,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,( ,,8 ,,sup]/itions ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,,manag] ,,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 #d ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,bombay ,,calcutta ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,,madras ,,toronto3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,tokyo3 ,,m>uz5-,,kabu%iki-,,kai%a ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,( ,,8 ,,sup]/itions ,,by ,,c>ve? ,,read1 ,m4,a4 ,,lectur] ,,on ,,comp>ative ,,psy*ology 7,,=m]ly ,,grote ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,philosophy7 ,,9 ,,univ]sity ,,college1 ,,london ,,cambridge ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press #aibj ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,brunswick ,,/41 ,,/am=d ,,/41 ,s4,e4 #a1 ,,& ,,bungay1 ,,suffolk4 ,,preface ,! volume n[ publi%$ expla9s 9 its fir/ "p an hypo!sis t ! human race has desc5d$ f "s ape-l /ock by a s]ies ( *anges :i* began &1 until rec5tly1 7 ma9ta9$ by ! practice ( hunt+ 9 pack = animal food1 in/ead ( be+ cont5t ) ! fruits & o!r nutriti\s products ( ! tropical =e/4 ,! hypo!sis occurr$ to me _m ye>s ago1 & 0 fir/ publi%$ 79 brief7 9 ,! ,metaphysics ( ,nature 7#ahje71 ,*ap4 ,,xiii41 & aga9 9 ,natural & ,social ,morals 7#aiji72 b all x impli$ did n become cle> until1 9 lectur+ on ,comp>ative ,psy*ology1 !re 0 =c$ ^u me ! necessity ( effect+ an intelligible transition f ! animal to ! human m9d1 & ( n be+ satisfi$ to say ye> aft] ye> t h&s & bra9s 7 pla9ly s useful t !y mu/ h be5 develop$ by ,natural ,selection4 ,!n "o day ! requisite ideas came to light2 & an outl9e ( ! hypo!sis 0 read at ! ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 7,section ,h7 at ,birm+ham 9 #aiac1 & pr9t$ 9 ,man1 ,novemb] #aiad4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute has k9dly cons5t$ to my us+ ! sub/ance ( t article 9 ! fir/ *apt] "h foll[+4 ,! article 9 ,man dealt *iefly ) ! physical *anges :i* our race has und]gone4 ,! correlative m5tal *anges 7 expla9$ 9 ! ,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology 9 an article :i* supplies ! basis ( ! second *apt] ( ?is book4 ,! hunt+-pack1 !n1 0 ! fir/ =m ( human society2 & 9 lectur+ on ,e?nopsy*ology two que/ions especially int]e/$ me3 7#a7 ,"u :at m5tal conditions did ! *ange take place f ! organisation ( ! hunt+-pack 7:5 ?is weak5$7 to ! settl$ life ( ! tribe or gr\p8 & 7#b7 ,:y is ! human m9d ev]y:]e befogg$ ) ideas ( ,magic & ,animism8 ,!y seem$ at la/ to h ! same answ]3 ^! sup]/itions 7 useful & 7app>5tly7 ev5 necess>y 9 giv+ to eld]s en\gh pre/ige to pres]ve tradition & cu/om :5 ! lead] ( ! hunt 0 no long] conspicu\s 9 au?ority4 ,a magic-work+ g]ontocracy 0 ! second =m ( society2 & ! ?ird =m 0 gov]n$ by a wiz>d-k+ or a prie/-k+1 or by a k+ support$ by wiz>ds or prie/s4 ,"o mu/1 !re=e1 und]/& ! possibility ( ^! beliefs 9 ,magic & ,animism1 & h[ !y arose & obta9$ a hold ^u all tribes & nations2 & h5ce ! second "p ( ?is volume--on ,sup]/ition4 ,"s results ( inquiry into ^! matt]s 7 also publi%$ 9 ! ,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology 7namely1 mu* ( ! sub/ance ( ,*aps4 ,,iii41 ,,iv41 ,v41 ,,vi41 & ,,viii47 & are "h reproduc$1 ) ! editor's cons5t1 enl>g$ &1 = ! mo/ "p1 rewritt53 ! lea/ alt]$ are ,*aps4 ,,vi4 & ,,viii4 ,*aps4 ,,vii41 ,,ix4 & ,x4 h n hi!rto be5 pr9t$2 b "p ( ,*ap4 ,x4 0 read at ! ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,b\rnem\? la/ ye>4 ,messrs4 ,williams & ,norgate h giv5 p]mission to use ! diagram 9 ! footnote to p4 #c1 bas$ on "o ( ,pr(4 ,kei?'s 9 8 ,antiquity ( ,man4 ,ext5sive use has1 ( c\rse1 be5 made ( ! works ( ,d>w91 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 & 7among liv+ au?ors7 ( ! volumes ( ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] & ,pr(4 ,ed4 ,we/]m>ck4 ,i am grateful to my fri5ds & colleagues1 ,pr(4 ,spe>man1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,p4 ,hill & ,pr(4 ,ar?ur ,kei? = assi/ance 9 v>i\s ways4 ,mr4 ,pycraft1 too1 ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum has giv5 me important in=mation2 & my old fri5d1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,:ittak]1 has help$ me1 z usual1 :5 my ne$ 0 greate/4 ,,c>ve? ,,read4 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,july #aibj ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,on ,,! ,,diff]5tiation ,,( ,,man ,,f ,,! ,,an?ropoids #a #a4 ,! ,hypo!sis4--,t ,man 0 diff]5tiat$ f ! an?ropoid /ock by becom+ a hunt]2 p]haps 9 ! ,oligoc5e p]iod #a-c #b4 ,:at ! ,hypo!sis ,expla9s4--,_w-wide range2 :y ! e>lie/ kn[n m5 7 hunt]s2 ! erect gait2 specialisation ( h&s2 r$uction ( arms2 & ( tee? & jaws2 modification ( skull2 social co-op]ation2 rudim5ts ( spee*2 intellig5ce2 control ( fire #d-ac #c4 ,m9or & ,second>y ,consequ5ces4--,alim5t>y canal2 loss ( seasonal m>riage2 nak$ sk92 cannibalism2 division into races2 ,nordic sub-race #ac-ba #d4 ,prey & ,competitors4--,climate & l&scape 9 ,oligoc5e & ,mioc5e2 animals1 h]bivor\s2 an?ropoids & _! /ature 9 late ,oligoc5e2 c>nivor\s contempor>ies #ba-h #e4 ,conclusion4--,summ>y #bh-i ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,on ,,! ,,diff]5tiation ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,f ,,! ,,an?ropoid ,,m9d #cj #a4 ,h]$ity1 ,adaptation1 ,accommodation #cj-ca #b4 ,! ,orig9al ,/ock & ! ,conditions ( ,diff]5tiation4--,m9d ( ! high] apes ! be/ clue to t ( ! orig9al /ock4 ,conditions ( diff]5tiation3 ! hunt+ life2 geographical diffusion2 social life2 imag9ations conc]n+ ,magic & ,animism #ca-e #c4 ,primal ,society4--,=ms ( greg>i\sness among/ ,mammalia2 ! hunt+-pack mo/ likely orig9al ( human society4 ,o!r conjectures #ce-dj #d4 ,psy*ology ( ! ,hunt+-pack4--,int]e/ 9 ! *ase & 9 kill+2 greg>i\sness2 v>i\s modes ( sympa?y2 aggressiv5ess2 claim to t]ritory2 recognition ( lead]s1 submission to ! pack1 emulation1 prec$5cy2 /rategy & p]si/5ce2 /ruggle to %>e ! prey2 intellig5ce4 ,diff]5t m5tality ( ! h]bivor\s h]d #dj-di #e4 ,! ,wolf-type ( ,man e/abli%$ by ,natural ,selection4--,kei?'s hypo!sis z to epo* ( diff]5tiation4 ,sl[ progress ( culture2 full adaptation to hunt+ life prior to ,neoli?ic culture #di-eb #f4 ,"s fur!r ,consequ5ces ( ! ,hunt+-life4--,gr[? ( con/ructiv5ess2 language2 cu/oms--m>riage2 prop]ty2 w>2 sports & games2 laught] & lam5tation #eb-fa #g4 ,moralisation ( ! ,hunt]s4--,"* ( ,an?ropoids2 human b5evol5ce2 moral s5se2 effect ( indu/ry2 ( gr[+ intellig5ce #fa-f #h4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,imag9>y ,environm5t4--,belief 9 ,magic & ,spirits (t5 injuri\s2 b on ! :ole advantage\s2 especially by e/abli%+ gov]nm5t #ff-gj ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,belief ,,& ,,sup]/ition #ga #a4 8,sup]/ition40--,"h us$ m]ely to include ,magic & ,animism z imag9ation-beliefs #ga-b #b4 ,imag9ation4--,v>i\s uses ( ! ^w2 m5tal 8images02 9 connection ) reason+2 & ) lit]>y fiction4 ,"h means unv]ifiable repres5tation #gb-f #c4 ,belief4--,nature ( belief2 degrees ( probability2 te/$ by action2 play-belief #gf-i #d4 ,causes & ,gr\nds ( ,belief4--,d]iv$ f p]ception4 ,evid5ti>y causes1 or gr\nds1 rais+ "s probability2 & non-evid5ti>y causes :i* are n gr\nds4 ,memory1 te/imony1 inf]5ce s f> z unv]ifiable are imag9ation4 ,influ5ce ( app]ceptive masses & ( me?odology4 ,non-evid5ti>y causes h _! own app]ceptive masses--d]iv$ f bad obs]vation1 memory1 te/imony2 influ5c$ by emotion1 desire & volunt>y action2 by sympa?y & antipa?y1 & by sugge/ibility #gi-he #e4 ,! ,beliefs ( ,immature ,m9ds4--,non-evid5ti>y causes m influ5tial ?an ) u2 picture-?9k+ m vivid2 no common /&>d ( tru?2 feeble p[] ( comp>ison1 due p]haps to undevelop$ bra9 #he-ib #f4 ,! ,reason+ ( ,immature ,m9ds4--,fallacies ( induction2 ignorance ( ! m9or premise 9 d$uction2 reason+ by analogy #ib-h #g4 ,g5]al ,ideas at ! ,savage ,level4--,savages h g5]al ideas1 ?\gh (t5 n recognis$ or nam$2 =ce2 relations ( causation & equality #ii-ajc #h4 ,! ,weakness ( ,imag9ation-beliefs4--,sup]ficial resemblance to p]ception-beliefs2 m ne>ly alli$ to play-belief #ajc-g ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,magic #ajh #a4 ,antiquity ( ,magic #ajh-i #b4 ,:at is ,magic8--,magic def9$2 imag9>y imp]sonal =ce contra/$ ) p[] ( spirits2 its action uni=m l laws ( nature4 ,k9ds ( ,magic #aji-ab #c4 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,magic4--,a matt] ( speculation4 ,! e>lie/ 7 probably ! simple/1 & ! k9ds t h prevail$ mo/ widely by tradition & h]$it>y pr$isposition4 ,! *ief s\rce ( belief 9 ,magic is ! mi/ak+ ( co9cid5ce = causation #aab-ai #d4 ,magical ,=ce & ,primitive ,ideas ( ,causation4--,idea ( magical =ce d]iv$ f physical =ce 7empa?y1 ,animatism1 invisible action at a di/ance1 mana74 ,h[ ,animism & ,magic corrupt ! ideas ( causation #aai-bd #e4 ,magic & ,my/]y #abd-f #f4 ,volitional ,magic4--,a relatively late idea #abf-h #g4 ,! ,evolution ( ,magic--,direct ,magic4--,gr[? & diff]5tiation2 f\r /ages2 spells & *>ms2 taboo #abh-cd #h4 ,indirect or 8,sympa!tic0 ,magic4--,pr9ciples ( ,sympa!tic ,magic--mimesis & p>ticipation2 connection ) ,animism4 ,exempl>y ,magic #acd-db #i4 ,! ,dissolution ( ,magic #adc-d ,,*apt] ,v ,,animism #ade #a4 ,:at is ,animism8--,hyp]physical & psy*ological ,animism4 ,n all savages ?9k t e man has a sep>able s\l #ade-g #b4 ,psy*ological ,animism4--,t ev]y?+ is animat$ n an univ]sal or primitive illusion4 ,animatism4 ,causes ( ! treatm5t ( "s inanimate ?+s z liv+ or s5ti5t #adg-ec #c4 ,! ,gho/ ,!ory4--,orig9at$ *iefly by dreams2 :i* are reg>d$ z objective exp]i5ce #aec-g #d4 ,ext5sion ( ! ,gho/ ,!ory to ,animals4--,influ5ce ( %ad[s & reflections4 ,g5]ally1 only ?+s individually int]e/+ h gho/s4 ,examples #aeg-fj #e4 ,gho/s & ,s\l-/uff4--,sep>at$ spirits ne$ bodies & food1 t is1 s\l-/uff4 ,ab/ract ideas ( 8_s10 8=ce10 etc4 #afa-d #f4 ,gho/s & ,spirits4--,gho/s fir/ imag9$1 & o!r spirits on _! model4 ,"s spirits1 =m]ly gho/s1 n[ decl>$ n to h be52 o!rs nev] inc>nate #afd-i #g4 ,h[ ,gho/s & ,spirits are imag9$4--,h ! same attributes1 & n at fir/ immat]ial2 confus$ ) ! corpse4 ,v>i\s conceptions4 ,numb] ( s\ls to ea* body4 ,ext]nal s\ls #afi-gc #h4 ,orig9 & ,de/9y ( ,s\ls4--,re9c>nation--,transmigration--, liable to second dea?4 ,place ( ! dep>t$4 ,importance ( next life resembl+ ! pres5t #agd-g #i4 ,! ,treatm5t ( ,gho/s4--,results p>tly f fe>1 p>tly f affection4 ,fun]>y rites--extravagance & economy4 ,simplicity ( gho/s4 ,inconsi/5t behavi\r t[>d !m #agh-hb #aj4 ,evolution & ,dissolution ( ,animism4--,popul> & prie/ly ,animism4 ,diff]5t emotions excit$ by gho/s & by gods #ahb-f ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,relations ,,betwe5 ,,magic ,,& ,,animism #ahg #a4 ,! ,"q ( ,priority4--,wundt's !ory ( ,animism & ( ! d]ivation f x ( ,magic4 ,reasons = diss5t+4 ,orig9s ( ,magic & ( ,animism indep5d5t #ahg-ic #b4 ,magic & ,religion4--,fraz]'s hypo!sis z to ! sup]s$+ ( ,magic by ,religion4 ,reasons = diss5t+4 ,alt]native hypo!sis4 ,caprice ( spirits ! ess5tial di/9ction ( ,animism #aic-g #c4 ,ideas & ,practices ( ,magic adopt$ by ,animism4--,invisible =ce4 ,p[] ( *>ms ascrib$ to spirits4 ,om5s fir/ magical1 !n spiritual w>n+s4 ,spells become pray]s4 ,magical rites become religi\s c]emonies #aig-bjc #d4 ,retrogradation4--,wundt's !ory expla9s ! loss 9 _m cases ( animi/ic ideas2 ,feti*es2 ,om5s2 ,pray]s2 religi\s c]emonies #bjc-g #e4 ,spirits "k ,magic1 tea* x1 & inspire ,magicians4--,examples ( spirits kn[+ & tea*+ ,magic4 ,inspiration & possession #bjg-ab #f4 ,spirits op]ate by ,magic4--,possession2 smit+2 metamorphosis2 *>ms & spells #bab-af #g4 ,spirits are controll$ by ,magic4--,biological necessity ( controll+ spirits--by fe>--or by ,magic4 ,analogy ) politics4 ,! high] b>b>ic religions4 ,magico-legal control ( gods4 ,idea ( ,fate4 ,free-w & uni=mity #baf-bd ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,om5s #bbe #a4 ,! ,preval5ce ( ,om5s ev]y:]e1 9 all ages4 ,examples #bbe-f #b4 ,om5s & ,natural ,signs4--,natural signs all-important to hunt]s2 & ,om5s are imag9>y signs #bbf-g #c4 ,"s ,signs ,conceiv$ ( z ,magical4--,by co9cid5ce "s ev5ts become signs ( o!rs by a my/]i\s & infallible tie4 ,moods ( elation or depression fav\r belief 9 ,om5s2 _! validity may dep5d ^u acceptance4 ,antiquity ( subjective ,om5s4 ,:atev] causes elation or depression is om9\s4 ,co9cid5ce & analogy #bbg-cb #d4 ,diff]5tiation ( ,om5s f ,g5]al ,magic4--,om5s are class$ ) *>ms1 rites & spells1 b di/+ui%$ by be+ signs only1 n causes4 ,o!r diff]5ces #bcb-d #e4 ,om5s ,int]pret$ by ,animism4--,om5s resemble w>n+s--at fir/ giv5 by fri5dly animals1 !n by spirits1 h5ce connect$ ) ,oracles & ,dreams #bcd-h #f4 ,natural & ,artificial ,om5s--,natural ,om5s n be+ always at h&1 means are discov]$ = obta9+ !m at any "t2 e4 g4 ,dice1 ,hepatomancy1 ,a/rology #bch-dj #g4 ,div9ation & ,oracles4--,div9]s & ! art ( ,div9ation4 ,p[] ( ,div9]s & ,oracles4 ,ways ( obta9+ oracles & ( be+ inspir$ d]iv$ f l[ savag]y #bdj-de #h4 ,app>5t ,failure ( ,om5s--ascrib$ to faulty obs]vation or int]pretation2 fru/ration by spirits1 or by sup]ior ,magic2 or by hav+ be5 symbolically fulfill$ #bde-g #i4 ,apology = ,om5s4--,! ,div9] or oracul> p]son tries to be well-in=m$4 ,! ,/oics & ,div9ation4 ,om5s involv$ 9 ,fate4 ,conditional & unconditional ,om5s #bdg-fa ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,m9d ,,( ,,! ,,wiz>d #beb #a4 ,! ,rise & ,fall ( ,wiz>dry4--,at fir/ no pr(essionals4 ,e>ly pr(essionals unpaid2 except by influ5ce2 :i* enables !m to ma9ta9 ord]4 ,animism gives rise to sorc]]s & prie/s4 ,prie/s suppress sorc]y & black ,magic1 & absorb :ite ,magic 9 religi\s rites4 ,societies ( wiz>ds #beb-g #b4 ,! ,wiz>d's ,pret5sions4--,control ( ,nature2 %ape-*ang+ & fly+2 ! caus+ & cur+ ( diseases2 ,div9ation2 control ( gho/s & spirits4 ,g5]al tru/ 9 !m #beg-i #c4 ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,wiz>d--,intellig5ce & k2 =ce ( w & d>+ 7initiation72 motives--attraction ( my/]y1 reputation1 p[]2 di/9ctive co/ume & demean\r ( a 8sup]man02 jeal\sy ( rivals2 hi/rionic temp]am5t2 hy/]ical dia!sis4 ,sugge/ibility ( 8 cli5ts #bei-gf #d4 ,! ,wiz>d & ! ,sceptic4--,social delusion & impo/ure4 ,scepticism frequ5t among/ *iefs & ! high] social ranks1 & also among/ ! p1 because ( common s5se4 ,/ill m difficult = ,wiz>ds to ma9ta9 self-delusion #bgf-hc #e4 ,! ,wiz>d's ,p]suasion4--,hone/y & fraud4 ,! ,wiz>d by vocation4 ,fasc9ation ( ,black ,wiz>dry4 ,artifices pr(essionally necess>y seem ju/ifi$ by social utility4 ,8 belief /r5g!n$ by effects ( natural causes set go+ by himself or by 8 cli5ts1 & by co9cid5ces #bhd-ib ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,totemism #bic #a4 ,mean+ & ,scope ( ,totemism4--,fraz]'s def9itions4 ,! ,clan-,totem1 & obs]vances connect$ ) x #bic-f #b4 ,( ! ,orig9 ( ,totemism4--,totemism n univ]sal4 ,totemic names sometimes rec5t1 g5]ally anci5t4 ,totemism has n ! psy*ological necessity ( ,magic & ,animism4 ,orig9ates ) ! names ( individuals or ( gr\ps8 #bif-i #c4 ,! ,conceptional ,hypo!sis ( ,fraz]4--,belief 9 ,totems d]iv$ f ! fancies ( wom5 z to cause ( pregnancy4 ,criticisms #bii-cjd #d4 ,lang's ,hypo!sis4--,names ( animals or plants giv5 to gr\ps probably by o!r gr\ps4 ,circum/ances ( orig9 hav+ be5 =gott51 explanatory my?s are inv5t$ ) correspond+ obs]vances4 ,comm5ts #cjd-g #e4 ,totemism & ,m>riage4--,exogamy1 ,totemism & ,m>riage ,classes4 ,we/]m>ck's hypo!sis z to ,exogamy #cjg-aa #f4 ,! ,clansman & 8 ,totem--p]haps believ$ to h ! same s\l #cab-ad #g4 ,totemism & ,magic4--,magical prop]ties ( names4 ,trans=mation4 ,p5alties on brea* ( obs]vances4 ,control ( ,totems #cad-ai #h4 ,totemism & ,animism4--,totems 9 ,au/ralia give w>n+s2 are sometimes invok$ 9 aid2 ! ,wollunqua4 ,fusion ( ,totem ) _s ( h]o 9 ,fiji2 9 ,polynesia4 ,propitiation ( gu>dian spirits1 8eld] bro!rs10 species-gods 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,zoolatry 9 ,africa2 9 ,egypt #cai-be ,,*apt] ,x ,,magic ,,& ,,sci5ce #cbf #a4 ,_! ,common ,gr\nd4--,bo? assume uni=mity ( action4 ,diff]5tiat$ 9 opposite directions f common-s5se #cbf-h #b4 ,! ,diff]5tiation4--,! ,wiz>d a physician--g5u9e & magical drugs2 a surgeon ) "s k ( ,anatomy--effective rem$ies & ! suck+-cure2 ( ,psy*ology & sugge/ion2 8 ,physiological ,psy*ology4 ,k ( natural signs2 ,natural signs & ,om5s2 ,a/ronomy & ,a/rology4 ,ra9-rites & ,meteorology #cbh-cg #c4 ,:y ,magic seems to be ! ,s\rce ( ,sci5ce4--,conduct$ = ages by ! same p1 & develops fa/] #ccg-cdj #d4 ,animism & ,sci5ce4--,naturally oppos$ z caprice to uni=mity2 b1 indirectly1 ,animism is ! great nurse ( ,sci5ce & ,art4 ,animism & ,philosophy4 ,conclusion #cdj-db ,,index #cde ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,( ,,8 ,,sup]/itions ,,*apt] ,i ,,on ,,! ,,diff]5tiation ,,( ,,man ,,f ,,! ,,an?ropoids #a4 ,,! ,,hypo!sis ,t ! human species z we n[ see x1 ) its sev]al races1 ,mongolian1 ,negro1 ,m$it]ranean1 etc41 repres5ts a ,family ( ! ,primates is g5]ally agre$2 & !re is evid5ce t ! ,family =m]ly compris$ o!r species t h become ext9ct4 ,our ne>e/ surviv+ zoological relatives are ! ,gorilla1 ,*impanzee & ,orang1 & 7at a fur!r remove7 ! ,siamang & ,gibbons2 & 9 spite ( ! fundam5tal anatomical resemblance betwe5 ^? apes & ourselves1 ! diff]5ce is s great t "s explanation ( h[ x came ab\t is v desirable4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ,man & 8 ne>e/ relatives are innum]able2 b tak+ ! *ief ( !m1 & assum+ t ! m9or details are correlat$ ) ^!1 x is ! hypo!sis ( ?is essay t !y may all be trac$ to ! influ5ce ( "o v>iation op]at+ among/ ! orig9al an?ropoid conditions4 ,t v>iation 0 ! adoption ( a fle%-diet & ! habits ( a hunt] 9 ord] to obta9 x4 ,)\t ! adoption ( a fle%-diet !re c\ld h be5 no hunt+2 b a fle%-diet obta9$ )\t hunt+ 7suppos+ x possible7 c\ld h done no?+ = ! evolution ( our /ock4 ,! adoption ( ! hunt+-life1 !re=e1 is ! ess5tial v>iation ^u :i* ev]y?+ else dep5ds4 ,we ne$ n suppose t a :ole ance/ral species v>i$ 9 ?is way3 x is en\gh t a few1 or ev5 "o1 ( ! common an?ropoid /ock %\ld h done s1 & t ! v>iation 0 advantage\s & 0 inh]it$4 ,su* a v>iation mu/ h occurr$ at "s "t1 s9ce ,man is ev]y:]e m or less c>nivor\s2 ! e>lie/ kn[n m5 7 hunt]s2 weapons are among ! e>lie/ kn[n artefacts4 ,& x is n improbable t ! *ange began at ! an?ropoid level2 because al?\gh extant an?ropoids are ma9ly frugivor\s1 yet !y occasionally eat birds'-eggs & "y birds2 ! gorilla has be5 said to eat small mammals2 & o!r ,primates 7cebid1 macaques & baboons7 eat insects1 ara*nids1 crabs1 worms1 frogs1 liz>ds1 birds2 & ! crab-eat+ macaque collects a l>ge portion ( its food on ! ,malay littoral4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld n "o ape h betak5 itself to hunt+8 ,we ne$ n suppose t our ance/ors 7 ev] exclusively c>nivor\s3 t is v unlikely4 ,a mix$ diet is ! rule ev5 among/ hunt+ tribes1 & ev]y:]e ! wom5 collect & consume fruits & roots4 ,b if at fir/ ne>ly omnivor\s1 our ance/or 7x is assum$7 soon pref]r$ to attack mammals1 & advanc$ at a remote date to ! kill+ ( ! bigge/ game f\nd 9 8 habitat4 ,ev]y:]e savage hunt]s d s n[3 ! little ,semang kills ! tig]1 rh9oc]os1 elephant & buffalo2 & _m ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 9 ,europe m5 slew ! re9de] & ! mammo?1 ! horse & ! bison1 ! hyna & ! cave-be>4 ,x is true !y _h weapons & sn>es1 :il/ ! fir/ hunt] _h only h&s & tee?4 ,! *ange f a fruit-eat+ to a hunt+ life subs]v$ ! great utility ( op5+ fre% supplies ( food2 &1 possibly1 a failure ( ! normal supply ( ! old cu/om>y food 0 ! direct cause ( ! new habit4 ,if our ape liv$ ne> ! nor!rn limits ( ! tropical =e/1 & a fall ( temp]ature !re took place1 su* z to r$uce 7especially 9 w9t]7 ! yield ( fruit & o!r nutriti\s vegetation on :i* he _h subsi/$1 fam9e may h driv5 him to attack o!r animals2#a :il/ m s\!rly an?ropoids1 n suff]+ f ! *ange ( climate1 cont9u$ 9 _! anci5t mann] ( life4 ,a l>ge an?ropoid 7,dryopi!cus7 inhabit$ ,c5tral ,europe 9 ! ,mioc5e1 = 8 bones h be5 f\nd2 !re may h be5 o!rs2 & dur+ t p]iod ! climate alt]$ f sub-tropical to temp]ate1 ) correspond+ *anges 9 fauna & flora4 ,h5ce x =m]ly occurr$ to me t p]haps ! decisive *ange 9 ! life ( our ,family happ5$ !re & !n4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t good judges put ! probable date ( ! great diff]5tiation mu* e>li]1 9 ! ,oligoc5e2#b & s9ce ,i _c f9d t any ext5sive alt]ation ( climate is kn[n to h happ5$ dur+ t p]iod1 x seems necess>y to fall back ^u 8spontane\s0 v>iation 7z "o mu/ 9 _m o!r cases72 t is to say1 f causes :i* are at pres5t beyond our vision1 ! fateful ape did1 9 fact1 pref] animal food s decid$ly z to beg9 a-hunt+ = x4 ,t be+ grant$1 ! re/ ( ! hi/ory 0 inevitable4 ,! new pursuit 0 ( a nature to engross ! animal's :ole att5tion & co-ord9ate all 8 faculties2 & to ma9ta9 & re9=ce x1 8 /ructure 9 body & m9d may reasonably be suppos$ to h und]gone rapid modification by natural selection2 because ^? individuals t 7 9 any organ or faculty be/ adapt$ to ! new life _h an advantage1 :i* 0 inh]it$ & gradually int5sifi$4#c #b4 ,,:at ,,! ,,hypo!sis ,,expla9s ,let me run rapidly ?r\gh ! *ief diff]5ces betwe5 ,man & 8 ne>e/ cong5]s3 "s ( !m are obvi\s & c be /at$ v briefly2 o!rs ,i %all return to 9 ! next *apt]4 ,we %all see t !y all foll[ naturally f ! above hypo!sis4 7#a7 ,! an?ropoids are nev] f\nd out ( ! tropical =e/s ( ,africa & ,malaya 7includ+ ,borneo & ,sumatra74 ,!y fe$ *iefly on ! fruits & o!r highly nutriti\s vegetable products t1 all ! ye> r\nd1 are only !re obta9able4 ,al?\gh (t5 com+ to ! gr\nd1 especially ! *impanzee & gorilla1 !y are adapt$ to liv+ 9 ! trees3 t is _! home4 ,9 contra/ ) _! habits1 ,man is at home on ! gr\nd1 ) unlimit$ range ov] ! :ole planet f beyond ! ,arctic ,circle to ,tasmania & ,ti]ra del ,fuego2 because on ! gr\nd 7*iefly7 he ev]y:]e f9ds 8 food 9 ! o!r animals :om he hunts & slays4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! condition ( 8 emancipation f ! tropical =e/4 ,x is1 inde$1 conceivable t a frugivor\s animal1 orig9ally ( ! =e/1 %\ld obta9 a wid] range by tak+ to a co>s] diet ( roots & h]bage1 su* z suffices ! ,ungulates1 br[s+ or graz+ or digg+ ) _! sn\ts2 b ?is w\ld n h l$ to ! upright gait1 or ! big bra91 or any ( ! m>ks t di/+ui% ,man4 ,n advance b retrogression mu/ h foll[$ su* a *ange4 7#b7 ,t ! e>lie/ m5 ( ^: condition ( life we h any k 7 hunt]s agrees ) ! hypo!sis4 ,any o!r view ( ,man's orig9 mu/ expla9 h[ & :5 he became a hunt]4 ,!re seems to be no reason to put ! *ange ( habits 7:i* c]ta9ly occurr$ at "s "t7 any:]e ne>] ?an ! beg9n+ ( our diff]5tiation4 ,! fur!r we put x back ! bett] x expla9s o!r modifications4 7#c7 ,! erect attitude 0 rea*$ by ! apes 9 ! c\rse ( adaptation to arboreal life2#d b ! erect gait z ! normal mode ( progression is 7if we neglect ! gibbons' imp]fect p]=mance7 peculi> to ourselves2 & su* a gait 0 atta9$ because ! mo/ successful hunt]s foll[$ _! prey afoot ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! feeble ineffective %uffle ( ! an?ropoids ^u ! gr\nd1 support+ !mselves ) _! arms :]e !re are no ov]hang+ b\ghs to sw+ by & help !mselves along1 c\ld n h s]v$ ! hunt]1 especially if he 0 to leave ! =e/4 ,we may1 inde$1 suppose t at fir/ prey 0 sometimes attack$ by leap+ ^u x f ! bran* ( a tree1 z leop>ds sometimes d2 b ! less our ance/or 9 8 new c>e] tru/$ to trees ! bett] = him4 ,su* simple /rategy c\ld n make him a dom9ant animal ?r\gh\t ! _w2 no?+ c\ld d ?is b ! gradual atta9m5t ( erect gait adapt$ to runn+ d[n 8 prey4 ,h5ce ! num]\s modifications ( /ructure necess>y to x1 :5ev] f "t to "t !y occurr$1 7 pres]v$ & accumulat$ by natural selection3 namely1 ! curv+ ( ! v]tebral column1 ! balanc+ ( ! head ^u a relatively sl5d] neck1 *anges 9 ! jo9ts1 bones & muscles ( ! legs1 ! l5g!n+ ( ! leg & ! specialisation ( ! foot 79 :i* ! heel is develop$ m ?an 9 ! gorilla1 & ! great toe is l5g!n$ & lies p>allel ) ! o!r toes74 7#d7 ,! specialisation ( ! legs & feet1 z x proce$$1 made possible ! specialisation ( ! h&s3 be+ gradually rid ( ! task ( assi/+ locomotion1 :e!r 9 trees or on ! gr\nd1 !y 7 us$ 9 grappl+ ) prey1 second$ by massive jaws & p[]ful can9e tee?4 ,9 c\rse ( "t !y br\ght cudgels & /ones to ! enc\nt]1 & aft] _m ages began to alt] su* means ( (f5ce into weapons t might be call$ artefacts4 ,^! simple beg9n+s probably occupi$ an imm5se "t1 p]haps m ?an half ( ! total p]iod d[n to ! pres5t4 ,! utility & consequ5t selection ( h&s _h be5 great ?r\gh\t2 b _! f9al developm5t may be ref]r$ to ! mak+ & us+ ( weapons fa%ion$ accord+ to a m5tal patt]n4 ,^? :o _h ! be/ h&s 7 select$ because !y made ! be/ weapons & us$ !m be/2 b we "k f rema9s ( sev]al paloli?ic /ages ( ! art ( manufactur+ implem5ts h[ v sl[ly ! art improv$4 7#e7 ,along ) specialisation ( ! h&s w5t a r$uction 9 ! l5g? & massiv5ess ( ! arms2 & ?is mu/ h be5 disadvantage\s 9 directly grappl+ ) prey4 ,b x 0 necess>y to ! runn] 9 ord] to less5 ! weight & cumb]som5ess ( ! upp] "p ( ! body & to improve 8 balance & agility4 ,! *ange may also h be5 b5eficial by af=d+ physiological comp5sation = ! l5g!n+ & /r5g!n+ ( ! legs4 ,& z soon z unwr\ght /ones & clubs came into use !re 0 me*anical comp5sation = ! %ort5+ ( ! arms4 ,! result is an adaptive co-ord9ation ( ! total /ructure to ! life ( a two-foot$ hunt]4 7#f7 ,d>w9 says3 8,! e>ly male =efa!rs ( ,man 71 z previ\sly /at$1 probably furni%$ ) great can9e tee?2 b z !y gradually acquir$ ! habit ( us+ /ones1 clubs1 or o!r weapons1 = fight+ ) _! enemies or rivals1 !y w\ld use _! jaws & tee? less & less4 ,9 ?is case ! jaws1 toge!r ) ! tee?1 w\ld become r$uc$ 9 size1 z we may feel almo/ sure f num]\s analog\s cases40 7#g7 ,h5ce ! pr(ile began to approa* ! or?ogna?\s type2 & x progress$ fur!r 9 t direction on acc\nt ( accompany+ *anges 9 ! skull4 ,! skull became less ?ick & r\gh1 7a7 because1 z ! h&s 7us+ weapons7 sup]s$$ ! tee? 9 fight+1 jaws & neck grew less massive1 & _! muscles no long] ne$$ su* solid atta*m5ts2 7b7 because ! head 0 less liable to injury :5 no long] us$ z ! *ief organ 9 combat4 ,at ! same "t ! skull sl[ly increas$ 9 capacity & became vault$ to make room = ! bra9s ( an animal1 :i* 7z we %all see7 acquir$ mu* k 7p>ietal association area7 & liv$ by ! application ( its k to ! co-ord9ation ( increas+ly complex & cont9u\s activities 7ant]ior association area74#e 7#h7 ,monkeys ( mo/ species1 :e!r 9 ! ,new ,_w or 9 ! ,old1 are social1 liv+ 9 b&s ( f t5 to fifty or m1 & may co-op]ate occasionally 9 mutual def5ce or 9 keep+ wat*4 ,baboons1 inde$1 are se5 9 h]ds ( sev]al hundr$s2 & !y are cr$ibly report$ to co-op]ate 9 raid+ plantations1 & 9 def5d+ !mselves aga9/ leop>ds1 o!r baboons & ev5 human hunt]s4#f ,gibbons1 aga91 are social1 go+ 9 b&s to ! numb] ( fifty4 ,b ! l>ge an?ropoids live only 9 families--! male orang be+ ev5 ( a some:at solit>y habit2 ?ree or f\r families ( *impanzees may = a "t associate toge!r4 ,man1 h[ev]1 is ev]y:]e--) a few d\btful exceptions1 probably deg5]ate--bo? social & co-op]ative2 & ! purpose ( 8 co-op]ation at ! level ( ! ,au/ralian or ! ,semang is in/ructive4 ,x is n1 z we might suppose1 9 indu/ry1 b 9 hunt+1 w>1 or tribal c]emonies t tribesm5 "w toge!r--! la/ no d\bt ( comp>atively rec5t orig93 s t a few ?\s& ye>s ago !re 0 no co-op]ation except hunt+ & w> 7:i* come to ! same ?+74 ,t ! l>ge an?ropoids are nei!r greg>i\s nor co-op]ative foll[s f _! hav+ no task 9 :i* co-op]ation w\ld be useful1 no common purpose3 !y are able alone to def5d !mselves & _! families2 & :5 families range ap>t ?r\gh ! woods _! food is 9 bett] supply4 ,b ! ance/or ( ,man f\nd an object = association & co-op]ation 9 ! *ase4 ,sp5c]1 inde$1 says t a l>ge c>nivore1 capable ( kill+ its own prey1 pr(its by be+ solit>y2 & ?is may be true :]e game is sc>ce3 9 ! ,oligoc5e & ,mioc5e p]iods game 0 n sc>ce4 ,moreov]1 :5 our ape fir/ pursu$ game1 especially big game 7n be+ by anci5t adaptation 9 /ructure & in/9ct a c>nivore71 he may h be51 & probably 01 incapable ( kill+ en\gh prey s+le-h&$2 &1 if s1 he w h pr(it$ by becom+ bo? social & co-op]ative z a hunt]1 l ! wolves & dogs--9 %ort1 a sort ( wolf-ape 7,lycopi!cus74 ,! pack 0 a means ( increas+ ! supply ( food p] unit2 & greg>i\sness increas$ by natural selection up to ! limit set by utility4 ,h5ce 7z w be %[n at l5g? 9 ! next *apt]7 ,man is 9 "* m l a dog or a wolf ?an he is l any o!r animal4 7#i7 ,"s developm5t ( ! rudim5ts ( spee* may be confid5tly trac$ to social co-op]ation4 ,! gibbon1 mo/ social1 is also ! mo/ vocal ( an?ropoids2 b hav+ no common task 9 :i* unit$ action is necess>y1 he uses 8 rem>kable p[] ( voice 7app>5tly7 m]ely to express 8 feel+s & to keep ! troop toge!r4 ,! *impanzee & ! gorilla enjoy probably a close & affectionate family life1 b "o t makes little or no dem& = conc]t$ ef=t4 ,h5ce _! vocalisation is v rudim5t>y4 ,accord+ to ,r4 ,l4 ,g>n]1 x is true spee*3 a *impanzee 7he says7 kn[s ! mean+ ( ! s\nds he makes1 & int5ds to convey x to "s def9ite individual at :om he looks4 ,b he has at comm& v few s\nds1 & ^? ma9ly expressive ( natural wants4#g ,if x be urg$ t an?ropoids d n talk because _! l[] jaw & tongue h n ! special adaptation to spee* t is f\nd 9 ,man1 x %\ld be consid]$ 7a7 t if su* /ructure _h be5 useful to !m x w\ld h be5 acquir$1 z at "s "t x mu/ h be5 by ,man himself2 & 7b7 t ev5 )\t any *ange !y might h jabb]$ well en\gh to convey a good _m discrim9at$1 objective mean+s if !y _h ne$$ to d s3 = ,man mu/ h begun 9 t way2 he _c h wait$ = ! developm5t ( physical /ructure be=e try+ to talk4 ,suffici5t intellig5ce is n want+ to *impanzees2 = 9 captivity !y le>n to und]/& a good deal t is said to !m4 ,:at !y want$ 0 a suffici5t motive = p]si/5tly try+ to communicate1 su* t ^? :o made any progress 9 ! art _h a liv+ advantage ov] o!rs4 ,man _h su* a motive2 because co-op]ation 0 necess>y to him1 n 7z we h se57 9 indu/ry1 b 9 hunt+4 ,9 hunt+1 9 plann+ & direct+ ! hunt1 spee* is pla9ly useful2 & x is bett] ?an ge/ure1 :i* probably prec$$1 & g5]ally accompani$ x2 because1 z spee* became indep5d5t ( ge/ure1 x c\ld g on :il/ ! h&s & body 7 o!rwise employ$1 or :]e comrades c\ld n see "o ano!r--transf]r+1 by a v pr(itable division ( lab\r1 ! :ole bus9ess ( expression to organs n o!rwise ne$$4 ,x may n be mu* m ?an v simple beg9n+s ( articulate spee* t c be trac$ to e>ly co-op]ative hunt+2 b 9 ! beg9n+ lies ! :ole difficulty4 ,& ! situation 0 p>ticul>ly fav\rable to ! beg9n+ ( language by onomatopia1 imitat+ ! *>act]i/ic noises ( diff]5t animals & ( ! weapons & actions employ$ 9 pursu+ & slay+ !m4 7#aj7 ,! intellig5ce & ext5sive k 7comp>$ ) an?ropoids7 t di/+ui% ,man 9 8 l[e/ kn[n condition are cle>ly acc\nt$ = by 8 adoption ( ! hunt+ life4 ,already 7z we may assume7 ! mo/ intellig5t ( liv+ animals1 ) great k ( ! =e/1 he _h ev]y?+ to le>n ab\t ! _w beyond ! =e/ z soon z he v5tur$ into x1 & ev]y?+ to le>n ab\t ! art ( hunt+4 ,dep5d+ *iefly ^u sight & he>+1 he _h to le>n by obs]vation1 & to rememb]1 & to apply all & m ?an all t ! c>nivore kn[s & does in/9ctively1 or le>ns by foll[+ its "m4 ,he mu/ h le>n$ to discrim9ate all sorts ( animals1 _m ( !m new 9 a /range c\ntry2 _! reactions to himself1 mann] ( flight1 or ( attack1 or def5ce2 ! spoor ( ea* & its noises2 its habits & haunts1 :]e x repos$ or w5t to dr9k1 :]e to set sn>es or lie 9 wait = x4 ,advanc+ to ! use ( weapons1 he mu/ h adapt$ !m to 8 prey2 he mu/ h discov]$ ! be/ mat]ials--wood1 or /one1 or bone--= mak+ weapons1 ! be/ mat]ials = sn>es1 & :]e to f9d su* ?+s4 ,he mu/ h fix$ 9 8 m9d ?is s]ies3 game1 weapons1 ! mak+ ( !m1 mat]ials1 :]e f\nd2 & mu/ h le>n$ to att5d to ! items ( ! s]ies 9 ! necess>y ord] )\t impati5ce or confusion3 a task f> beyond ! p[] ( any o!r animal4 ,fur!r1 ! hunt+ life suppli$ a /imulus t _h =m]ly be5 want+ to our ape4 ,!re is "s difficulty 9 compreh5d+ :y ! an?ropoid %\ld be z intellig5t z he is2 &1 simil>ly1 x seem$ to ,wallace t ! savage has intellig5ce above 8 ne$s--89 8 l>ge & well-develop$ bra9 he possesses an organ q disproportionate to 8 actual requirem5ts40#h ,?is illusion results f our n reflect+ t ! fir/ task ( increas+ intellig5ce is to deal appropriately ) details 9 great] & great] numb] & v>iety1 & t ! details ( _! life1 ) bo? savage & an?ropoid1 are j :at we _c appreciate4 ,/ill1 ! an?ropoid seems to h a r lazy "t ( x3 especially1 he seems to h h>dly any occasion = foll[+ out a purpose ne$+ "s "t = its accompli%m5t4 ,?is p[]ful /imulus ! hunt+ life applies to c>nivores1 above all to dogs & wolves2 & 9 ! same way x affect$ our ape3 compell+ him to comb9e _m activities = a consid]able p]iod ( "t1 along ) 8 fell[s1 & direct !m to "o end 9 ! actual hunt+1 & 7lat]7 to prosecute /ill o!r activities = a long] p]iod 9 prep>+ weapons & sn>es to make ! hunt+ m effective4 ,add to ^! consid]ations ! developm5t ( ge/ure & rudim5ts ( spee*1 exact+ intellig5ce = _! acquisition & increas+ intellig5ce by _! atta9m5t1 & ! sup]iority ( ! l[e/ savage to an an?ropoid is suffici5tly expla9$4 ,sev]e mu/ h be5 ! selection ( ^? t 7 capable ( su* progress1 & correspond+ly rapid ! advance & diff]5tiation ( ! species4 7#aa7 ,us+ /ones z weapons1 & f9d+ t brok5 /ones d mo/ damage1 & break+ !m = t purpose1 ! progressive hunt] necess>ily makes "s sp>ks fly2 & if ^! fall among/ dry leaves or grass1 he may light a fire4 8,9 mak+ fl9t implem5ts sp>ks w\ld be produc$2 9 poli%+ !m x w\ld n fail to be obs]v$ t !y became hot2 & 9 ?is way x is easy to see h[ ! two me?ods ( mak+ fire may h orig9at$40#i ,b if ! production ( fire by friction _h be5 sugge/$ by ! poli%+ ( fl9ts1 x c\ld h>dly h be5 discov]$ be=e ! neoli?ic /age2 :]eas he>?s are kn[n ( mu* e>li] date4 ,& x may h happ5$ e>li] :il/ "s "o 0 poli%+ an arr[ or a spe> ) ano!r piece ( wood3 a supposition :i* disp5ses ) ! long inf]5ce f a w>m fl9t to a flam+ /ick4 ,x is a curi\s fact t to ?is day 9 ,au/ralia fire is sometimes made by rubb+ a spe>-?r[] ^u a %ield2#aj b ,i lay no /ress ^u ?is1 z if su* a practice mu/ be tradition>y f ! e>lie/ discov]y ( ! me?od4 ,ei!r 9 ! *ipp+ ( fl9ts or 9 ! poli%+ ( spe>s x is f> easi]1 & a m probable way1 to le>n ! art ( mak+ fire ?an by obs]v+ t dri$ b\ghs or bamboos driv5 toge!r by ! w9d sometimes cat* fire2 because ^? processes include ! v actions :i* ! art employs3 imitation ( nature is n call$ =4 ,x is true t ! natives ( ,nukufetan 9 ! ,s\? ,seas expla9 ! discov]y ( fire by _! hav+ se5 smoke arise f two cross$ bran*es ( a tree %ak5 9 ! w9d2#aa b ?is1 probably1 is m]ely ! speculation ( "s ,polynesian philosoph]4 ,volcanoes1 too1 h be5 po9t$ out z a possible s\rce ( fire2 &1 9 ! my?1 ,demet] is said to h lit h] tor*es at ! crat] ( tna--an action fit = a goddess4 ,b 7 su* an orig9 ( fire conceivable ) savages1 x w\ld n %[ h[ !y came to make x !mselves4 ,fire at fir/ mu/ h excit$ t]ror4 ,until uses 7 kn[n = fire no "o c\ld h v5tur$ to fet* x f a volcano1 nor to make x by imitat+ ! friction ( b\ghs 9 ! w9d4 ,fires 7 accid5tally lit by man aga9 & aga91 & mu* damage done1 be=e he c\ld le>n 7a7 ! connection ( ev5ts1 7b7 ! uses ( fire1 7c7 purposely to produce x1 7d7 h[ to control x4 ,! second & f\r? ( ^! lessons are mu* m difficult ?an ! m]e mak+ ( fire2 !y are ess5tial1 yet g5]ally ov]look$4 ,x seems necess>y to suppose a s]ies ( accid5ts at ea* /ep1 9 ord] to %[ ! effects ( fire 9 h>d5+ wood1 holl[+ wood1 cook+ game1 bak+ & 7lat]7 glaz+ clay1 & s =?4 ,p]haps a prairie-fire disclos$ ! advantages ( cook+ game1 & _m a prairie 0 aft]w>ds burnt to t end be=e a m economical plan 0 discov]$4 ,z to ! effect ( fire on clay1 ,"l ,avebury obs]ves t clay-vessels may h be5 inv5t$ by 7#a7 pla/]+ g\rds or coco-nuts ) clay to resi/ ! fire :5 boil+ wat] 9 !m2 7#b7 obs]v+ ! effect ( fire on ! clay2 7#c7 leav+ out ! vegetable "p4#ab ,?is mu/ h be5 a comp>atively rec5t discov]y2 ?\gh !re is "s evid5ce ( pott]y hav+ be5 made by paloli?ic man4 ,x is impossible to say :5 fire 0 discov]$2 b x 0 c]ta9ly kn[n to ! ,m\/]ian culture--say1 #ej1jjj ye>s ago3 probably v mu* e>li]2 & x 0 made by hunt]s4 #c4 ,,m9or ,,& ,,second>y ,,consequ5ces 7#a7 ,! ext5sive adoption by ,man ( a fle%-diet _m hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ago might be expect$ to h %ort5$ 8 alim5t>y canal 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! an?ropoids2 b n mu* evid5ce ( x is obta9able4 ,top9>d1 giv+ a proportionate e/imate1 says t 9 ,man x is ab\t six times ! l5g? ( ! body1 9 ! gibbon ab\t eight times4 ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,kei?1 9 a private communication ) :i* he has fav\r$ me1 says t ! adult *impanzee's inte/9e is slightly long] ?an ! adult man's1 b t ! measurem5ts are = c]ta9 reasons unsatisfactory1 & t !re h n be5 en\gh measurem5ts ( adult *impanzees4 ,we mu/ rememb] t1 on ! "o h&1 ! *impanzee is n exclusively frugivor\s1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 x is n likely t ,man has be5 at any "t exclusively c>nivor\s2 ?\gh ! return ( l>ge populations to a veget>ian diet by means ( agriculture is rec5t4 7#b7 ,man has lo/ ! re/ra9t ( seasonal m>riage1 common to ! an?ropoids ) o!r animals1 z det]m9$ by food-supply & o!r conditions ( infantile welf>e2 ?\gh1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,we/]m>ck1 traces ( x may /ill be f\nd 9 a few tribes4#ac ,t our dome/ic c>nivores h also lo/ ?is :olesome re/ra9t on passion & population po9ts1 probably1 to "s condition ( a /eadi] food-supply z det]m9+ or p]mitt+ ! *ange among/ ourselves4 ,no gr[? ( prud5ce1 h[ev]1 or habit ( lay+ up /ores c expla9 ! /eadi] supply ( food2 s9ce ! l[] savages h no prud5ce & no /ores4 ,on ! :ole1 ! *ange may be attribut$ 7a7 to an omnivor\s habit be+ m /eadily gratifi$ ?an "o entirely frugivor\s or c>nivor\s2 7b7 to our ance/ors hav+ w&]$ 9 que/ ( game f c\ntry to c\ntry 9 :i* ! seasons v>i$1 s t ! orig9al correspond5ce ( bir?-"t ) fav\rable conditions ( welf>e 0 ?r[n out4 ,!re may also h be5 causes t kept d[n ! normal numb]s ( ! pack1 s z to be equival5t1 9 sc>ce seasons1 to m abundant food3 ! hunt]'s life1 :il/ secur+ a ri*] normal diet1 involv$ _m de/ructive incid5ts4 ,& ?is 7by ! way7 0 fav\rable to rapid selection & adaptation2 ?\gh if ! de/ruction _h be5 great en\gh to c\nt]balance ! advantages ( animal food1 x mu/ h fru/rat$ ! :ole exp]im5t4 7#c7 ,!re is "o *>act]i/ic diff]5ce ( ,man f ! an?ropoids :i* 8 hunt+ habits d n cle>ly expla9--8 relatively nak$ sk94 ,d>w9 attribut$ ?is condition to sexual selection4#ad ,he argu$ t1 on ! "o h&1 s f> z ,man has _h ! p[] ( *oice1 wom5 h be5 *os5 = _! beauty2 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 wom5 h _h m p[] ( selection1 ev5 9 ! savage /ate1 ?an is usually suppos$1 & 8w\ld g5]ally *oose n m]ely ! h&some/ m51 accord+ to _! /&>d ( ta/e1 b ^? :o 7 at ! same "t be/ able to def5d & support !m40 ,h5ce1 if a p>tial loss ( hair 0 e/eem$ ornam5tal by our ape-l prog5itors1 sexual selection1 op]at+ age aft] age1 might result 9 relative nak$ness4 8,! faces ( sev]al species ( monkey & l>ge surfaces at ! po/]ior end ( ! body h be5 d5ud$ ( hair2 & ?is we may safely attribute to sexual selection40 ,! be>d ( ! male1 & ! great l5g? ( ! hair ( ! head 9 "s races1 especially seem due to ?is cause4 ,! great] hair9ess ( ,europeans1 comp>$ ) o!r races1 may be a case ( rev]sion to remote ance/ral conditions4 ,b z all races are ne>ly nak$1 ! common "* 0 probably acquir$ be=e ! sev]al races _h div]g$ f ! common /ock4 ,! species ( monkey t h lo/ ! hair on v>i\s p>ts ( _! bodies1 & ! be>d ( males 7toge!r ) ! long] head-hair ( wom57 ( our own race are cases t /rongly support ! ascription ( su* second>y sexual *>act]s to sexual selection4 ,yet1 go+ back to ! "t be=e ! division ( mod]n ,man into races 7say1 #fjj1jjj ye>s71 x seems incr$ible t any wom5 !n w5t unm>ri$1 hair or no hair1 if !y 7 heal?y 7& ! unheal?y soon ceas$ to exi/72 or t any man w5t unm>ri$1 if he c\ld d 8 %>e 9 ! hunt+-field 7&1 if n1 he also soon ceas$ to exi/74 ,no facts obs]v$ among/ extant savages--! *oice ex]t$ by wom51 or ! polygamy ( *iefs--?r[ mu* light ^u t anci5t /ate ( affairs4 ,!re 7 !n no *iefs3 ! hunt-lead] ( pack or clan _h no au?ority b 8 p]sonal pr[ess1 no tradition ( ance/ry or religion1 nor probably ! pre/ige ( magic1 to give him comm& ( wom54 ,unless1 at t "t1 relative nak$ness 0 /rongly correlat$ ) p]sonal pr[ess 9 ! male & effici5cy 9 ! female1 x is difficult to und]/& h[ x c h be5 pres]v$ & increas$ by sexual selection4 ,=give me = add+ an unk9d rem>k3 if ! selection ( wom5 = _! beauty has gone on = hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & has _h a cumulative effect ^u ! race1 is n ! result disappo9t+8 ,g into ! /reet & look4 ,t 8wom5 h become m beautiful1 accord+ to ! g5]al op9ion1 ?an m510 is n an objective1 truly /hetic judgm5t1 b "o det]m9$ by causes ( :i* 8g5]al op9ion0 is falsely unconsci\s4 ,s*op5hau]#ae ?\ght t m5 are bett] look+ ?an wom52 & ( av]age specim5s ?is seems to be true2 ?\gh1 to be sure1 he 0 a sort ( misogyni/4 ,ano!r explanation ( ,man's nak$ness 0 sugge/$ by ,?omas ,belt1 bas$ on ! p>allel case ( c]ta9 races ( nak$ dogs1 namely1 t he is ! bett] able to free himself f p>asites4#af ,d>w9 m5tions ?is hypo!sis &1 9 a footnote1 cites 9 its fav\r 8a practice ) ! ,au/ralians1 :5 ! v]m9 get tr\blesome1 to s+e !mselves02 b he says1 9 ! text1 8:e!r ?is evil is ( suffici5t magnitude to h l$ to ! d5udation ( ! body ?r\gh natural selection1 may be d\bt$1 s9ce none ( ! _m quadrup$s inhabit+ ! tropics h1 z f> z ,i "k1 acquir$ any specialis$ means ( relief40#ag ,x appe>s1 too1 t aga9/ ! probability ( su* a result mu/ be set ! actual disadvantage ( nak$ness1 z insi/$ ^u by ,wallace1 :o says t savages feel ! want ( protection & try to cov] _! backs & %\ld]s4#ah ,/ill1 ! disadvantage impli$ 9 occasionally feel+ ! want ( protection w\ld n prev5t ! loss ( hair1 if ?is w\ld deliv] ! race f s]i\s dang]s f v]m92 & ! =ce ( ! argum5t f ! condition ( o!r tropical quadrup$s dep5ds1 at lea/ 9 "s measure1 ^u :e!r or n !re is some?+ peculi> 9 ! case ( nak$ dogs & m54 ,belt argues t ! nak$ dogs ) d>k1 %9+ sk9s1 f\nd 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica & also 9 ,p]u1#ai & :i* 7 f\nd !re at ! ,spani% conque/1 h probably acquir$ _! peculi> condition by natural selection1 because !y are despis$ by ! natives1 & no c>e is tak5 ( _! bre$+1 & yet !y d n int]bre$ ) ! common hairy v>ieties1 z usually happ5s ) artificial /ocks4 ,! advantage ( a nak$ sk9 be+ ! great] fre$om x gives f ticks1 lice & o!r v]m91 ! advantage is especially great = a dome/ic animal liv+ 9 ! huts ( savages1 :]e1 because !y are inhabit$ ye> aft] ye>1 v]m9 are extraord9>ily abundant4 ,! nak$ dog1 !n1 diff]s f tropical quadrup$s :i* are adapt$ f a dateless antiquity to su* v]m9 z infe/ !m1 by hav+ be5 ?r[n by human companion%ip among/ n only /range v]m91 b v]m9 9 extraord9>ily d5se aggregation4 ,belt w\ld h gu>d$ a weak po9t 9 8 case1 _h he expla9$ :y nak$ races ( dogs are s sc>ce4 ,hairy races may h be5 m rec5tly dome/icat$1 or br$ = _! hair9ess1 or less addict$ to an indoor life4 ,! case ( our own =efa!r also diff]s some:at f t ( o!r tropical mammalia2 because1 by hypo!sis1 he und]w5t pretty rapidly su* an extraord9>y *ange ( life2 :i* may h br\ght him into circum/ances :]e v]m91 =m]ly negligible1 became highly injuri\s4 8,monkeys10 z ,belt obs]ves1 8*ange _! sleep+-places almo/ daily02 ! ,orang is said to con/ruct a fre% ne/ e night2 ?is is also report$ ( ! ,gorilla4 ,n improbably1 !n1 daily *ange ( locality 0 ! practice ( ! orig9al an?ropoid /ock1 :5ce we also are desc5d$3 !reby avoid+ ! accumulation ( v]m94 ,did ! hunt+ life introduce a new habit8 ,9 ! old frugivor\s =e/ life1 ! cu/om 0 to get up into "s tree = ! night1 & )9 a %ort radius !re 7 hundr$s equally suitable2 &1 !re=e1 !re 0 no?+ to *eck ! natural pref]5ce = a fre% "o4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! hunt+ pack began to make its lair on ! gr\nd1 !re 0 no su* wide *oice among/ caves1 rock-%elt]s1 or ?ickets3 "o might be bett] ?an any o!r = miles ar\nd4 ,if1 !n1 !y settl$ d[n !re z 9 a common lair1 ! circum/ances 71 = ! "t1 fav\rable to ! multiplication ( v]m91 & !re=e to nak$ness ( sk91 9 ord] ! m easily to be rid ( !m4 ,p]haps1 !n1 ?is diff]5ce ( ,man f ! an?ropoids may be ref]r$ to "o common cause ) all ! o!rs--! hunt+ life4 ,!re1 too1 ! defilem5t ( blood made fur inconv5i5t to animals n apt to cleanse !mselves1 l ^? 9 ! true c>nivor\s h]$ity & tradition4 ,:5 we consid] h[ injuri\s "s insects are to v]tebrate life1 be+ suspect$ ( hav+ caus$ 9 "s cases ! ext9ction ( species1 c x be said t facility 9 ridd+ oneself ( su* v]m9 z lice & ticks is an inadequate cause ( human nak$ness1 or n "o t might outweigh ! drawbacks ( cold & wet8 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 incompatible ) ! action ( sexual selection1 t5d+ to ! same result2 nor1 aga91 ) ! pref]5tial de/ruction ( hairy *ildr5 if ev] infanticide 0 practis$4 ,a fur!r possible gr\nd ( delib]ate selection may h be5 ! m]e ambition ( diff]+ f o!r animals2 = a tribe on ! ,upp] ,amazons is report$ to depilate to di/+ui% !mselves f ! monkeys1 & ! wi% to be sup]ior to o!r animals l$ a tribe 9 ,que5sl& to pret5d t !y1 unlike kang>oos1 etc41 h no fa!rs accord+ to ! fle%4#bj ,admitt+ t ?is la/ motive c h>dly h be5 primitive1 /ill1 our nak$ness may be a resultant ( sev]al causes4 7#d7 ,cannibalism1 :]e x has be5 f\nd among/ extant peoples1 or is kn[n to h be5 =m]ly practis$1 0 (t5 ju/ifi$ by c]ta9 magical or animi/ic ideas1 b sometimes frankly by dietetic ta/e1 or by ! satisfaction ( rev5ge or ( emphatic triumph ov] an enemy4 ,0 x an anci5t & p]haps g5]al cu/om8 ,! excavations at ,krap9a 9 ,croatia disclos$ along ) rema9s ( ! ,ne&]?al species1 :i* seems to h _h a habitation !re1 ^? ( rh9oc]os & cave-be> & ( "s o!r k9d ( ,man2 & 8"s ( ! human bones _h be5 app>5tly split op53 on t sl5d] basis ! ,krap9a m5 h be5 suspect$ ( cannibalism40#ba ,if ! suspicion is valid1 ! practice exi/$ 7say7 #ej1jjj ye>s ago 9 "o species ( ,man2 & p]haps mu* e>li]1 if we consid] h[ x 0 m]ely an ext5sion ( ! practice ( dev\r+ game to include ! sla9 memb]s ( a ho/ile pack2 = z primitive ,man1 or ,lycopi!cus1 8 pre-human =ebe>1 no d\bt reg>d$ o!r animals z ^u ! same level z himself1 s he w h reg>d$ human enemies z ^u ! same foot+ ) o!r animals4 ,t true c>nivores are n g5]ally cannibals may be put d[n to _! m anci5t & p]fect adaptation to a pr$atory life4 ,= !m p]si/5t cannibalism w\ld h be5 too de/ructive1 & = u x belongs to ! exp]im5tal /age ( hi/ory2 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ev5 9 rec5t times1 "u /ress ( fam9e1 rev]sion to ! practice is n unkn[n to civilis$ m54 7#e7 ,! extraord9>y v>iability ( mod]n ,man 7consid]$ z "o species7 9 /ature1 %ape ( skull1 size & p[] ( bra91 col\r1 hair9ess1 quality ( hair1 & o!r *>act]s1 physical & m5tal1 may be ref]r$ *iefly to 8 hav+ become adapt$ to v>i\s local conditions ^u settl+ "h or !re = long p]iods ( "t aft] w&]+ ov] ! _w 9 que/ ( game4 ,! settl+ ( (f%oots ( ! orig9al /ock 9 c]ta9 regions long en\gh = !m to und]go adaptation to local circum/ances is ! simple/ explanation ( exi/+ races3 ! ,negro adapt$ to equatorial ,africa2 ! ,asiatic /ock 78,mongolian07 to ,c5tral ,asia2 ! ,m$it]ranean race to ! neighb\rhood ( ! sea aft] :i* x is nam$4 ,z to ! ,nordic sub-race 7( ! ,m$it]ranean1 we may suppose71 ) its fair hair & sk91 x has ! appe>ance ( an ,arctic bea/ ( prey1 l ! ,pol> be>4 ,! sn[-leop>d ( ! ,himalaya is f\nd at a midway /age ( su* adaptation4 ,"s geologi/s & zoologi/s n[ believe t1 dur+ ! ,glacial ,p]iod1 ! climate ( ,nor!rn ,europe 0 n ev]y:]e su* z necess>ily to de/roy ! local fauna & flora1 & 9 t case our ance/ors may = ages h ma9ta9$ !mselves !re2 or1 if t 0 impossible 7z ! abs5ce ( paloli?ic rema9s 9 ,sc&9avia seems to indicate71 !y may h roam$ = _m ages along ! bord]s ( glaciation1 p]haps z f> z ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,*9ese annals ref] to fair tribes 9 ,ea/]n ,sib]ia #bjj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era2#bb & x seems requisite to imag9e "s ext5sive res]voir ( mank9d 9 ord] to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! va/ hordes :i* 9 prehi/oric z 9 hi/orical times aga9 & aga9 invad$ ,europe--hordes 8:i* ! popul\s ,nor? ,p\r$ ev] f h] froz5 lo9s1 to pass ,rh5e or ! ,danau2 :5 h] b>b>\s sons ,came l a deluge on ! ,s\?1 & spread ,b5ea? ,gibralt> to ! ,libyan s&s40 ,t ! race 0 =m]ly fair] ?an x is n[ may be inf]r$ f ! :it5ess ( its *ildr5's hair3 ! trait has outliv$ its utility4 ,! occurr5ce ( a fair complexion 9 "s m\nta9 tribes1 9 ! ,alps1 e4 g41 has occasion$ ! conjecture t x may be due 9 "s way to m\nta9\s conditions1#bc ( :i* sn[ might be "o2 b1 if we suppose t ! ,nordic race ext5d$ dur+ ! ,glacial ,p]iod into ,we/]n ,europe 7hav+ already acquir$ its di/9ctive *>act]s71 a fair complexion 9 ! ,alps may be und]/ood by suppos+ t1 :il/ ! great] numb] ( !m foll[$ ! ice-%eet back to ! nor?-ea/1 "s foll[$ x s\?w>d up into ! m\nta9s--if ! complexion is really anci5t !re4 ,two objections to ?is hypo!sis w occur to e "o3 7i7 ,:y are n ! ,esquimo fair8 ,because1 ,i suppose1 !y are mu* m rec5t immigrants into ! ,arctic regions1 & p]haps 7 fully clo!d :5 !y arriv$ !re4 7ii7 ,c\ld ! ,nordic p h exi/$ 9 su* circum/ances unclo!d8 ,:e!r ?is 0 possible physiologi/s mu/ judge4 ,we see ! ,fuegians ma9ta9 !mselves1 practically nak$1 "u v inclem5t conditions4 ,& x is n necess>y to assume t ! ,nordic hunt]s 7 entirely nak$2 s9ce ! correlation betwe5 ! hair1 eyes & all p>ts ( ! sk9 is su* t1 if ! :it5+ ( any "p 7say ! hair7 0 suffici5tly advantage\s to det]m9e natural selection1 ! rema9d] ( ! body w\ld be simil>ly affect$4 ,&1 no d\bt1 ! ,m$it]ranean race 0 always :iti%4 ,! ,am]9ds seem to h be5 d]iv$ *iefly f ! ,asiatic race4 ,pygmies & ,au/ralians may repres5t sep>ate & /ill old] /ocks4 ,b1 z a result ( migrations & conque/s1 mo/ peoples are ( mix$ desc5t2 & h5ce 7i7 individuals 9 ! same locality sometimes v>y greatly1 because !y inh]it ! blood ( diff]5t /ra9s 9 diff]5t proportions2 & 7ii7 classification is difficult1 s t :il/ "s obs]v]s are cont5t to f9d half a doz5 races1 ,d5ik] enum]ates tw5ty-n9e4 ,besides g5]al racial diff]5ces1 !re exi/ )9 ea* race & )9 ea* national gr\p fur!r diff]5ces betwe5 individuals 9 _! physical1 & /ill m 9 _! m5tal1 /ature & ability4 ,z x 0 necess>y t ,man %\ld v>y greatly 9 und]go+ adaptation to ! hunt+ life 7z well z to diff]5t local environm5ts71 he 0 9 an organic condition fav\rable to fur!r v>iation4#bd ,& ?is has be5 utilis$ 9 8 adaptation to a c]ta9 special condition ( 8 greg>i\sness1 namely1 life 9 ! hunt+-pack2 = ?is requires a diff]5ce ( p]sonality betwe5 lead]s & foll[]s1 fir/ 9 ! *ase & lat] 9 w>4 ,a good democrat may ?9k x w\ld h be5 a bett] plan to make all m5 equal f ! fir/2 & ,i w\ld x _h be5 s2 = !n ! head ( ! race w\ld n h _h to drag along su* an altoge!r disproportionate tail3 a tail s huge & unwieldy t "o may d\bt :e!r x c ev] be extricat$ f ! morass ( b>b>ism4 ,b 9 ! e>ly days ( greg>i\sness1 a pack c\ld n h held toge!r1 or h hunt$ effici5tly1 if all _h be5 equal & ea* _h ex]cis$ ! "r ( private judgm5t4 ,s 9 successful packs "o l$ & ! re/ foll[$2 z !y /ill d1 & w cont9ue to d1 ( :atev] k9d may be ! lead]4 ,& ( all /ructures t make up a human be+ ! mo/ v>iable is ! bra93 ! diff]5ces betwe5 m5 9 /ature & physique are trifl+ comp>$ ) ^? 9 m5tal p[]4 ,:atev] feat ( /r5g? y\r ,samson c p]=m1 half a doz5 ord9>y m5 c also accompli%2 b 9 e g5]ation tasks are c>ri$ out by intellectual a?letes1 t[>d :i* all ! ord9>y m5 9 ! _w1 unit+ _! ef=ts1 c\ld d no?+--absolutely no?+4 #d4 ,,prey ,,& ,,competitors ,if we suppose ! diff]5tiation ( ! ,hom9id f ! ,an?ropoidea to h begun 9 ! ,upp] ,oligoc5e1 & t ! decisive *ange 0 initiat$ by "s ape t adopt$ ! life ( a hunt]1 x is int]e/+ to consid] :at ! _w 0 l 9 :i* he liv$1 :at sort ( animals surr\nd$ him1 :at animals probably became 8 prey1 & :at 7 8 rivals 9 ! *ase4#be ,! surface ( ! planet 0 less m\nta9\s ?an at pres5t2 9 ,europe ! ,pyr5ees _h ris51 b ! ,alps 7 only beg9n+ to rise2 & 9 ,asia ! ,himalayas began to dom9ate ! _w only 9 ! middle ( ! next epo*1 ! ,mioc5e4 ,! di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 too1 0 v diff]5t 9 ! ,oligoc5e f t :i* we n[ see3 ,europe 0 divid$ f ,asia by a broad gulf /ret*+ f ! ,indian ,ocean to ! ,arctic ,circle1 & an arm ( ?is gulf t[>d ! we/ subm]g$ a great "p ( ,c5tral ,europe2 ,asia 0 broadly connect$ ) ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e n[ ! sea p5etrates betwe5 ,sib]ia & ,alaska2 ,africa _h no connection ) ei!r ,europe or ,asia2 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica 7 sep>at$--p]haps at ,panama4 ,9 ! ,mioc5e1 ,europe1 ,asia & ,africa became unit$4 ,^! physiographic *anges may h affect$ climate2 = dur+ ! ,eoc5e tropical conditions prevail$ f> to ! nor?1 & coal-b$s 7 laid d[n 9 ,alaska2 b f ! ,oligoc5e onw>ds !re 0 a gradual fall ( temp]ature1 sl[ at fir/1 b end+ 7= ! pres5t7 9 ! cataclysms ( ! ,glacial ,p]iod4 ,!re 0 also a decrease 9 "s regions ( atmosph]ic moi/ure1 :i* det]m9es ! d5sity ( vegetation4 ,9 its g5]al "* ! vegetation 0 simil> to t :i* n[ prevails 9 tropical1 subtropical & temp]ate regions ( ! _w4 ,! species ( plants n[ exi/+ _h n yet arriv$2 b ( ! same g5]a & families z ^? we see1 conif]s1 palms & dicotyl$on\s fl[]+ plants cr[d$ ! =e/s & ov]hung ! riv]s4 ,! =e/s 7 m ext5sive & cont9u\s ?an ours outside ! tropics2 = by degrees br[s+ animals1 fe$+ d[n ! "y trees1 *eck ! r5ovation ( =e/s & cle> op5 spaces1 :]e grasses gr[2 *anges ( temp]ature limit ! nor!rn or s\!rn ext5sion ( c]ta9 k9ds ( plants1 & a failure ( humidity />ves all ! l>g] k9ds2 conv]t+1 at successive /ages1 =e/ into /eppe & /eppe into des]t4 ,animals1 especially mammalia1 ) :i* *iefly we are conc]n$1 71 at ! close ( ! ,oligoc5e1 v diff]5t f any t n[ roam ! l&s2 all ! species1 mo/ g5]a1 _m families & "s :ole ord]s h s9ce disappe>$4 ,b !re 7 pl5ty to eat & a good _m to dread4 ,until we "k ! neighb\rhood 9 :i* our ape's adv5tures began1 no?+ precise c be said ( 8 circum/ances4 ,probably x 0 some:]e 9 ! ,old ,_w1 & probably x 0 9 ,asia4 ,un=tunately1 we "k no?+ ( ! zoological antiquities ( ,asia until ! e>ly ,mioc5e1 & ev5 !n a v small selection ( :at mu/ h exi/$1 because geologi/s h hi!rto explor$ a v small "p ( ! cont95t--a few b$s 9 nor?-we/]n & nor!rn ,india & 9 ,burmah4 ,b !re is s mu* evid5ce ( ! migrations ( animals 9 successive ages ( ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod1 t any rema9s f ! ,oligoc5e & ,mioc5e w help u to und]/& :at sort ( neighb\rs our remote ance/ors _h to live among/4 ,= prey !re 0 great v>iety ( birds & reptiles 7ev]y:]e eat5 by savages7 & fi%es2 b we are mo/ conc]n$ ) ! mammalia1 :i* he may be suppos$ to h pursu$ afoot4 ,( ^! ! mo/ important are ! ho($ animals1 :i* fall into two great gr\ps1 p]haps n closely connect$--! odd-to$ 7,p]issodactyls7 & ! ev5-to$ 7,artiodactyls74 ,dur+ ! ,oligoc5e !re liv$ 9 ,europe1 or 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 or 9 bo?--&1 !re=e1 probably 9 ,asia--numb]s ( ! odd-to$ gr\p3 tapirs2 rh9oc]oses ( sev]al species1 "s )\t horns1 "s )1 "s amphibi\s 7,amynodonts71 all small] ?an _! mod]n repres5tatives2 *alico!res1 /range bea/s some?+ l horses1 b in/ead ( ho(s !y _h claws on _! toes--p]haps surviv$ 9 ,*9a into ! ,plei/oc5e2 small pr$ecessors ( ! horse ) ?ree toes on ea* foot2 titano!res1 huge/ animals ( _! age1 ext9ct 9 ! middle ( x--some?+ l ! rh9oc]os & ne>ly z big z an elephant 7,bronto!rium74 ,( ! ev5-to$ gr\p1 pig-l animals ab\nd$1 & "s true pigs appe>$2 entelodonts1 or giant-pigs1 7 common2 an?raco!res1 some:at pig-l 9 size & %ape2 ance/ral camels ab\t ! size ( %eep 7 to be _h 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2 oreodonts1 unf9i%$-look+ creatures ( _m species2 primitive de] & o!r rum9ants1 small 9 size & n hav+ yet gr[n any horns4 ,9 ,europe1 dur+ ! ,upp] ,oligoc5e1 cno!res1 small & graceful animals1 liv$ 9 l>ge h]ds ar\nd ! lakes4 ,!re 7 also primitive proboscidia ab\t half ! size ( mod]n elephants2 _m insectivores2 &1 among/ rod5ts1 beav]s & tailless h>es4 ,g5]ally1 animals ( ?is age t h left desc5dants 7 small] ?an _! mod]n repres5tatives2 & notably _! bra9s 7 small]4 ,9 ! ,l[] & ,middle ,mioc5e !re appe>$ also horn$ c]vul9e de]1 *evrota9es1 & horn$ antelopes2 d9o!res & ma/odons1 probably f ,africa2 primitive h$gehogs1 moles & %rews2 & 9 ! ,upp] ,mioc5e1 hipp>ion1 true h>es1 sev]al v>ieties ( hornless giraffe1 true de]1 & ance/ral %eep4 ,true horses & cattle are fir/ kn[n f ,plioc5e b$s2 b x is ne$less to foll[ ! /ory fur!r3 ! fauna becomes m & m mod]n 9 its "*1 & unc\? =ms die out4 ,an?ropoids are fir/ met ) 9 ! ,mioc5e & 9 ,europe3 pliopi!cus1 alli$ to ! gibbons1 9 ! ,l[]2 & dryopi!cus1 relat$ to ! *impanzee1 9 ! ,middle ,mioc5e2 b !y are believ$ to h come f ,asia4 ,!re1 9 ,plioc5e b$s ( ! ,siwaliks 7s\!rn foot-hills ( ! ,himalayas71 occur ! orang & *impanzee1 besides macaques1 langurs & baboons4 ,s9ce ! orang is n[ f\nd only 9 ,borneo & ,sumatra1 & ! *impanzee only 9 ,africa1 s\!rn ,asia seems to h be5 ! c5tre f :i* ! an?ropoids disp]s$2 & ?is seems to be ! *ief positive gr\nd = believ+ t ! human /ock began to be diff]5tiat$ 9 t region4 ,s9ce1 aga91 by ! ,middle ,mioc5e a *impanzee =m _h already migrat$ into ,europe1 x may be assum$ t ! orang 0 already di/9ct f x 7& p]haps _h spread ea/w>d73 ! diff]5tiation ( ^! g5]a mu/1 !re=e1 h happ5$ e>li]2 &1 !re=e1 also ! diff]5tiation ( ! human /ock2 s t ?is ev5t _c be put lat] ?an "s "t 9 ! ,oligoc5e4 ,h[ big 0 ,lycopi!cus to beg9 )8 ,! answ] to ?is "q mu/ affect our view ( 8 relations bo? to prey & to enemies4 ,inasmu* z ! ?ree extant an?ropoids & ,man are all ( ab\t ! same size1 !re is a presumption t _! common ance/or 0 9 /ature sup]ior to ! gibbons & to ! l>ge/ monkeys--9 fact1 a 8giant0 ape 7to borr[ a t]m f ,dr4 ,kei?74 ,dryopi!cus 80 small] ?an ! *impanzee1 b mu* l>g] ?an ! gibbon40#bf ,await+ fur!r evid5ce ( fossils1 :i* is mu* to be desir$1 x is probable1 on ! :ole1 t ,lycopi!cus weigh$ less on ! av]age ?an mod]n man1 b m ?an ! wolf4 ,z to competitors & aggressive enemies1 !re 7 snakes & crocodiles2 b1 conf9+ our att5tion to c>nivor\s mammals1 ! "t seems to h be5 fav\rable to ! ent]prise ( a new hunt]4 ,by ! middle ( ! ,oligoc5e1 ! anci5t ,creodonts 7primitive fle%-eat]s :i* _h fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,eoc5e7 7 ne>ly ext9ct1 repres5t$ 9 ! deposits by _! la/ surviv+ family1 ! ,hynodonts4 ,ance/ors ( ! mod]n c>nivores1 su* z may be call$ by anticipation dogs & cats1 d]iv$ 7accord+ to ,pr(4 ,scott7 f ! ,creodont ,family ( ! ,miacid1 7 becom+ num]\s1 b = ! mo/ "p 7 /ill ( small size4 ,app>5tly1 ! primitive dogs & _! allies mu/1 = "s "t1 h be5 m =midable adv]s>ies ?an ! primitive cats1 especially if we suppose !m to h already begun to hunt 9 pack2 & ?is is n improbable1 bo? on acc\nt ( _! /ructure & because sev]al di/9ct v>ieties & ev5 g5]a1 n[ extant1 h t habit--su* z wolf1 jackal1 d+o1 dhole1 ,cape hunt+-dog1 etc4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,oligoc5e ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 occurs a dog z big z a l>ge mod]n wolf1 & 9 ,europe ! be>-l dog1 ,amphicyon1 ( ab\t ! same size1 b said to h be5 clumsy & sl[-mov+4 ,!re 7 sev]al o!r dog-l species2 !y cont9ue 9 ! ,mioc5e1 & "s ( !m increase 9 bulk2 b true mod]n dogs or wolves 7,canis7 d n appe> be=e ! ,plioc5e4 ,!n1 too1 fir/ occur true be>s 7,ursus72 hynas 9 ! ,upp] ,mioc5e4 8,cats0 belong to two sub-families3 7i7 ! true fel9es1 our mod]n species & _! ance/ors2 & 7ii7 ! ma*rodonts1 or sabre-too!d cats4 ,! latt] fir/ appe> 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 9 ! ,l[] ,oligoc5e2 ! =m] 9 ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,oligoc5e4 ,! sabre-too?s are s call$ f _! ?91 curv$ upp] can9es2 :i* 7 s long 7#c to #f in*es7 t x is n easy to und]/& h[ !y c\ld op5 _! m\?s wide en\gh to bite ) !m4 ,t !y 7 effective 9 "s way is prov$ by ! fact t ma*rodonts1 fir/ appe>+ 9 ! ,l[] ,oligoc5e1 increas$ 9 numb]s & div]sity ( species = ages1 & "s ( !m 9 bulk4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 ! ,upp] ,oligoc5e1 "o species 0 z l>ge z a jagu>1 & "s ( ! bigge/ & mo/ t]rify+ 7 contempor>y ) ,man1 & only became ext9ct 9 ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,_! limbs 7 relatively %ort] & ?ick] ?an ^? ( ! ,fel94 ,^!1 ! true cats1 at fir/ progress$ m sl[ly ?an ! ,ma*rodontid2 b 9 ! ,siwalik deposits 7,plioc5e7 !re occur1 along ) ma*rodonts1 =ms resembl+ ! leop>d & ! lynx1 ) o!rs z l>ge z tig]s4 ,! l>ge/ ( all ?is gr\p seems to h be5 ! cave-lion1 p]haps a l>ge v>iety ( ! common ,african lion1 :i* also liv$ ) ,man 9 ,europe 9 ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,^! 7 s]i\s competitors 9 ! hunt+-life ( ,lycopi!cus & ( primitive ,man2 & ! effect ( su* competition 9 ext]m9at+ inf]ior =ms is %[n by ! fate ( ! c>nivor\s m>supials ( ,s\? ,am]ica 7alli$ to ,?ylac9us71 :i* 7 ! pr$atory fauna ( t region1 until 9 ! ,plioc5e1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica hav+ become unit$ by cont9u\s l&1 cats & dogs came 9 f ! nor!rn cont95t & put an end to !m2 & also by ! fate ( ! creodonts1 :i* 9 ! ,oligoc5e seem ev]y:]e to h be5 ext]m9at$ by ! new c>nivores4 ,9 bo? cases ! beat5 competitors 7 v inf]ior 9 ! size & complexity ( _! bra9s2 & if ,man has succe$$ 9 ! /ruggle = life aga9/ ! same foes1 9 spite ( 8 inf]ior bodily adaptation1 x is probably due to 8 v sup]ior bra9s4 ,?is may also be ! reason :y mod]n ,man 7,homo sapi5s671 w&]+ ev]y:]e ov] ! _w1 has ev]y:]e ext]m9at$ su* exp]im5ts 9 human nature z ,pi!can?ropus1 ,eoan?ropus1 & ,ne&]?al5sis2 z o!rs are soon to foll[ !m into ! ,hades ( ext9ct species4 ,^! few pages give a ridicul\sly fa9t sket* ( ! animal _w amid/ :i* our remote ance/ors began _! c>e]4 ,b x may s]ve to indicate t !re 0 always pl5ty to eat if y c\ld kill x1 & pl5ty ( rivals :o want$ _! %>e4 ,aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! d9osaurs at ! close ( ! ,cretace\s p]iod1 ! mammalia1 already num]\s1 develop$ rapidly1 & spread 9 ev] multiply+ numb]s & div]g+ %apes ov] ! :ole area ( ! l&4 ,we may take x t f ! ,middle ,eoc5e 7at lea/7 onw>ds ! e>? has always be5 z full ( wild bea/s z x w\ld hold4 ,to und]/& :at x 0 l 9 ! ,middle ,oligoc5e1 "o %\ld read ! adv5tures ( hunt]s 9 ,s\? ,africa sev5ty or eighty ye>s ago 7_! v]isimilitude is v\*$ = by ,liv+/one71#bg be=e a gun 9 ! h&s ( e ,kaffir _h begun to ?9 ! va/ h]ds t !n cov]$ ! :ole l&scape1 & 9 ^: numb]s ! wild hunt]s & ! lions c\ld make no appreciable dim9ution4 ,! little ,bu%m5 reg>d$ !mselves & ! lions z jo9t own]s & ma/]s ( all ! game4 ,! ma/]s f\ght "o ano!r1 inde$2 b !re 0 no necessity to fight1 = !re 0 m ?an en\gh = bo?3 lions 7 !n sometimes met 9 gangs ( t5 or a doz54 ,game ?r\gh\t ! ,ca9ozoic ages 0 abundant & ( all sizes3 _m small1 _m middle-siz$ & "s prodigi\s4 ,ev5 9 ! ,eoc5e1 "s ( ! ,amblypoda 7,d9oc]as1 ,am47 & ( ! ,b>ypoda 7,ars9o!rium1 ,af47 7 z big z rh9oc]oses2 9 ! ,oligoc5e1 ,titano!res n mu* small] ?an elephants2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 ,mioc5e & ,plioc5e times1 ! ,toxodonts2 9 ! ,plei/oc5e1 ,gr\nd-slo?s ( huge bulk1 & ,glyptodonts4 ,( ,families /ill repres5t$ among/ liv+ animals1 d9o!res & ma/odons occur 9 ! ,mioc5e2 & elephant1 rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 giraffe h ab\nd$ f ! ,plioc5e to rec5t times1 9 _m species1 ov] mo/ ( ,africa & ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,ev5 ! m>supials 9 ,au/ralia produc$ a species 7,diprotodon7 z l>ge z a rh9oc]os ) a skull ?ree feet long4 ,any "o ( ^! w\ld h be5 a meal = a :ole pack ( hunt]s1 if !y c\ld kill x--z we may be sure !y c\ld4 #e4 ,,conclusion ,f ! addiction ( "s ance/ral ape to animal food1 & to ! life ( a hunt] 9 ord] to obta9 x1 !n1 ! special *>act]i/ics ( ,man seem to be natural consequ5ces4 ,! hypo!sis f :i* ev]y?+ foll[s is exceptionally simple & mod]ate4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t our ance/or 0 a l>ge an?ropoid--possibly m greg>i\s ?an o!rs1 possibly m apt to live ^u ! gr\nd2 b nei!r ( ^! suppositions is requisite4 ,he 0 adapt$ to 8 life1 z ! *impanzee & gorilla are to !irs3 9 :i*1 probably1 !y h gone on ) little *ange = ages4 ,b into 8 life a di/urb+ factor ent]$--! impulse to attack1 hunt & eat animals1 :i* ext5sively replac$ 8 =m] peaceable1 frugivor\s habit4 ,! cause ( ?is *ange may h be5 a failure 9 ! supply ( 8 usual diet1 or an 8accid5tal v>iation0 ( appetite4 ,n a great numb] ne$ h %>$ 9 ! hunt+ impulse2 x is en\gh t a few %\ld h felt x1 or ev5 "o4 ,if advantage\s & inh]itable1 x w\ld spread ?r\gh 8 desc5dants4 ,x 0 advantage\s 7a7 9 enl>g+ _! res\rces ( nutrition1 & 7b7 9 enabl+ !m to escape f ! tropical =e/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to ^? lea/ fit = ! new life x br\ght ! disadvantages ( m /r5u\s ex]tion & ( competition ) o!r c>nivor\s types4 ,b ) h&s & sup]ior intellig5ce1 ^? t _h ! requisite "* succe$$4 ,!re 0 rapid selection ( ^? ^: v>iations ( /ructure1 "*1 activity 7 mo/ effective 9 deal+ ) game & ) enemies2 especially ( ^? :o comb9$ & co-op]at$1 & le>n$ to direct co-op]ation by "s rudim5t>y spee*4 ,b1 aga91 ! hunt+ impulse "h assum$ to h possess$ "s an?ropoid 0 n some?+ entirely new2 an?ropoids & _m o!r ,primates are kn[n to seize & dev\r birds1 liz>ds & ev5 small mammals :5 *ance (f]s an easy opportunity4 ,x is m]ely a great] p]si/5ce 9 ?is behavi\r t turns x into hunt+4 ,h[ v improbable t su* a *ange %\ld n sometimes occur6 ,is x n likely to h occurr$ (t51 & ) _m failures8 ,simil>ly1 ( ! result+ *anges3 ! diff]5tiation ( our h&s & feet is only an advance ^u :at y see 9 ! gorilla2 z = our gr\nd-life1 c ! adult male gorilla be fairly call$ arboreal8 ,sev]al ,primates use unwr\ght weapons2 mo/ ( !m lead a greg>i\s life1 to :i* our own is a return2 !y are co-op]ative at lea/ 9 def5ce2 l _m o!r animals1 !y communicate by ge/ures & in>ticulate vocal cries4 ,co-op]ative hunt+1 inde$1 seems to be new 9 our ,ord]2 b s9ce wolves & dogs1 or _! ance/ors1 fell 9 ) x "s "t or o!r1 :y %\ld x be beyond ! capacity ( apes8 ,on second ?\ghts1 is ! co-op]ative raid+ ( plantations by baboons some?+ altoge!r diff]5t f hunt+ 9 pack8 ,?us at ea* occasion ( *ange 9 /ructure or function1 ,lycopi!cus m]ely c>ri$ "s t5d5cy ( ! o!r ,primates a little fur!r1 & a little fur!r2 until1 c]ta9ly1 he w5t a long way4 ,! :ole movem5t c be di/9ctly pictur$ ?r\gh\t1 & x has an air ( be+ natural or ev5 inevitable4 ,few hypo!ses ask u to grant less ?an ?is "o4 ,moreov]1 if ! /ory is n true1 ,man is an exception to ! rule ( animal life1 t ! /ructure ( e organism is made up ( app>atus subs]v+ its peculi> conditions ( nutrition & reproduction4 ,inde$1 conditions ( nutrition are ! gr\nd ( ! diff]5tiation ( animals & plants4 ,conditions ( reproduction ne$ n "h be consid]$1 z ! app>atus is ! same 9 ! an?ropoids & 9 ourselves4 ,) _m species to avoid be+ eat5 & to mate are ! reasons = "s second>y *>act]s1 su* z protective arm\r or coloration1 fleetness ) its correlative /ructures1 nuptial plumage1 & s =?4 ,b to avoid be+ eat5 & to mate1 x is fir/ ( all necess>y to eat & live2 & accord+ly1 = ea* sort ( animal1 />t+ f ! organisation ( "s e>li] /ock1 its /ructure & activities are det]m9$ by ! k9d ( food x gets1 & ! conditions ( gett+ x3 9 our case1 ! hunt+ ( game afoot4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,?is 0 sugge/$ to me by ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,g>fitt4 #b ,illu/ration ,e/imat$ duration ( ! ,ca9ozoic ,p]iod1 assum+ t ! ?ickness ( ! deposits is ab\t #fc1jjj feet1 & t deposits accumulate at ! rate ( #a foot 9 #ajj ye>s4 ,drawn to ! scale ( #a mm4 to #ajj1jjj ye>s4 ,! e/imate is giv5 & expla9$ by ,pr(4 ,sollas 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,,lxv4 7#aiji74 ,! 8tree0 is bas$ on t giv5 by ,dr4 ,a4 ,kei? 9 ,! ,antiquity ( ,man1 p4 #eji4 ,if we suppose ! diff]5tiation ( ! ,hom9id to h begun be=e ! close ( ! ,oligoc5e1 ab\t 7say7 #c1ejj1jjj ye>s are all[$ = ! evolution ( ! exi/+ species ( ,man4 ,all ^! reckon+s are provisional4 #c ,t ,man 0 f ! fir/ a hunt] has be5 sugge/$ by sev]al au?ors2 b ! consequ5ces ( ! assumption h nev] 7z f> z ,i "k7 be5 work$ out4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 9 ,d>w9ism 7p4 #dei71 has ! foll[+ passage3 8,! an?ropoid apes1 z well z mo/ ( ! monkey tribe1 are ess5tially arboreal 9 _! /ructure1 :]eas ! great di/9ctive "* ( man is 8 special adaptation to t]re/rial locomotion4 ,we c h>dly suppose1 !re=e1 t he orig9at$ 9 a =e/ region1 :]e fruits to be obta9$ by climb+ are ! *ief vegetable food4 ,x is m probable t he began 8 exi/5ce on ! op5 pla9s on high plateaux ( ! temp]ate or subtropical zone1 :]e ! se$s ( indig5\s c]eals1 num]\s h]bivora1 rod5ts1 game-birds1 ) fi%es & molluscs 9 ! lakes & riv]s & seas suppli$ him ) an abundance ( v>i$ food4 ,9 su* a region he w\ld develop skill z a hunt]1 trapp] or fi%]man1 & lat] z a h]dsman & cultivator--a succession ( :i* we f9d indications 9 ! paloli?ic & neoli?ic races ( ,europe40 ,pr(4 ,mac,bride1 9 8 popul> introduction to ,zoology 7p4 #hd71 also traces ! specialisation ( ,man to ! hunt+ life4 ,my fri5d ,mr4 ,?omas ,:ittak] has s5t me ! foll[+ extract f ,comte's ,politique ,positive1 ,i4 pp4 #fjd-e3 8,l'obligation de se n\rrir d'une proie qu'il faut atte9dre et va9cre1 p]fectionne la fois t\s les attributs animaux1 tant intrieurs qu'extrieurs4 ,son influ5ce env]s les s5s et les muscles e/ trop vid5te p\r exig] ici aucun exam54 ,p> sa raction habituelle sur les plus hautes fonctions du c]veau1 elle dveloppe galem5t l'intellig5ce et l'activit1 dont le premi] essor lui e/ t\j\rs d1 mme *ez notre espce4 ,a t\s ces ttres1 cette ncessit modifie aussi les races qui en sont victimes1 d'aprs les ef=ts mo9s n]giques1 mais plus cont9us1 qu'elle y provoque p\r leur df5se4 ,dans les deux cas1 et surt\t quant l'attaque1 elle dt]m9e mme les prmires habitudes de co-opration active1 au mo9s temporaire4 ,bornes la simple famille *ez les espces insociables1 ces ligues peuv5t ailleurs embrass] quelquefois de nombreuses tr\pes4 ,a9si comm5c5t1 p>mi les animaux1 des impulsions et des aptitudes qui ne p\vai5t se dvelopp] que d'aprs la cont9uit propre la race la plus sociable et la plus intellig5te4 ,enf91 la condition c>nassire doit aussi tre apprecie dans sa raction organique4 ,une plus =te excitation1 une dige/ion mo9s laborieuse et plus rapide1 une assimilation plus complte produisant un sang plus /imulant3 telles sont ses proprits physiologiques4 ,t\tes conc\r5t dvelopp] les fonctions suprieures1 soit en augm5tant l'n]gie de leurs organes1 soit en procurant plus de temps p\r leur ex]cice40 #d ,f4 ,wood ,jones1 ,arboreal ,man1 pp4 #aag-bb4 #e ,on ^! p>agraphs--7#c71 7#d71 7#e71 7#f71 7#g7--see ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man1 #bnd ed41 pp4 #di-ed3 :5ce1 ( c\rse1 ,i h freely borr[$4 #f ,num]\s ref]5ces might be giv51 f :i* ,i select ,hag5beck1 ,bea/s & ,m51 p4 #fc4 #g ,r4 ,l4 ,g>n]1 ,gorillas & ,*impanzees1 *4 vi43 :]e m5tion is made ( su* mean+s z 8food10 8call+ to "s "o10 8affection10 8good0 7said1 ,i suppose1 ( food71 8w>n+ cries10 8cold or discom=t10 8dr9k10 8illness10 8dead03 ! entire vocabul>y1 p]haps1 n m ?an tw5ty signs4 ,! value ( ,g>n]'s "w is disput$4 #h ,natural ,selection1 p4 #aic4 #i ,avebury1 ,prehi/oric ,times1 #g? ed41 p4 #egh4 #aj ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #fai4 #aa ,turn]'s ,samoa1 p4 #bhe4 #ab ,op4 cit41 p4 #egi4 #ac ,primitive ,m>riage1 *4 ii4 #ad ,desc5t ( ,man1 #bnd ed41 pp4 #eie-fjd4 #ae ,p>]ga & ,p>alipom5a1 ,b4 ,,ii1 ,kap4 #bg4 #af ,a ,naturali/ 9 ,nic>agua1 *4 xi4 #ag ,op4 cit41 p4 #eg4 #ah ,natural ,selection1 pp4 #aie-g4 #ai ,nak$ races ( dogs h also be5 report$ to exi/ 9 ,*9a1 ,manila & ,s\? ,africa2 b ,i c le>n no p>ticul>s ( !m4 #bj ,w4 ,e4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,nor? ,que5sl& ,e?nology1 ,bullet9 ,v4 #ha4 #ba ,a4 ,kei?1 ,! ,antiquity ( ,man1 p4 #acd4 #bb ,m4 ,a4 ,czaplicka1 ,my ,sib]ian ,ye>1 p4 #bcj4 #bc ,ripley1 ,! ,races ( ,europe1 pp4 #gf-g4 #bd ,d>w91 ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 ,pop4 ed41 ,,ii4 p4 #cjh4 #be ,! cont5ts ( ?is section lie outside my own /udies1 & h be5 tak5 f v>i\s books ( ,geology & ,palontology3 ,i mu/ especially m5tion ,pr(4 ,osborne's ,age ( ,mammals 7#aiaj7 & ,pr(4 ,scott's ,l& ,mammals 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e 7#aiac74 ,i h also pr(it$ by inspect+ ! ,palontological ,gall]y at ,s\? ,k5s+ton ) ! help ( its excell5t ,guide-,book4 #bf ,a4 ,kei?1 ,! ,human ,body1 p4 #eh4 #bg ,travels & ,rese>*es 9 ,we/]n ,africa1 *4 vii4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,on ,,! ,,diff]5tiation ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,f ,,! ,,an?ropoid ,,m9d #a4 ,,h]$ity1 ,,adaptation1 ,,accommodation ,foll[+ ! g5]al belief t ,man is desc5d$ f a /ock ne>ly alli$ to ! great] an?ropoids--,orang1 ,*impanzee1 ,gorilla--we may assume t 8 m5tal end[m5ts 7 once mu* ! same z !irs2 & t1 s f> z !y are /ill ! same1 h]$ity suffici5tly expla9s 8 hav+ !m4 ,?us ! s5ses1 p]ception1 ! simpl] =ms ( comp>ison & inf]5ce1 ! appetites & _m ( ! in/9cts & emotions are common to u ) ! apes1 are se5 9 our *ildr5 "u ?ree ye>s old1 & 79 %ort7 con/itute t g5]ic consci\sness 7z ,i h call$ x7 f :i* ! human m9d 9 g5]al & ! peculi> traits ( races & individuals are diff]5tiat$4 ,s mu* = h]$ity2 b ! diff]5ces ( ! human f ! an?ropoid m9d1 alike 9 intellig5ce & 9 "*1 are enorm\s1 & mu/ be acc\nt$ = 9 "s o!r way4 ,all[+ = "s orig9al specific diff]5ce :i* we c h>dly hope to discov]1 ! *anges t h tak5 place may be consid]$ z ! result ( adaptation to ^? habits ( life "u :i* our species 7n[ rank+ zoologically z a ,family7 has be5 develop$4 ,& ?is adaptation ,i %all assume to h be5 br\ght ab\t "u conditions ( natural selection3 human races1 z we n[ see !m1 be+ ! survivors ( _m v>iations1 m or less successful1 & ! o!rs hav+ be5 de/roy$4 ,= good judges are ( op9ion t1 among/ ! discov]$ rema9s ( anci5t specim5s ( ! human family1 "s t exhibit m>k$ deviations f ! mod]n type--,ne&]?al5sis1 ,eoan?ropus1 ,pi!can?ropus--%\ld be reg>d$ n z belong+ to our ance/ral l9e1 b r z repres5t+ di/9ct species t h fail$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4#bh ,b besides ! innate dispositions ( human nature det]m9$ by h]$ity & natural selection1 :i* are f\nd 9 "s measure univ]sally1 because !y are adaptations to conditions t1 at "o "t & n long ago1 weigh$ ^u ! ance/ors ( all ( u1 !re are num]\s traits 7"s ( !m q sup]ficial7 t v>y f c\ntry to c\ntry & f age to age1 accord+ to ! economic or political type ( ! society 9 :i* a man lives1 8 place !re91 geographical circum/ances1 religi\s in/itutions & ! c\ntless causes t gov]n mann]s & cu/oms4 ,9 ! lives ( mo/ m5 ^! traits are n necess>y2 !y may be adopt$ & ca/ aside m ?an once 9 an individual's c>e]3 !y are tempor>y accommodations due to education1 imitation1 tradition2 &1 9 fact1 are (t5 ! disguises ( human nature4 ,/ill1 z society gr[s m & m complex1 ord]ly & /able1 !re is1 no d\bt1 aga9 "s natural selection ( ^? individuals :o are capable ( und]go+ ! requisite accommodations4 ,^? t _c endure ! re/ra9ts ( civilisation1 w&] away2 ! extremely lazy1 improvid5t1 di%one/1 or aggressive1 9 consid]able numb]s1 p]i%4 #b4 ,,! ,,orig9al ,,/ock ,,& ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,diff]5tiation ,to ! orig9al m5tality ( man we c only seek a clue 9 ! high] ,primates1 & especially 9 ! extant an?ropoids4 ,no d\bt1 dur+ ! long mill5nia t h elaps$ s9ce ! sep>ation ( our own /ock f ^? ( o!r g5]a & species1 !y also h und]gone "s evolution1 b probably mu* less *ange ?an we h4 ,un=tunately1 our k ( _! habits & abilities is /ill deplorably limit$4 ,x seems c]ta91 h[ev]1 t _! intellig5ce is mu* great] ?an t ( any o!r k9d ( animal4 ,!y mu/ h ext5sive k ( _! habitat1 ( all ! =e/ c yield = food or %elt]1 & ( its o!r d5iz5s dang]\s or o!rwise4 ,!y con/ruct = !mselves "s sort ( sleep+-place1 n mu* inf]ior to ! ,au/ralians' 8lean-to10 by pil+ bran*es toge!r 9 ! trees4 ,t[>d m51 an?ropoids seem to be unaggressive1 & usually retreat f !m2 b1 :5 attack$1 def5d !mselves ) fury4 ,f o!r animals ! male gorilla has no?+ to fe>1 & he def5ds 8 family aga9/ leop>ds2 ! *impanzee is said to fight leop>ds ) v>y+ success2 &1 z = ! orang1 ,dyak *iefs told ,wallace t no animals d>e attack him1 except crocodiles & py?ons1 & t he kills bo? ( !m4#bi ,! food ( ^! apes is *iefly fruit & ! t5d] %oots ( trees & bamboos2 b !y sometimes eat eggs & "y birds2 & ! gorilla is said to eat small mammals3 9 conf9em5t !y all take cook$ fle% freely4 ,socially1 !y h>dly get beyond family life4 ,orangs male & female are ev5 se5 alone1 & "y ones toge!r )\t p>5ts2 gorillas are se5 9 family p>ties2 *impanzees 9 families1 & occasionally ?ree or f\r families 9 company4 ,x is said t gorillas & *impanzees h be5 se5 toge!r 9 a l>ge b&4 ,i h met ) no report ( ^! animals fight+ among/ !mselves1 except t male gorillas sometimes fight = a wife4 ,gorillas h also be5 said1 ^u v slight evid5ce1 to be polygam\s2 *impanzees & orangs seem to be monogam\s4#cj ,_! family life is probably1 z among/ all ! o!r ,primates1 affectionate3 ! long y\? ( _! *ildr5 implies mu* p>5tal c>e4 ,:il/ ! small] an?ropoids--siamang & gibbon--g 9 troops1 z also d ! baboons & mo/ monkeys ( bo? hemisph]es1 ! less sociability ( ! great an?ropoids may be und]/ood to result 7a7 f ! limit$ supply ( ! "r sort ( food = !m1 ev5 9 ! tropical =e/ to :i* !y are conf9$--s9ce animals ( _! bulk mu/ consume a great deal2 & 7b7 f _! hav+ no ne$ ( comb9+ = ! purpose ( def5ce4 ,f ! type ?us outl9$ ! m5tality ( ! human race has dep>t$ s widely t "s ev5 ( ^? :o believe t our bodies h be5 d]iv$ f "s simian /ock 7e4 g4 ,wallace7 hesitate to admit t our m9ds c h _h a simil> hi/ory4 ,b z ev]y:]e else 9 ! animal k+dom m9d & body con/itute "o organism1 x is reasonable to consid] :e!r ! diff]5tiation ( ! m9d ( man may n be und]/ood to h tak5 place "u ! same conditions z ^? :i* det]m9$ ! trans=mation ( 8 body4 ,:at 7 ^! conditions8 7a7 ,9 ! =ego+ *apt] ,i h collect$ a numb] ( facts & argum5ts po9t+ to ! probability t ! *ief cause ( ! evolution ( ! human ,family 0 ! adoption by "s an?ropoid 7or alli$ =m7 ( ! life ( ! hunt] 9 ord] to obta9 animal food4 ,t ! *ange f a frugivor\s to a c>nivor\s diet may itself h _h "s effect ^u our temp]am5t & activity is possible2 b ,i lay no /ress ^u t4 ,mo/ monkeys are almo/ exclusively frugivor\s2 ! only ,primate1 except man1 t dep5ds a good deal ^u animal food is1 ,i believe1 ! crab-eat+ macaque 7,macacus cynomolgus71 ( ! ,burmese & ,malay littoral2 yet monkeys are ! mo/ al]t & active ( animals2 "s ( !m are among/ ! mo/ c\rage\s2 an?ropoids are among/ ! mo/ p[]ful4 ,a c>nivor\s diet alone w\ld n expla9 any *anges 9 ! %ape & proportions ( our trunk & limbs1 nor ! upright gait1 nor ! greg>i\s habit1 nor ! developm5t ( ! bra91 nor ! inv5tion ( weapons1 nor ! use ( fire1 nor any ( ! m5tal & emotional *>act]i/ics t di/+ui% man f ! o!r ,primates2 b all ^! ?+s readily foll[ f our remote ance/or's adoption ( ! life ( ! hunt]4 ,sociologi/s1 survey+ extant peoples1 h usually di/+ui%$ f\r /ages ( culture1 ! hunt+1 pa/oral1 agricultural & manufactur+2 & "s h indicat$ :at !y suppose to h be5 a /ill e>li] /age1 ! 8collect+10 su* z may be se51 e4 g41 among/ ! ,fuegians4 ,b ! collect+ /ate is pla9ly deg5]ate1 ! res\rce ( tribes fall5 into di/ress2 x _c h be5 ! fir/ /age1 because x implies no conditions t t5d 9 any way to develop body or m9d or society4 ,t hunt+ came fir/ is a true intuition3 &1 to und]/& ! developm5t ( human nature1 we ne$ only ref] ! hunt+-life back to ! v orig9 ( ! human /ock4#ca 7b7 ,! great an?ropoids are all conf9$ to ! equatorial =e/s2 & x is obvi\s t1 ) _! diet1 x is impossible to pass out ( tropical or 7at fur!/7 sub-tropical regions4 ,b ! adoption ( a fle% diet enabl$ ! human /ock to ext5d ! range ( its hunt+ 7all[+ = gradual adaptation to climate or accommodation by clo?+7 to any c\ntry t suppli$ ! requisite prey2 &1 accord+ly1 9 c\rse ( "t1 x w&]$ to e "p ( ! _w4 ,! settl+ ( v>i\s (f-%oots ( ! orig9al /ock 9 c]ta9 regions long en\gh = !m to und]go adaptation to local conditions is 7z we h se57 ! simple/ explanation ( exi/+ races4 7c7 ,:il/ none ( ! great an?ropoids has advanc$ socially beyond family life1 man is ev]y:]e 7) few & d\btful exceptions7 greg>i\s--liv+ at ! l[e/ grade 9 tribes or b&s ( ab\t fifty2 & ! greg>i\s life is "o ( ! mo/ important conditions ( 8 peculi> developm5t4 ,possibly1 he may orig9ally h be5 m greg>i\s ?an any extant an?ropoid1 9 spite ( 8 n ne$+ society = def5ce1 & ( its seem+ to be = s l>ge a frugivor\s animal inconv5i5t 9 relation to nutrition4 ,moreov]1 if ! great an?ropoids & our own ance/ors 7 desc5d$ f "s /ock ( ! l[] monkeys1 su* z always g 9 troops1 ! greg>i\s in/9ct may h rema9$ ) !m z a lat5t "*4 ,/ill1 x is my conjecture t man became greg>i\s1 or recov]$ ! social habit1 because ( ! utility ( co-op]ative hunt+2 s t he became at fir/ a sort ( wolf-ape4 ,?is w be discuss$ 9 ! next section4 ,i obs]ve "h1 h[ev]1 t ! hypo!sis helps u to und]/& :y man is /ill imp]fectly sociable2 ! purpose ( ! hunt+-pack1 ea* wolf-ape seek+ prey1 0 unfav\rable to social life 9 o!r relations4 ,t 9 human life gr\p-consci\sness prec$$ self-consci\sness is a gr\ndless & fanta/ic notion3 all kn[n savages are fully self-consci\s1 z _! s5tim5ts & behavi\r imply2 & ev5 ! high] brutes are 79 my judgm5t7 self-consci\s 9 _! relations ) o!rs4 ,curr5t speculations ab\t fa%ion1 imitation1 tradition1 cr[d-psy*ology1 are 9 dang] ( exagg]ation1 & ov]look ! pat5t facts ( individualism1 z %[n by ! hypocrite1 ! crim9al1 ! vagrant1 ! contra-sugge/ible1 ! h]mit1 ! sceptic1 ! sa9t4 ,"s p--)\t be+ 9 any way morbid--f9d t a good deal ( solitude is necess>y to ! complete life3 by nature ! /ud5t & ! pione] escape f ! cr[d4 7d7 ,! lat] /ages ( human developm5t h be5 consid]ably modifi$ by c]ta9 imag9>y conditions peculi> to ,man2 = he--we "k n at :at date--inv5t$ !m4 ,^! may be summ$ up "u ! names ( ,magic & ,animism2 & 9 subsequ5t *apt]s !y w be discuss$1 ) _! a/oni%+ vag>ies & /ill m a/oni%+ reactions ^u human life4 ,! *ief conditions1 !n1 to :i* man has be5 adapt$1 & !reby diff]5tiat$ 9 body & m9d f ! an?ropoid /ock1 ,i take to be f\r3 ! hunt+ life2 geographical circum/ances2 social life2 & 8 own imag9ations4 #c4 ,,primal ,,society ,9 look+ = ! probable =m ( ! e>lie/ human or 7r7 prehuman society1 "o naturally makes a survey ( o!r mammalian societies2 & ! task is soon accompli%$4 ,x is surpris+ h[ few & simple ! types ( !m are1 9 contra/ ) ! elaborate polities ( "s hym5opt]a & ( ! t]mites3 ^! h mu* great] sup]ficial resemblance to mod]n human societies2 b1 9 fact1 !y are families r ?an societies2 _! int]e/+ activities w "o day probably be trac$ to relatively simple me*anisms2 & 9 e way !y are too remote f u = any useful comp>ison4 ,z = mammalian societies1 ev5 us+ ! t]m to include families1 !y may be classifi$ "u f\r or five types3 7#a7 ,families3 7a7 ,monogam\s3 ( :i* ! be/ examples seem to be f\nd 9 "s monkeys4 ,_m ( ! cats are believ$ to pair monogam\sly2 b x is d\btful :e!r1 or 9 :at measure1 ! male takes "p 9 ! re>+ ( ! :elps4 7b7 ,polygam\s3 *>act]i/ic ( _m species ( de]2--aft] ! bre$+-season1 ! /ags (t5 w&] away by !mselves4 7#b7 ,associations ( families )\t app>5t /ructure or organisation1 su* z ^? ( ! vizca*a & ! beav]4 ,!y h no lead]s1 & make no attempt at mutual def5ce2 b _! inco-ord9at$ activities1 9 mak+ _! burr[s1 dams1 etc41 h results :i*1 especially 9 ! case ( ! beav]s1 look z if ! animals _h work$ ^u a common1 prem$itat$ plan4 ,greg>i\sness exi/s widely 9 ! animal k+dom )\t any utility 9 attack or def5ce1 b m]ely = conv5i5ce ( bre$+1 or = ! advantage ( signall+ ! approa* ( dang]1 f any direction1 to ! :ole flock4 7#c7 ,troops or h]ds1 compris+ sev]al families4 ,?is type is common among/ monkeys3 g5]ally ! families are monogam\s1 & bo? p>5ts c>e = ! (fspr+2 !y h lead]s1 & comb9e 9 mutual def5ce4 ,?is is especially effective ) ! baboons--:o1 h[ev]1 are polygam\s4 ,a v simil> type is *>act]i/ic ( cattle2 :o also h lead]s z ! result ( battle betwe5 ! bulls1 ea* try+ to control & keep toge!r z _m c[s z he c2 & !y (t5 comb9e _! =ces aga9/ bea/s ( prey4 7#d7 ,hunt+-packs--mo/ noticeable ) wolves & wild dogs3 !y h lead]s1 & probably an ord] ( prec$5ce det]m9$ by battle4 ,9 ! bre$+-season 7,febru>y to ,augu/7 a pack ( wolves breaks up into pairs2 b :e!r _! pair+ is = life or m]ely seasonal is disput$2 & x is also d\btful :e!r ! male takes any %>e 9 c>+ = ! puppies2 su* habits may v>y 9 diff]5t localities4#cb ,! numb]s ( ! pack dep5d on circum/ances1 & are n[ mu* small] 9 ,canada ?an 9 ,russia4 ,0 our own primitive society1 !n1 l any ( ^!8 ,s9ce direct evid5ce _c be obta9$1 we mu/ be guid$ 9 =m+ our hypo!sis by two consid]ations3 7a7 :at type ( society gives ! be/ explanation ( human nature z we n[ f9d x8 & 7b7 = :i* type c we give ! be/ reason :y x %\ld h be5 adopt$8 ,s ,i po9t out 7a7 t man1 9 "*1 is m l a wolf or dog ?an he is l any o!r animal2 & 7b7 t = ! =m+ ( a pack !re 0 a cle> gr\nd 9 ! advantage to be obta9$ by co-op]ative hunt+4#cc ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ,d>w91 discuss+ sexual selection 9 man1 sugge/s a diff]5t hypo!sis4 ,he says3 8,look+ f> en\gh back 9 ! /ream ( "t1 & judg+ f ! social habits ( man z he n[ exi/s1 ! mo/ probable view is t he aborig9ally liv$ 9 small communities1 ea* ) a s+le wife1 or if p[]ful ) sev]al1 :om he jeal\sly gu>d$ aga9/ all o!r m54 ,or he may n h be5 a social animal1 & yet h liv$ ) sev]al wives1 l ! gorilla2 = all ! natives #8agree t b "o adult male is se5 9 a b&2 :5 ! "y male gr[s up1 a conte/ takes place = ma/]y1 & ! /ronge/1 by kill+ & driv+ out ! o!rs1 e/abli%es himself z ! head ( ! community4' ,! y\ng] males1 be+ ?us expell$ & w&]+ ab\t1 w\ld1 :5 at la/ successful 9 f9d+ a p>tn]1 prev5t too close int]-bre$+ )9 ! limits ( ! same family40#cd ,! in=mation conc]n+ ! polygamy ( ! gorilla1 quot$ "h f ,dr4 ,savage1 :o wrote 9 #ahde1 has n s9ce 7,i believe7 be5 confirm$1 except by ,pr(4 ,g>n]4#ce ,naturally1 ! above passage has attract$ ! att5tion ( an?ropologi/s2 & ,i am sorry to expose myself to ! *>ge ( immode/y 9 v5tur+ to put =w>d a diff]5t view4 ,atk9son 9 8 essay on ,primal ,law1 edit$ ) qualifi$ approval by ,&rew ,lang1 />ts f ,d>w9's hypo!sis1 & m]ely modifies x by urg+ t ! "y males1 :5 driv5 (f by _! fa!r1 did n w&] away1 b kept ne> ! family1 always on ! wat* to murd] _! fa!r4 ,?is am5dm5t he makes1 because he _h obs]v$ ! same habits 9 cattle & horses4 ,!n1 ?r\gh a r[ ( hypo!ses ) little evid5ce or rational connection1 he arrives at an explanation ( c]ta9 savage laws ( avoidance1 exogamy1 etc4 ,m rec5tly1 ,pr(4 ,freud has produc$ a mo/ +5i\s & ent]ta9+ essay on ,totem und ,tabu1 9 :i* he builds ^u ! same f\ndations4 ,y easily see h[ ! 