,,the ,,royal ,,institution4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,and ,,co41 ,,new-,,street ,,square ,,and ,,parliament ,,street ,,the ,,royal ,,institution3 ,,its ,,founder and ,,its ,,first ,,professors4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,bence ,,jones1 ,,honorary ,,secretary4 ,,london3 ,,longmans1 ,,green1 ,,and ,,co4 #ahga4 ,,preface4 ,i begin the history of the ,royal ,institution1 and its professors to the time of ,faraday1 with the life of its founder1 ,count ,rumford1 because his career and character determined its original form4 ,i have written short accounts of the earliest professors because the spirit that has shown itself in them has up to this time been the life of the ,institution4 ,dr4 ,garnett and ,dr4 ,thomas ,young had comparatively little influence there1 because the founder took the most active part in the establishment of his ,institution2 but when ,count ,rumford and ,sir ,joseph ,banks had left and ,mr4 ,bernard and ,sir ,john ,hippesley were the leading managers1 ,professor ,davy gradually became the main supporter of the place1 and to him chiefly it owes the form which it now retains4 ,during the last half-century the name of ,faraday has been so blended with that of the ,royal ,institution that few people know what ,davy made it2 and fewer still have heard what ,rumford at first intended it to be4 ,the following account will show that the ,institution owes its origin entirely to ,rumford1 and would certainly have failed but for ,davy4 ,moreover1 it will be seen that before ,faraday came there1 it had been the home of ,dr4 ,garnett and of ,dr4 ,thomas ,young2 ,dr4 ,dalton had lodged and lectured for weeks there2 ,sydney ,smith1 ,coleridge1 ,sir ,james ,smith1 ,dibden1 ,dr4 ,crotch1 ,campbell1 ,landseer1 ,opie1 and ,flaxman had also lectured there2 ,sir ,joseph ,banks and ,mr4 ,cavendish had been managers1 and ,dr4 ,wollaston and ,dr4 ,jenner had been members4 ,i have searched everywhere to find new or forgotten facts about the ,institution4 ,for the sketch of the founder ,i owe much to the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,ellis1 of ,boston1 who has lately written the ,life of ,rumford for the ,american ,academy of ,arts and ,sciences4 ,i have found many despatches and letters relating to ,rumford in the manuscripts of the ,american ,war now in the library of the ,royal ,institution1 and in the unpublished correspondence of ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 in the archives of the ,foreign ,office1 and in the ,state ,paper ,office4 ,not the least strange fact in the history of this original man is that during his life he received no thanks for all that he did for the ,royal ,institution4 ,moreover at the present time he is scarcely known as the finder of ,davy and the founder of that place where very many of the greatest scientific discoveries of this century have been made4 ,for the account of the origin and progress of the ,institution ,i have searched the minutes of the meetings of the managers1 the proprietors1 and the members4 ,i am much indebted to ,earl ,spencer1 who has lent me from the ,althorp library a printed copy of the first prospectus of the ,royal ,institution4 ,this was written by ,count ,rumford4 ,i have found many forgotten things in the manuscript letters to and from ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 to which ,i have had access by permission of the ,knatchbull family2 also in a manuscript life of ,mr4 ,webster1 the architect of the ,royal ,institution theatre2 and in some letters which belonged to ,mr4 ,savage1 the clerk and first printer at the ,institution1 and for which ,i am indebted to his daughters4 ,for the sketch of the lives of ,dr4 ,garnett and of ,dr4 ,young ,i have been able to find very little original matter4 ,for the life of ,sir ,humphry ,davy ,i have met with some new facts in his laboratory note-books4 ,these books give most of his daily work at the time when he was making his great discoveries regarding chemical electricity1 the alkalies1 and chlorine4 ,i have also had the use of the notes by ,faraday of four of the last lectures given by ,davy at the ,institution4 ,this is the manuscript volume sent to ,davy by ,faraday when he asked to be employed at the ,institution4 ,it consists of #chf small quarto pages4 ,davy at this time was thirty-three1 and ,faraday was twenty-one4 ,the one was full of energy to profit by the excellence he could follow1 or to shun the evil he could foresee2 the other had long reached the climax of his success by his youthful popularity as a lecturer and his early renown as a discoverer2 and was about to make a rich and an unsuitable marriage2 and before long was to suffer from the restlessness of the failing health that ended in fatal disease4 ,whenever a true comparison between these two nobles of the ,institution can be made1 it will probably be seen that the genius of ,davy has been hid by the perfection of ,faraday4 ,incomparably superior as ,faraday was in unselfishness1 exactness1 and perseverance1 and in many other respects also1 yet certainly in originality and in eloquence he was inferior to ,davy1 and in love of research he was by no means his superior4 ,davy1 from his earliest energy to his latest feebleness1 loved research2 and1 notwithstanding his marriage1 his temper1 and his early death1 he first gained for the ,royal ,institution that great reputation for original discovery which has been and is the foundation of its success4 ,h4 ,b4 ,j4 ,,royal ,,institution1 ,,albemarle ,,street1 ,october #bg1 #ahga4 ,,contents4 ,,chap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,count ,,rumford ,,before ,,the ,,foundation ,,of ,,the ,,institution #a ,,ii4 ,,his ,,life ,,after ,,the ,,foundation ,,of ,,the ,,institution #fi ,,iii4 ,,the ,,early ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,institution1 #agii-ahjj2 ,,with ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,professor ,,garnett1 #agff-ahjb #aad ,,iv4 ,,the ,,progress ,,of ,,the ,,institution ,,to ,,the ,,resignation ,,of ,,professor ,,young1 #ahja-c2 ,,with ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,dr4 ,,thomas ,,young1 #aggc-ahbi #ahj ,v4 ,,the ,,further ,,progress ,,of ,,the ,,institution ,,to ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,faraday1 #ahjd-ad #beh ,,vi4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,sir ,,humphry ,,davy1 #aghh-ahbi #cab ,,appendix ,i4 ,,original ,,papers ,,regarding ,,the ,,american ,,war #dje ,,ii4 ,,original ,,letters ,,from ,,dr4 ,,thomas ,,young #dag ,,iii4 ,,income ,,and ,,expenditure ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,institution ,,to #ahad #dbe ,,the ,,royal ,,institution4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,life ,,of ,,rumford ,,before ,,the ,,foundation ,,of ,,the ,,institution4 #agec to #agii4 ,at ,charlestown1 ,massachusetts1 in the year #afcj1 ,james ,thompson was among ,winthrop's company4 ,he settled about ten miles inland1 and the place was called ,woburn4 ,in #ageb ,benjamin ,thompson was there with his father1 ,captain ,ebenezer ,thompson1 and he married ,ruth ,simonds1 of that place4 ,their child1 the future ,count ,rumford1 was born in his grandfathers farmhouse1 on ,march #bf1 #agec4 ,the house is still to be seen near the meeting-house in ,north ,woburn4 ,when the child was a year old his father died1 and when he was three years old his mother married again4 #8,to the close of her life ,rumford wrote to her full of affection1 and by the munificent provision which he made for her he showed his tender1 grateful regard for her4' ,a small inheritance from his grandfather helped to support and to educate the boy4 ,by the law of ,massachusetts everyone had a good grammar-school education1 and the village school teacher at ,woburn was then a graduate of ,harvard ,college and taught a little ,latin4 ,from his earliest years the boy was fickle and careless4 ,he neglected regular work1 but liked arithmetic4 ,he was full of energy and quick to make what he wanted4 ,when eleven he went to a better school in the neighbouring town of ,medford4 ,when thirteen ,benjamin ,thompson appeared unlikely to make a farmer4 ,he was therefore apprenticed to an importer of ,british goods and a dealer in everything1 at ,salem1 on ,october #ad1 #agff4 #8,instead of watching for customers over the counter1 he busied himself with tools and instruments under it4' ,when he could he played his fiddle1 and played it well4 ,when only fourteen his master allowed him to make small ventures in shipping goods that were paid for by a relative4 ,he was clever at drawing and cutting names1 and he thought he had #8invented a machine for making motion perpetual4' ,when the repeal of the ,stamp ,act occurred1 he blew himself up with fireworks1 and was in great danger of death4 ,his master signed the non-importation agreement4 ,thus his apprentice became useless4 ,when sixteen he returned to his mother4 ,to an elder school-fellow1 ,l4 ,baldwin1 at this time he wrote questions on light1 heat1 and the wind4 ,in #agfi1 when seventeen1 he was apprentice and clerk to a drygoods dealer at ,boston4 ,there he went to an evening-school to learn ,french1 paying only for the hours he attended4 ,a note-book made by him about this time still exists4 ,it abounds in caricatures4 ,has receipts for different fireworks4 ,one of these ends with1 #8,love is a noble passion of the mind4' ,contains the sum he paid for learning ,french and for pew-rent1 and the sums gained by cutting and carting firewood for relatives4 ,instructions for the back sword exercise1 with a sketch of two combatants2 and later there is an account of #8what expense ,i have been at towards getting an electrical machine1' and #8an account of what work ,i have done towards getting an electrical machine4' ,in the winter of #aggj he was ill for five weeks with fever4 ,then for eighteen months off and on he boarded with ,dr4 ,john ,hay1 of ,woburn1 and whilst with him he learned something of anatomy1 chemistry1 materia medica1 surgery1 and physic4 ,during the summer1 #agga1 he went to ,cambridge1 to attend ,mr4 ,winthrop's lectures on ,experimental ,philosophy4 ,in the winter of #agga-b for some weeks he was teaching in a school at ,wilmington1 and in the spring he taught at ,bradford4 ,in the summer he left ,dr4 ,hay for good1 because he was asked by ,colonel ,walker to become the fixed master of a school at ,concord1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,this place had been called ,rumford when it belonged to ,essex ,county1 ,massachusetts4 ,the name was changed when the disputes as to the county to which it belonged were ended4 ,the ,rev4 ,t4 ,walker was the first minister of ,concord4 ,he was a native of ,woburn and connected with the ,thompson family4 ,he was the chief man in ,concord4 ,his son was a colonel and a lawyer1 and his daughter1 when about thirty1 was married to ,colonel ,rolfe1 who was sixty4 ,she was left a rich widow in two years1 and in the middle of the following year ,thompson came as schoolmaster to ,concord4 ,he was not yet quite twenty4 ,his friend ,baldwin describes him #8as of fine1 manly make and figure1 nearly six feet high1 with handsome features1 bright blue eyes and dark auburn hair4 ,his manners were polished and his ways fascinating1 and he could make himself agreeable4 ,he had well used his opportunities of culture1 so that his knowledge was beyond that of most of those around him1 and he was able to give satisfaction as a teacher4' ,in the country parsonage and at ,colonel ,walker's house he frequently met ,mrs4 ,rolfe1 and he told his friend ,professor ,pictet that she married him rather than he her4 ,this was about the end of #aggb1 when he was nearly twenty4 ,he had to teach no more in school4 ,his marriage made him one of the chief men in ,concord4 ,after his marriage he went with his wife to ,portsmouth1 where she knew ,governor ,wentworth4 #8,he saw in young ,thompson not only the representative of a family already known in the public and social life of his province1 but also a man of much promise1 one likely to work vigorously in whatever he took up4' ,the ,governor soon gave ,thompson a commission as major in the second provincial regiment of ,new ,hampshire4 ,the young officer at once became an object of jealousy and ill-will to all the lieutenants and captains of his regiment4 ,the favour of the ,governor made all his brother officers his enemies4 ,the following letter to the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,williams1 at ,bradford1 afterwards ,professor at the college there1 shows the influence of ,thompson with the ,governor1 and also some of his scientific thoughts and aims3 ,concord1 ,monday1 ,january #ag1 #aggc4 ,,dear ,,sir1--,last ,friday ,i had the honour to wait upon his ,excellency1 ,governour ,wentworth1 at ,portsmouth1 where ,i was very politely and agreeably entertained for the space of an hour and a half4 ,i had not been in his company long before ,i proceeded upon business1 viz4 to ask his ,excellency whether ever the ,white ,mountains had been surveyed4 ,he answering me in the negative1 ,i proceeded to acquaint him that there was a number of persons who had thought of making an expedition that way next summer1 and asked him whether it would be agreeable to his ,excellency4 ,he said it would be extremely agreeable1 seemed excessively pleased with the plan1 promised to do all that lay in his power to forward it1--said that he had a number of ,mathematical instruments 7such as two or three telescopes1 ,barometer1 ,thermometer1 ,compass1 c47 at ,wentworth ,house1 7at ,wolfeborough1 only about thirty miles from the mountains71 all which1 together with his library1 should be at our service4 ,that he should be extremely glad to wait on us1 and to crown all he promised1 if there were no public business which rendered his presence at ,portsmouth absolutely necessary1 that he would take his tent equipage and go with us to the mountain and tarry with us1 and assist us till our survey1 which he said he supposed would take about twelve or fourteen days666--66--66666 ,during #aggc he was chiefly farming4 ,whilst on a visit with his wife to ,boston he was introduced to ,governor ,gage and to several of the ,british officers4 ,among those who worked for him on his farm were four deserters from the grenadiers at ,boston4 ,he persuaded them to return to their regiment4 ,he wrote to ,general ,gage to beg pardon for them4 ,he asked that his petition might be kept secret4 ,he wished not to excite more enmity among his neighbours4 ,but the use of his influence with the ,governor got known4 ,the bitterest feeling was working in the country4 ,civil war was about to begin4 ,major ,thompson was suspected by the people because he was in favour with the royal ,governors4 ,the committees of correspondence and of safety listened to the reports of any of the #8sons of liberty4' ,major ,thompson was called before a committee of the people in ,concord for being #8unfriendly to the cause of liberty4' ,he denied the charge1 and was acquitted4 ,about this time 7,august #aggd7 he asks his friend1 ,mr4 ,loammi ,baldwin1 merchant in ,woburn1 #8to favour him with an easy question1 arithmetical or algebraical1 and he will give as good an account of it as possible4' ,in ,october his only child1 ,sarah1 was born4 ,in ,november the mob gathered round his house1 but by friendly warning he was able to escape to his mother's at ,woburn1 fifty miles away4 ,here he sought to busy himself by reading1 and he made some experiments on gunpowder2 but ill-will soon followed him1 and he was driven for shelter to a friend at ,charleston4 ,thence he wrote to his father-in-law at ,concord3 ,december #bd1 #aggd4 ,,reverend ,,sir1--,the time and circumstances of my leaving the town of ,concord have1 no doubt1 given you great uneasiness1 for which ,i am extremely sorry4 ,nothing short of the most threatening danger could have induced me to leave my friends and family2 but when ,i learned from persons of undoubted veracity1 and those whose friendship ,i could not suspect1 that my situation was reduced to this dreadful extremity1 ,i thought it absolutely necessary to abscond for a while1 and seek a friendly asylum in some distant part4 ,fear of miscarriage prevents my giving a more particular account of this affair2 but this you may rely and depend upon1 that ,i never did1 nor 7let my treatment be what it will7 ever will do1 any action that may have the most distant tendency to injure the true interest of this my native country4 ,i most humbly beg your kind care of my distressed family2 and ,i hope you will take an opportunity to alleviate their trouble by assuring them that ,i am in a place of safety1 and hope shortly to have the pleasure of seeing them4 ,i also most humbly beseech your prayers for me1 that under all my difficulties and troubles ,i may behave in such a manner as to approve myself a true servant of ,god and a sincere friend of my country4 ,to have tarried at ,concord and have stood another trial at the bar of the populace would doubtless have been attended with unhappy consequences1 as my innocence would have stood me in no stead against the prejudices of an enraged1 infatuated multitude1--and much less against the determined villany of my inveterate enemies1 who strive to raise their popularity on the ruins of my character4 ,my friends would have been deemed unfriendly to the cause of ,liberty1 and my defence would have been treated with contempt and disdain4 ,it would have been vain for me to have pretended to curb the fury or calm the rage of this popular whirlwind2 but ,i must have been cast1 and condemned to suffer punishments equal to the blackness of my supposed transgressions4 ,the plan against me was deeply laid1 and the people of ,concord were not the only ones that were engaged in it4 ,but others to the distance of twenty miles were extremely officious on this occasion4 ,my persecution was determined on1 and my flight unavoidable4 ,and had ,i not taken the opportunity to leave the town the moment ,i did1 another morning had effectually cut off my retreat4 ,in ,may his wife and her infant joined him at his mother's home at ,woburn4 ,when there1 skirmishes took place between the people and troops at ,concord1 ,massachusetts1 and ,lexington1 and in this last fight ,major ,thompson is said to have taken part with the people2 but he was soon the object of ill-feeling1 and1 although he was saved from immediate arrest by his friend ,major ,baldwin1 a short time afterwards he was arrested1 and then he appealed from the ,committee of ,correspondence of ,woburn to the ,committee of ,safety of the ,provincial ,congress4 ,when he was acquitted at ,woburn and set free1 he withdrew his petition from the ,committee of ,safety4 ,soon after he was with ,major ,baldwin at ,charlestown1 and probably he took part in the battle of ,bunker's ,hill4 ,he certainly helped to pack up the library at ,cambridge1 and was only prevented by the officers of the ,new ,hampshire ,militia from obtaining a commission from ,general ,washington4 ,when epaulets were ordered for the non-commissioned officers1 he had samples made and sent them with the price to his friend1 then ,colonel ,baldwin1 offering to take an order for any number that might be wanted4 ,in ,august he again writes a long reply to his father-in-law1 in answer to letters urging him to express his sorrow that he had done wrong and to ask forgiveness of the people3 ,woburn1 ,august #ad1 #agge4 ,as to my being instrumental in the return of some ,deserters1 by procuring them a pardon1 ,i freely acknowledge that ,i was4 ,but you will give me leave to say that what ,i did was done from principles the most unexceptionable--the most disinterested--a sincere desire to serve my ,king and ,country1 from motives of ,pity to those unfortunate ,wretches who had deserted the service to which they had voluntarily and so solemnly tyed themselves1 and to which they were desirous of returning4 ,if the designed ends were not answered by what ,i did1 ,i am sincerely and heartily sorry4 ,but if it is a ,crime to act from principles like these1 ,i glory in being a ,criminal4 ,many other crimes which you do not mention have been laid to my charge1 for which ,i have had to answer both publicly and privately4 ,my enemies are indefatigable in their endeavours to distress me1 and ,i find to my sorrow that they are but too successful4 ,i have been driven from the ,camp by the clamours of the ,new ,hampshire people1 and am again threaten'd in this place4 ,but ,i hope soon to be out of the reach of my ,cruel ,persecutors1 for ,i am determined to seek for that ,peace and ,protection in foreign ,lands and among strangers which is deny'd me in my native country4 ,i cannot any longer bear the insults that are daily offered me4 ,i cannot bear to be looked upon and treated as the ,achan of ,society4 ,i have done nothing that can deserve this cruel usage4 ,i have done nothing with any design to injure my countrymen1 and cannot any longer bear to be treated in this barbarous manner by them4 ,and notwithstanding ,i have the tenderest regard for my ,wife and family1 and really believe ,i have an equal return of love and affection from them2 though ,i feel the keenest distress at the thoughts of what ,mrs4 ,thompson and my ,parents and friends will suffer on my account1 and though ,i foresee and realise the distress1 poverty1 and wretchedness that must unavoidably attend my ,pilgrimage in unknown lands1 destitute of fortune1 friends1 and acquaintance1 yet all these ,evils appear to me more tolerable than the treatment which ,i meet with from the hands of my ungrateful countrymen4#a ,i am too well acquainted with your ,paternal affection for your ,children to doubt of your kind care over them4 ,but you will excuse me if ,i trouble you with my most earnest desires and entreaties for your peculiar care of my family1 whose distressed circumstances call for every indulgence and alleviation you can afford them4 ,i must also beg a continuance of your ,prayers for me1 that my present afflictions may have a suitable impression on my mind1 and that in due time ,i may be extricated out of all my troubles4 ,that this may be the case1 that the happy time may soon come when ,i may return to my family in peace and safety1 and when every individual in ,america may sit down under his own vine1 and under his own ,fig-tree1 and have none to make him afraid1 is the constant and devout wish of ,your dutiful and affectionate son1 ,,benjamin ,,thompson4 ,rev4 ,tim4 ,walker4 ,dr4 ,ellis1 in his admirable biography1 says3 ,major ,thompson remained in and about ,woburn two months after writing his last letter to ,mr4 ,walker1 in which he so deliberately avowed his intentions4 ,he settled his affairs with his neighbours1 collecting dues and paying debts1 well assured that his wife and child would lack none of the means of a comfortable support4 ,having thus made all his preparations1 he started from ,woburn1 ,october #ac1 #agge1 in a country vehicle1 accompanied by his stepbrother1 ,josiah ,pierce1 who drove him near to the bounds of the province1 on the shore of ,narragansett ,bay1 whence young ,pierce returned4 ,thompson was taken on board the #8,scarborough1' ,british frigate1 to ,newport and from thence to ,boston4 ,in the ,alienation ,act of the ,senate of ,new ,hampshire in #aggh he was named among the proscribed2 and in #agha1 the confiscation papers of his property call him #8of ,woburn1 physician1 now an absentee4' ,whilst ,mr4 ,thompson was at ,boston the ,american rebellion became a revolution4 ,general ,gage was succeeded by ,general ,howe1 and to him ,lord ,dartmouth wrote in ,september #agge3 #8,no room was left for any other consideration but that of proceeding against the twelve associated ,colonies in all respects with the utmost vigour as the open and avowed enemies of the ,state1' and he spoke of the great risk and little advantage that are to be expected from the continuance of the army at ,boston during the winter1 and on the advantages of recovering possession of ,new ,york4 ,he tells the general that #8the ,empress of ,russia1 in the fullness of her affection for the ,british nation1 and of gratitude for the benefits she had received under her late difficulties1 had made the most explicit declaration and given the most ample assurance of any number of infantry that might be wanted4' ,when1 #8in consequence of this generous and magnanimous offer1' a requisition was made to her for #bj1jjj men for ,canada1 objections arose1 and #8much embarrassment and disappointment were the only results4' ,the ,cape ,fear expedition failed from ignorance of the depth of the river4 ,when ,lord ,george ,germain became one of his ,majesty's principal ,secretaries of ,state1 ,november #aj1 a commission was issued under the great seal #8for the restoration of public tranquillity among his ,majesty's deluded subjects in the affected colonies4' ,a proclamation said3 #8,apprised of the fatal consequence of the conduct they had adopted1 and seeing the determined spirit of the nation to maintain its constitutional rights1 they will avail themselves of the means which the justice and benevolence of the supreme legislature have held out to them of being restored to the ,king's grace and peace4' ,this failed utterly1 from ignorance of the depth of opposition in the colonies4 ,boston was evacuated in ,march #aggf1 and ,mr4 ,thompson was sent to ,england with the news4 ,he was probably thought perfectly qualified to answer every question relative to his ,majesty's service4 ,cuvier says1 #8,la bonne mine du jeune officier1 la nettet et l'tendue des renseignements qu'il donna1 prvinrent en sa faveur le secrtaire d'tat au dpartement de l',amrique4' ,his news caused no great distress1 and his information must have reassured the minister1 for even in ,june ,lord ,g4 ,germain and the ,prime ,minister wrote to ,general ,howe on the good prospect of an end being put to the rebellion in one campaign4 ,it was the good news from ,canada that helped to deceive them4 ,mr4 ,thompson was taken into ,lord ,george ,germain's office1 and he was appointed ,secretary of the ,province of ,georgia4 ,in the autumn of #aggg ,thompson was at ,bath for his health1 drinking the waters4 ,whilst there he made some experiments on the cohesive strength of different substances4 ,these led to no great results1 but he communicated them to ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 the new ,president of the ,royal ,society4 ,sir ,w4 ,howe was at this time asking for large reinforcements4 ,he thus wrote to ,lord ,g4 ,germain from ,philadelphia3 #8,from the little attention1 my ,lord1 given to my recommendations since the commencement of my command1 ,i am led to hope that ,i may be relieved from this very painful service wherein ,i have not the good fortune to enjoy the necessary confidence and support of my superiors1 but which ,i conclude will be extended to ,sir ,henry ,clinton1 my presumptive successor4' ,in #aggh ,mr4 ,thompson was with ,lord ,g4 ,germain at his house1 ,stoneland ,lodge1 ,sussex4 ,whilst there ,thompson made experiments on testing gunpowder1 and on a new method of determining the velocity of projectiles4 ,the results were sent to the ,royal ,society1 in #agha1 and were published at great length in the #8,philosophical ,transactions4' ,one good observation is now of great interest4 #8,being much struck with the accidental discovery of the great degree of heat that pieces acquire when they are fired with powder without any bullet1 and being desirous of finding out whether it is a circumstance that obtains universally1 ,i was very attentive to the heat of the barrel after each of the succeeding experiments1 and ,i constantly found the heat sensibly greater when the piece was fired with powder only than when the same charge was made to impel one or more bullets4' ,in order to pursue these experiments he went in #aggi1 on board of the #8,victory1' of #aaj guns1 commanded by his friend ,sir ,charles ,hardy4 ,he passed the whole of the campaign on board of the fleet1 and the result of the observations that he then made furnished the materials for a chapter which he contributed to ,stalkart's #8,treatise on ,naval ,architecture4' ,he added to it a code of signals for the navy1 which was not published4 ,in his paper on gunpowder1 read in #agig to the ,royal ,society1 he says3 ,during a cruise which ,i made1 as a volunteer1 in the #8,victory1' with the ,british fleet1 under the command of my late worthy friend ,sir ,charles ,hardy1 in the year #aggi1 ,i had many opportunities of attending to the firing of heavy cannon2 for though we were not fortunate enough to come to a general action with the enemy1 as is well known1 yet1 as the men were frequently exercised at the great guns and in firing at marks1 and as some of my friends in the fleet1 then captains 7since made admirals71 as the ,honourable ,keith ,stewart1 who commanded the #8,berwick1' of #gd guns1--,sir ,charles ,douglas1 who commanded the #8,duke1' of #ih guns1--and ,admiral ,macbride1 who was then captain of the #8,bienfaisant1' of #fd guns1 were kind enough1 at my request1 to make a number of experiments1 and particularly by firing a greater number of bullets at once from their heavy guns than ever had been done before1 and observing the distances at which they fell in the sea1--,i had opportunities of making several very interesting observations1 which gave me much new light relative to the action of fired gunpowder4 ,in #aggh ,mr4 ,thompson was elected a ,fellow of the ,royal ,society4 ,great must have been the trouble in his office this year4 ,in ,october #aggh1 ,sir ,h4 ,clinton wrote to ,lord ,g4 ,germain from ,new ,york that he was about to send1 as he was ordered1 ten thousand men to the ,west ,indies and ,st4 ,augustine4 #8,after a wound in my humble opinion so fatal to the hopes of any future vigour in this army1 ,i trust1 my ,lord1 you cannot wish to keep me in the mortifying command of it4' #8,you cannot1 ,i am confident1 my ,lord1 desire that ,i should remain a mournful witness of the debility of an army at whose head1 had ,i been unshackled by instructions1 ,i might have indulged expectations of rendering serious service to my country4' ,lord ,g4 ,germain thought that much good would be done by encouraging the provincial forces1 and by promising to the provincial officers half-pay and permanent rank in ,america4 ,on ,january #bc1 #aggi1 he wrote to ,sir ,h4 ,clinton3 #8,it is likewise his ,majesty's pleasure that you publish and make known to his provincial corps1 as also to all others his loyal subjects in ,america1 his gracious intention to support and protect them by making the rank of the officers permanent in ,america1 and allowing them half-pay upon the reduction of their regiments1 in the same manner as the officers of ,british reduced regiments are paid4' ,this order for promotion immediately excited the discontent of the officers in the army4 ,in their memorial to ,sir ,h4 ,clinton they ask him #8to prevent our being superseded by officers of yesterday who have served under us4' ,in #aghj proposals were made to ,lord ,g4 ,germain to revive the ,association of ,loyalists in ,america1 #8so that ,government1 at a very moderate expense1 might be served by a considerable number of men1 and ,captain ,murray offered on behalf of ,brigadier ,ruggles1 who had been ,brigadier-,general of ,provincial ,forces in ,america during the last war1 ,deputy ,surveyor-,general of the ,woods1 and late his ,majesty's council in the province of ,massachusetts ,bay in ,new ,england1 to raise and to command a regiment of light dragoons1 to be called the ,king's ,american ,dragoons4' ,lord ,g4 ,germain wrote to ,sir ,h4 ,clinton1 ,june #g1 #aghj1 from ,whitehall3 ,the services of ,brigadier ,ruggles in the last war1 and the influence he still retains in those provinces of ,north ,america1 where his character1 his honour1 and his name are respected1 made me long desirous of seeing that gentleman engaged in the ,king's service4 ,the enclosed plan of raising a regiment of dragoons was communicated to me by ,captain ,murray1 by authority of ,brigadier ,ruggles4 ,it appeared to me so fair and so disinterested1 that ,i laid it before his ,majesty1 and it so far met with his royal approbation that he permitted me to transmit the plan to you4 ,and if the public service requires any provincial cavalry to be raised1 his ,majesty would be pleased to see ,mr4 ,ruggles placed at the head of such a corps1 where he may have an opportunity of again acting with that zeal and spirit which formerly did him so much honour4 ,in ,september #aghj ,mr4 ,thompson was made ,under-,secretary of ,state for the ,northern ,department by ,lord ,george ,germain4 ,in ,may #agha the ,inspector-,general of ,provincial ,forces wrote to the ,under-,secretary1 ,thompson1 to say that the distress for the want of cavalry appointments was beyond conception4 #8,had all the appointments1' he says1 #8for ,brigadier-,general ,ruggles come out1 it would have afforded us a small temporary supply2 but only twenty-five helmets have yet appeared4' ,lord ,g4 ,germain then moved the ,treasury to send fresh and large supplies1 and said he had directed ,mr4 ,thompson1 the ,deputy ,inspector-,general of ,provincial ,forces1 to procure patterns and estimates and to give information4 ,lord ,north1 ,lord ,palmerston1 and ,sir ,r4 ,sutton referred the question of quality and quantity to the ,adjutant-,general1 who reported that #8it would be doing injustice to ,mr4 ,thompson not to declare that1 as far as my judgment goes1 he will not only gain great credit for himself1 but at the same time essentially serve the public by his disinterested and very attentive execution of the trust that has been reposed in him on this occasion4' ,their lordships directed ,mr4 ,thompson forthwith to provide the several articles mentioned1 and allowed him one and a half per cent4 commission4 ,the sum he received at this time was one hundred and twenty pounds4 ,among the exiles in ,london was ,judge ,curwen1 of ,salem1 ,massachusetts4 ,he kept a journal1 and in it he gives a picture of ,thompson1 ,may #bc1 #agha3 ,on returning home ,i found a letter from ,arthur ,savage1 informing me of ,mr4 ,thompson's compliments and wish to see me at eleven o'clock to-morrow at his lodgings4 ,may #bd4--,went early1 in order to be at ,mr4 ,benjamin ,thompson's in time1 and being a little before1 heard he was not returned from ,lord ,george ,germain's1 where he always breakfasts1 dines1 and sups1 so great a favourite is he4 ,to kill half an hour1 ,i loitered to the park through the palace1 and on second return found him at his lodgings4 ,he received me in a friendly manner1 taking me by the hand1 talked with great freedom1 and promised to remember and serve me in the way ,i proposed to him probably the securing the continuance of his allowance unreduced4 ,promises are easily made1 and genteel delusive encouragement1 the staple article of trade1 belonging to the courtier's profession1 ,i put no hopes on the fair appearances of outward behaviour1 though it is uncandid to suppose all mean to deceive4 ,some wish to do a service who have it not in their power2 all wish to be thought of importance and significancy1 and this often leads to deceit4 ,this young man1 when a shop-lad to my next neighbour1 ever appeared active1 good-natured1 and sensible2 by a strange concurrence of events1 he is now ,under-,secretary to the ,american ,secretary of ,state1 ,lord ,george ,germain1 a secretary to ,georgia1 inspector of all the clothing sent to ,america1 and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,commandant of ,horse ,dragoons at ,new ,york4 ,his income arising from these sources is1 ,i have been told1 near seven thousand a year--a sum infinitely beyond his most sanguine expectations4 ,he is1 besides1 a member of the ,royal ,society4 ,it is said he is of an ingenious turn1 an inventive imagination1 and1 by being on a cruise in ,channel service with ,sir ,charles ,hardy1 has formed a more regular and better-digested system for signals than that heretofore used4 ,he seems to be of a happy1 even temper in general deportment1 and reported of an excellent heart2 peculiarly respectful to ,americans that fall in his way4 ,this statement of the income of ,thompson was certainly enormously exaggerated4 ,that about this time he was appointed to the ,king's ,american ,dragoons the following autograph letter1 now in the library of the ,royal ,institution1 shows3 ,,from ,,lord ,,george ,,germain ,,to ,,sir ,h4 ,,clinton4 ,stoneland ,lodge1 ,september #cj1 #agha4 ,,sir1--,i beg leave to introduce ,mr4 ,thompson to you1 and at the same time to thank you for the favour and protection which you have shewn him in giving him the command of a regiment of light dragoons1 which1 ,i trust1 will be raised in a manner to entitle the officers of it to your approbation4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,thompson shows at least a spirit and zeal for the service1 in quitting for a time an agreeable and profitable civil situation1 in the hopes of being useful to his country1 and by his military conduct1 shewing himself not unworthy of the protection which you have granted to him4 ,if you do him the honour to converse with him1 you will find him well informed1 and1 as far as theory goes1 a good officer in whatever you may think fit to employ him4 ,i can answer for his honour and his ability1 and ,i am persuaded he will ever feel himself attached by gratitude to you for the very kind and obliging manner in which you have protected him and the regiment under his command4 ,i am1 ,sir1 with great regard1 your ,excellency's faithful1 humble servant1 ,,george ,,germain4 ,on ,october #d1 #agha1 ,colonel ,thompson appointed ,mr4 ,fisher1 a clerk in his office1 as his attorney1 to receive his pay 7thirteen shillings daily7 and to attend to his clothing commission4 ,he soon after left ,england in the #8,rotterdam1' a fifty-gun ship1 for ,new ,york1 but contrary winds compelled him to disembark at ,charlestown 7,south ,carolina74 ,in his paper on ,gunpowder he shows that he was busy during his passage3 ,his ,majesty having been graciously pleased to permit me to take out with me from ,england four pieces of light artillery1 constructed under the direction of the late ,lieutenant-,general ,desaguliers1 with a large proportion of ammunition1 ,i made a great number of interesting experiments with these guns1 and also with the ship's guns on board the ships of war in which ,i made my passage to and from ,america4 ,he arrived towards the end of ,december4 ,lord ,cornwallis had surrendered1 and ,charlestown1 in ,carolina1 was in great danger for want of reinforcements and food4 ,early in #aghb ,lord ,g4 ,germain wrote to ,general ,leslie1 who commanded at ,charlestown3 #8,i agree with you that mounted troops are the fittest for service in the southern provinces1 but ,i cannot encourage you to expect that any will be sent from home2 ,i am glad1 however1 you will have ,colonel ,thompson's assistance in forming what you have4 ,his offer to serve in your army until the season for action to the northward arrives corresponds with that public spirit and zeal for the ,king's service which prompted him to quit his civil situation and engage in the military line4' ,general ,leslie wrote to ,sir ,h4 ,clinton1 ,january #bi3 #8,the army is now well clothed and recovered from the sickness and fatigue it underwent during the last summer4 #8,the several detached corps of cavalry have been incorporated into distinct ones under the command of ,lieutenant-,colonel ,thompson4 ,from the unwearied attention and diligent efforts of that officer they are become respectable1 and ,i have everything to expect from this improvement4' ,on ,february #bj ,lieutenant-,colonel ,thompson wrote to the ,honourable ,lieutenant-,general ,leslie that he has not been so fortunate as to meet with the enemy he had come in search of2 but the following despatch was sent by him on ,february #be1 #aghb3 ,duxcent's ,plantation1 ,monday1 ,february #be1 #aghb4 ,,sir1--,i did not expect1 after the affair of yesterday1 the enemy would so soon have put it in my power to congratulate you upon another defeat of their troops by those which you have done me the honour to put under my command4 ,we had the good fortune this morning to fall in with a chosen corps1 under the command of ,general ,marion in person1 which we attacked and totally routed1 killing a considerable number of them1 taking sixteen prisoners1 and driving ,general ,marion and the greatest part of his army into the ,santee1 where it is probable a great many of them perished4 ,after resting and refreshing our horses at the plantation where we halted last night1 at nine o'clock this morning the cavalry marched back to the ,santee1 to the ground where we fell in with the enemy yesterday4 ,the infantry marched at the same time for this place1 and we promised to join them in the afternoon4 ,we had advanced about nine miles from the place we left in the morning1 when1 coming in through a gate-way to the cleared grounds of a plantation1 we discovered the enemy about three hundred yards distant1 directly in front of us1 drawn up in the area between the negroe huts belonging to the plantation4 ,as soon as the troops were formed ,i ordered a charge to be sounded1 and the line moved forwards4 ,the enemy also sounded a charge1 but1 instead of coming out to meet us1 they were discovered going off by their right in the greatest hurry and confusion1 and attempting to gain a swamp that was upon the banks of the river on that side4 ,we immediately charged after them at full speed1 and had the good fortune to come up in time to cut off a great part of their rear4 ,those that gained the swamp were pursued1 and many of them were killed in attempting to get into the river1 and others were shot and drowned in attempting to swim to the opposite shore4 ,we took near forty horses1 many of which are capital chargers4 ,after the action we collected at our leisure all the cattle from the rebel plantations in that quarter1 and have sent them down the road with a proper escort4 ,we shall follow as soon as the troops are refreshed4 ,in this last affair with the enemy1 as well as during the whole time ,i have had the honour to command this detachment1 the troops1 both officers and men1 have behaved in such a manner as to merit my warmest acknowledgment4 ,i have the honour to be1 with perfect respect1 ,sir1 your most obedient and most humble servant1 ,r4 ,,thompson4 ,in the general orders on ,march #a the ,general expressed to the army the opinion he entertained of the merit of ,colonel ,thompson's conduct upon this occasion1 and of the spirited behaviour of the troops1 and to ,sir ,h4 ,clinton he wrote1 ,march #ab1 #aghb3 ,i had the honour to inform your ,excellency that ,lieutenant-,colonel ,thompson having offered his service during his stay here1 ,i had appointed him to the command of the cavalry4 ,he has put them in exceeding good order and gained their confidence and affection4 ,i am very happy to inform your ,excellency of his success in a late excursion upon the ,santee4 ,an account of the action is then given in the despatch4 ,i enclose to your ,excellency ,colonel ,thompson's report to me of this very handsome piece of service1 and ,i assure your ,excellency that ,i have much regret to part with this enterprising young officer1 who appears to have an uncommon share of merit and zeal for the service2 and could he and his corps be spared to act in this part1 where cavalry are so much wanted1 ,i am confident it would tend much to the benefit of his ,majesty's service4 ,despatches of this date show that in council also ,thompson was as efficient as in the field4 ,general ,leslie wrote to ,sir ,h4 ,clinton3 ,i beg to know your ,excellency's opinion with regard to our putting arms into the hands of the negroes4 ,i have desired ,colonel ,thompson to speak with your ,excellency upon the subject1 and to make known to you the particulars of our situation in that respect4 ,on ,april #aa ,colonel ,thompson arrived at ,new ,york4 ,four days afterwards ,sir ,h4 ,clinton wrote to ,general ,leslie3 #8,those parts of your letters to which you have referred for a more full explanation to ,lieutenant-,colonel ,thompson1 ,i shall answer after consulting with him upon the subject2' and he also says3 #8,with respect to the disagreeable predicament which you mention ,lieutenant-,colonel ,balfour and other officers of rank in the ,southern army stand in on account of ,mr4 ,green's threats for ,colonel ,hayne's execution1 ,i shall consult ,lieutenant-,colonel ,thompson1 and let you know my sentiments by the earliest opportunity4' ,at this time ,sir ,h4 ,clinton was about to give up the command he had so often petitioned to resign4 ,he had #8lamented that his happiness was sacrificed to prevent the partial inconvenience which might have arisen from a change1' and later he wrote3 #8,his ,majesty's assent to my petition will crown the many favours of which my heart will ever retain the most grateful remembrance4' ,on ,february #f ,general ,robinson was appointed to succeed ,sir ,h4 ,clinton1 and soon after ,sir ,guy ,carleton took the command4 ,colonel ,thompson's chief business was to complete his regiment1 which was encamped about three miles from ,flushing1 in ,long ,island4 ,there1 on ,august #a1 colours were presented to the regiment by ,prince ,william1 then a boy of eighteen in the ,royal ,navy1 accompanied by ,admiral ,digby4 ,on the #fth1 on behalf of himself and the officers of the ,king's ,american ,dragoons1 ,colonel ,thompson petitioned ,sir ,guy ,carleton to order them to enjoy the advantages stipulated on the completion of the regiment2 and at the end of ,august ,sir ,guy ,carleton notifies in the general orders that ,colonel ,thompson and his officers are entitled to permanent rank in ,america4 ,in ,september ,colonel ,thompson's name is to be found first on a list of six agents1 selected to act for them by those ,royalists who were willing to emigrate with their families from ,long ,island to ,nova ,scotia4 ,two months later it appears1 from a bill1 that he was building chimneys in the barracks at ,huntingdon1 ,long ,island1 where his regiment was stationed1 when the treaty of peace between ,america and ,england was made in ,paris without the consent and even without the knowledge of ,france4 ,in ,december every preparation was made for a sudden attack of the ,french upon ,new ,york1 and orders were issued by ,general ,robinson in case that event took place4 ,alarm posts for each of the different corps and the details of the duties of each corps were arranged4 #8,if an attack was made on ,huntingdon1 the troops were immediately to assemble and march to the support of ,colonel ,thompson4' ,early in the spring active measures were proposed against the ,french in the ,west ,indies4 ,peace with ,france stopped these plans1 and on ,april #aa1 #aghc1 ,colonel ,thompson obtained leave of absence1 in order that he might return to ,london to urge the claims of the provincial officers to rank and to half-pay4 ,some original documents in the appendix to this chapter will show the energy1 the ability1 and the perseverance of ,colonel ,thompson when he arrived in ,london4 ,on ,august #ag ,sir ,guy ,carleton issued an order that all the men who wished to be discharged in ,america1 should hold themselves in readiness to embark for ,nova ,scotia2 and in ,october the ,king's ,american ,dragoons were disbanded on the lands appropriated to them1 many miles up the river ,st4 ,john1 on the north side of the ,bay of ,fundy4 ,on ,october #be1 #aghc1 ,colonel ,thompson's half-pay began1 and it continued for the remainder of his life4 ,he had at this time began a new career4 ,he determined to go abroad1 intending to take part in a war which was then expected between ,austria and the ,turks4 ,gibbon wrote from ,dover1 ,september #ag1 #aghc1 to ,lord ,sheffield3 ,last night the wind was so high that the vessel could not stir from the harbour2 this day it is brisk and fair4 ,we are flattered with the hope of making ,calais ,harbour by the same tide in three hours and a half1 but any delay will leave the disagreeable option of a tottering boat or a tossing night4 ,what a cursed thing to live in an island6 this step is more awkward than the whole journey4 ,the triumvirate of this memorable embarkation will consist of the grand ,gibbon1 ,henry ,laurens1 ,esq41 ,president of ,congress1 and ,mr4 ,secretary1 ,colonel1 ,admiral1 ,philosopher ,thompson1 attended by three horses1 who are not the most agreeable fellow-passengers4 ,if we survive1 ,i will finish and seal my letter at ,calais4 ,our salvation shall be ascribed to the prayers of my lady and aunt1 for ,i do believe they both pray4 ,boulogne4 ,instead of ,calais the wind has driven us to ,boulogne1 where we landed in the evening1 without much noise and difficulty4444 ,laurens has read the pamphlet1 and thinks it has done much mischief4 ,a good sign6#b ,professor ,pictet1 of ,geneva1 has published in the #8,bibliothque universelle' the notes he made of a conversation with ,count ,rumford regarding his life at this time4 ,he says3 ,a purely accidental circumstance had a decisive influence over his destiny4 ,he arrived at ,strasburg1 where the ,prince ,maximilian of ,deux ,ponts1 now #ahja ,elector of ,bavaria1 then ,field-,marshal in the service of ,france1 was in garrison4 ,this prince1 commanding on parade1 sees among the spectators an officer in a foreign uniform1 mounted on a fine ,english horse1 whom he addresses4 ,thompson informs him that he comes from serving in the ,american war4 ,the ,prince1 in pointing out to him many officers who surround him1 says1 #8,these gentlemen were in the same war1 but against you2 they belonged to the ,royal ,regiment of ,deux ,ponts1 that acted in ,america under the orders of ,count ,rochambeau4' ,they engaged in conversation1 which became very animated4 ,colonel ,thompson being invited to dine with the ,prince1 met at the table a number of ,french officers whom he had encountered on the field in ,america4 ,they talked at length of the events of this war4 ,the ,colonel produced his portfolio1 which contained exact plans of the principal engagements1 the forts1 the sieges1 and an excellent collection of maps4 ,one and another recognised the place or the interesting incident which was recalled to him4 ,they conversed a long while1 and separated promising to meet again4 ,the ,prince was passionately devoted to his profession and intensely eager for information4 ,he invited the ,colonel for the next day4 ,they resumed with the same zest the conversation of yesterday4 ,when at last the traveller took leave1 the ,prince engaged him to pass through ,munich1 and gave him a friendly letter to the ,elector of ,bavaria1 his uncle4 ,the season was advanced1 and he was in haste to reach ,vienna4 ,he had promised to stop at ,munich two or three days at most2 but he passed there five days1 and then did not leave but with regret a city where the tokens of the regard of the sovereign and the attentions of different classes of society were extended to him with that frank cordiality which so eminently distinguishes the ,bavarian nation4 ,he received equally at ,vienna the most flattering welcome1 and was presented at ,court and mingled in the first society4 ,there he passed a part of the winter1 and1 learning that the war against the ,turks was not to be carried on1 he yielded to the attractive memories of ,munich1 and1 passing through ,venice1 where he stopped some weeks1 and by the ,tyrol1 he returned to ,brompton by the end of the winter of #aghc-hd4 ,in ,february he was knighted by ,george the ,third1 and he received permission to enter into the service of the ,duke of ,bavaria4 ,from ,munich1 ,july #f1 ,thompson wrote to ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 to tell him that his ,electoral ,highness had been asked to become a ,fellow of the ,royal ,society4 ,he said3 ,i should have done myself the honour to have written to you upon this subject some time ago1 but ,i waited for a favourable opportunity to speak to his ,electoral ,highness about it4 ,it was only a few days since ,i came into waiting as aide-de-camp to his ,most ,serene ,highness4 ,i shall continue about his person till ,september1 when ,i purpose making a tour for a couple of months in the mountains of ,tyrol1 upon the confines of ,bavaria1 and the dominions of the ,bishop of ,saltzburg1 a country extremely interesting in several points of view4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he gave his direction as #8,m4 le ,chevalier ,thompson1 colonel et aide-de-camp gnral au service de ,s4,a4,s4 l'lect4 ,palatin1 ,duc de ,bavire4' ,he ended1 #8,i am1 dear ,sir1 with sincere regard and respect1 your most obedient and most humble servant4' ,he again wrote to ,sir ,joseph ,banks on ,july #bd4 ,he began by asking if he could have one of the two hundred medals for ,cook's voyages given to ,fellows of the ,royal ,society1 and he ended with a postscript3 ,i beg you would make my best compliments to ,mr4 ,blagden when you see him1 and tell him ,i hope he will not entirely forget an old correspondent who remembers him with great affection4 ,cuvier1 in his loge of ,count ,rumford1 says of the ,electors of ,bavaria3 ,les souverains agrandis l'poque des guerres de religion1 par suite de leur zle pour le catholicisme1 avaient longtemps port les marques de ce zle bien au-del de ce que rclame un catholicisme clair3 ils encourageaient la dvotion et ne faisaient rien pour l'industrie2 on comptait dans leurs tats plus de couvents que de fabriques4 ,l'arme y tait peu prs nulle2 l'ignorance et l'inertie dominaient dans toutes les classes de la socit4 ,the first work in ,bavaria of ,sir ,benjamin ,thompson was to rearrange the military service and introduce a new system of order1 discipline1 and economy among the troops4 ,in the execution of this commission he says3 #8,i was ever mindful of that great and important truth that no political arrangement can be really good except in so far as it contributes to the general good of society4 ,i have endeavoured to unite the interest of the soldier with the interest of civil society1 and to render the military force1 even in the times of peace1 subservient to the public good4' ,to make soldiers citizens1 and citizens soldiers1 the soldier was better paid1 better clothed1 better housed1 better taught1 better occupied1 better amused1 and1 above all1 allowed to earn money and to spend it as he pleased4 ,fixed garrisons were formed1 and the army was used as a means of introducing useful improvements into the country4 ,thus military gardens were formed to introduce the culture of the potato4 ,workhouses for manufacturing clothing for the army were founded1 first at ,mannheim for the troops of the ,palatinate and ,duchies of ,juliers and ,bergen1 and a few months afterwards at ,munich for the fifteen ,bavarian regiments4 ,the greatest order and economy were used in the military manufactory and magazine1 and after six years ,sir ,b4 ,thompson wrote that the net profit on the various trades and manufactures in the ,munich ,workhouse up to that time was #ajj1jjj florins2 and he could refer to its growing reputation1 its extensive connexions1 which reached even to foreign countries1 to the punctuality with which all its engagements were fulfilled1 to its unimpeached credit1 and to its growing wealth4 ,the amount of orders executed in the sixth year of its establishment did not fall much short of half a million of florins4 ,among the various measures that occurred to ,sir ,b4 ,thompson by which the military of the country might be made subservient to the public good in time of peace1 #8none1' he says1 #8appeared to me of so much importance as that of employing the army in clearing the country of beggars1 thieves1 and other vagabonds1 and in watching over the public tranquillity4' ,the beggars swarmed everywhere4 ,they were dissolute1 sturdy1 shameless1 importunate robbers4 ,a system of mounted police was formed throughout the country by four regiments of cavalry4 ,means were taken1 first1 to furnish suitable employment for those who were able to work2 and1 secondly1 to provide the necessary assistance for those who1 from age1 sickness1 or other bodily infirmities1 were unable by their industry to provide for themselves4 #8,to make vicious and abandoned people happy1 it has generally been supposed necessary first to make them virtuous4 ,but why not reverse this order8 ,why not make them first happy and then virtuous8' ,a large building1 once a manufactory1 was taken in one of the suburbs of ,munich2 arrangements were made for a kitchen1 an eating-room1 a bakehouse1 workshops for carpenters1 smiths1 turners1 tool-makers1 spinners of cotton wool and worsted1 for weavers of all kinds1 a dyers' shop1 a fulling mill1 a washhouse4 ,everything was done that could be desired to make the inmates really comfortable by good food1 raiment1 and cleanliness4 ,the rooms were scrupulously clean1 well warmed1 and well lighted2 the people were well fed1 well taught1 and well paid for their work4 #8,they had the kindest usage from every person1 from the highest to the lowest4 ,no ill usage1 no harsh language1 was permitted2 and at the end of five years not a blow had been given to anyone1 not even to a child by its instructor1' and ,sir ,b4 ,thompson could say3 #8,the pleasure ,i have had in the success of this experiment is much easier to be conceived than described2 would to ,god that my success might encourage others to follow my example6 ,if it were generally known how little trouble and how little expense are required to do much good 7the heartfelt satisfaction which arises from relieving the wants and promoting the happiness of our fellow-creatures is so great71 ,i am persuaded acts of the most essential charity would be much more frequent1 and the mass of misery among mankind would consequently be much lessened4' ,new ,year's ,day having been long specially set apart for giving alms early that morning in #agij1 three regiments of infantry1 with their officers1 were stationed in the streets1 and ,sir ,b4 ,thompson assembled the magistrates and asked their assistance to take up all the beggars and to provide for the poor4 ,accompanied by the chief magistrate1 he went into the street1 and the first beggar who asked for alms he arrested with his own hands1 and orders were given to all the other officers1 who also were accompanied with magistrates1 to do the same4 ,in less than an hour no beggar was to be found in the streets4 ,they were taken to the ,town ,hall1 inscribed in printed lists1 and then told to go to the newly-erected ,military ,workhouse4 ,an address was opened to the public1 asking for perfectly voluntary subscriptions to put an end to begging2 monthly sums were given1 and daily supplies of bread1 meat1 and soup were collected4#c ,several good spinners of hemp were engaged at the ,house of ,industry1 and this was the first occupation of the poor4 ,knitting1 sewing1 and carding wool were early occupations1 but the object to be desired was woollen work for the clothing of the army4 ,if the poor did well1 they were rewarded2 if they came late1 their food was lessened4 ,they slept at their own homes1 and when ill they received relief at home4 ,everything was done to encourage industry and emulation4 #8,to incite activity and inspire with a true spirit of persevering industry1 it was necessary to fire the poor with emulation--to awaken in them a dormant passion whose influence they had never felt2 the love of honest fame2 an ardent desire to excel1 the love of glory1 or by what other pompous name this passion1 the most noble and most beneficent that warms the human heart1 can be distinguished4'#d ,to excite emulation praise1 distinctions1 rewards are necessary2 and these were all employed4 ,the ,house of ,industry for the ,poor and the ,military ,workhouse were quite separate in their management1 though they were so dependent on each other that neither of them could subsist alone2 one building served for both4 ,twice yearly small sums were given to the poor to assist them in paying for lodgings1 and ultimately a large house was bought and fitted up as an hospital for those who were infirm and unable to take care of themselves4 ,means were adopted for giving relief to those who never were beggars1 but who1 from poverty and inability to provide the necessaries of life1 were involved in distresses and difficulties which they bore in silence4 ,persons of distinguished birth even sent to the ,house of ,industry at ,munich for flax1 or wool1 or linen1 which they manufactured into goods1 and received the usual amount of wages2 and some who had been accustomed to sumptuous fare took the soup furnished gratis from the public kitchen to the poor4 ,the warming1 lighting1 clothing1 feeding1 occupying the poor1 seemed the sole object of all ,sir ,b4 ,thompson thought and of all he did4 ,his success must be told in his own words4 ,my hopes of engaging others to follow my example are chiefly founded upon my success in the enterprise4 ,then why should ,i not mention even the marks of affectionate regard and respect which ,i received from the poor people for whose happiness ,i interested myself8 ,and will it be reckoned vanity if ,i mention the concern which the poor of ,munich expressed in so affecting a manner when ,i was dangerously ill8 ,that they went publicly in a body in procession to the cathedral church1 where they had divine service performed1 and put up public prayers for my delivery4 ,that four years afterwards1 on hearing that ,i was again dangerously ill at ,naples1 they of their own accord set apart an hour each evening after they had finished their work in the ,military ,workhouse to pray for me4 ,let the reader1 if he can1 picture my situation4 ,sick in bed1 worn out by intense application1 and dying1 as everybody thought1 a martyr in the cause to which ,i had devoted myself1 let him imagine1 ,i say1 my feelings upon hearing the confused noise of the prayers of a multitude of people1 who were passing by in the streets1 upon being told that it was the poor of ,munich1 many hundreds in number1 who were going in procession to the church to put up public prayers for me2 public prayers for me6 for a private person1 a stranger1 a ,protestant6 ,i believe it is the first instance of the kind that ever happened2 and ,i dare venture to affirm that no proof could well be stronger than this that the measures adopted for making these poor people happy were really successful2 and let it be remembered that this fact is what ,i am most anxious to make appear ,,in ,,the ,,clearest ,,and ,,most ,,satisfactory ,,manner4 ,cuvier says3 #8,il convient lui-mme que cet acte spontan de reconnaissance religieuse en faveur d'un homme d'une autre communion lui parut la plus touchante des rcompenses2 mais il ne se dissimulait pas qu'il en avait obtenu une autre qui sera plus durable4 ,en effet1 c'est en travaillant pour les pauvres qu'il a fait ses plus belles dcouvertes4444 #8,chacun sait que dans ses plus belles esprances on eut pour objet la nature de la chaleur et de la lumire1 ainsi que les lois de leur propagation2 et c'tait l effectivement ce qu'il importait le plus de bien connatre pour nourrir1 vtir1 chauffer et clairer avec conomie un grand rassemblement d'hommes4' ,other measures for the benefit of the country were carried out at the same time4 ,a ,military ,academy was formed1 principally with a view to bring forward extraordinary talents and employ them in the civil or military public service4 ,anyone was admissible4 ,the children of the meanest mechanics and day-labourers1 provided they had very extraordinary natural genius1 a healthy constitution1 and a good character1 were educated4 ,it was an establishment designed for the encouragement of genius1 and for calling forth into public utility talents which would otherwise remain buried and lost in obscurity4 ,measures were adopted for improving the breed of horses and horned cattle in ,bavaria and the ,palatinate4 ,an attempt was made to put an end to usury in ,munich and to improve the highways and public roads1 by employing the soldiery in repairing them and preserving order and public tranquillity on them4 ,a new ,english ,garden was formed1 beginning upon the ramparts of the town4 ,it was nearly six ,english miles in circumference4 ,within the ,garden was a fine and very valuable farm1 with thirty of the finest cows procured from ,switzerland1 ,flanders1 the ,tyrol1 and other places4 ,there was a public coffee-house in the middle of the ,garden for refreshment and public resort4 ,the scientific work which ,sir ,b4 ,thompson did whilst in the service of the ,elector of ,bavaria between #aghc and #agid1 shows his energy and originality1 his accuracy and his depth4 ,when at ,mannheim in ,july #aghe he made experiments in the presence of ,professor ,hemmer1 of the ,electoral ,academy of ,sciences of ,mannheim1 on the propagation of heat through various substances2 on the increased difficulty of conduction of heat through the torricellian vacuum2 on the effect of humidity in increasing the conducting power of the air2 and on the effect of air of different degrees of density4 ,the ,duke ordered the meteorological instrument maker to the academy at ,mannheim to come to ,munich1 and to spare neither labour nor expense in providing the complete apparatus necessary for the experiments4 ,these experiments1 on the relative conducting powers of mercury1 water1 air1 and a torricellian vacuum1 were read to the ,royal ,society1 ,march #i1 #aghf4 ,he then proceeded to make experiments on the relative warmth of various substances used in making artificial clothing2 relative quantities of the same substance2 different qualities of substance chemically1 as charcoal1 ashes1 dust4 ,all his experiments indicated that the air which occupies the interstices of substances used in forming coverings for confining heat acts a very important part in that operation4 ,air is a perfect non-conductor of heat4 ,these experiments were chiefly made in #aghg4 ,they were not read before the ,royal ,society until ,january #ai1 #agib4 ,early in the winter of #aghg1 as soon as the cold was sufficiently intense1 he began to repeat the experiments of ,dr4 ,fordyce 7#8,transactions of the ,royal ,society1' vol4 lxxv47 on the weight said to be acquired by water in the act of freezing2 and1 being possessed of a most excellent balance belonging to the ,duke of ,bavaria1 he soon came to the conclusion that all attempts to discover any effect of heat upon the apparent weights of bodies would be fruitless4 ,he had previously1 in ,april #aghe1 convinced himself of the errors that arose from currents of air and from the drying of the cords by which the scales were hung4 ,these experiments were made into a paper entitled #8,an ,inquiry concerning the ,weight ,ascribed to ,heat4' ,this was read before the ,royal ,society1 ,may #b1 #agii4 ,in ,may and ,june #aghf he made experiments on the production of air from water exposed to light4 ,these were read before the ,royal ,society1 ,february #ae1 #aghg4 ,when engaged in his experiments on the conducting powers of various bodies with respect to heat1 and particularly of such substances as are used for clothing1 he made experiments on the relation between their conducting power and their power of absorbing moisture1 but found none4 ,flannel and fur1 contrary to his expectation1 absorbed much more moisture from the air than silk and cotton4 ,on this he forms an idea of the good of wearing flannel4 ,this1 the weakest of his papers1 was read to the ,royal ,society1 ,march #bb1 #aghg4 ,in the spring of #agia a large building was erected in the neighbourhood of ,munich1 on the ground destined for the exercise of the artillery1 where a most complete apparatus was put up for measuring the velocities of cannon bullets by the recoil of the gun1 and also by the pendulum at the same time1 and with this apparatus a great number of interesting experiments were made4 ,he observed that the force of the charge was always sensibly increased when the gun was discharged by firing a pistol 7constructed for that use7 into the vent1 instead of using a priming and a common match for firing off the gun4 ,these experiments were continued in #agib1 and in #agic they were shown to ,dr4 ,blagden1 who was in ,munich during the absence of ,sir ,b4 ,thompson in ,italy for his health4 ,the principal objects in view were to determine the expansive force of the elastic vapour generated in the combustion of gunpowder in its various states of condensation1 and to ascertain the ratio of its elasticity to its density1 and to measure the utmost force of this fluid in its most dense state4 ,in order to find the most economical method of lighting his ,workhouse at ,munich1 he devised a new way of measuring the relative quantities of lights by their shadows4 ,his arbitrary standard was a ,london made ,argand lamp4 ,he first experimented on the resistance of air to light1 then on the loss of light in its passage through different kinds of glass1 and in its reflection from a plate glass mirror1 then on the relative quantities of oil burnt by different lamps and relative quantities of light emitted by different substances1 and lastly on the transparency of flame4 ,he made these experiments into a paper on the #8,relative ,intensities of the ,light ,emitted by ,luminous ,bodies1' and it was read before the ,royal ,society1 ,february #f1 #agid2 and on ,february #bj another paper was read1 being an #8,account of some ,experiments on ,coloured ,shadows1' and he came to the conclusion that our eyes are not always to be believed1 even with respect to the presence or absence of colours4 ,for his national and scientific work he received various honours between #aghc and #agid4 ,in #aghe he was elected member of the ,bavarian ,academy of ,sciences1 which had been established in #ageh1 and he was made chamberlain to the ,elector4 ,in #aghf the ,king of ,poland1 at the request of the ,elector of ,bavaria1 conferred on him the ,order of ,st4 ,stanislaus4 ,this was done because the statutes of ,bavaria did not allow a foreigner to receive any national honours4 ,in #aghg1 when in ,prussia1 he was made a member of the ,berlin ,academy of ,sciences4 ,in #aghh the ,elector made him ,major-,general of ,cavalry and ,privy ,councillor of ,state1 and he was placed at the head of the war department4 ,on ,may #bi1 #aghi1 he was elected a foreign honorary member of the ,american ,academy of ,arts and ,sciences1 and he was made ,lieutenant-,general of the ,bavarian ,armies and received the command of a regiment of artillery4 ,in #agia1 in the interval between the death of the ,emperor ,joseph and the coronation of ,leopold ,,ii41 the ,elector of ,bavaria was one of the ,vicars of the ,empire1 and he made ,sir ,benjamin ,thompson a ,count of the ,holy ,roman ,empire1 and gave him the ,order of the ,white ,eagle4 ,early in the following year the wife of ,count ,rumford1 who had been a great invalid1 and who had lived with her son by her first husband and with her daughter1 the child of ,rumford1 died at the age of #eb4 ,her own property had given her every comfort that her ill health required4 ,at the end of this year ,count ,rumford was in correspondence with his early friend ,colonel ,baldwin1 through whom probably for some time previously he had sent money to his mother4 ,he wrote to ,colonel ,baldwin from ,munich1 ,january #ah1 #agic3 ,you could hardly conceive the heartfelt satisfaction it would give me to pay a visit to my native country4 ,should ,i be kindly received8 ,are the remains of party spirit and political persecutions done away8 ,would it be necessary to ask leave of the ,state8 ,it is possible you may see me at ,woburn before you are aware of it4 ,i wish exceedingly to be personally acquainted with my daughter4 ,i wish to know her real character1 and how ,i must go to work to lay a solid foundation for her future happiness4 ,i wish once more to have the satisfaction of seeing my most kind and affectionate mother4 ,i wish to prove to her how dear she is to me1 and how grateful ,i am for all her goodness to me4 ,my dear1 beloved parent6 ,what would ,i give to see her1 were it but for one hour6 ,i should be much obliged to you for any accounts you may from time to time send me of her situation1 and of others1 my friends1 in your neighbourhood4 ,desiring to be remembered to all those of my old acquaintance who interest themselves in my welfare1 ,i am1 my dear ,sir1 with unfeigned regard and much esteem1 yours most affectionately4 ,count ,rumford1 in the spring of #agic1 left ,munich for ,italy on account of his health4 ,he was absent sixteen months4 ,at ,verona the directors of the two great hospitals ,la ,pieta and ,la ,misericordia1 containing #cej and #ejj poor1 accepted his offer to rebuild the kitchens4 ,seven-eighths of the fire-wood were saved1 and he made arrangements to supply the poor with clothing from the ,munich ,house of ,industry at a saving of twenty per cent4 ,on ,may #aa1 #agic1 ,sir ,c4 ,blagden1 who was travelling with ,lord ,palmerston1 wrote to ,sir ,joseph ,banks from ,rome3 ,count ,rumford is come into ,italy4 ,i have just received a very friendly letter from him1 in which he desires me to appoint a meeting4 ,it will probably be at ,milan4 ,three months later he wrote from ,augsburg3 ,thompson1 now ,count ,rumford1 met me by appointment at ,pavia4 ,volta showed us his experiments on animal electricity1 and said he had sent off his paper for the ,royal ,society about three weeks before1 probably not time enough for it to be read before the vacation4 ,i thought his experiments proved that there is no particular animal electricity1 and that the animals serve only the purpose of very delicate electrometers2 but they leave other circumstances unexplained4 ,on his return to ,london ,sir ,c4 ,blagden wrote on ,november #ba to ,sir ,joseph ,banks3 ,from ,italy ,i brought two papers by ,count ,rumford1 one on #8,coloured ,shadows1' the other on a #8,method of ,measuring the ,comparative ,intensities of the ,light ,emitted by ,luminous ,bodies4' ,in the former he shows neatly enough that the colours ascribed to these shadows depend entirely on comparing them with light of another colour4 ,the method referred to in the second paper is that of the intensity of the shadows produced by the different luminous bodies4 ,these two papers will furnish matter for nearly three meetings of the ,royal ,society4 ,count ,rumford had another serious illness in ,naples in the early part of #agid4 ,he returned to ,munich in ,august4 ,he left ,munich for ,london in #agie4 ,he had spent the year after his return from ,italy in comparative quiet4 ,he was unfit for public business and he chiefly occupied himself by writing out the results that he had obtained4 ,he thus made a series of essays4 ,in order to publish these in ,england and to meet his daughter1 who was about to come to him from ,america1 and to recover further his health1 he obtained leave of absence from the ,elector of ,bavaria4 ,in his paper on ,gunpowder in #agha he said he would make experiments on the strength of various bodies4 ,in #agig1 when he had another paper in the #8,philosophical ,transactions' on this subject1 he added this note3 ,since writing the above ,i have met with a misfortune which has put it out of my power to fulfil this promise4 ,on my return to ,england from ,germany1 in ,october #agie1 after an absence of eleven years1 ,i was stopped in my post-chaise in ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard1 in ,london1 at six o'clock in the evening1 and robbed of a trunk which was behind my carriage1 containing all my private papers and my original notes and observations on philosophical subjects4 ,by this cruel robbery ,i have been deprived of the fruits of the labours of my whole life1 and have lost all that ,i held most valuable4 ,this most severe blow has left an impression on my mind which ,i feel that nothing will ever be able entirely to remove4 ,it is the more painful to me1 as it has clouded my mind with suspicions that never can be cleared up4 ,these essays were published at different times separately between #agif and #ahjb4 ,the two first volumes were reprinted in #ahjj4 ,his first essay gave an account of an establishment for the poor in ,munich2 the second was on establishments for the poor in general4 ,it contains the germ of the ,royal ,institution4 ,this was a #8proposal for forming in ,london by private subscription an establishment for feeding the poor and giving them useful employment1 and also for furnishing food at a cheap rate to others who may stand in need of such assistance1 connected with an institution for introducing and bringing forward into general use new inventions and improvements1 particularly such as relate to the management of heat and the saving of fuel1 and to various other mechanical contrivances by which domestic comfort and economy may be promoted1 submitted to the public by ,a4,b4' ,dated ,january #a1 #agif4 ,count ,rumford begins by saying that no person shall find means to make a job of the proposed establishment4 ,that the general arrangement of the establishment and all its details shall be left to the author of these proposals1 who will be responsible for their success4 ,he engages1 however1 in the prosecution of this business to adhere faithfully to the plan here proposed1 and never to depart from it on any pretence whatever4 ,he proposed first to establish a public kitchen with every useful invention and improvement by which fuel may be saved4 ,as soon as the measures for feeding the poor and giving them employment are carried into execution the secondary object will be attended to--the formation of a grand repository of all kinds of useful mechanical inventions1 particularly such as relate to furnishing houses and are calculated to promote domestic comfort and economy4 ,he concluded thus3 #8,the author of these proposals will think himself most amply repaid for any trouble he may have taken in the execution of this scheme by the heartfelt satisfaction he will enjoy in the reflection of having been instrumental in doing essential service to mankind4' ,in the summer of #agif a conversation took place between the ,bishop of ,durham1 ,mr4 ,wilberforce1 ,mr4 ,bernard1 and the ,honourable ,edward ,james ,eliot1 and in consequence of this a society was formed for encouraging industry and promoting the welfare of the poor4 ,the object of this ,society was everything that concerned the happiness of the poor1 everything by which their comforts could be increased2 to correct the abuses of workhouses2 to assist the poor in placing out their children2 to add to and meliorate their means of subsistence by public kitchens1 by the union of liberal and benevolent minds1 by circulating information and by personal assistance and influence4 ,the ,bishop of ,durham and ,mr4 ,thomas ,bernard were the chief contributors to the funds4 ,mr4 ,bernard was the third son of ,sir ,francis ,bernard1 ,governor of ,new ,jersey and ,massachusetts ,bay4 ,he was a graduate of ,harvard ,college1 ,new ,england4 ,he was the original promoter of the ,school for the ,indigent ,blind1 of an ,institution for the ,protection and ,instruction of ,climbing ,boys1 of a ,society for the ,relief of ,poor ,neighbours in ,distress1 of the ,cancer ,institution1 of the ,london ,fever ,hospital4 ,he was also the founder of the ,british ,institution for ,promoting the ,fine ,arts in the ,united ,kingdom1 and the originator of the ,alfred ,club4 ,the first meeting of the new ,society was held on ,december #ba1 #agif1 when the ,king declared himself the patron of it4 ,on ,february #bd1 #agig1 the ,society resolved that1 #8in consideration of the extraordinary services of ,count ,rumford for the benefit of the poor1 and as a testimony of the respect and esteem with which this ,society regards his services in the promotion of the general objects of the institution1 he be elected and declared a member of the ,society and one of the general committee for life4' ,in consequence ,count ,rumford wrote to ,thomas ,bernard1 ,esq41 from ,germany3 ,munich1 ,april #bh1 #agig4 ,i feel myself very highly honoured by the distinguished mark of esteem and regard which the ,society for ,bettering the ,condition of the ,poor has conferred on me1 and ,i beg leave through you to return the ,society my respectful and grateful acknowledgments4 ,this flattering proof of the approbation of those most respectable persons who compose the ,society will tend very powerfully to encourage me to persevere in those endeavours to promote the important objects they have in view1 by which ,i first obtained their notice and esteem4 ,i am very sanguine in my expectations of the good which will be done by this ,society2 they will1 however1 be able to do much more by examples--by models that can be seen and felt--than by anything that can be said or written4 ,the following year he wrote3 ,munich1 ,may #ac1 #agih4 ,the rapid progress you are making in your most interesting and laudable undertakings affords me a high degree of satisfaction4 ,it proves that ,i was not mistaken when ,i concluded that1 notwithstanding the alarming progress of luxury and corruption of taste and of morals in ,england1 there is still good sense and energy to be found1 even in the highest classes of society1 where the influx of wealth has operated most powerfully4 ,go on1 my dear sir1 and be assured that when you shall have put doing good in fashion1 you will have done all that human wisdom can do to retard and prolong the decline of a great and powerful nation that has arrived at1 or passed1 the zenith of human glory4 ,and again3 ,munich1 ,june #h1 #agih4 ,i have received your letter from ,brighton of the #abth ult4 ,you can hardly imagine the high degree of pleasure and satisfaction which ,i feel at your success in your most laudable undertakings4 ,go on1 my dear sir1 and be assured that you will contribute more essentially to the revival of taste and morals1 of energy1 industry1 benevolence1 and prosperity in your favoured country than all the speculators and reformers in the three kingdoms4 ,when society is arrived at a certain degree of torpid indifference and enervation of mind and body1 which are the unavoidable effects of wealth1 luxury1 and inordinate indulgence1 mankind must either be allured or shamed into action4 ,precepts and admonitions have no effect on them4 ,as they are too indolent to take the trouble either to investigate or to choose1 they must be led to acts of useful benevolence as they are led in everything else--by fashion2 when you shall have rendered it perfectly ridiculous for a man of fashion and fortune to have the appearance of being insensible to the most noble and most delightful of human enjoyments--that which results from doing good--you will have done more for the relief of the poor than all that the ,poor ,laws can ever effect4 ,deeply impressed with the necessity of rendering it fashionable to care for the poor and indigent1 and contribute to their relief and comfort1 in order to diffuse in ,england that spirit of active benevolence you are kindling1 ,i am apt to insist1 perhaps with too much prolixity1 on that important point4 ,i am anxious to hear of the execution of your plan with regard to ,bridewell4 ,a well arranged ,house of ,industry is much wanted in ,london4 ,it is indeed absolutely necessary to the success of your undertaking1 for there must be something to see and to touch1 if ,i may use the expression1 otherwise people in general will have but very faint1 imperfect1 and transitory ideas of those important and highly interesting objects with which you must make them acquainted in order to their becoming zealous converts to our new philosophy1 and useful members of our community4 ,pray read once more the #8,proposals1' published in my second essay4 ,i really think that a public establishment like that there described might easily be formed in ,london1 and that it would produce infinite good4 ,i will come to ,london to assist you in its execution whenever you will in good earnest undertake it4 ,the third essay was on #8,food and ,feeding the ,poor2 ,rumford ,soup and ,soup-,kitchens4' ,the fourth on #8,chimney ,fire-,places4' ,the fifth on #8,several ,public ,institutions ,founded in ,bavaria2 on ,nurseries for ,genius2 for ,horses and for ,cattle4' ,during #agig and #agih ,rumford published in ,england a second volume containing four essays4 ,these were on the #8,management of ,fire and the ,economy of ,fuel2' on the #8,propagation of ,heat in ,fluids1' extending to liquids1 the doctrine which he had before advanced respecting elastic fluids2 on the #8,propagation of ,heat in various ,substances2' and an #8,experimental ,inquiry concerning the ,source of ,heat ,excited by ,friction4' ,an account of this last essay must be given here1 because from it ,count ,rumford derives his chief scientific reputation4 ,whilst directing the military affairs of the ,duke of ,bavaria he had to organise the field artillery1 and he found no cannon foundry in ,bavaria4 ,the arsenal at ,munich was filled with cannon1 but by far the greater part of them were perfectly useless1 being too heavy to be moved4 ,there was a very good foundry at ,mannheim1 the capital of the ,elector's dominions on the ,rhine1 but the distance between ,munich and ,mannheim is so great that it would have cost more to have sent the ,bavarian guns to ,mannheim to be refounded and to have brought them back than was required to defray the expense of establishing a new manufactory for the construction of artillery in ,bavaria4 ,a foundry was accordingly established at ,munich1 and neither pains nor expense were spared to make it as perfect as possible4 ,a most excellent machine was erected for boring cannon1 with workshops adjoining to it for the construction of gun-carriages and ammunition waggons4 ,whilst engaged in superintending the boring of the cannon he was struck by the heat produced in a brass gun and with the still more intense heat of the metallic chips separated by the borer4 ,he says3 #8,the more ,i meditated on these phenomena the more they appeared to me to be curious and interesting4 ,a thorough investigation of them seemed even to bid fair to give a further insight into the hidden nature of heat1 and to enable us to form some reasonable conjectures respecting the existence or non-existence of an igneous fluid4 #8,whence comes the heat actually produced8 #8,does it come from the metallic chips8 ,if so1 their capacity for heat must be changed2 but by repeated experiments ,i found that no change of capacity was caused by the boring4 ,determination of the actual heat produced and of the amount of chips showed that there was no relation between them4 ,that the heat did not come from the gun itself was shown by the absence of every sign of exhaustion in the metal1 notwithstanding the large quantities of heat given off4 #8,did the heat come from the air8 ,exclusion of the air did not in the smallest degree diminish the heat4 #8,it would be difficult1' he says1 #8to describe the surprise and astonishment expressed in the countenances of the bystanders on seeing a large quantity of cold water heated and actually made to boil without any fire4 #8,though there was1 in fact1 nothing that could justly be considered as surprising in this event1 yet ,i acknowledge fairly that it afforded me a degree of childish pleasure which1 were ,i ambitious of the reputation of a grave philosopher1 ,i ought most certainly rather to hide than to discover4' ,the amount of heat given out in a continual stream by his borer he estimated at that of nine wax candles each of three-quarters of an inch in diameter4 ,this was produced by the work of two horses4 #8,but1' he adds1 #8no circumstances can be imagined in which this method of procuring heat would not be disadvantageous2 for more heat may be obtained by using the fodder necessary for the support of a horse as fuel4' ,he concludes thus3 #8,anything which any insulated body or system of bodies can continue to furnish without limitation cannot possibly be a material substance1 and it appears to me to be extremely difficult1 if not quite impossible1 to form any distinct idea of anything capable of being excited and communicated in these experiments except it be ,,motion4 #8,i am far from pretending to know how that particular kind of motion which has been supposed to constitute heat is excited1 continued1 and propagated4 ,nobody surely in his sober senses has ever pretended to understand the mechanism of gravitation1 and yet what sublime discovery was our immortal ,newton enabled to make merely by the investigation of the laws of its action6' ,the account of these experiments was read to the ,royal ,society1 ,january #be1 #agih4 ,some interesting facts regarding this paper are to be found in the correspondence of ,sir ,c4 ,blagden with ,sir ,j4 ,banks4 ,,dear ,,sir ,,joseph1--,count ,rumford's paper on ,friction1 together with your letter1 were safely delivered to me by ,lord ,palmerston4 ,the paper is by no means incorrect in itself1 nor has the copyist made any remarkable blunders1 and it is valuable from the large scale on which the experiments were tried1 and the quantity of heat produced in consequence4 ,as the result of the experiments was such as the ,count himself foresaw1 and as every other philosopher would have expected1 they do not furnish any new argument in favour of the opinion he has adopted that heat is motion1 though perhaps they add force to the old ones4 ,there is1 however1 an experiment of some consequence if it can be depended upon2 namely1 that which seemed to show that the shavings cut by the borer out of the cannon had the same capacity for heat as the metal on which the borer had not acted2 but ,i do not feel much confidence in experiments of this nature4 ,you will recollect that one opinion pretty much adopted on this subject is that the heat produced in boring a cannon depends on the compression of the metal of the cannon by the borer1 in consequence of which it gives out heat2 on the principle that the same body has a less capacity for heat when it is in a denser than when it is in a rarer state4 ,i wish the ,count had ascertained whether the metal shavings he tried had really a greater specific gravity than that of the chips of metal he had sawed off4 ,whilst in ,england ,rumford at this time strove to advance scientific knowledge not only by the publication of his own discoveries1 but also by his benefactions for the promotion of discovery by others1 and by the further practical application of some of the results which he had obtained4 ,on ,july #ab1 #agif1 he wrote to the ,honourable ,john ,adams1 ,president of the ,american ,academy of ,arts and ,sciences at ,boston1 to offer #e1jjj dollars in the #c per cent4 stocks1 #8to the end that the interest may be spent every second year on a silver and gold medal as a premium to the author of the most important discovery or useful improvement on heat or on light2 the preference always being given to such discoveries as shall1 in the opinion of the ,academy1 tend most to promote the good of mankind4' ,in #ahbi the fund accumulated to #bj1jjj dollars1 and in #ahgj to #cg1jjj dollars4 ,the ,academy applied to the ,legislature to use the money for the purchase of books and apparatus1 and to pay for experiments1 lectures1 and treatises1 and this was decided in #ahca4 ,during the first fifty years only one award of the medals was made4 ,this was to ,dr4 ,hare1 of ,philadelphia1 #ahci4 ,they have been since given to ,mr4 ,ericsson1 ,professor ,treadwell1 ,mr4 ,alvan ,clark1 and ,mr4 ,corliss4 ,on the same day in #agif ,count ,rumford wrote to ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 the ,president of the ,royal ,society1 offering #a1jjjl4 stock on the same conditions to the ,royal ,society of ,london4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks was requested by the council to return their sincere thanks to ,count ,rumford1 and at the same time to inquire #8how far improvements or discoveries in optics and chemistry might come under the ,count's views4' ,count ,rumford wrote to ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 from ,munich1 ,april #bj1 #agig3 ,i think the premium should be limited to new discoveries tending to improve the theories of fire1 of heat1 of light1 and of colours1 and to new inventions and contrivances by which the generation and preservation and management of heat and of light may be facilitated4 ,in as far1 therefore1 as chemical discoveries or improvements in optics answer any of these conditions they may1 ,i think1 fairly be considered as being within the limits assigned to the operation of the premium4 ,the objects which ,i had more particularly in view to encourage1 are such practical improvements in the generation and management of heat and light as tend directly and powerfully to increase the enjoyments and comforts of life1 especially in the lower and more numerous classes of society4 ,the first award of the ,rumford medal was made1 in ,november #ahjb1 to ,count ,rumford himself for his own discoveries on heat and light4 ,in #ahgj the award was made for the twenty-sixth time4 ,eleven foreigners have received the honour1 and thus added to the reputation of the prize4 ,the greatest ,english discoverer on the subject of light is not on the list1 but when sending the medal to ,m4 ,fresnel 7who was on his death-bed7 in #ahbg1 ,young1 as foreign secretary of the ,royal ,society1 wrote to him3 #8,i also should claim some right to participate in the compliment which is tacitly paid to myself in common with you by this adjudication1 but1 considering that more than a quarter of a century is passed since my principal experiments were made1 ,i can only feel it a sort of anticipation of posthumous fame1 which ,i have never particularly coveted4' ,in order further to apply some of his scientific researches to practice in the spring of #agif1 on the invitation of his friend ,mr4 ,secretary ,pelham1 ,rumford went to ,dublin4 ,in the house of the ,dublin ,society he fitted up a laundry and a model kitchen for private families1 and also a cottage fire-place1 and a model lime-kiln in the courtyard of the house of the ,society2 also in the hall in which the meetings of the ,royal ,irish ,academy are held he fitted up two chimney fire-places4 ,he contrived a fire-place for heating one of the principal churches in ,dublin1 and he promised to give a plan for heating the superb new building destined for the meeting of the ,irish ,house of ,commons4 ,in the ,linen ,hall at ,dublin he fitted up an oblong square boiler as a model for bleachers4 ,he was made a member of the ,royal ,irish ,academy and of the ,society for the ,encouragement of ,arts1 and he received after he left the country the public thanks of the ,grand ,jury of the ,county of ,dublin1 and of the ,lord ,mayor of the city1 as well as of the ,lord ,lieutenant as the head of the ,government4 ,upon his return to ,london he superintended some improvements at the ,foundling ,hospital for his friend ,mr4 ,bernard1 who was treasurer there4 ,roasters and boilers were put up1 but he was obliged to return to ,munich before the kitchens were entirely finished4 ,his daughter left ,america to join her father in ,england in ,january #agif4 ,by her ,colonel ,baldwin wrote from ,woburn1 ,january #bf1 #agif3 ,in answer to your inquiry1 ,i can say that it is my opinion that you can freely return to ,america1 either with or without official leave from the ,state1 as you may choose2 and that you would realise a hearty welcome from all your old friends and citizens in general4 ,i can say1 for one1 that there is not a person on earth that ,i should rejoice so much to see4 ,rumford answered3 ,london1 ,march #bf1 #agif4 ,i return you many thanks for your friendly letter1 which ,i received by my daughter1 and ,i beg you would accept my warmest acknowledgments for all the kindness you have shown to my daughter for the many years she has been known to you4 ,her gratitude to you is without bounds1 and she says nothing on earth will ever make her forget your goodness to her4 ,i do not despair of being able1 at some future period1 to express to you in person1 by word of mouth1 the sense ,i entertain of your kindness to my dear child4 ,you will not expect that ,i should attempt to describe the pleasure ,i felt at seeing my dear girl after an absence of twenty years6 ,some years afterwards the daughter gave a vivid picture of her father at this time4 ,count ,rumford1 my father1 having passed several preceding years at ,munich1 in ,bavaria1 had come to ,england to have published some of his essays4 ,he took the opportunity to send for me1 my mother being dead1 and ,i requiring protection4 ,many were the scenes he had passed through after leaving me as an infant1 and erroneous were the ideas ,i had formed of him1 particularly of his appearance2 we having had only a small profile of him in shade1 giving ever an imperfect idea of the person4 ,indeed1 so different from what ,i had thought were his looks1 that ,i could hardly fancy him the person ,i sought after1 and would willingly have run from him1 and ended in a violent fit of crying1 which he did not consider as a compliment1 asking me afterwards what ,i meant by it4 ,the playfulness of his character 7at times7 secured love to my father4 ,witness his laughter1 quite from the heart1 nothing made up about it4 ,the expression of his mouth1 ornamented with the most finished pearls1 was sweetness itself4 ,but to see him accidentally1 he did not strike one as handsome1 or very agreeable1 though not exactly to the contrary4 ,at the time ,i met him1 having been ill1 he was very thin and pale--again a reason of my disappointment4 ,my opinion of him was naturally romantic1 perhaps1 as young people's often are4 ,i had heard him spoken of as an officer4 ,i had attached to this an idea of the warrior1 with the martial look1 possibly the sword1 if not the gun1 by his side4 ,his profile being in black1 made me suppose him dark in complexion1 possibly sunburnt2 in short1 in stature1 size1 and looks the perfect warrior4 ,yet my mother often spoke of him as carroty1 his hair being red2 but later not so1 a very pretty colour4 ,my father pretended ,i looked better than he expected to find me4 ,it is true he had had a most unfavourable likeness of me in a small miniature4 ,though it was a trying scene to meet1 yet it was nothing to finding out each other's disposition in the end1 and my father began with being much alarmed about me4 ,he himself resided in a large hotel in ,pall ,mall1 but could not have me with him1 putting me to board not far off1 at a ,mrs4 ,lackington's4 ,he had brought his valet1 ,aichner1 with him1 and for me a maid1 by the name of ,anymeetle1 both ,germans4 ,i was to be presented to ,lord and ,lady ,palmerston1 ,sir ,charles ,blagden1 ,sir ,william ,pepperell and family 7,americans71 and other of his friends4 ,my father was often at the ,royal ,society1 and intimate with its president1 ,sir ,joseph ,banks4 ,i would be invited to the dinners ,sir ,joseph gave to the select ones of his royal learned ,society4 ,through the kindness and civility of ,lady and ,miss ,banks1 his wife and sister1 ,i several times found myself one of their party4 ,lady ,banks was so kind1 and1 most likely out of civility to my father1 she would allow me to be with her for days together1 taking me about with her1 letting me see things--in short1 trying to amuse me4 ,i recollect she took me to a ,lord ,mayor's ball1 where ,i saw the princes and royal family for the first time4 ,as may be supposed1 the select dinners of the ,royal ,society were highly interesting1 and where1 ,i think1 ladies were seldom or never admitted4 ,i was allowed to accompany ,lady and ,miss ,banks as a mere nobody2 but this did not prevent my making observations which never have been and never will be forgotten4 ,the idea of very learned people suggests that of pedantry4 ,at these dinners there was nothing of the kind1 differing only from other refined societies when remarks were made to convey perhaps new ideas1 discoveries1 or highly entertaining instruction1 sometimes there being no such talk at all4 ,the daughter wrote to ,mrs4 ,baldwin in ,america1 ,june #ac1 #agif3 ,we should have been gone long before this time to ,germany if some business had not called my father to ,ireland4 ,i enjoy very good health1 and am very happy4 ,i should think it strange if ,i were not to be4 ,i am indulged in everything ,i wish1 and ,i am under the protection of a parent that ,i have not only reason to love1 but to be proud of4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the state of ,europe at this time caused ,rumford to return to ,munich4 ,at the close of the campaign of #agid between ,france and the ,german ,empire1 when ,prussia made peace with ,france1 ,bavaria desired to be neutral4 ,it was not until the spring of #agif that the ,republicans under ,moreau1 who had crossed the ,rhine at ,strasburg1 threatened ,munich4 ,rumford was recalled4 ,the ,elector took refuge in ,saxony eight days after ,rumford arrived4 ,he had appointed ,rumford head of a council of regency and commander of the ,bavarian troops4 ,the ,austrians1 defeated by the ,french near ,augsburg in ,august1 retreated on ,munich4 ,they found ,count ,rumford determined to oppose them4 ,on the arrival of the ,french troops he refused to admit them also1 and by his firmness and wisdom the neutrality of ,munich was preserved4 ,the inhabitants of the town fully recognised that they owed the preservation of their city to ,count ,rumford alone4 ,the defeat of ,jourdan on the ,lower ,rhine obliged ,moreau to retreat4 ,the ,bavarian territory was evacuated1 and the ,elector returned to ,munich4 ,he made ,rumford head of the ,general ,police of ,bavaria1 and about #bjjl4 of the pension which had been granted to him was settled on his daughter for her life4 ,she was also received at ,court as a ,countess of the ,empire4 ,in ,december #agig ,rumford wrote to his friend ,baldwin from ,munich3 ,my daughter never ceases her solicitations to engage me to pay a visit to my friends in ,america1 and her wishes are so powerfully seconded by my own feelings and longing desires to breathe once more my native air1 that ,i have come to the resolution to make the journey as soon as the restoration of peace and the arrangement of my concerns in this country will permit it4 ,if the public affairs of ,europe and of ,america take the turn ,i expect1 and if no unforeseen event should happen to prevent my carrying my schemes into execution1 ,i think you will see us in ,america in fifteen or sixteen months from this time4 ,meanwhile his daughter amused herself at ,munich4 ,the ,elector was old and had married a young wife1 so that there was gaiety at ,court during this winter1 and the attentions of one of the aides-de-camp of her father made rides1 and dinners1 and balls pleasant to the ,count's daughter2 but she says #8all her fine castles were demolished by one blow from her father1 and ,count ,taxis was ordered to join his regiment in the country4' ,ill health followed1 and change of air and scene was advised4 #8,my father appeared to try how agreeable he could make himself1 as if wishing to wear off by it some of the disagreeable impressions of his late conduct in drawing so many tears from my poor eyes4444 ,when quiet and happy himself he was1 like others1 agreeable2 but when perplexed with cares and business1 or much occupied1 there was no living with him4' ,in the autumn of #agih1 partly on account of his health1 he determined to return to ,england with his daughter4 ,the ,elector of ,bavaria1 to show his esteem for ,rumford1 appointed him ,minister ,plenipotentiary and ,envoy ,extraordinary to the ,court of ,st4 ,james4 ,on ,september #ad1 #agih1 ,lord ,grenville sent a despatch to the ,hon4 ,arthur ,paget at ,munich1 saying1 #8,it is1 ,i apprehend1 a thing if not wholly unprecedented1 at least extremely unusual1 to appoint a subject of the country to reside at the ,court of his natural sovereign in the character of minister from a foreign prince4 ,i am to direct you in the last resort to state in distinct terms that his ,majesty will by no means consent to receive ,count ,rumford in the character which has been assigned to him4 ,you will observe that the circumstance of ,count ,rumford having heretofore filled a confidential situation 7that of ,under-,secretary of ,state in the ,american ,department7 under his ,majesty's ,government1 makes the appointment in his person peculiarly improper and objectionable4' ,on ,count ,rumford's arrival on ,september #ai he wrote to ,lord ,grenville to say that1 notwithstanding the information and the intimation which had been communicated to him by ,mr4 ,canning1 ,under-,secretary of ,state for ,foreign ,affairs1 he considered it his duty formally to notify that1 having been appointed ,envoy ,extraordinary and ,minister ,plenipotentiary1 he had come to ,england in consequence of that appointment1 and was charged with a letter to the ,king1 which he ought to endeavour to obtain permission to deliver with his own hands4 ,he therefore asked an audience or personal interview with the minister1 to state the objects of his mission1 and to receive such information as would enable him to give a clear1 authentic1 and satisfactory account to the sovereign who had entrusted him with the management of his affairs4 ,the day but one after1 ,lord ,grenville shortly answers that #8he conceives it will be more agreeable to ,count ,rumford that the substance of the representation with which ,mr4 ,paget was charged should be transmitted by ,count ,rumford to the ,elector rather than through any other channel4' ,the same day a despatch to this effect was written to the ,hon4 ,arthur ,paget at ,munich4 ,no other notice was taken of ,count ,rumford's appointment4 ,he did not return to ,munich1 and the following year his master1 the ,elector ,charles ,theodore1 died4 ,the thoughts of ,rumford1 when rejected as minister of ,bavaria1 were directed to his native land4 ,he thus wrote to his friend ,baldwin in ,america3 ,london1 ,september #bh1 #agih4 ,i arrived in this city last week from ,germany1 and ,i expect to be able to remain here several months4 ,i have1 indeed1 some hopes of being able to pay you a visit in ,america in the spring4 ,but these hopes1 though apparently well founded1 may easily be disappointed1 for there are several events1 none of which are very improbable1 that would render it impossible for me to be absent from ,europe next year4 ,it is1 however1 my fixed intention to pay a visit to my friends in ,america as soon as ever it shall be in my power1 which most probably will be in the course of a year or two4 ,i have even a scheme of forming for myself a little quiet retreat in that country1 to which ,i can retire at some future period and spend the evening of my life4 ,perhaps you may be so good as to assist me in carrying this plan into execution4 ,as ,i am not wealthy1 and prefer comfort to splendour1 ,i shall not want anything magnificent4 ,from forty to one hundred acres of good land1 with wood and water belonging to it1 if possible in a retired situation1 from one to four miles from ,cambridge1 with or without a neat1 comfortable house upon it1 would satisfy all my wishes4 ,among his friends in ,england was the ,honourable ,rufus ,king1 the ,american minister4 ,mr4 ,king wrote to ,colonel ,pickering1 the ,secretary of ,state in ,america3 ,london1 ,december #h1 #agih4 ,count ,rumford1 late ,sir ,benjamin ,thompson1 whose name and history are probably known to you1 and whose talents and services have procured the most beneficial establishments and reforms in ,bavaria1 was lately named by the ,elector to be his minister at this ,court4 ,on his arrival he has been informed that1 being a ,british subject1 it was contrary to usage to receive him1 and that therefore he could not be acknowledged4 ,the intrigues and opposition against which he had for some years made head in ,bavaria probably made him desire the mission to ,england4 ,the refusal he has here met with has decided him to return and settle himself in ,america4 ,he proposes to establish himself at or near ,cambridge1 to live there in the character of a ,german count1 to renounce all political expectations1 and devote himself to literary pursuits4 ,his connexions in this country are strictly literary1 and his knowledge1 particularly in the military department1 may be of great use to us4 ,the ,count is well acquainted with and has had much experience in the establishment of cannon foundries2 that which he established in ,bavaria is spoken of in very high terms1 as well as certain improvements that he has introduced in the mounting of flying artillery4 ,he possesses an extensive military library1 and assures me that he wishes nothing more than to be useful to our country4 ,i make this communication by his desire1 and my wish is that he may be well received1 as ,i am persuaded that his principles are good1 and his talents and information uncommonly extensive4 ,it is possible that attempts may be made to misrepresent his political opinions2 from the inquiry that ,i have made on this head1 ,i am convinced that his political sentiments are correct4 ,be good enough to communicate this letter to the ,president4 ,count ,rumford soon after wrote to ,mr4 ,king3 ,i send you herewith a small pamphlet1#e which will explain to you the causes which have rendered it impossible for me to go to ,america this spring1 as ,i had intended4 ,i have not1 however1 given over all ideas of visiting that country at some future period2 very far from it1 ,i really hope and expect to be able to go there next spring1 and will most certainly do so1 if it should be possible1 provided you should continue to advise it1 and to encourage me with the hope of a kind reception4 ,the model of a field-piece#f on a new1 and ,i believe on an improved construction1 which ,i have destined as a present to the ,united ,states1 ,i shall pack up and send to you1 in order to its being shipped for ,america as soon as ,i shall get it from his ,royal ,highness the ,duke of ,york1 who has desired to have a copy of it4 ,you will recollect that in a conversation we had at your house on the great importance to the ,united ,states of the speedy establishment of a military school or academy1 ,i took the liberty to say that to assist in the establishment of so useful an institution ,i should be happy to be permitted to make a present to the academy of my collection of military books1 plans1 drawings1 and models4 ,i now repeat this offer1 and with a request to you that you would make it known to the ,executive ,government of the ,united ,states1 and that you would let me know as soon as may be convenient whether this offer will be accepted4 ,another letter written the following day to his friend ,colonel ,baldwin also gives the reason why ,rumford stayed in ,england4 ,march #ad1 #agii4 ,i will not attempt to describe the painful disappointment ,i feel at being obliged to give up all hopes of seeing you and the rest of my dear friends in ,america this year4 ,a small pamphlet which you will receive with this letter will acquaint you with the reasons which have induced me to postpone my intended voyage2 and you will1 ,i am confident1 agree with me in opinion that ,i have done right in sacrificing the pleasure that voyage would have afforded me to the more important objects to which my attention has been called4 ,i beg you would be so kind as to give my dear mother the earliest notice of this change in my plans1 and that you would at the same time endeavour to give her just ideas of the very great importance of the undertaking in which ,i have been called upon to give my assistance1 and show her how impossible it was for me to refuse that assistance1 especially as it was asked in a manner so honourable to myself4 ,and as the success of the undertaking will be productive of so much good1 and will place me in so distinguished a situation in the eyes of the world and of posterity1 you will1 ,i am persuaded1 find little difficulty in persuading her that ,i have done perfectly right1 and in reconciling her to the disappointment she will naturally feel at not seeing me arrive in ,america at the time appointed4 ,the undertaking was the ,royal ,institution1 and the pamphlet was the #8,proposals' for its foundation4 ,on ,september #h ,mr4 ,king again wrote to ,count ,rumford3 ,london1 ,september #h1 #agii4 ,i have more than once expressed to you a wish that you might find leisure1 as well as inclination1 to revisit your native country1 where ,i have been persuaded you would meet with a friendly and cordial reception1 and by your presence and advice might be of great advantage to our public institutions1 the establishment of which1 upon approved principles1 is an object of the highest consequence4 ,i am happy that ,i have it in my power to assure you that ,i have not been mistaken in these sentiments1 and it affords me peculiar satisfaction to execute the order that ,i have lately received from my ,government to invite you in its name to return and reside among us1 and to propose to you to enter into the ,american service4#g ,count ,rumford answered3 ,brompton1 ,september #ab1 #agii4 ,i am deeply sensible of the honour that has been conferred upon me by the ,government of the ,united ,states1 by the kind invitation they have sent me to come and reside in my native country1 and also by the other distinguished and most flattering proofs of their confidence and esteem with which that invitation has been accompanied4 ,nothing could have afforded me so much satisfaction as to have had it in my power to have given to my liberal and generous countrymen such proof of my sentiments as would in the most public and ostensible manner have evinced1 not only my gratitude for the kind attentions ,i have received from them1 but also the ardent desire ,i feel to assist in promoting the prosperity of my native country4 ,his affection for his mother1 his daughter1 and his friend is seen in the following letter to ,colonel ,baldwin1 which he wrote the day before his daughter sailed for ,america3 ,brompton1 near ,london1 ,august #bd1 #agii4 ,i cannot permit my daughter to return to ,america without charging her with a few lines for my oldest friend and schoolfellow1 the companion of my earliest youth4 ,in straining my recollection as much as possible1 in order to look back into that dark cloud that covers the early period of my life1 ,i can remember no person distinctly1 longer than yourself1 except it be my mother4 ,i must therefore consider you as one of my oldest acquaintances1 and ,i have never ceased to regard you and to love you as one of my best friends4 ,a few months ago ,i flattered myself with the hope of soon seeing you1 but events happened to frustrate those hopes4 ,but though my voyage to ,america is postponed1 it is by no means abandoned4 ,on the contrary1 ,i really think it very likely that ,i shall pay you a visit next spring4 ,my daughter will tell you what ,i am doing in this country1 and will acquaint you with my plans and wishes respecting her establishment in ,america4 ,if you can further the execution of my schemes1 ,i have no doubt but you will do it4 ,there is nothing ,i have so much at heart as to make my dear mother perfectly comfortable and happy during the remainder of her life4 ,and a year later he wrote to ,colonel ,baldwin3 ,royal ,institution1 ,june #i1 #ahjj4 ,i must begin my letter with a subject which is ever uppermost in my mind4 ,my daughter and my dear mother will probably be in your neighbourhood when this letter reaches you4 ,i most earnestly recommend them both to your kind attentions4 ,i have one wish1 and one only1 respecting them1 which is1 that they may be as happy as possible4 ,as ,i am at so great a distance from them1 ,i am but ill qualified to judge of their wants and their wishes4 ,pray assist them in every way in which your friendly assistance can be of use to them1 or make them comfortable and contented4 ,perhaps my daughter may marry 7which she has my leave to do whenever she pleases1 and with whom she pleases74#h ,this may greatly alter her relative situation with me and with my mother4 ,she may perhaps wish at some future period to make me another visit in ,europe1 and even in this scheme ,i shall not oppose her inclinations1 if her heart should be set on the gratification of them4 ,i do not mean to be an indulgent father in theory only4 ,tell me how ,i must act to make two persons who are very dear to me as happy as possible4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,life ,,of ,,rumford ,,after ,,the ,,foundation ,,of ,,the ,,institution4 #agii to #ahad4 ,the history of the life of ,count ,rumford in #agii1 #ahjj1 #ahja to ,may #ahjb is chiefly the history of the ,royal ,institution4 ,the foundation of it forms an episode which must be separated from the rest of his career4 ,but some of the letters and events of these years which are more closely related to his future life will be recorded here4 ,before he began the ,institution he had almost determined to go to ,america1 and before the building was finished he wrote to his daughter regarding the time #8when ,i shall be at liberty1' and soon after he spoke of going to ,munich1 but before his plans for the ,institution were carried out he went to ,paris1 where new attractions put an end to all he intended to do in ,america and in ,england1 and he never revisited his native or his adopted country4 ,on ,june #i1 #ahjj1 ,sir ,c4 ,blagden wrote to ,rumford's daughter in ,america3 ,it will give me great pleasure to see you again either here or in ,america4 ,do not depend upon the ,count's going to visit you there4 ,it is indeed possible that the fancy may suddenly strike him1 and then he will set off in an instant1 almost without giving notice4 ,but his favourite child1 the ,institution1 cannot yet walk alone1 and1 if he quits it at the time he talks of1 will be a helpless cripple1 even if it should continue to exist at all4 ,i still see with regret his time and powers wasted on an object so inferior1 in my opinion1 to those which presented themselves to him in ,america4 ,but he views the thing in a different light1 and ,i suspect will be led on to stay here one year after another1 till you are worn out with expecting him1 and the opportunity of distinguishing himself in a rising country will be past4 ,count ,rumford thus wrote to his daughter3 ,royal ,institution1 ,london1 ,march #b1 #ahja4 ,,my ,,dear ,,child1--,i am still established at the ,institution4 ,i have been exceedingly busy1 but desire to be thankful that all is now nearly completed1 when ,i shall be at liberty4 ,we have found a nice able man for this place as lecturer--,humphry ,davy4 ,lectures are given1 frequented by crowds of the first people4 ,lady ,palmerston and her two daughters1 ,frances and ,elizabeth1 are pretty constant attendants4 ,they would not receive me as minister here1 but seem disposed now to make it up to me by the respect they show the ,institution--originally and chiefly my work4 ,bernard says they are crazy about it4 ,it was certainly gratifying to me to see the honourable list of lords1 dukes1 c41 as fifty-guinea subscribers4 ,it is a very extensive establishment1 and will cost a great deal of money2 but ,i hope it will be an equal advantage to the world1 as the expense and labour of forming it have been great4 ,to strive for good things ,i view as a laudable ambition1 as ,i hope you do1 my dear ,sally4 ,but ,i hope1 above all1 to hear of your being well and happy1 not doubting the rest4 ,i hope to be undisturbed by visitors this morning1 or workmen1 from my being thought to be at ,harrogate1 and to be allowed quietly to fill this sheet4 ,you can form no idea of the bustle in which ,i live since ,i have taken up my residence in this place4 ,in short1 the ,royal ,institution is not only the fashion but the rage4 ,i am very busy indeed in striving to turn the disposition of the moment to a good account for the permanent benefit of society4 ,i have the unspeakable satisfaction to find that my labours have not been in vain4 ,in this moment of scarcity and general alarm the measures ,i have recommended in my writings for relieving the distresses of the poor are very generally adopted1 and public kitchens have been erected in all the great towns in ,england and ,scotland4 ,upwards of sixty thousand persons are fed daily from the different public kitchens in ,london4 ,the plan has lately been adopted in ,france1 and a very large public kitchen for feeding the poor was opened in ,paris three weeks since4 ,a gentleman present tells me that the founders of the institution did me the honour to put my name at the head of the tickets given to the poor authorising them to receive soup at the public kitchens4 ,at ,geneva they have done still more to show me respect4 ,they have marked their tickets with a stamp on which my portrait and my name are engraved4 ,i am not vain1 my dear ,sally1 but it is utterly impossible not to feel deeply affected at these distinguished marks of honour conferred on me by nations at war with ,great ,britain1 and in countries where ,i have never been1 or know little of the inhabitants4 ,but my greatest delight arises from the silent contemplation of having succeeded in schemes and labours for the benefit of mankind4 ,sir ,c4 ,blagden wrote to ,rumford's daughter1 ,september #aj1 #ahja3 ,your father is indeed going to ,munich1 and talks of setting out in a fortnight4 ,i had at one time almost settled to go with him1 but he then proposed to stay there all this winter and next summer4 ,two or three weeks ago he changed his plan1 and determined to make this only a preparatory visit1 and to return hither within three months4 ,for my own part ,i sincerely wish that he had found it expedient to make a voyage to ,america instead of this journey on the ,continent4 ,i would then certainly have accompanied him across the ,atlantic1 notwithstanding the unsettled state of affairs here4 ,he every day talks more and more coolly about going to ,america1 and though ,i really think that he means to make you a visit there some time or other1 yet it does not seem as if he promised himself much satisfaction besides4 ,as to his health1 it is nearly the same as usual1 except that he is rather thinner1 having lived long upon a very spare diet4 ,the constant agitation of his mind1 and the irritable constitution with which it is connected1 will necessarily prevent him from enjoying a regular state of good health4 ,again1 in ,september1 writing to his daughter1 ,rumford says that the new ,elector has invited him to return with assurances of his warm friendship1 and #8that though many salaries and pensions have been suspended through the war1 his shall be paid4' ,he says he is going to ,munich1 #8but that if the ,elector will excuse him he does not intend to stay long1 the ,royal ,institution still requiring his oversight4' ,he reached ,munich by way of ,mannheim1 and thence wrote to his daughter3 ,munich1 ,october #b1 #ahja4 ,,my ,,dear ,,sally1--,i arrived here late last evening1 and early this morning went to pay my respects to the ,elector1 who received me with all imaginable kindness4 ,he appears to have plenty of business for me in an academy he is about building1 but1 as things are not yet in readiness to begin1 ,i am excused from remaining2 instead of which ,i return to ,england1 to put an end to the work begun there--that of the ,royal ,institution4 ,i owe so much to the ,elector1 it is my duty to do all in my power to give him satisfaction4 ,besides1 he says ,i shall be president of the academy when done4 ,in another letter he speaks of the kindness he met with in ,bavaria4 ,he left ,munich on ,october #ac1 and again wrote to his daughter on his arrival in ,paris on the #beth4 ,his daughter says this was her father's first visit to ,paris4 ,the reception he met with was #8simply enchantment4' ,his inventions were in common use2 his name was familiar to everyone4 ,he made a multitude of acquaintances2 parties were made for him every day2 and he particularly liked one lady4 ,two letters written to ,sir ,joseph ,banks from ,paris in #ahja are of great interest4 ,htel de ,caraman1 ,paris1 ,november #aa4 ,,my ,,dear ,,sir ,,joseph1--,i arrived here from ,munich about a fortnight ago1 and ,i purpose staying here three weeks longer4 ,my reception has been very flattering1 and ,i find many interesting objects of curiosity that engage my attention4 ,i have already made the personal acquaintance of most of the men of eminence in science1 and ,i have attended several of the meetings of the ,national ,institute4 ,at the last meeting of the mathematical and physical class the ,first ,consul came in1 and1 fortunately for the complete gratification of my curiosity1 he happened to come and seat himself very near me4 ,one person only 7,lagrange7 was between us4 ,he stayed about an hour--till the meeting was over4 ,volta read a memoir on ,galvanism and explained his theory of the action of the voltaic pile or battery4 ,his opinion is that all the appearances that are called galvanic are owing to the action of an electric fluid1 and he says that the simple tact of two metals--silver and zinc1 for instance--is sufficient to set the electric fluid in motion2 and if the metals are insulated1 one of them will become electrified positively and the other negatively4 ,this assertion was proved by an experiment which was made before the assembly1 and this fact is the foundation on which his explanation of the phenomena of the galvanic pile is established4 ,after ,volta had finished his memoir the ,first ,consul demanded leave from the ,president to speak1 which1 being granted1 he proposed to the meeting to reward ,m4 ,volta with a gold medal1 and to appoint a committee to confer with ,m4 ,volta on the subject of his experiments and investigations respecting galvanism1 and to make such new experiments as may bid fair to lead to further discoveries4 ,he delivered his sentiments with great perspicuity and displayed a degree of eloquence which surprised me4 ,he is certainly a very extraordinary man and is possessed of uncommon abilities4 ,the expression of his countenance is strong1 and it is easy to perceive by his looks that he can pronounce the magic words #8je le veux' with due energy4 ,i was presented to him by the ,bavarian minister at his last public audience1 and was received by him with marked attention4 ,he gave me to understand that he knew me by reputation very well1 and intimated that the ,french nation had adopted several of the improvements ,i had recommended4 ,a few minutes after ,i came home from the audience ,i received a note from him1 inviting me to come and dine with him that day4 ,the foreign ministers dined with him1 but no other stranger except myself was invited2 consequently my being invited was considered as a marked distinction4 ,it was the next day that ,i saw him again at the ,national ,institute4 ,i have had opportunities of making the acquaintance of several of the most distinguished characters now in power in this country4 ,i am very intimate with ,chaptal1 the ,minister of the ,interior1 and frequently see ,talleyrand1 the ,minister for ,foreign ,affairs4 ,i have dined with both of them1 and visit them often4 ,laplace and ,bertholet are very civil and attentive to me1 and have each of them given me a dinner1 where ,i met most of the men of science of the first distinction in ,paris4 ,fourcroy has also given me a dinner4 ,in short1 ,i am treated with the utmost civility1 and ,i spend my time very agreeably and very usefully4 ,i hope to see you in ,london about the #fth or #hth of ,december4 ,ever yours most faithfully1 ,,rumford4 ,he again wrote3 ,november #bb1 #ahja4 ,,my ,,dear ,,sir ,,joseph1--,i do wrong perhaps1 but ,i cannot help telling you that your name is at the head of the list of those ten persons whom the ,class of ,mathematics and ,physics have resolved to present to the ,national ,institute at their next general meeting1 in order to their being elected foreign members of the ,institute4 ,you were proposed to the class by the ,section of ,botany4 ,your name is followed by those of ,maskelyne1 ,cavendish1 ,herschel1 ,priestly1 ,pallas1 ,volta1 and three others4 ,i was present when the ballot of the class was taken1 and had the satisfaction to see that all the votes agreed in placing your name at the head of the list4 ,i was politely told that my name would have been near that of my friend1 had it not been that the second class of the ,institute had claimed me as belonging to them and had placed me on their list4 ,the three first names on that list are1 ,i am told1 ,mr4 ,jefferson1 ,president of the ,united ,states1 ,count ,rumford1 and ,major ,rennell2 the others ,i did not learn4 ,i was proposed to the class by the ,section of ,political ,economy4 ,the classes propose to the ,institute1 and the ,institute elects at a general meeting4 ,the number of foreign members is limited to twenty-four4 ,as the election will not take place for some weeks to come1 ,i beg you would make the most prudent use of the information ,i have given you4 ,i shall not mention the subject to anybody but yourself4 ,i hope to see you in ,london in about three weeks from this time4 ,my health is much improved1 and is still improving every day4 ,my stay in ,paris has afforded me much amusement1 but ,i begin to be impatient to see my friends in ,england4 ,i hope everything is going on well at the ,royal ,institution4 ,i am1 my dear ,sir ,joseph1 with unalterable esteem and attachment1 yours most faithfully1 ,,rumford4 ,in another letter to his daughter1 written ,january #ae1 #ahjb1 he says that he returned to ,brompton on ,december #bj1 and that he was three months on the ,continent and seven weeks of the time in ,paris4 ,he spoke of his intention to enjoy again the delights of the ,french capital on his way1 in the course of the summer1 to ,munich and to get excused from any longer residence at ,munich4 ,the ,elector continued friendly to him1 and had lately written to him a very gracious letter1 in which he expresses his pleasure at the cordiality extended towards ,rumford in ,france1 and advises him to cultivate an acquaintance with a certain lady there1 who1 among other attractions1 was said to have great wealth4 ,when he made this second visit to ,paris1 the ,count accepted an invitation which he had received to stay with the ,bavarian ambassador4 ,before he left ,england again1 ,may #i1 #ahjb1 he published the third volume of his essays4 ,his tenth essay was on #8,kitchen ,fire-,places and ,utensils2' his eleventh on #8,chimney ,fire-,places4' ,his twelfth on the #8,salubrity of ,warm ,rooms in ,cold ,weather2' his thirteenth on the #8,salubrity of ,bathing and the ,construction of ,warm ,baths4' ,his fourteenth consisted of #8,supplementary ,observations on the ,management of ,fires2' his fifteenth was on the #8,use of ,steam for ,transporting ,heat4' ,in ,may #ahjb he also published a volume of his philosophical papers1 with a dedication to his ,most ,serene ,highness ,maximilian ,joseph1 ,elector ,palatine of ,bavaria4 ,in this he says he must ever feel himself greatly indebted to his ,most ,serene ,electoral ,highness for the kind assurances you gave me of your esteem1 protection1 and friendship on your succeeding to your present ,bavarian dominions on the death of your late uncle1 my kind friend and benefactor2 but ,i am bound to you still more1 if it be possible1 by the flattering invitation you have lately given me to come to you and reside at your ,court and assist in the local work of carrying into execution the vast plans you have formed for promoting the prosperity of your subjects4 ,from ,brompton1 ,may #f1 #ahjb1 he writes to his daughter3 #8,in three days ,i shall set out for ,dover1 on my way to ,paris1 where ,i expect to stay four or five weeks1 and then to proceed to ,munich4' ,he sent by way of ,holland two carriages and much baggage4 ,on ,may #bj ,sir ,c4 ,blagden wrote from ,paris to ,sir ,joseph ,banks3 #8,count ,rumford arrived here last ,friday 7the #adth7 in remarkably good health4 ,travelling agrees with him1 and he seems very happy4 ,we purpose to set out for ,bavaria before the middle of next month4' ,writing to his daughter1 ,june #be1 ,rumford says3 #8,i did not propose to stay here long1 but the ,elector has written commissioning me to transact some business for him of a political nature in which he is much interested4' ,on ,june #h ,sir ,c4 ,blagden writes to ,sir ,joseph ,banks3 #8,i was preparing everything to set off for ,germany1 and had even applied to ,mr4 ,merry for a passport1 when ,count ,rumford told me he had received permission from the ,elector to stay a few weeks longer at ,paris4 ,this considerably deranges my plans4' ,on ,july #ai ,rumford wrote to ,sir ,joseph ,banks3 ,rue de ,clichy1 #cef1 ,july #ai1 #ahjb4 ,,my ,,dear ,,sir ,,joseph1--,the print#i you sent me has afforded me much amusement1 and1 even more than that1 it has given me real satisfaction4 ,it is just that #8those who take up the sword should perish by the sword4' ,i never had a doubt who was the author of another print which certainly was not designed to give me pleasure4 ,although it has long been said1 and ,i believe with truth1 that those who render themselves conspicuous by their superior genius1 their talents1 and1 above all1 by their usefulness to society1 must necessarily be exposed to the shafts of envy and to the hatred of all bad men1 yet1 much as ,i am desirous of deserving the approbation of mankind1 so far from feeling any secret satisfaction at seeing myself distinguished by those miscreants1 who may justly be considered as the vermin of society1 ,i lament that ,i am not permitted to finish my days in peace and quietness4 ,but the established order of things cannot be changed1 and ,i must endeavour to support with patience and dignity all those evils which cannot be avoided4 ,i continue to pass my time here in ,paris very agreeably4 ,the society in which ,i live most is very pleasant1 and ,i am surrounded by a great variety of interesting objects of curiosity4 ,i have very often the satisfaction of hearing your name mentioned1 and always in terms of the highest possible respect4 ,no individual was ever in more complete possession of the enlightened world than yourself4 ,it is indeed true that no man ever deserved it more4 ,an extraordinary meeting of the first class of the ,institute was held on ,saturday last for the purpose of deciding a dispute which had arisen among the ,ingnieurs des ,ponts et ,chausses relative to an intended canal from ,cambray to ,st4 ,quentin1 to form a communication by water between the ,belgique and the interior of ,france4 ,two plans had been proposed1 one by a ,m4 ,laurent and the other by ,m4 ,vicque4 ,laurent proposed to form the junction by one straight subterranean canal about six ,french leagues in length2 ,vicque proposed to avail himself of a valley1 in order to diminish the length of the subterranean passage to about three leagues4 ,the latter was almost unanimously approved by the ,institute1 though the total length of the canal of ,vicque is more than a third greater than that of ,laurent1 and though it has two subterranean passages instead of one4 ,the ,first ,consul was present at the discussion of this question by the ,institute1 and took a very active part in the debate4 ,he displayed very uncommon abilities4 ,he is indeed a very extraordinary man4 ,he hears with patience and with the utmost attention every argument opposed to his own opinions1 and he states the question in dispute in so clear a light1 and divests it so completely from every consideration that is not essential1 that every difficulty seems to be removed and the decision rendered quite plain and obvious4 ,i was at the public audience of the #adth of ,july1 and dined with the ,first ,consul1 and also stayed and spent the evening at the ,tuileries4 ,we sat down to table about #bdj persons1 and about #fj or #hj of the company stayed and spent the evening4 ,there were a few card tables--not more than four or five4 ,the ,first ,consul did not play1 but walked about and talked to the company4 ,he went out two or three times upon an elevated terrace1 or rather large open platform1 on the level of the apartment we were in to see the illuminations of the gardens4 ,as often as he appeared1 the crowd below saluted him by clapping hands4 ,he went to the opera the next evening1 and1 instead of occupying his private box1 which is grill1 he went and took his place in the front of ,madame ,bonaparte's box1 where he was exposed to the view of the whole house4 ,the applause he received was quite enthusiastic and lasted near a quarter of an hour4 #8,vive ,bonaparte6' was heard from every part of the theatre1 and the actors were obliged to stop for some time4 ,these applauses were again repeated when he went away4 ,he came to the meeting of the ,institute on ,saturday without any guards1 and accompanied only by his brother-in-law1 ,general ,murat4 ,i followed him down the stairs when he went away4 ,i found his carriage waiting for him1 surrounded by about ten or twelve grenadiers1 who kept the crowd at a small distance from the carriage and formed a line from the foot of the staircase4 ,he was received by the populace with shouts of applause1 and he drove away without guards and with a single footman behind his carriage1 which was a coach4 ,thursday ,morning1 ,july #ca4 ,this letter will be forwarded by ,m4 d',ifeffel1 the ,elector's charg d'affaires at ,london1 who will leave ,paris this evening4 ,my stay at ,paris is very uncertain2 ,i fancy1 however1 that ,i shall set out for ,munich in the course of three or four weeks4 ,the ,elector writes me the kindest and most flattering letters1 and ,i have the satisfaction to think that my stay here has been of some use to him4 ,i avoid most carefully every appearance of interfering in public business1 but ,i now and then find opportunities of putting in a word privately where it is not lost4 ,i fancy the ,elector will be well treated in the general arrangement which is about to take place4 ,i thank you for the information you have given me relative to the ,royal ,institution4 ,it is impossible for me not to feel very deeply interested in its fate4 ,i hope it will prosper2 ,i know it will if you can support and protect it4 ,it would grieve me to see it fall to the ground4 ,my health is much improved since ,i have been in ,france4 ,i am1 indeed1 now quite well4 ,i continue to spend my time here very agreeably4 ,if there should be anything ,i could do for you here1 ,i hope and trust that you will have no scruples in favouring me with your commands4 ,i am1 and shall ever be1 my dear ,sir ,joseph1 with unalterable attachment1 yours most faithfully1 ,,rumford4 ,on ,august #aj1 ,tuesday1 ,sir ,c4 ,blagden writes3 #8,i am on the point of setting out with ,count ,rumford for ,munich4 ,we go first to ,mannheim1 and ,i expect to be there next ,sunday2 afterwards1 perhaps1 through that tract of country bordering on ,switzerland which will be ceded to the ,elector as a compensation1 so as to reach ,munich about the latter end of this month4' ,on ,august #cj1 from ,munich1 ,sir ,c4 ,blagden wrote to ,sir ,joseph ,banks3 ,i wrote to you from ,paris on the day of our departure1 and left the letter to be sent by post next day4 ,our journey hither was made during the hottest time of this summer2 we had the thermometer in the carriage one day at #ic1 and several days within a degree or two of it2 but this great heat did not injure our health or materially impair our spirits or appetite4 ,it is really pleasant to see with what respect and affection ,count ,rumford is treated here by all ranks of people4 ,i do not mean to say that he is without enemies1 for surely he has many1 but all1 as far as ,i can learn1 from envy1 jealousy1 or competition of interests4 ,the great mass of the people consider him as a public benefactor1 and would rejoice to see the government of the country thrown into his hands4 ,this1 however1 as far as ,i can judge from what he says1 as well as from his actions1 is by no means his own wish1 and1 indeed1 ,i think he can do as much good1 leading at the same time a vastly pleasant life1 if he remains simply as the ,elector's friend4 ,in our way we called at a convent in ,bavaria1 and it was surprising to see how much attachment the monks show to him1 though they must consider him as a heretic4 ,in spite of religious differences he has found the means to persuade them of his general good intentions4 ,the ,elector and every person in his family behave to the ,count with great respect1 and are extremely gracious to me1 evidently for the purpose of showing regard to his introduction4 ,on ,september #a1 ,rumford wrote to his daughter that he found his ,english ,garden grown more beautiful than ever1 the ,elector sparing no expense upon it4 ,but his ,house for the ,poor had not been well attended to1 though there were few or no beggars to be met with in the streets4 ,the ,count says that he was received by the public with the most flattering marks of esteem and respect4 ,the ,emperor of ,russia sent him an invitation to visit ,st4 ,petersburg1 but the ,count could not make up his mind to the undertaking4 ,he writes3 ,my health requires that ,i should keep more quiet4 ,it is all ,i ask here4 ,i have and ask no augmentation of appointments4 ,many cannot understand why ,i am not more anxious for places and money4 ,people even pretend ,i am going to be ,minister of ,state2 but for a certainty ,i am not1 neither do ,i desire to be4 ,i want only quiet4 ,in her summary of a letter from her father1 dated from ,mannheim1 ,november #cj1 #ahjb1 his daughter says that #8he alludes to his love concern3 says he has got into full employment at ,munich1 but would rather be in ,paris2 and the certain lady would rather have him there4' ,at ,christmas he was still at ,mannheim1 and thence he wrote to the clerk at the ,institution3 #8,as ,i have no correspondent but you who can inform me how you are going on at the ,royal ,institution1 you will oblige me very much by writing to me now and then1 and letting me know what you are doing1 and how the ,institution stands in the public opinion4 ,you will easily believe that ,i must be very anxious to hear of its welfare and prosperity4' ,he said that he hoped to be back in ,april or ,may4 ,in ,january he sent his compliments to ,dr4 ,young and to ,mr4 ,davy4 ,writing to his daughter again from ,munich1 ,january #bb1 #ahjc1 ,rumford says he is unsettled there1 and therefore that he cannot conveniently have her with him1 but that at a future time1 not far distant1 he will attempt it4 ,he spoke of the style in which he was living1 having his servants1 the ,aichners1 with him1 with his carriages4 ,while he was at ,munich he was joined by ,madame ,lavoisier4 ,sir ,c4 ,blagden wrote to ,sir ,joseph ,banks3 ,paris1 ,october #ae1 #ahjb4 ,as a good occasion of making the journey to ,paris presented itself1 ,i left ,munich about a week sooner than ,i originally intended1 and have now been some days in this capital4 ,count ,rumford was in very good health1 and proposed to spend the winter at ,munich2 he was going into a magnificent house1 or rather palace1 lent him by one of the nobility1 an old friend1 in which he meant to give concerts as he used to do4 ,the ,elector continued to treat him with the most marked distinction1 but he did not seem to be engaging in any public business4 ,indeed1 the country was rather in a state of alarm1 on account of the menacing appearances of the ,emperor1 who evidently wants part of ,bavaria as a further compensation to the ,grand ,duke4 ,the ,count's opinion when ,i quitted him was that he should be in ,paris next spring1 and thence return to ,england4 ,two months later ,sir ,c4 ,blagden said3 #8,the ,count finds the climate of ,mannheim much milder and more suitable to his constitution than that of ,munich1 which is really sharp and trying4' ,and afterwards he wrote regarding the ,french ,institute3 ,count ,rumford has been removed from the third class to the first1 a change which ,i believe he very much desired4 ,in consequence there is now only one vacancy to be filled up in the first class1 and ,i think that ,volta will be the man chosen at the next election4 ,unless we are all sent away by the war1 ,i shall probably stay near a fortnight longer than the #eth of ,april4 ,the ,count expects to be in ,england some time in the summer4 ,he is very busy making experiments on heat1 and says his new-invented instruments have already put him in possession of several new and interesting facts4 ,sir ,c4 ,blagden wrote to ,rumford's daughter from ,london1 ,august #h1 #ahjc3 ,when my letter of last ,june was written ,i thought your father pretty much fixed at ,munich1 and therefore ventured to suggest to you that it might contribute to your happiness if you were to be established at that ,court4 ,but ,i learn since that the ,elector has set him more at his liberty1 and that in consequence he intends to return to ,england this autumn4 ,political difficulties may possibly stand in the way of this journey1 but he hopes to avoid them4 ,i am still as much at a loss as ,i was in ,june to answer your question whether your father be going to marry4 ,he is now1 as ,i told you in that letter1 making the tour of ,switzerland with a very amiable ,french lady4 ,but ,i have no reason to think that they have any idea of matrimonial connexion4 ,when the ,count comes to ,england she is to return to ,paris2 at least so he writes me word4 ,he wrote to ,sir ,joseph ,banks3 ,count ,rumford has sent me a letter from ,mannheim1 dated the #acth of ,september4 ,he had applied for leave to pass through ,france to ,england1 but was refused4 ,i suppose the ,french ,government thought that he too would act the spy4#aj ,he professes himself still uncertain whether he should not attempt the journey by the north of ,germany1 but ,i am myself pretty well satisfied that he will not4 ,in the meantime he desires me to assure you that he will certainly contrive to send the paper on ,heat before ,christmas4 ,the ,king and ,queen of ,sweden were then at ,mannheim4 ,he had been presented to and had dined with them4 ,later he wrote3 ,soho ,square1 ,september #bi4 ,my last letter from ,count ,rumford was of ,july #ca1 but ,i have learned otherwise that he was at ,geneva about the #bjth of ,august1 setting out for a tour to the icy mountains of ,savoy4 ,he has permission1 therefore1 to travel in that part of the ,french territory4 ,whether he will be allowed to return to ,england through ,france1 or whether he will come at all1 ,i do not yet know4 ,whilst in ,switzerland ,rumford wrote #8,some ,observations on the ,glaciers of ,chamouni1 and on the ,propagation of ,heat in ,liquids4' ,this paper was sent to the ,royal ,society1 of which he was then vice-president1 ,december #ae4 ,it was published in the #8,philosophical ,transactions' for #ahjd4 ,on ,december #e1 #ahjc1 ,sir ,c4 ,blagden again wrote to ,rumford's daughter3 ,all ,i can tell you about your father is this3 ,he continued travelling with the ,french lady till about the middle of ,september1 when she left him at ,mannheim and returned to ,paris4 ,your father had applied to the ,french ,government for leave to come to ,england through ,france1 but was refused4 ,in consequence he remained at ,mannheim till the middle of ,october1 when1 having by some means1 ,i do not know how1 induced the ,french ,government to change their resolution1 and allow him to travel in ,france1 he set out for ,paris2 and ,i know that he was in that city on the #ast of ,november4 ,in the last letter ,i received from him1 which was written the day before he set out from ,mannheim1 he said that he had great hopes of being in ,england before the end of this year4 ,since that time ,i have heard nothing from him4 ,he continues very intimate with the lady1 but whether it will end in a marriage ,i cannot say4 ,my own opinion is rather inclined to the negative1 yet ,i have no good foundation for it4 ,since this was written ,i have received a letter from your father1 dated at ,paris1 ,november #aa4 ,by this it is evident that he expects to marry the ,french lady1 though nothing is yet finally determined4 ,on ,march #ab1 #ahjd1 he again writes from ,liverpool3 ,the last account ,i received of your father was dated the #aith of ,january4 ,he was then at ,paris1 very assiduous in his attentions to the ,french lady1 with whom1 indeed1 he spent most of his time4 ,but ,i believe she had not then determined to marry him1 and ,i am still inclined to think she never will4 ,in the meantime he is entirely losing his interest in the country4 ,his residence at ,paris this winter1 whilst we were threatened with an invasion1 is considered by everyone as very improper conduct1 and his numerous enemies do not fail to make the most of it4 ,he has quarrelled with ,mr4 ,bernard and others of his old friends at the ,royal ,institution1 and they do all they can to render him unpopular4 ,probably he has written to you more than once by ,american ships since his residence at ,paris4 ,to me he wrote on the #abth of ,november1 about a fortnight after his arrival there4 ,but ,i expect no other letter from him1 as it would certainly be imprudent in him to keep up a correspondence with this country during his residence in ,france4 ,on ,january #bb1 #ahjd1 ,rumford wrote to his daughter3 ,i shall withhold this information from you no longer4 ,i really do think of marrying1 though ,i am not yet absolutely determined on matrimony4 ,i made the acquaintance of this very amiable woman in ,paris1 who1 ,i believe1 would have no objection in having me for a husband1 and who in all respects would be a proper match for me4 ,she is a widow1 without children1 never having had any1 is about my own age1 enjoys good health1 is very pleasant in society1 has a handsome fortune at her own disposal1 enjoys a most respectable reputation1 keeps a good house1 which is frequented by all the first philosophers and men of eminence in the science and literature of the age1 or rather of ,paris1 and1 what is more than all the rest1 is goodness itself4444 ,she is very clever 7according to the ,english signification of the word72 in short1 she is another ,lady ,palmerston4 ,she has been very handsome in her day1 and even now1 at forty-six or forty-eight1 is not bad-looking2 of a middling size1 but rather en bon point than thin4 ,she has a great deal of vivacity and writes incomparably well4 ,he soon after writes again of the lady3 #8,she is fond of travelling1 and wishes to make the tour of ,italy with me4 ,she appears to be most sincerely attached to me1 and ,i esteem and love her very much4' ,on ,february #g1 #ahjd1 the ,count writes again from ,paris4 ,he and ,madame ,lavoisier were then making preparations for their marriage4 ,she deposited in his name one hundred and twenty thousand livres in the five per cent4 ,french funds1 which was to go to the survivor of the three--herself1 himself1 or his daughter4 ,an income of six thousand a year out of her own property was secured to ,madame ,lavoisier4 ,her house in ,paris1 as well as the ,count's at ,brompton1 was to revert to the survivor of the two4 ,on ,july #b he said3 ,,my ,,dear ,,sally1--,this letter1 which will be entirely devoted to very serious and important business1 will1 no doubt1 obtain your serious attention4 ,in order to be able to complete in a legal manner some domestic arrangements of great importance to me and to you1 ,i have lately found1 to my no small surprise1 that certificates of my birth and of the death of my former wife are indispensably necessary4 ,you can1 no doubt1 very easily procure them--the one from the town clerk of ,woburn1 the other from the town clerk of ,concord4 ,and ,i request that you would do it without loss of time1 and send them to me under cover1 or rather in a letter addressed to me and sent to the care of my bankers in ,london4 ,as an accident may possibly happen to that letter1 ,i beg you would at the same time send another set of these certificates directly to ,paris1 addressed to me1 rue de ,clichy1 ,no4 #cef4 ,on ,july #c he wrote to ,mr4 ,savage1 the clerk of the ,royal ,institution3 ,with regard to the outstanding bills which you mention1 as ,i intend and expect to come to ,england soon1 they may as well stand on till my arrival4 ,some of the charges require examination4 ,it gives me great pleasure to hear that my house is kept in good order4 ,i hope to inhabit it next winter4 ,on ,august #aj the ,count left ,paris for ,munich4 ,on ,may #a1 #ahje1 he wrote to the clerk of the ,royal ,institution3 ,munich1 ,may #a4 ,i have written to ,mr4 ,herries respecting the letting or selling of my house4 ,i hear that the ,royal ,institution is become a great favourite with the public4 ,i am sorry1 however1 to find that the ,journals of the ,institution have not been continued4 ,i desire you would make my compliments to ,mr4 ,davy1 and tell him that ,i am still employed in my researches on heat and light4 ,i should be glad to know what he is doing1 for ,i am sure he cannot be idle4 ,it is now more uncertain than ever when ,i shall have it in my power to visit ,england4 ,to his daughter he wrote1 ,june #ah1 from ,munich3 ,i left ,paris the #ith of ,june1 and arrived here the #afth4 ,my stay here is uncertain1 for many things are yet wanting that are indispensably necessary for the success of such an establishment as the ,academy of ,arts and ,sciences4#aa ,i continue to pursue my philosophical researches1 and that will ever be the most pleasing occupation ,i can have4 ,on ,september #ag he was again in ,paris4 ,he wrote to his daughter3 ,rue d',anjou1 ,no4 #ci1 ,paris1 ,october #be1 #ahje4 ,you will have intelligence by the papers of the events that have lately taken place in ,germany4 ,foreseeing the storm1 ,i left ,munich the day before the ,elector left it4 ,i have brought ,aichner and his whole family1 not being willing to leave them behind4 ,i succeeded in so winding up my affairs in ,bavaria as in the future to be able to live where ,i please4 ,i shall1 of course1 go from time to time to pay my respects to the ,elector1 for he has ever treated me with too much respect for me to be negligent on that account towards him4 ,i have informed you before of the arrangements ,madame ,lavoisier and ,i had made in case of our marriage1 which1 in fact1 took place yesterday4 ,i have the best-founded hopes of passing my days in peace and quiet in this paradise of a place1 made what it is by me--my money1 skill1 and directions4 ,in short1 it is all but a paradise1 removed from the noise and bustle of the street1 facing full to the south1 in the midst of a beautiful garden of more than two acres1 well planted with trees and shrubbery4 ,the entrance from the street is through an iron gate1 by a beautiful winding avenue1 well planted1 and the porter's lodge is by the side of this gate2 a great bell to be rung in case of ceremonious visits4 ,the daughter's comment on this letter is3 #8,it seems there had been an acquaintance between these parties of four years before marriage4 ,it might be thought a long space of time enough for perfect acquaintance4 ,but1 ah ,providence6 thy ways are past finding out4' ,dr4 ,ellis1 the biographer of ,rumford1 says3 ,an interval1 though a very brief one1 of cheerfulness and satisfaction1 was enjoyed by the ,count after his marriage4 ,there were but two letters to his daughter recognising this state of content and pleasant anticipation4 ,he informed her that he left ,munich under the pleasantest relations with the ,bavarian sovereign and his friends at that ,court4 ,he had received a letter from ,maximilian1 congratulating him on his marriage and approving of his settling himself in ,france1 and at the same time adding four thousand florins a year to his pay4 ,one letter was dated from ,paris1 ,december #bj1 #ahje1 two months after his marriage3 ,i gave up my lodgings on quitting ,munich1 and managed so as to settle all concerns of business4 ,i flatter myself ,i am settled down here for life1 far removed from wars and all arduous duties1 as a recompense for past services1 with plenty to live upon and at liberty to pursue my own natural propensities1 such as have occupied me through life--a life1 as ,i try to fancy1 that may come under the denomination of a benefit to mankind4 ,next spring we are going to travel into ,italy and the south of ,france1 to be gone two years1 so you must patiently stay where you are for the present4 ,you will wish to know what sort of a place we live in4 ,the house is rather an old-fashioned concern1 but in a plot of over two acres of land1 in the very centre and finest part of ,paris1 near the ,champs ,elyses and the ,tuileries and principal boulevards4 ,i have already made great alterations in our place1 and shall do a vast deal more4 ,when these are done ,i think ,madame de ,rumford will find it in a very different condition from that in which it was1 that being very pitiful with all her riches4 ,our style of living is really magnificent4 ,madame is exceedingly fond of company1 and makes a splendid figure in it herself4 ,but she seldom goes out1 keeping open doors2 that is to say1 to all the great and worthy1 such as the philosophers1 members of the ,institute1 ladies of celebrity1 c4 ,on ,mondays we have eight or ten of the most noted of our associates to dinner4 ,thursdays are devoted to evening company1 of ladies and gentlemen1 without regard to numbers4 ,tea and fruits are given1 the guests continuing till twelve or after4 ,often superb concerts are given1 with the finest vocal and instrumental performers4 ,at this time ,sir ,c4 ,blagden wrote to ,sir ,joseph ,banks3 ,i have received a letter1 dated ,november #bb1 from a lady in ,paris1 which contains no kind of news except the following article about ,count ,rumford and his lady3 #8,madame ,lavoisier s'appelle prsent ,madame de ,rumford4 ,j'ai vu ,madame de ,rumford the writer of the letter has been returned to ,paris only two days4 ,ils ne donnent ni l'un ni l'autre aucun dtail sur leur mariage ni sur l'poque2 un jour ils l'ont dit leurs amis1 et il n'y a pas eu plus de formalit que cela4 ,ils sont sur un pied fort amical1 mais ils taient ainsi depuis longtemps4 ,la maison de ,mdme4 de ,rumford est charmante4 ,elle l'embellit tous les jours et avec beaucoup de got4' ,on ,january #ae1 #ahjf1 ,rumford wrote to his daughter3 ,the newspapers will acquaint you with the other particulars of this peace1 which will occasion a great change in the political state of ,germany1 as1 in fact1 of all ,europe4 ,i hope that ,i shall not1 and ,i do not think that ,i shall1 lose by any of these changes4 ,at all events the ,elector1 or rather the new ,king1 has just written me a very kind letter1 giving me hopes1 rather than suggesting fears of anything of a disagreeable nature4 ,but dependencies like mine can never be otherwise than uncertain1 as ,i feel it1 notwithstanding my marriage4 ,i may make a change1 after all1 but never certainly to the disadvantage of anyone4 ,between you and myself1 as a family secret1 ,i am not at all sure that two certain persons were not wholly mistaken1 in their marriage1 as to each other's characters4 ,time will show4 ,but two months barely expired1 ,i forebode difficulties4 ,already ,i am obliged to send my good ,germans home--a great discomfort to me and wrong to them4 ,on ,march #h1 #ahjf1 ,sir ,c4 ,blagden1 who had quarrelled with his friend because he thought that ,count ,rumford had not defended him from the imputation of acting as a spy in ,paris in #ahjc1 wrote to ,rumford's daughter regarding the marriage3 ,they are now living together in ,paris1 and1 as far as ,i can learn1 very happily4 ,i know nothing of it from your father himself1 which is not surprising1 as ,i some time since intimated to him my wish that our correspondence should cease4 ,we are not1 to the best of my knowledge1 on terms of enmity1 but it is not likely that any kind of confidence or friendship should subsist between us again4 ,in #ahjf and #ahjg ,count ,rumford sought for relief by the pursuit of science4 ,he published in the ,memoirs of the mathematical class of the ,institute a continuation and extension of his investigations on light and heat4 ,these were in the sixth1 seventh1 and eighth volumes1 and made nine papers4 #a4 #8,a ,description of a ,new ,thermoscope or ,differential ,thermometer4' #b4 #8,researches on ,heat1 ,showing the ,effect of ,difference of ,surface on ,radiation4' #c4 #8,further ,experiments on the ,effect of ,blackening the ,surface4' #d4 #8,researches ,continued on the ,different ,properties of ,bodies with ,respect to ,radiation and to ,conducting ,powers4' #e4 #8,further ,researches on the ,passage of ,heat through ,solids4' #f4 #8,experiments on the ,heat of the ,solar ,rays4' #g4 #8,remarks on the ,temperature of ,water at the ,maximum ,density4' ,he made it #da ,f4 or #e ,c4 ,this paper was published in the #8,philosophical ,transactions4' #h4 ,on the #8,dispersion of the ,light of ,lamps by ,screens of ,ground ,glass1 ,silk1 and so forth1 with a ,description of a ,new ,lamp4' ,he had an illuminator constructed and presented to the ,institute4 ,this paper was published in ,england as his sixteenth essay on the #8,management of ,light in ,illuminations4' #i4 ,on the #8,cooling of ,liquids in ,vases of ,porcelain1 ,gilt or not ,gilt4' ,in ,october #ahjf he gave this sad account to his daughter3 ,,my ,,dear ,,child1--,this being the first year's anniversary of my marriage1 from what ,i wrote two months after it1 you will be curious to know how things stand at present4 ,i am sorry to say that experience only serves to confirm me in the belief that in character and natural propensities ,madame de ,rumford and myself are totally unlike1 and never ought to have thought of marrying4 ,we are1 besides1 both too independent1 both in our sentiments and habits of life1 to live peaceably together--she having been mistress all her days of her actions1 and ,i1 with no less liberty1 leading for the most part the life of a bachelor4 ,very likely she is as much disaffected towards me as ,i am towards her4 ,little it matters with me1 but ,i call her a female dragon--simply by that gentle name6 ,we have got to the pitch of my insisting on one thing and she on another4 ,it is possible that1 had the war ceased raging1 and had we gone into ,italy1 where she is dying to go1 and with me too1 she having heard me speak much of the delights of that country1 she having been very happy1 too1 in travelling with me in ,switzerland1 it might have suspended difficulties1 but never have effected a cure4 ,that is out of the question4 ,indeed1 ,i have not the least idea of continuing here1 and1 if possible1 still less the wish1 and am only planning in my mind what steps ,i shall take next--to be hoped more to my advantage4 ,communication with ,england is prohibited1 and it makes me sad4 ,he wrote more pitiably a year later3 ,rue d',anjou1 ,paris1 ,october #bd1 #ahjg4 ,i can do no more1 my dear ,sally1 than simply give you the latest news upon this the anniversary of my marriage1 for ,i am still here1 and so far from things getting better they become worse every day4 ,we are more violent and more open1 and more public1 as may really be said1 in our quarrels4 ,if she does not mind publicity1 for a certainty ,i shall not4 ,as ,i write the uncouth word quarrels1 ,i will give you an idea of one of them4 ,in the first place be it known that this estate is a joint concern4 ,i have as good a right to it as ,madame1 she having paid rather more in the beginning1 but ,i an immensity of money in repairs and alterations1 c4 c41 besides a great deal of my own time and care spent while we have been here4 ,i am almost afraid to tell you the story1 my good child1 lest in future you should not be good2 lest what ,i am about relating should set you a bad example1 make you passionate1 and so on4 ,but ,i had been made very angry4 ,a large party had been invited ,i neither liked nor approved of1 and invited for the sole purpose of vexing me4 ,our house being in the centre of the garden1 walled around1 with iron gates1 ,i put on my hat1 walked down to the porter's lodge and gave him orders1 on his peril1 not to let anyone in4 ,besides1 ,i took away the keys4 ,madame went down1 and when the company arrived she talked with them1 she on one side1 they on the other1 of the high brick wall4 ,after that she goes and pours boiling water on some of my beautiful flowers4 ,and the wretched climax came the next year3 ,rue d',anjou1 ,st4 ,honor1 ,no4 #ci1 ,paris1 ,april #ab1 #ahjh4 ,after what you know1 my dear ,sally1 of my domestic troubles you will naturally be anxious to know the present state of things4 ,there are no alterations for the better4 ,on the contrary1 much worse4 ,i have suffered more than you can imagine for the last four weeks2 but my rights are incontestable1 and ,i am determined to maintain them4 ,i have the misfortune to be married to one of the most imperious1 tyrannical1 unfeeling women that ever existed1 and whose perseverance in pursuing an object is equal to her profound cunning and wickedness in framing it4 ,it is impossible to continue in this way1 and we shall separate4 ,i only wish it was well over4 ,it is probable ,i shall take a house at ,auteuil1 a very pleasant place1 with the ,seine on one side and the ,bois de ,boulogne on the other1 about a league from ,paris4 ,i have seen a very handsome house there which ,i can have--rather dear1 but that matters little can ,i but find quiet4 ,it would be truly unfortunate1 after the ,king of ,bavaria's late bounties joined to former ones1 if ,i could not live more independently than with this unfeeling1 cunning1 tyrannical woman4 ,little do we know people at first sight6 ,do you preserve my letters8 ,you will perceive that ,i have given very different accounts of this woman1 for lady ,i cannot call her4 ,now1 my dear ,sally1 as soon as ,i get settled1 enjoying again independence1 ,i shall wish you to join me4 ,in the meantime believe me your affectionate ,father4 ,the ,count bought the lease of his villa at ,auteuil in ,april #ahjh4 ,for the last two or three months of his most miserable married life he was seriously ill4 ,the nature of his illness is seen by the remedies that benefited him4 ,he told his daughter that the ,king of ,bavaria1 having knowledge of his domestic discomforts1 had recently written him a letter that had done him much good4 #8,he speaks most kindly to me1 and encourages me to bear my misfortunes like a man of firmness who has nothing to reproach himself with4' ,the separation took place amicably on ,june #cj1 #ahji4 ,he soon after wrote to his daughter3 ,i find myself relieved from an almost insupportable burden4 ,i cannot repeat too much how happy ,i am1 gaining every day in health1 which1 from vexations1 had become seriously deranged4 ,i am persuaded it is all for the best4 ,after the scenes which ,i have recently passed through ,i realise1 as never before1 the sweets of quiet1 liberty1 and independence4 ,my household consists of the most faithful1 honest people1 attached to me1 without dissension1 bribery1 or malice4 ,and1 above all1 that eternal contradiction4 ,oh6 happy1 thrice happy1 am ,i to be my own man again6 ,later he wrote3 ,madame de ,rumford is well4 ,i see her sometimes1 though very seldom4 ,after what is past a reconciliation is impossible4 ,she now repents of her conduct1 but it is too late4 ,the less ,i see her the better4 ,i now enjoy peace and tranquillity1 and my health improves every day4 ,again3 ,auteuil1 ,october #bd1 #ahji4 ,,dear ,,sally1--,the #8,mentor' arrived some weeks since1 when ,i was expecting you4 ,without doubt the reason you did not come was owing to your not finding proper protection1 and in these terrible times of war you cannot be too particular4 ,this unfortunate war chains me to the spot1 for ,i am so situated between three governments that ,i am obliged almost to turn into a cypher4 ,it is to ,england ,i want to go1 but dare not risk it4 ,and it is there ,i should much prefer receiving you than here4 ,by the date of this letter you will perceive it to be the anniversary of my wedding-day with ,madame ,lavoisier to-day four years4 ,i own ,i make choice of this day to write to you1 in reality to testify joy1 but joy that ,i am away from her1 as has been the case for the last six months4 ,it would be difficult to describe what ,i suffered there for the last year4 ,i often wished for you1 but am now exceedingly glad you did not come1 as it would have made you unhappy and perhaps have done me no good4 ,i was made quite ill at last1 but now1 thank ,heaven1 ,i am recovering my health and spirits fast4 ,i am like one risen from the dead4 ,adieu1 my dear child4 ,you will hear from me soon again1 and ,i hope to see you soon4 ,i have some pretty rooms prepared for you4 ,i had one of the ,aichners to come and wait upon you1 but she did not exactly please me1 and ,i sent her back again4 ,my old servants1 her father and mother1 are nicely established1 owing to mine and the ,elector's kindness1 at ,munich1 and are very happy4 ,auteuil1 ,november #ab1 #ahji4 ,,my ,,dear ,,daughter1--,here is another month past1 and you do not come4 ,i know all the difficulties of travelling either by sea or by land1 so do not blame you2 am only sorry4 ,sorry on several accounts--on one account that ,i want to see you4 ,for do you recollect1 my dear1 that it is many years since we saw each other8 ,we will not say how many1 lest the time should seem longer4 ,and little did ,i think1 when you quitted me at ,brompton1 it would have been for such a length of time1 nor would it have been but for this unfortunate marriage4 ,never were there two more distinct beings than this woman 7for ,i cannot call her a lady7 before and after marriage4 ,but undoubtedly she was pushed on by those looking forward to her fortune1 fearing some of it would light on me4 ,she is the most avaricious woman ,i ever saw1 and the most cunning--things which ,i could not possibly know before marriage4 ,i suffered more for the last fourteen months--indeed1 the whole three years and a half that ,i lived with her--than ,i had an idea ,i could have gone through4 ,luckily ,i have money enough of my own1 but war and these terrible times prevent me from receiving money from ,bavaria1 or my half-pay from ,england4 ,yet ,i am obliged to keep up a certain consequence1 besides being disgusted with everything4 ,i am afraid you will have to quit the world if you stay with me4 ,auteuil1 ,january #aj1 #ahaj4 ,here month after month arrives1 but you do not come4 ,i am very impatient to see you1 but ,i am more anxious lest something should happen to you on the way1 for discord reigns everywhere4 ,later he said3 ,i am absolutely obliged to set out for ,munich1 so if you come in the time you must make yourself comfortable4 ,if ,i find you here on my return1 it will give me much pleasure4 ,the ,king has been in ,paris1 and invited me so kindly ,i thought it my duty to go2 but he assures me ,i shall not be detained there on any business of importance4 ,on his arrival in ,munich he wrote3 ,my reception here has been most kind and flattering4 ,the whole town is in expectation of seeing me again fixed here and employed in the public affairs of the country4 ,but ,i know positively1 and it is my greatest consolation1 that ,i shall be permitted to return quietly to my retreat at ,auteuil4 ,adieu1 my dear ,sally4 ,i shall write to you again1 ,i think1 before leaving ,munich2 but you had better not write me1 lest ,i should be already set out on my return4 ,my health is perfectly good1 and ,i am very happy4 ,all my late sufferings are forgotten4 ,i feel as if just relieved from an insupportable weight4 ,god be thanked for my delivery6 ,all your friends here have desired to be remembered to you4 ,adieu1 my dear ,sally2 make yourself as comfortable and happy as you can1 and be assured that ,i have at length quite recovered my reason1 and that ,i am now persuaded that all that has happened to me has been most fortunate for me4 ,i am now a free man4 ,munich1 ,october #bd1 #ahaj4 ,you will perceive that this is the anniversary of my marriage4 ,i am happy to call it to mind1 that ,i may compare my present situation with the three and a half horrible years ,i was living with that tyrannical1 avaricious1 unfeeling woman4 ,you can have no idea1 my dear ,sally1 what ,i had to suffer during the last fourteen months--indeed1 during the whole three years and a half ,i lived in that house--but the closing six months was a purgatory sufficiently painful to do away the sins of a thousand years4 ,the ,prince ,royal was married on the #abth1 and we have had continued ftes and rejoicings4 ,the ,english ,garden is in high beauty2 no expense is spared upon it4 ,i am allowed to dine with the ,king pretty much as often as ,i wish1 but to-morrow ,i take leave of him1 of ,munich1 and the rest of my friends2 so you will soon1 my dear ,sally1 see me at ,auteuil4 ,in ,december #ahaa his daughter arrived at ,auteuil1 and found him in excellent health4 ,she writes3 ,i had not been many days at ,auteuil before we had a visit from his separated lady1 for they seemed to be on good terms--at least on visiting terms4 ,the lady was gracious to me1 and ,i was charmed with her1 nor did ,i ever after find reason to be otherwise1 for she was truly an admirable character4 ,their disagreements must have arisen from their independence of character and means2 being used always to having their own ways4 ,their pursuits in some particulars were different4 ,he was fond of his experiments1 and she of company4 ,a picture of ,madame de ,rumford was thus drawn by ,m4 ,guizot in #ahda1 five years after her death3 ,soit affection pour son mari1 soit disposition naturelle1 ,madame ,lavoisier s'associa ses travaux comme un compagnon ou un disciple4 ,ceux-l mme qui ne l'ont connue que bien loin de la jeunesse ont pu dmler que sous une apparence un peu froide et rude1 et presque uniquement proccoupe de sa vie de socit1 c'tait une personne capable d'tre fortement saisie par un sentiment1 par une ide1 et de s'y adonner avec passion4 ,elle vivait dans le laboratoire de ,m4 ,lavoisier1 l'aidait dans ses expriences1 crivait ses observations sous sa dicte1 traduisait1 dfinait pour lui4 ,elle apprit graver1 pour qu'il ft sr d'un ouvrier exact jusqu'au scrupule1 et les planches du #8,trait de ,chimie' furent bien rellement l'uvre de ses mains4 ,elle publia1 parce qu'il le dsirait1 la traduction d'un ouvrage du chimiste anglais ,kirwan sur #8la ,force des ,acides et la ,proportion des ,substances qui composent les ,sels neutres1' et elle avait acquis1 de la science qu'ils cultivaient ensemble1 une intelligence si complte que lorsqu'en #ahje1 onze ans aprs la mort de ,lavoisier1 elle voulut runir et publier ses mmoires scientifiques1 elle put se charger seule de ce travail et l'accomplit en effet1 en y joignant une prface parfaitement simple1 o ne se laisse entrevoir aucune ombre de prtention4 ,un intrieur aussi anim par affection rciproque et des occupations favorites1 une grande fortune1 beaucoup de considration1 une bonne maison l',arsenal1 recherche par les hommes les plus distingus1 tous les plaisirs de l'esprit1 de la richesse1 de la jeunesse1 c'tait l1 coup sr1 une existence brillante et douce4 ,cette existence fut frappe1 foudroye par la ,rvolution1 comme toutes celles qui l'entouraient4 ,en #agid ,mdme4 ,lavoisier vit monter le mme jour sur l'chafaud son pre et son mari1 et elle n'chappa elle-mme1 apres un emprisonnement assez court1 qu'en plongeant avec la patience la plus persvrante dans la plus complte et silencieuse obscurit4 ,quand les proscriptions cessrent1 quand l'ordre et la justice revinrent apaiser et ranimer en mme temps la socit1 ,mdme4 ,lavoisier reprit sa place dans le monde1 entoure de toute une gnration de savants illustres1 les amis1 les disciples1 les successeurs de ,lavoisier1 ,lagrange1 ,laplace1 ,berthollet1 ,cuvier1 ,prony1 ,humboldt1 ,arago1 charms en honorant sa veuve de trouver dans sa maison1 en retour de l'clat qu'ils y rpandaient1 les agrments d'une hospitalit lgante4 ,m4 de ,rumford arriva parmi eux4 ,il tait alors au service du roi de ,bavire et jouissait dans le public d'une grande popularit scientifique2 son esprit tait lev1 sa conversation pleine d'intrt1 ses manires empreintes de bont4 ,il plut ,mdme4 ,lavoisier2 il s'accordait avec ses habitudes1 ses gots1 on pourrait presque dire avec ses souvenirs4 ,elle espra recommencer en quelque sorte son bonheur4 ,elle l'pousa le #bb ,october1 #ahje1 heureuse d'offrir un homme distingu une grande fortune et la plus agrable existence4 ,leurs caractres ne se convinrent point4 ,a la jeunesse seule il est facile d'oublier au sein d'un tendre bonheur la perte de l'indpendence4 ,des questions dlicates furent leves1 des susceptibilits s'veillrent4 ,mdme4 de ,rumford en se remariant avait formellement stipul dans son contrat qu'elle se ferait appeler ,madame ,lavoisier de ,rumford4 ,m4 de ,rumford1 qui y avait consenti1 finit par le trouver mauvais4 ,elle persista4 #8,j'ai regard comme un devoir1 comme une religion1' crivait-elle en #ahjh1 #8de ne point quitter le nom de ,lavoisier4444 ,comptant sur la parole de ,m4 de ,rumford je n'en aurais pas fait un article de mes engagements civils avec lui1 si je n'avais voulu laisser un acte public de mon respect pour ,m4 ,lavoisier et une preuve de la gnrosit de ,m4 de ,rumford4 ,c'est un devoir pour moi de tenir une dtermination qui a toujours t une des conditions de notre union2 et j'ai dans le fond de mon me l'intime conviction que ,m4 de ,rumford ne me dsapprouvera pas et qu'aprs avoir pris le temps d'y rflchir 444 il me permettra de continuer remplir un devoir que je regarde comme sacr4' ,ce fut encore l une esprance trompe4 ,aprs des agitations domestiques1 que ,m4 de ,rumford avec plus de tact et rendues moins bruyantes1 la sparation devint ncessaire1 et elle eut lieu l'aimable le #cj juin1 #ahji4 ,depuis cette poque et pendant vingt-sept ans aucun vnement1 on pourrait dire aucun incident1 ne drangea plus ,mdme4 de ,rumford dans sa noble et agrable faon de vivre4 ,elle n'appartint plus qu' ses amis et la socit1 tantt tendue1 tantt resserre1 qu'elle recevait avec un mlange assez singulier de rudesse et de politesse1 toujours de trs-bonne compagnie et d'une grande intelligence du monde mme dans ses brusqueries de langage et ses fantaisies d'autorit4 ,in ,february #ahab ,count ,rumford gave his mother #aj1jjj dollars in #c per cent4 stock as a free gift1 and he wrote to her3 ,i desire that you will accept of it as a token of my dutiful affection for you1 and of my gratitude for the kind care you took of me in the early part of my life4 ,i have the greatest satisfaction in being able to show my gratitude for all your goodness to me1 and to contribute to your ease and comfort4 ,i request that you will consider this donation as being perfectly free and unconditional1 and that you would enjoy and dispose of what is now your property just as you shall think best and most conducive to your happiness and to your satisfaction1 without any regard to any former arrangements you have made at my request4 ,my health continues to be good1 and ,i yet feel none of those infirmities of age which sometimes render the evening of life painful4 ,i have the satisfaction to think that ,i have done my duty through life1 and that is a great consolation to me as ,i approach the end of my course4 ,i shall never cease to be1 my dear mother1 your dutiful and affectionate child1 ,,benjamin4 ,on ,january #bc he had a paper read before the ,royal ,society which he published as his seventeenth essay4 ,it was an #8,inquiry ,concerning the ,source of the ,light which is ,manifested in the ,combustion of ,inflammable ,bodies4' ,his object was to prove by decisive experiments that the light which accompanies the complete combustion of any given quantity of pure inflammable matter is variable1 and therefore light cannot be one of the chemical products of combustion4 ,if light were a substance1 as has been supposed1 it seems highly probable that means would long since have been found to discover where and how it exists2 but if it be nothing more than a blow given to the eye by the repercussion of an ethereal fluid which touches that organ and at the same time every other body in the universe1 it is evident that all attempts to discover it in a state of combination must be vain4 ,nobody1 ,i imagine1 ever thought of searching for sound in a fulminating powder4 ,is it more reasonable to search there for the light that accompanies the combustion of substances8 ,the greatest light may be obtained by preserving the heat of the flame4 ,thus several flat flames placed together1 in order that they may mutually cover and defend each other against the powerful cooling influence of surrounding bodies1 form a lamp that has answered far beyond my most sanguine expectation4 ,i lose no time in giving an account of the principles on which it is constructed1 in hopes that others may be induced to assist in improving it4 ,so far from being jealous of their success ,i shall rejoice in it1 and shall ever be most ready to contribute to it by all the means in my power4 ,on ,february #bd he had a paper read before the ,french ,institute on the #8,heat ,manifested in the ,combustion of ,inflammable ,substances4' ,on ,august #a he published his last essay1 the eighteenth1 of the #8,excellent ,qualities of ,coffee and the ,art of ,making it in the ,highest ,perfection4' ,in #ahac the founder of the ,royal ,institution once more met ,davy1 then the great discoverer who by his eloquence and genius had saved the ,rumford ,institution from an early death4 ,in the #8,life of ,davy1' by ,dr4 ,paris1 it is said1 probably on the authority of ,mr4 ,underwood1 #8,on ,november #aj they 7,underwood and ,davy7 dined at ,auteuil with ,count ,rumford1 at this time a prisoner in ,france1 who showed his laboratory to ,davy4 ,this was exactly eight months before the poor1 broken-hearted ,count sank into the grave1 the victim of domestic torment and of the persecutions of the ,french savans1 instigated by his wife1 the widow of the celebrated ,lavoisier4' ,the following account of ,count ,rumford's life at ,auteuil was probably also written by his friend ,mr4 ,underwood4 ,it was published in the #8,gentleman's ,magazine' in #ahad3 ,after the death of his worthy friend1 the illustrious ,lagrange1 he saw only his next-door neighbour1 the ,senator ,leconteux ,caneleux2 ,mr4 ,underwood1 a member of the ,royal ,institution1 who assisted him in his experiments2 and an old friend1 ,mr4 ,parker1 a learned ,american1 who possesses a splendid mansion in ,paris and a very fine landed estate and agricultural establishment in its environs4 ,he ceased to attend the sittings of the ,national ,institute2 but for the perpetual secretary1 ,cuvier1 a man as morally estimable as his talents are superior to his ,french fellow-members1 he always preserved the highest admiration and esteem4 ,one object of his later occupations was a work--not yet finished1 though it has been constantly going on for more than twenty years--on the #8,nature and ,effects of ,order1' which1 had he been spared to finish it1 would probably have been one of the most valuable presents ever made to domestic society4 ,no man in all his habits had more the spirit of order2 everything was classed2 no object was ever allowed to remain an instant out of its place the moment he had done with it1 and he was never behind his time in an appointment a single instant4 ,he was also latterly employed on a series of experiments on the propagation of heat in solids4 ,he had by him several unpublished works1 particularly one of considerable interest on ,meteorolites1 in which he demonstrated that they came from regions beyond the atmosphere of the earth4 ,he has left several memoirs in ,french 7of which he had a few copies printed for the use of his friends7 on the quantity of heat obtained by the combustion of various substances and the relative quantity of light from others1 with a description of different improvements in the construction of lamps1 which he had the satisfaction of seeing very generally adopted in ,paris4 ,his admirable paper on the #8,advantages of ,broad ,wheels to ,carriages' is well known4 ,he put this in practice in his own chariot2 but1 though there could be no doubt of their advantages1 they were not used by others1 the ,count's being the only carriage in ,paris that had them4 ,nor did anyone follow 7which is not to be wondered at7 his whimsical winter dress1 which was entirely white1 even his hat4 ,this he adopted agreeably to the law of nature1 that more heated rays are thrown from a dark body than from a light one4 ,i do not know whether his very simple1 and ,i may add perfect1 calorimeter is known in ,england4 ,the apparatus with which he was making a series of experiments on the relative conducting powers of different solid bodies for heat1 and which death prevented his completing1 is of the greatest beauty4 ,it consists of a cylindrical vessel of cork 7which is a perfect non-conductor of heat71 in the centre of the bottom of which the small solid cylinder of the substance to be experimented upon is fitted into an aperture of exactly the same diameter as the cylindrical vessel1 which is then filled with water1 and heat from the flame of a spirit-lamp is applied to the lower extremity of the substance2 the time the heat takes to pass through and raise the temperature of the water indicates the relative conducting powers of the different substances through which it is made to pass4 ,he has repeatedly declared to me it was his decided opinion that heat and light were the result of vibrations in bodies1 and were not bodies themselves4 ,he had lately brought to the greatest perfection a lamp for burning spirits of wine1 and by which all explosion was rendered impossible4 ,this in ,france is of the greatest convenience1 where1 from the low price of alcohol1 it is nearly as economical as any other fuel for heating water4 ,the ,count met with considerable plague in his pursuits from the malignant disposition and jealousies of his fellow-members of the ,national ,institute1 in consequence of having differed in opinion on capillary attraction from their despotic leader1 ,laplace4 ,he often used to exclaim that no one who had not lived a considerable time in ,france could imagine how contemptible a nation they are1 and how void of honour and even honesty4 ,whenever he ordered any instrument at a mathematical instrument maker's a similar one was instantly made for some one of the ,great ,nation1 though of the intended use they were at the moment ignorant2 but the hope of supplanting a foreigner and of arrogating to themselves a discovery 7a common practice with them7 incited them to adopt this dishonourable practice4 ,this forced him to send for a workman from ,germany1 whom he constantly employed1 and who lived in his house4 ,i was one day with the ,count at a sitting of the first class of the ,institute1 when we heard one of the leading members declare that they would set their faces against any discovery which did not originate among themselves4 ,the ,count displayed extraordinary spirited conduct and firmness in refusing the ,french the passage of the city of ,munich4 ,he used often to dwell with much pleasure on having been the means of bringing forward two celebrated characters1 the ,bavarian general ,wieden and ,sir ,humphry ,davy--the former originally a lawyer1 or a land steward1 and possessing great military dispositions2 ,count ,rumford1 then ,minister of ,war to the ,elector of ,bavaria1 gave him a commission3 and the latter was recommended to him when he had the direction of the ,royal ,institution by ,mr4 ,underwood1 and was made ,lecturer on ,chemistry4 ,the climate of ,france agreeing with him far better than that of ,bavaria1 he received permission of the ,king of ,bavaria to reside there2 and his half-pay as lieutenant-general in his service and pension of retreat as minister of his late father uncle were regularly paid him1 amounting to about twelve hundred pounds sterling per annum4 ,it was this which prevented his return to ,england1 as ,bonaparte would not1 in that case1 have allowed his vassal1 the ,king of ,bavaria1 to have paid the ,count4 ,when ,bavaria joined in the coalition for the emancipation of ,europe it was agitated in ,bonaparte's council to send the ,count away4 ,however1 as it was proved that he scarcely ever stirred out of his house1 he was allowed to remain4 ,the ,german1 ,french1 ,spanish1 and ,italian languages were as familiar to the ,count as the ,english1 both in speaking and writing4 ,his only recreations were playing at billiards against himself1 for want of one to play with1 and walking in his garden1 of which he was very fond1 though ignorant of botany and even of the common names of the commonest plants4 ,he was very fond of chess1 at which he played well1 but rarely enjoyed this pleasure1 as he said that after a few minutes' play his feet became like ice and his head like fire4 ,he drew with great skill the designs of his own inventions1 but of painting and sculpture he had no knowledge and little feeling2 nor had he any taste for poetry4 ,he had1 however1 great taste for landscape-gardening4 ,his habits of life were latterly most abstemious1 so much so that he had not sufficient vital strength to resist a nervous fever1 which carried him off on the #bast of ,august1 after three days' illness1 when he was on the eve of returning to ,england1 to which as long as he lived he retained the most devoted attachment4 ,in the #8,moniteur ,universel' of ,august #be1 #ahad1 the death and burial of ,count ,rumford are mentioned4 ,an address was pronounced over his grave by the ,baron ,benjamin ,delessert1 his friend and banker in ,paris1 on the #bdth4 ,the news of ,count ,rumford's illness and burial reached the ,french ,academy at the same time1 so that the members were unable to attend his funeral4 ,on ,january #i1 #ahae1 ,baron ,cuvier read his loge to the ,academy4 ,in it he said3 ,nous l'y avons vu1 en effet1 pendant dix ans honor des ,franais et des trangers1 estim des amis des sciences1 partageant leurs travaux1 aidant de ses avis jusqu'aux moindres artisans1 gratifiant noblement le public de tout ce qu'il inventait chaque jour d'utile4 ,rien n'y aurait manqu la douceur de son existence si l'amnit de son commerce avait gal son ardeur pour l'utilit publique4 ,mais il faut l'avouer1 il perait dans sa conversation et dans toute sa manire d'tre un sentiment qui devait paratre fort extraordinaire dans un homme si constamment bien trait par les autres1 et qui leur avait fait lui-mme tant de bien3 c'est que c'tait sans les aimer et sans les estimer qu'il avait rendu tous ces services ses semblables4 ,apparemment que les passions viles qu'il avait observes dans les misrables commis ses soins ou ces autres passions non moins viles que sa fortune avait excites parmi ses rivaux l'avaient ulcr contre la nature humaine4 ,aussi ne pensait-il point que l'on doit confier au commun des hommes le soin de leur bien-tre2 ce besoin qui leur semble si naturel d'examiner comment ils sont rgis n'tait ses yeux qu'un produit factice des fausses lumires4 ,il avait sur l'esclavage peu prs les ides d'un planteur1 et il regardait le gouvernement de la ,chine comme le plus voisin de la perfection1 parce qu'en livrant le peuple au pouvoir absolu des seuls hommes instruits1 et en levant chacun de ceux-ci dans la hirarchie selon le degr de son instruction1 il fait en quelque sorte de tant de millions de bras les organes passifs de la volont de quelques bonnes ttes--doctrine que nous exposons sans prtendre la justifier en rien et que nous savons de reste tre peu propre faire fortune chez nos nations europennes4 ,m4 de ,rumford a prouv lui-mme plus d'une reprise qu'il n'est pas si ais dans l'occident qu'en ,chine d'engager les autres n'tre que des bras2 et cependant personne ne s'tait autant prpar que lui bien se servir de bras qu'on lui aurait soumis4 ,un empire tel qu'il le concevait ne lui aurait pas t plus difficile conduire que ses casernes et ses maisons de pauvres2 il se confiait surtout pour cela la puissance de l'ordre4 ,il appelait l'ordre l'auxiliaire ncessaire du gnie1 le seul instrument possible d'un vritable bien et presque une divinit subordonne rgulatrice de ce bas monde4 ,il se proposait d'en faire l'objet d'un ouvrage qu'il regardait comme devant tre plus important que tous ceux qu'il a crits2 mais on n'en a trouv dans ses papiers que quelques matriaux informes4 ,lui-mme de sa personne tait sur tous les points et sous tous les rapports imaginables le modle de l'ordre2 ses besoins1 ses plaisirs1 ses travaux1 taient calculs comme ses expriences4 ,il ne buvait que de l'eau3 il ne mangeait que de la viande grille ou rtie1 parce que la viande bouillie donne sous le mme volume un peu moins d'aliment4 ,il ne se permettait enfin rien de superflu1 pas mme un pas ni une parole1 et c'tait dans le plus strict qu'il prenait le mot superflu4 ,c'tait sans doute un moyen de consacrer plus srement toutes ses forces au bien1 mais ce n'en tait pas un d'tre agrable dans la socit de ses pareils2 le monde veut un peu plus d'abandon1 et il est tellement fait qu'une certaine hauteur de perfection lui parat souvent un dfaut quand on ne met pas autant d'efforts la dissimuler qu'on en a mis l'acqurir4 ,quels que fussent au reste les sentiments de ,m4 de ,rumford pour les hommes1 ils ne diminuaient en rien son respect pour la divinit4 ,il n'a nglig dans ses ouvrages aucune occasion d'exprimer sa religieuse admiration pour la ,providence et d'y offrir l'admiration des autres les prcautions innombrables et varies par lesquelles elle a pourvu la conservation de ses cratures2 peut-tre mme son systme politique venait-il de ce qu'il croyait que les princes doivent faire comme elle et prendre soin de nous sans nous en rendre compte4 ,cuvier finished his loge with this epitaph3 #8,l'homme qui par l'heureux choix des sujets de ses travaux a su lui donner la fois pour appui l'estime des savans et la reconnaissance des malheureux4' ,dr4 ,young1 who1 whilst ,professor at the ,royal ,institution1 knew ,rumford well1 said of him in the #8,encyclopedia ,britannica3' ,count ,rumford certainly possessed considerable facility of conversation1 and there was a very laudable spirit of originality in his views and mode of reasoning1 although he had never leisure to acquire profound learning in any department of study4 ,in person he was above the middle size1 with a dignified and pleasing expression of countenance and a mildness in his manner and tone of voice4 ,he was ambitious of fame and distinction1 and had too great a propensity to dictate without sufficiently regarding the opinions of those who were of equal authority with himself4 ,his mode of life was abstemious1 and his health was even supposed to have suffered from too great abstinence1 though his regimen was much more the result of medical opinion regarding his health than of his own peculiar taste for temperance4 ,by his will1 of which ,lafayette was a witness1 he made a bequest to his daughter1 and another to ,harvard ,college for the purpose of founding1 under the direction and government of the corporation1 overseers1 and governors of that university1 a new institution and professorship1 in order to teach by regular courses of academical and public lectures1 accompanied with proper experiments1 the utility of the physical and mathematical sciences for the improvement of the useful arts1 and for the extension of the industry1 prosperity1 happiness1 and well-being of society4 ,he left all his military books and papers to the ,government of the ,united ,states1 and the snuff-box given to him by the ,emperor of ,austria to ,baron ,delessert1 and his gold enamelled watch to his friend ,mr4 ,parker4 ,he thus showed his regard for ,davy3 ,i give to ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 ,knight1 ,professor of ,chemistry in the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain1 my plain gold watch1 as a token of my esteem4 ,madame de ,rumford gave up her interest in the lease of the ,count's house at ,brompton to his daughter1 who went to ,london in ,may #ahae and lived there for twenty years1 during which period she returned to ,paris for three years4 ,in #ahce she went to ,america1 and then she returned to ,paris until #ahdd1 when she revisited ,america4 ,in the room in which she was born she died1 when seventy-eight years of age1 ,december #ba1 #aheb4 ,she left her property chiefly to form the ,rolfe and ,rumford ,asylum for the ,poor and ,needy at ,concord4 ,the memory of ,count ,rumford is preserved in ,munich by a stone monument in the ,english ,garden1 erected by public subscription in #agie1 and by a bronze statue placed in #ahfg by the present ,king in the finest street in the city4 ,in ,paris a street once bore his name1 and his gravestone in the cemetery at ,auteuil is the only material mark of his residence in ,france4 ,in ,america the ,rumford medals which he founded1 and the institutions he originated1 form his enduring monuments4 ,in ,england the highest scientific reward which the ,royal ,society can bestow1 and the place where the greatest scientific discoveries of this century have been made1 should both in gratitude be inseparably united with the name of ,rumford4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,early ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,institution1 #agii-ahjj2 ,,with ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,professor ,,garnett4 ,the history of the ,proposals for founding the ,royal ,institution is thus given by ,count ,rumford in #agii3 ,having long been in a habit of considering all useful improvements as being purely mechanical1 or as depending on the perfection of machinery and address in the management of it1 and of considering profit 7which depends much on the perfection of machinery7 as the only incitement to industry1 ,i was naturally led to meditate on the means that might be employed with advantage to diffuse the knowledge and facilitate the general introduction of such improvements2 and the plan which is now submitted to the public was the result of these investigations4 ,in the beginning of the year #agif ,i gave a faint sketch of this plan in my second essay2 but1 being under a necessity of returning soon to ,germany1 ,i had not leisure to pursue it farther at that time1 and ,i was obliged to content myself with having merely thrown out a loose idea1 as it were by accident1 which ,i thought might possibly attract attention4 ,after my return to ,munich1 ,i opened myself more fully on the subject in my correspondence with my friends in this country1 and particularly in my letters to ,thomas ,bernard1 ,esq41 who1 as is well known1 is one of the founders and most active members of the ,society for ,bettering the ,condition and ,increasing the ,comforts of the ,poor4 ,this gentleman ,i found1 on my return to ,england in ,september #agih1 not only agreeing with me in opinion in regard to the utility and importance of the plan ,i had proposed1 but very solicitous that some attempts should be made to carry it into immediate execution in this capital4 ,after several consultations1 that were held at ,mr4 ,bernard's apartments in the ,foundling ,hospital and at the house of the ,lord ,bishop of ,durham1 at which several gentlemen assisted who are well known as zealous promoters of useful improvement1 it was agreed that ,mr4 ,bernard should report to the ,committee of the ,society for ,bettering the ,condition of the ,poor the general result of these consultations1 and the unanimous desire of the gentlemen who assisted at them1 that means might be devised for making an attempt to carry the scheme proposed into execution4 ,the gentlemen of the ,committee agreed with me entirely in the opinion ,i had taken the liberty to express1 that the ,institution which it was proposed to form would be too conspicuous1 and too interesting and important1 to be made an appendix to any other existing establishment1 and1 consequently1 that it must stand alone1 and on its own proper basis2 but as these gentlemen had no direct communication with any persons1 except with the members of their own ,society1 they appointed a ,committee1 consisting of eight persons1 from their own body1 to confer with me on the subject of the plan4#ab ,i had the honour to meet this ,committee on this business on the #cast of ,january1 at the house of ,richard ,sulivan1 ,esq41 where a plan ,i had previously drawn up for forming the ,institution in question was read and examined1 and its principles unanimously approved2 but1 as some of the gentlemen present were of opinion that the plan entered too much into detail to be submitted to the public in the beginning of the business1 ,i undertook to revise it1 and to endeavour to accommodate it to the wishes of the ,committee4 ,having made such alterations in it as ,i thought might satisfy the ,committee1 ,i sent a corrected copy of it to them1 accompanied by the following letter3 #8,,gentlemen1--,inclosed ,i have the honour to send you a corrected copy of the ,proposals ,i took the liberty of laying before you on ,thursday last1 for forming in this capital1 by private subscription1 a public ,institution for diffusing the knowledge and facilitating the general and speedy introduction of new and useful mechanical inventions and improvements2 and also for teaching1 by regular courses of philosophical lectures and experiments1 the application of the new discoveries in science to the improvement of arts and manufactures1 and in facilitating the means of procuring the comforts and conveniences of life4 #8,the tendency of the proposed ,institution to excite a spirit of inquiry and of improvement amongst all ranks of society1 and to afford the most effectual assistance to those who are engaged in the various pursuits of useful industry1 did not escape your observation2 and it is1 ,i am persuaded1 from a conviction of the utility of the plan1 or its tendency to increase the comforts and enjoyments of individuals1 and at the same time to promote the public prosperity1 that you have been induced to take it into your serious consideration4 ,i shall be much flattered if it should meet with your approbation and with your support4 #8,though ,i am perfectly ready to take any share in the business of carrying the scheme into execution1 in case it should be adopted1 that can be required1 yet there is one preliminary request which ,i am desirous may be granted me1 and that is1 that the ,government may be previously made acquainted with the scheme before any steps are taken towards carrying it into execution2 and also that his ,majesty's ,ministers may be informed that it is in the contemplation of the founders of the ,institution to accept of my services in the arrangement and management of it4 #8,the peculiar situation in which ,i stand in this country1 as a subject of his ,majesty1 and being at the same time1 by his ,majesty's special commission1 granted under his royal sign manual1 engaged in the service of a foreign prince1 this circumstance renders it improper for me to engage myself in this important business1 notwithstanding that it might perhaps be considered merely as a private concern1 without the knowledge and the approbation of the ,government4 #8,i am quite certain that my engaging in this1 or in any other business in which there is any prospect of my being of any public use in this country1 will meet with the most cordial approbation of his ,most ,serene ,highness the ,elector ,palatine1 in whose service ,i am2 for ,i know his sentiments on that subject2 and although ,i do not imagine that his ,majesty or his ,majesty's ,ministers would disapprove of my giving my assistance in carrying this scheme into execution1 yet ,i feel it to be necessary that their approbation should be asked and obtained2 and1 if ,i might be allowed to express my sentiments on another matter1 which1 no doubt1 has already occurred to everyone of the gentlemen to whom ,i now address myself1 ,i should say that1 in my opinion1 it would not only be proper1 but even necessary1 to inform ,government of the nature of the scheme that is proposed and of every circumstance relative to it1 and at the same time to ask their countenance and support in carrying it into execution2 for although it may be allowable in this free country for individuals to unite in forming and executing extensive plans for diffusing useful knowledge and promoting the public good1 yet it appears to me that no such establishment should ever be formed in any country without the knowledge and approbation of the ,executive ,government4 #8,trusting that you will be so good as to excuse the liberty ,i take in making this observation1 and that you will consider my doing it as being intended rather to justify myself1 by explaining my principles than from any idea of its being necessary on any other account1 ,i have the honour to be1 with much respect1 ,gentlemen1 your most obedient and most humble ,servant1 7,signed7 #8,,rumford4 #8,brompton ,row1 ,february #g1 #agii4 7,addressed7 #8,to the ,gentlemen named by the ,committee of the ,society for ,bettering the ,condition of the ,poor to confer with ,count ,rumford on his scheme for forming a new ,establishment in ,london for ,diffusing the ,knowledge of ,useful ,mechanical ,improvements1 c4' ,the ,committee above mentioned having1 in the meantime1 made their report to the ,society for ,bettering the ,condition and ,increasing the ,comforts of the ,poor1 that ,society came to the following resolution3 #8,at a meeting of the ,society for ,bettering the ,condition and ,increasing the ,comforts of the ,poor1 on ,friday1 the #ast of ,february1 #agii1 #8,present3 ,the ,,bishop ,,of ,,durham1 in the chair1 ,,patrick ,,colquhoun1 ,esq41 ,,thomas ,,bernard1 ,esq41 ,,william ,,manning1 ,esq41 ,,john ,,sullivan1 ,esq41 ,the ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,glasse1 ,,john ,j4 ,,angerstein1 ,esq41 ,,william ,,wilberforce1 ,esq41 ,,richard ,,joseph ,,sulivan1 ,esq41 ,,matthew ,,martin1 ,esq41 ,secretary1 the ,committee appointed to confer with ,count ,rumford reported that they had had a conference with the ,count1 and that they were satisfied that the ,institution proposed by him would be extremely beneficial and interesting to the community2 that1 in order to provide the pecuniary funds of the ,society at its commencement1 it was proposed that subscribers of fifty guineas each should be the perpetual proprietors of the ,institution1 and be entitled each to perpetual transferable tickets for the lectures and for admission to the apartments of the ,institution2 and that as soon as thirty such subscribers offered it was proposed to call a meeting of those thirty subscribers1 in order to lay the plan before them and elect managers for the ,institution4 99 99 99 99 99 #8,resolved1--,that the said report be approved of1 and that it be referred to the gentlemen of the ,select ,committee to communicate the outlines of the plan to the members of the ,committee of the ,society1 and to such other persons as they shall think fit1 desiring that those who wish to have their names inserted among the original subscribers to the ,institution would communicate their wish to the ,special ,committee4 #8,extracted from the ,minutes4 #8,m4 ,,martin1 ,secretary4' ,in consequence of this resolution a paper was printed by the gentlemen of the ,select ,committee containing the outlines of the plan1 and sent round privately among their friends and others whom they thought likely to countenance the scheme1 accompanied by a printed copy of the foregoing resolution1 with a request that those who were willing to allow their names to be put down among the original subscribers and proprietors of the ,institution would be so good as to communicate their intentions by a letter addressed to ,thomas ,bernard1 ,esq41 at the ,foundling ,hospital4 ,the ,proposals that were circulated in this manner met with so much approbation that fifty-eight of the most respectable names were sent in before measures could be taken for holding a meeting1 and these successful beginnings encouraged those who were principally concerned in forming and bringing forward the plan to make some alterations in it1 and particularly in respect to the time and manner of choosing the first set of managers1 and in regard to an application for a charter for the ,institution1 which it has been determined to make1 in order to place the establishment on a more solid and more respectable foundation1 and to give full security to the subscribers against all future claims upon them4 ,,in ,,this ,,stage ,,of ,,the ,,business1 and especially as a meeting of the subscribers is to be held in a few days for the purpose of determining what other steps shall be taken for carrying the proposed plan into execution1 ,i have thought it to be my duty to lay all these particulars before the subscribers1 and at the same time to state to them at length the general outline of the plan ,i have taken the liberty to propose1 and in the execution of which1 if it should be adopted1 ,i am ready to take any part that the subscribers may wish me to take4 ,,rumford4 ,brompton ,row1 ,march #d1 #agii4 ,,the ,,proposals ,,for ,,forming ,,by ,,subscription1 ,,in ,,the ,,metropolis ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,empire1 ,a ,,public ,,institution ,,for ,,diffusing ,,the ,,knowledge ,,and ,,facilitating ,,the ,,general ,,introduction ,,of ,,useful ,,mechanical ,,inventions ,,and ,,improvements1 ,,and ,,for ,,teaching ,,by ,,courses ,,of ,,philosophical ,,lectures ,,and ,,experiments ,,the ,,application ,,of ,,science ,,to ,,the ,,common ,,purposes ,,of ,,life ,,were ,,these3 ,the two great objects of the ,institution being the speedy and general diffusion of the knowledge of all new and useful improvements1 in whatever quarter of the world they may originate2 and teaching the application of scientific discoveries to the improvement of arts and manufactures in this country1 and to the increase of domestic comfort and convenience1 these objects will be constantly had in view1 not only in the arrangement and execution of the plan1 but also in the future management of the ,institution4 ,as much care will be taken to confine the establishment within its proper limits as to place it on a solid foundation1 and to render it an ornament to the capital and an honour to the ,british nation4 ,in the execution of the plan it is proposed to proceed in the following manner3 ,a place having been fixed on by the managers for forming the ,institution1 ,spacious and airy rooms will be prepared for the reception and public exhibition of all such new and mechanical inventions and improvements as shall be thought worthy of the public notice1 and more especially of all such contrivances as shall tend to increase the conveniences and comforts of life1 to promote domestic economy1 to improve taste1 or to promote useful industry4 ,the most perfect models of the full size will be provided and exhibited in different