,illu/ration3 ,,capta9 ,,?omas ,,sav]y1 
,! inv5tor ( ! /eam eng9e - see         
frontispiece4gif   ,,! ,,m9]',s ,,fri5d2
 ,,or1 ,an ,eng9e ,,to ,,raise ,,wat]   
,,by ,,fire1 ,,describ$4 ,,& ,,( ,,!    
,,mann] ,,( ,,fix+ ,,x ,,9 ,,m9es2 ,,)  
,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,o!r    
,,uses ,,x ,,is ,,applicable ,,unto2 ,,&
 ,,an ,,answ] ,,to ,,! ,,objections     
,,made ,,aga9/ ,,x4 ,,by ,,?omas        
,,sav]y1 ,g5t4  ,pigri e/ +5ii cont5tum 
esse 81 qu ab aliis inv5ta sunt4        
,,s5eca4  ,,london3 ,,pr9etd ,,= ,s4    
,,cr\*1 ,,at ,,! ,,corn] ,,( ,,pope',s  
,,head-,,alley ,,9 ,,cornhill4 #agjb4   
,repr9t$1 #ahbg4     ,,london3 ,pr9t$ by
 ,w4 ,cl[es4 ,/an=d-/reet     ,,to ,,!  
,,k+4   ,,sir1 ,y\r ,maje/y hav+ be5    
graci\sly pleas$ to p]mit an exp]im5t   
be=e y at ,hampton-c\rt1 ( a small model
 ( my eng9e describ$ 9 ! foll[+         
treatise1 & at t "t to %[ a seem+       
satisfaction ( ! p[] & use ( x2 & hav+  
mo/ graci\sly enabl$ me1 by y\r royal   
ass5t to a pat5t & act ( p>liam5t1 to   

pursue & p]fect ! same4 ,by :i* y\r     
royal enc\ragem5t1 x be+ n[ fully       
complet$1 & put 9 practice 9 y\r        
dom9ions ) t repeat$ success & applause1
 t x is n to be d\bt$ b x w be (        
univ]sal b5efit & use to all y\r        
,maje/y's subjects4 ,( :om1 y\r ,maje/y 
be+ ! univ]sal patron & fa!r1 all arts &
 inv5tions t may promote _! good &      
advantage1 seem to lay a j & natural    
claim to y\r ,maje/y's sacr$ protection4
  ,x is ^u ?is consid]ation ,i am       
enc\rag$1 ) a pr(\nd respect1 to ?r[ ?is
 p]=mance ( m9e1 ) ! au?or1 at y\r      
,maje/y's royal feet1 mo/ humbly besee*+
 y\r ,maje/y1 t1 z x _h bir? 9 y\r      
,maje/y's auspici\s reign1 y w v\*safe  
to p]petuate x to future ages by !      
sanction ( y\r royal approbation1 :i* is
 ! utmo/ ambition (1      ,may x please 
y\r ,maje/y1         ,y\r ,maje/y's     
mo/ humble1 mo/ loyal1         & mo/    
ob$i5t ,subject1                        
,,?omas ,,sav]y4     ,,to ,,! ,,royal   
,,society4   ,at ! reque/ ( "s ( y\r    

memb]s1 at ! weekly meet+1 at           
,gre%am-college1 ,june ! #ad?1 #afii1 ,i
 _h ! hon\r to "w a small model ( my    
eng9e be=e y1 & y 7 pleas$ to approve ( 
x4 ,s9ce :i* ,i h met ) great           
difficulties & exp5se1 to in/ruct       
h&icraft artific]s to =m my eng9e       
accord+ to my design2 b my workm51 aft] 
s mu* exp]i5ce1 are become su* ma/]s ( !
 ?+1 t !y oblige !mselves to deliv] :at 
eng9es !y make me exactly tight & fit = 
s]vice1 & z su* ,i d>e w>rant !m to any 
body t has occasion = !m4  ,y\r k9dness 
9 c\nt5anc+ ?is inv5tion 9 its fir/     
appe>ance 9 ! _w1 gives me hopes !      
usefulness ( x w make x m acceptable to 
y\r hon\rable ,society1 z !y are ! mo/  
prop] judges ( :at advantage x may be to
 mank9d4 ,& x w\ld be ungrateful 9 me n 
to make use ( ?is opportunity to return 
y my mo/ humble & he>ty ?anks = ! hon\r 
& fav\r y did me 9 approv+ my design1 & 
publi%+ x to ! _w1#a :i* %all be always 
ackn[l$g$ by        ,y\r mo/ oblig$     
& mo/ humble ,s]vant1                   

,,?omas ,,sav]y4   #a ,philosoph4       
,transact4 ,numb4 #beb4     ,,to ,,!    
,,g5tlem5 ,,adv5tur]s ,,9 ,,! ,,m9es ,,(
 ,,engl&4   ,i am v s5sible a great _m  
among y d z yet look on my inv5tion (   
rais+ wat] by ! impell5t =ce ( fire1 a  
useless sort ( a project1 t nev] c answ]
 my designs or pret5sions2 & t x is     
altoge!r impossible t su* an eng9e z ?is
 c be wr\ght "u gr\nd1 & succe$ 9 !     
rais+ ( wat]1 & dra9+ y\r m9es1 s z to  
des]ve any enc\ragem5t f y4 ,i am n v   
fond ( ly+ "u ! sc&al ( a b>e projector2
 &1 !re=e1 pres5t y "h ) a draught ( my 
ma*9e1 & lay be=e y ! uses ( x1 & leave 
x to y\r consid]ation :e!r x be wor? y\r
 :ile to make use ( x or no4 ,i c easily
 give gra9s ( all[ance = y\r suspicions1
 because ,i "k v well :at misc>riages   
!re h be5 by p ignorant ( :at !y pret5d 
to4 ,^! ,i "k h be5 s frequ5t1 s fair & 
promis+ at fir/1 b s %ort ( p]=m+ :at !y
 pret5d$ to1 t y\r prud5ce & discretion 
w n n[ suff] y to believe any ?+ )\t a  
demon/ration1 y\r appetites to new      

inv5tions ( ?is nature hav+ be5 balk$   
too (t52 yet1 aft] all1 ,i mu/ beg y n  
to condemn me1 be=e y h read :at ,i h to
 say = myself2 & let n ! failures ( o!rs
 prejudice me1 or be plac$ to my acc\nt4
 ,i h (t5 lam5t$ ! want ( und]/&+ ! true
 p[]s ( nature1 :i* mis=tune has1 (     
late1 put "s on mak+ su* va/ eng9es &   
ma*9es1 bo? tr\blesome & exp5sive1 yet (
 no mann] ( use1 inasmu* z ! old eng9es1
 us$ _m ages pa/1 f> exce$$ !m2 & ,i    
fe>1 :oev]1 by ! old causes ( motion1   
pret5ds to improvem5ts )9 ?is la/       
c5tury1 does betray 8 k & judgm5t2 = m  
?an an hundr$ ye>s s9ce1 m5 & horses    
w\ld raise by eng9es1 !n made1 z mu*    
wat] z !y h ev] s9ce done1 or ,i believe
 ev] w1 or accord+ to ! law ( nature ev]
 c d2 & ?\gh my ?\ghts h be5 long       
employ$ ab\t wat]-works1 ,i %\ld nev] h 
pret5d$ to any inv5tion ( t k9d1 _h ,i n
 happily f\nd out ?is new1 b yet a mu*  
/rong] & *eap] =ce or cause ( motion1   
?an any be=e made use (4 ,b f9d+ ?is (  
r>efaction by fire1 ! consid]ation ( !  