8dipus complex0 em]ges f su* a primitive /ate ( ?+s1 b w h>dly1 )\t read+ ! "w1 imag9e ! weal? ( speculation x conta9s or its lit]>y attractiv5ess4 ,atk9son probably reli$ ^u ! suppos$ p>allel case ( wild cattle & horses1 because ^? animals resemble ! apes 9 be+ veget>ian3 ?\gh ! diets are1 9 fact1 v diff]5t4 ,b ev5 if su* a comp>ison indicates a possible social /ate ( our orig9al ape-l /ock1 :at is !re 9 su* a /ate t c be suppos$ to h introduc$ ! *anges t made our =ebe>s no long] ape-l8 ,suppos+ ^? *anges to h already tak5 place1 :at evid5ce is !re t ! same social /ate endur$8 ,none3 = x 0 assum$ to h be5 ! social /ate ( our =ebe>s on ! gr\nd ( _! resemblance 9 diet & family economy to ! gorilla4 ,return+1 !n1 to our hypo!sis z to ! *ief cause ( human diff]5tiation1 namely1 t a c]ta9 ,primate1 m ne>ly alli$ to ! an?ropoids ?an to any o!r1 became c>nivor\s & adopt$ ! life ( a hunt]1 !re are 7z ,i h said7 two ways 9 :i* ?is may h happ5$3 ei!r by su* a v>iation on ! "p ( our ance/or t he felt a /rong] appetite = animal food ?an ! gorilla does--/rong en\gh to make him hunt = prey2 or by su* a *ange ( climate 9 ! region he inhabit$--say f sub-tropical to temp]ate--z to make 8 =m] diet sc>ce1 especially 9 w9t]1 s t he became a hunt] to avoid />vation4 ,e "o admits t he became a hunt] at "s "t3 :y n at ! e>lie/8 ,no?+ less ?an "s great *ange ( life1 conc5trat+ all 8 p[]s & /ra9+ e faculty1 c possibly acc\nt = ! enorm\s diff]5tiation ( ,man4 ,! adoption ( ! hunt+ life is su* a *ange2 & ! fur!r back we put x1 ! bett] x expla9s ! o!r *anges t h occurr$ 9 our physical & m5tal nature4 ,f ! outset1 aga91 our ance/or may h attack$ big game1 probably ,ungulates--to :om he ow$ mu*2 = n only did !y provide prey1 b by cle>+ ! =e/ ov] wide areas compell$ him to run 9 pursuit remote f 8 native trees1 ?us giv+ great selective advantage to e v>iation ( legs & feet adapt$ to runn+3 ?\gh at ! v fir/ !re may h be5 little ne$ to run1 z he 0 n yet an object ( t]ror2 8we mu/ rememb] t if man 0 unskilful1 animals 7 unsuspici\s40#cf ,i suppose him1 at fir/1 to h fall5 to ) h&s & tee?3 comb9+ ) o!rs 9 a hungry1 savage onslaught4 ,by attack+ big game advantage 0 giv5 to ^? individuals & families :o co-op]at$ 9 hunt+3 ?us =m+ ! primal society ( ! human /ock2 a society entirely diff]5t f t ( any ( ! ,primates1 or ( cattle1 & mo/ l t ( ! dogs & wolves--a hunt+-pack4 ,z 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations ! hunt+-pack develop$1 no d\bt1 x _h recognis$ lead]s1 ! mo/ p[]ful males1 "o p]haps pre-em95t4 ,b x 0 n subject to "o old male :o claim$ all ! females2 = ! m adult males x compris$1 ! /rong] x 02 &1 = ! same reason1 pair+1 z among wolves1 0 ! mo/ effici5t =m ( sexual relation%ip4 ,b1 9 my judgm5t1 x is altoge!r va9 to try to d$uce f ?is =m ( society1 :i* may h exi/$ ?ree or f\r million ye>s ago1 any ( ! kn[n cu/oms ( savages conc]n+ m>riage1 su* z avoidance1 totemism1 exogamy2 :i* w\ld be ( comp>atively rec5t date if we put back _! orig9 #ejj1jjj ye>s4 ,_m su* rules c only h aris5 :5 !re 0 already a tradition & a language capable ( express+ relation%ips4 #d4 ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,! ,,hunt+-,,pack ,possibly our ape-l ance/or 0 m sociable ?an any ( ! an?ropoids2 b sociability 9 ape-life w\ld 9 no way acc\nt = our pres5t "* z m53 no?+ acc\nts = x1 except ! e>ly =mation ( ! hunt+-pack4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 we c "k no?+ ( t in/itution directly1 we mu/ try to le>n some?+ ab\t x f ! p>allel case ( dogs & wolves4 ,galton rem>ks h[ readily ! proce$+s ( man & dog 8are intelligible to "o ano!r4 ,e :9e or b>k ( ! dog1 ea* ( 8 fawn+1 savage1 or timor\s movem5ts is ! exact c\nt]p>t ( :at w\ld h be5 ! man's behavi\r1 _h he felt simil> emotions4 ,z ! man und]/&s ! ?\ghts ( ! dog1 s ! dog und]/&s ! ?\ghts ( ! man1 by att5d+ to 8 natural voice1 8 c\nt5ance1 & 8 actions40#cg ,no m1 if z mu*1 c\ld be said ( ! t]ms ^u :i* we /& ) a tame *impanzee1 9 spite ( great] physical & facial resemblance & ne>] k9%ip4 ,:at c connect u s closely 9 m9d ) an animal s remote f u 9 l9eage & anatomy z ! dog is8 ,adaptation to ! same social conditions1 ! life ( ! hunt+-pack4 7#a7 ,! ma/]-int]e/ ( e memb] ( ! pack lies 9 ! *ase1 because success 9 x is necess>y to life4 ,to %[ h[ ?is passion actuates ourselves1 ,i quote ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,sel\s2 :o1 dur+ an exp$ition 9 ,canada1 r\s$ a c>ib\ /ag )9 tw5ty y>ds1 saw 8! dreadful t]ror0 9 8 eyes1 & %ot him4 8,did ,i feel sorry = :at ,i _h done8 x may be ask$4 ,well6 no1 ,i did n4 ,t5 ?\s& ye>s ( sup]ficial & unsatisfy+ civilisation h n alt]$ ! fundam5tal nature ( man1 & ! successful hunt] ( to-day becomes a primeval savage1 remorseless1 triumphant1 full ( a wild1 exultant joy1 :i* none b ^? :o h liv$ 9 ! wild]ness1 & dep5d$ on _! success z hunt]s = _! daily food1 c ev] "k or compreh5d40#ch ,to ! hunt] my p>adox mu/ seem a truism4 ,& t ! hunt] tempor>ily releas$ f civilis$ re/ra9ts1 :o suff]s su* intoxication1 m]ely r5ews old savage raptures is %[n by ! foll[+ curi\s p>allel3 a ,bu%man1 return+ f a successful hunt to ! wagons ( ! travell] ,ba9es--8,behold me60 he %\t$1 8! hunt]6 ,yea1 look on me1 ! kill] ( elephants & mighty bulls6 ,behold me1 ! big elephant1 ! lion6 ,look on me1 ye ,dam>as & ,makalaka2 admire & confess t ,i am a great ,bull-calf40#ci ,aga91 s9ce ! int]e/ ( ! *ase culm9ates 9 ! kill--= ?is is ! condition ( mak+ a meal--to kill becomes1 9 "s pr$atory animals1 a passion t is (t5 gratifi$ )\t reg>d to _! ne$s4 ,wolves (t5 slay _m m %eep ?an !y dev\r3 a %eep-dog t und]goes rev]sion kills by night ! %eep on neighb\r+ f>ms )\t any call ( hung]2 &1 says ,mr4 ,?ompson ,seton 7writ+ ( ! natives ( ,nor? ,canada71 8! mania = kill+ t is se5 9 s _m :ite m51 is evid5tly a relic ( savag]y2 = all ^! ,indians & half-bre$s are full ( x40#dj ,!y fir$ at ev]y?+ !y saw4 ,! mann]s ( my own pack--n[ long disp]s$--7 v simil> to ! ,indians'2 & ! sport ( pigeon- or ( pheasant-%oot+ has be5 r$uc$ to its la/ elem5t--skilful slay+4 ,! disposition to slay is re9=c$1 :5 prey makes s]i\s resi/ance1 by ang]2 & g5]ally by a di/9ct t5d5cy1 sometimes call$ 8de/ructiv5ess10 p]haps a lat5t "* d]iv$ f ! monkeys1 & :i* ,i take to be p>tly a play-impulse & p>tly an expression ( curiosity4 7#b7 ,! greg>i\sness ( ! pack is v>iable2 probably1 among/ wolves1 x 0 mu* great] anci5tly ?an x is to-day4 ,!re are conflict+ /atem5ts ab\t ! greg>i\sness ( wolves t h be5 /udi$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,c\teulx de ,canteleu 7,france7 says3 8,! wolf is an enemy ( all society2 :5 !y assemble x is n a pacific society1 b a b& ( brig&s40#da ,?ompson ,seton 7,canada7 says3 8,wolves are ! mo/ sociable ( bea/s ( prey2 !y arrange to r5d] "o ano!r assi/ance4 ,a pack seems to be an association ( p]sonal acqua9tances1 & w\ld res5t ! pres5ce ( a total /rang]40#db ,greg>i\sness ( wolves mu/ be r$uc$ by failure ( game 7z by ! de/ruction ( bison 9 ,nor? ,am]ica71 & /ill m by ! encroa*m5ts ( civilisation 7z 9 ,france74 ,! primitive human pack1 probably1 0 m con/antly greg>i\s ?an wolves are3 7a7 because its individuals1 hav+ no in/9ctive or tradition>y k ( hunt+1 7 m dep5d5t on co-op]ation2 & 7b7 because ! long y\? ( *ildr5 made x necess>y = p>5ts to associate ) ! pack dur+ _! nurture--else no pack c\ld h exi/$2 = :il/ wolves are ne>ly full-gr[n at eighte5 mon?s1 apes are n mature until ! eigh? or n9? ye>4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 aft] ! inv5tion ( effective weapons1 an individual became1 = _m k9ds ( game1 less dep5d5t on co-op]ation2 b by t "t1 ! hunt+-gr\nds ( a pack 7 circumscrib$ by ^? ( o!r ho/ile packs2 s t no "o d>$ g f> alone4 7#c7 ,) greg>i\sness w5t1 ( c\rse1 7a7 p]ceptive sympa?y--e animal read in/antly 9 ! behavi\r ( o!rs _! feel+s & impulses2 7b7 contagi\s sympa?y--! impulses ( any animal1 express$ 9 its behavi\r1 spread rapidly to all ! re/2 & 7c7 effective sympa?y1 s f> 7at lea/7 z t all unit$ to def5d any associate aga9/ aggression f outside ! pack4 ,p]ceptive & contagi\s sympa?y1 h[ev]1 ext5d beyond ! limits ( ! pack or ! species4 ,mo/ ( ! high] mammalia c read ! /ate ( m9d ( o!rs1 ?\gh ( widely diff]5t k9ds1 9 _! expression & behavi\r2 & _m are liable to h _! actions imm$iately affect$ by signs ( ! emotional impulses ( o!rs1 especially fe>4 ,^! modes ( sympa?y1 !re=e1 ?\gh livelie/ among/ greg>i\s animals1 are n dep5d5t on specific greg>i\sness4 7#d7 ,! pack has a disposition to aggression ^u e sort ( animal outside ! pack1 ei!r z prey or z a competitor = prey3 limit$ no d\bt by :at we %\ld call consid]ations ( prud5ce or utility2 :i* mu/ v>y ) ! size ( ! pack1 ! pr[ess ( its individuals1 ! possession ( weapons1 etc4 ,aft] ! inv5tion ( weapons & sn>es1 _m savage tribes c kill e sort ( animal 9 _! habitat1 z ! paloli?ic ,europeans did _m ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,f ! outset ! human pack mu/ h come into competition ) ! true c>nivores1 mu/ h def5d$ itself aga9/ !m1 may h discov]$ t attack 0 ! safe/ def5ce1 & may h be5 victori\s ev5 )\t weapons4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,p4 ,s&]son writes3 8,x is univ]sally believ$ by ! natives 7( ,s\? ,india7 t ! tig] is occasionally kill$ by packs ( wild dogs4444 ,f :at ,i h se5 ( _! /yle ( hunt+1 & ( _! p[] ( te>+ & lac]at+1 ,i ?9k !re c be no d\bt ( _! ability to kill a tig]4444 ,causes ( ho/ility may occasionally arise betwe5 ! tig] & wild dogs ?r\gh attempt$ int]f]5ce ) ea* o!r's prey40#dc 7#e7 ,a hunt+-pack1 probably1 always claims a c]ta9 t]ritory4 ,?is is ! fir/ gr\nd ( ! s5se ( prop]ty1 s /rongly %[n by dome/ic dogs3 ! t]ritorial claims ( ! half-wild dogs ( ,con/ant9ople are well kn[n4 ,to n\ri% a pack ! hunt+-gr\nds mu/ be ext5sive4 ,mr4 ,?ompson ,seton says t 9 ,canada ! wolf has a p]man5t home-di/rict & a range ( ab\t fifty miles4#dd ,v _m g5]ations mu/ h elaps$ be=e ! deviation ( our =ebe>s f an?ropoid habits result$ 9 ! =mation ( s _m packs z to necessitate ! practical delimitation ( hunt+-gr\nds4 ,!n ! aggressiv5ess ( ! pack turn$ ^u /rang]s ( its own species2 ! fir/ w>s arose1 & p]haps cannibalism on ! "p ( ! victors4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 wolves kill & eat foxes1 dogs1 coyotes2 & x is g5]ally believ$ t wolves w eat a disabl$ companion2 ?\gh1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,hudson1 a wolf w only eat ano!r :5 x has kill$ t o!r1 & !n only z ! c>ry+ out ( ! in/9ct to eat :atev] x has kill$4#de ,x may be s4 7#f7 ,a pack mu/ h a lead]1 & mu/ devot$ly foll[ him z long z he is manife/ly ! be/ ( ! pack2 & "h we h a rudim5t>y loyalty4 7#g7 ,e individual mu/ be subs]vi5t to ! pack1 z long z x works toge!r2 & ?is seems to be ! gr\nd ( ! 8in/9ct ( self-abasem5t0 7,mc,dougall71 s f> z ! attitudes involv$ 9 su* subs]vi5cy are due to a di/9ct emotional impulse1 & are n r expressive ( fe> or ( devotion4 7#h7 ,! memb]s ( ! pack mu/ be full ( emulation2 9 ord] t1 :5 ! pres5t lead] fails1 o!rs may be ready to take 8 place4 7#i7 ,= ! int]nal cohesion ( ! pack1 !re mu/ be ! equival5t ( a recognis$ table ( prec$5ce among/ its memb]s2 & ?is is reconcil$ ) ! _s ( emulation1 by fight+ until ea* kn[s 8 place1 foll[$ by complete submission on ! "p ( ! inf]ior4 ,mr4 ,?4 ,roosevelt says ( a pack ( dogs employ$ 9 be>-hunt+1 8at fe$+-"t ea* took :atev] 8 /r5g? p]mitt$1 & ea* paid abject def]5ce to :i*ev] animal 0 8 kn[n sup]ior 9 pr[ess40#df ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,hudson writes ( dogs on cattle-bre$+ e/abli%m5ts on ! pampas1 t he presumes 8!y are v mu* l f]al dogs & wolves 9 _! habits4 ,_! qu>rels are incessant2 b :5 a fight beg9s ! head ( ! pack1 z a rule1 ru%es to ! spot10 & tries to "p ! combatants--n always successfully4 8,b f ! =emo/ 9 /r5g? & p[] d[n to ! weake/ !re is a gradation ( au?ority2 ea* "o kn[s j h[ f> he c g1 :i* companion he c bully :5 9 a bad temp] or wi%+ to ass]t himself1 & to :i* he mu/ humbly yield 9 8 turn40#dg ,! situation rem9ds "o ( a h\seful ( s*oolboys1 & ( h[ ontog5y repeats phylog5y4 ,:]e political control is v feeble1 z 9 m9+ camps or backwoods settlem5ts1 civilis$ m5 rev]t to ! same conditions4 ,fifty ye>s ago1 8all along ! fronti] betwe5 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 e "o knew :om he c\ld lick1 & :o c\ld lick him40#dh ,among/ ,au/ralian aborig9es1 we are told t 8prec$5ce c\nts = v mu*40#di 7#aj7 ,a pack ( wolves relies n m]ely ^u runn+ d[n its prey1 b resorts to v>i\s /ratagems to secure x3 z by surr\nd+ x2 head+ x (f f cov]2 driv+ x ov] a precipice2 arrang+ relays ( pursu]s1 :o take up ! *ase :5 ! fir/ beg9 to flag2 sett+ "s to lie 9 ambu% :ile ! re/ drive ! prey 9 _! direction4 ,su* devices imply intellig5t co-op]ation1 "s means ( communicat+ ideas1 pati5ce & self-control 9 ! int]e/s ( ! pack & p]sev]ance 9 c>ry+ out a plan4 ,failure to co-op]ate effectually is said to be puni%$ ) dea?4 ,primitive man1 beg9n+ ) m bra9s ?an a wolf1 may be suppos$ soon to h discov]$ su* arts & to h improv$ ^u !m4 7#aa7 ,:5 prey has be5 kill$ by a pack ( wolves1 !re foll[s a gre$y /ruggle ov] ! c>cass1 ea* try+ to get z big a meal z possible4 ,mr4 ,?4 ,roosevelt writes ( dogs us$ 9 hunt+ ! c\g> 7puma73 8,! relations ( ! pack among/ !mselves 7:5 fe$+7 7 ^? ( wild bea/ selfi%ness4444 ,!y w\ld all unite 9 ! *ase & ! fi]ce /ruggle :i* usually clos$ x4 ,b ! in/ant ! qu>ry 0 kill$1 ea* dog resum$ 8 normal attitude ( gre$y ang] or gre$y fe> t[>d ! o!rs40#ej ,z ?is 0 a scrat* pack ( h\nds1 h[ev]1 we _c p]haps inf] t a naturally =m$ pack ( wolves is equally discordant1 or t ! human pack 0 ev] normally l t4 ,galton1 inde$1 says3 8,_m savages are s unamiable & morose z to h h>dly any object 9 associat+ toge!r1 besides t ( mutual support20#ea b ?is is by no means true ( all savages4 ,at any rate1 ! /eadi] supply ( food obta9$ by our race s9ce ! adoption ( pa/oral or agricultural economy1 ) o!r circum/ances1 has greatly modifi$ ! gre$y & morose attitude 9 _m m5 & disguis$ x 9 o!rs2 ?\gh x reappe>s "u conditions ( extreme social dislocation1 & x is a prov]b t 8?ieves qu>rel ov] _! plund]40 ,9 ! orig9al pack su* a /ruggle ov] ! prey may h subs]v$ ! important utility ( elim9at+ ! weak1 & ( rais+ ! av]age /r5g? & f]ocity4 ,b "s cu/om mu/ h be5 e/abli%$ = fe$+ ! wom5 & *ildr54 ,no d\bt :5 fruits 7 obta9able1 ! wom5 & *ildr5 l>gely subsi/$ ^u !m4 ,b ! /rong in/9ct ( p>5tal c>e 9 ,primates1 ! long y\? ( *ildr51 & ! great] relative inf]iority ( females to males 7common to an?ropoids & savages7 ?an is f\nd among/ dogs & wolves1 mu/ h made ! human pack f ! fir/ diff] 9 _m ways f a pack ( wolves4 ,s mu*1 !n1 z to ! traits ( "* e/abli%$ 9 primitive man by 8 hav+ resort$ to co-op]ative hunt+3 !y all pla9ly p]si/ 9 ourselves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on our intellig5ce life 9 ! hunt+-pack _h j z revolution>y an influ5ce1 z already expla9$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]4 ,! :ole art ( hunt+ _h to be le>n$ f its rudim5ts by ?is ent]pris+ family4 ,) !m !re 0 no inh]it$ in/9ct or disposition1 & no tradition or in/ruction1 z !re is ) ! true c>nivores3 !y dep5d$ solely on obs]vation1 memory1 inf]5ce4 ,) poor olfactory s5se 7z usual 9 apes7 prey mu/ be foll[$ & inconv5i5t enemies outwitt$1 by acquir+ a k ( _! footpr9ts & o!r visible signs ( neighb\rhood1 & by discrim9ation ( all ! noises !y make4 ,! habits & mann]s ( prey & ( enemies1 _! fav\rite lairs1 fe$+-gr\nds & wat]+-places1 _! pa?s ?r\gh =e/1 m>%1 ?icket & high grass1 mu/ all be le>nt3 s mu/ _! spe$1 endurance1 means & me?ods ( attack & def5ce4 ,! :ole c\ntry )9 ! range ( ! pack mu/ be kn[n1 its res\rces & its difficulties2 & :5ev] new t]ritory 0 ent]$1 new lessons 9 all ^! matt]s _h to be le>n$4 ,?is mu/ h entail$ a rapid natural selection ( bra9s4 ,only a rapidly develop+1 pla/ic bra9 c\ld h be5 capable ( ! requisite accommodation ( behavi\r 9 su* conditions3 a me*anism 0 requir$ by :i* m & m new l9es ( specialis$ reaction 7 relat$ to num]\s newly obs]v$ & discrim9at$ facts4 ,! v crude/ weapons may be h&l$ ) v>iable dext]ity2 ! be/ h&l+ mu/ be discov]$ & practis$2 & ?is _h a high selective value = ! h&s z well z = ! bra94 ,probably crude weapons 7 v e>ly us$2 = "s monkeys 7& baboons g5]ally7 ?r[ /icks or /ones1 or roll /ones d[n ^u an enemy4 ,9 ,borneo1 ,wallace came ^u a female orang :o1 8z soon z %e saw u1 began break+ (f bran*es & ! great sp9y fruits ( ! durian ) e appe>ance ( rage1 caus+ su* a %[] ( missiles z effectually kept u f approa*+ too ne> ! tree4 ,?is habit ( ?r[+ d[n bran*es has be5 d\bt$2 b ,i h1 z "h n>rat$1 obs]v$ x myself on ?ree sep>ate occasions40#eb ,! importance ( ! obs]vation consi/s 9 its prov+ ! exi/5ce 9 an an?ropoid ( ! impulse to use missiles "u ! occasional /ress ( ang]2 s t x might be expect$ rapidly to develop "u ! con/ant pressure ( hung]4 ,! use ( clubs & /ones induc$ ! discrim9ation ( ! be/ mat]ials = su* weapons1 & :]e !y c\ld be f\nd2 &1 9 process ( "t1 br\ght 9 a r\gh %ap+ ( !m1 ! bett] to s]ve _! purposes4 ,!n came ! inv5tion ( sn>es & pitfalls & ! discov]y ( poisons4 ,?us ! primitive human1 or prehuman m9d1 0 active 9 _m new directions2 & dep5d+ = its skill1 n ^u in/9ct or imitation1 b ^u obs]vation & memory & inf]5ce1 x 0 necess>y = x to arrange ideas 9 a def9ite ord] be=e act+ ^u !m1 z 9 mak+ weapons or plann+ a hunt2 indef9it5ess or confusion 9 su* matt]s 0 fatal4 ,! contra/ betwe5 gr[+ memory ( ! pa/ & pres5t exp]i5ce1 betwe5 practical ideas & ! actions realis+ !m t _h be5 susp5d$ until ! "r mom5t came1 fur!r$ ! diff]5tiation ( self-consci\sness amid/ ! _w2 ! contra/s ( co-op]ation & gre$1 ( emulation & loyalty & submission1 ( hon\r & %ame1 fur!r$ ! diff]5tiation ( self-consci\sness amid/ ! tribe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if x be ask$--h[ mu* ( all ?is developm5t attribut$ to ! hunt+-pack might h be5 br\ght ab\t j z well by ! =mation ( a def5sive h]d1 su* z we see 9 cattle & horses8--a def9ite answ] c be giv54 ,! h]d is1 ( c\rse1 m>k$ by 7#b7 greg>i\sness1 7#c7 p]ceptive & contagi\s sympa?y & sometimes effective sympa?y 9 common def5ce1 7#g7 recognition ( lead]s 7all h]ds t travel h lead]s71 7#h7 emulation1 7#i7 prec$5ce2 b n by 7#a7 int]e/ 9 ! *ase & 9 kill+1 nor 7#d7 aggressiv5ess1 nor 7#aj7 /rategy & p]sev]ance 9 attack1 nor 7#aa7 gre$2 & h]d-life af=ds no conditions = ! developm5t ( intellig5ce & dext]ity1 nor = any ( ! physical *>act]s t di/+ui% man4 ,h]d-life does n involve ! great & decisive *ange :i* is impli$ 9 ! evolution ( human nature4 ,we mu/ conceive1 !n1 ( ! primitive human m9d z a sort ( *impanzee m9d adapt$ to ! wolfi% conditions ( ! hunt+-pack4 ,wolves !mselves h und]gone no great developm5t1 comp>$ 7say7 ) cats1 = want ( h&s & o!r physical advantages :i* we _h to beg9 )4 ,if "s species ( baboon _h tak5 to ! hunt+-life1 !re might h be5 v int]e/+ results4 #e4 ,,! ,,wolf-,,type ,,( ,,man ,,e/abli%$ ,,by ,,natural ,,selection ,! diff]5tiation ( ! human f ! an?ropoid /ock mu/ h begun a long "t ago2 z to :5 x began !re is no direct evid5ce2 & ev5 if fossil rema9s ( ! e>li] /ages ( our evolution _h be5 discov]$1 we c\ld only judge f ! /rata 9 :i* !y occurr$ :at mu/ h be5 _! relative antiquity4 ,:5 x comes to r$uc+ ! *ronology ( pa/ ages to figures1 geologi/s ei!r decl9e to make any e/imate1 or ! results ( _! calculations may diff] z #a to #aj4 ,s9ce my own /udies give me no claim to an op9ion on su* matt]s1 :il/ x is helpful to h cle> ideas1 h[ev] t5tative1 ,i %all adopt ! views ( ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,kei? 9 8 "w on ,! ,antiquity ( ,man1 bas$ on e/imates publi%$ by ,pr(4 ,sollas4#ec ,on turn+ to p4 #eji ( t "w1 a g5ealogical tree w be f\nd1 %[+ ! probable l9es ( desc5t ( ! high] ,primates4 ,! sep>ation ( ! human f ! great an?ropoid /ock is repres5t$ z hav+ happ5$ at ab\t ! la/ ?ird ( ! ,oligoc5e p]iod--say #b1jjj1jjj ye>s ago 7or1 accord+ to ! lat] e/imate1 #c1ejj1jjj74 ,pi!can?ropus 7( ,java7 bran*$ (f z a di/9ct g5us ab\t ! middle ( ! ,mioc5e4 ,ne&]?al man 7,homo ,ne&]?al5sis7 & ,piltd[n man 7,eoan?ropus ,dawsoni7 sep>at$ z di/9ct species 7or g5]a7 f ! /ock ( mod]n man 7absurdly nam$ ,homo sapi5s7 e>ly 9 ! ,plioc5e1 & became ext9ct respectively 7say7 #bj1jjj & #cjj1jjj ye>s ago4 ,! races ( mod]n man began to diff]5tiate ne> ! end ( ! ,plioc5e 7say7 #ejj1jjj ye>s f ! pres5t "t4 ,su* is ! 8work+ hypo!sis40 ,! skull capacity ( ! great an?ropoids av]ages #ejj c4c42 t ( ,pi!can?ropus is e/imat$ at #ijj c4c42 ! ,au/ralian native av]age is #abjj c4c42 ,eoan?ropus1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,kei?1 rises to #adjj2ed a ,ne&]?al skull has be5 measur$ at #afjj c4c42 ! mod]n ,engli% av]age is "u #aejj c4c4 ,( c\rse1 m5tal p[] dep5ds n on size ( ! bra9 only1 b also on its diff]5tiation1 :i* may h rec5tly advanc$4 ,z to culture1 ! ,neoli?ic p]iod ext5ds 9 ,we/]n ,europe f ab\t #bjjj to #aj1jjj ,b4,c43 & to t age is usually attribut$ ! introduction ( agriculture1 ! dome/ication ( animals1 pott]y1 weav+1 p]man5t con/ruct$ dwell+s1 & monum5ts requir+ collective lab\r2 b "s ( ^! improvem5ts may be ( e>li] date4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 e4 g4 9 ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean region1 su* culture is probably old]1 b /ill comp>atively rec5t4 ,:at is kn[n z ! ,paloli?ic /age ( culture is (t5 suppos$ to h begun e>ly 9 ! second qu>t] ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 giv+ u a retrospect ( 7say7 #cjj1jjj ye>s4 ,b if we include "u 8,paloli?ic0 all unpoli%$ /one-"w t %[s cle> signs ( hav+ be5 execut$ accord+ to an idea or m5tal patt]n 7& ?is seems a reasonable def9ition71 ! 8ro/ro-c>9ate0 implem5ts mu/ be s call$1 & !n ! beg9n+ ( ?is culture mu/ be pu%$ back into ! ,plioc5e4#ee ,9 ,plioc5e 7& p]haps ,mioc5e7 deposits h fur!r be5 discov]$ num]\s 8eoli?s03 /ones s r\ghly *ipp$ t !y d n imply an idea-patt]n2 s t1 :il/ _m ar*ologi/s accept !m z ( human workman%ip1 "s exp]ts dispute _! claim to be consid]$ artefacts4 ,( c\rse1 !re mu/ be eoli?s2 ! only "q is :e!r we h yet une>!d any ( !m4 ,our =efa!rs _c h begun by %ap+ /ones to a def9ite figure & special purpose4 ,beg9n+ ) /ones tak5 up z !y lay1 !y discov]$ t a brok5 /one ) a %>p edge inflict$ a worse w\nd ?an a :ole "o2 !n broke /ones to obta9 ?is advantage2 us$ %>p fragm5ts to weight clubs2 & v sl[ly advanc$ to ! manufacture ( recognisable axes & spe>-heads1 mean:ile discov]+ o!r uses = flak$ /ones2 & x seems to h ne$$ at lea/ #a1djj1jjj 7or #b1hjj1jjj7 ye>s to arrive at ! poore/ ( kn[n paloli?s4 ,?is /rik+ly agrees ) ! law1 (t5 /at$1 t ! progress ( culture is1 by virtue ( tradition1 cumulative1 & fl[s1 z a /one falls1 ) accel]at+ velocity3 9 spite ( ! ebb1 to :i* f age to age we see x to be liable4 ,at any "o "t1 moreov]1 ! art ( /one-work+ 01 probably1 ev5 9 adjac5t tribes1 at diff]5t /ages ( advancem5t2 x dep5ds p>tly ^u ! k9d ( /one obta9able2 b x has be5 only rec5tly t su* contra/s c\ld occur z ,h]odotus#ef describes among ! ho/s ( ,x]xes3 :51 beside ! well-acc\tr$ ,p]sians & ,m$es1 m>*$ ,libyans & ,mysians arm$ ) wood5 javel9s h>d5$ 9 ! fire1 & ,e?iopians ) /one-tipp$ arr[s & spe>s head$ ) ! %>p5$ horns ( antelopes4 ,! moral ( all ?is is t !re 0 abundant "t be=e ! rise ( ,neoli?ic culture 7:i* may be call$ ! beg9n+ ( civilisation7 = ! complete adaptation ( mank9d ev]y:]e1 by natural selection1 to ! life ( hunt]s2 & t1 s9ce !n1 !re has n be5 "t = ! biological adaptation ( any race to ! civilis$ /ate4 ,we %all see t natural selection has probably _h "s civilis+ influ5ce2 b any approa* to complete adaptation has be5 impossible1 n only = want ( "t1 b also because ( rapid *anges 9 ! /ructure ( civilisation1 ! social protection ( "s ecc5trics1 ! p]si/5ce ( ! hunt+-life z a second res\rce or z a pa/ime1 & by ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( w>f>e--t is to say1 man-hunt+4 ,to civilisation we are1 = ! mo/ "p1 m]ely accommodat$ by exp]i5ce1 education1 tradition & social pressure4 ,a few p seem to be adapt$ to civilis$ life f _! bir?1 & o!rs to ! slavi% life2 b all inh]it1 m or less manife/ly1 ! nature ( ! hunt] & w>rior4 ,?is is a necess>y basis ( g5]al & social psy*ology2 & p]haps tribal or national *>act]s 7s f> z di/+ui%able7 may be und]/ood by assign+ ! conditions "u :i* !y h1 9 v>i\s directions1 be5 modifi$ f ?is type4 ,to avoid ! appe>ance ( ov]look+ an obvi\s objection1 ,i may add t ! life ( ! hunt] does n imply an exclusively c>nivor\s diet1 b m]ely t hunt+ is ! activity ^u :i* 8 faculties are b5t & ^u :i* 8 livelihood *iefly dep5ds4 ,x is mo/ unlikely t a c\s9 ( ! frugivor\s an?ropoids %\ld entirely give up 8 ance/ral food1 imm$iately1 or p]haps at any "t4 ,ev5 ! diet ( ! wolf1 9 ,nor?-,ea/ ,canada1 includes 8mu* fruit1 especially ! uva-ursi02 & ! coyote !re also eats b]ries2#eg s does ! jackal 9 ,india4 ,savage wom5 ev]y:]e subsi/ l>gely on roots & fruits4 ,dr4 ,kei? says ! tee? & jaws ( ! ,ne&]?al species 7 adapt$ to a co>se vegetable diet4#eh ,yet ! ,ne&]?al burials at ,la ,f]rasie1 ,la ,*apelle aux ,sa9ts1 ,j]sey & ,krap9a1 ) _! implem5ts & animal rema9s1 leave no d\bt t ! species hunt$ ! bigge/ game4 ,at ,krap9a1 besides mammo? & rh9oc]os1 8! cave-be> occurr$ abundantly1 x 0 evid5tly a fav\rite article ( diet03 ! inhabitants 7 n fanatical veget>ians4 #f4 ,,"s ,,fur!r ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,! ,,hunt+-,,life ,betwe5 ! remote age :5 our hypo!tical ance/or became a hunt] & ! "t to :i* probably belong ! rema9s ( ! olde/ kn[n m51 !re lies a gap ( 7say7 "o 7or two7 & a half million ye>s1 conc]n+ :i* we h n only no direct evid5ce b n ev5 any p>allel 9 ! _w by means ( :i* to apply ! comp>ative me?od4 ,j at ! beg9n+1 ! p>allel ( ! wolf-pack %$s "s light ^u our pa?2 b ! light soon gr[s fa9t2 = ! primitive human1 f ! fir/ m intellig5t ?an wolves1 & inh]it+ f ! ape-/ock qualities ( "* :i* ! new life greatly modifi$ b c\ld n extirpate1 mu/ "u pressure ( selection h become1 aft] n _m ages1 an animal unlike any o!r4 ,j at ! end1 aga91 some?+ conc]n+ ^? :o liv$ _m ?\s& ye>s be=e ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory may be inf]r$ f ! p>allel ( exi/+ savage cu/oms2 f _! rock-dwell+s1 draw+s1 tools1 weapons1 he>?s1 some?+ ab\t _! way ( life2 f evid5ce ( _! burial-cu/oms1 some?+ ( _! beliefs4 ,b :at c be said ( our ance/ors dur+ all ^? ye>s t int]v5e betwe5 ! beg9n+ & ! end8 ,hav+ be5 a hunt] at ! fir/ & at ! la/1 we may reasonably suppose t he _h be5 s all ! "t4 ,b1 ) our pres5t k1 our *ief guide z to o!r matt]s seems to be ! fact t ! mo/ backw>d ( exi/+ savages possess p[]s ( body & m9d1 & =ms & products ( culture1 :i* mu/ h be5 acquir$ gradually ?r\gh a long c\rse ( developm5t f no bett] orig9s ?an are traceable 9 apes & wolves4 ,z ! use ( good /one weapons by liv+ savages & ! occurr5ce ( /one weapons 9 deposits ( v>i\s age 9 ! ,plei/oc5e--less & less p]fectly made ! fur!r we g back--ju/ify u 9 assum+ t !re mu/ h be5 eoli?s ( ev5 crud] workman%ip at remot] dates1 s ! possession by savages ( ext5sive languages1 intricate cu/oms1 luxuriant my?s1 consid]able reason+ p[]s & ev5 humane s5tim5ts1 compel u to imag9e su* possessions z belong+ to our prehi/oric ance/ors1 9 simpl] & simpl] =ms1 z we g back age by age t[>d ! beg9n+4 ,a t5tative recon/ruction ( ! lo/ s]ies ( ev5ts may sometimes be support$ by :at has be5 obs]v$ ( ! individual developm5t ( our *ildr54 7a7 ,= example1 ! con/ructive impulse1 slightly %[n by an?ropoids t make b$s & %elt]s 9 ! trees1 0 call$ into activity 9 man especially 9 ! mak+ ( weapons1 tools & sn>es1 & became an absorb+ passion2 s t a savage 7(t5 accus$ ( be+ incapable ( prolong$ att5tion67 w sit = days work+ at a spe> or an axe3 !y are inatt5tive only to :at does n int]e/ !m4 ,_m *ildr5 f ab\t ! six? ye> come "u ! same sort ( fasc9ation--digg+1 build+1 mak+ b[s & arr[s1 boats & s =?4 ,?is is a necess>y prep>ation = all ! a*ievem5ts ( civilis$ life2 & x is reasonable to suppose t ! /ages ( gr[? ( su* int]e/ 9 con/ruction are indicat$ by ! improvem5t ( anci5t implem5ts4 7b7 ,z to language--9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se1 z ! communication ( emotions & ideas by vocal s\nds--! rudim5ts ( x are widespread 9 animal life4 ,a sort ( dog-language is recognis$1 & monkeys seem to h a /ill great] 8vocabul>y40 ,h5ce1 a numb] ( emotional vocal expressions 0 probably 9 use among ! primitive human /ock4 ,& ! new hunt+-life 0 fav\rable to ! developm5t ( communicative signs2 = x dep5d$ on co-op]ation1 :i* is want+ 9 ape-life1 & 9 ! l[] extant savages h>dly exi/s1 except 9 hunt+1 w>1 & magical or religi\s rites4 ,hunt+1 moreov]1 is 7z ,i h said7 especially enc\rag+ to onomatopic expression 9 imitat+ ! noises ( animals1 etc4 ,x 0 /ill m fav\rable1 p]haps1 to ! gr[? ( ge/ure-language 9 imitat+ ! behavi\r ( animals & ! actions involv$ 9 circumv5t+ & attack+ !m4 ,increas+ p[]s ( communication 7 extremely useful1 & ! pack mu/ h tri$ to develop !m4 ,)\t ! endeav\r to communicate1 !re c\ld nev] h be5 a language bett] ?an ! ape's2 nor c\ld !re h be5 ! endeav\r )\t ! ne$4 ,t ge/ure alone 0 v helpful may be assum$2 & x mu/ h assi/$ 9 fix+ ! e>lie/ vocal signs = ?+s & actions & qualities1 & probably det]m9$ ! e>lie/ syntax2 b :51 9 hunt+1 memb]s ( ! pack 7 hidd5 f "o ano!r1 or :5 _! h&s 7 occupi$1 ge/ure 0 n available1 & communication dep5d$ on ! voice4 ,! spee* ( *ildr5 simil>ly em]ges f emotional noises & impulsive babbl+1 assi/$ by ge/ure4 ,pass+ to lat] ages1 we _c expect to le>n mu* ab\t ! spee* ( prehi/oric m51 :om we "k only by a few bones4 ,z to ! ,java skull1 ,dr4 ,kei? obs]ves t 8! region ( ! bra9 :i* subs]ves ! ess5tially human gift ( spee*1 0 n ape-l 9 ,pi!can?ropus4 ,! p>ts = spee* are !re2 !y are small1 b cle>ly =e%ad[ ! arrangem5t ( convolutions se5 9 mod]n man40 ,on ! o!r h&1 8! high] association areas 444 _h n rea*$ a human level40#ei ,! jaw ( ?is skull n hav+ be5 f\nd1 no?+ c be said ( its fitness = c>ry+ out ! process ( articulation4 ,z to ,eoan?ropus1 8if our pres5t conception ( ! orbital "p ( ! ?ird frontal convolution is well f\nd$1 namely1 t x takes "p 9 ! me*anism ( spee*1 !n we h gr\nds = believ+ t ! ,piltd[n man _h rea*$ t po9t ( bra9-developm5t :5 spee* _h become a possibility4 ,:5 "o looks at ! l[] jaw1 h[ev]1 & ! project+ can9e tee?1 "o hesitates to all[ him m ?an a pot5tial ability40#fj ,! jaw _h n und]gone ! *>act]i/ic *anges :i* 9 mod]n man give fre$om to ! tongue 9 ! articulation ( words4#fa ,b ,dr4 ,kei? 8_c detect any feature 9 ! frontal1 p>ietal or occipital areas :i* cle>ly sep>ate ?is bra9-ca/ f mod]n ones40#fb ,eoan?ropus1 !re=e1 mu/ h _h a good deal to say &1 be+ a social animal1 mu/ h felt ! ne$ ( expression2 &1 ?\gh he 0 n a direct ance/or ( ours1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t at "s p]iod ! jaws ( our own ance/ors 7 no bett] adapt$ ?an 8 to articulate spee*4 ,may we n inf] t articulate spee*1 meet+ a ne$ ( ! /ock1 arose v gradually1 & 0 sl[ly diff]5tiat$ f "s less def9ite & /ructural connection ( expressive & onomatopic vocables1 su* z we h se5 may naturally h aris5 among/ ! e>lie/ hunt]s8 ,p>i passu ! jaw 0 modifi$4 7c7 ,all savages live by cu/om2 greg>i\s animals h _! cu/oms2 & 9 ! primitive hunt+-pack cu/oms mu/ h be5 e>ly e/abli%$ z 8conditions ( greg>i\sness40 ,m4 ,salomon ,re9a*1 inde$1 ?9ks t ! an?ropoid probably became human z ! result ( inv5t+ taboos1 especially 9 sexual relations2 !re 0 economy ( n]v\s en]gy 9 ! direction ( ! s5ses1 & consequ5t enri*m5t ( ! intellect4#fc ,8 hypo!sis does n c>ry u f>1 p]haps1 into ! p>ticul>s ( human =m & faculty2 b x conta9s ?is tru?1 t )\t ! gr[? ( cu/oms !re c\ld h be5 no progress = human nature2 & x c]ta9ly po9ts to ! probability t "s cu/om 0 e>ly e/abli%$ ) reg>d to m>riage4 ,9 ,pr(4 ,we/]m>ck's op9ion our species 0 orig9ally monogam\s4#fd ,suppos+ ?is to h be5 ! cu/om1 z x is among/ _m ,primates1 c\ld x h p]si/$ aft] ! =mation ( ! hunt+-pack8 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,?ompson ,seton1 wolves pair 8probably = life02#fe b ?is is disput$2 & s x is :e!r or no ! male ( a seasonal pair takes "p 9 c>+ = ! puppies4#ff ,( ! primitive human /ock "o may say t :il/1 on ! "o h&1 ! association ( _m males & females 9 ! same pack may h t5d$ to break up ! family1 on ! o!r h&1 ! long y\? ( ! *ildr5 & ! p>5tal c>e g5]ally *>act]i/ic ( ,primates w\ld h t5d$ to pres]ve x2 t ! practice ( pair+ requires ! l>ge/ numb] ( males 7sett+ aside poly&ry71 & less5s qu>rell+1 & is !re=e fav\rable to ! /r5g? ( ! pack2 & t any cu/om may h be5 e/abli%$ t 0 mo/ fav\rable to ! species 9 its new life4 ,! lea/ probable ( all conditions is promiscuity2 = ! re>+ ( *ildr5 ) _! ev]-l5g!n+ y\? mu/ h be5 difficult1 tax+ ! c>e ( bo? p>5ts4 7d7 ,! claim to prop]ty is in/9ctive 9 mo/ animals--claim to a c]ta9 t]ritory1 or to a ne/1 or lair1 or mate4 ,ea* e>ly human pack probably claim$ a c]ta9 hunt+-range2 & ea* family its lair1 :i* x gu>d$1 z our dome/ic dog gu>ds ! h\se4 ,9 ,au/ralia 8e tribe has its own c\ntry1 & its b\nd>ies are well kn[n2 & !y are respect$ by o!rs02#fg & ! ,bu%m51 :o reta9$ ! anci5t hunt+-life m p]fectly ?an any o!r kn[n p1 are said to h be5 =m]ly divid$ into l>ge tribes ) well-def9$ hunt+-gr\nds4#fh ,z weapons or o!r implem5ts1 *>ms1 or ornam5ts came into use1 ! attitude t[>d ! t]ritory or lair w h be5 ext5d$ to include !m2 inde$1 x seems to be in/9ctive ev5 9 l[] ,primates4 8,9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s10 says ,d>w91 8a monkey1 :i* _h weak tee?1 us$ to break op5 nuts ) a /one2 & ,i 0 assur$ by ! keep]s t1 aft] us+ ! /one1 he hid x 9 ! /raw1 & w\ld n let any o!r monkey t\* x4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! idea ( prop]ty40#fi ,among ! half-wolf tra9-dogs ( ,canada1 ! claims ( "o to prop]ty seem to be recognis$ by o!rs2 = a dog w def5d its ca*e ( food aga9/ ano!r t ord9>ily x fe>s2 & 8! bigg] dog r>ely presses ! po9t40#gj ,! utility ( keep+ ! peace )9 ! tribe1 no d\bt1 l$ to ! gr[? ( cu/oms conc]n+ prop]ty1 & to _! protection by ! social sanction1 & lat] by ! taboo4#ga ,= taboo _c be ! orig9 ( respect = prop]ty or = any cu/om3 x implies a cu/om already exi/+1 :i* x protects by ! gr[? ( a belief 9 "s magical p5alty t is effective ev5 :5 !re are no witnesses4 ,! same utility ( ord] mu/ h e/abli%$ cu/oms ( divid+ ! kill ( ! pack3 lat] also protect$ by taboo1 z we /ill see 9 _m savage tribes4 ,! attitude t[>ds prop]ty is v v>iable among/ ! tribes n[ kn[n to u4 ,/ill1 consid]+ h[ e>ly & /rongly x is manife/$ by *ildr51 we may inf] ) "s plausibility its antiquity 9 ! race4 ,! urg5t desire ( prop]ty1 & t5acity 9 hold+ x1 display$ by _m individuals1 ?\gh n an amiable1 has be5 a highly useful trait1 to :i* is due t accumulation ( capital t has made possible ! :ole ( our mat]ial & mu* ( our spiritual civilisation4 ,among/ b>b>ians x may be a necess>y condition ( social ord]4 ,_h n weal? be5 highly priz$ among/ our own ance/ors1 x is h>d to see h[ rev5ge c\ld ev] h be5 appeas$ by ! w]geld4 ,! paym5t1 inde$1 0 n ! :ole transaction2 x impli$ an ackn[l$gm5t ( guilt & ( ! obligation to make am5ds2 b ^! ?+s w\ld n h mollifi$ an enemy nurtur$ 9 ! tradition ( ! blood-feud1 if silv] _h n be5 de> to him4 ,x is /ill accept$ z comp5sation = injuries t seem difficult to measure by ! ounce4 ,weal? gives rank1 & gratifies n only ! gre$ b also ! emulative _s ( ! pack4 ,acquisitiv5ess is an ess5tial trait ( ari/ocracy1 & adhesiv5ess ( its p]petuity4 ,homespun prud5ce belongs1 9 our ance/ry1 to a m rec5t /ratum ( motives2 we see x z a bl9d in/9ct 9 squirrels & beav]s1 a quasi-in/9ctive prop5sity 9 dogs & wolves 7:o hide food t !y _c imm$iately dev\r72 b x is n kn[n 9 any an?ropoid1 & is acquir$ at "s /age by "s human races--n by all2 = x is n f\nd 9 _m extant savages4 ,! only occasion on :i* ,au/ralian tribes %[ prud5tial =esight z to food is on ! approa* ( ! season ( magical rites1 :5 !y lay 9 a /ock ( food be=e giv+ !mselves up = weeks or mon?s body & s\l to ?aumaturgy4#gb ,prud5ce is n1 h[ev]1 m]ely a function ( =esight or intellig5ce1 or else ! ,iri% w\ld be z prud5t z ! ,scot*4 7e7 ,! fir/ w>s1 probably1 7 wag$ = hunt+-gr\nds2 & ?is may h be5 a revival1 = ! c>nivor\s an?ropoid pack1 ( a /ate ( affairs t exi/$ among/ _! ance/ors at a mu* e>li] date2 = battles = a fe$+-gr\nd h be5 witness$ betwe5 troops ( ! l[] ,primates4 ,su* a battle betwe5 two b&s ( langur 7,semnopi!cus entellus7 has be5 describ$2#gc & ,d>w9 relates aft] ,brehm h[ 89 ,abyss9ia1 :5 baboons ( "o species 7,c4 gelada7 desc5d 9 troops f ! m\nta9s to plund] ! fields1 !y sometimes enc\nt] troops ( ano!r species 7,c4 hamadryas71 & !n a fight ensues4 ,! ,geladas roll d[n great /ones1 :i* ! ,hamadryas try to avoid1 & !n bo? species1 mak+ a great upro>1 ru% furi\sly aga9/ ea* o!r40#gd ,z packs ( ! wolf-ape increas$ 9 numb]s & spread ov] ! _w1 !y no d\bt g5]ally came to reg>d "o ano!r z rivals ^u ! same foot+ z ! great cats & packs ( dogs1 & e attempt at expansion or migration provok$ a battle4 ,w>s /r5g!n$ ! int]nal sympa?ies & loyalties ( ! pack or tribe & its ext]nal antipa?ies1 & ext5d$ ! range & influ5ce ( ! m virile & capable tribes4 ,x is true t neighb\r+ tribes ( savages are n n[ always mutually ho/ile4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 we are told1 local gr\ps & adjac5t tribes are usually fri5dly2#ge b ) !m ! age ( expansion seems to h clos$ "s "t ago1 & a sort ( equilibrium has be5 e/abli%$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is a %all[ sort ( pr(undity t insi/s ^u int]pret+ e w> z a /ruggle = nutrition1 an ef=t to solve ! social problem4 ,aggressiv5ess & insatiable gre$ are *>act]i/ic ( _m tribes--passions always easily exploit$ by _! lead]s1 z 9 ! civilis$ _w by dyna/s & demagogues4 ,ple?ora is m insol5t ?an pov]ty4 ,lu/ ( p[]1 ( glory1 ( m]e fight+ is a /rong] inc5tive ?an solicitude = ! poor4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! developm5t ( society no?+ has be5 s influ5tial z w>3 an imm5se subject1 = ! outl9es ( :i* ,i ref] to ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,political ,in/itutions4#gf 7f7 ,mo/ ( ! amusem5ts z well z ! occupations ( mank9d dep5d = _! ze/ ^u ! _s ( hunt+ & fight+1 :i* !y gratify & relieve1 ei!r directly or 9 a conv5tionalis$ & symbolical way1 & at ! same "t keep alive4 ,sports & games involve ! pursuit ( "s end by skill & /rategy1 (t5 ! seiz+ ^u "s sort ( prey1 or slay+ outright1 & !y give scope to emulation4 ,emulation is a motive 9 ! race = weal?1 9 e hon\rable c>e]1 ev5 9 addiction to sci5ce & le>n+3 ?\gh "h ! ma9 /ress is ^u an in/9ct old] ?an ! pack--curiosity1 a g5]al "* ( ! ,primates4 ,t *ildr5 at fir/ play alone1 lat] play toge!r1 & !n 8make up sides10 repeats ! *ange f ! comp>atively solit>y life ( an?ropoids to ! social life & comb9$ activities ( ! hunt+-pack4 ,f ! int]e/ ( ! *ase & ! aggressiv5ess t is involv$ 9 x mu/ be d]iv$ all t we call 8ent]prise10 :e!r b5efic5t or injuri\s3 a trait1 c]ta9ly1 :i* !re is little reason to reg>d z inh]it$ f ! an?ropoid /ock4 7g7 ,! great amusem5t & pa/ime ( fe$+ has1 no d\bt1 desc5d$ to u 9 unbrok5 tradition1 ?r\gh h>ve/ & v9tage fe/ivals1 f ! unbridl$ indulg5ce t foll[$ a successful hunt4 ,& ,i (f] ! conjecture t ! orig9 ( laught] & ! enjoym5t ( broad hum\r 7s (t5 discuss$7 may be trac$ to ^! occasions ( riot\s exhil>ation & lic5ce4 ,we may suppose1 inde$1 t ^! conditions began to prevail n 9 ! e>lie/ days ( ! rav5\s pack1 b aft] "s advance _h be5 made 9 ! cu/oms ( eat+4 ,savages usually cram to repletion :5 possible1 & ) huge gu/o1 = !re may n soon be ano!r opportunity4 ,if upro>i\s fea/+ 0 advantage\s physically & socially 7z till rec5tly we all ?\ght x 071 addiction to ! practice 0 a gr\nd ( survival2 & laught] 7a dis*>ge ( undirect$ en]gy1 z ,sp5c] says71 be+ its natural expression & enhancem5t1 %>$ 9 its p]petuation4 ,?is social orig9 agrees ) ! infecti\sness ( laught]1 ) its connection ) triumph & cruelty1 & ) ! quality ( ! jokes t /ill ?r\gh\t ! _w excite mo/ m]rim5t--practical jokes & allusions to drunk5ness1 ! indecor\s1 ! obsc5e4 ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole pref]r$ su* hum\r z ! mo/ sociable2 because 9 t ev]ybody c\ld take "p4 ,_m ref9em5ts h be5 introduc$ 9 polite circles2 b x is 9 va9 t "o beg9s a !ory ( laught] ) an analysis ( ! g5ius ( ,molire4 ,simil>ly1 ,i suppose t weep+1 lam5tation & ! facial & bodily expressions ( grief 7 develop$ by ! social utility ( common m\rn+ 9 tribal defeat & b]eavem5t4 #g4 ,,moralisation ,,( ,,! ,,hunt]s ,we are left to speculate ab\t ! e>lie/ gr[? ( magnanimity1 fri5dl9ess1 compassion1 g5]al b5evol5ce & o!r virtues4 ,!y _c be expla9$ m]ely by ! hunt+-life1 :i* s easily acc\nts = gre$1 cruelty1 pride & e sort ( aggressiv5ess4 ,rob]t ,h>tmann writes3 8,x is well kn[n t bo? rude & civilis$ peoples are capable ( %[+ unspeakable &1 z x is errone\sly t]m$1 inhuman cruelty t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,^! acts ( cruelty1 murd] & rap9e are (t5 ! result ( ! inexorable logic ( national *>act]i/ics &1 unhappily1 are truly human1 s9ce no?+ l !m c be trac$ 9 ! animal _w4 ,x w\ld1 = in/ance1 be a grave mi/ake to comp>e a tig] ) a blood?ir/y execution] ( ! ,reign ( ,t]ror1 s9ce ! =m] only satisfies 8 natural appetite 9 prey+ on o!r animals4 ,! atrocities ( ! trials = wit*craft1 ! indiscrim9ate slaught] committ$ by ! ,negroes on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 ! sacrifice ( human victims by ! ,khonds1 ! dismemb]m5t ( liv+ m5 by ! ,battus1 f9d no p>allel 9 ! habits ( animals 9 _! savage /ate4 ,& su* a comp>ison is1 above all1 impossible 9 ! case ( an?ropoids1 :i* display no ho/ility t[>d m5 or o!r animals unless !y are fir/ attack$4 ,9 ?is respect ! an?ropoid ape /&s ^u a high] plane ?an _m m540#gg ,are we1 !n1 to expla9 ! m amiable side ( human nature1 p>tly at lea/1 by d]ivation f ! frugivor\s ,primates1 ext5sively modifi$ by our wolfi% adaptation1 b surviv+ z lat5t "*8 7a7 ,sev]al fur!r consid]ations may be (f]$ to acc\nt = ! gr[? ( :at we call humanity1 7i7 ,! long non-age ( human *ildr5 is fav\rable to ! atta*m5ts ( family life1 & su* atta*m5ts may "u c]ta9 conditions be capable ( ext5sion beyond ! family2 b ,i _c trace ! :ole flood ( altrui/ic reg>d to ! sole s\rce ( mat]nal or p>5tal love4 7ii7 ,fri5dl9ess & ! disposition to mutual aid are s useful to a hunt+-pack t is n m]ely seasonal b p]man5t 7z ,i take ours to h be571 bo? to individuals & to ! pack z a :ole1 )9 c]ta9 limits 7z t ! w\nd$1 sick1 or ag$ mu/ n am\nt to an encumbrance71 t we may suppose natural selection to h fav\r$ ! gr[? ( effective sympa?y1 n m]ely 9 mutual def5ce1 b s f> z x is actually f\nd at pres5t 9 backw>d tribes4 ,x n[h]e seems to be excessive2 & its manife/ation 9 "s civilis$ races seems to dep5d n ^u a positive increase ( b5evol5ce 9 ! g5]ality1 b 7iii7 ^u ! break+ d[n "h & !re ( conditions t else:]e oppose & inhibit x4 ,?us ! g5]osity1 m]cy & magnanimity t con/itute ! *ivalr\s ideal1 dep5d 7,i believe7 ^u ! atta9m5t by a class ( su* undisput$ sup]iority t !re is no occasion = jeal\sy or rivalry 9 relation to o!r classes2 = %\ld ! sup]iority be disput$1 ^! virtues quickly disappe>4 ,simil>ly1 :at h be5 call$ ! 8slavi% virtues0 ( *>ity1 humility1 long-suff]+ may arise among/ ^? :o are free f rivalry1 because !y h no hope ( aggr&isem5t 9 weal? or hon\r1 & :o h inde$ suff]$ long4 ,) ! int]fusion ( classes1 _! virtues int]fuse2 = !y h a common root1 & are active1 provid$ t circum/ances d n inhibit !m4 7iv7 ,b s9ce 9 individuals our complex nature v>ies 9 all directions1 & among/ ! re/ 9 ! direction ( b5evol5ce2 & s9ce any organ or quality t v>ies is apt to cont9ue to d s1 & may g on v>y+ ev5 beyond ! limits ( biological utility2 :y 9 human life may n ?is happ5 ) b5evol5ce 7or ) any o!r passion or virtue72 s t 9 "s m5 x exp&s ) wond]ful ri*ness & beauty ev5 to ! sacrifice ( !mselves--nay1 by excessive clem5cy or g5]osity1 ev5 to ! injury ( ! tribe or ( ! race8 7b7 ,! moral s5se or consci5ce has be5 discuss$ by ,d>w9#gh 8exclusively f ! side ( natural hi/ory02 s z ?is is ! way ( consid]+ human nature 9 ! pres5t book1 ,i %all epitomise 8 acc\nt ( x2 :i* seems to be true1 & to :i* ,i see little to add4 ,he f9ds f\r *ief conditions ( ! gr[? ( a moral s5se3 7a7 ! social in/9cts lead an animal to take pleasure 9 ! society ( its fell[s1 to sympa?ise ) !m & to help !m4 7b7 ,:5 ! m9d is highly develop$1 images ( pa/ actions & motives cont9ually recur2 8& t feel+ ( dissatisfaction or ev5 mis]y :i* inv>iably results 444 f any dissatisfi$ in/9ct w\ld arise z (t5 z x 0 p]ceiv$ t ! endur+ & always pres5t social in/9ct _h yield$ to "s o!r in/9ct1 at ! "t /rong]1 b nei!r endur+ 9 its nature nor leav+ beh9d x a v vivid impression0--z ) ang] or gre$4 7c7 ,aft] language has be5 acquir$1 public op9ion c be express$1 & becomes ! p>am\nt guide ( action2 ?\gh /ill 8our reg>d = ! approbation & disapprobation ( our fell[s dep5ds on sympa?y40 7d7 ,social in/9ct1 sympa?y & ob$i5ce to ! judgm5t ( ! community are /r5g!n$ by ! =mation ( habit4 ,d>w9 !n proves successively ^! f\r positions4 ,see+ ! /ress "h laid ^u sympa?y1 x may make ! matt] cle>] if we obs]ve t ! ^w occurs 9 diff]5t s5ses--= ! p>ticipation 9 ano!r's satisfaction or di/ress 7emotional sympa?y7 & read9ess to help 7effective sympa?y72 & ^! are ! mean+s "u 7a71 ! fir/ ( ! above heads3 &1 aga91 = ! k t !re are ideas or judgm5ts 9 ano!r's m9d toge!r ) approval or disapproval ( our actions2 & ?is is ! mean+ "u 7c71 ! ?ird head4 ,b k ( ano!r's ?\ghts is n sympa?y1 except s f> z1 be+ accompani$ ) ass5t to 8 judgm5t1 !re is p>ticipation 9 8 feel+s ( approval or disapproval2 &1 if we diss5t f 8 judgm5t1 !re may1 inde$1 be p]ceptive sympa?y z to 8 feel+s1 b !re is no emotional sympa?y or p>ticipation 9 !m--!re is r fe> or res5tm5t4 ,x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d t p]ception ( ano!r's feel+s1 p>ticipation 9 !m & impulse to help or relieve are sep>able processes1 & t p]ceptive sympa?y is z active 9 cruelty z 9 g5]osity or m]cy4 ,x may be add$ t 7b71 ! second ( ! f\r conditions assign$ by ,d>w9 z det]m9+ ! gr[? ( ! moral s5se or consci5ce1 acc\nts m especially = 8remorse ( consci5ce02 & t 7c71 ! ?ird condition1 expla9s t tone ( au?ority atta*+ to consci5ce on :i* ,bi%op ,butl] laid s mu* /ress4#gi ,h[ e>ly ! moral s5se began to =m itself 9 our /ock _c be e/imat$ because x mu/ h be5 a v gradual process4 ,probably ! rudim5ts ( x appe>$ 9 ! family life ( ! ape ev5 be=e our diff]5tiation2 & ! au?oritative "* ( consci5ce e/abli%$ itself "u ! discipl9e ( ! hunt+-pack be=e !re 0 mu* developm5t ( m9d 7= dogs "k :at !ft is71 & "u pressure ( a public op9ion t manag$ to express itself )\t language4 ,9 an orig9al & sugge/ive book#hj ,mr4 ,trott] has %[n t a h]d 7pack1 tribe or nation7 necess>ily approves ( :atev] actions are done 9 its int]e/s z good or "r1 & disapproves ( ! contr>y actions z bad or wrong4 ,confid5t t its beliefs & cu/oms are good & "r1 ! pack p]secutes diss5t]s & noncon=mi/s4 8,good0 is a relative idea4 8#8,! good are good w>riors & hunt]s1' said a ,pawnee *ief2 :]eupon ! au?or :o m5tions ! say+ rem>ks t ?is w\ld also be ! op9ion ( a wolf if he c\ld express x40#ha ,h5ce we may guess ! pr9cipal cont5ts ( ! primitive categorical imp]ative4 ,! /udy ( ,e?nology & ,hi/ory enables u to trace ! modification & enri*m5t ( ^? cont5ts "u v>y+ conditions ( culture1 & = ! results ( su* /udy ,i ref] to ,edw>d ,we/]m>ck's ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas4 7c7 ,aft] ! introduction ( agriculture1 ! /ress ( natural selection 0 9 c]ta9 directions alt]$4 ,at fir/1 inde$1 mo/ agricultural "w1 probably1 0 done by wom52 b 9 its progress x fell ext5sively into ! h&s ( m52 & !n advantage accru$ to ^? tribes t 7 capable ( /eady indu/ry & prud5ce4 ,! new employm5t decreas$ aggression on ! pr9ciple t 8_h ,alex&] be5 hold+ ! pl\gh1 he c\ld n h run 8 fri5d ,clitus ?r\gh ) a spe>40 ,! sick & ag$ 7 n[ less an encumbrance ?an !y _h be5 to hunt]s4 ,^? :o c\ld n endure a settl$ life w&]$ away 9 _! old pursuits4 ,! m aggressive clans slaught]$ "o ano!r 9 ! v5detta4 ,social pressure & hang+ elim9at$ _m ( ! m idle1 improvid5t1 di%one/ & unruly1 ^: in/9cts resi/$ 8accommodation40 ,! m neighb\rly & co-op]ative t5d$ to pr$om9ate4 ,z civilisation int5sifies1 ! num]\s ways ( gett+ a livelihood1 :i* 7z we h se57 d]ive _! motive-=ce f ! _s ( ! pack1 gratify t _s "u s _m disguises & ) s little direct p]sonal collision1 z to be compatible ) a great deal ( fri5dl9ess & b5evol5ce2 & co-op]ation1 direct or indirect1 /eadily increases4 7d7 ,increas+ capacity ( =m+ ideas ( remote ends & ( co-ord9at+ _m activities 9 _! pursuit1 implies ! inhibition ( _m aggressive or di/ract+ impulses1 & con/itutes an automatic control4 ,& al?\gh x is n[ fa%ionable to depreciate ! p[] ( intellig5ce 9 human life1 surely1 its developm5t has _h great influ5ce4 ,z m5 come to =esee ! _m consequ5ces ( action !y le>n to modify & regulate x1 z ea* =ese5 consequ5ce excites "s impulse1 ei!r re9=c+ or inhibit+ action4 ,reflection ^u our lot has done mu* to ameliorate x4 ,! 8conditions ( greg>i\sness0 7to use ,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d's def9ition ( morality7 h be5 exp\nd$ by ! m p5etrat+ & compreh5sive m9ds--prophets1 poets1 philosoph]s2 & "s disciples h und]/ood !m & h p]suad$ _m to believe4 ,nor h su* lum9>ies aris5 only 9 ! lat] phases ( culture :5 _! writ+s h be5 deliv]$ or _! say+s record$4 ,probably x 0 "s "o man :o fir/ po9t$ out to a tribe t _h ignor$ ! fact1 t :e!r a wrong _h be5 done by accid5t or on purpose affect$ ! ag5t's guilt & ought to affect ! p5alty exact$4 ,"s "o man1 probably1 fir/ saw :at inju/ice is (t5 disguis$ by ! speci\s equality ( ! lex talionis2 ano!r fir/ tri$ to assuage ! bitt]ness ( a v5detta by appo9t+ comp5sation2 ano!r1 p]haps fir/ propos$ to sub/itute animal = human sacrifice1 or a puppet = a slave4 ,& :5 we read ! li/s ( sagaci\s prov]bs t h be5 collect$ f _m savage tribes1 we mu/ consid] t x 0 by em95t individuals t ^? say+s 7 fir/ utt]$ "o by "o3 individuals ) ! gifts ( insight & expression to summ>ise ! exp]i5ce ( a :ole tribe 9 memorable words1 rude =]unn]s ( our prophets & philosoph]s4 #h4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,imag9>y ,,environm5t ,! necessity ( le>n+ ! :ole art ( hunt+ f its rudim5ts1 )\t ! help ( in/9ct or tradition1 by %e] obs]vation1 memory & inf]5ce1 put extraord9>y /ress ^u ! bra94 ,at fir/ by k1 /rategy1 co-op]ation & p]si/5ce ( w1 lat] by devis+ weapons & sn>es1 evolv+ language & discov]+ ! ways ( mak+ & utilis+ fire1 man f\nd means ( entirely *ang+ ! conditions ( 8 life2 b ?is w\ld h be5 impossible )\t a great developm5t ( 8 bra92 &1 accord+ly1 x appe>s t ,eoan?ropus1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 _h a skull ) ?ree times ! cubic capacity ( ! an?ropoids4 ,) ! gr[? ( ! bra9 came a cont9ually increas+ fecundity ( ideas4 8,piltd[n man saw1 he>d1 felt1 ?\ght1 & dreamt mu* z we d40#hb ,! use ( ideas is to =esee ev5ts & prep>e = !m be=eh&3 ! great advantage ( di/ance-s5ses ov] contact-s5ses1 is to give an animal "t to adapt its actions to def]r$ ev5ts2 & ideas give ?is p[] 9 a va/ly high] degree4 ,s f> ! utility ( bra9s & ideas seems obvi\s4 ,b 9 ord] t ideas may be useful 9 ?is way1 !y mu/ 7"o w\ld suppose7 repres5t & anticipate ! actual c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,if !y falsely indicate ! ord] ( nature1 or ev5 be+s & actions t d n exi/ at all1 ideas may seem to be worse ?an useless4 ,n[1 :5 we turn to ! l[e/ exi/+ savages1 !y are f\nd to possess1 9 comp>ison ) apes1 a consid]able fecundity ( ideas2 con/itut+1 on ! "o h&1 a good /ock ( common s5se1 or k ( ! prop]ties & activities ( ! ?+s & animals ar\nd !m1 & ( h[ to deal ) !m1 :i* enables !m to c>ry on ! affairs ( a life mu* m complex & cont9u\s ?an any animal's3 b includ+1 on ! o!r h&1 a /range collection ( beliefs ab\t magic & spirits1 :i* entirely misrepres5t ! c\rse ( nature & ! effective population ( ! _w4 ,^! latt] beliefs1 or imag9ative delusions1 hamp] !m 9 s _m ways1 wa/e s mu* "t1 lead !m sometimes into su* d>k & cruel practices1 t "o may be excus$ = wond]+ :e!r _! bigg] bra9s c h be51 on ! :ole1 ( any biological advantage to !m 9 comp>ison ) ! an?ropoids4 ,! an?ropoids live by common s5se4 ,s d savages1 & !y h mu* m ( x2 b ! an?ropoids seem n to be tr\bl$ by magic & animism4 ,we mu/ suppose t ! common s5se ( primitive man increas$ age by age1 z he became m & m p]fectly adapt$ to ! hunt+-life1 & t at "s /age 8 imag9ation began to falsify ! relations ( ?+s & ! p[]s ( nature4 ,x seems t imag9ation-beliefs dep5d *iefly ^u ! influ5ce ( desire & fe>1 sugge/ibility1 ha/y g5]alisation1 & ! s$uction ( reason+ by analogy4 ,at :at /age imag9ations1 ?us divorc$ f reality1 began to influ5ce human life1 x is impossible to say2 b x _c be less ?an half a million ye>s ago1 if 7z ,dr4 ,kei? says7 ,eoan?ropus1 #djj1jjj ye>s ago1 8?\ght & dreamt mu* z we d40 ,:y did n su* delusions h9d] our developm5t8 ,or did !y promote x8 ,! fir/ consid]ation is1 t biological adaptation is ne>ly always a compromise3 if any organ or faculty be useful on ! :ole1 9 spite ( "s disutility1 its increase fav\rs ! survival ( ^? 9 :om x increases2 & ?is is true ( ! bra9 & its ?9k+4 ,! second is1 t ne>ly all ! magical & animi/ic beliefs & practices t are socially de/ructive1 probably belong to a /age ( human life t is atta9$ long aft] our diff]5tiation has be5 e/abli%$1 & :5 "s progress has be5 made 9 arts & cu/oms4 ,savages ( ! l[e/ culture h few beliefs t c be call$ positively injuri\s4 ,talismans & spells1 n by !mselves reli$ ^u1 b only adscititi\s to common-s5se actions1 give confid5ce )\t weak5+ endeav\r4 ,to curse1 or to 8po9t ! bone10 does n create b m]ely expresses a malevol5t purpose2 &1 al?\gh sometimes fatal by sugge/ion1 is on ! :ole bett] ?an to assass9ate4 ,taboos d m good by protect+ p]son & prop]ty & cu/om ?an !y d h>m by re/rict+ ! use ( foods4 ,belief 9 imag9>y evils wait+ ^u secret s9s ex]ts1 :il/ support$ by social unanimity1 a control ^u all k9ds ( behavi\r3 x is ! beg9n+ ( ! 8religi\s sanction10 & "o sort ( consci5ce4 ,! dread ( spirits t pr[l at night keeps p 9 ! family-cave or by ! camp-fire2 & t is ! be/ place = !m4 ,_m rites & obs]vances are sanit>y4 ,totemism r>ely does any h>m1 & may once h usefully symbolis$ ! unity ( social gr\ps4 ,totemic & magical dances give excell5t physical tra9+1 promote ! _s ( co-op]ation1 are a sort ( drill2 & 7l all art71 :il/ indulg+1 !y also re/ra9 imag9ation by impos+ ^u x def9ite =ms4 ,= a long "t !re 0 no special pr(ession ( wiz>d or prie/1 ) ^: appe>ance mo/ ( ! evil ( magic & animism orig9ates2 ?\gh probably ev5 !y g5]ally d m good ?an h>m by _! c\rage & sagacity1 by discov]+ drugs & poisons1 by lay+ gho/s1 & by _! primitive /udies 9 m$ic9e & psy*ology4 ,! wiz>d1 h[ev]1 & ! prie/1 :o c\ld nev] h exi/$ b = ! preval5t beliefs 9 ,magic & ,animism1 h a fur!r & f> m important function 9 human life1 namely1 ! organisation1 or r reorganisation ( society4 ,! organisation ( ! hunt+-pack describ$ above 0 liable ?r\gh sev]al causes to fall asund]4 ,"s ( ^! causes are obvi\s3 7a7 ,! improvem5t ( weapons & sn>es & discov]y ( poisons made v small p>ties1 or ev5 s+le families1 self-suffic+--z among ! ,bu%m5 7?\gh !y sometimes assembl$ = a gr& hunt74#hc 7b7 ,failure ( game f desiccation1 z 9 ,au/ralia1 or because ! tribe has be5 driv5 into a poor c\ntry l ,ti]ra del ,fuego2 s t a small population is scatt]$ ov] a wide area1 & r$uc$ to a great] or less dep5d5ce on 8collect+40 7c7 ,! adoption ( ev5 a primitive agricultural or pa/oral life may make hunt+ a second>y int]e/4 ,9 su* cases ! natural lead]s ( a clan are no long] 7z 9 ! old pack7 pla9ly indicat$2 & if society is to be sav$ f an>*y1 "s new control mu/ e/abli% itself = ! pres]vation ( tradition & cu/om4 ,conceivably ?is happ5$ 9 sev]al ways2 b 9 fact 7,i believe7 we "k ( only "o1 namely3 ,fir/1 ! rule ( wiz>ds1 :o are *iefly old m5 cr$it$ ) my/]i\s p[] t makes ! bolde/ tribesman quail1 su* z ! headm5 & eld]s ( an ,au/ralian tribe4 ,9 ,new ,gu9ea1 too1 & mu* ( ,melanesia1 ! p[] ( rul]s1 ev5 ?\gh recognis$ z ( noble bir?1 dep5ds *iefly ^u _! reputation = ,magic4 ,& among ! ,bu%m5 secrets ab\t poisons & antidotes & col\rs = pa9t+ 7probably consid]$ magical7 7 heirlooms 9 c]ta9 families ( *iefs1 & gave !m ca/e4#hd ,secondly1 at a lat] /age1 z ! belief 9 gho/s m & m prevails1 & ance/ral gho/s are wor%ipp$1 & gho/s ( h]oes or *iefs become v]itable gods1 ! prie/s :o celebrate _! wor%ip /r5g!n ! position ( *iefs or k+s desc5d$ f ^! gods1 & help to ma9ta9 m compreh5sive & coh]5t gov]nm5ts ?an ^? e/abli%$ ^u ,magic only2 ?\gh to ^! lat] =ms1 also1 & to ,religion itself magical beliefs contribute _! support4 ,! inevitable developm5t ( illusory imag9ations along ) common s5se1 !n1 assi/$ e>ly & also lat] culture1 because !y pres]v$ ord] & cohesion by re-ar\s+ ! anci5t submission & loyalty ( ! pack4 ,= common s5se is always limit$ to pres5t conditions1 x c\ld nev] h =ese5 ! dep5d5ce ( human life ^u ord] & ! necessity ( ma9ta9+ cohesion ev5 at great imm$iate sacrifices4 ,^! int]e/s 71 !re=e1 s]v$ indirectly ?r\gh delusions2 natural selection mu/1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 h fav\r$ ! sup]/iti\s4 ,excessively imag9ative & sup]/iti\s tribes may sometimes h be5 elim9at$2 = common s5se also has biological utility4 ,b1 p]v]se z x may seem1 imag9ations utt]ly false h _h _! %>e 9 promot+ 8progress03 co-op]at+ ) agriculture & trade1 magic1 religions & ! f9e arts h1 by support+ gov]nm5t & civil ord]1 help$ 9 accommodat+ u1 & ev5 9 "s measure adapt+ u1 to our pres5t condition1 su* z x is4 ,,footnotes3 #bh ,see ,! ,antiquity ( ,man1 by ,ar?ur ,kei?4 #bi ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 pp4 #df-g4 #cj ,accord+ to ,r4 ,l4 ,g>n]1 h[ev]1 bo? gorillas & *impanzees are polygam\s4 ,see ,gorillas & ,*impanzees1 pp4 #ed & #bad4 #ca ,?is view is n oppos$ to ! sugge/ion ,i h some:]e se5 t ! collect+ activities ( wom51 :il/ m5 hunt$1 may1 at "s /age1 h l$ to prop]ty & dome/ication ( plants & animals4 ,aga91 ! pa/oral & agricultural /ates are n necess>ily successive3 x dep5ds ^u local conditions4 ,= an excell5t survey ( ! gradual rise ( primitive culture & ! difficulties x enc\nt]$1 see ,h4 ,sp5c]'s ,indu/rial ,in/itutions1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #cb ,x is c]ta9ly believ$ by fox-hunt]s t a fox fe$s 8 vix5 :5 %e is occupi$ ) _! family1 & t 8if ! vix5 is kill$ he w br+ up ! family by himself40--,?omas ,f4 ,dale1 ,! ,fox1 pp4 #ab1 #ac4 ,no?+ incr$ible 9 ?is--nor ( wolves4 ,c ! vix5 provide = h]self & litt] alone8 ,if n1 ! dog mu/ d x3 else !re c\ld be no foxes or wolves4 ,h[ev]1 de ,canteleu d5ies t ! he-wolf takes any "p 9 re>+ ! "y 7,la ,*asse du ,l\p1 p4 #cj74 #cc ,w4 ,p4 ,pycraft1 9 8 ent]ta9+ ,c\rt%ip ( ,animals1 aft] assum+ t ,man became a hunt] = ! sake ( ! excitem5t su* a life af=d$1 goes on 7p4 #bc73 8,a little lat] ! advantages ( neighb\rl9ess 7 borne 9 on him1 l>gely = ! sake ( ! great] ease :]e) ! animals ( ! *ase c\ld be captur$ by _! comb9$ ef=ts2 b ?is begat comrade%ip & "s ( ! graces t foll[ !refrom40 #cd ,desc5t ( ,man1 *4 xx4 #ce ,see above1 footnote on p4 #cb4 #cf ,avebury1 ,prehi/oric ,times1 #g? ed41 p4 #ehj4 #cg ,inquiries into ,human ,faculty1 p4 #bfb4 #ch ,hunt+ ,trips 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cdi4 #ci ,g4 ,w4 ,/one1 ,native ,races ( ,s\? ,africa1 p4 #ia4 #dj ,! ,arctic ,prairies1 p4 #bj4 #da ,la ,*asse du ,l\p1 p4 #ba4 #db ,life ,hi/ories ( ,nor!rn ,animals1 p4 #gee4 #dc ,wild ,bea/s ( ,india1 pp4 #bge-f4 ,cf4 ,cass]ly1 ,life on an ,indian ,outpo/1 pp4 #id-e4 ,brehm says1 9 ,?i]leb51 t 9 ,russia wolves attack & kill ! be>4 #dd ,life ,hi/ories ( ,nor!rn ,animals1 p4 #ged4 #de ,naturali/ 9 ,la ,plata1 p4 #cdf4 #df ,outdoor ,pa/imes ( an ,am]ican ,hunt]1 p4 #gj4 #dg ,op4 cit41 pp4 #ccf-g4 #dh ,hiram ,s4 ,maxim1 ,my ,life1 p4 #eg4 #di ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,across ,au/ralia1 p4 #chh4 #ej ,op4 cit41 pp4 #f-g4 #ea ,op4 cit41 p4 #gh4 #eb ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 p4 #dc4 #ec ,see ! ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association1 #aijj1 pp4 #gaa-cj4 ,! au?or has s9ce !n revis$ 8 e/imates1 assign+ mu* great] dep? to ! ,plioc5e & ,mioc5e deposits & proportionally m "t = _! =mation4 ,see ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,,lxv4 7#aiji74 #ed ,dr4 ,smi? ,woodw>d's recon/ruction gives ! skull ( ,eoan?ropus a capacity ( ab\t #acjj c4c4 #ee ,see ,ray ,lanke/]'s ,description ( ! ,te/-,specim54 ,r4,a4,i41 ,occasional ,pap]s1 ,no4 #d4 #ef ,book ,,vii4 *s4 #fi1 #ga1 #gd4 #eg ,e4 ,?ompson ,seton1 ,! ,arctic ,prairies1 pp4 #cjd & #ceb4 #eh ,op4 cit41 pp4 #aea1 #bci1 #dgf4 #ei ,antiquity ( ,man1 p4 #bfh4 #fj ,a4 ,kei?1 op4 cit41 p4 #djh4 #fa ,op4 cit41 p4 #deb4 #fb ,op4 cit41 p4 #dad4 #fc ,cultes1 ,my!s et ,religion1 ,,iii4 p4 #dcj4 #fd ,primitive ,m>riage1 *4 iii4 #fe ,life ,hi/ories ( ,nor!rn ,animals1 p4 #geg4 #ff ,see above1 #c 7#d71 footnote1 p4 #cg4 #fg ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,across ,au/ralia1 p4 #aih4 #fh ,g4 ,w4 ,/one1 ,native ,races ( ,s\? ,africa1 p4 #cc4 #fi ,desc5t ( ,man1 *4 iii4 #gj ,e4 ,?ompson ,seton1 ,life ,hi/ories ( ,nor!rn ,animals1 p4 #gfi4 #ga ,e4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas1 ,,ii4 p4 #eb4 #gb ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,nor!rn ,t]ritory ( ,au/ralia1 p4 #bg4 #gc ,royal ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,i4 pp4 #gb-c4 #gd ,desc5t ( ,man1 *4 iii4 #ge ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,across ,au/ralia1 p4 #bjj4 #gf ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #gg ,an?ropoid ,apes1 pp4 #bid-e4 #gh ,desc5t ( ,man1 *4 iv4 #gi ,s]mons on ,human ,nature4 #hj ,! ,h]d ,in/9ct4 #ha ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ,,ii4 p4 #hi4 #hb ,a4 ,kei?1 op4 cit41 p4 #dbi4 #hc ,g4 ,m4 ,!al1 ,hi/ory & ,e?nology ( ,s\? ,africa1 p4 #aa4 #hd ,g4 ,w4 ,/one1 ,native ,races ( ,s\? ,africa1 p4 #gf4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,belief ,,& ,,sup]/ition #a4 ,,sup]/ition ,inasmu* z ! influ5ce ( sup]/ition ^u ! hi/ory ( society c h>dly be exagg]at$1 x mu/ be wor? :ile to inquire into its orig9 & nature4 ,b ?is inquiry leads into a quagmire ( ambigu\s words3 & to attempt to def9e !m = all purposes w\ld entangle ! discussion 9 endless controv]sies4 ,s x w be be/ to expla9 m]ely 9 :at s5se c]ta9 words w be us$ 9 ?is book4 8,sup]/ition10 = example1 means 9 common use 7,i ?9k7 false beliefs conc]n+ sup]natural p[]s1 especially su* z are reg>d$ z socially injuri\s1 & p>ticul>ly z lead+ to obscurantism or cruelty3 b x is (t5 ext5d$ to cov] beliefs ( a negligible or frivol\s k9d1 su* z /ories ab\t 8fairy-r+s10 or ! unluck9ess ( see+ ! new moon = ! fir/ "t ?r\gh glass4 ,pla9ly ! injuri\sness ( a false belief is (t5 9 dispute1 & at any rate is a "q ( "t & place4 8,sup]/ition10 !n1 is "h us$ m]ely z a collective t]m = ! subjects ( ! ensu+ *apt]s--,magic 7or ! belief 9 occult =ces7 & ,animism 7or ! belief 9 ! activity ( spirits74 ,! consequ5ces ( a belief1 aga91 :e!r good or evil1 _c affect its psy*ological "*3 9 try+ to expla9 its nature & orig91 "o _c take acc\nt ( its social values4 ,! explanation ( sup]/itions mu/ hold ( all false beliefs1 :atev] _! utility or disutility4 ,nay1 fur!r1 :e!r a belief is false or true does n necess>ily affect its psy*ological "*3 = a man may hold two doctr9es1 "o true & ! o!r false1 bo? d]iv$ f ! s9c]e te/imony ( ! same p]son1 & he may n be able to disc]n any diff]5ce 9 ! degrees ( confid5ce ) :i* he holds !m or 9 _! influ5ce ^u 8 conduct4 ,! und]/&+ ( false belief1 !n1 requires an exam9ation ( belief 9 g5]al4 ,/ill1 :il/ 9 ! m9d ( any giv5 man a true & a false belief may h ! same "* & orig91 consid]$ g5]ally !y mu/ surely h diff]5t orig9s & gr\nds2 & to make ! sequel cle>]1 ,i w anticipate its conclusions s f> z to say t true beliefs seem to re/ on p]ception or inf]5ces v]ifi$ by p]ception1 & false beliefs seem to dep5d ^u imag9ation t _c be v]ifi$4 ,?is g5]al /atem5t w ne$ sev]al qualifications4 ,b ,i rely ^u x at pres5t s f> z to say t sup]/itions are ess5tially imag9ation-beliefs4 ,we %all f9d t ^! sup]/itions1 ?\gh (t5 held by :ole tribes ) ! utmo/ assurance1 diff] 9 "s subtle way f ! p]ception-beliefs ( _! common s5se1 z t 8fire burns0 & t 8wat] qu5*es fire40 ,!y are un/able3 7#a7 !y become active on occasions1 & o!rwise are apt to be =gott5--z gho/s are only ?\ght ( at night4 7#b7 ,!y are modifiable m]ely = ! sake ( economy or o!r conv5i5ce4 7#c7 ,!y lose _! hold on a tribe1 fall (f & die 9 c\rse ( "t )\t any *ange 9 ! evid5ce = !m4 7#d7 ,!y dep5d a good deal ^u ! ass5t ( a cr[d4 7#e7 ,!y (t5 v>y 9 neighb\r+ c\ntries or families1 or among/ ! memb]s ( a family4 ,?is is n l common s5se4 ,sup]/itions or imag9ation-beliefs are un/able1 9 spite ( be+ (t5 held ) great ob/9acy 7s t p die = !m71 & ( _! endur+1 9 ! simpl] =ms & at a c]ta9 level ( social life1 = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,!re is some?+ want+ 9 ! holdfa/ or an*orage ( imag9ation-beliefs4 ,x is necess>y to expla9 :at ,i mean by 8imag9ation40 #b4 ,,imag9ation ,is x en\gh to def9e 8imag9ation0 z m]ely ! hav+ ( m5tal 8images10 pictures be=e ! m9d's eye8 ,?is w\ld conf9e imag9ation to visual repres5tations1 to ! exclusion ( auditory1 olfactory1 etc41 :i* are all a man born bl9d c h1 & :i* sometimes occur to ^? :o c see1 ?\gh ! visual are commone/4 ,! ^w 8images10 !re=e1 is sometimes us$ to cov] all ^! modes ( repres5tation2 ?\gh 8phantasmata0 w\ld be bett]4 ,aga91 a m5tal image or phantasm1 visual or auditory1 is improp]ly call$ an imag9ation1 if !re is no?+ m ?an ! reproduction ( a s+le s5se-quality4 ,imag9ations repres5t n ab/ract s5sations1 b p]ceptions4 ,to see an arm$ knight is n m]ely to h a visual impression ( him1 b to p]ceive a liv+1 solid1 heavy object def9itely 9 space2 & imag9ation reproduces ! :ole ( ?is1 & o!rwise w\ld be q un9t]e/+4 ,:at w\ld ! t\rnam5t 9 ,ivanhoe am\nt to if ! knights 7 only phantoms8 ,fur!r1 imag9ation1 m]ely z a reproduction ( p]ception1 is n di/+ui%$ f memory2 b1 9 use1 ! two are always contra/$4 ,memories are recognis$ 79 _! complete =m7 z return+ to u f e>li] exp]i5ce1 bo? _! compon5t pictures & ! ord] ( !m1 & !y are relatively /able2 imag9ations are felt to be m or less novel1 & c easily be modifi$4 ,probably all ! elem5ts ( an imag9ation might h occurr$ 9 a memory2 b ! arrangem5t ( ^! elem5ts is (t5 s diff]5t f any actual exp]i5ce z to baffle e attempt to r$i/ribute !m among/ _! s\rces4 ,h5ce1 9 normal cases1 our attitudes t[>d a memory & t[>d an imag9ation are entirely diff]5t4 ,if a seem+ memory prove false1 we say x 0 only an imag9ation4 ,b1 once m1 a good _m m5 nev] h images or phantasmata 7except words71 or v few or fa9t ones1 or only :5 fall+ asleep1 & s on4 ,yet !y are n want+ 9 imag9ation2 words or o!r signs s]ve !m in/ead ( images to c>ry all mean+s 7! important matt]72 !y ent] into ! _s ( poetry & lit]>y fiction3 s t imag9ation may be active )\t images4 ,& ! fact seems to be t ! effectiv5ess ( m5tal processes dep5ds v little ^u phantasmata1 b ^u some?+ mu* deep] 9 ! m9d2 & t !re exi/ 9 m5 all degrees ( concrete repres5tative p[]1 f ^? :o picture ev]y?+ !y ?9k ( ) vivid & def9ite detail1 d[n1 ?r\gh _m /ages ( decreas+ realisation1 to ^? :o h only fa9t or fragm5t>y 8images10 or ev5 none at all3 )\t its be+ possible to say 7at pres5t7 t "o type ( m9d is bett] or worse ?an ano!r2 ?\gh !y may be adapt$ to diff]5t tasks4 ,expectation & reason+1 :i* are closely alli$ 7= e def9ite expectation is a sort ( inf]5ce71 are (t5 c>ri$ on 9 pictures--8picture ?9k+0--& ?is also is call$ imag9ation4 ,tyndall's brilliant address on ,! ,sci5tific ,uses ( ! ,imag9ation is well kn[n4 ,x greatly helps "s m5 9 ?9k+ to =m pictures ( :at !y ?9k ab\t1 su* z a ma*9e or an anatomical specim51 z if !y _h ! ?+ be=e !m2 or ev5 ( an atom1 :i* no man ev] has be=e him1 & :i* _c be imag9$ by reproduc+ ! precept1 b only by con/ruct+ a picture f mu* gross] mat]ials accord+ to concepts4 ,! picture ?us =m$ necess>ily falls %ort 9 "s ways ( ! ?+ ?\ght or meant1 & c only be prev5t$ f mislead+ u by gu>d+ x ) def9itions or rules or ab/ract ideas2 & ?is %[s t ! effectiv5ess ( ?\ght1 ! deep] process m5tion$ above1 is a concat5ation or evolution ( mean+s or g5]al ideas1 & t x is1 9 "p1 by illu/rat+ ^! t pictures are useful3 !y also s]ve to fix att5tion1 z words d4 ,?us reason+ may express itself by imag9ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 imag9ation is m frequ5tly contra/$ ) reason1 z deal+ 9 fiction1 n reality4 ,our confusion is %[n ?us3 to call an hi/orian imag9ative is depreciatory2 yet x is z bad to say he is want+ 9 imag9ation4 ,9 ! latt] case1 we mean t he fails adequately to conceive ! ev5ts he treats (2 9 ! =m]1 t he embelli%es or di/orts !m ) unv]ifiable repres5tations4 ,aga91 ! t]m 8imag9ation0 is sometimes conf9$ to intellectual processes 9 ! f9e arts3 dramas1 novels1 etc41 are works ( imag9ation4 ,n[ dramas & novels all proce$ ^u "o me?od1 namely3 !y beg9 by /at+ or ins9uat+ an hypo!sis conc]n+ c]ta9 p]sons 9 a giv5 situation1 & !n d$uc+ 7t is reason+ out7 ! consequ5ces1 occasionally help+ ! plot by fur!r assumptions3 at lea/ t is h[ x appe>s1 ?\gh probably ! ma9 incid5t ( ! plot is ?\ght ( fir/1 & !n an hypo!sis is fram$ t conv5i5tly leads up to x4 ,& if ! reason+ is feeble1 & if ! subsidi>y assumptions are too num]\s or too facile1 we say ! "w is flimsy or improbable--all[+ = ! g5re2 = a romance is n expect$ to be z probable z a mod]n novel4 ,gulliv]'s ,travels af=d ! mo/ p]fect example ( ?is me?od2 = ea* voyage beg9s ) a frank absurdity--m5 six in*es or sixty feet high1 a fly+ isl&1 rational horses2 b ?is be+ grant$1 ! sequel makes tol]able logic4 ,well1 _m sci5tific inve/igations seem to foll[ exactly ! same me?od--beg9 ) an hypo!sis1 d$uce ! consequ5ces1 & occasionally help out ! argum5t ) fur!r hypo!ses 7?\gh t is n all73 & "h aga9 ! conclusion is usually ?\ght ( fir/1 & ! hypo!sis inv5t$ to expla9 x4 ,if x be said t ! sci5ti/ believes 8 hypo!sis to be true1 :il/ ! romanc] does n1 x may be repli$ t ! sci5ti/ sometimes expressly w>ns u t 8 assumption is only a 8work+ hypo!sis10 :i* may n be true 7?\gh he ?9ks x may be71 :]eas e>ly epic poets & m9/rels (t5 reg>d$ _! "w z by no means )\t a f\ndation 9 fact4 ,imag9ation & reason+1 !n1 are closely alli$ or int]wov51 & ! contra/+ ( !m dep5ds entirely ^u ?is1 t !re is a s5se 9 :i* imag9ation is n a pres5tation ( tru? or matt]-(-fact1 :e!r x is believ$ to be or n2 & a s5se 9 :i* reason+ is devot$ solely to ! discov]y ( tru? conc]n+ facts1 & to t end is protect$ by a me?odology1 c>efully comp>+ its premises1 c>efully v]ify+ its conclusions2 :]eas ! imag9ation t is contra/$ ) reason+ kn[s no?+ ( a me?odology nor ( v]ification4 ,ev5 ! mod]n noveli/1 a great "p ( ^: hypo!sis is usually true--! pres5t /ate ( society1 facts ( hi/ory or geography1 etc41--does n pret5d to pres5t a tru? ( fact4 ,x belongs to 8 art to play at reason+2 he has le>nt to play ! game v well2 b x rema9s play3 he aims at & atta9s n tru? b v]isimilitude4 ,& :5 we look back on ! hi/ory ( fiction we see 7on ! :ole7 ! v]isimilitude gr[+1 age by age1 slight] & fa9t]2 till 9 e>ly romance & poetry x is di/urb$ & brok5 & de/roy$ by /ories ab\t mon/]s1 impossible h]oes1 magicians & gods1 believ$ at "o "t to be true1 & j ! same z /ories /ill believ$ by b>b>ians & savages1 b :i* we believe no long]4 ,x is su* /ories z ^! la/1 includ+ all sup]/itions1 t ,i especially call 8imag9ation-beliefs40 ,! t]m includes all false beliefs1 b ) ! re/ ,i am n directly conc]n$4 ,h[ are imag9ation-beliefs possible8 #c4 ,,belief ,belief is "h us$ to d5ote ! attitude ( m9d 9 :i* p]ceptions are reg>d$ z real1 judgm5ts z true ( matt]s-(-fact1 actions & ev5ts z ab\t to h c]ta9 results4 ,x is a s]i\s & respectful attitude2 = matt]-(-fact compels u to adju/ our behavi\r to x1 :e!r we h p[] to alt] x or n4 ,hume describes belief z hav+ a c]ta9 8=ce1 vivacity1 solidity1 firmness1 /ead9ess2 influ5ce & importance 9 gov]n+ our actions02#he & ^! t]ms are q j1 b mo/ ( !m are synonyms2 & ! :ole diction>y w n make anybody und]/& :at belief is :o has nev] felt x4 ,h[ev]1 !re is no su* p]son4 ,! quality ( ?is attitude 7or ! 8feel+0 ( x7 z a specific 8/ate ( consci\sness0 is difficult to obs]ve1 because 7l pleasure or displeasure7 x is always m>g9al to some?+ else 9 ! focus ( att5tion1 "s object1 judgm5t or action2 b we c appreciate x 9 its v>iations by consid]+ ! v diff]5t degrees ( 8=ce1 /ead9ess10 etc41 :i* *>act]ise sev]al beliefs reg>d$ z m or less probable4 ,! degree ( belief ought to correspond ) ! weight ( evid5ce3 if evid5ce = any judgm5t is complete & uncontradict$1 x may be call$ #a1 & ! correspond+ /ate ( m9d %\ld be 8c]ta9ty02 if evid5ce = x !re is none1 or if evid5ce = ! contradictory judgm5t is complete1 x may be call$ #j1 & ! /ate ( m9d 8disbelief40 ,betwe5 ^! extremes !re is room = an inf9ite s]ies ( fractions1 & = correspond+ %ades ( d\bt 7:i*1 ( c\rse1 d n really occur72 & 9 ! middle1 at 1 !re %\ld be susp5sion ( judgm5t4 ,b mo/ ( ^! ref9$ attitudes are ! luxury ( a few m5 sev]ely tra9$ 9 e/imat+ evid5ce1 & by !m enjoy$ only 9 ! dep>tm5ts !y h be5 tra9$ 94 ,= ! mass ( mank9d1 a v few %ades ( confid5ce or dubiety fill up _! scale ( judgm5t-values2 & ^! may be f> f correspond+ z !y %\ld d ) ! quantity or quality ( ! evid5ce2 & ! ne>e/ !y get to susp5sion ( judgm5t is a /ate ( hesitation betwe5 alt]natives t by turns seem equally likely4 ,disbelief1 ?\gh ! opposite logically to belief1 z rejection to acceptance1 has1 nev]!less1 mu* 9 common ) x--! "* ( f9ality & positiv5ess1 :i* is (t5 7p]haps always7 d]iv$ f belief 9 some?+ else :i* is incompatible ) ! giv5 judgm5t4 ,:5 ! attitude ( belief is e/abli%$ 9 "o's m9d by evid5ce cle>ly conceiv$1 :e!r by ! exam9ation ( facts or ! weigh+ ( argum5ts1 x is call$ 8conviction10 & s is ! process ( br++ x ab\t2 b if x results f consid]ations imp]fectly appreciat$1 & f emotional appeals1 especially :5 urg$ by ano!r p]son1 x may be call$ 8p]suasion10 ?\gh ! ^w describes ! process r ?an ! result4 ,mo/ imag9ation-beliefs1 includ+ all sup]/itions1 are p]suasions4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! te/ ( ! /r5g? ( "o's belief is its influ5ce ^u our actions--:]e ! te/ is practicable4 ,) full belief "o acts 8confid5tly0 7a significant v]bal proposition672 9 d\bt1 hesitat+ly or cauti\sly2 9 disbelief1 n at all1 or 9 ! s5se ( ! contr>y belief4 ,b we _c always judge ( a man's beliefs f 8 actions2 = he may be actuat$ by sev]al beliefs1 & we d n "k :at !y are4 ,& popul> actions t involve no loss or h>d%ip may express m]e ass5t )\t belief4 ,!re is a k9d ( imag9ation-belief1 & ! pure/ k9d1 :i* has no?+ to d ) evid5ce3 x is (t5 call$ 8make-believe0 or 8play-belief03 ! ent]+ into or contemplat+ "s activity1 :i* we "k to h no direct be>+ on our necess>y int]e/s1 ) z mu* ard\r & absorption z if x 7 ! only important ?+ 9 ! _w3 z 9 games & sports1 especially 9 drama & romance4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m ?+s t d n a/oni% because !y are s common2 & ! usual 7& probably ! true7 explanation ( x is1 t ?is /ate ( m9d is ( ! utmo/ utility 9 giv+ ze/ to play1 especially dur+ y\?4 ,= _m animals %>e 9 ?is _s2 & ! "y ( ! high] animals1 :i* enjoy a long protect$ y\?1 pass ! "t *iefly at play1 & !reby develop & tra9 all _! faculties1 physical & m5tal4 ,x some:at outla/s y\? 9 _m animals1 & conspicu\sly 9 ourselves1 "s hav+ no?+ bett] to d 7& !y might d worse71 & o!rs reliev+ f "t to "t ! /ra9 or t$ium ( "w &1 9 "s sort1 prolong+ y\? into middle age2 till play becomes gradually less engross+4 ,?is play-belief dep5ds entirely ^u imag9ative excitem5t2 & x %[s t ! attitude ( belief may be adopt$ volunt>ily1 or fall ^u u 7z x 77 by surprise & ma9ta9 itself = a "t 9 great /r5g?3 ) _m at a melodrama x runs to anxiety1 weep+ & angui%2 & ?is n only )\t evid5ce1 b 9 spite ( ! k t ?is is ,london1 ^: magi/rates w\ld nev] p]mit su* do+s3 only "o =gets ,london1 ) all its dull conv5tions ( law & ord]4 ,att5tion is engross$ by ! play4 ,play-belief has ! same traits z 7 said above to m>k sup]/itions3 7#a7 x becomes active on occasions1 & o!rwise disappe>s2 7#b7 x is always modifiable = conv5i5ce or by a *ange ( ta/e2 7#c7 x loses its hold & t5ds to die out 9 a man z "t goes on2 7#d7 x is /r5g!n$ by ! ass5t ( an excit$ cr[d2 7#e7 ! objects ( su* beliefs are v v>iable4 ,we %all f9d t 9 o!r ways !re is a close alliance betwe5 sup]/ition & play4 ,b1 c]ta9ly1 sup]/ition has a mu* deep] hold ^u our nature2 = x n only excites fe> & anxiety1 b itself is born ( ^? passions3 ! desire ( security & confid5ce1 ! dread ( imp5d+ & unkn[n p]ils1 ^! are its life & /r5g?4 ,s t ! wond] is t sup]/itions are n m endur+4 ,& ! tru? seems to be t ! t5d5cy to adopt sup]/itions does endure at a c]ta9 level ( m5tality1 ?\gh p>ticul> sup]/iti\s beliefs are mutable2 j z 9 ! individual1 a disposition to play outla/s _m p>ticul> modes ( recreation4 ,belief1 !n1 is an attitude ( m9d 9 :i* we may f9d ourselves = good reasons1 or = bad reasons1 or = none at all2 sometimes ev5 slipp+ into x volunt>ily or involunt>ily :5 we "k ! situation is unreal2 inde$1 an attitude 9 :i*1 9 play or e>ne/1 we pass our lives1 unless some?+ happ5s to ar\se d\bt or criticism4 #d4 ,,causes ,,& ,,gr\nds ,,( ,,belief ,! s\rce1 direct or indirect1 ( all belief is p]ception4 ,9 p]ception mu/ be includ$1 = subjective /udies1 introspection2 ?\gh be+ difficult to keep /eady1 to repeat & to comp>e ) ! obs]vation ( o!r m9ds1 x c>ries less conviction4 ,z to p]ception we say t 8see+ is believ+02 &1 9 fact1 an object holds ! eye 9 a way t v\*es = its own reality2 b1 if we suspect t our eyes deceive u1 reassurance comes ) ! h&l+ ( ! ?+4 ,belief has sometimes be5 discuss$ z if x 7 *iefly conc]n$ ) ideas or ! relations ( ideas2 & sy/ems ( philosophy h s\ght ju/ification 9 ! coh]5ce ( ideas1 ) little or no reg>d 7n to say ) contempt7 = ! coh]5ce ( ideas ) p]ceptions4 ,b ne>ly ! :ole ( e man's life 7savage or philosoph]7 passes 9 an attitude ( unque/ion+ belief 9 ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses2 & x is !nce t belief ext5ds to ideas on a presumption ( _! repres5t+ reality4 ,we "k t a p]ception may be fallible1 b p]ceptions & ! comp>ison ( p]ceptions 9 ! long run ov]rule ev]y?+ else2 & exp]im5tal me?ods consi/ 9 tak+ precautions aga9/ ! errors ( p]ception1 & 9 br++ e hypo!sis to ! te/ ( p]ception4 ,fur!r causes ( belief are ei!r ,evid5ti>y1 :i* 7?\gh (t5 mislead+7 may g5]ally be ju/ifi$ on reflection z rais+ "s degree ( probability1 & :i* may1 !re=e1 be call$ 8gr\nds02 or ,non-evid5ti>y1 :i* 7?\gh v influ5tial7 _c1 on reflection1 be ju/ifi$ z hav+ any logical value1 & are1 !re=e1 causes only & n gr\nds4 7#a7 ,evid5ti>y gr\nds ( belief are 7a7 memory1 :i* is pla9ly indisp5sable if we are to le>n by exp]i5ce2 & 7b7 te/imony1 :i* mu/ be tru/$ if language is n to be useless & social co-op]ation impossible3 bo? ^! gr\nds are suppos$ to re/ ^u ! prim>y rock ( previ\s p]ception1 b are slipp]y & trea*]\s4 ,memory is only valid s f> z x tru?fully repres5ts orig9al exp]i5ce1 & te/imony only s f> z x pres5ts 7i7 a valid memory1 7ii7 correctly report$4 ,h5ce 9 s]i\s matt]s precautions mu/ be tak5 aga9/ _! fallibility3 o!rwise !y are n good evid5ce4 ,a speci\s memory1 s f> z x is false1 is imag9ation2 & false te/imony1 s f> z x reports 7i7 a false memory or 7ii7 an inv5tion ( ! report]1 is also imag9ation4 ,te/imony ga!rs =ce1 z a cause ( belief1 ) ! numb]s & consid]ation ( ^? :o support x1 & is especially /r5g!n$ by _! unanimity2 b1 z a gr\nd ( belief1 x dep5ds only on _! k & tru?fulness4 ,a ?ird gr\nd ( belief is 7c7 inf]5ce2 :i* is necess>y to all orig9al adju/m5t ( our conduct to ! future or to unp]ceiv$ circum/ances1 b highly fallible1 & con/itut+ ! *ief problem = ! ex]cise ( ,logic :5 t sci5ce arises3 especially to expla9 ! conditions ( valid obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 ( probability1 ( ! conclusion ( an argum5t be+ cov]$ by its premises1 & ( ! suffici5cy ( v]ification4 ,false inf]5ces t _c be v]ifi$ are imag9ations4 ,z ! gr[+ m9d ( society deals ) true beliefs !y are pil$ up & classifi$ 9 sy/ems ( sci5ce & philosophy3 9 :i* sy/ems ea* belief or judgm5t /r5g!ns & is /r5g!n$ by ! re/4 ,ev5 )\t sy/ematisation1 ! m]e /ructural simil>ity ( judgm5ts1 =m$ unconsci\sly on ! same implicit pr9ciples ( causation & classification1 ?r[s !m into ^? loose app]ceptive masses :i* we call 8common s5se40 ,su* sy/ems or masses1 :e!r ( sci5ce or ( common s5se1 readily assimilate & confirm new inf]5ces hav+ ! same "*1 & (f] resi/ance to all inf]5ces hav+ a diff]5t /ructure1 su* z ^? ab\t magic & spirits4 ,! selective p[] ( ^! app]ceptive masses ov] novel ideas con/itutes 8und]/&+10 & is ! pla9 solid man's sub/itute = ,logic2 & s x is ) _m sci5ti/s1 :o (t5 neglect ! ab/ract /udy ( ,logic4 ,= ^! sy/ems or masses ( exp]i5ce are ! sub/ance ( ,logic & ,me?odology1 :i* are _! skeletons ab/ract$ f !m4 ,!y are ! basis ( all effective comp>ison & criticism2 agreem5t or disagreem5t ) !m is ! te/ ( tru? or error4 ,x is ! *ief defect ( common s5se t ! v]ification ( its judgm5ts dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u repetition ( exp]i5ces 7:at ,logicians call 8simple enum]ation071 )\t t analysis ( obs]vations :i* alone c %[ ! necess>y relations ( facts2 b ?is defect is 9 "s measure rem$i$ 9 good m9ds by t p[] ( un=mulat$ ideas ( natural ord]1 ! result ( unconsci\s analysis1 :i* we call 8good judgm5t0--a p[] :i* ! =tunate possessor may be unable to expla94 7#b7 ,non-evid5ti>y causes ( belief are all r$ucible to bad obs]vations1 imag9ations1 & ! causes t excite imag9ation2 & bad obs]vations are caus$ by false imag9ations z to ! mean+ ( s5se-data4 ,if x %\ld seem to any "o t s9ce imag9ation consi/s ( ideas x mu/ be by nature incompatible ) int5se belief1 we mu/ consid] t memory1 ! effects ( te/imony1 & inf]5ces also consi/ entirely ( ideas2 s t 9 t "* !y d n diff] f imag9ation4 ,ev5 p]ception dep5ds = its mean+ ^u implicit ideas1 & errone\s p]ception is due to errone\s ideas4 ,! weakness ( imag9ation-belief :i* 7despite its frequ5t int5sity7 always 9 "t becomes manife/1 is due to its n be+ con/antly confirm$ by exp]i5ce4 ,9 detail ! non-evid5ti>y causes ( belief are z foll[s3 7a7 n only ! tru?s ( exp]i5ce become mass$ or sy/ematis$ 9 common s5se & sci5ce1 b ! errors ( mis9t]pret$ exp]i5ce & tradition =m simil> aggregates4 ,co9cid5ces mi/ak5 = causation1 illusions1 dreams1 tales ( ?aumaturgy & gho/-/ories1 s f> z !y h any?+ 9 common 9 _! outl9es or emotional tone1 =m app]ceptive masses :i* function 9 ! same way z sci5tific sy/ems3 ea* ( _! con/itu5t beliefs /r5g!ns & is /r5g!n$ by ! re/2 & ea* mass 7z a delusive 8und]/&+07 readily assimilates & confirms any new tale or illusion hav+ its own "*1 & resi/s & repels e judgm5t hav+ a diff]5t /ructure--&1 !re=e1 refuses explanation4 ,& j z sci5ce & common s5se h a sort ( int]nal skeleton ( pr9ciples :i* has be5 exhibit$ z ,logic1 s "s ( ^! comp>atively obscure & *aotic masses ( illusion & tradition conta9 c]ta9 /ructural pr9ciples :i*1 ?\gh unconsci\s at ! l[e/ human level1 obta9 recognition z culture advances--= example1 ! pr9ciples ( mimetic & contagi\s magic2 & !n1 too1 arise su* c>icatures ( sci5ce z !ogonies & cosmologies1 *iromancy1 a/rology & s =?4 ,b no?+ ev] em]ges f !m t c be call$ a te/ ( tru? or me?odology2 mu* less1 ( c\rse1 c su* a ?+ be f\nd at l[] levels ( culture4 ,!re y see ! accumulat+ cl\ds ( imag9ation-belief1 :i* ga!r toge!r f all ! w9ds & pile !mselves up to ov]%ad[ poor humanity age aft] age2 :i* /ill1 9 our own _w1 are by no means dissipat$2 & to ^: p]si/5t influ5ce we may 7,i suppose7 attribute ! my/icism t p]iodically infects philosophy itself4 7b7 ,contributory to ^! masses ( error are bad obs]vations1 confus$ & di/ort$ memories1 dreams & corrupt$ te/imony & tradition1 all ( !m hav+ _! orig9 9 "s sort ( exp]i5ce & matt]-(-fact1 & all issu+ 9 va9 imag9ations4 ,= ( c\rse !re is no su* ?+ z imag9ation und]iv$ f exp]i5ce2 exp]i5ce is di/ort$ & corrupt$ by sup]/ition1 b x transf]s to sup]/ition ! attitude ( belief t always belongs to exp]i5ce1 & supplies mat]ials f :i* 7z we %all see7 x is (t5 possible to con/ruct su* a def5ce ( sup]/ition z1 to an unsophi/icat$ m9d1 mu/ be v plausible & p]suasive4#hf ,direct exp]i5ce is (t5 int]pret$ by a /ory 9 su* a way z to make ! /ory m cr$ible4 ,if a /one is %[n z m>k+ ! tomb ( a h]o1 or a cleft 9 ! m\nta9 z prov+ ! pr[ess ( a wiz>d1 "o unconsci\sly transf]s ! attitude ( belief involv$ 9 contemplat+ ^! relics to all ! leg5ds conc]n+ ^? mighty m5 ( old4 7c7 ,! causes det]m9+ belief are re9=c$ 9 v>i\s ways by feel+ & emotion4 ,! agreeabl5ess or disagreeabl5ess ( any judgm5t draws att5tion to1 or div]ts x f su* a judgm5t & ! evid5ce = x3 except t "s disagreeable emotions1 especially fe>1 by a sort ( fasc9ation ( att5tion1 are fav\rable to belief 9 ! reality ( an imag9$ evil4 ,!y possess ! :ole m9d4 7d7 ,e desire fixes att5tion ^u beliefs fav\rable to x1 & ^u any evid5ce fav\rable to !m1 & div]ts att5tion f conflict+ beliefs & consid]ations4 ,?us e desire readily =ms ab\t itself a relatively isolat$ mass ( beliefs1 :i* resi/s comp>ison &1 !re=e 7z ,ribot says71#hg does n recognise ! pr9ciple ( contradiction4 ,incompatible desires may be *]i%$ )\t our becom+ aw>e ( _! incompatibility2 or1 if ! fact obtrudes itself ^u u1 we repudiate x & turn away4 ,! m immature a m9d1 aga91 & ! less k x has1 ! less inhibition ( desire is ex]t$ by =esight ( consequ5ces t ought to awak5 conflict+ desires or fe>s2 & ! less compassion "o has1 ! less is desire inhibit$ by its probable consequ5ces to o!rs3 !re=e1 9 bo? cases1 ! less *eck !re is ^u belief4 7e7 ,volunt>y action 9 connection ) any belief1 :e!r ( a rational k9d or 9 ! r\t9e ( rites & c]emonies1 fav\rs t belief3 7#a7 by e/abli%+ ! idea-circuit ( means & end1 ! end sugge/+ ! means to x1 & ! ?\ght ( means runn+ =w>d to ! end--a circuit t resi/s int]ruption3 7#b7 by ! g5]al effect ( habit & prejudice2 = e habit ( action or ( ?\ght has in]tia1 &1 moreov]1 x is agreeable1 & to break x is disagreeable2 s t1 aga91 a relatively isolat$ sy/em is =m$1 :i* resi/s comp>ison & criticism4 ,on ! influ5ce ( desire & ( activities = an end dep5ds 8! w to believe40 ,we _c believe any?