis$1 & moy/n$ ) ! qu9tess5ce ( ,w9e1 & laid ^u ! ,cr[n ( ! ,head1 x com=ts ! bra9 & head mightily40 ,9 ,cole's writ+s we meet ) in/ances ( a curi\s confusion ( ?\ght1 :i* *>act]is$ ! doctr9e ( signatures4 ,! signature 9 "s cases repres5ts an animal injuri\s to man1 & is tak5 to d5ote t ! plant 9 "q w cure its bites or /+s4 ,= in/ance1 8,t ,plant t is call$ ,add]s tongue1 because ! /alke ( x repres5ts "o1 is a sov]aigne w\nd ,h]be to cure ! bit+ ( an ,add]40 ,9 o!r cases1 ! signature repres5ts "o ( ! organs ( ! human body1 & indicates t ! plant w cure diseases ( t organ4 ,= example1 8,he>t ,trefoyle is s call$1 n onely because ! ,leafe is ,triangul> l ! ,he>t ( a ,man1 b also because ea* ,leafe conta9es ! p]fect ,icon ( an ,he>t1 & t 9 its prop] col\r1 viz4 a fle% col\r4 ,x def5de? ! ,he>t aga9/ ! noisome vap\r ( ! ,sple540 ,cole seems to h possess$ a philosophic m9d1 & to h endeav\r$ to foll[ 8 !ories to _! logical conclusion4 ,he 0 mu* ex]cis$ because a l>ge proportion ( ! plants ) und\bt$ m$ic9al virtues h no obvi\s signatures4 ,he conclud$ t a c]ta9 numb] 7 end[$ ) signatures1 9 ord] to set man on ! "r track 9 8 se>* = h]bal rem$ies2 ! rema9d] 7 purposely left blank1 9 ord] to enc\rage 8 skill & res\rce 9 discov]+ _! prop]ties = himself4 ,a fur!r +5i\s argum5t is t a numb] ( plants are left )\t signatures1 because if all 7 sign$1 8! r>ity ( x1 :i* is ! delight1 w\ld be tak5 away by too mu* h>p+ ^u "o /r+40 ,our au?or 0 evid5tly a ke5 & en?usia/ic collector ( h]bs4 ,9 8 book #8,! ,art ( ,simpl+' 7#afef7 he compla9s bitt]ly t physicians leave ! ga!r+ ( h]bs to ! apo!c>ies1 & ! latt] 8rely commonly ^u ! words ( ! silly ,he>b-wom51 :o _m times br+ !m ,quid = ,quo1 !n :i* no?+ c be m sad40 ,ano!r /rong support] 9 ?is c\ntry ( ! doctr9e ( signatures 0 ! a/rological botani/1 ,rob]t ,turn]4 ,he def9itely /ates t 8,god ha? impr9t$ ^u ! ,plants1 ,h]bs1 & ,fl[]s1 z x 7 9 ,hi]oglyphicks1 ! v signature ( _! ,v]tues40 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t ! doctr9e ( signatures 0 repudiat$ by ! be/ ( ! sixte5?-c5tury h]bali/s4 ,dodo5s1 = in/ance1 wrote 9 #aehc t 8! doctr9e ( ! ,signatures ( ,plants has receiv$ ! au?ority ( no anci5t writ] :o is held 9 any e/eem3 moreov] x is s *angeable & unc]ta9 t1 z f> z sci5ce or le>n+ is conc]n$1 x seems absolutely unwor?y ( acceptance#ch40 ,a lat] writ]1 ,guy de la ,brosse1 criticis$ ! !ory v acutely1 po9t+ out t x 0 q easy to imag9e any resemblance betwe5 a plant & an animal t happ5$ to be conv5i5t4 8,c'e/ comme des nues10 he writes1 8que l'on fait ressembl] t\t ce que la fantaisie se repres5te1 une ,gru1 une ,gr5oille1 un homme1 une armee1 et autres semblables visions#ci40 ,bo? ,p>acelsus & ,porta deprecate ! use ( =eign drugs1 on ! gr\nd t 9 ! c\ntry :]e a disease arises1 !re nature produces means to ov]come x4 ,?is idea is "o :i* con/antly recurs 9 ! h]bals4 ,9 #affd ,rob]t ,turn] wrote1 8,= :at ,climate soev] is subject to any p>ticul> ,disease1 9 ! same ,place !re gr[s a ,cure40 ,!re is ample evid5ce ( ! survival ( ?is !ory ev5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury2 = in/ance1 9 ! preface to ,?omas ,gre5's #8,univ]sal ,h]bal' ( #ahaf we f9d ! rem>k1 8,nature has1 9 ?is c\ntry1 z well z 9 all o!rs1 provid$1 9 ! h]bs ( its own gr[?1 ! rem$ies = ! sev]al diseases to :i* x is mo/ subject40 ,! notion p]si/s inde$ to ! pres5t day2 !re is a widespread belief among *ildr51 = example1 t ,docks always gr[ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,/++ ,nettles1 9 ord] to provide a cure 9 situ6 ,:e!r ?is view conta9s any gra9 ( tru? or n1 x c]ta9ly des]ves our gratitude1 s9ce x l$ to ,dr ,maclagan's discov]y ( ,salic9 z a cure = rheumatic fev]4 ,on ! gr\nd t 9 ! case ( mal>ial diseases 8! poisons :i* cause !m & ! rem$y :i* cures !m are naturally produc$ "u simil> climatic conditions10 ,maclagan s\ght & f\nd1 9 ! b>k ( ! ,will[1 :i* inhabits l[-ly+1 damp situations1 ?is drug1 :i* has prov$ s valuable 9 ! treatm5t ( rheumatism#dj4 ,! doctr9e ( signatures is n ! only piece ( botanical my/icism associat$ ) ! "n ( ,p>acelsus4 ,he 0 also a firm believ] 9 ! influ5ce ( ! heav5ly bodies ^u ! vegetable _w1 or1 9 o!r words1 9 botanical a/rology4 ,he consid]$ t ea* plant 0 "u ! influ5ce ( "s p>ticul> />1 & t x 0 ?is influ5ce :i* drew ! plant out ( ! e>? :5 ! se$ g]m9at$4 ,he held ea* plant to be a t]re/rial />1 & ea* />1 a spiritualis$ plant4 ,giambatti/a ,porta also believ$ 9 a relation betwe5 c]ta9 plants & correspond+ />s or planets4 ,a figure 9 8 #8,phytognomonica' "h reproduc$ 7,text-fig4 #aaj7 %[s a numb] ( 8lun> plants40 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #aaj4 ,lun> ,h]bs ,porta1 ,phytognomonica1 #aeia4 ,9 ord] to appreciate ! attitude 9 :i* ,p>acelsus & 8 foll[]s approa*$ ! subject ( ! relation betwe5 plants & />s1 x is necess>y to realise ! position :i* ,a/rology _h come to occupy 9 ! ,middle ,ages#da4 ,x 0 9 anci5t ,babylon t ?is pseudo-sci5ce ma9ly took its rise4 ,"h ! five planets :i* we n[ call ,jupit]1 ,v5us1 ,saturn1 ,m>s & ,m]cury1 & also ! ,sun & ,moon1 7 id5tifi$1 9 c]ta9 s5ses1 ) sev5 great ,gods4 ,! movem5ts ( ^! heav5ly bodies 7 suppos$ to repres5t 9 symbolic fa%ion ! de$s ( ^! ,gods4 ,x 0 ?\ght possible to int]pret ! movem5ts & relative positions ( ! planets & ! sun & moon1 9 a way t ?rew light ^u ! fate ( mank9d1 9 s f> z x dep5d$ ^u ! ,gods 9 "q4 ,"s c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 ,babylonian a/rology began to influ5ce ! nations f>!r to ! ,we/4 ,9 ,greece1 ! subject took a m p]sonal turn & x 0 believ$ t ! fate1 n only ( nations b ( individuals1 0 det]m9$ 9 ! skies1 & c\ld be =etold f ! position ( ! planets at ! "t ( a man's bir?4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 speculation on ! subject 0 c>ri$ fur!r & fur!r1 until f9ally n only m51 b all animals1 vegetables & m9]als 7 associat$1 ei!r ) p>ticul> planets1 or ) ! con/ellations ( ! ,zodiac4 ,t a belief 9 ! influ5ce ( ! moon ^u plants dates back to v e>ly times 9 we/]n ,europe1 is %[n by ! /atem5t1 9 ,pl9y's #8,natural ,hi/ory1' t ! ,druids 9 ,brita9 ga!r$ ! ,mi/letoe = m$ical purposes1 ) _m rites & c]emonies1 :5 ! moon 0 six days old4 ,to trace ! hi/ory ( a/rology 9 detail is altoge!r beyond our prov9ce1 b1 z an example ( its univ]sal acceptance1 we may recall ! ref]5ce to ! supreme influ5ce ( ! />s 9 ! preface ( ! ,h]b>ius zu ,teuts* ( #adhe 7see p4 #ai74 ,a/rological ideas 7 famili> 9 ,elizabe?an ,engl&1 & are reflect$ 9 _m passages 9 ,%akespe>e's plays1 nev] p]haps m *>m+ly ?an 9 ,beatrice's laugh+ words--8!re 0 a /> danc$1 & "u t ,i 0 born40 ,p>acelsus1 ?\gh 8 "n is s well kn[n 9 ?is connection1 0 by no means ! fir/ writ] on botanical a/rology4 ,a book call$ #8,de virtutibus h]b>um1' errone\sly attribut$ to ,alb]tus ,magnus1 _h a wide circulation f e>ly times1 be+ fir/ pr9t$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 translat$ into _m languages1 "o ,engli% v]sion appe>+ ab\t #aefj "u ! title #8,! boke ( secretes ( ,alb>tus ,magnus1 ( ! v]tues ( ,h]bes1 /ones & c]ta9e bea/es4' ,x does n conta9 v mu* in=mation ab\t plants1 be+ mo/ly occupi$ ) animals & m9]als1 b !re are v def9ite ref]5ces to a/rology4 ,= in/ance we are told t if ! ,m>igold 8be ga!r$1 ! ,sunne beynge 9 ! sygne ,leo1 9 ,augu/1 & be wrapp$ 9 ! leafe ( a ,laurell1 or baye tree1 & a wolves to! be add$ !rto1 no man %al be able to h a ^w to speake agayn/ ! be>] !r(1 b woordes ( peace40 ,conc]n+ ! ,planta9 we read1 8,! rote ( ?is h]be is m]val\s good agayn/ ! payne ( ! headde1 because ! signe ( ! ,ramme is suppos$ to be ! h\se ( ! planete ,m>s1 :i* is ! head ( ! :ole worlde40 ,! h]bal ( ,b>?olomu ,c>ri*t] 7#aege71 9 :i* ! plants are arrang$ accord+ to ! signs ( ! ,zodiac1 is consid]ably m complete & elaborate ?an ! book to :i* we h j ref]r$4 ,x seems h[ev] impossible to discov] ! pr9ciple1 if any1 :i* guid$ ! au?or 9 connect+ any giv5 h]b ) "o sign ( ! ,zodiac r ?an ano!r4 ,mu* /ress is laid 9 ?is h]bal on ! h\r at :i* ! h]bs ought to be ga!r$1 great importance be+ ascrib$ to ! /ate ( ! moon at ! "t4 ,we are rem9d$ ( a passage 9 #8,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice' :]e ,jessica says ( a bright moonlight ev5+-- 8,9 su* a night ,m$ea ga!r'd ! en*ant$ h]bs ,t did r5ew old son40 ,?is aspect ( ! subject is emphasis$ 9 a curi\s little book publi%$ 9 #aega1 ,nicolaus ,w9ckl]'s #8,*ronica h]b>um1' :i* is an a/rological cal5d> giv+ in=mation z to ! appropriate times = ga!r+ diff]5t roots & h]bs4 ,almo/ contemporane\sly ) ,c>ri*t]'s #8,kreutt]b*1' ! fir/ "p ( a "w on a/rological botany 0 publi%$ by ,leonh>dt ,?urneiss] zum ,?urn4 ,?is writ]1 :o 0 possess$ ( und\bt$ tal5t1 0 also an adv5tur] & *>latan ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,he 0 born at ,basle 9 #aecj4 ,he le>n$ 8 fa!r's craft1 t ( a goldsmi?1 & is said to h also help$ a local doctor to collect & prep>e h]bs1 & to h be5 employ$ to read al\d to him f ! works ( ,p>acelsus4 ,8 c>e] 9 ,basle came to an untimely end1 = he seems to h tri$ to retaliate on "s cu/om]s :o treat$ him badly1 by sell+ !m gild$ lead z a sub/itute = gold1 & consequ5tly _h to flee ! c\ntry :5 ! fraud 0 discov]$4 ,he travell$ widely1 mak+ an especial /udy ( m9+4 ,he _h an adv5tur\s & v>i$ life1 sometimes 9 pov]ty & obscurity1 sometimes 9 weal? & r5[n4 ,dur+ ,?urneiss]'s mo/ influ5tial p]iod he liv$ 9 ,b]l91 practis+ m$ic9e1 mak+ amulets1 talismans1 & secret rem$ies :i* yield$ l>ge pr(its4 ,he also publi%$ a/rological cal5d>s1 ca/ nativities1 & supplem5t$ 8 income by ! practice ( usury4 ,at ?is "t he own$ a pr9t+ press1 & employ$ a l>ge /aff :i* includ$ arti/s & engrav]s4 ,lat] on1 he 0 pursu$ by a succession ( mis=tunes1 includ+ accusations ( magic & wit*craft1 :i* compell$ him to leave ,g]many4 ,little is kn[n ( ! latt] "p ( 8 life2 he di$ 9 ! la/ decade ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,leonh>dt ,?urneiss] project$ a great botanical "w 9 t5 books4 ,! fir/ 0 publi%$ 9 ,b]l9 9 #aegh1 b ! o!rs nev] appe>$4 ,! title 0 #8,hi/oria unnd ,bes*reibung ,influ5tis*]1 ,elem5tis*] und ,natrli*] ,wirckung51 ,all] fremd5 unnd heimis*5 ,erdgewe*ss54' ,a ,lat9 v]sion ( ?is book1 "u ! "n1 #8,hi/oria sive descriptio plant>um1' 0 publi%$ 9 ! same ye>4 ,?is fir/ in/alm5t deals only ) ! ,umbellif]s1 :i* 7 reg>d$ z "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,sun & ,m>s4 ,! nom5clature & ! figures are n cle> en\gh to all[ individual species to be recognis$4 ,ea* is drawn 9 an ellipse surr\nd$ by an ornam5tal bord]1 :i* conta9s my/ical inscriptions d5ot+ ! prop]ties ( ! plant 7e4g4 ,plate ,,xx74 ,9 "s cases diagrams are giv51 %[+ ! conjunction ( ! />s "u :i* ! h]b %\ld be ga!r$ 7,text-fig4 #aaa74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xx #8,c]v>ia fom9a' ,?urneiss]1 ,hi/oria sive descriptio plant>um1 #aehg4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #aaa4 ,a/rological ,diagram relat+ to ! ga!r+ ( 8,c]v>ia fm9a0 ,?urneiss]1 ,hi/oria sive ,descriptio ,plant>um1 #aehg4 ,aft] ! mann] ( ! anci5ts1 ,?urneiss] describes plants1 accord+ to _! qualities1 z ei!r male or female4 ,he also adds a ?ird class1 typifi$ by