,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,italics are surr\nd$ ) & ,greek words h be5 translit]at$ & surr\nd$ ) 4 ,isolat$ ,greek lett]s h be5 replac$ by ! "n ( ! lett] 7e4g4 alpha74 ,! oe ligature has be5 replac$ by ! lett]s oe4 ,subscript$ *>act]s h be5 prec$$ by & surr\nd$ ) ,fractions h be5 repres5t$ z #a-a_/b 7= "o & "o-half7 & :]e a range ( fractions has be5 specifi$1 ! numb]s h be5 surr\nd$ by to prev5t confusion 7i4e4 #c-a_/b-d-a_/b repres5ts ! range ?ree & "o-half to f\r & "o-half47 ,dittos & da%es us$ to repres5t text h be5 replac$ ) ! indicat$ text4 ,"s presum$ pr9t]'s errors h be5 correct$4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! use ( c4c4 has be5 normaliz$ :5 p]iods 7 miss+1 ! degree symbol 77 has be5 add$ :5 x appe>s to h be5 miss+1 & words & numb]s 9 ! ,index 7 *ang$ to mat* ! spell+ & placem5t 9 ! body ( ! text4 ,"s additional presum$ errors :i* h be5 correct$ are li/$ bel[ ) ! orig9al text 7top7 & ! replacem5t text 7bottom73 ,table ( ,cont5ts ,lit]ature xiv ,lit]ature xiii p4 #ei vesse vessel p4 #fb ,gay ,lussac ,gay-,lussac p4 #fe #af ,feb #aijd #af ,feb #ahid p4 #ajb ,konigsb]g ,knigsb]g p4 #aed ,royal ,musums ,royal ,museums ,footnote #a ,lexikon d4 gesams5 ,te*nik1 ,lexikon d4 gesamt5 ,te*nik1 ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,antiquities ,"t1 :i* antiquates antiquities1 & ha? an art to make du/ ( all ?+s1 ha? yet sp>$ ^! m9or monum5ts4 7,,sir ,,?omas ,,br[ne1 ,hydriotaphia1 cap4 v47 ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,antiquities ,a ,,h&book ,,= ,,curators ,,translat$1 ,,by ,,p]mission ,,( ,,! ,,au?orities ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,museums1 ,,f ,,! ,,g]man ,,( ,,dr ,,fri$ri* ,,ra?g5 ,director ( ! ,laboratory ( ! ,royal ,museums1 ,b]l9 ,,by ,,george ,a4 ,,aud51 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d4 7,cantab47 ,,& ,,h>old ,a4 ,,aud51 ,m4,sc4 7,vict471 ,d4,sc4 7,tb+57 ,,cambridge3 at ! ,univ]sity ,press #aije ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,w>eh\se1 ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,,manag]4 ,london3 ,,ave ,,m>ia ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 ,glasg[3 #ej1 ,,well+ton ,,/reet4 ,illu/ration ,leipzig3 ,f4 ,a4 ,,brockhaus4 ,new ,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,bombay & ,calcutta3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,all ,rights res]v$4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface4 ,! increas+ recognition ( ! importance ( ! pres]vation ( antiquities ju/ifies ! publication ( a h&book deal+ ) ?is subject4 ,z f> z ,i c asc]ta91 ) ! exception ( a %ort article#a = :i* ,i am myself responsible1 only "o "w has appe>$ :i* cov]s ! :ole field--! ,m]kbu*#b prep>$ by ,dr ,voss at ! reque/ ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,b z ?is book only gives a selection ( ! kn[n me?ods ( pres]vation1 ! ne$ ( a m compreh5sive publication w sc>cely be d5i$4 ,9 spite ( my t5 ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 ! special ,laboratory ( ! ,royal ,museums & ! frequ5t opportunities ( le>n+ ! me?ods 9 use else:]e1 :i* ! j\rneys & correspond5ce aris+ out ( my duties h giv5 me dur+ ?is p]iod1 ,i d n feel compet5t to produce a review ( ^! v>i\s me?ods :i* w be at once exhau/ive & suffici5tly critical4 ,!re are sev]al reasons = ?is4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! individual me?ods h be5 b r>ely publi%$1 & ev5 !n ?r\gh ! mo/ v>i$ lit]>y m$ia2 (t5 !y are only casually m5tion$ 9 articles deal+ ) an?ropological or hi/orical subjects4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! value ( an object to be dealt ) may prohibit an attempt at treatm5t1 ! success ( :i* is n assur$4 ,my own exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$ by trials ) objects *iefly f ! ,egyptian section1 b also to "s ext5t f ! ,antiqu>ian & ,numismatic dep>tm5ts ( ! ,royal ,museums4 ,?is defici5cy c only be rem$i$ by a "w su* z t n[ (f]$ to ! public1 & x is to be hop$ t ?is h&book w /imulate ! ,curators ( ,/ate1 ,municipal & ,societies' ,collections1 z well z private collectors & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ! subject1 to make public _! fur!r exp]i5ces 9 ?is field ( ar*aeology4 ,i take ?is opportunity1 !re=e1 ( express+ ! hope t ,i may receive o!r communications be>+ ^u ! subject & may ?us p]haps at "s future date be able to produce a m complete "w4 ,9 us+ ! book x w be notic$ t = ! prop] und]/&+ ( ! fir/ portion1 :i* deals ) ! causes ( de/ruction1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( *emical k is assum$4 ,9 ! second portion1 h[ev]1 ! me?ods ( pres]vation are treat$ f a m elem5t>y /&po9t1 & ! simple app>atus & manipulations requir$ are s describ$ t ! treatm5t may be readily c>ri$ out by ^? :o are unfamili> ) *emical me?ods4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i take ?is opportunity ( express+ my ?anks to all ^? :o h giv5 _! help1 & especially to ,dr ,otto ,ol%aus5 = 8 cont9u$ int]e/ 9 ! "w ( ! ,museum ,laboratory & 9 ! production ( ?is h&book4 ,especially am ,i indebt$ to 8 ext5sive k ( an?ropological lit]ature = _m ref]5ces :i* w\ld o!rwise h escap$ my notice4 ,,translators' ,,preface4 ,dr ,ra?g5 has1 9 8 preface1 /at$ ! aim ( ?is h&book1 & x is ) a desire to fur!r ?is aim t we h prep>$ an ,engli% translation4 ,claim+ b limit$ exp]i5ce 9 ?is field ( rese>* we h only add$ su* explanatory notes z seem 9 "s way to be> ^u ! subject or likely to be useful 9 a h&book ( ?is k9d 7viz4 ! me?od ( tak+ squeezes1 ,app5dix ,a1 & a few footnotes :i* are sign$ & enclos$ 9 squ>e brackets74 ,we take ?is opportunity ( ?ank+ ,dr ,ra?g5 = 8 int]e/ 9 our und]tak+1 = 8 k9dness 9 supply+ mu* additional matt] :i* did n appe> 9 ! ,g]man edition1 & also = ! loan ( ! blocks = ,figs4 #bb & #bc4 ,figs4 #g1 #i-ab1 #cj-cc1 & #cg1 are f photographs ( objects treat$ by ourselves4 ,our ?anks are especially due to ,dr ,w4 ,a4 ,casp>i1 ( ! ,national ,physical ,laboratory1 = 8 invaluable help 9 ! revision ( ! translation1 & = 8 advice & sugge/ions 9 ref]5ce to ! m te*nical aspect ( ! "w4 ,,york1 ,decemb] #aijd4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,lit]ature xiii ,"p ,i4 ,! *anges und]gone by antiquities 9 e>? & 9 air #a ,lime/one & clay #b ,iron #g ,bronze & copp] #ae ,silv] #di ,lead #ec ,t9 #ec ,gold #ec ,glass #ed ,organic sub/ances #ed ,"p ,,ii4 ,! pres]vation ( antiquities #ef i4 ,pres]vation ( objects compos$ ( inorganic sub/ances a4 ,lime/one #ef b4 ,m>ble & alaba/] #gd c4 ,e>!nw>e #gd d4 ,slightly bak$ or unbak$ clay #ha e4 ,fay5ce #hf f4 ,/ucco & ,nile-mud #hg g4 ,s&/one & granite #hg ,app5dix3 ,cem5t = e>!nw>e4 ,re/orations #hg h4 ,iron #hi #a4 ,me?ods ( pres]v+ objects ( iron )\t removal ( ! ru/ #hi #b4 ,pres]vation by /eep+ & subsequ5t impregnation #ib #c4 ,pres]vation by removal ( ! ru/ #ajb #d4 ,pres]vation ( m$ieval iron objects #aai i4 ,bronze & copp] #abj ,a4 ,me?ods ( impregnation #abb ,b4 ,pres]vation by r$uction #abe ,r$uction ( oxidiz$ copp] co9s #adj ,clean+ copp] co9s ) melt$ lead #adc ,c4 ,pres]vation by exclusion ( air #add ,app5dix3 ,me?od ( br++ out worn lett]+ #adf ^u co9s j4 ,silv] #adh k4 ,lead & t9 #adi l4 ,gold #aej m4 ,glass & enamel #aea ii4 ,pres]vation ( organic sub/ances4 n4 ,bones1 horns1 ivory #aea o4 ,lea!r #aeb p4 ,textile fabrics1 hair #aec q4 ,fea!rs #aed r4 ,papyrus #aed s4 ,wood #aef #a4 ,dry pres]vation #aef #b4 ,pres]vation 9 liquids #aei ,protection aga9/ wood-worms1 etc4 #afj ,pres]vation & clean+ ( col\r$ objects ( wood #afa t4 ,amb] #afb ,c>e ( antiquities aft] pres]vative treatm5t #afb ,conclud+ rem>ks #afd ,app5dix ,a4 ,me?od ( tak+ squeezes ( inscriptions #aff ,app5dix ,b4 ,zapon #afh ,index #aga ,,illu/rations4 ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,lime/one block ) well-pres]v$ surface #c #b4 ,lime/one block ) pitt$ surface #c #c4 ,lime/one block %[+ de/ruction ( surface #d #d4 ,pot%]d %[+ sal9e effloresc5ce #e #e4 ,pott]y %[+ sodium nitrate effloresc5ce #f #f4 ,portion ( horse-trapp+s %[+ blue & gre5 pat9a #ce #g4 ,head ( ,osiris %[+ advanc$ condition ( w>ty pat9a #ch #h4 ,etruscan mirror %[+ w>ty pat9a #dj #i4 #db ,bronze figure %[+ de/ructive pat9a #aj4 #dc #aa4 #dd ,! same aft] treatm5t 7,f9k5]'s me?od7 #ab4 #de #ac4 ,gay-,lussac's burette #fb #ad4 ,air-pump fix$ to wat]-tap #fh #ae4 ,app>atus = impregnation by extraction ( air #fi #af4 ,assyrian clay tablet %[+ incru/ation #gi #ag4 ,! same aft] treatm5t #gi #ah4 #ai4 ,assyrian clay tablet be=e & aft] treatm5t #hj #bj4 #ba4 #bb4 #hb ,babylonian clay cone be=e & aft] treatm5t #bc4 #hc #bd4 ,wat]-ba? = iron objects #id #be4 ,iron sword treat$ by ,blell's me?od #ajh #bf4 ,iron spe>-head treat$ by ,blell's me?od #aji #bg4 ,iron fibula treat$ by ,blell's me?od #aji #bh4 ,application ( ,kreft+'s me?od #aaa #bi4 ,iron spe>-head treat$ by ,kreft+'s me?od #aab #cj4 ,iron p9 be=e & aft] treatm5t by ,kreft+'s me?od #aac #ca4 #cb4 ,iron object be=e & aft] treatm5t by ,kreft+'s me?od #aad #cc4 #cd4 ,piece ( iron sword-blade ) inscription reveal$ by ,kreft+'s me?od #aaf #ce4 ,iron %ea? aft] treatm5t by comb9ation ( ,blell's & ,kreft+'s me?od #aag #cf4 ,hamm]-heads = removal ( bronze incru/ations #abj #cg4 ,osiris %[+ crack+ & de/ructive pat9a #abc #ch4 ,boeotian bridle %[+ crack$ pat9a #abd #ci4 ,bronze bull %[+ w>ty pat9a #acb #dj4 ,! same aft] r$uction by ,f9k5]'s me?od #acc #da4 ,bronze axe-blade be=e treatm5t by ,f9k5]'s me?od #acd #db4 ,! same aft] treatm5t by ,f9k5]'s me?od #ace #dc4 ,rev]se side ( same aft] treatm5t #acf #dd4 ,dagg]-%ea? be=e treatm5t by ,f9k5]'s me?od #acg #de4 ,dagg]-%ea? aft] treatm5t1 %[+ design #acg #df4 ,roman co9s be=e treatm5t by ,kreft+'s me?od #adb #dg4 ,roman co9s aft] treatm5t by ,kreft+'s me?od #adc #dh4 ,me?od ( m\nt+ objects 9 air-tight damp-pro( cases #ade ,,lit]ature4 ,a>bg] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$ og ,hi/orie1 udgivne af det kongelige nordiske ,oldskrift-,selskab4 ,cop5hag54 ,a>sb]etn+ fra ,=5+5 till norske ,=tidsm9desma]k]s ,bev>+4 ,*ri/iania4 ,annal5 d] ,*emie und ,ph>macie4 ,edit$ by ,whl]1 ,liebig & ,kopp4 ,s9ce #ahgc3 ,liebig's ,annal5 d] ,*emie4 ,antiqu>isk ,tidsskrift1 udgivet af det kongelige nordiske ,oldskrift-,selskab4 ,cop5hag5 #ahdc-fc4 ,ar*aeological ,j\rnal4 ,london4 ,atti della ,reale ,accademia dei ,l9cei4 ,rome4 ,b]g- und htt5mnnis*e ,zeitung4 ,leipzig4 ,bibra1 ,e4 v4 ,die ,bronz5 und ,kupf]legirung5 d] alt5 und lte/5 ,vlk]4 ,erlang5 #ahfi4 ,bibra1 ,e4 v4 ,ueb] alte ,eis5- und ,silb]funde4 ,nrnb]g & ,leipzig #ahgc4 ,bis*(f1 ,c4 ,das ,kupf] und se9e ,legirung54 ,b]l9 #ahfe4 ,bltt] fr ,mnzkunde4 ,hannov]s*e numismatis*e ,zeits*rift4 ,edit$ by ,h4 ,grote4 ,leipzig4 ,*emik]-,zeitung 7,dr ,g4 ,krause74 ,c!n4 ,*emis*es ,c5tralblatt 7,ar5dt7 ,hamburg & ,leipzig4 ,*ri/iania ,vid5skabs-,selskabs ,=h&l+]4 ,*ri/iania4 ,comptes r5dus hebdomadaires des sances de l',acadmie des sci5ces1 publ4 p4 les secrtaires p]ptuels4 ,p>is4 ,d+l]'s ,polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal4 ,/uttg>t4 ,f9ska ,=nm9nesfr5+5s ,tidskrift4 ,hels+=s4 ,f9skt ,museum4 ,f9ska ,=nm9nesfr5+5s ,mnadsblad4 ,hels+=s4 ,fri$el1 ,e4 ,e9!ilungsplan des ,mrkis*5 ,prov9zialmuseums d] ,/adt ,b]l94 #f? issue4 ,b]l9 #ahhb4 ,graham-,otto's ,ausfhrli*es ,lehrbu* d] ,*emie4 #e? ,edition4 ,anorgan4 ,*emie von ,h4 ,mi*aelis4 ,brunswick #ahgh-hi4 ,hau5/e91 ,h4 ,die ,kessl]'s*5 ,fluate4 #bnd ,edition4 ,b]l9 #ahie4 ,j\rnal fr praktis*e ,*emie4 ,edit$ by ,erdmann4 ,leipzig1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society4 ,london4 ,keim1 ,a4 ,te*nis*e ,mit!ilung5 fr ,mal]ei4 ,muni*4 ,kongl4 ,vitt]hets ,hi/orie o* ,antiqvitets ,akademi5s ,mnadsblad4 ,/ockholm4 ,krhnke1 ,*emis*e ,unt]su*ung5 an vorges*i*tli*5 ,bronz5 ,s*leswig-,hol/e9s4 ,diss]tation4 ,kiel #ahig4 ,lay>d4 ,discov]ies 9 ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon4 ,london #ahec4 ,lepsius1 ,c4 ,r4 ,d5kml] aus ,aegypt5 und ,ae?iopi54 ,b]l9 #ahdi-ei4 ,lueg]1 ,o4 ,lexikon d] gesamt5 ,te*nik4 ,/uttg>t #ahid4 ,m]kbu*1 ,alt]?m] aufzugrab5 und aufzubewahr54 ,h]ausgeg4 auf ,v]anlassung des ,h]rn ,m9i/]s d] gei/li*51 ,unt]ri*ts- u4 ,m$iz9al-,angeleg5heit54 #bnd ,edition4 ,b]l9 #ahid4 ,mit!ilung5 d] natur=s*5d5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,b]n4 ,b]n4 ,mit!ilung5 aus d] ,sammlung d] ,papyrus ,erzh]zog ,ba9]4 ,vi5na #ahhg-ahhi4 ,morgan1 ,j4 de1 ,f\illes ,dah*\r ,m>s-,ju9 #ahid4 ,vi5na #ahie4 ,muspratt's !oretis*e1 praktis*e u4 analytis*e ,*emie4 #d? ,edition4 ,brunswick #ahhc4 ,neues ,jahrbu* fr ,m9]alogie1 ,geognosie1 ,geologie und ,petrefakt5-,kunde1 edit$ by ,k4 ,c4 von ,leonh>d & ,h4 ,g4 ,bronn4 ,/uttg>t4 ,polyte*nis*es ,c5tralblatt4 ,leipzig #ahce-ge4 ,polyte*nis*es ,c5tralblatt4 7,geitel47 ,organ d] polyte*n4 ,gesells*aft zu ,b]l94 ,b]l9 #ahhh4 ,prome!us1 edit$ by ,dr ,o4 ,n4 ,witt4 ,b]l94 ,publications de la socit p\r la re*]*e et la cons]vation des monum5ts hi/oriques dans le gr&du* de ,luxemb\rg4 ,luxemburg4 ,j4 ,j4 ,re91 ,japan4 ,na* ,reis5 und ,/udi5 im ,auftrage d] ,knigl4 ,preuss4 ,regi]ung4 #b ,vols4 ,leipzig #ahha-ahhf4 ,revue ar*ologique1 publie s\s la direction de ,,mm4 ,a4 ,b]tr& et ,g4 ,p]rot4 ,p>is4 ,s*liemann1 ,h41 ,ilios4 ,leipzig #ahha4 ,simon1 ,e41 ,ueb] ,ro/bildung und ,eis5an/ri*e4 ,b]l9 #ahif4 ,sitzungsb]i*te d] ,alt]?umsgesells*aft ,prussia 9 ,knigsb]g4 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,an?ropologis*5 ,gesells*aft4 ,b]l94 ,v]h&lung5 des ,v]e9s zur ,befrd]ung des ,gew]befleisses 9 ,preuss54 ,b]l94 ,zeits*rift fr ,numismatik4 ,edit$ by ,a4 v4 ,sallet4 ,b]l94 ,zeits*rift fr anorganis*e ,*emie4 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie4 ,b]l94 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,*anges ,,und]gone ,,by ,,antiquities ,,9 ,,e>? ,,& ,,9 ,,air4 ,! great] numb] ( ^? objects ( antiquity :i* are compos$ ( inorganic mat]ials1 su* z lime/one1 e>!nw>e1 & metals1 owe ! comm5cem5t ( any alt]ation 9 _! "* to ! situation 9 :i* !y are discov]$1 s9ce !y are buri$ 9 gr\nd :i* has be5 at "s p]iod damp or wet1 & has conta9$1 moreov]1 salts soluble 9 wat]4 ,among/ ^! salts ! mo/ usual is sodium *loride 7common salt71 b ?is is mo/ly accompani$ by potassium *loride1 potassium sulphate1 magnesium *loride1 & calcium sulphate2 9 %ort1 by ^? soluble salts :i* are f\nd 9 sea-wat]4 ,9 ! f9e pores ( ,egyptian antiquities1 especially1 su* salts occur1 & _! pres5ce is readily expla9$ by ! fact t ! l& ( ,egypt 0 orig9ally a sea-bottom4 ,! pres5ce ( salt 9 ! soil ( ,egypt has be5 kn[n = a consid]able p]iod4 ,?us ,k>abacek#c1 quot+ f ,volney's ,travels 9 ,syria & ,egypt 7,j5a1 #aghh1 ,i4 p4 #ac73 ,:]ev] "o digs "o f9ds bracki% wat] conta9+ soda1 sea-salt1 & a small quantity ( saltpetre4 ,inde$1 :5 a g>d5 has be5 flood$ = irrigation purposes1 cry/als ( salt make _! appe>ance on ! surface aft] ! wat] has evaporat$ or has be5 soak$ up by ! soil4 ,9 ! dry climate ( ,egypt1 objects saturat$ ) salt keep bett] aft] _! removal f ! gr\nd ?an 9 our climate1 :]e ! v>iations 9 ! temp]ature & 9 ! hygroscopic condition ( ! air produce a p>tial deliquesc5ce 9 wet wea!r1 & 9 dry wea!r a re-=mation ( cry/als4 ,! cont9u$ alt]nation ( ^! processes gradually loos5s ! surface ( lime/one or e>!nw>e1 or induces c]ta9 *emical *anges 9 objects ( metal & 9 bo? cases leads to _! de/ruction4 ,lime/one & ,clay4 ,! s]ies ( *anges are p>ticul>ly well illu/rat$ by ! ,egyptian grave ( ,met5#d1 ! /ones f :i* are n[ 9 ! ,royal ,museum 9 ,b]l94 ,! ?ree illu/rations "h giv5 %[3 7#a7 an undecay$ block ( lime/one1 7#b7 a block ) pitt$ surface1 & 7#c7 a block ! surface ( :i* 0 =m]ly cov]$ ) hi]oglyphics1 b :i* is n[ totally de/roy$ by flak+4 ,! blocks ( ! latt] k9d 7 f\nd 9 ! l[e/ lay]1 or l[e/ b "o1 :ile ^? blocks :i* 7 above 7 ! be/ pres]v$4 ,z ! am\nt ( salt pres5t sc>cely v>i$1 ^! specim5s (f] a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! great] influ5ce ( moi/ure 9 ! deep] soil ?an at ! high] levels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,lime/one block1 surface well pres]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,lime/one block ) pitt$ surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,lime/one block %[+ de/ruction ( surface4 ,bak$ clay1 p>ticul>ly t ( ,egyptian o/raca 7i4e4 fragm5ts ( pott]y %[+ inscriptions71 exhibits simil> *anges1 z is %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations4 ,! surface ( "s fragm5ts is f\nd to be almo/ completely cov]$ ) a lay] ( salt1 :i*1 ap>t f impurities ( clay & du/ & rema9s ( ! black lett]+1 consi/s ( almo/ pure sodium *loride2 only a trace ( magnesium sulphate be+ f\nd on analysis4 ,9 contra/ ) ?is v loose sup]ficial incru/ation1 ! inn] portions ( ! o/racon conta9$ consid]able quantities ( sulphates4 ,figure #d repres5ts a fragm5t ) granul> effloresc5ces ( sodium *loride1 & also f9e ne$les ( magnesium sulphate#e4 ,z a g5]al rule ! am\nt ( salt is small comp>$ ) ! bulk ( clay or lime/one3 ?us x 0 f\nd by titration t ?ree sep>ate fragm5ts conta9$ #jac1 #jbj1 & #jdh calculat$ z sodium *loride1 & 9 "o s]ies ! av]age ( #af fragm5ts 0 #jac4 ,b ! p]c5tage ( sodium *loride has (t5 be5 f\nd high]1 m especially 9 l>g] objects ( bak$ clay1 be+ 9 "o in/ance z high z #bc4 ,! dis9tegration ( ! surface is due to ! me*anical action ( moi/ure :i* results 9 ! scal+ (f ( portions ( ! surface4 ,?is does n h[ev] exclude a *emical action ( ! salts ^u ! clay1 especially :5 ?is has be5 only slightly bak$4 ,?us by m]ely wa%+ su* fragm5ts 9 cold di/ill$ wat]1 n only sodium & magnesium comp\nds b also ^? ( alum9ium & calcium may be remov$4 ,! s(t p[d]y pat*es1 :i* "s lime/ones %[ in/ead ( scales1 are also evid5ces ( *emical action2 ?us 9 "o case a cunei=m tablet#f ( dolomitic /one %[$ decomposition at ^? spots :]e ! salt 0 firmly deposit$ z an incru/ation1 & "h ! /one1 else:]e smoo? & h>d1 0 f\nd1 on wa%+ away ! salt1 to be s(t & por\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,pot%]d %[+ sal9e effloresc5ce ( sodium *loride & magnesium sulphate4 ,al?