+ by directly will+ x2 b we c w :at to att5d to1 or :at to d1 & t det]m9es belief4 7f7 ,f9ally1 belief is det]m9$ by c]ta9 social influ5ces besides te/imony & tradition3 especially by sympa?y & antipa?y betwe5 families1 p>ties1 tribes2 & by imitativ5ess & sugge/ibility 7qualifi$ =tunately by contra-sugge/ibility72 s t beliefs become fa%ionable1 endemic1 co]cive1 impassion$ & intol]ant4 ,! p[] ( a cr[d to inflict its passions & beliefs ^u ! individual has rec5tly be5 mu* expla9$3 x has always be5 practically und]/ood by wiz>ds1 prie/s & politicians :o lead mank9d by ! e>s4 ,sugge/ibility1 9 g5]al1 is ! liability to foll[ example or te/imony )\t criticis+ x2 & = _m p x is s easy to fall into ! attitude ( belief ^u slight provocation1 t ?is liability1 to ! ext5t ( weakness1 is v common4 ,contra-sugge/ibility 9 g5]al is ! opposite t5d5cy4 ,b special sugge/ibility 7,i %\ld say7 is ! liability to adopt a belief on te/imony n only 9 ! abs5ce ( evid5ce1 b aga9/ evid5ce2 & contra-sugge/ibility is ! liability to reject a belief aga9/ ! evid5ce4 ,!y are m]ely extreme cases4 ,if y draw two equal /raight l9es1 ,a & ,b1 & say1 8,x seems to me t ,b is long] ?an ,a10 "o p]son w reply 8,c]ta9ly10 ano!r 8,c]ta9ly n2 ,a is ! long]40 ,! art ( sugge/ion consi/s 9 r$uc+ y\r audi5ce to ?is /ate ( imbecility2 x requires y to br+ !m into su* a condition ( exclusive att5tion to y\r words t1 comp>ison & criticism be+ exclud$1 _! natural disposition to ass5t %all 7= ! "t7 h free play4 ,! specially sugge/ible p]son is easily ?r[n into ?is /ate ( exclusive att5tion1 z if hypnotis$4 ,he :o is sugge/ible by "o man may n be s by ano!r2 or he may be m sugge/ible 9 ! l9e ( 8 prejudices ?an aga9/ !m4 #e4 ,,! ,,beliefs ,,( ,,immature ,,m9ds ,all ^! gr\nds & causes ( belief1 evid5ti>y & non-evid5ti>y 7except ,logic & ,sci5ce7 are common to bo? mature & immature m9ds3 b _! proportional influ5ce ) individuals or ) societies is v diff]5t at diff]5t /ages ( developm5t2 & 9 immature m9ds & 9 ! l[] /ages ( culture1 ! p[] ( ! non-evid5ti>y causes is excessive4 ,probably ! *ief cause ( ! gr[? ( common s5se 9 ! g5]ality ( m5 is an increas+ regul>ity ( social life1 z 7notably7 9 ! bloom ( ! classical civilisations & 9 ! la/ f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,p]ception1 9 normal circum/ances1 is accept$ by all z a matt] ( c\rse or1 r1 ( necessity3 x controls ! activities ( practical life 9 hunt+ & 9 indu/ry1 9 mak+ weapons1 hoe+ ! gr\nd1 build+ h\ses3 h[ev]1 ^! lab\rs may sometimes be modifi$ or int]rupt$ by ! intrusion ( beliefs d]iv$ f o!r s\rces4 ,if a savage s+s a spell to 8 prey1 or weapon1 or tool1 or keeps ! head ( a sla9 enemy on a %elf t 8 victim's s\l may assi/ him z a slave1 he may !reby increase 8 own confid5ce 9 ! "w ( hunt+ or g>d5+2 b1 o!rwise1 if 8 "w be no bett]1 nei!r ne$ x be ! worse = su* fancies4 ,! prop]ties ( matt] exact practical recognition1 )\t :i* no?+ c be done4 ,ev5 magical practices presuppose a sane p]ception ( ! c5tral facts3 z :o is act+1 = :at purpose1 :5 & :]e1 ) :at & t[>d :om4 ,^u ?is basis !re may be an a/oni%+ sup]/ructure ( imag9ation-belief2 b !re are limits to ! effectiv5ess ( su* beliefs4 ,m4 ,levy-,bruhl1 inde$1 9 a v int]e/+ book1 ma9ta9s#hh t1 "u ! influ5ce ( social ideas 7reprs5tations collectives71 ! primitive m9d actually p]ceives ?+s diff]5tly f :at we d4 ,:il/ we succe$ 9 atta9+ an objective pres5tation1 elim9at+ subjective associations1 ) primitives proprits my/ique1 =ces occultes are integral qualities ( ! object4 ,he grants t1 9 c]ta9 cases ( imm$iate practical int]e/1 we f9d !m v att5tive & able to discrim9ate slight impressions1 & to recognise ! ext]nal signs ( an object on :i* _! subsi/5ce or ev5 _! life dep5ds2 b holds t1 9 a v great majority ( cases1 _! p]ceptions are ov]-weight$ by subjective elem5ts4 ,?is doctr9e rev]ses 7,i v5ture to ?9k7 ! real relations betwe5 p]ceptions & o!r causes ( belief & _! proportionate influ5ce 9 savage life4 ,x is n only :]e subsi/5ce or life is at /ake t backw>d peoples see ?+s z !y are3 9 m]ely exp]im5tal te/s1 ,dr4 ,riv]s f\nd among/ bo? ,papuans & ,todas1 t1 z to sugge/ibility 9 p]ception1 !y %[$ a high degree ( indep5d5ce ( judgm5t4#hi ,_! confid5ce 9 p]ception is n1 l imag9ation-belief1 occasional1 modifiable = conv5i5ce1 liable to lapse 9 c\rse ( "t1 dep5d5t on ! ass5t ( a cr[d4 ,s f> z occult or my/ical attributes are by a savage assign$ to ?+s1 su* z magical =ce to a weapon1 !y con/itute a second>y1 imag9>y integration ) ! p]cept4 ,su* imag9>y attributes _c1 l p]ception attributes1 be v]ifi$ by s5sation3 comp>e ! h>dness ( a spe>head ) its magical =ce4 ,! peculi>ity ( savage beliefs is due1 n to corrupt & cl\d$ p]ception1 b to ! influ5ce ( desire & anxiety ^u _! imag9ation1 unre/ra9$ by self-criticism & re9=c$ by ! popul> cons5sus4 ,! savage's imag9ation is excit$ by ! press+ ne$s ( 8 life 9 hunt+1 love1 w>1 agriculture1 & !re=e by hung] & emulation1 hate & grief1 fe> & suspicion4 ,imag9ations spr+ up 9 8 m9d by analogy ) exp]i5ce2 b (t5 by remote or absurd analogies2 & !re is no logic at h& & n en\gh common s5se to di/+ui% ! wilde/ imag9ative analogies f tru/wor?y conclusions4 ,! same press+ ne$s & ! same emotional /orms (t5 affect a :ole tribe1 & simultane\sly /imulate e "o's imag9ation2 & orig9at+ 7no d\bt7 9 anci5t times & sl[ly accumulat+ & cond5s+1 !re gr[s up a mass ( public imag9ation-beliefs1 :i* are inculcat$ into e individual by tradition & common c]emonies4 ,su* beliefs embodi$ 9 /ories & =mul1 & associat$ ) rites & cu/oms1 h = a long "t ! /r5g? ( cu/om 9 gov]n+ ! behavi\r ( individuals & 9 tribal respect2 b !y prove at la/ to be weak] ?an cu/om1 inasmu* z ! obs]vances may cont9ue :il/ ! beliefs are =gott5 or replac$ by o!rs1 z ! progress ( culture makes x necess>y to ?9k ( ! old rites 9 a diff]5t way4 ,9 _! fl\ri%+ p]iod !y ext5sively influ5ce practical affairs1 sometimes helpfully or h>mlessly1 sometimes injuri\sly & disa/r\sly4 ,9 g5]al1 imag9ations are prev5t$ by biological necessity f modify+ a tribe's conduct beyond c]ta9 limits2 b1 exceptionally1 !y result 9 tribal insanity1 t5d+ t[>d1 if n accompli%+1 ! tribe's de/ruction1 z 9 extreme cases ( ! practice ( human sacrifice or ( ! ordeal by poison4 ,inde$1 s viol5t & tyrann\s is ! p[] ( sup]/iti\s beliefs 9 _m cases1 t x may be difficult to und]/& h[ !y are almo/ entirely born ( ! imag9ation4 ,9 a civilis$ c\ntry !re are always curr5t "s beliefs z imag9ative & absurd z any to be f\nd 9 ! middle ( ,africa2 b surviv+ amid/ a great] mass ( p]ception-beliefs & positive ideas ab\t indu/ry & comm]ce1 !y h lo/ mu* ( _! driv+ p[]2 & :5 ! imag9ative "* ( any belief has be5 recognis$1 x passes into ! region ( f9e art or my?ology1 or ev5 ( ridicule4 ,if su* ?+s h any place 9 our life1 we turn to !m ( p]sonal *oice 9 ! int]vals ( affairs4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! f9e arts or ( lit]ature treat+ ( su* ?+s1 our emotional /ates may be int5se2 b !y are dissociat$ f action1 exi/ = _! own sake1 h an appropriate tone 7/hetic7 :i* m>ks _! lack ( en]gy1 s t !y require only an imag9>y satisfaction4 ,) a backw>d p !re is mu* less 8positive0 opposition to _! imag9ative prepossessions & pursuits2 :at seems to u absurd1 seems to !m necess>y2 ! actions & obs]vances t express _! beliefs are n p]=m$ z a matt] ( p]sonal *oice1 b ( public cu/om2 ! ends to be obta9$ 7!y ?9k7 are ! same z ^? ( :at we call 8bus9ess40 ,& x mu/ be s4 ,consid]+ ! function ( sup]/ition 9 promot+ political evolution1 x is pla9 t primitive man mu/ h be5 capable ( believ+ & do+ ^? ?+s :i* 7)9 c]ta9 limits7 _h s mu* biological & social value4 ,to und]/& h[ ! magical & religi\s beliefs ( savages & ! play-beliefs ( civilis$ man1 hav+ a common s\rce 9 imag9ation1 are 79 spite ( /rong contra/s7 closely alli$1 we mu/ call to m9d ! _m degrees ( int5sity ( play-belief 9 ourselves1 v>y+ f ! mom5t>y ent]ta9m5t ( play+ ) a *ild1 ?r\gh _m grades ( fiction or c]emony1 d[n to a deeply s]i\s frame ( m9d1 a pr(\nd movem5t ( dread or compassion t may long outla/ our play4 ,a *ild's absorption 9 su* beliefs is m int5se ?an ours2 b circum/ances prev5t 8 atta9+ to ! solid fai? ( a savage4 ,! *ild ( civilis$ p has little or no support 9 tradition 7except f nursemaids72 he is n driv5 by ! desires & anxieties ( subsi/5ce2 & he is frequ5tly int]rupt$ by 8 s5iors4 ,! savage has an ov]:elm+ tradition & au?ority1 press+ anxieties & no s5iors4 ,until ! civilis$ sceptic rea*es 8 %ores1 !re is1 = ! av]age tribesman1 no?+ b t>dy exp]i5ce or social fatigue to *eck 8 vag>ies4 ,8 imag9ation vies ) ! s5se ( reality1 (t5 ov]p[]s x2 yet 8 beliefs %[ _m signs ( _! insecure f\ndations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is n only ! influ5ce ( society & tradition t r5d]s imag9ation-beliefs co]cive to a savage2 9 ! immature m9d ( ! individual !re are c]ta9 conditions fav\rable to _! preval5ce4 7a7 ,! process ( imag9ation itself1 ! memory & ! picture-?9k+ ( savages1 seems to be m vivid1 s5su\s1 /able1 m l p]ception ?an our own normally is4 8,! ,au/ralians10 says ,sp5c] & ,gill51 8h ! mo/ wond]ful imag9ation40#ij ,!y (t5 die ( x2 & s d ,h9doo peasants1 ,maories1 ,fijians1 ,negroes & o!rs1 if !y "k !y h be5 curs$ or h brok5 a taboo4 ,) ! ,melanesians1 says ,dr4 ,coddr+ton1 ?9k+ is l see+2#ia & ,dr4 ,riv]s has confirm$ ?is /atem5t4 ,h5ce !re is a t5d5cy to accept imag9ations z p]ceptions are accept$2 & to believe 9 ! efficacy ( rites1 because ! m]e p]=m+ ( !m ) an imag9$ purpose makes _! purpose seem to be accompli%$4 ,:5 a man ( int5se & excit$ imag9ation makes an image ( an enemy1 & /abs x1 t 8 enemy may suff]1 8 action gratifies ! impulse to /ab1 z if he w\nd$ ! enemy himself1 & rev5ge seems to be a pres5t fact4 ,simil> int5sity ( imag9ation is f\nd 9 civilis$ *ildr5--great] ?an 9 ord9>y adults4 ,savages1 aga91 seem to dream m vividly & conv9c+ly ?an is usual among/ ourselves1 & are said to be m liable to halluc9ations4 ,physiological conditions ( ! immature bra9 7*ildi% or savage71 9 :i* excitem5t does n rapidly spread ?r\gh _m associat$ neurones1 may be ! basis ( ! vividness ( imag9ation1 dream+ & halluc9ation4 7b7 ,b m important ?an any int5sity ( picture-?9k+ to ! gr[? & p]si/5ce ( imag9ation-beliefs1 is ! want ( a m5tal /&>d1 by :i* !y might be discr$it$4 ,x is true t ev5 at a l[ level ( culture individuals are f\nd = :om common s5se con/itutes a private /&>d1 & :o are sceptics 9 relation to _! tribal beliefs4#ib ,b su* a private /&>d _c be communicat$1 & = ! great majority ( ! tribesm5 common s5se is no confid5t guide2 & p]haps !y are ev5 incapable ( effectively comp>+ _! ideas4 ,at any rate1 "o reason :y we believe our memories & n our imag9ations is t1 :il/ 9 bo? cases ! images 7or elem5ts ( images7 ent]+ into !m are d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 9 memory ! relations ( images 9 place1 "t & context are also d]iv$ directly f exp]i5ce2 :]eas 9 imag9ation images 7or _! elem5ts7 are recon/ruct$ 9 relations 9 :i* !y h nev] be5 exp]i5c$1 by analogies ( exp]i5ce 7(t5 di/ort$7 or by cond5sations ! mo/ caprici\s4 ,!re=e1 to make imag9ations cr$ible to u1 ev5 9 play1 ! relations ( exp]i5ce mu/ be fai?fully imitat$1 z 7e4 g47 9 ,rob9son ,crusoe2 or else our emotions mu/ be s /rongly excit$ z to possess our m9ds ) ! fiction to ! exclusion ( all criticism4 ,b ) immature m9ds obs]vation ( fact1 outside ! practical1 repetitive1 necess>y c\rse ( life1 is n exact & coh]5t2 &1 accord+ly1 _! memories are n coh]5t1 especially z to "t-relations2 s t1 by comp>ison ) su* memories1 irregul> imag9ations suff] little4 ,!re is n en\gh ord]ly memory or g5]al k to discr$it ev5 absurd imag9ations2 = s f> z obs]vation & memory are disord]ly1 g5]alisation1 consci\s or unconsci\s1 is impossible4 ,h5ce n only tradition>y my?s may be mon/r\s & arbitr>y1 b occasional tales ( private inv5tion1 among/ bo? *ildr5 & savages1 usually exhibit disconnect$ transitions & impossible happ5+s4 ,yet !y satisfy ! immature m9d4 7c7 ,!re are c]ta9 o!r conditions ( ! immature m9d t h9d] ! comp>ison ( ideas &1 !re=e1 ! criticism ( beliefs4 ,ab\t e imp]ative ne$1 su* z success 9 hunt+1 ) its desires & anxieties1 rites & c]emonies gr[ up to gratify imag9atively ! desires & relieve ! anxieties2 & ideas ( ^! obs]vances =m relatively isolat$ sy/ems4 ,to u ^! ideas usually seem absurd & irrelevant :5 comp>$ ) ! savage's own exp]i5ces & 8 o!r practices4 ,we see a hunt]1 = example1 endeav\r to ga9 8 ends by two di/9ct s]ies ( actions4 ,9 "o he fa/s1 en*ants 8 weapons1 ca/s spells ^u 8 expect$ prey2 9 ! o!r he c>efully prep>es 8 weapons1 pati5tly tracks 8 prey1 w>ily approa*es & slays x4 ,! latt] s]ies we approve & appreciate z causation2 ! =m] we ridicule z hocus-pocus1 contribut+ objectively no?+ to ! ev5t 7?\gh probably x increases 8 confid5ce72 & we pity 8! hea!n 9 8 bl9dness40 ,&1 inde$1 he may be said to be m9d-bl9d2 = 9 obs]v+ ! rites1 8 att5tion is s occupi$ by means & end1 & caught 9 ! circuit 9 :i* ^! ideas revolve1 & he is s e>ne/ 9 c>ry+ out ! prescrib$ actions1 t he _c comp>e !m ) ! really effective actions1 s z to discov] _! absurdity & irrelevancy4 ,9 %ort1 a /ate ( m5tal dissociation is e/abli%$ = ! sy/em ( magical ideas4 ,s f> does illusion g t he seems to reg>d ! rites z ! mo/ important "p ( 8 proce$+s4 ,b t is n really 8 deepe/ conviction3 he tru/s 9 ,magic & keeps 8 b[/r+ dry4 7d7 ,9 ! case ( *ildr5 we may assume1 & 9 ! m backw>d races ( m5 we may suspect1 t ! comp>ison ( judgm5ts is difficult1 or sometimes ev5 impossible1 because ( ! imp]fect developm5t ( ! c]ebral cortex4 ,!re mu/ be "s /ructural conditions ( ! free fl[ ( en]gy ?r\gh all organs ( ! bra91 correspond+ ) ! associability & comp>ability ( all ideas4 ,we may d\bt if ^! conditions are complete ev5 9 good cultivat$ m9ds2 s9ce ev]ybody f9ds "o or ano!r /udy or art especially difficult = him1 or ! free+ ( himself f ?is or t sort ( prejudice especially repugnant4 ,& x is n only delib]ate comp>ison t is h9d]$ 9 ! immaturity ( ! bra91 b also t automatic process 7m or less unconsci\s7 ( assimilation & discrim9ation to :i* 7,i ?9k7 we owe mo/ ( ! results ( ab/raction & g5]alisation t may seem to h requir$ purposive comp>ison4 ,su* imp]fections ( /ructure1 greate/ at ! l[e/ levels ( organisation1 & gradually decreas+ z ideal rationality is approa*$1 we may call 8incord9ation02 &1 s f> z x obta9s1 ! results mu/ be some:at simil> to ! discord9ation1 ! break+ d[n or int]ruption ( organic effici5cy1 t occurs 9 hy/]ia1 hypnosis & "s =ms ( insanity4 ,"o ( ! results probably is sugge/ibility--! t5d5cy to accept :at is told1 or ins9uat$1 )\t exam9ation2 = fre$om f ?is common liability dep5ds 7ap>t f ! contra-sugge/ible disposition7 ^u ! rapidity & def9it5ess ) :i* "o c comp>e t :i* is sugge/$ ) pres5t fact or ) "o's k & =m] exp]i5ce2 & ?is is h9d]$ by incord9ation4 ,effective incord9ation may1 h[ev]1 be m]ely functional = want ( practice 9 ?9k+2 & x exi/s (t5 en\gh 9 civilis$ p1 because !y h n ev5 ! desire to be consi/5t4 ,9 ei!r case1 :e!r f defective /ructure or f ! dull in]tia ( disuse1 !re w be failure ( comp>ison &1 !re=e1 ( criticism1 & also 7we may suppose7 a great] int5sity ( imag9ation & ( dream+ & a liability to halluc9ation1 su* z is said to be frequ5tly ! case ) immature m9ds4 #f4 ,,! ,,reason+ ,,( ,,immature ,,m9ds ,we h se5 t _m beliefs result f inf]5ces1 & t inf]5ces1 :5 logically ju/ifiable1 may be consid]$ z gr\nds 7rais+ "s degree ( probability72 b1 :5 n ju/ifiable1 !y are only causes ( belief & _! results are only imag9ation-beliefs4 ,s9ce ! g5]al nature ( reason+ is ! same = ,socrates & ,sambo1 we mu/ inquire into ! p>ticul> nature ( ! reason+ :i* leads immature m9ds into su* bewild]+ mazes ( error z we see 7= example7 9 ! _w-wide preval5ce ( ,magic & ,animism4 ,on ! inductive side ( k 7! obta9+ ( premises7 !re is1 ( c\rse1 mu* imp]fect obs]vation & ha/y g5]alisation2 b1 9 spite ( ^! faults1 a savage le>ns by repeat$ exp]i5ces a great _m n>r[ g5]al tru?s ab\t ! physical _w1 plants1 animals & 8 fell[-m51 :i* con/itute 8 /ock ( common s5se & on ! /r5g? ( :i* he lives z a v intellig5t animal4 ,we %all f9d f "t to "t errors ( obs]vation 7su* z ! tak+ ( a dream = reality7 & ( g5]alisation 7su* z ! class+ ( worms ) reptiles72 b1 /rictly speak+1 ?is is n reason+3 all reason+ is d$uctive1 & ! immature m9d's d$uctive processes ne$ a full] analysis4 ,our ,logic consi/s ( a few univ]sal pr9ciples g5]ally accept$1 ) :i* any m p>ticul> judgm5t may be comp>$ 9 ord] to te/ its validity4 ,! matt] may be sup]ficially acquir$ 9 a few h\rs2 b ! full compreh5sion ( x implies ! wide/ comp>ison ( types ( judgm5t f all dep>tm5ts ( k3 ,logic be+ 7z ,i h said7 a sort ( skeleton ( k4 ,h5ce 9 any m9d incapable ( comp>ison & criticism--or s f> z x is incapable--!re mu/ be an abs5ce ( ,logic4 ,s mu* effective comp>ison ( exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 goes on )\t our specially att5d+ to x t a man's logical p[] be>s no proportion to 8 inve/igations into ! /ructure ( k4 ,"o man may be a great /ud5t ( ,logic & a v ineffici5t reason] f a want ( discipl9e 9 ! _w ( fact2 ano!r1 :o has nev] op5$ a text-book1 may yet %[ by ! def9it5ess ( 8 judgm5ts & ! adequacy ( 8 plans1 t he is a sort ( inc>nate ,logic1 t 8 m9d works accord+ to reason or 79 o!r words7 accord+ to ! ord] ( facts4 ,x is ! highe/ manife/ation ( common s5se4 ,su* m5 occur among backw>d peoples4 ,! only univ]sal pr9ciples t ne$ be consid]$ "h are ! ,law ( ,causation & ! ,=m ( ,sub/ance & ,attribute 7,mill's doctr9e ( ,natural ,k9ds73 :i* may be call$ ! pr9ciples ( p>allel reason+2 because ! great] "p ( ord9>y reason+ consi/s 9 draw+ "s inf]5ce p>allel to "o or ! o!r ( !m1 usually 9 "s re/rict$ %ape4 ,= example1 a re/riction ( causation is ! proposition t 8exposure to int5se daylight causes sun-burn10 ( sub/ance & attribute t 8! specific gravity ( gold is ab\t #aie03 :5ce we inf] t if we expose ourselves to sunlight our faces or h&s w suff]1 or t any piece ( gold w be relatively v heavy4 ,b 9 su* cases errone\s inf]5ces are easy3 = example1 to expect t exposure to ,london sun%9e w cause sunburn2 = !re ! f\l atmosph]e cuts (f ! act9ic rays3 or to expect t a lump ( brass w h specific gravity #aie4 ,a necess>y precaution be=e tru/+ an inf]5ce1 !re=e1 is ! asc]ta9+ t ! inf]5ce deals ) ! v same sort ( case z ! premise describes3 else !re is no complete p>allel4 ,& ,logicians %[ 9 ! =m ( ! syllogism ?is necess>y precaution--to use _! fav\rite example 9 a case ( ,sub/ance & ,attribute3 ,major premise--,all m5 are mortal2 ,m9or premise--,socrates is a man2 ,conclusion--,socrates is mortal4 ,! conclusion ,socrates is ,mortal is p>allel to ! major premise ,all m5 are mortal2 & t x deals ) ! v same sort ( case is secur$ by ! m9or premise1 ,socrates is a man4 ,:oev] reasons mu/ see to x t ?is premise is true4 ,b ! savage has nev] notic$ t necessity2 & !nce come mo/ ( 8 errors4 ,! syllogism 7x is n[ admitt$7 does n describe ! way 9 :i* we reason1 b is only a =m :i* gives "s help 9 te/+ ! validity ( reason+ if "o %\ld ev] ?9k ( do+ su* a ?+4 ,9 practice we d n ?9k fir/ ( ! major premise1 !n ( ! m9or premise & la/ly ( ! conclusion4 ,z a rule we d n ?9k ( ei!r premise at all3 ! 8conclusion0 comes fir/ to m9d4 ,9 c]ta9 circum/ances ( association1 because ( our hopes or our fe>s1 x occurs to u t 8,socrates is mortal40 ,if "s "o %\ld d\bt ?is judgm5t & ask = pro(1 we might ?9k ( ! major premise1 & !n put x into words = ! fir/ "t--8,all m5 die20 ev5 !n x might n seem necess>y to add t 8,socrates is a man40 ,b al?\gh we may n h be5 at ! "t aw>e ( ^! premises until we 7 ask$ = !m1 _! pres5ce 9 ! m9d 9 "s way 0 necess>y to det]m9e ! inf]5ce3 ! major premise 0 !re z lat5t memory ( "o or m cases ( p :o _h di$2 ! m9or premise 0 repres5t$ by ! assimilation ( ! case ( ,socrates to ^? cases ( mortal m54 ,! =m] exp]i5ces h left an engram1 :i* s]ves z a m\ld into :i* subsequ5t exp]i5ce may run1 & :i* conceivably may det]m9e subsequ5t judgm5ts ev5 ?\gh ! =m] exp]i5ces c no long] be rememb]$4 ,! phrase 8=m ( ?\ght0 is mo/ us$ = premises ( high g5]ality1 su* z ! axioms ( ma!matics1 causation1 sub/ance & attribute1 space 9 ?ree dim5sions2 &1 und\bt$ly1 ^! are =ms :i* det]m9e ! l9es ( all ?9k+ to :i* !y are relevant2 b !y w\ld be useless1 if !re 7 n1 "u !m1 =ms e/abli%$ 9 v concrete mat]ial by ! repetition ( simple exp]i5ces & ord9>y ev5ts 7or ev5 by s+le impressive ev5ts71 su* z 8m5 are mortal10 8wat] qu5*es fire10 :i* det]m9e ! l9es ( common-s5se judgm5ts4 ,if !re has be5 an exp]i5tial judgm5t--,x is relat$ to ,y1 :5 ,x aga9 appe>s x is expect$ to be relat$ to ,y4 ,among/ savages also1 ( c\rse1 exp]i5ce settles 9 _! m9ds su* =ms ( ?\ght2 bo? ! mo/ g5]al ones1 :i* !y nev] =mulate b :i* necess>ily control _! ?\ghts1 & _m p>ticul> ones conc]n+ ! exp]i5ce ( daily life2 :i* la/ control ! details ( _! ?\ghts1 & = practical purposes are true2 b :i*1 ?r\gh ignorance ( ! m9or premise1 are all[$ to assimilate _m judgm5ts ( a v diff]5t nature4 ,?us1 ,x be+ kn[n to be relat$ to ,y1 !y are apt to inf] t ?+s t are l ,x1 or :i* !y suppose to be l ,x1 are also 9 ! same way relat$ to ,y2 & ?is is disa/r\s4 ,9 civilis$ life1 mo/ occupations are s me*anical1 & ! g5]al tradition is s positive1 t !re is little enc\ragem5t to ?9k nons5se2 s t ! av]age man reasons tol]ably ab\t simple matt]s )\t hav+ he>d ( ! m9or premise2 b ! savage's life is mu* less regul>1 & less fully occupi$1 & ! tradition is full ( magic & gho/s4 ,accord+ly1 he is always ready to ?9k ab\t magic & gho/s2 & s9ce 8 ?\ghts ab\t su* ?+s c only run 9 ! m\ld ( 8 exp]i5ces 7) "s playroom = amplification1 di/ortion & cond5sation71 :il/ he is also ignorant ( ! function ( ! m9or premise1 he seems to draw (t5 f a v s\nd major premise a v absurd conclusion4 ,= ! m9or premise is an inv5tion ( ,logicians 7p]haps _! greate/73 x does n occur to cursory1 b only to critical ?\ght4 ,= example1 a savage judges t to put a lock ( a man's hair 9 ! fire injures & may de/roy him3 h[ comes he to ?9k s8 ,he has le>nt by exp]i5ce t = a man to put 8 h& 9 ! fire1 or to fall into x1 hurts him2 & ?is supplies ! m\ld 9 :i* 8 inf]5ce ab\t ! lock ( hair is ca/4 ,simil>ly1 he is apt to judge t to ?r[ a man's image into ! fire hurts him & may de/roy him2 & ?is cle>ly re/s ^u ! same exp]i5ce4 ,8 reason+ assumes ! m9or premise t 7= ! purpose ( 8 rev5ge7 a sep>at$ "p ( a man1 or 8 image1 is ! same z ! man himself2 & ?is assumption is made explicit 9 ! fam\s maxims ( ,magic1 t 9 rites1 :atev] has be5 9 contact ) a man--or t any lik5ess ( a man--may be sub/itut$ = him4 ,b ! g5]alisation ( ^! maxims is left = an advanc$ /age ( culture2 ! savage1 :o acts z if he held !m1 has nev] ?\ght (1 mu* less =mulat$ !m4 ,!y are d]iv$1 by lat] ?\ght1 entirely f an analysis ( 8 conduct 9 magic4 ,:at ! causes are t det]m9e him to act z if he accept$ ! maxims ( ,magic w pres5tly be discuss$4#ic ,!re are c]ta9 o!r reason+s impli$ 9 savage practices1 :]e ! error lies n s mu* 9 ! m9or premise z 9 ! m9or t]m1 ?us3 ,x is matt] ( exp]i5ce t a s5se ( p]sonal p[] & elation is produc$ by danc+ & s++2 & 7p]haps )\t rememb]+ su* exp]i5ce7 a savage inf]s t magical p[] is increas$ by ! same means4 ,or1 aga91 x is matt] ( exp]i5ce t m5 eat & use solid food & weapons2 & a savage inf]s t gho/s eat gho/ly food & use gho/ly weapons2 t is to say1 t :]e food & spe>s are left at a tomb & rema9 unt\*$1 ! gho/ has tak5 to himself ! s\l ( ^! ?+s :i* 0 8 prop] %>e4 ,n[ grant+ t !re are su* ?+s z magical p[]s & gho/s1 ! reason+ t id5tifies !m respectively ) physical p[] & ) m5 is1 = ! purpose ( ! inf]5ce1 n unplausible2 ) a lib]al exam9] ! m9or premises might pass4 ,b if magical p[]s & gho/s d n exi/1 ! m9or t]ms are imag9>y4#id ,9 %ort1 all ^! reason+s turn ^u imag9ations4 ,! exp]i5tial major premises are true en\gh1 b ! m9or premises are illusory1 & z x is a maxim ) ,logicians t ! =ce ( reason+ foll[s ! weak] premise1 ! conclusion is illusory4 ,x is n 9 p]ception b 9 imag9ation t a "p is ! same z ! :ole1 or t a lik5ess is ! same z ! ?+ itself2 t magic controls ev5ts & t gho/s haunt _! sepul*res4 ,^! reason+s are fallaci\s imitations ( p>allel inf]5ces accord+ to cause & effect2 b !re are o!rs ( a k9d peculi> to imag9ation3 ,i mean reason+s by analogy--z :5 a ,zulu1 c\rt+ ! dusky fair1 *ews a piece ( wood1 9 ! expectation t1 z ! wood is r$uc$ to pulp1 h] he>t1 too1 w be s(t5$4 ,^! processes are n p>allel2 !re is no resemblance betwe5 a lady's he>t & a piece ( wood1 nor betwe5 ma/ication & c\rt-%ip2 b ! relation involv$1 ! s(t5+ process1 is felt to be ! same 9 bo? connections &1 !re=e1 ! cases on ! :ole are ?\ght to be ! same4 ,_m rites & obs]vances dep5d ^u su* analogies--= ?is is ! /rict s5se ( analogy1 8l relations ( unlike t]ms02 & !y h a lead+ "p 9 ! =mation ( my?s 9 :i* natural ev5ts are repres5t$ z p]sonal relations--,apollo *as+ ! ,dawn1 & s =?4 ,& ,i =m]ly ?\ght t su* argum5ts z ! =ego+1 9 :i* ! actions ( gho/s are id5tifi$ ) ^? ( m51 or ! suff]+s ( a "p are equat$ ) ^? ( ! :ole1 7 examples ( analogical reason+2 = c]ta9ly1 ! t]ms involv$ are diff]5t3 a gho/1 or an image1 or a nail-p>+ is n ! same z a man4 ,b1 on reflection1 ,i see t ?\gh ^! t]ms are really diff]5t1 t has no?+ to d ) ! psy*ology ( ! matt]1 = !y are conceiv$ by ! savage to be ! same2 &1 !re=e1 ! inf]5ce is conceiv$ z p>allel to ! exp]i5tial gr\nd 7ev5 ?\gh ?is rema9 lat5t 9 consci\sness74 ,analogical ?\ght is n[ und]/ood to be imag9ative only1 & is conf9$ to ! metaphors & similes ( poetry or rhetoric2 ?\gh x is n v long ago t x 0 s]i\sly tru/$ 9 argum5t1 z 9 def5d+ absolute mon>*y 9 ! ,/ate by ! examples ( patri>*y 9 ! family1 & ev5 by ! suppos$ 8regim5t0 ( bees & quails 9 _! societies1 ( ! lion ov] bea/s & ( ! eagle ov] birds4 ,9 ?is _s1 ,malays1 hav+ id5tifi$ ! life ( ! rice plant ) human life1 reg>d ! fl[]+ rice z 9 its infancy1 & proce$ to fe$ x ) pap3 & c>ry out ! analogy at fur!r /ages ( its developm5t4 ,simil>ly1 to facilitate *ildbir?1 or to lib]ate ! /ruggl+ s\l ( ! dy+1 x is a respect$ recipe to untie all knots1 unfa/5 all buttons1 unlock all doors1 op5 all w9d[s2 = op5+ or loos+1 no matt] :at1 is always ! same process-relation4 ,^! seem to be ! *ief modes ( fallaci\s ?9k+--7#a7 false p>allels & 7#b7 analogies--:i* mislead ! untutor$ m9d & give to imag9ation-beliefs su* coh]5ce z !y ev] atta94 ,two acc\nts ( sup]/iti\s reason+ h be5 giv5 by ^? :o admit t savages reason at all2 "o is t !y reason correctly f absurd premises2 ! o!r t !y reason absurdly f correct premises4 ,if ! =ego+ analysis is s\nd1 !re is "s tru? & "s error 9 bo? ^! doctr9es4 ,s f> z primitive ratioc9ation is purely analogical1 x is q futile1 :e!r its premises be true or false2 = x _c be ca/ 9 any admissible logical =m4 ,s f> z 9 sup]/ition x imitates p>allel reason+1 accord+ to cause & effect or sub/ance & attribute1 ! major premise is1 = ! mo/ "p1 empirically true2 ! m9or premise is false2 & ! conclusion is a va9 imag9ation4 ,!re are ?ree types ( ratioc9ation3 7#a7 equations1 z 9 ma!matics2 & "h primitive man = a long "t got no fur!r ?an ! c\nt+ ( ?+s by 8 f+]s & toes4 7#b7 ,p>allels ( premise & inf]5ce1 accord+ to causation or sub/ance & attribute1 z 9 ! physical & natural sci5ces2 & "h ! savage collects by exp]i5ce mu* common s5se1 & by inevitable fallacies mu* sup]/ition4 7#c7 ,analogies ( imag9ation4 ,! natural progress ( reason consi/s 9 relegat+ analogies to poetry & rhetoric2 9 introduc+ great] & great] accuracy into ! judgm5ts t s]ve z major premises1 & great] caution 9 assum+ m9or premises2 at la/1 9 c\nt+ & measur+ ! facts reason$ ab\t1 & s prep>+ ! beg9n+s ( ma!matical me?od4 ,su* progress is promot$ by ! high biological value ( great] def9it5ess ( ?\ght4 ,immature man 9 ! necess>y practical life--:i* may be call$ ! biological life--has _m def9ite p]ceptions & judgm5ts & well-adju/$ actions2 outside t life1 9 ! region ( sup]/iti\s obs]vance1 he is n a rational1 b an imag9ative animal4 #g4 ,,g5]al ,,ideas ,,at ,,! ,,savage ,,level ,! language ( savages is (t5 want+ 9 names ( classes ( ?+s = :i* names are ) u a matt] ( c\rse1 & x has be5 suppos$ t ^? :o use ! language mu/ be )\t ! correspond+ g5]al ideas4 ,?us x is report$ t a tribe _h a "n = ea* k9d ( tree b none = tree 9 g5]al2 ano!r _h a "n = coco-nuts at v>i\s /ages ( gr[? 7:5 !y s]ve diff]5t uses7 b none = coco-nut at all times3 !re=e1 x is inf]r$1 !y _h no g5]al idea ( tree or ( coco-nut4 ,a ,sib]ian example is /ill m rem>kable4 ,! ,tunguses dep5d entirely ^u re9de] = food1 clo!s1 t5ts & locomotion1 & keep h]ds ( !m2 yet !y h no "n = ! animal4 ,b !y h a "n = wild & ano!r = tame re9de]2 a "n = dome/ic re9de] t h be5 brok5 91 & ano!r = ! unbrok52 a "n = ! female fawn1 = ! doe ) "y1 = a doe ) "o fawn1 a doe 9 ! ?ird ye> ) two fawns2 a "n = ea* age-class ( buck1 & s on4#ie ,are we to inf] t ! ,tunguses h no g5]al idea ( re9de]8 ,x 01 no d\bt1 natural to assume t we fir/ p]ceive individuals1 :i* n[ /& cle>ly be=e u1 & !n1 hav+ comp>$ !m1 arrive at g5]al ideas4 ,b if k gr[s by ! assimilation & diff]5tiation ( exp]i5ces1 ! class on ! "o h& & ! individual on ! o!r1 mu/ be jo9t products ( ?is process3 classes becom+ cle>] z m & m individuals are discrim9at$4 ,classes1 or class-ideas nev] /& be=e u z individuals d2 b ! great] "p ( ! mean+ ( e p]ception ( an individual is ! k9d ( ?+ x is4 ,& z to priority1 to p]ceive ! k9d ( ?+ is 7biologically7 f> m important ?an its individuality4 ,if ! individual did n mean ! class1 to p]ceive x w\ld be useless z a guide to action4 ,! g5]al idea d]iv$ f ! assimilation ( exp]i5ces is ! app]ceptive mass t conv]ts s5se-/imulation into cognition3 :5 unconsci\s ,romanes call$ x a 8recept40 ,! primitiv5ess ( g5]al ideas is %[n by ge/ure-language1 :i* probably prec$es spee*1 & :i* 7except 9 direct indication ( :at is ?\ght (7 dep5ds :olly ^u g5]al ideas sugge/$ by imitative or significant actions4 ,primitive language mu/ h describ$ ?+s by g5]al *>act]s1 s f> z x consi/$ 9 onomatopia2 to gr[l l a lion c\ld only sugge/ ! k9d ( animal4 ,primitive draw+ 7:e!r by *ildr5 or savages7 is ne>ly always g5]ic3 dog1 horse1 frigate-bird1 hamm]-head$ %>k1 b n any individual4 ,!re c be no d\bt t savages are capable ( g5]al & ab/ract ideas2 & no "o n[ supposes t language is an adequate measure ( ?\ght4 ,a language conta9s names only = ?+s1 gr\ps1 & aspects or actions ( ?+s :i* ! p :o use x ne$ to discuss3 if !y d n ne$ to speak ( ab/ractions1 !re are no words = !m4 ,b we _c assume ( ! cont5ts ( ! m9d1 any m ?an ( ! outside _w1 t ?+s d n exi/ unless we h notic$ & nam$ !m4 ,pr(essor ,franz ,boas has %[n#if t languages ( ! nor!rn ,am]9ds1 t d n idiomatically express ab/ract ideas1 may be made to d s )\t viol5ce1 & t ! ab/ract expression is intelligible to m5 native to ! languages4 8,e "o :o kn[s p ( l[ culture10 says ,dr4 ,riv]s1 8mu/ recognise ! difficulty :i* besets ! /udy ( any ab/ract "q1 n s mu* because ! savage does n possess ab/ract ideas z t he has no words ( 8 own to express !m40#ig ,among/ ! ideas atta9$ by savages1 & hav+ an important "p 9 _! lives1 ?\gh (t5 tak5 = grant$ & unexpress$1 are "s ( ! highe/ g5]ality3 = example 8=ce40 ,! notion ( =ce is d]iv$ f ! exp]i5ce ( ef=t 9 our own muscul> ex]tions2 b ) ! developm5t ( our p]ception ( physical objects by ! integration ( s5se-data--sight1 t\*1 movem5t & resi/$ movem5t 7k9/hesis71 smell1 he>+--?is s5se ( ef=t1 be+ transf]r$ to objects z equival5t to our own ex]tions ab\t !m1 becomes ! all-important core ( e object 7or mean+ ( e p]ception ( an object71 )\t :i* ! ?+ w\ld be a m]e %[1 nei!r useful nor injuri\s--%eep & tig]s1 rocks & pumpk9s alike indiff]5t4 ,probably ! p]ceptions ( all ! high] animals 7d[n to reptiles7 h ?is mean+4 ,=ce is reality1 & by primitive man is ?\ght ( z ! ess5ce ( :atev] he conceives ( z real1 su* z spells1 talismans & gho/s4 ,hav+ a subjective gr\nd1 f :i* x nev] becomes free1 ! notion ( x is indef9ite1 v>ies = ea* ( u ) our con/itution1 age1 heal?1 & n only l5ds itself to ! wilde/ :ims ( sup]/ition1 b has misl$ sci5tific inve/igations4 ,relations are a class ( g5]al ideas famili> to savage ?\ght1 (t5 appreciat$ ) great subtlety & especially prom95t 9 "s magical op]ations4 ,relations are n only ?\ght ( by savages b comp>$1 & lik5esses discov]$ betwe5 !m t may (t5 surprise u4 ,a g>d5] ( ,new ,gu9ea1 hav+ plant$ t>o1 ensur$ ! gr[? ( ! crop by say+3 8,a murna1 left on ! %ore by ! tide1 0 exhau/$ & on ! po9t ( expir+1 :5 ! tide return$1 & x reviv$ & swam away40 ,& he /ruck ! gr\nd ) a bran* ?ree times4#ih ,he saw t r5ewal ( life 9 ! murna & 9 ! t>o 7 ! same ?+2 s t to describe "o mu/ /r5g!n ! o!r--su* is ! 8=ce0 ( a spell6 ,! mo/ important relation involv$ 9 k & 9 its practical applications is causation4 ,savages :o h no ^w = causation & h nev] ?\ght ( x 9 ! ab/ract1 mu/ always act z if !y assume x4 ,?is is apt to be misund]/ood4 ,x is writt53 8,! natives ( ,au/ralia h no idea ( cause & effect4 ,!y notice t two ?+s occur "o aft] ! o!r1 & at once jump to ! conclusion t "o is cause & ! o!r effect40 ,!y h1 !n1 "s idea ( ! relation1 ?\gh ill-discrim9at$4 ,?us1 hav+ notic$ t ! plov] (t5 cries be=e ra91 !y imitate ! cry :5 p]=m+ rites to br+ on ra94 ,we r suppose t an atmosph]ic *ange1 prec$+ ! approa*+ ra91 excites ! plov]s4 ,b t does n occur to ! natives3 t 8"o aft] ! o!r0 is ! same z effect aft] cause1 or 7z ,logicians say7 po/ hoc1 ergo propt] hoc1 lies at ! bottom ( innum]able sup]/itions4 ,! subconsci\s control ex]cis$ by ?is lat5t =m ( ?\ght is v imp]fect4 ,! maxims ( indirect ,magic1 t a lik5ess may be sub/itut$ = ! ?+ itself1 or a "p ( x = ! :ole1 are m]ely =mul ( causation assum$ "u an errone\s belief z to :at c be a cause4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* ! l may be a sub/itute 7"o man = ano!r7 & a "p may ne>ly s]ve = ! :ole 7"p ( a brok5 knife74 ,h5ce ^! pr9ciples 7 /at$ & av[$ by physicians & al*emi/s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & obs]v$ 9 _! practice4 ,! quantitative axiom ( m$iate relation--8,magnitudes equal to ! same magnitude are equal0--is1 ( c\rse1 nev] express$ by savages2 b x is practically und]/ood & appli$ by !m :5ev] !y use a common measure--! f+]s = c\nt+1 ! pace1 or h& or arm-/ret* to measure di/ance4 ,^! devices are ge/ure language2 & ! tru? :i* ! ge/ures assume has be5 =c$ ^u ! obs]vation ( primitive m5 :5ev] !y saw ?ree or m ne>ly equal ?+s toge!r--m5 9 a r[1 birds 9 a flock1 eggs 9 a ne/4 ,we ne$ n suppose t consci\s analysis is necess>y to det]m9e ! relations betwe5 su* ?+s2 ! bra9 has its own me?od ( analysis2 & "s day we le>n ! results4 ,x 0 late 9 ! day t ! results became kn[n2 n1 app>5tly1 till ! ,greeks gave sci5tific =m to ! rudim5ts ( ma!matics4 ,= !n1 = ! fir/ "t1 articulate axioms 7 want$--to satisfy ! =m ( sci5ce4 ,! innum]able exact calculations ( ,egypt & ,assyria c\ld g on v well )\t !m4 ,_! discov]y requir$ ! specific purpose ( a sci5ti/ 9 se>* ( !m1 ! /ate ( pr(\nd m$itation & ab/raction1 exclud+ all irrelevant ideas1 :5 9 ! empt9ess & d>kness ( ! m9d _! light became visible1 l a fa9t s\nd 9 a sil5t room4 ,?us an idea1 ^: function+ has = ages controll$ ?\ght )\t be+ recognis$1 sudd5ly takes its place 9 ! organisation ( k4 #h4 ,,! ,,weakness ,,( ,,imag9ation-,,beliefs ,) immature m9ds _! sup]/itions seem to re/ on good evid5ce4 ,"s ( ^? :o pray to ,neptune are sav$ f %ipwreck1 & ! dr[n$ are =gott53 all confirmatory co9cid5ces are deeply impressive1 & failures are ov]look$ or excus$4 ,by sugge/ion ! sick are (t5 heal$1 & ! hale are /ruck d[n4 ,curses & incantations1 if kn[n to ! int5d$ victim1 fulfil !mselves4 ,s d good om5s t give confid5ce1 & bad om5s t weak5 endeav\r4 ,if a magician has ! a/ut5ess to op]ate = ra9 only :5 ! wet season approa*es1 ! ev5t is likely to confirm 8 reputation4 ,sleight ( h&1 v5triloquism & ! advantages ( a d>k sance are n unkn[n to sorc]]s tutor$ 9 an old tradition ( deceit1 & _! cli5ts take x = demon/ration4 ,! con/ant practice by a :ole village ( bo? magic & indu/ry = ! same end1 makes x impossible = ord9>y mortals to see :i* ( !m is ! real ag5t ( success4 ,= ! failures ( magic or ( sacrifice ! practition]s always h plausible explanations4 ,h5ce betwe5 imag9ation-beliefs & p]ception-beliefs1 z to _! causes1 !re may be1 = ! believ]s1 no app>5t diff]5ce4 ,b 9 "*1 also1 imag9ation-beliefs may seem indi/+ui%able f p]ception-beliefs2 9 imm$iate feel+-quality !y are c]ta9ly v mu* l !m2 &1 on a fir/ consid]ation1 !y appe> to h z mu* influ5ce ov] m5's actions3 b ?is is n true4 ,we mu/ n inf] t to suff] m>tyrdom = a cult 7z wit*es h done7 c be a sign ( no?+ b unalt]able fai? 9 x3 besides fanaticism & o!r abnormal /ates ( m9d1 "o mu/ all[ = loyalty to a p>ty or lead]1 = opposit5ess & hatr$ ( ! p]secutor1 = display1 self-ass]tion & 79 %ort7 = a /rong w4 ,^? :o take "p 9 a religi\s w>--are !y driv5 :olly by en?usiasm = ! sup]natural1 & n at all by hatr$ ( ali5s1 love ( fight+ & hope ( plund]8 ,disc\nt+ ! admixture ( o!r motives1 ! p[] ( imag9ation-beliefs is1 ) mo/ p1 mu* less ?an we are apt to suppose4 ,!y are un/able1 & 9 c\rse ( "t *ange1 ?\gh ! 8evid5ce0 = !m may rema9 ! same4 ,m\ld$ f ! fir/ by desire & anxiety1 !y rema9 pla/ic "u ! v>y+ /ress ( ^! & o!r passions4 ,9 a primitive agricultural community1 prep>ation ( ! soil1 hoe+1 reap+ & h>ve/+ g on 7?\gh ) inf]ior tools & me?ods7 j z !y d ) u2 & f age to age ! processes are g5]ally confirm$ or sl[ly improv$4 ,at ! same "t1 e su* employm5t is surr\nd$ by a sort ( aura ( rites1 :i* seem to be c>ri$ out ) equal1 or great]1 scrupulosity & conviction2 yet1 age by age1 ^! rites sl[ly atrophy & lose _! importance & _! anci5t mean+1 :i* is expla9$ by new my?s2 or o!r rites may be le>nt f neighb\rs or f invad]s2 = "s rites may be necess>y to _! life1 ?\gh n any p>ticul> ones4 ,! un/able "* ( sup]/itions & _! close alliance ) play-beliefs may be %[n 9 v>i\s ways3 7a7 ,! rites :i* express !m are (t5 c>ri$ out ) deception1 practis$ on ! cr[d 9 a public p]=mance1 z by obta9+ f heav5 a %[] ( rice1 :i* 7ov] night7 has be5 lodg$ 9 ! tree-tops1 & is %ak5 d[n at ! decisive mom5t2 or1 9 private practice1 play$ (f on ! pati5t1 by br++ a /one 9 "o's wai/-belt & !n extract+ x f 8 body4 ,half ! tribe may deceive ! re/1 ! m5 my/ify+ ! wom5 & *ildr51 or ! old ! "y4 7b7 ,religi\s beliefs (t5 comprise incompatible attitudes3 ! wor%ipp]s ( a god ackn[l$ge 9 prosp]ity 8 sup]ior wisdom & p[]--at ! same "t1 p]haps1 employ+ devices to *eat him2 or1 9 long cont9u+ di/ress f dr\ght or w>1 !y may ?reat5 to puni% him1 )hold 8 sacrifices & desecrate 8 %r9e4 ,9 ,raiatea1 :5 a *ief ( rank fell ill1 extravagant rites & sacrifices 7 practis$2 b if ^! fail$1 8! god 0 reg>d$ z inexorable1 & 0 usually bani%$ f ! temple1 & 8 image de/roy$40#ii 7c7 ,imag9ation-beliefs break d[n "u v>i\s trials--su* z economy1 sell+ ! ,rice-"m :5 ! price ( gra9 rises2 (f]+ ! gods =g$ pap]-money in/ead ( good1 or leav+ _m ?+s at a grave & tak+ back ! m preci\s2 self-pres]vation1 z 9 sub/itut+ ! k+'s elde/ son = himself 9 sacrifice2 compassion1 9 bury+ ) ! dead puppets in/ead ( slaves 7?\gh 9 ?is economy may h "s "p71 or sub/itut+ 9 sacrifice a bull = a man4 ,9 su* cases z ^! we see h[ any desire1 ^: satisfaction is incompatible ) a giv5 belief or obs]vance1 t5ds to create a limit+ belief & to modify ! rites4 ,social indol5ce & fatigue--! product ( _m individual fatigues & occasional levity1 :]eby ! mean+ ( rites is =gott51 & ! rites !mselves are gradually slurr$ & abbreviat$--mu/ be an important condition ( ! deg5]ation ( rites1 z x is ( language4 ,=eign influ5ce ?r\gh trade or w> introduces di/urb+ ideas t appeal to lov]s ( novelty1 & %[ t o!r p ) o!r beliefs are z well (f z ourselves4 ,ev5 repeat$ exp]i5ce ( failure may %ake a man's confid5ce & make him ?r[ away 8 feti%3 ?\gh usually he gets ano!r4 7d7 ,! beliefs ( ,magic & ,animism are g5]ally support$ by int5se emotional excitem5t dur+ ! incantations & c]emonies t express !m4 ,emotion is artificially /imulat$ &1 probably1 is felt to be necess>y 9 ord] to su/a9 illusion4 ,x excludes criticism & increases sugge/ibility4 7e7 ,! specific connexion ( su* beliefs ) ! play attitude is %[n3 by _! rites includ+ games1 su* z leap+1 sw++1 spe>-?r[+--suppos$ to h "s magical efficacy2 ! c]emonies !mselves are (t5 dances1 dramas1 *oruses2 & ) ! deg5]ation ( belief1 ! rites rema9 z dramatic or musical pa/imes1 :il/ ! my?s survive 9 epic poems1 fairy-tales & gho/-/ories4 ,:5 rites & incantations are n int5d$ to incite to imm$iate action1 x is necess>y t ! emotions g5]at$ 9 _! p]=mance %all subside ) only an imag9>y satisfaction3 !y1 !re=e1 acquire ! /hetic tone ( beauty1 or sublimity1 or pa?os 7or "s rudim5t>y =m ( ^! feel+s72 s t ! p]=mance1 ?us exp]i5c$1 becomes an end 9 itself4 ,^! beliefs ) _! correlative c]emonies h a fur!r resemblance to play 9 ! indirectness ( _! utility4 ,play develops faculty2 b no *ild ?9ks ( t4 ,magic & ,animism 7z we h se57 t5d to ma9ta9 cu/om & ord]2 b ?is is n kn[n to any "o at fir/ & h>dly n[ to ! g5]ality4 ,rites ( public int]e/1 to procure ra9 or to enc\rage ! crops1 ?\gh useless = su* purposes1 gratify ! desire to d some?+1 or to feel z if some?+ 7 be+ done t[>d ! end desir$1 especially 9 ! int]vals :5 really effective "w _c be c>ri$ on1 z :il/ ! crops are gr[+ or aft] h>ve/3 !y allay anxiety & give hope & confid5ce4 ,moreov]1 !y are organis$ pa/imes--n t !y are design$ to pass ! "t1 b t !y h 9 fact t valuable function4 ,! m5 ( backw>d societies1 dur+ a consid]able "p ( _! lives1 h n en\gh to d4 ,social c]emonies keep p out ( mis*ief1 &1 at ! same "t1 9 v>i\s ways ex]cise & develop _! p[]s4 ,) u indu/ry is a suffici5t occupation1 or ev5 too engross+1 & circum/ances keep u /eady2 s t1 9 leisure1 pa/imes may be treat$ lightly4 ,) ! savage "s pa/imes mu/ pres5t !mselves z necess>y p]iodical religi\s duties1 ^: p]=mance 79 8 belief7 enc\rages & enhances indu/ry4 ,s f>1 aga91 z ne$s & int]e/s are common to a tribe1 village or o!r gr\p1 ^! c]emonies ensure social co-op]ation & unity & also emulation 9 _! p]=mance2 & !y pres]ve tradition & ! integration ( successive g5]ations4 ,our games are free f practical hopes & anxieties2 b ! m elaborate1 su* z horse-rac+1 h /ill a social function2 or1 l cricket & football1 a tribal "*3 ! s*ool1 college1 c\nty or ev5 ! nation feels deeply conc]n$ ab\t !m4 ,! ,olympic ,games1 :i* int]e/$ ! ,greek _w ?r\gh\t all its scatt]$ cities1 h be5 trac$ back to primitive religi\s obs]vances4#ajj ,z = ! d>k side ( sup]/ition1 x ne$s no o!r explanation ?an crime1 fanaticism & insanity3 :i* also are diseases ( ! imag9ation4 ,jeal\sy1 hatr$1 gre$1 f]oci\s pride & ! lu/ ( p[] are among/ ! causes t m\ld belief4 ,any call+ pursu$ 9 secret1 l t ( ! sorc]]1 "u a social ban1 is ( c\rse demoralis$4 ,:]e ! int]e/ ( an organis$ pr(ession /&s 9 a c]ta9 degree ( antagonism to ! public int]e/1 x may become ! />t+-po9t ( unlimit$ abom9ations2 & ( ?is tru? ! int]e/s ( magicians & prie/s h suppli$ ! mo/ t]rific examples4 ,dwell+ ^u :at y "k ( black magic & r$ religion1 ! retrospect ( human culture fills y ) dismay2 b ne$ n excite a/oni%m5t2 = human nature is less adapt$ to its environm5t 7*iefly social7 ?an any?+ else 9 ! _w2 ! developm5t ( ! m9d & ( society has be5 too rec5t = u reasonably to expect any?+ bett]4 ,,footnotes3 #he ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 ,"p ,,iii4 #g4 ,= ! rec5t psy*ology ( ,belief see ,james ,sully's ,! ,human ,m9d1 *4 xiii41 & ,james ,w>d's ,psy*ological ,pr9ciples1 *4 xiv4 #hf ,see bel[1 *4 viii4 #e4 #hg ,logique des ,s5tim5ts1 ,,ii4 #d4 #hh ,les ,fonctions ,m5tales dans les ,socits ,infrieures1 p4 #dj4 #hi ,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cic4 #ij ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dfb4 #ia ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #bdg4 #ib ,bel[1 *4 viii4 #d4 #ic ,*4 iv4 #h4 #id ,9 assum+ t !re are no magical p[]s ,i d n mean t ! magician has no pr(essional p[]s1 b t su* real p[]s z he has are n magical4 #ie ,czaplicka1 ,my ,sib]ian ,ye>1 p4 #id4 ,o!r examples 9 ,romanes1 ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man1 pp4 #cea-c4 #if ,! ,m9d ( ,primitive ,man1 ,v4 pp4 #aej-eb4 #ig ,sociological ,review1 ,janu>y #aiaj1 p4 #i4 #ih ,quot$ by ,fraz]1 ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ,i4 p4 #aje4 #ii ,w4 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 ,,ii4 p4 #baf #ajj ,f4 ,m4 ,corn=d 9 ,miss ,jane ,h>rison's ,!mis1 *4 vii4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,magic 8,! hi/ories ,i borr[1 ,i ref] !m to ! consci5ces ( ^? ,i take !m f40--,montaigne1 ,i4 #bj4 #a4 ,,antiquity ,,( ,,magic ,magic1 until rec5tly1 0 some:at neglect$ by ^? :o treat$ ( savage ideas4 ,9 ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor's ,primitive ,culture only "o *apt] is giv5 to ,magic1 aga9/ sev5 to ,animism 7belief 9 ! ag5cy ( spirits74 ,9 ,sp5c]'s ,sociology1 ,"p ,i4 is almo/ :olly devot$ to ! g5esis & developm5t ( ,animism1 )\t a s+le *apt] on ,magic4 ,! importance ( e>ly ,animism became su* an obsession1 t travell]s obs]v$ & report$ ^u x :]ev] !y w5t1 mak+ only casual ref]5ces to ,magic--mu* to our loss4 ,! tradition ( ?is way ( ?9k+ seems to run back to ,hume's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 :]e he traces ! developm5t ( religion f a primitive belief t all natural activities are l our own1 & t ev]y?+ is possess$ & actuat$ by a _s4 ,?is idea 0 adopt$ by ,comte1 & elaborat$ 9 8 celebrat$ law ( ! ?ree /ages ( ! explanation ( ,nature z det]m9+ ! gr[? ( human culture3 ,feti*ism1 :i* ascribes all causation to ! p>ticul> w ( ea* object1 & :i* by g5]alisation leads ?r\gh poly!ism to mono!ism2 ,metaphysics1 :i*1 giv+ up ! notion ( p]sonal w1 attributes ! activities ( ?+s to ab/ract =ces2 & ,positivism1 :i*1 disc>d+ ! v>iety ( =ces t c nev] be kn[n1 turns to ! exact description ( ! ord] ( ph5om5a4 ,mill1 9 turn1 adopt$ ^! doctr9es f ,comte1 & gave !m curr5cy among/ u1 z "p ( ! extraord9>y influ5ce :i* = _m ye>s he ex]t$ ^u all our ?\ghts4 ,h5ce ! priority ( ,animism to e o!r !ory ( ?+s seem$ at t "t a matt] ( c\rse4 ,rec5tly !re h be5 signs t ?is conception ( primitive ?\ght is giv+ way to ano!r1 namely1 t ,animism 0 prec$$ by ,magic4 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] puts x1 t ! idea ( ,magic is simpl] ?an t ( ,animism2 t ,magic is f\nd 9 full =ce among/ p ^: ,animism is feebly develop$1 & t its beliefs are m uni=m ?r\gh\t ! _w4#aja ,sub/antially--) qualifications t w appe> h]eaft]--?is view ( ! matt] is "h accept$4 ,:5 "o comes to argue x1 to produce ! primitive facts is1 ( c\rse1 impossible4 ,x mu/ ev5 be admitt$ t su* evid5ce z we h among/ ! few facts collect$ ( late ye>s conc]n+ anci5t races ( m51 gives ! e>li] date to animi/ic ideas2 = if "s ( ! cave-pa9t+s ( ,aurignacian orig91 9 :i*1 = example1 wild cattle are %[n pi]c$ ) arr[s1 may be int]pret$ z ( magical significance2 on ! o!r h&1 ! burial at ,le ,m\/i]1 /ill m anci5t1 %[s a reg>d = ! corpse1 9 ! disposal ( x & 9 ! ?+s left ) x1 su* z usually goes ) ! gho/-!ory4 ,^! discov]ies take u back "s ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ,m5es2 b probably leave u f> f ! beg9n+ ( human ideas conc]n+ ! sup]natural4 ,if ,magic prec$$ ,animism1 we mu/ ins]t a /age ( ?\ght at ! beg9n+ ( ,comte's s]ies1 mak+ f\r in/ead ( ?ree2 & ! sugge/ion may p]haps be made to appe> plausible1 t ! ,metaphysical /age1 ! reign ( occult =ces 9 explanation1 is n a m]e residue ( ,feti*ism aft] ! _s has dep>t$1 b r ! re-em]g5ce into daylight ( magical ideas ( =ce1 t always p]si/$1 b = ages 7 kept 9 comp>ative obscurity by ! vogue ( ,animism4 #b4 ,,:at ,,is ,,magic8 ,9 8 ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas 7,,ii4 #dg7 ,pr(4 ,we/]m>ck obs]ves t savages di/+ui% two classes ( ph5om5a2 ! natural or famili>1 & ! sup]natural or my/]i\s4 ,! latt] aga9 are divid$ into ! me*anical 7,magic7 & ! volitional 7,animism74 ,?is seems to be true3 x corrects ! notion1 /ill common1 t ! savage expla9s all natural activities by ,animism2 recognises t he takes "s ph5om5a z a matt] ( c\rse1 z ! animals d2 &1 z to ev5ts t are n a matt] ( c\rse1 rightly m>ks ! di/9ction betwe5 8 conceptions ( !m z ei!r me*anical 7due to "s uni=mly act+ =ce7 or volitional 7t is1 arbitr>y or caprici\s74 ,) ! savage1 !n1 !re are ongo+s ( ?+s ar\nd him t are p]ceiv$ to be regul> & cont9u\s2 & !re are o!rs betwe5 :i* connections are imag9$ to take place1 & ^! ei!r regul>ly or caprici\sly3 = ?us ,i v5ture to int]pret ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! natural & ! sup]natural2 x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 p]ception-belief & imag9ation-belief4 ,common s5se1 ,magic1 ,animism--^! are ! ?ree great cong]ies ( ideas t compete = ! control ( 8 ?\ghts & 9 8 int]pretation ( ! _w4 ,magic may be def9$ z a connexion ( ev5ts imag9$ to be con/ant & to dep5d ^u ! ag5cy ( "s ?+ or activity possess+ an efficaci\s quality or =ce 79 fact unreal71 & n to dep5d 7z a connexion7 ^u ! w ( any p>ticul> p]son4 ,:e!r ,magic is ev] wr\ght by ! b>e wi% or w ( a human be+ w be discuss$ bel[ 7 #f74 ,"h1 ! proviso t a magical connexion does n dep5d ^u ! w ( a p]son1 is meant to exclude ,animism4 ,= pure ,animism involves ! belief t a gho/1 _s1 or god 7?\gh he may "w by ,magic7 c produce an effect by 8 direct action1 )\t us+ any visible or invisible means o!r ?an 8 own spiritual body & =ce4 ,?is is n :at a magician does3 he works by means ( a connexion ( ev5ts kn[n 7s he ?9ks7 to himself & (t5 to o!rs4 ,! magical implem5t 7talisman or spell7 t he uses has qualities t are magical facts1 j z ! qualities ( 8 spe> are physical facts4 ,he c make a /one spe>-head by means ( ano!r /one2 & he may be able to make a talisman by means ( a spell2 b ! p[]s ( ! talisman or ( ! spell are _! own2 he _c create ,magic1 b only discov] & use x4 ,:e!r he %all use x1 dep5ds ^u 8 *oice2 b its p[]s d n2 !y are inh]5t1 l physical =ces4 ,fau/ c conjure ! devil2 b s c ,wagn]1 if he kn[s ! spell3 ! p[] ( ! spell is indiff]5t to ! conjuror4 ,a man may1 inde$1 be a s\rce ( magical p[] because he is a *ief1 or has ! evil eye1 or is taboo = unpurg$ homicide2 b ^! ?+s d n dep5d ^u 8 w2 he is 9 ! same class ) imp]sonal ?+s t are magical4 ,a rule ( ,magic1 z describ+ a uni=m connexion ( ev5ts1 resembles :at we call a law ( nature2 & fur!r 9 ?is1 t x is n suppos$ to be absolute or unconditional1 b a t5d5cy1 subject to c\nt]action by ho/ile ,magic or 7p]haps7 by demonic =ce4 ,b x diff]s f a law ( nature 9 be+ :olly imag9>y & incapable ( v]ification4 ,to practise ,magic is to use "s su* rule 9 ord] to obta9 an end desir$4 ,?is c be attempt$ by any man1 s f> z 8 k rea*es2 & ! great] 8 k ! great] 8 p[]1 provid$ he h ! c\rage to act ^u x4 ,all /ages ( pr(ici5cy may be trac$ f ! simple layman :o sw+s a bull-ro>] to raise ! w9d1 to ! wiz>d :o lives by 8 art1 & is fe>$ by all 8 tribe & f> beyond x1 or to ! erudite magician :o controls ! demons & vies ) ! gods4 ,magical ?+s1 objects or actions1 9 _! simple/ =ms1 are *>ms1 spells & rites2 & s9ce ! ends = :i* !y c be us$ are ei!r to protect oneself or to ex]t p[] ov] o!r p]sons or ?+s1 ea* ( ^! k9ds ( magic-?+ may be def5sive or (f5sive4 ,a def5sive *>m is call$ an amulet2 an (f5sive *>m is a talisman4 ,= a def5sive spell 7say1 aga9/ sickness or accid5t7 !re is1 ,i believe1 no appropriate "n2 (f5sive spells 7say1 to control ! wea!r or to curse an enemy7 may be call$ incantations 7b ! usage is n fix$74 ,rites 7t is1 any magic actions t are n spells7 may also be def5sive 7z to t\* wood71 or (f5sive 7z to po9t at a man72 b we h no names = ^! diff]5t int5tions4 ,f ^! simple/ beg9n+s ! :ole le>n+ & my/]y ( ,magic seems to h develop$4 #c4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,magic ,! que/ ( orig9s is fasc9at+1 because1 if successful1 x w help u to frame t outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w :i* ! philosophic m9d reg>ds z a necess>y ( life4 ,to discuss ! beg9n+s ( ,magic mu/ necess>ily be1 9 "s measure1 a speculative und]tak+2 because ! facts are lo/4 ,if ,magic 0 practis$ 9 ! ,aurignacian culture 7say7 #bj1jjj ye>s ago1 h[ c we get to ! back ( x8 ,b speculation is n guess-"w1 if we always keep 9 view su* facts z we h2 if we are c>eful to give notice :5ev] ! facts fail u2 if we guide ourselves by sci5tific pr9ciples2 & if we make no assumptions m]ely to suit our case1 b only su* z are g5]ally admitt$ 9 all dep>tm5ts4 ,= example3 7#a7 ,we may reasonably assume t ! simple/ magical beliefs & practices are ( ! e>lie/ type3 & no?+ c be simpl] ?an ! belief 9 *>ms1 rites & spells4 ,x is1 inde$1 difficult to f9d _m ( ^! practices--?\gh "s c be produc$--9 _! simple/ =ms 9 our records ( backw>d peoples2 p>tly because !y h n be5 en\gh obs]v$2 p>tly because ,magic is apt ev]y:]e to become saturat$ ) ,animism2 p>tly because *>ms1 rites & spells are g5]ally1 = great] efficacy1 comp\nd$ ) "o ano!r4 ,b ^! consid]ations d n affect ! simplicity ( ! idea involv$ 9 ! magical beliefs2 :i* is m]ely ?is1 t a c]ta9 object by its pres5ce1 or t an action1 or an utt]ance1 by m]ely ent]+ into ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 w s]ve our purpose4 ,a b>e uni=mity ( connexion--if ,a1 !n ,b--9 accordance ) ! famili> ongo+s ( ,nature & our common activities1 is all t is assum$4 ,_m k9ds ( ob/acles /op an arr[ or a d>t2 c>rion collects ! vultures3 s a patt]n$ comb 9 "o's hair /ops ! demon ( disease2 a patt]n$ quiv]1 or a c]ta9 song1 br+s ! monkeys d[n f ! tree-tops4#ajb ,a spell assumes m]ely t c]ta9 objects1 or animals1 or spirits1 mu/ always comply ) a wi% or comm& express$ 9 words1 j z ano!r human be+ (t5 does4 ,x is _! suppos$ uni=m co]civ5ess t makes ! words magical4 ,if any =m ( words ev] seems to h be5 successful1 x mu/ be repeat$2 because to h ! same effect ! action mu/ be ! same4 ,imm]s$ 9 an indef9ite mass ( exp]i5ces1 ! po/ulate t we call 8cause & effect0 7un=mulat$1 ( c\rse7 und]lies e action1 & !re=e und]lies ,magic2 x is ! gr\nd ( all expectation & ( all confid5ce4 7#b7 ,! types ( ,magic t are ! mo/ preval5t are probably ! e>lie/2 & ^! are *>ms1 rites & spells4 ,!y are f\nd n only among/ savages1 b ! _w ov]3 ev5 9 civilis$ c\ntries mo/ ( ! un$ucat$1 _m ( ! half-educat$1 & n a few ( ^? :o h 8f9i%$ _! education10 employ !m2 :]eas m complicat$ magical practices1 except su* z h be5 tak5 up into religi\s celebrations1 are apt to fall into desuetude4 ,:at is univ]sal mu/ be adapt$ to v simple conditions ( exi/5ce2 ^! beliefs1 !re=e1 to m5tal wants & proclivities t are probably primitive2 & :at conditions c be m simple1 or m primitive1 or m univ]sal ?an ignorance ( our fate & eag]ness to clut* at any?+ t may give u confid5ce4 ,& n only are *>ms1 rites & spells 9 all ages & ev]y:]e employ$ 9 _! simple/ =ms2 b analysis ( ! mo/ elaborate ritual & ( nom9ally animi/ic practices w discov] ! same beliefs at ! bottom ( !m4 ,! idea ( ! amulet or ! talisman is f\nd 9 feti*es1 beads1 pray+-:eels1 & equally 9 a long mimetic dance or a passion-play2 ^: c5tral purpose always is to av]t "s evil or to secure "s good--success 9 hunt+1 or w>1 or agriculture4 ,simil>ly1 ! spell is involv$ 9 all rites1 s f> z v]bal =mul are us$ 9 !m2 & 9 all curses or pray]s1 s f> z _! efficacy dep5ds ^u a s\nd =m ( words4 ,! p]si/5ce ( magical beliefs among/ civilis$ p is1 9 "s measure1 due to tradition2 ?\gh ! tradition c\ld n cont9ue effective if !re 7 n 9 e g5]ation a pr$isposition to accept x2 & h[ f> x is due to tradition1 h[ f> to a spontane\s proclivity1 9 any "o :o is incl9$ to believe 9 *>ms1 rites & spells1 he himself mu/ judge z be/ he c4 ,sup]/ition hav+ be5 at "o "t extremely useful socially1 !re is "s presumption t tribes addict$ to x 7)9 limits7 _h an advantage1 & t ! disposition became h]$it>y4 ,x is a rec5t acquisition comp>$ ) ! love ( climb+2 b once +ra9$1 x mu/ rema9 till disutility bre$s x out4 ,mean:ile1 x is a /a9 on ! human s\l4 ,s mu* ( "o's e>ly life is always =gott5 t no "o c be sure t he 0 n inoculat$ ) su* notions 9 *ildhood2 especially :5 we consid] t religi\s practices1 taught be=e !y c be well und]/ood1 mu/ (t5 we> a magical habit to a *ild2 & t m$ic9es1 ^: op]ations nobody us$ to und]/&1 7 on ! same foot ) ,magic4 ,= my own "p1 bat+ ! la/ consid]ations1 ,i _c rememb] ev] to h he>d 9 *ildhood any sort ( ,magic spok5 ( except ) amusem5t2 yet magical beliefs h always haunt$ me4 ,) ,animism x 0 o!rwise4 ,:5 six or sev5 ye>s old1 ,i 0 told by a nursemaid--a conv9c$ adh]5t ( "o ( ! _m little sects t h ramifi$ out ( ,wesleyanism 9 ,cornwall--! mo/ appall+ gho/-/ories2 & ^! /ories1 excit+ no d\bt an anci5t disposition1 & re9=c$ by a visualis+ faculty t nightly peopl$ ! d>kness ) innum]able spectres1 entirely ov]p[]$ ! tea*+s ( ^? :om !re 0 bett] reason to tru/1 t gho/s are a sup]/ition f :i* true religion has = ev] set u free4 ,! effects la/$ into middle age4 ,&rew ,lang said ( gho/s t 8he did n believe1 b he trembl$02 & t precisely describes my own /ate ( m9d = _m ye>s4 ,n[1 z to ,magic1 my impression is t _h x be5 sugge/$ to me 9 a s]i\s way1 & n m]ely by casual allusions to 8luck10 ! exp]i5ce w\ld h /uck 9 my memory4 ,! fir/ "t t ,i c rememb] practis+ rites1 ,i 0 betwe5 t5 & elev5 ye>s old1 liv+ at a small bo>d+-s*ool4 ,to keep (f a dread$ ev5t1 ,i us$ to g e morn+ to ! pump1 fill my m\? ) wat] & spurt x out 9 a viol5t /ream--?ree times4 ,?is w5t on = "s weeks4 ,to ! be/ ( my recollection1 ! impulse 0 spontane\s1 & ,i _c rememb] :y ! p>ticul> rite 0 adopt$3 to sp\t wat] out ( ! m\? may h be5 symbolic ( a pu%+ away ( :at 0 fe>$2 b ,i d n ?9k ,i 0 consci\s ( t mean+4 ,no?+ fur!r ( ! k9d recurs to me until ab\t ! age ( fifte51 :51 at ano!r s*ool1 ! ma/]-passion ( my life 0 cricket2 & ,i always practis$ "s rite be=e go+ on ! field1 & c>ri$ a *>m 9 my pocket2 b ,i _c recall :at !y 74 ,at pres5t1 a day r>ely passes )\t my exp]i5c+ "s impulse to practise ,magic4 ,9 light+ my fir/ pipe 9 ! morn+ 7= example71 if ,i rememb] h[ ,i lit x1 :]e ,i /ruck ! mat*1 etc41 ye/]day1 & if no mis=tune has happ5$ s9ce1 ,i feel an unmi/akable impulse to 8light up0 aga9 9 ! same way4 ,no reason is di/9ctly pres5t to me = act+ s1 & !re=e x is haz>d\s to analyse ! attitude2 b x is n m]ely incipi5t habit3 to ! be/ ( my judgm5t x is ?is1 t su* a way ( light+ my pipe 0 "o among/ ! antec$5ts ( a quiet "t1 & t x w be well to re9/ate z _m ( !m z possible4 ,x is m com=table to d x ?an to alt] x3 "o feels m confid5t4 ,inquiry among/ my fri5ds %[s t "s h simil> exp]i5ces1 & o!rs 7bo? m5 & wom57 h n4 ,a que/ionnaire on su* a po9t might be useful2 b difficult to arrange )\t giv+ sugge/ion or excit+ bias4#ajc 7#c7 ,!re are causes orig9at+ ! belief 9 *>ms1 rites & spells s simple t no?+ c\ld be m natural to ! primitive human m9d4 ,:at is m univ]sally p[]ful 9 produc+ belief 9 ! connexion ( ev5ts1 & consequ5t expectancy ( repetition1 ?an an int]e/+ co9cid5ce8 ,if1 says ,sir ,e4 ,f4 im ,?urn1#ajd a ,c>ib sees a rock 9 any way abnormal or curi\s1 & if %ortly aft]w>ds any evil happ5s to him1 he reg>ds rock & evil z cause & effect1 & p]ceives 9 ! rock a _s4 ,?is is animi/ic2 b ! same t5d5cy to be impress$ by co9cid5ce und]lies ,magic4 ,= example3 ,a hunt+ p>ty ( ,esquimos met ) no game4 ,"o ( !m w5t back to ! sl$ges & got ! ham-bone ( a dog to eat4 ,return+ ) ?is 9 8 h&1 he met & kill$ a seal4 ,ev] aft]w>ds he c>ri$ a ham-bone 9 8 h& :5 hunt+4#aje ,! ham-bone _h become a talisman4 ,su* a m5tal /ate z ! ,esquimo's us$ to be ascrib$ to ! association ( ideas2 b x is bett] to consid] x z an empirical judgm5t4 ,o!r circum/ances ( ! ev5t may h be5 associat$ 9 8 m9d2 b z to ! ham-bone & ! kill1 he ?9ks ( !m toge!r1 & judges t !y are connect$4 ,!n1 hav+ judg$ t ! ham-bone influ5c$ ! kill1 he c>ries x ) him 9 future 9 ord] to repeat ! conditions ( success4 ,we may p]haps disc]n ! mom5t :5 ,magic fir/ fa/5$ ^u ! human m9d by consid]+ h[ ! use ( weapons & sn>es by ! primitive hunt] impair$ 8 s5se ( ! me*anical cont9uity ( ! "w4 ,9 a /ruggle ) prey body to body1 success or failure 0 ?or\ghly und]/ood2 b ) ! use ( weapons & sn>es x became conditional ^u ! quality ( ^! aids & ^u 8 skill ) !m3 m & m conditional z ! numb] ( /eps increas$ betwe5 ! fir/ prep>ation & ! ev5t2 at any "o ( :i* un=ese5 occurr5ces might fru/rate 8 plans4 ,h5ce an irresi/ible desire to /r5g!n & insure e /ep ( 8 task2 & to gratify ?is desire ,magic arose4 ,t ,magic %\ld dep5d ^u ! assumption t 8?+s connect$ 9 ?\ght are connect$ 9 fact0 seems un9telligible1 until we consid] t ! ?\ght 9 :i* !y are connect$ is a judgm5t conc]n+ ! facts4 ,b h[ is x possible to judge s fooli%ly8 ,absurd association is intelligible2 x _c be help$2 b judgm5t is n a passive process4 ,well3 a logician might int]pret ! case z a fallacy 9 apply+ ! inductive canons3 ! ,esquimo _h two in/ances3 7a7 no ham-bone1 no seal2 7b7 ham-bone1 seal3 or1 aga91 into ! circum/ances ( 8 exp$ition he introduc$ a ham-bone1 & ! seal foll[$4 ,!re=e1 ! c>ry+ ( a ham-bone 0 ! cause ( gett+ a seal4 ,he _h n read ,mill1 & did n "k :at precautions %\ld be tak5 be=e adopt+ su* conclusions4 ,! m9d mu/ h begun 9 ?is way2 & aft] _m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ! opportunities ( error 9 empirical judgm5t began to be appreciat$1 & ! canons 7 =mulat$4 ,! exp]i5ce ( e man at e /age ( life1 p]sonal or social 7probably evok+ an inh]it$ disposition71 cont9ually impresses him ) ! belief 9 "s connexion ( antec$5t & consequ5t1 t ea* ev5t arises out ( o!rs4 ,b :at x is 9 ! antec$5t t det]m9es ! ev5t c nev]1 9 practical affairs1 be exactly kn[n4 ,9 def9ite cases1 :]e me?od is applicable1 we may analyse ! consequ5t into ! t5d5cies ( =ces 9 am\nt & direction2 or we may sometimes reproduce x by an exp]im5t exactly controll$4 ,b :]e ^! res\rces fail u1 z !y (t5 d 9 practical affairs1 we are little confid5t ( grasp+ all1 or ev5 ! *ief conditions ( any ev5t t int]e/s u4 ,! savage kn[s no?+ ( me?od1 &1 !re=e1 feels less di/ru/4 ,he le>ns some?+ ( ! conditions ( success 9 hunt+2 ?is is biologically necess>y to him z x is to a tig]2 only ^? survive t le>n !m4 ,he kn[s t he mu/ h weapons z effici5t z possible1 mu/ g to ! habitat ( 8 prey1 mu/ n be he>d1 or se51 or smelt4 ,b ) all precautions he sometimes fails2 !re=e !re mu/ be "s o!r condition :i* he does n und]/&4 ,h5ce any?+ obs]v$1 or any ^w or action1 t happ5s to be foll[$ by success1 may h be5 a means to t success4 ,& if x once has be51 x always w be3 n t he ?9ks ( x 9 ?is g5]al way4 ,b ev5 animals1 z soon z !y h le>nt a sequ5ce1 tru/ to x4 ,dogs & cats le>n fa/] ?an gu9ea-pigs2 monkeys fa/] ?an dogs & cats2 man quick] /ill4 ,b 9 no case w\ld !re be any use 9 le>n+1 if x did n lead to action z if ! exp]i5ce _h be5 g5]alis$4 ,!re is no my/]y 9 g5]alisation2 x is spontane\s1 & only waits = language to express itself2 ! difficult ?+ to acquire is caution4 ,9 default ( me?od1 ! only te/ ( tru? is relative con/ancy 9 exp]i5ce--p] enum]ationem simplicem--faulty b broadly effective2 :i* requires "t & practice4 ,primitive ,magic is an incauti\s1 unexpress$ g5]alisation2 & ! conditions are su* t ! error _c be easily detect$4 ,z long z a savage foll[s ! in/9ctive1 tradition>y & acquir$ k t he has ( hunt+1 practices bas$ on wrong judgm5ts1 b n int]f]+ ) ! tradition>y art1 su* z ! c>ry+ ab\t ( a bone1 or a cry/al1 or hav+ a special patt]n on 8 quiv]1 _c impair 8 success2 may add to x by increas+ 8 confid5ce3 s t z long z success la/s !re is no?+ to sugge/ ! falsity ( ! judgm5t4 ,a s]ies ( failures may make ! hunt] ?r[ away 8 talisman1 or 7at a lat] /age ( ,magic7 take x to a m$ic9e-man to be r$octor$4 ,h[ _m ?\s&s ( times may ,magic h begun 9 ?is way & lo/ its hold aga91 be=e ! human m9d became *ronically infect$ ) x6 ,simil>ly ) amulets1 any?+ unusual t a man happ5s to h ab\t him1 :5 attack$ by a leop>d or snake1 f :i* he escapes1 may be kept z a safegu>d aga9/ future p]ils4 ,& ) rites3 any ge/ure or action1 h[ev] irrelevant1 t happ5s to prec$e a successful ef=t1 may be repeat$ 9 ord] to re9/ate all ! antec$5ts ( success4 ,s1 too1 ) ! orig9 ( spells4 ,x is a common impulse1 & q spontane\s1 to accompany an action ) words1 inc5tive or expletive4 ,if a hunt] does s 9 driv+ home 8 spe> successfully1 he w next "t repeat ! words3 !y !n become a spell4#ajf ,fir/1 !n1 !re are practices ( c>ry+ ab\t *>ms1 repeat+ words1 repeat+ actions2 next1 along ) ^! practices1 beliefs gr[ up z to ! nature ( _! efficacy1 _! virtue2 & mu* lat] x is discov]$ t "s ( ! practices seem to involve c]ta9 common pr9ciples :i* ! savage _h nev] ?\ght (4 ,9 try+ to imag9e ourselves 9 ! place ( su* a man1 we mu/ n omit ! emotional excitem5t t det]m9es 8 judgm5t4 ,x is ! int5sity ( 8 desire = success1 8 anxiety ab\t x1 t makes him snat* at1 & cl+ to1 :atev] may possibly be a means to x3 he does n see h[ x acts1 b w take no risks by omitt+ x4 ,s9ce :at is true ( primitive hunt+ is true ( all und]tak+s--t we "k "s conditions ( success b f> f all--& s9ce we are all ( u frequ5tly 9 ?is position--! wond] is t we resort s little to ,magic4 ,t _m p d s 9 ,london is notori\s4 #d4 ,,magical ,,=ce ,,& ,,primitive ,,ideas ,,( ,,causation ,magic is a uni=m connexion ( ev5ts1 dep5d+ on "s imp]sonal =ce t has no real exi/5ce4 ,:at causes make m5 believe 9 su* =ce8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ev]y?+ is necess>ily conceiv$ ( by ev]ybody 7& probably 9 "s dim way by ! high] animals7 z a c5tre ( =ces4 ,its weight1 :5 we try to lift x2 in]tia1 :5 we pu% x1 or :5 x is mov+ & we try to /op x2 degree ( h>dness1 :5 we /rike or grasp x2 ela/icity1 :5 ! b5t b\gh ( a tree recoils2 ! sway ( torr5ts & ! lift ( waves2 fall+ trees1 avalan*es1 wat]-sp\ts1 hurricanes3 all ^! ?+s a man mu/ ?9k (1 z he does ( o!r m5 & animals1 9 comp>ison ) 8 own /r5g? or impot5ce4 ,into _! actions & reactions he reads su* t5sion & ef=t z he himself feels 9 /ruggl+ ) !m1 or 9 grappl+ "o ( 8 own h&s ) ! o!r2 & z _! action is full ( surprises he does n suppose himself to "k all t !y c d4 ,b1 fur!r1 ! /ra9 exhibit$ by "s objects1 especially trees2 ! noises !y make1 creak+ & groan+ 9 ! w9d2 ! %riek+ & moan+ ( ! w9d itself1 ! ?reat5+ & :isp]+ ( ! sea1 ?und] & ! ro> ( torr5ts3 all excite ,e9fhlung or empa?y1 illusory sympa?y ) ?+s t d n feel4 ,_! voices1 m ?an any?+ else1 ,i believe1 end[ !m = our imag9ations ) an inw>d life1 :i* ,mr4 ,m>ett has well call$ ,animatism1#ajg & :i* mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! ,animism t us$ to be attribut$ to all *ildr5 & all savages--! belief t e object is actuat$ by a _s1 or ev5 t x has a consci\sness l our own4 ,:at tru? !re 0 9 t doctr9e is fully cov]$ by ,animatism4 ,aga91 ! savage is acqua9t$ ) invisible =ces "s ( :i* seem to act at a di/ance4 ,! w9d is ! great type ( invisible =ce2 heat1 s\nd1 od\r are also invisible1 & act at a di/ance2 ! light ( ! camp-fire acts at a di/ance1 spread+ across ! prairie or into ! recesses ( ! =e/2 & lightn+s issue f ! cl\ds4 ,9 dreams1 "o visits "s remote hunt+-gr\nd & returns in/antly2 di/ance & "t are di/ort$ or annihilat$2 & if y c act :]e y dream1 :y n :]e y int5sely imag9e y\rself8 ,h5ce !re are abundant analogues 9 exp]i5ce by :i* ! savage c conceive ( 8 talisman z a =ce-?+ t acts invisibly & acts at a di/ance4 ,au/ralian m$ic9e-m5 8?rew _! joz 7evil magic7 invisibly1 #8l ! w9d1' z !y said40#ajh ,! talisman acts at a di/ance1 l a missile2 x acts = ! p]son :o owns x z 8 spe> does1 & is dang]\s to o!rs :o h n practis$ ) x4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 magic ?+s h no own]s1 & are dang]\s to ev]ybody3 malignant influ5ce radiat+ f !m1 l ! heat ( a fire or ! /5* ( a corpse4 ,su* are two /ones describ$ by ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5#aji z m>k+ ! place :]e an old man & two wom5 di$ = break+ a m>riage-taboo4 8,!y are s full ( evil magic t if any b old m5 g ne>1 x kills !m4 ,n[ & !n a v old man goes & ?r[s /ones & bu%es ^u ! spot to keep d[n ! evil magic40 ,x is z if "o cov]$ up a fire or a corpse4 ,&1 fur!r1 magical =ce may exi/ 9 a diffus$ way1 l d>kness1 heat1 cold1 epidemic disease1 tribal unre/1 )\t necess>ily atta*+ to any p>ticul> ?+4 ,9 ! ,we/]n ,isles ( ,torres ,/raits#aaj mi%aps may be signs ( an unlucky /ate ( ?+s 9 g5]al4 ,a fi%]man1 usually successful1 hav+ once fail$ at 8 task1 0 depress$2 b on two wom5 dy+ 9 8 village soon aft]1 he 0 consol$2 s9ce ?is %[$ t failure 0 n 8 fault4 ,curr5ts ( ?is magical =ce1 fav\rable or unfav\rable to ?+s 9 g5]al1 may be se5 9 ! fl[ & ebb ( ! tide1 ! wax+ & wan+ ( ! moon1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! seasons4 ,f ?is way ( ?9k+ x is b a /ep to ! conception ( mana1 z x is call$ 9 ,melanesia3#aaa or5da ( ! ,iroquois1 manit\ ( ! ,algonqu91 wak&a ( ! ,omaha4#aab ,x is ! p[] ( ! wond]ful & my/]i\s 9 ! _w1 :i* becomes especially manife/ 9 ,magic & 9 ! ag5cy ( spirits4 ,simil> notions are f\nd 9 _m regions at v>i\s /ages ( culture1 b n[h]e 7,i believe7 at ! l[e/ /ages2 s t x is unreasonable to treat x z ! fir/ s\rce ( ideas ( ! sup]natural4 ,x is too compreh5sive a g5]alisation to f9d expression among/ savages4 ,! ,arunta h got z f> z ! g5]alisation ( evil ,magic "u ! "n ( arungquil?a4#aac ,b mana is a g5]alisation ( all ! imag9>y =ces ( sup]/ition1 vague & my/]i\s2 z 8cause10 9 popul> use1 is a g5]alisation ( all ! suppos$ 8=ces0 ( nature4 ,rites also act at a di/ance by invisible =ce2 = ?is p[] belongs to ge/ure-language1 & ! simple/ rites are ge/ures4 ,& s d spells2 = wi%es1 comm&s1 ?reats express$ 9 words1 act ^u m5 at a di/ance by invisible =ce2 & spells are no?+ b su* expressions conceiv$ ( 9 a p>ticul> way1 z hav+ t uni=m efficacity :i* is ,magic4 ,spells1 be+ ?\ght ( z =ces1 are reifi$2 s t bless+s or curses cl+ to _! objects l g>l&s1 or l contam9at+ rags4 ,magical =ce1 !n1 is a notion d]iv$ f exp]i5ce ( natural =ces & employ$ to acc\nt = ev5ts t are unusual1 wond]ful1 my/]i\s1 n to be int]pret$ by t common s5se :i* is ! cumulative result ( usual occurr5ces4 ,x is sup]impos$ ^u ! old] & wid] presumption ( causation1 & is expect$ to manife/ itself ) ! same uni=mity2 s t1 if ! laws ( x c be discov]$1 x supplies a basis = ! ,art ( ,magic4 ,s f> is ,magic f be+ ! s\rce ( ! belief 9 causation6 ,b ,i h spok5 ( ! 8old] & wid] presumption ( causation02 = 7z has be5 %[n7 ! def9ite po/ulate t all ! ongo+s ( ! _w may be analys$ ^u ! pr9cipal ( cause & effect1 c nev] come into ! m9ds ( primitive m52 & ev5 to ourselves x r>ely occurs1 except 9 sci5tific discussions or logical ex]cises2 b we always act z if we tru/$ 9 x1 & s does a savage1 & s does a dog4 ,! presumption is re9=c$ by e mom5t's ord9>y exp]i5ce2 & )\t x no consi/5cy ( life is possible4 ,?is ung5]alis$ presumption det]m9es all ?\ghts & actions1 me*anical1 animi/ic1 or magical4 ,t ! =ces impli$ 9 sup]/ition are g5]alis$ 9 su* concepts z mana be=e ! pr9ciple ( causation obta9s expression1 is due to ! prepot5cy ( ! unusual1 wond]ful1 my/]i\s 9 attract+ att5tion4 ,9 our mod]n analysis ( me*anical causation !re are f\r requirem5ts3 7#a7 e ev5t has a cause2 7#b7 causation is uni=m2 7#c7 ! cause is ! assemblage ( ! indisp5sable conditions ( ! effect 7& no o!rs72 7#d7 ! cause is proportional to ! effect4 ,9 ! savage's m9d ^! requirem5ts are also obscurely recognis$3 7#a7 he seeks a cause = ev]y?+3 7#b7 he expects x to act uni=mly3 7#c7 he believes 9 re9/at+ all ! conditions ( ! effect1 z appe>s f 8 prep>ations = hunt+1 or w>1 or m>riage1 or :atev] he may h 9 h&2 b he is mu* m ignorant ?an we are z to :at conditions are indisp5sable & decisive3 7#d7 he kn[s vaguely t ! cause is proportional to ! effect2 = 7a7 he succe$s 9 mak+ effective weapons1 etc41 by me*anical means2 7b7 he is v susceptible to ! 8size-weight illusion10 twice z mu* z we are1#aad & ?is implies ! adju/m5t ( ef=t to a suppos$ weight2 7c7 he repeats a spell 9 ord] to /r5g!n x1 or unites a talisman1 a rite & a spell 9 "o assault1 imply+ t great] =ce mu/ be direct$ aga9/ great] resi/ance2 & s on4 ,causation1 !n1 is univ]sally assum$3 h[ d ,animism & ,magic influ5ce ! lat5t conception8 ,z to ,animism1 7#a7 x palt]s ) ! uni=mity ( causation2 = ?\gh ! gho/ or _s acts f human motives1 no "o kn[s exactly :at its motives are4 ,x may be cajol$1 implor$1 ev5 ?reat5$2 b ! result does n always answ] desire3 !re is app>5t caprice or free w1 ) consequ5t loss ( confid5ce1 & an uncom=table feel+ t leads to a reaction 9 fav\r ( controll+ ! god1 or gho/1 by ,magic4 7#b7 ,! gho/ is at fir/ m]ely a man-=ce dis5gag$ f ! visible body1 b /ill hav+ its own body ?r\gh :i* x c produce v>i\s effects4 ,b ! fe> ( a gho/ imm$iately end[s x ) sup]human p[]2 & 9 c\rse ( "t x becomes m & m p[]ful1 ev5 to omnipot5ce2 s t x c ( itself br+ ab\t any ev5t2 &1 !re=e1 ! 8assemblage ( conditions0 becomes unnecess>y to causation3 !re ne$ be no visible conditions3 miracles occur2 creation out ( no?+ is possible4 7#c7 ,= su* a p[] ! 8proportionality ( cause & effect0 becomes almo/ mean+less2 b n q1 = !re are degrees ( _s-=ce2 & :at "o _c d a /rong] c4 ,z to ,magic1 x has ! great m]it ( 7#a7 pres]v+ ! uni=mity ( causation4 ,b 7#b7 x vitiates ! presumption ( causation by includ+ 9 ! total antec$5t unreal conditions1 namely1 ! =ces ( rites & spells2 & by g5]at+ a frame ( m9d t makes x impossible to elim9ate !m4 ,! hunt] uses all ! res\rces ( 8 art 9 hunt+2 he also practises rites & spells4 ,to :i* does he owe 8 success8 ,we might sugge/ t he %\ld try ! hunt+ )\t ! rites2 b he is afraid to2 & %\ld he try1 8 positivism w\ld probably break d[n at ! fir/ failure to kill4 ,well1 !n1 let him try ! rites )\t ! hunt+2 b he is n su* a fool3 &1 if he 71 ! m$ic9e-man w\ld tell him t1 ( c\rse1 he mu/ 8use ! means40 7#c7 ,magic impairs ! s5se ( proportionality betwe5 cause & effect1 by recognis+ antec$5ts :i* are1 9 _! nature1 immeasurable4 ,9 _! admirable "w1 ,! ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 ,messrs4 ,hose & ,mc,dougall rem>k#aae t x is sometimes said1 t p ( l[ly culture h 8no conception ( me*anical causation1 & t e mat]ial object is reg>d$ by !m z animat$02 b !y d n ?9k t ?is c\ld be tru?fully said ab\t any ( ! peoples ( ,borneo4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( h\ses1 boats1 weapons1 traps1 !y h a nice appreciation ( ! pr9ciples involv$4 ,yet we f9d#aaf t ^! skill$ artisans believe t !y c ret>d an enemy's boat by hang+ "u "o ( its b5*es a qu>tz pebble4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,boloki ( ! ,congo1 hav+ made a good canoe1 be=e laun*+1 /rike x on ! /]n ) an axe 8to take away ! weight40#aag ,& ! ,fijians1 /ill bett] boat-build]s1 believe t to put a basket ( bitt] oranges on a canoe r$uces its spe$4#aah ,inasmu* z ! possibility ( action at a di/ance is /ill 9 debate1 ! savage _c p]haps ^u t t5et be confid5tly correct$4 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ! =ego+ acc\nt ( ! lat5t ideas1 or presumptions1 ( savages conc]n+ causation1 x is pla9 t ,magic 7& likewise ,animism7 did n help1 b h9d]$ ! developm5t ( ^! ideas4 ,not)/&+ 7or1 p]haps1 because (7 c]ta9 speci\s resemblances to sci5ce1 ,magic is1 & always has be51 ! enemy ( sci5ce4 #e4 ,,magic ,,& ,,my/]y ,magic beg9s ) ignorance ( "s ( ! conditions ( a desir$ ev5t1 & ! adoption 7on acc\nt ( co9cid5ce7 ( any?+ t fixes "o's att5tion z contribut+ to ! total antec$5t4 ,z ! suppos$ conditions ( ev5ts gr[ m & m miscellane\s1 ! disposition increases to reg>d any?+ z a possible cause ( any?+ else4 ,h5ce unb\nd$ suspicion :5ev] an int]e/+ ev5t occurs ^: antec$5ts are n famili> & manife/4 ,! m unusual any occurr5ce1 ! m x mu/ excite att5tion & be apt to ar\se suspicion2 & ! fir/ arrival ( travell]s or mission>ies among/ a wild tribe is an ev5t s unprec$5t$1 t x is likely en\gh to occasion exagg]at$ suspicions & behavi\r :i*1 :5 report$1 misrepres5t ! tribe's normal attitude ( m9d4 ,= ?is all[ance %\ld be made4 ,h[ev]1 9 ,magic ! causation is nev] traceable2 !re=e x becomes my/]i\s4 ,! s5se ( my/]y arises :5 some?+ excites wond]1 wond] gives place to curiosity1 curiosity is baffl$1 & wond] returns ) fe>4 ,! magical p[] ( an in]t object1 su* z a black pebble or a %>k's too?1 or ( a bone t is po9t$ t[>ds a victim1 or ( a spe> t is swung b n ?r[n1 & nev]!less inflicts a w\nd1 ?\gh an invisible "o1 is some?+ unkn[n1 or my/]i\s4 ,t is to say1 x is a m]ely imag9$ action :i* rema9s obscure & inscrutable1 9 comp>ison ) ! p]ceiv$ action ( a spe> ?r[n at a de] & slay+ x ) a visible w\nd4 ,! savage has adequate practical k ( ! latt] process2 ( ! =m] only a vague analogical image4 ,he feels ! diff]5ce1 & t ! ,magic is my/]i\s2 & my/]y1 be+ common to all magical processes1 & deeply impressive 7especially 9 black ,magic71 becomes :at we call a 8fundam5tal attribute0 ( ,magic1 p]vad+ ! :ole app]ceptive mass t is =m$ by a man's magic-beliefs4 ,!re=e :atev] excites ! s5se ( my/]y t5ds to be assimilat$#aai by ?is app]ceptive mass & confirm$ z magical2 j z ! mass ( our sci5tific k assimilates & confirms any proposition t has ! attributes ( a sci5tific law4 ,h5ce ! savage accepts ! my/]i\s rem$ies ( an ,european doctor z magical2 & he is ready to reg>d z magical1 & to fe>1 any?+--a rock1 tree1 or wat]-sp\t--t by any trait excites 8 s5se ( my/]y4 ,magic1 !n1 does n arise f my/]y2 b hav+ come into exi/5ce1 x appeals to ! feel+ ( my/]y2 & !n :atev] else is my/]i\s t5ds to become magical4#abj ,magic be+ my/]i\s1 ! m my/]i\s ! m p[]ful x mu/ be4 ,h5ce =eign ,magic is m dread$ ?an ! home-made2 anci5t ,magic is m p[]ful ?an mod]n2 mutt]$ spells1 or =mul 9 a /range language1 or 9 "o ^: mean+ has be5 lo/1 are m efficaci\s ?an intelligible spee*2 writt5 *>act]s & numb]s h a subdu+ pre/ige2 v]se is m subtle ?an prose 7= poets are ev]y:]e respect$72 a wiz>d is m impressive 9 a mask ?an :5 b>e-fac$1 9 a fit ?an :5 sob]2 & op]ations 9 ! d>k1 t ought to excite scepticism1 enhance cr$ulity4 ,masses ( ideas hav+ ?is my/]i\s quality =m relatively dissociat$ sy/ems1 :i* (f] resi/ance to all ideas t want x1 & !re=e to :at we call 8explanation40 ,h5ce ! cons]vative1 inexpugnable "* ( ,magic & its easy alliance ) ,my/icism4 ,resi/ance to explanation may g ! l5g? ( d5y+ pres5t exp]i5ce2 z :5 a man is se5 to be sla9 by a weapon or by a fall+ tree1 & yet 8 dea? is ascrib$ to sorc]y3 ! fe> ( sorc]y hav+ become a fix$ idea4 #f4 ,,volitional ,,magic ,magical p[] inh]es 9 ?+s1 rites & spells )\t reg>d to ! man :o uses !m2 !y may be sold or taught1 & !n s]ve ! new possessor4 ,b mu* ! great] "p ( all kn[n magical op]ation dep5ds ^u ! ag5cy ( "s p]son1 man or _s1 :o sets x go+2 & rites & spells are f ! fir/1 by _! nature1 p]sonal actions4 ,9 ! lat] /ages ( ,magic1 no d\bt1 x is held t a m]e wi% or volition may be efficaci\s3 9 ,cornwall !y /ill tell y1 :5 y are cold or tir$1 t y 8look wi%t10 t is1 z if y _h be5 ill-wi%t & 7 p9+ away 7?is mean+ is g5]ally =gott574 ,b x seems to me improbable t su* an idea %\ld be primitive4 ,p :o1 9 inflict+ p5alties1 d n discrim9ate betwe5 accid5tal & int5tional (f5ces1 _c be suppos$ to ascribe p[] to a m5tal process z su*2 & ,i h n be5 able to f9d 9 reports ( v backw>d tribes any case ( wi%-magic unsupport$ by magical implem5ts4 ,dr4 ,haddon says#aba t1 among ! ea/]n isl&]s ( ,torres ,/raits1 ! p[] ( words & ! projection ( ! w are greatly believ$ 94 ,a y\? :o makes love procures a piece ( black lava %ap$ significantly1 & ano9ts x ) coco-nut oil1 etc42 he also ano9ts 8 own temples1 & ?9ks z int5tly z possible ab\t ! girl1 & repeats a spell :5ev] he sees h]1 us+ ! names ( ,sag>o & ,pik>o1 wife & mi/ress ( ! h]o ,sida4 ,n[1 ) ?is complex app>atus ( talisman1 rite & spell1 h[ mu* is left to wi%+ or ! projection ( ! w8 ,he ?9ks h>d ab\t ! girl1 no d\bt2 b t ne$s no volunt>y ef=t3 at lea/1 9 ?is climate1 volunt>y ef=t is soon exhau/$ 9 try+ to ?9k ( any?+ else4 ,mr4 ,weeks1 9 8 book ,among ,congo ,cannibals1 describ+ a p ( some:at high] culture1 & mu* m advanc$ ,animism ?an ! natives ( ,torres ,/raits1 expla9s ! n]v\sness 9 ! poison ordeal ev5 ( ^? :o are innoc5t ( any nef>i\s practices1 by ask+--8,= :o has n at "s "t wi%$ ano!r's dea?80--& by ! admitt$ doctr9e t a man may be full ( evil magic )\t kn[+ x4 ,f ?is x seems to be inf]able t a m]e wi% may be effective4 ,b n ju/ly2 = a man full ( evil magic is an inc>nate talisman2 & su* a man may op]ate )\t wi%+1 z (t5 happ5s ) ! evil-eye4 ,at any rate1 ^! casual ,congo wi%es d n am\nt to volition2 ! fa9te/ velleity is en\gh = ! hair-trigg] ( su* explosive p]sonalities4 ,9 ,japan1 too1 ! angry _s ( a liv+ p]son may inflict a curse unkn[n to himself4#abb ,/ill1 ) ! progress ( ,magic1 delib]ate wi%es may acquire indep5d5t p[]4 ,a man practis+ evil ,magic1 & desir+ secrecy1 has a /rong motive to believe 7t is1 !re is a cause ( 8 believ+7 t 8 tacit wi% has ! p[] ( invisible action at a di/ance2 & ! way by :i* he arrives at t belief is q cle>3 = a spell is a magical =ce2 x is also an express$ wi% or comm&2 &1 if mutt]$1 is m r ?an less p[]ful ?an :5 utt]$ al\d4 ,:y n1 !n1 8sub-mutt]$10 or m]ely ?\ght8 ,f ?is deg5]ate notion ( w-"w we mu/ di/+ui% ! p]sonal p[] ( an accompli%$ wiz>d 9 8 :ole magical activity4 ,:atev] a man does ) a talisman or a spell1 z x 7 ) a tool or a weapon1 may be done ) m or less conc5tration ( en]gy & pr(ici5cy 9 ! p]=mance2 & "o man w be pla9ly sup]ior to ano!r4 ,success dep5ds ^u do+ "o's be/2 !re=e ^u ! w4 ,& ,magic (t5 ne$s c\rage & res\rce2 b 9 ! developm5t ( ! art x dep5ds /ill m ^u k2 :]e9 ! magician is wont to boa/ himself4 ,= wiz>dry is ! mo/ reputable faculty ( primitive s*ol>%ip3 to "k all spells & rites1 ! arts ( div9ation & m$ic9e1 ! ance/ry & true "n ( all dang]\s ?+s1 :i* gives control ov] !m3 & x is a univ]sal belief t k is p[]4 #g4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,magic--,,direct ,,magic ,f ! simple beg9n+s ?us describ$1 ,magic1 l ev]y?+ else 9 ! _w1 proce$s to gr[ & diff]5tiate4 ,x gr[s by ! l5g!n+ ( spells f ! briefe/ wi% or comm& to _m v]ses2#abc by ! ext5sion ( rites f ! wav+ ( a b\gh to raise ! w9d to ! ,au/ralian ,inti*iuma c]emonies t g on = _m days2 by ! accumulat+ ( *>ms by ! bagful2 by ! comp\nd+ ( rites ) spells1 & by repetition ( !m ?ree times or "s o!r sacr$ numb]4 ,x diff]5tiates by be+ appli$ & adapt$ to m & m purposes3 f hunt+ 7if we suppose x to beg9 !re7 to w> & love2 to bir?1 m>riage & dea?2 to ! giv+ ( diseases & ! cur+ ( !m2 to ! protection ( prop]ty & to ! discov]y 7or concealm5t7 ( !ft2 to navigation1 build+1 agriculture1 ! c>e ( flocks & h]ds1 ! procur+ ( ra91 r5ew+ ! vig\r ( ! sun & b9d+ ! influ5ce ( ! ,pleiades4 ,at ! same "t ,magic1 orig9ally practis$ 7we may presume7 by individuals1 comes to engage ! conc]n & co-op]ation ( families1 clans & tribes2 & a di/9ction gr[s up betwe5 :at we call 8:ite0 & 8black0 ,magic3 practices t are = ! welf>e ( ! tribe1 or ( "s portion ( x1 & practices design$ to gratify private passions )\t reg>d to _! effect ^u ! community4 ,"o may notice c]ta9 /ages 7n always s]ial7 9 ! developm5t ( ,magic3 ,fir/1 ! simple & direct def5ce ( oneself or fell[s aga9/ o!r p]sons or ?+s1 /orms1 diseases1 etc42 or1 aga91 direct attack ^u su* ho/ile p[]s--by means ( *>ms1 spells or rites4 ,secondly1 indirect or dramatic ,magic1 op]at+ n ^u p]sons or ?+s !mselves1 b 7expect+ ! same effect7 ^u imitations ( !m1 or ^u deta*$ p>ts or appurt5ances2 z 9 ! well-kn[n device ( mak+ a wax5 figure ( a man & melt+ x 9 ! fire to 8 de/ruction4 ,?irdly1 ! alliance ( ,magic ) ,animism1 lead+ to sorc]y1 exorcism & c]emonies associat$ ) ,religion--discuss$ bel[ 9 ! six? & sev5? *apt]s4 ,f\r?ly1 ! confusion ( ,magic ) ,sci5ce1 z 9 ,a/rology & ,al*emy--ref]r$ to 9 ! sev5? & t5? *apt]s4 ,direct magical rites beg9 9 v simple ways1 probably ) ge/ures3 z to po9t at a man 9 ?reat5+2 to ?r[ out ! op5 h& 9 w>d+ (f evil2 to claw ! air beh9d a man's back1 z ,au/ralian wom5 d4 ,x becomes m & m elaborate z ! result ( mu* /udy devot$ to a matt] ( supreme int]e/3 especially aft] ! rise ( a pr(essional class ( m$ic9e-m51 ) :om inv5tions accumulate & become tradition>y4 ,simil>ly1 spells are at fir/ m]ely wi%es1 or comm&s1 or w>n+s4 ,an ,au/ralian ,w9d-doctor cries1 8,let ! we/ w9d be b\nd40#abd ,! s\!rn ,massim ( ,new ,gu9ea h a spell to op5 a cave--8,o rock1 be cleft60 &1 aga91 to %ut ! cave--8,o rock1 be clos$60#abe ,no?+ c be simpl]4 ,h[ spells rise into poetry & are comb9$ ) rites & *>ms is %[n by a ,polynesian example3 a man be+ ill ) consumption1 :i* is call$ ,moomoo1 a m$ic9e-man is s5t =4 ,he comes1 sits by ! pati5t1 & s+s-- 8,o ,moomoo1 ,o ,moomoo6 ,i'm on ! eve ( spe>+ y40 ,!n1 ris+1 he fl\ri%es 8 spe> ov] ! pati5t's head1 & goes away4 ,no "o d>es speak or smile4#abf ,z to *>ms1 ! simple/1 & p]haps ! e>lie/1 are small pebbles1 su* z ! ,au/ralian 8bulks10 or cry/als4#abg ,9 ,papua !re are qu>tz *>ms s p[]ful t x is n safe = ev5 ! own] to t\* !m4 ,9 t c\ntry ! qualities t make a ?+ suitable = a *>m are3 7#a7 simil>ity 9 cont\r1 or 9 o!r ways1 to ! object to be influ5c$2 7#b7 r>ity2 7#c7 unusual %ape 9 n v uncommon objects3#abh 9 %ort1 :atev] arre/s att5tion4 ,dr4 ,codr+ton says3 8,a /one takes a man's fancy2 x is l some?+1 cle>ly n a common /one2 !re mu/ be mana 9 x3 puts x 9 8 g>d52 & a good crop proves he 0 "r40#abi ,among ! ,esquimo1 /range or curi\s objects nev] be=e se5 are sometimes consid]$ to br+ success to ! f9d]2 & *>ms are c>ri$ %ap$ l ! animals hunt$4#acj ,su* a ta/e is v anci5t1 if ! same purpose 0 s]v$ by ^? animal-%ap$ /ones1 ret\*$ to increase ! resemblance1 :i* h be5 f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ,france & ,engl&4#aca ,9 ! bag ( a ,we/ ,african sorc]] may be se5 a bit ( leop>d sk91 ( snake's sk91 hawk's talons1 bone ( a dead man1 leaves ( c]ta9 plants1 etc42 ea* hav+ its own virtue1 & unit+ _! p[]s 9 ! int]e/ ( ! =midable own]4 ,! ,*anson de ,rol& describes a talisman to :i* ! *ief ( ,*>lemagne's pe]s mu/ h ow$ no small "p ( 8 pr[ess--8 fam\s sword3-- 8,ah6 ,dur5dal1 mo/ holy1 fair inde$6 ,relics en\gh ?y gold5 hilt conceals3 ,sa9t ,pet]'s ,too?1 ! ,blood ( ,sa9t ,basile1 ,"s ( ! ,hairs ( my "l1 ,sa9t ,d5ise1 ,"s ( ! ,robe1 0 worn by ,sa9t ,m>y40#acb ,i _c call x fair fight+1 & wond] t1 ?us arm$1 he %\ld ev] h be5 mortally w\nd$ by ! miscreant hordes ( ,mahum & ,t]vagant1 h[ev] num]\s4 ,an influ5tial outgr[? ( primitive ,magic is ! taboo4 ,taboo is ! dang]\sness ( a p]son1 or ?+1 or action1 or ^w1 conceiv$ ( z a motive = n t\*+ or utt]+ or m$dl+ !re)4 ,! dang]\sness may ei!r lie 9 ! nature ( a p]son or ?+1 or be impos$ ^u x4 ,a *ief1 = example1 & ev]y?