a *ild1 to symbolise ^? ^: qualities are feeble4 ,x may p]haps be wor? :ile to translate "h a few s5t5ces ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ! #8,hi/oria#db1' to %[ h[ f> su* writ]s z ,leonh>dt ,?urneiss] _h dep>t$ f ! pursuit ( ! subject ^u legitimate l9es4 ,:5 discuss+ ! plant+ ( roots & h]bs & ! ga!r+ ( se$s1 he decl>es t 8x is absolutely ess5tial t ^! op]ations %\ld be p]=m$ s z to correspond ) ! /ations & positions ( ! planets & heav5ly bodies1 to ^: control diseases are prop]ly subject4 ,& aga9/ disease we h to employ h]bs1 ) due reg>d ( c\rse to ! sex1 :i*ev] x be1 ( human be+s2 & s h]bs int5d$ to b5efit ! male sex %\ld be procur$ :5 ! ,sun or ,moon is 9 "s male sign ( ! ,zodiac1 e4g4 ,sagitt>ius or ,aqu>ius1 or if ?is is impossible1 at lea/ :5 !y are 9 ,leo4 ,simil>ly h]bs int5d$ to b5efit wom5 %\ld be ga!r$ "u "s female sign1 ,virgo1 ( c\rse1 or1 if t is impossible1 9 ,taurus or ,canc]40 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,engl& became /rongly infect$ ) a/rological botany4 ,! mo/ notori\s expon5t ( ! subject 0 ,ni*olas ,culpep] 7#afaf-afed71 :o1 ab\t #afdj1 set up z an a/rolog] & physician 9 ,spitalfields4 ,8 portrait is reproduc$ 9 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,he creat$ great indignation among ! m$ical pr(ession by publi%+1 "u ! "n ( #8,a ,physicall ,directory1' an unau?oris$ ,engli% translation ( ! ,ph>macopia1 :i* _h be5 issu$ by ! ,college ( ,physicians4 ,t ,culpep] 0 unpopul> ) or?odox m$ical practition]s is h>dly surpris+1 :5 we consid] ! way 9 :i* he speaks ( !m 9 ?is book1 z 8a company ( pr\d1 insult+1 dom9e]+ ,doctors1 ^: wits 7 born above five hundr$ ye>s be=e !mselves40 ,he goes on to ask--8,is x h&som & wel-beseem+ a ,common-weal? to see a ,doctor ride 9 ,/ate1 9 ,plu% ) a footcloa?1 & n a gra9 ( ,wit b :at 0 9 pr9t be=e he 0 born80 ,_m editions ( ! #8,physicall ,directory' 7 issu$ "u diff]5t names4 ,z #8,! ,engli% ,physician enl>g$1' x enjoy$ great popul>ity1 & 0 repr9t$ z late z ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! edition ( #afec is describ$ on ! title-page z 8,be+ an ,a/rologo-,physical ,disc\rse ( ! ,vulg> ,h]bs ( ?is ,nation3 ,conta9+ a ,compleat ,me?od ( ,physick1 :]eby a man may pres]ve 8 ,body 9 ,heal?2 or ,cure himself1 be+ ,sick1 = ?ree p5ce ,*>ge1 ) su* ?+s only z gr[ 9 ,engl&1 !y be+ mo/ fit = ,engli% ,bodies40 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxi ,,ni*olas ,,culpep] 7#afaf-afed74 ,a ,physicall ,directory1 #afdi4 ,engrav+ by ,cross4 ,culpep] describes c]ta9 h]bs z be+ "u ! dom9ion ( ! sun1 ! moon1 or a planet1 & o!rs z "u a planet & also "o ( ! con/ellations ( ! ,zodiac4 ,8 reasons = connect+ a p>ticul> h]b ) a p>ticul> heav5ly body are curi\sly inconsequ5t4 ,he /ates1 = example1 t 8,wormwood is an ,h]b ( ,m>s1 444 ,i prove x ?us2 ,:at delights 9 ,m>tial places1 is a ,m>tial ,h]b2 b ,wormwood delights 9 ,m>tial places 7= ab\t ,=ges & ,iron ,works y may ga!r a ,c>t load ( x7 ,ergo x is a ,m>tial ,h]b40 ,! au?or expla9s t ea* disease is caus$ by a planet4 ,"o way ( cur+ ! ailm5t is by ! use ( h]bs belong+ to an oppos+ planet--e4g4 diseases produc$ by ,jupit] are heal$ by ! h]bs ( ,m]cury4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! illness may be cur$ 8by sympa?y10 t is by ! use ( h]bs belong+ to ! planet :i* is responsible = ! disease4 ,culpep] indulges 9 a /range maze ( simil> reasons to ju/ify ! use ( ,wormwood = affections ( ! eyes4 8,! ,eyes are "u ! ,lum9>ies2 ! "r ,eye ( a ,man1 & ! left ,eye ( a ,woman ! ,sun claims ,dom9ion ov]3 ,! left ,eye ( a ,man1 & ! "r ,eye ( a ,woman1 are ! privil$g ( ! ,moon1 ,wormwood an ,h]b ( ,m>s cures bo?#dc2 :at belongs to ! ,sun by ,sympa?y1 because he is exalt$ 9 8 ,h\se2 b :at belongs to ! ,moon by ,antipa?y1 becaus he ha? 8 ,fal 9 h]s40 ,x is some:at surpris+ to f9d t1 9 8 preface1 ,culpep] claims t he surpasses all 8 pr$ecessors 9 be+ alone guid$ by reason1 :]eas all previ\s writ]s are 8z full ( nons5se & contradictions z an ,egg is ful ( meat40 ,culpep] met ) consid]able opposition & criticism f 8 contempor>ies4 ,%ortly aft] 8 dea?1 ,william ,cole 9 8 #8,art ( ,simpl+' wrote scornfully ( a/rological botani/s1 8,among/ :i* ,ma/] ,culpep] 7a man n[ dead1 & !re=e ,i %all speak ( him z mode/ly z ,i c1 = 7 he alive ,i %\ld be m pla9 ) him7 0 a great ,/ickl]2 ,& he1 =soo?1 judge? all m5 unfit to be ,physitians1 :o are n ,arti/s 9 ,a/rology1 z if he & "s o!r ,figure-fl+]s 8 companions1 _h be5 ! onely ,physitians 9 ,engl&1 :]eas = ought ,i c ga!r1 ei!r by 8 ,books1 or le>ne f ! report ( o!rs1 he 0 a man v ignorant 9 ! =me ( ,simples40 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t ,cole1 ?\gh he seems to ! mod]n read] v cr$ul\s on ! subject ( ! signatures ( plants1 0 completely sceptical z to ! association ( a/rology & botany4 ,! ma9 argum5t by :i* he tries to discr$it x is an +5i\s "o4 ,! k ( h]bs is1 he says1 8a subject z anti5t z ! ,creation 7z ! ,scriptures witnesse7 yea m anti5t !n ! ,sunne1 or ,moon1 or ,/>res1 !y be+ creat$ on ! f\r? day1 :]eas ,plants 7 ! ?ird4 ,?us did ,god ev5 at fir/ confute ! folly ( ^? ,a/rolog]s1 :o goe ab\t to ma9ta9e t all vegitables 9 _! gr[?1 are enslav$ to a necess>y & unavoidable dep5dance on ! influ5ces ( ! ,/>res2 ,:]eas ,plants 71 ev5 :5 ,planets 7 n40 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,conclusions ,a ,g5]al review ( ! subjects discuss$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s br+s home to u sev]al results ( "s int]e/4 ,p]haps ! mo/ obvi\s ( ^! is ! incalculable debt :i* ,botany owes to ,m$ic9e4 ,an ov]:elm+ majority ( ! h]bali/s 7 physicians1 :o 7 l$ to ! /udy ( botany on acc\nt ( its connection ) ! arts ( heal+4 ,z we h already po9t$ out1 m$ic9e gave ! orig9al impulse1 n only to ,sy/ematic ,botany1 b also to ! /udy ( ! ,anatomy ( ,plants4 ,h[ev]1 z ! evolution ( ! h]bal proce$$1 we h %[n t botany rose f be+ a m]e h&-maid ( m$ic9e to a position ( comp>ative indep5d5ce4 ,?is is well exemplifi$ 9 ! hi/ory ( plant classification4 ,:5 ! e>ly m$ical botani/s attempt$ any arrangem5t ( _! mat]ial1 x 0 on a purely utilit>ian basis2 ! h]bs 7 m]ely classifi$ accord+ to ! qualities :i* made !m ( value to man4 ,b z ! sci5ce grew1 ! ne$ ( a m sy/ematic classification began to make itself felt1 & 9 "s ( ! works publi%$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! p]iod we are consid]+1 !re is a di/9ct1 if only p>tially successful1 attempt to gr\p ! plants accord+ to ! aff9ities :i* !y pres5t :5 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 & n 9 relation to man4 ,! ideal ( a natural sy/em 9 ! ,vegetable ,k+dom1 9 :i* ea* plant %\ld f9d its inevitable place1 mu/ h be5 cle> = in/ance to de l',obel1 :5 he wrote 9 ! #8,adv]s>ia1' ( 8an ord]1 ?an :i* no?+ m beautiful exi/s 9 ! heav5s1 or 9 ! m9d ( a wise man#dd40 ,second only to ! debt ( botany to m$ic9e is its debt to c]ta9 bran*es ( ! f9e arts1 m especially wood-engrav+4 ,! draughtsman & engrav] n only dissem9at$ ! k ( plants1 b _! "w mu/ (t5 h reveal$ to ! botani/ features :i* _h escap$ 8 less highly educat$ & subtle eye4 ,z we h already po9t$ out1 ! art ( plant description lagg$ conspicu\sly beh9d t ( plant illu/ration4 ,! vague & crude1 b (t5 picturesque1 acc\nts1 giv5 by ! e>ly h]bali/s ( ! plants :i* !y obs]v$1 contra/ curi\sly ) ! te*nically accurate1 b col\rless & imp]sonal descriptions f ! p5s ( mod]n botani/s4 ,! rapid rise ( botany1 9 ! two c5turies :i* we h review$1 mu/ h be5 greatly /imulat$ by ! cosmopolitanism ( ! savants ( ! r5aissance4 ,p]iods ( /udy at a succession ( diff]5t univ]sities1 & wide ,european travel1 includ+ visits to sci5tific m5 ( v>i\s c\ntries1 seem to h =m$ "p ( ! recognis$ equipm5t ( ! botanical /ud5t4 ,possibly ! zeal = travel 0 n altoge!r spontane\s1 b 0 artificially /imulat$ by ! religi\s di/urbances s common at ! p]iod ( ! ,re=mation & lat]1 :i* (t5 drove into exile ! adh]5ts ( ! ,re=m$ ,fai?1 among :om _m botani/s 7 numb]$4 ,?is is exemplifi$ 9 ! cases ( ,william ,turn]1 ,*>les de l'cluse1 & ! ,bauh9s4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t1 9 ! works ( ! be/ h]bali/s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 su* = in/ance z ,bock1 ,turn]1 ,dodo5s & ,gasp>d ,bauh91 we f9d1 comp>atively speak+1 little belief 9 any k9d ( sup]/ition connect$ ) plants1 su* z ! doctr9e ( signatures1 or a/rology4 ,a numb] ( books deal+ ) su* topics appe>$ dur+ ! p]iod we h consid]$1 b _! writ]s =m a class ap>t1 & mu/ n be confus$ ) ! h]bali/s prop]1 ^: attitude 01 on ! :ole1 m>k$ by a heal?y scepticism :i* 0 9 advance ( _! "t4 ,x w\ld1 naturally1 be f> f true to say t !y 7 all q free f sup]/ition1 b1 consid]+ ! intellectual atmosph]e ( ! p]iod1 _! enlight5m5t 0 q rem>kable4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #aab4 ,wood-cut f ! title-page ( ! ,grete ,h]ball1 #aebf4 ,r$uc$4 ,:5 we come to consid] ! orig9 ( ! h]bal1 we f9d t x is impossible to assign any date = its beg9n+4 ,9 manuscript =m1 h]bals h exi/$ f v e>ly times1 b1 9 ! pres5t book1 ^? prior to ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ h be5 sc>cely t\*$ ^u4 ,our subject has be5 limit$ to ! mo/ active life-p]iod ( ! pr9t$ h]bal1 :i* may be reckon$ z beg9n+ 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ) ! #8,book ( ,nature1' ! #8,h]b>ium' ( ,apuleius1 & ! ,lat9 & ,g]man #8,h]b>ius4' ,:5 ?is active p]iod end$ is less easily decid$1 b 9 "s s5ses x may fairly be tak5 z cov]+ only ! comp>atively %ort space ( two hundr$ ye>s4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 a v l>ge numb] ( lat] h]bals1 belong+ to ! end ( ! sev5te5?1 ! eighte5?1 & ev5 ! n9ete5? & tw5tie? c5turies1 b _! importance 9 ! hi/ory ( botany appe>s to ! pres5t writ] to be relatively small1 & h5ce1 9 ?is volume1 att5tion has be5 almo/ entirely conf9$ to works :i* appe>$ be=e #afgj4 ,aft] ?is p]iod1 botany rapidly became m sci5tific2 ! discov]y ( ! function ( ! /am5s1 :i* 0 fir/ ann\nc$ 9 #afhb1 m>k+ a v def9ite /ep 9 advance4 ,z "t w5t on1 ! h]bal1 ) its *>act]i/ic mixture ( m$ical & botanical lore1 gave way be=e ! exclusively m$ical ph>macopia on ! "o h&1 & ! exclusively botanical flora on ! o!r4 ,z ! use ( home-made rem$ies decl9$1 & ! *emi/'s %op took ! place ( ! h\sewife's h]b-g>d5 & /ill-room1 ! practical value ( ! h]bal dim9i%$ almo/ to vani%+ po9t4 ,! be/ epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! h]bal1 f ! po9t ( view ( book-illu/ration1 is conf9$ )9 mu* n>r[] limits ?an ! two c5turies we h be5 consid]+4 ,! sugge/ion has be5 made1 & seems ?or\ghly ju/ifi$1 t ! f9e/ p]iod %\ld be reckon$ z fall+ betwe5 #aecj & #afad1 t is1 betwe5 ! wood-cuts ( ,hans ,weiditz 9 ,brunfels' #8,h]b>um viv eicones1' & ! copp]-plates ( ,crispian de ,passe 9 ! #8,hortus ,floridus4' ,?is good p]iod ?us la/$ less ?an "o hundr$ ye>s1 & belongs *iefly to ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,f ! arti/ic po9t ( view1 its z5i? is p]haps rea*$ 9 ! wood-engrav+s :i* illu/rate ,fu*s' great "w1 #8,de hi/oria /irpium' 7#aedb71 ?