\gh1 z has be5 already rem>k$1 sodium *loride g5]ally con/itutes ! bulk ( ! salts pres5t1 & only 9 r>e cases1 z ,i h = in/ance %[n 9 an ,egyptian ,fay5ce & 9 sev]al ,greek clay vases1 is ! am\nt ( sulphates great]1 yet !re are 9 collections clay objects 7,fig4 #e7 cov]$ ) ne$les ( sodium nitrate#g 7,*ili saltpetre7 :]e ! nitric acid has be5 contribut$ by ! decomposition ( organic sub/ances2 & "h ! pres5ce ( nitrates proves inimical to antiquities j 9 ! same way z a coat+ ( limewa% may be se5 to be de/roy$ by ! s-call$ wall-saltpetre#h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,pott]y %[+ effloresc5ce ( sodium nitrate4 ,iron4 ,if 9 "s cases x may be unc]ta9 :e!r ! de/ruction ( antiquities ( lime/one or e>!nw>e has be5 due to me*anical or to *emical influ5ces1 ?is unc]ta9ty is exclud$ 9 ! case ( metallic objects1 ( :i* ^? ( bronze & iron *iefly come "u ! notice ( ! antiqu>y4 ,f ! fir/ piece ( metallic iron :i* he possess$ man mu/ h soon become acqua9t$ ) its unt[>d prop]ty ( ru/+1 b ev5 at ! pres5t day op9ions diff] z to ! orig9 ( ru/1 & ! cause ( its rapid spread+4 ,x has long be5 kn[n ) c]ta9ty t iron conta9+ b little c>bon 7wr\ght iron7 ru/s ) great] ease ?an iron :i* is ri* 9 c>bon 7ca/ iron or /eel71 & t ! ru/ is a comp\nd ( iron ) hydrog5 & oxyg5 7hydroxide74 ,t ru/ is ( v>iable composition may be inf]r$ f ! v>iations ( %ade f yell[ to d>k br[n :i* are met )4 ,widely diff]5t views are held on ! "q ( ! production ( ru/4 ,"s#i ma9ta9 t iron ru/s only 9 ! pres5ce ( wat] conta9+ free oxyg5 & c>bonic acid 7,,co#b7 9 solution1 a f]r\s bic>bonate be+ fir/ =m$2 ! bic>bonate is !n conv]t$ into f]r\s c>bonate1 :i* f9ally yields ! hydrate ) evolution ( c>bonic acid4 ,?is c>bonic acid cont9ues to attack fur!r areas ( metallic iron4 ,o!rs#aj ma9ta9 t1 :ile ! =mation ( ru/ may proce$ z describ$1 c>bonic acid is n necess>y1 & t free oxyg5 alone causes ru/+ :5 atmosph]ic moi/ure is cond5s$ ^u ! surface ( iron4 ,t iron rema9s free f ru/ :5 9 a solution ( cau/ic pota% or soda is said to be due to ! abs5ce ( free oxyg5 & n to ! removal ( c>bonic acid4 ,sp5nra? holds1 9 opposition to ! op9ion ( ,axel ,kreft+#aa1 t ru/ once =m$ _c act z an oxidis+ ag5t1 except by virtue ( its p[] ( cond5s+ wat] & reta9+ x 9 its pores4 ,simil>ly ,e4 ,simon f9ds ! *ief cause ( ! corrod+ action ( ru/ 9 ! prop]ty ( absorption1 t is surface-cond5sation ( gases4 ,?is condition is comp>able to t ( liquefaction1 & produces rapid *emical action4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances f]r\s hydrate is =m$ in/ead ( f]ric hydrate1 p>ticul>ly :5 iron is subject$ to vibrations1 z ,tolomei#ab has obs]v$ 9 iron rails etc4 ,/apff#ac believes t mixtures ( f]ric hydrate ) f]roso-f]ric oxide1 :i* possess a simil> composition to =ge scale1 are =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( !rmal wat]s4 ,accord+ to ,irv9e#ad ru/+ proce$s rapidly :5 two k9ds ( iron1 su* z ca/ & wr\ght1 are 9 contact1 s9ce _! electro-*emical relations may result 9 a voltaic c\ple4 ,! electric curr5t br+s ab\t ! decomposition ( ! wat]1 & ! evolv$ hydrog51 be+ 9 ! nasc5t /ate1 comb9es ) ! nitrog5 dissolv$ 9 ! wat] to =m ammonia1 z _h be5 previ\sly obs]v$ by ,ak]mann#ae4 ,simil>ly1 electric curr5ts are said to be caus$ by ! contact ( f]roso-f]ric oxide ) metallic iron1 ?us caus+ a fur!r oxidation ( ! iron#af4 ,! pres5ce ( c]ta9 neutral salts1 especially sodium *loride 7common salt71 has a v m>k$ influ5ce on ! de/ruction ( iron#ag4 ,:5 iron fil+s are expos$ to air & moi/ure1 oxidation takes place2 ! action is1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ,kreft+1 f> m int5se 9 ! pres5ce ( an alkal9e *loride4 ,a mixture ( iron fil+s & sodium *loride expos$ to moi/ure is conv]t$ 9 a few days into a black p[d] :i* has ! foll[+ composition3--#aad ,fe,o1 #hjj ,fe#b,o#c1 #hf ,h#b,o1 ?us resembl+ ! iron-black ( ,lem]y2 on extraction ) wat] ! filtrate is f\nd to be alkal9e & to possess a tall[-l smell#ah4 ,)\t ent]+ fur!r into ,kreft+'s rese>*es1 we w quote ! hypo!sis ) :i* he concludes3 ,! iron probably comb9es ) small quantities ( *lor9e f ! sodium *loride1 caus+ alt]nate r$uction & oxidation1 & ?is1 ow+ to ! ease ) :i* iron salts pass f "o /age ( oxidation to ano!r1 v soon gives a visible result 9 ! =mation ( ru/3 ,fe #b,na,cl ,fe,cl#b #b,na #b,na #b;,h#b,o #b,na,o,h ,h#b4 ,if ^! results be comp>$ ) obs]vations made ^u ! condition ( iron objects :i* h be5 excavat$1 x is evid5t t ^! are 9 _m cases expos$ to ! action ( ! air to a less] ext5t :ile buri$1 & t _! decomposition w advance m rapidly :5 !y h be5 )drawn f _! protective cov]+ ( e>?4 ,! condition ( ! objects diff]s accord+ to ! k9d ( iron1 ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* !y h be5 buri$1 & ! "* ( ! soil 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,9 "o place objects are f\nd cov]$ ) a slight lay] ( ru/ only1 9 ano!r ) a ?ick] lay]1 9 ano!r !re rema9s b a small core ( metal1 or ev5 none at all1 or ! lay] ( ru/ may be int]m+l$ ) p>ticles ( e>? or clay4 ,! ru/ may be uni=m 9 col\r & h>dness 9 "o case1 & 9 ano!r s(t areas1 g5]ally light 9 col\r1 may alt]nate ) d>k]1 h>d] pat*es1 :ile frequ5tly ! h>d] lay] is f\nd bel[ ! light] & s(t]1 etc4--conditions :i* dep5d on ! occurr5ce ( ! v>i\s iron comp\nds4 ,! behavi\r ( all1 h[ev]1 :5 plac$ 9 collections1 ev5 9 ! drie/ ( rooms1 is ! same2 all soon] or lat] und]go *ange1 & portions ( ru/ become deta*$1 until 9 ! c\rse ( "t e trace ( ! orig9al metallic core is oxidis$4 ,a clos] inspection g5]ally %[s 9 ^! cases small br[ni%1 gli/5+ bubbles#ai :i* prove1 :5 t\*$1 to be drops consi/+ ( *lor9e comp\nds ( iron surr\nd$ & p]meat$ ) oxides4 ,kreft+#bj gives z ! av]age ( a s]ies ( analyses ( ! ru/ on nor!rn antiquities ! foll[+ composition3 ,f]ric oxide #gje ,f]r\s oxide #abg ,c>bonic acid #ci ,calcium oxide #jeh ,magnesium oxide #jji ,f]r\s *loride #jbfj ,calcium *loride #jbhj #jfa ,soluble ,magnesium *loride #jjbc salts4 ,potassium *loride #jjah ,sodium *loride #jjbg ,wat] *emically comb9$ #hj ,moi/ure #aej ,organic matt] #jig ,?us ! *ief "p 9 ?is rapid decomposition is play$ by ! *lor9e comp\nds1 z inde$ 0 previ\sly det]m9$#ba by ! exp]im5tal pro(s already giv54 ,if f]r\s *loride is pres5t ! fur!r decompositions c be expla9$ by su* equations z ^? giv5 by ,ol%aus5#bb4 #f;,fe,cl#b #c,o ,fe#b,o#c #b;,fe#b;,cl#f2 #b;,fe#b;,cl#f #b;,fe #f;,fe,cl#b4 ,! equations d n claim to give a complete /atem5t ( ! reactions1 = o!r reactions take place at ! same "t2 ?us f]ric hydrates & c>bonates & p]haps also int]m$iate comp\nds ( oxyg5 & *lor9e occur2 !y %[ h[ev] t 9 ! oxidation ( f]r\s *loride1 oxides & f]ric *loride are produc$1 s t new & hi!rto intact p>ticles ( ! metal cont9ually react ) ! f]ric *loride4 ,9 _m cases ! action ( ! *lor9e is n only se5 9 objects plac$ 9 a collection1 b also 9 fre%ly excavat$ objects4 ,n infrequ5tly iron objects are f\nd :i* are cov]$ ) l>ge h>d bli/]s1 & are ?us m or less de=m$4 ,! int]ior ( ^! bli/]s consi/s ( a mixture ( f]r\s *loride ) oxides1 b ! %ell has become s h>d by complete oxidation t x c only be remov$ ) hamm] & *isel4 ,iron objects f\nd 9 peat diff] f ^! *lor9e-conta9+ specim5s :i* are f\nd 9 soil1 & al?\gh sometimes mu* corrod$1 _m are well pres]v$4 ,blell#bc is ( ! op9ion t if peat is free f tannic acid1 ! f9ds w be well pres]v$1 :ile ! !ory advanc$ 9 ! ,m]kbu*#bd is t tannic acid acts z a pres]vative4 ,! latt] view is probably ! m correct1 = al?\gh ord9>y tannic acid seldom occurs 9 peat1 yet peat conta9s a s]ies ( comp\nds :i* are tann+ ag5ts1 su* z ulmic1 humic1 & cr5ic acids4 ,^! =m iron comp\nds :i*1 be+ insoluble 9 wat]1 protect ! metallic iron b5ea? f fur!r action4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! peat conta9s sulphates1 & especially if x conta9s free sulphuric acid1 only mu* corrod$ iron is likely to be f\nd4 ,moreov] ! physical condition ( ! peat may v>y2 ?us x may be dry or damp or ev5 subm]g$ "u wat]1 & ?is v>iation w ex]cise "s influ5ce ^u ! condition ( ! iron4 ,iron objects :i* are cov]$ ) ! black1 s-call$ noble ru/ 7,edel-ro/7 usually prove v /able4 ,?is1 l =ge-scale1 is a f]roso-f]ric comp\nd 9 :i* !re is a prepond]ance ( f]r\s oxide :]e x is 9 contact ) ! metallic iron1 & ( f]ric oxide 9 ! out] lay]4 ,noble ru/ is probably 9 ne>ly all in/ances ! result ( ! action ( fire1 :i* may h be5 us$ 9 fun]al rites1 or may h be5 accid5tal2 v r>ely c x h be5 produc$ by ! reactions m5tion$ above1 z has be5 sugge/$ by ,/apff4 ,iron :i* has be5 9 contact ) ! bone a% ( burnt corpses has c]ta9 *>act]i/ics4 ,:5 entirely surr\nd$ ) bone a% objects are well pres]v$#be1 & only cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( oxide4 ,h[ f> ! a% has act$ z a pres]vative1 ,i w n haz>d an op9ion1 hav+ se5 b few specim5s1 & ^! _h be5 already v>ni%$ to pres]ve !m4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions ! phosphoric acid ( ! bones =ms a ?9 blui% lay] ( iron phosphate1 correspond+ 9 composition to vivianite 7,fe#c,p#b,o#h4h;,h#b,o71 z 0 po9t$ out by ,jacobi 9 a s]ies ( objects 9 ! ,saalburg ,museum at ,homburg4 ,^! objects also are q durable4 ,9 e>? s full ( sodium *loride z is t ( ,egypt1 objects ( iron w be readily corrod$1 & ! explanation giv5 above w acc\nt = ! paucity ( iron rema9s ( ,egyptian orig94 ,x is difficult1 h[ev]1 to f9d a satisfactory explanation = ! fact t objects f\nd 9 sea-wat] are specially well pres]v$4 ,x may be t1 9 spite ( ! pres5ce ( free oxyg5 9 solution 9 ! wat] _! complete insulation f ! atmosph]ic air has result$ 9 ! pres]vation ( ! objects1 z is ! case ) ^? :i* h la9 9 a /ream ( fre% wat]4 ,bronze & ,copp]4 ,copp] & its alloys are subject to ! same f>-rea*+ *anges z iron1 b ! action is less rapid4 ,bronzes ( widely diff]5t composition h to be dealt ) to ensure _! pres]vation1 & to a less ext5t1 copp] also#bf4 ,accord+ to von ,fell5b]g#bg bronze objects may be classifi$ accord+ to ! mat]ial 9 :i* !y h be5 f\nd1 i4e4 peat mud1 wat]1 or e>?4 7#a7 ,bronzes f peat mud are cov]$ ) a black e>?y mass1 :i* c be easily remov$ by wat] & bru%es1 ! alloy !n assumes its metallic lu/re & ! *>act]i/ic col\r ( bronze4 ,! complete pres]vation ( ! pure metallic surface ( ! bronzes1 9 ! same condition z !y 7 :5 !y 7 subm]g$1 is easily acc\nt$ = by ! enclosure ( ! metal 9 mud ( organic orig9 "u sev]al feet ( wat] :i* effectually excludes ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 7#b7 ,! bronzes f\nd 9 wat]1 z = example 9 ! b$s ( lakes & riv]s1 are less p]fectly pres]v$4 ,!y h usually a ?9 coat+ ( a calc>e\s deposit1 :i* h[ev] (t5 all[s ! lu/re & col\r ( ! metal to appe> 9 places4 ,:5 su* bronzes h d>k or gre5 col\r$ pat*es or spots1 ! lay] is v ?9 & may be remov$ by treatm5t ) acids1 :i* all[s ! metallic col\r to become visible4 ,bronzes pres]v$ 9 wat] /ill reta9 ! same def9ite edges & po9ts :i* !y possess$ :5 !y ent]$ ! wat]4 ,if bronzes :i* are m>k$ly incru/$ ) v]digris are f\nd 9 wat] 9 all probability !y _h la9 9 ! gr\nd a consid]able "t be=e be+ cov]$ ) wat]1 & oxidation _h p5etrat$ deeply into ! metal be=e imm]sion4 7#c7 ,bronzes f\nd 9 ! e>? or 9 graves appe> cov]$ ) a f9e gre5 cru/ ( v]digris :i* may be ei!r light or d>k 9 col\r & :i* (t5 has a vitre\s lu/re4 ,?is is g5]ally kn[n z ,pat9a4 ,?is cru/ v>ies 9 ?ickness f t ( writ+-pap] to sev]al millimetres4 ,if ! gre5 cru/ be fil$ away1 or bett]1 remov$ by dilute nitric or sulphuric acid1 ! bronze is f\nd to possess a r$di% col\r2 bel[ ! cru/ ( cupric c>bonate is f\nd a lay] ( cupr\s oxide1 :i* may be remov$ by ammonia1 ?us reveal+ ! metal ) its *>act]i/ic col\r & lu/re4 ,?is condition is *>act]i/ic ( ! sl[ oxidation ( bronze 9 moi/ e>?4 ,! lay] ( cupr\s oxide betwe5 ! pure metal & ! ext]nal cru/ ( copp] c>bonate has be5 %[n by ! exam9ation made by ,dr ,wibel to be a product ( ! r$uction ( copp] c>bonate by ! metallic copp] ( ! bronze4 ,bronzes belong+ to ?is category h (t5 lo/ _! =m] metallic prop]ties1 & if ( small diamet] h (t5 be5 completely conv]t$ into cupr\s oxide1 surr\nd$ by a lu/r\s gre5 or blue cru/ ( c>bonates4 ,if a metallic core rema9s1 x is f\nd to be cry/all9e1 brittle1 & non-coh]5t1 t is1 x flies to pieces "u ! bl[ ( a hamm]4 ,f9e ornam5tation & %>pness1 :e!r ( edge or ( po9t1 h (t5 disappe>$4 ,?is does n occur ) bronzes pres]v$ 9 wat]4 ,9 ano!r volume ( ! s]ies#bh von ,fell5b]g /ates t basic copp] *loride occurs z a con/itu5t ( pat9a4 ,a few l5g?i] quotations may be conv5i5tly giv5 "h1 9 "p v]batim1 9 "p ab/ract$ f lit]ature :i* is n readily accessible4 ,reuss#bi /ates t x has be5 hi!rto g5]ally assum$ t copp] is fir/ conv]t$ into cupr\s oxide :i* is !n conv]t$ into a gre5 hydrat$ oxy-c>bonate :i* is sep>at$ f ! metal by a ?9 lay] ( cupr\s oxide4 ,! specim5s exam9$ by him1 h[ev]1 %[$ no su* divid+ lay]1 ! metal be+ ei!r directly 9 contact ) ! mala*ite#cj1 or else sep>at$ f x by a black or blui% lay] ( cupric oxide4 ,he fur!r draws att5tion to ! occurr5ce ( irregul> knobs two to ?ree l9es 9 height :i* consi/1 9 "p1 ( azurite#ca4 ,nei!r oxides ( t9 nor *lor9e 7 f\nd4 ,! alt]ation ( ! bronze he expla9s by ! prolong$ oxidis+ action ( wat] conta9+ c>bonic acid4 ,9 an exhau/ive memoir ,wibel#cb describes ! v>i\s k9ds ( pat9a z mala*ite1 copp]-oxy*loride1 & azurite1 ) admixtures ( t9 oxide1 silv]1 iron oxide1 lead *loride & copp] *loride4 ,he discusses also ! occurr5ce ( ! cupr\s oxide lay] :i* is said to h be5 describ$ by ,sage z e>ly z #aggi4 ,aft] detail+ ! obs]vations ( ,davy1 ,hnefeld1 & ,pi*t1 t ! metallic copp] exi/s p>tly 9 alloy & p>tly free z cry/als 9 ! lay] ( cupr\s oxide1 he cont9ues z foll[s#cc3 ,! process ( decomposition 9 bronzes has be5 reg>d$ z a sl[ oxidation1 9 :i* cupr\s oxide m>ks ! fir/ & incomplete /age1 :ile ! c>bonates repres5t ! lat] complet$ phase4 ,! =mation ( bo? ^! sub/ances 0 assum$ to be due to moi/ oxidation1 on bronzes z well z 9 ^? sup]positions ( copp]1 cuprite1 & mala*ite1 s frequ5tly f\nd 9 m9]als4 ,inde$1 no o!r process ( =mation ( ! c>bonates is conceivable2 moreov] cupric oxide1 if really pres5t1 w\ld be naturally reg>d$ z a product ( oxidation4 ,! o!r sub/ances1 su* z t9 oxide1 :i* are occasionally f\nd1 w\ld be produc$ 9 "p by simil> simple processes1 9 "p by ! simultane\s action ( p>ticul> salts1 ! *lor9e comp\nds1 = in/ance1 by ! pres5ce ( wat] conta9+ sodium *loride4 ,simil>ly ! production ( cupr\s oxide 0 usually attribut$ to an incomplete oxidation ( ! copp]1 al?