+ belong+ to him1 is g5]ally taboo by inh]5t sacr$ness3 he is1 l ,mr4 ,weeks's ,congolese1 full ( evil magic4 ,! idea ( ! talisman has ?us be5 ext5d$ to include c]ta9 m54 ,9 _m tribes x includes all wom52 b s9ce to make !m always taboo is too mu* = human nature1 !y are treat$ z su* only p]iodically1 or :5 a man is ab\t to be expos$ to "s fur!r dang]1 :i* w be ! m likely to injure him :5 already contam9at$ by evil magic4#acc ,?is is v cle> 9 a case report$ by ,pr(4 ,seligman3#acd at ,yam w>riors 7 =bidd5 to sleep ) _! wives be=e battle2 else 8b[ & arr[ belong o!r fell[ he smell y1 he %oot y1 y no got luck40 ,/ill1 physical consequ5ces 7:i* may expla9 ! sup]/ition7 are also consid]$3 a div] = pe>l-%ell mu/ simil>ly ab/a92 because1 else1 8man he sleepy40 ,! cont95ce requir$ ( wom5 to ensure ! safety ( _! husb&s :5 away at w> or hunt+ may be due to a belief 9 a 8sympa?y0 or 8p>ticipation10 z if husb& & wife 7 9 "s my/]i\s rapport2 b1 deep]1 !re may h be5 a fet* ( policy4 ,:5 magical taboos are g5]ally recognis$ & fe>$1 x becomes possible to use !m = social purposes3 "o _c be sure t e magical obs]vance _h its orig9 9 magical belief4 ,?us ! food-rules ( ,au/ralian tribes consi/ ( taboos ^u ! enjoym5t ( c]ta9 foods by wom5 & "y m51 & are pla9ly devis$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! g]ontocracy3 s :y %\ld n a fiction be f\nd$ on ,magic 9 ! int]e/ ( abs5t husb&s8 ,! sanctity or dang]\sness ( ! *ief is probably due1 fir/1 to 8 be+ really dang]\s2 b1 secondly1 to ! biological advantage to a tribe ( respect+ him1 :i* leads to a selection ( ^? tribes among/ :om respect = ! *ief arises4 ,z biological adaptation is nev] m ?an a mov+1 oscillat+ equilibrium1 ?is feel+ sometimes becomes excessive1 ev5 to ! po9t ( insanity4 ,ev]y?+ ! *ief t\*es becomes taboo2 only a few sacr$ s]vants c approa* him2 he may be ?us r$uc$ to helplessness4 ,x is "o ( ,nature's *ecks ^u tyranny4 ,su* is ! =ce ( taboo1 t a ,maori tribesman1 be+ hungry1 see+ "s food by ! wayside1 & eat+ x1 on le>n+ t x 0 ! rema9s ( ! meal ( a sacr$ *ief1 imm$iately fell ill1 & di$4 ,! (f5ce 0 fatal--z soon z x 0 kn[n4 ,! dang]\sness ( wom5 has be5 ref]r$ to _! weakness2 association ) !m mu/ be weak5+1 & is !re=e =bidd5 :5 ex]tion is ne$$4#ace ,pr(4 ,we/]m>ck traces x to a 8horror ( blood02#acf v probably2 b o!r ?+s may co-op]ate t[>ds x4 ,! life ( wom5 sep>ates !m f m51 & br+s !m into a freemasonry & community ( int]e/s1 to :i* m5 are n admitt$2 diff]5tiates _! m5tality1 until ! result is my/]i\s & !re=e magical3 ! sexual orgasm1 be+ m l pa9 ?an any?+ t is n pa91 at once attractive & revulsive1 acquires ! same "*4 ,homicides & m\rn]s1 aga91 are liable to be taboo1 ei!r because !re cl+s to !m ! my/]i\s quality & ta9t ( dea? 7a magical motive71 or because !y are foll[$ by ! gho/s ( ! dep>t$4 ,!re are unlucky words :i* x is a social (f5ce to utt]3 words ( ill-om51 b especially names ( dead p1 demons & sometimes gods2 = p are apt to come :5 !y are call$1 &1 if ! call is conceiv$ ( accord+ to ,magic1 come !y c]ta9ly w4 ,!re are likewise _m actions t seem to u entirely innoc5t1 yet 9 "o or ano!r tribe mu/ be avoid$ by all :o desire a prosp]\s or only a tranquil life4 ,! ,papagoe ,indians ( ,mexico =bid a girl at a c]ta9 "t to scrat* h] head1 or ev5 to t\* h] hair ) h] h&2 = :i* !re may be an excuse 9 ! sacr$ness ( ! head2 b h] bro!r comes at ! same "t "u ! same re/riction4#acg ,! case seems to be a type ( _m taboos1 z be+ due :olly to suspicion & anxiety3 an anxi\s "m :o sees h] boy scrat* 8 head is rem9d$ ( 8 si/] :o mu/ n d s2 h] fe>s are excit$1 & %e prohibits ! action t excites h] fe>3 x is taboo4 ,writ+ ( a ,bantu tribe1 ,m4 ,j\nod says1 8,mo/ (t5 taboos are inexplicable40#ach ,s are ! p5alties t await ! brea* ( !m3 ! puni%m5t r>ely fits ! crime4 ,premature baldness1 failure 9 hunt+ or fi%+1 boils1 lam5ess1 dys5t]y--may av5ge ! eat+ ( wild duck or m>riage )9 ! =bidd5 circle4 ,& if any su* ?+ happ5s to a man1 he is liable to be accus$ ( hav+ brok5 a taboo2 & t proves ! tru? ( ! belief 9 taboo4 ,besides ?+s t are 9 _! magical nature dang]\s1 & !re=e taboo1 ?+s in(f5sive 9 !mselves c sometimes be made taboo by m]ely decl>+ !m to be s1 or by sett+ up a symbolic notice t !y are s1 or by lay+ a conditional curse ^u anybody :o m$dles ) !m4 ,!y h !n become dang]\s4 ,?is is ! common case ( mak+ a talisman by means ( a spell1 transf]r+ to x invisible p[]4 ,su* practices1 especially common 9 ,melanesia1 are (t5 useful z a *eap def5ce ( prop]ty 79 g>d5s1 = in/ance71 b are also a means ( exaction & tyranny4 ,! preval5ce ( taboo among/ savages1 by ! way1 enables !m readily to appreciate our great comm&m5t to d no "w on ,sunday4#aci #h4 ,,indirect ,,or 8,,sympa!tic0 ,,magic ,! use ( *>ms1 rites & spells1 hav+ be5 e/abli%$ 9 "o dep>tm5t--say1 hunt+--may be ext5d$ to o!rs by analogy1 & is confirm$ !re 9 ! same way1 namely1 by /ill do+ "o's be/4 ,hav+ obta9$ ! *>ms & le>nt1 or inv5t$1 ! rites & spells1 "o applies !m1 b at ! same "t makes w> or love z cunn+ly z "o c1 cultivates "o's g>d51 drives a b>ga91 & s =?1 & ascribes all good results to ! ,magic4 ,at fir/1 ,i suppose1 all su* action 0 direct1 dis*>g$ at ! p]son or ?+ to be influ5c$4 ,to slay an enemy a bone ( a dead man 0 po9t$1 or a crocodile's too? hurl$1 9 8 direction 7?\gh1 probably1 n 9 8 sight74 ,to keep (f evil ,magic a wi% 0 express$--8,nev] %>p b>n cat* me02#adj or to drive away a pe/ a comm& 0 issu$1 z 9 ,borneo3 8,o rats1 sp>r[s & noxi\s insects1 g fe$ on ! padi ( p d[n riv]40#ada ,b a "t came :5 ,magic began also to be c>ri$ out by practices indirect & purely dramatic1 rites p]=m$ & spells recit$ n at ! p]son or ?+ to be affect$1 b ^u "s sub/itute1 or repres5tative1 or symbol2 & ?is mu/ h happ5$ pretty e>ly2 = dramatic ,magic is met ) 9 ,au/ralia4 ,to ?is sort ( ,magic belong ! widely-diffus$ me?ods ( op]at+ ^u ! image ( a man or any?+ assign$ to /& = him1 or ^u hair-clipp+s1 rema9s ( food1 or footpr9ts in/ead ( himself2 or ( ty+ knots to b9d1 or unty+ !m to release a curse4 ,) spells ! indirect me?od is less common1 b rem>kable examples ( x occur at a l[ level ( culture4 ,! ,yabim ( ,new ,gu9ea1 to promote ! gr[? ( _! t>o1 tell a /ory3 8,once ^u a "t1 a man lab\r+ 9 8 field compla9$ t he _h no t>o-%oots4 ,!n came two doves fly+ f ,paum4 ,!y _h dev\r$ mu* t>o1 & !y p]*$ ^u a tree 9 ! field1 & dur+ ! night vomit$ up all ! t>o4 ,?us ! man got s _m %oots t he 0 ev5 able to sell "s ( !m to o!r p40#adb ,"h1 !n1 a m]e /ory ( a wi% fulfill$ is sub/itut$1 z a spell1 = ! wi% itself1 & expect$ to h ! same effect ^u ! crop2 & z t is1 inde$1 true1 any failure ( x is no m liable to be detect$4 ,b su* practices seem to u silli] & less promis+ ev5 ?an direct ,magic4 ,:at c be ! mean+ ( !m8 ,! indirectness ( a rite makes x m my/]i\s & magical1 & t is a recomm5dation4 ,moreov]1 its dramatic "* gives an imag9ative satisfaction1 :i* mu/ suffice to initiate su* pantomime aga9 & aga94 ,among/ ourselves _m p are prone to dramatise e situation ( _! lives2 to act 9 imag9ation _! loves1 _! rev5ges1 _! opportunities ( self-display1 & to d]ive satisfaction f su* imag9ations ev5 to ! weak5+ ( _! w--satisfaction )\t ef=t or dang]4 ,b al?\gh ?is impulse may initiate pantomimic magic1 x c h>dly ma9ta9 x 9 ! abs5ce ( any deep] satisfaction4 ,! belief 9 its efficacy1 aga91 once e/abli%$1 ! effect ( sugge/ion ^u a victim ( black ,magic 7:o by "s means is acqua9t$ ) :at has be5 done aga9/ him7 may h consequ5ces t seem to v]ify ! rites2 b ?is c only happ5 :5 a belief 9 ! efficacy ( su* practices already prevails4 ,! p[] ( sugge/ion dep5ds ^u ! belief2 x _c create ! belief4 ,we mu/ fall back ^u co9cid5ce4 ,if1 inde$1 imm$iate & complete co9cid5ce 7 requisite1 if1 :5 "o practis$ on an enemy's life1 no?+ less ?an 8 spe$y dea? w\ld d1 co9cid5ces might be too r>e to give ! requisite confirmation4 ,b if "s less injury w be acceptable1 & if x ne$ n foll[ imm$iately2 if a delay ( n m]ely two or ?ree days1 b two or ?ree mon?s w br+ ! ev5t )9 ! limits ( satisfaction2 & if ! degree ( injury may v>y f dea? to a bad fall1 or "s failure 9 hunt+ on ! victim's "p1 or a qu>rel ) 8 wife2 if ev5 7z (t5 happ5s7 a mis=tune to any "o ( 8 family may suffice--! confirmatory co9cid5ces w be tol]ably frequ5t4 ,!re mu/1 ( c\rse1 be _m disappo9tm5ts2 b ^! c\nt = little1 because ! p>ticul> practice is support$ by a g5]al belief 9 ,magic2 because m5 desire to believe & are afraid to disbelieve2 because failures are expla9$ by "s error 9 p]=m+ ! rites1 or by ! c\nt]action ( sup]ior ,magic1 or by ! int]v5tion ( ho/ile spirits4 ,special reasons = practis+ & believ+ 9 indirect op]ations ( black ,magic are _! great] secrecy &1 !re=e1 great] safety1 & great] gratification ( ! love ( cunn+3 :i* la/ 7,i ?9k7 expla9s mu* ( ! elaboration t m>ks ^! p]=mances4 ,9 ! developm5t ( indirect ,magic1 v _m ( its practices seem to involve "o or o!r ( ! assumptions (t5 call$ ! pr9ciples ( sympa!tic ,magic1 namely1 ,mimesis & ,p>ticipation3 7#a7 t to op]ate ^u a lik5ess or repres5tation1 or by analogy1 affects ! p]son1 or object1 or process imitat$ or repres5t$ z if x 7 directly assail$2 & 7#b7 t a "p or appurt5ance ( any "o may1 9 any magical und]tak+1 be sub/itut$ = ! :ole4 ,among savages ^! pr9ciples 7z has already be5 said7 are only lat5t =ms ( proc$ure1 tacitly assum$1 n =mulat$1 & _c h be5 ! s\rce ( ! practices1 b mu/ gradually h be5 e/abli%$ by !m2 b :5 notions ( sci5tific arrangem5t came into vogue1 !y 7 discov]$ & explicitly /at$ by ! e>ly physicians & al*emi/s1 9 ^: ?\ghts ,magic & ,sci5ce 7 n cle>ly diff]5tiat$4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ^! pr9ciples are natural consequ5ces ( ! laws ( ! association 7or reproduction7 ( ideas4 ,accord+ to ! 8law ( simil>ity10 an idea ( "o ?+ (t5 makes u ?9k ( ano!r t resembles x3 h5ce ! ?\ght ( an enemy is suppos$ to make me ?9k ( an image ( him1 or ! sight ( 8 image makes me ?9k ( him4 ,accord+ to ! law 8( contiguity10 any two ?+s hav+ be5 se5 or ?\ght ( toge!r1 !reaft] ! ?\ght or sight ( "o ( !m makes me ?9k ( ! o!r3 h5ce ! ?\ght ( an enemy makes me ?9k ( 8 footpr9t1 or 8 footpr9t rem9ds me ( him4 ,possibly4 ,b mu/ !re n h be5 a long prep>ation ( ideas be=e ! ?\ght ( an enemy awak5s 9 me ^! p>ticul> associations r ?an _m o!rs8 ,& if !y %\ld occur to me1 h[ d ! laws ( association expla9 my a/oni%+ belief t to put 8 image 9 ! fire1 or to ?ru/ a ?orn into 8 footpr9t1 or to dig x up1 c>ry x home & put x 9 ! ov51 w make him lame or afflict him ) "s wa/+ disease8 ,!re mu/ be "s sy/em ( ideas to det]m9e ^! p>ticul> judgm5ts4 ,"s1 aga91 suppose t savages _c di/+ui% simil>ity f id5tity1 "p f :ole2 s t an image appe>s to !m to be 9 e>ne/ ! same ?+ z a man1 or 8 nail-p>+s ! same z himself4 ,yet x is c]ta9 t 9 _! "w-a-day life !y d make ^! di/9ctions1 & t o!rwise !y c\ld n get on at all4 ,if1 !n1 9 c]ta9 cases1 & 9 ,magic 7:i* is all t conc]ns u n[71 !y act or speak z if unable to draw su* di/9ctions1 x mu/ be f an acquir$ incapacity 9 t connection2 j z 9 "s cases !y suff] f an acquir$ incapacity to recognise t _! beliefs are contradict$ by exp]i5ce2 t is to say1 "s fix$ idea or dissociation prev5ts !m f comp>+ ! facts2 ?\gh sometimes x may be m]ely t cu/om>y =ms ( spee* h9d] ! expression ( di/9ctions t really exi/ among _! ideas4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! suppos$ =ce ( mimetic ,magic re/s ^u ! belief t z a man's %ad[ or reflection implies 8 pres5ce1 s does 8 image4 ,& we %all see t1 9 "s cases1 ?is explanation is n f> f ! m>k1 ?\gh x _c s]ve = all cases2 inasmu* z ! image op]at$ ^u 9 any rite ne$ n be a lik5ess 7( c\rse x nev] is7--a /ick w s]ve1 if decl>$ to /& = ! victim2 &1 moreov]1 8 pres5ce is n ne$$ 9 c>ry+ out rites t act at a di/ance4 ,:at tru? !re is 9 ?is view has be5 bett] express$ by ,pr(4 ,yrj ,hirn3#adc namely1 t a unity or solid>ity exi/s betwe5 all p]sons & ?+s t /& to "o ano!r 9 a relation%ip ( contact or simil>ity1 on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 magical virtue2 & t ?is solid>ity is n de/roy$ by any brea* ( physical cont9uity4 ,to take away a man's cloak1 or a lock ( 8 hair1 or a remnant ( 8 food1 does n int]rupt ! magical cont9uity :i* contact has e/abli%$ ) ! man3 some?+ ( him1 8 virtue1 rema9s ) x4 ,& 9 ! same way an image ( him conta9s some?+ ( 8 virtue2 = to ! immature m9d1 images or pictures are no?+ b radiations or decortications ( ! ?+ itself1 an efflux1 l ! ,epicurean 4 ,h5ce ! bones ( a sa9t & 8 picture convey 8 virtue to a devotee by ! same process3 bo? are conductors ( "s emanation f himself4 ,!re is mu* tru? 9 ?is !ory4 ,:5 ,animism is call$ 9 to expla9 ,magic1 ?is virtue or emanation ( a man is apt to be expla9$ z 8 s\l1 or "p ( x4 ,a savage dislikes be+ photograph$1 le/ y %\ld take away 8 s\l4 ,m4 ,j\nod says ! ,bantu reg>d a photograph z 8an un%ea?+ ( s\l02#add ,mr4 ,dorsey says no ,dakota w\ld h 8 portrait tak5 le/ "o ( 8 s\ls out ( f\r %\ld rema9 9 ! picture1 in/ead ( go+ aft] dea? to _s-l&2#ade ,mr4 ,c>l ,lumholtz says ! ,papagoes refus$ to be photograph$1 le/ "p ( !mselves %\ld be tak5 away1 & rema9 beh9d aft] dea?4#adf ,& x is a trick ) "s sorc]]s to keep a look+-glass1 9 :i* !y pret5d to cat* ! s\ls ( _! dupes2 &1 ( c\rse1 %ad[s & reflections are frequ5tly conf\nd$ ) ! s\l4 ,s if ! use ( an image 9 ,magic does n imply ! pres5ce ( ! man himself1 g5]ally x does imply ! pres5ce ( a v important "p ( him4 ,& ?is explanation is /r5g!n$ by an app>5t exception2 = "s ,malays1 :5 !y make an image ( an enemy to compass 8 de/ruction1 ?9k x necess>y be=e op]at+ to coax 8 s\l into x by a pot5t spell4 8,hi!r1 ,s\l1 come hi!r6 ,hi!r1 little "o1 come hi!r6 ,hi!r1 bird1 come hi!r6 ,hi!r1 filmy "o1 come hi!r60#adg ,mu/ we n inf] t ^! ,malays h 9 "s way lo/ ! common belief1 & s are put to ?is extra tr\ble8 ,if x be ask$ h[ ?is acc\nt ( ! matt] c ju/ify ! use ( a /ick or /one in/ead ( a man's image1 m]ely assign+ x to repres5t him1 ! reply 7,i ?9k7 is t ! /ick is a symbol4 ,s9ce images are nev] mu* l ! man1 & may be unlike 9 all degrees1 ! /ick is a sort ( limit+ case4 ,a symbol is always ! rema9d]1 or rem9d]1 ( some?+ t once _h intr9sic value1 z an image1 %ad[1 or reflection has by be+ or p>ticipat+ 9 ! man's s\l4 ,besides1 x is p]haps a tacit assumption ( ,magic 7z 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( life--includ+ ,philosophy71 8t :atev] = "o's purpose x is necess>y to assume1 is real or true03 ! situation dem&s x4 ,z to ! magical cont9uity betwe5 a man & :atev] has be5 9 contact ) him1 ! belief 9 x may ) "s confid5ce be d]iv$ f ! fact t x reta9s 8 od\r2 & :5 an animi/ic explanation is requir$1 x is naturally ?\ght t ?is od\r is 8 s\l or s\l-/uff1 z ! sav\r ( a burnt-(f]+ is its s\l-/uff t regales ! gods4 ,belief 9 ! p>ticipation ( an image1 or "p or appurt5ance ( a man 9 ! man himself1 or 9 8 virtue1 or 9 8 s\l1 mu/ give to rites ( black ,magic a great deal ( ! subjective satisfaction :i* is a secret motive ( all ,magic4 ,! images1 or nail-p>+s1 or :at n1 id5tify ! man to be attack$2 !y fix ! wiz>d's att5tion1 vivify 8 imag9ation1 direct ! spell :om to /rike 7z a dog is set ^u a trail71 & height5 ! joy ( imag9>y rev5ge4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m cases usually class$ z 8sympa!tic ,magic0 t _c )\t great viol5ce be expla9$ 9 ?is way2 & ,i compla9 ( ! epi!t 8sympa!tic10 z appli$ to all indirect ,magic1 t x implies ?is explanation4 ,consid] ! ,m&an buffalo-dances1 ! hunt+ dance & ! mat+ dance2 ^! are imitations or dramatic repres5tations ( ! hunt+ ( buffaloes & ( _! mat+1 :i* !y are design$ to prosp]3 c su* dances be int]pret$ z ! efflux or decortications ( ! future hunt or mat+8 ,or1 aga91 ! /ory ( ! murna 7quot$ above1 p4 #aja7 & its resuscitation by ! ris+ tide--is ?is a radiation ( ! budd+ ( ! t>o :i* x is expect$ to exp$ite8 ,su* cases1 :i* are pretty num]\s1 mu/ be und]/ood ^u "s o!r gr\nd ?an 8p>ticipation40 ,_m rites & obs]vances seem to dep5d ^u ! notion ( fav\rable or unfav\rable curr5ts ( invisible p[]1 :i* may be tak5 advantage (1 or influ5c$1 to obta9 "o's ends1 9 hunt+1 or 9 obta9+ ra91 or 9 f]tilisation ( animals or crops4 ,x is good to plant se$1 or beg9 any und]tak+1 :5 ! moon is wax+1 or ! tide ris+2 = ^! ev5ts %[ t ! set ( ! curr5t is fav\rable to increase or prosp]ity4 ,aga91 "o may incite ! curr5t or /r5g!n x1 z 9 br++ on ra9 by ?r[+ wat] 9 ! air1 or by leap+ to help ! crops to gr[4 ,to in/igate or assi/ 9 su* ways ! ongo+s ( ,nature is n ! same ?+ z to cause ! ev5t3 a ra9-wiz>d does n pret5d to procure ra9 9 ! dry season2 ! times ( pl\gh+1 s[+1 reap+ 7:atev] rites may accompany !m7 are n decid$ by ,magic4 ,mu* pantomimic ,magic may be be/ und]/ood z attempt+ to set up su* curr5ts ( causation r ?an z directly causative4 ,s9ce in/ances ( cause & effect are obs]v$ to repeat !mselves1 a pantomimic murd]1 or a hunt+ dance1 or f]tility-rites1 may be consid]$ z sett+ an example :i* ,nature is expect$ to foll[3 ! murna-spell promotes vitality by m]ely describ+ an example ( re9vigoration4 ,! ,kai ( ,n4,e4 ,new ,gu9ea hold t if a man1 by fall+ on a /ump ( bamboo 9 ! pa?1 w\nds himself to dea?1 x is because a sorc]]1 hav+ obta9$ some?+ infect$ ) 8 victim's s\l-/uff1 has spread x ov] a pile /uck 9 ! gr\nd1 & pret5d$ to w\nd himself ^u x & to groan ) pa94#adh ,! belief implies t su* practices are 9 vogue2 & !y seem to rely ^u ! assumption t 8:at happ5s once w happ5 aga902 & t :o %all repeat ! disa/] is det]m9$ by ! pres5ce1 among ! conditions1 ( some?+ belong+ to ! victim 9 default ( himself4 ,x is n by sympa?y or p>ticipation t ! 8some?+ infect$ ) 8 s\l-/uff0 acts2 b by contribut+ to re9/ate z f> z possible all ! circum/ances ( a cause l ! cause ( ! man's dea?4 ,9 o!r cases an exempl>y cause may be con/itut$ by ! sub/itution ( simil>s t d n imply p>ticipation4 ,dr4 ,haddon tells u t 9 ! we/]n isl&s ( ,torres ,/raits#adi ! ,kuman v9e breaks up 9 dry wea!r1 & ! segm5ts look l human bones2 h5ce !y are employ$ 9 ,magic4 ,simil>ly r$ o*re or "s o!r /a9 may be us$ in/ead ( blood1 s t a skeleton may be col\r$ ) x z a means ( keep+ x alive4 ,9 ,*9ese popul> religion1 be=e sett+ up a new idol1 x is fir/ c>ri$ to ! temple ( an old] "o1 :o is bes\ght to let a portion ( 8 s\l-/uff transmigrate into ! new "o2 !n1 c>ri$ to its own temple & en?ron$1 its h&s1 feet1 eyes1 m\?1 nose & e>s are sme>$ ) blood1 or ) r$ pa9t1 to op5 its s5ses & br+ its s\l into relation ) ! out] _w4#aej ,su* a sub/itution ( simil>s is true 9 "o s5se2 r$ pa9t is a sub/itute = blood z col\r3 ,magic requires t x %all also be a sub/itute 9 o!r ways2 &1 !re=e1 x is s4 ,?us1 d[n & fea!rs ?r[n into ! air 9 ,au/ralian ra9-rites are a sub/itute = cl\ds2 9 ,m&an hunt+-rites1 m5 disguis$ 9 buffalo-sk9s are a sub/itute = buffaloes2 & ?us1 by sub/itution1 a cause c always be con/itut$ :i*1 once hav+ be5 set to "w1 ,nature is con/ra9$ to repeat ! op]ation4 ,ought we n1 !n1 to recognise two k9ds ( indirect ,magic--! sympa!tic1 & :at may be call$ ! exempl>y8#aea 99 99 99 99 99 ,! rise ( ! wiz>d z a pr(essional au?ority introduces _m *anges into magical practice1 & decisively alt]s its social importance4 ,he sometimes exp]im5ts 9 new rites & spells or 9 new v]sions ( ! old ones2 he decides "s matt]s arbitr>ily1 z 9 impos+ taboos on food2 g5]ally1 he develops ! art 9 ! direction ( 8 pr(essional int]e/s1 le>n+ to conjure1 act1 v5triloquise1 sugge/1 hypnotise1 & to provide excuses = failure2 he beg9s to tra9 novices1 =m a s*ool & e/abli% a tradition :i* influ5ces ! :ole life ( 8 tribe4 ,h[ f> arbitr>y elem5ts ent] into rites x is impossible to say1 until "s "o %all discov] 7z "s "o may7 m>ks by :i* to di/+ui% !m4 ,mean:ile1 !re may be _m rites1 or ritual elem5ts1 t _c be expla9$ on any kn[n pr9ciples ( ,magic1 because 9 fact !y are arbitr>y3 /ill1 su* ?+s mu/ usually be an imitation ( o!r magical practices4 ,pr(4 ,leuba sugge/s1 probably en\gh1 t rites may sometimes be adopt$ to relieve excitem5t1 su* z ! danc+ ( wom5 :5 ! m5 are at w>4#aeb ,x 0 ! cu/om 7e4 g47 ( ,araucanian wom52 & z !y danc$1 !y swept ! du/ away ) _! fans1 & sang3 8,z we sweep ! du/ away1 s may our husb&s scatt] ! enemy40 ,if ?is 0 arbitr>ily inv5t$1 x 0 by analogy ) mu* mimetic ,magic3 !y set an example ( :at %\ld happ5 & confirm$ x ) a spell4#aec #i4 ,,! ,,dissolution ,,( ,,magic ,9 spite ( ! human m9d's /rong proclivity to ,magic1 ! art1 aft] ris+ to a maximum p[] & reputation1 9 c\rse ( "t loses its influ5ce1 & is to be f\nd fe/]+ only 9 ! backwat] & /agnant pools ( society4 ,its p[] is n at ! z5i? 9 primitive society1 b mu* lat]1 :5 !re are m5 9 comm& ( great weal? :o feel insecure1 & turn = confid5ce to div9]s & ?aumaturgi/s1 :om !y bribe heavily to give :at !y mo/ desire4 ,b by t "t ,magic is confus$ ) ,animism4 ,z civil ord] & mat]ial civilisation prevail1 ,magic is no long] invok$ to increase "o's confid5ce1 because ?is is ensur$ by ! regul>ity ( ord9>y affairs4 ,z positive me?ods 9 w>1 build+1 comm]ce are le>nt & practis$1 ! magical accompanim5ts ( su* und]tak+s1 )\t be+ :olly disus$1 may become less & less important--:at we call 8survivals10 su* z ! break+ ( a bottle ( w9e on ! b[s :5 laun*+ a %ip 7x is =gott5 t ! w9e mu/ be r$74 ,or !y may be lo/ altoge!r )\t injury to indu/ry2 :]eas 9 savage economy !re is "s risk t a mo/ useful craft1 su* z pott]y1 weav+1 or canoe-build+1 may be entirely discont9u$1 if by ! ext9ction ( "s gr\p ( m5 or wom5 ! rites & songs are =gott5 ) :i* su* lab\r _h always be5 made good4#aed ,= :o w\ld tru/ a pot or a canoe unconsecrat$8 ,! great sy/ematisations ( ,oneiromancy1 ,al*emy1 ,*eiromancy1 ,a/rology1 necess>ily come =w>d late 9 ! day1 because !y involve ! con/itution ( sci5ce2 b = t reason !y are soon discr$it$ by be+ confront$ ) ! positive sci5ces2 :51 )\t be+ =gott51 !y are relegat$ to :at may be euphemi/ically call$ 8select circles40 ,) ! gr[? ( ,animism1 aga91 pure ,magic becomes comp>atively r>e2 its obs]vances are int]pret$ accord+ to ! fa%ionable cre$1 no long] z sett+ occult1 quasi-me*anical =ces to "w1 b z requir+ ! int]v5tion ( a _s or a god4 ,!y become symbolic3 ritual n[ does no?+ ( itself1 b is a sign ( :at ! god does1 or is desir$ to d4 ,yet ,magic (t5 has its rev5ge ^u ,animism3 en*a9+ by my/]i\s uni=mities ! god himself4 ,9 its own nature ,magic comprises qualities t t5d to weak5 x 7at lea/1 to weak5 ea* p>ticul> =m ( x7 & to br+ ab\t its decl9e4 ,magical rites & spells1 on :atev] scale p]=m$1 are ?+s to be repeat$1 & :at is repeat$ is me*anis$ & ceases to live4 ,cu/om c ma9ta9 a practice :il/ disp5s+ ) its mean+2 sl[ly ! practice 7spell or ritual7 is slurr$ & corrupt$4 ,economy1 8lea/ ef=t10 is ! enemy ( all c]emonial4 ,!re is also a t5d5cy to ! att5uation ( rites on ! pr9ciple 7unconsci\s1 ( c\rse7 t 8! sign ( a sign is a sign ( ! ?+ signifi$02 :]eby a mean+ may be disguis$ 9 a symbol = ! sake ( secrecy1 or ev5 = polit5ess4 ,pr(4 ,we/]m>ck has %[n h[1 9 ,morocco1 ! full rite = av]t+ ! evil eye is to ?r[ =w>d ! h& ) outspread f+]s & to exclaim1 8,five 9 y\r eye40 ,b z ?is is too insult+ = common use1 y may in/ead casually m5tion ! numb] 8five02 or if ev5 t be too pla9-spok51 y c ref] to 8,?ursday10 :i* happ5s to be ! fif? day ( ! week4 ,9 ?is process !re is great risk ( =gett+ ! orig9al mean+ ( ! rite or spell2 & :5 ?is comes to pass1 we are left ) ! empty %ells ( sup]/ition1 su* z a dread ( 8?irte510 8,friday10 salt-spill+1 walk+ "u a ladd]2 = h>dly a s\l kn[s :at !y mean4 ,,footnotes3 #aja ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip1 p4 #ch2 cf4 also ,! ,magic ,art1 ,i4 p4 #bce1 & footnote3 8fai? 9 magic is probably old] ?an a belief 9 spirits40 #ajb ,skeat & ,blagd51 ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ,i4 p4 #dag4 #ajc ,9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 p4 #hc 7#aiai71 ,e4 ,s4 ,conkl+ has an in/ructive article on ,sup]/iti\s ,belief & ,practice among ,college ,/ud5ts4 ,( a l>ge gr\p exam9$ #ec p] c5t4 ent]ta9$ "s sup]/ition 7#dj p] c5t4 ,m41 #ff p] c5t4 ,f474 ,at "s "t1 n[ or =m]ly1 #hb p] c5t4 _h be5 s affect$ 7#gc p] c5t4 ,m41 #ij p] c5t4 ,f474 ,half assign$ _! =m] sup]/itions to ! age f twelve to sixte54 ,tw5ty-two p] c5t4 attribut$ ! disposition to ! sugge/ion ( eld]s1 #dg p] c5t4 to social sugge/ion1 #ae p] c5t4 to social inh]itance1 & #ae p] c5t4 to emotions & feel+s beyond ! control ( reason4 #ajd ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 p4 #ced4 #aje ,quot$ by ,ames1 ,psy*ology ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 p4 #fj4 #ajf ,*>ms 7& possibly rites & spells7 are sometimes reveal$ 9 dreams 7,h[itt1 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #cgh2 & ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 ,i4 p4 #aaj74 ,b ?is c only happ5 ei!r :]e ! belief 9 *>ms already exi/s 7z 9 ! cases cit$71 or by ! co9cid5ce ( ! dream ) good or bad =tune4 ,! connexion ( ev5ts mu/ fir/ ( all pres5t itself z some?+ obs]v$3 :e!r wak+ or dream+ is indiff]5t4 ,= fur!r illu/rations ( ! influ5ce ( co9cid5ces 9 e/abli%+ a belief 9 ,magic1 see *4 viii4 #e4 #ajg ,r4 ,r4 ,m>ett1 ,preanimi/ic ,religion1 ,folk-,lore1 #aijj4 #ajh ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #cga4 #aji ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dgb4 #aaj ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 ,v4 p4 #cfa4 #aaa ,coddr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #aah-ai4 #aab ,= a comp>ison ( ^! alli$ notions see ,e4 ,s4 ,h>tl&'s ,ritual & ,belief1 pp4 #cf-ea4 #aac ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #edh4 #aad ,w4 ,mc,dougall1 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 ,,ii4 p4 #aii4 #aae ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #b4 #aaf ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #abd4 #aag ,weeks1 ,among ,congo ,cannibals1 p4 #caa4 #aah ,?omas ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 p4 #gi4 #aai ,t5ds to be assimilat$--= if ! pres5tation h "s special "* ( ,animism1 x w be assimilat$ to ! animi/ic sy/em2 or if ,animism be ! m active & fa%ionable !ory 9 a man's social gr\p4 #abj ,x has be5 ?\ght /range t su* a ?+ z a :irlw9d may excite 9 ! savage ei!r fe> or ang]4 ,to expla9 ?is we mu/ consid] ! nature ( wond]3 x is an imag9ative expansion ( surprise1 tempor>y p>alysis ( ! imag9ation1 ) emotional di/urbance1 b no progressive in/9ct ( its own4 ,x ei!r subsides helplessly1 or gives place to curiosity1 or passes into "s o!r emotion t is connect$ ) an in/9ct4 ,accord+ly1 x usually passes into curiosity or else fe>1 b sometimes into ang]3 :i* ( ^! emotions %all be ar\s$ dep5ds1 p>tly1 ^u ! "* ( ! p]son :o wond]s1 p>tly1 ^u circum/ances4 #aba ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 ,,vi4 p4 #cba4 #abb ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on1 ,%9to1 p4 #eb4 #abc ,"o may trace ?is process 9 ! int]e/+ collection ( spells 9 ,skeat's ,malay ,magic4 #abd ,h[itt1 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #cig4 #abe ,seligman1 ,melanesians ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #cgf4 #abf ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #ach4 ,= fur!r developm5t ( ! spell1 see 7besides ,skeat1 op4 cit47 ! collect$ examples at ! end ( ,sayce's ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,babylonians4 #abg ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 p4 #bf4 #abh ,seligman1 ,! ,melanesians ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 pp4 #agc-e4 #abi ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #aah-ai4 #acj ,turn]1 ,e?nology ( ! ,ungava ,di/rict1 ,am4 ,b4 ( ,e?n41 ,,xi4 p4 #bja2 & ,murdo*1 ,e?nology ( ,po9t ,b>r[1 ,am4 ,b4 ( ,e?n41 ,,ix4 p4 #dcd4 #aca ,w4,m4 ,newton1 ,on ,palological ,figures ( ,fl9t1 ,j\rn4 ( ,b4 ,ar*4 ,ass41 ,m>* #aiac4 #acb ,! ,song ( ,rol&1 done into ,engli% by ,c4 ,scott ,moncrieff1 ,,clxxiii4 #acc ,t4 ,c4 ,hodson1 ,! ,naga ,tribes ( ,manipur1 p4 #hh4 #acd ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ! ,torres ,/raits1 ,v4 p4 #bga4 #ace ,a4 ,e4 ,crawley1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxiv4 p4 #abc4 #acf ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas1 ,i1 c4 #bf4 #acg ,c>l ,lumholtz1 ,new ,trails 9 ,mexico1 p4 #cej4 #ach ,life ( a ,s\? ,african ,tribe1 p4 #ebh4 #aci ,see ! exhau/ive treatm5t ( ?is subject 9 ,fraz]'s ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l4 #adj ,a 8b>n0 is a small sp9dle-%ap$ /ick1 suppos$ to be ?r[n 9 a magical attack by wiz>ds4 ,h[itt1 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #cgg4 #ada ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 ,i4 p4 #aaj4 #adb ,quot$ by ,fraz]1 ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ,i4 p4 #aje4 #adc ,! ,sacr$ ,%r9e1 pp4 #cc-i4 #add ,life ( a ,s\? ,african ,tribe1 p4 #cdj4 #ade ,si\x ,cults1 ,am4 ,b4 ( ,e?n41 ,,xi4 p4 #dhd4 #adf ,new ,trails 9 ,mexico1 p4 #fa4 #adg ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 p4 #dh4 #adh ,quot$ by ,fraz]1 ,belief 9 ,immortality1 p4 #bfh4 #adi ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ! ,torres ,/raits1 ,v4 p4 #cbe4 #aej ,w4 ,grube1 ,rel4 u4 ,k4 d4 ,*9ese1 p4 #aec4 #aea ,9 ! ,b4 ( ,am4 ,e?n41 ,,xiii4 p4 #cgd1 ,f4 ,h4 ,cu%+1 describ+ 8,zui ,creation ,my?s10 says ! dramaturgic t5d5cy is to suppose t ,nature c be made to act by m51 if 8!y d fir/ :at !y wi% ! elem5ts to d10 accord+ 8z ^! ?+s 7 done or made to be done by ! ance/ral gods ( creation40 ,! la/ clause is1 p]haps1 an animi/ic gloss ( ! ,zuis'1 :o 71 ( c\rse1 v f> f primitive ?\ght4 #aeb ,! ,psy*ological ,/udy ( ,religion1 p4 #afe4 #aec ,cf4 ,s4 ,h4 ,ray1 8,p & ,language ( ,lifu10 ,j4,r4,a4,i4 7,,xlvii471 p4 #bif1 :o says1 a woman ^: son or husb& 0 away at w> w\ld place a piece ( coral to repres5t him on a mat1 move x ab\t ) h] "r h& z he might move 9 fight1 & ) h] left bru% away imag9>y evils4 ,?is protect$ him 7evid5tly by exempl>y ,magic74 #aed ,w4 ,h4 ,r4 ,riv]s1 ,! ,disappe>ance ( ,useful ,arts1 also ,hi/ory ( ,melanesian ,society1 ,,ii4 p4 #dde2 & 9 ,turn]'s ,samoa 7p4 #ade7 we are told t ! practice ( embalm+ di$ out ) ! family ( embalm]s4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,animism #a4 ,,:at ,,is ,,animism8 ,if1 :5 ! cohesion ( ! hunt+-pack _h weak5$1 belief 9 ,magic by giv+ au?ority to eld]s became v influ5tial & useful 9 primitive societies1 /ill great] 9 subsequ5t evolution has be5 ! p[] ( ,animism4 ,= belief 9 gho/s l$ 9 "t to ! wor%ip ( ance/ors1 & !n especially to ! wor%ip ( ! ance/ors ( *iefs or h]oes1 "s ( :om became gods2 & ! belief 9 gods /r5g!n$ ! au?ority ( *iefs & k+s :o 7 desc5d$ f !m1 & help$ to ma9ta9 ! unity ( ! tribe or nation f g5]ation to g5]ation & f age to age4 ,9 an?ropology1 ! t]m ,animism is usually employ$ to d5ote ! pron5ess ( savages & b>b>ians1 or p ( unsci5tific culture1 to expla9 natural occurr5ces1 at lea/ ! m rem>kable or int]e/+--! wea!r1 ! gr[? ( crops1 disease & dea?--z due to ! action ( spirits3 7#a7 gho/s 7t is1 spirits t h =m]ly be5 inc>nate72 7#b7 dream-spirits1 t h tempor>ily quitt$ "s body dur+ sleep or trance2 7#c7 invisible1 liv+1 consci\s be+s t h nev] be5 inc>nate4 ,?is may be call$ ,hyp]physical ,animism4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 8,animism0 is us$ to d5ote a suppos$ attitude ( savages & *ildr5 t[>d all ?+s1 animate & inanimate1 su* t !y spontane\sly & necess>ily attribute to ev]y?+ a consci\sness l our own1 & reg>d all ! actions & reactions ( natural objects z volunt>y & purposive4 ,& ?is may be call$ ,psy*ological ,animism4 ,^! two mean+s ( 8,animism0 are entirely diff]5t3 x is "o ?+ to reg>d an object z mov$ by its own m9d1 ano!r to attribute its movem5t or influ5ce to a sep>able ag5t :i* = ! "t possesses x2 x is "o ?+ to reg>d an object z hav+ an an?ropomorphic consci\sness1 ano!r to believe t t consci\sness is a di/9ct p[] capable ( quitt+ x & sometimes return+1 or ( surviv+ its de/ruction1 or ( exi/+ indep5d5tly4 ,ev5 if ! doctr9e ( ,animism 9 ! second s5se 7 grant$1 x w\ld rema9 to be %[n h[ m5 came to conceive t ! consci\sness ( a ?+ c be sep>at$ f x1 & exi/ & act by itself1 & ev5 ) great] p[]s ?an x _h be=e--contr>y to ! op9ion ( ,don ,juan1 8t s\l & body1 on ! :ole1 ,7 odds aga9/ a disembodi$ s\l40 ,savages d n always reg>d a sep>able _s z necess>ily belong+ ev5 to human nature4 ,dr4 ,seligman writes t1 among ! ,v$das1 a few old m5 87 by no means confid5t t all m5 on _! dea? became yaku0 7v]idical gho/s74 ,influ5tial m5 & m$iums w\ld d s2 b = ! re/1 at ,godatalawa x 0 det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,! ord9>y man 0 invok$ soon aft] dea?1 & desir$ to give good success 9 hunt+2 & if mu* game 0 !n obta9$1 he _h become a yaka4#aee ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 tell u t1 accord+ to ! ,guanjis1 a woman has no moidna 7_s "p74#aef ,major ,c4 ,h4 ,/ig& says 8! ,masai h no belief 9 a future /ate = any b *iefs02 ! common dead are n ev5 buri$1 b m]ely ?r[n out into ! bu%4#aeg ,among ! ,omaha1 ?\gh ea* p]son has a _s t normally survives ! body1 /ill1 a suicide ceases to exi/4#aeh ,9 ,tonga ! s\ls ( ! l[e/ rank ( ! p 7,tooas7 di$ ) _! bodies4#aei ,! human _s1 !n1 is n necess>ily believ$ to ent] ^u a life aft] dea?2 /ill less is ! _s ( an animal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is held by _m tribes t some?+ inh]5t 9 weapons1 ut5sils1 food & o!r objects1 a 8s\l0 or s\l-/uff1 may be sep>able f !m & g to ,hades or s]ve z ! food ( spirits1 al?\gh ! ?+s !mselves are n reg>d$ z hav+ a _s or intellig5t life4 #b4 ,,psy*ological ,,animism ,&rew ,lang describ$ savages z exi/+ 9 8a confus$ frame ( m9d to :i* all ?+s1 animate & inanimate1 444 seem on ! same level ( life1 passion & reason40#afj ,*ildr5 & o!r immature p are (t5 suppos$ to be 9 ! same condition4 ,z to *ildr51 x is po9t$ out h[ deeply conc]n$ !y are ab\t dolls & rock+-horses1 h[ passionately !y turn to /rike a table aft] knock+ _! heads aga9/ x4 ,b probably x is n[ admitt$ t impulsive retaliation1 on a table or bramble or %irt-/ud 7n unkn[n to civilis$ m571 implies n any belief 9 ! malignity or s5sitiv5ess ( ^? objects4 ,animals behave 9 ! same way4 ,?4 ,roosevelt reports t an elephant 0 se5 to de/roy 9 rage a ?orn tree t _h prick$ its trunk2#afa & t 9 ,am]ica he himself saw a be> t 0 bury+ a c>cass1 & lo/ hold ( x & roll$ ov]1 /rike x a savage :ack1 l a petti% *ild4#afb ,moreov]1 9 *ildr51 su* behavi\r is 9 l>ge measure due to sugge/ion2 inasmu* z ! sett+ ( !m to beat ! table1 or :at n1 is an easy way ( div]t+ !m f _! own pa94 ,&1 ( c\rse1 ! deal+ ) dolls1 or rock+-horses1 or walk+-/icks1 z if alive1 is play4 ,su* play involves int5se imag9ative belief1 :i*1 at fir/1 is n cle>ly diff]5tiat$ f e>ne/4 ,b ?is /age corresponds ) ! play ( ! "y ( ! high] animals1 :il/ !y are /ill physically incapable ( complet+ ! prelud$ actions2 & ! engross+ int]e/ ( _! play expresses ! biological necessity ( x z a means ( develop+ _! m5tal & bodily faculties4 ,by ! "t t *ildr5 are at all comp>able ) savages1 _! play has become a tempor>y attitude1 compatible ) brusque transition to matt]-(-fact1 or ev5 ) actions :i* at ! height ( play %[ t ! illusion is incomplete4 ,9 savages1 likewise1 mu* ( ! behavi\r t is suppos$ to betray an illusion>y animism1 ev5 9 _! simple appreh5sion ( ?+s1 is really an acquir$ way ( act+1 9 a tempor>y attitude1 "u ! influ5ce ( imag9ation-belief1 & is compatible ) o!r actions t %[ h[ incomplete is ! illusion4 ,&rew ,lang1 aft] ! passage above quot$1 appe>s to limit ! scope ( x by ! words 8:5 my?-mak+03 no d\bt1 :5 my?-mak+ & 9 practis+ _m rites1 savages speak or act z if !y believ$ 9 ! full s5se t ! objects dealt ) are s5sitive intellig5t be+s2 & yet _! effective conduct t[>d !m is entirely positive4 ,!y may1 = example1 fe$ ! gr[+ rice-plant ) pap2 9 h>ve/+ x1 speak a secret language t ! rice may n und]/& !m & be al>m$1 & proce$ to cut x ) knives conceal$ 9 _! palms3 b !y d cut x4 ,!y c>ry x home & g>n] x ) hon\r1 & come f "t to "t to take a portion = food ) solemn obs]vances3 b !n !y cook & eat x4#afc ,_! animi/ic attitude1 !re=e1 is n primitive1 spontane\s1 necess>y illusion1 b an acquir$1 specialis$ way ( imag9+ & deal+ ) c]ta9 ?+s4 ,7 x n possible to comb9e 9 ?is way ! imag9ative ) ! practical1 all wiz>dry & prie/craft w\ld be no?+ b ! %e] *eat+ :i* x (t5 seems to be to sup]ficial obs]v]s4 ,normally1 imag9ation-beliefs t h only indirect biological utility 7say1 9 ma9ta9+ cu/oms 9 ord] to ensure ! tribe's welf>e7 are unable to ov]come imm$iate biological ne$s 7say1 = food & %elt]72 b (t5 !y d s )9 c]ta9 limits1 or 9 c]ta9 directions1 z 9 innum]able taboos ( food1 cu/oms ( de/roy+ a man's prop]ty at 8 dea?1 />v+ or maim+ tribesm5 on ! w>-pa?4 ,a univ]sal taboo on rice is n inconceivable4 ,= ^! are social-pa?ological cases2 l ! self-de/ructive beliefs ( individuals & sects among/ ourselves1 su* z ! fai?-heal]s1 :o 9 sickness call ^u _! god in/ead ( a physician4 ,*ildr51 savages & ourselves1 9 "s degree1 attribute spontane\sly to "s inanimate ?+s1 9 our m]e appreh5sion ( !m 7= ?is has no?+ to d ) ! metaphysics ( ,pampsy*ism71 some?+ m ?an ext]nal exi/5ce3 reg>d+ !m z =ce-?+s &1 by empa?y1 z exp]i5c+ ef=t & quiesc5ce1 /ra9 & relief1 & sometimes emotion & pa94 ,x is = ?is attitude t[>d nature t ,i adopt ,mr4 ,m>ett's t]m 8animatism03 z n ascrib+ to inanimate ?+s1 or to plants1 9 g5]al1 any?+ l a human p]sonal consci\sness2 b m]ely an obscure1 fragm5t>y1 p>tial consci\sness1 en\gh to correspond ) our occasional exp]i5ces 9 deal+ ) !m4 ,p]haps ^? obs]v]s :o report 9 /rong t]ms univ]sal ,animism z ! t5et ( a tribe1 mean no m ?an ?is2 = example1 ! au?or above quot$ z writ+ 9 ! ,am]ican ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 :o says 7p4 #dcc7 t accord+ to ! ,dakotas1 ev]y?+--8! commone/ /icks & clays0--has a _s t may hurt or help & is1 !re=e1 to be propitiat$4 ,x w\ld be unju/ to ! adh]5ts ( psy*ological ,animism to accuse !m ( believ+ t savages h univ]sally made s mu* progress 9 8faculty ,psy*ology0 z to di/+ui% p]sonality1 w1 passion & reason2 especially z !y add t savages project ^! p[]s into all natural objects ?r\gh incapacity = discrim9ation & ab/raction2 &1 at ! same "t1 "k v well t 9 "s languages ( ! mo/ animi/ic tribes 7e4 g4 ,algonqu9 & ,naga7 ! di/9ction ( animate & inanimate is ! gr\nd ( grammatical g5d]4 ,we f9d1 accord+ly1 t "s explor]s explicitly d5y t1 9 _! exp]i5ce1 savages reg>d all ?+s z on ! same level ( life1 passion & reason4 ,dr4 ,coddr+ton says t1 9 ! ,banks' ,isl&s1 yams & su* ?+s are n believ$ to h any t>unga 7_s7--8!y d n live ) any k9d ( intellig5ce02#afd & t ,melanesians d n fail to di/+ui% ! animate & ! inanimate4 ,messrs4 ,skeat & ,blagd5 report t ) ! ,semang ( ! ,malay ,p59sula !re is v little trace ( animi/ic beliefs2 & !y relate a folk-tale ( h[ a male elephant tells a female t he has f\nd a live /one 7pangol9 roll$ into a ball73 8,sw9e10 said ! female1 8/ones are nev] alive40#afe ,messrs4 ,hose & ,mc,dougall tell u t ! ,kayans hang g>m5ts & weapons on a tomb1 & seem to believe t %ad[y duplicates ( ^! ?+s are at ! s]vice ( ! gho/1 b t su* duplicates are in]t 7relatively7 & n to be confus$ ) ! pr9ciple ( intellig5ce4#aff 8,s\l0 does n imply p]sonality4 ,to be cle> ab\t ,animism1 x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d sev]al modes ( belief3 7#a7 ,hyp]physical ,animism1 t c]ta9 ?+s h1 or are possess$ by a consci\s _s1 & t ?is _s is a sep>able entity2 7#b7 t ?+s are !mselves consci\s 7or semi-consci\s71 b _! consci\sness is n a sep>able entity2 7#c7 t ?+s are n consci\s1 b are in=m$ by a sep>able ess5ce1 usually call$ s\l 7bett]1 s\l-/uff71 :i* may be eat5 by spirits1 or may g to gho/-l& ) !m2 7#d7 ! ext5sion or limitation ( ^! beliefs to m or few] classes ( ?+s4 ,unless ^! di/9ctions are recognis$1 any report ^u savage beliefs c h>dly be cle> & adequate2 b g5]ally we may take x t :5 a travell] tells u t su* & su* ?+s are n believ$ to h s\ls1 & says no?+ ( any belief z to _! consci\sness1 he means 7except ) reg>d to animals7 to d5y t any?+ l human consci\sness is attribut$ to !m4 ,& :5 ,mr4 ,torday writes t1 accord+ to ! ,bahuana ( ! ,upp] ,congo1 !re are two incorporeal p>ts--do%i1 common to man1 animals & feti*es1 & bun1 peculi> to man--he seems to leave x z a matt] ( c\rse t plants & inanimate ?+s h nei!r ( ^!1 & are n consci\s be+s2 ?\gh probably "s ( !m h s\l-/uff1 s9ce clo!s1 weapons & food are buri$ ) a corpse4#afg ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks says t ! ,bakongo ( ! ,l[] ,congo attribute a _s only to ! nkasa tree 7f ^: b>k ! ordeal poison is d]iv$7 among/ plants2#afh &1 simil>ly1 ! ,baloki1 fur!r up ! riv]1 attribute a _s only to ! nka tree4#afi ,s9ce _m ?+s are buri$ by ^! p 9 a grave1 or brok5 above x1 ! ?+s may be suppos$ to h s\l-/uff2 b f ! d5y+ ( spirits to plants1 & f sil5ce z to psy*ological ,animism1 x may be inf]r$ t nei!r plants nor inanimate ?+s are reg>d$ z consci\s be+s4 ,sir ,e4 ,f4 im ,?urn tells u t mat]ial ?+s ( all sorts are believ$ by ! natives ( ,guiana to h ea* a body & a _s--evid5tly a consci\s & malici\s _s2 8& t n all inanimate objects h ?is dual nature av[$ly attribut$ to !m1 is probably only due to ! *ance t 444 ! _s has n yet be5 notic$ 9 "s cases40#agj ,ev5 ) ^! ,guiana ,indians1 !n1 ^: ,animism1 9 e s5se1 is unusually active & ext5sive1 _! attitude is an acquir$1 specialis$ way ( imag9+ & deal+ ) ?+s t draw _! att5tion & excite _! suspicions1 n a primitive1 necess>y illusion2 else !re c\ld be no exceptions4 ,! reasonable view1 !re=e1 is t savages di/+ui% betwe5 !mselves & c]ta9 animals1 on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! rema9+ animals1 plants & inanimate ?+s2 & raise ! second class to ! rank ( ! fir/1 z consci\s ag5ts1 only :5 !re are special inc5tives to d s4 ,to f9d all ! causes t excite ! animi/ic attitude t[>d ?+s w\ld be a difficult task1 b "s ( !m may be indicat$4 ,beg9n+ f ,animatism1 :i* really is a primitive & necess>y illusion1 x is reasonable to expect3 7a7 ,t any plant or inanimate ?+ adopt$ z a ,totem %\ld1 by t v fact1 be end[$ ) human consci\sness2 ?\gh ! savage m9d is too inconsi/5t = u to inf] t ?is mu/ always happ54 7b7 ,t :atev] seems to move or act spontane\sly1 l ! w9ds & /reams & e*oes1 ! sun1 moon1 planets1 & %oot+ />s1 %\ld be felt z a spiritual ag5cy2 especially if x cry out ) empa!tic rev]b]ation1 z w9ds & cat>acts d1 trees torm5t$ by ! /orm1 waves1 fire1 & ! ice-floe :5 x breaks up 9 spr+2 or if x excite fe> by be+ extraord9>y & dang]\s1 z ?und] & lightn+ are1 :irlw9ds & :irlpools1 wat]sp\ts & volcanoes4 ,dr4 ,speiss] writes t at ,ambrym1 :5 ! volcano is active1 ! natives climb to ! top & br+ sacrifices to appease x1 ?r[+ coco-nuts & yams into ! crat]4#aga 7c7 ,t :atev] has be5 reg>d$ z hav+ magical =ce %\ld be treat$--aft] ! rise ( ! gho/-!ory 7suppos+ ?is to be ( lat] orig97 has giv5 vogue to a new pr9ciple ( explanation--z ow+ its virtue to a _s1 ei!r by imman5ce or possession 7two modes ( actuation :i* may or may n be di/+ui%$71 & s become a feti*1 in/ead ( be+ m]ely an amulet or talisman4 7d7 ,t :atev] is mu* us$ 9 ritual1 especially if (t5 address$ 9 spells or incantations1 %\ld become an object ( rev]5ce1 apt to be p]sonifi$ & rais$ to1 or ev5 above1 ! human level z a consci\s ag5t3 = example1 padi & rice 9 ,indonesia1 ! ordeal tree on ! ,congo1 already m5tion$4 ,fire-/icks us$ 9 ! ritual ( sacrifice are (t5 deifi$4 ,9 ,india1 ! con*1 hav+ = ages be5 us$ 9 religi\s rites1 8! p gradually came to rev]e ! in/rum5t itself & to adore & invoke x40#agb 8,a /range religi\s feature ( ! ,rigv$a po9t+ to a remote antiquity is ! occasional deification & wor%ip ev5 ( objects fa%ion$ by ! h& ( man1 :5 reg>d$ z useful to him4 ,^! are *iefly sacrificial implem5ts40#agc ,! practice n[ ext5ds 9 ,india to ne>ly e tool & ut5sil4 ,among/ ! v few inanimate gods ( ! ,*]okees are ! ,/one1 invok$ by ! ,%aman :5 seek+ lo/ goods by means ( a pebble susp5d$ by a /r+2 & ! ,fl9t1 invok$ :5 ab\t to sc>ify a pati5t ) an arr[-head be=e rubb+ 9 m$ic9e4#agd ,by ! ,apa*e1 h$dont9 7poll5 ( ! cat-tail ru%7 is us$ z ! sacrificial p[d] 9 ne>ly all rites1 & is p]sonifi$ & pray$ to4#age ,:5 spells are address$ to any object1 ! analogy ( address to human be+s t5ds to cause t object to be ?\ght ( z humanly consci\s4 7e7 ,/ocks & /ones h be5 wor%ipp$1 z ! dwell+-place ( spirits 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w2 hav+ sup]s$$ 9 ! m9d ( _! devotees ! gho/ ( ! m5 ^: burial-place !y =m]ly m>k$1 b :o !mselves h be5 =gott52 & probably1 on ! analogy ( ^! /ones1 o!rs t no gho/ ev] haunt$4 7f7 ,:]e ,animism is active among/ a timid & suspici\s p1 :atev] injures a man is believ$ to act ( malice3 z among/ ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 :o are s timid t r ?an g hunt+ alone !y w take a woman or a *ild along ) !m4#agf ,"u su* conditions z ^! a sort ( acquir$ psy*ological ,animism is v widely ?\gh v irregul>ly diffus$2 b 7 x univ]sal & uni=m1 x c\ld n ( itself acc\nt = hyp]physical ,animism--! doctr9e t m5 7or "s m571 "s animals1 plants1 ?+s1 places1 are possess$ or in=m$ by spirits t are capable ( sep>ate exi/5ce4 #c4 ,,! ,,gho/ ,,!ory ,hyp]physical ,animism may be easie/ und]/ood z hav+ aris5 ) ! belief 9 human gho/s4 ,! causes ( ?is belief h be5 fully set =? by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]#agg & ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor#agh 9 a way t to my m9d is conv9c+4 ,among/ ^? causes dreams pr$om9ate2 :]e9 ! dead are met aga9 z 9 ! fle%4 ,! liv+ body hav+ always be5 = ! savage a consci\s =ce-?+1 at dea? ! consci\s =ce leaves ! ?+ or corpse4 ,?is might be accept$ by him z a fact ( ! same k9d z ! loss ( its virtue by a talisman or amulet 7:i* is kn[n sometimes to happ571 7 x n = dreams 9 :i* ! dead /ill live4 ,t ?is consci\s =ce t has left ! body is n visible except 9 dreams ne$ excite little wond]1 s9ce _m =ces natural & magical are invisible4 ,a dream n be+ common to two m5 at ! same "t1 ! ?+s t are se5 9 x _c be po9t$ out1 nor !re=e directly nam$ 79 ?is resembl+ subjective exp]i5ces74 ,x 0 = ages impossible to n>rate a dream z a dream3 !re 0 no way ( di/+ui%+ x f ext]nal ev5ts1 ei!r = ! dream] himself or 77 t possible7 9 report+ x to ano!r4 ,he 0 f> away & met 8 fa!r1 yet _h la9 by ! fire all night6 ,h5ce to f9d names ) :i* to describe su* ?+s m5 turn$ to o!r ways 9 :i* !y seem$ to h a d\ble exi/5ce1 to %ad[s & reflections3 :i* 9 _! sudd5 appe>ance & disappe>ance1 & sometimes fa9t1 sometimes di/ort$ outl9es1 be> "s resemblance to dream-images2 & probably x is felt to be significant t %ad[s & reflections disappe> at night1 j :5 dreams occur4 ,%ad[s & reflections are n necess>ily id5tifi$ ) ! gho/ d]iv$ f ! dream-image1 because _! names are giv5 to x2 b sometimes !y c]ta9ly are2 s t a man :o1 on look+ into wat]1 happ5s n to see 8 reflection may believe t 8 _s has gone away1 & t he himself mu/ be ill1 & accord+ly he becomes ill2 or if at noon ne> ! equator he notices t he has no %ad[1 he may ?9k 8 s\l is gone1 & run to a m$ic9e-man to get x back2 & dead bodies may be believ$ to h no %ad[s4#agi ,inasmu* z a body ev5 ly+ on ! gr\nd ca/s a %ad[1 except at tropical noon1 ! belief t x does n d s at any "t implies an acquir$ inability to see :at is be=e "o's eyes2 z sometimes happ5s 9 hypnosis & o!r conditions ( negative halluc9ation4 ,! idea ( a sep>able consci\s p]sonal =ce1 or _s1 t leaves ! body at dea?1 s]ves also1 z x ga!rs /r5g?1 to expla9 sleep1 fa9t+1 epilepsy2 & sometimes e sickness is attribut$ to ! p>tial deta*m5t or des]tion ( ! _s2 :i*1 !re=e1 x is ! doctor's bus9ess to plug 91 or to cat* & re/ore2 or 7if ,i rightly rememb] a report ( ,miss ,k+sley's7 he may ev5 supply ano!r "o f a basketful ( s\ls kept at h& = su* exig5cies4 ,t ! gho/ !ory arises n only f dreams1 b is also sugge/$ by halluc9ations & hypnagogic visions is v probable4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w savages h be5 describ$ z hav+ visions ( rem>kably coh]5t & conv9c+ vividness t seem n to h be5 dreams4#ahj ,b su* exp]i5ces1 ev5 :5 artificially induc$ by fa/+ or drugs 7z happ5s among _m tribes71 are r>e 9 comp>ison ) dreams2 & to ! influ5ce ( dreams ^u ^! savage beliefs !re is abundant te/imony4 ,) "s tribes dreams are treat$ z "p ( _! objective exp]i5ce2 s t to be injur$ by y\r neighb\r 9 a dream is j gr\nd = av5g+ y\rself z soon z y wake2 & to see a dead man 9 a dream is1 !re=e1 cle> pro( ( 8 cont9u$ exi/5ce1 & t ei!r he has come to ! dream] or ! dream] has gone to visit him4 ,?us ,sir ,ev]>d im ,?urn says ( ! native ( ,guiana1 8 dreams are z real z any ev5ts ( 8 wak+ life2 8 dream-actions are done by 8 _s3 9 dreams he cont9ues to see ! dead--t is1 _! spirits4#aha ,simil>ly1 ! ,l5gua ,indians 7,w4 ( ,r4 ,p>agua7 h great fai? 9 dreams2 :]e9 ! _s is believ$ to leave ! body & to d 9 fact :at is dream$4#ahb ,accord+ to ! ,*]okees1 to dream ( be+ bitt5 by a snake requires ! same treatm5t z actual snake-bite2 else 7p]haps ye>s lat]7 ! same inflammation w appe> 9 ! w\nd$ spot1 ) ! same consequ5ces4#ahc ,! ,motu hold t sua 7gho/s or spirits7 are se5 9 dreams1 & t :5 a man sleeps 8 own sua leaves 8 body4#ahd 8,! ,lifuans believe 9 ! reality ( :at is se5 9 a dream1 & are influ5c$ by x4 ,_! dead ance/ors appe>$ 9 dreams40#ahe ,& ! ,polynesians ( ,manatuki ?\ght t 8dreams 7 occasion$ by ! _s go+ to ! places se5 9 !m40#ahf ,_m m ( su* witnesses might be cit$4 ,x is recognis$ by psy*ologi/s t dreams1 z imm$iate exp]i5ce1 h m ! "* ( p]ception ?an ( imag9ation4 ,*ildr5 are apt to confuse dreams ) reality4 ,x c only h be5 gradually1 ) ! gr[+ k ( cont9uity & coh]5ce 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 & !re) ! dem& = corroboration ( te/imony1 t dreams 7 di/+ui%$ f ! wak+ life4 ,:5 no long] suppos$ to be all ( !m real1 "s are /ill s reg>d$3 ! ,di]i1 among/ l[] savages1 di/+ui% betwe5 visions1 z revelations made by ,kut*i 7an evil ,_s71 & ord9>y dreams1 z m]e fancies4#ahg ,b s impressive are dreams to _m p1 9 _! eag]ness to "k m ?an s5se & philosophy c tell !m1 t !y p]si/ 9 hop+1 & !re=e believ+1 t dreams1 if !y give no k ( ?is _w1 may /ill be revelations ( ano!r1 p]haps m real2 or if n revelations1 adumbrations by way ( allegory1 :i* "s le>n$ or inspir$ ,daniel may int]pret2 or1 at lea/1 om5s ( good or evil1 :i* ! anci5t sci5ce ( ,oneiromancy und]takes to expla94 ,!re is n[ a new & m promis+ ,oneiromancy t int]prets dreams z indicat+ n ! future1 b "o's own pa/1 *iefly a =gott5 pa/1 & tea*es to "k oneself3 m promis+2 = :at b exp]i5ce c possibly be ! s\rce ( dreams--at lea/1 ( dream-elem5ts8 ,"s ( ! new pr9ciples ( int]pretation1 h[ev]1 may comp>e = obscurity ) ! anci5t4 ,t ! dead are se5 alive 9 dreams is1 !n1 = ! savage a fact ( obs]vation2 &1 !re=e1 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! dead is1 = him1 n 9 ! fir/ place sup]natural2 al?\gh x may be call$ hyp]physical1 because x is exp]i5c$ only 9 dreams & n by daylight1 & is exempt f ord9>y conditions ( "t & place4 ,b x gradually becomes sup]natural1 z ! caprici\s incid5ts ( dream-life are felt to be 8uncanny10 z t :i* occurs only at night is involv$ 9 ! fe>s ( ! night1 & z a great cl\d ( imag9ations accumulates ab\t ! dead & obscures ! simple facts ( dream-p]ception 9 :i* ! belief orig9at$4 ,?is cl\d ( imag9ations1 by its my/]i\s "* & by v>i\s alliances ) ,magic1 spreads & deep5s until x ov]%ad[s ! :ole ( human life2 is g5]ally1 inde$1 disp]s$ "h & !re by ! =ces ( biological necessity1 (t5 by subt]fuges laughable en\gh2 :i* h1 h[ev]1 ! m]it ( sav+ mank9d f de/ruction3 b sometimes x ext+ui%es ! la/ ray ( common s5se1 impov]i%es ! believ]1 enfeebles him1 fills 8 days & nights ) t]ror1 gives him ov] to practices ! mo/ cruel or ! mo/ disgu/+1 leads him to slay 8 own tribesm51 8 own *ildr51 8 own p>5ts1 & to (f] up himself 9 ! sure hope ( resurrection4 #d4 ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,! ,,gho/ ,,!ory ,,to ,,animals ,spirits1 hav+ once be5 conceiv$ ( z expla9+ ! actions ( m5 & surviv+ _! bodily dea?1 may by analogy be conceiv$ to expla9 ! action ( any o!r ?+s 9 circum/ances t sugge/ a motive = ! action1 & !re=e to possess or inhabit su* ?+s1 & to be capable ( sep>at+ f !m1 l gho/s4 ,o!r ?+s are already1 by ,magic & ,animatism1 =ce-?+s1 9 "s degree consci\s1 ^: =ces may be capable ( act+ invisibly at a di/ance2 & at ! dea? ( a man x is 8 consci\s =ce t leaves ! body & becomes a gho/4 ,s9ce1 !n1 !re is h>dly any natural object ^: action may n 9 "s circum/ances seem to be int]pretable by motives1 especially among/ a timid & suspici\s p1 h[ c we assign any necess>y limits to ! spread ( ,animism8 ,moreov]1 ! causes mo/ influ5tial 9 e/abli%+ ! gho/ !ory = man directly require its ext5sion to o!r ?+s4 ,= n human be+s only are se5 9 dreams1 b also _! clo!s1 weapons & ut5sils1 & also animals1 plants1 localities4 ,if1 !n1 ! dead1 because !y are se5 9 dreams1 are inf]r$ /ill to live "u conditions 9 :i* !y are n visible by daylight to ord9>y m51 h[ c ! inf]5ce be avoid$ t all sorts ( ?+s1 artefacts1 animals1 plants1 localities1 %>e 9 t mode ( exi/5ce--t all h _! d\bles8 ,& 8,:y n80 ! savage might ask1 s9ce x is lit]ally true ( all ?+s1 )\t exception1 t !y are sometimes visible1 sometimes invisible4#ahh ,simil> inf]5ces seem to be ju/ifiable f ! alliance ( gho/s ) %ad[s & reflections1 & ! fact t n man only b ev]y?+ else has a %ad[ & a reflection1 & t _! %ad[s & reflections disappe> at night1 j :5 ! ?+s !mselves sometimes appe> 9 dreams4 ,moreov]1 s f> z ! brea?1 ! pulse1 ! %9+ ( ! eye1 :i* cease 9 ! human corpse1 are sometimes id5tifi$ ) ! dep>t$ _s1 ! same processes likewise cease at ! dea? ( animals2 ?\gh1 x is true1 !re is "h no analogy ) inanimate ?+s1 & ! brea?+ & circulation ( plants are beyond ! savage's obs]vation4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ,animism is an inf]5tial con/ruction1 7 ! con/ruction entirely due to ! logic ( analogy1 !re w\ld be no?+ surpris+ 9 ! discov]y t ! belief 8t ev]y?+ has a gho/0 is j z univ]sal & uni=m 9 ! human race z if x _h be5 an innate or primitive belief4 ,t1 on ! contr>y1 ,animism prevails v irregul>ly among/ ! tribes ( m52 t1 9 all directions1 inf]5ces t are analogically speci\s fail to be drawn2 t in/ead ( a g5]al sy/em ( ,animism e tribe has its own ,animism2 ?is is surpris+ & ne$s to be expla9$4 ,! ext5sion ( ! !ory is easi] to und]/& ?an its irregul> limitation4 ,be>+ 9 m9d t we are at pres5t consid]+ ,animism z a belief 9 gho/s1 n 9 spirits g5]ally 7to :i* we %all come 9 ,sec4 #f71 ,i v5ture to ?9k t1 al?\gh dreams1 %ad[s & reflections c]ta9ly sugge/ a d\ble exi/5ce ( ev]y?+1 yet savages nev] assign a true gho/ to any?+ inanimate1 nor to plants1 nor ev5 to animals1 unless !re is a special reason = do+ s2 because only 9 ! case ( human be+s is ! sugge/ion int]e/+ en\gh to take hold ( ! social imag9ation4 ,h5ce1 ev5 ?\gh o!r ?+s appe> 9 ! gho/-_w1 !y h no significance !re1 except 9 relation to human gho/s 7or gho/like spirits7 on :om !y att5d4 ,accord+ly1 human gho/s h a place 9 ! beliefs ( e tribe1 because human be+s excite affection1 admiration & fe>1 h well-m>k$ individuality2 are !re=e rememb]$ & h /ories told ( !m2 & if !y are se5 aft] dea?1 x is1 ( c\rse1 report$4 ,! evid5ce makes x only too pla9 t ! p>alysis ( att5tion by fe> is ! *ief 7?\gh n ! only7 emotional factor ( belief 9 gho/s2 & :at o!r ?+ 9 all nature is to be fe>$ 9 comp>ison ) "o's fell[-man8 ,! belief 9 gho/s1 escap$ & roam+ indep5d5t ( any normally visible body1 z a social belief1 is involv$ 9 ! practice ( report+ & discuss+ dreams1 :i* becomes ! same ?+ z tell+ gho/-/ories--! fir/ & mo/ p]si/5t motive ( lit]ature4 ,/ories c only be told effectively ( ?+s g5]ally int]e/+2 &1 at fir/1 su* ?+s mu/ h be5 recognisable by ! he>]s & mu/ h _h "s individuality4 ,h5ce-- 7a7 ,animals t atta9 to su* individuality may h gho/s3 7i7 ,an animal t occasions widespread fe>1 su* z a man-eat+ tig]4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% f su* cases ! frequ5t beliefs t tig]s1 wolves1 %>ks1 snakes1 etc41 are1 or are possess$ by1 ! spirits or gho/s ( m54 7ii7 ,an animal t comes to be ^u t]ms ( special intimacy ) m52 su* z ! v tame dogs & pigs t come :5 !y are call$ among ! ,bakongo2#ahi or hunt+ dogs t h be5 specially doctor$ among ! ,baloki4#aij 7b7 ,animals sla9 at fun]al fea/s to accompany ! dead h gho/s s f> z necess>y = t purpose2 b1 want+ individuality & p]sonal int]e/1 !y make no fur!r figure 9 gho/-lore2 !y d n 8walk0 or revisit ! glimpses ( ! moon4 ,?us ! ,tangh\ls say t gho/s1 on rea*+ ,kazairam 7_! ,hades71 f9d ! gates b>r$ aga9/ !m by ! deity ,kokto2 s at ! burial fea/ ( a ri* man a buffalo is kill$1 t 8 mighty gho/ may bur/ op5 ! massive gates ( t abode4 ,poor gho/s mu/ wait ab\t outside1 till a ri* "o comes up ) 8 buffalo2 :5 !y all ru% 9 beh9d him4#aia ,b we he> no?+ fur!r ( ! buffalo4 ,9 ! ,banks' ,isl&s1 pigs kill$ at a fun]al fea/ h no true gho/s to foll[ ! dead to ,panoi1 b only a sort ( wrai?2 because !y only g = %[1 t _! ma/] may be well receiv$ !re4#aib 7c7 ,animals t are important prey to a hunt+ tribe are (t5 believ$ to h gho/s t may be hunt$ by dead tribesm52 or t mu/ be propitiat$ :5 "o ( !m is sla93 ! gho/s1 = example1 ( seals & be>s are brib$ by ! ,esquimo to entice o!r seals & be>s to come & be kill$4 ,a seal desires above ev]y?+1 !y say1 a dr9k ( fre% wat]2 s z soon z "o is br\ght a%ore a dipp]ful is p\r$ into 8 m\?2 else ! o!r seals w n all[ !mselves to be caught4 ,! pol> be> 7male7 desires crook$ knives & b[-drills1 or 7female7 wom5's knives & ne$le-cases4 ,h5ce1 :5 a be> is kill$1 its gho/ accompanies its sk9 into ! hunt]'s hut2 & ! sk9 is hung up ) ! appropriate tools = f\r or five days4 ,!n ! be>-gho/ is driv5 out by a magic =mula1 takes ) x ! s\ls ( ! tools1 & reports well ( ! hunt] 9 be>-s\l l&4 ,:il/ 9 ! hut1 z an hon\r$ gue/1 no?+ is done t x dislikes 9 human cu/oms4#aic 7d7 ,9 ! developm5t ( my?ology1 animals & mon/]s ( v>i\s k9ds may be f\nd inhabit+ %ad[-l&2 b ^! are n true gho/s ( any p>ticul> ?+s t once di$ 9 ?is _w4 ,?is li/ ( ! ways 9 :i* animals may come to h gho/s is n (f]$ z exhau/+ all ! cases4 #e4 ,,gho/s ,,& ,,s\l-,,/uff ,a gho/ is a disembodi$ s\l1 hav+ a consci\sness & p[] at1 or g5]ally 7because x is fe>$7 above1 ! human level2 b !re may be disembodi$ s\ls1 or s\ls capable ( disembodim5t1 t h no consci\sness1 or none above ! level ( ,animatism4 ,ev5 if a liv+ ?+ h a consci\sness1 its po/-mortem app>ition may n2 l ! ,banks' ,isl&]s' pig1 :i*1 ?\gh 8a di/+ui%$ animal & ackn[l$g$ to be intellig5t10 has no true gho/4 ,among ne>ly all tribes1 :atev] is (f]$ 9 sacrifice to gods or left 91 or at1 ! tombs ( m5 deceas$1 is believ$ to h "s sort ( s\l2 because1 pla9ly1 spirits d n eat or consume ! visible food or ut5sils2 yet x is necess>y to ! success ( ! rites to suppose t ! spirits are satisfi$2 !y mu/1 !re=e1 take ! s\ls ( ! (f]+s4 ,& :at c be m plausible reason+ ?an to argue t1 z solid m5 eat solid food1 gho/s eat gho/ly food8 8,s\l0 ?us appe>s z a sort ( gho/-sub/ance1 or gho/-body4 ,=1 9 dreams1 ! dep>t$ are se5 z if 9 ! fle%2 & moreov] analogy requires t ! gho/ consci\sness & gho/-=ce %all h a body ( "s sort1 &1 ( c\rse1 "o t w ma9ta9 9 gho/-l& ! same relations to o!r ?+s t ! mortal body did 9 ?is _w4 ,9 gho/-l&1 or %ad[-l&1 or dream-l&1 ! sub/ance ( all ?+s is ?is s\l-/uff4 ,sometimes ! =ce ( analogy requires a tribe to believe t1 9 ord] t ! s\ls ( ?+s 7su* z e>!n pots or weapons7 may be releas$ to accompany a gho/ to ! und]world1 ! ?+s !mselves mu/ be 8kill$10 t is to say1 brok52 b o!r tribes are n su* consi/5t logicians2 & 9 "s cases :]e ?+s left expos$ at a grave 7n buri$7 are brok51 x may be to prev5t _! be+ /ol54 ,any?+1 !n1 may h 8s\l0 aft] its k9d3 relatively in]t ?+s h relatively in]t s\ls1 b nev] true gho/s2 "s animals may h gho/s1 especially if !y h atta9$ to a c]ta9 individuality1 b g5]ally only 9 s f> z !y are imag9$ to att5d ^u human gho/s or spirits4 ,inasmu* z ! ^w 8s\l0 is (t5 us$ z equival5t to 8gho/10 x w\ld be conv5i5t always to speak ( ! s\l :i* is gho/-food1 or gho/-body1 8z s\l-/uff40#aid ,s\l-/uff is conceiv$ ( z mat]ial1 ?\gh subtle & normally invisible4 ,a man's s\l-/uff may be reg>d$ n only z p]meat+ 8 body1 b also z infect+ ev]y?+ he possesses or t\*es3 no d\bt by analogy ) 8 od\r2 = a man's od\r is a p]sonal quality1 di/+ui%able by dogs & 7,i believe7 by "s savages & hypnotic subjects2 & ! /5* ( 8 putrefy+ corpse may be suppos$ to convey 8 c\rage & skill to ^? :o inhale x4#aie ,& ! sav\r ( a burnt-(f]+ is food = gods4 ,inde$1 ,ellis says explicitly t1 9 ,tahiti1 food 0 put to ! m\? ( a *iefta9's corpse2 because1 !y said1 !re 0 a spiritual z well z a mat]ial "p ( food1 a "p :i* !y c\ld smell4#aif ,savage ideas are g5]ally s little ?\ght out1 & are s irregul>ly ?\ght out by diff]5t tribes1 t ! relation ( a ?+ to its s\l-/uff v>ies widely f "o tribe to ano!r4 ,9 _m cases ! extraction by gho/ or god ( ! s\l-/uff f an (f]+ may affect x s little1 t ! devotee or ! prie/ proce$s to fea/ ^u x2 & ,i h n[h]e met ) ! notion 7:i* logic requires7 t su* metaphysically evisc]at$ food c only n\ri% a man's body & n 8 s\l4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ! eat+ ( ! sacrifice may be an act ( communion ) ! gho/1 he !n naturally extracts ! goodness only f 8 own %>e4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! break+ ( weapons & ut5sils buri$ ) a corpse implies an intimate unity betwe5 ! :ol5ess ( an object & its s\l-/uff2 & ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks says ( ! consid]able weal? put into a grave by ! ,bakongo1 t only ! %ell or semblance ( any?+ is suppos$ to rema9 !re4#aig ,?is conception ( s\l-/uff may h be5 an important contribution to metaphysics4 ,! doctr9e ( mat]ial sub/ance is rea*$ by ab/ract+ all ! qualities ( ?+s2 b !n !re w\ld be no?+ left1 7 x n = ?is v5]able idea ( some?+ invisible & intangible 9 ?+s 9 :i* qualities may 8inh]e10 or :i* may s]ve z a 8support0 to !m2 s t1 :5 x is tak5 away !re is only a %ell or semblance ( any?+ left4 ,b su* a t5et is uncommon4 ,along ano!r l9e ( speculation ?is s\l-/uff may become ! ,s\l ( ! ,_w4 ,:5 by philosoph]s spirits are no long] conceiv$ to h bodies1 b to be ! v opposite ( bodies1 a spiritual sub/ance mu/ be inv5t$ to support _! qualities1 9 ord] to put !m ^u an equal foot+ ( reality ) corporeal ?+s2 b z !re is no _s-/uff ready made by ! wisdom ( our =efa!rs1 ?is concept rema9s uncom=tably empty4 ,to appe> z gho/s & to h me*anical en]gy1 spirits may be inve/$ ) 8s\l-/uff0 z a spiritual body2 b ?is is only subtle matt]4 ,_! own sub/ance mu/ be correlative ) _! prop] attributes z pure consci\s be+s1 ! v opposite ( bodies2 &1 !re=e1 immat]ial1 unext5d$1 simple1 self-id5tical1 accord+ to ! 8p>alogisms ( ,rational ,psy*ology40 ,b su* speculations are conf9$ to philosoph]s & !ologians3 "s ( :om1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9 7z if rev]t+ to ! orig9al savage idea7 t _s is ! true sub/ance ( mat]ial ?+s1 at lea/ t mat]ial ?+s dep5d ^u a _s1 or spirits1 = _! exi/5ce4 ,moni/s1 aga91 say !re is "o sub/ance ( bo? matt] & m9d1 :i* is n ei!r ( ^! any m ?an x is ! o!r4 ,locke v hone/ly calls x 8a suppos$ ,i "k n :at40 ,9 writ+ ( ,magic1 ,i h indicat$ ! orig9 ( ! notion ( =ce2 & if my view is ju/ifiable1 x appe>s t ^? celebrat$ ab/ractions 8=ce0 & 8matt]10 =m & sub/ance1 _s & body1 may be trac$ to ! savage m9d4 ,t savages are incapable ( g5]al & ab/ract ideas we h se5 to be an illusion4 ,!y are necess>y to economy 9 ! organisation ( ! m9d4 ,:5 a tribe bases its grammatical g5d] on ! di/9ction ( ,animate & ,inanimate1 has x 9 no s5se correspond+ ideas8 ,b an ab/ract idea results f a long process ( dissociative gr[? f its concrete s\rces1 & mu/ exi/ 9 "s mann] at all /ages ( t gr[?1 be=e its di/9ctness is complet$ by an appropriate "n2 & x is reasonable to suppose t at e /age ( gr[? x functions & influ5ces ! c\rse ( ?\ght4 ,accord+ly1 x is pla9 t f v e>ly times ?\ght has be5 greatly influ5c$ by ideas ( =ce1 =m1 _s & ! re/ ( !m4 #f4 ,,gho/s ,,& ,,spirits ,:il/ ( "s tribes 7= example ! ,indians ( ,guiana7 x is said t !re is no?+ to indicate t !y 8"k ( any spirits1 except su* z are1 or once 71 situat$ 9 mat]ial bodies10#aih among/ o!rs we are (t5 told t n only gho/s are kn[n b also spirits t are decl>$ nev] to h be5 inc>nate4 ,an extreme =m ( ! gho/-!ory ma9ta9s t all spirits 7 once gho/s ^: inc>nation has be5 =gott52 b ?is is ne$less1 & seems n to be true4 ,x is en\gh t probably ! orig9al inhabitants ( ! _s-_w 7 gho/s2 t "s ( ^? n[ believ$ n to h be5 gho/s 7 once really s2 & t ^? spirits t 7 nev] gho/s are lat] immigrants1 :o h obta9$ domicile by hav+ be5 imag9$ 9 analogy ) gho/s4 ,! foll[+ li/ indicates m or less probable reasons :y 7,a7 gho/s h sometimes come to be reg>d$ z non-human spirits1 & 7,b7 :y c]ta9 non-human ?+s h come to be reg>d$ z spirits1 or z possess$ by spirits1 m or less resembl+ ! human4 ,a4 ,spirits t 7 =m]ly gho/s1 b are n[ decl>$ n to h be53 7a7 ,gho/s ^: =m] life has be5 =gott5 by m]e lapse ( "t4 ,! memory ( ! dead among/ _m tribes does n ext5d beyond ?ree or f\r g5]ations4 ,if !n ! gho/ ( "s unusually impressive p]sonality happ5s to be rememb]$1 :5 all 8 relatives & contempor>ies h be5 =gott51 he seems to be sep>at$ f ! human race4 ,& if 8 "n 0 t ( "s natural object1 8 gho/1 accord+ to ,sp5c]'s hypo!sis1 may n[ be reg>d$ z ! _s ( t ph5om5on4 ,b z to ,sp5c]'s hypo!sis1#aii al?\gh x gives su* a plausible explanation ( mu* nature-wor%ip by real facts z to ! work+ ( savage language & ?\ght t x seems to me unreasonable to d\bt t x has _h "s ( ! effects he traces to x1 yet x presses ^u me m & m t mo/ cases ( nature-wor%ip are to be expla9$ by m p>ticul> causes4 7b7 ,to dissociate a gho/ f mank9d is especially easy if 8 tomb has be5 =gott51 or if he has no tomb4 ,z ! dr[n$ h no tombs1 !y easily become wat]-demons4 ,tombs mu/ (t5 be =gott5 9 consequ5ce ( migrations4 ,9 ,c5tral ,melanesia bo? gho/s & spirits are recognis$2 b 9 ! we/ wor%ip is direct$ *iefly to gho/s1 9 ! ea/ *iefly to spirits4 ,z migration has be5 f we/ to ea/1 ! tombs ( ance/ors c no long] be po9t$ out by ! ea/]n isl&]s1 & s _! gho/s may h become spirits4 ,9 ,tumloo 7nor!rn ,new ,gu9ea7 !re are temples ( spirits 7all female7 di/9ct f ance/ral gho/s1 & on ! bani/]s ( ladd]s lead+ up to ^! temples !re are ornam5tal figures ( ape-l animals2 ! ar*itecture ( ! temples po9ts to a =m] sup]ior culture4#bjj ,z !re are no apes 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 ^! figures & temples may indicate a =m] resid5ce "u bett] conditions 9 ,java or ,borneo2 & ! spirits ) :i* !y are associat$ may be ance/ral gho/s ^: tombs & o!r e>?ly ve/iges h be5 =gott5 9 ! migration4 7c7 ,we may see ano!r way 9 :i* a gho/ may become a pure _s1 if we suppose t z a gho/ he _h atta9$ to "s measure ( wor%ip1 b t ) ! rise ( new gods 7by conque/1 or by ! reputation ( be+ m helpful71 or by 8 be+ himself too good to be wor? wor%ipp+1 8 rites h be5 neglect$ & 8 leg5d =gott54 ,!n he is no long] rememb]$ z a gho/1 or ance/or4 7d7 ,x may be ?\ght hon\rable to a god to d5y t he 0 ev] a man4 7e7 ,! con/ruction ( a _w-my? makes x necess>y to beg9 some:]e ) "s "o2 & :oev] becomes ! fir/ be+1 x is necess>y to d5y t he 0 ev] begott54 ,b !re may be inconsi/5t /ories3 ! supreme be+ ( ! c5tral ,esquimo is a woman1 ,s$na1 :o creat$ all ?+s t h life2 b o!r traditions give h] a human orig94#bja ,simil>ly1 9 draw+ up ! g5ealogy ( ance/ral gods1 we come at la/ to "o :o 0 nev] begott54 ,su* is ,unkulunkulu ( ! ,zulus1 g5]ally said to h sprung f a b$ ( re$s4#bjb ,b4 ,spirits t 7 nev] inc>nate1 b h be5 imag9$ by analogy ) gho/s already propitiat$3 7f7 ,a ,totem may become a _s2 :il/1 hav+ himself no human antec$5ts1 he c h>dly be a gho/ z ( an ord9>y mortal4 ,no?+ c be m irregul> ?an ! life ( ,totemism3 ) "s tribes x seems to die out e>ly1 or leaves few & d\btful ve/iges2 ) o!rs traces ( x seem to rema9 ev5 amid/ conditions ( high culture4 ,app>5tly1 :]e x survives1 ! ,totem t5ds gradually to lose 8 be/ial or vegetal prop]ties1 or mo/ ( !m1 & to become an an?ropomorphic _s ) 8 my?s1 9 analogy ) h]oic or patri>*al ance/ors4 ,he has atta9$ to a consid]able degree ( individuality2 yet1 by association & tradition1 may /ill conf] m or less sacr$ness ^u 8 animal k9dr$ 7cf4 *ap4 ix4 #h74 7g7 ,to address any object ) a spell1 z a man is address$ 9 summons or comm&1 is 7z said above7 an approa* t[>d its p]sonification4 ,h5ce corn1 rice1 padi1 nkasa1 or :atev] has be5 ! object ( tribal rites & spells--! sun & moon1 ! e>?1 fire1 w9d1 cl\ds & ra9--hav+ p]haps long be5 influ5c$ & re9=c$ by ,magic--are apt1 :5 ,animism has ga9$ control ( man's imag9ation1 to become fir/ ! embodim5t & !n ! possession ( spirits2 ! spells become pray]s1 & ! rites religi\s c]emonies or my/]ies4 ,su* spirits1 at fir/ locally hon\r$1 may ) ! evolution ( ! tribe or nation1 ! increas+ int]c\rse ( its villages1 & ! c5tralisation ( its culture 9 "s city1 be releas$ f local conditions & g5]alis$ into transc5d5t gods1 ei!r ea* ( its own k9d--corn or w9e--or ( /ill wid] sway ov] agriculture or ! wea!r4 ,! meteorological gods are n impair$ 9 /r5g? by ev5 wide migrations2 = !y are f\nd to rule ev]y:]e2 & ?is may be a reason ( _! pr$om9ance 9 ! high] religions4 ,plants f :i* intoxicants are obta9$1 su* z soma or ! v9e1 br++ m5 to a condition resembl+ insanity or ! rav+s ( a sorc]] :o is suppos$ to be possess$1 are especially easy to und]/& z s\rces ( inspiration4 ,a belief 9 vegetation spirits1 hav+ orig9at$ 9 any way1 may be ext5d$ accord+ to ! circum/ances & m5tality ( a tribe1 until e wood is popul\s ) dryads4 7h7 ,natural objects t h1 at fir/1 be5 reg>d$ ) awe & !re=e end[$ ) magical p[]s--m\nta9-tops1 rav9es1 :irlpools1 anci5t trees--"u ,animism1 become ! abode ( spirits2 & ^!1 aga91 may1 by analogy ) o!rs1 cease to be conceiv$ z m]ely local4 ,among ! ,moors1 8! jnn1 :i* =m a special race ( be+s creat$ be=e ,adam1 are g5]ally suppos$ to be active on occasions or 9 places :i* give rise to sup]/iti\s fe>1 & 9 _m cases !y are p]sonifications ( "s my/]i\s qualities 9 p]sons or lifeless objects40#bjc ,9 ea* ( ^! cases1 7f71 7g71 7h71 h[ev]1 an ,euhem]i/ explanation may be (f]$4 ,z to 7f71 ,sp5c]1 ( c\rse1 argu$ t ! ,totem-ance/or is always a man1 :o bore ! "n ( an animal1 & 0 conf\nd$ ) x aft] dea?2 & ,dr4 ,riv]s has sugge/$ t "s gods :o seem to h be5 d]iv$ f ,totems may really repres5t h]oes :o _h su* ,totems4#bjd ,z to 7g71 ,grant ,all5 sugge/$ t ! _s ( ! corn or v9e is always at fir/ ! _s ( ! man ^u ^: grave ! plant grew4#bje ,& z to 7h71 ! _s ( a m\nta9 may be ! gho/ ( a man :o 0 buri$ on ! top ( x2 & ! _s ( a :irlpool ! gho/ ( a man :o 0 dr[n$ 9 x4 ,inde$ "s spirits may h orig9at$ 9 "o ( ^! ways1 o!rs 9 ano!r way2 & :at happ5$ 9 any p>ticul> case c only be det]m9$1 if at all1 by exam9ation ( its p>ticul> circum/ances4 7i7 ,ab/ract ideas may1 at a v e>ly /age ( culture1 be p]sonifi$ & treat$ z spirits4 ,! ,semang1 accord+ to ,messrs4 ,skeat & ,blagd51 p]sonify ,dea?1 ,hung]1 ,disease2#bjf & ! ,beloki1 accord+ to ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks1 attribute all p]sonal qualities to ! aid ( spirits2 s t if "o man wre/les bett] ?an ano!r1 x is because ! _s ,emb&a is 9 him4#bjg ,! mod]n ,greeks ( ,mac$onia p]sonify & propitiate ,lady ,small ,pox4#bjh ,9 ! t5? & late/ book ( ! ,rigv$a1 8! deification ( purely ab/ract ideas1 su* z ,wra? & ,fai?1 appe>s = ! fir/ "t40#bji ,at a high] /age ( culture we f9d ,fides1 ,=tuna1 ,concordia & _m o!rs4 ,su* ?+s are conceiv$ ( z my/]i\s p[]s1 & !y h names2 & s f> !y resemble demons4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld !y n be p]sonifi$ & propitiat$ l demons8 7j7 ,v>i\s ways h be5 po9t$ out 9 :i* ! grammatical /ructures ( language1 metaphors & o!r figures ( spee* may influ5ce ! gr[? ( my?ology4 7k7 ,animism hav+ be5 g5]ally adopt$1 spirits may be freely inv5t$ 9 explanatory my?s4 ,! ,kal9is believe t ?und] & lightn+ are ! clang & fla% ( bracelets on ! arms ( ,kidilumai1 a girl :o dances 9 heav51 z =m]ly on e>?1 = joy ( ! welcome ra94#baj ,x w\ld be absurd to suppose t %e mu/ once h liv$ on e>?4 ,"s among/ ! ,ekoi say t ,?und] is a giant m>*+ across ! sky2 o!rs t ,?und] is ! enemy ( ,lightn+ &1 on see+ x1 gr[ls to drive x away4#baa ,if free inv5tion may orig9ate my?s1 x may modify old ones1 ) results t _c always be int]pret$ ^u g5]al pr9ciples4 ,f9ally1 any spirits t h be5 an?ropomorphis$ 9 analogy ) ance/or-gho/s may be fur!r disguis$ by giv+ !m my?ical family connections ) ! ance/ors & ) "o ano!r1 z happ5$ to ,bac*us & ,demet]4 #g4 ,,h[ ,,gho/s ,,& ,,spirits ,,are ,,imag9$ ,gho/s & spirits h ! same qualities & *>act]s1 eat ! same food1 appe> 9 dreams1 possess m5 & animals1 help sorc]]s1 give diseases1 det]m9e ! success ( hunt+ or agriculture4 ,at fir/1 !y are solid ?+s1 n truly incorporeal1 m]ely invisible to ord9>y p by daylight2 ?\gh dogs or pigs may see !m ev5 !n4 ,a gho/ is s associat$ ) its corpse1 t x is n always cle> :i* x is t escapes f ! grave & walks2 & "o may judge :e!r a dead man has yet gone to ,hades or /ill haunts ! neighb\rhood1 by obs]v+ :e!r 9 ! morn+ !re are footpr9ts ar\nd 8 grave2 & to keep ! gho/ f walk+1 "o may fill ! belly ( ! corpse ) /ones1 or break its limbs1 or bury x deep & pile ! e>? ^u x2 or "o may burn x4 ,9 ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 gho/s c be he>d at night jump+ d[n f ! trees or f ! sky4#bab ,!y may be he>d to speak or s+1 usually ) ?9 voices1 l bats3 z 8! %eet$ dead ,did squeak & gibb] 9 ! /reets ( ,rome40 ,spirits may h all ! appurt5ances ( an animal body2 = two ( !m waylaid an ,au/ralian1 & made a wiz>d ( him by tak+ out 8 entrails & fill+ up ! cavity ) ! entrails ( "o ( !mselves4#bac ,!y may m>ry mortals1 z a devil begat ,caliban ^u a wit*2 & n long ago ! 8incubus0 0 v tr\blesome ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,9 %ort1 a gho/ or _s c act physically1 j z a man c1 because he has ! same organs2 b ) great] p[]1 because my/]i\s & m fe>$4 ,& su* beliefs p]si/ among/ p ^: culture is mu* high] ?an ! ,au/ralian1 z 9 ,jacob's wre/l+ ) some?+ at ! =d ,jabbok1 & ,grettir's slay+ ( ! gho/ ( ,glam at ,?orhall/ad2#bad & ,eu?ymus1 ! box]1 hav+ put on 8 arm\r1 defeat$ ! gho/ ( ,lycas at ,temesa4#bae ,to ?is day1 9 ,mac$onia1 !re are vampires1 or animat$ corpses 7*iefly ,turks71 t walk1 & ?rottle p & suck _! blood4#baf 8,! ,moslem corpse10 says ,r4 ,burton1 8is p>tly s5ti5t 9 ! tomb40#bag ,! ,k>ok ( ,cali=nia consid] x ! highe/ crime to utt] ! "n ( ! dead2 = x makes ! m\ld]+ skeleton turn 9 its grave & groan4#bah ,9 fact1 x is difficult to ?9k ( "o's own future corpse z entirely inanimate1 & ?is adds "s discom=t to "o's ?\ghts ( dea?4 ,accord+ to ,wundt1 ! ,krp]seele1 z e9e ,eig5s*aft des leb5d5 ,krp]s1 is a />t+-po9t ( ,animism indep5d5t (1 & probably prior to1 ! brea? & ! dream1 :i* sugge/ ! idea ( a free sep>able s\l4#bai ,?is confusion ( ideas 9 popul> ,animism seems to me due to 7#a7 ! /rong association ( ! gho/ ) ! corpse1 & ! p]=mance ( rites 7:i* mu/ take place some:]e1 if at all7 naturally at ! grave or 9 connection ) relics2 7#b7 ! manife/ation ( gho/s z visible1 speak+1 tangible bodies 9 dreams2 7#c7 ! difficulty ( imag9+ spirits to live & act except 9 ! lik5ess ( ! body 7?\gh non-human =ms--usually animal--are sometimes sub/itut$72 7#d7 ! conv5i5ce ( su* imag9ations to ! /ory-tell]2 7#e7 ! conv5i5ce ( !m to sorc]]s & purveyors ( my/]ies1 :o rely ^u su* imag9ations 9 produc+ illusion by sugge/ion4 ,= ages a confusion ( gho/ ) corpse may exi/ 9 ! popul> m9d along ) ! m ref9$ notion ( s\l-/uff 9 :i* a gho/ becomes manife/1 :il/ !re is no attempt to reconcile ^! imag9ations2 & x is only by metaphysical subtilties ab\t 8m9d0 & 8matt]10 or by my/ical av]sion to s5suosity1 t ! notion ( pure incorporeal _s )\t ev5 spatial limitations is at la/ fre$ f ^! primitive associations1 p>tially & among/ a few p4 ,a t5d5cy to ab/ract conception ( ! _s is set up1 inde$1 9 ! ord9>y way ( 8dissociation0 by ! belief 9 transmigration4 ,= if a _s may 8possess0 all sorts ( bodies--m51 plants1 animals1 etc4--x is indep5d5t ( any p>ticul> body2 ?\gh x may /ill be ?\ght to ne$ "s body4 ,:]e ! idea ( pure _s has be5 e/abli%$ among/ educat$ p1 x becomes necess>y = ^? :o believe 9 gho/s & h =gott5 _! s\l-/uff to expla9 h[ a _s c manife/ itself to eye1 e>1 nose1 h&1 )\t a physical body1 by 8mat]ialis+0 itself1 z invisible vap\r 7say "o's own brea? on a fro/y morn+7 cond5ses into a cl\d or into dew2 = ! p[] ( analogy z an aid to ?\ght1 or z a sub/itute = x1 is n yet exhau/$4 ,! v>ieties ( belief t occur "h & !re 9 ! _w _c be expla9$ )\t a mu* full] k ( local circum/ances ?an is usually available4 ,! ,semang say t s\ls are r$1 l blood1 & no bigg] ?an a gra9 ( maize2#bbj ! ,malays t !y are vap\ry1 %ad[y1 filmy ess5ces1 ab\t z big z "o's ?umb2#bba 9 bo? cases %ap$ l ! own]4 ,else:]e 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 8! animat+ pr9ciple is conceiv$ (1 n z a t9y be+ conf9$ to a s+le "p ( ! body1 b z a sort ( fluid or e!r diffus$ ?r\gh e "p40#bbb ,! less educat$ classes 9 ,japan consid] ! s\l z a small1 r\nd1 black ?+ t c leave ! body dur+ sleep4#bbc ,among/ ! ,ekoi1 ! s\l is a small ?+ dwell+ 9 ! brea/1 :il/ a man lives2 b at dea? exp&s into ! body's full /ature4#bbd ,! difficulty ( f9d+ ! s\l 9 ! body leads "s ?9k]s to suppose x mu/ be v small1 o!rs v att5uat$--?9 z a %ad[ & z brea? invisible4 ,:il/ _m savages believe1 l ourselves1 t ! body ent]ta9s "o s\l & gives up "o gho/1 ! ,ekoi believe 9 two1 "o animat+ a man's body1 ! o!r possess+1 or *ang+ into1 "s animal 9 ! bu%4 ,?ree s\ls1 ! vegetative1 s5sitive & rational1 are well kn[n to ,european philosophy4 ,! ,m&ans ?\ght t a man has "o black1 "o br[n1 & "o light-col\r$ s\l2 b t only ! la/ return$ to ! ,"l ( ,life4#bbe ,! obs]v] :o tells u ?is also reports 7p4 #dhd7 t "s ( ! ,dakotas assign to ea* man f\r spirits3 "o t dies ) ! body2 "o t rema9s )1 or ne>1 x2 "o t acc\nts = its de$s & at dea? goes to ! _s-_w2 & "o t l+]s ) ! small bundle ( ! deceas$'s hair1 :i* is kept by relatives until !y c ?r[ x into an enemy's c\ntry to become a rov+1 ho/ile demon4 ,9 ,we/ ,africa1 too1 ,miss ,k+sley f\nd f\r s\ls3 "o t survives ! body2 "o t lives ) "s animal 9 ! bu%2 "o1 ! body's %ad[1 t lies d[n e night 9 ! %ad[ ( ! great god1 & !re recov]s its /r5g?2 &1 f9ally1 ! dream-s\l4 ,"s natives hold t ! ?ree la/ are functions ( ! fir/ or true s\l2 b ! wit*-doctor treats all f\r sep>ately4#bbf ,! %ad[ ( a man1 8 reflection1 8 "n1 8 totem1 8 brea?1 8 dream-wrai?1 8 blood1 8 corpse1 supply natural />t+-po9ts = su* speculations4 ,"s ,*9ese philosoph]s held t 8ea* ( ! five visc]a has its own sep>ate male s\l40#bbg ,i h f\nd no belief 9 six s\ls2 b 9 ,sib]ia ! ,altaians di/+ui% six p>ts or 7r7 conditions or /ages ( ! s\l2 & ?is probably is only ano!r attempt to convey ! same mean+4#bbh ,mr4 ,skeat reports t1 probably1 9 ! old ,animism ( ! ,malays1 ea* man _h sev5 s\ls2 ?\gh n[ !y talk ( only "o2 except 9 us+ spells1 :5 ! s\ls are address$ sep>ately4#bbi ,9 ! religion ( ,osiris !re seems to h be5 a /ill great] numb] ( s\ls3 z ( ! "n1 ! %ape1 ! /r5g?1 ! %ad[1 etc43 all reunit+ ) ! immortal c\nt]p>t ( a man's mummy1 if ju/ifi$ at ! la/ judgm5t4 ,pr(4 ,wi$emann sugge/s t ^! beliefs may h be5 collect$ f diff]5t local s\rces1 & pres]v$ = fe> ( los+ any?+ t might be true4#bcj ,:]eas1 !n1 ! presci5tific m9d is (t5 accus$ ( confus+ ?+s t are sep>ate1 we see "h ! opposite t5d5cy to reify ab/ract aspects1 & to sep>ate ?+s t are 9 nature unit$2 & "o probable cause ( ?is is ! practical int]e/ ( treat+1 & !re=e ( att5d+ to & address+1 sep>ately1 c]ta9 aspects ( a man 9 rites ( exorcism1 lu/ration1 summon+1 re9=c+1 propitiation4 ,! belief 9 an ext]nal s\l t exi/s ap>t f oneself 7?\gh id5tifi$ ) oneself = good or evil7 9 an animal1 9 ! bu%1 or :]e n1 may h aris5 f ! connect+ ( ! s\l ) ! %ad[ or reflection4 ,! %ad[ is1 inde$1 atta*$ to a man by ! feet 7except :5 he leaps71 if ! :ole is se52 b x goes away at night3 x /ret*es1 z ! sun decl9es1 f> across ! pla91 & !n disappe>s4 ,! reflection is q sep>ate1 & is se5 )9 a pool 7z 9 a mirror71 n on ! surface1 approa*+ u :5 we advance1 & )draw+ :5 we retire3 :5ce x is easy to und]/& t to take a man's photograph may be to take away 8 s\l4 ,if ?is k9d ( s\l may be "s feet di/ant1 :y may x n be mu* fur!r (f1 if !re be any motive 7su* z ! desire ( secrecy7 to wi% or ?9k x s8 ,if x may reside )9 a pool1 :y n )9 any?+ else8 ,:at1 9 fact1 becomes ( x :5 we turn away8 ,t x %\ld be 9 an animal 9 ! bu% is reasonable en\gh1 if "o's ,totem 7ev5 ?\gh imp]fectly rememb]$ z su*7 is an animal 9 ! bu%1 & if oneself is 9 "s sort t animal4 #h4 ,,orig9 ,,& ,,de/9y ,,( ,,s\ls ,beliefs z to ! orig9 ( s\ls sometimes be> ! "* ( fanciful explanation my?s4 ,! ,semang say t s\ls gr[ ^u a s\l-tree 9 ! _w ( ,k>i 7_! *ief god72 :5ce !y are br\ght by birds1 :i* are kill$ & eat5 by an expectant "m3 s\ls ( fi%es & animals are also obta9$ by ! mo!rs' eat+ c]ta9 fungi & grasses4#bca ,"h ! analogy ( ! gr[? ( fruits is adopt$3 be+ s famili> z to ne$ no fur!r explanation4 ,leibnitz's sugge/ion t monads are fulgurations cont9uelles de la ,div9it1#bcb is at ab\t ! same level ( ?\ght4 ,9 o!r cases1 we see ! /ruggl+ to bir? ( ideas t /ill seem plausible3 su* is ! widespread t5et t e pres5t human s\l is ! re9c>nation ( an ance/or1 :i* we f9d 9 ,au/ralia1 ,melanesia1 ,borneo1 ,manipur1 on ! ,congo1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & else:]e4 ,! ,bakongo seem to base _! belief 9 re9c>nation p>tly on p]sonal resemblance2 ^u :i* gr\nd a *ild may be ?\ght to h ! s\l ev5 ( a liv+ man2 s t to po9t out su* a resemblance is displeas+1 s9ce x implies t1 ! *ild hav+ 8 s\l1 he mu/ soon die4#bcc ,ano!r reason !y give = _! belief is t ! *ild speaks e>ly ( ?+s its "m has n taught x1 & t ?is mu/ be due to an old s\l talk+ 9 a new body4 ,b ,bakongo alb9os are inc>nations ( wat]-spirits1 & greatly fe>$4 ,possibly 9 "s cases p began by nam+ *ildr5 aft] _! ance/ors1 & lat] inf]r$ t ^? :o bore ! same "n mu/ be ! same p]sons4 ,plato ?\ght t1 by a sort ( law ( psy*ic cons]vation1 !re mu/ always be ! same numb] ( s\ls 9 ! _w3#bcd !re mu/1 !re=e1 be re9c>nation4 ,t no?+ absolutely beg9s to be1 or p]i%es1 ?\gh fir/ explicit 9 ! ,ionian philosophy1 is g5]ally assum$ 9 savage ?9k+2 s :y %\ld x n be true ( s\ls8 ,z to ! de/9y ( s\ls !re seems to exi/ among/ ! tribes ( m5 ev5 great] v>iety ( belief ?an z to _! orig94 ,!y may pass ?r\gh m ?an "o /age ( developm5t3 z 9 ! we/]n isles ( ,torres ,/raits "o becomes at dea?1 fir/ a m>i1 & lat] a m>kai ) a m def9ite /atus2#bce or z ) ! ,v$das1 "o is at fir/ call$1 )\t mu* confid5ce1 8! liv+ "o10 & only a few days lat] becomes1 aft] trial ( "o's virtue1 a yaka1#bcf or au!ntic gho/4 ,(t5 ! dead w be re9c>nat$1 b ! int]val betwe5 dea? & rebir? may be pass$ 9 an und]world1 or 9 a city 9 ! =e/1 or indef9itely 9 a l& ( ance/ors4 ,!y may turn into plants2 z among ! ,mafulu old p's gho/s become l>ge funguses gr[+ 9 ! m\nta9s3#bcg b m frequ5tly into animals2 p]haps _! ,totems1 or 7) seem+ caprice7 into su* ?+s z t]mites or wild pigs2 or 7because w+s seem to suit ! _s7 into a butt]fly or bee2 or into owls or bats t haunt ! night & dwell 9 caves t may be tombs2 or into de] or be>-cats1 because ^! are se5 9 ! cle>+s ne> tombs2 or into snakes1 because ^! are se5 to come out ( tombs1 & (t5 come into huts z if return+ to _! homes1 &1 moreov]1 ca/ _! sk9s & s typify ! r5ewal ( life4 ,!y may also become />s1 or %oot+ />s1 or m]e nak$ demons1 or :ite m54 ,x is only aft] ages ( ?\ght conc]n+ ! fate ( our s\ls t !re arises 9 any sy/ematic =m ! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis1 :i* n[ prevails ov] great "p ( s\!rn & ea/]n ,asia1 & 0 =m]ly kn[n 9 ,egypt & ev5 9 ,greece4 ,b 9 ! widely diffus$ doctr9es ( re9c>nation 9 m5 or 9 animals1 or ev5 9 plants1 & 9 ! g5]al belief t a s\l may w&] & possess any k9d ( body1 we see ! s\rces f :i* ?is va/ flood ( sup]/ition collect$ its wat]s4 ,! ,buddhi/ belief t n ! s\l w&]s1 b its k>ma 7or "*7 creates a new body1 may be consid]$ z a retrogression f ,animism to ,magic2 = :at is x b a law ( ! action ( an occult =ce or virtue8 ,?\gh ! gho/ survive ! body1 & x may be said 7z by ! ,ekoi7 t x _c p]i%1 & ! reason may ev5 be giv5 7z 9 ! ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago71 t x is ( diff]5t nature f ! body1#bch x is by no means always immortal4 ,x may die1 z x 7 a natural dea?1 by oblivion2 or1 ! next _w be+ j l ?is1 gho/s may fight toge!r & kill "o ano!r2#bci accord+ to ! ,tongans a gho/ may be kill$ ) a club2 among/ ! ,bakongo x may be de/roy$ by burn+ its corpse4#bdj ,x has be5 ?\ght t to suppress ! gho/ 0 ! orig9al motive ( cremation2 b ! we/]n ,tasmanians cremat$ _! dead1 & c h>dly h done s to be rid ( su* mild ,animism z seems to h be5 ent]ta9$ by ! ea/]n tribes1 :o buri$ _! dead or ab&on$ !m4#bda ,h[ev]1 !y seem to h be5 rid ( x2 :]eas1 9 g5]al1 gho/s survive cremation1 because ?is process _c put an end to dreams2 & x may !n come to be believ$ t burn+ is necess>y 9 ord] to set ! s\l free f its body2 &1 !re=e1 ! wife ( ,p]i&]1 tyrant ( ,cor9?1 compla9$ to him ( be+ cold 9 ! gho/ _w1 because h] clo!s _h be5 only buri$ 9 h] tomb & n burnt4#bdb ,accord+ to ! ,egyptians1 ! gho/ p>ticipat$ 9 e mutilation ( ! body1 & p]i%$ ) its dissolution4 ,x may be held t ev5 ! gods die if neglect$1 & dep5d = _! immortality ^u ! p]petuation ( _! rites & sacrifices4#bdc ,:il/ ! gho/'s life endures1 its dwell+ may be 9 ! e>? or sky1 sea or =e/1 or 9 ! l& ( ! sett+ sun1 or 9 ! l& ( ance/ors :5ce ! tribe rememb]s to h migrat$4 ,be=e dep>t+ to t undiscov]$ c\ntry1 x may haunt ! grave or ! old home1 till burial1 or till ! fle% decays1 or till ! fun]al fea/1 or till dea? has be5 av5g$2 or x may roam ! c\ntry1 a res5tful demon1 if its fun]al rites be n duly celebrat$4 ,!re may be "o place = all gho/s1 or two1 or m1 accord+ to _! age1 or rank1 or qualities 7z sociable or unsociable71 or :e!r or n _! noses 7 bor$2 or accord+ to ! mann] ( _! dea?1 by viol5ce1 or suicide1 or sorc]y4 ,x is late be=e our po/hum\s de/9y is ?