difficulties ! m9]s & colli]s lab\r "u  
by ! frequ5t disord]s1 cumb]som5ess1 & 9
 g5]al ( wat]-eng9es1 enc\rag$ me to    
inv5t eng9es to "w by ?is new =ce2 t    
?\gh ,i 0 oblig$ to enc\nt] ! odde/ &   
almo/ insup]able difficulties1 ,i sp>$  
nei!r "t1 pa9s1 nor money1 till ,i _h   
absolutely conqu]$ !m4 ,i hope ?is w1 at
 lea/1 enc\rage y to read ov] ?is small 
treatise ,i n[ put into y\r h&s1 = !    
fur!r & m p>ticul> in=mation ( ! nature 
& uses ( ?is eng9e = rais+ wat] by ! =ce
 ( fire2 aft] :i*1 ,i %all pati5tly     
submit to any judgm5t y %all please to  
pass ^u me or ! inv5tion1 & may h reason
 to believe y w n any long] suff] y\r   
judgm5ts to be impos$ on by ^?1 ^: pr(it
 & int]e/ x may seem to be to condemn   
bo? "r & wrong2 ,i mean su* :o make y\r 
common g9s1 & _! fri5ds & acqua9tance   
among y2 ?\gh ,i am v sure ! promotion (
 ! use ( ?is eng9e is _! true int]e/1 z 
,i v pla9ly prove ?us3--  ,! *eap] wat] 
is drawn1 ! m is ! m9] enc\rag$ to      
adv5ture2 ! m ! m9] adv5tures1 ! m pits 

or %afts mu/ be sunk2 ! m %afts or pits 
are sunk1 ! m wood-"w w be necess>ily   
employ$ 9 timb]+ !m1 or support+ ! sides
 f fall+ 9 :]e ! e>? is loose2 besides  
w9dlasses & all o!r ut5sils ( wood us$ 9
 m9es1 or ! trades dep5d+ !reon mu/ be  
m1 :i*1 by increas+ ! c>p5t]s' trade 9  
g5]al1 w make !m suffici5t am5ds = !    
loss ( a small "p ( t bran* ( _! trade1 
call$ g9-mak+4 ,z = pump-mak+1 t "p ( ! 
trade w be mu* improv$ by my eng9e2 = ,i
 mu/ use bo>d & timb] = pipes1 & h      
consid]able employm5t = pump-mak]s &    
c>p5t]s = timb] us$ ab\t my eng9e2 b    
%all nev] employ any o!r p]son 9 mak+   
pipes1 or any o!r c>p5t]'s "w ,i %all h 
to d1 b ! p]son :o 0 be=e employ$ 9 !   
"w1 or su* z %all be recomm5d$1 z a     
p]son employ$ 9 ! m9es ( ! c\ntry       
:]esoev] ,i %all fix eng9es1 provid$ !y 
w "w z *eap1 & fairly1 & obs]ve ! ord]s 
& directions giv5 !m2 = my design is n1 
9 ! lea/1 to prejudice ! artific]s1 or1 
inde$1 any o!r sort ( p by ?is inv5tion2
 b1 on ! contr>y1 is int5d$ = ! b5efit &

 advantage ( mank9d 9 g5]al1 especially 
! p ( my own nation2 & :]e91 y g5tlem5  
conc]n$ 9 m9es1 may1 if y please1 reap !
 greate/ pr(it4  ,& al?\gh ,i d n "q b !
 plan & draught ( my eng9e w be v well &
 readily und]/ood ) _m g5tlem51 by !    
description "h giv52 yet x w require a  
long] "t 9 o!rs to employ _! m9ds &     
?\ghts m int5sely ab\t x1 especially su*
 z h n be5 famili> & acqua9t$ ) ?+s (   
?is k9d2 b %\ld ! eng9e1 to !           
appreh5sion ( "s1 seem intricate &      
difficult to be work$1 aft] all !       
description ,i h giv5 ( x 9 ?is book1   
yet ,i c1 & d assure !m1 t ! att5d+ &   
work+ ! eng9e is s f> f be+ s1 t x is   
famili> & easy to be le>n$ by ^? ( !    
meane/ capacity1 9 a v little "t2       
insomu*1 t ,i h boys ( ?irte5 or f\rte5 
ye>s ( age1 :o n[ att5d & "w x to       
p]fection1 & 7 taught to d x 9 a few    
days2 & ,i h kn[n "s le>n to "w ! eng9e 
9 half an h\r4 ,we h a prov]b1 t int]e/ 
nev] lies2 & ,i am assur$ t y g5tlem5 ( 
! m9es & colli]ies1 :5 y h once made ?is

 eng9e famili> 9 y\r works1 & to        
y\rselves & s]vants2 n only ! pr(it1 b  
abundance ( o!r advantages & conv5i5ces 
:i* y w f9d to att5d y\r works 9 ! use  
!re(1 w create 9 y a fav\rable op9ion ( 
! lab\rs (      ,y\r real ,fri5d &      
humble ,s]vant1                         
,,?omas ,,sav]y4    ,london1 ,sept4 #bb1
 #agja4     ,a ,,description ,,( ,,!    
,,draught ,,( ,,! ,,eng9e1 ,,= ,,rais+  
,,wat] ,,by ,,fire4     a1 a1 ,!        
furnaces4   b1 ,b1 ! two fire-places4   
c1 ! funnel or *imney4   d1 ! small     
boil]4   e1 ! pipe & cock ( x4   f1 !   
screw t cov]s & conf9es its =ce4   g1 a 
small cock1 a pipe go+ )9 eight in*es ( 
its bottom4   h1 ,a l>g] pipe go+ ! same
 dep?4   i1 a clack on ! top ( ! said   
pipe4   k1 a pipe go+ f ! box ( ! said  
clack or valve1 into ! great boil]1 ab\t
 an in* into x4   l1 ! great boil]4   m1
 ! screw ) ! regulator4   n1 a small    
cock & pipe go+ half way d[n ! great    
boil]4   o1 ,o1 /eam-pipes1 "o end ( ea*
 screw to ! regulator1 & ! o!r ends to !

 receiv]s4   p1 ,p1 ! vessels call$     
receiv]s4   q1 q1 ! screws :i* br+ on ! 
pipes & clacks 9 ! front ( ! eng9e4   r1
 r1 ,r1 ,r1 valves or clack ( brass1 )  
screws to op5 & come at !m ^u occasion4 
s1 ! =ce-pipe4   t1 ! suck+-pipe4   v1 a
 squ>e frame ( wood1 ) holes r\nd its   
bottom 9 ! wat]4   x1 a ci/]n ) a       
buoy-cock com+ f ! =ce-pipe4   y1 a cock
 & pipe com+ f ! bottom ( ! said ci/]n4 
z1 ! h&le ( ! regulator4      ,,*apt]   
,,fir/4 ,,mann] ,,( ,,work+ ,,! ,,eng9e4
  99 99 99 99 99  ,,! ,,mann] ,,(       
,,work+ ,,! ,,eng9e4   ,! fir/ ?+ is to 
fix ! eng9e 9 a good d\ble furnace1 s   
contriv$ t ! flame ( y\r fire may       
circulate r\nd & encompass y\r two      
boil]s to ! be/ advantage1 z y d copp]s 
= brew+4 ,be=e y make any fire1 unscrew 
g & n1 be+ ! two small gauge-pipes &    
cocks belong+ to ! two boil]s1 & at !   
holes1 fill l1 ! great boil]1 two-?irds 
full ( wat]1 & d1 ! small boil]1 q full2
 !n screw 9 ! said pipes aga9 z fa/ &   
light z possible2 !n light ! fire at b4 

,:5 ! wat] 9 l boils1 ! h&le ( !        
regulator1 m>k$ z1 mu/ be ?ru/ f y z f> 
z x w g1 :i* makes all ! /eam ris+ f !  
wat] 9 l pass ) irresi/ible =ce ?r\gh o 
into p1 pu%+ out all ! air be=e x1 ?r\gh
 ! clack1 r1 mak+ a noise z x goes2 & :5
 all is gone out1 ! bottom ( ! vessel1  
p1 w be v hot2 !n pull ! h&le ( !       
regulator to y1 by :i* means y /op o1 & 
=ce y\r /eam ?r\gh o into ! p1 until t  
vessel has dis*>g$ its air ?r\gh !      
clack1 r1 up ! =ce-pipe4 ,9 ! mean "t1  
by ! /eam's cond5s+ 9 ! vessel p1 a     
vacuum or empt9ess is creat$1 s t ! wat]
 mu/1 & w1 necess>ily1 raise up1 ?r\gh  
t1 ! suck+-pipe1 lift+ up ! clack1 r1 & 
fill+ ! vessel1 p4  ,9 ! mean "t1 !     
vessel1 p1 be+ empti$ ( its air1 turn ! 
h&le ( ! regulator f y aga91 & ! =ce is 
^u ! surface ( ! wat] 9 p1 :i* surface  
be+ only heat$ by ! /eam1 x does n      
cond5se x1 b ! /eam gravitates or       
presses ) an ela/ic quality l air2 /ill 
increas+ its ela/icity or spr+1 till x  
c\nt]poises1 or r exce$s ! weight ( !   

