,transcrib]'s ,notes ,:5 italics 7 us$ 9 ! orig9al book1 ! correspond+ text has be5 surr\nd$ by und]scores1 & :5 boldface text 0 use1 ! correspond+ text has be5 surr\nd$ by equal signs4 ,9 two in/ances1 ! lett] ,n has be5 pr9t$ ) a macron above x4 ,?is has be5 repres5t$ z ,n4 ,sup]script$ lett]s h be5 prec$$ by & :5 multiple lett]s are sup]script$ !y h be5 surr\nd$ by 4 ,subscript$ lett]s & numb]s h be5 prec$$ by & surr\nd$ by 4 ,fractions h be5 sep>at$ f :ole numb]s prec$+ !m ) a da% su* t #a-a_/b repres5ts "o & "o half4 ,! lett]s repres5t$ z ,h4_/,w4,e4 7 orig9ally pr9t$ ) ! ,h4 directly above ! o!r two lett]s4 ,"s presum$ pr9t]'s errors h be5 correct$4 ,^! are li/$ 9 a second transcrib]'s note at ! end ( ! text4 ,,! ,,connoisseur',s ,,libr>y ,,g5]al ,,editor3 ,,cyril ,,dav5port ,,glass ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i ,,enamell$ ,,goblet ,,v5etian ,,or ,,franco-,,syrian4 ,,circa #acjj1 ,a4,d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,glass ,,by ,,edw>d ,,dillon1 ,m4,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,connoisseur's ,libr>y ,,new ,,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,,london3 ,,me?u5 ,,& ,,co4 #aijg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface ,x is n[ ne>ly ?irty ye>s s9ce ! late ,mr4 ,nesbitt wrote ! introduction to ! catalogue ( ! glass at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,"s ye>s previ\sly ! description ( ! glass 9 ! ,slade collection _h be5 intru/$ to ! same g5tleman4 ,s9ce t "t _m works treat+ ( special dep>tm5ts ( ! hi/ory ( glass h be5 publi%$ 9 ,france1 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ,italy4 ,mu* fre% light has be5 ?r[n ^u ! primitive glass ( ! ,egyptians2 our k ( ! glass ( bo? ! ,ne> & ! ,f> ,ea/ has be5 revolutionis$2 abundant fre% mat]ial has be5 provid$ = ! hi/ory ( ,byzant9e glass1 & ! w&]+s ( ! glass-work]s f ,l',alt>e & ,murano h be5 trac$ 9 full detail4 ,mr4 ,h>t%orne1 9 8 ,old ,engli% ,glasses1 has exhau/ively told ! /ory ( our native glass f ! docum5t>y side1 & has describ$ ) ! m9ute/ detail ! w9e-glasses ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,ap>t1 h[ev]1 f ! introductory *apt]s ( ! la/ "w1 ,i "k ( no attempt ( rec5t ye>s to give a g5]al acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( glass--us+ t t]m 9 ! n>r[] s5se--z view$ f ! arti/ic side4 ,we h at h& 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a collection ( glass t has no rival else:]e2 only second to x is ! collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,x is 9 ^! collections t ! hi/ory ( glass mu/ be /udi$4 ,i h f "t to "t 9 ! foll[+ pages call$ att5tion to ! mo/ rem>kable examples4 ,i hope t :at ,i h said may assi/ ! /ud5t 9 ?read+ 8 way ?r\gh :at is a r complicat$ hi/ory4 ,my be/ ?anks are due to ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,read1 :o has *>ge ( ! glass 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 = ! facilities t he has af=d$ me 9 ! photograph+ ( ! examples 9 8 dep>tm5t2 n less to ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,sk9n]1 director ( ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 = simil> facilities at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,i am indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,*ur* = mu* valuable in=mation & = "s hi!rto unpubli%$ analyses ( glass2 to ,"l ,ro?s*ild & to ,mr4 ,v9c5t ,rob9son1 ,c4,i4,e41 = photographs ( examples ( glass 9 _! collections2 f9ally1 to ,signor ,ongania1 ( ,v5ice1 = p]mission to reproduce f ,pass9i's great "w on ! ,treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k's "s photographs ( ! glass !re pres]v$4 ,e4 ,d4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface1 v ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations1 ix ,,select$ ,,bibliography ,,( ,,works ,,on ,,glass1 xxii ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,bibliographical ,,li/1 xxviii ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction1 #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,primitive ,glass ( ! ,egyptians & ,syrians1 #ah ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,lat] ,greek ,glass & ! ,m\ld$ & ,ca/ ,glass ( ! ,roman ,empire1 #dc ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,bl[n ,glass ( ! ,roman ,empire1 #ei ,,*apt] ,v4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,glass1 ,byzant9e ,glass1 & ! ,glass ( ! ,middle ,ages 9 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 #hi ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,glass f ,anglo-,saxon & ,franki% ,tombs4 ,! s-call$ ,h$wig ,glasses1 #ajg ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,m$ival ,treatises on ,glass1 #aah ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,glass ( ! ,lat] ,middle ,ages 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 #acb ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,enamell$ ,glass ( ! ,s>ac5s1 #add ,,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,enamell$ ,glass ( ! ,s>ac5s 7cont9u$71 #afa ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,glass ( ,v5ice--,! ,orig9s--,beads1 #agd ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! ,enamell$ ,v5etian ,glass ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 #aib ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,v>ieties ( ,v5etian ,glass--,e>ly ,lit]ature1 #bjj ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,! ,fr5* ,glass ( ! ,r5aissance1 #bbj ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,! ,r5aissance ,glass ( ! ,spani% ,ne!rl&s & ( ,spa91 #bdj ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,! ,glass ( ,g]many4 ,! ,gre5 ,glass ( ! ,rh9e & ! ,ne!rl&s--,enamell$ ,glass1 #bea ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,! ,glass ( ,g]many 7cont9u$74 ,g]man ,cut & ,engrav$ ,glass--,! ,ruby ,glass ( ,kunckel--,mil* ,glass1 #bgf ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,dut* ,glass ( ! ,sev5te5? & ,eighte5? ,c5turies1 #bid ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,engli% ,glass ( ! ,sixte5? & ,sev5te5? ,c5turies1 #bii ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,engli% ,glass ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 #cba ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,! ,sev5te5? & ,eighte5? ,c5tury ,glass ( ,p]sia1 ,india1 & ,*9a1 #ccg ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,contempor>y ,glass1 #cef ,,index1 #cfa ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,i4 ,,syrian ,,or ,,v5etian ,,glass4 ,enamell$ ,beak] ( slightly gre5i% glass ) a few elongat$ bubbles4 7,h4 #g-a_/b 947 ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild en?ron$ betwe5 conv5tional lilies2 on ei!r side an angel hold+ a tall c&le2 beyond1 ! figures ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul4 ,above1 an inscription 9 ,go?ic *>act]s--,d,n,,ia ,,mat] ,,regis ,,altissimi ,,ora ,p ,,pa4 ,f ! ,adrian ,hope collection4 ,end ( ?irte5? c5tury4 ,briti% ,museum4 7,frontispiece47 ,,ii4 ,,ungu5t>ia ,,( ,,primitive ,,glass4 ,briti% ,museum4 7#a7 ,f ,gurob1 ne> ,illahun1 ,upp] ,egypt4 7,h4 #d 947 ,decoration ( palm-patt]n =m$ by d\ble drag1 on a s>d-col\r$ transluc5t gr\nd4 ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y4 7#b7 ,amphora-%ap$ vase4 7,h4 #e-c_/h 947 ,patt]n =m$ by simple drag1 on opaque r$ gr\nd4 ,! body app>5tly turn$ on :eel4 ,h&les ( gre5 transp>5t glass4 ,said to come f ! ,ionian ,isl&s4 7#c7 ,small ,jug ( ,o5o*o %ape4 7,h4 #e-a_/b 947 ,palm patt]n =m$ by d\ble drag1 on d>k blue1 ne>ly opaque gr\nd4 ,prov5ance unc]ta94 ,f ! ,slade collection4 7,to face p4 #bb47 ,,iii4 ,,egyptian ,,glass ,,pa/es4 ,briti% ,museum4 7#a7 ,sc>ab ( d>k blue pa/e ) :ite ve9s imitat+ lapis lazuli4 7,l4 #c-a_/b 947 ,f ,!bes4 ,lat] ,empire4 7#b7 ,vase = cosmetics1 9 %ape ( column ) papyrus capital4 7,h4 #c-c_/d 947 ,slade collection4 7#c7 ,plaque ( #8fus$ mosaic4' 7,l4 #c-a_/d 941 ab\t #c_/h 94 9 ?ickness47 ,f ! cemet]y at ,d5d]ah4 ,ptolemaic p]iod4 7,to face p4 #cb47 ,,iv4 7#a7 ,small bottle 7#8la*rymatory'74 7,h4 #c 947 ,glass ( v>i\s col\rs arrang$ 9 wavy l9es1 & n[ 9 "p iridesc5t4 ,probably f a ,greco-,roman tomb4 ,slade collection4 7#b7 ,b[l ( ?9 :ite glass1 f9i%$ on ! la!4 7,diam4 #c-c_/d 947 ,probably f a late ,greek tomb4 7#c7 ,sph]ical vase ( pale blue transp>5t glass4 7,h4 #c-c_/h 947 ,! m>k ( ! two p>ts ( ! m\ld into :i* ! glass 0 bl[n is visible4 ,decoration ( dolph9s1 fi%es1 etc41 on b&s4 ,probably ,roman1 fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,slade collection4 #a1 #b1 & #c1 all 9 ,briti% ,museum4 7,to face p4 #de47 ,v4 ,,two ,,b[ls ,,( ,,millefiori ,,roman ,,glass4 ,probably ,roman1 fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,briti% ,museum4 7#a7 ,madrepore patt]n1 9 d>k purple gr\nd4 7,diam4 #e 947 7#b7 ,breccia patt]n1 9 purple gr\nd ) :ite scrolls4 ,f ! ,dur& collection4 7,diam4 #e-a_/d 947 7,to face p4 #ej47 ,,vi4 7#a7 ,beak] ) oval bosses1 =m$ by bl[+ into a m\ld ) ap]tures4 7,h4 #e 947 ,cle> :ite glass4 ,said to h come f ,con/ant9ople4 ,greco-,roman1 fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 7#b7 ,tall-neck$ flask ( pale gre5 transp>5t glass4 7,h4 #f-c_/d 947 ,maze-l patt]n1 =m$ by bl[+ into m\ld4 ,greco-,roman4 ,f ,melos4 7#c7 ,small octagonal pyx1 or case = cosmetics4 7,h4 #f-a_/d 947 ,:ite opaque glass 7b probably orig9ally transp>5t72 bl[n into m\ld4 ,f ,sidon4 ,probably fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 #a1 #b1 & #c1 all 9 ,briti% ,museum4 7,to face p4 #ef47 ,,vii4 ,,sepul*ral ,,glass ,,f ,,! ,,syrian ,,coa/ 7said to come f ,m\nt ,c>mel74 ,probably ab\t fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,pale gre5 glass1 ) iridesc5ce4 ,briti% ,museum4 7#a7 ,vase = cosmetics 9 %ape ( d\ble column4 7,h4 #e-a_/d 947 7#b7 ,vase ) six h&les4 7,h4 #d-a_/d 947 7#c7 ,vase ) h&les & /r++s ( cobalt-blue4 7,h4 #h 947 7,to face p4 #fj47 ,,viii4 ,,b[l ,,( ,,olive-,,gre5 ,,glass1 c>v$ 9 high 7deta*$7 relief4 ,m\nt$ on metal /& & ) metal rim4 ,deep r$ by transmitt$ light4 ,subject--,! ,madness ( ,lycurgus4 ,probably ,roman1 ab\t ?ird or f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,f ! collection ( ,"l ,ro?s*ild4 7,to face p4 #gc47 ,,ix4 ,,roman ,,glass ,,f ,,graves ,,9 ,,brita94 ,briti% ,museum4 7#a7 ,jug ( pale olive glass1 ) iridesc5ce4 7,h4 #h-c_/h 947 ,f ,col*e/]4 7#b7 ,vase ( olive-gre5 glass1 ) two h&les1 ea* end+ 9 quill$ atta*m5ts4 7,h4 #i 947 ,f ,bay=d1 ne> ,sitt+b\rne4 7,to face p4 #hf47 ,x4 ,,gilt ,,glass ,,( ,,! ,,cemet]ies4 ,fif? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,briti% ,museum4 7#a7 ,"p ( a b[l1 ! sides ornam5t$ ) small m$allions ( gilt glass4 ,subjects--,adam & ,eve1 ,sacrifice ( ,isaac1 ,jonas1 ! ,?ree ,*ildr51 ,daniel1 etc4 7,max4 dim5sion1 #f-a_/b 947 ,f\nd ne> ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,sev]9us1 ,cologne4 7#b7 ,disc f base ( b[l4 7,diam4 #c-c_/d 947 ,bel[1 ,*ri/1 betwe5 ,timo?y & ,hippolytus2 above1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,sixtus1 & ,/4 ,laur5ce1 /&+ betwe5 torque columns4 7#c7 ,portraits ( ,bride & ,bridegroom--,orfitus & ,con/antia2 ) figure ( ,h]cules & congratulatory inscription4 7,diam4 #d 947 7,to face p4 #ia47 ,,xi4 ,,byzant9e ,,glass1 f ! ,treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice4 7,reproduc$ f ,pass9i1 ,tesoro di ,s4 ,m>co47 7#a7 #8,balance-pan' lamp ( cle> glass = susp5sion4 ,on ! silv] rim1 an invocation to ,/4 ,pantaleone by ! ,bi%op ( ,ib]ia4 7,diam4 #aj-a_/b 947 7#b7 ,ellipsoid lamp1 = susp5sion4 ,common glass1 c>v$ 9 high relief ) %ells1 fi%es1 etc4 ,silv] rim1 ) cloisons = jewels & sockets = c&les4 7,*ief diam4 #h 947 7#c7 ,pat51 or m likely #8balance-pan' lamp4 ,gre5i% glass1 incis$ ) a s]ies ( conc5tric r+s4 7,diam4 #g 947 7,to face p4 #if47 ,,xii4 ,,can?>us-,,%ap$ ,,vase ( sky-blue1 bubbly glass4 7,h4 #f-a_/d 947 ,probably a *alice4 ,circa fif? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,f\nd at ,ami5s4 ,f ! ,p\rtals collection4 ,briti% ,museum4 7,to face p4 #ih47 ,,xiii4 ,,byzant9e ,,or ,,e>ly ,,s>ac5ic ,,glass1 f ! ,treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice4 7,reproduc$ f ,pass9i1 ,tesoro di ,s4 ,m>co47 ,pe>-%ap$ vase1 set ) #8false' metal sp\t & h&le1 to resemble an ampulla4 ,c>v$ 9 l[ relief1 9 imitation ( rock-cry/al--design ( two %eep-l animals amid conv5tional foliage4 7,glass alone #d 94 9 ,h47 7,to face p4 #aja47 ,,xiv4 ,,byzant9e ,,or ,,late ,,roman ,,glass1 f ! ,treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice4 7,reproduc$ f ,pass9i1 ,tesoro di ,s4 ,m>co47 ,situla ( gre5i% glass1 c>v$ 9 high 7deta*$7 relief ) a hunt+ sc5e4 ,bel[1 a rais$ grat+1 support$ on rods ( glass 7diatretum "w74 ,h4 #aa 94 7,to face p4 #ajb47 ,,xv4 ,,glass ,,beads4 ,briti% ,museum4 7#a7 ,cyl9drical beads ) :ite & yell[ pellets3 7i7 ,blue glass ) satyr-l mask2 7ii7 opaque gre5i% glass4 ,probably f ,cyprus4 ,greek or ,phnician4 7#b7 ,two ,*evron beads4 ,prov5ance unc]ta94 ,slade collection4 7#c7 ,?ree *a9s ( beads1 f ,franki% tombs 9 ! ,rh9e-,moselle di/rict4 7,to face p4 #ajh47 ,,xvi4 ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,glass4 ,prunt$ ,beak] ( olive-gre5 glass4 7,h4 #aa-a_/h 947 ,f burial-m\nd1 ,tapl[4 ,briti% ,museum4 7,to face p4 #aaa47 ,,xvii4 ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,glass4 7#a7 ,conical cup ( pale gre5 glass1 ) appli$ ?read+s4 7,h4 #aj-a_/d 947 ,f ,kemp/on1 ,b$=d%ire4 ,briti% ,museum4 7#b7 ,dr9k+-cup ( olive-gre5 glass4 7,h4 #h-a_/b 947 ,f ,fav]%am1 ,k5t4 ,briti% ,museum 7,gibbs ,beque/74 7,to face p4 #aab47 ,,xviii4 ,,h$wig ,,glass 7s-call$74 ,two views ( a cup ( ne>ly col\rless glass 7,h4 ab\t #d 9471 c>v$ 9 relief ) lion1 griff91 & %ield4 ,g]man or ,ori5tal2 ?irte5? c5tury1 or p]haps e>li]4 ,n[ m\nt$ on ,go?ic metal /&1 :i* is n %[n4 ,g]manic ,museum1 ,nuremb]g4 7,to face p4 #aad47 ,,xix4 ,,m$i,,val ,,glass ,,furnace4 ,reproduction ( a col\r$ m9iature f a manuscript1 writt5 probably 9 #ajbc1 ( ,rabanus ,maurus 7,de ,orig9ibus ,r]um71 pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y at ,monte ,cass9o4 7,to face p4 #abd47 ,,xx4 ,,g]man ,,glass1 ,,f\rte5? ,,& ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury4 ,d>k blui%-gre5 glass1 f ! ,g]manic ,museum1 ,nuremb]g4 7#a7 ,prunt$ cup = hold+ relics4 7#b7 ,wax cov] to above1 ) seal ( ! ,abbey to :i* x belong$4 7,to face p4 #acg47 ,,xxi4 ,d4 d4 7#a7 ,small cup ) pap-%ap$ prunts4 7#b7 ,cup ) conical cov]1 conta9+ relics4 7,to face p4 #acg47 ,,xxii4 ,,s>ac5ic ,,glass4 ,pilgrim bottle2 br[ni%1 amb]-col\r$ ?ick glass1 enamell$ & gilt4 7,h4 ab\t #h 947 ,on ! flatt5$ back a rose-:eel design4 ,long pres]v$ at ,wrzburg2 said to come f ,mesopotamia4 ,circa #acjj ,a4,d4 ,briti% ,museum4 7,to face p4 #aec47 ,,xxiii4 ,,s>ac5ic ,,glass4 ,tall-neck$ bottle2 decorat$ ) enamell$ & gilt m$allions1 ,*9ese phnix1 etc4 7,h4 #ag-a_/b 947 ,! inscription has be5 read #8,glory to our ,"l ! ,sultan1 ! wise1 ! j1 ! w>rior ,k+4' ,b\ght 9 ,cairo4 ,circa #acjj ,a4,d4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum 7,my]s ,beque/74 7,to face p4 #aed47 ,,xxiv4 ,,s>ac5ic ,,glass4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 7#a7 ,small lamp ( cle> :ite glass1 a little decay$ on surface4 7,h4 #h-a_/d 947 ,enamels ( :ite1 r$1 & yell[ ) gold1 sp>+ly appli$--horsem5 ) falcons2 gold frieze on rim & foot4 ,/at$ to h come f a ,*ri/ian mona/]y 9 ,syria4 ,late ?irte5? or e>ly f\rte5? c5tury4 ,my]s ,beque/4 7#b7 ,vessel = oil4 ,probably to be susp5d$ 9 a l>ge mosque lamp 7lant]n74 7,h4 #f-a_/b 947 ,pale gre5i%-blue glass1 ) rema9s ( ! gild+ t =m]ly cov]$ x4 7,to face p4 #aef47 ,,xxv4 ,,s>ac5ic ,,glass4 ,beak] enamell$ ) frieze ( ?ree polo-play]s1 betwe5 two b&s ) inscription 9 ,arabic1 bo? 9 praise ( #8our ,"l ! ,sultan' 7)\t date or prop] "n74 ,ab\t #acjj4 ,! silv]-gilt foot & cov] are probably ,augsburg "w ( ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury4 ,f a reproduction 9 wat]-col\rs ( ! orig9al 9 ! ,grne ,gewlbe1 ,dresd54 7,to face p4 #afb47 ,,xxvi4 ,,s>ac5ic ,,glass4 ,mosque lamp 7,h4 #af 947 f ,cairo4 ,cle> :ite glass ) _m bubbles4 ,eight h&les = susp5sion4 ,design ( lotus-blossom1 etc41 outl9$ 9 opaque r$1 & ! int]/ices fill$ ) transluc5t blue enamel4 ,e>ly f\rte5? c5tury4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum 7,my]s ,beque/74 7,to face p4 #afh47 ,,xxvii4 7#a7 ,,dr9k+-,,cup 7,diam4 #e-a_/b 947 ( honey-col\r$ glass4 ,9 c5tre1 enamell$ figure ( #8! angel :o s]ves ! w9e to ! fai?ful4' ,angel's w+s & surr\nd+ b&1 gold ^u a lav5d]-blue gr\nd4 ,p]sian 9 /yle1 b accord+ to ,m4 ,s*ef]1 possibly made at ,erm5as & enamell$ at ,aleppo4 ,probably fifte5? c5tury4 ,briti% ,museum4 7#b7 ,,holl[ ,,sph]e ( honey-col\r$ enamell$ glass4 7,diam4 #d 947 ,ornam5t ( *a9 ( mosque lamp4 ,prov5ance unkn[n1 b probably f ,nor!rn ,syria4 ,briti% ,museum4 7,to face p4 #agb47 ,,xxviii4 ,,v5etian ,,glass4 ,! ,aldrev&9i ,beak]4 7,h4 #e-a_/h 947 ,?9 cle> glass ) black specks1 enamell$ ) ?ree %ields be>+ ! arms ( ,s\? ,g]man t[ns3 7#a7 ,?ree /ag-horns 9 fesse1 azure2 7#b7 arg5t1 ?ree keys 9 fesse1 gules2 7#c7 p] fesse arg5t & sable1 9 *ief a b>4 ,betwe51 apple-gre5 leaves outl9$ 9 :ite4 ,"s enamell+ also inside4 ,inscription 9 ,go?ic lett]s4 ,ab\t #acjj ,a4,d4 ,briti% ,museum4 7,to face p4 #agi47 ,,xxix4 ,,v5etian ,,glass4 ,! ,b]ovi]i ,cup4 7,h4 c4 #h-a_/b 947 ,coppa ,nuziale 7m>riage cup7 ( deep-blue glass1 enamell$ & gilt4 ,! heads ( bride & bridegroom 9 m$allions4 ,betwe51 7#a7 a procession ( knights & ladies approa*+ a f\nta92 7#b7 ba?+ 9 f\nta94 ,attribut$ to ,angelo ,b]ovi]i4 ,ab\t #addj4 ,museo ,civico1 ,v5ice4 7,to face p4 #aid47 ,,xxx4 ,,v5etian ,,glass4 7#a7 ,lamp = susp5sion1 enamell$ ) /uds ( :ite on col\r$ gr\nd4 7,h4 #aa 947 ,%ield ) /emma ( ,tiepolo family4 ,e>ly sixte5? c5tury4 ,museo ,civico1 ,v5ice4 7#b7 ,/emless cup ( ?9 cle> glass4 7,h4 #e-a_/b 947 ,decorat$ ) scrolls1 lions1 & birds1 9 #8pa9t$' enamel4 ,ab\t #adej4 ,dug up :ile excavat+ ! f\ndations ( ! new ,campanile4 ,museo ,civico1 ,v5ice4 7,to face p4 #aii47 ,,xxxi4 ,,v5etian ,,glass4 ,fl[]-vase4 7,h4 #aa 947 ,transp>5t1 col\rless glass1 slightly greyi%1 ) t5d5cy to deliquesc5ce on surface3 ?read+ & /uds ( cobalt-blue4 ,probably sixte5? c5tury4 ,briti% ,museum4 7,slade1 ex ,b]nal collection47 7,to face p4 #bjj47 ,,xxxii4 ,,v5etian ,,glass4 ,sph]ical vase 7,h41 ) #8made-up' foot1 #i-a_/b 947 ( opaque :ite glass1 decorat$ ) gilt scrolls & bosses & a pair ( rudely drawn m]maids4 ,sixte5? c5tury4 ,briti% ,museum4 7,slade1 ex ,d',azeglio collection47 7,to face p4 #bjc47 ,,xxxiii4 ,,v5etian ,,glass4 ,pilgrim's bottle4 7,h4 #f-a_/b 947 ,design 7,cupid fi%+1 & ,v5us & ,an*ises7 pa9t$ 9 blue on opaque :ite 7lattimo7 gr\nd4 ,e>ly sixte5? c5tury4 ,museo ,civico1 ,v5ice4 7,to face p4 #bjd47 ,,xxxiv4 ,,v5etian ,,glass1 enamell$ & gilt4 ,e>ly sixte5? c5tury4 ,briti% ,museum4 7#a7 ,plate ( ?9 glass4 7,diam4 #g 947 ,9 c5tre a %ield ) oak tree1 gre5 & gold on blue gr\nd4 78 ,rov]e arms47 ,r\nd m>g9 a r+ ( delicate patt]n 9 p[d] gold4 ,e>ly sixte5? c5tury4 7,slade collection47 7#b7 ,tazza ( ?9 glass4 7,diam4 #f 947 ,coat ( arms 9 loz5ge 9 c5tre1 surr\nd$ by r+ ) fl[]s 9 oval m$allions--apple-gre51 dull r$1 blue & yell[ enamels4 ,p[d] gold b& r\nd m>g94 7,slade1 ex ,b]nal collection47 7,to face p4 #bad47 ,,xxxv4 ,,fr5* ,,glass ,,( ,,r5aissance4 ,briti% ,museum4 7,slade collection47 7#a7 ,/atuette ( ,l\is ,,xiii4 or ,,xiv4 7,h4 #d-a_/d 947 ,opaque :ite glass ) col\r$ enamels4 ,probably made at ,nev]s4 ,sev5te5? c5tury4 7#b7 ,/atuette ( man ) muff4 7,h4 ( figure1 #e 947 ,opaque :ite1 porcela9-l glass1 on a copp] base4 ,on /& ( :ite ,dresd5 *9a1 p>tly gilt4 7#c7 ,small burette 7,h4 #e 947 ( d>k gre5i%-blue transp>5t glass2 ! body & neck spla%$ ) gre51 :ite1 & r$ enamels4 ,gilt b]ry-l bosses on body4 ,probably sixte5? c5tury4 7,to face p4 #bcc47 ,,xxxvi4 ,,spani% ,,glass4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 7#a7 ,vase ( pale bottle-gre5 glass2 f\r h&les ) quill$ edges4 7,h4 #f-a_/b 947 ,f ! ,s\? ( ,spa94 ,sixte5? or sev5te5? c5tury4 7#b7 ,jug ( :ite transp>5t glass 7,h4 #h-a_/b 9471 made at ,s4 ,ildefonso4 7#c7 ,vase ( transp>5t glass1 slightly gre5i%4 7,h4 #f 947 ,two h&les ) quill$ edges4 ,f ! ,s\? ( ,spa94 ,sixte5? or sev5te5? c5tury4 7,to face p4 #bde47 ,,xxxvii4 ,,g]man ,,glass4 ,roem] ( gre5 glass2 b]ry prunts on wai/2 ! foot built up ( glass /r++4 ,circa #afjj4 ,g]manic ,museum1 ,nuremb]g4 7,to face p4 #bed47 ,,xxxviii4 ,,g]man ,,glass ,,furnace4 ,sixte5? c5tury4 ,f ,agricola1 ,de ,re ,metallica1 ,basle1 #aeef4 7,to face p4 #bfj47 ,,xxxix4 ,,g]man ,,glass4 ,willkomm ,hump51 enamell$ 9 col\rs ) ! ,rei*s-adl]4 ,on ! w+s1 z record$ by an inscription on ! back1 ! arms ( ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,dat$ #afef4 ,gre5i% glass2 bel[ m>g91 a r+ ( #8p[d]$' gold1 betwe5 bead+ ( :ite & blue enamel4 ,briti% ,museum 7,h5d]son ,beque/74 7,to face p4 #bfd47 ,,xl4 ,,g]man ,,glass4 ,briti% ,museum4 7#a7 ,beak] ( cle> :ite glass4 7,h4 #e-a_/b 947 ,enamell$ ) d\ble eagle1 :ite & blue1 ) yell[ beaks & claws2 at ! back a sprig ( lily-(-!-valley4 ,dat$ #aeif4 ,f ! ,b]nal collection4 7#b7 ,jug ( pale purple glass 7,h4 #h 947 ) pewt] lid4 ,enamell$ ) a :ite dog pursu+ a r$ /ag & fox4 ,9 addition gre51 blue1 & yell[ enamels4 ,dat$ #aeie4 ,f ! ,slade collection4 7,to face p4 #bfg47 ,,xli4 ,,g]man ,,glass4 ,willkomm ,hump54 ,enamell$ 9 col\rs ) hunt+ sc5e1 ! game be+ driv5 into net4 ,ab\t #afjj4 ,briti% ,museum4 7,to face p4 #bfh47 ,,xlii4 ,,g]man ,,glass4 ,cov]$ beak] ( cle> :ite glass4 7,h4 ) cov] #f-c_/d 947 ,engrav$ ) design ( amor9i danc+ among v9es4 ,! metal knob ( cov] is enamell$ & gilt1 & on ! int]ior button are enamell$ ! arms ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,trves1 ) ! foll[+ inscription3--,joan ,hugo ,d4,g4 ,arc4 ,trev4 ,,pr4 ,,el4 ,,ep4 ,,sp4 ,e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 7,to face p4 #bhc47 ,,xliii4 ,,dut* ,,glass4 ,beak] 9 ! =m ( a roem]4 7,h4 #i 947 ,on ! b[l1 9 m$allions1 heads symbolis+ ! f\r seasons1 scrat*$ ) ! diamond4 ,! wai/1 decorat$ ) b]ry prunts1 %[+ rema9s ( gild+4 ,on ?is "p is scrat*$ 79 ,engli%7 #8,augu/ ! #ah?1 #affc1' & ! lett]s ,h4_/,w4,e4 betwe5 bay bran*es4 ,on ! foot a l&scape ) hunt+ sc5e4 ,briti% ,museum4 7,to face p4 #bif47 ,,xliv4 ,,engli% ,,w9e-,,glasses4 ,briti% ,museum4 7#a7 ,w9e-glass1 e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 7,h4 #h-c_/d 947 ,! holl[ knop ( ! m\ld$ /em is decorat$ ) prunts & encloses a sixp5ce ( ,que5 ,anne 7dat$ #agjg74 7#b7 ,jacobite w9e-glass ) opaque twi/$ /em4 7,h4 #g-c_/d 947 ,on ! b[l is engrav$ a portrait ( ! ,"y ,pret5d]1 inscrib$ #8,cognoscunt me mei'2 at ! back are ! words ,premium ,virtutis "u a cr[n4 7#c7 ,jacobite w9e-glass ) air-twi/$ /em4 ,r\nd ! b[l are engrav$ ! words #8,immortal ,memory'2 above1 a b& ( v9e-leaves1 & bel[1 fleurs-de-lis & roses4 ,pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,h>t%orne4 7,to face p4 #cbg47 ,,xlv4 ,,engli% ,,fl9t ,,glass4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 7#a7 ,/&+ cup & cov] 7,h4 #ab 947 on squ>e1 /epp$ foot4 ,c>v$ 9 relief ) gadroons desc5d+ spirally4 ,end ( eighte5? c5tury4 ,pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,l5n>d4 7#b7 ,b[l /&+ on squ>e base4 7,h4 #h-a_/b 947 ,! :ole ( ! surface facett$2 ! "u surface ( ! foot cut into squ>e comp>tm5ts4 ,end ( eighte5? c5tury4 ,pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,l5n>d4 7,to face p4 #ccb47 ,,xlvi4 ,,p]sian ,,glass4 ,tall-neck$ vase ( col\rless glass2 body %ap$ 9 a m\ld2 appliqu /r++s on foot4 ,tak5 f a tomb at ,baku4 ,v9c5t ,rob9son collection4 7,to face p4 #cch47 ,,xlvii4 ,,p]sian ,,glass4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,sev5te5? or eighte5? c5tury4 7#a7 ,tall-neck$1 pe>-%ap$ vase1 ! surface spirally ribb$1 ( deep blue transp>5t glass4 7,h4 #aa 947 7#b7 ,cruet-%ap$ vase ( cle> :ite glass4 7,h4 #i 947 ,f ! ,ri*>d collection4 7#c7 ,p]fume spr9kl]1 ) curv$ neck & b>nacle-%ap$ lip4 ,blue transp>5t glass1 ! surface spirally ribb$4 7,h4 #ab 947 7,to face p4 #cdj47 ,,xlviii4 ,,indian ,,glass4 ,indian ,museum4 ,vase or bas9 ) wide-spread+ lip4 7,h4 #e-c_/d 947 ,milky1 semi-transp>5t glass2 ! gr\nd gilt1 surr\nd+ :ite fl[]s1 ) pi/ils ( r$ enamel4 ,prov5ance unkn[n4 7,delhi di/rict87 7,to face p4 #cdc47 ,,xlix4 ,,*9ese ,,glass4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 7#a7 ,b[l ( mottl$ gre5 glass ) purple m>k+s1 imitat+ jade4 7,h4 #b-g_/h 947 ,eighte5? c5tury4 ,f ! ,b]nal collection4 7#b7 ,sp9dle-%ap$ vase ( orange1 #8tortoise-%ell' glass4 7,h4 #g-a_/b 947 ,! /opp] ( silv]1 inlaid ) ,*9ese *>act]s2 ! base ,european4 7#c7 ,small tripod vase ( mottl$ yell[ glass1 9 =m ( inc5se-burn]4 7,h4 #c-c_/d 947 ,eighte5? c5tury4 7,to face p4 #cej47 ,,select$ ,,bibliography ,,( ,,works ,,on ,,glass ,,agricola 7,,georg73 ,de ,re ,metallica 7la/ *apt] ( "w74 ,basle1 #aeef4 ,,app]t 7,l47 ,,et ,,h5rivaux3 ,v]re et ,v]r]ie4 ,p>is1 #ahid4 ,,app]t 7,l473 ,notes sur les v]res des ,vitraux ,anci5s4 ,p>is1 #ahif4 ,,bap/ 7,a473 ,*9esis*e ,glas>beit52 ,zeits*rift fr ,bild5de ,kun/1 #ahhe4 ,,bate 7,,p]cy73 ,engli% ,table-,glass4 ,no date4 7#aijd87 ,,bir+uccio 7,v473 ,de la ,pirote*nia4 ,v5ice1 #aedj4 ,,blanc\rt 7,,haudicqu] ,,de73 ,l',art de la ,v]r]ie4 ,p>is1 #afig4 ,,bontemps 7,g473-- ,guide du ,v]ri]4 ,p>is1 #ahfh4 ,expos des moy5s employs p\r la fabrication des ,v]res ,filigrans4 #ahde4 ,,bordoni3 ,l',arte ,vetr>ia 9 ,alt>e4 ,savona1 #ahhd4 ,,bosc ,d',,antic 7,p473 ,mmoires sur l',art de la ,v]r]ie4 ,p>is1 #aghj4 ,,b\telli] 7,l',,abb73 ,hi/oire des ,g5til%ommes ,v]ri]s de ,nev]s4 ,,br5t 7,,john73 #8,on ,*evron ,beads4' ,ar*ologia1 vol4 xlv4 ,,br9ckmann 7,,ju/us73 ,v>i\s ,catalogues1 etc41 ( ! ,hamburg ,museum4 ,,bu*] 7,b473 ,die ,glassammlung des ,k4,k4 ,oe/]rei*4 ,museum4 ,vi5na1 #ahhh4 ,,bu%ell 7,s4 ,w473-- ,ori5tal ,c]amic ,art4 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 ,*9ese ,art1 vol4 ii4 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,art ,h&books74 #aijf4 ,,bussel9 7,d473 ,les ,clbres ,v]r]ies de ,v5ise4 ,v5ice1 #ahdf4 ,,cec*etti3-- ,delle ,orig9i dell' ,arte ,vetr>ia ,muranese4 ,r4 ,in/itute ,v5eto1 #ahgb4 ,monographie dell' ,arte ,vetr>ia4 ,v5ice1 #ahgd4 ,,czihak 7,e4 ,,von73 ,s*lesis*e ,gls]4 ,breslau1 #ahia4 ,,dalton 7,o4 ,m473-- ,catalogue ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,antiquities 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--,cemet]y ,glasses4 #aija4 #8,gild$ ,glass ( ,catacombs4' ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 #aija4 ,,deville 7,a473 ,hi/oire de l',art de la ,v]r]ie dans l',antiquit4 ,p>is1 #ahgc4 ,,dobbs 7,h4 ,c473 #8,glass-bl[]s ( ,nor?-we/ ,prov9ces4' ,j\rnal ( ,indian ,art1 vol4 vii4 ,,eraclius3 see ,,h]aclius4 ,,fillon 7,b473 ,l',art de ,t]re *ez les ,poitev9s4 ,niort1 #ahfd4 ,,fioravanti 7,l473 ,dello ,spec*io di ,sci5za ,univ]sale1 ,bk4 vii4 cap4 #bi4 ,v5ice1 #aefg4 ,,f\rcaud 7,l4 ,,de73 mile ,gall4 ,p>is1 #aijc4 ,,f[l] 7,j473 #8,on ! ,process ( ,decay 9 ,glass4' ,ar*ologia1 vol4 xlvi4 ,,franks 7,,sir ,a4 ,w473-- ,guide to ,glass ,room 9 ,briti% ,museum1 #ahhh4 ,art ,treasures ( ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,vitre\s ,art4 #aheh4 ,,fri$ri* 7,c473 ,die ,altdeuts*5 ,gls]4 ,nrnb]g1 #ahhd4 ,,froehn] 7,w473 ,la ,v]r]ie ,antique4 ,collection ,*>vet1 #ahgi4 ,,g>ni] 7,e473-- ,hi/oire de la ,v]r]ie et de l'maill]ie4 ,t\rs1 #ahhf4 ,spitz] ,catalogue1 vol4 iii4 #8,la ,v]r]ie4' ,,g>rucci 7,p4 ,r473-- ,/oria dell' ,arte ,*ri/iana1 vol4 iii4 #ahgf4 ,vetri ornati di ,figure 9 ,oro4 #aheh & #ahfd4 ,,g>zoni 7,t473 ,piazza ,univ]sale di tutte le pr(essioni del ,mondo4 ,discorso lxiv4 ,v5ice1 #aehe4 ,,g]spa*3 ,l',art de la ,v]r]ie4 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,,griffi? 7,f473 ,egypt ,exploration ,fund4 ,tanis1 ,"p ii4 #ahhh4 ,,hall5 7,,rev4 ,a473 #8,glass-mak+ 9 ,sussex1 etc4' ,scotti% ,antiqu>y1 #ahic4 ,,h>t%orne 7,,alb]t73 ,old ,engli% ,glasses4 #ahig4 ,,hav>d 7,h473 ,les ,arts de l',ameublem5t4 ,la ,v]r]ie4 ,p>is1 #ahid4 ,,h]aclius or ,,eraclius3 ,de ,artibus et ,coloribus ,romanorum4 ,eitelb]g] von ,edelb]g3 ,quell5s*rift5 fr ,kun/ges*i*te1 vol4 iv4 ,,hir? 7,f473 ,*9esis*e ,/udi52 ,zur ,ges*i*te des ,glases 9 ,*9a4 ,leipsic1 #ahij4 ,& o!r pap]s4 ,d',,holba* 7,,b>on783 ,art de la ,v]r]ie1 de ,n]i1 ,m]ret et ,kunckel4 ,p>is1 #ageb4 ,d',,hondt 7,p473 ,l',art de la ,v]r]ie4 ,lige1 #ahia4 ,,h\doy 7,j473 ,v]r]ie la faon de ,v5ise4 ,p>is1 #ahgc4 ,,kunckel 7,j473 ,ars ,vitr>ia ,exp]im5talis4 #afgi4 ,,lab>te 7,j473-- ,la ,collection ,debruge ,dumnil4 ,p>is1 #ahdg4 ,hi/oire des ,arts ,indu/riels1 vol4 iv4 ,p>is1 #ahff4 ,,lacroix 7,p473 ,les ,arts au ,moy5 ge et l'poque de la ,r5aissance4 ,p>is1 #ahfi4 ,,lane-,,poole 7,s473-- ,! ,art ( ! ,s>ac5s 9 ,egypt4 ,london1 #ahhf4 ,arabic ,glass ,weights 9 ,briti% ,museum4 #ahia4 ,,lay>d 7,,sir ,a4 ,h473 ,n9eveh & its ,rema9s4 #ahec4 ,,laz>i 7,v473 ,notizia delle ,op]e d',arte della ,raccolta ,corr]4 ,v5ice1 #ahei4 ,,lobmeyr 7,l473 ,die ,glas-indu/rie4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahgd4 ,,loysel 7,c473 ,essai sur la ,v]r]ie4 ,p>is1 #ahjj4 7,writt5 e>li]47 ,,ma!sius3 ,s>epta od] ,b]gpo/il 7,s]mon xv474 ,nrnb]g1 #aefb4 ,,m]ret 7,c473 ,! ,art ( ,glass ( ,n]i translat$ into ,engli%4 ,london1 #affb4 ,,milanesi 7,g473 ,tre ,trattatelli dell' ,arte del ,vetro p] ,mosaici4 7,fifte5? c5tury ,,mss47 #ahfd4 ,,m9utoli 7,h4 ,,de73 ,ueb] d] ,anf]tigung d] f>big5 ,gls] bei d5 ,rm]n4 ,b]l91 #ahcf4 ,,mol9i] 7,e473 ,la ,pe9ture s\s ,v]re4 ,spitz] ,catalogue1 vol4 iii4 ,,naples3 ,description ( ,museo ,borbonico4 ,glass1 vols4 v41 xi41 & xv4 ,,n]i 7,a473 ,l',arte ,vetr>ia4 #afab4 ,,nesbitt 7,a473-- ,catalogue ( ,slade ,collection ( ,glass4 ,privately pr9t$1 #ahga4 ,catalogue ( ,glass ,vessels 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 #ahgh4 ,glass 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,art ,h&books71 #ahge4 #8,opus ,sectile 9 ,glass4' ,ar*ologia1 vol4 xlv4 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 article #8,glass4' #ahgi4 ,,ow5 7,h473 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,bri/ol 7*apt] on ,bri/ol ,glass74 #ahgc4 ,,pass9i 7,a473 ,il ,tesoro di ,san ,m>co4 ,v5ice1 #ahhf4 ,,peligot 7,m4 ,e473 ,la ,v]re1 ,hi/oire et ,fabrication4 #ahgf4 ,,pellat 7,,apsley73-- ,curiosities ( ,glass-mak+4 ,london1 #ahdi4 ,memoir on ! ,orig91 etc41 ( ,glass-mak+4 ,london1 #ahba4 ,,pelleti]3 ,les ,v]ri]s du ,lyonnais4 #ahhg4 ,,petrie 7,,fl9d]s73-- ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club2 ,introduction to ,catalogue ( ,egyptian ,exhibition1 #ahie4 ,tell-el-,am>na4 ,egypt ,exploration ,fund4 #ahid4 ,,p9*>t 7,a473 ,les ,fabriques des ,v]res de ,v5ise1 d',anv]s et de ,bruxelles au ,,xvie4 et au ,,xviie4 sicles4 ,bullet9s des ,commissions ,royales4 ,bruxelles1 #ahhb4 ,,pl9ius ,,secundus 7,,caius73 ,hi/oria ,naturalis1 ,bk4 xxxvi4 caps4 #dd-dg4 ,,port] 7,g4 ,r473 #8,glass & ,porcela94' ,l>dn]'s ,cab9et ,encyclopdia4 ,london1 #ahcb4 ,,p[ell 7,h4 ,j473-- ,pr9ciples ( ,glass-mak+4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 article #8,glass4' #aijb4 ,,read 7,c4 ,h473-- #8,glass 9 ,s\? ,saxon ,graves4' ,ar*ologia1 vol4 lv4 #8,on a ,s>ac5ic ,goblet ( ,enamell$ ,glass4' ,ar*ologia1 vol4 lviii4 ,,ria,o 7,j4 ,f473 ,indu/rial ,arts 9 ,spa91 ,"p ii4 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,h&books74 #ahgi4 ,,santi 7,m473 ,orig9i dell' ,arte ,vetr>ia 9 ,v5ezia e ,murano4 ,,sauzay 7,a473-- ,la ,v]r]ie depuis les ,temps les plus reculs4 ,p>is1 #ahfh4 ,,sauzay 7,a473-- ,m>vels ( ,glass-mak+4 7,translation ( above47 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,,s*ebek 7,e473 ,bhm5s ,glas9du/rie und ,gla%&el4 ,prague1 #ahgh4 ,,s*moranz 7,g473 ,old ,ori5tal ,gilt & ,enamell$ ,vessels4 ,g]man & ,engli% ,editions4 ,vi5na & ,london1 #ahii4 ,,s*u]mans 7,h473 ,! ,w&]+s ( ! ,muranese & ,alt>i/ ,glass-work]s4 ,elev5 ,lett]s4 ,bullet9s des ,commissions ,royales4 ,bruxelles1 #ahhc-ahia4 ,spitz] ,catalogue4 ,see ,,g>ni] & ,,mol9i]4 ,,!ophilus3 ,div]s>um ,artium ,s*$ula4 ,eitelb]g] von ,edelb]g4 ,quell5s*rift5 fr ,kun/ges*i*te1 vol4 viii4 ,vi5na1 #ahgd4 ,,ure 7,a473 ,diction>y ( ,arts1 article #8,glass4' #ahec4 ,,vopel 7,h473 ,die ,alt*ri/li*5 ,goldgls]4 ,freib]g1 #ahii4 ,,zanetti 7,v473-- ,monographia della ,vetr>ia ,v5eziana4 ,v5ice1 #ahgc4 ,museo ,civico di ,murano2 ,guida di ,murano4 ,v5ice1 #ahff4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,prec$+ ,,li/ ,egyptian1 etc4 ,griffi?1 ,lay>d1 ,petrie4 ,greco-,roman & ,roman4 ,deville1 ,froehn]1 ,f[l]1 ,m9utoli1 ,naples ,museum1 ,nesbitt1 ,pl9y4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian1 ,byzant9e1 ,anglo-,saxon1 etc4 ,br5t1 ,dalton1 ,g>rucci1 ,h]aclius1 ,pass9i1 ,read1 ,!ophilus1 ,vopel4 ,s>ac5ic & ,p]so-,indian4 ,lane-,poole1 ,dobbs1 ,read1 ,s*moranz4 ,v5etian 7,murano & ,alt>e74 ,bir+uccio1 ,bontemps1 ,bordoni1 ,bussel91 ,cec*etti1 ,fioravanti1 ,g>zoni1 ,h\doy1 ,lab>te1 ,laz>i1 ,n]i1 ,p9*>t1 ,santi1 ,s*u]mans1 ,zanetti4 ,fr5* & ,spani%4 ,b\telli]1 ,fillon1 ,f\rcaud1 ,gami]1 ,g]spa*1 ,pelleti]1 ,riao4 ,g]man4 ,agricola1 ,br9ckmann1 ,von ,czihak1 ,fri$ri*1 ,kunckel1 ,lobmeyr1 ,ma!sius1 ,s*ebek4 ,engli%4 ,bate1 ,hall51 ,h>t%orne1 ,m]ret1 ,ow51 ,pellat4 ,*9ese4 ,bap/1 ,bu%ell1 ,hir?4 ,te*nical4 ,app]t1 ,blanc\rt1 ,bontemps1 ,bosc d',antic1 ,d',holba*1 ,kunckel1 ,lobmeyr1 ,loysel1 ,m]ret1 ,n]i1 ,peligot1 ,pellat1 ,port]1 ,p[ell1 ,ure4 ,g5]al & hi/orical4 ,br9ckmann1 ,franks1 ,g>ni]1 ,g]spa*1 ,hav>d1 ,lab>te1 ,lacroix1 ,nesbitt1 ,sauzay4 ,,glass ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,glass is a sub/ance 9 s _m ways connect$ ) ! conv5i5ces & am5ities ( our daily life1 & ! ^w calls up s _m v>i$ associations1 t ,i mu/ "h at ! v beg9n+ make cle> ) :at a comp>atively small proportion ( ! manifold applications ( ! sub/ance ,i h to deal4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is is an art hi/ory1 s t ) me?ods ( manufacture & practical uses we are only conc]n$ s f> z !y may influ5ce or help to expla9 po9ts ( arti/ic int]e/4 ,aga91 ev5 on ! arti/ic side1 x is n ) e bran* ( ! v>i$ applications ( glass t we %all be occupi$ 9 ?is "w4 ,by an anomaly ( ! ,engli% language1 ^: vocabul>y = matt]s connect$ ) ! arts is s /rangely defici5t1 we h come to und]/& by ! t]m #8glass1' :5 us$ )\t fur!r explanation1 :at is call$ 9 ! trade #8holl[ w>e1' ! v]r]ie ( ! ,fr5*2 9 o!r words--vessels ( glass4 ,! t]m may also be ext5d$ to include v>i\s m9or applications ( ! mat]ial--beads1 small ornam5ts1 etc41 :at ! ,fr5* call v]rot]ie4 ,b ! application ( glass to w9d[s1 especially :5 col\r$ & /a9$ glass is 9 "q1 to say no?+ ( "w 9 mosaic1 is usually1 al?\gh n always1 held to lie outside ?is n>r[] connotation ( ! ^w4 ,n[ x happ5s t = u ?is re/riction is 9 e way conv5i5t4 ,= ?\gh ! mat]ial basis is ! same1 x is evid5t t bo? ! arti/ :o works 9 mosaic & ! design] ( /a9$ w9d[s are conc]n$1 ea* 9 8 dep>tm5t1 ) arti/ic problems only incid5tally connect$ ) ! mat]ial 9 :i* !y "w4 ,9 o!r words1 ! art elem5t 9 bo? ^! crafts only becomes prom95t at a /age :5 ! actual prep>ation ( ! glass is complet$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly a pity t !re is no ,engli% ^w :i* w\ld n only cle>ly connote ! class ( objects ) :i* ,i h "h to deal1 b :i* w\ld at ! same "t di/9ctly comprise no?+ beyond4 ,i h n[ expla9$ ! some:at re/rict$ & artificial s5se ( ! ^w glass t ,i propose to accept 9 ?is "w4 ,b = a mom5t let u pass to ! o!r extreme1 & go+ beyond ! ord9>y connotation ( ! t]m include 9 x ! glazes ( pott]y--! ^w #8glaze' is 9 its orig9 ! same z glass--z well z ! _m =ms ( enamel4 ,9 all ^! cases we are deal+ ) sub/ances ( simil> composition4 ,!y may all probably be trac$ back to a common orig91 s t f an evolution>y po9t ( view we h "h an in/ance ( ! developm5t ( ! complex & v>i$ f ! simple & s+le4 ,look+ at ! "q 9 ano!r way1 ! art ( ! enamell]1 us+ ! t]m 9 a re/rict$ s5se1 may be held to be subsidi>y bo? to t ( ! pott] & ( ! glass-work]2 :ile _m ( ! problems t arise 9 treat+ ( ! glazes ( fictile w>es--que/ions z to fusibility1 or z to ! col\rs employ$ & ! *anges ( ^! col\rs dur+ ! fir+--turn up aga9 9 ! manufacture ( glass4 ,we %all see t exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 foll[+ ! processes ( "o art may s]ve to ?r[ light ^u ! difficulties & problems ( ! o!r4 ,hi/orically ! connection betwe5 glass & pott]y is n s close4 ,9 "s degree ! preval5ce ( "o art has t5d$ to ou/ ! o!r1 or to relegate x to an inf]ior position4 ,! ,greeks1 :o c>ri$ ! pott]'s art to su* p]fection1 knew little ab\t glass--x 0 long an exotic sub/ance = !m4 ,! ,romans1 on ! o!r h&1 :o 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( our era fir/ fully appreciat$ & develop$ ! capacities ( glass1 produc$ little pott]y ( arti/ic int]e/4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 ,umbria & ,tuscany1 :]e ! f9e/ majolica 0 made1 we he> no?+ ( ! manufacture ( glass1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! fay5ce ( ,v5ice1 at ?is "t pre-occupi$ ) h] glass1 0 ( subsidi>y importance4 ,if we turn to ! home ( porcela91 9 ,*9a glass has always held a subord9ate position1 :ile 9 ,japan x 0 until rec5t days practically unkn[n4 ,7 a comp>ison to be made betwe5 ! developm5t ( ! v>i\s m9or arts1 x w\ld be difficult to f9d a wid] contra/ ?an t betwe5 ! hi/ory ( porcela9 & t ( glass4 ,! k ( porcela9 0 conf9$ = ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s to ,*9a1 ! c\ntry :]e x 0 fir/ made1 & :]e x 0 sl[ly br\ght to p]fection4 ,let loose1 z x 71 9 ! ,we/ e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 x _h !n a %ort p]iod ( glory1 b be=e ! end ( ! c5tury ! art _h already fall5 ^u evil days4 ,! manufacture ( glass1 on ! o!r h&1 _h long be5 c>ri$ on 9 ,egypt1 & p]haps 9 o!r ,ea/]n l&s1 by a primitive process1 al?\gh x only became an article ( g5]al use aft] ! discov]y ( ! bl[+-iron4 ,:5 & :]e ?is discov]y 0 made we d n "k--p]haps some:]e 9 ,syria or ,mesopotamia1 9 ! ?ird or second c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,! art ( bl[+ glass 0 kn[n1 no d\bt1 if n fully develop$1 at ! "t :5 ! k+doms ( ! ,ptolemies & ( ! ,seleucid fell "u ! rule ( ! ,romans4 ,by !m x 0 be=e long br\ght to p]fection & c>ri$ into e corn] ( ! ,we/1 s t by ! second or ?ird c5tury ( our era ! production ( glass 9 ,europe 0 probably great] ?an at any subsequ5t "t1 at lea/ until q rec5t days4 ,nor 0 ! art ( glass-mak+ completely ext+ui%$ by #8! advance ( ! b>b>ians4' ,inde$1 "s ( ! ,g]manic tribes n impossibly br\ght ) !m a k ( ! process n only ( prep>+ b also ( bl[+ glass1 pick$ up on _! j\rney+s ?r\gh ,ea/ ,europe1 or p]haps ev5 le>n$ 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,?is 0 an in/ance ( ! passage to ! ,nor? & ,we/ ( ! arts ( civilisation1 by :at we may call ! back-road ( ,europe1 9 opposition to ! high-roads t l$ directly f ,italy by way ( ! ,rhone & ! ,rh9e4 ,b 9 ! ,we/ ! manufacture1 ?\gh cont9u\sly c>ri$ on 9 _m spots1 0 aft] ! fall ( ! ,we/]n ,empire relegat$ to ! woods1--= ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s little glass 0 produc$ ( any arti/ic int]e/4 ,inde$1 b few examples ( ?is =e/ or gre5 glass ( ! ,middle ,ages h surviv$ to our "t4 ,dur+ all ?is long int]val1 9 "o direction only1 9 ! ,we/1 0 any advance made4 ,)9 ?is p]iod falls ! great developm5t ( /a9$ glass3 we mu/ turn to ! glori\s w9d[s ( ! ca!drals ( ,france & o!r ,we/]n l&s1 to see :at ! glass-work]s ( ! "t 7 capable ( produc+4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! l&s rul$ f ,con/ant9ople or influ5c$ by ,byzant9e civilisation1 :at we "k ( ! glass ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages is almo/ conf9$ to ! mosaic cov]+s ( ! walls ( ! contempor>y *ur*es4 ,b j z di/9ctly z ! glass 9 ! w9d[s ( ! ,go?ic *ur*es1 ?is mosaic "w1 = ! reason we h already giv51 falls outside our limits4 ,x 0 n till ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury t any important advance 0 made 9 our n>r[] dep>tm5t ( #8holl[ w>e4' ,among ! _m beautiful ?+s made dur+ t glori\s season ( arti/ic production t _h its />t ab\t ?is "t 9 ,egypt 7or p]haps1 r1 9 ! l&s betwe5 ! ,p]sian ,gulf & ! ,m$it]ranean7--except x be ! inlaid metal "w--!re is no?+ t n[ int]e/s u s mu* z ! enamell$ glass1 ! beautiful w>e t culm9at$ 9 ! magnific5t ,cair5e mosque lamps ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies4 ,! art ( enamell+ on glass pass$ ov] to ,v5ice 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 p]haps e>li]1 & !re 9 ! next c5tury ! manufacture ( ! fam\s cri/allo 0 f9ally a*iev$1 & complete ma/]y 0 obta9$ 9 ! work+ ( ?is pure :ite glass4 ,a fre% />t 0 n[ giv5 to ! indu/ry 9 ! nor? by means ( ! ,v5etian glass-work]s1 :o 7 s\ght = 9 e c\ntry to tea* _! new me?ods4 ,9 ,g]many alone did "s ( ! traditions ( ! old =e/-work]s ( #8gre5-glass' survive4 ,by ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ,g]man glass1 9 "s respects to be reg>d$ z a compromise betwe5 ! old & new1 _h become ! mo/ important 9 ,europe4 ,= a hundr$ ye>s ! products ( #8! m\nta9 fr+e ( ,bohemia' held ! premi] position1 b t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ?is place 0 tak5 by ! facett$ fl9t-glass ( ,engl&4 ,x is c]ta9ly rem>kable t x is only ( q rec5t ye>s t any su* prom95t position c\ld be claim$ = ,france1 :i* h]et(ore _h be5 cont5t to foll[ 9 ! wake fir/ ( ,v5ice & !n ( ,g]many & ( ,engl&4 ,at ! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 ?is at lea/ may be said--t ,france is almo/ ! only c\ntry :]e any really arti/ic "w 9 glass1 ap>t f ! reproduction ( old patt]ns & old me?ods1 is be+ produc$4 ,?is ha/y sket* ( ! hi/ory ( glass-mak+ w help u to und]/& :y x is t 9 foll[+ ! developm5t ( ! art 9 s _m l&s1 & = a p]iod ( m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 !re is no ne$ to l+] = any "t except at a few ( ! m important tapes4 ,inde$ su* a proc$ure is =c$ ^u u1 = mu* ( ! road is q b>r51 o!r p>ts are unexplor$1 :ile = :ole /ages we pass ?r\gh prosaic di/ricts :]e we f9d little ( arti/ic m]it to deta9 u4 ,! p]iods1 !n1 ( real importance 9 ! hi/ory ( glass1 ei!r f ! cultur-hi/oris* or f a purely arti/ic po9t ( view1 are sep>at$ by long int]vals1 dur+ :i* little ( int]e/ 0 produc$4 ,! primitive glass ( ,egypt1 ! v>i$ productions ( ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ! enamell$ glass ( ! ,s>ac5s1 & ! ,v5etian glass ( ! ,r5aissance--?is exhau/s all t we f9d ei!r ( comm&+ hi/oric int]e/ or ( sup]lative arti/ic m]it4 ,:at foll[s--! ,g]man & ! ,ne!rl&i% glass ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies--is /ill ( "s importance "u bo? ^! heads4 ,i c h>dly say s mu* ( ! ,engli% glass ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 b ?is glass mu/ n be neglect$--x is ,engli%1 & x is highly priz$ by _m en?usia/ic collectors4 ,x w be se5 t !re is a long gap betwe5 ! fir/ & second ( our critical p]iods--betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ! primitive ,egyptian & ! e>lie/ ,roman glass4 ,?is gap w be fill$1 9 "s measure1 by "s acc\nt ( ! r>e surviv+ specim5s ( glass t c claim an ,assyrian orig91 ( ! glass pa/es ( ! ,myc5an age1 & ( ! few examples ( glass t c be /rictly class$ z ,greek ( ! classical age4 ,s aga9 ( ! second long hiatus--! int]val ( ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s betwe5 ! p]iod ( ! ,roman glass & t ( ! ,s>ac5s1--?is may be p>tly fill$ by ! few scanty pieces t h come d[n to u f ,sassanian & ,byzant9e times4 ,to ?is p]iod belongs also ! glass ( ! ,g]manic tribes ( nor!rn ,europe1 above all t ( our ,anglo-,saxon ance/ors4 ,"s notice mu/ also be tak5 ( a few di/ricts situat$ on bypa?s1 ( ! glass f c\ntries t lie away f ! ma9 c5tres ( production--^! latt] c5tres1 ,i may note1 until comp>atively rec5t times are mo/ly to be f\nd 9 close connection ) ! bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,to ^! outly+ di/ricts we mu/ f9ally turn to exam9e ! glass ( ,p]sia1 ( ,india1 & above all ! glass ( ,*9a4 ,an int]e/+ *apt]1 nay1 a sep>ate "w1 might be devot$ to ! classification & hi/ory ( a class ( objects ( :i* ! manufacture has be5 c>ri$ on cont9u\sly & ) few *anges f ! "t ( ! ,middle ,empire 9 ,egypt--( beads1 ,i mean1 & o!r alli$ applications ( glass1 includ$ 9 ! ,fr5* t]m v]rot]ie4 ,b1 h[ev] great ! claims to att5tion ( su* objects1 _! int]e/ is r ar*ological ?an arti/ic1 & x w be suffici5t to treat ( !m incid5tally along ) !1 = u1 m important class ( #8holl[ w>e' produc$ ) ! aid ( ! glass-bl[]'s tube4 ,,prop]ties ,,& ,,composition ,,( ,,glass ,*ri/oph] ,m]ret1 our e>lie/ ,engli% writ] on glass1 sets d[n ! prop]ties ( ! mat]ial "u tw5ty-six heads1 #8by :i* we may easily diff]5tiate x f all o!r bodies4' ,f ^! ,i w select "s f\r or five :i* w be suffici5t = our purpose4 ,?us1 ( glass1 he says3 #8',tis a concrete ( salt & s& or /ones4 ',tis artificial4 ,x melts 9 a /rong fire4 ,:5 melt$ 'tis t5aci\s & /icks toge!r4444 ,:5 melt$ x cleaves to iron1 etc4 ',tis ductile :il/ r$-hot1 & fa%ionable into any =m1 b n malleable1 & x may be bl[n into a holl[ness' 7,art ( ,glass1 #affb74 ,"h we h briefly express$ ! real diff]5ti ( glass4 ,x is r by ^! prop]ties ?an by any virtue ( transp>5cy or ( def9ite *emical composition t glass is to be di/+ui%$ f all o!r bodies2 & x is only by duly tak+ advantage ( ^! prop]ties t ! prep>ation ( a vessel ( glass is r5d]$ possible4 ,9 pass+ f a liquid to a solid /ate !re int]v5es a visc\s /age :5 ! glass may be ga!r$ at ! end ( an iron rod2 ! ductile1 t5aci\s mass may n[ be drawn out into long ?reads1 ^: l5g? & f95ess are only limit$ by ! difficulty ( ma9ta9+ ! requisite temp]ature4 ,aga91 if ! rod ^u :i* ! mass is ga!r$ is holl[1 ! glass may be bl[n out into a vesicle or bulb1 ! />t+-po9t f :i* an endless v>iety ( objects1 bottles1 cups1 tubes1 or ev5 flat %eets ( glass1 may be subsequ5tly =m$4 ,until advantage 0 tak5 ( ?is rem>kable prop]ty ( glass--its capability1 ,i mean1 ( be+ bl[n out into a holl[ vesicle :5 9 a viscid condition--! art ( ! glass-mak] 0 9 a primitive /age4 ,we may comp>e ! glass prep>$ )\t ! aid ( ! bl[+-tube--t ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 = in/ance--to ! pott]y made by h& be=e ! inv5tion ( ! pott]'s :eel4 ,9 deal+ ) ! practical side ( our subject--! mat]ials f :i* glass is made1 h[ ^! mat]ials are fir/ fritt$ & !n fus$ toge!r1 & h[ ! fus$ mass is subsequ5tly dealt )--! be/ plan w be to approa* ! que/ions 9 ea* case f ! po9t ( view ( ! "t & c\ntry4 ,b z1 on ! "o h&1 = classical times1 our s\rces ( in=mation = ^! practical details are b scanty1 & z1 on ! o!r1 ,i am n conc]n$ ) ! indu/rial developm5ts ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 x w be well to po/pone any full] treatm5t ( su* matt]s until ,i come to speak ( ! glass ( late ,m$ival & ,r5aissance times4 ,i %all !n be able to make use ( contempor>y acc\nts :i* w ?r[ light on ! processes ( manufacture4 ,a few prelim9>y notes on ! *emical & physical prop]ties ( glass may1 h[ev]1 n be out ( place4 ,glass1 ,m]ret tells u1 is #8a concrete ( salt & s& or /ones4' ,?is1 9 mod]n sci5tific language1 we %\ld express by say+ t x is a comb9ation ( silica ) an alkali4 ,b ^! sub/ances alone are n en\gh4 ,y _c make a glass fit = practical use f a pure qu>tz s& ) ! addition ( no?+ else ?an a salt ( pota% or soda4 ,su* a glass--a simple alkal9e silicate--w\ld inde$ be transp>5t1 b x w\ld be difficult to "w & v fragile4 ,9 all cases !re is ne$ ( a second base1 & ?is1 to speak g5]ally1 %\ld be ei!r lime or oxide ( lead4 ,! latt] base we may = ! pres5t neglect2 speak+ g5]ally1 x is ! pres5ce ( lime t gives ! work+ qualities & ! requisite t\ghness4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! ess5tial mat]ials = ! prep>ation ( glass4 ,o!r sub/ances may be pres5t2 alum9a1 = example1 or "o or o!r ( ! oxides ( iron1 b z a rule ! pres5ce ( ^! latt] bases is n desir$--! glass w\ld be bett] )\t !m4 ,putt+ aside1 !n1 = ! pres5t ! glass 9 :i* lead is a con/itu5t1 z well z t 9 :i* ! soda is replac$ by pota%1 x is rem>kable h[ little diff]5ce ( composition we f9d 9 examples ( glass ( ! mo/ div]g5t orig94 ,let u comp>e ! composition ( a ,roman #8la*rymatory' ) t ( a piece ( mod]n ,engli% plate-glass4 ,9 a hundr$ p>ts we f9d-- ,silica4 ,soda4 ,lime4 ,iron ,oxide4 ,alum9a4 ,roman la*rymatory #gae #afe #h #a #b ,engli% ,plate-glass #gb #ag #f #b #b ,^! examples are inde$ two extreme t]ms ( a long b cont9u\s s]ies4 ,a sample ( ,s>ac5ic glass ( ! f\rte5? or ( ,v5etian glass ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 w\ld yield on analysis mu* ! same result4#a ,?is1 !n1 may be reg>d$ z ! normal composition ( su* glass z ,i %all h to deal ) 9 ?is hi/ory4 ,! ma9 "q has g5]ally be5--,h[ c ! s& or silica1 ! premi] elem5t 9 glass1 be be/ conv]t$ into a sub/ance :i* %all 9 ext]nal aspect resemble z closely z possible ! native rock cry/al 7itself pure silica71 b :i* at ! same "t %all be n only fusible1 b aft] fus+ pass on cool+ ?r\gh a pla/ic condition :5 x may be exp&$ into a vesicle & o!rwise work$ up into v>i\s %apes8 ,long practical exp]i5ce has %[n t ?is c be be/ effect$ by add+ to ! s& mat]ials conta9+ bo? soda & lime1 & z f> z possible no?+ beyond ^! bases4 ,a glass ?us comp\nd$ we may take z our normal type1 b1 z ,i h said1 ! soda may 9 c]ta9 cases be replac$ by pota% & ! lime by lead oxide4 ,silica 9 any case is ! ess5tial elem5t 9 glass1 & 9 any normal glass !re may be pres5t f #fj to #ge p] c5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! bases ) :i* x is comb9$ h a high comb9+ numb]--& ?is is especially ! case ) lead--! p]c5tage ( silica may fall bel[ ! =m] figure4 ,?us1 9 a bottle glass ) #ab p] c5t4 ( iron oxide & alum9a#b ! proportion is r$uc$ to #ed p] c5t41 & 9 a fl9t glass ) #dc p] c5t4 ( lead oxide !re is only #de p] c5t4 ( silica4 ,x 0 once ! fa%ion among ,engli% writ]s on glass to classify ! sub/ance "u ! heads ( cr[n-glass1 bottle-glass1 broad-glass1 plate-glass1 fl9t-glass1 etc42 b su* a classification1 n v logical 9 itself1 w\ld be ( no use to u4#c ,glass1 ( c\rse1 v>ies 9 optical prop]ties1 9 h>dness1 & 9 fusibility1 b ,i d n ?9k t any useful classification c\ld be bas$ directly on ^! prop]ties4 ,b !re is "o di/9ction ( ! greate/ importance te*nically & geographically1 & ?is is betwe5 ! glass ( m>itime c\ntries 9 :i* ! alkali is soda1 & t ( inl& & =e/ di/ricts :]e ! soda is replac$ by pota%4 ,9 ! fir/ gr\p1 by f> ! mo/ important--,i h inde$ reg>d$ su* glass z ! normal type--may1 x w\ld seem1 be plac$ n only ! #8primitive' glass ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 b probably all ! glass ( ! ,romans4 ,to x belongs also ! glass ( ! ,s>ac5s & ! great] "p ( ! arti/ic glass ( ! ,r5aissance1 includ+ ! ,v5etian glass1 al?\gh 9 ?is la/ ! soda is (t5 9 "p replac$ by an appreciable quantity ( pota%4 ,! pota% gr\p1 on ! o!r h&1 includes ! old voirre f\gre ( ! ,fr5* & ! wald-glas ( ! ,g]mans4 ,9 addition1 almo/ ! :ole ( ! glass ( high] quality made 9 lat] days 9 ,g]many & 9 ! ,bohemian bord]l&s belongs ess5tially to ?is la/ class4 ,f9ally1 x may be m5tion$ t 9 ! case ( ! abnormal family :]e ! lime is replac$ by oxide ( lead1 ! alkali is inv>iably pota%4 ,( ?is family our ,engli% fl9t-glass is ! mo/ important memb]4 ,) reg>d to ! h>dness ( glass1 ,m]ret m5tions z ! ?irte5? prop]ty possess$ by t sub/ance1 #8t x only receives sculpture or cutt+ f a ,diamond or ,em]y /one4' ,b su* a /atem5t w\ld be likely to give an exagg]at$ idea ( ! h>dness ( glass4 ,if we take ! scale ( h>dness us$ by ! m9]alogi/1 x w be f\nd t !re are few k9ds ( glass t d n fall betwe5 ! fif? & six? divisions ( t scale4 ,9 o!r words1 x w\ld be difficult to f9d a specim5 ( glass on :i* a cry/al ( apatite 7phosphate ( lime7 w\ld make any impression1 :]eas all glass 9 ord9>y use is readily scrat*$ by felsp>4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t "s k9ds ( ,bohemian glass may equal ! latt] m9]al 9 h>dness2 x is inde$ a common /atem5t t c]ta9 ,bohemian or ,g]man #8combu/ion-tubes' w /rike fire ) /eel4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pres5ce ( lead t5ds to make a s(t glass2 our cut fl9t is p]ceptibly s(t] ?an common w9d[-glass1 & p]haps ! mo/ important defect ( ! pa/e us$ to imitate preci\s /ones--su* pa/e may conta9 z mu* z #ej p] c5t4 ( lead oxide--is to be f\nd 9 its comp>ative s(tness4 ,at ! same "t1 ! great] ! am\nt ( lead 9 a glass1 ! great] its disp]sive p[] on ! light t passes ?r\gh x4 ,h5ce ! brilliancy & fire ( fl9t-glass1 & /ill m ( artificial gems4 ,ap>t f ! v>ieties conta9+ lead1 samples ( glass diff] little 9 weight2 ! specific gravity may range betwe5 #bd & #bh4 ,t ( fl9t-glass1 on ! o!r h&1 v>ies f #c to #ch2 inde$ 9 "s optical glasses conta9+ a l>ge p]c5tage ( lead1 & aga9 9 ! pa/e us$ = false jewell]y1 ! specific gravity may be z high z #de or ev5 #e4 ,! high melt+-po9t1 or m def9itely ! high s(t5+-po9t1 ( c]ta9 k9ds ( ,bohemian & ,g]man glass1 makes !m invaluable 9 ! laboratory ( ! *emi/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ready fusibility ( glass conta9+ lead 01 z we %all see1 "o ( ! causes t promot$ ! adoption ( su* a glass 9 our furnaces4 ,?us we f9d t ! pota%-lime glass ( ,bohemia1 conta9+ a high p]c5tage ( silica1 excels 9 h>dness & resi/ance to heat2 on ! o!r h&1 ! v>i\s k9ds ( glass conta9+ lead are s(t & easily fusible1 & at ! same "t !y comb9e a high specific gravity ) a wide disp]sive p[]4 ,:at we may call ! m>itime or soda-lime glass takes an int]m$iate place 9 all ^! respects4 ,?is is inde$ an additional reason = reg>d+ ?is great family ( #8,m$it]ranean' glass z ! normal type4 ,! two ess5tial elem5ts1 !n1 requir$ by ! glass-mak] are1 9 ! fir/ place1 silica1 & secondly an alkali1 9 ea* case z pure z possible1 & 9 a conv5i5t =m = mix+ & fus+ toge!r4 ,i d n propose "h to d m ?an indicate ! s\rce ( ^! mat]ials4 ,! silica has at all times be5 d]iv$ ei!r f solid qu>tz1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( rock cry/al or ( ! :ite pebbles f ! b$s ( ,alp9e riv]s1 or m (t5 f s& obta9$ ei!r by excavation or f ! sea%ore4 ,9 ! case ( ! alkali1 ! m>itime p ( ! ,s\? extract$ _! soda1 = ! mo/ "p1 f ! a%es ( c]ta9 plants gr[+ 9 salt m>%es ne> ! sea4 ,mo/ ( ^! m>itime plants belong to ! natural ord] ( ! ,*5opodiace1 ! goose-foot or sp9a* tribe1 & we f9d among !m v>i\s species ( ,salsola1 ,*5opodium1 ,salicornia1 etc4 ,^! plants 7 all includ$ 9 old days "u ! vague "n ( kali4 ,! r\ghly lixiviat$ a%es export$ f ,spa9 7 kn[n 9 ! trade z b>illa2 ^? f ! ,levant z roquetta4#d ,9 o!r in/ances ! impure alkal9e c>bonates 7 f\nd ready at h&--z 9 ! case ( ! natron deposits n f> f ,cairo4 ,9 ! ,nor? ! pr9cipal s\rce ( soda 0 till rec5t days ! v>e* or kelp1 ca/ up on ! we/ coa/ ( ,france & ( ,scotl&4 ,! inl& folk1 on ! o!r h&1 _h to f9d ! alkali = _! glass 9 ! a%es ( plants4 ,?is #8pota%' 0 obta9$ by lixiviat+ ! a%es ( v>i\s trees & bu%es--9 ,g]many ! a%es ( bee*wood1 9 ,france ^? ( ! brack5 or f\gre1 7 mo/ 9 fav\r4 ,! quality ( ! glass dep5d$ 9 great measure ^u ! c>e tak5 9 ! prep>ation ( ! soda or pota%4 ,b ! m impure a%es _h ?is advantage3 ! am\nt ( lime1 to say no?+ ( ! iron oxide & alum9a1 t !y conta9$1 r5d]$ unnecess>y 9 _m cases ! addition ( any fur!r basic mat]ial2 ev5 ! comp>atively pure ,spani% b>illa conta9$ z mu* z sev5 p] c5t4 ( lime4 ,9 o!r cases t base _h to be add$1 g5]ally 9 ! =m ( a m or less impure lime/one4 ,( ! furnaces & ( ! v>i\s op]ations t come into play 9 ! prep>ation ( ! glass ,i %all treat z ! occasion arises 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,z1 h[ev]1 9 ?is book we are--at lea/ aft] ! #8primitive glass' has be5 dealt ) 9 ! next *apt]--almo/ exclusively conc]n$ ) vessels ( #8holl[ w>e' made by a bl[+ process1 x may be well to indicate1 9 ?is introductory *apt]1 ! nature ( ?is process1 & to give ! names ( ! pr9cipal tools us$4 ,^! implem5ts--ap>t f q mod]n improvem5ts ) :i* ,i am n conc]n$ "h--are ( ! simple/ nature1 & h und]gone little *ange dur+ ! la/ five hundr$ ye>s--p]haps ,i might say s9ce ! days ( ! ,romans4 ,! molt5 glass is collect$ on ! extremity ( ! bl[+-iron to =m a #8ga!r+4' ,?is ga!r+1 :ile /ill 9 a s(t condition1 is roll$ ^u ! #8m>v]' into a cyl9drical mass4 ,by bl[+ d[n ! tube ?is mass is n[ di/5d$ to =m a holl[ pe>-%ap$ vesicle1 = :i* x w be conv5i5t to adopt ! ,fr5* t]m p>aison4 ,x is f ?is p>aison t a />t is made to =m by a #8sp9n+' or #8fla%+' process a %eet ( broad or cr[n glass2 aga91 ! vesicle may be made to assume a cyl9drical %ape1 & !n op5$ out to =m l>g] %eets ( glass2 or f9ally--& ?is is = u ! mo/ important--by hold+ ! bl[+-iron to :i* ! bulb ( glass is atta*$ 9 a v]tical position 7or sometimes by sw++ x ov] ! workman's head71 & !n by %ap+ x by means ( c]ta9 simple tools1 ! p>aison is />t$ on ! c\rse by :i* x w f9ally be conv]t$ into a bottle or into a b[l-%ap$ vessel4 ,i w "h only dwell on "o po9t4 ,x is evid5t t s long z ! glass is atta*$ to ! bl[+-iron1 al?\gh a simple bulb-%ap$ vessel may be =m$1 !re is s f> no means ( %ap+ or f9i%+ ! upp] portion4 ,be=e ?is c be done ! fur!r extremity ( ! p>aison mu/ be atta*$ by means ( a small ga!r+ ( molt5 glass to a light tap]+ rod ( iron1 ! #8punto' or #8pontil4' ,! vessel--= s ! p>aison may n[ be call$--is at ?is /age remov$ f ! bl[+-iron4 ,?is is done by #8wett+ x (f' by means ( a rod ( moi/5$ iron4 ,! glass vessel1 n[ atta*$ by its base to ! pontil1 is reheat$1 & ! fur!r treatm5t tak5 9 h& by a workman seat$ on a /ool ) long project+ arms1 on :i* 7or on ! knee ( ! workman7 ! pontil is rotat$4 ,! %ap+ is *iefly done by an iron in/rum5t call$ ! #8procello1' or spr+-tool1 =m$ l a pair ( sug>-tongs by two blades connect$ by an ela/ic b[4 ,f9ally1 ! edges are f9i%$ (f by %e>s & scissors ( v>i\s =ms1 :i* cut ! hot glass z if x 7 a piece ( s(t lea!r4 ,! n[ f9i%$ vessel is remov$ f ! pontil by wett+ ! po9t ( atta*m5t1 & is tak5 to ! anneal+ ov54 ,9 ?is v summ>y acc\nt ( ! processes involv$ 9 mak+1 say1 a flask ( simple %ape1 ,i h only dwelt ^u su* in/rum5ts & me?ods z h = sev]al c5turies be5 9 g5]al use4 ,,! ,,decay ,,( ,,glass ,be=e end+ ?is prelim9>y *apt]1 a few words may be said ( ! *anges t take place 9 glass 9 ! c\rse ( "t f ! action ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium4#e ,^! *anges are 9 ! ma9 due to ! moi/ure & c>bonic acid conta9$ ei!r 9 ! soil or 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,p]haps :at is mo/ /rik+ 9 ?is action is on ! "o h& ! app>5tly caprici\s & irregul> way 9 :i* ! glass is attack$1 & on ! o!r ! great beauty ( ! iridesc5t effects t s (t5 accompany ! process ( decay4 ,z to ! app>5t irregul>ity 9 ! progress ( ! sup]ficial decay1 x w\ld seem t1 ap>t f diff]5ces 9 ! *emical composition ( ! glass1 mu* dep5ds ^u ! pres]vation ( ! orig9al smoo? #8epid]mis4' ,once ?is is impair$1 :e!r by accid5tal scrat*es or by ! gr[? ( fungus or li*51 ! c>bonic acid or ! ammonia salts conta9$ 9 ! air or soil f9d1 9 ! pres5ce ( moi/ure1 a secure lodgm5t1 & ! "w ( decay proce$s rapidly4 ,?us 9 ! case ( ! little flasks ( primitive glass ( :i* ,i %all h to speak 9 ! next *apt]1 9 "o example x may be f\nd t ! smoo? sk9 ( ! glass has = m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s rema9$ absolutely intact1 :ile 9 ano!r specim5 f a neighb\r+ tomb ! glass n only on ! surface1 b f> into ! int]ior1 has tak5 on a talc-l or porcela9\s consi/5cy1 & ! brilliant col\rs h = ! mo/ "p disappe>$4 ,!re is no ne$ to ent] into ! details ( ! *emical processes involv$ 9 ?is process ( decay4 ,suffice to say t ! action is "o ( ! same nature z t :i* has play$ s important a "p 9 ! geological *anges ( ! e>?'s surface1 especially 9 ! dis9tegration ( ! granitic rocks4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! p[] possess$ by c>bonic acid1 9 ! pres5ce ( moi/ure1 ( decompos+ ! silicates ( ! alkalis4 ,! soluble c>bonate ( soda or ( pota% ?us =m$ is !n quickly wa%$ out f ! surface ( ! glass4 ,!re rema9s1 9 ! =m ei!r ( iridesc5t scales or ( an opaque pe>ly cru/1 a lay] consi/+ n p]haps ( pure silica1 b ( an acid silicate ( lime1 alum9a1 or lead z ! case may be4 ,n[ a piece ( cle> glass may appe> to ! eye to be devoid ( int]nal /ructure4 ,b ! #8metal' has1 we "k1 9 e case be5 subject$ dur+ ! manufacture to a complicat$ s]ies ( involutions & d\bl+s1 to say no?+ ( ! subsequ5t inflation if ! glass has be5 subject$ to a bl[+ process4 ,:5 decay sets 9--some?+ simil> may at times be se5 9 ! case ( a piece ( wr\ght iron--?is complicat$ =mation is 9 "p reveal$1 = x is evid5t t ^u x ! l9es tak5 by ! decay are 9 a measure dep5d5t4 ,on bl[n glass especially1 ! dis9tegration ( ! surface t5ds to result 9 a scaly =mation resembl+ t ( ! %ell ( an oy/]4 ,z a result ( ! decomposition ( light 9 its passage ?r\gh ^! f9e sup]ficial films1 & ( ! p>tial reflection f ! back ( ! scales at v>i\s dep?s1 we get ^? unsurpass$ iridesc5t effects t we associate above all ) ! glass ( ! ,romans4 ,t ^! brilliant hues are dep5d5t entirely ^u ! physical /ructure is well %[n by ! total disappe>ance ( ! col\rs :5 ! surface ( a piece ( iridesc5t glass is moi/5$1 z well z by _! reappe>ance :5 ! glass is aga9 dri$4 ,lead ( glass is mu* less liable to su* *anges1 b :]e 9 su* glass decay has once set 91 ! :ole mass may be conv]t$ into a :ite horny sub/ance4 ,9 o!r cases ! surface ( a piece ( cle> :ite glass w become gradually fill$ ) a s]ies ( m9ute int]sect+ fissures1 :i* 9 "t may p5etrate ! :ole mass4 ,:5 ?is *ange has be5 fully develop$ we get a true crackle-glass1 n to be conf\nd$ ) ! fro/$ glass ( ,v5ice m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,?is fissur+ ( ! glass-mass 9 its v>i\s /ages may be trac$ 9 _m ( ! specim5s ( ,v5etian1 ,ne!rl&i%1 & ,engli% glass at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,:5 fully develop$ ! effect is at times v beautiful4 ,! t9ts ( col\r$ glass may1 x w\ld seem1 *ange 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,col\rless glass also1 f :i* ! gre5i% %ades d]iv$ f protoxide ( iron h be5 remov$ by ! addition ( b9oxide ( manganese1 is above all liable to assume 9 ! c\rse ( "t a purple t9t "u ! action ( sunlight4 ,aga91 if sulphur be pres5t 9 glass1 z is ! case :]e sulphate ( soda has be5 employ$ z a s\rce ( ! alkali1 ! soda salt may be r$uc$ by any protoxide ( iron t is pres5t4 ,! sulphide ( sodium & ! sesqui-oxide ( iron ?us gradually =m$ w bo? ( !m t5d to give a yell[i% t9t to ! glass4#f ,*anges ( ?is nature may occasionally h come ab\t 9 ! /a9$ glass ( ! w9d[s ( our ,go?ic *ur*es--! fle%-t9ts1 :i* we "k 7 produc$ 9 e>ly days by manganese1 may 9 ! c\rse ( "t h become ( a m pron\nc$ purple hue4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,primitive ,,glass ,,( ,,! ,,egyptians ,,& ,,syrians ,f a te*nical po9t ( view ! hi/ory ( glass might be divid$ into ?ree p]iods--p]iods1 x is true1 ( v unequal l5g? & relative importance4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 "o m especially ( ar*ological int]e/1 w\ld include all ! glass made be=e ! discov]y ( ! process ( =m+ a vesicle by bl[+ ?r\gh a holl[ tube4 ,ne>ly all ! glass t f9ds its way into our collections w\ld be class$ 9 ! second p]iod2 ?is w\ld ext5d f ! beg9n+ ( our era to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! long c5turies1 ! "w ( ! glass-mak] has ( c\rse be5 influ5c$ by ! v>y+ s*ools & fa%ions ( diff]5t ages & c\ntries1 b te*nically !re is no great advance to be not$ 9 ! "w ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies :5 comp>$ ) t ( ! e>ly days ( ! ,roman ,empire2 & ?is is /ill m true if we consid] m]ely ! mat]ials employ$1 _! prep>ation1 & ! me?ods ( _! fusion4 ,b be=e ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury a great *ange _h set 94 ,! manufacture ( glass 9 ,engl& & ,france _h become an important indu/ry1 & we ent] ^u ! ?ird or indu/rial p]iod4 ,) ! g5]al advance 9 me*anical processes t is s *>act]i/ic ( ! "t1 ! old me?ods ( ! work+ ( glass 7 swept aside1 s t be=e ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 :atev] ( int]e/ 0 to be f\nd 9 ! manufacture & 9 its results dep5d$ ^u any?+ r ?an ^u ! arti/ic qualities ( ! glass made4 ,n[1 z ,i h said1 ! *>act]i/ic & dom9ant quality ( glass is to be f\nd 9 its capability ( be+ bl[n into vessels ( v>y+ %ape :5 9 a visc\s & semi-fluid /ate4 ,all glass !n1 made at a "t :5 advantage _h n yet be5 tak5 ( t ess5tial prop]ty ( ! mat]ial1 we may class toge!r 9 a primitive gr\p4 ,?is l9e ( dem>cation is z important1 to return to a comp>ison ,i h already made1 z t betwe5 h&-m\ld$ pott]y & t ?r[n on ! pott]'s :eel4 ,! objects made 9 ! e>li] p]iod by primitive processes 7 mo/ly small1 & _! m]it dep5d$ *iefly ^u ! brilliancy & ! skilful juxtaposition ( a few simple col\rs--!y may = ! mo/ "p be class$ z v]rot]ie4 ,x has long be5 ackn[l$g$ t x is f ,egypt t our e>lie/ specim5s ( glass h come4 ,b until q rec5tly ! greate/ misconceptions h prevail$ z to ! age & ! me?ods ( prep>ation ( ,egyptian glass4 ,misl$ by an errone\s int]pretation ( :at are probably repres5tations ( metallurgical processes1 on ! walls ( ,twelf? ,dyna/y tombs at ,b5i ,hassan & else:]e1 x 0 inf]r$ t ! art ( bl[+ glass 0 kn[n to ! ,egyptians at lea/ z long ago z ! days ( ! ,middle ,empire2 by o!rs ! art 0 c>ri$ back to a /ill e>li] p]iod4 ,we n[ h almo/ full assurance t glass 9 a true s5se 0 practically unkn[n to ! ,egyptians be=e ! "t ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y 7say betwe5 #afjj & #aejj ,b4,c471#g & t = at lea/ a ?\s& ye>s aft] t p]iod all t 0 made 0 produc$ by a primitive process 9 :i* ! bl[+-iron f\nd no "p4 ,we h1 un=tunately1 up to ! pres5t "t absolutely no evid5ce to %[ 9 :at c\ntry or at :at date ?is new process--,i mean ! bl[+ ( a vesicle ( glass--fir/ came into use4 ,!re is1 z we %all see1 "s reason to look = x r 9 ,we/]n ,asia ?an 9 ,egypt1 b ! important po9t to be> 9 m9d is t x 0 only aft] ! introduction ( ?is process ( bl[+1 fir/ to ,alex&ria & !n to ! ,rome ( ! e>ly empire1 t ! employm5t ( glass = objects ( daily use became 9 any way g5]al4 ,glass1 inde$1 9 ^! e>ly days1 :e!r 9 ,egypt or 9 ! ,greek _w ( ! ,myc5an age1 0 some?+ v diff]5t f :at we n[ und]/& by ! t]m4 ,we mu/ #8?9k away' a great deal ( ! mod]n connotation ( ! ^w4 ,we mu/1 above all1 ?9k ( ! mat]ial 9 connection ) ! native preci\s or semi-preci\s /ones t x m or less resembl$1 & :i* 7 us$ along ) x = decorative purposes4 ,we d n "k ! ,egyptian "n = glass1 b probably1 l ! ,greeks1 !y divid$ all ! h>d /ony bodies us$ 9 ! arts into su* z 7 #8dug up'--natural products1 t is1 :i* !y f\nd ready at h&--& su* z _h be5 artificially prep>$1 & above all previ\sly melt$ 7! on ! "o h&1 & ! on ! o!r74 ,if1 z ,i h said1 !re is little evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( glass 9 ,egypt be=e ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 x is q o!rwise ) reg>d to a v simil> sub/ance1 id5tical almo/ 9 *emical composition--"o ^: hi/ory c be trac$ mu* fur!r back4 ,on beads ( cle> rock cry/al1 dat+ f ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y1 & x w\ld seem f an ev5 e>li] p]iod 9 "s cases1 we f9d a coat+ ( turquoise blue transp>5t glaze#h--! v glaze1 9 fact1 t has giv5 a prevail+ t9t to ! va/ s]ies ( small] objects ( ,egyptian art t we see 9 ! cases ( our museums4 ,a simil> col\r1 ,i may obs]ve1 cont9u$ 9 fav\r 9 ,mohamm$an times1 & inde$ gives a dom9ant note to ,ori5tal art 9 contra/ to ! o*ry t9ts ( yell[1 r$1 & br[n preval5t 9 ! ,we/4 ,! ,egyptians soon le>n$ to apply ?is blue glaze--ess5tially a silicate ( soda & copp]--to ! surface ( o!r natural /ones1 & above all to a fritty por\s e>!nw>e1 ! s-call$ ,egyptian porcela94 ,su* an alkal9e glaze1 inde$1 w only adh]e to a por\s base ( ?is k9d1 ) :i* x becomes unit$ on fir+1 by a *emical reaction1 or at lea/ by ! solution 9 x ( "s ( ! silicates ( alum9a & lime 9 ! clay4 ,?is glaze diff]s ess5tially f ^? us$ on true porcela9--^! la/ are almo/ ( ! same composition z ! gr\nd !y cov]--b1 z 9 ! case ( ! glazes on porcela91 s ! mat]ials ( ! ,egyptian glazes 7 probably fir/ incorporat$ toge!r 9 a p>tially fus$ frit :i* 0 !n gr\nd & mix$ ) wat] to =m a s\p-l #8slip1' into :i* ! object to be glaz$ 0 dipp$4 ,!re h be5 br\ght f ,egypt a few r>e objects c>v$ out ( a blue frit 7probably simil> to t us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( glazes71 = :i* a v e>ly date has be5 claim$4 ,b su* a frit is no true glass4 ,! ,egyptians _h f ! e>lie/ p]iods be5 adepts 9 ! c>v+ ( native m9]als & rocks1 & evid5tly f\nd great pleasure 9 ! /range m>k+s & contra/s ( col\r f\nd on _! poli%$ surfaces4 ,already 9 pre-dyna/ic times !y avail$ !mselves ( _! native granites1 porphyries & conglom]ates2 f ^! mat]ials !y manufactur$ ^? l>ge1 c>efully turn$ vases ( :i* s _m h lately be5 br\ght f ,egypt4 ,= small] objects--jewell]y1 beads1 & inlay ( v>i\s descriptions--!y _h comm& ( a wide scale ( col\rs--r$s & tawny yell[s f jasp]1 purple f ! ame?y/1 gre5s f root ( em]ald & f a special k9d ( felsp>1 & blue f ! turquoise & 7at a v e>ly p]iod7 f ! lapis lazuli4 ,b ! /ones to :i* !y _h rec\rse = _! fav\rite blues & gre5s 7 r>e1 & !y 7 !re=e ! m ready to f9d a *eap] sub/itute 9 glass4 ,aga91 9 ,egypt1 no /one 0 9 great] fav\r ?an ! native alaba/]1#i ) its b&s & zig-zag l9es ( transp>5t cry/als 9 an opaque base ( a w>m milky hue4 ,b !re 0 no play ( col\r 9 ?is latt] sub/ance1 & its v s(tness re/rict$ ! uses to :i* x c\ld be put4 ,9 glass !y f\nd a sub/ance h>d en\gh to all[ ( m delicate =ms1 & on x *evrons ( yell[ & :ite c\ld be trac$ ^u a ne>ly opaque gr\nd ( turquoise or d>k blue4 ,"s su* orig9 9 native /ones we may p]haps f9d = ! decorative motives ( ! little vases1 v>i\sly kn[n z phial1 ungu5t>ia1 alaba/ra1 :i* 7 9 su* fav\r n only ) ! ,egyptians1 b p]haps ev5 m s among ! inhabitants ( ! isl&s & coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 dur+ a p]iod ( at lea/ a ?\s& ye>s4 ,x is inde$ ^! little vases t are ! mo/ *>act]i/ic product ( ! fir/ p]iod ( glass-mak+4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ! little we "k ( ! processes ( ^! e>ly ,egyptian glass-mak]s is d]iv$ f notices on ! subject scatt]$ ?r\gh ! memoirs 9 :i* ,dr4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie has describ$ ! results ( 8 excavations1 m especially f ! report issu$ 9 #ahid1 on 8 discov]ies at ,tell-el-,am>na4 ,9 ! introduction to ! catalogue ( ! ,egyptian ,exhibition held at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club 9 #ahie1 ,dr4 ,petrie has summ$ up our k on ?is subject4 ,i w quote ! description ( ! me?od by :i*1 accord+ to him1 ^! alaba/ra 7 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii ,,small ,,vases ,,( 8,,primitive0 ,,glass #a4 ,,egyptian1 ,,n9ete5? ,,dyna/y4 #b4 ,,probably ,,f ,,greek ,,isl&s4 #c4 ,,no*oe1 ,,f ,,! ,,slade ,,collection4 #8,a metal rod ( ! size ( ! int5d$ int]ior ( ! neck1 & r conical1 0 coat$ at ! end ) a ball ( s& held toge!r by clo? & /r+4 ,?is 0 cov]$ ) glass1 probably by w9d+ a ?read ( glass r\nd x1 z l>ge beads ( ?is age are ?us made4 ,! vase c\ld !n be reheat$ z (t5 z ne$$ = work+ by hold+ x 9 a furnace1 ! metal rod =m+ a h&le1 & ! s& inside ! vase prev5t+ its collapse4 ,?reads ( col\r$ glass c\ld !n be w\nd r\nd x & incorporat$ by roll+2 ! wavy patt]n 0 produc$ by dragg+ ! surface 9 diff]5t directions1 ! foot 0 press$ into %ape by p9c]s1 ! brim 0 =m$1 & ! h&les 7 put on4 ,la/ly1 on cool+1 ! metal rod w\ld contract & come loose f ! neck1 & aft] x 0 )drawn ! s& c\ld be rubb$ out f ! body ( ! vase4' ,! wavy decoration ?us obta9$ 0 ( two types3 7i7 =m$ simply by a succession ( cresc5t-%ape curves1 or 7ii7 by means ( a d\ble drag1 ! patt]n assum$ a =m l a frond ( palm leaves1 or /ill m l ^! leaves plait$ into a basket4 7,cf4 ,pl4 ,,ii47 ,! numb] ( ^! little vases t c be def9itely attribut$ to ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y 7say ab\t ! sixte5? or fifte5? c5tury ,b4,c47 is small1 b x is wor?y ( note t = brilliancy ( col\r & = purity ( ! glassy pa/e1 ! e>ly examples are unsurpass$ 9 lat] times4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a rem>kable fact1 especially if we are to reg>d ! art z a new "o4 ,i _c ent] "h into ! evid5ce t w\ld seem to po9t to a =eign orig9 = ?is e>ly ,egyptian glass--x w be en\gh to m5tion ! conque/s ( ,?o?mes ,,iii4 9 ,syria1 & ! close relation ( 8 successor1 ,akh5at51 ! #8h]etic k+1' ) ,syria & ,babylonia1 z %[n by 8 m>riage1 & by ! fam\s ,tell-el-,am>na tablets4 ,z be>+ on ?is "q ,i may ref] to c]ta9 pa9t+s on a tomb ( ?is age at ,drag ,ab\l ,neggah1 ne> ,!bes 7reproduc$ 9 ! ,revue ,ar*ologique1 #ahie1 ,pl4 #ae71 :i* repres5t ! unload+ ( a =eign trad+-vessel4 ,we c di/+ui% "h ! m]*ants (f]+ c]ta9 objects ( value to an ,egyptian (ficial2 among ^! are c]ta9 /rip$ vases :i* h be5 d\btfully recognis$ z ( glass4 ,9 ! hi]oglyphics accompany+ wall pa9t+s ( ?is p]iod we m ?an once f9d t vessels ( rock cry/al & lapis lazuli are m5tion$1 z well z blocks ( uncut /ones1 & nei!r by ! hi]oglyphics us$ nor by ! repres5tation ( ! objects w\ld x be easy to di/+ui% ! latt] mat]ial f lumps ( glass4 ,aga91 ,syrian workm5 are kn[n to h be5 employ$ at ?is "t 9 ,egypt1 & n[h]e w\ld ?is be m likely ?an 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! palace ( ! k+ at ,tell-el-,am>na1 :]e ! glass-works describ$ by ,dr4 ,petrie 7 situat$4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 is m]e conjecture1 :ile z an argum5t = ! native orig9 ( ,egyptian glass we h ! indisputable fact t ! manufacture 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! new t[n e/abli%$ by ,akh5at5 at ,tell-el-,am>na 7circa #adej-adjj ,b4,c474 ,?is is made cle> by ! discov]ies ( ,dr4 ,petrie 9 ! w9t] ( #ahia-ib4 ,among ! wa/e-heaps ( "s important glass factories he has f\nd en\gh mat]ial to put x beyond d\bt t glass 0 !re prep>$ f its raw con/itu5ts4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to ! frits1 ! ess5tial prelim9>y /age 9 ! manufacture ( glass3 z ,i h said1 "s su* half-fus$ mat]ial mu/ h be5 long 9 use by ! ,egyptians 9 ! prep>ation ( _! blue glazes4 ,complete fre$om f iron 0 atta9$ 9 ?is case 7j z 9 aft] days by ! ,v5etians7 by ! employm5t ( cru%$ pebbles ( :ite qu>tz z ! s\rce ( ! silica4 ,^! pebbles s]v$ also = ! floor ( ! furnace1 & !y 7 d\btless m easily cru%$ aft] be+ ?us us$ = "s "t4 ,! fritt+-pans1 to judge f "s l>ge fragm5ts ( frit t turn$ up1 7 %all[ b[ls "s t5 in*es across4 ,^! pans 71 x w\ld seem1 support$ = fir+ by cyl9drical j>s resembl+ ! segg>s ( porcela9 works4 ,! %ape & size ( ! crucibles 9 :i* ! frit 0 subsequ5tly melt$ may be inf]r$ f "s masses ( glass f\nd 9 ! rubbi%4 ,^! masses _h be5 all[$ to cool 9 ! melt+-pot1 & ! pres5ce ( fro?y & wor?less matt] at ! top 0 a pro( t ! glass 0 n m]ely remelt$ 9 !m1 b prep>$ on ! spot f ! above-m5tion$ frit4 ,! glass 0 left to solidify 9 ! crucible1 & :5 cold1 ! crucible1 z well z ! scum at ! top1 0 *ipp$ away1 leav+ a cle> lump ( good glass4 ,dr4 ,petrie ?9ks t ?is glass 0 n remelt$ z a :ole = subsequ5t work+1 b t lumps ( suitable size 7 *ipp$ (f1 & ^!1 be+ heat$ to s(tness1 #87 !n laid on a flat surface & roll$ by a b> work$ diagonally across !m2 444 ! m>ks ( ?is diagonal roll+ are se5 on ! f9i%$ rolls4' ,! rods ?us produc$ 7 n[ drawn out to =m a cane1 or1 if previ\sly roll$ flat1 a ?9 ribbon4 ,beads 7 =m$ by w9d+ ^! canes or ?reads ( glass r\nd a wire1 or r r\nd a f9e rod ( hamm]$ bronze1 = wire-draw+ 0 an inv5tion ( a mu* lat] date2 su* rods h inde$ be5 f\nd ) ! unf9i%$ beads /ill on !m4 ,simil> canes ( glass 7 d\btless work$ 9 to ! sides ( ! little vases to =m ! b&$ & *evron decoration :i* ,i h already describ$4 ,! silica = ?is glass 0 d]iv$1 z we h se51 f qu>tz pebbles1 b we h no in=mation z to ! s\rce ( ! o!r important con/itu5t1 ! alkali4 ,x is kn[n1 h[ev]1 t ! glass ( ! anci5ts 0 ess5tially a soda-glass1 made = ! mo/ "p 9 m>itime regions4 ,aga91 ! possibility ( obta9+ an abundant supply ( fuel has always be5 an important elem5t 9 ! selection ( localities = glass-works4 ,n[ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,!bes fuel mu/ always h be5 sc>ce & de>1 & x is unc]ta9 :e!r !re 0 any s\rce ( soda ne> at h&4 ,we may p]haps reg>d ! glass-works ( ,tell-el-,am>na z due 9 ! ma9 to ! caprice ( t ecc5tric sov]eign ,akh5at54 ,!y 7 probably />t$ at 8 ord]s to supply ! dem& = ! new mat]ial !n com+ into fav\r at 8 c\rt4 ,9 s f> z ! mak+ ( glass ev] became an indu/ry 9 ,egypt1 we mu/ look r to ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,delta = its developm5t4 ,!re at lea/ fuel w\ld be m abundant1 & !re a supply ( soda 0 at h& 9 ! a%es ( m>9e plants1 ev5 if ! natron ( ! adjac5t salt lakes 0 n yet us$ = ! purpose4#aj ,b until a mu* lat] date1 glass 0 always a some:at r>e sub/ance 9 ,egypt1 & 01 x w\ld seem1 nev] produc$ on a l>ge scale4 ,i mu/ n[ say some?+ z to ! s\rce ( ! col\rs ) :i* ! ,egyptians /a9$ _! glass4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any satisfactory analyses1 we are /rangely 9 ! d>k on ?is int]e/+ "q4#aa ,b ev]y?+ po9ts to ! pr$om9ance ( copp] z a col\r+ mat]ial at an e>ly p]iod1 s mu* s t we may p]haps consid]--& ?is is a sugge/ion t has inde$ be5 already made by a ,fr5* writ]--t ! inv5tion ( glazes 9 ! fir/ place1 & !n t ( glass1 7 (f%oots ( ! metallurgy ( copp]1 & t ^! indu/ries may !re=e be especially connect$ ) ! copp] age4 ,9 any case1 x 0 9 all probability n1 z 9 lat] days1 a m or less transp>5t & col\rless glass1 b r "o ( a pale or d>k blue col\r1 t at ! comm5cem5t =m$ ! basis to :i* a decoration ( o!r col\rs 0 add$4 ,! fam\s blue ( ! ,egyptians1 ( :i* we he> f ,vitruvius & o!r lat] writ]s1 0 ess5tially a silicate ( soda1 lime1 & copp]4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t )\t ! pres5ce ( ! fir/ two bases--! lime & ! soda--a good copp] blue 9 glass or glaze _c be obta9$4 ,inde$ 9 ! case ( porcela9 & fay5ce1 ! blues obta9$ f copp] h always be5 conf9$ to v>i\s %ades ( turquoise1 z 9 ! well-kn[n glazes & enamels ( ! ,*9ese & ! ,fr5*1 & ev5 ^! turquoise blues1 always1 z we h said1 conta9+ lime & soda z well z copp]1 h only be5 produc$ ) great difficulty4 ,! ma/]y ( a complete s]ies ( copp] blues1 rang+ ?r\gh e %ade f a blue-black to a pale gre5i% turquoise1 we may ?us reg>d z a special triumph ( ! old ,egyptians4 ,at "o p]iod a d>k] %ade has be5 9 fav\r1 at ano!r a pal] hue1 accord+ z ! lapis lazuli on ! "o h&1 or ! turquoise or gre5 felsp> on ! o!r1 0 tak5 z ! /&>d ( excell5ce1 s t ! %ade ( col\r ( ! glaze on a sc>ab or a bead may at times ?r[ "s light on its date4 ,di/9ct %ades ( gre51 ap>t f gre5i% blue1 7 mu* less 9 fav\r ) ! ,egyptians1 nor did !y ev] atta9 to ! brilliant t9ts ( ! mala*ite4 ,a gre5 glass1 g5]ally comp>atively transp>5t1 0 inde$ at times obta9$ :5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( iron 0 pres5t 9 ! mat]ials employ$2 b ?is 0 m]ely an accid5tal modification ( ! blue4 ,! pale t9t ( ! gre5 felsp> 0 also imitat$ 9 an opaque glass us$ = inlay+4 ,= _! r$s ! ,egyptians 7 cont5t to imitate ! col\r ( ! jasp]1 & "h aga9 !y _h rec\rse to copp]2 ! transp>5t ruby t9ts ( ! m$ival workm51 :e!r obta9$ f copp] or gold1 7 unkn[n to !m4 ,_! opaque r$ glass ow$ its col\r to ! pres5ce1 9 l>ge quantities1 ( ! basic oxide ( copp]4 ,9 lat] specim5s z mu* z #ae or ev5 #bj p] c5t4 has be5 f\nd2 "s t9 seems to be always pres5t1 giv+ an opaque enamel-l appe>ance to ! ,egyptian r$--p]haps ! col\r 0 prep>$ directly f bronze4 ,we (t5 f9d ?is r$ pa/e oxidis$ on ! surface2 ! coat+ ( gre5 c>bonate !n gives x ! appe>ance ( a ri*ly pat9at$ bronze1 ! blood-r$ body only %[+ :5 ! specim5 has be5 *ipp$4 ,x is an int]e/+ po9t t 9 e>ly times ! use ( ?is r$ glass appe>s to h be5 conf9$ to inlaid "w--t is to say1 x 0 nev] work$ up ) glass ( o!r col\rs4 ,?is 01 no d\bt1 = a practical reason3 dur+ ! elaborate processes ( patt+1 %ap+1 & reheat+ involv$ 9 ! old sy/em ( work+1 ! mat]ials mu/ h be5 expos$ to a /rong oxidis+ influ5ce1 & ! basic r$ glass w\ld !reby h lo/ its f9e col\r2 x w\ld also1 p]haps1 h injuri\sly affect$ ! neighb\r+ col\rs4 ,"s su* difficulties 9 ! work+ toge!r ( glasses ( v>i\s col\rs may h influ5c$ ! ,egyptians 9 adh]+ to _! old sy/em ( inlays1 employ+1 t is1 small pieces1 sep>ately ca/ or cut out 9 ! cold f slabs ( glass ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,9 su* inlays ! r$ pa/e 0 freely us$ f e>ly times4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i d n ?9k t ?is f9e copp] r$ has ev] be5 f\nd on a glass vase ( ,egyptian prov5ance4 ,on a few r>e examples ( lat] date 7note especially two alaba/ra 9 ! ,slade collection1 ,nos4 #ae & #ce7 we f9d inde$ an opaque r$ comb9$ ) o!r col\rs1 & 9 "o case x =ms ! base 7,plate ,,ii474 ,?is r$ pa/e is ( a peculi> spotty consi/5ce1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! col\r+ matt] 9 ^! examples is r iron ?an copp]4 ,9 lat] days ! ,egyptians made use ( ano!r t9t1 a f9e orange4 ,?is col\r1 inde$1 w\ld seem to be ! only addition to _! palette dur+ a p]iod ( m ?an fifte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,! purple t9t d]iv$ f oxide ( manganese 0 kn[n f v e>ly times2 ! col\r has be5 f\nd 9 ! glazes ( ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 r>ely us$ by ! ,egyptians = col\r+ glass4 ,9 "s ( ! little vases f ! ,greek isl&s & else:]e x has1 h[ev]1 be5 employ$ to =m a zigzag ( ! usual type ^u an opaque :ite gr\nd4 ,if we s r>ely f9d ?is ame?y/ purple comb9$ ) o!r col\rs1 ?is is probably = a reason ( a simil> nature to t dwelt ^u 9 ! case ( ! copp] r$4 ,next to ! two %ades ( blue1 ! col\r mo/ frequ5tly f\nd on ,egyptian glass is a yell[1 at times ( a full mu/>d t9t1 b m (t5 ( a pal] hue4 ,fea!r-l curv$ *evrons ( ?is col\r1 comb9$ ) turquoise & opaque :ite on a deep blue gr\nd1 con/itute inde$ ! normal type ( decoration 9 a :ole s]ies ( ^! little vases4 ,i c f9d no record ( any analysis ( ?is yell[ col\r1 b we may well comp>e x ) ! f9e yell[ glazes ( ! ,*9ese :]e ! col\r is d]iv$ f a mixture ( an o*ry e>? ) an oxide ( antimony4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is la/ metal 0 kn[n to ! ,egyptians2 x 0 us$ at an e>ly p]iod by ! wom5 to d>k5 ! outl9e ( _! eyes4#ab ,:at has be5 said ( ! col\rs us$ by ! ,egyptians applies equally to ! :ole s]ies ( ?is primitive glass1 inde$ to a l>ge ext5t to ! glass ( ! ,romans z well4 ,x w =m1 ,i hope1 a solid introduction to ! subject g5]ally4 ,! little vases or ungu5t>ia--by f> ! mo/ important objects 9 ?is division ( our subject--occur 9 ,egypt 9 two =ms4 ,fir/1 ! true column> kohl-pots1 spread+ out at ! top 9 ! =m ( a lotus capital4 ,secondly1 globul> j>s ) a pair ( small h&les3 ^! j>s are sometimes flatt5$ at ! sides s z to pass into ! %ape ( a pilgrim's flask4 ,9 a little vase ( ?is latt] =m 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ! pa/e is ( a deep1 some:at transluc5t1 br[ni% r$ 7,plate ,,ii471 & ?is col\r passes 9 o!r examples into a ri* transp>5t honey-r$ or hyac9? t9t4 ,! col\r 9 bo? cases is1 ,i ?9k1 d]iv$ f iron4 ,( q exceptional int]e/ is ! little vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 be>+ ! prnom5 ( ,?o?mes ,,iii41 pa9t$ 9 yell[i% enamel r\nd ! %\ld]4 ,i say pa9t$1 = 9 ?is case ! decoration is simply appli$ to ! surface1 & n incorporat$ into ! glass1 ?us =e/all+ ! lat] processes ( enamell+ ^u glass4 ,! vase 9 "q is some:at rudely =m$2 x is ( an opaque pa/e ( a rem>kably f9e turquoise hue1 & ! sides are decorat$ ) ?ree conv5tional trees also 9 yell[ enamel4 ,?is vase has be5 reg>d$ z ! e>lie/ dat$ specim5 ( true glass t is s f> kn[n to u4#ac ,! ,briti% ,museum has lately acquir$ a curi\s vessel ( glass1 five in*es 9 height1 some:at ( ! %ape ( a ,greek crat]4 ,! wavy1 dragg$ decoration on a pale slaty gr\nd calls to m9d c]ta9 e>ly vases ( wood or /one pa9t$ ) a simil> design4 ,?is vase1 toge!r ) a cup ( azure blue transp>5t pa/e1 comes probably f ! tomb ( ,am5ophis ,,ii4 ,ano!r little vase 9 ! same collection1 ( aryballos outl9e1 has be5 %ap$ app>5tly by ! la!--s accurate is ! =m--f a mass ( opaque turquoise pa/e ( frit-l nature4#ad ,x 0 9 ! tombs ( ,am5ophis ,,ii4 & ,,iii41 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,k+s1 ne> ,!bes1 t ! unique s]ies ( glass vases1 n[ 9 ! ,cairo ,museum1 0 f\nd 7excavations ( #ahih-ii74 ,on m ?an "o ( ^! is a c>t\*e1 a rectangle ( deep blue1 conta9+ ! royal "n1 #8inlaid'#ae 9 sev]al col\rs4 ,"o comp>atively l>ge vase 7sev]al ( !m are z mu* z eight in*es 9 height7 is decorat$ by ?ree rosettes 9 l[ relief4 ,! twelve petals are ( blue1 gre51 & r$ 7! latt] col\r q sup]ficial7 on a :ite gr\nd4 ,/ill m rem>kable is a vase ) gallop+ horses & negroes2 9 ?is case ! design is app>5tly inlaid on ! int]ior1 & only se5 ?r\gh ! transp>5t body4 ,! little pots = cosmetics1 9 ! %ape ( truncat$ cones1 are usually made ( a turquoise-glaz$ fay5ce4 ,^? ( glass are v r>e2 "o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is decorat$ on a ne>ly black base ) spla%es ( :ite enamel2 ?is enamel is n[ suff]+ f "s k9d ( effloresc5ce & is fall+ (f 9 scales4 ,on ano!r fragm5t 9 ! ,glass-,room we f9d yell[ & :ite spla%es on a black gr\nd4 ,?is spla%$ w>e is *>act]i/ic1 ,i ?9k1 ( ! lat] dyna/ies--! tw5tie? & ! tw5ty-fir/4 ,we are rem9d$ by x ( a simil> application ( enamel col\rs to glass t 0 mu* 9 fav\r 9 ,france 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,ap>t f ^! little vases1 ! glass f\nd 9 ,egypt is conf9$ to pieces = inlay & to beads or o!r small objects ( v]rot]ie4 ,= ! inlay ! glass 0 roll$ into slabs & cut out 9 ! desir$ %ape1 ! surface also be+ (t5 c>v$ 9 l[ relief3 9 lat] times ! sep>ate pieces 7 usually ca/ 9 op5 m\lds4 ,beside ! col\rs commonly us$ 9 ! decoration ( ! vases1 we f9d also an imitation ( ! pale gre5 felsp>1 & ! use ( a r$ pa/e is1 z ,i h said1 m frequ5t4 ,! individual pieces ( ! inlaid designs--!y g5]ally repres5t hi]oglyphics1 & are ins]t$ into a basis ( wood--are sometimes ( a consid]able size2 "s kneel+ figures ( a late p]iod1 f\nd ne> ,tanis1 are z mu* z f\r in*es 9 height4 ,mr4 ,griffi? f\nd "h1 among ! ru9s ( h\ses dat+ f e>ly ,ptolemaic times1 "s traces ( glass-works1 :i* all[ u to supplem5t 9 a measure :at we "k ( ! manufacture 9 m remote p]iods4 ,x may be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t on ! "o h& no vases ( ! old *evron type 7 discov]$--& ?is is true1 ,i ?9k1 ( all ! f9ds ( glass f lat] deposits 9 ,egypt--nor on ! o!r h&1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 h any specim5s ( bl[n glass be5 f\nd ev5 among ,ptolemaic rema9s4 ,at ,tanis 7 f\nd _m small m\lds ( t]ra-cotta & lime/one into :i* ! molt5 glass 0 run--s1 at lea/1 says ,mr4 ,griffi? 7,egyptian ,exploration ,fund4 ,tell ,nebe%ah4 #ahhh74 ,9 e>li] times1 at any rate1 ! process seems r to h be5 to press d[n into ! m\lds little pellets ( glass 9 a pa/y /ate4 ,9 ! ,glass-,room at ! ,briti% ,museum may be se5 an int]e/+ collection ( ?is lat] glass ( ,ptolemaic or p]haps ,roman date1 f\nd at ,d5d]ah4 ,!re are _m fragm5ts ( glass pa/e de/9$ probably to be fitt$ into holl[s cut 9 a wood5 plaque1 ! int]v5+ surface be+ cov]$ ) gilt gesso4 ,"h1 z at ,tanis1 ! col\rs are practically ! same z ^? f\nd 9 ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y glass1 ) ! addition only ( ! orange-yell[ t9t to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 ,x is 9 ! c5tre ( ^! wood5 plaques t :at are p]haps ! l>ge/ pieces ( ,egyptian glass kn[n to u are f\nd4 ,^! are ! sc>abi ( opaque blue glass1 at times s closely resembl+ lapis lazuli t _! true nature has be5 9 dispute4 ,ev5 ! :ite m>bl+s & spots ( ! native /one are imitat$2 inde$1 9 "o specim5 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,hilton ,price1 ! little gra9s ( pyrites 9 ! /one1 s mu* admir$ by ! anci5ts1 h be5 imitat$ by paillettes ( gold scatt]$ 9 ! pa/e4 7,cf4 ! passage f ,!ophra/us quot$ bel[1 p4 #ce47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii ,,anci5t ,,egyptian ,,glass #a4 ,,sc>ab ,,( ,,glass ,,pa/e ,,imitat+ ,,lapis ,,lazuli4 ,,tw5ty-,,second ,,dyna/y #b4 ,,flask ,,= ,,cosmetics1 ,,9 ,,%ape ,,( ,,column ,,) ,,papyrus ,,capital #c4 ,,plaque ,,( 8,,fus$ ,,mosaic0 ,,= ,,inlay2 ,,f ,,d5d]ah1 ,,ptolemaic ,,p]iod ,b ! ,egyptians made use also ( o!r processes p>tak+ ( ! nature bo? ( inlay & mosaic4 ,tak+ advantage ( ! fact t pieces ( glass :5 s(t5$ by heat adh]e to "o ano!r--!y are 9 fact 9 ?is condition z #8/icky' z p>tially melt$ sug>--!y =m$ a mosaic ( small rods ( glass2 ^! 7 heat$ to a pla/ic condition1 & if desir$ drawn out to r$uce ! dim5sion ( ! design2 :5 cold1 transv]se sections 7 cut1 on ea* ( :i* ! patt]n appe>$4 ,9 o!r cases ! design 0 excavat$ on ! surface ( ! glass1 ! col\r$ pa/e press$ into ! holl[s :5 9 a s(t condition1 & ! :ole plaque f9ally reheat$ s z to =m a homog5e\s mass4 ,"s su* process1 at lea/1 mu/ h be5 adopt$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! l>ge slabs1 g5]ally ) a gr\nd ( deep blue glass1 ( :i* a f9e s]ies may be se5 9 ! ,egyptian dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,elaborate "w ( ?is k9d dates = ! mo/ "p f ,ptolemaic & ev5 ,roman times4 ,simil> processes we %all come across aga91 9 ! case ( ! millefiori glass & ! inlaid wall-plates ( ! ,romans4 ,x is b a comp>atively small numb] ( ! little glass vases ) *evron patt]ns 9 our collections t h come f ,egypt2 up to ! pres5t "t1 h[ev]1 no trace ( _! manufacture has be5 f\nd 9 any o!r c\ntry2 & al?\gh we _c attribute s e>ly a date z ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y ( ,egypt to any ( ! little glass jugs & amphor f\nd 9 ,greek & ,etruscan tombs1 ?is #8,m$it]ranean' glass is 9 e respect subsidi>y to ! ,egyptian s]ies4 ,,glass ,,9 ,,! ,,myc5,,an ,,age ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be q beside ! m>k to make a sep>ate division = ! glass ( ! ,greeks1 :o = "o reason or ano!r appe> nev] to h f\nd mu* attraction 9 ! mat]ial4 ,?is w\ld at lea/ seem to h be5 ! case 9 ,greece itself dur+ ! great c5turies ( ,greek art1 = ne>ly all ! specim5s ( glass t we h f tombs ( t "t h be5 br\ght f m or less outly+ l&s1 f ,s\!rn ,italy1 ,s>d9ia or ,etruria1 above all f ! isl&s ( ,rhodes & ,cyprus1 :]e ! old] culture long surviv$1 & :]e ,phnician & ,egyptian influ5ces 7 /rong4 ,su* a /atem5t1 h[ev]1 w\ld n hold = ! s-call$ ,myc5an ,age4 ,at t "t glass 0 inde$ a r>e mat]ial br\ght by ,phnician m]*ants f ,egypt1 p]haps f ,syria also4 ,9 "s cases ?is import$ glass may h be5 remelt$ & work$ up aga92 x 0 c]ta9ly highly priz$4#af ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( ! application ( glass to decorative purposes 9 ,greece itself at ?is p]iod1 is to be f\nd 9 ! fam\s frieze discov]$ by ,s*liemann 9 ! ve/ibule ( ! m5's hall at ,tiryns4 ,! patt]n1 c>v$ 9 l[ relief ^u ! alaba/] slabs1 0 height5$ by /uds ( blue glass fix$ into ^! slabs at int]vals4 ,"s ( ! r\ndels ( ?is glass1 =m+ ! c5tre ( rosettes1 are z mu* z ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,we h ! au?ority ( ,vir*[ = /at+ t ?is is a soda-lime glass1 col\r$ by copp]--an analysis %[$ no trace ( cobalt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 cobalt has be5 f\nd by ,g]man *emi/s 9 beads ( an o!rwise simil> composition f ,myc5 & f ! bee-hive tombs ( ,attica4 ,n[ ! "q has aris53 ,is ?is glass inlay to be id5tifi$ ) ! kyanos :i*1 z ,hom] tells u1 =m$ ! frieze or cornice 77 r\nd ! bronze walls 9 ! palace ( ,alk9oos8 ,helbig1 writ+ be=e ! discov]y ( ! frieze at ,tiryns1 ma9ta9$ t ! poet's kyanos 0 ( a glassy nature4 ,he tells u 7,das ,hom]is*e ,epos1 pp4 #gi seq41 quot$ 9 ,s*liemann's ,tiryns7--#8,?is kyanos mu/ be id5tifi$ n ) blue /eel1 b ) 7#a/7 ! lat] --lapis lazuli2 7#bnd7 ) ! blue col\r obta9$ by pulv]is+ ?is /one1 & f9ally ) ! artificial imitation ( ?is /one or ( ultram>9e4 ,! classical passage is 9 ,!ophra/us 7,on ,/ones1 #ee74 ,?is au?or di/+ui%es betwe5 ! natural 77 & ! artificial 77 kyanos4 ,t by ! fir/ lapis lazuli is int5d$ appe>s f an ano!r passage 7 #ci71 :]e ! gold du/ di/9ctive ( ! lapis lazuli is cit$ z ! peculi>ity ( ! natural kyanos4444 ,!ophra/us cont9ues--8,!re are ?ree k9ds ( kyanos1 ! ,egyptian1 ! ,scy?ian1 & ! ,cyprian4 ,! be/ = ! d>k] col\r is ! ,egyptian1 = ! light]1 ! ,scy?ian4 ,! ,egyptian is artificially prep>$1 & ^? t write ab\t ! k+s tell u :i* k+ fir/1 to imitate natural kyanos1 melt$ ! prep>$ kyanos 7 71 & !y allege t1 among o!r ?