\ght to dep5d on moral "* 7z x does 9 metempsy*osis72 & ev5 !n v>ies ) ! local conception ( ! good man1 z obs]v+ cu/om or religi\s rites or1 f9ally1 ! dictates ( consci5ce4#bdd ,i rememb] h[ puzzl+ x 0 9 *ildhood to make out f s]mons h[ f> 8go+ to heav50 dep5d$ on be+ good 7consci5ti\s7 or on fai?4 ,bo? seem$ v desirable2 yet !re 0 a %ad[ ( opposition betwe5 !m1 & to be good 0 a little dang]\s4 ,b fai? 0 indisp5sable1 & app>5tly ! m difficult ( ! two1 ne$+ m elucidation1 exhortation & reit]ation4 ,! j\rney ( gho/s to _! own _w may be %ort or long1 an unadorn$ migration or ri* 9 details ( adv5ture4 ,!y may beg9 ! new life exactly z !y f9i%$ ?is "o1 or ! old may be rejuv5at$4 ,z to _! mann] ( life !re1 (t5e/ x is a repetition ( _! e>?ly /ate1 p]haps bett]1 or ev5 mu* bett]1 p]haps worse4 ,& ?is conception is hi/orically ( ! utmo/ importance3 = 7#a7 x seems to give ! greate/ confid5ce 9 a h]eaft]4 ,hume ascribes :at seem$ to him ! incr$ulity ( m5 ) reg>d to a future life 8to ! fa9t idea we =m ( our future condition1 d]iv$ f its want ( resemblance to ! pres5t life40#bde ,& 7#b7 f ?is conception proce$s ! developm5t ( gho/ly polities3 presid$ ov]1 accord+ to tribes t h no *iefs1 by a headman1 su* z ,dam>ulum1 or by ! greate/ kn[n hunt-lead]1 l ,k&e ,yaka ( ! ,v$das2 "u advanc+ political /ructures1 by *iefta9s1 among/ :om "o may be p>am\nt1 & s become a k+ or "l ( all4 ,^! gho/ly politics support ! e>?ly ones !y imitate4 ,x is ev]y:]e an edifice built by hope & fe>1 "u ! guidance ( analogy1 & sometimes decorat$ by caprice1 if ?is f9d acceptance ) ! tribe4 #i4 ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,gho/s ,! behavi\r ( m5 t[>d ! gho/s ( _! dead is *iefly gov]n$ by fe>4 ,! human p[] t has left ! corpse is n[ invisible2 t p[]1 r>ely q tru/wor?y :il/ 9 ! body1 especially :5 unobs]v$1 reta9s its desires1 caprices & hatr$s t 7 p>tially controll$ by social influ5ces4 ,:at controls !m n[ t ! man is exempt f obs]vation8 ,h[ %all "o def5d oneself aga9/ him1 or procure 8 neutrality1 or ev5 7z sometimes 9 ! fle%7 8 help8 ,! fe> ( gho/s has peculi> qualities3 ! invisibility ( a spiritual enemy produces a g5]al objectless suspicion & a s5se ( helplessness2 associations ) ! physical conditions ( ! corpse & ) d>kness excite feel+s v mu* l ^? ar\s$ by snakes & reptiles4 ,?is fe> expla9s :y savages1 su* z ! ,au/ralians1 may believe 9 gho/s = ages )\t ev] v5tur+ to pray ev5 to fa!r or "m deceas$2 = to pray is to invoke1 & !y w come1 &1 on ! :ole1 !y are n want$4 ,fe> may make ! survivors quit ! neighb\rhood ( ! dead2 sometimes makes !m adopt means to induce ! gho/ to leave1 & inv5t /ories ( h[ & :i!r he goes1 :i* are believ$ by biological necessity2 because1 unless !y c be rid ( ! gho/ & ! dread ( him1 or e/abli% 9 "s way ! pax deorum1 x is impossible to g on liv+4 ,! ,y]kla-m9+ nev] bury _! dead1 nor 9 any way dispose ( !m4 ,on see+ dea? approa*+ a tribesman1 !y make up a good fire = him1 & leave ! neighb\rhood1 n to return = a consid]able "t4#bdf ,! ,sakai1 hav+ buri$ ! dead affectionately ) necklaces1 wallets1 etc41 say to him3 8,d n rememb] any m y\r fa!r1 "m1 or relations4 ,?9k only ( y\r ance/ors gone to ano!r place4 ,y\r liv+ fri5ds w f9d food40 ,!y !n burn 8 h\se & des]t ! settlem5t1 ev5 ab&on+ /&+ crops4#bdg ,among ! ,kikuyu1 8if a p]son dies 9 a village1 t village is (t5 burnt1 & ! p trek (f & build else:]e10 ?\gh mu* lab\r may h be5 sp5t on ! surr\nd+ fields4 ,sick p are (t5 des]t$4#bdh ,:]e l& is closely settl$ su* flight becomes impossible1 & 9 any case x is v inconv5i5t2 s t if any "o c believe x possible to deceive ! gho/1 or to fright5 him away by %\t+ at him1 beat+ ! air ) b\ghs or firebr&s1 lett+ (f arr[s or guns1 or to re/ra9 him f walk+ by break+ ! corpse's legs1 or by plac+ load$ 8gho/-%oot]s0 7/raws fill$ ) gunp[d]7 ar\nd ! grave1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,_m su* plans are adopt$1 & !y mu/ be believ$ 94#bdi ,affection1 h[ev]1 has its "p 9 ! treatm5t ( ! dead3 x is reasonable to attribute to affection ! beg9n+s ( ! practices ( leav+ food at ! tomb1 bury+ weapons or ornam5ts ) ! corpse1 celebrat+ fun]>y rites ) lam5tations2 ?\gh 9 "t ?is motive may be mix$ )1 or sup]s$$ by1 fe> ( ! gho/1 or by fe> ( be+ suspect$ ( hav+ murd]$ ! deceas$ by sorc]y1 %\ld rites be neglect$ or maim$4 ,x is n uncommon to c>ry ab\t "s bones ( ! dep>t$1 to hang r\nd "o's neck ! skulls ( infants untimely dead4 ,! wild ,v$das1 ?\gh1 hav+ cov]$ a corpse ) b\ghs1 !y avoid ! place = a long "t = fe> ( be+ /on$1 nev]!less h a /rong feel+ ( good fell[%ip = ! spirits ( _! dead4#bej ,9 ! ea/]n isles ( ,torres ,/raits1 ! ,miriam p]=m an es*atological my/]y1 9 :i* ! rec5tly deceas$ reappe> on _! way to ! o!r _w4 ,! wom5 & *ildr5 take x = reality3 _! affections are said to be gratifi$2 & at ! same "t _! fe>s are allay$ by ! conviction t ! gho/s1 hav+ be5 se5 on _! way to ,hades1 w no long] haunt !m4#bea ,! old ,norsem5 believ$ t ! dead 7 /ill unit$ ) ! liv+ by int5se sympa?y4#beb ,z rites begun 9 affection may become propitiatory ?r\gh fe>1 & aft] pray] has be5 in/itut$ may be fur!r ext5d$ to obta9 ! aid ( spirits or gods 9 hunt+1 w>1 rev5ge1 love1 agriculture1 trade1 or any und]tak+ = subsi/5ce1 ri*es or p[]1 e passion 9 turn seeks its gratification ?r\gh ,animism4 ,extravagance 9 fun]>y rites1 (t5 ru9\s to ! family1 may sometimes be *eck$ by consid]ations ( economy or conv5i5ce4 ,?us "s tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia may burn all ! prop]ty ( ! deceas$ except _! /one axes1 :i* are too valuable to be lo/ to ! survivors4 ,! ,nagas bury ) ! body ! ?+s mo/ closely associat$ ) ! dead2 b ?+s ( small value1 nev] ! gun or ! cornelian necklace4#bec ,! ,todas1 :o burn _! dead1 lay ! body on a bi] ) _m valuable (f]+s & sw+ x ?ree times ov] ! fire2 !y !n remove ! money & ! m valuable ornam5ts & burn ! re/ ) ! corpse4 ,!y say t ! dead /ill h ! use ( ev]y?+ t 0 swung ov] ! fire2 & tell a /ory to expla9 ! c]emony2 b ,dr4 ,riv]s obs]ves t 8?is symbolic burn+ has ! great advantage t ! objects ( value are n consum$1 & are available = use ano!r "t40#bed ,! ,araucanians buri$ _m ?+s ) ! dead1 & at ! grave ( a *ief slew a horse4 ,b = all valuables--silv] spurs & bits & /eel lance-heads--!y left wood5 sub/itutes4 ,z = ! horse1 ! m\rn]s ate x1 & ! gho/ got no?+ b ! sk9 & ! s\l ( x4#bee ,economy may also induce ! belief t gho/s are easily deceiv$1 or are unacc\ntably /upid 9 "s special way3 z 9 ! widespread practice ( c>ry+ a corpse out ( its h\se ?r\gh a hole 9 ! wall2 tru/+ t1 ! hole hav+ be5 imm$iately repair$1 ! gho/ c nev] f9d 8 way back2 s soon does he =get ! famili> door4 ,?is is *eap] ?an to burn ! h\se d[n4 ,sup]/iti\s practices may be c>ri$ out ) self-de/ructive infatuation1 or re/rict$ at w3 9 ,florida 7,melanesia71 9 a c]ta9 /ream1 a v l>ge eel 0 tak5 = a gho/2 no "o might ba! 91 or dr9k at1 ! /ream--8except at "o pool1 :i* = conv5i5ce 0 consid]$ n to be sacr$40#bef ,a conflict+ desire creates a limit+ belief4 ,:il/ (t5 ! mo/ pa9ful or disgu/+ rites are endur$ = fe> ( gho/s1 at o!r times !y are assum$ to be s dull t we are tempt$ to say3 8,:atev] is conv5i5t is cr$ible40 ,if we desire to "k ! future1 gho/s are s wise t we consult _! oracles & pay h&some fees to _! inspir$ prie/s2 b if we dread _! pres5ce1 x is easy to accept any sugge/ion t !y are obtuse or infatuat$4 ,!y may 7e4 g47 be afflict$ ) :at psy*iatri/s call 8ari?momania40 ,return+ f a fun]al1 /rew ! gr\nd ) millet-se$3 !n ! gho/ c nev] ov]take y1 = he mu/ /op to c\nt !m4 ,or hang a sieve outside y\r w9d[3 he _c ent] until he has c\nt$ all ! holes2 moreov]1 8 sy/em ( num]ation does n rea* beyond 8two40 ,y c always block 8 pa? by draw+ a l9e across x & pret5d+ to jump ov] ! l9e z if x 7 a /ream ( wat]3 ( c\rse1 he _c pass t4 ,or blaze ?r\gh ! wood a circul> trail1 beg9n+ at 8 grave & return+ to x3 he mu/ foll[ x ar\nd = ev]1 always end+ at ! same cold grave4 ,alas1 poor ?91 %iv]+ ?+1 t w\ld g back to ! old he>? & sit close among/ ! k9sm5 by ! fire1 & laugh at ! old jokes & li/5 to ! old /ories--*iefly ab\t gho/s--h y =gott5 all ! tricks t c be play$ ^u y\r k9d8 ,su* is ! homopa?y ( sup]/ition3 imag9ation creates ! fe> ( gho/s1 & imag9ation cures x4 ,imag9ation-beliefs1 be+ sway$ by moods & passions1 are necess>ily inconsi/5t4 ,natives ( ! ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago are cannibals & greatly fe> ! gho/s ( ^? !y dev\r4 ,:il/ fea/+ !y hang up a slice = ! gho/ himself1 & aft]w>ds make an upro> to sc>e him away4 ,nev]!less !y keep 8 skull & jawbone1 :i* ! gho/ might be suppos$ especially to haunt2 s easily d o!r passions ov]come fe>4 ,( ! fe> ( gho/s sometimes seems true t :i* ,bacon says ( ! fe> ( dea?1 t !re is no passion 9 ! m9d ( man s weak b x mates & ma/]s x4 ,sacrilegi\s miscreants h always robb$ tombs1 ev5 ! tombs ( ,ph>aohs :o 7 gods2 & timid lov]s h kept try/ 9 gravey>ds4 ,! ,sia ,indians ( ,nor? ,mexico _h a ma/]ful way ( deal+ ) ! gho/ ( a sla9 enemy3 !y annex$ him toge!r ) 8 scalp2 = ?is hav+ be5 br\ght to ! village1 a %aman (f]$ a long pray]1 & ?us address$ ! gho/3 8,y are n[ no long] an enemy2 y\r scalp is "h2 y w no m de/roy my p40#beg ,to capture & enslave ! gho/ ( an enemy is said to h be5 ! *ief motive ( head-hunt+ 9 ,malaya4 ,comp>e ! conduct ( ! ,romans 9 c>ry+ (f ,juno f ,veii & e/abli%+ h] at ,rome4 ,! inconsi/5cy 7sometimes met )7 ( suppos+ a man's p]sonal qualities to g ) 8 gho/1 & yet eat+ "s "p ( 8 body to obta9 ^? qualities1 may be due to ! latt] practice hav+ be5 magical1 & hav+ p]si/$ aft] ! rise ( ,animism4 ,"s ( ! ,esquimo h su* control ov] gho/s by ,magic1 t !y fe> !m v little4 ,aft] a dea?1 ! gho/ rema9s peaceably 9 ! h\se f\r days 7if a man7 or five 7if a woman71 & is !n dismiss$ by a c]emony to ! grave1 to wait !re until a *ild is born 9 ! village1 :5 x is recall$ to be ! *ild's tutel>y _s4#beh #aj4 ,,evolution ,,& ,,dissolution ,,( ,,animism ,animism1 orig9at+ 9 ! belief 9 gho/s ( m51 t5ds to spread z ! explanation ( :atev] _h =m]ly be5 attribut$ to ,magic 7if we take ?is to h be5 e>li]72 al?\gh x is f> f occupy+ ! :ole region t ?us lies op5 to x4 ,we h se5 t ! ext5t ( its preval5ce z an explanatory pr9ciple1 & consequ5tly z ! basis ( cults1 diff]s greatly among/ diff]5t peoples4 ,b m int]e/+ ?an ! spread ( belief z to ! ag5cy ( spirits s z to include m & m objects1 is ! gradual diff]5tiation ( "s ( !m f common gho/s 9 p[]1 "* & rank1 & _! integration into families & polities1 su* z we see 9 ! ,edda & ! ,iliad4 ,a process1 go+ on = ages & v>y+ ) e p1 _c be briefly describ$3 ! "w ( ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,w4 ,wundt & o!rs 9 ?is dep>tm5t is well kn[n4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t1 all[+ = ! influ5ces ( geographical conditions & tradition & =eign int]c\rse1 ! *ief cause ( ! evolution ( a _s-_w is ! political evolution ( ^? :o believe 9 x2 s t ! patri>*ies1 ari/ocracies1 mon>*ies & despotisms ( ?is _w are reflect$ 9 heav54 ,tribes ( ! l[e/ culture--"s ,african ,pygmies1 ,fuegians1 ,mafulu1 ,semangs1 ,v$das--h ! lea/ ,animism2 at successive grades--,au/ralians1 ,melanesians1 ,congolese1 ,am]9ds1 ,polynesians--,animism increases & gr[s m sy/ematic2 & x culm9ates 9 ! b>b>ic civilisations ( ,egypt1 ,babylonia & ,india1 & ( ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,b 9 civilisations ( our mod]n type x rapidly loses gr\nd4 ,! cause ( su* diff]5ces 9 ! ext5sion & elaboration ( ! animi/ic hypo!sis _c be t "s tribes h _h m "t ?an o!rs to ?9k x out2 s9ce !y h all _h an equally long pa/4 ,animism is kn[n to be v anci5t1 & !re is no reason to ?9k t "s races adopt$ x lat] ?an o!rs4 ,t1 9 ! l[] grades ( culture1 m5 want bra9s to ?9k x out1 is n a satisfactory explanation2 because1 on contact ) sup]ior races1 backw>d peoples %[ !mselves capable ( mu* m ?an c\ld h be5 inf]r$ f _! orig9al /ate4 ,improvem5t 9 culture dep5ds ^u mu* besides native bra9s1 namely1 opportunities af=d$ by ! res\rces ( _! habitat1 & communication ) o!r peoples4 ,! mo/ backw>d peoples are ! mo/ isolat$ peoples4 ,! developm5t ( ,animism is entirely a matt] ( op]at+ ) ideas2 & x seems to me t be=e m5 c build ) ideas !y mu/ build ) _! h&s2 !re mu/ be occupations t educate1 & give advantage to1 con/ructive p[]1 z 9 ! mak+ ( boats & ! build+ ( h\ses & temples2 = to ?is day a nation's mat]ial edifices are always1 9 cle>ness ( plan1 coh]5ce & s]viceabl5ess1 mu* 9 advance ( _! sy/ems ( !ology & philosophy2 because !y mu/ 8"w10 z ! ,pragmati/s say4 ,if y h ev] gone ov] a battle%ip1 comp>e h] ) ! ,kritik d4 r4 ,v]nunft4 ,secondly1 a suitable model = ! edifice ( ideas mu/ be pres5t$ 9 ! _w ( fact2 & ?is1 z we h se51 is suppli$ by ! tribe's social & political /ructure2 :i*1 aga91 is cle>ly correlat$ ) ! improvem5t ( ar*itecture 9 build+ ! h\ses ( *iefs & gods4 ,?irdly1 a fav\rable condition ( ! work+ out ( any !ory is to h ! means ( record+1 ei!r 9 oral lit]ature or 7/ill bett]7 9 writ+1 ! advances already made2 &1 f\r?ly--a condition hi/orically involv$ 9 ! =ego+--! gr[? ( a class ( m51 g5]ally a prie/ly ca/e or ord]1 sometimes poets1 :o h "t to ?9k1 & ! education & vocation to br+ ! accumulat+ masses ( animi/ic--n[ religi\s--ideas into great] ord] & consi/5cy4 ,h5ce !re are two /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ,animism--( c\rse1 n %>ply sep>at$3 fir/1 a long p]iod ( irregul> gr[? 9 ! tribal m9d2 &1 secondly1 a mu* %ort] p]iod1 9 :i* ! ext5sion ( animi/ic !ory dep5ds m or less ^u quasi-philosophical reflection4 ,) ! diff]5tiation ( sup]ior be+s--h]oic1 ance/ral or o!r gods--f common gho/s1 ,religion arises4 ,z to ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8religion10 inde$1 !re is no agreem5t3 "s lay /ress ^u ! importance ( beliefs conc]n+ sup]natural be+s2 o!rs ^u pray]1 sacrifice & o!r rites ( wor%ip2 /ill o!rs ^u ! emotions ( awe & my/]y4 ,to def9e 8religion0 7z a tribal in/itution7 by all ?ree ( ^! *>act]s seems to me ! mo/ conv5i5t plan1 & ! mo/ agreeable to common usage4 ,t1 on ! "o h&1 pure ,buddhism 7if x ev] 0 a liv+ fai? outside ( a cot]ie ( philosoph]s & sa9ts71 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! spiritual condition ( a few savages1 may be want+ 9 "o or o!r m>k1 is no s]i\s objection4 ,! =m] case is1 9 fact1 exceptional & ab]rant1 & ! latt] rudim5t>y2 n to give !m ! "n ( 8religion0 9 a te*nical s5se is no wrong to anybody4 ,?us und]/ood1 !n1 ,religion br+s to ! developm5t & support ( ,animism _m social utilities & o!r influ5ces2 especially ! influ5ce ( dyna/ies suppos$ to h desc5d$ f ! gods2 & ( prie/hoods1 ^: su/5tation & au?ority dep5d ^u ! suppos$ necessity ( _! int]v5tion 9 wor%ip4 ,9 _! h&s ! free popul> developm5t ( animi/ic ideas comes to an end1 & gives place to ! co-ord9ation ( ideas by reflection1 & to ! dictation ( t5ets & rites by policy4 ,! simple motives ( hope & fe> t actuat$ popul> ,animism are n[ supplem5t$ by dyna/ic & prie/ly int]e/s & ambitions2 b5ea? :i* lies1 fa9tly recognis$ & ill s]v$1 ! int]e/ ( society 9 ord]4 ,?is lat] sophi/icat$ ,animism1 s f> z x obta9s a hold ^u ! p1 is impos$ ^u !m by sugge/ion1 au?ority & deception2 b be+ sup]impos$ ^u anci5t popul> traditions t are nev] oblit]at$1 x /ill appeals to ! s5tim5ts ( awe1 consolation1 hope & en?usia/ic devotion4 ,! "p ( deception 9 ! hi/ory ( ,animism1 inde$1 beg9s at ! beg9n+1 prec$$1 p]haps1 & prep>$ = by ! devices ( ,magic-mong]s4 ,among/ ! ,arunta1 wom5 & *ildr5 are taught t ! noise ( ! bull-ro>] dur+ initiation c]emonies is ! voice ( ! _s ,twanyirika4#bei ,ne> ,samoa ,h>b\r1 at h>ve/1 !y (f] "s ( ! fir/fruits 9 a b[l to ! gho/s2 &1 :il/ ! family fea/s on ! rema9d]1 8! h\sehold] w surreptiti\sly /ir ! (f]+s 9 ! b[l ) 8 f+]1 & !n %[ x to ! o!rs 9 pro( t ! s\ls ( ! dead h really p>tak540#bfj ,s e>ly is ! end suppos$ to ju/ify ! means4 ,animism1 l ,magic1 /rives to ma9ta9 its imag9ations by fur!r /imulat+ ! imag9ation2 &1 9 bo? cases1 su* practices are1 ) _m m51 compatible ) firm belief on ! "p ( ! practition]2 :o is m]ely anxi\s to promote ! public good by confirm+ ! weak] bre?r53 himself weak 9 ! p]ception ( incongruities4 ,b ,i am conc]n$ *iefly ) orig9s1 & w pursue ?is nause\s topic no fur!r4 ,p>allel ) ! developm5t ( ,religion1 a *ange takes place 9 ! emotions connect$ ) ,animism4 ,z ! gods em]ge f ! %ad[ ( night & ! grave1 & are cleans$ f ! sav\r ( corruption1 & )draw to ! summit ( ! _w1 !y are no long] reg>d$ ) ! %udd]+ fe> t gho/s excite2 z !y acquire ! rank ( *iefs & k+s1 ! s5tim5ts ( atta*m5t1 awe1 duty1 dep5d5ce1 loyalty1 prop] to ! s]vice ( su* sup]iors1 are direct$ to !m2 & s9ce _! p[] f> exce$s t ( k+s1 & implies ! total dep5d5ce ( man & nature ^u _! support & guidance1 ^! s5tim5ts--(t5 amaz+ly /rong t[>d e>?ly rul]s--may t[>d ! gods atta9 to ! int5se/ heat ( fanaticism4 ,extoll$ by prie/s & poets1 ! attributes ( ! gods are exagg]at$1 until difficulties occur to a reflective m9d z to h[ any o!r p[]s c exi/ contr>y to1 or ev5 ap>t f1 !m3 s t philosophical problems arise z to ! exi/5ce ( evil & responsibility1 & ! doctors reason high-- 8,( provid5ce1 =ekn[l$ge1 w & fate1 ,fix$ fate1 free w1 =ekn[l$ge absolute1 ,& f9d no end1 9 w&]+ mazes lo/40 ,?is is "o cause ( ! dissolution ( ,animism3 ! p[] t compreh5ds all p[]s ceases to be an object1 & becomes ! imman5ce ( all ?+s1 good & evil4 ,ano!r cause is ! complexity ( !ogonies1 or ( spiritual k+doms ) _! ord]s & degrees3 f\nd too fanciful1 :5 hi]>*ic despotisms1 t furni%$ ! analogues1 give place to ! simpl] social /ructure ( democracies2 or1 to a c]ta9 type ( democrat1 ev5 insult+1 a provocative disp>agem5t ( ! sov]eignty ( ! p4 ,& ,animism has o!r enemies 9 ! gr[? ( ,positivism1 & sometimes 9 ! resurg5ce ( ,magic4 ,,footnotes3 #aee ,! ,v$das1 pp4 #abf-g4 #aef ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #agj4 #aeg ,! ,l& ( ,z+1 p4 #bai4 #aeh ,j4 ,o4 ,dorsey1 ,am]ican ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhi-ij1 ,,xi4 p4 #dai4 #aei ,m>9]'s ,tonga1 p4 #aje4 #afj ,my?1 ,ritual & ,religion1 p4 #dh4 #afa ,african ,game ,trails1 p4 #ccc4 #afb ,outdoor ,pa/imes1 p4 #gg4 #afc ,fraz]1 ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ! ,wild1 ,i4 p4 #ahc4 #afd ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #bdi & #cef4 #afe ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ,,ii4 p4 #bbb4 #aff ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 ,,ii4 p4 #c4 #afg ,camp & ,tramp 9 ,african ,wilds1 p4 #agd4 #afh ,! ,primitive ,bakongo1 p4 #bhc4 #afi ,among ,congo ,cannibals1 p4 #bge4 #agj ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 p4 #cee4 #aga ,two ,ye>s ) ! ,natives ( ! ,we/ ,pacific1 p4 #aii4 ,z to wat]sp\ts & %oot+ />s1 see ! ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 ,,vi4 p4 #beb4 #agb ,j4 ,h]nell 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,my?ical ,society 7,bangalore71 ,,iv4 ,no4 #d1 p4 #aeh4 #agc ,a4 ,a4 ,macdonell1 ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 p4 #aab4 #agd ,j4 ,mooney 9 ,reports ( ! ,am]ican ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhe-f1 ,,vii4 p4 #cda4 #age ,j4 ,e4 ,b\rke 9 ! ,reports ( ! ,am]ican ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhg-h1 ,,ix4 pp4 #dii-ejg4 #agf ,e4 ,f4 im ,?urn1 ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 pp4 #bhh1 #ced4 #agg ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ,vol4 ,i4 *s4 viii4-xii4 #agh ,primitive ,culture1 *s4 xi41 xii4 #agi ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks1 ,among ,congo ,cannibals1 pp4 #bfb-c4 ,my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,torday1 tells me ?is belief is v common 9 ,africa4 #ahj ,see1 e4 g41 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #djf2 & ,p4 ,a4 ,talbot1 ,9 ! ,%ad[ ( ! ,bu%1 pp4 #hc-h4 #aha ,indians ( ,guiana1 p4 #cdd4 #ahb ,s4 ,h4 ,c4 ,hawtrey1 8,! ,l5gua ,indians10 ,j4,a4,i41 #aija4 #ahc ,j4 ,mooney1 8,sacr$ ,=mulas ( ! ,*]okees10 ,am4 ,b4 ( ,e?n41 ,,vii4 p4 #ceb4 #ahd ,c4 ,g4 ,seligman1 ,melanesians ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 pp4 #aij-ia4 #ahe ,s4 ,h4 ,ray1 8,p & ,language ( ,lifu10 ,j4,r4,a4,i41 ,,lxvii4 p4 #bif4 #ahf ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #bgg4 #ahg ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit41 p4 #ceh4 #ahh ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 #ec4 #ahi ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks1 ,! ,primitive ,bakongo1 p4 #bch4 #aij ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks1 ,among ,congo ,cannibals1 p4 #bcc4 #aia ,t4 ,c4 ,hodson1 ,! ,naga ,tribes ( ,manipur1 p4 #afj4 #aib ,coddr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #bfi4 #aic ,v4 ,/efnson1 ,my ,life ) ! ,eskimo1 p4 #eg4 #aid ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 ,,ii4 p4 #c4 #aie ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,belief 9 ,immortality1 p4 #djc4 #aif ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 ,i4 p4 #ebc4 #aig ,! ,primitive ,bakongo1 p4 #cga4 #aih ,e4 im ,?urn1 op4 cit41 p4 #cfc4 #aii ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 #afe-ic4 #bjj ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,belief 9 ,immortality1 p4 #bbj4 #bja ,franz ,boas1 ,am]ican ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 ,,vi4 #ahhd-e1 p4 #ehc4 #bjb ,callaway1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ! ,amazulu1 pp4 #a & #dj4 ,cf4 ,coddr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #aej3 ,koevasi1 a _s1 0 nev] human1 yet 9 "s way ! orig9ator ( ! human race4 #bjc ,e4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,m>riage ,c]emonies 9 ,morocco1 p4 #cdc4 #bjd ,j4,r4,a4,i41 #aiji1 p4 #afc4 #bje ,see 8 +5i\s speculations 9 ,! ,evolution ( ! ,idea ( ,god1 *4 xiii4 #bjf ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ,,ii4 iii4 *4 vi4 #bjg ,among ,congo ,cannibals1 p4 #bgb4 #bjh ,g4 ,f4 ,abbott1 ,mac$onian ,folklore1 p4 #bcf4 #bji ,a4 ,a4 ,macdonell1 ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 p4 #dd4 #baj ,t4 ,c4 ,hodson1 ,! ,naga ,tribes ( ,manipur1 p4 #abf4 #baa ,p4 ,a4 ,talbot1 ,9 ! ,%ad[ ( ! ,bu%1 p4 #gc4 #bab ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #dcg4 #bac ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dhc4 #bad ,grettir ,saga1 *4 xxxv4 #bae ,pausanias1 ,,vi4 p4 #f4 #baf ,g4 ,f4 ,abbott1 ,mac$onian ,folklore1 p4 #bag4 #bag ,fir/ ,foot/eps 9 ,ea/ ,africa1 p4 #eb note4 #bah ,am]ican ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 ,i4 p4 #bjj4 #bai ,my?us und ,religion1 #b ed41 p4 #gh4 #bbj ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ,i4 p4 #aid4 #bba ,malay ,magic1 p4 #dg4 #bbb ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ! ,wild1 ,i4 p4 #ahc4 #bbc ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on1 ,%9to1 p4 #ej4 #bbd ,9 ! ,%ad[ ( ! ,bu%1 p4 #bcj4 #bbe ,j4 ,o4 ,dorsey1 8,si\an ,cults0 9 ! ,am]ican ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhi-ij1 ,,xi4 p4 #eab4 #bbf ,we/ ,african ,/udies1 p4 #bjj4 #bbg ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,bald] ! ,beautiful1 ,,ii4 pp4 #aif-bjh2 :]e are report$ o!r beliefs 9 a plurality ( s\ls2 9 "o case ?irty1 9 ano!r ?irty-six4 #bbh ,m4 ,a4 ,czaplicka1 ,aborig9al ,sib]ia1 p4 #bhb4 #bbi ,malay ,magic1 p4 #dh4 #bcj ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 *4 ix4 #bca ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ,i4 p4 #aid4 #bcb ,monadologie1 #dg4 #bcc ,! ,primitive ,bakongo1 p4 #aae4 #bcd ,republic1 #faa;a4 #bce ,haddon1 ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ! ,torres ,/raits1 ,vol4 ,v4 p4 #cee4 #bcf ,c4 ,g4 ,seligman1 ,! ,v$das1 p4 #acc4 #bcg ,r4 ,w4 ,williamson1 ,! ,mafulu1 p4 #bff4 #bch ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,belief 9 ,immortality1 p4 #cif4 #bci ,c4 ,g4 ,seligman1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #feh4 #bdj ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks1 ,! ,primitive ,bakongo1 p4 #bbd4 #bda ,l+ ,ro?1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,tasmania1 pp4 #eg-fa4 #bdb ,h]odotus1 ,v4 p4 #ic4 #bdc ,on ! mortality ( gods1 see ,fraz]1 ,! ,dy+ ,god1 *4 i4 #bdd ,primitive ,culture1 ,,ii4 pp4 #ge-if4 #bde ,treatise1 ,b4 ,i41 ,"p ,,iii4 #i4 #bdf ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #dej4 #bdg ,skeat & ,blagd51 ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ,,ii4 pp4 #ie-i4 ,= simil> =mul ( dismission 7:i*1 ( c\rse1 are con/ra9+ spells7 see ,w4 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 ,i4 p4 #ebb2 & ,j4 ,o4 ,dorsey1 8,si\an ,cults10 ,am]ican ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 ,x4 p4 #dbj4 #bdh ,/ig&1 ,! ,l& ( ,z+1 p4 #bej4 #bdi ,= ! practice ( appo9t+ c]ta9 seasons at :i* ! :ole tribe or nation unites 9 driv+ out gho/s or demons by =ce ( arms 7sometimes ) ! help ( cannon & elephants71 z obta9+ at all levels ( culture1 f ,au/ralian savag]y to ! enlight5m5t ( ,*9a & ,p]u1 & ) m decorum at ,a!ns & ,rome1 see ,fraz]1 ,! ,scapegoat1 *4 iii4 #b4 #bej ,c4 ,g4 ,seligman1 ,! ,v$das1 p4 #aca4 #bea ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 ,,vi4 p4 #bec4 #beb ,vigfuss5 & ,p[ell1 ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale1 ,i4 p4 #dag4 ,= fur!r examples ( affectionate int]e/ 9 gho/s1 see ,primitive ,culture1 ,,ii4 pp4 #ca-c4 #bec ,hodson1 ,! ,naga ,tribes ( ,manipur1 p4 #ajj4 #bed ,! ,todas1 p4 #cfc4 #bee ,e4 ,r4 ,smi?1 ,! ,araucanians1 p4 #agb4 #bef ,coddr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #agg4 #beg ,miss ,m4 ,c4 ,/ev5son1 8,! ,sia0 9 ,am]ican ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhi-ij1 ,,xi4 p4 #aba4 #beh ,/efnson1 ,my ,life among ! ,eskimo1 p4 #cig4 #bei ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dig4 #bfj ,fraz]1 ,belief 9 ,immortality1 p4 #bei4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,relations ,,betwe5 ,,magic ,,& ,,animism #a4 ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,priority ,magic & ,animism n[ ev]y:]e fl\ri% side by side1 or 9 confus$ association1 &1 by ^? :o believe 9 !m1 are n discrim9at$ z !y may be by a spectator4 ,z to _! orig91 we h se5 t bo? ( !m are prehi/oric2 x is useless to inquire ab\t x among/ believ]s 7:o c only tell y t !y le>nt ^! ?+s f _! =efa!rs71 or to look = any sort ( direct pro(4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,i m5tion$ g5]al consid]ations 9 fav\r ( ! priority ( ,magic2 b said no?+ ( ! opposite op9ion1 t ,animism is prior & ,magic d]ivative3 an op9ion held by _m &1 among/ !m1 by ,wundt1 ^: treatm5t ( ! problem claims att5tion4 ,pr(4 ,wundt holds t ! idea ( ! s\l is old] ?an ,magic & has ?ree pr9cipal s\rces3 7#a7 ! gebund5e ,seele1 or ,krp]seele 7consci\sness z an attribute ( ! body71 is imm$iately giv51 )\t ! ne$ ( any reflection1 z a result ( p]ception-associations2 = ?9k+1 feel+ & will+ are con/ant elem5ts ( a liv+ body4#bfa ,! influ5ce ( ?is idea is se5 9 ! practices ( mak+ (f]+s to ! dead at _! tombs1 ( pres]v+ ! body itself1 ( treat+ ! blood & v>i\s p>ts ( ! body z vehicles ( ! s\l1 ! use ( hair & nail-p>+s 9 sorc]y1 & s =?4 ,by contact1 ?is s\l c be transfus$ into o!r ?+s4 ,b ! freie ,seele1 a be+ diff]+ f & oppos$ to ! body1 is sugge/$ 7#b7 by brea? & by ! cessation ( ! body's liv+ functions ) ! la/ brea?--! ,hau*seele2 & also 7#c7 by dreams & visions--! ,s*att5seele4 ,?is ?ird conception gradually subord9ates ! o!r two1 & has ! *ief "p 9 ! developm5t ( ,animism & ,my?ology4#bfb ,z to sorc]y 7,zaub]71 x is1 at fir/1 always attribut$ to ! human w2 inasmu* z ?is is ! orig9al type ( causation4 ,ord9>y ev5ts raise no "q ( causes = ! ,naturm5s*2 b only extraord9>y occurr5ces d s1 su* z sickness & dea?4 ,ev5 pa9 or dea? f w\nds is a matt] ( c\rse1 = ! antec$5ts are visible to him2 b pa9 or dea? f sickness has no su* cu/om>y antec$5t2 s to expla9 !m he imag9es an enemy :o c op]ate at a di/ance by sorc]y4 ,sorc]y he conceives ( z an op]ation ( "o s\l ^u ano!r2 ei!r directly1 or indirectly by v>i\s appliances1 su* z pantomimic injury by means ( an image4 ,pantomime is at fir/ believ$ to affect ! victim's s\l1 & s to cause sickness 9 8 body2 b ! (t5] su* rites are repeat$1 ! m ! int]v5tion ( ! s\l is obscur$4 ,= 9 _m-l9k$ associations1 especially :]e ! fir/ & la/ l9ks /& z means & end1 ! middle l9ks are apt to disappe>2 & s9ce ^! are1 9 ?is case1 ideas ab\t ! s\l1 !re rema9s1 aft] _! loss1 ! indef9ite idea ( "s incompreh5sible action at a di/ance by means ( ! pantomime3 x is !n no long] ,sorc]y b ,magic4 ,simil>ly1 a feti*1 or a talisman or amulet 7:i* diff]s f a feti* only 9 n be+ ! object ( a cult71 orig9ally owes its p[] to an indwell+ _s1 b may deg5]ate into a magical object4#bfc ,magic1 !re=e1 is always d]ivative & second>y2 & ,animism is entirely indep5d5t ( ,magic4#bfd ,?is !ory is work$ out ) ,pr(4 ,wundt's usual compreh5siv5ess & me?odical cle>ness2 & ! exposition ab\nds ) int]e/+ discussions2 b x has n conv9c$ me4 ,! ,krp]seele1 z an attribute ( ! body1 is1 surely1 n a s\l at all4 ,cu/om>y p]ception ( o!r m5 int]pret$ by self-consci\sness1 ) ! habitual treatm5t ( o!rs 7& ( ourselves by o!rs7 z consci\s bodies--mak+ x difficult to conceive t a corpse is really dead--no d\bt influ5ces animi/ic rites2 = ev5 ?\gh ! s\l se5 9 dreams may be believ$ to live1 hav+ ! consci\sness ( its =m] body 9 dreaml&1 yet "s consci\sness seems to rema9 ) ! body 9 ! grave4 ,_m rites p]=m$ at a tomb1 h[ev]1 may also be und]/ood 9 relation to a belief t ! s\l1 ?\gh hav+ a sep>ate exi/5ce z se5 9 dreams1 /ill desires to re9habit its body1 or to protect its buri$ treasures1 & !re=e1 ?\gh its new home be f> away1 frequ5tly returns & haunts ! neighb\rhood ( its tomb1 & w c]ta9ly return if summon$4 ,b x is n until ! s\l se5 9 dreams has become an object ( popul> belief1 t any idea c be =m$ ( a body-s\l--or m prop]ly ( a s\l )9 ! body1 & !nce ( a s\l-/uff ( ! body--:i* leaves ! body at dea? 7& "u o!r conditions7 z ! vehicle ( consci\sness4 ,?is s\l-/uff :i* leaves ! body at dea? may easily come to be id5tifi$ ) ! brea?1 b n until ! discussion ( dreams has giv5 rise to ! belief 9 a sep>able s\l4 ,! fact t 9 cold wea!r ! la/ brea? 7or any o!r67 may appe> = a mom5t z a vap\r1 & is nev] se5 aga91 _c by itself sugge/ a sep>ate p]si/5t exi/5ce l t ( ! s\l2 & ov] a consid]able "p ( ! e>? su* a vap\r is seldom =m$ by ! brea?4 ,! ,krp]seele & ! ,hau*seele1 !re=e1 are n indep5d5t s\rces ( ,animism1 b are entirely dep5d5t = _! imag9>y exi/5ce ^u ! ,s*att5seele1 ^u ! gr[? ( a belief 9 a sep>able s\l z se5 9 dreams4 ,z to ,sorc]y1 x may be def9$ z ,magic practis$ ) ! aid ( spirits2 & s9ce its exi/5ce implies t a belief 9 spirits & _! influ5ce has already =m$ itself1 x may also be believ$ to op]ate1 9 ! fir/ place1 on ! s\ls ( its victims & s1 9 ! second place1 on _! bodies4 ,!n1 z ,pr(4 ,wundt expla9s1 a process ( retrogradation sometimes occurs1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! spirits are =gott51 & only ! me*anical rites rema9 z a residuum ( b>e ,magic4 ,simil>ly1 a feti* sometimes becomes a m]ely magical talisman or amulet4 ,?is is h>dly disputable2 b x does n prove t ! deg5]ation ( ,sorc]y is ! only s\rce ( ,magic1 or t ,magic has n 7= ! mo/ "p1 inde$17 ano!r1 indep5d5t orig94 ,! issue is difficult to argue ^u ! gr\nd ( facts1 because magical practices are ( su* high antiquity4 ,if1 = example1 "o %\ld urge t ! inti*iuma c]emonies ( ! ,arunta are n1 s f> z we h evid5ce1 design$ to op]ate by spiritual p[] ^u ! s\ls ( ! emu or ! wit*ettygrub1 b directly to promote by ,magic ! f]tility ( ^! objects1 x might be repli$ t su*1 inde$1 may be _! pres5t "*1 b t ! orig9al int5tion mu/ h be5 to promote f]tility by fir/ influ5c+ _! s\ls1 & t ?is has be5 =gott54 ,or1 aga91 if "o %\ld po9t to ! little /ones--ti$ up 9 b>k & believ$ by ! ,kaiti% to be /ores ( evil ,magic--z hav+ no m>k ( ! feti*1 no "* to indicate t _! p[] is due to spirits1 s t !y seem to be m]ely magical1 ! answ] w\ld be ready1 t by long use & retrogradation !y may h ceas$ to be feti*es1 b t a good !ory requires !m to h be5 ( t nature a=etime4 ,?us any case ( app>5tly b>e ,magic may be treat$ z a residuum ( laps$ ,animism2 or1 %\ld its orig9 be rec5t & asc]ta9able1 x may /ill be said to h be5 con/itut$ by analogy ) su* residua4 ,we are driv51 !re=e1 to re/ ! argum5t ^u ! psy*ological conditions ( su* beliefs4 ,is ! nature ( ! human m9d1 s f> z we c int]pret x at ! savage level1 su* t ! belief 9 ,animism necess>ily prec$es & 7lat]7 gives rise to ! belief 9 ,magic2 or is x possible to indicate conditions t may indep5d5tly give rise to ,magic8 ,accord+ to ,pr(4 ,wundt1 z ,i h said1 ,sorc]y prec$es ,magic &1 at fir/1 is always attribut$ to human volition1 because ?is is ! orig9al type ( causation4 ,contr>y to ,hume's doctr9e 7he says71 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts does n excite 9 ! savage ! idea ( causation1 or ! ne$ ( explanation4 ,cu/om>y s]ies ( ev5ts belong to ^? matt]-(-c\rse prop]ties ( ?+s :i* he1 eb5 weg5 ihr] ,regelmssigkeit1 unmgli* h9weg d5k5 kann4#bfe ,x is ! unusual occurr5ces--accid5ts1 /orms1 dr\ght 7:]e ra9 is mu* desir$7 & especially sickness & dea?--t awak5 9 him ! ne$ ( causal explanation4 ,he is accu/om$ to pa9 f w\nds1 :]e he sees ! conditions on :i* !y always foll[2 b ! pa9 ( disease has no su* antec$5ts1 & he supplies ! gap 9 r\t9e by free associations1 imag9+ t ?is pa9 also mu/ be ! "w ( "s enemy4 ,= 9 ! regul> c\rse ( ev5ts !re is = him only "o region 9 :i* an effect appe>s notw5dig v]knpft mit dem ,vorausgeh5de3 namely1 t ( 8 own volunt>y actions4 ,! connexion is1 inde$1 only a matt] ( fact2 b x includes ! s5sations & feel+s ( 8 own p[] b] d5 ,e9tritt des ,ereignisses4 ,?is1 z ,b]keley saw 7says ,pr(4 ,wundt71 is ! true orig9 ( ! notion ( causality2 ?\gh ! true pr9ciple ( causality requires ! elim9ation ( ?is subjective gr\nd ( its orig94#bff ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t ! savage has no def9ite idea ( ! pr9ciple ( causation2 b he has obscure ideas ( all its *ief m>ks--! ne$ ( "s antec$5t = e ev5t1 regul>ity ( connexion1 & proportionality2 & probably1 9 ! dep?s ( 8 m9d1 ! ab/ract pr9ciple has made "s progress t[>d maturity4 7a7 ,! gr\nd or s\rce ( su* ideas1 accord+ to ,hume1 is cu/om>y exp]i5ce2 & t su* exp]i5ce includes its own causation 7&1 !re=e1 ne$s no explanation7 is prov$ by ,pr(4 ,wundt's cont5tion t x is ! unusual :i* fir/ dem&s causal explanation2 because !re ! famili> causation is miss+2 s t ! savage tries to fill up ! lacuna1 z be/ he c1 accord+ to ! type ( :at is usual4 ,b 7b71 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,wundt1 !re is 9 ! regul> c\rse ( ev5ts only "o region 9 :i* ! idea ( causation 7?\gh illusory7 fir/ arises3 namely1 our own actions1 9 :i* we are aw>e ( our own p[] ov] ! beg9n+ ( ! ev5t4 ,& no "o1 ,i suppose1 d\bts t ! notion ( p[] is d]iv$ orig9ally f ! consci\sness ( our own ex]tions#bfg3 read1 by sympa?y1 into ! actions ( o!r m5 & animals &1 by empa?y1 into ! movem5ts ( trees1 /ones1 w9ds & wat]s4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 occurs s e>ly 9 ! individual & 9 ! race 7probably 9 ! high] animals7 t1 be=e ! ne$ ( causal explanation is felt1 ! _w is se5 z if p]vad$ by =ces1 :i* are manife/$ 9 e usual c\rse ( ev5ts & n m]ely 9 volunt>y actions4 ,aga9 7c71 p[] is only "o "* ( ! primitive belief 9 causation3 ano!r1 n less important1 is uni=mity2 & ! /udy ( our own actions is notori\sly unfav\rable = ! discov]y ( uni=mity4 ,)\t any obvi\s reason = x1 our visc]al activities c h>dly be controll$ at all2 comp\nd reflexes 7su* z yawn+1 sneez+1 laugh+1 weep+7 are v imp]fectly controll$2 our habitual actions1 once />t$1 g on ( !mselves1 & (t5 beg9 )\t 7or contr>y to7 our wi%es1 especially ge/ures & expressions2 9 fatigue control flags1 9 disease is (t5 lo/2#bfh we d n always give ! same weight to ! same motives1 nor fulfil our int5tions :e!r good or bad4 ,b if ! relation ( w to action is n app>5tly uni=m1 x _c be se5 to be necess>y2 s t volition is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! peculi> region ( caprice4 ,?is is v important 9 ,animism4 ,b1 fur!r 7d71 7 ! connexion betwe5 volition & movem5t m con/ant ?an x is1 x w\ld /ill be mo/ improbable t ideas ( causation %\ld be *iefly drawn f our consci\sness ( x2 = ! int]e/ ( action lies n 9 ! m]e control ( our own movem5ts1 or p[] ov] ! beg9n+ ( ev5ts1 b 9 ! atta9m5t ( our ends2 & !re is no dep>tm5t ( nature 9 :i* ! failure ( connexion is ne>ly s impressive4 ,x is because ( ?is failure t ! savage becomes fasc9at$ by ideas ( magical & 7lat]7 ( spiritual aid4 ,f9ally 7e71 no control is ex]cis$ by ! w ov] pa9--heada*e1 colic1 rheumatism1 etc42 yet we are told t ! savage1 :5 s afflict$1 ref]s 8 suff]+s at once to ! w ( "s enemy op]at+ at a di/ance4 ,su* inf]5ces are n primitive1 b ! result ( a long gr[? ( sup]/itions4 ,among ,au/ralian aborig9es1 disease & natural dea? are g5]ally believ$ to be caus$ by ! magical practices ( an enemy1 n m]ely by 8 w4 ,we are n1 !n1 oblig$ to inf] t1 because volition is ! type ( necess>y connexion1 ,sorc]y1 or any o!r =m ( ,animism1 prec$$ ,magic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are conditions t may h giv5 rise indep5d5tly to a belief 9 ,magic4 ,! savage has frequ5t exp]i5ce ( regul> tra9s ( ev5t :i*1 = want ( analytic ability1 he does n cle>ly und]/&1 b :i* exi/ 9 8 m9d z types det]m9+ 8 appreh5sion ( o!r sequ5ces4 ,:5 two int]e/+ ev5ts happ5 ab\t ! same "t1 ! lat] recalls ! e>li]2 because ! impression ( ! e>li]1 hav+ be5 deep1 p]sev]ates1 & is apt to be re-excit$ by almo/ any occurr5ce4 ,an association is !n =m$ betwe5 !m1 & obta9s z /rong a hold ^u ! m9d z less int]e/+ ones c by _m repetitions4 ,! man judges !m to be connect$2 & expects ! co9cid5ce to repeat itself z usual occurr5ces d2 & ! m vividly ! m he desires or fe>s x4 ,su* expectations1 toge!r ) ! idea ( invisible =ce & ! oppression ( my/]y1 by degrees e/abli% ! belief 9 ,magic4 ,probably no travell] among/ wild peoples1 or obs]v] ( ! unsophi/icat$ at home1 w ?9k t too mu* /ress is "h laid ^u ! p[] ( co9cid5ce to create g5]al expectations4 ,ev5 ! ,*aldean prie/s 7we are told7 _h grasp$ b imp]fectly ! idea ( causation4 8,:5 two ev5ts _h be5 notic$ to happ5 "o aft] ano!r1 ! fir/ 0 ! cause ( ! second4 ,h5ce _! anxiety to record ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s & ! occurr5ces t took place aft] ea*40#bfi ,! ,egyptians1 says ,h]odotus1 8:5ev] a prodigy takes place1 wat* & record ! result2 !n1 if any?+ simil> ev] happ5s aga91 !y expect ! same consequ5ces40#bgj ,!y _h m]ely r$uc$ to a sy/em ! univ]sal practice ( unanalytic m9ds4 #b4 ,,magic ,,& ,,religion ,! orig9 ( ,magic1 !n1 is indep5d5t ( ,animism2 & 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght ,magic probably prec$$ ,animism z an imag9>y ag5t 9 ! explanation & control ( int]e/+ & obscure ev5ts4 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip & 9 ! ,magic ,art1#bga says t ,magic1 z a means ( gratify+ "o's desires1 is prior to ,religion conceiv$ ( z a means ( atta9+ "o's ends by ! propitiation ( spirits4 ,?is is a mu* n>r[] cont5tion ?an t ,magic is prior to ,animism 7:i* p]haps he does n ma9ta971 & x is proportionally m def5sible4 ,:il/ ! priority ( ,magic to ,animism seems to me to h "s l[ degree ( probability1 ! priority ( ,magic to ,religion1 z ! propitiation ( spirits1 seems probable 9 a mu* high] degree2 s9ce we h pla9 in=mation t bo? ! ,au/ralians & ! ,indians ( ,guiana practise ,magic ext5sively & also believe 9 gho/s & spirits )\t propitiat+ !m4#bgb ,on ! o!r h&1 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]'s explanation ( h[ ,religion sup]s$$ ,magic is que/ionable4 ,he conjectures 8t a t>dy recognition ( ! inh]5t falsehood & b>r5ness ( magic set ! m ?\ghtful "p ( mank9d to ca/ ab\t = a tru] !ory ( ,nature & a m fruitful me?od ( turn+ h] res\rces to acc\nt4 ,! %rewd] intellig5ces mu/ 9 "t h come to p]ceive t magical c]emonies & incantations did n really effect ! results :i* !y 7 design$ to produce10 & ! wiz>d inf]r$ t1 8if ! great _w w5t on its way )\t ! help ( him or 8 fell[s1 x mu/ surely be because !re 7 o!r be+s1 l himself1 b f> /rong]1 :o1 unse5 !mselves1 direct$ its c\rse40#bgc ,to ^! he address$ himself1 & s\ght by pray] :at he _h =m]ly hop$ to obta9 by ,magic4 ,su* is ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]'s sugge/ion1 (f]$ t5tatively1 & 7surely7 n agree+ well ) ! facts :i* he has set be=e u4 ,= he has %[n t no am\nt ( exp]i5ce c discr$it ,magic1 g5]ally1 9 untutor$ m9ds2 t c]ta9 k9ds ( ,magic are sometimes pu%$ into ! backgr\nd by ,religion1 b nev] =gott52 :il/ o!r k9ds ( ,magic become fus$ ) ,religion itself & con/itute an ess5tial factor 9 its rites2 s t !y are inde$ few :o c be said to h betak5 !mselves to ,religion in/ead ( ,magic4 ,besides1 ! only gr\nd ^u :i* a p5etrat+ m9d1 t _h disc>d$ ,magic z discr$it$ by exp]i5ce1 c\ld resort by pref]5ce to ! wor%ip ( spirits mu/ be t exp]i5ce %[$ pray] & sacrifice to be m efficaci\s ?an ,magic 9 atta9+ our ends4 ,is !re reason to ?9k t 7lucky co9cid5ces ap>t7 ?is has ev] happ5$8 ,mu/ we n r say t1 :e!r "o relies on ,magic or on ,religion1 exp]i5ce ( failure c\nts = almo/ no?+8 ,s _m excuses are at h&4 ,! matt] pres5ts itself to me 9 ?is way3 at fir/1 belief 9 ,magic arises z a means ( obta9+ good & av]t+ evil4 ,gr\nd$1 z ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor says1#bgd 9 ! desire 8to discov]1 to =etell1 & to cause ev5ts10 x is irresi/ibly attractive by its p[] ( increas+ "o's confid5ce1 ( mak+ sure4 ,secondly1 at "s /age aft] ! rise ( ,animism1 religi\s practices are add$ to ! magical1 to make assurance d\bly sure1 j z "o magical practice may be add$ to ano!r1 a rite to a spell4 ,at ?is /age1 !re is no s5se ( opposition betwe5 ,magic & ,religion4 ,t1 9 fact1 !y are oppos$ 9 _! nature1 z an inv>iable to a caprici\s =ce1 ev5 if ?is diff]5ce 7 appreciat$ by savages1 ne$ n prev5t _! co-op]ation2 = ,magic is kn[n to be a t5d5cy t may fail ( ! effect desir$1 ei!r by ! c\nt]action ( sup]ior ,magic1 or by imp]fection 9 ! rites2 & "o sees no reason :y a _s %\ld n be supplicat$ to supplem5t ! imp]fect rites1 or to fru/rate ! sup]ior ,magic4 ,to supplicate ! int]v5tion ( spirits1 once !y are fully believ$ 91 is an act s simple & natural1 t we may wond] h[ x %\ld ev] be omitt$ :]e ,animism prevails4 ,= :at c be m spontane\s ?an to ask ! aid ( "o's fa!r or fri5d1 & :y n ask ! spirits disembodi$ z freely z ^? 9 ! fle%8 ,9 ,melanesia n e gho/ is wor%ipp$ 7z n hav+ mana72 b a man 9 dang] may call ^u 8 fa!r1 gr&fa!r or uncle3 8 ne>ness ( k9 be+ suffici5t gr\nd = x4#bge ,c]ta9ly3 & t ?is is n always done :]e gho/s are rife c only be because x is believ$ t ! less "o has to d ) !m ! bett]6 ,probably1 ?is consid]ation re/ra9s = ages ! e>ly impulses to pray4 ,primitive man anticipates ! advice ( ,confucius3 8,pay all respect to spiritual be+s1 b keep !m at a di/ance40#bgf ,?irdly1 c]ta9 =ms ( ,magic come1 aft] a "t1 to be disc\nt5anc$ or puni%$3 black ,magic1 because x is anti-social & crim9al2 o!r =ms ( ,magic1 :5 c>ri$ on by private practition]s1 because !y infr+e ! monopoly ( sup]natural p[] t has n[ be5 claim$ by dyna/ies & prie/hoods2 or 79 o!r words7 because ! public gods are jeal\s ( all competitors4 ,legitimate ,magic has n[ be5 incorporat$ ) ,religion4 ,& ! p[] ( ,religion becomes great] ?an t ( ,magic )\t ,religion1 n only by ! support ( ! influ5tial classes1 b also because ,religion1 :e!r z wor%ip ( ! public gods or z sorc]y or devil-wor%ip1 afflicts ! human m9d ) peculi> t]rors2 &1 aga91 because ,religion1 %\ld x cl>ify morally & /hetically1 appeals m & m to ! affections--to ! family affections & to loyalty4 ,! imp]sonality ( pure ,magic sets x 7z x does ,sci5ce7 at a great disadvantage 9 ?is competition4 ,f9ally1 :il/ ! failures ( ,magic always ne$ to be excus$1--z by a mi/ake 9 ! rites or by ! opposition ( /rong] ,magic1--,religion br+s ) x a new excuse = failure1 namely1 ! caprice ( ! spirits or gods propitiat$4 ,at _! pleasure !y may reject ! pray]s & sacrifices4 ,p]si/5ce 9 su* conduct on _! "p is sometimes met by bani%m5t1 deprivation ( rank1 or o!r puni%m5t--! civilis$ me?ods ( ,*9a2 at o!r times by pray+ l\d] & sacrific+ m extravagantly1 9 ! /yle t culm9at$ 9 ,mexico toge!r ) ! p[] ( b>b>ic prie/hood4 ,/ill ! gods may be obdurate2 &1 probably1 to excuse ! failure ( propitiation by ! caprice ( ! gods 01 f ! fir/1 look$ ^u z an eligible device3#bgg n obs]v+ t ! caprice ( ! gods 0 incompatible ) ! security ( _! wor%ipp]s2 &1 !re=e1 9 conflict ) t desire ( security :i* is ! root ( ! :ole sup]natural /ructure1 :e!r magical or religi\s4 ,?is conflict mu/ h consequ5ces4 ,religion1 !n1 v probably1 is ( lat] gr[? ?an ,magic2 b :e!r ,animism1 z a belief 9 sep>able 7or sep>ate7 spirits1 human or o!r1 is lat] or n ?an ,magic1 !re is insuffici5t evid5ce4 ,at any rate1 _! orig9s are indep5d5t4 ,p]haps my own pref]5ce = ! priority ( ,magic dep5ds1 p>tly at lea/1 on ! conv5i5ce ( t view 9 arrang+ ! foll[+ consid]ations4 #c4 ,,ideas ,,& ,,practices ,,( ,,magic ,,adopt$ ,,by ,,animism 7a7 ,fundam5tal 9 ,magic1 :]ev] practis$1 is ! idea ( =ce1 invisible & intangible1 :i* c op]ate at a di/ance )\t any visible or tangible vehicle4 ,! idea may h be5 =m$ 7z we h se57 by analogy ) sev]al natural ph5om5a1 su* z ! w9d1 radiant heat1 s\nd1 od\r1 & x is involv$ 9 a savage's beliefs conc]n+ ! efficacy ( *>ms1 rites & spells4 ,:5 a man dies1 he lies spee*less & motionless1 no long] ex]ts 8 accu/om$ =ce 9 any way2 b1 if se5 9 a dream1 he /ill speaks & acts1 p]haps wre/les ) ! dream]4 ,"h1 !n1 is t =ce :i* _h des]t$ ! body3 x is visible & tangible 9 dreams only1 or p]haps sometimes by twilight2 or to gift$ se]s1 or to dogs or pigs4 ,! =ce ex]t$ by ! gho/ or _s is ! same ?+ z =ce magical1 except 9 "o "*3 its action is caprici\s1 dep5d+ on ! good or ill w ( ! gho/ or _s2 :]eas purely magical =ces h uni=m t5d5cies4 ,magic1 !n1 prep>es & p>tially develops ?is idea ( my/]i\s =ce1 )\t :i* ! appe>ance ( a dead man 9 a dream1 aft] 8 body has be5 buri$ or burnt1 w\ld h no reality or practical consequ5ces = ! liv+4 ,comp>ison ) %ad[s & reflections c\ld n l5d reality to dreams2 = !y require ! pres5ce ( ! body1 & !mselves h no me*anical significance4 ,_! association ) ! _s or gho/ probably foll[s ! use ( _! names to describe ! dream-imag]y1 :i* _c at fir/ h a "n ( its own4 ,! same names be+ us$ = %ad[ or reflection & = _s or dream-s\l1 ! ?+s are 9 "s measure id5tifi$2 & !n ! idea ( =ce may be associat$ ) %ad[s & reflections2 s t ! fall+ ( a %ad[ ^u a man may injure or slay him4 ,magic-=ce & _s-=ce be+ ! same ?+1 ! "q :e!r mana is a magical or animi/ic notion is mislead+4 ,x w be conceiv$ ( by diff]5t tribes 9 "o way or ! o!r1 accord+ to ! relative preval5ce 9 "o or ! o!r tribe ( ! animi/ic or ( ! magical mode ( explanation4 7b7 ,x is reasonable to expect t1 z ! gho/-!ory spread1 ! magical =ce ( ?+s %\ld sometimes be conceiv$ ( z spiritual2 s t amulets & talismans w\ld come to be reg>d$ z ow+ _! virtue ei!r to a controll+ _s1 or to an indwell+ _s peculi> to ea*3 9 ! latt] case ! *>m is a feti*4 ,:5 a *>m is ?us consid]$1 its efficacy is no long] expect$ to be uni=m1 b dep5ds on ! mood ( ! indwell+ or controll+ _s4 ,! fact t its efficacy1 ?\gh =m]ly presum$ to be uni=m1 nev] 0 s1 fav\rs ! new int]pretation2 & ?is hav+ be5 accept$1 a cult 7or a discipl9e7 ( ! _s is apt to foll[4 ,?us ! magician becomes a sorc]] or a prie/4 ,9 ,nor? ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 %ort /icks or bones are us$ = po9t+ at an enemy & direct+ magical =ce aga9/ him4 ,only ! ,guangi & o!r tribes ( ! ,gulf coa/ manufacture dead m5's bones 7femur or fibula7 into po9t]s2 b ^! are trad$ s\?w>d1 & are consid]$ m pot5t ?an o!r po9t]s4#bgh ,a /ick1 !n1 is ! primitive talisman1 (t5 8sung0 ) a spell 9 ,al*]+a words1 :i* ! op]ator himself does n und]/&2 & x acts by pure magic4 ,! dead man's bone is m pot5t1 at fir/ p]haps only because x is m oppressively gruesome & t]rify+2 we are n told t x c>ries ! p[] ( its =m] own]'s gho/2 b h[ ne> ! ?\ght mu/ be6 ,9 ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 po9t+ ) ! bone 7human fibula7 is v common2 9 po9t+ y "n y\r victim & say h[ he is to die2 b t ! efficacy ( ! rite does n dep5d ^u a _s is %[n by ?is1 t1 :5 po9t+1 y tie a cord ( human hair 7atta*$ to ! bone7 tightly ar\nd y\r upp] arm1 9 ord] to drive blood into ! bone4 ,9 o!r rites1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! fat ( a dead man is us$1 ! gho/ ( ! dead is believ$ to assi/ ! op]ation2 = a man's fat1 especially kidney-fat1 is ! seat ( 8 pr[ess & o!r virtues4#bgi ,an easy ext5sion ( ideas by analogy w\ld int]pret a rite 9 :i* a dead man's bone is us$1 & :i* is on t acc\nt m pot5t1 z ow+ its sup]ior pot5cy to ! assi/ance ( ! dead man's gho/4 ,x seems easy2 b resi/ance to ! progress ( explanation is n peculi> to ! civilis$ m9d4 ,aga91 9 ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 a bulk--a pebble1 usually black & r\ndi%--is c>ri$ by wiz>ds z a p[]ful talisman4 ,a native dreamt ( see+ two gho/s by 8 camp fire1 &1 on wak+1 f\nd a bulk :]e !y _h /ood4#bhj ,h[ c\ld su* an impressive exp]i5ce fail to raise a belief 9 a connexion betwe5 gho/s & bulks3 bo? s attractive to ! imag9ation1 & alike my/]i\s & p[]ful8 ,_m su* situations mu/ /rongly indicate an ext5sion ( ! gho/-!ory1 once x has be5 =m$1 to expla9 ! influ5ce ( *>ms & rites4 ,a "t comes ) "s tribes :5 ! activity & ubiquity ( spirits is s mu* a matt] ( c\rse t e my/]i\s p[] is apt to be ascrib$ to _! pres5ce4 ,if a p]son or ?+ 0 orig9ally taboo1 ei!r by inh]5t virtue or by =ce ( a spell or curse--a talisman dang]\s to e "o :o violat$ its sanctity--,animism expla9s ! dang] by ! wra? ( a protect+ _s4 ,a b\nd>y hav+ long be5 taboo1 a _s is imag9$ to protect ! b\nd>y1 & becomes ! god ,t]m9us4 ,diseases1 at fir/ attribut$ to ,magic1 are lat] expla9$ by ,animism2 s t :il/ an ,au/ralian wiz>d is cont5t to suck a magically implant$ /one or spl9t] f 8 pati5t's body1 a prie/ ( ! ,dyaks1 hav+ suck$ out a simil> object1 calls x a _s4#bha ,! wond] is t at ?is /age ( ?\ght any purely magical p[] c survive4 7c7 ,an ,om5 is reg>d$ z giv+ w>n+ ( "s ev5t1 al?\gh betwe5 ev5t & om5 !re is no traceable connexion--9 ?is resembl+ _m magical op]ations2 & at fir/ om5s may h be5 always s conceiv$ (1 & only by degrees di/+ui%$ f *>ms & spells4 ,b 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w om5s h come to be treat$ z div9e or spiritual premonitions2 & ! m>ks :i* di/+ui% om5s f ! re/ ( ,magic are su* z to fav\r a gr[? ( ! belief t !y are s5t by spirits4 ,?is subject1 h[ev]1 is s ext5sive t a sep>ate *apt] mu/ be giv5 to x4 7d7 ,inasmu* z spells address$ to any object t5d to ! p]sonification ( x1 ! p]sonifi$ object may1 z ! gho/-!ory ga9s /r5g?1 acquire an indwell+ or controll+ _s1 & ! spell address$ to x may become a pray]4 ,n t ?is is ! only way 9 :i* pray] may orig9ate2 = 7z rem>k$ above7 no?+ c be simpl] or less 9 ne$ ( explanation ?an ! invok+ ( ! _s ( "o's relatives 7! gho/-!ory hav+ be5 e/abli%$7 to help "o or1 at lea/1 n to p]secute4 ,inde$1 x is n unreasonable to suppose t ?is 0 (t5 attempt$1 & n p]si/$ 9 = want ( obta9+ an answ]2 s t a long t5tative age prec$$ ! settl$ cu/om ( pray]4 ,nor is x easy to see h[ belief 9 ! efficacy ( pray] 7beg9n+ 9 ?is way7 c\ld ev] h be5 e/abli%$1 unless x 7 confirm$ by co9cid5ce--j l ,magic4 ,h[ev]1 ! e>lie/ =m ( pray] & ( spell 7:i*ev] may h be5 ! e>li]7 be+ ! same--a simple expression ( desire--:5ce pray] & spell h be5 diff]5tiat$1 x may be impossible to decide :e!r a giv5 ejaculation belongs to "o class or to ! o!r4 ,?us ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,williamson tells u t1 among/ ! ,mafulu ( ,new ,gu9ea1 :5 fi%+ 9 ! riv] ,aduala1 ! fi%]s1 aft] =m+ a weir1 b be=e fix+ _! net1 all jo9 9 a sort ( pray] or invocation to ! riv]3 8,aduala1 give u pl5ty ( fi% t we may eat well40#bhb ,b he expressly says t1 :il/ !y believe c]ta9 p>ts ( ! riv]1 su* z a wat]fall or deep pool1 to be haunt$ by spirits1 !y d n believe ?is ( ! riv] itself1#bhc & t g5]ally _! ,animism is v backw>d4 ,! ejaculation1 !re=e1 seems to be a spell4 ,comp>e ) x ! ,jakun spell to br+ monkeys )9 %oot+ di/ance3 8,come ye d[n ) s\ls en*ant$1 ,monkeys1 by my spells en*ant$40#bhd ,if1 !n1 ! orig9al =m ( pray] & ( spell is (t5 ! same1 ! sole diff]5ce betwe5 !m lies 9 ! int5tion ( ! speak]4 ,"o ( ! ,kurnai1 to /op ! gales1 cri$3 8,let ! ,we/ ,w9d be b\nd10#bhe & ?is is evid5tly a comm& & a spell2 b if he reg>d$ ! w9d z controll$ by a _s1 a *ange ( tone w\ld make x a pray]4 ,/ill1 :e!r ) ! spread ( ,animism a spell %all become a pray]1 mu/ dep5d ^u :e!r ! _s address$ is believ$ to be ! m easily importun$ or co]c$4 ,! taboo t (t5 atta*es to ! names ( ! dead & ( o!r spirits may easily h be5 d]iv$ f ! magical practice ( summon+ by "n1 or ( nam+ ! victim ( a rite4 ,to call a liv+ man by "n draws 8 att5tion & (t5 br+s him to ! spot2 a magical nam+ is 7f ! temp] ( ,magic7 uni=mly effective2 s t to avoid su* control names are kept secret2 & :5 gho/s are believ$ 91 nam+ has ! same p[] ov] !m & is1 !re=e1 extremely dang]\s4 ,h5ce1 9 ,sorc]y 7a dang]\s art71 to introduce ! names ( spirits into spells is to secure _! pres5ce & assi/ance3 &1 9 pray]1 to use ! true "n ( ! _s or god address$ may be indisp5sable2 ! wor%ipp]'s int5tion is n en\gh4 7e7 ,) ! spread ( ,animism1 magical rites (t5 become religi\s4 ,?is may occur by simply add+ ! invocation ( a _s to a magical rite 7z a spell may be add$7 9 ord] to /r5g!n x--! two actions rema9+ q di/9ct2 or "s degree ( fusion may take place1 obscur+ m or less ! orig9al "* ( ! practice4 ,! ,kai 7,papuans ( nor!rn ,new ,gu9ea7 8make ra90 by mutt]+ a spell ov] a /one1 & at ! same "t call+ ^u ,balong & ,batu to drive away ,yondimi1 a woman :o holds up ! ra92 & :5 ra9 en\gh has fall51 !y /rew hot a%es on ! /one1 or put x 9 ! fire1 to /op ! ra94#bhf ,! animi/ic invocation1 be+ omitt$ f ! process ( /opp+ ! ra91 seems to be m]ely adscititi\s to ! mak+ ( x4 ,aga91 8,:5 ra9 is badly want$ 9 ! ,oraon c\ntry1 ! ,oraons ( ea* village fix a day = ! ra9-mak+ c]emony4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! appo9t$ day1 ! wom5 ( ! village1 ) ! wife ( ! village prie/ or ,pahan at _! head1 proce$ to ! village spr+ or tank1 & !re1 aft] ablution1 ea* woman fills h] pit*] ) wat]1 & all proce$ 9 a body to a sacr$ pip>-tree4444 ,on _! arrival at ! sacr$ tree1 all ! wom5 simultane\sly p\r ! wat] 9 _! pit*]s ov] ! root ( ! tree1 say+ #8,may ra9 fall on ! e>? l ?is4' ,! wife ( ! village prie/ n[ puts m>ks ( v]milion1 dilut$ 9 oil1 on ! trunk ( ! tree4 ,aft] ?is ! wom5 dep>t1 & ! ,pahan or village prie/ proce$s to sacrifice a r$ cock to ! god ,b>&a at ! spot4444 ,9 ?is case1 app>5tly1 by direct alliance1 sacrifice & ! ano9t+ ( ! tree ) v]milion h be5 sup]impos$ ^u :at 0 once1 p]haps1 purely a c]emony ( imitative magic40#bhg ,mr4 ,w>de ,f[l] tells u t an anci5t ,iguvian docum5t conta9s in/ructions = ! lu/ration ( ! p be=e a campaign3 ! male population assembl$ 9 its milit>y divisions2 ar\nd ! ho/ a procession w5t ?ree times2 at ! end ( ea* circuit !re 0 pray] to ,m>s & to two female associates ( 8 p[]1 to bless ! p ( ,iguvium & to curse _! enemies3 & he obs]ves t religion has "h be5 impos$ ^u ! orig9al magic-c]emony4 ,= ! idea mu/ h be5 t1 by draw+ a magic circle ar\nd ! ho/1 x w\ld be protect$ 9 ! enemy's c\ntry aga9/ ho/ile magic by be+ r5d]$ holy4 8,a lat] & animi/ic age w\ld ?9k ( !m 7! soldi]s7 z ne$+ protection aga9/ ho/ile spirits1 ( ^: ways & freaks !y 71 ( c\rse1 entirely ignorant40 ,h5ce ! pray] to ,m>s4#bhh ,simil>ly1 rites connect$ ) se$-"t & h>ve/1 orig9ally magical1 become religi\s1 z beliefs gr[ up 9 spirits ( ! rice1 or corn1 or v9e1 or 9 gods ( agriculture or f]tility4 ,?us1 z magical p[] is ! same ?+ z spiritual p[]1 magical practices may be n m]ely ! antec$5ts b ev5 ! f\ndations ( religi\s practices4 ,long aft] ! developm5t ( ,animism1 magical practices are ma9ta9$ by natural cons]vatism2 if prie/s exi/1 !y try1 ( c\rse1 to annex su* practices to ! wor%ip ( _! god2 & if ! annexation is accompli%$1 :e!r by prie/ly managem5t or by a popul> movem5t1 no incongruity may be felt = a long "t betwe5 ! uni=mity ( ,magic & ! caprice ( ,animism2 ! :ole celebration is call$ ,religion1 & becomes suffus$ ) religi\s feel+4 #d4 ,,retrogradation ,on ! o!r h&1 9 all ^! cases1 ! animi/ic int]pretation ( ! p[] ( feti*es1 om5s1 pray]s1 rites1 :e!r orig9al 7z ,pr(4 ,wundt holds7 or acquir$1 may be lo/1 & a magical int]pretation alone rema94 ,= "o's m9d becomes s engross$ ) objects or practices 7su* z feti*-?+s or pray]s7 t are reg>d$ z necess>y to ! gratification ( any ma/]ful desire1 t n only irrelevant ideas1 b any ideas n indisp5sable to ! connexion betwe5 ! objects or practices & ! gratifications1 may be =gott52 & z objects or practices acquire int]e/ 9 !mselves1 ev5 ! gratifications =m]ly desir$ may be =gott54 ,j z su* means z money or books1 bus9ess or /udy1 may become ends to ! exclusion ( fur!r enjoym5ts1 s images or rites1 at fir/ subsidi>y to ! obta9+ ( demonic aid 9 love or rev5ge1 may be c>$ = ) a f]v\r t excludes ! ?\ght ( any int]v5+ means to ^? ends 7especially su* means z a caprici\s _s :o may fail "o71 & may ev5 be employ$ "u a vague fe> or discom=t 9 ! omission ( !m1 :5 no p>ticul> purpose is any long] rememb]$4 ,on ! pr9ciple ( lea/ ef=t1 we att5d only to :at is necess>y4 7a7 ,a sa9t's f+]-jo9t may at fir/ be treasur$ z a feti* hav+ ! p[] ( ! sa9t to save f %ipwreck2 aft] a "t x may be c>ri$ z an amulet )\t any ?\ght ( ! sa9t's int]position2 :il/ ! evil to be av]t$ is m & m vaguely imag9$4 ,see+ t spiritual & magical ag5cies are ! same invisible1 un9telligible =ce1 h[ easy to int]*ange !m6 7b7 ,simil>ly om5s1 f be+ div9e messages1 ea* relat+ to a p>ticul> und]tak+1 may come to be m]ely occurr5ces t enc\rage or disc\rage a man1 or a tribe1 at any "t2 because1 by tradition1 !y are lucky or unlucky4 ,or practically ! same result may be rea*$ by philosophy3 z ) ^? ,/oics :o expla9$ t om5s are prophetic n z s5t by ! gods1 b z involv$ 9 ! same procession ( fatal ev5ts4 ,fate1 be=e any laws ( nature _h be5 discov]$1 0 no?+ b all-compreh5sive ,magic3 :i* left out or m$iatis$ ! gods1 because1 9 a philosophical consid]ation ( ! _w1 !y are worse ?an useless4 7c7 ,z to pray]s1 9 any rational conception ( !m1 ! =m ( words convey+ !m _c matt] to a god1 z long z !y are pi\sly meant & dev\tly m$itat$4 ,yet ev]y:]e !re has be5 a t5d5cy to r$uce !m to /rict =mul1 any dep>ture f :i* may1 x is fe>$1 impair _! efficacy4 ,s f> z ?is occurs1 _! op]ation is magical2 !y h become spells4 ,su* is ! result ( cu/om1 ) m5tal in]tia too dull to ?9k2 ( an irreligi\s temp]am5t1 gett+ quickly ?r\gh an uncong5ial task2 ( a sup]/iti\s unimag9ative _s1 afraid to omit any tradition>y means ( safety & = :om a pray+-:eel is ! way ( peace4 ,to rob pray] ( its religi\s mean+1 !re is ! ev]-pres5t example ( ! magical spells t op]ate by _! own =ce4 ,a =m ( words1 :e!r magical or supplicatory1 t has be5 among ! antec$5ts ( a "t ( peace or ( ga91 seems to be among/ its causes1 & is repeat$ t su* a "t may cont9ue4 ,( ! c\ntless cases 9 :i* pray]s h deg5]at$ into spells1 none is m in/ructive ?an ! "o record$ by ,dr4 ,riv]s 9 8 acc\nt ( ! dairy-ritual ( ! ,todas4 ,! pray]s (f]$ dur+ ?is ritual are utt]$ 9 ! ?roat1 s t ! words are undi/+ui%able2 & !y are divid$ into two p>ts3 fir/1 a li/ ( sacr$ be+s & objects m5tion$ by sacr$ names1 mu* ( x un9telligible2 &1 secondly1 a petition = ! protection & welf>e ( ! buffaloes3 ! =m] is n[ ! m important2 ! latt] is apt to be slurr$ ov]1 or p]haps omitt$4#bhi ,( ! ,roman public pray]s1 ,mr4 ,w>de ,f[l] says3 8,! idea t ! spok5 =mula 7d]iv$ f an age ( ,magic7 0 effici5t only if no slip 7 made1 seems to h ga9$ 9 /r5g? in/ead ( dim9i%+1 z we might h expect$ x to d ) advanc+ civilisation40#bij ,to ju/ify ! belief 9 =mul x may be ass]t$ t ! gods !mselves prescrib$ !m3 an excuse = ! sup]/iti\s dread ( alt]+ :at is tradition>y1 & = ! p]suasion t ! =m itself has my/]i\s virtue4 7d7 ,t o!r religi\s c]emonies1 repeat$ f age to age1 h ! same t5d5cy z pray]s to become dead =ms f :i* ! _s ( communion or devotion has dep>t$--?\gh "u fav\rable conditions x may return f "t to "t--is too well kn[n2 & if 9 _! empt9ess !y are /ill believ$ someh[ to s]ve _! purpose1 x c only be z magical rites4 ,"o may be surpris$ to f9d at :at an e>ly /age ( culture ?is t5d5cy is fully realis$4 ,william ,ellis1 ! celebrat$ mission>y1 says ( ! p ( ,raiatea3 8,! efficacy ( _! religi\s s]vices consi/$ 9 ! rigid exactness ) :i* sacr$ days 7 kept1 & religi\s c]emonies p]=m$1 )\t ! lea/ reg>d to ! motives & dispositions ( ! devotees4444 ,9 _! idol-wor%ip1 h[ev] co/ly ! sacrifice1 & h[ev] ne> its close ! c]emony might be1 if ! prie/ omitt$ or misplac$ any ^w 9 ! pray]s1 or if 8 att5tion 0 div]t$ by any means s t ! pray] 0 brok51 ! :ole 0 r5d]$ unavail+3 he mu/ prep>e o!r victims & repeat 8 pray]s ov] f ! comm5cem5t40#bia ,h[ ?is conc]n = details mu/ be a relapse into magical notions may be read 9 ! acc\nt ( rites to /op ! ra9fall 9 ,torres ,/raits2 :]e 7we are told7 if ! wiz>d omit any detail1 ! ra9 cont9ues4#bib ,p]haps ! notion ( ! p]fect def9it5ess ( causation 7?\gh n consi/5tly adh]$ to 9 o!r matt]s7 arose f ?is meticul\s anxiety ( sup]/ition3 x also1 h[ev]1 furni%es excuses = failure bo? to prie/s & wiz>ds4 7e7 ,9 ,magic !re mu/ be some?+ deeply satisfy+ to ! av]age m9d3 x prec$es ,religion1 supplies ! basis & framework ( religi\s practices1 & rema9s :5 ,religion is 9 ru9s2 & :5 p *ange _! ,religion1 !y reta9 _! ,magic4 ,among ! ,fijians1#bic ^? :o 7 ,*ri/ianis$ lo/ _! dread ( wit*craft la/ ( all ! relics ( _! hea!nism4 ,among ! ,*]okees1 8,gahuni1 l sev]al o!rs ( _! ,%amans1 comb9$ ! pr(essions ( ,indian conjuror & ,me?odi/ prea*]40#bid ,9 ,norway1 aft] ! g5]al acceptance ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,lapl& wit*craft 0 /ill valu$4 ,! victory ( ! insurg5ts at ,/ikle/ad1 :]e ,/4 ,olaf fell1 0 ?\ght to h be5 due to ! magic arm\r ( re9de]-sk9 t ,?ore ,hund _h br\ght f ,lapl&2 ?\gh all ,/4 ,olaf's m5 wore ! cross ^u helmet & %ield4#bie ,s9ce !n ! spiritualis+ ( ,magic & ! despiritualis+ ( ,religion are bo? real processes ( evolution1 x may be difficult1 or ev5 impossible1 to say ( any giv5 magical practice1 )\t p>ticul> k ( its hi/ory1 :e!r x is primitive or residu>y4 ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor writes3 8,*>m =mulas are 9 v _m cases actual pray]s1 & z su* are intelligible4 ,:]e !y are m]ely v]bal =ms1 produc+ _! effect on nature & man by "s unexpla9$ process1 may n !y1 or ! types !y 7 modell$ on1 h be5 orig9ally pray]s1 s9ce dw9dl$ into my/ic s5t5ces80#bif ,! circum/ances ( ea* case mu/ guide our judgm5t4 ,:at %all we say1 = example1 ( ! addresses to spirits 9 ,melanesia1 :]e x is difficult to f9d 9 any dialect a ^w = pray]1 8s closely does ! notion ( efficacy cl+ to ! =m ( words employ$08#big ,are spells !re ris+ into pray]s1 or pray]s s9k+ back into spells8 #e4 ,,spirits ,,"k ,,magic1 ,,tea* ,,x1 ,,& ,,inspire ,,magicians ,gho/s "k ,magic1 because !y knew x 9 ! fle%2 &1 by analogy1 simil> k is likely to be attribut$ to spirits t are reput$ nev] to h be5 9 ! fle%4 ,z fe> exalts all ! p[]s ( a gho/ above 8 =m] rea*1 x may be expect$ to raise 8 magical p[]s1 especially if he _h already be5 fam\s 9 t way4 ,&1 g5]ally1 x does s2 b1 exceptionally1 we read t1 among ! ,l5gua ,indians 7we/ ( ! ,p>aguay71 :il/ any man may attempt ,magic1 pr(essional 8wit*-doctors0 are num]\s & p[]ful2 yet !y are n cr$it$ ) extraord9>y p[]s aft] dea?4#bih ,else:]e1 h[ev]1 ! dead magician does n =get 8 art4 ,:]e ,%amanism prevails & ! p[] ( ,magic or ,sorc]y atta9s its greate/ social importance1 ! _s ( a dead %aman makes "s advance t[>d deification4 ,among ! ,buryats1 dead %amans are wor%ipp$ ) pray] & sacrifice4#bii ,accord+ to ! ,kalevala1 ! fam\s collection ( ,f9ni% poetry1 9 ,tuonela 7,hades71 :i!r all dead %amans desc5d1 _! wisdom & magical p[] accumulate1 exce$+ t ( any liv+ adept2 s t ev5 ,v9min51 ! wiz>d h]o1 goes d[n to le>n !re ! magical words he does n "k4#cjj ,spirits1 kn[+ ,magic1 also tea* x1 & make magicians & prophets4 ,9 ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 ! pr(ession ( wiz>d may be h]$it>y 9 ! elde/ son2 or obta9$ ?r\gh initiation by ano!r wiz>d--7a corpse is dug up1 its bones p\nd$ = ! neophyte to *ew2 he is pla/]$ ) excrem5t1 etc41 till he becomes fr5zi$1 8 eyes blood%ot1 8 behavi\r maniacal72#cja or a man may become a wiz>d by meet+ a _s :o op5s 8 side & ins]ts qu>tz-cry/als1 etc42 or by d]iv+ p[] f ,d>amulun2 or by sleep+ at a grave1 :]e ! deceas$ op5s him1 & takes out & replaces 8 b[els4 ,"h we h a li/ ( ! mo/ usual ways 9 :i* magical p[]s c any:]e be acquir$--by inh]itance1 by tuition1 by ! aid ( gho/s or spirits2 & x sugge/s ! hypo!sis t at fir/ ! magic art 0 inh]it$1 or le>nt f a =m] wiz>d2 & t1 ) ! gr[? ( ,animism1 x became 9 "s cases pref]able1 because m impressive 7& *eap]71 to acquire x f a gho/ or _s4 ,= ?is is m probable ?an t1 at ! e>ly /age 9 :i* ,animism exi/s 9 ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 retrogradation %\ld h tak5 place2 s t ! mak+ ( wiz>ds1 =m]ly ascrib$ only to spirits1 %\ld 9 "s cases h be5 remitt$ to inh]itance or to pr(essional tuition4 ,t 9 spite ( ! great] pre/ige t may atta* to a diploma obta9$ f spirits1 ! "r ( practis+ by inh]itance or by tuition (t5 /ill p]si/s1 ?\gh1 no d\bt1 due 9 "p to dull cons]vatism1 may also be und]/ood by consid]+ family & pr(essional motives4 ,!re are heavy fees = tea*+ wit*craft1 besides ! pr(its made 9 "s tribes by sell+ ! control ( famili> spirits2 ! pr(ession is lucrative1 & a wiz>dy family has an int]e/ 9 its monopoly2 :i* mu/ be impair$1 if any man :o loses himself 9 ! bu% may come back ) "s cock-&-bull /ory ab\t a gho/ & 8 new metaphysical insides1 & /raightway set himself up ) ! equival5ts ( a brass plate & r$ lant]n4 ,among ! ,boloki on ! ,congo1 ! c>e]s ( blacksmi? & wit*-doctor are op5 only to ! relatives ( liv+ adepts4 ,at lea/1 practically 7b = a few exceptionally cunn+ & rascally int]lop]s :o creep & intrude & climb into ! fold71 ! (fice ( wit*-doctor is h]$it>y3 a fa!r tra9s 8 son1 & w tra9 7= a l>ge fee7 any y\? ^: family has already produc$ a wit*-doctor4 ,b a c&idate )\t family connexion is told t he mu/ fir/ kill by wit*craft all ! memb]s ( 8 family1 z (f]+s to ! feti* ( t bran* ( ! pr(ession to :i* he aspires4#cjb ,n only ! spirits ( primitive ,animism1 b likewise ! gods ( matur] ,religions1 "k & tea* ,magic4 ,9 ! ,maori my?ology1 ,tumatau5ga1 "o ( ! fir/ g5]ation ( gods1 det]m9$ incantations = mak+ all sorts ( food abundant & = controll+ ! w9ds1 z well z pray]s to ,heav5 suit$ to all ! circum/ances ( human life2 & ! god ,rongotakaw91 hav+ %ap$ ! h]o ,:akatau out ( ! apron ( ,apakura1 taught him ,magic & en*antm5ts ( e k9d4#cjc ,pr(4 ,rhys tells u t ! ,wel% god ,m? ab ,ma?onwy1 or ,ma? ,hn 7! anci5t71 0 ! fir/ ( ! ?ree great magicians ( ,wel% ,my?ology2 & he taught ,magic to ! culture h]o1 ,gwydion ab ,dn1 ) ^: help he creat$ a woman out ( fl[]s4#cjd ,! ,teutonic equival5t ( ,gwydion is ,wod51 or ,o?92 & he too 0 a magician1 8! fa!r ( spells10 :o acquir$ 8 wisdom by gaz+ d[n into ! abyss1 :il/ he hung n9e nights on ! tree1 an (f]+ to himself 7& 9 o!r ways72 &1 9 turn1 he tea*es ,siegfri$ ! om5s4#cje ,he also taught ! nor!rn p %ape-*ang+1 & by spells controll$ fire & ! w9ds4#cjf ,9 ,egypt ,magic 0 taught by ,?o?1 9 ,babylonia by ,m]oda*1 & 9 ,japan by ,ohonoma*i ! e>?-god4 ,inde$1 :5ce1 unless f div9e be+s1 c\ld ?is preci\s wisdom be obta9able8 ,spirits also inspire or possess ! magician1 s t ?r\gh him1 z _! m\?piece or in/rum5t1 prophecies are utt]$ or wond]s wr\ght4 ,we h se5 t 9 ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia ! rites ( initiation to wiz>dry by a wiz>d1 )\t ! aid ( spirits1 cause a c&idate to become fr5zi$ or maniacal4 ,) ! gr[+ fa%ion ( animi/ic int]pretation1 su* behavi\r is 7along ) insanity7 put d[n to possession by a _s4 ,! common beliefs t a man's s\l c slip 9 & out ( him & t a man may re9c>nate ! _s ( an ance/or1 facilitate ?is idea ( possession4 ,dreams conc]n+ spirits also promote ! belief t a miracle-mong] owes to !m 8 sup]natural p[]s4 ,! ,tunguses ( ,turnkhausk say t ! man de/9$ to be a %aman sees 9 a dream ! devil p]=m+ rites1 & s le>ns ! secrets ( 8 craft4 ,among ! ,trans-,baikal ,tunguses1 he :o wi%es to become a %aman decl>es t su* or su* a dead %aman appe>$ to him 9 a dream1 & ord]$ him to be 8 successor2 & he %[s himself crazy1 /upefi$ & timor\s4 ,! ,yakut %aman is preorda9$ to s]ve ! spirits1 :e!r he wi%es x or n3 he beg9s by rag+ l a madman1 gabbles1 falls unconsci\s1 runs ab\t ! woods1 into fire & wat]1 injures himself ) weapons4 ,!n an old %aman tra9s him4#cjg ,on ! ,congo1 a man may become a wiz>d by claim+ to be ! m$ium ( a dead man2 & a m$ium falls into a fr5zy1 %\ts1 trembles all ov]1 8 body undulates1 sweat breaks out1 foam ga!rs on 8 m\?1 8 eyeballs roll3 he speaks an ar*aic language if he kn[s "o4#cjh ,9 ,santa ,cruz 7,melanesia71 prophecy is practis$ by m5 ^: bodies are tak5 possession (1 & _! voices us$1 by gho/s3 !y foam at ! m\?1 wri!1 are convuls$ z if 9 madness2 & ! mad1 too1 are believ$ to be possess$4#cji ,simil>ly ! ,py?oness3 ! behavi\r ( ! possess$ is ev]y:]e ! same4 ,b z ! same behavi\r m>ks ! y\? tra9+ = a wiz>d be=e ! !ory ( possession or inspiration has be5 adopt$1 x is pla9 t ! animi/ic !ory does n create ! ph5om5a1 b is m]ely1 at a c]ta9 /age ( ?\ght1 ! inevitable explanation ( !m4 ,facility ( fall+ into fr5zy may be ! te/ ( fitness = wiz>dry2 ! ,bokongo pr(essor :o tra9s a pupil1 beats 8 drum1 %akes 8 rattle1 & tries to drive ! feti*-p[] into him2 if ! pupil rema9s /olid1 he is disqualifi$2 b if he sways to ! music ( ! drum1 jumps ab\t l a madman1 etc41 he passes4#caj ,^! antics at fir/ a/oni% ! behold]1 /r5g!n ! fai? ( pati5ts 9 ! wit*-doctor1 & ( ! wit*-doctor 9 himself1 & (t5 h a sort ( hypnotic fasc9ation = bo? him & !m2 & !y ga9 9 value "u ,animism by be+ also pro(s ( sup]natural assi/ance or control3 & be+ an ess5tial m>k ( ! adept at c]ta9 /ages ( ! art's developm5t1 !y are sometimes induc$ by rhy?mic drumm+1 s++ & danc+1 sometimes by fa/+s or drugs4 8,black ,magic0 is1 at fir/1 m]ely ! use ( ,magic = anti-social purposes2 v e>ly a di/9ction is recognis$ betwe5 wiz>ds :o cause disease & ^? :o cure x4#caa 8,black0 & 8:ite0 wiz>ds are sometimes at op5 /rife4#cab ,:5 tribal gods come to be recognis$1 8black0 wiz>ds are ^? :o are assi/$ or inspir$ by inf]ior gods or demons1 :o may be oppon5ts & rivals ( ! high gods4 ,h5ce ! same god :o1 :il/ p>am\nt1 aids or inspires 9 an hon\rable way1 may1 if depos$ or sup]s$$1 become ! abettor ( ,black ,magic--z happ5$ to our own gods1 & to o!rs1 be=e & aft] ! com+ ( ,*ri/ianity2 = ! anci5t div9e s\rces ( p[] & prophecy became devils & wit*-ma/]s4 ,! magicians ( our ,middle ,ages1 ( :om ,fau/us is ! type1 7 8black0 &1 9 ! _s ( ,%amanism1 pret5d$ to rule ! devils2 b1 ov]%ad[$ by ,*ri/ianity1 !y--at lea/ 9 popul> belief--b\ght _! p[] at a price4 #f4 ,,spirits ,,op]ate ,,by ,,magic ,spirits may op]ate ?r\gh m5 :om !y possess1 or by _! nak$ s\l-=ce1 or by words 7t is1 by spells71 or by m]ely ?9k+3 7a7 ,:5 a man is possess$ by a _s1 x is ! s\l-=ce ( t _s :i* has ent]$ him & tak5 comm& ( 8 voice or limbs2 & we h se5 t ?is s\l-=ce is ! same z =ce magical4 ,! _s's action is ! same z t ( ! bug9 or wiz>d1 :o boa/$ ( hav+ ent]$ a horse & gallop$ (f4#cac 7b7 ,by ,animism1 prior to philosophical reflection1 ! _s is n conceiv$ ( z /rictly incorporeal2 its =ce1 :i* is magical1 is quasi-me*anical4 ,h5ce1 9 ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 spirits c c>ry (f a man 9 a bag#cad 7made1 no d\bt1 ( bag-s\l-/uff74 ,b spirits may act ^u a man v effectually )\t be+ me*anically felt2 z among ! ,ekoi1 :]e gho/s are ei!r good or bad1 & g5]ally a good goes ) a bad "o to c\nt]act 8 malevol5ce2 b %\ld a bad "o w&] =? alone1 & %\ld a man )\t ! gift ( see+ gho/s 7:i* dep5ds ^u 8 hav+ f\r eyes7 run aga9/ x 9 ! /reet1 ! gho/ w n /ep aside1 b /rikes ! man 9 ! face2 :o !n has lock-jaw1 & dies4#cae ,z we h reason to believe t ?is is n ! natural tiology ( lock-jaw1 ! gho/'s action is pla9ly magical3 l t ( ! corpse-c&le :i*1 n long ago1 on a slope ( ,pl9limmon "o ra9y night1 a man inadv]t5tly ran aga9/1 & 0 8/ruck d[n dead z a horse40#caf ,! m]e app>ition ( a gho/ 7at lea/1 to any "o :o has n f\r eyes7 is magical4 ,! s5d+ ( a bird z an om5 is magical4 ,?is imm$iate p[] ( ! gods is n[h]e %[n m emphatically ?an 9 _! metamorphoses3 t ^! are sometimes wr\ght by spells or o!r en*antm5ts proves t ! op]ation is magical4 ,au/ralian wiz>ds trans=m !mselves into kang>oos & o!r animals2 &1 9 ,arunta my?ology1 9 ! e>lie/ ,al*]+a 7p]iod ( my?ical ance/ors71 ! ,ungambikula--s call$ f hav+ aris5 out ( no?+--) /one knives cut m5 out ( rudim5t>y masses ( unorganis$ matt] 7inap]tua71 & !n trans=m$ !mselves into little liz>ds4#cag ,s ?is sort ( self-conjur+ may be said to beg9 at ! beg9n+2 & x _c be necess>y to accumulate examples ( metamorphosis4 ,sev]al explanations ( ?is belief 9 ! possibility ( *ang+ ! =m ( "o's body1 or ( hav+ x *ang$ by o!rs1 h be5 (f]$3 none p]haps entirely satisfactory4 ,we are n "h conc]n$ ) ! pass+ ( a s\l f "o body to ano!r--f a man into a wolf or into a s]p5t1 or conv]sely3 giv5 ! conception ( a sep>able s\l1 t is easy to und]/&4 ,:at has to be expla9$ is ! belief 9 a magical *ange ( ! body itself1 z 9 ! common ,european sup]/ition t a man may turn into a wolf1 & back aga91 l ,sigmund & 8 son 9 ! ,volsung ,saga4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out 7i7 t ! savage may obs]ve /rik+ *anges 9 nature3 z 9 ! %ape ( cl\ds & smoke1 ! burn+ ( wood into flame1 smoke & a%es1 ! evaporation ( wat]2 ! turn+ ( eggs into cat]pill>s1 reptiles1 birds1 or ( a *rysalis into an imago2 ! appe>ance ( worms 9 putrefy+ bodies1 & s =?4#cah ,) su* facts be=e him1 :y %\ld n ! savage imag9e himself also capable ( trans=mation8 7ii7 ,dream-images1 too1 pass "o into ano!r 9 a m>vell\s way4 7iii7 ,s9ce m5 are (t5 call$ by ! names ( animals1 h[ easy to suppose t1 at times1 !y may really be ^? animals4 ,h[ easy to conf\nd a man ) 8 ,totem4 ,9 _m savage dances1 animals are imitat$1 & ! imag9ation-belief 9 ! reality ( ! pantomime gr[s v /rong4 7iv7 ,! savage1 :5 8 imag9ation has be5 excit$1 is n clev] at p5etrat+ conjur+ tricks & disguises2 & "s m51 at fir/ = _! own ends1 may h disguis$ !mselves z animals & pass$ z animals2 & 9 support ( ?is explanation x may be obs]v$ t ! animal into :i* m5 trans=m !mselves is (t5e/ ! mo/ fe>$ 9 _! neighb\rhood--! wolf1 leop>d1 or tig]2 &1 ( c\rse1 "o case believ$ 91 o!rs foll[ by analogy4 ,! m]e report ( su* an happ5+ might g5]ate belief by =ce ( fe>4 7v7 ,9 a wild c\ntry1 a man 7say "o :o is pursu$7 (t5 disappe>s & is indiscov]able2 s t he may seem to h turn$ into a kang>oo1 or a /one1 or a tree t appe>s 9 8 place1 z ,daphne hid successfully 9 a laurel-?icket3 or if su* an occurr5ce did n orig9ate ! belief 9 metamorphosis1 x may h help$ to confirm x4 7vi7 ,9 m5tal disease1 ! pati5t sometimes believes himself to be "s k9d ( animal1 & acts accord+ly3 p]haps z a result ( ! popul> belief1 b d\btless also confirm+ x4#cai ,weigh+ all ^! hypo!ses1 ,i lean to ! view t1 />t+ f ! fact 7z gr\nd ( analogy7 t a/oni%+ *anges are obs]v$ 9 nature & 9 dreams1 ! belief 9 metamorphosis z a magical op]ation re/s *iefly ^u ! deceptions & confid5t ass]tions ( wiz>ds t !y c1 & d1 *ange _! =m1 support$ by _! reputation = wond]-work+ & by ! fe>s ( _! neighb\rs4 ,n[1 if wiz>ds c *ange _! %apes1 ( c\rse ! gods c4#cbj 7c7 ,spirits & gods are kn[n to use amulets & talismans1 n inv5t$ by poets z symbols1 b priz$ z ! in/rum5ts ( _! p[]1 z an en*ant] values 8 w&4 ,su* are ! caduceus ( ,h]mes1 ! ce/us ( ,aphrodite1 ,?or's hamm] ,mjlnir1 ,wod5's spe> ,gunguir & 8 wi%+ /aff4 ,! gods ( ,egypt & ,babylon also wore *>ms4 ,s9ce *iefta9s are frequ5tly magicians1 & also become gods1 x foll[s t ! gods are magicians2 ?\gh1 inde$1 z ,grimm obs]ves1 _! p[] is to be call$ miracul\s r ?an magical4 ,b ,magic1 be+ ! highe/ p[] kn[n to m51 & ! mo/ desir$1 is ( c\rse attribut$ to spirits & to gods4 ,! mo/ ext5sive p[]s ( spirits1 h[ev]1 dep5d on ! use ( words or spells4 ,! h]o ( ! ,we/]n ,isles ( ,torres ,/raits1 ,kwoiam1 employ$ magical =mul4#cba ,! gods & demigods ( ! ,maories c>ri$ out _! extraord9>y adv5tures by ! p[] ( incantations4 ,maui1 by incantations1 fi%es up dry l& f ! bottom ( ! sea1 & turns 8 bro!r-9-law into a dog2 ,ta:aki & 8 bro!r ,k>ahi1 by incantations1 make !mselves invisible1 & av5ge _! fa!r ,hema ^u 8 enemies2 & s =?4#cbb ,celtic & ,teutonic deities work$ wond]s by songs & spells4 ,isis 0 ! greate/ en*antress t ev] liv$4 ,%e made f ! spittle ( ,ra a s]p5t t bit & poison$ him2 & !n %e heal$ him by an incantation1 hav+ fir/ compell$ him to reveal to h] 8 "n1 to ! k ( :i* ! god himself ow$ 8 p[] ov] gods & m52 s t %e obta9$ ! ma/]y ov] all ! gods4#cbc ,z spells1 :5 us$ by m51 may be m efficaci\s :5 mutt]$ & :isp]$ ?an :5 spok5 al\d1 s !y may reta9 _! p[] :5 sil5tly wi%$ or ?\ght2 & x is ! same ) spirits3 to control ev5ts x may be en\gh = !m to ?9k4 ,& ?is belief em]ges at no v high level ( ,animism2 x ne$s no philosophical in/ruction 9 ! my/]i\s en]gy ( ideas4 ,! ,sia ,indians 7,nor? ,mexico7 h a ,c\g> ,society1 :i* meets = a two days' c]emonial1 be=e a hunt+ exp$ition1 to propitiate ! c\g> 7puma71 because he is ! great fa!r & ma/] ( all game4 ,he is believ$ to draw all k9ds ( game to him by sitt+ /ill ) fold$ arms & m5tally dem&+ _! pres5ce2 & by ! same means he s5ds game to :omsoev] he fav\rs4#cbd ,app>5tly1 !n1 ,magic is an art antec$5t to ! exi/5ce ( spirits & ready = _! use2 & !y /& 9 ! same relations to x z m5 d4 ,animi/ic usages are orig9ally magical--spells1 rites1 metamorphoses2 & all animi/ic ideas are magical1 except "o--! caprici\sness ( spiritual ag5cy4 #g4 ,,spirits ,,are ,,controll$ ,,by ,,magic ,! savage imag9ation hav+ creat$ out ( dreams & o!r /range exp]i5ces a _w ( invisible & p[]ful be+s :o may be fri5dly or ho/ile1--s human t !y mu/ be accessible to pray]s1 b (t5 turn a deaf e> to !m--mu/ desire sacrifices1 yet (t5 reject !m--caprici\s & inscrutable--x became necess>y1 9 ord] to re/ore confid5ce 9 all ! relations ( life1 t _! caprice %\ld someh[ be ov]come2 & to accompli% ?is ?ree ways 7 op53 fir/1 to increase ! pray]s & sacrifices until _! importunity & co/l9ess %\ld prove irresi/ible--& ?is way l$ to all ! magnific5ce & to all ! horrors ( religi\s rites2 secondly1 to "w ^u ! fe>s or vuln]ability ( spirits by beat+1 />v+1 slay+1 bani%+ or degrad+ !m2 or1 ?irdly1 to con/ra9 !m1 z m5 are (t5 con/ra9$1 by magical rites & =mul4 ,f ! beg9n+ ?is necessity is felt4 ,! con/ra9t ( spirits by fe> or viol5ce is *>act]i/ic ( ,feti*ism4 ,! wiz>ds ( ! ,congo cat* spirits 9 traps2 or drive !m into animals1 :i* !y behead2 or spe> !m 9 "s d>k corn]1 & !n exhibit _! blood ^u ! spe>-head4 ,pass+ f ! ,congo ?r\gh _m ages ( progress1 we arrive 9 ,*9a1 & f9d t 9 "t ( dr\ght1 if ! city-god neglects to put an end to x1 he is fir/ ( all entreat$2 b t fail+1 8 idol is /ripp$ nak$ & put to /& 9 ! sun2 or an iron *a9 is hung r\nd 8 neck--! m>k ( a crim9al--till ra9 falls2 or he may be de?ron$ altoge!r4#cbe ,) su* crude practices1 h[ev]1 we are n n[ conc]n$4 ,! control ( spirits by ,magic1 especially by spells--or by o!r spirits :o1 9 turn1 are controll$ by spells--is 9 its e>li] =m *>act]i/ic ( ,%amanism3 inde$1 x is ! ess5ce ( ,%amanism2 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 9 _m %amani/ic tribes1 hav+ int]c\rse ) peoples ( diff]5t culture1 o!r beliefs1 ascrib+ indep5d5t or ev5 sup]ior p[] to spirits1 are (t5 f\nd4 ,spirits may be s completely subdu$ by spells z to excite little fe>4 ,among ! ,yurats & ,o/yaks1 ! %amans treat _! spirits )\t c]emony1 & ev5 buy & sell !m4#cbf ,s d ! ,esquimo angekoqs4 ,9 ,gre5l&1 8all ph5om5a are controll$ by spirits1 & ^! spirits are controll$ by =mul or *>ms1 :i* are ma9ly 9 possession ( ! m$ic9e-m51 al?\gh c]ta9 simple *>ms may be own$ & us$ by any "o40 ,h5ce1 8no?+ l pray] or wor%ip is possible02#cbg = :y supplicate spirits :om y c comm&8 8,! rule ( man--n ( all m51 b ( "o specially gift$ 7! %aman71 ov] ,nature1 or ov] ! sup]ior be+s :o direct h]1 is ! fundam5tal idea ( ,%amanism40#cbh ,! %aman's p[] dep5ds on k ( ! names1 natures & orig9s ( all ?+s & spirits1 & ( ! words t control !m2 b also on 8 own extraord9>y p]sonality1 z manife/$ 9 orgia/ic fr5zy4 ,megalomania1 ! va9 imag9ation ( be+ a 8sup]man10 is g5]ally *>act]i/ic ( magicians4 ,no?+ c be m contr>y ?an ?is attitude to :at mo/ ( u und]/& by ,religion4 ,"o condition ( ! preval5ce ( ,%amanism among any p1 or gr\p ( peoples1 seems to be ! abs5ce f among !m ( *iefta9s :o h atta9$ to any high degree ( political p[]1 & ! consequ5t non-exi/5ce ( au?oritative gods4 ,h5ce x spreads ?r\gh\t ! tribes ( ,nor!rn ,europe & ,asia1 f ,f9l& to ,kamt*atka1 & ) a less int5sive sway among/ ! ,indians ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,"u su* conditions ! %aman is subord9ate to no "o 9 ?is _w2 nor1 !re=e1 9 ! _s-_w4 ,b :]e !re are au?oritative *iefs1 au?oritative gods correlative ) !m are approa*$ by an ord] ( m5 :o are prie/s r ?an magicians--t is to say1 are reg>d$ z deal+ less 9 magic ?an 9 pray] & sacrifice4 ,& ?is /ate ( affairs is apt to give rise to increas+ pomp & extravagance ( rites1 to :i* !re is no visible limit2 s t 9 "s cases1 z 9 ,a%anti & ,mexico1 wor%ip became homicide1 & a sort ( national insanity 0 e/abli%$4 ,= f su* practices !re results no security 9 ! satisfaction ( desire2 ! caprice ( ! gods _c by su* means be ov]come2 _! appetite gr[s by :at x fe$s on1 & s does ! fanaticism ( ! prie/hood4 ,n[1 9 political affairs some?+ simil> happ5s3 ! caprice ( despotic rul]s becomes intol]able2 &1 9 "s c\ntries1 submission to _! tyranny has am\nt$ to a sort ( national insanity4 ,else:]e devices h be5 adopt$ to limit ! p[] ( rul]s4 ,avoid+ assass9ation or revolution1 x has be5 f\nd possible to impose ^u a k+ re/ra9ts d]iv$ f 8 own sanctity & div9e p[]4 ,"o su* device has be5 to surr\nd him ) innum]able taboos :i*1 at l5g?1 prev5t him f do+ any?+4 ,x is true t ! o/5sive reason = ?is 0 n ! limitation ( 8 p[]1 b ! pres]vation ( 8 vitality1 ^u :i* hung ! welf>e ( ! :ole _w2 & probably ?is 01 at fir/1 ! consci\s purpose2 b "o effect ( x 0 to limit 8 p[]1 & ! utility ( ?is 0 its natural sanction4 ,!re are _m cases 9 human life 9 :i* a great advantage has be5 ga9$ = ! race by means :i* 7 int5d$ by ! consci\s ag5ts to h an entirely diff]5t result4#cbi ,9 sev]al c\ntries1 :]e ! k+ has be5 b\nd by taboos1 ano!r man has by "s pretext usurp$ 8 p[]2 s t ?is way ( re/ra9+ despotism is n a good "o4 ,b 9 ,japan1 :]e x _h be5 adopt$ by a political p1 ! ,tycoon1 :o succe$$ to ! p[] ( ! taboo-burd5$ ,mikado1 himself fell at la/ "u equival5t re/rictions1 :il/ affairs 7 direct$ by 8 m9i/]s4 ,su* is ! natural t5d5cy ( ?is device among/ positivi/s1 l ! ,japanese2 else:]e x may transf] ! regal p[] to w>riors or to prie/s4#ccj ,ano!r way ( re/ra9+ ! k+ is to e/abli% ! pr9ciple t he rules by ! laws1 & t laws1 ?\gh made by himself1 _c be alt]$4 ,& ?is may h be5 ! purpose ( ! un*angeabl5ess ( ! laws ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians2 & accord+ to ! ,book ( ,daniel#cca x 0 us$ 9 ?is way2 ?\gh1 c]ta9ly1 ! old] au?ority ( ,h]odotus#ccb %[s t1 9 "s cases1 ! k+'s advis]s c\ld f9d a way out = _! ma/]4 ,our own =efa!rs 7 no d\bt ! wise/ p t ev] liv$2 & _! plan 0 to ackn[l$ge fully ! div9ity t do? h$ge a k+1 to decl>e t1 9 fact1 he c\ld d no wrong1 & !n to visit all ! iniquities ( gov]nm5t ^u 8 m9i/]s4 ,if k+s ne$ re/ra9t1 mu* m d invisible gods3 & _m nations h s\ght to limit _! pr]ogative1 ei!r by ,magic or by legal fictions :i*1 9 relation to gods1 c h only a magical op]ation4 ,:il/ ! tone ( ! ,rigv$a is truly religi\s 7?\gh ev5 !re 8! idea is (t5 express$ t ! might & val\r ( ! gods is produc$ by hymns1 sacrifices & especially (f]+s ( soma071 89 ! ,yajurv$a ! sacrifice itself has become ! c5tre ( ?\ght & desire1 its correct p]=mance 9 e detail be+ all-important4 ,its p[] is n[ s great t x n only influ5ces b compels ! gods to d ! w ( ! (ficiat+ prie/40#ccc ,9 ,egyptian rites ( sacrifice & pray]1 ! k9d ( victim & ! mann] ( slay+ & cutt+ x up 7 m9utely & un*angeably decre$4 8,! =mulas accompany+ ea* act ( ! sacrificial prie/ conta9$ a c]ta9 numb] ( words1 ^: due sequ5ce & h>monies might n suff] ! slighte/ modification ev5 by ! god himself1 "u p5alty ( los+ _! efficacy4 ,!y 7 always recit$ ) ! same rhy?m1 accord+ to a sy/em ( melody 9 :i* e tone _h its virtue1 comb9$ ) movem5ts t confirm$ ! s5se & work$ ) irresi/ible effect2 "o false note1 a s+le discord betwe5 ! succession ( ge/ures & ! utt]ance ( ! sacram5tal words1 any hesitation1 any awkw>dness 9 ! accompli%m5t ( a rite1 & ! sacrifice 0 va940#ccd ,b if all 0 9 ord]1 ! god 0 b\nd to grant ! petition4 ,babylonian religi\s c]emonies 8_h = ! mo/ "p ! same end & object z ! magical text us$ ) !m2 !y 7 n s mu* a communion ) ! deities ( heav51 z an attempt to compel !m by p>ticul> words to relieve ! wor%ipp] f tr\ble1 or to be/[ ^u him "s b5efit40 ,c]emonies1 !re=e1 7 useless unless accurately p]=m$ 9 ^w & de$2 8ritual 0 a sort ( act$ magic40#cce ,^! acc\nts ( ! religi\s c]emonies ( ! highe/ b>b>ic civilisations are almo/ 9 ! same words z ,william ,ellis uses 9 8 acc\nt ( wor%ip at ,raiatea ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 except t ,ellis does n say t ! ,polynesian gods 7 b\nd to grant ! reque/s s pres5t$4 ,accord+ly1 ,i h treat$ ! ,raiatean example "u ,retrogradation1 & ^? ( ,egypt & ,babylon z cases ( half-consci\s policy4 ,no d\bt bo? retrogradation & policy 7 pres5t 9 all cases2 b x seems reasonable to suppose t ! latt] pr$om9at$ :]e ord] 0 m settl$ 7an analogue ( ! ord] requir$ 9 heav57 & ?\ght 0 bett] tra9$4 ,"o may wond] :y a magical ritual %\ld be pref]r$ & tru/$ r ?an g5u9ely devotional wor%ip2 s9ce x mu/1 9 fact1 j z (t5 result 9 disappo9tm5t4 ,b1 fir/1 z to ! prie/hood1 an elaborate ritual1 difficult to c>ry out1 is fav\rable to _! p[]1 because only pr(essionals c execute x2 s t !y mu/ necess>ily be employ$2 & ! m elaborate & exig5t x is1 ! m necess>y !y are4 ,b1 !n1 ! m att5tion ! ritual dem&s1 ! less !re is to sp>e = ?9k+ ( ! gods4 ,secondly1 z to ! p1 s9ce ! failure ( wor%ip 9 atta9+ our ends may be due ei!r 7animi/ically7 to ! caprice ( ! gods or 7magically7 to an error ( ! prie/1 x is n surpris+ t m5 %\ld tru/ ! speciali/ ^: education is well atte/$ r ?an ! god ^: "* is inscrutable4 ,?irdly1 a magical ritual appeals to ! expectation ( uni=mity1 ! sole gr\nd ( confid5ce conc]n+ ! future1 & !re=e :at m5 mo/ desire4 ,nev]!less1 ! religi\s =m ( ! rites 7?\gh empty ( religi\s feel+7 is ma9ta9$2 p>tly1 because ! :ole political & ecclesia/ical fabric re/s ^u ! animi/ic tradition2 p>tly1 because ,animism has su* hold ^u m5's m9ds t a few rema9 dev\t2 :il/ ev5 ^? :o reg>d ! rites z magical d n p]ceive t magic is ! anti!sis ( religion & rigidly excludes x4 ,only a few natural positivi/s & philosoph]s reg>d public wor%ip z m]ely a political in/itution4 ,! idea ( a transaction by :i* ! gods are legally b\nd--s mu* help = s mu* wor%ip--may be pres5t 9 all magical ritual2 b 9 "s religions ! analogy ( human relations accord+ to law is explicitly ext5d$ to ! relations ( m5 ) gods4 ,! ,jewi% religion 0 bas$ on a cov5ant2 &1 accord+ to "s !ologians1 s is ! ,*ri/ian4 ,x has (t5 be5 said t ,roman religion impli$ a belief 9 legal obligation impos$ ^u ! gods by rites duly p]=m$2 & ,mr4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 :o ?9ks m highly ?an "s h done ( ! g5u95ess ( religi\s feel+ among/ ! ,romans1 at lea/ 9 private wor%ip1 yet says t 9 ! vota publica we f9d some?