wat] asc5d+ 9 s1 ! =c+-pipe1 out ( :i*1 
! wat] 9 p w be imm$iately dis*>g$ :5   
once gott5 to ! top1 :i* takes up "s "t 
to recov] t p[]2 :i* hav+ once got1 &   
be+ 9 "w1 x is easy = any "o t nev] saw 
! eng9e1 aft] half an h\r's exp]i5ce1 to
 keep a con/ant /ream runn+ out ! full  
bore ( ! pipe1 s2 =1 on ! outside ( !   
vessel1 p1 y may see h[ ! wat] goes out1
 z well z if ! vessel 7 transp>5t2 =1 z 
f> z ! /eam cont9ues )9 ! vessel1 s f>  
is ! vessel dry )\t1 & s v hot1 z sc>ce 
to endure ! lea/ t\* ( ! h&2 b z f> z ! 
wat] is1 ! said vessel w be cold & wet1 
:]e any wat] has fall5 on x2 :i* cold & 
moi/ure vani%es z fa/ z ! /eam1 9 its   
desc5t1 takes place ( ! wat]2 b if y =ce
 all ! wat] out1 ! /eam1 or a small "p  
!re(1 go+ ?r\gh r1 w rattle ! clack1 s z
 to give suffici5t notice to pall ! h&le
 ( ! regulator to y1 :i*1 at ! same "t1 
beg9s to =ce out ! wat] f p1 )\t ! lea/ 
alt]ation ( ! /ream2 only1 sometimes1 ! 
/ream ( wat] w be some:at /rong] ?an    
be=e1 if y pull ! h&le ( ! regulator    

be=e any consid]able quantity ( /eam be 
gone up ! clack1 r2 b x is mu* bett] to 
let none ( ! /eam g (f1 = t is b los+ s 
mu* /r5g?1 & is easily prev5t$1 by poll+
 ! regulator "s little "t be=e ! vessel 
=c+ is q empti$4 ,?is be+ done1         
imm$iately turn ! cock or pipe ( !      
ci/]n1 x1 on p1 s t ! wat] proce$+ f x1 
?r\gh y1 :i* is nev] op5 b :5 turn$ on  
p1 or ,p2 b :5 betwe5 !m1 is tight &    
/an*2 ,i say1 ! wat]1 fall+ on p1       
causes1 by its coolness1 ! /eam1 :i* _h 
su* great =ce j be=e to its ela/ic p[]1 
to cond5se1 & become a vacuum or empty  
apace1 s t ! vessel1 p1 is1 by ! ext]nal
 pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 or :at is      
vulg>ly call$ suction1 imm$iately       
refill$1 :ile p is empty+2 :i* be+ done1
 y pu% ! h&le ( ! regulator f y1 & ?r[ !
 =ce on p1 pull+ ! cond5s+ pipe ov] p1  
caus+ ! /eam 9 t vessel to cond5se1 s t 
x fills1 :ile ! o!r empties4 ,! lab\r ( 
turn+ ^! two p>ts ( ! eng9e1 viz4 !     
regulator & wat]-cock1 & att5d+ ! fire1 
be+ no m ?an :at a boy's /r5g? c p]=m = 

a day toge!r1 & is z easily le>n$ z _!  
driv+ ( a horse 9 a tub-g92 yet1 aft]   
all1 ,i w\ld h m51 & ^?1 too1 ! mo/     
appreh5sive1 employ$ 9 work+ ( ! eng9e1 
suppos+ !m m c>eful ?an boys4 ,!        
diff]5ce ( ?is *>ge is n to be m5tion$  
or acc\nt$ (1 :5 we consid] ! va/ pr(it 
:i* ^? :o use ! eng9e w reap by x4  ,!  
+5i\s read] w1 probably1 "h object1 t ! 
/eam be+ ! cause ( ?is motion & =ce1 & t
 /eam is b wat] r>efi$1 ! boil]1 l1 mu/ 
9 "s c]ta9 "t be empti$1 s z ! "w ( !   
eng9e mu/ /op to repl5i% ! boil]1 or    
endang] ! burn+ out or melt+ ! bottom ( 
! boil]4  ,to answ] :i*1 please to      
obs]ve ! use ( ! small boil]1 d1 :5 x is
 ?\ght fit by ! p]son t5d+ ! eng9e to   
repl5i% ! great boil]1 :i* requires an  
h\r & a half1 or two h\rs' "t to ! s9k+ 
"o foot ( wat]2 !n1 ,i say1 by turn+ !  
cock ( ! small boil]1 e1 y cut (f all   
communication betwe5 s1 ! great         
=ce-pipe1 & d1 ! small boil]1 by :i*    
means d gr[s imm$iately hot1 by ?r[+ a  
little fire into b1 & ! wat] ( :i*      

boils1 & 9 a v little "t x ga9s m /r5g? 
?an ! great boil]2 = ! =ce ( ! great    
boil] be+ p]petually sp5d+ & go+ out1 & 
! o!r w9d+ up1 or increas+1 x is n long 
be=e ! =ce 9 d exce$s t 9 l1 s t ! wat] 
9 d be+ depress$ 9 d by its own /eam or 
vap\r1 mu/ necess>ily rise ?r\gh ! pipe1
 h1 op5+ ! clack1 i1 & s g ?r\gh ! pipe1
 k1 into l1 runn+ till ! surface ( !    
wat] 9 d is equal to ! bottom ( ! pit1  
h2 !n /eam & wat] go+ toge!r1 w1 by a   
noise 9 ! clack1 i1 give suffici5t      
assurance t d has dis*>g$ & empti$      
itself into l1 to )9 eight in*es ( !    
bottom2 & inasmu* z1 f ! top ( d to !   
bottom ( its pipe1 h1 is conta9$ ab\t z 
mu* wat] z w repl5i% l1 "o foot1 s y may
 be c]ta9 l is repl5i%$ "o foot ( c\rse2
 !n y op5 ! cock1 i1 & refill d         
imm$iately2 s t "h is a con/ant motion  
)\t fe> or dang] ( disord]1 or decay1 if
 y w\ld1 at any "t1 "k if ! great boil]1
 l1 be m ?an half exhau/$1 turn ! small 
cock1 n1 ^: pipe w deliv] wat]1 if !    
wat] be above ! level ( its bottom1 :i* 

is half way d[n ! boil]2 if n1 x w      
deliv] /eam4 ,s1 likewise1 w g %[ y if y
 h m or less ?an eight in*es ( wat] 9 d1
 by :i* means no?+ b a /upid & wilful   
neglect1 or mis*iev\s design1 c>ri$ on =
 "s h\rs1 c any ways hurt ! eng9e2 & if 
a ma/] is suspici\s ( ! design ( a      
s]vant to d mis*ief1 x is easily        
discov]$ by ^? gauge-pipes2 = if he come
 :5 ! eng9e is at "w1 & f9d ! surface1  
c1 ( ! wat] 9 l1 bel[ ! bottom ( !      
gauge-pipe1 n1 or ! wat] 9 d bel[ !     
bottom ( g1 su* a s]vant des]ves        
correction1 ?\gh ?ree h\rs aft] t1 !    
work+ on w\ld n damage or exhau/ !      
boil]s2 z t1 9 a ^w1 ! clacks be+ 9 all 
wat]-works always f\nd ! bett] ! long]  
!y are us$1 & all ! mov+ p>ts ( our     
eng9e be+ ( l nature1 ! furnace be+ made
 ( ,/\rbridge1 or ,w9dsor brick1 or     
fire-/one1 ,i d n see x possible = !    
eng9e to decay 9 _m ye>s2 = ! clacks1   
boxes1 & mitre-pipe1 regulator1 & cocks1
 are all ( brass2 & ! vessels made ( !  
be/ hamm]$ copp]1 ( suffici5t ?ickness  

to su/a9 ! =ce ( ! work+ ! eng9e4 ,9    
%ort1 ! eng9e is s naturally adapt$ to  
p]=m :at is requir$1 t ev5 ^? ( ! mo/   
ord9>y & meane/ capacity may "w x = "s  
ye>s )\t any injury1 if n hir$ or       
employ$ by "s base p]son on purpose to  
de/roy x2 = aft] ! eng9e is once fix$1 &
 at "w1 ,i may mode/ly affirm t !       
adv5tur]1 or sup]visor ( ! m9e1 w be    
fre$ f t p]petual *>ge1 exp5se1 & tr\ble
 ( repairs1 :i* all o!r eng9es ev] yet  
employ$ 9 m9es = ! rais+ ( wat]1 are    
cont9ually liable unto4     ,,*apt]     
,,second4 ,,( ,,! ,,uses ,,t ,,?is      
,,eng9e ,,may ,,be ,,appli$ ,,unto4  99 
99 99 99 99  ,,( ,,! ,,uses ,,t ,,?is   
,,eng9e ,,may ,,be ,,appli$ ,,unto4   ,x
 may be suppos$ t !re are few p among u 
s ignorant1 b mu/ necess>ily "k ( :at   
value ! falls ( wat] are 9 mo/ places1 z
 be+ applicable to mills1 :i* are made  
aft] v>i\s k9ds & =ms1 accord+ to !     
diff]5t g5ius & abilities ( !           
millwright1 = mill-"w be+ 9 a mann]     
inf9itely div]sifi$2 & _h ,i leisure to 