+s1 f ,phnicia came a tribute ( kyanos1 p>tly natural & p>tly burnt 7 740' ,helbig goes on to id5tify ! unfir$ kyanos ) ! copp] ore ( ,cyprus--! blue c>bonate :i* ! ,phnicians br\ght to ! ,ph>aohs1 & :i* 0 ! ma9 s\rce ( copp] = ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean4#ag ,at ,myc5 itself little glass has be5 f\nd--"s m9ute tubul> beads1 decompos$ ext]nally b ) a core ( blue glass 7pron\nc$ by ,l&]] to conta9 lead & cobalt71 & a few beads ( cle> glass4 ,9 ! bee-hive tombs ( ,attica1 especially at ,spata1 7 f\nd a numb] ( small objects ( glass1 ca/1 says ,m4 ,ts\ntas1 9 m\lds ( granite & basalt :i* h be5 discov]$ on ! spot4 ,inde$ 9 all ^! tombs1 next to ! beads1 ! commone/ examples ( glass are ! little rosettes & plaques ca/ 9 a m\ld ) a design 9 l[ relief2 ^! rosettes are (t5 pi]c$ ) holes & 7 probably sewn on to ! dresses ( ! wom54 ,! surface1 & sometimes ! :ole body1 is decompos$1 pres5t+ a :ite silv]y glimm]1 & ?is appe>ance ,l&]] consid]s to be *>act]i/ic ( ! pres5ce ( lead 9 ! glass4 ,at ,vaphio we he> ( fragm5ts ( glass #8goblets' be+ f\nd1 decorat$ ) spirals ( black1 *e/nut1 & yell[ 7,ts\ntas & ,manatt1 ,! ,myc5an ,age1 #ahig74 ,if ^! are to be id5tifi$ ) our *evron vases1 x is1 z f> z ,i "k1 ! only m5tion ( _! occurr5ce on ! ma9l& ( ,greece at ?is "t4 ,b x is f ! ,greco-,phnician tombs ( ,cyprus & ,rhodes t ! greate/ quantity ( ?is primitive glass 7*iefly 9 ! =m ( ungu5t>ia7 has be5 obta9$2 aga9 f ,greco-,etruscan tombs 9 ,tuscany1 f :at may be call$ ,greco-,oscan tombs 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 & ev5 f ,greco-,scy?ian tombs 9 ,s\!rn ,russia--f1 9 fact1 ne>ly all ! l&s visit$ by ,phnician trad]s4 ,h[ widely spread 0 ! acqua9tance ) ^! little vases we may inf] f ! imitations ( ! *evron patt]n on col\r$ pott]y f\nd 9 ,melos4 ,a simil> decoration has be5 f\nd on ,lydian pott]y f tumuli ne> ,s>dis1 & ev51 x is claim$1 ^u prehi/oric pott]y br\ght f ! ,nilgh]y ,hills 9 ,s\!rn ,india4 ,^! little vases n[ take *>act]i/ic ,greek %apes4 ,! column> kohl-pots are replac$ by alaba/ra1 v simil> 9 =m4 ,ev5 m common 9 lat] tombs are ! little amphor1 sometimes po9t$ at ! base1 at o!rs end+ 9 a r\nd$ knob2 a jug-%ap$ =m l ! ,greek o9o*oe is also common4 ,9 "s cases--9 specim5s ( ,egyptian orig9 v frequ5tly--! surface ( ! glass is entirely un*ang$4 ,b :5 ! decay ( ! surface has once set 91 we g5]ally f9d t ! decomposition has eat5 deeply into ! sub/ance ( ! glass 7see above1 p4 #af74 ,9 su* cases x (t5 happ5s t ! blue col\r has be5 entirely remov$1 & ! vase has assum$ ! appe>ance ( a dull1 :iti% pott]y4 ,i w n[ briefly m5tion a few abnormal types ( decoration4 ,on "s little amphor f ,s\!rn ,italy ! *evrons are ( a manganese purple on a :ite transluc5t gr\nd--?is col\r appe>s nev] to be comb9$ ) ! m frequ5t blues & yell[s4 ,i h already not$ t ! use ( r$ is v r>e2 :]e x appe>s1 ! te*nique ( ! vase appe>s to be diff]5t--! surface has probably be5 gr\nd or turn$ on a la!4 ,a beautiful alaba/ron 9 ! ,slade collection1 ) r$ gr\nd decorat$ ) turquoise & yell[ *evrons1 %\ld be specially notic$4 7,see also ,pl ,,ii1 #b47 ,h[ mu* ^! little vases 7 valu$ appe>s f ! /&s ( gold 7decorat$ ) appli$ spirals ( an e>ly type7 on :i* !y 7 sometimes plac$ 9 ! tombs4 ,m4 ,re9a* m5tions "s in/ances f ,crimean tombs1 :]e *evron vases ( ! usual type h be5 f\nd atta*$ by a f9e *a9 ( gold to ! bracelet worn by ! deceas$ 7,tol/oi & ,kondak(1 ,antiquits de la ,russie ,mridionale1 #ahia74 ,! little bottles t we see 9 ! h& ( ! recumb5t effigy on ,phnician s>cophagi1 are probably to be id5tifi$ ) our glass vases2 we h an in/ance ( ?is on ! well-kn[n female figure 9 ! ,pal]mo ,museum 7figur$ by ,p]rot & ,*ipiez & else:]e74 ,,lat] ,,survivals ,,( ,,! ,,primitive ,,glass ,!re are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum "s little glass amphor f ,camirus & ,ialysus 9 ,rhodes1 & o!rs f ,ama?ia & ,salamis 9 ,cyprus1 on :i* ! *evron b&s are n incorporat$ into ! glass base1 b laid on ! surface z 9 lat] enamell$ w>e4 ,! *evrons 9 su* cases _c h be5 #8dragg$' by ! old +5i\s plan2 !y mu/ h be5 elaborately appli$ "o by "o4 ,we may recognise probably 9 su* cases ! survival ( an old me?od ( decoration aft] ! te*nical process by :i* x 0 produc$ _h be5 lo/4 ,! glass itself1 too1 is ( a late type--transp>5t & ha/ily =m$4 ,i ?9k t ! date ( "s ( ^! #8scamp$' *evron vases may be lat] ?an is g5]ally ?\ght4 ,! beads & o!r objects ( v]rot]ie f ! ,cyprian & ,rhodian tombs diff] mu* f ^? f\nd 9 ! ,myc5an sepul*res ( ,cont95tal ,greece4 ,!re are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum "s l>ge beads ( p]fectly cle> glass f ,ialysus 9 ,rhodes#ah2 ^! are probably ( ,asiatic orig94 ,we mu/ also range ) ?is #8primitive' glass ! l>ge beads--if beads !y are to be call$--9 ! =m ( satyr-l masks1 s widely spread ?r\gh ,m$it]ranean l&s 7,pl4 ,,xv41 #a71 z well z ^? ( irregul> %ape t s closely resemble ! old #8bull's eye' sweetmeats1 built up ( int]lac+ b&s ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,inde$ ! te*nique ( ! manufacture ( ^! beads 0 probably v simil> to t ( ^? h&made #8lollipops1' = 9 spite ( its l[] fus+-po9t1 & ( its solubility 9 wat]1 !re are _m po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 sug> 9 a /ate ( semi-fusion & glass 9 a simil> condition4#ai ,:at little ,i h to say ( ! r>e specim5s ( glass ( a m advanc$ type f\nd 9 ,greek tombs1 ,i w po/pone to ! next *apt]4 ,,! ,,primitive ,,glass ,,( ,,we/]n ,,asia ,! civilisation ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,euphrates valley rea*es probably z f> back z t ( ! ,egyptians4 ,its influ5ce has ext5d$ at v>i\s times f ! ,balkan p59sula to ! bord]s ( ,india1 includ+ ,p]sia on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r ! k+doms t grew up 9 ,syria1 & among ! primitive races ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,n[1 if we are to judge by ! cont5ts ( our museums1 all ^! l&s1 at lea/ up to ! "t ( ! conque/ ( ,alex&]1 may be pass$ ov] z ( no conc]n to ! writ] ( a hi/ory ( glass4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we all[ ourselves to be influ5c$ by less mat]ial evid5ce1 we %all f9d t a good case may be made out = ! e>ly exi/5ce ( glass 9 ^! l&s4 ,b be=e discuss+ ?is evid5ce1 ,i w\ld impress ^u ! read] h[ mu* ! survival ( objects ( glass dep5ds ^u ! habit ( bury+ 9 tombs1 & _! discov]y ^u ! sy/ematic exploration ( ^! tombs4 ,comp>$ ) ,egypt1 h[ little has be5 accompli%$ 9 ?is way 9 ^! ,we/]n ,asiatic c\ntries6 ,i h already notic$ ! co9cid5ce ( ! sudd5 developm5t ( ! manufacture ( glass 9 ,egypt ) ! fir/ close contact1 at ! p]iod ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 ( ! ,egyptians ) races already affect$ by ,babylonian culture2 & we mu/ rememb] t ! glass made )9 a few ye>s ( ?is fir/ contact 0 nev] surpass$ 9 lat] times4 ,nor mu/ we ov]look ! classical tradition conc]n+ ! inv5tion ( glass h&$ d[n to u by ,pl9y & o!r writ]s4 ,accord+ to ?is tradition1 glass 0 fir/ made by ,phnician trad]s on ! coa/ ( ,syria4 ,"h1 at any rate1 ! ?ree great requisites = ! manufacture 7 at h&--a pure silica 9 ! conv5i5t =m ( a :ite s&1 alkali ei!r f ! a%es ( m>9e plants or f adjac5t salt deposits1 & f9ally1 an abundant supply ( fuel4 ,& yet1 = ! pres5t1 all t c be said is t we mu/ associate all ! e>ly glass t has be5 f\nd 9 o!r c\ntries ?an ,egypt ) ! trad+ peoples ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 :e!r ,pelasgians1 ,c>ians1 or ,phnicians4 ,to a simil> s\rce we may ref] ! r>e glass beads f\nd 9 tombs ( ! bronze p]iod 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 z well p]haps z ! scanty specim5s ( glass t h come f ,assyria & ,p]sia4 ,to ^! la/ we w n[ turn4 ,( glass ( und\bt$ ,assyrian orig91 by f> ! mo/ important example kn[n to u is ! little b>rel-%ap$ vase ) /unt$ h&les f\nd s _m ye>s ago by ! late ,sir ,h5ry ,lay>d 9 ! ru9s ( ,k\yunjik4 ,?is little vessel1 aft] _m vicissitudes1 has f\nd its way into ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is ?ree & a qu>t] in*es 9 height1 & is =m$ ( a glass t is p]fectly :ite & ne>ly transp>5t2 x /ill rema9s1 inde$1 our e>lie/ example ( su* glass4 ,! date is fix$ to ! latt] "p ( ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 by an inscription cut 9 cunei=m *>act]s conta9+ ! "n ( ,s>gon1 toge!r ) 8 titles z k+ ( ,assyria2 on x is also engrav$ ! figure ( a lion4 ,lay>d speaks ( ?is vase z be+ %ap$ & holl[$ on a turn]'s la! aft] be+ #8bl[n 9 "o solid piece' 7,n9eveh & ,babylon1 #ahec7--;a curi\s expression = "o :o int]e/$ himself s mu* 9 ! manufacture ( glass6 ,we may1 p]haps1 reg>d x z hav+ be5 c>v$ l an object ( rock cry/al out ( a solid piece ( glass4 ,we "k ( no?+ l x f ,egypt1 b !n ! ,egyptians _h no love = transp>5t1 col\rless mat]ials2 f an e>ly "t1 z we h se51 !y _h cov]$ _! beads ( rock cry/al ) a blue glaze 7cf4 p4 #bj74 ,"h ,i may add t ! o!r specim5s ( glass discov]$ by ,lay>d at ,n9eveh h no claim to s e>ly a date4 ,among !m1 h[ev]1 7 two b[ls ( great int]e/1 =m$ ( a vetro di tr9a or #8lace glass1' ) v f9e me%es4 ,^! are n[ 9 ! ,assyrian ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,"s almo/ id5tical b[ls f ! late ,greek tombs ( ,canosa1 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 may be se5 9 ! ,glass-,room 9 ! same ,museum4 ,! ,assyrians & ! ,babylonians be=e !m 71 we "k1 f an e>ly date pa/ ma/]s 9 ! manufacture ( col\r$ glazes4 ,! turquoise blue glaze ( _! pott]y & wall tiles has be5 h&$ d[n 9 ^! l&s app>5tly )\t a break1 ?r\gh ,p]sian & ,sassanian times to _! lat] ,arab ma/]s4 ,9 ! ,l\vre are "s slabs ( a transluc5t glass ( a f9e turquoise t9t1 ab\t ?ree in*es squ>e1 & ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 :i* 7 f\nd 9 ,babylonia1 associat$ app>5tly ) objects ( great age4 ,su* masses ( glass pa/e 7 p]haps manufactur$ z articles ( comm]ce to be employ$ aft]w>ds 9 ! prep>ation ( glazes4#bj ,ap>t f ^! examples1 ! glass br\ght f ,we/]n ,asia is ( ! usual lat] ,phnician or ,roman type--#8la*rymatories' & b[ls mo/ly ( gre5i% glass4 ,x is n till we come to ,sassanian times t we c f9d any di/9ctive features1 & ! r>e specim5s dat+ f t p]iod w be/ be treat$ 9 a lat] *apt] along ) ! contempor>y ,byzant9e glass4 ,i may m5tion f9ally t !re are "o or two passages 9 our ,greek classics t may po9t to ! use ( glass by ! ,p]sians 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,= in/ance1 among o!r h>d%ips suff]$ by ! ,a!nian embassy to ! great k+--s we are told ironically by ,ari/ophanes 9 8 ,a*>nians--!y 7 =c$ to dr9k f vessels ( gold & f cups ( glass1 or1 may be1 ( rock cry/al 7 74 ,we "k ( no glass o!r ?an t ( ,roman type f ! ,bible l&s1 us+ t expression 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 nor 9 ! :ole lit]ature ( ! ,hebrews is !re1 z f> z ,i "k1 any def9ite ref]5ce to glass4 ,! ^w ,ze*u*o?1 :i* occurs 9 a passage ( ,job 7xxviii4 #ag71 is translat$ 9 ! ,vulgate by vitrum1 b l ! ,greek 1 x may z well ref] to rock cry/al1 or any o!r h>d transp>5t sub/ance4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a passage 9 ,j]emiah 7ii4 #bb7 :i* is really ( m int]e/ to u4 ,x beg9s1 #8,= ?\gh ?\ wa% !e ) nitre & take !e mu* soap4' ,f ?is passage we le>n at lea/ t ! natron ( ! salt lakes 0 9 e>ly days appli$ to practical ends4 ,?is 0 "o /ep to its application to ! manufacture ( glass4 ,s9ce !n ! soap-boil] has (t5 be5 ! ally ( ! glass-mak]4 ,i h ?\ght x well to br+ toge!r ^! few facts & !ories be>+ ^u ! e>ly k & use ( glass 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 = c\ld its e>ly exi/5ce 9 ^! l&s be once def9itely e/abli%$1 we %\ld be bett] able to fill up a gap 9 our hi/ory1 & x w\ld p]haps be !n possible to solve t obscure problem--,:5 & :]e 0 ! great /ep tak5 & ! bl[+-tube fir/ made use ( = ! production ( a vesicle or p>aison ( glass8 ,at ! pres5t day1 9 "s ( ! villages ar\nd ,hebron1 glass is /ill made by v primitive processes4 ,!nce come ! _m-col\r$ bangles ( glass1 de> to ! ,arab wom5 ( ,pale/9e & ,egypt2 "s ( ^! h f\nd _! way into collections ( ,egyptian antiquities1 s closely d !y resemble ! old w>es4 ,?is glass is c>ri$ by ,arab & ,jewi% p$l>s z f>1 x is said1 z ! ,s\dan4 ,"h1 inde$1 we h an indu/ry t may well be reg>d$ z a survival f v e>ly days4#ba ,on ! o!r h&1 "s two ?\s& ye>s ago1 z we le>n f ! evid5ce ( ! tombs1 bl[n glass ( an advanc$ type1 col\rless & transp>5t1 0 a common article 9 daily use1 n only on ! ,syrian coa/1 b at ,naz>e? & o!r ,galilean t[ns 7see bel[1 ,*ap4 ,,iv472 & yet1 z f> z ,i "k1 !re is n a s+le allusion to glass or glass-mak+ 9 any ( our f\r ,gospels4#bb ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,lat] ,,greek ,,glass ,,& ,,! ,,m\ld$ ,,& ,,ca/ ,,glass ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,empire ,s f>1 all ! glass ) :i* we h come 9 contact has belong$ )\t exception to "o family2 small objects1 g5]ally brightly col\r$--beads1 ornam5ts ( v>i\s k9ds & %apes1 &1 above all1 little vases decorat$ ) *evron b&s2 all ^! ?+s belong r to :at 9 a g5]al way may be class$ z jewell]y1 objects ( p]sonal decoration4 ,( ! "o ess5tial application ( glass1 z we und]/& ! t]m1 we h n s f> f\nd a s+le und\bt$ example--its application1 ,i mean1 to vessels int5d$ to hold w9e or wat]4 ,?is 0 to come a little lat]1 & to come ) a ru%1 z x 72 = by ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 glass _h already tak5 a position at lea/ z important z at any subsequ5t "t 9 our hi/ory4 ,i am speak+ ( glass1 ( c\rse1 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( ! ^w1 especially z a receptacle = liquids1 = w9e 9 ! fir/ place4 ,f ?is "t onw>d ?is is ! pr$om9ant s]vice to :i* ! mat]ial has be5 put1 &1 inde$1 at no "t 0 its relation to w9e-dr9k+ m intimate ?an among ! ,romans ( ! e>ly empire4 ,x is c]ta9ly /range t 9 spite ( our comp>atively intimate acqua9tance ) ! ways ( life ( ! ,greeks dur+ ! "t t int]v5$ betwe5 ! conque/s ( ,alex&] & ! p]iod ( _! absorption 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 we %\ld be 9 possession ( no evid5ce1 docum5t>y or mat]ial1 t w\ld ?r[ light on ?is1 = u1 mo/ important ( all que/ions3 ,:]e 0 x1 & at :at "t1 t ! great discov]y 0 made--! art ( bl[+ glass8 ,= x 0 ?anks to ?is discov]y t ! mat]ial came = ! fir/ "t to take an important place among ! art products & ev5 ! indu/ries ( ! day4 ,?is is a po9t t _c be too (t5 or too /rongly impress$ ^u ! read]4 ,! glass vessels ( ! anci5ts r>ely be> any inscription1 & !re is little1 z a rule1 9 ! decoration t c give occupation to ! antiqu>y4 ,classical glass has !re=e be5 comp>atively neglect$1 except :5 ( sup]lative m]it2 ! record ( its prov5ance has g5]ally be5 lo/3 9 cont95tal museums x has ei!r f\nd a back place on ! %elves ( ! ,greek & ,roman collections1 or x has be5 h&$ ov] en masse to o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,we ?us f9d cr[d$ toge!r 9 ! same case delicately turn$ b[ls f ,greek tombs1 c9]>y urns f ,gaul or ,brita91 & examples ( ! rudely c>v$ & engrav$ glass ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies4 ,su* little evid5ce z !re is1 especially a few passages 9 ,roman writ]s1 w\ld po9t to ,alex&ria1 above all o!r t[ns1 z ! pr9cipal home ( ! glass indu/ry 9 ! fir/ c5turies be=e our era4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 ( no f9d ( bl[n glass 9 ,egypt1 previ\s to lat] ,roman or ,coptic times4 ,! ,ptolemaic glass f\nd at ,tanis & else:]e diff]s1 z we h se51 little f ! old type2 & ev5 at :at is probably a lat] p]iod we h f\nd ! same old type ( glass 9 use at ,d5d]ah = inlay+ 7see above1 p4 #cb74 ,x 0 n ! ,egyptians !mselves t fav\r$ ! new process--by !m ! new glass 0 d\btless reject$ z some?+ exotic & unholy4 ,! ,greeks1 on ! o!r h&1 seem nev] to h tak5 any int]e/ 9 ! mat]ial--! #8fus$ /one1' z !y call$ x1 0 at ! be/ b a poor sub/itute = ! native m9]als t x imitat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv #a4 ,,flask ,,) 8,,peacock0 ,,design ,,greco-,,roman #b4 ,,b[l1 ,,f9i%$ ,,on ,,la!1 ,,%[+ ,,iridesc5ce ,,greco-,,roman #c4 ,,b[l ,,( ,,?9 ,,glass1 ,,bl[n ,,into ,,m\ld ,,roman ,p]haps aft] all !re is an elem5t ( tru? 9 ! preval5t ,roman tradition1 & we %\ld n be f> wrong 9 giv+ ! cr$it = ! introduction ( ! new sy/em ( manufacture to ! glass-mak]s ( ,sidon or ( "s o!r ( ! ,phnician coa/ t[ns4 ,i h already po9t$ out t ! ,greeks _h at fir/ no sep>ate ^w = glass4 ,h]odotus speaks ( e>-ornam5ts made ( #8melt$ /one' 7 74 ,plato1 9 ! ,timu1 ?9ks x necess>y to expla9 t he uses ! ^w 9 ! same s5se4 ,9 ! treasure-li/s ( temples1 ( ! e>ly "p ( ! f\r? c5tury1 :]e ! same ^w is us$1 ! ref]5ce is app>5tly to vessels ( glass4 ,we he>1 too1 ( seals ( glass 7 7 9 simil> inscriptions ( ! same date4 ,! ^w ultimately became ! equival5t ( ! ,lat9 vitrum4 ,9 any case1 x is f ,greek tombs ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod t we obta9 our e>lie/ specim5s ( glass1 o!r ?an ! small articles ( v]rot]ie t =m$ ! exclusive subject-matt] ( ! la/ *apt]4 ,!re h be5 pres]v$ a few r>e b[ls ( transp>5t glass1 sometimes q col\rless1 or m (t5 /a9$ ) blue or ) a honey-l t9t resembl+ t ( ! hyac9? or ! s>d4 ,^! b[ls are di/+ui%$ by ! purity ( _! outl9e2 !y h app>5tly be5 f9i%$ on a la!1 b :e!r ! glass 0 orig9ally simply ca/1 or1 z is possible1 bl[n into a m\ld1 x is impossible to say4 ,! only ornam5t consi/s 9 "o or m incis$ l9es ne> ! m>g94 ,a few ( ^! b[ls h be5 obta9$ 9 ,a!ns1 o!rs come f tombs 9 ! s\? ( ,italy1--we h un=tunately no means ( fix+ ! date 9 ei!r case4 ,x is r f ! ref9em5t ( _! curves & ! re/ra9t 9 ! decoration t we are l$ to class !m z pre-,roman4 ,b x is f ! glass f\nd 9 ! tombs ( ,canosa t we c =m ! be/ idea ( :at ! ,greeks ( ,ptolemaic times 7 capable 9 ?is direction1 & we are =tunate 9 hav+ 9 ,london a rem>kable s]ies ( glass vessels f ^! tombs4 ,canusium 0 "o ( ! few cities ( ,apulia t pres]v$ mu* ( its ,greek culture z well z ! p>tial use ( ! ,greek language well into ! "t ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! beautiful specim5s 9 ! ,glass-,room 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 "s ( !m s ?or\ghly ,hell5ic 9 "*1 are ref]r$ to ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 b 9 g5]al "* & feel+1 z well z 9 _! %apes1 !y reflect ! art ( an e>li] p]iod4 ,a b[l ( pure :ite glass--! %>p outl9es1 especially ( ! solid h&les1 %[ t x 0 f9i%$ by a cutt+ tool--is ( a =m 7! ( ! ,greeks7 well kn[n bo? 9 pott]y & metal w>e4 ,! two graceful b[ls1 decorat$ 9 gold ) an exquisite design ( acan?us leaves1 comb9$ ) a small plant ) t5drils1 bo? radiat+ f a c5tral fl[]1 ev5 9 _! pres5t condition1 p]haps surpass 9 beauty any o!r kn[n example ( anci5t glass4 ,f ! te*nical side1 ! m>vell\s skill ) :i* ! two %ells ( glass ( :i* ^! b[ls are built up1 are fitt$ toge!r1 %\ld be c>efully not$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! inn] %ell projects consid]ably beyond ! out] "o1 & t ! latt] at ! l9e ( junction has be5 app>5tly levell$ d[n by subsequ5t gr9d+4 ,h[ f> ! two lay]s h be5 sold]$ toge!r by subsequ5t fir+1 x w\ld be difficult to say4 ,betwe5 ! two %ells1 ! gold leaf t =ms ! base ( ! decoration has be5 appli$4 ,we are rem9d$ 7b longo int]vallo1 n only arti/ically b te*nically also7 bo? ( ! s-call$ cemet]y glass ( lat] date1 & ( ! #8d\bl$ glasses' made 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,bohemia4 ,sc>cely less rem>kable are ! o!r examples ( glass f ,canosa exhibit$ 9 ! same case4 ,"h may be se5 two b[ls built up ) coils ( little rods1 ea* rod conta9+ an opaque :ite /r+ 9 ! c5tre ( a cle> base2 ^!1 z ,i h m5tion$1 are id5tical ) ! b[ls1 n[ 9 ! ,assyrian ,dep>tm5t1 br\ght back by ,lay>d f ,n9eveh4 ,9 addition to ^! v>i$ types ( glass !re 7 f\nd 9 ! same tombs "s l>ge di%es ( millefiori w>e1 & f9ally a l>ge flat b[l ( :ite glass ) a some:at rude patt]n cut ) ! :eel1 & ) a r[ ( spurs project+ f ne> ! edge4 ,?is1 z w be se5 fur!r on1 is a me?od ( decoration m common at a "t ( arti/ic decl9e1 9 ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies4 ,q ,greek 9 "* are ! /range little ungu5t pots t come f ,cyprus4 ,on ! cup-l ov]lapp+ lid ( "o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum may be se5 outl9$ 9 black1 app>5tly betwe5 two lay]s ( glass1 a little cupid be>+ a bun* ( grapes4 ,al?\gh _m ( ^! little pots h lately be5 f\nd 9 ,cyprus1 x is only 9 a few cases t ! design on ! lid1 s truly ,greek 9 /yle1 has be5 pres]v$4 ,!re is "s reason to believe t :5 ! use ( ! bl[+-tube 0 fir/ introduc$ x 0 appli$ z a supplem5t to a m\ld+ process4 ,! holl[ vesicle ( glass--! p>aison1 to use ! old ,fr5* ^w--0 bl[n into a m or less hemisph]ical m\ld1 & ! irregul>ities ( ! result+ b[l 7 !n remov$ by gr9d+ on a :eel4 ,at any rate1 dur+ :at we may call ! ,alex&rian p]iod1 a b[l ( simple outl9e1 :e!r %all[ or deep1 is ! *>act]i/ic =m4 ,9 ! case ( c]ta9 di%es 9 ! %ape ( a boat1 ! :eel has play$ a /ill m important "p4 ,= ! p]sonal adornm5t ( _! wom5 ! ,greeks cont9u$ to make a v>iety ( small objects ( glass1 m or less on ! old l9es4 ,we f9d1 too1 intaglios engrav$ on glass ( v>i\s & (t5 mo/ exquisite t9ts at lea/ z e>ly z ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ^! pa/es ! greate/ att5tion 0 paid to ! exact imitation ( preci\s /ones4 ,at a some:at lat] date1 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 cameos 9 high relief ca/ 9 glass pa/es ( v>i\s col\rs came into vogue4 ,! #8"m' design 0 modell$ 9 clay1 & ^u ?is matrix ! m\ld 9 :i* ! glass 0 to be ca/ 0 =m$4 ,^! e>ly glass cameos are comp>$ by ! late ,dr4 ,murray to ! circul>1 m\ld$ reliefs on ! black pott]y ( ?is p]iod1 & he po9ts out t !y app>5tly prec$$ ! l>ge reliefs engrav$ on /ones ( ! onyx family :i* 7 s mu* 9 fav\r a little lat] 7,greek ,ar*ology1 p4 #afj74 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t nei!r 9 ! case ( cameo or intaglio c\ld ! pa/e copy be made directly f ! orig9al /one4 ,! pa/e gem1 ?us m\ld$1 0 (t5 c>efully f9i%$ by h&4 ,,e>ly ,,roman ,,glass ,9 ! abs5ce ( any cont9u\s s]ies ( glass vessels t c be class$ z ,greek1 x w\ld seem some:at ( a contradiction to say t ! arti/ic glass ( ! ,romans 0 f\nd$ ^u examples di/9ctly ,greek 9 outl9e & decoration4 ,& yet !re c be no d\bt t 9 ! e>li] p]iod1 at any rate1 ! s\rce ( inspiration ( ! ,roman glass-mak] 0 ! same z t ( ! contempor>y pott] or bronze-work]4 ,at ! "t :5 objects ( glass 7 fir/ br\ght to ,italy 9 ! %ips ( ! ,greek trad]s1 we may be c]ta9 t ! places :]e ?is glass 0 made--:e!r ^! be s\ght at ,alex&ria or at "o or m ( ! cities ( ! ,phnician coa/--_h be5 completely ,hell5is$4 ,aga91 ! new mat]ial f\nd its way 9 ?r\gh t[ns :i*1 if n ,greek speak+1 7 ?or\ghly ,greek 9 culture1 ?r\gh ,cum--9 ! neighb\rhood ( ?is city glass 0 probably fir/ made 9 ,italy--& ?r\gh ! semi-,greek t[ns ( ,apulia4 ,b 9 "o important respect ?is ,greek glass diff]$ f ! contempor>y bronze & pott]y4 ,x 0 to ! ,greeks a new art ) few old traditions1 & ^! n ( ,hell5ic orig94 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/ ! indu/ry 0 only beg9n+ to be ( any importance4 ,x ?us came ab\t t 9 a great] degree ?an p]haps any o!r bran* ( anci5t art1 ! manufacture ( glass may be reg>d$ z an art ess5tially ,roman4 ,?is fact may help to acc\nt = ! extreme pov]ty ( ! mat]ial = its hi/ory & me?ods ( manufacture to be f\nd 9 ,roman writ]s4 ,!re 7 9 ?is case no ,greek au?orities = ^! writ]s to fall back ^u4 ,comp>e ! meagre & confus$ n>rative ( ,pl9y 9 ! brief section t he devotes to glass ) 8 detail$1 & 9 a measure s*ol>ly1 acc\nts 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! arts :]e he c\ld borr[ f e>li] ,greek te*nical treatises4 ,! glass t we "k z ,roman 0 made = a p]iod ( ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,x 0 manufactur$ at "o "t or ano!r 9 ne>ly e c\ntry into :i* ! ,romans p5etrat$1 f ,syria & ,mesopotamia on ! "o h&1 to ,spa9 & ,brita9 on ! o!r4 ,x has ev5 be5 f\nd 9 ! tombs ( tribes t ! ,romans nev] subdu$1 z 9 ,d5m>k & ,sw$54 ,!re is sc>cely an application ( glass kn[n 9 ,europe 9 ! eighte5? c5tury t 0 n kn[n also to ! ,romans1 & !y 7 ma/]s ( ! v>i\s processes by :i* glass may be decorat$4 ,,millefiori ,,glass ,m4 ,froehn]1 9 8 introduction to ! catalogue ( ! ,*>vet collection1 has divid$ ,roman glass into z _m z fifte5 classes4 ,"s ( ^! divisions are p]haps r arbitr>y1 & v little success has att5d$ any attempt made by him or by o!r writ]s on ! subject to classify ! va/ mat]ial on a geographical basis1 /ill less to trace ! hi/ory ( its developm5t4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o division ( classical glass--we c h>dly call x ,roman1 al?\gh mo/ ( ! f9] specim5s may be trac$ back to ,rome or to ! tombs ( ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,italy--:i* =ms 9 "s degree a transition f our primitive family to ! true bl[n glass ( imp]ial times4 ,?is is ! s-call$ ,millefiori ,glass4 ,we h1 d\btless1 9 ?is a developm5t ( ! #8fus$ mosaics' ( ! ,egyptians1 work$ out on a l>g] scale1 & employ$ = o!r objects ?an flat slabs & fragm5ts = inlay4 ,9 ! millefiori b[ls ( ,greco-,roman times we c di/+ui% two pr$om9ant types3 ! madrepore design 9 ! fir/ place1 :i* closely imitates ! patt]n on a poli%$ slab ( corall9e lime/one1 ) ! addition t ! gr\nd is ( a deep transluc5t gre5 or ( a purple ( subdu$ tone4 ,9 ?is class may be plac$ su* exceptional pieces z ! b[l f ,crete1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 "h we h rosettes ( yell[1 gre51 & r$ ^u an opaque gr\nd ( a ri* blue4 ,! second type is equally *>act]i/ic1 b m difficult to describe4 ,%ort1 loosely roll$ scrolls ( an opaque :ite float 9 a m or less transp>5t base1 int]sp]s$ ) a few quadrangul> masses ( gilt glass4 ,x w\ld be difficult to say :at natural sub/ance is imitat$ 9 ?is case--p]haps "s k9d ( fossilif]\s luma*ella m>ble1 :i* may h be5 9 vogue at "o "t at ,alex&ria4 ,we may be q sure t ! ,roman glass-work]s w\ld n h fail$ to imitate ! fam\s ,murrh9e vases1 :i* seem to h be5 orig9ally c>v$ f a natural /one1 & x is among ! millefiori glasses t su* imitations may probably be look$ =4 ,^! millefiori b[ls are evid5tly built up ) m or less spirally arrang$ fragm5ts ( glass mosaic1#bc ! individual pieces hav+ be5 probably cut f a cane ( glass1 itself =m$ by a comb9ation ( m9ute rods1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,egyptian #8fus$ mosaics4' ,^! pieces 7 arrang$ 9 ! m\ld 9 a coil1 />t+ f ! c5tre1 b h[ f>1 if at all1 dur+ ! subsequ5t p>tial fusion1 !y 7 subject$ to any bl[+ op]ation1 is a moot po9t4 ,9 any case1 ! f9al effect is ! result ( an elaborate process ( cutt+ on ! :eel & subsequ5t poli%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v ,,roman ,,millefiori ,,glass ,,b[ls1 ,,imitat+ ,,native ,,/ones ,9 ?is millefiori glass ! sections ( ! canes are arrang$ ) a /udi$ irregul>ity 7s z1 9 a measure1 to mask ! spiral arrangem5t71 & a fur!r v>iety is giv5 by sett+ up _m ( !m obliquely to ! surface4 ,on ! o!r h& we c seldom1 p]haps nev]1 f9d any trace ( ! di/ortion1 :i* w\ld inevitably be caus$ by ! subsequ5t use ( ! bl[+-tube4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! individual fragm5ts may be built up ( irregul> longitud9al b&s1 s z to give ! g5]al effect ( an agate breccia1 z 9 a f9e b[l at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,:5 ! contort$ b&s are cont9u\s we h ano!r important type1 f\nd$ app>5tly ^u ! endless v>ieties ( b&$ agate & o!r native /ones t h be5 =m$ by sl[ deposition 9 ! holl[s ( rocks4 ,"o v>iety imitates ame?y/9e qu>tz1 b "h1 z else:]e1 ri* comb9ations ( col\r1 :i* c h no prototype among natural /ones1 are (t5 introduc$4 ,we h an exceptionally beautiful example ( ?is 9 c]ta9 cig>-%ap$ alaba/ra1 said to h come f ,sidon4 ,me&]+ b&s ( em]ald gre51 p[d]$ ) gold1 are divid$ by l9es ( :ite & deep blue4 ,good examples ( ?is #8peacock' decoration may be f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & 9 ! ,grau collection4#bd ,alli$ to ^!1 & /ill m r>e1 are ! little globul> bottles ) b&s ( gre5 & gold1 ( :i* !re are exquisite specim5s 9 bo? our great ,museums4 ,9 ! ,etruscan ,museum ( ,gregory ,,xvi4 9 ! ,vatican1 ! millefiori glass is well repres5t$ by a s]ies ( b[ls f ,greek & ,etruscan tombs4 ,!re is a *oice collection ( fragm5ts ( millefiori & b&$ glass 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1#be & a /ill l>g] "o 9 ! ,indu/rial ,museum at ,vi5na4 ,a brok5 fragm5t ( glass w inde$ (t5 tell u m ?an a complete vase4 ,we c1 = example1 see f x :e!r ! patt]n passes cont9u\sly ?r\gh ! :ole ?ickness ( ! glass1 or :e!r x has be5 inlaid1 or p]haps press$ into ! surface :5 hot4 ,9 "o case we h a process t rem9ds u ( mosaic "w2 9 ! o!r !re is "s approa* to a *amplev enamel1 only ) a base ( glass in/ead ( metal4 ,9 "s r>e examples we f9d ! glass inlay surr\nd$ by a f9e ribbon ( gold1 sugge/+ ! cloisonn enamels ( ! ,byzant9e jewell]4 ,!re is a m9ute example ( ?is delicate "w 9 ! ,slade collection 7,catalogue1 ,pl4 ,,iii4 ,no4 #d74 ,,col\rs ,,( ,,roman ,,glass ,x is evid5t t ! ,romans _h at _! comm& a full gamut ( col\rs1 bo? transp>5t & opaque1 obta9$ f iron1 copp]1 manganese1 & antimony--! same metals1 9 fact1 z ! ,egyptians made use (4 ,b _! deep transp>5t blue !y probably obta9$1 9 mo/ cases1 f cobalt1 a metal unkn[n to ! latt] p4#bf ,!re 0 "o great defici5cy1 h[ev]1 9 _! palette4 ,!y 7 nev] able to obta9 a transp>5t r$4 ,! ruby r$ d]iv$ f copp] or f gold 0 kn[n to ! e>ly m$ival al*emi/s1 b no und\bt$ in/ance ( ! use ( ?is valuable col\r has be5 obs]v$ 9 glass ( ! classical p]iod4#bg ,! ne>e/ approa* to a transp>5t r$ is to be f\nd 9 ! honey & br[n-r$ t9ts resembl+ ! s>d & ! hyac9?2 col\rs su* z ^! are d]iv$ *iefly f iron1 & may pass1 on ! "o h&1 into a pale yell[1 & on ! o!r into v>i\s %ades ( olive-gre54 ,! opaque r$ glass conta9+ a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! basic oxide ( copp] & also "s oxide ( t91#bh 0 mu* admir$ by ! ,romans2 x 0 probably ! vitrum hmat9on ( ,pl9y4 ,9 ! ,grau collection is a head ( ,neptune 9 ?is mat]ial1 ( consid]able arti/ic m]it2 to ?is head ! oxidation ( ! surface has giv5 ! appe>ance ( a f9ely pat9at$ bronze4 ,,wall ,,decoration ,,( ,,glass ,be=e go+ on to speak ( ! bl[n glass ( ! ,romans1 x w be well to say some?+ ( ano!r application ( glass t f\nd fav\r among !m at "o "t4 ,?is consi/$ 9 ! decoration ( ! surface ( walls1 & 9 a few r>e cases ( pavem5ts1 by slabs ( glass ( v>i\s col\rs4#bi ,we may1 p]haps1 trace a d\ble orig9 = ?is use ( ! mat]ial4 ,on ! "o h&1 x b c>ri$ out m fully ! decoration ( wall surfaces by rosettes & o!r patt]ns1 bo? ( glass & ( glaz$ pott]y1 a plan (t5 adopt$ by ! ,egyptians4 ,?is /yle 0 imitat$ ) ! little plaques ( glass inlay1 ( :i* s _m fragm5ts h be5 f\nd among ! v9ey>ds 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,rome4#cj ,on ! o!r h&1 slabs ( glass 7 us$ to imitate ! v5e] ( porphyry & o!r m>bles1 s mu* 9 use 9 ,rome 9 ! fir/ & second c5turies4 ,! two fav\rite /ones1 ! r$ ,egyptian porphyry ) :ite spots & ! gre5 ,s]p5t9o f ! ,taygetus range ) l>ge1 :iti% cry/als ( felsp>1 7 admirably imitat$ 9 slabs ( glass (t5 ( l>ge size2 ( ^! _m important specim5s may be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is me?od ( decoration mu/ h be5 introduc$ at ,rome at a comp>atively e>ly date1 if we are to accept ! usual int]pretation ( ! passage :]e ,pl9y describes ! application ( glass to ! ext]ior ( ! !atre built by ,scaurus at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,! be/ kn[n examples ( ?is glass v5e]+ come f ! ru9s ( a build+ "s f\r miles to ! nor? ( ,rome1 g5]ally kn[n z ! ,villa ( ,lucius ,v]us2 !re are _m f9e pieces f ?is s\rce 9 our museums4 ,9 private h\ses ?is v5e]+ ( glass 0 above all 9 fav\r = ! ba?-*amb]4 #8,vitro absconditur cam]a' says ,s5eca1 in/anc+ ?is practice z a sign ( ! advanc+ luxury ( ! age4 ,9 ! e>li] me?ods ea* slab or tile is built up ( pieces ( glass ( geometrical outl9e2 9 r>] cases ! adjac5t pieces h be5 fus$ toge!r or aga9 press$ into a base ( glass by a plan simil> to t =m]ly us$ 9 ,egypt4 ,b :5 ! individual pieces ( glass h be5 cut into %apes & !n fitt$ toge!r to =m ! design1 we h ! opus sectile ( ! ,romans4 ,we are "h deal+ ) some?+ ne>ly approa*+ 9 "* to a true mosaic1 & !re=e outside ! limits we h giv5 ourselves4 ,b x is impossible to pass ov] )\t m5tion ! m>vell\s examples ( ?is class ( "w :i* cov]$ ! walls ( ! basilica erect$ at ,rome by ,junius ,bassus1 consul 9 ! ye> #cag4 ,al?\gh ?is build+ no long] exi/s1 important rema9s ( ! opus sectile :i* once cov]$ its walls are pres]v$ 9 a private palace at ,rome1 & "s small] comp>tm5ts may be se5 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,antonio ,abbate on ! ,esquil9e4 ,^! h be5 describ$ 9 a pap] read by ! late ,mr4 ,nesbitt be=e ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies 7,ar*ologia1 vol4 xlv42 see especially ! col\r$ plate ,,xviii474 ,! ma9 subjects1 inde$1 & ! gr\nd are execut$ *iefly 9 col\r$ m>bles1 b = u ! mo/ int]e/+ "p is ! b& repres5t+ embroid]y bel[ ! l>ge picture ( ,hylas & ! ,nymphs4 ,?is frieze ( small figures is =m$ entirely ( glass1 & x w be notic$ t 9 ?is "p bo? ! subject & ! treatm5t are ,egyptian4 ,we h "h ! copy ( a wall-hang+--probably ( "o ( ! heavy embroid]$ tapetia ,alex&r9a4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t al?\gh ?is "w 0 ne>ly contempor>y ) ! ,*ri/ian mosaics ( ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 ! designs mu/1 9 "p at lea/1 h be5 copi$ f "s e>li] composition4 ,! frieze ( figures inde$ takes u back to ! ,egyptian r5aissance ( ,hadrian's "t4 ,! glass ( :i* ! l>g] plaques ( ?is ,roman v5e] 7 made 0 probably p\r$ out ^u an ev5 surface1 roll$ :ile hot1 & at times1 b n always1 subsequ5tly poli%$4 ,x may be reg>d$ z a primitive =m ( :at ! ,fr5* call v]re c\l1 a t]m :i* includes our mod]n plate-glass4 ,! ?ick heavy glass t ! ,romans us$ = _! slit-l w9d[s belongs to ! same class2 x is well kn[n t slabs ( consid]able size h be5 f\nd 9 position at ,pompeii1 b we are n conc]n$ "h ) ?is purely practical application ( ! mat]ial4#ca ,! employm5t ( glass = mirrors1 al?\gh kn[n to ! anci5ts1 01 if we may judge f ! few specim5s t h surviv$1 only practis$ on a v small scale4 ,pl9y says t ! ,sidonians _h appli$ glass to ?is purpose1 b he speaks ( x r z a curiosity ?an z a matt] ( practical importance4 ,"s little circul> mirrors ( convex glass1 ab\t an in* & a half 9 diamet]1 h lately be5 f\nd 9 ,greek or ,greco-,roman tombs at ,ars9oe 9 ,egypt4 ,!re is "o 9 ! ,muse ,guimet at ,p>is1 set 9 a silv] frame ) a r+ z if = susp5sion f a necklace4 ,i d n "k ! exact nature ( ! metallic back+ 7x is m]ely describ$ z tam71 b ?is is /ill q brilliant4 ,m4 ,g>ni] m5tions two mirrors m\nt$ 9 wood f a tomb at ,saqq>ah2 o!rs ( wat*-glass %ape1 set 9 frames ( lead1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,roman tombs at ,ratisbon4 ,,m\ld$ ,,glass ,two q di/9ct applications ( glass fall "u ?is head4 ,:5 ! glass pa/e1 9 a fluid or semi-fluid condition1 is press$ into a m\ld1 we h a simple process = mak+ ei!r imitations ( cameos & intaglios cut 9 preci\s /ones1 or aga9 small articles ( v]rot]ie 9 no way diff]+ f ^? produc$ by ! peoples ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean f an e>ly p]iod4 ,mo/ ( ! "w execut$ 9 ?is way 9 ,roman times has little claim to arti/ic m]it or orig9ality4 ,masks & bu/s ?us prep>$ 7 aft]w>ds appli$ to ! decoration ( o!r objects--furniture1 or ev5 metal w>e#cb--or !y 7 fus$ on to ! sides ( vessels ( bl[n glass4 ,mu* att5tion 0 giv5 to ! imitation ( preci\s /ones4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum is a rem>kable s]ies ( m$allions & plaques 9 a pa/e made 9 imitation ( lapis lazuli1 ! sapphirus ( ! anci5ts4 ,! col\r+ matt] 9 ?is case w\ld appe> to be ! fam\s ,egyptian blue1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly kn[n to ! ,romans 7see p4 #bg74 ,9 "o example at lea/ we c see t ! col\r$ pa/e only =m$ a coat+ ^u a base ( ord9>y glass1 & ?is w\ld po9t to ! =m] be+ a mat]ial ( "s value4 ,! l>ge plaque ( ?is blue pa/e1 inscrib$ ,,bono ,,ev5tui1 seems to h be5 f9i%$ ) ! tool1 b we _c look ^u x z ?r\gh\t a "w ( ! sculptor4 ,heads ( ! ,m$usa or ( ,jupit]1 view$ 9 full front s z to fill ! r\ndel1 are ! commone/ type4 ,! d>k pa/e 9 :i* "s small portrait heads 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are ca/ is probably an imitation ( ! r>e black s>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi ,,beak] ,,) ,,oval ,,bosses ,,greco-,,roman ,,flask ,,) ,,maze-,,l ,,patt]n ,,f ,,melos ,,pyx ,,= ,,cosmetics ,,f ,,sidon ,i h n[ to speak ( ano!r class ( m\ld$ glass1 ( :at is1 9 fact1 a true #8holl[ w>e1' made by bl[+ a vesicle ( glass into a m\ld4 ,?is is ! fir/ "t t we unmi/akably come across ! use ( ! bl[+-tube4 ,9 ! case ( glass x is practically impossible to use a m\ld 9 ! %ap+ ( a holl[ vessel )\t "s su* me?od ( =c+ ! viscid mat]ial into its place by pressure f ! inside4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t x is n unlikely t x 0 9 connection ) "s sy/em ( m\ld+ t ! bl[+-tube 0 fir/ introduc$4 ,?us comb9$1 ! process calls = less manipulative skill ?an is requir$ 9 ! %ap+ ( ! free p>aison by ! glass-bl[]4 ,m\ld$ #8holl[ w>e' 0 produc$ at a comp>atively e>ly date 9 ! ,ea/4 ,un=tunately we h no means ( det]m9+ :e!r ! glass-bl[]s ( ,sidon 7 acqua9t$ ) ! process be=e ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,by t date1 at lea/1 ! little flasks1 ungu5t>ia or :at n1 bl[n into m\lds1 _h completely displac$ ! primitive *evron bottles t _h s long be5 9 fav\r4 ,^! m\ld$ flasks are %ap$ 9 imitation ( v>i\s fruits--dates1 bun*es ( grapes1 pomegranates--aga9 ! d\ble scallop %ell 0 a fav\rite patt]n2 m r>ely we f9d ! head ( a man or a woman1 especially ( a negro4 ,! glass is ( v>i\s col\rs1 b a ri* honey t9t is ! commone/4 ,ano!r frequ5t type1 especially to be connect$ ) ! t[ns ( ! ,phnician coa/1 is to be f\nd 9 ! little bottles1 g5]ally ) eight panels r\nd ! body1 on :i* are impress$ v>i\s implem5ts connect$ ) ! sacrifice1 or at o!r times ,bac*ic emblems or musical in/rum5ts4 ,9 "o or two cases ! reliefs on ^! flasks h be5 ?\ght to h ref]5ce to ! ,jewi% wor%ip4 ,^! little octagonal bottles h be5 f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ea/]n bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 z well z on ! nor? %ores ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,! glass ( :i* !y are made t5ds to decompose to a :ite porcela9-l mass1 )\t fur!r injury to ! surface1 a fact :i* w\ld po9t to its conta9+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( lead & p]haps ( t94 ,"h1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( glass1 we come across ! "n ( ! manufactur]--we c h>dly say ! arti/4 ,x is1 inde$1 z might be expect$1 to ! m\ld$ w>e t we are indebt$ = ! mo/ important ( ! scanty inscriptions t h be5 f\nd on ,roman glass2 ( ^! ,i %all h some?+ to say on a future page4 ,su* inscriptions 9 relief are above all prom95t on ! only o!r type ( m\ld$ glass :i* ,i c f9d space to m5tion4 ,i ref] to ! cyl9drical cups ( ?9 gre5i% glass1 :i* 7 app>5tly giv5 z prizes = victory 9 v>i\s conte/s1 or :i* p]haps m]ely s]v$ z mem5toes ( ! occasion4 ,among ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ?is class is a s]ies ( glasses ( :i* ! be/ examples h be5 f\nd 9 ,engl&2 ^! are surr\nd$ by d\ble or triple zones1 %[+ 9 relief *>iot-races or combats ( gladiators4 ,all are ( late date1 & are ( no m]it z works ( art4 ,on "o1 exceptionally p]fect1 f\nd ne> ,col*e/]1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 above ! two b&s ( reliefs %[+ ! rival *>iots r\nd+ ! critical po9t at ! extremity ( ! sp9a1 ! inscription ,,cresc5s ,,ave--,,hi]ax ,,vale w\ld seem to celebrate ! victory ( ! fir/-nam$ *>iote]1 b x may p]haps only express ! hopes ( ,cresc5s' back]4 ,! m\ld$ holl[ glass ( ! ,romans (t5 calls to m9d ! r$ ,samian pott]y decorat$ ) reliefs1 to :i* x is1 h[ev]1 z a :ole inf]ior 9 arti/ic m]it4 ,! mat]ial does n l5d itself well to elaborate designs1 & "o misses ! crisp outl9es giv5 to glass by ! cutt+-tool4 ,!re is g5]ally an air z ( a *eap & second-h& copy1 :i* gives a v mod]n aspect to _m ( ^! m\ld$ pieces1 & ?is is above all ! case :5 ! glass is transp>5t4#cc ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,bl[n ,,glass ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,empire ,x is aft] all 9 ! developm5t ( ! art ( bl[+ glass t ! pr9cipal m]it ( ! glass-work]s1 9 ! age imm$iately prec$+ our era1 is to be f\nd4 ,by ?is me?od ! real capabilities ( ! mat]ial1 bo? practical & arti/ic1 7 fir/ disclos$4 ,! art 0 probably fir/ practis$ on ! ,phnician coa/1 p]haps at ,sidon1 n long aft] ! "t ( ,alex&]4 ,beside ! m\ld$ flasks ( :i* ,i h spok5 above1 !re are o!rs ( pla9 globul> =m1 ) simple %ort necks1 :i* we may p]haps look ^u z among ! e>lie/ "w ( ! ,phnician glass-bl[]s4 ,"s ( ^! are little m ?an sph]ical vesicles ( ! glass z x came f ! bl[+-tube4 ,) ^! are associat$ c]ta9 pla9 sph]es ( ?9 glass ( v>i\s col\rs1 :i* may h be5 us$ z balls by juggl]s1 z m5tion$ 9 a passage 9 "o ( ,s5eca's lett]s4 ,b ! balls ( cool glass1 m5tion$ by o!r writ]s1 held 9 _! h&s by ladies 9 summ]1 mu/ surely h be5 solid1 l ! sph]es ( rock cry/al put to a simil> use by ! ,japanese4 ,! next /ep 0 to give ! bulb ( glass a #8kick' at ! base1 & to prolong ! neck2 we h !n ! type ( ! s-call$ la*rymatories1 p]haps ! commone/ & be/ kn[n =m ( classical glass4 ,!re is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum an important collection ( bl[n glass vessels :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ,syrian tombs4 ,! actual prov5ance is "h1 z inde$ 9 ! case ( s _m o!r f9ds ( glass1 v difficult to asc]ta94 ,"s ( ! pieces are said to come f ! neighb\rhood ( ,naz>e?1 b ! majority 7 probably f\nd ne>] to ! coa/1 n f> f ,sidon & ,tyre4 ,! =ms are on ! :ole classical1 b ,ori5tal influ5ces may be se5 9 "s cases1 z 9 ! d\ble ungu5t>ia :i* resemble c]ta9 ,egyptian kohl-pots 7,plate ,,vii474 ,! app>5t abundance ( ?is ,syrian glass1 & ! cle>1 ne>ly col\rless mat]ial1 po9t to a "t r aft] ?an be=e our era4 ,we "k t soon aft] ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury1 all ! v>i\s =ms & applications t we associate ) ! bl[n glass ( ! ,romans 7 9 g5]al use 9 ,italy4 ,! pro( ( ?is lies 9 ! va/ collection ( anci5t glass 9 ! museum at ,naples4 ,!re 7 "s ye>s ago 9 ?is collection m ?an eight ?\s& pieces ( glass1 & x is con/antly be+ add$ to4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ?is glass comes f ,pompeii4 ,n[ t t[n 0 de/roy$ 9 ! ye> #gi ,a4,d41 & x _h sixte5 ye>s previ\sly suff]$ s s]i\sly f an e>?quake t little glass c h surviv$2 we are ?us able to fix )9 exceptionally n>r[ limits ! date ( mo/ ( ! glass discov]$ 9 ! ru9s4 ,ap>t f a few elaborate examples extract$ f ! tombs--"s ( ^! may well be ( an e>li] date--we f9d a va/ s]ies ( vessels adapt$ to v>i\s dome/ic purposes1 b m especially to uses connect$ ) ! /or+ & dr9k+ ( w9e4 ,^! are = ! mo/ "p made ( a transp>5t & (t5 col\rless bl[n glass4 ,by ?is "t1 !n1 ! art ( ! glass-bl[] mu/ h be5 fully develop$ 9 ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,! ,pompeian glass has be5 well pres]v$ by ! ?ick b$ ( dry a%es1 & has suff]$ little f surface decomposition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii ,,sepul*ral ,,glass ,,f ,,! ,,syrian ,,coa/ ,,fir/ ,,c5tury ,b4,c4 ,,to ,,fir/ ,,c5tury ,a4,d4 ,f a few scatt]$ ref]5ces 9 ,roman writ]s we c 9 a measure trace ! rapid *ange 9 ! position ( glass at ,rome1 say betwe5 ! latt] days ( ! ,republic & ! end ( ! reign ( ,augu/us4 ,cic]o m5tions glass z an article ( m]*&ise br\ght f ,egypt1 toge!r ) pap] & l954 ,/rabo1 writ+ "u ! rule ( ,augu/us1 says t at ,rome e day new processes 7 inv5t$ = col\r+ glass & = simplify+ its manufacture1 s t #8a successful imitation ( cry/al may n[ be made s *eaply t a dr9k+-glass ) its /& c be sold = a copp] co9' 7xvi4 #be74 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 f ,italy1 or ev5 f ,m$it]ranean l&s1 t ! great] "p ( ! ,roman glass 9 our collections comes1 & ?is is especially ! case if we conf9e ourselves to ! #8holl[ w>e'--! true bl[n glass ) :i* we are at pres5t conc]n$4 ,already 9 ,pl9y's "t ! new indu/ry _h spread to ,spa9 & ,gaul1 :]e1 be=e long1 fav\r$ no d\bt by ! *eapness ( ! fuel & ( ! raw mat]ials1 important c5tres ( manufacture mu/ h sprung up4 ,we le>n f ,/rabo t n long be=e 8 "t ! ,britons obta9$ :at little glass !y us$--?is 0 conf9$1 inde$1 to articles ( v]rot]ie--f ! ,cont95t4 ,b ?\gh we h no direct evid5ce on ?is po9t1 !re c be little d\bt b t glass-works 7 e/abli%$ at lea/ by ! second c5tury 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,engl&1 & t1 to give "o example1 ! l>ge globul> & quadrangul> urns ( gre5i% glass 7 made at glass-works n f> f ! tombs 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,inde$1 ! bulk ( ?is nor!rn glass is ( a sepul*ral "*4 ,! l>ge size & ! graceful %apes ( ! well-kn[n c9]>y urns argue a complete ma/]y ( ! te*nical processes1 & po9t to works on an ext5sive scale :]e l>ge glass pots mu/ h be5 9 use4 ,^! sph]ical urns owe _! pres]vation = ! mo/ "p to ! fact t !y 7 enclos$ 9 #8c(f9s' ( lead or /one4 ,! some:at prosaic & unga9ly squ>e bottles t (t5 replace !m mu/ h be5 bl[n into a m\ld ( "s k9d4 ,little or no trace ( local influ5ce c be f\nd 9 ! %apes or ! mat]ial ( ! glass made 9 ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? c5turies 9 ,gaul1 9 ,brita91 or on ! ,rh9e4 ,9 ! ,glass-,room 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! l>ge vessels ( bl[n glass are *iefly ( ,gallic orig92 ! mo/ important come f a collection made _m ye>s ago 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,france4 ,!y may be comp>$ ) ! ,roman glass f\nd 9 ,brita9 exhibit$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,saloon4 ,on ! :ole1 ^! l>ge glass urns are *>act]i/ic ( ! nor!rn & we/]n prov9ces4 ,:ile !y appe> to be unkn[n 9 ,greece & 9 ! ,ea/1 9 ! ,roman columb>ia !y =m a v small proportion ( ! urns rang$ 9 ! ni*es & along ! %elves4 ,! gigantic c9]>y urns f ,k5ti% cemet]ies are only rivall$ 9 size by "s ( ! ,pompeian glass at ,naples4 ,among ! glass f cemet]ies 9 ,s\!rn ,brita9 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are _m jugs & bottles ( qua9t & orig9al =m1 & o!rs :i* = grace & purity ( outl9e x w\ld be difficult to rival else:]e 7,plate ,,ix474 ,notice especially ! h&les1 & above all ! ins]tion ( ! l[] end ( ^! h&les into ! side ( ! vessel4 ,x is ! neglect ( att5tion to ?is po9t t s (t5 gives an impression ( weakness to ! h&les ( mod]n w>e1 :e!r ( pott]y or ( glass4 ,b "h ! ribb$ h&le t]m9ates 9 spread+ l9es t clasp ! flank ( ! jug l ! claws ( a bird ( prey2 ,i d n "k ( any happi] or simpl] application ( ! visc\s mat]ial4 ,at times ! c5tral rib ( ! h&le is prolong$ into a w+-l flange desc5d+ ne>ly to ! base ( ! vase1 or may be end+ 9 a long trail ( glass work$ by ! pucella into quills or tee?4 ,a great] v>iety ( =ms is naturally f\nd 9 glass made = dome/ic use ?an 9 specim5s de/9$ = ! tomb4 ,x is ?is v>iety t gives a special int]e/ to ! collection at ,naples4 ,m4 ,froehn] has describ$ ne>ly ?irty diff]5t =ms ( glass vessels 7,collection ,*>vet1 pp4 #gf-hj71 & has attempt$ to apply to ea* ( !m ! di/9ctive classical "n1 bo? ,greek & ,lat94 ,b _m ( ^! t]ms are r names ( ,greek fictile w>e ?an ( ,roman glass1 & z to ! rema9d]1 x is r to ! ,byzant9e s*olia/s ( lat] times ?an to writ]s ( a good p]iod1 :]e allusions to glass are r>e & vague1 t res\rce has be5 _h4 ,! ri*e/ m9es = in=mation ( ?is k9d are ! works ( ,petronius & ,a!nu--?is la/ au?or gives a li/ ( a hundr$ v>ieties ( dr9k+-vessels4 ,b 9 bo? cases x is ( vessels ( silv] or ( pott]y r ?an ( glass t ! writ] is g5]ally ?9k+4 ,z a rule1 ! %apes & me?ods ( decoration ( ,roman glass foll[ a l9e ( _! own1 dep5d5t on ! #8habits' ( ! mat]ial4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 easy to recognise =ms d]iv$ f pott]y1 & ev5 f bronze1 9 any l>ge collection ( ,roman glass4 ,j z ! s-call$ ,samian w>e is imitat$ 9 ! m\ld$ glass b[ls1 s we f9d t a class ( pott]y1 common 9 ,engl&1 9 :i* ! s(t clay has be5 press$ 91 p]haps ) ! f+]s1 to =m on ! sides v]tical tr\gh-l depressions1 has be5 closely imitat$ 9 bl[n glass--su* r\nd$ depressions are easily giv5 to ! p>aison by means ( a blunt piece ( wood4 ,aga91 ! decoration ( :ite slip1 equally common on ,romano-,briti% fictile w>e1 is imitat$ by means ( #8trail$ /r++s' on glass1 if inde$ 9 ?is case ! imitation is n 9 "s measure ! o!r way--f glass to pott]y4 ,p]haps ! mo/ *>act]i/ic decoration ( ! e>li] transp>5t glass is giv5 by a s]ies ( p>allel ribs4 ,?is #8pill> m\ld+' may be =m$ on ! surface 9 v>i\s ways--by /r++s p>tly melt$ on to ! surface1 or by ! use ( a m\ld at "o p]iod 9 ! developm5t ( ! p>aison4 ,a graceful type ( ^! little ribb$ or gadroon$ b[ls--amb] col\r$1 or aga9 :ite ) blue ribs--has be5 f\nd ov] & ov] aga9 9 pre-,roman tombs on bo? sides ( ! ,alps2 ^! b[ls are (t5 se5 9 ! museums ( ,switz]l& & ,nor? ,italy4 ,ap>t f beads & small objects ( v]rot]ie1 !y appe> to be ! e>lie/ articles ( glass export$ to ! ,celtic tribes ( ^! di/ricts1 b no?+ is kn[n z to _! place ( orig94 ,9 o!r cases su* ribs or /r++s1 b5d+ r\nd ! body 9 a m or less g5tle spiral1 =m a v happy s*eme ( ornam5t4 ,! decoration by trail$ /r++s--necess>ily a rapid process1 by :i* happy effects are sometimes atta9$ almo/ by accid5t--may be reg>d$ z a g5u9ely vitre\s process4 ,x is (t5 comb9$ ) fr+es & too?+s impress$--on ! m>g9 ( ! h&les above all--by ! rapid & skilful use ( ! p9c]s4 ,! commone/1 & probably ! olde/1 application is z a m or less closely coil$ /r++ r\nd ! neck ( ! bottle or jug2 ?is is conv5i5t = h&l+1 & gives ! appe>ance at lea/ ( additional /r5g?4 ,! /r++s on ! lat] =ms t5d to hang loose ^u ! surface1 sometimes tak+ ! =m ( ha/ily writt5 *>act]s4#cd ,! cords & ?read+s may (t5 be ( a diff]5t col\r f ! vessel ^u :i* !y are appli$--!y may be r$uc$ to knots or m]e drops appli$ "h & !re4 ,9 su* cases we h an app>5t approa* to decoration by enamel4 ,b ! =m ( ornam5t t we are n[ deal+ ) is appli$ directly to ! s(t p>aison or to ! /ill unf9i%$ vessel1 & ! glass ( :i* ! /r++s are =m$ is probably ( ! same composition z t on :i* x is sup]impos$4 ,s ( ! spla%$ or mottl$ w>e4 ,we h "h real spla%es ( a liquid mat]ial appli$ to ! p>aison :ile /ill on ! bl[+-tube4 ,:5 ! neck 0 subsequ5tly %ap$1 ^! circul> m>k+s 7 drawn out into ellipsoid =ms1 %[+ t ?is "p ( ! vessel 0 made at a lat] p]iod4 ,x is in/ructive to comp>e ?is result ( ! "w ( ! bl[+-tube ) ! patt]ns on ! millefiori b[ls4 ,9 ^! latt] patt]ns we f9d no trace ( subsequ5t di/ortion--a pro( t ! glass ( :i* !y =m "p has nev] pass$ ?r\gh ! /age ( a p>aison or vesicle4#ce ,,enamell+ ,,on ,,glass ,i n[ = ! fir/ "t h to treat ( ! decoration ( glass by enamel pa9t+4 ,x may be z well "h to expla9 t 9 a true enamel1 z ! t]m is us$ 9 c]amic & vitre\s art1 ! col\r$ decoration is appli$ to ! glassy surface 7ei!r glaze or glass body7 9 ! =m ( a pigm5t work$ up ) wat] or o!r liquid4 ,su* enamel pa9ts are compos$1 9 lat] times at lea/1 ( a base ( silicate ( lead 7! flux71 col\r$ by v>i\s metallic oxides4 ,x is ess5tial t ^! enamels %\ld be m fusible ?an ! body on :i* !y are pa9t$1 s t :5 subject$ to ! heat ( ! muffle-fire !y may be completely fus$1 :ile ! glass or glaze on :i* !y re/ is n m ?an sup]ficially s(t5$4 ,su* enamel decoration1 :e!r on porcela9 or on glass1 may v>y f a m]e wa% ( col\r on ! "o h&1 ( :i* x is sometimes difficult to say :e!r x has ev] be5 subject$ to ! heat ( ! muffle-fire1 to a true vitre\s cov]+ on ! o!r1 :]e ! v>i\s col\rs /& out 9 relief l s _m jewels4 ,i may say at once t ! ,romans1 z f> z we "k1 nev] atta9$ to any great success 9 ?is me?od ( decoration4 ,its full developm5t 0 res]v$ = ! ,s>ac5s ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies4 ,?is is inde$ ! "o important advance made 9 ! arti/ic manipulation ( glass s9ce #8! palmy days ( ,rome4' ,n b t ! ,romans1 & probably to "s ext5t ! ,phnicians & ! ,alex&rian ,greeks be=e !m1 did n draw & pa9t ^u _! glass2 b if we may judge f ! r>e & fragm5t>y examples t h surviv$1 !y 7 unable to obta9 mu* decorative effect by ?is means2 aga91 ! v pov]ty & ! pa9t-l quality ( su* enamels z !y us$1 h d\btless 9 _m cases l$ to _! total disappe>ance f ! surface ( ! glass4#cf ,! pa9t+ on ! cup-l lids ( ! little b[ls f ,cyprus ,i h already m5tion$4 ,on a few fragm5ts ( ?9 glass f ,egypt1 drap$ figures h be5 pa9t$ 9 opaque col\rs4 ,p]haps ! ne>e/ approa* to an effective use ( enamel col\rs may be se5 on two little cups f\nd 9 graves ( ! f\r? c5tury at ,v>pelev1 9 ,d5m>k4 ,^! ,sc&9avian tombs h yield$ _m int]e/+ pieces ( glass1 z well z "s bronze vessels--possibly booty br\ght home f m>aud+ exp$itions4 ,! designs on ^! cups 7!y are illu/rat$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,cop5hag5 ,antiqu>ian ,society1 #ahfa7 are ?us describ$ by ,mr4 ,nesbitt3 #8,on ! l>g] "o are a lion & a bull1 on ! less] two birds ) grapes4444 ,! col\rs are vitrifi$ & slightly 9 relief--gre51 blue1 & br[n may be di/+ui%$4' 7,slade ,catalogue1 p4 xvi4 ,see also "s acc\nt ( glass f ^! & o!r ,sc&9avian tombs 9 ,montelius & ,re9a*1 ,les temps prhi/oriques en ,sude47 ,b ! mo/ important & ! be/ pres]v$ example ( enamell+ on glass is to be f\nd 9 a small b[l1 probably ( ! ?ird or f\r? c5tury1 pres]v$ 9 ! treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k at ,v5ice4 ,to ?is important collection ,i %all h m ?an once to return4#cg ,! little b[l 9 "q--some?+ ov] ?ree in*es 9 height--is ( a transluc5t glass ( a w9y or purpli% col\r4 ,! sev5 l>g] m$allions t surr\nd ! body are fill$ ) my?ological subjects 9 a fairly good classical /yle2 ! pale buff-col\r$ figures on a black gr\nd imitate an onyx cameo4 ,ea* m$allion is surr\nd$ by a circle ( rosettes ( brilliant col\rs--blue1 r$1 purple1 & :ite4 ,! angul> spaces are fill$ by small] m$allions1 ea* conta9+ a head1 & ! rema9+ gr\nd is occupi$ by a trac]y ( gold4 ,accord+ to ! ,canonico ,pass9i1 ?is decoration is 9 v slight relief1 & is execut$ 9 :at c sc>cely be reg>d$ z a true vitrifi$ enamel4 ,! b[l has be5 m\nt$ at a lat] "t 9 a light sett+ ( silv] gilt ) elegant w+$ h&les4 ,b :at is m curi\s1 at "s "t previ\s to ! addition ( ! m\nt+1 a b& ( :ite ornam5t1 resembl+ cufic lett]s1 b app>5tly illegible1 has be5 pa9t$ r\nd ! inside j bel[ ! rim1 & aga9 outside ! base4 ,mu* ( ?is lat] ornam5t has be5 abrad$1 al?\gh ! orig9al decoration is well pres]v$1 & ,i ?9k t ?is fact is an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! e>li] "w be+ aft] all ( ! nature ( a true enamel fix$ by fire4 ,i describe ?is b[l "h z ,i _c see any trace ( ,byzant9e influ5ce 9 ! purely classical m$allions4#ch ,f9ally1 on a few ( ! gilt catacomb glasses1 ( :i* ,i %all speak %ortly1 a little col\r$ enamel is sp>+ly appli$ "h & !re1 especially 9 ! drap]ies4 ,,engrav$ ,,& ,,sculptur$ ,,glass ,!re rema9s "o l>ge division ( ,roman glass :i* ,i h purposely left to ! la/4 ,9 ?is are compris$ ! engrav$ & sculptur$ pieces1 ! bulk ( :i* belong to a late "t2 inde$ we may pass f "w ( ?is k9d to glass t is purely ,byzant9e 9 "* )\t any viol5t transition4 ,b to return = a mom5t to examples tak5 f q ! o!r end ( ! s]ies1 we h se5 t ! glass b[ls t are associat$ ) ,alex&rian-,greek & e>ly ,roman times are mo/ly f9i%$ by a cutt+-tool on "s k9d ( la!4 ,9 ! case ( ! b[l ( :ite glass f ,canosa 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 closely imitat+ 9 =m ! well-kn[n scyphos ( ! ,greek pott]1 ! h&les are app>5tly c>v$ out ( a solid mass 7cf4 p4 #df72 a v simil> b[l 9 ! ,*>vet collection1 said to h come f ,cum1 is illu/rat$ by ,froehn]4 ,/ill m int]e/+ is ! l>ge %all[ b[l or di% ( :ite glass 9 our national collection2 ?is is aga9 f a tomb at ,canosa4 ,a r+ ( "s tw5ty spurs1 ea* ab\t half an in* 9 height1 arises f ! out] m>g92 ^! spurs are c>v$ app>5tly out ( ! solid glass4 ,a l>ge rosette cut 9 l[ relief1 repres5t+ a full-bl[n lotus fl[]1 cov]s ne>ly ! :ole ( ! surface4 ,) ?is "w we may comp>e ! rosettes1 mu* m rudely c>v$1 x is true1 on ! base ( "s v simil> b[ls ( late date f ! ,rh9e c\ntry4 ,( q a diff]5t "* is ! c>v+ on ^? e>li] vessels ( :i* we may take ! well-kn[n ,portl& vase z a type4 ,"h ! delicate sculpture 9 l[ relief takes u back to ! cameos ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,greeks1 :i*1 z we h se51 7 (t5 execut$ 9 a glass pa/e4 ,b few specim5s ( "w ( ?is k9d h come d[n to u--"s half-doz5 9 all--& ( ^! only two are p]fect4 ,! body ( ^! vases is =m$ by two or m sup]impos$ lay]s ( glass1 ( :i* ! out] "o1 g5]ally ( an opaque :ite1 is gr\nd away by ! :eel ( ! engrav]1 leav+ a design 9 l[ relief ^u a basis ( blue or o!r col\r4 ,! mo/ fam\s example ( ?is class is1 )\t d\bt1 ! ,b>b]9i or ,portl& vase1 a two-h&l$ urn f\nd t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 a m>ble s>cophagus at ! ,monte del ,grano1 a l(ty tumulus "s ?ree miles to ! s\?-ea/ ( ,rome4 ,:e!r ! tomb f :i* ! urn 0 extract$ 0 t ( ! ,emp]or ,alex&] ,sev]us1 :o 0 kill$ 9 ! ye> #bbe1 is n ( mu* consequ5ce1 = ! vase itself is c]ta9ly ( an e>li] date4 ,! figures 9 ?is case /& out ^u a d>k blue gr\nd--we ne$ n dwell ^u ! int]pretation ( ! subject4 ,z ,w$gwood long ago po9t$ out1 a ri* & almo/ pictorial effect is giv5 by cutt+ d[n ! :ite lay] 9 places ne>ly1 b n q1 to ! blue base :i* !n %[s ?r\gh a film ( ! slightly transluc5t :ite pa/e--an effect1 by ! way1 t is almo/ lo/ 9 ! imitations ( ?is vase made 9 ! opaque ,w$gwood w>e4 ,a curi\s po9t ab\t ?is vase is ! fact t ! decoration is cont9u$ ov] ! circul> base on :i* x /&s4 ,?is m$allion-l space is fill$ by ! bu/ ( a y\? ) a ,phrygian cap wrapp$ 9 volum9\s drap]y4 ,!re is "s d\bt1 h[ev]1 :e!r ?is m$allion is ( s e>ly a date z ! re/ ( ! vase4#ci ,almo/ id5tical ) ! ,portl& vase 9 te*nique & mat]ial is ! amphora ( onyx glass1 c>v$ z a cameo 9 l[ relief1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 #ahcg 9 a tomb on ! ,/rada dei ,sepolcri at ,pompeii4 ,9 ?is case we h a limit--a t]m9us ad quem--= ! date1 ! middle1 t is to say1 ( ! fir/ c5tury ( our era4 ,b ! "w may well be ( a some:at e>li] "t ?an ?is4 ,! decoration is di/9ctly ,alex&rian 9 "*4 ,notice especially ! b& at ! l[] "p ) ! %eep fe$+ "u trees--9 ?is we are at once c>ri$ back to ! pa/oral poetry ( ,sicily4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! v9tage sc5es ) ! little nak$ #8putti' are plac$ "u ! h&les1 :ile ! place ( hon\r is res]v$ = ! beautiful design ( v9e-bran*es1 masks1 & birds4 ,! highly develop$ te*nical skill requir$1 especially 9 ! prelim9>y bl[+ & #8cas+' ( ! glass1 is1 h[ev]1 an argum5t aga9/ ?r[+ back too f> ! date ( vases ( ?is class4 ,"s fragm5ts ( ano!r vase ( a simil> "* 7 f\nd at ,pompeii at a lat] date2 ! pieces aft] pass+ ?r\gh v>i\s h&s are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e !y h be5 unit$ to =m 7) ext5sive gaps7 an no*o or jug1 kn[n z ! ,auldjo vase1 f ! =m] own] ( mo/ ( ! fragm5ts2 9 ?is case ! decoration ( ! p>ts pres]v$ consi/s *iefly ( v9e & ivy leaves4 ,!re are at ,naples _m fragm5ts ( onyx glass equal 9 beauty & skill ( execution to ^! well-kn[n vases4 ,among ^!1 ! half ( a pat]a decorat$1 on a d>k blue gr\nd1 ) a mask surr\nd$ by ! leaves ( ! ,ori5tal plane1 is ( exceptional m]it4 ,9 o!r cases ! p>ts 9 relief seem to h be5 ca/ sep>ately & fix$ on to ! surface1 a te*nical process ( q ano!r nature4 ,9 all ^! examples ! "w ( ! arti/ foll[s closely on ! l9es ( ! c>v] ( cameos--especially ( ^? cameos :]e advantage is tak5 ( ! p>allel lay]s ( ! natural /one1 z 9 ! case ( ! s>donyx & ( ! niccolo2 x is = ?is reason t ,i h describ$ ! mat]ial ( our ,b>b]9i & simil> vases z onyx glass4 ,b !re 0 ano!r & pur] v>iety ( qu>tz t 0 com+ m & m into fav\r dur+ ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies4 ,f ?is "t onw>d all ?r\gh ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 if we are to judge f ! treasures pres]v$ 9 ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 to no?+ 0 m value atta*$ ?an to vases & cups ( rock cry/al1 (t5 ( impos+ dim5sions1 c>v$ 9 %all[ or deep relief4 ,:5 once ! process ( mak+ a cle> col\rless glass 0 ma/]$1 ?is natural cry/al c\ld be v closely imitat$ 9 a mat]ial :i* 0 m easily work$4 ,! c>v+s on ! great majority ( ! examples ( rock cry/al t h come d[n to u--= example1 ! vases 9 ! ,l\vre f ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,d5is1 & ^? /ill pres]v$ 9 ! treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k's--are ( a di/9ctly ,byzant9e1 if n r ( a ,sassanian or ev5 ,s>ac5ic "*1 & ?is /yle is reflect$ ^u mu* ( ! #8cry/al' glass :i* is s (t5 confus$ ) ! h>d] /one4#dj ,! ,romans ( ! f\r? c5tury 7 great ma/]s ( ! art ( cutt+ h>d /ones4 ,along ) a g5]al decl9e 9 ta/e & arti/ic inv5tion1 !re 0 "s advance 9 ! direction ( :at we %\ld n[ call appli$ sci5ce1 & ?is is exemplifi$ 9 ! nature ( ! #8metal' & 9 ! me?od ( c>v+ ( ! lat] ,roman glass4 ,9 ! case ( ?is lat] engrav$ glass1 ! lapid>y's :eel 0 appli$ at times to produce a r\gh design by a s]ies ( burr-l m>ks1 or aga9 ! patt]n 0 built up ( a numb] ( %all[1 mo/ly oval depressions2 9 o!r examples ! glass 0 deeply und]cut1 s t ! designs appe> to float r\nd ! vessel1 to :i* inde$ !y are only atta*$ by small rods n easily visible4 ,( ! la/ k9d is ! "w t may conv5i5tly be call$ diatretum1 al?\gh x is by no means c]ta9 t ! diatret>ii1 m5tion$ by ,ulpian & o!rs1 7 necess>ily work]s 9 glass1 see+ t c>v+s ( ?is description1 :e!r 9 metal1 9 h>d /ones1 or 9 our mat]ial1 7 equally 9 fav\r at ?is "t4 ,we h1 un=tunately1 no complete example ( ?is und]cut "w easily accessible 9 our public collections4 ,a fragm5t1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ?r[s mu* light ^u ! process ( manufacture4 ,on ?is piece !re rema9s a portion ( ! out] frame 9 ! =m ( a few lett]s t h =m$ "p ( an inscription2 mo/ ( ^! lett]s1 h[ev]1 h be5 brok5 away1 & we are ?us enabl$ to see ! base ( ! rods t support$ !m4 ,! %>p angles ( ^! little rods1 & ! m>ks on ! surface ( ! glass1 po9t unmi/akably to ! use ( a cutt+-tool1 nor is !re1 ,i ?9k1 any trace ( sold]+ at ! base ( ! rods4 ,we mu/ turn aga9 to ! m>vell\s collection ( late classical & m$ival objects t has be5 s long pres]v$ 9 ! treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice = ! mo/ complete specim5 ( ?is und]cut glass4 ,"h w be f\nd a situla1 or bucket-%ap$ vessel1 ( slightly gre5i% glass1 ab\t elev5 in*es 9 height 7,plate ,,xiv474 ,on ! upp] zone is a hunt+ sc5e ) two horsem51 treat$ ) a c]ta9 en]gy t calls to m9d "s ( ! ,byzant9e & ev5 ,sassanian "w ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies4 ,bel[ we h a rais$ network1 or r grat+--= ! motive seems to be tak5 f a grille ( iron or bronze--=m$ ( f\r r[s1 ea* built up ( fifte5 tang5tial circles b\nd toge!r at ! po9ts ( contact4 ,ab\t half ( ^! circles are m or less brok51 & nei!r on ! gr\nd nor on ! support+ rods ?us disclos$ 0 ,i able on close exam9ation to discov] any ( ^? m>ks ( a cutt+-tool s prom95t on ! ,briti% ,museum fragm5t4 ,inde$ x is v possible t ?is late example may be built up ( sep>ately ca/ pieces sold]$ on to ! base4 ,! fam\s cup ( diatretum glass f\nd ne> ,/rassburg 0 de/roy$ dur+ ! bomb>dm5t ( t city 9 #ahgj2 x bore an imp]fect inscription 9 rais$ lett]s1 :i* has be5 int]pret$ z ref]r+ to ! ,emp]or ,maximianus ,h]culius1 ! p>tn] ( ,con/ant9e 9 ! empire1 :o put an end to 8 life 9 #caj4 ,9 ?is case a network ( r$ glass & an inscription ( gre5 glass 7 sup]impos$ ^u a ne>ly col\rless gr\nd4 ,s 9 ano!r cup pres]v$ 9 ! ,palazzo ,trivulzio at ,milan1 ! inscription ,,bibe ,,vivas ,,multos ,,annos is aga9 9 gre5 glass1 b ! network is "h blue4 ,:]e ! deta*$ decoration is ( a diff]5t col\r f ! base1 ! orig9al vase mu/ h be5 ( an onyx glass =m$ by a #8cas+' process & ( consid]able ?ickness1 unless1 inde$1 we are to reg>d ! lett]+ & ! network 9 su* cases z =m$ sep>ately & atta*$ to ! base by ! little rods4 ,p]haps ! f9e/ example ( a vas diatretum is ! b[l f\nd 9 a /one s>cophagus at ,worms1 ( :i* ! fragm5ts are n[ divid$ betwe5 ! museums ( ,bonn & ,ma9z4 ,9 ! =m] museum may also be se5 a tall amphora-%ap$ vase 7"s tw5ty in*es 9 height71 ) ,bac*ic sc5es c>v$ 9 l[ relief1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! same c(f94 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii ,,b[l ,,( ,,olive-,,gre5 ,,glass1 ,,on ,,metal ,,/& ,,late ,,roman ,! ovi=m b[l belong+ to ,"l ,ro?s*ild is c>v$ 9 an olive-gre5 glass1 :i* appe>s ( a deep r$ by transmitt$ light4 ,x is surr\nd$ by five figures 9 :at is practically complete relief2 ! subject repres5t$ appe>s to be ! #8,madness ( ,lycurgus4' ,! arms & ! drap]ies ( ^! figures are connect$ to ! base by little rods z 9 ! previ\s examples1 b to judge f c]ta9 cavities 9 ! int]ior correspond+ to ! pr9cipal ext]nal bossages1 ! glass 0 orig9ally ca/ 9 a m\ld4#da ,! (t5-quot$ expression ( ,m>tial1 #8,surr5t9 leve toreumata rot1' writt5 be=e ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 c h>dly ref] to ?is und]cut "w1 :i* seems to be all ( a mu* lat] date1 nor is x ev5 c]ta9 t ! words ref] to objects c>v$ 9 glass r ?an 9 rock cry/al & agate4 ,! ^w toreumata is us$ 9 connection ) silv] & ev5 ( e>!nw>e4 ,s ! calices & toreumata ,nili ( ! same writ] 7xi4 #ab7 seem f ! context to be r c>v$ 9 "s preci\s /one4 ,! foll[+ l9es1 h[ev]1 are head$ #8,calices ,vitrei'3 #8,adspicis +5ium ,nili1 quibus add]e plura ,dum cupit1 ah quoties p]didit auctor opus6' ,,m>tial1 xiv4 #aac4 ,9 "s o!r ref]5ces to glass 9 ,m>tial's ,epigrams x is m5tion$ z a *eap mat]ial1 & contra/$ ) gold or rock cry/al4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ?is late ,roman glass 0 cut 9 v l[ relief4 ,! design 0 (t5 giv5 by ! juxtaposition ( a numb] ( ovoid depressions & furr[s scoop$ 9 a p]functory fa%ion by means ( a lapid>y's :eel ( "s size4#db ,at times ?is :eel 0 appli$ s z to make a r\gh burr on ! surface2 on ! o!r h& b little use 0 made ( ! simple engrav$ l9e t we f9d on ! ,g]man glass ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! designs on ?is lat] engrav$ glass are almo/ )\t exception ( ! mo/ wret*$ description2 any int]e/ !y may h is ar*ological1 & dep5d5t ^u ! subject treat$4 ,_m pieces1 especially 9 ! =m ( %all[ b[ls1 h be5 f\nd 9 tombs ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies 9 ! ,rh9e di/rict1 especially ar\nd ,cologne4 ,"s ( ^! be> inscriptions 9 (t5 v faulty ,greek1 b ,i d n ?9k t ?is is a reason = inf]r+ t !y are n ( local manufacture4#dc ,on "o cup f ,cologne ! creation ( man by ,prome!us is repres5t$1 b ! majority ( ! subjects are ( a m or less ,bac*analian or ev5 ( an erotic "*4 ,x has be5 attempt$ to connect ^! ) ! tab]n1 ! roadside inns--places ( no good repute 9 ^? days--& ev5 to f9d repres5tations ( ^! ho/elries 9 c]ta9 tall & evid5tly secul> build+s engrav$ on !m4 ,/ill m curi\s are ! sph]ical ampull on :i* a panoramic l&scape is r\ghly scrat*$2 9 e case ! sc5e repres5t$ is ! coa/-l9e f ! bay ( ,bai to ,pozzuoli1 ! names ( ! v>i\s temples & palaces be+ indicat$ by inscriptions4 7,see ,froehn]1 p4 #if47 ,mo/ ( ?is engrav$ glass dates f a "t :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 widely diffus$1 b we r>ely f9d on x subjects connect$ ) ! new religion4 ,x w\ld seem t ! associations connect$ ) ! glass ?us decorat$ 7 n su* z w\ld recomm5d x = ,*ri/ian use4 ,! e>ly fa!rs prote/$ aga9/ all su* elaborate & va9 arts4 #8,! pret5ti\s & useless va+lory ( ! engrav]s on vessels ( glass may well cause ^? :o use !m to tremble1 & su* "w %\ld be ext]m9at$ by our good in/itutions1'--s wrote ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria e>ly 9 ! ?ird c5tury 7quot$ by ,m4 ,g]spa*1 p4 #di74 ,!re is little to say f ! arti/ic side = ! few specim5s ( engrav$ ,*ri/ian glass t h come d[n to u2 _! aim is purely didactic & = edification4 ,! :eel 0 sometimes employ$ by ! ,romans to =m a simple patt]n by means ( a s]ies ( poli%$ ovoid depressions2 :5 ^! are plac$ close toge!r1 ! effect some:at resembles t ( our mod]n facett$ glass4 ,! resemblance is /ill m close :5 ! surface is cut ) a s]ies ( int]sect+ diagonal furr[s1 z on ! sph]ical bottle at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,nesbitt 9 8 catalogue4 ,i h n[ run ?r\gh ! pr9cipal v>ieties ( ,roman glass1 & ! ord] 9 :i* ,i h arrang$ ! diff]5t classes--! inlaid & millefiori fir/1 !n ! m\ld$1 ! bl[n1 & f9ally1 ! cut & engrav$ glass--is 9 a measure a *ronological "o1 foll[+ r\ghly ! ord] 9 :i* ^! v>i\s me?ods ( work+ & /yles ( decoration succe$$ "o ano!r1 or r 7 dom9ant1 9 successive ages4 ,i w end ?is *apt] ) a few notes conc]n+ ! me?ods ( prep>ation & ! geographical di/ribution ( ,roman glass4 ,z f> z contempor>y evid5ce goes1 all our in=mation on ! fir/ head is d]iv$ f ! brief & v unsatisfactory /atem5ts ( ,pl9y4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 e reason to believe t !re 7 few important *anges 9 ! con/ruction ( ! furnaces1 or 9 ! prep>ation ( ! mat]ials1 dur+ ! "t t int]v5$ betwe51 say1 ! f\r? c5tury ( our era & ! p]iod 9 ! ,middle ,ages ) reg>d to :i* we h fur!r s\rces ( in=mation4 ,t is to say1 we may reg>d ! comp>atively adequate acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( glass giv5 by ! monk ,!ophilus1 & by ! pseudo-,h]aclius1#dd z on ! :ole applicable to ,roman times4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day at ,murano1 & d\btless at o!r glass-works little affect$ by mod]n indu/rial processes1 mu* ( ! old me?od ( work+ & _m ( ! old t]ms rema9 almo/ un*ang$4 ,to give b "o example3--:5 ! workman is prep>+ ! half-liquid ga!r+ or ball ( glass at ! end ( 8 bl[+-tube1 previ\s to inflat+ x ) 8 brea? to =m ! p>aison or vesicle1 he trundles ! visc\s mass ^u a slab ( iron :i* re/s on ! gr\nd beside 8 furnace4 ,?is iron slab is kn[n z ! #8m>v]'--!re are simil> names = x 9 o!r ,european languages--& x is always und]/ood t ! plate 9 "q 0 =m]ly made ( m>ble4 ,s1 no d\bt1 x may h be5 at "s remote p]iod1 b we f9d t ! pseudo-,h]aclius1 describ+ 9 ! twelf? c5tury or !reab\ts ! manufacture ( glass1 speaks ( ?is same plate z #8tabula f]ri qu m>mor vocatur4' ,p]haps we %\ld h to g back to ! /one slab on :i* ! ,egyptian glass 0 roll$ to f9d ! orig9 ( ?is #8m>v]4'#de ,we mu/ n[ see :at c be made out ( ! some:at rambl+ acc\nt ( ! orig9 & manufacture ( glass giv5 by ,pl9y at ! end ( 8 ?irty-six? book 7cap4 #dd-dg74 ,pl9y reg>d$ glass z a ,syrian inv5tion4 ,= _m c5turies1 he tells u1 ! sole s\rce ( ! pr9cipal con/itu5t 0 a small tract ( s& ?r[n up by ! sea at a spot on ! ,phnician coa/ ne> ! t[n ( ,ptolemais1 :]e ! riv] ,belus#df fl[s into ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,) ?is s& ! natives mix$ ! nitrum1 import$ ov]sea 9 cakes1#dg & !reby = ! fir/ "t =m$ glass4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 ^! ,phnicians 7 a/ute & +5i\s craftsm51 & !y1 9 "t1 took to add+ to _! glass-pots ! #8magnes lapis1 :i*1 x is ass]t$1 draws to x ! melt$ glass l iron4' ,?is is a /atem5t mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ,pl9y4 ,! magnes lapis--magnetic iron-ore or load/one--is ! la/ sub/ance 9 ! _w any "o w\ld ?9k ( add+ to glass4 ,b we "k t ! anci5ts knew ( two k9ds ( black /one1 = "o ( :i* !y us$ ! mascul9e =m magnes--?is 0 ! load/one--= ! o!r ! female =m magnesia2#dh & ?is magnesia1 at any rate at a some:at lat] p]iod1 c be und\bt$ly id5tifi$ ) ! black oxide ( manganese 7,mn,o#b71 a sub/ance kn[n ( old z ! #8soap ( glass1' f its p[] ( remov+ ! gre5 col\r d]iv$ f iron4 ,n[ we h se5 t pure :ite glass1 #8cleans$' probably by ?is me?od1 _h only comp>atively lately be5 introduc$ into ,italy1 & "s confus$ acc\nt ( ! new discov]y _h probably rea*$ ,pl9y's e>s4 #8,9 ! same way1' he cont9ues1 #8!y took to add+ to ! fus$ mass %9+ pebbles1 !n %ells & s&y concretions 7fossiles ar574' ,9 ^! #8fossils' we may1 p]haps1 recognise ! s\rce f :i* 0 obta9$ ! lime1 an ess5tial con/itu5t ( glass4 ,pass+ ov] "s obscure ref]5ces to ! nitre ( ,ophir & ! copp] ( ,cyprus1 ,pl9y goes on to say t ! :ole is melt$ #8l bronze1' 9 closely gr\p$ furnaces1 & t a blacki% mass ( fatty aspect is obta9$4 ,?is we mu/ reg>d z a prelim9>y frit1 = we are told t ! mass is melt$ aga9 9 ! glass-h\se1 :]e ! requisite col\r+ matt] is add$ to x4 #8,s ! "w 0 c>ri$ on ( old 9 ! fam\s glass-works ( ,sidon4444 ,at times ! glass 0 %ap$ by bl[+1 or aga9 x 0 abrad$ by ! :eel1 or c>v$ 9 ! mann] ( silv]4444 ,su* 0 ! anci5t way ( mak+ glass4 ,at ! pres5t day 9 ,italy also1 by ! m\? ( ! riv] ,vulturnus1 = a space ( six miles betwe5 ,cum & ,lit]num1 a :ite & mo/ s(t s& is collect$1 :i* is p\nd$ bo? 9 mort> & mill2 x is !n mix$ ) ?ree p>ts ( nitrum1#di by weight or by measure1 & aft] melt+ is transf]r$ to o!r furnaces4 ,9 ^! ! sub/ance1 n[ kn[n z ammonitrum1 is melt$ & !n ca/ into cakes4 ,^! cakes are aga9 fus$ to obta9 pure glass & cakes ( :ite glass4' ,pl9y1 9 ?is confus$ acc\nt1 :]e we h app>5tly mat]ials f diff]5t s\rces imp]fectly weld$ toge!r1 appe>s to contra/ an old] me?od ( manufacture1 practis$ =m]ly at ,sidon1 ^: glass-works he seems to ref] to z ?+s ( ! pa/1 ) ! new] processes n[ 9 use 9 ,italy4 ,x w be not$ t 9 bo? cases a prelim9>y frit 0 prep>$1 al?\gh ! t]m ammonitrum1 a ^w ( ,greek orig91 is appli$ to ?is frit 9 ! latt] case only4 #8,already1' says ,pl9y1 #8! new art ( melt+ s& ) soda 7lit]ally 8( temp]+ s&07 has spread ?r\gh ,gaul & ,spa94' ,he !n goes on to tell1 b ) an expression ( incr$ulity q unusual ) him1 ! /ory ( ! discov]y ( a malleable glass4 ,accord+ to ?is tale 79 its e>lie/ =m71 ,tib]ius ord]$ ! work%op ( ! man :o s temp]$ glass t x became flexible1 to be pull$ d[n1 le/ ! value ( bronze1 silv]1 & gold %\ld be depreciat$4 ,?is /ory 0 ! delight ( ! r5aissance writ]s on glass4 ,) reg>d to ! m amplifi$ & tragic v]sion usually quot$ f ,petronius1 we mu/ rememb] t ! rem>ks put by t writ] into ! m\? ( ,trimal*io are n always to be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,9 lat] days a simil> tale 0 told ( a ,fr5* inv5tor--9 ?is ,ri*elieu takes ! place ( ,tib]ius4 ,aft] m5tion+ ! calices pt]oti1 ! co/ly #8w+$ cups' ( ,n]o1 ,pl9y gives "s acc\nt 7q out ( its prop] place1 by ! way7 ( obsidian1 a black /one mu* resembl+ glass1 :i* 0 %ap$ n only into v>i\s di%es = use at ! table1 b also into figures ( "s size--/atues ( ! div9e ,augu/us1 = in/ance1 = t mon>* mu* priz$ ! mat]ial4 ,vitrum hmat9um1 #8a r$ opaque glass1' is pass$ ov] rapidly4 #8,:ite glass is made also1 & murrh9e & glass resembl+ ! hyac9? & ! sapphire & glass ( all o!r col\rs4#ej ,!re is no sub/ance easi] to "w or to :i* bright] col\rs c be giv54 ,! highe/ place mu/1 h[ev]1 be accord$ to ! :ite transp>5t glass :i* mu* resembles cry/al2 = dr9k+1 x has driv5 out vessels ( gold & silv]4' ,?is passage is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,we see t a pure :ite glass 0 /ill1 ev5 9 ,pl9y's "t1 some?+ noticeable4 ,?is 01 z we %all see1 aga9 ! case at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 :5 x 0 ! aim ( ! glass-mak]s1 all ov] ,we/]n ,europe1 to imitate ! ,vetro di cri/allo ( ! ,v5etians4 ,x w be notic$ t ,pl9y makes no m5tion ( ! me?od ( prep>ation ( ! alkali us$ 9 mak+ glass 79 #8temp]+ ! s&1' z he puts x74 ,f ! context x w\ld seem t ! nitrum 0 always ( ! same nature z t br\ght by ! m>9]s to ! ,phnician coa/--?is is1 h[ev]1 v unlikely4 ,nor h we any in=mation ab\t ! arrangem5t ( ! furnaces4 ,^! glass h\ses 71 h[ev]1 well kn[n to ! begg>s & l\ng]s ( ! "t--we he> ( !m z places ( resort 9 cold wea!r = ^? :o _h no o!r way ( w>m+ !mselves4 ,9 ! ,greek ,an?ology 7,no4 #cbc71 ( all places 9 ! _w1 !re is a fragm5t by "o ,mesom$es1 a contempor>y & fav\rite ( ,hadrian1 giv+ an acc\nt ( a visit to a glass-h\se4 ,j at ! po9t :]e ! little poem breaks (f1 ! workman is describ$ z plac+ ! molt5 mass betwe5 ! blades ( ! p9c]s or %e>s4 ,/rabo tells u t :5 he 0 at ,alex&ria--he 0 !re1 we "k1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! reign ( ,augu/us 7circa #bd ,b4,c47--he 0 assur$ by ! glass-work]s 77 t _! #8_m-col\r$ & sumptu\s glass' c\ld n be made )\t ! addition ( a c]ta9 glassy e>? :i* 0 only f\nd 9 ,egypt1 a /ory :i* po9ts to ! jeal\sy ( =eign competition on ! "p ( ^! craftsm54 ,s on ! ,phnician coa/ he he>s f "s ( ! wond]ful qualities ( ! ,sidonian s&1 :ile o!rs tell him t "o s& is z good z ano!r4 ,/rabo goes on to speak ( ! improvem5ts made #8q lately' 9 ! cle> cry/al glass ( :i* ! manufacture _h n long s9ce be5 e/abli%$ at ,rome4 ,comp>e ) ?is ! acc\nt ( ,pl9y2 9 view ( 8 c]ta9ly r vague /atem5ts1 we %\ld h>dly h look$ = ?is cri/allo 9 ,italy at s e>ly a date4 ,b x is nei!r f ,italy nor f ! c\ntries bord]+ ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean t ! mo/ important supply ( ,roman glass has be5 obta9$4 ,putt+ aside objects ( q local prov5ance1 x w be f\nd t 9 ! museums ( ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 by f> ! l>g] "p ( ! glass exhibit$--& ?is is above all ! case ) ! bl[n glass--has be5 f\nd )9 ! limits ( ! anci5t ,gallia4 ,spa91 contr>y to :at we might h expect$1 has yield$ little ,roman glass ( any arti/ic m]it1 p>tly p]haps = want ( sy/ematic se>*4 ,b !re are few di/ricts 9 ,france or 9 ! we/ ( ,g]many :]e ! exploration ( ,roman cemet]ies has n yield$ a pl5tiful crop4 ,if we travel nor?w>d f ! e/u>y ( ! ,rhone by way ( ,arles & ,nismes to ,avignon1 ,val5ce1 & ,lyons1 !n across by ! c\ntry on ei!r side ( ! ,jura to ! valley ( ! ,rh9e1 & foll[ t riv] by ,/rassburg to ,cologne1 we pass = ! :ole way ?r\gh a di/rict especially ri* 9 ,roman glass4 ,& ?is is :at might well be look$ =4 ,! ?ird & f\r? c5turies--a little e>li] or a little lat]1 accord+ to locality--are above all ! great c5turies = ! preval5t use ( glass1 & x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t ! c5tral tract ( c\ntry t includ$ ! two great metropolitan cities ( ,arles & ,trves began to take ! prom95t place t x ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! e>ly ,middle ,ages4 ,ev5 our ,engli% glass ( ?is "t1 s mu* ( :i* comes f di/ricts to ! nor? & ! s\? ( ! e/u>y ( ! ,?ames1 may be br\ght comm]cially at lea/ into connection ) ! weal?y prov9ces ( ,nor!rn & ,ea/]n ,gaul4 ,x 0 f ^! prov9ces t glass 0 fir/ import$1 & f !m1 no d\bt1 ! glass-work]s pass$ ov] to ,brita94 ,9 ! case ( ! ri* collection ( ,roman glass 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! backbone1 z x 71 is =m$ by ! specim5s excavat$ f tombs 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! l[] ,rhone valley--f ,vaison1 ne> ,vaucluse 7! ,com>mond collection71 f ,apt1 & f ,alais4 ,at ,arles1 9 t di/rict ( tombs1 ! ,aliscamps1 :i* furni%$ ,dante ) a well-kn[n image1 b5ea? ! ,*ri/ian s>cophagi 79 ^!1 too1 n a little glass has be5 f\nd71 ! e>li] ,roman tombs lie on ! b$-rock4 ,f ^! tombs numb]less urns ( glass1 9 cases ( lead or /one1 h be5 tak51 z well z _m examples ( glass ( r>e & exceptional %apes--among o!rs :at is app>5tly an alembic = use 9 di/illation4 ,"s ( ^! vessels conta9 a r$ liquid :i* may repres5t at lea/ ! w9e ) :i* !y 7 orig9ally fill$ 7,froehn]1 p4 #aji74 ,9 ?is t[n ( ,arles1 too1 9 ! suburb ( ,tr9quetailles1 !re 7 probably ext5sive glass-works1 z we may inf] f ! quantity ( vitrifi$ pa/e !re f\nd 7,qui*]at1 ,revue ,ar*ologique1 xxviii474 ,to pass to ! ,roman cemet]ies ( ,lyons3 9 ! museum ( t t[n are "s curi\s masses ( blue frit tak5 lately f a tomb on ! ,f\rvire1 :i* call to m9d ! fritt$ cobalt or smalt export$ 9 mod]n times f ! ,saxon m9es4 ,we h 9 ! ,briti% ,museum _m pieces ( glass f old] explorations at ! adjac5t suburb ( ,/4 ,irne4 ,!re is 9 ! ,lyons ,museum a sepul*ral /ele ( mu* int]e/ f\nd 9 ?is v di/rict2 x is to ! memory ( a c]ta9 ,julius ,alex&]1 a citiz5 ( ,c>?age1 a craftsman 9 ! art ( glass 7opifici artis vitre74 ,?is ,punic glass-bl[] left beh9d him *ildr5 & gr&*ildr51 :o d\btless foll[$ 8 trade4 ,we mu/ n inf] too mu* f a s+le in/ance2 we "k1 h[ev]1 f o!r s\rces1#ea t !re 0 a l>ge influx into ,gaul at ?is "t ( ,semitic p1 *iefly ( a humble /atus1 craftsm5 & small m]*ants1 & t !y f\nd _! way 9 above all by ! valley ( ! ,rhone4 ,^! ubiquit\s trad]s are g5]ally ref]r$ to z ,syrians1 & ,i ?9k x likely t ! glass trade1 n only 9 ! s\? ( ,gaul b fur!r afield1 may h be5 9 great measure 9 ! h&s ( ,ori5tals ( ?is class4 ,?is w\ld be especially true ( ! manufacture & hawk+ ab\t ( small objects ( v]rot]ie1#eb & aga9 ( glass pa/es conta9+ lead4 ,b p]haps also ! prep>ation ( ! m ambiti\s & arti/ic k9ds ( glass 0 9 ! same h&s1 leav+ only ! common w>e to ! native workm52 9 t case ! di/9ction s important 9 lat] days betwe5 ! cri/allo & ! #8=e/-glass' may h _h its prototype 9 ,roman times4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ^! ,semitic craftsm5 w\ld = ! mo/ "p speak ,greek r ?an ,lat91 an important po9t t ,i h n space to develop "h4 ,z we pass to ,nor!rn ,gaul we f9d examples ( a glass ( a pron\nc$ gre5i% t9t m & m pr$om9at+--bulky urns1 squ>e & sph]ical1 & jugs ) #8claw' h&les4 ,all ( ^! =ms we are famili> ) 9 ,engl&4 ,! museums ( ,ami5s & ,b\logne are especially ri* 9 ?is glass1 & 9 ,p>is ! local f9ds are well repres5t$ 9 ! ,muse ,c>navalet4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! glass ( ! ,rh9e di/rict1 includ+ ( c\rse ! ,moselle1 we h a return to ! m v>i$ types t we met ) 9 ! s\?4 ,trves 0 ! nor!rn rival ( ,arles2 x =m$ ! c5tre ( a ri* di/rict1 includ+ ,lorra9e on ! "o h& & ! ,rh9e prov9ces on ! o!r1 :]e ! manufacture ( glass by ! ?ird c5tury became an important indu/ry4 ,& ?is di/rict has = u a special int]e/1 = "h m ?an any:]e else we h "s evid5ce to %[ t ! indu/ry 0 c>ri$ on )\t int]ruption ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! museums ( ,trves1 ( ,cologne & ( ,bonn1 are above all ri* 9 ,roman glass1 & ! ,g]man ar*ologi/s h endeav\r$--& ?is has h>dly be5 attempt$ else:]e--to arrange ?is glass 9 a *ronological sequ5ce4 ,!y ?9k t !y c di/+ui% ! foll[+ /ages 9 ! indu/ry3--#a4 ,up to #ej ,a4,d4 glass 0 a r>ity 9 ! nor?1 b ! millefiori & m>bl$ glass ( ! s\? 0 import$ to "s ext5t4 #b4 ,aft] ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury1 glass-works 7 e/abli%$ = ! manufacture ( l>ge urns & small] vessels ( a #8,natur-glas1' blui% r ?an gre5i% 9 t9t4 #c4 ,9 ! "t ( ,hadrian 7#aag-acj ,a4,d47 a pure :ite glass 0 introduc$2 ?is 0 m liable to decay ?an ! old] blui% glass4 #d4 ,! p]iod ( ! greate/ developm5t 0 ab\t #bjj ,a4,d4 ,_m k9ds ( decoration 7 9 fa%ion1 z zig-zag ?read+s on col\r$ glass4 #e4 ,aft] #bej ,a4,d4 ,?is 0 ! "t ( ! glass ) ! ,front9us /amp4#ec ,! prevail+ t9t is a /rong gre51 no long] blui%2 ! decoration is giv5 *iefly by engrav+ & cutt+2 ,*ri/ian subjects beg9 to appe>4 ,to ?is p]iod also belongs glass decorat$ ) col\r$ m$allions ( glass pa/e4 ,i give ?is s*eme ( classification "u all res]ve2 ! int]l>d+ ( a p]iod ( :ite glass betwe5 two /ages ( #8gre5 glass' may p]haps be op5 to criticism1 b at all ev5ts x is a /ep 9 ! "r direction4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ?is ,rh5i% glass belongs to ! same ,romano-,celtic family z t f\nd 9 ,france1 b1 z 9 ! latt] c\ntry1 ! ,celtic elem5t is sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,! art 0 an entirely new "o1 & !re 0 no e>li] tradition to influ5ce ! "w z 9 ! case ( ! contempor>y pott]y1 arm\r1 or sculpture4 ,x s happ5s t ! ,roman glass ( ,gaul has be5 mo/ c>efully /udi$ 9 a di/rict f> away f ! r\te t we h be5 foll[+4 ,9 ,we/]n ,france ! rese>*es ( ,m4 ,b5jam9 ,fillon 7,l',art de la t]re *ez les ,poitev9s1 #ahfd1 & o!r works7 h br\ght to light ! rema9s ( old glass-works4 ,^! appe> to h be5 g5]ally situat$ f> f ! ma9 c5tres1 & !y 7 (t5 associat$ ) pott]ies4 ,x w\ld ev5 seem t glass 0 at "o "t m 9 fav\r & p]haps *eap] ?an e>!nw>e4 ,a curi\s po9t is ! numb] ( localities 9 ,poit\ & ,la ,v5de :i* be> names su* z ,la ,v]r]ie & ,v]rire2 at z _m z sev5 places ) names ( ?is class1 ,m4 ,fillon claims to h f\nd ! rema9s ( ,gallo-,roman glass-works4 ,^! d n appe> to h be5 e/abli%$ be=e ! "t ( ,trajan1 & x is to ! age ( ! ,anton9es 9 ! second c5tury t ! m important examples ( glass are to be attribut$4 ,( some:at lat] date ?an ?is1 h[ev]1 are ! fifty pieces ( :ite glass f ! villa & tomb ( a femme-arti/e at ,/4 ,md>d-des-,prs4 ,?is 0 ,m4 ,fillon's mo/ important f9d2 "s ( ! vases conta9$ v>i\s col\r$ sub/ances & res9s1 & !y 7 clos$ by /opp]s ( wood or by %ea?s ( bronze4#ed ,! ,briti% ,museum has lately acquir$ a l>ge collection ( ,gallo-,roman glass =m$ by ,m4 ,moret4 ,among ?is glass--x comes *iefly f late ,gallic cemet]ies 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is1 z f ,corbeil & ,conflans 7,conflu5tia71 & also f ! ,rheims di/rict--may be se5 beak]s ) circul> feet & wide-m\!d cups ) r\nd$ bases4#ee ,to "o ( ^! a fanta/ic decoration has be5 giv5 by a contort$ /reak ( blood-l t9t 9 ! mid/ ( ! glass--caus$ by ! p]haps accid5tal pres5ce ( a fragm5t ( copp]-oxide2 we h "h at any rate "o ( ! e>lie/ in/ances ( ! use ( ?is valuable pigm5t to obta9 a transp>5t r$4 ,notice1 too1 ! l>ge receptacle ca/ 9 ! =m ( a fi%2 simil> vessels h be5 f\nd at ,arles1 & !y h be5 br\ght into connection ) ! well-kn[n ,*ri/ian symbol ( ! 4 ,,roman ,,glass ,,9 ,,brita9 ,!re does n seem to be any example ( a vessel ( glass f a pre-,roman tomb 9 ,brita94 ,! little ribb$ b[ls t h be5 f\nd 9 ,celtic tombs fur!r s\? did n app>5tly rea* our c\ntry4 ,! & ! m5tion$ by ,/rabo 9 an involv$ passage z among ! imports into ,brita91 we mu/ int]pret z beads ( glass & amb]4 ,f t "t until ! eigh? c5tury1 :5 ! ,v5]able ,b$e wrote 8 hi/ory1 we h n a ^w ( docum5t>y evid5ce be>+ ^u ! "q ( glass 9 our c\ntry4 ,nor h we any def9ite evid5ce1 ap>t f a few lumps ( glass t may h _h _! orig9 9 an accid5tal fire1 t any glass-works exi/$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ?is long int]val1--no evid5ce1 t is to say1 ap>t f t bas$ ^u ! l>ge am\nt ( ,roman glass f\nd 9 ,engl& & ! size ( _m ( ! specim5s4 ,! ,engli% glass1 h[ev]1 9 no way diff]s f t tak5 f ,roman tombs 9 ! nor? ( ,france4 ,i h m5tion$ already ! mo/ noticeable types--! l>ge urns1 bo? sph]ical & quadrangul>1 ! graceful jugs & vases ) ribb$ h&les1 & ! little b[ls ( ?9 m\ld$ glass ) sc5es tak5 f ! circus4 ,x is p]haps rem>kable t ! art ( ! enamell] on metal1 :i* we "k at ?is "t _h be5 br\ght to a great p]fection 9 ,brita91#ef appe>s 9 no way to h influ5c$ ! glass-bl[]1 & x w\ld seem t 9 ,brita9 glass vessels h be5 r>ely f\nd toge!r ) specim5s ( *amplev enamel4#eg ,mo/ ( ! f9] examples ( native ,roman glass 9 our museums h be5 excavat$ f cemet]ies adjac5t to ! l[] ,?ames valley1 ar\nd ,col*e/] & o!r /ations to ! nor?1 b above all on ! s\!rn bank1 9 ! di/rict ly+ betwe5 ! m\? ( ! ,m$way & ! ,isle ( ,?anet4 ,9 ?is neighb\rhood1 9 ! flat l& betwe5 ,sitt+b\rne & ,fav]%am1 7 situat$ :at 7 probably ! mo/ ext5sive pott]ies ( ,brita91 & x is h]eab\ts if any:]e 9 ,engl& t we might look = traces ( glass-works ( ,roman date4 ,z we g fur!r we/ & fur!r nor?1 glass1 l>ge examples at any rate1 becomes comp>atively r>e1 & ?is is true ev5 ( ! neighb\rhood ( su* important /ations z ,york & ,cir5ce/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix ,,roman ,,glass ,,f ,,briti% ,,graves ,9 ! case ( ! glass ( ! anci5ts1 ! mat]ial is s va/1 s v>i$1 & spread ov] s wide an area1 t a conc5trat$ treatm5t ( ! subject1 z ?is mu/ ne$s be1 is r5d]$ v difficult4 ,mu* t is bo? int]e/+ & important mu/ be omitt$ or only briefly allud$ to2 & ?is mu/ be my excuse = mak+ little m ?an a pass+ m5tion ( ! inscriptions f\nd at times on ?is glass4 ,^! inscriptions fall into two classes3--#a4 ,a propitiatory s5t5ce or expression ( well-wi%+ address$1 x w\ld seem1 to ! p]son to :om ! piece is pres5t$2 ( su* we h already giv5 "s examples4 #b4 ,! "n ( ! mak]4 ,) few exceptions ^! inscriptions are conf9$ to glass t has be5 bl[n into a m\ld1 & ?is = practical reasons :i* w be obvi\s4 ,! signature ( ,ennion may be read 9 _m cases on little vases or bottles f\nd 9 ,italy1 9 ,cyprus1 & 9 ! ,crimea4 ,ennion work$ probably at ,sidon or at ,tyre & q possibly z f> back z ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! words #8,let ! buy] rememb]1' :i* he sometimes add$ to 8 "n1 7 p]haps int5d$ to acc5tuate ! signature4 ,! glass-bl[]s ( ,sidon seem to h be5 pr\d ( _! native t[n2 along ) _! signature its "n g5]ally appe>s on ! #8?umb-piece' ( ! h&le3 t ( ,ir5u is 9 ea* case accompani$ by ! head ( an emp]or 9 relief--,augu/us or p]haps ,caligula4 ,artas1 ^: signature has be5 f\nd m (t5 ?an any o!r1 gives 8 "n bo? 9 ,lat9 & ,greek--,,artas ,,sidon-- 4 ,let u n[ pass to examples ( a lat] date t are *>act]i/ically & di/9ctly ,roman4 ,:at c be m s ?an ! l>ge quadrangul> bottles1 on ! base ( :i* s _m inscriptions h be5 f\nd8 ,"h1 z on ! contempor>y pott]y1 ! ref]5ce is g5]ally to ! own] ( ! works ^: "n is accompani$ sometimes by ! ^w patrimonium4 ,b ! inscription is (t5 r$uc$ to f\r lett]s plac$ 9 ! angles--lett]s t h be5 a /&+ puzzle to antiqu>ies4 ,_m pieces ( glass be>+ ! /amp ( ,firmus1 ( ,hil>us1 or aga9 ( ,hylas--contract$ or 9 ! g5itive case--h be5 f\nd n only 9 ,italy 7z 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p]ugia71 b also 9 ! ,cologne di/rict4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! signature ( ,front9us is above all frequ5t on a s]ies ( b>rel-%ap$ glass vessels ( a late date1 :i* come f v>i\s places 9 ! nor? ( ,france1 m especially f ,pic>dy2 b ! signature is f\nd 9 ! ,rh9e c\ntry also4 ,! firm seems to h be5 z important & its outturn z widespread z t ( ! ,bonhomme family ( ,lige 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,sev]al examples ( ! ,front9us signature 9 v>i\s =ms are giv5 by ,m4 ,froehn]4#eh ,x is a curi\s fact t 9 no case1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 has ! cu/om ( ! manufactur] add+ 8 "n to ! glass made by him become g5]al 9 lat] times4 ,! practical difficulties 9 ! case ( bl[n glass may be a suffici5t reason = ?is4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important exception may be f\nd 9 ! /amps ( mak]s' names on w9e-bottles ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,let me 9 "o f9al ^w acc5tuate :at seems to me ! comm&+ po9t ( int]e/ 9 ?is ri* & v>i$ s]ies--! glass ( ! ,romans4 ,we h 9 x ! "o bran* ( ,roman art t 0 n dom9at$ by ,greek influ5ce & traditions2 x 0 an art :i*1 al?