+ l a b>ga9 or cov5ant ) ! deity 9 ! "n ( ! ,/ate4#ccf ,legal obligation implies effectual sanctions t may be br\ght to be> ^u transgressors1 gods or m52 & at a l[ /age ( ,animism1 :5 no _s exce$s ! rank ( demon1 !re may be no incongruity 9 br++ to reason a recalcitrant _s by /opp+ 8 rations or maltreat+ 8 image2 b :5 high gods h obta9$ ! homage ( m51 to puni% !m calls = great audacity or v subtle managem5t4 ,! ,*9ese h manag$ ! matt] to admiration4 ,! ,emp]or ( ,*9a ackn[l$g$ himself subject to ! spirits ( ,e>? & ,heav52 b he himself 0 ! son ( ,heav51 & all o!r spirits 7 subject to him4 ,he rul$ alike ov] ! dead & ! liv+4 ,he made deities & appo9t$ !m _! functions2 promot$ !m & di/ribut$ among/ !m titles ( hon\r1 if !y did good works2 or1 if !y fail$ 9 _! duties1 degrad$ !m4 ,9 ! ,pek9 ,gazette "o f9ds 8! deities figur+1 n occasionally b v frequ5tly1 9 e dep>tm5t ( (ficial bus9ess1 & treat$ mu* z if !y 7 highly respectable function>ies ( a sup]ior ord]1 promot$ to "s k9d ( upp] h\se1 ^: abilities & influ5ce 7 nev]!less /ill at ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate40#ccg ,n[h]e has ! unity ( ,*ur* & ,/ate be5 s completely realis$1 & ! pax deorum s conclusively e/abli%$4 ,"o may int]pret ! facts at discretion3 an animi/ may accept !m lit]ally & s]i\sly2 a devotee ( ,magic may reg>d decrees 9 ! ,pek9 ,gazette z spells t h co]cive p[] 9 ! _s-_w2 a ,confucian m&>9 w ?9k t an excell5t plan has be5 devis$ = enli/+ ! sup]/itions ( ! simple-m9d$ 9 support ( law & ord]4 ,we may suppose t = him ,animism is b an episode 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght4 ,ano!r way ( exclud+ spiritual caprice1 :i* we might suppose to h be5 discov]$ by philosoph]s1 b :i* appe>s to be old] ?an :at we usually call 8,philosophy10 is to subord9ate ! gods to ,fate4 ,! idea has be5 attribut$ to ! a/ronom]s or a/rolog]s ( ,babylon t ,fate mu/ be above ! gods z ! con/ant heav5 ( ! fix$ />s is above ! planets3#cch an analogy *>act]i/ic ( magical ?\ght4 ,b ! roots ( ! idea ( ,fate are mu* old] & wid] spread 9 ! sl[1 /eady gr[? ( ! belief 9 uni=mity1 :i* is ! common gr\nd ( ,magic & ,sci5ce2 & 7z ,i h said7 be=e laws ( nature _h be5 discov]$1 ,fate 0 an all-compreh5sive ,magic4 ,fate r$uces ! gods to ! /atus ( :eels 9 a ma*9e2 om5s & oracles1 in/ead ( be+ s5t or inspir$ by ! gods1 are also "p ( ! ma*9]y1 & may po9t to _! de/ruction2 pray]s & sacrifices are o!r p>ts ( ! ma*9]y &1 at mo/1 may be a means ( assuag+ ! anxiety ( "o's own he>t4 ,a /]n way ( envisag+ ! _w3 b x gives n only security aga9/ ! gods1 b also resignation & tranquillity4 ,philosophical ,*ri/ianity reg>ds ! actions ( ,god z always manife/$1 9 ! physical ord]1 ?r\gh 8second causes10 or1 9 o!r words1 9 8! laws ( nature02 &1 9 ! spiritual ord]1 z always obs]v+ ! moral laws t are ! pr9ciples ( div9e ,reason2 9 ei!r case !re c be no v>iabl5ess nor %ad[ ( turn+4 ,magic1 l ,sci5ce1 believes 9 uni=mities ( nature1 & seeks by a k ( !m to control ev5ts2 b ,magic is s eag] to control ev5ts t x _c wait to le>n ! true uni=mities2 x is n mov$1 l ,sci5ce1 by curiosity z to ! tru?1 b by bl9d desire = pres5t results4 ,! cult ( spirits seeks to control ev5ts n by k ( _! natural causes1 b by appeal+ to hyp]physical causes1 & x resembles ! belief 9 ,free ,w1 by :i* m5 hope1 ?r\gh ! influx ( "s unkn[n en]gy1 to escape ! bondage ( _! own vices3 = ,kant rightly treat$ 8,fre$om0 z a cosmological problem1 ! suppos$ int]v5tion ( a cause t is transc5d5t & n 9 ! c\rse ( nature4 ,! int]v5tion ( ,free ,w 7:e!r div9e or human7 is s\ght 9 ord] to av]t injuri\s =tune1 to realise our p]sonal or social s*emes m quickly & *eaply ?an our own ef=ts c1 to avoid ! consequ5ces ( our own actions1 among/ :i* is bondage to our own vices3 = all ^!1 give u v>iability1 miracle1 caprice4 ,b to =esee & control ev5ts physical or social1 includ+ ! conduct ( o!rs1 to be confid5t 9 ! effects ( our own actions accord+ to our purposes1 & 9 ! /ability ( our own "*3 = all ^!1 !re mu/ be uni=mity4 ,9 ! long run ! latt] consid]ations det]m9e our ?\ghts2 & ! necessity ( uni=mity to a rational life may be "o cause ( our belief 7s f> out-runn+ ! evid5ce7 9 uni=mities ( causation & ( space-relations & ( all t we mean by natural law4 ,,footnotes3 #bfa ,my?us und ,religion1 pp4 #gh1 #gi4 #bfb ,op4 cit41 p4 #abe et seq4 #bfc ,op4 cit41 p4 #bjb et seq4 #bfd ,?is 0 also ,sp5c]'s op9ion1 op4 cit41 #acc4 #bfe ,op4 cit41 p4 #bfc4 #bff ,op4 cit41 p4 #bfg4 #bfg ,see above1 pp4 #ajj & #aai-bd4 #bfh ,hume1 ,inquiry1 vii4 #bfi ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,babylonians1 p4 #cih4 #bgj ,book ,,ii4 p4 #hb2 ,rawl9son's ,translation4 #bga ,vol4 ,i4 *4 iv4 #bgb ,b see ! footnote at p4 #bce ( ,! ,magic ,art1 ,i43 8fai? 9 magic is probably old] ?an ! belief 9 spirits40 ,9 ! same note1 a passage 9 ,hegel's ,philosophy ( ,religion is ref]r$ to z anticipat+ ! doctr9e ( ! priority ( ,magic to ,religion4 ,! passage1 z translat$ 9 an app5dix 7pp4 #dbc-f71 %[s1 h[ev]1 no conception ( ,magic z ak9 to natural law1 z x is describ$ 9 sev]al passages ( ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 b treats x z a belief 9 any human be+ 8z ! rul+ p[] ov] nature 9 virtue ( 8 own w40 ,?is is r an anticipation ( ,pr(4 ,wundt's doctr9e conc]n+ ,sorc]y2 :i* ,hegel seems n to h di/+ui%$ f ,magic4 ,i ne$ h>dly add t a belief 9 any human be+ z ! rul+ p[] ov] nature 9 virtue ( 8 own w has nev] be5 discov]$ 9 any "p ( ! _w4 #bgc ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bcg-i4 #bgd ,primitive ,culture1 ,i4 #aaf4 #bge ,r4 ,h4 ,coddr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #abe4 #bgf ,h4 ,a4 ,giles1 ,*9ese ,lit]ature1 p4 #bjb4 #bgg ,animism gave ! prie/ ano!r excuse = ! failure ( rites 7besides ^? enjoy$ by a m]e magician71 namely1 t dur+1 or s9ce1 ! celebration "s fre% (f5ce aga9/ ! gods _h be5 committ$4 #bgh ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #dec1 #dfc4 #bgi ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 pp4 #cei-cfa-cfg4 #bhj ,h[itt1 op4 cit41 p4 #cgh4 #bha ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ,,ii4 p4 #adh4 #bhb ,! ,mafulu1 p4 #aic4 #bhc ,op4 cit41 p4 #bgb4 #bhd ,extract f a spell 9 ,skeat's ,malay ,magic1 p4 #ega4 #bhe ,h[itt1 op4 cit41 p4 #cig4 #bhf ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,! ,belief 9 ,immortality1 p4 #bhh4 ,= simil> in/ances see ! same "w1 pp4 #cce & #cge4 #bhg ,s>at ,*&ra ,roy1 8,magic & ,wit*craft on ! ,*ota ,nagpur ,plateau10 ,j4,r4,a4,i41 ,,xliv4 p4 #ccj4 ,i h slightly alt]$ ! la/ s5t5ce1 :i* seems to h be5 mispr9t$4 #bhh ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce ( ! ,roman ,p1 p4 #bae4 #bhi ,! ,todas1 pp4 #cj1 #bac4 #bij ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce ( ! ,roman ,p1 p4 #bhf4 ,b :e!r we %\ld expect ! idea to weak5 ) advanc+ civilisation mu/ dep5d ^u :e!r intellig5t belief 9 ! gods 0 increas+4 ,p]haps ?is 0 n ! case at ,rome4 #bia ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 ,,ii4 pp4 #add & #aeg 7#a/ ed474 #bib ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 ,,vi4 p4 #aii4 #bic ,?omas ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 p4 #bji4 #bid ,j4 ,mooney1 8,sacr$ ,=mulas ( ! ,*]okees0 9 ,am4 ,b4 ( ,e?n41 ,,vii4 p4 #cad 7#ahhe-f74 #bie ,heimskr+la1 ,/4 ,olaf's ,saga1 *s4 cciv4 & ccxl4 #bif ,primitive ,culture1 ,,ii4 p4 #bgc 7#bnd ed474 #big ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #ade4 #bih ,s4 ,h4 ,c4 ,hawtrey1 8,! ,l5gua ,indians10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 #aija4 #bii 8,%amanism10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ,,xxiv4 7#ahid-e74 #cjj ,comp>etti1 ,! ,tradition>y ,poetry ( ! ,f9ns1 p4 #ahd4 #cja ,h[itt1 op4 cit41 p4 #djd4 ,is ?is type ( ! neophyte's behavi\r1 :i* is con=m$ to on c]ta9 occasions by magicians & inspir$ prie/s 9 e age & c\ntry1 itself con=m$ to ! natural type ( insanity or epilepsy2 &1 if s1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly8 #cjb ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks1 ,among ,congo ,cannibals1 pp4 #ade & #bgf4 #cjc ,grey1 ,polynesian ,my?ology1 *s4 i4 & vii4 #cjd ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion z illu/rat$ by ,celtic ,hea!ndom1 p4 #bbe4 #cje ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale1 pp4 #bd1 #cd1 #aha1 #aif4 #cjf ,heimskr+la ,saga1 ,yugl+asaga1 *s4 xvii4-xviii4 #cjg 8,%amanism10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ,x41 ,,xiv4 p4 #he4 #cjh ,weeks1 ,congo ,cannibals1 p4 #bfe4 #cji ,! fulle/ & mo/ dramatic acc\nt ( su* possession may be f\nd 9 ,williams' ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 p4 #aij4 ,see bel[1 p4 #bdc4 #caj ,weeks1 ,primitive ,bokongo1 p4 #bae4 #caa ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #dhj-h4 #cab 8,%amanism10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ,,xxiv4 p4 #acj4 #cac ,h[itt1 op4 cit41 p4 #cgd4 #cad ,ibid41 p4 #dcg4 #cae ,p4 ,a4 ,talbot1 ,9 ! ,%ad[ ( ! ,bu%1 p4 #bcj4 #caf ,g4 ,borr[1 ,wild ,wales1 *4 lxxxviii4 #cag ,sp5c] & ,gill51 op4 cit41 p4 #chh4 #cah ,h4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 #ee4 #cai ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ,i4 #cjh et seq4 #cbj ,9 a pap] on ,leop>d ,m5 ( ! ,naga ,hills1 read at a meet+ ( ! ,r4,a4,i4 7,decemb] #i1 #aiai71 ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,h4 ,hutton report$ t su* m5 d n *ange into leop>ds2 b sometimes _! s\ls involunt>ily pass into !m4 ,if ! leop>d be injur$ or kill$ he ^: s\l 0 9 x suff]s or dies--:5 he he>s ( x4 ,su* m5 are n fe>$1 because _! leop>ds d v little h>m4 ,= ?is reason 7,i suppose7 ! belief is n exploit$ by wiz>ds1 :o h no use = innoc5t sup]/ition1 & x rema9s pure folklore4 ,!re may n be any connexion betwe5 ?is animi/ic doctr9e ( human s\ls possess+ animals & ! magical doctr9e ( %ape-*ang+4 ,if !y are connect$1 x is easy to see t 9 a c]ta9 atmosph]e ( popul> philosophy1 if %ape-*ang+ 7 believ$ 91 ! possession !ory might be accept$ z ! true explanation ^u m]ely be+ propos$4 ,inde$1 x w\ld make intelligible su* a case z ?is3 a man's leop>d is se5 on ! skirts ( ! village2 b he himself is kn[n to be 9 8 hut4 ,animi/ic explanation does n always foll[ culture3 ,europe adh]es to %ape-*ang+4 ,yet 9 ! ,volsung ,saga ! sup]/ition is already deg5]ate3 ,sigmund & 8 son *ange into wolves by putt+ on wolf-sk9s belong+ to two 7-wolves :om !y f9d asleep4 ,?is is a rationalisation--disguise z a /ep t[>d *ange4 ,an e>li] /ep is to say a man :o w\ld *ange mu/ put on a belt ( wolf-sk94 #cba ,haddon1 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 ,v4 p4 #cbi4 #cbb ,grey1 op4 cit41 8,leg5ds ( ,maui & ,ta:aki40 #cbc ,wi$emann1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 pp4 #ed-h4 #cbd ,m4 ,c4 ,/ev5son1 8,! ,sia10 ,am4 ,b4 ( ,e?n41 ,,xi4 p4 #aah4 #cbe ,w4 ,grube1 ,rel4 u4 ,k4 d4 ,*9ese1 p4 #acb4 #cbf 8,%amanism10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 *4 xxiv4 p4 #acc4 #cbg ,/ephns51 ,my ,life ) ! ,eskimo1 p4 #cia4 #cbh ,d4 ,comp>etti1 ,! ,traditional ,poetry ( ! ,f9ns1 p4 #bf4 #cbi ,natural & ,social ,morals1 *4 ii4 #d4 #ccj ,see _m examples 9 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]'s ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 *4 i4 #cca ,*4 vi4 #ccb ,,iii4 p4 #ca4 #ccc ,macdonell1 ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 pp4 #gc & #ahc4 #ccd ,masp]o1 ,! ,dawn ( ,civilization1 p4 #abd4 #cce ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,babylonians1 p4 #cai4 #ccf ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce ( ! ,roman ,p1 p4 #bjb4 #ccg ,alfr$ ,lyall1 ,asiatic ,/udies1 essays on ,! ,/ate & ,religion 9 ,*9a4 ,9 a mild] =m ?is sy/em has be5 adopt$ by ,japan2 ,w4 ,e4 ,a/on1 ,%9to1 p4 #bcg4 #cch ,franz ,cumont1 ,a/rology & ,religion4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,om5s #a4 ,,! ,,preval5ce ,,( ,,om5s 8,:5 great disa/]s are ab\t to befall a /ate or nation x (t5 happ5s t !re is "s w>n+10 says ,h]odotus4#cci ,x happ5s1 inde$1 n only to /ates & nations1 b to em95t m51 or ev5 to common m51 *ildr5 & old wom54 ,an old woman :o 9 ,engl& sees ! new moon = ! fir/ "t ?r\gh glass1 w n be surpris$ :51 next morn+1 ! m>ket-basket drops f h] arm 9 ! middle ( ! /reet4 ,9 ,fiji1 if a woman putt+ bananas into a pot let "o fall on ! outside1 or if ! bread-fruit bur/ 9 roa/+1 %e wrung h] h&s 9 dismay & cri$ al\d4#cdj ,! :ole _w is full ( su* port5ts1 & has be5 _m ?\s&s ( ye>s2 & !re is no cle>] dispro( ( ! vulg> error t age is ! "m ( wisdom ?an ?is1 t ! old] ! race gr[s ! less x att5ds to !m3 or r1 :il/ x att5ds to !m m & m s$ul\sly up to a c]ta9 critical h\r--rea*$ by ! ,greeks 7say7 #djj ,b4,c41 & by ,we/]n ,europe 7say7 ,a4,d4 #afjj--;x !n beg9s to disreg>d1 rapidly neglects !m1 till 9 a comp>atively %ort "t :at is call$ ! 8enlight5$0 "p ( mank9d =gets to take acc\nt ( !m at all2 al?\gh x is well kn[n t an eclipse ( ! moon a little be=e sunrise 9 ! sign ( ,leo 0 a tok5 t ,d>ius %\ld be defeat$ at ,arbela2 t on ! fir/ day t ,julius ,cs> sat on ! gold5 ?rone & wore ! purple robe1 an ox1 hav+ be5 sacrific$1 0 f\nd to h no he>t--at :i* ,cs> himself 0 surpris$1 & soon aft] he 0 assass9at$2 & t _m signs & wond]s ann\nc$ q rec5tly ! com+ ( ! ,spani>ds into ,mexico2 ,montezuma _h visions & grew melan*oly2 ! idol ( ,quetzal*oatl decl>$ t a /range p approa*$ to possess 8 k+dom1 & s did wit*es & sorc]]s2 a /one spoke & w>n$ him2 a lake ov]fl[$ its banks2 a pyramid ( fire 0 se5 9 ! sky2 mon/]s 7 born ) two heads1 & !re 7 o!r port5ts1 all to no purpose4#cda ,om5s1 enjoy$ ) fe> & trembl+ by all m5 9 all ages1 h sometimes be5 conceiv$ ( z due to magical p[]1 b mu* m g5]ally z ! s5d+s ( demons or gods2 al?\gh ! fact t !y are r>ely ( any use to ! recipi5t1 or ev5 intelligible to him until aft] ! ev5t1 makes x v improbable t !y involve ! int]v5tion ( any intellig5t cause4 ,& :at are we to ?9k ( ! intellig5ce ( mank9d1 :o 9 spite ( _! exp]i5ce ( om5s dur+ s _m ages1 7 /ill eag] to obs]ve !m8 #b4 ,,om5s ,,& ,,natural ,,signs ,= ! wild man seek+ game or on ! al]t = enemies x is necess>y to read e sign ( ! pres5ce ( enemies or ( game 9 ! neighb\rhood3 footpr9ts1 brok5 twigs & b5t grass1 dropp+s ( fea!rs1 hair or dung1 remnants ( food or m>ks ( habitation in/antly cat* 8 eye2 noises or od\rs arre/ 8 o!r s5ses4 ,8 _w is full ( ^! signs1 & he mu/ always be on ! wat* = !m3 ! birds be+ sudd5ly sil5t1 on look+ up he sees a hawk2 a *ange ( w9d1 or ! aspect ( cl\ds1 ann\nces ra9 or fair wea!r2 ! com+ & dep>ture ( c]ta9 birds--z ) u ! swall[ & ! cuckoo--port5d ! *ange ( seasons4 ,9 all ^! cases causation is active & sometimes obvi\s1 b (t5 v obscure3 ! app>5t may be ! rev]se ( ! real ord]3 = ! com+ ( swall[s is ! antec$5t ( our enjoy+ ! summ]2 b 9 ! ord] ( nature ! c\rse ( ! seasons det]m9es ! migration ( birds4 ,t ! true relation may be misund]/ood is %[n by ! behavi\r ( c]ta9 ,au/ralian natives :o1 notic+ t plov]s cry be=e ! com+ ( ra91 take _! cry to be a cause ( ra91 & !re=e imitate x :5 p]=m+ _! ra9-rites4#cdb ,we may obs]ve h[ obscure is ! di/9ction betwe5 sign & cause ev5 among/ ourselves1 9 ! g5]al belief t 8a *ange ( ! moon0 is connect$ someh[ ) a *ange ( wea!r2 = :at ! relation is no "o seems cle>ly to conceive4 ,! relation betwe5 natural signs & ! ev5ts signifi$1 be+ obscure1 may be my/]i\s2 & accord+ly its obscurity has be5 made use ( to def5d ! belief 9 ,om5s4 ,9 ! ,de ,div9atione#cdc ,qu9tus1 :o is unk9dly giv5 by 8 bro!r ! po/ ( apologi/ = all t nons5se1 7foll[+1 ,i suppose1 ! sophi/ry ( "s ,/oic7 quotes ,aratus' description ( h[ c]ta9 movem5ts ( ! sea presage a com+ /orm2 ! gull1 too1 & ! cr[ by _! behavi\r3 & ! croak+ ( frogs & ! snuff+ ( cattle =etell ra94 ,i _c expla91 he says1 h[ animals h su* k any m ?an ,i c expla9 ! div9ations ( augurs2 nor is x necess>y to d s3 9 bo? cases !re are ! facts4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t ! savage1 dep5d+ = 8 life ^u a k ( signs1 driv5 by eag]ness & anxiety to obs]ve !m1 & unable to di/+ui% co9cid5ce f causation & ! entanglem5ts ( causation1 %\ld imag9e himself to h discov]$ _m m signs ?an are compris$ 9 ! ord] ( nature4 ,?us 9 ,torres ,/raits1 ! biro-biro ann\nces by its arrival t yams are ready = eat+ 7:i* seems ne$less71 & ! cry ( ! koko pr$icts f9e wea!r 7:i* is cr$ible72 b1 fur!r1 ! sunbird c =etell ! com+ ( a boat1#cdd & t mu/ be imag9ation4 #c4 ,,"s ,,signs ,,conceiv$ ,,( ,,z ,,magical ,v gradually1 we may suppose1 a diff]5ce came to be felt betwe5 two classes ( signs3 7#a7 ^? t are ( a usual k9d1 su* z ! tracks ( game1 ! return ( ! swall[s1 ! croak+ ( frogs1 :i* are almo/ con/antly ! antec$5ts ( int]e/+ ev5ts1 su* z ! gett+ ( food1 ! com+ ( spr+1 or ( ra92 sequ5ces t recur aga9 & aga91 "s ( !m be+1 l ! tracks ( game1 easily intelligible2 all :i*1 accord+ly1 are accept$ z a matt] ( c\rse & incorporat$ ) common s5se4 7#b7 ,less usual ev5ts1 su* z /range animals1 lightn+1 eclipses1 %oot+-/>s2 :i* come to be consid]$ z signs by be+ connect$ 9 imag9ation ) int]e/+ ev5ts :i* happ5 soon aft] !m1 su* z a failure 9 hunt+1 an attack by enemies1 a dea? 9 ! tribe1 ! wreck ( a canoe2 ?\gh ! connexions are irregul> & nev] intelligible1 & are accept$ n z a matt] ( c\rse1 b z my/]i\s1 magical & port5t\s3 !y are ,om5s4 ,!y acquire ! hold ^u m5 t belongs to ! gr[+ body ( sup]/ition4 ,al?\gh irregul>1 !y are class$ ) ! connexions t are believ$ to be mo/ regul>1 & failures are ov]look$4 ,to ^! are add$ & accumulat$ 9 tradition1 by analogy or caprice1 innum]able o!r signs & w>n+s4 ,t ,om5s obta9 an inextricable hold 9 ! tangle ( sup]/iti\s beliefs results f m5's /rong desire to =esee ! future1 especially 9 social conditions full ( dang]s & unc]ta9ties1 )\t ! settl$ organisation :i*1 ) u 9 ord9>y times1 makes "o ye> s mu* l ano!r4 ,^u _m p1 inde$1 ?is desire has ! same effect to ?is day1 & becomes m active 9 tr\bl$ times l ! pres5t4 ,anxi\s to "k :e!r !y are to m>ry1 or to he> ( a dea?1 or to come into money or "s o!r advancem5t1 !y hope to f9d out by visit+ ,mrs4 ,sludge 9 a /uffy *amb]1 or 7z y may see 9 ,london7 by consult+ a can>y at ! /reet-corn]4 ,:5 a fix$ idea ( love or ambition or anxiety possesses ! m9d & leaves x no peace1 we are ready to try any device t promises to relieve ! /ra91 & we d ?+s silli] ?an c\ld h be5 pr$ict$ ev5 by ^? :o knew u be/4 ,belief 9 ,om5s & ! practice ( obs]v+ !m hav+ be5 e/abli%$1 ! li/ ( port5t\s ev5ts gr[s ev] l>g]4 7a7 ,9 a depress$ frame ( m9d ! future looks gloomy2 9 exhil>ation1 *e]ful4 ,a s5sation1 su* z %iv]+1 or sweat+1 t accompanies fe> is apt to excite fe>4 ,9 fe> or depression "o acts feebly & fails2 9 hope & confid5ce "o acts vigor\sly & w9s3 ! expectations produc$ by su* moods fulfil !mselves1 & !re=e ! moods are om9\s4 ,?is may be ! reason :y1 :5 m5 are at /rife & "s ambigu\s ,om5 occurs1 he :o fir/ claims its fav\r or d5\nces its m5ace ^u 8 enemy1 ga9s an advantage2#cde = ! o!r may be daunt$ & unable to rally 8 =ces4 ,b t dep5ds on "*4 ,?is subjective value ( an ,om51 mak+ its virtue a function ( ! recipi5t's disposition1 sometimes became s prom95t z to obscure its truly magical "*2 accord+ to :i* x mu/ be indissolubly connect$ 9 "s way ) ! ev5t & c h no?+ to d ) ! recipi5t's attitude4 ,?us x might be held t an ,om51 if x deeply affect$ a man's imag9ation1 w\ld be fulfill$2 b1 if neglect$1 x might n be4 ,pl9y says#cdf t1 accord+ to ! augurs1 auspices _h no import = "o :o 9 any ent]prise decl>$ t he w\ld n reg>d !m4 ,or1 aga91 ! be>+ ( an ,om5 may be det]m9$ by ! way 9 :i* x is accept$3 ,julius ,cs>1 l&+ 9 ,africa1 fell2 & t mu/ h seem$ a v bad ,om52 b he1 hav+ ! pres5ce ( m9d 7?\gh n exempt f sup]/ition7 to exclaim3 8,africa1 ,i lay hold ( !e60 *ang$ its significance2#cdg &1 d\btless1 greatly alt]$ its effect ^u ! m9ds ( 8 (fic]s & soldi]s & ( all :o he>d ( x2 & t 0 ! important matt]4 ,hope & desire & anxiety creat$ ,om5s1 & !y _h also ! p[] to direct ! incid5ce & corrupt ! int]pretation ( ,om5s4 ,9 fact1 !re 7 conv5tional =mul = accept+ good ,om5s & reject+ bad ones3 ,accipio om51 ,absit om51 ,tibi 9 caput r$eat2 :i* 7 c\nt]active spells2 & x is agre$ t ,magic may be ov]come by /rong] ,magic4 ,?is attitude ( m9d t makes an ,om5 subject to its acceptance1 may expla9 ! o!rwise absurd practice ( tak+ ! ,om5s aga9 & aga91 :5 ! e>li] h be5 unfav\rable1 until "o is obta9$ t flatt]s ! inquir]'s hopes4 ,n only among/ sophi/icat$ peoples1 :o might be suppos$ to treat ,om5s 9 a =mal & p]functory way1 b ev5 9 ! l[] b>b>ism ,om5s are ?us g>bl$4 ,! ,k>5s ( ,borneo1 consult+ ! liv] ( a pig to au?orise an exp$ition1 if ) "o pig ! appe>ance is =bidd+1 sacrifice a second1 ?ird1 or f\r?2 ?\gh )\t a satisfactory =eca/ !y w n set out4 ,!n1 hav+ set out1 !y try to avoid he>+ ! cry ( ! woodpeck] 7:i* has two notes1 ! "o ( good1 ! o!r ( evil augury71 le/ x %\ld be aga9/ _! plans4 ,& ! same simple-m9d$ p believe 9 ! magical efficacy ( ! sign1 no matt] h[ obta9$4 ,vatic9at+ by ! flight ( a hawk1 a man w try1 by %\t+ & by wav+ to x1 to turn its flight t[>d ! left1 t be+ ) !m ! prosp]\s direction4#cdh ,imag9ation-beliefs are saturat$ ) ins9c]ity2 _! unconsci\s maxim is1 8,believe z y li/40 ,al?\gh x may be a g5]al pr9ciple t savages are m impress$ by ext]nal ?an by int]nal exp]i5ces1 yet ! sugge/ion ( ! =ego+ p>agraphs1 t ! f9d+ ( ,om5s 9 "o's own s5sations is second>y to1 & dep5d5t on1 ! gr[? ( a belief 9 ,om5s pres5t$ by physical ev5ts1 is n "o ^u :i* ,i mu* rely4 ,possibly s5sations & moods are a di/9ct & primitive s\rce ( ?is sup]/ition3 = x has be5 notic$ 9 ,au/ralia1 :]e ! lore ( ,om5s 9 g5]al has made b little progress4 ,:il/ p]=m+ tribal c]emonies "u /rong emotion1 ! aborig9es ?9k t _! entrails sometimes acquire 8sight02 s t !y "k :e!r _! wives h be5 unfai?ful1 or !y feel ! approa* ( dang]4#cdi ,9 ! ,we/]n ,isles ( ,torres ,/raits %iv]+ & uneasy feel+s are pres5tim5ts2 & 9 ! ,ea/]n ,isles1 a dryness ( "o's sk9 or sneez+3#cej 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 if ! "r %\ld] a*e1 expect good news2 if ! left1 bad4#cea ,& ^! simple/ ( all :ims are ! longe/ liv$2 = among/ ourselves _m a woman sudd5ly has a pres5tim5t1 8z if "s "o 7 walk+ ov] h] grave40 7b7 ,z a mood ( elation or depression is itself om9\s1 s is :atev] excites su* a mood4 ,depress+ objects are cripples1 old wom51 sick p1 timid h>es1 loa?some toads1 a snake com+ to meet a w>-p>ty1 disc\rag+ words1 ugly dreams2 :]eas pleasant dreams1 enc\rag+ words1 a snake go+ be=e u z aga9/ ! enemy1 hawks1 wolves & bloom+ y\? are all exhil>at+3 ! li/ v>ies f tribe to tribe4 ,_m om9\s ?+s promise good or evil accord+ z !y appe> on ! "r h& or on ! left3 ! left be+ g5]ally held inauspici\s1 because 7x is said7 ! left h& is ! clumsi] & weak]2 & ?is may be true4 ,b we h se5 t 9 ,borneo ! left is pref]r$2 & :]eas ! ,greeks foll[$ ! g5]al rule1 assign+ evil to ! left h&1 ! ,romans ?\ght ! "r h& 0 ! direction ( dang]4 ,& ?is contr>iety has be5 expla9$ z due to a diff]5ce ( ori5tation 9 ! =mal tak+ ( ,om5s2 = ! ,greek !n fac$ nor?w>d1 & _h ! place ( sunrise ^u 8 "r h&2 :il/ ! ,roman fac$ s\?w>d & _h on 8 "r h& ! place ( sunset3 s t x 0 n any?+ to d ) 8 own body1 b ! direction :5ce ! sun appe>$ & advanc$ ) gr[+ p[] & spl5d\r :i* ea* ( !m judg$ ( good hope1 9 contra/ ) t :i!r ! sun decl9$ & weak5$ to 8 dea?4 ,to illu/rate ^! fancies w\ld be an endless task1 & a sup]flu\s lab\r1 s9ce no?+ is bett] kn[n4 7c7 ,co9cid5ce1 ! occurr5ce ne> toge!r ( two int]e/+ ev5ts1 is sure to make p ?9k !re mu/ be "s connexion betwe5 !m2 & ! e>li] ev5t w be class$1 accord+ to circum/ances1 z ei!r a cause or a sign ( ! lat]2 & if ! connexion is my/]i\s1 x mu/ be ei!r a magical p[] l t ( a talisman1 or t special k9d ( ,magic :i* is an ,om54 ,:at circum/ances det]m9e ?is di/9ction1 ,i w pres5tly try to %[4 ,possibly all ,om5s t are n d]iv$ f subjective moods & s5sations1 or f ?+s or ev5ts t excite su* moods1 7 orig9ally f\nd$ ^u co9cid5ce4 ,^u ?is1 app>5tly1 ! ,egyptians reli$ 9 ! records !y kept 7accord+ to ,h]odotus7 ( ,om5s & _! fulfilm5t2 & ,qu9tus ,cic]o is repres5t$#ceb z believ+ t ! ,babylonians kept su* records = #dgj1jjj ye>s3 s t x 01 9 _! view1 an inductive sci5ce2 b we nev] he> ( _! hav+ kept a record ( failures & disappo9tm5ts4 ,"s ,om5s hav+ be5 e/abli%$ by subjective progno/ication or by co9cid5ce1 _m m may be add$ by analogy1 or by a sort ( reason+4 ,an analogy ) ! contra/ ( "r & left h& may be notic$ 9 all opposites3 ! woodpeck] 9 ,borneo1 = example1 hav+ two cries1 & "o ( !m a w>n+1 mu/ n ! o!r be an enc\ragem5t8 ,! belief 9 ,om5s hav+ tak5 hold ( ! public m9d1 ev]ybody is on ! look-out = signs & wond]s2 & any?+ unusual se51 or he>d1 or rum\r$1 becomes a possible ,om5 ( any?+ else1 & m5 ask "o ano!r :at x port5ds4 ,! sup]/iti\s imag9ation is gre$y ( its accu/om$ food4 ,"u su* conditions1 too1 ,om5s are discov]$ by retrospection3 a public calamity1 su* z ! dea? ( a k+1 ! defeat ( an army1 or a pe/il5ce 7or 9 private life "s private mis=tune71 makes u rememb] "s =ego+ ev5t or ev5ts1 :i* mu/ h =ew>n$ u1 _h we _h ! skill to int]pret ! significance ( ,"t's progression4 #d4 ,,diff]5tiation ,,( ,,om5s ,,f ,,g5]al ,,magic ,! savage m9d1 s5sitive to ! resemblance ( relations1 _c ov]look ! analogy betwe5 signs & w>n+ cries2 _m ,om5s are cries2 & ) ! spread ( animi/ic explanation1 !y came to be consid]$ z ! s5d+s ( spirits or gods4 ,b1 at fir/1 by m]e magical ?9k+1 "u ! /ress ( anxiety to "k ! future1 & ! helplessness ( common s5se to pr$ict any?+ outside ! ev]yday r\t9e1 ,om5s are gradually sep>at$ f ord9>y probable signs 7su* z ! tracks ( game7 z necess>y infallible signs 7or t5d5cies7 if cunn+ c f9d !m out1 connect$ by "s sup]natural law ) ! unkn[n future t c]ta9ly awaits u1 & z a k9d ( ,magic4 ,! magical habit ( m9d may be suppos$ to h result$ f ! coalesc5ce ( beliefs conc]n+ sev]al imag9>y op]ations--by *>ms1 spells1 rites--ea* class ( beliefs hav+ its own occasions1 causes1 or fallaci\s gr\nds4 ,^? op]ations _h 9 common ! m>ks ( be+ connexions ( ev5ts due to imag9$ =ces ( a my/]i\s k9d1 & !re=e gr\p$ !mselves toge!r 9 m5's m9ds z ! ,magic app]ception-mass4 ,om5s _h ^! m>ks &1 !re=e1 7 assimilat$ to ,magic4 ,an ,om5 is an ev5t reg>d$ z a magical sign ( ! good or ill success ( "s und]tak+1 or ( ! approa* ( good =tune1 or ( calamity4 ,& on ! pr9ciple t ideas are diff]5tiat$ f a confus$ matrix1 x is probable t ,om5s1 hav+ at fir/ be5 confus$ ) o!r magical antec$5ts ( ev5ts1 7 only gradually aga9 di/+ui%$ f !m4 ,b an important di/9ction exi/$ & at la/ came to light3 *>ms1 rites & spells are causes ( ev5ts2 :]eas ,om5s are signs only1 n causes4 ,! diff]5ce is t :]eas *>ms1 rites & spells directly ex]t _! p[]s ^u ! c\rse ( ?+s1 ,om5s !mselves ex]t no p[]1 b %[ only t !re is "s p[] at "w1 :i* w h su* or su* results4#cec ,comp>+ ,om5s ) o!r modes ( ,magic1 sev]al peculi>ities may be notic$3 7a7 ,om5s !mselves 7ap>t f ! prep>ation ( victims1 etc47 imply no human int]v5tion1 :]eas rites & spells mu/ be p]=m$ or recit$ by "s "o1 & ev5 *>ms are c>ri$ ab\t "o1 or us$ 9 rites1 or solemnly affix$ to doors1 animals or o!r possessions4 7b7 ,p>tly z a consequ5ce ( ?is1 ,om5s1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 g5]ally 7z ,i h said7 convey no sugge/ion ( =ce4 ,?is _c1 inde$1 be said ( eclipses & ?und]/orms2 b ! note ( a bird1 ! appe>ance ( entrails1 a m]e %iv]+ or o!r *ange ( feel+1 ?\gh om9\s1 sugge/s no en]getic op]ation2 :il/ rites & spells are (t5 c>ri$ out ) mu* exp5diture ( en]gy1 & ev5 *>ms1 ?\gh n obvi\sly active1 are necess>ily believ$ to be p[]ful 9 "s obscure way ( _! own4 7c7 ,om5s are (t5 s remote 9 "t1 z well z 9 place1 f ! ev5ts indicat$ t any quasi-me*anical det]m9ation ( ! issue by !m c h>dly be ?\ght (2 b ) rites & spells1 ?\gh !y may n op]ate op5ly 9 ! h\r ( _! sett+ to "w1 yet ! delay is n expect$ to be great1 & 7z said7 _! impulsion or nisus is (t5 v impressive2 & *>ms are incessantly & imm$iately active4 7d7 ,om5s 9 g5]al d n =etell precisely :at is to happ51 b only ! success or failure ( "s ent]prise 7n ! 8h[0 ( x71 happ9ess or mis=tune2 :]eas rites & spells h "s def9ite object1 & mo/ *>ms inflict1 or gu>d aga9/1 "s "o k9d ( evil1 disease or %ipwreck2 ?\gh o!rs 7x is true7 br+ luck or loss at l>ge4 ,?us ,om5s are v diff]5t f o!r magical conditions2 & al?\gh x is n likely t ! ord9>y savage or ev5 ! wiz>d ev] consci\sly draws ^! di/9ctions or sums !m up1 /ill !y h an effect ^u 8 m9d1 & ! obs]vation ( ,om5s & ! read+ ( !m becomes at la/ a special bran* ( ! ,magic ,art--,div9ation4 #e4 ,,om5s ,,int]pret$ ,,by ,,animism ,om5s1 !n1 be+ only signs & n causes ( future ev5ts1 hav+ no p[] 9 !mselves1 mu/ be connect$ ) "s effici5t p[]1 or else ! ev5ts progno/icat$ c\ld n happ54 ,h[ is t p[] to be und]/ood8 ,= a long "t1 probably1 !re is no cle> conception ( x3 ! connexion is my/]i\s4 ,b !re are two ways 9 :i* x may be int]pret$3 7a7 ,foll[+ ! imp]sonal magical way ( ?9k+1 we are l$ to ! idea ( curr5ts ( =ce 9 :i* bo? ,om5 & ev5t are borne along2 &1 at la/1 to ! conception ( a fatal ord] ( ! _w 9 :i* all ev5ts h _! necess>y places4 ,!re ,a is always foll[$ by ,b2 s t1 al?\gh ,a ex]ts no p[] ov] ,b1 yet 7if we "k ! law ( ! sequ5ce7 :5 ! =m] appe>s x is an infallible port5t ( ! latt]4 ,! p[] at "w is ,fate2 & to ?is idea ,i mu/ return2 = 9 its full developm5t x comes late 9 hi/ory4 7b7 ,! o!r & mu* simpl] way ( expla9+ ,om5s is to attribute !m to ! int]v5tion ( spirits :o1 :e!r !y control ev5ts or n1 at lea/ =esee !m1 & s5d messages ( w>n+ to mank9d4 ,) ! spread ( ,animism ?is is a matt] ( c\rse4 ,a sophi/icat$ age may ask h[ a _s %\ld be able to see ! future2 & may answ] t spirits1 hav+ great] k ?an we ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w & its laws ( causation1 are able to calculate ! outcome1 j z an a/ronom] =etells an eclipse ( ! sun4 ,a preci\s rationalisation6 ,to ! untutor$ savage !re is no difficulty4 ,to =esee ! future is a v common p]=mance3 :5ev] we =m an expectation :i* is fulfill$ 7& t happ5s _m times a day7 we accompli% ?is feat2 & = ! mo/ "p we are unconsci\s ( ! gr\nds ^u :i* we =m$ ! expectation4 ,! savage is always 9 ?is position3 he has n analys$ ! relation ( 8gr\nd & consequ5ce0 nor exam9$ ! m5tal conditions t prec$e an inf]5ce4 ,to him1 !re=e1 =ekn[l$ge1 )9 a c]ta9 range1 is n ev5 my/]i\s2 &1 ( c\rse1 spirits h ! gift 9 a mu* high] degree4 ,9 ,melanesia a vui 7_s7 kn[s secret ?+s )\t see+2#ced & "h beg9s ! rle ( intuition 9 ,philosophy4 ,lat]1 a high god may give w>n+s1 n m]ely ( :at he =esees 9 ! c\rse ( ! _w1 b ( :at he ( 8 own volition w br+ to pass2 or a less] god may ann\nce :at he kn[s to be ! w ( ! high]2 or1 lat] /ill1 all spiritual w>n+s may s9k back into helpless incid5ts 9 ! c\rse ( ,fate4 ,om5s 7z has be5 m5tion$7 resemble w>n+s3 7a7 ,l w>n+s1 !y prec$e ev5ts1 b d n cause !m4 7b7 ,!y sometimes prec$e an ev5t by a consid]able int]val1 z if to give "t = precaution4 7c7 ,!y d n ann\nce ! details ( any ev5t 7:i* a fri5dly c\nsellor may n "k71 b only its "* z good or evil4 ,!n1 if !y are w>n+s 7imply+ =ekn[l$ge71 s9ce !y are n ! act ( any man1 !y mu/ be giv5 by "s _s or o!r intellig5ce4 ,s t once a belief 9 ! int]v5tion ( spirits 9 mundane affairs has become preval5t 9 any tribe1 no?+ c be m natural ?an to reg>d ,om5s z spiritual messages4 ,/ill1 ?is way ( ?9k+ may h be5 prec$$ by a disposition to attribute ,om5s to ! good w ( animals1 especially ,totems2 = animals are (t5 wis] ?an we are4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! ,turbal tribe held t ! *irp+ ( insects =etold ! com+ ( blacks2 a ,wakelbwa :o dream$ ( a kang>oo w\ld expect "o ( ! ,banbe subclass next day2 to dream ( old-man kang>oos sitt+ r\nd ! fire presag$ dang]4#cee ,among ! ,yu9 7,we/]n ,au/ralia7 a ,black-,duck clansman ?\ght t black ducks w>n$ him aga9/ enemies2 & m5 ( ! ,kurnai1 :o _h p]sonal ,totems1 ?\ght !y gave protection by w>n+s4#cef ,v e>ly1 h[ev]1 gho/s or spirits sometimes come !mselves to in/ruct u2 z among/ ! ,kurnai1 ! ,bira>k 7wiz>ds7 hold sances at night1 :5 gho/s att5d1 & give news ( enemies or ( abs5t fri5ds4#ceg ,9 ,new ,gu9ea1 ! gho/s ( dead tribesm5 s5d _! surviv+ relatives ,om5s by fi%es or birds4#ceh ,by ?is animi/ic !ory ,om5s are intimately connect$ ) ,oracles & ,dreams2 = ^!1 too1 are messages f ! _s-_w4 ,dreams are ! *ief causes ( belief 9 spirits1 & ) _m p h n yet lo/ ! "* ( sup]natural visitations4 ,probably = ages pa/ !re h be5 9 ea* g5]ation a few rationali/s1 :o treat$ dreams 9 ! mann] ( ,artabanes 7z report$ by ,h]odotus#cei--:o1 h[ev]1 w %[ t ! ev5t refut$ him71 hold+ t 8:atev] a man has be5 ?9k+ ( dur+ ! day is wont to hov] r\nd him 9 ! visions ( 8 dreams at night40 ,inc5s$ aga9/ ! div9]s1 rationali/s h1 9 fact1 too mu* despis$ & neglect$ dreams4 ,oracles & ,dreams are among/ ! ph5om5a ( 8possession40 ,spirits1 demons1 gods1 roam+ ! _w & indwell+ or haunt+ v>i\s bodies or localities1 sometimes take up _! abode 9 /ones or bags ( *>ms1 :i* !n become feti*es2 or atta9 great] dignity 9 images & temples2 or ent] into m5 & wom51 afflict+ !m ) diseases1 or else ) dreams1 or drunk5ness1 or madness1 or prophecy1 or poetry2#cfj = ^! ?+s are h>d to di/+ui%4 ,& sometimes ! p ?us afflict$ w&] at l>ge1 sometimes are to be f\nd only by "s tree1 or spr+1 or cave1 or temple1 :]e ! _s t makes !m wise above o!rs has *os5 to reside1 p]haps because 8 body 0 buri$ !re4 ,om5s1 ,oracles & ,dreams h1 besides _! dep5d5ce on spirits1 ano!r trait 9 common1 namely1 obscurity ( mean+4 ,:5 y h be5 fav\r$ ) "o ( ^! communications1 :at does x promise or ?reat58 ,to answ] ?is "q passes ! wit ( ord9>y m52 &1 !re=e1 c]ta9 sup]ior m9ds assume ! important function ( ,div9]s &1 to guide _! judgm5t1 "w out 9 c\rse ( ages ) inf9ite +5uity ! ,art ( ,div9ation4 #f4 ,,natural ,,& ,,artificial ,,om5s ,be=e discuss+ ,div9ation we _h bett] rem9d ourselves ( ! imm5se ext5sion t ! lore ( ,om5s und]goes beyond ! e>ly recognition ( my/]i\s natural signs 7?und] or ! behavi\r ( birds1 etc471 by ! prep>ation 9 v>i\s ways ( conditions "u :i* ,om5s may be obta9$ at w 7?r[+ dice1 roa/+ %\ld]-blades1 sacrific+ pigs1 etc474 ,m5 are eag] to "k ! future1 at lea/ ! g5]al complexion ( x z happy or unhappy2 & = ?is purpose !y desire ,om5s4 ,b natural ,om5s d n always appe> :5 want$1 ?\gh probably ! m]e desire ( !m has multipli$ !m greatly2 x is1 !re=e1 v conv5i5t to discov] devices by :i* ,om5s c always be obta9$ by any "o = any purpose4 ,a common practice is to toss a halfp5ny1 & decide a d\btful *oice ( action by head or tail3 re9=c+ imbecility ) sup]/ition4 ,x is impossible we %\ld ev] le>n h[ su* conv5tions orig9at$1 b may assume t ! e>li] 7 sugge/$ by "s accid5t1 & _m ( ! lat] by analogy4 ,! ,w>ramunga h a v simple plan1 :5 a man dies1 = discov]+ :o x 0 t by evil magic slew him4 ,!y smoo? ! gr\nd ab\t ! spot :]e ! dea? occurr$1 & next morn+ come to exam9e x2 & if !y f9d !re ! trail ( a snake1 !y "k t ! murd]] 0 a man ( ! ,snake-totem4#cfa ,x is reasonable to suppose t 9 ! fir/ in/ance !y f\nd su* a trail ( snake or o!r animal ^u unprep>$ gr\nd1 & !reaft] smoo!d ! gr\nd to make su* signs pla9]3 ?us !y began ! prep>ation ( conditions = ! tak+ ( ,om5s4 ,a ,new ,zeal& wiz>d _h a simple con/ruction = discov]+ be=eh& :o w\ld h ! bett] ( a battle3 he set up two /icks ne> toge!r1 "o = 8 own p>ty1 ! o!r = ! enemy1 & let !m fall3 :i*ev] /ick fell on ! top ( ! o!r ! p>ty x _h /ood = 0 to conqu] 9 ! fight4#cfb ,z ages g by & m & m intellect is conc5trat$ ^u ! problem ( =ekn[l$ge1 m & m ways are discov]$ ( prep>+ ! conditions ( tak+ ,om5s1 m & m exp5sive & complicat$ ones2 = ! m difficult ! prep>ation & int]pretation1 ! m necess>y x is to employ a pr(essional augur4 ,! ca/+ ( dice1 ! draw+ ( lots1 ! tak+ ( "o's *ance ) v]ses ( ,virgil or ( ! ,bible1 may seem easy1 b ev5 su* devices may be made difficult by accumulat+ rules ( int]pretation4 ,! sacr$ *ick51 ^: vag>ies 9 fe$+ occasionally relieve ) grateful div]sion ! /r5u\s page ( ,roman ,hi/ory1 _c h requir$ highly skill$ manipulation1 b to wat* !m a pr(essional eye 0 necess>y2 & :5 sacrifices are employ$ z opportunities ( tak+ ,om5s f ! behavi\r ( ! victims1 ! mann] ( _! dy+ & ! condition ( _! entrails1 a te*nical speciali/ ( high tra9+ becomes indisp5sable4 ,?is l$ to ! int5sive /udy ( entrails1 especially ( liv]s 7,hepatoscopy1 ,hepatomancy71 ) "s ga9 ( k 9 ,anatomy4 ,! /udy 0 widely diffus$2 b /ill m widely1 p]haps1 ! art ( prophesy+ by ! l9es to be obs]v$ 9 %\ld]-blades crack$ by roa/+ ov] a fire 7,scapulomancy74 ,:]e no?+ is or c be done to alt] ! physical conditions ( premonitory signs1 yet a pa9/ak+ analysis has be5 made ( ^? conditions 9 ord] to int]pret !m 9 a me?odical way2 & ?is /udy may dem& f> great] skill ?an augury4 ,9 ,*eiromancy ! l9es & em95ces ( ! h& h be5 exactly mapp$ & def9$1 & h _h _! sev]al values & mean+s assign$4 ,x is really a p]plex+ /udy1 n to be ent]$ ^u ) a light he>t1 yet simple & obvi\s 9 comp>ison ) ,a/rology4 ,! ,a/rolog] :o w\ld und]take to =eca/ ! future fate ( m5 or nations1 or to recov] =gott5 facts ( antiquity1 su* z ! date ( a h]o's bir? 7= x 0 und]/ood t a diff]5ce ( =w>d or backw>d 9 "t %\ld n h9d] sci5tific calculations71 _h to take acc\nt ( all ! visible furniture ( heav51 ! />s 9 _! con/ellations1 especially ! signs ( ! ,zodiac2 ! sev5 planets1 ea* ) its own qualities & p[]s assum$ arbitr>ily or by fanciful analogies1 all unquantifi$ & all v>y+ 9 ! ,twelve ,h\ses ( ,heav54 ,:at le>n+1 :at /up5d\s abilities 7 dem&$ = su* a task6 ,9 fact1 any "o :o n[ he>s ( x1 imm$iately kn[s x to be impossible4 ,b until _m problems _h be5 solv$ & ! me?od ( !m appreciat$1 no "o c\ld und]/& :at k9d ( problems are insoluble4 ,mean:ile1 9 ?is /udy1 = ages s hon\r$1 a mixture ( g5u9e ,a/ronomy & a p>ade ( sy/ematic proc$ure 7( :i* philosoph]s well "k ! =ce7 made fatuity plausible4 #g4 ,,div9ation ,,& ,,oracles ,om5s & ,oracles are1 no d\bt1 infallible premonitions ( some?+1 if "o c f9d x out2 b !y are (t5 s obscure or ambigu\s t "o gets no guidance f !m1 & inde$ x is sometimes impossible to judge :e!r !y are ev] fulfill$1 or n4 ,x is1 !re=e1 mo/ important t "s "o %\ld be able to exp\nd !m2 & "h1 z 9 e dep>tm5t ( human ef=t1 we may be sure t1 ( ! _m :o attempt int]pretation1 "o w be m successful ?an o!rs2 & !n to him all m5 flock = enlight5m5t1 especially if he make "o good guess ab\t "s ,om5 or ,oracle ( g5]al int]e/4 ,su* a man 0 !reby con/itut$ a ,div9]1 & became ! f\nd] ( a pr(ession1 or 7at lea/7 ( a bran* or function ( ! great wiz>dly pr(ession4 ,x happ5$ long ago2 = 9 savag]y mo/ wiz>ds are already ,div9]s4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! pr(ession c no long] be satisfi$ ) int]pretation by guesswork1 b elaborates ! pr9ciples ( ! subject1 ! ,art ( ,div9ation1 ^u :i*1 p]haps1 z mu* pa9/ak+ & +5uity h be5 exp5d$ z ^u indu/ry & sci5ce put toge!r4 ,! savants :o c>ri$ out su* "w 7 probably 7_m ( !m7 z hone/ z fanatics c be2 b ! result always 0 to raise ! reputation ( ! pr(ession = occult k & my/]i\s insight4 ,div9]s are ei!r free & indep5d5t se]s1 soo?say]s1 =tune-tell]s1 mo/ly pov]ty-/rick5 & disreputable1 ?\gh sometimes em95t & influ5tial1 l ,tiresias & ,epim5ides2 or else (ficials 7a mu* small] p>ty7 atta*$ to "s temple or gov]nm5t4 ,(ficial soo?say]s h (t5 ex]cis$ imm5se p[] 9 society & politics4 ,!y are n f\nd1 ( c\rse1 at ! bottom ( ! scale ( culture1 :]e !re is no gov]nm5t 9 ,*ur* or ,/ate2 b 9 ! l[] b>b>ism1 among ! ,bantu tribes 7= example71 ,div9]s h a highly influ5tial /ation4 ,! *ief ( a tribe usually has a specially tru/$ ,div9]1 & also consults o!rs 9 discov]+ sorc]]s & 9 =eca/+ ! future4#cfc ,9 ! ,mazwaya clan ( ! ,?onga !re is an (ficial ,div9] :o alone kn[s ! exact composition ( ! royal 8m$ic9e10 on :i* ! welf>e ( ! :ole tribe dep5ds4 ,he is v mu* fe>$3 no "o d>es dispute ) him2 & he has ! "r ( curs+ ev5 ! *ief himself4#cfd ,su* a p[]ful subject naturally excites ! jeal\sy ( ! *ief1 :o sometimes endeav\rs to get into 8 own h&s all ! m$ic9es & occult virtues possess$ by any ( 8 tribesm54#cfe ,! dang] ( opposition betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate 0 also felt 9 ,melanesia & ,polynesia2 & 9 ,hawaii x 0 decisively ov]come2 = :5 ! oracle 0 to be consult$1 ! k+1 conceal$ 9 a frame ( wick]work1 gave ! responses himself4#cff ,9 ,greece 7six? & fif? c5turies ,b4,c47 oracles 7 /ill m p[]ful3 ! record may be read 9 ,h]odotus4 ,! mo/ fl\ri%+ ,/ates obs]v$ ! ,om5s1 & nev] v5tur$ to g to w> )\t consult+ ! ,oracles2 & ! ,oracles und]took to advise on w> & peace & alliances1 to settle disput$ claims to sov]eignty & ! con/itution ( ,/ates1 to sanction new laws & ! f\ndation ( colonies1 to ord] ! erection ( new temples & ev5 ! wor%ip ( new deities--"s ( !m ( v dubi\s reputation3 to say no?+ ( ! inf9ite ext5t ( _! private practice4 ,_! utt]ances 7 (t5 un9telligible2 !y 7 sometimes kn[n to h accept$ bribes2 yet ! mo/ enlight5$ p 9 ! _w cont9u$ to consult !m3 :e!r 9 good fai?1 or = _! effect ^u ! vulg> bo? fri5ds & enemies1 or p]haps to %>e responsibility = an action ) ! gods1 or ev5 because "o !n felt m com=table ?an 9 leav+ !m alone4 ,b ! diffusion ( philosophy 0 too mu* = !m2 &1 z ,cic]o says1#cfg ev5 ! ,delphic ,oracle decl9$ 9 reputation1 n because ) lapse ( "t ! div9e virtue fail$ ( ^? exhalations t inspir$ ! prie/ess1 b :5 m5 became less cr$ul\s4 ,p]haps x 0 also because social life _h become1 "u ,roman gov]nm5t1 saf] & m settl$ & regul>2 s t a reasonable am\nt ( =esight c\ld be ex]cis$ )\t sup]natural aid4 ,/ill1 aft] ! ,oracles seem$ to h be5 /ruck dumb1 !y reviv$ f "t to "t = two or ?ree c5turies2 ,plut>* 0 f> f incr$ul\s2 & ! equival5t ( !m w 7,i suppose7 cont9ue to revive n[ & !n1 unless insane desire1 & anxiety1 & pusillanimity1 & wond] & confusion ( m9d %all "o day be ext+ui%$4 ,9 ! great empires ( ! high] b>b>ism1 ! ,magi among/ ! ,m$es & ,p]sians1 & 9 ,egypt1 ,babylonia & ,india ! prie/hood :o practis$ soo?say+ & vatic9ation ) _! o!r functions1 obta9$ /ill great] control ov] national life4 ,! developm5t ( ,a/rology has always be5 imput$ to ! ,*aldeans2 & ! importance ( dreams & _! int]pretation 9 ,egypt & ,babylon is reflect$ 9 ! /ories ( ,joseph & ,daniel z well z 9 ! pr(an] pages ( ,h]odotus4 ,! "* ( ,om5s & ! way ( obta9+ ,oracles & ( be+ inspir$ 9 ,greece 7 m]ely modifications ( ^? t h be5 9 vogue among/ savages4 ,imag9ation-beliefs1 9 spite ( _! extravagance1 h1 9 fact1 a %ort te!r & move 9 n>r[ circles1 p]petually r5ew+ ! same !mes4 ,! rav+s ( ! ,py?oness possess$1 :i* are said to h sometimes fright5$ ! prie/s1 might h be5 /udi$ 9 ,fiji4 ,?is 0 :at happ5$ :5 a prie/ 0 inspir$3 he 8becomes absorb$ 9 ?\ght 444 9 a few m9utes he trembles2 slight di/ortions are se5 9 8 face1 & twit*+ movem5ts 9 8 limbs4 ,^! increase to a viol5t muscul> action1 :i* spreads until ! :ole frame is viol5tly convuls$1 & ! man %iv]s z ) a /rong ague-fit4 ,9 "s in/ances ?is is accompani$ by murmurs & sobs2 ! ve9s are greatly enl>g$1 & ! circulation ( ! blood quick5$4 ,! prie/ is n[ possess$ by 8 god1 & all 8 words & actions are consid]$ z no long] 8 own1 b ^? ( ! deity :o has ent]$ him4 ,%rill cries ( ,koi au6 ,koi au6 #8,x is ,i6 ,x is ,i6' fill ! air1 & ! god is suppos$ ?us to notify 8 approa*4 ,:ile giv+ ! answ] ! prie/'s eyes /& out & roll z 9 a fr5zy2 8 voice is unnatural1 8 face pale1 8 lips livid1 8 brea?+ depress$ & 8 entire appe>ance t ( a furi\s madman4 ,! sweat runs f e pore1 ! te>s />t f 8 /ra9$ eyes2 aft] :i* ! symptoms gradually disappe>4 ,! prie/ looks r\nd ) a vacant />e1 & z ! god says #8,i dep>t1' ann\nces 8 actual dep>ture by viol5tly fl++ himself d[n on ! mat1 or by sudd5ly /rik+ ! gr\nd ) a club4444 ,! convulsive movem5ts d n entirely disappe> = "s "t40#cfh ,to become inspir$ by means ( visions or dreams1 or end[$ ) ! p[]s ( a prophet or div9]1 ! obvi\s plan is to g to places frequ5t$ by spirits1 namely1 tombs1 caves & temples4 ,! ,oracle ( ,trophonius 9 ,botia 0 situat$ 9 a cave into :i* ! consultant desc5d$1 & !re saw visions or he>d /range noises1 & lo/ 8 s5ses3 on return+ to ! upp] air1 he sat 9 ! ,*air ( ,memory & report$ to ! prie/s :at _h happ5$2 & !y deliv]$ him to 8 fri5ds 8ov]p[]$ ) fe>1 & q unconsci\s ( himself & 8 surr\nd+s40#cfi ,aft]w>ds he recov]$ 8 wits4 ,at ,oropus 0 a sanctu>y ( ,amphi>aus1 :o 7aga9/ 8 bett] judgm5t7 _h jo9$ ! exp$ition ( ,adra/us aga9/ ,!bes &1 amid/ ! g5]al defeat ( ! army1 fl$ & 0 swall[$ up 9 ! e>?4 ,8 dea? ought to h occurr$ :]e 8 sanctu>y /ood2 = x 0 a fam\s ,oracle1 & to consult x y purifi$ y\rself & sacrific$ a ram &1 spread+ ! sk9 "u y1 w5t asleep !re1 await+ a revelation 9 a dream4#cgj ,9 ! temple ( ,pasiph1 too1 ne> ,sp>ta1 "o might hope = a div9e message 9 a dream2 & a %eph]d1 sleep+ by ! grave ( ,orpheus at ,libe?ra1 0 mov$ to s+ ! v]ses ( ,orpheus4#cga ,to lose "o's memory & aft]w>ds recov] "o's wits is incid5tal to _m initiation c]emonies1 & ! d>kness & secrecy ( caves--:i*1 moreov]1 are (t5 burial-places--h always deeply impress$ our imag9ation4 ,among/ ! ,arunta !re is a way ( obta9+ p[]s ( ,magic & ,div9ation by go+ to sleep at ! m\? ( a cave2 :5 ! ,irunt>9ia 7a k9d ( spirits71 :o live !re1 pi]ce ! sleep]'s head ) lances1 drag him into ! cave1 disemb[el him & give him new entrails4 ,he awakes daz$ & silly2 & ! spirits lead him home1 :]e gradually he recov]s 8 "r m9d4#cgb ,among/ ! ,kurnai1 aga91 "o may become a wiz>d & div9] by sleep+ at a grave2 = 9 ! night ! dead man disemb[els "o1 & provides new visc]al organs4#cgc ,else:]e 9 ,au/ralia a c&idate = ! wiz>dly pr(ession is ti$ d[n at night 9 ! tribal burial-gr\nd & visit$ by spirits :o =ce a /one into 8 head--app>5tly a k9d ( cry/al1 by gaz+ into :i* a wiz>d is able to see ! pa/1 ! di/ant & ! future4#cgd ,! seek+ ( enlight5m5t :]e spirits dwell 9 caves or graves1 loss ( wits by contact ) !m & subsequ5t recov]y--all ?is may rem9d u ( /ories 9 ,pausanias2 b :at ( ! disemb[ell+ & r5ew+ ( ! visc]a8 ,we are told by ,sp5c] & ,gill5 t dur+ ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 tradition>y c]emonies1 an ,au/ralian's emotion is v great1 s t he says 8 inw>d p>ts get 8ti$ up 9 knots10 & sometimes acquire 8sight0 & give om5s2#cge & ,h[itt tells u t fat ( ! kidneys is believ$ to be ! seat ( a man's pr[ess & o!r virtues4#cgf ,to extract & r5ew a man's entrails1 !re=e1 is to r5ew 8 _s1 j z we speak metaphorically ( a 8*ange ( he>t10 s t he has m vivid emotions1 firm] c\rage1 cle>] insight4 ,9 fact1 x is ! magical equival5t ( inspiration2 ! cry/al1 too1 ( ! ,euahlayi is a magic s\rce2 & ?is is z f> z ! ,au/ralians h got3#cgg gross mat]ialism1 :i* ! progress or 7at lea/7 ! movem5t ( animi/ic ?\ght has happily sup]s$$ by conceptions m ref9$1 if n m tru?ful4 #h4 ,,app>5t ,,failure ,,( ,,om5s ,?\gh 9 _! nature infallible1 ,om5s are n always fulfill$--at lea/1 _! fulfilm5t is n always asc]ta9able4 ,b ?is is easily expla9$2 = :atev] an ,om5 may be 9 itself1 our k ( x dep5ds on obs]vation1 :i* may be sup]ficial & incomplete1 s t we may n "k :at x 04 ,:at k9d ( bird 0 x8 ,:i* way did x fly8 ,h[ _m cries did x utt]8 ,^! que/ions g to ! he>t ( ! matt]2 yet ea* ( !m po9ts out an opportunity ( error4 ,b grant+ ! obs]vations p]fect1 we h /ill to le>n :at ! ,om5 port5ds2 & al?\gh a simple m9d1 tru/+ to simple rules1 may be ready (fh& ) an answ]1 x becomes1 ) ! developm5t ( ! art ( ,div9ation1 m & m complicat$ & difficult1 dem&+ long exp]i5ce & pr(\nd erudition--some?+ wor? pay+ =4 ,x is popul>ly kn[n t dreams are p]plex+ z ! guide ( life4 ,are !y to be accept$ at face value1 or d !y g by contr>ies8 ,:at diff]5ce does x make :e!r !y happ5 e>ly 9 ! night1 or 9 ! morn+1 or :e!r we sleep 9 :ite or 9 col\r$ night-clo!s8 ,!re is an ext5sive casui/ry ( ?is matt]4 ,int]pretations ( ,om5s proce$$ g5]ally by analogy3 ! l5g? & direction ( ! cracks 9 a %\ld]-blade indicate ! l5g? & t5or ( a man's life4 ,oracles1 aga91 7 (t5 di/ract+ly obscure2 f ,delphi mu* l riddles2 b ^? ( ,zeus at ,dodona are said to h be5 sometimes tak5 to ,apollo at ,delphi to ask :at !y meant4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 besides possible errors ( obs]vation1 !re 7 fur!r pitfalls ( int]pretation2 if a physician or a pilot is sometimes out 9 8 reckon+1 :y n also a div9]8 ,s t an ,om5 might v well be fulfill$ )\t our kn[+ exactly :at x 0 or :at x indicat$4 ,b t is n all2 = we h se5 t any k9d ( magical =ce is only infallible z a t5d5cy2 x may be c\nt]act$1 & ?is is g5]ally ?\ght to be ! case ) ,om5s4 ,j z ! rites ( "o magician may be fru/rat$ by ! m p[]ful op]ations ( ano!r1 s an ,om5 indicates a c\rse ( ev5ts :i* may1 p]haps1 be turn$ aside4 ,t :i* is =ese5 by "o _s may be prev5t$ by ano!r1 ^: int]v5tion 0 n =ese52 = spirits are by no means infallible4 ,h5ce1 h[ev] well obs]v$ & int]pret$1 ! t5d5cy ( an ,om51 or ( ! =ce x manife/s1 may be div]t$ or rev]s$ by "s unkn[n cause4 ,moreov]1 we ourselves are lo? to rel9qui% all control ov] affairs4 ,we h se5 t ! efficacy ( ,om5s dep5d$ 7n )\t reason7 on ! way !y 7 receiv$2 & t we may meet !m ) our own magical influ5ce1 accept+ !m1 or reject+ ) a spell4 ,& fur!r1 we h se5 t ,magic (t5 works by symbols1 & t a symbolic action w cause or incite a real ev5t2 & simil>ly x is believ$ t ! ev5t =e%[n by an ,om5 may be symbolically fulfill$2 t "s h>mless semblance ( ! ev5t may be sub/itut$ = x1 absorb 7z x 77 ! poison ( ! m5ace & let ! ?reat5$ man g free4 ,a/yages dream$ a dream :i* ! ,magi int]pret$ to mean t ! *ild ( 8 daught] 7m>ri$ to a ,p]sian7 %\ld reign ov] ,asia 9 8 /ead--imply+ t ! k+dom mu/ pass f ! ,m$es4 ,he !re=e took measures to h ! *ild de/roy$2 b by a s]ies ( happy *ances ,cyrus1 ! *ild1 escap$ & grew up2 & 9 8 boyhood ,a/yages discov]$ :o he 01 & 0 greatly al>m$4 ,s he s5t aga9 = ! ,magi2 b !y1 on le>n+ t ! boys 9 ! village :]e ,cyrus _h be5 re>$ _h 9 games appo9t$ him _! k+1 decid$ t ?is fulfill$ ! dream2 =1 said !y1 8he w n reign a second "t40#cgh ,s ,cyrus liv$1 & ! lord%ip ( ,asia pass$ to ! ,p]sians2 = ! ,magi 9 ?is case ov]e/imat$ ! value ( symbols4 ,b all ^! ways ( fru/rat+ an ,om5 are incompatible ) ! int]pretation ( !m by ! c\rse ( ,fate1 & are only fit to be believ$ 9 by ! weak] bre?r54 #i4 ,,apology ,,= ,,om5s ,x may be "s excuse = ,om5s t ! int]pretation ( !m 0 a sort ( gymna/ic = +5uity1 & 0 a means by :i* ! quick-witt$ ma9ta9$ !mselves 9 a _w ( viol5ce4 ,x is1 moreov]1 ! bus9ess ( ^? :o und]take su* "w to /udy social & political conditions1 j z ra9-doctors /udy ! wea!r4 ,_! judgm5t1 !re=e1 may (t5 be bett] ?an t ( m5 imm]s$ 9 affairs & biass$ by p>ticul> int]e/s4 ,ev5 9 ! l[] savag]y div9]s manage to "k m ?an o!rs4 ,9 ,que5sl&1 :5 a big mob has assembl$ at a camp1 div9]s are believ$ to keep _! eyes & e>s op51 sleepless--to le>n :o h dea?-bones1 :o has op]at$ ) "o1 :o has be5 po9t$ at1 etc42#cgi & 9 ,s\? ,africa 7two or ?ree /eps high] 9 culture7 div9]s take pa9s to obta9 in=mation z a means ( 8op5+ ! gates ( di/ance40#chj ,at ,delphi1 also1 news 0 welcome f all p>ts1 & m5 ( capacity kept a /eady eye ^u ! affairs ( ,greece & ,asia4 ,( c\rse1 ,div9ation1 l e o!r sup]/ition1 0 exploit$ by politicians4 ,! ,roman ,gov]nm5t1 accord+ to ,cic]o1 ma9ta9$ ! ,college ( ,augurs = ! advantage ( ! ,/ate 9 civil affairs1 al?\gh 9 8 "t ! lead]s ( armies _h ceas$ to consult ! ,om5s3#cha & ,polybius ?\ght t religion 0 ,rome's mo/ useful in/itution4#chb ,a law t ! comitia %\ld n be held :5 ,jupit] ?und]$ & light5$ 0 especially conv5i5t :5 t assembly 0 inconv5i5t2 = ! (ficial ^: function x 0 _h only to decl>e t he saw lightn+1 & !reupon ! comitia broke up4 ,probably ev5 ^? :o ?us abus$ a sup]/ition1 yet believ$ 7at lea/ 9 times ( dang]7 8!re 0 some?+ 9 x40 ,om5s & ,oracles 7 s\ght aft] to allay fe> & to ga9 confid5ce1 & (t5 !y gave confid5ce & ! /r5g? t goes ) confid5ce2 or p]haps ! ra%ness & folly t g ) confid5ce1 & s betray$ ! devotee2 or1 aga91 !y da%$ ! c\rage ( brave m51 & spread dismay1 di/ru/ & weakness4 ,no sup]iority ( m]e intellect seems to ensure m5 aga9/ p>ticipat+ 9 ^! delusions4 ,_m ,/oics1 ?\gh highly discipl9$ 9 ,logic1 upheld ! practices ( ,div9ation & ,a/rology4 ,pantius1 inde$1 reject$ !m2 & ,epictetus on moral gr\nds disc\rag$ ,div9ation4 8,=10 said he1 8:at ! div9] =esees is n :at really conc]ns u4 ,we h )9 u a div9] :o tells u :at good & evil are1 & :at are ! signs ( !m4 ,does ! div9] und]/& t--aft] all 8 /udies ( ! visc]a8 ,n :at is to happ5 9 ! future1 b to d z we ought :atev] happ5s is our true conc]n40#chc ,b ?is g5u9e expression ( ,/oic ?\ght 0 ab&on$ by mo/ ( ! sect 9 _! desire to def5d z mu* z possible ! popul> religion4 ,!y ev5 /ak$ ! exi/5ce ( ! gods ^u ! g5u95ess ( ,div9ation3 argu+ t if ,div9ation exi/s !re mu/ be gods :o s5d ,om5s2 & t if ,div9ation does n exi/ !re c be no gods--s9ce if !re are gods :o "k ! future1 & h a reg>d = mank9d1 & are able to give w>n+s1 !y w c]ta9ly d s4 ,!re=e1 no ,div9ation1 no gods4#chd ,!re is1 inde$1 a widespread pitiful p]suasion t "s provision mu/ h be5 made :]eby a man may =esee 8 future2 & s1 9 a s5se1 !re is2 = ! exi/5ce ( ord] 9 nature implies ! possibility ( =esight2 & a fanciful m9d might reg>d ,div9ation z ! anticipatory manife/ation ( an in/9ct 9 play be=e ! faculties became capable ( s]i\s ex]cise4 ,b ! play 0 tak5 too s]i\sly2 & ! wor/ ( x 0 t its inane me?ods div]t$ att5tion f ! only possible me?od--if n always on ! "p ( ! div9]1 at lea/ on ! "p ( ! great multitude1 8 dupes4 ,m4 ,h4 ,a4 ,j\nod says ( ! ,bantu tribes1 8,div9ation kills any attempt to use reason or exp]i5ce 9 practical life40#che ,&1 cle>ly1 ?is is ev]y:]e its t5d5cy1 be x a "q ( consult+ a can>y at ! /reet-corn]1 :e!r or n we %\ld m>ry1 or an augur r ?an an exp]i5c$ g5]al :e!r or n n[ to engage ! enemy4 ,s5eca#chf treat$ ,om5s z a necess>y consequ5ce ( univ]sal ,fate3 = if all ev5ts are factors ( "o pr$et]m9$ ord]1 ev]y?+ 9 ! pres5t is a sign or om5 ( ev]y?+ to occur 9 ! future2 & "s ev5ts1 su* z ! flight ( birds1 h be5 select$ z ,om5s1 m]ely because ! mean+ or consequ5ts ( ^! happ5 to h be5 obs]v$2 & :e!r ,om5s are respect$ or despis$1 ,fate det]m9es ! :ole c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,by ?is way ( ?9k+1 z x 0 fat$ t ! ,romans %\ld be defeat$ at ,lake ,trasim5us1 x 0 also fat$ t ! ,om5s %\ld be decl>$ unfav\rable & t ! w>n+ %\ld n be tak52 & if x 0 fat$ t ! ,romans %\ld be defeat$ at ,cann1 x 0 also fat$ t ! ,om5s %\ld be decl>$ fav\rable & t !y %\ld be accept$4 ,a belief 9 ,fate makes ,om5s useless4 ,if1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( ,fate 7all-compreh5sive ,magic7 or pr$e/9ation 7by a supreme ,god71 we reg>d ! c\rse ( ! _w z det]m9$ by natural causation1 :e!r ,om5s or ,oracles may be useful or n 7suppos+ !m possible7 dep5ds on ! nature ( ! ev5t =etold--on :e!r x involves ourselves conditionally only or unconditionally4 ,om5s t w>n u aga9/ ev5ts conditionally may be useful en\gh1 & few w ?9k x a s]i\s fault t !y disc\rage ! use ( reason4 ,k+ ,deiot>us1 hav+ set out on a j\rney1 0 w>n$ by an eagle n to g =w>d ) x1 & he turn$ back2 & t same night ! h\se at :i* he 0 to h slept fell d[n2 s he escap$4#chg ,! dang] 0 conditional on 8 cont9u+ ! j\rney2 &1 9 ! c\rse ( causation1 a w>n+ ( dang]1 :e!r ann\nc$ by an augur or by our own sagacity1 may (t5 enable u to avoid x4 ,! causes ( ! future are pres5t1 & 7)9 c]ta9 limits7 are 9 our p[]4 ,if ,i h reason to believe t !re w be a fire at ! ,op]a to-night1 or h a pres5tim5t ( "s calamity !re1 ,i ne$ n g2 &1 !n1 ,i %all n be burnt alive4 ,:e!r ! presage come to me by an ,om51 or by a message f a god1 or 9 an anonym\s lett] f "o ( ! inc5di>ies :o happ5s to be a fri5d ( m9e1 _c matt]4 ,no1 if !re 7 gods ) intuitions ( futurity1 or ) bett] k ?an we h ( pres5t fact & great] p[] ( calculat+ ! consequ5ces1 !y might make !mselves useful4 ,on ?is hypo!sis !re is n a priori any absurdity 9 ! doctr9e ( ,om5s4 ,b ) ,om5s or ,oracles ( magical or div9e au?ority1 t =e%ad[ our own fate unconditionally1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,if1 = example1 !y tell a man t he w die by ! fall ( ! ro( ( 8 own h\se1 t mu/ be 8 end2 & any "o :o exam9es 8 c>e] aft]w>ds w f9d t all 8 ef=ts to escape1 all 8 pusillanim\s cr\*+s & w9d+s1 7 j s _m /eps ( causation ^u ! road to inevitable doom4 ,to convey su* a presage s]ves no purpose b to fill ! victim's la/ days ) anxiety & dread3 x is z bad z cruelty to animals4 ,! def5ce ( ,om5s is m]e rationalisation4 ,!y took possession ( m5's m9ds n 9 an age ( reason1 b :5 beliefs 7 freely born ( hope & fe>1 7 entirely practical1 7 nev] ?\ght out & nev] v]ifi$4 ,:e!r ! connection ( ,om5 ) ev5t 0 conceiv$ ( magically or animi/ically1 x 0 always my/]i\s1 & on t acc\nt 0 ! m impressive & acceptable4 ,! uni=mity ( su* connexions 01 inde$1 assum$--o!rwise !y 7 useless2 ! same bird's call on ?is h& or on t _h always ! same significance2 b ea* case at fir/ /ood by itself2 x 0 :at we call 8a miracle40 ,ev5 su* assumption ( causation 9 ord9>y cases z common s5se implies did n compel ! reflection t ea* cause mu/ itself be an effect ( o!r causes1 & s aga91 & s on = ev]4 ,nor did ! assumption t spirits c\ld =esee ! future require t !y %\ld =esee ! :ole future1 s z to imply an inviolable ord] ( ! _w4 ,su* consid]ations 7 left to amuse or p]plex a lat] age4 ,a great advance is m>k$ by ! say+ ( ! ,be*uana pr9ce to ,casalis1 t 8"o ev5t is ! son ( ano!r1 & we mu/ nev] =get ! g5ealogy40#chh ,b q rec5tly among/ ourselves causation 0 s feebly appreciat$1 ev5 by ! mo/ educat$1 t te/imony conc]n+ miracles c\ld /ill be appeal$ to z a gr\nd = believ+ some?+ fur!r4 ,"o reviews all ^! wond]ful fossils ( ! s\l :i* are dead & yet alive1 n )\t sympa?y4 ,= myself1 ,i am free to confess1 z !y us$ to say 9 ,p>liam5t1 t ,om5s & pres5tim5ts /ill haunt ! %ad[y prec9cts ( imag9ation ) vague %apes & mutt]+s ( evils to come2 :i* :5 !y approa* w be 7,i suppose7 z h>d & def9ite z daylight4 ,,footnotes3 #cci ,,vi4 c4 #bg 7,rawl9son's ,translation74 #cdj ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 p4 #aeb4 #cda ,de ,aco/a1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies1 ,,vii4 c4 #bc 7translat$ by ,c4 ,r4 ,m>kham74 #cdb ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,across ,au/ralia1 p4 #bbj4 #cdc ,book ,i4 cc4 #g-aj4 #cdd ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 ,,vi4 p4 #bfj4 #cde ,w4 ,r4 ,halliday1 ,greek ,div9ation1 p4 #ae4 #cdf ,hi/oria ,naturalis1 ,,xxvii4 p4 #d4 #cdg ,suetonius3 ,julius1 c4 #ei4 #cdh ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 ,,ii4 pp4 #ef-fd4 #cdi ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #bff4 #cej ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 ,v4 p4 #cfa2 ,,vi4 p4 #bei4 #cea ,seligman1 ,mel4 ( ,b4 ,n4 ,g41 p4 #cji4 #ceb ,de ,div9atione1 ,i4 c4 #ai4 #cec ,an infallible sign is1 9 ,=mal ,logic1 ! same z a cause1 accord+ to ! s*eme ,if ,a1 !n ,b2 & x is conceivable t1 ) /rict ?9k+1 a belief 9 an ,om5 may give rise to a magical practice4 8,=10 says ,"l ,avebury1 8grant$ t ! fall ( a /ick c]ta9ly preludes t ( ! p]son x repres5ts1 x foll[s t by upsett+ ! /ick 8 dea? c be caus$0 7,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 p4 #aff74 ,i d n see :y su* an inf]5ce %\ld n be drawn1 b c give no example ( x4 ,! possibility %[s h[ mu* community !re is betwe5 ,magic & ! lore ( ,om5s2 b z to ?is p>ticul> case1 ! magical ca/ ( m9d is already impli$ 9 ! orig9al sett+ up ( ! /ick ^: fall %\ld prelude t ( a giv5 individual4 #ced ,coddr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #abc4 #cee ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #dja4 #cef ,quot$ by ,fraz]1 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,i4 pp4 #dhi & #die4 #ceg ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit41 p4 #chi4 #ceh ,c4 ,g4 ,seligman1 op4 cit41 p4 #ahh4 #cei ,,vii4 c4 #af4 #cfj ,! poet is closely alli$ at fir/ to ! wiz>d2 = 7besides t ! greate/ spells & oracles are v]sifi$7 ! poet is inspir$4 ,9 ,au/ralia poets are sometimes c>ri$ by gho/s into skyl&1 :]e !y le>n songs & dances4 ,"s compose awake2 b ! belief prevails t !y are inspir$ 9 dreams by dead & k9dr$ spirits4 ,_! songs travel f> among/ tribes t no long] und]/& ! language4 7,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 pp4 #chi & #dac47 ,simil>ly 9 ,fiji 7,fiji & ! ,fijians1 p4 #ih74 8,! poem is too wond]ful = me0--su* is ! poet's humility2 8x 0 made by ! gods0--su* is 8 arrogance4 #cfa ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #ebf4 #cfb ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ,i4 p4 #abe4 #cfc ,casalis1 ,les ,bass\tos1 pp4 #bii & #cdj4 #cfd ,j\nod1 ,life ( a ,s\? ,african ,tribe1 ,i4 #cfa4 ,?is 8m$ic9e0 is ! *ief's great /ore ( magical =ce3 its pr9cipal +r$i5ts are ! nails & hair ( *iefs deceas$1 fix$ toge!r by a k9d ( wax4 #cfe ,callaway1 ,religion ( ! ,amazulu1 p4 #dag4 #cff ,w4 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 ,,ii4 p4 #bce4 #cfg ,de ,div41 ,,ii4 c4 #eg4 #cfh ,?omas ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 p4 #aij4 #cfi ,pausanias1 ,,ix4 c4 #aj 7,fraz]'s ,translation74 #cgj ,pausanias1 ,i4 p4 #cd4 #cga ,ibid41 ,,ix4 p4 #cj4 #cgb ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #ebc4 #cgc ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit41 p4 #djd4 #cgd ,langloh ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 p4 #be4 #cge ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #aha4 #cgf ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #cfg4 #cgg ,?is is unju/ to ! ,au/ralians4 ,among/ ! ,di]i 7,l4 ,eyre7 wiz>ds ) r5ew$ entrails communicate ) sup]natural be+s1 int]pret dreams & discov] murd]]s2 b !y also recognise spiritual communication ) ord9>y m5 9 visions2 n ord9>y dreams1 :i* are m]e fancies1 b ^? t are repeat$2 & ^! come f ,kut*i1 an evil _s 7,h[itt1 op4 cit41 p4 #ceh74 ,we may be sure ! ,greeks 7 mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t x 0 ,amphi>aus :o in/itut$ div9ation by dreams4 #cgh ,h]odotus1 ,i4 cc4 #ajg1 #bh4 #cgi ,w4 ,e4 ,ro?1 ,e?nological ,/udies1 p4 #aed4 #chj ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 p4 #aic4 #cha ,de ,div41 ,,ii4 cc4 #cc1 #ce4 #chb ,polybius1 ,,vi4 c4 #b4 #chc ,disc\rses1 ,,ii4 c4 #g4 #chd ,de ,div41 ,,ii4 c4 #ag2 cf4 c4 #di4 #che ,life ( a ,s\? ,african ,tribe1 p4 #eba4 #chf ,que/iones ,naturales1 ,,ii4 c4 #cb4 #chg ,de ,div41 ,i4 c4 #ae4 #chh ,les ,bass\tos1 p4 #bdh4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,m9d ,,( ,,! ,,wiz>d #a4 ,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,fall ,,( ,,wiz>dry ,9 describ+ ! occult arts & ^? :o practise !m1 t]ms are s loosely us$ t x may be conv5i5t to premise t by 8,wiz>d0 7or ,m$ic9e-man7 is "h meant ei!r a magician or a sorc]]2 t is1 ei!r "o :o puts into op]ation imp]sonal magical =ces 7or s f> z he does s71 or "o :o relies ^u ! aid 7or s f> z he does s7 ( gho/s or spirits "u magical control4 ,x is an objection to ?is use ( ! ^w 8sorc]]10 t x is (t5 appli$ to ^? *iefly ^: practice is malefic5t3 b !re seems to be no ^w us$ only 9 ! m g5]al s5se2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 malefic5t & b5efic5t wiz>ds1 :e!r magicians or sorc]]s1 w "h be m>k$1 :5 necess>y1 by ! famili> epi!ts 8black0 & 8:ite40 ,9 backw>d societies1 wiz>dry is1 or may be1 practis$ by e man or woman2 &1 inde$1 9 its simpl] op]ations or obs]vances ?is is true at e /age ( culture4 ,b 9 e k9d ( task x appe>s t "s m5 c d x bett] ?an o!rs1 & !y attract ! att5tion ( ! re/2 & probably ?is is ! beg9n+ ( ! diff]5tiation ( ! pr(essional wiz>d3 he is at fir/ m]ely "o :om o!rs ask to help !m 9 c]ta9 matt]s1 because !y believe t he1 m ?an !mselves1 has ! knack ( x4 ,z ! occult arts become complicat$ & dang]\s ! sup]iority ( ! ma/]-m9d is m manife/4 ,we are told t among/ ! ,tasmanians !re 7 no pr(essional wiz>ds or m$ic9e-m51 b t "s p practis$ m ?an o!rs4 ,f ! beg9n+ ! art excites wond]1 & wond] cr$ulity2 & an old fell[1 :o 0 subject to fits ( contraction 9 ! muscles ( "o brea/1 us$ ?is my/]i\s affection to impose ^u 8 neighb\rs4#chi ,wond] & ! def]5ce x br+s ) x1 ) ! self-delusion ( p[] x g5]ates1 are at fir/ ! wiz>d's sole recomp5se2 & to ! end !y rema9 8 *ief recomp5se4 ,9 ,au/ralia a wiz>d is initiat$ 79 fact or by repute71 & is 9 "s ways a man ap>t f o!rs2 yet 9 sev]al cases x is report$ t he receives no fees4 ,= magical s]vices among/ ! ,arunta 8no rew>d ( any k9d is giv5 or expect$40#cij ,sometimes a wiz>d expects no fee unless he is successful1 z among ! ,tungus1 ,yakut & ,buryats4#cia ,g5]ally1 ! wiz>d e>ns 8 liv+ l o!r m51 & m]ely supplem5ts x by fees & pres5ts4 ,he r>ely atta9s ! pr(essional dignity ( liv+ solely by 8 art & my/]y4 ,nev]!less 9 simple societies ! wiz>d is a lead] or a *ief4 ,! pr$om9ance ( old m5 9 c\ncil dep5ds ^u _! occult p[]s r ?an ^u _! worldly wisdom3 ev5 h]$it>y *iefs may h great] pre/ige ?r\gh ,magic ?an ?r\gh royal desc5t4#cib ,i conceive t aft] ! organisation ( ! primitive hunt+-pack _h1 by v>i\s causes1 be5 weak5$ or de/roy$1 x 0 ?r\gh belief 9 ,magic t "s sort ( lead]%ip & subord9ation 7 re-e/abli%$3 p]haps 9 _m exp]im5tal social =ms1 ( :i* "s specim5s may be f\nd 9 ,au/ralia & survivals ( o!rs 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,among ! ,massim ( ! ,trobri& ,isl&s1 h]$it>y *iefta9%ip is bett] develop$ ?an any:]e to ! s\? or we/2 yet 8at ! back ( e *ief's p[] ov] 8 p is ! dread ( sorc]y1 )\t :i* ,i feel sure he is little m ?an a cyph]40#cic ,or ! m$ic9e-man may appe> z ! *ief's rival1 z among ! ,indians ( ! upp] ,amazons describ$ by ,capt4 ,:iff51 :o obs]ves t 9 a conte/ betwe5 ! m$ic9e-man & ! *ief ! odds are 9 fav\r ( ! =m]1 s9ce to 8 oppon5ts dea? comes spe$ily 7by poison74 ,he has great influ5ce ov] int]national policy3 w> is nev] made )\t 8 advice4 ,"h we see ! beg9n+ ( t /ruggle betwe5 ! temporal & spiritual p[]s :i* cont9ues ) alt]nate victory & defeat ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,callaway#cid describes a ,bantu *ief z induct$ to 8 (fice by div9]s t he may be 8really a *ief0 n m]ely by desc5t4 ,a dang]\s concession6 ,b o!r ,bantu *iefs are !mselves wiz>ds1 & /rive to collect all ! m$ic9e ( ! tribe 9 _! own h&s2 & ,*aka decl>$ he 0 ! only div9] 9 ! c\ntry4#cie ,! rise & spread ( ! political p[] ( wiz>ds1 h[ev]1 has be5 fully illu/rat$ by ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] 9 ! six? *apt] ( ,! ,magic ,art4 ,z animi/ic int]pretation prevails 9 any society1 s t ! m>vels ( ,magic come to be attribut$ to spiritual causes1 magicians t5d to become sorc]]s1 &1 be+ ?us associat$ ) spirits1 may n be easily di/+ui%able f prie/s4 ,among ! ,buryat a %aman 0 a prie/1 z kn[+ ! w ( ! gods & direct+ sacrifices1 b he 0 also an exorci/ & div9]4#cif ,! great majority ( ^? :o deal ) spirits rely1 m or less op5ly1 ^u bo? co]cion & propitiation3 b we may say g5]ally t an (ficiant is a sorc]] s f> z he dep5ds ^u co]c+ spirits by ,magic2 a prie/ s f> z he relies ^u propitiat+ !m by pray] & sacrifice4 ,! sorc]] is aggressive & dom9e]+ t[>d sup]natural p[]s2 ! prie/ pr(esses humility4 ,9 any case ! "* ( a cult is liable1 9 c\rse ( "t1 to *ange f "o side to ! o!r2 & at ! same "t1 two m5 may (ficiate 9 ! same rites &1 at he>t1 "o ( !m may be a prie/ & ! o!r a sorc]]4 ,cu/om gives ! "n ( prie/ to him :o1 :5 a c]ta9 /age has be5 rea*$ 9 ! developm5t ( ,animism1 :5 gods are recognis$1 s]ves & sacrifices to ! m public & reputable spirits4 ,a conflict !n breaks out betwe5 him & ! sorc]]4 ,:il/ magic-beliefs greatly /r5g!n *iefta9%ip1 religion1 )\t impair+ ! magical sanction1 re9=ces x ) o!r ideas1 & !re=e has a political advantage4 ,a god is (t5 ! ance/or ( ! k+ & ! gr\nd ( 8 sov]eignty2 & ! k+ himself1 or 8 bro!r1 may be high-prie/4 ,! prie/hood acquires comm&+ dignity2 x %>es ! culture ( ! highe/ social rank1 & may become almo/ ! sole repository ( le>n+ & art4 ,wiz>ds !n lose _! place 9 ! sun4 ,! b5efic5t practice ( wiz>dry 7or ,:ite ,magic7 is m or less incorporat$ ) religi\s rites2 ! malefic5t practice 7or ,black ,magic7 is =bidd5 & puni%$3 "u poly!ism because 8x is de/ructive to human life or welf>e02 "u mono!ism1 z (f5sive to ,god4#cig ,! sorc]] is outlaw$1 & betakes himself to ! secret p]=mance ( unholy rites 9 d>k & un:olesome circum/ances4 ,he may be 9 full antagonism to ! (ficial gods1 invok+ demons or old d[n-trodd5 gods n yet =gott5 by ! p1 &1 9 ! s]vice ( demons1 inv]t+ & pr(an+ ! rites ( public wor%ip4 ,b to =bid & puni% ! black art is to puni% crime1 n to p]secute ,magic z su*2 ^: b5efic5t practices /ill fl\ri% "u ano!r "n4 ,pr(4 ,yrj ,hirn has %[n t1 dur+ all ! ignorant & sup]/iti\s prosecutions ( wit*es 9 ,europe1 ! public religi\s c]emonies & obs]vances 7 p]meat$ by magical ideas4#cih ,9 spite ( ! antagonism betwe5 prie/ & sorc]]1 !re is n ! full opposition betwe5 ,religion & ,sorc]y t exi/s betwe5 ,animism & ,magic--betwe5 ! recognition ( caprice & ! belief 9 uni=mity--s9ce ! gods !mselves "w by ,magic & may be subject to its p[]s4 ,x is n an antagonism ( pr9ciple1 b p>tly ( allegiance & p>tly ( ambition4 ,! influ5ce ( wiz>ds is g5]ally ext5d$ by means ( clubs & secret societies3 wiz>ds =m a m>k$ class1 are well aw>e ( x1 & are naturally drawn into mutual und]/&+4 ,9 ,au/ralia no regul> societies seem to h exi/$1 b ! m$ic9e-m5 recognis$ "o ano!r1 initiat$ & tra9$ new-com]s into ! pr(ession1 _h an esot]ic tradition ( rites & me?ods & fictions1 & sometimes met = consultation4 ,among ! savages ( ,torres ,/raits1 ! maidelaig meet toge!r 9 ! bu% at night1 9 ord] to p]=m _! sorc]y1 & ! body ( sorc]]s c control an individual maidelaig2 b !y appe> n to h a def9itely organis$ society4#cii ,9 ,melanesia1 h[ev]1 _m regul> societies exi/2#djj & among ! ,nor!rn ,am]9ds !y 7 num]\s & p[]ful4 ,! ,midew9ian society ( ! ,ojibways is typical ( ^! in/itutions4 ,x 0 ! club ( ! legitimate pr(essionals1 9 contra/ ) private practition]s1 :o 7 said 7( c\rse7 to be fav\r$ by evil manidos4 ,to jo9 ! society "o mu/ und]go in/ruction1 pay+ fees & mak+ pres5ts to its memb]s4 ,x compris$ ab\t "o-t5? ( ! tribe1 & :at ) influ5ce1 :at ) p]quisites1 did v well4#dja ,9 ,africa also su* societies fl\ri%4 ,e pr(ession1 organis$ or unorganis$1 provid$ !re be an und]/&+ among/ its memb]s1 is prone to acquire anti-social int]e/s & to e/abli% a secret tradition2 & z long z moral s5se is v imp]fect1 ! antagonism ( ! pr(ession to ! public may be a virul5t evil1 z we see 9 ! hi/ory ( wiz>dry & prie/craft4 ,bo? ! pr(ession & its tradition beg9 ) practices common to all memb]s ( a tribe2 & ! tradition gr[s by accumulat+ ! discov]ies & inv5tions ( ! pr(essionals4 ,exp]im5t & obs]vation are employ$ by !m 7accord+ to _! lights7 probably f ! fir/4 ,dr4 ,haddon says t1 9 controll+ ! w9d & ra91 ! proc$ure ( wiz>ds 9 ! ea/]n isl&s ( ,torres ,/raits 0 subject to v>iation1 & s d\btless 7 ! spells1 & exp]ts reli$ on _! own v>iants2#djb & ,pr(4 ,seligman#djc obs]ves t1 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 ! k ( 8! dep>tm5tal exp]t0 7wiz>d controll+ ra91 or f]tility ( g>d51 or :at n7 is tradition>y f fa!r to son1 consi/+ p>tly ( magical processes or =mul1 p>tly ( ! results ( ye>s ( obs]vation & ?\ght4 ,all improvem5ts 9 sci5ce1 art1 indu/ry & humbug are made by individuals4 ,! cumulative tradition becomes m volum9\s1 ! spells m intricate1 ! rites m elaborate2 because ! possible memb]%ip ( ! pr(ession is !reby n>r[$1 ! self-valuation ( ! initiat$ is height5$1 ! wond] & cr$ulity ( ! laity is enhanc$3 s mu* ( ! doctr9e & discipl9e be+ all[$ to transpire z to make ?is la/ effect a maximum4 ,:il/ tribal belief 9 ,magic is ! necess>y gr\nd ( ! wiz>d's exi/5ce1 he--be+ once recognis$--!nce=? confirms1 sways & guides ! tribal belief4 #b4 ,,! ,,wiz>d',s ,,pret5sions ,:il/ societies are =m$ to promote ! common int]e/s ( wiz>ds1 too sev]e competition among/ !mselves is 9 "s measure avoid$ by ! specialisation ( individuals 9 diff]5t bran*es ( _! my/]y4 ,9 pure ,magic !re is "s room = ! division ( lab\r to deal ) ! wea!r1 or f]tility1 or disease1 b ! spread ( ,animism & ! multiplication ( feti*es & demons op5 to ! sorc]]s a wide field = ! multiplication ( speciali/s4 ,among/ ! ,beloki1 says ,mr4 ,weeks1#djd !re are eighte5 classes ( speciali/s2 on ! l[] ,congo1 fifty4 ,by spells & rites & *>ms wiz>ds und]take ! g5]al control ( ,nature4 ,!y cause ra9 or dr\ght1 det]m9e ! ris+ ( ! sun &1 = ?is purpose1 may g e morn+ to a hill-top to summon him4 ,an ,au/ralian wiz>d claim$ to h driv5 away a comet by means ( 8 sacr$ /ones4#dje ,! adept procures a fav\rable w9d = 8 fri5ds1 or = 8 enemies an adv]se2 prosp]s ! crops or blights !m2 controls ! game ( ! hunt]1 & ! cattle ( ! h]dsman4 ,! height ( su* claims may be read 9 ,m$ea's boa/ 9 ! ,metamorphoses4#djf ,9 8 own p]son ! wiz>d may h ! p[] ( %ape-*ang+ into "s animal1 or into any animal4 ,he c fly ?r\gh ! air to skyl& to visit ,d>amulun2 or to help dull imag9ations1 he ?r[s up a rope & climbs up by x1 or ?r[s up a ?read 7l a spid]'s7 & climbs up by t4#djg ,or he may fly to ! moon to be ! gue/ ( ! man :om we see !re2#djh or to ! region ( dea? to visit ,erlik ,khan4#dji ,by daylight he only flies 9 ! _s1 dur+ a trance2 b :5 x is q d>k he c g bodily4 ,& probably ?is po9ts to ! orig9 ( su* beliefs3 = to dream t "o flies is n uncommon2 & z 9 dreams we visit di/ant places1 & on wak+ seem sudd5ly to h return$ by no kn[n means1 ! analogy ( flight (f]s ! easie/ explanation ( su* exp]i5ces4 ,to fly is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t & p]si/5t exploits ( ! pr(ession3 ,european wit*es flew ^u broom/icks 7deg5]ate f ,sib]ian horse-/aves72 ,dr4 ,fau/us ^u 8 magical cloak2 & 8levitation0 has be5 exhibit$ by rec5t 8m$iums40 ,wiz>ds cause & cure love & o!r =ms ( sickness2 slay1 or recall ! s\l to its accu/om$ habitation2 sometimes ! same man kills & cures2 sometimes he works only evil1 or only aga9/ evil2 ! ,black & ! ,:ite ,magicians may become well-recognis$ ho/ile sects4 ,wiz>ds discov] ?ieves & murd]]s1 or sell a feti* by ^: p[] an evil-do] walks invisible1 if he takes c>e n to be se54 ,!y adm9i/] ! ordeal & h 9 _! p[] ! life ( e "o :o und]goes x4 ,!y int]pret dreams1 & prophesy by ! flight ( birds1 ! fall ( dice1 ! mak+ ( %\ld]-blades & ! aspect ( ! />s4 ,! sorc]] communicates ) ! gho/s ( ! dead or ) ! spirits ( nature &1 by _! aid1 accompli%es :atev] c be done by ,magic4 ,he is possess$ by !m1 & op]ates or speaks by _! p[] or inspiration2 he drives !m out ( o!rs :om !y possess1 or s5ds !m on err&s1 controll+ !m ei!r by ! help ( /rong] spirits or by 8 pr(\nd k ( en*antm5ts4 ,_m ( ^! ?+s he is believ$ to d be/ dur+ fits or ec/asy2 :i* he produces 9 himself by rhy?mic drumm+ & danc+1 or by drugs1 or by volunt>y control ( a discipl9$ temp]am5t1 to ! a/oni%m5t & conviction ( all behold]s4 ,su* are ! wiz>d's pret5sions1 s well kn[n t a brief recital ( !m suffices2 & :il/ !y seem to u too absurd = any "o to believe1 lea/ ( all ! wiz>d himself1 yet obs]v]s assure u t he (t5 does believe 9 !m1 & !y are c]ta9ly tak5 to be g5u9e by ! majority ( 8 tribesm54 ,= !m 8 p]=mances are s wond]ful z to put to %ame ! a*ievem5ts ( sci5tific inv5tion2 & probably ?is p>tly expla9s ! frequ5t reports t savages are defici5t 9 wond]4 8,x takes a good deal to a/oni% a savage10 say ,sp5c] & ,gill52 8he is br\ght up on ,magic1 & ?+s t /rike u ) a/oni%m5t he reg>ds z simply ! exhibition ( ,magic m p[]ful ?an any possess$ by himself40#daj ,/ill ! blacks 7 a/oni%$ by ! phonograph4 ,simil>ly we are told by ,/efnson#daa t ?+s unusual b ( an und]/ood k9d--a b[ t %oots fifty y>ds fur!r ?an any o!r--may excite endless m>vell+ among/ ! ,esquimo2 b :at seems miracul\s--a rifle-%ot1 or a b9ocul>--is comp>$ ) ! suppos$ p[]s ( ! %aman1 :o c kill an animal on ! o!r side ( a m\nta91 or see ?+s t are to happ5 to-morr[4 ,our surg]y1 too1 is v inf]ior to ! %aman's1 :o c take out a diseas$ he>t or v]tebral column & replace x ) a s\nd "o4 #c4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,wiz>d 7#a7 ,obs]v]s g5]ally agree t ! wiz>d1 or m$ic9e-man1 is di/+ui%$ 9 8 tribe = intellig5ce & p5etration1 or at lea/ = cunn+4 ,he is apt to impress an unsympa!tic witness z 8"s fell[ ) m bra9s & less indu/ry ?an 8 fell[s40 ,! wiz>d among/ ! ,fuegians1 says ,fitzroy1 is ! mo/ cunn+ & deceitful ( 8 tribe1 & has great influ5ce ov] 8 companions4#dab ,among/ ! ,bakongo1 ! wit*-doctors1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,weeks1 h %>p eyes1 acute k ( human nature1 & tact4#dac ,! ,samoy$ %amans 8are1 z a rule1 ! mo/ intellig5t & cunn+ ( ! :ole race40#dad ,cunn+ is pla9ly necess>y to ! wiz>d's life1 &1 = "s ( 8 functions1 mu* m ?an cunn+4 ,9 _m tribes 8 advice is ask$ 9 e difficulty & ^u e und]tak+4 ,sir ,e4 im ,?urn reports t ! peaiman ( ! ,arawaks le>ns & h&s d[n ! traditions ( 8 tribe & is ! depository ( its m$ical & hunt+ lore4#dae ,! surgical skill ( ,*]okee m$ic9e-m5 9 ! treatm5t ( w\nds 0 consid]able4#daf ,/ill great] seems to h be5 t ( ! ,fijians1 ) no mean k ( anatomy le>nt dur+ _! incessant w>s4#dag ,m$ic9e-m5 ( ! ,am]9ds discov]$ ! virtues ( coca1 jalap1 s>sap>illa1 *9*ona1 & guiacum1#dah imply+ on _! "p sup]ior curiosity & obs]vation4 ,! ,bantu doctors ( ,s4 ,africa employ aloes1 nux vomica1 ca/or-oil1 f]n1 rhub>b & o!r drugs4#dai ,liv+/one says#dbj t ! doctors1 :o inh]it _! pr(ession1 h 8valuable k1 ! result ( long & close obs]vation10 & t !y ?ankfully le>nt f him--:5 _! pati5ts 7 n pres5t4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! _w "s k ( drugs & ( c]ta9 me?ods ( treatm5t1 su* z sweat-ba?s & massage1 ligatures1 caut]isation & fom5tation1 seems to h be5 possess$ by ! magical pr(ession4 ,z wea!r-doctors & crop-gu>dians1 !y laid out ! fir/ rudim5ts ( a/ronomy & meteorology4 ,all _! k ( ?is sort is1 ( c\rse1 no ,magic1 b exp]i5ce & common s5se2 ?\gh sci5ce is n d]iv$ f ,magic1 ! sci5ti/ does desc5d f ! magician3 n1 h[ev]1 9 s f> z ! magician op]ates by ,magic1 b 9 s f> z he op]ates by common s5se4 ,among ! ,lu%ai tribes ! "n = sorc]]1 pui?iam1 means 8great kn[]10#dba ! equival5t ( our 8wiz>d40 ,b sorc]y degrades ! magic art ( m$ic9e by disc\rag+ ) its !ory ( 8possession0 e impulse ( rational curiosity1 & by sub/itut+ = empirical treatm5t 7h[ev] crude7 its rites ( exorcism & propitiation4 ,9 p>ts ( ! _w s widely sep>at$ z ,sib]ia1 ,gre5l&1 ! remote back-woods ( ,brazil & ,s4 ,africa1 wiz>ds h discov]$ ! secret ( v5triloquism4 ,ev]y:]e !y h le>n$ ! art ( conjur+1 )\t :i* 7especially ! trick ( 8palm+07 _m ( _! p]=mances1 & notably ! suck+-cure1 c\ld n be accompli%$4 ,_! practice is g5]ally clumsy & easily detect$ by sophi/icat$ :ites1 b imposes ^u _! pati5ts & ! native by/&]s4#dbb ,9 ,india x is c>ri$ to a mu* high] degree ( illusion4 ,wiz>ds (t5 h a practical k ( "s obscure regions ( psy*ology2 su* z ! =ce ( sugge/ion & v>i\s means ( convey+ x1 & ! effect ( cont9u\s rhy?mic movem5ts & noises 9 induc+ a /ate ( exaltation or ( dissociation4 ,a wiz>d's tribesm51 ( c\rse1 believe him to possess k absurdly 9 excess ( ! reality4 ,he boa/s ( x z ! f\ndation ( 8 p[] ov] nature or ov] spirits2 (t5 z a sup]natural gift ( spirits :om he has visit$1 or :o h visit$ him1 & :o h initiat$ him2 or else z secret tradition>y lore4 ,x is by k ( human nature t he rules 8 fell[s2 & he ass]ts t k ( ! names & orig9s ( ?+s & ( spirits gives him ! same control ov] !m4 ,9 ,mr4 ,skeat's ,malay ,magic1 incantations address$ by a m9] to spirits or to metals1 adjur+ ! spirits to )draw f 8 8claim10 or ! gra9s ( metal to assemble !re1 conta9 ! intimidat+ & subdu+ v]se3 8,i "k ! orig9 f :i* y sprang60 ,! same compell+ p[] 0 employ$--if we may tru/ ! ,kalevala--by ,f9ni% wiz>ds2 = 8e ?+ or be+ loses its ability = evil1 z soon z "s "o is f\nd :o kn[s1 :o proclaims its ess5ce1 its orig91 its g5ealogy40 8,tietaja1 :i* etymologically signifies wise1 or le>n$1 is ord9>ily us$ = magician40#dbc ,x 0 by pr(\nd sci5ce t m$ival magicians 7 believ$ to control demons2 & anybody celebrat$ = sci5ce 0 suspect$ ( sorc]y3 su* z ,grossete/e1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,rog] ,bacon1 ,aqu9as1 & ,raymond ,lulli2 ^: reputation support$ ! cr$it ( su* m5 z ,p>acelsus & ,john ,dee4 ,! f9e arts 9 _! rudim5ts owe mu* to ! wiz>ds4 ,incantations 9 v]se (t5 rea* a high pit* ( lyric f]v\r4 ,! words rune1 c>m51 laulaa be> witness to ! magic ( poetry4 ,virgil & ,taliess9 h be5 fam\s = m ?an natural gifts2 t "o by sup]/iti\s repute1 & ?is by 8 own vaunt+4#dbd ,danc+ & pantomime 7 cultivat$ = _! magical virtues4 ,primitive c>v+ & pa9t+ are 9 _m cases und]tak5 9 ord] to influ5ce ! spirits1 or ! animals1 or ! natural p[]s !y repres5t2 & if ,magic 0 ! motive ( ! rec5tly discov]$ animal pa9t+s dat+ f ! old ,/one ,age1 its efficacy 9 enc\rag+ art at t remote p]iod rivall$ t ( religi\s patronage 9 "s lat] ages4 7#b7 ,9 mo/ tribes ! wiz>d ne$s great =ce ( w & p]si/5cy ( purpose--:e!r f delib]ate *oice or f infatuation ) ! pr(ession--to c>ry him ?r\gh ! sev]e tra9+ t is (t5 exact$ f c&idates = ! (fice2 great audacity & c\rage to impel & su/a9 him 9 ! practice ( 8 art1 pe/]$ by taboos & 7! sorc]] especially7 always beset by sup]natural t]rors & (t5 by m real dang]s2 & unusual pres5ce ( m9d to extricate himself f v emb>rass+ situations4 ,x is true t1 9 "s cases1 :]e ! (fice ( wiz>d is h]$it>y1 or may be assum$ by alleg+ ! fav\r ( spirits1 or "s o!r und]h& device--p]haps ^u ! evid5ce ( visions1 or by m]e fraud1 or by a mixture ( bo?--we he> little ( really s]i\s initiatory rites2 b (t5 ^! =malities are v pa9ful or v exp5sive4 ,among ! ,arunta1 !re are ?ree classes ( wiz>ds3 ! fir/ & second1 made by spirits1 und]go no sev]e trial--except ! bor+ ( a hole 9 _! own tongues & ! keep+ ( x op51 z evid5ce ( a pr(essional /ory ab\t spirits :o slew !m ) spe>s1 cut out _! entrails & replac$ !m ) a new set & c]ta9 magic /ones4 ,b ! ?ird class are initiat$ by two wiz>ds ( ! fir/ & second class1 :o pret5d to =ce cry/al /ones#dbe into _! ble$+ bodies f ! front ( ! leg up to ! brea/ bone1 into ! cr[n ( _! heads & "u ! nail ( ! "r =ef+]4 ,?is !y mu/ suff] 9 p]fect sil5ce1 ?ree times a day on ?ree consecutive days1 ) o!r tortures1 foll[$ by v>i\s taboos2 &1 aft] all1 !y d n /& z well ) ! tribe z ^? :om ! spirits h initiat$4#dbf ,c !re be any d\bt t ! initiatory rites ( ! ?ird class repres5t ! old] magical cu/om1 & t ! fabul\s initiation by spirits is an ov]gr[? ( ,animism8 ,!re are cle> motives = ! *ange2 s9ce ! latt] me?od is easily c>ri$ out by oneself1 is f> less pa9ful1 & is m /imulat+ to ! imag9ative belief ( ! laity1 & !re=e m impos+4 ,= ! inv]se *ange !re are no motives4 ,& !re=e1 probably1 wiz>ds ( ! ?ird class are really less compet5t ?an ! o!rs2 = ! man :o1 aft] ! new _s-pa? has be5 op5$ up1 /ill pref]s ! old road ?r\gh pa9 & privation mu/ be 7comp>atively7 an unimag9ative1 dull1 hone/1 inf]ior fell[4 ,old wiz>ds ( ! ,w>ramunga1 receiv+ a new c&idate = ! pr(ession1 all[ him dur+ ! process no re/2 he mu/ /& or walk until q worn out1 :5 he sc>cely kn[s :at is happ5+ to him2 depriv$ = a long "t ( wat] & food1 he becomes daz$ & /upefi$4#dbg ,9 ! we/]n isl&s ( ,torres ,/raits1 a novice 0 tak5 into ! bu% by 8 in/ructor1 :o defcat$ into a %ell full ( wat] & made him dr9k x ) 8 eyes op52 next he mu/ *ew c]ta9 fruits & plants1 :i* made 8 inside bad & 8 sk9 it*2 !n %>k's fle%1 &1 f9ally1 ! decompos+ fle% ( a dead man full ( maggots4 ,he became v ill & half frantic4 ,few c>$ to und]go ^! rites2 "s gave up ! und]tak+2 "s di$ ( x4#dbh ,9 ,briti% ,guiana1 an aspirant to wiz>dry und]goes long fa/s1 w&]s alone 9 ! bu% 7full ( t]rors to ! timid ,indian71 & accu/oms himself to take l>ge draughts ( tobacco-juice mix$ ) wat]1 :i* cause tempor>y insanity4#dbi ,across ! wat]%$ to ! ,s4,w41 ! (fice ( m$ic9e-man is h]$it>y2 yet ,wat]ton reports t probation]s h to endure exhau/+ ordeals & tortures4#dcj ,! sev]e tra9+ ( ! ,bantu wit*-doctor kills _m novices4#dca ,"u su* conditions1 only m5 ( unusual =ce ( w1 or con/ancy ( infatuation 7qualities n always easy to discrim9ate71 c become wiz>ds4 ,prep>atory ritual = ! (fice ( %aman among ! ,buryats ( ,sib]ia is elaborate1 exp5sive & intimidat+3 a c&idate ( poor family is help$ by ! community to get animals = sacrifice & objects necess>y = ! rites2 b _m %r9k f ! trial1 8dread+ ! va/ responsibility x br+s2 = ! gods deal sev]ely ) ^? :o h und]gone consecration1 & puni% ) dea? any s]i\s mi/ake40 ,!re are n9e degrees 9 ! pr(ession1 ea* requir+ a special initiation4#dcb ,?us1 9 _m cases1 ! ordeal ( initiation turns away ! weak & incompet5t1 & keeps up ! wiz>dly pr(ession at a high level ( resolution & endurance4 ,9 m sophi/icat$ societies a simil> result is obta9$ by ! belief t ! atta9m5t ( magical p[]s dep5ds ^u ! und]go+ ( prolong$ au/]ity 9 /udy1 or 9 privations & tortures1 :i* give a my/ical "r to sup]natural p[]3 ! sup]/ition ^u :i* ,s\!y rais$ ,! ,curse ( ,kehama--lea/ unreadable ( 8 romances4 ,z = ! c\rage t may be requisite = c>ry+ on ! wiz>d's practices1 :5 he is ! t]ror ( 8 neighb\rs1 _! attitude t[>ds him v>ies1 9 diff]5t tribes1 f ! tame/ tol]ation to murd]\s antagonism4 ,?us1 9 ! we/]n isl&s ( ,torres ,/raits1 ,pr(essor ,haddon nev] knew ! sorc]]s mobb$ or viol5tly put to dea? on acc\nt ( _! magical practices4#dcc ,9 ,new ,cal$onia1 :5 a sorc]] causes a g5]al fam9e1 ! p m]ely make him pres5ts to procure a return ( pl5ty4#dcd ,among ! ,todas1 a man :o is ! victim ( a sorc]] pays him to h ! curse remov$4#dce ,9 su* cases1 effront]y is all ! sorc]] ne$s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ne> ,f9s* ,h>b\r 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 a dang]\s sorc]] is (t5 put to dea?2 & s he is among/ ! neighb\r+ ,kais4#dcf ,su* 9 fact is ! m g5]al practice2#dcg & ! wiz>d1 c>ry+ on 8 pr(ession at ! risk ( 8 life1 mu/ be support$ by ! sort ( fe>lessness t crim9als (t5 %[4 ,confront$ ) sup]natural dang]s1 ! sorc]]'s ne$ ( c\rage mu/ dep5d ^u ! s9c]ity ( 8 own belief 9 !m3 a matt] to be discuss$ 9 ! f\r? section ( ?is *apt]4 ,if 8 pr(essions are v]aci\s1 ! attitude ( su* a man t[>d spiritual p[]s _c be su/a9$ by any ord9>y d>+4 ,9 ! ,n4,w4 ,amazons ! %aman is ! only "o ( 8 tribe :o d>es g alone into ! haunt$ =e/4 ,zulu doctors1 :o specialise z 8heav5-h]ds10 fight ! ,?und]/orm ) spe> & %ield until he flees away4#dch ,ev]y:]e ! sorc]] fights ! demons ( disease ) reckless val\r4 ,on ! ,congo he drives !m into "s animal1 & !n cuts its head (f4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica he intimidates1 quells & exorcises !m ) furi\s boa/+4 ,9 ,sib]ia1 to capture ! fleet+ s\l ( a pati5t1 he foll[s x ov] l& & sea & into ! regions ( ! dead4 ,! ,innuit ( ,gre5l& ackn[l$ge ,s$na z ! supreme ,be+ & ! creatress ( all liv+ ?