\gh x might v well be ! result ( an inv]se process1 viz4 ! r$uction ( pre-exi/+ cupric oxide4 ,f ! foll[+ consid]ations ,wibel ?9ks t he is ju/ifi$ 9 8 assumption t ! lay] ( cupr\s oxide is ! result ( r$uction4 ,fir/ly1 by no means all bronzes :i* h be5 dug up1 ev5 ?\gh f ! same excavation1 %[ ! lay] ( cupr\s oxide4 ,secondly1 ! cupr\s oxide lay] is 9 ! cry/alliz$ /ate4 ,?irdly1 'all ! facts ( *emi/ry %[ t ! =mation ( cupr\s oxide c only take place by r$uction1 giv5 ! ord9>y conditions ( temp]ature & pressure4' ,f9ally1 9 addition to oxyg5 & c>bonic acid1 _m salts1 ^? ( ammonia = example1 occur 9 ! spots :]e bronzes are f\nd & fav\r ! =mation ( copp] salts4 ,wibel also quotes 9 support ( 8 views ! exp]im5t ( ,bu*olz#cd1 t a /rip ( copp]1 ! upp] half ( :i* is imm]s$ 9 a lay] ( di/ill$ wat]1 & ! l[] half 9 a conc5trat$ neutral solution ( copp] nitrate c>efully p\r$ b5ea? x1 becomes coat$ ) copp] & cupr\s oxide4 ,he cont9ues3 ,bronze objects are attack$ by wat]s :i* conta9 oxyg51 c>bonic acid & a great] or less p]c5tage ( salts4 ,su* soluble salts z are =m$ are remov$ by solution1 :ile ! bronzes become cov]$1 accord+ to circum/ances1 ) an insoluble lay] ei!r ( c>bonate or ( oxide1 :]eby ! =m ( ! objects is pres]v$4 ,! wat] !n p5etrates by capill>y action ?r\gh ! por\s coat+ into ! int]ior1 & attacks fur!r portions ( ! metal1 =m+ a lay] ( soluble cupric salt2 a portion ( :i* is able to pass by diffusion ?r\gh ! ext]nal lay]4 ,= ! same reasons ! liquid1 b\nd$ z x is on "o side by ! metal & on ! o!r by ! almo/ insoluble cru/1 %[s v>y+ degrees ( conc5tration3 ?us all ! conditions necess>y = ! ,bu*olz process are fulfill$4 ,if ! wat] is ri* 9 salts1 a conc5trat$ copp] solution is =m$ & ev5 metallic copp] may be deposit$ f x 7i4e4 ! 'copp] cry/als' ( bronzes72 b if1 z is usually ! case1 ! wat] conta9s only small quantities ( salt1 cupr\s oxide cry/als only are =m$4 ,! fact t ! process takes place *iefly 9 ! pores made by ! wat] itself is readily und]/ood1 because ( ! comp>ative quiesc5ce ( ! liquid2 & t x causes a m>k$ progressive *ange 9 ! object arises f ! cont9ual ex*ange ( a portion ( ! copp] solution already =m$ ) fre% solv5t f outside4 ,:]e ! abs5ce ( c>bonic acid or o!r circum/ances h9d] ! =mation ( an almo/ insoluble cru/1 ! reactions detail$ above may1 "u fav\rable conditions1 take place directly ^u ! surface ( ! bronze2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a too rapid *ange ( liquid 7z = example 9 v wet localities71 ! process may altoge!r fail to set 91 s9ce ! necess>y conditions ( re/1 etc4 are want+4 ,s9ce ! abs5ce ( ! necess>y conditions may arise f a numb] ( purely accid5tal causes1 x w be easily und]/ood1 t bronzes f "o & ! same grave may %[ ! same p]c5tage ( c>bonates1 b v dissimil> p]c5tages ( cupr\s oxide4 ,9 %ort all actually obs]v$ conditions 9 :i* bronzes are f\nd are acc\nt$ = by ! explanations giv5 above4 ,! foll[+ extract is tak5 f ! section deal+ ) pat9a 9 ,bibra's ,bronzes & ,copp] ,alloys#ce3 ,! conditions "u :i* ,pat9a is =m$1 or r ! conditions "u :i* copp] alloys are gradually decompos$1 are v>iable 9 ! extreme4 ,! f\r ma9 factors :i* may be in/rum5tal 9 det]m9+ ! *emical *anges may be ?us /at$3 7a7 ,! composition 7qualitative & quantitative7 ( ! p>ticul> alloys4 7b7 ,! mode ( smelt+ & ! orig9al manipulation ( ! compon5ts1 su* z a good or poor mix+1 f9e or co>se gra91 etc4 7c7 ,! locality 9 :i* ! alloy has la94 7d7 ,! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! alloy has be5 expos$ to ! p>ticul> conditions4444 ,m>k$ diff]5ces may appe> 9 ! ext5t & nature ( ! *emical *anges %[n by ! same alloy2 ?us "o fragm5t :ile und]gr\nd may h be5 enclos$ 9 an urn conta9+ bone a% & dry s&1 :ile ano!r fragm5t may h be5 9 contact ) decay+ animal matt]4 ,f :at has be5 said above1 ! v>iations 9 ! composition ( pat9a may be readily expla9$4 ,! composition has be5 f\nd to be3 7alpha7 ,basic c>bonate ( copp]4 7beta7 ,basic c>bonate & sulphide ( copp]4 7gamma7 ,mala*ite 7normal c>bonate ( copp]71 ) occasional admixture ( cupr\s oxide & azurite 7acid c>bonate ( copp]7 ,/olba4 7delta7 ,cry/all9e cupr\s oxide1 accord+ to ,wibel#cf a r$uction product ( ! c>bonate ( copp]1 by ! action ( ! copp] ( ! bronze4 ,la/ly1 copp] *loride has be5 occasionally f\nd 9 pat9a ,haid+]#cg4 ,?is is only to be expect$ f ! v>y+ "* ( ! localities 9 :i* ! /atues or bronzes are f\nd4 ,! au?or has himself notic$ on bo>d %ip1 h[ objects ( copp] & brass1 :i* are expos$ to ! salt spray1 develop a durable coat+ ( copp] oxy*loride#ch 7atacamite74 ,9 conclusion1 ref]5ce may be made to a /atem5t ( ,*evreul#ci1 :o1 aft] exam9ation ( bo? holl[ & solid specim5s ( ,egyptian /atuettes1 /ates t ! bronze is ( an excell5t quality & t x occurs 9 f\r diff]5t conditions4 ,he describes ^! f\r conditions1 ?ree ( :i* are und\bt$ly pat9a or alt]$ copp]1 z foll[s3 7alpha7 ,a gre5 deposit ) pat*es ( blue4 7beta7 ,a blood-r$ mass4 7gamma7 ,a r$di% col\r$ bronze4 7delta7 ,ord9>y bronze unalt]$ 9 appe>ance4 ,! fir/ 9 ?is category repres5ts ! ultimate /age ( decomposition ( bronze & =ms ! out] incru/ation ( ! /atuettes4 ,x is a comp\nd ( copp] *loride & copp] oxide & wat] 9 ! same proportions z 9 ,p]uvian copp] oxy*loride 7atacamite72 ! blue p>ts conta9 wat]1 c>bonic acid & cupric oxide4 ,x is 9 fact ! blue hydrat$ copp] c>bonate4 7beta7 ,! blood-r$ sub/ance consi/s *iefly ( cupr\s oxide ) an admixture ( t9 oxide4 ,x conta9s *lor9e1 app>5tly z cupr\s *loride1 sometimes 9 consid]able quantity4 7gamma7 ,! r$di% col\r seems to be due to ! t9 und]go+ m alt]ation 9 ! c\rse ( "t ?an ! copp]4 7delta7 ,! well-pres]v$ bronzes are rem>kable = ! excell5t quality ( ! alloy4 ,*evreul cont9ues3 ,copp] & t9 h ?us und]gone gradual *anges f )\t inw>ds into *lorides1 oxides & c>bonates2 ! t9 has be5 conv]t$ into oxide1 ! out]mo/ lay] ( copp] into oxide & *loride1 :ile ! lay] 9 contact ) ! unalt]$ bronze b5ea? c only be oxidis$ into ! suboxide4 ,9 a fissure 9 a /atuette he f\nd cry/als ( blue basic c>bonate ( copp]1 *loride ( lead & hydrat$ oxy*loride ( copp]4 ,bibra himself exam9$ ! pat9a ( sev]al bronzes & f\nd x to consi/ ma9ly ( sulphate & c>bonate ( copp]4 ,to complete ! quotation f ,*evreul's "w we may obs]ve t he f9ds ! cause ( ! =mation ( ! pat9a to be ! action ( air1 ( wat] conta9+ salt1 & ( c>bonic acid4 ,x is int]e/+ t ,*evreul succe$$ 9 re/or+ a small bronze conta9+ *lor9e by r$uction 9 a /ream ( hydrog54 ,9 ! ye> #ahfe ,m4 ,a4 ,t]reil#dj publi%$ ! analysis ( a bronze pat9a conta9+ *lor9e4 ,! result is z foll[s3 ,bronze4 ,pat9a4 ,copp] #heih #egbg ,t9 #abfd #hdj ,lead #aji #ajb ,z9c #jej #jdf ,iron trace #afa ,lime 7,ca,o7 #jac ,*lor9e #ece ,c>bonic acid 7,,co#b7 #dbe ,alum9a #ihf ,wat] #ddj ,oxyg5 #gbe ------ ------ #ajjba #ajjjj ,s too at a meet+ ( ! ,association = ! ,promotion ( ,indu/ries 9 ,prussia1 ,el/]#da ref]r$ to ! exi/5ce ( *lor9e 9 pat9a1 & reg>d$ ?is z a pro( t ! pat9a ^u antique bronzes 0 actually int5tional on ! "p ( ! manufactur]s4 ,e4 ,priwoznik#db has describ$ a r>e k9d ( pat9a :i* =m$ a coat+ #e to #g mm4 9 ?ickness compos$ ( ?ree lay]s consi/+ ( a r5i=m or botryoidal incru/ation ( an indigo blue col\r4 ,! upp]mo/ lay] :i* 0 also ! ?icke/ consi/$ ( #ccbb ( sulphur & #ffgg ( copp]1 & 0 !re=e cupric sulphide1 ,cu,s 7:i* is kn[n 9 ! m9]al _w z ,indigo ,copp] or ,covell9e74 ,! second lay]1 :i* exi/$ only 9 pat*es1 0 #je mm4 9 ?ickness & ( a blacki% col\r2 x consi/$ ( cupr\s sulphide1 ,cu#b,s ) #ae ( t94 ,! ?ird lay] :i*1 l ! second1 0 incomplete1 =m$ a f9e black p[d]1 & consi/$ ( #eih ,cu#b,s1 #bcb ,sn & #cd ( wat]4 ,! pat9a _h be5 produc$ by ! action ( soluble sulphides or ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 ^u ! copp]1 :ile ! sulphur comp\nds !mselves _h result$ f ! decay ( organic matt] 9 ! soil 9 :i* ! bronze 0 f\nd4 ,mitzopulos#dc describ$ ! gre5 pat9a ( ! copp] alloys f\nd 9 ,myc5e z mala*ite & atacamite ^u a r$di% lay] ( cupr\s oxide4 ,ano!r analysis ( pat9a 0 made by ,j4 ,s*ul]#dd4 ,! bronze 9 "q _h a grey out] lay]1 :i* pass$ gradually into a light gre5 friable lay] #b mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,a deta*$ portion ( ?is lay] ( pat9a1 dri$ 9 a desiccator ov] conc5trat$ sulphuric acid ) a loss 9 weight ( #idd1 gave ! foll[+ analysis3 ,t9 oxide #diac ,copp] oxide #bbdf ,lead oxide #cec ,iron oxide & alum9ium oxide #age ,silica & insoluble matt] #faf ,c>bonic acid det]m9$ directly #fce ,c>bonic acid det]m9$ by ignition #iae ,wat] det]m9$ by ignition #addc ,s*ul] calculates f ^! figures t ! pat9a conta9s3 #fjib ,h#b,sn,o#c #cdee ,cu,c,o#c1 ,cu,h#b,o#b #dea 7,pb,c,o#c7b ,pb,h#b,o#b4 ,! analysis ( ! bronze itself 0 z foll[s3 ,copp] #high ,t9 #fhc ,lead #ahe ,cobalt & ,nickel #jij ,iron #jbh ,s*ul] makes ! foll[+ obs]vations3 ,:il/ ! p]c5tage ( copp] 9 ! alloy is high 7#high7 & ! p]c5tage ( t9 is l[ 7#fhc71 ! p]c5tage ( copp] 9 ! pat9a 7metallic copp] #aihd7 is small]1 t ( t9 7metallic t9 #dbfg7 consid]ably great]4 ,! p]c5tage ( lead 9 ! pat9a has also slightly increas$4 ,"o ( ! causes ( ?is alt]ation 9 ! proportion ( ! metals may lie 9 ! fact t basic c>bonate ( copp] is soluble 9 wat] conta9+ free c>bonic acid1 :il/ t9 hydrate is insoluble4 ,ano!r cause may be f\nd 9 ! action ( wat] :i* conta9s 9 solution ammonia & ammonium c>bonate produc$ by ! decomposition ( organic matt]4 ,confirmative evid5ce ( ?is supposition is ! pres5ce ( small quantities ( ammonia 9 ! pat9a#de4 ,s*liemann#df ass]ts t bronze objects are de/roy$ by copp] *loride1 & ano!r ref]5ce to ! pres5ce ( *lor9e is made by ,krause4#dg ,ar*e & ,hassack#dh give ! foll[+ details z ! result ( _! analyses ( ?ree specim5s ( bronze3 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,copp] #ffig #gcdj #gaih ,lead #agbg #adgg #ahcg ,t9 #aaih #eji #gbj ,antimony #abh #ccc ,ars5ic ,trace #jhb ,iron #ajj #jca #jhi ,sulphur #aej #bbh #aef ,!y obta9 ! foll[+ =mulae & composition = ! pat9a ( ! ?ree bronzes#di3 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,cu,c,o#c1 #b;,cu,o#b;,h#b #hehc ,cu,c,o#c1 #c;,cu,o#b;,h#b #ieaa #efjh #b,pb,c,o#c1 ,pb,o#b;,h#b #acja #ddi #bdfb ,sn,o#c;,h#b #aaf #jdj #aicj ,ref]5ce may be "h made to an article by ,mond & ,cuboni#ej publi%$ 9 ! ,report ( ! ,academy ( ,flor5ce1 f :i* ! foll[+ extract is tak53 ,by ! t]ms 'rogna' or 'c>ies' ( bronze1 ar*aeologi/s designate a peculi> *ange1 to :i* anci5t bronzes1 z /atues1 co9s1 vases1 etc4 are sometimes liable :5 pres]v$ 9 museums4 ,?is consi/s 9 a species ( effloresc5ce ( light gre5 col\r at "o or m po9ts ^u ! surface1 :i* spreads by degrees1 l oil ov] a %eet ( pap]1 de/roy+ ! surface & conv]t+ ! int]ior ( ! bronze into an amorph\s :iti%-gre5 p[d]4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ?is de/ruction proce$s v>ies mu* accord+ to circum/ances :i* are n yet suffici5tly kn[n4 ,sometimes ! de/ructive spot gr[s s sl[ly t x is h>dly p]ceptible ev5 aft] "s mon?s2 sometimes x gr[s v rapidly1 num]\s spots =m1 spread1 & unite1 until 9 a few mon?s an anci5t co9 may be entirely de/roy$4 ,9 ?is way antiquities :i* are valuable = _! hi/ory1 or = _! workman%ip1 are sometimes m or less injur$ by ?is developm5t ( pat9a1 :i* ar*aeologi/s reg>d z a plague 9 _! collections4 ,mond & ,cuboni believe t ! gr[?s above describ$ are caus$ by ,bact]ia4 ,al?\gh !y h n succe$$ 9 produc+ ! appe>ances ( spread+ pat9a by transf]5ce ( cultures ( bact]ia to intact bronzes !y ?9k t _! obs]vations suffici5tly support ?is supposition1 :i* !y believe is fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! fact t bronzes expos$ = a qu>t] ( an h\r to a temp]ature ( #cjj;,f4 7#aej;,c471 :]eby any bact]ia w\ld be kill$1 %[$ no fur!r *ange aft] a p]iod ( six mon?s4 ,! foll[+ is an extract f an article by ,b]!lot#ea3 ,copp] objects1 :i* h be5 buri$ 9 ! e>? = sev]al c5turies1 are f\nd to be cov]$ ) a gre5 pat9a & ) an e>?y lay] ( v>y+ ?ickness :i* has ! same col\r4 ,! metal itself is to a great] or less dep? conv]t$ into cupr\s oxide4 ,aft] removal ! pat9a returns2 9 o!r words1 ! metal %[s fur!r gr[?s1 & :5 9 contact ) ! atmosph]e ( our climate is 9 all cases by degrees conv]t$ into du/4 ,^! facts are well kn[n to e collector & ar*aeologi/1 :o designate ! specim5s ?us affect$ 'mtaux malades'4444 ,analysis %[s t ! sup]ficial gre5 lay] consi/s 9 great measure ( atacamite 7cupr\s oxy*loride7 agree+ ) ! =mula #c;,cu,o1 ,cu,cl#b1 #d;,h#b,o4 ,!re are also f\nd traces ( sodium salts4 ,! *anges :i* h be5 obs]v$ are produc$ by salts f ! soil1 especially sodium *loride1 held 9 solution by wat]4 ,9 fact a few drops ( salt wat] plac$ ^u a copp] plate are suffici5t = ! =mation ( oxy*loride4444 ,?is reaction is ! result ( ! simultane\s action ( ! oxyg5 & ( ! c>bonic acid ( ! air ^u ! copp] & ^u ! sodium *loride 9 ! pres5ce ( moi/ure1 z is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ equations3 #d;,cu #d,o #d;,cu,o #d;,cu,o #b,na,cl ,,co#b #d;,h#b,o #c;,cu,o1 ,cu,cl#b1 #d;,h#b,o ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,?us ! cont9u\s transposition :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( a salt-conta9+ wat]1 (t5 act+ 9 l>ge volume1 conv]ts ! metal into oxy*loride1 is readily explicable3 :ile ! process :]eby ! small quantity ( sodium *loride orig9ally pres5t 9 an excavat$ bronze may cause its de/ruction aft] x has be5 plac$ 9 a museum is ! foll[+3 ,:5 ! reactions giv5 above h result$ 9 ! =mation ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( copp] oxy*loride1 x is to be suppos$ t a small quantity ( sodium *loride comes into simultane\s contact ) ! oxy*loride & ) ! metallic copp]4 ,a sl[ reaction takes place & a d\ble comp\nd ( cupr\s *loride & sodium *loride is =m$4 ,! rema9+ portion ( copp] is conv]t$ into cupr\s oxide3 #c;,cu,o1 ,cu,cl#b1 #d;,h#b,o #d;,cu #b,na,cl ,cu#b;,cl#b1 #b,na,cl #c;,cu#b,o #d;,h#b,o4 ,! solution ( ! d\ble salt is also 9 turn oxidiz$ by ! air :i* p5etrates ! :ole mass4 ,! result ( ! reaction is !re=e sodium *loride1 atacamite1 & copp] *loride3 #c;,cu#b;,cl#b #c,o #d;,h#b,o #c;,cu,o1 ,cu,cl#b1 #d;,h#b,o #b;,cu,cl#b4 ,! copp] *loride :i* rema9s1 if 9 contact ) air & copp] or ev5 cupr\s oxide1 is simil>ly conv]t$ into oxy*loride3 ,cu,cl#b #c;,cu #c,o #d;,h#b,o #c;,cu,o1 ,cu,cl#b1 #d;,h#b,o4 ,! cycle is ?us complete1 & its con/ant recurr5ce "u ! influ5ce ( oxyg5 & moi/ure is ! cause ( ! de/ruction ( ^? objects conta9+ copp] :i* are imb$d$ 9 e>?1 & ev5 ( ^? :i* are pres]v$ 9 our museums4 ,f9ally a memoir by ,vill5oisy#eb %\ld be notic$1 ! fir/ portion ( :i* is devot$ to a pro( t ! pat9a ( anci5t bronzes is due to natural causes & is n ! result ( ! art & me?ods ( ! metal-work]s ( ! anci5t _w4 ,! second portion deals ) ! v>i\s k9ds ( pat9a & _! =mation1 z ! foll[+ exc]pts w %[3 ,! foll[+ sub/ances may be m5tion$ z capable ( attack+ alloys3--,ord9>y oxyg51 :i* has b a slight action on copp] 9 ! dry /ate b a m vigor\s action 9 ! pres5ce ( moi/ure1 or z ozone2 sulphur also1 ammonia1 c>bonic acid1 & organic sub/ances4 ,wat] has no direct influ5ce1 b acts z a solv5t4 ,! metals or metalloids ( ! alloys c unite indep5d5tly ) oxyg51 sulphur1 or c>bonic acid1 etc4 to =m oxides1 sulphides1 or c>bonates2 or aga9 !y c react among !mselves & produce copp] /annate or lead /annate4 ,ammonia w =m t]n>y comp\nds or play a catalytic "p4 ,:atev] processes may result 9 ! =mation ( pat9a1 ! *anges :i* occur are too sl[ to all[ _! imitation & exam9ation 9 ! laboratory4 ,! f\r metals :i* are f\nd 9 anci5t bronzes1 viz4 copp]1 t91 z9c1 & lead1 are p>ticul>ly liable to c]ta9 *anges4 ,copp] =ms *iefly cupric & cupr\s oxides4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is soluble 9 ammonia2 ! latt] comb9es ) ammonia to =m a sub/ance :i* is col\rless1 b :i* becomes blue on exposure to air4 ,t9 =ms /annic acid :i* probably produces /annates ) copp] & lead4 ,z9c becomes z9c oxide1 lead is conv]t$ into oxides4 ,sulphur1 z sulphurett$ hydrog51 causes ! =mation ( metallic sulphides4 ,ammonia has a ?reefold action1 viz4 x causes & fur!rs hydration1 x is an en]getic solv5t1 & x =ms d\ble salts4 ,?is la/-m5tion$ action is p>ticul>ly important 9 ! =mation ( pat9a4 ,c>bonic acid 9 ! pres5ce ( moi/ure attacks copp]1 lead & iron1 &1 z a c>bonate1 exi/s 9 e metallic oxide :i* is expos$ to ! air4 ,sev]al comb9ations ( copp] ) c>bonic acid are kn[n1 :ile lead is readily conv]t$ into lead c>bonate by oxidation4 ,! "p play$ by ! c>bon comp\nds result+ f ! decomposition ( animal & vegetable sub/ances has hi!rto receiv$ little att5tion1 b ?is decomposition ( organic mat]ial is probably ! *ief cause ( ! beautiful blue pat9a4 ,! action ( oxyg5 w dep5d ^u ! composition ( ! metal1 ^u ! locality1 & ^u num]\s o!r circum/ances1 :ile ! col\r ( ! pat9a w v>y accord+ly4 ,vill5oisy proposes to classify pat9a into ?ree gr\ps3 7#a7 ,blue pat9a1 ) grey to blue-gre5 & apple-gre5 t9ts4 7#b7 ,d>k gre5 pat9a4 7#c7 ,black pat9a4 #a4 ,! blue pat9a produc$ by ! action ( ammonia ^u ! products ( previ\s oxidation does n de/roy ! out] =m ( ! bronzes1 b is nev]!less unfav\rable to ! pres]vation ( ! metal1 s9ce ! sub/ratum ( ! pat9a is a por\s mass1 consi/+ ( lead /annate & lead c>bonate mix$ ) ammoniacal copp] c>bonate4 ,! specim5 has frequ5tly an intact appe>ance1 z if cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( oxide only1 :il/ 9 reality all traces ( metal h already disappe>$1 & slight pressure (t5 suffices to break ! bronze into pieces4 ,! ne>] ! col\r ( ! pat9a approa*es to grey1 ! less solid is ! bronze likely to be1 a result :i* is no d\bt caus$ by ! pres5ce ( lead c>bonate4 ,?is type ( pat9a has (t5 a yell[i% col\r1 especially on prom95t p>ts1 :]e1 be+ por\s1 x has reta9$ 9 its sup]ficial lay]s sub/ances :i* 7 9 susp5sion 9 ! subsoil wat]4 ,! occurr5ce ( a pale f9e-gra9$ pat9a ( a uni=m col\r is 9 almo/ all cases due to ! scal+ (f ( pat9a belong+ to ?is type4 #b4 ,:il/ blue pat9a is g5]ally =m$ on bronzes :i* h be5 buri$ 9 e>?1 ! d>k gre5 pat9a is =m$ bo? 9 ! e>? & also 9 ! op5 air4 ,! pres5ce ( lead seems to be an ob/acle to its =mation4 ,?is d>k gre5 pat9a consi/s ( v>iable proportions ( basic copp] hydrate & copp] c>bonate4 ,! gre5 lay] frequ5tly re/s ^u "o ( a r$ col\r1 a circum/ance :i* proves t ! d>k gre5 pat9a is almo/ always ! result ( two successive reactions3 cupr\s oxide is fir/ =m$ & subsequ5tly takes up wat] & c>bonic acid4 ,t9 is pres5t z copp] /annate4 ,! cupr\s oxide1 :i* is g5]ally reg>d$ z unaffect$ by air1 is p]haps drawn into fur!r reaction ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ammonia4 ,9 ^? situations :]e !re is a fl[ ( ra9 wat] a c]ta9 transluc5cy ( ! gre5 pat9a is (t5 produc$1 & ?is is also possibly caus$ by ammonia4 ,unlike ! blue pat9a1 ! d>k gre5 v>iety assi/s ! pres]vation ( bronze4 #c4 ,black pat9a is probably due to a v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,! sub/ances :i* ent] into its composition are cupric oxide1 lead oxide1 lead p]oxide1 copp] sulphide & lead sulphide4 ,if bronze does n conta9 lead x is black5$ only by ! action ( sulphur4 ,! r>ity ( black pat9a is no d\bt due to ! rapid oxidation ( ! copp] on ! orig9ally r\gh1 unpoli%$ surface1 :i* leads to ! =mation ( a gre5 pat9a4 ,^! extracts %[ h[ little value c be atta*$ to a classification ( bronzes f ! "* ( ! pat9a pres5t3 ! views ^u ! subject are s div]g5t1 :ile ! actual composition ( ! incru/ations :i* =m ! pat9a & _! ext]nal appe>ance are s widely diff]5t4 ,9 fact only two gr\ps ( bronzes may be di/+ui%$1 i4e4 ^? :i* %[ pat9a & ^? f :i* pat9a is abs5t4 ,! fir/ gr\p comprises almo/ all ! bronzes :i* are f\nd 9 peat1 :i* %[1 ) r>e exceptions1 a metallic1 (t5 some:at d>k5$1 surface4 ,_! /ate ( pres]vation dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! peat 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 b ! metal surface has1 9 ! majority ( cases1 become some:at r\gh & et*$1 al?\gh all ! details are cle>ly di/+ui%able4 ,m r>ely "o side reta9s ! orig9al poli%$ surface :ile ! o!r side is mu* corrod$4 ,if a mu* corrod$ bronze is f\nd1 ! peat 9 :i* x has la9 has probably conta9$ free sulphuric acid 7see also p4 #ac74 ,all bronzes f\nd 9 wat] mu/ be includ$ also 9 ?is gr\p4 ,! second gr\p w !n comprise all bronzes ) an oxidiz$ pat9a4 ,! classification giv5 by ,vill5oisy seems entirely unsuitable1 = x does n by any means exhau/ all ! k9ds ( pat9a :i* may occur4 ,?us no m5tion is made by him ( ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( a pat9a :i* conta9s *lor9e4 ,if we sep>ate ! d>k br[n & ! blacki% pat9a1 9 s f> z ^! two col\rs are pure1 f ^? ( a gre5 col\r1 ! fir/ two v>ieties _c be reg>d$ z gr\ps1 because ! tones ( col\r diff] too mu*1 & because1 z ,vill5oisy himself obs]ves1 widely diff]5t pat9as (t5 occur on "o & ! same bronze4 ,! durability ( a pat9a ^u a bronze _c be judg$ ei!r by ! out] appe>ance or by ! *emical composition alone4 ,! fact t !re has be5 no alt]ation 9 ! outw>d appe>ance = _m ye>s (f]s no gu>antee aga9/ fur!r *anges tak+ place4 ,?us a ,m9otaur#ec 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 :i* = _m ye>s _h %[n no sign ( *ange1 0 ev5tually f\nd to be completely cov]$ ) num]\s bright gre5 spots ov] its entire surface4 ,my own op9ion is t ! only pat9a :i* is really /able is t :i* consi/s ( comb9ations ( oxyg51 hydrog5 & c>bonic acid ) ! metal1 some:at simil> to ^? analys$ by ,s*ul] 7see page #bd71 & by ,ar*e & ,hassack 7see page #bg74 ,! pres5ce ( sulphides1 & ev5 ( sulphates1 does n seem to be injuri\s4 ,if a pat9a is to des]ve ! "n ( a good1 s\nd1 or1 z x is t]m$1 a noble pat9a 7,edel-pat9a71 ! orig9al cont\rs ( ! bronze ) all its m>k+s mu/ be di/9ctly visible4 ,= ?is ! pat9a mu/ n be too ?ick1 mu/ be ( mod]ate h>dness1 & above all mu/ h an enamel-l surface4 ,ap>t f *emical influ5ces1 su* a pat9a c only h be5 =m$ 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! alloy has be5 homog5e\s1 f9e-gra9$1 d5se & n por\s1 & :5 its surface has be5 s smoo? t oxidation has tak5 place v sl[ly4 ,"u ^! conditions ! col\r ( ! pat9a may v>y greatly1 = x may be bright gre51 blue1 or ( d>k] %ades f yell[i% to br[n1 or ev5 black4 ,^! latt] t9ts (t5 d5ote pat9a lay]s ( v slight ?ickness4 ,my own obs]vations confirm ,vill5oisy's view t ! br[n & ! black pat9a are = ! mo/ "p due to ! pres5ce ( lead 9 ! bronze4 ,re9#ed holds ! same op9ion 9 reg>d to ,japanese bronzes4 ,c]ta9 =ms ( pat9a are n necess>ily prejudicial to ! pres]vation ( bronzes1 i4e4 ! gre5 & blue v>ieties :i* h ! composition ( mala*ite 7,cu,c,o#c1 ,cu7,,oh7#b7 & azurite 7#b;,cu,c,o#c1 ,cu7,,oh7#b71 bo? ( :i* are v (t5 f\nd on ! same bronze4 ,?is v>iety ( pat9a %[s a cry/all9e /ructure4 ,! simultane\s =mation ( bo? v>ieties1 :i* is due to ! great] exposure ( "o "p ( ! bronze ?an ano!r to ! action ( moi/ure1 is well %[n by a specim5 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum#ee 7,fig4 #f74 ,?is consi/s ( ! frontal portion ( a ,boeotian bridle1 ov] p>ts ( :i* lea!r /raps _h probably be5 tightly fix$4 ,^? p>ts :i* _h be5 ?us some:at protect$ f moi/ure 7 cov]$ ) blue azurite1 :i* conta9s a small] quantity ( wat]4 ,b ! cry/all9e /ructure ( ^! k9ds ( pat9a has (t5 ! disadvantage t ! surface ( ! bronze is no long] cle>1 & consequ5tly engrav$ m>k+s & ev5 /amp$ impressions are n visible4 ,on page #adb may be se5 illu/rations ( ,roman co9s1 "s p>ts ( :i* are totally illegible4 ,m frequ5tly met ) ?an ^! v>ieties or ?an ! s-call$ noble pat9a1 is t 9 :i* ! bronze pres5ts a m or less r\gh & pitt$ surface1 light or d>k gre51 or ev5 grey 9 col\r if !re is a l>ge proportion ( lead pres5t4 ,m r>ely ! t9t is blue or br[n4 ,! behavi\r ( su* k9ds ( pat9a v>ies greatly1 b durability is = ! mo/ "p assur$ if1 "u ! lay] ( gre5 oxide1 a r$di% lay] ( cupr\s oxide is f\nd4 ,?is rule is p]haps n inv>iable1 = ,i h (t5 f\nd cupr\s oxide pres5t "u ! s-call$ spread+ pat9a1 b abs5t b5ea? "o :i* is und\bt$ly durable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,portion ( bronze horse-trapp+s %[+ blue & gre5 pat9a4 ,two in/ances may be "h quot$ z confirm+ ,wibel's view 9 ref]5ce to ! r$uction ( cupric oxides to cupr\s oxides & ev5 to metallic copp] 7see page #ag7ef4 ,9 remov+ a s&y cru/ saturat$ ) copp] salts f a l>ge ,egyptian bronze#eg1 small cry/all9e masses ( copp] 7 se5 "h & !re1 sep>at$ f ! metal b5ea? by a lay] ( cupr\s oxide to :i* ! admixture ( t9 gave a :iti% t9t4 ,! copp] 0 mo/ly deposit$ 9 slight depressions ^u ! surface ( ! metal & c\ld be easily remov$4 ,simil>ly1 ^u an ,etruscan mirror exhibit$ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum#eh1 r$uc$ copp] c /ill be se5 =m+ r$ spots ^u ! light] col\r$ surface ( ! bronze1 :i* has already be5 fre$ f cupric oxide4 ,! copp] also c be remov$ ) comp>ative ease1 & is obs]v$ to be sep>at$ f ! bronze by a ?9 :iti% lay] ( t9 oxide4 ,a quantitative analysis ( a small piece %[$ #ajj ( copp]4 ,z has be5 rem>k$ above1 ! lay]s ( oxide frequ5tly enclose gra9s ( s& & ev5 fragm5ts ( clay1 e>?1 & f]rug9\s p>ticles1 s t ! orig9al cont\rs ( ! bronzes are (t5 indi/9ct or entirely oblit]at$ 7see ,figures #da-dc74 ,^! incru/ations may occasionally be remov$ by a c>eful use ( ! hamm]1 b !y are (t5 s firmly unit$ ) ! bronze1 :i* is itself s oxidiz$1 t removal by me*anical means is no long] possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,head ( ,osiris1 %[+ advanc$ condition ( w>ty pat9a#ei4 ,^! incru/ations are h[ev] n s injuri\s z ! tub]\s & w>ty pat9a4 ,figure #h %[s an ,etruscan mirror cov]$ ) a pat9a :i* g5]ally results 9 ! progressive de/ruction ( ! bronze#fj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,etruscan mirror %[+ w>ty pat9a4 ,! foll[+ s]ies ( quantitative det]m9ations ( *lor9e obta9$ f ! exam9ation ( bronzes 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museums1 %[s conclusively ! de/ructive influ5ce ( *lor9e 9 ! production ( pat9a3 ,p]c5tage ( *lor9e ,d>k gre5 noble pat9a 7w9e pit*]1 ,ant4 ,misc4 ,inv4 #gafa7 #j ,gre5 pat9a on a lay] ( cupr\s oxide 7,etruscan vase1 ,ant4 ,fr4 #aega7 #j ,d>k blue noble pat9a 7,etruscan w9e pit*]1 ,ant4 ,fr4 #fjh7 #j ,bright blue noble pat9a 7,etruscan mirror1 ,ant4 ,misc4 ,inv4 #gbge7 #j ,bright blue noble pat9a 7lid ( vessel1 ,ant4 ,misc4 ,inv4 #fcbb1 #bib a7 #j ,h>d gre5i%-yell[ exfoliat+ pat9a ^u a bright gre51 s(t] pat9a 7,roman sauc]1 ,ant4 ,fr4 #afja a7 #j ,bright gre5 fairly firm pat9a1 ! col\r rubb+ (f some:at 9 p>ts 7h&le ( vessel1 ,ant4 ,fr4 #addj7 #j ,a firm smoo? gre5 lay] ^u a bright] s(t pat9a 7mirror1 ,ant4 ,fr4 #acf7 #j ,blue cry/all9e pat9a 7h>ness f ,boeotia1 ,ant4 ,misc4 ,inv4 #hegi7 #j ,r\gh d>k gre5 pat9a 7situla1 ,ant4 ,misc4 ,inv4 #heji7 #j ,gre5i% noble pat9a 7sword1 ,ant4 ,fr4 #aadd7 trace ,r\gh gre5 s(t] pat9a1 ) admixture ( e>? 7funnel1 ,ant4 ,misc4 ,inv4 #hehb7 trace ,d>k gre51 compact w>ty pat9a 7mirror1 ,ant4 ,fr4 #cb7 trace ,gre5 w>ty pat9a1 ) transluc5t cupr\s oxide 7mirror1 ,ant4 ,misc4 ,inv4 #ccab7 trace ,gre5 & blue cry/all9e pat9a 7,buto1 ,aeg4 #acace7 #ag ,bright gre5 crack$ & w>ty pat9a 7muzzle ( ! h>ness f ,boeotia1 ,ant4 ,misc4 ,inv4 #hegi7 7see ,fig4 #ch7 #ag ,gre5 firm w>ty pat9a 7,etruscan mirror1 ,ant4 ,fr4 #ec7 #ba ,completely oxidiz$ ,cyprian bronze fragm5t 7,ant47 #bb ,gre5 crack$ pat9a ^u a ?ick lay] ( cupr\s oxide 7bronze fragm5t f ,troy7 #dj ,completely oxidiz$ ,cyprian bronze fragm5t 7,ant47 #db ,bright gre5 effloresc5t pat*es ^u d>k tub]\s pat9a 7bronze fragm5t1 ,ant47 #ei ,bright gre5 p[d]y pat9a 9 ! holl[s ( a d>k] smoo!r pat9a 7,horus1 ,aeg4 #aajaj7 #fg ,bright blue p[d]y moi/ pat9a 7,aeg4 #abffc7 #gd ,gre5 & blue pat9a mix$ ) gra9s ( s& 7,buto1 ,aeg4 #acacb7 #hc ,bright gre5 crack$ pat9a 7bronze fragm5t f ,troy7 #ic ,bright gre5 p[d]y pat*es1 d>k gre5 r\gh pat9a 7cup1 ,ant4 ,fr4 #afed7 #ajb ,?ick gre5i% black tub]\s pat9a 7,besa1 ,aeg4 #igaf7 #ajh ,gre5 firm pat9a1 ) bright] pat*es 7,buto1 ,aeg4 #acghg7 #aac ,bright gre5 p[d]y pat9a 7,isis ) ,horus1 ,aeg4 #adjgh7 7copp]7 #abe ,gre5 tub]\s & crack$ pat9a 7,horus 9 ! lotus fl[]1 ,aeg4 #bdji7 #aca ,bright gre5 p[d]y excresc5ces 7,buto1 ,aeg4 #acghg7 #aci ,bright gre5 s(t pat9a1 ) a d>k & some:at firm] surface 7door h+e f ,babylon1 ,aeg4 ,v4,a4 #bahe7 #aea ,a due consid]ation ( ^! figures mu/ lead to ! conclusion t z a rule a malignant pat9a is "o :i* conta9s *lor9e4 ,t traces ( *lor9e are f\nd 9 _m cases ( b5ign pat9a ne$ cause no surprise1 = frequ5t h&l+ alone may suffice to br+ ab\t su* a condition4 ,nor is ?is rule invalidat$ by ! fact t a pat9a :i* is prov$ to conta9 *lor9e 7e4g4 t ( ! mirror#fa depict$ on page #dj71 has rema9$ un*ang$ = ye>s "u c]ta9 conditions1 = ! =mation ( pat9a dep5ds ^u v>i\s causes1 & x (t5 happ5s t a bronze c>ries a pat9a :i* outw>dly seems to h /ood ! te/ ( ye>s1 yet int]nally oxidation has cont9u$ & becomes outw>dly visible only :5 "s me*anical injury to ! pat9a all[s v>iations ( temp]ature to ex]t a great] influ5ce4 ,a specim5 is (t5 reg>d$ z bronze1 :]eas 9 reality x does n ev5 conta9 a metallic core1 b consi/s m]ely ( cupr\s oxide1 copp] oxy*loride1 t9 oxide1 etc4#fb1 & is !re=e incapable ( fur!r *ange4 ,on ! o!r h& x is n surpris+ to f9d a pat9a1 :i*1 al?\gh conta9+ no *lor9e1 af=ds b a poor protection to ! bronze1 = 9 ?is case ! cause may lie 9 ! non-homog5e\s & por\s nature ( ! alloy4 ,?is li/ %[s 9 addition t ?is high *lor9e-cont5t is a di/+ui%+ feature ( ! pat9a ( ,egyptian bronzes1 z is only to be expect$ f ! "* ( ! ,egyptian soil 7vide pp4 #a1 #b et seq472 9 fact1 al?\gh 9 mo/ cases qualitatively only1 ,i h prov$ ! exi/5ce ( *lor9e 9 ea* ,egyptian bronze )\t an exception4 ,! de/ructive nature ( *lor9e is n (t5 app>5t 9 bronzes rec5tly excavat$1 :i* usually %[ an app>5tly s\nd1 d>k gre5 pat9a ) a smoo? surface1 sometimes l mala*ite or azurite2 p]sonally ,i h n met ) any bronze object f ,egypt :i* c\ld be said to h a pat9a des]v+ ! "n ( noble pat9a4 ,n till "s "t1 or x may be n till ye>s aft] ! objects h be5 plac$ 9 museums does ! *ange become app>5t1 z has be5 s /rik+ly describ$ by ,mond & ,cuboni 7see page #bg74 ,! v>y+ am\nt ( moi/ure 9 our atmosph]e und\bt$ly influ5ces ! spread ( ! pat9a1 :i*1 if ! application ( a pres]vative is delay$1 gradually eats into ! bronze4 ,! adjo9+ figures 7,fig4 #i to #ab7 ( ! same bronze be=e & aft] ! process ( pres]vation %[ di/9ctly su* ravages1 :]eby ! surface has be5 9 "s places erod$ to a dep? ( #b to #c mm4 ,9 o!r cases1 especially holl[ bronzes1 ! ?9 walls h be5 completely p]=at$4 ,! explanation ( ^! processes is f\nd 9 ! exp]im5tal "w ( ,kreft+#fc1 & also 9 ! treatise by ,b]!lot1 f :i* extracts h already be5 giv54 ,! !ory enunciat$ by ,mond & ,cuboni1 t ! wild or spread+ pat9a is due to ! action ( bact]ia1 _c n[ be ma9ta9$1 = n only d *emical reactions give an adequate explanation ( ! process1 b ^! obs]v]s h fail$ to transplant ! bact]ia2 nor 7 ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr ,/av5hag51 und]tak5 at our reque/1 m successful4 ,t c]ta9 bact]ia are capable ( attack+ metal1 z = example ! metal lett]+ on books1 is an e/abli%$ fact1 :ile ! univ]sal di/ribution ( bact]ia w naturally lead to _! pres5ce ^u bronzes & _! pat9a4 ,! application ( heat *ecks *emical *ange by driv+ (f ! moi/ure1 & !re=e arre/s ! spread ( a pat9a = "s "t1 until by p5etrat+ ! oxidiz$ lay] ! moi/ure & c>bonic acid c aga9 act ^u ! pat9a & ! und]ly+ metal4 ,z has be5 already /at$ 9 ! passage f ,d+l]'s ,polyte*nic ,j\rnal quot$ above1 ,i h obs]v$ ! r5ew$ =mation ( effloresc5ce ^u a bronze /atuette :i* _h be5 ?us /]ilis$4 ,?is1 x may be urg$1 0 a case ( re-infection3 x is1 h[ev]1 /range t ,mond & ,cuboni d n ref] to *lor9e z a compon5t ( ! pat9a4 ,! pres5ce ( *lor9e may h be5 ov]look$2 x _c well h be5 abs5t1 = 9 e case ( rod5t pat9a ,i h f\nd )\t exception *lor9e 9 ! bright gre5 effloresc5ces1 :atev] may h be5 ! orig9al s\rce ( ! bronze4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,bronze ,pa%t %[+ de/ructive pat9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! same aft] treatm5t 7,f9k5]'s me?od74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,bronze ,pa%t %[+ de/ructive pat9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! same aft] treatm5t 7,f9k5]'s me?od#fd74 ,nor am ,i able to endorse ! /atem5t ( ,fri$el#fe t a spread+ pat9a is *>act]is$ by a peculi> & disagreeable smell1 al?