\gh ess5tially develop$ "u ! ,roman rule1 _h its orig9 9 ,semitic l&s4 ,z an indu/ry ,i _c help ?9k+ t x spread along ) t int]p5etration ( ,hell5is$ ,syrians t play$ s important a "p 9 ! propagation ( ,*ri/ianity & o!r ,ori5tal cults ?r\gh ! we/ ( ,europe4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,glass1 ,,byzant9e ,,glass1 ,,& ,,! ,,glass ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/ ,,& ,,! ,,we/4 ,! vague & indef9ite use ( ! t]ms #8,byzant9e ,p]iod' & #8,byzant9e ,art' has be5 ! cause ( mu* confusion 9 _m bran*es ( hi/ory1 & n[h]e m ?an 9 ! hi/ory ( ar*itecture4 ,7 ,i treat+ ( ! latt] art ,i %\ld pref] to use ! t]m 9 its n>r[] s5se1 conf9+ x )9 def9ite limits ( "t & space4 ,) ! m9or arts1 h[ev]--illum9at$ manuscripts1 ivories1 & metal w>e--! case is diff]5t4 ,"h ! t]m ,byzant9e may (t5 be conv5i5tly appli$ to cov] a v wide field2 s 9 ! case ( glass1 ! r>e specim5s t come to u f widely scatt]$ s\rces f9d1 = a long p]iod1 a common c5tre1 z x 71 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,aft] ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury ! ,ea/ beg9s once m to ass]t itself4 ,! spread ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ! transf]5ce ( ! capital ( ! empire to ,con/ant9ople1 & aga9 ! advance ( ! b>b>ic tribes1 7 all important factors 9 ?is movem5t4 ,z f> z our nor!rn l&s are conc]n$1 ! importance ( ?is la/ factor z an ori5talis+ influ5ce has p]haps n be5 suffici5tly recognis$4 ,we ?9k ( ?is advance *iefly z a desc5t ( ,g]manic tribes f ! nor? ^u ,italy4 ,b ?is la/ movem5t 0 only a side issue--! g5]al progress 0 f ,ea/ to ,we/4 ,we "k n[ t = :atev] culture ^! tribes br\ght ) !m at ! "t ( _! advance1 !y 7 at lea/ z mu* indebt$ to ! e>ly civilisations ( ,we/]n ,asia z to t ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,x 0 only ) ! fr+e ( ?is latt] civilisation1 & t comp>atively lately1 t !y _h come into contact4 ,9 a measure we may look ^u ! influ5ce ( :at we call classical civilisation z m]ely a tempor>y int]ruption1 a break+ 9 ^u ! old e/abli%$ r\te by :i* ! peoples1 & /ill m ! produce1 ( ! ,ea/ rea*$ ,we/]n ,europe4 ,?is is :at gives t ,ori5tal nuance1 (t5 s difficult to def9e1 to s mu* ( our ,we/]n ,european art ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1#ei up to ! "t :5 ! ,roman culture1 "u ! lead ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 ass]t$ itself once m4 ,s 9 ! some:at miscellane\s assortm5t ( glass f _m l&s1 & (t5 ( unc]ta9 date1 t we treat ( 9 ?is *apt]1 x is ?is new wave ( ,ori5tal influ5ce work+ ^u ! n[ decad5t ,roman types :i* gives 9 "s measure a common note to objects o!rwise s div]g5t4 ,9 ano!r way ! spread ( ! new religion _h an ev5 m direct & practical be>+ on our subject-matt]4 ,if betwe5 ! f\r? & ?irte5? c5tury--betwe5 ! lat] ,gallo-,roman glass & ! enamell$ glass ( ! ,s>ac5s--!re is 9 our collections a gap repres5t+ ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s1 only sp>+ly fill$ up by a few r>e examples1 ! imm$iate cause is to be f\nd 9 ! ab&onm5t ( ! practice ( cremation1 & ( ! habit ( bury+ objects ( value ) ! deceas$4 ,=tunately = u1 h[ev]1 !re 0 at fir/ "o important exception to ?is rule1 & to ?is exception we owe ! survival ( s _m specim5s ( a family ( glass :i* is ess5tially bo? ,*ri/ian & ,roman1 a family :i* %\ld !re=e rightly f9d its place at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x ,,gilt ,,glass ,,( ,,! ,,cemet]ies #a4 ,,f ,,cologne4 #b ,,& #c4 ,,f ,,rome ,! ,,gilt ,,glass ,,( ,,! ,,cemet]ies is1 inde$1 /rictly ,roman1 bo? 9 prov5ance & 9 its arti/ic & te*nical relation%ips4 ,! ess5tial "* ( ?is e>ly ,*ri/ian glass dep5ds ^u ! inclusion ( a foil ( ?9 gold betwe5 two plates ( glass unit$ by fusion4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( ! decoration ( ! two b[ls f ,canosa t ,i h already describ$1 &1 inde$1 9 ! te*nical difficulties ov]come1 & /ill m 9 arti/ic m]it1 ^! b[ls f> excel any lat] "w ( ?is class4 ,z x is1 ! int]e/ ( ^! vetri a fondi d'oro1 z ! ,italians call !m1 dep5ds r ^u ! fact t !y con/itute "o ( ! e>lie/ records ( ! art ( ! primitive ,*ur*1 ?an ^u any especial m]it !y may possess z examples ( glass4#fj ,x is n[ well kn[n t ne>ly all ^! little discs ( glass h =m$ ! base ( tazza-%ap$ b[ls1 or ( cups ( conical =m4 ,mo/ ( !m h be5 extract$ f ! pla/] 9 :i* !y 7 emb$d$ at ! sides ( ! loculi1 :]e 9 ! passages ( ! catacombs ! corpses 7 deposit$4 ,!re is also a class ( small] m$allions or /uds1 cov]$ ) ?ick l5ticul> glass1 :i* 7 ins]t$ r\nd ! body ( a glass cup2 9 a few r>e examples1 *iefly f ,cologne1 ! m$allions rema9 9 _! orig9al position on ! cup 7,pl4 ,x474 ,^! /uds are sometimes ( blue glass1 & we are !n rem9d$ ( a /yle ( decoration 9 use 9 e>li] times--blue bosses or ribs1 appliqus or fus$ into ! body ( ! b[l4 ,ap>t f a few rem>kable specim5s f\nd b5ea? "s ( ! old *ur*es ( ,cologne1 z at ,/4 ,ursula & ,/4 ,sev]9us1 ^! gilt glasses come almo/ exclusively f ! catacombs ( ,rome4 ,! ,roman collections naturally conta9 ! mo/ num]\s specim5s2 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 h[ev]1 may be se5 an important & typical s]ies1 illu/rat+ mo/ ( ! po9ts ( int]e/4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ^! vetri a fondi d'oro1 ! gold leaf 0 laid d[n ^u ! glass ) "s gum or v>ni%2 ! sup]flu\s gold 0 !n scrap$ away1 & ! int]nal l9es ( ! drap]ies acc5tuat$ ) a %>p metallic po9t2 a cov]+ ( glass 0 !n sup]impos$4 ,s f> all are agre$2 b z to ! actual process by :i* ! two %eets ( glass 7 unit$1 !re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,! problem _h already appeal$ to ,h]aclius1 ! writ] ( "s b>b>\s hexamet]s treat+ ,de ,coloribus et ,artibus ,romanorum4 ,h]aclius 0 probably a monk liv+ at ,rome1 p]haps ab\t ! end ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,! fif? ( 8 little didactic poems is inscrib$ #8,de fialis auro decoratis4' ,9 ?is he tells u h[ he produc$ "s small cups ( pure glass1 sme>$ !m ) gum ) a bru%1 & !n proce$$ to lay d[n on !m leaves ( gold4 ,on ! gold leaf1 :5 dry1 he inscrib$ birds1 m51 lions1 z x pleas$ 8 fancy4 #8,f9ally1' says ,h]aclius1 #8,i fitt$ ov] ! surface1 glass r5d]$ ?9 by a skilful bla/ ( ! fire2 b :5 ! glass _h yield$ equally to ! heat1 x unit$ itself admirably to ! phials z a ?9 %eet4'#fa ,!ophilus1 writ+ a few g5]ations lat]1 probably 9 ,g]many1 knew no?+ ( ?is cemet]y glass4 ,he describes1 h[ev]1 ! process by :i* ! ,byzant9e ,greeks made _! gold mosaics by spr9kl+ a lay] ( p[d]$ glass ov] ! gold leaf cov]+ ! surface ( ! tess]2 ?is coat+ 0 !n fus$ on4 ,b ?is 0 an enamell]'s process1 & ! coat+ mu/ h consi/$ ( a some:at fusible glass1 p]haps conta9+ lead4 ,! ,greeks employ$1 he tells u1 a simil> process 9 decorat+ _! glass cups4 ,signor ,&rea ,rioda1 ! art director ( ! ,impresa ,v5ezia-,murano1 tells me t 9 ! case ( "s clev] imitations ( fondi d'oro made by 8 firm1 ! gold leaf 0 fix$ ^u a ?icki% %eet ( glass1 a ?9n] %eet 0 !n plac$ ov] x1 & ! :ole heat$ to ! s(t5+-po9t4 ,a ?ird me?od has be5 adopt$ 9 ! prep>ation ( "s exp]im5tal imitations made by ,mr4 ,we/lake3 t g5tleman sold]$ toge!r ! two %eets ( glass r\nd ! edges only1 by means ( a flux4 ,9 ! g5]al treatm5t ( ! figure1 & 9 ! *oice ( ! subject1 we are rem9d$ 9 ! case ( ?is cemet]y glass ( ! reliefs ^u contempor>y ,*ri/ian s>cophagi--t is to say ( ! m rudely execut$ ( ^! reliefs4 ,b among ^! fondi d'oro !re is a small class ( portrait heads1 highly f9i%$ by means ( a sort ( po9till or /ipple process1 :i* are ( a some:at sup]ior arti/ic m]it4 ,9 ^! circul> m$allions--m9iatures1 we might call !m#fb--! l>ge eyes1 ! small m\?1 & a peculi> affable b sad & #8worn-out' expression1 rem9d u ( ! portrait heads on late mummy cases br\ght f ! ,fayum4 ,^! highly f9i%$ m9iatures are probably ( some:at e>li] date ?an ! typical glass f ! catacombs4 ,we f9d occasionally 9 ?is cemet]y glass a sp>+ use ( col\r$ enamels1 above all on ! drap]ies4#fc ,9 o!rs ! outl9es1 x w\ld seem1 7 cut into ! glass & fill$ up ) col\r$ pa/es1 a process ( great te*nical int]e/2 ,i h n1 h[ev]1 myself se5 an example ( su* "w4 ,a few r>e pieces ) ,jewi% symbols h be5 f\nd1 b n 9 any case1 ,i ?9k1 f ,jewi% cemet]ies4 ,we see ! scrolls ( ! law ly+ on ! aron1 & ! sev5-bran*$ c&le/ick4 ,i h already po9t$ out t at ?is "t 9 ,rome ! work+ ( glass 0 v probably to "s ext5t 9 ! h&s ( ,jews & ,judais+ ,*ri/ians4#fd ,! cemet]y glass dates1 x w\ld seem1 f ! f\r? & f ! fir/ half ( ! fif? c5tury1 b "s ( ! f9] pieces may be a little old]4 ,! disa/]s ( ! fif? c5tury & ! rapid decl9e ( ,rome aft] ! "t ( ,honorius help to expla9 ! total ext9ction ( ?is g5re soon aft] ! latt] p]iod4 ,ap>t f ^! gilt m$allions1 ! examples ( glass t may be class$ z e>ly ,*ri/ian pres5t no special feature4 ,!re is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a s]ies ( cameo m$allions1 "s ( hmat9um & o!rs ( sapphire-blue glass pa/e4 ,9 ^! ! treatm5t ( ! figures--! ,virg9 & ,*ild & ,/4 ,george 7or possibly ,/4 ,!odore7 are ! fav\rite subjects--is q ,byzant9e 9 "*4 ,9 ! ,vatican ,museum1 among _m o!r su* m$allions1 are "s ca/ f ! same m\lds z our ,engli% examples4 ,! little p5deloques ( /amp$ glass rem9d "o ( ! late ,roman & ,s>ac5ic glass weights f\nd 9 ,egypt2 !y h =m$ probably p>ts ( a necklace1 or !y may h be5 atta*$ to drap]y4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian engrav$ glass is ( m importance1 b x 9 no way diff]s 9 te*nique f t c>v$ ) pagan subjects2 "s ( ! vases may possibly h s]v$ z *alices = use 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum is a conical cup f ,cologne2 ! figures are r\ghly cut ) ! :eel1 & ! subjects f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts are ! same z ^? f\nd on contempor>y s>cophagi4 ,! design on ! ,podgoriza b[l1#fe p]haps ! f9e/ example ( e>ly ,*ri/ian engrav+ on glass1 %[s ! influ5ce ( ! nor!rn b>b>ians2 !re is a ,vik+ air ab\t "s ( ! subjects4 ,notice especially ! %ip f :i* ,jonah is be+ ?r[n1 & ! gap+ mon/]s 9 ! sea1 m l dragons ?an :ales4 7,see ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,evans's pap] 9 ,ar*ologia1 vol4 xlviii47 ,z ,i h already said1 ! gap :i* exi/s betwe5 ! lat] ,roman & ! great s*ool ( enamell$ ,s>ac5ic glass ( ! ?irte5? c5tury c only be fill$ by a few scatt]$ examples f widely di/ant s\rces4 ,! tombs n[ fail u1 & we are ?r[n back = ! mo/ "p ^u ! treasures & relics pres]v$ 9 ! *ur*es ( ,italy1 ,france1 & ,g]many4 ,su* objects repres5t b "o aspect ( ! glass produc$ at ! "t3 !y reflect above all ! skill n[ acquir$ 9 /a9+ glass s z to imitate preci\s /ones4 ,we %all see lat] t !re has be5 pres]v$ an int]e/+ lit]>y record be>+ especially on su* imitations4 ,! al*emi/s n[ beg9 to come into t\* ) ! glass-work]s--a connection t has be5 ma9ta9$ ev5 to q rec5t times4 ,! ,jews1 too1 7 e>ly occupi$ ) ! manufacture ( col\r$ pa/es1 & _! int]e/ 9 ! subject has cont9u$1 z we "k1 up to ! pres5t day4 ,x w\ld be impossible to neglect ! importance ( ,con/ant9ople :5 treat+ ( ! art ( ! e>ly m$ival--! s-call$ d>k ages4 ,b s f> z glass1 9 our n>r[] s5se ( ! ^w1 is conc]n$1 !re is little t c be def9itely attribut$ to t city4 ,= u1 h[ev]1 ! int]e/ ( ! ,greek ,empire lies 9 ! fact t we h 9 x a common middle t]m ) :i* to correlate ! art ( ! ,copts 9 ,egypt1 ( ! ,sassanians 9 ,p]sia1 & at a lat] "t1 9 "s measure1 t ( ! e>ly ,s>ac5 dyna/ies & ev5 ( ! ,anglo-,saxons & ! ,franks 9 ! nor?4 ,at two widely sep>at$ p]iods ! influ5ce ( ,con/ant9ople has be5 m directly felt4 ,! fir/ c5tres r\nd ,ju/9ian 9 ! six? c5tury2 we are br\ght at t "t into relation ) ! ,copts & ! ,sassanian rul]s ( ,p]sia4 ,! o!r is ! "t ( ! great revival ( ,byzant9e p[] 9 ! t5? c5tury1 :51 *iefly ?r\gh alliances ) ! emp]ors ( ! ,saxon h\se1 ! r5ew$ art ( ! ,greeks spread ?r\gh ,g]many & ev5 rea*$1 n = ! fir/ "t inde$1 ! %ores ( ,engl&4 ,! great "w1 no d\bt1 ( ! ,byzant9es 9 ! doma9 ( glass is to be f\nd 9 ! manufacture ( ! mosaics ) :i* !y l9$ ! walls ( _! *ur*es1 & :5 we he> t glass 0 made at ,!ssalonica1 & aga9 t "o ( ! gates ( ! capital 0 nam$ aft] ! adjac5t glass-works1 x is ( ?is bran* ( ! art t we mu/ fir/ ?9k4#ff ,byzant9e arti/s travell$ to ,cordova on ! "o h&1 & to ,damascus on ! o!r1 to "w 9 mosaic = ,mohamm$an ma/]s2 we f9d !m1 too1 at ,rome1 at ,rav5na1 & at ,aa*54 ,no d\bt ^! musivi took ) !m1 at fir/ at lea/1 ! mat]ials ) :i* !y built up _! pictures4 ,= ! use ( col\r$ glass 9 ! w9d[s ( *ur*es1 we may probably f9d a simil> orig94 ,9 ,ju/9ian's great *ur* glass 0 n us$ = mosaics only2 !re 7 w9d[s fill$ ) /a9$ glass1 "s ( :i* may ev5 n[ be 9 place4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury we he> ( ,greek workm5 summon$ to ,france = su* "w1 j z f ,m]ov+ian ,france1 z ,b$e tells u1 ,b5$ict ,biscop obta9$1 a little lat]1 skill$ craftsm5 to make ! glass = 8 new *ur* at ,monk ,we>m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi ,,hang+ ,,lamps ,,( ,,sculptur$ ,,glass ,,byzant9e4 ,,f ,,treasury ,,( ,,/4 ,,m>k',s ,9 ! ode t ,paul ! ,sil5ti>y wrote = ! op5+ c]emony at ,/4 ,sophia 7#efc ,a4,d471 he speaks ( silv] discs1 hang+ f *a9s & pi]c$ to receive vessels ( #8fire-wr\ght' glass1 %ap$ l ! butt ( a spe> 77 7,le?aby's ,santa ,sophia1 p4 #ej seq474#fg ,we h "h 9 ^! lamps :at is probably ! fir/ m5tion ( a new use = our mat]ial--"o :i* became be=e long1 = a "t1 ! dom9ant "o4 ,9 ! #8spe>-butt' %ap$ lamps ( ,/4 ,sophia we may see ! prototypes ( ! conical oil-cups ( ! ,s>ac5s4 ,glass1 h[ev]1 0 nev] held 9 great hon\r 9 ! c]emonies ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,*alices & pat5s ( glass are inde$ m5tion$ 9 ! ,lib] ,pontificalis z 9 use at ! end ( ! second c5tury3 ,/4 ,j]ome writes ( #8! ,"l's blood be+ borne 9 a vessel ( glass1' & "s e>ly miracles h ref]5ce to ! mak+ good ( glass t _h be5 brok54 ,( a n9?-c5tury sa9t we are told t 8 ,eu*>i/ic vessels 7 fir/ ( wood1 !n ( glass1 & f9ally ( pewt]6 ,9 lat] times ! use ( s fragile a mat]ial fell out ( use1 & 0 ev5 =bidd5 by ! ,*ur*4 ,9 %ape x w\ld seem t ^! e>ly *alices resembl$ ! ,greek can?>us4 ,( ?is =m is :at is p]haps ! olde/ example ( a metal *alice t has surviv$--! cup f\nd at ,g\rdon1 n[ 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale4 ,we h1 or r _h1 ano!r example ( ?is type 9 ! gold5 *alice inlaid ) jewels :i* 0 =m]ly pres]v$ at ,monza4 ,9 fact1 ?is =m is especially *>act]i/ic ( e>ly ,byzant9e art2 we see su* vases repres5t$ ov] & ov] aga9 on m>ble reliefs & mosaics4 ,n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re are two vases1 di/9ctly ( ?is can?>us %ape2 !y are ( blue1 some:at bubbly glass1 ) flut$ body3 "o :i* is p]fect 0 f\nd at ,ami5s 7,plate ,,xii472 ! o!r1 f ! ,slade collection1 has lo/ its h&les4 ,^! vases may well date f ! six? c5tury1 & !y may v probably h s]v$ z *alices4 ,let u n[ turn to "s ( ! r>e specim5s ( e>ly glass to be f\nd 9 ! treasuries ( *ur*es1 *iefly 9 ! nor? ( ,italy4 ,at ,rome1 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,ana/asia1 is a b[l ( opaque glass1 ) ornam5ts 9 relief1 m\nt$ on a metal foot4 ,?is claims to be ! *alice us$ by ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,m fam\s is ! sacro cat9o pres]v$ 9 ! ca!dral ( ,/4 ,lor5zo at ,g5oa4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt ! /ory t ?is b[l fell to ! %>e ( a ,g5oese :5 ! t[n ( ,cs>ea 0 sack$ by ! ,crusad]s 9 ! ye> #aaja4 ,x seems to h suff]$ no dim9ution 9 sanctity f a want ( uni=mity 9 ! tradition z to its e>li] hi/ory4#fh ,! sacro cat9o is a %all[ hexagonal b[l ) feet & h&les2 ! slight ornam5ts on ! surface are f9i%$ ) a tool4 ,x 0 c>ri$ (f to ,p>is dur+ ! revolution>y w>1 & !n discov]$ to be n an em]ald1 z _h be5 always ma9ta9$1 b a piece ( admirably t9t$ glass1 conta9+1 h[ev]1 a few air-bubbles4 ,! b[l 0 brok5 be=e its return to ,g5oa1 & ! pieces are n[ unit$ by a filigree m\nt+ ( gold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii ,,vase ,,( ,,blue ,,glass1 ,,probably ,a ,,*alice ,,ab\t ,,fif? ,,c5tury1 ,a4,d4 ,x is claim$ = ! fam\s treasures pres]v$ 9 ! royal basilica at ,monza1 t !y date f ! "t ( ,!odol9da1 ,que5 ( ! ,lomb>ds 7#ehi-fbe ,a4,d474 ,among !m is a cup ( a deep blue mat]ial :i* is /at$ to be a sapphire4 ,x is almo/ ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & ,mr4 ,nesbitt1 :o exam9$ x1 fail$ to discov] any air-bubbles4 ,if1 h[ev]1 z is probable1 ?is cup is ( glass1 x gives evid5ce ( ! te*nical skill ( ! craftsman :o made x4 ,9 ! same treasury are a numb] ( little flasks 9 :i* 7 pres]v$ ! oil exud+ f ! bodies ( m>tyrs--:e!r ^! flasks came orig9ally f ,rome or f ,pale/9e1 ,i am unable to say4 ,9 any case !y closely resemble c]ta9 little bottles said to be ( ,coptic orig91 f\nd 9 ,upp] ,egypt4 ,!re are "s v simil> flasks1 claim+ to date f ! six? c5tury1 9 ! treasury ( ,/4 ,croix at ,poiti]s4 ,b x is to ! treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k at ,v5ice t we mu/ g to f9d :at is by f> ! l>ge/ collection ( ,byzant9e glass 9 exi/5ce4 ,! tradition t ref]s ?is collection z a :ole to ! "t ( ! f\r? crusade1 :5 9 ! ye> #abjd ,con/ant9ople 0 subject$ to a sy/ematic pillage by ! comb9$ =ces ( ! ,v5etians & ! ,franks1 is d\btless 9 ! ma9 true4 ,b long be=e ?is ! ,v5etians _h be5 9 close comm]cial relations ) ! ,greek capital4 ,! nucleus ( ! ,pala ,d',oro1 und\bt$ly a ,byzant9e "w1 dates f ! la/ ye>s ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are "s objects 9 ! treasury ( consid]ably lat] date ?an ! twelf? c5tury4 ,z ! little t we "k ( ! glass ( ! ,byzant9es is ma9ly f\nd$ ^u ?is collection1 ,i w extract f ,pass9i's great "w#fi a complete li/ ( ! examples ( glass t x conta9s4 ,i4 ,among a s]ies ( t5 *alices ( :i* ! metal m\nt+s be> inscriptions 9 ,greek relat+ to ! consecration ( ! holy w9e1 is a hemisph]ical cup ( common glass1 "s #e in*es 9 height1 /udd$ ) conical po9ts1 & ano!r ( cle> glass ) an arcad+ 9 l[ relief 7xxxi4 #gf & #gg74 ,9 ! same s]ies is a b[l ( gre5 glass1 decorat$ ) f\r qua9t animals rudely c>v$ 9 l[ relief 7xlv4 #ii74 ,,ii4 ,among a set ( s-call$ *alices1 )\t inscriptions or symbols1 we f9d--#a/1 ,a vase ( pla9 bl[n glass ( greyi% col\r1 #g-a_/b in*es 9 height2 x is )\t ornam5t1 b is ri*ly m\nt$ 9 filigree & jewels 7l4 #aaf74 #bnd1 ,a b[l ( pla9 glass1 "s #f in*es 9 height2 at ! base is a s]ies ( circul> button-l projections ) a /ud 9 ! c5tre ( ea* 7xlii4 #hg74 #crd1 ,a cup ( cle> glass 7"s #f 94 high72 ! surface is decorat$ by a s]ies ( %ield-l projections simil> to ^? on ! la/ 7xl4 #gi74 #d?1 ,ano!r cup ( co>se glass 7#e 94 high7 is n illu/rat$ 9 ,pass9i's "w4 ,,iii4 ,among a s]ies ( s-call$ pat5s ( v>i\s mat]ials we f9d f\r ( glass--#a/1 ,a plate-l pat5 ( gre5i% glass 7#g 94 diam471 ! outside incis$ ) a numb] ( small circul> depressions 7xlix4 #aji74 #bnd1 ,a pat5 ( milky-:ite semi-transp>5t glass ) %ap$ m>g9 7#i 94 diam472 n illu/rat$4 #crd1 ,an unm\nt$ %all[ di% or b[l ( pla9 glass 7#ad 94 diam47 %ap$ l ! pan ( a balance2 eight r+$ discs1 /&+ out 9 relief f ! surface1 surr\nd a c5tral circul> %ield2 betwe5 are facett$1 po9t$ projections#gj 7lix4 #aaj;a7 7,plate ,,xi4 #c74 #d?1 ,a small] pan-l pat5 or hang+ lamp simil> to ! above 7#aj 94 diam47 is n illu/rat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii ,,glass ,,vessel ,,c>v$ ,,9 ,,l[ ,,relief ,,& ,,m\nt$ ,,z ,a #8,,false' ,,ew] ,,probably ,,e>ly ,,s>ac5ic ,,iv4 ,lamps--#a/1 ,a vessel 9 ! %ape ( a balance-pan1 m\nt$ z a lamp1 & hung by ?ree *a9s 7liv4 #abe74 ,we are rem9d$ by ?is ( ! lamps t hung 9 ,/4 ,sophia1 z describ$ by ,paul ! ,sil5ti>y 7p4 #ig74 ,! decoration ( discs & facett$ po9ts is almo/ id5tical ) ,,iii4 #c4 ,! inscription 9 ,greek on ! silv] rim maybe r5d]$3 #8 ,sa9t ,pantaleone1 help y\r slave ,za*>iah1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,ib]ia6 ,am56' ,?is connection ) ,ib]ia 7,georgia7 is ( ! greate/ int]e/ z be>+ ^u ! orig9 ( ?is family ( glass 7,plate ,,xi4 #a74 #bnd1 ,a bucket-%ap$ lamp ( pla9 glass hang+ f ?ree *a9s 7hgt4 #f 947 7liv4 #abd74 #crd1 ,an ellipsoid hang+ lamp ( common glass 7*ief diam4 #h 9474 ,on ! ext]ior1 project+ 9 high relief1 are c>v$ %ells1 fi%es1 & o!r animals4 ,f ! silv] rim project six cloisons :i* =m]ly held jewels2 "o alone rema9s1 an oval pa/e ( opaque blue4 ,above project eight little cyl9drical sockets1 z if to conta9 c&les 7liv4 #abc74 ,v4 ,amphora-%ap$ vessels--#a/1 ,a cyl9drical vase ( common glass1 ) ri* m\nt+ 7total height1 #bj 947 7xxxvi4 #fe74 #bnd1 ,a pe>-%ap$ vase1 set ) a false metal sp\t to resemble an ampulla or cruet2 ! m\nt+ is ( ,ori5tal "*4 ,! glass is c>v$ ) a design conta9+ two long-horn$ rams among a conv5tional leaf patt]n 7! glass alone #d 94 high7 7li4 #aae7 7,plate ,,xiii474 #crd1 ,an unm\nt$ vase ( common glass1 ) h&les 7#aj 94 diam474 #d?1 ,an unm\nt$ conical vase ( common glass ) conical neck1 c>v$ 9 l[ relief ) ?ree conv5tionalis$ f\r-legg$ mon/]s ) t5dril-l limbs & bodies 7hgt4 #e 947 7xl4 #hj74ga ,,vi4 ,situl1 or bucket-%ap$ vases1 #a/1 ,a situla ( cle> glass ( a violet t9t4 ,! design--some:at rudely cut ) a :eel--consi/s ( a s]ies ( figures1 ) pa/oral & ,bac*ic emblems4 ,! decoration is simil> 9 /yle to ! engrav$ "w f\nd on "s late ,roman glass f ! ,rh9e di/rict 7hgt4 #h 947 7liii4 #aba74 #bnd1 ,! fam\s situla t ,i h already describ$ :5 treat+ ( ! diatretum glass 7p4 #gb74 ,! ,canonico ,pass9i ?9ks t ! r+s ( glass h be5 fitt$ on subsequ5tly1 & t is ! impression t ,i =m$ :5 exam9+ ! vase 7hgt4 ,,ii 947 7liii4 #abb74 7,plate ,,xiv47 ,,vii4 ,! vase enamell$ ) classical m$allions :i* has already be5 describ$ 9 connection ) ! enamell$ glass ( ! ,romans 7p4 #ff74 ,al?\gh1 z ,i h said1 ! figures are purely classical 9 /yle1 yet ! scroll-"w rem9ds "o ( ! decoration on ,coptic b[ls & fragm5ts br\ght f ,egypt 7xl4 #gh1 & xli4 #hb74 ,,viii4 ,!re rema9s ! turquoise bas91 ri*ly m\nt$ 9 gold & gems1 pres5t$ 9 #adgb by ! ,%ah ( ,p]sia to ! ,signoria ( ,v5ice4 ,! only ornam5t is a conv5tionalis$ h>e c>v$ 9 l[ relief on ea* ( ! five comp>tm5ts t divide ! sides4 ,on ! base is a brief d$ication 9 ,arabic to ,allah4 ,z to ! mat]ial ( ?is vase1 all ,i c say is t x is c>v$2 ?is is se5 by ! light reflect$ on ! some:at unctu\s surface2 x is !re=e n porcela9 or o!r c]amic w>e1 z "s h ?\ght4 ,! slightly waxy lu/re is 9 fav\r ( its be+ a natural /one ( ! turquoise ord]4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 h held ?is di% to be ( a glass pa/e1 on ! gr\nd ( ! m9ute bubbles on ! transluc5t edge2 b ! exi/5ce ( ^! bubbles is d5i$ by o!rs1 & ,i myself fail$ to discov] !m 7hgt4 ,,ii 947 7liii4 #abb74 ,i h dwelt 9 "s detail on ?is little-kn[n ,byzant9e glass at ,/4 ,m>k's1 = x is1 z a gr\p1 ( unique int]e/ = our hi/ory1 ?r[+ light on s _m obscure problems4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv ,,situla ,,( ,,late ,,roman ,,or ,,byzant9e ,,glass ,,diatretum ,,"w ,we may obta9 "s slight h9ts z to ! common] k9ds ( glass 9 use by ! ,byzant9e ,greeks f ! illu/rations ( contempor>y manuscripts4 ,i w give an in/ance ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,! ,evangeli/ :o on ! op5+ page is repres5t$ seat$ at 8 desk engag$ 9 writ+ 8 gospel1 dips 8 p5 into a little flask ( cle> glass1 ( cyl9drical body & /raight neck4 ,?is is a simple =m1 easily turn$ out by ! bl[+-tube1 )\t ! use ( ! pontil4 ,we may trace x all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 & a flask v simil> 9 %ape is /ill us$ 9 ! laboratory ( ! *emi/4 ,ap>t f ! m or less conv5tional r5d]+ ( ! human figure--& ?is is :at we usually ?9k ( 9 connection ) ,byzant9e pa9t+--we f9d two t5d5cies 9 ! m9or arts ( ! "t2 "o classical1 c>ry+ on ! old ,greco-,roman tradition1 ! o!r ,ori5tal 9 motive & feel+4 ,= m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s ! fronti]s ( ! ,roman & ,sassanian empires 7 cont9ually fluctuat+1 & 9 ?is bord] region1 :i* includ$ ,arm5ia1 ,georgia1 ,we/]n ,p]sia1 & ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates1 !re 7 at ?is "t _m fl\ri%+ c5tres ( indu/ry4 ,x 0 probably 9 "s ( ^! l&s1 r ?an 9 ,con/ant9ople itself1 t we may look = ! home ( ! s*ool ( c>v+ 9 rock cry/al & 9 glass t we associate vaguely ) ! ,l[] ,empire4#gb ,nor did ! ,arab conque/s ( ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies make at once any great *anges 9 ! arts ( ^! di/ricts4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ^! l&s probably t s _m ,ori5tal motives filt]$ ?r\gh to ! we/1 n only to ,con/ant9ople1 b to ! nor? & we/ coa/s ( ! ,black ,sea also1 & !nce ?r\gh ,pol& & ,hung>y to ,g]many4 ,n[h]e is ?is ,ori5tal influ5ce bett] se5 ?an 9 ! vases ( rock cry/al & o!r h>d /ones pres]v$ 9 ! treasuries ( our ,we/]n *ur*es1 nor c we sep>ate ^! vases f ! ev5 r>] objects c>v$ 9 glass4 ,! c>v+ on ! s-call$ ,h$wig glasses is1 z we %all see1 execut$ 9 an alli$ if some:at deg5]ate /yle2 "s ( ^! glasses c be trac$ back to ! bord]l&s ( ,pol&4 ,( ! glass 9 use among ! ,p]sians & ! o!r subjects ( ! ,sassanian empire 7:i* la/$ f ! end ( ! ?ird to ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury7 we "k practically no?+4 ,d\btless _m examples ( ,sassanian glass h be5 turn$ up dur+ ! gigantic explorations ar\nd ,n9eveh1 ,babylon1 & ,susa1 b till q lately little att5tion has be5 paid to objects ( s comp>atively late a date4 ,9 ! ,l\vre are "s fragm5ts ( glass lately br\ght f ,susa4 ,"o piece calls = m5tion "h4 ,?is is a l>ge fragm5t ( ?ick cle> glass :i* has =m$ ! half ( a %all[ circul> di%1 ab\t f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!re are "s eight or n9e %all[ circul> depressions cut out f ! sides1 ) a /ud ris+ 9 c\nt]-relief f ! c5tre ( ea*4 ,we are at once rem9d$ ( c]ta9 #8balance-pan' hang+ lamps 9 ! treasury at ,v5ice--9 fact1 ?is fragm5t f ,susa mu/ h =m$ "p ( a vessel almo/ id5tical ) ^!4 ,b our "o und\bt$ example ( ,sassanian glass =ms "p ( a b[l n[ 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale4 ,?is fam\s vessel 0 long pres]v$ 9 ! treasury ( ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,d5is2 z 9 ! case ( an enamell$ cup pres]v$ at ,*>tres1 x 0 claim$ = x t x _h be5 a pres5t f ,h>un-ar-,ra%id to ,*>lemagne4 ,! body ( ?is b[l consi/s ( a framework ( gold1 ! op5+s ( :i* are fill$ ) rosettes ( rock cry/al & glass4 ,! c5tral m$allion ( rock cry/al is c>v$ to repres5t a k+ seat$ on 8 ?rone2 = ?is reason ! vessel 0 =m]ly kn[n z ! #8,cup ( ,solomon4' ,! seat$ k+ has1 h[ev]1 n[ be5 id5tifi$ z ,khosroes ,,ii4 7,kosr\ ,p>viz71 "o ( ! la/ ( ! ,sassanian mon>*s 7#eij-fbh74 ,! rosettes ( glass & ! loz5ges betwe5 !m are :ite1 em]ald-gre51 & purple1 & ! col\rs are /ill brilliant4 ,m4 de ,longp]i]1 :o fir/ id5tifi$ ! subject ( ! c5tral m$allion1 has br\ght =w>d passages f e>ly ,arab writ]s 9 :i* m5tion is made ( glass dr9k+-cups 9 use 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,sassanian k+s4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 ( ! orig9 ( ! enamell$ glass ( ! ,s>ac5s--"o ( ! mo/ burn+ ones 9 ! hi/ory ( glass--receives no light f ?is qu>t]4 ,nor is ! problem mu* advanc$ if we turn to ,egypt to /udy ! int]e/+ middle p]iod betwe5 ! fir/ introduction ( ,*ri/ianity & ! ,mohamm$an conque/4 ,x is only q lately t ! exploration ( ,coptic tombs has ?r[n "s q unexpect$ light on ! culture ( ^! long-neglect$ c5turies4 ,n a little glass has be5 f\nd1 *iefly 9 fragm5ts1 & ( ^! ! date c only be inf]r$ f ! /yle ( ! decoration4 ,! use ( ?9 opaque #8pa9t$' enamels1 q diff]5t f ! brilliant jewel-l enamels ( ! ,s>ac5s1 seems to h be5 mu* 9 vogue 9 ,egypt at ?is "t4 ,:at has be5 f\nd is n v accessible s f>1 nor has mu* be5 done 9 ! way ( classification4 ,a small collection1 d]iv$ *iefly1 ,i ?9k1 f ! excavations at ,a*m9 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 has lately be5 pur*as$ by ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum 7f ,m4 ,ri*>d74 ,! little bottles ( v>i\s simple %apes call to m9d ^? pres]v$ 9 ! treasuries ( c]ta9 ,european *ur*es 7see above1 p4 #ii74 ,"o slim sp9dle-%ap$ vessel rem9ds "o a little ( ! vase ) ,greek inscription f\nd 9 ! ,s\?-,saxon cemet]y ne> ,wor?+ 7p4 #ajg74 ,among ! fragm5ts is "o delicately pa9t$ 9 ?9 enamels 9 ,egypto-,roman mann]--we see a fly+ bird & ! /alks & se$-vessels ( ! lotus2 o!rs are decorat$ ) entrelacs ( ,byzant9e "*1 also 9 a ?9 opaque enamel2 b on ! majority ( ^! fragm5ts ! subject & ! design are ?or\ghly ,s>ac5ic4 ,"s ribb$ b[ls 79 %ape id5tical ) ^? f ! lat] ,celtic tombs ( ,nor? ,italy7 h be5 add$ lately to ! ,briti% ,museum collection2 !y come f ,upp] ,egypt2 ! scroll-l decoration 9 a manganese br[n enamel is ( di/9ctly ,byzant9e "*4 ,?\gh ^! ribb$ b[ls may possibly be ( lat] date1 !y at any rate c>ry on ! tradition ( pre-,arab times4 ,^? :o h visit$ ! natron lakes ( ,l[] ,egypt 7?ree days' j\rney to ! s\?-we/ ( ,cairo71 decl>e t !re is evid5ce t ! br9e & ! sal9e deposits h be5 work$ m or less cont9u\sly f ,roman times4 ,! natron is /ill extract$ f ! lakes by ! fellah9 9 ! dry season4 ,! impure sub-c>bonate ( soda =ms a cake b5ea? ! coat+ ( common salt1 & lies also ^u ! gr\nd ar\nd4 ,ne> ! village ( ,zakook fragm5ts h be5 f\nd t po9t to ! exi/5ce ( glass-works 9 =m] days--?is is inde$ probably ! site ( ! t[n ( ,nitria4 ,a ,fr5* travell] ( ! eighte5? c5tury speaks ( see+ ne> "h #8trois v]r]ies ab&onnes' 7,voyages en gypte p> le ,sieur ,grang]1 #agde74 ,inde$ ! ru9s ( ?ree conical build+s are /ill to be se52 ! /ones are fus$ on ! edges1 & pl5tiful scori ( common gre5 glass lie ar\nd4 ,"s ( ! enamell$ lamps ( ,s>ac5ic /yle1 n[ s mu* priz$ by collectors1 may p]haps h come f mona/]ies 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 ,!re are besides ^! a few lamps 7z t f ,siti ,m>iam1 reproduc$ 9 ! late ,mr4 ,butl]'s ,coptic ,*ur*es ( ,egypt7 :i* are ( q a di/9ct "*4 ,^! lamps are set r\nd ) blue bosses & little plaques2 !re is1 h[ev]1 no gr\nd = attribut+ any great antiquity to su* "w4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,glass ,,f ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,& ,,franki% ,,tombs4 ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ,,h$wig ,,glasses ,we mu/ n[ turn to ! ,g]manic tribes ( ! nor?4 ,?anks to ! late conv]sion ( ^! tribes to ,*ri/ianity1 we h 9 ! objects f\nd 9 _! graves a comp>atively ri* /ore ( in=mation1 up to z late a date z ! six? & sev5? c5turies4 ,a few r>e specim5s ( glass ( an ess5tially ,byzant9e "* h be5 f\nd 9 ^! pagan cemet]ies4 ,! mo/ rem>kable1 p]haps1 is ! tall1 some:at sp9dle-%ap$ vase discov]$ 9 #ahid 9 a ,s\?-,saxon cemet]y at ! foot ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns1 "s five miles to ! we/ ( ,wor?+4#gc ,! design :i* encircles ! body ( ?is vase has be5 engrav$ some:at summ>ily ) ! :eel2 we see a h\nd pursu+ two h>es--=mal f]n-l fronds rise betwe54 ,! ,greek inscription r\nd ! top 9 l>ge lett]s is simil>ly cut2 ! expression may be reg>d$ z equival5t to ! ,lat9 ,ut]e felicit]--#8,may ! draught d y good6' ,9 ?is little vase we h p]haps ! late/ example ( classical glass ( sepul*ral orig94 ,! glass ( our ,anglo-,saxon ance/ors mu/ be consid]$ 9 connection ) t f\nd 9 ! graves ( k9dr$ tribes on ! ,cont95t4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ important are ! ,franki% p :o dwelt = "s "t be=e _! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity 9 ! di/rict betwe5 ! ,rh9e & ! ,ard5nes4 ,x is "h1 m especially 9 ! middle valley ( ! ,meuse1 ab\t ,namur & ,lige1 t ! mo/ important f9ds h be5 made2 ! m elaborate examples1 at any rate1 ( ?is ,franko-,saxon#gd glass 7 possibly manufactur$ 9 ?is di/rict4 ,n[ ! importance = u ( ?is glass f pagan cemet]ies lies 9 ! fact t 9 x we h ! late/ important & indep5d5t gr\p ( glass ( :i* any?+ is kn[n1 until we come to ! ,s>ac5ic enamell$ w>e ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 ,engl&1 inde$1 ! gap ext5ds to a mu* lat] p]iod2 b 9 ! case ( ,we/]n ,g]many !re is "s reason to believe t ! ,franki% fa%ions & traditions ( glass-mak+ 7 c>ri$ on )\t any break dur+ ! ,middle ,ages--t1 9 fact1 9 ?is e>ly m$ival glass may be f\nd a l9k betwe5 ! glass ( ,roman times & t 9 use 9 ! ,rh9e di/rict up to ! "t :5 ! influ5ce ( ! ,r5aissance fir/ ass]t$ itself4 ,9 ,s\!rn & ,we/]n ,france1 on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh ! glass-work]s may 9 places h c>ri$ on ! old work+s1 :at !y made 0 ( no arti/ic importance4 ,we h 9 ?is case no?+ equival5t to ! outcome ( ! r5ew$ int]e/ tak5 9 ! mat]ial by ! nor!rn *iefta9s--! v]re f\gre 0 a product ( ! woods & hea?s4 ,! ,ori5tal influ5ce--! di/+ui%+ feature 9 all ! glass ( :i* ,i h treat$ 9 ! la/ *apt]--is n s pron\nc$ 9 ! glass ( ! ,franko-,saxon peoples z 9 _! jewell]y & metal-"w4 ,9 ^! we f9d ! m>k ( influ5ces t _h _! s\rce 9 ! ,ea/ at two if n ?ree widely sep>at$ p]iods4 ,z = ! e>lie/ ( ^!1 x is n only pre-,roman b probably pre-,hell5ic3 its relations are r ) ,asiatic ?an classical l&s4 ,! broo*es & buckles inlaid ) g>nets1 & ! qua9t animal =ms ) :i* ! metal designs are built up1 take u back p]haps to an e>li] ,asiatic civilisation :i* is be/ repres5t$ 9 ! ,p]sia ( ,a*m5id times4#ge ,! second ( ^! p]iods ( ,ori5tal influ5ce is to be associat$ ) ! introduction ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,aga91 at a /ill lat] "t "s ( ! old] ,ori5tal motives crept 9 9 a modifi$ =m ) ! pagan ,danes & ev5 ) ! ,normans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv #a4 ,,beads ,,) ,,appliqu ,,decoration ,,greek ,,or ,,ph,,nician4 ,,ab\t ,,six? ,,c5tury4 ,b4,c4 #b4 ,,*evron ,,beads1 ,,=m$ ,,f ,,solid ,,rods ,,probably ,,v5etian #c1 #d #e4 ,,miscellane\s ,,beads1 ,,f ,,franki% ,,& ,,o!r ,,tombs ,,9 ,,rh9e ,,& ,,moselle ,,di/rict ,,e>ly ,,m$i,,val ,z f> z glass is conc]n$1 x is 9 ! beads t we see mo/ cle>ly ! return to ! old] fa%ions4 ,( ^! ,franko-,saxon beads ! ,briti% ,museum has a great /ore1 n only f ,engli% graves b f ^? ( ! ,franks & o!r ,g]manic tribes on ! ,cont95t4 ,n[ ^! beads diff] entirely f ^? f\nd 9 ,celtic & ,roman tombs4 ,( ^! la/1 ! dom9ant type--& we mu/ conf9e ourselves to ?is--is ( a turquoise or deep blue1 g5]ally m or less transp>5t1 & !y are (t5 longitud9ally ribb$4 ,9 a collection ( ,g]manic beads1 on ! o!r h&1 ! prevail+ col\rs are r$ & yell[1 ( o*ry t9ts2 !y are almo/ inv>iably q opaque1 & ! patt]ns are mo/ly built up on ! surface 9 a way t rem9ds u ( ! primitive glass ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean 7,plate ,,xv4 #c74 ,a h]r+-bone patt]n ( f9e l9es is v *>act]i/ic1 & ! delicacy ( ! designs on "s ( ! beads f ,allemanic graves 9 ,switz]l& & else:]e rivals t ( ! highly f9i%$ "w ( ! ,egyptians4 ,( ?is e>ly ,g]manic glass g5]ally1 we may say t ! greate/ int]e/ lies 9 ! types t dep>t mo/ f ! ,roman glass :i* prec$$ x1 & on :i* x is ( c\rse z a :ole f\nd$4 ,9 "s cases ! nor!rn influ5ce is only se5 9 a c]ta9 b>b>ic magnific5ce--z 9 ! examples f ,g]manic graves 9 ,italy1 lately add$ to ! collection 9 ! ,glass ,room at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,"h we see = ! fir/ "t ! dr9k+-horn ( ! nor?2 ?is f9e specim51 trumpet-end$ & flut$ ) long gadroons1 is ( a deep blue glass w\nd r\nd ) :ite ?reads4 ,( simil> orig9 is ! rhyton1 ( m\ld$ glass ( a ri* amb] col\r1 :i* lies beside x4 ,x may be not$ t ?is =m too1 9 spite ( its classical associations1 0 orig9ally1 z ! "n implies1 d]iv$ f ! horn ( "s animal4 ,x is n impossible t ^! vessels 7 made by local ,italian glass-work]s to ! ord] ( ! b>b>ians1 on ! occasion ( ! burial ( "o ( _! lead]s4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 only local accid5tal f9ds4 ,) ! glass us$ by1 or at lea/ buri$ ) ! bodies (1 our ,anglo-,saxon ance/ors dur+ ! two c5turies t foll[$ _! arrival 9 ,engl&1 we h a fairly intimate acqua9tance2 z ,i h said1 x diff]s little f ! contempor>y or 9 "s cases r e>li] ,franki% glass ( ! ,rh9e1 ,moselle1 & ,meuse di/ricts4 ,t glass 0 made 9 ! s\? ( ,brita9 9 ,roman times !re is e reason to believe1 & we look 9 ,k5t = ! mo/ probable place = its manufacture1 some:]e1 p]haps1 n f> f ! e/u>y ( ! ,m$way 7cf4 p4 #hf74 ,x is ! ,k5ti% graves aga9 t h yield$ ! l>ge/ quantity ( ,anglo-,saxon glass1 z well z ! greate/ v>ieties ( =ms4 ,x is noticeable1 h[ev]1 t specim5s ( :at is ! mo/ rem>kable & *>act]i/ic type ( ,anglo-,saxon glass h be5 f\nd 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,i ref] ( c\rse to ! horns & conical cups decorat$ ) long p5dul\s lobes or #8prunts4' ,^! dr9k+-cups h be5 f\nd1 ap>t f ! ,k5ti% examples1 9 ,durham1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,hamp%ire1 ,cambridge%ire1 & 9 ! upp] ,?ames valley4 ,individual prunts 7^! #8?orn$ bosses' are m sub/antial ?an ! ?9 surr\nd+ glass7 h occasionally turn$ up 9 excavations 9 ,london & else:]e4 ,abroad1 precisely simil> vessels h be5 tak5 f ,franki% graves 9 ! ,rh9e prov9ces4 ,x is m rem>kable t sev]al cups s ornam5t$ h be5 f\nd 9 ,illyria1 9 ! ,n>5ta ,valley4 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,evans traces ^! #8?orn-boss$ beak]s' to ! graves ( ,o/rogo?ic *iefs1 & ?9ks t _! fragility may be tak5 z a pro( ( local manufacture 7,ar*ologia1 vol4 xlviii4 pp4 #ge-hd74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! high te*nical skill requir$ 9 ! bl[+ ( su* glasses has l$ mo/ antiqu>ies to reg>d our ,engli% examples z ( ,cont95tal orig91 n improbably f ! ,rh9e or ,meuse c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi ,,prunt$ ,,beak]1 ,,f ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,burial ,,m\nd ,,tapl[ ,mr4 ,h>t%orne 7,old ,engli% ,glasses1 p4 #aai7 has attempt$ to recon/itute ! /eps by :i* ^! #8?orn-boss$ beak]s' 7 made4 ,he ?9ks t aft] ! vessel _h be5 bl[n f a #8ga!r+1' lumps ( molt5 glass 7 appli$ "o by "o to ! sides4 #8,! hot liquid metal act+ ^u ! ?9 cool$ sides ( ! object caus$ x to give way successively at ! po9ts ( atta*m5t "u r5ew$ pressure by bl[+4 ,! concavities ?us =m$ ext5d$ into ! bodies ( ! prunts1 ! project+ po9ts ( :i*1 be+ seiz$ by ! pucella1 7 rapidly drawn =w>d to a tail & atta*$ to ! outside ( ! glass l[] d[n1' ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 be=e ! vessel _h be5 remov$ f ! bl[+-iron1 & ,mr4 ,h>t%orne f9ds 9 ?is fact a reason = ! prunts 9 ?is e>ly glass always droop+ d[nw>ds1 :ile ! some:at simil> /a*elnupp51 or #8blobs1' on sixte5?- & sev5te5?-c5tury ,g]man glasses1 add$ z !y 7 aft] ! transf]5ce ( ! vessel to ! pontil1 inv>iably po9t upw>ds4 #8,! :ole ( ! p5dant lobes1' cont9ues ,mr4 ,h>t%orne1 #8hav+ be5 ?us put on & quill$ & ornam5t$1 z "s examples %[1 ! pontil 0 atta*$ to ! base1 ! bl[+-iron wett$ (f ! o!r end1 & ! clos$ bulb be+ s(t5$ at ! m\? ( ! pot1 pres5tly became an op5 cup2 ! m\? ( ! glass 0 n[ %e>$1 wid5$1 & f9i%$1 ! /r++ ( ! upp] end ( ! vase usually =m+ "p ( ! f9al op]ation4' ,! tall conical cup ( olive-gre5 glass 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 f\nd a few ye>s ago ) s _m f9e specim5s ( ,anglo-,saxon metal-"w & inlaid jewell]y1 9 a tumulus op5$ by ,mr4 ,gr5fell1 at ,tapl[ on ! ,?ames1 may be tak5 z an example 9 :i* ^! processes may be foll[$ 7,pl4 ,,xvi474 ,! quill+ or too?+ along ! side ( ! prunts is v simil> to t (t5 se5 at ! po9t ( atta*m5t ( ! h&le on ,roman vases4#gf ,n[ ^! prunt$ beak]s are ( int]e/ = two reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we _c f9d any ,roman prototype = ! long droop+ te>s ( glass4 ,aga91 ! fact ( ! wide di/ribution ( almo/ id5tical pieces w\ld po9t to ! necessity ( ?r[+ back ! date ( orig9 = "s consid]able "t4 ,b at :at po9t 9 _! w&]+s did ^! ,g]manic tribes acquire ?is rem>kable skill 9 ! h&l+ ( glass8 ,! fact t ^! processes 7 kn[n to ! ,o/rogo?s 9 ! fif? or six? c5tury makes an ,ori5tal orig9 = ?is sy/em ( decoration n unlikely4 ,9 any case1 ?is type ( prunt$ surface seems to h _h a special attraction = ! ,g]manic peoples1 = we c h>dly d\bt t f ^! old ?orn-boss$ beak]s & horns1 by cont9u\s tradition1 ! /a*elnupp5 on ! kraut/runk & ! roem] ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7 d]iv$4 ,mu* m num]\s 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon tombs are--#a/1 ! little bottles ( simple =m (t5 /r+$ spirally r\nd ! neck 7or 9 o!r cases ! /r++ may be appli$ to =m rude gadroons & o!r patt]ns on ! body72 & #bnd1 ! small wide-m\!d & footless cups1 (t5 ( bell-l section4 ,^! 7 held 9 ! palm ( ! h& :ile dr9k+1 z we may see 9 contempor>y manuscripts & p]haps 9 ! ,bayeux tape/ry4#gg ,!y are true tumbl]s 9 ! orig9al s5se ( ! ^w1 9 t !y h no foot & w n /& upright4 ,a v simil> =m is common 9 ,m]ov+ian graves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii ,,dr9k+ ,,cups ,,f ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,graves ,! tall1 conical1 trumpet-%ap$ cups are (t5 c>efully made & ( consid]able arti/ic m]it 7,plate ,,xvii472 ! sides are sometimes gadroon$ & flut$1 & ?read+s ( glass ( v>i\s col\rs are appli$ to !m4 ,on a f9e specim5 f\nd 9 ! cemet]y ( ! ,s\? ,saxons ne> ,wor?+1 ! /r++ has be5 #8dragg$' to =m graceful fe/oons or *evrons1 call+ to m9d ! patt]ns on ! primitive glass ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,! simpl] =ms--! little bottles & cups--may well h be5 made 9 "s ( our s\!rn c\nties1 p]haps 9 ! v glass-h\ses ab&on$ by ! ,romans2 at any rate 9 ,k5t1 ! ,juti% graves f :i* s mu* ( ?is glass has be5 d]iv$ are1 z ,i h said1 intimately associat$ ) ! e>li] ,romano-,briti% cemet]ies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = ! nor? ( ,engl&1 we h ! di/9ct /atem5t made by ,b$e1 9 8 ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica1 t at ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury ! glass-work]s :o 7 br\ght ov] f ,gaul taught to ! natives n only ! mak+ ( glass = w9d[s1 b also ( glass #8= ! lamps 9 use 9 ! *ur*1 & = vessels = o!r v>i\s & n ignoble uses4' ,s aga9 a little lat]1 9 ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ,cu?b]t ( ,j>r[1 writ+ ?is "t to ! ,bi%op ( ,ma9z1 says3 #8,if y h any man 9 y\r diocese :o is skilful 9 ! mak+ ( glass1 ,i pray y s5d him to me1 444 see+ t ( t art we are ignorant & )\t res\rce4' ,t at ?is lat] p]iod ,cu?b]t %\ld h _h to s5d all ! way to ,ma9z is1 ,i ?9k1 a po9t ( "s significance4 ,! ensu+ c5turies are ! mo/ b>r5 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( glass4 ,we "k t 9 ,france ! glass-work]s return$ to ! woods to manufacture 9 l>ge quantities ! v]re f\gre--common glass = dome/ic use1 :i* does n seem to h come into any close relation ) ! arti/ic movem5ts ( ! "t4 ,"h be=e long all int]e/ 0 c5tr$ 9 ! manufacture ( /a9$ glass = ! w9d[s ( ! *ur*es1 & ?is art became ( supreme importance ) ! rapid developm5t ( ! new ar*itecture 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,:e!r we 9 ,engl& at s e>ly a date manufactur$ glass to any ext5t on ei!r ( ^! l9es is1 ,i am afraid1 /ill a disput$ po9t4 ,x 0 9 ,g]many1 & especially 9 ! int]m$iate tract t = a "t exi/$ z an indep5d5t k+dom--9 ,lo?>+ia1 ,i mean--t ! old traditions seem to h held _! gr\nd mo/ firmly4 ,to ,g]many f "t to "t dur+ ! ,middle ,ages came new waves ( influ5ce f ! ,ea/1 by v>i\s & sometimes v circuit\s pa?s1--9 ,*>lemagne's "t by way ( ,rav5na & ,rome1 m directly f ,con/ant9ople 9 ! t5? c5tury1 :5 ,otto ! ,great m>ri$ 8 son to ! gr&-daught] ( ! ,greek ,emp]or4 ,ab\t ! same "t we he> ( ,greek craftsm5 at "w 9 ,g]man mona/]ies1 z at ,rei*5au on ! l[] ,lake ( ,con/ance1 :]e1 by ! way1 a great slab ( blui%-gre5 glass1 traditionally ( ,byzant9e orig91 is /ill pres]v$4#gh ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii ,,glass ,,cup1 ,,c>v$ ,,9 ,,high ,,relief ,,g]man ,,or ,,ori5tal4 ,,twelf? ,,or ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury ,b x 0 probably by m remote pa?s1 ?r\gh ,pol& & o!r ,slavonic l&s to ! ea/1#gi t ! designs on ! only specim5s ( m$ival glass /ill exi/+ 9 ,g]many t %[ di/9ctly ori5tal motives#hj--;if inde$ ! glasses are n !mselves ,ori5tal--f\nd _! way we/w>d4 ,i ref] to ! r>e c>v$ goblets1 ab\t :i* s mu* has be5 writt5 9 ,g]many4 ,! glass ( ^! little cyl9drical cups--!y v>y 9 height f ?ree to five in*es--is ( a yell[i%-gre5 or br[ni% t9t1 at times inde$ ne>ly col\rless2 x conta9s _m bubbles4 ,^! s-call$ ,h$wig glasses are c>v$ 9 high relief on ! outside3 z _m z n9e examples h be5 describ$ by ,von ,czihak 7,s*lesis*e ,gls]1 p4 #ahd seq471 b ( ^! only two c 9 any way be br\ght into connection ) ,/4 ,h$wig4#ha ,! c>v+ ^u ^! glasses is deeply cut1 b excessively rude4 ,!y be> ! m>k ( a l>ge co>se :eel1 appli$ = ! mo/ "p 9 two directions m or less at "r angles to "o ano!r1 & little attempt has be5 made to r\nd (f ! edges & angles4 ,we see 9 ! decoration--figures ( lions1 griff9s or eagles1 z well z =mal leaf-l patt]ns--motives t are ess5tially ,ori5tal2 inde$ we are tak5 back r to ! ,p]sia ( ,sassanian times ?an to ,con/ant9ople4 ,:at is above all noticeable is ! extreme deg5]acy ( ^! motives2 on "s examples1 z on ! ,halb]/adt glass1 ! design has become a mean+less patt]n4 ,?is1 z 9 ! case ( o!r simil> break+s up ( design1#hb w\ld po9t to ! copy+ & recopy+ by a semi-b>b>\s p ( a subject ! orig9al significance ( :i* _h be5 lo/4 ,9 any case1 we may see 9 ^! little beak]s ! la/ examples ( a dy+ art4 ,"s ( !m may be trac$ back1 on ! gr\nd ( _! m\nt+1 to ! f\rte5?1 p]haps to ! ?irte5?1 c5tury1 b ! glasses !mselves may well be consid]ably old]4 ,! important po9t to rememb] is t dur+ ! lat] ,middle ,ages ! c>v+ ( glass 0 q unkn[n 9 ,europe1 & t ! art ( employ+ ! lapid>y's :eel z a cutt+ in/rum5t appe>s to h be5 lo/4 ,inde$ we d n meet ) c>v$ glass aga9 9 any =m until ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & !n ! rapid developm5t ( ! art by ! ,lehmanns & ! ,s*wanh>ts at ,prague is ackn[l$g$ to h dep5d$ ^u te*nical processes le>n$ f ,italian c>v]s ( rock cry/al4 ,i w n[ enum]ate ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ^! c>v$ glasses1 bas+ my description 9 "p ^u ! c>eful acc\nt giv5 by ,von ,czihak 9 8 ,s*lesis*e ,gls]4 #a4 ,9 ! ,museum ( ,silesian ,antiquities at ,breslau4 ,! design consi/s ( a vase1 surm\nt$ by a cresc5t & />2 on ei!r side h]aldic lions1 ea* surm\nt$ by a small ?ree-corn]$ %ield1 beyond !m a conv5tionalis$ tree2 ! :ole mo/ rudely cut4 7,figur$ by ,von ,czihak47 #b4 ,9 ! treasury ( ! ,ca!dral at ,crac[4 ,lions & %ields z above1 & eagle #8display$4' ,x is claim$ = ^! two glasses t !y 7 us$ by ,/4 ,h$wig4 #c4 ,9 ! ,g]manic ,museum at ,nuremb]g4 ,two lions #8passant' 9 ! same direction2 small %ields z above & a griff9 7,plate ,,xviii474 #d4 ,9 ! ,rijks ,museum at ,am/]dam4 ,eagle #8display$1' two lions & triangul> %ields4 ,?is glass 0 =m]ly an heirloom 9 ! ,nassau-,orange family4 ,on ! base is engrav$ #8,alsz diesz glas w> alt taus5d ,jahr1 es ,pfalzgraff ,ludwig ,philipsz5 ,w]ehret w>--#afdc4' 7,figur$ by ,h>t%orne & by ,g>ni]47 ,! above f\r examples closely resemble "o ano!r2 9 ea* case ! design is reliev$ ^u a scallop$ back1 some?+ l ! l95-fold ( late ,go?ic wood-panell+4 #e4 ,9 ! ,ca!dral treasury at ,m9d54 ,! glass is ( a pale honey t9t4 ,! design is =m$ ( a lion ) a %ield conta9+ a triangle1 an eagle display$ & a #8tree ( life1' some:at simil> to t on ,no4 #a4 ,! elem5ts ( ! design are arrang$ /iffly ) a wide field betwe54 7,figur$ by ,von ,czihak47 #f4 ,=m]ly 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,halb]/adt1 n[ 9 ,b]l91 9 private h&s4 ,( gre5i% glass1 only ?ree & a half in*es 9 height4 ,design--two lions & triangul> %ield4 #g4 ,9 ! ,ca!dral ,treasury at ,halb]/adt4 ,! design on ?is little glass has deg5]at$ into a mean+less juxtaposition ( bosses1 b>s1 & frett$ b&s4 7,figur$ by ,von ,czihak47 ,?is appe>s to exhau/ ! li/ ( ^! little c>v$ glass beak]s4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k's t c di/9ctly be class$ ) !m2 on ! o!r h&1 ! #8voirre taille d'un esgle1 d'un griffon et d'une d\ble c\ronne1' m5tion$ 9 ! inv5tory ( ! possessions ( ,*>les ! ,bold ( ,burgundy1 may well h be5 a cup ( ?is class 7,laborde1 ,les ,ducs de ,b\rgogne1 ii4 ,no4 #bgec74 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,m$i,,val ,,treatises ,,on ,,glass ,9 a g5]al way1 x may be said ( ! ,ori5tal glass t p5etrat$ into ,europe 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 t ! type is giv5 by c>v+s 9 rock cry/al4 ,we c po9t to no example ( sculptur$ glass t c be comp>$ to ! magnific5t vases c>v$ out ( t m9]al t we may see 9 ! ,l\vre or 9 ! treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k's4 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to place ! di/rict :]e ?is bran* ( glyptic art fl\ri%$1 :e!r we consid] works ( rock cry/al or ( glass1 some:]e 9 :at may be call$ ,upp] ,we/]n ,asia--9 ,arm5ia1 ,georgia1 or ,we/]n ,p]sia--& to ref] _m ( ! extant examples to a date r be=e ?an aft] ! ,arab conque/4 ,b all ?is1 ( c\rse1 is pure conjecture4 ,( q ano!r type 0 ! glass made1 x w\ld seem )\t int]ruption dur+ all ?is p]iod1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,syria4 ,! indu/ry appe>s by ?is "t to h pass$ 9 great measure into ! h&s ( ! ,jews4 ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela 9 ! twelf? c5tury f\nd ,jewi% glass-mak]s at ,antio* & at ,tyre4 ,x 0 !y1 app>5tly1 :o c>ri$ on ! old traditions 9 ! manufacture ( artificial pa/es1 col\r$ to imitate preci\s /ones4 ,! fusible glass conta9+ lead ( :i* su* pa/es 7 made _h inde$ be5 f an e>ly date associat$ ) ! ,jews--#8,vitrum plumbeum1 ,judum scilicet1' says ,h]aclius4 ,! dem& = su* "w mu/ h increas$ imm5sely ) ! prevail+ fa%ion ( incru/+ reliqu>ies1 ! cov]s ( books1 & v>i\s p]sonal ornam5ts ) l>ge col\r$ jewels1 real or false 7g5]ally ! latt]71 cut en cabo*on4 ,x is *iefly 9 connection ) su* "w t !re arose a curi\s lit]ature1 if t t]m may be us$ = ! b>b>\s treatises 9 "q4 ,already 9 ,roman times we he> ( writ+s t describe ! manufacture ( artificial gems3 ,pl9y says t he purposely ab/a9s f m5tion+ ! names ( ^! works--he w\ld n help to spread s objectionable an indu/ry4 ,b at t "t & ev5 lat] x 0 9 ,egypt t treatises ( ! k9d *iefly orig9at$4 ,! my/]ies ( glass-mak+ 7 !re e>ly associat$ ) m dang]\s arts4 ,x is ma9ly to writ]s on magic--:ite or ev5 black--& to ^? on al*emy t we mu/ turn to f9d ! e>lie/ examples ( ^? /range recipes = ! manufacture1 & especially ! col\r+1 ( glass1 ( :i* ,i %all h m to say lat] on4 ,?is connection betwe5 ! arts ( ! glass-mak] & ( ! al*emi/ arose f _m causes1 "s ( !m obscure4 ,= example1 ! vessels us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ! al*emi/s 7 f an e>ly date made ( glass4 ,aga91 ! /range *anges ( col\r obs]v$ :5 glass 0 /a9$ by copp] or by gold 7 reg>d$ z /eps to ! great discov]y itself4 ,s t f ! days ( ! ,ptolemies 9 ,egypt1 if n f an e>li] date1 d[n to ! "t ( ! ,g]man al*emi/s & ,rosicrucians ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 we f9d along ) ! grotesque & cryptic =mulas = ! prep>ation ( gold an almo/ cont9u\s *a9 ( recipes1 equally absurd = ! mo/ "p1 = ! col\r+ ( glass4 ,9 addition to ?is1 _m ( ^! treatises1 al?\gh pr(ess+ to deal ) ! g5]al problem ( ! transmutation ( matt]1 are 9 reality conc]n$ ) ! m practical que/ions ( mak+ plausible imitations ( gold1 silv]1 & preci\s /ones--!y are1 9 fact1 h&books = ! fraudul5t goldsmi?4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! e>lie/ example ( ! class t has come d[n to u1 ! fam\s papyrus ( ,leyd51 :i* alone has surviv$ ! de/ruction t ! ,roman law aga9 & aga9 attempt$ to en=ce 9 ! case ( all books ( magic4 ,m4 ,b]!lot1 :om ,i foll[ = ^! e>ly writ]s1#hc calls ?is papyrus ! work+ notes ( an #8artisan faussaire et d'un magici5 *>latan4' ,?is little "w1 f\nd long ago at ,!bes1 is a ,greek manuscript ( ! ?ird c5tury2 x conta9s1 h[ev]1 little or no?+ ab\t glass1 & is ( int]e/ m]ely z an e>ly specim5 ( ?is class ( composition4 ,o!r ,greek treatises ( a simil> "*1 :i* are ei!r lo/ or survive only 9 extracts or translations1 are attribut$ to ,zosimus1 a writ] ( ! ?ird c5tury1 :o _h a section on glass2 to ,synesius1 a ,cyr5aic bi%op 7#djj ,a4,d471 m>ri$1 & half a pagan2 & to ,olympiodorus1 a prie/ ( ,isis1 :o 9 ! six? c5tury kept up "s ( ! ,hell5ic traditions4 ,! late ,byzant9e s*olia/s drew up summ>ies ( ^! treatises & ( _m o!rs2 an important manuscript ( ?is class at ,v5ice gives a li/ ( fifty-two su* works4 ,b ^! ,byzant9e summ>ies are ( little value to u2 all grip ( fact is completely lo/ 9 ! my/ical j>gon ( ! s*ool4 ,( mu* great] int]e/ are ! _m s]ies ( practical =mulas writt5 9 ,lat91 beg9n+ ) ! ,compositiones ad ,t+5da1 kn[n to u f a manuscript ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,"h we f9d a section ^u ! col\r+ ( artificial /ones1 _! gild+ & poli%+1 & ^u ! col\r+ ( glass g5]ally--h[ x is r5d]$ milky by means ( t91 r$ by c9nab> 7871 by li?>ge 7871 & by a sub/ance call$ calcocecaum5on1 ! latt] ^w d\btless a corruption ( ! ,greek equival5t ( ! s /um1 or burnt bronze1 ! well-kn[n m$ival s\rce ( an opaque r$4 ,fur!r on recipes are giv5 = o!r col\rs to be appli$ z v>ni%es4 ,!re is also a *apt] on ! mak+ ( glass & "s summ>y acc\nt ( glass-furnaces1 int]e/+ solely z ! e>lie/ example ( ! _m su* descriptions t h come d[n to u4 ,9 fact1 all ^! writ]s copi$ "o f ! o!r1 summ>is+ or amplify+4 ,! same recipes1 m or less intellig5tly express$1 turn up aga9 & aga93 we c trace !m 9 ,!ophilus1 & ev5 9 su* comp>atively mod]n writ]s z ,n]i & ,kunckel4 ,a lat] treatise1 ! ,mapp clavicula 7n9? or t5? c5tury71 foll[s closely ^u ! ,compositiones4 ,z reg>ds glass1 we f9d head+s--= t is un=tunately all t rema9s ( ?is section--on unbreakable glass1 on ! sold]+ ( glass1 on ! art ( trac+ trees & fruits ( all k9ds ^u a flask1 on an indelible mann] ( pa9t+ on glass1 & f9ally1 ?ree sections on ! fabrication ( pe>ls4 ,i h already discuss$ "o ( ! recipes ( ,h]aclius 7or ,eraclius7 :5 describ+ ! cemet]y glasses4 ,all t we "k ( ?is writ] is t he 0 a monk1 & t he probably wrote 9 ,rome1 n lat] ?an ! t5? c5tury4 ,! tw5ty-"o little sections t make up 8 two books are writt5 9 hexamet]s1 & treat ( ,! ,col\rs & ,arts ( ! ,romans4 ,a ?ird & mu* l>g] book 9 prose1 t is f\nd 9 "s manuscripts1 is ( a consid]ably lat] date & ( q a diff]5t nature4#hd ,i w n[ briefly summ>ise :at ! true ,h]aclius has to say ab\t glass 9 8 two metrical books4 ,9 ! ?ird section we are told t e>!nw>e may be glaz$ ) a prep>ation ( p\nd$ ,roman glass1 mix$ ) wat] & gum & !n c>efully refir$4 ,! f\r? section--,de ,sculptur ,vitri--describes a me?od by :i* glass may be fir/ s(t5$ by sme>+ x ) a mixture ( fat worms & v9eg>1 spr9kl$ ov] ) ! blood ( a fa/+ goat t _h be5 f$ ) ivy2 ! glass may !n be cut ) a h>d /one call$ pirites4 ,?is association ( goat's blood & ivy occurs m ?an once 9 ! old recipes2 = ^! /range +r$i5ts !re may h be5 orig9ally a cryptic int]pretation1 b we %\ld p]haps r take ! pret5d$ necessity ( _! employm5t z a sign t ! art ( cutt+ glass _h be5 lo/4 ,!n 9 section v4 foll[s ! acc\nt ( ! writ]'s attempt at imitat+ ! gilt glass ( ! catacombs1 :i* ,i h already analys$ 7p4 #ib74 ,! description ( ! mann] ( cutt+ 7sec>i7 ! cri/allum 9 section xii4 is m practical2 we are told ( a plate ( lead m\nt$ on iron1 ov] :i* a c]ta9 h>d p[d] is spr9kl$4 ,b "h1 too1 ! virtue ( goat's blood is n =gott52 by its means ! diamond may be made to yield to iron4 ,9 section xiv4 a process is describ$ by :i* ,roman glass may be melt$ & ca/ into m\lds ( *alk to =m #8fair %9+ gems4' ,h]aclius has be5 call$ an ignorant quack1 b he well repres5ts ! views ( 8 "t4 ,comp>$ ) him1 ,!ophilus1 :o wrote 9 ! nor? ( ,g]many "s hundr$ or two hundr$ ye>s lat]1 seems almo/ a mod]n4 ,m important to u ?an any ( ^! ,we/]n s\rces ( in=mation be=e ! "t ( ,!ophilus1 are c]ta9 ,syriac manuscripts pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & at ,cambridge4 ,= our k ( ! cont5ts ( ^! ,i am aga9 indebt$ to ,m4 ,b]!lot 7,la ,*imie au ,moy5 ,age1 vol4 ii474 ,9 ! six? & sev5? c5turies ,syria _h tak5 a comm&+ position1 bo? comm]cially & arti/ically4 ,! trade betwe5 ! we/ & ! ea/1 :5 n int]rupt$ by ! w>s betwe5 ! ,greeks & ! ,sassanians1 pass$ ?r\gh ,antio*1 & aft] ! ,arab conque/ ! seat ( ! ,caliphs 0 = a "t at ,damascus1 a ,syrian t[n4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( glass1 f ! v e>lie/ times d[n to ! ,middle ,ages1 ,syria1 z repres5t$ by ! coa/ t[ns at lea/1 has vi$ ) ,egypt = ! premi] position2 ! two c\ntries h always be5 closely connect$1 & at m ?an "o "t !y 7 "u ! same rul]4 ,:5 we come to /udy ! glori\s ,s>ac5ic glass ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 we %all f9d t ,syria has p]haps a bett] claim ?an ,egypt to be reg>d$ z ! orig9al seat ( ! manufacture4 ,^! ,syriac & ,arabo-,syriac manuscripts 7! lat] sections are *iefly 9 ,arabic7 =m "p ( ! mat]ial f :i* ! ,arabs le>n$ ! arts ( ! ,greeks4 ,!y claim = ! mo/ "p to be translations f ,greek1 above all ,alex&rian ,greek1 writ]s1 f ,zosimus & especially f ! pseudo-,democritus4 ,!y deal ) al*emy1 t is to say ) #8appli$ *emi/ry' & ! subsidi>y arts4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 m ( local k & practical exp]i5ce 9 !m ?an appe>s at fir/ sight1 or ?an ,m4 ,b]!lot seems to all[3 x 0 ! fa%ion !n to sail "u ! col\rs ( ! great m5 ( old4 ,beside "s scatt]$ ref]5ces to ! subject 9 o!r places1 we f9d 9 ! ?irte5? section ( ! second "p ( ! ,briti% ,museum manuscript a *apt] devot$ entirely to glass--x c h>dly be e>li] ?an ! n9? c5tury4 ,to make glass1 we are told1 add t5 p>ts ( alkali to t5 ( s&1 grill ! mixture 9 an ov5 till x is #8clean z pure wool4' ,"h we h ! prelim9>y fritt+ describ$4 ,heat 9 a crucible till ! sub/ance c be drawn out l gum1 #8!n make ( x :at y w--cups1 bottles1 boxes--z ! ,"l may p]mit4' ,if ! vessels ?us made t5d to split dur+ ! manufacture1 #8lay ^u !m a ?read ( melt$ glass4 ,%ape ! head & o!r p>ts1 !n put back ! vessels 9 ! furnace to reheat1 & )draw !m gradually t is to say1 anneal ! glass c>efully z a f9al process4444 ,if y wi% ! glass to be :ite1 ?r[ 9 "s female magnesia i4e4 oxide ( manganese1 see p4 #gg1 if blue1 add f\r mi?gals ( burnt antimony4' ,! me?od ( #8cleans+' glass by means ( manganese _h d\btless be5 h&$ d[n f ,roman times1 & ! #8burnt antimony' is probably to be int]pret$ z a roa/$ ore ( cobalt4 ,= produc+ o!r col\rs1 m5tion is made ( v>i\s sub/ances1 b ,i am unable to give any reasonable int]pretation ( ?is "p2 we he> ( t91 lead1 & borax--! prep>ation ( a fusible enamel w\ld seem to be impli$4 ,f9ally1 we are told--#8,d :at is to be done1 accord+ to ! w ( ! ,"l ,sabao?6' ,!re foll[s on ?is :at is p]haps ! e>lie/ extant description ( a glass furnace4 #8,! furnace ( ! glass-mak]s %\ld h six comp>tm5ts1 ( :i* ?ree are dispos$ 9 /ories "o above ! o!r4444 ,! l[] comp>tm5t %\ld be deep1 9 x is ! fire2 t ( ! middle /ory has an op5+ 9 front ( ! c5tral *amb]s--^! la/ %\ld be equal1 dispos$ on ! sides & n 9 ! c5tre 7871 s t ! fire f bel[ may rise t[>ds ! c5tral region :]e ! glass is & heat & melt ! mat]ials4 ,! upp] comp>tm5t1 :i* is vault$1 is arrang$ s z uni=mly to ro( ov] ! middle /ory2 x is us$ to cool ! vessels aft] _! manufacture4'#he ,we h also ! description ( a small] furnace1 :i* is p]haps t 9 :i* ! m fusible glass = enamels & m9or objects ( v]rot]ie 0 melt$4 ,f9ally1 an ov5 ) a floor ( brick-e>? is m5tion$1 = fritt+ ! s& & alkali4 ,9 spite ( mu* t is obscure 9 ?is description1 we c trace 9 x ! g5]al type ( furnace :i*1 d\btless h&$ d[n f ,roman times1 has surviv$ 9 places ) few important *anges to ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix ,,m$i,,val ,,glass ,,furnace ,,f ,,an ,,illum9at$ ,,manuscript ,,( ,,rabanus ,,maurus ,& "h ,i may call att5tion to a contempor>y draw+ ( a m$ival glass furnace--a s\rce ( in=mation z unique z x is unexpect$4 ,?is is to be f\nd 9 a manuscript ( an encyclopdic "w1 ,de ,orig9ibus ,r]um1 compil$ by ,rabanus ,maurus1 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! s*oolm54 ,rabanus liv$ 9 ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]y ( ,fulda1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,! manuscript 9 "q1 :i* is attribut$ to ! ye> #ajbc1 has be5 c>efully reproduc$ by ! monks ( ,monte ,cass9o :]e x is pres]v$4 ,! full-pag$ m9iature is to be f\nd 9 a *apt] head$ ,de ,vitro2 ,i c1 h[ev]1 discov] no?+ 9 ! text t ?r[s any light on our subject4 ,9 ! illu/ration we see to ! left a ne>ly nak$ workman :o holds a mass ( "s gre5 mat]ial1 p]haps ! frit2 ano!r man is bl[+ ?r\gh a tube :at is probably meant = ! unf9i%$ cup2 to ! left a *alice-l vessel1 p]haps ! model1 is depict$4 ,notice1 too1 9 ! p$im5t ( ! ro( 7probably to be reg>d$ z ! anneal+ ov57 a cup ) a knob = /em1 & hemisph]ical foot4 ,cups ( a simil> =m1 app>5tly 9 ^! cases ( metal1 are f\nd 9 o!r illu/rations ( ! manuscript 7,plate ,,xix474 ,m4 ,b]!lot has reproduc$ 9 8 e>li] "w 7,la ,*imie des ,anci5s7 sev]al r\gh p5-sket*es ( ! app>atus us$ by ! m$ival al*emi/s1 tak5 f ! ,/4 ,m>k's manuscript m5tion$ above4 ,^! draw+s help u 9 a measure to und]/& ! important place tak5 by glass vessels ( v>i\s =ms 9 ! rese>*es ( ^! e>ly exp]im5tal work]s4 ,/ill m int]e/+ are ! illu/rations 9 ! ,syriac manuscript f :i* ,i h j quot$2 9 ^!1 ! mod]n *emi/ may recognise _m famili> =ms4 ,! glass vessels h *iefly ref]5ce to processes ( di/illation4 ,! mo/ important is ! alembic1 a =m easily made2 ! neck ( a long p5dul\s p>aison has only to be heat$ on "o side ne> ! base1 :5 x falls ov] ( itself to assume ! well-kn[n %ape4 ,we see also flasks1 /&+ 9 wat] or s& ba?s1 )9 :i* v>i\s sub/ances are dige/+2 9 o!r cases ! cont5ts are volatilis+ into ! turban-%ap$ aludels plac$ above !m4#hf ,b 9 all ?is /range lit]ature1 :i*1 />t+ f ! banks ( ! ,nile 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( our era1 spread ov] ! ,byzant9e empire & 0 s eag]ly absorb$ by ! fir/ ,arab conqu]ors1 ! int]e/ 9 glass is only ( a second>y nature1--! great "q 0 ! transmutation ( matt] & ! consequ5t prep>ation ( gold4 ,glass1 z ,i h said1 0 ( importance *iefly z a means to t end4 ,x 0 f> o!rwise ) ! writ] ^: "w we mu/ n[ exam9e4 ,!ophilus1 ! au?or ( ! ,s*$ula ,div]s>um ,artium1 01 x w\ld seem1 a monk 9 ! mona/]y ( ,helm]%aus51 n f> f ,pad]born1 9 ! old ,saxon l&4 ,! e>lie/ manuscript ( 8 "w probably dates f ! twelf? c5tury2 x is pres]v$ 9 ! fam\s libr>y at ,wolf5bttel4 ,! treatise itself may p]haps be ref]r$ to ! end ( ! elev5? or to ! beg9n+ ( ! next c5tury2 b 9 spite ( ?is e>ly date ! /yle ( ! book is mod]n comp>$ ) ! m$ival compilations we h lately be5 consid]+4 ,t ! ,g]man monk ,rug]us1 or ,rogh]us1 %\ld h assum$ ! ,greek "n ,!ophilus is itself a significant fact4 ,he 01 x w\ld seem1 a h>d-work+ goldsmi? & a #8skill$ artific]' 9 _m bran*es ( ! arts4 ,he drew 8 inspiration f ! ,byzant9e ,ea/ on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r f ! y\ng] civilisation t 0 beg9n+ to c5tre 9 ! new k+dom t 0 gr[+ up 9 & ar\nd ! ,isle de ,france4 ,to ^! s\rces we mu/ p]haps add ! old] ,cluniac tradition3 f ,tuscan arti/s also he _h some?+ to le>n4#hg #8,!ophilus1 an humble prie/1 s]vant ( ! s]vants ( ,god1 addresses 8 words to all :o desire by ! practical "w ( _! h&s & by ! pleas+ m$itation ( :at is new1 to put aside & trample "u foot all slo? ( m9d & w&]+ ( _s4444' ,9 ?is book !y w f9d #8all t ,greece possesses 9 ! way ( div]s col\rs & mixtures1 all t ,tuscany kn[s ( ! work+ ( enamels electrorum op]ositate or ( niello nigellum1 all t ,arabia has to %[ ( works ductile1 fusible1 or *as$1 all ! _m vases & sculptur$ gems & ivory t ,italy adorns ) gold1 all t ,france prizes 9 co/ly v>iety ( w9d[s1 all t 9 gold1 silv]1 copp] & iron or 9 subtle work+ ( wood & /one is extoll$ by inv5tive soll]s ,g]many4' ,we are "h 9 a heal?y nor!rn atmosph]e1 f> remov$ f ! %uffl+ /atem5ts & ambigu\s =mulas ( ! ori5tal al*emi/s4#hh ,! second book ( ! ,s*$ula is conc]n$ exclusively ) glass1 b mo/ ( ! ?irty-"o sections deal ) ! prep>ation ( /a9$ glass = w9d[s4 ,9 a curi\s passage to be f\nd 9 ! prologue ( ?is book1 ,!ophilus tells u t he has #8approa*$ ! atrium ( ! ,holy ,wisdom ,agi ,sophi & beheld ! cellula adorn$ ) e v>iety ( div]s col\rs1 %[+ ! nature & use ( ea*4'#hi ,! fir/ *apt] treats ( ! con/ruction ( ! glass furnace1 & ent]s at once into practical details4 ,a ,g]man writ] 7,a4 ,fri$ri*1 ,alt-,deuts*e ,gls]7 has illu/rat$ ! furnaces ( ,!ophilus by means ( a diagram1 & attempts to %[ h[ !y diff] f ^? describ$ by ! pseudo-,h]aclius4 ,all we c say is1 t :ile ! furnace ( ! lat] writ] consi/$ di/9ctly ( ?ree p>ts--! ma9 furnace ) ! glass pots 9 ! c5tre1 ! fritt+ ov5 on "o side1 & ! anneal+ ov5 on ! o!r--9 ! e>li] type ( ,!ophilus !re is no sep>ate build+ = ! fritt+1 :i*1 x w\ld seem1 0 done on ! ro( ( ! ma9 furnace4 ,9 bo? cases ! ov5s =m a compact gr\p1 heat$ by "o fire4 ,9 ! e>li] furnace !re 7 z _m z eight pots1 ) correspond+ op5+s1 b ^! pots 7 probably mu* small] ?an ^? ( ! ?irte5?-c5tury ov54 ,we mu/ n[ turn to ! mat]ials f :i*1 accord+ to ,!ophilus1 ! glass 0 prep>$4 ,bee*wood logs are dri$ & burn$1 & ! a%es are c>efully collect$ s z to be free f e>?4 ,two p>ts ( ^! a%es are mix$ ) "o "p ( clean s&4#ij ,! mixture is roa/$ on an upp] he>? & /irr$ ) an iron tr[el1 s t x may n liquefy1 = ! space ( a night & day4 ,note "h t ! a%es ( ! bee*wood are us$ directly )\t any previ\s lixiviation2 su* a%es w\ld conta91 besides "s alum9a1 m or less lime & silica1 & ^! sub/ances w\ld pass into ! glass4 ,! glass pots are conical 9 =m1 curv$ inw>ds r\nd ! m\?1 & !y h a small lip4 ,!y are fill$ ) ! frit 9 ! ev5+1 & = ! :ole night a fire ( dri$ logs is kept burn+4 ,!re foll[s :at is probably our e>lie/ acc\nt ( ! process by :i* ! ga!r+ on ! bl[+-iron is conv]t$ ei!r into a %eet ( glass or into a holl[ glass vessel4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! fi/ula or bl[+-iron is dipp$ into ! molt5 metal & turn$ r\nd s t a mass ( glass ga!rs on x4 ,y bl[ g5tly ?r\gh ! tube1 beat+ ! glass at times aga9/ a flat /one t /&s by ! furnace4#ia ,y heat aga9 ! end ( ! long vesicle ( glass1 & ) a piece ( wood op5 out ! ap]ture :i* n[ appe>s at ! extremity to ! full wid? ( ! glass tube4 ,we h "h a some:at primitive me?od ( =m+ a cyl9drical man*on4 ,! cyl9d] is n[ reheat$ 9 :at is app>5tly a sep>ate ov5--! dilat+ ov52 x is slit l5g?ways & op5$ out ) an iron =ceps & a piece ( wood4 ,:5 ! glass has be5 smoo!d out into %eets x is tak5 to ! anneal+ ov51 :]e ! %eets are rang$ on end aga9/ ! wall & gradually cool$4 ,x is some:at ( a surprise to f9d ?is #8cyl9d] process' = mak+ a %eet ( glass describ$ by ,!ophilus1 :ile n a ^w is said ( ! old] process ( #8fla%+' or #8sp9n+4' ,!re is "s reason to believe t ! k ( ! =m] process 0 nev] lo/ 9 ,g]many4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 only 9 ! sev5te5? or eighte5? c5tury t ! prep>ation ( cr[n glass by means ( cyl9d]s came into g5]al use 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,!ophilus proce$s 9 ! t5? section to describe h[ a vase ( glass is prep>$1 & we h "h aga9 our e>lie/ description ( ! process by :i* ! ga!r+ on ! bl[+-iron is manipulat$ s z ?is "t to become a holl[ vessel4 ,9 ?is case1 he tells u1 aft] bl[+ out y\r ga!r+ ( glass1 in/ead ( mak+ an op5+ at ! fur!r end z 9 ! case ( ! prep>ation ( cyl9d]s1 y sep>ate ! bulb f ! rod ) a /ick ( moi/5$ wood1 & make ! rod adh]e to ! l[] end ( ! glass4#ib ,aft] reheat+ ! glass1 y n[1 ) a piece ( wood1 wid5 & %ape z y desire ! op5+ :]e ! tube 0 fir/ atta*$4 ,! foot is !n %ap$ & holl[$4 7,if ?is foot is to be reg>d$ z a sep>ate piece1 x is n q cle> h[ x is atta*$ to ! vessel47 ,! h&les are fa/5$ on by means ( a /r+ ( glass tak5 f ! pot ) a sl5d] rod ( iron1 & by simil> means ! surface may f9ally be decorat$ ) ?read+s ( glass4 ,!ophilus !n describes h[ a simple flask ) a long neck may be prep>$ by sw++ ! bulb ov] y\r head1 & !n1 z x cools1 lett+ x hang d[n f ! end ( ! tube2 ! vessel is !n sep>at$ by a piece ( moi/ wood2 9 ?is case no second rod is ne$$4 ,no m5tion is made ( ! use ( %e>s = cutt+ ! semi-molt5 glass2 !y are replac$ 9 a measure by %ap+ tools ( wood4 ,9 ! twelf? section we are told ( ! rema9s ( glass mosaics ( v>i\s col\rs f\nd 9 old pagan build+s1 & h[ f ^! little cubes enamels are made to be set 9 gold1 silv]1 & copp]4 ,9 l mann] x is by means ( fragm5ts ( div]s little vessels 7vascula7--sapphire1 purple1 or gre5--t ! ,fr5* col\r ! co/ly glass s admir$ 9 _! w9d[s4 ,?is is a /atem5t ( no little int]e/4 ,section xiii4 treats ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,greeks decorate ! glass cups made f #8sapphire /ones' ) gold & silv] leaf1 cov]+ ! foil ) a lay] ( v fusible col\rless enamel4 ,! passage is obscure1 & ,i c only say 9 pass+ t ,i d n ?9k t ! process describ$ c be id5tifi$ ) t adopt$ by ! mak]s ( ! ,roman cemet]y glass4 ,9 ! next section is describ$ ! ,greek me?od ( decorat+ glass vessels ) ! same col\rs--gre51 r$1 & :ite--t are us$ 9 ! cloisonn enamels 7electra74 ,) ^! col\rs laid on pretty ?ickly1 z well z ) a prep>ation ( gold1 gr\nd 9 a mill1 !y pa9t birds & bea/s or little rosettes & knots 9 circles4#ic ,! ,greeks make also b[ls ( purple & light blue1 & flasks ) longi% necks1 twi/+ ar\nd !m ?reads ( :ite glass1 ( :i* too ! h&les are made4 ,x may be inf]r$ f ^! two sections t ,!ophilus probably reg>d$ all ! arti/ically col\r$ & enamell$ vessels ( 8 "t z ( ,byzant9e orig94 ,he kn[s no?+ ab\t ! con/itu5ts ( ! fusible enamels4 ,! pseudo-,h]aclius1 on ! o!r h&1 has a *apt] 7viii47 tell+ h[ glass is made f lead 7calc9$ previ\sly to a p[d]7 & h[ su* glass is col\r$4 ,9 ano!r section ! same writ] ref]s to ! #8plumbeum vitrum ,judum scilicet1' :i* is gr\nd on a slab & us$ z an enamel to pa9t on glass4 ,mo/ ( ! rema9+ sections ( ,!ophilus's second book are conc]n$ ) ! prep>ation ( col\r$ glass = w9d[s1 b ! la/ ( all1 #8,on ,r+s1'#id describes c>efully a me?od ( mak+ articles ( v]rot]ie ) a small furnace & little crucibles4 ,lead is "h m5tion$ casually z a con/itu5t ( ! glass1 & ?is1 ,i ?9k1 is ! only ref]5ce to ?is sub/ance to be f\nd 9 ,!ophilus's *apt] on glass4 ,"h z else:]e we may note t ! ^w sapphirus is us$ z ! equival5t ( a blue glass pa/e 7col\r$ probably by cobalt71 & t x is ref]r$ to z a mat]ial t is at h& already prep>$4 ,su* cakes or slabs appe> to h be5 an article ( comm]ce f a p]iod ( remote antiquity4 ,some?+ n unlike !m has be5 f\nd 9 ,babylonian excavations 7p4 #dj74 ,simil> cakes ( col\r$ glass are /ill export$ to ,*9a f ! ,bohemian glassworks4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,glass ,,( ,,! ,,lat] ,,middle ,,ages ,,9 ,,we/]n ,,europe ,"o ( ! *ief glories ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages 9 ,we/]n ,europe is und\bt$ly to be f\nd 9 ! /a9$ glass w9d[s ( ! *ur*es4 ,!ophilus e>ly 9 ! twelf? c5tury _h already made himself ma/] ( ?is art1 :i* he reg>d$ z ess5tially a ,fr5* "o4 ,! prep>ation ( ^! vitraux involv$ a k ( ! process ei!r ( sp9n+ ! molt5 p>aison or ( op5+ out ! cyl9d] ( glass1 bo? comp>atively late developm5ts ( ! art ( glass-bl[+4 ,9 ! /a9+ ( ! glass we "k f extant specim5s :at spl5did results 7 obta9$4 ,! composition ( ! w9d[-glass ( ! ?irte5? c5tury is 9 "s ways rem>kable4 ,x conta9$ z mu* z f #h to #aj p] c5t4 ( alum9a1 :i* we mu/ reg>d z replac+ 9 a measure ! silica1 = ?is con/itu5t falls to z l[ z #ef p] c5t41 & we c h>dly o!rwise acc\nt = ! high p]c5tage ( ! o!r bases--#ad p] c5t4 ( lime1 #ag p] c5t4 ( pota%1 & (t5 #c or #d p] c5t4 ( iron4 ,! result 0 a t\gh1 some:at horny glass1 h>d to "w 9 consequ5ce ( ! %ort duration ( ! visc\s /age dur+ ! cool+4 ,?is 0 "o reason = ! smallness ( ! ga!r+s1 & ! mode/ dim5sions ( ! resultant discs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 su* glass resi/s ! action ( ! atmosph]e bett] ?an any made n[adays1 & ! l>ge am\nt ( pota% pres5t probably promot$ ! brilliancy ( ! col\rs4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ! blue col\r+ 0 giv5 by cobalt1 & ?is 0 nev] ( a ri*] & pur] t9t ?an 9 ! twelf? c5tury2 already 9 ! ?irte5? copp] 0 add$ to correct a t5d5cy to purple4 ,! fam\s ruby r$1 :i* became r>] aft] ! ?irte5? c5tury until 9 ! sev5te5? ! secret 0 entirely lo/1 0 produc$ by ! p>tial r$uction ( a small quantity ( suboxide ( copp]1 b 9 ?is case ! col\r is only develop$ on reheat+ ! glass4 ,! m purpli% t9t giv5 by a some:at simil> treatm5t ) gold 0 n kn[n to ! m$ival glass-mak]4#ie ,manganese 0 ( c\rse ! s\rce ( ! purple--! col\r 0 us$ = fle%-t9ts 9 ! twelf? c5tury6 ,! gre5 0 made by a mixture ( ! s u/um or copp] scale ) a native oxide ( iron1 ! latt] (t5 kn[n z f]retto--( ?is ! be/ came f ,spa94 ,f9ally1 ! yell[ 0 giv5 ei!r by ! sesqui-oxide ( iron kept well oxidis$ by ! pres5ce ( b9-oxide ( manganese1 or 7:]e ! surr\nd+s fav\r$ a r$uc+ action7 by a mixture ( sulphur & "s sooty mat]ial :i* probably yield$ an alkal9e sulphide4 ,b 9 ! old] glass ! yell[ col\r 0 nev] v brilliant2 at a lat] "t a f9e yell[ 0 obta9$ by a cem5tation process f silv]1 :i* 0 appli$ z a *loride or a sulphide to ! surface ( ! glass4 ,if ,i trespass beyond my limits to give ?is rapid summ>y ( :at is kn[n ( ! col\rs ( m$ival w9d[-glass1 x is because mu* ( x w be f\nd applicable to ! contempor>y ,ori5tal enamell$ w>e & to ! lat] ,v5etian glass4 ,9 view ( ! high te*nical skill ?us %[n 9 ! col\r+ & work+ ( ! mat]ial1 no?+ is m rem>kable ?an ! almo/ total abs5ce f our collections ( any glass1 us+ t ^w 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 t we c classify z ,go?ic4 ,we "k1 inde$1 t dur+ ^! c5turies mu* glass 0 made 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,italy4 ,b = "o reason or ano!r ! mat]ial 0 n 9 fav\r = objects t _h any claim to be reg>d$ z works ( art4 ,& yet dur+ all ?is "t ! few r>e specim5s ( sculptur$ glass br\ght f ,con/ant9ople1 or ( enamell$ glass f ,egypt & ,damascus1 7 highly priz$1 & x might well be ?\ght t ! skill & k to rival ^! examples 7 n want+ 9 ! ,we/4 ,su* 0 n ! case1 h[ev]2 ! mona/]ies _h ceas$ to be c5tres ( practical art indu/ry1#if & ! glass-mak]s _h retir$ f ! t[ns to ! dep?s ( ! =e/s1 :]e "u ! patronage ( ! local seigneur !y built _! glass-h\ses1 mov+ on f "o spot to ano!r z ! fuel became sc>ce4 ,on ! condition ( deliv]+ ye>ly to _! feudal "l a specifi$ numb] ( vessels1 ^! glass ma/]s appe> to h be5 fre$ f fur!r impo/s1 & inde$ !y soon began to claim special privileges4 ,9 ,france "s ( ^! grants or contracts h be5 pres]v$ 9 local ar*ives1 & 9 !m we h a s\rce ( in=mation lack+ 9 o!r ,we/]n c\ntries4 ,p]haps ! mo/ significant ( ^! pat5ts is t grant$ 9 #acch to a c]ta9 ,guionet4 ,! ,dauph9 ( ! ,vi5nois conc$$ to ?is matre de v]r]ie ! "r ( tak+ wood :5 x suit$ him f p>ts ( ! =e/ ( ,*amborant1 on condition t ! said ,guionet %\ld furni% him ye>ly1 = ! use ( ! pr9ce's h\sehold1 ) ! foll[+ pieces ( glass3--#bdj beak]s ) feet1 kn[n z hanaps2 #add amphor1 #dcb ur9alia1 #add l>ge bas9s1 #gb plates1 #gb plates )\t bord]s1 #add pots1 #add wat] vessels1 #fj gottefles1 #ab salt-cell>s1 #bdj lamps1 #gb *&eli]s1 #ab l>ge cups1 #ab small b>ils1 #f l>ge vessels = transport+ w9e1 & "o nef4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly an ample ye>ly supply ev5 = a pr9cely h\sehold4 ,! practical1 n to say homely1 nature ( mo/ ( ! objects requisition$ is obvi\s4 ,! gottefle1 we %\ld add1 has be5 ?\ght to correspond ) ! lat] ,g]man gutraf2 x 0 9 t case a vase ) a long twi/$ neck1 sometimes d\ble1 l a ,p]sian spr9kl]2 x 0 p]haps us$ = oil4#ig ,! nef1 no d\bt1 0 an imitation 9 glass ( ! well-kn[n c5tre-pieces ( silv] 9 ! =m ( a %ip4 ,! little b>il is a =m h&$ d[n f ,roman times4 ,9 ,prov5ce1 z e>ly z ! ye> #acaf1 we f9d m5tion 9 ! inv5tory ( ! prop]ty ( ! ,c\ntess ,mahaut ,d',artois ( #8,grant plant de pots de voirre et de voirres d',aubigny et de ,prov5ce et d'autres pas et de div]ses c\leurs et bocaux et b>iz' 7,h>t%orne1 p4 #hh74 ,we see by ?is h[ little gr\nd !re is = giv+ ! cr$it ( ! introduction ( ! manufacture ( glass into ,france to ,k+ ,r54 ,we %all f9d1 h[ev]1 lat] on1 t ?is great patron ( ! arts 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ to take an int]e/ 9 ! ,v5etian glass ( ! e>ly r5aissance1 & to br+ ! ,italian workm5 into ,france4 ,! ^w v]re1 or 9 ! e>li] =m voirre or v\>re1 0 us$ vaguely 9 ,france ev5 9 m$ival times = any cup f :i* w9e 0 drunk4 ,?is usage alone might be br\ght =w>d z a pro( ( ! g5]al preval5ce ( glass vessels at an e>ly "t4 ,mod]n ,fr5* writ]s on glass _c always escape ! awkw>d expression #8un v]re de v]re4' ,9 ,engl&1 :]e ! use ( ! ^w glass 9 ?is s5se probably came 9 some:at lat]1 we f9d m ?an once 9 inv5tories ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ! qua9t comb9ation1 #8un v]re de glass4' ,9 ,france1 h[ev]1 ! m frequ5t expression 0 #8un v]re de f\gre1' lit]ally #8a glass ( brack51' & we h "h a d\ble metonymy4 ,?is association ( brack5 & glass may be frequ5tly notic$ 9 ! old ,fr5* writ]s4 ,long aft] ! introduction ( ! cri/allo f ,italy1 !re 7 _m 9 ,france :o pref]r$ to dr9k f ! old gre5i% glass2 l ! ,g]mans ( to-day1 !y decl>$ t ! w9e ta/$ bett]4 ,ev5 ,boileau1 late 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 talks ( a man hold+ #8un v]re de v9 qui rit dans la f\gre4' ,we see !n :at an important place brack51 feu*]ia ad faci5dum vitrum1 play$ 9 ! old glass-works ( ,france4 ,n[ glass made f f]n-a%es mu/ ( necessity be ( a v inf]ior quality1 m s probably ?an t made f ! bee*wood a%es us$ f ( old 9 ,g]many4 ,! passage to ! new me?ods w\ld "h be mu* m revolution>y ?an 9 ! case ( ! latt] c\ntry4 ,?is consid]ation may help to expla9 ! fact t :ile ! manufacture ( pota% glass surviv$ & adapt$ itself to ! new me?ods 9 ,g]many1 x became 9 "t q ext9ct 9 ,france4 ,! *ronicles & romances ( ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies h be5 c>efully se>*$ by ,fr5* s*ol>s to f9d ref]5ces to glass4 ,"s ambiguity arises f ! vague use ( ! ^w v]re1 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 ,b :5 ,jo9ville tells u h[ ! ,comte d',eu1 9 a mom5t ( expansion1 #8dressait sa bible le long de no/re table et n\s brissoit nos pots et nos v\]res1' we c probably accept ! latt] vessels z v]res de v]re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx ,,g]man ,,late ,,m$i,,val ,,glass #a4 ,,prunt$ ,,cup ,,= ,,hold+ ,,relics #b4 ,,wax ,,cov] ,,to ,,! ,,same1 ,,) ,,seal ,9 ! royal inv5tories ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 above all 9 ^? ( ,*>les ,v4 & ( 8 bro!rs ! ,dukes ( ,anj\1 ,b]ry1 & ,burgundy1 :]e !re is any m5tion ( vessels ( glass1 x is almo/ )\t exception ( v]re de ,damas or ( v]re la faon de ,damas t we he>4 ,q an exception is ! goblet de voirre blanc de ,fl&re1 g>ny d'arg5t1 t we f9d 9 an inv5tory ( ! possessions ( ,*>les ,v41 tak5 9 #acgi4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 x is evid5t t ! ,fr5* k+s at ?is "t took mu* int]e/ 9 ! manufacture ( glass4 ,:5 hunt+ 9 ! =e/s ar\nd ,p>is1 !y w\ld turn aside to visit ! furnace ( "o ( ^! local mak]s ( v]re de f\gre :o already claim$ ! privileges ( g5tlem54 ,?us e>ly 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,vi4 we f9d an entry ( a paym5t #8p\r don fait p> lui aux voirri]s1 prs de la =e/ de ,*evreuse1 o le roy e/ait alez veoir faire les voirres4' ,?is 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 lat] on1 z we %all see1 bo? ,k+ ,r5 & ,l\is ,,xi4 7 patrons ( ! glass-mak]s2 & yet x is d\btful if we h 9 our collections any examples ( ,fr5* glass :i* c be attribut$ to z e>ly a p]iod z ! reign ev5 ( ! latt] k+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi ,,g]man ,,late ,,m$i,,val ,,glass #a4 ,,cup ,,) ,,prunts #b4 ,,cup ,,) ,,conical ,,cov]1 ,,= ,,relics ,( glass made 9 ,g]many be=e1 say1 ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 we "k ev5 less ?an ( ! contempor>y production 9 ,france4 ,!ophilus1 x is true1 tells u ( ! manufacture ( %eets ( glass f cyl9drical man*ons1 & ?is 0 probably until ! sev5te5? c5tury a specially ,g]man process2 he describes1 too1 ! manufacture ( bl[n glass ( simple =ms4 ,b f 8 "t1 or at lea/ f ! "t ( ! pseudo-,h]aclius a little lat]1 to t ( ,georg ,agricola 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 we f9d ! glass indu/ry tak+ an important place 9 _m p>ts ( ,g]many1 !re is little direct evid5ce on ! subject to br+ =w>d4#ih ,ap>t1 h[ev]1 f a few insignificant little bottles1 us$ z reliqu>ies 7,plates ,,xx4 & ,,xxi471 no?+ survives f ?is "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 9 ! fifte5? c5tury we come aga9 ^u evid5ces ( contempor>y glass 9 ,g]many & ,holl&1 z above all 9 ! pictures ( ! e>ly ,ne!rl&i% & ( ! ,cologne s*ools1 we f9d a di/9ct =m ( goblet already e/abli%$1 ! prototype1 x w\ld seem1 ( a fam\s %ape t 0 able to hold its own at ! "t ( ! invasion ( ,italian glass 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ,france1 /ill less 9 ,engl&1 correspond+ to ! rm] & its v>i\s k9dr$ =ms4 ,9 "o application ( glass ! ,g]mans appe> e>ly to h acquir$ "s skill4 ,we may p]haps reg>d ! ?irte5? c5tury z ! "t :5 ! use ( glass = mirrors ( any size fir/ became g5]al2 ?is may acc\nt = ! frequ5t ref]5ces to !m 9 ! lit]ature ( ! "t4 ,z f> back z #abej1 ! great ,dom9ican encyclopdi/1 ,v9c5t de ,beauvais1 /ates t ! be/ mirrors are made f glass & lead 7ex vitro et plumbo74 ,a spiegel-glas is m5tion$ by a ,g]man writ] z e>ly z ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & by ! end ( ! next c5tury ! mirror provid$ a frequ5t metaphor = ! poets ( ! "t4 ,?us ,dante1 9 two passages 9 ! ,div9a ,comm$ia1 speaks ( #8a lead$ mirror4' ,9 ! ,p>adiso 7ii4 #hi7 ,beatrice decl>es t ! rays ( ! sun are reflect$ f ! moon-- #8,come color torna p] vetro ,lo qual diretro a s piombo nasconde'2 & 9 ! tw5ty-?ird book ( ! ,inf]no 7#be-bf7 ,virgil says to ! poet1 #8,s'io fossi d'impiombato vetro--,i %\ld n m quickly receive y\r image ?an n[ my m9d receives y\r ?\ghts4' ,?is d\ble ref]5ce w\ld seem to po9t to a rec5t discov]y t _h attract$ ,dante's att5tion4 ,9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies x w\ld appe> t al?\gh ! ,g]man mirror-mak]s _h to import ! cle> cry/all9e #8metal' f ,v5ice1 ! ,v5etians attempt$ 9 va9 to make mirrors on ! ,g]man sy/em4 ,! difficulty1 p]haps1 0 to prep>e flat & ev5 %eets ( glass ( any size1 & ?is difficulty ! ,g]mans may h surm\nt$ by means ( ! cyl9d] process describ$ by ,!ophilus4 ,! ,nuremb]g mirrors1 h[ev]1 s fam\s at a lat] "t1 7 ( a diff]5t type4 ,!y 7 ( sph]ical outl9e1 cut directly f ! p>aison ( ! glass-bl[]2 into ?is p>aison a mixture ( #8piombo1 /agno1 m>*esita d'arg5to e t>t>o' _h be5 introduc$ be=e ! vesicle 0 q cool--s at lea/ a contempor>y ,italian writ] ass]ts4 ,su* mirrors 7 set 9 pa9t$ wood5 frames ) broad m>g9s4 ,an example ( "o ( ^! may p]haps be se5 9 ,jan van ,eyck's fam\s int]ior 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,if n[ we turn to ,engl&1 ! record is ev5 m meagre4 ,mr4 ,h>t%orne1 :o has indu/ri\sly br\ght toge!r e ref]5ce he c\ld f9d to glass#ii 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 is fa9 to confess t he _c po9t to a s+le example ( :at is und\bt$ly ,engli% glass made betwe5 ! ,norman ,conque/ & ! "t ( our ,tudor k+s4 ,ref]5ces to its use 9 contempor>y writ]s are mu* r>] ?an 9 ,france4 ,! cuppa vitrea1 :i* 9 #abdd ,h5ry ,,iii4 s5t to 8 goldsmi?1 ,edw>d ( ,we/m9/]1 direct+ him to remove ! glass foot1 to replace x by "o ( silv]1 & to m\nt ! :ole 9 silv]-gilt1 0 probably ( ,ori5tal orig92 nor c we ev5 claim = c]ta9 z ,engli% ! two humbl] vessels belong+ at a lat] "t to 8 son1 ,edw>d ,i4#ajj ,z to ! ?ree #8v]r]s' ( ,col*e/] :o paid taxes ab\t ! ye> #acjj1 ! di/9ction betwe5 vitri] & v]ri] does n seem to h be5 z %>p !n z x is n[2 !y may well h be5 mak]s ( glass w9d[s4 ,x is m significant to f9d 9 ,h5ry ,,iii4's day a ,laur5ce ,vitre>ius hold+ l& at ,*idd+fold 9 ,surrey1 /ill 9 ! "t ( ,elizabe? a c5tre = ! manufacture ( ! native glass made ( f]n-a% & s&4 ,aga91 ,william le ,v]ir ( ! same place is m5tion$ 9 a de$ ( #acja4 ,b p]haps ! /ronge/ case is t ( ,john ,glasewry! ( ,/af=d%ire1 :o 9 #achj _h a grant ( h\se & l& at ,%u]wode1 ,kird=d1#aja & !re made #8brodeglass & vessel'--t is to say1 w9d[-glass & holl[ w>e 7,nesbitt1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,catalogue1 & ,h>t%orne1 p4 #acb1 etc474 ,i res]ve :at ,i h to say ( ! m$ival glass ( ,italy--( ! e>ly ,alt>i/s & ,murani/s--until ,i h describ$ ! enamell$ ,s>ac5ic glass :i* 9 "s measure influ5c$ x4 ,b be=e turn+ aga9 to ! ,ea/1 ,i mu/ n omit to m5tion c]ta9 applications ( glass t f\nd fav\r 9 ,we/]n ,europe dur+ ! lat] ,middle ,ages2 inde$1 ap>t f ! col\r$ w9d[s1 su* objects con/itute ! only g5re ( glass t c di/9ctly be class$ z ,go?ic4 ,i gr\p toge!r "h v>i\s devices by means ( :i* a design or patt]n 0 appli$ to ! back ( a small %eet ( glass--9 gold = ! mo/ "p1 b o!r col\rs 7 sometimes us$4 ,! plaque ?us decorat$ 0 ei!r fix$ into a piece ( furniture1 or simply back$ ) "s imp]vi\s mat]ial4 ,9 ?is some:at indef9ite gr\p is includ$1 on ! "o h&1 :at is 9 fact a k9d ( ?9 mosaic2 on ! o!r1 some?+ t pass$ into ! v>iety ( pa9t$ glass kn[n 9 lat] times z v]re glomis4 ,:at di/+ui%es all ?is class ( decoration is t nei!r ! col\r nor ! back+ is fix$ by any furnace process--x is sc>cely to be reg>d$ z an art du feu1 & ?us lies some:at outside our subject4 ,( ! s-call$ ,cosmati mosaics1 :]e ! little triangul> pieces ( glass are inlaid 9 m>ble or wood1 we h a good example 9 ! ?irte5?-c5tury %r9e ( ! ,confessor 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,at ! same p]iod a m elaborate means ( decoration 0 obta9$ by pa9t+ ! backs ( little plaques ( glass ) gold & col\rs1 & fix+ !m on ! panels ( pulpits1 on ! frames ( ! pa9t$ r]$os1 or ev5 on secul> furniture4 ,i h se5 examples ( *ur* furniture ?us decorat$ at ,aa*5 & 9 ! ,norman *ur*es ( ,s\!rn ,italy--a pulpit at ,bitonto 9 ,apulia is a rem>kable example4 ,b we ne$ n g f> to f9d a /ill f9] specim5 ( su* "w3 ! ,go?ic framework ( ! retabulum t =m]ly 0 plac$ 9 front ( ! high alt> 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey#ajb is decorat$ ) bosses ( glass pa/e cut or ca/ en cabo*on1 ) ca/s ( antique gems1 &1 above all1 ) little plaques ( blue & purple glass back$ ) silv] foil4 ,on ! upp] surface ( ^! glass plaques a design 9 gold1 consi/+ ( small m$allions ) animals & tw9+ bran*es1 /&s out 9 l[ relief4 ,! patt]n1 says ,viollet-,le ,duc 7,dictionnaire du ,mobili] franais1 i4 #cch71 0 fir/ pa9t$ on ! glass ) a mixture ( r$ o*re1 wax & turp5t9e1 & ov] ?is1 be=e x 0 dry1 gold leaf 0 laid1 ! gold adh]+ only to ! s(t gr\nd4 ,! effect ( ?is ext]nal decoration is height5$ by ! %ad[ :i* x ?r[s ^u ! silv] foil b5ea?4 ,9 o!r examples1 ! patt]n is pa9t$ 9 v>i\s col\rs "u ! glass1 & a leaf ( gold1 pa/$ b5ea? ! m or less transp>5t pigm5ts1 %[s ?r\gh "h & !re4 ,9 all ^! in/ances ! crude col\r ( ! gold is l[]$ 9 places by coat+s ( v>ni%4 ,b plates ( glass1 some:at simil>ly decorat$1 may play an ev5 m important "p 9 ! decoration ( ! backs ( alt>s1 especially on ! sp&rels 9 ! l[] arcades ( ! r]$os4 ,! decoration n[ becomes pictorial1 & is (t5 mo/ c>efully execut$4 ,or1 aga91 su* a little glass picture may be deta*$ & m\nt$ 9 a frame to =m a pax or bais]-de-paix1 a bij\ reliqu>y1 or o!r small devotional object4 ,9 su* cases ! gold is appli$ to ! back ( ! glass by weak gum1 & ! design trac$ ) a po9t$ in/rum5t some:at 9 ! mann] ( ! catacomb glasses4 ,! effect may be height5$ 9 v>i\s ways by additional t\*es ( pigm5t on ! drap]ies1 or by a glaz+ ( col\r = ! fle%-t9ts2 ! col\rs are work$ up ) a res9\s body1 & silv] foil 9 little plates & spangles is add$ 9 places2 f9ally1 ov] ! back is laid a piece ( t9foil1 & ?is is fold$ ov] ! edges 7,m4 ,alfr$ ,&r1 quot$ by ,m4 ,mol9i]1 ,spitz] ,catalogue1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ed74 ,! back ( ! plate is g5]ally f\nd to be protect$ by a k9d ( pit*y v>ni%2 to fix ?is "s application ( heat 0 d\btless necess>y1 b 9 no case1 ,i ?9k1 is ! gold design 9 ?is late m$ival "w enclos$ betwe5 pieces ( glass :i* h be5 subsequ5tly fus$ toge!r4#ajc ,we are "h conc]n$ only ) ! ,go?ic examples ( ?is class ( "w1 & ( ^! ! majority appe> to come f ! nor? ( ,italy--!y are probably ( ,milanese or ,v5etian orig94 ,!re is (t5 9 ^! e>ly ,italian plaques a col\r$ back+ "u ! gold1 g5]ally ( a bright r$1 b sometimes ( gre5 or black1 & ?is back+ %[s ?r\gh 9 places4 ,9 ! case ( a v beautiful example =m]ly 9 ! ,spitz] collection1 ! design 0 drawn ^u ! c5tral portion ( a plate ( fla%$ glass2 al?\gh ?is m$allion is only #e-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 !re is a di/9ct boss 9 ! c5tre4 ,t su* a defective piece %\ld h be5 *os5 = ?is delicate "w w\ld g to prove ! r>ity ( %eets ( glass ) ev5 surface at ?is "t4 ,9 lat] days m col\r 0 us$ 9 ! decoration1 b su* "w z ! magnific5t bais]-de-paix 9 ! ,l\vre1 :i* came f ! *apel ( ! ord] ( ! ,/4 ,esprit1 does n fall )9 our pres5t limit ( "t4 ,! late ,m>quis ,emanuele ,d',azeglio devot$ himself to collect+ specim5s ( gilt & pa9t$ glass ( all ages & c\ntries4 ,?is collection1 unique ( its k9d1 he bequea!d to 8 native t[n ( ,tur91 :]e x is n[ exhibit$ 9 ! ,museo ,civico4 ,9 "s ( ! e>li] pieces1 especially on "o ( ,byzant9e "*--p]haps ,muranese "w ( ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury--! gold is laid d[n ^u glass ( v irregul> ?ickness4 ,!re are a few examples ( ,go?ic "w ( ?is "* 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,salt+4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,enamell$ ,,glass ,,( ,,! ,,s>ac5s ,i h "h to deal ) a s+ul>ly re/rict$ family ( glass--t made 9 ! ,s>ac5ic ,ea/ dur+ ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies4 ,?is enamell$ glass is important = m ?an "o reason4 ,x is und\bt$ly1 z a gr\p1 ! mo/ magnific5t & decorative t we meet ) 9 ! :ole c\rse ( our hi/ory4 ,te*nically1 aga91 ! int]e/ ( ! gr\p is supreme1 = ?is application ( solid enamels1 transluc5t or transp>5t1 to ! surface ( glass1 0 a new dep>ture1 & x prec$$1 z f> z we "k1 ! use ( any mat]ial ( ! k9d 9 ! decoration ( porcela9 & fay5ce4 ,! ,romans & ! ,byzant9e ,greeks1 x is true1 decorat$ _! glass at times ) ?9 wa%es ( opaque pa9ts1 b we h no def9ite pro( t !y ev] appli$ fusible lead enamels 9 ?is way4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ?is me?od ( decoration 0 n 9 any g5]al use 9 ! ,ea/ be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,b if we are /ill q 9 ! d>k z to ! orig9 ( ! art1 x may be "s consolation to rememb] t b>ely ?irty ye>s ago ! few r>e pieces ( ,s>ac5ic glass t _h rea*$ u 7 class$ z ,v5etian4 ,x is only q lately t ?is important w>e has met ) due recognition4 ,no d\bt mu* ( ! sculptur$ & engrav$ glass1 t we h = conv5i5ce ( arrangem5t dwelt ^u 9 ! la/ *apt]1 is ( ,s>ac5ic orig92 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 rememb] any in/ance ( an ,arabic inscription be+ f\nd on su* vessels1 b on ! deeply c>v$ vases ( rock cry/al t seem to h =m$ ! models t ^! engrav$ glasses closely foll[$1 9 m ?an "o case tall cufic *>act]s =m "p ( ! decoration4 ,i w only po9t to ! magnific5t cry/al vase :i* be>s ! "n ( an e>ly ,fatimi caliph 7#ige-iif ,a4,d471 pres]v$ 9 ! treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k's4 ,ap>t f t 9 daily use among ! p1 we may1 h[ev]1 look ^u ! glass made dur+ ! fir/ f\r or five c5turies ( ,arab dom9ation z on ! :ole foll[+ 9 ! wake ( ! c>v+s 9 h>d /one1 above all 9 rock cry/al1 !n s mu* 9 vogue4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ?is p]iod ! ,s>ac5s _h h>dly develop$ any well *>act]is$ art ( _! own3 !y foll[$ 9 ?is1 z 9 s _m o!r matt]s1 ! traditions ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y dwelt4 ,at ?is p]iod _! art 0 at be/ b a m+l+ ( ,byzant9e & ,sassanian elem5ts4 ,b be=e ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury a great *ange _h come ab\t1 & dur+ ! c\rse ( ! next c5tury !re _h aris5 a def9ite /yle--"o t has rema9$ ev] s9ce ! type ( :at we "k z ,s>ac5ic art4 ,x w\ld be impossible to dissociate ?is *ange f t :i* took place 9 ! ,we/ ab\t ! same "t4 ,b ! ,go?ic art t sprung up 9 ! l& ( ! ,franks 0 b "o phase ( a cont9u\s evolution1 :ile ! wond]ful outbur/ t _h 9 ! ma9 its c5tre 9 ,cairo1 became ei!r locally /]eotyp$ or %>$ ! decay & neglect t ov]took o!r bran*es ( ,mussulman civilisation4 ,s f> z ! art ( glass is conc]n$1 we may note 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury a /range contra/ betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,= :ile 9 bo? l&s ! mat]ial 0 appli$ ess5tially to supply a s*eme ( col\r 9 decoration1 9 ! ,we/ its use 0 re/rict$ to ! /a9$ glass 9 ! w9d[s ( *ur*es2 9 ! ,ea/ ! s\rce ( col\r 0 obta9$ f transluc5t enamels appli$ to ! surface ( glass lamps & vases4 ,! ,s>ac5s1 9 ! /a9$ glass ( _! w9d[s1 m]ely foll[$ 9 ! old ,byzant9e l9es2 ! pi]c$ framework ( pla/]1 fill$ 9 ) fragm5ts ( col\r$ glass1 is b a developm5t ( ! m>ble *assis ( ! ,romans & ! lat] ,greeks4 ,9 ! ,we/1 on ! o!r h&1 ! art ( build+ up pictures by means ( segm5ts ( glass 0 rapidly develop$1 :ile ! #8holl[ w>e1' ! v]r]ie 9 daily use1 _h1 z we h se51 receiv$ little att5tion1 & x 0 res]v$ to ! few preci\s pieces ( enamell$ glass br\ght f ! ,holy ,l& to f9d a place along ) ! plate & jewell]y 9 ! inv5tories ( pr9ces4 ,! fabul\s weal? accumulat$ by ! ,fatimi caliphs ( ,egypt 7#ijh-aaga ,a4,d47 became prov]bial 9 lat] days4 ,makrisi1 writ+ ab\t ! ye> #adjj1 quotes f an old] writ] ! description ( ! treasure-h\se ( ! ,khalifah ,mu/ansir ,billah4 ,?is build+ 0 sack$ & burn$ ) all its cont5ts dur+ a milit>y riot betwe5 ,turki% & ,s\danese troops 9 #ajfb4 ,"h among ! va/ accumulation ( ,ori5tal weal? 71 x is /at$1 _m ?