parts of this public repository of all such new mechanical inventions and improvements as are applicable to the common purposes of life4 ,under this head will be included3 ,cottage ,fire-places and ,kitchen ,utensils for ,cottages4 ,a complete ,kitchen for a ,farm-house1 with all the necessary ,utensils4 ,a complete ,kitchen1 with ,kitchen ,utensils1 for the family of a gentleman of fortune4 ,a complete ,laundry for a gentleman's family1 or for a public hospital1 including ,boilers1 ,washing-room1 ,ironing-room1 ,drying-room1 c4 ,several of the most approved ,german1 ,swedish1 and ,russian ,stoves1 for heating rooms and passages4 ,in order that those who visit this establishment may be enabled to acquire more just ideas of these various mechanical contrivances1 and of the circumstances on which their peculiar merit principally depends1 the machinery exhibited will1 as far as it shall be possible1 be shown in action1 or in actual use1 and with regard to many of the articles it is evident that this can be done without any difficulty and with very little additional expense4 ,open ,chimney ,fire-places on the most approved principles will be fitted up as models in the different rooms1 and fires will be kept constantly burning in them during the cold season4 ,ornamental as well as ,economical ,grates1 for ,open ,chimney ,fire-places1 will also be exhibited2 as also1 ,ornamental ,stoves1 in the form of elegant ,chimney-pieces1 for halls1 drawing-rooms1 eating-rooms1 c4 ,it is likewise proposed to exhibit working models1 on a reduced scale1 of that most curious and most useful machine the ,steam ,engine4 ,of ,brewer's ,boilers1 with improved ,fire-places4 ,of ,distiller's ,coppers1 with improved ,fire-places and improved ,condensers4 ,of large ,boilers for the kitchens of hospitals1 and of ,ships' ,coppers1 with improved ,fire-places4 ,further it is proposed to exhibit in the repository of the ,institution-- ,models of ,ventilators for supplying rooms and ships with fresh air4 ,models of ,hot-houses1 with such improvements as can be made in their construction4 ,models of ,lime-kilns on various constructions4 ,models of ,boilers1 ,steam-boilers1 c41 for preparing food for cattle that are stall-fed4 ,models of ,cottages on various constructions4 ,spinning-wheels and ,looms1 on various constructions1 for the use of the poor1 and adapted to their circumstances1 together with such other machinery as may be useful in giving them employment at home4 ,models of all such new-invented ,machines and ,implements as bid fair to be of use in ,husbandry4 ,models of ,bridges on various constructions1 together with models of all such other machines and useful instruments as the managers of the ,institution shall deem worthy of the public notice and proper to be publicly exhibited in the repository of the ,institution4 ,it is proposed that each article exhibited should be accompanied with a detailed account or description of it1 properly illustrated by correct drawings4 ,the name of the maker and the place of his abode will also be mentioned in this account1 together with the price at which he is willing to furnish the article to buyers4 ,in order to carry into effect the second object of the ,institution--namely1 ,,teaching ,,the ,,application ,,of ,,science to the ,,useful ,,purposes ,,of ,,life-- ,a lecture room will be fitted up for philosophical lectures and experiments1 and a complete ,,laboratory and ,,philosophical ,,apparatus1 with the necessary instruments1 will be provided for making chemical and other philosophical experiments4 ,in fitting up this lecture room 7which will never be used for any other purpose than for giving lectures in natural ,philosophy and ,philosophical ,chemistry7 convenient places will be provided and reserved for the subscribers1 and care will be taken to warm and light the room properly1 and provide for a sufficient supply of fresh air1 so as to render it comfortable and salubrious4 ,in engaging lecturers for the ,institution care will be taken by the managers to invite none but men of the first eminence in science to officiate in that most important and most distinguished situation2 and no subjects will ever be permitted to be discussed at these lectures but such as are strictly scientifical1 and immediately connected with that particular branch of science publicly announced as the subject of the lecture4 ,the managers to be responsible for the strict observance of this regulation4 ,in case there should be places to spare in the lecture room1 persons not subscribers will1 on the recommendation of a subscriber1 and on paying a certain small sum to be determined by the managers1 be permitted to attend the public lectures or any one or more of them4 ,among the various branches of science that will occasionally be made the subjects of these public lectures may be reckoned the following1 viz43 ,these lectures will treat-- ,of ,heat1 and its application to the various purposes of life4 ,of the ,combustion of ,inflammable ,bodies1 and the relative quantities of ,heat producible by the different substances used as fuel4 ,of the ,management of ,fire and the ,economy of ,fuel4 ,of the ,principles of the ,warmth of ,clothing4 ,of the ,effects of ,heat and of ,cold1 and of hot and of cold winds1 on the human body in sickness and in health4 ,of the ,effects of breathing vitiated and confined air4 ,of the ,means that may be used to render ,dwelling-houses comfortable and salubrious4 ,of the ,methods of procuring and preserving ,ice in ,summer1 and of the best principles for constructing ,ice-houses4 ,of the ,means of preserving ,food in different seasons and in different climates4 ,of the ,means of cooling ,liquors in hot weather1 without the assistance of ice4 ,of ,vegetation1 and of the specific nature of those effects that are produced by ,manures1 and of the ,art of composing ,manures and adapting them to the different kinds of soil4 ,of the nature of those changes that are produced on substances used as food in the various processes of cookery4 ,of the nature of those changes which take place in the ,digestion of ,food4 ,of the ,chemical ,principles of the process of ,tanning ,leather1 and of the objects that must particularly be had in view in attempts to improve that most useful art4 ,of the ,chemical ,principles of the art of making ,soap1 of the art of ,bleaching1 of the art of ,dyeing1 and in general of all the ,mechanical ,arts1 as they apply to the various branches of manufacture4 ,,of ,,the ,,funds ,,of ,,the ,,institution4 ,it is proposed to raise the money necessary for defraying the expense of forming this ,institution1 and also for the future expense of keeping it up1 in the following manner3 #ast4 ,by the sums subscribed by the original founders and sole proprietors of the ,institution1 at fifty guineas each person1 to be but once paid4 #b;dly4 ,by the sums contributed by those who shall subscribe for life1 at ten guineas each person1 to be but once paid4 #c;dly4 ,by the sums contributed by the annual subscribers at two guineas per annum for each person4 #dthly4 ,by the particular donations and legacies that may be expected to be made for the purpose of extending and improving so interesting and so useful an ,institution2 and1 ,lastly4 ,by the sums that shall be received at the door from strangers who shall visit the repository of the ,institution1 or who shall obtain leave to frequent the philosophical lectures4 ,,privileges ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,subscribers ,,or ,,proprietors ,,of ,,the ,,institution4 #amo4 ,these subscribers1 who will never be called upon for any further contributions after the sum subscribed 7fifty guineas7 shall have been once paid1 will be effectually secured against all future legal claims and demands upon them on account of any debts the managers of the ,institution may contract1 as a charter for the ,institution will be applied for and obtained1 for the express purpose of providing for that security1 before any other step shall be taken for carrying this plan into execution1 and before any part of the money subscribed will be demanded4 #b;do4 ,proprietors will not be deemed liable to serve1 either as managers or as visitors1 against their consent2 and none will be considered as candidates for either of those offices1 or will be entered on the lists as candidates1 or be proposed as such1 except it be those who shall have previously signified their willingness to serve in one of those offices in case of their being elected4 #ctio4 ,for the still greater security of the proprietors1 as well as to found the ,institution on a more solid basis1 one-half of the sums subscribed by the original subscribers and proprietors of the ,institution will be permanently vested in the public funds1 or in the purchase of freehold property1 and the annual produce thereof employed in defraying the expense of keeping up the ,institution4 #dto4 ,each original subscriber and proprietor of the ,institution to be an hereditary governor of the ,institution--to have a perpetual transferable share in all the property belonging to it--to have a voice in the election of the managers of the ,institution1 as also in the election of the ,committee of ,visitors--to have1 moreover1 two transferable tickets of perpetual admission into the establishment1 and into every part of it1 and two transferable tickets of admission to all the public philosophical lectures and experiments4 #eto4 ,although the shares of proprietors and all the privileges annexed to them are hereditary1 and are also transferable by sale or by donation1 yet those to whom such shares are conveyed by sale or by donation must1 in order to their being rendered capable of holding them1 have obtained the approbation and consent of the majority of the managers for the time being4 ,those who shall become possessed of these shares by inheritance will not stand in need of the consent of the managers to be qualified to hold them1 and to enjoy the rights and privileges annexed to them4 #fto4 ,proprietors' tickets will admit any persons who shall be the bearers of them4 #gmo4 ,proprietors will have the privilege of recommending persons for admittance to the philosophical lectures and experiments1 and the persons so recommended will be admitted in all cases where there shall be room for their accommodation1 provided that the persons so admitted conform to the rules and regulations which will be established by the managers for the preservation of order and decorum within the walls of the ,institution4 #hvo4 ,no more than forty per cent4 of the sum subscribed by each proprietor will be wanted immediately1 and the remainder may be furnished in three equal payments at the expiration of the three next succeeding half-years2 but it will be in the option of proprietors to pay the whole sum of fifty guineas at once if they should prefer doing it4 ,,privileges ,,of ,,the ,,subscribers ,,for ,,life4 ,each subscriber of this class will receive one ticket for life1 but not transferable1 of free admission into the ,institution1 and into every part of it1 together with one other ticket for life1 but not transferable1 of free admission to all public philosophical lectures and experiments4 ,,privileges ,,of ,,annual ,,subscribers4 ,each annual subscriber will receive one ticket for one year1 but not transferable1 of admission into the ,institution1 and into every part of it2 as also one ticket for one year1 but not transferable1 of admission to all the public philosophical lectures and experiments4 ,subscribers of this class will1 moreover1 have a right of becoming subscribers for life1 on paying at any time within the year for which they subscribe an additional sum of eight guineas4 ,,privileges ,,that ,,are ,,common ,,to ,,subscribers ,,of ,,all ,,denominations4 #amo4 ,subscribers for life and annual subscribers1 as well as the proprietors of the ,institution1 will be entitled to have copies or drawings 7made at their own expense1 however7 of any of the models in the repository1 and this even when such copies are designed for the use of their friends1 as well as when they are wanted for their own private use2 and for their better and more speedy accommodation workshops will be prepared1 and workmen provided under the direction of the managers1 for executing such work properly and at reasonable prices4 ,and1 to prevent mistakes1 all copies or drawings that shall be made of the machines1 models1 and plans lodged in the repository of the ,institution will be examined by persons appointed for that purpose1 and marked with a seal or stamp of the ,institution4 #b;do4 ,tradesmen and artificers employed in executing any work after any of the models lodged in the repository will1 on the recommendation of a proprietor or of a subscriber for life1 or for one year1 be allowed free access to such model as often as shall be necessary2 and any workman or artificer so recommended who shall be willing to furnish to buyers any article exhibited in the repository that is in his line of business1 will be allowed to place a specimen of such article of his manufacture in the repository1 with his name and place of abode attached to it1 together with the price at which he can furnish it1 such specimen having been examined and approved by the managers4 ,,of ,,the ,,government ,,and ,,management ,,of ,,the ,,institution4 #amo4 ,all the affairs of the ,institution will be directed and governed by nine managers1 chosen by and from among the proprietors of the ,institution4 #b;do4 ,for the greater convenience of the proprietors1 and to spare them the trouble of a general meeting1 all the elections of managers1 after the first1 will be made by ballot1 by means of sealed lists of names sent in by the proprietors individually to the ,institution1 which lists will be opened1 and the result of the election ascertained and published1 by the united committees of the managers and of the visitors for the time being4 #ctio4 ,the first set of managers will be chosen by the first fifty or more original subscribers1 at a general meeting of them to be held for that purpose2 and of this first set of managers three will be chosen to serve three years1 three to serve two years1 and three to serve one year1 reckoned from the #beth day of ,march1 #agii4 #dto4 ,all managers1 as well those of the first set as others1 will be capable of being re-elected without limitation4 #eto4 ,the elections of managers to be made annually on the #beth day of the month of ,march1#ac and fourteen days previous to each election the managers for the time being will send to each proprietor individually a printed list containing the names of all such of the proprietors as shall have offered or consented to be candidates for the places among the managers that are to be filled up4 ,on this printed list1 which each proprietor will receive1 he will indicate the persons to whom he gives his suffrage by making a mark with a pen and ink in the form of a small cross just before the names of those persons2 and1 this being done1 he will seal up the list without signing it and send it to the ,institution1 directed #8,to the ,united ,committee of the ,managers and of the ,visitors4' ,in order that these lists may be recognised on their being returned to the ,institution1 they will all be marked with the stamp of the ,institution previous to their being issued or sent to the proprietors4 ,and1 for still further security1 each proprietor will be requested to send in his or her sealed list of names under an additional cover1 signed with his or her own name1 which additional cover will be taken off1 and all the sealed lists mixed together in an urn1 previous to any of them being opened--an arrangement that will effectually prevent the vote of any individual subscriber being known4 #fto4 ,the managers are to serve in that office without any pay or emolument or pecuniary advantage whatever2 and by their acceptance of their office they shall be deemed solemnly to pledge themselves to the proprietors of the ,institution and to the public for the faithful discharge of their duty as managers1 and also for their strict adherence to the fundamental principles of the government of the ,institution as established at its formation4 #gmo4 ,the managers are to take care that the property of the ,institution1 as far as it shall be practicable1 be insured against accidents by fire4 #hvo4 ,the managers will cause exact and detailed accounts to be kept of all the property belonging to the ,institution1 as also of all receipts and expenditures4 ,they will also keep regular minutes of all their proceedings1 and will take care to preserve the most exact order and the strictest economy in the management of all the affairs and concerns of the ,institution4 #imo4 ,the managers are never1 on any pretext1 or in any manner whatever1 to dispose of any money or property of any kind belonging to the ,institution in premiums1 as the design or object of the ,institution is ,,not ,,to ,,give ,,rewards to the authors of ingenious inventions1 but to diffuse the knowledge of such improvements as bid fair to be of general use1 and to facilitate the general introduction of them2 and to excite and assist the ingenious and the enterprising by the diffusion of science1 and by awakening a spirit of inquiry4 #ajmo4 ,the ordinary meetings of the managers for the despatch of the current business of the ,institution will be held weekly--namely1 on every space1 at the hour of space1--and extraordinary meetings will be held as often as shall be found necessary4 #aamo4 ,any three or more of the managers being present at any ordinary or at an extraordinary meeting1 the others having been duly summoned1 to be a quorum4 #abmo4 ,the managers will be authorised to make all such standing orders and regulations as they shall deem necessary to the preservation of order and decorum in the ,institution1 as also such regulations respecting the manner of transacting the business of the ,institution as they shall think proper and convenient1 or that may be necessary in order to regulate the responsibility of the managers for their acts and deeds2 all such standing orders and regulations must1 however1 in order to their being valid1 be approved by six at least of the managers1 and they must all be published and made known to all the proprietors4 ,,of ,,the ,,committee ,,of ,,visitors4 #amo4 ,the ,committee of ,visitors will be composed of nine persons1 the first set to be elected three months after the opening of the ,institution4 #b;do4 ,three persons of the nine of which this ,committee will consist will be chosen for three years1 three of them to serve two years1 and three of them to serve one year1 reckoned from the #beth of ,march1 #agii4 #ctio4 ,any three or more of the members of this ,committee being present at any meeting of the ,committee1 the others having been duly summoned1 to make a quorum4 #dto4 ,it will be the business of this ,committee formally to inspect and examine the ,institution1 and every part and detail of it1 once every year--namely1 on the #beth day of the month of ,march--and to give a printed account or report to the proprietors1 and to the subscribers of all denominations1 of its state and condition1 and of the degree and manner in which it is found to answer the important ends for which it was designed4 ,this ,committee will also once every year--namely1 on the #beth of the month of ,march--examine and audit the accounts of the receipts and expenditures of the ,institution kept by the managers or by their orders2 and the report of the ,committee of ,visitors on this audit will always make the first article in their public annual reports4 #eto4 ,a person actually serving as a visitor will not be eligible as a manager1 nor can his name be put on the list of candidates for that office till one whole year shall have elapsed after he shall have ceased to belong to the ,committee of ,visitors4 ,those1 however1 who serve as visitors will be capable of being re-elected on that ,committee without limitation4 ,,miscellaneous ,,articles4 #amo4 ,the managers will take care to procure1 and to exhibit in the repository as early as possible1 models of all such new and useful mechanical inventions and improvements as shall1 from time to time1 be made in this or in any other country4 #b;do4 ,all presents to the ,institution1 and all new purchases and acquisitions of every kind1 will be and remain the joint property of the proprietors of the ,institution and of their heirs and assigns1 and all the surplus of the income of the ,institution1 over and above what shall be found necessary for maintaining it and keeping it up1 will be employed by the managers in making additions to the local accommodation of the ,institution1 or in augmenting the collection of models1 or in making additions to the philosophical apparatus1 accordingly as the managers of the ,institution for the time being shall deem most useful4 #ctio4 ,in order that the proprietors of the ,institution and the subscribers may have the earliest notice of all new discoveries and useful improvements that shall be made1 from time to time1 not only in this country1 but also in all the different parts of the world1 the managers will employ the proper means for obtaining1 as early as possible1 from every part of the ,british ,empire1 and from all foreign countries1 authentic accounts of all such new and interesting discoveries in the various branches of science1 and in arts and manufactures1 and also of all such new and useful mechanical improvements as shall be made2 and a room will be set apart in the ,institution where all such information will be lodged1 and where it will be kept for the sole and exclusive use and inspection of the proprietors and subscribers1 and where no stranger will ever be admitted4 ,at a general meeting of the proprietors1 held at the house of the ,right ,honourable ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,bart41 ,k4,b41 in ,soho ,square1 on the #gth day of ,march1 #agii1 the ,right ,hon4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks in the chair1 the following list of the proprietors and original subscribers of fifty guineas each was read3 ,sir ,robert ,ainslie1 ,bart4 ,j4 ,j4 ,angerstein1 ,esq4 ,right ,hon4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,k4,b4 ,thomas ,bernard1 ,esq4 ,scrope ,bernard1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,the ,earl of ,besborough4 ,rowland ,burdon1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,james ,burton1 ,esq4 ,timothy ,brent1 ,esq4 ,henry ,cavendish1 ,esq4 ,rich4 ,clarke1 ,esq41 ,chamb4 of ,london4 ,sir ,john ,colpoys1 ,k4,b4 ,john ,craufurd1 ,esq4 ,the ,duke of ,devonshire1 ,k4,g4 ,andrew ,douglas1 ,esq4 ,the ,lord ,bishop of ,durham4 ,the ,earl of ,egremont4 ,george ,ellis1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,joseph ,grote1 ,esq4 ,sir ,robert ,bateson ,harvey1 ,bart4 ,sir ,john ,cox ,hippesley1 ,bart4 ,henry ,hoare1 ,esq4 ,john ,spalding1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,the ,earl ,spencer1 ,k4,g4 ,sir ,george ,staunton1 ,bart4 ,john ,sullivan1 ,esq4 ,richard ,joseph ,sulivan1 ,esq4 ,lord ,teignmouth4 ,john ,thomson1 ,esq4 ,lord ,hobart4 ,lord ,holland4 ,henry ,hope1 ,esq4 ,thomas ,hope1 ,esq4 ,lord ,keith1 ,k4,b4 ,william ,lushington1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,sir ,john ,macpherson1 ,bart41 ,m4,p4 ,william ,manning1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,the ,earl of ,mansfield4 ,the ,earl of ,morton1 ,k4,t4 ,lord ,ossulston4 ,thomas ,palmer1 ,esq4 ,the ,lord ,viscount ,palmerston1 ,m4,p4 ,edward ,parry1 ,esq4 ,right ,hon4 ,thomas ,pelham1 ,m4,p4 ,john ,penn1 ,esq4 ,william ,morton ,pitt1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,sir ,james ,pulteney1 ,bart41 ,m4,p4 ,sir ,john ,buchanan ,riddell1 ,bart4 ,count ,rumford4 ,sir ,john ,sinclair1 ,bart41 ,m4,p4 ,lord ,somerville4 ,samuel ,thornton1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,henry ,thornton1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,george ,vansittart1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,william ,wilberforce1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,the ,earl of ,winchelsea4 ,hon4 ,james ,stuart ,wortley1 ,m4,p4 ,sir ,william ,young1 ,bart41 ,m4,p4 ,the following ,resolutions were agreed to unanimously3 ,i4--,that before any measures are taken for carrying the plan into execution1 a petition be presented to his ,majesty1 praying that he would be graciously pleased to grant a charter to the ,institution4 ,,ii4--,that an outline of the plan be laid before the ,right ,honourable ,mr4 ,pitt and his ,grace the ,duke of ,portland4 ,,iii4--,that for these purposes it is expedient to elect the ,committee of ,managers4 ,,iv4--,that the following proprietors 7who have agreed to serve in case they shall he elected7 be now elected as the first managers of the ,institution3 ,for three years4 ,the ,earl ,spencer4 ,count ,rumford4 ,richard ,clark1 ,esq4 ,for two years4 ,the ,earl of ,egremont4 ,rt4 ,hon4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks4 ,rich4 ,joseph ,sulivan1 ,esq4 ,for one year4 ,the ,earl of ,morton4 ,the ,rt4 ,hon4 ,thomas ,pelham4 ,thomas ,bernard1 ,esq4 ,v4--,that the said managers be desired to solicit a charter for the ,institution1 upon principles conformable to the ,proposals which have been printed and distributed1 and 7as soon as the charter is obtained7 to publish the plan for the benefit of the public1 in such manner as they shall deem most expedient2 and also to take preparatory measures for opening the ,institution4 ,that these resolutions be inserted in the public papers4 ,,jos4 ,,banks1 ,chairman4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks having quitted the chair1 ,resolved1--,that the thanks of the meeting be given to him for his conduct in the chair4 ,after this meeting of the proprietors a meeting of the managers was held1 and the following resolutions taken3 ,at the first meeting of the ,managers of the ,institution1 held at the house of the ,right ,honourable ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 in ,soho ,square1 ,saturday1 ,march #i1 #agii1 ,on a motion made by ,count ,rumford-- ,i4--,resolved1 ,that ,sir ,joseph ,banks be requested to take the chair1 and that he do continue to preside at all future meetings of the managers1 until a charter shall have been obtained from his ,majesty for the ,institution4 ,,ii4--,resolved1 ,that all acts and deeds of the managers1 in carrying on the business of the ,institution1 be transacted and done in the name of the managers of the ,institution4 ,,iii4--,resolved1 ,that at each meeting of the managers one of the managers present be elected by a majority of those present to act as secretary to the managers at that meeting4 ,,iv4--,resolved1 ,that the minutes of the proceedings of each meeting of the managers for the despatch of the business of the ,institution1 as well as all orders1 resolutions1 and other acts and deeds of the managers1 be signed by the person who acts as president1 and also by the person who acts as secretary at the meeting at which such business is transacted4 ,v4--,resolved1 ,that the persons present at this meeting do now proceed to make choice of one of their number to act as secretary at the present meeting4 ,,vi4--,resolved1 ,that ,thomas ,bernard1 ,esq41 is duly elected to act as secretary at the present meeting4 ,,vii4--,resolved1 ,that the ,proposals for forming the ,institution1 as published by ,count ,rumford1 be approved and adopted by the managers1 subject1 however1 to such partial modifications as shall be by them found to be necessary or useful4 ,,viii4--,resolved1 ,that the ,earl of ,morton1 the ,earl ,spencer1 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 and ,mr4 ,pelham1 or any one or more of them1 be requested to lay the ,proposals for forming the ,institution before his ,majesty and the ,royal ,family1 and before his ,majesty's ,ministers and the ,great ,officers of ,state4 ,,ix4--,resolved1 ,that the ,proposals for forming the ,institution be laid before the ,members of both ,houses of ,parliament1 and also before the members of his ,majesty's ,most ,honourable ,privy ,council and the twelve ,judges4 ,messrs4 ,cadell and ,davies1 booksellers in the ,strand1 having generously offered to make a donation to the ,institution of #ejj copies of the original ,proposals for forming the ,institution1 published by ,count ,rumford3-- ,x4--,resolved1 ,that the thanks of the managers be given to ,messrs4 ,cadell and ,davies for this donation2 that it be accepted2 and that these #ejj copies of the ,proposals be distributed among such persons as the managers may think most likely to give their assistance in forming the ,institution4 ,at the next meeting of managers1 on ,march #bc1 ,count ,rumford was elected secretary4 ,it was decided that ladies should be admitted as proprietors and subscribers1 and entitled to all privileges1 #8excepting only that ladies will not be called upon to take any part in the management with the officers of the ,institution4' ,and on the #cjth1 ,mr4 ,bernard being secretary1 the draft of the charter was read4 ,on ,april #cj ,dr4 ,glasse was elected honorary secretary1 and ,mr4 ,bernard treasurer4 ,mr4 ,mellish's house in ,albemarle ,street was ordered to be bought4 ,count ,rumford was asked to see the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,farish regarding lectures on experimental philosophy4 ,mr4 ,swan was chosen as clerk assistant to the treasurer and secretary4 ,mr4 ,webster1 a young architect twenty-six years old1 was engaged as ,clerk of the ,works4 ,he had been educated at ,aberdeen1 and had studied at the ,royal ,academy and with an eminent architect4 ,at this time he had also a small school for about a dozen mechanics4 ,in ,may it was decided that the treasurer and secretary should be entitled to assist at all the deliberations of the managers1 and a committee of expenditure was appointed4 ,on ,wednesday1 ,june #e1 the managers first met in ,albemarle ,street4 ,in the second volume of the #8,reports of the ,society for ,bettering the ,condition of the ,poor1' ,mr4 ,bernard gives an account of the ,institution #8so far as it may be expected to affect the poor4' ,he thus gives a view of the ,institution as it was intended to be1 ,june #a1 #agii3 #8,besides having a general view to the benefit of arts and manufactures and to the advancement of taste and science in this country1 the ,institution should specifically direct itself to the improvement of the means of industry and of domestic comfort among the poor4 ,in bettering the condition of the poor there is very little prospect of these difficulties being removed until a centre of action can be fixed1 to which persons may apply for examples1 for models1 and for engravings accompanied by printed instructions1 without being any longer compelled implicitly to rely on the talents1 the docility1 and the conscientious moderation of the different tradesmen who may be employed to make and sell them4 #8,a convenient house was proposed for the purpose of lectures and experiments1 and for a public exhibition of all such new and useful inventions and improvements as are applicable to the common purposes of life1 and especially those which tend to increase the conveniences and comforts of mankind1 and to promote domestic economy and useful industry4 ,in the priority of introduction it was proposed that regard should be had to the degree of public utility1 and particularly as they might benefit the general mass of the people4 #8,of the subjects of the lectures there are few which appear peculiarly to apply to the poor4 ,such as those on heat1 on the principles of the warmth of clothing1 and on the effects of the different temperatures of the air on the human body4 #8,the models and inventions in which the poor are most immediately concerned will be those which may promote economy in food and fuel1 and tend to correct and purify the air in cottages and workhouses1 and which may supply means and instruments of industry on a cheap and simple construction4 #8,thus the models to be exhibited will consist of improved fire-places and kitchens1 and of flues and louvres for supplying rooms either with tepid or fresh air4 #8,there will be small models of inventions at a very cheap price1 with engravings and explanatory descriptions useful to those who are unable to employ the persons recommended by the ,institution or to examine them in actual and constant use at the ,institution4' ,mr4 ,bernard's report ends thus3 #8,though the charter is not yet obtained1 and the ,institution may be considered only in its infancy1 the subscriptions already exceed #h1jjjl4 #8,it is not very easy to calculate what may be eventually the progress of the ,institution1 and what its influence on the condition of the poor4 ,if it is followed up with an equal zeal and attention on the part of the conductors1 and it receives the support it merits from the public1 its effects must be extremely beneficial and important4 ,for1 without adverting to the general advantage of a new species of employment and amusement being afforded to the higher classes of life2 and science and useful occupation being brought into some degree of fashion2 it must be apparent to everyone that1 without some such means1 the poor can never receive all that benefit and assistance which the efforts and co-operation of many are now directed to procure for them2 and that the improvement of the domestic comfort and means of industry in the cottage1 the promotion of health1 the economy and well-being of the inhabitants of poor-houses1 hospitals1 manufactories1 and other public establishments will never be effectually obtained without such an establishment as the ,institution4' ,it is difficult to believe that the ,royal ,institution of the present day was ever intended to resemble the picture given of it in this report4 ,in ,june the ,earl of ,winchester became the first president1 and the ,king became the patron1 and he allowed the ,institution to be called ,royal4 ,at the last meeting in the month ,count ,rumford was authorised to carry into effect his proposition for a repository of models1 and to employ such artisans as he might think necessary1 paying according to his discretion for their services4 ,he was instructed to procure such instruments and utensils as relate more immediately to the management of fire2 and he was empowered to draw #ejjl4 to fit up the house for their reception4 ,on ,july #f he submitted to the managers a form of advertisement to be inserted in the public papers1 in order to carry out the exhibition of models4 ,in ,september ,count ,rumford was requested to engage ,dr4 ,garnett as lecturer and scientific secretary and ,editor of the ,journals1 with lodgings in the house and #cjjl4 emolument1 with a prospect of a gradual increase to #ejjl41 provided the funds of the ,institution in future authorised this additional expenditure4 ,a committee was formed to prepare a lecture room on the first floor for the next winter4 ,mr4 ,webster was appointed clerk to the treasurer and secretary1 as well as ,clerk of the ,works1 and a long report from him was read to the managers by ,count ,rumford on the formation of an industrial school for mechanics at the ,institution4 ,a letter written by ,mr4 ,webster to ,dr4 ,garnett in ,august #ahjj1 and another in #ahja to a friend1 give an explanation of this proposal4 ,probably ,august #ahjj4 ,the original object of the ,institution was certainly to disseminate knowledge in the most effectual way possible2 and for this purpose1 while the higher ranks of society were amused and instructed by lecturers on science and its too much neglected applications to the purposes of common life1 it was conceived necessary to do somewhat in order to enlighten the minds of that class which had not enjoyed the advantages of a liberal education1 and yet whose improvement was necessarily connected with the progress of the useful arts4 ,this was always considered as an object of so much importance by ,count ,rumford1 who has certainly had the greatest share in establishing the ,institution1 that he repeatedly declared to me when ,i first knew him that it was his intention to do everything in his power to establish a school for science under the auspices of the ,institution and particularly calculated for working mechanics1 a class of men whose deficiency in knowledge proves one of the greatest drawbacks to the progress of art4 ,it was through the prospect of being employed in this way1 which would have been as agreeable to my habits of thinking as useful to my interest1 that ,i was induced to give up the school which ,i then kept and the other business in which ,i was engaged1 and to accept of a situation and salary in the ,institution by no means equivalent to what ,i should have considered myself as entitled to under other circumstances4 ,later ,mr4 ,webster wrote to a friend3 ,you have heard1 no doubt1 that ,i was employed as draftsman to the ,royal ,institution at its first formation1 and was besides engaged by ,count ,rumford to take the management of a school for mechanics which he then proposed to establish4 ,in order to overcome the scruples of some of the managers of the ,institution on this subject1 as well as to give a specimen of my abilities for conducting such an establishment1 ,i addressed a paper to ,count ,rumford in ,august #agii1 in which ,i gave him my opinion of the kind of school which would prove most useful to the public1 and also entered into a detail of the plan which ,i proposed to follow4 ,this paper1 which the ,count read at the meeting of the managers1 was highly approved of1 and ,i had then every reason to expect that something would be done which would be creditable to the ,institution and useful to myself4 ,i was induced in consequence to give up the school which ,i then had1 and which promised to answer pretty well4 ,but1 after remaining some time in suspense1 ,i found some reason to be apprehensive that those who are at the head of an ,institution which professes to be a grand and national establishment were not altogether possessed of that liberality of sentiment and knowledge of the subject necessary for carrying into effect plans which can only be accomplished by those whose industry has made them acquainted with the arts and sciences taught4 ,in short1 ,i saw but little prospect of its being done in the way ,i wished1 and ,i had no desire to engage in it otherwise4 ,i am not certain that the plan has been entirely abandoned1 but ,i think it is not likely to take place4 ,in #ahcg ,webster gave the following account of the intention to form an industrial school at the ,institution3 ,whilst employed as an architect1 having occasion to direct various workmen1 ,i had observed their frequent inability to do what was required from them through their deficient education1 and that it was no easy matter to find those who could understand either drawings or directions2 one had also frequently to contend with a species of perverseness and conceit often the result of ignorance4 ,in attempting our improvements in fire-places1 c41 ,i felt this the more as this kind of work demanded a superior class of artificers4 ,knowing from previous experience what it was possible to effect in their improvement1 ,i conceived the idea of giving to mechanics for this purpose a species of scientific education suited to their condition1 and ,i believe ,i was the first person in this country who took active steps for effecting so desirable an object4 ,i was not unacquainted with the political feelings of that time1 but ,i did not think a little learning was a dangerous thing if judiciously bestowed1 although without due caution it might be capable of doing more harm than good4 ,my idea was to make good mechanics1 not to force them like hot-bed plants out of the sphere in which they are so useful4 ,i proposed1 then1 to found a school for mechanics in the house of the ,royal ,institution1 in which they should be taught such principles of science as would be useful in their several occupations1 which ,i considered would in a great degree promote the #8application of science to the common purposes of life4' ,in the house of the ,institution itself the men would be under the eye of the higher classes1 and anything wrong would easily be put a stop to4 ,with this view ,i wrote a long letter to ,count ,rumford1 detailing my views and plans4 ,he was delighted with them1 and he read my letter to the board of managers2 the idea was favourably received1 and my letter was inserted upon the ,minutes of the ,institution1 where of course it may be seen 7,managers' ,minutes1 ,sept4 #ad1 #agii74 ,some difficulties were1 however1 suggested4 ,it was thought that ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 then president1 would object1 and ,i was requested to take the minute book to him and do what ,i could to win him over4 ,i accordingly saw ,sir ,joseph1 and1 by explaining to him how much the arts would gain by intelligent operatives1 ,i overcame a few political scruples which he had4 ,at last all objections were silenced1 and everyone seemed to rejoice in the prospect that opened of adding to the ,royal ,institution a decided proof of liberal feeling4 ,the general idea and intention with respect to this school were published in the ,journals of the ,institution2#ad and the news reached every corner of the kingdom that the managers of the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain1 among whom were persons of the highest rank1 instead of being adverse to the diffusion of knowledge1 had actually formed a school for the instruction of mechanical classes4 ,it is saying little to assert that the ,institution acquired some popularity by this measure4 ,it gained much not only here but all over ,europe2 and in ,june #ahja ,professor ,pictet1 of ,geneva1 the well-known and learned editor of the #8,bibliothque ,universelle1' in his published account of a tour which he made through ,england at this time1 speaks of it as one of the most important branches of the ,institution4 ,it is unnecessary to enter into a detailed account of my plan1 which was1 in fact1 intended as an experiment4 ,it was generally to educate a number of mechanics sent by the proprietors of the ,institution4 ,at first all were to learn the same elementary principles1 but afterwards they were to branch off according to their several trades4 ,my first intention was to instruct bricklayers1 joiners1 tinmen1 and ironplate workers1 as those were the trades most connected with our improvements at this time4 ,in a large room on the ground floor we built up for practising the men chimneys and fire-places of all kinds in a slight manner1 pulled them down1 and built up others4 ,we fitted up improved fire-places within1 models of old-fashioned cottage chimneys1 also boilers of various kinds1 and showed how smoky chimneys might be cured1 c42 models of various culinary vessels were made from ideas of ,count ,rumford1 and were put in the model room for the inspection of the public4 ,of the workmen to be instructed some were sent by ,lord ,winchelsea1 by ,sir ,thomas ,barnard1 ,lady ,palmerston1 c41 and when they were thought to be sufficiently instructed they returned to the part of the country from which they had come1 and practised what they had learned and taught others4 ,thus by degrees a laudable zeal was created amongst various classes of society1 even the highest1 for acquiring useful knowledge and diffusing it by their several exertions4 ,never was there a period when this was felt in a stronger degree1 and the establishment of the ,royal ,institution ought to be considered as the commencement of a new era in the history of science in this country4 ,i should not here forget to mention the then existing ,society for ,bettering the ,condition of the ,poor1 composed of men of the highest rank1 such as the ,bishop of ,durham1 c42 and to this ,society1 which met in the house of the ,royal ,institution 7,december #bc1 #agii71 ,i was made assistant secretary for the purpose of letting me the better into their views4 ,it is impossible to state the whole of the good that has proceeded from these liberal endeavours to improve society1 and the country owes more than is generally known to the benevolent spirit thus excited4 ,after ,september #ad ,count ,rumford was absent until ,february #c4 ,during this time six meetings only of the managers were held1 one in ,october1 when ,sir ,john ,hippesley brought at great length the question of the arms of the ,institution before the managers4 ,another meeting was on ,december #bc1 when the ,society for ,bettering the ,condition of the ,poor were granted a room for the committee meetings4 ,the prospectus and charter were ordered to be printed in octavo1 and ,dr4 ,garnett laid before the managers the plan of his lectures for the following year4 ,thus1 then1 in #agii the ,rumford ,institution began in the house of ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 the ,president of the ,royal ,society1 and in the first year of its life it became the ,royal ,institution in ,albemarle ,street4 ,it had its origin in the work which ,count ,rumford did for the poor in ,munich1 and its primary objects were models1 workshops1 and useful knowledge to benefit the poor2 lectures1 researches1 and scientific experiments to amuse and interest the rich and to advance science were comparatively the secondary intentions of its founder4 ,in #ahjj a new and very long prospectus was written by ,count ,rumford4 ,it was printed with the charter1 bye-laws1 and names of the proprietors and subscribers1 and published on ,january #bc4 ,it again said1 #8the two chief purposes of the ,institution were the speedy and general diffusion of the knowledge of all new and useful improvements1 in whatever quarter of the world they may originate2 the application of scientific discoveries to the improvement of arts and manufactures in this country1 and to the increase of domestic comfort and convenience4' ,there is a remarkable addition in ,may of two paragraphs to the edition in quarto of this publication4 ,they read as if some one had pointed out the absence of all mention of attraction for the rich4 ,these words were added3 #8,but1 in estimating the probable usefulness of this ,institution1 we must not forget the public advantages that will be derived from the general diffusion of a spirit of experimental investigation and improvement among the higher ranks of society4 ,when the rich shall take pleasure in contemplating and encouraging such mechanical improvements as are really useful1 good taste1 with its inseparable companion good morals1 will revive2 rational economy will become fashionable2 industry and ingenuity will be honoured and rewarded2 and the pursuits of all the various classes of society will then tend to promote the public prosperity4' ,on the #acth of ,january ,sir ,j4 ,hippesley read to the managers a letter proposed to be sent to every proprietor and subscriber4 ,it stated that the charter had been approved1 and would be sealed the next seal day2 that temporary accommodation for lectures was completed2 and that ,mr4 ,professor ,garnett would lecture early in ,february2 that the subscribers' rooms1 containing the periodical scientific publications1 foreign and domestic1 would be opened at the same time4 ,all subscribers were requested to pay their subscriptions immediately to ,professor ,garnett1 or to ,mr4 ,webster1 the clerk of the ,institution1 or to one of the six bankers of the ,institution4 ,at the end of the month ,mr4 ,webster was ordered to prepare plans for a new lecture room4 ,when an old man he thus spoke of his work3 #8,after nearly forty years the theatre of the ,royal ,institution is pronounced to be the most perfect room of the kind in the kingdom for possessing the properties of allowing the lecturer to be well heard and seen by the audience1 and for affording them easy entrance and exit1 c4 ,i have never 8puffed0 myself respecting it1 as is very common in similar cases1 and hence1 probably1 my name is scarcely known as connected with it4 ,but ,i may now say1 8that it has been stated by ,faraday1 in his late examination before a committee of the ,house of ,commons1 to be #8almost perfect as a lecture room1' and that #8although architects are continually measuring and drawing it to copy from1 and many other rooms have been built in imitation of it in which he has tried his voice1 yet none of them proved equal to that in question4'0 #8,after my designs were quite finished1 and after it was resolved by the ,institution that they should be carried into execution by me1 ,mr4 ,saunders1 then architect of the ,british ,museum1 offered his assistance should any difficulties arise4 ,i willingly accepted his offer1 as his name would be some sanction and security in a case where ,i knew ,i had enemies as well as friends1 and ,i took care to show him everything ,i did in the construction of the building2 but the whole of the working drawings1 even the details of the mouldings1 c41 were made by my own hand4 ,the estimate and contract were made by me and not by ,saunders1 and every person employed was under my immediate direction4 ,my designs were not in the smallest degree altered by him4 #8,soon after my designs were made they were taken away by one of the managers 7whose name ,i shall not mention at present7 and put into the hands of ,mr4 ,spiller1 an architect1 in order that he might make another set of designs1 thereby giving him the advantage of my ideas4 ,this was accordingly done4 ,his lecture room was upon the second story and mine was upon the first4 ,his was covered by a lofty dome highly enriched2 my ceiling was flat4 ,his estimate was #aj1jjjl42 mine was #e1jjjl4 ,his would take two years to execute2 mine was to be finished in six months4 ,i shall pass over the unpleasant circumstances to which this affair gave rise1 my resigning my situation in the ,institution1 being requested by the managers to retain it1 c41 and shall only say both the sets of designs were submitted to the members of the ,institution at their annual meeting1 and mine were adopted1 and it was resolved that they should be executed under my superintendence4 ,mr4 ,spiller claimed and got1 ,i believe1 #aejl4 ,i received nothing as an architect1 because ,i was an officer of the ,institution at a very small salary1 and ,count ,rumford had in the beginning caused a strange regulation to be made and printed 8that no one should ever be rewarded by the ,institution for any services which he might perform40' ,in another note he says3 #8,in designing the lecture room of an institution so peculiar 7unique indeed at that time7 my object was to adapt it for different ranks in society1 for any attempt to destroy all distinctions must be absurd4 ,i constructed a gallery intended for those who either wished to be less observed1 or who1 for obvious reasons1 would not like to sit down by their employers4 ,it was also to receive such ingenious mechanics as had gained a title to be there4 ,to this gallery a separate stone staircase led from the street4 ,the whole of this was built4'#ae ,on ,january #ae ,count ,rumford wrote to ,sir ,joseph ,banks from ,broadlands3 ,i certainly am in much better health than ,i was when ,i came here1 which ,i attribute as much to my having left off taking medicines as to the salubrious air of the country4 ,i think that ,i shall stay here about a fortnight longer1 and shall then return to ,brompton1 and shall be at the disposal of the managers of the ,institution for the remainder of the winter4 ,i am very glad indeed that you like ,webster4 ,i am much deceived if he does not turn out to be a very useful acquisition4 ,i hope ,dr4 ,garnett will do well1 but ,i must own that ,i am not as prepossessed in his favour as ,i am in favour of ,webster4 ,if more active and more useful men could be found to serve as managers in lieu of two or three of ours who seldom or never attend1 ,i think it would be advisable to accept their resignation4 ,one has privately offered me to resign whenever ,i may wish it1 and ,i should think it would not be difficult to persuade two others to follow the example4 ,but we will talk this matter over when we meet4 ,i have been very busy here for the last fortnight putting up a public kitchen in the town of ,romsey4 ,it is now nearly finished1 and begins to attract public curiosity4 ,as it contains a complete well-arranged kitchen for a private family as well as cottage fire-places1 ,german stoves1 nests of small ovens1 large soup boilers1 c41 it almost deserves the name of a public repository1 and ,i have no doubt but it will be useful as such4 ,if ,webster were here for a few days1 he might take drawings of the whole for the use of the ,royal ,institution4 ,a week after he wrote3 #8,i am expecting the arrival of ,webster every moment4 ,i am glad you have sent him here1 for the drawings he will make of the works that have been executed in the ,romsey public kitchen will save me much trouble 7for ,i must have made them71 and his seeing the kitchen here will enable him to be of great use to me in directing the works in ,albemarle ,street4' ,on ,february #c ,count ,rumford was again present4 ,doubtless the following passage in the ,managers' ,minutes refers to him3 #8,the unfortunate illness and long confinement of one of the managers1 whose zeal had been so conspicuous in the formation and success of the ,institution1 was another obstacle to the commencement of many interesting arrangements1 which he necessarily considered as essential to superintend in person4' ,the same day ,sir ,john ,hippesley made a long report to the managers to be laid before the proprietors of the ,institution on the #ajth4 ,he alluded to a proposal for private boxes in the new theatre1 and spoke of accommodating nearly #a1jjj persons1 and said that the floor under the theatre was for a repository1 and that the sunk floor of the new building was designed for a complete laboratory1 #8which unfortunately this great metropolis of the ,british ,empire has hitherto failed to produce1 but which is an essential appendix to the ,royal ,institution4' ,it was proposed to raise #e1jjjl4 by transferable debentures1 and the sum subscribed during the meeting was #e1bjjl4 ,at the next meeting a building committee1 consisting of ,earl ,morton1 ,count ,rumford1 and ,sir ,j4 ,hippesley1 was appointed4 ,the following week this was made to include all the managers4 ,in this month ,count ,rumford went to live in the house1 and the managers resolved #8that as long as he did so he should be required to superintend all the works going on in the house1 and to see that the servants in the house and the different workmen employed discharge their various duties with diligence and due decorum1 and that the proprietors1 subscribers1 and others who visit the ,institution are received with civility and treated with proper respect and attention4' ,sir ,joseph ,banks drew up the bye-laws1 and ,count ,rumford was afterwards asked1 agreeably to a provision in the draft bye-laws1 to prepare internal regulations for conducting the business of the ,institution4 ,an under-librarian and clerk to the managers was also appointed4 ,the meeting of managers on ,march #ca was the starting point of the ,journal of the ,institution4 ,the publication was left to the superintendence of ,rumford4 ,a printing press was ordered to be bought as soon as possible1 and a scientific committee of council was formed4 ,this was to be a standing committee #8to examine the syllabuses of the professor of natural philosophy and chemistry1 to the end that no false scientific doctrine might be taught at the ,institution1 and to superintend all the new philosophical experiments that might be made in the house of the ,institution1 and1 when made1 to cause to be drawn up an account of the same for the managers and for the ,royal ,society of ,london4' ,this committee consisted of ,cavendish1 ,maskelyne1 ,blagden1 ,rennell1 ,planta1 ,gray1 ,vince1 ,farish1 and ,hatchett4 ,the managers also decided that fourteen committees should be appointed for the purpose of specific investigation and improvement4 ,persons in no way connected with the ,institution might be appointed4 ,the chairman and deputy chairman were to be nominated by the managers4 ,the meetings were to be held in the house1 and the results were to be published in the ,journals4 ,the subjects were1 #a1 making bread2 #b1 soup2 #c1 cottages2 #d1 stoves2 #e1 kitchen fire-places and utensils2 #f1 household furniture2 #g1 food for cattle2 #h1 cooking in ships and distilling fresh water at sea2 #i1 lime-kilns2 #aj1 fire-balls and combustible cakes2 #aa1 mortar and cements2 #ab1 composition houses2 #ac1 useful machines of all descriptions2 #ad1 iron founding and working and refining iron and steel4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,j4 ,thornton offering to lecture on botany as connected with agriculture1 it was resolved that the cultivation of natural history and agriculture was not included in the original plan of the ,royal ,institution1 and that it was not expedient to accept the offer4 ,on ,april #e the first number of the #8,journal of the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain' was published4 ,it contains1 #a4 ,the proceedings of the managers of ,march #ca and the report to the proprietors made on ,february #aj4 #b4 ,an advertisement respecting the publication of the ,journal1 #8that threepence would be the price of a number of eight pages1 and sixpence if sixteen pages2 that no stated period could then be fixed1 but it is expected a number would appear as often at least as once every fortnight4' #c4 ,a short account of the works now carrying on at the house of the ,institution4 ,mention is made of the theatre1 and under it a spacious airy semicircular repository for receiving various useful machines which will be exhibited as models for imitation4 ,immediately under the repository will be constructed a lofty and capacious laboratory for chemical experiments4 ,the fire-places1 the kitchen1 the boilers1 the ovens1 the complete roaster1 steamers1 and other articles of kitchen furniture on new principles were either prepared or preparing for exhibition4 ,an account is given of the number of the proprietors1 #bdh2 life subscribers1 #bei2 annual subscribers1 #big2 ladies1 annual1 #ig2 and a notice of the philosophical lectures for the following week4 ,the second number of the ,journal did not appear for nearly fourteen months4 ,in ,may ,mr4 ,savage was engaged as printer2 and #8a good cook for the improvement of culinary advancement1 one object1 and not the least important1 for the ,royal ,institution4' ,a resolution was passed that as ,count ,rumford had1 at the request of the managers1 undertaken to superintend the house1 no new works should be undertaken in it1 nor any alterations made in it1 nor any furniture ordered for it1 or brought into it1 or placed or displaced in it unless it be with his knowledge1 and by his orders2 and he was requested1 whilst he continued to lodge in the house1 to superintend all the servants1 to preserve order and decorum1 and to control the expenses of housekeeping4 ,it is most probable that this resolution was intended to control ,dr4 ,garnett4 ,a printing-press was bought4 ,sir ,john ,hippesley was elected treasurer4 ,count ,rumford wrote to ,sir ,joseph ,banks3 ,royal ,institution1 ,may #bi1 #ahjj4 ,i am very sorry to find1 on making inquiry of ,doctor ,garnett1 that your information was accurate respecting his having ascribed the late discoveries of our friend ,volta to the ,french4 ,had ,i been apprised of his intention to mention this discovery at his lectures1 ,i should certainly have taken care that he should have mentioned it in a proper manner2 but ,i knew nothing of the matter until it was too late to prevent the mistake4 ,i have1 however1 insisted on its being rectified as far as it is possible in some future lecture1 and ,i am promised that it will be done4 ,i know not from whom the ,doctor procured his information respecting his discovery1 but ,i learnt by accident late last evening that he borrowed the apparatus with which he exhibited the experiments at the lecture from ,mr4 ,howard4 ,i dined out and did not come home till his lecture was nearly over4 ,the next day ,rumford wrote again3 ,royal ,institution1 ,may #cj1 #ahjj4 ,doctor ,garnett is perfectly ready to make the following public declaration this evening at his lecture at the ,institution1 or he will say anything else on the subject in question which you may think will be more proper for him to say to atone for his mistake and to make amends to ,professor ,volta3 #8,having by mistake on ,wednesday1 in the course of my public lecture1 ascribed to the ,french philosophers a new and interesting discovery relative to galvanism1 which1 on inquiry1 ,i find belongs to ,professor ,volta1 of ,milan1 ,i feel it to be my duty to state this fact in a public manner1 in order that ,professor ,volta may not be deprived in any degree of the honour of a discovery which so justly belongs to him and to him alone4 ,the first news of this discovery1 which arrived in this country in the beginning of last month1 was communicated in a letter from ,professor ,volta to the ,president of the ,royal ,society1 and it was in consequence of the information contained in that letter that ,dr4 ,carlisle1 ,mr4 ,nicholson1 ,mr4 ,howard1 and others have been enabled to construct the necessary apparatus1 and to repeat the ingenious ,professor's very interesting experiments4' ,any alterations you may wish in the above shall be made1 if you will point them out4 ,in ,june ,count ,rumford reported that1 in consequence of the request of the managers1 he had transmitted through the envoy of the ,united ,states of ,north ,america to each of the philosophical societies1 academies1 universities1 c41 in that country a copy of the prospectus1 charter1 ordinances1 bye-laws1 and regulations of the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain4 ,copies were sent to different public institutions abroad4 ,dr4 ,garnett finished his lectures on ,june #aj4 ,he then wrote to the managers to say that he proposed to go into the country1 but would at all times be ready to obey the summons of the managers if his attendance should be wanted before the commencement of the lectures4 ,on ,june #ab1 #ahjj1 ,count ,rumford wrote to ,sir ,joseph ,banks3 ,royal ,institution1 ,thursday ,morning1 #f o'clock4 ,i hope you can make it convenient to come and give me a lift this morning at our meeting1 for ,i want you very much4 ,our treasurer#af has not qualified1 and he does not seem to be in any hurry to do so4 ,i mentioned to him at our last meeting the embarrassments we were under for the want of a treasurer to furnish money to the new ,committee of ,expenditure2 but he proposed1 as an expedient1 that ,i should draw on ,ransom and ,co41 who he said would not refuse my draft4 ,i see no reason why business should be done in this irregular way1 when it may and ought to be done in the manner specially and clearly pointed out in our bye-laws4 ,our lectures are over for this season1 and ,garnett is going into the country to stay there till ,january next4 ,i see no good reason why we should keep up our present numerous and expensive establishment of servants1 especially as a great part of the house is coming down1 and we shall soon have no place in the house to lodge them4 ,all we can possibly want till ,january next are-- ,our clerk of the works ,webster ,our clerk ,savage ,our messenger1 who may act as porter and messenger ,and one housemaid ,blanchett ,this arrangement will enable us to discharge-- ,dr4 ,garnett's assistant ,sadler ,the porter ,wharton ,the housekeeper ,mrs4 ,wharton ,and one housemaid ,if this scheme should meet with your approbation1 ,i beg that you would move the necessary resolutions to-day1 and there will be more than one difficulty removed4 ,as soon as this disagreeable business shall be completed1 and everything in the house belonging to the ,institution delivered over to the care of those persons who are to take and have the charge of them1 my mind will be at rest1 and ,i can go to ,harrogate and give these waters a fair trial1 which1 as things are now circumstanced1 would be impossible4 ,the expensive establishment was at once ordered to be reduced1 and the assistant to the ,professor was discharged4 ,the agreement for building the new premises was this month sealed and signed1 the treasurer qualified1 and the weekly meetings of managers ceased to be held4 ,as soon as the basement of the new building was finished1 it must have been apparent that it was much too dark and low for a laboratory1 and this part of the intended plan was given up4 ,many years afterwards ,mr4 ,webster said of the present laboratory3 #8,i may perhaps just mention that the chemical laboratory in which so many valuable discoveries have been made was not only designed and built by me1 but owes to me its very existence1 for1 though ,i inserted it in my plans1 the managers did not at first consider it necessary4' ,in ,august ,mr4 ,webster thus wrote to ,count ,rumford1 who was then at ,harrogate3 ,i have deferred writing to you so long in expectation of being able to send you drawings of the proposed mode of building the laboratory4 ,mr4 ,hatchett has been several times at the ,institution and has given his opinion respecting it1 from which the drawings have been made out4 ,there was a meeting of managers on ,monday last1 at which ,mr4 ,saunders laid before them the drawings and an estimate of several works which he proposed to do1 and which were not included in the original contract4 ,these are the engine and reservoir on the staircase1 the removal of the water-closet from the place where it now stands to the roof of the laboratory2 taking down the present stack of chimneys from the great kitchen1 together with the breast-work in the kitchen which contains the range1 roasters1 and oven1 which he considers necessary in order to fit up a strong closet in the managers' room2 together with a small addition to the fitting up of the laboratory itself1 which it is proposed to do in a more complete and more expensive way than was provided for by the contract4 ,all these additions1 ,mr4 ,saunders informs me1 the managers approved of1 and he is accordingly preparing the necessary agreements with ,mr4 ,hancock for executing them4 ,everything in the new building goes on briskly and well4 ,we have got as high as the lecture-room floor1 and ,i expect in a month we shall be ready for the roof4 ,no deviation whatever has been made from the plans1 and all the works hitherto done have been executed to the satisfaction of ,mr4 ,saunders4 ,i wished to send you the drawings of the laboratory1 but they not being quite ready1 ,i shall take the next opportunity4 ,in ,september he wrote again3 ,the timbers of the roof are on1 and we are beginning to board it for slating4 ,the brickwork of the laboratory is also nearly completed4 ,hitherto ,i have found employment for ,mr4 ,wincks1 the model-maker2 when ,i had nothing else for him to do he has been at work upon the model of the pile engine1 which will now be finished in a day or two2 and1 as ,i have not any further occasion for him to assist me1 ,i shall be happy if you will write whether there is anything he might be employed upon until you come to town4 ,in another letter he says3 ,the buildings are advancing rapidly1 and ,i hope the lecture room at least will be ready by the #ast of ,january4 ,the laboratory will1 ,i think1 be found very convenient1 being airy and well lighted4 ,during his stay at ,harrogate ,rumford made careful experiments on himself with regard to the warm bath4 ,these are given in his thirteenth essay1 on the #8,salubrity of ,warm ,bathing4' ,he found that a daily bath at ninety-six degrees or ninety-seven for half-an-hour two hours before dinner for five weeks increased the appetite1 the digestion1 the spirits1 the strength1 and the insensibility to cold4 ,on leaving ,harrogate he went to ,scotland4 ,a visit of ceremony was paid him by the magistrates of ,edinburgh2 he was consulted respecting the abolition of mendicity1 and the measures which he recommended were speedily executed with complete success4 ,he was made an honorary member of the ,royal ,society and of the ,royal ,college of ,physicians of ,edinburgh1 and he received a gold snuff-box as a compliment for his assistance in reforming the culinary establishment of ,heriot's ,hospital1 and was elected a member of the ,society of ,scotland for ,bettering the ,condition of the ,poor4 ,his letters of thanks for these last honours are preserved4 ,to the ,lord ,provost of ,edinburgh he wrote3 ,i shall always remember with pleasure1 and with the most sincere gratitude1 the kind and flattering attentions ,i received in ,edinburgh during my stay there4 ,the public honours that were conferred on me by the corporation of the city and by the ,university were highly gratifying to me2 but nothing affected me so deeply as the deference which was paid to my opinions and advice on subjects of public utility by men in the highest stations and of the most respectable character and abilities1 and the liberality1 zeal1 and perseverance with which the measures ,i took the liberty to recommend were adopted and pursued4 ,may the important undertaking in which the inhabitants of ,edinburgh are now engaged--the prevention of that most disgusting and disgraceful of public evils1 mendicity--and the formation of a permanent establishment for the instruction and employment of the poor be completely successful1 and may it serve as a model for imitation to every city and every town in ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 ,to the ,rev4 ,george ,baird1 ,principal of the ,university of ,edinburgh1 he wrote from the ,royal ,institution1 ,march #ba1 #ahja1 thanking him for the honour which the ,society in ,scotland for ,bettering the ,condition and ,improving the ,comfort of the ,poor had conferred on him by electing him a member4 ,during the autumn ,webster wrote to ,dr4 ,garnett to ask if he would help him to become his assistant4 ,he wished this place in order to make himself a better teacher of operatives1 and to have employment when the additional buildings were finished4 ,dr4 ,garnett1 in his reply1 says #8an operator's time ought to be dedicated to natural philosophy4' #8,nevertheless1' he said1 #8the ,school of ,mechanics might perhaps be carried on by the operator4' ,in ,webster's answer to ,dr4 ,garnett the position of the ,school of ,design at the end of ,september #ahjj is seen4 ,when ,i mentioned that teaching mechanics might probably form a part of my employment ,i did not speak from any certain knowledge on the subject1 but merely because such a thing had once been in agitation4 ,i have now very little reason for supposing that such a plan will be at all put in practice1 but if ever it should1 no doubt the managers will take care that it shall not prove any inconvenience to you4 ,i could not myself engage in it upon any other conditions4 ,setting that aside1 therefore1 as extremely uncertain if not improbable4444 ,at the end of the year hot-water pipes were ordered for warming the theatre4 ,the chief events in the history of the ,institution during the year #ahjj may be thus summed up3 ,the new theatre was built2 large committees for scientific investigation were formed2 and the first number of the ,journal was published4 ,no advance was made in the formation of a repository for models2 or in the foundation of a school of design4 ,the lectures of ,dr4 ,garnett were successful1 but he was refused permission to practise his profession as a physician and to bring his children to live at the ,institution4 ,count ,rumford himself ordered and superintended everything in the house4 ,early the next year there was a visible rupture between him and ,dr4 ,garnett regarding the prospectus of the lectures for the season1 and in ,june #ahja ,dr4 ,garnett resigned4 ,the causes of this will be best seen by a short sketch of his life4 ,dr4 ,thomas ,garnett was born in #agff in ,westmoreland4 ,he was apprenticed to a medical man in the country and graduated as a physician in ,edinburgh in #aghh4 ,dr4 ,brown at that time was teaching his new theory of medicine1 and ,dr4 ,garnett became a strong ,brunonian4 ,in an inaugural essay on ,health1 which was published ultimately1 he showed with great clearness how the doctrine of accumulated and exhausted excitability could be applied to explain the movements in the body in health and disease4 ,he left ,edinburgh to study medicine in ,london1 and in #agij he went to ,bradford to practise his profession2 there he gave some private lessons in natural philosophy and chemistry4 ,in #agia1 when twenty-five1 he thought he should succeed better by practising at ,knaresborough in the winter and at ,harrogate in the summer4 ,he analysed the waters at ,harrogate1 and in #agid he built a house there and determined to practise only at ,harrogate4 ,an engagement to be married made him form a new plan for success4 ,he persuaded his intended wife reluctantly to agree to emigrate to ,america after their marriage1 which took place in the following year4 ,then he sold his house in ,harrogate and purchased apparatus for lectures on natural philosophy and chemistry4 ,on their way to ,america they went to ,liverpool4 ,there1 whilst waiting for a ship1 he was persuaded to give a course of lectures4 ,this was successful1 and he was invited to give the same course on chemistry and experimental philosophy at ,manchester4 ,he was still more successful1 and invitations came to him from ,warrington1 ,lancaster1 ,birmingham1 and ,dublin4 ,he did not give up his intention of emigrating until he was offered the professorship in ,anderson's ,institution at ,glasgow4 ,his wife had borne him a daughter1 and she earnestly urged him to settle in ,glasgow4 ,in ,november #agif1 when thirty1 he published the #8,outlines of a ,course of ,lectures on ,natural and ,experimental ,philosophy4' ,his subjects were the properties of matter1 astronomy1 electricity1 magnetism1 pneumatics1 hydrostatics and hydraulics1 optics and mechanics4 ,when the session at ,glasgow was over he went to ,liverpool to repeat his course of lectures4 ,in the autumn he returned to ,glasgow and made known his intention of practising as a physician there4 ,fortune continued to favour him2 his reputation increased and he soon had the best prospect of the leading practice in ,glasgow4 ,in #agig1 when thirty-one1 he published his #8,outlines of a ,course of ,lectures on ,chemistry4' ,his twenty-seventh lecture was on ,agriculture2 his twenty-eighth on ,bleaching2 his twenty-ninth on ,dyeing and on ,calico ,printing2 and his last on the ,analysis of ,mineral ,waters4 ,on ,christmas ,day1 #agih1 his wife died in childbirth1 and on ,new ,year's ,day he wrote this feeling letter3 ,oh6 my dear cousin1 little did ,i expect that ,i should begin the new year with telling you that ,i am now deprived of all earthly comforts2 yes1 the dear companion of my studies1 the friend of my heart1 the partner of my bosom1 is now a piece of cold clay4 ,the senseless earth is closed on that form which was so lately animated by every virtue1 and whose only wish was to make me happy4 ,is there anything which can now afford me any consolation8 ,yes1 she is not lost1 but gone before2 but still it is hard to have all our schemes of happiness wrecked when our bark was within sight of port4 ,when we were promising ourselves more than common felicity it struck upon a rock2 my only treasure went to the bottom1 and ,i am cast ashore friendless and deprived of every comfort4 ,my poor dead love had been as well as usual during the two or three last months1 and even on the dreadful evening 7,christmas ,eve7 she spoke with pleasure of the approaching event4 ,my spirits were elevated to so uncommon a pitch by the birth of a lovely daughter1 that they were by no means prepared for the succeeding scene2 and they have been so overwhelmed that ,i sometimes hope it may be a dream out of which ,i wish to awake4 ,the little infant is well1 and ,i have called it ,catherine1 a name which must ever be dear to me1 and which ,i wish to be able to apply to some object whom ,i love2 for1 though it caused the death of my hopes1 it is dear to me as being the last precious relic of her whom everybody1 who knew her1 esteemed1 and ,i loved4 ,i must now bid adieu to every comfort and live only for the sweet babes4 ,oh6 'tis hard1 very hard6 ,,thomas ,,garnett4 ,in the summer of #agii ,count ,rumford wrote to ,dr4 ,garnett1 to whom he was then an entire stranger1 for information regarding the nature and economy of ,anderson's ,institution and the plan of the lectures given there4 ,this led finally to the proposal that ,dr4 ,garnett should become the first lecturer at ,rumford's new ,institution in ,london4 ,on ,october #ae ,dr4 ,garnett informed a special meeting of the managers of ,anderson's ,institution of his wish to resign his situation in order to go to ,london4 ,when ,dr4 ,garnett arrived1 ,december #bc1 the managers of the ,royal ,institution resolved that he should be styled ,professor of ,natural ,philosophy and ,chemistry to the ,royal ,institution4 ,he sent to the board a letter from which a view of the earliest lectures at the ,institution can be obtained4 ,,professor ,,garnett ,,to ,,the ,,managers4 ,december #bc1 #agii4 ,,to ,,the ,,managers ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,institution4--,count ,rumford requested me to arrange and put on paper my ideas concerning the plan and economy of the ,royal ,institution for the perusal of the managers4 ,on looking over the prospectus1 however1 ,i find the plan so well digested that ,i cannot make any improvement or even advantageous alteration4 ,i shall therefore confine myself in the following observations to what ,i conceive to belong more particularly to my department--,i mean the arrangement of the lectures--and shall propose a plan which1 from experience1 ,i think most likely to be useful2 but ,i propose it with the utmost deference to the opinions of the managers1 and shall be ready to make any alterations which they may think proper to point out4 ,our object ought undoubtedly to be both amusement and instruction4 ,we shall have two classes of auditors1 the one consisting of those who will come chiefly for amusement or because it may be fashionable4 ,these it is our business to amuse1 while at the same time ,i hope we shall be able to interest them in the subjects1 and communicate considerable knowledge without any trouble to themselves4 ,for these ,i would propose a popular course of experimental philosophy1 in which all abstract reasoning shall be avoided1 the most entertaining and interesting experiments introduced1 and the whole calculated to afford pleasure and instruction to those who have not had an opportunity of examining these subjects and to refresh the memory of those who have4 ,on the supposition that the lectures of the ,institution should open the first week in ,february1 if we appropriate one evening a week to it1 we can comprise this course in eighteen or twenty lectures1 each lecture to continue only an hour1 that the attention may not be fatigued4 ,a course of lectures on chemistry1 popular and amusing1 at the same time sufficiently scientific1 might be given twice a week4 ,this course would contain the elements of chemistry and the application of this science to the arts and manufactures1 and would be illustrated by interesting and pleasing experiments4 ,for the sake of the second class of auditors1 which would not at first be the most numerous1 but which would continually increase in number1 even though the auditors of the other course should diminish--,i mean those attached to scientific pursuits--,i would propose a full and scientific course of experimental philosophy on the plan generally adopted in universities4 ,in this course particular attention should be paid to mechanics1 hydrostatics1 hydraulics1 and pneumatics1 which are the most useful branches of mechanical philosophy4 ,the mathematical demonstration of the propositions would first be given1 next the experimental proof1 and lastly the application of each to the mechanical and chemical arts4 ,in this way those who could follow the mathematical demonstration would see the coincidence between theory and experiment1 and those who could not would be satisfied with the experimental proof4 ,as an instance we may take one proposition4 ,the momentum or force of a moving body is proportioned to the quantity of matter multiplied by its velocity2 this will first be demonstrated mathematically1 then experimentally1 and afterwards applied to the explanation of mechanical powers in machinery1 projectiles1 c41 illustrated by familiar examples and calculations4 ,if we suppose that five mornings in the week should be devoted to this course1 we shall be enabled to go through one hundred lectures before the conclusion of the session4 ,it is scarcely necessary to observe that in this course opportunity will be taken to show working models of machinery and chemical processes in their proper places4 ,this would be the most useful course1 and1 as was before observed1 the numbers who attend it would gradually increase4 ,at least this was the case at ,glasgow4 ,a morning hour would probably be best for this course4 ,my apparatus is elegant and good4 ,it was made for me by the late ,mr4 ,adams4 ,what the ,institution will chiefly want will be of the supplementary kind1 and will not1 ,i apprehend1 cost more than #aejl4 or #bjjl41 supposing we purchase the most complete and elegant instruments1 which ,i would strongly advise4 ,my own apparatus shall be at the service of the ,institution while ,i continue among you1 which ,i hope will be while ,i live1 and it is my intention eventually to bequeath it to the ,institution4 ,as it will be necessary to come to an arrangement as speedily as possible1 ,mr4 ,webster and myself1 after having carefully surveyed the house1 are of opinion that the apparatus should be placed in cases with glass doors1 and that the best situation for it would be round the large room#ag on the same floor with the lecture room1 and what could not conveniently be placed there1 either on account of their bulk or inelegant appearance1 might be put in the small room#ah adjoining to it4 ,this would render this room very interesting to strangers1 and1 even considering it as a lounging room1 it would be much better to have an elegant apparatus to look at than bare walls4 ,it would likewise be much the most convenient as an apparatus and model room with respect to its vicinity to the lecture room--a circumstance of no small importance4 ,with respect to a lounging room1 in which persons might meet before the lecture1 or to which they could retire during the lecture1 ,i assume with submission that such a place should not on any account be allowed4 ,wherever ,i have had accidentally such a convenient room in the vicinity of a lecture room ,i have been obliged to lock it up2 otherwise the disturbance to the company by persons coming in and going out is intolerable4 ,the lectures will always begin at a certain hour to a minute4 ,if any find themselves a few minutes too soon1 they will find an elegant lecture room1 well warmed4 ,this will prevent their coming into the room in a body and disturbing the audience and the lecturer after the lecture is begun4 ,that matters might be put in a proper train it would1 ,i think1 be best to agree immediately upon the arrangement of the house1 and to give ,mr4 ,webster and myself1 with one or more of the managers1 the power of seeing the arrangement executed4 ,i am1 with much respect1 your most obedient ,servant1 ,,thos4 ,,garnett4 ,on ,january #f1 #ahjj1 the managers resolved that the morning lectures of ,dr4 ,garnett should be given on ,tuesday and ,thursday at two1 and the evening lectures at eight1 on ,monday1 ,wednesday1 and ,friday4 ,the first lecture was on ,tuesday1 ,march #d4 ,the two rooms which now make the upper library formed the theatre4 ,it had been fitted up to accommodate the greatest possible number of auditors1 #8with a greater deference to their curiosity than to their convenience4' ,in the first number of the ,journal of the ,institution the account of ,dr4 ,garnett's lectures for the week beginning ,april #g shows the arrangements that then existed4 ,,morning ,,lectures4--,on ,tuesday1 the #hth1 the lecture will be on ,charged ,electrics and the ,theory of the ,leyden ,phial1 with experiments4 ,on ,thursday1 ,respiration and ,animal ,heat will be continued1 with the ,effects of ,oxygen in the ,blood4 ,on ,saturday1 on ,hydrogen ,gas and the ,composition of ,water1 ,sulphurated and ,phosphorated ,hydrogen2 and a specimen of the philosophical fireworks with the inflammable air will be exhibited4 ,,evening ,,lectures4--,on ,monday evening1 the #gth1 the subject will be ,spontaneous ,evaporation1 ,ignition1 and ,inflammation1 with some ,remarks on ,light4 ,on ,wednesday evening1 the ,different ,powers of ,bodies as ,conductors of ,heat2 and some ,experiments with the ,passage ,thermometer4 ,the method of confining heat and applying it to useful purposes with economy4 ,friday being ,good ,friday1 no lecture will be given on that day4 ,those who come to the lectures in carriages are requested to give orders to their coachmen to set down and take up with their horses' heads towards ,grafton ,street4 ,a contemporary account says3 ,during the winter the lecture room was crowded with persons of the first distinction and fashion1 as well as by those who had individually contributed much to the promotion of science1 and although the northern accent1 which he still retained in a slight degree1 rendered his voice somewhat inharmonious to a ,london audience1 his modest and unaffected manner of delivering his opinions1 his familiar and at the same time elegant language rendered him the object of almost universal kindness and approbation4 ,dr4 ,garnett left ,glasgow with the expectation that he should have accommodation for his family in the house of the ,institution1 and the first disappointment he met with was the opposition to his wishes in this respect4 ,when he gave up his position in ,glasgow he fully intended to enter into practice as a physician in ,london1 but from this also he was restrained in great measure by the managers of the ,institution4 ,his biographer says3 ,the exertions of the winter in some degree injured his health1 and the uncertainty he saw in his prospects tended greatly to depress his spirits4 ,he determined1 however1 to keep his place at the ,institution4 ,in the summer he rejoined his children in ,westmoreland1 but his anxiety of mind was not diminished or consequently his health improved by the relaxation from active employment4 ,he walked over the same ground and viewed the same prospects that he had formerly enjoyed in the company of his wife4 ,he had not resolution to check the impressions as they arose1 and thus1 instead of being solaced by the beauties which surrounded him1 he gave the reins to his melancholy fancy1 which1 unchecked by any other remembrance1 dwelt only on the affection and virtues of her whose loss he had ever to deplore1 the want of whose society he imagined to be the chief source of his misery4 ,dr4 ,garnett showed his own position when he answered the application of ,webster for his recommendation as chemical operator4 ,kirkby-,lonsdale1 ,september #bg1 #ahjj4 ,,dear ,,sir1--,i have received your letter1 and1 in answer to it1 must observe that such is my opinion of both your industry and abilities that it would give me pleasure to serve you1 and ,i should with the greatest willingness recommend you to any situation for which ,i knew you qualified4 ,that you could in time qualify yourself for the situation of operator there is not the smallest doubt1 but still it must have been evident to you that if you had acted in that capacity last year1 imperfect as the lectures were1 they must have been much more so2 for though ,i had an operator capable of preparing any experiments that could be made1 still it was with the greatest difficulty that ,i could get through it4 ,how1 then1 could ,i have done had my time been taken up with instructing an operator8 ,and1 having the greatest number of chemical things to prepare1 ,i could not have got through it with any credit to myself or satisfaction to the managers4 ,you are better acquainted with the duty of an operator than you were before the commencement of the lectures1 and can therefore form some judgment concerning the knowledge requisite and the labour which it requires4 ,it is unnecessary to say that an operator must give up his whole time to it2 and1 as we are to have a good laboratory1 it seems to me necessary that he should be a good practical chemist1 which he cannot be without working some years in a laboratory4 ,sadler could do anything in that way1 and1 were he a little more steady1 would be invaluable in the ,institution4 ,you say nothing what has become of him4 ,i was in hopes he might have been employed again next year4 ,indeed1 the managers ought1 in my opinion1 to endeavour to have an operating chemist who would be permanent4 ,that you could in time do everything required ,i am very far from doubting1 and1 should it be the wish of the managers1 ,i shall be far from opposing it2 on the contrary1 were you qualified1 there is not one person whom ,i should so much wish to have it4 ,but1 before you come to a determination1 you must well consider whether you would relish the many dirty jobs to which it will subject you as well as the labour2 and1 if it be still your wish and determination1 it would certainly be proper to attend an autumnal course of lectures4 ,if it be your intention to remain in the ,institution and to continue as operator1 which probably might be carried on along with the ,school of ,mechanics 7though of this ,i am not certain1 as an operator's time ought to be dedicated to natural philosophy71 ,i would do all in my power to instruct you properly2 but to have the weight upon myself without the prospect of being relieved from it another year is what ,i dare scarce look at4 ,in deciding put everything out of the question but the good of the ,institution1 for unless you can promote that you cannot promote your own by its means4 ,you will1 ,i hope1 excuse my having spoken thus freely on the subject which so much concerns us both2 consider it well and favour me with your sentiments again4 ,i suppose that ,i shall be in town in about a month1 but ,i should wish to hear from you before4 ,there are probably some of my objections which you can remove4 ,i am1 dear ,sir1 yours sincerely1 ,,thos4 ,,garnett4 ,towards the latter end of the autumn ,dr4 ,garnett returned to the ,institution4 ,the differences between him and the managers soon appeared4 ,he prepared the outlines of a course of lectures on ,natural and ,experimental ,philosophy1 to be delivered in #ahja1 and he printed this preface3 #8,this pamphlet contains the outlines of the popular course on ,natural and ,experimental ,philosophy1 delivered at the ,royal ,institution every ,tuesday at two o'clock during the present session4--,royal ,institution1 ,february #b1 #ahja4' ,at the same time he printed another pamphlet--#8,outlines of a ,course of ,lectures on ,chemistry delivered at the ,royal ,institution1' and to it he put this preface3 #8,this work contains the outlines of the course of chemistry delivered at the ,royal ,institution by the ,professor of ,natural ,philosophy and ,chemistry1 every ,thursday and ,saturday at two o'clock during the present season4--,royal ,institution1 ,february #b1 #ahja4' ,in the table of contents he gave thirty lectures1 and it was almost exactly a reprint of the table of contents of the lectures on chemistry published by him in #agig4 ,there can be no doubt that ,dr4 ,garnett printed these pamphlets1 the one of twelve and the other of two hundred and sixteen pages1 without consulting the managers2 for at their meeting on ,february #b1 #ahja1 they resolved that the annual courses of philosophical and chemical lectures at the ,royal ,institution should commence #8as soon as the new theatre can be got ready for them1 and that ,count ,rumford be authorised to take all such steps on the part of the managers as shall be necessary in that business2' and they also resolved that ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,henry ,cavendish1 and ,count ,rumford be a committee to superintend the drawing up and publication of a suitable syllabus or account of the philosophical and chemical lectures given at the ,royal ,institution4 ,they further resolved that no syllabus of lectures or other account of what is doing or done1 or to be done1 at the ,royal ,institution1 be published by any person or persons without the permission of the aforesaid committee1 or the express leave of the managers formally signified in writing4 ,this last resolution shows that ,count ,rumford had then probably determined that ,dr4 ,garnett should give up his professorship at the ,royal ,institution4 ,on ,february #af the managers resolved that their resolutions of ,february #b should be communicated to ,dr4 ,garnett1 and on this day they determined to engage ,mr4 ,humphry ,davy as ,assistant ,lecturer on ,chemistry4 ,still the managers did not decide on the removal of ,professor ,garnett1 for the following letter shows that ,count ,rumford at this time had some conversation with him as to the terms upon which he would give up his rooms in the house4 ,on ,february #bb ,dr4 ,garnett wrote to ,count ,rumford3 ,,sir1--,i have considered the matter you did me the honour to desire ,i would deliberate upon1 and ,i place much confidence that when you and the other managers of the ,royal ,institution reflect upon the necessary expenditure for rent1 coals1 and candles1 domestics and other out-goings1 the sum of #ajjl4 per annum will not be considered as an improper allowance for giving up the apartments and advantages assigned me in the house of the ,institution by the honourable managers4 ,you will allow me to add that ,i have also considered the possibility of my residing out of the house occasioning any inconvenience to the interests of the ,institution1 and that if upon the maturest consideration ,i was not confident no such inconvenience could arise1 there is no personal compensation that could tempt me to quit my residence in the house of the ,institution4 ,it is with great deference ,i take the advantage at the same time to submit to your and the other managers' consideration whether the funds of the ,institution are in your and their judgment in a condition to authorise any of that gradual increase of my salary of #cjjl4 which the resolution of ,september #ad1 #agii1 gave me well-founded reason to hope for1 and which ,i now most cheerfully and with perfect confidence beg to leave to the candour and liberality of yourself and the managers4 ,i have the honour to be1 with the greatest respect1 ,sir1 your very obedient ,servant1 ,,thos4 ,,garnett4 ,on ,february #bc it was resolved that the consideration of ,dr4 ,garnett's letter be postponed till the annual accounts of the ,institution for the present year be made up and the state of its finances ascertained4 ,the lectures began in ,february4 ,his biographer says3 #8,the transactions of the winter almost completely undermined his constitution4 ,he became sallow1 listless1 melancholy4 ,a gloomy day or the smallest disappointment gave him inconceivable distress4 #8,the effect produced upon his lecturing was remarkable4 ,debility of body as well as uneasiness of mind incapacitated him4 ,his spirited and1 at the same time modest1 method of delivery was changed into one languid and hesitating4 ,he would have resigned in the middle of his course1 and on one occasion at least ,count ,rumford1 at a few hours' notice1 found a substitute to lecture for him4' ,this was on the evening of ,march #b1 when with the shortest possible notice ,count ,rumford got ,dr4 ,crichton to give the lecture on account of the illness of ,dr4 ,garnett4 ,he again wrote to the managers on ,may #aa1 and on the #beth a special meeting of the managers was held1 and it was resolved that #8the managers1 taking into consideration the two applications of ,dr4 ,garnett1 are unanimously of opinion that they cannot agree to make any alteration in his present salary and situation4' ,on ,june #a ,davy was appointed ,lecturer on ,chemistry4 ,on ,june #ae it was resolved by the managers unanimously that ,dr4 ,garnett's resignation should be accepted1 that his salary up to the end of the year should be paid to him by the ,committee of ,expenditure1 and that his letter of resignation should be preserved4 ,unfortunately this letter does not exist now4 #8,dr4 ,garnett had long determined to apply himself to medical practice1 and at the same time to give private lectures1 to secure that income of which he seemed fated to be disappointed4' ,in the summer of #ahja he removed to ,great ,marlborough ,street1 and brought his family to ,london1 and he sought for practice as a physician4 ,he built a lecture room2 he made arrangements for editing the #8,annals of ,philosophy1 ,natural ,history1 ,chemistry1 ,literature1 ,agriculture1 and ,fine ,arts' for the year #ahjj1 intending to continue it yearly2 and he prepared himself to give not less than eight courses of lectures during the winter4 ,at his own house he gave two courses on ,chemistry1 one on ,mineralogy1 one on ,botany1 two on ,experimental ,philosophy1 and a private course on this subject also2 he gave a course on ,botany at ,brompton1 and in a room at ,tom's ,coffee ,house1 in the ,city1 a course of popular lectures on ,zoonomia1 or the ,laws of ,animal ,life in ,health and ,disease4 ,this was for the convenience of medical students and others in that part of the town4 ,a return of ill health prevented him from completing some of these courses1 but he used every means to increase his private practice4 ,in ,may #ahjb he was elected physician to the ,marylebone ,dispensary1 which he thought would bring the success which he seemed never able to obtain4 ,very weak in body and not exempt from anxiety of mind1 he began the hard work of his ,dispensary4 ,he caught typhus fever from one of the patients in ,june1 and died on the #bhth of that month4 ,he left his children penniless4 ,on ,august #b ,dr4 ,garnett's executor1 ,mr4 ,parker1 asked permission to have the popular lectures on the ,laws of ,animal ,life1 the ,zoonomia1 printed at the press of the ,royal ,institution1 and that the printer to the ,institution1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,savage1 might receive subscriptions for the publication of the work4 ,the managers resolved to subscribe for the ,institution #ejl41 and in #ahjd1 when the work was published in quarto1 they allowed it to be dedicated to them1 a privilege which they refused on many occasions afterwards4 ,the dedication was in these words3 ,to the ,right ,honourable and ,honourable the ,managers of the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain these ,lectures1 composed by a man who1 in his lifetime1 was honoured by their selection as their first lecturer1 and whose infant family have since experienced their benevolence and protection1 are1 with permission1 dedicated by the trustees of the subscription in favour of these orphans4 ,the amount of the subscription was nearly two thousand guineas4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,progress ,,of ,,the ,,institution ,,to ,,the ,,resignation ,,of ,,professor ,,young4 #ahja to #ahjc4 ,,with ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,dr4 ,,thomas ,,young4 #aggc to #ahbi4 ,in #ahja ,count ,rumford continued to carry out his plans at the ,institution4 ,in ,february he engaged ,mr4 ,humphry ,davy as ,assistant ,lecturer on ,chemistry1 ,director of the ,chemical ,laboratory1 and ,assistant ,editor of the ,journals4 ,on ,march #aa ,davy arrived at the ,institution and took possession of his situation1 and in ,april he began to lecture4 ,in this month the managers decided to build five new bed-rooms1 forming the south attics1 equalising the height of the house4 ,sir ,john ,hippesley declined to continue the treasurership4 ,he drew up the following abstract of accounts from the commencement to ,april #cj of this year3 ,receipts1 #ai1begl4 #hs42 ,expenditure1 #ab1fjal4 #bs4 #a;d42 ,consols1 costing #d1dgal4 #es42 ,balance at ,banker's1 #b1ahel4 #js4 #aa;d42 ,debts due1 #d1djjl43 making a disposable sum of between #aj1jjjl4 and #aa1jjjl4 #8,now1 as all bills are paid1 there are sufficient grounds to hope that the managers will be able not only to finish all the new works1 but also to furnish the different apartments and workshops1 and complete the arrangement of the establishment in all its details1 without incurring any permanent debt1 or calling upon the subscribers for any part of the #g1jjjl4 which was generously offered for defraying the expense of the new buildings4' ,lord ,kinnaird was elected treasurer4 ,in ,may ,count ,rumford reported that1 #8as a ,master of the ,workshops will soon be wanted1 he had taken considerable pains to find out some person qualified for that office1 and he had found a sober1 steady1 single1 mathematical instrument maker1 to whom he proposed to give #hjl4 a year and a room in the house4' ,sir ,joseph ,banks recommended ,mr4 ,bekman1 a ,german chemist1 to be engaged in the laboratory at #ejl4 a year and a room in the house4 ,on ,may #be ,count ,rumford laid before the managers his report on the progress1 present state1 and probable future prosperity and utility of the ,institution4 ,this was ordered to be printed in the ,journals of the ,institution1 and this report1 with a paper by ,count ,rumford--#8,observations ,relative to the ,means of ,increasing the ,quantities of ,heat ,obtained in the ,combustion of ,fuel'--forms the second number of the ,journals edited by ,rumford alone4 ,in this paper a picture is seen of the ,institution as ,rumford wished it to be4 ,except when prevented by illness and care for his health1 he had worked night and day with all his energy to make his prospectus of ,february #agii a realised fact4 ,after twenty-eight months the idea was carried out4 ,rumford's ,institution was formed4 ,he gives a long account of all he had done and of all he intended to do4 ,hence this report is a record of his mind as well as a record of the ,institution4 ,he dismisses the professors1 and lectures1 and lecture rooms with four lines4 ,he dwells at more length on the spacious and complete chemical laboratory1 furnished for carrying on upon a large scale all the various processes of practical chemistry and chemical analysis and for making new and interesting experiments4 ,he speaks of a director of the laboratory1 a chemical operator1 and an assistant in the laboratory 7a very ingenious ,german chemist71 who will devote his whole time to the business of it4 ,nearly a page is given to the workshops of the ,institution1 #8where models of new and useful inventions will be constructed and sold at reasonable prices to professors and subscribers4' #8,these are quite finished1 and are now furnished with the most complete set of tools that can be procured4' ,he speaks of the ,master of the ,workshops1 who will take care of the philosophical apparatus and direct the workmen1 and says he will likewise superintend and instruct all such ingenious and well-behaved young men as may1 at the recommendation of the professors1 be admitted into the workshops of the ,institution to receive instruction and to complete their education in any one or more of the mechanic arts4 ,the following workmen1 he says1 are already engaged for the workshops of the ,institution1 viz4-- ,a mathematical instrument maker1 a model maker1 a cabinet maker1 a carpenter1 a worker in brass and copper1 a tin-plate worker1 and an iron-plate worker4 ,to these will soon be added bricklayers and stonemasons1 who will be instructed and enabled to instruct others in setting new-invented grates1 roasters1 ovens1 boilers1 c4 ,a complete kitchen for a small family has been put up for examination in the housekeeper's room4 ,the principal kitchen will be begun in a few weeks4 ,it will contain roasters1 ovens1 boilers1 steamers on the newest and most improved construction1 and will be kept in daily use4 ,in order that the proprietors and inventors may be enabled to judge from actual experiment of the merit of any new-method of cooking1 or any new dish that may be proposed1 a dining room has been built1 and will soon be ready for use1 at the house of the ,institution1 in which the managers will occasionally order experimental dinners1 to which the proprietors and subscribers will be invited1 in as far as the accommodations will admit4 ,the expense of such dinners to be defrayed by those who partake of them4 ,a conversation room has been set apart1 so that silence may be kept in the reading rooms4 ,there will be maps1 pens1 and ink in the conversation room1 and as soon as some necessary previous arrangements 7which are now actually making7 shall be finished1 those who frequent this room will be furnished at the most reasonable prices from the housekeepers room below with soups of various kinds1 tea1 coffee1 chocolate1 and other refreshments4 ,two letter-boxes have been established in the great hall4 ,a complete printing office exists4 ,the ,journals will appear at regular intervals1 probably once a week4 ,the reports of the various committees for specific scientific investigations 7which will soon be appointed by the managers7 will no doubt furnish much interesting