\gh "s oxidiz$ bronzes h a di/9ct smell :i* x is n easy to describe4 ,! pres5ce ( *lor9e is p>ticul>ly dang]\s to ^? bronzes :i* consi/ ( a cas+ ( metal ( v>iable ?ickness ar\nd a core ( s&y clay1 ! object ( :i* has be5 to economize metal4 ,^! con/itute an important class among/ ,egyptian bronzes4 ,! *lor9e (t5 exi/s 9 ! core z sodium *loride1 & c ?us attack ! metal f bo? sides4 ,moreov]1 ! /ructure ( _m ,egyptian /atuettes ( a lat] p]iod is v por\s & spongy1 & ?us pres5ts a l>ge surface to de/ructive ag5cies4 ,on saw+ ?r\gh ! support ( an ,osiris#ff num]\s small bright spots 7 f\nd1 ^u exam9ation ) a l5s1 to be small pores fill$ ) a salt solution4 ,a few days lat] ! action ( ! c>bonic acid _h begun1 & ! bright spots ( moi/ure 7 repres5t$ by small gre5 pat*es4 ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! absorption ( moi/ure & ( c>bonic acid by ?is specim5 & by ano!r ,osiris f ! ,egyptian collection4 ,i4 ,base ( ,osiris4 ,weight1 air-dri$ #adfeed gr4 ,aft] "o day 9 ! desiccator #adfead gr4 ,air-dri$1 aft] "o day #adfedj gr4 ,air-dri$1 aft] t5 days #adfegf gr4 ,air-dri$1 aft] "o mon? #adfeii gr4 ,air-dri$1 aft] two mon?s #adffbc gr4 ,air-dri$1 aft] f\r mon?s #adgbfa gr4 ,aft] a prolong$ p]iod 9 ! desiccator #adgjcc gr4 ,air-dri$1 aft] "o day #adgbed gr4 ,air-dri$1 aft] "o mon? #adgcba gr4 ,air-dri$1 aft] two mon?s #adgcfb gr4 ,air-dri$1 aft] f\r mon?s #adgcha gr4 ,,ii4 ,osiris4 ,weight1 air-dri$ #gggebb gr4 ,aft] "s "t 9 ! desiccator #gggcig gr4 ,air-dri$1 aft] "o day #gggdfb gr4 ,air-dri$1 aft] t5 days #gggedh gr4 ,air-dri$1 aft] "o mon? #gggehb gr4 ,air-dri$1 aft] two mon?s #gggfag gr4 ,air-dri$1 aft] f\r mon?s #ggggjd gr4 ,aft] be+ heat$ to #bjj;,c4 9 ! dry+ /ove & ly+ "o day 9 ! desiccator #ggeifg gr4 ,air-dri$1 aft] "o day #ggfgeb gr4 ,air-dri$1 aft] "o mon? #gghjdd gr4 ,air-dri$1 aft] two mon?s #gghaia gr4 ,air-dri$1 aft] f\r mon?s #gghcbj gr4 ,air-dri$1 aft] sev5 mon?s #gghddd gr4 ,aft] f\r days 9 ! desiccator #gghbbe gr4 ,^! figures %[ t 9 ! fir/ case ! absorption ( c>bonic acid1 oxyg51 & wat] proce$$ at fir/ sl[ly1 b m rapidly aft] ?ree mon?s1 z 0 evid5c$ also by ! appe>ance ( m>k$ effloresc5ce on ! oxidiz$ surfaces4 ,! ,osiris1 :i* 0 m highly oxidiz$1 %[$ a m rapid increase 9 weight f ! fir/4 ,! increas$ action aft] ! heat+ 0 also manife/ ext]nally1 = at ! end ( a =tnight ! bright gre5 effloresc5ces _h made _! appe>ance4 ,9 ?is case !re=e ! heat+ recomm5d$ by ,mond & ,cuboni1 s f> f prov+ b5eficial1 actually induc$ a m rapid decay4 ,! pat9a lay]1 z ,s*ul] has also obs]v$1 (t5 conta9s a great] proportion ( t9 ?an does ! alloy2 a result :i* is manife/ly due to ! solution & removal ( ! copp] salts by ! subsoil wat]4 ,! bright effloresc5ces ( an ,egyptian /atue ( ,buto#fg conta9$ #ajdi ( t91 :ile ! p]c5tage 9 ! metal itself 0 only #gff4 ,9 c]ta9 circum/ances x may ev5 result t an object :i* 0 orig9ally compos$ ( bronze is repres5t$ only by t9 oxide#fh4 ,! small proportion1 & occasionally ! complete abs5ce1 ( copp] is ! result ( ! action ( ammonia :i* may arise f ! decomposition ( dead bodies & ( c>bonic acid1 bo? ( :i* ag5ts1 ) ! help ( oxyg51 attack ! buri$ bronzes1 &1 dissolv+ ! copp] comp\nds by ! subsoil wat]1 leave only ! insoluble t9 oxide4 ,^u ! :ole ! =ego+ rem>ks ^u bronzes are equally applicable to objects ( copp]1 :i* h[ev] appe> to possess a great] p[] ( resi/ance to ! de/ructive action ( c>bonic acid & moi/ure1 ev5 :]e salt is pres5t4 ,?is is probably due to ! fact t ! abs5ce ( t9 & lead precludes any int]action betwe5 ! comp\nds ( ^! metals & ^? ( copp]4 ,copp] objects ) a s\nd s-call$ noble pat9a app>5tly d n occur4 ,silv]4 ,unless alloy$ ) a l>ge am\nt ( copp]1 9 :i* case !y %[ gre5 effloresc5ces simil> to ^? ( bronzes1 silv] objects are almo/ always cov]$ ) a lay] ( s(t silv] *loride 7horn-silv]7 ( v>y+ ?ickness1 ,ag,cl1 or ( ! h>d] silv] sub*loride1 ,ag#b;,cl2 & :5 ^! comp\nds =m a ?ick lay]1 !y (t5 %[ a w>ty or m r>ely a crack$ surface4 ,if ! lay] ( *loride is ?91 incis$ designs ^u ! silv] w be visible bo? be=e & aft] removal ( ! *loride4 ,! two *lor9e comp\nds frequ5tly appe> toge!r 9 di/9ct %>ply def9$ lay]s ( diff]5t col\rs1 t ne>] ! silv] be+ ! lay] ( sub*loride4 ,?is is especially well %[n on fragm5ts ( silv] f ! ,hilde%eim silv]-f9d#fi4 ,^u "o fragm5t#gj ! lay] ( silv] *loride 0 ab\t twice z ?ick z t ( ! silv] sub*loride4 ,be+ unable to sep>ate !m ,i det]m9$ ! silv] & ! *lor9e ( bo? lay]s toge!r ) ! foll[+ result3 ,silv] #gdeb4 ,*lor9e #baij4 ,n[ = #b;,ag,cl1 ,ag#b;,cl #gdeb silv] w\ld correspond to #ahaa *lor9e only1 :ile = ,ag,cl ! proportions w\ld be #gdeb silv] to #bdae *lor9e4 ,s9ce ! specific weight ( silv] sub*loride is great] ?an t ( silv] *loride1 ^! figures prove t ! sub*loride is also pres5t4 ,betwe5 ! metal & ! silv] *loride !re is (t5 a ?9 p[d]y lay] consi/+ ( f9ely divid$ cupric oxide1 or silv] sulphide1 & occasionally ( gold1 if1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 ! silv] is aurif]\s4 ,! pres5ce ( gold may1 h[ev]1 also po9t to ! exi/5ce ( gild+4 ,! silv] *loride (t5 %[s a r$di% or br[n col\r on ! surface1 due probably1 9 "s cases1 to ! adh]5ce ( m9ute quantities ( ! e>? 9 :i* x 0 f\nd1 b p>tly also to ! action ( light ^u ! silv] *loride4 ,?9 black lay]s ^u silv]1 z also ! s-call$ silv] t>ni%1 result f ! =mation ( silv] sulphide1 f contact ) decay+ organic sub/ances :i* h conta9$ sulphur4 ,:5 plac$ 9 museums silv] objects rema9 unalt]$1 & no fur!r *emical *anges take place4 ,any o!r *anges :i* h be5 obs]v$ w be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ extracts4 ,*ur*#ga analys$ a specim5 ( silv] ^u :i* two lay]s 7 di/+ui%able4 ,! out] semi-metallic lay] consi/$ ( metallic silv]1 ) traces ( *loride1 sulphide1 & iodide ( silv]1 toge!r ) copp] c>bonate & a small quantity ( gold2 ! inn] lay]1 :i* 0 s(t1 grey & p[d]y1 _h ! foll[+ composition3 ,silv] #idfi ,gold #jda ,copp] #cdh ,lead #jbh ,antimony ) traces ( ars5ic & bismu? #aba ,z ! composition ( ! s\nd metallic core 0 id5tical1 x is evid5t t physical & molecul> *anges only _h tak5 place simil> to ^? obs]v$ by ,w>r+ton#gb z e>ly z #ahdc4 ,silv] objects f\nd 9 ,myc5e are said by ,mitzopulos#gc to %[ ?ree lay]s1 ! out]mo/ ( :i* has a r$ col\r & is n m>k$ly friable1 consi/+ ( silv] oxide2 ! second is t\gh & consi/s ( silv] *loride 7horn-silv]72 :ile ! ?ird1 t next to ! metal1 is simil> to ! out]mo/ lay]4 ,mitzopulos ?9ks t ! *lor9e mu/ h be5 br\ght by ra9 wat]1 s9ce !re are nei!r sea nor spr+s ( wat] 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,s*]tel#gd di/+ui%$ two lay]s 9 fragm5ts ( silv] f ! ,hilde%eim silv] f9d1 ! out]mo/ ( :i* prov$ to be silv] *loride3 ,silv] #gedc f\nd1 #geca calculat$ = ,ag,cl ,*lor9e #bdea f\nd1 #bdfi calculat$ = ,ag,cl ,b5ea? ?is lay] 0 a v ?91 almo/ black1 brittle lay] ( silv] sub*loride3 ,silv] #hgj f\nd1 #hehi calculat$ ,*lor9e #abh f\nd1 #adaa calculat$ ,betwe5 ! metal & ! latt] lay] 0 a small quantity ( d>k p[d]1 :i* ,s*]tel recogniz$ z gold4 ,he ?9ks t ! lay] ( silv] sub*loride seems to indicate t ! wat]1 :i* p]meat$ ! surr\nd+ clay1 conta9$ *lorides1 & fir/ conv]t$ ! copp] into copp] *loride2 t ! copp] *loride toge!r ) ! silv] !n =m$ silv] sub*loride & cupr\s *loride4 ,%\ld ! sub*loride aga9 become *loride1 x w\ld be able to attack ! silv] afre%4 ,! sl[ness ( ! process1 :5 ! silv] & copp] 9 association ) x _h be5 conv]t$ into *lor9e comp\nds1 all[$ ! gold to be deposit$ z a f9e p[d] ^u ! intact metal4 ,a silv] co9 roll$ out into a ?9 plate1 aft] rema9+ 9 a solution ( common salt = six mon?s1 0 f\nd to h lo/ #bgg ( its copp]1 s t ! plate became brittle1 especially 9 ^? p>ts :]e x 0 ?9ne/4 ,bibra#ge gives a simil> explanation ( ! conv]sion into silv] *loride4 ,he believes t ! r$di% col\r :i* is occasionally se5 on silv] at a fre% fracture mu/ be due to ! pres5ce ( cupr\s oxide4 ,! foll[+ extract is tak5 f ! section :i* deals ) silv] 9 ! "w ( ,b]!lot#gf previ\sly quot$3 ,silv] *loride is = ! mo/ "p produc$ by ! sodium *loride dissolv$ 9 ! subsoil wat]1 :i* acts 9 conjunction ) ! oxyg5 & ! c>bonic acid ( ! air3 #b;,ag ,o 7n #b7 ,na,cl ,,co#b #b;,ag,cl1 n,na,cl ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,b ?is reaction diff]s f t :i* takes place 9 ! case ( copp] 9 t x does n proce$ cont9u\sly except 9 ! pres5ce ( a consid]able quantity ( salt wat] only1 z = in/ance 9 ! sea4 ,9 museums ! alt]ation goes no fur!r ?an corresponds to ! m9ute quantity ( sodium *loride conta9$ 9 ! object4 ,on ! o!r h& 9 an e>? :i* conta9s salts1 ! cont9u$ pres5ce ( wat] c br+ ab\t a m or less m>k$ *ange1 & 9 "s cases ev5 a /able silv] sub*loride may be =m$4 ,lead4 ,objects ( lead h always a :ite appe>ance due to ! =mation ( lead c>bonate1 z has be5 already m5tion$ above 9 connection ) bronze4 ,! c>bonate is also (t5 mix$ ) oxide4 ,t94 ,objects made ( t9#gg are frequ5tly f\nd 9 pile-dwell+s 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 occasionally cov]$ ) :ite or br[n lay]s ( hydrat$ t9 oxide1 :ile 9 "s cases oxidation has advanc$ s f> t no trace ( metallic t9 is left 9 ! h>d grey masses ( oxide :i* result4 ,gold4 ,gold is f\nd to be unalt]$1 or !re is at mo/ a ?9 lay] ( silv] *loride1 :i* is ! result ( ! action ( sodium *loride ^u ! silv] :i* ! gold usually conta9s4 ,gold objects (t5 h a r$ coat+1 :i* has be5 f\nd to consi/ ( f]ric oxide1 & is due to extrane\s deposits :i* h be5 fix$ by ! silv] *loride4 ,i h n be5 able to prove ! pres5ce ( gold *loride#gh1 & x does n appe> possible t wat] conta9+ sodium *loride c h ! p[] ( act+ ^u gold4 ,if ! f]ric oxide is remov$ me*anically1 "s ( ! gold w naturally be remov$ ) x1 & ?is c be readily asc]ta9$ on analysis4 ,! degree ( brittl5ess 9 objects ( gold dep5ds ^u ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 o!r metals1 especially silv]1 :i* are mix$ ) x4 ,glass4 ,anci5t glass1 :i* is = ! mo/ "p lime-soda silicate1 exhibits a dull1 r\gh surface ) ! well-kn[n iridesc5ce4 ,! alkali is remov$ f ! glass by ! action ( moi/ure1 oxyg5 & c>bonic acid1 :ile ! silicic acid rema9s 9 ! =m ( m9ute scales1 :i* cause ! iridesc5ce by int]f]5ce4 ,accord+ to ,buns5 ! *emical action ( ! gases ( ! atmosph]e on glass is facilitat$ by ! cond5sation ( wat] ^u its surface2 = ! wat] ?us cond5s$ absorbs l>ge quantities ( c>bonic acid4 ,9 c]ta9 circum/ances almo/ ! :ole ( ! alkali is )drawn f ! glass4 ,an analysis ( glass ( ?is k9d1 toge!r ) a discussion ( ! *emical reactions involv$1 is giv5 9 ,muspratt's ,*emi/ry#gi4 ,glass objects :i* are m>k$ly iridesc5t und]go gradual decay ev5 "u museum conditions2 ?is is probably due to ! cont9u$ action ( c>bonic acid4 ,organic ,sub/ances4 ,! *anges :i* organic sub/ances und]go are v>i\s2 ?us1 :ile lea!r becomes h>d1 papyrus becomes brittle4 ,l all o!r organic mat]ial !y may und]go ^? de/ructive processes :i* are due to ! gr[? ( m\lds or to ! ag5cy ( v>i\s bact]ia4 ,!y are also liable to be attack$ by maggots1 mo?s1 & o!r insects4 ,x is unnecess>y "h to describe 9 detail ^! num]\s & v>i$ *anges2 a few special cases only ne$ be m5tion$4 ,acid peat1 9 :i* iron objects p]i%1 is f\nd to h a good pres]vative action ^u wool & horn1 :il/ vegetable fibres are de/roy$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 pile-dwell+s wool & horn sub/ances h disappe>$4 ,ol%aus5#hj ?9ks t animal fibre is de/roy$ by simple decay br\ght ab\t by ! oxyg5 9 solution 9 ord9>y wat]1 :il/ 9 peat ! imm5se quantity ( vegetable matt] takes up ! oxyg5 :i* c !re=e no long] s]ve = ! oxidation ( wool & simil> mat]ial4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances wooll5 textures are f\nd to be rem>kably well pres]v$ 9 oak c(f9s1 z may be se5 9 ! ,museum at ,cop5hag54 ,bones1 horn1 & ivory %[ great v>iety 9 _! behavi\r1 :i* dep5ds ( c\rse on ! nature ( _! surr\nd+s4 ,?us = in/ance 9 acid peat sometimes ! animal matt] only is pres]v$#ha1 :ile 9 graves1 beyond a few rema9s ( too? enamel1 !re is (t5 no?+ to %[ t !y h enclos$ bodies4 ,burn$ bones are g5]ally f\nd to resi/ decay1 = ! de/ruction ( ! animal matt] leaves !m no long] liable to fur!r decomposition#hb4 ,amb] objects are well pres]v$ 9 wat] or 9 peat1 b if !y h la9 9 e>?1 !y are d>k5$ & (t5 friable4 ,if organic sub/ances1 su* z wood1 etc41 h la9 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( oxidiz$ bronze1 & are !reby saturat$ ) copp] comp\nds1 !y %[ a v good /ate ( pres]vation1 :i* cont9ues aft] !y h be5 plac$ 9 a collection4 ,simil>ly ! rema9s ( fabrics ^u iron objects1 :i* are p]meat$ ) ru/1 are sometimes f\nd 9 good condition4 ,objects imb$d$ 9 salt 7sodium *loride7 are 9 c]ta9 circum/ances f\nd 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation & cont9ue s1 z is %[n by ! sk9s1 lea!r & wood5 articles :i* are exhibit$ 9 ! ,salzburg ,museum4 ,z a g5]al rule abs5ce ( moi/ure 9 ! e>? is ess5tial = ! pres]vation ( organic sub/ances1 & is ! cause ( ! spl5did condition 9 :i* objects ( organic mat]ial are f\nd 9 ,egypt4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,antiquities4 ,! object ) :i* x is propos$ to deal %\ld fir/ be photograph$1 & f diff]5t sides if necess>y2 = ! ext]nal appe>ance is (t5 *ang$ dur+ ! process ( pres]vation1 & x is advisable t a repres5tation ( ! specim5 9 its orig9al condition %\ld be kept 9 case any injury %\ld befall ! object1 :i* h[ev] r>ely happ5s if prop] caution be obs]v$4 ,= ?is reason 9 ! ,laboratory ( ! ,royal ,museums at ,b]l9 all bronzes are photograph$ be=e treatm5t1 z also are all lime/one blocks4 ,?us ! #abe blocks f ! ,grave-*amb] ( ,met5 7 ea* sep>ately photograph$4 ,x is only 9 c]ta9 cases t ?is rule is n obs]v$1 z = in/ance 9 ! case ( ! num]\s ,egyptian o/raca1 i4e4 fragm5ts ( e>!nw>e %[+ inscriptions :i* _h be5 previ\sly copi$4 ,i4 ,pres]vation ( ,objects compos$ ( ,inorganic ,sub/ances4 7a7 ,lime/one4 ,! me?od =m]ly employ$ = ! pres]vation ( decay+ & crumbl+ lime/ones 0 t ( simple impregnation1 & ?is is /ill foll[$ 9 "s cases :i* w be subsequ5tly describ$4 ,b z ! active ag5ts ( de/ruction are n remov$ by ?is me?od ! result is n always satisfactory1 & an attempt is n[ made :]e possible to remove ^? salts :i* are soluble 9 wat]1 especially ! sodium *loride1 by ! simple process ( /eep+ 9 wat]4 ,if ! pres5ce ( salt 9 a lime/one is evid5c$ by a crumbl+ surface1 or by ! ta/e :5 t\*$ ) ! tip ( ! tongue1 ! "q w arise :e!r x w be> /eep+1 or :e!r ! de/ruction is s f> advanc$ t1 on be+ plac$ 9 wat]1 ! lime/one w fall to pieces4 ,if fractures or cracks c be actually se5 9 ! /one1 /eep+ is contra-indicat$1 b if ! condition is less manife/1 a prelim9>y te/ %\ld be appli$4 ,a l>ge drop ( wat]1 e4g4 ab\t #be cubic c5timetre 9 volume1 %\ld be plac$ on ! surface ( ! /one1 & any *anges :i* take place %\ld be c>efully not$4 ,if ! drop is n absorb$ by ! /one1 x may be due to a lay] ( du/ or to previ\s saturation ) solutions ( res9 or v>ni%4 ,du/ may be remov$ ) a mod]ately h>d bru% or by rubb+ ) ! f+]1 b if a lime/one has be5 previ\sly saturat$ ) a v>ni% solution x w n absorb ! wat]1 & is !re=e h>dly suitable = ?is treatm5t4 ,if ! drop is absorb$1 an iron or a /eel po9t1 su* z ! ?ick end ( a m$ium-siz$ ne$le1 %\ld be us$ to asc]ta9 :e!r ! lime/one at ! moi/5$ spot %[s ! same degree ( h>dness z else:]e4 ,if ?is is f\nd to be ! case1 especially if ! pieces are ( a l>ge size1 ! te/ %\ld be repeat$ at o!r spots1 includ+ ! back ( ! /one1 = a h>d5$ lay] on ! front aspect may be ! result ( =m] treatm5t4 ,if ! result ( ?is exam9ation is satisfactory & no soluble col\r+ is obs]v$ on ! lime/one1 ! process ( /eep+ may be appli$4 ,if on ! o!r h& ! moi/5$ area has become s(t]1 or has become to any ext5t swoll51 or if any col\rs :i* may be pres5t %[ signs ( disappe>ance or fad+1 treatm5t ) wat] mu/ be ab&on$4 ,! diff]5ce ( behavi\r is easily expla9$1 = lime/ones d n always consi/ ( lime only1 or1 m correctly1 c>bonate ( lime 7,ca,c,o#c71 b (t5 conta9 s& or clay1 & ! great] ! am\nt ( clay ! m readily ! /one s(t5s or swells4 ,ev5 :5 a lime/one has borne ?is prelim9>y te/ satisfactorily x %\ld be c>efully wat*$ = an h\r or two aft] imm]sion & %\ld be at once remov$ f ! wat] %\ld any fur!r *anges appe>4 ,/eep+4 ,! proc$ure to be obs]v$ is z foll[s4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ! salts may be remov$ v>ies directly ) ! quantity ( wat] us$ 9 /eep+4 ,! treatm5t ( objects ( small size pres5ts no difficulties2 