\s& vases ( rock cry/al & o!rs ( s>donyx4 ,we he> also at ?is "t 7b n 9 ! li/ ( ^! treasures7 ( glass mirrors 9 filigree frames1 & ( vessels ( glass ornam5t$ ) figures & foliage4 ,h[ ! decoration 9 ?is la/ case 0 giv5 we are n told1 b ! ref]5ce is probably to c>v+s 9 relief3 at any rate x w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be an ana*ronism to look = enamell$ glass 9 ?is connection4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o application ( glass t we c def9itely associate ) ^! h]etic caliphs1 b ?is is sc>cely an arti/ic "o4 ,! little co9-l discs ( glass /amp$ ) an inscription 9 ,arabic _h _! prototypes 9 ,roman times2 a few r>e examples h be5 f\nd ) ! heads ( ,roman emp]ors & lett]+s 9 ,lat94 ,among ! ,s>ac5s ^! co9-l discs cont9u$ 9 use z late z ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 all cases1 ,i ?9k1 !y come f ,egypt4 ,! glass discs ( ! ,fatimi p]iod are1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ abundant & ^! are ( special int]e/1 z !y be> ! "n ( ! rul]1 :ile ^? ( ! lat] ,memlook times h only private inscriptions4 ,! glass v>ies f an amb] tone to a d>k bottle-gre51 b _m are q opaque & ( a purpli% black4 ,z ^! little discs are ( uni=m weights1 correspond+ to p>ts & multiples ( ! gold d9> & ! silv] dirhem1 !y 7 at "o "t reg>d$ z co9s2 !y are n[1 h[ev]1 recognis$ z weights1 b ess5tially weights = weigh+ co9s4 ,inde$ a contempor>y ,arab writ] 7#ihe ,a4,d47 di/9ctly /ates t 9 8 day 9 ,egypt !y us$ money weights ( glass2 & an ,arab travell] ( ! "t m5tions incid5tally t su* weights h ?is advantage1 t !y _c be readily increas$ or decreas$4 ,! inscription occupies g5]ally ! :ole surface1 b a few ( !m be> a r\gh design--a #8seal ( ,solomon' or a rosette4 ,l>g] weights ( glass are r>e1 b "s ( a cyl9drical =m weigh+ m ?an a p\nd may be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 ,dr4 ,petrie's ,egyptian collection at ,univ]sity ,college is a l>ge mass ( black glass ) a solid r+ h&le1 ! :ole "s f\r in*es 9 height4 ,?is is probably a weight1 b its date is unc]ta94 ,on ! :ole1 ! art ( ! ,fatimi caliphs :o _h _! capital at ,cairo 7,misr7 0 /ill "u ,byzant9e influ5ce4 ,! *ange ( /yle t we h dwelt ^u is r to be associat$ ) ! ,kurdi% & ,turki% ,emirs1 :o1 rul+ fir/ 9 ,upp] ,syria & ,mesopotamia1 f9ally ov]:elm$ ! effem9ate & h]etic ,fatimi dyna/y4 ,to f9d ! c\ntry :]e ! new /yle arose we mu/ look n to ,egypt1 b to ! tract ( l& ly+ along ! fronti] ( ! ,byzant9e & ,sassanian empires1 f ,tabriz to ! nor?1 by ,mosul to ,bagdad & ,bassorah4 ,! old ,p]sian & ,sassanian elem5ts "h d\btless prevail$ ov] ! ,byzant9e tradition2 b ! ^w ,p]sian mu/ n be appli$ to ! new art1 = ! ,turki% elem5t 0 p]haps z important z ! ,iranian4 ,x 0 "u ! ,memlook sultans1 almo/ all ( !m ,turks by bir?1 t ! great mosques t gave to m$ival ,cairo its special ca*et 7 erect$4 ,z = ! arti/s !mselves1 ?\gh a few may h come f ! ,p]sian bord]l&1 !y 71 = ! mo/ "p1 ( ! old /ock ( ! l&1 & _m 7 d\btless ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ! t[ns ( ! ,syrian coa/1 ! *ange ( ma/]%ip did n int]f]e ) ! "w ( ! glass furnaces4 ,we h se5 9 ! ,syriac manuscripts h[ fragm5ts ( ,arabic are int]l>d$ ) ! old indig5\s dialect 9 passages treat+ ^u ! manufacture ( glass4 ,ar\nd ,hebron ! manufacture ( glass on primitive l9es 0 c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages3 a ,g]man pilgrim ( ! fifte5? c5tury speaks ( ! _m furnaces 9 :i* ! #8black glass' 0 melt$3 ! indu/ry is inde$ ev5 n[ n ext9ct4 ,!re is "o =m ( e>ly ,arab glass :i* we may p]haps associate ) ?is c5tre4 ,c]ta9 long nail-%ap$ bottles1 squ>e 9 section & po9t$ at ! base1 h sometimes be5 class$ ) ! old primitive glass ( ,egypt & ,phnicia1 on ! gr\nd probably ( ! #8dragg$' decoration ( :ite on a black base f\nd on "s ( !m4 ,b ,franks 0 und\bt$ly "r 9 attribut+ ^! elongat$ flasks--!y are sometimes ( consid]able size--to ,s>ac5ic times4#ajd ,william ( ,tyre says t ! glass ( 8 native t[n 0 export$ to all c\ntries1 & ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela1 ! ,spani% ,rabbi1 praises ! beauty ( ! glass vases !re made4 ,!re 71 he tells u1 f\r hundr$ ,jewi% glass-mak]s & %ip[n]s 9 ,tyre1 & 9 o!r cities ( ! coa/ ! glass indu/ry 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,jews4 ,?is 0 ab\t ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! ,jews long be=e t "t _h1 x w\ld seem1 a monopoly ( glass made ) lead4 ,x 0 to !m1 !n1 t ! fir/ enamell]s mu/ h gone = _! mat]ials4 ,an ,arab writ] di/+ui%es among ! exports f ,s\r 7,tyre7 bo? objects ( v]rot]ie & glass vessels work$ on ! :eel4#aje ,( ! glass-works ( ,tripoli1 "o ( ! la/ t[ns held by ! ,franks1 ,i %all h some?+ to say 9 a future *apt]4 ,j z 9 ! case ( ! glass f\nd 9 ,egyptian & 9 e>ly ,greek tombs1 s n[ ) ! enamell$ glass ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 we are once m br\ght face to face ) ! "q z to :]e x 0 made--9 ,syria or 9 ,egypt4 ,syria 0 at ?is "t aga9 "u rul]s :o _h _! capital 9 ,egypt2 !re are inde$ few important p]iods 9 ,egyptian hi/ory :5 ?is has n be5 ! case4 ,alex&ria1 x is true1 _h fall5 f its old position1#ajf b x is di/9ctly record$ t glass 0 made 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury at ,mans\rah1 ! rec5tly f\nd$ #8t[n ( victory1' above ,damietta4 ,at _m places 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 especially at ,a*m91 fragm5ts1 mo/ ( !m1 b n all1 to be ref]r$ to ,s>ac5ic times1 h be5 f\nd4 ,b on ! :ole ! evid5ce = a ,syrian orig9 = ?is enamell$ w>e is mu* /rong]1--,i say ! orig91 because x is j 9 ! case ( ^? r>e pieces to :i* an e>ly date c be ascrib$ t we c be c]ta9 ( an ,asiatic prov5ance4 ,! enamell$ glass ( ! ,s>ac5s =ms1 z ,i h said1 a compact gr\p4 ,! specim5s t we h ( x are all1 or ne>ly all1 h&some pieces1 wor?y1 ap>t f _! ar*ological int]e/1 ( a conspicu\s place 9 our museums or on ! %elves ( ! mo/ fa/idi\s amateur4 ,_! numb] is /rictly limit$--inde$ ,h]r ,s*moranz has drawn up a c>eful li/ :i* claims to conta9 e kn[n example4#ajg ,?anks 9 great measure to ! rese>*es ( ?is exp]t1 we are able n[ to make a r\gh g5]al division ( ?is glass into two classes3-- #a/4 ,vases1 goblets1 & bas9s ( _m =ms1 br\ght = ! mo/ "p f ,syria4 ,! bulk ( ! enamell$ glass 9 ?is division appe>s to date f ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,sev]al fam\s pieces h = c5turies be5 pres]v$ 9 ! treasuries ( ,we/]n *ur*es4 ,= ^! x is claim$ t !y h be5 br\ght back f ! ,holy ,l& by crusad]s & pilgrims--fill$1 "s ( !m1 ) e>? tak5 f ,be?lehem or o!r holy spots4 #bnd4 ,lamps1 obta9$ almo/ )\t exception f mosques 9 ,cairo4 ,^! lamps belong1 z a class1 to ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,only ( rec5t ye>s has mu* att5tion be5 giv5 to !m2 !y 7 almo/ unkn[n to ! old] collectors4#ajh ,! supply appe>s1 h[ev]1 to be already exhau/$4 ,! decoration on ^! lamps is on ! :ole m broadly treat$1 ) less detail & f9i%1 ?an t f\nd on ! vases & goblets ( our fir/ class4 ,! glass itself is 9 all cases rem>kable = ! numb] ( m9ute bubbles conta9$ 9 x2 9 "s ( ! lamps ^! bubbles are s num]\s t ! mat]ial is b>ely to be class$ z transp>5t4 ,9 col\r ! glass v>ies f a pron\nc$ bottle-gre5 to an amb] t9t2 x is m r>ely ( a greyi% :ite4 ,! size ( _m ( ! lamps & b[ls mu/ h necessitat$ ! use ( l>ge melt+-pots z well z consid]able skill 9 bl[+ & manipulation4 ,! irregul> =m s (t5 to be obs]v$ 9 bo? lamps & vases is m likely to be ! result ( a p>tial collapse dur+ ! melt+ on ( ! enamels1 ?an ( any defect 9 ! orig9al piece z x came f ! glass-bl[]'s h&s4 ,9 composition1 to judge f ! analysis ( a fragm5t ( a ,cair5e lamp made by ,dr4 ,l9ke ( ,vi5na 7,s*moranz1 p4 #db71 ?is ,s>ac5ic glass is ess5tially a normal soda-lime silicate ) #fi p] c5t4 ( silica1 #aed p] c5t4 ( alkali1 & #hf p] c5t4 ( lime1 ?us f> resembl+ ! ord9>y ,roman type4 ,! specim5 exam9$1 h[ev]1 conta9$ 9 addition to ! lime z mu* z #d p] c5t4 ( magnesia4 ,z ,dr4 ,l9ke po9ts out1 ! pres5ce ( ?is la/ base w\ld h9d] ! complete fluidity ( ! glass 9 ! pots & make x difficult to get rid ( ! bubbles4 ,b :e!r ! pres5ce ( ?is e>? 9 a s+le specim5 is 9 itself suffici5t to prove ! non-,egyptian orig9 ( ^! lamps z a class is ano!r "q4 ,! fact t ne>ly "o p] c5t4 ( manganese 0 f\nd 9 ?is glass is ( int]e/1 z x %[s t "s attempt _h be5 made to #8cleanse' ! metal4 ,z reg>ds ! enamels on ?is ,s>ac5ic glass1 we f9d t1 ) "o important exception1 !y resemble g5]ally 9 composition & "* ^? employ$ at a lat] date by ! ,*9ese 9 ! decoration ( _! porcela9#aji--we h a readily fusible flux conta9+ mu* lead col\r$ by v>i\s metallic oxides4 ,! opaque r$ is giv5 by oxide ( iron1 ! gre5 by oxide ( copp]1 & ! yell[ by antimonic acid4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is la/ sub/ance is ( int]e/3 ,dr4 ,p]cy f\nd antimony 9 ! glaze ( ,assyrian bricks1 & ,i h tak5 = grant$ t x is ! s\rce ( ! yell[ 9 ! primitive glass ( ,egypt4 ,! opaque col\rs1 includ+ ! :ite1 are probably produc$ by ! addition ( a little oxide ( t9 to ! flux2 ,dr4 ,l9ke1 h[ev]1 does n seem to h f\nd t metal 9 8 analysis4 ,x is :5 we come to ! blue1 ! dom9ant col\r 9 ?is s*eme ( decoration1 t a surprise awaits u4 ,?is col\r1 we %\ld almo/ h tak5 = grant$1 w\ld be d]iv$ f cobalt1 = x is n[ recognis$ t at ?is "t ! use ( t sub/ance 9 ! pa9t+ ( e>!nw>e 7"u ! glaze7 0 preval5t 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,dr4 ,l9ke1 h[ev]1 decl>es #8t ev5 ! mo/ subtle re-ag5ts fail$ to discov] any trace' ( ei!r cobalt or copp] 9 ! blue enamel4 ,= ! gr\nds ^u :i* he 0 able to attribute ! orig9 ( ?is f9e blue to m9ute fragm5ts ( lapis lazuli1 only p>tially dissolv$ 9 ! flux1 we mu/ ref] to ! ,g]man *emi/'s report4 ,n[ z ultram>9e1 ! col\r+ matt] ( ?is m9]al1 conta9s a consid]able am\nt ( sulphur1 "s ( x 9 an unoxidis$ /ate1 x c\ld n be us$ 9 comb9ation ) a flux conta9+ lead1 & inde$ an analysis ( ! blue enamel prov$ x to be ess5tially ( ! same composition z ! glass ( ! lamps2 x conta9$1 h[ev]1 z mu* z #bd p] c5t ( alkali1 & ?is excess w\ld ensure a slightly great] fusibility4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! ?ick blue enamel on ?is ,s>ac5ic glass has consid]able transluc5cy z se5 by transmitt$ light1 b t ! surface is always dull4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum is an admirably execut$ imitation ( "o ( ^! mosque lamps1 made z long ago z #ahfg by ,m4 ,broc>d ( ,p>is4 ,! blue1 9 ?is case cobalt1 diff]s little 9 hue f t on ! old lamps t /& beside x4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 some:at crud] 9 effect1 & ! surface is q glassy4#aaj ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii ,,flask ,,( ,,enamell$ ,,glass ,,probably ,,syrian ,,or ,,mesopotamian4 ,,ab\t #acjj ,a4,d4 ,i come n[ to ! s*eme ( decoration ( ?is ,s>ac5ic glass4 ,! important po9t to be> 9 m9d is t ! gold has = ! mo/ "p disappe>$ f ! surface4 ,?is gild+1 h[ev]1 play$ orig9ally a mo/ important "p 9 ! decoration4 ,! f9e l9es ( opaque r$ n[ s prom95t 7 orig9ally drawn ) a free h& ^u a detail$ patt]n ( gold1 ) ! object ( acc5tuat+ ! design4 ,?is gold brocad+1 :5 x is pres]v$1 is ( great beauty1 especially t f\nd ^u ! old] pieces4 ,exam9e c>efully ! tall-neck$ bottle 9 ! ,slade collection3 ! body is cov]$ ) a f9e arabesque ( r$ l9es1 ! patt]n be+ made up ( long-neck$ birds among foliage1 & ?is appe>s poor 9 effect comp>$ ) ! b&s ( ri* enamel on ! %\ld] & neck4 ,! effect1 h[ev]1 0 v diff]5t at fir/ :5 ^! dull r$ l9es 7 c>ri$ ov] a ri* gr\nd ( gold1 ( :i* traces only n[ rema9 "h & !re4 ,! gold1 !n1 0 appli$ fir/--at an e>ly /age 9 ! developm5t ( ?is family ( glass x 0 p]haps ! only decoration2 ! outl9e 0 !n acc5tuat$ by means ( r$ l9es1 & ! col\r$ enamels !n laid on 9 ?ick masses4 ,we _c say :e!r ! col\rs 7 all melt$ on at "o fir+1 = we "k no?+ 9 ?is case ( ! practical arrangem5ts ( ! muffle-/ove4 ,on ! exquisitely enamell$ bottle f ,wrzburg 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,plate ,,xxii471 p]haps te*nically ! mo/ sup]b specim5 ( ?is class ( decoration t has come d[n to u1 ! p9ki% t9t ( ! r$ & ! mann] 9 :i* x is gradat$ into ! :ite1 call to m9d ! use ( ! r\ge d'or on ,*9ese porcela9 ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 ! gre5 also ( ! conv5tional foliage is "h %ad$ into ! opaque :ite4 ,! blue gr\nd ( ! c5tral m$allion is ( a brilliant turquoise1 q unapproa*$ 9 o!r examples2 ! surface1 h[ev]1 ( ?is blue enamel is 9 ?is case glassy & q unlike ! dead surface t we see on ! mosque lamps4 ,are we to reg>d ?is opaque turquoise enamel z also bas$ ^u lapis lazuli1 or r z a soda-copp] silicate8 ,z to ! motives ( ! enamell$ decoration--if figure subjects are abs5t f ! mosque lamps1 !y are ( frequ5t occurr5ce on ! bottles & goblets3 !re we h polo-play]s & falcon]s m\nt$ on horses1 yell[1 p9k1 & :ite2 seat$ figures dr9k+ & fea/+ or play+ on musical in/rum5ts--always ! same jovial1 r\nd-fac$ type2 9 only "o in/ance h ,i notic$ an eld]ly man ) a be>d4 ,we sometimes f9d a frieze ) dogs *as+ /ags & h>es1 or x may be a r[ ( conv5tional lions4 ,birds are /ill m frequ5t--fly+ geese1 z 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! hunt+ sc5es1 or long-neck$ h]ons =m+ "p ( ! ornam5tal design ( ! field4 ,c]ta9 qua9t little fi%es ) big heads & long f9s1 always ( ! same =m1 are n uncommon on ! vases & cups2 !y are sometimes arrang$ h]r+-bone fa%ion2 9 "o case1 inde$1 ^! little fi%es are f\nd on a mosque lamp4 ,b ! m conspicu\s "p ( ! decoration is =m$ by b&s ( tall cufic#aaa lett]s & by fl[]s1 m or less s*ematis$4 ,ap>t f a fleur-de-lis1 :i* occurs *iefly 9 m$allions1 ! mo/ important fl[] is ! ,ori5tal lotus4 ,?is fl[] z x appe>s reliev$ on a blue gr\nd 9 ! lat] mosque lamps is id5tical 9 draw+ ) ! lotus t we see s frequ5tly 9 ,indian & ,*9ese art4 ,x is (t5 comb9$ ) :at at fir/ sight appe>s to be ano!r fl[]1 treat$ en rosette1 ) an involucre ( six oval & six triangul> petals1 & an indication ( a se$-vessel 9 ! c5tre2 b ?is aga9 may p]haps be only ! same lotus-fl[] se5 full-face4 ,9 "s cases1 z on c]ta9 mosque lamps1 ^! fl[]s1 broadly treat$1 =m ! sole decoration2 b m (t5 ! floral design passes into ! =mal s*ematis$ patt]ns s *>act]i/ic ( ,arab art at ?is "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii ,,s>ac5ic ,,enamell$ ,,glass ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury ,! m$allions t int]rupt ! broad b&s are an ess5tial "p ( ! decoration2 !y are fill$ sometimes ) inscriptions1 g5]ally 9 ?is case 9 ! na%ki or runn+ script1 or m (t5 ) c]ta9 badges1 :i* are ( mu* int]e/ 9 connection ) ! h]aldry1 if x c be s call$1 ( ! day4 ,^! badges are d]iv$ f ! mo/ div]g5t s\rces3 !re is "o simple design t resembles ! c>t\*e ( an old ,egyptian k+--x has ev5 be5 read z #8,"l ( ! ,upp] & ,l[] ,c\ntry' 7a good example may be f\nd on a bottle at ,s\? ,k5s+ton74 ,ano!r badge takes ! =m ( a /range bird ) long tail-fea!rs1 und\bt$ly d]iv$ f ! imp]ial phnix ( ,*9a2 any hesitation z to ! orig9 ( ?is design is remov$ on obs]v+ 9 ! field c]ta9 little curly cl\ds1 an ess5tially ,*9ese motive4 ,a sword1 a pair ( polo-/icks1 or /ill m (t5 a cup1 *>g$ ^u a fesse or b& :i* divides ! m$allion1 are badges ( m local orig94 ,! same may probably be said ( ! eagle v>i\sly display$1 :i* 9 "o example1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 occurs exceptionally ^u an ovoid %ield4 ,9 "s cases ! ,memlook sultans & emirs adopt$ #8cant+ badges' bas$ ^u _! ,turki names2 z1 = example1 ! well-kn[n duck ( ! ,sultan ,kela\n4 ,! id5tification1 h[ev]1 ( ! own]1 or ! date ( a vase or lamp f ^! badges alone1 is1 9 ! abs5ce ( an inscription1 a some:at haz>d\s proce$+4 ,x is a curi\s fact t we h only two in/ances ( a signature ( an arti/ 9 all ?is s]ies ( enamell$ glass4 ,on a lamp f ! ,mannheim collection1 n[1 ,i ?9k1 belong+ to ,mr4 ,pi]pont ,morgan1 an inscription 9 runn+ *>act]s on ! foot has be5 read3 #8,"w ( ! poor slave ,ali1 son ( ,mohamm$ ,ar ,ramaki 7871 ,god protect him' 7,s*moranz1 p4 #fg74 ,x is ! same ,ali1 app>5tly1 :o signs 8 "n on ano!r lamp describ$ by ,art9 ,pa%a4 ,i %\ld say at once t ^! mosque lamps are m prop]ly ( ! nature ( lant]ns--! lamp itself 0 susp5d$ inside !m4 ,i d n "k1 h[ev]1 ( any example ( ^! little int]nal lamps 9 our ,european collections1 unless x be "o ( gilt gre5 glass n[ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton 7,plate ,,xxiv4 #b74 ,?is lamp1 h[ev]1 is some:at l>ge = ! position assign$ to x1 & x c]ta9ly resembles ^? sometimes f\nd 9 ,coptic *ur*es4 ,^! l>ge lamps or lant]ns 7 susp5d$ by *a9s f ! ro( or f ! arcades ( ! mosque4 ,f ! ,sultan ,hassan mosque alone h come tw5ty-"o glass lamps1 n[ 9 ! ,arab ,museum at ,cairo1 & !re are o!rs f ! same s\rce 9 our home collections4 ,! effect 9 ! mosque :5 ^! lamps 7 all light$ mu/ h rivall$ ! illum9ation ( ,/4 ,sophia1 describ$ by ,paul ! ,sil5ti>y 7p4 #ig74 ,we mu/ n =get ano!r ess5tial "p ( ! ,arab lamp3 ?is is ! little sph]e f :i* ! small] *a9s t pass to ! h&les ( ! lamp radiate4 ,9 private h\ses--= ! g5]al arrangem5t is ! same 9 !m--?is globe may be replac$ by an o/ri* egg4 ,9 ! mosques ^! sph]es are ( metal or ( glass2 we h only two specim5s ( ! latt] mat]ial 9 ,european collections--"o ( amb]-yell[ glass 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,plate ,,xxvii4 #b71 a second1 l>g] & ovoid 9 %ape1 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,!re are ?ree o!rs1 "o ( blue glass1 9 ! ,arab ,museum at ,cairo4 ,a simil> me?od ( susp5d+ ! lamps 0 9 use 9 ,byzant9e *ur*es1 & some?+ ( ! sort may /ill be se5 9 ,/4 ,m>k's4 ,9 ! pictures ( ! ,v5etian pa9t]s ( ! lat] fifte5? c5tury--( ,bell9i1 & ,cima1 & ,c>paccio--! lamps1 ( a /rictly ,ori5tal or ,byzant9e type1 t hang f ! ni*es t =m ! backgr\nd to _! en?ron$ ,madonnas1 well illu/rate ?is arrangem5t4#aab ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv ,,small ,,mosque ,,lamp ,,( ,,cle> ,,:ite ,,glass ,,probably ,,syrian1 ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury ,,oil ,,vessel1 ,,probably ,,= ,,susp5sion ,,9 ,,enamell$ ,,lamp ,,s>ac5ic1 ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury ,x may be said g5]ally ( ! ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass z ( ! unadorn$ glass ( ! ,byzant9es t prec$$ x1 t ! lamp 9 "o %ape or ano!r is ! ma/] =m--no long] ! w9e-cup1 z among ! ,romans4 ,x w\ld be an int]e/+ /udy1 7 ! ?+ possible1 to trace ! /eps by :i* ! lat] arrangem5t ( an out] lant]n ( glass grew out ( ! simpl] ,byzant9e or ,sassanian prototype4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! gorge\s mosque lamps or lant]ns are q a specialis$ =m2 !y are only f\nd1 z f> z we "k1 9 ,egypt & ,syria1 & !y belong ess5tially to ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,! typical ,ori5tal glass lamp is ( q a diff]5t type--a little cup 9 ! %ape ( a truncat$ cone1 f f\r to six in*es 9 height4 ,?is is a =m t is g5]ally 9 use 9 ! ,ea/ at ! pres5t day4 ,su* a vessel con/itutes ! ess5tial "p bo? ( ! /reet lant]ns 7! conical cup 9 ?is case passes ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 ! base7 & ( ! coronas ( lights by :i* ! l>g] rooms are illum9at$4 ,9 ! latt] case ! cups pass ?r\gh ap]tures 9 a r+ or disc ( wood or metal1 :i* is itself susp5d$1 (t5 f an o/ri* egg1 9 ! way already describ$4 ,! little vessels are fill$ halfway up ) wat]1 ^u :i* ! oil floats2 ! wick passes up ?r\gh a tube :i* is fix$ at ! bottom 9 v>i\s ways4 ,i h be=e me a cup ( ?is description br\ght f an old h\se 9 ,cairo2 x is ( v ?91 t\gh1 gre5i% glass2 ! #8kick' at ! bottom is pu%$ deeply 9 & is op5 at ! apex4 ,?is op5+ has be5 seal$ up ) "s h>d pit*y sub/ance1 into :i* ! little glass tube 7( lat] date app>5tly7 t c>ries ! wick has be5 fix$4 ,9 ano!r type ( ^! cup or beak] lamps ! base ends 9 a blunt po9t :i* is prolong$ by "o or m knops1 s z to resemble ! /em ( a w9e-glass )\t ! foot4#aac ,?is is ! =m t1 z ,i h already m5tion$1 is s (t5 repres5t$1 susp5d$ f ! ro( 9 ! alt>-pieces ( ! ,v5etian pa9t]s4 ,su* lamps are g5]ally elaborately m\nt$ 9 metal4 ,b ! o!r =m1 ! truncat$ cone 7! #8spe>-butt' ( ,paul ! ,sil5ti>y71 0 9 use 9 ,italy at an e>li] date4 ,9 ! *apel ( ! ,ar5a at ,padua is a c>eful wall-pa9t+ ( an elaborate comp\nd corona or lant]n built up ) hoops ( metal to resemble a l>ge bird-cage4 ,! little lamps ( pla9 glass fitt$ into ?is framework are ( two %apes2 "o resembles ! truncat$-cone cup j describ$1 :ile ! o!r may be comp>$ to a mosque lamp ) ! foot remov$ & ! body prolong$ to a po9t4 ,i d n "k if ?is pa9t+ is contempor>y ) ! fam\s frescoes ( ,giotto t cov] ! adjac5t walls1 b to judge f ! ,go?ic framework t surr\nds x1 x _c well be lat] ?an ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,?is conical cup1 !n1 0 widely employ$ 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages = susp5d$ lamps4 ,x _h q replac$ ! balance-pan =m ( lamp support ( e>ly ,byzant9e days1 "s specim5s ( :i*1 pres]v$ 9 ,/4 ,m>k's treasury1 we h already describ$3 su* pans1 we %\ld add1 probably support$ little /&+ lamps1 m or less ( ! well-kn[n classical =m4 ,b bo? ^! & ! conical cups may possibly at times h held c&les1 an ess5tially ,ori5tal means ( illum9ation4#aad ,we mu/ n[ return to our enamell$ glass1 & consid] a rem>kable s]ies ( little beak]s v simil> 9 size & outl9e to ! lamps ( truncat$ conical =m t we h be5 dwell+ ^u4 ,_m ( ^! h n[ pass$1 f ! treasuries ( *ur*es & conv5ts 9 :i* !y _h be5 long pres]v$1 into v>i\s local museums4 ,r\nd m ?an "o ( !m a leg5d has gr[n up--! v names by :i* !y are kn[n are picturesque & sugge/ive--,/4 ,h$wig's beak]1 ! glass ( ,*>lemagne1 ! goblet ( ! ,eight ,prie/s1 & ne>] home ! fam\s ,luck ( ,ed5 ,hall4 ,su* cups are to be f\nd f ! conf9es ( ,pol& to our own rude bord] c\ntry2 inde$1 ! enamell$ beak]s ( ?is simple =m h1 = "o reason or ano!r1 be5 *iefly pres]v$ 9 nor!rn l&s3 ( late ye>s1 h[ev]1 a few fur!r examples h be5 br\ght f ,syria & ,egypt4 ,no d\bt ! g5]al tradition t ^! cups h be5 c>ri$ back f ! ,holy ,l& by crusad]s & pilgrims is well f\nd$4 ,x is possible t "s ( !m may1 l ! c>v$ glasses1 h travell$ by nor!rn r\tes r ?an by ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,we see1 x is true1 a beak] ( some:at simil> =m 9 ! h&s ( ! w9e-bibb]s1 9 ! illu/rations to ! manuscripts ( contempor>y poets1 & ev5 pictur$ on our enamell$ glasses !mselves4#aae ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o po9t to be not$ 9 _m ( ! beak]s 9 our collections1 t makes x difficult to believe t !y h ev] be5 actually us$ z w9e-cups4 ,i ref] to ! rem>kable con/ruction ( ! base4 ,?is po9t _h be5 ov]look$ by previ\s writ]s on ! subject1 ev5 by ,s*moranz 9 8 great "w4 ,x 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,read 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies 7,ar*ologia1 vol4 lviii4 p4 #bag74 ,to use ,mr4 ,read's words 9 speak+ ( "o ( ^! vessels3 #8,! goblet is provid$ ) a foot-rim t has be5 sep>ately made & fix$ on ! base4 ,! bottom ( ! vessel has be5 pu%$ up inw>ds1 9 ! fa%ion to be f\nd 9 a *ampagne bottle1 b x has a peculi> feature 9 t ! actual c5tre1 ! apex ( ! cone ?us =m$1 is reflect$ d[nw>ds1 app>5tly leav+ a small hole ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! glass :i* is only clos$ by ! fix+ on ( ! add$ foot4 ,?is feature appe>s to be common 9 ^! ,ori5tal goblets1 & z f> z my exp]i5ce goes1 is n f\nd 9 any ( ,european make4' ,su* an arrangem5t w\ld surely h "o practical disadvantage if ! cup _h be5 us$ z a dr9k+-vessel--! liquid w\ld lodge betwe5 ! false bottom & ! foot1 s t x w\ld be almo/ impossible to clean out ! cup1 & ?is is a po9t t w\ld especially appeal to a ,mohamm$an4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is op5 #8kick' w\ld be admirably adapt$ to ! introduction ( a wick#aaf if ! vessel be=e ! sold]+ on ( ! r+ at ! base _h be5 us$ z a lamp4 ,i %\ld myself be incl9$ to ?9k t ! little cups 9 "q1 sold p]haps by ,jewi% deal]s at ,aleppo or at "o ( ! ,syrian ports to w&]+ pilgrims be=e _! return f ! ,holy ,l&1 7 nev] int5d$ = any practical use4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! =m may h be5 a result ( ! prevail+ use to :i* su* vessels 7 put 9 _! own c\ntry1 or at lea/ a survival ( su* a use4 ,i %\ld add1 t = su* a sugge/ion--x is no?+ m--,i am alone responsible4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,enamell$ ,,glass ,,( ,,! ,,s>ac5s--cont9u$ ,i w n[ pass 9 review "s ( ! m fam\s specim5s ( ,s>ac5ic glass4 ,( ! #8,goblet ( ! ,eight ,prie/s1' n[ 9 ! museum at ,d\ai 7figur$ 9 ,g]spa*1 p4 #ajg71 we h an e>li] record ?an 9 o!r cases4 ,x 0 bequea!d by "o ,m>gu]ite ,mallet1 e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 along ) o!r prop]ty1 = ! end[m5t ( t numb] ( *antry prie/s4 ,! case ( cuir b\illi 9 :i* ! goblet is pres]v$ is a rem>kable specim5 ( ! ,fr5* art ( t "t4 ,! inscription on ?is cup is un=tunately n[ illegible4 ,= ! #8,glass ( ,*>lemagne1' :i* has pass$ f ! treasury ( an abbey ne> ,*>tres to ! museum ( t t[n1 x is claim$ t x 0 pres5t$ by ,h>un-ar-,ra%id to ! great ,emp]or4 ,m4 ,s*ef] _m ye>s ago made ?is cup ! />t+-po9t ( a special memoir1 9 :i* he collect$ a mass ( in=mation f ,arab s\rces4 ,?is essay may p]haps be reg>d$ z ! e>lie/ example ( any intellig5t int]e/ 9 ?is class ( ,ori5tal glass4 ,! #8,luck ( ,ed5 ,hall1' long pres]v$ 9 ! home ( ! ,musgrave family1 has acquir$ a c]ta9 factiti\s celebrity f a leg5d t has s]v$ z ! !me ( m ?an "o ballad1 none1 h[ev]1 ( any great antiquity4#aag ,l ! ,d\ai cup1 x is pres]v$ 9 a lea!rn case--9 ?is in/ance n ( e>li] date ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! #8,luck' is figur$ 9 ,lysons's ,magna ,britannia1 vol4 iv4 ,^! ?ree goblets =m a compact gr\p4 ,9 all ( !m ! decoration is simple1 consi/+ *iefly ( int]lac$ b&s or /raps =m+ geometrical patt]ns4 ,!re are no figures ( m5 or animals1 & ! col\r+ is = ! mo/ "p conf9$ to blue & gold4 ,we may1 p]haps1 attribute ^! glasses to ! beg9n+ r ?an ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,probably ( z e>ly a date is ! goblet pres]v$ at ,breslau 7!re is a photograph ( x 9 ,von ,czihak's ,s*lesis*e ,gls]74 ,"h !re is no ornam5t ap>t f "s f9e arabesques ( gold4 ,?is cup has long be5 associat$ ) ,/4 ,h$wig1 b x mu/ n be confus$ ) o!r s-call$ #8,h$wig glasses1' :i*1 z we h se51 are c>v$ 9 ! mann] ( rock cry/al4 ,i n[ come to a m elaborately enamell$ gr\p1 9 ! decoration ( :i* ! human figure plays an important "p4 ,9 ! ,grne ,gewlbe at ,dresd5 are two beak]s or hanaps ( ?is class1 set 9 ri* silv]-gilt m\nt+s ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,r\nd "o ( ^! cyl9drical beak]s runs a spirit$ frieze1 ) polo-play]s1 m\nt$ on br[n1 :ite1 & yell[ horses2 above is a cufic inscription 9 gold on a blue gr\nd 7,plate ,,xxv474 ,on ! o!r beak]1 probably ! e>li] ( ! two1 we see a gr\p ( brilliantly clad turban$ figures seat$ by a fl[+ /ream--! wat] is navely r5d]$ by a me&]+ l9e ( blue enamel2 ! backgr\nd is =m$ by a flight ( aquatic birds4 ,on bo? ^! glasses1 beside ! usual gamut ( col\rs--gold1 blue1 r$1 gre51 yell[1 & opaque :ite--we f9d "s mix$ br[ni% t9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxv ,,s>ac5ic ,,enamell$ ,,glass ,,circa #acjj4 ,,g]man ,,metal ,,m\nt+ ,,( ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,some:at tall] ?an ^! ,dresd5 hanaps is ! beak] at ,wilhelm%he 7x is "s n9e in*es 9 height74 ,! decoration--an al fresco w9e-p>ty ) musicians--calls to m9d "o ( ! gr\ps ( figures on ! ,wrzburg flask4 ,some:at simil> is ! beak] pres]v$ 9 ! picture gall]y at ,cassel1 b ! enamels on ?is are di/9ctly poor]4 ,a beautiful beak] ( ?is class came to ! ,briti% ,museum ) ! ,waddesdon collection4 ,x /&s ^u a ,fr5*-,go?ic m\nt+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,we see a pr9ce seat$ on 8 ?rone1 ) att5dants on ei!r side4 ,! glass is col\rless & cle>1 & among ! enamels a pali% gre51 appli$ z a ?9 wa%1 %\ld be not$4#aah ,s9ce !n ano!r goblet ( ?is class has be5 acquir$ by ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is cup is said to h be5 dug up 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,aleppo4 ,! glass is mu* decay$1 9 ?is =m+ an exception to ! o!r goblets ( ! class4 ,! design includes two conv5tional palm-trees1 ^: trunks are built up ( a s]ies ( nodes4#aai ,on a goblet f ,coptos1 9 ! same collection1 a numb] ( little fi% 9 grisaille or dull r$ con/itute ! sole decoration4 ,!re is a fragm5t ( glass simil>ly decorat$ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 :i* came1 ,i ?9k1 f ,a*m94 ,we f9d ! same little fi%es aga9 on a cup ( glass1 describ$ z a godet l'huile1 lately add$ to ! ,l\vre collection4 ,^! examples practically exhau/ ! li/ ( ! lamp-%ap$ goblets ( und\bt$ ,ori5tal orig94 ,b x w\ld be impossible at ?is po9t to pass ov] ! absolutely unique cup f ! ,adrian ,hope collection1 decorat$ ) a seat$ figure ( ! ,virg94 ,?is goblet is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & x is !re describ$ z ,v5etian ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 7,plate ,i474 ,! glass1 some:at ?ick & slightly gre5i% 9 hue1 ) a few drawn bubbles1 9 no way diff]s f t ( ! beak]s already describ$4#abj ,s ( ! %ape & ( ! quality & col\rs ( ! enamel4 ,! slight #8kick1' h[ev]1 at ! base is normal3 t is to say1 !re is no ap]ture 7see above1 p4 #aei72 ! cup1 !re=e1 ne$s no rim or /&4 ,z reg>ds ! decoration1 we f9d1 9 addition to ! usual col\rs1 an inscription 9 ,go?ic lett]+1 n[ q black1 b orig9ally execut$ 9 silv]4 ,i %all return to ?is cup 9 ! next *apt]4 ,i m5tion x "h z ,i am incl9$ to f9d = x an ,ori5tal prov5ance4 ,i h dwelt at p]haps disproportionate l5g? on ?is special type ( goblet4 ,we h "h1 h[ev]1 a gr\p f a hi/orical po9t ( view1 ( exceptional int]e/4 ,a small damag$ goblet ( cyl9drical %ape at ,s\? ,k5s+ton =ms a transition to ! gr\p ( l>g] beak]s4 ,x be>s a s]ies ( m$allions ( blue enamel conta9+ a curi\s design--a bird ( prey seiz+ a duck4 ,! cyl9drical goblets ) project+ coll>s d n pres5t any special po9t = rem>k4 ,!re is "s reason = reg>d+ ! qua9t little flasks1 ) n>r[ swell+ necks1 z an e>ly type4 ,!re are two ( ?is class at ,s\? ,k5s+ton2 9 bo? cases ! glass is mu* decompos$4 ,bett] pres]v$ is ! little bottle ) ! r$ eagle figur$ 9 ,s*moranz 7,plate vii472 ! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 = ! e>ly date 7#abag7 giv5 to x is n q conclusive4 ,x is n kn[n at :at "t ! l>ge pilgrim's bottle 9 ! ,doms*atz ( ,/4 ,/ephan at ,vi5na 0 br\ght f ! ,holy ,l& 7,s*moranz1 ,plate iv474 ,mu* ( ! surface is left undecorat$1 & ! glass is :it5$ by ! *alky e>? ) :i* x is /ill fill$4 ,?is e>? is reput$ to h come f ,be?lehem1 & to be /a9$ ) ! blood ( ! ,holy ,innoc5ts4 ,! ma9 design ( musicians1 seat$ b5ea? a conv5tional tree beside a /ream 7repres5t$ by a blue me&]71 calls to m9d ! decoration ( "o ( ! ,dresd5 beak]s4 ,ne> 9 /yle to ?is flask is ! qua9tly %ap$ pilgrim's bottle 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 t 0 long 9 ! possession ( a noble family at ,wrzburg4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! sup]lative quality ( ! enamel on ?is rem>kable example ( ,s>ac5ic glass4 ,9 ! ca!dral at ,vi5na is ano!r enamell$ vase 7,s*moranz1 ,plate xiii474 ,?is graceful amphora-%ap$ vessel foll[s exactly on ! l9es ( ! wat] j>s ( e>!nw>e /ill 9 use on ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! blood-/a9$ e>? t x once conta9$ is gone1 b ! seal ( atte/ation rema9s--/rong evid5ce t ! bottle 0 pur*as$ at ,be?lehem by ! ,g]man pilgrim :o br\ght x home4 ,! blue is ( a poor greyi% t9t1 & ! enamels on ! :ole l[ 9 tone1 b ! int]lac$ geometrical design is n ! less decorative4 ,! little jug 7,s*moranz1 ,pl4 xxx47 n[ 9 ! h&s ( "o ( ! ,ro?s*ild family 9 ,p>is1 0 pur*as$ at ! ,hamilton sale = #bgcj2 9 ! catalogue x 0 describ$ z a specim5 ( ,v5etian glass6 ,! enamels are brilliant & well pres]v$--polo-play]s1 m\nt$ on horses ( v>i\s col\rs1 surr\nd ! body4 ,a curi\s feature is a coll> ( wood r\nd ! base ( ! neck1 kept 9 place by a s]ies ( claw-%ap$ projections4 ,! l>g] bottles ) tall necks =m a class by !mselves2 !y are (t5 rem>kable = ! delicacy ( ! decoration4 ,on ! neck ( a tall & ri*ly enamell$ example 9 ! museum at ,vi5na 7,s*moranz1 ,pls4 vi4 & vii47 we f9d a di/9ctly ,*9ese motive3--9 addition to ! well-kn[n phnix may be se5 a curi\s developm5t ( ! cl\d patt]n1 9 ! %ape ( f\r _m-col\r$ b>s4 ,!re is a f9e example ( ^! long-neck$ bottles at ,s\? ,k5s+ton & ano!r 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! fir/ is rem>kable 9 comb9+ on ! same piece motives f _m s\rces--! ,*9ese phnix1 ! s-call$ ,egyptian hi]oglyph1 toge!r ) birds & animals 9 _m /yles 7,plate ,,xxiii474 ,! b[ls & di%es =m a m miscellane\s gr\p4 ,^! we may reg>d z ess5tially #8table w>e4' ,9 ,p]sian manuscripts--9 ! illu/rations to ,h>iri's tales1 = in/ance--we see su* vessels pil$ up ) fruits & cakes4 ,! %all[ plate belong+ to ,"l ,ro?s*ild is p]haps ! olde/ example ( ?is class 9 our collections4 ,! m$allions1 skilfully fill$ ) gr\ps ( lions attack+ de] & ) o!r simil> subjects1 are di/9ctly ,byzant9e1 or "s w\ld say ,sassanian1 9 "*4 ,an int]e/ ( ano!r k9d may be f\nd 9 a pair ( di%es1 "o b[l-%ap$1 ! o!r 9 ! =m ( a tazza m\nt$ on a tall foot1 :i* h long /ood side by side 9 ! ,cluny ,museum at ,p>is4 ,^! are und\bt$ly specim5s ( enamell$ ,s>ac5ic glass1 bo? probably dat+ f ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! b[l1 h[ev]1 some:at e>li] ?an ! tazza4 ,?is latt] vessel is decorat$ ) a gold arabesque comb9$ ) ! ?ick transluc5t blue enamel & ! r$ l9es s *>act]i/ic ( ,s>ac5ic glass4 ,a label1 h[ev]1 /ill proclaims ?is tazza to be #8,/yle ,arabo-,v5iti51 ,,xvme sicle4' ,on ! o!r h&1 no less an au?ority ?an ,lab>te 7,hi/oire des ,arts ,indu/riels1 iv4 p4 #edf71 x is true z long ago z #ahfd1 f\nd 9 ?is tazza an example ( "o ( ! processes ( enamell+ describ$ by ,!ophilus1 & on ?is gr\nd delib]ately decl>$ x to be a ,byzant9e "w4 ,on ! basis ( a vague inscription f\nd on ! companion piece--! deep b[l--a :ole !ory ( ! ,egyptian or ,byzant9e-,egyptian orig9 ( ?is enamell$ glass has be5 built up by a ,g]man writ] 7,c>l ,fri$ri*1 ,die ,alt-,deuts*5 ,gls]74 ,!re is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a l>ge deep b[l ) a gigantic cufic inscription 9 blue1 ov]laid ) scrolls ( :ite enamel4 ,! co>sely execut$ b effective decoration calls to m9d t on "s ( ! ,cair5e mosque lamps4 ,?is b[l is kn[n to h come f ,damietta1 & x may p]haps supply an argum5t = ^? :o f9d ! orig9 ( "s ( ! enamell$ glass 9 ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,mans\rah1 :]e glass-works are kn[n to h exi/$ 7,lane-,poole1 ,arab ,art1 p4 #bji74 ,we h f9ally a class ( high-foot$ b[ls ) lids2 ( ^!1 un=tunately1 no undamag$ example is kn[n2 ! ne>e/ approa* is p]haps ! b[l ) a p]fect lid b defective foot 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! decoration 9 ?is case is ( great int]e/4 ,! m$allions 9 ! field1 ) fleurs-de-lis1 ,*9ese phnixes1 & qua9t mon/]-sph9xes & griff9s1 %\ld be especially not$4 ,,mosque ,,lamps ,i n[ come to ! ,mosque ,lamps1 & "h a m num]\s family has to be dealt )4 ,9 ^? in/ances :]e ! lamps c be trac$ back to well-kn[n build+s 9 ,cairo1 or aga9 :5 !y be> ! names ( ,memlook sultans or ( great (fic]s ( _! c\rt1 a date c g5]ally be assign$ )\t mu* hesitation4 ,a small lamp 9 ! ,arab ,museum at ,cairo1 decorat$ ) r$ l9es--ap>t f ?is !re are only a few jewel-l spots ( enamel--be>s a d$ication :i* may be ref]r$ to ei!r ! beg9n+ or ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 9 ei!r case ?is lamp is probably ! e>lie/ kn[n to u 7,s*moranz1 ,pl4 ,,xv474 ,next 9 ord] come ^? be>+ ! "n ( ! ,sultan ,malek ,nasir 7! successor ( ,kala\n71 ^: long reign ext5d$ 7) "s int]ruptions7 f #abic to #acda4 ,on ^! lamps ! poly*rome decoration is already fully develop$3 along ) !m mu/ be plac$ ^? be>+ ! "n ( sev]al ( ?is sultan's emirs4 ,to ! reign ( ! ,sultan ,bayb>s ,,ii4 7#acji-acaj7aba probably belongs ! beautiful lamp ( deep cobalt blue glass t ,mr4 ,pi]pont ,morgan obta9$ f ! ,mannheim collection4 ,!re is only "o o!r example1 z f> z ,i "k1 ( enamell+ on a d>k blue gr\nd1--a lamp ( ne>ly ! same date =m]ly belong+ to ,m4 ,g\pil4#abb ,! only specim5 app>5tly 9 our ,engli% collections ( a lamp ( s e>ly a date is ! beautifully enamell$ example at ,s\? ,k5s+ton 7,my]s beque/71 ! inscription on :i* probably ref]s to ! same ,bayb>s4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( ^! lamps date f ! latt] half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,we h se5 t ! fam\s mosque built by ,sultan ,hassan 7#acdg-fa7 has provid$ num]\s examples to our collections4 ,9 ^! we already f9d less delicacy & detail 9 ! decoration1 b ! broad & effective treatm5t is well suit$ to ! position 9 :i* ^! lamps 7 plac$1 susp5d$ z !y 7 f ! arcades ( spaci\s mosques4 ,! p]iod ( decl9e t set 9 aft] ?is "t is usually associat$ ) ! advance ( ,timur 7,tam]lane74 ,:5 9 ! ye> #adjj ,damascus 0 tak5 by t ru?less conqu]or1 we are told t he transplant$ to 8 new capital ( ,sam>k& :ole regim5ts ( skill$ ,syrian artisans1 & among ^! ! glass-work]s are def9itely m5tion$4 ,o!rs ( ^! m5 may h fl$ to ,egypt2 9 any case ! art l+]$ on 9 t c\ntry = ano!r hundr$ ye>s4 ,accord+ to ,s*moranz1 ! late/ kn[n example ( ?is s*ool ( ,ori5tal enamell$ glass is a lamp f ! mosque ( ,kat ,bey 7#adfg-adie71 n[ 9 ! ,arab ,museum at ,cairo4 ,9 ?is specim5 we see ! art 9 ! l[e/ /age ( decay4#abc ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi ,,mosque ,,lamp ,,f ,,cairo ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury ,! rise & fall ( ?is great s*ool ( enamell]s on glass cov]s b a brief p]iod--a glori\s int]lude 9 ! long /ory ( ! glass-work]s ( ,egypt & ,syria4 ,9 ! latt] c\ntry aft] ?is "t1 !y appe> 9 a measure to h fall5 back ^u ! old] & m primitive me?ods1 h&$ d[n1 p]haps1 f ! days ( ,phnician & ,egyptian dom9ation4 ,i h already spok5 m ?an once ( ! /ill exi/+ glass-works ne> ,hebron on ! high plateau to ! we/ ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,!re rema91 h[ev]1 to be m5tion$ "o or two mosque lamps :i* dep>t f ! normal type4 ,9 ! lamp 7n[ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton71 app>5tly ( gre5 jade-l glass1 :i* 0 br\ght ) s _m o!rs f ,cairo by ! late ,capta9 ,my]s1 ! effect is obta9$ by a wa% ( gre5 transluc5t enamel ov] ! :ole ( ! inn] surface4 ,! outside is cov]$ ) an effective b some:at summ>y decoration 9 gold & r$ l9es1 )\t fur!r enamell+4 ,! ,sultan nam$ 9 ! laudatory inscription may be ei!r ,sultan ,hassan or 8 fa!r ,nasir4 ,ano!r exceptional lamp n[ 9 ! museum at ,cairo is well illu/rat$ 9 ,s*moranz's great "w 7,pl4 xi474 ,?is is a smalli% lamp ( gre5 cl\dy glass2 ! :ole ( ! body & neck1 except a pla9 b& at ! top1 is work$ into %all[1 wavy ribs4 ,x be>s no enamel1 b on ! surface !re are traces ( ! gild+ t =m]ly cov]$ x3 ?is lamp came f a mosque built 9 #acfc4 ,at ,s\? ,k5s+ton are two small lamps ( col\rless glass ( some:at abnormal =m )\t decoration ( any k9d4 ,i mu/ f9ally m5tion ! *>m+ little lamp f ! ,my]s collection 7n[ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton7 :i*1 x is /at$1 0 f\nd 9 a ,*ri/ian mona/]y 9 ,syria 7,plate ,,xxxiv4 #a74 ,! ?9 cle> glass1 ) pe>ly pat9a1 ! graceful1 vase-l =m1 &1 above all1 ! sp>+ly appli$ b q exceptional decoration1 9 :i* ! human figure f9ds a place1 di/+ui% ?is lamp f ! ord9>y ,cair5e type4 ,9 ?is case ! treatm5t ( ! figures1 :i*1 z ,i h said1 are nev] f\nd on true mosque lamps1 closely resembles t on ! inlaid metal-w>e made at ,mosul 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4#abd ,& ?is c>ries u back to ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ?is enamell$ glass1 & we are br\ght face to face ) q a numb] ( int]e/+ problems :i* c only be indicat$ "h4 ,t ! application ( enamels to glass by ! ,s>ac5s 0 prior to ! use ( simil> mat]ials on porcela9 by ! ,*9ese1 ,i h already m5tion$4 ,x is1 inde$1 n impossible t ?is me?od ( decoration may h be5 sugge/$ to ! ,*9ese pott]s by specim5s ( ! ,s>ac5ic glass :i*1 z we n[ "k1 f\nd _! way to ,*9a at an e>ly date4 ,! use ( enamels ( v simil> con/itution on metals _h1 h[ev]1 be5 kn[n 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,europe s9ce ! fir/ c5tury ( our era if n e>li]1 & ! cloisonn enamels ( ! ,byzant9es _h long be5 fam\s4 ,9 ?is connection1 too1 we mu/ n =get ! vitrum plumbeum ) :i* ! ,syrian ,jews manufactur$ artificial gems4 ,x is to mat]ials ( ?is k9d1 true lead-flux$ enamels1 t we mu/ look = ! orig9 ( ! decoration on ,s>ac5ic glass1 r ?an to ! pa9t-l col\rs occasionally us$ by ! ,romans & ,byzant9es4 ,we may safely associate ! app>5tly sudd5 appe>ance ( ?is ri*ly decorat$ enamell$ glass ) ! *ange t came ov] ! o!r arts ( ! ,s>ac5s ab\t ?is "t1 & ,dr4 ,lane-,poole is probably "r 9 connect+ ?is *ange ) ! rise ( ! ,kurdi% & ,t>t> families :o play$ s important a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies 7,art ( ! ,s>ac5s1 p4 #abg seq474 ,nur-ed-d91 :o rul$ at ,damascus & ,aleppo 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 came f ! /ock ( ! ,b5i ,z5ky1 :o adorn$ _! co9age ) figure subjects tak5 f bo? ,byzant9e & ,p]sian s\rces4 ,8 successor1 ! great ,salad91 came ( ! ,ayubi /ock t _h rul$ 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,bo? families br\ght ) !m ! traditions ( ,sassanian art & a complete fre$om f ! religi\s scruples ( ! e>li] ,semitic rul]s4 ,a little lat] ! great ,monghol invasion ( ,g5ghis ,khan1 :o f\nd$ a new dyna/y 9 ,p]sia1 op5$ ! way to o!r influ5ces1 ?is "t f ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,dur+ all ?is p]iod1 ! civilisation ( ! ,franki% ,we/ 0 fight+ its way into ,pale/9e & ,nor!rn ,syria4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d a p>allel case 9 hi/ory--a case1 ,i mean1 ( z _m exotic influ5ces z 7 n[ br\ght to be> ^u ,syria & ,egypt1 at "w at ! same "t & 9 ! same c\ntry4 ,9 bo? l&s "o result 0 an outbur/ ( arti/ic spl5d\r4 ,?is1 9 ! fir/ c\ntry1 came to a premature end ) ,timur's deva/at+ campaign4 ,9 ,egypt ?is glori\s p]iod la/$ some:at long]2 b already 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! ,memlook sultans _h return$ to ! /rict] rule ( ! fai?1 & by ! next c5tury1 :5 aft] a p]iod ( turmoil ,egypt fell "u ,turki% rule1 ! %ort-liv$ art ( enamell+ on glass 0 already ext9ct4 ,h[ completely ?is 0 s we may le>n f an int]e/+ docum5t discov]$ "s "t s9ce by ! late ,m4 ,yri>te 9 ! ,v5etian ar*ives--amid ! inexhau/ible /ore n[ pres]v$ 9 ! old conv5t beh9d ! ,fr>i ,*ur* 7,la ,vie d'un ,patrici5 de ,v5ise au ,,xvime ,sicle1 p4 #adg seq474 ,9 ! ye> #aefi1 ,m>c ,antonio ,b>b>o--t type ( a ,v5etian noble1 ! lib]al patron ( arti/s & writ]s--0 ambassador at ,con/ant9ople4 ,! docum5t 9 "q is a despat* address$ by him to ! ,v5etian s5ate2 on x he has drawn 9 outl9e two designs = lamps--"o a some:at depress$ v]sion ( our old mosque type1 ! o!r :at ,m4 ,yri>te calls a #8godet-lampe' ( elongat$ =m1--9 fact1 a v]sion ( our #8spe>-butt' or cup-lamp suitable = fitt+ into a wood5 or metal frame4 ,b>b>o urges ! s5ate to see to ! execution at ,murano1 ) ! greate/ c>e1 ( z _m z n9e hundr$ pieces aft] ^! designs1 = ! dem& came f no less a p]son ?an ! ,gr& ,vizi] himself4 ,!re is no ref]5ce1 9 ! ord] = ^! lamps1 to any enamell+3 ^? t are n pla9 7s*ietti7 are to be decorat$ 9 ! ,v5etian way 7a reticelli74#abe ,! old =m 01 h[ev]1 kept up 9 ^? beautiful mosque lamps ( fay5ce1 ,rhodian or ,damascan 9 /yle1 ( :i* we h a few r>e examples 9 our museums2 ^!1 ,i ?9k1 7 made 9 ! days ( ,turki% rule1 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,i %all return 9 a subsequ5t *apt] to ! lat] glass ( ! ,mohamm$ans--t ( ,p]sia & ( ,india--glass t 0 = ! mo/ "p influ5c$ by ,v5etian models1 9 "p ev5 made by ,v5etian workm53 x w\ld be h>dly possible to treat ( ?is glass be=e we h said some?+ ( its ,european prototype4 ,we "k practically no?+ ( any m$ival ,s>ac5ic glass o!r ?an ! enamell$ w>e ( ,syria & ,egypt4 ,! little b[l ( amb]-yell[ glass 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 enamell$ ) ! figure ( an angel1 0 consid]$ by ,franks to be ,p]sian w>e ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7,plate ,,xxvii4 #a74 ,) x we may comp>e ! already m5tion$ sph]e f a lamp-*a9 9 ! same collection :i* is ( v simil> glass4 ,! decoration ( ! fir/ object is di/9ctly ,p]sian1 b its orig9 may be s\ght1 p]haps1 9 ! ,tabriz di/rict or ev5 fur!r nor? 9 ,georgia1 r ?an 9 ! m s\!rn & ea/]n di/ricts :]e1 "u ,v5etian influ5ce1 a glass indu/ry sprang up 9 lat] days4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii ,,dr9k+ ,,b[l ,,p]sian ,,or ,,syrian4 ,,fifte5? ,,or ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,,sph]ical ,,ornam5t ,,= ,,atta*m5t ,,to ,,*a9 ,,susp5d+ ,,mosque ,,lamp ,,p]sian ,,or ,,syrian4 ,,probably ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,a few fragm5ts ( glass h be5 br\ght f excavations made on ! site ( ! old city ( ,rh1 or ,rhages1 :i* 0 de/roy$ by ,hulaku ,khan 9 #abej4 ,b !re is little to be f\nd among ^! t has any be>+ ^u ! int]e/+ "q ( a m$ival ,p]sian glass indu/ry1 nor d ,i ?9k t ! evid5ce ( s e>ly a date = all ^! fragm5ts is by any means conclusive4 ,9 ! rubbi%-heaps ( ,fo/at or ,old ,cairo1 :i*1 l ^? ( ,rh1 h yield$ s _m int]e/+ pot%]ds t ?r[ light on ! e>ly hi/ory ( pott]y1 _m pieces ( glass h be5 f\nd1 among !m "s fragm5ts ( bracelets4 ,^! are ( two types1 9 "o case ( ! primitive ,hebron "*1 9 ! o!r built up ( twi/$ rods ( reticelli glass1--^! la/ may und\bt$ly be ref]r$ to ,v5ice4 ,= ! re/1 ^! ,fo/at fragm5ts po9t to a local manufacture ( some:at r\gh glass ( brilliant hues1 b ! enamell$ glass ( :i* we h treat$ 9 ?is *apt] is1 z f> z ,i h _h opportunity ( judg+1 conspicu\s by its abs5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,glass ,,( ,,v5ice--,,! ,,orig9s--,,beads ,be=e tak+ up ! subject ( ,v5etian glass1 x w be well to say some?+ ( ano!r e>ly ,italian c5tre ( ! indu/ry4 ,x is only ( rec5t ye>s t ! important "p play$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury by ! glass-work]s f ,l',alt>e1 9 spread+ ! new me?ods ?r\gh ,france & ! l[ c\ntries1 has be5 made manife/4 ,l',,alt>e is a little ,ligurian t[n1 situat$ a few miles to ! nor? ( ,savona4 ,x belong$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages to ! ,m>quis ( ,montf]rat1 & ! relation ( t family bo? ) ,france & ) ! ,ea/ %\ld n be =gott5 9 ?is connection4 ,accord+ to ! local tradition1 ! glass indu/ry 0 e/abli%$ z f> back z ! elev5? c5tury by a body ( immigrants f ,norm&y1 & a ,fr5* orig9 has be5 f\nd = ! names ( ! families employ$ 9 ! glass-works4#abf ,at a lat] date1 probably 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 o!r workm5 came f ,murano1 s t :5 by ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! skill$ glass-work]s ( ,l',alt>e began to seek employm5t 9 =eign c\ntries1 !y became ! pr9cipal ag5cy by :i* ! new] me?ods ( ! ,v5etians 7 introduc$ into ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,^! ,alt>i/s mu/ inde$ h be5 a ?orn 9 ! side ( _! ,muranese rivals1 =1 ab&on+ ! /r+5t regulations by :i* ! ,v5etian gov]nm5t s\ght to h9d] ! emigration ( _! glass-work]s1 at ,l',alt>e ! self-elect$ consuls ( ! craft f>m$ out _! m5 to =eign /ates & t[ns1 receiv+ a sub/antial paym5t 9 return4#abg ,i d n "k ( any specim5s ( glass1 ei!r ( m$ival or r5aissance date1 t c be attribut$ ) c]ta9ty to ! t[n4 ,at ! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 ,l',alt>e is an active c5tre ( ! glass indu/ry4 ,signor ,bordoni gives a li/ ( ?irte5 old families--he himself belongs to "o ( !m--:o /ill c>ry on ! craft4 ,^! h\ses h ag5cies all ov] ,nor!rn ,italy & ev5 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,glass has be5 made at ,v5ice1 or m /rictly at ,murano1 = at lea/ sev5 hundr$ ye>s2 b :at we especially ?9k ( z ,v5etian glass--! graceful vessels ( endless v>iety ( =m1 ?9 & diaphan\s1 9 :i* ! skill ( ! glass-bl[] atta9s its mo/ complete expression--^! 7 ! produce ( a comp>atively %ort p]iod1 ( ! sixte5? c5tury above all4 ,dur+ ! la/ fifty or sixty ye>s ( ! prec$+ c5tury ! ,v5etians 9 _! enamell$ glass 7 able to give expression to ! _s ( ! quattro-c5to1 b ( ! glass t 0 made be=e t "t practically no?+ is kn[n4 ,aft] ! end ( ! sixte5?1 or at late/ ! middle ( ! next c5tury1 ! art ent]s into a p]iod ( gradual decl9e1 :i* cont9u$ until ! p>tial revival ( our own day4 ,b be=e t decl9e _h set 91 ,v5etian glass-work]s _h spread ov] ,we/]n ,europe1 & _h revolutionis$ ! art ( glass-mak+4 ,! hi/ory ( mod]n glass beg9s ) t ( ! ,v5etian cri/allo 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x is to ! ,v5etian ar*ives t "o mu/ turn = in=mation if ! attempt be made to trace ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! glass indu/ry ( t city1 & ^! ar*ives h be5 explor$ by a succession ( native inquir]s4#abh ,= ! e>li] p]iods ! negative evid5ce is ( "s importance4 ,!re is no ref]5ce ( any k9d to ! manufacture ( glass be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury1#abi al?\gh by ?is "t a great "p ( ! int]ior ( ,/4 ,m>k's _h be5 cov]$ ) mosaics4 ,l ! enamels ( ! ,pala ,d',oro1 we may probably look ^u ! e>li] ,v5etian mosaics z ( ,byzant9e orig94 ,aft] ! capture ( ,con/ant9ople 9 #abjd1 ! ,v5etians obta9$ a firm] grip ^u ! trade ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,_! factories _h long be5 e/abli%$ on ! coa/ ( ,syria4 #8,:5 ,sidon fell1' says ,mr4 ,horatio ,f4 ,br[n1 #8! ,v5etians receiv$ f ,baldw91 ,k+ ( ,j]usalem1 9 return = _! assi/ance1 a m>ket-place1 a di/rict1 & a *ur*4 ,?is 0 9 fact ! nucleus ( a colony liv+ "u special treaty capitulations' 7,cambridge ,r5aissance1 vol4 i474 ,?is happ5$ e>ly 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,i %all h some?+ to say lat] on conc]n+ ! relations ( ! ,v5etians ) ! ,lat9 pr9cipalities ( ,nor!rn ,syria t[>ds ! end ( ! next c5tury1 :5 ! republic engag$ to pay ! #8dhime' = ! brok5 glass t !y export$4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod1 & "u su* influ5ces1 t ! manufacture ( glass 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! republic4#acj ,e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury !re is evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a guild ( glass-bl[]s4 ,9 #abbd1 tw5ty-n9e memb]s ( ! ,ars ,friol>ia 7 f9$ = break+ ! rules ( ! trade4 ,9 #abfh1 ! *ronicl] ,m>tius da ,cavale tells u1 ! mae/ri vitrai ,muranesi1 on ! accession ( ! ,doge ,lor5zo ,tiepolo1 bore 9 procession #8ric*e girl&e di p]le 444 e gua/ade ed oricanni ed altrettali vetrami g5tili'3 wat]-bottles & sc5t-flasks & o!r su* graceful objects ( glass4 ,9 #abgi we he> ( ,g]man p$l>s at ,v5ice--,todes*i qui portant vitra ad dorsum--b ea* man 0 only p]mitt$ to c>ry (f t5 lire wor? ( glass at a "t4 ,meantime1 z 9 o!r m$ival t[ns1 ! "q ( all[+ dang]\s trades to be c>ri$ on )9 ! city b\nds became a press+ "o at ,v5ice4 ,! newly con/itut$ ,maggior ,consiglio--x 0 soon aft] ! fam\s firmata--issu$ a decree #8quod =naces de vitro 9 quibus laborantur labor>ia vitrea' %\ld be all de/roy$ )9 ! /ate & see ( ! ,rivo ,alto4 ,b ?is app>5tly 0 f\nd to be too extreme a measure1 = 9 ! next ye> ! decree 0 modifi$ s z to all[ ( ! manufacture ( small objects 7,v]ixelli--! ,fr5* v]rot]ie7 9 little furnaces 7=nelli7 "u c]ta9 conditions1 & ?is modifi$ regulation rema9$ 9 =ce until ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! privileg$ position ( ,murano1 :i* lay outside ! see ( ,v5ice1 0 ?us firmly e/abli%$4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 too1 we he> ( furnaces work$ by expatriat$ ,v5etians at ,treviso1 ,f]r>a1 ,padua1 & ,bologna1 :]e factories _h be5 already e/abli%$1 sometimes "u treaty ) ,v5ice4 ,x w be rememb]$ t z yet ! republic _h no t]ritory on ! ma9l& ( ,italy4 ,!re h be5 "s diff]5ces ( op9ion z to :at k9d ( glass 0 produc$ at ?is "t 9 ,v5ice--9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 ,i mean4 ,)\t prejudg+ ! "q z to :e!r any?+ 9 ! nature ( enamell$ glass 0 yet kn[n1 we h evid5ce = ! foll[+ /atem5ts3--t ! prep>ation ( v>i\s descriptions ( beads con/itut$ at t "t1 z inde$ x has ev] s9ce1 ! ma9 /aple ( ! indu/ry2 t 9 ! second place1 ! bl[+ ( holl[ w>e = g5]al use already gave occupation to a sep>ate guild ( workm52 & t f9ally ! memb]s ( bo? ^! guilds1 toge!r ) ! mak]s ( ! rui--! little panes ( ?ick gre5 glass 7simil> to our #8bull's eyes'7 /ill to be se5 9 ! w9d[s ( _m old palaces 9 ,v5ice--7 devot+ !mselves to p]fect+ c]ta9 new discov]ies4 ,^! relat$ above all to ! manufacture ( mirrors ( glass1 back$ ) lead1 ( :i* ,i h already said some?+4 ,aga91 ! mak+ ( l5ses1 ! ogl>ii di vitro or lapides ad leg5dum1 n[ became a di/9ct indu/ry4 ,x 0 at ?is "t 7= in/ance 9 ! ye> #acjj7 t we f9d ! ,cri/allai di ,cri/allo di ,rocca compla9+ ( ! competition ( ! glass-mak]s4 ,^! c>v]s & poli%]s ( rock cry/al 7 already e/abli%$ z an important guild 9 ,v5ice2 !y look$ ^u ! glass-work]s z intrud]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ef=ts ( ! latt] to imitate ! nobl] mat]ial _h no d\bt an important be>+ on ! developm5t ( ,v5etian glass1 = x 0 z a consequ5ce ( _! success 9 mak+ an absolutely :ite transp>5t #8metal' t ! ,v5etian glass-mak]s fir/ acquir$ a ,european fame4 ,x 0 ?is cri/allo di ,v5ezia t revolutionis$ at a lat] "t ! glass ( ,europe4 ,at an e>ly date1 9 spite ( edicts =bidd+ its sale to ! ,todes*i1 ! unwork$ mat]ial1 en masse1 f\nd its way into ,g]many1 !re to be work$ up aft] remelt+4 ,already 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! wat]-p[] ( ,alp9e /reams _h be5 appli$ to ! gr9d+ & poli%+ ( glass1 z1 = example1 at ,cort9a d',ampezzo 9 ! ,italian ,tyrol4 ,! glass-mak]s at ! same "t1 or a little lat]1 came into competition ) ! c>v]s ( jasp] & agate1 :i* /ones !y imitat$ by means ( +5i\s comb9ations ( col\r$ glass 7smalti74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii ,,v5etian ,,glass4 ,,! ,,aldrev&9i ,,beak] ,,circa #acjj1 ,a4,d4 ,s f> !re is no evid5ce t ! newly develop$ art ( enamell+ on glass _h pass$ f ! ,syrian coa/ to ! ,lagoons4 ,! ,v5etian glass-mak]s 7 /ill work+ on o!r l9es1 & ) o!r aims4 ,9 view1 h[ev]1 ( ! close comm]cial int]c\rse ( ! ,v5etians ) ! coa/ cities ( ,syria1#aca we may well imag9e t "s attempts 7 made to imitate ! brilliant enamels ( ! ,ea/4 ,b ! successful h&l+ ( ^! col\rs 0 n a matt] to be easily le>n$4 ,!re 7 z yet no h&books to tea* ! composition ( ! col\r$ fluxes1 to say no?+ ( ! v>i\s devices & #8wr9kles' to be ma/]$ be=e ! enamels c\ld be successfully appli$ to ! surface ( ! glass4 ,9 ! ,aldrev&9i beak] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum we may p]haps see an attempt to ov]come ^! difficulties4 ,! #8metal' itself is "h q ( a ,v5etian type1 ?9 & absolutely :ite1 al?\gh disfigur$ by ! black specks s *>act]i/ic ( e>ly ,v5etian glass4 ,!re is no trace ( ,ori5tal influ5ce 9 ! decoration2 ! ?ree heat]-%ap$ %ields h *>ges--keys1 antl]s1 & fesses--t h be5 trac$ back to c]ta9 ,swabian t[ns1 b ! inscription 9 ,go?ic lett]s-- ,,magi/] ,,aldrev&9' ,,me ,,feci--po9ts to a ,v5etian orig94 ,on ! gr\nd ( ! h]aldry & ( ! inscription1 a date ( ab\t ! ye> #acjj may be ascrib$ to ?is goblet4 ,! enamels1 x %\ld be not$1 are ( ! poore/ description2 all ! well-kn[n ,s>ac5ic col\rs are imitat$1 x is true1 b ) a /rik+ want ( success4 ,comp>e ) ?is goblet ! cup f ! ,hope collection t /&s ne> x 9 ! ,glass ,room4 ,! glass is ?ick] ?an 9 ! la/ example1 x is ( a slightly gre5i% t9t1 & conta9s a few elongat$ bubbles4 ,! decoration is 9 its way ma/]ly3 on ei!r side ( a ?rone on :i* is seat$ ! ,virg9 ) ! ,*ild 9 h] lap1 /&s an angel hold+ a tall c&le2 beyond are ! figures ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul4 ,z to ! /yle ( ! decoration1 x is to my m9d di/9ctly ,we/]n2 ! figures might be tak5 f a ,fr5* missal ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! ,arte ,francisca 0 no d\bt com+ into fav\r 9 ,v5ice at ?is "t1 b ev5 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury x 0 reg>d$ z some?+ exotic1 & ,i d\bt if x 0 z yet practis$ by ,v5etian craftsm5 :o1 9 ! m9or arts1 long adh]$ to ,byzant9e models4 ,:5 we come to exam9e ! te*nique ( ! enamels1 we are at once /ruck ) _! resemblance to ^? on ! ,s>ac5ic glass ( ! p]iod4 ,we h "h ! "w ( "o :o 0 ma/] ( 8 craft2 above all1 ! quality ( ! blue enamel %\ld be not$ & comp>$ ) t on ! ,aldrev&9i goblet4 ,i ?9k1 !n1 t bo? ! glass & enamel ( ?is cup are ! "w ( ,syrian craftsm51 possibly work+ at ,v5ice1 b m probably at ! c\rt ( "o ( ! ,franki% pr9ces :o held fiefs 9 ,syria dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury1--at t ( ,bohemond ,,vi4 possibly1 pr9ce ( ,antio* & ,c\nt ( ,tripoli1 or ( 8 son ,bohemond ,,vii41 :o celebrat$ 8 m>riage ) a noble lady f ,*ampagne only a few ye>s be=e 8 expulsion by ! ,s>ac5s4 ,x 0 9 #abgg1 "u ! rule ( ! =m]1 t ! treaty 0 drawn up t conta9s ! (t5-quot$--& misquot$--words1 #8,et si ,v5iti5 trait v]re briz de la vile1 il e/ t5uz de pay] le dhime4' ,:at is m likely ?an t su* a goblet may h be5 made by "s ,jewi% or p]haps ,*ri/ian glass-work] = a nobleman ( ?is ?or\ghly ,fr5* c\rt8#acb ,su* an orig9 may help to acc\nt = ! fact1 o!rwise some:at difficult to expla91 t ?is goblet is a unique example ( its class4 ,if ! ,v5etians ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies 7 complete ma/]s ( ! art ( enamel1 h[ comes x t no o!r example ( ! art at all comp>able 9 excell5ce to ?is glass has come d[n to u8 ,no "o1 ,i ?9k1 n[ believes 9 ! ,v5etian orig9 ( ! hanap de voirre en faon de ,damas1 ( ! glass vessels de l'ouvrage de ,damas1 or pe9tes la morisque m5tion$ 9 ! inv5tories ( ! ,fr5* pr9ces ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,^! 7 evid5tly decorat$ 9 an ,ori5tal /yle4 ,we mu/ also rememb] t be=e ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ,*ri/ian rul]s 7 f9ally driv5 out ( ,syria2 !re 0 !re=e only a brief p]iod dur+ :i* su* a goblet decorat$ ) ,*ri/ian motives c\ld h be5 made 9 ! ,ea/4 ,:5 "s c5tury & a half lat] ! ,v5etians began freely to decorate _! glass ) enamels1 we note an entire *ange bo? 9 ! col\rs & 9 ! nature ( ! fluxes us$4 ,to ?is po9t ,i %all return lat] on1 b ,i may call att5tion "h to ! almo/ total abs5ce ( ,ori5tal influ5ce 9 ! designs f\nd on ! ,v5etian enamell$ glass ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,?is is ! m rem>kable :5 we rememb] t at ?is "t z reg>ds o!r arts--_! inlaid metal-w>e & ! /amp$ lea!r ( _! bookb9d+s1 to give b two in/ances--n only is ?is influ5ce /rong1 b we "k t ,ori5tal craftsm5 7 at "w at ,v5ice4 ,i ?9k t "o simple explanation may be giv5 ( ?is app>5t anomaly1 namely1 t by ! "t ! ,italians took to ! practice ( enamell+ _! glass1 t art 0 practically ext9ct 9 ! ,ea/4 ,x 0 dur+ ! c\rse ( ! f\rte5? c5tury app>5tly t ! glass-work]s organis$ !mselves into sep>ate guilds or arti1 gov]n$ by ! rules set out on ! ,matricola or ,m>iegola4 ,x is f ^! matricole t ! little we "k ( ! ,v5etian glass ( ?is "t is d]iv$4#acc ,! glass-work]s n[ obta9$ _m important privileges1 & ! t[n ( ,murano 0 grant$ a consid]able measure ( self-gov]nm5t2 b x 0 n till ! ye> #adde t ^! rights 7 fully e/abli%$4 ,ea* arte 0 gov]n$ by an elect$ gua/oldo1 assi/$ by ?ree sup]9t5d5ts1 to :om x fell among o!r duties to br+ ! petitions & compla9ts ( ! glass-work]s be=e ! ,great & ! ,less] ,c\ncil at ,v5ice4 ,n ! lea/ important duty ( ! gua/oldo & 8 lieut5ants or compagni 0 ! p]iodical selection ( ! pro(-pieces--! prove--to be made by ! appr5tices ( ! v>i\s arti be=e !y c\ld claim rank z ma/]s4 ,^! tasks 7 inscrib$ 9 ! ,m>iegole1 & f !m ,signor ,cec*etti1 9 8 (t5-quot$ pap]1 has extract$ _m examples4 ,to give an in/ance3 ! ,mae/ri di ,rulli 7,rui1 small w9d[-panes7 _h among o!r ?+s to make #8due oc*i di bo1' an e>ly in/ance ( ! t]m #8bull's eyes4' ,b ! te*nical t]ms employ$ 9 mo/ cases r5d] ! int]pretation v difficult4 ,"s ( ! /range-%ap$ vases 9 our collections may n improbably be examples ( su* pro(-pieces4 ,aft] ?is "t ! work+ ye>--! p]iod dur+ :i* ! furnaces 7 kept con/antly alight--0 conf9$ to n9e mon?s2 ?is 0 aft]w>ds prolong$ to =ty-f\r weeks4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 pl5ty ( "w to d dur+ ! summ] vacation1 :i* end$ on ,octob] #a1 = ! furnaces _h n[ to be repair$ if n rebuilt4 ,! numb] ( sep>ate arti or guilds appe>s to h v>i$1 & x 0 n till ! fifte5? c5tury p]haps t ! divisions t 7 ma9ta9$ until ! la/ days ( ! republic 7 f9ally e/abli%$4 ,b at an e>ly date ! fialai & cri/allai 7 sep>at$ f ! spec*iai or mirror-mak]s on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r f ! p]lai--! bead-mak]s1 m especially ! mak]s ( ! #8canes' & pa/es = beads2 a f\r? guild1 too1 0 already e/abli%$ = ! /azion]i1 or retail v5dors ( glass4 ,at a lat] date ! p]lai 7 sep>at$ into two guilds1 ( :i* "o includ$ ! mak]s ( cont]ie1 ! ord9>y beads ( comm]ce1 :ile ! o!r compris$1 besides ! mak]s ( ! canne = ! l>ge beads1 ^? :o prep>$ enamels 9 cakes = exportation4 ,:5 we call to m9d t1 ap>t f ^! latt] purely ,muranese guilds1 ^: memb]s 7 *iefly conc]n$ ) ! prep>ation ( ! mat]ials1 ! actual mak]s ( ! beads liv$ = ! mo/ "p "u sep>ate organisation at ,v5ice1 x w be evid5t :at an important "p ! bead indu/ry has play$ 9 t city4 ,! gov]nm5t probably enc\rag$ ! subdivision ( lab\r1 :i* made x m difficult = s+le workm5 to e/abli% glass-works 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,9 fact1 ! manufacture & export ( beads h at all times =m$ ! v backbone ( ! ,v5etian glass indu/ry4 ,we _c trace ?is trade fur!r back ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury--by means1 t is1 ( def9ite docum5t>y evid5ce--b by t "t a fleet ( galleys 0 ye>ly despat*$1 on ! "o h& to ! ,black ,sea1 on ! o!r to ,fl&]s & ! ,?ames2 subsidi>y c5tres = di/ribution 7 e/abli%$ at ! pr9cipal ports1 & ^! beads already =m an important elem5t 9 ! c>go4 ,unlike ! l>g] articles ( bl[n glass1 ! /r+s ( beads 7 9 e way conv5i5t articles ( comm]ce1 easily pack$ & easily valu$ & c\nt$4 ,s mu* 0 ?is ! case t ! "n cont]ie#acd 7comp>e our ^w #8c\nt]s'7 0 e>ly adopt$ z a g5]al t]m = ! common] k9ds ( beads4 ,our ,engli% tongue is above all poor 9 words t c be us$ 9 ! description ( works ( art4 ,= apt expressions ) :i* to indicate specialities ( manufacture1 v>ieties ( %ape or %ades ( col\r1 rec\rse mu/ cont9ually be _h1 h[ev] unwill+ly on ! "p ( ! writ]1 to ! ,fr5* language4 ,b 9 "o case1 at lea/1 we h our rev5ge4 ,we possess 9 ! ^w #8bead'#ace a conv5i5t t]m1 ( :i* ! exact equival5t1 /rangely en\gh1 exi/s 9 no o!r language4 ,no?+ c be m inconv5i5t & m likely to lead to misconception ?an ! use ( ! ^w #8pe>l1' or #8false pe>l1' 9 ?is g5]al s5se1 & yet no t]m m def9ite has be5 f\nd 9 ei!r ! ,fr5* or ! ,g]man language4 ,9 ,italian ! use ( ! t]m cont]ie is conf9$ to c]ta9 classes ( beads4 ,! only fault1 f our po9t ( view1 to be f\nd ) our ,engli% ^w is t x may be appli$ to objects made ( o!r mat]ials ?an glass4 ,a t]m ( v simil> orig9--#8pat]no/]s'--0 =m]ly employ$ = a c]ta9 class ( l>ge beads 9 ,france & ,italy1 b ! use ( x has nev] become g5]al4 ,we h se5 t t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ! cri/allai di cri/allo di rocca fell f\l ( ! glass-work]s ( ,murano1 & induc$ ! au?orities to =bid ! imitation ( _! "w 9 ! inf]ior mat]ial4 ,n ! lea/ important ( ! productions ( ^! work]s 9 rock cry/al & o!r h>d /ones 7 ! beads = use 9 ! ros>ies 7to use a ^w ( lat] introduction7--! pat]no/ri4 ,we "k1 too1 t "s su* prohibition z t ref]r$ to 0 revok$ 9 #aeaj2 & ! gr\nd = ?is *ange ( policy is f\nd 9 ! fact t = "s "t ! ,g]mans _h be5 9 ! habit ( c>ry+ to _! own c\ntry ! #8canes'#acf ( glass1 :i* !y !re cut & poli%$ to =m pat]no/ri4 ,^! beads1 re-import$ into ,v5ice1 f\nd _! way ultimately to all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! ,v5etians1 we mu/ rememb]1 at an e>ly date1 long be=e !y _h acquir$ t]ritory on ! ma9l&1 _h e/abli%$ factories at ,treviso1 at ,belluno1 & along ! upp] c\rse ( ! riv] ,piave4 ,x is probable t advantage 0 tak5 ( ! abundant wat]-p[] to e/abli% 9 ^! t[ns mills = ! gr9d+ & cutt+ ( _! glass4 ,?is indu/ry1 =bidd5 = a "t at ,murano1 may h be5 c>ri$ on 9 a m or less cl&e/9e mann]4#acg ,x 0 ?r\gh ?is c\ntry1 too1 t ! ,g]man trad]s pass$1 & a l9k betwe5 ! trans-,alp9e & ! ,italian glass indu/ries 0 ?us e>ly =m$4 ,! />t+-po9t 9 ! manufacture ( beads is a rod or cane ( glass3 accord+ z ?is cane is holl[ or solid1 ! manufacture is c>ri$ on by radically di/9ct me?ods4 ,9 ! case ( ! holl[ cane or tube1 we />t f a #8ga!r+' at ! end ( ! bl[+-iron2 ?is ga!r+ is slightly inflat$ to =m an incipi5t p>aison1 & a rod ( iron is atta*$ to ! fur!r extremity4 ,?is rod is seiz$ by a boy--! tirador--:o runs ) x at full spe$ s z to elongate ! glass z mu* z possible be=e x has "t to cool2 ! ?9 tube1 or canna1 ?us =m$ may1 x is said1 be z mu* z #aej feet 9 l5g?4 ,?is tube1 brok5 into rods ( conv5i5t l5g?s1 !n passes into ! h&s ( ano!r set ( workm51 liv+ = ! mo/ "p 9 ,v5ice4 ,! rods are n[ c>efully sort$1 z to size1 by wom5--! c]natrici--& h&$ ov] to ! cutt]1 :o1 seat$ at a b5*1 cuts (f equal l5g?s by pass+ ! rod betwe5 a blade or *isel held 9 ! h&1 & a simil> tool fix$ 9 ! b5*1 ! size ( ! fragm5ts be+ regulat$ by means ( ! scontro1 a semi-cyl9drical block ( /eel4 ,if ! object 0 to manufacture ! little cyl9drical bugles or jais1 ! bead--if s x may be call$--is n[ complet$4 ,b 9 ! case ( a normal bead1 ! edges _h n[ to be r\nd$4 ,) ?is object ! ap]ture ( ! little tubes _h fir/ to be fill$ ) "s infusible sub/ance2 ?is 0 done by roll+ !m 9 ! h& ) a f9ely gr\nd mixture ( lime & *>coal4 ,!y 7 n[ plac$ along ) a quantity ( s& 9 a tubul> iron receptacle1 :i* 0 rotat$ ov] ! furnace4#ach ,by ?is means ! angul> edges 7 r\nd$ (f4 ,! beads 7 !n sift$ f ! s& & %ak5 up 9 a bag to remove ! mat]ial ) :i* ! tubes _h be5 plugg$2 f9ally !y 7 sort$ into v>i\s sizes by means ( a sieve1 &1 9 ! case ( sph]ical beads1 ^? ( irregul> %ape 7 elim9at$ by roll+ !m on an incl9$ table4 ,x only rema9$ = ! lu/ratori to give !m a f9al poli% by %ak+ !m up 9 a sack ) bran4 ,?is 0 ! process adopt$ = ! small] beads--! cont]ie--:i*1 be=e pack+1 7 ?read$ on a /r+ by girls4 ,! l>g] p]le1 su* z ! p]le a rosette1 or *evron beads1 ( :i* ,i %all speak pres5tly1 _h to be gr\nd into %ape on ! :eel4 ,any ornam5t or design t appe>s on ^! beads dep5d$ ( c\rse ^u ! con/itution ( ! orig9al canna4 ,?is 0 (t5 built up ( a succession ( lay]s ( v>i\s col\rs1 obta9$ by dipp+ ! fir/ ga!r+ into "o or m pots ( col\r$ glass1 be=e draw+ x out to =m a tube4 ,beads made by ?is process belong /rictly to ! class ( bl[n glass4 ,! o!r sy/em :i* we w n[ describe takes u back to ! old primitive me?ods ( glass-work+4 ,9 ?is case we />t f a solid rod ( glass1 :i* is manipulat$ 9 ! h& ( ! workman some:at l a /ick ( seal+-wax4 ,seat$ at a table1 he melts ! extremity ( ! canna 9 ! flame1 direct$ away f him by means ( a bl[-pipe1 & twi/s ! ?read ( viscid glass ar\nd a small rod ( iron4#aci ,by ?is or simil> me?ods1 n only beads b v>i\s small objects ( v]rot]ie are =m$4 ,! surface ( ^! may be subsequ5tly decorat$ by means ( appliqu /uds & /r++s ( v>i\s col\r$ glass1 or aga91 ! half-fus$ sub/ance may be press$ into little m\lds4 ,! spun-glass also1 s mu* admir$ a few ye>s s9ce1 is made f rods ( glass melt$ 9 ! flame ( ! table bl[-pipe4 ,?is is ! process ( ! suppialume1 9 :i* ! ,v5etian workm5 acquir$ su* skill 9 lat] days4 ,x _c be trac$ fur!r back ?an ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & its inv5tion is associat$ ) a c]ta9 ,&rea ,vidaore4 ,! guild ( ! suppialumi 0 only f9ally con/itut$ 9 #afdh4 ,if ?is process 0 really only introduc$ at s comp>atively late a date1 we h "h a curi\s in/ance ( a rev]sion to an old te*nique1 = x is impossible to ov]look ! po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 x & ! mann] 9 :i* ! anci5t ,egyptians built up _! beads4#adj ,x mu/ be not$ t ! practical diff]5ce betwe5 ! beads made by ! suppialumi & ^? =m$ f holl[ tubes1 is n "o ( size4 ,l>ge or small beads may be =m$ by ei!r process4 ,x is1 r1 t 9 ! fir/ case ! ornam5t is sup]ficial--x is some?+ add$ to ! surface ( ! bead4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 beads made f holl[ tubes1 ! design1 ?\gh limit$ 9 v>iety1 is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! :ole bead4 ,?is is a di/9ction mu* appreciat$ by native connoisseurs 9 ,c5tral ,africa & else:]e4 ,among ! beads made f holl[ tubes !re is "o type1 g5]ally ( comm&+ size1 :i* may p]haps claim "s att5tion4 ,i ref] to ! great ,*evron ,beads1 ! ,p]le a rosette ( ! ,italians1 propos ( ! orig9 & date ( :i* a n insignificant lit]ature has accumulat$4 ,i treat ( !m "h1 z 9 by f> ! l>g] numb] ( in/ances1 if n 9 all cases1 ^! beads c be und\bt$ly recognis$ z ( ,v5etian manufacture4 ,^! *evron beads h be5 made f canes built up ( conc5tric lay]s ( col\r$ glass4 ,!y h attract$ exceptional att5tion f ! fact t examples h be5 f\nd 9 s _m widely sep>at$ p>ts ( ! _w1 & f _! possess+1 9 "s cases1 app>5tly well f\nd$ claims to great age4 ,! arrangem5t & ! succession ( ! col\rs 9 ! glass is 9 e case practically id5tical4 ,! canes f :i* !y 7 =m$ h be5 built up ( ?ree ma9 conc5tric lay]s1 ext]nally a deep cobalt blue1 !n an opaque brick r$1 & 9 ! c5tre a tube ( pale gre5 transp>5t glass2 ^! ma9 lay]s are divid$ by ?9n] ones ( opaque :ite glass1 & ! divid+ surfaces h be5 work$ into a s]ies ( *evrons or zig-zags 7^! *evrons are 9 all cases1 ,i ?9k1 twelve 9 numb]7 s z to pres5t a />-l patt]n on a cross section4 ,! only v>iations on ?is g5]al type are z foll[s3 ! *evrons are1 9 a few cases1 dragg$ lat]ally s z to resemble ! tee? ( a circul> saw2 ! c5tral tube ( transp>5t glass is sometimes divid$ by a zig-zag lay] ( opaque :ite2 &1 v r>ely1 ! ext]nal lay] is gre5 in/ead ( blue4 ,9 %ape & size1 h[ev]1 ^! *evron beads %[ wide div]g5ces3 9 l5g? !y may v>y f two & a half in*es to z little z a ?ird ( an in*1 & ! diamet]1 ?\gh g5]ally less1 is 9 a few cases great]1 ?an ! l5g?4 ,! extremities 9 "s ( ! l>g] & presumably old] specim5s are facett$1 t is to say1 gr\nd d[n to a pyramidal =m4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 we may call ! normal type1 is ( a cyl9drical %ape ) r\nd$ ends 7,plate ,,xv4 #b74 ,^! p]le a rosette are at ! pres5t day made at ,murano = ! ,african m>ket4 ,:5 9 ! spr+ ( #aijc ,i visit$ ! glass-works ( ! #8,v5ice & ,murano ,company1' ,i 0 %[n by ,signor ,&rea ,rioda specim5s bo? ( ^! beads & ( ! canes f :i* !y are prep>$2 ! company 0 at t "t execut+ a l>ge ord] f a ,fr5* firm1 = ! ,congo4 ,?is "w1 h[ev]1 is n g5]ally und]tak5 by ! firms t make ! ord9>y cont]ie1 = ^! l>ge beads h to be sep>ately gr\nd & poli%$ on a :eel--an important po9t1 z we %all see4 ,!y h be5 made at ,murano1 ! local tradition affirms1 f "t )\t memory4 ,q rec5tly1 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,treviso1 a deposit ( ^! *evron beads has be5 discov]$ 9 a bank beside an op5 field2 #8bu%el loads' ( fragm5ts 7 extract$1 b n a s+le p]fect bead4 ,!y 7 )\t exception brok5 fragm5ts1 n improbably #8wa/]s1' ?r[n aside possibly by ^? :o 7 employ$ 9 gr9d+ !m4 ,treviso1 ,i may note1 is a t[n ( mills & swift-fl[+ /reams--9 fact1 ! ne>e/ po9t to ,v5ice :]e abundant wat]-p[] c\ld be f\nd4 ,un=tunately no light s f> has be5 ?r[n ^u ! age ( ?is curi\s deposit4#ada ,9 g5]al aspect1 9 ! s*eme ( col\r especially1 !re is some?+ unmi/akably ,african ab\t ^! *evron beads4 ,to say no?+ ( _! exceptional size1 !y h little 9 common ) any o!r type ( poly*rome bead1 :e!r ,egyptian1 classical1 or f ,teutonic graves4 ,i may at once say t ,i consid] ^! p]le a rosette z ess5tially ( ,v5etian orig91 & made1 above all1 = ! ,african m>ket4 ,h[ ! indu/ry arose1 & :e!r ! ,v5etians 9 ?is in/ance z 9 o!r cases took ! place ( e>li] ,byzant9e or ,syrian glass-work]s1 !re is no?+ to %[4 ,we "k t ! ,alex&rians ( ,greek & ,roman times1 l ! ,phnicians be=e !m1 trad$ ) ! native races ( ,c5tral ,africa4 ,^! beads h c]ta9ly be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt1#adb especially 9 ,upp] ,egypt & ,nubia2 x is ev5 said t "s ( ! ,s\danese tribes h succe$$ 9 mak+ passable imitations ( !m4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,v5etians1 at lea/ 9 lat] times1 did n trade directly ) inl& & b>b>\s races4 ,_! bus9ess 0 to deliv] _! m]*&ise at c]ta9 seaport t[ns :]e !y _h factories or ag5cies4 ,! goods !n fell into ! h&s ( local m]*ants :o di/ribut$ !m by c>avans or s5t !m on coa/ways 9 _! %ips4 ,s ! ,arab trad]s ( ,egypt1 re%ipp+ ! ,v5etian w>es at ,suez or o!r ports ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 w\ld c>ry !m 9 _! dh[s to ,zanzib> or ,india2 & s aga9 9 lat] days ! m]*ants ( ,am/]dam & ,london1 :o held at times va/ /ores ( ,v5etian beads1 di/ribut$ !m 9 ,dut* or ,engli% %ips to ! v extremities ( ! _w4 ,! trade 9 beads 0 v active 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,at ! pres5t day1 9 ! w>eh\ses ( ,bevis ,m>ks & ,h\ndsdit*1 !re is probably accumulat$ a l>g] /ock ( beads ?an 9 ,v5ice itself4 ,s f> we are on firm gr\nd1 nor is !re any?+ surpris+ :5 we are told t ! l>ge *evron beads h be5 f\nd 9 ,c5tral ,africa1#adc 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 & ev5 9 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b :5 we he> ( examples be+ tak5 f ,r$ ,indian grave-m\nds & ev5 f anci5t ,p]uvian tombs1 we feel "s ne$ ( hesitation be=e accept+ ! /atem5t4 ,s ( ! specim5s f\nd 9 ,engl&1 _m ( !m are wat]-worn & h an air ( ! remote/ antiquity3 !y h be5 extract$ f wells1 f riv]-b$s1 &1 x is /at$1 f ,anglo-,saxon graves4 ,i may m5tion t ^! *evron beads e>ly attract$ ! att5tion ( ,engli% antiqu>ies4 ,dr4 ,/ukeley1 :o _h sev]al 9 8 possession1 br+s !m up 9 8 disquisition on ,druidical rema9s1 & ,bi%op ,gibson1 z f> back z ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 figures !m 9 8 edition ( ,camd5's ,britannia4 ,gibson m5tions t :5 he 0 op5+ a grave 7presumably ,anglo-,saxon7 at ,a%1 a wor?y fri5d by way ( je/ plac$ "o ( ^! gla9 nidr or #8s]p5t's eggs' among ! g5u9e anci5t beads4 ,i w n say ) reg>d to ?is attempt at my/ification--ex uno disce omnes2 b ! /ory sugge/s an attitude ( caution 9 ! case ( o!r simil> f9ds4 ,i _c discuss ?is ?orny "q "h1 & mu/ ref] ^? int]e/$ 9 su* subjects z ! ,gla9 ,nidr or #8,add] ,beads ( ! ,druids1' or aga91 ! ,breton ,ouef r\ge du ,s]p5t ,m>91 to ! exhau/ive pap] by ! late ,mr4 ,john ,br5t 9 ! =ty-fif? volume ( ,ar*ologia4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,enamell$ ,,v5etian ,,glass ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 z we h se51 ! ,v5etian galleys br\ght glass w>e to ! ports ( ,engl& & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,m4 de ,laborde 7,les ,ducs de ,b\rgogne7 f\nd 9 ! ar*ives ( ,lille an ord] = paym5t1 sign$ by ,duke ,philip ( ,burgundy1 #8p\r seze voirres et une escuelle de voirre1 des voirri]s que les gales de ,v5ise ont avan apportez en no/re pays de ,fl&res--quatre franc4' ,?is is dat$ f ,p>is1 #acid4 ,ev5 aft] mak+ e all[ance = ! l>g] pur*as+ p[] ( money 9 ^? days1 ! sev5te5 vessels ( glass b\ght by a royal pr9ce = f\r francs _c h be5 ( exceptional quality4 ,aga91 9 ! ye> #acii1 ,ri*>d ,,ii41 %ortly be=e 8 deposition1 grant$ p]mission to c]ta9 trad]s to sell1 on ! decks ( ! ,v5etian galleys lately arriv$ 9 ! port ( ,london1 _! c>go ( small glass vessels & e>!nw>e plates 7,cal5d> ( ,/ate ,pap]s--,v5etian1 #ahii-aijj74 ,"h aga9 !re is no?+ to sugge/ any high arti/ic value 9 ! glass (f]$ = sale4 ,z we h se51 ) ! possible exception ( two goblets 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 !re does n exi/ a s+le example ( glass ( an e>li] date ?an ! fifte5? c5tury1 :i* c def9itely claim to be ( ,v5etian orig94 ,! quattro-c5to glass ( ,v5ice1#add = ! mo/ "p decorat$ ) enamel & gild+1 may be conv5i5tly arrang$ 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ! enamels t cov] x4 ,i w take fir/ a class 9 :i* ! enamel plays b a subord9ate "p4 ,! cle> :ite glass1 some:at ?ick & heavy comp>$ ) lat] examples1 is (t5 ornam5t$ ) appliqu bosses ( col\r$ glass2 su* glass is sp>+ly decorat$ ) opaque enamels1 & ?is decoration takes ! =m ( little beads or /uds1 at times comb9$ ) an imbricat$ patt]n 9 gold4 ,we sometimes meet ) l>ge b[ls on l[ feet 7a =m ( drageoir or sweetmeat di%7 :i* are s decorat$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no f9] example ( ?is /yle ( ornam5t ?an ! /&+ beak] ) cov] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,slade1 #cfb74 ,! g5]al outl9e & ! obliquely curv$ gadroons ( ?is magnific5t cup 7 no d\bt sugge/$ by "s piece ( late ,go?ic silv]-plate4 ,on ! flat-head$ knob t surm\nts ! cov] are ! half oblit]at$ rema9s ( a coat ( arms1 b o!rwise ! enamell+ is conf9$ to "s sp>ely appli$ /udd+ & fillet+4 ,!re is a cov]$ goblet ( ! same class 9 ! ,waddesdon collection rem>kable = an inscription 9 "s ,s\?-,slavonic dialect1 scrat*$ ) a diamond on ! foot4 ,! blue & purple bosses r\nd ! body ( ^! beak]s p>take some:at ( ! nature ( prunts4 ,ano!r class ( fifte5?-c5tury enamell$ glass calls to m9d 9 ! mann] ( its decoration ! contempor>y enamell$ copp] w>e ( ,v5ice 7maux pe9ts74 ,inde$1 9 "s examples :]e ! enamel is spread ov] ! :ole field & subsequ5tly decorat$ ) o!r col\rs1 !re is little to indicate t su* a vessel has a basis ( glass r ?an ( metal4 ,?is is ! case ) ! beautiful goblet cov]$ ) pale turquoise blue enamel 9 ! ,waddesdon ,room 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! decoration is giv5 by an elaborate imbrication ( :ite1 r$1 & gold2 ! well-drawn male & female figures1 9 loz5ge-%ap$ m$allions1 closely resemble c]ta9 woodcuts 9 ,v5etian books ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,if1 z is probable1 ?is cup is n mu* lat] 9 date ?an ! ye> #adej1 we h 9 x "o ( ! e>lie/ examples 9 glass ( ! complete goblet or w9e-glass =m1 ) b[l1 /em1 & foot4#ade ,! outl9e ( ! b[l %\ld be notic$3 ! d\ble curve1 t5d+ some:at inw>ds at ! top1 is *>act]i/ic ( ^! quattro-c5to glasses2 "h aga9 ! =m is d\btless d]iv$ f silv]-plate4 ,^! opaque solid enamels are1 h[ev]1 m frequ5tly appli$ "h & !re ^u a basis ( transp>5t col\r$ glass4 ,= ! gr\nd a deep cobalt blue 0 mo/ 9 fav\r1 b a ri* leafy gre5 & o!r col\rs also occur at times4 ,! opaque enamels are laid on ?ickly 9 masses2 ^u ^! aga9 details are pa9t$ by fur!r t\*es ( col\r4 ,p]haps ! mo/ fam\s example ( ?is class is ! ,coppa ,nuziale 9 ! ,museo ,civico at ,v5ice 7,plate ,,xxix474 ,?is cup1 9 outl9e some:at l a ,greek crat]1 ) simple massive foot & /em1 is ( deep blue glass2 x is "s eight or n9e in*es 9 height4 ,on "o side we h a procession ( knights & ladies on horseback2 on ! o!r side ! company are se5 ba?+ 9 an op5 f\nta94 ,betwe5 are m$allions ) male & female heads--presumably ! bride & bridegroom4 ,! co/ume w\ld po9t r to ! fir/ ?an to ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!re is n mu* prom95t col\r ap>t f ! gre5 ( ! grass & ! trees2 ! horses & ! fle%-t9ts are r5d]$ by :ite enamels1 & gild+1 ( c\rse1 is freely us$2 "h & !re we see a little pale blue enamel4 ,?is coppa is traditionally assign$ to ,angelo ,b]ovi]i1 ! greate/ "n among ! ,v5etian glass-work]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,to him inde$ ! introduction1 or at lea/ ! p]fection1 ( ! process ( enamell+ on glass is g5]ally attribut$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxix ,,m>riage ,,cup ,,by ,,b]ovi]i ,,v5etian1 ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,slade1 #cfc7 is ano!r ,coppa ,nuziale1 on :i* ! /yle ( ! decoration closely foll[s t ( ! ,b]ovi]i cup4 ,we h ! same deep blue gr\nd & ! same treatm5t ( ! solid opaque enamels2 ! b[l1 h[ev]1 9 ?is case is cyl9drical4 ,on "o side we see a ,cupid seat$ on a two-head$ swan1 conduct+ a triumphal c>2 on ! o!r1 ,v5us en?ron$ 9 ano!r c> is prec$$ by a figure--presumably ,hym5--be>+ a tor*2 9 front a c5taur is grasp+ ! h& ( a man 9 full arm\r4#adf ,! bright gre5 enamel by :i* on ^! cups ! grass & ! conv5tional trees are r5d]$1 is p]haps ! mo/ *>act]i/ic col\r ( ?is quattro-c5to w>e4 ,note also on ! wide-spread+ foot ! mann] 9 :i* ! gold is appli$3 9 ! use ( ?is metal1 if 9 no?+ else1 ! ,v5etians surpass$ _! ,s>ac5ic pr$ecessors4 ,"h we h an e>ly in/ance ( gild+ sem or brok5 up into m9ute irregul> fragm5ts4 ,! gold appe>s to be incorporat$ ) ! glass2 x mu/ h be5 laid on at an e>ly /age1 = x lies scatt]$ 9 deta*$ fragm5ts1 & ?is is und\bt$ly caus$ by ! dragg+ ( ! glass1 :ile /ill s(t1 dur+ ! process ( manufacture4 ,?is mann] ( apply+ gold 0 us$ ) great effect by ! ,v5etians dur+ ! f9e/ p]iod--be=e & aft] #aejj4 ,notice especially a little cup ( ?9 :ite glass 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 on :i* ! decoration is conf9$ to a delicate p[d]+ ( gold ( ?is nature4 ,( ! application ( enamels ( ?is class to a deep gre5 gr\nd1 !re is no f9] example ?an ! /&+ cup f ! ,debruge & ,soltyk(f collections 7,slade1 #cfa74 ,?is1 too1 is )\t d\bt a ,coppa ,nuziale1 & 9 ! heads 9 ! two m$allions we may aga9 recognise ! bride & bridegroom4 ,on a scroll by ! latt] head we read1 ,,amor ,,vol ,,fee--#8,love ne$s fai?4' ,! qua9t head-dress ( ! woman calls to m9d c]ta9 figures 9 ,c>paccio's pictures ( contempor>y ,v5etian life4 ,9 ! enamell$ cups ( ?is class ! te*nical imp]fections ( ! deep-col\r$ glass gr\nd %\ld be notic$4 ,?is is se5 above all 9 ! irregul> outl9e ( ! m>g94 ,we h "h a class ( imp]fection ( q a diff]5t nature f ! t5d5cy to collapse s (t5 se5 9 l>ge pieces ( ,s>ac5ic glass4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,v5etian glass ! unev5ness appe>s to arise f ! imp]fect fluidity ( ! metal :5 9 ! h&s ( ! bl[]4 ,! date ( ?is enamell$ glass is fairly well fix$ by ! /yle 9 :i* ! figure subjects are treat$4 ,! processions--! trionfi--are b rudely execut$ reproductions ( ^? f\nd on fifte5?-c5tury m>riage c(f]s1 ! heads 9 ! m$allions we meet ) aga9 on ! contempor>y mezza-majolica4 ,bo? may be se5 9 ! woodcuts ( ! e>lie/ pr9t$ books4 ,we f9d ! s\rce ( ! gadroons & imbricat$ patt]ns 9 ! rep\ss =ms giv5 by ! ,v5etians to _! enamell$ copp]-w>e4 ,!re is some:at m difficulty 9 det]m9+ ! date ( ano!r class ( ,v5etian enamell$ glass4 ,i ref] to t on :i* ! opaque enamels are pa9t$ ) a bru% ^u a gr\nd ( ?9 col\rless glass4 ,9 ?is decoration1 especially 9 ! conv5tional foliage1 ! drag ( ! bru% load$ ) ! ?91 some:at intractable pigm5t1 may (t5 be cle>ly trac$4 ,!re are "s e>ly examples ( ^! #8pa9t$' enamels :i* we may reg>d z ! prototypes ( a /yle ( decoration on glass :i* soon obta9$ almo/ a monopoly among enamell$ w>es4 ,we see ! same te*nique & ! same opaque col\rs on ! ,fr5* glass ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ! faults are exagg]at$ & ! palette ev5 heavi] 9 ! case ( ! ,g]man glass ( a /ill lat] "t4 ,we mu/ seek ! orig9 ( ?is s*ool 9 ! ,italian pa9t]s on majolica2 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! me?ods ( ! enamell]s on glass no d\bt influ5c$ ! decorators ( porcela9 bo? 9 ,g]many & else:]e4 ,& "h ,i may say t c]ta9 important te*nical difficulties1 t mu/ always h hamp]$ ! use ( true transp>5t enamels on glass1 h sc>cely receiv$ ! att5tion t !y des]ve4 ,i mean ! relations ( ! enamels1 z reg>ds ! s(t5+-po9t & rate ( contraction on cool+1 to ! gr\nd on :i* !y re/4 ,! "q "h is v simil> to t :i* pres5ts itself 9 ! case ( porcela94 ,our pres5t problem is1 h[ev]1 some:at simpl]1 = ) ! latt] mat]ial we h n only to consid] ! relation ( ! enamels to ! glaze on :i* !y lie 7?is takes1 inde$1 ! place ( our glass gr\nd71 b 9 addition ! relation ( ! glaze itself to ! porcela9 body b5ea? mu/ n be neglect$4 ,! fir/ condition = ! successful application ( an enamel is t x %\ld be m fusible ?an ! glass to :i* x is appli$2 n only t1 b at ! temp]ature at :i* ! enamel fuses1 ! glass mu/ /ill ma9ta9 its rigidity1 o!rwise ! vessel on com+ f ! enamell]'s /ove w n pres]ve its orig9al symmetry4 ,x has be5 already sugge/$ t ! p>tial collapse s (t5 obs]v$ 9 ! l>ge ,cair5e lamps may probably be expla9$ 9 ?is way4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! surface ( ! glass is n to "s degree s(t5$1 !re w be no intimate connection betwe5 x & ! enamel1 & ! latt] w be likely to scale (f be=e long4 ,?is t5d5cy w be increas$ if !re is mu* diff]5ce 9 ! rate or am\nt ( contraction betwe5 ! two mat]ials4 ,difficulties ( ?is k9d long h9d]$ ! employm5t ( c]ta9 fluxes & col\rs--t ( cobalt1 = in/ance1 comb9$ ) a transp>5t flux4 ,su* ob/acles may1 h[ev]1 be surm\nt$ 9 a measure1 & ! process simplifi$ by employ+ 79 place ( a transp>5t lead flux7 an opaque :ite1 /annif]\s enamel m]ely /a9$1 9 cases only ext]nally1 by a little col\r+ mat]ial4 ,?is app>5tly 0 ! plan univ]sally adopt$ by ! ,v5etians 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & x is "h t _! exp]i5ce ( ! use ( a simil> enamel on copp] may h s]v$ !m4 ,"o _c b m>vel at ! te*nical dext]ity s e>ly acquir$1 &1 alas6 s soon lo/ by ! ,s>ac5s1 9 ! application ( enamels to glass4 ,! means by :i* !y avoid$ ! use ( a lead flux 9 ! case ( _! fam\s transluc5t blue1 is above all wor?y ( admiration 7see above1 ,*apt] ,x474 ,c]ta9 defects :i* we note 9 ! glass to :i* ! ,v5etians appli$ _! ?ick enamels may h be5 insep>ably b\nd up ) ! use ( ^! same enamels1 & ! impossibility ( ov]com+ ^! defects may h be5 "o ( ! causes ( _! ab&onm5t & ( ! g5]al adoption 9 _! place ( ! pa9t$ decoration--m]e ?9 sk9s ( col\r--:i* !y 7 n[ able to apply to _! :ite cri/allo1 ! typical glass ( ,v5ice4 ,aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 inde$1 ! use ( ! solid enamels 0 almo/ conf9$ to bead+s & subsidi>y ornam5t sp>+ly appli$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxx ,,v5etian ,,glass #a4 ,,enamell$ ,,lamp4 ,,e>ly ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury #b4 ,,enamell$ ,,glass ,,cup4 ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,excavations ,,= ,,campanile4 ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,to return aft] ?is long digression to our class ( ?9ly pa9t$ enamels4 ,we f9d t ! use ( ^! pa9t$ col\rs came 9 at q an e>ly date4 ,i w take z typical examples a pair ( goblets or w9e-glasses 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 "o f ! ,slade collection 7,no4 #cia71 ! o!r pres5t$ by ! late ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks4 ,^! are bo? conical cups ( simple outl9e1 ( :i* ! b[l passes directly into ! spread+ foot4 ,! edge ( ?is foot is turn$ ov] to =m a sort ( r+ on ! upp] m>g94 ,9 fact1 ^! goblets may be tak5 z repres5tatives ( "o ( ! e>lie/ types ( t long s]ies ( w9e-glasses t we %all come across aga9 & aga9 9 lat] days4 ,on ! fir/ ( ^! cups we see two figures on horseback1 "o wav+ a bann] & ! o!r hold+ a flag2 ! co/ume po9ts to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,?is is a detail ( "s importance1 = z a rule ! decoration ( ?is class ( enamell$ glass is conf9$ to foliage1 scrolls1 & classically treat$ figures ( sir5s or satyrs4 ,almo/ id5tical 9 %ape1 & decorat$ 9 a simil> mann]1 is a little goblet1 or r fragm5t ( a goblet1 lately dug up 9 ! ,piazza ( ,/4 ,m>k at ,v5ice dur+ ! excavations = ! f\ndations ( ! new ,campanile4 7,plate ,,xxx4 #b74 ,?is little glass1 betwe5 f\r & five in*es 9 height1 is ( a ?9ni% cle> metal1 decorat$ ) scrolls ( a some:at ,go?ic "*1 indicat$ by l9es ( opaque :ite2 ! o!r enamels are gre51 an opaque r$1 a ri* yell[1 & a deep z well z a turquoise blue1 ! latt] laid on ?ickly4 ,?is goblet may p]haps be ref]r$ to ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,a /ill f9] example ( ^! #8pa9t$' enamels is to be f\nd 9 a v beautiful ew] n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,! col\rs are laid on ) a bru% z 9 ! previ\s specim5s1 b z we (t5 f9d 9 lat] examples--& ?is applies equally to ! ,fr5* & ,g]man enamell$ glass--! opaque r$ is "h replac$ by a poor br[n4 ,)9 a l>ge m$allion is se5 a h]ald rid+ on a griff92 ! gr\nd is cov]$ by scale patt]ns & scrolls ( _m col\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,v5etian ,,glass--,,e>ly ,,lit]ature ,! hi/ory ( mod]n glass beg9s1 z ,i h said1 ) ! fam\s ,v5etian cri/allo ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,_m o!r v>ieties 7 made at ?is "t1 b x 0 ! absolutely col\rless & transp>5t glass1 capable ( be+ bl[n to extreme ?9ness & !n work$ into e v>iety ( =m1 t above all e/abli%$ ! ,european reputation ( ! ,murano glass-work]s4 ,be=e long1 9 ne>ly e c\ntry ( ,we/]n ,europe1 ! old me?ods ( work+ 7 fall+ into disuse2 & by ! aid ( skill$ workm5 :o 7 tempt$ away f ,murano1 or1 fail+ t1 7 hir$ f ! rival glass furnaces ( ,l',alt>e1 ! attempt 0 made to imitate ?is cle> :ite glass ( ,v5ice4 ,we h1 !n1 9 ?is cri/allo ! typical glass ( ,v5ice1 & "h m ?an 9 any o!r gr\p1 :e!r ( e>li] or ( lat] date1 we f9d a family ( glass ( :i* ! arti/ic m]it dep5ds directly ^u ! skill ( ! glass-bl[]1 r ?an on t ( ! enamell] or engrav]4 ,9 ! simpl] & e>li] specim5s1 an und5iable *>m is d]iv$ f ! extreme t5uity ( ! mat]ial--!re is an evanesc5t & almo/ gho/ly air ab\t ! #8diaphan\s1 pellucid1 da9ty body'#adg ( n a few ( ^! glasses4 ,al?\gh entirely free f any positive col\r1 !re is (t5 a c]ta9 t5d5cy to greyness 9 ! metal1 & ?is is increas$ to a mi/y cl\d9ess :5 ! surface has be5 attack$ by atmosph]ic influ5ce1 z is n unfrequ5tly ! case ) glasses t h be5 long expos$ to our damp ,engli% climate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi ,,v5etian ,,glass ,,fl[]-,,vase ,,( ,,col\rless ,,glass ,,) ,,blue ,,?read+ ,,& ,,/uds ,!re is little *ange or developm5t to be obs]v$ 9 ! glass ( ?is "* made at ,murano dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 nor is x always safe to reg>d contort$ %apes & elaborate decorations z necess>ily a sign ( a late orig94 ,?is caution is confirm$ by an (t5 quot$ passage f ,sabellico1 ! le>n$ libr>ian ( ,/4 ,m>k's & hi/orian ( ,v5ice2 x is f a ,lat9 "w1 ,de ,situ ,v5et ,urbis1 writt5 ab\t #adie4 ,we c =m f x "s idea ( ! wond]ful v>iety ( ! outturn f ! ,murano glass-works at t "t1 & ( ! elaborate %apes t 7 already giv5 to ! vessels4 ,:5 we pass1 says ,sabellico1 f ,v5ice to ! suburb ( ,murano1 we are /ruck by ! gr&eur & size ( ! build+s2 x appe>s f af> z a city1 ext5d+ = a mile 9 l5g?4 ,! isl& owes its *ief r5[n to its glass-works4 ,x 0 a fam\s discov]y to make glass t %\ld vie ) cry/al 9 cle>ness4 ,s9ce !n ! nimble wit ( ! workm5 & ! nev]-re/+ c>e to f9d some?+ new h l$ !m to apply to ! mat]ial a ?\s& v>i\s col\rs & %apes )\t numb]4 ,h5ce ! calices1 ! flasks1 ! can?>i1 ! ew]s1 ! c&elabra1 ! animals ( e race1 ! horns1 ! beads 7segm5ta71 ! bracelets1 etc4 etc4 ,s f> ,sabellico--! good man is1 ,i am afraid1 m conc]n$ ) 8 lat9ity ?an ) ! matt] 9 h&3 b ?is is a weakness t he %>es ) m ?an "o writ] ( ?is "t4 ,he goes on to speak ( ! #8,murrh9e vases' made at ,murano1 ( :i* ! only fault is _! *eapness2 all ^! m>vels _h ! ,v5etian galleys br\ght be=e ! eyes ( ! nations1 s t1 wondr\s to say1 by famili>ity !y _h become z ?+s base & common4 ,9 ! means adopt$ by ! ,v5etians to adorn _! cri/allo we are at times tak5 back to ,roman me?ods4 ,! h&les1 (t5 ( blue glass1 & ! /r++s & frill+s t surr\nd ! body are appli$ ha/ily b skilfully by ! light h& ( ! workman4 ,?is k9d ( ornam5t rea*$ its complete/ developm5t 9 ! tall beak]s & vases ) h&les t took ! =m ( w+-l excresc5ces4 ,^! #8w+$ beak]s' 7 aft]w>ds copi$ & ! =ms exagg]at$ 9 ,g]many & 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 :]e !y 7 held to be especially *>act]i/ic ( ! n[ fa%ionable glass ( ,v5ice4 ,x is c]ta9ly rem>kable h[ little ?is ,muranese glass z a :ole reflects ! glori\s ,v5etian art ( ! c9quec5to4 ,ap>t f "s ( ! e>li] enamell$ & gilt examples & f ! simpl] =ms ( ! pure ?9 cri/allo1 we c f9d among x little t is q satisfactory f an arti/ic po9t ( view4 ,mu* ev5 ( ! sixte5?