comm5t !reon1 & give y an acc\nt1 n only
 ( ! va/ v>iety t ,i h se5 & he>d (1 b  
7:5 enc\rag$7 :at may yet be br\ght to  
"w by a /eady /ream1 & ! rotation or    
circul> motion ( a wat]-:eel1 x w\ld    
swell ^! pap]s to a mu* l>g] volume ?an 
0 at fir/ design$1 & fru/rate my int5d$ 
brevity4 ,i only j h9t ?is to %[ :at use
 ?is eng9e may be put to 9 work+ (      
mills1 especially :]e coals are *eap4   
,i h only ?is to urge1 t wat]1 9 its    
fall f any det]m9ate height1 has simply 
a =ce answ]able & equal to ! =ce t      
raises x4 ,s t an eng9e :i* w raise z   
mu* wat] z two horses work+ toge!r at "o
 "t 9 su* a "w c d1 & = :i* !re mu/ be  
con/antly kept t5 or twelve horses = do+
 ! same1 !n1 ,i say1 su* an eng9e w d ! 
"w or lab\r ( t5 or twelve horses2 &    
:]eas ?is eng9e may be made l>ge en\gh  
to d ! "w requir$ 9 employ+ eight1 t51  
fifte51 or tw5ty horses to be con/antly 
ma9ta9$ & kept = do+ su* a "w1 x w be   
improp] to /9t or conf9e its uses &     
op]ation 9 respect ( wat]-mills4  #b4 ,x

 may be ( great use = palaces1 = !      
nobility's or g5tlem5's h\ses2 =1 by a  
ci/]n on ! top ( a h\se1 yoy may1 ) a   
great deal ( ease & little *>ge1 ?r[ :at
 quantity ( wat] y h occasion = to ! top
 ( any h\se2 :i* wat]1 9 its fall1 makes
 y :at sorts ( f\nta9s y please1 &      
supplies any room 9 ! h\se1 & x is (    
excell5t use 9 case ( fire1 ( :i* m     
h]eaft]4  #c4 ,no?+ c be m fit = s]v+   
cities & t[ns ) wat]1 except a crank-"w 
by ! =ce ( a riv]4 ,9 ! compos+ su* sort
 ( eng9es1 ,i ?9k no p]son ha? excell$ !
 +5i\s ,mr4 ,george ,sorocold2 b :]e !y 
are =c$ to use horses1 or any o!r /r5g?1
 ,i believe no +5i\s p]son w d5y ?is    
eng9e to h ! pref]5ce 9 all respects1   
be+ ( m univ]sal use ?an any yet        
discov]$ or inv5t$4  #d4 ,z = dra9+ f5s1
 m>%es1 c4 ,i suppose ,i ne$ say no m   
?an ?is1 t t =ce :i* w raise great      
quantities ( wat] a height ( above      
eighty feet1 mu/ necess>ily deliv] a mu*
 great] quantity at a less] height2 & t 
x is mu* *eap]1 & e way easi]1          

especially :]e coals are wat]-borne1 to 
cont9ue ! dis*>ge ( any quantities (    
wat] by our eng9e1 ?an x c be done by   
any horse-eng9es :atsoev]4  #e4 ,i      
believe x may be made v useful to %ips1 
b ,i d>e n m$dle ) t matt]1 & leave x to
 ! judgm5t ( ^? :o are ! be/ judges (   
m>itime affairs4  #f4 ,= dra9+ ( m9es & 
coal-pits ! use ( ! eng9e w suffici5tly 
recomm5d itself 9 rais+ wat] s easy &   
*eap2 & ,i d n d\bt1 b t1 9 a few ye>s1 
x w be a means ( mak+ our m9+ trade1 :i*
 is no small "p ( ! weal? ( ?is k+dom1  
d\ble1 if n treble to :at x n[ is4 ,& if
 su* va/ quantities ( lead1 t91 & coals1
 are n[ ye>ly export$1 "u ! difficulties
 ( su* an imm5se *>ge & pa9s z ! m9]s1  
c4 are n[ at to dis*>ge _! wat]1 h[ mu* 
m may be h]eaft] export$1 :5 ! *>ge w be
 v mu* less5$ by ! use ( ?is eng9e e way
 fitt$ = ! use ( m9es8 ,= ! f> great] "p
 ( our ri*e/ m9es & coal-pits are liable
 to two gr& inconv5i5ces1 & !reby r5d]$ 
useless1 viz4 ! irruption & excess (    
subt]rane\s wat]s1 z n be+ wor? ! exp5se

 ( dra9+ !m by ! great *>ge ( horses1 or
 h& lab\r4 ,or1 secondly1 fatal damps1  
by :i* _m are /ruck bl9d1 lame1 or dead1
 9 ^! subt]rane\s cavities1 if ! m9e is 
want+ ( a due circulation ( air4 ,n[1   
bo? ^! inconv5i5cies are naturally      
rem$i$ by ! "w ( ?is eng9e1 ( rais+ wat]
 by ! impellant =ce ( fire4  ,= ! wat]1 
be ! m9e ev] s deep1 ea* eng9e work+ x  
sixty1 sev5ty1 or eighty feet high1 by  
apply+ or sett+ ! eng9es "o ov] ano!r1 z
 %all be %[$ at l>ge h]eaft] 9 ! foll[+ 
pages1 y may1 by a suffici5t numb] (    
eng9es1 keep ! bottom ( any m9e dry2 &  
:5 once y "k h[ l>ge y\r fe$] or spr+   
is1 x is v easy to "k :at siz$ eng9e1 or
 :at numb] ( eng9es w d y\r bus9ess4  ,!
 coals us$ 9 ?is eng9e is ( z little    
value z ! coals commonly burn$ on ! m\?s
 ( ! coal-pits are2 = an eng9e ( a      
?ree-in* bore1 or !reab\t1 work+ ! wat] 
up sixty feet high1 requires a          
fire-place ( n above tw5ty in*es deep1 &
 ab\t f\rte5 or fifte5 in*es wide1 :i* w
 occasion s small a consumption1 t 9 a  

coal-pit x is ( no acc\nt1 z we h       
exp]i5c$4 ,& 9 all p>ts ( ,engl&1 :]e   
!re are m9es1 coals are s *eap1 t ! *>ge
 ( !m is n to be m5tion$1 :5 we consid] 
! va/ quantity ( wat] rais$ by !        
inconsid]able value ( ! coals us$ &     
burnt 9 s small a furnace4 ,:at !       
quantity ( coals us$ = "o eng9e 9 a ye> 
is _c easily be asc]ta9$1 because ( !   
diff]5t nature ( ! sev]al sorts ( coals4
  ,z = ! cure ( damps by ?is eng9e1 !   
air p]petually cr[d+ into ! a%-hole &   
fire-place1 z x is natural = x to d1 & )
 a mo/ impetu\s =ce dis*>g$ ) ! smoke at
 ! top ( ! *imney1 ! contigu\s air is   
successively foll[+ x2 s t n only all   
/eams or vap\rs :atsoev]1 t may or c    
arise1 mu/ naturally =ce its way ?r\gh !
 fire1 & s be dis*>g$ at ! top ) !      
smoke1 b ?is motion ( ! fire w occasion 
! fre% air to desc5d f above d[n all !  
pits1 & e :]e else 9 ! m9e1 b d[n !     
*imney2 provid$ y h a head+ drift1 or   
passage f all ! %afts or pits 9 ! "w1 to
 t place :]e ! eng9e /&s2 :e!r ! m\? ( !

 said pit & *imney be l[] or high] ?an !
 m\?s ( any ( ! re/ ( ! pits or %afts 9 
! same "w x matt]s n1 = "h w be a       
p]petual circulation ( ! air1 & ) t     
swiftness z is h>dly to be believ$4 ,?is
 ,i h tri$ & "k to be true1 s leave !   
+5i\s m9] to 8 own judgm5t1 :e!r1 :5 all
 ! air is 9 a swift motion1 t any       
/agnation ( air 7:i* has always be5     
adjudg$ ! cause ( damps7 c happ5 9 any  
pit4     ,,*apt] ,,?ird4 ,,! ,,mann] ,,(
 ,,fix+ ,,! ,,eng9e ,,= ,,wat]-,,mills1 
,,palaces1 ,,& ,,g5tlem5',s ,,seats1 ,,&
 ,,dra9+ ,,f5s1 ,,& ,,supply+ ,,h\ses   
,,) ,,wat] ,,9 ,,g5]al4  99 99 99 99 99 
,,! ,,mann] ,,( ,,fix+ ,,! ,,eng9e ,,=  
,,wat]-,,mills1 ,,palaces1 ,,&          
,,g5tlem5',s ,,seats1 ,,& ,,dra9+ ,,f5s1
 ,,& ,,supply+ ,,h\ses ,,) ,,wat] ,,9   
,,g5]al4   #a4 ,= mills4 ,! eng9e mu/ be
 made & proportion$ accord+ to !        
quantity ( wat] requir$ to drive ! mill 
y w\ld make use (4 ,n[ suppose y w\ld   
make a mill on a pla9 place1 :]e y w h  
only a pond1 & a small spr+ ( wat] no   