any vessel ( glass1 porcela91 or e>!nw>e w s]ve ! purpose4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! treatm5t di/ill$ wat] %\ld be us$1 or 9 default ( ?is1 clean ra9 wat] %\ld be us$ 9 pref]5ce to t f a well4 ,= l>g] objects 7z1 = example1 ! l>ge lime/one blocks ( ! ,met5 ,*amb] m5tion$ above1 "s ( :i* 7 #a metre 9 l5g? & #a_/b metre or m 9 bread? & ?ickness71 x is conv5i5t to use wood5 tubs fitt$ ) a tap 9 front to draw (f ! wat]1 & s tilt$ by means ( /ones plac$ und]nea? t ! tap may be at ! l[e/ po9t4 ,! objects %\ld n t\* ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,small] pieces may be susp5d$ or may be made to re/ on glass r+s or supports ( glass rods2 :ile l>ge objects %\ld be laid on blocks ( wood s plac$ z to all[ ! tub to be clean$ :5 necess>y )\t removal ( ! blocks1 ! weight ( :i* w\ld o!rwise entail mu* lab\r4 ,! blocks %\ld be z ne> to ! surface ( ! wat] z possible1 leav+ a consid]able dep? ( wat] b5ea?1 = ! heavi] salt-lad5 wat] s9ks to ! bottom1 ?us br++ into contact ) ! lime/one wat] ) a small] salt-cont5t4 ,! l5g? ( ! /eep+ mu/ dep5d ^u ! size & porosity ( ! lime/one4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances ph5om5a make _! appe>ance :i* mu/ n be neglect$4 ,?us if ! treatm5t ext5ds ov] a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 ! wood5 tubs %\ld be provid$ ) lids to prev5t ! access ( light4 ,?is 0 f\nd indisp5sable 9 ! treatm5t ( ! blocks f ! ,met5 ,*amb] :5 ,b]l9 tap-wat]#hc 0 us$1 = :5 ! tubs 7 op5 a l>ge quantity ( br[n hydrat$ f]ric oxide appe>$ on ! lime/one1 ! r\ghness ( :i* r5d]$ its removal an impossibility ev5 ) bru%es4 ,?is oxide is produc$ by v>i\s =ms ( algae & bact]ia :i* develop$ 9 su* numb]s t ! sides ( ! tubs 7 frequ5tly cov]$ ) a lay] ( slime1 :i* "u ! microscope appe>$ z a confus$ web ( transp>5t ?reads#hd4 ,?is 0 bru%$ (f ) s(t bru%es at lea/ once a =tnight1 = ! slimy cov]+ imp$$ ! access ( ! wat] to ! lime/one4 ,t 9 ?is case ! f]ric oxide 0 ! result ( ! action ( light 0 prov$ by ! fact t only ^? blocks :i* 7 plac$ ne> ! w9d[s 7 discol\r$1 & t ! discol\ration 0 proportionate to ! am\nt ( light :i* fell ^u !m#he4 ,aga91 aft] ! treatm5t 9 ! cov]$ tubs "s ( ! blocks became s black t !y resembl$ blocks ( coal r ?an lime/one4 ,aft] exposure to light = a day or two1 especially :5 ! wat] _h be5 drawn (f1 ! discol\ration disappe>$ )\t leav+ any traces4 ,! col\r 0 d\btless due to a m9ute quantity ( iron 9 ! =m ( sulphide :i*1 aft] oxidation 9 ! air & light1 became invisible ^u ! light yell[ lime/one4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! pres5ce ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 ! wat]1 possibly produc$ by bact]ial action ^u ! sulphates1 0 atte/$ by ! *>act]i/ic smell4 ,! enorm\s numb] ( bact]ia :i* develop 9 ! wat] con/itute a great h9drance to ! process ( /eep+1 & z to boil su* a quantity ( wat] z is requir$ = ^! l>ge objects is out ( ! "q1 frequ5t *anges ( wat] & frequ5t clean+ ( ! /one1 wood5 blocks1 & tubs are ! only rem$ies4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,progress ( ! ,/eep+4 ,! wat] %\ld be *ang$ at fir/ daily1 !n by degrees e two1 ?ree1 or f\r days1 lat] on weekly only1 until f9ally once a =tnight is suffici5t4 ,to asc]ta9 ! progress & completion ( ! elim9ation ! quantity ( *lor9e 9 ! wa%-wat] may be det]m9$ by a simple me?od ( titration#hf4 ,! foll[+ %ort explanation may be ( use1 & ! me?od is easily le>nt4 ,if a solution ( silv] nitrate is p\r$ into a solution ( common salt 7sodium *loride71 a :ite curdy precipitate is produc$1 a process :i* ! foll[+ equation w expla93 ,na,cl ,ag,n,o#c ,ag,cl ,na,n,o#c4 ,! :ite precipitate is ! silv] *loride1 :il/ ! sodium nitrate :i* is produc$ at ! same "t rema9s 9 solution & is !re=e n visible4 ,z always def9ite proportions ( ! two sub/ances1 silv] nitrate & sodium *loride1 react ^u "o ano!r1 by ! use ( a solution conta9+ a kn[n am\nt ( silv] nitrate we c det]m9e ! am\nt ( salt1 & h5ce ( *lor9e pres5t4 ,by cauti\sly incl9+ a burette 7,fig4 #ac7 divid$ into t5?s ( cubic c5timetres#hg1 ! silv] solution %\ld be dropp$ into a beak] conta9+ a def9ite volume ( ! solution to be exam9$ = *lor9e2 ! level ( ! silv] solution 9 ! burette %\ld be read (f be=e & aft] p\r+ out1 & ! numb] ( cubic c5timetres ( ! silv] solution requir$ to precipitate ! *lor9e w ?us be kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,gay-,lussac's ,burette4 #a_/f nat4 size4 ,! process :5 c>ri$ out 9 ?is mann] has "o defect1 = x is necess>y to all[ ! precipitate to settle 9 ord] to see cle>ly :e!r an additional drop ( ! silv] solution w produce fur!r precipitation1 or :e!r x w m]ely cl\d ! fluid2 ?is defect c1 h[ev]1 be rem$i$ by means ( a s-call$ indicator4 ,a few drops ( a conc5trat$ solution ( neutral yell[ potassium *romate %\ld be add$ to ! fluid to be exam9$1 :i* is !reby col\r$ yell[2 ! solution is !n %ak5 or /irr$ ) a glass rod1 :ile ! silv] nitrate is dropp$ 94 ,e drop ( ! silv] solution w cause a r$ precipitate1 ! col\r ( :i* h[ev] disappe>s on /irr+ s long z !re is any *lor9e pres5t2 only :5 ! silv] solution has precipitat$ all ! *lor9e does ! r$ col\r become p]man5t1 & ?us ! *ange ( col\r ( ! :ole fluid f yell[ to r$ %[s ) exactness ! complete precipitation ( ! *lor9e4 ,= practical purposes all t is requir$ is ! s-call$ dec9ormal silv] solution1 & f ! numb] ( cubic c5timetres ( ?is solution :i* are requir$ to precipitate all ! *lor9e ! total am\nt ( *lor9e pres5t c be readily calculat$4 ,9 /eep+ small] objects be=e exam9ation ! :ole ( ! wat] %\ld be well /irr$ ) a glass rod or p\r$ two or ?ree times f "o vessel into ano!r3 #ajj1 #ej or #be cubic c5timetres are !n p\r$ into a graduat$ glass or drawn up into a pipette4 ,! wat] %\ld be drawn up by suction slightly above ! level ( ! m>k ^u ! /em ( ! pipette1 ! upp] end ( :i* is imm$iately clos$ ) ! ?umb4 ,by slightly rais+ ! ?umb ! wat] is all[$ to run (f until its upp] surface is exactly level ) ! m>k4 ,! am\nt tak5 is !n plac$ into a beak] 7= #ajj cubic c5timetres a beak] ( #djj c4c4 capacity %\ld be us$71 &1 aft] ! addition ( a few drops ( a solution ( potassium *romate1 is exam9$ by titration4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( l>ge objects1 = :i* tubs are requir$1 ! necess>y quantity ( wat] may be drawn by means ( a long pipette f ! bottom ( ! tub1 :]e ! quantity ( salt is always greate/1 or ?r\gh ! tap at ! bottom ( ! tub 7z 0 done ) ! blocks f ! ,met5 ,*amb]1 9 :i* case ab\t #a litre 0 drawn (f into a glass out ( :i* #ajj c4c4 7 tak5 = titration74 ,to obta9 results :i* are comp>able1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! object is always z ne>ly z possible 9 ! same quantity ( wat]4 ,aft] plac+ ! l>g] blocks 9 ! wat]1 "o exam9ation %\ld be made dur+ ! fir/ few days1 :5 ! titration may require #bj c4c4 or m ( silv] solution4 ,!re is no ne$ to exam9e = *lor9e :ile ! wat] is be+ frequ5tly *ang$3 inde$1 9 ord] to economise ! silv] solution1 ?is ne$ n be begun until ! second mon?1 :5 ! wat] is *ang$ e =tnight4 ,z has be5 /at$ above1 x is only necess>y to read (f ! numb] ( cubic c5timetres ( ! solution us$ 9 ! titration1 = ! decrease 9 ^! figures is a suffici5t indication ( ! progress ( ! op]ation1 :ile ! dim9ution ( ! *lor9e-cont5t may be tak5 z an indication ( ! simultane\s removal ( ! sulphates#hh4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( small objects 9 di/ill$ wat]1 ! process may be reg>d$ z complete if ! r$ col\r is obta9$ on ! addition ( f "o to two drops 7i4e4 ab\t #a_/aj to #a_/e cubic c5timetre7 ( ! silv] solution4 ,if1 :5 tap-wat] is us$1 & is be+ *ang$ at int]vals ( a =tnight or a mon?1 ! e/imations give a con/ant result betwe5 #jf & #aj1 ! treatm5t ne$ n be c>ri$ fur!r4 ,! accompany+ table %[s ! figures obta9$ f ?ree l>ge blocks f ! ,met5 ,*amb]4 ,!y repres5t ! numb] ( cubic c5timetres ( dec9ormal silv] solution us$ = #ajj c4c4 ( ! wat]1 :i* 0 *ang$ e =tnight4 ,! fir/ column on ! left %[s ! dates ^u :i* ! /ones 7 plac$ 9 ! tubs3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #c ,feb4 #g ,apr4 #d ,may #b ,june#be ,aug4#bb ,sep4 #d ,nov4 #a ,dec4#ab ,jan4 #ahij #ahia ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #cj #be #bc #ad #aj #ji #jh #jh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #be ,apr4 #i ,may #ah ,july #a ,aug4#be ,nov4#bc ,dec4#af ,feb4#bi ,aug4#ab ,sep4 #ahic #ahid ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #fj #ef #di #bj #ag #ae #jh #jh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #bi ,july#bh ,oct4#be ,nov4#bc ,dec4#bj ,jan4#af ,feb4 #a ,aug4#bi ,aug4#ab ,sep4 #ahic #ahid ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #cj #bj #ae #ac #aa #jg #jh #jg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,:5 repeat$ exam9ations gave a fairly con/ant result ( #jg-jh cubic c5timetre ! process 0 reg>d$ z complete1 = ,b]l9 tap-wat] itself conta9s small quantities ( *lor9e comp\nds1 #ajj c4c4 requir+ f #jd to #jf c4c4 dec9ormal silv] solution4 ,be=e us+ ! wat] f a well or f wat]works1 x %\ld be exam9$ to asc]ta9 ! numb] ( cubic c5timetres ( silv] solution requir$ to produce ! r$ col\ration4 ,z ! am\nt ( *lor9e comp\nds 9 ! wat] may v>y x is advisable to repeat ! exam9ation#hi4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! rapidity ) :i* salts c be completely extract$ f small pieces ( lime/one4 ,! lime/ones 7 plac$ 9 tap-wat] 9 ?ree glass cyl9d]s1 ea* conta9+ #b litres2 ! am\nt ( silv] solution requir$ = ! wat] 0 #jde c4c4 p] #ajj c4c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 ( days ( soak+ 9 wat] #a #a #a #b #b #d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a,weight 9 grammes #ajgcd c4c4#adaajgjeje;cubic c5timetres ( dec9ormal silv] solution4 #b,weight 9 grammes #ffcj c4c4#abjgje --#je;cubic c5timetres ( dec9ormal silv] solution4 #c,weight 9 grammes #dgcf c4c4#jhjfje --#je;cubic c5timetres ( dec9ormal silv] solution4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,^! figures %[ ! numb]s ( ! c4c4 ( silv] solution us$ = e #ajj c4c4 ( ! wat]1 :i* 0 *ang$ aft] #a1 #b1 etc4 days z %[n above4 ,aft] #i to #aa days !re=e ! /ones c\ld be decl>$ free f salt4 ,if ! accuracy ( ! titration me?od be consid]$ unnecess>y1 ei!r on acc\nt ( ! small numb] or size ( ! objects to be treat$1 or = reasons ( exp5se 7! outlay requir$ is h[ev] v small71 a solution ( unkn[n /r5g? may be us$4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ! degree ( turbidity produc$ on mix+ ! silv] nitrate solution ) ! tap-wat]1 & t produc$ ) ! wa%-wat]1 w enable ! progress ( ! op]ation to be gaug$4 ,advantages & ,disadvantages4 ,al?\gh /eep+ removes ! cause ( decay1 i4e4 ! salts conta9$ 9 ! lime/one1 & al?\gh p]man5ce may be consid]$ z c]ta91 !re are c]ta9ly "s disadvantages connect$ ) ! process1 especially :5 ! pieces1 on acc\nt ( _! size1 mu/ rema9 9 ! wat] = "s l5g? ( "t4 ,"s l>ge & v ?ick blocks f ! ,met5 ,*amb] requir$ to be soak$ = m ?an a ye>4 ,! small quantity ( c>bonic acid :i* is always f\nd 9 wat] dissolves small quantities ( calcium c>bonate1 ?us ! %>p cont\rs ( prom95t p>ts may become some:at r\nd$4 ,lime/ones :i* h develop$ fissures may1 on imm]sion1 lose small portions :i* might o!rwise h rema9$ atta*$1 ?\gh probably = a :ile only4 ,9 su* cases x mu/ be c>efully not$ f :i* block1 & f :i* "p ( x1 ! fragm5t has brok5 (f1 9 ord] t x may be replac$#ij4 ,lime/ones :i* are mu* crack$1 or :i* are likely to fall to pieces1 %\ld be wrapp$ r\nd ) gauze1 or held toge!r ) tw9e1 be=e !y are put 9 ! wat]4 ,9 addition to ! p]man5t pres]vation ( ! object "s o!r small] advantages ( ?is me?od may be m5tion$3 = example1 ! lay] ( du/ :i* is (t5 pres5t is remov$ & ?us traces ( col\rs may be br\ght out by ! /eep+ :i* _h be5 conceal$ by x4 ,?us c]ta9 rema9s ( col\r m5tion$ by ,lepsius#ia z be+ /ill visible 9 8 "t ^u "s ( ! blocks f ! ,met5 ,*amb] 7 no long] visible :5 we took !m 9 h&4 ,moreov] traces ( gre5 col\r+ :i* 7 visible aft] ! treatm5t 9 ! eyes ( a few l>ge figures 9 relief 7 probably evid5ce t col\rs _h =m]ly be5 pres5t4 ,dry+4 ,:5 ! /eep+ is f9i%$ ! lime/one is tak5 out to be dri$4 ,small objects may be plac$ ^u a glass r+1 wood5 tripod or "s su* appliance1 :i* admits air on all sides1 & may ?us be dri$ by ! air only4 ,a piece ( pap] laid loosely ov] !m w protect !m f du/4 ,9 w9t] a hot /ove1 or simil> s\rce ( heat1 af=ds a satisfactory me?od ( dry+1 b wet /ones mu/ n ( c\rse be plac$ directly ^u ! hot iron /ove plate le/ spots ( ru/ %\ld be produc$ ^u ! /one4 ,l>ge blocks are pref]ably dri$ 9 dry+ *amb]s 9 :i* 9 summ] "t a /rong draught is obta9$ by op5+ w9d[s on opposite sides1 & :i* 9 w9t] are /rongly heat$ & op5$ e n[ & !n = a %ort "t4 ,! lime/ones %\ld be laid ^u wood5 blocks to all[ air to pass b5ea? !m1 :ile !y mu/ be gu>d$ f du/ bo? above & at ! sides ) %eets ( pap]4 ,sev]al mon?s are (t5 requir$ to dry l>ge blocks completely4 ,impregnation4 ,:5 lime/ones h be5 completely dri$1 especially if !y are s(t1 x is (t5 advisable to impregnate !m ) "o or o!r ( ! impregnation ag5ts4 ,to economize mat]ial1 l>ge objects may be pa9t$ ov] once or twice ) a solution ( ! mat]ial *os51 b small] objects %\ld be imm]s$ 9 ! solution until air-bubbles are no long] =m$4 ,if !re is a supply ( tap-wat] ) suffici5tly good pressure1 rapid & complete p5etration by ! fluid c be ensur$ by plac+ ! object 9 a vessel conta9+ ! necess>y fluid "u a bell glass1 ! air f :i* is !n exhau/$ by a wat] air-pump#ib4 ,figure #ad illu/rates ! application ( su* an air-pump fix$ to ! wat]-tap by means ( an india-rubb] tube :i* is firmly b\nd ) wire4 ,an india-rubb] /opp] p]=at$ to admit a glass tube is fix$ 9 ! top ( ! bell glass1 :ile ! smoo? gr\nd edge & ! ?ick gr\nd glass plate ^u :i* x re/s are sme>$ ) grease or vasel9e4 ,! side tube ( ! air-pump is connect$ ) ! int]ior ( ! bell glass by an india-rubb] tube :i* is suffici5tly /rong to resi/ ! pressure ( ! out] air1 & ?us :5 ! tap is op5$ ! pressure ( ! fl[ ( wat] c>ries ) x ! air f ! bell glass ) :i* ! pump is connect$4 ,if ! wat]-tap is sudd5ly turn$ (f :5 ! air is exhau/$ ! pressure ( ! out] air w =ce ! wat] into ! bell & cause x to mix ) ! solution ( res9 or v>ni%4 ,to prev5t ?is1 a /op-cock or valve %\ld be ins]t$1 or ! wat]-tap %\ld n be turn$ (f until ! /opp] ( ! bell-glass has be5 cauti\sly rais$4 ,a second glass tube provid$ ) a /op-cock may be pass$ ?r\gh ! india-rubb] cork & connect$ ) a manomet] to measure ! progressive action ( ! pump 7,figure #ae74 ,:5 air-bubbles cease to come f ! object "u treatm5t1 ! glass tap %\ld be clos$ & ! manomet] remov$1 aft] :i* ! glass tap %\ld be aga9 op5$ & ! wat]-tap clos$#ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,air-pump fix$ to wat]-tap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,app>atus = impregnation by extraction ( air fitt$ to manomet]4 ,if ! object is ( "s l5g? b n too ?ick1 ! bell-glass may be fix$ on a /rong glass cyl9d] ( a simil> diamet] hav+ a gr\nd edge 7,fig4 #ae71 into :i* ! object & ! impregnat+ solution are !n plac$4 ,! foll[+ solutions1 among/ o!rs1 may be recomm5d$ z suitable = impregnation3 7#a7 ,%ellac dissolv$ 9 alcohol4 7#b7 ,solution ( gum-damm>#id4 #ae grammes ( damm> are dissolv$ 9 #acj grammes ( b5z9e1 to :i* is add$ a solution ( #bj grammes ( cl>ifi$ poppy se$ oil 9 turp5t9e4 ,if ! solution becomes too ?ick x %\ld be dilut$ ) b5z9e & a small quantity ( turp5t9e4 7#c7 ,rice wat] or tapioca wat]#ie4 7#d7 ,dilute size4 7#e7 ,wat]glass solution4 7#f7 ,l9se$ oil dissolv$ 9 b5z9e4 7#g7 ,l9se$ v>ni% dissolv$ 9 #c p>ts ( b5z9e or petroleum e!r4 7#h7 ,solutions ( /e>9e or p>aff9 wax 9 b5z9e4 7#i7 ,collodion 7free f acid74 ,zapon#if4 7#aj7 ,kessl]'s fluate4 ,x may be add$ t1 z a g5]al rule1 solutions = ?is purpose mu/ be us$ z dilute z possible1 = two imm]sions 9 a dilute solution are pref]able to a s+le soak+ 9 a conc5trat$ "o1 :i* (t5 sc>cely p5etrates into ! pores4 ,z ! prep>ation ( solutions ( %ellac1 gum-damm>1 & ( su* sub/ances z res91 /e>9e1 & p>aff91 necessitates heat+1 & z ! solv5ts are v inflammable1 x is advisable to make use ( ! solution ( l9se$ v>ni% 9 b5z9e4 ,?is solution may be obta9$ at any "t at any degree ( conc5tration )\t ! use ( heat4 ,al?