-c5tury glass is m]ely fanta/ic1 & appeals only to *ildi% ta/es4 ,! bulk ( x 0 probably made = =eign m>kets1 = ! dull nor!rn b>b>ian1 ^: att5tion _h to be caught by some?+ new & extravagant4 ,little he$ is paid to ?is m elaborately decorat$ glass by ! great contempor>y pa9t]s4 ,9 fact1 ,i c f9d no example ( x 9 _! works4 ,:5 glass is introduc$1 x is inv>iably ( ! simple/ description4 ,9 ! big alt>-pieces ( ,giovanni ,bell9i1 ( ,cima1 or ( ,c>paccio1 ! glass lamps t hang f ! ro( are 9 ! =m ( little conical cups ( pla9 outl9e4 ,amid all ! elaborate /affage ( ,crivelli's pictures1 ! lily on ! table or l$ge beside ! ,virg9 /&s 9 a little cyl9drical beak] ( glass1 = all ! _w l a mod]n tumbl]4#adh ,s 9 ! next c5tury we may se>* 9 va9 9 ! pictures ( ,titian or ( ,v]onese = elaborate examples ( ,v5etian glass4 ,9 ! banquet sc5es ( ! latt] pa9t]1 ! w9e inde$ is s]v$ f graceful decant]s ) tall necks & globul> bodies1 & is drunk f tazza-%ap$ goblets ( glass1#adi b on ! cr$5za or buffet at ! side1 ! gold & silv] plate is nev] reliev$ by examples ( our mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii ,,v5etian ,,glass ,,opaque ,,:ite ,,) ,,gilt ,,scrolls4 ,,e>ly ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,a curi\s acc\nt ( a banquet giv5 at ,mantua1 on ! occasion ( ! m>riage ( ! ,m>quis1 is quot$ by ,mr4 ,nesbitt f a contempor>y writ]4 ,!re 01 we are told1 on ?is occasion su* a display ( #8div]si bic*i]i1 c>rafe1 e gi>re ed altri bellissimi vasi di cri/allo di ,v5ezia1 *e cr$o vi fuss]o concorse tutte le botteghe di ,morano6' ,& !re 0 ne$ ( ?is /ore1 he adds1 see+ t aft] !y _h drunk1 ! gue/s proce$$ to break ! glasses !y held 9 _! h&s #8p] segno di gr&e allegrezza4'#aej ,we are rem9d$ ( ! fea/ describ$ by ,jo9ville1 ?\gh 9 t case ! glasses 7 swept (f ! table by ! well-aim$ ,bible ( "o ( ! gue/s 7see p4 #acf74 ,i %all n[ h to pass 9 rapid review ! pr9cipal v>ieties & applications ( ! glass made at ,murano 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,! ,fro/$ or ,crackle ,glass is p]haps ! simple/ modification ( ! pure cri/allo4 ,to produce ?is1 ! p>aison is plung$ rapidly into cold wat]1 & aft] reheat+ to ! necess>y degree1 b n beyond1 x is work$ into ! desir$ =m4 ,a simil> effect is at times produc$ by roll+ ! molt5 p>aison ^u fragm5ts ( cru%$ glass4 ,i h spok5 9 ! introductory *apt] ( c]ta9 r>e cases :]e a m9ute fissur+ has be5 set up 9 ! sub/ance ( ! glass4 ,?is true crackle is probably 9 all cases ! result ( a subsequ5t /ructural *ange4 ,lattic9io1 ,lattisuol1 or ,lattimo are names giv5 by ! ,v5etians to a milk-:ite opaque glass4 ,:ite enamels 7 freely us$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 b ! e>lie/ kn[n specim5 ( ,v5etian glass1 ! :ole body ( :i* is r5d]$ opaque by ! pres5ce ( oxide ( t9 7calc9a di /agno7--! vetro bianco di smalto ( ! e>ly writ]s#aea--;c h>dly be old] ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! next c5tury4 ,! sph]ical vase 7,slade1 #djb7 =m]ly 9 ! possession ( ! ,m>quis ,d',azeglio1 is an exceptionally beautiful example ( ?is milk-:ite glass 7,plate ,,xxxii474 ,! gilt scrolls h>monise well ) ! slightly w>mi% gr\nd1 & 7 x n = ! rudely execut$ m]maids on ei!r side1 an ,ea/]n orig9 might well h be5 s\ght = ?is q exceptional piece2 9 fact1 ,i d n "k ( any o!r specim5 ( und\bt$ ,v5etian glass s di/9ctly ,p]sian 9 "*4 ,9 ! ,museo ,civico at ,v5ice is a flask 7circa #aecj7 ( ?is lattimo glass1 ab\t five in*es 9 height1 decorat$ 9 blue1 ) allegorical subjects4 ,al?\gh some:at rudely execut$1 ! pa9t+ is ma/]ly 9 /yle1 & may be comp>$ to t on ! be/ contempor>y majolica 7,plate ,,xxxiii474 ,at a fir/ glance ?is little vase might be tak5 = an example ( ,m$ici porcela91 & inde$ we mu/ be> 9 m9d t all ?r\gh ! sixte5? c5tury attempts 7 be+ made 9 ,v5ice to imitate ! porcela9 ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 m especially ! pla9 :ite & ! blue & :ite w>es :i* 7 already arriv+ at ,v5ice 9 consid]able quantity4 ,?is lattimo glass came mu* into fav\r = a second "t e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury2 x 0 at t "t (t5 decorat$ 9 col\rs 9 a pseudo-,japanese /yle4 ,?is lat] milk-:ite glass is once m closely associat$ ) ! attempts !n aga9 made at ,v5ice1 z 9 s _m o!r c\ntries1 to imitate ! porcela9 ( ,*9a & ,japan4 ,?is _h inde$1 be=e ! end ( ! previ\s c5tury1 be5 9 a measure accompli%$ 9 ,france by means ( a s(t pa/e1 9 ! composition ( :i* a glass-l frit play$ an important "p4 ,at a /ill lat] "t ?is lattimo glass 0 ev5 pa9t$ 9 mono*rome1 9 imitation ( our e>ly pr9t$ ,worce/] porcela96 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii ,,pilgrim',s ,,bottle2 ,,design ,,9 ,,blue ,,on ,,lattimo ,,glass ,,v5etian1 ,,e>ly ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,closely bas$ ^u ?is lattic9io--= ! ?reads 9 a va/ majority ( cases are ( an opaque :ite--is ! fam\s ,vetro di ,tr9a or lace-glass4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury ! art ( mak+ ?is net-"w decoration appe>s to h almo/ di$ out1 b 9 ! ?irties & =ties x 0 reviv$ by ,dom5ico ,bussol91 & :5 lat] on m int]e/ began to be tak5 9 ! ,murano glass1 x 0 to ?is vetro a reticelli t at fir/ mo/ att5tion 0 giv54 ,! details ( ! manufacture 7 describ$ & illu/rat$ by ! well-kn[n director ( ! ,*oisy glass-works1 ,m4 ,bontemps 7,expos des moy5s employs p\r la fabrication des v]res filigranes1 #ahde74 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a simpl] & p]haps easi] application ( ^! b&s ( lattimo1 9 :i* !y are appli$ 9 a s]ies ( fe/oons to ! surface4 ,9 ?is case ! opaque :ite enamel appe>s to h be5 laid on to ! p>aison at an e>ly /age & dragg$ into cresc5t-%ap$ waves1 s z to resemble closely ! decoration ( ! little flasks ( col\r$ glass f ,egyptian & e>ly ,greek tombs--to ^? lat] examples m especially1 f ,rhodes & ,cyprus1 on :i* ! col\rs are only appli$ to ! surface 7p4 #cg71 ! resemblance 9 te*nique is v close4 ,!re are _m int]e/+ specim5s ( ?is fe/oon$ lattic9io 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 ! case ( ! little bib]on 7,slade1 ,no4 #fbh7 ! fe/oons are work$ into a palm patt]n1 id5tical ) t (t5 f\nd on ! little primitive vases4 ,i %all n attempt to foll[ 9 detail ! mann] ( prep>ation ( ! true vetro di tr9a1--suffice to say t x is built up ( a numb] ( juxtapos$ rods2 ^! rods are arrang$ p]p5dicul>ly1 side by side1 s z to =m a holl[ cyl9d]1 & into ! mid/ a small vesicle ( molt5 glass is ins]t$2 to ?is ! rods adh]e1 & ! :ole mass is !n work$ into ! desir$ =m4 ,! rods !mselves--!y are simil> to ! canne suppli$ to ! suppialume work]s 7p4 #ahg7--may be ei!r ( opaque or cle> glass1 or !y may be =m$ ( elaborate comb9ations ( ! two 7canelle a ritorto o m]late72 ! mo/ complicat$ patt]ns are ?us obta9$4 ,:5 two s]ies ( ^! rods are arrang$ to cross "o ano!r at an angle1 we get a reticulat$ patt]n1 & )9 ! reticelli ?us =m$ a bubble ( air may be caught up4 ,!re is1 inde$1 little opportunity = f9d+ 9 ?is k9d ( "w any free play = ! decorative feel+ ( ! arti/1 & ! result ( all ^! +5i\s comb9ations ( cross+s & int]lac+s is only too (t5 to give a tame & ma*9e-made air to ! f9i%$ vase or tazza4 ,! ,opalis$ ,glass1 ! ,calc$onio#aeb ( ! ,v5etians1 is obta9$ by add+ ! same mat]ials z 9 ! case ( ! lattic9io1 b 9 v small proportions3 x /&s to ! latt] z weak milk & wat] to pure milk4 ,9 practice1 ,i believe1 ! opalesc5ce is (t5 giv5 by ! addition ( phosphate ( lime 9 ! =m ( bone-a%1 sometimes1 p]haps1 by ars5i\s acid4#aec ,pale blue by reflect$ light1 x takes v>i\s orange & yell[ t9ts :5 ! light is transmitt$ ?r\gh x4 ,su* a vessel z ! cyl9drical goblet & cov] ( ?ick calc$onio 9 ! ,waddesdon ,room at ! ,briti% ,museum1 ) a design 9 high relief repres5t+ ! ,triumph ( ,neptune1 mu/ h be5 ca/ 9 a m\ld4 ,we n[ come to c]ta9 v>ieties ( glass :i* 7 mu* admir$ at "o "t1 b are n[ little 9 fav\r4 ,! aim1 x w\ld seem1 9 ?is class1 z 9 ! case ( ! old ,roman prototype1 0 to imitate v>i\s k9ds ( preci\s /ones & m>bles4 ,b ! ,v5etians %[$ "h little ( ! re/ra9t ( _! classical pr$ecessors1 s t on ! :ole ! col\rs1 :]e n crude1 are huddl$ toge!r 9 muddy comp\nds4 ,an opaque r$ glass resembl+ jasp] 0 probably kn[n at ,murano z e>ly z ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9 an inv5tory ( ! prop]ty ( ! ,duke ( ,anj\ 7circa #acfj7 !re is m5tion ( a #8pi*i] de voirre v]meil semblable a ,jaspe4' ,s 9 ! next c5tury1 ,*>les ! ,bold possess$ #8,ung hanap de ,jaspe g>ni d'or1 uvre de ,v5ise'--to judge f ! expression us$ ?is beak] 0 also ( glass4#aed ,already 9 a ,milanese manuscript ( #addc 7describ$ bel[7 !re is a =mula giv5 = mak+ s*melz by means ( a mixture ( c]ta9 salts ( silv]1 iron1 & copp]1 & be=e ! end ( ! c5tury we h ,sabellico's compla9t t ! mod]n murrh9e glass 0 becom+ f> too common 7see page #bja72 s t1 on ! :ole1 ?is family ( m>bl$ glass is1 p]haps1 z old z any o!r ,v5etian glass ( :i* we h specim5s4 ,! examples1 h[ev]1 t h surviv$ appe> to be mo/ly ( a some:at lat] date4 ,we f9d imitations ( bo? classes ( ! ,roman millefiori--! t9ts1 h[ev]1 are g5]ally crudely mat*$--& especially sev]al v>ieties ( m>bl$ glass ) contort$ ve9s ( _m col\rs4 ,! s*melz p> excell5ce ( ! ,v5etians 7! ,g]man "n w\ld seem to po9t to a nor!rn orig97 is an irregul>ly ve9$ & mottl$ mass1 a some:at unpleasant comb9ation ( blui%-gre5 & purple t9ts1 call+ to m9d c]ta9 k9ds ( slag--inde$ x may h orig9ally be5 made 9 imitation ( "s su* sub/ance4 ,!re are a few exceptionally f9e e>ly examples ( ?is s*melz at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,notice above all ! sph]ical vase f ! ,ca/ellani collection ) c9quec5to m\nt+s & s]p5t h&les ( copp] gilt2 ! gre5i%-yell[ & pale blue t9ts are 9 ?is case h>moni\sly bl5d$4 ,to judge f ! =m ( ! b[l & /em1 ! cup ( f9ely m>bl$ s*melz at ,h]t=d ,h\se _c be dat$ mu* lat] ?an #aejj4 ,9 ?is case1 & probably 9 o!rs also1 ! m>bl+s are only on ! surface2 ! int]ior is ( a uni=m greyi%-gre5 col\r4 ,( sc>cely less importance is ! spla%$ w>e = :i* we c aga9 f9d a ,roman if n an ,egyptian prototype4 ,! spla%es ( enamel ( v>i\s col\rs mu/ h be5 scatt]$ ov] ! p>aison at an e>ly /age1 = !y h _h to foll[ ! *anges ( =m giv5 to ! surface 9 ! %ap+ ( ! vessel3 we see !m /ret*$ out at ! neck on ! little burette 9 ! ,slade collection 7,no4 #ghc74 ,?is spla%$ glass 0 mu* admir$ by ! ,fr5* & successfully imitat$ by !m4 ,some?+ %\ld be said ( ! pa9t$ ,v5etian glass ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,i say #8pa9t$1' = su* x is 9 g5]al effect1 al?\gh ! pigm5ts h probably 9 mo/ cases be5 subject$ to "s k9d ( fir+4 ,! v pov]ty & dulness ( ! col\rs are inde$ a pro( ( ?is2 ! arti/'s palette has be5 subject$ to ! exig5cies ( ! enamell]'s muffle4 ,we f9d l&scapes ) classical figures & amor9i pa9t$ on ! l[] surface ( b[ls & rondelles 7tondi74 ,9 ! ,dutuit collection1 n[ h\s$ 9 ! ,petit ,palais at ,p>is1 is a circul> di% "s fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 pa9t$ on ! "u surface1 s z to be view$ ?r\gh ! glass2 ! subject1 a dance ( cupids1 is treat$ 9 an exceptionally f9e /yle & c sc>cely be lat] ?an ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 _m cases ^! designs h be5 add$ to ,v5etian glass by non-,v5etian1 sometimes by nor!rn h&s4 ,?is k9d ( pa9t+ or enamell+ is1 h[ev]1 v subject to injury by use1 & d\btless = ?is reason x is sometimes protect$ by a second %eet ( glass4 ,we h 9 su* pa9t$ di%es a v>iety ( ! s-call$ v]re glomis to :i* ref]5ce has already m ?an once be5 made4 ,! ,v5etians at times drew designs on _! glass ) a diamond4 ,!re are "s examples ( ?is 9 a good c9quec5to /yle 9 ! ,slade collection2 b ?is "w 0 conf9$ to ! pure scrat*$ l9e1 & ev5 %ad+ 0 n mu* us$4 ,x 0 n till ! eighte5? c5tury t !y began to copy ! lat] ,g]man me?ods ( deep engrav+ & cutt+ ) ! :eel4 ,! ,briti% ,museum has lately acquir$ a squ>e plaque ( cle> ?ick glass2 at ! back1 9 deep intaglio1 is ! portrait ( a ,doge1 :o1 on ! gr\nd ( ! lett]s ,a4 ,g4 on ei!r side ( ! head1 may be id5tifi$ ) ,&rea ,gritti 7#aebc-aech74aee ,! late ,m4 ,piot has extract$ f a fifte5?-c5tury treatise on ar*itecture by ,antonio ,av]l9i a dialogue betwe5 two arti/s ^u "s curi\s applications ( glass4 ,we he> ( cri/all9o plaques ) figures c>v$ on ! l[] surface1 s z app>5tly to /& out 9 relief--a description :i* w\ld apply well en\gh to ?is pia/ra4 ,!re is no m tr\bl$ /ory 9 ! hi/ory ( glass-mak+ ?an t ( ! manufacture ( ,,mirrors at ,murano f ! f\rte5? to ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,we h se5 9 ! e>ly days1 :5 ^! mirrors 7 back$ ) lead 7p4 #ach71 t ! ,g]mans _h already become exp]ts 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,m ?an once 9 ! ,v5etian ar*ives !re are ref]5ces to ! secret me?ods ( ^! ,todes*i4 ,9 a petition ( #aejc !re is m5tion ( a plan = mak+ good & p]fect mirrors1 a preci\s secret unkn[n except to c]ta9 ,g]mans4 ,x is impossible to resi/ ! suspicion t !re is "h a ref]5ce to ! cyl9d] process1 :i*1 z we h se51 0 already kn[n to ,!ophilus 7p4 #abi72 by ?is process x w\ld h be5 possible to produce a fairly l>ge & comp>atively flat %eet ( glass4 ,! ,v5etians1 on ! o!r h&1 probably cont9u$ to a late p]iod to use ! old me?od ( #8sp9n+' or #8fla%+4'#aef ,x 0 only aft] ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury t ! mirror-mak]s1 ! spec*iai1 =m$ !mselves into a sep>ate corporation2 b 9 ?is guild 7 includ$1 x w\ld seem1 ! mak]s ( ! s-call$ mirrors ( /eel4#aeg ,?us we f9d t 9 #aegd1 "o ,francesco ,zamb]lan1 :o only two ye>s be=e _h tak5 out a pat5t = 8 #8spec*i d'acciaio1' 0 admitt$ to ! new guild on ! gr\nd ( 8 special k4 ,^? engag$ 9 ! poli%+--! lu/ratura & spianatura--( bo? mat]ials1 glass & metal1 7 also memb]s ( ! guild4 ,= u ! int]e/ 9 ^! mirrors lies r 9 ! fram+4 ,we f9d ! new corporation e>ly engag$ 9 qu>rels ) ! pa9t]s & ) ! work]s 9 t>sia1 "m-(-pe>l1 & coral 7i m9iatori1 i m>angoni1 e mus*i]i71 :o f\nd employm5t 9 decorat+ ! frames4 ,= a "t1 no d\bt1 ! ,v5etian mirrors held _! own1 b be=e ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ,fr5*1 ?anks to ! en]gy ( ,colb]t1 _h n only le>n$ all _! secrets1 b by an entirely new me?od--namely by a process ( ca/+ or f\nd+1 & subsequ5t roll+ & poli%+ ( ! glass plates--7 able to meet ! dem& = ! l>ge mirrors t 7 n[ reg>d$ z indisp5sable 9 a ,l\is-,quatorze salon4 ,b ^! #8glaces de ,/4 ,goba9' are ( an entirely diff]5t nature f ! exquisitely fram$ little lu/ri ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$4 ,un=tunately1 z f> z ,i "k1 !re are no *>act]i/ic specim5s ( ^! c9quec5to mirrors--at lea/ ( ^? 9 :i* glass =ms an important elem5t 9 ! frame z well--9 any ( our public collections4 ,= f9e examples ( su* "w we mu/ g to ! ,l\vre or ! ,htel de ,cluny4 ,x w be notic$ t ! m>g9 ( ! glass is inv>iably bevell$1 ?us =m+ a transition to ! elaborate fram+4 ,^! c9quec5to ,italian mirrors 7 ext5sively copi$1 & ?is at an e>ly date1 bo? 9 ,france & at ,nuremb]g4 ,9 spite ( ! h]oic ef=ts made by ! au?orities 9 ! late sev5te5? & 9 ! foll[+ c5tury to introduce ! new me?ods ( work+ glass at ,murano1 ! ,v5etians fail$ to ma9ta9 _! position4 ,x 0 only 9 ! m cons]vative ,ea/]n m>kets t ! dem& = _! mirrors 0 kept up2 ev5 to-day1 9 ,syria or 9 ,p]sia1 ^! ,italian glasses may n unfrequ5tly be se5 9 private h\ses & ev5 9 mosques4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic application ( ! glass ( ,murano 0 to ! elaborate *&eli]s t =m$ s important a "p 9 ! decoration ( ! reception-rooms ( a ,v5etian palace 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 ^! ! metal framework is completely hidd5 by a ?ick foliage1 z x 71 ( glass--frequ5tly ( ! opalesc5t calc$onio--amid :i* ! tall wax c&les spr+ up "h & !re4 ,m4 ,g]spa* extols ! decorative value ( ^! *&eli]s3--#8,le soir1 le lu/re de ,v5ise allum e/ un rayonnem5t h>monieux sans reflets discordants2 le j\r1 /alactite cisele1 il gaye l'app>tem5t comme une note claire et joyeuse' 7,la ,v]r]ie1 p4 #agc74 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! contort$ =ms1 imitat+ leaves & fl[]s1 7 replac$ by p5d5t discs ( col\rless cry/al1 cut1 poli%$1 & (t5 facett$4 ,( ^! lat] *&eli]s !re is a spl5did s]ies1 :e!r ( ,v5etian orig9 or n ,i d n "k1 at ,h]t=d ,h\se4 ,su* *&eli]s 7 kn[n 9 ,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury z #8lu/res4'#aeh ,!y are above all num]\s 9 ,g]man palaces1 & mo/ ( ! glass is probably ( ,g]man or ,flemi% orig94 ,b ( ! e>li] type ,i _c f9d a s+le example 9 any ( our public museums4#aei ,! manufacture1 h[ev]1 has be5 reviv$ at ,murano1 & *&eli]s ( ?is class1 ) no claims to antiquity1 may (t5 be se5 9 private h\ses bo? at home & abroad4 ,! spread ( electric light+ has giv5 a /imulus to "w ( ?is k9d1 = ! corolla-%ap$ %ades t s (t5 accompany our inc&esc5t lamps h1 9 mo/ cases1 obvi\sly be5 modell$ ^u ! glass ( ! old ,v5etian *&eli]s4 ,! glass-work]s ( ,murano 7 a cons]vative body2 _! "w 0 bas$ ^u secret processes & rule-(-?umb =mulas4 ,! elaborate division into diff]5t arti or corporations1 ea* gov]n$ by its sep>ate m>iegola1 made x excessively difficult to introduce any radical *anges into ! me?ods ( "w4 ,x is q pa!tic to obs]ve ! ef=ts ( ! comp>atively enlight5$ gov]n+ body1 ! cons]vatori alle arti1 :o 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! republic attempt$ to introduce ! new processes t 7 revolutionis+ ! glass indu/ry 9 ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,we f9d reports sign$ by great names--,moros9i & o!rs--recomm5d+ ! introduction ( ,engli% ma*9]y1 & draw+ up plans = ! cultivation ( ! ,salsola soda on ! isl&s ( ! lagoons4 ,little att5tion app>5tly 0 giv5 to ! arti/ic side by ^! re=m]s4 ,"o ( ! la/ names 9 ! long li/ ( ! ,murano glass-mak]s is t ( ,giuseppe ,briati1 fam\s = ! purity ( 8 cri/allo2 he excell$1 too1 9 ! design+ & ! execution ( ! vetro di tr9a1 & ,laz>i decl>es t mu* ( ! #8lace glass' 9 our collections attribut$ to ! c9quec5to belongs r to him or to 8 s*ool4#afj ,briati 9 #agci 0 all[$ to set up a furnace 9 ,v5ice itself = ! prep>ation ( 8 cri/allo1 ! fir/ "t = m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s t su* a p]mission _h be5 grant$4 ,x is ( ?is ,briati t we are told t 8 glass f\nd a place on ! cr$5za or buffet at ! public banquets ( ! ,doge1 beside ! gold & silv] plate4 ,?is w\ld appe> to h be5 an innovation 7see above1 p4 #bjc7 introduc$ ) ! special aim ( enc\rag+ ! decl9+ indu/ry4 ,an exception 0 aga9 made 9 fav\r ( "o ,giorgio ,b>b>ia1 :o s late z #agij1 9 ! p>i% ( ! ,gesuiti1 manufactur$ bottles by a new ,engli% me?od4 ,b z a ,fr5* writ] some:at navely puts x--#8ce g5re ne prte gure la fantaisie4' ,be=e ?is "t ! ,v5etians _h yield$ to ! new fa%ion ( ! day1 & 7 mak+ cut & engrav$ glass m or less aft] ,g]man or ,bohemian models4 ,( ?is class 7 ! trionfi di tavola--trophies ( glass = ! decoration ( ! d9n]-table--z well z ! gigantic *&eli]s kn[n z #8cioc*e4' ,to su* productions ! arti/ic "w ( ! "t appe>s to h be5 conf9$4 ,( ! fir/ !re is a f9e specim5 f ! ,casa ,moros9i set out 9 ! c5tre ( "o ( ! rooms 9 ! ,museo ,civico at ,v5ice4 ,i h already m5tion$ ! *&eli]s ( cut glass4 ,!y play$ an important "p 9 a rococo int]ior4 ,aft] ! occupation ( ,v5ice by ! ,fr5* 9 #agig1 ! ,directory attempt$ unsuccessfully to transplant ! manufacture ( beads 7m>gu]ites7 to ,p>is4 ,x is significant t !y reg>d$ ?is z ! mo/ important "p ( ! glass indu/ry4 ,! corporations or arti 7 f9ally aboli%$ 9 #ahjf4 ,dur+ ! ensu+ ?irty ye>s ! manufacture ( glass 0 at ! l[e/ ebb4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a fir/ revival ab\t #ahch1 :i* is associat$ ) ! "n ( ,bussol94 ,b x 0 ! en]gy & skill ( a lawy] f ,vic5za1 ,antonio ,salviati1 ) ! f9ancial assi/ance ( c]ta9 ,engli% en?usia/s = ! art1 ,sir ,h5ry ,lay>d & ,sir ,william ,drake1 9 ! fir/ place1 t l$1 n long aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury1 to ! furnaces ( ,murano aga9 turn+ out some?+ beyond w9d[-glass & beads4 ,f ! te*nical side ,v5etian glass belongs ess5tially to ! ,m$it]ranean family--! art 0 possibly le>n$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ! ,byzant9e ,greeks4 ,b x is probably z a consequ5ce ( _! int]c\rse ) ! coa/ ( ,syria1 ! old home ( glass1 t ! ,v5etians acquir$ at s e>ly a date a pre-em95t position z glass-work]s4 ,l t ( _! pr$ecessors1 !irs 0 ess5tially a soda glass4 ,:at di/+ui%$ x 01 above all1 its total fre$om f col\r2 ! ,v5etians 7 ! fir/1 at lea/ s9ce ,roman times1 to make an absolutely cle> :ite glass4 ,?is result !y obta9$ n only by c>e 9 ! selection ( _! mat]ials1 especially 9 ! s\rce ( ! silica1 b also by an e>ly ma/]y ( ! use ( manganese1 #8! glass-mak]'s soap4' ,! ,v5etian glass excell$ aga9 9 its work+ qualities1 9 ! extreme ductility :i* x ma9ta9$ ?r\gh a wide range ( temp]ature4 ,?is prop]ty 0 9 a measure due to ! l>ge quantity ( alkali :i* ent]$ into its composition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is excess ( soda has l$ at times to a rapid t>ni%+ ( ! surface1 visible above all 9 our damp climate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiv ,,v5etian ,,glass ,,ab\t #aejj #a4 ,,plate1 ,,enamell$ ,,& ,,gilt--,,arms ,,( ,,della ,,rov]e ,,family #b4 ,,tazza1 ,,enamell$ ,,) ,,coat ,,( ,,arms ,b x is to ! works ( ! contempor>y ,italian writ]s t we _h bett] turn = in=mation on ^! practical po9ts4 ,^! are ( two classes3--#a/1 ,works ( "s lit]>y pret5sion :i* conta9 *apt]s on ! glass ( ,murano = ! in=mation ( ! g5]al public4 #bnd1 ,te*nical treatises1 consi/+ = ! mo/ "p ( =mulas = ! use ( ! glass-mak]4 ,to ! fir/ class belong ,fioravanti's rem>ks on mirrors1 :i* we h already quot$4 ,bir+uccio1 ! ,si5ese1 9 8 treatise on les arts du feu 7,de la ,pirote*nia1 ,v5ice1 #aedj71 has a *apt] on glass 7,bk4 ,,ii4 cap4 xiii474 ,he tells u t ! ,v5etians made glass f ! a%es ( *ali1 an h]b t gr[s 9 ,syria & also ne> ,magalone1 9 ! s\? ( ,france 7! lagoons ( ,maguelonne1 ne> ,cette74 ,9 ! place ( ?is *ali ! a%es ( f]n or ( ! my/]i\s duznea may be us$4 ,"o "p ( ! lixiviat$ a% is mix$ ) two ( ! cogoli1 ! cle> :ite pebbles f\nd 9 ! b$ ( c]ta9 /reams4 ,to ^! mat]ials a small am\nt ( manganese is add$1 & ! :ole melt$ 9 a rev]b]atory furnace to =m a sub/ance kn[n z fritta1 already a k9d ( glass1 b #8mal purgata4' ,! glass furnace is !n describ$ 9 "s detail3 x is made to hold eight crucibles 7conconi71 ea* ?ree-qu>t]s ( a braccio 7say fifte5 in*es7 9 height4 ,^! conconi are made ) t]ra di ,val5cia1 & are fir/ well dri$ & anneal$ ov] ! fritt+-he>?4 ,we are told h[1 aft] melt+ 9 ^! pots1 ! visc\s sub/ance is collect$ at ! end ( a holl[ rod ( iron1 turn$ & return$ ^u ! m>v] to unite ! mass toge!r1 & !n by bl[+ d[n ! tube ext5d$ to =m a vesicle4 ,?is #8vesci*a' is n[ :irl$ r\nd ! head ( ! workman to l5g!n x1 or x may be press$ into a m\ld ( bronze 7#89 un cavo di bronzo'74 ,x is n[ transf]r$ to ano!r rod ( iron 7! pontella1 ?\gh ! ^w is n us$71 work$ up 9 v>i\s ways1 & cut ) %e>s4 ,! h&les & feet are add$1 & ! vessel may be decorat$ by enamell+ or o!rwise4#afa ,la ,piazza ,univ]sale di tutte le pr(essioni del ,mondo1 by ,tommaso ,g>zoni ( ,bagnacavallo1 01 to judge f ! num]\s editions issu$1 a v popul> "w 9 its day4 ,! copy be=e me1 n by any means ! fir/ edition1 is dat$ ,v5ice1 #aehe4 ,x conta9s a *apt] entitl$ #8,de ,vetr>i1 o ,bic*]>i1 ,oc*ial>i e ,f5e/r>i4' ,! sup]iority ( ! glass ( ,murano1 #8luogo am5issimo e delitiosissimo presso a ,v5etia1' he attributes to ! saltness ( ! wat]1 to ! abs5ce ( du/1 s detrim5tal to ! "w1 & to ! abundant supply ( wood :i* gives a mo/ beautiful & cle> flame4 ,besides1 x is only at ,murano t !y "k h[ to prep>e ! soda ) :i* ! beautiful cri/allo is made4 ,t made f ! h]b ugnea 7cf4 ! duznea ( ,bir+uccio7 or f f]n1 produces a yell[ & brittle glass1--! inf]iority ( ! pota% glass is "h indirectly indicat$4 ,among ! long li/ ( ! vessels made at ,murano we f9d zucc>9i a reticelli or a ritortoli1 int]e/+ z an e>ly m5tion ( lace glass4 ,! ^w zucc>9o1 lit]ally a bas9 = sweets1 is us$ z a g5]al "n = cov]$ b[ls or di%es4 ,we !n h ! acc\nt 7already quot$7 ( ! prep>ation ( lattic9io1 & also ( a glass made up ( fragm5ts ( canne ( v>i\s col\rs1 a k9d ( millefiori1 9 fact4 ,!re is1 he tells u1 no?+ imag9able 9 ! _w t ^! ,muranese _c make ) glass--ca/les ev5 ) t[]s1 ba/ions1 walls1 & cannon4 #8,come nell' ,asc5sa di ,v5etia talvolta s' vi/a1' he cont9ues4 ,?is ref]s1 ,i ?9k1 to ! display ( ma/]pieces ( glass 9 ! procession on ,asc5sion ,day4 ,g>zoni1 we mu/ rememb]1 is 9 ?is book 9 ! fir/ place conc]n$ ) ! v>i\s trades & pr(essions ( 8 "t1 & he takes u next to ! oc*iol>i1 ! mak]s ( spectacles1 :o ply _! trade 9 ! ,m]c]ia1 & f9ally to ! ,f9e/r>i or ,vetri>i1 :o ) m>vell\s rapidity fit into frames ( lead #8c]ti oc*i di vetro' made at ,murano4 ,we see f ?is t ! old bull's-eye glass 0 /ill 9 g5]al use4 ,i mu/ n[1 9 conclusion1 say some?+ ( ! o!r class ( writ]s1 ^? :o1 )\t any lit]>y pret5sions1 claim to disclose ! secret processes & =mulas ( ! glass-work]s4 ,^! m5 are ! successors ( ,!ophilus & ( ! compil]s ( ! e>ly al*emi/ic treatises ( :i* ,i h spok5 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,x is noticeable t n "o ( ^! m51 z f> z we "k1 0 a ,v5etian2 inde$ 9 e case1 if ! writ] is n a ,flor5t9e himself1 x is f ,flor5t9e libr>ies & ar*ives t 8 works h be5 extract$4 ,c5n9i 0 ess5tially a writ] ( ?is class1 b 9 8 ,trattato della ,pittura !re are only a few casual ref]5ces to glass4 ,! ?ree little treatises f\nd by ,gaetano ,milanesi 9 ! ,flor5t9e ar*ives1 & publi%$ by him 9 #ahfd1 are *iefly conc]n$ ) ! prep>ation ( glass = mosaics4 ,!y may probably be attribut$ to ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & we ?us h 9 ! recipes :i* fill ^! books ! e>lie/ docum5t>y evid5ce = ! composition ( ,v5etian glass4 ,i w quote f ! fir/ ( ^! little works a section 7xxiii47 :i* treats ( #8! plac+ ( glass on ! surface ( glass4' ,! writ]1 x %\ld be not$1 is conc]n$ ) ! prep>ation ( ! pia/re or slabs f :i* 7 cut ! little cubes = mosaic "w2 ?is "q ( ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* a leaf ( gold may be includ$ betwe5 two %eets ( glass is "o :i* has already int]e/$ u4 #8 ,! glass to be ab\t z ?9 z an eye-glass4 ,cut ! leaves ( ! gold to ! l5g? ( ! glass1 & put ! gold ^u ! glass ) :ite ( egg2 !n place above ?is gold ! o!r upp] glass1 & dry ! :ole4 ,!n put !m 9 ! small ov5s 7=nelli71 & let !m be on a level s z n to slope1 9 ord] t ! glass may n run4 ,:5 !y h become r$-hot1 load !m ) an iron s t !y may gr[ toge!r & unite4 ,!n place !m ov] ! ar* ( ! =nacetta 7probably ! fritt+-ov571 & let !m cool little by little4' ,! next section treats ( ! prep>ation ( lattimo bianco by calc9+ f\r p>ts ( t9 & two p>ts ( lead1 & !n mix+ ! result+ p[d] ) t5 p>ts ( ,syrian soda4 ,b z is ! case ) all ! treatises ( ?is class1 ! majority ( ! sections are conc]n$ ) ! prep>ation ( ! v>i\s +r$i5ts by means ( :i* glass may be col\r$--! colori da ismalti4 ,! gre5 & opaque r$ are bo? obta9$ f copp]-scale1 ! purple & crimson f v>i\s mixtures ( manganese#afb 7s spelt 9 ! text71 & ! yell[ ei!r f iron-scale or f a mixture ( res9 & t>t>4 ,z = ! f9e blue--! zaffiro--x %\ld be not$ t ! pigm5t employ$ is describ$ z azurro da vetro1#afc probably a prep>ation ( cobalt--simil> to :at 9 lat] times 0 kn[n z smalt--:i* ! glass-work]s obta9$ ready-made f ,g]many4 ,9 ! e>ly sections ( ! ?ird ( ^! little treatises#afd ! prep>ation ( ! soda is describ$ 9 "s detail4 ,mu* importance appe>s to be atta*$ to ! frit1 = ! ?ird section is head$ #8,que/a si la pratica di f>e la fritta1 ci li pane del cri/all9o4 ,nota ed imp>a4' ,9 ! composition ( ?is frit !re ent]s n only soda & ! :ite pebbles f ! ,tec9o1 b a consid]able am\nt ( gromma or t>t>1 a sub/ance conta9+ pota%1 & p]haps lime also4 ,! prep>ation ( #8calc$onio 9 tutta p]fezione' is next describ$1 & ,i may note t ! pres5ce 9 x ( salts ( iron & copp]1 to say no?+ ( silv]1 m]cury1 & azurro1 w\ld po9t to "s v>iegat$ mixture resembl+ ! s*melz ( lat] days r ?an to ! opalesc5t glass to :i* ?is "n 0 subsequ5tly giv5 7cf4 p4 #bjf74 ,( great] importance ?an any ( ^! little treatises is ! "w t ,antonio ,n]i publi%$ 9 #afab4 ,9 fact1 hav+ reg>d to ! influ5ce ( ?is book on future writ]s on ! subject1 especially ^u ^? :o s\ght to make glass by ,v5etian me?ods 9 ,engl& & else:]e1 x may )\t d\bt be giv5 ! premi] place z ! mo/ important "w t has ev] appe>$ on ! prep>ation ( glass4 ,we "k v little ( ! au?or except t he 0 born 9 ,flor5ce t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 t he 0 a prie/1 & t he sp5t "s "t at ,antw]p1 :]e x w\ld seem t 8 att5tion 0 fir/ direct$ t[>ds ! manufacture ( glass4 ,:51 aft] ! dea? ( ! ,gr& ,duke ,f]d9& 9 #afji1 ! manufacture ( ! s(t-pa/e ,m$ici porcela9 0 ab&on$1 we are told t 9 its place glass-works 7 e/abli%$ at ,pisa1 & ) ^! works we may p]haps connect ,n]i's little treatise4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 already gone ov] mo/ ( ! gr\nd cov]$ by ?is book 9 my quotations f ,bir+uccio & o!rs1 & ,i w po/pone ! consid]ation ( :at little fur!r is to be glean$ f x until ,i come1 9 ! acc\nt ( our ,engli% glass1 to speak ( ! translation ( ,n]i's book made by ,m]ret 9 #affb4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,fr5* ,,glass ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,european glass ! culm9at+ po9t is p]haps rea*$ 9 ! ,v5etian glass ( ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury--,i am speak+1 ( c\rse1 f ! arti/ic po9t ( view4 ,= a c5tury or m aft] ?is "t our hi/ory is conc]n$ ) little else ?an ! spread ( ! ,italian me?ods ( manufacture & decoration ov] ! we/ ( ,europe4 ,aft] ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! int]e/ becomes m & m c5tr$ 9 ! te*nical & economical improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture4 ,! inv5tion ( plate-glass by ! ,fr5*1 9 ,engl& ! use ( coal in/ead ( wood 9 ! glass-furnace1 & ! adoption ( a heavy fusible type ( glass conta9+ lead 7an indirect consequ5ce1 p]haps1 ( ?is *ange ( fuel7--^! are ! really notable po9ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ c5tury ( indu/rial advance4 ,aft] ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,engl& takes a m & m important position1 & ! prom95t "q 0 ! production ( a glass ( high te*nical excell5ce at a greatly r$uc$ price4 ,preoccupi$ z we 7 at t "t ) ! absorb+ int]e/ ( ?is indu/rial revolution1 less att5tion 0 giv5 9 ?is c\ntry to ! arti/ic side 9 ! manufacture ( glass4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! int]e/ ( our subject c5tres 9 ! /ory ( ! emigration ( skill$ glass-work]s f ,v5ice & f ,l',alt>e1 & 9 ! m or less complete replacem5t ( ! old me?ods1 z ^! ,italians f\nd _! way into ne>ly e corn] ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,x 0 te*nically ! victory ( ! c>efully prep>$ cri/allo ov] ! old m$ival v]re de f\gre or wald-glas4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view ! revolution 0 b "o phase 9 ! spread ( ! ,italian r5aissance4 ,9 fact1 9 "o respect x 0 di/9ctly a r5aissance1 = ! glass ( ,v5ice 9 composition diff]$ little f t made dur+ ! ,roman dom9ation3 x belong$ ess5tially to ! great ,m$it]ranean family ( soda-lime glass1 prep>$1 if n f sea-we$1 at lea/ f m>itime h]bs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! indig5\s glass :i* ! cri/allo replac$ 0 almo/ )\t exception ( =e/ orig91 a pota% glass made f ! r\ghly lixiviat$ a%es ( bee*wood or brack54 ,i h said t ^! ,italian glass-work]s c>ri$ _! new me?ods all ?r\gh ,we/]n ,europe1 b1 z we %all see1 _! p]man5t influ5ce 0 n ! same 9 ea* case4 ,9 ,g]many x 0 9 a measure b a pass+ fa%ion--nei!r ! ,italian designs nor ! ,italian me?ods ( manufacture ev] became preval5t4 ,! wald-glas1 9 an improv$ =m c]ta9ly1 held its own1 & inde$ be=e ! end ( ! next c5tury 0 ?reat5+ ! supremacy ( its ,v5etian rival4 ,9 ,france1 on ! o!r h&1 ! victory 0 9 a mann] complete2 ! old v]re de f\gre1 x is true1 long surviv$1 b 9 an ackn[l$g$ position ( inf]iority4 ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s ! case 0 m complicat$2 = :ile on ! "o h& at ,antw]p & at ,lige ! typical ,v5etian cri/allo 0 m successfully imitat$ ?an else:]e out ( ,italy1 on ! o!r h&1 9 _m places 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ! old gre5 glass cont9u$ to be made1 & ! old %apes1 above all ! ess5tially ,teutonic roem]1 nev] fell out ( fav\r4 ,x s happ5s inde$ t = ! be/ r5d]+s ( examples ( bo? ^! s*ools ( glass we mu/ g to ! works ( ! ,dut* & ,flemi% pa9t]s1 r ?an to ! contempor>y pictures ( ei!r ,g]many or ,italy4 ,?is is an int]e/+ po9t ab\t :i* ,i %all h some?+ m to say lat] on4 ,z reg>ds ,spa91 ! ,italian influ5ce became on ! :ole pr$om9ant1 b "h ! "q is complicat$ by ! exi/5ce1 9 ,catalonia at lea/1 ( a s*ool ( enamell$ glass ( :i* ! ,v5etian orig9 is by no means c]ta91 & ?is s*ool 0 already well develop$ be=e ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,f9ally1 9 ! case ( our own c\ntry1 ! ,v5etian emigrants :o came = ! mo/ "p by way ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 _h soon to divide ! hi!rto almo/ free field ) glass-work]s f ,norm&y & ,lorra9e4 ,x is only ( late ye>s t ! full significance ( ?is emigration ( glass-work]s f ,murano & f ,l',alt>e has be5 recognis$4 ,a di/+ui%$ ,belgian antiqu>y1 ,m4 ,s*u]mans1 ,presid5t ( ! ,c\r d',appel at ,lige1 ab\t ! ye> #ahhj--;foll[+ 9 ?is 9 ! /eps ( 8 c\ntryman ! late ,m4 ,alex&re ,p9*>t1 & 9 a measure also 9 ^? ( ,m4 ,h\doy 7,v]r]ie la faon de ,v5ise1 ,p>is1 #ahgc7--;began a sy/ematic inve/igation ( ! subject1 & dur+ a p]iod ( t5 ye>s1 f #ahhc to #ahib1 contribut$ to ! pages ( a le>n$ p]iodical publi%$ at ,brussels 7,bullet9 des ,commissions ,royales de l',art et de l',indu/rie7 a s]ies ( lett]s--= s ,m4 ,s*u]mans mode/ly call$ !m1 ?\gh !y 7 9 fact s _m treatises1 ext5d+ "s ( !m to m ?an a hundr$ pages--pack$ full ) ! results ( 8 rese>*es4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s s\rces ( in=mation ,m4 ,s*u]mans f\nd 9 ! reports s5t f ! ,v5etian embassies & ag5cies 9 ,france & else:]e to ! ,c\ncil ( ,t5 at ,v5ice4 ,x 0 n ! lea/ important duty ( ! diplomatic ag5ts ( ! ,republic to trace out ! fugitive ,muranese glass-work]s1 to endeav\r to induce !m1 by ?reats or promises1 to return to _! homes1 & if unsuccessful 9 ?is1 to d5\nce !m to ! au?orities 9 ,v5ice1 :o might !n proce$ to ?r[ into prison ! unhappy families ( ^! recalcitrant workm54 ,9 extreme cases !re are h9ts ( m dra/ic measures 9 deal+ ) ! traitors !mselves--= s !y 7 reg>d$--b ,i d n ?9k t any in/ance ( assass9ation has be5 def9itely made out = ! "t ( :i* we are n[ speak+4 ,x is c]ta9ly /range t ! only kn[n cases ( su* judicial murd]s occurr$ at ,vi5na z late z ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! /ory 0 told long ago by ,d>u 9 8 ,hi/oire de ,v5ise 7,pices ,ju/ificatives71 & ,i d n "k t x has ev] be5 refut$4 ,n t ^! extreme measures 7 at all times c>ri$ out ) equal en]gy4 ,at times1 = political or o!r reasons1 little re/ra9t appe>s to h be5 put ^u ! w&]+ =? ( ! ,muranese glass-work]s2 :ile at o!rs ! ,c\ncil ( ,t5 seems to h reg>d$ ! "q z "o ( ! utmo/ mom5t1 ar\s$ p]haps by reports t seem$ to prove t ! glass monopoly ( ! /ate 0 endang]$4 ,?is 0 ! case at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 aga9 t[>ds ! middle ( ! sev5te5?1 & m especially at ! end ( t c5tury1 :5 ! ,v5etians began to f9d _! indu/ry s]i\sly ?reat5$ by _! ,g]man rivals4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 z a contempor>y writ] puts x1 #8,t\s les rois et pr9ces dsirai5t et affectai5t avoir en leurs royaumes cette sci5ce'3 t is to say1 ! k ( ! me?ods ( prep>+ ! true cri/allo4 ,to obta9 ?is k f ,murano 0 difficult & ev5 dang]\s4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 t rec\rse 0 _h to ! ,consuls ( ! glass-work]s' guild at ,l',alt>e8 ,^! (ficials seem to h be5 always ready to negotiate = ! supply to =eign pr9ces1 or ev5 to private individuals--if ! requisite paym5t 0 =?com+--( "o or m ( _! skill$ g5tleman glass-work]s4#afe ,b 9 ?is case1 too1 a ke5 eye 0 kept ^u ^! m53 !y 7 b\nd by ! /ricte/ oa?s to practise _! craft1 :5 9 =eign l&s1 ) ! greate/ secrecy2 above all !y 7 =bidd5 to take any appr5tices f ! p among :om !y 7 work+4 ,9 ,france1 :]e s _m ( ^! ,alt>i/s settl$1 ^! re/rictions 7 ! cause ( con/ant friction1 b s successfully 7 !y z a rule en=c$1 t we f9d t1 9 ! case ( m ?an "o c5tre ( ! new indu/ry1 x 0 necess>y dur+ a p]iod ( at lea/ a c5tury to h rec\rse f "t to "t to ! orig9al s\rce at ,l',alt>e1 to replace ! ,italian workm5 :o _h di$ or w&]$ (f to o!r t[ns4 ,= l _! rivals f ,murano1 ^! ,alt>i/s 7 always on ! move4 ,we are rem9d$ 9 ?is ( ! w&]+ porcela9 #8arcani/s' ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :o c>ri$ f "o ,g]man c\rt to ano!r ! secrets ( _! craft4 ,to give b a s+le example2 ,m4 ,s*u]mans has trac$ "o ( ^! g5til%ommes de v]re 9 migrations t l$ him successively to ,london1 ,lige1 ,mae/ri*t1 ,r\51 & ,p>is4 ,9 :at respect1 if 9 any1 did ! glass manufactur$ by ^! #8lic5s$' craftsm5 f ,l',alt>e1 diff] f t made by _! rivals ! #8outlaws' f ,murano8 ,?is is a "q t we are n 9 a position to answ]4 ,t !re 0 "s diff]5ce 9 /yle ( work+1 & n m]ely 9 ! te*nical excell5ce ( ! glass1 w\ld seem to be prov$ by ! expression #8 la faon d',alt>e1' or #8ad uso d',alt>e1' s (t5 appli$ to x4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! glass made #8 la faon de ,v5ise' 01 on ! :ole1 reg>d$ z ( great] excell5ce1 & t 9 ! impossibility ( obta9+ workm5 f ,murano1 ! resort to ! ,consuls at ,l',alt>e 0 9 a measure a pis all]4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 z has sometimes be5 done1 look ^u ! craftsm5 f ! latt] t[n z incapable ( produc+ any?+ ( arti/ic m]it4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y n only turn$ out a true cri/allo1 b mu* ( ! enamell$ glass t 0 s successfully made 9 ,france 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies came 9 all probability f furnaces work$ by ,alt>i/s4 ,9 fact1 our ignorance on ?is po9t af=ds an excell5t example ( a difficulty t is met ) aga9 & aga9 9 ?is hi/ory ( ours1--! difficulty1 ,i mean1 ( controll+ our lit]>y mat]ial by means ( ! scanty examples ( glass t h come d[n to u4 ,x w\ld require a l>ge %elf 9 a libr>y to hold all ! bulky volumes deal+ ) ! hi/ory ( ,fr5* glass t h ( late ye>s be5 publi%$1 works t are due above all to ! local patriotism & ! indu/ry ( prov9cial inve/igators4 ,= books ( ?is k9d1 ! fa%ion 0 set z long ago z #ahfd by ,m4 ,b5jam9 ,fillon 9 8 ,l',art du ,v]re *ez les ,poitev9s4 ,s9ce !n h appe>$ n m]e bro*ures1 b 9 _m cases portly volumes trac+ ! hi/ory ( ! manufacture 9 ,norm&y1 ,pic>dy1 ,lorra9e1 ,nev]s1 ,lyons1 & ,prov5ce4 ,m4 ,s*u]mans has devot$ to ,france a long lett]1 *iefly conc]n$ ) ! settlem5ts ( ,alt>i/ workm5 7op4 cit41 vol4 xxxi474 ,& yet n only are specim5s ( glass1 und\bt$ly ,fr5*1 ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies comp>atively r>e1 b 9 v few cases c any?+ m ?an a guess be made z to ! prov9ces to :i* ^! specim5s are to be attribut$4 ,su* attributions inde$1 :5 attempt$1 h = ! mo/ "p _h to be bas$ ei!r ^u ! armorial be>+s =m+ "p ( ! enamell$ decoration1 or aga9 ^u ! localities :]e ! glasses h be5 f\nd--& ^! are crit]ia t fail 9 mo/ cases4 ,among ! _m anomalies t we enc\nt] 9 ! c\rse ( ?is inquiry--& surely 9 no k9dr$ bran* ( art hi/ory are s _m met )--!re is no?+ m surpris+ ?an ! num]\s important #8developm5ts' ( glass ( "o k9d or ano!r1 = :i* we may se>* 9 va9 a rational explanation--unless1 inde$1 x is ! correspond+ fact ( ! unexpla9$ b>r5ness ( c]ta9 p]iods & c\ntries :]e su* pov]ty w\ld h be5 ! lea/ expect$4 ,"o s\rce ( ?is app>5t caprice 9 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( glass ( arti/ic m]it at times & at places :]e ! contr>y might h be5 look$ =1 may be f\nd1 p]haps1 9 ! fact t al?\gh1 s9ce ,roman days at all ev5ts1 ! mak+ ( glass has always be5 an important indu/ry1 x is an indu/ry t has only incid5tally come into connection ) ! /hetic movem5ts ( ! "t4#aff ,"s su* explanation may p]haps be giv5 = ! comp>atively subord9ate place tak5 by ,france 9 ! hi/ory ( arti/ic glass1 at lea/ until q rec5t days4 ,9 "o dep>tm5t ( ! vitre\s arts ! ,fr5* occupi$ no d\bt = a "t ! premi] place--! /a9$ glass ( _! ca!drals is ackn[l$g$ to be ! f9e/ 9 ,europe4 ,b 9 our bran* ( ! manufacture1 a bran* = :i*1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! ,fr5* alone h provid$ a "n--la v]r]ie--t nation has nev] occupi$ a prom95t position4 ,s9ce ,roman times1 ! fir/ place z produc]s ( glass vessels ( arti/ic importance has be5 held 9 succession by ,byzant9e ,greeks1 by ,s>ac5s1 by ,v5etians1 by ,g]mans1 & = a mom5t by ! ,engli%4 ,x is only q ( late1 s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 fact1 t any claim = su* a position c\ld be made = ! ,fr5*4 ,& yet1 9 spite ( ?is1 ! lit]ature ( t special subdivision ( ! arts du feu ) :i* we are "h conc]n$ is especially a ,fr5* "o1 & ?is is true n only = ! te*nical & indu/rial side ( ! subject1 b = ! arti/ic & hi/orical 9 an ev5 great] degree4 ,i h spok5 ( ! det]m9$ way 9 :i* ^! w&]+ ,italians kept !mselves ap>t f ! native workm51 s t ! secrets ( _! craft 7 pres]v$ ?r\gh m ?an "o g5]ation4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 9 ,france at any rate1 n a few ( ^! ,italian craftsm5 became s$5t>y1 & n ! lea/ curi\s result ( ! rec5t rese>*es by ,fr5* & ,belgian ar*ivi/es has be5 to %[ h[ c]ta9 well-kn[n families ( glass-mak]s f ,l',alt>e settl$ d[n 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,france1 :]e _! repres5tatives may n[ be f\nd1 _m ( !m /ill engag$ 9 ! same "w4 ,s t1 ?anks to ^! inve/igations1 ! ,s>oldi ( ,l',alt>e h be5 provid$ ) di/ant c\s9s 9 ! ,s>ode family ( ,poit\2 9 simil> mann] ! ,f]ri are repres5t$ by ! ,f]ry ( ,prov5ce1 great glass-ma/]s at ! pres5t day2 ! ,mass>i by ! ,mass>y ( ,lorra9e2 & ! ,bormioli by ! ,bormiolles ( ,norm&y & ! ,niv]nais4 ,all ^! f\r families 7 admitt$ long s9ce to ! noblesse ( ,france#afg 7,s*u]mans1 ,lett] ,,xi41 #ahib74 ,x is difficult to =m any def9ite idea ( ! nature ( ! craft secrets ( ^! ,italians4 ,x c h>dly h relat$ to ! m obvi\s mat]ials employ$1 = z e>ly z #aeee 7& x 0 only ab\t ! ye> #aedh t ! great emigration ( ! ,alt>i/s began7 ! ,ori5tal soda1 ! roc*etta ( ,n]i1 :i* 0 br\ght by ,v5etian galleys f ,alex&ria1 _h 9 ,france be5 already displac$ by ! ,spani% soda or b>illa1 a mat]ial t has held its place until rec5t times4 ,?is b>illa 0 made f ! fam\s soda plant1 ! ,salsola sativa1 :i*1 we are told1 0 gr[n f se$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! prov9ce ( ,murcia1 & export$ f ! adjac5t port ( ,alicante4 ,s aga9 ! qu>tz pebbles f ! b$ ( ! ,tic9o1 s highly priz$ by ! e>ly ,v5etian glass-mak]s1 7 e>ly replac$ by ! pure :ite s& ( taples4#afh ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 ?is connection1 "o po9t wor? notice4 ,x is impossible to prep>e a workable glass f qu>tz & alkali alone2 ! pres5ce ( a c]ta9 quantity ( lime is ess5tial4 ,n[ 9 ! =e/ glass--! v]re de f\gre--suffici5t lime 7or equival5t bases7 is provid$ by ! impurities 9 ! crude pota% employ$2 b ?is is no long] ! case :5 ! m c>efully prep>$ ,ori5tal or ,spani% soda takes its place3 x is n[ necess>y to supply additional lime4 ,x is n impossible t ! secret ( ! %rewd ,italians may h la9 9 ?is direction4 ,:5 speak+ ( ! m$ival glass ( ,france1 ,i h br\ght =w>d "s evid5ce to %[ t1 by ! f\rte5? c5tury at lea/1 vessels ( glass mu/ h be5 produc$ 9 l>ge quantities = dome/ic use4 ,?is ( c\rse 01 )\t exception1 v]re de f\gre1 ess5tially ! glass ( ! p1 :i* = long 0 little influ5c$ by ! new ,italian me?ods4 ,x 0 ?is glass *iefly t 0 hawk$ r\nd ! c\ntry by it9]ant v5dors4 ,_! cry 0 well kn[n 9 ,p>is--#8,g5tils v]res1 v]res jolis-- deux li>ds les v]res de pi]re6' ,o!rs1 z 9 old days at ,rome 7see ! quotation f ,m>tial on p4 #hb1 note71 collect$ brok5 glass to ! cry ( #8,*ambrires1 reg>dez-y6--,voirre cassez1 ,voirre cassez6'#afi ,b]n>d ,palissy1 writ+ t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 gives b a mean idea n only ( ! hawk]s1 b ( ! mak]s ( glass 9 8 day3--#8,je te prie1 considre un peu les v]res qui1 p\r avoir e/ trop communs entre les hommes1 sont dev5uz un prix si vil que la plup>t de ceux qui les font viv5t plus m*aniquem5t que ne font les cro*eteurs de ,p>is 444 et ces v]res sont v5duz et criez1 p> les villages1 p> ceux mmes qui cri5t les vieux *apeaux et les vieilles f]railles' 7quot$ by ,g]spa*1 p4 #aic74 ,x 0 only :5 ! secrets ( ! pure cri/allo & ! application ( enamels 7 introduc$ f ,italy t glass began to take a m hon\rable position 9 ,france4 ,we _c safely trace back ! =eign influ5ce to an e>li] date ?an ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & x 0 n br\ght into full play till j a c5tury lat]4 ,! "n ( ,r51 #8k+ ( ,sicily & ,j]usalem1' & rul] "u v>i\s titles 9 ,prov5ce1 ,anj\1 & ,lorra9e1 0 at "o "t a "n to conjure ) 9 matt]s connect$ ) art & lit]ature1 above all 9 ! s\? ( ,france4 ,( late ye>s !re has be5 a t5d5cy to /rip ?is mu* h>ass$ k+ ( _m ( 8 claims to di/9ction z a patron ( ! arts4 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 e reason to connect 8 "n ) ! introduction ( ! f9] sorts ( glass into ,france1 n1 ( c\rse1 ( ! indu/ry z a :ole1 ?\gh ev5 ?is 0 at "o "t claim$ = ,r54 ,!re is evid5ce to %[ t z e>ly z #addc a memb] ( ! ,f]ro family#agj ( ,l',alt>e 0 work+ = him at ,g\lt1 9 ,prov5ce4 ,?is w\ld be ! e>lie/ in/ance kn[n to u ( ,italian glass-work]s 9 ,france4 ,k+ ,r51 we are told1 pres5t$ to 8 nephew ,l\is ,,xi4 "s pieces ( glass #8molt v>iols et bi5 pe9cts4' ,b we c h>dly ref] to s e>ly a date ! beak] ( enamel$ glass =m]ly pres]v$ at ,aix1 pa9t$ inside ) ! kneel+ figure ( ! ,magdal5 by ! side ( h] ,ma/]1 s arrang$ t ! =m] 0 only visible :5 ! cup _h be5 dra9$2 s t1 z ! inscription qua9tly express$ x3-- #8,qui bi5 boira ,dieu v]ra ,qui boira t\t d'une hale9e ,v]ra ,dieu et la ,madela9e4' ,x 0 b a few ye>s lat]1 9 #addh1 t ! fam\s *>t] ( :i* a ne>ly contempor>y copy has =tunately be5 pres]v$1 0 grant$ to c]ta9 glass-work]s 9 ,lorra9e by ,jean de ,calabre1 gov]nor ( t du*y 9 place ( 8 fa!r1 ,k+ ,r54 ,9 ?is docum5t we h e>ly evid5ce ( ! claim ( ! glass-work]s to ! rights ( g5tlem54#aga ,full recognition is giv5 to ! #8plusieurs beaux droitz1 lib]tez1 fran*ises et prrogatives1 et dont eulx et leurs prdcesseurs ayant j\i et u de t\s temps passez et e/ t5us et rputez en telle fran*ise comme *evali]s e/imez et g5s nobles dudit du*i de ,lorra9ne4' ,!n foll[s a li/ ( all ^! privileges1 n ! lea/ important be+ ! exemption f #8t\tes tailles1 aydes1 subsides1 d'o/1 de gi/e et de *evaul*ies quelconques4' ,?is is by no means ! e>lie/ ,fr5* docum5t 9 :i* ! claim to "s k9d ( nobility is made = ! pr(ession4 ,z f> back z ! lat] ?irte5? c5tury1 9 ! reign ( ,philippe le ,bel1 ! glass-work]s ( ,*ampagne claim$ simil> rights1 bas+ _! pret5sions on c]ta9 edicts ( ,con/ant9e & on o!rs f\nd 9 ! ,!odosian ,code6 ,*>les ,,vi41 ^: int]e/ 9 ! manufacture ( glass has be5 already ref]r$ to 7p4 #acg71 9 8 ,lettres ,royales ( #acii1 grant$ important rights to ! glass-mak]s1 #8 cause de la noblesse du dict me/i]4' ,^! privileges1 h[ev]1 7 conf9$ to ^? ^: ance/ors _h foll[$ ! craft = sev]al g5]ations4 ,b = all ?is1 ^! poor #8g5til%ommes de v]re' nev] obta9$ t complete recognition 9 ,france t _h always be5 grant$ to _! bro!r craftsm5 at ,v5ice & ,l',alt>e1 & _! claims at times expos$ !m to ridicule4 ,!re is an (t5-quot$ epigram1 direct$ aga9/ "o ( _! numb] 7x is probably by ,franois ,mayn>d1 a foll[] ( ,rons>d71 :i* well expresses ! popul> feel+ ) reg>d to _! position-- #8,votre noblesse e/ m9ce2 ,c> ce n'e/ pas d'un pr9ce1 ,daphnis1 que v\s sortez4 ,g5tilhomme de v]re1 ,si v\s tombez t]re1 ,adieu vos qualits4' ,! "q ( ^! g5til%ommes v]ri]s 0 fully discuss$ by ! late ,m4 ,g>ni] 9 8 book ^u glass 7,la ,v]r]ie1 p4 #agd seq471 & he quotes passages f contempor>y docum5ts to %[ bo? ! ext5t ( ! claims & ! ambigu\s position actually held by ^! ne$y g5try 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,at t "t !y 7 /ill always ref]r$ to z g5til%ommes1 & !y v9dicat$ _! social /atus by fight+ duels among !mselves4 ,_! position1 h[ev]1 0 (t5 v wret*$1 less s1 inde$1 9 ,norm&y ?an 9 ,lorra9e1 :]e ! competition ( ! ,g]mans 0 s ke54 ,x is a significant fact t at ! ,revolution !y z a body jo9$ ! p>ty ( ! migrs1 & actually petition$ ,m4 ,d',artois to enrol !m 9 a special corps4 ,"o po9t is cle>3 ! pr(ession ( glass-work] 0 at all times 9 ,france op5 to ! nobility1 & ?is1 ( c\rse1 0 n ! case ) o!r crafts & trades4 ,?is long digression ^u ! position ( ! glass-work]s 9 ,france 0 />t$ by c]ta9 expressions 9 ! *>t] grant$ to ! glass-mak]s ( ,lorra9e by ! son ( ,k+ ,r54 ,n a little int]e/ atta*es to ! production ( ?is ea/]n di/rict2 its hi/ory1 z conc]ns glass1 diff]s f t ( ! m ess5tially ,fr5* prov9ces4#agb ,"h ! ,italians1 :e!r f ,murano or ,l',alt>e1 appe> to h _h little influ5ce4 ,9 ,lorra9e1 z 9 ! l[] ,rh9e c\ntry & 9 ! bi%opric ( ,lige--closely relat$ di/ricts--! mak+ ( glass _h probably be5 c>ri$ on cont9u\sly f ,roman times4 ,9 ! ,ard5nes1 & especially 9 ! =e/s ( ,argonnes & 9 ! ,vosges1 ! manufacture e>ly took on a purely indu/rial "*4 ,at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury x 0 claim$ by ! glass-mak]s ( ! la/ di/rict t !y suppli$ ,switz]l&1 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & ,engl& ) glass2 & we %all see lat] on t x 0 f glass-work]s f ,lorra9e1 m def9itely f ! we/]n ,vosges1 t we 9 ,engl& le>n$ s mu* 9 ! lat] sixte5? c5tury4 ,^! ,lorra9]s ow$ _! *ief fame to _! skill 9 mak+ w9d[-panes & mirrors1 & ! old tradition may be held to be /ill c>ri$ on 9 ! great glass-works at ,bacc>at1 ne> ,lunville4 ,i h no space to foll[ ! work+ ( ! new me?ods 9 ,poit\ & 9 ! s\?1 b a few words may be said ( ! glass-h\ses e/abli%$ at ,,nev]s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,at t "t ! duk$om ( ! ,niv]nais 0 held by ! ,gonzaga family ( ,mantua1 :o _h already acquir$ ! m>quisate ( ,montf]rat1 ^u :i* ! t[n ( ,l',alt>e 0 dep5d5t4 ,l\is ( ,gonzaga1 :o di$ 9 #aeie1 0 z a patron ( ! arts q abrea/ ( 8 "t1 & we may note t besides 8 possessions 9 ,france & ,italy he held mu* l& 9 ,fl&]s & ! ,lige c\ntry1 & t he 0 m>ri$ to a pr9cess ( ! h\se ( ,cleves4 ,! old t[n ( ,nev]s became = a "t an arti/ic c5tre ( "s importance4 ,9 ! h&some r5aissance palace built 9 "p by ?is said ,l\is 78 arms are to be se5 c>v$ 9 bold relief on ! walls71 !re is n[ ga!r$ toge!r an important collection ( ! enamell$ fay5ce = :i* ! t[n is fam\s1 & also a few examples ( ! local glass1 b none ( ?is la/ is1 ,i ?9k1 ( s e>ly a date z ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,alt>i/s _h d\btless come to ,nev]s be=e ! "t ( ! ,duke ,l\is1 b x 0 dur+ 8 rule t ! ,s>oldo family settl$ "h1 a family fam\s especially = _! skill 9 ! use ( glass enamels4 ,to ! ,s>oldo succe$$ ! ,ponta family2 & 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,jean ,ca/ellano came f ,lige3 9 addition to ^! ,alt>i/s1 ,v5etian workm5 7 employ$ at times4 ,x is1 inde$1 a noticeable fact t "h 9 ! v c5tre ( ,france ^! glass-works %\ld1 = some?+ l two hundr$ ye>s1 h be5 dep5d5t ^u ,italian workm54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxv ,,fr5* ,,glass ,,( ,,r5aissance #a4 ,,/atuette ,,( ,,l\is ,,xiv4 ,,col\r$ ,,enamels #b4 ,,man ,,) ,,muff4 ,,on ,,/& ,,( ,,dresd5 ,,porcela9 #c4 ,,burette ,,( ,,spla%$ ,,glass ,! glass ( ,nev]s acquir$ "s g5]al r5[n 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,?omas ,corneille1 ! y\ng] bro!r ( ! great dramati/1 calls ! t[n a #8petit ,murane de ,v5ise1' & praises ! #8v>it des div]s ouvrages de v]re qui s'y font et qu'on transporte dans t\tes les prov9ces de la ,france4' ,9 ?is case--q exceptionally z reg>ds ,france--we c associate a special g5re or application ( glass--a some:at trifl+ "o1 to be sure--) ! local glass-h\ses4 ,9 ! already m5tion$ museum 9 ! ,ducal ,palace may be se5 "s ( ^! #8g5tillesses a'mail propres orn] les cab9ets1 les *em9es et les armoires4' ,"h may be f\nd l&scape sc5es ) c[s & %eph]desses built up ( fragm5ts ( glass ( v>i\s col\rs1--^! *ildi% compositions are app>5tly execut$ ) ! bl[-pipe4 ,we are told 9 ! j\rnal ( ,jean ,hro>d1 ! physician to ,l\is ,,xiii41 t :5 t k+ 0 a *ild he amus$ himself ) c]ta9 #8petits *i5s de v]re et autres animaux faits ,nev]s4' ,among ! scanty specim5s ( ,fr5* glass 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are "s qua9t little figures1 ab\t f\r in*es 9 height1 built up ( col\r$ glass enamels4 ,we see !re a little /atuette ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 /rutt+ along attir$ z a ,roman emp]or2 !re is ano!r ( ,/4 ,james ! ,apo/le4 ,^! *>act]i/ic examples ( v]rot]ie may v plausibly be ref]r$ to ! glass-bl[]s ( ,nev]s at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury#agc 7,plate ,,xxxv4 #a74 ,! prov9ce ( ,,norm&y has play$ a n unimportant "p 9 ! hi/ory ( glass4 ,x 0 f ! ,norman du*y & f ,brittany1 accord+ to ! tradition pres]v$ at ,l',alt>e1 t ! glass-work]s w&]$ =? 9 ! t5? or elev5? c5tury to f9d a m peaceable home at ,l',alt>e1 9 ! m\nta9s above ! ,ligurian coa/4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #acjb we he> ( ! fam\s glass-h\se at ,la ,haye1 9 ! =e/ ( ,lyons1 ne> ,r\54 ,?is is 9 a *>t] :i* m5tions incid5tally ! brack51 ! #8feu*]iam ad faci5dum vitrum'--= all ?is e>ly glass 01 z ,i h said1 v]re de f\gre--:i* 0 to be cut only at specifi$ times4 ,x 0 "h1 ab\t ! ye> #accj1 t ,philippe de ,cacqu]ay is said to h fir/ made ! pla/s de v]re1 o!rwise kn[n z v]re de ,france1#agd = long ! mo/ important product ( ! ,norman glass-h\ses4 ,^! pla/s 7 inde$ m]ely small %eets ( glass1 ) a ?ick5+ or #8bull's-eye' 9 ! c5tre2 !y 7 made by ! famili> #8sp9n+' process1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ surely h be5 kn[n be=e ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9 any case ?is v]re de ,france 0 widely export$ at a lat] "t1 & mu* ( x mu/ h f\nd its way into ,engl&4#age ,x w\ld appe> t ! g5tlem5 ( ! grosses v]r]ies :]e ?is w9d[-glass 0 made1 held _! heads above ^? ( petites v]r]ies :i* turn$ out only #8holl[ w>e1' & ?is fact w\ld po9t to ! outcome ( ! latt] works n be+ ( a v sup]ior k9d4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we may judge f ! examples reproduc$ by ,m4 ,g]spa* 7,l',art de la ,v]r]ie1 figs4 #ajd-aac7 f ! collection ( ,m4 le ,breton1 :o has done = ,norman glass :at ,m4 ,fillon has done = t ( ,poit\1 ! table-w>e made 9 ,norm&y dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury possess$ no little arti/ic m]it1 & :at is m1 x _h a ca*et ( its own4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! hi/ory ( glass 9 ,france c5tres r\nd ! manufacture ( plate-glass by ! new process ( c\lage or ca/+4 ,aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury a dem& arose 9 ,france = l>ge %eets ( cle> glass1 n s mu* = w9d[s1 x w\ld seem1 z = ! tall mirrors t 7 n[ com+ into fa%ion1 & aga9 = ! portires ( ! #8glass-coa*es' ( ! nobility4 ,colb]t1 ! great m9i/] ( ! e>ly & glori\s days ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 0 9 despair because ! l>ge panes ( glass suitable = ^! purposes _h to be obta9$ f ,v5ice or f ,nuremb]g4 ,aft] an unsuccessful attempt to e/abli% a colony ( ,muranese workm5 9 ,p>is1 ,colb]t _h rec\rse to a ,norman family ( glass-mak]s1 ! ,de ,nh\1 :o _h lately succe$$ ! ,de ,cacqu]ay at ,t\rlaville1 ne> ,*]b\rg4 ,x 0 9 #afge t ,l\is ,lucas de ,nh\ 0 put 9 *>ge ( ! royal glass-works at ,p>is1 :]e he p]fect$ 8 great discov]y ( ! me?od ( ca/+ glass4 ,he 0 able to turn out %eets ( unprec$5t$ size by a process 9 :i* ! #8metal' 0 p\r$ ^u frames1 spread out ev5ly by roll]s1 & subsequ5tly poli%$4 ,! ,manufacture ,royale des ,glaces 0 remov$ 9 #afic to ! ,*teau de ,/4 ,goba91 n f> f ,laon4 ,! ,/4 ,goba9 works h = two hundr$ ye>s held a pre-em95t position 9 ,europe = ! manufacture ( plate-glass4 ,?is subject ( plate-glass is inde$ a little outside our limits3 = ! /ud5t ( ! ar*itecture & ! decorative arts ( ! eighte5? c5tury x is1 h[ev]1 "o ( no little importance4 ,i h be5 able to d little m ?an select a few examples t h seem$ to me ( especial int]e/ f ! well-fill$ records ( ! ,fr5* glass-work]s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 & _m important c5tres h be5 pass$ ov] )\t comm5t1--,nantes1 = in/ance1 frequ5t$ above all by ! ,alt>i/s2 & ,poit\1 ! s\rce1 accord+ to ,m4 ,fillon1 ( _m ( ! f9e/ extant examples ( ,fr5* enamell$ glass4 ,9 bo? ^! di/ricts memb]s ( ! ,s>oldo family settl$--9 ,brittany !y 7 prom95t = ov] two c5turies4 ,9 ,p>is1 or r 9 ! ,isle de ,france1 ! glass-works ( ,/4 ,g]ma9-en-,laye 7 = a "t "u direct royal patronage4 ,x 0 !re1 soon aft] #aeeb1 t ,teseo ,mutio made = ,h5ri ,,ii4 #8v]res1 myroirs et canons4'#agf ,al?\gh ! k+ pron\nc$ ,mutio's "w to be equal to t ( ! ,v5etians1 ^! glass-h\ses _h b a %ort life4 ,9 #afjd a special commission 0 appo9t$ 9 ,p>is to deal ) ! difficulty t arose f ! ob/9ate refusal ( ! ,alt>i/s to tea* ! ,fr5* appr5tices ! secrets ( _! craft4 ,x 0 propos$ to get ov] ?is ob/acle by ! naturalisation ( ! ,italians1 b to judge f ! cont9u$ importation ( fre% bat*es ( =eign]s1 ?is measure _h b little practical result4 ,b :at examples1 x may be ask$1 c we po9t to t w\ld ?r[ light on ! nature ( ! glass made dur+ ^! c5turies by ?is succession ( ,italians1 to say no?+ ( ! production ( ! native g5til%ommes8 ,n[h]e 9 ,france1 z f> z ,i "k1 is !re to be f\nd any?+ 9 ! nature ( a repres5tative collection to illu/rate ! hi/ory ( native glass4 ,! ne>e/ approa* is no d\bt to be discov]$ 9 ! scatt]$ examples 9 ! ,l\vre1 & above all 9 ! ,htel de ,cluny1 :]e !re are _m curi\s specim5s ( ! ,fr5* enamell$ glass ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,x is to ! ,v5etian enamell$ glass ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 to ! goblets ( ! coppa nuziale class1 t we mu/ g back to f9d ! prototype ( :at is by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ family ( ,fr5* glass4 ,9 ,france ^! v]res pi$1 enamell$ ) portrait-heads or symbolical figures1 cont9u$ 9 vogue well into ! sev5te5? c5tury1 long aft] ! fa%ion = su* "w _h pass$ away at ,v5ice4 ,! enamell+ itself on ?is ,fr5* glass is n rem>kable = brilliancy1 b !re is (t5 "s native v]ve 9 ! treatm5t ( ! figures1 & a true ,gallic r+ ab\t ! mottoes & v]ses t accompany !m4 ,( ^! #8devises1 s\haits1 prov]bes1 ddicaces1 v]s et maximes1' we may di/+ui% two classes3 9 ! "o case !y are ( a m or less gallant "*1 or conta9 p]sonal ref]5ces2 9 ! o!r a religi\s s5tim5t or a pi\s quotation is f\nd1 g5]ally ( su* a nature z to sugge/ t ! orig9al own] belong$ to ! re=m$ *ur*4 ,x is sometimes difficult n[adays to seize ! connection betwe5 ! device & ! subject :i* x accompanies4 ,?us on a f9e /emless goblet 9 ! ,muse de ,cluny we see ?ree halb]di]s /&+ z on s5try duty2 ! accompany+ motto1 #8,en la sueur de ton visaige tu mang]as le pa91' has be5 int]pret$ z ref]r+ to ! h>d life ( ! soldi]4 ,( a m gallant "* are ! figures & devices on a goblet ( yell[ enamell$ glass 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,slade1 ,no4 #hbd74 ,a g5tleman 9 ! co/ume ( ! "t ( ,h5ri ,,ii4 (f]s a fl[] to a lady ) ! rem>k1 #8,,je ,,suis ,a ,,vovs4' ,! latt]--%e holds a padlock$ he>t 9 h] h&--replies #8,m ,,cu] ,,av,s4' ,9 addition to ^! figures we see a goat 7b\c7 dr9k+ f a vase1 & ?is we may connect ) ! inscription t encircles ! b[l--#8,,je ,,svis ,a ,,vovs ,,jehan ,,b\cau ,,et ,,antoynete ,,b\c4' ,?is is d\btless a m>riage cup1 & ! "n ,b\cau po9ts1 x is said1 to a ,prov5al orig94 ,z 9 our c\ntry1 ?\gh 9 a some:at less degree1 ! ,go?ic feel+ 9 design l+]$ long 9 ,france1 at lea/ 9 ! m remote prov9ces4 ,an enamell$ glass bas91 pres]v$ 9 ! museum at ,r5nes 7figur$ by ,m4 ,g]spa*1 p4 #aii71 be>s r\nd ! m>g9 9 l>ge ,go?ic lett]s ! words--,,prion ,,dieu ,,qui ,,n\s ,,p>don #aeig4 ,on ! gr\nd ( ! /yle ( decoration1 to say no?+ ( ! lett]+1 ?is b[l might well1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! date1 h be5 ref]r$ to ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,p]haps ! olde/ example t has be5 pres]v$ ( ?is ,fr5* enamell$ glass is ! tazza 9 ! ,cluny ,museum1 ) ! arms ( ,l\is ,,xii4 & ,anne ( ,brittany4 ,?is cup mu/ date f ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!re is "o v>iety ( enamell$ glass1 ,v5etian 9 its orig91 :i* we 9 ,engl& g5]ally associate ) ,france1 al?\gh !re are scant ref]5ces to x 9 ! ,fr5* au?ors :o h describ$ ! glass ( _! c\ntry4 ,i ref] to ! #8spla%$' glass1 an old me?od ( decoration inde$1 = we h f\nd some?+ v l x on c]ta9 little ungu5t vases ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,9 ! pres5t case ! enamels--r$1 yell[1 blue1 & :ite--lie 9 oval masses on ! surface1 rem9d+ "o 9 "s cases ( ! sections ( ! pebbles on a piece ( poli%$ pudd+-/one4 ,h[ ^! enamels 7 spla%$ on to ! unf9i%$ p>aison has be5 already describ$ 7p4 #fd74 ,i may add t ! little b>rel-%ap$ flask 7! b>illet or b>iz ( ! old writ]s7 to :i* ?is decoration is sometimes appli$1 is a *>act]i/ic ,fr5* =m4 ,among ! ,fr5* glass 9 ! ,briti% ,museum may be se5 "s little sc5t-bottles or burettes ( m\ld$ glass1 decorat$ ) fleurs-de-lis 9 relief4 ,^! are g5]ally attribut$ to a c]ta9 ,b]n>d ,p]rot ( ,orleans1 to :om1 9 #affb1 ext5sive privileges 7 grant$ by ,colb]t4 ,we are told by a contempor>y writ] 7,abraham du ,pradel1 ,livre ,commode1 #afia7 t ?is ,p]rot imitat$ agates & gems z well z ! porcela9 ( ,*9a1 & t he ca/ 8 glass into m\lds to obta9 bas-reliefs & o!r ornam5ts4 ,?is e>ly ref]5ce to ! copy+ ( porcela9 by means ( opaque :ite glass is ( "s int]e/4 ,i d n "k :at precise s\rce has be5 f\nd = ! little cups ( ?is milky glass ( :i* !re are "s examples among ! ,fr5* glass 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--!y are pa9t$ ) a rudely execut$ floral decoration ( a some:at ,ori5tal type--b !y may )\t d\bt be connect$ ) "o ( ! _m attempts made at ?is "t or some:at lat] to imitate ! porcela9 ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,?is opaque :ite ,fr5* glass %\ld be comp>$ ) a v simil> w>e made at ,b>celona1 ( :i* some?+ w be said 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,glass ,,( ,,! ,,spani% ,,ne!rl&s ,,& ,,( ,,spa9 ,be=e go+ on to speak ( ! glass made 9 ,spa91 x w be well to say a few words ( t made 9 ! ,spani% ,ne!rl&s dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,"h1 z might be expect$ f ! c\rse ( trade1 ! ,v5etian influ5ce 0 e>ly felt1 & be=e long became pr$om9ant4 ,9 ! nor!rn prov9ces1 on ! o!r h&1 ! old ,teutonic traditions1 bo? z to =m & mat]ial1 cont9u$ on ! :ole un*ang$ to a mu* lat] p]iod1 s t ! glass ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces w be be/ dealt ) 9 connection ) t ( ,g]many4 ,already 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! ,v5etian galleys br\ght ! glass ( ,murano to ! ,flemi% ports4 ,9 "s cases ?is glass 0 held wor?y ( be+ m\nt$ 9 silv]4 ,a goblet & an aiguire are m5tion$ 9 an inv5tory ( #acgi z ! prop]ty ( ,*>les ,v4 ( ,france4 ,^! pieces are inde$ describ$ z #8voirres blants de ,fl&re'3 x is1 h[ev]1 v probable t !y came 9 ! fir/ place f ,v5ice4 ,z e>ly z #aeda ,v5etian glass-work]s 7 settl$ at ,antw]p1 b1 z 9 ,france1 ! great invasion took place %ortly aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t :at we "k ( ! w&]+s ( ^! g5til%ommes de v]re f ,v5ice & f ,l',alt>e is d]iv$ almo/ exclusively f ! rese>*es ( ,belgian antiqu>ies & ar*ivi/es4 ,9 ! already quot$ works ( ,h\day1 ( ,p9*>t1 & above all 9 ! e>li] & lat] lett]s ( ! ,belgian judge1 ! ,presid5t ,s*u]mans1 we h a weal? ( in=mation4 ,m4 ,s*u]mans has trac$ ^! ,italian glass-work]s to ,antw]p1 to ,brussels1 to ,namur1 to ,lige1 ,mae/ri*t & ,huy1 & 9 ! nor!rn prov9ces to ,bois-le-,duc1 ,middelburg1 ,ha>lem1 & ,am/]dam4 ,!re 0 a great rivalry betwe5 ! ,muranese1 :o on ! :ole pr$om9at$ at ,antw]p1 & ! ,alt>i/s1 :om we f9d = ! mo/ "p at ,lige3 ^! 7 ! two mo/ important c5tres4 ,! ,l[ ,c\ntries inde$ became be=e long a second home to ^! ,italians1 :5ce !y w&]$ out aga9 to ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,spa94 ,:ile at ,antw]p ! true ,v5etian cri/allo 0 import$ free ( duty1 ! imitations ( t glass1 ! voirre de cri/al1 la fas*ion de ,v5ise1 made ov] ! ,fr5* fronti] at ,mzires or 9 ,g]many1 & (t5 difficult to di/+ui% f ! orig9als1 7 /rictly exclud$1 & ^! fiscal regulations 7 en=c$ by ! mo/ tyrannical measures4 ,! case is well put by ,mr4 ,h>t%orne3 #8,!re 71' he says1 #89 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 real ,v5etian glasses import$ f ,v5ice1 ,v5etian glasses legally made 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ^? illegally made1 & =eign imitations ( ,v5etian glass' 7,old ,engli% ,glasses1 p4 #ci74 ,ap>t f ^! v>ieties ( cri/allo glass1 ! old v]re de f\gre d\btless cont9u$ to be manufactur$4 ,be=e ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! glass-h\ses ( ,antw]p :]e glass la faon de ,v5ise 0 made _h acquir$ a ,european reputation4 ,!y /ood q ap>t f ! o!r furnaces 9 ,france or 9 ! ,ne!rl&s :]e ,italians 7 employ$4 ,lodovico ,guicci>d9i1 ! hi/orian ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 speaks z e>ly z #aefg ( ! #8vassella di vetro alla ,v5eziana' made 9 ,antw]p1 & 9 ! lat] editions ( 8 "w 7,descrizione di ,tutti ,paesi ,bassi7 "s fur!r details are giv54 ,! te/imony ( ano!r ,flor5t9e1 ,n]i1 f ^: little book on glass ,i h already quot$1 is /ill /rong]4 ,x 0 at ,antw]p1 he tells u1 n at ,v5ice1 t he _h /udi$ ! processes ( glass-mak+4 ,if ,antw]p ?us e>ly held a comm&+ position 9 ,spani% ,fl&]s1 9 ! ,walloon c\ntry ! glass-h\ses ( ,lige 9 ! c\rse ( ! sev5te5? c5tury grew to a position ( ev5 great] importance4 ,?is 0 due above all to ! ent]prise ( ! great firm ( ! ,de ,bonhommes1 :o be=e ! end ( ! c5tury _h almo/ a monopoly ( ! glass trade 9 ^? p>ts3 !y ev5 e/abli%$ subsidi>y works beyond ! fronti] 9 su* places z ,v]dun4 ,!y 7 "o ( ! fir/ on ! ,cont95t to see ! importance ( ! new ,engli% fl9t-glass2 at all ev5ts x is record$ t z e>ly z #afhj !y made fl9t-glass l',anglaise1#agg & 7 ?us able to )/& ! ,bohemian#agh competition :i* at t "t 0 c>ry+ ev]y?+ be=e x4 ,9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies ! ,bohemian engrav$ glass 0 copi$ 9 bo? ! ,walloon & ,flemi% p>ts ( :at is n[ ,belgium4 ,inde$ :5 ! latt] di/rict fell "u ,au/rian rule e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 !re 0 naturally a t5d5cy to enc\rage ,bohemian me?ods ( decoration4 ,specim5s ( ?is engrav$ glass may be se5 9 ! museums ( _m ,belgian t[ns1 b ,i h se5 no?+ to equal1 9 _s & high f9i%1 ! contempor>y engrav$ glass ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,z = ! e>li] cri/allo made at ,antw]p1 say f #aeej to #afej1 ! difficulty is to di/+ui%1 9 ! case ( ! specim5s t h surviv$1 ! local "w f t import$ f ,v5ice1 & we h evid5ce t ev5 at ! "t ! native exp]ts c\ld n always d s4#agi ,i mu/ 9 conclusion j say "o ^w ab\t a s\rce ( in=mation = ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5tury glass ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries :i* is = ! mo/ "p want+ 9 ! case ( o!r c\ntries4 ,we h se5 h[ little c be le>n$ f ! works ( contempor>y ,v5etian pa9t]s1 ( ! fam\s glass ( ,murano 7p4 #bjb74 ,b 9 ! nor? x is q o!rwise2 n only 9 ! pictures ( ! /ill-life pa9t]s1 b 9 g5re sc5es1 & sometimes ev5 9 pa9t+s ( a devotional "*1 we meet ) c>efully drawn examples ( glass4 ,x ?us happ5s t ! works ( ! ,flemi% & ,dut* pa9t]s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies ?r[ a great deal ( light ^u ! k9ds ( glass to be f\nd bo? 9 ! village aleh\ses & on ! buffets ( ! weal?y4 ,we c take note ( ! competition ( ! old heavy ,teutonic =ms ) ! ,italian cri/allo1 a competition :i* cont9u$ 9 =ce dur+ all ?is p]iod4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 f a "w ( ! ,cologne s*ool1 f a picture ( ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 repres5t+ ! ,la/ ,supp]1#ahj t ,i w take my fir/ example4 ,"h on ! table we see a decant] ) tall neck1 delicately gadroon$1 ( di/9ctly ,v5etian type4 ,! dr9k+-glasses also are app>5tly ( cri/allo ( ! well-kn[n fifte5?-c5tury =m1 )\t /em or knop4 ,! cup ( ,*ri/ alone has a cov]4 ,b !re are also on ! table sev]al cups or beak]s ( a deep gre5 glass1 /udd$ ) small bosses--#8prunt$' glass1 9 fact1 ( a pure ,teutonic type4 ,^! two families ( glass may be trac$1 (t5 side by side1 9 mu* lat] works--9 ! pictures ( ! ,flemi% & ,dut* s*ools ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 ! pa9t+s ( ! =m] s*ool1 h[ev]1 a cle> :ite glass soon becomes preval5t ev5 9 humble surr\nd+s4 ,9 ! cab>et sc5es ( ,t5i]s1 ! peasant dr9ks 8 be] f a tall hexagonal glass ( ?ick :iti% metal4 ,! w9e is kept 9 sph]ical long-neck$ flasks--a v old type :i* we h (t5 met ) 9 our hi/ory--a plug ( roll$ pap] tak+ ! place ( a cork2 x is drunk f wide-m\!d conical glasses ( ?9 :ite metal4 ,simil> glasses appe> inde$ 9 ! pictures ( ! ,dut* pa9t]s 7z 9 m ?an "o pa9t+ by ,metsu & ,de ,hooghe 9 ! ,national ,gall]y74 ,b 9 ,holl&1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! d>k gre5 or almo/ black prunt$ goblets ( roem] type 7 app>5tly held 9 ev5 great] e/imation4 ,9 ! fam\s t]race sc5e ( ,jan ,/e5 7,national ,gall]y1 ,no4 #adba71 ! w9e1 :i* is kept 9 a l>ge pe>-%ap$ glass vessel ) a /opp] ( wood1 is drunk f a small graceful roem]4 ,9 ,j4 van de ,velde's /ill-life 9 ! same collection 7,no4 #abee7 we see aga9 a magnific5t roem]1 ( v d>k glass1 ) prunt$ /em & ?read$ foot1 half fill$ ) ,rh5i% w9e4#aha ,b if we turn aga9 to ! ,flemi% pa9t]s ( ?is lat] "t1 we f9d t :5 9 ri* int]iors !y introduce specim5s ( glass among o!r objets de v]tu1 ?is glass is always ( a ,v5etian type4 ,!re is "o su* pa9t]1 a foll[] ( ,jan ,brueghel app>5tly1 :o loves to introduce among a weal? ( plate & jewell]y1 pil$ on tables & %elves & ev5 on ! floor1 ! mo/ elaborate specim5s ( ! f9e cri/allo ( ,v5ice1 prov+ 9 :at e/eem ?is glass 0 !n held 9 ! ,spani% ,ne!rl&s4 ,i might give _m fur!r examples1 b en\gh has be5 said to %[ t z 9 ! case ( porcela91 ( fay5ce & ( plate1 s = ! hi/ory ( glass1 a m9e ( in=mation may be f\nd 9 ! g5re & o!r pictures ( ! ,ne!rl&i% s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvi ,,spani% ,,glass ,,sev5te5? ,,or ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,,spani% ,,glass ,9 ! case ( ,france we h se5 h[ va/ is ! am\nt ( docum5t>y evid5ce conc]n+ ! glass ( ! r5aissance1 & h[ comp>atively scanty on ! o!r h& ! 9 e way m satisfactory evid5ce to be drawn f ! exam9ation ( exi/+ specim5s4 ,n[ 9 ! case ( ,spani% glass ^! conditions are 9 "s measure rev]s$4 ,we "h f9d ! docum5t>y evid5ce almo/ entirely want+1 b we 9 ,engl&1 at any rate1 h 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & m especially at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 fairly ext5sive collections ( glass f ! ,p59sula4 ,i w n say t mo/ ( ! examples are ( any great arti/ic1 /ill less ( te*nical m]it4 ,f> too _m pieces 9 ! latt] collection are b sorry imitations ( debas$ ,fr5* & ,engli% models ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ev5 lat] times4 ,b z we %all see1 n a few types1 e>li] 9 /yle if n 9 actual date1 may be di/+ui%$1 & ^! h a di/9ct local flav\r4 ,?is is ! case above all ) a class ( rudely execut$ vessels t are f\nd 9 ! s\? ( ,spa9--9 ,murcia1 ,&alucia1 & ,granada4 ,! metal itself is ( a primitive type1 ( v>i\s %ades ( gre5 & blui%-gre54 ,inde$1 "o ( ! po9ts ( int]e/ 9 ?is ,s\? ,spani% glass is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t x is ess5tially a glass ( ! p3 x is a survival f m$ival times1 & x ?us ?r[s light ^u ! long ext9ct v]re de f\gre or wald-glas t 0 made all ov] ! we/ ( ,europe be=e ! introduction ( ! ,v5etian cri/allo4 ,n t ?is ,spani% glass is necess>ily ( ! inl& or pota% family2 we are "h 9 a ,m$it]ranean c\ntry1 & ! alkali has probably be5 f\nd 9 ! native soda-hold+ b>illa4 ,! %apes tak5 by ?is rude glass ( ! s\? ( ,spa9 (t5 resemble ^? f\nd 9 ! local pott]y2 "o is rem9d$ at times ( ! graceful wat]-j>s t are inde$ common to ne>ly all ! ,m$it]ranean coa/4 ,a ,moori% orig9 has be5 f\nd = "s ( ^! =ms1 b we may p]haps g fur!r back & call !m ,byzant9e4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic %ape is a vase ) sph]ical body & ) a tall exp&+ neck 9 ! =m ( a truncat$ cone2 neck & body are unit$ by a s]ies ( h&les1 (t5 eight or m 9 numb] 7,plate ,,xxxvi474 ,n[ n only ^! h&les1 ) _! upp] & l[] atta*m5ts work$ :ile hot by ! p9c]s into too!d & cre/$ =ms1 b ! :ole ( ! appliqu ornam5ts ( ! vessel--! ?read+s & ! rude floral reliefs--take "o back to a v old plan ( decoration4 ,?is 0 a /yle mu* 9 fav\r 9 lat] ,roman times--x is "o t is p]haps p] se ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & natural ( all me?ods ( treat+ ! surface ( glass4 ,a simil> _m-h&l$ vase is a common type among ! peasant pott]y ( ! same di/ricts ( ,s\!rn ,spa92 on ?is we f9d ! same r+ ( h&les1 :ile ! appliqu ?read+s & rosettes ( ! glass are replac$ by a simil>ly appli$ slip ornam5t4 ,?is pott]y is /ill manufactur$ = local use1 b ,i d n "k :e!r any ( ! rude gre5 glass is produc$ at ! pres5t day4 ,we h little or no in=mation ab\t ! glass made 9 ,spa9 dur+ ! ,moori% dom9ation4 ,!re is a vague tradition t ! manufacture 0 c>ri$ on 9 ,murcia & ,&alucia1 & ,al ,mak>i1 ! hi/orian1 /ates on ! au?ority ( an au?or ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 t ,alm]ia 0 fam\s = its vessels ( glass z well z = ^? ( iron & copp]4#ahb ,x is ! di/rict ly+ inl&1 "s di/ance to ! nor? ( ,alm]ia1 t has long1 probably f ,moori% times1 be5 ! c5tre ( ! glass indu/ry ( ! s\? ( ,spa92--?is is especially true ( ,p9> de la ,vidri]a & ( ,ca/ril de la ,pea4 ,at ?is latt] t[n1 ,don ,juan ,riao tells u1 glass has be5 made f "t )\t memory1 & inde$ is /ill made !re4 #8,a gall]y "o mile long :i* exi/s at ! entry ( ! t[n f :i* s& has be5 extract$ = ?is manufacture1 gives an idea ( ! antiquity ( ?is indu/ry' 7,indu/rial ,arts ( ,spa91 p4 #bcb74 ,!re is only "o o!r c5tre ( ! manufacture ( glass 9 ,spa9 t ne$ deta9 u4 ,?is lies 9 ! coa/ di/rict ( ,catalonia1 above all ar\nd ,b>celona2 = ?is t[n we h direct evid5ce ( ! manufacture z f> back z ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4#ahc ,at ?is "t ! ,catalan m>9]s 7 ! bolde/ & ! mo/ skilful 9 ! :ole ,m$it]ranean1 & active rivals ( ! ,v5etians 9 ! ports ( ! ,levant4 ,n[ !re is "o v>iety ( enamell$ glass =m]ly attribut$ to ,v5ice1 :i*1 z is at pres5t g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 has its orig9 9 ! ,p59sula3 mu* ( x 0 made at ,b>celona4 ,! prevail+ note ( ! enamel on ?is glass is a v beautiful apple-gre51 ( two t9ts1 "o pass+ into yell[4 ,?is col\r is sometimes f\nd alone1 at o!rs associat$ ) a few t\*es ( o!r enamels--a lav5d] blue1 = in/ance1 b ^! o!r col\rs are ( no great brilliancy4 ,! gre5 mu* resembles t f\nd on ! enamell$ glass ( ! ,s>ac5s1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ?is col\r 0 always sp>+ly appli$4 ,! patt]ns on ! ,catalan glass are g5]ally ( a =mal floral "*1 (t5 built up ( sprigs radiat+ f a c5tre4 ,b te*nically ! mo/ noticeable po9t 9 ?is enamel is ! me?od ( its application4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,s>ac5ic glass1 x is laid on ) a load$ bru%2 x lies 9 ?ick semi-transp>5t masses on ! surface4 ,z a result we h a ri* & jewel-l effect t we may look = 9 va9 9 ! flat opaque pa9t+ t we see on s _m ,european w>es4 ,!re are sev]al pieces ( ?is glass 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 b ! mo/ beautiful example t ,i h se5 is 9 ! ,museo ,civico at ,v5ice4 ,?is is a little flask lately acquir$ f ! ,maglione collection at ,naples2 ! dom9ant gre5 enamel is "h reliev$ by "s yell[i% foliage & by r$ & :ite birds4 ,i d n ?9k t any exi/+ example ( ?is gre5 enamell$ glass c\ld be safely ref]r$ to an e>li] date ?an ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,b x is n improbable t ! ,catalans le>n$ ! use ( ^! enamels n f ! ,v5etians1 b directly f ,s>ac5ic or ,jewi% glass-work]s 9 "s ( ! ports ( ! ,levant4 ,su* a di/ant s\rce = ?is decoration1 :i* is inde$ some:at ,ori5tal 9 "*1 ,i ?9k m probable ?an a local "o 9 ,spa91 = we h no evid5ce t ! ,moors1 :5 !y held ! ,p59sula1 ev] practis$ ! art ( enamell+ glass1 nor inde$ 7 ! ,catalans1 aft] v e>ly times1 ev] br\ght mu* into contact ) _! ,mohamm$an neighb\rs3 _! ma9 deal+s 7 ) ! ,levant4 ,t ! glass ( ,b>celona 0 widely kn[n & held 9 "s repute be=e ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! foll[+ notices g f> to prove4 ,z e>ly z #adia--s x is /at$ 9 a contempor>y ,lat9 manuscript--glass vessels ( v>i\s %apes1 resembl+ ^? made at ,v5ice1 7 export$ to ,rome f ,b>celona4 ,aga91 :5 ,philippe le ,beau pass$ ?r\gh ! latt] t[n 9 #aejc1 we are told t he w5t #8en dehors de la ville veoire ung f\r ou faict voires de cri/all9 trs beaus' 7,s*u]mans1 ,bullet9 xxix4 p4 #ach seq474 ,f9ally1 ,f]d9& ( ,aragon1 ab\t ! same "t1 is report$ to h s5t to ,que5 ,isabella a pres5t ( #bgd pieces ( glass manufactur$ 9 ,b>celona4 ,t ?is glass mu/ h be5 possess$ ( "s arti/ic m]it we may inf] f ! fact t ! ,que5 pres5t$ sev]al pieces to ! ,capella de los ,reyes at ,granada4 ,^! we may p]haps id5tify ) ! vasi di v$ro se5 among ! treasures ( ?is *apel a few ye>s lat] by ! ,v5etian ambassador 7,&rea ,navag]o1 ,viaggio 9 ,spagna et 9 ,francia74 ,m4 ,g]spa*1 ,i may add1 calls att5tion to an inv5tory drawn up dur+ ! reign ( ,philip ,,ii41 9 :i*1 "u ! head+ ( bidrios de ,b>celona1 #aai pieces ( glass ( v>i\s =ms are catalogu$2 among o!r ?+s--& ?is is a po9t ( great int]e/--m5tion is made ( "s enamell$ lamps4 ,at a mu* lat] date1 n be=e ! eighte5? c5tury probably1 a good deal ( opaque :ite glass1 9 imitation ( porcela91 0 made at ,b>celona4 ,at ,s\? ,k5s+ton may be se5 a s]ies ( quadrangul> flasks ( ?is mat]ial ) bevell$ edges1 ab\t six in*es 9 height4 ,^! flasks--!y probably s]v$ to hold ess5ces & spirits--are some:at rudely pa9t$ ) floral designs 9 bright primitive col\rs--r$1 blue1 & yell[4 ,bo? 9 ,india & ,p]sia we come across examples ( glass decorat$ ) #8pa9t$' enamels1 almo/ id5tical 9 %ape & size ) ^! ,spani% bottles4 ,n only ^!1 b "s ( ! %]bet-jugs & c(fee-cups ( ?is milky glass1 t are /ill (t5 f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,ea/1 may well h come f ?is di/rict4 ,x w be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t a v simil> w>e 0 made ab\t ! same "t bo? 9 ,france & at ,v5ice4 ,o!r t[ns 9 ,catalonia1 z ,c]vell1 ,almatret1 & above all ,mat>1 became fam\s = _! glass 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,!re is m ?an "o record ( di/+ui%$ =eign pr9ces :o 7 conduct$ 9 royal galleys to visit ! glass-works ( ?is la/ t[n4 ,m4 ,s*u]mans has discov]$ ! names ( m ?an tw5ty ,italians f ,l',alt>e or f ,v5ice1 :o f\nd _! way to ,spa91 9 "s cases by way ( ,fl&]s4 ,at ,lisbon1 too1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 !re 7 _m =eign glass-mak]s1 ,muranese1 ,alt>i/s1 & ,flem+s4 ,at ,cadalso1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,tol$o1 glass-furnaces 7 at "w z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 inde$ !y are said at t "t to h suppli$ ! :ole k+dom ( ,ca/ile4 ,at ^! works1 at a some:at lat] "t1 ! ,italian influ5ce became v /rong1 & no d\bt _m ,muranese or ,alt>i/s 7 employ$4 ,be=e ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! g5]al decl9e s noticeable 9 all ! indu/ries ( ,spa9 spread1 x w\ld seem1 to ! glass-works4 ,workm5 7 n[ obta9$ *iefly f ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & 9 addition mu* glass 0 import$ by sea f ,antw]p4 ,to h[ l[ a /ate ! glass indu/ry _h fall5 at ?is "t may be inf]r$ f ! fact t ord]s = #8,mexico & ! ,indies' _h to be execut$ abroad4 ,9 ! next c5tury1 :5 ,spa9 _h lo/ h] ,flemi% possessions1 _! place z a s\rce ( glass-w>e 0 tak5 by ,france4 ,philip ,v41 ab\t ! ye> #agbj1 f\nd$ a royal glass manufactory ne> 8 summ] palace ( ,la ,granja de ,s4 ,ildefonso1 & workm5 7 ga!r$ toge!r f all s\rces--!re 7 ,g]mans & ,sw$es z well z ,fr5*m54 ,^! works 7 above all e/abli%$1 9 rivalry to ,/4 ,goba9 7p4 #bce71 = ! prep>ation ( l>ge mirrors ( plate-glass1 b all sorts ( #8holl[ w>e' 7 also produc$ !re4 ,?is lat] ,spani% glass1 made to royal ord]1 is1 h[ev]1 utt]ly devoid ( any int]e/1 & x ne$ n deta9 u4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,glass ,,( ,,g]many ,! ,gre5 ,glass ( ! ,rh9e & ! ,ne!rl&s--,enamell$ ,glass ,x is z a matt] ( practical conv5i5ce t ,i h *os5 n to make a sep>ate division = ! #8gre5 glass' ( ! ,dut* ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,n t ,holl& 0 9 any way dep5d5t on ,g]many 9 ?is matt]1 b 9 ! case ( ?is1 ! fir/ ( ! ?ree ma9 divisions ( ,g]man glass ( :i* ,i h to treat 9 ?is & ! foll[+ *apt]s--! pla9 or prunt$ gre5 glass--! produce ( ! two c\ntries is v simil>4 ,our second gr\p--! family ( enamell$ glass1 s important 9 ,g]many--is sc>cely repres5t$ at all 9 ,holl&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! case ( our ?ird gr\p1 ! ,dut* /ruck out a l9e ( _! own4 ,i %all !re=e treat ( ! engrav$ glass ( ,holl& 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,x is rem>kable h[ little is kn[n ( ! nature ( ! glass made 9 ,g]many be=e ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,italian influ5ce began to make itself felt4 ,a few insignificant little b[ls & "s small flasks t h s]v$ z reliqu>ies h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! treasuries ( ,g]man *ur*es 7,plate ,,xxi471 b = our pr9cipal s\rce ( in=mation we are dep5d5t ^u contempor>y pictures4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we soon discov] t x is r to works ( ! e>ly ,ne!rl&i% s*ool t we mu/ turn = in=mation1 & t ev5 f ?is s\rce practically no?+ is to be glean$ until ab\t ! second qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,:at is !n f\nd is n ( mu* note1 small tumbl]-l vessels = ! mo/ "p1 ( ?ick gre5i% glass decorat$ ) ?read+s or /uds1 ! latt] m or less ( ! nature ( prunts4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o fifte5?-c5tury =m :i* is ( "s int]e/3 ! metal-m\nt$ wood5 cups ( maz]-l =m1 9 use at t "t appe> to h be5 copi$ 9 glass2 ^! may be recognis$ by _! peculi> /unt$ & sometimes coil$ h&les4#ahd ,^! some:at primitive vessels ( ! fifte5? c5tury are ( int]e/ z lead+ ! way to ! fir/ important division ( ,g]man glass1 ! #8,gre5 ,glass' ( ,we/]n ,g]many & ! ,ne!rl&s4#ahe ,x is wor?y ( note t ?is family ( glass1 ess5tially ( local orig9 n only z reg>ds ! nature ( ! metal b also 9 respect ( ! %ape & ! me?od ( decoration1 only rea*$ its full developm5t 9 ! c\rse ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 at a "t :5 ! new cri/allo 0 be+ made by ,italian workm5 9 ! same di/rict4 ,!re mu/ h be5 some?+ l a consci\s reaction 9 fav\r ( ! native =ms & mat]ials4 ,z to ! pron\nc$ gre5 col\r1 we "k t ?is 0 held to enhance ! flav\r ( ! w9e drunk f ! glass2 z f> back z ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury1 iron & copp] scale 7 purposely add$ to supplem5t ! pale t9t giv5 by ! iron conta9$ 9 ! impure native pota% 7,ma!sius1 ,s>epta1 cxciv474 ,9 ! decoration ( ?is gre5 glass rec\rse 0 _h to ! old me?ods ( ?read+1 b above all to ! m or less circul> projections or bosses ( v>i$ =ms t are f\nd scatt]$ ov] ! sides4 ,^! are te*nically kn[n z #8prunts'--! nupp5 ( ! ,g]mans4 ,we h _h some?+ to say ( "o special =m ( ^! protub]ances :5 describ+ ! glass ( ! ,anglo-,saxons4#ahf ,^! prunts fall into two gr\ps3 ! /e*el-nupp5 or ?orn$ prunts1 ( :i* ! old ,franco-,saxon =m is an extreme type2 & ! be]5-nupp5 or b]ry prunts1 d]iv$ possibly 9 ! fir/ case f ! m\ld$ reliefs ( bun*es ( grapes t we f9d s (t5 on ,roman glass4 ,a ?ird gr\p might p]haps be made = ano!r classical =m :]e ! projections take ! %ape ( a m$allion--a head /amp$ on ! surface ( ! prunt :ile x is /ill s(t4 ,^! nupp5 _h a practical use1--s ,ma!sius1 a contempor>y writ]1 tells u4#ahg ,!y 7 to prev5t ! glass f slipp+ betwe5 ! f+]s ( ! dr9k]4 ,) a simil> object--= ! ins]tion ( ! f+]s 9 ?is case--^! prunts are sometimes rev]s$1 =m+ deep pits 9 ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,!re is a late example ( ?is =m at ,s\? ,k5s+ton & ano!r 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! /e*el-nupp5 may assume less aggressive =ms2 ! po9ts may be smoo!d d[n :ile ! metal is s(t1 & we !n h m]ely a s]ies ( disc-l ?ick5+s on ! sides ( ! glass4 ,by ?is means1 z 9 ! m ref9$ ,dut* roem] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 effects ( great beauty1 due to ! v>y+ transp>5cy ( ! glass1 7 obta9$4 ,9 col\r ?is ,rh5i% glass may v>y f a gre5i%-blue to a pale bottle-gre51 or aga9 to a deep1 almo/ black1 t9t ( olive-gre5 or violet4 ,x is f glass ( ?is description t ! pale-col\r$ w9es ( ! c\ntry h be5 drunk1 p]haps )\t break1 f late ,roman times4 ,?is x is1 z well z ! fact t x has nev] be5 decorat$ ) enamel1 & r>ely1 9 ,g]many at lea/1 by ! :eel or ) ! diamond1 t has giv5 to ! gre5 prunt$ glass ( ?is family a position ap>t4 ,i h call$ ?is glass ,rh5i%1 inasmu* z ! c5tre ( ! manufacture seems to h be5 ar\nd ,cologne1 :5ce "s ( x f\nd its way d[n ! riv] to ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 along ) ! w9e t 0 drunk f x2 b mu* gre5 glass 01 we "k1 made also 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,f ! cultur-hi/oris* po9t ( view1 p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ claim to att5tion ( ?is family ( ,g]man glass lies 9 ! fact t "h we come across ! "o orig9al & arti/ic =m ( w9e-glass t has be5 develop$ 9 mod]n times--ap>t1 t is1 f ! /emm$ glass ( ,italian orig91 ab\t :i* !re w be a good deal to say 9 a future *apt]4 ,! typical roem]--= ?is ( c\rse is ! glass ( :i* ,i am speak+--consi/s ( ?ree p>ts3 a b[l ( ovoid outl9e1 %ap$ l ! fl[] ( a tulip2 a holl[ cyl9drical /em1 /udd$ ) mulb]ry-l prunts 7(t5 flatt5$ out to discs72 & a holl[ conical foot1 =m$ by coil+ a rope ( glass r\nd a core ( wood 7,plate ,,xxxvii474 ,"h we h ! roem] 9 ! fully develop$ =m ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z we see x 9 fact 9 ! /ill-life pictures ( ! ,dut* pa9t]s ( ! "t1 or aga9--?is "t 9 actual use--9 ! m>ksm5's banquets 7s*utt]smaaltyd7 ( ,van d] ,hel/ & ,frans ,hals4 ,9 ! e>li] =ms1 h[ev]1 ! foot is ei!r entirely miss+ or is pres5t only z a zig-zag or too!d r+ ( glass appli$ to ! base ( ! /em4 ,9 ^! e>ly examples aga9 ! broad holl[ /em is n divid$ f ! b[l by a diaphragm ( glass1 b =ms an integral "p ( ! cup4#ahh ,on ! o!r h&1 be=e ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! cyl9drical /em 0 m & m encroa*$ ^u by ! spun-foot1 :ile ! coil$ ?read+ ) :i* 9 e>li] days ! conical foot 0 entirely built up 01 9 late examples1 twi/$ r\nd a glass support s z to become a m]e ornam5t#ahi 7,czihak1 ,s*lesis*e ,gls]1 pp4 #ge seq41 & ,h>t%orne1 ,engli% ,glasses1 pp4 #ff seq474 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvii ,,roem] ,,( ,,g]man ,,gre5 ,,glass ,,ab\t #afjj1 ,a4,d4 ,( ! ,rh5i% gre5 glass1 ! only o!r =ms t ,i %all m5tion are ! upright b>rel-%ap$ beak] cov]$ ) prunts ( v>i\s =ms1 9 :i* ! ,mai-trank1 a k9d ( #8cup1' 0 brew$1 & f9ally ! ,kraut/runk or cabbage-/alk1 a tall cyl9drical glass bri/l+ ) =midable ?orny prunts4 ,ma!sius1 :o is responsible = ! picturesque "n1 already 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury calls ! ,kraut/runk an old =m4 ,! =m is inde$ noticeable1 = among ?is family ( gre5 glass x is ! only important in/ance ( ! cyl9drical %ape s mu* 9 fav\r = ! enamell$ w>e4 ,! gre5 glass z a gr\p is v poorly repres5t$ 9 our ,london museums2 z ,i h said1 x c be/ be /udi$ 9 ! works ( ! ,dut* pa9t]s4 ,! h&some roem] 9 ,jan van de ,velde's /ill-life piece 7,national ,gall]y1 ,no4 #abee7 may be tak5 z a typical example4 ,,v5etian ,,influ5ce ,,9 ,,g]many ,we mu/ n[ turn aga9 to ! glass ( ,v5ice1 & consid] h[ f> & 9 :at direction its influ5ce c be trac$ ^u t made 9 ! nor?4 ,?is mu* we "k--t 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & p]haps e>li]1 ! ,v5etian glass 0 l>gely import$ into ,g]many1 & ?is n only on ! backs ( hawk]s1 = ! l>ge ,v5etian firms _h ag5cies 9 _m ,g]man cities4#aij ,!re 7 at t "t depts ( ! ,v5etian m]*ants at su* comp>atively remote places z ! ,silesian t[ns ( ,grlitz & ,breslau1 & e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! ,italian glass 0 sold 9 ! m>ket-place ( ,vi5na4 ,at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 we are unable to trace any influ5ce ^! importations may h _h ^u ! local ,g]man glass--( ?is la/1 inde$1 practically no?+ is kn[n4 ,x w\ld seem t x 0 n until ! sixte5? c5tury 0 well advanc$ t any attempt 0 made 9 ,g]many to compete ) ! ,v5etian cri/allo4 ,l ! m$ival glass ( ,france & ,engl&1 ! e>li] ,g]man glass 0 d\btless a m]e h\sehold w>e1 ( all descriptions ! lea/ likely to be pres]v$4 ,x 0 9 ,s\!rn ,g]many--9 ,switz]l& & ,swabia1 & /ill m 9 ! weal?y t[ns ( ,augsburg1 ,reg5sburg1 & ,nuremb]g--t ! ,italian influ5ce1 9 ! matt] ( glass z 9 ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! arts1 0 mo/ /rongly felt4 ,z e>ly z #aeca ! t[n c\ncil ( ,nuremb]g grant$ a subsidy to promote ! introduction ( ! ,v5etian me?ods ( mak+ glass4 ,we are told t ,augu/9 ,hirs*vogel 7d4 #aefj71 a memb] ( ! well-kn[n family ( glass-/a9]s1 "s ( :om we %all meet aga9 be=e long1 0 int]e/$ 9 ! "q1 &1 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 he le>n$ ! secrets ( ! art at ,murano4 ,9 any case1 !re exi/ specim5s ( :at is und\bt$ly ,g]man glass1 decorat$ ) coats-(-arms ( local families1 bo? ! %apes & ! enamell+ ( :i* c>ry u back to ! ,v5etian enamell$ glass ( ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury4 ,good examples ( ?is w>e may be f\nd 9 ! ri*ly enamell$ pilgrims' flasks1 ( :i* !re are examples 9 ! ,g]manic ,museum at ,nuremb]g & 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 su* specim5s ! ,italian influ5ce is se5 n only 9 ! bead+s & ! gild+1 b 9 ! nature ( ! metal itself4 ,h[ /rong ?is s\!rn influ5ce 0 9 ^! p>ts 9 ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury we may see 9 ! "w ( ! contempor>y goldsmi?s4 ,9 ! case ( glass1 h[ev]1 ! purely ,italian =ms seem to h be5 e>ly ab&on$1 & ! same may be said ( ! /yle ( ! enamels employ$ 9 ! decoration4 ,( a lat] "t ?an ^! ,s\? ,g]man examples ( enamell$ w>e are ! ev5 m def9ite copies ( ! sixte5?-c5tury glass ( ,v5ice t 7 made 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cologne4 ,"h we h delib]ate imitations ( ! ,italian models--tall-/emm$ glasses ( ?9 cri/allo ) wide-w+$ h&les1 ! latt] (t5 ( deep blue metal4 ,!re is a r[ ( ^! flgel-gls]1 z ! ,g]mans call !m1 arrang$ on an upp] %elf 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 "s ( ^! may p]haps be ref]r$ to ! glass-h\se at ,dessau1 :]e ,italians 7 employ$ betwe5 #afgi & #afhf1 b z a :ole su* glasses mu/ be ( a some:at e>li] date ?an ?is4 ,9 any case1 we mu/ reg>d ^! flgel-gls] z exotic gr[?s1 :i* lie q ap>t f ! two great ,g]man gr\ps ( ! sev5te5? c5tury--,i mean1 ( c\rse1 ! enamell$ & ! engrav$ glass4 ,9 fact1 ! real influ5ce ( ! new cri/allo ( ,v5ice 0 ex]t$ 9 ano!r direction4 ,p :o _h se5 ?is cle> :ite glass 7 no long] cont5t ) ! ?ick heavy metal ( v>y+ hues ( gre51 blue1 & yell[1 (t5 full ( bubbles & defects4 ,already e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many attempts 7 made to introduce ! ,v5etian me?ods ( work+1 above all ! ,v5etian mat]ials4 ,n[ ! ,g]mans ( t day 7 a practical p1 already well ahead 9 _m ( ! te*nical arts1 above all 9 ^? relat+ to m9+1 to ! smelt+ ( metals1 & to ! arts du feu g5]ally4 ,aft] a mom5t ( hesitation1 in/ead ( m]ely copy+ ! =mulas t !y le>n$ f ! ,italians1 !y adapt$ !m to ! conditions ( _! own c\ntry1 & ?us 7 soon able1 9 ! c5tral m\nta9 di/ricts among a population ( m9]s & woodm51 to e/abli% a glass indu/ry q indep5d5t ( =eign aid4 ,9 ,france1 on ! o!r h&1 & /ill m 9 ,engl&1 up to ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :atev] glass ( arti/ic "* 0 produc$ 0 made = ! mo/ "p by =eign workm51 & to "s ext5t ) =eign mat]ials4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( ! indep5d5t l9e tak5 by ! ,g]man glass-work]s may be f\nd 9 ! cont9u$ use ( pota% made f ! bee*woods ( _! =e/s1 & ) ?is alkali !y 7 soon able to produce a glass z brilliant & col\rless z ! soda-made cri/allo ( ! s\?4 ,s f> we h only got to ! fr+e ( our subject2 = ! gre5 glass ( ! ,rh9e & ,holl& c 9 no way be reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( ,g]man glass z a :ole4 ,su* glass ,i w\ld r class z ,lo?