\gh1 f a m /rictly sci5tific /&po9t1 ! draw+s by ,cam]>ius & ,gesn]1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aehf & #aehh1 may be said to be> ! palm4 ,illu/ration3 ,text-fig4 #aac4 ,a ,h]bali/'s ,g>d5 & ,/ore-room ,das ,kret]b* od] ,h]b>ius4 ,pr9t$ by ,he9ri* ,/ayn]1 ,augsburg1 #aecd4 ,z f> z ! text is conc]n$1 ! culm9ation ( ! botanical works ( ! p]iod "u consid]ation may be reg>d$ z =e%ad[$ 9 ! #8,/irpium ,adv]s>ia ,nova' ( ,p5a & de l',obel 7#aegj-ga7 & atta9$ 9 ! #8,prodromos' 7#afbj7 & ! #8,p9ax' 7#afbc7 ( ,gasp>d ,bauh94 ,9 ! works ( ! latt] au?or1 classification1 nom5clature & description rea* _! high-wat] m>k1 ?\gh x is to de l',obel1 & to 8 precursor1 ,bock1 "o ( ! 8,g]man ,fa!rs ( ,botany10 t we owe ! fir/ def9ite ef=ts aft] a natural sy/em4 ,x is pleasant to rememb] t ,jean ,bauh91 to :om 8 y\ng] bro!r ,gasp>d probably ow$ 8 fir/ botanical inspiration1 0 a pupil ( ,leonh>d ,fu*s at ,tb+51 s t ! latt] has a d\ble claim to be associat$ ) ! results ( ! 8h]bal p]iod0 at its be/4 ,we began ?is book ) a portrait ( ,leonh>d ,fu*s1 & we may well conclude ) 8 "n--t ( ! greate/ & mo/ typical ( sixte5?-c5tury h]bali/s4 ,,app5dix ,i ,a ,,*ronological ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,h]bals ,,& ,,relat$ ,,botanical ,,works ,,publi%$ ,,betwe5 #adgj ,,& #afgj4 ,?is li/1 :i* is int5d$ = ! botani/ r ?an ! bibliograph]1 is f> f be+ exhau/ive1 especially z reg>ds works publi%$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 mo/ cases ref]5ce is made to fir/ editions only4 ,subsequ5t editions & translations1 ?\gh (t5 num]\s & important1 are usually n cit$ unless special m5tion has be5 made ( !m 9 ! text4 ,9 cases :]e su* editions are quot$1 _! titles are plac$ b5ea? t ( ! fir/ edition 7i4e4 "u ! date ( ! fir/ edition74 ,indep5d5t works by ! same au?or are1 h[ev]1 arrang$ *ronologically1 s t1 9 ?is li/1 all ! works ( any giv5 au?or are n plac$ toge!r1 b mu/ be look$ = "u _! respective dates4 ,^! dates c g5]ally be asc]ta9$ by ref]5ce to ! text4 ,! au?or's "n1 or1 9 ! case ( anonym\s works1 ! title mo/ commonly us$1 is pr9t$ 9 heavy type4 ,all ! works enum]at$ h be5 exam9$ p]sonally by ! au?or1 except ^? ( :i* ! dates are m>k$ ) an a/]isk4 8 #adgj ,b>?olomu ,anglicus ,glanville1 ,b>?olomew de4 ,lib] de proprietatibus r]um4 ,beg9s3 ,incipit prohemium de proprietatibus r]um fratris b>?olomei anglici de ord9e fratrum m9orum4 8 ,cologne1 8 #adgj4 ,a g5]al "w conta9+ "o section deal+ ) plants4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,lib] de proprietatibus r]um4 8 ,we/m9/]1 8 #adie4 ,a translation by ,trevisa pr9t$ by ,wynkyn de ,worde4 #adge ,konrad von ,meg5b]g ,cnrat4 ,beg9s3 ,hye na* volget das p* d] natur4444 ,hanns ,bml]4 ,augsburg1 -#ge #adge4 ,a g5]al "w conta9+ a section deal+ ) plants4 #adgh ,alb]tus ,magnus errone\sly attribut$ to4 ,lib] aggregations seu lib] secretorum ,alb]ti magni de virtutibus h]b>um 444 7,colophon37 p] ,johannem de ,annunciata de ,augu/a4 #adgh4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,de virtutibus h]b>um4 ,de virtutibus lapidum4 ,de virtutibus animalium et mirabilibus mundi4 ,?omas ,laisne1 ,r\54 8 #aejj4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,! boke ( secretes ( ,alb>tus ,magnus1 ( ! v]tues ( ,h]bes1 /ones & c]ta9e bea/es4 ,also a boke ( ! same au?or1 ( ! m>vayl\s ?+es ( ! _w4444 ,london4 ,wyllyam ,copl&4 8 #aefj4 8 #adhd ,apuleius ,platonicus4 ,beg9s3 ,incipit ,h]b>ium ,apulei ,platonici ad ,m>cum ,agrippam4 ,j4 ,p4 de ,lignam9e4 ,rome1 8 #adhd4 #adhd ,! ,lat9 ,h]b>ius ref]r$ to by v>i\s au?ors z ,h]b>ius 9 ,lat9o1 ,aggregator de ,simplicibus1 ,h]b>ius ,mogunt9us1 ,h]b>ius ,patav9us1 etc44 ,h]b>ius ,magunti impressus4 ,pet] ,s*ff]4 ,ma9z4 #adhd4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,beg9s3 ,dye prologhe de ov]sett]s uyt d5 latyn 9 dyets*e4 ,veld5]1 ,kuil5borg4 #adhd4 ,a ,flemi% translation4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,beg9s3 ,incipit ,tractatus de virtutibus h]b>um4 7,colophon37 ,impressum ,v5etiis p] ,simonem ,papi5sem dictum ,bivilaquam4444 #adii4 ,sometimes call$ #8,h]b>ius ,arnoldi de nova villa ,avic5na4' #adhe ,! ,g]man ,h]b>ius ref]r$ to by v>i\s au?ors z ! ,h]b>ius zu ,teuts*1 ! ,g]man ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ! small] ,ortus1 ,johann von ,cube's ,h]bal1 etc44 ,beg9s3 ,(ft und vil habe i*4 ,pet] ,s*ff]4 ,m5cz1 #adhe4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,beg9s3 ,(ft und vil hab i*4 ,sorg4 ,augspurg1 #adhe4 #adia ,ortus ,sanitatis ,hortus ,sanitatis4 ,prohemium beg9s3 ,omnipot5tis et]nique dei4444 7,colophon37 ,jacobus ,meyd5ba*4 ,moguntia1 #adia4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 7,colophon37 ,impressum ,v5etiis p] ,b]n>d9um ,b5alium3 ,et ,joannem de ,c]eto de ,trid9o alias ,tacu9um4 #aeaa4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,ortus sanitatis translate de lat9 en francois4 ,an?o9e ,vr>d4 ,p>is1 n4d4 8 #aeja4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,le j>d9 de sante translate de lat9 en francoys n\vellem5t ,imprim a ,p>is4 ,on les v5d a ,p>is en la rue sa9ct ,jacques a l5seigne de la ,rose blan*e c\ronnee4 7,colophon37 ,imprim a ,p>is p> ,philippe le noir4 8 #aeci4 8 #aejj ,mac]1 milius ,odo4 ,mac] floridus ,de viribus h]b>um4 8 ,p>is1 8 #aejj circa4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,h]b>um v>ias qui vis cognosc]e vires ,mac] ade/3 disce quo duce doct' eris4 7,colophon37 ,impressus ,p>isius p] ,magi/rum ,johannem ,seurre4 ,pro ,magi/ro ,petro ,bacqueli]4 #aejf4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,les fleurs du livre des v]tus des h]bes1 compos jadis en v]s ,lat9s p> ,mac] ,floride3444 ,le t\t mis en ,franois p> ,m4 ,lucas ,tremblay1 ,p>isi54444 ,r\54 ,m>t9 et ,honor ,mall>d4 #aehh4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,de viribus h]b>um 444 secundum codices manuscriptos 444 rec5suit 444 ,ludovicus ,*\lant4444 ,lipsiae1 #ahcb4 #aejj ,brauns*weig1 ,hi]onymus ,j]ome ( ,brunswick4 ,lib] de arte di/ill&i4 de ,simplicibus4 ,johannes ,gren+]4 ,/rassburg1 #aejj4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,! v]tuose boke ( ,di/yllacyon ( ! wat]s ( all man] ( ,h]bes 444 ,laur5s ,&rewe4 ,london1 #adbg #aebg4 #aeaf ,ruellius1 ,johannes ,ruel1 ,jean4 ,p$acii ,dioscoridis ,anaz>bei de m$ic9ali mat]ia libri qu9que4444 ,impressum e/ 9 444 ,p>rhisiorum ,gymnasio 444 9 (fic9a ,h5rici ,/ephani4 #aeaf4 #aeag ,cz]ny1 ,johann ,johannes ,nig] de ,praga4 ,knieha lek>ska kt]az sl[e h]b>z 7 ,arzneibu*1 wel*es heis/ ,h]b>ium7 ,hi]onymus ,hltzel4 ,nrnb]g1 #aeag994 #aebe ,h]ball4 ,"h begynne? a newe mat]1 ! :i*e %ewe? & treate? ( ye v]tues & proprytes ( h]bes1 ! :i*e is call$ an ,h]ball4 ,ry*>de ,banckes4 ,london1 #aebe4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,mac]s ,h]bal4 ,practysyd by ,doct] ,lynacro4 ,rob]t ,wy]4 n4d4 ,london1 8 #aecj4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,a new ,h]ball ( ,mac]1 ,translat$ out ( ,lat5 9 to ,englys%e4 ,rob]t ,wy]4 9 sa9t ,m>tyns p>y%e 444 besyde ,*>ynge ,crosse4 n4d4 ,london4 8 #aece4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,a boke ( ! propreties ( ,h]bes call$ an h]ball1 :]unto is add$ ! tyme ye h]bes1 ,fl\res & ,s$es %\lde be ga!r$ 444 by ,w4 ,c4#de ,wyllyam ,copl&4 n4d4 ,london4 #aeej4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,a litle ,h]ball ( ! prop]ties ( ,h]bes 444 wy? c]tayne ,additions at ! ende ( ! boke1 decl>+ :at ,h]bes ha? influ5ce ( c]ta9 ,/]res4444 ,an?ony ,askham1 ,physycyon4 ,jhon ,kynge4 ,london1 #aeej4 ,be=e #aebf ,gr& ,h]bi]4 ,le gr& ,h]bi] en ,francoys3 cont5ant les qualites1 v]tus et proprits des h]bes1 arbres1 gommes4444 ,pi]re ,s]g5t4 ,p>is1 n4d4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,! grete h]ball :i*e geve? p>fyt kn[lege & und]/&yng ( all man] ( h]bes & !re gracy\s v]tues4444 7,colophon37 ,pet] ,trev]is4 ,london1 #aebf4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,! grete h]ball 444 7,colophon37 ,imprynt$ at ,london 444 by me ,pet] ,trev]is4444 #aebi4 #aebi ,!ophra/us4 ,!ophra/i de hi/oria1 et causis plant>um1 ,libri ,qu9decim4 ,!odoro ,gaza int]prete 444 7,colophon37 ,excussum ,luteci1 9 dibus ,*ri/iani ,we*el4444 #aebi4 #aecj ,brunfelsius1 ,o?o ,brunfels1 ,otto von4 ,h]b>um viv eicones444 ,arg5torati apud ,joannem ,s*ottum4 #aecj1 #aeca1 #aecf4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,contrafayt ,kret]b* 444 z ,/rasszburg bey ,hans ,s*ott54 #aecb1 #aecg4 #aecc ,rhodion1 ,d4 ,eu*>ius4 ,kreutt]b* 444 ,anf5gli* von ,doctor ,johan ,cuba zusam5 bra*t1 jetzt wid]um new ,corrigirt 444 ,mit w>] ,abcont]feitung all] ,kreut]4 ,zu ,franckfurt am ,meyn1 ,bei ,*ri/ian ,eg5olph4 #aecc4 ,a l>ge numb] ( editions ( ?is "w appe>$1 edit$ by ,dor/5ius1 ,lonic] & o!rs4 #aecf ,amatus ,lusitanus ,ca/ello ,branco1 ,j4 ,r4 de4 ,index ,dioscoridis 444 ,excudebat ,antv]pi ,vidua ,m>t9i ,cs>is4 #aecf4 ,ruellius1 ,johannes ,ruel1 ,jean4 ,de ,natura /irpium libri tres4 ,p>isiis4 #aecf4 #aech ,turn]1 ,william4 ,libellus de re h]b>ia novus1 9 quo h]b>um aliquot nom9a greca1 lat9a1 et ,anglica habes1 una cum nom9ibus (fic9>um4444 ,lond9i apud ,joannem ,byddellum4 #aech4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,libellus de re h]b>ia novus 444 repr9t$ 9 facsimile1 ) notes1 mod]n names1 & a life ( ! au?or1 by ,b5jam9 ,daydon ,jackson4 ,london1 #ahgg4 #aeci ,tragus1 ,hi]onymus ,bock1 ,hi]onymus4 ,new ,kreutt]bu* von und]s*eydt1 wrckung und nam5 d] kreutt]1 444 g$ruckt zu ,/rassburg1 dur* ,w5del ,rihel4 #aeci994 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,kreut] ,b*4 ,w5del ,rihel4 ,/rasburg1 #aedf4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,de /irpium1 maxime e>um1 qu 9 ,g]mania no/ra nascuntur 444 nunc 9 ,lat9am conv]si1 ,int]prete ,davide ,kyb]o 444 7,colophon37 ,arg5torati ,excudebat ,w5del9us ,rihelius 444 #aeeb4 #aedb ,fu*sius1 ,leonh>dus ,fu*s1 ,leonh>d4 ,de hi/oria /irpium444 ,basile1 9 (fic9a ,is+r9iana4444 #aedb4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,new ,kret]b*4 ,mi*ael ,is+r94 ,basell1 #aedc4 ----- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,leonh>ti ,fu*sii m$ici1 primi de /irpium hi/oria comm5t>iorum tomi viv imag9es1 9 exiguam 444 =mam contract4444 ,is+r94 ,basile1 #aede4 ,gesn]us1 ,conradus ,gesn]1 ,konrad4 ,catalogus plant>um ,lat91 graec1 ,g]manic1 et ,gallic4444 ,tiguri apud ,*ri/oph4 ,fros*\]um1 #aedb4 #aedd ,mat?iolus1 ,petrus ,&reas ,mattioli1 ,pi]&rea4 ,di ,p$acio ,dioscoride ,anaz>beo libri c9que della hi/oria et mat]ia m$ic9ale tradotta 9 l+ua volg>e italiana4444 ,v5etia1 p] ,nicolo de ,basc>9a da ,pavone di ,brescia1 #aedd994 ---- ,comm5t>ii1 9 libros sex ,p$acii ,dioscoridis ,anaz>bei1 de m$ica mat]ia4444 ,v5etiis 444 apud ,v9c5tium ,valgrisium4 #aeed4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,comm5t>ii 9 sex libros ,p$acii ,dioscoridis ,anaz>bei de ,m$ica mat]ia1 444 ,v5etiis1 ,ex ,(fic9a ,valgrisiana4 #aefe4 #aedh ,turn]1 ,william4 ,! names ( h]bes 9 ,greke1 ,lat91 ,engli%e ,du*e & ,fr5*e wy? ! commune names t ,h]b>ies & ,apotec>ies use4 ,john ,day & ,wyllyam ,setes4 ,london1 #aedh4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,! ,names ( ,h]bes1 ,a4,d4 #aedh4 ,edit$ by ,james ,britt54 ,london1 #ahha4 #aeea ,turn]1 ,william4 ,a new ,h]ball4 ,/ev5 ,mi]dman4 ,london1 #aeea4 ---- ,! seconde p>te ( ,vuilliam ,turn]s h]ball4 ,arnold ,birckman4 ,coll51 #aefb4 ---- ,! fir/ & seconde p>tes ( ! ,h]bal ( ,william ,turn] 444 ) ! ,?ird p>te1 lately ga!r$4444 ,arnold ,birckman4 ,coll54 #aefh4 #aeec ,amatus1 ,lusitanus ,ca/ello ,branco1 ,j4 ,r4 de4 ,9 ,dioscoridis ,anaz>bei de m$ica mat]ia libros qu9que en>rationes 444 ,v5etiis1 #aeec4 7,colophon37 apud ,gualt]um scotum4 ,bellonius1 ,petrus ,belon1 ,pi]re4 ,de arboribus conif]is1 res9if]is1 aliis quoque nonnullis sempit]na fronde vir5tibus1 444 ,p>isiis ,apud ,gulielmum ,cavellat1 444 #aeec4 ---- ,les ,obs]vations de plusieurs s+ul>itez et *oses mmorables1 tr\ves en ,grece1 ,asie1 ,jude1 ,egypte1 ,arabie1 et autres pays e/rades1 444 7,colophon37 ,imprim ,p>is p> ,b5oi/ ,prvo/4444 #aeec4 #aeed ,dodonu1 ,remb]tus ,dodo5s1 ,remb]t4 ,cr deboeck4 7,colophon37 ,gh$ruckt ,tantw]p5 by ,jan v&] ,loe4444 #aeed4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,hi/oire des plantes1444 ,n\vellem5t traduite 444 en ,franois p> ,*>les de scluse4 ,jean ,lo4 ,anv]s4 #aeeg4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a copy ( ?is book1 annotat$ 9 manuscript by ,h5ry ,lyte4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,a ,nievve ,h]ball1 or ,hi/orie ( ,plantes3444 n[e fir/ translat$ out ( ,fr5* into ,engli%1 by ,h5ry ,lyte ,esquy]4 ,at ,london by me ,g]>d ,dewes4444 #aegh4 #aeei ,m>anta1 ,b>?olomu4 ,me?odi cognosc5dorum simplicium libri tres4 ,v5etiis1 ,ex (fic9a ,erasmiana ,v9c5tii4 ,valgrisii1 #aeei4 #aefa ,cordus1 ,val]ius4 ,9 hoc volum9e cont95tur ,val]ii ,cordi 444 ,annotationes 9 ,p$acii ,dioscoridis 444 de ,m$ica mat]ia 444 eiusdem ,val4 ,cordi hi/ori /irpium lib4 ,,iiii4444 ,omnia 444 ,conr4 ,gesn]i 444 collecta1 et prfationibus illu/rata4 7,colophon37 ,arg5torati excudebat ,josias ,rihelius4 #aefa4 #aefe ,mizaldus1 ,antonius ,mizauld1 ,anto9e4 ,alexikepus1 seu auxili>is hortus1 444 ,luteti1 ,apud ,f$]icum ,morellum4444 #aefe4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,artztg>t54 444 neuwli* v]teuts*et dur* ,georg5 ,b5is* von ,b>tfeld 444 zu ,basel bey ,pet] ,p]na4 #aege4 #aeff ,dodonu1 ,remb]tus ,dodo5s1 ,remb]t4 ,frum5torum1 legum9um1 palu/rium et aquatilium h]b>um 444 hi/oria4 ,antv]pi1 ,ex (fic9a ,*ri/ophori ,plant9i4 #aeffdf4 #aefh ,dodonu1 ,remb]tus ,dodo5s1 ,remb]t4 ,florum1 et coron>i>um odorat>umque nonnull>um h]b>um hi/oria1 ,antv]pi1 ,ex (fic9a ,*ri/ophori ,plant9i4 #aefh4 #aefi ,mon>des1 ,nicolas4 ,dos libros1 el uno que trata de todas las cosas que tra5 de nue/ras ,indias ,occid5tales 444 ,impressos en ,sevilla en casa de ,h]n&o ,diaz4444 #aefi4 ---- ,segunda p>te del libro1 de las cosas que se tra5 de nue/ras ,indias ,occid5tales4444 ,en ,sevilla ,en casa ,alonso ,escrivano4 #aega4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,joyfull newes out ( ! newe f\nde worlde1 :]e9 is decl>$ ! r>e & s+ul] v]tues ( div]se 444 ,he>bes4444 ,engli%$ by ,john ,frampton4 ,london1 ,w4 ,norton1 #aegg4 #aegj ,bomba/ von ,hoh5heim 7,p>acelsus74 ,ettli*e ,tractatus des ho*]f>n5 unnd b]mbte/5 ,philippi ,!ophra/i ,p>acelsi4444 ,i4 ,von ,natrli*5 d+54 ,,ii4 ,bes*reibung etil*] krett]4 ,,iii4 ,von ,metall54 ,,iv4 ,von ,m9]al54 ,v4 ,von ,edl5 ,ge/e954 ,/rassburg4 ,*ri/ian ,mll]s ,erb54 #aegj4 #aegj-aega ,lobelius1 ,ma?ias de l',obel or de ,lobel1 ,ma?ias & ,p5a1 ,petrus ,p5a1 ,pi]re4 ,/irpium adv]s>ia nova4 ,lond9i4 #aegj4 7,colophon37 ,lond9i1 #aega4 444 excudebat prelum ,?om ,purftii4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,nova /irpium adv]s>ia1 444 ,antv]pi ,apud ,*ri/ophorum ,plant9um4 #aegf4 7,colophon37 ,lond9i1 excudebat prelum ,?om ,purftii4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,plant>um seu /irpium hi/oria1 444 ,cui annexum e/ ,adv]s>iorum volum54 ,antv]pi1 ,ex (fic9a ,*ri/ophori ,plant9i4 #aegf4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,kruydtbck4 ,t',antw]p54 ,by ,*ri/(fel ,plantyn4 #aeha4 #aega ,mat?iolus1 ,petrus ,&reas ,mattioli1 ,pi]&rea4 ,comp5dium ,de ,plantis omnibus1 444 de quibus scripsit suis 9 comm5t>iis 9 ,dioscoridem editis4444 ,accessit prt]ea ad calcem ,opusculum de it9]e1 quo ,v]ona 9 ,baldum montem ,plant>um ref]tissimum itur 444 ,francisco ,calceol>io 444 ,v5etiis1 ,9 ,(fic9a ,valgrisiana4 #aega4 ,w9ckl]1 ,nicolaus4 ,*ronica h]b>um1 florum1 sem9um1 444 ,augu/ ,v9delicorum 9 (fic9a ,typographica ,mi*alis ,mang]i4 #aega4 #aegd ,dodonu1 ,remb]tus ,dodo5s1 ,remb]t4 ,purgantium ali>umque eo faci5tum1 tum et ,radicum1 ,convolvulorum ac delet]i>um h]b>um hi/ori libri iiii4 ,antv]pi1 ,ex (fic9a ,*ri/ophori ,plant9i1 #aegd4 #aege ,c>ri*t]1 ,b>?olomu4 ,kreutt]b* 444 ,g$ruckt z ,/rassburg 444 bey ,*ri/ian ,mll]4 #aege4 #aegf ,clusus1 ,c>olus l'cluse or l',escluse1 ,*>les de4 ,c>oli ,clusii atrebat4 ,r>iorum aliquot /irpium p] ,hispanias obs]vat>um ,hi/oria1444 ,antv]pi1 ,ex (fic9a ,*ri/ophori ,plant9i1 444 #aegf4 #aegh ,?urneiss]us1 ,leonh>dus ,?urneiss] zum ,?um1 ,leonh>dt4 ,hi/oria sive descriptio plant>um4444 7,colophon37 ,b]l9i ,excudebat ,mi*ael ,h5tzske4 #aegh4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,hi/oria unnd ,bes*reibung ,influ5tis*]1 ,elem5tis*] und ,natrli*] ,wirckung51 ,all] fremd5 unnd ,heimis*5 ,erdgewe*ss54444 7,colophon37 ,g$ruckt zu ,b]l91 bey ,mi*ael ,h5tzsk54 #aegh4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,hi/oria sive descriptio plant>um4444 ,coloni ,agripp91 apud ,joannem ,gymnicum1444 #aehg4 #aehj ,dodonu1 ,remb]tus ,dodo5s1 ,remb]t4 ,hi/oria vitis v9ique3 et /irpium nonnull>um ali>um4 ,coloni ,apud ,mat]num ,*ol9um4 #aehj4 #aeha ,lobelius1 ,ma?ias de l',obel or de ,lobel1 ,ma?ias4 ,plant>um seu /irpium icones4 ,antv]pi1 ,ex (fic9a ,*ri/ophori ,plant9i4 #aeha4 ,! figures ( ,clusus1 ,lobelius & ,dodonu arrang$ accord+ to ! s*eme ( ,lobelius4 #aehb-aehc ,rauwolff1 ,leonh>d4 ,leonh>ti ,rauwolf51444 ,aig5tli*e bes*reibung d] ,raiss1 s er vor dis] zeit geg5 ,auffgang inn die ,morg5lnd]1444 7,colophon37 ,getruckt z ,laug+51 dur* ,leonh>t ,re9mi*el4 #aehb1 #aehc4 ,?is is a book ( travel1 b ! f\r? "p1 :i* has a sep>ate title-page1 dat$ #aehc1 conta9s a numb] ( wood-cuts ( =eign plants4 #aehc ,csalp9us1 ,&reas ,cesalp9o1 ,&rea4 ,de plantis libri xvi4444 ,flor5ti1 ,apud ,georgium ,m>escottum4 #aehc4 ,clusius1 ,c>olus l'cluse or l',escluse1 ,*>les de4 ,c>4 ,clusii atrebatis ,r>iorum aliquot ,/irpium1 p] ,pannoniam1 ,au/riam1 et vic9as 444 ,hi/oria 444 ,antv]pi1 ,ex (fic9a ,*ri/ophori ,plant9i4 #aehc4 ,dodonu1 ,remb]tus ,dodo5s1 ,remb]t4 ,/irpium hi/ori pemptades sex sive libri ,,xxx4 ,antv]pi1 ,ex (fic9a ,*ri/ophori ,plant9i4 #aehc4 #aehd ,l9oci]1 ,ge(roy4 ,l'hi/oire des plantes1 traduicte de lat9 en franois3 444 ,p>is1 ,*ez ,*>les ,mac4444 #aehd4 #aehe ,durante1 ,ca/or4 ,h]b>io ,nuovo4444 ,roma1 ,p] ,iacomo ,b]ic*ia1 e ,iacomo ,turni]ii1 #aehe4 #aehf ,mat?iolus1 ,petrus ,&reas ,mattioli1 ,pi]&rea4 ,de plantis ,epitome utilissima 444 aucta et locupletata1 ,d4 ,joa*imo ,cam]>io1 444 accessit1 444 lib] s+ul>is de it9]e 444 9 ,baldum montem 444 auctore ,francisco ,calceol>io ,franc(urti ad ,mo5um4 #aehf4 #aehf-aehg ,dale*ampius1 ,jacobus d',al*amps or ,dal*amps1 ,jacques4 ,hi/oria g5]alis plant>um1444 ,lugduni1 apud ,gulielmum ,rovillium4 #aehf1 #aehg4 #aehh ,cam]>ius1 ,joa*im4 ,hortus m$icus et philosophicus3 444 ,franc(urti ad ,mnum4 #aehh4 ---- ,icones accurate 444 del9eat prcipu>um /irpium1 qu>um descriptiones tam 9 ,horto4444 ,impressum ,franc(urti ad ,mnum4 #aehh4 ,^! figures are g5]ally b\nd up ) ! #8,hortus m$icus4' ,porta1 ,johannes ,bapti/a ,porta1 ,giambatti/a4 ,phytognomonica4444 ,neapoli1 ,apud ,horatium ,saluianum4 #aehh4 #aehh-aeia ,!odorus1 ,jacobus ,!odor1 ,jacob1 or ,tab]nmontanus1 ,jacobus ,!odorus4 ,neuw ,kreut]bu*1 444 ,nicolaus ,bassu ,franckfurt am ,mayn4 #aehh1 #aeia4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,eicones plant>um seu /irpium4 ,nicolaus ,bassu1 ,franc(urti ad ,mo5um1 #aeij4 ,?is edition conta9s ! figures only4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,neuw vollkomm5tli* ,kreut]bu*1444 gemehret1 ,dur* ,casp>um ,bauh9um4444 ,franckfurt am ,mayn1 ,dur* ,nicolaum ,h(fman1 ,9 v]legung ,johannis ,bassi und ,johann ,dreutels4 #afac4 #aeij ,mat?iolus1 ,petrus ,&reas ,mattioli1 ,pi]&rea4 ,kreut]bu* 444 gemehrt und gef]tigt dur* ,joa*imum ,cam]>ium1 444 ,frankfurt a_/,m41 g$ruckt bei ,johann ,fey]ab5d4 #aeij994 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,kreutt]bu* 444 gemehret1 unnd v]f]tigt1 ,dur* ,joa*imum ,cam]>ium 444 ,g$ruckt zu ,franckfurt am ,mayn4 #afjj4 #aeib ,alp9us1 ,prosp] ,alp9o1 ,prosp]o4 ,de plantis gypti4444 ,v5etiis 444 ,apud ,franciscum de ,franciscis ,s55sem4 #aeib4 ,columna1 ,fabius ,colonna1 ,fabio4 sive plant>um aliquot hi/oria 444 ,ex ,(fic9a ,horatii ,saluiani4 ,neapoli1 #aeib4 ,apud ,io4 ,jacobum ,c>l9um1 et ,antonium ,pacem4 ,zaluzian1 ,adam ,zaluziansky von4 ,me?odi h]b>i1 libri tres4 ,prag1 9 (fic9a ,georgii ,daczic5i4 #aeib4 #aeif ,bauh9us1 ,casp> ,bauh91 ,gasp>d4 seu enum]atio plant>um4444 ,basile1 p] ,seba/ianum ,h5ricpetri4 #aeif4 #aeig ,g]>d1 ,john ,g]>de1 ,john4 ,! ,h]ball or ,g5]all ,hi/orie ( ,plantes4444 ,impr9t$ at ,london by ,john ,norton4 #aeig4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,! ,h]ball or ,g5]all ,hi/orie ( ,plantes4444 ,v mu* ,enl>g$ & ,am5d$ by ,?omas ,johnson ,citiz5 & ,apo!c>ye ( ,london4 ,london1 ,pr9t$ by ,adam ,islip1 ,joice ,norton & ,ri*>d ,:itak]s4 #afcc4 ,repr9t$ #afcf4 #afja ,bauh9us1 ,casp> ,bauh91 ,gasp>d4 ,animadv]siones 9 hi/oriam g5]alem plant>um ,lugduni editam4444 ,franc(orti1 ,excudebat ,mel*ior ,h>tmann1 ,imp5sis ,nicolai ,bassi 444 #afja4 ,clusius1 ,c>olus l'cluse or l',escluse1 ,*>les de4 ,c>oli ,clusii atrebatis1 444 r>iorum plant>um hi/oria4444 ,antv]pi ,ex (fic9a ,plant9iana ,apud ,joannem ,moretum4 #afja4 #afjf ,columna1 ,fabius ,colonna1 ,fabio4 ,m9us cognit>um /irpium aliquot1 4444 ,rom4 ,apud ,guilielmum ,facciottum4 #afjf4 ,p>s alt]a4 ,rom4 ,apud ,jacobum ,masc>dum4 #afaf4 ,spigelius1 ,adrianus4 ,isagoges 9 rem h]b>iam ,libri ,duo4444 ,patavii1 ,apud ,paulum ,meiettum4 ,ex ,typographia ,laur5tii ,pasquati4 #afjf4 #afji ,durante1 ,ca/or4 ,hortulus ,sanitatis1 ,das i/1 ,e9 444 ,ghrtl9 d] ,gesund!it 444 9 uns]e ho* ,teuts*e ,spra* v]setzt1 ,dur* ,petrum ,uff5ba*ium1 444 ,getruckt zu ,franck=t am ,myn1 dur* ,nicolaum ,h(fmann4444 #afji4 #afaa ,r5ealmus1 ,paulus ,r5eaulme1 ,paul4 ,specim5 ,hi/ori ,plant>um4 ,p>isiis1 ,apud ,hadrianum ,beys 444 #afaa4 #afac ,besl]us1 ,basilius ,besl]1 ,basil4 ,hortus ,ey/ett5sis 444 ,ei*/adt4 #afac4 #afad ,passu1 ,crispian ,passe1 ,crisp9 de or ,crispian de4 ,hortus floridus 444 ,extant ,arnhemii ,apud ,ioannem ,ianssonium 444 #afad4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,a ,g>d5 ( ,fl[]s4444 ,pr9t$ at ,utre*t ,by ,salomon de ,roy4 #afae4 #afaf ,olor9us1 ,johannes ,somm]1 ,johann1 aus ,zwickau4 ,c5turia ,h]b>um ,mirabilium ,das i/3 ,hund]t ,wund]krut]4444 ,magdeburgk1 ,bey ,lev9 ,braunss4444 #afaf4 ---- ,c5turia ,arborum ,mirabilium ,das i/3 ,hund]t ,wund]bume4444 ,magdeburgk1 ,bey ,lev9 ,braunss4444 #afaf4 #afai ,bauh9us1 ,joannes ,bauh91 ,jean & ,*]l]us1 ,j4 ,h4 ,*]l]1 ,j4 ,h44 ,j4 ,b4 444 et ,j4 ,h4 ,c4 444 hi/ori plant>um g5]alis 444 prodromus4444 ,ebroduni1 ,ex ,typographia ,societatis ,caldorian4 #afai4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,hi/oria plant>um univ]salis 444 ,quam rec5suit et auxit 444 ,*abru 444 publici fecit1 ,fr4 ,lud4 a ,graff5ri$4444 ,ebroduni1 #afej1 #ea4 #afbj ,bauh9us1 ,casp> ,bauh91 ,gasp>d4 ,!atri botanici4444 ,franc(urti ad ,mnum1 ,typis ,pauli ,jacobi1 imp5sis ,joannis ,treudelii4 #afbj4 #afbc ,bauh9us1 ,casp> ,bauh91 ,gasp>d4 !atri botanici4444 ,basile ,helvet4 ,sumptibus et typis ,ludovici ,regis4 #afbc4 #afbe ,popp1 ,johann ,poppe1 ,johann4 ,krut] ,bu* 444 na* re*t] art d] ,signatur5 d] himlis*5 ,e9fliessung ni*t alle9 bes*rieb51 444 ,leipzig1 ,9 ,v]legung ,za*>i ,s*r]s1 und ,mat?i ,gtz5 444 #afbe4 #afbh ,brosse1 ,guy de la4 ,de la nature1 v]tu1 et utilit des plantes4444 ,a ,p>is1 ,*ez ,roll9 ,b>agnes 444 #afbh4 #afbi ,johnson1 ,?omas4 ,descriptio it9]is plant>um inve/igationis 444 9 agrum ,cantianum4444 7,london1 #afbi4799 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,descriptio ,it9]is ,plant>um 444 9 ,agrum ,cantianum 444 et ,enum]atio ,plant>um 9 ,ericeto ,hamp/$iano locisque vic9is ,cresc5tium4444 ,excudebat1 ,?o4 ,cotes4 ,london #afcb4 ,p>k9son1 ,john4 ,p>adisi 9 ,sole ,p>adisus ,t]re/ris4 ,a ,g>d5 ( all sorts ( pleasant fl[]s :i* our ,engli% ayre w p]mitt to be n\rs$ up3444 7,colophon37 ,london1 ,pr9t$ by ,humfrey ,l[nes & ,rob]t ,"y at ! signe ( ! ,/>re on ,bread-/reet hill4 #afbi4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,p>adisi 9 ,sole ,p>adisus ,t]re/ris444 ,fai?fully ,repr9t$ f ! ,edition ( #afbi4 ,me?u5 ,co4 ,london1 #aijd4 #afca ,donati1 ,antonio4 ,trattato de semplici1 444 9 ,v5etia1 444 ,appresso ,pietro ,m>ia ,b]tano4 #afca4 #afcd ,johnson1 ,?omas4 ,m]curius ,botanicus3 444 ,lond9i1 ,excudebat ,?om4 ,cotes4 #afcd4 #afdj ,p>k9son1 ,john4 ,!atrum botanicum3 ,! ,!at] ( ,plants4 ,or1 an ,h]ball ( a ,l>ge ,ext5t4444 ,london1 ,pr9t$ by ,?o4 ,cotes4 #afdj4 #afdi ,culpep]1 ,ni*olas4 ,a ,physicall ,directory or ,a translation ( ! ,london ,disp5satory ,made by ! ,coll$ge ( ,physicians 9 ,london 444 ) _m hundr$ additions4444 ,london1 ,pr9t$ = ,pet] ,cole 444 #afdi4 ---- 7,ano!r ,edition74 ,! ,engli% ,physitian enl>g$4444 ,london1 ,pr9t$ by ,pet] ,cole 444 #afec4 #afej ,h[1 ,william4 ,phytologia ,britannica1 natales exhib5s ,indig5>um ,/irpium sponte ,em]g5tium4 ,londoni1 ,typis ,ric4 ,cotes1 ,imp5sis1 ,octaviani ,pulleyn4 #afej4 #afef ,bomba/ von ,hoh5heim ,p>acelsus4 ,p>acelsus 8 ,disp5satory & ,*irurg]y4444 ,fai?fully ,engli%$1 by ,w4 ,d41 ,london3 ,pr9t$ by ,t4 ,m4 = ,philip ,*etw9d4444 #afef4 ,cole1 ,william ,coles1 ,william4 ,! ,art ( ,simpl+4 ,london1 ,pr9t$ by ,j4 ,g4 = ,na?3 ,brook4 #afef4 #afeg ,cole1 ,william ,coles1 ,william4 ,adam 9 ,ed53 or1 ,natures ,p>adise4444 ,london1 ,pr9t$ by ,j4 ,/reat]1 = ,na?aniel ,brooke4444 #afeg4 #afeh ,bauh9us1 ,casp> ,bauh91 ,gasp>d4 ,casp>i ,bauh9i 444 ,!atri botanici sive hi/ori plant>um 444 lib] primus editus op]a et cura ,io4 ,casp4 ,bauh9i4 ,basile4 ,apud ,joannem ,knig4 #afeh4 #afei ,lovell1 ,rob]t4 1 sive ,en*iridion botanicum1 or a compleat ,h]ball4444 ,ox=d1 ,pr9t$ by ,william ,hall1 = ,ric4 ,davis4444 #afei4 #affb ,jon/onus1 ,johannes ,jon/on or ,john/one1 ,john4 ,d5drographias ,sive ,hi/ori ,naturalis de ,arboribus et ,fruticibus 444 libri decem4444 ,franc(urti ad ,mo5um4 ,typis ,hi]onymi ,poli*ii4 ,sumptibus ,hr$um ,mat?i ,m]iani4 #affb4 #affd ,turn]1 ,rob]t4 4 ,! ,britti% ,physician3 or1 ,! ,nature & ,v]tues ( ,engli% ,plants4 ,london1 ,pr9t$ by ,r4 ,wood = ,na?4 ,brook4 #affd4 #afff ,*abru1 ,dom9icus4 ,/irpium icones et sciagraphia4444 ,g5ev1 ,typis ,phil4 ,gamoneti et ,iac4 de la ,pi]re4 #afff4 #affg ,aldrov&us1 ,ulysses ,aldrov&i1 ,ulisse4 ,ulyssis ,aldrov&i 444 ,d5drologi naturalis scilicet arborum hi/ori libri duo4444 ,bononi typis ,jo4 ,bapti/ae ,f]ronii4 #affg4 #afgj ,nyl&t1 ,petrus4 ,de ,n$]l&tse ,h]b>ius ( ,kruydt-,boeck1 444 t',am/]dam1 voor ,m>cus ,doornick1 444 #afgj4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,a ,,li/1 ,,9 ,,alphabetical ,,ord]1 ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,critical ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,works ,,deal+ ,,) ,,! ,,subjects ,,discuss$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,book4 ,alb]tus ,magnus4 ,see ,felln]1 ,s42 ,mey]1 ,e4 & ,jess51 ,c42 ,p\*et1 ,f4 ,a4 ,alcock1 ,r&al ,h4 ,botanical ,names = ,engli% ,read]s4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,amh]/1 ! ,hon4 ,alicia ,! ,hon4 ,mrs ,evelyn ,cecil4 ,bibliography ( ,works on ,g>d5+4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,second ,edition ( #8,a ,hi/ory ( ,g>d5+ 9 ,engl&4' ,london1 #ahig4 ,apuleius ,platonicus4 ,see ,cockayne1 ,o42 ,payne1 ,j4 ,f4 7#aijc74 ,arb]1 ,a4 ,see ,rob]tson1 ,a4 ,avo9e1 ,p4 ,j4 d'4 ,see ,morr51 ,c4 ,bauh91 ,gasp>d4 ,see ,hess1 ,j4 ,w4 ,blades1 ,w4 ,! ,plant9 ,museum4 ,macmillan's ,magaz9e4 ,vol4 #ch1 p4 #bhb4 ,london & ,new ,york1 #ahgh4 ,breitkopf1 ,j4 ,g4 ,i4 ,v]su* d5 ,ursprung d] ,spielk>t51444 und d5 ,anfang d] ,holzs*neidekun/ 9 ,europa zu er=s*54 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,leipzig1 #ahja4 ,britt51 ,james4 ,! ,names ( ,h]bes1 by ,william ,turn]1 ,a4,d4 #aedh4 ,edit$ by ,james ,britt54 ,london1 #ahha4 ,busbecq1 ,a4-,g4 ,see ,kickx1 ,j4 ,cam]>ius1 ,j4 ,see ,irmis*1 ,t4 ,h4 ,camus1 ,giulio4 ,l',op]a ,sal]nitana #8,circa ,in/ans' ed il te/o primitivo del #8,grant ,h]bi] en ,francoys4' ,memorie della ,regia ,accademia di ,sci5ze1 ,lett]e ed ,arti 9 ,mod5a4 ,s]4 ,,ii4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,mem4 della ,sezione di ,lett]e1 p4 #di4 #ahhf4 ,*\lant1 ,ludwig4 ,botanis*e und anatomis*e ,abbildung5 des ,mittelalt]s4 ,ar*iv fr die zei*n5d5 ,kn/e4 ,jahrg4 ,,iii4 p4 #ahh4 ,leipzig1 #aheg4 ,*\lant1 ,ludwig4 ,h&bu* d] ,b*]kunde fr die aelt]e ,m$ic94 ,leipzig1 #ahbh4 ,*\lant1 ,ludwig4 ,mac] ,floridus de viribus h]b>um 444 secundum codices manuscriptos 444 rec5suit 444 ,ludovicus ,*\lant4444 ,lipsiae1 #ahcb4 ,clusius1 ,c>olus4 ,see ,i/vnffi1 ,gy4 de2 ,legr1 ,ludovic2 ,roze1 ,e42 ,morr51 ,e4 ,cockayne1 ,o4 ,lee*doms1 ,wortcunn+1 & ,/>craft ( ,e>ly ,engl&4 ,*ronicles & ,memorials ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,rolls ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,i4 #ahfd4 ,translation ( ,h]b>ium ( ,apuleius ,platonicus4 ,colv91 ,sir ,sidney4 ,e>ly ,engrav+ & ,engrav]s 9 ,engl& #aede-afie4 ,london1 #aije4 ,conrad von ,meg5b]g4 ,see ,pfeiff]1 ,fr4 ,cop+]1 ,w4 ,a4 ,supplem5t to ,ha9's ,rep]torium ,bibliographicum4 ,london1 #ahie1 #ahih1 #aijb4 ,cordus1 ,v4 ,see ,irmis*1 ,t4 ,h4 ,cz]ny1 ,j4 ,see ,maiwald1 ,v4 ,daub5y1 ,*>les4 ,lectures on ,roman ,husb&ry4 ,ox=d1 #aheg4 ,degeorge1 ,lon4 ,la ,maison ,plant9 ,anv]s4 ,deuxime dition4 ,bruxelles1 #ahgh4 ,dioscorides4 ,codex ,anici ,julian picturis illu/ratus1 nunc ,v9dobon5sis ,m$4 ,gr4 ,i4 phototypice editus4 ,mod]ante ,josepho de ,k>abacek4 ,lugduni ,batavorum1 #aijf4 ,dodo5s1 ,remb]t4 ,see ,dodonu1 ,remb]tus4 ,dodonu1 ,remb]tus4 ,see ,me]beck1 ,p4 ,j4 van2 ,morr51 ,c4 & d',avo9e1 ,p4 ,j4 ,duff1 ,e4 ,gordon4 ,e>ly ,pr9t$ ,books4 ,books ab\t ,books1 edit$ by ,a4 ,w4 ,poll>d4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,felln]1 ,/ephan4 ,alb]tus ,magnus als ,botanik]4 ,jahres-,b]4 des kais4 kn4 ,ob]-,gymnasiums zu d5 ,s*ott5 9 ,wi54 ,wi51 #ahha4 ,g]>d1 ,j4 ,see ,jackson1 ,b4 ,d4 ,gesn]1 ,konrad4 ,see ,j>d9e1 ,sir ,w42 ,siml]1 ,josias2 ,trew1 ,c4 ,j4 ,giacosa1 ,pi]o4 ,magi/ri ,sal]nitani nondum editi4 ,catalogo ragionato della esposizione di /oria della m$ic9a ap]ta 9 ,tor9o nel #ahih4 ,tor9o1 #aija4 ,9 #b p>ts1 text & atlas4 ,gre51 ,e4 ,l4 ,l&m>ks ( ,botanical ,hi/ory4 ,a /udy ( ,c]ta9 ,epo*s 9 ! ,developm5t ( ! sci5ce ( ,botany4 ,pt4 ,i4 ,prior to #aefb ,a4,d4 ,smi?sonian ,misc4 ,coll4 ,no4 #ahgj4 ,pt4 ( ,vol4 #ed1 ,wa%+ton1 #aiji4 ,ha91 ,ludwig4 ,rep]torium ,bibliographicum4 ,/uttg>t1 ,tb+5 & ,p>is1 #ahbf1 #ahbg1 #ahca1 #ahch4 ,hall]1 ,alb]tus von ,hall]1 ,albre*t von4 ,biblio!ca botanica4 ,tiguri1 #agga1 #aggb4 ,h>tmann1 ,franz4 ,! ,life ( ,philippus ,!ophra/us ,bomba/ ( ,hoh5heim kn[n by ! "n ( ,p>acelsus4 #bnd ed4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,hatton1 ,ri*>d ,g4 ,! ,craftsman's ,plant-,book4 ,london1 #aiji4 ,h5sl[1 ,g4 ,m$ical ,works ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury toge!r ) a ,li/ ( ,plants ,record$ 9 ,contempor>y ,writ+s1 ) _! ,id5tifications4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,hess1 ,j4 ,w4 ,kasp> ,bauh9's1 444 ,leb5 und ,*>akt]4 ,basel1 #ahfj4 ,irmis*1 ,t4 ,h4 ,ueb] e9ige ,botanik] des #af4 ,jahrhund]ts4 ff4 ,prfung des f4 ,s*w>tzburg4 ,gymnasiums zu ,sond]%aus54 ,sond]%aus51 #ahfb4 ,?is memoir includes an acc\nt ( ,val]ius ,cordus & ,joa*im ,cam]>ius ! y\ng]4 ,i/vnffi1 ,gy4 de4 ,c>oli ,clusii ,atrebatis ,icones ,fungorum 9 ,pannonis ,obs]vatorum sive ,codex ,clusii ,lugduno ,batav5sis 444 cura et sumptibus ,dris ,gy4 de ,i/vnffi4 ,budape/9i1 #ahih-aijj4 ,! "p issu$ 9 #aijj includes a biography4 ,jackson1 ,b4 ,daydon4 ,a ,catalogue ( ,plants cultivat$ 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,john ,g]>d1 9 ! ye>s #aeif-aeii4 ,edit$ 444 by ,b4 ,d4 ,jackson4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,?is "w includes a life ( ,g]>d4 ,jackson1 ,b4 ,daydon4 ,guide to ! ,lit]ature ( ,botany4 ,london1 #ahha4 ,jackson1 ,b4 ,daydon4 ,libellus de re h]b>ia novus1 by ,william ,turn]1 orig9ally publi%$ 9 #aech1 repr9t$ 9 facsimile1 ) notes1 mod]n names1 & a life ( ! au?or by ,b4 ,d4 ,j4 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,jackson1 ,b4 ,daydon4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,botanic ,illu/ration4 ,trans4 ,h]t=d%ire ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,xii4 p4 #ade1 #aijf 7= #aijc-aije74 ,jackson1 ,j41 & ,*atto1 ,w4 ,a4 ,a treatise on ,wood ,engrav+1 #bnd ed4 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,j>d9e1 ,sir ,w4 ,! ,naturali/'s ,libr>y4 ,edit$ by ,sir ,william ,j>d9e4 ,vol4 ,,xii4 ,memoir ( ,gesn]4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahdc4 ,kickx1 ,j4 ,esquisses sur les ouvrages de quelques anci5s naturali/es belges4 ,bull1 de l'acad4 royale des sci5ces et belles-lettres de ,bruxelles4 ,vol4 ,v4 p4 #bjb1 #ahch4 ,?is memoir deals ) ,aug]-,gisla9 ,busbecq4 ,kill]mann1 ,seb4 ,zur er/5 ,e9fhrung am]ikanis*] ,pflanz5 im #af4 ,jahrhund]t4 ,naturwiss5s*aftli*e ,wo*5s*rift4 ,neue ,folge1 ,bd4 ,,viii4 p4 #aic1 #aiji4 ,kill]mann1 ,seb4 ,a4 ,dr]s ,pflanz5- und ,ti]zei*nung5 und ihre ,b$eutung fr die ,naturges*i*te4 ,/udi5 zur deuts*5 ,kun/ges*i*te4 #aai4 ,heft4 ,/rassburg1 #aiaj4 ,konrad von ,meg5b]g4 ,see ,pfeiff]1 ,fr4 l'cluse or l',escluse1 ,*>les de4 ,see ,clusius1 ,c>olus4 ,legr1 ,ludovic4 ,la ,botanique en ,prov5ce au ,,xvie sicle4 ,pi]re ,p5a et ,ma?ias de ,lobel4 ,m>seille1 #ahii4 ,l\is ,anguill>a1 ,pi]re ,belon1 ,*>les de l',escluse1 ,anto9e ,con/ant94 ,m>seille1 #aija4 ,l',obel or ,lobel1 ,ma?ias de4 ,see ,lobelius1 ,ma?ias4 ,lobelius1 ,ma?ias4 ,see ,morr51 ,e4 ,mac] ,floridus4 ,see ,*\lant1 ,ludwig4 ,macf>lane1 ,john4 ,anto9e ,vr>d4 ,bibliographical ,society4 ,illu/rat$ ,monographs1 ,no4 #g4 ,london1 #aijj = #ahii4 ,maiwald1 ,v4 ,ges*i*te d] ,botanik 9 ,bhm54 ,wi5 und ,leipzig1 #aijd4 ,?is book conta9s an acc\nt ( ! "w ( ,cz]ny & ,zaluziansky4 ,me]beeck1 ,p4 ,j4 van4 ,re*]*es hi/oriques et critiques sur la vie et les ouvrages de ,remb]t ,dodo5s 7,dodonu74 ,mal9es1 #ahda4 ,mey]1 ,e4 ,h4 ,f4 ,ges*i*te d] ,botanik4 ,knigsb]g1 #ahed-aheg4 ,! /&>d "w on ! hi/ory ( botany to ! end ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,mey]1 ,e4 ,h4 ,f41 & ,jess51 ,c4 ,alb]ti ,magni ex ord9e prdicatorum de vegetabilibus libri ,,vii1 444 editionem criticam ab ,erne/o ,mey]o coeptam absolvit ,c>olus ,jess54 ,b]ol9i1 #ahfg4 ,morr51 ,e4 ,*>les de l',escluse1 sa vie et ses uvres1 #aebf-afji4 ,lige1 #ahge4 ,!re are "s orig9al notes 9 a review ( ?is "w by ,b4 ,d4 ,jackson1 ,j\rnal ( ,botany1 ,vol4 ,,xiii4 7,new ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,iv47 #ahge1 p4 #cde4 ,morr51 ,e4 ,mat?ias de l',obel1 sa vie et ses uvres1 #aech-afaf4 ,extrait du ,bull4 de la ,fd4 des ,soc4 d'hort4 de ,belgique4 ,lige1 #ahge4 ,morr51 ,c41 et d',avo9e1 ,p4 ,j4 loge de ,remb]t ,dodo5s1 444 suivi de la ,concordance des espces vgtales dcrites et figures p> ,remb]t ,dodo5s avec les noms que ,l9n et les auteurs mod]nes leur ont donns4 ,mal9es1 #ahej4 ,mu!r1 ,ri*>d4 ,die deuts*e ,b*]illu/ration d] ,go?ik und ,frhr5aissance 7#adfj-aecj74 ,mn*5 und ,leipzig1 #ahhd4 ,nett]1 ,william4 ,see ,pet]s1 ,h]mann4 ,p>acelsus4 ,see ,h>tmann1 ,franz2 ,/runz1 ,franz2 ,web]1 ,f4 ,p4 ,payne1 ,j4 ,f4 ,engli% ,h]bals4 ,trans4 ,bibl4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,ix4 p4 #abj1 #aijh 7= #aijf-aijh7 summ>y ( a pap]4 ,payne1 ,j4 ,f4 ,engli% ,h]bals4 ,trans4 ,bibl4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,xi4 p4 #bii1 #aiab 7= #aiaj-aiaa74 ,?is article is a repr9t ( ! e>li] pap] ( ! same title1 ) figures4 ,payne1 ,j4 ,f4 ,old ,h]bals3 ,g]man & ,italian4 ,! ,magaz9e ( ,art4 ,vol4 ,,viii4 p4 #cfb1 #ahhe4 ,payne1 ,j4 ,f4 ,on ! #8,h]b>ius' & #8,hortus ,sanitatis4' ,trans4 ,bibl4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #fc1 #aijc 7= #aijj-aijb74 ,pet]s1 ,h]mann4 ,pictorial ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,ph>macy 444 ,translat$ by ,dr ,william ,nett]4 ,*icago1 #ahhi4 ,pfeiff]1 ,franz4 ,das ,bu* d] ,natur von ,konrad von ,meg5b]g 444 h]ausgegeb5 von ,dr ,franz ,pfeiff]4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahfa4 ,pitton ,t\rne=t1 ,josephus4 ,in/itutiones rei h]b>i4 ,ed4 alt]a4 ,tomus primus4 ,p>isiis1 #agjj4 ,pp4 #a-ge ( ?is "w are conc]n$ ) ! hi/ory ( botany4 ,plant91 ,c4 ,see ,blades1 ,w42 ,degeorge1 ,l42 ,rooses1 ,m4 ,p\*et1 ,f4 ,a4 ,hi/oire des sci5ces naturelles au moy5 ge ou ,alb]t le ,gr& et son poque1 considrs comme po9t de d"p de l'cole exprim5tale4 ,p>is1 #ahec4 ,pritzel1 ,g4 ,a4 ,!saurus lit]atur botanic 444 editionem novam re=matam4444 ,lipsiae1 #ahgb4 ,pult5ey1 ,ri*>d4 ,hi/orical & ,biographical ,sket*es ( ! ,progress ( ,botany 9 ,engl&1 f its ,orig9 to ! ,introduction ( ! ,l9nean ,sy/em4 ,london1 #agij4 ,rob]tson1 ,a4 ,arb]1 ,a44 ,engli% ,h]bals4 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly4 ,vol4 ,,lxv4 p4 #fe1 #aijd4 ,rooses1 ,max4 ,*ri/ophe ,plant9 imprimeur anv]sois4 #bnd ed4 ,anv]s1 #ahij4 ,ro?1 ,f4 ,w4 ,e4 ,jacob ,!odor aus ,b]gzab]n1 g5annt ,tab]nmontanus4 ,botanis*e ,zeitung4 ,jahrg4 #eg1 ,ab? ,i4 p4 #aje1 #ahii4 ,roze1 ,erne/4 ,*>les de l',escluse d',arras le propagateur de la pomme de t]re au xvie sicle4 ,sa biographie et sa correspondance4 ,p>is1 #ahii4 ,sa*s1 ,julius von4 ,hi/ory ( ,botany #aecj-ahfj4 ,transl4 by ,h4 ,e4 ,f4 ,g>nsey4 ,ox=d1 #ahij4 ,s*el5z1 ,h]mann4 ,ges*i*te d] ,ph>mazie4 ,b]l91 #aijd4 ,siml]1 ,josias4 ,vita 444 ,conradi ,gesn]i 444 ,tiguri excudebat ,fros*\]us4 #aeff4 ,spr5gel1 ,k4 ,p4 ,j4 ,ges*i*te d] ,botanik4 ,alt5burg und ,leipzig4 #ahag1 #ah4 ,spr5gel1 ,k4 ,p4 ,j4 ,!ophra/'s ,naturges*i*te d] ,gew*se4 ,ueb]setzt und erlut]t von ,k4 ,spr5gel4 ,altona1 #ahbb4 ,/runz1 ,franz4 ,!ophra/us ,p>acelsus4 ,das ,bu* ,p>agranum4 ,h]ausgegeb5 und e+eleitet von ,d4 phil4 ,franz ,/runz4 ,leipzig1 #aijc4 ,tab]nmontanus1 ,jacobus ,!odorus4 ,see ,!odor1 ,jacob4 ,!odor1 ,jacob4 ,see ,ro?1 ,f4 ,w4 ,e4 ,!ophra/us4 ,see ,spr5gel1 ,k4 ,p4 ,j4 ,treviranus1 ,l4 ,c4 ,die ,anw5dung des ,holzs*nittes zur bildli*5 ,d>/ellung von ,pflanz54 ,leipzig1 #ahee4 ,trew1 ,c4 ,j4 ,librorum botanicorum catalogi duo4444 ,norimb]g ,/anno ,fleis*manniano4 #ageb4 ,trew1 ,c4 ,j4 ,op]a botanica p] duo saecula desid]ata 444 ex biblio!ca ,d4 ,*ri/ophori ,jacobi ,trew4 ,norimb]g imp5sis ,jo4 ,mi*4 ,seligmanni4 ,typis ,jo4 ,josephi ,fleis*manni1 #agea4 ,turn]1 ,william4 ,see ,britt51 ,james2 ,jackson1 ,b4 ,d4 ,vr>d1 ,a4 ,see ,macf>lane1 ,j4 ,web]1 ,f4 ,p4 ,a ,portrait ,m$al ( ,p>acelsus on 8 ,dea? 9 #aeda4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,numismatic ,*ronicle4 ,vol4 ,,xiii4 #crd s]41 pp4 #fj-ga4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,w9ckl]1 ,emil4 ,ges*i*te d] ,botanik4 ,frankfurt a4 ,m4 #ahed4 ,wootton1 ,a4 ,c4 ,*ronicles ( ,ph>macy4 ,london1 #aiaj4 ,zaluziansky1 ,a4 ,see ,maiwald1 ,v4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! dates ref]1 9 ea* case1 to ! p>ticul> edition f :i* ! figures h be5 copi$1 :i* is n always ! fir/4 ,= full] titles & dates ( fir/ editions1 see ,app5dix ,i4 #b root-digg]s4 #c drug-sell]s4 #d ,lucian1 #8,dialogues ( ! ,gods1' ,,xiii4 #e ,translat$ f ! second 7,augsburg7 edition ( #adhe4 #f ,g>d5 ( heal?4 #g 8,! individual h]bs ( ! e>?1 call$ simples40 #h ,! expression 9 ! ,fr5* orig9al is1 8homme ne femme ne p\rra nuire en ce/e maison40 #i ,v>i\s dates are giv5 by diff]5t au?ors = ! fir/ edition ( ! #8,disp5satorium1' b #aedf seems to be ! be/ atte/$4 ,i h n se5 any edition prior to #aeih4 #aj ,! "n ,kamm]mei/] or ,cam]>ius 0 adopt$ by ,joa*im ,cam]>ius ! eld]1 9 place ( ! family "n ( ,liebh>d4 #aa ,!re has be5 "s unc]ta9ty ab\t ?is date1 b ,me]beck 7see ,app5dix ,,ii7 seems to h prov$ t #aeag is correct4 #ab ,! fulle/ & mo/ correct =m ( 8 "n is probably 8,jules-,*>les de l',escluse40 #ac ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 ,leyd51 ,dep>tm5t ( ,manuscripts1 ,codex ,no4 #cjc4 #ad ,accord+ to ,legr1 ! ^w 8,adv]s>ia0 is equival5t to 8livre-j\rnal10 i4e4 day-book 9 ! comm]cial s5se4 #ae 8quem ego emptum cupivissem1 s$ me det]ruit pretium3 nam c5tum ducatis indicabatur1 summa cs>ei non mei m>supii4 ,ego in/>e non des9am donec cs>em impul]o ut tam prcl>um autorem ex ill s]vitute r$imat40 ,epi/4 ,,iv4 p4 #cib4 ,quot$ by ,kickx1 ,bull4 ,acad4 roy4 ,bruxelles1 ,vol4 v4 p4 #bjb1 #ahch4 #af #8,ekphrasis1' #afaf1 pp4 #bde etc4 #ag a *>t or regi/]4 #ah ,! n is inv]t$ 9 ! orig9al1 no d\bt a mispr9t4 #ai ,! spell+ 8,g]>de0 on ! title-page ( #8,! ,h]ball' is believ$ to be an error4 ,see #8,a ,catalogue ( ,plants cultivat$ 9 ! g>d5 ( ,john ,g]>d1' edit$ by ,b4 ,d4 ,jackson1 ,london1 #ahgf4 #bj ,orkney ,isl&s4 #ba p4 xlv4 #bb ,hector ,boe?ius1 #8,heir beg9nis ! hy/ory & croniklis ( ,scotl&4444 ,translatit laitly 9 our vulg> & comm\n langage1 be mai/] ,johne ,bell5d54444 ,& ,impr5tit 9 ,ed9burgh1 be me ,?omas ,davidson' #aecf 7,cap4 ,,xiv4 ( ! #8,cosmographie'74 #bc #8,turn] on ,birds3 444 fir/ publi%$ by ,doctor ,william ,turn]1 #aedd4' ,edit$ by ,a4 ,h4 ,evans1 ,cambridge1 p4 #bg1 #aijc4 ,! orig9al passage w be f\nd 9 ,avium prcipu>um4444 ,p] ,dn4 ,guilielmum ,turn]um1 444 ,coloni excudebat ,ioan4 ,gymnicus1 #aedd4 #bd ,quot$ f ,dr ,o4 ,cockayne's translation ( an ,anglo-,saxon manuscript ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,see ,app5dix ,,ii4 #be ,! descriptions "h quot$ are f ! edition ( #aebi4 #bf ,! expression 8yel[e fl[re0 is an indication ( ! ,cont95tal orig9 ( ! ,grete ,h]ball4 ,! plant int5d$ is obvi\sly n our ,briti% ,oxalis acetosella ,l42 x may possibly be ,o4 corniculata ,l4 #bg ,hyp]icum &rosmum ,l4 #bh ,/am5 w>p or ?read4 #bi #8,m9us cognit>um /irpium 444 4' #afaf4 ,p>s alt]a1 ,cap4 ,,xxvii4 p4 #fb 8tam 9 hac1 quam 9 aliis plantis1 non enim ex foliis1 s$ ex flore1 sem9isque1 conceptaculo1 et ipso potius sem9e1 plant>um aff9itatem dijudicamus40 #cj 8pl]isque nom5 imposuimus1 p]spicuitatis gratia1 cuius nom9e communit] nota aliqua qu quolibet 9 planta obs]v>i pote/1 nom9i addita40 #ca 8,transit etiam 9 arborem 9 quibusdam regionibus ,ric9us1 alibi annua /irps40 #cb 8uti ,d4 ,ma?ia ,lobelio444s+ul videlicet cong5]es ac sibi mutuo aff9es1 dige/ sunt40 ,d$ication to #8,plant>um seu /irpium icones1' #aeha4 #cc ,codex ,vossianus ,lat9us 9 ,qu>to ,no4 #i4 #cd 8wan die figur5 nit &]s synd dann e9 oug5weid und e9 an zeigung geb5 i/ die w$] s*rib5 no* les5 knd5t40 #ce ,pi]re ,belon1 ,les ,obs]vations de plusieurs s+ul>itez et *oses mmorables4444 ,p>is1 #aeec4 #cf 8,i* wirdt ,mon>*a1 unnd me9 wird die ,mon>*ey se940 ,vorr$e 9 dem ,bu* ,p>agranum4 ,!ophra/us ,p>acelsus1 #8,das ,bu* ,p>agranum1' ,h]ausgegeb5 444 von ,dr phil4 ,fr4 ,/runz1 ,leipzig1 #aijc4 #cg ,! "n ( ?is botani/ is spelt 8,coles0 on ! title-pages ( 8 works1 b ! spell+ 8,cole0 appe>s to be m correct4 #ch 8,doctr9a v] de signaturis /irpium1 nullo alicuius /imationis vet]um te/imonium accepit3 de9de tam fluxa et inc]ta e/1 ut pro sci5tia aut doctr9a nullat5us hab5da videatur40 #8,pemptades1' ,book ,i4 ,cap4 ,,xi4 #aehc4 #ci #8,de la nature1 v]tu1 et utilit des plantes1' p4 #bgh1 #afbh4 #dj ,maclagan1 ,t4 ,j4 #8,influ5za & ,salic91' ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,vol4 ,,xxxi4 p4 #ccg1 #ahib4 #da ,see article on #8,a/rology1' ,! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 elev5? edn4 ,cambridge1 #aiaj4 #db ,! edition ( #aehg 0 us$ 9 mak+ ?is translation4 #dc ,pr9t$ 8ho?0 9 ! edition ( #afec f :i* ^! quotations are tak54 #dd 8,sic enim ord9e1 quo nihil pul*rius 9 clo1 aut 9 ,sapi5tis animo14440 #de ,! initials 8,w4 ,c40 may ref] ei!r to ,william ,copl& or to ,walt] ,c>y4 #df ,e4 ,h4 ,f4 ,mey] 7,ges*i*te d] ,botanik1 ,vol4 #d1 #aheg1 p4 #cdd7 ref]s to an edition ( ?is "w publi%$ 9 #aefe1 b ,i h n be5 able to v]ify ?is date4 ,,index ,a*illea1 #add ,adam 9 ,ed5 ( ,cole1 #baj ,add]'s-tongue ,f]n1 #baj1 #baa 8,adv]s>ia10 ,def9ition ( ! ^w1 #gh milius ,mac]1 #dj sculapius1 #g1 #cf ,aggregator de ,simplicibus1 see ,h]b>ius1 ,! ,lat9 ,alb>tus ,magnus1 see ,alb]tus ,magnus ,alb]t1 ,bi%op ( ,ratisbon1 see ,alb]tus ,magnus ,alb]t ( ,boll/adt1 see ,alb]tus ,magnus ,alb]tus ,magnus1 #c-e1 #g1 #aaf1 #aai1 #abj1 #acd-acf ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,"w errone\sly attribut$ to1 #e1 #bae ,aldrov&i1 ,u41 #aih ,al*amps1 ,j4 d'1 #gd1 #ic1 #ig-ii1 #aab1 #adc1 #ade1 #aea1 #aif ,alfr$1 ,k+1 #ce ,alg1 #aea 8,alleluya01 #de ,aloe1 #adf1 #agg ,alp9o1 ,prosp]o1 #hh-ij1 #aif1 #aig ,alp9us1 ,p41 see ,alp9o1 ,p4 ,amatus ,lusitanus1 #i1 #fb ,amb]1 #cj1 #ca ,am]ican plants1 describ$ by ,mon>des1 #ajd-ajf ,am]ican plants1 figur$ by ,fu*s1 #fb ,anatomy ( ,plants1 #g1 #aaf1 #bba ,&rew1 ,l41 #de1 #df ,&rewe1 ,l41 see ,&rew1 ,l4 ,anemone hepatica1 #adf ,angiosp]ms1 #aea ,annotationes 444 ,dioscoridis ( ,cordus1 #ff ,antony 7,m>cus ,antonius71 #h ,antw]p1 ,pr9t+ at1 #gj-gb ,apollo1 #cf ,apo!c>ies' ,company1 ,a botanical excursion ( !1 #aac ,apuleius ,platonicus1 #aa-ab ,apuleius ,platonicus1 ,! ,h]b>ium (1 #aa-ae1 #af1 #bh1 #ce-cg1 #aee-aeg1 #aei1 #bjd1 #bbc ,aquilegia1 #abj ,arab physicians1 #c ,arbolayre1 #bd 8,arbor tri/is01 #he1 #hf ,arboribus1 ,de ( ,belon1 #aif ,argemone1 #adh ,ari/olo*ia1 #dc ,ari/otelian botany1 #b-e1 #aaf-aah ,ari/otle1 #b-d1 #f1 #ai1 #aaf1 #aai ,arnaldus1 see ,arnold de ,nova ,villa ,arnold de ,nova ,villa1 #ag1 #ah ,art ( ,simpl+1 ,! ( ,cole1 #baa1 #bai ,artemisia 7,wormwood or ,mugwort71 #cf1 #dc1 #de1 #eg1 #eh1 #bai ,arum1 #adf1 #aeg1 #ahj ,askham1 ,an?ony1 #ci ,askham's ,h]bal1 #ci1 #dj ,asp>agus1 #age ,asp51 #e ,a/ragalus tragacan?a1 #add ,a/rology1 #bad ,a/rology1 ,botanical1 #ci1 #bab-bbj ,augsburg1 ,books pr9t$ at1 #aa1 #ad1 #ai1 #aeg1 #afe 8,auricula muris01 #age ,avic5na1 #ba1 #bjf1 #bjg ,bml]1 ,h41 #aa ,banckes1 ,r41 #ch1 #dj ,banckes' ,h]bal1 #ch-dj1 #abb ,b>b]ry1 #aig 8,b>nakle ,tree01 #aji-aac ,b>?olomu ,anglicus1 #aj1 #aa1 #ch1 #aeh ,b>?olomew de ,glanville1 see ,b>?olomu ,anglicus ,basilisk1 #cb ,bas+ ,h\se1 ,siege (1 #aac ,basle1 ,books pr9t$ at1 #fj1 #aaj ,basle1 ,univ]sity (1 #ij1 #ic1 #id ,bassu1 ,n41 #fh ,bat?yny1 ,b>on ,boldizsr de1 #gg1 #gh ,bauh91 ,casp>1 see ,bauh91 ,gasp>d ,bauh91 ,gasp>d1 #hj1 #hh1 #ic1 #id-if1 #ih1 #aae1 #acj-acb1 #acf1 #aci1 #adj1 #adh1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bbf ,bauh91 ,jean1 #gd1 #ic1 #id1 #if1 #ih1 #ii1 #aib1 #bbb1 #bbf ,bauh9us1 see ,bauh9 8,bausor01 #bi ,bay ,tree1 #bae ,bean1 #c1 #aed ,bee*1 #e ,bellonius1 ,p41 see ,belon1 ,p4 ,belon1 ,p41 #aif 8,b]nicles10 ,gyraldus & ,octavian on1 #aab ,besl]1 ,b41 #bjj 8,beta ,cretica sem9e aculeato01 #acj 8,beta nigra01 #acj ,bird's-ne/ ,or*id1 #adh ,blanka>t1 ,s41 #bjb ,boccone1 ,p41 #bjb ,bock1 ,h4 7,tragus1 ,h471 #ce1 #dg1 #ej-eh1 #fj1 #fd1 #fg1 #fh1 #ajc1 #abd1 #abe1 #ach1 #age1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #bbb1 #bbf ,bodleian ,libr>y1 ,ox=d1 #ce ,boece1 ,h41 see ,boe?ius1 ,h4 ,boe?ius1 ,h41 #aaa1 #aab ,boke ( ,secretes ( ,alb>tus ,magnus1 ,!1 #bae ,bologna1 ,univ]sity (1 #fh1 #aja ,bomba/us von ,hoh5heim1 see ,p>acelsus ,book ( ,nature1 ,!1 ( ,konrad von ,meg5b]g1 #aj1 #aa1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afg1 #bbc ,borage1 #abj ,brauns*weig1 ,hi]onymus1 #bd1 #de1 #df1 #afh ,br$well1 ,s41 #aji ,brim51 ,m>ie de1 #gh ,briti% ,museum1 ,!1 #cc1 #fe1 #ajf ,broomrape1 #ajd1 #adh ,brosse1 ,g4 de la1 #aag1 #aah1 #bab ,brunfels1 ,o41 #bb1 #dg-ej1 #fj1 #fd1 #fg1 #abb1 #abd1 #ach1 #afb1 #afh-agd1 #age1 #agg1 #ahj1 #ahe1 #ahi1 #aii ,brunfelsius1 ,o41 see ,brunfels1 ,o4 ,bugloss1 #dc ,bull-nut1 #ahe ,burleigh1 ,"l1 #ajh ,busbecq1 ,a4 ,g41 #hd1 #he ,butt]bur1 #abe ,butt]cup1 ,mead[1 #aeh ,cabbage1 #ahj ,csalp9us1 ,a41 see ,cesalp9o1 ,a4 ,cal?a1 #adf ,cam]>ius1 ,j41 ! y\ng]1 #fh1 #fi1 #hh1 #ib1 #aib-aif1 #aii1 #bbd ,camus1 ,g41 #bd ,c&olle1 ,a4 ,p4 de1 #adj 8,capillus ,v5]is01 #ch1 #afa ,c>ri*t]1 ,b41 #bae ,c>rot1 #abb ,c>y1 ,w41 #ci ,c>y's ,h]bal1 #ci ,cel&9e1 ,! ,great]1 #agj ,cel&9e1 ,! ,less]1 #age ,c5taurea rhaponticum1 #ajg ,c5taurs1 #de ,cesalp9o1 ,a41 #e1 #fh1 #aja1 #aaf-aag1 #acf1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec ,*abru1 ,d41 #aib ,*]l]1 ,j4 ,h41 #ic ,*e/nut ,tree1 #ahe ,*icory1 #abb1 #afe ,*imay1 ,pr9cesse de1 #gh ,*iron1 #cf ,*\lant1 ,dr ,l41 #ae1 #bd ,*ronica h]b>um ( ,w9ckl]1 #bae ,circa in/ans1 #bd1 #adj ,clematis1 #aia ,cleopatra1 #h ,clov]1 #adf ,clusius1 ,c41 see l'cluse1 ,c4 de ,cockayne1 ,dr ,o41 #ce ,codex ,anici ,julian1 see ,dioscorides ,codex ,vossianus1 ,leyd5 ,libr>y1 #aed ,c(fee plant1 #ij ,cole1 ,w41 #baj-baa1 #bai1 #bbj ,coles1 ,w41 see ,cole1 ,w4 ,cologne1 ,books pr9t$ at1 #ajb ,colonna1 ,f41 #hf-hh1 #aab1 #aac1 #ach1 #aci1 #aii ,columb9e1 #agj ,columna1 ,f41 see ,colonna1 ,f4 ,comfrey1 #afe ,comm5t>ii 444 ,dioscoridis ( ,mattioli1 #ha-he1 #id1 #ahf-aij ,composites 7,composit71 #add1 #ade1 #aea ,compton1 ,h41 ,bi%op ( ,london1 #bjb ,convall>ia majalis 7,lily-(-!-,valley71 #cf1 #aeh ,copl&1 ,w41 #ci ,copl&'s ,h]bal1 #ci1 #dj ,coral1 #dc1 #aea ,cordus1 ,e41 #fe ,cordus1 ,v41 #dg1 #fe-fg1 #acj ,cosmographia ( ,seba/ian ,mu5/]1 #aaj ,craftsman's ,plant-,book1 ,!1 ( ,hatton1 #aie 8,cr[foote01 #abg ,crucif]1 #ade ,crdeboeck ( ,dodo5s1 #fb1 #gb1 #ajf1 #aij ,cryptogams1 #ace1 #aea ,cuba1 ,dr ,j4 von1 see ,cube1 ,dr ,j4 von ,cube1 ,dr ,j4 von1 #ah ,cube's ,h]bal1 see ,h]b>ius1 ,! ,g]man ,cuckoo-p9t1 #de ,cucurbita maxima1 #fb 8,cuk[es ,meate01 #de ,culpep]1 ,n41 #bah-bbj ,cuscuta 7,dodd]71 #bb1 #abe1 #afb ,cuvi]1 ,g4 ,l4 ,c4 ,f4 ,d41 #gf ,cuyp1 ,a41 #bjj ,dale*ampius1 ,j41 see ,al*amps1 ,j4 d' ,dal*amps1 ,j41 see ,al*amps1 ,j4 d' ,date se$l+1 #aif ,dead ,nettle1 #abe ,d5drologia ( ,aldrov&i1 #aih ,desm\l9s1 ,j41 #ih1 #ii 8,devylles ,bytte01 #de ,diana1 #cf1 #de ,dicotyl$ons1 #gi1 #ace1 #acf1 #ade1 #adf1 #aec ,dioscorides1 #h-i1 #aa1 #ba1 #ej1 #fb1 #fd1 #ff1 #gd1 #hb1 #he1 #hh1 #ih1 #ajd1 #abj1 #acf ,dioscorides1 ! ,vi5na manuscript ( 7,codex ,anici ,julian71 #h1 #he1 #aed1 #aee1 #aij ,disp5satorium1 ,! ,nuremb]g1 #ff ,di/illation ,book ( ,hi]onymus ,brauns*weig1 #de1 #df1 #afh ,dodd]1 #bb1 #abe1 #afb ,dodo5s1 ,r41 #fd1 #fh1 #gb-gd1 #gf1 #gi1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aji1 #abe1 #abg1 #acc1 #adc1 #ade1 #adf1 #aij1 #aif1 #aii1 #baa1 #bbb ,dodonu1 ,r41 see ,dodo5s1 ,r4 8,dracontea01 #aeg ,dragon ,tree1 #aij ,drake1 ,sir ,francis1 #gf ,dros]a 7,sundew71 #adf1 #aea ,duckwe$1 #de ,durante1 ,c41 #he1 #hf1 #aif ,dr]1 ,a41 #afi1 #agj1 #ahj ,e>?-nut ,pea1 #agg ,edw>d ,,vi1 ,k+1 #ajj1 #aja ,eg5olph1 ,c41 #fb1 #fd-fe1 #gj1 #agd1 #age ,eicones plant>um ( ,!odor 7,tab]nmontanus71 #fh1 #aji ,ekphrasis ( ,colonna1 #hh1 #ach1 #aci1 #aii 8,elebore101 see ,hellebore 8,elem5ts10 ,! f\r1 #ai1 #bj1 #da ,elizabe?1 ,que51 #gh1 #ajj1 #ajb ,emo1 ,g41 #ij ,encyclopdia ( ,b>?olomu ,anglicus1 #aj1 #aa1 #ch1 #aeh1 #aei ,engli% ,physician enl>g$1 ,!1 ( ,culpep]1 #bah ,epitome 444 ,mat?ioli ( ,cam]>ius1 #fh1 #aic ,erasmus1 ,d41 #ic ,erfurt1 ,univ]sity (1 #eh ,erodium1 #abg 8,ev]f]n01 #abj ,fant9-,lat\r1 ,h41 #ahj 8,fa!r ( ,briti% ,botany1 ,!01 #ajj ,f]d9&1 ,ar*duke1 #ha ,f]n1 #ch1 #ee1 #adf1 #aea ,f]n1 ,royal1 #ee ,f]r>a1 ,books pr9t$ at1 #bd ,f]r>a1 ,univ]sity (1 #aja ,flavius ,anicius1 ,! ,emp]or1 #h 8,fl[]1 ,!10 ,dodo5s' def9ition (1 #abg ,frank=t1 ,books publi%$ at1 #fd1 #fh ,fr$]ick ,,iii1 ,c\nt ,palat9e1 #fh ,frogbit1 #adh 8,frogges ,fote01 #de ,fu*s1 ,l41 #dg1 #ee1 #eh-fd1 #ff1 #fh1 #gb1 #hj1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #abd1 #abe1 #acc1 #ach1 #age-ahe1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aif1 #aii1 #bbd1 #bbf ,fu*sius1 ,l41 see ,fu*s1 ,l4 ,fllmaur]1 ,h41 #ahj ,fungi1 #ca1 #gg1 #acd1 #adj1 #adh ,gaius ,pl9ius ,secundus1 see ,pl9y1 ! ,eld] ,gal51 #ba1 #db1 #bjf1 #bjg ,g>d51 ,botanical1 at ,padua1 #ij ,g>d5 at ,hackney1 ,"l ,z\*e's1 #gh ,g>d5 at ,nuremb]g1 ,cam]>ius'1 #fh ,g>d5 9 ,holborn1 ,g]>d's1 #ajh1 #aac ,g>d5 9 ,long ,acre1 ,p>k9son's1 #aac ,g>d5 on ,sn[ ,hill1 ,johnson's1 #aac ,g>d5s1 ,"l ,burleigh's1 #ajh ,g>dyn ( hel?1 #cc ,g>t d] ,gesun!it1 #cb ,g>t d'gesun!yt1 #ba ,g5tian1 #ach 8,g5us10 mean+ ( ! t]m1 #ach-adj ,g]aniace1 #ade 8,g]anion01 #abg ,g]>d1 ,j41 #fd1 #fh1 #ajc1 #ajh-aaj1 #aac1 #aaf1 #acj1 #aib1 #aii ,g]>de1 ,j41 see ,g]>d1 ,j4 ,g]man ,fa!rs ( ,botany1 ,!1 #dg1 #eh1 #fe1 #fg1 #abb1 #bjd ,gesn]1 ,k41 #fh1 #hj1 #hh1 #ij-ic1 #aja1 #ajd1 #ach1 #aib1 #aic1 #aii1 #bbd ,gh9i1 ,l41 #hd1 #aja ,glasswort1 #ij1 #aig 8,goose ,tree01 #aji-aac ,grant ,h]bi]1 ,le1 #bd1 #dj ,grasses1 #aea ,gre51 ,t41 #bab ,grete ,h]ball1 ,!1 #bd1 #cd1 #ch1 #dj-de1 #ajc1 #aba1 #abb1 #adj1 #afh1 #aif ,grew1 ,n41 #g1 #ajj1 #aaf1 #acb ,guiditius1 ,h41 see ,weiditz1 ,,ii4 ,gyraldus on 8,b]nicles01 #aab ,hackney1 ,"l ,z\*e's g>d5 at1 #gh ,h>py1 #cb ,h>t's-tongue ,f]n1 #age ,hatton1 ,r4 ,g41 #agd1 #aid 8,he>t ,trefoyle01 #baa ,hellebore 78,elebore071 #h1 #dd ,h5bane 7,hyoscyamus71 #de1 #adh ,h5rietta ,m>ia1 ,que51 #aad ,h5ry ,,vii1 ,k+1 #cc1 #fe ,h5ry ,,viii1 ,k+1 #ajj1 #ajf 8,h]bal10 ,def9ition ( ! t]m1 #aa ,h]ball1 ,! ,grete1 #bd1 #cd1 #ch1 #dj-de1 #ajc1 #aba1 #abb1 #adj1 #afh1 #aif ,h]ball1 ,!1 ( ,g]>d1 #fd1 #fh1 #ajh-aaj1 #aac1 #acj ,h]b>io ,nuovo ( ,durante1 #he1 #aif ,h]b>ium ( ,apuleius ,platonicus1 #aa-ac1 #ad1 #af1 #bh1 #ce-cg1 #abj1 #aee-aeg1 #aei1 #bjd1 #bbc ,h]b>ius 9 ,lat9o1 see ,h]b>ius1 ,! ,lat9 ,h]b>ius ,mogunt9us1 see ,h]b>ius1 ,! ,lat9 ,h]b>ius ,patav9us1 see ,h]b>ius1 ,! ,lat9 ,h]b>ius1 ,! ,g]man1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #ah-bc1 #bd1 #be1 #bh1 #dj1 #da1 #fd1 #abj1 #ach1 #aeg1 #afb-afe1 #aff1 #afh1 #age1 #bjb1 #bad1 #bbc ,h]b>ius1 ,! ,lat91 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af-ah1 #bb1 #abj1 #ach1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afj1 #afa1 #afb1 #bbc ,h]b>ius1 ,! ,lat91 ,v5etian edition call$ ,arnold de ,villa ,nova's h]bal1 #ag1 #ah1 #afa1 #afb1 #agb1 #aif ,h]b>ius zu ,teuts*1 see ,h]b>ius1 ,! ,g]man ,h]b>um viv eicones ( ,brunfels1 #bb1 #ej1 #abb1 #afh-agb1 #aif1 #bbd ,h]bi]1 ,le ,grant1 #bd1 #dj ,h]cules1 #g ,"h begynne? a newe mat]1 see ,banckes' ,h]bal ,h]mann1 ,p41 #bjb ,h]on1 ,j41 #cc ,hi/oire des plantes1 ,l'1 ( ,l9oci]1 #ih ,hi/oire des plantes ( ,dodo5s & de l'cluse1 #gb1 #abg ,hi/oire univ]selle des plantes ( ,jean ,bauh91 #ic ,hi/oria animalium ( ,gesn]1 #ia1 #ajd ,hi/oria 444 ,erdgewe*ss5 ( ,?urneiss]1 #baf ,hi/oria g5]alis plant>um ( d',al*amps1 #fb1 #id1 #ih-ii1 #adc1 #aif ,hi/oria naturalis ( ,jon/on1 #aaj ,hi/oria plant>um ,lugdun5sis1 see ,hi/oria g5]alis plant>um ( d',al*amps ,hi/oria 444 plant>um ( ,?urneiss]1 #baf-bah ,hi/oria plant>um univ]salis ( ,jean ,bauh9 & ,*]l]1 #fb1 #ic ,hi/oria /irpium1 ,de1 ( ,fu*s1 #ee1 #eh-fd1 #abd1 #abe1 #age-ahc1 #ahe1 #bbd ,hi/oria /irpium ( ,cordus1 #ff ,hi/ory ( ,plants ( ,!ophra/us1 #b ,hoh5heim1 von1 see ,p>acelsus ,holborn1 ,g]>d's g>d5 91 #ajh1 #aac ,hortulus ,sanitatis ( ,durante1 #he ,hortus ,ey/ett5sis ( ,besl]1 #bjj ,hortus ,floridus ( de ,passe1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bbd ,hortus m$icus et philosophicus ( ,cam]>ius1 #fh1 #fi1 #aid ,hortus ,sanitatis1 see ,ortus ,sanitatis ,hydra1 #ca ,hydro*>is1 #adh ,hyoscyamus 7,h5bane71 #de1 #adh ,hypec\m1 #adh ,hyp]icace1 #ade ,hy/ory croniklis ( ,scotl& ( ,boe?ius1 #aaa1 #aab ,icones et ,descriptions ( ,boccone1 #bjb 8,incunabula01 #aj ,indian ,corn1 #fb ,infloresc5ces1 ,!ophra/us on1 #b ,+ol/adt1 ,univ]sity (1 #eh ,iris1 #afa1 #afe ,iris ftidissima1 #h ,isaac ,judu1 #db ,is5gr91 ,m41 see ,is+r91 ,m4 ,isidor ( ,seville1 #c ,is+r91 ,m41 #fj ,ivy1 #e ,jackson1 ,dr ,b4 ,daydon1 #aia ,james ,i1 #gh ,j>d9 de ,sant1 ,le1 #cc ,j]ome ( ,brunswick1 see ,brauns*weig1 ,hi]onymus ,job's ,te>s1 #aij ,johnson1 ,t41 #aac1 #aib ,jon/on1 ,j41 #aaj ,joyfull newes ( ,mon>des1 #aje-ajf ,juliana ,anicia1 #h ,juliana ,anicia's ,manuscript ( ,dioscorides1 see ,dioscorides ,jung1 ,j41 #acc ,jussieu1 ,a4 ,l4 de1 #adj ,ju/9ian1 #h ,kamm]mei/]1 see ,cam]>ius ,k&el1 ,d41 #ee1 #ahe1 #ahf ,kill]mann1 ,pr(4 ,s41 #agj ,konrad von ,meg5b]g1 #aj1 #aeg ,kreut]bu*1 ,neuw1 ( ,tab]nmontanus1 see ,kreut]bu*1 ,neuw1 ( ,!odor ,kreut]bu*1 ,neuw1 ( ,!odor1 #fb1 #fh ,kreut] ,b* ( ,bock1 #ee-eh1 #fb1 #ach1 #ahd-ahf1 #bjd ,kreutt]bu*1 ,new1 ( ,bock1 #ee ,kreutt]b* ( ,c>ri*t]1 #bae ,kreutt]b* ( ,rhodion1 #fd1 #agd ,kruydtbck ( de l',obel1 #gi1 #adf1 #aif ,kynge1 ,j41 #ci1 #dj ,labiates1 #acf ,lambe?1 ,tradescant's g>d5 at1 #aac ,lamium1 #abj1 #abe ,la?ra 7,too?wort71 #adh1 #bji ,latim]1 ,h41 #ajj ,laurel1 #ach1 #bae l'cluse1 ,c41 de #fh1 #gb1 #gd-gh1 #gi1 #hh1 #ic1 #ie1 #ajf1 #aae1 #abe1 #abg1 #adf1 #aij1 #aib1 #aii1 #bbb ,legr1 ,l41 #gh ,legum9os1 #aea le ,noir1 ,philippe1 #cc 8,l5tylles ( ! wat]01 #de l',escluse1 ,c4 de1 see l'cluse1 ,c4 de ,leyd51 ,univ]sity (1 #gb1 #gd1 #gf1 #gg1 #aed ,libellus de re h]b>ia ( ,turn]1 #aja1 #ajb ,lib] de arte di/ill&i ( ,hi]onymus ,brauns*weig1 #bd1 #de1 #df1 #afh ,lib] de proprietatibus r]um ( ,b>?olomu ,anglicus1 #aj1 #aa1 #ch ,liebh>d1 see ,cam]>ius ,lignam9e1 ,j4 ,p4 de1 #aa ,lily1 #abj1 #aei ,lily-(-!