\gh x has ! advantage t x h>d5s m rapidly ?an a simple solution ( l9se$ oil x has also "o disadvantage1 = x gives a some:at d>k] col\r to light-col\r$ lime/ones4 ,no m ( ! mixture ( v>ni% & b5z9e %\ld be prep>$ ?an is requir$ = ! impregnation1 = ?is solution1 on /&+1 ?r[s d[n a gelat9\s precipitate :i* is n re-dissolv$ ev5 by heat+4 ,z ?is alt]ation is accel]at$ by ! action ( light1 ! mixture %\ld always be kept 9 a d>k place4 ,collodion & zapon#if1 on acc\nt ( ! exp5se1 %\ld only be us$ = small objects4 ,aft] impregnation ! objects %\ld be cov]$ ) glass j>s1 c>dbo>d boxes1 etc41 to prev5t ! precipitation ( moi/ure ^u !m1 z ! result ( ! rapid evaporation ( su* volatile sub/ances z b5z9e & e!r ^u exposure to ! op5 air4 ,rice wat]1 tapioca wat]1 or size 7! latt] ( no great] /r5g? ?an #b7 are only applicable to specim5s :i* are kept 9 dry rooms1 = 9 damp rooms !y readily become /icky1 & are liable to be attack$ by m\lds4 ,wat]glass solution1 probably because x is g5]ally appli$ 9 too conc5trat$ a =m1 in/ead ( p5etrat+ ! object has a t5d5cy to =m a pellicle1 :i* readily /rips (f4 ,ev5 dilute solutions1 h[ev]1 are said to be unsuitable1 f ! liability to ! effloresc5ce ( alkali salts4 ,9 ! case ( m>ble objects & antique /atues ( por\s lime/one1 %[+ col\rs :i* are /ill bright on excavation1 b :i* w\ld soon fade1 ,rh\sopulos#ig recomm5ds impregnation ) a v dilute solution 7#a 9 #ajjj7 ( wat]glass to pres]ve ! col\r4 ,! solution %\ld be z neutral z possible3 9 any case n alkal9e4 ,?is is sev]al times spray$ ^u ! object1 :i* is all[$ to completely dry betwe5 ea* spray+4 ,a mat]ial :i* is suitable = l>ge objects to :i* ! solution c only be appli$ ^u ! surface is ,kessl]'s fluate#ih1 :i* is soluble 9 wat]1 & :i* h>d5s ! lime/one )\t completely clos+ ! pores4 ,x (f]s ! additional advantage t x is applicable to ?ick lime/one blocks1 ! dryness ( :i* is n c]ta94 ,! solutions numb]$ #a-i mu/ only be us$ :5 ! lime/one is dry ?r\gh\t its mass4 ,! fluate to be us$ 9 any p>ticul> in/ance mu/ be decid$ f ! nature ( ! case4 ,^? mo/ g5]ally applicable are magnesium & z9c fluates & ! s-call$ d\ble fluate4 ,! /ones f ! ,met5 ,*amb] 7 h>d5$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! lime/one blocks 7 plac$ upright & ! surface du/$ by ! air-curr5t f a ,de*5d's spray app>atus#ii :i* 0 !n us$ to spray !m repeat$ly ) a solution ( d\ble fluate ( sp4 gr4 #aaf4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! injuri\s effect ( ! f9e spray ( ! fluate ^u ! nose & lungs ! /ones 7 turn$ to a horizontal position1 & a solution ( fluate ( sp4 gr4 #ach 0 appli$ by means ( a l>ge bru% until ! fluid 0 no long] absorb$4 ,= ! treatm5t ( lime/ones on :i* !re are rema9s ( col\rs ! use ( a solution ( %ellac1 gum-damm>1 or collodion is recomm5d$4 ,fluates %\ld n be appli$ until _! suitability = ! p>ticul> purpose has be5 te/$4 ,all specim5s %\ld be kept aft] impregnation 9 rooms :i* z f> z possible are free f du/1 = ! du/ :i* falls ^u ! surface w set 9 ! v>ni% :il/ x is h>d5+4 ,,impregnation ,,)\t ,,previ\s ,,/eep+4 ,if a prelim9>y exam9ation has %[n t specim5s ( lime/one w n be> /eep+ 9 wat]1 rec\rse c be _h to impregnation only4 ,! treatm5t ( su* specim5s mu/ be ?or\gh1 = m]ely to pa9t ! fluid ^u ! surface ) a bru% almo/ inv>iably proves a failure4 ,in/ead ( p5etrat+ ! /one ! impregnat+ m$ium =ms a firm coat+ :i* is liable to be lift$1 & 9 p>ts brok51 by ! cry/allisation ( salts1 & ?us all[s ! de/ructive processes to cont9ue un9t]rupt$4 ,aque\s solutions1 e4g4 size1 _c ( c\rse be appli$1 & z x is necess>y to make a prelim9>y trial ( a fluate spray1 x is g5]ally f\nd pref]able to make use ( ! v>ni%-b5z9e mixture4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 salts may /ill make _! appe>ance 9 ! =m ( a cry/all9e p[d]y lay] on ! surface1 :i* c be wip$ (f ) a wet sponge2 any moi/ure mu/ h[ev] be remov$ ) a s(t dry l95 clo?4 ,,removal ,,( ,,incru/ations ,,& ,,du/4 ,incru/ations ( e>?1 lime1 or gypsum %\ld be wa%$ (f ) wat] or remov$ by me*anical means1 su* z g5tle rubb+ ) ! f+]4 ,! solv5t action ( acids ^u lime/one precludes _! use = ?is purpose4 ,any du/ :i* adh]es c be remov$ by rubb+ ) /ale bread-crumb4 7b7 ,m>ble & ,alaba/]4 ,x is usually only necess>y to clean m>ble ) a s(t bru% & w>m wat]1 ) ! addition p]haps ( "s good neutral soap4 ,9 r>e cases ! pres5ce ( sulphates may p]haps cause "s friability4 ,! cry/all9e /ructure ( m>ble r5d]s /eep+ futile1 & accord+ly impregnation is resort$ to4 ,! use ( ,kessl]'s fluates may be recomm5d$4 ,adh]5t pit* or res9 is be/ remov$ by a mixture ( alcohol & e!r4 ,alaba/] seems to rema9 p]man5tly s\nd & may be clean$ 9 ! same way4 7c7 ,e>!nw>e4 ,,/eep+4 ,! same l9e ( treatm5t %\ld be foll[$ z 9 ! case ( lime/ones4 ,a prelim9>y exam9ation %\ld always be made to te/ ! p[] ( resi/ance 9 wat]1 :i* is always satisfactory if ! clay has be5 suffici5tly bak$4 ,9 ! case ( col\r$ t]ra-cotta c>e %\ld be tak5 to asc]ta9 :e!r ! col\rs are likely to suff] dur+ /eep+4 ,!re is no dang] ( injury if ! /eep+ is n too prolong$2 9 fact1 ! removal ( ! du/ dur+ ! proc$ure (t5 br+s out ! col\rs m cle>ly4 ,if ! ,egyptian o/raca 7clay fragm5ts ) black script7 require to be wa%$ !y %\ld be c>efully wat*$ 9 ord] to pres]ve ! script1 & !re=e %\ld be plac$ 9 ! ba? 9 su* a way t ! lett]+ is visible4 ,^! fragm5ts are usually curv$ & be> ! script ^u ! convex side1 c>e %\ld !re=e be tak5 t !y are completely imm]s$1 & t no l>ge air-bubbles prev5t ! access ( ! wat] to any "p ( ! "u-surface4 ,! writ+ is done ) ei!r lamp-black or m r>ely "s =m ( iron ink1 & is reta9$ me*anically by ! por\s "* ( ! o/raca4 ,9 ! latt] case ! *>act]s may be enhanc$ by ! application ( a dilute solution ( tannic acid1 :i* sometimes proves useful also = lime/one pieces4 ,if ^! fragm5ts are suffici5tly few 9 numb] to all[ ea* to be put into a sep>ate glass vessel1 ! wa%+ out ( ! salts is complet$ s quickly t !re ne$ be little dang] ( obscur+ ! script4 ,:5 l>ge numb]s 7 to be wa%$ & :5 ! script 0 already indi/9ct ,i h employ$ ! foll[+ me?od3 ,aft] exam9ation z to _! fitness = imm]sion ! fragm5ts are plac$ on a wood5 grat+ 9 a tub1 9 :i* !y rema9 = a c\ple ( days1 dur+ :i* ! wat] is r5ew$ once4 ,!y are !n tak5 out & all[$ to dry4 ,all ^? :i* /ill %[ ! script di/9ctly are sep>at$ & _! /eep+ is complet$1 b ! rema9d]1 hav+ be5 completely dri$1 p]haps on ! top ( a w>m /ove1 are bru%$ ov] once or twice ) a dilute 7#a3f7 mixture ( v>ni% & b5z9e 9 su* a way t ! surface is only moi/5$1 & :5 dry %[s no gloss4 ,! pieces ?us sup]ficially v>ni%$ are kept 9 a dry place = ab\t two mon?s1 until ! v>ni% is h>d5$2 ! process ( wa%+ out ! salt is !n begun aga94 ,! ?9 coat ( v>ni% fixes ! script )\t int]f]+ ) ! /eep+4 ,! v>ni% solution mu/ be dilute1 = a ?ick coat+ w p>tially peel (f f ! object 9 ! c\rse ( ! /eep+1 or w rema9 9 ! pores 9 ! =m ( opaque p>ticles1 & ?us r5d] ! script illegible4 ,! same difficulty :i* arose 9 ! treatm5t ( ! ,met5 lime/ones 0 frequ5tly met ) 9 ! treatm5t ( ^! o/raca4 ,^? :i* 7 ( a d>k br[n col\r especially1 & to a less degree also ! r$ & ! yell[1 7 cov]$ ) a slimy gr[? ( algae4 ,z ! script is easily de/roy$ no attempt %\ld be made to remove ^! algae f ! side :i* be>s ! script ev5 ) ! s(te/ bru%1 al?\gh !y %\ld f "t to "t dur+ /eep+ be bru%$ f ! und]side4 ,! inconv5i5ce caus$ by algae is1 h[ev]1 less m>k$ 9 ! treatm5t ( e>!nw>e1 ! light & por\s "* ( :i* r5d]s prolong$ /eep+ ne$less1 nor is !re ! same necessity to cont9ue ! /eep+ = ! purpose ( *lor9e e/imation4 ,! foll[+ results 7 obta9$ 9 ! treatm5t ( #ac fragm5ts1 ! av]age ?ickness ( :i* 0 #a cm4 #c_/h? in*1 ) an av]age sup]ficial area ( #a_/aj sq4 metre #d in*es4 ,! tub 9 :i* !y 7 /eep$ conta9$ #he litres #ah-a_/b gallons ( wat]4 #ajj cubic c5timetres ( ! tap-wat] us$ 7 f\nd to require #je c4c4 ( ! silv] solution1 & on ea* occasion ?is quantity ( ! wat] 0 te/$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,wat] *ang$ aft] #a #a #a #a #b #b #b #d #e days ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ajj c4c4 ( ! wat] us$ 9 #cj #ac #aj #jh #ji #jg #jg #jf #jf c4c4 /eep+ ( silv] requir$ solution ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! wat] 0 *ang$ at fir/ daily1 !n e two days1 & s on3 ! /eep+ c\ld !re=e be reg>d$ z complete at ! end ( a =tnight4 ,a small figure ( e>!nw>e1 :i* weigh$ only #bhi grammes1 0 /eep$ 9 #a-a_/b litres ( di/ill$ wat]1 & gave ! foll[+ result = e #ajj c4c4 us$3 ,wat] *ang$ aft] #b days requir$ #cf c4c4 silv] solution4 ,wat] *ang$ aft] #c days requir$ #jd c4c4 silv] solution4 ,wat] *ang$ aft] #d days requir$ #jj c4c4 silv] solution4 ,! /eep+ 01 !re=e1 9 reality complete aft] five days1 &1 z ! /eep+ wat] 0 ?or\ghly mix$ be=e ! )drawal ( ! #ajj c4c41 ! total quantity ( sodium *loride conta9$ 9 ! figure c be calculat$ z foll[s3 ,= ! #ae? "p 7viz4 #ajj c4c47 ( ! wat] #cf #jd1 i4e4 #dj c4c41 ( dec9ormal silv] solution 7 us$1 :i* is equival5t to #ae #dj1 i4e4 #fj c4c41 ( silv] solution = ! :ole quantity4 ,n[ #a c4c4 ( ?is dec9ormal solution corresponds to #jjjehd gramme ( sodium *loride2 ! wat] !re=e conta9$ #fj #jjjehd gr41 or #jce gr4 sodium *loride4 ,?us ! figure conta9$ altoge!r #a-a_/e ( sodium *loride4 ,9 addition to ! *lor9e comp\nds1 !re 0 also a consid]able quantity ( sulphates1 ! pres5ce & disappe>ance ( :i* 7 te/$ by add+ to a few cubic c5timetres ( ! wat] a dilute solution ( b>ium nitrate or ( b>ium *loride#ajj4 ,! soluble b>ium salts give ) sulphates a :ite precipitate or cl\d9ess ( insoluble b>ium sulphate4 ,if !re=e on ! addition ( a solution ( b>ium nitrate no cl\d9ess appe>s1 ev5 aft] "s "t1 x may be conclud$ t sulphates are no long] pres5t 9 ! wat]4 ,:5 ! o/raca h be5 wa%$ & dri$1 x is (t5 possible to make ! script m di/9ct by v>ni%+ !m ov] ) a v>ni%-b5z9e mixture 7#a3f74 ,x is advisable to subject friable objects ( e>!nw>e to ! process ( impregnation 7cp4 ! impregnation ( unbak$ clay1 p4 #ha74 ,,! ,,removal ,,( ,,incru/ations4 ,incru/ations ( e>? or lime c be easily remov$ if ! e>!nw>e has be5 well bak$1 b trial mu/ fir/ be made ) a drop ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 :e!r ! e>!nw>e itself is n attack$ by ! acid4 ,! specim5 is !n plac$ ^u a glass r+ or susp5d$ 9 wat] conta9+ #b ( hydro*loric acid#aja4 ,?is mixture1 :i* mu/ be r5ew$ e #bd h\rs1 w remove incru/ations :i* x w\ld be difficult to remove by me*anical means1 :ile cry/als ( gypsum ( consid]able size1 :i* are (t5 f\nd on clay tablets ( ,assyrian orig91 are easily dissolv$ 9 f two to f\r days4 ,figures #af to #ba repres5t two ,assyrian tablets :i* h be5 clean$ by myself 9 ?is mann]4 ,x w be se5 t ! cunei=m *>act]s1 :i* be=e treatm5t 7 almo/ invisible1 are n[ di/9ctly legible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,assyrian clay tablet ) incru/ations4 ,be=e & aft] treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,assyrian clay tablet be=e & aft] treatm5t4 ,aft] ?is treatm5t ) acidulat$ wat] ! acid mu/ itself be remov$ by c>eful wa%+ 9 pure wat]4 ,"h too a solution ( silv] nitrate w s]ve z a te/1 =1 s long z any *lor9e1 & !re=e any hydro*loric acid1 is pres5t 9 ! wat]1 a :ite precipitate or cl\d9ess is produc$4 ,! me?od ( titration ) yell[ potassium *romate is n applicable "h1 = ! free acid prev5ts ! appe>ance ( ! r$ precipitate4 ,! /eep+ mu/ !re=e be cont9u$ 9 di/ill$ wat] until ! addition ( silv] nitrate no long] produces any cl\d9ess4 ,bak$ e>!nw>e :i* %[s col\r+1 or :i* has incis$ l9es fill$ ) sub/ances conta9+ lime1 mu/ n be /eep$ 9 acidulat$ wat]1 nor w o/raca be>+ inscriptions 9 iron ink /& ?is treatm5t2 ^! are1 h[ev]1 =tunately r>e3 9 fact among/ sev]al ?\s& fragm5ts few h %[n incru/ations ( lime or gypsum4 ,%\ld any su* be f\nd a cauti\s attempt %\ld be made to remove ! incru/ations by "s me*anical means4 ,rh\sopulos#ajb c>ries out ! clean+ ( ,lecy?oi#ajc & clay vases1 :i* are pa9t$ 9 wat]-col\rs & :i* h a ?9 :ite incru/ation1 by dipp+ !m into a #e solution ( pure hydro*loric acid4 ,z soon z ! col\rs %[ ! lea/ sign ( runn+1 or if an effloresc5ce makes its appe>ance1 ! vase is imm$iately remov$ & all[$ to dry4 ,x is !n dipp$ into di/ill$ wat] & all[$ to dry a second "t4 ,impregnation is n necess>y4 ,if ! treatm5t is o!rwise successful1 b an e>?y lay] rema9s ^u ! col\r1 ! spots :i* are ?us affect$ are lightly t\*$ ) ! f+] :il/ ! object is /ill 9 ! liquid4 ,rubb+1 or any sort ( me*anical attack1 is absolutely out ( ! "q4 ,?is process evid5tly requires ! greate/ c>e & con/ant att5tion4 7d7 ,slightly ,bak$ ,or ,unbak$ ,clay4 ,,impregnation4 ,if ^u exam9ation x is f\nd t a drop ( wat] s(t5s ! clay1 ! same l9e ( treatm5t mu/ be foll[$ z 9 ! case ( lime/ones :i* exhibit a simil> condition 7see p4 #gc71 i4e4 !y mu/ be subject$ to ! process ( impregnation#ajd4 ,z ! col\r ( ! clay objects is yell[-br[n or r$-br[n1 ! v>ni% b5z9e mixture w be ! mo/ suitable application = ! purpose4 ,a consid]able numb] ( sun-dri$ ,assyrian clay tablets treat$ 9 ?is mann] h giv5 good results1 & h und]gone no *ange dur+ ! la/ five ye>s1 9 fact !y may n[ ev5 be laid 9 wat] )\t crumbl+4 ,9 ! case ( slightly bak$ or unbak$ ,babylonian clay tablets ! me?od =m]ly employ$ 0 m]ely to remove deposits ( lime1 clay1 gypsum1 etc41 by lift+ or scrap+ !m away ) po9t$ or w$ge-%ap$ tools1 = ! s(t clay w\ld n /& treatm5t ) wat]1 /ill less ) #b hydro*loric acid4 ,! difficulty 9 avoid+ damage to ! clay surface1 :5 remov+ ! deposit1 makes ?is me?od bo? t$i\s & risky4 ,w>m+ to #bjj-cjj;,c4 9 a dry+ ov51 or 9 an iron box emb$d$ 9 s&1 seldom aids ! removal ( incru/ations2 moreov]1 ?is treatm5t has no h>d5+ effect ^u ! clay1 & ?us does n facilitate ! removal ( ! injuri\s salts by soak+4 ,a fur!r exp$i5t !re=e rema9s1 t ( heat+ ! clay to high] temp]ature1 :]eby x is fully bak$ & r5d]$ capable ( resi/+ subsequ5t treatm5t ) wat] or #b hydro*loric acid4 ,at ! ,royal ,museum ?is fir+ is done 9 muffle furnaces#aje1 ! small] ( :i* has a capacity ( ab\t "o cubic foot1 & is heat$ by six & twelve ,buns5 burn]s4 ,! temp]ature is regulat$ 9 ! same way z 9 porcela9 manufacture by ! use ( ,seg]'s cones#aje1 :i* are plac$ 9 ! muffle1 :]e !y c be se5 ?r\gh ! obs]vation ap]ture4 ,to avoid crack+ ! heat+ mu/ be gradual1 ! gas-supply be+ v gradually increas$4 ,! fir+ mu/ at fir/ be adju/$ to cone #jbb #eij;,c42 ,watk91 ,no4 #a1 #ajid;,f42 ! gas is !n turn$ (f & ! furnace all[$ to cool z sl[ly z possible4 ,to effect ?is ! damp] is clos$ & all op5+s into ! muffle are made up ) fire clay4 ,! clay tablet is remov$ :5 q cold 7usually 9 #ah-bd h\rs71 &1 z a rule1 mu* ( ! incru/ation c !n be remov$ by means ( a s(t bru%4 ,%\ld ! removal prove difficult1 & a prelim9>y trial h %[n t x w be> ! treatm5t1 ! removal ( ! deposits w be assi/$ by soak+ = two or ?ree days 9 wat]4 ,%\ld ! tablet prove capable ( be>+ treatm5t ) #b hydro*loric acid x may rema9 9 ! acid = #ab to #ah h\rs4 ,if necess>y ! acid may be r5ew$ once2 x mu/ !n be ?or\ghly remov$ by /eep+ 9 ord9>y wat] & f9ally 9 di/ill$ wat]1 until ! wa%-wat] is free f *lorides4 ,aft] /eep+1 ! tablets w be f\nd some:at s(t5$ & occasionally coat$ ) a slimy gr[? ( algae1 c>e mu/ !re=e be us$ 9 *ang+ or tak+ !m f ! wat]4 ,! be/ way to h&le !m is to place ! f+]s ( ! two h&s "u ! tablet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,babylonian clay cone be=e treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,babylonian clay cone aft] treatm5t--fir+1 treatm5t ) hydro*loric acid & /eep+4 ,aft] ?or\ghly dry+ ! tablets fir/ 9 ! air1 !n 9 ! dry+ ov5 at a temp]ature ( #bab;,f41 support$ on glass r+s1 x is well to impregnate !m4 ,?is c be be/ c>ri$ out by plac+ !m1 :ile /ill w>m1 into melt$ p>aff9 wax1 & rais+ ! temp]ature to ab\t #bej;,f4 #abj;,c44 ,! wax is all[$ to cool to ab\t #afj;,f4 #gj;,c41 :5 ! tablet is remov$ ^u a broad b& ( gauze1 any excess ( wax is dra9$ (f1 & ! object is wip$ ) a s(t clo?4 ,! b5z9e-v>ni% mixture or zapon may also be us$ = impregnation4 ,if heat+ 9 ! muffle to ,seg] cone #jbb is insuffici5t to all[ ( ! removal ( ! incru/ations1 or if ! condition ( ! clay does n w>rant soak+ 9 wat] or acid1 ! object mu/ be aga9 plac$ 9 ! muffle & fir$ to ,seg] cone #jaj #iej;,c42 ,watk91 ,no4 #ac1 #agdb;,f41 &1 if s(t5+ occurs ^u ! application ( wat] or