matter for the ,journals of the ,institution4 ,twenty-five foreign periodical scientific publications1 and twenty-four domestic periodical scientific and literary publications are regularly taken in4 ,twenty-four new foreign publications on scientific subjects have been purchased for the library1 and many valuable books have been presented4 ,nine daily newspapers are taken in4 ,he goes on to say3 ,one of the most interesting details of the ,institution still remains to be mentioned4 ,it is the repository4 ,the measures necessary for forming it have not been neglected1 but from its nature it cannot be finished1 nor indeed can it be begun1 till the establishment is quite complete in all its other essential parts4 ,models of mechanical inventions and contrivances1 in order to their being really useful1 must be so made as to serve for imitation2 consequently they must be constructed with the greatest care1 and they cannot be made in the workshops of the ,royal ,institution till those shops are fitted up and furnished with the best tools and the best workmen4 ,these workshops will soon be completed and properly manned4 ,in the meantime a spacious and elegant room1 #dd feet long and #cb feet wide1 with the ceiling supported by two rows of columns1 has been built for the repository1 and will be finished in a month and ready to receive machines for public inspection4 ,this was the room beneath the theatre4 ,it may be useful to observe here that it never was the intention of the managers1 nor of any of them1 to expose to public view models of machines of all kinds indiscriminately4 ,considerable alarms have1 it is said1 been occasioned among some of our principal manufacturers from an idea that the construction of their machines and the valuable secrets of their trade1 on which the excellence of their manufactures depend1 are in danger of being disclosed by means of the public lectures and exhibitions of the ,royal ,institution1 but the event will show that these apprehensions are without foundation4 ,the measure lately adopted by the managers for completing the attic story will be finished before the end of ,november4 ,as soon as this addition to the buildings shall be completed1 and not before1 there will be room in the house for the accommodation of a certain number of young men1 from eighteen to twenty in number1 of different mechanical professions1 who1 at the recommendation of proprietors1 will be taken into the house to be instructed2 who will be boarded and lodged in the house and be employed in the workshops1 and for whose improvement in drawing1 practical geometry1 and mathematics an evening school1 under the direction of the ,clerk of the ,works 7,mr4 ,webster71 who was formerly a teacher in such a school1 will be established in the house in a room adjoining the workshops4 ,as most of the young men who will be admitted to this seminary will probably come from distant parts of the country1 and will return home after a residence of three or four months at the ,institution1 carrying with them a perfect knowledge of such new and useful inventions applicable to the common purposes of life as may be deserving of being generally known and adopted1 it is easy to foresee that this arrangement will be of great and extensive public utility4 ,it is1 perhaps1 that part of the establishment precisely which will be the most interesting1 and which will contribute the most powerfully to the attainment of the principal object of the ,institution--the diffusing the knowledge and facilitating the general introduction of useful mechanical inventions and improvements4 ,the proprietors1 he says1 were #cbe2 life subscribers1 #bfh2 and annual subscribers1 #ebg4 ,he concludes thus3 ,we may safely look forward with confidence to a period not far distant when the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain1 complete in all its details1 and in full activity1 will become so interesting that every person of liberality and discernment who takes pleasure in contemplating the process of human improvement1 will be desirous of belonging to it and willing to assist in promoting its permanent prosperity4 ,in ,june ,davy was made ,lecturer1 instead of ,assistant ,lecturer1 in ,chemistry1 and in a few days ,dr4 ,garnett resigned4 ,a permanent committee1 consisting of ,charles ,hatchett1 chairman1 ,lord ,dundas1 ,mr4 ,howard1 ,mr4 ,chenevix1 ,mr4 ,pepys1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,pearson1 ,mr4 ,nicholson1 and ,mr4 ,carlisle1 was appointed for the purposes of chemical investigation and analysis2 to make such experiments in the laboratory of the ,institution as they think useful2 ,messrs4 ,hatchett1 ,howard1 and ,nicholson were requested to draw up a few short rules for the ordinary meetings and manner of conducting the business of the committee2 and once a month or once a fortnight the committee was to be allowed to dine together at the house of the ,institution4 ,the managers resolved that on ,november #b ,mr4 ,davy should begin a course of lectures on ,tanning2 that he should have leave of absence in ,july1 ,august1 and ,september1 to learn the practical part of the business2 and that respectable persons of the trade1 if recommended by proprietors of the ,institution1 should be admitted gratis4 ,in order to obtain more support ,count ,rumford drew up in his own name a letter to be sent as a circular with a printed fly-leaf4 ,the heading of it ran thus3 ,being desirous of becoming a member of the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain1 ,i request that ,count ,rumford would propose me to the managers of the said ,institution as a candidate for election in the class pointed out in the column below1 in which my name is subscribed4 #ast class proprietors1 who up to ,may #ahjb pay seventy guineas2 #bnd class life subscribers1 who pay twenty guineas2 #crd class annual subscribers1 three guineas4 ,the letter states that1 as the ,institution will certainly become more interesting and more useful in proportion as it is made more complete and more extensive in all its numerous details1 it is very desirable that as great a number as possible of respectable individuals should be induced to unite in its support and interest themselves in its prosperity2 and then1 after mentioning that its plan has been much praised abroad1 it says3 ,and if some persons in this country1 influenced by misrepresentation or by groundless apprehensions or other motives1 have been withheld from giving to the undertaking their countenance and support1 the character1 reputation1 and distinguished rank of many of those who have been most active in promoting it1 and who certainly may be supposed to be best acquainted with its nature and tendency1 and above all the ostensible patronage of our most gracious ,sovereign1 who has given so many proofs of his solicitude to encourage useful improvements and to discourage dangerous and doubtful innovations1 ought to be sufficient to relieve the doubts of all1 and to recommend the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain to the support of all those who take pleasure in contributing to the diffusion of useful knowledge and the encouragement of industry and ingenuity4 ,the postscript says3 ,any one or more gentlemen of your acquaintance whom you shall recommend will be proposed to the managers1 and will no doubt be elected4 ,soon after the third number of the ,journal was edited by ,rumford alone4 ,it contained a paper on the #8,use of ,steam as a ,vehicle for ,conveying ,heat from one ,place to another1' by ,count ,rumford1 and #8,an ,account of a ,new ,eudyometer1' by ,mr4 ,davy4 ,in ,july ,count ,rumford returned to his own house1 but he was requested to continue his general superintendence of the works in the same manner as if he had continued to reside in the house4 ,dr4 ,young1 at the recommendation of ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 was made ,professor of ,natural ,philosophy1 ,editor of the ,journals1 and ,superintendent of the ,house1 with #cjjl4 a year and rooms4 ,in the autumn ,dr4 ,young alone edited the fourth number of the ,journal1 which consisted only of the outlines of a view of galvanism1 which ,davy had made his first course of lectures4 ,in ,august the ,committee of ,chemistry agreed to the following rules3 ,to meet by summons the third ,wednesday of every month at #g ,p4,m4 ,that all decisions should be by ballot4 ,the decisions respecting experiments to be undertaken should be made by a majority1 consisting of three or more members4 ,that the orders to the proper officers of the ,institution concerning experiments should be strictly attended to1 and be immediately carried into effect4 ,that by unanimous ballot the ,committee should elect new members4 ,that every question should be put in writing1 proposed1 and seconded4 ,that apparatus or materials1 if immediately required1 should be obtained without reference to the ,committee of ,managers4 ,that the clerk should attend and take notes of all the proceedings of the ,committee4 ,the managers immediately agreed that no person should be added to any committee without previous consultation with the committee on the qualification of the candidate proposed for election4 ,in the autumn ,count ,rumford went to ,paris and ,germany1 and made the acquaintance of ,madame ,lavoisier4 ,he returned by ,paris4 ,the clerk1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,savage1 wrote to him1 probably in ,december3 ,in obedience to your commands1 ,i annex an account of the present state of the works at the ,royal ,institution4 ,he then gives the state of the laboratory1 the workshops for iron and copper1 the joiners' workshops1 the kitchen1 the library1 the hall1 and passage to the conversation room4 ,he then says3 ,the repository is in the same state you left it2 indeed1 it has been1 and is at present1 a workshop for the plumbers and glaziers4 ,the printing office4 ,we are busy printing ,dr4 ,young's syllabus and beginning ,mr4 ,davy's4 ,dr4 ,young's is expected to make #aj or #ab sheets4 ,of ,mr4 ,davy's there is none printed off4 ,it is meant to be #f sheets4 ,we print #a1jjj on common paper and #ajj on large paper of ,dr4 ,young's1 and #ejj on common paper and #ej large of ,mr4 ,davy's4 ,we have printed one sheet for a number of the ,journals which contains part of ,mr4 ,davy's paper on ,galvanism1 but it appears very uncertain when we shall publish it4 ,this was ,no4 #d4 ,the apparatus for warming the lecture room is fitted up4 ,they have tried it1 but have not yet been able to raise the temperature more than #e degrees4 ,it is considerably hotter under the seats1 and they have bored a great number of holes through the front of them to admit the hot air into the room4 ,mr4 ,davy's rooms are fitted up2 he does not mean to give separate courses of lectures on tanning1 and on staining and printing cotton1 but purposes to incorporate them in his general course4 ,the attic floor is far from being finished2 they have not yet begun to plaster it1 but it is all lathed4 ,there are three additional annual subscribers1 one of them through your letter 7the circular74 ,the ,committee of ,chemistry have resolved to recommend to the managers to provide apparatus to the amount of #cadl4 #aas4 for the laboratory1 and to stop the passage through and attach the servants' hall to the laboratory4#ai ,he ends his letter thus3 ,i anxiously wish for your return1 as ,i can perceive that the ,institution begins to feel the want of you4 ,i have the honour to be1 with the greatest respect1 ,sir1 your most humble ,servant1 ,w4 ,s4 ,the energy of supervision and the power of organisation of ,count ,rumford enabled him in #ahja to work out most of his plan2 but to keep it in action far more money was wanted than he had obtained1 and to perfect it he must have continued much longer to act the part of a dictator4 ,before #ahja was ended a new and powerful interest began to draw him away from his ,institution and from ,england4 ,in three years he had made more or less perfect working models of an industrial school for mechanics2 of a society for diffusing useful knowledge by publications and lectures2 of a mechanical exhibition of things useful to the poor and to the rich2 of an association for the promotion of scientific investigation by means of different committees of workers2 and of a convenient modern club1 with a school of cookery attached to it4 ,he had included all these objects in one design1 and had placed them under one roof4 ,he was not yet fifty years old1 and after the events through which his energy had carried him he saw no difficulty1 and thought it would be easy to make his most complicated ,institution prove to the world how scientific knowledge might be useful to the lower as well as to the higher classes4 ,he expected to gain the support of the whole nation4 ,he wished that his ,institution should be approved by all the world4 ,the difficulties and dangers that arose as he worked out his plan became only stimulants to his energy1 and if engagements at ,munich and attractions at ,paris had not interfered1 he would not have allowed his original ,institution to fail from any want of support or from any opposition to his designs4 ,already he had made enemies and met with difficulties1 and early in #ahjb political necessity and private interest led him abroad1 and made him agree to changes which affected the foundations of his ,institution1 and caused it to approach in some respects nearer to its present form4 ,thus the year #ahjb saw the first great change in the management of the ,royal ,institution4 ,in the sixth number of the ,journal of the ,institution the lectures of ,young1 and in the seventh number the lectures of ,davy1 which began on ,january #ba1 are mentioned by ,young thus3 ,as the object of the ,journals is to present to their readers discussions tending either to practical utility or to the illustrations of the principles of science1 so particulars of any mode of demonstration either new or not commonly known that may occur in the lectures will be noticed4 ,not that anything like an abstract is intended1 for this may be found in the compendiums already published2 but it may be the more proper to notice some experiments as it has not been possible to introduce an enumeration of experiments into those compendiums4 ,in a meeting of the ,committee of ,chemistry of the ,institution on the #bjth of ,january it was resolved that-- ,the ,committee of ,chemistry1 having taken into consideration the present state of knowledge respecting the history of metallic alloys1 and being of opinion that this branch of chemistry 7so eminently important to science and so useful to various arts7 has not been hitherto investigated with due accuracy1 resolve that a series of experiments shall be made in the laboratory of the ,royal ,institution1 in order to ascertain with all possible precision the physical and chemical properties of these metallic compounds4 ,this is probably the germ of ,faraday's investigation of the alloys of steel4 ,count ,rumford moved that all the stock #g1jjjl4 in the funds belonging to the ,institution should be sold out to pay for the new buildings and other debts4 ,early in ,february it was resolved that each proprietor should have an extra transferable ticket1 #8to facilitate the admission of such artists and mechanics as may derive advantage from the public lectures delivered at the ,institution1 which will give admittance to the gallery only of the great lecture room and to no other part of the house4 #8,resolved1--,that this new arrangement1 which is intended as an experiment1 do continue as long as the managers shall deem it expedient4' ,on ,april #ab ,count ,rumford passed a resolution to increase the payments of life subscribers to forty guineas and of annual subscribers to four guineas1 and to elect a new class of subscribers to the lectures only1 the payment being two guineas4 ,a requisition had been drawn up and signed to call a general meeting of the proprietors to enlarge the body of managers and visitors to fifteen1 and to stop the election of more proprietors4 ,count ,rumford did not sign this requisition4 ,the managers who signed it were ,winchelsea1 ,morton1 ,pelham1 ,banks1 ,sullivan1 and ,hatchett4 ,that the management of the ,institution at this time was by no means harmonious is seen by a letter of ,mr4 ,webster to his mother1 and by his recollections1 written some time afterwards1 of the failure of the school for mechanics1 of which he was to have been master4 ,january #h1 #ahjb4 ,i wish ,i could give you a more favourable account of my situation at the ,institution4 ,i believe ,i told you it did not by any means answer my expectations2 the men who conduct it at present cannot always be its managers1 and its very system may and probably will be very much altered at some future period4444 ,except some change takes place in the domestic arrangements of the ,institution1 ,i do not think that ,i shall sleep there again2 ,i am sorry to say that whatever good qualities the managers possess--and they are by no means deficient in them--they have shown very little attention to the comforts of those employed in it4 ,in his recollections he says3 ,but this project for improving mechanics1 well intended as it was1 which promised to be so useful1 and which had already gained for the ,institution #8golden opinions1' was doomed to be crushed by the timidity 7for ,i shall forbear to speak more harshly7 of a few4 ,i was asked rudely 7by an individual whom ,i shall not now name7 what ,i meant by instructing the lower classes in science4 ,i was told likewise that it was resolved upon that the plan must be dropped as quietly as possible4 ,it was thought to have a dangerous political tendency1 and ,i was told that if ,i persisted ,i would become a marked man6 ,it was in vain to argue--the time was unfavourable--and ,i found the necessity of yielding4 ,no notice was ever given publicly that the idea of instructing the mechanic was abandoned1 and ,i have no doubt but that in many parts of the kingdom the ,institution got the credit of great liberality long after the mechanics' school had become extinct4 ,i have no wish to detail now a thousand circumstances curious enough in a historical point of view connected with my residence in the house of the ,royal ,institution2 suffice it to say that1 notwithstanding ,i became much known and had many friends1 yet my chief views being evidently thwarted1 and there being no prospect of my situation becoming valuable in a pecuniary way1 ,i thought it was high time to think of my own interest1 and ,i determined on becoming a landscape painter1 a profession which then offered considerable prospects in a very agreeable and independent occupation4 ,count ,rumford left ,england about the same time1 certainly neither rewarded nor thanked in proportion to the good he had done4 ,the management of the ,institution now fell into other hands1 and1 from what appeared to me very erroneous reasoning1 my mechanics' stone staircase was pulled down at a considerable expense4 ,all the culinary and other contrivances which the ,count and ,i had taken so much trouble to fit up in the kitchen as an exhibition--and many of them were really good things--were put away4 ,the workmen employed in the house to make models were discharged1 there being no one to direct them4 ,the lecture room had been warmed by steam and satisfactorily4 ,when the boiler was worn out 7as things will in time7 the whole steam apparatus was taken away by the ironmonger then employed1 and something of his own was put up1 which for years was an annoyance to ,mr4 ,faraday1 who did not even know that steam had ever been employed till ,i informed him4 ,in short1 it might seem as if the then managers had resolved that the ,institution should not be for the application of science to the common purposes of life4 ,on ,april #bf ,mr4 ,webster was allowed leave of absence for the benefit of his health until ,december #a1 and he was given #ejl4 on account of his salary4 ,this was his retirement from the ,institution4 ,in #ahbf he was appointed house secretary of the ,geological ,society1 and ,curator of the ,museum4 ,he died in #ahdd1 ,professor of ,geology in the 7then7 ,london ,university4 ,at the meeting of managers and visitors on the same day ,count ,rumford made a report on the present state of the ,institution4 ,this was the last meeting of the managers that he ever attended4 ,he said3 #8,i shall briefly state what has been accomplished since my last report on ,may #be1 #ahja1 and what still remains to be done to complete this great and interesting establishment in all its details4' ,he spoke of the new lecture room as holding nine hundred persons2 #8a whisper may be distinctly heard from one extremity to the other1 and no echo is ever perceived in it on any occasion4' ,this theatre is warmed in cold weather by steam1 which1 coming in covered and concealed tubes from the lower part of the house1 circulates in a large semicircular copper tube eight inches in diameter and above sixty feet long1 which is concealed under the rising seats of the pit4 ,the repository already contains a considerable number of specimens of new and useful mechanical contrivances4 ,the chemical laboratory1 in which there is provision made for placing and using no less than sixteen furnaces of different kinds at the same time1 is quite finished4 ,all the workshops of the ,institution are now quite finished1 and they have been furnished with the most complete sets of tools that could be procured1 and several excellent workmen are now employed in them2 and a great variety of useful articles designed as models of imitation have already been manufactured in the house1 and are ready to be delivered to any of the proprietors or subscribers to the ,institution who may be disposed to purchase them4 ,the great kitchen at the house of the ,institution has been furnished1 and now contains a variety of new and useful utensils and implements of cookery1 many of which are in daily use1 and others 7which are not7 are so exposed to view as to be easily understood and their merit appreciated4 ,he then gives an account of each room4 ,the present lower library was divided into two rooms1 the first for foreign newspapers1 the other for books4 ,over these rooms was the second lecture room1 which at some future period was to become the library4 ,it will be useful for occasional lectures1 and for exhibiting new experiments1 and for the meetings of the committees4 ,the conversation room has been furnished1 and everything has been prepared for its being used as a coffee room4 ,it is now set apart for the daily papers4 ,the proprietors since ,june had increased #af1 the life subscribers #af1 and annual subscribers #abb4 ,all the new works to be done and every demand would amount to #c1ijjl4 ,the balance at the banks and the debts to the ,institution came to #h1ajjl4 ,the ,institution has been completed without any debt1 and the annual income is quite sufficient to defray all the expenses of keeping it up4 ,he ended thus3 ,the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain may therefore be considered as finished and freely established4 ,that it may long continue to flourish is no doubt the ardent wish of those who are connected with it1 and also of all those who are acquainted with the principles on which it is founded1 and who know how powerfully it must contribute to the general diffusion of an active spirit of inquiry and useful improvement among all the ranks of society4 ,such was ,count ,rumford's favourable statement when he was about to take leave for a time1 and1 as it proved1 for ever1 of the ,institution he had founded4 ,the contrast between this report and that which he made to the managers only one week afterwards shows that he was very suddenly made aware of the changes which his absence would occasion in the ,institution4 ,this1 his last report1 was dated ,may #c1 and it was taken into consideration by the managers the day after he left for ,bavaria4 ,he begins by saying that at the desire of the managers he has made some inquiries and taken some preparatory steps for making several new arrangements in the internal regulation of the house of the ,institution4 ,first1 of the ,journals1 to relieve the managers from the care and anxiety which is ever inseparably connected with the direction of business of account1 of multifarious detail1 and where inspection and control are difficult and sometimes impossible4 ,it was proposed to put the publication of the ,journals into the hands of ,dr4 ,young1 ,mr4 ,davy1 and ,mr4 ,savage1 on conditions which made them take the printing-office without the power of disposing of it4 ,second1 of the workshops of the ,royal ,institution4 ,these are proposed to be put into the hands of some respectable tradesman1 to be managed by him under certain regulations at his own expense and for his own benefit4 ,mr4 ,feetham1 a respectable ironmonger of ,oxford ,street1 offered to take charge of the workshops of workers in metal1#bj which is immediately under the managers' room1 and carry on at his own expense and risk the same kinds of work with the same workmen4 ,charles ,royce1 who1 in the absence of ,mr4 ,webster1 acts as an assistant of the professor and chemical lecturer1 is ready to engage to carry on the business of the model-makers' workshops at the house of the ,institution on his own account1 and at his own private expense and risk1 promising to furnish at fair prices to all proprietors and subscribers such models as they may order4 ,he will likewise continue to assist ,dr4 ,young and ,mr4 ,davy at their public lectures4 ,if these arrangements are carried out1 the office of ,steward of the ,house and ,master of the ,workshops1 held by ,mr4 ,m#8,cullock1 might be suppressed4 ,mr4 ,royce will only require a boy to clean the laboratory4 ,of the coffee room and dining room4 ,it has been proposed to give the management of these to some individual who shall agree to furnish the proprietors and subscribers with refreshments at his own account and risk4 ,he ended his dictatorship with these abdicating words3 ,all the different subjects mentioned in this report remain for future discussion among the managers4 ,many proofs exist that ,count ,rumford took little counsel from others in founding the ,royal ,institution4 ,in the works of ,peter ,pindar 7,dr4 ,walcot7 7vol4 v4 p4 #deh7 there is an epistle to ,count ,rumford containing these lines and this note3 #8,but what an insolence in me to prate1 ,pretend to him to open ,wisdom's gate1 ,who spurns advice1 like weeds1 where'er it springs1 ,disdaining counsel1,a though it comes from kings4' ,a #8,here ,i must beg leave to differ from the ,count4 ,although a man may1 like the ,count1 possess extraordinary intellect1 and though a man may be the best judge of himself1 nevertheless it is indecorous to treat the opinions of others with contempt4 ,the ,count's constant assertion is1 #8,i never was yet in the wrong2 ,i know everything4' ,granting this to be true1 the declaration nevertheless is arrogant and supercilious4' ,in the #8,monthly ,magazine1 or ,british ,register' for ,may #ahae1 in a memoir of ,count ,rumford1 speaking of his connexion with the ,royal ,institution1 and of the quarrels which arose among the managers1 this passage occurs3 ,we feel it proper to state that the ,count assumed the character of absolute controller1 as well as the projector1 of this establishment1 and conducted himself with a degree of hauteur which disgusted its patrons1 and almost broke the heart of our amiable friend and its first professor1 ,dr4 ,garnett4 ,and in ,dr4 ,thomas ,thompson's #8,annals of ,philosophy' for ,april #ahae a biographical account of ,count ,rumford is given1 and the following inaccurate statement is made3 ,i pass over his quarrel with the managers of the ,royal ,institution1 about the nature of which ,i am not fully informed1 though ,i suppose it was an attempt on the part of the ,count to retain in his own hands the entire management of that ,institution4 ,be that as it may1 the result of the dispute induced him to leave ,london1 to which he never again returned4 ,differences with the managers had nothing to do with ,count ,rumford's departure from ,london4 ,the immediate cause is seen in his letter to his daughter from ,munich on ,october #b1 #ahja4 ,he had promised the new ,elector to return as soon as the ,royal ,institution was in order4 ,dr4 ,young states that the superiority of the climate of ,france was partly1 if not entirely1 the cause of his leaving ,england4 ,probably the influence of ,madame ,lavoisier had its full effect4 ,count ,rumford left ,england for ,munich on ,may #i4 ,it is quite certain that when he left he intended to return to his ,institution and his house1 to his housekeeper and his servants in ,brompton ,row4 ,it is equally certain that he no longer was on terms of intimacy with ,mr4 ,bernard1 who was still a visitor of the ,institution1 and that he kept up no correspondence during his absence with the other managers regarding his ,institution except with ,sir ,joseph ,banks4 ,before he had left ,england one month those objects which he had considered likely to bear the best fruits at the ,institution were marked for destruction1 and they gradually withered away4 ,the state of the funds was the cause of the immediate change4 ,the bills due were #c1ijjl4 the balance at the bankers' was #c1ahjl4 ,the arrears came to #d1ifjl4 #ajs41 but these were chiefly bad debts4 ,in #agii the income was #f1cgil42 in #ahjj1 #aa1jdgl42 in #ahja1 #c1dgdl42 whilst in #ahjb it was only #b1iiil4 ,moreover the expenditure was increasing4 ,meeting after meeting was held in ,may #ahjb to make arrangements for reducing the expenditure in the workshops and printing-office4 ,in ,june the resolution of ,count ,rumford to increase the rates of subscription to be paid by life and annual subscribers was unanimously rescinded4 ,in ,july ,dr4 ,young1 when applying for leave of absence1 had to ask for the balance of his salary1 and ,mr4 ,davy at the same time requests that he may be allowed a part of his salary4 ,in the autumn the managers seem from the ,minutes to have held only two meetings between ,july #e and ,december #f4 ,but on ,december #bj ,mr4 ,bernard1 visitor1 ,lord ,kinnaird1 treasurer1 and ,mr4 ,auriol1 secretary1 were requested by the managers to take into consideration the state of the ,institution1 and to report their opinion upon such measures and regulations as may appear to them eligible to be adopted for reducing the expenses and increasing the benefit of the ,institution4 ,an accident1 as it may be called1 this year led the thoughts of ,davy to agricultural chemistry1 and ultimately gave him a reputation in the country resembling that which ,liebig afterwards obtained4 ,during the summer it was resolved that the ,board of ,agriculture should be allowed the use of the lecture room for a course of lectures on the ,application of ,chemistry to ,agriculture1 provided the subscribers and the proprietors of the ,institution were allowed admission2 and #8if the professors of the ,institution can be of any service in assisting or forwarding the wishes of the ,board of ,agriculture in giving these lectures1 the managers have no objection to their being employed4' ,the following year ,davy gave in consequence his first course on ,agriculture4 ,in #ahjc the existence of the ,royal ,institution was in peril4 ,this is apparent from a letter written by ,sir ,john ,hippesley1 in #ahbj1 to the ,president of the ,board of ,agriculture suggesting an amalgamation of the two societies4 ,he said3 #8,i recollect with pain that when ,i was of the ,committee of ,managers in the year #ahjc 7scarcely three years after the date of the charter7 our capital was exhausted and the corporation was #c1jjjl4 in debt1 insomuch that a proposal was then made at the board to shut up the house of the ,institution and to bring all the effects to a sale for a discharge of its debts4 ,fortunately a better determination prevailed4 ,a liberal subscription among the members immediately took place4 ,the debt was paid off and near #c1jjjl4 was invested for a time in the public funds4 ,i say for a time1 as unfortunately the ,institution since that period has not been exempted from the pressure of the general difficulties of the times1 and has had to struggle with their severity while its efforts nevertheless have not relaxed in fulfilling the great objects of its establishment4 ,to your ,lordship ,i need not insist upon the extent of these efforts nor the credit due to the general management as well as to the eminent talents and exertions of the able professors and lecturers who have so justly maintained the high scientific celebrity of the ,institution in every part of ,europe4' ,on ,january #ag ,lord ,kinnaird1 ,mr4 ,bernard1 and ,mr4 ,auriol made their first report4 ,they proposed to continue the existing scientific establishment alone2 to reduce the workmen1 the printers1 and the domestics2 and to appoint a sub-committee to watch the expenditure4 ,two thousand pounds were wanted for immediate payment of bills1 and the managers1 visitors1 treasurer1 and secretary subscribed #ajjl4 each1 to be repaid to them without interest4 ,the committee asked for more time in ,february to prepare the accounts of the ,institution4 ,early in ,march an accountant was called in #8to arrange the accounts from the first4' ,the result of this investigation is best seen in a report which was drawn up by ,mr4 ,bernard1 and which was presented by the visitors to the proprietors1 ,may #b1 #ahjc4 ,mr4 ,bernard reviewed all the expenditure from the first1 beginning with the purchase of the house 7and the two adjoining houses held under it7 for #d1hejl4 ,for the charter1 #ehcl4 ,for arms1 #ajal4 ,for lecture room1 repository1 laboratory1 and workshop1 #e1bbgl41 which was #a1hjjl4 less than was expected1 and #8it has been completed1 as the visitors conceive1 in a manner and with a degree of attention and economy very creditable to those who undertook the care and direction of it4'#ba444 #a1ahal4 was paid for fitting up and furnishing the workshops and for experiments incidental to the use of them4 #8,it is to be observed that a part of this expense ought regularly to be charged to the apparatus4 ,some loss1 however1 will probably be incurred upon this article of expenditure1 as that part of the arrangement seems to be in a great measure given up4 ,the loss1 however1 it is hoped1 will be inconsiderable1 as by a plan recently brought forward by a very scientific member of the ,committee of ,managers 7,mr4 ,hatchett71 it is proposed to form for the use of proprietors1 and for the benefit of the ,institution1 in these and the adjoining rooms1 the establishment of a very extensive and useful laboratory1 upon a scale of magnitude and with a degree of advantage that are not likely to be equalled in any part of his ,majesty's dominions4' ,after reviewing the domestic expenditure and the expenditure of the invested principal ,mr4 ,bernard said3 ,upon the whole the visitors have the pleasure of stating to the annual meeting that1 in the examination of the expenditure incurred in a concern of so great magnitude1 under some peculiar circumstances and difficulties and during a period of near four years1 they have found the whole of the accounts correctly stated1 verified1 and balanced except as to a small deficit of #dgl4 #ads4 #aj;d4 entered as such by mistake1 the vouchers for which having been actually produced2 and they conceive that there is nothing that merits censure and much that deserves approbation4 ,with regard to the present state and progress of the ,institution he said3 ,in the supply of useful models1 one of its original and most important objects1 very little advance is yet made4 ,the lectures and public experiments connected with them will be considerably augmented in the coming season4 ,the new plan for the laboratory promises to increase the scope and utility of it1 and at the same time very much to diminish1 if not eventually provide for1 the expense of that part of the ,institution4 ,the library and proposed collection of books of reference will form a library establishment honourable to the ,british nation1 favourable to science1 advantageous to the pursuits of scientific men1 and very conducive to the increase of the funds and of the utility1 prosperity1 and permanency of the ,institution4 ,he thus ended his report3 ,the fabric of the ,royal ,institution is now completed by the efforts of individuals4444 ,the attempt has been as arduous as the object has been great and important--not less than that of giving fashion to science and of forming a centre of philosophical and literary attraction1 for supplying instruction to the young1 and rational amusement to mature life1 with essential advantages to the public and increase of resources to the country by new discoveries and improvements in the arts and manufactures4 ,early in ,january the managers resolved that ,dr4 ,young and ,mr4 ,davy should give one hundred lectures in the ensuing season1 to begin on ,october #bf4 ,on ,january #ba ,dr4 ,young proposed to the managers a preface to the second volume of the ,journal of the ,institution4 ,it was referred to the ,select ,committee1 who advised that at the present period1 when1 on account of the situation of the finances and expenses of the ,institution1 a considerable alteration is become necessary in their arrangements1 any publication of the kind proposed by ,dr4 ,young had better be deferred for the present4 ,this preface1 written by ,dr4 ,young1 never was published1 and1 as it gives a good view of the ,institution as it was left by ,rumford1 it is of interest as a record of the past4 ,plan and ,regulations of the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain1 ,albemarle ,street1 written by ,dr4 ,thomas ,young4 ,the professed object of the ,royal ,institution is the diffusion of useful knowledge1 derived from science1 and applicable to the purposes of life4 ,the means proposed for attaining this end are1 first1 an annual delivery of lectures on the various branches of natural philosophy and chemistry1 familiar enough to be intelligible to moderate capacities1 and extensive enough to comprehend the most important applications of theory to practice2 secondly1 the furnishing of a spacious repository with models of such machines1 instruments1 and utensils as1 after sufficient experimental examination1 can with confidence be recommended for introduction into common use2 thirdly1 the establishment of a chemical laboratory1 with proper apparatus and materials to be employed in such investigations as are of the greatest practical utility2 fourthly1 the provision of reading rooms1 supplied as well with periodical publications as with works of acknowledged merit1 particularly relative to the sciences and the arts2 and1 lastly1 the extension of the benefits derived from the ,institution1 by publishing from time to time1 in its ,journals1 such improvements as may either have been made by its means1 or may have been otherwise suggested by individuals in foreign countries or in our own4 ,these objects are indeed of too great magnitude to be completely obtained at once2 but a considerable progress has already been made in the pursuit of them1 and a continuance of the public support alone is required for rendering the ,royal ,institution as well a natural ornament as a private accommodation4 ,the lectures are already established on an unprecedented scale1 in the order of the systematic compendiums which have been published2 and weekly notice is given to the subscribers of the subjects of each lecture4 ,the laboratory has been provided with an ample apparatus2 and a number of original experiments have already been made in it1 which are immediately connected with the useful arts4 ,the reading rooms are furnished with all new works of importance1 both foreign and domestic1 which relate to the arts and sciences1 as well as with newspapers and all other periodical publications2 and they are open daily1 from nine in the morning till midnight4 ,a volume of the ,journals is completed1 and may serve as a specimen of what is to be expected from them when their editors shall be more at leisure to prepare materials for them4 ,but a more complete collection of models and of apparatus can only be obtained by degrees1 and in proportion as the funds of the ,institution are enabled to support the expense4 ,the affairs of the ,institution are directed by a president and nine managers1 elected out of the proprietors at large4 ,their meetings are usually the first ,monday in every month1 or oftener4 ,the professors engage to deliver1 annually1 not less than fifty lectures each1 on natural philosophy and the mechanical arts2 and on chemistry1 and the chemical arts respectively2 to direct and superintend1 with the approbation of the managers1 the construction of apparatus necessary for their lectures1 and of other models and experimental machines proper to be placed in the repository2 to collect such information as is requisite for these purposes2 and to provide jointly sufficient matter for the publication of the ,journals4 ,the ,superintendent of the ,house is charged with the regulation of its internal economy2 and the ,director of the ,laboratory is empowered to make such experiments in it as he may judge likely to promote the views of the ,institution4 ,the clerk is required to attend in the house in general from nine to five1 and on the evenings when lectures are delivered from seven to nine2 but in particular to be never absent between twelve and four2 to be ready every day at one o'clock1 to show the various parts of the house to all persons who are entitled to admission2 to inspect and arrange the library1 to receive payment of subscriptions1 to deliver tickets1 and to keep all the accounts1 under the direction of the managers and of the ,superintendent of the ,house4 ,the mathematical instrument maker1 and other workmen in the immediate service of the ,institution1 are employed in the construction and repair of apparatus for the lectures and for the repository4 ,the ,superintendent of the ,workshops assists also in the experiments exhibited by the professors in their lectures1 and has the charge of the preparation of all necessary apparatus4 ,besides these officers1 and the domestic servants of the house1 six workmen are at present constantly employed in various departments of the ,institution4 ,such persons as are desirous of becoming proprietors of the ,royal ,institution1 or subscribers for life1 or for any number of years1 must be nominated by one of the managers1 at a meeting prior to that in which they are elected2 but in cases of emergency they may receive temporary tickets of admission as soon as they are nominated1 paying their subscriptions1 to be returned in case of non-election4 ,a proprietor pays at present #hj guineas4 ,he receives two transferable tickets of admission to the lectures and to the house in general2 but such tickets do not admit the bearer to the reading rooms1 unless they have been personally transferred to him1 with the consent of the managers1 for a time not less than a year4 ,subscribers for life pay #bj guineas1 and annual subscribers #c guineas a year4 ,their tickets admit the possessors to all parts of the house1 but they are not transferable4 ,ladies who are desirous of subscribing must be recommended by one of the ladies holding books for the purpose4 ,for personal admission to the lectures each lady pays a guinea for the season1 but her ticket is not transferable1 except among daughters of the same family subscribing with their mother4 ,ladies subscribing three guineas are entitled to introduce to each lecture any one lady of their acquaintance4 ,all subscriptions must be paid1 either to the clerk or to one of the bankers of the ,institution1 upon or before the receipt of a ticket of admission2 and no annual subscriber can be admitted after the expiration of a former year before the payment of his subscription for the succeeding one4 ,the lectures are delivered daily at two o'clock1 excepting ,tuesdays and ,fridays1 when they are at eight in the evening4 ,the ,journals are usually published every month or oftener1 in numbers of two sheets or more2 they are sold at the price of a shilling each at the house of the ,institution and by the principal booksellers1 and they are regularly sent to the houses of all those who wish to be considered as subscribers to them4 ,ladies empowered to recommend subscribers3 ,duchess of ,devonshire1 ,piccadilly4 ,countess of ,sutherland1 ,arlington ,street4 ,countess ,spencer1 ,st4 ,james's ,place4 ,countess of ,bessborough1 ,cavendish ,square4 ,viscountess ,palmerston1 ,hanover ,square4 ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,barrington1 ,cavendish ,square4 ,lady ,campbell1 ,wimpole ,street4 ,mrs4 ,sullivan1 ,grafton ,street4 ,mrs4 ,bernard1 ,at the ,foundling4 ,mrs4 ,crewe1 ,lower ,grosvenor ,street4 ,bankers of the ,royal ,institution3 ,messrs4 ,down1 ,thornton1 ,free1 and ,cornwall1 ,bartholomew ,lane4 ,messrs4 ,herries1 ,farquhar1 and ,co41 ,st4 ,james's ,street4 ,messrs4 ,hoare1 ,fleet ,street4 ,messrs4 ,ladbrook and ,co41 ,bank ,buildings4 ,messrs4 ,pybus1 ,call1 ,grant and ,hale1 ,bond ,street4 ,messrs4 ,ransom1 ,morland1 and ,co41 ,pall ,mall4 ,the second volume of the ,journals never was published4 ,three sheets only were printed1 chiefly containing papers by ,young and a few extracts by ,davy1 and then the ,journals of the ,institution ceased1 and were not revived until #ahcj1 when they were edited for a year and a half by ,professor ,brande4 ,on ,april #ba ,dr4 ,young wrote to the managers a letter1 which is lost4 ,on the #bfth the managers answered that #8they cannot consent to grant him the increase of salary which he desires for the next year1 and with respect to the other situations 7,librarian and ,keeper of the ,library of ,reference7 which he mentions1 as they are appointments which do not at present exist1 the managers cannot now say anything regarding them4' ,this resolution was not communicated to ,dr4 ,young until ,june #f1 and he then gave notice of his wish to resign his appointment4 ,he was asked whether it would be agreeable to him to deliver twenty lectures in the next season1 and what would be his subject and his terms4 ,at the next meeting it was resolved that the balance of two years' complete salary should be paid to ,dr4 ,young1 and that his engagement with the ,institution should terminate from that time1 and that1 in consideration of his services1 he should be proposed to the next meeting to be admitted gratuitously to the privileges of subscribers for life4 ,in #ahjd ,dr4 ,young1 in his reply to the articles of ,lord ,brougham in the #8,edinburgh ,review1' gave the following account of his engagement and of its termination3 ,the reviewer has thought proper to unite1 in several instances1 with his invectives against me some ridicule of the objects of the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain--an ,institution in which its managers have studied to concentrate all that is useful in science or elegant in literature4 ,this connexion appears to him to add so much weight to his arguments that he has chosen1 without further provocation1 to insinuate its existence more than a year after it has been dissolved4 ,i accepted the appointment of ,professor of ,natural ,philosophy in the ,royal ,institution as an occupation which would fill up agreeably and advantageously such leisure hours as a young practitioner of physic must expect to be left free from professional cares4 ,i was led to hope that ,i should be able to impress an audience1 formed of the most respectable inhabitants of the metropolis1 with such a partiality as the moderately well-informed are inclined to entertain for those who appear to know even a little more than themselves of matters of science4 ,while ,i held the situation ,i wished to make my lectures as intelligible as the nature of the subjects permitted2 but ,i must confess that it was not my ambition to render them a substitute for those of any superficial experimenter that was in the habit of delivering courses of natural philosophy for the amusement of boarding schools4 ,whatever may have been the imperfections of my lectures1 it cannot be asserted1 except perhaps in the #8,edinburgh ,review1' that they were fit for audiences of ladies of fashion only4 ,after fulfilling for two years the duties of the professorship1 ,i found them so incompatible with the pursuits of a practical physician that1 in compliance with the advice of my friends1 ,i gave notice of my wish to resign the office4#bb ,in ,march the ,select ,committee made their second report4 ,it recommended the supply and completion of the library1 and the formation of an additional collection of books for the reference of scientific men1 as one of the measures most likely to give permanency and stability to the ,royal ,institution4 ,on ,march #ba ,mr4 ,bernard laid before a meeting of the managers and visitors a plan for these libraries which he had prepared4 ,by ,april #d he had obtained subscriptions to the amount of #b1hbhl41 and at a meeting of the subscribers they appointed a select committee to consider and report upon the arrangements proper to be made4 ,on ,april #ad another general meeting of subscribers to the library and collection of reference decided on an address to the proprietors and subscribers to the ,royal ,institution4 ,further resolutions were adopted on ,april #bj and on ,april #bi1 the subscriptions having reached #c1gihl4 ,regulations were drawn up1 and ultimately bye-laws regarding the library and collection of books of reference were made on ,may #b4 ,the total subscriptions to ,february #f1 #ahjf1 came to #e1ciel4 #ajs4 ,this library and collection was an institution within an institution4 ,it had its chief patron1 chairman1 deputy chairman1 treasurer1 secretary1 and other patrons1 its general committee and sub-committees1 its accounts1 its bankers4 ,its great object1 in addition to the immediate completion of the library1 was #8the formation of an extended collection of books of reference1 comprehending not only the best publications in practical science1 but a library of general and authentic history1 political economy1 finances1 topography1 and other departments of knowledge that may be useful to individuals of the ,united ,kingdom1 and also to scientific persons of other nations4' ,this was formed in the room which is now the upper library4 ,before the theatre was built it had been the lecture room4 ,in ,june ,mr4 ,harris1 who had been employed at ,mr4 ,egerton's1 the bookseller in ,whitehall1 was engaged to correct and arrange the library1 and to buy the ,london ,library1 in ,hatton ,garden1 if he thought it was desirable to do so4 ,it was found to be in a very bad state and was declined4 ,on ,july #bg1 #ahjc1 at the meeting of the general committee of the patrons of the library and collection of reference of the ,royal ,institution1 a letter was read from ,mr4 ,dibden to ,mr4 ,bernard1 applying for the situation of principal librarian of the ,royal ,institution4 ,being a married man with a young family1 and having a particular partiality to the study of bibliography1 such a situation would be an eligible one and agreeable to my general habits and pursuits4 ,he enclosed a testimonial from ,dr4 ,jenner4 ,it was resolved that ,mr4 ,dibden be informed #8that it is not intended to proceed to the choice of a librarian until after ,christmas next4' ,at the end of ,april ,mr4 ,hatchett laid before the managers a report on the chemical department of the ,institution4 ,he said3 ,chemistry was always a primary object of the ,institution4 ,a laboratory was therefore erected at an early period1 and was furnished with such apparatus as was immediately requisite2 but1 as the ,institution was then in a nascent state1 great attention was paid to economy in the chemical department1 and although much was in reality wanted to render the laboratory complete1 yet nothing more was expended on this part than was absolutely necessary to the immediate demands of the lectures delivered in the ,institution4 ,on this account the laboratory has remained in a state inferior to that which might justly be expected in such a liberal and splendid establishment2 but1 as some extension may now be expected in a department so instructive1 so interesting1 and so eminently useful1 the following intended regulations are submitted to the consideration of the ,committee of ,managers3 #ast4 ,that the workshop lately occupied by ,mr4 ,feetham shall in future be annexed to the laboratory4 #bnd4 ,the forge to be adapted to chemical purposes4 #crd4 ,an air-furnace and reverberatory furnace to be built4 #dth4 ,presses and shelves to be added to contain vessels and chemical preparations4 ,this laboratory will be equal1 or indeed superior1 to any in this country1 and probably to any on the ,continent4 ,such a laboratory1 therefore1 will accord with the respectability and liberal views of this ,institution1 which1 on the other hand1 may henceforward regard this part of its establishment not only as very conducive to its honour1 but as likely to produce real and substantial advantages4 ,but to procure these some further regulations appear necessary3 #a4 ,crude materials to prepare pure products should be bought4 #b4 ,the ,professor shall be assisted by a person well versed in practical chemistry1 who shall be expressly engaged to attend the laboratory and assist in the chemical lectures4 #c4 ,operations in the laboratory should be taught4 ,the ,institution will derive therefrom honour and profit1 and1 as far as chemistry is concerned1 that one of its chief purposes will be accomplished--the diffusion of knowledge and the application of science to the improvement of arts and manufactures4 ,on ,may #b it was resolved #8that a ,committee of ,science should be appointed from among the managers to regulate the lectures and public experiments2 to direct the publication of the ,journals2 and to report as to any experiments1 or additions to apparatus1 or models4' ,it was to meet weekly and be appointed monthly4 ,spencer1 ,banks1 ,cavendish1 ,hatchett1 ,symonds1 formed the first committee4 ,on ,may #af the managers resolved #8that the ,committee of ,science should carry out improvements in the laboratory1 that the workshops should be thrown into the laboratory and fitted up as a lecture room for #abj persons4' ,for nearly sixty years this laboratory theatre remained unchanged4 ,other traces of the activity of this ,committee of ,science are to be found4 ,on ,may #bg ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 in the name of the ,committee of ,science of the ,royal ,institution1 wrote to the ,board of ,agriculture3 ,the ,committee do not expect in agricultural analysis the same degree of precise accuracy as is necessary in that intended to illustrate philosophical experiments2 it will be enough for them if the component parts of substances and their respective proportions to each other are marked with sufficient precision to demonstrate the probable effects on vegetables4 ,the ,committee are aware that at present the science of agricultural chemistry is in its infancy1 and that till it has been more matured each analysis will take up a considerable portion of time2 they trust1 however1 that it will not be long before ,mr4 ,davy himself1 or some one named by him and acting under his superintendence1 will undertake the business of analysing soils and manures for individuals at a moderate fixed price for each substance that shall be brought to them4 ,the ,royal ,institution wish to have ,mr4 ,davy's lectures repeated at their house1 and have desired me to ask whether the ,board of ,agriculture have any objection to a measure which appears to them likely to extend still further4 99 99 99 99 99 ,having been requested to suggest what ,i think a proper recompense to ,mr4 ,davy on account of his six lectures delivered at the ,board1 and also a plan for securing his services in future to the ,board of ,agriculture1 ,i beg leave to propose that sixty guineas be given by the ,board to ,mr4 ,davy as a remuneration for his six lectures1 being at the rate of ten guineas for each lecture1 and that the office of ,professor of ,chemical ,agriculture to the ,board1 with a salary of #ajjl4 a year1 be offered to his acceptance2 the duty of his professorship to consist of reading lectures in the spring at such time as shall be fixed by the ,board1 on the application of chemistry to the improvement of the art of agriculture1 and in making an analysis of such substances as shall be put into his hands by the ,committee1 in case he is of opinion that the result of such analysis is likely to throw light on the theory and practice of that most useful art4 ,this ,committee of ,science also1 as early as ,july #ah1 proposed that in the ensuing session ,mr4 ,dalton should be engaged to lecture4 ,the form which the ,institution was at this time about to take is well seen in the joint report of the committees of science and accounts on the plan of the lectures and experiments and other proposed arrangements for the ensuing year4 ,this was made on ,november #bh1 #ahjc2 the reporters were ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,henry ,cavendish1 ,sir ,j4 ,hippesley1 ,mr4 ,bernard1 ,mr4 ,sullivan4 ,they said3 ,with regard to the lectures on ,natural ,philosophy1 it is presumed that the subjects may be advantageously arranged in the three distinct courses4 ,the first should be a complete course of experimental philosophy2 the second should relate to practical mechanics2 and the third should be on optics and astronomy4 ,abstruseness should in all cases be avoided1 the processes of the arts should be particularly described1 and the operations should be on such a scale as to instruct by their applications and to interest and amuse by the distinctness and brilliancy of their appearance4 ,the lectures on ,chemistry1 it is supposed1 may be included in two courses4 ,the first would relate to the chemistry of natural history and the chemical economy of nature1 and the second to theoretical and practical chemistry4 ,from the progression of this branch of knowledge it will be easy to develope in both these courses many new objects1 and it is supposed that they may at once be rendered useful and made to excite attention and gratify curiosity4 ,it would be very advantageous to institute a particular and distinct series of public experimental operations1 showing such new facts in elementary and natural philosophy as are connected with splendid and curious phenomena or highly useful applications4 ,during the season it was proposed that there should be one hundred lectures and twenty public experiments--about four lectures weekly4 ,for affording more practical and minute information concerning the objects of science1 first1 in relation to mechanical sciences and arts1 the models of useful inventions should be increased and made more available2 second1 in relation to chemistry1 the examination of the private experimental processes performed in the laboratory might be given as private instruction1 for which those who thought proper to attend should make some annual contribution for defraying the extra expense1 as it would be impossible to admit all the proprietors and subscribers4 ,with the reduction of expenses and the strict economy that has taken place in the establishment1 it is submitted to the managers that it will not be necessary to increase at present the annual subscription4 ,the ,committee concludes the report with observations on the progress which has been recently made and is now making in the ,institution4 ,after mentioning the lectures and the apparatus for the lectures1 it is said the laboratory for experimental processes has been enlarged by the addition of the former workroom1 and has been improved by many new arrangements1 and provision has been made in it for preparing the different reagents and tests employed in philosophical chemistry and for carrying on various new and interesting researches4 ,the foundation of a mineralogical collection has been laid by the exertions of ,mr4 ,professor ,davy4 ,for the purpose of extending it one proprietor has offered #ajjl41 and others promised to give minerals4 ,a collection of fossils was also made4 ,the reading library is now completed4 ,the room for the collection of reference1 fitted up for #aj1jjj volumes1 some part of which are already purchased4 ,it was proposed to open it to the proprietors and subscribers early in the ensuing season4 ,the funds subscribed amounted to #d1cfhl4 #aes4 ,as this would not be sufficient to purchase the whole of the desired collection1 it was hoped that other proprietors and subscribers #8would enjoy the pleasure of adding their contributions4' ,on ,november #bd ,mr4 ,dalton wrote to ,mr4 ,savage1 the clerk3 ,,respected ,,friend1--,as it will not be convenient to me to be in town before the #agth or #ahth of next month1 ,i should be glad to know previously whether my accommodation as to board and lodging would be in the ,institution2 if not1 whether you know of any place in the vicinity where the same would probably be procured4 ,it will be necessary for me to spend a considerable portion of time to make myself acquainted with the structure and use of some of the apparatus1 and therefore ,i am the more solicitous on the above heads4 ,pray1 what is the usual duration of a lecture--one or two hours8 ,an immediate reply to these inquiries will much oblige1 ,yours respectfully1 ,j4 ,,dalton4 ,apartments were ordered by the managers to be prepared in the house for ,mr4 ,dalton before ,december #ag4 ,on ,monday1 ,december #bb1 at two1 he gave the introduction to a course of four lectures on ,mechanics and ,physics4 ,in this lecture he dwelt on the objects of natural philosophy1 division of the science1 utility of the study1 plan of the lectures4 ,the second lecture was on ,monday1 #bf1 at eight ,p4,m41 on the ,properties of ,matter2 extension1 impenetrability1 divisibility1 inertia1 various species of attraction and repulsion1 motion1 forces1 composition of forces1 collision1 pendulums4 ,the third lecture was on ,wednesday1 #bh1 at two4 ,projectiles2 resistance of the air1 mechanic powers1 strength of timber4 ,the fourth on ,thursday1 at two4 ,pneumatics2 nature of electric fluids1 the atmosphere1 air-pump1 spring and weight of the air proved by experiments1 barometer4 ,the last lecture was given on ,saturday1 #ca1 at eight4 ,this was followed by other courses1 making altogether twenty lectures4 ,after his return to ,manchester ,dalton wrote to his brother1 ,february #a1 #ahjd3 ,,dear ,,brother1--,i have the satisfaction to inform thee that ,i returned safe from my ,london journey last seventh day1 having been absent six weeks4 ,it has on many accounts been an interesting vocation to me1 though a very laborious one4 ,i went in a great measure unprepared1 not knowing the nature and manner of the lectures at the ,institution nor the apparatus4 ,my first was on ,thursday1 ,december #bb1 which was introductory1 being entirely written1 giving an account of what was intended to be done2 and on natural philosophy in general4 ,all lectures were to be one hour each1 or as nearly as might be4 ,the number attending were from one to three hundred of both sexes1 usually more than half men4 ,i was agreeably disappointed to find so learned and attentive an audience1 though many of them of rank4 ,it required great labour on my part to get acquainted with the apparatus and to draw up the order of experiments and repeat them in the intervals between the lectures1 though ,i had one pretty expert to assist me4 ,we had the good fortune1 however1 never to fail in any experiment1 though ,i was once so ill prepared as to beg the indulgence of the audience as to part of the lecture1 which they most handsomely and immediately granted me by a general plaudit4 ,the scientific part of the audience was wonderfully taken with some of my original notions relative to heat1 the gases c41 some of which had not before been published4 ,had my hearers been generally of the description ,i had apprehended1 the most interesting lectures ,i had to give would have been the least relished2 but1 as it happened1 the expectation formed had drawn several gentlemen of first-rate talents together1 and my eighteenth1 on ,heat and the ,laws of ,expansion1 c41 was received with the greatest applause2 with very few experiments4 ,the one that followed was on ,mixed ,elastic ,fluids1 in which ,i had an opportunity of developing my ideas1 that have already been published on the subject1 more fully4 ,the doctrine has1 as ,i apprehended it would1 excited the attention of philosophers throughout ,europe4 ,two journals in the ,german language came into the ,royal ,institution whilst ,i was there from ,saxony1 both of which were about half filled with translations from the papers ,i have written on this subject and comments upon them4 ,dr4 ,ainslie was occasionally one of my audience1 and his sons constantly4 ,he came up at the concluding lecture1 expressed his high satisfaction1 and he believed it was the same sentiment with all or most of the audience4 ,i saw my successor1 ,william ,allen1 fairly launched4 ,he gave his first lecture on ,tuesday1 preceding my conclusion4 ,i was an auditor in this case--the first time--and had an opportunity of surveying the audience4 ,amongst others of distinction the ,bishop of ,durham was present4 ,in lecturing on optics ,i got six ribbands--blue1 pink1 lilac1 red1 green1 and brown--which matched very well1 and told the various audience so4 ,i do not know whether they generally believed me to be serious1 but one gentlemen came up immediately after and told me he perfectly agreed with me4 ,he had not remarked the difference by candle light4 ,throughout the year #ahjc scarcely a trace of ,count ,rumford's name can be found in the records of the ,institution4 ,on ,january #bd1 when writing from ,munich to the clerk1 ,mr4 ,savage1 about his house in ,brompton ,row1 he only begs his compliments to ,dr4 ,young and to ,mr4 ,davy1 and on ,november #aa1 the clerk having asked him about an account relating to the ,institution1 he wrote from ,paris3 ,i assure you that ,i have not the smallest recollection of having received from ,mr4 ,hunter1 the solicitor of the ,institution1 the account you mention in your letter of the #gth ult42 and had ,i in fact received it1 ,i should most undoubtedly have laid it before the managers of the ,institution4 ,i can imagine no reason which could have induced me to keep it back2 and1 as all the affairs of the ,institution in my hands were kept with the utmost care and regularity1 as you can testify1 it is not likely that ,i should have mislaid and forgotten it4 ,this is all ,i can say on the subject1 and ,i hope and trust that this declaration will be satisfactory to the managers of the ,royal ,institution and to ,mr4 ,hunter4 ,i expect to be in ,england in the course of the winter4 ,gradually the #8usefulness of science to the poorer classes and to the common purposes of life' ceased to be the prime object of the ,institution4 ,the school for mechanics1 the workshops1 and the models1 the kitchens and the ,journals1 died away2 and the laboratory1 the lectures1 and the library became the life of the new ,institution1 and its object became #8the diffusion of knowledge and the application of science to the improvement of arts and manufactures4' ,the most memorable scientific incident in the history of the ,rumford ,institution was its relationship with ,dr4 ,thomas ,young4 ,his lectures on physics must even now be held to rank as the greatest work in the literature of the ,institution4 ,as ,professor and ,superintendent of the ,house he had no great success2 and he had no great influence on its fortunes2 but by his genius he anticipated the progress of science1 and his reputation has risen until it now ranks with that of ,davy and ,faraday4 ,a short sketch of his life will bring this period of the history of the ,institution to a close4 ,thomas ,young was born in ,somersetshire on ,june #ac1 #aggc4 ,both his parents were ,quakers1 and to their tenets he was accustomed to attribute his resolution to effect any object on which he was engaged4 ,this determination he brought to bear on all he did1 and by this he educated himself almost from infancy #8with little comparative assistance or direction from others4' ,his earliest years were passed with a grandfather1 a merchant at ,minehead1 who had some classical taste4 ,he encouraged his precocious grandchild and often repeated to him that-- ,a little learning is a dangerous thing2 ,drink deep or taste not the ,pierian spring4 ,from #aghj to #aghg 7#g to #ad7 he was chiefly at school4 ,he gives an account of his acquirements in an autobiography written in ,latin at this time--writing1 arithmetic1 ,latin1 ,greek1 mathematics1 natural philosophy1 introduction to the ,newtonian philosophy1 turning1 telescope making1 bookbinding1 colour making1 drawing1 ,hebrew1 botany1 fluctions1 ,priestly on ,air1 ,italian1 ,chaldee1 ,syriac1 ,samaritan4 ,he was a prodigy at fourteen4 ,his father had a neighbour1 a man of great ingenuity1 by profession a land-surveyor1 in whose office during the holidays the boy was given the use of mathematical and philosophical instruments and the perusal of three volumes of a dictionary of arts and science4 ,he got some practical knowledge of land-surveying4 ,this led him to botany2 and to examine his plants he made a microscope4 ,this required a knowledge of optics1 and thence he went to mathematics and fluctions4 ,from #aghg to #agib 7#ad to #ai7 his studies and his position were equally extraordinary4 ,he became classical tutor to a boy a year and a half his junior4 ,mr4 ,barclay1 of ,youngsbury1 took him as companion to his grandson1 ,hudson ,gurney1 who had a tutor4 ,young taught the tutor ,greek1 and taught his companion ,latin and ,greek1 whilst he taught himself ,latin1 ,french1 ,italian1 mathematics1 natural philosophy1 botany1 and entomology4 ,when #af 7#aghi7 he was threatened with consumption4 ,his uncle1 ,dr4 ,brocklesby1 the friend of ,burke1 attended him1 and through him ,burke and ,porson and others became interested in the great classical knowledge of the youth1 and encouraged him in his translations of ,shakespear into ,greek iambics4 ,it was at this period that his character was most strongly formed3 ,he was never known to relax in any object which he had once undertaken4 ,during the whole term of these five years he was never seen by anyone on any occasion to be ruffled in temper4 ,whatever he determined on he did4 ,he had little faith in any peculiar aptitude being implanted by nature for any given pursuits4 ,his favourite maxim was1 that whatever one man had done another might do2 that the original difference between human intellects was much less than it was generally supposed to be2 that strenuous and persevering attention would accomplish almost anything2 and at this season1 in the confidence of youth and consciousness of his own powers1 he considered nothing that had been compassed by others beyond his reach to achieve2 nor was there anything which he thought worthy to be attempted which he was not resolved to master4 ,in #agib he entered the medical profession1 learning anatomy from ,hunter in ,london4 ,in #agic he became a pupil at ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,hospital1 and on ,may #cj he had a paper read to the ,royal ,society on the #8,structure of the ,crystalline ,lens1' which he thought to be muscular4 ,hunter claimed the discovery as his1 and was only prevented by death from giving the ,croonian lecture at the ,royal ,society in proof of his right4 ,sir ,e4 ,home1 in the ,croonian lecture the following year1 stated that neither ,young nor ,hunter was right4 ,in #agid 7t4 #ba7 he was elected a ,fellow of the ,royal ,society4 ,about this time the ,duke of ,richmond1 at ,bath1 thus wrote to ,dr4 ,brocklesby3 ,bath1 ,may #e1 #agid4 ,i need not write much about myself1 as your nephew1 who dined with us yesterday1 will give you a good account of my health4 ,i have1 however1 still returns of head-ache1 and my legs continue very weak4 ,but ,i must tell you how much pleased we all are with ,mr4 ,young4 ,i really never saw a young man more pleasing and engaging4 ,he seems to have already acquired much knowledge in most branches and to be studious of obtaining more2 it comes out without affectation on all subjects he talks upon4 ,he is very cheerful and easy without assuming anything1 and even on the peculiarity of his dress and ,quakerism he talked so reasonably that one cannot wish him to alter himself in any one particular4 ,in short1 ,i end as ,i began1 by assuring you that the ,duchess and ,i are quite charmed with him1 and shall be happy to renew our acquaintance with him when we return to ,london4 ,later in the autumn the ,duke1 who was ,master-,general of the ,ordnance1 offered to make him his private secretary4 ,in a letter to his mother ,young says3 ,i have very lately refused the pressing offer of a situation which would have been the most favourable and flattering introduction to political life that a young man in my circumstances could desire4 ,i might have lived at a duke's table1 with a salary of #bjjl4 a year1 as his secretary1 and with hopes of a more lucrative appointment in a short time4 ,i should have been in an agreeable family1 have had time enough for study1 a library1 a laboratory1 and philosophical apparatus at my service2 and ,i was not ashamed to allege my regard for our society as a principal reason for my not accepting the proposal4 ,in the winter of #agid-e he went to ,edinburgh to study medicine4 ,he learnt ,spanish1 ,german1 music in theory and by playing the flute1 dancing2 and he went as much as he could into society and to the play4 ,soon after he left ,edinburgh in ,june he wrote to his friend and fellow-student ,dr4 ,bostock3 ,i have seen ,mrs4 ,siddons in #8,douglas1' the #8,grecian ,daughter1' the #8,mourning ,bride1' the #8,provoked ,husband1' the #8,fatal ,marriage1' #8,macbeth1' and #8,venice ,preserved4' ,she was neither below nor much above my expectation4 ,i can form an idea of something more perfect4 ,my friend ,cruikshanks1 when ,i went to take my leave of him1 took me aside and1 after much preamble1 told me he heard ,i had been at the play1 and hoped that ,i should be able to contradict it4 ,i told him #8,i had been several times1 and thought it right to go1' c4 c41 as civilly as ,i could4 #8,i know you are determined to discourage my dancing and singing1 and ,i am determined to pay no regard whatever to what you say4 ,you think ,i shall never be able to play the flute well1 and ,i am pretty sure that ,i may if ,i choose2 as to dancing1 the die is cast4' ,at this time he gave up the dress and all the other peculiarities of the ,quakers4 ,on ,june #e he started on a journey through the ,highlands #8in se totus teres atque rotundus1' as a friend described him4 ,i was mounted on a stout1 well-made black horse1 fourteen hands high1 young and spirited1 which ,i had purchased from my friend ,cathcart4 ,i had before me my oiled linens1 the spencer with a separate camlet cover2 under me a pair of saddle-bags1 well filled with three or four changes of linen1 a waistcoat1 and breeches2 materials for writing and for drawing2 paper1 pens1 ink1 pencils1 and colours2 packing-paper and twine for minerals2 soap1 brushes1 and a razor2 a small edition of ,thomson's #8,seasons1' a third flute in a bag2 some music1 principally ,scotch1 bound with some blank music-paper2 wafers2 a box for botanising2 a thermometer2 two little bottles with spirits for preserving insects2 a bag for picking up stones2 two maps of ,scotland--,ainslie's small one and ,sayer's2 letters of recommendation4 ,the bags had pockets at the end1 one containing a pair of shoes1 the other boards with straps and paper for drying plants4 ,i found my bags at first an encumbrance1 but became afterwards more reconciled to them4 ,they are to a saddle what pockets are to a coat2 and who objects to wearing pockets8 ,but they were wetted the first day and stained their contents4 ,this will make me more careful in future4 ,some of his notes at ,gordon and ,inverary ,castles are cabinet pictures4 ,it was ,lady ,georgina's birthday 7afterwards ,duchess of ,bedford72 the flag was hoisted4 ,lord ,alexander's regiment of little boys was paraded1 and employed in racing and dancing on the green1 and in the evening a ball was given to the servants2 all the family went downstairs and amused themselves with observing the agility of the lads and lasses4 ,every person employed about the house1 except one man1 is married1 and most of them are descended from those who have served the family before them4 ,the ,duchess proposed1 in honour of the day1 that ,sir ,george ,abercrombie and ,i should dance a reel with the two younger ladies2 for they danced nothing but reels4 ,afterwards the ,duke danced with one of the upper servants4 ,some time after our party joined again in the amusement at the same time with two others2 when it was late1 and ,sir ,george was tired1 we took a girl in his place and resumed the sport4 ,lady ,madeline 7,sinclair7 sat by1 and made the music play till the other sets quitted the field1 and left us victorious to reel through the whole room4 ,i have now written as much of dancing in my tour as ,johnson has in his1 and as much more as a young man may be expected to write of it than an old one4 ,at ,inverary he writes after breakfast the party were to ride1 and the ,doctor gravely submitted to my determination whether ,i would go at a slow pace with him and the ,duke to view the country leisurely on the way1 or ride with the ladies and be galloped over4 ,i told him that of all things ,i liked to be galloped over1 and therefore should be of the youthful party4444 ,after dinner the ,duke rode again1 and the younger men of the party took a walk4 ,i left them about nine1 and joined the ladies at tea4 ,i was showing ,lady ,charlotte some of my sketches2 she begged to see my notes1 and ,i showed the greatest part of them4 ,all the family are musical2 the ladies sing admirably4 ,cards and a fine piano occupied the evening4 ,after supper1 besides other songs1 ,i heard a most beautiful canzonet by ,jackson1 beginning #8,love in thy eyes4' ,it was twelve o'clock when we retired4 ,after breakfast ,i took my leave1 not without regretting that ,i had so little time to observe the beauties of ,inverary4 ,lady ,charlotte is handsomer than ,lady ,augusta3 she sings better1 but she has less good sense and less sweetness4 ,an innocent girlishness sometimes gives her the appearance of a little affectation4 ,she is to ,lady ,augusta what ,venus is to ,minerva4 ,i suppose she wishes for no more4 ,both are goddesses4 ,on ,october #g he left ,london to graduate at ,gttingen2 he went by ,hamburg4 ,on ,december #ad he wrote to ,dr4 ,bostock3 ,you will be pleased1 as a lover of the fine arts1 to hear that ,i am taking lessons in drawing4 ,you will not be surprised that ,i receive in this study1 as well as in music and dancing1 full approbation from my masters for application and accuracy4 ,at the same time they honestly tell me that ease is wanting1 and you will also readily believe that ,i have the assurance not to be discouraged with this character1 while they all assert that ,i may confidently expect sufficient advancement in due time4444 ,i have not exhibited myself at a public dance4 ,my master1 who is a very sensible fellow1 advising me against it1 as he observed that a person seldom loses the character which he obtains from the first impressions2 but we have agreed that ,i may venture at the next pique nique4 ,on the alternate ,sundays we have a dance3 either a tea dance or a supper dance2 one from four to eight1 and the other from five to one4 ,this is called a pique nique1 and in its constitution resembles a ,scotch oyster dance4 ,soon after1 to his uncle1 he says3 ,blumenbach has shown me many civilities1 but ,i am most at home at ,arnemann's1 under whose roof ,i live1 and who has been long in ,britain1 and brought an ,english wife home with him4 ,you need not be afraid of my following his example and marrying a ,german lady4 ,i am not likely to lose my heart here1 though there are some tolerably agreeable girls with whom ,i wish to be more acquainted for the sake of exercise in the language2 for conversation with women gives both a fluency of expression and a delicacy of manners which are never to be learned from men4 ,on ,april #cj he passed his examination before the ,medical ,faculty4 ,i made says he no preparatory study1 as is usual here1 and also at ,edinburgh not uncommon1 under the name of grinding4 ,the examination lasted between four and five hours4 ,the four examiners were seated round a table1 well furnished with cakes1 sweetmeats1 and wine1 which helped to pass the time agreeably4 ,the questions were well calculated to sound the depth of a student's knowledge in practical physics1 surgery1 anatomy1 chemistry1 materia medica1 and physiology2 but the professors were not very severe in exacting accurate answers4 ,most of them were pleased to express their approbation of my replies4 ,we were all previously obliged to give a summary account of the manner in which our lives had been spent4 ,he wrote to his uncle towards the close of his residence in ,gttingen thus3 ,i have this morning been upon the back of the ,springer4 ,to mount this terrestrial ,pegasus is considered here something like ,summos in re equestri honores1 and is seldom attained without long practice4 ,i finish my lessons this week and look back with satisfaction on the health and amusement which have repaid my time and money4 ,it might1 perhaps1 be more useful to me to take some instruction how to sit in a doctor's chariot2 but it is impossible to possess any qualification which one may not want1 and capabilities are but light burdens4 ,we have another fashionable exercise1 which ,i think adequately corresponds to the athletic schools of the ancients--vaulting on a wooden horse in various positions--and ,i am much more known among the students for excelling in this than for writing ,greek1 of which they have little knowledge and not much more respect4 ,after being nine months at ,gttingen he returned by ,brunswick1 ,gotha1 ,weimar1 ,jena1 ,dresden1 and ,berlin to ,england in ,february #agig4 ,at ,brunswick he had a favourable opportunity of exhibiting his personal agility at a court masquerade1 where he made his appearance with great success in the character of ,harlequin4 ,from ,berlin he wrote1 ,december #ab1 to his uncle3 #8,you say my ,thesis 7for his medical degree1 on the conservative forces of the human body7 is caviare to the general2 but do not you think people have a greater respect for anything out of the common way8 ,it seems a fatality that almost everything ,i do1 or produce1 should be termed stiff2 in this case it may arise from my having been obliged to treat the subject in a short compass4' ,finding1 when he came back from ,germany1 that the ,college of ,physicians of ,london required two years' continuous attendance at one university for a licence to practise1 and shut out from the ,fellowship all who were not graduates at ,cambridge or ,oxford1 he went as fellow-commoner to ,emmanuel ,college1 ,cambridge2 and the account given by one who was afterwards tutor of the college brings the ,professor of the ,royal ,institution most clearly into view4 ,when the ,master says the writer introduced ,young to his tutors1 he jocularly said1 #8,i have brought you a pupil qualified to read lectures to his tutors4' ,this1 however1 as might be concluded1 he did not attempt2 and the forbearance was mutual3 he was never required to attend the common duties of the ,college4 ,he had a high character for classical learning before he came to ,cambridge2 but ,i believe he did not pursue his classical studies in the latter part of his life--he seldom spoke of them1 but ,i remember his meeting ,dr4 ,parr in the ,college ,combination ,room2 and when the ,doctor had made1 as was not unusual with him1 some dogmatical observation on a point of scholarship1 ,young said firmly1 #8,bently1 sir1 was of a different opinion1' immediately quoting his authority and showing his intimate knowledge of the subject4 ,parr said nothing1 but when ,dr4 ,young retired asked who he was1 and1 though he did not seem to have heard his name before1 he said1 #8,a smart young man that4' ,he had a great talent for ,greek verse1 and on one occasion ,i remember a young lady had written on the walls of the summer-house in the garden the following lines3-- ,where are these hours on airy pinions borne1 ,that brought to every guiltless wish success1 ,when pleasure gladdened each succeeding morn1 ,and every evening closed with dreams of peace8 ,on the next morning appeared a translation in ,greek elegiacs1 written under them in ,young's beautiful characters4 ,it may be here mentioned that when his mode of writing ,greek was laid before ,porson1 he said that if he had seen it before he would have adopted it4 ,the views1 objects1 character1 and arguments of our mathematicians were very different then to what they are now1 and ,young1 who was certainly beforehand with the world1 perceived their defects4 ,certain it is that he looked down upon the science1 and would not cultivate the acquaintance of any of our philosophers4 ,wood's books ,i have heard him speak of with approbation1 but ,vince he treated with contempt1 and ,vince afterwards returned the compliment4 ,he never obtruded his various learning in conversation1 but if appealed to on the most difficult subject he answered in a quick1 flippant1 derisive way1 as if he was speaking of the most easy2 and in this mode of talking he differed from all the clever men that ,i ever saw4 ,his reply never seemed to cost him an effort1 and he did not appear to think there was any credit in being able to make it4 ,he did not assert any superiority1 or seem to suppose that he possessed it1 but spoke as if he took it for granted that we all understood the matter as well as he did4 ,he never spoke in praise of any of the writers of the day1 even in his own particular department1 and could not be persuaded to discuss their merits4 ,he was never personal2 he would speak of knowledge in itself of what was known or what might be known1 but never of himself or any other as having deserved anything1 or as likely to do so4 ,his language was correct1 his utterance rapid1 and his sentences1 though without any affectation1 never left unfinished2 but his words were not those in familiar use1 and the arrangement of his ideas seldom the same as those he conversed with4 ,he was1 therefore1 worse calculated than any man ,i ever knew for the communication of knowledge4 ,i remember his taking me with him to the ,royal ,institution to hear him lecture to a number of silly women and dilettante philosophers4 ,but nothing could show less judgment than the method he adopted2 for he presumed1 like many other lecturers and preachers1 on the knowledge1 and not on the ignorance1 of his hearers4 ,in his manners he had something of the stiffness of the ,quaker remaining1 and1 though he never said or did a rude thing1 he never made use of any of the forms of politeness4 ,not that he avoided them through affectation2 his behaviour was natural1 without timidity1 and easy without boldness4 ,he rarely associated with the young men of the ,college1 who called him1 with a mixture of derision and respect1 #8,phenomenon ,young1' but he lived on familiar terms with the ,fellows in the ,common ,room4 ,he had few friends of his own age or pursuits in the ,university1 and not having been introduced to many of those who were distinguished either by their situation or talent1 he did not seek their society1 nor did they seek him2 they did not like to admit the superiority of anyone in statu pupillari1 and he would not converse with anyone but as an equal4 ,it is difficult to say how he employed himself2 he read little1 and though he had access to the ,college and ,university libraries he was seldom seen in them4 ,there were no books piled on his floor1 no papers scattered on his table1 and his room had all the appearance of belonging to an idle man4 ,i once found him blowing smoke through long tubes1 and ,i afterwards saw a representation of the effect in the #8,transactions of the ,royal ,society1' to illustrate one of his papers upon sound2 but he was not in the habit of making experiments4 ,he walked little and rode less2 but1 having learnt to ride the great horse abroad1 he used to pace round ,parker's ,piece on a hackney3 he once made an attempt to follow the hounds1 but a severe fall prevented any future exhibition4 ,he seldom gave an opinion1 and never volunteered one4 ,he never laid down the law like other learned doctors1 or uttered apophthegms or sayings to be remembered4 ,indeed1 like most mathematicians 7though we hear of abstract mathematics71 he never seemed to think abstractedly4 ,a philosophical fact1 a difficult calculation1 an ingenious instrument1 or a new invention1 would engage his attention2 but he never spoke of morals1 of metaphysics1 or of religion4 ,of the last ,i never heard him say a word1 nothing in favour of any sect1 or in opposition to any doctrine2 at the same time1 no sceptical doubt1 no loose assertion1 no idle scoff1 ever escaped him4 ,on ,july #h1 #agii1 he sent from ,emmanuel ,college a paper to the ,royal ,society1 entitled #8,outlines of ,experiments and ,inquiries respecting ,sound and ,light4' ,in it he established the great principle of the interference of sounds1 and he wrote one section on the analogy of sound and light4 ,in #ahjj he referred1 in the #8,british ,magazine1' to a young gentleman of ,edinburgh #8who certainly promises1 in the course of time1 to add considerably to our knowledge of the works of nature1 but who had a paper in the 8,philosophical ,transactions0 for #agih1 in which what was new was not true1 and what was true was not new4' ,dr4 ,robison1 in his article on ,music in the #8,encyclopdia ,britannica1' criticised ,young's papers4 ,in ,nicholson's #8,philosophical ,journal' for #ahja ,young answered ,robison1 and published an extension of the principles of interferences from sound to light4 ,this was the preliminary announcement of his views regarding the undulatory theory of light4 ,his first paper on the #8,theory of ,light and ,colours' was read to the ,royal ,society1 ,november #ab1 #ahja4 ,his second paper on this subject was read ,july #a1 #ahjb1 and his third ,november #bd1 #ahjc4 ,his #8,syllabus of ,lectures at the ,royal ,institution1' dated ,january #ai1 #ahjb1 p4 #aaf1 gives the first printed account of his views4 ,he says1 #8,speaking of ,newton's views1 it will be sufficient for our present purpose to enumerate the respective explanations of the principal phenomena of light as they are furnished by the ,newtonian system1 and by the theory lately submitted to the ,royal ,society'2 and 7p4 #aag7 he says1 #8,the colours of thin and of thick plates1 and the fringes produced by inflection1 are referred by ,newton to the very complicated effects of an undulating medium on the corpuscles of light1 but without any attempt to accommodate the explanations to the measures obtained from his own accurate and elegant experiments2 those of striated surfaces he has not noticed4 ,but the general law by which all these appearances are governed may be very easily deduced from the interference of two coincident undulations which either co-operate or destroy each other in the same manner as two musical notes produce an alternate intermission and remission in the beating of an imperfect unison4' #8,the young gentleman of ,edinburgh1' afterwards known as ,lord ,brougham1 in the #8,edinburgh ,review1' ,january #ahjc1 criticised the ,royal ,society papers4 ,it is difficult he said to argue with an author whose mind is filled with a medium of so fickle and vibratory a nature4 ,were we to take the trouble to refute him1 he might tell us1 ,my opinion is changed1 and ,i have abandoned that hypothesis1 but here is another for you4 ,we demand if the world of science which ,newton once illuminated is to be as changeable in its modes as the world of taste1 which is directed by the nod of a silly woman or a pampered fop8 ,has the ,royal ,society degraded its publications into bulletins of new and fashionable theories for the ladies who attend the ,royal ,institution8 ,proh pudor6 ,let the ,professor continue to amuse his audience with an endless variety of such harmless trifles1 but1 in the name of science1 let them not find admittance into that venerable repository which contains the works of ,newton1 and ,boyle1 and ,cavendish1 and ,maskelyne1 and ,herschel4 ,young's most famous experiment of stopping the rays which passed on one side of a thin card exposed to a sunbeam in a dark chamber ,brougham threw aside1 with the assertion that the experiment was inaccurately made4 ,dr4 ,young replied3 ,the reviewer has here afforded me an opportunity for a triumph1 as gratifying as any triumph can be where an enemy is so contemptible4 ,conscious of inability to explain the experiment1 too ungenerous to confess that inability1 and too idle to repeat the experiment1 he is compelled to advance the supposition that it was incorrect4 #8,let him make the experiment1 and then deny the result if he can4' ,he took no special means to make his answer known1 and only one copy of his reply was sold4 ,the poison sank deep into the public mind1 and ,dr4 ,young's researches remained comparatively unnoticed until ,arago1 in #ahae1 when reporting upon the optical discoveries of ,fresnel1 showed that a greater discoverer than ,newton had anticipated the researches of the ,french philosopher4 ,dr4 ,young gives the following account of his discovery of the general law of the interference of light3 ,it was in ,may #ahja that ,i discovered1 by reflecting on the beautiful experiments of ,newton1 a law which appears to me to account for a greater variety of interesting phenomena1 than any other optical principle that has yet been made known4 ,i shall endeavour to explain this law by a comparison3--,suppose a number of equal waves of water to move upon the surface of a stagnant lake1 with a certain constant velocity1 and to enter a narrow channel leading out of the lake2 suppose1 then1 another similar cause to have existed1 another equal series of waves will arrive at the same channel with the same velocity1 and at the same time with the first4 ,neither series of waves will destroy the other1 but their effects will be combined4 ,if they enter the channel in such a manner that the elevations of one series coincide with those of the other1 they must together produce a series of greater joint elevations2 but if the elevations of one series are so situated as to correspond to the depressions of the other1 they must exactly fill up those depressions1 and the surface of the water must remain smooth2 at least ,i can discover no alternative either from theory or from experiment4 ,now ,i maintain that similar effects take place whenever two portions of light are thus mixed1 and this ,i call the general law of the interference of light4 ,within three months he became ,professor at the ,royal ,institution4 ,in #ahja1 on the #fth of ,july1 ,count ,rumford reported to the managers that1 #8at the recommendation of ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 he had had a conversation with ,dr4 ,young respecting his engaging as ,professor of ,natural ,philosophy at the ,royal ,institution and ,editor of the ,journals1 together with a general superintendency of the house1 and it appearing from the report of ,count ,rumford that ,dr4 ,young is a man of abilities equal to these undertakings1 it was resolved that ,count ,rumford be authorised to engage ,dr4 ,young in the aforesaid capacities at a salary of #cjjl4 per annum4'#bc ,on ,august #c1 at the managers' meeting 7,count ,rumford in the chair2 present1 ,henry ,cavendish1 ,r4 ,j4 ,sullivan2 secretary ,j4 ,p4 ,auriol71 ,count ,rumford reported that1 agreeably to the authority granted him by the managers1 he had engaged ,dr4 ,thomas ,young4 ,a copy of his letter to ,dr4 ,young1 expressing the conditions of his engagement1 was at the same time laid before the committee4 ,the first number of the ,journal had been published by ,rumford on ,april #e1 #ahjj4 ,dr4 ,young alone edited the fourth number in the autumn of #ahja1 the fifth number in ,december #ahja1 and1 after editing two more numbers alone1 he joined with ,davy in the editorship till the ,journal stopped in #ahjc4 ,on ,january #ai ,dr4 ,young printed1 at the press of the ,royal ,institution1 a syllabus of his first course of lectures4 ,the first part was on ,natural ,philosophy2 the second part on ,hydrodynamics2 the third part on ,physics2 and the fourth part on ,mathematical ,elements4 ,each had a ,greek or ,latin motto prefixed1 and the following advertisement to the first part was printed3 ,in order to adapt the delivery of these lectures as much as possible to the convenience of different persons who may be disposed to attend them1 they will be divided into three parts of nearly equal magnitude1 and in great measure independent of each other4 ,two parts will be delivered in succession on ,mondays and ,wednesdays1 at two o'clock1 and the third on ,friday evenings at eight4 ,and in future winters1 each part will be taken in turn for the evening lecture1 so that the whole course may be heard at either hour4 ,the fourth part contains all the preliminary knowledge that is necessary for those who may wish to enter mathematically on the various subjects of the lectures2 it will save considerable pains in consulting other authors1 and the most experienced may often find it convenient for occasional reference4 ,it was the more desirable that something of this kind should be inserted1 as mathematical arguments will be avoided as much as possible in the lectures2 and for this reason the demonstrations which occur in the syllabus are distinguished from the principal text by a smaller type1 and a separate place in the page4 ,in a future edition a fifth part will probably be added1 containing a catalogue of the best authors1 with references to their works upon each subject4 ,one acknowledgment must1 however1 be inserted here for the extensive use that has been made of the valuable articles contributed by ,professor ,robison to the #8,encyclopdia ,britannica4' ,royal ,institution1 ,albemarle ,street1 ,january #ai1 #ahjb4 ,the volume forms an octavo of upwards of #bej pages2 and it is quite evidence enough that the matter1 no less than the manner of the lectures of ,dr4 ,young1 were more fitted for ,cambridge than for the ,royal ,institution4 ,dr4 ,paris thus contrasts ,davy's manner with that of ,young3 ,to judge fairly of the influence of a popular style we should acquaint ourselves with the effects of an opposite method1 and1 if an appeal be made to experience1 ,i may very safely abide the issue4 ,dr4 ,young1 whose profound knowledge of the subjects he taught no one will venture to question1 lectured in the same theatre1 and to an audience similarly constituted to that which was attracted by ,davy1 but he found the number of his attendants diminish daily1 and for no other reason than that he adopted too severe and didactic a style4 ,the first afternoon lecture was given by ,dr4 ,young1 on ,wednesday1 ,january #bj1 #ahjb1 and the first evening lecture on ,friday1 ,january #bb4 ,at the commencement he gave an introductory view of the nature and objects of the ,royal ,institution and of the particular plan of the lectures4 ,afterwards he proceeded to the subject of mechanics with the doctrine of motion4 ,in the introductory lecture1 when dwelling on the objects of the ,royal ,institution and the dissemination of elementary knowledge1 he said3 ,those who possess the genuine spirit of scientific investigation1 and who have tasted the pure satisfaction arising from an advancement in intellectual acquirements1 are content to proceed in their researches without inquiring at every step what they gain by their newly-discovered lights1 and to what practical purposes they are applicable2 they receive a sufficient gratification from the enlargement of their views of the constitution of the universe1 and experience in the immediate pursuit of knowledge that pleasure which others wish to obtain more circuitously by its means4 ,and it is one of the principal advantages of a liberal education that it creates a susceptibility of an enjoyment so elegant and so rational4 ,on the subject of the education of females at the ,royal ,institution he said3 ,the many leisure hours which are at the command of females in the superior orders of society may surely be appropriated with greater satisfaction to the improvement of the mind1 and to the acquisition of knowledge1 than to such amusements as are only designed for facilitating the insipid consumption of superfluous time4 ,the ,royal ,institution may in some degree supply the place of a subordinate university to those whose sex or situation in life has denied them the advantage of an academical education in the national seminaries of learning4 ,with regard to the special objects of the ,institution1 the theory of practical mechanics and of manufactures1 he said3 ,we must be more practical than academies of science and more theoretical than societies for the improvement of arts2 while we endeavour at the same time to give stability to our proceedings by an annual recurrence to the elementary knowledge which is subservient to the purposes of both and1 as far as we are able1 apply to practice the newest lights which may from time to time be thrown on particular branches of mechanical science4 ,it is thus that we may most effectually perform what the idolised sophists of antiquity but verbally professed--to bring down philosophy from the heavens and to make her an inhabitant of the earth4 ,we may venture to affirm that out of every hundred of fancied improvements in arts or in machines ninety at least1 if not ninety-nine1 are either old or useless2 the object of our researches is to enable ourselves to distinguish and to adopt the hundredth4 ,but1 while we prune the luxuriant shoots of youthful invention1 we must remember to perform our task with leniency1 and to show that we wish only to give additional vigour to the healthful branches1 and not to extirpate the parent plant4 ,he spoke of the repository of models as being a supplementary room for apparatus exhibited and described in the lectures1 and #8where a few other articles may perhaps deserve admission4' ,he mentioned the library and the ,journals as free from commercial shackles1 but made no mention of the workshops nor of the education of artisans4 ,when all the advantages which may reasonably be expected from this ,institution shall be fully understood and impartially considered1 it is to be hoped that few persons of liberal minds will be indifferent to its success or unwilling to contribute to it and to participate in it4 ,to that regulation which forbids the introduction of any discussions connected with the learned professions ,i shall always most willingly submit and most punctually attend4 ,it requires the study of a considerable portion of a man's life to qualify him to be of use to mankind in any of them1 and nothing can be more pernicious to individuals or to society than the attempting to proceed practically upon an imperfect conception of a few first principles only4 ,in physic the wisest can do but little1 and the ignorant can only do worse than nothing2 and anxiously as we are disposed to seek whatever relief the learned and experienced may be able to afford us1 so cautiously ought we to avoid the mischievous interference of the half-studied empiric4 ,in politics and in religion we need but to look back on the history of kingdoms and republics1 in order to be aware of the mischiefs which ensue when fools rush in where angels fear to tread4 ,with regard to his prospectus and lectures he said3 ,for the sake of those who are not disposed to undertake the labour of following with mathematical accuracy all the steps of the demonstrations on which the doctrines of the mechanical sciences are founded1 ,i shall endeavour to avoid in the whole of this course of lectures every intricacy which might be perplexing to a beginner1 and every argument which is fitter for the closet than for a public theatre4 ,here ,i propose to support the same propositions by experimental proofs1 not that ,i consider such proofs as the most conclusive1 or as more interesting to a truly philosophic mind1 than a deduction from general principles1 but because there is a satisfaction in discovering the coincidence of theories with visible effects1 and because objects of sense are of advantage in assisting the imagination to comprehend1 and the memory to retain1 what in a more abstracted form might fail to excite sufficient attention4 ,with regard to the mode of delivering these lectures1 ,i shall in general entreat my audience to pardon the formality of a written discourse in favour of the advantage of a superior degree of order and perspicuity4 ,it would unquestionably be desirable that every syllable advanced should be rendered perfectly easy and comprehensible even to the most uninformed1 that the most inattentive might find sufficient variety and entertainment in what is submitted to them to excite their curiosity1 and that in all cases the pleasing1 and sometimes even the surprising1 should be united