+s2 yet _! angakoq subdue ev5 h]3 "o lures h] f ,adlivun ) a magic song2 :il/ ano!r1 z %e em]ges1 h>poons h] ) a seal-spe>1 :i* is !n f\nd to be sme>$ ) blood4#dci ,to obta9 assi/ance f ev5 ! highe/ spirits ! wiz>d deceives !m2 or to slay an enemy he usurps _! p[]s4 ,! ,malay av5ges himself by mak+ an image ( 8 victim 9 a %r\d1 & pray+ ov] x z ov] ! dead2 !n he buries x 9 ! pa? to 8 victim's h\se1 & says3 8,peace be to y1 ho prophet ,tap1 9 ^: *>ge ! e>? is6 ,lo ,i am bury+ ! corpse ( 7"n ( victim7 ,i am bidd5 by ! prophet ,mohamm$1 ,because he 7! victim7 0 a rebel aga9/ ,god4 ,d y assi/ 9 kill+ him4 ,if y d n kill him1 ,y %all be a rebel aga9/ ,god1 ,a rebel aga9/ ,mohamm$4 ,x is n ,i :o am bury+ him4 ,x is ,gabriel :o is bury+ him4 ,d y grant my pray] ?is day3 ,grant x by ! grace ( my petition )9 ! fold ( ! cre$ ,la ilaha1 etc40#ddj ,"o might suppose t ! audacity ( blasphem+ c\ld rise no high] ?an ?is2 b an ,egyptian woman1 :5 9 lab\r1 0 taught to decl>e h]self to be ,isis1 & to summon ! gods to h] help4 8,%\ld !y refuse to come1 #8,!n %all ye be de/roy$1 ye n9e gods2 ! heav5 %all no long] exi/1 ! e>? %all no long] exi/1 ! five days ov] & above ! ye> %all cease to be2 (f]+s %all no m be made to ! gods1 ! lords ( ,heliopolis1 etc4'0#dda ,if ! facts 7 n be=e u1 x w\ld be incr$ible t a fix$ purpose ( obta9+ sup]natural aid %\ld ?us exclude f ! m9d all ?\ghts ( ! div9e attributes & ( "o's own insignificance4 7#c7 ,:at motives impel a man to adopt ?is /range & haz>d\s pr(ession1 or su/a9 him amid/ all ! dang]s & disappo9tm5ts ( ex]cis+ x8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 "s m5 are oppress$ by a vocation t[>d wiz>dry2 j z among/ ourselves "s m5 h an irresi/ible vocation to be poets1 ?\gh t way pov]ty />es !m 9 ! face4 ,to ord9>y p ^! seem to be cases = ! asylum4 ,yet we may und]/& ! 8vot>y ( ! ,muses0 by consid]+ t ! poet1 z ! ma/] ( rhy?m1 ! treasur] ( tradition1 ! arbit] ( fame1 has _h a necess>y place 9 ! anci5t culture ( ! tribes1 & greate/ 9 ! noble/ tribes4 ,a tribe t produces poets has an advantage 9 ! /ruggle ( life2 &1 accord+ly1 a /ra9 ( poet-blood is br$ 9 ! tribe1 & %[s itself 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( y\?s 9 ea* g5]ation4 ,i ?9k ! same mu/ be true ( wiz>ds4 ,!y are (t5 8call$02 ! ,altaians believe t no man ( 8 free w becomes a %aman4#ddb ,l poets1 !y are sacr$ & possess$4 ,!y are also v useful3 _! functions 9 sev]al ways ov]lap ^? ( ! poet1 z 9 *]i%+ traditions2 & (t5 !y !mselves are poets4 ,!y give confid5ce to _! fell[s amid/ ! awful imag9>y dang]s ( savage life4 ,_! n]v\s temp]am5t may raise ! vital level ( a tribe4 ,!y keep alive ! beliefs 9 taboo & ! l my/]i\s dang]s1 on :i* savage ord] & morality dep5d2 & 9 _m cases !y become lead]s & *iefta9s4 ,9 ?is way1 belief 9 ,magic & ,animism seems to h be5 ! necess>y scaffold+ ( social life4#ddc ,& 7 ?is all1 ! utility ( wiz>ds w\ld be cle>4 ,b !y (t5 d s mu* & su* horrible mis*ief1 prohibit+ e improvem5t & spread+ g5]al t]ror1 t x is difficult to judge1 9 su* cases1 :e!r _! activities leave a balance ( good or ( evil4 ,p]haps sometimes ! evil may exce$1 & a tribe may deg5]ate & p]i% ( x4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 !re is c]ta9ly a balance ( good1 especially by lead]%ip at e>ly /ages ( social developm5t2 & ?is acc\nts = ! fl\ri%+ f age to age ( ! wiz>dly pr(ession1 & = ! attraction x has = ^? ( wiz>dly blood :o ent] x1 because x promises to satisfy an innate disposition4 ,ev5 9 a civilis$ c\ntry1 ?is disposition /ill1 9 a few p1 manife/s itself 9 ! old way2 b = ! mo/ "p has be5 8sublimat$0 into o!r pr(essions4 ,( c\rse t :i* attracts ! neophyte ( wiz>dry is n ! utility ( ! pr(ession1 any m ?an ! y\?ful poet is allur$ by ! utility ( poetry4 ,t :i* appeals to ! wiz>d ( inbr$ g5ius is 7besides ! indulg5ce ( 8 p]sonal p[]s7 ! my/]y ( wiz>dry2 :i* excites 9 8 s\l a complex1 consi/+ *iefly ( curiosity z to ! unkn[n p[]s t control nature & _s1 ! fasc9ation ( fe> 9 approa*+ !m & an exaltation ( self-consci\sness at ! prospect ( atta9+ sup]human wisdom & au?ority4 ,! article on ,%amanism1#ddd :i* ,i h cit$ s (t51 describes ! %aman z sometimes pr(\ndly conv9c$ t he 0 *os5 = ! s]vice ( ! spirits2 & says t "s feel a compulsive vocation1 & endure p]secution = _! fai?2 !y _c help %amanis+4 ,"o is m5tion$ z hav+ be5 gift$ ) a s5sitive nature & an ard5t imag9ation1 he _h a /rong belief 9 ! spirits & 9 8 own my/]i\s int]c\rse ) !m4 ,m5 ( su* a temp]am5t1 ,i take x1 di/+ui%+ !mselves above o!rs :5 e man practis$ magic or sorc]y1 f\nd$ ! pr(ession1 & are always its vital nucleus1 ?\gh 9 "t !y may become b a small proportion ( its memb]s4 ,"u s9c]e infatuation !y e/abli%$ its obs]vances--! fa/+s1 suff]+s1 au/]ities1 visions & fr5zies ( initiation1 :e!r into magical k or spiritual possession2 ! work+ ( !mselves up1 :il/ (ficiat+1 into ! orgia/ic intoxication 9 :i* !y felt _! own greatness & dom9at$ _! audi5ce2 & !y discov]$ "s ( ! modes ( op]at+ by drugs & sugge/ion & "s real rem$ies4 ,b ! pr(ession1 once =m$1 soon _h attractions = a v diff]5t sort ( man1 impell$ by v diff]5t motives2 :o saw 9 x ! road sometimes to weal?1 always to reputation & p[]4 ,s9ce1 among/ v primitive p !re is little weal? to collect1 & sometimes 7z we h se57 remun]ation ( magical s]vices is nei!r giv5 nor expect$1 ! e>li] ( ^! motives mu/ h be5 ! love ( caus+ wond] & fe>1 ( ! p[] :i* _! fell[s' fe>s conf]r$ & ( ! reputation :i* consequ5tly spread f> & wide4 ,9 ,mota 7,melanesia7 a man 9 control ( magical virtue w r5d] s]vices )\t rew>d1 m]ely to add to 8 reputation = ! possession ( mana4#dde ,at fir/ !y seem to h _h no privileges1 b p[] acquires privilege3 s t1 among ! ,w>ramunga1 wiz>ds are free f sexual taboos2#ddf 9 ,guiana no tribesman d>es refuse ! sorc]] any?+1 n ev5 8 wife2#ddg among ! ,boloki1 ! sorc]] is nev] *>g$ ) injuri\s wit*craft &1 !re=e1 is nev] 9 dang] ( ! ordeal4#ddh ,sometimes1 inde$1 ! wiz>d may n be respect$ 9 private life1 b only 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 (fice4 ,fe> & wond]1 9 fact1 d n always entirely bl9d ! eyes ( neighb\rs to 8 %ortcom+s4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 tell u t ! ,magic ( di/ant places1 be+ ! less kn[n1 is ! m fe>$4#ddi ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks ev5 says t on ! ,congo ! village m$ic9e-man is seldom engag$ at home2 = ! p "k t 8 feti* _c protect him or 8 f h>m &1 !re=e1 hire "s "o f ano!r village ( :om !y "k less4#dej ,simil>ly1 a tribe is apt to fe> its own adepts less ?an ^? ( ano!r tribe ( l[] culture1 ^: ways are less kn[n & m my/]i\s3 z ,malays fe> especially ! ,jakuns2#dea =m]ly ! ,sw$es ! ,f9ns1 & ! ,f9ns ! ,lapps2 ! ,todas ! ,kurumba2#deb & 9 ,mac$onia ,mohamm$an monks enjoy a f> high] reputation = ,magic ?an ! ,*ri/ian4#dec ,/ill1 ! wiz>d1 :e!r ( home or =eign gr[?1 becomes necess>y 9 e crisis ( life1 at bir? & m>riage1 9 mis=tune1 sickness & dea?2 9 e und]tak+--hunt+1 agriculture or comm]ce2 & by 8 om5s & auguries may det]m9e w> & peace4 ,aft] 8 own dea?1 he may sometimes look =w>d to be+ deifi$4 ,) su* p[]s1 surr\nd$ by intimidat$ & dep5d5t cr[ds1 & (t5 enjoy+ a long c>e] ( consci\s or unconsci\s impo/ure1 he seems to himself1 z to o!rs1 a 8sup]man02 8 ,selb/gefhl rises to megalomania1 & 8 boa/+ becomes mon/r\s & /upefy+4 7#d7 ,! m to impress ! imag9ation ( all spectators & enhance 8 reputation1 ! wiz>d usually affects a co/ume1 or behavi\r1 or /range companion%ip ( animals1 t di/+ui%es him f ! re/ ( 8 tribe4 ,n always2 = ,miss ,czaplicka#ded says t 9 ,sib]ia ! %aman is 9 ev]yday life n di/+ui%$ f o!rs1 except occasionally by a haughty demean\r2 b ! rule is o!rwise4 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt#dee relates t "o ,au/ralian m$ic9e-man obta9$ influ5ce by always c>ry+ ab\t ) him a lace-liz>d f\r feet long2 ano!r *]i%$ a tame br[n snake2 & an old woman kept a native cat 7,daysurus73 8famili>s0 t correspond to ! black cats & goats ( our own wit*es4 ,! ,arunta m$ic9e-man bores a hole 9 8 tongue1 appe>s ) a broad b& ( p[d]$ *>coal & fat across ! bridge ( 8 nose & le>ns to look pret]naturally solemn1 z "o possess+ k hidd5 f ord9>y m54#def ,9 ! =e/ ( ! upp] ,amazons1 ! m$ic9e-man does n depilate1 ?\gh ! re/ ( 8 tribe d s to di/+ui% !mselves f monkeys2 & he attempts to pres5t 9 8 co/ume some?+ orig9al & /rik+4#deg ,9 ,s4 ,africa1 too1 ! wit*-doctor's dress is (t5 v conspicu\s4 ,s x is ?r\gh\t hi/ory3 ! ?aumaturgi/1 by 8 w&1 robes1 au/]ities1 demean\r1 adv]tises himself z a man ap>t f ! cr[d4 ,rites ( initiation m>k ?is sup]iority3 z tribal initiation sep>ates a man f wom5 & boys1 s ! wiz>d's initiation makes him a 8sup]man40 7#e7 ,su* a temp] _c endure opposition1 & is jeal\s ( rivalry2 ! man :om x actuates lives 9 con/ant fe> ( failure & discr$it & is1 !re=e1 full ( suspicion & cruelty4 ,9 ,s4 ,africa1 pr(essional hatr$ is pu%$ to its la/ limits among/ magicians4 ,!y te/ _! colleagues1 /eal ea* o!r's drugs1 or pray to ! gods to make _! rival's art ineffici5t4#deh ,! savage sorc]] looks ) no k9dly eye ^u ! ,european2 :o1 too pla9ly1 possesses extraord9>y ,magic4 ,capta9 ,:iff5 says#dei ( ! sorc]] among/ ! ,s\? ,am]9ds1 :o has mu* k ( poisons1 t to ma9ta9 8 reputation1 if he has decl>$ t he _c cure a pati5t1 he poisons him4 ,( ! sorc]] ( ! ,l[] ,congo1 ,mr4 ,weeks says1 t 88 face becomes ugly1 repulsive1 ! canvas on :i* cruelty1 *ican]y1 hatr$ & all devili% passions are portray$ ) repell5t accuracy40#dfj ,an extreme case p]haps2 b1 lead+ up to x1 !re are all degrees ( ranc\r & malignity t[>d ^? :o h9d] our ambitions2 & x c only be 9 exceptional magicians t megalomania is reconcilable ) consid]at5ess & magnanimity4 7#f7 ,s9ce ! great] "p ( ! wiz>d's practice is impo/ure 7:e!r he believes 9 himself or n71 he mu/ be an actor2 & 8 success mu/ greatly dep5d on ! degree 9 :i* he possesses ! actor's special gifts & temp]am5t3 an audi5ce mu/ be a /imulus to him & n a *eck2 he exhibits himself n unwill+ly4 ,to ! %aman1 ,miss ,czaplicka tells u1#dfa an audi5ce is useful3 ?\gh ! pres5ce ( an ,european is depress+4 ,a ,*uck*ee %aman )\t a sort ( *orus consid]s himself unable to dis*>ge 8 (fice3 novices 9 tra9+ usually get a bro!r or si/] to respond to _! ex]cises4 ,&1 inde$1 a wiz>d's exhibitions (t5 provide )\t design ! same sort ( social ent]ta9m5t z ^? ( an actor4 ,"o _c read ( ! %aman's p]=mance ( a pantomimic j\rney on horseback to ! ,s\?1 ov] froz5 m\nta9s1 burn+ des]ts1 & along ! bridge ( a s+le hair1 /ret*$ across a *asm ov] foam+ :irlpools1 to ,erlik ,khan's abode1 & !n home aga9 on ! back ( a fly+ goose1 )\t p]ceiv+ t 9 ! wilds ( ,sib]ia su* an ent]ta9m5t1 :atev] o!r virtues x may h1 supplies ! want ( !atres & music-halls1 & t 9 su* displays a dramatic pr(ession might orig9ate4 ,b !re are two k9ds ( actors2 & !y correspond well en\gh ) ! two k9ds ( wiz>ds already describ$--! vocational & ! exploitative4 ,"s actors are said to id5tify !mselves ) _! assum$ "* & situation s pr(\ndly z to sub/antiate ! fiction3 conc5tration ( imag9ation1 am\nt+ to dissociation1 makes ! "p !y play1 :il/ x la/s1 m real ?an any?+ else2 & raises !m1 = t "t1 9 en]gy ( ?\ght1 feel+ & action1 mu* above _! ord9>y p[]s2 s t !y compel ! att5tion1 sympa?y & belief ( ! audi5ce4 ,b o!rs /udy _! "p & det]m9e be=eh& exactly :at tones1 ge/ures1 expressions are ! mo/ effective re9=cem5t ( e ^w1 & !reaft] c>ry out ^u ! /age 9 cold blood ! :ole dramatic lesson :i* !y h taught !mselves4 ,p]haps m common ?an ei!r ( ^! extreme types is ! actor :o beg9s by /udy+ "u a sort ( inspiration1 & aft] exp]im5t+ = a few nights1 repeats :at he has f\nd to answ] be/4 ,we ne$ n consid] ^? :o c d no?+ b :at !y h be5 taught by o!rs4 ,well1 ! wiz>d by vocation probably behaves l ! fir/ k9d ( actor3 ent]s ^u any (fice to :i* he may be call$ 9 exclusive devotion to 8 task2 works himself into a fr5zy1 groans1 wri!s & sweats "u ! possession ( 8 demon2 *ants incantations 9 an ar*aic tongue2 drums & dances by ! h\r1 & falls into spee*less trance--accord+ to ! pr(essional patt]n--all 9 :at may be describ$ z dramatic good fai?4 ,by native disposition & by practis$ self-sugge/ion he obta9s a tempor>y dissociation4 ,! opposite sort ( wiz>d1 exploit+ ! pr(ession1 sees all ?is1 & imitates x ) su* improvem5ts z he may be able to devise4 ,( ! int]v5+ cr[d ( *>latans1 :o m+le self-delusion ) deceit 9 all possible proportions1 no def9ite acc\nt c be giv54 ,accord+ to ,did]ot1#dfb ! greate/ actors belong to ! second class1 to ! delib]ate & discipl9$ arti/s4 ,we may be sure ! gods 9 ! gall]y1 if !y und]/ood :at 0 go+ on "u _! eyes1 w\ld always pref] ! inspir$ p]=m]s4 ,probably ^! are1 9 fact1 ! greate/ 9 _! be/ h\rs1 b less to be dep5d$ on1 less sure ( be+ always equal to !mselves4 ,& ! same may be true ( ! correspond+ sorts ( wiz>ds4 ,! lucid impo/or1 at any rate1 is less likely to be aba%$ by un=ese5 difficulties & by ! awkw>dness ( failure1 less likely to be mobb$ & murd]$ & pegg$ d[n 9 8 grave ) asp5 /akes4 7#g7 ,wiz>ds are v (t5 p :o manife/ an hy/]ical or epileptoid dia!sis2 & c&idates = ! pr(ession :o %[ signs ( x are (t5 pref]r$ by ! doctors4 ,accord+ to ,miss ,czaplicka1 hy/]ia 7common 9 ,sib]ia7 is at ! bottom ( ! %aman's vocation3 b x is n m]ely a matt] ( climate2 = ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,t4 ,bryant writes ( ! ,zulus--8! great majority ( div9]s be+ cle>ly ( neurotic type02#dfc & on all sides we obta9 f descriptions ( wiz>ds ! same impression4 ,! ^w 8%aman0 comes n1 z usually suppos$1 f ! ,sanskrit 7ramana "w1 a religi\s m5dicant71 b f saman1 :i* is ,man*u = 8"o :o is excit$1 mov$1 rais$40#dfd ,! effect on ! audi5ce ( %amanis+ dep5ds 9 great measure ^u ! fits1 ec/asy1 convulsions introduc$ at "s /age ( ! p]=mance & attribut$ to possession by ! spirits4 ,simil> exhibitions h be5 report$ by all obs]v]s ( wiz>dry4 ,pr(essor ,otto ,/oll ( ,zuri* has describ$#dfe ! ph5om5a z !y occur 9 all c\ntries & all ages2 & he attributes !m1 z well z halluc9ations & analgesia 7z 9 ! fire-walk71 :i* wiz>ds also h at comm&1 to ! p[] ( self-sugge/ion acquir$ by practice & tra9+1 on ! basis 7( c\rse7 ( a natural disposition4 ,caglio/ro decl>$ t he c\ld smell a!i/s & blasphem]s2 8! vap\r f su* ?r[s him into epileptic fits2 into :i* sacr$ disord] he1 l a true juggl]1 has ! art ( fall+ :5 he likes40#dff ,! wiz>d's fits are volunt>ily induc$2 b f ! mom5t ! attack takes place ! developm5t ( its symptoms becomes automatic4 ,betwe5 ! fits1 h[ev]1 says ,miss ,czaplicka1 he mu/ be able to ma/] himself1 or else he becomes incapable ( 8 pr(ession3 n]v\s & excitable (t5 to ! v]ge ( insanity1 if he passes t v]ge he mu/ retire4#dfg ,9 %ort1 8 ec/asy is ! climact]ical sc5e ( 8 dramatic p]=mance1 ! :ole ( :i* mu/ be r5d]$ ) ! discipl9$ accuracy ( an arti/4 ,we are n to ?9k ( ! %aman z an hy/]ical pati5t3 if he 71 !re w\ld be great]1 n less1 reason to suspect him ( deceit4 ,no d\bt ! tra9+ :i* gives control ( ! n]v\s attack protects ! subject f its un:olesome consequ5ces2 !re seems to be no special liability to disease or to a %ort5+ ( life4 ,=m]ly 9 ,sib]ia1 be=e ! p[] ( ! pr(ession 0 brok5 by immigrant beliefs & practices1 x 0 necess>y t ! %aman %\ld be well-develop$ m5tally & physically 7z has (t5 be5 requir$ ( prie/s72 & su* a con/itution is by no means incompatible ) an int5se hi/rionic temp]am5t4 ,a necess>y complem5t to ! sugge/ive devices ( a wiz>d is ! sugge/ibility ( 8 cli5ts4 ,!re is su* a ?+ z an ass5t+ or a diss5t+ disposition--sugge/ibility or contrasugge/ibility2 b ! latt] is1 l ! =m]1 a t5d5cy to react )\t reflection1 & may be z well controll$ by appropriate sugge/ions4 ,! p[] ( any giv5 sugge/ion to control ! c\rse ( a man's ?\ght & action dep5ds ^u ! resi/ance 7ap>t f contra-sugge/ibility7 :i* x meets ) 9 8 m9d2 & ?is dep5ds ^u ! ext5t1 quality & integration ( 8 app]ceptive masses1 & ^u ! facility ) :i* !y come into action4 ,^u ! p]ceptual plane a savage's m9d is well organis$1 & accord+ly 8 sugge/ibility is l[2 b ^u ! ideational plane x is 9 mo/ cases ill organis$1 poor 9 analysis1 classification1 g5]alisation1 poor 9 k1 ab\nd+ 9 imag9ation-beliefs ab\t ,magic & ,animism2 s t1 except 9 natural sceptics 7:o1 z we %all see1 exi/ among savages71 ! sugge/ions ( ! wiz>d meet ) little resi/ance f common s5se & ) ready acceptance by magical & animi/ic prejudice4 ,b ev5 ) a man ( common s5se1 a sugge/ion1 h[ev] absurd1 may = a "t prevail1 if 8 m5tal reaction is sl[2 al?\gh1 ) "t = reflection1 he w c]ta9ly reject x4 ,! art ( ! wiz>d consi/s 9 gett+ su* hold ( 8 cli5t's att5tion t1 z 9 hypnosis1 ! p[] ( reflective comp>ison is susp5d$ & criticism aboli%$4 ,!re are _m ma/]s ( ?is art4 ,! cli5t's /ate ( m9d is v common 9 ! effects ( oratory1 ! !atre1 gho/-/ories & g5]ally 9 ! propagation ( op9ion1 suspicion & prejudice4 #d4 ,,! ,,wiz>d ,,& ,,! ,,sceptic ,inasmu* z ! wiz>d's boa/+1 conjur+1 v5triloquis+1 dramatis+ & practis+ ( all ! arts ( sugge/ion1 seem incompatible ) s9c]ity1 :il/ nev]!less he is devot$ to 8 call+1 "s obs]v]s h decl>$ him a calculat+ impo/or1 :il/ o!rs ma9ta9 t he1 9 v>i\s degrees1 believes 9 himself & %>es ! delusions :i* he propagates4 ,examples may be f\nd 9 support ( ei!r position4 ,"s say t ! wiz>d believes 9 himself because all o!rs believe 9 him2 t at a c]ta9 level ( culture1 !re is an univ]sal social obsession by c]ta9 ideas1 f :i* ! individual _c escape1 & = ^: consequ5ces1 !re=e1 he is n responsible4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 a sort ( tribal insanity prevails4 ,dr4 ,m]ci] says t1 9 ! individual1 p>anoia is *>act]is$ by sy/ematis$ delusion3 8!re is an organis$ body ( 7false7 k1 & x diff]s f o!r delusions 9 ! fact t x col\rs ! :ole life ( ! pati5t2 x regulates 8 daily conduct2 x provides him ) an explanation ( all 8 exp]i5ces2 x is 8 !ory ( ! cosmos40 ,&1 aga91 8z long z ! highe/ level ( ?\ght is intact1 s t we c & d recognise t our mi/akes are mi/akes & our disord]s1 :e!r ( m9d or conduct1 are disord]s1 s long sanity is unaffect$1 & our mi/akes & disord]s are sane4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z we become incompet5t to make ?is adju/m5t 444 insanity is e/abli%$40#dfh ,^! passages exactly describe ! condition ( a wiz>d & 8 tribe afflict$ ) social p>anoia3 _! !ories ( ,magic & ,animism & ( ! wiz>d's relations ) invisible p[]s1 may truly be said to =m an organis$ body ( 7false7 k1 to col\r all _! lives1 to expla9 ev]y?+ t happ5s to !m2 & _! mi/akes & disord]s to be incorrigible by reflection or exp]i5ce4 ,su* conditions ( ! social m9d h1 ,i believe1 exi/$ 7& may /ill exi/71 t5d+ t[>d1 & sometimes end+ 91 a tribe's de/ruction4 ,t1 9 su* a case1 !re %\ld be unanimity is n necess>y2 x is en\gh t ! curr5t ( belief1 9 c]ta9 directions1 be ov]:elm+4 ,b su* extreme cases are r>e4 ,normally !re may be f\nd1 ev5 9 backw>d tribes1 a good deal ( incr$ulity & ( :at may be call$ primitive rationalism or positivism4 ,consid]able sections ( a tribe sometimes co-op]ate 9 impo/ure1 ! m5 aga9/ ! wom5 & *ildr51 or ! old aga9/ ! "y2 & x _c be suppos$ t1 :]e ?is occurs1 any?+ l univ]sal delusion prevails4 ,! ,arunta1 :o tea* _! wom5 & *ildr5 t ,twanyiriki is a _s liv+ 9 wild regions1 :o att5ds initiations1 & t ! noise ( ! bull-ro>] is 8 voice2 :il/ !y reveal to ! y\?s :5 initiat$ t ! bundle ( *ur+a is ! true ,twanyiriki1#dfi _c be bl9d to ! exi/5ce ( social fictions4 ,! discov]y by initiat$ y\?s 9 "s p>ts ( ,new ,gu9ea1 t ,balum1 ! mon/] t is believ$ to swall[ !m dur+ initiation1 is no?+ b a bug-a-boo1 & t 8 gr[l is only ! bull-ro>]1 mu/ be a %ock to _! cr$ulity4#dgj ,inde$1 disillusionm5t z to "s popul> sup]/ition is a common *>act]i/ic ( initiation c]emonies4#dga ,on ! ma9l& ( ,new ,cal$onia1 a _s-night is held e five mon?s2 :5 ! p assemble ar\nd a cave & call ^u ! gho/s1 suppos$ to be inside x1 to s+2 & !y d s+--! nasal squeak ( old m5 & wom5 pr$om9at+4#dgb ,!re is n 9 su* cases any natural gr[? ( social delusion1 subdu+ ! individual m9d1 b pre>rang$ coz5age2 & a wiz>d ) su* surr\nd+s1 in/ead ( be+ confirm$ 9 ! g5u95ess ( 8 art1 only reads !re ! me?od ( 8 own impo/ure 9 l>ge type4#dgc ,home-br$ wiz>ds1 :o are less tru/$ ?an ^? :o live fur!r (f1 or ?an ^? ( an inf]ior tribe1 d n d]ive self-confid5ce f ! unanim\s approval ( _! neighb\rs4 ,aga91 ! g5]al preval5ce ( delusions 9 a tribe does n suppress ! scepticism ( individuals4 ,x is reasonable to expect su* scepticism to be mo/ preval5t among/ m5 ( rank1 :o are comp>atively exempt f ! oppression ( popul> sanctions2 & probably ?is is ! fact4 ,su* exemption1 by pres]v+ a nucleus ( relatively sane p1 is "o ( ! great social utilities ( rank4 ,! ,basuto *ief1 ,mokat*an1 surr\nd$ by p grossly sup]/iti\s1 l5t himself to _! practices2 b 9 pay+ 8 div9]s he did n hesitate s say 8t he reg>d$ !m z ! bigge/ impo/ors 9 ! _w40#dgd ,9 ,fiji1 x is d\btful :e!r ! high *iefs believ$ 9 ! inspiration ( ! prie/s1 ?\gh x suit$ _! policy to appe> to d s4 ,!re 0 an und]/&+ betwe5 ! two ord]s3 "o got sacrifices 7food71 ! o!r good oracles4 ,a *iefta91 on receiv+ an unfav\rable oracle1 said to ! prie/3 8,:o are y8 ,:o is y\r god8 ,if y make a /ir1 ,i w eat y0#dge--n metaphorically4 ,9 ,tonga1 8ev5 sev5te5 ye>s be=e ! arrival ( ! fir/ mission>ies1 ! *iefs did n c>e to conceal _! scepticism40 ,9 ,vav\1 ,taufaahan1 hav+ long be5 sceptical ( 8 ance/ral fai?1 on le>n+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 hang$ five idols by ! neck1 beat ! prie/ess1 & burn$ ! _s-h\ses4#dgf ,! ,vik+s1 l ! ,hom]ic h]oes1 are said to h f\ght _! gods2 & at o!r times to h decl>$ entire disbelief 9 !m4 ,h5ce ! easy conv]sion ( ! ,nor? to ,*ri/ianity4 ,scepticism may h be5 fa%ionable at c\rt mu* e>li]3 8,x is sc>cely possible to d\bt10 says ,mr4 ,*adwick1 8t famili>ity1 n to say levity1 9 ! treatm5t ( ! gods *>act]is$ ! ,h]oic ,age ,teutonic--,a4,d4 #cej-eej j z mu* z t ( ! ,vik+s40#dgg ,! burlesque repres5tations ( ! gods 9 "s passages ( ! ,iliad are a sort ( a!ism3 9 a/oni%+ contra/ ) ! sublime piety else:]e express$4 ,& ! inadequacy ( su* a lit]>y religion 7l t ( ,valhalla7 may expla9 ! facile reception 7or revival7 ( ! ,my/]ies 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,hi/ory ab\nds ) examples ( rul]s & prie/s :o1 9 collusion1 h us$ religion = political conv5i5ce1 9 a way t impli$ _! own disbelief & op5$ un9t5tionally ! doors ( disbelief to o!rs4 ,b x is n only *iefs & h]oes ^: m9ds are sometimes emancipat$ f popul> sup]/itions4 ,an old ,au/ralian ^: duty x 0 to wat* ! bones ( a dead man & to keep alight a fire ne> !m1 sold !m = "s tobacco & a tomahawk1 9 great fe> le/ x %\ld be kn[n to 8 tribesm52 b he 8evid5tly suff]$ f no qualms ( consci5ce03#dgh t is to say1 he fe>$ ! liv+1 b n ! dead4 ,w4 ,/anbridge says ( ! aborig9es ( ,victoria t 8!re are doctors or prie/s ( sev]al vocations2 ( ! ra91 ( riv]s & ( human diseases 444 b !re are natives :o refuse to become doctors & disbelieve altoge!r ! pret5sions ( ^? p]sons40#dgi ,john ,mat!w writes ( ! tribe ) :i* he 0 be/ acqua9t$--8:il/ ! blacks _h a t]m = gho/s & beh9d ^! 7 dep>t$ spirits1 444 individual m5 w\ld tell y ^u inquiry t !y believ$ t dea? 0 ! la/ ( !m40#dhj ,ne> ,cape ,k+ ,william 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 !re is a g5]al belief 9 spirits & gho/s & also 9 "o ,mate2 b "s :isp] t !re is no su* be+4#dha ,! ,bakongo villag]s d n believe 9 all wit*craft2 b respect "s sorc]]s1 & reg>d o!rs ) m or less contempt3 e man1 h[ev]1 mu/ pr(ess belief1 or else 88 life w be made wret*$ by accusations ( wit*craft40#dhb ,be=e mission>ies came among/ ! ,baloki1 _m p _h no fai? 9 ! m$ic9e-m51 b w\ld n oppose !m = fe> ( be+ *>g$ ) wit*craft4#dhc ,! religi\s convictions ( ! ,zulus 7 v %all[2 belief 9 ! _s-_w dep5d$ on prosp]ity3 8fullness decl>es ! ,itongo exi/s2 affliction says x does n exi/40 444 8,= my "p1 ,i say ! ,amadhlozi ( our h\se di$ =ev]40#dhd ,capt4 ,:iff5 reports ( ! tribes ( ,s4 ,am]9ds :om he visit$ t1 8among individuals !re are sceptics ( e grade40#dhe ,:il/ all ,dakotas rev]5ce ! great1 intangible1 my/]i\s p[] ,takoo-,wahkon1 z to p>ticul> div9ities1 any man may wor%ip "s & despise o!rs4 8,"o speaks ( ! m$ic9e-dance ) respect2 ano!r smiles at ! "n40 ,! ,ass9ibo9 g5]ally believe t good gho/s migrate to ! s\? :]e game is abundant2 :il/ ! wick$ g nor?w>d2 b "s ?9k t dea? ends all4#dhf ,at ,urep>ap>a 7,banks ,isl&s7 food is buri$ ) a corpse2 & 8if !re be too mu*1 "s is hung above ! grave1 :5ce ! bold] p take x secretly & eat x40#dhg ,disbelief is express$ 9 actions m emphatically ?an 9 words2 ! plund]+ ( tombs has be5 univ]sal4 ,an idol-mak] ( ,maeva assur$ ,ellis t1 8al?\gh at times he ?\ght x 0 all deception & only practis$ 8 trade = ga91 yet at o!r times he really ?\ght ! gods he himself _h made 7 p[]ful be+s40#dhh ,9 ,tonga x 0 or?odox t *iefs & _! reta9]s 7 immortal1 d\btful :e!r m5 ( ! ?ird rank 7 s1 c]ta9 t ^? ( ! l[e/ rank1 ,tooas1 7 n2 _! s\ls di$ ) ! body2 yet "s ( ^! ,tooas v5tur$ to ?9k t !y too w\ld live aga94#dhi ,a sceptical ,kayan c\ld h>dly believe t m5 cont9ue to exi/ aft] dea?2 = !n !y w\ld return to visit ^? !y love4 8,b10 he conclud$1 8:o kn[s80 ,! tradition>y lore ( ! ,kayans answ]s _m deep que/ions2 b ! ke5] intellig5ces inquire fur!r--8:y d ! dead become visible only 9 dreams80 etc4#dij ,a ,tanghul told me1 says ,mr4 ,t4 ,c4 ,hodson1 t no "o _h ev] se5 a ,lai 7deity73 :5 ?+s happ5$ m5 said a ,lai _h done x4 8,9 8 view cle>ly a ,lai 0 a m]e hypo!sis40#dia ,( su* examples ( ! occurr5ce ( 8free-?\ght0 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 no d\bt1 a little inve/igation w\ld discov] _m m4 ,ev]y:]e "s savages ?9k = !mselves2 ?\gh1 l civilis$ folk1 !y _c always v5ture to av[ _! conclusions4 ,we mu/ n suppose t belief is z uni=m z cu/om or conv5tional doctr9e3 cu/om & conv5tion h9d] ?\ght 9 dull p1 b d n enslave x 9 ! 8ke5] intellig5ce40 ,)\t ! enviable advantage ( p]sonal intimacy ) savages1 ,i h1 by read+ ab\t !m1 ga9$ ! impression t !y enjoy a consid]able measure ( individuality--z mu* z ! less educat$ ,europeans--& are n m]e creatures ( a social environm5t4 ,! mo/ backw>d savages h a l>ge /ock ( common s5se conc]n+ ! prop]ties ( bodies1 ( w9d & wat] & fire1 ( plants & animals & human nature2 = ?is is ! necess>y gr\nd ( _! life4 ,?is common s5se has c]ta9 *>act]s :i* are 9 conflict ) _! sup]/itions2 ! facts kn[n to common s5se are regul>1 proportional1 ! same = all2 n (t5 fail+ & ne$+ excuses1 n extravagant & disconnect$1 n dep5d+ on ! pres5ce ( "s fanta/ic m\ntebank4 ,savages d n draw explicitly ! comp>isons t make ?is conflict app>5t2 b x may be felt )\t be+ def9$4 ,"s ( !m1 especially1 are 7z among/ ourselves7 naturally incl9$ to a positive way ( ?9k+2 _! common s5se pr$om9ates ov] ! sugge/ions ( ,magic & ,animism1 & !y1 m ?an o!rs aw>e ( ! conflict1 become ! proto-sceptics or rationali/s4 ,lecky obs]ves t beliefs & *anges ( belief dep5d n ^u def9ite argum5ts1 b ^u habits ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury a new habit ( ?\ght ov]came ! belief 9 wit*craft & miracles2#dib & 9 _m o!r c5turies x has ev]y:]e done ! same = ^? 9 :om ! 8app]ceptive mass0 ( common s5se became m or less cle>ly & /eadily a /&>d ( belief1 repell+ ! app]ceptive masses ( ,magic & ,animism ) all _! cont5ts & alliances4 ,!y _h m def9ite ideas ?an o!rs1 little love ( ! m>vell\s1 little subjection to fe>1 desire1 imag9ation4 ,sometimes ! dictates ( common s5se are impos$ by necessity4 ,! ,motu 7,papuasian7 7 accu/om$ to rub spe>s ) g+] to make !m fly /raight4 ,x _h1 h[ev]1 be5 discov]$ t no am\nt ( ,magic w\ld turn a poor spe>man into an accurate ?r[]4#dic ,spe>-?r[+ is too s]i\s a conc]n n to be judg$ ( ^u its m]its1 h[ev] int]e/+ ! prop]ties ( g+]4 ,a :ole tribe may 9 "s vital matt]1 :il/ practis+ a sup]/iti\s rite1 disreg>d its significance3 l ! ,kalims1 :o hold a crop-fe/ival 9 ,janu>y1 & aft]w>ds take ! om5s z to :at gr\nd %all be cultivat$ = next h>ve/2 8b ?is seems a relic ( old times1 = ! circle ( cultivation is nev] brok51 let ! om5s be :at !y may40#did ,t is a tacit triumph ( common s5se4 ,! be>+ ( all ?is on ! "* ( ! wiz>d is z foll[s3 s9ce ev]y:]e sceptics occur1 & "s individuals g fur!r ?an o!rs 9 op5ly or secretly reject+ sup]/itions1 :y %\ld n ! wiz>d or sorc]]1 :o is among/ ! mo/ intellig5t & d>+ ( 8 tribe1 be himself a rationali/ &1 !re=e1 a consci\s impo/or8 ,t mu* ( 8 art is impo/ure no "o disputes2 & s f> z x is s1 he sees x z "p ( ! ord9>y c\rse ( exp]i5ce4 ,! sorc]] on ! ,congo :o drove a _s into ! d>k corn] ( a hut1 /abb$ x !re1 & %[$ ! blood ^u 8 spe>1 hav+ produc$ ! blood 7z 8 son confess$ to ,mr4 ,weeks7 by scrat*+ 8 own gums1 0 by t action himself in/ruct$ 9 common s5se4#die ,he saw 9 x q pla9ly an ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts1 ! 8r\t9e ( exp]i5ce02 :il/ ! spectators 7 my/ifi$4 ,mu/ he n1 !n1 h m common s5se ?an o!r p8 ,9 fact1 he recognises ! c\rse ( nature & 8 own impot5ce1 :5ev] an attempt to conjure w\ld endang] 8 reputation4 ,! ,arunta m$ic9e-m5 exhibit great dramatic action 9 cur+ v>i\s diseases2 b wa/e no antics on recognisable s5ile decay4#dif ,! m$ic9e-man ( ,torres ,/raits admits t he _c make a 8big w9d0 f ! s\?-ea/ dur+ ! nor?-we/ season4#dig ,! ,polynesian sorc]]s confess$ _! practices h>mless to ,europeans2#dih--:o 7 n sugge/ible on t plane ( ideas4 ,%amans among/ ! ,yakuts w\ld n try to cure di>rha1 small-pox1 syphilis1 scr(ula or leprosy1 & w\ld n %amanise 9 a h\se :]e small-pox _h be54#dii ,^! miracle-mong]s sometimes "k a hawk f a h&saw4 ,x seems reasonable1 !n1 to assume t wiz>ds h m common s5se ?an o!r p2 s9ce1 besides ! in/ruction ( common exp]i5ce1 !y "k 9 _! pr(essional practice 7at lea/ 9 a sup]ficial way7 ! real c\rse ( ev5ts1 :i* is conceal$ f ! laity4 ,&1 no d\bt1 ( ^? ^: art is delib]ate impo/ure1 ?is is true4 ,b ! infatuation ( ^? :o are wiz>ds by vocation may be incorrigible by any k9d ( evid5ce3 especially z to ! g5u95ess ( ano!r's p]=mance4 ,dr4 ,riv]s speaks ( ! bl9dness ( ! man ( rude culture to deceitful proce$+s on ! "p ( o!rs ) :i* he is famili> 9 8 own actions4#ejj ,= ! wiz>d !re are e/abli%$ prejudices1 pr(essional & p]sonal int]e/1 fe> ( tru/+ 8 own judgm5t1 sup]natural responsibility1 desire ( sup]human p[]1 sometimes ev5 a passionate desire to alleviate ! suff]+s ( 8 tribesm51 & ev]y?+ else t confirms ! w to believe4 #e4 ,,! ,,wiz>d',s ,,p]suasion ,_m practices ( wiz>ds involve a repres5tation ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts z some?+ v diff]5t f ! reality2 & !re is no d\bt t frequ5tly1 or ev5 9 mo/ cases1 wiz>ds are aw>e ( ?is1 z 9 p]=m+ ! suck+ cure or visit+ ! man 9 ! moon4 ,b "s an?ropologi/s dislike to he> su* practices describ$ z 8fraud10 8impo/ure0 or 8deceit02 & = c]ta9 classes ( wiz>ds x seems 7z ,i %all %[7 unju/ to speak 9 ^! t]ms ( _! pr(ession4 ,/ill1 tak+ ! pr(ession & its actions on ! :ole1 x is difficult to f9d 9 popul> language t]ms m fairly descriptive4 ,we meet "h ! inconv5i5ce t o!r social or moral sci5ces f9d :5 !y try to use common words 9 a specially re/rict$ s5se4 ,9 ,economics1 e4 g41 8r5t10 8wages10 8pr(its0 h def9ite mean+s v diff]5t f _! popul> acceptance4 ,9 ,e?ics1 :at controv]sy1 :at confusion 9 ! def9+ ( 8virtue0 & 8! good06 ,9 ,metaphysics1 :at is ! mean+ ( 8cause02 :at is ! mean+ ( 8intuition08 ,! t]ms mu/ be def9$ 9 ea* sy/em4 ,if !n1 9 ^! pages1 ! conduct ( a man :o1 on 8 way to cure a suff]] ( 8/it* 9 ! side10 conceals 9 8 m\? a piece ( bone or pebble1 & aft] danc+1 & suck+ h>d en\gh at ! pati5t's belly1 produces t bone or pebble z ! cause ( pa9--is describ$ z 8fraud10 or 8impo/ure10 or 8deceit10 ! words are us$ to describe ! fact only1 )\t any su* imputation ^u ! man's "* z !y convey 9 popul> usage4 ,sci5tifically consid]$1 ! man & 8 circum/ances be+ su* z !y are1 8 actions are a necess>y consequ5ce2 9 ?is limit$ region ( ?\ght moral c5sure is irrelevant4 ,!re are "s wiz>ds1 z x 7 9 m9or ord]s1 su* z ,pr(essor ,seligman calls 8dep>tm5tal exp]ts10 especially ! man :o blesses g>d5s1 s e>ne/ & h>mless t no "o w abuse !m4 ,!y visit ! g>d5 at ! own]'s reque/1 practise a little hocus-pocus1 mutt] a few spells1 take a small fee & g peaceably home4 ,! own] inde$ supposes himself to buy f]tility1 & obta9s only peace ( m9d--a great] good say ! morali/s4 ,! wiz>d has done :at he le>nt ( 8 fa!r1 :at respectable neighb\rs approve (2 !re is always "s crop to ju/ify 8 m9i/ry1 & _m an evil p[] to excuse occasional blight or dr\ght4 ,if he is conv9c$ ( be+ a really indisp5sable man1 x is easily intelligible4 ,z to ! pr(ession 9 g5]al1 a small numb] ( wiz>ds--wiz>ds by vocation--may be /rongly p]suad$ ( ! g5u95ess ( ! art2 a mu* l>g] body m+les cr$ulity 9 v>i\s proportions ) fraud2 & n a few are delib]ate *eats4 ,"s ( ! greate/ ma/]s ( wiz>dry are dissatisfi$ ) _! own colleagues3 t em95t %aman ,scrat*+ ,woman said to ,bogoras ! travell]1 8,!re are _m li>s 9 our call+40#eja ,on ! o!r h&1 ! wiz>d :o demon/rat$ ! 8po9t+-/ick0 to ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 & hav+ no object ^u :i* to dis*>ge its ,magic1 ?\ght x _h ent]$ 8 own head & !reupon fell ill1 0 c]ta9ly a believ]2#ejb & s 0 ! wiz>d :o felt t he _h lo/ 8 p[] aft] dr9k+ a cup ( tea1 because hot dr9ks 7 taboo to him4#ejc ,n[ a *eat ne$s no explanation--at lea/ no m on ! ,y5isei ?an on ! ,?ames2 & ! v>iety ( ^? :o m+le cr$ulity ) fraud is too great to be dealt )4 ,:at *iefly ne$s to be acc\nt$ = is ! p]suasion ( ^? :o--9 spite ( s _m circum/ances t seem to make disillusion inevitable--are 9 "s mann] true believ]s--9 ! mann]1 t is to say1 ( imag9ative belief1 f\nd$ on tradition & desire1 unlike ! p]ceptual belief ( common s5se4 7a7 ,m5 "u a vocation to wiz>dry1 ( c\rse1 beg9 ) full belief 9 x4 ,probably !y are possess$ by ! imag9ative & hi/rionic temp]am5t1 :i* we h se5 to be fav\rable to em95ce z a wiz>d4 ,_! vocation consi/s 9 ! w>m sympa?y & emulation ) :i*1 be=e _! own initiation1 !y witness ! feats ( great practition]s1 & :i* g5]ally imply a /irr+ ( _! own lat5t p[]s2 j z _m an actor has begun by be+ 8/age-/ruck40 ,a man ( su* temp]am5t is prone to self-delusion n only z to 8 own p[]s1 b 9 o!r ways4 ,! wiz>d (t5 beg9s by fa/+ & hav+ visions2 !reby weak5+ 8 appreh5sion ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 fact & phantasy4 ,! fix$ idea ( 8 call+ begets 9 8 imag9ation a /ory ( :at happ5$ at 8 initiation1 manife/ly false1 b n a falsehood--a 8rationalisation0 accord+ to wiz>dly ideas ( :at he c rememb] ( t "t4 ,if initiat$ ) torture1 :i* he endures = ! sake ( 8 vocation1 he is confirm$ 9 x4 ,:5 call$ ^u to p]=m1 he 8works himself up0 by music1 danc+ & :atev] arts he may h le>n$ or discov]$1 into a /ate ( dissociation1 dur+ :i* 8 judgm5t ( ev]y?+ extrane\s to 8 task is susp5d$2 & 8 dramatic demean\r un9hibit$ by fe> or %ame1 unemb>rass$ by any second ?\ghts1 makes1 by vivid ge/ures & contortions & ?rill+ tones1 a pr(\nd impression ^u pati5ts1 cli5ts & witnesses4 ,8 p]=mances may d]ive "s orig9al traits f 8 own g5ius2 b mu/ g5]ally con=m to a tradition>y patt]n & to ! consequ5t expectations ( ! audi5ce4 ,by practice he acquires--z = _! own tasks all arti/s1 poets & actors mu/--a facility 9 induc+ ! /ate ( dissociation 7m or less /rict71 9 :i* "w goes smoo?ly =w>d "u ! exclusive dom9ance ( a c]ta9 gr\p ( ideas & s5tim5ts4 ,:e!r1 9 ?is condition1 he believes 9 himself & 8 call+1 or n1 is a mean+less "q4 ,:il/ ! orgasm la/s !re is no place = comp>ison or d\bt4 ,& s9ce he really produces by 8 fr5zy or possession a great effect ^u ! spectators--?\gh n always ! precise effect ( cur+ a pati5t or ( controll+ ! wea!r at :i* he aim$--we ne$ n wond] if he believes himself capable ( mu* m ?an he ev] accompli%es4 ,! temp]am5t1 mo/ fav\rable to a wiz>d's success is n likely to be accompani$ by a disposition to ! positive or sceptical attitude ( m9d4 ,moreov]1 to ! en?usia/ = :om belief is necess>y1 x is also necess>y to create ! evid5ce4 ,t ! end ju/ifies ! means is n 8 explicit maxim1 b a matt] ( c\rse4 ,gibbon comm5ts on 8! vicissitudes ( pi\s fraud & hypocrisy1 :i* may be obs]v$1 or at lea/ suspect$1 9 ! *>act]s ( ! mo/ consci5ti\s fanatics40#ejd ,aft] failures1 inde$1 or 9 ! languor t foll[s 8 transports1 !re may come _m *ill+ reflections2 only1 h[ev]1 to be disp]s$ by an inv9cible desire to believe 9 8 own p[]s & 9 ! pr(ession to :i* he is committ$4 ,! 8:ite0 wiz>d may pacify a tr\bl$ consci5ce by reflect+ t at any rate he dis*>ges a useful social function2 z1 9 fact1 he does1 s f> z he relieves ! fe>s ( 8 tribesm5 & gives !m confid5ce4 ,to und]/& ! 8black0 wiz>d1 we mu/ turn to ! d>k side ( human nature4 ,t a man %\ld resort to magic or sorc]y to av5ge himself or 8 k9sm51 or to gratify 8 c>nality1 jeal\sy or ambition1 is intelligible to ev]ybody2 b t he %\ld make a pr(ession ( assi/+ o!rs = a fee to betray1 injure1 or de/roy ^? ) :om he has no qu>rel1 seems almo/ too unnatural to be cr$ible4 ,yet x admits ( a v easy explanation4 ,! love ( injur+ & slay+ is deeply root$ 9 u3 m5 afflict$ ) homicidal neurosis are kn[n to ! asylums & to ! crim9al c\rts ( all civilis$ nations2 assass9s on hire h (t5 be5 notori\sly obta9able4 ,to slay 9 cold blood by viol5ce1 or ev5 by poison1 seems1 h[ev]1 less revolt+ ?an to slay by sorc]y & obsc5e rites4 ,b ! fasc9ation ( ?is employm5t may be fur!r und]/ood by consid]+ ! attraction t secret p[] & ! pro( ( _! own cunn+ has = _m p4 ,to slay is sweet2 b ! anci5t hunt] dep5d$ m ^u /rategy ?an ^u ! frontal attack2 & no /rategy is s secret or ne$s s mu* skill z ! ,black ,art4 ,f9ally1 if sorc]y is p]secut$1 x excites ! contra-sugge/ibility :i* 9 "s neurotics becomes a passion capable ( support+ !m at ! /ake4 ,h5ce ! malevol5t wiz>d may feel a vocation1 may believe 9 8 own p[]s2 &1 ( c\rse1 he w be confirm$ 9 8 belief by ! fe> excit$ :]ev] 8 reputation spreads4 ,if y put y\rself 9 8 place :il/ practis+ "s unholy rite1 y may become aw>e t ! secrecy1 ! cunn+1 ! dang]1 ! villa9y & ! elation ( x ex]t a peculi> fasc9ation1 & t ?is is enhanc$ by f\l & horrible usages1 su* z appeal to ! p]v]t$ appetites ( insanity4 7b7 ,! deceit employ$ by a wiz>d 9 conjur+1 v5triloquis+1 dress+ up1 keep+ a 8famili>10 *oos+ fav\rable opportunities = 8 sance & incit+ himself to fr5zy1 seems incompatible ) s9c]ity2 b :il/ he kn[s su* proce$+s to be artifices1 he also kn[s !m to be necess>y to ! effect :i* he produces4 ,= t effect1 s f> z x dep5ds ^u wiz>dly practices1 n on su* means z massage1 or poisons1 or drugs1 is always subjective--an influ5ce on o!r m5's belief4 ,are we n dem&+ ( him great] discrim9ation ?an he is likely to enjoy1 if we expect him to see ! holl[ness ( 8 pr(ession1 because "s ( ! means by :i* he op]ates are n :at 8 cli5ts suppose !m to be8 ,if x be said t ! wiz>d's /ock excuses = failure--t !re has be5 a mi/ake 9 ! rites1 or t ano!r wiz>d has c\nt]act$ 8 ef=ts--are ^? ( a man :o has anticipat$ detection 9 fraud & prep>$ a way ( escape1 x may be repli$ t1 accord+ to accept$ t5ets conc]n+ wiz>dry1 ^! excuses are reasonable & n necess>ily subt]fuges4 ,! pr(essional attitude may induce a man to exon]ate himself & 8 colleagues 9 c]ta9 dubi\s deal+s1 = ! sake ( ! public utility ( _! (fice on ! :ole2 :i* is s manife/ to him & to !m1 & is also ackn[l$g$ by ! public4 ,= a wiz>d's belief 9 8 art is support$ by ! te/imony ( o!r wiz>ds1 9 :om he also believes1 & by ! belief ( ! tribe g5]ally 9 ! p[] ( ! pr(ession1 ev5 ?\gh he himself be n greatly e/eem$4 8,:o am ,i10 he w ask1 8t ,i %\ld h a consci5ce ( my own80 ,& if ?is attitude is inconsi/5t ) ke5 intellig5ce & megalomania1 su* inconsi/5cy is n inconsi/5t ) our exp]i5ce ( human nature4 7c7 ,! effects produc$ by *>ms1 spells & rites1 simple or to ! la/ degree elaborate1 purely magical or re9=c$ by spirits1 are always subjective1 b are believ$ to h a mu* wid] range4 ,! wiz>d seems to make ! sun rise :5 he summons x j 9 "t e morn+2 to cause cl\ds to ga!r 9 ! sky :5 he invokes !m j be=e ! ra9y season2 & s on4 ,su* p]=mances conv9ce o!rs1 b seem to u poor evid5ce = any "o :o is 9 ! secret4 ,he is n1 h[ev]1 left )\t fur!r evid5ce ( ?ree k9ds3 7i7 ,f ! effects ( natural causes t =m "p ( 8 pr(essional res\rces4 ,"s ( a wiz>d's practices are really good2 e4 g4 9 cur+ ! sick he may employ massage1 or sweat-ba?s1 or skilful surg]y1 or m$ic9al drugs1 or sugge/ion1 & !reby succe$ )\t any ,magic2 :il/ he is incapable ( cle>ly di/+ui%+ ^! means f useless rites & incantations4 ,he does n und]/& intimately :y any me?od is efficaci\s1 & !re=e _c und]/& ! limits ( 8 p[]4 ,8 :ole art is empirical4 ,ev5 9 mod]n sci5ce explanation always ends soon] or lat] 7& (t5 pretty soon7 9 po9t+ to "s connexion ( ph5om5a :i* we are oblig$ to accept z a fact3 ! wiz>d is always br\ght to ?is pass at ! fir/ /ep4 ,he has no g5]ally ackn[l$g$ public /&>d ( :at may possibly happ53 x is only 9 ! m9d ( a natural positivi/ t a /&>d ( common s5se gr[s up by exp]i5ce )\t explicit g5]alisation2 & ?is /&>d is incommunicable4 ,h5ce ! wiz>d is always try+ exp]im5tally to ext5d 8 p[]--( c\rse on ! model ( 8 tradition>y art2 always desir+ p[]1 & believ+ t he has obta9$1 because he desires x4 7ii7 ,! wiz>d's arts are ju/ifi$ by ! action ( natural causes set 9 motion by 8 cli5ts4 ,he prep>es ! hunt] & 8 weapons = an exp$ition2 ! hunt] does 8 be/1 & 8 success swells ! reputation ( ! wiz>d4 ,simil>ly 9 agriculture1 & 9 w>4 ,& 9 all ^! cases no?+ is really due to ! wiz>d1 except ! great] confid5ce 8 cli5ts d]ive f 8 m9i/rations3 ! hunt]'s h& is /eadi]2 ! s[] & ! reap] "w m *e]fully2 & ! w>rior fights m c\rage\sly 9 ! belief t 8 enemies are surely devot$ to ! inf]nal gods4 ,b ! wiz>d1 ) g5]al acquiesc5ce1 claims f> m ?an ?is1 & rises 9 8 own e/eem z well z 9 ! e/eem ( 8 tribe4 7iii7 ,! p]sev]+ wiz>d is (t5 aid$ by co9cid5ces4 ,an ,au/ralian squatt] at ,morton's ,pla9s1 aft] a dr\ght1 promis$ a native ra9-mak] half a bullock1 a bag ( fl\r & "s tea1 if he w\ld fill 8 new tank = him be=e ! morr[ night4 ,! ra9-mak] set 8 rites & spells to "w1 fill$ ! tank & got ! rew>d4#eje ,:il/ ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 7 ) ! ,urabunna tribe1 8! lead+ ra9-mak] p]=m$ a c]emony & )9 two days !re 0 a d[np\r--possibly connect$ ) ! fact t x 0 ! usual "t = ra9 to fall 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry40 ,! reputation ( ! ra9-mak] 0 firmly e/abli%$1 &1 no d\bt1 8 self-confid5ce4 ,! ,au/ralian wiz>d already m5tion$1 :o ?\ght t 8 ,magic _h ent]$ 8 own head1 claim$ to h driv5 away a comet by means ( 8 magic /ones4 ,c]ta9ly ! comet disappe>$1 & :at o!r cause c\ld any "o po9t out8 8,at "o "t ! gu/s 7 v unpleasant & "o ( ! m5 told a w9d-man to make x /op4 ,accord+ly he %\t$ out to ! w9d1 & 9 a m9ute !re 0 a lull2 & no "o d\bt$ t ?is 0 due to ! p[] ( ! w9d-man40#ejf ,_m simil> cases might be giv54#ejg ,/rik+ co9cid5ces are n v r>e3 !re is an illogical prejudice t !y are r>e because !y excite wond]4 ,moreov]1 z ,i h obs]v$1 s remote a resemblance to ! ev5t %amanis$ or prophesi$ may be reg>d$ z a fulfilm5t1 t fulfilm5t is n uncommon4 ,9 ! int]pretation ( om5s1 :]e !re is only ! alt]native ( good or ill success1 half ! guesses mu/ be "r2 & by ! gloz+ ( d\btful cases1 m ?an half w seem to be "r4 ,& z = ! effect ( co9cid5ce1 ,mr4 ,basil ,?ompson says1 8,tongans nev] admit co9cid5ces0#ejh--t is to say1 9 our s5se ( ! ^w3 = !m1 9 :at we call co9cid5ce1 !re mu/ be causation2 & ?is seems to be g5]ally true ( ! untutor$ m9d4 ,among ! ,*ura*es1 ! pr(ession ( %aman is g5]ally h]$it>y2 b a man may become a %aman aga9/ 8 w4 ,x is en\gh 8to make a lucky guess z to ! issue ( "s ev5t1 & p flock to him = advice f all p>ts40#eji ,h[ _m failures are necess>y to discr$it "o lucky guess8 ,^! ?ree k9ds ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! wiz>d's p[]--natural causes set 9 motion by himself1 natural causes introduc$ by 8 cli5ts1 & %e] fav\rable co9cid5ces--h s mu* ! air ( p]ceptual pro(1 or ( an appeal to common s5se1 t ! savage positivi/ :o is able to resi/ !m mu/ h a m solid judgm5t ?an mo/ ( our educat$ civilis$ p4 ,judgm5t is an innate individual "*1 on :i* education has little effect1 except 9 ! special dep>tm5t ( a man's tra9+4 ,a sci5tific exp]t1 = example1 may be an excell5t judge ( evid5ce 9 8 own pursuit1 & else:]e q helpless2 = :]e he is /rong x is n a set ( rules b ! mass ( 8 special exp]i5ce t guides him4 ,t out ( ! mass ( g5]al exp]i5ce1 s disord]ly & fragm5t>y z x is1 "s m9ds %\ld h ! p[] ( extract+ common s5se1 9 spite ( ! misrepres5tations ( ,magic & ,animism1 is v rem>kable1 & v =tunate = ! re/ ( u4 ,t ! ?ree k9ds ( evid5ce :i* s]ve s well to confirm belief 9 wiz>dry are all ( !m--z to ! connexion betwe5 a wiz>d's rites or spells & ! ev5t--entirely co9cid5tal1 gives "s support to ! hypo!sis t co9cid5ces are ! f\ndation ( ! belief 9 ,magic4 ,be>+ 9 m9d1 !n1 t a wiz>d's practices sometimes include real causes1 & t 8 %all[ k disables him = discrim9at+ betwe5 causation & hocus-pocus2 t ,magic or ,sorc]y is g5]ally believ$ 9 by ^? ab\t him1 :o seek 8 aid1 or ! aid ( o!rs ( 8 class2 t bo? !y & he e>ne/ly desire t 8 pret5sions %\ld be well f\nd$2 t he produces /rik+ subjective effects2 t 9 su* cases 8 artifices are a condition ( 8 success1 & t a good _m co9cid5ces1 complete or p>tial1 seem to prove t 8 art has fur!r extraord9>y influ5ce ^u m5 & nature--x is no wond] t "s wiz>ds are delud$ along ) _! dupes1 especially neurotic en?usia/s or m5 ( an imag9ative & hi/rionic temp]am5t4 ,to expla9 ! possibility ( "s m5 be+ s9c]e 9 wit*craft is n to palliate ! pr(ession1 mu* less ! anti-social practices ( wit*craft4 ,= ! mo/ "p ^? practices are deceitful4 ,!y are n ! inv5tion ( savage society2 society inv5ts no?+2 only ! individual inv5ts4 ,!y are ! inv5tion & tradition ( wiz>ds1 :o keep ! secret s f> z x is to _! advantage3 ( wiz>ds gr[+ m & m pr(essional1 & trad+ ^u ! fe>s & hopes1 ! anxiety & cr$ulity ( _! fell[s4 ,! _s ( sup]/ition is common to ! tribe1 b its pr(essional exploitation is ! "w ( ^? :o pr(it by x4 ,obs]v+ ) satisfaction t1 ev5 among/ savages1 ! positive m9d c sometimes free itself f popul> sup]/itions & p5etrate ! disguise ( my/]y-mong]s1 "o asks :y ,nature c\ld n produce :ole tribes ( m5 s m9d$1 & sp>e ! folly & horror & iniquity :i* take up s mu* space 9 ! retrospect ( human life4 ,because common s5se is only relat$ to actual exp]i5ce1 & c\ld n appreciate ! necessity ( gov]nm5t & social co-ord9ation z ! condition ( all improvem5t 9 human life1 until x already exi/$4 ,su* co-ord9ation _h1 !re=e1 to gr[ up )\t be+ und]/ood2 & x did gr[ up "u ! protection ( c]ta9 beliefs t induc$ ! tribes ( m5 to hold toge!r & subord9ate !mselves to lead]s3 among/ :i* beliefs ! sup]/itions exploit$ by wiz>ds _h no small "p4 ,,footnotes3 #chi ,l+ ,ro?1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,tasmania1 p4 #fe4 #cij ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,across ,au/ralia1 p4 #ccf4 #cia ,czaplicka1 ,aborig9al ,sib]ia1 p4 #agg4 #cib ,! political importance ( ! wiz>d seems to h be5 fir/ notic$ by ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ,,ii4 p4 #agh 7 #dgd74 #cic ,bellamy1 quot$ by ,seligman1 ,melanesians ( ,briti% ,nor? ,gu9ea1 p4 #fid4 #cid ,religion ( ! ,amazulu1 p4 #dj4 #cie ,dudley ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 p4 #aad4 #cif ,czaplicka1 ,aborig9al ,sib]ia1 p4 #aia4 #cig ,e4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas1 *4 xlix4 #cih ,! ,sacr$ ,%r9e4 #cii ,report ( ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 ,v4 pp4 #cbb-c4 #djj ,riv]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,melanesian ,sociology4 #dja ,am4 ,b4 ( ,e?n41 ,,vii41 8,ojibway ,m$ic9e10 by ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman2 ,,xi41 8,! ,sia10 by ,m4 ,c4 ,/ev5son2 ,,xiv41 8,! ,m5om9i ,indians10 by ,w4 ,h(fman4 ,= a collection ( ! facts see ,fraz]1 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,,iv4 *4 xix2 & ,hutton ,web/]1 ,primitive ,secret ,societies4 #djb ,report ( ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 ,,vi4 p4 #bjj4 #djc ,op4 cit41 p4 #bgh4 #djd ,among ,congo ,cannibals1 p4 #bea4 #dje ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,across ,au/ralia1 p4 #cbf4 #djf ,book ,,vii4 ,! wit*1 imitat$ f ,circe & ,m$ea by ,ario/o1 ,tasso1 ,sp5s]1 became a tradition>y1 romantic motive4 #djg ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #chh4 #djh ,/efnson1 op4 cit41 p4 #djc4 #dji ,czaplicka1 op4 cit41 p4 #bdj4 #daj ,across ,au/ralia1 p4 #ea4 #daa ,op4 cit41 p4 #ahd4 #dab ,voyages ( ! ,adv5ture & ,beagle1 ,,ii4 p4 #agh4 #dac ,! ,primitive ,bakongo1 p4 #baf4 #dad ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ,,xxiv41 8,%amanism10 p4 #add4 #dae ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 p4 #cce4 #daf ,am4 ,b4 ( ,e?n41 8,sacr$ ,=mulas ( ! ,*]okees10 by ,j4 ,mooney1 p4 #cbc4 #dag ,w4 ,m>9]'s ,acc\nt ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 *4 xxi4 #dah ,am4 ,b4 ( ,e?n41 ,,ix41 8,m$ic9e ,m5 ( ! ,apa*e10 by ,j4 ,e4 ,b\rke1 p4 #dga4 #dai ,dudley ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 p4 #ace4 #dbj ,travels & ,rese>*es 9 ,s\? ,africa1 *4 i4 #dba ,j4 ,%akespe>e1 ,! ,lu%ai ,kuki ,clans1 p4 #hj4 #dbb ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 p4 #abj1 & ,am4 ,b4 ( ,e?n41 ,,xi4 p4 #dag2 ,,xiv4 pp4 #ig1 #adh4 #dbc ,d4 ,comp>etti1 ,! ,traditional ,poetry ( ! ,f9ns1 pp4 #bg & #be4 #dbd ,rhys1 ,celtic ,hea!ndom1 pp4 #edh-ej4 #dbe ,! cry/als =c$ into a wiz>d's body1 :e!r by spirits or by o!r wiz>ds1 are ess5tial to 8 pr(ession1 & if !y leave him 8 p[] is lo/4 8,x is ! possession ( ^! /ones :i* gives 8 virtue to ! m$ic9e-man0 7,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dhj note74 ,john ,ma!w says t1 accord+ to ! belief ( ! ,kabi 7,que5sl&73 8,a man's p[] 9 ! occult art w\ld appe> to be proportion$ to 8 vitality1 & ! degree ( vitality :i* he possess$ dep5d$ ^u ! numb] ( sacr$ pebbles & ! quantity ( yurru 7rope7 :i* he c>ri$ )9 him0 7,eagle-hawk & ,cr[1 p4 #adc74 8,rope0 0 ! prop]ty ( ! high] grade ( m$ic9e-m5 7sub/itute = snakes871 :o _h obta9$ x f ! ,ra9b[ 9 ex*ange = "s ( _! pebbles4 ,c]ta9 pebbles1 especially cry/als1 are indep5d5t magic-p[]s ?r\gh\t ,au/ralasia & else:]e1 probably ( mu* old] repute ?an ! pr(ession ( wiz>dry2 & ! wiz>d gets 8 p]sonal p[] by hav+ !m inside him4 ,simil>ly1 ,j\nod describes ,bantu wiz>ds z 8end[$ ) magical p[]1 or r possess+ en*ant$ drugs0 7,life ( a ,s\? ,african ,tribe1 p4 #bic73 :]eas we are (t5 told t ! occult art beg9s ) ! extraord9>y p]sonality ( ! wiz>d4 #dbf ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #ebb-i4 #dbg ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dhe4 #dbh ,haddon1 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 ,v4 p4 #cba4 #dbi ,e4 im ,?urn1 ,! ,indians ( ,guiana1 p4 #ccd4 #dcj ,?omas ,:iff51 ,! ,nor?-,we/ ,amazons1 p4 #aha4 #dca ,dudley ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 p4 #aef4 #dcb ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ,,xxiv41 8,%amanism10 pp4 #hg-ij4 #dcc ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 ,v4 p4 #cbb4 #dcd ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,belief 9 ,immortality1 p4 #ccd4 #dce ,w4 ,h4 ,r4 ,riv]s1 ,! ,todas1 pp4 #bef-g4 #dcf ,belief 9 ,immortality1 pp4 #bdi1 #bfi4 #dcg ,= examples see ,weeks1 ,! ,primitive ,bakongo1 p4 #bjd2 ,dudley ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 p4 #adi2 ,callaway1 ,religion ( ! ,amazulu1 p4 #cia2 ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ,! ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 ,,ii4 p4 #aae2 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #cdb2 ,%amanism1 p4 #acj2 ,c>l ,lumholtz1 ,new ,trails 9 ,mexico1 p4 #bd2 ,t4 ,a4 ,joyce1 ,s\? ,am]ican ,ar*ology1 p4 #bde2 ,e4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas1 ,,ii4 pp4 #fej-b4 #dch ,callaway1 ,religion ( ! ,amazulu1 pp4 #chd-f & #djd4 #dci ,franz ,boas1 8,! ,c5tral ,esquimo10 ,am4 ,b4 ( ,e?n41 ,,vi4 7#ahhd-e71 p4 #fjc4 #ddj ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 p4 #ega4 #dda ,a4 ,wi$emann1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,egyptians1 pp4 #bgc-d4 #ddb ,a4 ,m4 ,czaplicka1 ,aborig9al ,sib]ia1 p4 #agh4 #ddc ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,psy*e's ,task4 #ddd ,pp4 #ach-i4 #dde ,riv]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,melanesian ,sociology1 ,,ii4 p4 #aef4 #ddf ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 #ddg im ,?urn1 op4 cit41 p4 #cci4 #ddh ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks1 ,among ,congo ,cannibals1 p4 #ade4 #ddi ,across ,au/ralia1 p4 #cej4 #dej ,primitive ,bakongo1 p4 #bhe4 #dea ,skeat1 ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ,i4 p4 #efc4 #deb ,riv]s1 ,! ,todas1 p4 #bfc4 #dec ,abbot1 ,mac$onian ,folk-,lore1 p4 #bbe4 #ded ,op4 cit41 p4 #bjc4 #dee ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 pp4 #chg-h4 #def ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,across ,au/ralia1 pp4 #ccd-e4 #deg ,:iff51 op4 cit41 pp4 #ahb-c4 #deh ,j\nod1 ,life ( a ,s\? ,african ,tribe1 ,,ii4 p4 #def4 #dei ,:iff51 op4 cit41 pp4 #fd & #afh4 #dfj ,primitive ,bakongo1 p4 #baf4 #dfa ,aborig9al ,sib]ia1 pp4 #bcj1 #bdj4 #dfb ,p>adoxe sur le comdi54 ,mr4 ,william ,ar*]1 "s ye>s ago1 publi%$ ,masks & ,faces1 an ent]ta9+ & v in/ructive book1 9 :i* he 7z a g5u9e ?\gh unpr(essional psy*ologi/7 discusses ?is p>adox 9 ! light ( evid5ce obta9$1 by que/ionnaire & o!rwise1 f actors !n liv+4 #dfc ,man1 ,septemb] #ahag1 p4 #add4 #dfd ,aborig9al ,sib]ia1 p4 #aig4 #dfe ,sugge/ion und ,hypnotismus 9 d] ,vlk]psy*ologie4 #dff ,me9]s1 ,briefe b] die ,s*weiz 7quot$ by ,c>lyle 9 essay on ,c\nt ,caglio/ro74 #dfg ,aborig9al ,sib]ia1 pp4 #afi1 #agb4 #dfh ,text-book ( ,insanity1 pp4 #bha & #gi4 #dfi ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dig4 #dgj ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,belief 9 ,immortality1 pp4 #bej-fj4 #dga ,= ano!r example see ,riv]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,melanesian ,sociology1 ,,ii4 p4 #daa4 #dgb ,g4 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #cdf4 #dgc ,= ! mo/ elaborate ( all su* p]=mances1 see ! initiation into ! ,gho/ ,society ( ! ,kwak9tle ,indians1 9 ,fraz]'s ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,,iii4 p4 #ech4 #dgd ,casalis1 ,my ,life 9 ,basuto ,l&1 p4 #ahe4 #dge ,basil ,?ompson1 ,! ,fijians1 p4 #aeh4 #dgf ,basil ,?ompson1 ,div]sions ( a ,prime ,m9i/]1 pp4 #bja & #cdf4 #dgg ,! ,h]oic ,age1 p4 #dac4 #dgh ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,across ,au/ralia1 pp4 #cgd-e4 #dgi 8,aborig9es ( ,victoria10 ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,i4 p4 #cjj4 #dhj ,eagle-hawk & ,cr[1 p4 #adf4 #dha ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,belief 9 ,immortality1 p4 #bci4 #dhb ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks1 ,! ,primitive ,bakongo1 pp4 #bhd & #bhe4 #dhc ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks1 ,among ,congo ,cannibals1 p4 #bic4 #dhd ,callaway1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bi-cj4 #dhe ,! ,nor?-,we/ ,amazons1 p4 #bah4 #dhf ,j4 ,o4 ,dorsey1 8,si\an ,cults10 pp4 #dca-b & #dhe1 ,am4 ,b4 ( ,e?n41 ,,xi4 #dhg ,coddr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #bgj4 #dhh ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 ,,ii4 p4 #bjd4 #dhi ,john ,m>t91 ,w4 ,m>9]'s ,acc\nt ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ,,ii4 pp4 #aje & #acg4 #dij ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ,! ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 ,,ii4 pp4 #dh & #bad4 #dia ,! ,naga ,tribes ( ,manipur1 p4 #abf4 #dib ,introduction to ,! ,rise ( ! ,_s ( ,rationalism 9 ,europe4 #dic ,c4 ,g4 ,seligman1 ,melanesians ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #agi4 #did ,t4 ,c4 ,hodson1 op4 cit41 p4 #aga4 #die ,among ,congo ,cannibals1 p4 #bhd4 #dif ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #eca-b4 #dig ,haddon1 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 ,,vi4 p4 #bja4 #dih ,ellis1 op4 cit41 ,,ii4 p4 #bcb4 #dii ,%amanism1 p4 #ib4 #ejj ,hi/ory ( ,melanesian ,society1 ,,ii4 p4 #ajg4 #eja ,a4 ,m4 ,czaplicka1 ,aborig9al ,sib]ia1 p4 #ahj4 #ejb ,across ,au/ralia1 p4 #cbf4 #ejc ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dha4 #ejd ,decl9e & ,fall1 *4 xvii--discuss+ ! "* ( ,julian4 #eje ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #cih4 #ejf ,across ,au/ralia1 pp4 #ad1 #cbf1 #cff4 #ejg ,see ,haddon1 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 ,,vi4 p4 #baj2 ,/efnson1 ,my ,life ) ! ,esquimo1 p4 #hh2 ,murdo*1 ,e?nological ,results ( ! ,po9t ,b>r[ ,exp$ition1 9 ,n9? ,ann4 ,report ( ,am4 ,bureau ( ,e?41 p4 #dca2 ,fraz]1 ,psy*e's ,task1 p4 #ee2 ,risley1 ,! ,p ( ,india1 p4 #gg2 ,langloh ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi ,tribe1 pp4 #dh1 #di1 #hb1 #ij2 ,dudley ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 p4 #aaf2 ,e4 ,casalis1 ,les ,bass\tos 7#bnd ed471 pp4 #cjb-c2 ,w4 ,e4 ,ro?1 ,e?nological ,/udies 9 ,nor?-,we/ ,c5tral ,que5sl&1 p4 #aed4 #ejh ,div]sions ( a ,prime ,m9i/]1 p4 #bde4 #eji 8,%amanism10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ,,xxiv4 p4 #aed4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,totemism #a4 ,,mean+ ,,& ,,scope ,,( ,,totemism ,( v mu* less importance 9 ! hi/ory ( culture ?an ,animism or ,magic1 ,totemism int]e/s u by its /rang5ess4 ,to be desc5d$ f a crocodile1 or blood-bro!r to ! cr[1 or 8! same z a kang>oo0 mu/ be1 we ?9k1 ! grotesque notion ( a lunatic4 ,we nev] meet p :o believe su* a ?+2 x has no /ronghold 9 our own brea/s4 ,s mu* ! m surpris+ t x %\ld1 nev]!less1 be widely ent]ta9$4 ,x is1 inde$1 f> f univ]sal among mank9d1 probably mu* less anci5t ?an ,animism & c]ta9ly f> less endur+4 ,:]e x has prevail$ x is sometimes q =gott52 & 9 ! high] /ages ( human developm5t x has no influ5ce4 ,b e /ud5t ( e>ly in/itutions f9ds x necess>y to give himself "s intelligible acc\nt ( its nature & s\rces4 8,a ,totem10 says ,sir ,james ,fraz]1 8is a class ( mat]ial objects :i* a savage reg>ds ) sup]/iti\s respect1 believ+ t !re exi/s betwe5 him & e memb] ( ! class an intimate & altoge!r special relation40#eaj ,?is def9ition is sci5tifically drawn s z to include :at is common to all ,totems & n to include any "* t is n univ]sally connect$ ) !m4 ,x is true ( ! ,totems ( individuals 7or gu>dian g5ii71 v common among ! ,nor!rn ,am]9ds2 z well z ( ! ,sex-,totems 7say ,bat = m5 & ,owl = wom57 :i* occur 9 ,au/ralia2 & ( ! ,totems ( clans f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 ( :i* ! ,au/ralian may be suppos$ mo/ ne>ly to repres5t ! orig9al in/itution4 ,:5 "o speaks ( ,totems )\t qualification1 "o means ^! ,clan-,totems1 be+ incomp>ably ! mo/ important3 o!rs probably d]ive f !m4 8,! ,clan-,totem0 7to quote ! same s\rce7 8is rev]5c$ by a body ( m5 & wom5 :o call !mselves by ! "n ( ! ,totem1 believe !mselves to be ( "o blood1 desc5dants ( a common ance/or1 & are b\nd toge!r by common obligations to ea* o!r & by a common fai? 9 ! ,totem40#eaa ,?is def9ition is also /rict3 :]eas x is n uncommon = writ]s on ,totemism to include 9 _! notion ( ! ,totem o!r *>act]s :i* are accid5ts m or less (t5 associat$ ) x3 z t ! clan believes itself desc5d$ f ! ,totem2 ?\gh 9 _m cases ! clan traces its orig9 to some?+ t 0 nei!r ,totem nor man1 or reg>ds ! ,totem animal z desc5d$ f _! own human ance/ress1 or tells "s /ory ( ! trans=mation ( a man into an animal1 or ( an animal into a man1 or ( an ance/or's fri5d%ip ) ! ,totem animal2 = ! in/itution is a copi\s s\rce ( explanatory my?s4 ,aga91 x may be writt5 t no memb] ( a clan may kill or injure ! ,totem1 or eat1 or utilise x 7if an animal or plant72 & ?is is (t51 b n always true4 ,if ! ,totem is wat]1 or ! mo/ important food 9 ! di/rict--dugong1 turtle1 coconut1 sago--ab/5tion is impossible or intol]ably inconv5i5t4 ,h5ce among ! ,kaiti% a ,wat] clansman :5 alone may dr9k2 b if o!rs are ) him he may dr9k only :5 wat] is giv5 him by a man ( ano!r ,totem4 ,& to eat a little ( ! ,totem sacram5tally1 9 ord] to confirm "o's id5tity ) x1 may be all[$ or 7r7 requir$4 ,among ! ,w>ramunga ! ,snake clan may kill snakes4 ,x may ev5 be ! clan's duty to de/roy or drive away _! ,totem2 z happ5s ) ! ,mosquito clan ( ! ,kakadus 9 ,nor? ,au/ralia1 & ) ! ,reptile clan among/ ! ,omahas4 ,simil>ly1 ! clan sometimes1 b by no means always1 imitate ! ,totem 9 "*1 9 co/ume1 9 dances1 or be> 9 tattoo or o!rwise its badge to manife/ ! community ( nature4 ,!y may be ?\ght to h special magical p[]s to influ5ce its f]tility or to control its actions 7actions ( game or w9d or ra971 & may use ^! p[]s = ! b5efit ( ! tribe4 ,at dea? ! s\l ( a clansman may pass into1 or may appe> z1 ! ,totem animal4 ,! ,totem may be ! protector ( its clansm51 & 9 "s cases x seems to h become a god4 ,^! accid5ts ( ,totemism1 h[ev]1 are v irregul>ly diffus$ & "s ( !m are r>e4 ,mo/ important socially is ! connexion betwe5 ,totemism & ,m>riage-cu/oms4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases1 m5 & wom5 ( ! same ,totem may n int]m>ry2 ! ,totem clans are said to be exogam\s2 b !re are exceptions ev5 to ?is rule4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w--,am]ica1 ,africa1 ,india1 ,indonesia1 z well z ,au/ralia--tribes are divid$ into non-int]m>ry+ or exogam\s classes 7moieties or phratries72 sometimes ! classes are subdivid$1 & ev5 ! sub-classes aga9 79 p>ts ( ,au/ralia71 s t 9 all ! exogam\s classes are eight2 & ! rules conc]n+ ^! classes are su* z to prev5t ! m>riage ( bro!rs & si/]s1 p>5ts & *ildr5 & fir/ c\s9s4 ,! ,totem clans are usually di/ribut$ among/ ! ,m>riage-classes2 be+ probably ! old] in/itution 7:e!r or n orig9ally exogam\s71 !y may be said to h be5 subord9at$ by ! =mation ( ! classes2 & 9 ! matt] ( m>riage !y foll[ ! class rules4 ,b ! ,arunta ) "s neighb\r+ tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ?\gh divid$ into eight exogam\s classes1 h n subord9at$ ! ,totem clans2 :i*1 accord+ly1 are n exogam\s4 ,if ,exogamy 0 orig9ally ! vital utility ( ,totemism1 ! in/itution is und]m9$ by ! ,m>riage-classes1 :e!r ! clans are subord9at$ to ! classes & m]ely repeat _! rules1 or are n subord9at$ & lose _! ,exogamy4 ,?is may expla9 :y ! classes prevail m widely ?an ,totems1 & may be f\nd :]e ,totemism seems to h become ext9ct4 #b4 ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,totemism ,x has already be5 said t ,totemism does n prevail univ]sally among/ mank9d4 ,!re is v little evid5ce ( its hav+ exi/$ among/ ! ance/ors ( ! ,indo-,european peoples2 & x seems to be unkn[n to _m ( ! mo/ primitive ( surviv+ tribes--! ,bos*mans1 ,v$das1 ,puranas 7,borneo71 ,&amanese1 ,yaghans 7,ti]ra del ,fuego7 & ,cali=nian ,indians4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 some?+ f\nd$ 9 human nature itself1 b mu/ h orig9at$ 7:e!r 9 "o or 9 sev]al places7 "u p>ticul> conditions4 ,!re is "s probability t ! e>lie/ ,totems 7 animals4 ,:]ev] ,totems are f\nd mo/ ( !m are animals4 ,a li/ ( ,totems recognis$ 9 ,nor? ,au/ralia1 giv5 by ,sp5c] & ,gill51#eab comprises #bjb altoge!r3 ,animals #afd1eac ,plants #bb1 ,inanimate #af4 ,! animals 7except insects7 & plants are ne>ly all edible4 ,to hunt]s animals mu/ h be5 ( all ?+s ! mo/ int]e/+2 next1 c]ta9 plants1 especially to wom54 ,animals l5d ! greate/ plausibility to any notion ( blood-relation%ip4 ,! inanimate ,totems include "s :i* x is v desirable to control by ,magic1 su* z ,wat]1 ,w9d1 ,fire1 ,sun1 ,moon & ! ,boom]ang4 ,g5]ally1 no d\bt1 ,totemism is anci5t2 b 9 "s cases ! exi/+ ,totems mu/ be rec5t1 z among ! ,bahima ( ,ug&a4#ead ,ne>ly all _! ,totems are diff]5t col\r$ c[s1 or "s "p ( a c[1 & mu/ h be5 adopt$ s9ce ! advance to pa/oral life--at a /age ( culture1 !re=e1 mu* above ! ,au/ralian4 8,split ,totems10 aris+ on ! division ( a clan by divid+ its ,totem 7z ! ,omahas compris$ ,buffalo-heads1 ,buffalo-tails1 etc4#eae71 7 probably =m$ by delib]ate agreem5t1 & _h ! incid5tal advantage t a clansman's food-taboo did n ext5d to ! :ole buffalo1 ! /aple food ( ! tribe1 b only to ! head or tail4 ,among/ ! ,au/ralian aborig9es1 ! gr\p ( beliefs & practices includ$ 91 or connect$ )1 ,totemism are ( su* int5se & widespread social importance1 t x mu/ h prevail$ among/ !m = _m g5]ations4 ,! nor!rn ,am]9ds are s mu* 9 advance ( ! ,au/ralians 9 social organisation1 culture & m5tality1 t if _! ,totemism has desc5d$ to !m f a "t :5 !y liv$ at ! ,au/ralian level1 its hi/ory mu/ g back n m]ely = _m g5]ations b = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,& if ,egyptian gods1 su* z ,ha?or & ,anubis1 7 =m]ly ,totems1 ! retrospect becomes /ill long]4 ,i am n aw>e ( any direct evid5ce ( ! prehi/oric exi/5ce ( ,totemism1 su* z we h1 9 "s anci5t burials1 ( ! exi/5ce ( ,animism2 b "s paloli?ic c>v+s or pa9t+s may h _h totemic significance4 ,x foll[s t any acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ,totemism c only be hypo!tical4 ,7 ?is all1 inde$1 x w\ld be on ! same foot ) ,magic & ,animism2 b x is n all4 ,t ,magic %\ld arise f belief 9 my/]i\s =ces & f confus+ co9cid5ce ) causation1 or t ,animism %\ld result f a confusion betwe5 dreams & objective exp]i5ce 7) ! help ( ,magic-ideas7 is highly probable2 because su* errors are active to ?is day1 & !y seem to spr+ up 9 primitive m9ds by psy*ological necessity2 ?\gh x may n be intr9sically necess>y t ! errors %\ld be p]petuat$ & sy/ematis$ z1 9 g5]al1 !y h be54 ,b ! case ( ,totemism is diff]5t2 = we d n see--at lea/1 no "o has yet %[n--any sort ( necessity :y 9 c]ta9 cases clans %\ld h borne ! names ( c]ta9 animals3 & ?is is ! root ( ! :ole matt]4 ,inde$1 ?is practice1 n be+ univ]sal1 _c be necess>y2 & x may h _h sev]al diff]5t orig9s4 ,any relevant hypo!sis1 !re=e1 c claim no m ?an to agree ) ! kn[n facts bett] ?an rival hypo!ses2 we _c expect to d$uce x f laws ( human nature2 :il/ /ill ano!r hypo!sis j z good may any day be put =w>d by "s speculative g5ius2 & ! d\bt mu/ always rema9 :e!r "s important facts ( ,totemism h n be5 lo/ :i*1 c\ld !y be recov]$1 w\ld prove all our guesses to h be5 made 9 va94 ,9 spite ( ^! disc\rag+ consid]ations1 sev]al hypo!ses h be5 propos$3 ?is also is = u a sort ( psy*ological necessity4 ,!y may be gr\p$ into two classes1 accord+ z !y assume ! totemic names to h be5 orig9ally names ( individuals or ( :ole clans4 ,all seem to assume t "o explanation mu/ hold good = all ! cases4 ,( hypo!ses t trace totemic names to individuals !re is1 fir/1 ,sp5c]'s2 namely1 t ! "n ( an animal or plant 0 fir/ giv5 to an individual1 & !n inh]it$ by 8 family2 :o aft] a "t =got 8 p]sonality1 rememb]$ only _! desc5t f su* a "n1 & assum$ t _! ance/or mu/ h be5 an animal or plant su* z /ill bore t "n4 ,secondly1 !re is ! explanation (f]$ by ,pr(4 ,franz ,boas1 t ! fir/ ,totems 7 gu>dian spirits ( individuals1 & t ^! became ,clan-,totems ( _! desc5dants4 ,= ?is acc\nt x may be said t among ! ,nor!rn ,am]9ds ! belief 9 gu>dian spirits ( individuals 7g5]ally "s animal7 is univ]sally diffus$1 & p]haps ( great] importance ?an ! ,clan-,totems1 see+ t ^! are subord9ate to ! ,m>riage-classes3 moreov]1 ! ,totems are r>ely1 if ev]1 believ$ to h be5 ance/ors4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,au/ralia1 gu>dian spirits ( individuals are r>e1 :il/ ,totemism is univ]sal4 ,s t1 if we suppose only "o orig9 ( ! in/itution1 x is m reasonable to view ! gu>dian _s z d]iv$ f ! ,clan-,totem4 ,9 ,borneo we f9d ! gu>dian _s ) "s traits simil> to ! ,am]ican1 b mu* less g5]ally1 :il/ !re is n[ no pla9ly m>k$ ,totemism3 b !re are sev]al beliefs ak9 to ^? ( ,totemism :i* may be m>ks ( its =m] exi/5ce2 &1 if s1 ! gu>dian _s may also be "o ( its relics4#eaf ,?irdly1 ,fraz]'s hypo!sis1 t ,totems orig9at$ 9 ! fancies ( pregnant wom51 :o1 ignorant ( physiological causes1 suppos$ t t :i* /irr$ )9 !m mu/ be "s animal or plant t _h ent]$ !m2 s t ! *ild :5 born c\ld be no o!r ?an t animal or plant4 ,( hypo!ses :i* reg>d totemic names z f ! fir/ names ( gr\ps we h1 fir/1 ,max ,mll]'s1 t !y orig9at$ ) clan m>ks4#eag ,b 9 ,au/ralia clan m>ks are n (t5 to be f\nd4 ,secondly1 ,pr(essor ,f4 ,b4 ,jevons'1 t ! ,totem 0 orig9ally "s animal adopt$ by ! tribe z a fri5dly natural p[]1 aid+ !m 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4#eah ,b1 if s1 ?is "* seems to h be5 lo/1 or greatly att5uat$ 9 ,au/ralia1 & 9 ,am]ica belongs to ! gu>dian _s r ?an to ! ,totem4 ,?irdly1 ,dr4 ,haddon's1 t ! ,totem "n 0 d]iv$ by a gr\p f ! animal or plant :i* 0 its pr9cipal food2 b cases to support ?is sugge/ion are v few4 ,f\r?ly1 ,&rew ,lang's1 t gr\p names 7 obta9$ 9 "s way--p]haps impos$ ^u ea* gr\p by o!rs1 & accept$2 & t names ( animals or plants hav+ be5 obta9$ 9 any way1 & ! orig9 =gott51 j su* beliefs conc]n+ ! relation ( ! gr\p to its namesake w\ld be likely to arise1 z 9 fact we f9d among/ ,totemi/s4#eai ,= want ( space to discuss all ^! doctr9es ,i %all deal *iefly ) ^? ( ,fraz] & ,lang4 #c4 ,,! ,,conceptional ,,hypo!sis ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 aft] v c&idly rel9qui%+ two e>ly sugge/ions--by no means fanciful--conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ,totemism1 z unsupport$ by suffici5t evid5ce1 has put =w>d a ?ird--8conceptional ,totemism0--:i* occurr$ to him ^u ! discov]y by ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 ( ! doctr9e ( totemic desc5t preval5t among/ ! ,arunta & alli$ tribes4 ,^! tribes are said n to be aw>e ( ! connexion betwe5 sexual int]c\rse & pregnancy4 ,!y say t a *ild is ! result ( ! entry into a woman ( ! _s ( "s pre-exi/+ tribesman ( ?is or t ,totem2 :i*1 !re=e1 w also be ! *ild's4 ,:at ,totem x is dep5ds ^u ! place :]e ! woman fir/ becomes aw>e ( quick5+2 = !re are c]ta9 places kn[n to ! natives :]e ! p ( su* or su* a ,totem 8w5t into ! gr\nd0 p]haps 7 buri$2 & 9 pass+ su* a place any woman is liable to be impregnat$ by "o ( ! disc>nate spirits2 :o are always on ! look-out = an opportunity to re-ent] ! mortal /ate4 ,?is is ! real cause ( pregnancy1 = :i* m>riage is m]ely a prep>ation4#ebj ,a "y woman :o does n desire ! dignity ( a matron1 :5 pass+ su* haunt$ gr\nd1 runs cr\*+ by1 & cries out t %e is an old woman2 = facility 9 be+ deceiv$ is a sav+ grace ( spirits4 ,9 modifi$ =ms ?is doctr9e ( 8no pat]nity & re-inc>nation0 is pr(ess$ by tribes ?r\gh\t ! c5tre & nor? ( ! cont95t1 9 ,que5sl& & 9 p>ts ( ,we/ ,au/ralia4#eba ,! ,arunta doctr9e ( conception by animal or plant spirits _c1 h[ev]1 be ! orig9 ( ,totemism2 because1 z ,sir ,james ,fraz] po9ts out1 ! impregnat+ spirits are already totemic4 ,"o mu/1 !re=e1 suppose 7he says7 an e>li] /ate ( ?+s1 9 :i* a woman1 ignorant ( ! true causes ( *ildbir?1 imag9$ at ! fir/ symptoms ( pregnancy 7by :i* ! quick5+ seems to be meant7 t %e _h be5 ent]$ by "s object1 or by ! _s ( "s object1 :i* _h be5 engag+ h] att5tion at ! "t1 or :i* %e may h be5 eat+--a wallaby1 emu1 plum or grass-se$--& lat] believ$ t ! *ild %e b>e mu/ be1 or be an inc>nation (1 t object or _s1 & 9 fact no?+ else ?an a wallaby1 emu1 plum or grass-se$ ) ! appe>ance ( a human be+4 ,if o!r wom5 _h simil> exp]i5ces 9 connexion ) o!r animals or plants1 & if ! desc5dants ( _! *ildr5 rememb]$ ! /ories1 & consid]$ !mselves to be wallabies1 grass-se$ & s =?1 ! hypo!sis w\ld fully expla9 t id5tification ( gr\ps ( m5 ) gr\ps ( ?+s :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,totemism2 & ! o!r *>act]s naturally foll[4 ,su* is ! conceptional !ory ( ,totemism1 d]iv+ t in/itution f 8! sick fancies ( pregnant wom540#ebb ,circum/ances1 :i* ,sir ,james ,fraz] reg>ds z v simil> to ^? :i* he imag9$ z hav+ prevail$ at "s =m] "t among/ ! ,arunta1 h be5 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,riv]s at ,mota & ,motl> 9 ! ,banks ,isl&s4 ,!re _m p are 8by ! cu/om ( ! isl&0 n p]mitt$ to eat c]ta9 animals or fruits or ev5 to t\* c]ta9 trees2 because !y are believ$ to be ^? animals or plants--_! mo!rs hav+ suff]$ "s influ5ce f su* animals or plants at conception or at "s subsequ5t p]iod ( pregnancy4 8,! c\rse ( ev5ts is usually z foll[s3 a woman1 sitt+ d[n 9 h] g>d51 or 9 ! bu%1 or on ! %ore1 f9ds an animal or fruit 9 h] lo9-clo?4 ,%e takes x up & c>ries x to ! village1 :]e %e asks ! mean+ ( ! appe>ance4 ,! p say t %e w give bir? to a *ild :o w h ! *>act]s ( ?is animal1 or ev5 7x appe>$7 w\ld be himself or h]self t animal40#ebc ,%e takes x to its prop] home1 tries to keep x1 & fe$s x2 b aft] a "t x w disappe>1 & is !n believ$ to h ent]$ into h]4 ,!re is no belief 9 physical impregnation by ! animal1 nor ( its invad+ ! woman z a physical object2 su* an animal seems to be consid]$ z 8m or less sup]natural1 a _s-animal1 f ! beg9n+40 8,! belief is n accompani$ by any ignorance ( ! physical rle ( ! human fa!r40 ,app>5tly ! prohibition aga9/ eat+ animals or plants ?us connect$ ) oneself re/s on ! idea t x w\ld am\nt to eat+ oneself--a sort ( cannibalism4 ,"o p>takes ( its physical & m5tal *>act]s4 ,b ! resemblance to1 & ! taboo on eat+1 a c]ta9 animal are individual matt]s2 !re is no belief 9 _! be+ pass$ on to "o's desc5dants4 ,9 ?is alone ! belief at ,mota falls %ort ( ,totemism4 8,yet x occurs 9 a p ^: social sy/em has no totemic features at ! pres5t "t1 :atev] x may h _h 9 ! pa/40#ebd ,possibly =m] ,totem-clans h be5 m]g$ 9 secret societies1 b !re is no cle> evid5ce ( x4 ,9 ,melanesia1 ,totemism occurs 9 ,fiji1 ,%ortl& ,isl&s1 ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago 7probably71 ,reef ,isl&s1 ,santa ,cruz1 ,vanikolo & 9 "s regions ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 b n 9 ! ,banks ,isl&s nor 9 ! ,torres ,isl&s to ! s\?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is hypo!sis t ,totemism is d]iv$ f ! fancies ( wom5 conc]n+ ! causes ( _! own pregnancy sugge/s sev]al adv]se consid]ations4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is to me incr$ible t ! ,arunta are really ignorant ( pat]nity2 "y wom5 & *ildr5 p]haps may be1 b n ! s5iors4 ,my reasons = ?9k+ s are set out at l5g? 9 ! ,j4,r4,a4,i41 #ahai 7p4 #adf71 namely1 t ! facts ( *ildbir? are too int]e/+ to be ov]look$ or miscon/ru$1 & are well )9 ! grasp ( savage und]/&+2 t ^? :o ?9k ! ,arunta capable ( su* /upidity h att5d$ too exclusively to p>ticul> incid5ts ( pregnancy1 especially ! quick5+1 & h n consid]$ t !re is a def9ite s]ies ( closely connect$ incid5ts2 t !re is te/imony1 n to be lightly put aside1 t ! old m5 "k ! tru? 9 ! case ( human be+s1 & t k ( ! p>allel ph5om5a among/ animals is %>$ ev5 by ! ,arunta *ildr52 t x is possible = k to be repress$ by dogma )\t be+ ext+ui%$2 t ?is is an old man's dogma1 & t we mu/ n assume t 9 ,au/ralia1 any m ?an 9 ,europe1 :at p are accu/om$ to say is good evid5ce ( :at !y really believe2#ebe t o!r tribes at ! same level ( culture1 9 ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 are s conv9c$ ( ! importance ( pat]nity t !y say ! *ild proce$s entirely f ! fa!r2 t ^? :o d5y pat]nity %[ by _! cu/oms & my?s t !y are secretly aw>e ( x2 &1 f9ally1 t 9 "s cases !y h cle> motives = ma9ta9+ ! dogma & suppress+ ! tru?4 ,secondly1 ! obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,riv]s 9 ! ,banks ,isl&s give n ! slighte/ support to ! conceptional hypo!sis4 ,= 7a7 ! ,banks ,isl&s belief 8is n accompani$ by any ignorance ( ! physical rle ( ! human fa!r40 7b7 ,! belief is t ! *ild born to a woman :o has be5 visit$ by a plant or animal is 9 "s way 8influ5c$0 by ! exp]i5ce2 n1 z ) ! ,arunta1 t x is entirely due to x 7except = "s 8prep>ation0 by ! fa!r74 7c7 ,be=e ! ,banks ,isl&s belief c give rise to ,totemism !re mu/ be a belief 9 ! cont9u\s inh]itance ( ! plant or animal influ5ce2 & n only is ?is abs5t1 b !re is a /rong t5d5cy to prev5t x4 ,a woman hav+ be5 influ5c$ by an eel1 h] *ild is an eel2 b if t *ild be a girl1 !re is no fur!r transmission ( eel-l qualities2 ! girl1 on becom+ pregnant1 may be influ5c$ by a yam1 & !n h] *ild w be a yam4 ,?is h9d]s ! =mation ( a gr\p ( human be+s my/]i\sly alli$ to an animal or plant1 su* z ,totemism implies4 ,b 7d7 ! conceptional hypo!sis ref]s ! orig9 ( ,totemism to ! ignorant imag9+s ( wom5 !mselves1 :o ?9k !y h be5 ent]$ by ?is or t2 :]eas 9 ! ,banks ,isl&s a woman's belief 9 ! influ5ce ( an animal or plant ^u h] (fspr+ is n prompt$ by h] own fancy1 b by a popul> sup]/ition4 ,= :5 %e c>ries ! ?+ f\nd 9 h] lo9-clo? to ! village1 8! p say0 %e w give bir? to a *ild :o w h ! qualities (1 or ev5 w be t ?+2 & a *ild aft]w>ds born may n eat or t\* t ?+ 8by ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry40 ,_h ! ,arunta1 !n1 ( pre-totemic days su* a sup]/ition & cu/om = ! guidance ( mo!rs8 ,if s1 ! hi/ory ( t sup]/ition & cu/om mu/ be m obscure ?an ,totemism itself4 ,b 9 ! ,banks ,isl&s _! orig9 may admit ( a wide solution2 = al?\gh x is said t no manife/ traces ( ,totemism are to be f\nd !re n[2 yet1 see+ t ! ,au/ralians1 ,papuans1 ,polynesians & ! ,melanesians to ! nor? all h ,totemism or pla9 ve/iges ( x1 ! improbability t ,melanesians 9 ! ,banks ,isl&s nev] _h x is v great2 & x is reasonable to suppose t ! sup]/ition conc]n+ ! influ5ce ( animals or plants ^u pregnant wom51 & ! taboo ^u ! eat+ ( su* an animal or plant by ! (fspr+1 repres5t n a possible orig9 ( ,totemism1 b a survival ( x4 ,^! consid]ations raise a fur!r "q z to ! employm5t ( ! ,comp>ative ,me?od4 ,natives ( ! ,banks ,isl&s are f> 9 advance ( ! ,arunta 9 all ! arts ( life1 z well z 9 relation to ,totemism :i* !y seem to h outliv$4 ,is x admissible to take "s trait ( _! life z an example ( :at may h exi/$ among/ ! ,arunta at a /age ( culture :i* is g5]ally assum$ to h be5 inf]ior ev5 to ! pres5t8 ,:5 ! antec$5ts ( an in/itution h be5 lo/ among/ any giv5 p1 & we set out to supply !m f p>allel cases among/ o!r peoples1 mu/ we n require ! same relative ord] ( developm5t8 ,if a social ph5om5on is f\nd 9 ! ,banks ,isl&s1 its possibility is prov$2 b /rictly x 0 possible only :]e x occurr$3 else:]e we c expect only some?+ simil>1 accord+ to ! simil>ity ( o!r relevant circum/ances4 ,comp>+ ! ,banks ,isl&s & _! p ) ,c5tral ,au/ralia & its p1 "o discov]s h>dly any?+ common to !m4 ,& ,arunta tradition 7:atev] wor?7 %[s no sign ( any?+ l ! s\!rn ,melanesian culture3 ! ,al*]+a ance/ors are repres5t$ z hav+ be5 already ,totemi/s4 ,to assume1 h[ev]1 t ! =m] condition ( ! ,arunta 0 ev5 l[] ?an ! pres5t1 may n be ju/ifiable3 social deg5]ation is n uncommon4 ,!re w\ld be some?+ to guide our judgm5t if we knew h[ rec5tly ! desiccation ( _! c\ntry approa*$ its pres5t sev]ity4 ,b1 9 any case1 c we suppose x to h be5 at all l ! ,melanesian8 #d4 ,,&rew ,,lang',s ,,hypo!sis ,9 "s v remote age--to summ>ise ,lang's /atem5t--at a level ( culture inf]ior to t ( exi/+ ,au/ralians1 di/9ctive names 7 acquir$ by small gr\ps ( mank9d4 ,s9ce a gr\p ne$s names = o!r gr\ps m ?an = itself 7= itself x consi/s ( 8m50 z contra/$ ) o!r k9ds ( animals71 names may at fir/ h be5 be/[$ ^u ea* gr\p by "s o!r1 or o!rs1 9 its neighb\rhood--probably names ( animals or plants--& accept$ by ea*2 = no opprobrium atta*es to su* names4 ,9 ,social ,orig9s ,lang (f]s evid5ce conc]n+ names 7ev5 depreciatory & mock+ names7 hav+ be5 conf]r$ 9 ?is way & accept$2 b 9 ,! ,secret ( ! ,totem1#ebf he says t h[ gr\ps got _! names is n ess5tial to 8 !ory4 ,!y may h be5 giv51 or adopt$1 on acc\nt ( a gr\p's /aple food 7,haddon72 or because ( "s animal or plant *>act]i/ic ( a gr\p's t]ritory2 or = "s fanci$ resemblance ( its memb]s to "s animal4 ,! important po9t is t1 f ! fir/1 !y 7 names ( gr\ps--n d]iv$ f ! names ( individuals4 ,at ! e>ly p]iod assum$ = ^! ev5ts !re 0 n a long en\gh memory ( individuals to make _! names tradition>y2 &1 inde$1 ! reckon+ ( desc5t 9 ! female l9e 7:i* ,lang reg>ds z univ]sally ! mo/ anci5t cu/om7 mu/ h prev5t$ ! inh]itance ( ! names ( male ance/ors4 ,:atev] may h occasion$ ! fir/ fix+ ( names1 ) ! flight ( "t ! circum/ances 7 =gott52 & gr\ps ( m5 & wom5 f\nd !mselves ) names--! names ( animals or plants--)\t kn[+ :y4 ,! be>+ ( a "n 9 common ) an animal or plant inevitably sugge/$ to ! savage a my/]i\s connexion ) ! species--p]haps t !y _h ! same sort ( s\l4 ,x gave rise to an explanatory my?1 & ! analogy ( family relation%ip sugge/$ a blood-bond3 ! animal or plant mu/ be "o's ance/or1 bro!r1 or primal ance/ral =m4 ,f ?is idea foll[s a reg>d = x1 respect1 rev]5ce3 x mu/ n be kill$1 or eat51 or us$ 9 any way2 x may be protect$1 may be helpful2 x is a ,totem4 ,! connexion ( ,totemism ) ,exogamy 7! cu/om ( m>ry+ outside ! gr\p or k97 ,lang conceives ( 9 ?is way4 ,adopt+ a sugge/ion ( ,d>w9's1#ebg & ! s*eme ( 8 c\s91 ,j4 ,j4 ,atk9son 9 ,primal ,law1 t ! prim>y human gr\p consi/$ ( a p[]ful male ) "o or m wives & _! *ildr51 he argues t ! jeal\sy ( ! head ( ?is family impos$ ! rule--8,no male to t\* ! females 9 my camp40 ,! sons1 !re=e1 z !y grew up1 7 driv5 out1 & mu/ f9d wives else:]e4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ,exogamy1 & x may h prec$$ ! rise ( ,totemism2 b ,totemism1 once e/abli%$1 /r5g!n$ ! cu/om ( ,exogamy by my/]i\s sanctions4 ,z ! ,totem might n be eat51 or 9 any way us$ or t\*$1 s a woman ( ! same ,totem c\ld n be m>ri$2 & t n only )9 _! imm$iate family-gr\p1 b n ev5 by a male ( any gr\p hav+ ! same ,totem4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ma9ta9+ ?is hypo!sis aga9/ ^? :o w\ld d]ive ,totems f ! names & traditions ( individuals1 ,lang seems to me to lay too mu* /ress ^u ! difficulty ( e/abli%+ a tradition ( desc5t among/ p :o trace desc5t 7z he w\ld say7 8on ! sp9dle side40 ,if ! tradition began f a woman 7z x might d71 !re is no difficulty2 & ev5 if x began f a man1 x is conceivable t 8 wom5-folk %\ld adopt x4 ,moreov]1 9 ! op9ion ( bo? ,we/]m>ck & ,fraz]1 x has n be5 %[n t ! reckon+ ( desc5t 9 ! female l9e is orig9al & univ]sal4 ,/ill1 ! fur!r we pu% back ! orig9 ( ,totemism ! m difficult x is to und]/& ! gr[? ( a tradition ( ! desc5t & inh]itance ( ! "n & p]sonal qualities ( an individual2 & ?is difficulty is avoid$ by an hypo!sis :i* d]ives ,totemism f ! animal- or plant-names ( gr\ps ( m5 & wom54 ,t su* names 7 conf]r$ ^u ea* gr\p by o!rs 9 ! neighb\rhood is a reasonable conjecture2#ebh be+ ! e>lie/ names ( gr\ps !y _c be call$ nicknames2 & ! names ( animals or plants ne$ 9 no way h be5 (f5sive4 ,x is /ill m reasonable to urge t1 hav+ be5 adopt$ by a gr\p1 ! circum/ances ( _! acquisition w\ld1 9 a few g5]ations1 be =gott51 & t !y w\ld !n become ! gr\nd ( my?s & my/]i\s totemic beliefs4 ,b does any "o ?9k t x w n[ ev] be possible to decide ) confid5ce :]e1 :51 h[ or :y ! names 7 giv5 at fir/8 ,i d n4 ,z to ! orig9 ( ,exogamy1 ,i _c believe t ! primitive human gr\ps 7 su* z ,lang describ$2 &1 if n1 "s o!r orig9 ( t cu/om mu/ be s\ght4 #e4 ,,totemism ,,& ,,m>riage ,g5]ally m5 & wom5 ( ! same ,totem _c m>ry4 ,tribes1 su* z ! ,arunta1 t d n obs]ve ?is rule are s few t x is reasonable to consid] !m ab]rant2 s t 9 ea* case ! non-co9cid5ce ( ,totemism & ,exogamy is a di/9ct problem4 ,nev]!less1 !re is reason to ?9k t ^! in/itutions h n ! same orig94 ,= sev]al primitive tribes1 "s ( !m inf]ior 9 culture to ! av]age ,au/ralian1 h cu/oms ( ,exogamy1 or 7at lea/7 =bidd+ m>riage betwe5 individuals ( "s c]ta9 description1 :o h n1 & are n kn[n ev] to h recognis$ ,totemism4 ,_m tribes1 aga91 :o by _! e?nological position may be suppos$ once to h ent]ta9$ ,totemism1 h ab&on$ x1 b /ill ma9ta9 ,exogamy by means ( ,m>riage-classes 7phratries7 or o!rwise4 ,fur!r1 _m nations ( advanc$ culture _c be %[n ev] to h be5 totemi/s1 b h always 7z f> back z c be trac$7 en=c$ ,exogamy s f> z to prohibit m>riage )9 c]ta9 degrees ( k9dr$4 ,& t ! connexion betwe5 ,totemism & ,exogamy is n orig9al b acquir$1 is indicat$ by ! consid]ation t ! mo/ obvi\s t5d5cy ( ,totemism w\ld be to fav\r ,endogamy 7! practice ( n m>ry+ outside c]ta9 limits71 on ! obvi\s pr9ciple t z an animal kang>oo mates ) an animal kang>oo1 s a human kang>oo %\ld m>ry a human kang>oo4 ,?is is s obvi\s t ! opposite rule t a human kang>oo mu/ n m>ry ano!r "o1 b 7zoological p>adox67 only an emu or a wit*ety-grub1 seems p]v]se1 & only to be expla9$ by ! influ5ce ( "s sup]/ition or incid5tal cu/om4 ,accord+ to ,arunta tradition1 _! ance/ors 9 ! ,al*]+a 7 endogam\s4 ,:e!r ,exogamy orig9at$ 9 ! days ( ! hunt+-pack--:i* is s f> probable t ! ,bos*mans obs]v$ x--or dur+ ! recon/itution ( society aft] ! break+ up ( ! packs1 or ev5 lat]1 or 9 "s regions at "o p]iod1 9 o!rs at ano!r1 is1 ,i fe>1 beyond our p[] ( v]ifiable guess+4 ,! be/ hypo!sis z to ! gr\nds ( ! cu/om is ,we/]m>ck's1 namely1 t an in/9ct ( mutual avoidance grew up betwe5 ne> k94 ,?is requires t at ! "t ( its orig9ation promiscuity ( sexual relations %\ld n h prevail$ 9 ! human /ock1 s9ce t w\ld h de/roy$ ! conditions necess>y to ! rise ( su* an in/9ct4 ,if promiscuity 0 ev] widely practis$1 x mu/ h be5 aft] ! break+ up ( ! hunt+-packs4 ,t at "s /age ( human life1 & app>5tly ) "s ,au/ralian tribes n a remote "o1 promiscuity 0 e/abli%$1 has be5 argu$ 7on ! gr\nd ( "s ,au/ralian cu/oms7 ) mu* plausibility2 b 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1#ebi ,we/]m>ck has exam9$ ?is op9ion v c>efully1 & concludes t x is n t5able4 ,8 reason+ seems to me good ?r\gh\t2 &1 hav+ no?+ important to add to x1 ,i ref] ! read] to 8 "w4 ,:e!r among/ an?ropoids any in/9ctive avoidance prevails1 prev5t+ :at we conceive ( z ince/1 nobody kn[s4 ,) _! solit>y families1 ! gr[? ( su* a disposition may be m difficult ?an among/ greg>i\s animals 7su* z our ance/ors _h become long be=e !y c\ld be call$ 8human071 :o f9d o!r families at h& to int]m>ry )2 ?\gh ! primitive human b&s probably 7 n l>ge4 ,savages n[ at ! l[e/ level1 su* z ! ,v$das or ,yaghans1 r>ely =m p>ties ( m ?an ?irty or =ty4 ,! ,bos*mans1 be=e _! tribal habits 7 de/roy$ 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( la/ c5tury1 ?