>+ian1 us+ t t]m = t c5tral l& t is nei!r ,fr5* nor q ,g]man4 ,9 s do+ ,i am ( c\rse tread+ on delicate gr\nd2 b ,i am prep>$ to ma9ta9 t x is r 9 a heavily enamell$ willkomm-hump5 ( pla9 cyl9drical =m f ,saxony or ,franconia ?an 9 a prunt$ roem] ( gre5 glass t we h a really *>act]i/ic type ( ! glass ( ,g]many4 ,& ?is br+s u to ! "q1 to h[ mu* ( ?is ,c5tral ,g]man glass ! t]m ,bohemian may be fairly appli$8 ,?is at lea/ may be safely said1 t ! expression #8,g]man glass f ! ,bohemian fronti]' w\ld cov] ne>ly ! :ole ( x4 ,:at x is ess5tial to rememb] is t ) ! exception ( a small section ( ! engrav$ glass we h little to d ) ,prague & ! ,czecs ( ! c5tral plateau ( ,bohemia4 ,z a :ole ?is glass 0 made by ,g]man-speak+ p dwell+ on ei!r side ( ! m\nta9s :i* gird ,bohemia to ! nor?-ea/1 ! nor?-we/1 & ! s\?-we/1 & divide t k+dom f ,silesia1 f ,saxony1 & f ,bav>ia respectively4 ,( all ^! di/ricts x may be said t :]ev] ! p9es & bee*es ( ! wood$ slopes provid$ bo? fuel = ! furnaces & 7f _! a%es7 ! indisp5sable pota%1 :]ev]1 too1 f ! hillsides a pure :ite s& c\ld be extract$1 & f9ally1 :]ev] 9 ! m\nta9 /reams a s\rce ( p[] = cutt+ ! wood or gr9d+ ! glass 0 at h&1 !re a glass furnace w\ld soon] or lat] be e/abli%$4 ,/>t+ f ! gorge ( ! ,elbe above ,dresd51 to ! ea/ a complicat$ sy/em ( m\nta9s cov]s ! fronti]s ( ,bohemia & ,silesia4 ,9 ! valleys t run d[n on ei!r side glass has be5 made f ! f\rte5? c5tury1 if n be=e4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t until x 0 seiz$ by ,fr$]ick ! ,great 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,silesia _h long be5 a dep5d5ce ( ! cr[n ( ,bohemia4#aia ,to ! we/1 beyond ! gorge ( ! ,elbe1 ! high plateau ( ,misnia falls abruptly on ! ,bohemian side1 =m+ ! ,erzgebirge4 ,al?\gh = ! glass ( ?is di/rict1 ! classical l& ( m9+ & metallurgy1 we h no mod]n "w to fall back ^u1 yet 9 ! sixte5? c5tury x produc$ two important writ]s on metallurgy & m9+--,georg ,agricola1 ! le>n$ pr(essor ( *emi/ry1 & ! ,lu!ran div9e ,ma!sius4 ,bo? ( ^! writ]s h some?+ to say ^u ! contempor>y processes ( glass-mak+4 ,at ! we/]n extremity ( ! ,erzgebirge1 on ! "o h& ! ,fi*telgebirge =ms a l9k jo9+ ^? m\nta9s to ! ,?r+] ,wald--^! are bo? ess5tially ,g]man =e/ di/ricts :]e mu* glass 0 made2 on ! o!r h& ! ,bhm] ,wald runs s\?-ea/ to ! ,danube4 ,on ! s\!rn slopes ( ! latt] range 0 made mu* ( ! glass t suppli$ ! ri* ,franconian & ,bav>ian cities4 ,& ! m5tion ( ^! t[ns br+s u to ?is difficult "q3 ,h[ f> 0 ! enamell+ & ! engrav+ ( ! f9] specim5s c>ri$ out 9 ! m\nta9 valleys :]e ! glass 0 made1 & h[ f> 9 ! work%ops ( ! cities to :i* ! undecorat$ glass _h be5 transport$8 ,= ! nor!rn di/ricts at lea/ ,h]r von ,czihak has br\ght =w>d mu* evid5ce to %[ t ! arti/s 9 ! local t[ns c>ri$ back to ! m\nta9 furnaces1 to be !re fir$1 ! glass t !y _h pa9t$ ) enamel col\rs1 & t ev5 ! f9] k9ds ( engrav+ 7 done 9 ! upl& villages :]e wat]-p[] 0 abundant4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly ! case 9 lat] days 9 ! fam\s c5tre ( glass-engrav+ t grew up at ,w>mbrunn1 9 ! ,hirs*b]g di/rict ( ,silesia4 ,on ! o!r h& mu* glass 01 x w\ld seem1 enamell$ 9 ,dresd51 & 9 ! s\? ! f9] "w bo? ( ! enamell] & ! glass-engrav] 0 probably execut$ 9 ! /udio ( ! arti/--at ,nuremb]g1 = in/ance1 or 9 o!r ,franconian or ,swabian t[ns4 ,= ! ,g]man glass ( ! sixte5? c5tury we h =tunately ! two already m5tion$ contempor>y writ]s1 bo? ( !m ,saxons by bir?--,georg ,agricola & ,johann ,ma!sius4 ,agricola1 x is true1 #8! f\nd] ( ! sci5ces ( m9]alogy & metallurgy1' 9 8 fam\s "w ,de ,re ,metallica1#aib devotes only a few pages at ! end ( 8 la/ *apt] to ! subject ( glass2 b "h may be f\nd ! fir/ accurate draw+ ( a glass furnace t has come d[n to u4 ,agricola m5tions t he _h pass$ two ye>s at ,v5ice1 & _h se5 mu* ( ! glass-work+ :5 !re4#aic ,inde$1 :at he says ( ! mat]ials1 ( ! s\rce ( ! alkali above all1 seems to h relation to ! ,italian r ?an to ! ,g]man glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii ,,g]man ,,glass ,,furnace ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,,f ,,agricola ,b ?is is n ! case ) ! furnaces1 :i* he describes & illu/rates4 ,agricola di/+ui%es ?ree sep>ate ov5s3 ! fritt+ ov52 ! ma9 ov51 :]e ! glass is melt$ 9 pots2 & an anneal+ ov5 = sl[ly cool+ ! glass4 ,^! ov5s1 h[ev]1 may be comb9$ 9 v>i\s ways 9 small] works1 r$uc+ ! numb] to two or ev5 to "o4 ,! fritt+ ov5 is a deta*$ build+ ( beehive %ape1 :i* is also us$ = anneal+ ! pots4 ,! ma9 ov51 eight feet 9 height & t5 feet 9 diamet]1 is ( a simil> outl9e4 ,! wood is burn$ on ! floor ( a l[] *amb]1 )\t any grat+ ( fireb>s2 ! flame passes ?r\gh into an upp] *amb]1 ar\nd :i* are arrang$ eight pots1 ea* two feet 9 height1 ) a work+-hole 9 front ( ea* pot4 ,f ! back ( ?is *amb] a passage op5s :i* conveys ! heat$ gases to ! quadrangul> anneal+ ov54 ,surely s mu* in=mation has r>ely be5 compress$ into "o pr9t z we f9d 9 ! ma9 illu/ration to ?is "p ( ,agricola's text 7,plate ,,xxxviii474 ,"h at "o work+-hole 7f5e/rella7 we see a workman ga!r+ ! glass at ! end ( 8 fi/ula or bl[+-iron1 ano!r is %ap+ ! ga!r+ ^u ! m>v] at 8 foot1 a ?ird is vigor\sly bl[+ ! p>aison to ! requir$ size1 & a f\r? is sw++ ano!r r\nd 8 head4 ,on ! gr\nd lie scatt]$ m\lds ( v>i\s =ms1 & "h1 too1 we may discov] ! =ceps 7pucella7 us$ 9 %ap+ ! glass4 ,to ! "r1 9 ! =egr\nd1 lies a l>ge wood5 case closely pack$ ) glass vessels ( v>i\s %apes3 we c di/+ui%1 ,i ?9k1 bottles1 alembics1 & "s prunt$ cyl9d]s1 :i* may well be ! ,kraut/rnke ( ,ma!sius4 ,above1 to ! "r1 ! it9]ant hawk] m>*es (f ) a fre% supply ( glass ( all %apes arrang$ 9 an op5-"w crate /rapp$ on 8 back4 ,f9ally1 to ! left1 9 a little (fice1 ! ma/] discusses bus9ess ) a cu/om] ov] a foam+ glass ( be]--?is la/ a truly ,g]man trait4 ,our o!r s\rce ( in=mation = ! ,g]man glass ( ! sixte5? c5tury is f\nd1 ( all places 9 ! _w1 9 a collection ( s-call$ s]mons writt5 by ! fri5d1 table-companion1 & biograph] ( ,lu!r--,johann ,ma!sius 7#aejd-aefe74 ,ma!sius1 aft] leav+ ,witt5b]g1 settl$ z pa/or at ,joa*im/hal1 a fam\s m9+ c5tre on ! s\!rn slopes ( ! ,erzgebirge4 ,^! ,s]mons = ,m9]s#aid are a /range mixture ( :at to u seem fanta/ic analogies drawn f ! ,bible1 ) matt] ( an em95tly practical nature relat+ to ! crafts & occupations ( 8 audi5ce4 ,! title ( 8 fifte5? s]mon w give "s idea ( h[ he treats ! subject3--#8,( glass & ! mak+ ( glass1 & passages :]e x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,holy ,writ+s1 & h[ we may !reby call to m9d bo? ! fragility ( our pres5t bodies & ! cle>ness & brilliancy ( our bodies 9 ! future /ate4' ,a c>eful p]usal ( :at bo? ^! writ]s h to say on ! manufacture ( glass leaves ! g5]al impression t 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury ,g]many _h n made mu* progress 9 t art4 ,x is to ,v5ice1 9 ! fir/ place1 & !n to ,antw]p1 t ,ma!sius turns = brilliant examples4 ,at ,murano1 he tells u1 !y c actually make panes ( glass #8?r\gh :i* f "o's room "o c see all t is pass+ 9 ! /reet4' ,s too1 he says1 x is 9 t t[n & 9 ,antw]p t is made ! f9e/ s*melzglas ( all col\rs us$ by ! goldsmi?--above all ! my/]i\s ritzkel4#aie #8,n[1' says ,ma!sius1 #8we come to ! ,g]man glass-h\ses4 ,"s h _! own s&1 o!rs p\nd :ite qu>tz & pebbles4 ,!y make use ( ! a%es ( oak1 maple1 bee*1 & p9e2 ! a%es ( ! fir & ( ! will[ turn out good "w1 b f _! fatty nature yield glass t is n s :ite4 ,native salt is add$ also to ! s& & a%es1 b ! ,poli% rock-salt is m advantage\s4 ,_m buy up brok5 glass & make ) x ! be/ "w4'#aif ,if y wi%1 cont9ues ,ma!sius1 to obta9 :ite & pure glass1 x is ess5tial to use only well dri$ wood1 = gre5 wood makes ! glass opaque & blacki%4 ,! metal %\ld be cool$ m ?an once & remelt$1 ! glass-gall be+ c>efully skimm$ (f ea* "t4 ,if y propose to make fair & pure glass1 #8nei!r bubbly1 fea!ry1 cl\dy1 dull1 /ony1 or gritty1' prep>e y\r frit c>efully by rabbl+ & turn+ ov] ! mixture ( s&1 pota%1 & salt on ! floor ( ! fir/ furnace1 9 ! same way z metallic ores are treat$ #8:5 !y are roa/$ by ! valuable new process4' 7,:atev] ?is may h be51 x 0 an illu/ration t w\ld appeal to 8 audi5ce ( m9]s47 ,:5 ! mixture beg9s to s9t] toge!r1 ! /uff %\ld be %ovell$ into cold wat]4 ,! frit ?us prep>$ is !n plac$ 9 ! melt+-pots & gradually heat$4 ,!re !n foll[s a c>eful acc\nt ( ! v>i\s processes involv$ 9 ! bl[+ & %ap+ ( ! vessel3 ( ?is ,i w only rem>k t !re is no m5tion 9 x ( ! use ( ! %e>s = trimm+ ! r\gh edges ( ! glass--te*nically an important po9t4 ,,enamell+ ,,on ,,g]man ,,glass ,we are n[ able to =m "s idea ( ! processes by :i* glass 0 made 9 ,c5tral ,g]many ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & :5 we come to exam9e ! glass itself by ! aid ( extant examples1 x w be f\nd t ?is is inde$ ! date f :i* ! />t mu/ be made1 = !re are few pieces 9 our collections t c claim a great] antiquity4 ,x 0 app>5tly n long be=e ?is "t t ! ,g]mans began to apply enamels to _! dr9k+-vessels :e!r ( glass or pott]y4 ,ma!sius 7#aefb7 speaks ( enamell+ z a new art4 #8,! ready wit ( man1' he says1 #8is always f9d+ some?+ new2 "s h on ! :ite glass pa9t$ all k9ds ( pictures & mottoes1 & burnt !m 91 9 ! anneal+ ov51#aig z we f9d ! 8c\nt]feits0 ( great m5 & _! arms pa9t$ ^u ! panes t are set 9 our w9d[s4' ,?is is an important passage :i* confirms :at we might o!rwise be l$ to inf]--namely1 t ! orig9 ( ! enamell+ t we f9d on ! beak]s ( ! ,g]man r5aissance mu/ be s\ght1 n 9 ! fifte5? & e>ly sixte5? c5tury enamell$ glass ( ,v5ice1 b r 9 ! new me?od ( col\r+ w9d[-glass t 0 at ?is "t spread+ all ov] ,g]many4 ,i ref] to ! highly f9i%$ pictures1 pa9t$ 9 enamel col\rs on :ite glass & subsequ5tly burn$ 91 :i* 7 n[ replac+1 especially = secul> use1 ! true lead-m\nt$ /a9$ glass ( ! old *ur* w9d[s4 ,x 0 an easy /ep to apply ?is me?od ( decoration to ! cyl9drical surfaces ( ! great tank>ds & goblets f :i* ! ,g]man p drank _! be]4 ,n[ x is n 9 ,nor!rn or ,c5tral ,g]many t we f9d ! be/ specim5s ( ^! enamell$ #8qu>ries4' ,! f9e/ examples come f ! s\?1 f ,nuremb]g1 f ,swabia1 & above all f ,switz]l&1 at t "t ! home ( a di/+ui%$ s*ool ( glass pa9t]s4 ,& ! same may be said ( ! glasses1 ?\gh ?is is a po9t t has be5 some:at neglect$ until q lately4 ,bo? ! willkomm-hump5 & ! pass-gls]--! broad & n>r[ cyl9d]s--f\nd 9 ,swiss & ,bav>ian collections are1 z a rule1 mu* m c>efully decorat$ ?an ! qua9t b rude glasses ( :at we mu/ vaguely call ! c5tral di/rict4 ,un=tunately we h no means ( m def9itely det]m9+ ! place ( orig9 ( ! latt] class ( beak]s2 9 fact x may be said g5]ally ( ! glass made on bo? sides ( ! m\nta9s t encircle ,bohemia1 t !re is little to di/+ui% ! productions ( ! diff]5t c5tres1 h[ev] f> ap>t !y may lie4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxix ,,g]man ,,glass4 ,,willkomm ,,hump54 ,,enamell$ ,,) ,,! ,,eagle ,,( ,,empire ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,n[ x is n too mu* to affirm t1 z a :ole1 ! enamell+ on ,g]man glass is 9 e way bad4 ,! col\rs are opaque2 :5 n crude !y are muddy & dull4 ,x is almo/ too high praise ( !m to say t !y look z if !y _h be5 pa9t$ on 9 oil-col\rs4 ,take1 = example1 an av]age adl]-hump51 su* a "o z ! big beak] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,slade1 ,no4 #hce74 ,a mu/>dy yell[1 t takes ! place ( ! gild+ t is abs5t 9 ! ma9 pa9t+1 is pr$om9ant2 !re is !n an opaque blue1 crude & unpleasant1 & a dull m>oon1 :i*--& ?is is univ]sally ! case on ^! glasses--is ! ne>e/ approa* we get to r$4 ,ap>t f ^! col\rs we f9d only br[ns & drabs ( undecid$ t9ts4 ,s mu* = ! ma9 decoration2 b if we n[ look c>efully we f9d r\nd ! neck some?+ t takes u back to ,v5ice--a delicate scale patt]n ( f9e p[d]$ gold1 & above ?is a l9e ( bead+ ) little pe>ls ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,?is b& ( exotic ornam5t is seldom abs5t1 at lea/ 9 ! e>li] specim5s4#aih ,!re is no ne$ to say mu* ( ! %apes ( ^! enamell$ glasses1 = !y are almo/ inv>iably ( a m or less cyl9drical =m1 ) a foot ( ! simple/ "*2 cov]$ glasses are comp>atively r>e4 ,!y may be divid$ = our purpose into ! broad] beak]s 7(t5 ) curv$ sides & sometimes ( great capacity7 on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r ! n>r[] /raight-sid$ tall cyl9d]s4 ,mu* +5uity has be5 devot$ by ,g]man writ]s to ! id5tification ( ! names by :i* ^! glasses 7 kn[n 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 & !y h attempt$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! spe*t]1 ! brd]le91 ! ,kraut/runk1 ! pass-glas1 ! hump5 & ! willkomm4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! t]m wi$]komm or vidrecome1 giv5 by s _m ,engli% & ,fr5* writ]s to ! l>ge broad =ms1 is unkn[n 9 ,g]many1 s t ,i ?9k ! expression may be def9itely ab&on$ & replac$ by ! ^w hump5 or willkomm hump54 ,n>r5-gls]--fools' glasses--says ,ma!sius1 w\ld be a bett] "n = ^! huge beak]s t a man c h>dly lift4 ,! tall1 n>r[ cyl9drical =m1 :5 divid$ by horizontal l9es1 is kn[n z a pass-glas4 ,! spe*t] ( ,ma!sius has be5 id5tifi$ ) a glass ( ?is %ape1 sometimes decorat$ ) squ>e nail-head$ /uds4 ,^! spe*t] came f ! ,spess>t =e/ di/rict 7we/ ( ,wrzburg71 & !y =m1 z x 71 a l9k betwe5 ! prunt$ gre5 glass ( ! ,rh9e & ! enamell$ beak]s ( ,c5tral ,g]many4 ,!re is a small gr\p ( enamell$ glass ( v unc]ta9 orig9 :i* claims att5tion "h4 ,we are conc]n$ ) c]ta9 little ew]s1 ei!r ( col\rless or m (t5 ( deep cobalt-blue glass2 !y are g5]ally m\nt$ 9 metal1 b ! h&le is always ( glass4 ,!re are sev]al examples ( ^! ew]s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 _m ( :i* be> dates rang+ f #aegg to #afah4 ,! cobalt-blue glass has1 by ,dr4 ,br9ckmann1 be5 trac$ back to ! glass-h\ses ( ,neudeck ,platt51 on ! ,saxon-,bohemian fronti]4 ,9 ! treatm5t1 h[ev]1 ( ! enamels on ^! little jugs1 we are rem9d$ ( "s ( ! "w execut$ by ! ,alt>i/s 9 ,france4 ,! enamell+ is ( a some:at m pleas+ "* ?an t :i* we f9d on ! big beak]s2 :ite1 yell[1 gre51 & r$ are appli$ )\t %ad+4 ,a fav\rite subject is a /ag-hunt or ! c\rs+ ( a h>e1 & at ! side is (t5 f\nd a graceful lily ( ! valley#aii 7,plate ,,xl4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xl ,,enamell$ ,,beak] ,,g]man1 ,,ab\t #afjj ,,enamell$ ,,jug ,,) ,,pewt] ,,lid ,,g]man1 ,,end ,,( ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,to return to our broad cyl9drical glasses--! huge hump5 & ! small] kanne1 bo? ( :i* inde$ sometimes take ! =m ( a b>rel or a truncat$ cone--x is usual1 on ! basis ( ! decoration1 to divide ^! beak]s into ! foll[+ classes3-- #a4 ,! ,rei*s-adl] ,hump54 ,on ^!1 ! d\ble-head$ eagle1 display$1 ) imp]ial cr[n1 occupies ne>ly ! :ole surface ( ! glass4 ,a big crucifix cov]s ! brea/ ( ! bird1 ?\gh ?is is replac$ 9 "s examples by ! ball ( empire4 ,! arms ( ! sev5 electors & ( ! =ty-eight memb]s ( ! ,heilige ,rmis*e ,rei* are arrang$ 9 a def9ite ord] along ! out/ret*$ w+ fea!rs#bjj7,plate ,,xxxix474 #b4 ,! ,kur-fr/5 ,hump54 ,"h1 on ! upp] zone1 ! emp]or on horseback rides 9 front ( ! ?ree spiritual electors--! f\r lay pr9ces foll[ bel[4 ,9 o!r cases ! kais] sits on 8 ?rone1 ) ! electors on ei!r side4#bja #c4 ,! ,fi*telgebirge glasses1 on :i* a m\nta9 l&scape is rudely indicat$4 ,none ( ^! glasses c be attribut$ to an e>li] date ?an ! second half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,a good example 9 ! ,briti% ,museum %[s ! ,o*s5kopf1 "o ( ! highe/ peaks ( ! di/rict1 z well z ! f\r riv]s t issue f its slopes4 ,a padlock hang+ by a gold *a9 ov] ! m\nta9 po9ts to ! treasures !re9 conta9$3 z an (t5-repeat$ inscription says3--,an ,eis51 ,erz und ,holz1 ?ut mann viel von ihm zieh54 ,_m ( ^! beak]s1 & p]haps o!rs ( a simil> "*1 may be ref]r$ to ! glass-h\ses ( ,bis*(sgrn1 :i* are situat$ at ! foot ( ! ,o*s5kopf4 ,9 spite ( ! crudity ( ! enamels & ! rud5ess ( ! design1 x is impossible to d5y t !re is a c]ta9 attraction 9 ! int5sely ,g]man "* ( ! decoration on ^! ?ree gr\ps ( glasses1 :i* ?us =m a class by !mselves4 ,!y smack ( ! soil & ( ! simple ,g]man folk :o made !m4 ,! e>lie/ example kn[n1 an adl]-hump51 is dat$ #aedg1 & diff]s little 9 ! quality ( ! enamel f ! lat] specim5s1 :i* range d[n to ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4#bjb ,!re are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum two rem>kable tank>ds :i*1 ?\gh !y d n fall "u any ( ! above divisions1 may well be m5tion$ "h4 ,on "o we see an elaborate hunt+ sc5e3 9 ! c5tre ! net is spread & ! game is be+ driv5 9 by dogs & beat]s 7,plate ,,xli474 ,on ! o!r is a /rangely crude repres5tation ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 9 ! arrangem5t ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ,leon>do's fam\s design may /ill be trac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xli ,,g]man ,,glass4 ,,willkomm ,,hump54 ,,enamell$ ,,) ,,hunt+ ,,sc5es ,,ab\t #afjj1 ,a4,d4 ,be=e treat+ ( ! big glasses pa9t$ at ,dresd5 & ( ^? ( ! ,s\? ,g]man s*ool1 ,i may well say some?+ ( ! second class ( cyl9drical vessels1 ( :i* ! mo/ important sub-division is =m$ by ! pass-gls]1 ! tall n>r[ beak]s divid$ by /r++s ( glass or by enamell$ r+s into a s]ies ( zones4 ,^! glasses play$ an important "p 9 ! dr9k+ conte/s ( ! "t4 ,x w\ld seem--to judge f ! l5g?y v]ses1 comm5c+ & end+ 9 all cases ) ! ^w vivat1 f\nd on _m ( !m--t x 0 requir$ ( ! dr9k] to swall[ at "o draught ! liquid cont5ts ( ea* zone1 nei!r m nor less4 ,at o!r times ! dr9k+ 0 app>5tly regulat$ by ! deal+ ( c>ds4 ,!re is a rem>kable example ( ! typical pass-glas at ,s\? ,k5s+ton3 x is divid$ into twelve zones by quill$ ?read+s ( glass4 ,! simple decoration ( he>ts1 roses1 & wrea?s1 z well z ! long inscription1 is pa9t$ 9 :ite enamel4 ,a some:at lat] gr\p ( enamell$ glasses may be trac$ to ,dresd51 to ! ,h(-kell]ei ( ! ,saxon electors1 ^: arms ^! glasses be>4 ,! pa9t+ on !m1 ?\gh ( no great arti/ic m]it1 is some:at less rude1 m #8urbane1' 9 fact1 ?an t on ! previ\s examples4 ,!y =m1 inde$1 a transition to ! c>efully execut$ ,nuremb]g glasses4 ,!re are sev]al examples ( ^! ,saxon beak]s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,a f9e cov]$ willkomm 7,slade1 ,no4 #hdc7 be>s ! portrait ( ! elector ,john ,george z well z ( ! f\r ,saxon dukes1 all boot$ & spurr$1 & ) plum$ hats on _! heads4 ,?is beak] is dat$ #afef1 ! ye> ( ! elector's dea?4 ,ano!r1 a pass-glas 7,slade1 ,no4 #hdg71 has ! arms & initials ( ,augu/us ! ,/rong1 k+ ( ,pol& 7#afig-agcc72 ! f\r zones into :i* ?is glass is divid$1 ea* hold+ ab\t half a p9t1 are indicat$ by num]als1 call+ to m9d1 says ,mr4 ,nesbitt1 ! peg tank>ds ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,ano!r example1 dat$ #afeh1 also f ! ,slade collection 7,no4 #hea71 a goblet ) ! arms ( ! elector ( ,saxony1 encircl$ by ! g>t]1 is rem>kable = ! glass be+ ext]nally /rip$ ) opaque :ite b&s 9 obvi\s imitation ( ! vetro di tr9a4 ,!re is a some:at obscure ref]5ce to ,g]man glass s decorat$ 9 ! (t5-quot$ s]mon ( ,ma!sius1 & ( ?is passage mu* has be5 made by ,g]man writ]s4#bjc ,i d\bt :e!r ! imitation 0 9 any case m ?an sup]ficial1 & ,i d n ?9k t1 at lea/ be=e ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 any example ( ,g]man glass c be po9t$ to :i* is really built up ) rods z 9 ! case ( ! true ,v5etian lace glass4 ,!re is a l>ge class ( pa9t$ beak]s on :i* ! decoration has ref]5ce to ! occupation ( ! orig9al own]1 & among ^! ! zunft-be*]1 ! guild or corporation glasses1 hold an important place4 ,^! glasses date1 )\t exception1 f a comp>atively late "t1 :5 among ! upp] classes ! new engrav$ cry/al glass _h tak5 ! place ( ! enamell$ w>e2 already by ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! latt] _h come to be reg>d$ z some:at b\rgeois 9 "*4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ^! hump5 be>+ ! arms ( ! guilds & qua9t repres5tations ( ! trades & indu/ries are among ! mo/ int]e/+ ( _! class4 ,_m ( ^! ,innungs gls] are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! halls ( ! trade guilds4 ,h]r von ,czihak m5tions sev]al in/ances ( ?is 9 ,breslau & o!r ,silesian t[ns4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,g]many ! ,v5etian influ5ce 0 n only m e>ly felt1 b1 :at is ( great] importance1 x cont9u$ 9 play = a long] "t1 be+ cont9ually r5ew$ by fre% importations ( ! ,italian glass4 ,! art-lov+ dukes ( ,bav>ia1 ,albre*t ,v4 & 8 successor ,wilhelm ,v41 9 ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 did mu* to promote ! manufacture ( glass on improv$ me?ods4 ,/rangely en\gh1 h[ev]1 we f9d t x 0 f ,antw]p1 n f ,italy1 t ! assi/ance came 9 ! fir/ case2 & x 0 to compete ) ,italian glass import$ f ,v5ice by way ( ,antw]p t ,b]nh>t ,s*w>z1 a glass-mak] ( ! latt] t[n1 erect$ a furnace--at ,l&%ut1 on ! ,is>4 ,sc>paggiato1 ! ,v5etian1 :o came lat]1 0 engag$1 9 ! fir/ place1 to make w9d[-glass & mirrors4 ,he is /at$1 h[ev]1 to h be5 a ma/] ( ! art ( mak+ vasi a reticelli & a ritorti ( bo? :ite & col\r$ glass4 ,at ,hall1 ne> ,innsbruck1 "s rem>kable imitations ( ,v5etian glass 7 made 9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,imp]ial ,museum at ,vi5na !re are _m specim5s ( ?is ,tyrolese glass1 mu* ( x scrat*$ ) ! diamond & heavily gilt4 ,!re may be se5 a goblet made by ! art-lov+ ,ar*duke ,f]d9&1 ! husb& ( ,philipp9e ,wels]4 ,z ,i h already said1 x 0 9 ! t[ns ( ,s\? ,g]many--,swabian & ,ducal ,bav>ian--z well z 9 ,switz]l&1 t ! new art ( pa9t+ w9d[-glass ) enamel col\rs 0 c>ri$ to ! highe/ p]fection1 & we c trace ! influ5ce ( ?is s*ool ( pa9t]s ^u ! decoration ( ! enamell$ beak]s pres]v$ 9 ! museums ( ,zri*1 ,muni*1 ,augsburg1 & o!r ,s\? ,g]man & ,swiss cities4 ,b x is to ! ,franconian ,nuremb]g1 :i*1 ?\gh fur!r to ! nor?1 fell "u ! same influ5ces1 t we mu/ turn to f9d ! mo/ brilliant "w ( ?is s\!rn s*ool4 ,"h we come ^u ! family ( ! ,hirs*vogels1 s _m ( :om dur+ ! c\rse ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7 fam$ z design]s ( glass = w9d[s1 & we h evid5ce f docum5ts t h be5 pres]v$ t ! y\ng] memb]s at lea/ ( ! family pa9t$ on dr9k+-glasses ) enamel col\rs 7,fri$ri*1 ,alt-,deuts*e ,gls]1 p4 #aeg74 ,x is *iefly on ! gr\nd ( ! coats-(-arms f\nd on a few examples t we are enabl$ to attribute to ,nuremb]g arti/s a v>iety ( enamell$ glass :i* diff]s 9 _m respects f ! heavily pa9t$ hump5 & pass glasses ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum may be se5 c]ta9 tall cyl9drical beak]s :i* may be tak5 z examples ( ?is ,s\? ,g]man glass4 ,! metal is col\rless b some:at grey1 &1 z 9 ! nor!rn glasses1 a delicate scale patt]n ( gold ) scatt]$ pe>ls ( enamel =ms a r+ bel[ ! upp] m>g94 ,b n[ we f9d ! gold us$ freely 9 ! re/ ( ! decoration also1 replac+ ! co>se yell[ enamel ( ! nor!rn beak]s4 ,! col\rs are pur] & m effectively comb9$1 & we see among !m a gre5 ( good quality4 ,9 ! case ( ! two beak]s f ! ,slade collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! figure ( ,jacob ,praun on "o glass1 on ! o!r t ( 8 wife1 /& deta*$ 9 ! field2 !re is no o!r decoration ap>t f ! h]aldic be>+s ( ?is ,nuremb]g family 7^! are on ! o!r side ( ! glass7 & ! above-m5tion$ gold b&4 ,i may add t ! ,nuremb]g enamell]s %[$ a sup]lative skill 9 ! treatm5t ( ^! elaborate coats-(-arms back$ ) flutt]+ mantl+s4 ,( ! l>g] hump5 & pass glasses pa9t$ ) allegorical or sometimes comic subjects1 we h no good examples 9 our ,engli% collections4 ,a beak] 9 ! ,g]manic ,museum at ,nuremb]g1 %[+ ! t5 ages ( man 9 z _m comp>tm5ts1 is an exceptionally good example ( su* "w4 ,! draw+ & composition ( ! subjects on ^! l>g] ,s\? ,g]man glasses are c>efully c>ri$ out--! col\r+1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally poor2 9 ! lat] examples1 inde$1 x t5ds to pass ov] to ! mono*rome or grisaille class1 ( :i* ,i mu/ say a ^w be=e f9i%+ ) ^! enamell$ w>es4 ,! s*ool ( grisaille pa9t]s on dr9k+-glasses1 f\nd$ t[>ds ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury by ,johann ,s*ap]1 is 9 _m ways closely associat$ ) ! contempor>y engrav]s on glass4 ,l ! latt]1 ! grisaille pa9t]s foll[$ ! pseudo-classical1 ! #8,italianis+' /yle1 r ?an ! old ,g]man traditions4 ,s*ap]1 :o came f ,h>burg on ! ,elbe1 settl$ 9 ,nuremb]g 9 #afdj1 & di$ !re 9 #afgj4 ,8 mann] ( "w1 f\nd$ on copp]-plate engrav+s1 0 mu* admir$ at ! "t1 & he is 9 ! next c5tury m5tion$ among ! fam\s arti/s ( ,nuremb]g by ,doppelmayr 9 8 ,na*ri*t von d5 ,nrnb]gis*5 ,kn/l]n4 ,s*ap]1 he says1 #8auf die ,tr9kgls] 444 g> delicat mahlte1' burn+ 9 8 "w aft]w>ds s successfully t he surpass$ all 8 contempor>ies4 ,he pa9t$--r\nd ! sides ( small tumbl]s & w9e-glasses1 = ! mo/ "p--l&scapes1 figures1 & h]aldic be>+s1 ei!r 9 black or a w>m sepia1 sign+ 8 "w ) 8 initials4 ,!re are "s small examples ( ! glass enamell$ by him at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! l>ge goblet 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,slade1 ,no4 #hfj71 pa9t$ ) a cavalry combat1 is ( a consid]ably lat] date1 b x %[s t ,s*ap]'s influ5ce cont9u$ into ! eighte5? c5tury2 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! grisaille is height5$ 9 places by t\*es ( col\r4 ,! tall pass-glass 7,slade1 ,no4 #hei71 pa9t$ ) an elaborate procession celebrat+ ! bir? ( a ,bav>ian pr9ce1 belongs1 on ! o!r h&1 to q ano!r s*ool4 ,x is dat$ #affb1 & ,s*ap]'s influ5ce _h probably n rea*$ ,muni* by t "t4 ,,pa9t$ ,,& ,,gilt ,,glass ,be=e pass+ on to ! _m-sid$ subject ( engrav$ & cut glass1 a ^w mu/ be said ( c]ta9 applications to glass ( pa9t+ & gild+ :i* 7 mu* 9 fav\r 9 ,g]many 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,i h "h to deal ) a miscellane\s class ( objects2 inde$ ! *ief connect+-l9k betwe5 !m is ! fact t ! decoration is 9 no case fix$ by fire4 ,s+le %eets ( glass may be simply pa9t$ at ! back1 & #8fix$' by means ( a transp>5t v>ni%4 ,su* plates1 pa9t$ ) ,biblical or allegorical subjects1 may be se5 let into ! panels ( ! elaborately c>v$ & inlaid cab9ets ( ! "t4 ,x _c be said t ! effect ( ?is paus* glas ,mal]ei1 z x is sometimes call$ 9 ,g]many1 is v satisfactory4 ,x is inde$ m]ely a debas$ v>iety ( :at us$ to be kn[n 9 ,france z v]re glomis2 ! t]m fix pe9t has also be5 us$ = "w ( ?is k9d4 ,! gild+ t 0 s pl5tifully appli$ to ! ,g]man engrav$ glass ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies 0 fix$ by a #8cold' process1 by simply atta*+ ! gold-leaf by means ( a v>ni%4 ,= ! mo/ "p x is only :5 appli$ to ! sunk "p ( an incavo decoration t ?is gild+ has surviv$4 ,! gild+1 h[ev]1 has be5 m effectually pres]v$ 9 ! case ( ano!r cold process :i* came into vogue be=e ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & rapidly spread f ,bohemia1 or p]haps r f ,silesia1 to v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,9 ! case ( ^! zwis*5 gls] we are tak5 back to an old process1 already kn[n to ! ,alex&rian ,greeks4 ,! plan adopt$ 9 no way diff]s 9 pr9ciple f t made use ( 9 ! decoration ( ! beautiful b[ls f ,canosa1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7see p4 #df74bjd ,v inf]ior to ^! 9 arti/ic m]it are ! little footless tumbl]s1 ) designs 9 gold1 (t5 hunt+ sc5es1 :i* seem to h be5 made on bo? sides ( ! ,silesian-,bohemian fronti] be=e ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,^! are built up ( two glasses1 bo? some:at tap]+ & bo? cut into an equal numb] ( p]p5dicul> sides1 s t :5 ! small] ( ! two 0 ins]t$ into ! int]ior ( ! l>g] ! glasses fitt$ exactly1 & c\ld n rotate "o ^u ! o!r4 ,! inn] glass be+ some:at ! tall]1 we f9d ! r+ ( junction1 :i* is g5]ally conceal$ by a b& ( gold1 ab\t half an in* or s bel[ ! top ( ! glass4 ,! edges are s exactly bevell$ t ?is l9e ( junction is b>ely p]ceptible ev5 to ! t\*4 ,be=e fitt+ ! two glasses toge!r1 ! inn] "o _h be5 coat$ on ! outside ) gold-leaf1 & ! design c>efully engrav$ on ! gold ) a /eel po9t2 :ile on ! inside ( ! out] glass a coat+ ( old l9se$ oil or ( v>ni% _h be5 sme>$4 ,i %\ld add t a m$allion ( ruby glass1 v>i\sly ornam5t$1 is usually f\nd at ! bottom ( ^! tumbl]s ins]t$ betwe5 ! two lay]s ( glass1 or sometimes replac+ ! base ( ! out] cyl9d]4 ,^! glasses w n /& w>m liquids3 an example 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is disfigur$ by "s l>ge flatt5$ bli/]s1 probably ! result ( heat4#bje ,glasses built up 9 ?is mann] may ( c\rse be decorat$ 9 o!r ways2 ! gold-leaf1 = in/ance1 may be replac$ by silv] foil4 ,kunckel1 ( ruby-glass fame1 describes a me?od 9 :i* ! inn] glass is pla9ly gilt1 :ile ! out] "o is pa9t$ on ! inside 9 imitation ( preci\s m>bles 7,ars ,vitr>ia ,exp]im5talis1 #afgi74 ,i h se5 examples ( ?is mann] ( decoration 9 ,g]man museums4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,glass ,,( ,,g]many--cont9u$ ,g]man ,cut & ,engrav$ ,glass--,! ,ruby ,glass ( ,kunckel--,mil* ,glass ,i h /ill to describe ! orig9 & developm5t ( a me?od ( decorat+ ! surface :i* =ms1 ,i may almo/ say1 ! la/ ma9 division 9 ! arti/ic hi/ory ( glass4 ,= :5 ,i come 9 subsequ5t *apt]s to treat ( ,dut* & ,engli% glass--& ) ?is my task practically closes--x w be f\nd t ?is glass falls almo/ entirely "u ! head1 & is 9 a g5]al way an outcome1 ( ! engrav$ or cut glass ( ,g]many4 ,"h at ! beg9n+ ,i am confront$ ) a difficulty ( a class only too (t5 met ) :5 treat+ ( ! te*nique ( ! m9or arts--! difficulty ( f9d+ 9 our language suitable words to express1 )\t dang] ( misconception & confusion1 ! practical details ( ! matt] 9 h&4 ,i h n[ to deal ) ! me?ods by :i* ! surface ( glass may be cut1 poli%$1 scrap$1 or eat5 away1 s z to =m an arti/ic design4 ,?is1 ,i may say at once1 c be effect$ by any "o ( ! foll[+ me?ods3-- #a4 ,by scrat*+ ) a diamond4 ,i c f9d no o!r ^w2 ! t]m #8engrav+' is vague & ambigu\s2 to use ! ^w #8et*+' is /ill worse1 = ?\gh ! result resembles 9 a measure ! et*$ l9e on copp]1 ?is expression %\ld be res]v$ = ! process by :i* ! surface is eat5 away 7! ,g]man tz57 by acid4 #b4 ,by remov+ ! surface by means ( a small revolv+ :eel1 or m r>ely1 ( a cutt+-tool1 ) ! aid ( em]y or o!r h>d p[d]$ /one4 ,! t]m #8engrav+' may well be us$ "h1 if x is und]/ood 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we speak ( an #8engrav$ gem1' = small h>d /ones h be5 cut 9 ?is way f anci5t times4 #c4 ,:51 h[ev]1 by means ( a l>ge :eel1 ! surface is deeply cut away1 we may bett] use ! words #8cutt+' or #8c>v+4' ,! gr9d+ d[n ( ! surface & subsequ5t poli%+1 z 9 ! case ( glass cut into facets1 w\ld fall into ?is division4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 (t5 difficult to say :i* ( ^! t]ms--engrav+1 cutt+1 or gr9d+--x is pref]able to use2 nor is ! use ( ! ,g]man words #8s*leif5' & #8s*neid5' mu* m def9ite4 #d4 ,by expos+ p>ts ( ! surface to ! fumes ( hydr(luoric acid1 ! only acid t w attack glass4 ,?is process may well be call$ et*+4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! use ( ! diamond by ! ,v5etians = scrat*+ lace-l designs ^u ! surface ( _! ?9 glass1 s unsuitable = o!r =ms ( engrav+4 ,! diamond po9t 0 e>ly us$ 9 a simil> way 9 ,g]many4 ,ma!sius1 aft] speak+ ( ! imitations ( ! vetro di tr9a1 made 9 8 day 9 ,silesia1 proce$s to say t x is also ! practice to draw 7reiss57 #8auf die s*n5 und glatt5 ,v5$is*5 gles] mit dem& diamond all]ley laubw]ck und s*ne zge4' ,?is decoration ) ! diamond po9t 0 c>ri$ to great p]fection 9 ,silesia4 ,h]r von ,czihak has reproduc$ 9 8 "w on ! glass ( t c\ntry 7p4 #abb7 two tall cyl9d]s ( ?is #8g]iss5e glas' 7s x is call$ 9 contempor>y inv5tories71 :i* _c be lat] ?an ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,s1 aga91 mu* ( ! glass ( cri/allo type made at ,hall 9 ! ,tyrol 0 ?us decorat$4 ,b ?is process ( draw+ designs ) a diamond po9t on ! surface ( glass requir$ ! sure h& ( an arti/2 !re 0 no room = any #8p5tim5ti'--moreov]1 ! result 0 n effective4#bjf ,be=e long1 9 ,g]many at lea/1 except "h & !re by amateurs1 x came to be us$ m]ely z supplem5t>y to ! newly introduc$ processes ( cutt+1 engrav+1 & poli%+--t is to say1 to ! comb9ation ( me?ods concisely indicat$ by ! ,g]mans z s*liff und s*nitt4 ,?is 01 inde$1 a return to a v old treatm5t ( ! mat]ial mu* 9 fav\r 9 lat] ,roman times4 ,we h recognis$ 9 ! s-call$ ,h$wig glasses ! la/ ef=ts ( an art already ext9ct 9 ! ,we/ & decad5t 9 ! ,ea/2 b we h no l9k ) :i* to connect ^! rude1 deeply c>v$ goblets ) ! engrav$ glass ( ! ,g]man r5aissance4 ,! ,g]mans 71 inde$1 famili> ) ! processes employ$ 9 poli%+ ! surfaces ( h>d /ones1 especially ( _! native agates 7z 9 ! ,hunsrck di/rict74 ,?is !y effect$ 9 e>ly days by rubb+ on a bo>d1 ! s*leif-platte1 & already by ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury by means ( a gr9d/one 7s*leif-/e97 turn$ by wat]-p[]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no evid5ce to connect ?is indu/ry ) ! new art ( engrav+ glass1 :i* arose1 x w\ld seem1 full-fl$g$ at ,prague & at ,nuremb]g j be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4#bjg ,!re is1 inde$1 e reason to accept ! orig9 ( ?is art giv5 by contempor>y writ]s--t x 0 le>n$ f ! ,italian c>v]s ( rock cry/al1 :o 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7 work+ = ! ,emp]or ,rudolph ,,ii41 t moody recluse & mo/ unsatisfactory rul]1 :o 01 h[ev]1 an eag] & indu/ri\s inquir] into all ! new arts & sci5ces ( ! day4 ,?is ess5tially c9quec5to art ( c>v+ 9 rock cry/al _h be5 be=e ?is "t c>ri$ to great p]fection 9 ! nor? ( ,italy4 ,! mo/ fam\s ma/] 0 ,val]io ,belli 7#adgi-aedf71 call$ ,vic5t9o1 f 8 bir?place4 ,! f9e/ "w ( ?is s*ool is to be f\nd 9 ! caskets built up ) plates ( rock-cry/al delicately c>v$ 9 %all[ intaglio4#bjh ,o!r arti/s c>v$ 9 ! r\nd b[ls & vases 9 ! =m ( %ells or o!r %apes1 sugge/$1 9 ! fir/ place1 by ! outl9e ( ! orig9al mass ( cry/al4 ,if ^! m5 7 9 any way indebt$ to ,greek arti/s f ,con/ant9ople or else:]e1 x c only h be5 = ! k ( ! me*anical processes1 = !re is no trace ( ,byzant9e influ5ce 9 _! art4 ,to judge by surviv+ examples1 x 0 9 ! ma9 ! "w c>v$ 9 ! r\nd t f\nd fav\r at ! c\rt ( ,rudolph ,,ii4 ,we he> especially ( two craftsm5 f ,milan1 ,girolamo & ,casp>e ,mis]oni1 :o work$ = t pr9ce4 ,z :at we "k ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( cutt+ & engrav+ on glass 9 ,g]many is *iefly d]iv$ f ,s&r>t's fam\s "w on ! lives ( ,g]man arti/s1 ,i w "h translate1 ) consid]able abbreviations 9 places1 :at he says on ?is subject 7,teuts*e ,academie1 ,nrnb]g1 #afge1 ,"p ,,ii4 book iii4 *ap4 xxiv474--,x 0 dur+ ! reign ( ! mo/ wor?y ,emp]or ,rudolph ,,ii4 t ! art ( cutt+ glass 0 r$iscov]$ & made public by ,casp> ,lehmann1 ,camm]-,edel/e9 und ,glas-,s*neid] to 8 maje/y4 ,! emp]or rew>d$ him ri*ly = 8 discov]y1 & 9 ! ye> #afji1 at ,prague1 grant$ him c]ta9 privileges 9 a diploma :i* has be5 pres]v$3--#8,let all m5 "k t our privy-preci\s-/one & glass-cutt] ,casp> ,lehmann has in=m$ u1 t n[ "s ye>s s9ce1 ) great /riv+s1 ) busy reflection1 & n trifl+ co/1 he discov]$ ! art & practice ( glass-cutt+4 ,& let x be kn[n t ! same ,c4 ,l4 %all h full lib]ty to c>ry on 8 art & "w free & )\t let2 & t no "o1 :oev] he be1 %all1 )\t 8 cons5t1 practise or deal 9 su* art or "w4 ,& we reque/ all ! ,electors1 ,pr9ces1 etc4 etc41 ( ! ,empire to puni% any infraction ( ?is privilege ) a f9e ( tw5ty m>ks ( gold ( true alloy4' ,lehmann1 inde$1 cont9ues ,s&r>t1 well des]v$ ^! privileges4 ,bo? he & 8 comrade ,za*>ias ,belz] 7!y 7 bo? fri5ds ( ,hans von ,a*5 & ,paul von ,vian51 & = ! mo/ "p !y 7 lodg$ at c\rt 9 "o ap>tm5t7 execut$ su* excell5t & arti/ic works 9 cry/al & glass 7"s ( :i* are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,s*atzkamm] & also 9 ! palace ( ! ,elector at ,muni*7 t !y comm& ! admiration ( all connoisseurs4#bji ,george ,s*wanh>t ! eld]1 says ,s&r>t1 0 ! son ( ,johann1 a skilful cab9et-mak] & arm\r]1 :o made1 among o!r ?+s1 exceptionally beautiful inlaid "w ( "m-(-pe>l4 ,george1 :o 9 8 y\? _h le>n$ cab9et-mak+ & o!r arts f 8 fa!r1 acquir$ f ! above-m5tion$ ,lehmann a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! new art ( glass-cutt+4 ,s mu* 0 he lov$ by ,lehmann on acc\nt ( 8 +5i\s p>ts t ! latt]1 be=e 8 dea?1 bequea!d to him 8 privileges & rights z well z o!r prop]ty4#baj ,s*wanh>t1 aft] ?is "t1 fur!r cultivat$ ! art & mu* advanc$ x by v>i\s inv5tions1 especially by ! new #8smoo? or poli%$ cutt+' 7hell5 od] blanck5 s*neid574 ,8 indu/ry & skill obta9$ = him ! praise & love ( emp]or1 k+s1 & pr9ces1 z well z ( all ^? :o cultivat$ ! arts & sci5ces4 ,! late ,emp]or 7,f]d9& ,,iii41 #afcg-afeh7 cont9u$ ^! privileges to 8 sons1 ,h5ry & ,george ! y\ng]1 & gave to bo? ( !m appo9tm5ts at c\rt4 ,n[ al?\gh1 cont9ues ,s&r>t1 ^! arti/s _h br\ght to p]fection ! art ( glass-cutt+ z f> z x dep5d$ ^u judgm5t & draw+1 yet 9 consequ5ce ( ! too p[]ful & clumsy ma*9]y made use ( by !m1 ev5 !y 7 unable to give grace & *>m to _! "w4 ,:5 we consid] ! big heavy :eels t !y 7 fa9 to employ--turn$ by ^? /ill fl\ri%+ we$s1 _! l\ti% assi/ants--we may well m>vel at ! "w !y turn$ out4 ,s9ce t "t ! discov]y ( m conv5i5t & effici5t tools has br\ght x ab\t t n[adays ! art ( glass-cutt+ is no long] a /r5u\s task1 b r a pa/ime4 ,s t ) intellig5ce & indu/ry all ! *>m & s(tness ( nature1 :e!r trees1 l&scapes1 animals1 or portraits1 may be by ?is art express$4 ,& yet ^! glass-cutt]s ( to-day1 ) all _! advantages1 might obta9 f _! patrons /ill great] praise1 7 !y to devote !mselves m to ! practice ( draw+ & to travell+ ab\t in/ead ( m>ry+ e>ly &1 z a consequ5ce1 hav+ to "w 9 ! kit*54#baa ,h5ry ,s*wanh>t--,i am /ill dep5d5t ^u ,s&r>t--:o ) 8 bro!r ,george inh]it$ 8 fa!r's privileges1 has n only di/+ui%$ himself z a philosoph] & a poet1 b has c>ri$ ! art ( glass-cutt+ to great] p]fection4 ,he has succe$$ 9 trac+ on glass1 l&scapes & complete views ( t[ns--! city ( ,nuremb]g above all--9 correct proportion & cunn+ly retir+ p]spective1 z 9 a pa9t$ picture4 ,nay1 ) 8 subtle wit he has done :at be=e 0 held to be an impossibility1 he has discov]$ an acid 7corrosiv7 ( su* a nature t ! h>de/ cry/all9e glass yields to x1 & l metals & /ones1 suff]s itself to be corrod$ & eat5 into4#bab ,he has q lately giv5 a complete pro( ( 8 skill 9 ?is art by et*+ all k9ds ( ornam5tal designs & inscriptions ) ! greate/ neatness & precision4 ,he has engrav$1 too1 ! human figure bo? nude & drap$1 & has br\ght x1 z well z all k9ds ( animals & fl[]s1 into high relief 79 erheb5 zehr ho* gebra*t74#bac ,s f> ,s&r>t1 :o 0 a contempor>y ( ! y\ng] ,s*wanh>t1 & ,i ?9k t ?is long extract w give ! read] "s idea ( ! high e/eem 9 :i* ! art ( engrav+ on glass 0 held at t "t1 z well z ( ! relation ( ! glass-engrav]s to ! work]s 9 o!r bran*es ( art4 ,! works ( ! ,s*wanh>ts are n[1 ,i believe1 only to be id5tifi$ 9 ! case ( c]ta9 examples ( engrav$ glass 9 ! ,museum at ,hamburg4 ,"h may be se5 a roem]1 sign$ #8,g4 ,s4 #affj4' ,! delicately engrav$ l&scape on ?is glass1 :]e ! "w ( ! diamond & t ( ! f9e/ :eel are skilfully comb9$1 w\ld po9t to ?is be+ probably ! "w ( ! y\ng] ( ! two ,georges4 ,t ev5 be=e ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury !re 7 engrav]s ( glass 9 o!r p>ts ( ,g]many1 above all 9 ,silesia1 is v probable1 b !re c be no d\bt t x 0 ! connection ( ,lehmann & ( ! ,s*wanh>ts ) ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt t fir/ br\ght ?is /yle ( decoration into fav\r ) p 9 high /ation4 ,9 fact1 = "s "t ?is engrav$ glass 0 made = ! mo/ "p to ! ord] ( weal?y patrons4 ,besides ^? nam$ by ,s&r>t1 ! ,ar*bi%op-,elector ( ,ma9z & ! ,bi%ops ( ,wrzburg & ,bamb]g are m5tion$ z patrons ( ! new art1 & l>ge prices 7 giv5 = f9e specim5s ( engrav+4#bad ,"o imm$iate consequ5ce ( ! new fa%ion 0 to cause a dem& = an absolutely cle> :ite glass1 & ?is l$ to su* improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture t ! glass ( ,silesia & ,bohemia 0 soon recognis$ z ! be/ 9 ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlii ,,engrav$ ,,beak]4 ,,! ,,cov] ,,) ,,enamell$ ,,metal ,,knob ,,g]man1 ,,e>ly ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,f o!r s\rces we he> t ,george ,s*wanh>t ! eld] _h ?ree daught]s1 ,sophia1 ,m>ia1 & ,suzanna1 :o devot$ !mselves to ! engrav+ on glass ( fl[]s & ornam5ts1 & especially ( ^? examples ( calligraphy !n s mu* 9 fa%ion4 ,s&r>t1 mo/ ungallantly1 fails to m5tion ^! ladies1 :o 7 8 contempor>ies4 ,_m o!r names ( engrav]s on glass h be5 h&$ d[n to u1#bae b ,i w only m5tion ,h]mann ,s*w+] 7#afdj-hc71 :o 0 also a wood-c>v] & engrav] on copp]4 ,we h 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,slade1 ,no4 #hhc7 a tall cup ( ?9 :ite glass elaborately engrav$ ) a ,bac*ic subject4 ,bel[1 scrat*$ by ! diamond 9 small *>act]s1 may be read #8,h]man ,s*w+]1 cri/all s*nid] zu ,nrnb]g4' ,!re has be5 mu* discussion z to ! nature ( ! improvem5ts effect$ by ! ,s*wanh>ts 9 ! glass-cutt+ ma*9]y4 ,b be=e ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! arrangem5t ( ! :eels & ! division ( lab\r 7 probably on ! :ole e/abli%$ mu* 9 ! mann] t we f9d 9 local works 9 ,bohemia at ! pres5t day4 ,9 a g5]al way we may say t !re has always be5 a di/9ction betwe5 ! me*anical processes ( gr9d+ & poli%+ & ! m delicate & arti/ic "w ( ! engrav]4 ,9 ! latt] case ! "w is done by press+ ! glass aga9/ ! edge ( a m9ute copp] :eel4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! glass is gr\nd d[n on a :eel ( iron f ?ree to eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 x is smoo!d ^u a /one :eel & f9ally poli%$ ^u "o ( wood1 ) ! assi/ance 9 ea* case ( suitable abrad+ m$iums1 :e!r em]y1 qu>tz s&1 tripoli1 or putty-p[d]4 ,z e>ly z ! sev5te5? c5tury ^! glas-s*leif] 7 divid$ into sev]al m or less indep5d5t gr\ps4 ,! eckigrb] did ! co>s] "w4 ,x fell to !m1 9 ! fir/ place1 to remove all irregul>ities on ! surface ( ! glass--= example1 ! r\gh projections left on ! foot :]e ! pontil _h be5 atta*$--& m especially to make ! cross cutt+s requir$ to =m ! facets1 :i* at a lat] "t 7 s mu* 9 vogue4 ,! kugl] 7 ano!r class ( workm51 :o prep>$ ! %all[ circul> or oval pits :i* play s important a "p 9 ! decoration4 ,! "w ( ! actual engrav] belongs m to ! doma9 ( art4 ,! cutt+ 9 ?is case is effect$ by a little :eel ( copp] f a qu>t] in* to an in* 9 diamet]1 revolv+ rapidly at ! end ( a horizontal sp9dle1 mov$ by a treadle4 ,^! little copp] :eels are ( v>i\s =ms1 & n ! lea/ "p ( ! skill ( ! arti/ lies 9 ! selection ( ! =m mo/ suitable = ! "w 9 h&4 ,! decision z to ! dep? ( ! engrav$ l9e1 & aga9 z to :i* "p %\ld be poli%$ & :i* left dull dep5ds also ^u 8 judgm5t4 ,8 difficulties are increas$ by ! fact t he is unable to foll[ ! progress ( ! "w 9 h&1 = n only has he to press ! glass aga9/ ! "u surface ( ! :eel1 b ! "p ( ! surface on :i* he is work+ rema9s cov]$ by ! em]y or o!r abrad+ mat]ial employ$ 7,von ,czihak1 pp4 #acf-aci74 ,x w be notic$ t z a rule ! incis$ p>ts are left unpoli%$ & dull z !y come f ! :eel1 & t ! poli%+ is res]v$ = ! little circul> depressions1 ! kugeln1 :i* !n %[ out l jewels cut en cabo*on4 ,we are apt to associate ?is engrav$ glass ) ,bohemia1 b to say no?+ ( ! highly f9i%$ & arti/ic "w done at ,nuremb]g & ,reg5sburg1 x is probable t 9 no o!r di/rict has ! engrav+ & cutt+ ( glass become s mu* a di/9ct indu/ry z 9 ! ,silesian valleys t desc5d f ! highe/ peaks ( ! ,ries5gebirge t[>ds ! t[n ( ,hirs*b]g4 ,z e>ly z ! comm5cem5t ( ! sev5te5? c5tury we come across an ,italian engrav] on rock cry/al 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,freih]r von ,s*affgots* at ,s*loss ,kyna/1 & at ! same spot t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 9 ! employ ( ! same family1 we f9d ,fri$ri* ,w9t]1 :o has ! cr$it ( be+ ! fir/ 9 ?is di/rict to apply wat]-p[] to ! cutt+ & poli%+ ( glass4 ,soon aft] ?is "t !re are _m compla9ts ( ! decad5ce & vulg>isation ( ! art4 ,?us 9 #agjh a writ] 9 a comm]cial pap] compla9s t ! engrav$ glass1 :i* =m]ly 0 only to be f\nd on ! table ( p ( quality1 _h n[ become #8dirt-*eap1' & t ! art ( ! glass-cutt] 0 br\ght into contempt by ! hawk]s ( glasses :o sc\r$ ne>ly ! :ole ( ,europe ) _! engrav$ w>es4 ,:ole *e/sful ( ^! common] glasses1 ! writ] says1 7 s5t to ,spa91 & f\nd !re a good m>ket 7quot$ by ,von ,czihak1 p4 #abi74 ,s&r>t1 x w be rememb]$1 "s ye>s be=e ?is1 _h utt]$ a prote/ aga9/ ! /impl]--! bungl+1 ignorant workm5--:o 7 ru9+ ! art1 & n[ we f9d ! same expression us$ 9 ! diploma ( ! monopoly t 0 grant$ to ! above-m5tion$ ,w9t] 9 #afhg by ,c\nt ,*ri/oph ,leopold ( ,silesia4 ,?anks 9 a measure to ! en]gy ( ,w9t] & to ! support giv5 to him1 ! little t[n ( ,w>mbrunn soon became kn[n all ?r\gh ,g]many z well = its cut glass z = ! w>m spr+s to :i* x ow$ its "n4 ,z 9 o!r p>ts ( ,silesia1 ! glass indu/ry1 aft] ! sep>ation f ,bohemia1 suff]$ f ! fiscal regulations ( ! new ,prussian rgime4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great took an int]e/ 9 ! manufacture ( glass1 b ?is 0 %[n r 9 ! enc\ragem5t & patronage accord$ to ! new glass-works t _h be5 e/abli%$ ne>] to 8 capital4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! m\nta9s also1 at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 "s ( ! great ,bohemian l&hold]s 7 active 9 promot+ ! manufacture ( glass on _! e/ates4 ,( ! ,k9sky family & ! t[n ( ,/e9s*nau 7ev5 to-day a great c5tre ( ! glass indu/ry71 we he> some?+ 9 ! curi\s acc\nt ( 8 life left by a w&]+ glass-cutt]1 "o ,kreybi*1 :o 0 born 9 t t[n 9 #affb4 ,kreybi*1 :o _h ma/]$ ! arts bo? ( enamell+ & engrav+ glass1 c>ri$ 8 w>es on 8 b>r[ all ov] ,s\!rn ,g]many4 ,9 8 lat] j\rneys he pu%$ =w>d z f> z ,pol& & ,russia4 ,z e>ly z #afhh he is f\nd 9 ,london1 :]e1 9 spite ( ! competition ( _m new glass-furnaces 7^!1 he confesses1 turn$ out bett] metal ?an t :i* he _h ) him71 he f\nd a good dem& = 8 engrav$ glass4 ,:5 ! w&]+ retail]s ( glass--we c h>dly call !m hawk]s--return$ to r5ew _! supplies1 !n1 says ,kreybi*1 !re 0 an eag] dem& f ! glass-h\ses1 & no less f ! glass-cutt]s1 ! kugl]1 & ! poli%]s4 ,b n a few ( ^! w&]+ glassm5 c>ri$1 x w\ld seem1 _! engrav+-:eel & _! tools ) !m1 & engrav$ on ! spot ! arms or ! initials ( ! pur*as]s ( _! glasses4 ,we may inde$ reg>d ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury z ! mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ! glass indu/ry 9 ,bohemia & ,silesia4 ,at ! end ( t "t ! ,bohemian t[n ( ,haida--at ! pres5t day ! c5tre ( m ?an "o bran* ( ! glass manufacture--rose to importance1 ?anks to ! fo/]+ c>e ( ,c\nt ,k9sky4 ,b ! indu/rial & comm]cial elem5t n[ came m & m to prevail4 ,ent]pris+ manufactur]s l ,franz ,weidli* ( ,/e9s*nau export$ to ,spa9 & ,portugal1 & o!rs suppli$ ! ,ea/]n m>ket z f> z ! ,indies ) glass summ>ily decorat$ ) #8little wrea?s cut ) a small copp] :eel ) ! aid ( em]y4' ,?is ,ea/]n trade pass$ ?r\gh ,vi5na1 & meet+ ) e enc\ragem5t f ,m>ia ,!resa & f ,joseph ,,ii41 soon und]m9$ ! "t-hon\r$ monopoly ( ! ,v5etians 9 ! ,levant & 9 ,p]sia4 ,) ! ,we/]n m>ket x 0 o!rwise4 ,! ,g]man glass _h to rea* ! ,p59sula by way ( ! ,flemi% ports1 ,antw]p & ,o/5d4 ,:at we h kn[n z ! ,spani% ,ne!rl&s 7 n[ 9 ,au/rian h&s1 & ! new gov]nm5t 0 eag] to promote ! local indu/ries4 ,! en]getic firm ( ! ,bonhommes 7see p4 #bdb71 long e/abli%$ at ,lige & o!r neighb\r+ t[ns1 compet$ successfully fir/ ) ! ,g]man & !n ) ! ,engli% glass-mak]s1 j z =m]ly !y _h compet$ ) ! ,italians1 adopt+ 9 turn ! me?ods ( ea*4#baf ,b 9 addition to cutt+ or engrav+ ) a :eel & scrat*+ ) a diamond1 !re is a ?ird me?od by :i* ! surface ( glass may be remov$4 ,?is is by means ( hydr(luoric acid1 ! only re-ag5t by :i* glass is rapidly attack$4 ,! discov]y ( ?is acid is usually ascrib$ to ,s*eele1 ! ,sw$i% *emi/ 7born #agdb71 & a date z late z #agga is giv5 to ! discov]y4 ,b !re is no d\bt t ! special virtues ( ! fumes t are giv5 (f :5 fluor-sp> is heat$ 9 sulphuric acid 7 kn[n be=e ?is "t4#bag ,we h se5 h[ ,s&r>t1 writ+ be=e #afge1 m5tions t 8 contempor>y ,h5ry ,s*wanh>t engrav$ glass by means ( a #8corrosiv1' & ! /atem5t is repeat$ ) picturesque details by ,doppelmayr4 ,by cov]+ "p ( ! glass ) a v>ni% & expos+ ! re/ to ^! acid fumes1 ,s*wanh>t produc$ a smoo? patt]n on a dead gr\nd4 ,c]ta9 calligraphic inscriptions on plates ( glass1 pres]v$ 9 ,g]man museums1#bah 7 probably engrav$ 9 ?is way1 b at ! "t ! process did n come into g5]al use4 ,at a mu* lat] p]iod hydr(luoric acid has be5 l>gely employ$ 9 ,engl& & else:]e = engrav+ on glass4 ,/ill m rec5tly ?is me?od has giv5 way to ! s&-bla/4 ,^! are bo?1 h[ev]1 purely indu/rial processes t h little to d ) art4 ,we h se5 h[ close 0 ! relation 9 e>ly m$ival times betwe5 ! que/ ( ! al*emi/ & ! art ( ! glass-mak]--t "p ( ! art above all t 0 conc]n$ ) ! production ( col\r$ pa/es4 ,s aga9 at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ! se>* = ! philosoph]'s /one1 ! univ]sal m$ic9e & o!r su* no/rums1 _h aga9 come into vogue 9 ,g]many1 ! glass-mak]'s craft is once m f\nd 9 close relation ) ^! ambigu\s rese>*es4 ,?is intimate connection is well illu/rat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,johann ,kunckel1 a man ^: c>e] 9 m ?an "o aspect rem9ds u ( t ( ,bttg]1 ! discov]] ( ! secret ( mak+ porcela94 ,bttg] may inde$ be reg>d$ z ,kunckel's successor at ,meiss5 & ,dresd51 = bo? = a "t held (ficial positions z al*emi/ or arcani/ at ! ,saxon c\rt4#bai ,kunckel 0 born 9 #afch 7or p]haps some:at soon]7 9 ! du*y ( ,s*leswig4 ,at an e>ly age we f9d him 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,saxon ,elector engag$ 9 ! se>* = ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,he lectur$1 too1 on *emi/ry at ,witt5b]g be=e a num]\s audi5ce4 ,aft] ! ye> #afgg he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,fr$]ick ,william1 ! ,grosse ,*urfr/4 ,x 0 at ,b]l9 ab\t ?is "t t 8 rese>*es ^u ! trans=mation ( matt] l$ him to make inquiries into ! col\r+ ( glass1 above all into ! my/]i\s process by :i* glass c\ld be /a9$ ( a crimson or purple t9t by means ( gold4 ,t su* a col\r c\ld be ?us obta9$ _h long be5 a tradition among ! al*emi/s4 ,9 ! old books ! secret 0 dangl$ be=e ! eyes ( ! /ud5t )\t be+ fully expla9$4 ,! ,s>ac5s 7 probably acqua9t$ ) x2 ,agricola m5tions ! ritzle1 ! #8aurum quo t+itur vitrum rubro colore1' & ,n]i ref]s to ! r$ t9t d]iv$ f gold4#bbj ,n a little ( ! my/]y t s long surr\nd$ ?is ruby col\r _h its orig91 no d\bt1 9 ! foll[+ facts3--#a4 ,! full t9t is only to be got :5 an extremely m9ute quantity ( gold is pres5t4 #b4 ,! col\r is n develop$ until ! glass is reheat$2 on fir/ cool+ ! metal is ne>ly col\rless4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out h[ bo? ^! prop]ties ( ! gold pigm5t mu/ h appeal$ to ! imag9ation ( ! al*emi/s1 & h furni%$ !m ) argum5ts 9 fav\r ( _! trans=mation !ories4 ,"h1 !n1 we h "o explanation ( ! int]e/ tak5 by ^! e>ly inquir]s 9 ! processes ( ! glass-mak]4 ,9 #afgi ,kunckel publi%$ 8 ,ars ,vitr>ia ,exp]im5talis1 a "w :i* is inde$ m]ely a retranslation into ,g]man ( ,m]ret's edition ( ,n]i 7see p4 #bai71 ) supplem5t>y notes4#bba ,n t ,kunckel "h fully discloses ! secret ( 8 fam\s ruby glass--he draws back at ! la/ mom5t4 ,ors*all1 h[ev]1 8 rival1 a man ( :om we are told t #8he took to polygamy & o!r irregul>ities1 & di$ 9 a mona/]y 9 ,pol&1' 9 8 fam\s tractate ,sol s9e ,ve/e1 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #afhd1 is some:at m explicit4 ,a propos ( 8 exp]im5ts ) c]ta9 #8h&some vases 9 ! /yle ( porcela91' he tells u t ! milk9ess ( ! glass ) :i* ! ,ori5tal porcela9 0 imitat$ 0 only develop$ on reheat+1 & ! same1 he m5tions1 is ! case ) ! ruby col\r ( ! glass conta9+ gold4#bbb ,kunckel 0 settl$ by ! ,great ,elector on ! ,pfau5-,insel1 ne> ,potsdam1 & x 0 9 ! glass-h\ses already erect$ on ! isl& t1 surr\nd$ ) ! greate/ secrecy1 he fir/ made 8 fam\s ruby glass4 ,aft] a "t1 h[ev]1 con/ra9$ by :at he calls #8die ld]li*e ,v]krm]ung des ,rub9-,flusses1' o!rwise by lack ( gold1 he pass$ ov] to ! s]vice ( ! ,sw$i% k+4 ,he di$ at ,/ockholm z ,b>on ,lw5/j]n 9 #agjb4 ,kunckel's "n has become atta*$ to c]ta9 l>ge ew]s & beak]s ( ruby glass4 ,he made1 too1 glass ( a deep em]ald t9t1 b specim5s ( ?is are r>e4 ,"s ( 8 glasses--& ^! are p]haps ! olde/--are c>v$ 9 high relief2 o!rs are bl[n ) great te*nical skill4 ,l>ge sums 7 giv5 at ! "t = examples ( 8 "w4 ,! vases ( bl[n glass took on classical =ms1 & 7 set 9 scroll m\nt+s ( silv] gilt4 ,b ^! m\nt$ pieces are = ! mo/ "p ( lat] date ?an ,kunckel's "t1 = glass ( ?is k9d 0 made at ,ze*l9 & o!r places ne> ,b]l9 up to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury & p]haps lat]4 ,a tank>d ( ruby glass 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,slade1 ,no4 #hfi7 be>s ! ciph] ( ,fr$]ick ,i4 7#agja-agac72 9 ! same collection is ano!r f9e example 7,slade1 ,no4 #hfh71 a graceful ew]1 set 9 a rococo silv]-gilt m\nt+4#bbc ,among o!r specim5s ( ?is ruby glass 9 ,"l ,ro?s*ild's collection is a tumbl]-%ap$ beak]1 #8fro/$' on ! outside4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! porcela9 made at a lat] "t 9 ,b]l91 ! ,prussian glass z a :ole is di/+ui%$ by its te*nical excell5ce &1 comp>$ at lea/ to ! bulk ( ! contempor>y "w1 by a c]ta9 sev]ity ( =m & decoration4 ,mu* opaque :ite glass 0 made 9 ,g]many1 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,by ?is means x 0 hop$ to f9d an equival5t = ! ,ori5tal porcela91 :i* _h n yet be5 successfully imitat$4 ,at ,s\? ,k5s+ton may be se5 a cov]$ beak] ( ?is mil*-glas elaborately pa9t$ ) a b>oque design2 m (t51 h[ev]1 ! decoration on su* w>e is 9 a pseudo-,*9ese /yle4 ,von ,czihak has extract$ f ! contempor>y "w ( a c]ta9 ,kundmann1 a le>n$ doctor & dilettante1 a recipe = mak+ ?is glass ) human bones2 ?is =mula1 ! au?or /ates1 he obta9$ f ,kunckel 7,r>iora ,natur et ,artis4 ,breslau1 #agcg74 ,kundmann claims = ?is glass1 prep>$ f bones f\nd 9 hea!n burial-urns1 t x surpass$ 9 :it5ess ! be/ porcela94 ,on "o ( 8 glasses pres]v$ 9 ! museum at ,breslau1 !re is a qua9t ,lat9 inscription4 ,y are ask$ to (f] a libation to ^? poor hea!ns = :om1 aft] suff]+ bo? on ! field ( battle & 9 ! furnace ( ! glass-mak]1 ! pa9s ( hell are res]v$4 ,kundmann _h too1 9 8 cab9et1 "s little glasses on :i* 7 engrav$ ! tobacco-plant & o!r designs relat+ to smok+4 ,^!1 he decl>$1 7 prep>$ solely f s& & tobacco a% 7,s*lesis*e ,gls]1 p4 #fb74 ,!re is "o important bran* ( ! ,bohemian-,silesian glass indu/ry1 ( :i* be=e end+ a ^w mu/ be said4 ,?is is ! manufacture ( beads & o!r k9ds ( v]rot]ie1 z well z ( glass pa/es = artificial jewell]y4 ,pat]no/] ,kgel*5 7 probably made f an e>ly date3 ! art may h be5 le>n$ f w&]+ ,v5etians4 ,9 ,bohemia1 ,betel-,htt5 7#8bead furnaces'7 are m5tion$ e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,at ,w9t]b]g1 ( eight glass-furnaces f\r are s describ$4 ,"h we h ! v ^w 7,betel1 f ,bete1 a pray]7 f :i* we h =m$ our t]m #8bead4' ,b no?+ q equival5t to ?is la/ conv5i5t ^w ev] came into use 9 ,g]many4 ,f ! ^w ,pat]no/]-,kugel1 :5 at a lat] "t ! dem& came r = beads = p]sonal ornam5t or = export1 ! ,g]mans pass$ to ! ambigu\s expression ,p]l5 or ,glas-,p]l54 ,! manufacture ( ! m elaborate =ms ( beads by means ( ! bl[-pipe--! suppialume process ( ! ,v5etians--spread sl[ly 9 ! nor?4 ,doppelmayr 7op4 cit41 p4 #bbf7 /ates t ! use ( #8a little copp] pipe fix$ ov] a burn+ lamp' = mak+ small objects ( glass 0 fir/ taught at ,nuremb]g by "o ,abraham ,f9o1 :o came f ,am/]dam 9 #afcj4 ,! ,dut*1 he says1 _h be5 taught ! art by a ,v5etian4 ,kunckel1 on ! ,pfau5-,insel1 0 occupi$ 9 mak+ beads = exportation to ,we/ ,africa by ! newly f\nd$ ,br&5burg ,african ,company4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! competition ) ,v5ice 0 ke51 b 9 ?is bran* ! ,italians seem to h held _! own4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 9 ! k9dr$ indu/ry1 ! manufacture ( glass pa/es = artificial jewell]y4 ,be=e ! middle ( ! c5tury1 c]ta9 di/ricts 9 ,nor!rn ,bohemia obta9$ almo/ a monopoly 9 ?is art4 ,^! #8,bohemian /ones' 7 made fir/ at ,turnau1 by ! ,fis*] bro!rs4 ,?is 0 e>ly 9 ! c5tury2 by #aghf !re 71 x is said1 #ddc ma/]-workm5 9 ! di/rict ?us employ$4 ,aft] t "t ! fir/ place 0 held by ! rival t[n ( ,/e9s*nau1 to ?is day ! c5tre ( ! indu/ry 7,lobmeyr1 ,die ,glas ,indu/rie1 #ahgd1 p4 #ace74 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,dut* ,,glass ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,& ,,eighte5? ,,c5turies ,9 ,holl& ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce does n seem to h int]f]$ ) ! "w ( ! glass furnaces already e/abli%$ 9 sev]al ( ! t[ns by ,alt>i/s or ,v5etians4 ,m4 ,s*u]mans1 :o has devot$ a section ( "o ( 8 lett]s to ,holl& 7op4 cit41 vol4 xxix4 pp4 #adg-ff71 f9ds traces ( ! ,italians at ,bois-le-,duc1 ,middelburg1 ,ha>lem1 & ,am/]dam4 ,b by ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury !re 7 already at ,am/]dam glass-h\ses manag$ by ,dut*m54 ,m4 ,h5ri ,hav>d has f\nd 9 ! regi/]s ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al m5tion ( two ,dut* glass-mak]s :o obta9$ at ?is "t a privilege = fifte5 ye>s to make #8glasses = ,rh9e w9e 9 ! %ape ( roem]s z well z be] glasses' by c]ta9 new processes 7,oud ,holl&1 i4 #ahb74 ,= a "t !re 0 an active rivalry betwe5 ! glass-mak]s ( ,am/]dam & ,antw]p3 at a lat] p]iod ! ent]pris+ ,lige family ( ! ,bonhommes obta9$ a foot+ 9 sev]al ,dut* t[ns4 ,b1 z ,i h already said1 ! #8gre5 glass' ( ! ,rh9e 7n always necess>ily gre5 or ev5 col\r$7 0 f e>ly times 9 fav\r 9 ,holl&1 if inde$ we are n to reg>d x z indig5\s 9 ! c\ntry4 ,at a lat] p]iod !re is no d\bt t mo/ ( ! f9] specim5s 7 made !re4 ,x is glasses ( ?is class1 roem]s 9 ! fir/ place1 b also tall #8flutes1' t we see s (t5 9 ! works ( ! ,dut* pa9t]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,^? ( a ,v5etian type1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh by no means abs5t1 are mu* r>] ?an 9 ! contempor>y pa9t+s ( ! ,flemi% s*ool4 ,! ,dut* seem above all to h e/eem$ ! ruim] or roem]2 on glasses ( ?is %ape ! f9e/ engrav+ & diamond-scrat*+ 7 exp5d$1 & x 0 ^! glasses t !y select$ to m\nt on tall silv] /&s ( elaborate workman%ip4 ,!re are ! bek]s*roev5 7beak]-screws71 :i* may at times be se5 on ! buffet 9 a sev5te5?-c5tury ,dut* int]ior4 ,!re are sev]al f9e examples ( ^! trophy-l arrangem5ts 9 ! ,rijks ,museum at ,am/]dam4 ,= u1 see+ t we mu/ conf9e ourselves to po9ts ( real arti/ic int]e/ or hi/orical significance1 ! glass made by ! ,dut* 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies is ( importance ma9ly "u ^! two aspects3 #a4 ,t "h ! art ( engrav+1 or r scrat*+1 ) ! diamond 0 c>ri$ to great] p]fection ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 #b4 ,t />t+ f ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! =ms & me?ods ( con/ruction ( ! ,dut* dr9k+-glasses 7ap>t f ! roem]7 fir/ greatly influ5c$1 & !n 9 turn 7 influ5c$ by1 our ,engli% glasses4 ,z 9 ,g]many1 :]e ! ,emp]or ,f]d9& ,,iii4 le>n$ ! art1 draw+ ) ! diamond on glass 0 9 ,holl& practis$ z an elegant accompli%m5t by p 9 good position1 & above all by ladies4 ,inde$ we are "h br\ght into contact ) a cultur$ lit]>y set1 a cot]ie ( :i* ! memb]s held a high] social1 & p]haps intellectual1 position ?an we c all[ to ! majority ( ! great pa9t]s ( ! day ^: names are bett] kn[n to u4 ,typical frequ5t]s ( ?is circle 7 ! ?ree si/]s1 daught]s ( ,roem] ,vis*]1 :o 7 immortalis$ 9 ! songs ( ,huygh5s1 ,cats1 & ,ho(t 7,don ,h5riques de ,ca/ro1 #8,e5 en &] ov] ,glasgravure1' ,oud ,holl&1 i4 #bhf2 see also ,h>t%orne1 p4 #dh74 ,a /ill m fam\s lit]>y lady 0 ,anna ,m>ia van ,s*urman1 :o among s _m o!r accompli%m5ts _h1 z ,cats has record$1 ma/]$ ! art #8met e5 diamant op het glas ghee/igh to s*rijv54'#bbd ,sev]al good examples ( ! "w ( ^! ladies1 :i* took ! =m = ! mo/ "p ( mottoes engrav$ ) scrolls & fl\ri%es on ! b[ls ( roem]s1 are pres]v$ 9 ! ,rijks ,museum3 "s ( ^! h be5 admirably reproduc$ by ,mr4 ,h>t%orne 9 8 "w on ,engli% glasses4#bbe ,ano!r int]e/+ class ( diamond-scrat*$ ,dut* glass is well repres5t$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,"h we f9d portraits ( contempor>y celebrities1 ( memb]s ( ! h\se ( ,orange 9 _m cases1 toge!r ) coats-(-arms1 scrat*$ on ! b[ls ( w9e-glasses--ei!r conical glasses ( ,v5etian =ms or tall n>r[ #8flutes4' ,sometimes1 inde$1 designs ( ?is "* are f\nd on w+$ glasses ( purely ,v5etian type4 ,mr4 ,nesbitt 0 ( op9ion t ^! 7 made 9 ,v5ice 7,slade ,catalogue1 ,no4 #hia71 b we n[ "k1 ?anks to ,m4 ,s*u]mans' rese>*es1 t su* glasses may well h be5 produc$ at ?is "t 9 ! nor?4 ,! simil>ity 9 =m ( ! bulbs or knops on ! /ems ( all ! glasses ( ?is s]ies %\ld be not$3 9 no case is !re any trace ( cutt+ ) ! :eel on ?is "p1 /ill less ( any facett+4 ,on a ?9 funnel-%ap$ glass 7,slade1 ,no4 #hhi7 we h on "o side ! arms ( ,engl& & ,orange-,nassau impal$1 on ! o!r is a portrait ( a lady 9 ! co/ume ( ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 d\btless ! #8c\nt]feit' ( ,m>y1 ,pr9cess ( ,orange1 ! daught] ( ,*>les ,i4 ,x is to h] t we mu/ ref] ! inscription 9 ,go?ic lett]s1 #8,het ,welv>5 ,van ,de ,pr9ces4' ,9 ^! ,dut* glasses scrat*$ ) ! diamond may be f\nd p]haps ! e>lie/ in/ances ( glasses #8t h be5 made to speak4' ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xliii ,,beak] ,,) ,,! ,,f\r ,,seasons ,,9 ,,m$allions ,,design ,,scrat*$ ,,) ,,diamond4 ,,dat$ #affc4 ,,probably ,,ne!rl&i% ,( q ano!r nature 7 ! elaborate compositions engrav$ = ! mo/ "p ) ! :eel ^u plates ( glass4 ,x 0 to "w ( ?is k9d t ,g]>d ,d\ 0 br\ght up by 8 fa!r--himself #8a glass-work] & writ] on glass1' & subsequ5tly ma/] ( ! glass-mak]s' guild at ,leyd54 ,! y\ng] ,d\ 0 appr5tic$ to "o ,dol5do1 :o is describ$ z #8a "r good plate-et*]1' be=e he ent]$ ! /udio ( ,rembr&t 7,m>t91 ,g]>d ,d\1 pp4 #bh-bi74 ,!re came into fa%ion 9 ,holl& 9 ! next c5tury a me?od ( engrav+ on glass1 if engrav+ x c be call$1 ( q a diff]5t nature4 ,?is is ! /ipple or dott$ me?od1 ! /ip ( ! ,dut*1 by :i* a design ( ! utmo/ delicacy--a m]e brea?1 z x 7--is made to appe> on ! surface ( ! glass4 ,:5 exam9$ ) a glass ! decoration is se5 to be built up ( m9ute dots z 9 a /ipple engrav+1#bbf diff]+ f ! latt]1 h[ev]1 9 ?is1 t 9 ! case ( ! "w on ! glass1 ! lights are giv5 by ! dots & ! cle> unt\*$ gr\nd repres5ts ! %ad[4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ma/]s1 if n ! inv5tor ( ?is me?od1 0 ,frans ,gre5wood1 :o appe>s inde$ to h work$ ) ! :eel also4 ,gre5wood--8 "n w\ld po9t to an ,engli% extraction--0 born at ,rott]dam 9 #afhj1 & ! late/ date f\nd on 8 engrav$ "w is #agdc4 ,!re is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a w9e-glass ) a ,bac*ic subject1 a highly f9i%$ example ( ?is po9till process1 sign$ #8,f4 ,gre5wood ft4' ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ?is /ippl+ on glass 0 practis$ by pa9t]s ( "s note4 ,?us !re are two glasses 9 ! ,rijks ,museum 7dat$ #agej & #agea7 bo? /ippl$ ) portrait heads1 :i* be> ! signature ( ,a>t ,s*\man1 a portrait-pa9t] ( repute at ! "t4 ,b ! greate/ ma/] ( ! art 0 ,wolf1 an ecc5tric g5ius :o liv$ at ! ,hague4 ,we "k little ( him except t he m>ri$ 9 #aghg1 & di$ "y 9 #ahjh4 ,glasses /ippl$ ) graceful designs by ?is ma/]1 some:at 9 ! mann] ( ,b>tolozzi1 are p]haps less r>e ?an ^? ( ,gre5wood or ,s*\man4 ,"s ( 8 engrav+s are f\nd ^u goblets ( fl9t glass ) facett$ /ems1 ( ,engli% make1 probably4 ,on an example ( 8 "w 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a graceful female figure be>s a scroll ) ! words1 #8,w]k5 van het g5oots*ap4 ,k4,w4,d4,a4,v4' ,! tradition ( ,wolf 0 c>ri$ on by ,daniel ,h5riques de ,ca/ro1 :o di$ z late z #ahfb4 ,! son ( ! latt] arti/1 9 an article on ! subject 9 ! fir/ volume ( ,oud ,holl&1 has collect$ "s traditions be>+ on ! me?ods ( execution ( ?is n[ lo/ process4 ,! au?or relates h[ he _h come across an old man :o _h wat*$ ,wolf :ile at "w on "o ( 8 glasses2 accord+ to 8 report1 8 only tools 7 an et*+-ne$le & a small hamm]4 ,?is is a matt] ( "s importance1 z bo? ! late ,mr4 ,nesbitt & ,mr4 ,h>t%orne appe> to h tak5 x = grant$ t ?is delicate film-l engrav+ 0 produc$1 9 "p at lea/1 by means ( acid4 ,b ! two processes c h>dly h be5 comb9$1 & ! effect is q unlike t produc$ :5 ! surface ( glass is eat5 away by hydr(luoric acid4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be q impossible to produce su* delicate "w by any et*+ process ( ?is latt] k9d4#bbg ,i %all h some?+ to say ( ! ,dut* w9e-glasses ( ! late sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies :5 ,i come to speak ( ! ,engli% glasses t 7 9 a measure f\nd$ on !m4 ,suffice to m5tion t already1 be=e ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 we f9d on ^! glasses ! welt$ foot & ! balu/] /em m\ld$ & uncut1 enclos+ "o or m #8te>s'--=ms t some:at lat] pass$ ov] to ,engl&4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,engli% ,,glass ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,& ,,sev5te5? ,,c5turies ,9 an ,engli% "w treat+ ( glass1 or r ( c]ta9 descriptions ( glass1 & t *iefly f ! arti/ic po9t ( view1 :at position 9 ! book & :at relative am\nt ( space %\ld be giv5 to ! glass ( ,engl&8 ,! position is1 inde$1 readily def9$1 = our c\ntry has b slight claims to recognition z a produc] ( arti/ic glass until ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury--inde$ we may p]haps say until t c5tury 0 well advanc$4 ,! consid]ation1 !n1 ( ! glass ( ?is c\ntry mu/ be kept back until t ( all ! o!r ,european ,/ates--,italy1 ,france1 ,spa91 ,g]many1 & ! ,ne!rl&s--t h at "o "t or ano!r produc$ glass ( arti/ic importance has be5 dealt )4 ,z to ! relative importance ( our ,engli% glass & ! am\nt ( space to be allott$ to x1 ?is is a "q difficult to answ]4 ,= a mom5t1 no d\bt1 t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 x held ! premi] place 9 ,europe1 on ! gr\nd1 above all1 ( ! excell5ce ( ! mat]ial4 ,advantage 0 tak5 ( c]ta9 exceptional qualities 9 ! ,engli% fl9t or lead glass to produce a deeply cut1 facett$ w>e1 solid & brilliant1 some?+ und\bt$ly sui g5]is & suitable to its place on ! sidebo>d1 or on ! well-poli%$ mahogany table :5 ! clo? 0 remov$4 ,! fla%+ fire ( ! lights ca/ back f ! skilfully arrang$ facets ( ! decant]s & glasses1 comb9$ ) ! s(t] reflections f ! silv] plate to give an und5iable *>m & an individual /amp to ^! late ,georgian d9n]-tables4 ,?is play ( lights has appeal$ to1 & has be5 n unsuccessfully reproduc$ by1 m ?an "o pa9t] ( ! pres5t day4 ,b ?is facett$ w>e1 ! "o glory ( our ,engli% glass1 came late into vogue1 at a "t :5 ! prevail+ fa%ions all[$ little room = any fre$om ( treatm5t1 s t x is only r>ely t we c f9d any m]it 9 ! =ms & decorations ( individual examples4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to a some:at e>li] p]iod t ! mod]n en?usia/ turns4 ,8 int]e/ lies 9 ! air-twi/$ /ems1 ! fold$ feet1 & ! bell-%ap$ b[ls ( ! dr9k+-glasses ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,n[ ^!1 ?\gh made ( fl9t glass1 belong mo/ly to a "t be=e full advantage _h be5 tak5 ( ! disp]sive p[] ( t mat]ial ^u ! rays ( light4 ,"h ! "q may well be ask$--putt+ aside all matt] ( hi/orical or s5tim5tal int]e/--:at c we say ( ^! endless r[s ( glasses1 classifi$ & sub-classifi$ on ! gr\nd ( v>iety ( /em or b[l1 z objects ( art8 ,b ?is is a po9t ^u :i* ,i %\ld pref] n to deliv] a def9ite judgm5t2 ,i h said en\gh to indicate my p]sonal /&po9t4 ,i c only ref] ! read] to ! copi\sly illu/rat$ "w ( ,mr4 ,h>t%orne on ,engli% glass1 ( :i* ! l>g] "p is occupi$ ) ?is bran* ( ! subject4#bbh ,x may be said t ! hi/ory ( ,engli% glass divides itself into two p]iods4 ,= ! fir/ we h abundant docum5t>y evid5ce--pat5ts = new processes & petitions = or aga9/ ^! pat5ts1 to say no?+ ( notices 9 contempor>y j\rnals & memoirs--b aga9/ ?is an almo/ total abs5ce ( examples ( ! glass actually made4 ,?is p]iod ext5ds f ! e>ly days ( ,elizabe? almo/ to ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 ! second p]iod1 on ! o!r h&--& ?is includes ne>ly ! :ole ( ! eighte5? c5tury--! docum5t>y evid5ce almo/ completely fails u2 b 9 its place a fairly ri* mat]ial h>ve/ is available--! w9e-glass1 above all1 s de> to ! collector1 n[ ass]ts itself4 ,:5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 or ev5 a little e>li]1 a few rays ( light beg9 to be ?r[n ^u ! glass made 9 ,engl&1 we f9d ! indu/ry c5tr$ 9 a di/rict on ! bord]s ( ,surrey & ,sussex3 we are "h at ! we/]n extremity ( ! great =e/ ( ! ,weald1 t 0 a little lat] to become = a "t ! home ( an important iron indu/ry4 ,"h ! raw mat]ials & ! fuel 7 at h&4 ,fuel f ! oaks & bee*es1 & f trees ( small] gr[?2 ! silica f ! #8,ha/+s s&s1' select$ f spots :]e ! b$s 7 tol]ably free f iron2 & f9ally ! alkali1 = ! mo/ "p f ! a%es ( ! brack5 t !n z n[ grew s abundantly 9 ! glades ( ! woods4 ,= ?is old ,engli% glass1 l t ( ,france1 0 ess5tially a v]re f\gre1#bbi made 9 di/ricts remote f t[ns4 ,at a some:at lat] "t ! glass-work]s 7 inde$ =bidd5 to set up _! furnaces )9 tw5ty-two miles ( ,london1 sev5 miles ( ,guild=d1 or )9 f\r miles #8( ! foot ( ! hills call$ ! ,sussex d[ns4' ,! little village ( ,*idd+fold1 j )9 ! b\nd>y ( ,surrey1 may p]haps lay claim to be ! orig9al #8metropolis ( ,engli% glass1' & a l9e measur$ f ,h9dhead to ,petwor? passes close to ! v>i\s places--,loxwood1 ,kird=d1 ,f]nfold1 ,wisboro' ,gre5--:]e we "k t furnaces 7 already e/abli%$ e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ?is di/rict :5 speak+ ( ! ,engli% glass ( m$ival times 7see p4 #aci74 ,fragm5ts ( gre5 glass h be5 f\nd on ! site ( a glass-h\se at ,*idd+fold4 ,9 ! ,museum at ,lewes are two bulb\s flasks ) long necks ( ?is gre5 ,weald-glass4 ,!re 0 ano!r c5tre ( ! glass indu/ry 9 ,ea/ ,sussex1 9 ! c\ntry to ! nor? ( ,ha/+s4 ,9 a m$ival docum5t conc]n+ ,beckley1 9 ?is di/rict1 ! "n ,glassye ,bor\gh occurs4 ,at ^! woodl& glass-h\ses1 = _m g5]ations1 ! w&]+ p$l>s1 ! #8glass-m51' _h be5 wont to r5ew ! /ock ( #8vrynells1 bottles1 b[les1 cuppis to dr9ck & su* lyke1' t !y hawk$ along ! c\ntry-side4 ,y may s5d1 says ,?omas ,*>nock 9 8 ,brevi>y ( ,philosophy 7#aeeg71 to ,*idd+fold1 to ! #8glassemak]1' #8,& desire him 9 mo/ humble wise ,to bl[ !e a glass aft] ?y devise4' ,t is to say1 t ! glass-bl[]1 z we h se5 9 o!r cases1 work$ f ! patt]ns provid$ by 8 cu/om]s4 ,camd5 says ( ! ,sussex glass t 9 8 "t x 0 only us$ #8( ! common sort4' ,possibly ! ,sussex glass-bl[]s made qu>rels & bull's-eyes = w9d[s also2#bcj ?is1 h[ev]1 0 an indu/ry t c5tr$ r 9 ,london1 especially 9 ,s\?w>k4 ,n[ x 0 above all ! dem& = l>g] & bett] made panes = use 9 ! new mansions ) spaci\s w9d[s--! #8glass h\ses' ( ! prov]b ab\t ?r[+ /ones--t 7 n[ spr++ up on e side1 t gave ! mo/ p[]ful impulse to ! introduction ( ! new] me?ods ( work+ glass t _h already tak5 root 9 ,france & 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ! prep>ation ( ! /a9$ glass = *ur* w9d[s l>ge pieces 7 n requir$4 ,consid]able arti/ic skill 9 ?is bran* w\ld be q compatible ) a v primitive me?od ( bl[+ & #8fla%+' ! glass4 ,at ?is "t ! new indu/ry--! mak+ ( l>ge %eets ( broad-glass1 t is to say--0 c5tr$ 9 ,lorra9e1 9 ! c\ntry /ret*+ f ! ,vosges to ! ,ard5nes2 9 a less] degree 9 ,norm&y4 ,x is unc]ta9 9 :at ! sup]iority ( ! #8v]re en tables qu>res' made by ! ,lorra9]s consi/$2 !re is no positive pro( t !y _h z yet adopt$ ! ,g]man cyl9d] process 7see pp4 #abi & #bcd note71 ?\gh ?is is 9 e way probable4 ,! ,fr5* glass-work]s :o came to ,engl& belong$1 = ! mo/ "p1 to ! old noble families4 ,we f9d 9 our ,engli% docum5ts "s ( ! v names--,h5nezel1 = in/ance--t occur 9 ! fam\s ,*>te des v]ri]s grant$ by ,john ( ,calabria1 son ( ,k+ ,r51 9 ! ye> #addh 7see p4 #bcj74bca ,:5 ^! =eign]s are m5tion$ 9 our ,engli% docum5ts !y are inv>iably describ$ z g5tlem5 or esquires4 ,we mu/ rememb] t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,antw]p held a comm]cial position some?+ l t tak5 lat] by ,am/]dam & ,london3 ! t[n 01 above all1 ! c5tre ( ! glass trade4 ,x is n surpris+ !n to f9d t x 0 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( an ,antw]p m]*ant1 "o ,jean ,c>r1 t ! ,fr5* glass-mak]s 7 n[ introduc$ into ,engl&4#bcb ,c>r1 9 association ) a c]ta9 ,briot1 br\ght ov] bo? ,normans & ,lorra9]s1 & ! qu>rels & disputes t soon broke out appe> to h _h _! orig9 9 ! fact t ! m5 to :om ! fir/ pat5ts 7 grant$ 7 n practical work]s !mselves1 & t !y 7 !re=e dep5d5t on o!rs4#bcc ,9 any case1 be=e ! ye> #aegj1 g5tlem5 ( ,lorra9e be>+ ! well-kn[n names ( ,h5nezel1 ,du ,?isac1 & ,le ,h\x1 z well1 probably1 z repres5tatives ( ! ,le ,vaillant & o!r ,norman families1 7 mak+ glass 9 m ?an "o spot 9 ! ,weald z well z 9 ,london4 ,b ^! pr\d1 hot-head$ =eign]s d n seem to h be5 popul> 9 ,sussex4 ,!re 7 frequ5t petitions aga9/ ! de/ruction ( ! woods to supply ! fuel = _! glass-h\ses1 & we he> ( an attempt made to rob ! #8outl&i% m5' t made glass ne> ,petwor? & to burn _! h\ses4 ,be=e #aegf1 !n1 ! ,lorra9]s 7 already 9 se>* ( =e/s :]e !y c\ld "w )\t h9drance2 !y began t long p]egr9ation t took !m by way ( ! ,hamp%ire woods to ! ,=e/ ( ,dean1 & f9ally to ,/\rbridge & ,newca/le4#bcd ,"s rema9s ( a glass-h\se at ,buckholt ,wood1 on ! l9e ( ! old ,roman road betwe5 ,salisbury & ,w9*e/]1 _h long attract$ ! att5tion ( antiqu>ies be=e a satisfactory explanation ( _! orig9 c\ld be f\nd4 ,l>ge quantities ( brok5 w9d[-glass1 z well z fragm5ts ( glass ( _m o!r k9ds1 includ+ "s ( di/9ctly ,v5etian type1 _h at times be5 dug up4 ,^! rema9s1 d\btless1 repres5t a /ore ( #8cullet' or old brok5 glass de/9$ to be remelt$1 & !re=e n necess>ily all ( x made on ! spot4 ,fragm5ts1 too1 ( ! glass-pots 7 f\nd1 ( a greyi%-:ite clay n ( local orig94 ,x is only q rec5tly t ) ^! discov]ies h be5 associat$ c]ta9 entries 9 ! regi/ries ( ! ,walloon ,*ur* at ,s\?ampton 7^! 7 publi%$ a few ye>s ago by ! ,hugu5ot ,society74 ,among ^? admitt$ to ! ,"l's ,supp]1 9 ! ye>s #aegf to #aegi1 we f9d ! names ( memb]s ( ! ,du ,?isac1 ,h5nezel1 & ,le ,h\x families1 all ,lorra9]s1 z well z t ( ,pi]re ,vaillant1 a ,norman4 ,^! communicants are describ$ 9 ! regi/ry z #8,ouvri]s de v]re a la v]ri]e de b\te haut' 7else:]e spelt ,bocquehaut71 a fairly good ,fr5* r5d]+ ( ! ^w ,buckholt4 ,x is n e day t "o comes across s neat & conclusive an in/ance ( docum5t>y rese>* supplem5t+ & complet+ ! "w ( ! #8m5 ( ! spade4' ,b "h aga91 9 spite ( ! attraction ( ! n f> di/ant ,walloon ,*ur*1 ! ,lorra9]s made b a %ort /ay4 ,9 #aeii "o #8,abraham ,tysack1 son ( a fr5*man at ! glasse-h\se1' 0 baptiz$ at ,new5t1 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,dean1 :]e1 at any rate1 !re c h be5 no defici5cy ( fuel4 ,b ! w&]]s made app>5tly no long /ay 9 ! di/rict1 = we f9d t "s at lea/ ( ! numb] aft] a few ye>s settl$ at ,/\rbridge1 9 ,worce/]%ire4 ,! fam\s clay ( ?is di/rict1 /ill unsurpass$ z a mat]ial = ! glass-pots1 01 x w\ld seem1 already work$ along ) ! b$s ( coal :i* ?is clay und]lies4 ,"h1 at ,k+'s ,sw9=d1 9 #afab1 ! "n ( ,tyzack occurs 9 local records1 & a little lat]1 at ,old ,sw9=d1 ^? ( ,h5zey & ,titt]y4 ,9 ?is neighb\rhood "s memb]s ( ^! families at l5g? settl$ d[n1 ma9ta9+ close relations ) c]ta9 ( _! relatives :o pu%$ on z f> z ,newca/le-on-,tyne4 ,at ?is la/ t[n1 9 #afag1 a ,h5zey 0 fa9 to ent] ! s]vice ( ,sir ,rob]t ,mansell1 :o 0 already br++ ! pr9cipal glass-work]s ( ,engl& )9 ! net ( 8 monopoly4 ,i h dwelt on ! w&]+s ( ^! ,lorra9]s1 :o 7 above all mak]s ( w9d[-glass1 z to !m r ?an to ! ,v5etians is due1 ,i ?9k1 ! def9ite e/abli%m5t ( a glass indu/ry 9 ,engl&4 ,= x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! pr9cipal /imulus came f ! dem& = bett] & l>g] panes = ! w9d[s ( ! new r5aissance h\ses1--some:at lat]1 p]haps1 = ! w9d[s ( #8glass-coa*es' also4 ,already e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury n a few examples ( ,v5etian &1 p]haps1 ev5 ( ,ori5tal glass1 may h f\nd _! way into ! h\ses ( ! weal?y4 ,b we mu/ reg>d z q exceptional--! result1 probably1 ( "s pass+ :im ( ! k+--! collection ( #cga pieces ( glass t 7 9 #aedb 9 ! possession ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,^! are describ$ "u ! head ( #8,glasses & sundry o!r ?+s ( er!' 9 an inv5tory ( c]ta9 valuable effects 9 ! ,palace at ,we/m9/] 7,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 vol4 xviii41 #ahfa74 ,among !m !re is m5tion ( flagons1 bas9s1 ew]s1 /&+-cups1 cruses1 lay]s1 spice-plates1 & ev5 =ks & spoons ( glass4 ,_m ( ^! pieces are describ$ z #8jasp]-col\r'--^! 7 probably ( a k9d ( s*melz--& !re is frequ5t ref]5ce 9 ! li/ to #8blue glass' & #8glass ( _m col\rs4' ,a #8lay]' ) ! initials #8,h & ,a engrav5 on ! cov]1' z well z a cup ) #8,qu5e ,annes siph] engrav5 on x1' _h d\btless belong$ to ,anne ,boleyn4 ,! foll[+ items are ( "s int]e/3-- #8,"o ?icke glasse ( *ri/all ) a case ( le!r l9$ ) crymson vellat4' #8,?ree ault] ,c&le/ickes ( glasse4' #8,oone ,holly-wat] /ocke ( glasse ) a bayle4' #8,twelve bottles ( glasse ) oone cov] to !m all wr\ght ) diap] "w :ite4' ,by ?is la/ expression are we to und]/& "s k9d ( vetro di tr9a8 ,f9ally1 #8,"o r\nde ,lok+ ,glass sett 9 a frame ( wood1 vj corn]$1 pa9t$ "u glass ) ! armes ( ,+l&1 ,spayne1 & ,ca/ile' c>ries u back to ! days :5 ,ca!r9e ( ,aragon 0 que54 ,( ?is me?od ( decorat+ ! frames ( mirrors ) inlay ( glass pa9t$ on ! inn] surface ,i h already spok54 ,i w\ld aga9 ref] ! read] to ! mirror 9 ! ,arnolf9i ,van ,eyck at ! ,national ,gall]y4#bce ,! e>lie/ notice t we h ( ,v5etian glass-work]s 9 ,engl& c>ries u back to ! ye> #aeej1 & x takes a =m t is *>act]i/ic ( ! times4 ,?is is a petition to ! ,c\ncil ( ,t51 t has be5 f\nd among ! ,v5etian /ate pap]s4 ,x is sign$ by no less ?an eight ,muranese glass-work]s1 imprison$ 9 ! ,t[] ( ,london3 !y decl>e t !y are ?reat5$ ) ! gibbet if !y fail to "w out _! contract4 ,^! poor m5 7 inde$ betwe5 ! devil & ! deep sea2 = did !y delay _! return to _! homes !y 7 liable1 by a newly issu$ edict1 to a long t]m 9 ! ,v5etian galleys4 ,x 0 only by ! p]sonal int]v5tion ( ! "y k+ t "s arrangem5t 0 f9ally made t all[$ ( ^! ,muranese glass-work]s return+ unmole/$ aft] work+ (f "p ( _! contract4 ,"o ( ^! m5 inde$ elect$ to rema9 beh9d1 b he be=e long made 8 way to ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & ?is fir/ influx ( ,v5etian workm5 seems to h l$ to little z f> z ,engli% glass 0 conc]n$4 ,cornelius de ,lannoy1 f :om ,cecil hop$ s mu*1 0 p]haps z mu* an al*emi/ & a univ]sal s*em] z a work] 9 glass4 ,he 0 set to "w at ,som]set ,h\se 9 #aefd1 b ) little result1 x w\ld seem4 ,he attribut$ 8 failure to ! clums9ess ( ! ,engli% workm5 & to ! want ( a suitable clay = 8 glass-pots4 ,x is to ,jacopo ,v]zel9i1 a man evid5tly ( "s en]gy & res\rce1 t we mu/ give ! cr$it ( fir/ successfully mak+ ! ,v5etian cri/allo 9 ,engl&4 ,:5 9 #aege he obta9$ a pat5t #8= ! mak+e ( all mann] ( c\nt]fayt ,v5yse dr9k+e glasses' 7b n1 x w\ld appe>1 ( glass = w9d[s71 he 0 already e/abli%$ 9 ,london4 ,/[1 writ+ a little lat]1 says3 #8,! fir/ mak+ ( ,v5ise glasses 9 ,engl& began at ! ,crot*et ,fri>s1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,q4 ,elizabe?1 by "o ,jacob ,vessal9e an ,italian4' ,! ,fri>s ,hall1 he tells u1 #80 made a glasse-h\se1 :]e9 0 made glasse ( div]s sorts to dr9ck54' ,x 0 9 ?is same hall probably t ! unhappy craftsm5 ( ,edw>d ,,vi4's "t _h be5 set to "w4 ,v]zel9i1 l o!r glass-work]s ( ! p]iod1 rea*$ ,engl&1 x appe>s1 by way ( ,antw]p4 ,at any rate he 0 m>ri$ to a lady ( t t[n1 ( good family1 :o bore him twelve *ildr54 ,?is we "k f ! monum5tal brass to 8 memory t may /ill be se5 9 ! little *ur* ( ,d[n 9 ,k5t1 :]e 9 ! ye> #afjf he 0 buri$4 ,we see1 !n1 t be=e ! dea? ( ,elizabe? ! mak+ ( bo? holl[ w>e & w9d[-glass by ! new me?ods 0 firmly e/abli%$ 9 ,london & 9 ! prov9ces4 ,great compla9ts _h already aris5 ( #8! mak+ ( glass by /rang]s & outl&i% m51' & we he> ( #8! timb] & woods spoil$ by ! glass-h\ses4'#bcf ,! same difficulty arose z 9 ,france4 ,x 0 argu$ t ! =eign] %\ld be requir$ to take native appr5tices4 ,b !re is evid5ce t z late z ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! mak+ ( ! bett] k9ds ( glass1 ! #8,*ri/all9e ,morana ,glass1' 0 /ill 9 ! h&s ( ,italians4 ,?is we h se5 0 = long ! case 9 ,france z well4 ,b we 9 ,engl& 7 9 a measure dep5d5t ^u ! =eign] = our w9d[-glass also1 ?is "t ^u ! ,lorra9]4 ,( glass made 9 ,engl& dur+ ,elizabe?'s reign ,i c po9t to a goblet n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is dat$ #aehf1 & be>s an inscription 9 capitals ( some:at ,go?ic "*--,,9 3 ,,god 3 ,,is 3 ,,al 3 ,,mi 3 ,,tru/4 ,! glass is engrav$ ) ! diamond1 & is decorat$ ) /r++s ( :ite enamel4#bcg ,! pla9 cyl9drical glass tank>d 9 ! ,gold ,room is rem>kable only = ! silv]-gilt m\nt+ & = ! arms ( ,cecil on ! cov]4#bch ,we h se5 t e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ,fr5* g5til%ommes de v]re 7 firmly e/abli%$ at ,/\rbridge & at ,newca/le4 ,n[ by ?is "t ! outcry aga9/ ! de/ruction ( our ,engli% =e/s1 ! s\rce ( ! timb] = ! navy1 0 becom+ g5]al4 ,x 0 direct$ aga9/ ! iron-smelt]s 9 ! fir/ place1 & !n aga9/ ! mak]s ( glass1 above all aga9/ =eign]s4 #8,x 7 ! less evil1' says a proclamation ( #afae1 #8to r$uce ! times into ! anci5t mann] ( dr9k+ 9 /one & ( lattice w9d[s ?an to suff] ! loss ( su* a treasure4' ,x 0 9 ! ,/\rbridge di/rict t ,bub ,dudley#bci & o!rs 7 occupi$ at ?is v "t ) ! problem ( smelt+ iron by means ( pit-coal4 ,) !m 0 probably associat$ ,?omas ,p]civall1 to :om m ?an to any "o else is to be giv5 ! cr$it ( ! fir/ successful employm5t ( coal 9 ! glass-furnace4 ,o!rs 7 work+ on ! same l9es4 ,to ,sir ,william ,sl+sby & 8 associates a lic5ce 0 issu$ 9 #afaj1 b ?is 0 a v g5]al docum5t1 vaguely word$4 ,m precise 0 ! pat5t grant$ ! next ye> to ,sir ,edw>d ,z\*e1 ,?omas ,p]civall1 & o!rs4 ,x 0 "u ?is pat5t t ! process 0 p]fect$1 probably at ! glass-h\se at ,lambe?1 "u ! *>ge ( ,p]civall4 ,only a few ye>s lat]1 9 #afaf1 ,engli% coal 0 br\ght into use at ! glass-works ( ,/4 ,sev]1 ne> ,r\51 v likely ?r\gh ! m$iation ( "o ( ! ,norman glass-work]s settl$ 9 ,engl&4 ,!re 7 _m difficulties to be ov]come be=e ?is pit-coal c\ld be us$ ) success4 ,great] c>e _h to be tak5 9 ! selection ( ! mat]ials = ! pots--p]haps )\t ! ,/\rbridge clay success w\ld n h be5 atta9$--& x 0 f\nd to be necess>y to #8close ! pots1' t is to say1 to use a cov]$ crucible s z to protect ! glass f ! smoky1 sulphur\s gases giv5 (f by ! coal4 ,! cr$it ( ! inv5tion ( ^! clos$ pots1 ) ! m\? at ! side fac+ ! op5+ ( ! furnace1 is also to be giv5 to ,p]civall4 ,i dwell on ^! practical details = a special reason4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! use ( coal & ! consequ5t *ange 9 ! =m ( ! crucibles m>k ! beg9n+ ( ,engli% glass z a di/9ct g5re4 ,aga91 ?is *ange is closely connect$ ) a fur!r & /ill m important /ep--! use ( lead z an ess5tial con/itu5t 9 a new k9d ( #8metal1' ! fam\s ,engli% fl9t-glass ( lat] days4 ,x is ^! two novelties t =m our contribution to ! te*nique ( glass-mak+4 ,n t ,i c f9d any pro( t lead-glass 0 made 9 ,engl& at s e>ly a date4 ,b on ! "o h& ! use ( a cov]$ pot r5d]$ x m difficult1 at t "t at lea/1 ?or\ghly to melt ! cont5ts1 & !re=e fav\r$ ! use ( a m fusible mixture2 on ! o!r1 9 ! case ( a glass conta9+ lead1 x is above all ess5tial to protect ! #8metal' f ! fire4 ,! hi/ory ( ! progress ( glass-mak+ 9 ,engl& f ! e>ly days ( ,elizabe? to ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w> 9 ! next c5tury1 is *iefly conc]n$ ) ! lic5ces & pat5ts grant$ to a succession ( ,engli% & =eign #8adv5tur]s4'#bdj ,no d\bt !re 7 _m abuses 9 ?is sy/em2 b x is impossible to ov]look ! fact t ! ,cecils & ! o!r advis]s ( ! ,que5 7 enabl$ by su* means to enc\rage ! f\ndation ( _m indu/ries1 & ?is *iefly by ! help ( =eign]s4 ,= at ! beg9n+ ( ,elizabe?'s reign we _h fall5 sadly beh9d 9 ! matt] ( ! indu/rial arts4 ,n only ,france & ,italy1 b ,g]many too & ! ,ne!rl&s1 _h mu* to tea* u4 ,already1 h[ev]1 be=e ! dea? ( ! ,que5 & /ill m 9 ! next reign1 !re arose1 z ,i h said1 a great popul> outcry aga9/ ! monopoli/s1 & ?is feel+ ( indignation f\nd an e*o 9 m ?an "o ( ,james's p>liam5ts4 ,x is ! m /range1 !re=e1 to f9d t x 0 dur+ ?is reign t ! :ole glass indu/ry ( ! c\ntry fell = ! fir/ & la/ "t into ! h&s ( "o man4 ,b ?is 0 no o!r ?an ,sir ,rob]t ,mansell1 ,admiral ( ! ,fleet1 a man ( exceptional en]gy & a born fight]1 "o :o _h 9 e>ly life _h m ?an "o bru% ) ! ,spani>ds4 ,k+ ,james1 :5 approa*$ on ! subject ( ,mansell's glass monopoly1 m>vell$ t #8,rob9 ,mansell be+ a seaman1 :]eby he ha? got s mu* hon\r1 %\ld fall f wat] to tamp] ) fire4' ,! fir/ we he> ( ,mansell 9 ?is connection is 9 ! ye> #afae1 :5 we f9d him associat$ ) ,sir ,edw>d ,z\*e1 ,!lwell1 ,p]civall1 & o!rs 9 a pat5t = mak+ glass ) sea-coal4 ,b be=e ?is he _h probably = "s "t be5 int]e/$ 9 c]ta9 ,london glass-works4 ,& n[ be=e two ye>s _h elaps$ he _h b\ght out all 8 p>tn]s#bda & comm5c$ 8 reign z #8glass-k+4' ,?is monopoly1 9 spite ( frequ5tly r5ew$ opposition1 ,mansell succe$$ 9 ma9ta9+ up to ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 ! days ( ! ,protectorate4 ,he hunt$ d[n ! local glass-h\ses :]e wood1 n[ =bidd5 by law1 0 /ill employ$4 ,he grant$ lic5ces to "s ( ! ,lorra9]s work+ at ,/\rbridge & else:]e1 :ile--z at ,newca/le1 :]e he _h glass-works "u 8 direct managem5t--he took o!rs ( ^! =eign]s into 8 employ4 ,9 ,london1 on ! o!r h&1 at ! glass-furnaces ( ,w9*e/] ,h\se1 :i* he n[ took ov]1 ,sir ,rob]t employ$ ,italians4 ,we "h come into contact ) ano!r & n less int]e/+ man1 ,james ,h[ell1 l 8 ma/] ,mansell1 a ,wel%man4#bdb ,h[ell 0 9 #afah #8/ew>d ( ! glasse-h\se' 9 ,s\?w>k1 b he 0 glad to *ange ?is position = t ( travell] = ,mansell 9 ,spa9 & ,italy2 =1 s he writes to 8 fa!r1 #8,i %\ld 9 a %ort "t h melt$ away to no?+ among ^! hot ,v5etians4' ,8 duties 7 n[ to obta9 workm5 f ,italy1 & ! raw mat]ials1 especially ! #8b>illia1' f ,spa94 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he br\ght ov] "o ( ! fam\s ,miotti family f ,middelburg1 & n long aft]w>ds we f9d him writ+ f ,alicante an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! #8,b>illia1 a /range k9d ( vegetable t gr[s n[h]e ^u ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 9 t p]fection z "h4' #8,! ,v5etians h x h5ce1' he cont9ues1 & he proce$s to give a detail$ acc\nt ( ! me?od ( prep>ation 7,book ,i4 section ,i4 xxv474 ,h[ell's lett]s f ,v5ice are mo/ int]e/+1 & h provid$ _m #8elegant extracts' = lat] writ]s4 ,= in/ance1 !re is a passage 9 :i* he speaks ( #8lasses & glasses1' & ( ! brittl5ess t beauty %>es ) ! mirrors ( ,v5ice#bdc--! re/ ( ! passage is1 h[ev]1 r too outspok5 = our pres5t ta/e4 ,! cont5tion betwe5 ,mansell & ! anti-monopoli/s 0 above all w>m ab\t ! ye> #afbc1 on ! occasion ( ! r5ewal ( 8 pat5t = ano!r fifte5 ye>s1 & ! #8,new ,pat5t1' ! #8,reasons aga9/ ! same1' ,mansell's #8,def5ce' & 8 #8,motives & ,reasons1' & f9ally ! #8,answ]' to ?is la/1 foll[$ 9 quick succession4 ,all ^! docum5ts & pamphlets are reproduc$ by ,mr4 ,h>t%orne2 !y =m inde$ an important s\rce ( in=mation = ! hi/ory ( ,engli% glass4 ,f !m we le>n t ,mansell1 aft] _m failures else:]e & ! exp5diture ( _m ?\s& p\nds1 fir/ at ,newca/le successfully made w9d[-glass ) ! native coal2 t ! clay = ! pots 0 at ! comm5cem5t br\ght f ,/af=d%ire1 b t z ! ,engli% clay prov$ unsatisfactory1 he obta9$ a bett] mat]ial at inf9ite co/ #8f beyond ,roan 9 ,france1' & f9ally f #8,spawe 9 ,g]many4' ,at ! "t he 0 writ+ he inde$ prote/s t he _h already sunk #bd1jjj 9 8 v5tures4 ,! precise position ( ,mansell aft] ! expiration 9 #afch ( ! second t]m ( 8 pat5t is some:at obscure1 b he seems to h /e]$ well among ! tr\bles ( ! "t & to h ma9ta9$ 8 monopoly4 ,at ! p]iod 9 "q1 he tells u he 0 produc+ #8,ord9>y ,dr9k+ ,glasses' = w9e & = be] at f\r %ill+s & half a cr[n a doz5 respectively1 z well z mort>-glasses#bdd at "o-&-f\rp5ce a doz54 ,he 0 at ! same "t mak+ be] & w9e glasses ( cry/al 7^! 7 f two to ?ree times z de> z ! la/71 beside look+-glasses & spectacle-glass plates 9 rivalry ) ! ,v5etians2 f9ally1 ) ,engli% mat]ials1 w9d[-glass & #8gre5-glasses4' ,!re is no?+ 9 all ?is1 or inde$ 9 any ( ^! pat5ts & petitions1 to po9t to ! exi/5ce ( lead-glass at ?is "t4 ,! use ( b>illa1 ,i may add1 is incompatible ) ! prep>ation ( a lead-glass2 9 su* a glass x is ess5tial t ! alkali %\ld be pota%4 ,on ! :ole1 dur+ ! long p]iod ( ! ,mansell monopoly 7f #afae to1 say1 #afee7 little progress appe>s to h be5 made 9 ! manufacture ( glass1 b ( c\rse we mu/ make all[ance = ! times ( civil /rife t fill$ ! latt] "p ( ?is p]iod4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration ! issue ( pat5ts began aga94 ,ev]y?+ po9ts at ?is "t to a r5ewal ( int]e/ 9 ,v5etian glass4 ,:51 h[ev]1 9 #affc ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham obta9$ 8 lic5ce1 8 claim 0 bas$ ^u ! improvem5ts he _h made 9 ! look+-glass plates & 9 ! plates = ! glass-coa*es4 ,z 9 ,france1 %eets ( l>ge size & good mat]ial 7 n[ 9 dem& = bo? purposes4 ,x 0 some:at lat]1 x w\ld seem1 t he turn$ 8 att5tion to mak+ holl[ w>e 9 ! ,v5etian fa%ion4 ,al?\gh nitre1 a salt ( pota%1#bde play$ an important "p 9 ! glass made by ! duke1 !re is no pro( t any use 0 made ( r$ lead or ( li?>ge4 ,evelyn1 :o 9 #afgc visit$ ! duke's #8,italian glass-h\se at ,gre5wi* :]e glasse 0 bl[n ( f9] metal ?an t ( ,murano at ,v5ice1' says no?+ ab\t su* sub/ances be+ employ$4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is progress 9 ! home indu/ry1 ! importation ( *e/s ( glass f ,v5ice 0 at its height 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,?is we see f ! correspond5ce ( a ,london glass m]*ant1 "o ,john ,gre5e 7#affg-afgb71 ) a ,v5etian firm1 :i* has =tunately be5 pres]v$4#bdf ,along ) ^! lett]s 7 f\nd ! #8(fice copies' ( ! patt]ns :i* ,gre5e s5t out to ,v5ice z a guide to ! glass-bl[]s4 ,"h we h m5tion ( #8cl\d$ cals$onia glasses' = be]1 cl>et1 & sack1 #8creuits ) or )\t feet1 br&j tumbl]s1' & #8glasse fl\re potts4' ,n ! lea/ int]e/+ item is ! #8,rh5i% w9e glasse1' :i* is illu/rat$ by a typical roem] ) prunts on ! /em1 almo/ our only evid5ce ( ! use ( ^! goblets 9 ,engl&4 ,gre5e advises 8 ,v5etian correspond5t t ! look+-glasses & ! coa*-glasses are to be pack$ at ! bottom ( ! cases to escape if possible ! se>* ( ! cu/om-h\se (ficials4 ,:at especially /rikes "o 9 exam9+ ! patt]ns ( ! dr9k+-glasses1 :i* =m ! bulk ( ! ord]s 7,h>t%orne1 ,plates #cj-cb71 is ! fact t ! /em or %ank1 s important a "p ( ! eighte5?-c5tury glass1 is n yet develop$2 ! conical b[l is sep>at$ f ! foot by a simple or flut$ bulb1 or sometimes by two su* bulbs or knops4 ,b ?is ,v5etian trade _h n[ se5 its be/ days2 !re are "s h9ts ( a fall+ (f 9 ,gre5e's la/ two lett]s 7#afga-afgb74 ,on ! o!r h&1 dur+ all ?is p]iod ! ent]pris+ glass firms ( ! ,ne!rl&s kept up a close int]c\rse ) ,engl&4 ,z e>ly z #affb a pat5t = mak+ v>i\s k9ds ( glass 0 obta9$ by "o ,john ,col5et1 :om ,mr4 ,h>t%orne has v plausibly claim$ z a memb] ( ! great glass-mak+ family ( ,gh5t & ,namur1 ! ,de ,colnets1 s (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! lett]s ( ,m4 ,s*u]mans4 ,a few ye>s lat] ! tables 7 turn$1 = n[ ! ,de ,colnet firm 0 fa9 to engage an ,engli%man to produce #8v]re l',anglet]re4' ,9 #afhj ! great rival firm ( ,lige1 ! ,de ,bonhommes1 accord+ to a docum5t quot$ by ,m4 ,s*u]mans 7,lett] vii471 0 already mak+ #8fl9t-glass l',anglaise4' ,n[ ?is /atem5t br+s me face to face ) :at is ! great crux 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% glass--! "q1 namely1 :5 & :]e lead-glass 0 fir/ appli$ to ! manufacture ( holl[ w>e4 ,b fir/ ,i mu/ say a ^w ( a little book publi%$ 9 #affb4 ,?is is ! already-m5tion$ translation by ,*ri/oph] ,m]ret ( ! ,arte ,vetr>ia ( ,antonio ,n]i 7see p4 #g74 ,m]ret1 :o 0 a man well abrea/ ( ! sci5ce ( 8 day & an e>ly1 if n an orig9al1 memb] ( ! newly f\nd$ ,royal ,society1 has supplem5t$ ,n]i's s]ies ( recipes ) c]ta9 #8,obs]vations' ( 8 own4 ,"h may be f\nd "s curi\s in=mation conc]n+ ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! cri/allo1 = x is ) ?is glass t ! au?or is *iefly conc]n$4 ,m]ret does n appe> to h _h mu* acqua9tance ) ! glass made 9 ,engl& 9 8 day4 ,= ! practical details ( ! furnace & = ! processes ( glass-bl[+ he takes u back to ,agricola4 ,bo? ,n]i & 8 translator are inde$ = ! mo/ "p occupi$ ) ! nature & prep>ation ( ! mat]ials1 & ) ! v>i\s me?ods by :i* glass may be col\r$4#bdg ,n]i1 l all ! old writ]s1 knew ( ! m]its ( lead-glass 9 ! prep>ation ( pa/es = ! manufacture ( artificial gems2 9 8 sixty-fir/ section he tells u3 #8,glass ( lead1 kn[n to few 9 ?is art1 z to col\r is ! f9e/ & noble/ glass at ?is day made 9 ! furnace4 ,= 9 ?is glass ! col\rs imitate ! ,ori5tal gems1 :i* _c be done 9 cry/al4 ,b unless dilig5ce be us$ all sorts ( pots w be brok51 & ! metal w run into ! furnace4' ,^u ?is passage ,m]ret obs]ves3 #8,glass ( ,lead6 ',tis a ?