bigg] ?an a quill2 !n y mu/ build y\r   
mill-h\se ?irty-six feet high1 9 :i* y  
may make :at motions1 & :at sort ( mills
 y please4 ,by ! side ( :i* h\se )\t1   
may be plac$ y\r wat]-:eel ( ?irty-two1 
?irty-?ree1 or ?irty-f\r feet diamet]4  
,= ! height ( ei!r h\se or :eel ,i w\ld 
conf9e no p]son too exactly1 b ,i guess 
t a conv5i5t height1 & no m ?an :at is  
common en\gh4 ,"u ! :eel ,i w\ld h a    
pond1 & on ! top ( ! h\se a ci/]n ( wood
 l9$ ) lead4 ,! eng9e may be fix$ 9 any 
corn] ( ! mill-h\se1 tw5ty1 tw5ty-"o1   
tw5ty-two feet1 or m1 f ! level ( !     
pond3 !re two boil]s mu/ be fix$1 z %[n 
y 9 ! draught = fix+ ! eng9e2 & r\nd ea*
 ( !m x is conv5i5t to h a hoop ( iron1 
) /raps com+ f !m to re/ on ! brick-"w1 
to support & /r5g!n !m4 ,y\r clacks &   
pipes 9 ! front be+ support$ by wood1 & 
! vessels /&+ on p$e/als ( wood1 x is   
conv5i5t t ! flue1 or *imney1 be s      
contriv$ z to draw v %>p1 & ! flue to   
circulate r\nd bo? ! boil]s1 s t y may  
lose no "p ( y\r /r5g?4  #b4 ,= palaces1

 or ! nobility's or g5tlem5's h\ses1 y  
may fix ! eng9e 9 any remote or         
out-room1 ^: floor is n above tw5ty feet
 f ! level ( y\r wat]1 & y may cont9ue  
y\r =ce-pipe to ! top ( y\r h\se1 ) a   
conv5i5t ci/]n to hold y\r wat]2 into   
:i* lay ! pipes :i* may convey ! wat] z 
y want x1 ei!r = pleasure or common     
occasions4 ,?is way ( ci/]ns on ! top ( 
y\r h\ses or palaces w\ld be ( s+ul> use
 9 case ( fire1 z is said be=e2 = 9 e   
/aircase a pipe may g d[n ! corn]1 or   
beh9d ! wa9scot1 s z to be no blemi% ev5
 to ! f9e/ ( /aircases4 ,at e floor !re 
may be a turn-cock ) a screw4 ,at !     
utmo/ end h likewise a small lea!r pipe1
 kept well oil$ 9 a cupbo>d1 or cavity 9
 y\r wall1 :i* may n be se51 b on ! op5+
 "s "p ( ! wa9scot1 or su* o!r          
contrivance z ! +5i\s build] %all ?9k   
fit to make use (4 ,?is pipe ( lea!r mu/
 be long en\gh to rea* f ! l&+-place1 or
 /air-head1 9 all rooms dep5d+ !reon4   
,"o end ( ?is pipe has a screw to fit ! 
cock 9 ! o!r pipe1 & at ! o!r end a pipe

 l ! nose ( a pair ( bell[s2 s t :]ev]1 
?\gh "u a b$1 or ! remote/ "p ( any room
 9 ! h\se1 ! fire breaks out1 or is     
discov]$1 any s]vant hav+ screw$ ! pipe 
to ! cock1 /ops ! nozle ) 8 ?umb till he
 comes to ! place :]e ! fire is1 :51    
tak+ away 8 ?umb1 he1 by direct+ ! nozle
 to ! fire1 imm$iately ext+ui%es x1 :i* 
be+ liable to be in/antly us$1 ,i ?9k a 
h\se1 palace1 c4 t has ?is inv5tion1 may
 be said to be morally out ( dang] ( be+
 de/roy$1 or s f> injur$ z ,:itehall &  
,k5s+ton h be5 )9 a few ye>s4 ,?is comm&
 ( wat] mu/ be all[$ to be ( va/        
advantage to any h\se :atsoev]4 ,:]e    
brew+1 wa%+1 c4 is us$1 ! copp] /&+ high
 may be fill$ z easy z if x /ood l[1 by 
:i* means ! hot liquor may be contriv$  
to g to all y\r cool]s1 & o!r vessels1  
ei!r by a syphon1 /op-cock1 c4 )\t !    
h&-lab\r ( pump+ or bail+ ) buckets4 ,b 
m conv5i5cies ?an we c at pres5t =esee w
 be discov]$ 9 ! use ( ?is eng9e =      
palaces1 h\ses1 c4  #c4 ,= f5s1 & ! l1 x
 is conv5i5t t ^! eng9es be made v l>ge2

 = at all small heights a small quantity
 ( fire w deliv] prodigi\s quantities ( 
wat]4 ,= suppose we =ce b ?irty feet1 & 
suck tw5ty feet1 if ! boil] does b fill 
! vessels1 call$ receiv]s1 ) /eam /rong 
en\gh to c\nt]poise or exce$ ! =ce ( !  
atmosph]e1 or spr+ ( ! common air1 x w  
dis*>ge !m at s small a height z ?irty  
feet =ce 9 a v little "t2 & ! /eam hav+ 
v little =ce or spr+ is imm$iately      
cond5s$1 s t x w pres5tly suck full 9 "o
 ( ! vessels :ile ! o!r is dis*>g$4 ,n[1
 inasmu* z ! fire be+ m or less adds    
no?+ to ! suction4 ,i ?9k su* lifts1 be+
 seldom above ?irty-six feet1 or "u six 
feet1 all ! directions fur!r ne$ful =   
fix+ ! eng9e = ?is use is1 9 all lifts  
"u tw5ty-f\r feet1 to place y\r eng9e s 
z a little above y\r =ce-clacks may be !
 place ( ! deliv]y ( y\r wat] into a    
conv5i5t tr\gh or l&]1 to be c>ri$ (f at
 ! mo/ prop] place = its dis*>ge4 ,if x 
be any height above tw5ty-f\r feet1 y h 
no?+ to d b to cont9ue ! l5g? ( y\r     
=ce-pipe to ! height requir$4 ,x ought  

to h a %$ or cov]+ r\nd x1 & to be plac$
 at ! l[e/ place ( y\r f5 or bog1 z o!r 
eng9es design$ = t purpose commonly are4
  ,z = fix+ ! eng9e 9 %ips1 :5 !y may be
 ?\ght probably useful1 ,i "q n b we may
 f9d conv5i5cy en\gh = fix+ !m4  ,9 m9es
 & coal-pits ! mann] ( fix+ ! eng9es is 
?is2 y\r pit be+ sunk1 & a sump1 or     
prop] well1 or bottom ci/]n1 made to    
receive ! wat] com+ f ! sev]al fe$]s or 
spr+s4 ,suppos+ an eng9e1 c>ry+ ?ree & a
 qu>t] in* bore1 is to be fix$ to deliv]
 wat] ab\t sev5ty feet high1 con/ant    
runn+ a full bore2 9 su* case y make a  
small room 9 y\r %aft or pit1 :i*1      
toge!r ) y\r %aft or pit1 is n9e feet   
squ>e e way4 ,z = example1 suppose y\r  
%aft six feet by f\r1 take ?ree feet out
 ( "o side1 & five out ( ano!r          
p]p5dicul> n9e feet1 mak+ a small floor 
or plat=m ( bo>ds ov] t "p ( ! %aft :i* 
goes d[n to y\r sump or bottom ci/]n1 s 
y h a complete room big en\gh = y\r     
eng9e1 :]e t5 or twelve p may /& on     
occasion4 ,?is floor may be ab\t        

eighte51 n9ete51 or tw5ty feet f ! wat]1
 at ! l[e/ y ev] w draw ! wat] into !   
sump or bottom ci/]n4 ,if y\r gr\nd be  
loose1 x is conv5i5t to l9e ?is room )  
brick2 if rock1 x may support itself4 ,b
 9 ?is ! m9]'s judgm5t mu/ direct him4  
,t ! eng9e w /& be/ 9 ! side ( ! pit :]e
 mo/ is dug away1 y may see 9 ! second  
figure ( ! eng9e1 be+ fix$ 9 a m9e4 ,y\r
 pipes1 c4 mu/ be fix$ ) cramps ( iron1 
wood1 or su* mat]ials z are conv5i5t1 to
 ! side ( ! pit or %aft1 s z to make x  
/& z firm z ! v %aft itself4 ,y\r       
furnace mu/ be s contriv$1 t y\r flame  
take a turn or two r\nd ea* ( ! boil]s1 
:i* any brick-lay] us$ to furnaces c d2 
x be+ p]=m$ by runn+ a r[ ( bricks r\nd 
!m bo? l a screw or worm1 :i* be+       
contigu\s to ! wall ( ! furnaces & !    
boil]s1 makes x1 z x 71 a worm-funnel   
r\nd !m bo?2 f :5ce y may cont9ue y\r   
*imney to ! top ( y\r "w1 :i* y fa/5 to 
! sides ( y\r %afts 9 ! corn]s z y      
please1 ei!r ) iron or wood1 or bo?1    
accord+ to ! nature ( ! gr\nd4 ,& :]ev] 