\gh sometimes assembl+ 9 l>ge numb]s = ! great hunts by means ( /ockade traps1 yet 7 usually scatt]$ 9 gr\ps ( a few families4 ,x is n likely t _! remote =efa!rs consort$ 9 l>g] numb]s3 eight or t5 families may h be5 en\gh to co-op]ate 9 hunt+1 or 9 mutual def5ce4 ,)9 ea* family con/itut+ su* a b& ! t5d5cy to ,exogamy may fir/ h manife/$ itself4 ,we/]m>ck's hypo!sis conc]n+ ,exogamy 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1#ecj & has be5 re-/at$ 9 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas4#eca ,9 ! =m] "w he fully discusses ! evid5ce z to ! effects ( ! int]-bre$+ ( ne> k91 & concludes t x is probably injuri\s4 ,! evid5ce is conflict+1 b 8 conclusion seems to me ju/ifiable4 ,& he rightly po9ts out t if1 among/ civilis$ nations1 ! mis*ief ( inbre$+ is n always manife/1 x 0 probably mu* great] among/ primitive savages3 7#a7 because ! blood ( ! /ock 0 pur]2 = 9 mod]n ,europe 7e4 g47 e m>riage br+s toge!r _m diff]5t /ra9s4 7#b7 ,because communities 7 !n mu* small]2 s t "u endogam\s conditions :atev] vice may beset inbre$+ w\ld1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 be p]petuat$ & exagg]at$ )\t relief4 ,x may be add$ t ) ,endogamy ! "y folk are likely to beg9 to bre$ e>li]--p]haps by two or ?ree ye>s--?an !y w\ld ) ,exogamy2 & !re is no d\bt t ! m>riage ( immature individuals is highly injuri\s to ! race4 ,b if inbre$+ 0 injuri\s1 ,natural ,selection fav\r$ any family or b& t practis$ ,exogamy4 ,t any %\ld h done s on rational gr\nds1 to avoid ! obs]v$ evil effects ( inbre$+1 _c be suppos$4 ,! motive mu/ h be5 bl9d to ! consequ5ces1 & may h tak5 ! =m ( coldness t[>d ^? ( opposite sex ) :om "o _h gr[n up f infancy1 or ( av]sion to ! idea ( m>ry+ !m4 ,su* dispositions ,natural ,selection pres]v$1 & !y h desc5d$ to ourselves2 = su* 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! abhorr5ce ( ince/4 ,i conjecture t ?is feel+ fir/ %[$ itself )9 ! family1 & l$ ! families ( a b& to ex*ange _! daught]s2 & t lat] x ext5d$ to all memb]s ( ! same b&1 & t wives 7 !n s\ght f o!r b&s4 ,probably wives 7 obta9$ sometimes by capture or enticem5t1 sometimes by ex*ange s f> z amicable relations ) neighb\rs prevail$3 = ! evid5ce is f> f %[+ t 8m>riage by capture0 0 ev] a g5]al cu/om2 :il/ our k ( ! ,au/ralians & ,bos*mans %[s t neighb\r+ b&s ( savages are n always ho/ile4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s may h exi/$ = ages be=e ! rise ( ,totemism1 & among/ races t nev] adopt$ ,totemism4 ,:5 names ( animals 7 fir/ giv5 to1 or adopt$ by1 v>i\s gr\ps1 ,totemism some:]e 7p]haps 9 sev]al places7 result$1 z a belief 9 ! magical or spiritual connexion betwe5 m5 & animals ( ! same "n4 ,b ! b&s t adopt$ ,totemism 7 already exogam\s1 hav+ an av]sion to m>riage ) o!rs ( ! same b&2 & ! practice ( ,exogamy 0 ?us br\ght "u ! my/]i\s sanction ( totemic ideas4 ,x w\ld !n be fur!r ext5d$ to b> m>riage ) ^? ( ! same ,totem 9 o!r gr\ps4 ,totemic sanctions may h be5 useful 9 confirm+ ! ,exogamy ( "s gr\ps1 b all sup]/iti\s aids to "r conduct are liable to p]v]se issues1 & at be/ !y are second be/4 ,totemism prev5ts consangu9e\s m>riages1 b also prev5ts m>riage ) ?\s&s ( p :]e no blood-relation%ip is traceable4 ,if any races 7 able to p]ceive t ! int]e/ ( ,exogamy 0 ! prev5tion ( m>riage betwe5 ne> k91 & !n to keep acc\nt ( k9%ip & gov]n !mselves accord+ly1 !y *ose ! bett] "p4 ,"s exceptions to ! rule t ,totem-clans are exogam\s may1 p]haps1 be expla9$ by suppos+ t c]ta9 b&s _h n adopt$ ,exogamy :5 !y became totemi/s--may n ?is h happ5$ among/ ! ,arunta8--& t !y h s9ce le>nt ,exogamy "u o!r conditions f neighb\r+ p1 or by conque/4 ,among/ ! o!r possible conditions !re are ! rem>kable ,m>riage-classes1 or phratries t prevail 9 ,au/ralia1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & less regul>ly 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,^! ,m>riage-classes are consid]$ by "s e?nologi/s to be ( delib]ate in/itution--a re=m = ! regulation ( ,exogamy2 & ,sp5c] & ,gill51 :o knew ! ,au/ralians s intimately1 ?\ght su* a law--?\gh its intricacy a/oni%es mo/ ,europeans & /umbles _m--0 n beyond _! p[] ( excogitation4 ,^u t po9t x w\ld be absurd ( me to h any op9ion4 ,b to suppose delib]ate int5tion is contr>y to ! usual me?od ( int]pret+ savage in/itutions3 a savage language is a sy/em ( cu/oms mu* m intricate & ref9$ ?an ! ,m>riage-classes1 & n g5]ally believ$ to h orig9at$ ) ! delib]ate enactm5t ( rules ( gramm>4 ,i conjecture t ^? classes result$ at fir/ f a gr\p+ ( exogam\s ,totem-clans :i* grew up by cu/om1 & t ! only delib]ate "w consi/$ 9 "s m9or adju/m5ts ( clan-relations4 ,m>riage ( c\s9s is prev5t$ 9 ,c5tral & ,nor? ,au/ralia by ! recognition ( eight sub-classes2 b ! same result is obta9$ 9 o!r tribes by a cu/om :i* m]ely =bids x4 ,exogam\s classes hav+ be5 e/abli%$ 9 "s tribes1 may h be5 imitat$ 9 o!rs4 ,"o result ( ! classificatory m>riage sy/em1 h[ev] x grew up1 is ! ext5d$ use ( names ( k9%ip to d5ote all individuals ( ! same or correspond+ g5]ation--8fa!r0 = all m5 :o might by cu/om h m>ri$ y\r "m2 8bro!r0 & 8si/]0 = all m5 & wom5 desc5d$ f ^? :om y\r fa!r or "m might h m>ri$2 8husb&0 or 8wife0 = any man or woman :om1 accord+ to cu/om1 y might h m>ri$4 ,:5 fur!r progress has be5 made 9 culture1 di/9ctive names are us$ to express blood-relation%ip & class-relation%ip4 ,x may be wor? consid]+ :e!r1 9 ,au/ralia1 "s ( ! cu/oms :i* h be5 suppos$ to be> witness to an orig9al /ate ( promiscuity are n really results ( ! classificatory sy/em ( nam+ relation%ip3 m>ital rights hav+ be5 claim$ on ! gr\nd ( ! names 8husb&0 & 8wife0 z us$ 9 t sy/em4 #f4 ,,! ,,clansman ,,& ,,8 ,,totem ,! relation%ip ( ,clansman to ,totem may be conceiv$ ( z "o ( fri5dl9ess1 protection1 consangu9ity1 or ev5 id5tity2 & ?is la/ ,i take to be ! case 9 ! age :5 ,totemism is mo/ alive & p[]ful4 ,b 9 :at s5se c a man be ! same z an emu8 ,he may be ( ! same "n2 b by itself t w\ld be no?+4 ,x is n ! "n1 b ! id5tity :i* ! "n has come to signify t mu/ be consid]$4 ,"s light may be %$ ^u ! problem by ! say+ ( a native to ,sp5c] & ,gill51 po9t+ to a photograph ( himself3 8,t "o is j ! same z me2 s is a kang>oo40 ,! photograph might be 8! same0 z himself 9 ! s5se ( resemblance2 b 9 t s5se ! kang>oo is n ! same4 ,"s1 inde$1 :o h speculat$ on ! savage m9d suppose t x is n only incapable ( reason+1 b ev5 ( p]ceiv+ ! facts be=e x1 :5 "u ! influ5ce ( "s /rong belief2 & ,i admit t ?is is sometimes true4 ,b all a savage's actions 9 relation to 8 ,totem %[ t he is aw>e ( ! diff]5ce3 n lea/ 8 ef=ts on c]ta9 occasions to help 8 imag9ation to e/abli% id5tity by disguis+ himself & by imitat+ ! actions ( ?is /range o!r self1 & by eat+ a little ( x to insure physical id5tity at lea/ to t ext5t4 ,he also seeks to multiply x t o!rs may eat _! ration1 & = any !ory ( 8 id5tity ) ! ,totem1 ?is mu/ be a puzzle4 ,b a photograph may be ! same z oneself 9 ano!r s5se ?an m]e sup]ficial resemblance3 x may1 l a %ad[ or reflection1 be 7or conta97 a man's s\l1 or "p ( x4 ,& simil>ly a kang>oo or o!r ,totem may be conceiv$ to be ! same z a man1 t is1 z hav+ ! same s\l4 ,p]haps ?is is z ne> z we c get to ! ,au/ralian's mean+ 9 ! above-quot$ confession ( fai?4 ,x is reconcilable ) ! c]emonial eat+ ( "s "p ( ! ,totem2 = t w convey spiritual z well z physical prop]ties3 & to reconcile x ) ! multiplication ( ! ,totem t o!rs may eat1 ,i po9t to ! biological necessity t ea* clan's ,totem %\ld be food = ! o!r tribesm54 ,:]e all edible animals & plants are ,totems1 h[ else c !y subsi/8 ,b we h sev]al times se5 t biological necessity w place limits to a belief1 & t excuses c be f\nd = necess>y actions :i* are 9 conflict ) a belief4 ,t ! clansm5 give _! own ,totem to ! tribe 7s9ce !y _c def5d x7 is an +5i\s compromise4 ,x is report$ t among/ ! ,euahlayi tribe occur p]sonal ,totems 7or gu>dians1 r>e 9 ,au/ralia7 call$ ,yunbeai1 possess$ *iefly by wiz>ds4 ,a man may eat 8 h]$it>y ,totem1 b n 8 ,yunbeai2 :i* 9 ?is privilege seems to h supplant$ ! ,totem4 ,8 _s is 9 ! ,yunbeai1 & its _s is 9 him4#ecb ,!y h1 !n1 ! same s\l2 &1 al?\gh ?is belief is n /rictly ,totemism1 x is probably d]iv$ f x4 ,a clansman ( ! ,yu9 tribe 7,we/ ,au/ralia7 _h z 8 ,totem ! ,black ,duck1 :i* w>n$ him aga9/ enemies2 & he relat$ t once1 :il/ he slept1 a ,lace-,liz>d man s5t 8 ,totem1 :i* w5t d[n 8 ?roat & almo/ ate 8 ,black ,duck resid+ 9 8 brea/2 s t he ne>ly di$4#ecc ,7 n 8 ,black ,duck & 8 s\l ! same8 ,?is hypo!sis agrees v well ) a belief t "o's body & s\l desc5d f ! same ance/or z ! ,totem's2 & t at dea? "o goes to1 or becomes1 ! ,totem2 & excuses ! fiction t ! quick5+ ( a pregnant woman may be caus$ by ! entry into h] ( ! _s ( "s totem-plant or animal4 ,on ! ,gold ,coa/ & else:]e 9 ,we/ ,africa1 a man has m ?an "o s\l1 x may be z _m z f\r2 & "o ( !m dwells ) "s animal 9 ! bu%3 !nce call$ 8 8bu%-s\l40 ,sir ,james ,fraz]'s fir/ hypo!sis conc]n+ ,totemism 0 t x may h be5 d]iv$ f ! notion ( an ext]nal s\l :i* may be deposit$ 9 any?+ 7z ?us 9 an animal 9 ! bu%7 = safety4 ,he n[ ?9ks ! connexion ( ! 8bu%-s\l0 ) ,totemism unc]ta94#ecd ,if !re has be5 any connexion1 may x n be t ! 8bu%-s\l0 is d]iv$ f ,totemism1 & t e ,totem is a sort ( 8bu%-s\l0--t is1 x has a s\l :i* is ! same 7at lea/1 ( ! same k9d7 z ! clansman's8 #g4 ,,totemism ,,& ,,magic ,! id5tity ( a man ) 8 "n1 z usually assum$ by savages1 :e!r 8 p]sonal or 8 totemic "n1 is n itself a magical belief1 b an inevitable result ( m5tal association at a l[ level ( intellig5ce3 p]haps e>li] ?an any notions t c prop]ly be call$ magical4 ,! "n ( a man1 always ?\ght ( along ) 8 o!r prop]ties1 seems to be z mu* "o ( !m z a sc> on 8 neck or any peculi> trait ( visage or l5g? ( limb4 ,?is mu/ be z old z nam+4 ,b su* a complication ( ! "n ) o!r m>ks hav+ be5 =m$1 x becomes ! gr\nd ( magic beliefs & practices4 ,to m5tion ! "n ( a man or _s insures 8 pres5ce & p>ticipation 9 any rite1 ei!r act+ or suff]+2 or :]e writ+ is kn[n1 8 "n on a piece ( pap] is z good z 8 nail-p>+s4 ,! use ( ! "n is n a m]e animi/ic summons 7:i* might be disobey$71 b an imm$iate in/atem5t ( ! giv5 individual4 ,su* magic may ent] into totemic obs]vances4 ,! desc5t ( ! clan f ! ,totem-animal1 or ( ! animal f a =efa!r ( ! clan1 or ( bo? f a t]tium quid1 involves metamorphosis2 & ?is1 aga91 is n itself a magic idea2 = real metamorphoses are common 9 ! life ( birds1 amphibia1 insects1 & x w\ld be unreasonable to expect savages to p]ceive cle>ly t ^! are n p>allel cases4 ,!re is a diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 trans=mations t may be obs]v$1 su* z t ( a *rysalis into a butt]fly1 & ^? t h nev] be5 obs]v$1 b are m]ely imag9$ & ass]t$4 ,! latt] are m my/]i\s1 & my/]y is "o "* ( magic4 ,= example1 ! ,wit*ety-,grub clan among ! ,arunta h z _! mate a bird1 ! *antunga1 :i* !y w n eat because1 !y say1 ( old "s full-gr[n wit*ety-grubs 7 trans=m$ into ^! birds4#ece ,?is *ange has a magical "*1 ?\gh no magical ag5cy is assign$4 ,b if any attempt 7 made to expla9 h[ ! great *ange took place1 rec\rse might be _h to p[]s ( magic4 ,ev5 :5 ag5cy is assign$1 x is n always magical4 ,9 ! e>lie/ ,al*]+a ! two ,ungambikula 78out ( no?+07 saw 9 gr\ps by ! %ore ( ! salt wat] a numb] ( inap]twa1 rudim5t>y m51 m]e r\ndi% masses1 )\t organs or means ( fe$+1 & ^! !y cut out into m5 ) /one knives1 !re=e n by magic4#ecf ,b1 aga91 a tribe on ! ,d>l+ ,riv] 7,wa?i-wa?i7 h traditions conc]n+ ,bookoomuri :o liv$ long ago1 excell$ 9 ,magic1 & trans=m$ !mselves into animals2 & "h ! magical p[] is ass]t$1 ?\gh ! mann] ( its op]ation is indef9ite4 ,b ! ,be> clan ( ! ,t%im%ians 7,briti% ,columbia7 expla9 _! position by ! /ory t once ^u a "t an ,indian1 :il/ hunt+1 met a be>1 :i* took him to its home1 :]e he /ay$ two ye>s4 ,on return+ to 8 village he look$ l a be>2 b1 hav+ be5 rubb$ ) m$ical h]bs1 recov]$ human %ape4#ecg ,& "h ! magic is z explicit z 9 any recipe = a 7-wolf1 or t fallaci\s o9tm5t ) :i* ,lucius a*iev$ 8 memorable trans=mation4 ,nor1 fur!r1 has ! prohibition to slay1 injure or eat ! ,totem 9 ! fir/ place any magical significance2 = x m]ely puts ! ,totem 9 ! position ( a clansman4 ,b ! situation1 be+ /range & my/]i\s1 acquires a magical atmosph]e2 & ! en=cem5t ( ! taboo by p5alties is unmi/akably magical4 ,! ,untmaj]a 7,nor? ,c5tral ,au/ralia7 h a leg5d ( a ,beetle-,grub man ( =m] times :o ate beetle-grubs1 & !reupon broke out 9 sores1 wa/$ away & di$4 ,or "o's hair may turn grey2 or1 accord+ to ! ,samoan belief 7n /rictly totemi/ic71 ! =bidd5 food may gr[ inside "o into ! :ole animal or plant to ! de/ruction ( its ho/4 ,su* beliefs1 re/+ on ! analogy ( poisons & _! physiological consequ5ces1 are magical imag9ations3 ! taboo has ! same "* z a conditional curse4 ,simil>ly1 ! prohibition ( m>riage )9 ! ,totem-clan1 if x orig9at$ 7z ,i h suppos$7 ) ! fusion ( ,totemism & ,exogamy 9 ! cu/oms ( v>i\s e>ly gr\ps ( m5 & wom51 is n bas$ on ,magic2 b ! p5alties = break+ ! taboo are magical4 ,?us among/ ! ,euahlayi & _! neighb\rs m5 & wom5 ( ! ,iguana clan _c int]m>ry1 ?\gh com+ f diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry & )\t any traceable consangu9ity2 because1 if !y did1 _! *ildr51 inasmu* z _! ance/ors on bo? sides 7 ! same animal1 w\ld 8?r[ back0 to ! =m or attributes ( ! iguana4#ech ,a grotesque anticipation ( sci5tific ideas4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable connexion betwe5 ,totemism & ,magic occurs 9 ^? rites by :i* clansm5 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! _w1 b especially 9 ,au/ralia1 believe !mselves able to influ5ce _! ,totems3 :5 ^! are edible1 to multiply !m2 :5 noxi\s1 to drive away or de/roy !m2 or1 z ) ! w9d & ra91 to control !m = ! g5]al good4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5#eci give a/oni%+ descriptions ( ! rites ( multiplication 7or ,inti*iuma71 c>efully prep>$ & regulat$1 includ+ disguis+s ( clansm5 9 ! lik5ess ( ! ,totems1 draw+s ( ! ,totems on ! gr\nd1 dances1 incantations & c]emonies1 sometimes repres5t+ traditional hi/ory--by :i* ! tribesm5 dis*>ge ?is function ( !irs4 ,!y rely *iefly on mimetic 7exempl>y7 ,magic :i*1 by dramatis+ "s natural process1 br+s x into real op]ation4 ,9 id5tify+ !mselves ) ! ,totem1 !y ex]t _! imag9ations to ! utmo/1 & to ?is end may eat a little ( ! ,totem1 at o!r times =bidd54 ,?is assumption t by eat+ a little ( any animal1 plant or human be+1 y become "o ) x1 or acquire its qualities1 or1 fur!r1 t two m5 by eat+ toge!r ( ! same food become alli$ 7:i* is 9 a mann] mat]ially true1 b absurdly int]pret$71 is ano!r ( ^? notions simpl] ?an1 & antec$5t to1 ,magic1 :i* provide a base = magical op]ations4#edj ,^! solemnities la/ = mon?s1 & are c>ri$ out ) consci5ti\s dilig5ce & e>ne/ness3 ! infatuation is pr(\nd & univ]sal4 ,"h1 z at mo/ ( ! high] /ages ( culture1 we f9d ! mo/ int5se emotions ( :i* m5 are capable excit$ by p>ticipation 9 communal imag9ative ex]cises t h directly1 9 relation to _! expectations1 absolutely no result4 ,inde$1 pre-occupation ) va9 employm5ts t5ds to exclude all ideas t might be useful1 t might lead 7e4 g47 to ! increas+ ( food by ! cultivation ( plants or dome/ication ( animals4 ,sir ,james ,fraz] has po9t$ out t a passage ( ! rites ( ! ,grass-se$ clan1 9 :i* grass-se$s are scatt]$ ab\t ^u ! gr\nd1 might h l$ to cultivation3 b ! m5tal /ate ( ! clan is unfav\rable to cool obs]vation4 ,z = animals1 x is "s excuse = ! backw>dness ( ,au/ralian culture t ! ,m>supialia d n comprise a s+le species t w\ld repay dome/ication4 ,indirectly & undesign$ly ^! p]=mances h v useful consequ5ces3 !y annually re/ore ! unity ( ! tribe assembl$ f all p>ts = ! great occasion2 promote mutual good-w & a _s ( co-op]ation1 = :i* !y af=d ! *ief opportunity2 ma9ta9 ! social organisation & ! tradition ( cu/oms by increas+ ! influ5ce ( ! ,headm51 :o h a lead+ "p 9 ev]y?+ t happ5s1 & on ^: au?ority all ord] & discipl9e dep5d2 int]rupt ! monotony ( savage life ) v>iety ( int]e/s2 /imulate +5uity1 & fill up ! "t1 t might else be wa/$ 9 idl5ess or qu>rell+1 ) arti/ic & dramatic recreation4 ,^u ^! rites = ! multiplication & control ( ! ,totems1 ,sir ,james ,fraz] bas$ 8 second hypo!sis conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ,totemism1 namely1 t x 0 a sy/em ( co-op]ation among/ sections ( a savage tribe = ! magical supply ( food1 etc43 ! ,emu clan multiply+ emus1 ! ,kang>oo clan kang>oos1 ! ,wit*ety-,grub clan wit*ety-grubs1 & s =?4#eda ,b he aft]w>ds reflect$ t su* a design 0 beyond ! conception ( savages4 ,&1 no d\bt1 z a plan ?\ght out & delib]ately adopt$ z a :ole1 mo/ e?nologi/s w\ld consid] x above ! capacity ( ,au/ralian aborig9es4 ,b if s--?\gh n m difficult ?an ! inv5tion ( ! ,classificatory ,m>riage ,sy/em--x %[s :at complex arrangem5ts1 simulat+ design1 may come into exi/5ce by ! gr[? ( cu/om2 = ! clans c]ta9ly d co-op]ate 9 ! magical supply ( food4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! orig9 ( ,totemism ! in/itution seems to h be5 utilis$ by "s tribes 9 an ambiti\s attempt to control all nature by gr\p+ 7on v obscure pr9ciples1 if on any7 v>i\s classes ( ph5om5a ) ! ,totems1 s t "o clan or ano!r is responsible = ev]y?+4 ,%ort ( ?is1 x is pla9ly necess>y to control ! w9d1 ra91 hail & lightn+4 ,! control ( an animal ,totem is n always b5evol5t t[>d ! animals !mselves4 ,9 ! ,kakadu tribe x is ! duty ( ! ,mosquito clan to save ! re/ f mosquitoes2 !y make imitation mosquitoes1 dance & s+1 & imag9e !y are kill+ !m4#edb ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica simil> beliefs & practices h be5 f\nd bo? = enc\rag+ & = disc\rag+ ! ,totem1 b occasionally & irregul>ly4 ,! ,bird clan ( ! ,omahas1 :5 birds ?reat5$ ! crops1 prev5t$ _! deva/ations by *ew+ corn & spitt+ x ab\t ov] ! fields2 :5 mosquitoes 7 tr\blesome1 ! ,w9d p flapp$ blankets to raise a w9d & bl[ ! pe/s away2 :5 worms attack$ ! crops1 ! ,reptile clan 7worms & reptiles are confus$ 9 primitive ,zoology7 c\nt]m9$ _! approa*es by p\nd+ up "s ( !m ) a little corn into a s\p & eat+ x4#edc ,! mo/ rem>kable ,am]ican rites = ! increase ( food--! ,buffalo-dances & ,corn-fe/ivals ( ! ,m&ans--7 n totemic1 b c>ri$ out by ! :ole tribe4 ,! buffalo hunt+-dance to br+ ! h]d )9 rea*1 0 cont9u$1 if necess>y1 = weeks--9 fact until ! animals came2 s t ! ,magic 0 always effectual4 #h4 ,,totemism ,,& ,,animism ,if ! unity ( clansm5 ) _! ,totem is v e>ly conceiv$ ( z consi/+ 9 hav+ ! same1 or ! same sort (1 s\l1 x is !nce=w>d ess5tially animi/ic4 ,yet ?is idea seems only v sl[ly to h l$ to any s5se ( dep5d5ce on ! ,totem z a spiritual p[]1 or to any expectation t x w\ld help or succ\r ! clansm51 or 7consequ5tly7 to ! mak+ ( any appeal to x1 except by magical co]cion4 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ way 9 :i* ! ,totem 0 suppos$ to aid its clansm5 0 by om5s2 z a ,black ,duck man ( ! ,yu9 tribe 7,we/ ,au/ralia7 ?\ght t black ducks w>n$ him aga9/ 8 enemies2 b ?is is m *>act]i/ic ( gu>dian spirits ?an ( ,clan-,totems4 ,occasionally 9 ,au/ralia we meet ) some?+ l a pray] to a ,totem4 ,on ! ,tully ,riv] 7,que5sl&7 we are told by ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,ro? t be=e a man goes to sleep1 or on wak+ 9 ! morn+1 he utt]s 9 a l[ voice ! "n ( ! animal ^: "n he be>s1 or :i* belongs to 8 gr\p2 & t !n1 if edible1 he w be successful 9 hunt+ x or1 if dang]\s1 x w n hurt him )\t w>n+4 ,pr(essor ,durkheim has an elaborate !ory ( ! gr[? ( div9ities f ,totems 9 ,au/ralia1 especially 9 ! example ( ,bungil1 ! ,eagle-,hawk1 a great phratry "n-animal 9 sev]al tribes4#edd ,he is a p]suasive writ]1 b p]v]se & +5i\s4 ,bungil receives nei!r pray] nor sacrifice 7^!1 inde$1 9 ! au?or's view are n necess>y to religion71 & !re is no?+ to %[ t he diff]s f ! o!r glorifi$ ,headm5 :o are f\nd 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! mo/ plausible ( ^! sup]ior be+s is ,byamee ( ! ,euahlayi1 :o is n a ,totem1 b ! s\rce ( ,totems1 :i* are d]iv$ f diff]5t p>ts ( 8 body4 ,at fun]als pray]s are address$ to him = ! s\ls ( ! dead2 &1 aga91 at ! close ( ! ,boorah 7initiation rites7 = long life1 inasmu* z ! tribesm5 h kept 8 law4#ede ,we are told t ! ne>e/ mission-/ation is a hundr$ miles (f1 & rec5tly e/abli%$2 b on read+ fur!r t only ^? :o h be5 initiat$ c g to ,byamee's sky-camp1 & t gross s9n]s are puni%$ 9 ! next life 9 ,eleanbah ,wundah1 a place d>k b = fires1#edf we _c help reflect+ t mission>ies are n ! only *annels ( s\nd doctr9e4 ,! mo/ au!ntic example ( ! rise ( a ,totem to some?+ l div9e rank is ! ,wollunqua1 ! great snake ( ! ,w>ramunga1 :i* diff]s f o!r ,totems 9 be+ n a real animal b a my?ological mon/]4 ,x is n approa*$ ) pray] or sacrifice2 b is ! object ( rites 9 "p propitiatory1 9 "p co]cive1 & is c]ta9ly reg>d$ ) sup]/iti\s awe mu* z a demon might be4 ,to please ! ,wollunqua1 ! clan build a long m\nd & draw its repres5tation ^u x2 :i*1 h[ev]1 aft]w>ds meets ) 8savage de/ruction40 ,on approa*+ ,?apan]lu1 ! sacr$ pool :]e x lives1 !y :isp]$ to x 8to rema9 quiet & d !m no h>m40#edg ,on ! :ole1 fun]al c]emonies1 9 ,au/ralia1 to provide ! dead ) necess>ies1 food1 ut5sils1 w>m?--ev5 precautions aga9/ gho/s--come ne>] to religi\s ideas ?an any?+ connect$ ) ,totemism4 ,among ! ,jupagalk 7,victoria7 a p]son :5 9 great pa9 w\ld call on "s dead fri5d to come & help him1 to visit him 9 a dream & tea* a song aga9/ ! evil magic t hurt him4#edh ,9 ,yam ,isl& 7,torres ,/raits7 !re is a cult ( two bro!rs1 ,mai\ & ,sigai1 :o are said to h come f ,au/ralia4 ,!y h %r9es )9 a f5ce2 wom5 & un9itiat$ y\?s are n p]mitt$ to ent]1 & d n "k t ,mai\ is ! crocodile 7,kodal71 & ,sigai ! hamm]-head$ %>k 7,kursi72 = !y are always address$ & spok5 ( by _! names z h]oes1 & n by _! animal or ,totem names4 ,! %r9es conta9 effigies made ( turtle-%ell repres5t+ ! animals2 & "u ea* effigy is a /one 9 :i* ! life or _s ( ! ,totem-h]o resides4 ,! natives1 9 ! nor?-we/ monsoon1 danc$ & sang be=e !m = f9e wea!r2 & also on go+ to w>1 pray+3 8,o ,totem ,sigai & ,totem ,mai\1 bo? ( y close ! eyes ( ^! m5 s t !y _c see u40#edi ,?is is indisputably ,religion2 x is n1 h[ev]1 pure ,totemism1 b app>5tly a fusion ( h]o-wor%ip ) ! ,totemism ( ! h]oes4 ,ano!r h]o ( m rec5t date1 ,quoiam1 is wor%ipp$ 9 ! neighb\r+ isl& ( ,mabuaig4 ,he came f ,nor? ,que5sl&2 & 8 h\se & cairn are /ill %[n on a hill-top4 ,8 ,totem 0 ! %ovel-nos$ skate1 b he has und]gone no fusion ) t animal4 ,we may be incl9$ to inf] t ! h]o c /& alone1 :il/ a ,totem ne$s ! alliance ( a h]o to an?ropomorphise x4 ,su* an inf]5ce is1 on ! :ole1 confirm$ by ! /ate ( religion 9 ,fiji4 ,!re1 among/ ! coa/al tribes1 ,totemism is decad5t & irregul>2 ?\gh ev5 on ! coa/ ( ,viti ,levu !re are deities ) animal attributes1 & especially ) ! p[] ( *ang+ into animals2 & ! animal connect$ ) a god mu/ n be eat5 by p ( ! di/rict :]e he is wor%ipp$4#eej ,9 ! m\nta9\s int]ior ,totemism /ill fl\ri%es1 & animal-gods are wor%ipp$ :i* h be5 assum$ to h orig9at$ 9 ,totems4 ,dr4 ,riv]s tells u#eea t he =m]ly assum$ ?is1 b is incl9$ to revise 8 op9ion4 ,! ,fijian ,snake-god ,nd5gei 01 accord+ to tradition1 a man :o came to ! isl& f else:]e2 probably he made a great impression & 0 apo!osis$4 ,8 "* z a ,snake-god may be d]iv$ f ! snake's hav+ be5 8 ,totem4 ,probably god-l be+s 9 ,fiji 7 9 _m cases h]oes1 b a close relation ) _! ,totem endu$ !m ) some?+ ( ! animal nature4 8,! evolution w\ld n be simply f ,totem to god1 b f h]o & ,totem toge!r to god40 ,gods pres5t 9 animals1 sometimes 9 plants1 7 ackn[l$g$ 9 ,samoa1 ,tahiti1 ,hawaii1 ,tonga2 &1 9 fact1 ,polynesia is ! region :]e1 if any:]e1 ,totems contribute l>gely to ! div9e population4 ,riv]s w n d5y 7loc4 cit47 t direct evolution ( gods f ,totems may h tak5 place2 b he po9ts out t 9 ,samoa1 = example1 ! ,octopus-god 7,ole ,fe'e7 01 accord+ to tradition1 br\ght to ! isl& by a ,fijian *ief4 ,0 !n ! mollusc or ! *ief ! root f :i* ! god grew up8 ,9 ,savaii !re 7 gods inc>nate 9 m53 "o 9 an actual man :o 0 a cannibal propitiat$ ) human fle%2 ano!r1 invisible to ! p1 ?\gh se5 by /rang]s z a h&some "y man we>+ a girdle ( leaves1 0 call$ ! ,k+ ( ,fiji 7,tuifiti74 ,o!r gods describ$ by ,turn]#eeb are ,ole alii ,fiti 7*ief ( ,fiji71 :o 0 manife/ 9 an eel2 & ,t9alii 7,k+ ( *iefs71 :o 0 associat$ ) ! sea-eel1 octopus1 mullet1 & ! ends ( banana leaves4 ,fusion seems to h be5 common4 ,x mu/ n1 ( c\rse1 be assum$ t all animal gods are ,totems4 ,among ! ways 9 :i* animal gods may h aris5 we _c d5y "s place to ,sp5c]'s hypo!sis1 t h]oes h sometimes be5 wor%ipp$ z animals because !y bore animal names2 &1 aft] _! dea?1 ! eponym\s animals1 ev] pres5t to m5's eyes1 sup]s$$ ! h]oes1 & 7 connect$ ) & trans=m$ _! leg5ds4 ,x is also conceivable t a h]o has be5 wor%ipp$ 9 ! =m ( an animal or plant1 because he _h ann\nc$ t1 aft] dea?1 he w\ld be 9 su* an animal or plant2 = at ,ulawa 7,solomon ,isles7 bananas 7 buto1 ?+s t might n be eat51 approa*$ or beheld 7accord+ to ,dr4 ,coddr+ton#eec71 because an influ5tial man _h prohibit$ ! eat+ ( !m1 say+ t1 aft] dea?1 he w\ld be 9 ! banana2 & ) s mu* influ5ce he might1 9 fav\rable circum/ances1 h become a ,banana-god4 ,&1 aga91 9 ,pr(essor ,we/]m>ck's op9ion1 8! common preval5ce ( animal wor%ip is1 no d\bt1 due to ! my/]i\sness ( ! animal _w2 ! mo/ uncanny ( all creatures1 ! s]p5t1 is also ! "o mo/ g5]ally wor%ipp$40#eed ,b ^! consid]ations /r5g!n ! probability t a ,totem may sometimes become a god2 hav+ ! g5]al respect ( ! clan to beg9 )4 ,"s ,totems hav+ be5 deifi$ ) ! assi/ance ( h]oes1 o!rs may p]haps be elevat$ by ! =ce ( analogy2 or1 once ! conception ( a spiritual be+ has be5 rea*$--*iefly 7z we suppose7 by reflection on dreams--& animals & ev5 inanimate ?+s h be5 ?\ght to h spiritual d\bles1 if !n ! ,totem is conceiv$ to h a _s1 & ev5 ! same z ! clansman's s\l1 if x is appeal$ to = assi/ance1 if x s5ds om5s1 li/5s to pray] & accepts sacrifice1 :at is x b a god8 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! ,totem seems n[h]e to h be5 wor%ipp$2 & any t5d5cy t may h exi/$ to propitiate x 0 div]t$ by ! sup]ior fasc9ation ( ! p]sonal gu>dian-g5ius1 to :i* sometimes co/ly sacrifices 7 made & ev5 self-mutilations2 z among ! ,m&ans1 :o (t5 cut (f a f+] to secure its fav\r4#eee ,on ! o!r h&1 a class ( spirits 0 recognis$ 9 ! 8eld] bro!r0 ( ea* species ( animal 7or ( ! mo/ int]e/+ species--be>1 de]1 snake1 etc4--all ( ! totemic class71 a be+ 79 ! words ( an e>ly mission>y1 #afcd7 8:o is z x 7 ! pr9ciple & orig9 ( all ! individuals10 & 8m>vell\sly great & p[]ful03#eef x wat*es ov] ! species & av5ges its wrongs4 ,9 ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica & ?r\gh\t ,sib]ia ! ,be> & ! ,rav5 are objects ( religi\s rev]5ce2 n1 inde$1 z clan-totems1 b = all m54 ,among ! ,gulf nations ! ,yu*is are ,totemi/s1 & a y\? at 8 initiation is put "u ! c>e ( 8 clan-totem1 in/ead ( a p]sonal gu>dian-g5ius z among ! nor!rn tribes2 he looks = protection1 h[ev]1 n to ! liv+ animals ( ! ,totem species1 b to sup]ior be+s1 l ! 8eld] bro!rs0 ( ! species4#eeg ,simil> to ^! mu/ be ! ,bea/-gods ( ! ,zuni ,indians1 to :om !y (f] a portion ( all game1 pray+ t !y w int]c$e = !m ) ! ,sun-,fa!r4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 too1 ! ,patagonians & ,araucanians tea* t ea* species ( animal has a gu>dian _s1 :o lives 9 a cave1 & t ! ,indians !mselves at dea? g to live ) him4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t 9 all ^! cases1 ! _s-animals are 9 "s way connect$ ) totemic beliefs3 if n gods1 !y are at lea/ div9e be+s1 & !y exemplify a noble sort ( my/icism t is natural to ! ,am]9d imag9ation4#eeh ,africa is ! pr9cipal home ( ,zoolatry4 ,! religion ( ! ,bantu nations ( ,s\? ,africa is1 inde$1 ance/or-wor%ip2 & _! s]p5t-cult seems to be an outgr[? ( ance/or-wor%ip 7= !y ?9k t _! dead return z s]p5ts ( v>i\s species accord+ to rank72 unless1 inde$1 x has be5 div]t$ to su* a subord9ate place f "s m anci5t sup]/ition4 ,9 ,we/ ,africa !re are _m ,bea/-gods1 especially ! leop>d1 hy5a1 crocodile & py?on4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 give mu* indication ( totemic orig92 & ,sir ,james ,fraz] obs]ves t1 z ! h]$it>y wor%ip ( animals 9 c]ta9 di/ricts 7z ( ! hy5a at ,accra7 0 n totemic1 nor ne$ simil> practices h be5 s else:]e4#eei ,h5ce t ! ,egyptians wor%ipp$ c]ta9 animals1 & t 9 ! di/rict ( any animal's wor%ip x 0 n kill$ or eat51 _c prove t ! wor%ip 0 totemic1 unless x be %[n t ,totemism is ! only road to ,zoolatry2 =1 if !re are o!r ways1 any animal t becomes div9e w1 naturally1 n be kill$ or eat54 ,on ! o!r h&1 t ! ,egyptians 7 n ,exogami/s does n prove !y 7 n ,totemi/s2 s9ce "s kn[n ,totemi/s are n ,exogami/s4 ,! natural impression ( a /ud5t :o m]ely comes among/ o!r ?+s to ,egyptian ,religion is t ,totemism 0 "o ( its s\rces2 b x is a subject on :i*1 m /rictly ?an on mo/1 only a few speciali/s c =m a judgm5t4 ,on ! :ole1 ! contribution ( ,totemism to religion seems to h be5 greatly exagg]at$4 ,comp>$ ) ! influ5ce ( dead h]oes & ance/ors1 or ) ! p]sonification ( ! great] manife/ations ( nature--,sky1 ,sun1 ,?und]--x has be5 ineffective1 fall+ %ort ( ! production ( high gods2 or if1 z 9 ,polynesia1 x seems sometimes to h come ne> to t a*ievem5t1 x may be suspect$ t its success ow$ mu* to an alliance ) h]o-wor%ip4 ,,footnotes3 #eaj ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,i4 p4 #c4 ,! def9ition occurs 9 a repr9t ( an e>li] essay4 ,a lat] def9ition 7,,iv4 p4 #c7 runs3 8,totemism is an intimate relation :i* is suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 a gr\p ( k9dr$ p on ! "o side & a species ( natural or artificial objects on ! o!r side1 :i* objects are call$ ! totems ( ! human gr\p40 ,! relation appe>s to be "o ( fri5d%ip & k9%ip1 on a foot+ ( equality1 n religi\s 9 ,au/ralia4 ,i h1 9 ?is *apt]1 drawn freely ^u ! great mass ( facts & speculations collect$ 9 ,totemism & ,exogamy2 believ+ t 9 t "w ! au?or n only int5d$ to pres5t ! evid5ce = 8 own conclusions1 b _h also ! b5evol5t purpose ( assi/+ ! lab\rs ( ^? :o might come aft] him4 ,a heavy debt ( gratitude is due2 :i*1 inde$1 causes "s emb>rassm5t if ev] "o feels oblig$ to diff] f him 9 op9ion4 #eaa ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,i4 p4 #d2 cf4 ,,iv4 pp4 #c1 #d4 ,p]haps ! au?or no long] approves ( ! ^w 8rev]5c$40 ,totem & clan are r on a foot+ ( equality4 #eab ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ,app4 ,b4 #eac ,! animals are3 ,human #b1 o!r ,mammalia #ca1 ,birds #df1 ,reptiles #ea1 ,amphibia #a1 ,fi%es #h1 ,insects #bd1 ,mollusca #a4 #ead ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,,ii4 p4 #ece4 #eae ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,,iii4 pp4 #ij-ajj4 #eaf ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 ,,ii4 pp4 #if-aaj4 #eag ,contributions to ! ,sci5ce ( ,my?ology1 ,i4 p4 #bja4 #eah ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 p4 #aja4 #eai ,secret ( ! ,totem & ,social ,orig9s4 #ebj ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #ccj4 #eba ,native ,tribes ( ,nor!rn ,t]ritory ( ,au/ralia1 p4 #bfc4 #ebb ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,,iv4 pp4 #eg-fc4 #ebc ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 #aiji1 p4 #agc4 #ebd ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 #aiji1 p4 #age4 #ebe ,9 ! ,gazelle ,p59sula ( ,new ,brita91 a man applies ! "n ( 8"m0 to 8 real "m & also to 8 mat]nal aunts1 :o accept ! relation%ip & may ass]t3 8,we all ?ree ( u bore him0 7,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,i4 p4 #cje note74 ,is ?is :at !y believe1 or :at 7foll[+ _! sy/em ( class-nom5clature7 !y are accu/om$ to say8 #ebf ,page #abe4 #ebg ,see above1 *4 ii4 #c4 #ebh ,x is reasonable to suppose t a gr\p nam$ o!r gr\ps to di/+ui% ^? ar\nd !m1 be=e ne$+ to "n itself4 ,x foll[s t probably ea* gr\p sometimes bore a diff]5t "n :5 spok5 ( by ea* ( sev]al neighb\rs4 ,h[ amid/ su* confusion c\ld s+le names be fix$8 ,p]haps because ! gr\p designat$ adopt$ "o ( !m2 or by ! elim9ation ( ! o!r names ?r\gh _m causes 9 c\rse ( "t1 9 g5]ations1 9 hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,! m>* ( progress 0 leisurely 9 ^? days4 #ebi ,*s4 iv41 v41 vi4 #ecj ,*s4 xiv41 xv41 ,prohibition ( ,m>riage betwe5 ,k9dr$4 #eca ,*4 xl41 ,m>riage4 #ecb ,langloh ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi ,tribe1 p4 #ba4 #ecc ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,i4 p4 #dhi4 #ecd ,ibid41 ,,iv4 p4 #ed4 #ece ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,i4 p4 #bed4 #ecf ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #chh4 #ecg ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,,iii4 p4 #ac4 #ech ,langloh ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 p4 #bb4 #eci ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 *4 vi42 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 *4 ix4 #edj ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r possible reason = ! eat+ by ! clan or by its ,headman ( "s portion ( ! food :i* !y pr(ess to supply to ! re/ ( ! tribe--namely1 t x expresses a prior claim to "s sort ( proprietor%ip1 :i* is !n waiv$4 #eda ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,,iv4 pp4 #ee-g4 #edb ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ,nor?4 ,t]4 ,au/41 p4 #cbd4 #edc ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,,iii4 pp4 #ajd-e4 #edd ,! ,elem5t>y ,=ms ( ! ,religi\s ,life1 ,,ii4 *4 ix4 #ede ,langloh ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi ,tribe1 pp4 #deh1 #dgh1 etc4 ,9 ,eleanbah ,wundah1 !y hold _! "r h&s press$ aga9/ _! sides1 :i* ,a4 ,lang ?\ght a rem>kable image4 ,x is1 ,w4 ,e4 ,ro? tells u1 ge/ure-language = sickness4 7,e?nological ,/udies 9 ,nor?-,we/ ,c5tral ,que5sl&1 p4 #ij47 #edf ,! ,euahlayi1 pp4 #d to #h1 & #gh4 #edg ,nor?4 ,ts4 ( ,c4 ,au/41 p4 #bec4 #edh ,h[itt1 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #dce4 #edi ,haddon1 ,reports ( ! ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 ,v4 pp4 #cg1 #ch4 #eej ,w4 ,h4 ,r4 ,riv]s1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 #aiji1 p4 #aeh4 #eea ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 #aiji1 p4 #afc4 #eeb ,samoa1 *s4 iv41 v42 especially pp4 #bh1 #dh1 #fb-c1 #gj1 #ge4 ,fiji _h 9 "s way deeply impress$ ! ,samoan imag9ation4 #eec ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #ca4 #eed ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas1 ,,ii4 p4 #eij4 #eee ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,,iii4 #eef ,quot$ by ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ,,ii4 p4 #bdd4 #eeg ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,,iii4 p4 #caa4 #eeh ,on species-gods see ,tylor's ,primitive ,culture1 ,,ii4 pp4 #bdb-f4 #eei ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,,ii4 p4 #egd4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,magic ,,& ,,sci5ce #a4 ,,_! ,,common ,,gr\nd ,x is n infrequ5tly said t ,sci5ce is d]iv$ f ,magic1 & ! t5et is /r5g!n$ by em95t names2 nor is x displeas+ to "s by/&]s ^: attitude t[>d ,sci5ce is "o ( imp]fect sympa?y2 b x seems to me to involve a misund]/&+ ( ! matt]4 ,magic & ,sci5ce h1 inde$1 "s common gr\nd2 = bo? are products ( our poor human m9d1 :i* is sorely pe/]$ 9 expla9+ its exp]i5ces by ! notion ( 8=ces0 t someh[ br+ ab\t ev5ts1 & :i* _c get on at all )\t assum+ uni=mities ( relation4 ,magic supposes con/ant connexions ( ev5ts due to ! ag5cy1 =ce1 influ5ce or virtue ( *>ms1 rites & spells2 :i* connexions1 h[ev]1 are f\nd only to be t5d5cies ( "s ev5ts to excite o!rs1 inasmu* z !y may be fru/rat$ by c\nt]act+ *>ms1 rites or spells4 ,?is reads l a c>icature ( sci5tific ideas4 ,n long ago1 too1 8=ces0 _h a consid]able vogue among/ sci5ti/s2 & su* my/]ies z 8vital =ce0 & 8psy*ic =ce0 are /ill to be met )4 ,b x is pla9 t we nev] "k m ?an t "u c]ta9 conditions a *ange takes place2 & :5 we try to expla9 ! *ange by analys+ ! conditions1 we nev] f9d any 8=ce0 di/9ct f ! collocation & motion ( bodies or p>ticles4 8,=ce0 may be te*nically & =mally us$ 9 v>i\s propositions1 b ! idea nev] contributes any?+ to ! explanation ( ev5ts2 :il/ ! fact t ) _m p x seems to d s1 (t5 makes x a nuisance4 ,t x seems to c>ry "s explanation ) x is due to ! cont9u\s influ5ce ( ,magic :i*1 ?\gh always ! anti!sis ( ,sci5ce1 0 yet = v _m ages associat$ ) ,sci5ce4 ,magic is entirely con/itut$ by notions ( =ce1 sometimes viol5t1 z 9 ! dis*>ge ( an en*ant$ spe>2 sometimes subtle1 l ! efficacy ( an opal2 intangible1 invisible1 & op]at+ at a di/ance ?r\gh space & "t1 l a wit*'s spells t eclipse ! sun or moon4 ,^! =ces h only a "o-sid$ relation to ! workaday _w2 !y meet ) no resi/ance f :at we take to be ! 8prop]ties ( matt]10 su* z weight & imp5etrability2 b are !mselves entirely exempt f natural law3 :at we call ! 8real _w0 has no hold ^u !m2 !y live 9 a _w ( _! own4 ,!y are absolutely immeasurable2 & h5ce ! causation1 :i* is c]ta9ly impli$ 9 ! notion ( _! op]ation1 is indef9ite1 & becomes vagu] & vagu] z ! magical sy/em develops2 & all ?is is ! opposite ( :at happ5s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,sci5ce4 ,9 spite ( hav+ a necess>y common gr\nd 9 ! human m9d1 ,magic & ,sci5ce are contra/$ f ! fir/1 9 _! developm5t gr[ wid] & wid] ap>t1 9 _! me?ods & ideas m & m oppos$4 ,if ei!r c be said to prec$e ! o!r1 x is ,sci5ce 7at lea/1 9 its e>lie/ & crude/ =m7 t prec$es ,magic4 ,we _h bett] beg91 h[ev]1 by consid]+ a ?ird some?+ :i* is e>li] ?an ei!r ( !m1 & :i* ,i h call$ ,common-s5se3 ,i mean ! accumulation ( p>ticul> items ( positive k 7:i*1 z su*1 is ! fir/ =m ( ,sci5ce7 acquir$ by primitive man1 & 9 less measure by ! high] brutes3 facts ab\t cold & heat1 sun%9e & ra91 ! p[]s ( wat] & fire1 ! life ( trees & animals1 ! prop]ties ( wood & /one1 & s =?1 :i* are unfail+ly confirm$ by fur!r exp]i5ce4 ,exam9ation ( ! life ( savages discov]s t ?is positive k ( !irs am\nts to a great deal1 & t !y are able to use x 8& reason n contemptibly40 ,f ?is ,common-s5se ,sci5ce & a good deal ( ,magic are diff]5tiat$1 & !y exp& at v unequal rates 9 opposite directions4 ,ea* ( !m />ts f x2 b :il/ ,magic rapidly di/orts1 p]v]ts & my/ifies x out ( recognition 9 innum]able imag9ations1 ,sci5ce sl[ly connects its fragm5ts toge!r1 corrects1 def9es & ext5ds x1 )\t ev] alt]+ its orig9al positive "*4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,magic & ,sci5ce lies 7z we h se57 9 ! causes t e/abli% belief 9 !m2 9 ! "* ( _! ideas--respectively1 incoh]5t & vague1 coh]5t & def9ite2 &1 z a consequ5ce1 9 _! respective falsity & tru?4 #b4 ,,! ,,diff]5tiation ,:il/ ,magic1 among/ savage & b>b>\s p1 is practis$ m or less by almo/ ev]ybody1 x is especially develop$ by ! pr(essional wiz>d1 & 9 8 art & tradition x is mo/ conv5i5tly /udi$4 ,! wiz>d1 or 7at lea/7 a lead] among/ wiz>ds1 is a man ( sup]ior ability1 p5etration & ent]prise2 liable to be misl$ by a sangu9e & ambiti\s temp]am5t into extravagant imag9ations & impo/ures1 b ) mu* m real k ?an ! re/ ( ! tribe4 ,he (t5 takes pa9s to increase 8 k1 = x is ! true basis ( 8 p[]3 8! p[] ( ! ,angoqok10 says ,mr4 ,turn]1 writ+ ( ! ,esquimo1#efj 8has "s basis 9 exp]i5c$ wea!r-lore1 & k ( ! habits ( animals1 by :i* he advises hunt]s40 ,b ?is k is (t5 ! />t+-po9t ( 8 delusions1 n altoge!r by any fault ( 8 own1 b z a result ( 8 attempts to apply k to new cases )\t any appreciation ( ! ne$ ( caution or ( ! conditions ( s\nd inf]5ce & ( pro( & dispro(4 ,he nev] kn[s :y he is "r or :y he is wrong4 ,h5ce1 beside ! mode/ edifice ( 8 real k1 he builds out 9 "o direction a few g5u9e additions w>rant$ by s\nd inf]5ce & obs]vation2 :il/ 9 ! o!r direction he raises1 l>gely by analogy1 ) ! help ( 8sympa?y0 & spiritual p[]s1 a t[]+ /ructure ( imag9ations1 :i* ?r[s 8 little hut ( ,common-s5se q into ! %ade4 7a7 ,= example1 ! wiz>d is (t5 lit]ally a m$ic9e-man or physician1 & kn[s ! use ( c]ta9 drugs2 & he may discov] o!r drugs & m uses = !m1 & 9 t direction lies ,ph>macology4 ,b 9 ! o!r direction he adopts on altoge!r fanciful occasions a great _m o!r recipes t s]ve no purpose b *>latanry & my/ification4 ,pl9y1 mu* ( ^: ,natural ,hi/ory is a h&book ( anci5t m$ic9e1 describes hundr$s ( rem$ies d]iv$ f animals1 vegetables & m9]als2 & ,burton#efa cites ,galeottus z hav+ enum]at$ #hjj m$ic9al h]bs & o!r drugs4 ,"s ( ^! 7 good & are /ill 9 use1 b mo/ 7 useless or worse ?an useless4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two classes ( drugs dep5d$ on a diff]5ce ( me?od 9 det]m9+ _! uses3 a diff]5ce t exi/$ b 0 n yet und]/ood 7namely71 on ! "o h&1 pro( by exp]i5ce1 giv+ 9 ! small] class ! rudim5ts ( m$ical sci5ce2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 acceptance on ! /r5g? ( sup]ficial lik5ess1 or ( ! doctr9e ( qualities1 virtues & signatures1 :i* made ! l>g] class ess5tially magical4 ,?us all sorts ( preci\s /ones & metals 7 believ$ to be m$ic9al1 n because !y _h be5 kn[n to cure any disease1 b because x seem$ obvi\s 9 ^? days t preci\s ?+s mu/ h all sorts ( desirable effects by "s occult virtue4 ,gold1 ! mo/ p]fect ( all sub/ances 7accord+ to ! al*emi/s71 mu/ 9 p>ticul> be a propiti\s & p[]ful re/orative4 ,s ,*auc] says ( 8 ,doct\r ( ,phisik3 8,= gold 9 phisik is a cordial1 ,!re=e he lov$e gold 9 special40 ,& ?r\gh\t ,india at ! pres5t day gold is a tru/y item 9 any prescription4 ,belief 9 ! virtue ( preci\s /ones probably goes back to v e>ly times2 s9ce we f9d t 9 ,au/ralia cry/als are n only magically p[]ful b ! great prim>y s\rces ( ,magic1 by hav+ :i* inside him ! wiz>d acquires & ma9ta9s 8 p[]4 ,) h]bs1 aga91 :il/ ! utility ( "s1 su* z qu99e or s5na1 0 a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 o!rs 7 equally priz$ out ( pure fancy4 ,dracunculus1 a plant spott$ ) v>i\s col\rs1 l a vip]'s sk91 0 suppos$ to be a rem$y = all k9ds ( snake-/+s4#efb ,! ,*]okees gave _! *ildr5 a concoction ( burs to /r5g!n _! memories2 = z a bur w /ick to any?+1 ! m9d ( a man ) bur inside him w cl+ to all k9ds ( useful in=mation4 ,! same ,am]9ds _h o!r rem$ies :i* illu/rate ! "* ( magical physic4 ,!y concoct$ a v]mifuge ( ! r$ fle%y /alks ( *ickwe$1 :i* some:at resemble worms1 & !re=e mu/ h "s influ5ce ^u !m2 & !y /eep$ 9 ?is concoction a fl9t arr[-head1 t its %>pness1 communicat$ to ! brew1 might cut ! worms 9 pieces4 ,bili\sness1 m>k$ by ! vomit+ ( yell[ bile1 0 cur$ by f\r h]bs--all yell[ 9 root1 or /alk1 or fl[]4 ,to w>d (f smallpox !y ate ! fle% ( ! buzz>d3 t bird be+1 9 _! op9ion1 exempt f smallpox1 because its f\l /5* keeps ! disease-_s at a di/ance4 ,to cure snake-bite1 !y said1 rub ! place 9 ! direction contr>y to t 9 :i* ! snake coils itself 7to ! "r72 because ?is is ! same z uncoil+ x4#efc ,b "h !re seems to be "s hiatus 9 ! ?\ght1 = h[ does uncoil+ ! snake c\nt]act its poison8 ,"o easily appreciates ! exultation ( ! wiz>d to :om ?is idea fir/ reveal$ itself1 & 8 contempt = ! dull process ( work+ x out1 :5 its place 9 ! h>mony ( ?+s 0 self-evid5t4 ,9 "s ( ^! cases we f9d ! assumption 7tacit ) primitive practition]s1 b explicit 9 ,m$ival ,m$ic9e7 t 8l causes l03 ! adhesiv5ess ( ! bur is communicat$ to ! memory1 ! %>pness ( ! fl9t arr[-po9t to ! v]mifuge1 ! buzz>d's immunity f smallpox to ! eat] ( ! buzz>d4 ,& ?is is intelligible3 because1 fir/1 !re are _m examples 7sup]ficially consid]$7 ( l caus+ l1 su* z animal g5]ation1 ! spread ( fire2 hot ?+s heat1 & cold ?+s cool1 & s =?3 &1 secondly1 qualities su* z /ick9ess & %>pness1 are ?\ght ( by savages z f9e mat]ial1 l curses & gho/s1 :i* may be transf]r$ f "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,b 9 o!r cases x is assum$ t 8l cures l10 z *ickwe$ cures worms1 & yell[ h]bs bili\sness 7z 9 ,europe turm]ic 0 long believ$ to cure jaundice72 & ?is is a v diff]5t matt]--equival5t to 8l expels or annuls l40 ,9 ord9>y exp]i5ce1 !re seem to be no obvi\s examples ( x3 b 9 primitive m$ical practice x is f\nd t fom5tation r$uces inflammation1 rubb+ ) sn[ is good = fro/-bite1 an emetic cures sickness1 & ca/or oil di>rha2 & su* may be ! exp]i5tial gr\nd ( ^! magico-m$ical fancies4 ,! p[] ( h]bs may dep5d ^u rites obs]v$ at _! ga!r+3 :5 a ,*]okee wiz>d pull$ up a plant = m$ic9e1 he dropp$ a bead into ! hole to comp5sate ! e>? = ! !ft2#efd & :5 a ,greek physician ga!r$ ! ,panaces ,asclepion1 :i* 0 a rem$y = all diseases1 he fill$ ! hole ) v>i\s k9ds ( gra9 by way ( expiation4#efe ,9 employ+ m$ic9al h]bs x is also important to rememb] :5 !y %\ld be procur$1 z on ! eve ( ! summ] sol/ice1 at ! new or ! full moon1 or at ! turn ( ! tide2 by :om--a *ild or a virg92 & :]e--on a m\nta9-top or at a grave4 ,hi]abotane 0 s pot5t t :oev] rubb$ himself ) x obta9$ :atev] he desir$2 & 9 ga!r+ x1 y fir/ (f]$ honey to ! e>? 9 expiation1 !n trac$ a circle ar\nd x ) iron1 &--tak+ c>e t nei!r sun nor moon %\ld %9e ^u x--at ! ris+ ( ! ,dog ,/>1 y pull$ x up ) ! left h&1 & dri$ sep>ately 9 ! %ade ! root1 ! /em & ! leaves4#eff ,inde$ ! conditions "u :i* a drug c be legitimately obta9$ s z to ensure its efficacy1 may be s num]\s1 m9ute & exig5t z to make ! satisfy+ ( !m almo/ impossible2 s we ne$ n wond] if ! rem$y sometimes fails4 ,prescriptions (t5 include ! fle% or juices ( dead bodies1 or _! p\nd$ bones1 or o!r f\l & repulsive +r$i5ts relat$ to ,black ,magic--mu* tru/$1 & /ill traditional 9 "s /rata ( ?is c\ntry1 :]e ! belief is inexpugnable t m$ic9e1 ! na/i] x is1 is ! m efficaci\s4 ,if any "o wond]s h[ su* prescriptions c h held _! gr\nd = ages1 x 0 because pati5ts did n always die4 ,recov]y 0 cr$it$ to ! dra/ic m$ic9e1 & dea? to evil ,magic2 & ! vis m$icatrix natur1 t /aun* ally ( hone/ physic1 0 sometimes too /rong = ! wiz>d's :ole ph>macopia4 7b7 ,aga91 ! wiz>d is a surgeon1 & kn[s some?+ ( ! con/ruction & work+ ( ! human body1 & ?is is ! beg9n+ ( ,anatomy & ,physiology4 ,he 0 especially well in=m$ 9 ^! matt]s 9 su* a c\ntry z ,fiji1 :]e he _h access to two great s\rces ( anatomical k--frequ5t w>s & cannibalism4 ,he also kn[s c]ta9 ways ( treat+ w\nds & o!r lesions1 su* z b&ages1 ligatures1 spl9ts1 sl+s1 massage & fom5tations1 :i* all admit ( rational developm5t & h be5 cont9u\sly practis$ to ?is day4 ,c\ld he be cont5t to abide by ! facts1 all might be well2 b he is tempt$ to ext5d 8 me?ods 9 v>i\s directions to cases :i*1 on v slight gr\nds1 he believes to be simil>4 ,! be/ kn[n example ( ! errone\s ext5sion by analogy ( a s\nd me?od is ! suck+-cure4 ,x is1 or has be51 practis$ all ov] ! _w1 & obvi\sly re/s on ! prov$ utility ( suction 9 extract+ f ! fle% ?orns or poisons4 ,9 ,au/ralia snake-bite is sometimes cur$ by suck+ ! w\nd & r9s+ ! m\? ) wat]4#efg ,b ! op]ation is gradually appli$ to o!r cases until1 :atev] pa9 y suff]1 x is attribut$ to some?+ l poison1 or a ?orn 7or1 lat]1 a _s71 t has got inside y1 ?\gh by an invisible w\nd1 & may be suck$ out4 ,! wiz>d1 accord+ly1 und]takes to suck x out1 & he sometimes exhibits x to y--a piece ( wood or bone1 :i* he br\ght to y\r b$side 9 8 wai/b&4 ,sometimes a m$ic9e-man enjoys great suctorial p[]s by hav+ a liz>d 9 8 own body4#efh ,= gett+ a =eign body out ( a man a me?od alt]native to suction is pressure4 ,mr4 ,h[itt#efi reports a rem>kable prescription = cur+ heada*e4 ,cut out ( ! gr\nd a circul> turf1 place ! suff]]'s head 9 ! hole & ! turf ^u 8 head2 !n sit or /& ^u x4 ,he may pres5tly decl>e t he feels relief2 b p]haps he only desires x4 ,x is a fact t a pati5t sometimes feels bett] aft] su* treatm5t1 ?\gh ! cause ( 8 pa9 0 no?+ t c\ld possibly yield to suction or pressure3 t is to say1 8 m9d yields to sugge/ion4 ,b n all savages are equally sugge/ible1 any m ?an we are4 ,dr4 ,coddr+ton says#egj t1 9 ,p5teco/ ,isl&1 wit*es pr(ess to cure pa9 ) a leaf-p\ltice1 & 9 tak+ x (f to remove ) x ! cause ( pa91 p]haps a snake or a liz>d4 8,b10 said a native1 8no "o sees ! ?+s b ! woman1 & ! pa9 rema9s0--"o ( ^? tr\blesome sceptics6 ,yet x is possible t _h he j und]gone ! op]ation1 he w\ld n h d5i$ t ! pa9 0 bett]4 ,!re is a /ate ( m9d betwe5 sugge/ibility & sane judgm5t1 namely1 ass5tation3 unwill+ness or unread9ess to =m or /ate "o's own op9ion1 &1 consequ5tly1 an appe>ance ( acquiesc+ 9 ano!r's ass]tion4 ,!re is confusion & conflict1 f :i* ass5t is ! easie/ relief4 ,?is /ate ( m9d = ! imm$iate purpose ( m$ic9e-man or orator may s]ve z well z sugge/ibility2 b may soon pass (f :5 ! pati5t recov]s 8 faculties1 & %\ld be di/+ui%$ f ! sugge/ibility t takes a relatively p]man5t impression f ! pret5sions ( a m\ntebank4 ,! p[] ( sugge/ion1 h[ev]1 is "o ( ! facts t ! wiz>d has obs]v$1 & he c\nts ^u its aid4 ,he has also le>nt to practise hypnotism2 & see+ h[ my/]i\s ^! ?+s h be5 to ! mo/ enlight5$ mod]ns1 we ne$ n wond] t he employs !m 9 magical !rapeutics--danc+1 drumm+1 %\t+ to ov]p[] 8 pati5t & to incite himself to put =? 8 utmo/ en]gy4 ,n[h]e1 probably1 9 ! :ole range ( 8 art1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,reality & ,magic s obscure to himself4 ,! wiz>d1 !n1 acquir$ 9 8 m$ical functions 7& 9 o!rs7 a c]ta9 empirical k ( "s obscure facts 9 ,psy*ology1 & ?is k p]si/$ 9 8 pr(ession 9 %ady qu>t]s to our own "t2 b ) ! gr[? ( positive ,sci5ce1 its my/]i\sness 0 mi/ak5 = quack]y1 until q rec5tly1 :5 ! facts =c$ !mselves on ! att5tion ( "s m51 :o ne$$ great c\rage to confess _! conviction4 ,a crude ,physiological ,psy*ology1 too1 result$ f savage obs]vation ( a connexion betwe5 ! agitations ( body & m9d4 ,v e>ly sundry m5tal p[]s--skill1 c\rage1 affection--are locat$ 9 special p>ts ( ! body--! he>t1 sple51 kidneys1 b[els--z !y /ill are 9 popul> language4 ,ap>t f ! b>e obs]vation t ! b[els & he>t are di/urb$ dur+ emotion 7:i* is true & important71 ^! doctr9es are n ,sci5ce2 nor are !y exactly ,magic1 b belong to ! region ( ideas ancill>y to ,magic--ideas ( qualities z mat]ial ?+s4 ,! savage1 always eag] to apply 8 suppos$ k to practice1 utilises 8 ,physiological ,psy*ology = ! improvem5t ( 8 m9d1 & misses no opportunity to make a meal ^u an enemy's 7or p]haps a relative's7 he>t or sple5 or kidney or tongue or eye1 9 ord] to appropriate ! quality = :i* ! deceas$ _h be5 conspicu\s4 7c7 ,savages 7z we h se5 9 ! *apt] on ,om5s7 are famili> ) a great _m natural signs by :i* to judge ( ?+s n n[ pres5t1 b t h happ5$1 or are ab\t to happ54 ,e hunt] mu/ h a great /ock ( su* k1 inasmu* z ! pursuit ( game entirely dep5ds ^u x4 ,?is k ( natural signs is1 on ! "o h&1 a g5u9e contribution to ,natural ,hi/ory2 x increases1 is h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & =ms ! nucleus ( ,botany & ,zoology4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is re>$ ^u x1 "u ! influ5ce ( hope & fe>1 ! belief 9 ,om5s t give w>n+ ( good or ill success 9 all ! affairs ( life4 ,om5s1 at fir/ m]ely signs my/]i\sly connect$ ) ev5ts1 are lat] reg>d$ z ! s5d+s ( spirits or gods1 ^: oracles =eca/ ! fate ( h]oes & nations4 ,at fir/1 p]haps1 ! wiz>d may d no m ?an o!r tribesm5 to promote ?is p>ticul> sup]/ition2 b x is he :o works out ! great art ( ,div9ation1 )\t :i* ,om5s w\ld h be5 a matt] ( mu* less consequ5ce4 ,! mo/ fam\s bran* ( ,div9ation1 namely1 ,a/rology1 0 ! inv5tion ( a comp>atively late age1 & x 01 ( c\rse1 long prec$$ by ! discov]y ( ! rudim5ts ( ,a/ronomy z "p ( ! common s5se ( agriculture3 "s k ( ! regul>ity ( ! motions ( ! sun & moon & ( ! con/ancy ( ! />s 9 contra/ ) ! planets4 ,?is is pla9ly presuppos$ by ! compreh5sive sy/em ( pr$ictions bas$ on sympa!tic ,magic1 arbitr>y assumptions & fanciful analogies :i*1 = ! la/ f\r or five ?\s& ye>s1 has promis$ to disclose to any "m ! c>e] ( h] infant1 or to any mon>* ! future ( 8 k+dom4 ,b :at n[ seems fanciful or arbitr>y once seem$ reasonable4 ,! sun manife/ly rules all ?+s2 ! wax+ & wan+ ( ! moon mu/ /r5g!n & weak5 all ?+s2 ! signs ( ! ,zodiac are c]ta9ly connect$ ) ! seasons2 ! planets p>take ( ! nature ( ! gods4#ega ,if !re are gods !y mu/1 z ! ,/oics argu$1 h "s way ( communicat+ ) m52 & :at way c be m congru\s ) _! nature ?an by writ+ on ! face ( ! heav5s8 ,b g5]ally ! ideas ( ,a/rology 7 magical r ?an animi/ic4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! p[]s & dispositions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 let u consid] only :at mu/ necess>ily foll[ f _! influ5ces 9 conjunction or opposition & v>i\s relations 9 tr9e1 qu>tile & sextile4 ,?us !y dream$ & speculat$1 b at ! same "t made _m exact obs]vations on ! sky4 ,& s ,a/ronomy made "s progress 9 spite ( ,magic4 7d7 ,m widely preval5t ?an ,a/rology & f> m anci5t is ! art ( controll+ ! wea!r1 especially ra92 = ra91 f its unc]ta9ty 9 _m c\ntries & its indisp5sabl5ess1 is a matt] ( deep] int]e/ & anxiety ?an ev5 ! sun himself4 8,ra9-mak+10 z x is call$1 common 9 ,au/ralia & o!r regions ( l[ly culture1 survives :5 society has ris5 to high] levels1 becomes ! function ( ! mo/ em95t wiz>ds or prie/s1 sometimes ! duty ( k+s1 & is n ext9ct among/ ourselves4 ,b f :at k ( fact or common s5se c 8ra9-mak+0 be d]iv$8 ,i conjecture x 0 f facts obs]v$ 9 ! behavi\r ( fire4 ,! mak+ ( fire 0 ! fir/ great *emical exp]im5t & ! f\ndation ( all ,*emi/ry4 ,hav+ made fire1 ! mo/ wond]ful ( all a*ievem5ts1 !re w\ld be little excuse = a/oni%m5t if m5 _h !n ?\ght !y c\ld also make ra92 b probably !y nev] ?\ght s4 ,x seems to me a misconception ( ra9-rites to describe !m z endeav\rs to 8make0 ra92 = !y pla9ly aim n at mak+1 b at induc+1 in/igat+ or propagat+ x4 ,! ,swazies1 we are told explicitly1 try to procure ra9 by ?r[+ wat] high into ! air1 expect+ t ! fall+ drops w /imulate ! cl\ds 9 sympa?y ) !m4#egb ,savages may be said to 8make0 fire2 = until !y rub _! /icks1 or knock _! fl9ts toge!r1 x does n exi/4 ,b 9 ! s-call$ 8mak+0 ( ra9 !re is ne>ly always "s wat] to beg9 )2 & ! ess5ce ( a ra9-rite is ! spla%+ ( wat] into ! air1 or ! p\r+ ( x out1 sometimes on a p>ticul> /one1 or on a p>ticul> p]son1 ) _m v>iations4 ,9 r>e in/ances ! wat] has be5 =gott53 ! ,kurnai1 in/ead ( wat]1 let blood1 & ?r[ d[n into ! air = cl\ds2 b 9 ano!r rite !y fill _! m\?s ) wat] & squirt x out 9 "o direction or ano!r 7accord+ to ! clan7 & s+ a spell3 to /op ! ra9 !y ?r[ up fire-/icks4#egc ,^? :o practise su* rites hope t ! spill+ ( a little wat] w br+ on a great d[nfall or outp\r+ ( wat]1 namely1 ra92 & ?is agrees ) ! fact t a wiz>d w n op]ate except :5 ! ra9y season approa*es4 ,n[ ?is induc+ ( mu* by little is n1 inde$1 analog\s to ! mak+ ( fire2 b x is analog\s to ! spread or propagation ( fire2 :51 hav+ produc$ a few sp>ks1 ^! spread ?r\gh t9d] to ! firewood1 & !nce a conflagration may be communicat$ to ! prairie or to ! =e/4 ,my conjecture is1 !n1 t n ! mak+ 7:i* is nev] attempt$7 b ! induc+1 or propagation ( ra9 is bas$ on ! analogy ( ! propagation ( fire1 & belongs to ! class ( exempl>y or inc5tive rites2 :i* are to be und]/ood n z int5d+ ! direct causation ( ev5ts1 b r z in/igat+ ,nature to br+ x ab\t3 ! class describ$ 9 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #h1 su* z ! fur!r+ ( crops by f]tility-rites1 or ! ensur+ ( successful hunt+ or w>f>e by a dramatic dance4 ,ra9-rites be+ v apt to fail ( _! purpose1 ! wiz>d is 9 dang] ( los+ 8 reputation1 or ( "s worse fate4 ,8 att5tion is1 !re=e1 drawn to ! signs ( ! wea!r1 ! "* & c\rse ( ! seasons1 ! connexion ( ra9 ) ! aspect ( ! sky & direction ( ! w9d2 s t he le>ns to op]ate = ra9 only :5 ra9 may reasonably be expect$4 ,he has !n laid out ! rudim5ts ( ,meteorology1 b by obs]vation1 n by hocus-pocus4 #c4 ,,:y ,,magic ,,seems ,,to ,,be ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,sci5ce ,9 no case1 !n1 is ,sci5ce d]iv$ f ,magic1 b ,sci5ce on ! "o h& & ,magic on ! o!r are diff]5tiat$ f ,common-s5se1#egd & ,sci5ce is mu* ne>] ak9 to ,common-s5se ?an ,magic is1 be+ ( ! same sub/ance & only =mally diff]5t4 ,& 9 t s5se x is e>li] ?an ,magic1 & sometimes =mally e>li]1 z 9 ! case ( ,a/ronomy & ,a/rology4 ,! illusion t ,magic is ! e>li] is due to ! mis9t]pretation ( two facts3 7a7 ,magic & ,sci5ce are1 = ! mo/ "p & dur+ _m ages1 work$ out by ! same m5--magicians or prie/s2 & all t !y d is mi/ak5 = ,magic1 ev5 by !mselves4 ,& 7b7 ,magic 9 mo/ ( its bran*es und]goes imm5se developm5t1 :il/ ! ,sci5ces rema9 rudim5t>y2 gr[s old & ev5 decrepit1 :il/ !y are /ill 9 infancy2 s t1 on fir/ em]g+ into public notice1 !y seem to issue f ! matrix ( ,magic4 ,! reasons = ! relative backw>dness ( ,sci5ce1 aga91 are *iefly ?ree3 7a7 ,= ages x is 9 ! h&s ( wiz>ds :o1 ?\gh highly valu+ k1 are ma9ly eag] = p[] & prophecy4 ,x is true t ,sci5ce gives p[]1 & ! hope ( p[] is a reasonable inc5tive to ! /udy ( ,sci5ce2 b x mu/ be a remote inc5tive1 9 ! actual "w ( rese>* rigor\sly exclud$4 ,!re1 unless tru? is ! sole end 9 view1 ! proc$ure w n be clean1 w be conf9$ to imm$iate utility4 ,b ?is is a rec5t discov]y4 ,! wiz>d has no su* ideas3 he is gov]n$ by 8 desires & traditions4 ,h5ce = v]ification he is cont5t ) co9cid5ces2 negative in/ances he neglects1 or reg>ds failure m]ely z an occasion = excuses4 ,he accepts connexions ( ev5ts remote 9 space & "t1 & is v sl[ to see ! necessity ( connect+ ev5ts 9 ! close/ possible sequ5ce4 ,moreov]1 hav+ no und]/&+ ev5 ( ! facts he kn[s 7su* z ! mak+ ( fire71 ! my/]i\sness ( any relation ( ev5ts con/itutes no objection to 8 acceptance ( x2 z ! magical side ( 8 practice gr[s1 s does its my/]y2 until at la/ my/]i\sness is a /rong recomm5dation1 & becomes a "* ( ! app]ceptive mass t assimilates & confirms all magical beliefs4 ,?is /ate ( m9d always (f]s /rong resi/ance to positive explanation4 7b7 ,ano!r reason ( ! backw>dness ( ,sci5ce is ! sl[ elucidation ( ! idea ( ,causation--long obscur$ by ! impressiv5ess ( co9cid5ce & by fallaci\s imag9ations ( magical & spiritual =ces3 a process /ill incomplete4 ,until ?is idea _h made consid]able progress 9 def9it5ess 79 antiquity1 say1 ) ,ar*im$es1 & 9 mod]n times ) ,galileo71 x 0 impossible t ! indisp5sabl5ess ( analysis & elim9ation %\ld be und]/ood1 t absolute respect %\ld be felt = negative in/ances & t any gap 9 a s]ies ( ev5ts %\ld always be reg>d$ z an in/ant problem4 ,&1 f9ally 7c71 = sci5tific progress x 0 necess>y t reason+ by analogy %\ld be ab&on$1 & a me?odology discov]$ ( p>allel & equational reason+1 ) ! app>atus t makes exact inve/igation possible4 ,z ! ,sci5ces gr[ 9 compreh5siv5ess1 precision & solid>ity1 !y con/itute _! own app]ceptive mass1 assimilation ) :i* is ! supreme te/ ( all relevant beliefs2 & ?is1 toge!r ) a me?odology t has become a habit ( m9d1 t5ds to e/abli% a social atmosph]e 9 :i* ,magic is no long] ?9kable4 ,exact habits ( ?\ght 9 comm]ce & indu/ry contribute greatly to ?is result4 ,s we are tempt$ to ridicule our b5ight$ pr$ecessors2 b a /udy ( ! conditions ( _! life %[s t d>kness 0 no m _! fault ?an illum9ation is our m]it4 ,! ne>e/ approa* t c be tru?fully made to ! position t ,sci5ce is d]iv$ f ,magic1 is to say t ! sci5ti/ is d]iv$ f ! wiz>d 7or wiz>d-prie/71 on t side ( 8 activity 9 :i* he reli$ ^u fragm5ts ( positive k2 b ?is 01 9 nature1 always oppos$ to 8 ,magic4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?\s&s ( ye>s "s m5 grew m int]e/$ 9 ! positive ?an 9 ! magical side ( _! pr(ession1 & became sci5ti/s2 :il/ o!rs adh]$ to ! fanciful & my/ical4 ,x is rem>kable t1 z sceptics occur 9 ! mo/ unsuspect$ qu>t]s1 s pure sci5ti/s may sometimes be f\nd z an in/itution 9 b>b>\s or ev5 savage communities4 ,9 a ,bantu tribe !re is a class ( doctors t claim no p[]s by ! aid ( spirits or ,magic1 b )\t any c]emony disp5se a few well-kn[n drugs--aloes1 nux vomica1 ca/or-oil1 f]n-root1 rhub>b1 & ! b>k ( v>i\s trees1 purgative or emetic4#ege ,! ,kanyahs ( ,borneo h a wea!r-prophet to det]m9e ! "r "t = s[+2 he is n expect$ to cultivate padi1 b is suppli$ ) x by ! re/ ( ! village4 ,n kn[+ h[ _m days !re are 9 a ye>1 & f9d+ t ! seasons d n correspond ) any c]ta9 numb] ( lun> mon?s1 he dep5ds entirely ^u obs]vation ( ! altitude ( ! sun by means ( an upright pole1 ^: upp] end is c>v$ into a human figure4#egf ,except ! c>v+ on 8 pole1 !re is no?+ to indicate t ei!r ,magic or ,animism p]turbs ! me?od ( ?is ,a/ronom] ,royal4 ,h5ce ! adv5ture1 ?\gh mo/ wond]ful1 is n unexampl$ 9 a humbl] _w1 by :i* em95t citiz5s among/ ! ,greek laity1 ) m9ds almo/ free f ,magic & ,animism1 e/abli%$ = ev] ,philosophy & ! ,sci5ces z lib]al /udies4 #d4 ,,animism ,,& ,,sci5ce ,animism is oppos$ to ,sci5ce1 z well z to ,magic1#egg by its rejection ( uni=mity4 ,a _s1 inde$1 has "s "* 7?\gh x may be v fa9tly m>k$72 = he is1 or is assimilat$ to1 a human gho/4 ,b al?\gh he is suppos$ to h reasons or motives = 8 actions1 !y are (t5 un9telligible4 ,until he is br\ght "u ! control ( magical rites & =mul1 he may reject (f]+s & pray]s1 z if by pure caprice or free-w4 ,8 int]v5tions are incalculable4 ,h5ce he may be ! unse5 ag5t 9 any?+ t happ5s2 & ! habit is =m$ ( putt+ ^u him1 or "o ( 8 k9d1 e occurr5ce ^: cause is n obvi\s3 diseases1 dea?s1 /orms1 dr\ghts1 noises 9 ! =e/1 unusual behavi\r ( animals4 ,a _s-be+ ) its body ( s\l-/uff capable ( tak+ any %ape1 a mat]ial ?+ ex]t+ me*anical p[]1 !re is no?+ t may n be imput$ to x4 ,b be+ entirely imag9>y1 its suppos$ ag5cy c only satisfy ! imag9ation by ! assimilation ( ea* int]v5tion by ! animi/ic app]ceptive mass4 ,x is nev] se5 or kn[n to d any "o ( ! actions attribut$ to x2 = ! und]/&+1 bas$ on p]ception & ! classification & analysis ( p]ceptions1 x is no?+4 ,moreov]1 s f> z ! actions ( a _s are ( free-w1 or motiveless1 or pure caprice1 !re is no di/9ct imag9ation ( ev5 a spiritual cause4 ,:5 a man1 suff]+ f disease1 or he>+ an unfamili> noise1 ref]s x to a _s1 !re is usually no?+ 9 8 m9d b ! ^w ( vague mean+ & a feel+ ( awe1 wond]1 or dread4 ,he gets no fur!r 9 ! und]/&+ ( ! fact1 & curiosity is p>alys$4 ,to say 8a _s did x0 becomes1 !re=e1 a means ( avoid+ ! lab\r ( explanation2 x is a good example ( ! 8pr9ciple ( lea/ ef=t40 ,b 9 ano!r direction 8 wits may get to "w4 ,he is full ( fe>1 & objectless fe> mu/ inv5t a dang]1 :i* is easily done by suppos+ t ! _s has be5 actuat$ by wra?4 ,!n some?+ mu/ h be5 done to enrage him3 a taboo has be5 brok51 8 rites h be5 neglect$1 s9 has be5 committ$--accord+ to ! cu/om>y ideas ( ! tribe4 ,!re mu/ be lu/ration1 propitiation1 expiation1 p]haps ) horrible cruelty4 ,aga91 !n1 %all we say ! man has be5 div]t$ f ! important inquiry into ! causes ( disease or dr\ght8 ,b ?is is laughable3 h[ c he set ab\t su* a task8 ,x is ! trag$y ( ! _w t = ?\s&s ( ye>s ! speculative p[]s ( man--( "s m5--exp&$ )\t any p[]1 except 9 ! classical age1 ( discrim9at+ s5se f nons5se4 ,!re=e1 look+ back1 we see ev]y:]e else sup]/ition & ! k+dom ( d>kness4 ,animism c nev] h directly enri*$ ,sci5ce ) a s+le natural law2 b1 indirectly1 x has in/igat$ _m inve/igations4 ,) ! developm5t ( ,religion1 ! build+ ( temples & ! regulation ( sacrifices & fe/ivals accord+ to _! seasons1 necessitat$ at lea/ ! empirical /udy ( ,geometry1 ,ari?metic & ,a/ronomy2 & ! pres]vation ( ! anci5t language ( ! sacr$ =mul ( ritual requir$ a k ( prosody1 phonetics & gramm>4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s erudition 0 conf9$ to ! prie/ly ord]s4 ,!y also practis$1 or 7 ! *ief patrons (1 all ! f9e arts1 ,ar*itecture1 ,sculpture1 ,pa9t+1 ,music & ,poetry2 & by _! connexion ) gov]nm5t !y left 9 ,egypt & ,assyria1 9 monum5ts & inscriptions1 ,hi/ory1 or ! mat]ials ( ,hi/ory4 ,indirectly1 ! progress ( m5tal culture1 bo? 9 le>n+ & 9 /hetics1 has dep5d$ almo/ entirely on ! developm5t ( ,animism2 & ?is 9 turn has dep5d$ on ! aid :i* ,animism gave to gov]nm5t & to ! ext5sion ( law & ord]1 h[ev] imp]fect1 ov] wide regions ( ! e>?4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal utility :i*1 fir/1 ,magic &1 aft]w>ds1 ,animism subs]ve1 & = ! sake ( :i*--unconsci\sly1 ( c\rse--!y arise & prevail4 ,mank9d has be5 subdu$ ?r\gh imag9ation2 because ! peoples t _h ! ca/ ( imag9ation requisite = _! political organisation & co-op]ation _h an advantage ov] o!rs4 ,we mu/ qualify ?is by obs]v+ t o!r imag9ations1 su* z devotion to ! ,family & ,patriotism1 ) a mu* sur] hold ?an ,animism has ^u exp]i5ce1 h _h a great & gr[+ influ5ce ^u ! solid>ity & civilisation ( "s bran*es ( ! human race1 especially ! ,nordic4 ,philosophy has d]iv$ f ,animism mo/ ( h] problems--free-w & pr$e/9ation1 f9al causes1 creation & miracles1 emanation & intuition1 idealism & mat]ialism1 immortality1 ! be+ & attributes ( ,god1 et]nity1 inf9ity--9 "s ( :i*1 inde$1 magical ideas are deeply conc]n$3 all ( !m ! ex]cise ( ! mo/ em95t m9ds1 ex]cise s delightful & s disappo9t+4 ,consid]+ _! s\rce1 we _c wond] t ^! problems rema9 problems1 & t philosophical discussion has1 ( late ye>s1 turn$ f !m to que/ions conc]n+ ! !ory ( k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a /ud5t ( human orig9s is "u no obligation to pr$ict ! future4 ,=tunately3 = sev]al consid]ations make ! task appe> altoge!r impossible4 ,( ^! ,i w m5tion ?ree3 7a7 ,:]eas nations h hi!rto submitt$ to1 & en=c$1 law & ord]1 & und]tak5 co/ly works ( utility or spl5d\r1 9 l>ge measure "u ! influ5ce ( animi/ic illusions1 x is n[ ev]y:]e noticeable 9 ! m civilis$ c\ntries1 t ^! illusions are be+ dissipat$1 & x is v difficult to judge h[ p w behave :5 !y are gone4 ,x is1 inde$1 true t our ord9>y work+ life has always dep5d$ *iefly on common s5se1 a k ( facts )9 ! range ( ord9>y exp]i5ce & memory4 ,animi/ic or magical rites & c]emonies associat$ ) ! work+-life may h increas$ ! confid5ce & enc\rag$ ! co-op]ation ( lab\r]s1 b 7 n indisp5sable2 al?\gh ! association ( ,magic ) indu/ry seems sometimes to h become s close1 t to =get ! ,magic 0 to de/roy ! indu/ry4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we turn to ^? conditions ( social life t are beyond ! purview ( common s5se1 su* z ! pres]vation ( tribal tradition & solid>ity1 & future prosp]ity1 loyalty to ! k+ & ob$i5ce to 8 (fic]s1 x is pla9 t some?+ else ?an common s5se 0 ne$$ to re9=ce ! int]e/ ( ! :ole aga9/ ! t5d5cy ( ! individual's self-ass]tion to ov]come 8 social dispositions1 & t ?is control 0 f\nd *iefly 9 ,religion4 ,x is also true t at pres5t1 :il/ "s beliefs conc]n+ sup]natural ?+s are be+ lo/1 o!rs are be+ resuscitat$2 b ! laps+ beliefs are noble & v5]able & h ex]t$ great public p[] & au?ority2 :il/ ^? n[ eag]ly propagat$1 are ! raw infatuation ( quacks1 on a level ) ! ,animism ( an ,au/ralian m$ic9e-man &1 inde$1 mu* inf]ior to 81 z hav+ no moral influ5ce or au?ority4 ,:at mu/ come ( ?is is s dubi\s1 z to disc\rage "o ab\t ! future ( ! _w4 7b7 ,reflection on ! levity ) :i* imag9ation-beliefs are let slip & lo/1 or receiv$ & adopt$1 ^u no evid5ce ei!r way1 f m]e %all[ness ( s\l1 br+s =w>d a second consid]ation t makes ! future impr$ictable1 namely1 ! l[ av]age developm5t ( mank9d 9 bo? intellect & "*4 ,?is is ! consequ5ce ( our hav+ dep5d$1 probably f ! v beg9n+1 on lead]s4 ,a pack or tribe ne$$ en\gh v>iability to produce able lead]s & en\gh av]age ability to foll[ & support !m 9 a cr[d4 ,natural ,selection1 !re=e1 has op]at$ fir/ 9 produc+ v>iability2 & all tribes1 ev5 ! l[e/1 produce relatively em95t m54 ,! av]age intellig5ce or ability ( ! cr[d1 9 :i* individuality is liable to be lo/1 is mu* less important4 ,! result is t ea* nation has its milit>y affairs1 organisation ( indu/ry1 sci5ce1 inv5tion1 lit]ature & art provid$ = x by a small numb] ( citiz5s2 ! re/ fill ! ranks1 & le>n :at !y are taught4 ,?us arrang$1 ! lead+ nations h ( late ye>s made wond]ful progress 9 sci5ce & 9 ev]y?+ t c be done by ma*9]y2 b !re is no reason to suppose t any?+ has be5 done t[>ds rais+ ! av]age intellig5ce & "*2 & 9 default ( t1 9 my judgm5t1 no?+ has be5 done to advance civilisation4 ,! _w is no saf] aga9/ w>1 revolution1 demagogy1 despotism1 deg5]ation4 ,! greate/ improvem5ts h be5 made 9 means ( de/ruction2 next we may put ! inv5tion ( fly+ ma*9es2 & _! *ief use has be5 de/ruction4 ,de/ruction n[ pauses1 n because ! antagoni/s are satiat$2 !y are only exhau/$2 & !re is m hatr$ 9 ! _w ?an 0 ev] kn[n be=e4 ,h[ !n %all we judge ( ?+s to come8 7c7 ,speak+ ( ! av]age man1 we usually ?9k ( ! ,european & ,nor? ,am]ican av]age2 b 9 consid]+ :at *anges may be expect$ 9 ! _w1 ! p ( ,india 7#hjj1jjj1jjj71 ,*9a 7#cej1jjj1jjj71 & ! millions ( ! re/ ( ,asia1 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica _c be left out2 & to include !m does n raise ! av]age4 ,:at w be _! contribution to hi/ory8 ,!re are two rational proposals = rais+ ! av]age1 namely1 eug5ics & delib]ate elim9ation ( ! unfit2 & !re are #a1fjj1jjj1jjj on :om to op]ate4 ,any "o :o anxi\sly desires to =esee ! future ( our race is 9 a position to sympa?ise ) ! anci5ts4 ,g1 inquire at ,delphi or ,dodona2 or sleep 9 ,/oneh5ge1 or at ! tomb ( ,m]l91 or by ! b>r[s at ,upsala1 & dream ( ?+s to come2 or consult ! />s1 ca/ ! nativity ( ,lycopi!cus1 & read 9 heav5 ! fate ( 8 po/]ity4 ,if ^! me?ods are n v hopeful1 any "o ( !m is z good z guess+4 ,! only safe reflection is t he :o lives longe/ w see mo/4 ,,footnotes3 #efj 8,e?nology ( ! ,ungava ,di/rict10 ,am4 ,b4 ( ,e?n41 ,,xi4 p4 #aie4 ,o!r examples ante1 *4 viii4 #c4 #efa ,anatomy ( ,melan*oly1 ,"p ,,ii4 ,sec4 ,,iv4 ,mem4 #a1 ,subsec4 #c4 #efb ,pl9y1 ,,xxv4 c4 #f4 #efc ,j4 ,mooney1 8,sacr$ ,=mulas ( ! ,*]okees10 ,am4 ,b4 ( ,e?n41 ,,vii4 pp4 #cbc-ci4 #efd ,j4 ,mooney1 op4 cit4 #efe ,pl9y1 ,,xxv4 c4 #aa4 #eff ,ibid41 ,,xxv4 c4 #ei4 #efg ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #chd4 #efh ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,across ,au/ralia1 p4 #cci4 #efi ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #cha4 #egj ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #aii4 #ega ,= ,proclus' def5ce ( ,a/rology see ,:ewell's ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 ,book ,,iv4 *4 iii41 #a/ ed41 pp4 #bih-cjj4 #egb ,dudley ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 p4 #aad4 #egc ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 pp4 #cig-i4 #egd ,i d n mean t ,magic is always a direct d]ivative ( ,common-s5se3 we h se5 7*4 vi4 #e7 t x sometimes comes f ,animism by retrogradation1 & 7else:]e7 (t5 f co9cid5ces4 #ege ,dudley ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 pp4 #acd-e4 #egf ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo1 ,i4 p4 #ajf4 #egg ,ante1 *4 vi4 #c4 ,,index ,a ,ab/ract & g5]al ideas 9 l[] culture1 #ii-ajb1 #afc-d2 p]sonifi$1 #afh ,actor & ,wiz>d1 #bgb-c ,adaptation1 #cj1 #fg ,affection = ! dead1 #agi ,aggressiv5ess1 #dc ,agriculture1 neoli?ic1 #ej2 z affect+ natural selection1 #fd ,all51 ,grant1 on plant-spirits1 #afg ,analogy1 #ig-h ,animals give ,om5s1 #bcf ,animatism1 #abj1 #adi1 #aea1 #aeg ,animism1 #ce2 evil effects (1 #fg2 good effects1 #fi2 ,*ap4 ,v4 7#ade-hf71 see ,cont5ts2 & ,magic & ,common-s5se1 #aaj2 ext5d$ to plants & lifeless ?+s1 #aej-c2 developm5t (1 #ahc-d2 deception 91 #ahe2 h[ relat$ to ,magic1 ,*ap4 ,,vi4 7#ahg-bhd71 see ,cont5ts2 political advantage ov] ,magic1 #bee2 & ,totemism1 #cai-be2 & ,sci5ce1 #cda2 & ,f9e ,art1 #cda2 & ,philosophy1 #cdb ,an?ropoids1 habitat (1 #e2 m5tality & habits1 #ca-b2 skull capacity1 #ej2 "*1 #fa ,app]ceptive mass ( ,sci5ce & ,common-s5se1 #ha2 ( ,magic & ,animism1 #hb1 #abf ,arbitr>y ,magic1 #acc1 #adb2 taboos1 #acc2 my?s1 #afh ,ar*]1 ,w41 ,masks & ,faces1 #bgc n4 ,asia1 s\!rn1 probable locus ( ,man's orig91 #bc-d ,a/rology1 #bci1 #bdb1 #cce ,atk9son1 ,j4 ,j41 on ,primal ,law1 #ch1 #cjf ,avebury on mak+ fire1 #aa2 bak+ clay1 #ac2 om5s & ,magic1 #bcc n4 ,b ,baboons1 #eh ,belief1 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 7#ga-ajg71 see ,cont5ts ,belt1 ,?41 on hairless dogs1 #ae2 habits ( monkeys sleep+1 #ag ,b]keley on causality1 #aia ,black ,magic1 #ajg1 #abe1 #abi1 #ace-f1 #aci1 #aif1 #baa1 #bee1 #bhg ,boas1 ,franz1 on savage language1 #ajj2 on ,totemism1 #bih ,bogoras on ! ,%aman1 #bhe ,book ( ,daniel1 #bai ,bra9 developm5t 9 ,man1 #g1 #bf1 #ej2 9 *ild & savage1 #ia ,brehm on baboons1 #eh ,bryant1 ,e4 ,t41 on ,s\? ,african div9]s1 neurotic1 #bgd ,buddhi/ k>ma1 #age ,burton1 ,r41 on ,moslem corpse1 #agj ,burton's ,anatomy ( ,melan*oly on drugs1 #cbi ,butl]1 ,j41 on ,consci5ce1 #fd ,c ,callaway on *iefs & div9]s1 #bed ,cannibalism1 #ah ,canteleu1 ,c4 de1 on wolves1 #db ,casalis on ,bass\tos1 #bea ,cats 9 ! ,oligoc5e1 etc41 #bf ,causation tacitly assum$ by savages1 #aja2 confus$ ) co9cid5ce1 #aja1 #abb2 impli$ 9 ,magic1 #aac2 h[ ! idea affect$ by ,animism & ,magic1 #abc2 orig9 ( idea1 #ahh-ib2 its sl[ developm5t1 #cch ,causes ( belief1 #hj-d ,*adwick on treatm5t ( ,teutonic gods1 #bgh ,*>ms1 #aaa1 #aac1 #acj-a1 #aih ,*auc] on ! ,doct\r ( ,phisik1 #cbi ,*eiromancy1 #bci ,*ief's taboo1 #acb ,*ronology ( geologic ages1 #c1 #di ,cic]o on ! ,delphic ,oracle1 #bdb2 on ! ,augurs1 #bdh ,coddr+ton on savage ?\ght1 #hi2 9 ,banks ,isl&s1 #adi2 on buto1 #cbb ,co9cid5ce confus$ ) causation1 #aja2 s\rce ( belief 9 ,magic1 #aaf-h1 #abd1 #acf1 #aic2 9 ,om5s1 #bca-b2 confirms ,wiz>d's pret5sions1 #bij-a ,common-s5se1 #fg2 its limitations1 #fi1 #bib2 unlike sup]/ition1 #gb1 #aaj2 makes sceptics1 #bha-b1 #bia2 =c$ ^u ,wiz>d1 #bhb-c2 relation to ,magic & ,sci5ce1 #cbg1 #ccg ,comp>ative ,me?od1 #cjd ,comte on e>ly hunt+ life ( ,man1 #d n42 on /ages ( culture1 #ajh-i ,confucius on attitude t[>d spirits1 #aif ,conkl+1 ,e4 ,s41 on sup]/iti\s beliefs among /ud5ts1 #aae n4 ,consci5ce1 gr[? (1 #fb-d ,con/ructive impulse 9 an?ropoids & m51 #ec ,contra-sugge/ibility1 #hd ,co-op]ation1 9 hunt+1 #h2 ! gr\nd ( language1 #i2 among/ wolves1 #de ,criticism ( beliefs h9d]$ by relative dissociation1 #ij ,cry/al a ,magic s\rce1 #bde1 #bfc n4 ,cu%+1 ,t4 ,h41 on dramaturgic ,magic1 #adb n4 ,czaplicka1 ,a4 ,m41 on ,sib]ian %aman1 #bgj1 #bgb1 #bgd ,d ,d>w91 ,c41 on tee? & jaws ( ,man1 #g2 on sexual selection z cause ( nak$ sk91 #ad2 on v]m9 z possible cause1 #af2 on gr[? ( moral s5se1 #fc ,de ,div9atione1 #bbg1 #bcb ,d5ik] on races ( ,m51 #bj ,desire z cause ( belief1 #hc ,did]ot on actors1 #bgc ,diet ( ,primates & hunt]s1 #b ,diff]5tiation ( ,man began 9 ! ,oligoc5e1 #c1 & note2 ( ,om5s f o!r ,magic1 #bcb-c ,div9]s1 #bcd1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdg1 #bdi ,dogs1 nak$ v>ieties1 #af2 primitive1 #be2 lik5ess to ,man1 #dj1 #dc1 #dd1 #df1 #eg1 #fd ,dorsey1 ,j4 ,o41 on ,dakotas1 #ach1 #adi2 on ,omaha1 #adf ,dramatic ,magic1 #acd-e ,dreams & gho/s1 #aec-f1 #aei2 & ,om5s1 #bcg1 #bde n4 ,durkheim on ,totem div9ities1 #cai ,e ,edda1 #ahc ,ellis1 ,w41 on _s-food1 #afb2 on ,religion 9 ,raiatea1 #bjf1 #bbj2 ! idol-mak]1 #bhj ,emotion z cause ( belief1 #hc1 #hf2 9 religion1 #ahe1 #ahf ,emulation )9 ! pack1 #dd2 9 games1 bus9ess1 etc41 #ei ,endogamy1 #cjg ,eoan?ropus1 #di1 #ee1 #ff1 #fg ,eoli?s1 #ej1 #ec ,epictetus on div9ation1 #bdh ,erect gait ( ,man1 #e ,evil eye1 #abh ,exempl>y ,magic1 #adj-b1 #ccf ,exogamy & ,totems & ,m>riage ,classes1 #bie1 #cje1 #cjg-aa ,ext]nal s\l1 #agc ,f ,fate & ,magic1 #bbc2 & ,om5s1 #bce1 #bdi2 & ,causation1 #bdi-ej ,fe> a cause ( sup]/ition1 #hc2 gives p[] to gho/s1 #abc2 ( ! dead1 #agh-i ,feel+ z cause ( belief1 #hc ,feti*ism1 #ajh ,fire1 h[ fir/ made1 #aa ,=ce1 idea (1 #ajj-a1 #aai-bb1 #afc2 =ce & gho/s1 #aig-h2 9 ,magic & ,sci5ce1 #cbf-g ,=ms ( ?\ght 9 primitive m9d1 #id1 #ie ,f[l]1 ,w>d1 on ,iguvian ,magic1 #bjb1 #bjc2 on ,roman pray]s1 #bje1 #bba ,fraud1 9 :at s5se attribut$ to ,wiz>ds1 #bhd ,fraz]1 ,j4 ,g41 on ,magic & ,animism1 #aji2 on driv+ out gho/s1 #agi n42 on ,magic & ,religion1 #aic1 #aie2 on p[] ( ,wiz>d1 #bhd2 on ,totemism1 #bic1 #bii1 #cjd2 fir/ ,hypo!sis on ,totemism1 #cac2 on ,grass-se$ ,rites1 #cag2 second ,hypo!sis on ,totemism1 #cag2 on ,zoolatry1 #cbd ,free-w & ,animism1 #bbc ,freud on ,totem und ,tabu1 #ch ,fun]>y rites1 extravagance & economy1 #ahj2 & ,religion1 #cbj ,g ,galton1 ,f41 on dog & man1 #dj2 moros5ess ( savages1 #df ,g>n]1 ,r4 ,l41 on spee* ( *impanzee1 #i2 on polygamy ( apes1 #cb n4 ,g5]al ideas at savage level1 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 #g2 pres5t ?\gh unnam$1 #ajj ,g5]ic consci\sness ( ,primates1 #cj ,ge/ure1 #ed1 #ajj1 #aba2 & ,magic1 #abi ,gho/s & spirits alike1 #afi2 h[ imag9$1 #afi1 #agc2 & corpse1 #agj2 may die or be kill$1 #agf2 _! way ( life1 #agg1 #ahc2 easily deceiv$1 #aha2 & ,magic1 #aii ,gho/-!ory1 #afc-g2 ext5d$ to animals1 #aeg-fj2 & s\l-/uff1 #afa-d2 & spirits1 #afd-i ,gibbon on fanatics1 #bhg ,gods f tools1 etc41 #aeb2 f plants & meteors1 #aff-g2 f ab/ract ideas1 #afh2 subject to dea?1 #agf2 act by ,magic1 #bac-e2 controll$ by ,magic1 #bai-bc2 tea* ,magic1 #cji1 #caj2 f ance/ors1 #fi1 #bee2 & ,totems1 #cba-d ,greg>i\sness1 #h1 #cd1 #db ,grimm1 ,j41 on div9e p[]1 #bae ,h ,haddon1 ,a4 ,c41 on ,magic 9 ,torres ,/raits1 #abg1 #ada1 #aej1 #bef2 on treatm5t ( ,wiz>d1 #bfe2 ,totemism1 #bii ,halluc9ation1 #hi1 #ib1 #aee ,h>tl&1 ,e4 ,s41 #aba n4 ,h>tmann1 ,r41 on "* ( an?ropoids1 #fa ,hegel on sorc]y1 #aid n4 ,hepatoscopy1 #bci ,h]d-life1 ! "* x develops1 #dh ,h]odotus on ! army ( ,x]xes1 #ea2 on ,egyptian pr$iction1 #aic2 on ,p]sian law1 #bai2 on ,om5s1 #bbe1 #bcb2 on ,dreams1 #bcg1 #bda1 #bdb ,hirn1 ,yrj1 on sympa!tic ,magic1 #ach2 ,magic & ,religion1 #bec ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 #cjh-i ,hodson1 ,t4 ,c41 on a ,tanghul sceptic1 #bha ,hose & ,mc,dougall on ,pagan tribes ( ,borneo1 #abd ,h[itt1 ,a4 ,w41 pr[ess 9 kidney-fat1 #bde2 on ,m$ic9e ,man1 #bga2 to cure heada*e1 #ccb ,hudson1 ,w4 ,h41 on wolves1 #dd2 on dogs1 #de ,humanity1 gr[? ( ! s5tim5ts1 #fa-b ,hume1 ,j41 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 #ajh2 on future life1 #agg2 on causation1 #aij1 #aia ,hunt+-life1 influ5ce (1 #a1 #b1 ,*ap4 ,i4 #b1 #c 7see ,cont5ts71 #cc1 #ce1 #cg1 #ci1 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #d 7see ,cont5ts72 on intellig5ce1 #dg1 #ff ,hunt+-pack1 its organisation1 #cf1 #da1 #de2 organisation lo/1 #fh1 #fi ,hutton1 ,j4 ,j4 ,h41 on ,leop>d m51 #bad n4 ,hyp]physical ,animism1 #ade1 #aej ,i ,iliad1 #ahc1 #bgi ,images or m5tal pictures1 #gc2 vivid 9 savages & *ildr51 #hi ,imag9ation1 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 #d 7see ,cont5ts72 z unv]ifiable repres5tation1 #gd ,imag9ation-beliefs1 #fg1 #gf2 mimic p]ception-beliefs1 #ajc2 _! p[] ov]rat$1 #ajc-d2 alli$ to play-belief1 #ajd-f1 #adh2 (t5 inconsi/5t1 #aha-b ,indirect ,magic1 #abi1 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #f1 #g 7see ,cont5ts7 ,indu/ry & ,magic1 #adc ,initiation ( ,wiz>d1 #bjc1 #baa1 #bfc-e n42 & disillusion1 #bgg ,intellig5ce ( ,man1 h[ develop$1 #aj1 #dg-h2 ( ,an?ropoids1 #ca-b2 its influ5ce on morals1 #fe ,inti*iuma1 #abi1 #caf ,intuition1 #bce ,j ,jevons1 ,f4 ,b41 on ,totemism1 #bii ,j\nod1 ,h4 ,a41 on taboos1 #acc2 on photograph-s\l1 #ach2 on div9ation1 #bdi2 on ,magician's p[]1 #bfc n4 ,k ,kalevala1 #bjh1 #bfb ,kant on free-w1 #bbc ,kei?1 ,a41 on epo* ( ,man's diff]5tiation1 #c n42 on l5g? ( inte/9e1 #ac2 on ! g5ealogical tree ( ! ,primates1 #di2 capacity ( skulls1 #ej2 on ,ne&]?al species1 #eb2 on spee*-organs ( ,pi!can?ropus & ,eoan?ropus1 #ef1 #ff-g ,k+sley1 ,m>y1 on s\l-doctors1 #aee2 on f\r s\ls1 #agb ,l ,lam5tation & weep+1 #fa ,lang1 ,a41 on gho/s1 #aad2 on ,animism1 #adg1 #adh2 on ,totemism1 #bii1 #cjd-g ,laught]1 #fj ,laws ( ,association ( ,ideas1 #acg ,lecky on ,belief1 #agd ,leibnitz1 #agd ,leuba1 ,j4 ,h41 #adb ,levy-,bruhl on ! primitive m9d1 #he-f ,liv+/one on ,s\? ,african game1 #bg2 on ,s\? ,african doctors1 #bfj ,love ( ! *ase1 #da ,lyall1 ,alfr$1 ,asiatic ,/udies1 #bbb ,lycopi!cus1 #h1 #ah2 8 /ature1 #be1 #bf1 #bi ,m ,mac,bride1 ,e4 ,w41 on specialisation ( ,man1 #d n4 ,mc,dougall1 ,w41 on self-abasem5t1 #dd1 #abd4 ,see also ,hose & ,mc,dougall ,magic1 #ce1 ,*ap4 ,,iv41 see ,cont5ts2 relation to gov]nm5t1 #fh-fi1 #bec-d2 relation to ,animism1 ,*ap4 ,,vi41 see ,cont5ts2 to ,f9e ,art1 #bfb2 to ,religion1 #aid-g1 #bed-e2 to ,om5s1 #bbg-cd2 its equival5t = inspiration1 #bde2 relation to ,totemism1 #cad-h2 to sci5ce1 #aaa1 ,*ap4 ,x4 #a1 #b1 #c1 see ,cont5ts2 to ,m$ic9e1 #bfj1 #cbh-ca ,major premise ( primitive reason+1 #id1 #ie1 #ih ,mana1 #aba1 #abb1 #aic ,m>ett1 ,r4 ,r41 on ,animatism1 #abj1 #adi ,m>riage1 seasonal1 #ac2 & ,totemism1 #cjg-aa ,ma!w1 ,j41 on s\rce ( magical p[]1 #bfc n4 ,maxim1 ,h4 ,s41 on prec$5ce1 #de ,memory & ,belief1 #gc1 #hj ,m]ci]1 ,c41 on p>anoia1 #bgf ,metamorphosis1 #bac-ad1 #cad-ae ,me?odology1 none = ! primitive m9d1 #hb1 #aag ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 on ,comte1 #ajh2 on induction1 #aag ,mimesis1 pr9ciple (1 #acf ,m9or premise n und]/ood 9 primitive reason+1 #ie-f ,m\/]ian culture1 #ac ,mll]1 ,max1 on ,totemism1 #bii ,n ,natural selection ( be/ hunt]s1 #d2 ( ! greg>i\s1 #h2 ( ! intellig5t1 #aa2 adapt$ ,man to ! hunt+ life1 n to civilisation1 #ea2 except p>tially1 #fd2 )9 limits fav\r$ ! sup]/iti\s1 #gj1 #aad ,ne&]?al ,man1 #di1 #ej1 #eb ,neoli?ic culture1 #ej1 #ea ,nordic ,race1 #ai-bj ,o ,od\r z s\l-/uff1 #aci1 #afb ,oligoc5e suppos$ age ( ! diff]5tiation ( ,hom9id1 #c1 #bd2 l&scape1 flora & fauna !n1 #bb-h ,om51 magical or spiritual1 #bjj1 #bjd1 ,*ap4 ,,vii41 see ,cont5ts ,oracles1 dreams & om5s1 #bcf-g2 9 ,greece1 #bda-c2 9 ,fiji1 #bdc2 (t5 obscure1 #bdf ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas1 #aji1 #cji ,p ,paloli?ic ,culture1 #ej ,pantius on ,div9ation1 #bdh ,p>ticipation1 pr9ciple (1 #acf ,pausanias1 #bdd ,pawnee *ief on ! good man1 #fd ,pek9 ,gazette1 #bbb ,p]ception z s\rce ( belief1 #gi1 #he2 among savages1 #cf1 #acg ,philosophy & ,animism1 #cdb ,photograph & s\l1 #cab ,pi!can?ropus1 #di1 #ee ,pl9y 7! ,eld]7 on ,anci5t ,m$ic9e1 #cbi1 #cca ,plut>*1 #bdb ,poet respect$1 #abf2 inspir$1 #bcg n42 & wiz>d1 #bfg ,polybius on ,roman ,religion1 #bdh ,positivism1 #ajh ,possession1 #baj-aa1 #bab1 #bcg1 #bdb-c ,pray]s1 at fir/ seem dang]\s1 #aie-f2 f spells1 also spontane\s1 #bjj1 #bja2 become spells1 #bjd1 #bje ,prec$5ce 9 ! hunt+-pack1 #dd2 among/ ,au/ralians1 #de ,prie/1 #fh-i2 & sorc]]1 #bed-e2 & le>n+1 #cda ,primal ,law1 #ch1 #cjf ,prop]ty1 #dc1 #ef-h ,psy*ology ( ! hunt+-pack1 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #d 7#dj-h7 ,psy*ological ,animism1 #ade1 ,*ap4 ,v4 #b 7#adg-ec7 ,r ,races ( ,m51 #ai ,ra9-rites1 #bjb1 #cce-g ,ray1 ,s4 ,h41 on ! ,lifuans1 #adb n41 #aef ,reason & imag9ation1 #gd-e2 9 immature m9ds1 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 #f ,reflection & gho/1 #aed1 #aeh ,re9a*1 ,s41 on sex-taboo1 #ef ,re9c>nation1 #agd ,relations 9 savage ?\ght1 #aja ,religion1 #fi2 mean+ ( ^w1 #ahd2 & ,magic1 #aic-g2 & ,totemism1 #cba-e ,retrogradation1 ,*4 ,,vi4 #d 7#bjc-g7 ,rigv$a1 #aeb1 #afh1 #bai ,riv]a1 ,w4 ,h4 ,r41 on sugge/ibility 9 savages1 #hf2 on savage ?\ght1 #hi1 #ajj2 on ,totemic gods1 #afg1 #cba-b2 on ,toda pray]s1 #bje2 bl9dness ( savages to deceit1 #bhc2 on a cu/om at ,mota1 #cja1 #cjc ,roosevelt on dogs1 #dd1 #de2 elephant & be>1 #adg ,ro?1 ,w4 ,e41 on pray] to ,totem1 #cai ,roy1 ,s4 ,c41 on ,oraon ra9-rites1 #bjb ,s ,s&]son1 ,g4 ,p41 on ,indian wild dogs1 #dc ,scapulomancy1 #bci ,s*op5hau] on female beauty1 #ae ,sci5ti/s 9 b>b>ism1 #cci ,secret ( ! ,totem1 #cje ,seligman on sex-taboo1 #aca2 on dep>tm5tal exp]ts1 #beg1 #bhd ,sel\s1 ,f4 ,c41 on ! hunt]'s joy1 #da ,s5eca on ,om5s1 #bdi ,seton1 ,?ompson1 on ,indians' love ( kill+1 #da2 on wolves1 #db1 #dd1 #ef ,sexual selection z cause ( nak$ sk91 #ad ,%ad[ & gho/1 #aed1 #aeh ,%aman d]ivation ( ^w1 #bgd ,%amanism1 #bag-h1 #bed ,skeat & ,blagd5 on ! ,semang1 #adi1 #afh2 on ,malay ,magic1 #agb1 #bfa ,sk9 nak$1 #ad-ah ,skull *anges 91 #g2 capacity (1 #ej ,social life ( ,primates1 #g1 #cb2 ( ,man1 #h1 #cd-f1 #cg-h ,social ,orig9s1 #cje ,societies ( ,wiz>ds1 #bef ,sollas on geological "t1 #c n41 #di n4 ,sorc]] & ,magician1 #beb2 & ,prie/1 #bed ,sorc]y1 #abi2 def9$1 #ahi ,s\l & s\l-/uff1 #adg1 #aea1 #aed1 #aee1 #afa-c1 #aga2 h[ _m1 #agb2 orig9 & de/9y (1 #agd-g2 ( ,totem & clansman1 #cab1 #cac ,s\!y1 ,r41 ,! ,curse ( ,kehama1 #bfe ,species ( ,man1 #ca ,spee* 9 apes & m51 #i1 #ed1 #ee ,speiss] on ,animism 9 ,ambrym1 #aeb ,spell1 #fh1 #aaa1 #aac1 #acj2 t5ds to p]sonify1 #aeb1 #aef2 & pray]1 #bjj1 #bja ,sp5c]1 ,h41 ,pol4 ,in/itutions1 #h1 #ei2 on ,laught]1 #fj2 ,sociology1 #ajh2 on ,animism1 #aec1 #afe1 #afg1 #ahc2 on ,totemism1 #bih ,sp5c] & ,gill5 on savage imag9ation1 #hc2 on ,guanjis1 #adf2 on magic /ones1 #abj-a1 #bfc n42 emotions ( ,au/ralians1 #bdd2 =eign ,magic1 #bgj2 acc\nt ( a ,wiz>d1 #bhe2 li/ ( ,totems1 #bif ,spirits & gho/s1 ,*ap4 ,v4 #f-g 7#afd-gc72 p[] (1 #bab-c2 controll$ by ,magic1 #baf-bd2 & ,om5s1 #bcd-h ,/ages 9 developm5t ( ,magic1 #abi ,/anbridge1 ,w41 on aborig9es' scepticism1 #bgi ,/&>d ( tru? = savages1 #hi ,/efnson on ,esquimo1 #afj ,/ig&1 ,g4 ,h41 on ! ,masai1 #adf ,/oics & div9ation1 #bdh ,/oll1 ,otto1 on self-sugge/ion1 #bgd ,/ruggle ov] prey1 #de-f ,sub/itution 9 ,magic1 #ada ,sugge/ibility1 #hd1 #bge ,sup]/ition1 ,*ap4 ,,iii41 see ,cont5ts2 utility (1 #fi2 its d>k side1 #ajg2 innate disposition to1 #aad1 #aec ,syllogism & savage ?9k+1 #ib-g ,symbols1 #aci2 may fulfil ,om5s1 #bdf ,sympa?y1 p]ceptive1 contagi\s1 effective 9 ! pack1 #dh2 & moral s5se1 #fc-d ,t ,taboo1 #fh2 on p]sons & ?+s1 #aca-b2 on words1 #acc2 names ( dead & ( spirits1 #bja2 on k+s1 #bai2 connect$ ) ,totemism1 #cae1 #caf ,talisman1 #fh1 #aca1 etc4 ,te/imony1 #hj1 #hb ,?ompson1 ,basil1 on ,tongan rejection ( co9cid5ce1 #bia ,?urn1 ,e4 ,f4 im1 on savage belief1 #aaf1 #aea1 #aee2 on ! peaiman1 #bfj ,torday1 ,e41 on ,bahuana1 #aej2 dead ca/ no %ad[1 #aed n4 ,totemism1 #fh1 #aea1 #aff1 #afg1 #agc2 ,*ap4 ,,ix4 7#bic-cbe71 see ,cont5ts ,transmigration1 #aga1 #age ,trott] on h]d-in/9ct1 #fd ,turn]1 ,g41 on ,samoan gods1 #cbb ,turn] 7,am4 ,b4 ( ,e?n47 on ,esquimo ,angoqok1 #cbh ,tylor1 ,e4 ,b41 ,primitive ,culture1 #ajh2 on ,animism1 #aec1 #ahc2 on motivation ( ,magic1 #aie2 on spell & pray]1 #bjg ,tyndall on ! ,sci5tific ,uses ( ! ,imag9ation1 #gd ,v ,v5triloquism practis$ by ,wiz>d1 #bfa ,vocation ( ,wiz>d1 #bfg-i1 #bhe ,volsung ,saga1 #bac1 #bae n4 ,volunt>y action z cause ( belief1 #hc2 suppos$ s\rce ( idea ( cause1 #ahh1 #aib ,w ,wallace1 ,a4 ,r41 on place ( ,man's orig91 #d n42 on human bra91 #aa2 nak$ness1 #af2 ! ,orang1 #cb1 #cc1 #dg ,w>1 #eh-i ,weeks1 ,j4 ,h41 on ,congo ,cannibals1 #abg1 #aca2 ! ,bakongo1 #acj1 #afb1 #afh2 speciali/s 9 ,magic1 #beg2 on "* ( wiz>d1 #bfj1 #bga2 sorc]] n hon\r$ at home1 #bgj2 8 trick]y1 #bhb ,we/]m>ck1 ,e41 on seasonal m>riage1 #ac2 primitive monogamy1 #ef2 on moral ideas1 #fd2 savage classification ( ph5om5a1 #aji2 on sex-taboo1 #acb2 on av]t+ ! evil eye1 #add2 desc5t 9 female l9e1 #cjf2 ,totemism & m>riage1 #cjh-i2 animal wor%ip1 #cbc ,:iff51 ,?41 on *ief & m$ic9e-man1 #bed2 m$ic9e-man's unscrupul\sness1 #bga2 sceptics1 #bhj ,wi$emann on ,religion ( ,anci5t ,egyptians1 #agc1 #bfg ,williamson1 ,r4 ,w41 on ! ,mafulu1 #bja ,wiz>d1 #fh-i1 #abh2 ! m9d (1 ,*ap4 ,,viii4 7#beb-ib71 see ,cont5ts2 & gov]nm5t1 #bec-d2 societies1 #bef2 8 utility1 #bfh2 & ,ph>macology1 #cbh1 #cca2 ,anatomy & ,physiology1 #ccb2 ,psy*ology1 #ccc-d2 ,botany & ,zoology1 #ccd2 ,a/ronomy1 #cce2 ,meteorology1 #ccg ,wollunqua1 #cbj ,wolves1 #h1 #aa1 #be1 #cf1 #cg & note1 #da1 #db1 #dd1 #de1 #eb1 #ec1 #fd ,wundt1 ,w41 on ,krp]seele1 #agj1 #ahc2 on ,animism & ,magic & idea ( cause1 #ahg-ib2 or retrogradation1 #bjc ,transcrib]'s note ,words 9 italics h be5 surr\nd$ by und]scores1 & words 9 small capitals *ang$ to all capitals4 ,footnotes 7 r5umb]$ & mov$ to ! end ( ! *apt] !y belong to4 ,"s m9or corrections 7 made )\t note1 su* z miss+ punctuation & miss+ page numb]s 9 ! index4 ,also ! foll[+ corrections 7 made1 on page #ac 8probaby0 *ang$ to 8probably0 7probably v mu* e>li]7 #ic 8critisism0 *ang$ to 8criticism0 7incapable ( comp>ison & criticism7 #bbd 8%eph]$0 *ang$ to 8%eph]d0 7& a %eph]d1 sleep+ by ! grave ( ,orpheus7 #cdh 8,mc,dougal0 *ang$ to 8,mc,dougall0 7,see also ,hose & ,mc,dougall7 #cej 8unscupul\sness0 *ang$ to 8unscrupul\sness0 7m$ic9e-man's unscrupul\sness7 #cej 8,wi$]mann0 *ang$ to 8,wi$emann0 7,wi$emann on ,religion ( ,anci5t ,egyptian74 ,o!rwise ! orig9al 0 pres]v$1 includ+ inconsi/5t spell+1 hyph5ation1 capitalization1 & possible errors 9 =eign words4 ,additional3 ,! names ( "s ( ! quot$ au?ors 7 spell$ inconsi/5tly 9 ! orig9al1 = example ,codr+ton 0 spell$ mo/ ( ! "t ) two d's4 ,also ! "n ( ,vilhjlmur ,/efnsson 7:o 0 born z ,william ,/eph5son7 0 spell$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways4 ,^! h n be5 correct$4 ,! also m5tion$ ,/ev5son is somebody else4 ,also3 ,! index has n be5 *eck$ = errors1 besides ! ones 9 ! li/ above4