+ unpractis$ 9 our furnaces1 & ! reason is because ( ! exce$+ brittl5ess !re(4' ,lead1 he cont9ues1 is inde$ ! pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 ! glaze ( ! pott]1 #8& c\ld ?is glass be made z t\gh z ,cry/all9e1 'tw\ld f> surpass x 9 ! glory & beauty ( its col\rs4' ,?us we see1 ) ,m]ret z ) ,n]i1 ! great m]it ( lead-glass is ! capacity possess$ by x ( br++ out ! col\rs ( metallic oxides4 ,!y /ill reg>d ! mat]ial f ! m$ival po9t ( view4 ,! bad work+ qualities ( ?is glass ( :i* ,m]ret compla9s may v probably h be5 due to ! fact t1 />t+ f ! basis ( _! cri/allo1 ! glass-work]s cont9u$ to use ! soda-hold+ b>illa in/ead ( employ+ a pota% salt4 ,! ,v5etians 9 ! prep>ation ( _! cri/allo laid great /ress on ! h>d :ite pebbles1 ! cogoli1 f ! b$ ( ! ,po or ( ! ,tic9o2 ^! !y reg>d$ z an ess5tial con/itu5t ( a good glass4 ,we 9 ,engl&1 dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii41 succe$$ 9 replac+ ^! pebbles by our native fl9ts2 & ?is ,engli% fl9t-glass1#bdh prop]ly s-call$1 e>ly acquir$ a good reputation on ! ,cont95t4 ,! +5i\s ,mr4 ,john ,h\ghton1 writ+ 9 #afhc 7,lett]s = ! ,improvem5t ( ,husb&ry & ,trade71 aft] speak+ ( our dep5d5ce ^u ! ,v5etians "s ye>s s9ce1 goes on to say3 #8,n[ by ! fa%ion ( us+ glasses 9 coa*es & o!r good means we easily en\gh s]ve our neighb\rs4' ,9 #afhb he tells u !re 7 export$ f ,engl& two ?\s& five hundr$ & sev5ty-two dr9k+-glasses1 besides "s look+-glasses & #8w9d[ *e/s4' ,?is confirms :at ,i h said ( ! date :5 ,engli% fl9t-glass became well kn[n 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,n[ x is g5]ally tak5 = grant$ t by ?is "t ! t]m fl9t-glass _h come to mean lead-glass4 ,c]ta9ly soon aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! next c5tury lead-glass 0 already recognis$ z ess5tially a sub/ance ( ,engli% orig92 b1 z ,i h said1 !re is un=tunately n a ^w ( evid5ce1 docum5t>y or o!rwise1 to %[ :5 or :]e ?is glass 0 fir/ made1 nor is x possible1 ,i ?9k1 to po9t to any example ( ?is lead-glass to :i* an e>li] date ?an ! fir/ or second decade ( ! eighte5? c5tury c be attribut$4 ,inde$ ev]y?+ po9ts to ! ,engli% fl9t-glass ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury be+ a =m ( ! ,v5etian cri/allo4 ,9 any case x is ess5tial to be> 9 m9d t bo? 9 *emical composition & 9 physical prop]ties no two ?+s c\ld be m unlike ?an ! cri/allo on :i* ! e>ly fl9t-glass1 prop]ly s call$1 0 f\nd$1 & ! lead-glass :i* aft]w>ds usurp$ ! "n4#bdi ,! "o is a typical soda-lime1 ! o!r an equally def9ite pota%-lead glass1 & ! mat]ials _h to be s\ght = f entirely diff]5t s\rces4 ,! above-m5tion$ ,mr4 ,john ,h\ghton1 :o e week1 9 ! comm]cial pap] edit$ by him1 publi%$ an article on "s te*nical or sci5tific subject1 9 ! spr+ ( #afif devot$ a s]ies ( ^! #8lead]s' to ! subject ( glass4 ,aft] "s g5]al reflections on ! sub/ance1 :5 we are told1 among o!r ?+s1 t #8,vitrification is ! la/ mutation ( bodies ( :i* ,nature is capable & f :i* !re is no go+ back1' 9 8 issue ( ,may #b he takes up ! ma9 subject4 #8,accord+ to my in=mation1' he tells u1 #8we are ( late greatly improv$ 9 ! art ( ,glass-mak+4 ,= ,i rememb] ! "t :5 ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham fir/ enc\rag$ glass-plates1 & ,mr4 ,rav5scr(t fir/ made ,fl9t-glass4#bej ,s9ce !n we h m5d$ our ,w9d[-glass & outdo all abroad4 ,& :at e'er may be said aga9/ ,/ock-,jobb]y1 yet x has be5 ! ,means to raise great ,summs ( ,money to improve ?is ,art4' ,aga91 on ,may #af we are giv5 a c>efully classifi$ li/ ( n9ety glass-h\ses exi/+ 9 ,engl&4 ,( ^!1 tw5ty-f\r 7 9 ,london1 n9e at ,bri/ol1 sev5te5 at ,/\rbridge1 & elev5 at ,newca/le4 ,^! glass-h\ses he divides into ^? = look+-glass plates1 = bottles & = #8,fl9t1 ,gre51 & ,ord9>y4' ,n[ ! rational inf]5ce f all ?is seems to me to be t ,h\ghton1 :o 0 9 a position to "k1 knew no?+ ab\t lead-glass4 ,! fl9t-glass h\ses are class$ toge!r ) ! #8gre5' & #8ord9>y1' & fl9t-glass = him 0 glass made f fl9ts4 ,s1 z we h se51 ,haudicqu] de ,blanc\rt1 writ+ 9 ,france a few ye>s e>li]1 knew no?+ ( lead-glass o!r ?an t us$ = objects ( v]rot]ie4 ,x is at lea/ evid5t t if our own glass-mak]s _h ma/]$ ! art be=e ! end ( ! c5tury1 ! secret 0 well kept4#bea ,b be=e proce$+ fur!r1 x may be well to =m "s def9ite idea ( ! composition ( lead-glass & ( ! physical prop]ties t l$ to its replac+ 9 great measure ! soda-lime glass ( ,v5etian type4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z ,i h said1 x is ess5tial t ! alkali 9 ?is glass 79 ! manufacture ( holl[ w>e1 at lea/7 %\ld be pota%1 & x 01 p]haps1 ! fact t ! lead 0 at fir/ us$ along ) soda t s long delay$ ! production ( a #8metal' suitable = ! manufacture ( bl[n-glass4 ,aga91 ! pota% 9 ! case ( lead-glass mu/ be some?+ q diff]5t f ! impure mat]ial employ$ = ! old gre5 glass2 ?is crude alkali conta9$1 among o!r bases1 a l>ge p]c5tage ( lime4 ,saltpetre appe>s to h be5 us$ 9 ! fir/ place1 & !n a m c>efully lixiviat$ =m ( vegetable a%es kn[n z pe>l-a%4 ,! am\nt ( lead oxide may v>y f #bh to #dj p] c5t41 & ! specific gravity ( ! resultant glass f #bh to #cf4 ,! great m]it ( lead-glass lies 9 its absolute transp>5cy & brilliancy1 comb9$ ) a c]ta9 d>kness 9 ! %ad[s4 ,?is brilliancy & fire1 x is well to po9t out1 are only indirectly dep5d5t ^u ! refractive p[] ex]cis$ by ! glass ^u ! rays ( light t pass ?r\gh x2 9 ?is respect lead-glass diff]s little f rock cry/al or f ! ,v5etian cri/allo4 ,b "o quality x has :i* di/+ui%es x f all o!r k9ds ( glass z well z f ne>ly all transp>5t natural /ones1 ! diamond1 ( c\rse1 except$4 ,?is is ! p[] possess$ by x ( disp]s+ ! rays ( :ite light3 ! elem5ts ( :i* ?is light is compos$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh lead-glass are b5t aside 9 diff]5t degrees1 s t ! issu+ ray is brok5 up into its compon5t col\rs4 ,?is x is t gives fire1 b ?is fire is only fully br\ght out by means ( facett$ or angul> surfaces4 ,on ?is po9t--! di/9ction betwe5 refraction & disp]sion--a good deal ( confusion exi/s4 ,! foll[+ table1 :i* ,i borr[ f a little book on gems by ,pr(essor ,*ur*1 may help to cle> up ?is po9t3-- ,refractive ,index4 ,comp>ative ,disp]s+ ,p[]4 ,diamond1 #bge #dd ,fl9t-glass1 #aeg #cf ,rock-cry/al1 #aee #ad ,plate & cr[n glass1 #aeb #ae ,we "h see t lead-glass or fl9t-glass has little great] refractive p[] on light ?an rock cry/al or ! ord9>y plate & cr[n glass ( comm]ce :i* belongs to ! same family z ! cri/allo ( ! ,v5etians4 ,9 disp]sive p[]1 on ! o!r h&1 x /&s ap>t f bo? ^! sub/ances & rivals ! diamond 9 scatt]+ ! compon5t rays ( :ite light4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,engli% ,,glass ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,we may probably reg>d ! reign ( ,william ,,iii4 z ! turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( our ,engli% glass z 9 s _m o!r ( our m9or arts4 ,x is to t p]iod t "o mu/ assign ! fir/ beg9n+s ( our mod]n indu/rial life1#beb & x is 9 ! ,dut* influ5ce1 at t "t s dom9ant1 t ! pr9cipal /imulus is to be f\nd4 ,( ! w9d[ & mirror glass ( ! p]iod a mo/ int]e/+ s]ies is pres]v$ at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,_m ( ! panes ( ! w9d[s fac+ ! g>d5 faades ( ! palace are /rongly t+$ ) purple1 a result ( ! process by :i* ! col\rless protoxide ( manganese is reconv]t$ into ! purple b9-oxide "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight4 ,plac$ betwe5 ! w9d[s 9 ,william ,,iii4's /ate b$room are "s curi\s mirrors ) frames ornam5t$ ) appliqu plates ( deep blue glass c>v$ into patt]ns & monograms4 ,obs]ve1 too1 a *>m+ mirror ( ! same p]iod ov] ! fireplace 9 ?is room4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 /ill difficult to po9t to surviv+ examples to illu/rate ! vessels ( ,engli% glass made ab\t ?is p]iod4 ,c]ta9 cov]$ b[ls 7su* z t reproduc$ by ,mr4 ,h>t%orne on p4 #bch ( 8 great "w7 may date back to ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! same au?or gives an illu/ration ( a f9e posset-pot ) quill$ h&les1 pres]v$ at ,*a/leton4 ,?is b[l1 decorat$ ) roses1 masks1 & b]ry-l prunts1 may be z old z ,*>les ,,ii4's reign4 ,:5 "o calls to m9d ! picturesque pott]y--! slip-w>e--t 0 made at ! "t1 x w\ld seem n unlikely t 9 ! local glass-h\ses some?+ simil> may h be5 attempt$ 9 glass4 ,we h1 ( c\rse1 pl5ty ( glass w9e-bottles1 a few ( :i* may date z f> back z ! reign ( ,*>les ,i4 ,^! bottles are mo/ly ( a black impure glass & ( a globul> =m1 squat & compress$ at ! sides1 rem9d+ "o ( ! lea!r botel f :i* our ^w bottle is d]iv$4 ,simil> bottles are f\nd 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & !y may (t5 be se5 9 ,dut* pictures4 ,! introduction ( ! practice ( bottl+ w9e1 z f> z ,engl& is conc]n$1 is g5]ally connect$ ) ,sir ,k5elm ,digby1 t univ]sal g5ius :o1 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,i41 0 occupi$ ) s _m bran*es ( ! arts4 ,dr9k+-bottles ( ?is description1 dat+ f ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 are (t5 dug up :ile excavat+ ! f\ndations ( h\ses4 ,an ext5sive collection1 *iefly ( local orig91 may be se5 9 ! ,guildhall ,museum1 & ,mr4 ,hilton ,price has a repres5tative s]ies d]iv$ also f excavations 9 ! city4 ,! surface ( ^! bottles is (t5 cov]$ ) an iridesc5t scale giv+ !m an appe>ance ( great age4 ,a circul> /amp be>+ ! mak]'s "n is sometimes f\nd on ! %\ld]1 b ^! /amp$ bottles are 9 all cases1 ,i ?9k1 ( lat] date4 ,!re is a small collection ( ^! /amps 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,i h already po9t$ out t dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ! preval5t =m ( ! dr9k+-glass 0 /ill ( ! old ,v5etian type4 ,! /em 0 almo/ non-exi/5t2 x 0 at be/ repres5t$ by a sph]ical bulb connect+ ! two cones--! upp] "o (t5 truncat$1 ! l[] v %all[--t =m$ respectively ! b[l & ! foot4 ,9 ! ,spani% ,ne!rl&s1 be=e ! end ( ! c5tury1 ano!r =m became preval5t3 ! /em n[ assumes m or less a balu/] =m1 divid$ f ! b[l by a di/9ct %\ld]2 ! knop ( ?is /em is (t5 holl[1 & g5]ally duplicat$4 ,9 "s cases a silv] co9 is f\nd ly+ loose 9 ?is holl[ bulb4 ,su* a =m we may p]haps reg>d z ! />t+-po9t = ! va/ & v>i$ s]ies ( ,engli% dr9k+-glasses :i* con/itutes ! pr9cipal elem5t 9 a collection ( ,engli% glass4 ,s9ce ! dr9k+-glass =ms s important a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( our native glass1 p]haps x may be well to turn = a mom5t to consid] ! process by :i* a vessel ( ?is sort is made1 ! m s z we are told by a high practical au?ority t 9 ! manufacture ( a w9e-glass e pr9ciple ( glass-bl[+ is illu/rat$ 7,h4 ,j4 ,p[ell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,glass-mak+1 #ahhc74 ,w9e-glasses1 says ,mr4 ,p[ell1 may h ei!r a #8/raw %ank or /em' pull$ out f ! sub/ance ( ! b[l itself1 or m (t5 a #8/uck %ank' made f a sep>ate piece ( glass subsequ5tly add$ to ! b[l2 aga91 ! foot may be ei!r bl[n or ca/4 ,i w take z an example a w9e-glass ) a #8/raw %ank' & a bl[n foot4 #8,! glass = ! b[l is fir/ ga!r$ & bl[n to ! requir$ %ape4 ,^u ! c5tre ( ! base ( ! b[l1 :i* is /ill atta*$ to ! bl[-pipe1 a small quantity ( molt5 glass is skilfully dropp$ f ! end ( a work+ rod ! pontil4 ,"p ( ! add$ glass is =m$ into a small button by ! grip ( ! spr+ tool procello1 & ! residue is pull$ out into ! /em4 ,9 ! meantime a small] bulb has be5 bl[n & its extremity fix$ to ! end ( ! /em f :i* ! button has previ\sly be5 remov$4 ,! small] bulb is sev]$ 9 ! mid/ & ! cup-%ap$ remnant adh]+ to ! /em is reheat$1 op5$ by ! ins]tion ( "o po9t ( ! spr+ tool1 & by rapid rotation ?r[n out into a disc or foot by ! ag5cy ( c5trifugal =ce4' ,! pontil is n[ atta*$ to ! foot by means ( a seal ( molt5 glass1 & ! upp] bulb 7! future b[l ( ! glass7 #8wett$ (f' f ! bl[+-tube by ! application ( a moi/5$ iron4 ,! glass1 held by ! pontil atta*$ to ! foot1 is complet$ by reheat+ ! sev]$ edges ( :at is n[ ! b[l1 cutt+ !m ev5 ) ! %e>s & r\nd+ !m by a second exposure to ! fire4 ,! n[ complet$ w9e-glass is f9ally sep>at$ f ! pontil by a j]k & tak5 to ! anneal+ ov54 ,a r\gh edge rema9+ :]e ! pontil 0 atta*$ is at ! pres5t day inv>iably smoo!d by gr9d+2 n s1 h[ev]1 9 ! case ( ! old] glasses1 & ?is is a po9t to be not$ by ! collector4 ,9 ,g]many & ,bohemia ! r\gh edge ( ! b[l aft] %e>+ is gr\nd ev5 on ! :eel in/ead ( be+ r\nd$ (f 9 ! furnace1 & =eign-made glasses may be (t5 di/+ui%$ by _! m angul> rim4 ,we %all n[ be 9 a bett] position to attack t ext5sive & complicat$ s]ies1 ! dr9k+-glasses ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,mr4 ,h>t%orne1 :o 9 8 ,old ,engli% ,glasses#bec has treat$ ! subject 9 great detail1 m5tions incid5tally t he has made m ?an a ?\s& full-siz$ outl9es ( glasses t h pass$ ?r\gh 8 h&s4 ,we mu/ be cont5t1 !n1 to accept ! classification ( su* an au?ority1 al?\gh "s ( ! divisions may seem a little arbitr>y to "o :o has no claim to be an exp]t4 ,?us out ( sixte5 families ( ,engli% eighte5?-c5tury glass !re are only two t conta9 any objects o!r ?an dr9k+-glasses 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( ! ^w2 aga91 f\r or five ( ! gr\ps are bas$ *iefly ^u ! liquor--w9e1 be]1 mead1 mumm1 syllabub1 cid]1 cordial wat]1 or pun*--t ^! glasses 7 presumably made to conta94 ,9 a division ( glasses f ?is latt] po9t ( view ,i %all only m5tion ?ree heads :i* alone seem to me ( suffici5t importance to m]it sep>ate treatm5t--w9e-glasses1 glasses = ale & be]1 & glasses = cordial wat]s--& ev5 ^!1 ?\gh v>y+ 9 size1 pass ?r\gh ! same s]ies ( %apes 9 b[l & /em4 ,aga91 a cross division may be made di/+ui%+ ! rud] & some:at m solid h\sehold & tav]n glasses f ^? de/9$ = ! table ( ! weal?y4 ,! ma9 l9es1 h[ev]1 ( ! classification ( ^! dr9k+-glasses mu/ be bas$ ^u ! =m ( ! b[l & ^u ! outl9e & con/ruction ( ! /em4 ,b fir/ a ^w may be said ( ! relation ( our eighte5?-c5tury glasses to _! pr$ecessors & contempor>ies on ! ,cont95t4 ,on ! :ole1 "o may conclude t ! new =ms & me?ods ( decoration grew up 9 ,holl&1 9 ! ,spani% ,ne!rl&s1 or aga9 9 ! ,lige di/rict1 t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ! old ,italian influ5ce 0 giv+ way to processes & s*emes ( decoration t _h _! orig9 9 ,g]many & ,bohemia4 ,! me?ods ( ! great firms ( ! ,bonhommes & ! ,de ,colnets 7 above all eclectic2 ! opaque-twi/$ /ems ( _! glasses 7 ess5tially ( ,v5etian orig91 ! engrav$ b[l _h its prototype 9 ,g]many1 & ! mat]ial f9ally--! #8metal'--be=e long 0 ,engli%4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,engli% glasses t foll[$ 9 ! same l9es1 ! greate/ c>e seems to h be5 giv5 to ! metal employ$2 next to t1 ! con/ruction ( ! /em & ! outl9e ( ! b[l receiv$ att5tion2 on ! o!r h&1 ! engrav+ on ! b[l1 comp>$ to ! contempor>y "w 9 ,g]many & ! ,ne!rl&s1 0 = ! mo/ "p ( a summ>y1 n to say rude "*4 ,z = ! foot1 ! m>g9 0 g5]ally slightly #8welt$' or fold$ ov] f above1 s t ! glass /&s only on ! rim2 by ?is ! solidity ( ! foot is at ! same "t increas$4#bed ,o!rwise ! only v>iation ( importance 9 ! %ape ( ! foot dep5ds ^u its great] or less flatness2 9 ! e>li] glasses ! c5tral "p g5]ally rises up to =m a dome1 ^u :i* re/s ! base ( ! /em4 ,! squ>e bases ) pl9?-l /eps belong to a mu* lat] "t & are g5]ally associat$ ) facett$ w>e4 ,x may be not$ t ! glasses ( ! eighte5? c5tury /& on ! :ole on a relatively wid] foot ?an ^? n[ made4 ,! fir/ po9t ( importance 9 consid]+ ! /em is to di/+ui% ^? t are drawn--^! are ! #8/raw-%anks1' =m$ ( ! same piece ( metal z ! b[l--f ! #8/uck-%anks' t are made ( a sep>ate piece ( glass4 ,! latt] =m by f> ! l>g] class4 ,z reg>ds ! outl9e1 ! /em may be ei!r a pla9 rod or cyl9d]1 or aga9 ( balu/] %ape--?is la/ b a modification ( ! d\ble knops t con/itute ! :ole %ank ( "s sev5te5?-c5tury glasses4 ,9 o!r cases ! /em is m>k$ by spiral l9es 9 relief--t is to say1 x is #8rib-twi/$1' or1 f9ally1 x may be cut into flat facets4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ important division ( ! /ems ( our ,engli% glasses is t bas$ ^u ! nature ( ! spiral l9es ( great] or less complexity s g5]ally f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d] ( glass4 ,^! l9es may be =m$ ei!r by /r+s or b&s ( opaque :ite1 or m r>ely ( col\r$ glass1 or aga9 by empty ?reads =m$ by draw+ out a bubble ( air4 ,^! are ! opaque-twi/$ & ! air-twi/$ /ems respectively4 ,if n[ we turn to ! outl9e ( ! ma9 division ( ! glass1 ! b[l1 ?is has be5 made ! basis ( a division t classes ^! b[ls z /raight-sid$1 wai/$1 bell-%ap$1 & f9ally1 b[ls ) a curve resembl+ ei!r ! ogee or ! d\ble ogee ( ! ar*itect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xliv ,,engli% ,,w9e ,,glasses ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury #a4 ,,) ,,sixp5ce ,,( ,,que5 ,,anne ,,)9 ,,! ,,holl[ ,,knop #b4 ,,engrav$ ,,) ,,portrait ,,( ,,! ,,pret5d] ,,& ,,jacobite ,,motto #c4 ,,! ,,ul/] 8,,immortal ,,memory0 ,,glass ,! air-drawn /em1 if n an ,engli% inv5tion1 0 c]ta9ly br\ght to great p]fection "h at an e>ly p]iod4 ,we mu/ seek ! orig9 ( ?is device 9 ! l>ge #8bl[s1' (t5 ( v irregul> %ape1 t fill ! knop or bulb on ! /ems ( e>li] glasses4#bee ,?is #8bl[' is sometimes prolong$ into a sort ( tail :i* passes d[n ne>ly to ! foot4 ,9 o!r cases we f9d sev]al small] #8te>s' 9 ! same bulb1 =m$1 x appe>s1 by punctur+1 :ile x is /ill s(t1 ! little mass ( glass de/9$ to =m ! bulb1 & !n cov]+ x ) a second ga!r+4 ,^! air-bead$ /ems are mo/ly ( ,l[ ,c\ntry orig92 b !y are ( int]e/ to u1 z we may probably reg>d !m z ! />t+-po9t ( ! air-twi/s :i* are =m$ by draw+ out & twi/+ ! orig9al sph]ical mass1 conta9+ "o or m ( ^! bubbles or te>s4 ,x may be m5tion$ t 9 a g5]al way a loose1 widely spac$ spiral is *>act]i/ic ( ! e>li] glasses1 :ile ! tightly twi/$ /ems are only f\nd on late examples4 ,?is applies also to ! spirals on ! rib-twi/$ /ems ( pla9 glass4 ,!re is ano!r po9t t %\ld n be ov]look$3 ?is is t ! twi/ on eighte5?-c5tury glasses always desc5ds f "r to left1 :ile 9 mod]n imitations ! rev]se direction is g5]ally tak54 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ type ( ,engli% glass is "o ) a wai/$ b[l1 engrav$ ) a full-bl[n rose1 & support$ on a rib-twi/$ /em2 b ^? on /ems loosely air-twi/$ may sometimes be z old4 ,!re is a glass 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) a bell-%ap$ b[l engrav$ ) a rose1 a p9k1 & a ?ird fl[] ( undet]m9$ species2 ?is we may take z a good type ( ! e>li] dr9k+-glass4 ,! b[l is divid$ f ! air-twi/$ /em by a holl[ bulb conta9+ a sixp5ce ( ,*>les ,,ii4 dat$ #afgi4 ,x w be not$ h[ closely ! b]ry-l /amps on ! bulb resemble ! prunts on ! /em ( a roem]2 !y occur aga9 on ! already m5tion$ posset-cup f ,*a/leton4 ,su* decoration may1 p]haps1 be reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( ! ,engli% glass ( ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! opaque-twi/$ /em =m$1 on ! same sy/em z ! ,v5etian vetro di tr9a1 f rods conta9+ ?reads ( opaque :ite glass or lattic9io1 is on ! o!r h& n a specially ,engli% type4 ,su* /ems 7 9 great fav\r 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries & 9 ! nor? ( ,france1 & x is ev5 possible t ! rods ( glass f :i* our ,engli% examples are =m$ may h be5 import$ f ,v5ice or f ! ,ne!rl&s4#bef ,! :ite l9es are sometimes comb9$ ) air-twi/s to =m complicat$ patt]ns4 ,! glasses ) /raight-sid$ b[ls may1 on ! :ole1 be attribut$ to an e>ly p]iod1 & toge!r ) ! contempor>y bell-%ap$ glasses !y con/itute an ess5tially ,engli% class4 ,^? aga9 ) ! s-call$ ogee b[ls are especially associat$ ) ! ,bri/ol glass-h\ses4 ,glasses ) b[ls ( ?is outl9e =m ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! ext5sive collection ( ,mr4 ,s+]1 :i* 0 =m$ = ! mo/ "p1 z ,i h already m5tion$1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( t t[n4 ,i n[ turn to ! engrav$ designs t are f\nd ^u ! b[ls ( mo/ ( ^! eighte5?-c5tury glasses4 ,!re is n mu* to be said = ! inv5tive p[]s or = ! te*nical skill %[n by ! engrav]4 ,inde$1 consid]+ ! g5]al l[ level ( ! engrav$ "w1 !re is "s temptation to f9d a ,dut* or ,flemi% orig9 = any specim5 ( engrav+ t %[s sup]ior te*nical or arti/ic qualities2 & !re is little d\bt t 9 ! case ( ! e>li] pieces at lea/1 su* an attribution w\ld be ju/ifi$4#beg ,! design t we f9d mo/ frequ5tly on our eighte5?-c5tury glasses is a rose bran* )1 on ! opposite side1 a butt]fly4 ,?is motive is f\nd on ! bell-%ap$ b[ls ( e>ly glasses ) air-twi/$ /ems4 ,) c]ta9 modifications x cont9u$ long 9 use4 ,! rose1 ) ! *ange ( fa%ion aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury1 became m naturali/ic1 & ! butt]fly (t5 takes ! =m ( a mo?4 ,o!r designs h ref]5ce to ! bev]age de/9$ to be drunk f ! glass3 = w9e-glasses1 bun*es ( grapes & v9e-leaves 7(t5 accompani$ by a humm+-bird72 e>s ( b>ley = be]-glasses2 & 9 ! few r>e cases :]e an apple-tree =ms "p ( ! design1 we may associate ! glass ) cid]4 ,! popul> cries--#8,no ,excise1' or #8,wilkes & ,lib]ty' & #8,no4 #de'--:i* are sometimes f\nd on glasses t[>ds ! middle ( ! c5tury1#beh rem9d u ( ! new fa%ion t came 9 ab\t t "t ( f9d+ 9 ! decoration ( pott]y or o!r w>e an opportunity = political propag&a1 & = ! glorification ( ! h]o ( ! day4 ,!re 0 n mu* to be done 9 ?is way on ! re/rict$ space at comm& on ! b[ls ( our glasses2 t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 h[ev]1 naval emblems are frequ5tly to be f\nd1 & ! ,nelson glasses =m a gr\p by !mselves4 ,b ( all ! glasses t are ?us #8made to speak1' to use ! expression ( ! great ,napoleon1 :o _h /rong op9ions z to ! advantages ( ?is me?od ( political rclame1 ! mo/ int]e/+ class is =m$ by ! treasur$ ,jacobite glasses1 be>+ mottoes & emblems ( a m or less cryptic "*1 or1 m r>ely1 portraits ( ! "y or ! old ,pret5d] engrav$ on ! b[l4#bei ,! extraord9>y fasc9ation ex]cis$ ov] "s m9ds by :at ,george ,borr[ us$ to call #8,*>lie-ov]-!-wat]ism1' is n[h]e bett] exhibit$ ?an 9 ! almo/ devotional tone ) :i* ?is subject is approa*$ by m ?an "o ( our au?orities4 ,! m important ( ^! glasses1 especially ! l>ge ones ) drawn /ems1 & ^? ) balu/] or r d\ble-knopp$ /ems1 are probably ( =eign orig92 at all ev5ts !y 7 engrav$ 9 ! nor? ( ,france or 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,( ! r>e examples ) ! head ( ! "y ,pret5d] surr\nd$ by a wrea? ( laurels1 !re are v few specim5s 9 our public museums3 ,i c only call to m9d a small glass f ! ,s*reib] collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton & "o or two examples lately pres5t$ to ! ,briti% ,museum 7,plate ,,xliv474 ,! mo/ frequ5t emblem is ! rose ) two buds1 traditionally1 ,i believe1 reg>d$ z symbolical ( ,james ,,ii4 ) 8 son & gr&son1 al?\gh to "o n 9 ! inn] circle ( ! cause ! relation ( ! equipois$ buds to ! c5tral fl[] w\ld seem r to po9t to ! old ,pret5d] & 8 two sons ,*>les ,edw>d & ,h5ry4#bfj ,z to ! inscriptions on ^! glasses1 we f9d 9 "o in/ance f\r /anzas f ! ,jacobite v]sion ( #8,god save ! ,k+' engrav$ on ! b[l4 ,b 9 mo/ cases ! allusion to ! cause is ( a m disguis$ "*4 ,! commone/ ( all is ! s+le ^w #8,,fiat1' ! motto ( ! ,jacobite society kn[n z ! ,cycle1 :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ! we/ ( ,engl& dur+ ! great] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,i may note t among ! ,jacobite glasses treasur$ up 9 _m an old h\se 9 ! we/ & nor? ( ,engl&1 "o r>ely comes across any example t _c be class$ m or less accurately z a w9e-glass4 ,q exceptional is ! decant] engrav$ ) a circul> compass-c>d po9t+ to a />1 betwe5 oak leaves & roses 7,h>t%orne1 ,plate #fd74 ,?is decant] is "o ( a pair pres]v$1 along ) z _m z elev5 ( ! above m5tion$ #8,fiat' glasses1 9 ! e>ly ,jacobean h\se at ,*a/leton1 on ! bord]s ( ,ox=d%ire & ,worce/]%ire4#bfa ,"h also are _m o!r pieces ( old ,engli% glass to m ?an "o ( :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 ,al?\gh ! hi/ory ( ,engli% glass dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury--x w\ld be m accurate p]haps to say f ab\t #afgj to #aggj--t5ds always to fall back ^u ! dr9k+-glass1 yet dur+ t "t ! mat]ial 0 appli$ also to ! manufacture ( _m o!r objects4 ,we f9d 9 ! e>li] records frequ5t ref]5ce to l>ge vessels ( glass1 bl[n or ca/2 ?is 0 inde$ ! case z f> back z ! "t :5 ,*idd+fold 0 ! c5tre ( glass-mak+4 ,a fav\rite =m at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury--b "h aga9 a dr9k+-glass--0 ! #8y>d1' an exagg]at$ outgr[? ( ! ,v5etian or ,l[ ,c\ntry #8flute4' ,?us ,evelyn1 describ+ ! c]emonies on ! occasion ( ! proclamation ( ,james ,,ii41 says t at ,bromley ! k+'s heal? 0 #8drunk 9 a fl9t glasse ( a y>d long4' ,"s "t be=e ?is1 9 #affi1 on ! occasion ( a visit to ! glass-h\se at ,blackfri>s1 ! same writ] m5tions ! #8s++ glasses' t he !re _h made = him1 & :i* #8make an e*o to ! voice 444' b #87 s ?9 t ! v brea? broke "o or two ( !m4' ,at a lat] "t trumpets 7 made ( glass1 & "s ( ^! h surviv$4 ,b few examples1 h[ev]1 ( :at may be call$ miscellane\s glass ( an e>li] date ?an ! sev5ties ( ! eighte5? c5tury h be5 pres]v$4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t t a great *ange mu/ h come ov] ! manufacture1 ?\gh on ?is po9t we h /rangely little direct in=mation4 ,?is p]iod1 we "k1 0 a critical "o 9 ! hi/ory ( ! m9or arts bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,france4 ,9 ! latt] c\ntry1 ! simpl] & m classical /yle associat$ ) ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 replac$ ! m unre/ra9$ =ms ( ! ,l\is ,qu9ze p]iod "s ye>s be=e ! dea? ( ! latt] k+4 ,9 ,engl& we see ! new %apes fir/ 9 ! "w ( ! silv]smi? ab\t ! ye> #aggj1 & soon aft] !y are well repres5t$ 9 ! ,*elsea-,d]by porcela94 ,9 ! case ( glass ?is *ange is above all to be associat$ ) ! increas$ use ( facett+4 ,flat facets divid$ by obtuse angles may inde$ be f\nd at times on ! /ems & %\ld]s ( dr9k+-glasses almo/ f ! comm5cem5t ( ! c5tury4 ,b n[ ^! facets take a purely geometrical =m4 ,! di%es & bas9s ( ! "t simply bri/le ) %>p-po9t$ pyramids1 s t ^! heavy1 solid vessels c sc>cely be lift$ ) impunity4 ,n[ = ! fir/ "t full advantage 0 tak5 ( ! p[] possess$ by ! heavy lead-glass ( disp]s+ ! rays ( light1 = only by ! use ( ^! facets 0 ! full fire ( ! glass develop$4 ,?is is inde$--s at lea/ x seems to me--! "o really important p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% glass4 ,x 0 n long aft] ?is "t1 t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 t use 0 = ! fir/ "t made ( ma*9]y = driv+ ! gr9d+-:eels4 ,! glass1 ^: g5]al outl9e _h be5 previ\sly det]m9$ 9 ! m\ld1 0 n[ quickly *annell$ ) int]sect+ furr[s4 ,!re is at ,s\? ,k5s+ton a small collection ( ! e>li] facett$ glass1 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,l5n>d1 :i* conta9s "s pieces ( real arti/ic m]it4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod :5 ! squ>e pl9?-l base 0 9 fa%ion--n p]haps 9 itself a v desirable =m4 ,9 ! ,l5n>d collection are two c>v$ cups ) ^! squ>e feet3 ! b[l 9 ea* case is surr\nd$ by deeply cut gadroons curv+ z !y desc5d2 on o!r p>ts ! usual facets are f\nd 7,plate ,,xlv4 #a74 ,!re is a f9e sculpturesque feel+ ab\t ! treatm5t ( ^! /&+ cups t c>ries "o back to f> e>li] days--9 fact ,i "k ( no o!r specim5s ( ,engli% glass :]e su* full advantage has be5 tak5 ( ! qualities ( ! mat]ial1 & ?is )\t any abuse or exagg]ation4#bfb ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlv ,,/&+ ,,cup1 ,,) ,,cov]1 ,,on ,,squ>e ,,foot ,,engli%1 ,,end ,,( ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,,b[l ,,on ,,squ>e ,,foot ,,engli%1 ,,end ,,( ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,b = ! mo/ "p--above all aft] ! end ( ! c5tury--! facett+ runs wild2 sometimes x cov]s ! :ole surface1 & ev5 :]e !re are no facets ! gr\nd is m>k$ out by rectangul> divisions4 ,! decoration z a :ole is me*anically execut$4 ,b ev5 ?is ma*9e-made "w is bett] ?an ! *eap imitations ( lat] days produc$ by press+ ! glass into m\lds ( metal4 ,! cutt+1 or r ! gr9d+1 ( ! glass 0 effect$ on a ca/-iron :eel4 ,a numb] ( ^! :eels 7 fix$ on a horizontal %aft2 a workman seat$ 9 front ( ea* held ! glass aga9/ ! revolv+ face4 ,! actual abrad+ 9 su* a case is done by ! gritty p>ticles ( ! s&1 :i* mix$ ) wat] falls 9 a cont9u\s /ream f ! hopp] above4 ,aft] smoo?+ on a /one :eel1 ! surface 0 poli%$ on a :eel or #8lap' ( will[-wood 7or sometimes ( lead71 fir/ by means ( pumice or rott5 /one & !n ) putty p[d]4 ,engrav+1 9 ! ,bohemian or ,g]man s5se1 held a subord9ate position1 & :5 made use (1 = ! bett] sort ( "w at lea/1 =eign]s 7 g5]ally employ$4 ,! outl9es 7 !n cut by m9ute copp] :eels ) ! aid ( f9ely pulv]is$ em]y p[d] mix$ ) oil1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,g]man glass4#bfc ,z ,i h said1 x 0 above all ?is facett$ w>e--#8l'article ,anglais1 solide et com=table mais sans lgance1' z a ,fr5* writ] calls x--t spread ! r5[n ( ,engli% glass ?r\gh ! l5g? & bread? ( ,europe4 ,at t "t ! fam\s ,engli% fl9t-glass 0 made by mix+ ?ree p>ts ( pure s&1 well wa%$ & burn$ 7f ,alum ,bay1 ,lynn1 or ,reigate71 ) two p>ts ( r$ lead or li?>ge & "o "p ( c>bonate ( pota%4 ,a small fraction ( saltpetre & a little oxide ( manganese 7 subsequ5tly add$ to cleanse ! metal4 ,! pota%1 up to ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 0 introduc$ 9 ! =m ( pe>l-a% import$ f ,canada or ,russia1 & ! li?>ge came f ! ref9]ies :]e silv] 0 extract$ f ! native lead4 ,9 fus+ ! glass1 great importance 0 atta*$ to ! quick melt+ ( ! mat]ials at ! full heat ( ! furnace1 & to ! subsequ5t rapid work+ ( ! pot4 ,our ,engli% glass indu/ry 0 ne>ly ru9$ by ! enorm\s excise duties1 collect$ on ! mo/ arbitr>y & artificial sy/em1 to :i* x 0 subject$ bo? be=e & aft] ! close ( ! great w>4 ,:5 on ! repeal ( ^! taxes ! indu/ry #8rose f its a%es1' x 0 conduct$ on a purely comm]cial basis4 ,i h already call$ att5tion to ! important "p play$ by ,bri/ol 9 ! manufacture ( glass dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,t t[n obta9$ at ?is "t a unique di/9ction 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% glass1 z ! "o spot :]e a di/9ct k9d ( w>e--a special g5re--0 made4 ,x _c be precisely /at$ :5 ! opaque :ite glass decorat$ ) enamel col\rs 0 fir/ made at ,bri/ol2 :at record we h does n take u fur!r back ?an ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,?is glass 0 app>5tly v brittle1 & w\ld n /& heat1 a fact :i* may acc\nt = ! few examples t h surviv$4 ,9 g5]al "* ! ,bri/ol lattimo closely resembles ! o!r imitations ( porcela9 made ) glass1 :i* 7 s mu* 9 vogue at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,i h already m5tion$ ! opaque :ite glass ( ,orleans1 ( ,b>celona1 & ( ,v5ice4 ,mr4 ,hugh ,ow5 has collect$ at ! end ( 8 excell5t "w on ,bri/ol porcela9 7,two ,c5turies ( ,c]amic ,art 9 ,bri/ol1 #ahgc7 "s curi\s in=mation ab\t ?is glass1 f ! acc\nt-book ( a local enamell]1 "o ,edk9s4 ,! l$g] 9 "q conta9s entries f #agfb to #aghg4 ,accord+ to an analysis made by ,pr(essor ,*ur*1 ! opaque ,bri/ol glass conta9s an exceptionally l>ge quantity ( lead--z mu* z #dd p] c5t41 x w\ld seem--&1 :at is c]ta9ly rem>kable1 less ?an "o p] c5t4 ( t94 ,x is to ?is sub/ance1 h[ev]1 see+ t nei!r phosphate ( lime nor ars5ic#bfd is pres5t1 t we mu/ attribute its opacity4 ,mr4 ,ow5 ?9ks t 9 :it5ess & 9 s(tness ( texture ?is ,bri/ol w>e exce$s all o!r opaque glasses ( ! k9d1 & comes ne>] ?an any ( !m 9 aspect to ! s(t-pa/e porcela9 ( ! day4 ,accord+ to ! pap]s left by ! above-m5tion$ ,edk9s1 ! bett] k9ds--^! 7 above all tea-poys1 enamel-pa9t$ 9 ! mann] ( ! contempor>y ,bri/ol porcela9--7 decorat$ 9 ! usual way ) col\r$ fluxes melt$ on 9 ! muffle-/ove4 ,b ! common articles #87 simply pa9t$ ) oil col\rs mix$ ) a desiccator & dri$ h>d by artificial heat4'#bfe ,9 ! ,s*reib] collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton may be se5 a pair ( c&le/icks ) twi/$ /ems made ( ?is :ite opaque ,bri/ol glass4 ,!y are well pa9t$ ) fl[]s & butt]flies on a :ite *alky gr\nd4 ,at a lat] "t "s passable imitations ( ,v5etian glass decorat$ ) :ite ?reads 9 a ruby gr\nd 7 made at ,bri/ol1 z well z bottles spla%$ ) purple1 black1 & :ite1 aft] ! mann] ( a ,fr5* & ,v5etian w>e ( ! sev5te5? c5tury t has already be5 describ$4 ,! glass-works at ,nailsea1 n9e miles s\?-we/ ( ,bri/ol1 7 e/abli%$ 9 #aghh & surviv$ to ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,to ! e>li] ye>s ( ^! works may be attribut$ "s jugs ( yell[i%-gre5 glass1 ) l>ge spla%es ( :ite1 t turn up at times 9 ! we/ ( ,engl&4 ,james ,tassie 7born #agce71 ! ,glasg[ /onemason1 appli$ ! exp]i5ce he _h ga9$ 9 ! modell+ ( portrait heads 9 wax to ! reproduction ( antique gems 9 col\r$ pa/es4 ,! bright col\rs ( ^! comp>e unfav\rably ) ! delicate hues ( ! glass intaglios t h come d[n f classical times4 ,b ,tassie1 bo? ,james & 8 nephew ,william1 also made portrait m$allions ( a comp>atively l>ge size1 us+ a ne>ly opaque glass pa/e or frit1 m or less resembl+ porcela94 ,?is pa/e 0 =m$1 x is said1 ( #8a f9ely p[d]$ glass & f9ely p[d]$ pigm5ts1 anneal$ by be+ plac$ 9 a rev]batory furnace4' ,?is is a sub/ance ( "s int]e/ to u1 & we may p]haps f9d 9 x po9ts ( resemblance to ! #8pte de v]re' employ$ lately by ,m4 ,h5ri ,cros 7see ,*ap4 ,,xxii474 ,i c only m5tion "o o!r local v>iety ( glass4 ,9 ,irel&1 t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 m ?an "o attempt 0 made to enc\rage ! manufacture4 ,"s l>ge fruit-di%es ( heavy cut-glass1 & o!rs 9 ! =m ( op5 baskets adorn$ ) fe/oons1 h be5 trac$ back to glass-h\ses e/abli%$ at ,wat]=d ab\t ! ye> #aghj4 ,?is glass is di/+ui%$ by a m or less fa9t blue t+e d]iv$ f a m9ute quantity ( cobalt 9 ! #8metal4' ,! gild+ t 0 l>gely appli$ to ^! vessels 0 burn$ 9 by means ( borax1 & :]e ! gold has come away ! surface ( ! glass is r\gh & pitt$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,& ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,,glass ,,( ,,p]sia1 ,,india1 ,,& ,,*9a ,i %all n[ devote a %ort *apt] to ! glass made 9 ,asia1 t is to say 9 ,p]sia1 9 ,india1 & 9 ,*9a1 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,?is lat] ,asiatic glass1 ?\gh s ?or\ghly ,ori5tal 9 "*1 c z a :ole sc>cely be reg>d$ z a product ( /rictly indig5\s gr[?1 = 9 ne>ly all cases ! te*nique ( ! manufacture1 9 "s inde$ ! mat]ials & ev5 ! #8metal' itself1 c be trac$ back to ,europe4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,i h res]v$ its treatm5t to ?is late /age4 ,we are =tunate 9 possess+ 9 ! ,ori5tal gall]ies at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 z well z 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 a comp>atively ri* s]ies ( examples ( ?is lat] ,ori5tal glass1 n a few ( !m ( great beauty & int]e/4 ,z a class x c probably be /udi$ n[h]e s well z 9 ,london4 ,! ,*9ese glass ( ! eighte5? c5tury is above all ( int]e/ to u1 = ^u x m ?an ^u any?+ else is bas$ ! only new dep>ture 9 ! treatm5t ( ! mat]ial t ! n9ete5? c5tury c lay claim to--! #8,new ,glass1' ,i mean1 t has tak5 s important a place ( late among ! m9or art products ( ,france4 ,x is !re=e n altoge!r illogical t ?is glass ( ! ,f> ,ea/ %\ld f9d a place 9 our hi/ory betwe5 ! ,engli% glass ( ! eighte5? c5tury & t n[ be+ made 9 ,france4 ,! glori\s enamell$ glass ( ! ,s>ac5s1 ( :i* ,i h giv5 "s acc\nt 9 a =m] *apt]1 0 already a ?+ ( ! pa/ be=e ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,?is 0 at lea/ ! case 9 ,syria & ,egypt1 :]e alone ! art z we "k x _h fl\ri%$4 ,i h attribut$ ?is sudd5 decl9e1 z reg>ds ! fir/ c\ntry1 to ! invasion ( ,timur e>ly 9 ! c5tury4 ,on ?is occasion a :ole army ( craftsm5 0 transf]r$1 x is said1 f ,damascus to ,timur's new capital at ,sam>k&4 ,9 ,egypt ! n>r[-m9d$ fanaticism ( ! lat] ,memlk ,sultans & ! tr\bles t prec$$ ! ,turki% conque/ 7 d\btless factors 9 ! arti/ic decl9e4 ,z f> z ! ,mohamm$an ,ea/ is conc]n$1 !re is ?us an obscure p]iod 9 our hi/ory ext5d+ to ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury = :i* !re is little or no?+ to %[4 ,glass ( "s sort d\btless cont9u$ to be made 9 ,syria1 & p]haps 9 ,egypt1 b little t is di/9ctive or ( arti/ic int]e/ 0 produc$4 ,:5 we aga9 come ^u specim5s ( ,ori5tal glass1 x is no long] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries b 9 ,p]sia1 & to a less ext5t 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 t we f9d !m4 ,n only s1 b ! glass t we n[ h to deal ) is ( an entirely diff]5t "*4 ,) a few r>e exceptions1 ! ?ick jewel-l enamels ( ! ,syro-,egyptian s*ool are n[ z mu* a ?+ ( ! pa/ z ! c>v$ glass ( a /ill e>li] "t4 ,! ,,p]sian ,,glass ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies is1 z a :ole1 ?9 & transp>5t1 ei!r simply bl[n or 9 "p m\ld$4 ,9 spite ( ! purely ,ori5tal "* ( ! outl9es ( ?is glass1 ! influ5ce ( ,v5etian me?ods 9 ! prep>ation & modes ( work+ is 9 mo/ cases app>5t4 ,z ,i h said1 x w\ld be out ( ! "q to treat ( ?is lat] ,ori5tal glass1 little ( :i* is probably e>li] ?an ! sev5te5? c5tury1 be=e we _h acquir$ "s k ( ! r5aissance glass ( ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvi ,,glass ,( ,,p]sian ,,type1 ,,f ,a ,,tomb ,,at ,,baku ,,v9c5t ,,rob9son ,,collection ,:e!r ,timur or 8 successors succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ! ,syrian glass indu/ry 9 ! ,khanates ( ,turke/an we d n "k4 ,!re is a vague tradition t 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! glass ( ,sam>k& 0 ! f9e/ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to a mu* lat] "t t ! e>lie/ specim5s ( :at ,i may call ! ,v5eto-,p]sian family ( glass belong--to ! "t ( ! ,sufi dyna/y 9 ,p]sia & to t ( ! ,moguls 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,( ,p]sian glass !re inde$ /ill exi/ a few r>e examples :i* may p]haps date f an e>li] "t4 ,i h already ref]r$ 7p4 #agb7 to ! little dr9k+-b[l ( honey-col\r$ glass 9 ! ,briti% ,museum decorat$ ) enamels ( good quality--turquoise1 r$ & :ite 7,plate ,,xxvii4 #a74 ,! figure ( an angel ^u x is ?or\ghly ,p]sian 9 "*2 n only 9 ! enamels1 b 9 ! horny quality ( ! honey-col\r$ metal1 ?is little b[l closely resembles ! sph]ical lamp ornam5t m5tion$ on p4 #aef1 t has v prop]ly be5 plac$ beside x on ! %elf ( ! ,museum4 ,among ! few pieces ( lat] ,ori5tal glass 9 ! ,slade collection is a small cov]$ b[l1 probably ( ,p]sian orig91 ) a =mal design ( iris & o!r fl[]s4 ,9 spite ( ! some:at mod]n air ( ?is b[l1 due p]haps to ! solid & r crude gild+1 ! ?ick1 semi-transp>5t enamels1 blue & pale gre51 take u back to ! e>li] ,s>ac5ic "w4 ,b su* examples are q exceptional4 ,z a rule1 on ! glass br\ght back f ,p]sia--!re is q a l>ge collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton & a few *oice pieces 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--! enamell+1 if pres5t at all1 is ( ! poore/ description--x belongs ess5tially to our #8pa9t$' class4 ,?is enamell$ decoration1 z on "s little bottles at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 appe>s to be b a rude imitation ( ! floral patt]ns t we see1 = example1 on ! lacqu]$ b9d+s ( ,p]sian books4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! tall-neck$ flasks ( ?9 glass--sc5t-spr9kl]s & w9e-bottles--give pro( ( consid]able manipulative skill 7,plate ,,xlvii474 ,to judge by ! patt]ns 9 l[ relief on ! sides1 _m ( ^! vases1 9 spite ( ! ?9ness ( ! glass1 mu/ h be5 bl[n into a m\ld4 ,! tall neck ends ei!r 9 a flat-spread+ lip or is b5t ov] into t *>act]i/ic ,p]sian =m--n unlike ! head ( a bird ) l>ge beak--( :i* we may see an imitation or at lea/ a k9dr$ %ape 9 c]ta9 ,v5etian d\ble-neck$ cruets4 ,at "o "t a fa%ion prevail$ ( fitt+ into ! int]ior ( ^! ?9 flasks elaborate b\quets ( fl[]s built up ) col\r$ enamels ( opaque glass1 a some:at *ildi% fancy1 reflect+ ! weak] side ( lat] ,p]sian art4 ,( m int]e/ is ! rud] glass1 (t5 decorat$ ) a pr(usion ( appliqu /rips1 quill$ & work$ up ) ! p9c]s4 ,9 su* examples we are /rik+ly rem9d$ bo? ( a class ( peasant glass f ! ,s\? ( ,spa91 & aga9 ( ! late ,roman glass f ! ,rh9e & o!r di/ricts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 b[ls & vases ( deep blue glass1 decorat$ ) floral designs 9 a solid gild+1 h an almo/ unpleasantly mod]n air4 ,a pair ( vases s decorat$1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 came1 h[ev]1 f ! ,/rawb]ry ,hill collection1 & !y may well date f ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,f9ally1 ,i w m5tion a rem>kable v>iety ( glass work$ g5]ally into ! =m ( tall1 ?9-neck$ flasks2 )9 ! gre5i% transp>5t metal float irregul> masses ( an opaque deep r$4 ,we h "h1 9 fact1 ! elem5ts ( :i* ! fam\s ,*9ese glazes--! flamb & ! sang-de-buf--are made up4 ,z 9 ^! glazes1 s 9 ?is case 9 ! glass1 ! effect d\btless dep5ds on ! p>tial r$uction ( ! incorporat$ copp]-oxide4 ,i %\ld add t engrav$ glass seems nev] to h f\nd mu* fav\r ) ! ,p]sians4 ,on ! few specim5s t we h 9 our collections--!y are decorat$ ) birds & fl[]s rudely gr\nd on ! :eel--! "w is ( ! poore/ description4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvii ,,glass ,,made ,,9 ,,p]sia ,,sev5te5? ,,or ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,i h s f> tak5 x = grant$ t ! bulk ( ?is glass is ( comp>atively mod]n orig91 & ,i h f\nd confirmation = ?is op9ion 9 ! close relation ( s mu* ( x to ! glass made at ,murano 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,/ill m def9ite evid5ce is1 h[ev]1 at h&1 z ! foll[+ passage f ! travels ( ,sir ,john ,*>d9 w %[4#bff #8,!re are ,glass-,h\ses all ov] ,p]sia1 b mo/ ( ! ,glass is full ( ,flaws & ,bladd]s & is ,greyi% f ! acc\nt d\btless t ! ,fire la/s b ?ree or f\r days1 & t _! ,d]emne z !y call x1 :i* is a sort ( ,broom1 :i* !y use to make x1 does n be> heat s well z ours4 ,! ,glass ( ,*iras is ! f9e/ 9 ! ,c\ntry2 t ( ,ispahan on ! contr>y is ! sorrie/1 because x is only glass melt$ aga94 ,!y make x commonly 9 ,spr+4 ,!y d n und]/& to ,silv] _! ,glass ov]1 !re=e _! ,glass ,look+-glasses are br\ght f ,v5ise1 z also _! sa% glasses glaces de *ssis & _! pretty ,snuff-,bottles4 ,moreov]1 ! ,art ( ,glass-mak+ 0 br\ght into ,p]sia )9 ^! la/ f\r score ,ye>s4 ,a ,begg>ly & ,covet\s ,italian taught x at ,*iras = ! sum ( fifty ,cr[ns4 ,_h ,i n be5 in=m$ ( ! matt]1 ,i %\ld h ?\ght t !y _h be5 behold$ to ! ,portuguese = _! ,skill 9 s noble & s useful an ,art4 ,i ought n to =get to acqua9t y ) ! ,p]sian ,art ( ,s[+ ,glass toge!r v +5i\sly1 444 = provid$ ! ,pieces be n small] ?an "o's ,nail1 !y s[ !m toge!r ) ,wyre & rub ! seam ov] ) a little :ite ,lead or ) calc9$ ,lime1 mix$ ) ,:ite ( ,egg1 :i* h9d]s ! wat] f soak+ ?ro4 ,among _! ,s5t5ces !re is a goodly "o relat+ to ! +5i\s piece ( "w j m5tion$3 ,if brok5 glass be re/or$ aga91 h[ mu* m may ,man be re/or$ aga9 aft] 8 ,dissolution 9 ! ,grave8' ,closely connect$ ) ?is ,p]sian glass is ! deep amb] or honey-col\r$ glass1 said to h be5 made 9 ! isl& ( ,,rhodes4 ,a small collection ( rudely execut$ bottles1 pilgrims' flasks & b[ls1 obta9$ 9 t isl& & 9 ,cyprus1 may be se5 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton2 !y are !re ascrib$ to ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,i d n "k on :at gr\nds4 ,^! little vessels are all ( ! simple/ %apes1 su* z c\ld be =m$ directly f ! p>aison at ! end ( ! bl[+-iron1 )\t remov+ ! glass to ! pontil4 ,"s small h&-gr5ades ( gre5i% black or ( opaque jasp] glass 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 come = ! mo/ "p f ,cyprus4 ,i may "h say a ^w ( ! glass /ill 9 use 9 ! ,mohamm$an ,ea/4 ,at ! pres5t day ! glass-works at ,hebron1 :i* ,i h already m ?an once m5tion$1 supply mo/ ( ! common native glass 9 use bo? 9 ,egypt & ,syria#bfg--( t ( ,european orig9 !re is no ne$ to speak4 ,edw>d ,lane describes ! small conical lamps ( ?9 glass #8hav+ a little tube at ! bottom 9 :i* is /uck a wick twi/$ r\nd a piece ( /raw4' ,?is is an old type ( lamp t ,i h dwelt ^u 9 a =m] *apt]4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ =m ( glass vessel n[ 9 use 9 ,cairo & ,damascus is ! cov]$ %]bet-jug or b[l--! ,kulleh4 ,i h be=e me an example f ,cairo made ( a ne>ly opaque :ite glass1 decorat$ ) floral designs rudely pa9t$ on & p]haps n fir$4 ,:]e ?is glass is made ,i d n "k4 ,we may p]haps reg>d ! w>e z a survival ( ! lattimo ( ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury 7cf4 ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 #ahdb1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii ,,bas91 ,,enamell$ ,,) ,,:ite ,,fl[]s ,,on ,,gold ,,gr\nd ,,indian1 ,,sev5te5? ,,or ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,,indian ,,glass4--,! classical writ]s _h a tradition t ! be/ glass 9 ! _w 0 made 9 ,india1 ?anks above all to ! use ( a pure rock cry/al 9 ! manufacture4 ,!re are "s vague ref]5ces to glass 9 ! lat] ,sanscrit lit]ature1 & 9 "o ( ! old]1 b n ! olde/1 ( ! ,h9du books1 a di/9ction is made betwe5 a vessel ( glass & "o made ( cry/al4 ,b x w\ld be useless to se>* 9 ! ,h9du/an ( to-day = any examples ( s e>ly a date4 ,ap>t f a few beads :i* may be assign$ to ,buddhi/ times1#bfh ,i c po9t to no examples ( ,indian glass ( e>li] date ?an ! ,mogul dyna/y4 ,x is to t p]iod--h>dly1 inde$1 be=e ! lat] sev5te5? c5tury--t we mu/ attribute c]ta9 rem>kable examples ( glass1 f\nd = ! mo/ "p 9 ,delhi1 :i* are n[ 9 ! ,indian ,dep>tm5t at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,!re may be se5 an example ( enamell$ glass ( great beauty 7,plate ,,xlviii474 ,?is is a vase ( some:at milky glass ) spread+ m\?1 "s elev5 in*es 9 diamet]2 x is describ$ z a wa%+-bas92 ! gilt gr\nd is sem ) little :ite fl[]s1 ea* ) a r$ pi/il4 ,( no less int]e/ are ! two hookah-bases ( engrav$ :ite glass4 ,on ^! ! te*nique ( ! engrav$ "w--b n ! ,ori5tal design ( conv5tional fl[]s--mu* resembles t ( ! ,bohemian cut-glass2 !re are no incis$ l9es1 & ! oval depressions repres5t+ ! leaves are c>efully poli%$4 ,unlike ! engrav$ glass ( ,p]sia1 ! "w %[s signs ( a complete ma/]y ( ! process4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ! case ( "o ( ^! vessels ! cle> cri/allo is un*ang$1 :ile 9 ! o!r ! glass is1 z x 71 fro/$1 app>5tly by ! incipi5t decay ( ! surface4 ,9 ! same case may be se5 "s tall vases ( ?9 :ite glass1 ( a type v simil> to ! ,p]sian spr9kl]s4 ,^! also come f ,nor!rn ,india4 ,x w\ld be useless to se>* = an e>ly native orig9 = "w ( ?is k9d4 ,7 x1 h[ev]1 possible to f9d 9 ,india any glass t we c\ld connect ) ! ,turki ,khanates ( ,bokh>a & ,sam>k&1 ! old homes ( ! ,mogul family1 we %\ld !reby be provid$ ) a connect+ l9k t w\ld n unlikely c>ry u back to ! ,syrian enamell$ glass ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 7see above1 p4 #afh74 ,b no?+ ( ! k9d1 z f> z ,i "k1 has s f> turn$ up 9 ,h9du/an4 ,on ! :ole1 ?is ,mogul glass1 9 spite ( ! exceptional arti/ic & te*nical qualities ( ! specim5s j describ$1 belongs to t ba/>d s*ool ( ,s>ac5ic art t is preval5t g5]ally 9 ! nor? ( ,india4 ,its arti/ic p>5tage may probably be trac$ back to ,v5ice by way ( ,p]sia4 ,equally ,p]sian 9 "* are ! f\r-sid$ bottles pa9t$ ) figures & fl[]s1 some:at 9 ! /yle ( ! ,ca%miri lacqu]4 ,a rem>kable s]ies ( little flasks ( ?is "*1 =m]ly 9 ! ,m>ryat collection1 may be se5 9 ! ,indian ,dep>tm5t at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 :]e1 h[ev]1 !y are describ$ z #8,indo-,dut*4' ,x is c]ta9ly disappo9t+ to f9d 9 ,india su* a total abs5ce ( native glass ) any claim to antiquity4 ,b "s consolation may be d]iv$ f ! discov]y--= discov]y x may be call$--made n _m ye>s ago1 t 9 m ?an "o "p ( ,h9du/an1 native craftsm5 7 turn+ out vessels ( glass by a /rangely primitive me?od4 ,sir ,purdon ,cl>ke1 :o has always _h at he>t ! ma9t5ance ( ! native indu/ries ( ! c\ntry on ! old l9es1 tells me t ?is mod]n ,indian glass 0 fir/ notic$ at ,calcutta1 & ) "s difficulty trac$ to ,patna4 ,"h1 by ! mo/ primitive me?ods1 ! native workm5 7 turn+ out among o!r ?+s imitations ( ,european lamp-glasses4 ,! furnace consi/$ ( a s]ies ( elaborate passages hidd5 b5ea? a heap ( a%es4 ,^! *amb]s 7 orig9ally =m$ by a scaffold+ ( c>dbo>d frames :i*1 :5 ! arrangem5t 0 complet$1 7 set on fire4 ,some:at m ambiti\s are ! furnaces :i* ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,dobbs f\nd 9 use 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,b5>es & ,luckn[ 7,j\rnal ( ,indian ,art1 vol4 vii474 ,! mat]ial "h employ$ 0 ei!r import$ or #8c\ntry' glass1 b we are n told h[ ! latt] 0 prep>$4 ,! little circul> ov5s1 less ?an five feet 9 height1 are rudely built up ( clay2 !re are two cyl9drical *amb]s back to back1 ea* ( two /ories1 b ( ! f\r comp>tm5ts ?us =m$ ?ree are devot$ to ! gradual cool+ ( ! w>es4 ,x seems d\btful :e!r 9 ^! furnaces ! glass is ev] ?or\ghly melt$1 & ?\gh use is c]ta9ly made1 9 a primitive way1 ( ! bl[+-tube1 ! me?od ( work+ resembles r ! treatm5t ( a piece ( iron 9 ! blacksmi?'s =ge4 ,! glass is con/antly reheat$ & patt$ & press$4#bfi ,we are1 inde$1 rem9d$ ( ! prep>ation ( ! ,egyptian glass ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 z int]pret$ by ,dr4 ,petrie 7cf4 p4 #bb74 ,h[ f> ! ,indian glass-mak] 9 8 me?ods ( "w is c>ry+ on an old native tradition1 or h[ f> he is m]ely adapt+ :at he has le>n$ f ,p]sian or ,european glass-bl[]s to ! exig5cies ( 8 surr\nd+s1 ,i mu/ leave an op5 "q4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t 9 ne>ly all cases 8 />t+-po9t is ei!r ) a mass ( import$ #8metal1' or ) fragm5ts ( brok5 glass4 ,9 ! ,indian ,dep>tm5t at ,s\? ,k5s+ton may be se5 a mo/ rem>kable collection ( ?is native glass1 obta9$ 9 "p f ,patna & 9 "p f ,ho%i>pur1 9 ! ,punjab4#bgj ,?is glass is ( ! greate/ int]e/ & %\ld be closely exam9$4 ,x is = ! mo/ "p ( v>i\s %ades ( blue & gre51 b ^! %ades seem to be due to copp] r ?an to iron2 at lea/ we d n meet ) ! well-kn[n olive gre5s d]iv$ f ! latt] metal4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ peculi>ity--! *>m1 ,i may say--( ?is glass is due to ! pres5ce ( m9ute bubbles1 s num]\s & closely pack$ t ! glass is little bett] ?an transluc5t4 ,to ! pres5ce ( ^! bubbles is also due ! peculi> waxy aspect ( ! surface1 & ?is ) ! irregul> outl9e l5ds to ?is simple w>e a pla/ic appe>ance z if m\ld$ by ! h&4 ,"s use is made also ( an opaque yell[ glass1 & among ! examples f ,patna are "s decorat$ ) b&s ( lattimo4 ,! %apes call = no special comm5t3 ,i w only po9t to c]ta9 curi\s little scorpion-%ap$ sc5t-bottles ) twi/$ tails1 & to ! l>ge torque bangles1 z wor?y ( notice4 ,( great] int]e/ is ! primitive arrangem5t = di/ill+--a comb9ation ( aludel & alembic t calls to m9d ! illu/rations to ! ,syriac manuscripts t ,i h m5tion$ 9 a =m] *apt]4 ,p]haps ! pr9cipal *>m ( ?is native ,indian glass arises f ! viol5t contra/ t x af=ds to ! impeccable cri/allo & to ! fl9t-glass t h tyrannis$ ov] u s long 9 ,europe4 ,x is beg9n+ at l5g? to dawn ^u u t !re are o!r qualities ?an absolute transp>5cy & abs5ce ( col\r to be look$ = 9 our mat]ial1 & x is ! attempt to br+ ^! qualities into prom95ce t has l$ to ! developm5t 9 ,france )9 ! la/ few ye>s ( q a new treatm5t ( glass4 ,,glass ,,9 ,,*9a4#bga--,!re are frequ5t ref]5ces 9 ,*9ese lit]ature to a sub/ance call$ liu-li1 :i* ! be/ au?orities tell u may be reg>d$ z a m or less opaque v>iety ( glass4 ,?is liu-li is1 9 ! old books1 always closely associat$ ) rock cry/al & jade1 & 01 inde$1 l ^! /ones1 class$ among ! #8sev5 preci\s ?+s'2 we also f9d x describ$ z #8?\s& ye> old ice4' ,:5 t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ( our era an attempt 0 made by ! emp]ors ( ! ,han dyna/y to e/abli% comm]cial relations ) ! ,roman ,we/1 ?is liu-li 0 "o ( ! sub/ances mo/ s\ght aft]4 ,! ,*9ese ( ?is "t 71 x w\ld seem1 acqua9t$ ) ! ,roman ,empire1 b probably only ) ! ea/]n prov9ces4 ,! ,ta-ts9 ( _! e>ly writ]s has be5 id5tifi$ by ,dr4 ,hir? ) ,syria1 & its capital ,antu ) ,antio*3 9 ^! p>ts at t "t !y w\ld h _h no difficulty 9 obta9+ ! glass t !y 7 9 se>* (4 ,x is inde$ n impossible t x may h be5 ?is new & exotic mat]ial t fir/ turn$ _! att5tion to ! glaz+ ( _! pott]y1 = x is d\btful if !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ! process be=e ?is "t4 ,aga91 9 ! fif? c5tury "s m]*ants :o visit$ ,nor?-we/ ,india are said to h le>n$ !re ! secrets ( glass-mak+1 & on _! return to ,*9a to h produc$ liu-li ( all col\rs by ! smelt+ ( v>i\s m9]als4 ,once m1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 we he> ( glass be+ made by ! melt+ toge!r ( c]ta9 /ones & drugs1 & ! ^w po-li--! "n giv5 g5]ally to transp>5t glass1 9 opposition to ! m or less opaque liu-li--is n[ us$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! annals ( ! ,sui dyna/y 7#eha-fag7 we are told t ,*9a _h long lo/ ! art ( mak+ glass1 b t a high (ficial ( ! c\rt succe$$ at t "t 9 fa%ion+ vessels ( gre5 porcela9 t c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f liu-li 7,bu%ell1 ,*9ese ,c]amic ,art1 p4 #bj74 ,! inf]5ce t we mu/ draw f ^! contradictory /atem5ts is probably t1 9 spite ( _m ass]tions to ! contr>y1#bgb ! art ( glass-mak+ 0 nev] ?or\ghly acclimatis$ 9 ,*9a till mu* lat] times4 ,& ?is conclusion is confirm$ by ! total abs5ce 9 our collections ( any examples ( glass ( native manufacture t c be ref]r$ to a date e>li] ?an ! eighte5? c5tury4#bgc ,= al?\gh we "k t aft] ! return ( ,m>co ,polo bo? ! ,v5etians & ,g5oese f\nd 9 ,*9a a m>ket = _! beads1 if n = m important objects ( glass1 & t e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury specim5s ( ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass f\nd _! way to ! ,*9ese ports1 ! evid5ce t any true glass 0 at t "t made 9 ,*9a is ( ! vague/ "*4#bgd ,:5 we come to ! eighte5? c5tury we are on firm] gr\nd4 ,be=e ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury glass-works _h be5 e/abli%$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,jesuit mission>ies1 )9 ! prec9cts ( ! ,imp]ial ,palace at ,pek94 ,at a lat] "t1 n long aft] ! accession ( ,ki5-lung 7#agce-agie71 we he> ( a fam\s glass-work]1 "o ,hu4#bge ,?is ,hu 0 a craftsman 9 ! ,imp]ial glass-works1 & !re made bo? #8a cle> glass ( gre5i% t9t ) an emboss$ decoration execut$ 9 col\r$ glass1 & an opaque :ite glass :i* 0 ei!r engrav$ ) et*$ designs or decorat$ 9 col\rs' 7,bu%ell1 ,ori5tal ,c]amic ,art1 p4 #djj74 ,x is a significant fact t ?\gh ! emp]or mu* admir$ ! glass ( ,hu1 8 fir/ ?\ght 0 to h x imitat$ 9 porcela91 ! m noble mat]ial4 ,let u n[ turn to ! specim5s ( ,*9ese glass t we f9d 9 our museums4 ,:at is probably ! l>ge/ & mo/ repres5tative collection 9 ,europe is n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,indu/rial ,art at ,b]l94 ,"h are m ?an f\r hundr$ examples br\ght toge!r by ! c>e ( ,h]r von ,br&t1 =m]ly ,g]man m9i/] at ,pek94#bgf ,small] b repres5tative collections ( ,*9ese glass may be se5 bo? at ,s\? ,k5s+ton & 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,on a few ( ^! pieces is f\nd ! date-m>k--! ni5-hao--( ! reign+ emp]or engrav$ on ! base4 ,z f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! e>lie/ m>k s f\nd is t ( ,yung-,*+ 7#agbb-agce71 on a vase 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,! "n ( ,kia-,k+ 7#agie-ahba7 has also be5 not$1 b by f> ! mo/ frequ5t m>k is t ( ,ki5-lung 7#agce-agie71 ( :om ,i h already spok5 9 connection ) ,hu ( #8! anci5t moon4' ,probably mo/ ( our f9e/ specim5s ( ,*9ese glass date f ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & to t p]iod we may no d\bt ref] a s]ies ( magnific5t examples ( bl[n glass at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,^! l>ge pieces1 ( su* excell5t metal & %[+ s complete a comm& ( te*nique1 may probably be reg>d$1 9 spite ( ! ,arabic inscriptions f\nd on "o or two ( !m1 z a result ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,jesuit mission>ies2 !y 7 p]haps made by remelt+ import$ glass4 ,notice especially ! huge b[l or fl[]-pot ) scallop$ edge1 built up1 by "s sort ( #8cas+' process1 ( two lay]s ( glass1 ! inn]1 ne>ly opaque1 ( pale blue1 ! out]1 d>k blue & transp>5t4 ,?is b[l be>s ! date-m>k ( ,ki5-lung & is a triumph ( te*nical skill4 ,n less rem>kable are ! two l>ge vases ( deep purple glass1 be>+ on ! sides & necks l>ge m$allions ) ,arabic inscriptions 9 relief on a gr\nd app>5tly *ipp$ ) a tool4#bgg ,( ev5 great] int]e/ are ! two cov]$ b[ls ( transp>5t cobalt glass ) a qua9t design built up ( ! smoo? ,*9ese dragon or salam&] & ( ! "* = #8long life4' ,! "p n engrav$ is curi\sly wr9kl$ or pitt$1 s z to =m a sort ( epid]mis on ! surface--by :at means ,i d n "k4 ,! ,*9ese succe$$ 9 mak+ a yell[ glass ( a f9e deep t9t2 a v>iety ( ?is ) opaque spots--! #8rice-gra9' /ructure--is app>5tly mu* priz$4 ,( ! mottl$ r$ & yell[ glass1 made x w\ld seem 9 imitation ( tortoise-%ell1 !re are _m examples 9 our collections4 ,we are rem9d$ by x ( "s ( ! effects ( ! flamb glazes2 ! prevail+ col\r giv5 to ?is glass is1 h[ev]1 ( an orange r ?an a blood-r$ t9t 7,pl4 ,,xlix4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlix ,,*9ese ,,glass ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,b 9 spite ( ^! e>ly te*nical triumphs1 bl[n glass has always rema9$ some?+ ( an exotic 9 ,*9a4 ,to ! ,*9ese m9d1 glass--a mat]ial nev] held 9 mu* e/eem--is above all a sub/ance to be employ$ 9 ! imitation ( preci\s m>bles & gems4 ,lack+ itself all classical & lit]>y associations1 glass c only f9d a reflect$ hon\r f ^! m noble sub/ances4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 ! skill$ ,*9ese craftsm5 7 soon able to produce ! mo/ m>vell\s t\rs de =ce1 & inde$ to develop an entirely new treatm5t ( ! mat]ial--a me?od ( h&l+ :i*1 at all ev5ts s9ce ! be/ ,roman times1 _h be5 else:]e completely neglect$4 ,_! aim above all 0 ! imitation ( jade3 half-molt5 masses ( glass1 ( two or m col\rs1 7 work$ up & dragg$ ?r\gh "o ano!r2 ! glass 0 !n c>v$ into ! old traditional =ms4 ,objects ( ! native /one 7 ?us imitat$ ) ! mo/ m>vell\s accuracy4 ,?is 0 a process mu* resembl+ t adopt$ by ! ,alex&rian ,greeks & ! ,romans = "o class ( _! agate glass bodies2 b ! ,*9ese %[$ great] re/ra9t 9 ! bl5d+ ( ! col\rs1 & 7 at great] pa9s to imitate closely ! natural /ones4 ,z ,i h said1 ! =ms tak5 by ?is glass foll[ ^? into :i* ! ,*9ese _h be5 wont f "t immemorial to c>ve _! jade1 _! agates1 & _! milky *alc$onies2 b we may note t _! c>v+s 9 rock cry/al 7 n copi$ 9 glass4 ,besides ! little tripod b[ls & cups ) ar*aic designs 9 relief1 natural objects 7 imitat$1 fruits & fl[]s especially--! op5+ calix ( ! lotus1 ! #8,buddha's h&' citron1 or aga9 ! almond-%ap$ pea*1 symbol ( long life4 ,we mu/ n[ turn to ! little glass snuff-bottles1 9 ! decoration ( :i* ! ,*9ese c>ri$ _! orig9al me?ods to ! highe/ p]fection4 ,we h inde$ 9 ^! ! only =m ( ,*9ese glass t has f\nd any fav\r ) ,european collectors4 ,! lid ( ^! snuff-bottles is (t5 ( ano!r mat]ial--metal1 coral1 or c>v$ lac--& to x is atta*$ ! little ivory spoon ) :i* ! snuff is extract$4 ,i may po9t out t little flasks ( simil> %ape1 made g5]ally ( porcela91 ! yao-p+ or m$ic9e-bottles1 h long be5 9 use 9 ,*9a = pills1 r>e drugs1 & eye-m$ic9es4 ,^! yao-p+1 :e!r = m$ic9es or = snuff1 7 (t5 c>v$ out ( v>i\s /ones--! moss-agate & ! r$ & :ite c>nelian 7 special fav\rites--& x 0 above all ^! _m-col\r$ v>ieties ( ! qu>tz family t 7 copi$ 9 glass1 9 ! fir/ place probably by ! above-m5tion$ ,hu4 ,! inf9ite v>iety 9 ! te*nique & 9 ! decoration ( ^! little flasks--?is may be se5 9 any l>ge collection1 su* z t =m$ by ,mr4 ,salt+#bgh--;is at fir/ ov]:elm+1 b mo/ ( !m w fall "u "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ classes3-- #a4 ,snuff-bottles imitat+ a natural /one1 z amian?us1 mala*ite1 or *alc$ony1 =m$ by ! simple int]p5etration ( masses ( glass ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,su* bottles are g5]ally n c>v$ on ! surface4 #b4 ,^? ( ! nature ( an onyx1 built up by ! sup]position ( two or m lay]s ( glass ( diff]5t col\rs1 ! "u surface be+ expos$ 9 places by ! c>v+ away ( ! upp] lay]s z 9 a cameo4 ,we ?us get a c>nelian r$ or a deep blue design on a milky :ite gr\nd4 ,9 o!r cases a jade-gre5 passes by gradation ?r\gh a p9k lay] to a pure :ite4 ,su* an arrangem5t may be skilfully made use ( to obta9 a bl5d ( col\rs on ! petals ( a lotus or o!r fl[]4 #c4 ,9 ?is class ! sup]ficial col\rs d n enclose ! :ole core1 b lie scatt]$ on ! surface4 ,by ?is means gre51 r$1 blue1 & yell[ pat*es1 all /&+ on ! same level1 may be made use ( 9 ! design4 ,9 su* "w we may see ! climax ( ! ,*9ese te*nique 9 ?is g5re1 & ! result has app>5tly be5 br\ght ab\t by plac+ ^! pat*es ( col\r$ pa/e on ! sides ( ! m\ld be=e ! introduction ( ! core ( pla9 glass4 ,?\gh ?is is te*nically a triumph ( +5uity1 ! flasks ?us decorat$ are by no means ! mo/ beautiful ( ! s]ies4 ,besides ^!1 _m o!r me?ods ( decoration may at times be f\nd on ^! snuff-bottles2 we see elaborate designs pa9t$ 9 enamel on ! int]ior1 %[+ ?r\gh ! transp>5t glass1 or aga9 an opaque pa/e resembl+ porcela9 may be decorat$ ) col\rs on ! surface4 ,avantur9e glass is probably ( late introduction1 b spangles 7( r$uc$ copp]7 are sometimes made to appe> locally 9 ! cle> glass z a gold5 cl\d4#bgi ,we "k little ( ! s\rce or ( ! composition ( ! glass us$ by ! ,*9ese4 ,"s ( x 0 made 9 ,pek91 b ! prov9ce ( ,%antung seems to h long be5 ! c5tre ( ! glass manufacture4#bhj ,"h 7 made ! little bricks ( col\r$ glass 7f\r in*es by twelve & two in*es 9 ?ickness7--! ,po-li-*uan--:i* 7 sold to ! glass-work]s & enamell]s 9 ,pek9 & else:]e4 ,^! glass bricks 7 at "o "t imitat$ 9 ,bohemia ) ! special object ( supply+ ! ,*9ese m>kets--! imitations 7 kn[n 9 ! trade z pomana4 ,z to ! mat]ials f :i* ! native glass 0 made1 !re is little or no available in=mation4 ,we are told incid5tally t x 0 comp\nd$ by fus+ a c]ta9 rock ) saltpetre4#bha ,?is /atem5t1 & ! fact ( ! use ( import$ #8metal' f ,bohemia1 make x probable t ! glass belongs on ! :ole to ! pota% family4 ,s aga91 ! ,*9ese h long be5 acqua9t$ ) lead fluxes & enamels1 & x 0 d\btless ?is exp]i5ce t enabl$ !m to comm& su* a surpris+ range ( col\rs 9 ! glasses ) :i* !y built up _! little snuff-bottles4 ,we %all !n probably n be wrong 9 reg>d+ ! glass ( ^! bottles z ( ! pota%-lead family4#bhb ,f9ally1 we may say ( ?is ,*9ese glass t x c lay claim to a prom95t & di/9ct place 9 any g5]al hi/ory su* z ?is1 on ! gr\nd n only ( ! orig9ality ( its te*nique1 b also because ( ! influ5ce :i*1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 x has _h ( late ye>s ^u ! #8new glass' ( ,france4 ,! position ( ,,japan ) reg>d to glass is a unique "o4 ,x is p]haps ! only c\ntry t 9 pa/ or pres5t times has tak5 an important place 9 ! _w ( art :]e ! use ( glass1 :e!r = practical or /hetic purposes1 has rema9$ almo/ absolutely unkn[n4 ,i make ?is /atem5t1 ( c\rse1 ( ! c\ntry z x 0 be=e ! late revolution4 ,n[adays ! art ( glass-mak+1 l o!r ,we/]n arts1 is practis$ ) "s success1 b )\t1 ,i ?9k1 any orig9al developm5ts :i* w\ld call = notice4 ,! "n !y h = glass--bidoro--is evid5tly d]iv$ f ! ,spani% vidrio1 or ! ,portuguese vidro4 ,b ! ,japanese nev] appe> to h tak5 ev5 t sporadic int]e/ 9 ! mat]ial t !y %[$ = o!r exotic productions t at times filt]$ 9 f ! ,we/4 ,:at ,i h said applies to feudal & rec5t times4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o goes back to ! p]iod t prec$$ ! dawn ( ,japanese hi/ory1 "o f9ds t pla9 beads ( cle> glass1 bo? blue & :ite1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! dolm5 tombs4#bhc ,examples ( ^! beads may be se5 9 ! ,g[l& collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,aga91 9 ! fam\s ,%oso ,9 ,treasury at ,n>a are two vessels ( glass3--7#a7 a %all[ b[l ( transp>5t gre5 glass1 c>v$ 9 relief ) a design ( fi%es & wat]-plants2 7#b7 a cup ( :ite glass1 c>efully execut$1 ! surface c>v$ ) a diap] patt]n made up ( %all[ hexagonal holl[s4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt ! well-au!nticat$ record t ^! glass b[ls 7 deposit$ ) ! re/ ( ! collection by ! ,emp]or ,%omu 9 ! ye> #gef ( our era4 ,!re are 9 ! same ,%oso ,91 & 9 o!r ,imp]ial collections among objects dat+ f ?is "t1 examples ( metal w>e & ( silk brocade t %[ evid5ce ( a ,we/]n ,asiatic1 probably ,sassanian1 orig94 ,^! & o!r objects t are und\bt$ly ( an exotic orig9 may p]haps _m ( !m h be5 pres5ts f ! ,*9ese emp]ors on ! occasion ( embassies f ,japan4 ,x is c]ta9ly a fact t 9 ! previ\s c5tury ! sons & reta9]s ( ! la/ ,sassanian rul] ( ,p]sia _h fl$ be=e ! ,arab invad]s & tak5 refuge ) ! ,*9ese c\rt1 br++ ) !m su* treasure z !y _h be5 able to save f ! g5]al wreck4 ,?is fact may give a h9t z to ! orig9 ( ! ,%oso ,9 glass4 ,at any rate1 9 ,*9a at ?is p]iod !re is no evid5ce ( any skill 9 glass-work+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,contempor>y ,,glass ,! hi/ory ( glass 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury is ma9ly conc]n$ ) improvem5ts 9 me*anical processes1 by means ( :i* x is n[ possible to turn out a p]fectly cle> :ite glass 9 l>ge quantities at greatly r$uc$ co/4 ,meantime little he$ has be5 giv5 to ! arti/ic m]it ( individual pieces4 ,9 fact1 ?anks 9 no small measure to "o widely appli$ me*anical #8improvem5t1' ! process namely ( press+ into a m\ld1 ! highly tra9$ skill ( ! glass-bl[] has be5 less & less call$ into play1 s t n[ a compla9t is he>d1 bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,france1 ( ! difficulty ( f9d+ workm5 ?or\ghly ma/]s ( ! art4 ,! la/ /age1 inde$1 9 ! decl9e ( our ,engli% cut-glass 0 rea*$ :5 #8passable imitations' ( ! facett$ "w 7 turn$ out by ?is #8press+' process4 ,& yet f "t to "t attempts h be5 made on ! "o h& to give fre% life to old me?ods ( "w & s*emes ( decoration1 on ! o!r to develop ! application ( ! mat]ial along new or previ\sly little explor$ pa?s4 ,( :at has be5 effect$ 9 ,v5ice 9 ! fir/ ( ^! directions some?+ has already be5 said4 ,9 ,engl&1 & we may add 9 ,g]many also 7at ,b]l91 = in/ance1 & at ,ehr5feld1 ne> ,cologne71 ^! attempts h = ! mo/ "p tak5 ! direction ( revivals1 z :5 by ! skilful use ( ! bl[+-iron table-glass has be5 produc$ ( graceful b r fanta/ic outl9es & ) m or less rem9isc5ce ( ,v5etian prototypes4 ,i ne$ n dwell ^u su* ef=ts1 z no?+ 9 ! way ( a s*ool has be5 f\nd$4 ,x is inde$ noticeable t bo? 9 ,g]many & 9 ,engl&1 9 ! case ( ! m exp5sive table-glass t we n[ see 9 ! %op w9d[s1 ! decoration1 su* z x is1 has cont9u$ to be s\ght r 9 processes ( cutt+ & engrav+ on ! old l9es4 ,v>i\s fanta/ic me?ods ( surface decoration h inde$ f\nd fav\r at times4 ,an artificial iridesc5ce has be5 giv5 to ! surface by c]ta9 *emical ag5cies--p]haps ! mo/ elaborate in/ance ( su* decoration may be f\nd 9 ! #8favrile' glass ( ,messrs4 ,tiffany1 ! well-kn[n goldsmi?s ( ,new ,york4 ,b z a rule1 ! facility ) :i* ! desir$ result may be obta9$ at little exp5se by means ( mod]n *emical & me*anical processes has l$1 9 ! case ( glass1 to t want ( retic5ce & re/ra9t & to t habit ( re/+ cont5t ) ! peu prs--! passable imitation--t are *>act]i/ic ( s mu* ( ! mod]n art productions t fill ! %[-cases ( exhibitions4 ,some:at great] int]e/ may be f\nd 9 c]ta9 applications ( glass t h come to ! front 9 ,france ( rec5t ye>s4 ,"h at all ev5ts !re is a public t takes "s int]e/ 9 ! contempor>y products ( ! decorative arts4 ,9 ! ye>ly ,salons1 beside ! pictures & ! sculpture1 ^! m9or arts--jewell]y1 metal-"w1 fay5ce & glass--f9d a prom95t place & a critical or en?usia/ic public4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only )9 ! la/ few ye>s t objects ( glass h tak5 an important place among ^! exhibits1 & t ?is is s is above all due to two m5 :o1 ) consid]able arti/ic tal5ts1 comb9e great en]gy & bo? sci5tific & te*nical k--^! are mile ,gall & ,h5ri ,cros4 ,already _m ye>s ago ! art ( enamell+ on glass _h be5 successfully reviv$ 9 ,france--witness ! reproduction ( a ,s>ac5ic mosque lamp made by ,m4 ,p4 ,broc>d z f> back z #ahfg4bhd ,b s9ce t "t glass1 z a mat]ial capable ( arti/ic applications1 has be5 attack$ ^u new l9es4 ,:5 speak+ ( ! glass ( ! ,*9ese1 ,i h m ?an once po9t$ to ! influ5ce t ! "w ( ^! p has app>5tly _h ^u c]ta9 new developm5ts 9 ,france4 ,some?+ ( ! sort--9 ! way1 ,i mean1 ( treat+ glass z if x 7 a /one ( v>i$ col\rs1 c>nelian or onyx--0 inde$ attempt$ "h 9 ,engl& z long ago z #ahgh1 9 ! case ( ! cameo glass ( ,webb ( ,/\rbridge4 ,contempor>y ) him1 ,eugne ,r\sseau 0 work+ 9 ,france ) 8 v]res d\bls et tripls4 ,b ^! /range new me?ods ( treat+ glass are above all associat$ ) mile ,gall1 :o at ,nancy 7:]e he 0 born 9 #ahdf7 has built up some?+ l a s*ool4 ,! mat]ial 0 attack$ by him1 z x 7 f e side4 ,advantage 0 tak5 ( ! facility ) :i*1 by means ( p[]ful ma*9]y1 glass c n[ be rapidly cut into any desir$ %ape4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! decoration ( ! mod]n porcela9 ( ,svres & o!r places1 a s\rce ( m ?an "o heat-resi/+ col\r has be5 f\nd 9 *romium1 & ev5 su* r>e elem5ts z ?allium & iridium h be5 exp]im5t$ )4 ,by ! skilful application ( r$uc+ & oxidis+ flames1 local v>iations ( col\r are br\ght ab\t1 & 79 ?is unconsci\sly foll[+ ! ,indian glass t ,i spoke ( 9 ! la/ *apt]7 ! possibilities ( arti/ic effect to be f\nd 9 ! pres5ce ( numb]less m9ute bubbles h n be5 neglect$4 ,! ,*9ese h be5 surpass$ 9 ! /range pitt$ =ms--9 "s cases recall+ cork or o!r k9ds ( b>k--t ! surface ( ! glass has be5 made to assume4 ,b above all1 9 ! v>i$ m>k+s1 9 ! m\*etage & ! arboresc5t =ms1 t loom out f ! int]ior ( ! glassy mass1 ,m4 ,gall has outdi/anc$ all 8 pr$ecessors4 ,lately he has introduc$ pieces ( metallic foil1 or aga9 cry/all9e masses ( amian?us or mica1 into ! body ( 8 glass2 or aga9 insects1 reali/ically r5d]$ 9 enamel--dragon-flies are a great fav\rite--are se5 caught up )9 ! mass4 ,bo? ,gall & o!rs h made frequ5t use ( an incru/ation process by :i* fragm5ts ( glass are work$ into ! surface ( a s(t pa/e--b ?is 0 a means ( decoration kn[n 9 ,egypt 9 ! days ( ! ,ptolemies4 ,endless gradations ( col\r are obta9$ by lay+ or #8sold]+ on' successive ?9 lay]s ( glass until ! desir$ effect is obta9$4 ,to "s su* process are also due1 x w\ld seem1 ! delicate %ades se5 9 ! ,tiffany glass4 ,f9ally1 by ! use ( rapidly revolv+ bor+-tools--"s ( !m work$ on a v]tical axis--! h>de/ ,bohemian glass may be quickly br\ght to ! desir$ =m4 ,ap>t f ! ye>ly exhibitions1 examples ( ! glass ( ! ,nancy s*ool may be se5 9 ,p>is at ! ,luxemb\rg & at ! cole des ,arts et ,mti]s4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be said t ! g5]al effect ( ?is glass is1 z a rule1 ei!r brilliant or decorative4 ,m4 ,gall himself is some?+ ( a poet--( ! symboli/e s*ool1 ,i %\ld judge4 ,:at x is t he aims at express+ by means ( ?is (t5 sombre glass _c inde$ be bett] pres5t$ ?an 9 8 own words3--#8,mi/ & dews half %r\d & half reveal ! f9e ve9+s & spla%+s 9 a grey jade-cry/al vase4 ,a ?ick flu%+ ( rose-t9t$ glass is c>v$ into a *im]a-l fl[]1 half influoresc5t1 half smil+1 half we>y1 half or*id1 half pansy4 ,a beetle drags its sl[ l5g? ov] ! ru/ ( ! li*5s4 ,side by side ) fle%-t9ts & c>nations we see bold t\*es ( coral p9k4 ,a pale gleam /eals ?r\gh ! dull maze ( iridium4 ,vegetable %ad[s gr9 at u4 ,phantoms ( bloom are dimly se54 ,a fossil %ell engrav$ b5ea? ! fragile "w conta9s ! glass-work]'s signature4'--7,quot$ by ,h4 ,frantz1 ,magaz9e ( ,art1 vol4 xx4 p4 #bfi47 ,( q ano!r nature is ! pte de v]re1 a sub/ance some:at ( ! nature ( a glass frit1 :i* has be5 made use ( by ! ,fr5* sculptor1 ,m4 ,h5ri ,cros1 9 ! modell+ ( poly*rome reliefs & friezes4 ,i say #8modell+1' = ?is /range mat]ial c app>5tly be work$ l wax or pla/] at "o /age ( its prep>ation4 ,:5 cold x is ( s t\gh a nature t a nail may be driv5 into x4 ,at ! entrance ( ! new hall ( ,sculpture at ! ,luxemb\rg may be se5 a relief ( ?is pte de v]re =m+ ! back ( a f\nta94 ,z a mat]ial x lies p]haps a little remote f ! class ( objects ) :i* we h be5 occupi$ 9 ?is book4 ,i m5tion x "h z an example ( ! success :i* 9 ,france ( late ye>s has att5d$ ! attempt to take advantage ( ! new appliances & mat]ials t1 ?anks to rec5t sci5tific discov]ies1 lie at ! comm& ( ! arti/ & craftsman4 ,"h1 z 9 ! case ( ! pott]'s art1 n only h old-_w processes--^? ( ! ,f> ,ea/ above all--be5 reviv$1 b a con/ant endeav\r is be+ made to /rike out 9 new directions4 ,,index ,a*m91 glass f1 #aje1 #afc ,agricola1 ,de ,re ,metallica1 #bfj-bfb ,air-drawn /em1 #cbf-cbg ,alaba/]1 imitation (1 9 glass1 by ,egyptians1 #bb ,alaba/ra1 see ,ungu5t>ia4 ,al*emi/s & glass 9 ,g]many1 #bhh ,al*emy1 e>ly m$ival works on1 #aai-abd ,aldrev&9i beak]1 #agi ,alembics ( m$ival al*emi/s1 #abe ,alembics & aludels ( mod]n ,indian glass1 #cdf ,alex&ria1 importance 9 hi/ory ( glass1 #dd ,alex&ria1 glass ( m$ival "t1 #adi note ,alkali1 s\rce (1 #ab-ac ,alm]ia1 glass made ne>1 #bdf-bdg ,l',alt>e1 #agd-age ,l',alt>e v]sus ,murano1 #bbd ,l',alt>e1 glass-work]s f1 9 ,france1 #bbc-bbd ,alt>i/ families settl$ 9 ,france1 #bbg ,alt>i/s1 difficulties )1 9 ,france1 #bcf ,alt>i/s 9 ,ne!rl&s1 #bdj-bda ,aludels ( m$ival al*emi/s1 #abe ,alum9a 9 glass1 effect ( excess (1 #acb ,ammonitrum1 #gh ,am/]dam1 glass-h\ses at1 #bid ,analyses ( glass1 #i1 #bf1 #ec note1 #aea1 #cce1 #cec note ,anglo-,saxon glass1 #ajg-aac ,anglo-,saxon glass1 :]e f\nd1 #aaj-aaa ,anglo-,saxon #8prunt$' beak]s1 #aaj-aaa ,anglo-,saxon dr9k+-cups1 #aab-aac ,anne ,boleyn1 glass ) h] initials1 #cjf ,an?ology1 ,greek1 poem on glass-furnace1 #hj ,antimony z s\rce ( yell[ 9 primitive glass1 #bi ,antw]p1 glass made at1 #bda-bdb1 #bfb ,antw]p1 m$ival glass f\nd ne>1 #beb note ,antw]p1 metropolis = glass1 #cjc #8,ar5a' at ,padua2 lamps 9 fresco1 #aeh ,ari/ophanes1 possible m5tion ( glass 91 #da ,arles1 ,roman glass f1 #ha-hb ,asc5sion ,day1 display ( glass at ,v5ice1 #baf1 #bfa note ,asiatic influ5ce 9 ,europe1 #hi-ij ,assyrian glass1 #ci-dj ,d',azeglio1 ,m>quis ,emanuele1 8 collection ( pa9t$ glass1 #adb-adc ,azurro da vetro1 #bah ,babylonia1 turquoise-glass slabs f1 #dj-da #8,balance-pan' lamp-/&s1 #ig note1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aeh ,b>b>o1 ,v5etian ambassador to ! ,porte1 #aga ,b>celona1 glass (1 #bdg-bdi ,b>celona1 opaque :ite glass1 #bdi ,b>illa1 t]m expla9$1 #ac ,b>illa1 h[ prep>$1 #bbg ,b>illa1 ,h[ell's acc\nt (1 #cab ,b>illet1 or ,b>il1 ,fr5* =m1 #acd1 #bch ,bav>ia1 ,dukes (1 introduce ,v5etians1 #bgj-bga ,bead1 orig9 ( ,engli% ^w1 conv5i5ce ( t]m1 #ahd ,beads ( e>ly ,egyptian ,dyna/ies1 #bj ,beads f tombs ( ,myc5an age1 #ce ,beads f e>ly ,rhodian tombs1 #ch ,beads 9 =m ( satyr masks1 #ch ,beads f ,franki% & ,g]manic tombs1 #aji ,beads1 guilds at ,v5ice & ,murano1 #ahc ,beads1 e>ly di/ribution f ,v5ice1 #ahc1 #aij ,beads1 ,v5etian1 gr9d+ by wat]-p[]1 #ahe ,beads1 process ( manufacture1 #ahe-ahg ,beads1 process ( manufacture f holl[ cane1 #ahe-ahf ,beads1 process ( manufacture f solid rod1 #ahf-ahg ,beads1 /ores 9 ,london & ,am/]dam1 #ahi ,beads made at ,nuremb]g2 at ,am/]dam1 #bib ,beads1 ,bohemian indu/ry1 #bib-bic ,beads f ,india1 #cdc ,beads1 see also ,*evron beads4 ,b$e on glass-work]s br\ght f ,gaul1 #aac ,bek]s*roev51 or #8,beak] screws1' #bie ,b]ovi]i1 8 enamell$ cup1 #aid-aie ,b]!lot1 ,m41 on *emi/ry ( ,middle ,ages1 #abj-abe ,bidoro1 ,japanese "n = glass1 #ced ,bir+uccio on ,v5etian glass1 #bae ,blanc\rt1 de1 ,art ( ,glass1 #caf note1 #cai ,bl[+ ( glass1 #g-h1 #ad ,bl[+ ( glass1 importance ( discov]y ( process1 #ai ,bl[+ ( glass1 probable orig9 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 #db ,bl[+ ( glass1 :5 & :]e discov]$1 #dd1 #ei ,bl[+ ( glass1 at fir/ supplem5t>y to m\ld+1 #dg ,bl[+ ( glass1 fir/ describ$ by ,!ophilus1 #abh-acj ,bl[+-iron1 h[ us$1 #ad ,bl[n glass unkn[n 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 #ai-bj ,bl[n glass1 :5 fir/ made1 #bj ,bl[n glass1 e>ly simple =ms1 #ei ,blue col\rs 9 ,egyptian glass1 #bf-bg ,bohemia1 engrav$ glass (1 #bhf ,bohemian fronti]1 ,g]man glass f1 #beh-bfj ,bohemian fronti] glass :]e made1 #beh-bfj ,bohemian glass1 prop]ties (1 #aa ,bohemian glass1 imitat$ 9 ,belgium1 #bdb ,bohemian glass1 use ( t]m1 #beh-bfj ,bohemian glass1 export$ to ,ea/1 #bhg-bhh ,bohemian glass beads1 #bib-bic ,bohemian glass1 pa/es = false jewels1 #bic ,bones1 glass f human1 #bia-bib ,bonhomme1 de1 firm1 #bdb1 #bhg ,bonhomme1 de1 at ,am/]dam1 #bid ,bonhomme1 de1 make fl9t glass1 #cae ,brack51 a%es us$ = mak+ glass1 #acf ,briati1 ,v5etian glass-work]1 #bab-bac ,bri/ol1 glass made at1 #ccd-ccf ,bri/ol1 enamell+ on glass1 #cce ,bri/ol1 w9e-glasses made at1 #cbd note1 #cbh note ,bri/ol1 opaque :ite glass1 #ccd-cce ,brita91 ,roman glass 91 #fa1 #ha1 #he-hg ,broc>d1 ,m4 ,p41 imitation ( ,s>ac5ic glass1 #aeb1 #cec ,brok5 glass1 hawk]s (1 #hb note1 #bbh ,buckholt ,wood1 glass furnace at1 #cjd-cje ,buck+ham1 ,duke (1 8 glass-h\ses1 #cad1 #cah ,bu%ell1 ,dr41 on glass 9 ,*9a1 #cdg note1 #cdh note ,byzant9e art1 t]m1 h[ us$1 #hi ,byzant9e glass 9 ,/4 ,m>k's treasury1 #ii-ajb ,byzant9e glass f ,egypt1 #aje1 #adi ,byzant9e glass f ,s\?-,saxon cemet]y1 #ajg ,byzant9e glass 9 illum9at$ ,,mss41 #ajb-ajc ,byzant9e glass m$allions1 #id ,byzant9e influ5ce 9 m$ival ,g]many1 #aad ,byzant9e mosaic work]s1 #if ,byzant9e /a9$ glass w9d[s1 #if-ig ,calc$onio ( ,v5etians1 #bjf ,calc$onio us$ 9 two s5ses1 #bjf note ,calc$onio1 prep>ation (1 #bah-bai ,cameos & intaglios ( late ,greek glass1 #dg-dh ,canosa1 glass f tombs at1 #de-df1 #fh ,c>r1 ,jean1 #cjc-cjd ,c>v+ ( glass unkn[n 9 lat] ,middle ,ages1 #aaf ,catalonia1 glass made 91 #bdg-bdi ,catalonia1 gre5 enamels on glass1 #bdg ,catalonia1 relation ( enamels to ,s>ac5ic1 #bdh ,cemet]y glass1 #ij-ie ,cemet]y glass1 :]e f\nd1 #ia ,cemet]y glass1 h[ made1 #ib-ic ,cemet]y glass1 enamell+ on1 #ic-id ,cemet]y glass1 ,jewi% symbols1 #id ,cemet]y glass1 /ipple process1 #ic ,*alices1 e>ly1 ( glass1 #id-ie1 #ig-ih ,*alices1 e>ly =ms & mat]ials1 #ig-ih ,*amplev enamel 9 ,brita91 #hf ,*&eli]s ( ,v5etian glass1 #baa-bab ,*anges ( col\r 9 glass1 #ag ,*>d91 ,sir ,john1 on ,p]sian glass1 #cda-cdb ,*>les ,,vi4 ( ,france1 int]e/ 9 glass-work]s1 #acg1 #bcj ,*>nock on ,*idd+fold glass1 #cjb ,*a/leton1 glass at1 #cba-cbb1 #cca ,*evron beads1 h[ made1 #ahh ,*evron beads1 /ructure describ$1 #ahh ,*evron beads1 /ill made at ,v5ice1 #ahi ,*evron beads1 f\nd at ,treviso1 #ahi ,*evron beads1 :]e f\nd1 #aij-aia ,*idd+fold1 e>ly glass manufacture1 #aci1 #cja-cjb ,*9a1 relations ) ,roman empire1 #cdg ,*9a1 glass 91 #cdg-ced ,*9a1 glass au?orities1 #cdg note ,*9a1 glass1 ,jesuits make glass1 #cdh-cdi ,*9ese glass1 #cdg-ced ,*9ese glass1 date-m>ks on1 #cdi ,*9ese glass1 ! ,von ,br&t collection1 #cdi ,*9ese glass1 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 #cdi-cej ,*9ese glass1 te*nical triumphs1 #cej ,*9ese glass1 orig9al me?ods1 #cej-cea ,*9ese glass1 native /ones imitat$1 #cea ,*9ese glass1 snuff-bottles1 #cea-ceb ,*9ese glass1 snuff-bottles1 v>ieties ( te*nique1 #ceb ,*9ese glass1 composition1 #cec ,*9ese glass1 made 9 ,%antung1 #cec ,*9ese glass1 :]e made1 #cec ,*9ese glass1 snuff-bottles1 analyses (1 #cec note ,*9ese glass1 relation to contempor>y ,fr5* glass1 #ced ,*9ese motives on ,s>ac5ic glass1 #aee ,*9ese porcela91 enamell+ on1 #agj ,*ri/ian subjects on engrav$ ,roman glass1 #ge1 #id ,*ur*1 ,pr(essor1 analyses ( glass1 #cce1 #cec note #8,claw' h&les on ,roman glass1 #fb1 #hc ,cluny ,museum1 ,s>ac5ic glass1 #aff ,coal1 use (1 = glass furnace1 #cji-caj ,coal1 involves #8clos$ pots1' #caj ,cobalt 9 ,v5etian glass1 #bah ,cobalt blue ( m$ival w9d[-glass1 #acc ,cogoli1 :ite pebbles1 #bae1 #cag ,co9-l discs ( glass 9 ,egypt1 #adf-adg ,colb]t & plate-glass1 #baj1 #bce ,col*e/]1 ,roman glass f1 #hf ,col\rs ( primitive ,egyptian glass1 #bf-bi ,col\rs ( ,roman glass1 #eb-ec ,com>mond collection 9 ,briti% ,museum1 #ha ,composition ( glass1 #h-i1 #ab-ac ,composition1 normal type1 #i ,compositiones ad ,t+5da1 quot$1 #abj-aba ,con/ant9ople1 influ5ce (1 #ie-if ,contempor>y glass1 #cef-cfj ,cont]ie1 a class ( ,v5etian beads1 #ahc ,coppa ,nuziale1 #aid-aie ,copp]1 importance (1 9 col\r+ ( anci5t glass1 #bf1 #ce note ,copp]1 ! r$ suboxide 9 ,egyptian glass1 #bg-bh ,copp]1 ! r$ suboxide 9 ,roman glass1 #eb-ec ,coptic glass f ,egypt1 #aje ,coptic *ur*es1 lamps f1 #ajf ,coptos1 enamell$ glass cup f1 #afc ,corundum or em]y us$ 9 cutt+ glass1 #gd note ,cosmati mosaics1 #adj ,crackle or fro/$ glass ( ,v5ice1 #bjc ,crimea1 primitive glass f1 #cg ,cri/allo ( ,v5ice1 #bjj ,cri/allo1 h[ decorat$1 #bja-bjb ,cri/allo1 9 pictures ( ,v5etians1 #bjb-bjc ,cri/allo1 glasses brok5 at fea/s1 #bjc ,cri/allo1 replaces v]re de f\gre1 #bbj-bba ,cri/allo1 spread ov] ,we/]n ,europe1 #bbj-bbb ,cri/allo1 9 ,l[ ,c\ntries1 #bda ,cri/allo1 9 ,g]many1 #bef-beh ,cros1 ,h5ri1 8 pte de v]re1 #cei-cfj ,crot*et ,fri>s1 glass made at1 #cjh ,cu?b]t on glass-work]s br\ght f ,ma9z1 #aac #8,cyl9d]-process' describ$ by ,!ophilus1 #abh-abi #8,cyl9d]-process'1 us$ = mirror-glass1 #bji1 #baj note #8,cyl9d]-process'1 us$ by ,lorra9]s1 #cjc ,cyprus1 primitive glass f1 #cf1 #cg-ch ,cyprus1 enamell$ glass f1 #dg ,czihak1 ,von1 ,s*lesis*e ,gls]1 #bei note ,damas1 v]re de1 #acf ,damas1 faon de1 #aha ,dante on glass mirrors1 #ach ,decay ( glass1 #ae-ag ,decay ( glass1 app>5t caprici\s action1 #ae-af ,decay ( glass1 *emical process involv$1 #af ,decay ( glass1 foll[s int]nal /ructure1 #af ,decay ( glass1 iridesc5ce1 #af-ag ,decay ( glass1 fissur+ or crackle1 #ag ,d5d]ah1 primitive glass ( ,roman times f1 #cb ,de/ruction ( timb]1 outcry aga9/1 #cji ,diamond-scrat*$ ,v5etian glass1 #bji ,diamond #8scrat*+' on glass1 #bgf1 #bgg ,diamond #8scrat*+' 9 ,holl&1 #bie ,diatretum "w1 h[ made1 #fd note ,diatretum c>v+1 #ga-gc ,disp]sion ( light by glass1 #cbj1 #ccb ,dossie1 ,h&maid to ! ,arts quot$1 #ccc note1 #cce note1 #cec note ,d\1 ,g]>d1 engrav] on glass1 #bif #8,d\bl$ glass' f tombs at ,canosa1 #df #8,d\bl$ glass'1 ,g]man1 #bgd-bgf ,dresd5 ,h(-kell]ei glasses1 #bfi ,dr9k+-glasses1 ,engli%1 #cbb-ccb ,dr9k+-glasses1 /em or %ank1 #cad1 #cbc1 #cbf-cbg ,dr9k+-glasses1 =m ( /em1 #cae ,dr9k+-glasses1 developm5t ( =m1 #cbb-cbc1 #cbe ,dr9k+-glasses1 h[ made1 #cbc-cbd ,dr9k+-glasses1 division ( ,engli%1 #cbd-cbe ,dr9k+-glasses1 high quality ( metal1 #cbe ,dr9k+-glasses1 ! foot1 #cbe-cbf ,dr9k+-glasses1 ! b[l1 #cbg-ccj ,dr9k+-glasses1 engrav+ on1 #cbh-ccj ,dr9k+-glasses1 inscriptions on1 #cbi-ccj ,dr9k+-glasses1 ! squ>e pl9? foot1 #ccb ,dudley1 ,bub1 & pit-coal1 #cji ,dut* glass1 #bid-bih ,dut* glass1 diamond-scrat*$1 #bie-big ,dut* glass1 engrav+s on plaques1 #bif ,dut* glass1 engrav$ #8flutes1' #bif ,dut* glass1 /ip engrav+1 #big-bih ,dut* glass1 h[ done1 #bih ,dut* glass1 prototype ( ,engli% w9e-glass1 #bih ,dut* influ5ce on ,engli% arts1 #cba ,dut* s*ool1 glass 9 pictures (1 #bdd1 #bed1 #bee ,edk9s1 glass enamell] ( ,bri/ol1 #cce glomis1 v]re1 ,go?ic repres5tative1 #adj1 #adb-adc glomis1 v]re1 late ,v5etian1 #bjh glomis1 v]re1 ,g]man type1 #bgc-bgd ,egypt1 co9-l discs ( glass only f\nd 91 #adf-adg ,egypt1 mod]n1 conical lamps1 #cdb ,egypt1 mod]n glass f\nd 91 #cdb-cdc ,egyptian primitive glass1 #ai-cc ,egyptian primitive glass1 e>lie/ examples1 #ai ,egyptian primitive glass1 h[ made1 #bb-bc1 #bd-be ,egyptian primitive glass1 possible =eign orig91 #bc-bd ,egyptian primitive glass1 ( ,x,v,i,i,ith ,dyna/y1 #bc-bd ,egyptian primitive glass1 s\rce ( mat]ials1 #be ,egyptian primitive glass1 comp>ative r>ity (1 #bf ,egyptian primitive glass1 col\rs (1 #bf-bi ,egyptian primitive glass1 inlay1 h[ appli$1 #ca-cb ,egyptian primitive glass1 ( ,ptolemaic times1 #cb ,egyptian primitive glass1 ( ,roman times1 #cb ,egyptian primitive glass1 #8fus$ mosaic1' #cc ,egyptian blue ( anci5ts1 #bg1 #ef ,ehr5feld1 mod]n glass made at1 #cef ,enamell$ glass f ,greek tombs 9 ,cyprus1 #dg ,enamell$ glass ( ,fr5*1 #bcg-bch ,enamell$ glass ( ,catalonia1 #bdg-bdh ,enamell$ glass ( ,g]many1 #bfd-bgc ,enamell+ on glass1 #fe ,enamell+ on glass1 orig9 ( art1 #agj ,enamell+ on metal 9 ,brita91 #hf ,enamels on ,s>ac5ic glass1 #aea-aec ,enamels on ,v5etian glass1 practical difficulties1 #aig-aih ,enamels on ,v5etian glass1 comp>$ to ,s>ac5ic1 #aih ,enamels on ,v5etian glass1 ?9ly pa9t$ enamels1 #aih-aii ,engli% glass1 #aci-adj1 #bii-ccf ,engli% glass1 heavy taxes on1 #aj note1 #ccd ,engli% glass1 m$ival1 #aci-adj ,engli% glass1 late developm5t1 #bii ,engli% glass1 mom5t>y pre-em95ce1 #bii ,engli% glass1 ,elizabe?an p]iod1 #cjj-cjb1 #cjh ,engli% glass1 ! w9e-glass ( ! collector1 #cjj ,engli% glass1 ,elizabe?an p]iod1 :at glass made1 #cjb ,engli% glass1 ! ,lorra9]s1 #cjc-cje ,engli% glass1 ,v5etian glass-mak]s1 #cjg-cjh ,engli% glass1 e>ly examples1 #cjh-cji ,engli% glass1 use ( coal1 #cji-caj ,engli% glass1 pat5ts1 #caa-cad ,engli% glass1 fl9t glass1 orig9 (1 #cad-cai ,engli% glass1 r>ity ( e>ly specim5s1 #cba-cbb ,engli% glass1 dr9k+-glasses1 #cbb-cca ,engli% glass1 *ange t[>ds end ( eighte5? c5tury1 #ccb ,engli% glass1 facett$ glass1 #ccb-ccc ,engrav+ on glass1 division ( te*nique1 #bgf-bgg ,ennion1 8 "n f\nd on ,syrian glass1 #hg ,escurial1 glaz+ ( w9d[s1 #bcd note ,et*+ on glass by acid1 #bgg1 #bha-bhb ,evelyn1 ,john1 on ,engli% glass1 #cad1 #cca ,facett$ ,engli% glass1 #ccb-ccc ,facett+1 h[ made1 #ccb ,facett+1 :5 fir/ 9 fa%ion1 #ccb ,fatimi caliphs1 _! engrav$ rock cry/al1 #ade1 #adf ,fatimi caliphs1 glass co9-l discs1 #adf-adg ,favrile glass1 #ceg1 #cei ,f]n a%es1 us$ = mak+ glass1 #acf ,fiala1 ^w1 h[ us$ by ,dante1 #agf note #8,fiat' or ,jacobite glasses1 #ccj-cca ,fi*telgebirge glasses1 #bfg-bfh ,fillon1 ,b5jam91 on glass 9 ,we/]n ,france1 #hd-he #8,fla%+' or #8sp9n+' to =m a disc ( glass1 #ad ,flemi% s*ool1 glass 9 pictures (1 #bdd ,fl9ts1 e>ly use 9 ,engli% glass1 #cag ,fl9t-glass1 l',anglaise1 #bdb ,fl9t-glass1 beauty ( ,engli%1 #bii-cjj ,fl9t-glass requires #8clos$ pots1' #caj ,fl9t-glass1 :5 fir/ made1 #cad-cai ,fl9t-glass1 composition1 #cai ,fl9t-glass1 optical qualities1 #cbj ,fl9t-glass1 mat]ials us$1 #ccd ,flgel-gls]1 #beg #8,flutes1' ,dut*1 diamond-scrat*$1 #bif #8,=e/ glass1' see #8,v]re de ,f\gre4' ,fo/at or ,old ,cairo1 fragm5ts ( glass f1 #agc ,franki% glass f ! ,meuse valley1 #ajg-ajh ,franki% pr9ces 9 ,syrian coa/ t[ns1 #agf-ahj ,franko-,saxon glass1 #ajg-ajh ,fr5* glass ( ,r5aissance1 #bbj-bci ,fr5* glass1 advance ( cri/allo1 #bbj-bbc ,fr5* glass1 ,alt>i/s1 #bbc-bbd ,fr5* glass1 r>ity (1 #bbe ,fr5* glass1 lit]ature1 #bbe ,fr5* glass1 hawk]s ( glass1 /reet cries1 #bbh ,fr5* glass1 claims to nobility1 #bcj-bca ,fr5* glass1 local glass-works1 #bcb-bcd1 #bcf1 #bch ,fr5* glass1 plate-glass1 #bce ,fr5* glass1 inscriptions on1 #bcg-bch ,fr5* glass1 enamell$ glass1 #bcg-bch ,fr5* glass1 opaque :ite glass1 #bci ,fr5* m$ival glass vessels1 #acd-ace ,friol>o1 mean+ ( t]m1 #agf note ,frit-w>e ( e>ly ,egyptians1 #ba ,front9us1 8 "n f\nd on ,gauli% glass1 #hh ,fro/$ or crackle glass ( ,v5ice1 #bjc ,gall1 mile1 8 glass1 #ceh-cei ,g>zoni on ,v5etian glass1 #bae-baf ,gaul1 ,roman glass 91 #ha-he ,g5til%ommes de v]re1 #bcj-bca ,g]man m$ival glass1 #acg ,g]man m$ival glass mirrors1 #ach ,g]man glass1 #bea-bic ,g]man glass1 m$ival =ms1 #bea-beb ,g]man glass1 gre5 glass1 #beb-bee ,g]man glass1 ,v5etian influ5ce1 #bee-beh ,g]man glass1 rivalry to ,v5ice1 #beh ,g]man glass1 f ,bohemian fronti]1 #beh-bfj ,g]man glass1 glass furnaces1 #bfa1 #bfc ,g]man glass1 h[ made1 #bfc ,g]man glass1 enamell+ on1 #bfd-bgc ,g]man glass1 orig9 ( enamell+1 #bfd-bfe ,g]man glass1 poorness ( enamels1 #bfe ,g]man glass1 names ( v>i\s glasses1 #bff ,g]man glass1 ,s\? ,g]man glass1 #bgj-bgc ,g]man glass1 pa9t$ & gilt glass1 #bgc-bge ,g]man glass1 cut & engrav$ glass1 #bgf-bhh ,g]man glass1 cut & engrav$1 introduc$ f ,italy1 #bgi ,g]man glass1 ma*9]y = engrav+1 #bha1 #bhc-bhd ,g]man glass1 engrav+1 division ( "w1 #bha ,g]man glass1 ruby glass1 #bhi-bid ,g]man glass1 opaque :ite glass1 #bia ,g]man glass beads1 #bib-bic ,gild+ on ,s>ac5ic glass1 #aec ,gild+ on ,v5etian glass1 #aie ,gild+ on ,g]man glass1 #bgd-bge ,gilt glass ( cemet]ies1 #ij-ie ,glaze1 relation to glass1 #b ,glaze1 e>ly use (1 9 ,egypt1 #bj-ba ,glaze1 appli$ to /one or fritty base by ,egyptians1 #ba #8,goblet ( ,*>lemagne1' #afa #8,goblet ( ! ,eight ,prie/s1' #afa ,gold1 ruby glass col\r$ by1 #bhi-bij ,gottefle1 nature ( vessel s call$1 #ace ,graal1 ,holy1 #ih note ,grau collection ( glass1 #ea1 #ec ,greek glass1 ( ,myc5an age1 #cc-cf ,greek glass1 b[ls m\ld$ & turn$1 #de1 #dg ,greek glass1 intaglios & cameos1 #dg-dh ,greeks1 glass little appreciat$ by1 #cc-cd1 #dd ,greeks1 vague use ( "n = glass1 #de #8,gre5 ,glass' ( ,rh9e & ,ne!rl&s1 #beb-bee #8,gre5 ,glass'1 col\r specially add$1 #beb ,gre5e1 ,john1 ord]s glass f ,v5ice1 #cad-cae ,gre5wood1 engrav] by /ip process1 #big ,grisaille pa9t+ ( ,s*ap]1 #bgb-bgc ,grne ,gewlbe1 ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass 91 #afb ,hmat9on ( ,pl9y1 #ec1 #gi1 #id ,hall1 ne> ,innsbruck1 glass made at1 #bga ,hampton ,c\rt1 w9d[ & mirror glass1 #cba ,h>dness ( glass1 #aa ,h>t%orne1 ,mr4 ,alb]t1 ,old ,engli% ,glasses1 #cbd note ,h>t%orne1 quot$1 #aaa ,h>t%orne1 on ,engli% dr9k+-glasses1 #cbd ,hebrew lit]ature1 d\btful m5tion ( glass 91 #da ,hebron1 glass made ne>1 #db1 #cdb ,hebron1 glass-works 9 ,middle ,ages1 #adh #8,h$wig glasses1' s-call$1 #aad-aag ,h$wig1 patron sa9t ( ,silesia1 #aae note ,helbig quot$ on t]m ,kyanos1 #cd-ce ,h5ry ,,viii41 8 collection ( glass1 #cjf ,h]aclius or ,eraclius1 #aba ,h]aclius on gilt glass1 #ib ,h]aclius1 8 treatise on ,arts ( ,romans1 #aba-abb ,h]aclius1 on c>v+ ( glass1 #aba-abb ,h]aclius1 ,pseudo1 #aba ,h]aclius1 8 glass furnace1 #abg ,h]aclius1 on glass ( lead1 #acj-aca ,hir%vogel family1 #bef1 #bga ,holy ,graal1 #ih note ,hope collection1 enamell$ beak] f1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 #afc-afd1 #agi-ahj ,h\ghton1 ,john1 on ,engli% glass1 #cag-cai ,h[ell1 ,james1 ,epi/ol ,ho-,elian1 #cab ,hu1 ! glass made by1 at ,pek91 #cdi ,hump51 cyl9drical beak]1 #bff-bfh ,hydr(luoric acid1 us$ = et*+ glass 9 sev5te5? c5tury1 #bha-bhb ,hydr(luoric acid1 glass et*$ by1 #bhg-bhh ,indian glass1 #cdc-cdg ,indian glass1 no e>ly glass kn[n1 #cdc ,indian glass1 engrav$ glass ( ,mogul times1 #cdc ,indian glass1 enamell$ glass ( ,mogul times1 #cdc ,indian glass1 contempor>y native glass1 #cdd-cdf ,indian glass1 h[ made1 #cde ,indian glass1 ! furnaces1 #cde ,indian glass1 its arti/ic qualities1 #cdf ,indu/rial p]iod 9 hi/ory ( glass1 #ah ,inlay ( glass1 ,roman1 #ec-ee ,inlay ( glass1 ,go?ic1 #adj-adb ,inlay ( glass1 on *ur* furniture1 #adj-ada ,inscriptions on ,syrian glass1 #eh ,inscriptions on ,roman glass1 #eh1 #hg-hh ,inscriptions on ,fr5* glass1 #bcg-bch ,inscriptions on ,engli% glass1 #cbi-ccj ,intaglios & cameos ( late ,greek glass1 #dg-dh ,irel&1 glass made 91 #ccf ,iridesc5ce ( glass1 #af-ag ,iron oxides1 col\rs d]iv$ f1 #ag ,jacobite glasses1 #cbi-ccj ,japan1 practically no native glass1 #ced ,japan1 glass f ,dolm5 tombs1 #ced note ,japan1 glass 9 ,%oso ,9 treasury1 #ced-cee ,japan1 ,sassanian influ5ce1 #cee ,japan1 glass f prehi/oric tombs1 #cee ,jasp]-glass ( ,v5etians1 #bjg ,j]emiah on ! manufacture ( soap1 #da ,jewi% glass-mak]s 9 ,syria1 #aah1 #adh ,jewi% p$l>s ( glass1 #hb note ,jewi% symbols on cemet]y glass1 #id ,junius ,bassus1 ! opus sectile 9 8 ,basilica1 #ed-ee ,k5t1 ,nor?1 ,roman glass f1 #hf ,k5t1 ,nor?1 glass f ,juti% tombs1 #aaj1 #aac ,khosrau1 ,nassiri1 travels (1 #adi note ,khosroes1 b[l (1 #ajd-aje ,k9sky family & ! ,bohemian glass indu/ry1 #bhf ,k\yunjik1 glass f1 9 ,briti% ,museum1 #ci-dj ,kraut/runk1 a ,g]man =m ( beak]1 #bee1 #bfb ,kreybi*1 w&]+ glass-hawk]1 #bhf ,kugl]1 a class ( engrav]s on glass1 #bhd ,kundmann's glass f bone & tobacco a%1 #bib ,kunckel1 ,johann1 #bhh-bia ,kur-fr/5 ,hump51 #bfg ,kyanos1 probably blue glass1 #cd-ce ,lace glass1 #dj1 #df1 #bje-bjf ,lace glass1 h[ f> made 9 ,g]many1 #bfi-bgj ,lamp1 ma/] =m 9 ,s>ac5ic glass1 #aef-aeg ,lamp1 conical cup1 ! typical =m 9 glass1 #aeg ,lamp1 ,s>ac5ic1 wick1 h[ fix$1 #aeg1 #cdb ,lamps ( ,/4 ,sophia1 #ig ,lamps 9 ,v5etian pictures1 h[ susp5d$1 #aef ,lannoy1 ,cornelius de1 #cjg ,lapis lazuli1 imitation (1 9 glass1 #bb1 #cb1 #ce1 #ef ,lapis lazuli1 enamel on ,s>ac5ic glass1 #aeb ,lattic9io or ,lattimo1 #bjc-bje ,lattic9io imitat+ porcela91 #bjd-bje ,lattic9io1 fe/oon$1 #bje ,lattic9io1 recipe = prep>ation1 #bag ,lattimo1 see ,lattic9io4 ,lattisuol1 see ,lattic9io4 ,lead1 am\nt 9 fl9t-glass1 #cai ,lead-glass made by ,jews1 #aah1 #aca ,lead-glass1 ,n]i & ,m]ret on1 #caf-cag ,lead-glass1 see also ,fl9t-glass4 ,lehmann1 ,casp>1 engrav] on glass1 #bgi-bhj ,l5n>d collection1 glass f1 #ccb ,liao1 ,*9ese "n = glass1 #cec note ,lige1 glass made at1 #bdb1 #cae ,lily ( ! ,valley1 on enamell$ glasses1 #bfg ,lime1 importance 9 composition ( glass1 #h-i1 #bbg-bbh ,lit]ature ( glass1 ess5tially ,fr5*1 #bbf ,liu-li1 old ,*9ese "n = glass1 #cdg ,lorra9e1 *>t] grant$ to glass-work]s1 #bcj ,lorra9e1 importance 9 hi/ory ( glass1 #bca-bcb ,lorra9e1 tables qu>res (1 #bcd note1 #cjc ,lorra9]s 9 ,engl&1 #cjc-cje ,lorra9]s driv5 f ,sussex1 #cjd ,lorra9]s1 _! w&]+s1 #cjd-cje ,lotus decoration on ,s>ac5ic glass1 #aed #8,luck ( ,ed5 ,hall1' #afa-afb #8,lu/re' & lu/ro1 #bab note ,lyons1 ,roman glass f1 #hb ,magic1 e>ly m$ival works on1 #aai ,magnesia 9 ,pl9y means manganese1 #gg note ,magnesia 9 ,s>ac5ic glass1 #aea ,malleable glass1 #gh-gi ,manganese 9 glass1 *anges ( col\r1 #ag ,manganese purple 9 primitive glass1 #bh-bi ,manganese 9 ,roman glass1 #gg ,manganese & ,magnese1 #bah note ,mansell1 ,sir ,rob]t1 #caa ,mansell1 ,sir ,rob]t1 8 pat5ts1 #cje1 #caa-cad ,mans\rah1 glass made at1 #adi1 #afg ,mapp clavicula1 notices on glass1 #aba ,m>iegole1 rules ( ,v5etian glass-work]s' guilds1 #aha-ahb ,m>tial on ,roman glass1 #gc-gd1 #hb note ,ma!sius quot$1 #bec1 #bfb1 #bfd ,ma!sius1 ,s]mons = ,m9]s1 #bfb-bfc ,matricole1 rules ( glass-work]s' guilds 9 ,v5ice1 #aha-ahb ,maz]-l =ms 9 glass1 #beb ,m$ival treatises on al*emy1 etc41 #aai-abd ,m$ival glass1 r>ity (1 #acc-acd ,memlook ,sultans1 art (1 #adg-adh ,m]ret1 ,art ( ,glass quot$1 #g ,m]ret1 on prop]ties ( glass1 #g ,m]ret1 on glass ( lead1 #caf-cag ,mesom$es on glass-h\ses1 #hj ,milanesi1 treatises on prep>ation ( glass1 #bag ,mil*-glas1 #bia ,millefiori glass ( ,romans1 #di-eb ,millefiori glass1 ,madrepore patt]ns1 #di ,millefiori glass1 relation to ,egyptian #8fus$-mosaics1' #di ,millefiori glass1 h[ built up1 #ej-ea ,millefiori glass1 peacock patt]ns1 #ea ,millefiori glass1 agate patt]ns1 #ea ,millefiori glass ( ,v5etians1 #bjg ,mirror ( ,ca!r9e ( ,arragon1 #cjf ,mirrors ( glass f ,roman tombs1 #ee-ef ,mirror ( glass 9 ,middle ,ages1 #ach-aci ,mirror ,v5etian1 #bji-baa ,mirrors1 ,v5etian1 imitat$ by ,g]mans1 #bji ,mirrors1 ,v5etian1 frames (1 #baj ,mirrors1 ,v5etian1 ( #8/eel1' #baj note ,mirrors1 ,v5etian1 export$ to ,ea/1 #baa ,mirrors ( plate-glass1 #baj1 #bce-bcf ,monza1 glass 9 treasury1 #ii ,mosaic-work]s f ,con/ant9ople1 #if ,moret collection 9 ,briti% ,museum1 #he ,moselle di/rict--,roman glass1 #hc ,mosque lamps or lant]ns1 #aee-aef ,mosque lamps susp5d$ f sph]es1 #aef ,mosque lamps f ,sultan ,hassan mosque1 #aef1 #afh ,mosque lamps f ,cairo1 #afg-afi ,mosque lamps inscription on1 #afg-afi ,mosque lamps abnormal types1 #afi-agj ,mosque lamps made 9 ,v5ice = ! ,turks1 #aga-agb ,m\ld$ glass ( ,phnicians & ,romans1 #ef-eh ,muni* ,s*atzkamm]1 glass 91 #bhj ,murano1 furnaces /opp$ 9 late summ]1 #ahb ,murano1 ! guilds1 h[ organis$1 #ahb-ahc ,murano1 description (1 #bja1 #baf ,myc5an age1 glass (1 #cc-cg ,myc5an glass f bee-hive tombs1 #ce-cf ,nailsea glass-works1 #ccf ,natron z a s\rce = soda 9 glass1 #ac1 #bf1 #gg ,natron ,lakes ( ,l[] ,egypt1 #ajf ,n]i1 ,antonio1 8 ,arte ,vetr>ia1 #bai ,n]i1 v>i\s translations (1 #bhi ,n]i1 ^u glass ( lead1 #caf-cag ,nesbitt1 ,mr41 catalogues by1 #ea note ,ne!rl&s1 glass (1 #bdj-bdd ,ne!rl&i% glass1 m$ival =ms1 #beb ,ne!rl&i% s*ool1 glass 9 pictures (1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bea-beb ,nev]s1 glass made at1 #bcb-bcd ,new ,te/am5t1 allusion to glass 91 #db note ,n9eveh1 glass f1 #ci-dj ,nobility1 claims to1 by glass-work]s1 #bcj-bca ,norman v]sus ,lorra9e glass1 #bcd note ,norm&y1 glass made 91 #bcd-bce ,norm&y1 glass-work]s f1 9 ,engl&1 #cjd-cje ,nupp5 or #8,prunts1' #bec ,nuremb]g mirrors1 #ach-aci ,nuremb]g1 ,v5etian glass imitat$1 #bef ,nuremb]g1 enamell$ glass (1 #bga-bgb ,o*s5kopf hump51 #bfh ,onyx glass1 ,greco-,roman1 #fh-gj ,opus sectile z wall-cov]+1 #ed-ee ,ori5tal influ5ce1 9 ,europe1 #hi-ij ,ori5tal influ5ce1 on ,g]manic jewell]y1 #ajg-ajh ,ori5tal influ5ce1 on ,m$ival ,g]man glass1 #aad-aag ,orleans1 glass made at1 #bch-bci ,ors*all's ,sol s9e ve/e1 #bij #8,pa9t$' enamels on ,v5etian glass1 #bjh #8,pa9t$' enamels on ,g]man glass1 #bgc-bgd ,palissy on *eapness ( glass1 #bbh ,p>aison1 t]m expla9$1 #ad ,papyrus ( ,leid51 #abj ,pass-glas1 n>r[ cyl9d]1 #bfi ,pass9i1 on ! 