y make a sudd5 b5d or nook ne> a "r     
angle 9 ! *imney1 h a loose brick or    
/one to take out ! soot1 if any %\ld    
settle 9 su* place1 :i* 9 long work+ x  
may d4     ,,sev]al ,,objections ,,aga9/
 ,,! ,,work+ ,,?is ,,eng9e ,,answ]$1 ,,9
 ,a ,,dialogue ,,betwe5 ,a ,,m9] ,,& ,,!
 ,,au?or4     ,a ,,dialogue ,,betwe5 ,a 
,,m9] ,,& ,,! ,,au?or4   ,m9]4 ,sir1    
hav+ be5 "s "t conc]n$ 9 ! eng9es n[ us$
 = draw+ wat] out ( our m9es1 & he>+ s  
mu* talk ( ?is wond]ful inv5tion ( y\rs1
 ( rais+ wat] by fire1 ,i 0 v desir\s to
 ent] into "s disc\rse ) y conc]n+ !    
nature1 use1 & application ( y\r eng9e1 
s /rangely diff]+ f all o!r eng9es ev]  
yet inv5t$ = our works1 & :i*1 y        
positively affirm1 w e way t5d s mu* to 
our advantage 9 ! use ( !m2 & ,i d n    
d\bt ( meet+ ) t pla9ness1 fre$om1 &    
good hum\r1 t y\r disc\rse is g5]ally   
accompani$ )4 ,& ) ! same fre$om resolve
 me 9 su* que/ions z ! g5]al s5se ( u   
m9]s may naturally propose to object    
aga9/ ! use ( y\r eng9e1 especially su* 

( u z are yet ignorant ( its use &      
op]ation1 :o are m capable to judge (   
fact1 ?an ( ! nature & p[] ( t =ce :i*  
raises y\r wat]4  ,au?or4 ,sir1 ,i am   
extremely oblig$ to y = y\r fre$om1 &   
%all readily embrace all opportunities  
to in=m & expla9 to y ! true use &      
nature ( my eng9e2 &1 !re=e1 desire y1 )
 all imag9able fre$om1 to proce$ & ask  
:at que/ions y please1 ei!r z to y\r own
 ?\ghts1 z well z :at has be5 sugge/$ to
 y by o!rs4 ,& y may be assur$ ( a pla9 
& c&id answ] to all y\r objections4     
,m9]4 ,!n1 sir1 :i* way w y g to "w )   
y\r eng9e to cle> an old "w full ( wat]8
  ,au?or4 ,:y1 sir1 to deal pla9ly ) y1 
if y\r %afts are1 or may be cut /raight1
 y\r tub-eng9es1 or *a9 pumps1 may draw 
=? ! wat]4 ,& ! *>ge1 9 t respect1 is n 
to be acc\nt$ =1 because no m9e w\ld be 
?r[n up or neglect$ b on acc\nt ( !     
fe$]s or spr+s1 :i* be+ c]ta91 &        
con/antly to be c>ri$ (f w9t] & summ]1 !
 prospect ( be+ likely to succe$1 makes 
y\r m9e wor? work+ or empty+ )9 tw5ty   

feet ( ! bottom1 if ev] !y 7 wor? s9k+1 
?\gh y "w or dra9 by ! common way ( tubs
 or *a9-pumps4 ,& c\ld ! con/ant *>ge ( 
^? eng9es be af=d$1 numb]s ( !m w empty 
& keep "u any "w2 b x is ! con/ant *>ge 
( c>ry+ (f :at ! spr+s br+ 9 is ! *ief  
?+ to be consid]$ 9 ! bus9ess ( m9es1   
:i* con/ant *>ge is :at we less5 v mu*  
by ?is eng9e ( m9e4  ,m9]4 ,:at         
signifies y\r eng9e !n1 sir1 if x be n  
capable ( s9k+ or =k+ an old m9e8       
,au?or4 ,hold1 my good fri5d1 a little  
pati5ce2 ,i h dealt pla9ly & imp>tially 
) y ab\t ! use ( y\r old eng9es3 & = my 
eng9e1 x w cle> an old "w1 if full (    
wat]1 z readily z y\r tub-g9s or        
*a9-pumps1 provid$ ! %afts are good4 ,! 
me?od ,i propose to cle> an old m9e1 if 
sixty feet deep1 & full ( wat]1 ! fe$]s 
n above two-in* bore1 :i* is done at a v
 small *>ge aft] ?is mann]2 viz4 ,i fix 
my eng9e on ! top ( ! m9e1 & only suck &
 deliv] a ?ree & a qu>t] in* bore2 z    
soon z we h sunk ! wat] z f> z our      
suction w g1 :i* w be "s tw5ty-two1     

tw5ty-f\r1 or tw5ty-six feet deep bel[ !
 surface1 !re ,i make a room fit to     
receive ano!r eng9e1 :i* ,i fix ) 8     
=ce-pipe to g up to ! top ( ! pit2 & :5 
,i h sunk ab\t tw5ty-f\r or tw5ty-six   
feet m1 !n ,i fix a small] eng9e ( two  
in*es bore1 :i*1 suck+ tw5ty1 & =c+ =ty1
 does y\r "w & keeps all safe2 or let   
y\r small eng9e be kept at "w1 :ile y   
remove ! l>g] eng9e f ! top to ! middle 
/ation1 & !n y w h occasion = no m ?an  
two eng9es1 ! greate/ ( :i* may be      
remov$ z soon z ! small] is fix$ 9 !    
l[e/ or prop] /ation4 ,& t y may be     
conv9c$ ( my imp>tiality1 x is my       
op9ion1 t 9 ga9+ an old "w1 or s9k+ a   
new "o1 y use y\r old eng9es ( tub or   
*a9-pumps3 ?is eng9e ( m9e be+ mo/      
prop]1 :5 y are come fairly to ! bottom 
ei!r ( ! ore or coal2 = !n1 if y h b "o 
lift1 "o /ation or eng9e-room w be      
suffici5t4 ,& by hav+ two sumps or      
bottom ci/]ns1 y\r wat] may1 9 "s       
measure1 settle 9 "o ( !m 9 its passage 
to ! o!r4 ,s t ! m9]s work+ tol]ably    

clean1 & suff]+ z little dead or loose  
coal or ore z is possible to mix ) !    
wat]1 y may h ! wat] to draw only a     
little discol\r$2 = y "k1 z well z ,i1 t
 g5]ally ! wat] com+ f m9es or          
coal-pits1 :ile !y "w by ! g9s n[ 9 use1
 is almo/ cle> wat]4  ,m9]4 ,sir1 ,i    
?ank y = y\r c&\r 9 relation to ! cle>+ 
( an old "w4 ,b suppos+ t our wat]      
arises ?ick & muddy1 :i* y "k w         
sometimes happ51 :at %all we d ) y\r    
eng9e !n8  ,au?or4 ,:at y say1 sir1 ,i  
"k to be v true1 t sometimes y h ?ick1  
muddy gravel & na/y wat]4 ,to prev5t :i*
 f com+ into1 or (f5d+ our pipes1 we h a
 frame ( bo>d made full ( holes r\nd    
ab\t ! bottom ( our pipe t receives !   
wat]1 = sluge or f9e dirt x w d my eng9e
 no injury4 ,inde$1 ! cle>] our wat] is 
9 our boil]s ! bett] x is = our "w2 b = 
our receiv]s & _! clacks y may cle> !m z
 y "w x f /ones1 coal1 ore1 or any o!r  
annoyance1 ?\gh hung 9 ! v clack2 = by  
empty+ ( "o or bo? ! receiv]s ( _! wat]1
 y cause ! motion1 ei!r ( suction or    