with the instructive and the important4 ,but1 whenever there appears to be a real impossibility of reconciling these various objects1 ,i shall esteem it better to seek for substantial utility than temporary amusement2 for if we fail of being useful1 for want of being sufficiently popular1 we remain at least respectable2 but if we are unsuccessful in our attempts to amuse1 we immediately appear trifling and contemptible4 ,it shall1 however1 at all times be my endeavour to avoid each extreme1 and ,i trust that ,i shall then only be condemned when ,i am found abstruse from ostentation or uninteresting from supineness4 ,the most difficult thing for a teacher is to recollect how much it cost himself to learn1 and to accommodate his instruction to the apprehension of the uninformed4 ,by bearing in mind this observation ,i hope to be able to render my lectures more and more intelligible and familiar1 not by passing over difficulties1 but by endeavouring to facilitate the task of overcoming them2 and if at any time ,i appear to have failed in this attempt1 ,i shall think myself honoured by any subsequent inquiries that my audience may be disposed to make4 ,the division of the whole course of lectures into three parts was originally suggested by the periodical succession in which the appointed hours recur1 but it appears to be more convenient than any other for the regular classification of the subjects4 ,the general doctrines of motion and their application to all purposes1 variable at pleasure1 supply the materials of the first two parts1 of which the one treats of the motions of solid bodies and the other of those of fluids1 including the theory of light4 ,the third part relates to the particular history of the phenomena of nature1 and of the affections of bodies actually existing in the universe independently of the art of man1 comprehending astronomy1 geography1 and the doctrine of the properties of matter1 and of the most general and powerful agents that influence it4 ,the synthetical order of proceeding from simple and general principles to their more intimate combinations in particular cases1 is by far the most compendious for conveying information with regard to sciences that are at all referable to certain fundamental laws4 ,for these laws being once established1 each fact1 as soon as it is known1 assumes its place in the system1 and is retained in the memory by its relation to the rest as a connecting link4 ,in the analytical mode1 on the contrary1 which is absolutely necessary for the first investigation of truth1 we are obliged to begin by collecting a number of insulated circumstances1 which lead us back by degrees to the knowledge of original principles1 but which1 until we arrive at these principles1 are merely a burden to the memory4 ,for the phenomena of nature resemble the scattered leaves of the ,sibylline prophecies2 a word only1 or a single syllable1 is written on each leaf1 which1 when separately considered1 conveys no instruction to the mind1 but when1 by the labour of patient investigation1 every fragment is replaced in its appropriate connexion1 the whole begins at once to speak a perspicuous and a harmonious language4 ,on ,july #e he requested leave of the managers to be absent during the months of ,august and ,september1 taking care in the meantime to provide sufficient matter for the publication of the ,journals4 ,he went with the late ,duke of ,richmond and his brother to ,france4 ,at ,paris he was introduced to the ,first ,consul at the ,institute4 ,this year he was appointed foreign secretary of the ,royal ,society1 and he held this office for the remainder of his life4 ,he refused the appointment of secretary in #ahab1 because he thought it would interfere with his medical reputation4 ,in #ahjc1 on ,january #bf1 the lectures at the ,institution recommenced4 ,young and ,davy each gave weekly two day lectures and one evening lecture4 ,on ,tuesday and ,friday the lectures were in the evening4 ,on ,february #ba ,young proposed his preface#bd to the second volume of the ,journal of the ,institution4 ,this year1 in ,march1 he took his first ,cambridge medical degree2 he did not receive his degree as ,doctor of ,medicine until #ahjh4 ,on ,july #d the engagement of ,dr4 ,young with the ,royal ,institution terminated4#be ,on ,october #c he was elected a subscriber for life for his services to the ,institution4 ,on ,november #f he wrote to the managers3 #dj ,welbeck ,street4 ,i beg to return you my sincere thanks for the privileges of a life subscriber to the ,royal ,institution1 which you have conferred upon me4 ,i consider this honour both as a flattering mark of your approbation of the unremitting attention which it was my endeavour to pay to the objects of the ,institution while ,i was employed in its service1 and as a substantial advantage in giving me access to a collection of books so valuable as that which is now forming in it4 ,for this privilege ,i cannot show my gratitude better than by endeavouring to make such use of it as to render the publication of my lectures1 which ,i am preparing1 more and more worthy of the ,institution in which they were delivered1 and fitted to co-operate in its exertions for the advancement and dissemination of mechanical knowledge4 ,after this time ,dr4 ,young took no part in the progress of the ,royal ,institution4 ,a very short sketch of the remainder of his life1 therefore1 will be given4 ,when between thirty-one and forty-one years of age he used his utmost endeavours to succeed in practice in ,welbeck ,street4 ,in #ahjd he married1 and he built a house at ,worthing1 where he practised in the autumn for sixteen years4 ,in #ahjg he tried to become physician to the ,middlesex ,hospital4 ,in this he failed1 but he lectured there on ,chemistry1 ,physiology1 ,nosology1 ,practice of ,medicine1 and ,materia ,medica4 ,many of the lectures formed afterwards part of his work on #8,medical ,literature4' ,this year he published his #8,course of ,lectures at the ,royal ,institution' in two quarto volumes4 ,the long delay was occasioned partly from the increase of matter and partly from the difficulty of the engravings4 ,through the bankruptcy of his publisher1 ,johnson1 he lost the #a1jjjl4 he was to receive for his work4 ,the ,dean of ,ely says of these volumes3 #8,they form altogether the most comprehensive system of natural philosophy and of what the ,french call physics that has ever been published in this country2 equally remarkable for precision and accuracy in the enunciation of the vast multitude of propositions and facts which they contain1 for the boldness with which they enter upon the discussion of the most abstruse and difficult subjects1 and for the addition or suggestion of new matter or new views in almost every department of philosophy4' ,in the autumn of #ahaj he wrote to ,sir ,joseph ,banks an account of #8an agricultural micrometer for measuring the fineness of wool4' ,see ,appendix ,,ii4 ,on ,january #bd1 #ahaa1 he was elected one of the physicians of ,st4 ,george's ,hospital4 ,the contest1 he says1 was almost unparalleled4 #8,the ,cabbells were very naturally confident of triumphant success2 parliamentary influence and the natural wish to serve a man who is likely to be ,lord ,chancellor made ,sir ,s4 ,romilly's nephew1 ,dr4 ,roget1 very formidable4' #8,mrs4 ,young has emerged from death to life by the event of this contest4' ,before and after this time he wrote frequently for the #8,quarterly ,review1' to which he contributed eighteen articles4 ,perhaps the most celebrated was on the #8,herculanean ,manuscripts1' of which eighteen hundred were discovered4 #8,it is a consolation to know1' said a friend1 #8that ,brougham1 who took advantage of the growing circulation of the #8,edinburgh ,review' to desseminate his vile abuse of you1 and ,jeffery1 who permitted him to do so1 should be condemned to hear your praises on all sides1 and to feel that the publication in which they are engaged is suffering1 and is likely to suffer1 by your means4' ,in #ahad he was asked to contribute to the new supplement of the #8,encyclopdia ,britannica1' but he declined1 because #8it was necessary to abstain as much as possible from appearing before the public as an author in any department of science not immediately medical4' ,during the next ten years of ,dr4 ,young's life the failure of his efforts to succeed as a physician led him to the highest literary success that could be attained4 ,in #ahad he began his #8,hieroglyphical ,researches1' and throughout the summer and autumn he worked at the ,rosetta ,stone4 ,at the end of the year he wrote to ,mr4 ,hudson ,gurney1 who had got him ,champollion's book--#8,egypt under the ,pharaohs3' #8,i have only spent literally five minutes in looking over ,champollion1 turning by means of the index to the parts where he has quoted the inscription of ,rosetta4 ,he follows ,akerblad 7a ,swedish attach at ,paris1 a good classical and first-rate ,coptic scholar1 who had written a letter on this stone to ,silvestre de ,sacy7 blindly1 with scarcely any acknowledgment4 ,but he has certainly picked out the sense of a few passages in the inscription by means of ,akerblad's investigations1 although in four or five ,coptic words which he pretends to have found in it he is wrong in all but one1 and that is a very short and a very obvious one4 ,my translation is printed2 it is anonymous1 and must for some time remain so1 but everybody whose approbation is worth having will know the author4' ,in the summer of this year ,arago and ,gay-,lussac visited him at ,worthing4 ,young then learned what ,fresnel was doing on the diffraction of light1 and they saw what ,young had published in his lectures in #ahjg4 ,in #ahaf he proposed to the editor of the #8,encyclopdia ,britannica' to write for him4 ,he says3 #8,i would also suggest 7in addition to sound7 alphabet1 annuities1 attraction1 capillary action1 cohesion1 colour1 dew1 ,egypt1 eye1 forms1 friction1 halo1 hieroglyphics1 hydraulics1 motion1 resistance1 ship1 strength1 tides1 and waves4 ,anything of a medical nature which you might think desirable would of course be doubly so to me4 ,nor should ,i be difficult with respect to any other subject that might occur to you4 ,l'alti non temo1 e l'umili non sdegno4' ,he contributed sixty-three articles2 forty-six were biographical4 ,this year he published his #8,translation of the ,hieroglyphics' with a correspondence with ,de ,sacy and ,akerblad4 ,in #ahah he wrote the article #8,egypt' for the ,encyclopdia4 #8,it was pronounced to be the greatest effort of scholarship and ingenuity of which modern literature could boast2 yet it was only a popular and superficial sketch of the vast mass of materials which his diligence had collected and his genius had interpreted4' ,he was this year appointed superintendent of the #8,nautical ,almanac' and secretary of the ,board of ,longitude1 which was established to relieve the ,astronomer ,royal from all scientific questions regarding the interests of navigation4 ,he immediately set himself to correct all the errors of the ,almanac that endangered the safety of ships1 but1 considering it as intended for nautical and not astronomical use1 he resisted the changes which practical astronomers strongly urged on him and on the ,government4 ,in #ahbb he wrote to ,mr4 ,gurney from ,paris3 ,in my own pursuits ,i have found abundance of novelty to interest me1 both the scientific and literary departments of the ,institute happening at this moment to be particularly engaged with my investigations1 and a ,frenchman having in each of them been engaged in going over my own ground without being fully acquainted with what ,i had done1 and having had to exclaim1 #8,pereant qui ante nos nostra dixerunt4' ,fresnel1 a young mathematician of the civil engineers1 has really been doing some good things in the extension and application of my theory of light1 and ,champollion1 the author of the book you brought over1 has been working still harder upon the ,egyptian characters4 ,he devotes his whole time to the pursuit1 and he has been wonderfully successful in some of the documents which he has obtained4 ,how far he will acknowledge everything which he has either borrowed or might have borrowed from me1 ,i am not quite confident1 but the world will be sure to remark que c'est le premier pas qui cote1 though the proverb is less true in this case than in most others1 for here every step is laborious4 ,the best comparative estimate of the value of the work of ,young and ,fresnel on light was given by ,sir ,john ,herschel1 in #ahbg1 at the end of his view of the undulating theory of light in the #8,encyclopdia ,metropolitana'3 ,such is the beautiful theory of ,fresnel and ,young1 for we must not1 in our regard for one great name1 forget the justice which is due to the other2 and to separate them1 and to assign to each his share1 would be as impracticable as invidious1 so intimately are they blended together throughout every part of this system--early1 acute1 and pregnant suggestion characterising the one1 and maturity of thought1 fulness of systematic development1 and decisive experimental illustration equally distinguishing the other4 ,during the last five years of ,dr4 ,young's life1 when he was between fifty-one and fifty-six years old1 he ceased to be a practising physician1 and occupied himself with science and literature only4 ,in #ahbg1 at the anniversary of the ,royal ,society1 after the resignation of the presidency by ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 the claims of ,dr4 ,young were too strong to be altogether neglected4 ,writing to his sister he says3 ,i find there has been pretty general conversation about making me ,president of the ,royal ,society1 and ,i really think if ,i were foolish enough to wish for the office1 ,i am at this moment popular enough to obtain it2 but you well know that nothing is further from my wishes4 ,davies ,gilbert was chosen4 #8,i told him1' says ,young1 #8that he had not quite enough of the devil in him1 that ,sir ,joseph ,banks should have left his eyebrows to go with his cocked hat1 if he had left the ,society nothing else4' ,in the summer of #ahbh he visited ,paris for the last time on his way to ,geneva4 ,he was then one of the eight foreign associates of the ,academy4 ,to ,mr4 ,gurney he wrote3 ,my principal object was ,champollion1 and with him ,i have been completely successful as far as ,i wanted his assistance1 for1 to say the truth1 our conferences have not been very gratifying to my vanity4 ,he has done so much more and so much better than ,i had any reason to believe he would or could have done1 and1 as he feels his own importance more1 he feels less occasion to be tenacious of any trifling claims which may justly be denied him1 and in this spirit he has borne my criticisms with perfect good humour1 though ,arago has charged me with some degree of undue severity1 and wanted to pass the matter over as not having been published as mine2 but to this ,i could not consent3 and1 supposing that ,champollion might have been unacquainted with the remarks1 ,i thought it a matter of conscience to carry them to him this morning1 before ,i allowed him to continue his profuse liberality in furnishing me with more than ,i want4 ,from ,geneva ,young sent ,arago1 at his request1 a statement of his claims4 ,he gave full justice to ,champollion4 ,but when ,arago1 a few years later1 read his loge of ,young1 he still said that ,young's principle of phonetisation of the hieroglyphics was mixed with error1 chiefly by making symbols stand for words and syllables1 instead of for letters only4 ,he also denied ,young's knowledge of two or more signs for the same letter4 ,his health up to this time1 with the exception before mentioned1 had been perfect4 ,during this summer excursion he was most easily fatigued1 and appeared to age rapidly4 ,in a letter written soon after his return he says3 ,as for myself1 ,i am perfectly content with the life ,i lead--walking on business of routine every day from eleven to two1 the rest of the day sitting over my hieroglyphics1 or my mathematics1 and conversing in my library with people beyond the ,alps or the ,mediterranean4 ,i have lost all ambition for a more bustling life1 or more active scenes1 and ,i believe ,i am as happy as a person so old in soul is capable of being4 ,in mental faculties ,i am not yet old1 and ,i amuse myself almost daily with some petty bonnes fortunes among some of the nine sisters4 ,i hear nothing whatever from the ,admiralty1 and so much the better1 except receiving #cjjl4 a year instead of four4 ,as for ,croker1 ,i never believe a word of his going out1 and he may remain in for aught ,i care1 and be ,lord ,melville's master if he chooses2 for the stronger of two heads will generally direct the weaker in the long run4 ,i am deep in the value of life1 and ,i really begin to think that people do live longer than was formerly supposed1 though not in the extravagant degree that was asserted4 ,in #ahbh1 at the ,royal ,society1 when the ,president1 ,davies ,gilbert1 announced ,wollaston's donation of #b1jjjl4 for the promotion of scientific research and his own gift of #a1jjjl41 ,young1 as senior officer1 returned thanks for the ,society4 ,he tells ,mr4 ,gurney1 #8,i summoned up courage to take the first opportunity of muttering out1 8,mr4 ,president1 a gentleman on my right says he never heard me make a speech40' ,in ,january #ahbi he wrote3 ,our new ,committee of ,longitude is settled1 at least for the present1 though the radical abuse of the #8,nautical ,almanac' is likely to continue2 but1 fortunately for my security1 they have put the ,admiralty and the #8,nautical ,almanac' together2 so they may do their worst4 ,croker has appointed ,sabine and ,faraday and me to constitute a scientific committee to advise the ,admiralty1 which was all that the ,board of ,longitude would do1 and it is better that things should be called by their right names4 ,immediately a memorial was sent to the ,prime ,minister1 the ,duke of ,wellington1 against the #8,nautical ,almanac4' ,a report on this paper was made by ,dr4 ,young in ,february4 ,though his health was at this time rapidly declining1 his observations were written with his usual precision and ability1 giving way in one instance only to feelings of personal resentment1 if a stronger term may not be used1 which had been provoked by attacks of unusual violence and bitterness4 ,it is hardly necessary to add that he adhered substantially to the views which he had previously maintained4 ,his death1 which took place on ,may #aj1 put an end to the contest4 ,the life of ,dr4 ,young began1 continued1 and ended strangely4 ,throughout he was a phenomenon4 ,his course was very different from what might have been expected and quite opposed to that which would have been most suited to him4 ,he was the great physicist of his time1 and yet #8at no period of his life was he fond of repeating experiments or even of originating new ones4 ,he considered that1 however necessary to the advancement of science1 they demanded a great sacrifice of time2 and that1 when a fact was once established1 that time was better employed in considering the purposes to which it might be applied or the principles which it might tend to elucidate4' ,he was kind by nature and a ,quaker by education1 and yet he was always at war for his discoveries4 ,he never was free from a scientific or literary controversy4 ,as a professor at the ,royal ,institution1 as a hospital physician at ,st4 ,george's1 and still more as a practitioner of medicine in ,london and ,worthing1 his powers were entirely misdirected4 ,with a culture like that of ,newton what noble fruit might not ,young have brought forth6 ,the work he did for science was undervalued during his life2 nevertheless he was content2 and nothing shows that he foresaw or wished for that great reputation which has gradually gathered round his name4 ,two years before his death1 writing to his sister-in-law regarding the praise which ,herschel had given him in his #8,treatise on ,light1' he said3 ,i think he has divided the prize very fairly1 and ,i dare say poor ,fresnel1 if he had lived1 would have preferred his share of the honour as much as ,i do mine4 ,it was before ,i knew you that mine was earned1 and acute suggestion was then--and indeed always--more in the line of my ambition than experimental illustration4 ,but surely one that is conscious that such things may be said with some truth 7or who imagines it7 has no further temptation to be ,president of the ,royal ,society even if he could4 ,his character was drawn by ,sir ,humphry ,davy thus3 #8,a man of universal erudition and almost universal accomplishments4 ,had he limited himself to any one department of knowledge he must have been first in that department4 ,but as a mathematician1 a scholar1 and hieroglyphist he was eminent2 and he knew so much that it is difficult to say what he did not know4 ,he was a most amiable and good-tempered man2 too fond1 perhaps1 of the society of persons of rank for a true philosopher4' ,mr4 ,davies ,gilbert1 the ,president of the ,royal ,society1 in his speech from the chair on the death of ,young1 said3 ,he came into the world with a confidence in his own talents1 growing out of an expectation of excellence entertained in common by all his friends1 which expectation was more than realised in the progress of his future life4 ,the multiplied objects which he pursued were carried to such an extent1 that each might have been supposed to have exclusively occupied the full powers of his mind2 knowledge in the abstract1 the most enlarged generalisations1 and the most minute and intricate details were equally effected by him2 but he had most pleasure in that which appeared to be most difficult of investigation4 ,the example is only to be followed by those of equal perseverance4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,progress ,,of ,,the ,,institution ,,to ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,faraday4 #ahjd to #ahad4 ,in #ahjd the change in the original management and objects of the ,royal ,institution was completed4 ,the place which ,rumford1 with the help of ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 had held was taken by ,mr4 ,bernard1 who was supported by ,sir ,john ,hippesley4 ,he knew nothing of science but much of the world1 and his aim for the ,institution can be given in his own words4 #8,the object has been great and important1 not less than that of giving fashion to science4' ,in the spring the report of the visitors reflected the picture of ,mr4 ,bernard's management1 but the shadow of future greatness was there4 ,mention was made of the intention to carry on original inquiries upon new objects of science4 ,the visitors said3 ,there is every reason to suppose that a general interest in favour of the establishment has been created among the inhabitants of the metropolis4 ,the laboratory has been enlarged by the old workshop2 some of the space has been filled up with seats as a theatre for those who attend the experiments of research2 an arched opening is being made in the wall in front of the table of the laboratory4 ,this part of the establishment is now found to answer very completely the end of enabling the ,professor of ,chemistry and his assistants to prepare materials for the chemical lectures1 and to carry on original inquiries upon new objects of science4 ,a collection of minerals has been formed of more than #c1jjj specimens1 principally from presents4 ,great progress has been made in the library in the old lecture room2 the library of the late ,thomas ,astle1 ,esq41 has been purchased for #a1jjj guineas4 ,it contains a variety of scarce and valuable books in ancient ,british history1 topography1 and antiquities4 ,it will soon be opened4 ,the model room has been rearranged1 and the number of models slightly increased1 but the adequate supply of useful models still continues a desideratum in our establishment1 and seems to call for every exertion1 as forming so interesting a part of the original prospectus of the ,institution4 ,the printing press has been removed2 its utility has not been found adequate to its expense4 ,at the same time it has occupied a space in the upper story which may hereafter be employed to greater advantage4 ,the number and variety of the public lectures have been advantageous4 ,the great improvements made during the year offer every reasonable prospect of increased advantage and extended utility4 ,in ,january ,mr4 ,bernard was full of energy for the lectures4 ,to the managers he said he had reason to flatter himself that ,mr4 ,fletcher1 of ,cecil ,street1 would lecture on ,natural ,philosophy 7but ,mr4 ,fletcher could not find room for his course1 as ,mr4 ,allen was engaged on the same subject74 ,mr4 ,crowe would lecture on ,history2 ,dr4 ,stanger on ,physiology1 and give another course on ,medicine2 ,dr4 ,james ,smith on ,botany2 ,john ,opie on ,painting2 ,astley ,cooper on ,comparative ,anatomy 7but he did not give the lectures74 ,all these courses were not to cost #aejl41 if in two or three instances the privileges of a life subscriber were granted4 ,davy was asked to report on the means of escape in case of fire2 on lighting the theatre2 and whether a plan could be formed for the regular publication of the ,journal4 ,in ,february the printing office was discontinued and the ,journals were given up4 ,mr4 ,savage bought the printing press and type and removed them in ,may1 and became printer to the ,royal ,institution on his own account4 ,in ,april all ,sir ,guy ,carleton's manuscripts on the ,american ,war1 including a copy of the treaty of peace between ,england and ,america1 signed by ,benjamin ,franklin1 were given to the library4 ,the bye-laws regarding the library of reference were made less strict4 ,in ,may ,mr4 ,bernard announced his arrangements for the autumn and spring lectures4 ,davy agreed to give three courses2 the ,rev4 ,sydney ,smith two courses of ten lectures each on ,moral ,philosophy1 one from ,november #aj to ,january #cj and the other from ,february #bj to ,may #bj1 for #ejl4 and the compliment of a life admission to him and ,mrs4 ,smith4 ,mr4 ,fletcher was to give twenty-four lectures on ,natural ,philosophy2 ,mr4 ,landseer1 three lectures on ,engraving at eight o'clock on ,monday evenings2 ,dr4 ,crotch1 six lectures on ,wednesday and ,friday evenings4 ,two letters written at this time by ,sir ,joseph ,banks to ,count ,rumford at ,paris give some insight into the divisions among the managers1 the causes of disagreement1 and the different motives that had been working in the ,institution almost from its commencement4 ,it is clear that ,count ,rumford and ,sir ,joseph ,banks especially desired the promotion of scientific knowledge among the poor and the rich1 and that ,mr4 ,bernard and ,sir ,john ,hippesley believed that the success of the ,institution depended upon fashionable popularity4 ,for the first three years the advancement of scientific knowledge was the chief object of the ,institution2 in the fourth and fifth years this object gave way to that of fashionable popularity1 which was sought for until the original investigations of ,davy again made science1 in the noble function of new discovery1 the life of the ,royal ,institution4 ,,sir ,,joseph ,,banks ,,to ,,count ,,rumford4 ,april #ahjd4 ,i am very glad to find by your letter that you are well and happy where you now are4 ,in truth1 you seem so much so that your friends here begin to suppose you will take root in the soil where you now grow4 ,i cannot1 however1 disguise that your not appearing in ,england last year1 as ,i had reason to expect you would have done1 has been a material disappointment to me and a great detriment to the ,royal ,institution4 ,it is now entirely in the hands of the profane4 ,i have declared my dissatisfaction at the mode in which it is carried on and my resolution not to attend in future4 ,had my health and spirits not failed me1 ,i could have kept matters in their proper level1 but1 sick1 alone1 and unsupported1 ,i have given up what cannot now easily be recovered4 ,the ,royal ,society1 however1 goes on extremely well2 our members are industrious1 especially ,mr4 ,hatchett1 whose chemical discoveries do him every day more and more credit4 ,we shall not now1 ,i trust1 go astray1 as ,i think we have not one attending member who is at all addicted to politics4 ,all our subordinate societies also seem to prosper1 and labour diligently in their respective departments2 we have newly formed one for the improvement of horticulture1 which promises to become very numerous4 ,i send you a book on the subject of heat1 c4 7,leslie71 which certainly contains many interesting experiments and much bad reasoning4 ,upon the whole1 however1 it appears to me that he will not be an unlikely candidate for your medal of the next year4 ,pray let me have your opinion of the subject2 and1 if you disapprove of him1 who do you think a more successful promoter of the science you wish to encourage8 ,i send your medals by ,mr4 ----4 ,this is the first opportunity ,i have had1 or you would sooner have received them4 ,these were the first ,rumford medals1 awarded to ,rumford himself4 ,,sir ,,joseph ,,banks ,,to ,,count ,,rumford4 ,soho ,square1 ,june #f1 #ahjd4 ,as it does not prove convenient to ,mr4 ,livingstone to take with him the ,society's transactions or the observations of the ,royal ,observatory1 which ,i wished to have sent1 ,i am obliged to confine myself to the sending the enclosed books--#8,leslie on ,heat' for your acceptance1 the #8,nautical ,almanac' for ,m4 ,delambre--and the medals which the ,royal ,society decreed to you a year and a half ago4 ,on the subject of the first ,i much wish for your opinion whether the author may be considered a proper person to receive your medal next year2 and1 if not1 who you think a more deserving candidate8 ,be so good as to deliver the #8,nautical ,almanac' to ,m4 ,delambre with my best regards1 and to assure the ,institute that ,i shall never forget the various favours ,i have in my literary character received from them or those which literary people1 my friends1 have received from them on my account4 ,i honour and respect them both as a body and as individuals more than ever1 and look forward with earnest wishes for the time when ,i may again communicate with them freely1 as ,i once had the happiness of doing4 ,i have received their medallic diplomas for ,mr4 ,cavendish1 ,dr4 ,maskelyne1 ,dr4 ,herschel1 and myself1 and will distribute them without delay4 ,pray remind them1 however1 that ,mr4 ,james ,forbes1 ,f4,r4,s41 is still a prisoner among them2 though an old man1 possibly he does not wish to return home1 as his daughter has married into a ,french family4 ,possibly other insurmountable obstacles have prevented his release1 as the ,institute have so nobly and handsomely proved their wish that the ,fellows of the ,royal ,society should be restored to their pursuits of science4 ,from the tone of your letter it appears to me that you are likely to take root in the soil in which you now grow4 ,i am sorry that you did not return to ,england1 as you gave me every reason to expect you would1 last year4 ,your house at ,brompton is an inadequate pledge of your future residence here1 as experience has confirmed me in believing4 ,in the meantime the ,institution has irrevocably fallen into the hands of the enemy1 and is now perverted to a hundred uses for which you and ,i never intended it4 ,i could have successfully resisted their innovations had you been here1 but1 alone1 unsupported1 and this year confined to my house for three months by disease 7gout71 my spirit was too much broken to admit of my engaging singly with the host of ,h4's and ,b4's#bf who had possession of the fortress4 ,adieu1 then1 ,institution6 ,i have long ago declared my intention of attending no more4 ,you desire that ,davy may have your papers for insertion in the ,journals4 ,alas6 the ,journals have ceased for more than a year1 and the printing office is removed from the house of the ,institution4 ,your papers1 however1 shall be communicated to him1 as they have already been to ,sir ,charles ,blagden4 ,during this year a series of lectures was begun at the ,institution by the ,rev4 ,sydney ,smith1 which for fashionable attraction surpassed any courses that have ever been delivered there4 ,mr4 ,horner thus wrote to ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,murray3 ,the ,temple1 ,november #ae1 #ahjd4 ,i suppose you know that ,smith begins to lecture on ,moral ,philosophy next ,saturday at the ,royal ,institution8 ,you would be amused to hear the account he gives of his own qualifications for the task and his mode of manufacturing philosophy2 he will do the thing very cleverly1 ,i have little doubt1 as to general manner1 and he is sufficiently aware of all the forbearances to be observed4 ,profound lectures on metaphysics would be unsuitable to the place2 he may do some good if he makes the subject amusing4 ,he will contribute1 like his other associates of the ,institution1 to make the real blue-stockings a little more disagreeable than ever and sensible women a little more sensible4 ,it seems to me1 for the interest of general conversation1 that these subjects should not be quite so unknown to them as to be thought unintelligible pedantry if mentioned in their company2 and the impertinence of those who set up as adepts is the price we must pay for this important acquisition4 ,your chemists and metaphysicians in petticoats are altogether out of nature--that is1 when they make a trade or distinction of such pursuits--but when they take a little general learning as an accomplishment they keep it in very tolerable order4 ,tell me if ,i take this rightly4 ,i know it is not well settled1 and men of letters usually lean too much on one side4 ,good afternoon4 ,mr4 ,horner wrote another letter to ,mr4 ,thomas ,thompson3 ,the ,temple1 ,november #ba1 #ahjd4 ,our friend ,sydney gave his first lecture on ,saturday4 ,i was not there1 but all the accounts ,i have collected from different sorts of people agree in its favour1 and that it took extremely well4 ,during the second course ,mr4 ,horner wrote to ,lady ,mackintosh at ,bombay3 ,the ,temple1 ,april #ah1 #ahje4 ,we have all this winter had but two topics of conversation--,young ,roscius and the lectures of the ,right ,reverend our ,bishop of ,mickleham4#bg ,his ,lordship's success has been beyond all possible conjecture--from six to eight hundred hearers2 not a seat to be found1 even if you go half-an-hour before the time4 ,nobody else1 to be sure1 could have executed such an undertaking with the least chance of this sort of success2 for who else could make such a mixture of odd paradox1 quaint fun1 manly sense1 liberal opinion1 striking language8 ,you must have had more than enough of the other great delight of the public--the ,roscius4 ,as it is the propensity of all superior minds to admire1 ,i am sorry that this occasion has added another to my own proofs that ,i must place myself on a very low form2 there never was such a rage except that for ,sydney4 ,in the #8,life of ,sydney ,smith' ,lady ,holland mentions that ,mr4 ,bernard obtained these lectures for the ,institution4 ,she says3 ,he obtained considerable increase of reputation by a course of lectures on ,moral ,philosophy1 which ,sir ,thomas ,bernard1 who interested himself much about the ,royal ,institution1 proposed to him to give4 ,he continued to lecture for three successive years4 ,on ,may #ag1 #ahjd1 a new proposal was made for the advancement of science at the ,royal ,institution4 ,a special meeting of the managers and visitors was held1 and an address to the proprietors and subscribers was read and approved1 and ordered to be circulated1 respecting the formation of a mineralogical collection and an assay office on a large scale for the improvement of mineralogy and metallurgy4 ,the ,hon4 ,g4 ,f4 ,greville1 ,sir ,j4 ,st4 ,aubyn1 ,sir ,a4 ,hume1 proposed to raise a fund of #d1jjjl4 to arrange a collection in a manner which should exhibit all the interesting series of mineralogical facts2 and they proposed to establish an assay office1 to be exclusively employed for the advancement of mineralogy and metallurgy4 ,they thought that the whole time of a mineralogist of considerable talent would be employed2 and that the continued attention of a chemist of approved abilities would be required4 ,it was proposed that a mineralogical institution like the library institution should be united to the ,royal ,institution4 ,the address relating to the formation of this economic museum ended thus3 #8,the proprietors and subscribers may be assured that the managers and visitors will never consider their labours as finished1 while there remains any effort to be made for the diffusion and useful application of practical science in this country4 ,they would indeed have deemed themselves extremely culpable if there had been any delay or neglect on their part in submitting to the consideration of their members1 and of the public1 a plan which promises essentially to promote the prosperity of the ,royal ,institution1 and at the same time to contribute to the extension of useful science and to the increase of our national resources4' ,a plan was drawn up4 ,there were to be hereditary patrons1 paying #ajjl4 and upwards1 and patrons for life1 paying #ejl41 and subscribers of smaller sums might unite when they had subscribed sixty guineas and select one of themselves as patron4 ,the patrons were to elect a chairman1 a deputy-chairman1 a treasurer and a secretary1 committees and sub-committees4 ,in #ahjd ,lord ,dartmouth gave #bjjl4 worth of minerals1 and ,mr4 ,hatchett gave the cases for them4 ,in #ahje ,davy gave his own collection of minerals1 valued at #ajj guineas4 ,the committee rooms were made into the mineral room1 and #bejl4 was spent in fitting it up4 ,davy went to ,wales and ,ireland to collect minerals1 and the following year he again went to the west and north of ,ireland1 and took with him ,william ,payne1 the boy belonging to the laboratory4 ,at the end of #ahje the rooms for the mineralogical collection were ready1 and the arrangement of the mineralogical and geological specimens was made under the directions of ,mr4 ,davy4 ,the minerals and fossils were removed from the model room1 where they had been deposited1 and in consequence the models were arranged to more advantage4 ,on ,june #i1 #ahjf1 a report was made by ,mr4 ,bernard on the total failure of the subscriptions to the mineralogical collection4 ,thereupon the managers resolved that the three original proposers should receive back their subscriptions1 and that thanks should be given to them #8for the benefits which they had conferred upon the ,institution by suggesting the idea of a mineralogical collection1 and by showing that it will be practicable to establish and to support it out of the funds of the ,institution4' ,in their answer the proposers said3 ,we concur in your opinion that the space allotted for minerals and the plan pursued by the managers1 according to the funds which the ,institution can supply1 will be found equal to the illustration of very interesting courses of mineralogy and geology1 and it is bare justice to ,mr4 ,davy to state that his activity and intelligence in bringing to notice the important facts of the natural history of ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 with the aid of the managers to make his assays keep pace with his discoveries1 will ensure much credit to the ,royal ,institution and great benefit to the public4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are still of opinion that1 when the importance of a general collection and of a laboratory of assay in constant activity is felt as it ought to be1 the influence of the ,royal ,institution will not be exerted in vain4 ,the plan1 which the managers have limited to the present scale of their building and to the funds of their ,institution1 has obtained general approbation4 ,its success will give a bias to public opinion favourable to the progress of mineralogy and chemistry1 and enable the managers at a future time to extend their buildings1 establishments1 and plan to the scale which unsuccessfully we ventured to suggest to be better proportioned to their importance4 ,the original proposal was too scientific and not sufficiently fashionable to agree with the management of ,mr4 ,bernard at this time4 ,during this year another proposal was made for the good of science at the ,institution4 ,this is to be seen in a letter from ,mr4 ,davy to ,mr4 ,bernard1 written on ,june #b3 ,,dear ,,sir1--,i have reflected on our conversation at ,brighthelmstone with regard to the utility of some new arrangements that may be made in the chemical department of the ,royal ,institution1 and ,i still entertain the same opinions on the subject4 ,in all universities and places of public scientific instruction it is1 ,i believe1 usual for the professors or teachers to admit into their laboratories a certain number of private or operating pupils1 who give their aid in the processes that are carried on1 and at the same time gain practical information and are of use to the experimenter4 ,i have several times been applied to by subscribers to the ,royal ,institution who wished to assist in the experiments carried on in the laboratory2 but1 as ,i have had no instructions on this point from the managers1 ,i have been unable to give them permission4 ,i do not think any inconvenience could arise from the admission of private pupils in the chemical department of the ,institution4 ,such a plan would gratify many persons1 would tend to facilitate the execution of such operations as are carried on1 and would coincide with the ends of the establishment without burthening it with any new expense4 ,if you should think that the idea would not be disagreeable to the managers1 perhaps you will have the goodness to mention it on ,monday4 ,i enclose a sketch of some regulations for ,mr4 ,sadler and for myself2 perhaps similar ones or better ones might be framed for the other persons in the service of the ,institution4 ,i have been thinking upon the lectures of which you furnished the title1 and ,i shall be very glad to give them at the end of the next season4 ,i am1 dear ,sir1 with the warmest respect1 your obliged and grateful ,h4 ,,davy4 ,it was resolved by the managers #8that ,mr4 ,davy have permission to admit six subscribers as private pupils in the laboratory in the manner proposed in his letter4' ,the regulations drawn up by ,mr4 ,davy were read1 as well as a draft of the duties of the ,professor of ,chemistry and the experimental operator at the ,institution4 ,in #ahje the endeavour of ,mr4 ,bernard to make the ,royal ,institution fashionable was persevered in with zeal and success4 ,early in the spring he announced eighteen courses of lectures for the following autumn and spring4 ,the visitors reported that #8the success of the ,royal ,institution was a matter of public notoriety1' that #8all the debts which were owing from the ,institution have been paid1 and there is every prospect of future surplus4 ,the investments directed by the bye-laws have been continued2 these amount to #a1ccdl4 #ds4 ,the engagement of lecturers of talent and reputation has given increased interest and effect to the ,institution1 and with little additional expense4 ,even if otherwise1 no contraction of scale ought to be admitted in this most interesting part of the ,institution1 which furnishes not only an abundant source of amusement1 but also the solid materials of instruction and improvement4' #8,though the mineral collection has not proceeded with the same rapidity of success as the library of reference1 yet a considerable advance has been made4 ,the subscriptions and the minerals presented already amount to the value of about #a1ejjl4 ,the managers have laudably given up their board and committee rooms in order to prepare suitable apartments for the collection1 and have resolved to hold their committees in the library on the days when it is not open to subscribers in general4 ,notice has been given that the laboratory of assay is ready for that useful and essential part of the plan the analysis of ores and mineral substances4' ,the report said that1 #8with a view to the permanent success of the ,institution1 as the popularity of the lectures was so much increased1 the terms of subscription were altered and a supplementary list was made of ladies subscribing three guineas and gentlemen six guineas4' ,the ordinary subscription being two guineas and four guineas1 the ladies and unmarried daughters of proprietors were required to subscribe only one guinea1 #8as1 by relinquishing the transferable right of one of their tickets1 they had contributed to the success of the plans which the managers had formed for the improvement of the ,institution4' ,the visitors ended thus3 #8,the great degree of improvement and advancement under the auspices of the present managers is shown by this report relating to the accommodation and convenience of those who attend the ,institution1 instead of dwelling upon the means by which the members might be increased4' ,the number of proprietors at this time was four hundred1 and the qualification was raised to one hundred and fifty guineas4 ,a committee of proprietors1 managers1 and visitors was appointed to revise the bye-laws4 ,the ,rev4 ,sydney ,smith began his second course of lectures on ,march #bc4 ,he thus wrote in ,april to ,francis ,jefferey1 ,esq43 ,doughty ,street1 ,april #ahje4 ,my lectures are just now at such an absurd pitch of celebrity that ,i must lose a good deal of reputation before the public settles into a just equilibrium respecting them4 ,i am most heartily ashamed of my own fame1 because ,i am conscious ,i do not deserve it1 and that the moment men of sense are provoked by the clamour to look into my claims it will be at an end4 ,mr4 ,landseer gave three lectures on ,engraving4 ,from some personal allusions the managers resolved #8that it is their earnest wish that no allusion of a personal nature be ever offered on any account at the lectures of the ,institution4' ,the next year ,mr4 ,landseer was engaged to give six lectures on ,engraving1 including the substance of those already given1 on the same terms as those of the preceding year4 ,in the announcement of the engagement it was said1 #8,he will endeavour to add a few lectures of a more general nature on the ,philosophy of ,art4' ,the lectures were given early in #ahjf1 and on ,march #ag1 after the fourth lecture1 the minutes of the managers state that ,mr4 ,landseer was called in and informed that the managers understood that his two last lectures1 particularly the last1 were exceptionable from the personal allusions they contained1 and1 he having admitted that they were intended as personal allusions1 although introduced with a view to vindicate and support the art1 and it appearing that ,mr4 ,landseer had before introduced personal allusions in his lectures1 notwithstanding notice last season from the managers1 it was resolved #8that ,mr4 ,landseer be informed that it is with great regret that the managers feel themselves obliged to direct that his lectures be discontinued4' ,the steward was ordered to pay ,mr4 ,landseer #cjl41 the sum he was to receive for his course of lectures4 ,on ,march #be ,mr4 ,bernard reported to the managers #8that ,mr4 ,davy will give three courses of lectures in the ensuing season--the first in ,november1 ,december1 and ,january1 upon that part of ,practical ,chemistry that relates to the ,experimental ,history of ,water1 the ,atmospheric ,heat1 and ,electricity2 the second in ,february and ,march next1 upon the ,chemical ,history of ,water and the ,atmosphere2 and the third in ,april and ,may1 upon the ,modern ,history of ,science4' ,on ,april #a the clock in the gallery was ordered4 ,mr4 ,dibden agreed to give ten or twelve lectures on the ,use and ,progress of ,english ,literature4 ,at the first meeting in ,may the following professors were proposed for election at the meeting of managers3 ,professor of ,chemistry1 ,mr4 ,davy2 ,natural ,philosophy1 ,mr4 ,allen2 ,poetry1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,crowe2 ,belles ,lettres1 ,rev4 ,john ,hewlett2 and ,moral ,philosophy1 the ,rev4 ,sydney ,smith4 ,the proprietorship was raised to #aej guineas1 and at the end of the year to #bjj guineas4 ,the mineralogical room was fitted up for the minerals4 ,the laboratory was opened for analyses for persons paying #ajl4 at most4 ,ventilators were placed in the roof and under the gallery of the theatre4 ,it was impossible to keep out the wet because of the settlement in the foundations1 so the roof was new-leaded2 and ,mr4 ,soane1 the architect1 advised that the roof should be examined twice yearly4 ,on ,may #bi ,mr4 ,bernard reported to the managers #8that he had been requested by ,sir ,francis ,baring to inform them that a plan similar to that of the ,royal ,institution was intended to be adopted in ,london1 with a view to the same laudable and beneficial effects as have been produced with such extraordinary success in ,westminster under the auspices of the managers of the ,royal ,institution2 that the gentlemen who had taken the active part in the proposed establishment had no other object in view but that of promoting1 concurrently with the ,royal ,institution1 the prevalence of science and literature in the metropolis1 and in this they have flattered themselves that they shall receive the approbation and assistance of the managers of the ,royal ,institution4' ,it was resolved unanimously #8that ,sir ,francis ,baring be informed that the managers view with great satisfaction the exertions of him and the other gentlemen to extend the beneficial effects of science and literature in the metropolis1 and that the managers will be ready to give them any aid and assistance which they can with propriety in the execution of their plan1 conceiving as they do that the two institutions will not interfere with each other1 but will rather increase the public interest in favour of their objects and promote the success of both by the mutual assistance and beneficial co-operation which they may be enabled to render to each other4' ,in ,october ,sir ,francis ,baring invited ,sir ,joseph ,banks to become a vice-president4 ,this he declined by a letter written on ,october #ad4 ,he1 however1 expressed his wish to purchase a share in the ,institution4 ,he said3 ,i confess1 however1 ,i do not at present foresee the period at which the utility of your new ,institution is likely to commence4 ,the ,royal ,society was set on foot by a number of persons well versed in those matters which its constitution was intended to promote4 ,the ,royal ,institution was at first wholly under the direction of persons entirely addicted to science1 and has not improved since the management of it has passed into other hands4 ,the ,athenum at ,liverpool has been formed1 ,i may say1 wholly under the immediate superintendence of ,mr4 ,roscow and ,dr4 ,currie4 ,all this ,i can understand1 but how the very worthy and most respectable men you at present look up to as managers of your new ,institution will be able to guide it into the paths of science and literature is not to me quite so evident as ,i sincerely wish it to be4 ,in #ahjf ,sir ,james ,mackintosh1 writing from ,india to his friend ,mr4 ,sharp1 also shows how fashion1 rather than science1 had become the characteristic of the ,royal ,institution4 ,your account of the ,london ,institution has delighted and tantalised me4 ,i wish ,i were a professor6 ,but the printed paper is too general to admit of any discussion4 ,you do not say how many and who are to be professors4 ,it may surely be a little more solid than the fashionable nerves of ,albemarle ,street could endure without ceasing to be popular4 ,in #ahjf #8the attempt to make the ,institution fashionable' by means of the number and quality of the lectures seemed to attain the success that ,mr4 ,bernard desired4 ,there was an increase of nearly #c1jjjl4 in proprietors' shares and in subscriptions4 ,the debt of #b1jjjl4 formed in #ahjb was paid off1 and the sum in the funds amounted to nearly #d1jjjl4 ,the library was completed by a separate subscription2 this amounted to nearly #g1jjjl41 of which about #e1jjjl4 was spent in books4 ,with the exception of the ,professor of ,moral ,philosophy the same professors were this year re-elected4 ,in the report of the visitors in #ahjg the following statement of the lectures and of the general result of the management in #ahje-f and in #ahjf-g is made3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,number of ,lecturers ,subjects ,lectures4,season ,season #ahjf-g #ahje-f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,mr4 ,davy ,geology and ,chemistry #bb #bh ,mr4 ,allen ,natural ,philosophy #be #cb ,rev4 ,w4 ,crowe ,poetry and ,dramatic ,poetry #ba #bd ,rev4 ,t4 ,f4 ,dibden ,english ,literature #aj #ab ,rev4 ,j4 ,hewlett ,belles ,lettres #h #h ,dr4 ,crotch ,music #ac #be ,rev4 ,e4 ,foster ,history of ,commerce -- #h ,mr4 ,douglas ,guest ,state of the ,fine ,arts in ,spain -- #d ,mr4 ,wood ,perspective -- #i ,dr4 ,shaw ,zoology #ab #ab ,dr4 ,smith 7afterwards ,sir ,james7 ,botany #ad #ad ,mr4 ,craig ,drawing in ,water ,colours #h #h ,rev4 ,sydney ,smith ,moral ,philosophy #ad ,mr4 ,opie ,painting #f ,mr4 ,landseer ,engraving #d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #8,nothing1' the visitors said1 #8seems necessary for substantiating and promoting the interests of the ,institution but that the managers should proceed in the track which they have hitherto pursued1 and should continue to receive that approbation which has so fully rewarded their former labours4' ,on ,may #bf1 #ahjf1 ,mr4 ,bernard reported to the managers that ,mr4 ,davy would in ,november next begin a course of twenty lectures in the higher departments of experimental chemistry1 on ,vegetable and ,animal ,analysis and on the ,experimental ,history of ,heat1 ,light1 and ,electricity2 and that in the spring he would begin another course of twenty lectures on the ,chemistry of ,nature1 containing elucidations of the design1 order1 and harmony of the chemical arrangements in the globe4 ,in the first course he proposed to give two lectures a week1 on ,wednesdays and ,saturdays1 and in the second course one lecture a week1 on ,wednesdays2 the hour of the lecture to be two o'clock4 ,the ventilation of the lecture room was considered this day4 ,mr4 ,bernard later reported that ,mr4 ,coleridge would give two courses of eight lectures on the ,principles ,common to the ,fine ,arts for #abjl42 to commence in ,november1 every ,thursday at two4 ,mr4 ,lawrence1 the surgeon1 proposed to give a course of lectures on the ,animal ,economy4 ,these were not accepted4 ,the ,rev4 ,sydney ,smith proposed to give a fifth course of eight lectures in the ensuing spring for a compliment of #ijl42 #8and1 in case it should be in his power1 he would give some additional lectures1 not exceeding six1 for a compliment of #ajl4 a lecture4' ,these lectures circumstances obliged him to give up4 ,he was paid #abjl4 for his third and fourth courses1 which he gave in #ahjf4 ,his lectures were not printed until after his death4 ,but it was not by the success of the lectures that this year deserves to be remembered in the history of the ,institution4 ,lectures1 indeed1 are the support of the ,institution1 but discovery constitutes its great success2 and this year is famous for the first of those great discoveries on which the credit of the ,institution depends4 ,the union of chemistry and electricity was established by ,davy4 ,volta sent the first account of his discovery of the voltaic pile to ,sir ,joseph ,banks4 ,his paper was printed in the #8,philosophical ,transactions' for #ahjj--on the #8,electricity ,excited by the mere ,contact of ,conducting ,substances of ,different ,kinds4' ,davy1 on ,october #bj1 #ahjj1 wrote1 #8,galvanism ,i have found1 by numerous experiments1 to be a process purely chemical1' and on ,june #ah1 #ahja1 the first paper ,davy sent to the ,royal ,society was on a galvanic combination of a single metallic plate and two fluids4 ,in ,may #ahjb he says1 #8,a battery of immense size has been made for the ,institution1 and ,i am now examining the agencies of it upon certain substances that have not been decomposed4' ,his lectures on ,agriculture1 ,mineralogy1 and ,geology so occupied his time that very little remained for original research1 and it was not until this year that a close examination of the decomposition of water by electricity led him to investigate the action of the voltaic battery1 and to establish the union of electricity and chemistry4 ,for this and his former work the name of ,davy ought for ever to be inseparably united with the discovery of chemical electricity4 ,but the honour at that time paid to ,davy was not for establishing the production of electricity by chemistry1 but for endeavouring to prove that all chemical action was caused by electricity4 ,he received no praise as the founder of chemical electricity1 but he was looked on as the discoverer of electro-chemistry--that is1 of the theory that the electrical condition or polarity of each element determined its chemical action4 ,the following year 7#ahjg7 is still more memorable in the annals of the ,institution on account of the originality of the discoveries made in the laboratory4 ,no year in the life of the ,institution has equalled this in the magic novelty of the results that were obtained4 ,davy 7t4 #bh7 proved that the bases of the alkalies were solid metals4 ,he called them potassium and sodium1 and he showed that they made potash and soda when united with oxygen4 ,the year #ahca was a noble year for the ,royal ,institution4 ,in it ,faraday 7t4 #dj7 discovered that the magnet produced electricity and founded magneto-electricity4 ,great discoveries in different sciences made at different periods do not admit of any accurate comparison4 ,it may1 however1 be said that in unimagined novelty the results of ,davy far surpassed the results of ,faraday2 for the discovery of magneto-electricity had been foreshadowed by the discovery of electro-magnetism2 but in its telegraphic and other applications the discovery of magneto-electricity will keep the name of ,faraday for ever in the remembrance of the world4 ,how much the prosperity of the ,institution depended upon ,davy was made very evident by his illness1 which occurred soon after his discoveries were made4 ,in the early part of the year the managers had not recognised the fact that original discovery belonged to him1 and that their committees were useless for investigation4 ,they did give ,davy early in the year a new assistant2#bh but on ,march #i they resolved that1 in consequence of the completion of the chemical laboratory1 which was furnished with the necessary utensils and materials for carrying on operations and experiments1 #8the chemical professor1 besides his regular annual courses of lectures delivered in the lecture room1 shall make1 direct1 superintend1 and explain as far as may be necessary all chemical experiments1 or courses of experiments1 which the managers from time to time shall direct to be made in the laboratory1 and give his assistance in all committees appointed by the managers for the purpose of scientific investigation which may require his aid or stand in need of the use of the laboratory for prosecuting their experiments or researches4' ,in ,may the visitors said #8the ,institution continued to afford every prospect of realising in their fullest extent those results which its original promoters had in view4' ,on ,july #ac the lectures of ,mr4 ,davy were announced to the managers4 ,in the autumnal session1 which was to begin the first week of ,december1 he intended to give twenty-six lectures on the ,general ,elements of ,chemistry1 and in the spring sixteen lectures on ,chemistry in its ,connexion with ,physiology and the ,phenomena of ,animated ,nature4 ,the same day ,mr4 ,davy informed the managers that he proposed going into ,cornwall for five weeks1 with a view to collect specimens for the collection of minerals1 and that he wished ,william ,payne1 the attendant on the laboratory1 to accompany him4 ,it was resolved that ,william ,payne's expenses in the journey1 and those incurred by ,mr4 ,davy in collecting the specimens1 should be defrayed by the managers4 ,in ,october ,davy made his great discoveries1#bi and the last week of ,november he was laid low with fever1 caught whilst disinfecting ,newgate ,prison4 ,on ,december #g the following notice was ordered to be sent round to the proprietors and subscribers3 #8,mr4 ,davy having been confined to his bed this last fortnight by a severe illness1 the managers are under the painful necessity of giving notice that the lectures will not commence until the first week of ,january next4' ,the lectures began on ,january #ac1 but ,davy did not lecture until ,march #ab4 ,this interruption of the lectures stopped the income of the ,institution in the autumn4 ,the difficulties regarding the finances became urgent4 ,from the time when ,davy's support was temporarily removed until the reign of ,faraday was far advanced the ,institution remained in a state of great poverty4 ,in #ahjh the visitors made the following report on the state of the ,institution3 #8,since #ahjc the bills of each preceding year have been paid out of the subscriptions received in the beginning of the succeeding year4 ,the amount has varied in different years1 and is now about #b1jjjl4 ,this was not attended with inconvenience until this year1 when1 by some disappointment as to lectures and by the postponement of the autumnal course in consequence of the lamented illness of their excellent ,professor of ,chemistry1 the subscriptions have been diminished and their payment postponed4 #8,the expenses have increased4 ,the library required #ebjl4 ,there was some extra expense--about #affl4--in the laboratory1 so honourable to the ,royal ,institution and so beneficial to the interests of science in every part of the world4 ,the fitting up and forming the mineralogical collection has cost #djdl4 #8,it is proposed that #a1dfal41 to be paid by the representatives of ,mr4 ,edward ,gray for renewing his lease of one of the adjoining houses1 should be spent1 and that the cost of the proprietors' shares should be reduced4 #8,mr4 ,soane1 the architect of the corporation1 and ,mr4 ,harris1 the librarian1 have made a valuation of the ,institution property4 ,house and buildings1 with the two adjoining houses1 subject to the existing under-leases and to the proposed lease #ac1jjj ,books and manuscripts #g1jjj ,mineralogical collection #a1jjj ,laboratory and apparatus #dej ,mechanical apparatus and models #a1jjj ,furniture of the house #ijj ,consols #c1 #a1cge at #fd #hhj #d1 #b1fhd #hc #b1big #8,with such a property1 exempt from any mortgage or encumbrance1 and with views directed to the great and important advantages which science1 literature1 and morality are deriving and may derive from this royal and public establishment1 the anticipation of a part of the next year's income will not be deemed of much importance4 #8,when it is considered that in the last five years the library of reference and the mineralogical collection have been formed and newly completed1 the laboratory very greatly enlarged and improved1 and money invested1 we trust there will be no one disposed to think unfavourably of the progress of the ,institution4 #8,an anticipation of a part of the next year's income under circumstances from which a more considerable deficiency might have been expected will not make the friends of science and literature doubt of the ,royal ,institution being now established on a solid and permanent basis4' ,the income was stated to be #a1ibil41 and the expenditure #a1iagl4 ,the draft of this report was read by ,mr4 ,bernard to the managers1 and they referred it to a sub-committee1 who approved it4 ,the ,committee of ,visitors was then introduced1 consisting of ,lord ,berkeley1 ,dr4 ,glasse1 ,mr4 ,hammersley1 who considered and approved it4 ,mr4 ,dibden was requested to read his opening lecture on ,literature on ,january #ac4 ,he began with a short statement of ,davy's great discovery and of his illness4 ,probably ,davy was at this time ill in bed2 for the managers did not buy him a sofa1 for which they paid three guineas1 until ,january #be4 ,on ,february #bb ,mr4 ,davy attended the meeting of managers at their request1 and said he would commence his course of lectures on ,electro-,chemical ,science on ,saturday1 ,march #ab1 at two1 and those on ,geology on ,wednesday evening1 ,march #af1 at eight4 ,at the end of the previous year ,mr4 ,bernard had reported that ,mr4 ,coleridge would give in the ensuing session five courses of five lectures each on the ,distinguished ,english ,poets1 in illustration of the general principles of poetry arranged under the following heads3 #a4 ,shakespear4 #b4 ,spencer and ,allegorical ,poetry4 #c4 ,milton4 #d4 ,dryden and ,pope1 and the fifth course ,modern ,poetry4 ,these lectures were to begin immediately1 one or two weekly1 as might be convenient1 for a compliment of #adjl41 of which #fjl4 was proposed to be paid in advance4 ,in ,february ,mr4 ,bernard paid ,mr4 ,coleridge #djl4 in advance4 ,the lectures were still delayed4 ,at the end of ,april ,mr4 ,bernard reported that ,mr4 ,coleridge had offered gratuitously to give a lecture on ,education on ,tuesday1 ,may #c1 proposing it to be twice the length of his other lectures4#cj ,on ,june #ac the steward1 ,mr4 ,savage1 laid before the managers the following letter from ,mr4 ,coleridge3 ,,dear ,,sir1--,painful as it is to me1 almost to anguish1 yet ,i find my health in such a state as to make it almost death to me to give any further lectures4 ,i beg that you would acquaint the managers that1 instead of expecting any remuneration1 ,i shall as soon as ,i can repay the sum ,i have received4 ,i am1 indeed1 more likely to repay it by my executors than myself4 ,if ,i could quit my bedroom1 ,i would have hazarded everything rather than not have come1 but ,i have such violent fits of sickness and diarrha that it is literally impossible4 ,s4 ,t4 ,,coleridge4 #8,ordered1--,that ,mr4 ,coleridge's lectures be discontinued1 and that ,mr4 ,savage make out an account of the number of lectures that ,mr4 ,coleridge has given1 in order that a proportional payment may be made4' ,on ,june #bj1 #b1jjjl4 being wanted for the payment of the tradesmen's bills and salaries1 the managers and visitors subscribed it as a loan without interest4 ,the tradesmen were paid to ,december #ahjf4 ,the terms of subscription to the ,institution were altered thus3 ,annual1 four guineas2 and life subscription1 forty guineas2 the qualification for proprietors was reduced to a hundred guineas4 ,the position of the ,royal ,institution is well seen in the following report1 which the ,committee of ,managers made to the ,committee of ,visitors1 on the deficiency of the income of the ,institution1 c41 on ,march #bj1 #ahji4 ,they begin by stating #8that the #gjj transferable tickets of the proprietors stopped the annual income from subscribers4 ,in ,january #ahjc the corporation were #c1jjjl4 in debt4 ,a subscription was made2 transferable rights were reduced one-half1 so as to allow of a greater number of annual subscribers4 #8,the effects of the measures were soon felt4 ,the income was more than doubled and public interest attracted to a very great degree4 ,the debts were discharged and near #c1jjjl4 invested4 #8,the additions that have been made to the ,institution by the library of reference1 the mineralogical collection 7which1 by the assistance and exertions of the ,professor of ,chemistry1 has been made at an expense which bears no comparison to its use and value71 the laboratory1 the seat of his interesting and extraordinary discoveries1 the increased variety of the lectures far exceeding anything in contemplation on the forming of the ,institution1 have frustrated every attempt to keep the scale of expenditure within the average amount of income4 #8,the annual expenditure1 including #a1jeel4 for professors and lectures1 is #c1biel4 ,to meet this there is #accl4 dividends1 and life and annual subscriptions of not more than #b1jjjl4 ,it is for the interest of the proprietors that some early and decisive measures should be taken for the preservation of their hereditary property1 either by new modelling the constitution1 so as to make their life and annual subscriptions more productive1 or by reducing the expenditure1 or by the proprietors and life members paying some annual sum4 ,the proprietors now enjoy much greater advantages than they originally had from the libraries1 collections1 lectures1 and laboratory1 and from that in which all ,englishmen1 and particularly the proprietors of the ,royal ,institution1 must glory1 that in our laboratory those discoveries have been made1 and are now making1 which excite the surprise and admiration of the scientific in every part of the civilised world4 #8,for the present support of the ,institution1 and for the discharge of their bills up to ,january #ahjh1 some of the managers and visitors have advanced on loan without interest #b1cjjl4 ,the sale of the stock and the fine for the sublease will pay the debts of the corporation4 ,the proprietors must decide what it will be prudent and practical to adopt for the support of the ,institution4 #8,if the support of scientific men is to be obtained1 something must be done to give the ,institution more the form of a public establishment than of private and hereditary property4 ,the managers have no doubt that the friends of science will come forward when the ,institution interests the country at large1 and they believe the body of proprietors will make any sacrifice of personal interest and advantage to erect a public1 national1 and permanent establishment devoted to the cultivation of science and to the promotion of every improvement in agriculture1 manufactures1 and the useful arts of life that may be conducive to the happiness and prosperity of the ,british ,empire4 ,the important researches which have distinguished the laboratory of the ,royal ,institution1 are not only honourable to the proprietors but to the kingdom at large4 #8,the managers trust that an active co-operation of the proprietors in increasing the number of life and annual subscribers1 and a moderate annual subscription for the transferable ticket of each proprietor1 will be adequate to secure the stability and prosperity of the ,institution1 and to continue and extend its influence by the promotion of science and literature1 and by the supply of innocent and useful sources of intellectual pleasure4' ,the visitors made their report to the proprietors1 ,april #ah1 thus3 #8,the circumstances attending our present situation seem to call for much consideration and reflection1 and it would become our duty to state what reasonable expectation could be entertained of more income or less expenditure4 ,but the managers have done this1 and therefore we forward their report4 #8,upon inspection there seems no deficiency of anything which could contribute to the success or general utility of the ,institution1 and our financial state alone leads us to concur in the necessity of resorting to new measures for the support of so valuable an establishment4 #8,the visitors heartily concur with the managers in their recommendations4' ,in ,may a committee of the proprietors1 with the managers and visitors1 was appointed to consider the general state of the affairs of the ,institution4 ,the first step was to request ,mr4 ,davy to prepare a plan for the future management of the ,institution1 and every member of the committee was asked to lay before the committee in writing his ideas or plan4 ,one proposal was to put an annual tax on the transferable tickets2 another to get a new charter2 another to get an ,act of ,parliament2 and another to shut the ,institution at six o'clock daily4 ,by the end of the year the joint committee had formed a plan which was in the following year proposed to ,parliament4 ,the whole of the stock possessed by the ,institution1 amounting to #d1jehl41 was sold2 the managers and visitors were paid their loan of #ajjl4 each without interest1 and the bills of #ahjg and #ahjh were paid4 ,a communication was made to the ,lords ,commissioners of the ,admiralty and other public boards1 suggesting the employment of the ,royal ,institution laboratory for analyses and reports4 ,in ,november the managers decided to publish a statement regarding the ,royal ,institution4 ,this was probably written by ,davy4 ,the objects of the ,royal ,institution in it were said to be #8the advancement and diffusion of useful knowledge and the application of experimental science to the purposes of life4' ,regarding the laboratory it said3 #8,in the laboratory1 which is under the direction of the ,professor of ,chemistry1 and which is open to any scientific persons who may propose important chemical investigations1 series of experiments are continually carried on4 ,minerals and substances likely to be useful in agriculture1 arts1 and manufactures are analysed and researches tending to the progress of useful discovery prosecuted4 ,of the results of these many have been already published1 particularly researches upon tanning2 the principles of electrical decomposition2 and the nature of the alkalies1 earths1 inflammable bodies1 and acids4 ,in this laboratory there is constructed1 in consequence of the liberal contributions of a few individuals1 a voltaic apparatus of great power1 which will be exhibited in the lectures1 and many new experiments will be performed with it and applications of it made to new scientific researches4' ,regarding the lectures it said3 #8,there are two terms for lectures1 one from ,december #aj to ,march #a1 and the other from ,march #aj to ,july #g4' ,on ,november #ac ,mr4 ,hatchett and ,mr4 ,davy reported that ,mr4 ,dalton proposed to give twenty lectures3 #c ,mechanics1 #b ,pneumatics1 #a ,hydrostatics1 #b ,steam ,engine1 #b ,electricity1 #b ,meteorology1 #b ,astronomy1 #f on ,heat and ,elementary ,principles1 to be delivered immediately after ,christmas1 in the course of six weeks1 for a compliment of eighty guineas4 ,twenty other lectures were to be given by ,mr4 ,allen and ,mr4 ,pond4 ,an evening course on ,electro-,chemical ,science1 to consist of twelve lectures1 was to be given by ,mr4 ,davy1 to commence in ,december4 ,a morning course on ,general ,chemistry and its ,applications to ,nature and to ,art1 to commence after ,easter1 and to continue through the session1 was also to be given by him4 ,at the commencement of the year #ahaj the managers refused lectures on ,physiology and ,comparative ,anatomy1 #8because they could not convince themselves that scientific lectures can be given on these subjects without offence to a part of their audience4' ,a few facts will show what the difficulties of the ,royal ,institution at this time were4 ,mr4 ,allen1 the ,lecturer on ,natural ,philosophy1 was in ,february paid a hundred guineas for his lectures in #ahjg4 ,the fine to the city of ,london for the lease of the house was due at ,michaelmas #ahji4 ,the lease lapsed because no payment was made4 ,it was not until ,april that the ,institution could arrange the payment4 ,in the spring ,mr4 ,easingwood1 the ,steward and ,clerk of ,accounts1 left the ,institution without notice4 ,the sum he misappropriated was said to be #agil4 #ajs4 #aj;d42 it was more than #cjjl41 and may have been much more4 ,his successor in the office afterwards robbed the ,institution of a much greater amount4 ,temporary relief from some debts was gained by the payment of a fine of #a1ejjl4 from the tenant of the corner house in ,albemarle ,st4 ,the proprietors met early in the year1 and agreed to an immediate application to ,parliament for an ,act for altering and amending the charter1 and for enlarging and more effectually promoting the objects of the ,institution4 ,great expectations of the permanent prosperity of the ,institution were formed1 in consequence of the proposed conversion of the ,institution by ,act of ,parliament from a private into a public body4 ,sir ,john ,sinclair took charge of the ,bill and conducted it through the ,house of ,commons4 ,it received the royal assent1 ,april #bc4 ,the visitors1 in their report1 said3 #8,there is every reason to believe that the establishment on its new foundation will at once contribute to our national prosperity and glory4 ,the conduct of the proprietors upon this occasion has been honourable both to themselves and to their country4 ,a fund has been proposed to be raised on the plan of a loan for three years without interest1 and payable by instalments of #aj per cent41 for carrying the new scheme into effect4' #ab1ejjl4 was subscribed1 but a small part only was wanted1 as very few proprietors accepted the composition which was offered to them4 ,the actuary of the ,westminster ,life ,office estimated the value of each life proprietor's share of #ajjl4 at #dbl4 ,on ,march #c ,davy gave a lecture on the #8,plan which it is proposed to adopt for improving the ,royal ,institution and rendering it permanent4' ,it was printed by desire of the managers4 ,as a record of the ,institution in its earlier and in its existing state1 and as a reflection of ,davy in his full power1 this lecture is of surpassing interest4 ,he said3 #8,the first plan of the ,royal ,institution was that of a school for promulgating the knowledge and use of important mechanical inventions1 for connecting the views of men of science and artisans1 and for the application of the sciences to the arts of life4 ,the great feature of the establishment was to be a collection of models of things used for the common purposes of life1 and to teach their use and relations to science by lectures4 ,hence the instruction of manufacturers and workmen was of equal importance with the promotion of the useful arts4 #8,soon after the foundation of the ,royal ,institution1 a request was made to one of the greatest practical mechanical philosophers of the age#ca that he would examine the details of the establishment1 and become in some way connected with the body4 ,his refusal was prompt and his expression of disapprobation strong4 8,your object10 says he1 8is one that every practical inventor ought to discountenance4 ,you would destroy the value of the labour of the industrious2 by laying open his invention you would take away the great stimulus to exertion4 ,suppose a man1 by a great devotion of time and of labour1 by skill and ingenuity1 has made an important combination in chemistry or mechanics1 your object is to publish the details of his labours1 to enable every speculator to profit by his knowledge4 ,this1 could it happen1 would be ruinous to individuals1 and would ultimately interfere with the commercial prosperity of ,britain2 for your enemies would profit by such disclosure more than your countrymen1 and it would be absolutely throwing away your superiority4 ,were ,i persuaded such a plan of models could be executed1 ,i should be seriously alarmed for the manufacturing interest of the country2 but ,i am convinced1 from the nature of this part of the scheme1 that it will be ephemeral and that it will die even in its cradle40 ,i am not sure that these were the very words of this able reasoner1 but ,i am sure that they convey his sentiments1 which were expressed in my hearing4 #8,the object which at first was only secondary--that of teaching the principles of the sciences by courses of public lectures--soon became the prime object4 ,the only difficulty resulted from the nature of the audiences4 ,to afford satisfaction to all by one series of subjects was impossible4 ,numerous courses were consequently established4 ,a great library of reference was added1 and a mineral collection has likewise been formed4 ,an object which ,i hope ,i shall be pardoned for being partial to is the laboratory1 which1 though formed upon a small scale and supplied with a small apparatus only1 may yet1 by its effects1 tend to demonstrate the importance and uses of such a foundation in the metropolis4 #8,it would be indelicate for me to be the historian of the whole of the progress of this part of the establishment1 nor should ,i have entered upon it at all except in consequence of the circumstance that though it is generally known that some new philosophical facts have been ascertained here1 yet it is not generally known that the chemical apparatus of the ,royal ,institution has given aid upon several occasions to the useful arts1 and that assistance has been afforded to various great public bodies4 #8,there is another object on which ,i can dwell with more pleasure and more propriety2 ,i mean the voltaic apparatus1 which has been formed in consequence of a fund raised by subscription4 ,without a public establishment like the ,royal ,institution this great light of new science might have been lost to us1 and it is not the less honourable to the character of the nation that the efforts of private individuals have effected what in other countries flows only from the ,government4 #8,the new plan of the ,royal ,institution is intended to exalt and enlarge all those parts of the establishment which are acknowledged to be useful and profitable1 so as to create a permanent foundation and means which can never be misapplied for the advancement of every species of useful knowledge4 #8,besides the diffusion of knowledge by popular philosophical lectures1 and by other more elementary and more scientific lectures1 the new plan will also embrace a design for the promotion of knowledge by experiments and original investigations4 ,it is proposed that the members of the body shall meet at least once every week for the purpose of inquiry and discussion4 ,at these meetings any new facts that have arisen in the progress of science will be stated1 any important hints for experiments pursued1 and in the progress of investigation those subjects will be most particularly attended to which promise to increase the perfection of arts and manufactures4 #8,that the diffusion and improvement of science may not be limited to those persons only who can personally attend the ,institution1 it is proposed to publish ,journals at least quarterly4 #8,having described the philosophical objects1 it may be necessary to say something of the manner in which it is conceived the income of the ,institution may be made permanent4 #8,in the original plan1 as the prime object was the founding a collection of models and the diffusing the knowledge of useful mechanical inventions1 it was but strict justice that these models should be regarded as private property1 and belong to the persons by whom they were originally purchased or their heirs1 and that this property1 being of the nature of common property1 might be also transferred by sale4 #8,but1 this idea being found impracticable1 and new and more exalted objects having arisen from this foundation1 and the ,royal ,institution having fortunately taken the form of a body for promoting experimental science and for diffusing every species of philosophical knowledge1 it is obvious that the principles upon which its funds are to be raised and its members elected will require considerable alteration4 #8,on the new plan it is proposed upon a compensation1 which1 after long discussion1 has been regarded as the most equitable1 to do away entirely the saleable and hereditary rights1 so as to leave no vestiges of them in the constitution of the body1 and to elect new members1 properly recommended1 only by ballot4 #8,the original scheme1 by making the proprietary interest perpetual1 left no means for the renovation of the funds1 except by adding new burdens to the establishment4 #8,in giving up their private interests for the purpose of founding what may be called a national establishment1 the proprietors of the ,royal ,institution have a right to expect the support and encouragement of their countrymen2 and though they will be promoting a general benefit1 yet they may perhaps make a particular appeal to some of the most distinguished classes of society--to the great landed proprietors4 ,whatever specimens they send will be carefully examined and reported upon4 ,the simple truth will be stated by men whose character1 as well as motives1 will secure them from any suspicion of inaccuracy2 and1 if a general system of this kind is pursued1 much error and disappointment1 and even dishonesty1 will be prevented4 #8,on the attention of the statesman and the politician we have likewise no inconsiderable claim4 ,the ,royal ,institution is able to offer assistance in investigations of great interest connected with public works and the promotion of arts and manufactures4 #8,our doors are to be open to all who wish to profit by knowledge2 and ,i may venture to hope that even the female part of our audiences may not diminish1 and that they will honour the plan with an attention which is independent of fashion or the taste of the moment1 and connected with the use1 the permanence1 and the pleasure of intellectual acquisitions4 ,it is not our intention to invite them to assist in the laboratories1 but to partake of that healthy and refined amusement which results from a perception of the variety1 order1 and harmony existing in all the kingdoms of nature1 and to encourage the study of those more elegant departments of science which at once tend to exalt the understanding and purify the heart4 #8,the leisure of the higher female classes is so great1 and their influence in society so strong1 that it is almost a duty that they should endeavour to awaken and keep alive a love of improvement and instruction4 #8,let them make it disgraceful for men to be ignorant1 and ignorance will vanish1 and that part of their empire founded upon mental improvement will be strengthened and exalted by time1 will be untouched by age1 will be immortal in its youth4 #8,even in the common relations of society how much must be referred to the conduct of the female mind4 ,the mother gives1 or ought to give1 most of the early impressions to the child1 and his future habits may depend in some measure upon her influence4 ,it may in some measure depend upon her whether he become an honour or a disgrace to his country4 ,her power of enforcing instruction is the most effectual1 as flowing from love4 ,we know that without feeling the human being is mere clay1 the dust of the earth without the living soul4 ,whatever is to be permanently infixed on the understanding must be associated with hope1 or with joy1 or with passion4 ,how much more efficacious must instruction be when communicated by an object beloved and venerated1 and in infancy almost adored1 and when1 instead of being afforded with an effort of pain and of labour1 it is carried into the heart by kindness and made delightful by caresses and smiles4 #8,it has been supposed by some persons who are little acquainted with the nature of the plan and the general objects of philosophical associations1 that there is a tendency in them to lessen the importance of our elder establishments for education1 and to diminish the love of ancient literature4 ,but nothing is further from the truth4 ,the maxim of improvers is1 8,promote whatever can tend to assist the progress of the human mind10 and letters will always be the greatest1 the most powerful engine to this effect2 it is one that all can employ1 the strong and the weak1 in solitude or in the world4 ,that which is beautiful1 that which is pathetic1 that which is sublime1 can never lose its effects4 ,there is one course of passion and feeling in all times and in all countries2 we should never cease to consider with admiration and gratitude those models of excellence which have been happily preserved amongst the wrecks of cultivated nations to be our guides in the ,middle ,ages1 to be our shelter in the storm1 and our light in the darkness1 the beacons to guide us to pure taste1 to correct our wanderings1 to bring us to nature and truth4 ,let us regard them with all respect1 but let not our veneration for them be exclusive2 let us admire them as we admire the works of art of antiquity4 ,the ,apollo ,belvidere or the ,venus de ,medicis were designed by their artists to be objects of adoration2 let us wonder at them as statues1 as models of perfection1 but not worship them as deities1 nor even make them our only household gods4 #8,greek and ,roman literature will always maintain their importance1 always exert their influence2 but let us not neglect that basis on which the greatness of modern times and of our own country so peculiarly rests--experimental philosophy and the experimental arts4 ,let their merits be justly estimated and set forth with dignity and truth2 let not the countrymen of ,bacon1 of ,newton1 and of ,boyle neglect those pure springs of knowledge from which those great men drew such copious supplies both for profit and for glory2 and let it not be forgotten that science has its moral and intellectual as well as its common uses1 that its object is not only to apply the different substances in nature for the advantages1 comfort1 and benefit of man1 but likewise to set forth that wonderful and magnificent history of wisdom and intelligence which is written in legible characters both in the heavens and on the earth4' ,on ,may #a1 at the annual meeting of the proprietors1 it was resolved unanimously that the election of managers and visitors should be for one year only4 ,notice was given of alterations of the bye-laws on ,june #d1 for the election of members in accordance with the new ,act of ,parliament4 ,the first monthly meeting of members was held on ,monday1 ,may #g4 ,a committee of members was appointed to act with a committee of managers and visitors in drawing up bye-laws4 ,on ,june #d the bye-laws were read1 and on ,july #b they were proposed to the members chapter by chapter and article by article1 and their consideration was continued on the #dth and #eth4 ,on the #fth the election of thirty-two members took place2 among them was ,davy4 ,on ,august #f #8,humphry ,davy1 ,esq41' the first of the newly-elected members1 #8having paid his admission fee and given his bond for his annual payments1 was admitted a member of the ,royal ,institution4' ,dr4 ,wollaston was this day proposed as member4 ,on ,november #bi a special general meeting of members was held to ballot for three scientific and literary committees4 ,the ballot lasted for ten minutes4 ,for mathematics1 mechanics1 and mechanical inventions1 twenty-five members were elected2 the same number for chemistry1 geology1 and mineralogy twenty-five for general science1 literature1 and arts4 ,at the ,december meeting of the members ,mr4 ,auriol signified his desire of resigning the secretaryship4 ,this year1 by order of a committee of the ,house of ,lords1 the clerk of the ,house wrote to the secretary of the ,institution1 to request him to attend with any gentleman belonging to the ,institution who might give advice and assistance to the committee on the subject of warming and ventilating their ,house4 ,in this roundabout way ,davy was asked to give his advice4 ,he made a report and his plan was adopted1 without success4 ,at the monthly meeting of managers in ,february #ahaa the following letter from ,sir ,t4 ,bernard1 who1 by the death of his brother1 had become a baronet1 was read3 ,it has been for some time my desire and intention to resign my place in the ,committee of ,managers1 but the state of the ,institution has made me apprehensive of some inconvenience from withdrawing before the new constitution was formed and the primary difficulties surmounted4 ,nothing more1 ,i conceive1 is now wanting except a continuance of that union and friendly co-operation by which it has been established2 and1 as ,i can no longer continue a regular attendant1 ,i resign my situation as a manager of the ,royal ,institution4 ,at the same time ,i beg leave to add that if the annual meeting should hereafter elect me a visitor1 ,i will with great pleasure continue my services in that situation4 ,i beg you will communicate the above to the next monthly meeting1 and have the honour to be1 with the greatest respect1 your obedient and very faithful ,servant1 ,t4 ,,bernard4 ,the managers resolved #8that they could not avoid on this occasion expressing their deep regret at the prospect of losing the assistance of a gentleman whose zeal1 abilities1 and indefatigable industry had so eminently contributed to the prosperity of the ,institution4 ,they therefore unanimously expressed their wish that ,sir ,thomas ,bernard would consent to defer his resignation till the annual meeting in ,may4' ,the next week ,sir ,t4 ,bernard confirmed his resignation1 and ,lord ,darnley was elected in his place4 ,at the annual meeting in ,may ,sir ,thomas ,bernard was not nominated as a visitor1 but the following ,november he was unanimously elected4 ,in #ahae he was again elected a manager1 and he was re-elected until his death in the autumn of #ahah4 ,in ,february the energy of the committees of the ,institution gave some signs of activity4 ,the ,committee of ,chemistry and ,geology1 c41 chose ,humphry ,davy chairman1 ,charles ,hatchett chairman1 and ,james ,laird1 ,m4,d41 secretary4 ,the ,committee of ,mathematics1 ,mechanics1 and ,mechanical ,inventions elected the ,earl of ,stanhope chairman1 the ,hon4 ,r4 ,clifford chairman1 and ,john ,day1 ,esq41 secretary4 ,the ,committee of ,general ,science1 ,literature1 and ,arts elected ,daniel ,moore1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,l4,s41 chairman1 ,john ,disney chairman1 and ,john ,hinckley1 ,esq41 secretary4 ,for eleven months ,mr4 ,hinckley had acted as #8honorary secretary assistant1' and he wished to be elected #8honorary secretary' of the ,institution2 but in ,may ,mr4 ,guillemard was elected secretary in the place of ,mr4 ,auriol1 who for nine years had apparently taken very slight care of the records of the ,institution4 ,in ,march it was proposed at the monthly meeting of members that a professorship of astronomy should be created4 ,reports from the ,committee of ,general ,science were read4 ,this year all the bills due for #ahjg1 #ahjh1 #ahji1 and #ahaj were paid4 ,very few managers attended the meetings2 so few1 that at the end of the year it was necessary to call a special meeting1 stating that it was impossible to announce the lectures for the ensuing year4 ,this brought twelve managers to the first meeting of #ahab1 and they decided that the lectures were to begin on ,january #be4 ,mr4 ,lawrence the surgeon1 ,dr4 ,birkbeck1 ,dr4 ,wollaston1 and ,mr4 ,campbell were asked1 but declined1 to lecture4 ,at the monthly meeting in ,april it was moved that a scientific journal should be published4 ,the question of having a ,professor of ,astronomy and other sciences connected therewith was again discussed4 ,dr4 ,jenner was proposed as member by ,sir ,h4 ,davy and three others4 ,on ,april #e1 at an adjourned general monthly meeting1 a report from the ,committee of ,mathematics and ,mechanics was read and referred to the managers as proper to be printed4 ,on ,april #bj the first report of the visitors since the passing of the ,act of ,parliament was made4 ,they say #8only fifteen proprietors withdrew1 and received compensation amounting to #fcjl4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,the rest remained with the enlarged view of rendering the establishment more eminently what it was designed to be--a great national laboratory and theatre for the improvement and promulgation of science in all its branches4 #8,five per cent4 only of the intended loan was required4' ,the ,committee closed their report by congratulating their brother members on the promotion1 progress1 and diffusion of science1 particularly of chemical discovery1 owing to the experiments carried on and the lectures delivered at the ,royal ,institution4 #8,and they hope1 from the energetic spirit of its members1 that it will continue to flourish and tend in its progress to improve arts and manufactures1 increase the resources1 and exalt the scientific glory of the country4' ,on ,may #f1 at the monthly meeting1 a professorship of astronomy was established1 but no appointment was made4 ,three fresh committees of twenty-five members each were formed4 ,the resolution for publishing journals was carried1 but no journals were published4 ,on ,june #h the election of chairmen and secretaries to the committees was reported to the members4 ,in #ahab a great change was about to come over the ,royal ,institution4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 by his splendid discoveries1 had made the ,institution famous1 and1 by his attractive lectures1 had brought it most material support4 ,how little it could afford to lose his help is seen by the balance to ,december #ca1 #ahaa4 ,this was only #cl4 #is4 #aa;d4 ,early in #ahab a committee was formed for the publication of a journal1 and in ,april ,mr4 ,wyatt presented a plan for a proposed new theatre4 ,davy was married on ,april #aa2 the day previous he gave his last lecture4 ,the new theatre was no longer needed4 ,on ,may #aa ,mr4 ,hatchett reported #8that ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 though he cannot pledge himself to deliver lectures1 will be willing to accept the offices of ,professor of ,chemistry and ,director of the ,laboratory and ,mineralogical ,collection without salary4' ,it was immediately resolved #8that the managers hear with great regret the notification which they have just received that ,sir ,humphry ,davy cannot pledge himself to continue the lectures which he has been accustomed to deliver with so much honour to the ,institution and advantage to the public2 but1 at the same time1 they congratulate themselves on the liberal offer which ,sir ,humphry ,davy has made to superintend the chemical department1 and to assist and advise any lecturer the managers may be pleased to appoint4' ,the managers immediately appointed him ,director of the ,laboratory and ,mineralogical ,collection1 and expressed their high sense of his past services1 gave him their thanks1 and ordered a special general meeting to be called to nominate him ,professor of ,chemistry4 ,he was elected ,professor of ,chemistry on ,june #a4 ,on the same day twenty-five members were also elected on each of the committees4 ,a quarrel in the ,institution must here be mentioned1 because it shows that the changed circumstances of ,davy led to the engagement of ,faraday4 ,the apparatus and models of the ,institution had been under ,davy's care2 they were now placed under the care of ,mr4 ,pepys1 and he was made ,honorary ,inspector of the ,models and ,apparatus1 and ,mr4 ,newman1 the instrument maker1 was put under him4 ,soon after the managers ordered that ,william ,payne1 originally the laboratory boy1 should be employed in cleaning and repairing the apparatus in conjunction with ,mr4 ,newman4 ,in ,december ,dr4 ,smith was appointed to lecture on ,botany2 ,dr4 ,roget on ,comparative ,anatomy2 ,t4 ,campbell on ,poetry2 ,mr4 ,brande on ,chemical ,philosophy2 ,rev4 ,j4 ,powell on ,natural ,philosophy2 ,mr4 ,thompson on ,sculpture4 ,before the lectures began in #ahac ,mr4 ,edmund ,davy1 chemical assistant in the laboratory1 resigned2 and1 at the beginning of the year1 ,payne's salary was increased to #bes4 weekly4 ,he had had a room in the house for nearly six months4 ,on the increase of his salary his duties were thus laid down by the managers1 and five weeks afterwards they became the duties of ,mr4 ,faraday3 #8,to attend and assist the lecturers and professors in preparing for and during lectures4 ,where any instruments or apparatus may be required1 to attend to their careful removal from the model room and laboratory to the lecture room1 and to clean and replace them after being used1 reporting to the managers such accidents as shall require repair1 a constant diary being kept by him for that purpose4 ,that in one day in each week he be employed in keeping clean the models in the repository1 and that all the instruments in the glass cases be cleaned and dusted at least once within a month4' ,towards the end of ,february ,mr4 ,harris1 the ,librarian and ,superintendent of the ,house1 reported to the managers #8that1 hearing a great noise one evening in the lecture room1 he went to see the cause of it4 ,he found ,mr4 ,payne and ,mr4 ,newman at high words1 and ,mr4 ,newman complained of having been struck by ,payne for representing to him his neglect of duty in being absent when he should have attended on ,mr4 ,brande4' ,the managers immediately resolved that ,mr4 ,payne should be dismissed from the ,royal ,institution1 and that a gratuity of #ajl4 should be paid him in consideration of his long services4 ,he had come as a boy to the ,institution before ,november #ahjc4 ,at the following meeting 7,march #a7 ,sir ,humphry ,davy #8had the honour to inform the managers that he had found ,michael ,faraday1' and the managers engaged him and resolved #8that the clerk furnish him with a copy of the order relating to his duties accordingly4' ,in ,march #ahac the chairman of the ,committee of ,chemistry having through ,sir ,h4 ,davy expressed a desire that an open committee of chemistry should be held in the ensuing week1 the managers resolved that #8a committee of chemistry1 open to all members and gentlemen personally introduced by members1 should be held in the theatre of the ,institution on ,wednesday1 ,march #ca1 at three o'clock1 when the ,professor of ,chemistry will demonstrate a new series of facts on the fluoric principle' 7fluorine74 ,at the general meeting of members on ,april #e ,sir ,humphry ,davy begged leave to resign his situation of ,professor of ,chemistry4 #8,he by no means wished to give up his connection with the ,royal ,institution1 as he should ever be happy to communicate his researches in the first instance to the ,institution in the manner he did in the presence of the members last ,wednesday1 and to do all in his power to promote the interest and success of this ,institution4' ,sir ,h4 ,davy having retired1 ,earl ,spencer moved #8that the thanks of this meeting be returned to ,sir ,humphry ,davy for the inestimable services rendered by him to the ,royal ,institution4' ,the motion was seconded by the ,earl of ,darnley and agreed to unanimously4 ,earl ,spencer further moved #8that1 in order more strongly to mark the high sense of this meeting of the merits of ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 he be elected ,honorary ,professor of ,chemistry4' ,the ,earl of ,winchester1 the ,president of the ,royal ,institution1 was requested to sign these resolutions and to convey them to ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 and ,mr4 ,brande was elected to the professorship of chemistry4 ,at the end of ,june the two rooms that had been occupied by ,sir ,humphry ,davy were ordered to be prepared for ,mr4 ,brande4 ,a few months later he was appointed ,superintendent of the ,house1 and was allowed to transfer his chemical class of students of medicine to the laboratory4 ,on ,october #d ,sir ,h4 ,davy reported to the managers that #8,michael ,faraday had expressed a wish to accompany him on his scientific travels1 but that he would not engage ,mr4 ,faraday if the ,professor of ,chemistry considered his services as at all essential to the ,institution1 or if the managers had the slightest objection to the measure4' ,mr4 ,brande reported that #8arrangements could be made to prevent ,mr4 ,faraday's resignation being felt1 and that1 as he had shown considerable diligence and attention in cleaning and arranging the mineral collection1 he recommended his services to the managers' attention1 as this was not his immediate duty4' ,the managers permitted ,mr4 ,faraday to resign his situation1 and ordered that he should be paid a month's wages on the day of his departure4 ,the assistant porter was engaged as assistant in the laboratory on the same terms as ,michael ,faraday4 ,this year ,campbell again lectured on ,poetry1 and ,southey and ,moore declined to lecture4 ,flaxman gave two lectures gratuitously1 and was elected a life subscriber4 ,two o'clock was tried as the lecture hour1 but a change was soon made back to three as heretofore4 ,in #ahad1 during the absence of ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 the ,institution did little for science1 but1 though poor1 it strove to be fashionable4 ,on ,may #bc it gave #8a cold collation' to the ,grand ,duchess of ,oldenburgh1 for which ,gunter1 of ,berkeley ,square1 was paid by contract twenty guineas4 ,the funds of the ,institution were by no means flourishing2 the balance in favour of the ,institution on the accounts of #ahac was #ffl41 but many bills were paid out of the #8benefactions to the fund for discharging the debts and for providing for the future support of the ,institution4' ,a list of the benefactors was ordered to be sent round to the members and subscribers on the two last ,saturdays in ,june4 ,for the promotion of science the three committees 7#a7 on chemistry and geology1 7#b7 on general science and literature1 and 7#c7 on mathematics and mechanics were requested by the managers to meet and to elect each two chairmen and a secretary4 ,in #ahae1 in ,february1 ,mr4 ,babbage began a course of lectures on ,astronomy4 ,on ,may #ae ,sir ,humphry ,davy was present at the meeting of managers4 ,that day ,mr4 ,brande stated that he wanted assistance in the laboratory1 and that ,michael ,faraday was #8willing to resume his situation4' ,the managers resolved that the assistant porter should be discharged1 and that the former assistant