-,valley1 #cf1 #aeh ,limnan!mum1 #adf1 #adg ,l9nu1 #acc1 #adj ,l9oci]1 ,g41 #ih ,li/]a1 #adf ,litle ,h]ball ( ! prop]ties ( ,h]bes1 ,a #ci l',obel1 ,m4 de #fh1 #gd1 #gh-gi1 #ajf1 #aji1 #aab1 #aae1 #abe1 #acf1 #ade1 #adf1 #aea1 #aij1 #aib1 #aii1 #bbb1 #bbf ,lobel1 ,m4 de1 see l',obel1 ,m4 de ,lobelius1 ,m41 see l',obel1 ,m4 de ,lode/one1 #dc1 #dd ,lo1 ,j41 see ,v&]loe1 ,j4 ,london1 ,books publi%$ at1 #df1 #ajb ,long ,acre1 ,p>k9son's g>d5 91 #aac ,lonic]1 ,a41 #fd ,l\va91 ,univ]sity (1 #gb1 #gd ,love-9-a-,mi/1 #ade ,lucian1 #g ,ludwig1 ,c\nt ,palat9e1 #ej ,lu!r1 ,m>t91 #eh ,lyte1 ,h41 #gb1 #gc1 #ajf-ajh1 #abe1 #abg ,mac]1 ,a newe ,h]ball (1 #dj ,mac]1 milius1 #dj ,mac] ,floridus1 #dj ,maclagan1 ,dr ,t4 ,j41 #bab ,maian!mum1 #adf ,maid5hair ,f]n1 #ch1 #afa ,ma9z1 ,books pr9t$ at1 #ac1 #ad1 #af1 #ah1 #be1 #aei1 #afe ,maison ,plant91 #gj-gb 8,mala ,aurantia ,*95sia01 #aih 8,mall[es01 #abg ,malpighi1 ,m41 #aaf ,man>dus1 ,j41 #ej 8,m&rag10 see ,m&rake ,m&ragora1 see ,m&rake ,m&rake 7,m&ragora71 #bd1 #cd1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #ajc1 #adh1 #aef1 #bjd ,m>burg1 ,univ]sity (1 #fe ,m>% ,m>igold1 #adf ,m>y1 ,du*ess ( ,suffolk1 #fe ,m>y1 ,que51 #ajj1 #ajb ,mat]ia ,m$ica ( ,dioscorides1 #h1 #abj1 #acf ,mat?iolus1 ,p4 ,a41 see ,mattioli1 ,p4 ,a4 ,mattioli1 ,p4 ,a41 #i1 #fh1 #gi-he1 #ib1 #ih1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ahf-aij1 #aif1 #aii ,maximilian ,,ii1 ,! ,emp]or1 #gb1 #ha ,may ,lily1 #adf 8,mayd5 he]e01 #ch ,melan*?on1 ,p41 #fh1 #ge ,mesua1 ,j41 #aif ,me?odi h]b>i ( ,zaluziansky1 #aag ,meyd5ba*1 ,j41 #be ,mey]1 ,a41 #ahj ,mill+ton1 ,sir ,t41 #acb ,mi/letoe1 #df1 #abd1 #bad ,mod5a ,libr>y1 #bd ,mol9u1 ,j41 see ,desm\l9s1 ,j4 ,mon>des1 ,n41 #ajd-ajf ,monocotyl$ons1 #gi1 #ace1 #ade1 #aec ,montpeli]1 ,univ]sity (1 #gd1 #gh1 #ic1 #id ,moonwort1 #ahe ,moretus1 ,e4 ,j4 ,h41 #gj ,moretus1 ,j41 #gj ,morison1 ,r41 #if1 #aaf ,mosses1 #aea ,mu5/]1 ,seba/ian1 #aaj ,mugwort1 see ,artemisia ,muni* ,libr>y1 ,!1 #aa ,muse ,cluny1 #ca ,muse ,plant9-,moretus1 #gj 8,mus%]ons01 #adj ,myrtle1 #ach ,n>cissus1 #bi ,natura /irpium1 ,de1 ( ,ruel1 #ih ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,pl9y1 #i1 #bad ,nature1 ,v]tu et ,utilit des ,plantes1 ,de la1 ( de la ,brosse1 #aah 8,n5uf>01 #abb ,neottia1 #adh ,n]o1 #h ,neuw ,kreut]bu* ( ,tab]nmontanus1 see ,neuw ,kreut]bu* ( ,!odor ,neuw ,kreut]bu* ( ,!odor1 #fb1 #fh ,new ,h]ball1 ,a1 ( ,turn]1 #fb1 #ajb-ajd ,neuw ,kret]b* ( ,fu*s1 #fj-fd1 #age ,neuw ,krett]bu* ( ,bock1 #ee ,newe ,h]ball ( ,mac]1 ,a1 #dj ,nicolaus ,damasc5us1 #c1 #d ,nicotiana 7,tobacco71 #aje1 #ajf1 #adh ,niewe ,h]ball1 ,a1 ( ,lyte1 #fb1 #fd1 #gb1 #gc1 #ajf-ajh1 #abe1 #abf ,nigella1 #ade ,norton1 ,j41 #fh1 #ajh1 #aji ,nuph>1 #adf ,nuremb]g ,disp5satorium1 ,!1 #ff ,nuremb]g1 ,g>d5 ( ,cam]>ius at1 #fh ,nympha1 #adf ,oak1 #e1 #ach ,obs]vations de plusieurs s+ul>ites1 ,les1 ( ,belon1 #aif ,octavian on 8,b]nicles01 #aab ,odo1 #dj 8,orage01 #abb ,orange1 #aih ,or*id1 ,bird's-ne/1 #adh ,orni?ogalum1 #aif ,oroban*e1 #ajd1 #adh ,ortus ,sanitatis1 #ad1 #ae1 #ah1 #bd1 #be-cc1 #dj1 #abj1 #ach1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afe-afh1 #agj1 #age1 #ahf ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,! ,g]man1 see ,h]b>ius1 ,! ,g]man ,ortus ,sanitatis1 ,! ,small]1 see ,h]b>ius1 ,! ,g]man ,osmunda1 #ee ,oxalis1 #aba1 #adf ,padua1 ,botanical ,g>d5 at1 #ij ,padua1 ,univ]sity (1 #ij1 #id ,p&ect>ius1 #ba ,papav]1 #adh ,papav]ace1 #adh 8,pappus10 ,fu*s' def9ition (1 #abd-abe ,p>acelsus1 #bje-bjh1 #bab1 #bac1 #bad ,p>adisus ,batavus ( ,h]mann1 #bjb ,p>adisus ,t]re/ris ( ,p>k9son1 #aac-aae1 #aig1 #bjj ,p>is1 ,books publi%$ at1 #cc1 #ih ,p>is1 ,univ]sity (1 #ij1 #id1 #ih ,p>k9son1 ,j41 #aac-aaf1 #add1 #aib1 #aig1 #bjj ,payne1 ,dr ,j4 ,f41 #ab1 #ae1 #bb1 #bd1 #ch1 #aee1 #aef1 #afb ,pe>ls1 #dc ,pegasus1 #cb ,pembroke ,college1 ,cambridge1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajc ,pemptades1 see ,/irpium 444 pemptades sex ( ,dodo5s ,p5a1 ,p41 #gd1 #gh1 #gi ,peony1 #g1 #afa1 #afe 8,petal10 ,introduction ( t]m1 #hh ,petiv]1 ,j41 #aib ,phan]ogams1 #ace1 #aea ,ph>macopia1 ,culpep]'s translation ( !1 #bah ,ph>macopia1 ,! fir/ gov]nm5t1 #fg ,philip1 ,c\nt ( ,nassau1 #ec ,phnix1 #ca ,physicall ,directory1 ,a1 ( ,culpep]1 #bah ,phytobasanos ( ,colonna1 #hh1 #aac1 #aii ,phytognomonica ( ,porta1 #aif1 #bjh-baj ,phytop9ax ( ,gasp>d ,bauh91 #if1 #adj ,p9ax !atri botanici ( ,gasp>d ,bauh91 #if1 #aae1 #adh-aea1 #bbd ,pisa1 ,univ]sity (1 #eh ,pitton ,t\rne=t1 ,j41 #if ,plague1 ,!1 #eh1 #hj1 #ij ,plant ,anatomy1 #g1 #aaf1 #bba ,plantag9ace1 #ade ,plantago 7,planta971 #abb1 #adf1 #aeg ,planta91 #abb1 #adf1 #aeg ,plant>um seu /irpium hi/oria ( de l',obel1 #gi ,plant91 ,c41 #gj-gd1 #gi1 #ih1 #aac1 #adf1 #aij1 #aia1 #aii ,plantis gypti1 ,de1 ( ,alp9o1 #hh-ij1 #aif1 #aig ,plantis1 ,de1 ( ,cesalp9o1 #aag ,plate>ius1 #ba ,plato1 #b ,play+-c>d manufacture1 #aef ,pl9y1 ! ,eld]1 #c1 #i1 #aa1 #acg1 #ach1 #bad ,pomegranate1 #bji ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv1 #aa ,popl>1 #e ,poppy1 #abj ,porta1 ,j4 ,b41 #aif1 #bjh-baj1 #bab ,potato1 #ie1 #aji1 #acj1 #acb1 #aig ,pott]1 ,paul1 #bjj ,prague1 ,books publi%$ at1 #aag 8,pre/es ,hode01 #de ,prie/1 ,dr #ajh1 #aji ,primrose1 #de 8,pr9ciples10 ,! f\r1 #ai 8,pr9ciples10 ,! ?ree1 accord+1 to ,p>acelsus1 #bjg ,prodromos !atri botanici ( ,gasp>d ,bauh91 #ie1 #acj1 #aig1 #bbd ,proprietatibus r]um1 ,lib] de1 ( ,b>?olomu ,anglicus1 #aj1 #aa1 #ch1 #aeh1 #aei 8,prym]olles01 #de ,p* d] natur1 ,das1 ( ,konrad von ,meg5b]g1 see ,book ( ,nature1 ,! ,pumpk91 ,! ,great1 #fb ,quakelbe51 ,w41 #hd 8,radiolus01 #abj ,ranunculus acris1 #aeh ,r>iorum plant>um hi/oria ( de l'cluse1 #gf ,r>iorum 444 /irpium p] ,hispanias ( de l'cluse1 #gf ,ray1 ,j41 #if1 #aaf ,r5aulme1 ,p41 #bjj ,rhabanus ,magn5tius ,maurus1 #c ,rhodion1 ,e41 #fd1 #agd ,ri*elieu1 ,c>d9al1 #aah ,ric9us1 #ade ,ridley1 ,n41 #ajj ,rihel1 ,w41 #ee ,rivire1 ,j41 #gj ,rome1 ,books pr9t$ at1 #aa1 #he ,rondelet1 ,g4 #gd1 #gf1 #gh ,rose1 #dc1 #abj ,rose ( ,j]i*o1 #aif ,rosem>y1 #ch1 #ci ,royal ,f]n1 #ee ,rudolph ,,ii1 ,! ,emp]or1 #gb ,ruel1 ,j41 #i1 #fb1 #ih ,ruellius1 ,j41 see ,ruel1 ,j4 ,ruscus1 #adf ,sa*s1 ,j4 von1 #if ,sa9t ,ca!r9e1 #ba ,sa9t ,john's ,wort1 #bjg ,sa9t ,?omas ,aqu9as1 #c ,salic91 #bab ,salicornia 7,glasswort71 #ij1 #aig ,savoy & ,pi$mont1 ,duke (1 #gj ,saxifrage1 #ade 8,saynt ,pet]worte01 #de ,s*ff]1 ,p41 #af1 #ah ,s*ott1 ,j41 #ej ,s*reib]1 ,h41 #ff 8,s$um majus01 #abg-acj1 #aij 8,s$um vulg>e majus01 #abh 8,semp]vivum majus01 #abg-acj ,s5ecio1 #abe ,s]apio1 #ba ,%eph]d's ,purse1 #abb1 #abe 8,signatures10 ,doctr9e (1 #bjg-bab ,siml]1 ,j41 #ib1 #aic 8,simples01 #ce1 #cf1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aif1 #bbj ,simpl+1 ,! ,art (1 ( ,cole1 #baa1 #bai ,sixtus ,,iv1 ,pope1 #aa ,sn[ ,hill1 ,johnson's g>d5 on1 #aac ,solanace1 #adh ,solanum1 #ie1 #adh ,som]set1 ,duke (1 #aja1 #ajb ,son*us1 #abe ,specim5 ,hi/ori ,plant>um ( ,r5aulme1 #bjj ,speckle1 ,v4 ,r41 #ahj1 #ahc ,speckl91 ,v4 ,r41 see ,speckle1 ,v4 ,r4 ,spr5gel1 ,k4 ,p4 ,j41 #dg1 #fe 8,squamony01 #dd ,/am5s1 ,fu*s' def9ition (1 #abd ,/am5s1 ,function (1 #acb-acc1 #bbd ,/irpium adv]s>ia nova ( de l',obel1 ,m4 & ,p5a1 ,p41 #gh1 #ade1 #adf1 #bbb1 #bbd ,/irpium 444 pemptades sex ( ,dodo5s1 #gd1 #abg1 #ade1 #aij1 #aia ,/orksbill1 #abg ,/r&1 ,"l ,burleigh's g>d5 9 !1 #ajh ,/rasburg1 ,books pr9t$ at1 #ej1 #ee ,/rawb]ry1 #ahe ,sundew1 #adf1 #aea ,switz]1 ,a4 #aig 8,tabaco10 see ,tobacco ,tab]nmontanus1 ,j4 ,t41 see ,!odor1 ,j4 ,tamus1 #adf ,t5drils1 ,conv5tionalis$ repres5tations (1 #afj ,!atrum botanicum ( ,p>k9son1 #aae1 #add ,!obalds1 ,"l ,burleigh's g>d5 at1 #ajh ,!odor1 ,j4 7,tab]nmontanus71 #fg1 #fh1 #aji1 #aii ,!ophra/us1 #b-c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #i1 #ej1 #ajd1 #aaf1 #aai1 #acd1 #acg ,!ophra/us ,bomba/us von ,hoh5heim1 see ,p>acelsus ,?i/les1 #adc1 #aea ,?urneiss] zum ,?urn1 ,l41 #baf-bah 8,ti?ymalus *>acia01 #abi ,tobacco1 ,e>ly record ( use (1 #aje-ajf ,too?wort 7,la?ra71 #adh1 #bji ,t\rne=t1 ,j4 ,pitton1 #if ,tradescant1 ,j41 #aac ,tragus1 ,h41 see ,bock1 ,h4 ,trapa1 #ahe 8,tree be>+ ,geese01 #aji-aac 8,tree ( ,k01 #bh 8,tree ( ,life01 #bh1 #bi 8,tree ( ,p>adise01 #afg 8,tree ( ,sorr[01 #he-hf ,trev]is1 ,p41 #dj ,treviranus1 ,l4 ,c41 #aid ,trevisa's translation ( ! ,encyclopdia ( ,b>?olomu ,anglicus1 #aa1 #ch1 #aeh1 #aei ,trew1 ,c4 ,j41 #ib1 #aic ,trifolium1 #adf ,tb+51 ,univ]sity (1 #eh1 #ff1 #ic1 #id1 #bbf ,turn]1 ,r41 #baa1 #bab ,turn]1 ,w41 #fb1 #ajj-ajd1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aab1 #abe1 #aii1 #bjd1 #bbb ,tutsan1 #abb ,twayblade1 #adf ,type1 ,movable1 #af ,uff5ba*1 ,p41 #he ,umbellif]s1 #acf1 #add1 #ade1 #adh1 #aea1 #baf ,unicorn1 #ca1 #aae ,univ]sal ,h]bal ( ,gre51 #bab ,upas tree1 #bi ,utre*t1 ,books publi%$ at1 #bjj ,val]ian1 #hh ,v&]loe1 ,j41 #gb1 #aij ,v5ice1 ,books publi%$ at1 #hc1 #ij1 #afa1 #afh1 #ahh1 #aif ,vr>d1 ,a41 #cc1 #fe ,v]b5a 78,v]vayn071 #dc1 #eg ,v]onica1 #fb ,v]tuose boke ( ,di/illacyon1 ,!1 ( ,hi]onymus ,brauns*weig1 #de1 #df 8,v]vayn0 7,v]b5a71 #dc1 #eg ,vespasian1 #h 8,vettonia01 #aef ,vi5na ,libr>y 7,k4 k4 ,h(biblio!k71 #h1 #aa1 #gd1 #he ,vi5na ,manuscript ( ,dioscorides1 see ,dioscorides ,v9ci1 ,leon>do da1 #agj1 #ahj ,v9e1 #d1 #afj ,viola1 #abj ,viola odorata1 #aeh ,violet1 ,! ,sweet1 #aeh ,viribus h]b>um1 ,de1 ( ,mac] ,floridus1 #dj ,virtutibus h]b>um1 ,de1 errone\sly attribut$ to ,alb]tus ,magnus1 #e1 #bae ,vita ,conradi ,gesn]i ( ,siml]1 #ib1 #aic ,walnut1 #baj ,wat]lily1 #abb1 #adf1 #afb1 #agb1 #ahj1 #aij1 #aif 8,wat]worte01 #ch ,weiditz1 ,h41 #ej1 #aga1 #agb1 #agd1 #bbd ,:eat1 #c ,william ! ,sil5t1 #gh1 #gi ,will[1 #bab ,w9ckl]1 ,n41 #bae ,w9t] ,*]ry1 #afe1 #aff1 #bjb ,w9t]gre51 #ahe ,witt5b]g1 ,univ]sity (1 #ff1 #fh ,wolf1 ,c41 #ib ,wood-sorrel1 #de1 #aba ,worde1 ,wynkyn de1 #aa1 #ch ,wormwood1 see ,artemisia ,wor?y practise ( 444 ,leon]d ,fu*sius1 ,a1 #eh ,wy]1 ,r41 #dj ,zaluziansky von ,zaluzian1 ,a41 #hj1 #aag1 #aea ,zea mais1 #fb ,z\*e1 ,"l1 #gh ,zuri*1 ,univ]sity (1 #ij1 #aja ,,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4