=ce1 imm$iately to be s /rong1 z to cle>
 & bl[ out all be=e x to ! top ( ! pit2 
insomu*1 t ,i h f\nd fil+s ( copp]1 l>ge
 bits ( metal1 consid]able quantities ( 
coal & /one1 deliv]$ & ?r[n up ) wat]   
out ( my eng9e above sixty feet high4   
,h[ev]1 cle> wat] is pref]able be=e !   
dirty wat] 9 ! "w ( m9e eng9e4  ,m9]4   
,b1 de> sir1 if sixty1 sev5ty1 or eighty
 feet be ! det]m9ate height = rais+ (   
wat] by y\r eng9e1 h[ %all we use y\r   
eng9e 9 a m9e or pit t requires wat] to 
be rais$ ?ree times eighty feet1 z y "k 
"s ( our works d4  ,au?or4 ,i he>tily   
?ank y1 sir1 = ?is la/ proposal1 because
 ,i h n[ an opportunity to acqua9t y1 t 
! =ce us$ 9 my eng9e is 9 a mann]       
inf9ite & unlimit$1 & w raise y\r wat]  
five hundr$ or "o ?\s& feet high1 7 any 
pit s deep2 & t y c\ld f9d u a way to   
procure /r5g? en\gh to support su* an   
imm5se weight1 z a pill> ( wat] a ?\s&  
feet high mu/ c]ta9ly produce4 ,h[ev]1  
to give y an answ]1 ,i mu/ entreat y to 
give my eng9e z k9d ent]ta9m5t & fair   

qu>t] z y d to y\r eng9es n[ 9 use3 =1  
,i am sure1 y are n ignorant ( a cu/om  
us$ 9 v deep m9es1 79 sev]al p>ts (     
,engl&17 ( rais+ _! wat] by sev]al      
lifts1 f ci/]n to ci/]n1 to a v great   
height1 al?\gh "s ( _! lifts may n be   
above twelve1 sixte51 or tw5ty feet a   
lift at ! mo/4 ,& suppose t y\r eng9e n[
 9 use at tw5ty feet ! lift1 & my eng9e 
at sixty1 sev5ty1 or eighty feet1 = at  
any ( ^! lifts we raise a full bore (   
wat] ) mu* ease1 !n "o lift ( my eng9e  
at sixty feet answ]s to ?ree lifts ( y\r
 eng9es at tw5ty feet1 & also to f\r (  
y\r lifts at eighty feet1 c41 :i* y may 
please to take = a suffici5t answ] to   
y\r la/ objection4 ,i h kn[n1 9         
,cornwall1 a "w ) ?ree lifts1 ( ab\t    
eighte5 feet ea* lift1 & c>ry+ a ?ree & 
a qu>t] in* bore1 t co/ =ty-two %ill+s  
p] diem1 reckon+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! day1 =
 lab\r1 besides we> & te> ( eng9es2 ea* 
pump hav+ f\r m5 work+ eight h\rs1 at   
f\rte5p5ce a man1 & ! m5 oblig$ to re/  
at lea/ "o-?ird "p ( t "t4  ,m9]4 ,y h1 

sir1 hi!rto giv5 me und5iable answ]s to 
my =m] objections1 = :i* ,i ?ank y2 b ,i
 fancy ,i %all puzzle y1 :5 ,i ask y h[ 
y w manage y\r eng9e to draw up our     
wat]1 :]e ! %afts are n direct1 b turn &
 w9d to & fro8  ,au?or4 ,sir1 ?is la/ "q
 is s f> f be+ any h>d%ip put ^u my     
eng9e1 t no eng9e ev] yet inv5t$ 0 s    
naturally adapt$ to "w 9 ^! crook$ %afts
 z m9e is2 = let ! w9d+s or turn+s ( !  
%afts be :at !y w1 ! p]p5dicul> weight (
 wat] is all t my eng9e has to acc\nt =1
 & is ! same z if x made ! figure ( a   
di/ill]'s worm1 & w5t ?r\gh ! /raighte/ 
pipe imag9able1 except a little         
inconsid]able friction ( ! wat] aga9/ ! 
side ( ! pipe t is crook$1 m ?an is 9 ! 
/raight pipe1 :i* is s small a matt]1 t 
a v nice judge w\ld h>dly be able to    
di/+ui% :e!r ! crook$ or /raight pipe   
c>ri$ (f mo/ wat] 9 ! work+4 ,= ! flue t
 c>ries ! smoke1 exp]i5ce suffici5tly   
in/ructs y1 t y may turn & w9d x any way
 y please1 & t su* w9d+s 9 _! draw+ mo/ 
air d r improve ?an prejudice y\r flue1 

z any "o exp]i5c$ 9 build+ ( furnaces c 
in=m y4  ,m9]4 ,well1 sir1 ,i f9d t our 
crook$ %afts w n any way incommode y\r  
eng9e3 b :at ?9k y ( accommodat+ y\r    
eng9e to ! s]vice ( ! lead m9es1 ^:     
%afts are _m times s n>r[1 t x w be v   
difficult to get y\r eng9e d[n8  ,au?or4
 ,i p]ceive1 sir1 y are yet mu* a /rang]
 to ! nature ( my eng9e1 :i* is s       
furni%$ ) brass screws1 & z /rong z ! v 
metal itself1 t y may take x to pieces1 
& ) ease put x toge!r aga9 fit to "w 9 a
 few h\rs' "t2 & s contriv$1 t :]e a man
 c well g d[n1 !re ,i c put d[n my eng9e
 9 sev]al pieces & fix !m bel[1 = !     
greate/ boil] belong+ to my eng9e is    
betwe5 tw5ty-f\r & ?irty in*es diamet]1 
& may1 if occasion require1 be made yet 
mu* n>r[] & deep]4 ,& t if x be         
difficult to br+ ! %aft ( ! m9e to fit  
my eng9e1 ,i c1 ) mu* ease1 make my     
eng9e to fit ! %aft ( any m9e4  ,m9]4 ,b
 w n ^! brass valves t y speak ( 9 y\r  
eng9e1 spe$ily we> out & /op y\r "w8    
,au?or4 ,no3 !y _c fail me2 because     

exp]i5ce %[s u1 t brass valves improve1 
r ?an gr[ worse1 by tw5ty or ?irty ye>s 
use 9 any =ce-"w1 :]e con/antly work$1 &
 :]e !y rise & fall tw5ty times (t5] ?an
 my valves w d4  ,m9]4 ,b :at ?9k y1    
sir1 if y %\ld meet ) su* corrosive wat]
 9 "s ( our m9es1 z w1 9 a little "t1   
eat ?r\gh y\r copp] vessels4  ,au?or4   
,truly1 sir1 ?is "q does a little />tle 
me1 because ,i nev] expect$ to meet any 
wat] ( su* a corrosive quality 9 any    
m9e3 & c\ld ,i f9d out a m9e1 ^: wat]   
ab\nds ) su* acid p>ticles1 z to de/roy 
or injure ! copp] vessels ( my eng9e1 ,i
 w\ld dra9 t m9e = no?+ b ! wat] ,i %all
 take up2 because ! wat] w\ld be m      
valuable ?an any ore 7,i believe7 9     
,engl&4 ,& 7 !re ev5 a t5? "p ( aqua=tis
 to n9e-t5?s ( common wat]1 :i* is      
impossible to suppose x %\ld be1 ,i say1
 su* a wat] c\ld h no effect on !       
copp]s1 7 t wat] to lodge "s "t 9 !     
copp] vessels1 mu* less 9 pass+ ?r\gh !m
 ) t cel]ity & rapid motion t always    
accompanies x4  ,m9]4 ,b1 sir1 w n su* a

 cont9ual fire1 z mu/ be kept "u y\r    
boil]s1 burn !m out 9 two or ?ree mon?s'
 "t1 & spoil ! "w ( y\r eng9e8  ,au?or4 
,i c assure y !y w n decay 9 "s ye>s1   
unless "s fell[ be hir$ or employ$ on   
purpose to d x4 ,& %\ld any villa9 be   
employ$ to burn1 break1 or de/roy any ( 
! eng9es n[ us$ 9 y\r works = rais+ (   
wat]1 we are !n on ! same level ) y 9 t 
po9t4 ,b ,i w give y "o reason :y my    
eng9es w n easily decay1 & ,i am sure t 
w g fur!r ) y ?an all ! affirmation ,i c
 make4 ,=1 fir/ ( all1 al?\gh a :ite    
heat w melt copp]1 & a r$ heat1 & sudd5 
cool+ x aga91 w scale ! copp]1 yet su* a
 heat z is possible = x to h or suff]   
:ile wat] is 9 ! boil] c h no ill       
effect1 or cause any alt]ation 9 our    
copp]4 ,a fri5d ( m9e has copp]s us$ 9  
sug> boil+ ( tw5ty ye>s' /&+4 ,!y may be
 a small matt] worn ) clean+ on !       
inside1 :]eas on ! outside !re does n   
appe> ! lea/ visible decay3 = z soon z !
 fire has ?r[n a ?9 coat ( soot on !    
outside ( ! boil]1 ! flame has no o!r   

effect on x ?an to cause ! wat] 9 x to  
boil4  ,m9]4 ,b we h (t5 combu/ible     
vap\rs 9 our m9es1 :i* tak+ fire f !    
c&les us$ !re1 d1 by a sudd5 explosion1 
de/roy bo? ! m9e & ! m9]2 & !re=e ,i am 
afraid t ! fire us$ 9 y\r eng9e w be v  
dang]\s1 & apt to k9dle ^? combu/ibles m
 ?an our c&les4  ,au?or4 ,to answ] ?is  
objection1 ,i w desire leave to give y  
my notion ( ^? combu/ibles1 :i*1 9 %ort1
 is ?is3 t :5 y\r m9]s come into a close
 place1 :]e !re is no circulation ( air 
to c>ry (f ! effluvia1 or atoms         
con/antly ris+ l f9e du/ 9 a p[d]-mill1 
!y by knock+ & work+ d increase to be v 
num]\s1 l to ^? loose p>ticles 9 a      
p[d]-mill4 ,b x is ! "w ( "s "t = ^?    
vap\rs to come to p]fection2 = ,i h he>d
 sev]al exp]i5c$ m9]s say1 t x is common
 to avoid ! dang] ( ^? vap\rs1 by retir+
 z soon z !y see ! flame ( _! c&les burn
 long] ?an ord9>y1 :i* may be1 disc]n$  
sometimes long be=e ! air is ?ick en\gh 
( ?is combu/ible matt] to take fire at  
once1 &1 l gunp[d]1 to de/roy all4 ,i   