porter should take his place1 and #8that ,michael ,faraday be engaged as assistant in the laboratory and mineralogical collection and superintendent of the apparatus at a salary of #cjs4 a week1 and that he be accommodated with apartments in the house under the superintendence of ,mr4 ,brande4' ,the rooms given to him were #be and #bf1 the two furthest on the attic floor4 ,the sister of the librarian1 ,mr4 ,harris1 occupied the smallest of these 7#bf71 and there were difficulties about any other arrangement1 so that a few weeks afterwards the librarian asked permission to reside out of the house4 ,in #ahaf the managers decided that1 in consideration of the additional labour caused to ,michael ,faraday by the lectures of ,mr4 ,brande in the laboratory1 his salary should be raised to #ajjl4 per annum4 ,the pecuniary difficulties of the ,institution were increasing1 and ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 ,mr4 ,auriol1 and ,mr4 ,solly were appointed as a sub-committee to examine the expenditure4 ,in #ahag the debts increased4 ,in #ahah the bill for coals in #ahaf was paid4 ,mr4 ,fuller1 who ultimately founded the ,fullerian ,professorships1 allowed one thousand pounds1 which he had invested for the benefit of the ,institution1 to be used for the payment of debts4 ,in the autumn ,sir ,thomas ,bernard died4 ,in #ahai ,mr4 ,brande applied to the board1 on the part of ,mr4 ,faraday1 for permission to occupy the two southernmost front rooms on the second floor4 ,in #ahbj an anniversary dinner was held on ,may #h at ,willis's ,rooms4 ,the following year ,mr4 ,faraday was given the use of two more rooms on the second floor1 and appointed ,superintendent of the ,house and ,laboratory in the absence of ,mr4 ,brande4 ,in #ahbb the treasurer had to advance #a1jjjl4 to pay the bills1 and in #ahbc a loan of #d1jjjl4 without interest was raised amongst the members4 ,in #ahbd ,faraday first lectured at the ,royal ,institution1 and was elected a ,fellow of the ,royal ,society for his discoveries made in the laboratory4 ,from #ahae the life of ,faraday and the history of the ,royal ,institution became inseparable1 and from #ahbd it was kept alive by his unselfish devotion to its welfare4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,life ,,of ,,davy4 #aggh to #ahbi4 ,the history of thirteen years of the life of ,davy1 like that of fifty of the life of ,faraday1 is closely interwoven with the history of the ,royal ,institution4 ,their lives were the life of the place2 and hence1 to complete the history of the ,institution to the time of ,faraday1 a sketch of ,davy and his scientific life must be given here4 ,humphry ,davy was born on ,december #ag1 #aggh1 at ,penzance4 ,he was the son of a wood carver and was apprenticed to a surgeon4 ,mr4 ,davies ,gilbert heard that the boy was fond of making chemical experiments4 ,he encouraged him and spoke of him to ,dr4 ,beddoes1 ,professor of ,geology and ,chemistry at ,oxford1 who happened to be at work upon the #8,geology of ,cornwall4' ,afterwards ,dr4 ,beddoes established the ,pneumatic ,institution at ,clifton1 and he required an assistant to prepare the gases and superintend the ,pneumatic ,hospital1 and ,mr4 ,gilbert proposed ,davy4 ,he went on ,october #b1 #agih1 #8to superintend experiments on the medical powers of factitious airs or gases4' ,davy thus wrote to ,mr4 ,davies ,gilbert3 ,november #ab1 #agih4 ,i have purposely delayed writing until ,i could communicate to you some intelligence of importance concerning the new ,pneumatic ,institution4 ,the speedy execution of the plan will1 ,i think1 interest you both as a subscriber and a friend to science and mankind4 ,the present subscription is1 we suppose1 nearly adequate to the purpose of investigating the medicinal powers of factitious airs4 ,it still continues to increase1 and we may hope for the ability of pursuing the investigation to its full extent4 ,we are negotiating for a house in ,downe ,square1 the proximity of which to ,bristol and its general situation and advantages render it very suitable for the purpose4 ,the funds will1 ,i suppose1 enable us to provide for eight or ten patients in the ,hospital1 and for as many out of it as we can procure4 ,we shall try the gases in every possible way4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are printing in ,bristol the first volume of the #8,west ,country ,collection1' which will1 ,i suppose1 be out the beginning of ,january4 99 99 99 99 99 ,believe me1 dear ,sir1 with affection and respect1 truly yours1 ,,humphry ,,davy4 ,the first two hundred pages of this collection1 constituting very nearly half the volume1 consist of essays of ,davy on #8,heat1 ,light1 and the ,combinations of ,light1' on #8,phos-,oxygen or ,oxygen and its ,combinations1' and on the #8,theory of ,respiration4' ,he wrote on ,february #bb1 #agii1 to ,davies ,gilbert3 ,,dear ,,friend1--7,for ,i love you too well to call you by a more ceremonious name71 ,i have delayed writing to you1 expecting that some of our experiments would produce results worthy of communication4 ,i am now as much convinced of the non-existence of caloric as ,i am of the existence of light4 ,our laboratory in the ,pneumatic ,institution is nearly finished4 ,i hope the gaseous oxide of azote will prove to be a specific stimulus for the absorbents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i know of little general scientific news4 ,berthollet makes sulphuretted hydrogen out to be an acid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i remain1 with affection and respect1 yours1 ,,humphry ,,davy4 ,again on ,april #aj1 #agii1 to ,mr4 ,gilbert1 writing of light and heat1 he said3 ,the supposition of active powers common to all matter from the different modifications of which all the phenomena of its changes result1 appears to me more reasonable than the assumption of certain imaginary fluids1 alone endowed with active powers1 and bearing the same relation to common matter as the vulgar philosophy supposes spirit to bear to matter4 ,it is only by forming theories1 and then comparing them with facts1 that we can hope to discover the true system of nature4 ,i made a discovery yesterday which proves how necessary it is to repeat experiments4 ,the gaseous oxide of azote is perfectly respirable when pure4 ,it is never deleterious but when it contains nitrous gas4 ,i have found a mode of obtaining it pure1 and ,i breathed it to-day in the presence of ,dr4 ,beddoes and some others--sixteen quarts of it for near seven minutes4 ,it appears to support life longer than even oxygen gas1 and absolutely intoxicated me4 ,pure oxygen gas produced no alteration in my pulse nor any other material effect1 whereas this gas raised my pulse upwards of twenty strokes1 made me dance about the laboratory as a madman1 and has kept my spirits in a glow ever since4 99 99 99 99 99 ,yours1 with affection and respect1 ,,humphry ,,davy4 ,dr4 ,paris says ,coleridge gave him this account of of the caution of ,davy at this time3 ,dr4 ,beddoes thought nitrous oxide gas would cure paralysis4 ,a patient was to be treated by ,davy4 ,he first took the temperature by means of a small thermometer placed under the tongue4 ,the patient immediately declared that he felt better4 ,the opportunity was too tempting to be lost4 ,davy cast an intelligent glance at ,mr4 ,coleridge1 and desired the patient to renew his visit on the following day1 when the same ceremony was again performed1 and repeated every succeeding day for a fortnight1 the patient gradually improving during that period1 when he was dismissed as cured1 no other application having been used than that of the thermometer4 ,southey thus wrote his opinion and that of ,coleridge regarding ,davy at this time3 #8,he is a marvellous young man1 whose talents ,i can only wonder at4' ,later he wrote3 ,my residence at ,westbury was one of the happiest portions of my life4444 ,i was in habits of the most frequent and intimate intercourse with ,davy1 then in the flower and freshness of his youth4 ,we were within an easy walk of each other over some of the most beautiful ground in that beautiful part of ,england4 ,when ,i went to the ,pneumatic ,institution he had to tell me of some new experiment or discovery and of the views which it opened for him1 and when he came to ,westbury there was a fresh portion of ,madoc for his hearing4 ,on ,july #c1 #ahjj1 ,davy wrote from ,bristol to ,gilbert3 ,we have been repeating the galvanic experiments with success4 ,nicholson1 by means of a hundred pieces of silver and zinc1 has procured a visible spark4 ,cruickshank has revived oxidated metals in solution by means of the nascent hydrogen produced from the decomposition of water by the shock1 and both he and ,carlisle have absolutely resolved water into oxygen and hydrogen by means of it1 making use of silver and platina wires4 ,an immense field of investigation seems opened by this discovery2 may it be pursued so as to acquaint us with some of the laws of life6 ,you have undoubtedly heard of ,herschel's discovery concerning the production of heat by invisible rays emitted from the sun8 ,coleridge is gone to reside in ,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,yours1 with sincere affection1 ,,humphry ,,davy4 ,on ,october #bj1 #ahjj1 again he wrote to ,gilbert3 ,in pursuing experiments on galvanism during the last two months ,i have met with unexpected and unhoped-for success4 ,some of the new facts on this subject promise to afford instruments capable of destroying the mysterious veil which nature has thrown over the operation and properties of ethereal fluids4 ,galvanism ,i have found1 by numerous experiments1 to be a process purely chemical4 ,i remain1 with sincere respect and affection1 yours1 ,,humphry ,,davy4 ,during this year he published a volume entitled #8,researches1 ,chemical and ,philosophical1 chiefly concerning ,nitrous ,oxide and its ,respiration4' ,in the spring of #ahjj ,mr4 ,underwood1 a geologist and artist1 had become a proprietor of the ,royal ,institution4 ,he had several conversations with ,count ,rumford on the subject of ,davy's superior talents and the advantages that would accrue to the ,institution from engaging him as a lecturer4 #8,the ,count called on me1' ,underwood says1 #8on ,january #e1 #ahja1 having received from the managers of the ,institution full powers to negotiate upon this subject4 ,on this occasion1 however1 ,i thought it advisable to introduce the ,count to ,mr4 ,james ,thompson1 as being the more eligible person to treat in behalf of ,davy1 not only on account of his greater intimacy with him1 but because1 not being a proprietor1 he was unconnected with the interests of the ,institution4' ,mr4 ,thompson wrote to ,davy4 ,with his characteristic energy ,davy answered in person1 and had several conferences with ,count ,rumford4 ,the following letter from ,count ,rumford to ,davy1 written from the ,royal ,institution1 is dated ,february #af1 #ahja3 ,,dear ,,sir1--,in consequence of the conversations ,i have had with you1 respecting your engaging in the service of the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain1 ,i this day laid the matter before the managers of the ,institution at their meeting1#cb and ,i have the pleasure to acquaint you that the proposal ,i made to them was approved1 and the following resolution unanimously taken by them3 #8,resolved1--,that ,mr4 ,humphry ,davy be engaged in the service of the ,royal ,institution in the capacity of ,assistant ,lecturer in ,chemistry1 ,director of the ,chemical ,laboratory1 and ,assistant ,editor of the ,journals of the ,institution1 and that he be allowed to occupy a room in the house and be furnished with coals and candles1 and that he be paid a salary of #ajjl4 per annum4' ,on this occasion ,i did not neglect to give an account to the managers of the whole of what passed between us respecting the situation it was intended you should fill in the ,institution on your engaging in its service1 and the prospects that could with propriety be held out to you of future advantages1 and the managers agreed with me in thinking that1 as you had expressed your willingness to devote yourself entirely and permanently to the ,institution1 it would be right and proper to hold out to you the prospect of becoming1 in the course of two or three years1 ,professor of ,chemistry in the ,institution1 with a salary of #cjjl4 per annum1 provided that within that period you shall have given proofs of your fitness to hold that distinguished situation4 ,although you must ever consider the duties of the offices you may hold under the ,institution as the primary objects of your care and attention1 yet the managers are so far from being desirous that you should relinquish the private philosophical investigations in which you have hitherto been engaged1 and by which you have so honourably distinguished yourself and attracted their attention1 that it will afford them the sincerest pleasure to encourage and assist you in these laudable pursuits1 and give you every facility which the philosophical apparatus at the ,institution can afford to make new and interesting experiments4 ,you will naturally consider the ,journals of the ,institution as the most proper vehicle for communicating to the public from time to time short accounts of the progress you may make in your investigations2 this will1 however1 by no means be considered as precluding you in any degree from presenting to the ,royal ,society of ,london1 or any other learned body1 philosophical papers or memoirs on such scientific subjects as may engage your attention1 or from publishing in any other manner the results of your researches4 ,as you are fully informed with respect to the nature and objects of the ,royal ,institution and are acquainted with the respectable character of those distinguished persons with whom ,i have the honour to act in the management of its concerns1 you cannot1 ,i think1 entertain the smallest doubt of their constant protection and of their readiness on all occasions to do full justice to the zeal and abilities you may display in the situation in which they have placed you4 ,it is with much esteem and a sincere desire that the talents which at so early a period of life you discovered may be cultivated with care1 and always employed with success1 that ,i am1 dear ,sir1 your most obedient ,servant1 ,,rumford4 ,on ,march #h ,davy wrote to ,davies ,gilbert3 ,i cannot think of quitting the ,pneumatic ,institution without giving you information of it in a letter2 indeed1 ,i believe ,i should have done this some time ago had not the hurry of business and the fever of emotion produced by the prospect of novel changes in futurity destroyed to a certain extent my powers of consistent action4 ,you1 my dear sir1 have behaved to me with great kindness1 and the little ability ,i possess you have very much contributed to develope2 ,i should therefore accuse myself of ingratitude were ,i to neglect to ask your approbation of the measures ,i have adopted with regard to the change of my situation and the enlargement of my views in life4 ,in consequence of an invitation from ,count ,rumford1 given to me with some proposals relative to the ,royal ,institution1 ,i visited ,london in the middle of ,february1 where1 after several conferences with that gentleman1 ,i was invited by the managers of the ,royal ,institution to become the director of their laboratory and their assistant professor of chemistry4 ,at the same time ,i was assured that1 within the space of two or three seasons1 ,i should be made sole professor of chemistry1 still continuing director of the laboratory4 ,the immediate emolument offered was sufficient for my wants1 and the sole and uncontrolled use of the apparatus in the ,institution for private experiments was to be granted me4 ,the behaviour of ,count ,rumford1 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,mr4 ,cavendish1 and the other principal managers was liberal and polite1 and they promised me any apparatus that ,i might need for new experiments4 ,the time required to be devoted to the services of the ,institution was but short1 being limited chiefly to the winter and spring4 ,the emoluments to be attached to the office of sole professor of chemistry are great1 and1 above all1 the situation is permanent and held very honourable4 ,these motives1 joined to the approbation of ,dr4 ,beddoes1 who1 with great liberality1 has absolved me from my engagements at the ,pneumatic ,institution1 and the strong wishes of most of my friends in ,london and ,bristol determined my conduct4 ,thus ,i am quietly to be transferred to ,london1 whilst my sphere of action is considerably enlarged1 and as much power as ,i could reasonably expect1 or even wish for at my time of life1 secured to me without the obligation of labouring at a profession4 ,the ,royal ,institution will1 ,i hope1 be of some utility to society4 ,it has undoubtedly the capability of becoming a great instrument of moral and intellectual improvement4 ,its funds are very great4 ,it has attached to it the feelings of a great number of people of fashion and property1 and consequently may be the means of employing to useful purposes money which would otherwise be squandered in luxury and in the production of unnecessary labour4 ,count ,rumford professes that it will be kept distinct from party politics4 ,i sincerely wish that such may be the case1 though ,i fear it4 ,as for myself1 ,i shall become attached to it1 full of hope1 with the resolution of employing all my feeble powers towards promoting its true interests4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have been pursuing galvanism with labour and some success2 ,i have been able to produce galvanic power from single plates1 by effecting on them different oxidating and deoxidating processes4 ,after the #aath ,i shall be in town--my direction1 ,royal ,institution4 ,i am1 my dear ,friend1 with respect and affection1 yours1 ,,humphry ,,davy4 ,at the meeting of the managers of the ,royal ,institution on ,february #af 7present1 ,sir ,j4 ,banks1 ,earl ,morton1 ,count ,rumford1 and ,mr4 ,r4 ,clark1 ,chamberlain of the ,city of ,london71 it was resolved #8that ,mr4 ,humphry ,davy be engaged in the service of the ,royal ,institution in the capacities of ,assistant ,lecturer in ,chemistry1 ,director of the ,laboratory1 and ,assistant ,editor of the ,journals of the ,institution2 that he be allowed to occupy a room in the house1 and be furnished with coals and candles2 and that he be paid a salary of one hundred guineas per annum4' ,on ,march #af ,count ,rumford1 after reporting that a room had been prepared and furnished1 stated that ,mr4 ,davy had arrived at the ,institution on ,wednesday1 ,march #aa1 and taken possession of his situation4 ,davy gave three courses of lectures in the spring of #ahja4 ,his first course consisted of five lectures on the #8,new ,branch of ,philosophy'--the galvanic phenomena4 ,his first lecture was on ,tuesday evening1 ,april #be4 ,he began with the history of galvanism1 detailed the successive discoveries1 and described the different methods of accumulating galvanic influence4 ,polished plates of different metals and the effect of their lying together in contact with water and air were exhibited4 #8,air is absolutely necessary to the oxydating process4' ,he observed that #8it was difficult to prove that hydrogen was given out in the decomposition of water in this way1 and that it seemed rather probable that alkali was formed4' ,he showed the effects of galvanism on the legs of frogs1 and exhibited some interesting experiments on the galvanic effects on the solution of metals in acids4 ,as a recent discovery of his own he showed that with one kind of metal only1 more powerful effects may be produced than with two1 as heretofore employed2 but in this case there must be more than one liquid interposed between the plates4 ,he stated that copper1 for example1 and discs of cloth or pasteboard1 moistened with diluted nitrous acid and solutions of muriat of soda and sulphuret of potash1 and arranged in the order named 7viz4 copper1 nitrous acid1 muriat of soda1 sulphuret of potash1 c471 give much more sensible shocks than the pile as at first constructed4 ,the reporter added3 #8,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,count ,rumford1 and other distinguished philosophers were present4 ,the audience was highly gratified1 and testified their satisfaction by general applause4 ,mr4 ,davy1 who appears to be very young1 acquitted himself admirably well2 from the sparkling intelligence of his eye1 his animated manner1 and the tout ensemble we have no doubt of his attaining a distinguished eminence4' ,the second lecture was given on the #bhth1 and the others were to be delivered on the ,tuesday and ,saturday evenings till completed4 ,he gave another short course on ,pneumatic ,chemistry4 #8,the lectures were extremely ingenious and excited considerable attention4' ,the concluding lecture was on ,june #bj1 on ,respiration1 and after the lecture an opportunity was given to such as wished it to breathe some of the nitrous oxide4 ,the reporter said1 #8,mr4 ,grosvenor ,bedford1 ,mr4 ,stodart1 and ,mr4 ,underwood breathed the gas1 and the effects it produced1 and especially on the last1 were truly wonderful4 ,mr4 ,underwood experienced so much pleasure from breathing it that he lost all sense of everything else1 and the breathing bag could only be taken from him at last by force4' #8,the irresistible tendency to muscular action produced by this gas was such as cannot be described4 ,it must be witnessed to be conceived4' #8,professor ,pictet1 of ,geneva1 who is now on a visit in this country1 ,count ,rumford1 and other philosophers of eminence were present1 and seemed not a little gratified with the exhibition of the gas4'#cc #8,another galvanic course was also given by ,mr4 ,davy1 which1 being delivered in the fore part of the day1 was attended not only by men of science1 but by numbers of people of rank and fashion1 a proof that the ,institution bids fair to promote a taste for philosophical pursuits among those whose wealth has but too often fostered the idea that such subjects were beneath the notice of independence4' ,at a meeting of managers1 held on ,june #a1 it was resolved #8that ,mr4 ,humphry ,davy1 ,director of the ,chemical ,laboratory and ,assistant ,lecturer in ,chemistry1 since he has been employed at the ,institution1 has given satisfactory proofs of his talents as a lecturer1 and also it was resolved that he be appointed and in future denominated ,lecturer on ,chemistry at the ,royal ,institution1 instead of continuing to occupy the place of ,assistant ,lecturer1 which he has hitherto filled4' ,on ,june #ah his first paper was read at the ,royal ,society4 ,it was an account of some galvanic combinations formed by an arrangement of single metallic plates and fluids analogous to the galvanic apparatus of ,m4 ,volta4 ,on ,june #bi a permanent committee for the general purposes of chemical investigation and analysis was appointed at the ,royal ,institution1 and the ,minutes say that ,mr4 ,davy was instructed to prepare himself to give in the month of ,december next a course of lectures on the ,philosophical and ,chemical ,principles of the ,art of ,dyeing1 or on the ,arts of ,staining or ,printing with ,colours1 ,woollen1 ,linen1 and ,cotton ,goods4 #8,that ,mr4 ,davy have permission to absent himself during the months of ,july1 ,august1 and ,september for the purpose of making himself more particularly acquainted with the practical part of the business of tanning4' ,davy first went to ,bristol1 and thence he wrote to his friend ,mr4 ,underwood to join him for a tour in ,cornwall4 ,,my ,,dear ,,underwood1--,that part of ,almighty ,god which resides in the rocks and woods1 in the blue and tranquil sea1 in the clouds and sunbeams of the sky1 is calling upon thee with a loud voice2 religiously obey its commands1 and come and worship with me on the ancient altars of ,cornwall4 ,i shall leave ,bristol on ,thursday next1 possibly before2 so that by this day week ,i shall probably be at ,penzance4 ,ten days or a fortnight after ,i shall expect to see you1 and to rejoice with you4 ,we will admire together the wonders of ,god--rocks and the sea1 dead hills and living hills covered with verdure4 ,amen4 ,write to me immediately1 and say when you will come4 ,direct1 ,h4 ,davy1 ,penzance4 ,farewell1 being of energy4 ,yours with unfeigned affection1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,on ,november #ad he wrote to ,davies ,gilbert from the ,royal ,institution3 ,i didn't arrive in ,london until the #bjth of ,september4 ,on my arrival ,i found that ,count ,rumford had altered his plans of absence1 and had left ,london on that very day for the ,continent1 purposing to return in about two months4 ,he is now at ,paris1 and in about a fortnight we expect him here4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i yesterday ascertained rather an important fact2 namely1 that a galvanic battery may be constructed without any metallic substance4 ,by means of ten pieces of well-burnt charcoal1 nitrous acid1 and water1 arranged alternately in wine-glasses1 ,i produced all the effects usually obtained from zinc1 silver1 and water4 ,the ,bakerian lecture#cd by ,dr4 ,young1 our ,lecturer on ,natural ,philosophy1 is now reading before the ,royal ,society4 ,he attempts to revive the doctrine of ,huygens and ,euler1 that light depends upon undulations of an ethereal medium4 ,his proofs 7i4e4 his presumptive proofs7 are drawn from some strong and curious analogies he has discovered between light and sound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,you should fix your permanent residence in ,london1 where alone you can do what you ought--instruct and delight numbers of improved men4 ,i am1 my ,friend1 yours with unfeigned esteem and respect1 ,,humphry ,,davy4 ,on ,january #e1 #ahjb1 a syllabus of ,davy's course of lectures on ,chemistry was printed at the press of the ,royal ,institution4 ,he wrote for it the following advertisement3 ,it is generally admitted that the best method of teaching the sciences is to begin with simple facts1 and gradually to proceed from them to the more complicated phenomena4 ,in the following pages1 which contain the outlines of a course of lectures on ,chemistry1 an attempt has been made to employ such a method4 ,hence the abstruse doctrines concerning the imponderable fluids have been separated from the history of simple chemical action1 and the applications of the science from the science itself4 ,the classification of substances adopted is founded rather upon facts than analogies1 and in consequence certain bodies have been placed among the simple principles which1 from their resemblance to other bodies of known composition1 have been generally arranged in the class of compounds4 ,this is an imperfection1 but on the principles assumed it could not easily be avoided4 ,and it will be fortunate for the author if a discerning public should not discover many more important imperfections4 ,part ,i4 #8,the ,chemistry of ,ponderable ,substances4' ,part ,,ii4 #8,the ,chemistry of ,imponderable ,substances4' ,div4 #a1 of ,heat or ,caloric2 ,div4 #b1 of ,light2 ,div4 #c1 of the ,electric ,influence2 ,div4 #d1 of ,galvanism4 ,part ,,iii4 #8,the ,chemistry of the ,arts4' ,div4 #a1 of ,agriculture2 ,div4 #b1 of ,tanning2 ,div4 #c1 of ,bleaching2 ,div4 #d1 of ,dyeing2 ,div4 #e1 of ,metallurgy2 ,div4 #f1 of the ,manufactory of ,glass and ,porcelain2 ,div4 #g1 of the ,preparation of ,food and ,drink2 ,div4 #h1 of the ,management of ,heat and ,light ,artificially ,produced4 ,he gave his introductory lecture to the morning course on ,general ,chemistry on ,thursday1 ,january #ba1 and to the evening course on ,outlines of ,chemical ,science and ,chemistry of the ,arts on ,february #i4 ,the allusion to the ,royal ,institution with which he ended his first lecture was full of poetry4 #8,in reasoning concerning the future hopes of the human species we may look forward with confidence to a state of society in which the different orders and classes of men will contribute more effectually to the support of each other than they have hitherto done4 ,this state1 indeed1 seems to be approaching fast2 for1 in consequence of the multiplication of the means of instruction1 the man of science and the manufacturer are daily becoming more assimilated to each other4 #8,the arts and sciences also are in high degree patronised by the rich and privileged orders4 #8,the unequal division of property and of labour1 the differences of rank and condition amongst mankind1 are the sources of power in civilised life--its moving causes and even its very soul4 ,in considering and hoping that the human species is capable of becoming more enlightened and more happy we can only expect that the different parts of the great whole of society should be intimately united together by means of knowledge and the useful arts1 that they should act as the children of one great parent with one determinate end1 so that no power may be rendered useless1 no exertions thrown away4 #8,in this view we do not look to distant ages or amuse ourselves with brilliant though delusive dreams concerning the infinite improvability of man1 the annihilation of labour1 disease1 and even death2 but we reason by analogy from simple facts2 we consider only a state of human progression arising out of its present condition2 we look for a time that we may reasonably expect1 ,,for ,a ,,bright ,,day ,,of ,,which ,,we ,,already ,,behold ,,the ,,dawn4' ,the following day ,sir ,h4 ,englefield wrote to ,mr4 ,underwood from ,tilney ,street1 #8,davy1 covered with glory1 dines with me at five to-day4 ,if you could meet him it would give me great pleasure4' ,at this dinner ,sir ,henry wrote a request to ,davy to print his lecture4 ,a friend of ,davy's some years afterwards thus mentioned the success of his lectures to ,dr4 ,paris3 #8,the sensation created by his lectures at the ,institution and the enthusiastic admiration which they obtained is at this period scarcely to be imagined4 ,men of the first rank and talent1 the literary and the scientific1 the practical and the theoretical1 blue-stockings and women of fashion1 the old and the young1 all crowded1 eagerly crowded1 the lecture room4 ,his youth1 his simplicity1 his natural eloquence1 his chemical knowledge1 his happy illustrations and well-conducted experiments excited universal attention and unbounded applause4 #8,compliments1 invitations1 and presents were showered upon him in abundance from all quarters4 ,his society was courted by all1 and all appeared proud of his acquaintance4' ,on ,february #e he again dined with ,sir ,h4 ,englefield at his house at ,blackheath4 ,eighteen long years afterwards1 looking back through ,davy's career1 ,sir ,h4 ,englefield said of this evening1 #8,it was the last flash of expiring nature4' ,on ,may #ca1 #ahjb1 at the managers' meeting1 it was resolved that ,mr4 ,humphry ,davy be for the future styled ,professor of ,chemistry to the ,royal ,institution4 ,in ,july #8he respectfully requested leave of the managers that he may be permitted to spend a few weeks during the summer in the country4 ,it is not amusement alone that he hopes to gain during his short absence1 but he believes that he may be able to collect some information that may be useful in the lectures to be given on ,agriculture in the spring1 and which may be in other ways connected with the views of the ,institution4 ,he will take care that his absence shall not interfere with the regular publication of the ,journals1 and he will never be so far from town but that he can speedily return whenever his presence may be necessary4' ,he wrote to ,davies ,gilbert1 ,october #bf3 ,,dear ,,friend1--,the anxieties and hopes connected with a new occupation have prevented me from paying sufficient attention even to the common duties and affections of life4444 ,your correspondence is to me a real source of pleasure1 and1 believe me1 ,i would suffer no opportunity to escape of making it more frequent and regular4 ,my labours in the theatre of the ,royal ,institution have been more successful than ,i could have hoped from the nature of them4 ,in lectures the effect produced upon the mind is generally transitory2 for the most part they amuse rather than instruct1 and stimulate to inquiry rather than give information4 ,my audience has often amounted to four or five hundred and upwards1 and amongst them some promise to become permanently attached to chemistry4 ,this science is much the fashion of the day4 ,i mentioned to you in a former letter the great powers of galvanism in effecting the combustion of metals4 ,i have lately had constructed for the laboratory of the ,institution a battery of immense size2 it consists of four hundred plates of five inches in diameter and forty of a foot in diameter4 ,i am now examining the agencies of it upon certain substances that have not as yet been decomposed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,have you seen the theory of my colleague1 ,dr4 ,young1 on the undulations of an ethereal medium as the cause of light8 ,it is not likely to be a popular hypothesis after what has been said by ,newton concerning it4 ,he would be very much flattered if you could offer any observations upon it1 whether for or against it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are publishing at the ,royal ,institution a #8,journal of ,science1' which contains chiefly abridged accounts of what is going on in different parts of ,europe1 with some original papers2 and1 in hopes that its diffusion may become more general1 we have fixed its price at one shilling4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am beginning to think of my course of lectures for the winter4 ,in addition to the common course of the ,institution1 ,i have to deliver a few lectures on ,vegetable ,substances1 and on the ,connexion of ,chemistry with ,vegetable ,physiology1 before the ,board of ,agriculture4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am1 dear ,sir1 with affection and respect1 yours1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,in ,april ,davy joined ,dr4 ,young in editing the eighth number of the ,journal4 ,count ,rumford had edited the three first and ,dr4 ,young the four following numbers4 ,in the third number ,davy had given an account of a new eudiometer1 and in the fourth outlines of a view of galvanism4 ,in another number he gave an account of a method of copying paintings upon glass1 and of making profiles by the agency of light upon nitrate of silver1 invented by ,t4 ,wedgwood1 ,esq4 ,he says1 #8,nothing but a method of preventing the unshaded parts of the delineation from being coloured by exposure to the day is wanting to render the process as useful as it is elegant4' ,on ,february #bd1 #ahjc1 an account of some experiments and observations on the constituent parts of certain astringent vegetables1 and on their operation in tanning1 was read by ,davy at the ,royal ,society4 ,he was proposed as a ,fellow of the ,royal ,society on ,april #bj1 and elected on ,november #ag4 ,a letter from ,coleridge to ,mr4 ,purkis1 dated ,february #ag1 #ahjc1 from ,nether ,stowey1 thus speaks of ,davy at this time3 ,i rejoice in ,davy's progress4 ,there are three suns recorded in ,scripture--,joshua's1 that stood still2 ,hezekiah's1 that went backward2 and ,david's1 that went forth and hastened on his course like a bridegroom from his chamber4 ,may our friend prove the latter6 ,it is a melancholy thing to see a man1 like the sun in the close of the ,lapland summer1 meridional in his horizon1 or like wheat in a rainy season1 that shoots up well in the stalk1 but does not kern4 ,as ,i have hoped and do hope more proudly of ,davy than of any other man1 and as he has been endeared to me more than any other man by the being a thing of hope to me 7more1 far more1 than myself to my own self in my most genial moments71 so of course my disappointment would be proportionably severe4 ,it were a falsehood if ,i said that ,i think his present situation most calculated of all others to foster either his genius or the clearness and uncorruptness of his opinions and moral feelings4 ,i see two serpents at the cradle of his genius--dissipation with a perpetual increase of acquaintances and the constant presence of inferiors and devotees1 with that too great facility of attaining admiration which degrades ambition into vanity2 but the ,hercules will strangle both the reptile monsters4 ,i have thought it possible to exert talents with perseverance1 and to attain true greatness wholly pure even from the impulses of ambition1 but on this subject ,davy and ,i always differed4444 ,my book is not1 strictly speaking1 metaphysical1 but historical4 ,it1 perhaps1 will merit the title of a history of metaphysics in ,england1 from ,lord ,bacon to ,mr4 ,hume inclusive4 ,i confine myself to facts in every part of the work1 excepting that which treats of ,mr4 ,hume2 him ,i have assuredly besprinkled copiously from the fountains of bitterness and contempt4 ,as to this and the other works which you have mentioned1 #8have patience1 lord1 and ,i will pay thee all4' ,mr4 ,t4 ,wedgwood goes to ,italy in the first days of ,may4 ,whether ,i accompany him is uncertain2 he is apprehensive that my health may incapacitate me4 ,if ,i do not go with him1 ,i shall go off myself in the first week of ,april if possible4 ,davy himself wrote1 on ,may #e1 to his friend ,mr4 ,thomas ,poole3 ,be not alarmed1 my dear friend1 as to the effect of worldly society on my mind4 ,the age of danger has passed away2 there are in the intellectual being of all men permanent elements1 certain habits and passions that cannot change4 ,i am a lover of nature with an ungratified imagination2 ,i shall continue to search for untasted charms1 for hidden beauties4 ,my real1 my waking existence is amongst the objects of scientific research2 common amusements and enjoyments are necessary to me only as dreams to interrupt the flow of thoughts too nearly analogous to enlighten and to vivify4 ,coleridge has left ,london for ,keswick4 ,during his stay in town ,i saw him seldomer than usual2 when ,i did see him it was generally in the midst of large companies1 where he is the image of power and activity4 ,his eloquence is unimpaired2 perhaps it is softer and stronger4 ,his will is probably less than ever commensurate with his ability4 ,brilliant images of greatness float upon his mind like the images of the morning clouds upon the waters3 their forms are changed by the motions of the waves1 they are agitated by every breeze1 and modified by every sunbeam4 ,he talked in the course of one hour of beginning three works1 and he recited the poem of #8,christabel' unfinished and as ,i had before heard it4 ,what talent does he not waste in forming visions sublime1 but unconnected with the real world6 ,i have looked to his efforts as the efforts of a creating being1 but as yet he has not even laid the foundation for the new world of intellectual forms4 ,when my agricultural lectures are finished ,i propose to visit ,paris1 and perhaps ,geneva4 ,on ,may #aj the first lecture was given before the ,board of ,agriculture1 and five others on succeeding ,fridays and ,tuesdays4 ,they were corrected and published in #ahac4 ,later he wrote again to ,mr4 ,poole3 ,often1 very often1 in the midst of the tumults of the multitude in this great city has my spirit turned in quietness and solitude towards you4 ,i hope soon to see you in ,somersetshire1 where we may worship nature and the ,spirit that dwells in nature in your green fields and under your tranquil sky4 ,my communications with you1 and ,coleridge1 and ,southey1 and other ornaments of the great existing ,being have excited feelings which cheer me in the apathy of ,london1 and which make me love human nature4 ,in ,december #ahjc ,dr4 ,dalton gave a course of lectures at the ,royal ,institution4 ,early in ,january he wrote to a friend from the ,royal ,institution3 ,i was introduced to ,mr4 ,davy1 who has rooms adjoining mine2 he is a very agreeable and intelligent young man1 and we have interesting conversations in the evening2 the principal failing in his character as a philosopher is that he does not smoke4 ,mr4 ,davy advised me to labour at my first lecture2 he told me the people here would be inclined to form their opinion from it4 ,accordingly ,i resolved to write my first lecture wholly2 to do nothing1 but to tell them what ,i would do and enlarge upon the importance and utility of science4 ,i studied and wrote for near two days1 then calculated to a minute how long it would take me reading1 endeavouring to make my discourse about fifty minutes4 ,the evening before the lecture ,davy and ,i went into the theatre2 he made me read the whole of it1 and he went into the farthest corner4 ,then he read it1 and ,i was the audience4 ,we criticised each other's method4 ,next day ,i read it to an audience of about #aej or #bjj people1 which was more than were expected4 ,they gave a very general plaudit at the conclusion1 and several came up to compliment me upon the excellence of the introduction4 ,since that ,i have scarcely written anything2 all has been experiment and verbal explanation4 ,in general my experiments have uniformly succeeded1 and ,i have never once faltered in the elucidation of them2 in fact1 ,i can now enter the lecture room with as little emotion nearly as ,i can smoke a pipe with you on ,sunday or ,wednesday evening4 ,before ,coleridge left for ,malta ,davy wrote to him3 ,twelve o'clock1 ,monday 7probably ,march #ahjd74 ,,my ,,dear ,,coleridge1--,my mind is disturbed and my body harassed by many labours1 yet ,i cannot suffer you to depart without endeavouring to express to you some of the unbroken higher feelings of my spirit1 which have you at once as their cause and object4 ,years have passed away since we first met1 and your presence1 and recollections with regard to you have afforded me continued sources of enjoyment4 ,some of the better feelings of my nature have been elevated by your converse1 and thoughts which you have nursed have been to me an eternal source of consolation4 ,in whatever part of the world you are you will often live with me1 not as a fleeting idea1 but as a recollection possessed of creative energy1 as an imagination winged with fire1 inspiring and rejoicing4 ,you must not live much longer without giving to all men the proof of power which those who know you feel in admiration4 ,perhaps1 at a distance from the applauding and censuring murmurs of the world1 you will be best able to execute those great works which are justly expected from you2 you are to be the historian of the philosophy of feeling4 ,do not in any way dissipate your noble nature4 ,do not give up your birthright4 ,may you soon recover perfect health1 the health of strength and happiness6 may you soon return to us confirmed in all the powers essential to the exertion of genius6 ,you were born for your country1 and your native land must be the scene of your activity4 ,i shall expect the time when your spirit1 bursting through the clouds of ill-health1 will appear to all men1 not as an uncertain and brilliant flame1 but as a fair and permanent light1 fixed1 though constantly in motion1 as a sun which gives its fire not only to its attendant planets1 but which sends beams from all its parts into all worlds4 ,may blessings attend you1 my dear friend6 ,do not forget me2 we live for different ends and with different habits and pursuits1 but our feelings with regard to each other have1 ,i believe1 never altered4 ,they must continue2 they can have no natural death4 ,i trust they can never be destroyed by fortune1 chance1 or accident4 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,in ,october ,davy thus wrote to a friend on the death of ,gregory ,watt1 the son of ,james ,watt3 ,we are deceived1 my dear ,clayfield1 if we suppose that the human being who has formed himself for action1 but who has been unable to act1 is lost in the mass of being4 ,there is some arrangement of things which we can never comprehend1 but in which his faculties will be applied4 ,the caterpillar1 in being converted into an inert scaly mass1 does not appear to be fitting itself for an inhabitant of the air1 and can have no consciousness of the brilliancy of its future being4 ,we are masters of the earth1 but perhaps we are the slaves of some great but unknown beings4 ,the fly that we crush with our finger or feed with our viands1 has no knowledge of man and no consciousness of his superiority4 ,we suppose that we are acquainted with matter and with all its elements1 and yet we cannot even guess at the cause of electricity or explain the laws of the formation of the stones which fall from meteors4 ,there may be beings--thinking beings--near us1 surrounding us1 which we do not perceive1 which we can never imagine4 ,we know very little1 but1 in my opinion1 we know enough to hope for the immortality--the individual immortality--of the better part of man4 ,i have been led into all this speculation1 which you may well think wild1 in reflecting upon the fate of ,gregory2 my feeling has given erring wings to my mind4 ,he was a noble fellow and would have been a great man4 ,his letters to me only three or four months ago were full of spirit1 and spoke not of any infirmity of body1 but of an increasing strength of mind4 ,why is this in the order of nature1 that there is such a difference in the duration and destruction of her works8 ,if the mere stone decays1 it is to produce a soil which is capable of nourishing the moss and the lichen2 when the moss and the lichen die and decompose1 they produce a mould which becomes the bed of life to grass and to a more exalted species of vegetables4 ,vegetables are the food of animals1 the less perfect animals of the more perfect1 but in man the faculties and intellect are perfected2 he rises1 exists for a little while in disease and misery1 and then would seem to disappear without an end and without producing any effect4 ,another mention of ,coleridge occurs in ,february1 when ,davy wrote to ,mr4 ,poole3 ,there has been no news lately from ,coleridge2 the last accounts state that he was well in the autumn and in ,sicily4 ,on that poetic ground we may hope and trust that his genius will call forth some new creations1 and that he may bring back to us some garlands of never-dying verse4 ,i have written to urge him strongly to give a course of lectures on ,poetry at the ,royal ,institution1 where his feeling would strongly impress and his eloquence greatly delight4 ,in ,january #ahje ,davy presented his collection of minerals to the ,royal ,institution4 ,they were valued at one hundred guineas4 ,on ,february #d1 as ,director of the ,laboratory1 he received an addition of #ajjl4 to his salary4 ,he had two papers read at the ,royal ,society1 one on a #8,new ,mineral1 consisting of ,alumine and ,water1' and the other on a #8,new ,mode of ,analysing ,minerals containing ,fixed ,alkali by ,boracic ,acid1' and for these and his other papers he received the ,copley medal4 ,in ,september he thus wrote to ,davies ,gilbert3 ,i came from ,ireland by the ,western ,road about a fortnight ago4 ,the ,irish are a noble race degraded by slavery and bearing the insignia of persecution--extreme savageness or the lowest servility4 ,yet they are ingenious and active1 and seem to me to possess all the elements of power and usefulness2 but amongst the lower orders there is a most unfortunate equality1 destructive of all great and efficient exertion1 and amongst the higher classes the greatest degree of activity is awakened only by the desire of imitating the ,english1 and that not so much in their virtues as in their luxuries and follies4 ,and to his friend ,poole he wrote1 ,october #i3 ,i have very much to say about ,ireland4 ,it is an island that might be made a new and a great country4 ,it now boasts a fertile soil1 an ingenious and robust peasantry1 and a rich aristocracy1 but the bane of the nation is the equality of poverty amongst the lower orders4 ,all are slaves without the probability of becoming free4 ,they are in the state of equality which the sans-culottes wished for in ,france1 and until emulation and riches and the love of clothes and neat houses are introduced amongst them there will be no permanent improvement4 ,changes in political institutions can at first do little towards serving them2 it must be by altering their habits1 by diffusing manufactures1 by destroying middle men1 by dividing farms1 and by promoting industry1 by making the pay proportioned to the work4 ,but ,i ought not to attempt to say anything on the subject when my limits are so narrow4 ,up to #ahjf the lectures given by ,davy had brought to him repute and to the ,royal ,institution success4 ,to his high reputation as a lecturer he was now about to add that of a great original discoverer4 ,as early as ,july #c1 #ahjj1 he wrote to ,davies ,gilbert1 #8,we have been repeating the galvanic experiments with success4' 7,see p4 #caf47 ,these experiments led him to think that all chemical decompositions might be polar4 ,he electrised different compounds at the different poles of the battery1 but he made no great discovery for five years4 ,the assertion that acid and alkali were generated by the action of the voltaic pile in the decomposition of water led him to undertake fresh galvanic experiments in #ahjf4 ,before long he was rewarded by his great discoveries regarding chemical electricity1 the decomposition of the alkalies1 and the composition of chlorine4 ,it appears from the ,laboratory ,books that in ,september he first made experiments on phosphorus with the galvanic spark1 and in the last week of ,october he #8tried to decompose phosphorus by the galvanic fluid4' ,he fused the phosphorus into a tube through which a platinum wire passed4 ,this was the form of the experiment which he made a year afterwards to compel potash to give up its oxygen4 ,on ,november #bj his first ,bakerian lecture was given at the ,royal ,society4 ,it had this long title3 ,on the #8,chemical ,agencies of ,electricity2' on the #8,changes ,produced in ,water by ,electricity2' on the #8,agencies of ,electricity2' on the #8,decomposition of various ,compound ,bodies2' on the #8,transfer of certain ,constituent ,parts of ,bodies by the ,action of ,electricity2' on the #8,passage of ,acids1 ,alkalies1 and other ,substances through various ,attracting ,chemical ,menstrua by ,means of ,electricity2' #8,some ,general ,observations on these ,phenomena1 and on the ,mode of ,decomposition and ,transition2' on the #8,general ,principles of the ,chemical ,changes ,produced by ,electricity2' on the #8,relations between the ,electrical ,energies of ,bodies and their ,chemical ,affinities2' on the #8,mode of ,action of the ,pile of ,volta1 with ,experimental ,elucidations2' on #8,some ,general ,illustrations and ,applications of the ,foregoing ,facts and ,principles4' ,this was the first dawn of light regarding the inseparable union between chemical and electrical motions4 ,the two ends of the pile of metals gave in quantity and quality different chemical results1 and the chemical products varied with the variations of the liquid into which the poles were put4 ,the identity of chemical affinity and electricity was imagined1 and a new division of elements was made into electro-positive and electro-negative1 according as the one or other end of the pile attracted them4 ,the kind of polarity of each matter was thought to determine the electrical and chemical actions shown by it4 ,napoleon had founded a prize of #b1djjl4 for a discovery comparable to that of ,franklin or ,volta1 and at the same time he founded with the interest a medal1 of #abjl4 value yearly1 for the best experiment on the galvanic fluid4 ,this medal for the year #ahjg was given to ,davy for this paper1 which was then printed4 ,davy wrote to ,mr4 ,poole1 #8,some people say ,i ought not to accept this prize1 and there have been foolish paragraphs in the papers to that effect2 but if the two countries or governments are at war1 the men of science are not4 ,that would indeed be a civil war of the worst description2 we should rather1 through the instrumentality of men of science1 soften the asperities of national hostility4' ,on ,january #bb1 #ahjg1 ,davy was elected secretary of the ,royal ,society4 ,dr4 ,young wrote to a friend3 ,i believe your pheasants have assisted in bringing my friend ,davy into a hundred a year and the office of secretary of the ,royal ,society4 ,it had never occurred to him to offer himself till ,i suggested it to him one day when he dined with me4 ,the next day he heard of poor ,gray's death1 and1 upon applying to the ,president1 he was1 after some deliberation1 approved1 although another person had before been encouraged4 ,if ,i had not been a member of an illiberal profession ,i should have liked the situation myself1 but perhaps the public is right in discouraging a divided attention4 ,at the end of ,august ,davy wrote to ,mr4 ,poole3 ,i am obliged to be in the neighbourhood of town during the greater part of the summer for the purpose of correcting the proofs for the #8,philosophical ,transactions4' ,if ,coleridge is still with you1 be kind enough to say to him that ,i wrote nearly a week ago two letters about lectures1 and1 not knowing where he was1 ,i addressed them to him at different places4 ,i wish very much he would seriously determine on this point4 ,the managers of the ,royal ,institution are very anxious to engage him1 and ,i think he might be of material service to the public and of benefit to his own mind1 to say nothing of the benefit his purse might also receive4 ,in the present condition of society his opinions in matters of taste1 literature1 and metaphysics must have a healthy influence2 and1 unless he soon becomes an active member of the living world1 he must expect to be hereafter brought to judgment for hiding his light4 ,seven months afterwards ,davy again wrote to ,mr4 ,poole3 ,coleridge1 after disappointing his audience twice from illness1 is announced to lecture again this week4 ,he has suffered greatly from excessive sensibility1 the disease of genius4 ,his mind is a wilderness in which the cedar and the oak1 which might aspire to the skies1 are stunted in their growth by underwood1 thorns1 briars1 and other parasitical plants4 ,with the most exalted genius1 enlarged views1 sensitive heart1 and enlightened mind he will be the victim of want of order1 precision1 and regularity4 ,i cannot think of him without experiencing the mingled feelings of admiration1 regard1 and pity4 ,why do you not come to ,london8 ,many would be happy to see you1 but no one more so than your very sincere ,friend1 my dear ,poole1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,the ,laboratory ,books show that the last week in ,september #ahjg he exposed magnesia upon a glass plate at the positive pole with distilled water4 ,four days afterwards he put oxide of zinc in a coagulated state round the positive pole4 ,on ,october #f he began #8a new series of experiments on polarity4' ,from the account he gives of one experiment1 it appears that he exposed different substances on a glass plate to the action of the platinum wires from a galvanic battery of #ajj plates of #f inches4 ,he tried the following substances3 oxalic acid1 dry2 succinic acid2 oxalic acid2 soap2 alcohol2 water2 carbonate of ammonia2 nitrate of potash4 ,he wrote1 #8,pure potash1 as dry as it can be made1 discharges the negative in a remarkable degree and insulates the positive4' #8,remarkable ,phenomena with ,potash4 ,it soon--' ,here the laboratory note ends1 but his paper in the #8,philosophical ,transactions' says--#8fused1 became a conductor1 and gave brilliant light with the appearance of flame at the negative wire4 ,when it was slightly moistened1 to make it a better conductor1 the potash began to fuse at both its points of electrisation2 there was a violent effusion at its upper or positive surface1 while at the lower or negative surface there was no liberation of an elastic fluid1 but a formation of small granules resembling quicksilver1 which occasionally burst with explosion4' ,he then tried carbonate of ammonia1 sulphuric acid and water1 soap1 and the flame of a candle4 ,the following day carbonate of ammonia and oxalic acid were tried1 sulphuric acid1 water1 and alcohol4 ,from the #gth to the #afth no experiments were entered in the ,laboratory ,book2 but to the substance that produced the gas and globules he gave the name first of alkaligen2 for on the #afth he says1 #8,gas from alkaligen in alcohol2' also #8gas from ether and gas from oil of turpentine4' ,on the #agth he again experimented on this gas from the alkaligen in ether and turpentine1 and says1 #8,the gas which had been collected from the globules under oil of turpentine by the action of water burnt in contact with the air4 ,does it 7the matter of the globules7 not form gaseous compounds with ether1 alcohol1 and the oils8' ,then he notes the action of the alkaligen on mercury4 #8,forms with it a solid amalgam1 which soon loses its alkaligen in the air4' #8,this amalgam amalgamates with platina and iron1 but soon flies off on exposure to the air4' #8,query1 ,does it amalgamate with phosphorus8' #8,probably whenever it meets with hydrogen it dissolves in it4' #8,probably forms an riform compound with ether4' ,illustration ,on ,october #ai he made his famous experiment by which he showed beyond question that potash can give up its oxygen4 #8,when potash was introduced into a tube having a platina wire attached to it1 so 7fig471 and fused into the tube so as to be a conductor--i4e4 so as to contain just water enough1 though solid--and inserted over mercury1 when the platina was made negative1 no gas was formed and the mercury became oxydated1 and a small quantity of the alkaligen was produced round the platina wire1 as was evident from its quick inflammation by the action of water4 ,when the mercury was made the negative1 gas was developed in great quantities from the positive wire1 and none from the negative mercury1 and this gas proved to be pure oxygen--a capital experiment1 proving the decomposition of potash4' #8,a small quantity of alkaligen was produced round the platina wire4' #8,the gas produced from alkaligen confined under mercury by the contact of water seemed to be hydrogen nearly pure4 ,soda decomposed with different phenomena4' ,davy made no more notes on that day4 ,on the #bjth he worked on the gas obtained from sodagen and potagen1 and writes1 #8,barytes gave at the oxygen side1 when touched with the wire1 an appearance like combustion--a bright rose-coloured light4 ,mem43 ,to try what effect the hydrogen side will have upon it4' ,on the #bast he again worked on the gas1 and says the gas from ether1 when properly washed1 seemed to be pure hydrogen4 ,he then says1 #8,examined the effect of heat this day and last night of the peculiar substance4' ,then he notes the results1 and then he continues1 #8what can be the reason if the metallic globule is composed of ,a and ,h 7alkaligen and hydrogen7--,what is the reason that water and ether and alcohol saturated with potash still act on it so energetically8' ,on the #bdth he tried the substance with sulphur and phosphorus4 ,on the #beth1 #bfth1 and #bgth he worked on barytes1 c4 ,on the #bgth barytes heated to whiteness did not become a conductor4 ,on ,october #cj he was still at work on the gas4 ,on ,october #ca he says1 #8,when the substance amalgamated with mercury1 was distilled in a glass retort1 and the contents received over mercury1 no air was generated2 nor over water till the sublimed substance came in contact with the water1 when hydrogen was evolved4' ,on ,november #b he was still working on potagen4 #8,probably this substance combines with oxygen in two proportions1 the red colour owing to this2 and it is owing to this that it acts upon plate-glass4' #8,the first oxide a peculiar substance capable of being procured with much difficulty1 the second potash4' ,in the midst of his discovery the condition of the laboratory made him write in the book #8some regulations with regard to the state of the laboratory4' #8#a4 ,everything is to be put in its proper place in the evening1 and everything to be arranged for the next day's operations4 #8#b4 ,the fire to be lighted at eight o'clock1 and the apparatus for the experiments to be prepared by nine4' ,on ,november #d he writes1 #8,the result of the distillation of as pure a piece 7of potagen7 as ,i could obtain seemed to be hydrogene nearly pure4 #8,the gas given out from an amalgam of it with mercury likewise hydrogene4' ,on ,november #e many experiments were made4 ,on ,november #f he still worked on the gas4 ,his notes say #8on the combustion of sodagen and potagen with oxygen4' #8,potagen certainly sublimes unaltered at a temperature below red heat4 ,it is twenty times lighter than mercury4' ,on ,november #ac he wrote to his friend ,mr4 ,pepys3 ,i have decomposed and recomposed the fixed alkalies and discovered their bases to be two new inflammable substitutes very like metals1 but one of them lighter than ether and infinitely more combustible2 so that there are two bodies decomposed and two new elementary bodies found4 ,the ,bakerian lecture was read on ,november #ai1 only four days before ,davy was obliged to take to his bed by illness4 ,the first sketch of this famous paper was thus made in the ,laboratory ,book3 #8,the substance is analogous to some of those imagined to exist by the alchemical visionaries4 #8,possessing all the physical properties of metals except high specific gravity1 it seems to combine with all of them1 and form with them truly metallic amalgams2 but in all cases it is capable of being separated from them by its greater facility of oxidation4' ,then he gives the action on water and ice4 ,the theory of its operation upon water is extremely simple4 #c4 #8,when1' he says1 #8the peculiar substance was brought in contact with a thin piece of phosphorus and pressed upon1 there is a considerable action4' #d4 #8,when it was brought in contact with sulphur in fusion in tubes filled with the vapour of naphtha1 they combine with varied ignition4' #e4 #8,the new substance produces some beautiful results with mercury4' ,then he describes the alloys4 #8,the basis of potash1 when thrown into the strong mineral acids1 inflames and burns on the surface4' ,then he describes the effects with sulphuric acid1 and nitrous acid4 #8,the action of the basis of potash on fat and volatile oils1 and on various bodies1 is less violent than on any other class of compound substances containing oxygen1 as might have been expected from the small quantity of this principle which they hold in combination4 #8,the application of naphtha to its preservation ,i have already mentioned4 ,on the colourless and perfectly transparent naphtha distilled from petroleum or from brown naphtha at a low heat1 and defended from air1 it has scarcely any action at common temperatures4' ,then he describes the further action on naphtha4 #8,the fat and volatile oils closely related to naphtha in composition resemble it likewise in their habitudes with the basis of potash4 ,the lightest naphtha that ,i have been able to procure by double distillation was of spec4 gr4 #ggj1 water being #a1jjj1 and was almost colourless4 ,in this fluid1 confined in close vessels1 the globules swam for hours without apparently affecting it1 but by degrees a yellow film formed upon them1 the naphtha became brown at its point of contact1 and the globules sank to the bottom of the vessel4 ,after some days the fluid surrounding the globule appeared black and turbid4 #8,the fat and volatile oils approach to naphtha in their habitudes with respect to the basis of potash4 #8,the fat oils follow naphtha in the order of bodies that slightly act upon it2 and the volatile oils1 the fat oils2 but they all contain sufficient oxygen to render the basis of potash alkaline1 if it is exposed to them for a sufficient time and in proper quantities1 and that more or less rapidly1 according to the circumstances4 ,when naphtha or the oils are exposed to air they soon alkalise the basis4 ,oxygen is absorbed from the air1 and a soap is formed1 brown from the decomposition of the compound fluid during the time of the alkalisation4 ,if air be excluded the process is a much longer time in taking place2 no gas is emitted in the fixed oils or in naphtha2 but in the volatile oils hydrocarbonate is produced in small quantities1 and in all these cases charcoal is deposited4 ,in oil of turpentine the process is more rapid than in any other oil ,i have tried1 and this oil contains either water or the elements of water1 and perhaps a larger proportion of oxygen to its inflammable matter4 #8,nor ought we to be surprised that these substances have never been produced in nature4 ,their strong attraction for oxygen renders it impossible4' #8,the division into two poles3 #8,the basis of potash1 by its strong attraction for oxygen1 decomposes all the metallic oxides which ,i have exposed to it by a gentle heat4 #8,the oxides of lead it instantly acts upon1 and the metal is revived and alkali formed4 ,in consequence of this operation it cannot be preserved in tubes of flint glass4 #8,are the bases of the fixed alkalies simple bodies8 ,i perhaps shall be asked4 #8,but are these singular bodies themselves compounds8 ,have we reached the limits of our analysis--,more capable of combining with oxygene than the basis of water8 #8,the basis of potash serves almost as an accurate indication of the proportion of oxygene in bodies and exactly in proportion--camphor1 spermaceti1 wax1 volatile oils4 #8,in the course of my inquiries many circumstances arose at first anomalous1 but which soon were capable of being explained1 and which1 when understood1 seemed to extend the general facts which had been detailed4' ,a long break here occurs in the ,laboratory ,notes4 ,on ,november #bc1 #ahjg1 ,davy was taken ill with fever4 ,on ,december #g the ,managers' ,minutes say1 #8,mr4 ,davy having been confined to his bed for the last fortnight by a severe illness1 the managers are under the painful necessity of giving notice that the lectures will not commence until the first week in ,january next4' ,on ,january #ah the managers of the ,royal ,institution ordered #ejj copies of the following paper to be printed3 ,,new ,,discovery ,,in ,,chemistry4 ,january #ah1 #ahjh4 ,for the satisfaction of those proprietors who were not present at the opening of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,dibden's introductory lecture on ,wednesday last the managers have obtained and printed the following note of it3 #8,before ,i solicit your attention to the opening of those lectures which ,i shall have the honour of delivering in the course of the season1 permit me to trespass upon it for a few minutes by stating the peculiar circumstances under which this ,institution is now again opened1 and how it comes to pass that it has fallen to me rather than to a more deserving lecturer to be the first to address you4 #8,the managers of this ,institution have directed me to impart to you that intelligence which no one who is alive to the best feelings of human nature can hear without the mixed emotions of sorrow and delight4 #8,mr4 ,davy1 whose frequent and powerful addresses from this place1 supported by his ingenious experiments1 have been so long and so well known to you1 has for the last five weeks been struggling between life and death4 ,the effects of those experiments recently made in illustration of his late splendid discovery1 added to consequent bodily weakness1 brought on a fever so violent as to threaten the extinction of life4 ,over him it might emphatically be said1 in the language of the immortal ,milton1 that-- ,death his dart shook1 but delayed to strike4 ,if it had pleased ,providence to deprive the world of all further benefit from his original talents and intense application there has certainly been sufficient already effected by him to entitle him to be classed among the brightest scientific luminaries of his country4 ,that this may not appear to be unfounded eulogium ,i shall proceed1 at the particular request of the managers1 to give you an outline of the splendid discovery just alluded to1 and ,i do so with the greater pleasure as that outline has been drawn in a very masterly manner by a gentleman of all others perhaps the best qualified to do it effectually 7,cavendish87 #8,in the course of the last twenty-five or thirty years the science of chemistry has undergone great changes and has been astonishingly augmented by various important discoveries1 amongst which the most remarkable have been the decomposition and recomposition of water and of nitric acid1 discovered by ,mr4 ,cavendish1 and the consequent knowledge of the nature of metallic calces 7now called oxides7 with that of acids in general4 #8,but although the two fixed alkalies called soda and potash were attacked by the most eminent chemists with every known chemical agent and by every method which the improved state of science could suggest1 not the smallest effect could be produced on them2 so that the nature of these two common substances remained totally unascertained and became a grand desideratum of chemical science4 ,when1 however1 ,m4 ,volta had communicated to the ,royal ,society his great discovery of the galvanic pile1 and when this had been modified into the more convenient form of troughs by ,crookshank of ,woolwich1 the electro-galvanic power was found by various philosophers to produce surprising effects when applied to different substances1 and ,mr4 ,davy in particular distinguished himself in these researches and made a number of valuable experiments and observations1 some of the more remarkable of which he communicated to the ,royal ,society in the ,bakerian lecture read in ,november #ahjf4 ,mr4 ,davy conceived1 however1 from what he had then accomplished1 that much more might be done2 and with equal skill and perseverance he performed a new series of experiments1 in the course of which1 by various means1 he again tried the effect of the powerful galvanic batteries belonging to the laboratory of the ,royal ,institution1 and particularly devoted his attention to the two fixed alkalies 7soda and potash71 with the view of effecting their decomposition and of ascertaining the nature of them by means of that powerful agent galvanism4 #8,this great discovery he at length effected2 and1 to the high gratification of all men of science1 he proved that soda and potash are compound bodies1 each consisting of a peculiar metal1 which has so great a tendency to combine with oxygen that no agent but galvanism can separate them4 ,the two metals1 therefore1 of soda and potash have always hitherto been presented to us in this state of combination with oxygen1 forming the two alkalies4 ,but some of the primitive earths 7as they are called71 such as barytes and strontites1 have many alkaline properties1 which induced ,mr4 ,davy to subject them to similar experiments2 and in like manner he discovered that these consisted of metallic bases united to oxygen1 forming compound bodies analogous to the two fixed alkalies4 ,these may justly be placed amongst the most brilliant and valuable discoveries which have ever been made in chemistry1 for a great chasm in the chemical system has been filled up2 a blaze of light has been diffused over that part which before was utterly dark2 and new views have been opened so numerous and interesting that the more any man who is versed in chemistry reflects on them1 the more he finds to admire and to heighten his expectation of future important results4 ,mr4 ,davy's name1 in consequence of these discoveries1 will be always recorded in the annals of science amongst those of the most illustrious philosophers of his time4 ,his country1 with reason1 will be proud of him2 and it is no small honour to the ,royal ,institution that these great discoveries have been made within its walls1 in that laboratory and by those instruments which1 from the zeal of promoting useful knowledge1 have with so much propriety been placed at the disposal and for the use of the ,professor of ,chemistry4 #8,this recital said ,dr4 ,dibden will be sufficient to convince those who hear of the celebrity which the author of such a discovery has a right to attach to himself2 and yet no one1 ,i am confident1 has less inclination to challenge it4 ,to us and to every enlightened ,englishman it will be a matter of just congratulation that the country which has produced the two ,bacons and ,boyle has in these days shown itself worthy of its former renown by the labours of ,cavendish and ,davy4 #8,the illness of the latter1 severe as it has been1 is now beginning to abate1#ce and we may reasonably hope1 from present appearances at least1 that the period of convalescence is not very remote4'#cf ,the recovery of ,davy was slow4 ,on ,february #bb he attended at the request of the ,committee of ,managers1 and informed them that he should be able to commence his course of lectures on ,electro-,chemical ,science on ,saturday1 ,march #ab1 at two o'clock1 and those on ,geology on ,wednesday evening1 the sixteenth of that month4 ,in his opening lecture he thus spoke of electro-chemistry and its power of analysis3 #8,in this it will be seen that ,volta has presented to us a key which promises to lay open some of the most mysterious recesses of nature4 ,till this discovery our means were limited2 the field of pneumatic research had been exhausted1 and little remained for the experimentalist except minute and laborious processes4 ,there is now before us a boundless prospect of novelty in science1 a country unexplored but noble and fertile in aspect1 a land of promise in philosophy4' ,in the ,laboratory ,book1 probably about this time1 he wrote1 #8,an instrument for procuring those metals that have not yet been reduced--for decomposing muriatic acid gas1 fluoric1 c41 and boracic acid gas4' ,on ,april #ai and #bj ,davy was again at work with the battery of #ebj pair of plates4 ,he began thus3 #8,indications of the decomposition of muriatic acid4 ,to use every effort to ensure accuracy in the results4' #8,a given quantity of muriatic acid gas was acted upon by dry charcoal2 there was continued vivid light in the galvanic circuit4 ,the action was continued for ten minutes2 when a little water was added no absorption took place1 so that all the muriatic acid gas was decomposed4 ,some other experiments were made with dry muriate of lime and mercury and with a solution of muriate of lime1 strontium1 and soda4' ,on ,june #cj he had a paper read at the ,royal ,society on the #8,decomposition of the ,earths ,strontia1 ,lime1 ,magnesia1 by ,means of ,iron at the ,negative ,end of the ,battery4' ,berzelius having mentioned in a letter that he had succeeded by using mercury as the negative pole1 ,davy repeated ,berzelius's experiment1 and decomposed alumina and silica by an amalgam of mercury and potassium at the negative end of the battery4 ,on ,july #aa he laid before the managers of the ,royal ,institution the following paper3 ,a new path of discovery having been opened in the agencies of the electrical battery of ,volta1 which promises to lead to the greatest improvements in chemistry and natural philosophy and the useful arts connected with them2 and since the increase of the size of the apparatus is absolutely necessary for pursuing it to its full extent1 it is proposed to raise a fund by subscription for constructing a powerful battery1 worthy of a national establishment and capable of promoting the great objects of science4 ,already in other countries public and ample means have been provided for pursuing these investigations4 ,they have had their origin in this country1 and it would be dishonourable to a nation so great1 so powerful1 and so rich if1 from the want of pecuniary resources1 they should be completed abroad4 ,an appeal to enlightened individuals on this subject can scarcely be made in vain4 ,it is proposed that the instrument and apparatus be erected in the laboratory of the ,royal ,institution1 where it shall be employed in the advancement of this new department of science4 ,the ,managers' ,minutes then say3 ,the above paper having been laid before the board of managers1 they felt it their indispensable duty instantly to communicate the same to every member of the ,institution1 lest the slightest delay might furnish an opportunity to other countries for accomplishing this great work1 which originated in the brilliant discoveries recently made at the ,royal ,institution4 ,lord ,dundas1 ,w4 ,watson1 ,thomas ,bernard1 and ,c4 ,hatchett1 the managers present1 agreed to subscribe to this undertaking1 and ordered that a book be opened at the steward's office for the purpose of entering the names of all those who may wish to contribute towards this important national object4#cg ,the sum wanted was soon raised1 and ,davy thus described the battery3 #8,it consists of #bjj instruments1 connected together in regular order1 each composed of ten double plates1 arranged in cells of porcelain1 and containing in each plate thirty-two square inches2 so that the whole number of double plates is #b1jjj1 and the whole surface #abh1jjj square inches4 ,this battery was charged with sixty parts water and one part of nitric acid4 ,it gave a spark from charcoal points through four inches of air4' ,on ,july #ab the ,laboratory ,notes say1 #8,tried the experiments upon the decomposition of the earths by iron wire with the happiest results4' ,these were obtained with the battery of only twenty pair4 ,on ,july #ah he wrote1 #8,in pursuit of the researches on the deoxygenation of diamond and charcoal4 #8,is not diamond the #b-oxide of carbon1 charcoal the #a-oxide1 the gaseous oxide of carbon a triple compound of hydrogen1 nitrogen1 and charcoal8' ,on ,september #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #bg experiments were tried on the production of cold by induced electricity4 ,he tried the decomposition of sulphur #8with success4' ,he tried to decompose mercury in the ,torricellian vacuum #8with success apparently4' #8,sulphur1 after giving out hydrogen by electricity1 had lost its yellow colour and was became brownish1 but still non-conducting1 crystalline1 and transparent4' ,numberless experiments were made on the action of potassium on ammonia and on nitrogen4 ,in ,november he must have injured his right hand1 for his notes are made with his left hand on the #aith and #bjth of this month4 ,on ,december #ae he gave another ,bakerian lecture on ,new ,analytical ,researches on ,alkalies1 ,phosphorus1 ,sulphur1 c4 ,in this paper he says his chief object was to show that there was oxygen in ammonia1 and that potassium was not a compound of the metal and hydrogen4 ,he made further experiments also on the decomposition of boracic1 fluoric1 and muriatic acids4 ,on ,december #bg1 #ahjh1 ,davy wrote to ,coleridge3 ,alas1 poor ,beddoes is dead6 ,he died on ,christmas ,eve4 ,he wrote to me two letters on two successive days--#bbnd and #bcrd4 ,from the first1 which was full of affection and new feeling1 ,i anticipated his state4 ,he is gone at the moment when his mind was purified and exalted for noble affections and great works4 ,my heart is heavy4 ,i would talk to you of your own plans1 which ,i shall endeavour in every way to promote2 ,i would talk to you of my own labours1 which have been incessant since ,i saw you and not without result2 but ,i am interrupted by very melancholy feelings1 which1 when you see this1 ,i know you will partake of4 ,ever1 my dear ,coleridge1 very affectionately yours1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,on ,december #bh he wrote in the ,laboratory ,book1 #8,we have tried a number of experiments within the last few days on the muriatic and fluoric acids1 heating them with potassium4' ,early in #ahji ,davy sent an appendix to his last ,bakerian lecture to the ,royal ,society4 ,in it he spoke #8of the general results being decisive with regard to a decomposition of nitrogen having been effected4' ,in a letter at this time he told his friend ,mr4 ,children #8he hoped to show him nitrogen as a complete wreck1 torn to pieces in different ways4' ,on ,january #ah he wrote1 #8,capital result from the action of potassium on ammonia4 ,nitrogen was lost4 ,if the nitrogen is to be considered as converted into oxygen and hydrogen1 it must be regarded as containing much more oxygen than water2 and if we do not adopt this supposition1 the only alternative is that water is the ponderable matter which1 under different modifications of electro-chemical existence1 constitutes oxygen1 hydrogen1 nitrogen1 and the nitrous compounds4' ,on ,february #ae he wrote in the ,laboratory ,book1 #8,were a description1 indeed1 to be given of all the experiments ,i have made1 of all the difficulties ,i have encountered1 of the doubts that have occurred1 and the hypotheses formed--' ,the sentence was not finished1 and more time was lost on the investigation4 ,throughout the spring and summer more experiments were made on ammonia and nitrogen4 ,he ignited potassium by the voltaic spark in nitrogen1 and found that some hydrogen was evolved and some nitrogen lost2 but when the potassium was free from potash this did not occur1 and at last he gave up trying to show that nitrogen was a compound of oxygen and a metallic basis4 ,at the end of ,august he was working on tellurium and made telluretted hydrogen4 ,to his mother he wrote in ,august3 ,at present1 except when ,i resolve to be idle for health's sake1 ,i devote every moment to labours which ,i hope will not be wholly ineffectual in benefiting society1 and which will not be wholly inglorious for my country hereafter2 and the feeling of this is the reward which will continue to keep me employed4 ,on ,september #ac he wrote in the ,laboratory ,book this verbal picture of his laboratory3 ,objects much wanted in the laboratory of the ,royal ,institution3 ,cleanliness1 neatness1 and regularity4 ,the laboratory must be cleaned every morning when operations are going on before ten o'clock4 ,it is the business of ,w4 ,payne#ch to do this1 and it is the duty of ,mr4 ,e4 ,davy to see that it is done and to take care of and keep in order the apparatus4 ,there must be in the laboratory pen1 ink1 paper1 and wafers1 and these must not be kept in the slovenly manner in which they usually are kept4 ,i am now writing with a pen and ink such as was never used in any other place4 ,there are wanting small graduated glass tubes blown here and measured to ten grains of mercury4 ,there are wanting four new stopcocks fitted to our air-pump4 ,there are wanting twelve green glass retorts4 ,there are wanting most of the common metallic and saline solutions1 such as acetate of copper1 nitrate of silver1 nitrate of barytes--most of these made in the laboratory4 ,all the wine-glasses should be cleaned4 ,and1 as all operation ceases at six o'clock in the evening1 there is plenty of time for getting things in order before night2 but if they are not got into order the same night1 they must be by ten o'clock the next day4 ,the laboratory is constantly in a state of dirt and confusion4 ,there must be a roller with a coarse towel for washing the hands and a basin of water and soap1 and every week at least a whole morning must be devoted to the inspection and ordering of the voltaic battery4 ,for ,thursday--i4e4 to-morrow--the experiments in the morning are on the excitation of radiant heat and electricity in different gases4 ,for the experiments on ,friday1 which will be on tellurium1 there are wanting very pure hydrogen2 two bottles of new1 very pure oxymuriatic gas2 two new stopcocks cemented into retorts1 with stoppers1 either green or white2 some tubes of this bore ,illustration or near it1 closed at one end and six inches long2 a spirit lamp made from a phial of large bore and the tube larger than that at present used4 ,illustration ,on ,september #ad he tried various experiments on the excitation of electricity4 ,the ,laboratory ,book says1 #8,present in these and the former experiments1 ,mr4 ,cavendish1 ,dr4 ,herschel1 ,mr4 ,herschel1 ,sir ,charles ,blagden 7not in the second set on electricity72 ,dr4 ,wollaston1 ,mr4 ,warburton4' ,the repulsion of the machine was compared to the repulsion in a partial vacuum1 in hydrogen1 in carbonic acid1 and in rarefied carbonic acid4 ,the former experiments the same day were on the rise of a thermometer heated by a coil of platinum wire in different gases4 ,on ,september #ba the ,note-,book says3 ,an ,experiment to ,decompose ,muriatic ,acid ,gas4--,a balloon having three openings1 to one of which a stopcock was cemented1 and in the other two were corks containing wires1 so adapted to each other that a contact might be made4 ,pieces of well-burnt charcoal were fastened to the ends of the wires4 ,the apparatus1 being air-tight1 was exhausted and filled with hydrogen2 another exhaustion being made1 the balloon was filled with oxymuriatic gas from a gas-holder1 with which it was connected by means of a stopcock4 ,the two wires being joined to the voltaic apparatus and a contact of the charcoal made1 the ignition was brilliant without any apparent combustion2 white fumes were presently produced1 which in a short time disappeared again1 and were afterwards1 during the remaining time the experiment was in hand1 only formed when two new points of charcoal came in contact1 or when the flame played on the copper wire which fastened the charcoal4 ,the light emitted was a brilliant yellowish colour1 frequently assuming a fine lake4 ,after an hour's time the gas appeared unaltered1 of its original colour4 ,the higher parts of the pieces of charcoal were covered with a fine greenish-yellow powder1 otherwise unaltered4 ,tin-leaf thrown in through one of the openings began immediately to form with the oxymuriatic acid gas the fuming liquor of ,libavius4 ,when shook it inflamed4 ,on ,september #bc1 #ahji1 in a letter to ,mr4 ,children1 he mentions this experiment1 and says #8it is as difficult to decompose as nitrogen1 except when all its elements can be made to enter into new combinations4' ,on ,october #c1 among #8the hints for experiments' in the ,note-,book is this1 to detonate together hydrogen and oxymuriatic acid4 ,another ,bakerian lecture was given1 and then he continued his researches on ammonia4 ,on ,november #bd #8experiments to be in progress' are thus entered in the ,laboratory ,book3 #a4 ,to decompose sulphuretted hydrogen by electricity in an apparatus by which the results can be accurately known4 #b4 ,to pass potassium through ignited powdered quartz4 #c4 ,to decompose muriatic acid gas by potassium1 so as to ascertain the quantity of hydrogen formed4 #d4 ,to weigh ammonia1 hydrogen1 and nitrogen1 sulphuretted hydrogen and gaseous fluoric acid1 nitrous oxide1 and oxymuriatic acid gas4 #e4 ,to make a series of experiments upon the ores and products of cast iron4 #f4 ,to ascertain with greater precision than has been yet obtained the nature of the acid matter formed in pure water1 oxygenated or not4 #g4 ,to decompose fluoric acid gas1 and to ascertain the source of the hydrogen which it gives by the operation of potassium4 #h4 ,to make various experiments on the amalgamation of ammonia1 using different amalgams of mercury and different modes of excluding water4 #i4 ,to endeavour to bring the theory to a test of producing oxygen from water without hydrogen4 #aj4 ,to decompose muriate of soda and litharge and other bodies that contain no water by electricity1 and to see what happens4 ,in the early part of #ahaj the experiments were chiefly on the action of potassium on sulphur and phosphorus4 ,from analogy oxygen had been considered as the acidifying principle of the muriatic acid1 or spirit of salt4 ,it was thought to combine with more oxygen1 and then was called oxygenated muriatic acid1 although its powers as an acid were weakened and it became more volatile and bleached4 ,davy sent two papers to the ,royal ,society1 on this subject4 ,the first was on ,july #ab1 #8,researches on ,oxymuriatic ,acid and the ,elements of ,muriatic ,acid2 with ,experiments on ,sulphur and ,phosphorus1' and the second1 on ,november #ae1 was the #8,bakerian ,lecture on ,some of the ,combinations of ,oxymuriatic ,gas and ,oxygen1 and on the ,chemical ,relations of these ,principles to ,inflammable ,bodies4' ,in the first paper he says1 #8,scheele considered oxymuriatic acid as more simple than muriatic acid1 and that it became muriatic acid by union with phlogiston4 ,berthollet said it contained oxygen4 ,the vivid combustion of many bodies in this gas has favoured the presumption that it contained oxygen very loosely combined1 and ready to exert its utmost power of affinity2 but it is mere presumption1 since heat and light result also from the intense agency of any other combination without the presence of oxygen4' ,on ,july #c he wrote1 #8,equal parts of oxymuriatic acid and hydrogene1 both dried1 were detonated4 ,there was a diminution equal to about #a_/ab1 and muriatic gas was formed2 and this was over mercury1 and some of the oxymuriatic acid burnt the mercury1 and there was an excess of #a_/d hydrogene4 ,equal parts of oxymuriatic acid and sulphuretted hydrogene1 diminution about #a_/ab4 ,muriatic gas formed2 sulphuretted hydrogene apparently in excess4' ,a most important experiment had been made on ,september #ba1 #ahji1 on the resistance of oxymuriatic acid to galvanic decomposition2 and as long previously as ,april #ai1 #ahjh1 he had decomposed muriatic acid with a battery of #ebj pair of plates4#ci ,the experiments which were detailed in the ,bakerian lecture read during the absence of ,davy on ,november #ae1 were made in ,july and ,august4 ,on ,august #cj1 after entering things wanted1 he wrote in the ,laboratory ,book3 #8,no experiments are to be made or carried on in the laboratory without the consent and approbation of the ,professor of ,chemistry4 ,the attempt at original experiment1 unless preceded by knowledge1 merely interferes with the progress of discovery4 ,there are a sufficient number of new and interesting objects which a modest student would wish to pursue1 and in which the path is marked and distinct4' ,on ,september #h he was again experimenting on the decomposition of nitrogen4 ,he wrote1 #8,and if it be said that no air and no water were present 7in the potassium1 boracic acid1 and ammonia71 the experiment is decisive as to the destruction of nitrogen and its containing the same kind of elementary matter as water4' ,to the like experiment1 ,september #ac1 he wrote1 #8,this experiment seems almost decisive on the decomposition of nitrogen4' ,soon after he wrote1 #8,query1 ,does not the general tenor of the last experiments lead to the suspicion of the decomposition of nitrogen8' ,on ,september #af he made this note3 #8,objects to be attempted during the next week3 ,to-morrow1 oxymuriatic acid pure1 to try absorption by two grains of different metals--tin1 arsenic1 antimony1 bismuth1 copper1 platina1 lead1 zinc4' ,on ,october #d1 when he was about to start for ,dublin1 he wrote in the ,laboratory ,book1 #8,the principal thing1 the laboratory in complete order4' ,he was absent from ,october #d to the middle of ,december4 ,no experiments were entered until ,october #bg2 then there are some on oxymuriatic acid by ,e4 ,davy4 ,on ,november #ae the action of oxymuriatic gas on dried nitrous gas was repeated4 ,the next experiment was on ,november #bd4 #8,two grains of silver were entirely converted into horn-silver2 the absorption of chlorine gas was #i_/aj of a cubic inch4' ,this was the first use of the word ,,chlorine in the ,note-,book2 it occurs daily afterwards4 ,oxymuriatic gas continued the chief subject of the experiments in the laboratory up to the end of ,february in the following year4 ,this year ,davy was invited to deliver a course of lectures on ,electro-,chemical ,science1 and another course of six lectures on the ,application of ,chemistry to ,agriculture1 in the new laboratory of the ,dublin ,society4 ,having obtained permission as secretary to be absent from the meetings of the ,royal ,society1 he commenced his course on ,november #h and finished it on the #bith1 and the ,society requested his acceptance of #ejj guineas4 ,in #ahaa he again delivered two courses1 one on the ,elements of ,chemical ,philosophy and the other on ,geology4 ,for these he received #gejl41 and ,trinity ,college made him a ,doctor of ,laws4 ,such consideration for lectures on this side of the ,atlantic sounds fabulous4 ,he wrote to his mother3 ,balina1 ,ireland1 ,october #bd1 #ahaa4 ,the laboratory in ,dublin1 which has been enlarged1 so as to hold #eej people1 will not hold half the persons who desire to hear my lectures4 ,the #eej tickets issued for the course by the ,dublin ,society at two guineas each were all disposed of the first week1 and ,i am told now that from ten to twenty guineas are offered for a ticket4 ,this is merely for your eye2 it may please you to know that your son is not unpopular or useless4 ,every person here1 from the highest to the lowest1 shows me every attention and kindness4 ,i shall come to see you as soon as ,i can4 ,i hear with infinite delight of your health1 and ,i hope ,heaven will continue to preserve and bless a mother who deserves so well of her children4 ,i am1 your very affectionate ,son1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,during #ahaa he made the acquaintance of ,mrs4 ,appreece1 the daughter and heiress of ,charles ,carr1 of ,kelso1 and about the end of the year probably he wrote to his mother3 ,,my ,,dear ,,mother1--,you possibly may have heard reports of my intended marriage4 ,till within the last few days it was mere report4 ,it is1 ,i trust1 now a settled arrangement4 ,i am the happiest of men in the hope of a union with a woman equally distinguished for virtues1 talent1 and accomplishments4 99 99 99 99 99 ,you1 ,i am sure1 will sympathise in my happiness4 ,i believe ,i should never have married but for this charming woman1 whose views and whose tastes coincide with my own1 and who is eminently qualified to promote my best efforts and objects in life4 ,i am1 your affectionate ,son1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,he wrote to his brother1 at that time a medical student at ,edinburgh3 ,,my ,,dear ,,john1--,many thanks for your last letter4 ,i have been very miserable4 ,the lady whom ,i love best of any human being has been very ill4 ,she is now well and ,i am happy4 ,mrs4 ,appreece has consented to marry me1 and when the event takes place ,i shall not envy kings1 princes1 or potentates4 ,i am1 my dear ,brother1 ever most affectionately yours1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,the ,laboratory ,note-,book at this time contains very little work4 ,on ,february #ba1 #ahaa1 he had a paper read to the ,royal ,society on a #8,combination of ,oxymuriatic ,gas and ,oxygen ,gas1 called ,euchlorine4' ,in ,july the action of chlorine on carbonic oxide1 exposed for hours to bright sunshine1 was examined4 ,he wrote1 #8,the new gas seems to consist of equal volumes of chlorine and carbonic oxide condensed to one volume4' ,on ,august #g ,davy wrote in the ,laboratory ,book1 #8,to get nitrous oxide1 nitrous gas1 and very pure chlorine for experiments4 ,to try to decompose nitrogen or to combine it with chlorine4' ,on the #ajth the exposure to the light had been continued two days without result4 ,in the middle of ,august he experimented on the action of potassium on silicated fluoric gas4 ,from ,september #b to ,december #bj there are no entries in the ,laboratory ,book4 ,that day--the first after his return from ,ireland--there are experiments on the electrolization of water4 ,early in the following year ,sir ,joseph ,banks wrote to ,sir ,george ,staunton 7in ,china73 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are going on here as usual1 but ,i think the taste for science is on the increase4 ,the ,royal ,society has been well supplied with papers1 and continues to be so4 ,davy1 our secretary1 is said to be on the point of marrying a rich and handsome widow1 who has fallen in love with science and marries him in order to obtain a footing in the academic groves2 her name is ,apreece1 the daughter of ,mr4 ,carr1 who made a fortune in ,india1 and the niece of ,dr4 ,carr1 of ,northampton4 ,if this takes place1 it will give to science a kind of new clat2 we want nothing so much as the countenance of the ladies to increase our popularity4 ,very little laboratory work was done in #ahab4 ,it appears from ,davy's notes that a few experiments on euchlorine were made in ,january4 ,in ,february he was again working on sulphur and phosphorus and chlorine4 ,in ,march he was experimenting on borum with oxygen1 and with chlorine4 ,in ,august an experiment was made to ascertain whether there is1 according to the received belief1 a neutral part in the voltaic circle4 ,the battery consisted of forty double plates1 thus arranged3 ,each trough1 excepting the end ones1 was separately connected with a glassful of mercury by polished copper wire1 and each pair of glasses was connected by very fine polished iron wire4 ,the effects took place at the moment of contact at all the wires1 so that there could have been no neutral point4 ,for the last time1 after innumerable failures1 he returned to the decomposition of nitrogen4 ,on ,august #ac #8experiment very cautiously made of the action of potassium on nitrogene4 ,light green when mercury is employed1 red when potassium4' ,on ,october #bc the ,laboratory ,book says3 #8,a series of experiments to attempt to decompose hydrofluoric acid1 and to ascertain the constitution of the fluoric combinations4 #8#a4 ,to obtain pure hydrofluoric acid4 #8#b4 ,to obtain silicofluoric acid gas1 and to decompose it by potassium and by potash1 and to ascertain the quantity of fluate of lime they will give4 #8#c4 ,to make pure prussic acid4 #8#d4 ,to act upon pure prussic acid by chlorine4' ,on ,november #e a new detonating compound was formed2 this was the chloride of nitrogen4 ,this year ,davy gave his last course of lectures on ,chemical ,philosophy at the ,royal ,institution4 ,an account of four of these lectures #8was taken off from notes by ,mr4 ,faraday4' ,the subjects were ,radiant ,matter1 ,chlorine1 ,simple ,inflammables1 and ,metals4 ,after the report of each lecture he gave the experiments as a sequel1 illustrated with drawings2 the whole made a small quarto of #chf pages1 with an index of twenty-five pages4 ,the volume was bound by ,mr4 ,faraday1 and was sent to ,davy as an evidence of ,faraday's #8knowledge1 diligence1 and order1' when he asked for an engagement at the ,royal ,institution4 ,davy gave the lecture on ,radiant ,matter on ,february #bi4 ,he said1 #8,with respect to radiant or ethereal substances all our knowledge of it is obtained from the effect it produces on us and terrestrial bodies when in motion4 #8,in our consideration of this subject it will be essentially necessary that we distinguish between knowledge and speculation4 ,these terms in their meaning are palpably different1 but yet have been intermixed and combined together in a very singular manner4 ,the ,french chemists in particular speak of the materiality of heat1 and of the nature of the compounds it forms1 as confidently and as fluently as if they had undeniably proved it to be a body4 ,they have blended their knowledge with speculation1 and formed a theory that is very possibly untrue4 ,the most eminent phenomena of radiation are to be observed in light4' ,and then he passed on to the laws of light and dwelt on ,herschel's discovery that the heating power of red rays was to the green as fifty-five to sixteen1 and that he had himself found the thermometer rose still higher beyond the red1 and that heating rays are less refrangible than light rays2 then he showed a wire heated by the voltaic battery in air and in vacuo1 and said that he had proved #8that the radiating power is three times as strong in an exhausted receiver as in the open air1' and1 #8fully proves that radiation is not caused by undulations in the atmosphere4 ,it is strongest when no atmosphere is present4' ,he ends his account of the effects of radiant heat thus3 #8,were it not for this terrestrial radiation of earthly bodies1 the heat would accumulate from the rays of the sun until at last the whole world would be uninhabitable4 #8,but1 besides the effects produced by the two species of radiant matter--radiant light and radiant heat--there are other effects--chemical effects--that take place caused by the action of some radiant matter that comes to us from the sun1 perhaps a single substance that1 independent of light and heat1 causes effects by its own power4' ,and then he showed an experiment of chlorine and hydrogen exposed to light4 ,he says1 #8,there is a very singular analogy that exists between the rays at the violet end of the spectrum1 hydrogen gas1 and the negative pole of the voltaic battery2 and opposed to it stands the analogy of the rays at the red end of the spectrum to positive electricity2 they produce opposite effects to the first-mentioned arrangement1 but act similar to each other4 #8,if that sublime idea of the ancients that there is only one species of matter in the universe1 and that its different properties depend on the difference of size1 shape and other qualities should be confirmed1 it would simplify the science in a most eminent degree1 and at the same time it would raise it to the acme of perfection4' ,opposing the view that oxygen gas contained light combined with it1 and gave light out in oxidation1 he contrasted slowly oxidised iron with an iron turning burnt in oxygen4 #8,when the laws which govern in chemical science are fully known1 there is no doubt it will become a much more simple science4 ,it cannot fail to be so1 since then it will be complete4 ,already it is one of the most useful of the whole circle to man1 and when in its utmost state of improvement it will be one of the most sublime4 ,it will1 ,i have no doubt1 connect mechanical and chemical sciences together2 it will concentrate them into one and in that one comprehend the whole universe4 #8,the first step to truth is the confession of ignorance4 ,no man could have made the immortal discoveries of ,newton unless he had first thrown up the ridiculous doctrines of ,des ,cartes4 ,to attend to our errors and own them1 to sacrifice all selfishness to the science1 not to support errors for the sake of vanity1 ought to be the leading precepts of a philosopher4 ,he should turn his endeavour to the advancement of science and not to the increase of his reputation4 ,let him fix steps for others to rise on1 and he does more real good to science than if he had spent years in controversy on an equivocal point4 ,let him turn his thoughts to general views and try to contain the whole science in his grasp2 he will then be calculated to arrange it1 improve it1 and reform it and place it in that order which tends so materially to its advancement4' ,his lecture on ,chlorine was given on ,saturday1 ,march #ad2 the previous week he had given a lecture on ,oxygen1 which was not reported by ,faraday4 #8,i will demonstrate what ,i affirm in a positive and satisfactory manner4 #8,accustomed for years to consider the chemical principles of the ,french ,school of ,physical ,sciences as correct1 ,i had adopted them and put faith in them until they became prejudices1 and ,i even felt unwilling to give them up when my judgment was fully convinced by experiment that they were erroneous4 ,i know that this is the case in some degree with almost every person2 he is unwilling to believe that he is wrong1 and therefore feels averse to adopt what is right when it opposes his principles4 #8,pelletier died from inhaling this gas 7chlorine74 ,it supports combustion of a taper experiment2 it does not contain oxygen4' ,he showed by experiment that pure dry chlorine and hydrogen1 when exploded1 caused no moisture2 no water was formed4 ,this was the synthetical proof4 ,decomposition of muriatic acid gas by potassium was shown as the analytical proof4 ,compounds with phosphorus1 ammonia1 and sulphur all free from oxygen4 #8,oxygen does combine with chlorine4 ,i have ventured to name the compound euchlorine2 it is of a very bright yellow green colour4 ,names should represent things1 not opinions1 for in the last case they often tend to misrepresent and mislead4 #8,as chlorine contained no oxygen1 it became an inquiry well worth investigation to ascertain the part which chlorine acted in bleaching4 ,it decomposes water and forms hydrochloric acid4' #8,had ,mr4 ,berthollet obtained oxygen from chlorine there would have been no error in his theory1 but by not attending to the minute circumstances of his experiment1 by not ascertaining that the water present acted no part and was not decomposed1 he fell into an error1 and of course all the conclusions he drew were false and erroneous4 ,nothing should be allowed but what can be proved by experiment1 and nothing should be taken for granted upon analogy or supposition4' ,faraday concludes this lecture thus3 #8,mr4 ,davy now proceeded to comment and make observations on the former theory of chlorine gas4 ,here ,i was unable to follow him4 ,the plan which ,i pursue in taking of notes is convenient and sufficient with respect to the theoretical and also the practical part of the lecture1 but for the embellishments and ornaments of it it will not answer4 ,mr4 ,davy's language at those times is so superior 7and indeed throughout the whole course of the lecture7 that then ,i am infinitely below him and am incapable of following