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e>lie/ ,hell5i/ic 9 "*1 #dh ,roman glass1 9 ! ma9 n dep5d5t on ,greece1 #dh-di ,roman glass1 ,millefiori glass1 #di-eb ,roman glass1 col\rs (1 #eb ,roman glass1 glass 9 floor-mosaics1 #ec note ,roman glass1 wall decoration1 #ec-ed ,roman glass1 ,opus sectile 9 glass1 #ed-ee ,roman glass1 w9d[-glass1 h[ made1 #ee ,roman glass1 mirrors1 #ee-ef ,roman glass1 col\r$ pa/es1 ,lapis lazuli1 #ef ,roman glass1 m\ld$ glass1 #ef-eh ,roman glass1 m\ld$ #8holl[-w>e1' #eg-eh ,roman glass1 f ,brita91 bl[n into m\lds1 #eh ,roman glass1 bl[n into silv] cas+1 #eh note ,roman glass1 spread ( manufacture1 #fj-fa ,roman glass1 9 ,brita91 #fa1 #ha1 #hf-hg ,roman glass1 c9]>y urns1 #fa ,roman glass1 e>ly spread 9 ,gaul & ,spa91 #fa1 #gh ,roman glass1 relation ( %apes to pott]y1 #fc ,roman glass1 /r++s & ?read+s1 #fd ,roman glass1 enamell$ glass1 #fe-fg1 #ajb ,roman glass1 engrav$ & sculptur$1 #fg-ge ,roman glass1 engrav$ & sculptur$1 f ,canosa1 #fh ,roman glass1 engrav$ & sculptur$1 onyx or cameo c>v$1 #fh-gj ,roman glass1 engrav$ & sculptur$1 #8,diatretum' c>v$1 #ga-gc ,roman glass1 engrav$ & sculptur$1 late c>v+s 9 l[ relief1 #gd-ge ,roman glass1 engrav$ & sculptur$1 engrav$ by :eel1 #gd-ge ,roman glass1 me?od ( prep>ation1 #gf ,roman glass1 ,pl9y quot$1 #gf-gi ,roman glass1 fir/ made ne> ,cum1 #gh ,roman glass1 glass-h\ses1 #hj ,roman glass1 9 ,gaul1 #ha-he ,roman glass1 abundance 9 ,ea/]n & ,nor?-ea/]n ,gaul1 #ha ,roman glass1 9 ,we/ ,g]man ,museums1 #hc-hd ,roman glass1 *ronological classification1 #hc-hd ,roman glass1 9 ,we/]n ,gaul1 #hd-he ,roman glass1 inscriptions on1 #hg-hh ,roquetta1 t]m expla9$1 #ac ,ro?s*ild1 ,"l1 c>v$ cup ( ,roman glass1 #gc ,ruby-r$1 p]haps kn[n to ,anci5ts1 #eb ,ruby-r$1 9 m$ival w9d[-glass1 #acc ,ruby glass ( ,kunckel1 #bhi-bia ,ruby glass examples (1 #bia ,rudolph ,,ii4 patronises c>v+ ( rock-cry/al1 #bgh-bgi ,rui or rulli1 small w9d[-panes1 #ahb ,ruim] or roem] ( ,dut*1 #bie ,sabellico on ,v5etian glass1 #bja ,sacro cat9o ( ,g5oa1 #ih-ii ,salad9 br+s new influ5ce to ,egypt1 #aga ,salviati1 #bad1 #bbg note ,sam>k&1 glass-mak]s transport$ to1 #afh ,sam>k&1 description ( glass (1 #cci ,s&r>t on engrav+ ( glass1 #bgi-bhb #8,sapphirus' alt> ( ,/4 ,david's1 #ih note ,sapphirus1 t]m us$ = blue glass pa/e1 #aca ,sapphirus1 see ,lapis lazuli4 ,/4 ,ana/asia1 ,rome1 glass b[l at1 #ih ,/4 ,goba91 plate-glass (1 #baj1 #bce ,/4 ,ildefonso1 royal glass-works1 #bej ,/4 ,m>k's treasury1 enamell$ ,roman glass1 #ff-fg ,/4 ,m>k's treasury1 ,diatretum glass1 #ga-gc ,/4 ,m>k's treasury1 description ( glass 91 #ii-ajb ,/4 ,sophia1 lamps & w9d[s1 #if-ig ,s>ac5ic art1 revolution 9 twelf? c5tury1 #agj-aga ,s>ac5ic art1 influ5ce ( ,mongol invasion1 #aga ,s>ac5ic c>v$ glass1 e>li] ?an enamell$1 #add-adf ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 :]e made1 #adi ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 nature ( #8metal1' #aej-aea ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 composition (1 #aea ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 magnesia 91 #aea ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 nature ( enamels1 #aea ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 use ( ,lapis lazuli1 #aeb ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 use ( gold 9 decoration1 #aec ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 motives ( decoration1 #aed-aee ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 #8cant+ badges' ( ,sultans1 #aee ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 ,*9ese motives 9 decoration1 #aee ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 signatures ( arti/1 #aee ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 =ms ( lamps1 #aeg ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 wick ( lamps1 h[ fix$1 #aeg ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 beak]s ( lamp-l =m1 #aeh-afj ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 con/ruction ( base ( beak]s1 #aei ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 fam\s beak]s1 #afa-afd ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 vessels fill$ ) holy e>?1 #afd-afe ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 long-neck$ bottles1 #afe-aff ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 b[ls & di%es1 #aff-afg ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 mosque lamps1 #afg-afi ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 decl9e (1 #afh-afi ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 orig9 ( art1 #agj ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 f\nd 9 ,*9a1 #cdh ,s>gon1 glass engrav$ ) "n (1 #dj ,s>oldo family at ,nev]s1 #bcc ,sassanian glass1 #ajd-aje ,sassanian influ5ce 9 ,japan1 #cee ,sc>paggiato mak+ glass 9 ,bav>ia1 #bga ,s*ap]1 ,johann1 pa9t] on glass1 #bgb-bgc ,s*melz glass ( ! ,v5etians1 #bjg-bjh1 #bah-bai ,s*moranz1 ,g41 "w on ,s>ac5ic glass1 #aej note ,s*u]mans1 ,judge1 #bbb1 #bda ,s*urman1 ,anna ,m>ia van1 #bie ,s*wanh>t family1 engrav]s on glass1 #bhj-bhc1 #bhh ,s*w+]1 ,h]mann1 engrav] on glass1 #bhc ,%antung1 glass made 91 #cec ,%]bet-jugs ( opaque :ite glass1 #cdb-cdc ,sidon1 ,pre-,roman glass1 #eg1 #ei1 #gh ,sidon1 inscription on glass f1 #hg ,sidon1 ,v5etians at1 #agf ,signatures ( mak]s on ,roman & ,phnician glass1 #hg-hh ,signatures1 r>ely f\nd on glass1 #hh ,signatures on ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass1 #aee ,silesia1 engrav$ glass (1 #bhe ,silica1 am\nt (1 9 glass1 #i-aj ,s+]1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,webb1 8 collection ( glasses1 #cbd note1 #cbh #8,s++ glasses1' #cca ,slade collection1 catalogue (1 #ea note ,slavonic tombs1 no glass 91 #aad note ,snuff-bottles1 ,*9ese1 #cea-ceb ,soap-mak+1 its relation to glass1 #da-db #8,soap ( glass' 7manganese71 #gg ,soda1 ! normal alkali ( glass1 #i-aj ,soda1 or m>itime gr\p ( glass1 #aj-aa ,soda1 s\rce (1 #ab-ac ,soda1 9 ,v5etian glass1 #bad ,s\?-,saxon ,cemet]y1 ,byzant9e glass f1 #ajg ,s\?w>k1 e>ly glass-h\ses1 #cjb1 #cab ,spani% glass1 #bde-bej ,spani% glass1 gre5 glass ( s\?1 #bde-bdf ,spani% glass1 lit]ature1 #bdf note ,spani% glass1 ,catalonia1 #bdg-bdi ,spani% glass1 ,alt>i/s & ,murani/s1 #bdi-bej ,spani% glass1 decl9e 9 eighte5? c5tury1 #bej ,spani% ,ne!rl&s1 glass (1 #bdj-bdd #8,spe>-butt' %ap$ lamps1 #ig #8,spe>-butt'1 9 use 9 ,italy1 #aeh ,spe*t]1 cyl9drical beak]1 #bff ,specific gravity ( glass1 #ab ,spess>t =e/1 glass f1 #bff ,sph]es 9 connection ) susp5d$ mosque lamps1 #aef-agb #8,sp9n+' or #8fla%+' to =m a disc ( glass1 #ae ,spla%$ decoration on ,egyptian cosmetic pots1 #ca ,spla%$ decoration on ,roman glass1 #fd ,spla%$ decoration on ,v5etian glass1 #bjh ,spla%$ decoration on ,fr5* ,r5aissance glass1 #bch ,spla%$ decoration on glass made at ,bri/ol1 #cce-ccf ,/a9$ glass w9d[s1 ( ,/4 ,sophia1 #if ,/a9$ glass1 ,fr5*1 composition (1 #aca ,/a9$ glass h[ col\r$1 #acb-acc ,/e9s*nau1 glass indu/ry1 #bhf1 #bic ,/impl]1 bungl+ workman1 #bha1 #bhe ,/ip engrav+ ( ,dut*1 #big-bih ,/rabo on ,roman glass1 #fj-fa1 #hj ,/rabo on glass ( ,alex&ria & ,syria1 #hj ,sulphur 9 glass1 *anges ( col\r1 #ag ,suppialume process1 #ahg ,susa1 glass f1 #da note ,susa1 ,sassanian or ,byzant9e glass f1 #ajd ,sussex glass-"w1 #aci-adj1 #cja-cjb ,switz]l&1 glass pa9t]s (1 #bfc-bfd ,synesius1 treatise on al*emy1 #abj ,syria1 glass e>ly made 91 #ch-ci1 #dd-de ,syria1 importance 9 hi/ory ( glass1 #abb-abc ,syria1 glass made dur+ ,franki% occupation 9 coa/ t[ns1 #ahj-aha ,syrian glass ( ,middle ,ages1 #aah1 #adh-adi ,syrian glass-work]s 9 ,gaul & ,rome1 #hb-hc ,syrian tombs1 glass f1 #ei-fj ,syrian treatises on al*emy1 etc41 #abb-abd ,syrian manufacture ( glass vessels1 #abc-abd ,syrian glass-furnace describ$1 #abd ,tassie1 ,james1 8 glass pa/e1 #ccf ,tell-el-,am>na1 glass f1 #bb1 #bc-be ,!ophilus1 8 ,s*$ula ,div]s>um ,artium1 #abf-acj ,!ophilus on gilt glass1 #ib-ic ,!ophilus1 8 glass furnace1 #abg-abh ,!ophilus1 mat]ials = glass-mak+1 #abh ,!ophilus1 bl[+ ( glass1 #abh-abi ,!ophilus1 ! #8cyl9d] process1' #abh-abi ,!ophilus on enamell+ ( glass vessels1 #acj ,!ophra/us on ! ^w ,kyanos1 #ce ,tiffany1 ,messrs41 favrile glass1 #ceg1 #cei ,timur or ,tam]lane1 8 conque/1 #afh ,timur transplants glass-work]s1 #cch ,tobacco a%1 glass f1 #bib ,treviso1 discov]y ( *evron beads1 #ahi ,trionfi di ,tavola1 #bac ,turki% elem5t 9 lat] ,s>ac5ic art1 #adg-adh ,tyre1 glass-works 9 ,middle ,ages1 #adh-adi ,tiryns1 glass inlay 9 alaba/] slabs1 #cd ,ultram>9e1 s\rce ( blue 9 ,s>ac5ic enamels1 #aeb ,ungu5t>ia or ,phial ( primitive glass1 #bb1 #bc1 #bi-cj1 #cc1 #cf-cg ,ungu5t>ia1 wavy decoration (1 #bc ,ungu5t>ia1 inscriptions on ,egyptian1 #cj-ca ,ungu5t>ia f tombs 9 ,s\!rn ,italy & ,greek isl&s1 #cf-cg ,ungu5t>ia f ,crimean tombs1 #cg ,uranium1 opal glass f1 #bjf note ,ur9alia ( glass1 #acd1 #aci note ,v>pelev1 enamell$ glass f tombs at1 #ff ,v5e] ( glass us$ by ,romans1 #eb-ed ,v5etian glass1 #agd-bai ,v5etian glass1 made = ,turks1 #aga-agb ,v5etian glass1 s\rces ( in=mation1 #agf note ,v5etian glass1 e>ly m5tion (1 #agg ,v5etian glass1 ,g]man p$l>s1 #agg ,v5etian glass1 manufacture =bidd5 9 ,v5ice1 #agg ,v5etian glass1 e>ly manufacture ( beads1 w9d[-glass1 & spectacles1 #agh ,v5etian glass1 ,g]mans export glass1 #agh-ahd ,v5etian glass1 competition ) cry/al-cutt]s1 #agh-agi1 #ahd ,v5etian glass1 e>ly comm]ce ) ,syrian ports1 #agi ,v5etian glass1 e>ly enamell$ glass1 #agi ,v5etian glass1 little ,ori5tal influ5ce 9 fifte5? c5tury1 #aha ,v5etian glass1 ,muranese & ,v5etian guilds1 #ahc ,v5etian glass1 manufacture ( beads1 #ahe-ahg ,v5etian glass1 export$ to ,engl& & ,l[ ,c\ntries1 #aib ,v5etian enamell$ glass ( fifte5? c5tury1 #aib-aii ,v5etian enamell$ glass imitates enamels on copp]1 #aic ,v5etian enamell$ glass1 sem gild+1 #aie ,v5etian glass1 ,cri/allo1 #bjj-bjb ,v5etian glass1 ,cri/allo1 v>ieties (1 #bjc-bji ,v5etian glass1 ,cri/allo plaque engrav$ 9 intaglio1 #bji ,v5etian glass1 ,cri/allo mirrors1 #bji-baa ,v5etian glass1 ,cri/allo *&eli]s1 #baa-bab ,v5etian glass1 ,cri/allo1 attempts to *eck decl9e1 #bab-bac ,v5etian glass1 ,cri/allo1 cut & engrav$1 #bac ,v5etian glass1 ,cri/allo1 revival ( n9ete5? c5tury1 #bac-bad ,v5etian glass1 ,cri/allo1 special qualities (1 #bad ,v5etian glass1 ,cri/allo1 lit]ature (1 #bad-bai ,v5etian glass1 ,cri/allo1 prep>ation1 #bae1 #bag-bai ,v5etian glass1 ,cri/allo1 e>ly practical treatises1 #bag ,v5etian glass 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 #bbj-bbc ,v5etian glass1 ,cri/allo1 e>ly importation to ,g]many1 #bef ,v5etian glass1 ,cri/allo1 importation into ,engl&1 #cad-cae ,v5etian glass-work]s1 re/rictions on emigration1 #bbb-bbc ,v5etian glass-work]s1 9 ,ne!rl&s1 #bdj-bda ,v5etian glass-work]s1 9 ,engl&1 #cjg-cjh ,v5etian s*ool1 susp5d$ lamps 9 pictures (1 #aef ,v5etian s*ool1 glass 9 pictures (1 #bjb-bjc ,v]re or voirre1 use ( ! ,fr5* ^w1 #ace-acf ,v]re de f\gre1 #bba1 #bcd ,v]re de f\gre1 9 m$ival times1 #aac-aad ,v]re de f\gre1 9 ,france1 #acd-ace1 #acf ,v]r]ie1 t]m expla9$1 #a ,v]rot]ie1 t]m expla9$1 #a1 #ai ,v]zel9i1 ,jacopo1 #cjg-cjh ,vetro di tr9a f ,n9eveh1 #dj ,vetro di tr9a f ,canosa1 #df1 #ej note ,vetro di tr9a ( ,murano1 #bje-bjf ,vi5na1 ,s>ac5ic enamell$ glass 9 ca!dral1 #afd-afe ,vi5na1 ,s*atzkamm]1 glass f1 9 ,museum1 #bhj ,waddesdon collection1 glass 91 #afc1 #aic1 #bjf1 #beb note ,walloon ,*ur* at ,s\?ampton1 #cjd-cje ,w>mbrunn 9 ,silesia1 glass engrav+1 #bhe-bhf ,wat]=d1 glass-h\ses at1 #ccf ,webb ( ,/\rbridge1 8 cameo glass1 #ceh ,weights = co9s 9 glass1 #adf-adg ,we/m9/] retabulum1 inlay ( glass1 #ada ,willkomm hump51 #bff ,w9d[s ( ,fr5* *ur*es1 composition & col\rs1 #acb-acc ,w9e1 :5 fir/ bottl$1 #cbb ,w9e-bottles1 e>ly ,engli%1 #cbb ,w9e-bottles1 /amps on1 #cbb ,w9e-glasses1 see ,dr9k+-glasses4 ,w9t]1 ,fri$ri*1 ,silesian glass engrav]1 #bhe ,wolf1 engrav] by /ip process1 #big-bih #8,wrzburg' flask 9 ,briti% ,museum1 enamels on1 #aec ,y>d1 a =m ( dr9k+-glass1 #cca ,yell[ f antimony 9 primitive glass1 #bi ,yell[1 s\rce (1 9 m$ival w9d[-glass1 #acc ,zozimus1 treatise on al*emy1 #abj ,zunft-be*] or guild glasses1 #bgj ,zwis*5 gls]1 #bgd-bge ,pr9t$ by ,t4 & ,a4 ,,con/able1 ,pr9t]s to ,8 ,maje/y at ! ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity ,press ----- ,footnote #a3 ,x w\ld be q beside ! m>k to se>* = a *emical =mula to express su* a comb9ation ( silica1 soda1 & lime4 ,i h little d\bt t "o ( ! causes ( ?is rem>kable uni=mity ( composition is to be look$ = 9 ! v fact t su* a mixture is n a def9ite silicate1 & is !re=e ! less likely to assume a /ony or cry/all9e /ructure on cool+4 ,footnote #b3 ,! alum9a "h is probably n to be reg>d$ z a base1 b r z tak+ ! place ( ! silica4 ,h5ce ! exceptionally l[ p]c5tage ( ! latt]4 ,footnote #c3 ,x _h its orig9 9 great measure 9 ! arbitr>y regulations laid d[n by ! fiscal au?orities at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,?is side ( ! subject is well treat$ 9 ! article on glass 9 ! orig9al edition ( ! ,p5ny ,cyclopdia4 ,footnote #d3 ,9 ! ,museum at ,kew may be se5 specim5s ( ,spani% b>illa made f ! ,halogeton sativa1 z well z l>ge crude cakes ( roquetta f ,ad5 & ,bagdad prep>$ f ! ,suda fruticosa & ! ,salsola kali respectively4 ,footnote #e3 #8,! ,processes ( ,decay 9 ,glass' is ! subject ( an elaborate pap] by ,mr4 ,james ,f[l]1 to be f\nd 9 ! =ty-six? volume ( ,ar*ologia4 ,footnote #f3 ,good in/ances ( bo? ^! *anges may be obs]v$ 9 ! w9d[s & *&eli]s ( ! ,gal]ie des ,glaces at ,v]sailles4 ,footnote #g3 ,i "k at lea/ ( no example ( a vessel or bead ( glass ( an e>li] date4 ,t ! molt5 mat]ial ( ! glazes--kn[n f ! e>lie/ p]iod--may ev5 9 v e>ly times h be5 roll$ into slabs & subsequ5tly cut up into pieces = inlay-"w1 w\ld seem to be prov$ by a fragm5t ( a wood5 box1 be>+ ! "n ( a k+ ( ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y1 f\nd by ,m4 ,aml9eau on ! site ( ,abydos4 ,?is box 7x is n[ 9 ! ,a%molean ,museum1 :]e x 0 po9t$ out to me by ,mr4 ,bell7 is decorat$ ) small triangul> plaques ( :at is app>5tly a blue transluc5t glass1 ) an unev5 b undecompos$ surface4 ,footnote #h3 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t col\rless rock cry/al 0 at all times #8taboo' to ! ,egyptians1 & ?is fact may p>tly acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( cle> :ite glass 9 ,egypt4 ,footnote #i3 ,9 mo/ cases1 ,i ?9k1 ! comp>atively h>d arragonite1 ! c>bonate1 & n ! sulphate ( lime t we "k by t "n4 ,footnote #aj3 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s reason to believe n only t ! salt lakes ( ! ,delta 7 exploit$ at a v e>ly date1 b t ! natron1 an impure c>bonate ( soda1 may well h be5 export$ !nce by an old c>avan r\te1 p]haps ev5 9 pre-dyna/ic times4 ,footnote #aa3 ,pr(essor ,buckman1 9 a pap] 9 ! ,ar*ological ,j\rnal s long ago z #ahea gives "s valuable analyses ( anci5t glass1 ! ma9 result ( :i* is to %[ ! abs5ce ( lead & ! g5]al use ( copp] z a s\rce ( blue1 9 pre-,roman times at lea/4 ,9 _m ( ^! old] analyses1 z 9 ^? made by ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 !re always rema9s an elem5t ( d\bt1 n s mu* z to ! accuracy ( ! *emi/'s "w1 b z to ! prov5ance ( ! specim5 t he is exam9+4 ,pr(essor ,buckman dwells ^u ! light t prop]ly conduct$ analyses w\ld ?r[ ^u ! orig9 & classification ( ! glass ( ! anci5ts4 ,he does n1 un=tunately1 di/+ui% ! nature ( ! alkali1 :e!r soda or pota%1 9 8 own analyses4 ,little "w ( ?is k9d has be5 accompli%$ 9 ! fifty ye>s t h s9ce elaps$4 ,footnote #ab3 ,antimony has be5 f\nd 9 ! glaze ( ,assyrian bricks1 z well z 9 ! yell[ enamel ( m$ival ,s>ac5ic glass4 ,! ,egyptian "n 0 me/em1 :5ce ! ^w /ibium 7antimony71 b o!r m9]als su* z gal5a1 hmatite1 & pyrolusite 7oxide ( manganese71 h also be5 f\nd 9 _! kohl-pots2 at "o "t inde$1 dur+ ! e>ly empire1 a copp]-gre5 0 9 fa%ion = pa9t+ ! angles ( ! eyes4 ,i may m5tion t 9 ! twi/$ rods--( a comp>atively late date1 h[ev]--t fitt$ into ^! kohl-pots1 we h "s ( ! e>lie/ examples ( a transp>5t :ite glass4 ,footnote #ac3 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n q c]ta91 = ! prnom5 ( ,?o?mes ,,iii4--,m5-*ep]-,ra--0 assum$1 ,i am in=m$1 by "o ( ! prie/ k+s ( ! ,tw5ty-second ,dyna/y4 ,inde$1 ! te*nique 9 ?is case w\ld po9t r to a late ?an an e>ly p]iod4 ,footnote #ad3 ,i _h propos$ to include ?is example & ! two little vases previ\sly describ$ among my col\r$ illu/rations4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 n be5 able to obta9 ! requisite p]mission f ! keep] ( ! ,egyptian ,dep>tm5t4 ,footnote #ae3 ,?is is ! expression us$ 9 ! (ficial catalogue ( ! ,museum1 f :i* ,i borr[ ?is description4 ,footnote #af3 ,glass-work]s' m\lds h be5 f\nd at ,myc51 & x has be5 claim$ = ?is glass t x 0 made z well z melt$ on ! spot4 ,b t1 ,i ?9k1 is unlikely4 ,footnote #ag3 ,all ?is be>s out :at ,i h said above ^u ! relation ( ! e>lie/ glass to ! metallurgy ( copp]1 & ! probability t ! e>lie/ glass 0 a blue glass 7p4 #bf74 ,footnote #ah3 ,x is a rem>kable fact t some:at simil> beads1 ( cle>1 col\rless1 facett$ glass1 evid5tly ( great age1 h lately be5 br\ght f ,we/ ,africa4 7,see a pap] by ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,read 9 ,man1 ,may #aije47 ,footnote #ai3 ,su* a comp>ison may inde$ be made 9 ! case ( ! bulk ( ! #8primitive' glass ( :i* we treat 9 ?is *apt]1 & may help to acc5tuate ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! bl[n glass ( lat] days4 ,footnote #bj3 ,"s fragm5ts ( a conical vessel ( cle> ?9 glass1 evid5tly =m$ by ! bl[+-tube1 h lately be5 f\nd by ,m4 de ,morgan at ,susa4 ,!y are said to be> a cunei=m inscription ( ! "t ( ! ,a*m5id4 ,^! fragm5ts are n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 b consid]able d\bt exi/s z to ! nature ( ! m>k+s4 ,! glass c]ta9ly resembles suspici\sly t us$ by ! ,arabs = _! small hang+ lamps4 ,footnote #ba3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xxi4 = "s fur!r acc\nt ( ?is glass4 ,footnote #bb3 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians & 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,james1 !re are ref]5ces to mirrors t may h be5 ( glass4 ,aga91 9 ,revelation we f9d #8a sea ( glass l unto cry/al' 7iv4 #f71 & :at is m important1 glass 9 o!r passages 7xxi4 #ah & #ba7 is ref]r$ to z #8pure' & #8transp>5t' 7! words 9 ! orig9al be+ 1 1 & 74 ,9 view ( ! "q1 discuss$ bel[1 ( ! date :5 cle> glass came into g5]al use1 ?is contra/ betwe5 ! ,gospels & !1 on ! :ole1 lat] books is ( "s int]e/4 ,footnote #bc3 ,?is arrangem5t 9 spiral coils is v *>act]i/ic ( ! glass ( ?is p]iod1 ?\gh x is g5]ally only to be se5 on close exam9ation4 ,we h notic$ x 9 ! case ( ! #8lace-glass' f ,canosa4 ,x may give u "s clue z to ! me?od ( manufacture4 ,footnote #bd3 ,?is collection1 :i* conta9s _m f9e examples ( anci5t glass1 has be5 b\ght en bloc by ,mr4 ,pi]pont ,morgan1 & is likely to foll[ ! /ill m fam\s ,*>vet collection 7s c>efully describ$ 9 ,m4 ,froehn]'s great "w71 & to f9d its way to ,am]ica4 ,footnote #be3 ,! basis ( ?is collection 0 =m$ by ,mr4 ,nesbitt _m ye>s ago2 x 0 pres5t$ to ! ,museum1 9 #ahhg1 by 8 bro!r-9-law1 ! late ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks4 ,mr4 ,nesbitt 0 ! compil] ( ! catalogues bo? ( ! ,slade collection 7privately pr9t$1 #ahga7 & ( ! glass at ,s\? ,k5s+ton 7#ahgh7--magnific5tly illu/rat$ works1 b n[ 9 a measure out ( date4 ,footnote #bf3 ,! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 on ?is po9t is v conflict+4 ,footnote #bg3 ,! pale rosy t9t se5 9 a few r>e specim5s ( classical glass1 z 9 "s pieces lately br\ght f ,egypt1 ,i %\ld r attribute to a skilful use ( manganese4 ,footnote #bh3 ,! pres5ce ( t9 9 ?is glass :i* ,i h already m5tion$ 9 speak+ ( its ,egyptian prototype 7p4 #bg71 has be5 confirm$ by analyses made at ,svres by ,m4 ,salvtat4 ,i d n "k :e!r ! rese>*es ( ?is *emi/ into ! composition ( ! glass ( ! anci5ts h ev] be5 publi%$4 ,footnote #bi3 ,9 ! ,roman floor mosaics ! tess] are almo/ inv>iably ( /one1 b occasionally fragm5ts ( glass are f\nd1 z 9 ! fam\s #8,mosaic ( ! ,philosoph]s' 9 ! museum at ,cologne4 ,"h ! gr\nd is built up ( a smeltz-l gre5i% glass4 ,footnote #cj3 ,we may comp>e ?is use ( glass ) ! kyanos /uds ( ! ,myc5an p]iod1 or aga9 ) ! blue glass inlaid betwe5 ! volutes ( ! capitals 9 ! temple ( ,m9]va ,polias at ,a!ns1 describ$ long ago by ,hamilton4 ,footnote #ca3 ,9 ! glass c(f9 f ! ,temple collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum we h an example ( ! use ( su* glass on a comp>atively l>ge scale4 ,footnote #cb3 ,mr4 ,k5n>d has a plaque ( cle> :ite glass1 "s six in*es 9 l5g?1 ) ! bu/ ( a faun 9 high relief4 ,?is plaque is pi]c$ on ei!r side1 z if = fix+ ^u "s object ( furniture4 ,footnote #cc3 ,we may reg>d ! little ovoid vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 made by bl[+ a ?9 vesicle ( deep blue glass into a cas+ ( silv]1 pi]c$ by oval ap]tures1 z an example ( m\ld$ glass :]e ! m\ld has n be5 remov$4 ,if ! silv] cas+ 7 /ripp$ (f1 we %\ld h a good imitation ( #8prunt$' glass2 n t ?is is to be tak5 z a model ( ! way 9 :i* ^! prunts 7 made 7see bel[1 p4 #aaj74 ,footnote #cd3 ,h[ f> ! s-call$ diatretum "w is bas$ ^u su* appliqu or add$ portions ( glass is a mu* disput$ po9t4 ,mr4 ,nesbitt appe>s to h reg>d$ all su* "w z s =m$ 7,catalogue1 ,slade ,collection1 pp4 xiv4-xv471 & ! imitations n[ made at ,murano are c]ta9ly built up 9 ?is way2 n s1 h[ev]1 "s ( ! g5u9e anci5t pieces1 ,i ?9k4 7,see bel[1 p4 #ga47 ,footnote #ce3 ,! ,egyptians1 too1 z we h se51 sometimes decorat$ _! glass ) simil> spla%es1 b we nev] f9d t ^! are di/ort$4 ,footnote #cf3 ,!re are _m allusions to ! pa9t+ ( glass1 9 "s cases m]ely by v>ni%es1 9 ! e>ly m$ival treatises on glass 7see ,*ap4 ,,vii474 ,"s ( ^! recipes1 z we %all see1 may h be5 h&$ d[n f classical times4 ,footnote #cg3 ,! cont5ts h be5 describ$ by ! late ,canonico ,pass9i1 9 a magnific5t "w publi%$ by ,ongania ( ,v5ice1 9 :i* ne>ly e piece ( importance is reproduc$ 9 col\r or by photography4 ,footnote #ch3 ,!re is among ! ,roman glass 9 ! museum at ,cologne a %all[ b[l ab\t a foot 9 diamet]1 pa9t$ on ! back1 z 9 ! lat] v]re glomis1 ) a female head4 ,! col\rs--black1 r$1 & :ite--are b slightly burnt 91 & !re=e mu* decompos$4 ,footnote #ci3 ,?is "p is /at$ to be a di/9ct piece cem5t$ on to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,s at lea/ says ,mr4 ,apsley ,pellatt 9 8 ,curiosities ( ,glass-mak+1 writ+1 ,i ?9k1 be=e ! vase 0 brok54 ,9 ! same book w be f\nd a c>eful acc\nt ( ! process ( #8cas+' z n[ practis$4 ,x 0 probably by "s su* plan1 9 ! case ( ! ,portl& vase1 t ! p>aison ( blue glass 0 bl[n into ! previ\sly prep>$ vessel ( opaque :ite4 ,footnote #dj3 ,i %all return to ?is sculptur$ "w :5 treat+ ( ,byzant9e glass 9 ! next *apt]4 ,footnote #da3 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ,"l ,ro?s*ild ,i h _h an opportunity ( exam9+ ?is wond]ful cup4 ,x is und\bt$ly c>v$ f "o piece ( glass4 ,! spirit$ execution w\ld seem to po9t to a date h>dly mu* lat] ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! int]nal depressions 7 made p]haps ) ! object ( light+ up ! ext]nal figures4 ,! glass by transmitt$ light is ( a fi]y r$1 t5d+ to purple1 b ! figure ( ,lycurgus is exceptionally ( a f9e ame?y/9e t9t4 ,i ?9k t 9 bo? cases ! col\r is probably due to a skilful use ( manganese4 ,footnote #db3 ,! abrad+ mat]ial employ$ along ) ! :eel 0 probably 9 mo/ cases corundum or em]y 7! adamas ( ! anci5ts7 9 a p[d]$ =m2 n ! diamond1 :i* 0 excessively r>e1 nor ! em]ald1 z is sometimes /at$4 ,?is la/ /one is n only mu* r>] ?an corundum1 b x is also n s h>d4 ,footnote #dc3 ,comp>e :at is said bel[ on p4 #hb ( ,greek-speak+ ,syrian artisans4 ,footnote #dd3 ,= "s acc\nt ( :at ^! writ]s tell u ab\t glass1 see bel[1 ,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,footnote #de3 ,!ophilus1 h[ev]1 writ+ a c5tury e>li] ?an ! pseudo-,h]aclius1 appe>s to speak ( ! m>v] z a slab ( /one 7see bel[1 ,*ap4 ,,vii474 ,footnote #df3 ,! s& ( ?is riv] z a mat]ial = ! manufacture ( glass is already m5tion$ by ,!ophra/us1 a pupil ( ,ari/otle4 ,footnote #dg3 ,glebas nitri4 ,?is is d\btless ! natron 7impure c>bonate ( soda7 export$ f ! ,egyptian natron lakes1 :i* h be5 work$ f a v e>ly p]iod--a sub/ance t mu/ n be confus$ ) our nitre 7nitrate ( pota%72 z ,i h said1 ! glass ( ! anci5ts is ess5tially a soda glass4 ,! natron 0 probably fir/ export$ = ! use ( ! soap-mak]s4 ,footnote #dh3 ,?is aga9 mu/ n be confus$ ) ! :ite e>?1 :i* we n[ "k "u t "n1 a sub/ance unkn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,footnote #di3 ,by ?is is probably meant ?ree p>ts 9 twelve or t51 i4e4 #be or #cj p] c5t4 ( ! :ole4 ,footnote #ej3 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 translat+ ! names ( ! preci\s /ones & m>bles m5tion$ by ,greek & ,roman writ]s4 ,^! names are us$ 9 ! vague/ way1 :i* h>dly ev] corresponds to ! mod]n mean+4 ,footnote #ea3 ,among o!rs1 f ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 ^! p>ts4 ,footnote #eb3 ,at ,rome1 too1 !re is "s reason to ?9k t ! work+ ( glass--! m9or dep>tm5ts ( t art1 at lea/--0 long 9 ! h&s ( ,syrian or o!r ,semitic immigrants4 ,m>tial's it9]ant hawk] f ! ,tran/ev]e1 :o b>t]$ 8 sulphur mat*es = brok5 glass1 we may p]haps ?9k ( z a ,jew 7,book #a41 ,epigram4 #db74 ,footnote #ec3 ,see p4 #hh4 ,footnote #ed3 ,comp>e ) ^! ! bottle f ,cologne 9 ! ,briti% ,museum conta9+ a h>d5$ mass ( "s yell[ sub/ance1 & clos$ by a decay$ cork p>tly cov]$ by a corrod$ bronze capsule 7,slade ,catalogue1 ,no4 #bge74 ,footnote #ee3 ,bo? ^! =ms are f\nd 9 ,anglo-,saxon & ,franki% graves4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 ,france !re 0 no sudd5 break 9 ! ,roman culture on ! appe>ance ( ! ,g]manic invad]s1 z 0 ! case 9 ,engl&4 ,footnote #ef3 ,philo/ratus describes ! process by :i* ! #8b>b>ians ( ! ocean' spread col\rs ^u heat$ bronze s z to =m a h>d endur+ decoration4 ,he 0 ( ! h\sehold ( ,julia ,domna1 & ,m4 ,froehn] sugge/s t he may h he>d ( ^! enamels f "o ( ! (fic]s ( ! army ( ,septimius ,sev]us4 ,footnote #eg3 ,! fam\s enamell$ b[l1 h[ev]1 f\nd 9 a ,roman tomb ( ! "t ( ,hadrian1 at ,b>tl[1 ,essex1 0 accompani$ by a c9]>y vase & o!r examples ( glass4 ,see ,ar*ologia1 vol4 xxvi4 ,footnote #eh3 ,! *apt] deal+ ) ^! m>ks1 toge!r ) t on ! geographical di/ribution1 =ms ! mo/ valuable "p ( ,m4 ,froehn]'s already quot$ "w on anci5t glass4 ,footnote #ei3 ,s :5 "s ( our lead+ ar*ologi/s saw at fir/ 9 ! discov]ies ( ,s*liemann at ,myc5 & ,troy ! "w ( w&]+ tribes ( ! fif? & six? c5turies1 !y 7 unconsci\sly argu+ 9 fav\r ( ?is (t5 r5ew$ ,ori5tal influ5ce4 ,footnote #fj3 ,! glass f ! catacombs has long attract$ notice1 ) ! result t _m m or less clev] =g]ies1 dat+ f ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 h to be reckon$ )4 ,^! fondi d'oro are mo/ completely illu/rat$ by ,g>ucci 9 ! ?ird volume ( ! ,jesuit fa!r's great "w1 ! ,/oria dell' ,arte ,*ri/iana 7#ahgf71 z well z 9 an e>li] "w 7#aheh & #ahfd71 especially devot$ to ,*ri/ian glass4 ,! mo/ s*ol>ly treatm5t ( ! subject is to be f\nd 9 ! little "w ( ,dr4 ,h]mann ,vopel1 ,die ,alt-,*ri/li*5 ,goldgls] 7#ahii74 ,= an excell5t summ>y ( :at is kn[n on ! subject1 see also ! catalogue ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,antiquities 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 by ,mr4 ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 & ! same writ]'s pap] 9 ! ,ar*ological ,j\rnal 7#aija74 ,footnote #fa3 #8444 quo facto desup] ipsas ,armavi vitrum docto flatu t5uatum ,ignis2 s$ po/ quam p>it] s5s]e calorem ,se vitrum fialis t5uatum junxit hone/e4' ,^! l9es1 :i* describe ! critical process by :i* ! sup]ficial lay] ( glass 0 appli$1 are un=tunately some:at obscure4 ,if ,i h translat$ !m aright1 ! process did n diff] mu* f t n[ adopt$ at ,murano4 ,h]aclius is "h probably copy+ an old] recipe4 ,footnote #fb3 ,!re is a good example1 a be>d$ man1 9 ! ,glass ,room at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,"s clev] imitations 7 made 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,footnote #fc3 ,z examples ( ?is1 note ! gladiator glass & ! ,anatoli ,gaud5s portrait f ! ,tyskiewitz collection4 ,?is la/ example1 ( q exceptional m]it1 has be5 rec5tly acquir$ by ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,footnote #fd3 ,i am incl9$ to connect ! cemet]y glass z a :ole ) ! ,judais+ ,*ri/ians ( ! old n>r[ s*ool1 :o _h long be5 settl$ 9 ,rome ne> to ! ,porta ,cap5a & 9 ! ,tran/ev]9e qu>t]s1 n f>1 t is to say1 f ! pr9cipal cemet]ies4 ,footnote #fe3 ,=m]ly 9 ! ,basilewski collection1 n[1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! ,h]mitage1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,?is cup1 :i* is also ( int]e/ = ! inscriptions on x 9 a local dialect ( debas$ ,lat91 0 f\nd ne> ! site ( ,doclea1 to ! nor? ( ! ,lake ( ,scut>i4 ,footnote #ff3 ,9 ! ,!odosian code1 h[ev]1 we f9d1 among ! craftsm5 :o are fre$ f p]sonal taxes1 ,vitre>ii1 vasa vitrea conflantes4 ,footnote #fg3 ,a disc ( ?is description1 pi]c$ to receive glass cups1 is app>5tly an e>li] =m ?an ! well-kn[n corona1 ! polyc&ela1 s long 9 use 9 ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,! hang+ disc1 l s _m ?+s ,roman & ,byzant9e1 w\ld seem to h surviv$ among ! ,s>ac5s2 some?+ l x may /ill be f\nd 9 old ,arab h\ses 9 ,cairo4 ,else:]e ,paul1 speak+ ( ! s+le lights 9 ,/4 ,sophia1 describes !m z silv] vessels1 l a balance-pan--9 ! c5tre ( ea* re/s a cup ( #8well burn+ oil4' ,?is passage1 ,i ?9k1 ?r[s "s light on c]ta9 #8balance-pan' di%es ( rock cry/al & glass1 pres]v$ 9 ,/4 ,m>k's treasury at ,v5ice 7see bel[1 p4 #aja74 ,footnote #fh3 ,its relation to ! ,que5 ( ,%eba we may dismiss4 ,! o!r two uses t h be5 assign$ to ?is b[l may be reconcil$1 if we accept "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( ! tradition ( ! ,holy ,graal4 7,i foll[ "h ! acc\nt giv5 by ! late ,mr4 ,?omas ,arnold 9 an article by him 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica47 ,accord+ to ?is tradition1 ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 at ! "t ( ! ,crucifixion1 proce$$ fir/ to ! upp] room :]e ! ,la/ ,supp] _h be5 celebrat$ & f\nd !re ! %all[ b[l t _h held ! ,pas*al ,lamb4 ,tak+ ?is vessel ) him1 & return+ to ! sc5e ( ! ,crucifixion1 he receiv$ 9 x drops ( blood f ! side ( our ,"l4 ,! d\ble s]vice ( ! b[l is ! ess5ce ( ?is tradition4 ,mr4 ,arnold1 propos ( ! tradition>y connection ( ! ,holy ,graal ) ,gla/onbury1 quotes f ,malmesbury a /atem5t t 9 8 day an alt> call$ #8sapphirus1' :i* _h be5 br\ght f ,pale/9e to ,/4 ,davids1 _h be5 re-discov]$4 ,?is may well h be5 a slab ( glass simil> to t /ill pres]v$ at ,rei*5au4 ,i h be5 unable to f9d any fur!r ref]5ce to ?is #8sapphirus' alt>4 ,footnote #fi3 ,il ,tesoro di ,san ,m>co illu/rato da ,antonio ,pass9i1 ,canonico della ,m>ciana4 ,publi%$ by ,f]d4 ,ongania1 ,v5ice1 #ahhf4 ,z 9 bo? ! text & ! plates ( ?is "w ! glass is mix$ up ) objects ( rock cry/al & o!r mat]ials1 ,i give a ref]5ce to ! plates on :i* vessels ( glass are reproduc$4 ,footnote #gj3 ,?is di% %\ld probably r f9d a place among ! hang+ lamps ( ! next section4 ,!re are o!rs ( ^! s-call$ *alices & pat5s ( :i* ! orig9al use is v problematical4 ,footnote #ga3 ,?is vase has be5 class$ by ,von ,czihak ) ! s-call$ ,h$wig glasses 7see bel[1 p4 #aae72 ! resemblance1 h[ev]1 to ! ,g]man glasses is small4 ,footnote #gb3 ,note 9 ?is connection ! inscription on ! m\nt+ ( ! lamp ( c>v$ glass 7,,iv4 #a 9 our li/7 9 ,/4 ,m>k's treasury1 ref]r+ to a bi%op ( ,ib]ia1 ! mod]n ,georgia4 ,n until ! reign ( ,ju/9ian 0 ! ,roman empire ext5d$ to ! ea/ coa/ ( ! ,eux9e--to ,lazica & ,col*is4 ,footnote #gc3 ,! cont5ts ( ^! graves h be5 describ$ 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies by ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,read 7,ar*ologia1 vol4 lv474 ,footnote #gd3 ,i use ! t]m ,saxon "h to include also ! ,angles & ,jutes4 ,footnote #ge3 ,9 ?is widely spread class ( jewell]y1 bo? true enamel & glass are conspicu\s by _! g5]al abs5ce4 ,footnote #gf3 ,i h se51 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,k5n>d1 ! l[] "p ( a vase ( ?icki% cle> gre5 glass1 f an ,anglo-,saxon tomb4 ,on ?is ! tails ( ! well-=m$ prunts sweep d[nw>ds diagonally2 on ! head ( ea* is a rosette ,su* a =m "o may p]haps connect ) ! #8hrod5 ealo woege1' ! #8twi/$ ale-cups' ( ,be[ulf's poem 7cf4 ,h>t%orne1 p4 #bd74 ,footnote #gg3 ,note 9 ?is tape/ry1 9 m ?an "o fea/ sc5e1 ! swagg]+ action ) :i* ! gue/s raise ! dr9k+-horns1 ei!r to dr9k f ! l>g] end or to let ! liquid pass into ! m\? f ! po9t$ extremity4 ,footnote #gh3 ,9 ! sacri/y ( ! *ur* at ,mittelzell1 :]e ,i rec5tly _h an opportunity ( exam9+ x4 ,?is is an irregul> oblong slab1 ab\t tw5ty in*es 9 l5g?1 weigh+ ab\t ?irty p\nds4 ,"o surface is ne>ly ev51 z if ! molt5 glass _h be5 p\r$ out ^u a table4 ,footnote #gi3 ,! ,slavonic tribes be=e _! conv]sion d n appe> to h _h any k ( glass2 x is n f\nd 9 any ( _! tombs to ! ea/ ( ! ,elbe4 ,footnote #hj3 ,ap>t f a few examples ( enamell$ glass ( ,s>ac5ic orig9 pres]v$ 9 *ur* treasuries2 ^! probably came 9 some:at lat]4 ,footnote #ha3 ,!re are1 beside ^!1 five o!r glasses t may be connect$ ) ?is sa9t1 b ^! are ( a diff]5t "*4 ,h$wig 0 ! wife ( a ,silesian pr9ce :o liv$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,on ! occasion ( a misund]/&+ ) h] husb&1 aris+ f ! lady's refusal to dr9k any?+ b wat] at h] meals1 ! difficulty 0 surm\nt$ by a miracle4 ,/4 ,h$wig 0 canonis$ 9 #abeg1 & 0 soon recognis$ z ! l&es patron9 bo? ( ,silesia & ,pol&4 ,footnote #hb3 ,= example1 on ,gallic & ,briti% co9s d]iv$ f ,greek types1 or aga9 on "s ,engli% porcela9 :]e an ,ori5tal design has be5 un9tellig5tly copi$4 ,footnote #hc3 ,les ,orig9es de l',al*imie1 #ahhe2 ,la ,*imie des ,anci5s et du ,moy5 ,age1 #ahhi2 ,la ,*imie au ,moy5 ,age1 #ahic4 ,footnote #hd3 ,?is ,i %all ref] to lat] on z ! pseudo-,h]aclius2 x conta9s sev]al sections treat+ on ! manufacture ( glass1 & =ms a valuable comm5t>y on ! decid$ly e>li] treatise ( ,!ophilus4 ,footnote #he3 ,comp>e ) ?is acc\nt ! furnace n[ us$ 9 ,nor!rn ,india describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,footnote #hf3 ,at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 9 ! ,indian section1 may be se5 "s native di/ill+ app>atus ( glass1 :i* foll[s v closely 9 ! l9e ( ^! old ,syrian draw+s4 ,footnote #hg3 ,= ! relation ( ,!ophilus to 8 pr$ecessor1 ,bi%op ,me9h>t ( ,pad]born1 & to ! ,greek influ5ce /ill prevail+ 9 ,g]many1 see ! ,introduction by ,alb]t ,ilg to 8 edition ( ?is treatise 9 ! ,quell5s*rift5 fr ,kun/ges*i*te1 vol4 vii42 ,vi5na1 #ahgd4 ,footnote #hh3 ,mu* ( ?is latt] sort1 h[ev]1 0 to be gre$ily absorb$ 9 ,g]many at a lat] date4 ,footnote #hi3 ,are we to take ?is acqua9tance ) ! ,agia ,sophia 9 a mat]ial z well z a symbolical s5se8 ,does ,!ophilus 9 ?is passage claim to h visit$ ,con/ant9ople8 ,footnote #ij3 ,n long aft] ?is a ,g]man poet writes to ?is effect-- #8,gott hat ers*aff5 man*5 ,mann ,d] ,glas aus ,as*e ma*5 kann ,und dass kan s*pf5 wie er w4' ,footnote #ia3 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 ! #8m>v]1' n yet ( iron z 9 ! ?irte5?-c5tury writ] 7cf4 p4 #gf74 ,footnote #ib3 ,f ! expression us$1 #8quam fi/ulam1' etc41 x w\ld seem t ! id5tical holl[ tube 0 us$ aga9 & n replac$ by a simple rod--! pontil2 b p]haps ?is is m]ely a slip on ! "p ( ,!ophilus4 ,footnote #ic3 ,! lit]al /atem5t is t #8! pa9t$ gold figures are cov]$ ) ! cle> fusible glass ( :i* we h already spok5'2 ov] ?is aga9 ! col\r$ designs are pa9t$--a curi\s & elaborate process4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 rememb] t al?\gh ,!ophilus may h se5 specim5s ( ,byzant9e enamell$ glass1 he c h _h little opportunity ( le>n+ h[ !y 7 made4 ,footnote #id3 ,!re annuli probably includ$ also bracelets or bangles ( glass4 ,we may p]haps comp>e !m to ^? /ill worn by ,arab wom54 ,m>g>et1 ,c\ntess ( ,fl&]s1 _h 9 #abeb a casket full ( glass r+s4 ,footnote #ie3 ,yet 9 ,france mu* ( ! old glass 0 sacrific$ at ! ,revolution 9 ord] to extract ! gold4 ,see ,app]t1 ,les ,vitraux ,anci5s1 = ! composition & col\r ( m$ival w9d[-glass4 ,footnote #if3 ,e>ly 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 a sa9tly ,g]man bi%op1 ,b]n>d ( ,hilde%eim1 is said to h made = himself a *alice ( glass1 & a few ye>s lat] a bi%op ( ,aux]re f\nd$ ?ree preb5dal seats1 "o = a pa9t]1 "o = a goldsmi?1 & a ?ird = a glass-work] 7vitri]--probably a mak] ( glass w9d[s74 ,we mu/ n1 !n1 be surpris$ at ! acqua9tance ) ! practical arts %[n by ! monk ,rug]us 7,!ophilus74 ,footnote #ig3 ,m4 ,s*u]mans1 h[ev]1 br+s =w>d passages to %[ t 9 e>ly days ! t]m 0 appli$ to a small flask c>ri$ ab\t ! p]son4 ,footnote #ih3 ,:at little we h comes mo/ly f ! ,v5etian ar*ives4 ,we he> already 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ( ,g]man hawk]s ( glass1 & ( ! skill ( ! ,g]mans 9 mak+ glass mirrors4 ,footnote #ii3 ,to holl[ w>e1 t is to say4 ,/a9$ glass = w9d[s1 ( :i* examples /ill survive1 0 made 9 ,engl& 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & probably ev5 e>li]4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,comp>e ) ^! ! f\r hundr$ & ?irty-two ur9alia suppli$ to ! ,dauph9 ( ! ,vi5nois = a ye>'s consumption4 ,glass1 x w\ld appe> f an epigram ( ,m>tial1 0 put to a simil> use by ! ,romans4 ,footnote #aja3 ,! village ( ,kird=d is situat$ ab\t f\r miles to ! nor? ( ,petwor?4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,x /ood = long aga9/ ! wall ( ! ,s\? ,ambulatory4 ,z 9 ?is position ! pa9t+s appe>$ to be suff]+ f ! damp1 x has lately be5 remov$ to ! ,j]usalem ,*amb]4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,a fifte5?-c5tury plaque at ,s\? ,k5s+ton is possibly an exception4 ,"h ! gold leaf lies betwe5 two %eets ( glass1 ! l[] "o ( consid]able ?ickness1 b h[ ^! %eets are unit$ ,i _c say4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,9 %ape !y resemble ! little bottles 9 :i* att> ( roses is /ill sold 9 ,ori5tal baza>s1 & ?is resemblance may give a h9t z to _! orig9al use4 ,footnote #aje3 ,s*ef]1 ,relation des voyages de ,nassiri ,khosrau7#ajce-ajdb ,a4,d471 pp4 #db & #df4 ,! in=mation f ,arab writ]s collect$ 9 ! notes to ?is "w mu/ n be confus$ ) :at ,khosrau himself says4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o important ref]5ce to our mat]ial 9 ! text3--we are told t glass1 transp>5t & pure z ! em]ald1 0 sold 9 ,cairo by ! weight4 ,?is 0 9 ,fatimi times4 ,!re may1 p]haps1 h be5 "s confusion ) ! glass weights !mselves1 ( :i* we h spok5 above4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,we may f9d1 p]haps1 :at is ! la/ ref]5ce to ,alex&ria 9 connection ) glass 9 #8! mo/ preci\s vase1 ,alex&r9i g5]is1' t ! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii4 7d4 #ajbd ,a4,d47 pres5t$ to ! ,abbot ( ,cluny4 ,?is 0 probably an example ( sculptur$ glass1 :i* may h come to ,h5ry ?r\gh 8 relation%ip ) ! ,byzant9e emp]ors4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,gu/av ,s*moranz1 ,old ,ori5tal ,gilt & ,enamell$ ,glass ,vessels1 #ahii4 ,"o hundr$ & =ty glass lamps are acc\nt$ =1 ( :i* numb] exactly half are n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,arab ,art at ,cairo4 ,! rema9+ pieces--goblets1 bottles1 etc4--only am\nt to =ty-f\r1 b ^! are ne>ly all 9 ,european museums or private collections4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,!re 0 only "o1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,slade collection4 ,!re are n[ sev5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & n9e at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 )\t c\nt+ ! small] specim5s4 ,footnote #aji3 ,= ! important be>+ ( ?is po9t1 see my book on ,porcela9 9 ?is s]ies4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,note t ! use ( cobalt z an ov]glaze enamel on ,*9ese porcela9 did n come 9 until ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & t ?is enamel at fir/ gave m tr\ble ?an any o!r4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,i use ?is t]m = ! writ+ ) tall p]p5dicul> /rokes1 al?\gh mu* ( x1 ,i und]/&1 %\ld n /rictly be> ! "n4 ,footnote #aab3 ,a good example may be se5 9 a l>ge picture ( ! ,circumcision by ,m>co ,m>ziale 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,footnote #aac3 ,glass lamp-cups ( ?is =m are /ill made 9 ,india2 ,mr4 ,=re/1 ex-,director ( ,records at ! ,india ,(fice1 has %[n me a specim5 br\ght f ,guj]at4 ,glass lamps ( a simil> con/ruction seem to h be5 9 use 9 b$rooms 9 ,g]many 9 ! fifte5? c5tury2 !y may be se5 9 contempor>y pictures4 ,footnote #aad3 ,! magnific5t specim5 ( enamell$ glass ) geometrical decoration1 :i* belong$ to ! late ,b>on ,alphonse de ,ro?s*ild1 figur$ 9 ,s*moranz's "w z a lant]n1 is1 ( c\rse1 a /& = a c&le4 ,x resembles 9 e respect1 except mat]ial1 ! well-kn[n cyl9drical c&le-/&s ( inlaid bronze4 ,footnote #aae3 ,a good example ( ! fir/ is reproduc$ by ,m4 ,g]spa* 7,l',art de la ,v]r]ie1 p4 #ajj7 f a manuscript ( ! fam\s /ory-tell] ,h>iri4 ,= an in/ance ( ! second1 see ! side subjects on ! ,wrzburg flask 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,! con/ruction1 inde$1 closely resembles t ( ! ,cairo cup-lamp describ$ above4 ,footnote #aag3 ,! olde/ ( ^! ballads only dates back to ! "t ( ! ,duke ( ,:>ton1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! #8wick$ ,duke1' x is said1 :5 9 8 cups w\ld toss ! #8,luck' into ! air & cat* x 9 8 h&4 ,footnote #aah3 ,?is is ! goblet figur$ 9 ,s*moranz1 p4 #bi4 ,x belong$ at ! "t1 he tells u1 to an unkn[n collector1 :o gave #afjj = x at ,*ri/ie's 9 #ahha4 ,footnote #aai3 ,illu/rat$ 9 ,ar*ologia1 vol4 lviii41 :]e x =ms ! />t+-po9t ( ! pap] by ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,read1 t ,i h quot$ f above4 ,footnote #abj3 ,9 ?is respect diff]+ f ! o!r cup 9 ?is collection to :i* ! same date & orig9 are ascrib$4 ,i ref] to ! ,aldrev&9i goblet1 ) ! armorial %ields1 describ$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,! glass ( ?is cup is already q ( a ,v5etian type1 approa*+ to a true cri/allo4 ,footnote #aba3 ,he reign$ dur+ ! tempor>y deposition ( ,malek ,nasir4 ,footnote #abb3 ,?is lamp also has1 ,i ?9k1 pass$ into ! ,pi]pont ,morgan collection4 ,footnote #abc3 ,! badge ( a sword is v frequ5t ^u ^! lat] lamps1 b x c h>dly 9 all cases ref] to ! same sultan or emir4 ,footnote #abd3 ,! only o!r lamp1 z f> z ,i "k1 t has be5 obta9$ f ,syria1 is "o f ,damascus1 pres5t$ to ! ,briti% ,museum by ! late ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks4 ,?is 9 no way diff]s f ! ord9>y type except 9 ! enamell$ decoration at ! base ( ! h&les4 ,a lamp ( q normal description at ,s\? ,k5s+ton has also be5 attribut$1 b v d\btfully1 to ! same ,syrian t[n4 ,footnote #abe3 ,! words on ! docum5t z ,i read !m are #8p>te s*ietti et p>te r$iselli4' ,! ambassador at ! same "t s5ds an ord] = w9d[-glass to be us$ 9 ! new palace t ,ali ,pa%a is build+2 & f9ally1 = #8uno di quelli f]ali f5ali8 ov] fano di salla gr&e'--probably "s k9d ( *&eli]4 ,footnote #abf3 ,we %\ld h look$ r = "s trace ( ,ori5tal influ5ce4 ,freeman 7,hi/orical ,geography1 p4 #bdj7 speaks ( ! m>quisate z #8a feudal /ate1 ^: rul]s _h 9 v>i\s ways a s+ul> connection ) ! ,ea/4 ,z ,m>quesses ( ,montf]rat !y claim$ ! cr[n ( ,j]usalem & _h worn ! cr[n ( ,!ssalonica4' ,aga91 e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! m>quisate pass$ to a bran* ( ! imp]ial h\se ( ,palologus4 ,footnote #abg3 ,! ,consolato dell' ,arte 0 ye>ly elect$ on ,*ri/mas ,day amid great fe/ivities4 ,9 ! /atutes ( ! ,arte ,vitrea1 drawn up or revis$ 9 #adie1 we h app>5tly ! e>lie/ docum5t>y evid5ce = ^! glass-works4 ,^! /atutes are giv5 9 full 9 ,bordoni's ,l',arte ,vetr>ia 9 ,alt>e1 ,savona1 #ahhd4 ,footnote #abh3 ,! results are p]haps be/ summ$ up 9 ! memoir contribut$ 9 #ahgb by ,cec*etti to ! ,reale ,in/ituto ,v5eto4 ,see also ! ,monographia della ,vetr>ia ,v5eziana1 ! comb9$ "w ( ,zanetti1 ,cec*etti1 & o!rs1 drawn up ^u ! occasion ( ! ,vi5nese ,exhibition ( #ahgc4 ,vic5zo ,zanetti1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,museo ,civico at ,murano1 gives a li/ ( m ?an ?ree hundr$ works 7includ+ manuscripts1 draw+s1 & pamphlets7 treat+ ^u ,v5etian glass4 ,footnote #abi3 ,a possible exception has be5 f\nd 9 a docum5t ( ! ye> #ajij1 9 :i* a c]ta9 citiz5 adds ! ^w fiol>ius to 8 "n4 ,?is ^w1 :i* 9 ! ,v5etian tongue g5]ally takes ! =m friol>o1 is ( "s importance to u4 ,9 ,dante ! ^w fiala is us$ = a w9e-bottle3 #8il v9 della sua fiala1' ,p>4 x4 #hh4 ,footnote #acj3 ,z e>ly z #aage x is m5tion$ t ! ,v5etians _h c]ta9 privileges 9 ! ,daciones de ,vitro at ,tyre4 ,footnote #aca3 ,ayas1 ,tripoli1 ,tyre1 & ,acre rema9$ "u ,franki% rule dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,acre1 ! la/ to fall1 0 tak5 by ! ,s>ac5s 9 #abia4 ,footnote #acb3 ,my po9t is t 9 ?is beautiful cup ! s*eme ( decoration is ess5tially ,fr5*1 :ile ! te*nique ( bo? glass & enamels po9ts to a ,s>ac5ic place ( orig94 ,footnote #acc3 ,!y h be5 analys$ by ,cec*etti 9 ! pap] quot$ above4 ,footnote #acd3 ,?is ^w 0 ! s\rce ( mu* emb>rassm5t to ,m]ret1 ! translator ( ,n]i's little manual on glass1 ( :i* ,i %all h m to say fur!r on4 ,q reg>dless ( ! context1 he ?r\gh\t 8 translation r5d]$ ! words #8canne di cont]ie'--t is to say1 ! glass rods f :i* ! beads 7 made--z #8rails = c\nt+ h\ses'6 ,footnote #ace3 ,! t]m #8bead' 0 e>ly transf]r$ f ! #8bid' or pray] to ! small sph]ical bodies /rung on a cord by :i* ^! pray]s 7 c\nt$1 & be=e ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ! ^w 0 already us$ 9 a secul> s5se also4 ,footnote #acf3 ,^! canne are describ$ z #8de v]o vetro commun1 ,*ri/all9i et colorade de div]si sorti4' ,footnote #acg3 ,note 9 ?is connection ! rec5t discov]y ( #8*evron' beads at ,treviso1 ref]r$ to bel[4 ,footnote #ach3 ,some?+ l ! app>atus us$ = roa/+ c(fee1 x w\ld seem4 ,i d n attempt to give any explanation ( ! two rival processes--a spi$o 7on a broa* or spit7 & a f]racia4 ,t attempt$ by ,mr4 ,nesbitt 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,glass1 p4 civ47 is n satisfactory4 ,footnote #aci3 ,x is n1 ,i ?9k1 g5]ally kn[n t beads 7 made 9 ! ea/ ( ,london1 e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury1 by ?is process--by dropp+ (f ! glass ^u a revolv+ spit or rod ( iron 7,h>t%orne1 p4 #ajf74 ,footnote #adj3 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,petrie's int]pretation 7see above1 ,*apt] ,,ii474 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ ! elaborate beads f\nd 9 ,etruscan & ,greek tombs--^? ) satyr masks especially--7 built up )\t ! use ( ! bl[-pipe4 ,footnote #ada3 ,n[ pres]v$ 9 ! local museum at ,treviso1 :]e ,i lately _h an opportunity ( exam9+ !m4 ,no?+ 0 f\nd ) !m except a few small rods ( col\r$ glass4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is 0 a contrab& /ore1 at "s "t de/roy$ by fire2 b ! fragm5ts are 9 no case fus$ toge!r4 ,?is p>ti-col\r$ glass1 we may note1 w\ld be ( little value = #8cullet1' & defective beads w\ld !re=e be ?r[n away4 ,footnote #adb3 ,a f9e specim5 has f\nd its way into ! collection ( ,egyptian antiquities 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,footnote #adc3 ,! t]m #8,aggri' %\ld1 p]haps1 be res]v$ = l>ge beads1 ( :i* ! col\rs ext5d "r ?r\gh ! mass1 b ! t]m is n v def9itely us$ 9 ! ,african trade4 ,footnote #add3 ,"s ( ?is enamell$ glass no d\bt dates f ! e>ly ye>s ( ! next c5tury4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ( ! ?9 :ite glass ( caprici\s =ms describ$ 9 ! next *apt] may h be5 made be=e ! ye> #aejj4 ,ap>t f ! g5]ally vague gr\nd ( %ape & /yle ( decoration1 !re is no means ( fix+ ! date ( ,v5etian glass1 s t 9 ! abs5ce ( co/um$ figures or ( coats ( arms we are (t5 v mu* 9 ! d>k on ?is po9t4 ,footnote #ade3 ,i h se51 h[ev]1 9 a f\rte5?-c5tury manuscript1 glasses ) well develop$ /ems c>efully depict$4 ,footnote #adf3 ,x 0 on ! /r5g? ( ! arm\r borne by ?is figure t ,m4 ,lab>te attribut$ ?is cup to ! e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,i may note t ?is goblet1 z well z ! "o ( gre5 glass m5tion$ bel[1 0 b\ght 9 ,italy = a small sum by ,m4 ,debruge ,dumnil1 "o ( ! e>lie/ sy/ematic collectors ( ,v5etian glass4 ,! elaborate catalogue ( 8 collection1 made v %ortly aft] 8 dea? 9 #ahdg1 by 8 son-9-law ,jules ,lab>te1 is a valuable record ( ! ,italian art ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,footnote #adg3 ,james ,h[ell1 ,epi/ol ,ho-elian4 ,footnote #adh3 ,?is vessel appe>s to be sometimes fill$1 n ) wat]1 b ) moi/ s& or e>?4 ,footnote #adi3 ,9 ! ,l\vre1 ! nymph ( ,giorgione's #8,fte ,*amptre' holds a jug ( glass ( graceful =m ov] ! well to ! left1 & 9 ,titian's #8,supp] at ,emmaus' 9 ! same gall]y1 ! twi/+ l9es t surr\nd a decant] ) tall neck & h&les1 sugge/ a decoration ) lattic9io4 ,footnote #aej3 ,! quotation is f ! ,app5dix to ,vic5zo ,c]vio's ,il ,tr9ciante1 ,v5ice1 #aeic4 ,footnote #aea3 #8,ma qu&o p>ticol>m5te se voglion' f> vetri bian*i di smalto vi s'aggiunge calc9a di /agno e que/o si *iama lattic9io del quale si fanno op]e div]se sopra i vasi di *ri/allo' 7,g>zoni1 ,piazza ,univ]sale1 #aehe1 p4 #eej74 ,footnote #aeb3 ,b 9 ! e>li] writ]s ?is "n is giv5 r to ! imitations ( agate--:at 0 aft]w>ds kn[n z s*melz 7cf4 p4 #bah74 ,footnote #aec3 ,a simil> effect is obta9$ n[adays by means ( a salt ( uranium1 b z is s (t5 ! case 9 ! mod]n h&l+ ( old decorative sy/ems1 ! opalesc5ce is g5]ally ov]done4 ,footnote #aed3 ,laborde1 ,les maux au ,l\vre1 ,"p ,,ii4 ,no4 #dih1 & ! same au?or's ,les ,ducs de ,b\rgogne 7,ar*ives ( ,lille74 ,footnote #aee3 ,9 ! museum at ,murano is1 or 01 a simil> plaque ?us describ$ by ,zanetti1 #8,una grossa pia/ra col bu/o incavato del ,doge ,&rea ,gritti fra le initiali ,a4 ,g42 secolo ,,xvi4' 7,il ,museo ,civico-,vetr>io di ,murano1 #ahha74 ,footnote #aef3 ,by ! eighte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 !y _h adopt$ ! ,g]man sy/em4 ,! ,presid5t ,de ,brosses1 9 "o ( ! admirable lett]s t he wrote f ,italy 7#agci71 :5 describ+ ! manufacture ( mirrors at ,murano1 gives a vivid acc\nt ( ! cyl9d] process4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,n really /eel1 ( c\rse1 b a k9d ( speculum metal conta9+ ab\t "o "p ( t9 to two ( copp]4 ,fioravanti1 9 8 ,spec*io di ,sci5tia ,univ]sale1 tells u t ?is acciaio 0 made ( equal p>ts ( brass & t94 ,he contra/s ! ,g]man & ,italian me?ods ( prep>ation ( glass mirrors1 giv+ ! pref]5ce to ! =m]4 ,fioravanti !n speaks ( ! int]e/ tak5 9 ^! mirrors--n by wom5 only--& aft] balanc+ ! pros & cons1 he concludes t1 on ! :ole--#8gli spec*i son' mala cosa nelle case4' ,footnote #aeh3 ,a ^w t mu/ n be confus$ ) ! t]m luse or lu/ro1 appli$ by ! ,v5etians to a mirror4 ,footnote #aei3 ,!re is a magnific5t *&eli] ( ?is class 9 ! draw+-room ( ,mr4 ,beaumont's h\se 9 ,piccadilly4 ,x dates probably f ! e>ly ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,footnote #afj3 #8,notizia delle op]e d'arte4' ,i quote at second-h&1 z ,i h n be5 able to f9d a copy ( ?is "w4 ,footnote #afa3 ,! le>n$ ,c>danus1 physician1 ma!matician1 & a/rolog]1 has a section on glass bo? 9 8 ,de ,subtilitate 7#aeea7 & 9 ! some:at lat] ,de ,v>ietate ,r]um4 ,he is (t5 quot$ z an au?ority on ! subject by contempor>y & lat] writ]s1 b 9 spite ( _m qua9t & +5i\s reflections ,i c f9d little ( practical value 9 8 rem>ks4 ,footnote #afb3 ,n to be conf\nd$1 says ! writ]1 ) ! /one kn[n z ,magnese1 f\nd #8nella ,magna' 7,allemania or ,g]many74 #8,q o!r are ! virtues ( ?is /one magnetic oxide ( iron8 :5 plac$ "u y\r pill[1 444' b = ! context ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to ! sixty-n9? section ( ! orig9al "w4 ,footnote #afc3 ,9 ! f\r? section ( ! second treatise ! au?or speaks ( #8azurro della ,magna del quale si t+e il vetro4' ,!re is also a section at ! end ( ! fir/ book on ! prep>ation ( azurro f9e f pietro d'azurro ultram>9o1 b ,i d n ?9k t ?is has any?+ to d ) ! col\r+ ( glass1 z x is associat$ ) recipes = dye+ grey hair ( a blonde col\r & = prep>+ ! acqua virg9e by :i* ! face is r5d]$ beautiful4 ,x is difficult to und]/& :at relation ! ,acqua di ,philoseophy 7sic--!re are sev]al sections s head$ at ! end ( ! treatise7 has ) ! prep>ation ( glass4 ,b all ^! old =muli/s are only too ready to run (f at a tang5t to discuss que/ions ( al*emy4 ,footnote #afd3 ,9 spite ( :at ,milanesi says 9 8 introduction1 ,i /rongly suspect ?is ?ird treatise to be ( a lat] date ?an ! o!rs2 ! :ole tone ( x seems to smack m ( ! c9quec5to ?an ( ! previ\s c5tury4 ,at ! same "t x is inf]ior to ! two prec$+ treatises 9 practical k--inde$ x conta9s mu* nons5se4 ,footnote #afe3 ,see above1 p4 #agd1 = an acc\nt ( ,l',alt>e4 ,footnote #aff3 ,b mu* ! same might be said ( ! pott]'s art2 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! arti/ic hi/ory is f> m cont9u\s & int]-connect$ ?an 9 ! case ( glass4 ,footnote #afg3 ,x is n less int]e/+ to he>1 9 a lett] 7dat$ #aegb7 f ! gov]nor ( ,poit\1 ( #8,fabian ,salviate1 escuy]1 g5tilhomme de ,myrane1 pas de ,v5ize1 v5uz lui et sa famille1 en ce pas de ,poict\ p\r praticqu] l'art de la ,v]r]ie4' ,cf4 p4 #bad4 ,b ?is is p]haps an accid5tal co9cid5ce4 ,footnote #afh3 ,?is b$ ( s& ext5ds ea/w>d ?r\gh ! =e/ ( ,fonta9ebleau1 & at ! pres5t day x is ?is s& ( ,fonta9ebleau t ! glass-mak]s ( ,murano1 :5 !y c af=d x1 use 9 pref]5ce to all o!r s\rces ( silica4 ,footnote #afi3 ,truguet1 ,les ,cris de ,p>is--no date1 b soon aft] #afjj4 ,v]re de pi]re we may comp>e to our expression #8fl9t' or #8pebble glass4' ,x has be5 alt]$ to v]re de bire by a rec5t ,fr5* writ] on glass1 :o quotes ! cry6 ,footnote #agj3 ,x 0 a ,f]ro :o1 z f> back z ! f\rte5? c5tury1 taught ! glass-work]s at ,l',alt>e ! ,v5etian me?ods ( mak+ glass4 ,! glass indu/ry ( ,prov5ce has at ! pres5t day be5 almo/ monopoliz$ by ! ,fr5* bran* ( ?is family4 ,footnote #aga3 ,9 ! we/ also1 ,r51 :o we mu/ rememb] 0 head ( ! h\se ( ,anj\1 9 consid]ation ( ! #8g5tilesse et noblesse qui e/ l'ouvrage de v]r]ie1 et que aussi c'e/ le bi5 du pays et de la *ose publique1' grant$ p]mission = ! f\ndation ( glass-works among ! =e/s ( ,la ,v5de1 ) rights ( cutt+ wood #8au lieu le mo9s dommaigeable' 7,g]spa*1 p4 #aif74 ,footnote #agb3 ,at ?is "t--9 ! sixte5? & e>ly sev5te5? c5tury--,lorra9e 0 n yet an integral "p ( ,france4 ,x =m$ "p ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 :ile its trade connections 7 r ) ! ,ne!rl&s & ) ,italy4 ,see bel[ = ! di/9ction betwe5 ,v]res de ,france & ,v]res de ,lorra9e4 ,footnote #agc3 ,! ,abb ,b\telli] has made a special /udy ( ! ,niv]nais glass1 b ,i h n _h an opportunity ( see+ 8 ,hi/oire des ,g5til%ommes v]ri]s et de la ,v]r]ie de ,nev]s4 ,footnote #agd3 ,9 di/9ction f ! ,v]re en tables qu>res made 9 ,lorra9e4 ,i am unable to say :e!r ! latt] 0 at s e>ly a date made by ! cyl9d] process1 b ! squ>e %ape r5d]s ?is v likely4 ,footnote #age3 ,among ! docum5ts relat+ to glass1 collect$ by ! ,b>on ,davilli]1 0 ! report ( ! commission ( inquiry appo9t$ by ,philip ,,ii4 at ! "t 7ab\t #aefj7 :5 x 0 propos$ to glaze ! _m ?\s& w9d[s ( ! ,escurial4 ,samples 7 s5t f ! glass-works ( ,spa91 ,burgundy1 ,lorra9e1 & ,norm&y4 ,! ,norman glass 0 decl>$ to be ! pure/4 7,quot$ by ,g]spa*1 p4 #cjd47 ,footnote #agf3 ,^! canons1 ,i ?9k1 correspond to ! ,italian canni1 ! glass rods f :i* beads 7 made4 ,we he> ( ^! canons be+ suppli$ to ! ,pt]no/ri]s1 :o take ! place 9 ,france ( ! ,suppialumi ( ,v5ice4 ,footnote #agg3 ,x seems to me1 h[ev]1 v d\btful :e!r fl9t-glass 0 at ?is "t necess>ily glass ( lead4 ,i return to ! po9t 9 ! *apt] on ,engli% glass4 ,footnote #agh3 ,i use ! t]m ,bohemian1 "h z else:]e1 = brevity's sake4 ,! m correct expression w\ld be--! fronti] l&s ( ,g]many & ,bohemia4 ,?is w be made cle> 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,footnote #agi3 ,s 9 ! important collection ( ! ,muse des ,arts ,dcoratifs at ,brussels1 especially /rong 9 examples ( #8w+$' beak]s1 little attempt is made to sep>ate ! ,v5etian f ! home-made specim5s4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,attribut$ to ! pa9t] kn[n z #8,! ,ma/] ( ! ,dea? ( ! ,virg94' ,9 o!r works ( ?is pa9t]1 :o 0 work+ dur+ ! fir/ ?irty or =ty ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 we f9d examples ( cri/allo ( l>ge size & advanc$ te*nique4 ,footnote #aha3 ,i d n "k :y ?is ess5tially ,teutonic =m is describ$ 9 ! (ficial catalogue z a #8,v5etian gre5 glass goblet4' ,footnote #ahb3 ,riao1 ,! ,indu/rial ,arts ( ,spa94 ,! little t we "k1 on ! docum5t>y side1 ( ,spani% glass is d]iv$ = ! mo/ "p f ?is "w1 "o ( ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton h&books4 ,?is may be supplem5t$ by ! in=mation collect$ %ortly be=e 8 dea? by ! ,b>on ,*>les ,davilli]1 :i* has filt]$ out ?r\gh v>i\s *annels2 "s ( x may be f\nd 9 ,m4 ,g]spa*'s "w on glass 7pp4 #ajj-aje74 ,m4 ,s*u]mans also has n =gott5 ,spa9 9 8 records ( ! w&]+ ,italian glass-mak]s 7,bullet9 xxix41 pp4 #acc-adg74 ,footnote #ahc3 ,9 #acbd ! glass-mak]s 7 ord]$ to remove _! furnaces f ! inside ( ! t[n 7,riao1 p4 #bcd74 ,footnote #ahd3 ,a surviv+ vessel ( ?is %ape1 z well z "s examples tak5 f pictures by ,b\ts & by ! s-call$ ,mo/a]t1 is illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,h>t%orne 7,old ,engli% ,glasses1 p4 #fd74 ,o!r simil> b[ls 7 to be f\nd 9 ! ,!wald collection 7disp]s$ at ,cologne1 ,octob] #aijc73 9 ,g]many su* vessels are kn[n z halbe ,wurzelbe*]4 ,! =m 0 imitat$ also at ,v5ice1 z we may see 9 a b[l1 9 ?is case duplicat$1 9 ! ,waddesdon ,room 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,q a numb] ( little vessels ( ?is d>k gre5 glass1 ornam5t$ ) prunts & quill+s ( v>i\s =ms1 h be5 dr$g$ up f ! ,s*eldt at ,antw]p1 or f\nd 9 ! excavation ( new docks4 ,!y may be /udi$ 9 ! museum n[ e/abli%$ 9 ! ,/e54 ,footnote #ahf3 ,! t]m prunt %\ld p]haps be re/rict$ to ^? cases :]e ! #8blob' is suffici5tly l>ge & hot to melt away ! subjac5t glass4 ,:5 ?is is n ! case1 unless we adopt ! ,g]man ^w ,w>ze or w>t1 ! t]m #8/ud' applies bett]4 ,if aga9 ! #8blob' ( hot glass is m]ely dropp$ on ! surface x may be t]m$ a #8te>4' ,footnote #ahg3 ,e art1 he says1 mu/ adapt itself to ! c\ntry :]e x is practis$2 & s we ,g]mans h set all k9ds ( knobs & r+s on our glasses1 s t !y may be some:at /rong] & m la/+1 & be m easily held 9 ! h&s ( fuddl$ & clumsy folk 7#8von voll5 und unges*ickli*5 ,leut5'74 ,?is quotation is f "o ( ! ,lu!ran pa/or's #8s]mons' on glass 7see bel[1 p4 #bfb74 ,ma!sius liv$ 9 :at has be5 call$ #8! classical age ( ,g]man ?ir/1' & 0 ev] ready to gird at ! fail+s ( 8 contempor>ies 9 ?is respect4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,! sev5te5?-c5tury roem] has be5 reviv$ 9 ,g]many ( late1 & at ,ehr5feld1 ne> ,cologne1 ?is =m1 z well z o!r old models1 is skilfully if some:at me*anically copi$ 9 bo? bottle-gre5 & blui%-gre5 glass4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,?is lat] arrangem5t is well se5 9 a /ill-life piece 9 ! ,jones collection1 sign$ #8,j4 ,w4 ,prey]1 #ahed4' ,comp>e ! c>efully pa9t$ roem] 9 ?is picture--! solid foot w\nd r\nd ) a ?9 /r++--) ! sev5te5?-c5tury glass 9 ! picture by ,jan van de ,velde ref]r$ to bel[4 ,footnote #aij3 ,already 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! vitra ,v5eciana are di/+ui%$ f ! ,vitrum silve/rum sive montanum1 o!rwise wald-glas4 ,footnote #aia3 ,= ?is di/rict we h 9 ! excell5t "w ( ,e4 von ,czihak--,s*lesis*e ,gls]1 ,breslau1 #ahia--;a bett] s\rce ( in=mation ?an is available = any o!r ( ! glass-mak+ c5tres ( ,g]many or ,bohemia4 ,footnote #aib3 ,publi%$ by ,frob5 at ,ble 9 #aeef2 ! d$ication1 h[ev]1 is dat$ #aeea4 ,footnote #aic3 ,s ,agricola /ates 9 ! v la/ p>agraph ( 8 book4 ,z ?is passage seems to h be5 sometimes mis9t]pret$1 ,i w quote x 9 full f ! orig9al ,lat9 edition4 ,he m5tions ! v>i\s %apes t glass may be made to assume1 & cont9ues3-- #8,qualia op]a multa praecl>a et admir&a cum quondam bi5nio ag]em ,v5etiis contemplatus sum2 9 primis v] anniv]s>iis diebus fe/is asc5sionis dom5icae cm v5alia ess5t apportata ,murano2 ubi vitr>iae (fic9ae omnium celeb]rimae sunt3 quas vidi cum alis1 tum maxime cum c]tis de causis ,&ream ,naug]ium 9 a$ibus1 quas ibi habebat1 uno cum ,francisco ,asulano conv5]im4' ,f ?is passage x w\ld appe> t !re 0 a great sale ( ,muranese glass 9 ,v5ice on ! fea/ ( ! ,asc5sion 7cf4 above1 p4 #baf74 ,is ?is ,naug]ius1 at ^: h\se at ,murano ,agricola visit$1 to be id5tifi$ ) ! fam\s poet & orator ,&rea ,navag]o1 f ^: travels 9 ,spa9 ,i h quot$ on page #bdi8 ,footnote #aid3 ,s>epta od] ,b]gpo/il1 ,nrnb]g1 #aefb4 ,footnote #aie3 ,9 a contempor>y vocabul>y ritzle is int]pret$ z #8aurum quo t+itur vitrum rubro colore4' ,9 a passage on ,v5etian glass 9 8 e>ly "w1 ,de ,natur ,fossilium 7#aedf71 ,agricola speaks ( ! use ( gold to col\r glass ( ! ruddy col\r ( ! c>buncle4 ,footnote #aif3 ,i quote ?is passage1 z x is mu* m to ! po9t z reg>ds ,g]man glass ?an :at is to be f\nd 9 ,agricola1 :o gives u r 8 !ories z to ! mat]ials us$ by ! ,v5etians to make _! cri/allo4 ,footnote #aig3 ,a sep>ate muffle-/ove = ?is purpose 01 x w\ld ?us appe>1 n yet available4 ,footnote #aih3 ,?is "p ( ! decoration we may inde$ reg>d z a survival ( ! ,v5etian influ5ce t 0 dom9ant 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,( ?is ,i h already spok54 ,footnote #aii3 ,?is fl[]1 ! ,mai-glckle91 is frequ5tly se5 on ,g]man enamell$ glass1 & is ! m conspicu\s z x is almo/ ! only fl[] reali/ically treat$4 ,i may note t ,m4 ,s*u]mans w\ld appe> to reg>d ! pres5ce ( ^! tiges de muguet1 execut$ 9 enamel1 z ess5tially a sign ( ,l[ ,c\ntry orig92 !y are1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly accompani$ by inscriptions 9 ,g]man4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,notice to ! h]aldic "r ( ! birds' heads a %ield be>+ a cross & ! inscription ,pote/at zu ,rom4 ,footnote #bja3 ,on a small hump51 or r kanne1 ( ?is class 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 dat$ #afaa1 we f9d only ?ree secul> electors--^? ( ,saxony1 ! ,palat9ate1 & ,br&5burg2 ! place ( ! f\r? 7,bohemia7 is occupi$ by ! imp]ial eagle4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,h]r von ,czihak m5tions t he has se5 9 ! museum ( ,freib]g1 9 ,saxony1 a cov]$ hump51 pa9t$ 9 oil-col\rs1 protect$ app>5tly ) "s k9d ( lacqu]4 ,! glass is d>k gre51 & ! ,go?ic "* bo? ( ! metal cov] & ( ! pa9t+ po9ts to a date n lat] ?an #aejj4 ,! subject1 accord+ to a qua9t inscription1 has relation to #8,eneaspius d] ,bab/' 7! ,pope ,pius ,,ii41 #adeh-adfd71 & to ! #8,roemis*] ,kais] ,frid]i* d] dritt' 7,s*lesis*e ,gls]1 p4 #aja74 ,footnote #bjc3 ,:at ,ma!sius /ates is1 #8,! :ite i4e4 col\rless glasses h n[ become common ov] :i* :ite ?reads ( :ite col\r are c>ri$2 ^! glasses are made 9 ,silesia4' ,h]r von ,czihak 7p4 #if7 says t he has se5 _m su* glasses ( some:at rude make 9 t prov9ce4 ,x w be rememb]$ t "s ( ! vetro di tr9a made at ,murano is also only sup]ficially decorat$4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! te*nique ( ! cemet]y glasses diff]s ess5tially1 z 9 ^! ! two plates ( glass are fus$ toge!r1 on ! edges at lea/ 7p4 #ib74 ,footnote #bje3 ,we (t5 f9d simil> defects develop$ on glass l5ses4 ,to ensure a*romatism & accuracy ( def9ition ^! l5ses are built up ( two lay]s1 "o ( cr[n1 ! o!r ( fl9t glass1 cem5t$ toge!r by a v>ni%4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,?is art 0 c>ri$ to ! highe/ p]fection 9 ,holl& by a gr\p ( cultur$ amateurs 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 7see p4 #bie74 ,footnote #bjg3 ,we he>1 x is true1 ( wat]-:eels = gr9d+ glass at ,s*wbis* ,grund1 9 ,bav>ia1 9 ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ^! mills l>ge beads 7p]haps we may ?9k ( ! *evron beads f ,murano 9 ?is connection7 7 gr\nd = exportation to ! ,indies by way ( ,antw]p 7,von ,czihak1 p4 #abe74 ,i may note t !re is no ref]5ce to ! cutt+ ( glass 9 ei!r ,agricola or ,ma!sius4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ) ?is "w ! c>v+--id5tical 9 te*nique--on reliqu>ies ( rock cry/al ( ,c>lov+ian date4 ,( ^! a rem>kable example may be se5 9 ! ,m$ival ,room 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,footnote #bji3 ,! ,s*atzkamm] at ,muni* is ri* 9 examples ( c>v$ rock cry/al ( ?is p]iod1 b ,i c f9d few examples ( c>v$ glass 9 x4 ,9 ! ,imp]ial ,museum 9 ,vi5na may be se5 a sup]b s]ies c>v$ 9 bo? mat]ials--! f9e/ ( ^! come f ! ,s*atzkamm]4 ,footnote #baj3 ,lehmann di$ 9 #afbb1 & ! eld] ,george ,s*wanh>t 9 #affg4 ,footnote #baa3 ,comp>e ) ?is ! compla9ts1 made at ?is "t or a little lat]1 ( ! arti/ic & social decad5ce ( ! glass-engrav]s 9 ,bohemia & ,silesia 7p4 #bhe74 ,footnote #bab3 ,on ! e>ly use ( hydr(luoric acid ,i %all h some?+ to say a little fur!r on4 ,footnote #bac3 ,?is is r5d]$ 9 ! ,lat9 edition #8inque ill>um exaltatione ad magnum asc5dit gradum4' ,x %\ld1 p]haps1 be translat$ #8to a high pit* ( excell5ce4' ,footnote #bad3 ,!re is an exquisitely engrav$ cov]$ beak] ( ?is p]iod at ,s\? ,k5s+ton be>+ ! arms ( ! ,elector ( ,trves 7,plate ,,xlii474 ,footnote #bae3 ,especially by ,doppelmayr 9 8 ,hi/oris*e ,na*ri*t von d] ,nrnb]gis*5 ,ma!maticis und ,kn/l]n1 ,nrnb]g1 #agcj4 ,a pret5ti\s "w1 writt5 9 ! ,fr5*ifi$ ,g]man ( ! day1 & v inf]ior z an au?ority to ,s&r>t4 ,footnote #baf3 ,x 0 "h t 0 fir/ develop$ t hybrid type ( dr9k+-glass :i* pass$ ov] to ,engl& e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ^! glasses ! engrav$ b[l c>ries u back to ,g]many1 & ! air or opaque twi/$ /em to ! vetro di tr9a ( ,v5ice4 ,footnote #bag3 ,q e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury we f9d an acc\nt ( a process by :i* a gas possess+ ! prop]ty ( attack+ glass may be made by /eep+ ! #8hesphorus' or #8,bohemian em]ald' 9 spirits ( nitre4 ,z we are told t ?is #8hesphorus' :5 heat$ emits a gre5 light1 we may safely id5tify x ) fluor-sp> 7fluoride ( calcium74 ,footnote #bah3 ,a circul> plaque ( ?is "*1 ) a pi\s inscription1 9 ! ,g]manic ,museum at ,nuremb]g1 has be5 ascrib$ to ,h5ry ,s*wanh>t4 ,x is dat$ #afhf 7reproduc$ by ,g]spa*1 p4 #bff74 ,footnote #bai3 ,we mu/ rememb] t at ?is "t little di/9ction 0 drawn betwe5 ! rese>*es ( ! *emi/ & ! al*emi/4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,! ruby glass ( our old ,go?ic *ur*es 01 h[ev]1 )\t exception obta9$ f copp]4 ,b ! belief t x conta9$ gold l$ 9 ,france to ! de/ruction ( mu* ( ?is glass at ! "t ( ! ,revolution4 ,footnote #bba3 ,?is book may be be/ consult$ 9 ! ,fr5* translation1 said to be by ! ,b>on ,d',holba* 7,p>is1 #ageb74 ,"h we h 9 its f9al =m ! little book ( ,n]i1 :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! translator's crucible z _m z f\r times--f ,italian to ,engli%1 !n to ,lat91 to ,g]man1 & f9ally to ,fr5*4 ,= !re 01 too1 an ,am/]dam edition 9 ,lat9 7#affh7 :i* came betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,kunckel's v]sion4 ,b1 unlike ! gold ( ! al*emi/1 ! "w really increas$ 9 value dur+ ^! trans=mations4 ,sev]al curi\s treatises1 9 ! mann] ( ! "t1 half al*emi/ic1 half sci5tific1 are to be f\nd at ! end ( ! ,fr5* translation1 includ+ a r5d]+ into ,fr5* ( ,ors*all's ,sol s9e ,ve/e4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,! some:at obscure relations ( ^! two m51 ,kunckel & ,ors*all1 ) ,cassius1 ! reput$ discov]] ( ! purple t goes by 8 "n 7z well z ) ! son ( ! latt]71 is expla9$ by ,beckmann 7,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions1 vol4 i4 p4 #abf74 ,footnote #bbc3 ,if 9 ! case ( ! bottle ( ruby glass1 ) ! arms ( ,saxony & ! initials ,j4 ,g41 also f ! ,slade collection 7,no4 #hgj71 ^! lett]s are to be ref]r$ to ! ,elector ,john ,george 7#afef-hj71 ,kunckel mu/ h p]fect$ 8 inv5tion at an e>ly date4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,!re is a portrait ( h] 9 ! ,national ,gall]y by ,jan ,liev5s4 ,see1 = "s acc\nt ( h] /range life1 ! note 9 ! ,(ficial ,catalogue 7p4 #cje74 ,ano!r suppos$ portrait ( ?is lady 9 ! same collection is by ,g]>d ,d\4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,! #8,beak] ) ! seasons' 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,plate ,,xliii47 is an example ( ! m elaborate "w ( ^! ,dut* design]s ) ! diamond4 ,= ?\gh ! inscription on ?is glass is 9 ,engli%1 ! decoration is und\bt$ly by a memb] ( ! s*ool ( ,roem] ,vis*]4 ,! beak] is dat$ #affc4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,/rictly speak+1 ! m>ks on ! surface ( ! glass are r ( ! nature ( %ort scrat*es or da%es ?an true dots4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,= ?is ,wolf's glass1 z x is call$ 9 ,holl&1 see ! catalogue ( ! ,rijks ,museum4 ,9 ?is ,museum1 too1 a portrait ( ,gre5wood may be f\nd4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,a m rec5t "w--! ,engli% ,table ,glasses1 by ,mr4 ,p]cy ,bate--is conc]n$ ) little else ?an a m9ute classification ( ^! w9e-glasses4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,"o ( ! e>ly ,lorra9]s 7see bel[7 speaks ( ! native glass ( ,engl& z made f f\gre et ronces4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,b x is record$ t a ,*idd+fold glass-mak] 7 propos ( ! introduction ( ,lorra9]s7 confess$ t he c\ld n make w9d[-glass--only #8mort>s1 bottles1 & or9aux4' ,i _c accept ! explanation ( ! la/ ^w z #8wat] globes plac$ 9 front ( ru%lights' 7see ,sussex ,glass1 by ,*>les ,dawson1 ,antiqu>y1 #aije72 l ! vrynells m5tion$ above1 x came ?r\gh ! ,fr5* f ! m$ival ,lat9 ur9alia4 ,comp>e ! li/ ( objects giv5 on p4 #acd4 ,footnote #bca3 ,accord+ to ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,w4 ,c4 ,hall5 7,scotti% ,antiqu>y1 #ahic7 !re 7 f\r noble /ocks ( glass-mak]s 9 ,lorra9e4 ,^! 7 ! families ( ,h5nezel 7:i* claim$ a ,bohemian desc5t71 ( ,?ietry1 ( ,du ,?isac1 & ( ,le ,h\x4 ,s 9 ,norm&y we f9d ! names ( ,de ,bong>1 ,de ,caqu]y1 ,le ,vaillant1 & ,de ,bross>d4 ,repres5tatives ( ne>ly all ^! families appe> to h come to ,engl& be=e ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & _! names1 (t5 /rangely corrupt$1 h be5 une>!d f p>i% regi/]s & o!r docum5ts 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,! ,lorra9]s1 at lea/1 seem to h be5 all ( !m ,calv9i/s4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,!re _h be5 an e>li] unsuccessful attempt at introduc+ ,italian me?ods1 ( :i* ,i %all h to speak %ortly4 ,! ,fr5*m5 d n seem to h come into contact ) ,v]zel9i1 :o 0 at ! "t mak+ ,v5etian glass 9 ,london 7see bel[74 ,footnote #bcc3 ,we may1 h[ev]1 probably id5tify ! ,antw]p m]*ant1 ,jean ,c>r1 ) ! #8,john ,c>ry1 ,mr ( ye ,gla%\se1' :o 0 buri$ at ,al=d1 9 ,surrey1 9 #aegb4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,! hi/ory ( _! w&]+s has be5 piec$ toge!r *iefly ?r\gh ! rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,glazebrook 7see 8 privately pr9t$ ,collections = ! ,g5ealogy ( ! noble families ( ,de ,h5nezel1 etc41 #ahgg72 ( ,mr4 ,hall5 9 ! ,scotti% ,antiqu>y1 #ahic2 & ( ,mr4 ,holmes 9 ! ,antiqu>y1 #ahid4 ,footnote #bce3 ,x is j possible1 rememb]+ ! _m ex*anges ( pres5ts betwe5 ,h5ry & ,francis1 t a "p at lea/ ( ?is collection may h _h "s connection ) ! #8quatre c5s beaux v]res de ,v5ise g5tillisez des plus jolies gayetez que v]ri]s sauroi5t inv5t]1' :i* 7 9 #aecb 9 ! possession ( ,rob]tez1 treasur] to ! ,fr5* k+ 7,nesbitt1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,catalogue1 p4 clix74 ,footnote #bcf3 ,= example1 9 an abortive act br\ght into ! ,h\se 9 #aehe1 b n pass$4 ,quot$ by ,mr4 ,h>t%orne1 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,a goblet ( simil> "*1 ) ! date #aehd1 0 n long s9ce sma%$ to pieces :ile on view at a sal]oom4 ,l ! goblet m5tion$ 9 ! text1 ?is glass 0 attribut$ to ,v]zel9i4 ,footnote #bch3 ,z to ! o!r specim5s ( ,elizabe?an glass m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,h>t%orne--! *alice-l cup belong+ to ,mr4 ,woodruff & ! tazza n[ at ,w9dsor--!y h d\btless be5 long 9 ,engl&1 b !re is no?+ to prove _! ,engli% make4 ,!y are bo? ess5tially ( =ms borr[$ f ! goldsmi?1 & l ! glass di% 9 ! ,williams ,libr>y at ,gordon ,squ>e1 !y may well h come f ,h5ry ,,viii4's collection4 ,footnote #bci3 ,al?\gh ! ,metallum ,m>tis or ,iron made f ,pitt-coale 0 n pr9t$ till #affe1 ,dudley _h exp]im5t$ ) coal "s "t be=e #afai4 ,z e>ly z #afab1 9 a treatise entitl$ ,metallica1 ,simon ,/urtevant1 :o _h already tak5 out a pat5t = mak+ iron ) pit-coal1 /ates t #8v lately' gre5 glass = w9d[s1 ( good quality1 _h be5 melt$ ) t mat]ial at ,w9*e/] ,h\se1 ,s\?w>k4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,! mo/ important ( ^! docum5ts are giv5 9 full 9 ! ,app5dix to ,mr4 ,h>t%orne's ,engli% ,glasses4 ,footnote #bda3 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,h[ell 9 a lett] dat$ ,m>* #ah1 #afah1 quot$ 9 "p bel[1 speaks ( ,mansell z work+ 8 pat5t ) #8,my ,"l ( ,pembroke & div]s o!rs ( ! prime ,lords ( ! ,c\rt4' ,he _h1 x w\ld seem1 replac$ ! e>ly adv5tur]s & s*em]s by m5 ( weal? & ( influ5ce at c\rt4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,beside ! passages quot$ above !re are _m ref]5ces to glass1 includ+ an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ,murano1 to be f\nd 9 8 ,epi/ol ,ho-,elian4 ,h[ell edit$ ^! e>ly lett]s ( 8 :ile conf9$ 7= debt1 x w\ld seem7 9 ! prison ( ! ,fleet1 at ! "t ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,we may note among o!r ?+s a ref]5ce to a #8curi\s sea-*e/ ( glass1' & aga9 we he> ( a lady writ+ to ,murano = #8a complete cupbo>d ( true cry/all glass4' ,footnote #bdc3 ,he got ?is comp>ison1 d\btless1 & a good _m o!r /ories t we f9d 9 8 ,v5etian lett]s1 f ,g>zoni's ,piazza ,univ]sale1 or f ,fioravanti's ,spec*io1 books mo/ popul> at t "t1 f :i* ,i h already quot$ :5 speak+ ( ! glass ( ,murano4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,^! are little cyl9drical vessels = burn+ tall[4 ,! "n survives z an equival5t to a night-light4 ,footnote #bde3 ,i am n sure1 h[ev]1 t :5 at ?is "t ! ^w nitre is f\nd we are always ju/ifi$ 9 und]/&+ by x saltpetre or nitrate ( pota%4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,gre5e-,morelli ,correspond5ce1 ,sloane ,,mss4 ,mr4 ,h>t%orne has reproduc$ eight ( ^! lett]s 7,engli% ,glasses1 ,app5dix xxix471 & has devot$ ?ree plates to ! reproductions ( ,gre5e's patt]ns4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,! same may be said ( ! treatise on ,! ,art ( ,glass by ,haudicquet de ,blanc\rt1 ( :i* ! ,engli% translation appe>$ 9 #afii4 ,!re is little or no advance on ,m]ret 9 ?is book1 & no?+ is said ( ! application ( lead-glass to holl[ w>e4 ,an int]e/+ plate %[+ ! implem5ts us$ by ! glass-bl[] may1 h[ev]1 be f\nd "h4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,! t]m orig9ally correspond$ to ! v]re pi]res ( ! ,fr5*4 ,x 0 us$ 9 opposition to ! #8gre5 glass' or v]re de f\gre1 9 ! prep>ation ( :i* s& 0 us$4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,! confusion is increas$ by ! fact t on ! ,cont95t ! t]m #8cri/al' 0 n[ transf]r$ to ! lead-glass4 ,footnote #bej3 ,?is 0 ! ,rav5scr(t :o took out a pat5t 9 #afgd1 & toge!r ) an ,alt>i/1 a ,de ,co/a 7! sole repres5tative ( t ,ligurian t[n1 says ,mr4 ,h>t%orne1 t we meet ) 9 ,engli% records71 made glass f calc9$ fl9ts1 nitre1 & borax4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no "q ( lead 9 ?is case4 ,footnote #bea3 ,mr4 ,h>t%orne1 ,i %\ld add1 :ile ackn[l$g+ t !re is no def9ite allusion to ! use ( lead 9 any docum5t ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 traces an indirect ref]5ce to x 9 a pat5t tak5 out by "o ,tilson z e>ly z #affc2 9 ?is docum5t1 h[ev]1 ,i c f9d no?+ po9t+ 9 t direction4 ,footnote #beb3 ,! new f9ancial me?ods are well illu/rat$ 9 ! quotation f ,h\ghton on p4 #cah4 ,footnote #bec3 ,9 ?is "w !re are m ?an a hundr$ qu>to pages devot$ to ! eighte5?-c5tury dr9k+-glasses4 ,p]haps ( great] int]e/ to ! #8av]age man' is ! in=mation giv5 9 ! f9al *apt] conc]n+ ! liquids drunk f ^! glasses1 to say no?+ ( ! apt quotations f old lett]s ?r[+ light on ! social habits ( ! "t to be f\nd 9 ! notes4 ,ano!r va/ s]ies ( eighte5?-c5tury glasses1 m ?an sev5 hundr$ 9 numb]1 ,i believe1 has be5 collect$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,webb ,s+]1 *iefly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,bri/ol4 ,^! are well illu/rat$ 9 a pap] by ,mr4 ,e4 ,wynn ,p5ny 9 ! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e 7,sept4 & ,nov4 #aijc74 ,footnote #bed3 ,9 ! e>li] pre-r5aissance glasses1 ! foot 0 fold$ ov] f bel[ upw>ds4 ,x 0 ! ,v5etians :o fir/ introduc$ ! d[nw>d fold ( ! welt$ base4 ,footnote #bee3 ,?is drawn-out #8bl[1' or inv]t$ te>1 is (t5 f\nd 9 ! /ems ( ! solid tav]n glass ( ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7,h>t%orne1 p4 #bfe74 ,footnote #bef3 ,mr4 ,h>t%orne1 h[ev]1 ?9ks t our ,engli% workm51 especially at ,bri/ol1 7 capable ( turn+ out opaque-twi/$ /ems z good z1 if n bett] ?an1 ^? made 9 ,holl&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /ems ) int]lac+ ruby & :ite ?reads1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! latt] c\ntry1 nev] =m "p ( typical ,engli% glasses4 ,footnote #beg3 ,! fam\s ,royal ,oak glass1 ) ! portrait ( ,*>les ,,ii41 n[ belong+ to ,mr4 ,fe/+ 7,h>t%orne1 ,plate #bi71 is c]ta9ly a case 9 po9t1 :atev] may be ! orig9 ( ! glass itself4 ,b ?is goblet is scrat*$ ) a diamond4 ,footnote #beh3 ,! latt] inscription ref]s ( c\rse to ! fam\s =ty-fif? numb] ( ,wilkes's ,nor? ,briton 7,april #agfc74 ,! #8,no ,excise' may be associat$ ) ! successful agitation aga9/ ,walpole's bill 9 #agcc-cd1 or p]haps r ) lat] prote/s ( ! same nature4 ,footnote #bei3 ,= ^! glasses see especially ! tw5ty-f\r? *apt] ( ,mr4 ,h>t%orne's (t5-quot$ "w1 n neglect+ ! mo/ int]e/+ notes4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t #8,james ,,iii4' did n die until #agff2 8 #8reign' ( sixty-five ye>s exce$$ t ( any o!r ,engli% pr9ce4 ,al?\gh mo/ ( ^! ,jacobite glasses date f a p]iod r aft] ?an be=e #8! '#de' !re 0 /ill a long int]val dur+ :i* ! attribution ,i h sugge/$ w\ld be ju/ifi$4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,?is h\se has rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( ! same family s9ce ! "t x 0 built by ,walt] ,jones1 9 ! reign ( ,james ,i4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,?is p]iod ( ,engli% glass is n repres5t$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is well illu/rat$ 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,j]n+ham1 & !re are "s f9e examples among ! m miscellane\s glass ( ,mr4 ,fitz,henry n[ 7#aijf7 on view at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,i h purposely gone to old] works = ^! te*nical details1 t is to say1 to works writt5 be=e ! g5]al introduction ( mod]n me*anical processes2 = example1 to ,apsley ,pellat's ,curiosities ( ,glass-mak+1 & to ! treatise on glass by ,port] 9 ,l>dn]'s s]ies 7#ahcb74 ,= ! mat]ials us$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury see ,dossie's ,h&maid ( ! ,arts1 #bnd edition1 #agfd4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,?is is ! m /range1 z 9 all ! recipes ( ! "t = mak+ ! :ite enamel1 ev5 9 "o relat+ app>5tly to ?is v ,bri/ol glass1 ars5ic plays an important "p4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,dossie1 9 8 ,h&maid ( ! ,arts1 #bnd ed41 #agfd1 tells u t at t "t mu* :ite opaque glass1 9 imitation ( porcela91 0 made ne> ,london4 ,! glass1 he /ates1 0 r5d]$ opaque by t91 by antimony1 or by ars5ic4 ,mu* ( ?is mat]ial 0 d\btless employ$ = enamell+ on metal4 ,footnote #bff3 ,*>d9 0 a ,fr5* deal] 9 preci\s /ones :o suppli$ ! ,%ah ) ,european jewels4 ,! mat]ials = ! acc\nt ( ,p]sia f :i* ! extract giv5 9 ! text is tak51 7 collect$ dur+ a voyage 9 t c\ntry 9 ! ye>s #afga & #afgb4 ,*>d91 :o 0 ( an old ,prote/ant family1 settl$ lat] on 9 ,engl& & 0 knight$ by ,*>les ,,ii4 ,i quote f ! ,engli% translation ( #agbd1 *eck+ x by ! contempor>y ,fr5* edition4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,at ,vi5na1 9 ! ,museum = ,art & ,indu/ry1 !re is a small collection ( glass f ,hebron4 ,besides ! bangles ( opaque glass :i* belong to ! old primitive family1 !re are "s small vessels ( a deep amb]-col\r$ glass simil> to t br\ght f ,rhodes1 & f9ally a few vases ( ,p]sian type ( a blui%-gre5 metal2 among ! la/ gr\p may be f\nd "s lamps ) glass tubes simil> to ^? m5tion$ 9 ! text4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,! miscellane\s beads1 f\nd *iefly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,b5>es & ,cawnpore1 are associat$ = ! mo/ "p ) ,buddhi/ rema9s ( ! "t ( ! ,gupta dyna/y1 :i* reign$ 9 ,nor!rn ,india %ortly be=e our era1 b v few ( ^! beads are ( glass4 ,( great int]e/ are ! sp9dle-%ap$ beads1 decorat$ ) int]sect+ l9es ( enamel--black1 grey1 or :ite--on a gr\nd ( qu>tz1 or sometimes ( c>nelian4 ,a s]ies ( ^! beads may be se5 9 ! #8,gall]y ( ,religions' 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,!y are describ$ by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,r4 ,rivett-,c>nac 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,indian ,art1 vol4 ix4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,at ! ,indian ,exhibition held at ,e>l's ,c\rt a few ye>s ago1 "s ( ^! ,indian glass-mak]s 7 at "w 9 a little hut1 & "h ! native processes c\ld be wat*$4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,=re/1 ex-,director ( ,records at ! ,india ,(fice1 ,i h be5 enabl$ to exam9e a collection ( small glass vessels obta9$ by him 9 ! ,kaira di/rict ( ,guz]at4 ,among !m ,i notic$ "s graceful little cruet-%ap$ ew]s ( a pale p9ki% glass--! col\r app>5tly obta9$ f gold--& also "s glass lamps ( r\nd$ conical =m simil> to ^? us$ 9 ,cairo4 ,footnote #bga3 ,my *ief au?orities = ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,*9ese glass are ! works ( ,dr4 ,hir?1 especially a pap] on ! subject 9 8 ,*9esis*e ,/udi51 & "s casual rem>ks 9 ,dr4 ,bu%ell's ,ori5tal ,c]amic ,art4 ,i h at ! la/ mom5t be5 able to add a few notes to :at ,i h writt51 bas$ on ! *apt] on glass 9 ,dr4 ,bu%ell's ,*9ese ,art4 ,june #aijf4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,?us we h ! /atem5ts ( ! mission>ies ,ricci & ,du ,halde1 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies respectively1 t ! ,*9ese made glass4 ,z f> back z ! twelf? c5tury1 ! ,arab writ] ,edrisi speaks ( glass-work]s 9 ! ,*9ese t[n ( ,djan-ku1 :]ev] t may be4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,dr4 ,bu%ell1 h[ev]1 ?9ks t !re is evid5ce t 9 ! fif? c5tury glass ( ,indo-,scy?ian orig9 rea*$ ,nor!rn ,*9a by way ( ! great trade r\te ?r\gh ,*9ese ,turke/an4 ,ab\t ! same "t x 0 br\ght f ! ,we/1 by ! sea r\te1 to ! s\!rn capital 7! mod]n ,nank+74 ,! manufacture 0 at t "t e/abli%$ 9 bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,*9a1 & #8has be5 c>ri$ on ) indiff]5t success ev] s9ce' 7,*9ese ,art1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #fj-fa74 ,footnote #bgd3 ,! v abs5ce ( native enamell$ glass might inde$ be us$ z an argum5t aga9/ ! o!rwise plausible !ory t x 0 f ! ,s>ac5ic glass t ! ,*9ese fir/ le>n$ h[ to enamel _! porcela9 ) fusible col\rs ov] ! glaze4 ,see on ?is po9t my book on ,porcela9 9 ?is s]ies1 p4 #hg4 ,dr4 ,bu%ell m5tions #8! rec5t discov]y 9 mosques ( ! we/]n prov9ces ( ,*9a ( a numb] ( hang+ lamps ( *>act]i/ic %ape1 enamell$ 9 col\rs1' ) ,arabic motives & script4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 tak5 to ,am]ica4 ,*9ese ,art1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #bge3 ,hu succe$$ 9 splitt+ up ! "* ) :i* 8 simple "n 0 writt5 into ! two ideographs ,ku & ,yueh1 & !reupon adopt$ ! m impos+ title #8,*amb] ( ! ,anci5t ,moon4' ,footnote #bgf3 ,?is collection is describ$ 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,bild5de ,kun/1 vol4 xx41 9 an article on ,*9ese glass by ,h]r ,a4 ,bap/4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,dr4 ,bu%ell h9ts t su* inscriptions may 9 cases h be5 add$ by mod]n curio-deal]s 9 ,pek91 z a bait to ,european collectors4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,z arrang$ n[ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ! c>v$ glass may be comp>$ ) ! companion s]ies 9 agate & o!r /ones4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,dossie1 9 8 ,h&maid ( ! ,arts 7#bnd ed41 #agfd71 decl>es t !re 0 at ! "t he 0 writ+ a great dem& 9 ,*9a = #8! br[n ,v5etian glass ) gold-spangles1 call$ ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one4' ,footnote #bhj3 ,! mak+ ( glass is /ill an important indu/ry at ,po%an1 :]e ! native qu>tz-rock is melt$ ) saltpetre4 ,w9d[-glass1 bottles1 & lant]ns are made1 & ! cle> glass is export$ 9 ! =m ( long rods ti$ up 9 bundles4 ,williamson's ,j\rneys 9 ,nor? ,*9a1 vol4 i4 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #bha3 ,see1 = confirmation ( ?is1 ! previ\s note4 ,9 ,*9a to-day ! ^w liao has replac$ ! old] names = glass4 ,= ! bett] k9ds ( "w ! ,%antung glass is work$ up at ,pek9--?is is ! ,*+ liao4 ,bu%ell1 ,*9ese ,art1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,i h to ?ank ,pr(essor ,*ur* = ! results ( an analysis ( a snuff-bottle #8l ne>ly :ite jade or milk-qu>tz fa9tly gre5i%4' ,x conta9$ lead-oxide1 #dhc p] c5t42 pota%1 #hh p] c5t42 soda1 #aa p] c5t42 & silica1 #dae p] c5t4 ,we h "h a rem>kably pure pota%-lead glass1 = only #jb p] c5t1 ( alum9a & iron oxide 0 f\nd4 ,! specific gravity ( ?is specim5 0 #ch2 t ( ano!r bottle ( cle> /rong gre5 glass 0 #cg4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,9 "s ( ! ,imp]ial tombs ( ! six? & sev5? c5turies ( our era glass j>s h be5 f\nd4 ,"o ( ^! is describ$ z ( :ite glass ornam5t$ ) r\nd knobs4 ,9 ! grave ( ! ,emp]or ,n9toku 7fif? c5tury7 7 f\nd fragm5ts ( blue & :ite glass4 ,x is v unlikely t any ( ?is glass 0 made 9 ,japan4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 x is ref]r$ to on p4 #aeb4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,da%es us$ to repres5t duplicat$ entries 9 ! ,index h be5 replac$ by ! text !y repres5t4 ,"s presum$ pr9t]'s errors h be5 correct$4 ,9 p>ticul>1 punctuation has be5 normaliz$4 ,spell+ 9 ! ,index has be5 correct$ to mat* ! spell+ 9 ! ma9 text4 ,additional corrections are li/$ bel[ ) ! text z pr9t$ 7top7 & ! correct$ text 7bottom73 might h h be5 might h be5 7p4 #bee7 ( t ( ,european orig9 ?ree is no ne$ to speak ( t ( ,european orig9 !re is no ne$ to speak 7p4 #cdb7 ,lorra9e 0 0 n yet ,lorra9e 0 n yet 7,footnote #agb7