did he> "o say1 t f an in* & a half1    
once ! flame ( 8 c&le did gradually     
increase to two feet long1 & yet he     
escap$4 ,:i* makes x v pla91 t /agnation
 ( air is ! sole cause ( ?is inconv5i5ce
 9 m9es1 :i* may be totally prev5t$ by a
 pipe go+ f ! a%-pit ( our furnace to   
any "p ( ! m9e liable to /agnation4 ,= !
 air w press ) great viol5ce ?r\gh !    
pipe into ! fire1 be=e ! combu/ible     
matt] c be ready to d any hurt1 & pass+ 
?r\gh ! fire1 make way = fre% air to    
desc5d 9 ! room ( x4 ,s t our fire1     
in/ead ( bl[+ up ( y\r works1 is ! be/  
means t c be us$ to prev5t s fatal an   
accid5t2 & w likewise c>ry (f all       
un:olesome vap\rs1 damps1 or /eams1 :i* 
may proce$ f corruption ( air1 by       
/agnations or vap\rs aris+ f any        
poison\s e>? or m9]al4  ,m9]4 ,?is      
notion ( y\rs c>ries reason &           
demon/ration along ) x1 :i* pleases me  
wond]fully4 ,b1 sir1 is n y\r price too 
great = ^! eng9es ( y\rs8  ,au?or4 ,by  
:at ,i %all (f] to y1 z to my price1 ,i 

am sure to h y a fri5d to me & my eng9e 
= ev]4 ,= ,i mu/ tell y1 t ,i w\ld nev] 
h s5t my eng9e into ! _w1 if x w\ld n   
raise y\r wat] ) m ease & conv5i5cy to y
 & y\r s]vants1 & also mu* *eap] ?an any
 o!r eng9e ev] us$ 9 y\r works1 )\t :i* 
,i c\ld nev] propose any advantage to   
myself by x4 ,& to conv9ce y ( ! tru? ( 
my ass]tion1 ,i d>e und]take ! eng9e    
%all raise y z mu* wat] = eightp5ce1 z w
 co/ y a %ill+ to raise ! l ) y\r old   
eng9es 9 coal-pits4 ,by ?is "o article !
 m9] w save "o-?ird "p ( 8 =m] *>ge1 :i*
 is ?irty-?ree p\nds six %ill+s &       
eightp5ce sav$ out ( e hundr$ p\nds4 ,a 
brave e/ate ga9$ 9 "o ye> out ( su*     
great works1 :]e ?ree1 six1 or x may be 
eight ?\s& p\nds p] annum is exp5d$ =   
cle>+ _! m9es ( wat] only1 besides !    
*>ge & repair ( g9s1 eng9es1 horses1 c4 
,i hope y w n n[ acc\nt my eng9es de> "u
 su* conditions z ,i n[ (f]2 b if ,i    
%\ld1 ) y1 suppose my eng9e             
proportionably de>1 or z de> z ! eng9es 
y n[ use = draw+ up y\r wat]1 :i* is    

impossible1 my eng9e w be pref]able be=e
 y\rs 9 _m respects1 insomu*1 z m9e     
prev5ts y\r damps1 & ! evil effect ( !m3
 & z x w be my int]e/ to all[ ^? t fir/ 
set my eng9e at "w consid]able          
advantages1 s ,i hope ,i may assure     
myself ( due enc\ragem5t f ! +5i\s1 :o  
are ev] /udi\s to promote all inv5tions 
useful & b5eficial to ! public2 = !y mu/
 conclude1 t an eng9e :i* = "s "t has   
daily employ$ ! be/ artific]s to "w on  
x1 0 n to be br\ght =? 9 "o day3 & to   
br+ x to t p]fection y n[ f9d x1 mu/ h  
co/ me & my fri5ds n a little money to  
make ! workm5 capable ( _! "w ) t       
c]ta9ty & exactness !y n[ d4 ,& = work+ 
! eng9e any p]son may h 8 s]vant taught 
x1 x be+ to be le>nt 9 a v %ort "t by "o
 ( an ord9>y capacity4  ,m9]4 ,b !re are
 p :o pret5d to d great ?+s 9 !         
improvem5t ( eng9es to "w by h& or      
horses1 ! hope & expectation ( :i* has  
h9d]$ "s ( u 9 our "w & tir$ o!rs1 s z  
to make !m out ( love ) all eng9es1 &   
almo/ ) ! trade ( m9+4 ,& ?\gh ,i wi% ! 

contr>y1 ,i fe> ?is may prove "s        
h9d]ance to ! promot+ y\r int]e/4       
,au?or4 ,true1 sir1 ,i own t "t out (   
m9d !re h be5 m\ntebanks & impo/ors 9   
all faculties :o pret5d to great ?+s1 b 
d p]=m no?+ effectually4 ,& x w\ld be   
h>d if t %\ld be drawn into consequ5ce1 
t because "s are knaves1 !re=e none are 
hone/4 ,i "k ! notions ( ! p]petual     
motion1 or self-mov+ eng9e1 & _m su* l  
:ims are pret5d$ to by design+ m51 &    
believ$ by ignorant ones3 b ! judici\s  
man1 :o consid]s ! laws ( motion1 kn[s x
 is an infallible rule1 t :atsoev] matt]
 is to be remov$ upw>d1 mu/ h a =ce     
sup]ior to ! weight to be lift$ up1 if  
its motion be requir$ z swift z ! motion
 ( ! mov+ cause2 if sl[]1 proportionably
 less /r5g? w d2 if swift]1 !n ! mov+   
cause1 z m5's h&s1 horses1 or dead      
weight1 !n mu/ ! /r5g? ( ! mov+ cause be
 increas$ proportionably1 or no motion c
 be produc$4 ,& ! exp]i5ce ( ages %[s u 
?is to be a mo/ sure rule1 all[+ =      
friction1 :i* is l>g]1 ! m :eels or p>ts

 an eng9e consi/e? (2 &1 ( consequ5ce1 !
 few] p>ts or :eels an eng9e consi/e? ( 
! easi] x works2 s t by b>ely look+ on a
 pump1 if x has m p>ts or :eels ?an !   
common crank-"w1 y may conclude x worse2
 if a *a9-"w or tub-"w ! same4 ,s t all 
t c be expect$ is1 to make ^? g easi]   
?an !y are n[ made to g by +5i\s workm5 
exp]t 9 mak+ !m4 ,& if y try h[ small a 
matt] w move ^? eng9es :5 n load$ )     
wat]1 y w f9d ! friction s small z n    
wor? any m5d+1 c\ld x be done1          
especially ! tub-g91 ^: friction        
increases ! lea/ 9 be+ load$ ( any2 b ! 
o!rs are va/ly increas$ by ! lea!rs ( _!
 suck]s be+ =c$ broad]1 & rubb+ ) mu*   
great] =ce aga9/ ! b>rel !y "w 91       
accord+ to ! height ! pipes are rais$4  
,& ,i hope1 :5 x is consid]$ h[ f> ?is  
eng9e ( m9e diff]s f ! b>e pret5sions ( 
ignorant or design+ m51 & t any p]sons  
may see :at my eng9e w p]=m be=e !y     
contract = x1 !re w be f\nd no gr\nd = !
 lea/ suspicion 9 any p]son conc]n$ to  
employ !m 9 m9es2 b1 to ! contr>y1 af=d 

u a g5]\s enc\ragem5t 9 a bus9ess s     
conducive to ! increas+ ! m9+ trade1 &  
!reby enri* !mselves & ! nation1 &      
increase ! k+'s rev5ue4  ,i c\ld he>tily
 wi% all m9]s1 = _! own z well z _!     
c\ntry's int]e/1 7 good me*anics1 &     
truly und]/ood ! nature1 use1 &         
application ( all k9ds ( eng9es2 =1 ,i  
am sure1 ^? t d w be my be/ fri5ds1 )\t 
expect+ t horses1 or m51 or any o!r     
/r5g?1 c or w d m ?an :at nature & !    
laws ( motion has all[$ !m4             
,illu/ration3 ,figure ,i   - see        
figure#a4;gif ,illu/ration3 ,figure ,,ii
  - see figure#b4;gif ,illu/ration3     
,figure ,,iii - see figure#c4;gif       
,illu/ration3 ,figure ,,iv  - see       
figure#d4;gif     ,transcrib]'s note3