him even in an humble style4 ,therefore ,i shall not attempt it2 it will be sufficient to give a kind of contents of it4 #8,he said that hypotheses should not be considered as facts and built upon accordingly4 ,nevertheless1 if cautiously pursued1 they might lead to mature fruit4 ,that nothing should be taken for granted unless proved4 ,by considering oxygen as contained in chlorine the whole chemical world had been wrapped in error respecting that body for more than one-third of a century4 #8,he noticed that all the truly great scientific men were possessed of great humility and diffidence of their own opinions and powers4 ,he spoke of ,scheele1 the discoverer of chlorine2 observed that he possessed a truly philosophical spirit1 gave up his opinions when he supposed them to be erroneous1 and without hesitation or reluctance adopted those of others which he considered more correct2 admired his spirit and recommended it to all philosophers2 compared it to corn1 which looked but simple and insignificant in blossom and asked for little praise1 yet was the support of man4' ,in this lecture ,faraday gives the details of twenty experiments4 ,on ,april #h ,professor ,davy lectured on ,simple ,inflammable ,bodies4 #8,their number1 excepting the metals1 is six1 which unite with oxygen and chlorine1 the subjects of the two last lectures4' ,he showed a jet of oxygen burning in hydrogen1 and said1 #8,in the burning of tallow1 wax1 oil1 and wood it is the hydrogen of their bodies that causes the flame2 though in most cases it is also combined with carbon1 yet it is the hydrogen that produces the flame4444 #8,i have here a bladder filled with nitrous oxide gas2 ,i will breathe it once or twice1 but not so far as to incapacitate me from continuing the lecture4 ,it produces a very pleasing sensation 7far superior to the most exquisite liquors1 such as champagne71 and ,i have no doubt that if ,i were to continue it a few minutes longer ,i should make a very interesting exhibition to the company2 but ,i would rather be excused4444 #8,if we suppose that the diamond is pure carbon1 and is therefore the same as charcoal1 we have a very strong presumptive reason to suppose that all matter is alike in all substances4 ,if substances so opposite and so different as charcoal and diamond are in reality the same kind of matter1 then the difference in other bodies is no proof that they also are not of the same kind of matter2 and this would lead us to suppose that there is but one matter in nature1 and that the difference in different bodies is owing to variety in the distance of the particles1 to shape1 and to size4444 #8,in conclusion several of these six simple combustibles ,i suspect to be compounds1 and perhaps their nature may shortly be discovered4444 #8,what gives a strong colour to the idea of the compound nature of nitrogen is the quantity of it that can be obtained from animal bodies1 whereas they imbibe none1 they combine with none4 #8,sulphur and phosphorus both appear to be compound bodies when they are subjected to the power of a voltaic battery4 ,a great quantity of hydrogen gas is evolved1 so that it appears hydrogen is one of their constituent parts4444 #8,whether these bodies are compound or not1 they are objects of new research2 they present new fields for the great1 the industrious1 the scientific1 and the penetrating mind4 ,our horizon extends the higher we rise4 ,the result of future inquiries will probably lay a foundation on which future ages and future generations may erect an edifice that will reach from earth to heaven4' ,in this lecture ,faraday noted twenty-two experiments4 ,the next day1 ,april #i1 ,davy was knighted by the ,prince ,regent4 ,on ,april #aj ,sir ,humphry ,davy gave his last lecture at the ,royal ,institution2 it was on the ,metals4 #8,all the volatile metals burn with flame1 and all those that are not volatile with sparks4444 #8,these1 with the metals of the alkalies and the alkaline earths which ,i have had the good fortune to discover1 make up the number to about forty4' ,he shewed the mode of obtaining alkaline metals by voltaic decomposition2 and earths by potassium4 ,the mode of obtaining the alkaline metals by chemical action alone was shown1 but the experiment was not made4 ,a quantity of potassium from common potash by iron was on the table4 #8,the combustion of metals is according to their electricity1 those containing the most electricity burning with the most energy4 ,all those metals that are positive to others are also more inflammable than those others1 and burn more readily4444 #8,that the metals of the earths and alkalies cannot exist at the surface of our globe we are well assured1 but they may exist in the interior1 and if so they will offer a very complete and a very probable solution of the phenomena of earthquakes and volcanoes2 and perhaps1 considered thus1 they may lay the foundation of a new and perfect system of geology4 #8,we have here a small volcano formed of clay1 c41 in the shape of a mountain1 and having two or three pieces of the alkaline metals introduced here and there4 ,now by adding a little water to this volcano ,i shall be able to inflame it and cause it to burn briskly4444 #8,meteors consist of alkaline metals and iron2 the iron burns last if it be burnt at all4 #8,what ,i conceive is1 that there are certain bodies that revolve round our earth--a kind of satellites--and are the same with respect to our globe that comets are to the sun4 ,their orbits are ellipses1 whose longer diameters1 like those of the comets1 far exceed their shorter ones4 ,they must move with very great velocity to counteract the attraction of the earth4444' ,regarding transmutation of metals he said #8the beginning was deceit1 the progress falsehood1 and the end beggary1 said ,lemery4' #8,it was supposed till lately that the fixed alkalies were simple bodies1 but ,i have had the good fortune to prove them compounds2 and that pure potash should contain a metal1 oxygen1 and water is not more probable than that the metals are compounds1 yet it not only is probable but it is possible1 and in reality is so4444 #8,from the mercurial amalgam and from the quantity of hydrogen given out by metals when exposed to the action of a vigorous voltaic battery1 either this hydrogen is combined with the metal or it is one of its constituent parts4444 #8,if1 then1 we suppose that hydrogen constitutes a part of all metals1 they will be compounds of it and a base4 ,the hydrogen will give them their genuine characters and make them metals1 and their base will bestow on them their own peculiar properties4 #8,i should wish particularly on this point to be understood rightly4 ,i am not an advocate for alchemy and its attendant frauds2 that will appear from the tenor of my discourse2 but ,i conceive it to be a noble and glorious object to follow up the paths trod by those chemists who wish for the improvement of science to ascertain the compound nature of metals4 ,it is a subject well worthy of pursuit1 and whenever the discovery is made it will confer immortal honour on the discoverer1 the age1 and the country that it is made in4' ,faraday then says1 #8,having thus given the general character of the metals1 ,sir ,h4 ,davy proceeded to make a few observations on the connection of science with the other parts of polished and social life4 ,here it would be improper for me to follow him4 ,i should merely injure and destroy the beautiful1 the sublime observations that fell from his lips4 ,he spoke in the most energetic and luminous manner of the advancement of the arts and sciences1 of the connection that had always existed between them and other parts of a nation's economy4 ,he noticed the peculiar congeries of great men in all departments of life that generally appeared together1 noticed ,anaximander1 ,anaximenes1 ,socrates1 ,newton1 ,bacon1 ,elizabeth1 c41 but1 by an unaccountable omission1 forgot himself1 though ,i will venture to say no one else present did4 #8,during the whole of these observations his delivery was easy1 his diction elegant1 his tone good1 and his sentiments sublime4' ,faraday ends his volume with the notes of eighteen experiments that were made in this lecture4 ,the same day ,davy wrote to his brother4 ,it was the eve of his wedding4 ,friday1 ,april #aj1 #ahab4 ,,my ,,dear ,,brother1--,you will have excused me for not writing to you on subjects of science4 ,i have been absorbed by arrangements on which the happiness of my future life depends4 ,before you receive this these arrangements will1 ,i trust1 be settled1 and in a few weeks ,i shall be able to return to my habits of study and scientific research4 ,i am going to be married to-morrow1 and ,i have a fair prospect of happiness with the most amiable and intellectual woman ,i have ever known4 ,the ,prince ,regent1 unsolicited by me or by any of my intimate friends1 was pleased to confer the honour of knighthood on me at the last leve4 ,this distinction has not often been bestowed on scientific men1 but ,i am proud of it1 as the greatest of human geniuses bore it2 and it is at least a proof that the world has not overlooked my humble efforts in the cause of science4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am1 my dear ,brother1 most affectionately yours1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,on ,june #ab he published his #8,elements of ,chemical ,philosophy4' ,it is dedicated to ,lady ,davy1 #8as a pledge that he shall continue to pursue science with unabated ardour4' ,dr4 ,thomas ,young1 in the #8,quarterly ,review' for ,september #ahab1 enables us to see what was thought of ,sir ,h4 ,davy and of his book at this time4 #8,in attempting a review of this work we cannot avoid professing that we are far from entertaining the impression of sitting down as competent judges to decide upon the merits or demerits of the author2 on this point the public voice1 not only within our own islands1 but wherever science is cultivated1 has already pronounced too definite a sentence to be weakened or confirmed by anything that we can suggest of exception or approbation4 ,our humble labours on such an occasion must be much more analytical and historical than critical2 at the same time we are too well acquainted with the author's candour to suppress any remark which may occur to us as tending to correction or improvement4 ,it has most assuredly fallen to the lot of no one individual to contribute to the progress of chemical knowledge by discoveries so numerous and important as those which have been made by ,sir ,humphry ,davy2 and1 with regard to mere experimental investigation1 we do not hesitate to rank his researches as more splendidly successful than any which have ever before illustrated the physical sciences in any of their departments4 ,we are aware that the 8,optics0 of ,newton will immediately occur to our readers as an exception2 but1 without attempting to convince those who may differ from us on this point1 we are disposed to abide by the opinion that for a series of well-devised experiments and brilliant discoveries the contents of ,davy's 8,bakerian ,lectures0 are as much superior to those of ,newton's 8,optics0 as the 8,principia0 are to those or to any other human work for the accurate and refined application of a sublime and simple theory to the most intricate and apparently anomalous results derived from previous observation4 99 99 99 99 99 #8,until the year #ahjf ,sir ,humphry ,davy had been remarkable for the industrious and ingenious application of those means of experiment only which had been long known to chemists4 ,he had acquired at a very early period of his life a well-established celebrity among men of science throughout ,europe by the originality and accuracy of his researches1 and at the same time the fluent and impressive delivery of his lectures had obtained him the most flattering marks of approbation from the public of the metropolis4 ,but it was in the summer of that year that1 in repeating some electro-chemical experiments of very doubtful authority 7the production of acid and alkali by the decomposition of water71 he was led into a new train of reasoning and investigation1 which enabled him to demonstrate the important laws of the connection between the electrical affections of bodies and their chemical powers4 ,this was his first great discovery4444 ,our author's next great step was the decomposition of the alkalies1 which he effected the succeeding year2 and this1 though less interesting and important with regard to the fundamental theory of the science1 was more brilliant and imposing from its capability of being exhibited in a visible1 tangible form4 ,the third striking feature which distinguishes the system advanced in the present work is the assertion of the existence of at least two empyreal principles--oxygen and the elastic fluid called the oxymuriatic acid gas 7chlorine74444 #8,a fourth peculiarity1 which1 however1 is less exclusively and originally a doctrine of ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 is the theory of the simplicity of the proportions in which all bodies combine--a theory the explicit illustration and general and minute application of which the science is principally indebted to our countryman ,mr4 ,dalton4' ,how far later discoveries have advanced our knowledge can be seen in the strange words1 as they now sound1 which ,dr4 ,young uses when he mentions the first researches of ,davy4 #8,certain bodies which attract each other chemically1 and combine when their particles have freedom of motion1 when brought into contact still preserving their aggregation1 exhibit what may be called electrical polarities1 and by certain combinations these polarities may be highly exalted2 and in this case they become subservient to chemical decompositions1 and1 by means of chemical arrangements1 the constituent parts of bodies are separated in uniform order and in definite proportions4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,the review then gives the account of the discovery of potassium1 sodium1 barium1 strontium1 magnesium1 aluminum1 glycinium1 zirconium1 silicium1 and itrium and boron4 ,on the subject of oxymuriatic acid gas ,dr4 ,young says #8we cannot help thinking his tone somewhat more decisive than the present state of the investigation altogether authorises1' and he strongly objects to ,davy's terminology2 which never was adopted by chemists4 ,as no table of the proportional weights of chemical substances entering into combination is to be found in ,sir ,h4 ,davy's work1 ,dr4 ,young says he took the liberty of inserting one formed from ,davy's numbers and from the experiments of ,berzelius and ,richter4 ,he thus ended his review1 #8,the character of ,sir ,humphry ,davy's researches has always been that of the most interesting originality1 and we have certainly no reason to complain that he has in his experiments very commonly forsaken the beaten path4 99 99 99 99 99 #8,with all its excellences this work must be allowed to bear no inconsiderable marks of haste1 and we would easily have conjectured1 even if the author had not expressly told us so in his dedication1 that the period employed on it 8has been the happiest of his life40 ,in that and in every other happiness which may have befallen him we shall ever most sincerely rejoice2 nor shall we think the public will have any reason to reproach him with having done too little for science1 even if he should fail at any future time in his avowed resolution of pursuing it 8with unabated ardour20 that he has not yet so failed is become from a late accident a matter of public notoriety1 and if we may expect perseverance to be at all commensurate to success1 we have no reason to be apprehensive of his passing any part of his life in inactivity4 #8,the style and manner of this work are nearly the same with those of the author's lectures delivered in the theatre of the ,royal ,institution4 ,they have been much admired by some of the most competent judges of good language and good taste1 and it has been remarked that ,davy was born a poet1 and has only become a chemist by accident4 ,certainly the situation in which he was placed induced him to cultivate an ornamented and popular style of expression and embellishment1 and what was encouraged by temporary motives has become natural to him from habit4 ,hence have arisen a multitude of sentimental reflections and appeals to the feelings1 which many will think beauties and some only prettinesses2 nor is it necessary for us to decide in which of the two classes of readers we wish ourselves to be arranged1 conceiving that in matters so indifferent to the immediate object of the work a great latitude may be allowed to the diversity of taste and opinion4' ,on ,june #ah ,davy sent a paper to the ,royal ,society on #8,some ,combinations of ,phosphorus and ,sulphur1' and in ,july two other papers--#8,further ,observations on ,chloride of ,nitrogen2 and on ,fluorine and ,hydrofluoric ,acid4' ,late in ,august he wrote to a friend1 #8,i have just published a volume of the #8,elements of ,chemistry1' and ,i hope to publish another in the course of the spring4 ,having given up lecturing1 ,i shall be able to devote my whole time to the pursuit of discovery4' ,on ,october #ad1 from ,edinburgh1 he wrote to ,mr4 ,children3 #8,i have received a very interesting letter from ,ampre4 ,he says that a combination of chlorine and azote has been discovered at ,paris1 which is a fluid and explodes by the heat of the hand1 the discovery of which cost an eye and a finger to the author4 ,he gives no details as to the mode of combining them4 ,i have tried in my little apparatus with ammonia cooled very low and chlorine1 but without success4' ,on ,october #bd he writes1 #8,on ,wednesday we are to have a meeting at the ,institution1 to try to make this compound of azote and chlorine4' ,on ,november #e a letter was read at the ,royal ,society from ,davy to ,sir ,joseph ,banks on this compound1 which had been formed by exposing chlorine to a solution of nitrate of ammonia4 ,during his investigation the substance exploded in a tube1 and he received a severe wound in the eye4 ,on ,november #af he wrote to his brother1 #8,it is not safe to experiment upon a globule larger than a pin's head4 ,i have been severely wounded by a piece scarcely bigger4' ,in ,january #ahac he had another severe attack of inflammation in the wounded eye1 and it was not perfectly well till ,april4 ,on ,april #d he wrote to his brother1 #8,i am now quite recovered1 and ,jane is very well1 and we have both enjoyed the last month in ,london4 ,i have been hard at work 7on fluorine74 ,we have now a triad of supporters of combustion4 #8,i have just finished printing my 8,agricultural ,lectures40' ,soon after he again wrote to his brother3 ,i communicated to you in a former letter my plans as far as they were matured4 ,i have neither given up the ,institution nor am ,i going to ,france1 and1 wherever ,i am1 ,i shall continue to labour in the cause of science with a zeal not diminished by increase of happiness and 7with respect to the world7 increased independence4 ,i have just finished the first part of my #8,chemistry' to my own satisfaction1 and ,i am going to publish my #8,agricultural ,lectures1' for which ,i am to get #a1jjj guineas for the copyright and fifty guineas for each edition1 which seems a fair price4 ,as ,i shall see you so soon ,i shall not write about any matters of science4 ,i was appointed professor 7honorary7 to the ,institution at the last meeting 7,april #e74 ,i do not pledge myself to give lectures4 ,brande gives twelve4 ,if ,i lecture it will be on some new series of discoveries1 should it be my fortune to make them1 and ,i give up the routine of lecturing merely that ,i may have more time to pursue original inquiries and forward more the great objects of science4 ,this has been for some time my intention1 and it has been hastened by my marriage4 ,i shall have great pleasure in making you acquainted with ,lady ,d4 ,she is a noble creature 7if ,i may be permitted so to speak of a wife7 and every day adds to my contentment by the powers of her understanding and her amiable and delightful tones of feeling4 ,god bless you6 ,believe me to be your affectionate brother1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,in the minutes of the monthly meetings of members of the ,royal ,institution1 ,april #e1 #ahac1 it is stated that ,sir ,h4 ,davy rose and begged leave to resign his situation of ,professor of ,chemistry2 #8but he by no means wished to give up his connection with the ,royal ,institution1 as he should ever be happy to communicate his researches in the first instance to the ,institution in the way he did in the presence of the members last ,wednesday 7on hydrofluoric acid71 and to do all in his power to promote the interest and success of this ,institution4' ,earl ,spencer moved #8that the thanks of this meeting be returned to ,sir ,h4 ,davy for the inestimable services rendered by him to the ,royal ,institution1 and that1 in order more strongly to mark the high sense entertained by this meeting of the merits of ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 he be elected ,honorary ,professor of ,chemistry4' ,mr4 ,brande was then nominated ,professor of ,chemistry1 with a salary of #bjjl4 per annum4 ,in ,october ,sir ,h4 ,davy went abroad with ,mr4 ,faraday4 ,in ,may #ahae he came back1 and ,faraday was re-engaged as the assistant in the laboratory of the ,royal ,institution4 ,whilst abroad he had sent as many as seven papers to the ,royal ,society--on #8,fluoric ,acid ,compounds and ,hydrogen ,acids4' ,two papers on #8,iodine1' on #8,combustion of the ,diamond1' on #8,ancient ,colours1' on a #8,solid ,compound of ,iodine and ,oxygen1' on #8,hyperoxy-,muriates4' ,when he returned he probably intended to make greater discoveries in chemistry during the following ten years than he had made during the fifteen years that he had been at the ,institution4 ,he was in the prime of life4 ,he had won the highest rank as an original inquirer4 ,he had a love of research which1 in spite of his marriage1 his wealth1 and ultimately his ill health1 never ceased until his early death4 ,he had ,faraday as his assistant1 and he soon found a subject more fruitful than the composition of nitrogen1 which had so long baffled his genius4 ,many of the details of his work in the laboratory until his last experiment on the diffusion of gases1 in ,february #ahbf1 are to be found in the #8,life of ,faraday4' ,it will be sufficient to give here a statement of the original researches which he communicated to the ,royal ,society4 ,in ,november #ahae and ,january #ahaf his papers on ,fire-damp were read4 ,he then worked upon flame1 and in ,january #ahag his researches on flame and his splendid invention of the ,davy ,lamp were laid before the ,royal ,society4 ,at this time the popular reputation of ,davy reached its climax1 and1 looking back1 we can now see that his life should have ended here2 he was then only #ch years old4 ,he was presented with a service of plate as a token of his invaluable invention by the coal owners of the ,tyne and ,wear4 ,he bequeathed this to the ,royal ,society for the foundation of a medal1 to be given yearly to the chemist who made the greatest discovery4 ,this prize should be looked on as a lasting memorial of the countless lives which ,davy and other chemists1 by the application of their scientific researches1 have preserved4 ,year after year1 from #ahag to #ahbf1 ,davy communicated new investigations to the ,royal ,society4 ,he worked on chlorine1 on phosphorus1 on mists4 ,he went abroad again1 and he tried chemically to unfold the ,herculanean papyri4 ,he returned in #ahbj1 and was elected ,president of the ,royal ,society after the death of ,sir ,joseph ,banks4 ,then he worked on magnetic phenomena produced by electricity1 on electric phenomena in vacuo1 on water in the cavities of crystals1 on new phenomena of electro-magnetism4 ,he became jealous of the discoveries of ,faraday1 and he sent a paper to the ,royal ,society on the #8,application of ,liquids ,formed by the ,condensation of ,gases as ,mechanical ,agents4' ,in #ahbc he began to work on the defence of the copper sheathing of ships1 and in #ahbd he had two papers published on this subject4 ,he went in a ,government steamboat to ,norway1 ,sweden1 and ,denmark for the purpose of trying the influence of motion on his protectors4 ,he had already suffered for a year at this time from ill health4 ,in #ahbe his paper on the #8,preservation of ,metals by ,electrochemistry' was published4 ,in practice his plan failed1 and he was too ill to bear lightly the disappointment of his expectations4 ,in #ahbf he had a paper read on the #8,relations of ,electrical and ,chemical ,changes4' ,it contained but little new matter4 ,on ,november #cj he was elected ,president of the ,royal ,society for the last time4 ,he was dangerously ill on the day of election4 ,in the middle of ,december #ahbf he was struck with paralysis of the right side4 ,with the restlessness of disease on ,january #bb1 about a month after his attack1 he set out for ,italy4 ,he had the worst possible journey across ,mont ,cenis1 and1 after being three weeks at ,ravenna1 in the middle of ,march he wrote to ,mr4 ,poole3 ,i am1 thank ,god1 better1 but still very weak and wholly unfit for any kind of business and study4 ,i have1 however1 considerably recovered the use of all the limbs that were affected1 and1 as my amendment has been slow and gradual1 ,i hope in time it may be complete4 ,but ,i am leading the life of an anchorite1 obliged to abstain from flesh1 wine1 business1 study1 experiments1 and all things that ,i love2 but this discipline is salutary1 and1 for the sake of being able to do something more for science1 and ,i hope for humanity1 ,i submit to it1 believing that the ,great ,source of intellectual being so wills it for good4 ,one of the last thoughts in his note-book1 written at ,ravenna1 shows his mind3 #8,our real knowledge is but to be sure that we know nothing1 and ,i can but doubt if this be a curse or blessing4 ,those who hope1 trust1 and believe are surely happier far than those who doubt2 and the submissive child1 who of his father's goodness is secure1 is far more blessed than the froward one1 who sets himself against his powerful will1 which1 after all his struggles and vain efforts1 he must at last obey1 rebelling against the love which would have made him happy4 ,is not this the history of man8--of that bright and beauteous garden where in innocence and ignorance he lived and loved till the false taste of knowledge made him wretched and he knew that he must die4 ,and is not this the glory and the consummation of the ,christian faith1 which gives him back his innocence1 his hopes1 his confidence in ,god1 which through his life still gilds the future with a golden blessing of an expected immortality8 ,man fell in ,adam2 knowledge was his bane2 man rose in ,christ1 recovering his ignorance or substituting hope for what was doubt4' ,four or five days before he left ,ravenna he wrote1 ,april #f1 #8,did not shoot1 but returned thanks to the ,great ,cause of all being for all ,his mercies to me1 an undeserving and often ungrateful creature1 but now most grateful4 ,may ,i become better and more grateful and more humble-minded every day6' #8,valde miserabilis' is not an unfrequent expression at this time1 commonly accompanied with mention of diminished power of limbs and general feebleness1 with pain and numbness4 ,sometimes he was in despair of recovery and resigned to his fate1 at other times indulging in hope1 thankful for feeling better1 and expressing thanks 7and he does it very often7 by the use of letters2 as ,g4 ,g4 ,d4 7,thanks and glory to ,god72 ,o4 ,o4 ,o42 or more fully thus1 ,g4 ,o4 ,o4 ,o4 ,d4 ,on ,july #a he wrote to his friend ,mr4 ,davies ,gilbert1 who was on the council of the ,royal ,society4 ,he says that the expectations of his complete and rapid recovery have not been realised4 ,under these circumstances ,i feel it would be highly imprudent1 and perhaps fatal1 for me to return and to attempt to perform the official duties of ,president of the ,royal ,society2 and as ,i had no other feeling for that high and honourable situation except the hope of being useful to the society1 so ,i would not keep it a moment without the security of being able to devote myself to the labour and attention it demands4 ,i beg1 therefore1 you will be so good as to communicate my resignation to the council and to the ,society at their first meeting in ,november1 stating the circumstances of my severe and long-continued illness as the cause4 ,at the same time ,i beg you will express to them how grateful ,i feel for the high honour they have done me in placing me in the chair for so many successive years4 ,assure them that ,i shall always take the same interest in the progress of the grand objects of the ,society1 and throughout the whole of my life endeavour to contribute to their advancement and to the prosperity of the body4 ,he continued his notes thus3 #8,september #b4--;,i took my exercise well with less fatigue1 and certainly feel better4 ,offered up my thanksgiving to the ,o4 ,o4 ,o4 with tears of gratitude and feelings of intense adoration1 #8,september #bg1 ,,st4 ,,goar4--,a very beautiful and glorious evening4 ,i thought ,i was going to be quite well1 as the weakness of the left wrist1 which put an end to my shooting at ,spiers1 is quite gone2 but ,i found my stiff leg as bad as ever4 ,yet ,i can hardly be lower or live lower4 ,dubito fortissime restaurationem meam4 #8,as ,i have so often alluded to the possibility of my dying suddenly1 ,i think it right to mention that ,i am too intense a believer in the ,supreme ,intelligence1 and have too strong a faith in the optimism of the system of the universe1 ever to accelerate my dissolution4 ,the laurel-water and laudanum and opium that are in my dressing-case are medicines4 ,i have been and am taking a care of my health which ,i fear it is not worth1 but which1 hoping it may please ,providence to preserve me for wise purposes1 ,i think my duty4 ,g4 ,o4 ,o4 ,o4' ,he arrived in ,london on ,october #f4 ,not finding his health improve1 on ,march #bi1 #ahbh1 he left ,england again4 ,before he went he sent a paper on ,volcanoes to the ,royal ,society4 ,in his #8,consolations in ,travel' he says1 #8,i was desirous of again passing some time in ,southern ,austria and ,italy1 in the hope of re-establishing a broken constitution1 and though this hope was a feeble one1 yet at least ,i expected to spend a few of the last days of life more tranquilly and more agreeably than in the metropolis of my own country4 ,nature never deceives us4 ,the rocks1 the mountains1 the streams1 always speak the same language4 ,a shower of snow may hide the verdant woods in spring1 a thunder-storm may render the blue1 limpid streams foul and turbulent2 but these effects are rare and transient2 in a few hours1 or at least days1 all the sources of beauty are renovated2 and ,nature affords no continued trains of misfortunes and miseries1 such as depend upon the constitution of humanity1 no hopes for ever blighted in the bud1 no beings full of life1 beauty1 and promise taken from us in the prime of youth4 ,her fruits are all balmy1 bright1 and sweet2 she affords none of those blighted ones so common in the life of man and so like the fabled apples of the ,dead ,sea1 fresh and beautiful to the sight1 but when tasted full of bitterness and ashes4' ,on ,may #bb he writes1 #8,to my old haunt1 ,wurzen1 which is sublime in the majesty of ,alpine grandeur4 ,the snowy peaks of the ,noric ,alps rising above thunder-clouds1 whilst spring in all its bloom and beauty blooms below1 its buds and blossoms adorning the face of nature under a frowning canopy of dark clouds1 like some ,judith beauty of ,italy--a ,transteverene brow and eye and a mouth of ,venus and the ,graces4' ,on ,june #c he wrote to his brother1 ,dr4 ,davy3 ,aussee1 in ,styria4 ,notwithstanding the long1 severe1 and depressing malady under which ,i still labour ,i am not entirely without hope of ultimate recovery1 and the few pleasures which ,i retain in this my state of earthly purgatory have principally reference to the enjoyments and prospects of my friends2 and ,i indulge in the idea that you are well and happy and enjoying a life which ,i can say ,i only support1 supposing that it pleases ,omniscience to preserve me for some ends which ,i cannot understand1 but which ,i trust belong to the great plan of goodness and mercy belonging to the ,divine mind4 ,it suits me better to write away my days in this solitary state of existence in the contemplation of nature than to attempt to enter into ,london society1 where recollections call up the idea of what ,i was1 and the want of bodily power teaches me what a shadow ,i am4 ,i make notes in natural history1 fish1 and prepare for another edition of my #8,salmonia2' ride amongst the lakes and mountains2 and attach the loose fringe of hope as much as possible to my tattered garments4 ,i am now going to ,ischel1 where there are warm salt baths1 to try if they will renovate the muscular power of my leg and arm4 ,i wish to go to ,trieste in ,october1 to make the experiments ,i have long projected on the torpedo4 ,god bless you1 my dear ,john6 ,your affectionate ,friend and ,brother1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,on ,june #bd he says3 ,i have used the baths4 ,i have nearly recovered the flexibility of the affected limbs1 but not their former strength1 and this ,i can hardly hope to do as long as ,i am obliged to live so low and to use so much medicine2 but ,i shall go on4 ,speranza6 ,in ,november he sent his last paper to the ,royal ,society4 ,it was on the ,torpedo4 ,on ,december #ba he wrote to his brother3 ,rome4 ,perhaps in the spring you could see me in ,illyria4 ,i would then show you my kind little nurse1 to whom ,i owe most of the little happiness ,i have enjoyed since my illness4 ,he had stopped his treatment for four months and had lived rather more freely1 but in #8every respect ,i have continued extremely temperate4' ,on ,january #cj1 #ahbi1 he was still at ,rome4 ,he said1 #8,the palpitation of the heart has increased almost alarmingly1 and ,i do not think ,i have gained any strength in the weak limbs4' ,on ,february #a he wrote in his journal1 #8,finished the dialogues fifth and sixth' 7these ended the #8,consolations in ,travel'74 #8,si moro1 spero che ho fatto il mio dovere1 e che la mia vita non e stata vana ed inutile4' ,on ,february #f he wrote to his friend ,poole from ,rome3 ,would ,i were better1 ,i would then write to you an agreeable letter from this curious city2 but ,i am here wearing away the winter1 a ruin amongst ruins4 ,i write and philosophise a good deal1 and have nearly finished a work with a higher aim than the little #8,salmonia1' which ,i shall dedicate to you4 ,it contains the essence of my philosophical opinions and some of my poetical reveries4 ,i sometimes think of the lines of ,waller3 ,the soul's dark cottage1 battered and decayed1 ,lets in new light through chinks that time has made4 ,i have1 notwithstanding my infirmities1 attended to scientific objects whenever it was in my power1 and ,i have sent to the ,royal ,society a paper1 which they will publish1 on the #8,peculiar ,electricity of the ,torpedo1' which ,i think bears remotely on the functions of life4 ,i attend a good deal to natural history4 ,i fight against sickness and fate1 believing ,i have still duties to perform1 and that even my illness is connected in some way with my being made useful to my fellow-creatures4 ,i have this conviction full on my mind1 that intellectual beings spring from the same breath of ,infinite ,intelligence1 and return to it again1 but by different courses1 like rivers born amidst the clouds of heaven and lost in the deep and eternal ocean2 some in youth rapid and short-lived torrents1 some in manhood powerful and copious rivers1 and some in age by a winding and slow course1 half lost in their career and making their exit by many sandy and shallow mouths4 ,and then he asks him if he will come and travel with him4 ,but ,i write as if ,i were a strong man1 when ,i am like a pendulum1 as it were1 swinging between death and life4 ,god bless you1 my dear ,poole6 ,your grateful and affectionate ,friend1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,a fortnight afterwards he had another severe attack of paralysis of the right side4 ,on ,february #bc1 three days after the attack1 he dictated a letter to his brother4 ,,my ,,dear ,,john1--,notwithstanding all my care and discipline and ascetic living ,i am dying from a severe attack of palsy1 which has seized the whole of the body with the exception of the intellectual organ4 ,i am under the usual severe discipline of bleeding and blistering1 but the weakness increases1 and a few hours or days will finish my mortal existence4 ,i shall leave my bones in the ,eternal ,city4 ,i bless ,god that ,i have been able to finish all my philosophical labours4444 ,god bless you1 my dear brother6 may you be happy and prosperous6 ,your affectionate ,friend and ,brother1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,the #beth he dictated another letter1 chiefly on the torpedo2 it ends3 ,pray do not neglect this subject1 which ,i leave to you as another legacy4 ,god bless you1 my dear brother6 ,your affectionate ,friend1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,he tried to write a postscript1 and he did write #8,my dear ,john2' then he dictated1 #8,i am dying2 come as quickly as you can4 ,you will not see me alive1 ,i am afraid4 ,god bless you6' ,on ,march #af ,dr4 ,davy reached him4 #8,never shall ,i forget1' he says1 #8the manner in which he received me1 the joy which lighted up his pale and emaciated countenance1 his cheerful words and extreme kindness1 and his endeavours to soothe a grief which ,i had not the power of controlling on finding him so ill1 or rather at hearing him speak as if he were a dying man1 who had only a few hours to live1 and who wished to use every moment of such precious time4 ,with a most cheerful voice1 a smile on his countenance1 and most warm pressure of the hand1 he bade me not be grieved1 but consider the event as a philosopher4 ,he expressed his pleasure at seeing me so soon and in having me with him in his last hours1 and firmly rejected all expectation and hope of recovery4 ,he had lost all the irritable feeling to which he was very liable1 and which generally accompanies paralytic complaints4 ,his own conviction that he was a dying man almost persuaded me that the brilliancy of his mind was a lightening before death4' ,the next day he was not only amused but interested deeply with the dissection of a torpedo made by ,dr4 ,davy in an adjoining room4 ,on the night of ,march #ca1 having gradually got worse1 he told ,dr4 ,davy he was sure he should die4 #8,he took leave of me most tenderly1 kissed my cheek1 and bade ,god bless me4 ,i believed that now indeed ,i was about to lose him and that ,i should never again hear his voice of kindness4 ,during the night when ,i went to him he still breathed4 ,the following morning1 when ,i drew back his curtains1 he expressed great astonishment at being alive4 ,he said that he had gone through the whole process of dying1 and that when he awoke he had difficulty in convincing himself by experiments that he was in his earthly existence4 ,he added that his being alive was quite miraculous1 and that he now began to think his recovery not impossible1 and that it might be intended by ,divine ,providence that his life should be prolonged for purposes of usefulness4 #8,from this day he pretty rapidly improved2 as he mended the sentiment of gratitude to ,divine ,providence was overflowing4' ,on ,april #bj he wrote his last note at the end of a letter of ,dr4 ,davy's4 #8,,my ,,dear ,,sister1--,i am very ill1 but1 thanks to my dearest ,john1 still alive4 ,god bless you all6--,h4 ,,davy4' #8,he would have said more1 but his feeble hand failed him4' ,on ,april #cj he was able to leave ,rome for ,switzerland4 ,he stayed a week at ,genoa and on ,may #bh he reached ,geneva1 and there first heard of the death of ,dr4 ,young1 #8which affected him in a manner almost unaccountable4' ,he dined early and was read to afterwards2 at half-past nine he wished to be left alone1 #8and ,i took leave of him1' says ,dr4 ,davy1 #8for the night4 ,at half-past two his servant called me4 ,he was insensible1 and in a few minutes he expired4' ,for the last half-century general opinion has been so charmed by the simple greatness of ,faraday1 that even the genius of ,davy with his love of original research has been partially eclipsed4 ,but1 as time lessens the effect of the contrast1 the reputation of ,davy will recover its former brightness1 and the picture drawn of him by ,mr4 ,poole will not be looked on as due to the partiality of his oldest and most attached friend4 #8,although the most friendly intercourse existed between us for thirty years1 ,i fear ,i have little else to communicate than to bear testimony to his general intellectual elevation and to the warmth1 sincerity1 and simplicity of his heart4 ,i was first introduced to him at the ,medical ,pneumatic ,institution at ,clifton in1 ,i think1 #agii1 where ,i inhaled his nitrous oxide with the usual extraordinary and transitory sensations2 but the interesting conversation1 manners1 and appearance of the youthful operator were not transitory--nay1 riveted my attention--and we soon became friends4 #8,from that time to his death no interruption of the most cordial goodwill and affection occurred between us4 ,neither the importance of his discoveries nor the attentions of the exalted in rank or science1 whether as individuals or bodies1 nor the honour conferred on him by his sovereign1 made the least alteration in his personal demeanour or in the tone of his correspondence4 ,no man was ever less spoiled by the world4 ,the truth is1 though he conformed to the world and paid due deference to those men and things which are deferred to by the world1 his delight was in his intellectual being4 ,he felt that he had the power of investigating the laws of nature beyond that entrusted to the generality of men1 and the success with which he acted on this impulse increased his confidence4 ,during his last visit to me in ,november #ahbg1 when in a very weak state of health1 he more than once said1 8,i do not wish to live as far as ,i am personally concerned2 but ,i have views which ,i could develope1 if it please ,god to save my life1 which would be useful to science and to mankind40 ,indeed1 to be useful to science and to mankind was that in which he gloried1 to use a favourite word of his4 ,he was enthusiastically attached to science and to men of science1 and his heart yearned to be useful to mankind1 and particularly to the humblest of mankind4 ,how often have ,i heard him express the satisfaction which the discovery of the safety lamp gave him4 8,i value it10 he said1 8more than anything ,i ever did40 #8,however his circumstances and situation in society altered1 his labours and zeal in the pursuit of science were throughout his life undiminished4 #8,what from my earliest knowledge of my admirable friend ,i considered his most striking characteristic was the quickness and truth of his apprehension4 ,it was a power of reasoning so rapid when applied to any subject1 that he could hardly himself be conscious of the process1 and it must1 ,i think1 have been felt by him as it appeared to me pure intuition4 ,i used to say to him1 8,you understand me before ,i half understand myself40 #8,if his mind had been given in that direction he would probably have ranked high among our poets4 ,i recollect hearing perhaps the greatest living poetic genius 7,coleridge7 say1 8,had not ,davy been the first chemist1 he probably would have been the first poet of his age40 #8,no man was less a sectarian1 if ,i may use the expression1 in religion1 in politics1 or in science4 ,he regarded with benevolence the sincere convictions of any class on the subject of religion1 however they might vary from his own4 ,in politics he was the ardent friend of rational liberty2 he gloried in the institutions of his country and was anxious to see them maintained in their purity by timely and temperate reform4 ,men of science1 wherever situated1 he considered fellow-subjects of one great republic spread over the world4 ,as to his amusements he would say1 8,it is not the sport only1 though there is a great pleasure in successful dexterity1 but it is the ardour of the pursuit1 the pure air1 the contemplation of the fine country1 the exercise1 all which invigorate the body and excite the mind to its best efforts40 #8,when he made his last visit to me in #ahbg1 on his arrival he said1 8,here ,i am1 the ruin of what ,i was40 ,but nevertheless the same activity and ardour of mind continued1 though directed to different objects4 #8,he was not only one of the greatest but one of the most benevolent and amiable of men4' ,,appendix ,i4 ,,containing ,,original ,,documents ,,in ,,the ,,library ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,institution ,,regarding ,,the ,,service ,,of ,,count ,,rumford ,,in ,,the ,,american ,,war4 ,as early as #aghb ,sir ,guy ,carleton had requested permission to return home #8in consequence of his repugnance to a situation merely defensive4' ,the ,king's ministers had just determined that active operations should be carried on under his command in the ,west ,indies against the ,french1 and the ,king had appointed him to the chief command of the army destined to act there on the day he asked for his dismissal4 ,late in the autumn the ,right ,hon4 ,t4 ,townsend1 then ,secretary of ,state1 directed that #a1ejj ,british troops should be sent to reinforce the islands1 but ,sir ,guy ,carleton considered this would be attended with such serious consequences that he determined #8to deviate from a measure so explicitly directed to be carried into execution4' ,the ,secretary suggested that a number of provincials and foreign troops should be sent1 and he authorised that every provincial corps embarking for the ,west ,indies should immediately be put upon the ,british establishment4 ,on ,march #ad1 #aghc1 ,colonel ,thompson sent a memorial for himself1 brother officers1 and men to ,sir ,guy ,carleton4 ,he said #8,that the officers were chiefly young men of the first families and connections1 and that except the adjutant they were all ,americans1 and had suffered very considerably by the ,rebellion1 that in the event of peace and the independency of the provinces all their hopes of returning to their former situations will be at an end1 and they will be reduced to the greatest distress4 ,that they are ready to go anywhere4 ,that the regiment is completely appointed to the fall establishment of six troops of sixty men each1 together with four field-pieces1 with their harness1 c41 complete for a troop of flying artillery4' ,the memorial then begs for employment in the ,west ,indies1 or in any other part of his ,majesty's dominions1 and states1 that in case more troops should be wanted ,colonel ,thompson undertakes to raise a very fine battalion of light infantry from amongst the men then serving in his ,majesty's provincial forces4 ,on the #bast of ,march ,sir ,guy ,carleton authorised and empowered ,colonel ,thompson to raise four companies of light infantry1 consisting of one captain1 one lieutenant1 one ensign1 three sergeants1 three corporals1 two drummers1 and fifty-two privates each1 to be attached to the ,king's ,american ,dragoons1 the whole to be put on the ,british establishment upon their embarking for the ,west ,indies4 ,he said1 #8,all officers1 civil and military1 particularly the officers commanding provincial corps1 and all others his ,majesty's liege subjects are hereby required to be aiding and assisting to you and all concerned in the execution of the above services1 for which this shall be to you and to them a sufficient warrant and authority4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following paper is in ,rumford's writing3 ,proposed ,establishment of a ,corps of ,light ,troops to be raised for his ,majesty's ,service1 to be commanded by ,lieutenant-,colonel ,thompson1 ,commandant of the ,king's ,american ,dragoons4 ,key to table columns3 ,a ,majors ,b ,captains ,c ,capt4-,lieutenant ,d ,lieutenants ,e ,cornets ,f ,ensigns ,g ,chaplain ,h ,adjutant ,i ,qr4-,masters ,j ,surgeon ,k ,mate ,l ,sergeants ,m ,corporals ,n ,trumpeters ,o ,drummers ,p ,fifers ,q ,privates ,r ,total ,s ,total ,officers and ,men ,key to table rows3 ,x ,dismounted ,cavalry3 ,king's ,american ,dragoons1 #f troops of #fj men each ,y ,light ,infantry3 #d companies of #fj men each ,z ,artillery3 #a company of #fj men each ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,commission ,staff ,non-,commissioned ,officers ,officers ,officers and ,privates ,s -------------------------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ---------------------------------------- ------ ,x #b #c #a #e #f #a #a #f #a #aahah #f #cahcfjchh ,y #d #d #d #abab #d #dbjhbdjbeb ,z #d #d #b #ej #fj #fj ---------------------------------------- - ,total #b #g #a #i #f #d #a #a #f #a #acdcd #f #f #degfffjgjj ---------------------------------------- ------ #8,distribution of the six quarter-masters1 two to remain with the six troops of dragoons1 one to act as adjutant and one as quarter-master to the four companies of light infantry1 two to serve with the company of artillery4 #8,the four pieces of cannon to be on the flank of the battalion1 two on the right and two on the left1 and the company of artillery to be formed in two divisions4 ,each division to be under the command of a quarter-master4 #8,the privates of the company of artillery to be blacks4 ,to have no other arms but swords1 and to be accoutred for drawing the guns4 ,the non-commissioned officers to be whites1 and to be armed with muskets and bayonets4 ,the whole to have infantry pay4 ,permission to be granted to take one private from each troop of dragoons for a drummer to receive pay as a private4 ,as the trumpeters of the ,king's ,american ,dragoons are blacks1 permission to be granted for the drummers and the fifers to be blacks also4 #8,the officers of the four companies of light infantry to be ,americans1 and to be all taken from the ,provincial ,line1 and the men to be volunteers from the different provincial regiments4' ,peace with ,france put an end to all these plans1 and also to another proposal to raise two regiments of infantry complete to the present establishment of the ,british regiments of foot2 viz4 ten companies1 #eie officers and men4 ,on ,april #d ,colonel ,thompson wrote to ,sir ,guy ,carleton to return his unfeigned thanks for all the distinguished marks of his ,excellency's goodness to him1 particularly for the last most flattering proof of his ,excellency's approbation in appointing him to the command of light troops1 which were to have served in the ,west ,indies had not peace taken place4 ,he begs that the ,king's ,american ,dragoons may go to some part of ,nova ,scotia1 there to do duty or to be discharged if any wish it1 and that he may go to ,england1 there to solicit1 in behalf of himself and the corps1 that they may be employed in the ,east ,indies or in some other part of his ,majesty's dominions where their services may be wanted4 99 99 99 99 99 ,extract of a letter from an officer of rank in the ,provincial ,line to ,lieutenant-,colonel ,thompson1 dated ,april #b1 #aghc3 #8,if our petition for half-pay1 which ,i understand is strongly recommended by ,sir ,guy ,carleton1 should be disregarded1 or1 what would be still more grievous to us1 if the applications of the refugees in ,london should be brought into ,parliament1 and ours and all our faithful services should be neglected6 ,but ,i will not suppose a case so painful to my feelings1 and which ,i trust is so very unlikely to happen4 ,sir ,guy ,carleton has repeatedly said that he has not a doubt but we shall be taken care of2 indeed1 it would be the height of cruelty as well as injustice in ,great ,britain to forsake us in this hour of our distress4 ,we have shed our blood in her cause4 ,she surely does not mean to make us the sacrifice of peace4 ,she will not leave us to perish for want1 now that she has no longer any occasion for our services2 nor will she insult our misfortunes by referring us to the mercy of our enemies4 ,be assured we must expect no mercy from them4 #8,i flatter myself before you reach ,england our petition will have been taken into consideration and our request granted4 ,if this should not be the case1 we must depend upon you to solicit for us4 ,you know the ways of office1 and can get access to ministers1 while others less acquainted with public business and less known1 though equally zealous in our cause1 would have it much less in their power to assist us4 ,you know our services and our sufferings1 and can give every information that can be wanted relative to our present situation4' ,as soon as ,colonel ,thompson arrived in ,england he sent the following letter to ,lord ,north3 #8,pall ,mall ,court1 ,june #h1 #aghc4 #8,,my ,,lord1--,having assisted in drawing up the representation and petition of the commanding officers of his ,majesty's provincial regiments in ,north ,america1 and having been desired by them to solicit for them in this country1 that the prayer of their petition be granted1 ,i take the liberty of troubling your ,lordship upon that subject4 #8,the situation of the provincial officers1 particularly such of them as are natives or were formerly inhabitants of the ,american colonies1 is truly distressing4 ,having sacrificed their property and all their expectations from their rank and connections in civil society1 and being now cut off from all hope of returning to their former homes by the articles of the peace1 they have no hope left but in the justice and the humanity of the ,british nation4 #8,i will not trouble your ,lordship with an account either of their services or their sufferings2 their merit1 as well as their misfortunes1 are known to the whole world1 and ,i believe their claim upon the humanity and upon the justice of this country will not be disputed4 #8,they have stated their situation in a strong but at the same time in a most respectful manner in their representation1 which ,i am informed has been transmitted to his ,majesty's ,secretary of ,state by ,sir ,guy ,carleton1 and strongly recommended4 ,as they are extremely anxious to know their fate1 ,i am to request of your ,lordship that ,i may be informed whether any and what resolutions have been taken relative to their petition1 and whether their claims of permanent rank in ,america and half-pay upon the reduction of their regiments will meet with the countenance and support of his ,majesty's ministers4 #8,i know your ,lordship will excuse the liberty ,i take in troubling you upon this occasion1 particularly as you will see by the enclosed extract of a letter ,i have just received from ,new ,york how anxious the provincial officers are1 and how much they expect that ,i should exert myself in their behalf4 #8,if your ,lordship should wish for any further information respecting the provincial troops1 ,i will do myself the honour of attending you at any time you may appoint4 #8,enclosed ,i have the honour to transmit to your ,lordship two memorials1 one from the ,muster-,master ,general of his ,majesty's ,provincial ,forces in ,north ,america1 the other from his deputy4 ,i know them both to be very deserving of the favour and protection of ,government4 ,the former1 ,colonel ,winslow1 signed the general representation in behalf of the ,provincial ,line1 and of course was included in ,sir ,guy ,carleton's recommendation4 ,as his is a military appointment by commission from the ,commander-in-,chief in ,america1 as well as that of the ,inspector ,general of the ,provincial ,forces1 ,i should suppose they would both be included with their deputies1 should half-pay be given to the provincial officers in general4 #8,i have the honour to be1 with the greatest respect1 my ,lord1 your ,lordship's most obedient and most humble servant1 #8,b4 ,,thompson4' ,in three days ,lord ,north wrote to ,sir ,guy ,carleton to approve of his recommendation 7made nine months previously7 of permanent rank and half-pay for the officers of the ,king's ,american ,dragoons1 and in a week he wrote another despatch1 to say that his ,majesty was extremely disposed to show every possible attention to the remaining provincial corps1 although they may not have literally complied with the engagements which entitled them to rank and half-pay1 and he made known his ,majesty's gracious intention that all the provincial regiments should be disbanded at ,halifax4 ,on the #bgth of ,june ,parliament voted half-pay to the officers of the different corps which in the course of the year had been raised in ,america4 ,colonel ,thompson then wrote to ,sir ,guy ,carleton3 #8,pall ,mall ,court1 ,july #f1 #aghc4 #8,,sir1--,i beg leave to congratulate with your ,excellency upon an event which ,i am confident will afford you great satisfaction--the resolution of ,parliament to give half-pay to the provincial officers4 ,we all feel ourselves under infinite obligations to your ,excellency upon this occasion4 ,as you have had the goodness to interest yourself so much in our behalf1 ,i think it my duty to acquaint your ,excellency with all the steps ,i have taken in this country relative to the provincial business since my arrival from ,new ,york4 #8,soon after my arrival in ,london1 finding the session of ,parliament drawing near to a conclusion1 and that no resolution had been taken by his ,majesty's ministers relative to the memorial of the provincial officers recommended by your ,excellency1 ,i took the liberty of writing a letter to ,lord ,north upon the subject 7copy of which is enclosed7 and made personal applications to ,general ,conway1 ,lord ,sheffield1 and other gentlemen of the ,house of ,commons1 who assisted in bringing the business forward4 #8,i then1 at ,lord ,north's desire1 set about to prepare estimates of the expense of half-pay for the provincial officers with other information relative to that matter1 copies of which ,i put into the hands of ,general ,conway and ,lord ,sheffield1 who both interested themselves very warmly in our behalf4 #8,enclosed ,i have the honour to transmit to your ,excellency for your information copies of all the papers ,i took the liberty of laying before ,lord ,north4 ,i earnestly hope they will meet with your approbation1 but if ,i have made any mistakes1 your ,excellency1 being fully acquainted with what ,i have done1 will have it in your power to rectify them4 #8,the paper ,no4 #a contains copies of all the letters between the ,secretary of ,state and the ,commander-in-,chief in ,north ,america relative the provincial corps2 to which are added a few observations and a copy of the memorial of commanding officers of provincial regiments4 ,no4 #b is a list of the provincial corps in ,north ,america1 which was made out from your ,excellency's return of the army under your command1 dated ,new ,york1 ,april #aa1 #aghc4 ,the establishment of the officers of the different corps were taken principally from the printed list of the provincial army published at ,new ,york this year4 ,your ,excellency will observe that in this list1 as well as in the list ,no4 #c1 there is a colonel and a lieutenant-colonel put down to the ,king's ,american ,dragoons4 ,this was done with the knowledge and consent of ,lord ,north and ,general ,conway1 and upon this ground3 ,being disappointed of getting my regiment put upon the ,british establishment1 ,i took the liberty of soliciting the rank of ,colonel of the ,king's ,american ,dragoons1 and that ,major ,murray might be promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel of the same2 which request ,i flattered myself would not be thought unreasonable1 as it was originally intended that there should be a colonel and a lieutenant-colonel to the regiment1 and as your ,excellency had given me reason to hope that you would have honoured me with the provincial rank of colonel had ,i embarked for the ,west ,indies with the corps to the command of which you had appointed me4 #8,i took the liberty of writing to your ,excellency upon the subject by the last packet1 since which his ,majesty has been graciously pleased to approve of the ,king's ,american ,dragoons having the full establishment of field officers1 as was originally intended1 and that ,i should be promoted to the rank of colonel4 ,i cannot help flattering myself that this arrangement will be agreeable to your ,excellency1 and that ,i shall be returned in your list of the provincial officers for half-pay as colonel4 #8,the rank to me is of infinite importance1 as ,i am going abroad in a short time with a view to foreign service2 but the half-pay is also an object1 as ,i have little else left to depend on except my industry4 #8,the paper ,no4 #c will explain itself4 ,i wished much that the ,house of ,commons would have voted the full or complete establishment of the different corps1 but ,lord ,north seemed very desirous of bringing the sum wanted for the provincial staff pay as low as possible1 that it might pass the easier4 ,with that view the calculation of the savings of part of the chaplain's half-pay1 the adjutants1 quarter-masters1 c41 were made4 ,but all these regulations will depend entirely upon your ,excellency4 ,whatever you think right ,i am confident will be done without any kind of objection or difficulty4 #8,as it was impossible to lay correct estimates before the ,house at the time1 none of the corps have been voted specifically1 but their claim to half-pay in general is substantiated by the vote of a certain sum on account of half-pay1 and so the matter must rest till your ,excellency can furnish his ,majesty's ministers with such returns of the different provincial regiments and corps as may be proper to lay before ,parliament4 #8,i hope your ,excellency will approve of my having made no separate claim or interest between the three provincial corps that are established with permanent rank 7of which the ,king's ,american ,dragoons is one7 and the rest4 ,i thought it would have a better appearance if we were all unanimous1 and would be more pleasing to the rest of the corps that we should take our chance in common with them and stand or fall together4 ,at the end of the paper ,no4 #c your ,excellency will observe that ,major ,rooke is returned for half-pay as ,deputy ,inspector ,general of ,provincial ,forces4 ,this was done at the desire of ,colonel ,innes1 who arrived in ,london after all the papers were prepared4 ,i know nothing of ,major ,rookes' pretensions1 and therefore cannot answer for the propriety of his being included for half-pay1 but1 as it is a matter that must finally be determined by your ,excellency1 ,i am sure nothing but what is perfectly right will be done respecting it4 #8,in the vote of the ,house of ,commons no mention is made of half-pay for the ,muster-,master ,general or his deputies2 but it is by no means intended to exclude them1 and1 if your ,excellency returns their names1 the vote for their half-pay will pass of course4 ,i have spoken to ,lord ,north upon the subject1 and he thinks it perfectly right that they should be included1 as also ,mr4 ,bridgham1 ,colonel ,innes' deputy4 #8,with regard to the seconded provincial officers who are mentioned in the memorandums contained in the papers ,no4 #d both ,general ,conway and ,lord ,sheffield strongly advised against bringing their claims before ,parliament at the same time with the application of the officers of the provincial corps1 as the largeness of the sum wanted for the whole might prevent our success1 whereas1 if what we then asked should be granted1 it would strengthen the claim of the seconded officers1 and their application would afterwards be brought before ,parliament with greater propriety and with a much better prospect of success4 ,i conceal no part of the transaction from your ,excellency1 and ,i hope what ,i have done will meet with your approbation4 ,i am certain that the motives which induced me to take the steps ,i have followed in the prosecution of this business are such as cannot fail to be approved by your ,excellency4 ,i have been indefatigable in my endeavours to carry what ,i thought your wishes respecting the provincials into execution1 and if what ,i have done meets with your approbation and with the approbation of my deserving countrymen1 in whose behalf you have so generously and so nobly interested yourself1 ,i shall amply be repaid for all the trouble and anxiety ,i have had in the course of my solicitations4 #8,i have the honour to be1 with the greatest respect1 and with unfeigned gratitude for all your goodness to me1 ,sir1 your ,excellency's most obedient and most faithful ,servant1 #8,b4 ,,thompson4 #8,his ,excellency ,sir ,guy ,carleton1 ,k4,b4' ,on the #hth of ,august1 #aghc1 ,lord ,north wrote to ,sir ,guy ,carleton3 #8,lieutenant-,colonel ,thompson having been particularly distinguished by you in the appointment to the command of the corps of provincial troops intended to be sent upon service in the ,west ,indies 7which corps1 had it embarked1 would1 agreeably to the ,king's commands signified by the late ,secretary of ,state in his letter of the #crd of ,january last1 have been placed upon the ,british establishment71 and as it appears by your letter of the #aeth of ,june that his conduct has met with your full approbation1 and that you consider him to be an officer possessing an uncommon share of merit in his profession1 the ,king for these reasons has consented to his being appointed by commission from you ,colonel of the ,king's ,american ,dragoons upon the ,american provincial establishment4' ,sir ,guy ,carleton wrote to ,colonel ,thompson3 #8,new ,york1 ,october #aj1 #aghc4 #8,,sir1--,i have received your letter of ,july #f1 with the several enclosures therein mentioned1 and you may be assured that the resolution of ,parliament to give the ,british-,american officers half-pay 7with which also ,i find they will all have permanent rank in ,america7 affords me a very sincere satisfaction4 ,your zeal and assiduity on this occasion appear to have been such as your friends might have expected1 and ,i am sensible of your attention to me in writing so fully on the subject4 #8,the ,american officers have1 in my opinion1 so fair a claim to half-pay that ,i hope the grant will finally be made for the full establishment of their several regiments without the least exception4' ,,appendix ,,ii4 ,,containing ,a ,,letter ,,from ,,dr4 ,,young ,,to ,,count ,,rumford1 ,,when ,,the ,,offer ,,of ,,the ,,professorship ,,at ,,the ,,royal ,,institution ,,was ,,made ,,to ,,him2 ,,and ,,two ,,letters ,,to ,,sir ,,joseph ,,banks ,,on ,,the ,,invention ,,of ,a ,,micrometer ,,to ,,be ,,used ,,for ,,measuring ,,wool4 ,,the ,,originals ,,of ,,these ,,letters ,,are ,,amongst ,,the ,,papers ,,of ,,sir ,,joseph ,,banks4 ,,dr4 ,,young ,,to ,,count ,,rumford4 ,welbeck ,street1 ,thursday1 ,july #i1 #ahja4 ,,sir1--,i have received your obliging letter1 and beg leave to return you and the managers thanks for the honour you do me4 ,i am willing to undertake the various charges which you have the goodness to detail1 and ,i flatter myself that you will have no reason to complain of any want of zeal on my part in the service of the ,royal ,institution4 ,but ,i confess ,i think it would be in some measure degrading both to me and to the ,institution that the salary1 which appears to me to have been no more than moderate before1 should now be reduced one-fourth1#dj at the same time that the labour and responsibility of the employment are rather increased than lessened4 ,for1 whatever might have been expected of the late professor respecting the ,journals and the superintendence of the house1 ,i do not apprehend that any specific stipulation was made on the subject2 and1 as ,i am determined to devote a greater share of attention to the ,institution than he ever appears to have done1 ,i do not see that my education and opportunities of literary acquirement have been such as to render me less worthy than he was of a salary which1 when compared with the emoluments of other situations of a similar nature1 is by no means exorbitant4 ,it would not be my wish1 and the duties of the professorship would certainly render it impossible for me1 to attempt any extent of medical practice2 but ,i should be sorry to bind myself to reject the little that might accidentally fall in my way1 ,i do not mention this as a matter of any consequence1 but to avoid having it understood1 from the conversation ,i had with you1 that ,i should be obliged to refuse my advice to a friend who might consult me4 ,as to the ,journals1 ,i should not much object to engage that a sheet or more should be ready for publication every week2 but ,i conceive that it would give them additional importance if it were left to the direction of the professor1 with the approbation of the committee1 with proper notice1 to publish a number at the end of a fortnight1 instead of a week1 whenever there might appear to be a real deficiency of matter to fill it4 ,and ,i think ,i should want little or no assistance1 either in translating or in transcribing1 except what ,mr4 ,davy might have the goodness to give me4 ,i hope that1 when you have reconsidered what ,i have stated1 you will not much differ from me in opinion1 and that you will favour me with a further communication of your sentiments on the subject4 ,i am1 ,sir1 your obliged and obedient humble ,servant1 ,,thomas ,,young4 ,count ,rumford1 ,royal ,institution4 ,,dr4 ,,thomas ,,young ,,to ,,sir ,,joseph ,,banks4 ,worthing1 ,september #aj1 #ahaj4 ,,dear ,,sir1--,observing from the papers that you have been interesting yourself respecting the arrangement of a micrometer for the purpose of measuring the diameter of the fibres of different kinds of wool1 ,i beg leave to trouble you with the description of a very simple instrument which ,i invented some time ago for a similar purpose1 and which ,i propose to call an agricultural micrometer4 ,i should imagine it to be sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes1 and the great facility and cheapness of its construction may perhaps render it useful to a class of persons who would object to the expense of providing themselves with a more complicated apparatus4 ,if it appear to you in the same point of view1 you will be pleased to make any use that you may think proper of this communication4 ,when we look at a distant candle through a lock of wool it appears surrounded by rings of colours1 and these rings are invariably so much the larger as the wool is the finer4 ,the cause of these appearances ,i have endeavoured to explain in my lectures and elsewhere2 but for the present purpose the principal object is to ascertain their comparative magnitude4 ,in order to perform this ,i take a card blackened on one side1 describe on it two concentric circles1 the outer exactly one inch in diameter1 the inner #aa_/bj1 make at the centre a hole about #a_/bj of an inch in diameter1 and pierce the card at the circumference of the inner circle1 in #aj or #ab points at equal distances1 with a small pin1 and at that of the larger in #g or #h points1 at unequal distances1 with a large one4 ,i then take a small rod of wood about a yard long and divide it into half-inches1 numbering them from one end1 at which ,i fix two or three pins side by side and wind round it a piece of wire--for instance a common knitting needle--in such a form as to hold the card upright between its ends and to slide on the rod4 ,this is the whole apparatus4 ,it is to be used by candle-light in this manner3 ,attach to the fixed pins a small lock of the wool to be examined1 containing #bj or #cj single fibres1 and look through them and through the central hole at a candle not very remote from the card1 the blackened side of the card being turned towards the eye4 ,the hole will appear to be surrounded by a bright surface1 reddish at the margin1 by a dark circle or ring1 and again by a brighter ring1 bluish-green within and red without4 ,if the colours are not seen distinctly1 we may conclude that the wool is mixed and not perfectly fit for examination2 but in this case we may generally form an estimate of its quality by means of the bright surface only1 moving the card along the rod until the holes of the inner circle appear exactly at the extreme margin of that surface1 where it is of a reddish hue1 the place of the card as indicated by the scale showing the number which characterises the wool4 ,it will also be most convenient to begin by producing this coincidence of the inner circle in other cases where the outer ring of colours is more distinctly seen1 and then to adjust the card more accurately2 so that the holes in the circumference of the outer circle may appear to coincide with the middle of the coloured ring at the common limit of the red and greenish portions4 ,if the holes be seen in the red ring1 the card must be brought nearer to the edge2 if in the blue1 it must be moved farther off1 and the number of the scale must be observed as before4 ,it will require very attentive observation1 and perhaps some practice1 to obtain always precisely the same number for the same substance1 but by taking the mean of several trials we may be perfectly certain of coming within a unit of the true place of the slider1 and perhaps even of avoiding any error at all4 ,i have not yet had an opportunity of examining any great variety of substances1 but ,i send you the result of such observations as ,i have made1 which will be sufficient to enable you to judge of the accuracy of the instrument4 ,fibres of coarse wool from green baize1 #eb4 ,southdown1 #ce4 ,anglo-merino from a flock of ,mr4 ,henty ,tarring1 #bg4 ,a lock taken from a ,paular ewe by ,mr4 ,sheppard1 #be 7varying from #bd to #cj74 ,another specimen from the same flock brought by another gentleman as a test of the instrument1 #be4 ,cotton1 mixed but about1 #ai4 ,vigonia from the ,rev4 ,p4 ,wood1 very distinct #ad4 ,beaver from a hat1 #aa4 ,blood diluted with saliva and rubbed on glass1 beautifully distinct #e4 ,milk diluted with water1 very indistinct #c4 ,i have sometimes thought of employing the instrument as a nosological test of the state of the blood1 of pus1 and of other animal fluids4 ,it is of little consequence to the farmer to know the actual dimensions indicated by these numbers1 nor can ,i at present ascertain them with perfect accuracy4 ,they express1 however1 very nearly the diameters of the fibres in the #de1jjjth of an inch4 ,thus ,mr4 ,henty's wool1 standing at ,no4 #bg1 must measure about #bg_/dejjj or #a_/affg of an inch in diameter1 and the globules of the blood reduced to spheres about #a_/ijjj4 ,probably these results are a little too small1 and especially the latter1 but by a comparison of a few measurements1 made by means of other micrometers with these numbers1 it would be easy to form a correct table of their true value1 and it may safely be asserted that this instrument will enable us in some cases to be secure of avoiding any error amounting to the hundred-thousandth of an inch1 and almost in all of being far within one ten-thousandth of the truth1 without the use of any microscope1 simple or compound4 ,in order to render the instrument still more portable we may employ a piece of tape as a measure1 fixing to one end of it a double piece of card with an aperture1 and with some pins projecting from its edge for holding the wool either between its folds or on the pins1 and to the other end a small weight1 serving to draw the tape tight through a hole in the blackened card4 ,i enclose you the whole apparatus arranged in this manner1 together with a few fibres of the ,vigonia wool1 which exhibit the colours in great perfection1 constantly giving #ad as the characteristic number4 ,the directions for the use of the instrument might be engraved and printed on the card if it were thought desirable4 ,i also take the liberty of forwarding to you a letter which ,i have just received from a ,french gentleman1 who claims the protection of the ,royal ,society4 ,you will best judge whether the case requires or admits any exertion of your well-known liberality and kindness4 ,believe me1 dear ,sir1 with the highest respect and esteem1 your faithful and obedient ,servant4 ,,dr4 ,,thomas ,,young ,,to ,,sir ,,joseph ,,banks4 ,worthing1 ,october #f1 #ahaj4 ,,my ,,dear ,,sir1--,i shall be most happy in assisting you to form a judgment from your own observation of the utility of my little instrument2 but ,i cannot forbear to trouble you with a few specimens of wool1 which ,i imagine will exhibit the appearances so obviously as at least to convince you of the perfect practicability of the method4 ,you will observe1 by merely looking through them at a candle1 that there is a manifest difference in the size of the rings1 and if the colours are not sufficiently conspicuous when the card is used1 the central hole may be made a little larger with a bodkin2 and a common pair of spectacles1 such as you would use in mending a pen1 will be amply sufficient for remedying the flatness of the eye4 ,i do not apprehend that the different magnitude of the different fibres of the same fleeces is any objection to the use of the instrument2 on the contrary1 it possesses the singular advantage of detecting at once the inequality where it exists1 and of giving the mean dimensions of the whole at the same time where the difference is not too great4 ,i have mixed together1 for example1 two small specimens1 which measured separately #ba and #ca4 ,the mixture1 though evidently irregular1 gave the dimensions of about #bd1 varying from #bc to #bg1 according to the part of the lock which was to be examined1 and this is surely a much greater inequality than can ever exist in any contiguous part of the same fleece4 ,but1 however this may be1 the fact is that the circumstance does not actually destroy the validity of the indications of my micrometer1 as ,i shall further exemplify to you by an account of my examinations of some specimens of the finest wool1 with which ,i have been favoured by ,mr4 ,h4 ,sheppard1 an ingenious manufacturer at ,frome1 ,somersetshire4 ,you are1 perhaps1 better acquainted than ,i am with the history of ,mr4 ,western's flock1 which stands in so elevated a situation between the ,saxon and the ,spanish productions4 ,specimens of ,wool from ,mr4 ,sheppard1 as measured by the ,agricultural ,thermometer4 ,grey beaver wool ,no4 #aa to #ab ,angola about #ad ,prime ,vigonia #ad ,foreign coney #ae ,american rabbits #ae ,yellow rabbits #ae ,scotch hares #ae ,siberian hares #ae1 #af ,british coney #af ,finest seal about #ah ,alpaca 7a single long hair7 #ah-bj ,goats #ai ,saxon #bj ,peruvian black #ba1 #bb ,mr4 ,western's ,southdown1 #8reckoned the finest in the kingdom' #bc ,lioneza #bd-bi ,peruvian light brown #bi ,peruvian dark brown #ca ,dust of the puff-ball 7,lycoperdon borista7 rubbed on glass1 very distinct1 giving about #a_/abjjj inch diameter #c ,,appendix ,,iii4 ,,table ,,of ,,the ,,income ,,and ,,expenditure ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,institution ,,to #ahad1 ,,omitting ,,shillings ,,and ,,pence4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,income4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,miscellaneous ,life ,annual ,ground ,rents1 ,grand ,year ,proprietors,subscribers,subscribers,div idends1 c4,total ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #agii #e1hbg #ead #cg -- #f1cgi #ahjj #h1jdg #b1bhj #gai -- #aa1jdg #ahja #b1cbc #cfc #def #cca #c1dgd #ahjb #a1dag #ejc #a1jjc #ge #b1iii #ahjc #a1acd #bde #a1fbd #eab #c1eaf #ahjd #hjh #dcg #b1bga #bdh #c1gfe #ahje #a1hcg #chg #c1hde #dcd #f1ejd #ahjf #a1acd #abf #b1fia #aij #d1ada #ahjg -- -- #a1dbf #ac #a1efj #ahjh -- #abf #a1fae #ach #a1hhj #ahjida -- #bgi #a1ggh #bhi #b1cdg #ahaj -- #hab #a1gbc #b1ccd #d1hfi #ahaa -- #a1gca #a1hfi #gai #d1cai #ahab -- #iac #b1agb #bdd #c1cbi #ahac -- #ehd #a1igh #edb #c1ajd #ahad -- #gaj #a1gfc #a1icg #d1daj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,expenditure4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,surplus1 ,funds1 ,exchequer ,bills1 ,given to the ,grand ,year,house,lectures,library,printing,wo rkshop ,library1 c4 ,total ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #agiie1adg -- #ae #ahd -- -- #e1ggg #ahjjd1aic #hjb #agd #baf #a #d1dga #aj1aae #ahjad1hfh #hab #bfi #cgf #gjh -- #g1jgh #ahjbe1aac #hdd #bee #cdd #ejb -- #g1jei #ahjca1ffg #a1jad #bej #dgh #cbf #aeg #c1hid #ahjda1ggg #hgb #baj #aha #aah #dbj #c1egi #ahjea1iii #a1jif #bhg #aic #cbj #hac #d1gaj #ahjfa1gci #a1dic #dfd #chd #dgdb #a1hje #e1ice #ahjga1haf #a1dea #ddj #beh -- -- #c1ifg #ahjha1hcd #a1abh #dbb #ii -- -- #c1dhd #ahjia1ije #a1cbf #dbj #cge -- ,debts1 #b1jfh #ahaj #efb #dii #bbj #cge -- #b1ebd #d1ahj #ahaaa1gif #hhf #cbb #aeg -- #a1ghd #d1ide #ahaba1jhj #ecc #aij #agb -- #a1afe #c1adj #ahac #hgb #ghc #bbb #aej -- #a1age #c1bjb #ahada1cbb #gbg #ceb #ahj -- #a1hgj #d1dea ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,footnotes3 #a ,the following unpublished letter from ,general ,howe to ,general ,washington1 written from ,philadelphia in #aggf1 shows what the tyranny of the committees and people was3 #8,you are not ignorant that numbers even of the most respectable gentlemen in ,america have been torn from their families1 confined in gaols1 and their property confiscated2 that many of those in this city1 whose religious tenets secured them from suspicion of entertaining designs of hostility1 have been ignominiously imprisoned1 and without even the colour of a judicial proceeding1 banished from their tenderest connections into the remotest part of another province4 ,nor can it be unknown to you that many have suffered death from tortures inflicted by the unrelenting populace under the eye of usurped yet passive authority2 that some have been dragged to trial for their loyalty and1 in cruel mockery of law1 condemned and executed2 that others are now perishing in loathsome dungeons1 and that penal edicts are daily issuing against all who hesitate to disavow1 by a solemn oath1 the allegiance they owe and wish to pay to their sovereign4' ,general ,howe shows the exasperation of the ,royalists also4 ,he says3 #8,members of committees1 collectors of arbitrary fines1 c41 oppressors of the peaceable inhabitants1 have been seized by the exasperated inhabitants of different parts of the country and delivered into my hands4' #b ,the pamphlet here referred to was ,lord ,sheffield's #8,observations on the ,commerce of the ,american ,states4' #c ,so great was the economy practised that the daily expense for fire-wood in the kitchen1 where dinner was provided for #a1jjj people1 was only twelve ,kreutzers1 or fourpence halfpenny4 ,sometimes #a1ejj were fed in one day4 #d ,the great mistake which has been committed in most of the attempts to introduce a spirit of industry where habits of idleness have prevailed1 has been the too frequent use of coercive measures4 ,force will not do4 ,it is address which must be used on those occasions4 ,the children in the ,house of ,industry at ,munich who1 being placed on elevated seats round the hall where other children worked1 were made to be idle spectators of that amusing scene1 cried most bitterly when their request to descend from their seats and mix in that busy crowd was refused2 but they would most probably have cried still more had they been taken abruptly from their play and forced to work4 ,men are but children of a larger growth1 and those who undertake to direct them ought ever to bear in mind that important truth4 #e ,this was the prospectus of the ,royal ,institution4 #f ,this was a model one quarter of the full size of the new ,bavarian six-pounder with its ammunition waggon4 ,the ,elector permitted him to present it to the ,united ,states4 #g ,the ,president wrote to ,secretary ,mc,henry3 #8,i should not scruple to give him any of the appointments you mention1 and leave it with you to make such proposals to him through ,mr4 ,king within the limits you have drawn in your letter as you should think fit4' #h ,notwithstanding this his daughter said her father objected to her marrying ,sir ,c4 ,blagden4 #i ,probably the caricature by ,gilray of the ,royal ,institution and ,sir ,john ,hippesley1 published on ,may #bc4 ,count ,rumford was caricatured on ,june #ab1 #ahjj4 #aj ,blagden himself had just been accused of being a spy4 #aa ,it was not until ,may #a1 #ahjg1 that ,king ,maximilian ,joseph1 #8having extended the bounds of his kingdom1 gave a new constitution to the ,bavarian ,academy1 proportioned to the existing state of science and to his new empire4' ,the first public meeting was held on ,july #bg4 #ab ,the gentlemen chosen were the ,earl of ,winchelsea1 ,mr4 ,wilberforce1 the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,glasse1 ,mr4 ,sullivan1 ,mr4 ,richard ,sulivan1 ,mr4 ,colquhoun1 ,mr4 ,parry1 and ,mr4 ,bernard4 #ac ,if any other season should be thought more convenient for these elections1 it will of course be chosen instead of that here proposed4 #ad ,no notice of workshops exists in the first number of the ,journal1 dated ,april #ahjj4 ,in the second number1 containing the report to the managers on ,may #be1 #ahja1 it is said that eighteen or twenty young men are to be boarded and lodged in the house 7p4 #bg1 ,journal74 #ae ,this gallery staircase has left its mark in the ,institution1 and is drawn in the old plans of the house4 ,there was originally no door into the theatre under the gallery4 #af ,sir ,j4 ,hippesley1 elected ,may #ai4 #ag ,now the anteroom4 #ah ,now the lecturers' room4 #ai ,this was part of the front area4 #bj ,now the chemical laboratory1 #ahga4 #ba ,this and a line below are the only traces of praise of ,count ,rumford that are to be found in the records of the ,institution4 #bb ,edinburgh ,review1 ,nos4 ,,ii4 and ,,ix41 #ahjc1 #ahjd4 #bc ,see ,appendix ,,ii4 #bd ,see p4 #bje4 #be ,see p4 #baj4 #bf ,hippesleys and ,bernards4 #bg ,where ,mr4 ,sharpe1 ,sydney ,smith's friend1 lived4 #bh ,mr4 ,e4 ,davy1 his cousin4 #bi ,see below1 p4 #cej1 ,life of ,professor ,davy4 #cj ,this lecture was given4 ,in it ,mr4 ,coleridge made a violent personal attack on ,mr4 ,joseph ,lancaster1 and a year afterwards1 at the annual meeting of proprietors1 a resolution was carried unanimously that #8this attack was in direct violation of a known and established rule of the ,royal ,institution1 prohibiting any personal animadversions in the lectures there delivered4' #ca ,probably ,mr4 ,boulton of ,birmingham4 #cb ,present1 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,earl of ,morton1 ,count ,rumford1 and ,richard ,clark1 ,esq4 #cc ,the substance of these lectures was published in the fourth number of the ,journals of the ,royal ,institution1 p4 #di1 edited by ,dr4 ,young4 ,the paper is called ,outlines of a ,view of ,galvanism4 ,it is dated ,september #ahja4 #cd ,this was the first memoir on the ,theory of ,light and ,colours1 read ,nov4 #ab1 #ahja4 #ce ,davy always thought he caught the fever during an experiment for disinfecting ,newgate ,prison4 #cf ,some time after his recovery it was said in the ,institution that his laboratory experiments caused his illness4 #8,says ,davy to ,baryt1 8,i've a strong inclination ,to try to effect your deoxidation20 ,but ,baryt replied1 8,have a care of your mirth1 ,lest ,i should retaliate and change you to earth40' #cg ,the voltaic subscriptions amounted to #ebjl4 #ch ,the predecessor of ,mr4 ,faraday4 #ci ,the discovery of the simplicity of chlorine was claimed by the ,french chemists2 ,davy afterwards said of ,gay-,lussac's paper in the ,annales de ,chimie for ,july #ahad1 #8,the historical notes attached to it are of a nature not to be passed over without animadversion4 ,m4 ,gay-,lussac states that he and ,m4 ,thnard were the first to advance the hypothesis that chlorine was a simple body1 and he quotes ,m4 ,ampre as having entertained that opinion before me4 ,on the subject of the originality of the idea of chlorine being a simple body ,i have always vindicated the claims of ,scheele1 but ,i must assume for myself the labour of having demonstrated its properties and combinations and of having explained the chemical phenomena it produces1 and ,i am in possession of a letter from ,m4 ,ampre that shows he has no claims of this kind to make4' #dj ,count ,rumford must have proposed a salary of #bbel4 7p4 #bch74 #da ,expenditure to ,june #ab4 #db ,abolished in ,august4 ,,index4 ,academy1 ,american1 of ,arts and ,sciences1 #ec2 ,bavarian1 of ,arts and ,sciences1 #hi ,accounts of the ,royal ,institution1 #ahj1 #bjc1 #cjd1 #dbe ,agriculture1 ,board of1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bae ,alkalies1 decomposition of1 #bgi ,alloys1 experiments on1 proposed1 #aib ,astle1 ,t41 his library bought1 #bei ,baldwin1 ,loammi1 #f1 #h1 #da1 #ei1 #fb1 #fe1 #fg1 #fh ,banks1 ,sir ,joseph1 #c1 #bi1 #gc1 #ge1 #gg1 #gh1 #hj1 #acd1 #aec1 #bae1 #bfa1 #bfc1 #bge1 #cfi ,bavaria1 ,elector of1 his introduction to ,rumford1 #bh2 made ,fellow of ,royal ,society1 #bi ,beggars at ,munich1 #ca1 #cb ,bernard1 ,thomas 7afterwards ,sir ,thomas71 #df1 #aae1 #ach2 report on the ,institution1 #bjc1 #cja2 death1 #cjb ,blagden1 ,sir ,c41 #db1 #fi1 #ga1 #gg1 #ha1 #hd1 #ic ,bekman1 ,mr41 #aha ,brande1 ,mr41 #cjh1 #cji1 #chi ,carleton1 ,sir ,guy1 #bd1 #be1 #bfj1 #dje ,chemical operator1 #agb ,clinton1 ,sir ,henry1 #ae1 #ai ,coleridge1 ,mr41 his lectures1 #bgg1 #bhd1 #cdb ,committee of ,science1 #bae1 #cjb1 #cji2 committees for investigation1 #aed1 #ahf1 #ach1 #aib1 #bhj ,concord1 formerly ,rumford1 #c1 #aac ,cooper1 ,astley1 #bei ,crotch1 ,dr41 #bfj ,curwen1 ,judge1 his sketch of ,thompson1 #ah ,cuvier1 ,baron1 his loge on ,rumford1 #ac1 #bi1 #cf1 #aji ,dalton1 ,mr41 #baf1 #bij ,dartmouth1 ,lord1 #ab ,davy1 ,sir ,h41 #gj1 #hc1 #aac1 #agf1 #ahj1 #bha1 #cjj1 #cjd1 #cjg1 #caj2 his birth1 #cab2 at ,bristol with ,dr4 ,beddoes1 #cac2 his first work1 #cad2 opinion of by ,southey1 #cae2 his first galvanic experiments1 #caf2 first interview with ,rumford1 #cag2 his engagement at the ,institution1 #cah1 #cbj2 his first lectures1 #cba1 #cbc2 his second year's lectures1 #cbf2 his success as a lecturer1 #cbh2 his lectures on ,agriculture1 #cbi2 edited the ,journal1 #cca2 made ,f4,r4,s41 #cca2 opinion of him by ,coleridge1 #ccb2 his own opinion1 #ccc2 ,dr4 ,dalton's account of him1 #ccd2 his letter to ,coleridge1 who was leaving ,england1 #cce2 his letter on the death of ,g4 ,watt1 #ccg2 received the ,copley medal1 #cch2 his picture of ,ireland1 #cch2 his electrical discoveries1 #cci2 his first ,bakerian lecture1 #cdj2 secretary of the ,royal ,society1 #cda2 his account of ,coleridge's lectures1 #cdb2 his laboratory notes of the decomposition of the alkalies1 #cdc1 #cdd1 #cde1 #cdf2 his first sketch of the ,bakerian lecture on the ,new ,metals1 #cdg1 #cdh1 #cdi2 his illness1 #cej2 ,mr4 ,dibden's account of his discoveries1 #cea1 #ceb2 his lectures after his illness1 #ced2 his work1 #cee2 his new electric battery1 #cef2 tries to decompose nitrogen1 #ceh2 his picture of the laboratory1 #cfj2 his work on ,chlorine1 #cfc1 #cfd2 his lectures at ,dublin1 #cff2 his marriage1 #cfg1 #cfh1 #cfi1 #cha2 his last lectures at the ,royal ,institution1 #cgj2 on ,radiant ,matter1 #cga2 on ,chlorine1 #cgd2 on ,simple ,inflammable ,bodies1 #cgf2 on the ,metals1 #cgh2 his #8,elements of ,chemical ,philosophy1' #cha2 reviewed by ,dr4 ,young1 #chb1 #chd1 #chf2 his agricultural lectures1 #chg2 his work on ,fluorine1 #chh2 elected honorary professor1 #chi2 his researches on flame1 #cij2 ,president of ,royal ,society1 #cij2 on the protection of ships1 #cia2 his first attack of paralysis1 #cia2 resignation of the presidentship1 #cic2 his last paper on the ,torpedo1 #cif2 his last illness1 #cih2 his death1 #djj2 his picture by his friend ,mr4 ,poole1 #dja1 #djc ,dibden1 ,mr41 #bac1 #bgc1 #bhc1 #cea1 #ceb ,dragoons1 ,king's ,american1 regiment1 #af1 #be1 #bf1 #djg ,elector of ,bavaria1 ,theodore1 #bh1 #bi1 #dj1 #da1 #ei1 #fj1 #fb2 ,maximilian1 #gb1 #gg1 #hb1 #ig ,essays1 ,count ,rumford's1 #dc1 #di1 #gf ,faraday1 ,michael1 #cjg1 #cjh1 #caj1 #caa1 #chi1 #cia ,fluoric principle1 ,davy on1 #cjg1 #cjh ,gage1 ,governor1 #f1 #aa ,garden1 ,english1 at ,munich1 #cg ,garnett1 ,dr41 #ada1 #adh1 #aeg2 his life1 #afc et seq4 ,germain1 ,lord ,george1 #ab1 #ag1 #ah2 introduces ,thompson to ,sir4 ,h4 ,clinton1 #ai2 praises ,thompson to ,general ,leslie1 #ba ,gibbon1 his account of ,rumford1 #bg ,gilray1 caricature of ,rumford and ,royal ,institution1 #gh ,guizot1 ,m41 his loge on ,madame de ,rumford1 #aja ,harris1 ,mr41 first librarian1 #bac ,hatchett1 ,mr41 #aed1 #aei1 #bjd1 #bac ,heat1 on the source of1 #di2 motion1 #ea ,hippesley1 ,sir ,john1 #adf1 #adh1 #aeb1 #aef1 #ahj ,howe1 ,general1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac ,huntingdon1 barracks at ,long ,island1 #be ,industry1 ,house of1 at ,munich1 #cc ,institution1 ,london1 the1 #bgd1 #bge ,institution1 ,royal1 the1 germ of1 #dd2 ,proposals1 #ff2 caricature of1 #gh2 foundation1 #aad2 objects1 #aba2 funds1 #abe2 privileges of proprietors1 #abf2 subscribers1 #abh2 government1 #abi2 managers1 #acj2 visitors1 #acb2 first meeting of proprietors1 #acd2 first meeting of managers1 #acf2 charter1 #ach2 new prospectus1 #adg2 new theatre1 #adh2 abstract of the accounts1 #ahj2 report of1 in #ahja1 #aha2 ,davy appointed assistant lecturer at1 #aha2 lecturer1 #ahf2 ,young appointed ,professor of ,natural ,philosophy at1 #ahh2 report on in #ahjb1 #aie2 ,rumford's last report on1 #aig2 committee on the state of1 #bja2 the first report of the committee on1 #bjc2 description of by ,young1 #bjf2 progress of1 #beh et seq42 compared with the ,london ,institution1 #bge2 difficulties of1 #bha2 value of the property1 #bhb2 described by ,davy1 #bhj1 #bib et seq42 income and expenditure of1 from the commencement to #ahad1 #dbe ,jenner1 ,dr41 #cjc ,journal of the ,royal ,institution1 #aec1 #aee1 #aha1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #aig1 #baj ,king ,rufus1 #fc1 #ff ,kitchens1 #aea ,laboratory1 #aeb1 #aee1 #aei1 #afj1 #bjd1 #bfi ,landseer1 ,mr41 #bgb1 #bgc ,lavoisier1 ,madame1 #hc1 #hh1 #ib1 #ig1 #aja1 #aac1 #ahi ,lawrence1 ,mr41 #bgg1 #cjc ,lectures1 first1 at the ,institution1 #afg1 #agj2 of ,davy and ,young1 #aia2 of ,dalton1 #bai ,leslie1 ,general1 #ba1 #bc ,library1 foundation of1 #bjd1 #bab ,light1 experiments on1 #dj ,long ,island1 #be ,magneto-electricity1 discovery of1 #bgi ,marion1 ,general1 defeated by ,thompson1 #bb ,master of the ,workshops1 #aha ,mechanics' ,school1 #adb1 #afb ,mellish1 his house bought1 #ach ,military ,academy1 ,munich1 #cf ,mineralogical collection1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bgj ,model room1 #aee ,motion heat1 #ea ,munich1 #bh1 #ca1 #cd1 #ci1 #ej1 #ei1 #hb1 #ii1 #aac ,napoleon1 ,first ,consul1 description of1 #gc1 #gi ,national ,institute1 #ge ,nova ,scotia1 #be1 #bf ,parliament1 ,act of1 #bhh1 #bia ,payne1 ,william1 #bha1 #cje1 #cjf ,pictet1 ,professor1 his account of ,rumford1 #bg1 #ade ,printing press1 #aec1 #ahi1 #bfj ,proposals for founding the ,royal ,institution1 #aad1 #aba ,proprietors1 #bga1 #bgc1 #bhe1 #bhg1 #bif1 #cjc ,pupils in the laboratory1 #bfi ,resignation of ,dr4 ,garnett1 #agg ,report on the ,institution1 #aha ,repository1 #aeb ,rolfe1 ,mrs4 ,colonel1 the first wife of ,rumford1 #d ,rumford1 ,benjamin ,thompson1 ,count1 #a2 his education1 #b2 his first note-book1 #c2 his first marriage1 #d2 major of militia1 #e2 persecuted as ,royalist1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj2 leaves his wife1 child1 and country1 #aa2 made ,secretary of ,georgia1 #ac2 volunteer in ,british fleet1 #ad2 ,fellow of the ,royal ,society1 #ae2 ,under ,secretary of ,state1 #ag2 ,deputy ,inspector ,general of ,provincial ,forces1 #ag2 ,lieut4-,colonel of ,king's ,american ,dragoons1 #ai2 embarks for ,new ,york1 #bj2 arrives in ,carolina1 #ba2 commands the cavalry there1 #ba2 his action on the ,santee river1 #bb2 mentioned in the general orders by ,general ,leslie1 #bc2 arrives at ,new ,york1 #bd2 consulted by ,sir ,h4 ,clinton1 #bd2 commands at ,huntingdon1 ,long ,island1 #be2 volunteers to serve in ,west ,indies1 #bf2 returns to ,london1 #bf2 leaves ,england for the ,austrian service1 #bg2 meets the nephew of the ,elector of ,bavaria1 #bh2 goes to ,munich1 #bh2 knighted and enters ,bavarian service1 #bh2 aide-de-camp and colonel in ,bavaria1 #bi2 his reforms in ,bavaria1 #cj-cg2 experiments on conduction of heat1 #ch2 experiments on light1 #dj2 his honours1 #da2 his essays1 #dc1 #di2 on ,heat1 #ej2 his medals in ,america1 #ec2 in ,england1 #ed2 awarded the first ,rumford medal1 #ed2 his work and honours in ,ireland1 #ee2 his picture by his daughter1 #eg2 saves ,munich1 #ei2 ,minister ,plenipotentiary and ,envoy ,extraordinary to ,england1 #fa2 not received1 #fb2 invited to ,america1 #fd2 founds the ,royal ,institution1 #fi2 revisits ,munich1 #ga2 first visits ,paris1 #gc2 leaves ,england1 #gg2 returns to ,munich1 #ha2 his engagement to ,madame ,lavoisier1 #hg2 his marriage1 #ij2 further scientific researches1 #ic2 his wretched married life1 #id2 goes to ,auteuil1 #if2 his separation1 #ig2 returns to ,munich1 #ii2 further researches1 #ajd2 visited by ,davy1 #aje2 his life at ,auteuil1 #ajf2 his death1 #aji2 his will1 #aab2 his bequest to ,harvard ,college1 #aab2 to ,davy1 #aac2 founds the ,royal ,institution1 #aad et seq42 his last report on the ,institution1 #aig2 causes of his departure from ,england1 #bjj2 state of the funds when he left the ,institution1 #bja2 original documents regarding his service in the ,american war1 #dje et seq4 ,savage1 ,mr41 #aee1 #ahi ,simonds1 ,miss1 ,rumford's mother1 #a ,smith1 ,sir ,james1 #bei ,smith1 ,sydney1 #bfj1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgg ,society for bettering the condition of the poor1 #df1 #aah1 #ach1 #adg ,subscribers to lectures only1 #aic2 ladies recommending subscribers1 #bji ,subscription for ,dr4 ,garnett's children1 #agi ,tanning1 ,davy to lecture on1 #ahf1 #aij ,theatre of ,institution1 #adi1 #aeb ,thompson1 ,benjamin1 ,ebenezer and ,james1 ancestors of ,count ,rumford1 #a ,underwood1 ,mr41 #aje ,ventilation1 #bgc ,verona1 hospitals at1 #db ,volta1 experiments on animal electricity1 #dc1 #gc1 #gd1 #hd1 #aef1 #bgh ,walker1 ,rev4 ,t41 the father-in-law of ,rumford1 #c1 #g ,webster1 ,mr41 #ach1 #ada1 #adh1 #agb1 #ahe1 #aic1 #aie ,wentworth1 ,governor1 #d ,winchelsea1 ,earl of1 first president1 #ada ,woburn1 ,massachusetts1 the birthplace of ,rumford1 #a1 #h ,wollaston1 ,dr41 #cjj1 #cjc ,workhouse at ,munich1 #ca ,workshops at the ,institution1 #aih ,young1 ,dr4 ,thomas1 #aab2 made ,professor1 #ahh2 his lectures1 #aia1 #bje1 #bdj1 #bdd2 his preface to the second volume of the ,journal of the ,institution1 #bjf1 #bdf2 his reply to the #8,edinburgh ,review1' #baa2 his early history1 #bbc et seq42 made ,f4,r4,s41 #bbe2 at ,edinburgh1 #bbf2 ceased to be a ,quaker1 #bbg2 his ,highland tour1 #bbh2 at ,gttingen1 #bbi2 at ,cambridge1 #bcb2 his discoveries on light1 #bce2 reviewed by ,lord ,brougham1 #bcf2 his reply1 #bcg2 professor at the ,royal ,institution1 #bch2 his editing of the ,journals1 #bci2 his introductory lecture on the objects of the ,institution1 #bdb2 foreign secretary of the ,royal ,society1 #bdf2 leaves the ,royal ,institution1 #bdf2 elected a life subscriber1 #bdf2 published his lectures on ,natural ,philosophy1 #bdg2 physician of ,st4 ,george's ,hospital1 #bdh2 began his hieroglyphical researches1 #bdi2 his articles in the #8,encyclopdia ,britannica1' #bej2 his article on ,egypt1 #bej2 superintendent of the #8,nautical ,almanac1' #bej2 comparison of ,young and ,fresnel1 #bea2 his interviews with ,champollion1 #bec2 abuse for the #8,nautical ,almanac1' #bed2 his death1 #bee2 his character drawn by ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 #bef2 by ,davies ,gilbert1 #beg2 his answer to ,rumford when offered the professorship at ,royal ,institution1 #dag2 his invention of a micrometer1 #dai et seq4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,and ,,co41 ,,new-,,street ,,square ,,and ,,parliament ,,street ,,september #ahga4 ,,general ,,list ,,of ,,works ,,published ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,longmans1 ,,green1 ,,and ,,co4 ,,paternoster ,,row1 ,,london4 ,history1 ,politics1 ,historical ,memoirs1 c4 ,the ,,history of ,,england from the ,fall of ,wolsey to the ,defeat of the ,spanish ,armada4 ,by ,,james ,,anthony ,,froude1 ,m4,a4 late ,fellow of ,exeter ,college1 ,oxford4 ,,library ,,edition1 #ab vols4 #hvo4 price #h #ahs4 ,,cabinet ,,edition1 in #ab vols4 crown #hvo4 price #gbs4 ,the ,,history of ,,england from the ,accession of ,james ,,ii4 ,by ,lord ,,macaulay4 ,,student',s ,,edition1 #b vols4 crown #hvo4 #abs4 ,,people',s ,,edition1 #d vols4 crown #hvo4 #afs4 ,,cabinet ,,edition1 #h vols4 post #hvo4 #dhs4 ,,library ,,edition1 #e vols4 #hvo4 #d4 ,,lord ,,macaulay',s ,,works4 ,complete and ,uniform ,library ,edition4 ,edited by his ,sister1 ,lady ,,trevelyan4 #h vols4 #hvo4 with ,portrait1 price #e #es4 cloth1 or #h #hs4 bound in tree-calf by ,rivire4 ,,varieties of ,,vice-,,regal ,,life4 ,by ,sir ,,william ,,denison1 ,k4,c4,b4 late ,governor-,general of the ,australian ,colonies1 and ,governor of ,madras4 ,with ,two ,maps4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #bhs4 ,on ,,parliamentary ,,government in ,,england3 ,its ,origin1 ,development1 and ,practical ,operation4 ,by ,,alpheus ,,todd1 ,librarian of the ,legislative ,assembly of ,canada4 #b vols4 #hvo4 price #a #ags4 ,a ,,historical ,,account of the ,,neutrality of ,,great ,,britain ,,during the ,,american ,,civil ,,war4 ,by ,,mountague ,,bernard1 ,m4,a4 ,chichele ,professor of ,international ,law and ,diplomacy in the ,university of ,oxford4 ,royal #hvo4 #afs4 ,the ,,constitutional ,,history of ,,england1 since the ,accession of ,george ,,iii4 #agfj-ahfj4 ,by ,sir ,,thomas ,,erskine ,,may1 ,c4,b4 ,second ,edition4 ,cabinet ,edition1 thoroughly revised4 #c vols4 crown #hvo4 price #ahs4 ,the ,,history of ,,england1 from the ,earliest ,times to the ,year #ahfe4 ,by ,c4 ,d4 ,,yonge1 ,regius ,professor of ,modern ,history in ,queen's ,college1 ,belfast4 ,new ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,oxford ,,reformers--,john ,colet1 ,erasmus1 and ,thomas ,more2 being a ,history of their ,fellow-work4 ,by ,,frederic ,,seebohm4 ,second ,edition1 enlarged4 #hvo4 #ads4 ,,lectures on the ,,history of ,,england1 from the earliest ,times to the ,death of ,king ,edward ,,ii4 ,by ,,william ,,longman4 ,with ,maps and ,illustrations4 #hvo4 #aes4 ,the ,,history of the ,,life and ,,times of ,,edward the ,,third4 ,by ,,william ,,longman4 ,with #i ,maps1 #h ,plates1 and #af ,woodcuts4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #bhs4 ,the ,,overthrow of the ,,germanic ,,confederation by ,,prussia in #ahff4 ,by ,,sir ,,alexander ,,malet1 ,bart4 ,k4,c4,b4 ,with #e ,maps4 #hvo4 #ahs4 ,the ,,military ,,resources of ,,prussia and ,,france1 and ,,recent ,,changes in the ,,art of ,,war4 ,by ,lieut4-,col4 ,,chesney1 ,r4,e4 and ,,henry ,,reeve1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,crown #hvo4 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,waterloo ,,lectures2 a ,study of the ,campaign of #ahae4 ,by ,colonel ,,charles ,c4 ,,chesney1 ,r4,e4 late ,professor of ,military ,art and ,history in the ,staff ,college4 ,new ,edition4 #hvo4 with ,map1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,democracy in ,,america4 ,by ,,alexis ,,de ,,tocqueville4 ,translated by ,,henry ,,reeve4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #bas4 ,,history of the ,,reformation in ,,europe in the ,time of ,calvin4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,merle ,d',,aubign1 ,d4,d4 ,,vols4 ,i4 and ,,ii4 #hvo4 #bhs4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 #abs4 ,,vol4 ,,iv4 #afs4 ,,vol4 ,v4 price #afs4 ,,chapters from ,,french ,,history2 ,st4 ,louis1 ,joan of ,arc1 ,henri ,,iv4 with ,sketches of the ,intermediate ,periods4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,gurney1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,edition4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,memoir of ,,pope ,,sixtus the ,,fifth4 ,by ,,baron ,,hubner4 ,translated from the ,original in ,french1 with the ,author's sanction1 by ,,hubert ,e4 ,h4 ,,jerningham4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,in preparation4 ,,ignatius ,,loyola and the ,,early ,,jesuits4 ,by ,,stewart ,,rose4 ,new ,edition1 revised4 #hvo4 with ,portrait1 price #afs4 ,the ,,history of ,,greece4 ,by ,c4 ,,thirlwall1 ,d4,d4 ,lord ,bishop of ,st4 ,david's4 #h vols4 fcp4 #hvo4 price #bhs4 ,,greek ,,history from ,themistocles to ,alexander1 in a ,series of ,lives from ,plutarch4 ,revised and arranged by ,a4 ,h4 ,,clough4 ,new ,edition4 ,fcp4 with #dd ,woodcuts1 #fs4 ,,critical ,,history of the ,,language and ,,literature of ,ancient ,greece4 ,by ,,william ,,mure1 of ,caldwell4 #e vols4 #hvo4 #c #is4 ,the ,,tale of the ,,great ,,persian ,,war1 from the ,histories of ,herodotus4 ,by ,,george ,w4 ,,cox1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,edition4 ,fcp4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,history of the ,,literature of ,,ancient ,,greece4 ,by ,professor ,k4 ,o4 ,m,,ller4 ,translated by the ,right ,hon4 ,sir ,,george ,,cornewall ,,lewis1 ,bart4 and by ,j4 ,w4 ,,donaldson1 ,d4,d4 #c vols4 #hvo4 #bas4 ,,history of the ,,city of ,,rome from its ,foundation to the ,sixteenth ,century of the ,christian ,era4 ,by ,,thomas ,h4 ,,dyer1 ,,ll4,d4 #hvo4 with #b ,maps1 #aes4 ,the ,,history of ,,rome4 ,by ,,william ,,ihne4 ,english ,edition1 translated and revised by the ,author4 ,,vols4 ,i4 and ,,ii4 #hvo4 price #cjs4 ,,history of the ,,romans under the ,,empire4 ,by the ,very ,rev4 ,c4 ,,merivale1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,dean of ,ely4 #h vols4 post #hvo4 #dhs4 ,the ,,fall of the ,,roman ,,republic2 a ,short ,history of the ,last ,century of the ,commonwealth4 ,by the same ,author4 #abmo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,student',s ,,manual of the ,,history of ,,india1 from the ,earliest ,period to the ,present4 ,by ,colonel ,,meadows ,,taylor1 ,m4,r4,a4,s4 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 ,crown #hvo4 with ,maps1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,history of ,,india1 from the ,earliest ,period to the close of ,lord ,dalhousie's ,administration4 ,by ,,john ,,clark ,,marshman4 #c vols4 crown #hvo4 #bbs4 #f;d4 ,,indian ,,polity3 a ,view of the ,system of ,administration in ,india4 ,by ,lieutenant-,colonel ,,george ,,chesney1 ,fellow of the ,university of ,calcutta4 ,new ,edition1 revised2 with ,map4 #hvo4 price #bas4 ,,home ,,politics2 being a consideration of the ,causes of the ,growth of ,trade in relation to ,labour1 ,pauperism1 and ,emigration4 ,by ,,daniel ,,grant4 #hvo4 #gs4 ,,realities of ,,irish ,,life4 ,by ,w4 ,,steuart ,,trench1 ,land ,agent in ,ireland to the ,marquess of ,lansdowne1 the ,marquess of ,bath1 and ,lord ,digby4 ,fifth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 price #fs4 ,the ,,student',s ,,manual of the ,,history of ,,ireland4 ,by ,,mary ,f4 ,,cusack1 ,author of #8,the ,illustrated ,history of ,ireland1 from the ,earliest ,period to the ,year of ,catholic ,emancipation4' ,crown #hvo4 price #fs4 ,,critical and ,,historical ,,essays contributed to the ,edinburgh ,review4 ,by the ,right ,hon4 ,,lord ,,macaulay4 ,,cabinet ,,edition1 #d vols4 post #hvo4 #bds4 ,,people',s ,,edition1 #b vols4 crown #hvo4 #hs4 ,,library ,,edition1 #c vols4 #hvo4 #cfs4 ,,student',s ,,edition1 #a vol4 cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,saint-,,simon and ,,saint-,,simonism2 a chapter in the ,history of ,socialism in ,france4 ,by ,,arthur ,j4 ,,booth1 ,m4,a4 ,crown #hvo4 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,history of ,,european ,,morals1 from ,augustus to ,charlemagne4 ,by ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,,lecky1 ,m4,a4 ,second ,edition4 #b vols4 #hvo4 price #bhs4 ,,history of the ,,rise and ,,influence of the ,,spirit of ,,rationalism in ,,europe4 ,by ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,,lecky1 ,m4,a4 ,cabinet ,edition1 being the ,fourth4 #b vols4 crown #hvo4 price #afs4 ,,god in ,,history2 or1 the ,progress of ,man's ,faith in the ,moral ,order of the ,world4 ,by ,baron ,,bunsen4 ,translated by ,,susanna ,,winkworth2 with a ,preface by ,dean ,,stanley4 #c vols4 #hvo4 price #dbs4 ,the ,,history of ,,philosophy1 from ,thales to ,comte4 ,by ,,george ,,henry ,,lewes4 ,fourth ,edition4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #cbs4 ,an ,,historical ,,view of ,,literature and ,,art in ,,great ,,britain from the ,accession of the ,house of ,hanover to the ,reign of ,queen ,victoria4 ,by ,j4 ,,murray ,,graham1 ,m4,a4 #hvo4 price #ads4 ,the ,,mythology of the ,,aryan ,,nations4 ,by ,,george ,w4 ,,cox1 ,m4,a4 late ,scholar of ,trinity ,college1 ,oxford1 ,joint-,editor1 with the late ,professor ,brande1 of the ,fourth ,edition of #8,the ,dictionary of ,science1 ,literature1 and ,art1' ,author of #8,tales of ,ancient ,greece1' c4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #bhs4 ,,history of ,,civilisation in ,england and ,france1 ,spain and ,scotland4 ,by ,,henry ,,thomas ,,buckle4 ,new ,edition of the entire ,work with a complete ,,index4 #c vols4 crown #hvo4 #bds4 ,,history of the ,,christian ,,church1 from the ,ascension of ,christ to the ,conversion of ,constantine4 ,by ,e4 ,,burton1 ,d4,d4 late ,prof4 of ,divinity in the ,univ4 of ,oxford4 ,new ,edition4 ,fcp4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,sketch of the ,,history of the ,,church of ,,england to the ,revolution of #afhh4 ,by the ,right ,rev4 ,t4 ,v4 ,,short1 ,d4,d4 ,lord ,bishop of ,st4 ,asaph4 ,eighth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,history of the ,,early ,,church1 from the ,first ,preaching of the ,gospel to the ,council of ,nica4 ,a4,d4 #cbe4 ,by ,,elizabeth ,m4 ,,sewell1 ,author of #8,amy ,herbert4' ,new ,edition1 with ,questions4 ,fcp4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,the ,,english ,,reformation4 ,by ,f4 ,c4 ,,massingbeed1 ,m4,a4 ,chancellor of ,lincoln and ,rector of ,south ,ormsby4 ,fourth ,edition1 revised4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,maunder',s ,,historical ,,treasury2 comprising a ,general ,introductory ,outline of ,universal ,history1 and a series of ,separate ,histories4 ,latest ,edition1 revised and brought down to the ,present ,time by the ,rev4 ,,george ,,william ,,cox1 ,m4,a4 ,fcp4 #fs4 cloth1 or #is4 #f;d4 calf4 ,,historical and ,,chronological ,,encyclop,,dia2 comprising ,chronological ,notices of all the ,great ,events of ,universal ,history3 ,treaties1 ,alliances1 ,wars1 ,battles1 c42 ,incidents in the ,lives of ,eminent ,men and their ,works1 ,scientific and ,geographical ,discoveries1 ,mechanical ,inventions1 and ,social1 ,domestic1 and ,economical ,improvements4 ,by ,b4 ,b4 ,,woodward1 ,b4,a4 and ,w4 ,l4 ,r4 ,,cates4 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,in the press4 ,biographical ,works4 ,a ,,memoir of ,,daniel ,,maclise1 ,r4,a4 ,by ,w4 ,,justin ,o',,driscoll1 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 ,barrister-at-,law4 ,with ,portrait and ,woodcuts4 ,post #hvo4 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,memoirs of the ,,marquis of ,,pombal2 with ,extracts from his ,writings and from ,despatches in the ,state ,papers ,office4 ,by the ,,conde ,,da ,,carnota4 ,new ,edition4 #hvo4 price #gs4 ,,reminiscences of ,,fifty ,,years4 ,by ,,mark ,,boyd4 ,post #hvo4 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,life of ,,isambard ,,kingdom ,,brunel1 ,civil ,engineer4 ,by ,,isambard ,,brunel1 ,b4,c4,l4 of ,lincoln's ,inn2 ,chancellor of the ,diocese of ,ely4 ,with ,portrait1 ,plates1 and ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 #bas4 ,the ,,life and ,,letters of ,,faraday4 ,by ,dr4 ,,bence ,,jones1 ,secretary of the ,royal ,institution4 ,second ,edition1 thoroughly revised4 #b vols4 #hvo4 with ,portrait1 and ,eight ,engravings on ,wood1 price #bhs4 ,,faraday as a ,,discoverer4 ,by ,,john ,,tyndall1 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,professor of ,natural ,philosophy in the ,royal ,institution4 ,new and ,cheaper ,edition1 with ,two ,portraits4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,life and ,,letters of the ,rev4 ,,sydney ,,smith4 ,edited by his ,daughter1 ,lady ,,holland1 and ,mrs4 ,,austin4 ,new ,edition1 complete in ,one ,volume4 ,crown #hvo4 price #fs4 ,,some ,,memorials of ,r4 ,d4 ,,hampden1 ,bishop of ,hereford4 ,edited by his ,daughter1 ,,henrietta ,,hampden4 ,with ,portrait4 #hvo4 price #abs4 ,the ,,life and ,,travels of ,,george ,,whitefield1 ,m4,a4 ,by ,,james ,,paterson ,,gledstone4 #hvo4 price #ads4 ,,lives of the ,,lord ,,chancellors and ,,keepers of the ,,great ,,seal of ,,ireland1 from the ,earliest ,times to the ,reign of ,queen ,victoria4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,o',,flanagan1 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 ,barrister-at-,law4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #cfs4 ,,dictionary of ,,general ,,biography2 containing ,concise ,memoirs and ,notices of the most ,eminent ,persons of all ,countries1 from the ,earliest ,ages to the ,present ,time4 ,edited by ,w4 ,l4 ,r4 ,,cates4 #hvo4 #bas4 ,,lives of the ,,queens of ,,england4 ,by ,,agnes ,,strickland4 ,library ,edition1 newly revised2 with ,portraits of every ,queen1 ,autographs1 and ,vignettes4 #h vols4 post #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,life of the ,,duke of ,,wellington4 ,by the ,rev4 ,g4 ,r4 ,,gleig1 ,m4,a4 ,popular ,edition1 carefully revised2 with copious ,additions4 ,crown #hvo4 with ,portrait1 #es4 ,,history of ,,my ,,religious ,,opinions4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,newman1 ,d4,d4 ,being the ,substance of ,apologia pro ,vit ,su4 ,post #hvo4 #fs4 ,the ,,pontificate of ,,pius the ,,ninth2 being the ,third ,edition of #8,rome and its ,ruler1' continued to the latest moment and greatly enlarged4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,maguire1 ,m4,p4 ,post #hvo4 with ,portrait1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,father ,,mathew3 a ,biography4 ,by ,,john ,,francis ,,maguire1 ,m4,p4 for ,cork4 ,popular ,edition1 with ,portrait4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,felix ,,mendelssohn',s ,,letters from ,italy and ,switzerland1 and ,letters from #ahcc to #ahdg1 translated by ,lady ,,wallace4 ,new ,edition1 with ,portrait4 #b vols4 crown #hvo4 #es4 each4 ,,memoirs of ,,sir ,,henry ,,havelock1 ,k4,c4,b4 ,by ,,john ,,clark ,,marshman4 ,cabinet ,edition1 with ,portrait4 ,crown #hvo4 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,vicissitudes of ,,families4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,,bernard ,,burke1 ,c4,b4 ,ulster ,king of ,arms4 ,new ,edition1 remodelled and enlarged4 #b vols4 crown #hvo4 #bas4 ,,essays in ,,ecclesiastical ,,biography4 ,by the ,right ,hon4 ,sir ,j4 ,,stephen1 ,,ll4,d4 ,cabinet ,edition1 being the ,fifth4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,maunder',s ,,biographical ,,treasury4 ,thirteenth ,edition1 reconstructed1 thoroughly revised1 and in great part rewritten2 with about #a1jjj additional ,memoirs and ,notices1 by ,w4 ,l4 ,r4 ,,cates4 ,fcp4 #fs4 ,,letters and ,,life of ,,francis ,,bacon1 including all his ,occasional ,works4 ,collected and edited1 with a ,commentary1 by ,j4 ,,spedding1 ,trin4 ,coll4 ,cantab4 ,,vols4 ,i4 and ,,ii4 #hvo4 #bds4 ,,vols4 ,,iii4 and ,,iv4 #bds4 ,,vol4 ,v4 price #abs4 ,criticism1 ,philosophy1 ,polity1 c4 ,the ,,institutes of ,,justinian2 with ,english ,introduction1 ,translation1 and ,notes4 ,by ,t4 ,c4 ,,sandars1 ,m4,a4 ,barrister1 late ,fellow of ,oriel ,coll4 ,oxon4 ,new ,edition4 #hvo4 #aes4 ,,socrates and the ,,socratic ,,schools4 ,translated from the ,german of ,dr4 ,e4 ,,zeller1 with the ,author's approval1 by the ,rev4 ,,oswald ,j4 ,,reichel1 ,b4,c4,l4 and ,m4,a4 ,crown #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,stoics1 ,,epicureans1 and ,,sceptics4 ,translated from the ,german of ,dr4 ,e4 ,,zeller1 with the ,author's approval1 by ,,oswald ,j4 ,,reichel1 ,b4,c4,l4 and ,m4,a4 ,crown #hvo4 price #ads4 ,the ,,ethics of ,,aristotle1 illustrated with ,essays and ,notes4 ,by ,sir ,a4 ,,grant1 ,bart4 ,m4,a4 ,,ll4,d4 ,second ,edition1 revised and completed4 #b vols4 #hvo4 price #bhs4 ,the ,,nicomachean ,,ethics of ,,aristotle newly translated into ,english4 ,by ,r4 ,,williams1 ,b4,a4 ,fellow and late ,lecturer of ,merton ,college1 and sometime ,student of ,christ ,church1 ,oxford4 #hvo4 #abs4 ,,elements of ,,logic4 ,by ,r4 ,,whately1 ,d4,d4 late ,archbishop of ,dublin4 ,new ,edition4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 crown #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,elements of ,rhetoric4 ,by the same ,author4 ,new ,edition4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 crown #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,english ,synonymes4 ,by ,e4 ,,jane ,,whately4 ,edited by ,archbishop ,,whately4 #eth ,edition4 ,fcp4 #cs4 ,,bacon',s ,,essays with ,,annotations4 ,by ,r4 ,,whately1 ,d4,d4 late ,archbishop of ,dublin4 ,sixth ,edition4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,lord ,,bacon',s ,,works1 collected and edited by ,j4 ,,spedding1 ,m4,a4 ,r4 ,l4 ,,ellis1 ,m4,a4 and ,d4 ,d4 ,,heath4 ,new and ,cheaper ,edition4 #g vols4 #hvo4 price #c #acs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,subjection of ,,women4 ,by ,,john ,,stuart ,,mill4 ,new ,edition4 ,post #hvo4 #es4 ,on ,,representative ,,government4 ,by ,,john ,,stuart ,,mill4 ,third ,edition4 #hvo4 #is4 ,crown #hvo4 #bs4 ,on ,,liberty4 ,by ,,john ,,stuart ,,mill4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,post #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,crown #hvo4 #as4 #d;d4 ,,principles of ,,political ,,economy4 ,by the same ,author4 ,eighth ,edition4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #cjs4 ,or in #a vol4 crown #hvo4 #es4 ,a ,,system of ,,logic1 ,,ratiocinative and ,,inductive4 ,by the same ,author4 ,seventh ,edition4 ,two vols4 #hvo4 #bes4 ,,analysis of ,mr4 ,,mill',s ,,system of ,,logic4 ,by ,w4 ,,stebbing1 ,m4,a4 ,fellow of ,worcester ,college1 ,oxford4 ,new ,edition4 #abmo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,utilitarianism4 ,by ,,john ,,stuart ,,mill4 ,fourth ,edition4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,dissertations and ,,discussions1 ,,political1 ,,philosophical1 and ,,historical4 ,by ,,john ,,stuart ,,mill4 ,second ,edition1 revised4 #c vols4 #hvo4 #cfs4 ,,examination of ,sir ,w4 ,,hamilton',s ,,philosophy1 and of the ,principal ,philosophical ,questions discussed in his ,writings4 ,by ,,john ,,stuart ,,mill4 ,third ,edition4 #hvo4 #afs4 ,an ,,outline of the ,,necessary ,,laws of ,,thought3 a ,treatise on ,pure and ,applied ,logic4 ,by the ,most ,rev4 ,,william1 ,lord ,archbishop of ,york1 ,d4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,ninth ,thousand4 ,crown #hvo4 #es4 #f;d4 ,the ,,elements of ,,political ,,economy4 ,by ,,henry ,,dunning ,,macleod1 ,m4,a4 ,barrister-at-,law4 #hvo4 #afs4 ,a ,dictionary of ,political ,economy2 ,biographical1 ,bibliographical1 ,historical1 and ,practical4 ,by the same ,author4 ,,vol4 ,i4 royal #hvo4 #cjs4 ,the ,,election of ,,representatives1 ,parliamentary and ,municipal2 a ,treatise4 ,by ,,thomas ,,hare1 ,barrister-at-,law4 ,third ,edition1 with ,additions4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,,speeches of the ,,right ,,hon4 ,,lord ,,macaulay1 corrected by ,himself4 ,people's ,edition1 crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,lord ,macaulay's ,speeches on ,parliamentary ,reform in #ahca and #ahcb4 #afmo4 #as4 ,,inaugural ,,address delivered to the ,university of ,st4 ,andrews4 ,by ,,john ,,stuart ,,mill4 #hvo4 #es4 ,people's ,edition1 crown #hvo4 #as4 ,a ,,dictionary of the ,,english ,,language4 ,by ,r4 ,g4 ,,latham1 ,m4,a4 ,m4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,founded on the ,dictionary of ,dr4 ,,samuel ,,johnson1 as edited by the ,rev4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,todd1 with numerous ,emendations and ,additions4 ,in ,four ,volumes1 #dto4 price #g4 ,,thesaurus of ,,english ,,words and ,,phrases1 classified and arranged so as to facilitate the ,expression of ,ideas1 and assist in ,literary ,composition4 ,by ,p4 ,m4 ,,roget1 ,m4,d4 ,new ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,lectures on the ,,science of ,,language4 ,by ,f4 ,,max ,m,,ller1 ,m4,a4 c4 ,foreign ,member of the ,french ,institute4 ,sixth ,edition4 #b vols4 crown #hvo4 price #afs4 ,,chapters on ,,language4 ,by ,,frederic ,w4 ,,farrar1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,head ,master of ,marlborough ,college4 ,crown #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,debater2 a ,series of ,complete ,debates1 ,outlines of ,debates1 and ,questions for ,discussion4 ,by ,f4 ,,rowton4 ,fcp4 #fs4 ,,manual of ,,english ,,literature1 ,historical and ,critical4 ,by ,,thomas ,,arnold1 ,m4,a4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,southey',s ,,doctor1 complete in ,one ,volume4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,warter1 ,b4,d4 ,square crown #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,historical and ,,critical ,,commentary on the ,,old ,,testament2 with a ,new ,translation4 ,by ,m4 ,m4 ,,kalisch1 ,ph4,d4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,genesis1 #hvo4 #ahs4 or adapted for the ,general ,reader1 #abs4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,exodus1 #aes4 or adapted for the ,general ,reader1 #abs4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,leviticus1 ,,part ,i4 #aes4 or adapted for the ,general ,reader1 #hs4 ,a ,,hebrew ,,grammar1 with ,,exercises4 ,by ,m4 ,m4 ,,kalisch1 ,ph4,d4 ,,part ,i4 ,outlines with ,exercises1 #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,key1 #es4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,exceptional ,forms and ,constructions1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,latin-,,english ,,dictionary4 ,by ,,john ,t4 ,,white1 ,d4,d4 ,oxon4 and ,j4 ,e4 ,,riddle1 ,m4,a4 ,oxon4 ,third ,edition1 revised4 #b vols4 #dto4 pp4 #b1abh1 price #dbs4 cloth4 ,white's ,college ,latin-,english ,dictionary 7,intermediate ,size71 abridged for the use of ,university ,students from the ,parent ,work 7as above74 ,medium #hvo4 pp4 #a1jdh1 price #ahs4 cloth4 ,white's ,junior ,student's ,complete ,latin-,english and ,english-,latin ,dictionary4 ,new ,edition4 ,square #abmo4 pp4 #a1jeh1 price #abs4 ,separately ,the ,,english-,,latin ,,dictionary1 price #es4 #f;d4 ,the ,,latin-,,english ,,dictionary1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,an ,,english-,,greek ,,lexicon1 containing all the ,greek ,words used by ,writers of good authority4 ,by ,c4 ,d4 ,,yonge1 ,b4,a4 ,new ,edition4 #dto4 #bas4 ,mr4 ,,yonge',s ,,new ,,lexicon1 ,english and ,greek1 abridged from his larger work 7as above74 ,revised ,edition4 ,square #abmo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,greek-,,english ,,lexicon4 ,compiled by ,h4 ,g4 ,,liddell1 ,d4,d4 ,dean of ,christ ,church1 and ,r4 ,,scott1 ,d4,d4 ,dean of ,rochester4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,crown #dto4 price #cfs4 ,a ,lexicon1 ,greek and ,english1 abridged from ,,liddell and ,,scott',s ,greek-,english ,lexicon4 ,twelfth ,edition4 ,square #abmo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,sanskrit-,,english ,,dictionary1 the ,sanskrit words printed both in the original ,devanagari and in ,roman ,letters4 ,compiled by ,t4 ,,benfey1 ,prof4 in the ,univ4 of ,gttingen4 #hvo4 #ebs4 #f;d4 ,,walker',s ,,pronouncing ,,dictionary of the ,,english ,,language4 ,thoroughly revised ,editions1 by ,b4 ,h4 ,,smart4 #hvo4 #abs4 #afmo4 #fs4 ,a ,,practical ,,dictionary of the ,,french and ,,english ,,languages4 ,by ,l4 ,,contanseau4 ,fourteenth ,edition4 ,post #hvo4 #ajs4 #h;d4 ,contanseau's ,pocket ,dictionary1 ,french and ,english1 abridged from the above by the ,author4 ,new ,edition1 revised4 ,square #ahmo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,new ,,practical ,,dictionary of the ,,german ,,language2 ,german-,english and ,english-,german4 ,by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,l4 ,,blackley1 ,m4,a4 and ,dr4 ,,carl ,,martin ,,friedl,,nder4 ,post #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,mastery of ,,languages2 or1 the ,art of ,speaking ,foreign ,tongues ,idiomatically4 ,by ,,thomas ,,prendergast1 late of the ,civil ,service at ,madras4 ,second ,edition4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,miscellaneous ,works and ,popular ,metaphysics4 ,the ,,essays and ,,contributions of ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,b41 ,author of #8,the ,recreations of a ,country ,parson4' ,uniform ,editions3-- ,recreations of a ,country ,parson4 ,by ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,b4 ,,first and ,,second ,,series1 crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,the ,,common-,,place ,,philosopher in ,,town and ,,country4 ,by ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,b4 ,crown #hvo4 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,leisure ,hours in ,town2 ,essays ,consolatory1 sthetical1 ,moral1 ,social1 and ,domestic4 ,by ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,b4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,the ,autumn ,holidays of a ,country ,parson2 ,essays contributed to ,fraser's ,magazine and to ,good ,words4 ,by ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,b4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,the ,graver ,thoughts of a ,country ,parson4 ,by ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,b4 ,,first and ,,second ,,series1 crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,critical ,essays of a ,country ,parson1 selected from ,essays contributed to ,fraser's ,magazine4 ,by ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,b4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,sunday ,afternoons at the ,parish ,church of a ,scottish ,university ,city4 ,by ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,b4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,lessons of ,,middle ,,age2 with some ,account of various ,cities and ,men4 ,by ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,b4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,counsel and ,comfort spoken from a ,city ,pulpit4 ,by ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,b4 ,crown #hvo4 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,changed ,aspects of ,unchanged ,truths2 ,memorials of ,st4 ,andrews ,sundays4 ,by ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,b4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,present-day ,thoughts2 ,memorials of ,st4 ,andrews ,sundays4 ,by ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,b4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,short ,,studies on ,,great ,,subjects4 ,by ,,james ,,anthony ,,froude1 ,m4,a4 late ,fellow of ,exeter ,coll4 ,oxford4 ,third ,edition4 #hvo4 #abs4 ,,second ,,series4 #hvo4 price #abs4 ,,lord ,,macaulay',s ,,miscellaneous ,,writings3-- ,,library ,,edition4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,portrait1 #bas4 ,,people',s ,,edition4 #a vol4 crown #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,lord ,,macaulay',s ,,miscellaneous ,,writings and ,,speeches4 ,,student',s ,,edition1 in crown #hvo4 price #fs4 ,the ,,rev4 ,,sydney ,,smith',s ,,miscellaneous ,,works2 including his ,contributions to the ,edinburgh ,review4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,the ,wit and ,wisdom of the ,rev4 ,sydney ,smith2 a ,selection of the most memorable ,passages in his ,writings and ,conversation4 #afmo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,eclipse of ,,faith2 or1 a ,visit to a ,religious ,sceptic4 ,by ,,henry ,,rogers4 ,twelfth ,edition4 ,fcp4 #es4 ,defence of the ,eclipse of ,faith1 by its ,author2 a rejoinder to ,dr4 ,newman's ,reply4 ,third ,edition4 ,fcp4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,selections from the ,correspondence of ,e4 ,e4 ,h4 ,greyson4 ,by the same ,author4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,families of ,,speech1 ,four ,lectures delivered at the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain4 ,by the ,rev4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,farrar1 ,m4,a4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,head ,master of ,marlborough ,college4 ,post #hvo4 with ,two ,maps1 #es4 #f;d4 ,,chips from a ,,german ,,workshop2 being ,essays on the ,science of ,religion1 and on ,mythology1 ,traditions1 and ,customs4 ,by ,f4 ,,max ,m,,ller1 ,m4,a4 c4 ,foreign ,member of the ,french ,institute4 #c vols4 #hvo4 #b4 ,,ueberweg',s ,,system of ,,logic and ,,history of ,,logical ,,doctrines4 ,translated1 with ,notes and ,appendices1 by ,t4 ,m4 ,,lindsay1 ,m4,a4 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,examiner in ,philosophy to the ,university of ,edinburgh4 #hvo4 price #afs4 ,,analysis of the ,,phenomena of the ,,human ,,mind4 ,by ,,james ,,mill4 ,a ,new ,edition1 with ,notes1 ,illustrative and ,critical1 by ,,alexander ,,bain1 ,,andrew ,,findlater1 and ,,george ,,grote4 ,edited1 with additional ,notes1 by ,,john ,,stuart ,,mill4 #b vols4 #hvo4 price #bhs4 ,an ,,introduction to ,,mental ,,philosophy1 on the ,inductive ,method4 ,by ,j4 ,d4 ,,morell1 ,m4,a4 ,,lld4 #hvo4 #abs4 ,,elements of ,,psychology1 containing the ,analysis of the ,intellectual ,powers4 ,by the same ,author4 ,post #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,secret of ,,hegel3 being the ,hegelian ,system in ,origin1 ,principle1 ,form1 and ,matter4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,stirling4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #bhs4 ,,sir ,,william ,,hamilton2 being the ,philosophy of ,perception3 an ,analysis4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,stirling4 #hvo4 #es4 ,the ,,senses and the ,,intellect4 ,by ,,alexander ,,bain1 ,m4,d ,professor of ,logic in the ,university of ,aberdeen4 ,third ,edition4 #hvo4 #aes4 ,,mental and ,,moral ,,science3 a ,compendium of ,psychology and ,ethics4 ,by the same ,author4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,logic1 ,,deductive and ,,inductive4 ,by the same ,author4 ,in ,,two ,,parts1 crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,each ,part may be had separately3-- ,,part ,i4 ,deduction1 #ds4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,induction1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,time and ,,space2 a ,metaphysical ,essay4 ,by ,,shadworth ,h4 ,,hodgson4 7,this work covers the whole ground of ,speculative ,philosophy47 #hvo4 price #afs4 ,the ,theory of ,practice2 an ,ethical ,inquiry4 ,by the same ,author4 7,this work1 in conjunction with the foregoing1 completes a system of ,philosophy47 #b vols4 #hvo4 price #bds4 ,the ,,philosophy of ,,necessity2 or1 ,natural ,law as applicable to ,mental1 ,moral1 and ,social ,science4 ,by ,,charles ,,bray4 ,second ,edition4 #hvo4 #is4 ,the ,education of the ,feelings and ,affections4 ,by the same ,author4 ,third ,edition4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,on ,force1 its ,mental and ,moral ,correlates4 ,by the same ,author4 #hvo4 #es4 ,a ,,treatise on ,,human ,,nature2 being an ,attempt to ,introduce the ,experimental ,method of ,reasoning into ,moral ,subjects4 ,by ,,david ,,hume4 ,edited1 with ,notes1 c4 by ,t4 ,h4 ,,green1 ,fellow1 and ,t4 ,h4 ,,grose1 late ,scholar1 of ,balliol ,college1 ,oxford4 ,in the press4 ,,essays ,,moral1 ,,political1 and ,,literary4 ,by ,,david ,,hume4 ,by the same ,editors4 ,in the press4 ,astronomy1 ,meteorology1 ,popular ,geography1 c4 ,,outlines of ,,astronomy4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,herschel1 ,bart4 ,eleventh ,edition1 with ,plates and ,woodcuts4 ,square crown #hvo4 #abs4 ,the ,,sun2 ,,ruler1 ,,light1 ,,fire1 and ,,life of the ,,planetary ,,system4 ,by ,,richard ,a4 ,,proctor1 ,b4,a4 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,with #aj ,plates 7#g coloured7 and #ajg ,figures on ,wood4 ,crown #hvo4 #ads4 ,,other ,,worlds ,,than ,,ours2 the ,plurality of ,worlds ,studied under the ,light of ,recent ,scientific ,researches4 ,by the same ,author4 ,second ,edition1 with #ad ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,saturn and its ,,system4 ,by the same ,author4 #hvo4 with #ad ,plates1 #ads4 ,,schallen',s ,,spectrum ,,analysis1 in its application to ,terrestrial ,substances and the ,physical ,constitution of the ,heavenly ,bodies4 ,translated by ,,jane and ,c4 ,,lassell2 edited by ,w4 ,,huggins1 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,crown #hvo4 with ,illustrations4 ,nearly ready4 ,,celestial ,,objects for ,,common ,,telescopes4 ,by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,w4 ,,webb1 ,m4,a4 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,second ,edition1 revised1 with a large ,map of the ,moon1 and several ,woodcuts4 #afmo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,navigation and ,,nautical ,,astronomy 7,practical1 ,theoretical1 ,scientific7 for the use of ,students and ,practical ,men4 ,by ,j4 ,,merrifield1 ,f4,r4,a4,s and ,h4 ,,evers4 #hvo4 #ads4 ,,dove',s ,,law of ,,storms1 considered in connexion with the ,ordinary ,movements of the ,atmosphere4 ,translated by ,r4 ,h4 ,,scott1 ,m4,a4 ,t4,c4,d4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,canadian ,,dominion4 ,by ,,charles ,,marshall4 ,with #f ,illustrations on ,wood4 #hvo4 price #abs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,general ,,dictionary of ,,geography1 ,descriptive1 ,physical1 ,statistical1 and ,historical3 forming a complete ,gazetteer of the ,world4 ,by ,a4 ,,keith ,,johnston1 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,revised ,edition4 #hvo4 #cas4 #f;d4 ,a ,,manual of ,,geography1 ,physical1 ,industrial1 and ,political4 ,by ,w4 ,,hughes1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,with #f ,maps4 ,fcp4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,maunder',s ,,treasury of ,,geography1 ,physical1 ,historical1 ,descriptive1 and ,political4 ,edited by ,w4 ,,hughes1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,revised ,edition1 with #g ,maps and #af ,plates4 ,fcp4 #fs4 cloth1 or #is4 #f;d4 bound in calf4 ,the ,,public ,,schools ,,atlas of ,,modern ,,geography4 ,in #ca ,maps1 exhibiting clearly the more important ,physical ,features of the ,countries delineated1 and ,noting all the ,chief ,places of ,historical1 ,commercial1 or ,social ,interest4 ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 by the ,rev4 ,g4 ,,butler1 ,m4,a4 ,imp4 #dto4 price #cs4 #f;d4 sewed1 or #es4 cloth4 ,nearly ready4 ,natural ,history and ,popular ,science4 ,,elementary ,,treatise on ,,physics1 ,experimental and ,applied4 ,translated and edited from ,,ganot',s ,elments de ,physique 7with the ,author's sanction7 by ,e4 ,,atkinson1 ,ph4,d4 ,f4,c4,s4 ,new ,edition1 revised and enlarged2 with a ,coloured ,plate and #fbj ,woodcuts4 ,post #hvo4 #aes4 ,the ,,elements of ,,physics or ,,natural ,,philosophy4 ,by ,,neil ,,arnott1 ,m4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,physician ,extraordinary to the ,queen4 ,sixth ,edition1 rewritten and completed4 ,two ,parts4 #hvo4 #bas4 ,,sound3 a ,course of ,eight ,lectures delivered at the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain4 ,by ,,john ,,tyndall1 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,new ,edition1 crown #hvo4 with ,portrait of ,m4 ,chladni and #afi ,woodcuts1 price #is4 ,,heat a ,,mode of ,,motion4 ,by ,professor ,,john ,,tyndall1 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 with ,woodcuts1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,researches on ,,diamagnetism and ,,magne-,,crystallic ,,action2 including the ,question of ,diamagnetic ,polarity4 ,by the same ,author4 ,with #f ,plates and many ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 price #ads4 ,,professor ,,tyndall',s ,,essays on the ,,use and ,,limit of the ,,imagination in ,,science4 ,being the ,second ,edition1 with ,additions1 of his ,discourse on the ,scientific ,use of the ,imagination4 #hvo4 #cs4 ,,notes of a ,,course of ,,seven ,,lectures on ,,electrical ,,phenomena and ,,theories1 delivered at the ,royal ,institution1 ,a4,d4 #ahgj4 ,by ,professor ,,tyndall4 ,crown #hvo4 #as4 sewed1 or #as4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,,notes of a ,,course of ,,nine ,,lectures on ,,light delivered at the ,royal ,institution1 ,a4,d4 #ahfi4 ,by the same ,author4 ,crown #hvo4 price #as4 sewed1 or #as4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,,fragments of ,,science for ,,unscientific ,,people2 a ,series of detached ,essays1 ,lectures1 and ,reviews4 ,by ,,john ,,tyndall1 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,second ,edition4 #hvo4 price #ads4 ,,light ,,science for ,,leisure ,,hours2 a ,series of ,familiar ,essays on ,scientific ,subjects1 ,natural ,phenomena1 c4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,proctor1 ,b4,a4 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,crown #hvo4 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,light3 ,its ,influence on ,life and ,health4 ,by ,,forbes ,,winslow1 ,m4,d4 ,d4,c4,l4 ,oxon4 7,hon474 ,fcp4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,treatise on ,,electricity1 in ,theory and ,practice4 ,by ,a4 ,,de ,,la ,,rive1 ,prof4 in the ,academy of ,geneva4 ,translated by ,c4 ,v4 ,,walker1 ,f4,r4,s4 #c vols4 #hvo4 with ,woodcuts1 #c #acs4 ,the ,,beginning3 its ,when and its ,how4 ,by ,,mungo ,,ponton1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,post #hvo4 with very numerous ,illustrations1 price #ahs4 ,the ,,correlation of ,,physical ,,forces4 ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,grove1 ,q4,c4 ,v4,p4,r4,s4 ,fifth ,edition1 revised1 and followed by a ,discourse on ,continuity4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,the ,discourse on ,continuity1 separately1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,manual of ,,geology4 ,by ,s4 ,,haughton1 ,m4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,revised ,edition1 with #ff ,woodcuts4 ,fcp4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,van ,,der ,,hoeven',s ,,handbook of ,,zoology4 ,translated from the ,second ,dutch ,edition by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,,clark1 ,m4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 #b vols4 #hvo4 with #bd ,plates of ,figures1 #fjs4 ,professor ,,owen',s ,,lectures on the ,,comparative ,,anatomy and ,,physiology of the ,,invertebrate ,,animals4 ,second ,edition1 with #bce ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 #bas4 ,the ,,comparative ,,anatomy and ,,physiology of the ,,vertebrate ,,animals4 ,by ,richard ,owen1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,d4,c4,l4 ,with #a1dgb ,woodcuts4 #c vols4 #hvo4 #c #acs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,origin of ,,civilisation and the ,,primitive ,,condition of ,,man2 ,mental and ,social ,condition of ,savages4 ,by ,sir ,,john ,,lubbock1 ,bart4 ,m4,p4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,second ,edition1 with #be ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 price #afs4 ,the ,,primitive ,,inhabitants of ,,scandinavia3 containing a ,description of the ,implements1 ,dwellings1 ,tombs1 and ,mode of ,living of the ,savages in the ,north of ,europe during the ,stone ,age4 ,by ,,sven ,,nilsson4 ,with #af ,plates of ,figures and #c ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 #ahs4 ,,bible ,,animals2 being a ,description of every ,living ,creature mentioned in the ,scriptures1 from the ,ape to the ,coral4 ,by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,wood1 ,m4,a4 ,f4,l4,s4 ,with about #ajj ,vignettes on ,wood4 #hvo4 #bas4 ,,homes ,,without ,,hands3 a ,description of the ,habitations of ,animals1 classed according to their ,principle of ,construction4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,wood1 ,m4,a4 ,f4,l4,s4 ,with about #adj ,vignettes on ,wood1 #hvo4 #bas4 ,,insects ,,at ,,home4 ,by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,wood1 ,m4,a4 ,f4,l4,s4 ,with a ,frontispiece in ,colours1 #ba full-page ,illustrations1 and about #gjj smaller ,illustrations from original designs engraved on ,wood by ,g4 ,pearson4 #hvo4 price #bas4 ,,strange ,,dwellings2 being a description of the ,habitations of ,animals1 abridged from #8,homes without ,hands4' ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,wood1 ,m4,a4 ,f4,l4,s4 ,with a ,new ,frontispiece and about #fj other ,woodcut ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,familiar ,,history of ,,birds4 ,by ,e4 ,,stanley1 ,d4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 late ,lord ,bishop of ,norwich4 ,seventh ,edition1 with ,woodcuts4 ,fcp4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,harmonies of ,,nature and ,,unity of ,,creation4 ,by ,dr4 ,,george ,,hartwig4 #hvo4 with numerous ,illustrations1 #ahs4 ,the ,,sea and its ,,living ,,wonders4 ,by the same ,author4 ,third 7,english7 ,edition4 #hvo4 with many ,illustrations1 #bas4 ,the ,,tropical ,,world4 ,by ,dr4 ,,geo4 ,,hartwig4 ,with #h ,chromoxylographs and #agb ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 #bas4 ,the ,,subterranean ,,world4 ,by ,dr4 ,,george ,,hartwig4 ,with #c ,maps and about #hj ,woodcuts1 including #h full size of page4 #hvo4 price #bas4 ,the ,,polar ,,world1 a ,popular ,description of ,man and ,nature in the ,arctic and ,antarctic ,regions of the ,globe4 ,by ,dr4 ,,george ,,hartwig4 ,with #h ,chromoxylographs1 #c ,maps1 and #he ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 #bas4 ,,kirby and ,,spence',s ,,introduction to ,,entomology1 or ,elements of the ,natural ,history of ,insects4 #gth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #es4 ,,maunder',s ,,treasury of ,,natural ,,history1 or ,popular ,dictionary of ,zoology4 ,revised and corrected by ,t4 ,s4 ,,cobbold1 ,m4,d4 ,fcp4 with #ijj ,woodcuts1 #fs4 cloth1 or #is4 #f;d4 bound in calf4 ,the ,,treasury of ,,botany1 or ,popular ,dictionary of the ,vegetable ,kingdom2 including a ,glossary of ,botanical ,terms4 ,edited by ,j4 ,,lindley1 ,f4,r4,s4 and ,t4 ,,moore1 ,f4,l4,s4 assisted by eminent ,contributors4 ,with #bgd ,woodcuts and #bj ,steel ,plates4 ,two ,parts1 fcp4 #abs4 cloth1 or #ais4 calf4 ,the ,,elements of ,,botany for ,,families and ,,schools4 ,tenth ,edition1 revised by ,,thomas ,,moore1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,fcp4 with #afd ,woodcuts1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,rose ,,amateur',s ,,guide4 ,by ,,thomas ,,rivers4 ,ninth ,edition4 ,fcp4 #ds4 ,,loudon',s ,,encyclop,,dia of ,,plants2 comprising the ,specific ,character1 ,description1 ,culture1 ,history1 c4 of all the ,plants found in ,great ,britain4 ,with upwards of #ab1jjj ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 #dbs4 ,,maunder',s ,,scientific and ,,literary ,,treasury4 ,new ,edition1 thoroughly revised and in great part re-written1 with above #a1jjj new ,articles1 by ,j4 ,y4 ,,johnson1 ,corr4 ,m4,z4,s4 ,fcp4 #fs4 cloth1 or #is4 #f;d4 calf4 ,a ,,dictionary of ,,science1 ,,literature1 and ,,art4 ,fourth ,edition1 re-edited by ,w4 ,t4 ,,brande 7the original ,author71 and ,,george ,w4 ,,cox1 ,m4,a4 assisted by contributors of eminent ,scientific and ,literary ,acquirements4 #c vols4 medium #hvo4 price #fcs4 cloth4 ,chemistry1 ,medicine1 ,surgery1 and the ,allied ,sciences4 ,a ,,dictionary of ,,chemistry and the ,allied ,branches of other ,sciences4 ,by ,,henry ,,watts1 ,f4,r4,s4 assisted by eminent ,contributors4 ,complete in #e vols4 medium #hvo4 #g #cs4 ,,elements of ,,chemistry1 ,theoretical and ,practical4 ,by ,w4 ,,allen ,,miller1 ,m4,d4 late ,prof4 of ,chemistry1 ,king's ,coll4 ,london4 ,fourth ,edition4 #c vols4 #hvo4 #c4 ,,part ,i4 ,,chemical ,,physics1 #aes4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,inorganic ,,chemistry1 #bas4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,,organic ,,chemistry1 #bds4 ,a ,,manual of ,,chemistry1 ,descriptive and ,theoretical4 ,by ,,william ,,odling1 ,m4,b4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,part ,i4 #hvo4 #is4 ,,part ,,ii4 just ready4 ,,outlines of ,,chemistry2 or1 ,brief ,notes of ,chemical ,facts4 ,by ,,william ,,odling1 ,m4,b4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,a ,course of ,practical ,chemistry1 for the use of ,medical ,students4 ,by the same ,author4 ,new ,edition1 with #gj ,woodcuts4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,lectures on ,animal ,chemistry1 delivered at the ,royal ,college of ,physicians in #ahfe4 ,by the same ,author4 ,crown #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,lectures on the ,chemical ,changes of ,carbon4 ,delivered at the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain4 ,by the same ,author4 ,crown #hvo4 price #ds4 #f;d4 ,,select ,,methods in ,,chemical ,,analysis1 chiefly ,,inorganic4 ,by ,,william ,,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,with #bb ,woodcuts4 ,crown #hvo4 price #abs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,treatise on ,,medical ,,electricity1 ,,theoretical and ,,practical2 and its ,use in the ,treatment of ,paralysis1 ,neuralgia1 and other ,diseases4 ,by ,,julius ,,althaus1 ,m4,d4 c4 ,second ,edition1 revised and partly re-written4 ,post #hvo4 with ,plate and #b ,woodcuts1 price #aes4 ,the ,,diagnosis1 ,,pathology1 and ,,treatment of ,,diseases of ,,women2 including the ,diagnosis of ,pregnancy4 ,by ,,graily ,,hewitt1 ,m4,d4 ,second ,edition1 enlarged2 with #aaf ,woodcut ,illustrations4 #hvo4 #bds4 ,on ,,some ,,disorders of the ,,nervous ,,system in ,,childhood2 being the ,lumleian ,lectures delivered before the ,royal ,college of ,physicians in ,march #ahga4 ,by ,,charles ,,west1 ,m4,d4 ,crown #hvo4 price #es4 ,,lectures on the ,,diseases of ,,infancy and ,,childhood4 ,by ,,charles ,,west1 ,m4,d4 c4 ,fifth ,edition1 revised and enlarged4 #hvo4 #afs4 ,a ,,system of ,,surgery1 ,theoretical and ,practical4 ,in ,treatises by ,various ,authors4 ,edited by ,t4 ,,holmes1 ,m4,a4 c4 ,surgeon and ,lecturer on ,surgery at ,st4 ,george's ,hospital1 and ,surgeon-in-,chief to the ,metropolitan ,police4 ,second ,edition1 thoroughly revised1 with numerous ,illustrations4 #e vols4 #hvo4 #e #es4 ,the ,,surgical ,,treatment of ,,children',s ,,diseases4 ,by ,t4 ,,holmes1 ,m4,a4 c4 late ,surgeon to the ,hospital for ,sick ,children4 ,second ,edition1 with #i ,plates and #aab ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 #bas4 ,,lectures on the ,,principles and ,,practice of ,,physic4 ,by ,sir ,,thomas ,,watson1 ,bart4 ,m4,d4 ,fifth ,edition1 thoroughly revised4 #b vols4 #hvo4 price #cfs4 ,,lectures on ,,surgical ,,pathology4 ,by ,sir ,,james ,,paget1 ,bart4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,third ,edition1 revised and re-edited by the ,author and ,professor ,w4 ,,turner1 ,m4,b4 #hvo4 with #aca ,woodcuts1 #bas4 ,,cooper',s ,,dictionary of ,,practical ,,surgery and ,encyclopdia of ,surgical ,science4 ,new ,edition1 brought down to the present time4 ,by ,s4 ,a4 ,,lane1 ,surgeon to ,st4 ,mary's ,hospital1 assisted by various ,eminent ,surgeons4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 #hvo4 completing the work4 ,in the press4 ,on ,,chronic ,,bronchitis1 especially as connected with ,,gout1 ,,emphysema1 and ,,diseases of the ,,heart4 ,by ,e4 ,,headlam ,,greenhow1 ,m4,d4 ,f4,r4,c4,p4 c4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,climate of the ,,south of ,,france as ,,suited to ,,invalids2 with ,notices of ,mediterranean and other ,winter ,stations4 ,by ,c4 ,t4 ,,williams1 ,m4,a4 ,m4,d4 ,oxon4 ,assistant-,physician to the ,hospital for ,consumption at ,brompton4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,,reports on the ,,progress of ,,practical and ,,scientific ,,medicine in ,different ,parts of the ,world4 ,edited by ,,horace ,,dobell1 ,m4,d4 assisted by numerous and distinguished ,coadjutors1 ,vols4 ,i4 and ,,ii4 #hvo4 #ahs4 each4 ,,pulmonary ,,consumption2 its ,nature1 ,varieties1 and ,treatment3 with an ,analysis of ,one ,thousand ,cases to exemplify its ,duration4 ,by ,c4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,williams1 ,m4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 and ,c4 ,t4 ,,williams1 ,m4,a4 ,m4,d4 ,oxon4 ,post #hvo4 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,clinical ,,lectures on ,,diseases of the ,,liver1 ,,jaundice1 and ,,abdominal ,,dropsy4 ,by ,,charles ,,murchison1 ,m4,d4 ,post #hvo4 with #be ,woodcuts1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,anatomy1 ,,descriptive and ,,surgical4 ,by ,,henry ,,gray1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,with about #djj ,woodcuts from ,dissections4 ,fifth ,edition1 by ,t4 ,,holmes1 ,m4,a4 ,cantab4 with a new ,introduction by the ,editor4 ,royal #hvo4 #bhs4 ,,clinical ,,notes on ,,diseases of the ,,larynx1 investigated and treated with the assistance of the ,laryngoscope4 ,by ,w4 ,,marcet1 ,m4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,crown #hvo4 with #e ,lithographs1 #fs4 ,,outlines of ,,physiology1 ,human and ,comparative4 ,by ,,john ,,marshall1 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,surgeon to the ,university ,college ,hospital4 #b vols4 crown #hvo4 with #abb ,woodcuts1 #cbs4 ,,physiological ,,anatomy and ,,physiology of ,,man4 ,by the late ,r4 ,b4 ,,todd1 ,m4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 and ,w4 ,,bowman1 ,f4,r4,s4 of ,king's ,college4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 #hvo4 #bes4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,new ,edition by ,dr4 ,,lionel ,s4 ,,beale1 ,f4,r4,s4 in course of publication1 with many ,illustrations4 ,,parts ,i4 and ,,ii4 price #gs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,copland',s ,,dictionary of ,,practical ,,medicine1 abridged from the larger work and throughout brought down to the present ,state of ,medical ,science4 #hvo4 #cfs4 ,,reimann',s ,,handbook of ,,aniline and its ,,derivatives2 a ,treatise on the ,manufacture of ,aniline and ,aniline ,colours4 ,edited by ,,william ,,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,with #e ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,on the ,,manufacture of ,,beet-,,root ,,sugar in ,,england and ,,ireland4 ,by ,,william ,,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,crown #hvo4 with #aa ,woodcuts1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,manual of ,,materia ,,medica and ,,therapeutics1 abridged from ,dr4 ,,pereira',s ,elements by ,f4 ,j4 ,,farre1 ,m4,d4 assisted by ,r4 ,,bentley1 ,m4,r4,c4,s4 and by ,r4 ,,warington1 ,f4,r4,s4 #hvo4 with #ij ,woodcuts1 #bas4 ,,thomson',s ,,conspectus of the ,,british ,,pharmacop,,ia4 #beth ,edition1 corrected by ,e4 ,,lloyd ,,birkett1 ,m4,d4 #ahmo4 price #fs4 ,the ,fine ,arts1 and ,illustrated ,editions4 ,,in ,,fairyland2 ,pictures from the ,elf-,world4 ,by ,,richard ,,doyle4 ,with a ,poem by ,w4 ,,allingham4 ,with ,sixteen ,plates1 containing ,thirty-six ,designs printed in ,colours4 ,folio1 #cas4 #f;d4 ,,life of ,,john ,,gibson1 ,r4,a4 ,,sculptor4 ,edited by ,lady ,,eastlake4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,materials for a ,,history of ,,oil ,,painting4 ,by ,sir ,,charles ,,locke ,,eastlake1 sometime ,president of the ,royal ,academy4 #b vols4 #hvo4 price #cjs4 ,,half-,,hour ,,lectures on the ,,history and ,,practice of the ,fine and ,ornamental ,arts4 ,by ,,william ,b4 ,,scott4 ,new ,edition1 revised by the ,author2 with #ej ,woodcuts4 ,crown #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,albert ,,durer1 ,,his ,,life and ,,works2 including ,autobiographical ,papers and ,complete ,catalogues4 ,by ,,william ,b4 ,,scott4 ,with ,six ,etchings by the ,author1 and other ,illustrations4 #hvo4 #afs4 ,,six ,,lectures on ,,harmony1 delivered at the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain in the ,year #ahfg4 ,by ,g4 ,a4 ,,macfarren4 ,with numerous engraved ,musical ,examples and ,specimens4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,chorale ,,book for ,,england3 the ,hymns translated by ,miss ,c4 ,,winkworth2 the ,tunes arranged by ,prof4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,bennett and ,,otto ,,goldschmidt4 ,fcp4 #dto4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,new ,,testament1 illustrated with ,wood ,engravings after the ,early ,masters1 chiefly of the ,italian ,school4 ,crown #dto4 #fcs4 cloth1 gilt top2 or #e #es4 elegantly bound in morocco4 ,,lyra ,,germanica2 the ,christian ,year4 ,translated by ,,catherine ,,winkworth2 with #abe ,illustrations on ,wood drawn by ,j4 ,,leighton4 ,f4,s4,a4 #dto4 #bas4 ,,lyra ,,germanica2 the ,christian ,life4 ,translated by ,,catherine ,,winkworth2 with about #bjj ,woodcut ,illustrations by ,j4 ,,leighton1 ,f4,s4,a1 and other ,artists4 #dto4 #bas4 ,the ,,life of ,,man ,,symbolised by the ,,months of the ,,year4 ,text selected by ,r4 ,,pigot2 ,illustrations on ,wood from ,original ,designs by ,j4 ,,leighton1 ,f4,s4,a4 #dto4 #dbs4 ,,cats' and ,,farlie',s ,,moral ,,emblems2 with ,aphorisms1 ,adages1 and ,proverbs of all ,nations4 #aba ,illustrations on ,wood by ,j4 ,,leighton1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,text selected by ,r4 ,,pigot4 ,imperial #hvo4 #cas4 #f;d4 ,,sacred and ,,legendary ,,art4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,jameson4 ,legends of the ,saints and ,martyrs4 ,fifth ,edition1 with #ai ,etchings and #ahg ,woodcuts4 #b vols4 square crown #hvo4 #cas4 #f;d4 ,legends of the ,monastic ,orders4 ,third ,edition1 with #aa ,etchings and #hh ,woodcuts4 #a vol4 square crown #hvo4 #bas4 ,legends of the ,madonna4 ,third ,edition1 with #bg ,etchings and #afe ,woodcuts4 #a vol4 square crown #hvo4 #bas4 ,the ,history of ,our ,lord1 with that of his ,types and ,precursors4 ,completed by ,lady ,,eastlake4 ,revised ,edition1 with #ca ,etchings and #bha ,woodcuts4 #b vols4 square crown #hvo4 #dbs4 ,the ,useful ,arts1 ,manufactures1 c4 ,,history of the ,,gothic ,,revival2 an ,attempt to shew how far the taste for ,medival ,architecture was retained in ,england during the last two centuries1 and has been re-developed in the present4 ,by ,,charles ,l4 ,,eastlake1 ,architect4 ,with many ,illustrations4 ,imp4 #hvo4 price #cas4 #f;d4 ,,gwilt',s ,,encyclop,,dia of ,,architecture1 with above #a1fjj ,engravings on ,wood4 ,fifth ,edition1 revised and enlarged by ,,wyatt ,,papworth4 #hvo4 #ebs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,manual of ,,architecture3 being a ,concise ,history and ,explanation of the principal ,styles of ,european ,architecture1 ,ancient1 ,medival1 and ,renaissance2 with a ,glossary of ,technical ,terms4 ,by ,,thomas ,,mitchell4 ,crown #hvo4 with #aej ,woodcuts1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,italian ,,sculptors2 being a ,history of ,sculpture in ,northern1 ,southern1 and ,eastern ,italy4 ,by ,c4 ,c4 ,,perkins4 ,with #cj ,etchings and #ac ,wood ,engravings4 ,imperial #hvo4 #dbs4 ,,tuscan ,,sculptors1 their ,lives1 ,works1 and ,times4 ,with #de ,etchings and #bh ,woodcuts from ,original ,drawings and ,photographs4 ,by the same ,author4 #b vols4 imperial #hvo4 #fcs4 ,,hints on ,,household ,,taste in ,,furniture1 ,,upholstery1 and ,,other ,,details4 ,by ,,charles ,l4 ,,eastlake1 ,architect4 ,second ,edition1 with about #ij ,illustrations4 ,square crown #hvo4 #ahs4 ,the ,,engineer',s ,,handbook2 explaining the ,principles which should guide the ,young ,engineer in the ,construction of ,machinery4 ,by ,c4 ,s4 ,,lowndes4 ,post #hvo4 #es4 ,,principles of ,,mechanism1 designed for the ,use of ,students in the ,universities1 and for ,engineering ,students generally4 ,by ,r4 ,,willis1 ,m4,a4 ,f4,r4,s4 c4 ,jacksonian ,professor in the ,university of ,cambridge4 ,second ,edition1 enlarged2 with #cgd ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 #ahs4 ,,lathes and ,,turning1 ,simple1 ,mechanical1 and ,,ornamental4 ,by ,w4 ,,henry ,,northcott4 ,with about #bdj ,illustrations on ,steel and ,wood4 #hvo4 #ahs4 ,,ure',s ,,dictionary of ,,arts1 ,,manufactures1 and ,,mines4 ,sixth ,edition1 chiefly rewritten and greatly enlarged by ,,robert ,,hunt1 ,f4,r4,s4 assisted by numerous ,contributors eminent in ,science and the ,arts1 and familiar with ,manufactures4 ,with above #b1jjj ,woodcuts4 #c vols4 medium #hvo4 price #d #ads4 #f;d4 ,,handbook of ,,practical ,,telegraphy4 ,by ,r4 ,s4 ,,culley1 ,memb4 ,inst4 ,c4,e4 ,engineer-in-,chief of ,telegraphs to the ,post ,office4 ,fifth ,edition1 with #aah ,woodcuts and #i ,plates4 #hvo4 price #ads4 ,,encyclop,,dia of ,,civil ,,engineering1 ,historical1 ,theoretical1 and ,practical4 ,by ,e4 ,,cresy1 ,c4,e4 ,with above #c1jjj ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 #dbs4 ,,treatise on ,,mills and ,,millwork4 ,by ,sir ,w4 ,,fairbairn1 ,bart4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,new ,edition1 with #ah ,plates and #cbb ,woodcuts4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #cbs4 ,,useful ,,information for ,,engineers4 ,by the same ,author4 ,,first1 ,,second1 and ,,third ,,series1 with many ,plates and ,woodcuts1 #c vols4 crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 each4 ,the ,,application of ,,cast and ,,wrought ,,iron to ,building ,purposes4 ,by ,sir ,w4 ,,fairbairn1 ,bart4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,fourth ,edition1 enlarged2 with #f ,plates and #aah ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 price #afs4 ,,iron ,,ship ,,building1 its ,history and ,progress1 as comprised in a ,series of ,experimental ,researches4 ,by the same ,author4 ,with #d ,plates and #acj ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 #ahs4 ,a ,,treatise on the ,,steam ,,engine1 in its various ,applications to ,mines1 ,mills1 ,steam ,navigation1 ,railways and ,agriculture4 ,by ,j4 ,,bourne1 ,c4,e4 ,eighth ,edition2 with ,portrait1 #cg ,plates1 and #edf ,woodcuts4 #dto4 #dbs4 ,,catechism of the ,,steam ,,engine1 in its various ,applications to ,mines1 ,mills1 ,steam ,navigation1 ,railways1 and ,agriculture4 ,by the same ,author4 ,with #hi ,woodcuts4 ,fcp4 #fs4 ,,handbook of the ,,steam ,,engine4 ,by the same ,author1 forming a ,,key to the ,catechism of the ,steam ,engine1 with #fg ,woodcuts4 ,fcp4 #is4 ,,bourne',s ,,recent ,,improvements in the ,,steam ,,engine in its various applications to ,mines1 ,mills1 ,steam ,navigation1 ,railways1 and ,agriculture4 ,being a ,supplement to the ,author's #8,catechism of the ,steam ,engine4' ,by ,,john ,,bourne1 ,c4,e4 ,new ,edition1 including many ,new ,examples2 with #abd ,woodcuts4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,treatise on the ,,screw ,,propeller1 ,,screw ,,vessels1 and ,,screw ,,engines1 as adapted for purposes of ,peace and ,war2 with ,notices of other ,methods of ,propulsion1 ,tables of the ,dimensions and ,performance of ,screw ,steamers1 and detailed ,specifications of ,ships and ,engines4 ,by ,j4 ,,bourne1 ,c4,e4 ,new ,edition1 with #ed ,plates and #bhg ,woodcuts4 #dto4 #fcs4 ,,examples of ,,modern ,,steam1 ,,air1 and ,,gas ,,engines of the most ,approved ,types1 as employed for ,pumping1 for ,driving ,machinery1 for ,locomotion1 and for ,agriculture1 minutely and practically described4 ,by ,,john ,,bourne1 ,c4,e4 ,in course of publication in #bd ,parts1 price #bs4 #f;d4 each1 forming ,one volume #dto4 with about #ej ,plates and #djj ,woodcuts4 ,a ,,history of the ,,machine-,,wrought ,,hosiery and ,,lace ,manufactures4 ,by ,,william ,,felkin1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,f4,s4,s4 ,royal #hvo4 #bas4 ,,practical ,,treatise on ,,metallurgy1 adapted from the last ,german ,edition of ,professor ,,keel',s ,metallurgy by ,w4 ,,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s4 c4 and ,e4 ,r,,hrig1 ,ph4,d4 ,m4,e4 ,with #fbe ,woodcuts4 #c vols4 #hvo4 price #d #ais4 ,,mitchell',s ,,manual of ,,practical ,,assaying4 ,third ,edition1 for the most part re-written1 with all the recent ,discoveries incorporated1 by ,w4 ,,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,with #ahh ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 #bhs4 ,the ,,art of ,,perfumery2 the ,history and ,theory of ,odours1 and the ,methods of ,extracting the ,aromas of ,plants4 ,by ,dr4 ,,piesse1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,third ,edition1 with #ec ,woodcuts4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,chemical1 ,natural1 and ,physical ,magic1 for ,juveniles during the ,holidays4 ,by the same ,author4 ,third ,edition1 with #ch ,woodcuts4 ,fcp4 #fs4 ,,loudon',s ,,encyclop,,dia of ,,agriculture3 comprising the ,laying-out1 ,improvement1 and ,management of ,landed ,property1 and the ,cultivation and ,economy of the ,productions of ,agriculture4 ,with #a1ajj ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 #bas4 ,loudon's ,encyclopdia of ,gardening3 comprising the ,theory and ,practice of ,horticulture1 ,floriculture1 ,arboriculture1 and ,landscape ,gardening4 ,with #a1jjj ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 #bas4 ,,bayldon',s ,,art of ,,valuing ,,rents and ,,tillages1 and ,claims of ,tenants upon ,quitting ,farms1 both at ,michaelmas and ,lady-,day4 ,eighth ,edition1 revised by ,j4 ,c4 ,,morton4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,religious and ,moral ,works4 ,,old ,,testament ,,synonyms1 their ,,bearing on ,,christian ,,faith and ,,practice4 ,by the ,rev4 ,r4 ,b4 ,,girdlestone1 ,m4,a4 #hvo4 ,nearly ready4 ,an ,,introduction to the ,,theology of the ,,church of ,,england1 in an ,exposition of the ,thirty-nine ,articles4 ,by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,p4 ,,boultbee1 ,m4,a4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 price #fs4 ,,fundamentals2 or1 ,bases of ,belief concerning ,,man and ,,god3 a ,handbook of ,mental1 ,moral1 and ,religious ,philosophy4 ,by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,,griffith1 ,m4,a4 #hvo4 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,prayers ,,selected from the ,,collection of the late ,,baron ,,bunsen1 and ,translated by ,,catherine ,,winkworth4 ,,part ,i4 ,for the ,family4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,prayers and ,meditations for ,private ,use4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,student',s ,,compendium of the ,,book of ,,common ,,prayer2 being ,notes ,historical and ,explanatory of the ,liturgy of the ,church of ,england4 ,by the ,rev4 ,h4 ,,allden ,,nash4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,bible and ,,popular ,,theology2 a ,re-statement of ,truths and ,principles1 with special reference to recent works of ,dr4 ,liddon1 ,lord ,hatherley1 and the ,right ,hon4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,gladstone4 ,by ,g4 ,,vance ,,smith1 ,b4,a4 ,ph4,d4 #hvo4 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,truth of the ,,bible3 ,evidence from the ,mosaic and other ,records of ,creation2 the ,origin and ,antiquity of ,man2 the ,science of ,scripture2 and from the ,archology of ,different ,nations of the ,earth4 ,by the ,rev4 ,b4 ,w4 ,,savile1 ,m4,a4 ,crown #hvo4 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,churches and their ,,creeds4 ,by the ,rev4 ,sir ,,philip ,,perring1 ,bart1 late ,scholar of ,trin4 ,coll4 ,cambridge1 and ,university ,medallist4 ,crown #hvo4 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,considerations on the ,,revision of the ,,english ,,new ,,testament4 ,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,ellicott1 ,d4,d4 ,lord ,bishop of ,gloucester and ,bristol4 ,post #hvo4 price #es4 #f;d4 ,an ,,exposition of the #ci ,,articles1 ,historical and ,doctrinal4 ,by ,e4 ,,harold ,,browne1 ,d4,d4 ,lord ,bishop of ,ely4 ,ninth ,edit4 #hvo4 #afs4 ,the ,,life and ,,epistles of ,,st4 ,,paul4 ,by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,j4 ,,conybeare1 ,m4,a41 and the ,very ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,howson1 ,d4,d4 ,dean of ,chester3-- ,,library ,,edition1 with all the ,original ,illustrations1 ,maps1 ,landscapes on ,steel1 ,woodcuts1 c4 #b vols4 #dto4 #dhs4 ,,intermediate ,,edition1 with a ,selection of ,maps1 ,plates1 and ,woodcuts4 #b vols4 square crown #hvo4 #cas4 #f;d4 ,,student',s ,,edition1 revised and condensed1 with #df ,illustrations and ,maps4 #a vol4 crown #hvo4 price #is4 ,the ,,voyage and ,,shipwreck of ,,st4 ,,paul2 with ,dissertations on the ,life and ,writings of ,st4 ,luke and the ,ships and ,navigation of the ,ancients4 ,by ,,james ,,smith1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,critical and ,,grammatical ,,commentary on ,,st4 ,,paul',s ,epistles4 ,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,ellicott1 ,d4,d4 ,lord ,bishop of ,gloucester ,bristol4 #hvo4 ,galatians1 ,fourth ,edition1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,ephesians1 ,fourth ,edition1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,pastoral ,epistles1 ,fourth ,edition1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,philippians1 ,colossians1 and ,philemon1 ,third ,edition1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,thessalonians1 ,third ,edition1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,historical ,,lectures on the ,,life of ,,our ,,lord ,,jesus ,,christ3 being the ,hulsean ,lectures for #ahei4 ,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,ellicott1 ,d4,d4 ,lord ,bishop of ,gloucester and ,bristol4 ,fifth ,edition4 #hvo4 price #abs4 ,,evidence of the ,,truth of the ,,christian ,,religion derived from the ,literal ,fulfilment of ,prophecy4 ,by ,,alexander ,,keith1 ,d4,d4 #cgth ,edition1 with numerous ,plates1 in square #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d42 also the #cith ,edition1 in post #hvo4 with #e ,plates1 #fs4 ,history and ,destiny of the ,world and ,church1 according to ,scripture4 ,by the same ,author4 ,square #hvo4 with #dj ,illustrations1 #ajs4 ,an ,,introduction to the ,,study of the ,,new ,,testament1 ,critical1 ,exegetical1 and ,theological4 ,by the ,rev4 ,s4 ,,davidson1 ,d4,d4 ,,ll4,d4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #cjs4 ,,hartwell ,,horne',s ,,introduction to the ,,critical ,,study and ,knowledge of the ,holy ,scriptures1 as last revised2 with #d ,maps and #bb ,woodcuts and ,facsimiles4 #d vols4 #hvo4 #dbs4 ,horne's ,compendious ,introduction to the ,study of the ,bible4 ,re-edited by the ,rev4 ,,john ,,ayre1 ,m4,a4 ,with ,maps1 c4 ,post #hvo4 #fs4 ,,ewald',s ,,history of ,,israel to the ,,death of ,,moses4 ,translated from the ,german4 ,edited1 with a ,preface and an ,appendix1 by ,,russell ,,martineau1 ,m4,a4 ,second ,edition4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #bds4 ,the ,,history and ,,literature of the ,,israelites1 according to the ,old ,testament and the ,apocrypha4 ,by ,c4 ,,de ,,rothschild and ,a4 ,,de ,,rothschild4 ,second ,edition1 revised4 #b vols4 post #hvo4 with ,two ,maps1 price #abs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,see of ,,rome in the ,,middle ,,ages4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,oswald ,j4 ,,reichel1 ,b4,c4,l4 and ,m4,a4 #hvo4 price #ahs4 ,the ,,treasury of ,,bible ,,knowledge2 being a ,dictionary of the ,books1 ,persons1 ,places1 ,events1 and other matters of which mention is made in ,holy ,scripture4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,,ayre1 ,m4,a4 ,with ,maps1 #af ,plates1 and numerous ,woodcuts4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 price #fs4 cloth1 or #is4 #f;d4 neatly bound in calf4 ,the ,,greek ,,testament2 with ,notes1 ,grammatical and ,exegetical4 ,by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,,webster1 ,m4,a4 and the ,rev4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,wilkinson1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #b #ds4 ,,every-,,day ,,scripture ,,difficulties explained and illustrated4 ,by ,j4 ,e4 ,prescott1 ,m4,a4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,matthew and ,mark2 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,luke and ,john4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #is4 each4 ,the ,,pentateuch and ,,book of ,,joshua ,,critically ,,examined4 ,by the ,right ,rev4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,colenso1 ,d4,d4 ,lord ,bishop of ,natal4 ,people's ,edition1 in #a vol4 crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,,six ,,sermons on the ,,four ,,cardinal ,,virtues in relation to the ,public and ,private ,life of ,catholics4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,orby ,,shipley1 ,m4,a4 ,crown #hvo4 with ,frontispiece1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,formation of ,,christendom4 ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,allies4 ,,parts ,i4 and ,,ii4 #hvo4 price #abs4 each ,part4 ,,england and ,,christendom4 ,by ,,archbishop ,,manning1 ,d4,d4 ,post #hvo4 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,christendom',s ,,divisions1 ,,part ,i41 a ,philosophical ,sketch of the ,divisions of the ,christian ,family in ,east and ,west4 ,by ,,edmund ,s4 ,,ffoulkes4 ,post #hvo4 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,christendom's ,divisions1 ,,part ,,ii4 ,greeks and ,latins1 being a ,history of their ,dissensions and ,overtures for ,peace down to the ,reformation4 ,by the same ,author4 ,post #hvo4 #aes4 ,a ,,view of the ,,scripture ,,revelations ,,concerning a ,,future ,,state4 ,by ,,richard ,,whately1 ,d4,d4 late ,archbishop of ,dublin4 ,ninth ,edition4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,thoughts for the ,,age4 ,by ,,elizabeth ,m4 ,,sewell1 ,author of #8,amy ,herbert' c4 ,new ,edition1 revised4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 price #es4 ,passing ,thoughts on ,religion4 ,by the same ,author4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 #es4 ,self-,examination before ,confirmation4 ,by the same ,author4 #cbmo4 price #as4 #f;d4 ,readings for a ,month ,preparatory to ,confirmation1 from ,writers of the ,early and ,english ,church4 ,by the same ,author4 ,fcp4 #ds4 ,readings for ,every ,day in ,lent1 compiled from the ,writings of ,bishop ,,jeremy ,,taylor4 ,by the same ,author4 ,fcp4 #es4 ,preparation for the ,holy ,communion2 the ,devotions chiefly from the works of ,,jeremy ,,taylor4 ,by the same ,author4 #cbmo4 #cs4 ,,thoughts for the ,,holy ,,week for ,young ,persons4 ,by the ,author of #8,amy ,herbert4' ,new ,edition4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 #bs4 ,,principles of ,,education ,drawn from ,nature and ,revelation1 and applied to ,female ,education in the ,upper ,classes4 ,by the ,author of #8,amy ,herbert4' #b vols4 fcp4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,singers and ,,songs of the ,,church3 being ,biographical ,sketches of the ,hymn-,writers in all the principal ,collections2 with ,notes on their ,psalms and ,hymns4 ,by ,,josiah ,,miller1 ,m4,a4 ,post #hvo4 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,lyra ,,germanica1 translated from the ,german by ,miss ,c4 ,,winkworth4 ,,first ,,series1 ,hymns for the ,sundays and ,chief ,festivals4 ,,second ,,series1 the ,christian ,life4 ,fcp4 #cs4 #f;d4 each ,,series4 #8,,spiritual ,,songs' for the ,,sundays and ,,holidays throughout the ,year4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,b4 ,,monsell1 ,,ll4,d4 ,vicar of ,egham and ,rural ,dean4 ,fourth ,edition1 ,sixth ,thousand4 ,fcp4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,the ,,beatitudes3 ,abasement before ,god2 ,sorrow for ,sin2 ,meekness of ,spirit2 ,desire for ,holiness2 ,gentleness2 ,purity of ,heart2 the ,peacemakers2 ,sufferings for ,christ4 ,by the same4 ,third ,edition4 ,fcp4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,his ,,presence--not his ,,memory1 #ahee4 ,by the same ,author1 in ,memory of his ,son4 ,sixth ,edition4 #afmo4 #as4 ,,lyra ,,eucharistica2 ,hymns and ,verses on the ,holy ,communion1 ,ancient and ,modern3 with other ,poems4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,,orby ,,shipley1 ,m4,a4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcp4 #es4 ,lyra ,messianica2 ,hymns and ,verses on the ,life of ,christ1 ,ancient and ,modern2 with other ,poems4 ,by the same ,editor4 ,second ,edition1 altered and enlarged4 ,fcp4 #es4 ,lyra ,mystica2 ,hymns and ,verses on ,sacred ,subjects1 ,ancient and ,modern4 ,by the same ,editor4 ,fcp4 #es4 ,,endeavours after the ,,christian ,,life3 ,discourses4 ,by ,,james ,,martineau4 ,fourth ,edition1 carefully revised4 ,post #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,invocation of ,,saints and ,,angels1 for the use of ,members of the ,english ,church4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,,orby ,,shipley4 #bdmo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,whately',s ,,introductory ,,lessons on the ,,christian ,evidences4 #ahmo4 #f;d4 ,,four ,,discourses of ,,chrysostom1 chiefly on the ,parable of the ,rich ,man and ,lazarus4 ,translated by ,f4 ,,allen1 ,b4,a4 ,crown #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,bishop ,,jeremy ,,taylor',s ,,entire ,,works4 ,with ,life by ,,bishop ,,heber4 ,revised and corrected by the ,rev4 ,c4 ,p4 ,,eden1 #aj vols4 price #e #es4 ,travels1 ,voyages1 c4 ,,how to ,,see ,,norway4 ,by ,captain ,j4 ,r4 ,,campbell4 ,with ,map and #e ,woodcuts4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 price #es4 ,,pau and the ,,pyrenees4 ,by ,count ,,henry ,,russell1 ,member of the ,alpine ,club1 c4 ,with #b ,maps4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 price #es4 ,,scenes in the ,,sunny ,,south2 including the ,atlas ,mountains and the ,oases of the ,sahara in ,algeria4 ,by ,lieut4-,col4 the ,hon4 ,c4 ,s4 ,,vereker1 ,m4,a4 ,commandant of the ,limerick ,artillery ,militia4 #b vols4 post #hvo4 price #bas4 ,the ,,playground of ,,europe4 ,by ,,leslie ,,stephen1 late ,president of the ,alpine ,club4 ,with #d ,illustrations engraved on ,wood by ,e4 ,,whymper4 ,crown #hvo4 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,cadore2 or1 ,,titian',s ,,country4 ,by ,,josiah ,,gilbert1 one of the ,authors of #8,the ,dolomite ,mountains4' ,with ,map1 ,facsimile1 and #dj ,illustrations4 ,imperial #hvo4 #cas4 #f;d4 ,,hours of ,,exercise in the ,,alps4 ,by ,,john ,,tyndall1 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,second ,edition1 with #g ,woodcuts by ,e4 ,,whymper4 ,crown #hvo4 price #abs4 #f;d4 ,,travels in the ,,central ,,caucasus and ,,bashan4 ,including ,visits to ,ararat and ,tabreez and ,ascents of ,kazbek and ,elbruz4 ,by ,d4 ,w4 ,,freshfield4 ,square crown #hvo4 with ,maps1 c4 #ahs4 ,,pictures in ,,tyrol and ,elsewhere4 ,from a ,family ,sketch-,book4 ,by the ,authoress of #8,a ,voyage en ,zigzag1' c4 ,second ,edition4 ,small #dto4 with numerous ,illustrations1 #bas4 ,,how ,,we ,,spent the ,,summer2 or1 a ,voyage en ,zigzag in ,switzerland and ,tyrol with some ,members of the ,,alpine ,,club4 ,from the ,sketch-,book of one of the ,party4 ,in oblong #dto4 with #cjj ,illustrations1 #aes4 ,,beaten ,,tracks2 or1 ,pen and ,pencil ,sketches in ,italy4 ,by the ,authoress of #8,a ,voyage en ,zigzag4' ,with #db ,plates1 containing about #bjj ,sketches from ,drawings made on the ,spot4 #hvo4 #afs4 ,,map of the ,,chain of ,,mont ,,blanc1 from an actual ,survey in #ahfc-ahfd4 ,by ,a4 ,,adams-,,reilly1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,m4,a4,c4 ,published under the ,authority of the ,alpine ,club4 ,in ,chromolithography on extra stout drawing-paper #bh;in4 #ag;in4 price #ajs4 or mounted on canvas in a folding case1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,westward by ,,rail2 the ,new ,route to the ,east4 ,by ,w4 ,f4 ,,rae4 ,with ,map shewing the ,lines of ,rail between the ,atlantic and the ,pacific and ,sections of the ,railway4 ,second ,edition1 enlarged4 ,post #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,history of ,,discovery in our ,,australasian ,,colonies1 ,australia1 ,tasmania1 and ,new ,zealand1 from the ,earliest ,date to the ,present ,day4 ,by ,,william ,,howitt4 #b vols4 #hvo4 with #c ,maps1 #bjs4 ,the ,,capital of the ,,tycoon2 a ,narrative of a ,three ,years' ,residence in ,japan4 ,by ,sir ,,rutherford ,,alcock1 ,k4,c4,b4 #b vols4 #hvo4 with numerous ,illustrations1 #dbs4 ,,zigzagging ,,amongst ,,dolomites4 ,by the ,author of #8,how we ,spent the ,summer1 or a ,voyage en ,zigzag in ,switzerland and ,tyrol4' ,with upwards of #cjj ,illustrations by the ,author4 ,oblong #dto4 price #aes4 ,the ,,dolomite ,,mountains2 ,excursions through ,tyrol1 ,carinthia1 ,carniola1 and ,friuli1 #ahfa-ahfc4 ,by ,j4 ,,gilbert and ,g4 ,c4 ,,churchill1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,square crown #hvo4 #bas4 ,,guide to the ,,pyrenees1 for the use of ,mountaineers4 ,by ,,charles ,,packe4 #bnd ,edition1 with ,map and ,illustrations4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,alpine ,,guide4 ,by ,,john ,,ball1 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 late ,president of the ,alpine ,club4 ,thoroughly ,revised ,editions1 in ,three ,volumes1 post #hvo4 with ,maps and other ,illustrations3-- ,,guide to the ,,western ,,alps1 including ,mont ,blanc1 ,monte ,rosa1 ,zermatt1 c4 ,price #fs4 #f;d4 ,,guide to the ,,central ,,alps1 including all the ,oberland ,district4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,guide to the ,,eastern ,,alps1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,introduction on ,alpine ,travelling in ,general1 and on the ,geology of the ,alps1 price #as4 ,each of the ,three ,volumes or ,parts of the ,alpine ,guide may be had with this ,,introduction prefixed1 price #as4 extra4 ,the ,,northern ,,heights of ,,london2 or1 ,historical ,associations of ,hampstead1 ,highgate1 ,muswell ,hill1 ,hornsey1 and ,islington4 ,by ,,william ,,howitt4 ,with about #dj ,woodcuts4 ,square crown #hvo4 #bas4 ,,visits to ,,remarkable ,,places3 ,old ,halls1 ,battle-,fields1 and ,stones ,illustrative of ,striking ,passages in ,english ,history and ,poetry4 ,by ,,william ,,howitt4 #b vols4 square crown #hvo4 with ,woodcuts1 #bes4 ,the ,,rural ,,life of ,,england4 ,by the same ,author4 ,with ,woodcuts by ,bewick and ,williams4 ,medium #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,pilgrimages in the ,,pyrenees and ,,landes4 ,by ,,denys ,,shyne ,,lawlor4 ,crown #hvo4 with ,frontispiece and ,vignette1 price #aes4 ,works of ,fiction4 ,,novels and ,,tales4 ,by the ,right ,hon4 ,b4 ,,disraeli1 ,m4,p4 ,cabinet ,edition1 complete in ,ten ,volumes1 crown #hvo4 price #fs4 each1 as follows3-- ,,lothair1 #fs4 ,,coningsby1 #fs4 ,,sybil1 #fs4 ,,tancred1 #fs4 ,,venetia1 #fs4 ,,henrietta ,,temple1 #fs4 ,,contarini ,,fleming1 c4 #fs4 ,,alroy1 ,,ixion1 c4 #fs4 ,the ,,young ,,duke1 c4 #fs4 ,,vivian ,,grey1 #fs4 ,the ,,modern ,,novelist',s ,,library4 ,each ,work1 in crown #hvo4 complete in a ,single ,volume3-- ,,melville',s ,,gladiators4 #bs4 boards2 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ---- ,,good ,,for ,,nothing1 #bs4 boards2 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ---- ,,holmby ,,house1 #bs4 boards2 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ---- ,,interpreter1 #bs4 boards2 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ---- ,,kate ,,coventry1 #bs4 boards2 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ---- ,,queen',s ,,maries1 #bs4 boards2 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,,trollope',s ,,warden1 #as4 #f;d4 boards2 #bs4 cloth4 ---- ,,barchester ,,towers1 #bs4 boards2 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,,bramley-,,moore',s ,,six ,,sisters of the ,,valleys1 #bs4 boards2 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,,ierne2 a ,tale4 ,by ,w4 ,,steuart ,,trench1 ,author of #8,realities of ,irish ,life4' ,second ,edition4 #b vols4 post #hvo4 price #bas4 ,the ,,home at ,,heatherbrae2 a ,tale4 ,by the ,author of #8,everley4' ,fcp4 #hvo4 price #es4 ,,cabinet ,,edition of ,,stories and ,,tales by ,,miss ,,sewell3-- ,,amy ,,herbert1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,gertrude1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,earl',s ,,daughter1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,experience of ,,life1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,cleve ,,hall1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,ivors1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,katharine ,,ashton1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,margaret ,,percival1 #es4 ,,laneton ,,parsonage1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,ursula1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,stories and ,,tales4 ,by ,e4 ,m4 ,,sewell4 ,comprising3--,amy ,herbert2 ,gertrude2 ,the ,earl's ,daughter2 ,the ,experience of ,life2 ,cleve ,hall2 ,ivors2 ,katharine ,ashton2 ,margaret ,percival2 ,laneton ,parsonage2 and ,ursula4 ,the ,ten ,works1 complete in ,eight ,volumes1 crown #hvo4 bound in leather1 and contained in a ,box1 price #dbs4 ,a ,glimpse of the ,world4 ,by the ,author of #8,amy ,herbert4' ,fcp4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,the ,journal of a ,home ,life4 ,by the same ,author4 ,post #hvo4 #is4 #f;d4 ,after ,life2 a ,sequel to #8,the ,journal of a ,home ,life4' ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,uncle ,,peter',s ,,fairy ,,tale for the ,,nineteenth ,,century4 ,edited by ,e4 ,m4 ,,sewell1 ,author of #8,amy ,herbert1' c4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,giant2 ,a ,witch's ,story for ,english ,boys4 ,by the same ,author and ,editor4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 price #es4 ,,wonderful ,,stories from ,,norway1 ,,sweden1 and ,,iceland4 ,adapted and arranged by ,,julia ,,goddard4 ,with an ,introductory ,essay by the ,rev4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,cox1 ,m4,a4 and ,six ,woodcuts4 ,square post #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,visit to ,,my ,,discontented ,,cousin4 ,reprinted1 with some ,additions1 from ,fraser's ,magazine4 ,crown #hvo4 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,becker',s ,,gallus2 or1 ,roman ,scenes of the ,time of ,augustus3 with ,notes and ,excursuses4 ,new ,edition4 ,post #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,becker',s ,,charicles2 a ,tale illustrative of ,private ,life among the ,ancient ,greeks3 with ,notes and ,excursuses4 ,new ,edition4 ,post #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,cabinet ,,edition of ,,novels and ,,tales by ,g4 ,j4 ,,whyte ,,melville3-- ,the ,,gladiators1 #es4 ,,digby ,,grand1 #es4 ,,kate ,,coventry1 #es4 ,,general ,,bounce1 #es4 ,,holmby ,,house1 #es4 ,,good for ,,nothing1 #fs4 ,the ,,queen',s ,,maries1 #fs4 ,the ,,interpreter1 #es4 ,,tales of ,,ancient ,,greece4 ,by ,,george ,w4 ,,cox1 ,m4,a4 late ,scholar of ,trin4 ,coll4 ,oxon4 ,crown #hvo4 price #fs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,manual of ,,mythology1 in the form of ,question and ,answer4 ,by the same ,author4 ,fcp4 #cs4 ,,our ,,children',s ,,story1 by one of their ,gossips4 ,by the ,author of #8,voyage en ,zigzag1' #8,pictures in ,tyrol1' c4 ,small #dto4 with ,sixty ,illustrations by the ,author1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,poetry and ,the ,drama4 ,,thomas ,,moore',s ,,poetical ,,works1 the only ,editions containing the ,author's last ,copyright ,additions4-- ,,cabinet ,,edition1 #aj vols4 fcp4 #hvo4 price #ces4 ,,shamrock ,,edition1 crown #hvo4 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,ruby ,,edition1 crown #hvo4 with ,portrait1 price #fs4 ,,library ,,edition1 medium #hvo4 ,portrait and ,vignette1 #ads4 ,,people',s ,,edition1 square crown #hvo4 with ,portrait1 c4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,moore',s ,,irish ,,melodies1 ,maclise's ,edition1 with #afa ,steel ,plates from ,original ,drawings4 ,super-royal #hvo4 #cas4 #f;d4 ,miniature ,edition of ,moore's ,irish ,melodies with ,maclise's ,designs 7as above7 reduced in ,lithography4 ,imp4 #afmo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,moore',s ,,lalla ,,rookh4 ,tenniel's ,edition1 with #fh ,wood ,engravings from original ,drawings and other ,illustrations4 ,fcp4 #dto4 #bas4 ,,southey',s ,,poetical ,,works1 with the ,author's last ,corrections and copyright ,additions4 ,library ,edition1 in #a vol4 medium #hvo4 with ,portrait and ,vignette1 #ads4 ,,lays of ,,ancient ,,rome2 with ,ivry and the ,armada4 ,by the ,right ,hon4 ,,lord ,,macaulay4 #afmo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,lord ,macaulay's ,lays of ,ancient ,rome4 ,with #ij ,illustrations on ,wood1 from the ,antique1 from ,drawings by ,g4 ,,scharf4 ,fcp4 #dto4 #bas4 ,miniature ,edition of ,lord ,macaulay's ,lays of ,ancient ,rome1 with the ,illustrations 7as above7 reduced in ,lithography4 ,imp4 #afmo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,goldsmith',s ,,poetical ,,works1 with ,wood ,engravings from ,designs by ,members of the ,,etching ,,club4 ,imperial #afmo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,john ,,jerningham',s ,,journal4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,poems ,,of ,,bygone ,,years4 ,edited by the ,author of #8,amy ,herbert1' c4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 price #es4 ,,poems4 ,by ,,jean ,,ingelow4 ,fifteenth ,edition4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,eucharis2 a ,poem4 ,by ,f4 ,,reginald ,,statham 7,francis ,reynolds71 ,author of #8,alice ,rushton1 and other ,poems' and #8,glaphyra1 and other ,poems4' ,fcp4 #hvo4 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,poems by ,jean ,ingelow4 ,with nearly #ajj ,illustrations by ,eminent ,artists1 engraved on ,wood by the ,brothers ,,dalziel4 ,fcp4 #dto4 #bas4 ,the ,,mad ,,war ,,planet1 and other ,,poems4 ,by ,,william ,,howitt1 ,author of #8,visits to ,remarkable ,places1' c4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 price #es4 ,,mopsa the ,,fairy4 ,by ,,jean ,,ingelow4 ,pp4 #bef1 with ,eight ,illustrations engraved on ,wood4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,story of ,,doom1 and other ,poems4 ,by ,,jean ,,ingelow4 ,third ,edition4 ,fcp4 #es4 ,,works by ,,edward ,,yardley3-- ,,fantastic ,,stories4 ,fcp4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,melusine and ,,other ,,poems4 ,fcp4 #es4 ,,horace',s ,,odes1 translated into ,english ,verse4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,,supplementary ,,stories and ,,poems4 ,fcp4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,bowdler',s ,,family ,,shakspeare1 cheaper ,genuine ,editions4 ,medium #hvo4 large type1 with #cf ,,woodcuts1 price #ads4 ,cabinet ,edition1 with the same ,,illustrations1 #f vols4 fcp4 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,,horatii ,,opera1 ,pocket ,edition1 with carefully corrected ,text1 ,marginal ,references1 and ,introduction4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,yonge1 ,m4,a4 ,square #ahmo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,horatii ,,opera4 ,library ,edition1 with ,marginal ,references and ,english ,notes4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,yonge4 #hvo4 #bas4 ,the ,,neid of ,,virgil ,translated into ,english ,verse4 ,by ,,john ,,conington1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #is4 ,,arundines ,,cami1 sive ,musarum ,cantabrigiensium ,lusus canori4 ,collegit atque edidit ,h4 ,,drury1 ,m4,a4 ,editio ,sexta1 curavit ,h4 ,j4 ,,hodgson1 ,m4,a4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,hunting ,,songs and ,,miscellaneous ,,verses4 ,by ,r4 ,e4 ,,egerton ,,warburton4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 #es4 ,rural ,sports1 c4 ,,encyclop,,dia of ,,rural ,,sports2 a complete ,account1 ,historical1 ,practical1 and ,descriptive1 of ,hunting1 ,shooting1 ,fishing1 ,racing1 and all other ,rural and ,athletic ,sports and ,pastimes4 ,by ,d4 ,p4 ,,blaine4 ,with above #fjj ,woodcuts 7#bj from ,designs by ,,john ,,leech74 #hvo4 #bas4 ,the ,,dead ,,shot1 or ,sportsman's ,complete ,guide2 a ,treatise on the ,use of the ,gun1 ,dog-breaking1 ,pigeon-shooting1 c4 ,by ,,marksman4 ,revised ,edition4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 with ,plates1 #es4 ,the ,,fly-,,fisher',s ,,entomology4 ,by ,,alfred ,,ronalds4 ,with coloured ,representations of the ,natural and ,artificial ,insect4 ,sixth ,edition3 with #bj coloured ,plates4 #hvo4 #ads4 ,a ,,book on ,,angling2 a complete ,treatise on the ,art of ,angling in every branch4 ,by ,,francis ,,francis4 ,second ,edition1 with ,portrait and #ae other ,plates1 plain and coloured4 ,post #hvo4 #aes4 ,the ,,book of the ,,roach4 ,by ,,greville ,,fennell1 of #8,the ,field4' ,fcp4 #hvo4 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,wilcocks',s ,,sea-,,fisherman2 comprising the ,chief ,methods of ,hook and ,line ,fishing in the ,british and other ,seas1 a ,glance at ,nets1 and ,remarks on ,boats and ,boating4 ,second ,edition1 enlarged2 with #hj ,woodcuts4 ,post #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,horses and ,,stables4 ,by ,colonel ,f4 ,,fitzwygram1 ,,xv4 the ,king's ,hussars4 ,with ,twenty-four ,plates of ,illustrations1 containing very numerous ,figures engraved on ,wood4 #hvo4 #aes4 ,the ,,horse',s ,,foot1 and ,,how to ,,keep ,,it ,,sound4 ,by ,w4 ,,miles1 ,esq4 ,ninth ,edition1 with ,illustrations4 ,imperial #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,plain ,,treatise on ,,horse-,,shoeing4 ,by the same ,author4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,post #hvo4 with ,illustrations1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,stables and ,,stable-,,fittings4 ,by the same4 ,imp4 #hvo4 with #ac ,plates1 #aes4 ,,remarks on ,,horses' ,,teeth1 addressed to ,purchasers4 ,by the same4 ,post #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,robbins',s ,,cavalry ,,catechism1 or ,instructions on ,cavalry ,exercise and ,field ,movements1 ,brigade ,movements1 ,out-post ,duty1 ,cavalry supporting ,artillery1 ,artillery attached to ,cavalry4 #abmo4 #es4 ,,blaine',s ,,veterinary ,,art2 a ,treatise on the ,anatomy1 ,physiology1 and ,curative ,treatment of the ,diseases of the ,horse1 ,neat ,cattle and ,sheep4 ,seventh ,edition1 revised and enlarged by ,c4 ,,steel1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4,l4 #hvo4 with ,plates and ,woodcuts1 #ahs4 ,the ,,horse3 with a ,treatise on ,draught4 ,by ,,william ,,youatt4 ,new ,edition1 revised and enlarged4 #hvo4 with numerous ,woodcuts1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,dog4 ,by the same ,author4 #hvo4 with numerous ,woodcuts1 #fs4 ,the ,,dog in ,,health and ,,disease4 ,by ,,stonehenge4 ,with #gj ,wood ,engravings4 ,square crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,greyhound4 ,by ,,stonehenge4 ,revised ,edition1 with #bd ,portraits of ,greyhounds4 ,square crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,ox2 his ,diseases and their ,treatment3 with an ,essay on ,parturition in the ,cow4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,dobson4 ,crown #hvo4 with ,illustrations4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,works of ,utility and ,general ,information4 ,the ,,theory and ,,practice of ,,banking4 ,by ,h4 ,d4 ,,macleod1 ,m4,a4 ,barrister-at-,law4 ,second ,edition1 entirely remodelled4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #cjs4 ,a ,,dictionary1 ,practical1 ,theoretical1 and ,historical1 of ,commerce and ,commercial ,navigation4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,m#8,,culloch4 ,new and thoroughly revised ,edition4 #hvo4 price #fcs4 cloth1 or #gjs4 half-bd4 in russia4 ,the ,,law of ,,nations ,considered as ,independent ,political ,communities4 ,by ,sir ,,travers ,,twiss1 ,d4,c4,l4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #cjs42 or separately1 ,,part ,i4 ,peace1 #abs4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,war1 #ahs4 ,the ,,cabinet ,,lawyer2 a ,popular ,digest of the ,laws of ,england1 ,civil1 ,criminal1 and ,constitutional3 intended for ,practical ,use and ,general ,information4 ,twenty-third ,edition4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,pewtner',s ,,comprehensive ,,specifier2 ,a ,guide to the ,practical ,specification of every kind of ,building-,artificers' ,work2 with ,forms of ,building ,conditions and ,agreements1 an ,appendix1 ,foot-,notes1 and a copious ,index4 ,edited by ,w4 ,,young1 ,architect4 ,crown #hvo4 price #fs4 ,the ,,law ,,relating to ,,benefit ,,building ,,societies2 with ,practical ,observations on the ,act and all the ,cases decided thereon2 also a ,form of ,rules and ,forms of ,mortgages4 ,by ,w4 ,,tidd ,,pratt1 ,barrister4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcp4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,collieries and ,,colliers3 a ,handbook of the ,law and ,leading ,cases relating thereto4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,fowler1 of the ,inner ,temple1 ,barrister4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,the ,,maternal ,,management of ,,children in ,,health and ,,disease4 ,by ,,thomas ,,bull1 ,m4,d4 ,fcp4 #es4 ,,hints to ,,mothers on the ,,management of their ,,health during the ,period of ,pregnancy and in the ,lying-in ,room4 ,by the late ,,thomas ,,bull1 ,m4,d4 ,fcp4 #es4 ,,how to ,,nurse ,,sick ,,children2 containing ,directions which may be found of service to all who have charge of the ,young4 ,by ,,charles ,,west1 ,m4,d4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,notes on ,,lying-,,in ,,institutions2 with a ,proposal for ,organising an ,institution for ,training ,midwives and ,midwifery ,nurses4 ,by ,,florence ,,nightingale4 ,with several ,illustrations4 #hvo4 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,notes on ,,hospitals4 ,by ,,florence ,,nightingale4 ,third ,edition1 enlarged2 with #ac ,plans4 ,post #dto4 #ahs4 ,,chess ,,openings4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,longman1 ,balliol ,college1 ,oxford4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise on ,,brewing2 with ,formul for ,public ,brewers1 and ,instructions for ,private ,families4 ,by ,w4 ,,black4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,modern ,,cookery for ,,private ,,families1 reduced to a ,system of ,easy ,practice in a ,series of carefully-tested ,receipts4 ,by ,,eliza ,,acton4 ,newly revised and enlarged ,edition2 with #h ,plates of ,figures and #aej ,woodcuts4 ,fcp4 #fs4 ,,willich',s ,,popular ,,tables1 for ascertaining1 according to the ,carlisle ,table of ,mortality1 the value of ,lifehold1 ,leasehold1 and ,church ,property1 ,renewal ,fines1 ,reversions1 c4 ,seventh ,edition1 edited by ,,montague ,,marriott1 ,barrister-at-,law4 ,post #hvo4 price #ajs4 ,,maunder',s ,,treasury of ,,knowledge and ,,library of ,reference3 comprising an ,english ,dictionary and ,grammar1 ,universal ,gazetteer1 ,classical ,dictionary1 ,chronology1 ,law ,dictionary1 a ,synopsis of the ,peerage1 useful ,tables1 c4 ,revised ,edition4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 price #fs4 ,,index4 ,,acton',s ,modern ,cookery1 #bh ,,alcock',s ,residence in ,japan1 #bc ,,allen',s ,four ,discourses of ,chrysostom1 #bb ,,allies on ,formation of ,christendom1 #ba ,alpine ,guide 7,the71 #bc ,,althaus on ,medical ,electricity1 #ad ,,arnold',s ,manual of ,english ,literature1 #g ,,arnott',s ,elements of ,physics1 #aa ,arundines ,cami1 #bf ,autumn ,holidays of a ,country ,parson1 #h ,,ayre',s ,treasury of ,bible ,knowledge1 #bj ,,bacon',s ,essays1 by ,,whately1 #f ---- ,life and ,letters1 by ,,spedding1 #f ---- ,works1 edited by ,,spedding1 #f ,,bain',s ,logic1 ,deductive and ,inductive1 #aj ---- ,mental and ,moral ,science1 #aj ---- on the ,senses and ,intellect1 #aj ,,ball',s ,alpine ,guide1 #bc ,,bayldon',s ,rents and ,tillages1 #ai ,beaten ,tracks1 #bc ,,becker',s ,charicles and ,gallus1 #be ,,benfey',s ,sanskrit ,dictionary1 #h ,,bernard on ,british ,neutrality1 #a ,,black',s ,treatise on ,brewing1 #bh ,,blackley',s ,german-,english ,dictionary1 #h ,,blaine',s ,rural ,sports1 #bf ---- ,veterinary ,art1 #bg ,,booth',s ,saint-,simon1 #c ,,boultbee on #ci ,articles1 #ai ,,bourne on ,screw ,propeller1 #ah ,,bourne',s ,catechism of the ,steam ,engine1 #ah ---- ,handbook of ,steam ,engine1 #ah ---- ,improvements in the ,steam ,engine1 #ah ---- ,treatise on the ,steam ,engine1 #ah ---- ,examples of ,modern ,engines1 #ah ,,bowdler',s ,family ,,shakspeare1 #bf ,,boyd',s ,reminiscences1 #d ,,bramley-,,moore',s ,six ,sisters of the ,valleys1 #bd ,,brande',s ,dictionary of ,science1 ,literature1 and ,art1 #ac ,,bray',s 7,c47 ,education of the ,feelings1 #aj ---- ,philosophy of ,necessity1 #aj ---- on ,force1 #aj ,,browne',s ,exposition of the #ci ,articles1 #ai ,,brunel',s ,life of ,,brunel1 #d ,,buckle',s ,history of ,civilization1 #c ,,bull',s ,hints to ,mothers1 #bh ---- ,maternal ,management of ,children1 #bh ,,bunsen',s ,god in ,history1 #c ---- ,prayers1 #ai ,,burke',s ,vicissitudes of ,families1 #e ,,burton',s ,christian ,church1 #d ,cabinet ,lawyer1 #bh ,,campbell',s ,norway1 #bb ,,carnota',s ,memoirs of ,pombal1 #d ,,cates',s ,biographical ,dictionary1 #e ,,cats' and ,,farlie',s ,moral ,emblems1 #af ,changed ,aspects of ,unchanged ,truths1 #i ,,chesney',s ,indian ,polity1 #c ---- ,waterloo ,campaign1 #c ---- and ,,reeve',s ,military ,essays1 #b ,chorale ,book for ,england1 #af ,,clough',s ,lives from ,plutarch1 #b ,,colenso 7,bishop7 on ,pentateuch1 #ba ,commonplace ,philosopher1 #h ,,conington',s ,translation of the neid1 #be ,,contanseau',s ,french-,english ,dictionaries1 #h ,,conybeare and ,,howson',s ,st4 ,paul1 #bj ,,cotton',s 7,bishop7 ,life1 #e ,,cooper',s ,surgical ,dictionary1 #ae ,,copland',s ,dictionary of ,practical ,medicine1 #ae ,counsel and ,comfort from a ,city ,pulpit1 #i ,,cox',s ,aryan ,mythology1 #c ---- ,manual of ,mythology1 #be ---- ,tale of the ,great ,persian ,war1 #b ---- ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 #be ,,cresy',s ,encyclopdia of ,civil ,engineering1 #ah ,critical ,essays of a ,country ,parson1 #h ,,crookes on ,beet-,root ,sugar1 #ae ----',s ,chemical ,analysis1 #ad ,,culley',s ,handbook of ,telegraphy1 #ah ,,cusack',s ,history of ,ireland1 #c ,d',,aubigne',s ,history of the ,reformation in the time of ,,calvin1 #b ,,davidson',s ,introduction to ,new ,testament1 #bf ,dead ,shot 7,the71 by ,,marksman1 #bg ,,de ,,la ,,rive',s ,treatise on ,electricity1 #ab ,,denison',s ,vice-,regal ,life1 #a ,,de ,,tocqueville',s ,democracy in ,america1 #b ,,disraeli',s ,lothair1 #bd ---- ,novels and ,tales1 #bd ,,dobell',s ,medical ,reports1 #ae ,,dobson on the ,ox1 #bg ,,dove on ,storms1 #aa ,,doyle',s ,fairyland1 #ae ,,dyer',s ,city of ,rome1 #b ,,eastlake',s ,hints on ,household ,taste1 #ag ---- ,history of ,oil ,painting1 #af ---- ,gothic ,revival1 #ag ---- ,life of ,gibson1 #af ,elements of ,botany1 #ac ,,ellicott on the ,revision of the ,english ,new ,testament1 #ai ---- ,commentary on ,ephesians1 #bj ---- ,commentary on ,galatians1 #bj ---- ---- -- ,pastoral ,epist41 #bj ---- ---- -- ,philippians1 c41 #bj ---- ---- -- ,thessalonians1 #bj ---- ,lectures on the ,life of ,christ1 #bj ,essays and ,contributions of ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 ,b1 #h ,,ewald',s ,history of ,israel1 #bj ,,fairbairn on ,iron ,shipbuilding1 #ah ----',s ,applications of ,iron1 #ah ---- ,information for ,engineers1 #ah ---- ,mills and ,millwork1 #ah ,,faraday',s ,life and ,letters1 #d ,,farrar',s ,families of ,speech1 #i ---- ,chapters on ,language1 #g ,,felkin on ,hosiery and ,lace ,manufactures1 #ah ,,fennell',s ,book of the ,roach1 #bg ,,ffoulkes',s ,christendom's ,divisions1 #ba ,,fitzwygram on ,horses and ,stables1 #bg ,,fowler',s ,collieries and ,colliers1 #bh ,,francis',s ,fishing ,book1 #bg ,,freshfield',s ,travels in the ,caucasus1 #bc ,,froude',s ,history of ,england1 #a ---- ,short ,studies on ,great ,subjects1 #i ,,ganot',s ,elementary ,physics1 #aa ,,gilbert',s ,cadore1 or ,titian's ,country1 #bb ,,gilbert and ,,churchill',s ,dolomites1 #bc ,,girdlestone',s ,bible ,synonymes1 #ai ,,gledstone',s ,life of ,,whitefield1 #e ,,goddard',s ,wonderful ,stories1 #be ,,goldsmith',s ,poems1 ,illustrated1 #bh ,,graham',s ,view of ,literature and ,art1 #c ,,grant',s ,home ,politics1 #c ---- ,ethics of ,aristotle1 #f ,graver ,thoughts of a ,country ,parson1 #h ,,gray',s ,anatomy1 #ae ,,greenhow on ,bronchitis1 #af ,,griffith',s ,fundamentals1 #ai ,,grove on ,correlation of ,physical ,forces1 #ab ,,gurney',s ,chapters of ,french ,history1 #b ,,gwilt',s ,encyclopdia of ,architecture1 #ag ,,hampden',s 7,bishop7 ,memorials1 #d ,,hare on ,election of ,representatives1 #g ,,hartwig',s ,harmonies of ,nature1 #ac ---- ,polar ,world1 #ac ---- ,sea and its ,living ,wonders1 #ac ---- ,subterranean ,world1 #ac ---- ,tropical ,world1 #ac ,,haughton',s ,manual of ,geology1 #ab ,,herschel',s ,outlines of ,astronomy1 #aj ,,hewitt on ,diseases of ,women1 #ad ,,hodgson',s ,theory of ,practice1 #aj ---- ,time and ,space1 #aj ,,holmes',s ,system of ,surgery1 #ad ---- ,surgical ,diseases of ,infancy1 #ad ,home 7,the7 at ,heatherbrae1 #bd ,,horne',s ,introduction to the ,scriptures1 #bj ---- ,compendium of ditto1 #bj ,how we ,spent the ,summer1 #bc ,,howitt',s ,australian ,discovery1 #bc ---- ,mad ,war ,planet1 #bf ---- ,northern ,heights of ,london1 #bc ---- ,rural ,life of ,england1 #bd ---- ,visits to ,remarkable ,places1 #bd ,h,,bner',s ,memoir of ,sixtus ,v41 #b ,,hughes',s 7,w47 ,manual of ,geography1 #aa ,,hume',s ,essays1 #aj ---- ,treatise on ,human ,nature1 #aj ,,ihne',s ,roman ,history1 #b ,,ingelow',s ,poems1 #bf ---- ,story of ,doom1 #bf ---- ,mopsa1 #bf ,,jameson',s ,saints and ,martyrs1 #ag ---- ,legends of the ,madonna1 #ag ---- ,monastic ,orders1 #ag ,,jameson and ,,eastlake',s ,saviour1 #ag ,john ,jerningham's ,journal1 #bf ,,johnston',s ,geographical ,dictionary1 #aa ,,kalisch',s ,commentary on the ,bible1 #g ---- ,hebrew ,grammar1 #g ,,keith on ,fulfilment of ,prophecy1 #bj ---- ,destiny of the ,world1 #bj ,,kerl',s ,metallurgy1 #ah ,,kirby and ,,spence',s ,entomology1 #ac ,,latham',s ,english ,dictionary ,,lawlor',s ,pilgrimages in the ,pyrenees1 #bd ,,lecky',s ,history of ,european ,morals1 #c ---- ---- -- ,rationalism1 #c ,leisure ,hours in ,town1 #i ,lessons of ,middle ,age1 #i ,,lewes' ,history of ,philosophy1 #c ,,liddell and ,,scott',s ,two ,lexicons1 #h ,life of ,man ,symbolised1 #af ,,lindley and ,,moore',s ,treasury of ,botany1 #ac ,,longman',s ,edward the ,third1 #b ---- ,lectures on the ,history of ,england1 #b ---- ,chess ,openings1 #bh ,,loudon',s ,agriculture1 #ai ---- ,gardening1 #ai ---- ,plants1 #ac ,,lowndes',s ,engineer's ,handbook1 #ag ,,lubbock on ,origin of ,civilisation1 #ab ,lyra ,eucharistica1 #bb ---- ,germanica1 #af1 #ba ---- ,messianica1 #bb ---- ,mystica1 #bb ,,macaulay',s 7,lord7 ,essays1 #c ---- ,history of ,england1 #a ---- ,lays of ,ancient ,rome1 #be ---- ,miscellaneous ,writings1 #i ---- ,speeches1 #g ---- ,complete ,works1 #a ,,macfarren',s ,lectures on ,harmony1 #af ,,macleod',s ,elements of ,political ,economy1 #g ---- ,dictionary of ,political ,economy1 #g ---- ,theory and ,practice of ,banking1 #bg ,,mcculloch',s ,dictionary of ,commerce1 #bh ,,maguire',s ,life of ,father ,mathew1 #e ---- ,pope ,pius ,,ix1 #e ,,malet',s ,overthrow of the ,germanic ,confederation by ,prussia1 #b ,,manning',s ,england and ,christendom1 #ba ,,marcet on the ,larynx1 #ae ,,marshall',s ,canadian ,dominion1 #aa ---- ,physiology1 #ae ,,marshman',s ,life of ,havelock1 #e ---- ,history of ,india1 #c ,,martineau',s ,christian ,life1 #bb ,,massingberd',s ,history of the ,reformation1 #d ,,maundee',s ,biographical ,treasury1 #e ---- ,geographical ,treasury1 #aa ---- ,historical ,treasury1 #d ---- ,scientific and ,literary ,treasury1 #ac ---- ,treasury of ,knowledge1 #bh ---- ,treasury of ,natural ,history1 #ac ,,may',s ,constitutional ,history of ,england1 #a ,,melville',s ,novels and ,tales1 #bd #be ,,mendelssohn',s ,letters1 #e ,,merivales',s ,fall of the ,roman ,republic1 #c ---- ,romans under the ,empire1 #c ,,merrifield and ,,ever',s ,navigation1 #aa ,,miles on ,horse's ,foot and ,horseshoeing1 #bg ---- ,horses' ,teeth and ,stables1 #bg ,,mill 7,j47 on the ,mind1 #i ,,mill 7,j4 ,s47 on ,liberty1 #f ---- on ,representative ,government1 #f ---- on ,utilitarianism1 #f ,,mill',s 7,j4 ,s47 ,dissertations and ,discussions1 #f ---- ,political ,economy1 #f ---- ,system of ,logic1 #f ---- ,hamilton's ,philosophy1 #f ---- ,inaugural ,address1 #g ---- ,subjection of ,women1 #h ,,miller',s ,elements of ,chemistry1 #ad ---- ,hymn-,writers1 #ba ,,mitchell',s ,manual of ,architecture1 #ag ---- ,manual of ,assaying1 #ah ,,mossell',s ,beatitudes1 #bb ---- ,his ,presence not his ,memory1 #bb ---- #8,spiritual ,songs'1 #bb ,,moore',s ,irish ,melodies1 #be ---- ,lalla ,rookh1 #be ---- ,poetical ,works1 #be ,,morell',s ,elements of ,psychology1 #i ---- ,mental ,philosophy1 #i ,,muller',s 7,,max7 ,chips from a ,german ,workshop1 #i ---- ,lectures on ,language1 #g ---- 7,k4 ,o47 ,literature of ,ancient ,greece1 #c ,,murchison on ,liver ,complaints1 #ae ,,mure',s ,language and ,literature of ,greece1 #b ,,nash',s ,compendium of the ,prayer ,book1 #ai ,new ,testament1 ,illustrated ,edition1 #af ,,newman',s ,history of his ,religious ,opinions1 #e ,,nightingale',s ,notes on ,hospitals1 #bh ---- ---- -- ,lying-,in ,institutions1 #bh ,,nilsson',s ,scandinavia1 #ab ,,northcott',s ,lathes and ,turning #ag ,,odling',s ,animal ,chemistry1 #ad ---- ,course of ,practical ,chemistry1 #ad ---- ,manual of ,chemistry1 #ad ---- ,lectures on ,carbon1 #ad ---- ,outlines of ,chemistry1 #ad ,o',,driscoll',s ,memoirs of ,,maclise1 #d ,o',,flanagan',s ,irish ,chancellors1 #e ,our ,children's ,story1 #be ,,owen',s ,lectures on the ,invertebrate1 #ab ---- ,comparative ,anatomy and ,physiology of ,vertebrate ,animals1 #ab ,,packe',s ,guide to the ,pyrenees1 #bc ,,paget',s ,lectures on ,surgical ,pathology1 #ae ,,pereira',s ,manual of ,materia ,medica1 #af ,,perkin',s ,italian and ,tuscan ,sculptors1 #ag ,,perring',s ,churches and ,creeds1 #ai ,,pewtner',s ,comprehensive ,specifier1 #bh ,pictures in ,tyrol1 #bb ,,piesse',s ,art of ,perfumery1 #ai ---- ,natural ,magic1 #ai ,,ponton',s ,beginning1 #ab ,,pratt',s ,law of ,building ,societies #bh ,,prendergast',s ,mastery of ,languages1 #h ,,prescott',s ,scripture ,difficulties1 #ba ,present-,day ,thoughts1 #i ,,proctor on ,plurality of ,worlds1 #aj ---- -- ,saturn and its ,system1 #aj ---- -- ,the ,sun1 #aj ----',s ,scientific ,essays1 #ab ,public ,schools ,atlas 7,the71 #aa ,,rae',s ,westward by ,rail1 #bc ,recreations of a ,country ,parson1 #h ,,reichel',s ,see of ,rome1 #bj ,,reilly',s ,map of ,mont ,blanc1 #bc ,,reimann on ,aniline ,dyes1 #ae ,,rivers' ,rose ,amateur's ,guide1 #ac ,,robbins',s ,cavalry ,catechism1 #bg ,,rogers',s ,correspondence of ,greyson1 #i ---- ,eclipse of ,faith1 #i ---- ,defence of ditto1 #i ,,roget',s ,english ,words and ,phrases1 #g ,,ronald',s ,fly-,fisher's ,entomology1 #bg ,,rose',s ,ignatius ,loyola1 #b ,,rothschild',s ,israelites1 #bj ,,rowton',s ,debater1 #g ,,russell',s ,pau and the ,pyrenees1 #bb ,,sandars',s ,justinian's ,institutes1 #e ,,savile on the ,truth of the ,bible1 #ai ,,schallen',s ,spectrum ,analysis1 #aa ,,scott',s ,lectures on the ,fine ,arts1 #ae ---- ,albert ,durer1 #af ,,seebohm',s ,oxford ,reformers of #adih1 #b ,,sewell',s ,after ,life1 #bd ---- ,amy ,herbert1 #bd ---- ,cleve ,hall1 #bd ---- ,earl's ,daughter1 #bd ---- ,examination for ,confirmation1 #ba ---- ,experience of ,life1 #bd ---- ,gertrude1 #bd ---- ,giant1 #be ---- ,glimpse of the ,world1 #bd ---- ,history of the ,early ,church1 #c ---- ,ivors1 #bd ---- ,journal of a ,home ,life1 #bd ---- ,katharine ,ashton1 #bd ---- ,laneton ,parsonage1 #bd ---- ,margaret ,percival1 #bd ---- ,passing ,thoughts on ,religion1 #ba ---- ,poems of ,bygone ,years1 #bf ---- ,preparations for ,communion1 #ba ---- ,principles of ,education1 #ba ---- ,readings for ,confirmation1 #ba ---- ,readings for ,lent1 #ba ---- ,tales and ,stories1 #ba ---- ,thoughts for the ,age1 #ba ---- ,ursula1 #ba ---- ,thoughts for the ,holy ,week1 #ba ,,shipley',s ,four ,cardinal ,virtues1 #ba ---- ,invocation of ,saints1 #bb ,,short',s ,church ,history1 #d ,,smart',s ,,walker',s ,dictionary1 #h ,,smith',s 7,v47 ,bible and ,popular ,theology1 #ai ---- 7,j47 ,paul's ,voyage and ,shipwreck1 #bj ---- 7,,sydney7 ,miscellaneous ,works1 #i ---- ---- ,wit and ,wisdom1 #i ---- ---- ,life and ,letters1 #d ,,southey',s ,doctor1 #g ---- ,poetical ,works1 #be ,,stanley',s ,history of ,british ,birds1 #ac ,,statham',s ,eucharis1 #bf ,,stebring',s ,analysis of ,,mill',s ,logic1 #f ,,stephen',s ,ecclesiastical ,biography1 #e ---- ,playground of ,europe1 #bb ,,stirling',s ,secret of ,hegel1 #i ---- ,sir ,,william ,,hamilton1 #aj ,,stonehenge on the ,dog1 #bg ----- on the ,greyhound1 #bg ,,strickland',s ,queens of ,england1 #e ---- ,sunday ,afternoons at the ,parish ,church of a ,scottish ,university ,city 7,st4 ,andrews71 #h ,,taylor',s ,history of ,india1 #c ---- 7,jeremy7 ,works1 edited by ,,eden1 #bb ,,thirlwall',s ,history of ,greece1 #b ,,thompson',s 7,archbishop7 ,laws of ,thought1 #f ---- 7,a4,t47 ,conspectus1 #af ,,todd 7,a47 on ,parliamentary ,government1 #a ,,todd and ,,bowman',s ,anatomy and ,physiology of ,man1 #ae ,,trench',s ,ierne1 a ,tale1 #bd ,,trench',s ,realities of ,irish ,life1 #c ,,trollope',s ,barchester ,towers1 #bd ---- ,warden1 #bd ,,twiss',s ,law of ,nations1 #bh ,,tyndall on ,diamagnetism1 #aa ---- -- ,electricity1 #ab ---- -- on ,heat1 #aa ---- -- ,imagination in ,science1 #ab ---- -- ,sound1 #aa ----',s ,faraday as a ,discoverer1 #d ---- ,fragments of ,science1 #ab ---- ,hours of ,exercise in the ,alps1 #bb ---- ,lectures on ,light1 #ab ,,unberweg',s ,system of ,logic1 #i ,,uncle ,,peter',s ,fairy ,tale1 #bd ,,ure',s ,arts1 ,manufactures1 and ,mines1 #ag ,,van ,,der ,,hoeven',s ,handbook of ,zoology1 #ab ,,vereker',s ,sunny ,south1 #bb ,visit to my ,discontented ,cousin1 #be ,,warburton',s ,hunting ,songs1 #bf ,,watson',s ,principles and ,practice of ,physic1 #ad ,,watts',s ,dictionary of ,chemistry1 #ad ,,webb',s ,objects for ,common ,telescopes1 #ag ,,webster and ,,wilkinson',s ,greek ,testament1 #ba ,,wellington',s ,life1 by ,,gleig1 #e ,,west on ,children's ,diseases1 #ad ---- -- ,nursing ,sick ,children1 #bh ----',s ,lumleian ,lectures1 #ad ,,whately',s ,english ,synonymes1 #f ---- ,logic1 #f ---- ,rhetoric1 #f ,,whately on a ,future ,state1 #ba ---- -- ,truth of ,christianity1 #b ,,white',s ,latin-,english ,dictionaries1 #g ,,wilcock',s ,sea ,fisherman1 #bg ,,williams',s ,aristotle's ,ethics1 #f ,,williams on ,climate of ,south of ,france1 #ae ---- -- ,consumption1 #ae ,,willich',s ,popular ,tables1 #bh ,,willis',s ,principles of ,mechanism1 #ag ,,winslow on ,light1 #ab ,,wood',s ,bible ,animals1 #ab ---- ,homes without ,hands1 #ac ---- ,insects at ,home1 #ac ---- ,strange ,dwellings1 #ac ,,woodward and ,,cates',s ,encyclopdia1 #d ,,yardley',s ,poetical ,works1 #bf ,,yonge',s ,english-,greek ,lexicons1 #h ---- ,two ,editions of ,horace1 #bf ---- ,history of ,england1 #a ,,youatt on the ,dog1 #bg ---- on the ,horse1 #bg ,,zeller',s ,socrates1 #f ---- ,stoics1 ,epicureans1 and ,sceptics1 #f ,zigzagging amongst ,dolomites1 #bc ,spottiswoode ,co41 ,printers1 ,new-street ,square1 ,london4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible4 ,some minor corrections of spelling and punctuation have been made4 ,italic text has been marked with underscores4 ,bold text has been marked with equals signs4