acid aft] exposure to ?is temp]ature1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to a ?ird heat+ to ,seg] cone #je #ajej;,c42 ,watk91 ,no4 #ah1 #aibb;,f44 ,high] temp]atures ?an ?is are n advisable1 = ! lime1 sodium *loride1 & o!r salts f\nd 9 "s ,babylonian tablets may p>tially fuse4 ,dur+ fir+ !re=e ! appe>ance ( ! object mu/ be c>efully wat*$1 & ! temp]ature l[]$ at once by r$uc+ ! gas-supply1 if signs ( fusion are notic$4 ,,additional ,,me?ods ,,( ,,impregnation4 ,if clay objects h a smoo? surface1 x is1 accord+ to ! ,m]kbu*#ajf1 advisable to impregnate !m ) ,belmontyl oil#ajg1 = v>ni% 9 ! c\rse ( dry+ gives a lacqu]$ appe>ance to ! surface4 ,accord+ to ! same au?ority ! surface ( glaz$ vessels c be re/or$ by impregnat+ !m sev]al times ) a mixture ( poppy se$ oil & b5z9e #bj grammes cl>ifi$ poppy se$ oil 9 #bgj gr4 b5z9e1 i4e4 #a 9 #ac-a_/b1 & by subsequ5tly bru%+ !m fir/ ) s(t1 !n ) h>d] bru%es4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m o!r sub/ances us$ 9 diff]5t collections = impregnation1 a few ( :i* are subjo9$4 ,9 ! ,museum at ,vi5na friable clay objects are laid = two or ?ree m9utes 9 a dilute solution ( w>m size1 & :5 dry are bru%$ ov] ) a solution ( %ellac2 size alone1 or a solution ( %ellac alone1 is frequ5tly us$ = impregnation1 or to give a coat+4 ,9 ! ,museum at ,wiesbad5 ?9 specim5s are impregnat$ ) a solution ( :ite ( egg1 brittle objects ) dilute fi% glue1 :ile = h>d objects a solution ( %ellac or melt$ %ellac is us$4 7e7 ,fay5ce4 ,i h be5 able to wa% out ! sulphates f sev]al ,egyptian fay5ce figures 9 spite ( ! glaze1 ! fissures 9 :i* all[$ ! wat] to p5etrate into ! int]ior4 ,! process ( /eep+1 :i* 0 necess>ily some:at prolong$1 0 te/$ f "t to "t by ! b>ium nitrate te/ 7vide p4 #gg74 7f7 ,objects ( ,/ucco & ,nile-mud4 ,^! are r>e1 & 9 almo/ all cases conta9 salts4 ,z1 h[ev]1 !y w n be> /eep+1 !y mu/ be pres]v$ by means ( impregnation only4 ,! v>ni%-b5z9e mixture %\ld be us$ = ?is purpose4 7g7 ,s&/one & ,granite4 ,^! sc>cely ne$ any special pres]vative process1 b ,kessl]'s fluates are useful = ! impregnation ( wea!r$ s&/ones :i* are expos$ to ! op5 air 7see p4 #gb74 ,!y c be clean$ by wa%+ ) w>m wat]1 :ile calc>e\s incru/ations may be remov$ by hydro*loric acid4 ,a ?ick coat+ ( oil pa9t 0 successfully remov$ f an ,egyptian /atue ( s&/one by plac+ x 9 an alcoholic solution ( soda4 ,oil col\rs & simil> sub/ances may (t5 be remov$ ) ease & complet5ess f /one1 pla/]1 wood1 etc41 by plac+ ! objects 9 air-tight vessels toge!r ) a vessel conta9+ alcohol4 ,! alcohol vaporises1 ev5 at ! ord9>y room-temp]ature1 & causes a s(t5+ ( ! pa9t4 ,! "t requir$ = ! treatm5t dep5ds ^u its age & h>dness4 ,app5dix4 ,cem5t = ,e>!nw>e4 ,re/orations4 ,to fix toge!r pieces ( brok5 pott]y good ,cologne glue is useful1 b x has ! disadvantage t x c only be us$ :5 w>m4 ,= ?is reason x is bett] to use liquid fi%-glue ,syndeticon1 :i* may1 if necess>y1 be ?9n$ ) a little v9eg>4 ,fire-clay du/ 9 wat]glass is us$ 9 ! ,museum at ,breslau4 ,a ?ick ropy solution ( %ellac#ajh may also be m5tion$1 = ! use ( :i* ! oppos+ surfaces mu/ be fir/ moi/5$ ) alcohol4 ,gum arabic & dextr9 %\ld n be us$1 = objects ?us cem5t$ readily fall to pieces unless kept 9 p]fectly dry rooms4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may also be said ( e>!nw>e :i* conta9s salts1 if cem5t$ ) glue or fi%-glue4 ,previ\s /eep+ w\ld obviate ?is difficulty4 ,*alk1 pla/] ( ,p>is1 brick-du/1 or fire-clay du/ are (t5 add$ to ! fi%-glue1 dextr91 etc4 ,)\t giv+ additional /r5g? to ! cem5t1 ^! sub/ances may be ( use 9 fill+ up small gaps betwe5 ! fragm5ts to be cem5t$4 ,= fill+ up l>g] gaps ! ,m]kbu*#aji recomm5ds /one cem5t1 = ! prep>ation ( :i* x gives ! foll[+ prescription3 ,mix #ejj grammes ( ,cologne glue ) ?ree %eets ( /rong :ite blott+-pap]1 or f\r %eets ( :ite tissue pap]1 %r$d$ z small z possible1 & boil until x becomes ?ick1 /irr+ ! :ole into a p]fectly smoo? pulp4 ,let x boil ?or\ghly1 & :ile /irr+ cont9ually1 & work+ ) a /\t wood5 rod1 add #b-a_/b kilogrammes ( v f9ely sift$ dry purifi$ :it+4 ,aft] work+ ?is mixture ?or\ghly1 add #hj grammes ( l9se$ oil1 :i* mu/ be also ?or\ghly work$ 94 ,to pres]ve ! glue add #ej grammes ( ,v5etian turp5t9e4 ,?is /one cem5t w take any %ade ( col\r if mix$ ) lamp-black or col\r$ e>?s4 7h7 ,iron4 ,! v>i\s me?ods = ! pres]vation ( iron objects :i* h be5 or are /ill 9 use may be divid$ into two gr\ps4 ,to ! "o gr\p belong ^? me?ods 9 :i* ! objects are pres]v$ ) _! coat+ ( ru/1 or ) ! ru/ t has p5etrat$ !m2 to ! o!r gr\p belong ^? 9 :i* ! removal ( ru/ prec$es pres]vation4 ,! =m] me?ods mu/ be appli$ :5 ! iron has be5 completely conv]t$ into ru/ or :5 ! ru/ has only left a small metallic core4 ,^! me?ods may ( c\rse be us$ also = all iron antiquities4 ,! me?ods ( ! second gr\p c be appli$ to ^? objects only :i* /ill reta9 a /rong metallic core1 9 :i* case ! objects rega9 ! m or less grey or :ite surface ( fre% unoxidiz$ iron4 ,^! me?ods are at pres5t little kn[n1 & !re=e b little us$1 = own]s & ! g5]al public are /ill accu/om$ to see 9 ! cov]+ ( ru/ ! evid5ce ( antiquity ) :i* !y are lo? to "p4 ,9 addition to ^! me?ods1 !re are o!rs :i* are ( an int]m$iate k9d1 ei!r special or a comb9ation ( me?ods f bo? ^! gr\ps4 7#a7 ,me?ods ( pres]v+ ,objects ( ,iron )\t removal ( ! ,ru/4 ,,impregnation4 ,! e>lie/ processes1 :i* are to "s ext5t /ill 9 use 9 "s collections1 are simple impregnation me?ods1 9 :i* ! object is ei!r pa9t$ once or m ) ! impregnat+ m$ium by means ( a bru%1 or is plac$ directly 9 ! m$ium itself4 ,9 ei!r case ! p5etrat+ p[] ( ! solution us$ is directly proportional to its fluidity4 ,! foll[+ m$ia may be us$ = ! purpose3 7#a7 ,w>m size4 7#b7 ,w>m is+lass solution4 7#c7 ,solution ( wat]glass4 7#d7 ,solution ( %ellac 9 alcohol4 7#e7 ,rubb] solution 9 c>bon bisulphide4 ,! mass aft] swell+ is dissolv$ 9 b5z9e#aaj4 7#f7 ,copal v>ni% dilut$ ) turp5t9e4 7#g7 ,copal v>ni% mix$ ) l9se$ oil#aaa4 7#h7 ,l9se$ oil4 7#i7 ,l9se$ v>ni%4 7#aj7 ,l9se$ v>ni% mix$ ) an equal quantity ( petroleum4 7#aa7 ,bees'-wax dissolv$ 9 turp5t9e4 7#ab7 ,bees'-wax dissolv$ 9 b5z9e4 7#ac7 ,petroleum4 7#ad7 ,vasel9e4 7#ae7 ,melt$ p>aff94 7#af7 ,oleate ( lead3 #ajj grammes ( olive oil1 #ajj gr4 ( lead oxide1 & #ajj gr4 ( wat] are boil$ until all ! wat] has evaporat$ & ! mass has become grey4 ,! mass is extract$ by %ak+ x ) alcohol1 & ! residue is dissolv$ 9 absolute e!r1 9 ! proportion ( #ajj gr4 ( e!r to #e gr4 ( ! sub/ance4 ,be=e use x %\ld be dilut$ ) a little e!r#aab4 7#ag7 ,spe]s*neid]'s mixture4 ,?is consi/s ( #h p>ts ( rape oil1 #a "p ( bees'-wax1 #a "p ( p9e res91 & #b p>ts ( b5z5e#aac4 7#ah7 ,collodion1 or ! mixture us$ 9 ! ,museum at ,donaues*+51 :i* consi/s ( #cj grammes ( collodion1 #b gr4 ( camphor1 & #a gr4 ( oxalic e!r4 ,9 addition to ^! mat]ials1 !re are o!r mixtures ( res91 v>ni%es1 & bees'-wax1 ) _! appropriate solv5ts1 b !y d n possess any special advantages z impregnat+ solutions4 ,aft] treatm5t ) size or is+lass1 iron objects may be giv5 :5 dry a coat+ ( l9se$ oil1 l9se$ v>ni%1 solution ( %ellac1 etc4 ,! mat]ials numb]$ #g to #aj 9 ! above li/ %\ld be appli$ w>m to enable ! viscid fluids to p5etrate ! ru/1 = ! m readily ! solution ent]s ! object ! bett] is ! result obta9$4 ,ap>t f ! fact t !y are easily ignit$ at a high temp]ature1 !y mu/ n be heat$ beyond #bcj;,f4 #aaj;,c41 o!rwise objects :i* consi/ l>gely ( ru/ w fall to pieces#aad4 ,9 ! process ( impregnation a tw(old result is aim$ at1 viz4 to prev5t ! ru/ f crumbl+1 & to exclude air f ! specim54 ,! application ( heat$ l9se$ oil or l9se$ v>ni% is f\nd$ ^u ! supposition t ^! sub/ances ent] into a *emical comb9ation ) f]ric oxide to =m a /able comp\nd2 ?is is1 h[ev]1 disput$ by "s mod]n au?orities#aae4 ,neutral sub/ances (f] a saf] me?od = ! exclusion ( air1 & ( ^! melt$ p>aff9 is und\bt$ly ! be/4 ,! p>aff9 mu/ be q pure & free f /e>9e1 z c be asc]ta9$ f ! melt+ po9t2 ?us pure p>aff9 melts at #acj-aej;,f4 #ee-fe;,c41 /e>9e at #afj;,f4 #gj;,c44 ,p>aff9 ) a melt+-po9t high] ?an #fe;,c4 %\ld be look$ ^u ) suspicion4 ,9 _m collections ! objects are heat$ be=e impregnation ) m$ia :i* are insoluble 9 wat]1 or !y are expos$ to ! air = six to twelve mon?s aft] excavation4 ,?is latt] proce$+ is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly inadvisable if ! iron conta9s *lor9e1 & if ?is is ! case n "o ( ^! me?ods produces satisfactory results4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z almo/ all ! iron antiquities :i* d n conta9 *lor9e comp\nds may be treat$ by ! me?ods ( ! second gr\p1 simple & direct impregnation is pass+ m & m out ( use4 ,be=e impregnation all soluble sub/ances1 especially *lor9e comp\nds1 mu/ be remov$ by /eep+4 7#b7 ,pres]vation by ,/eep+ & ,subsequ5t ,impregnation4 ,,krause',s ,,me?od4 ,! wat] us$ = /eep+ %\ld be pref]ably lukew>m1 & %\ld be *ang$ e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x is ev5 bett]1 at lea/ = ! fir/ "t1 to lay ! object 9 wat] & !n raise x to boil+-po9t1 a measure :i* w all[ ! m ready p5etration ( ! wat]4 ,z 9 ! case ( lime/ones1 e>!nw>e1 etc4 7p4 #ei71 c>e mu/ be tak5 to place ! objects z ne> to ! surface ( ! wat] z is possible4 ,small objects may be put 9 glass j>s1 l>ge ones 9 wood5 tr\ghs1 t9 vessels1 or wood5 boxes l9$ ) z9c or lead4 ,any little excresc5ces on ! iron1 :i* are frequ5tly fill$ ) f]r\s *loride1 %\ld be punctur$ to give ! wat] unimp$$ & m spe$y access4 ,crumbl+ objects %\ld be held toge!r by tightly wrapp+ !m 9 musl94 ,curators mu/ decide = !mselves h[ f> means su* z files1 *isels1 or small hamm]s may be us$ to remove ! ru/ or e>?y mat]ial conglom]at$ by ru/4 ,al?\gh mu* recomm5d$1 ! me?od ( add+ soda or lime wat] to remove ! *lor9e z soluble sodium *loride or calcium *loride is1 9 our op9ion1 inadvisable4 ,bo? ^! sub/ances precipitate ! iron f ! f]r\s *loride or f]ric *loride 7:i* are soluble 9 wat]7 z insoluble hydroxide ( iron1 :i* m or less closes ! int]/ices1 & ?us imp$es ! access ( wat] to ! int]ior4 ,! process ( /eep+ c "h aga9 be controll$ by ! use ( ! silv] solution 7p4 #fb71 = if !re no long] appe>s any or only v little cl\d9ess ! /eep+ may be consid]$ complete4 ,! l5g? ( "t requir$ = /eep+ dep5ds ^u ! ?ickness ( ! ru/ & ! porosity or exi/5ce ( cracks 9 x1 & if ! objects are ( consid]able size1 x may ext5d ov] sev]al weeks4 ,aft] /eep+ ! object %\ld ei!r be dri$ 9 ! op5 air1 & lat] on a w>m /ove1 or be plac$ = a few days 9 alcohol to remove ! wat]1 aft] :i* ! rapid evaporation ( ! alcohol w quickly dry x4 ,! /eep+ ( iron objects 9 w>m alcohol has be5 recomm5d$#aaf1 b if _! size is consid]able ! me?od is an exp5sive "o4 ,?is me?od has ! advantage t ! alcohol p5etrates ! ru/ soon] ?an does wat]1 & also prev5ts oxidation1 :i* may be actually produc$ by ! wat]4 ,x may p]haps be advisable to dilute ! alcohol1 ! usual /r5g? ( :i* is #ie to #if1 ) ab\t an equal volume ( wat]1 = "s salts are n readily soluble 9 pure alcohol4 ,:5 dry ! object is w>m$ = a few h\rs 9 a mixture ( equal p>ts ( good l9se$ v>ni% & petroleum4 ,! petroleum s]ves to dilute ! v>ni%1 :i* c ?us m quickly p]meate ! entire mass ( iron & ru/4 ,on acc\nt ( ! inflammable nature ( ! mixture ! w>m+ %\ld be done ov] a wat]-ba?4 ,= small objects a cyl9d] made ( ord9>y t9-plate1 measur+ f #f to #aj in*es #ae to #be cm4 9 diamet] & #f 94 #ae cm4 9 height1 may be us$4 ,to increase /ability ! l[] half %\ld be ( a small] diamet]1 & fitt$ into an iron tripod4 ,! same end is atta9$ by sold]+ a r+ r\nd ! middle ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* w re/ on ! r+ ( ! tripod4 ,! cov] consi/s ( a numb] ( copp] r+s gradually dim9i%+ 9 diamet]1 :i* fit closely into "o ano!r1 ?us enabl+ porcela9 vessels ( v>i\s sizes to be us$4 ,= l>g] objects1 su* z swords1 two long rectangul> tr\ghs 7,fig4 #bd7 ( /rong] plate %\ld be us$4 ,! foll[+ sizes w probably be f\nd useful3 "o ab\t #dj in*es #ajj cm4 long by #d in*es #aj cm4 broad1 & #d in*es #aj cm4 deep1 & ! o!r slightly l>g]4 ,h&les %\ld be fix$ at ! upp] edges4 ,?ree iron b>s #a in* #b-a_/b cm4 ?ick & #d in*es #aj cm4 9 l5g? are laid across ! bottom ( ! l>g] tr\gh1 on :i* ! small] is plac$4 ,! space betwe5 ! two vessels is fill$ ) wat] to a dep? ( #b in*es #f cm44 ,! tr\gh is w>m$ on a /ove1 or bett]1 :]e gas c be _h1 by means ( a numb] ( ,buns5 burn]s fitt$ ) rose or r+ burn]s1 ov] :i* ! tr\gh may be support$ ^u tripods4 ,:ile heat+ c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! wat] does n boil ov]1 :i* c be easily avoid$ by regulat+ ! gas supply4 ,z ! wat] evaporates fur!r quantities %\ld be add$ z requir$4 ,aft] simm]+ = ab\t two h\rs1 ! objects %\ld be remov$ & all[$ to dra92 !y %\ld !n be plac$ on a tripod1 or on glass r+s1 on ! w>m /ove 9 cold wea!r1 to accel]ate ! evaporation ( ! petroleum & ! sett+ ( ! v>ni%4 ,9 summ] dry+ *amb]s may be us$2 ^! are sold by deal]s 9 physical & *emical app>atus1 or c be made at little co/ by a t9smi?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,wat]-ba?4 #a_/ae nat4 size4 ,if ! objects h be5 /eep$ 9 pure alcohol1 or at lea/ t[>ds ! end ( ! treatm5t 9 ?ree *anges ( alcohol1 s t all ! wat] is replac$ by alcohol1 !y may be dipp$ directly )\t dry+ 9 ! v>ni% mixture1 = ! alcohol evaporates 9 ! v>ni% ba? :i* is at a temp]ature ( #aid-bjc;,f4 #ij-ie;,c44 ,z ! v>ni% h>d5s1 ! iron ?us treat$ acquires a glaz$ surface2 o!r means ( impregnation may !re=e appe> pref]able1 e4g4 a solution ( gum-damm> or melt$ p>aff94 ,= impregnation ) ! damm> solution ! object mu/ fir/ be dri$1 & ! air-pump us$ 9 ! way describ$ on p4 #fh4 ,on acc\nt ( ! inflammable nature ( ! b5z9e heat mu/ n be appli$1 nor inde$ is x necess>y4 ,:5 impregnat+ ) pure p>aff9#aag1 specim5s may be lightly wip$ ) a clo?1 b ne$ n be dri$4 ,! p>aff9 may be heat$ to #bab-bdh;,f4 #ajj-abj;,c4 )\t dang]1 s long z x is kept f direct contact ) ! flame4 ,a !rmomet] %\ld be us$1 &1 z soon z ! p>aff9 has melt$ at a temp]ature ( ab\t #fj;,c41 ! object %\ld be plac$ 9 x by means ( tongs4 ,:5 ! temp]ature has ris5 above #bab;,f4 #ajj;,c4 ! wat] is conv]t$ into /eam1 & causes a brisk ebullition ( ! melt$ p>aff94 ,! quantity ( p>aff9 us$ %\ld1 !re=e1 be su* t its level rema9s at ! lea/ #b in*es #e cm4 bel[ ! upp] edge ( ! vessel4 ,:5 ! bubbles h ceas$ to rise1 ?us %[+ t all ! wat] is expell$1 ! p>aff9 %\ld be all[$ to cool to a temp]ature ( #ahj-aij;,f4 #hj-ij;,c44 ,! iron %\ld be tak5 out ) tongs1 & ! liquid all[$ to run (f4 ,x %\ld !n be wrapp$1 :ile /ill at #hj;,c41 9 s(t blott+-pap] or 9 a piece ( old l95 to absorb ! sup]flu\s p>aff94 ,if ! surface ( ! object is v unev51 or if !re are deep cracks or holes 9 :i* ! p>aff9 c collect1 x w1 :5 cold1 =m a :ite mass1 & %\ld !re=e1 :ile /ill w>m & fluid1 be soak$ up ) filt] pap]1 or di/ribut$ ev5ly by means ( suitable bru%es4 ,! sup]flu\s p>aff9 may also be absorb$ by putt+ ! object 9 dry sawdu/2 any sawdu/ :i* rema9s atta*$ c be remov$ :5 cold ) b5z9e1 or x may be scrap$ f ! spots :]e x has collect$ ) a knife or spatula4 ,any spots :]e ! iron may h become expos$ may be cov]$ ) a ?9 coat ( p>aff9 dissolv$ 9 b5z9e4 ,,ekh(f',s ,,me?od#aah4 ,! objects are laid = two or ?ree mon?s 9 wat] :i* is *ang$ e two or ?ree days1 a small quantity ( quicklime be+ add$#aai4 ,aft] ?is /eep+1 & aft] "s ( ! ru/ has be5 remov$ me*anically1 ! object is lightly dri$ & put into heavy petroleum ( sp4 gr4 #jhe to #jie1 :i* is !n heat$ up to #bbj;,f4 #aje;,c44 ,a !rmomet] %\ld be us$ to ensure ?is temp]ature4 ,?is temp]ature be+ high] ?an ! boil+-po9t ( wat]1 ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! object evaporates & causes ! petroleum to bubble1 z 9 ! me?od previ\sly describ$4 ,:5 all ! wat] has be5 replac$ by ! petroleum ! bubbl+ ceases4 ,aft] ! fluid has some:at cool$ d[n1 ! iron is tak5 out & is all[$ to rema9 = ab\t an h\r 9 sawdu/1 :i* absorbs ! sup]flu\s oil4 ,f9ally1 :ile g5tly w>m+ ! object ov] a w>m1 b n too hot1 /ove1 x is coat$ ov] ) a mixture ( #a "p ( bees'-wax & #b p>ts ( turp5t9e1 or bett] ) p>aff9 dissolv$ 9 b5z9e4 ,heavy petroleum1 :i* we h f\nd by exp]i5ce to be a suitable mat]ial1 is pref]able to v>ni% 9 s f> z ! iron is impregnat$ by a neutral sub/ance :i* is practically liquid p>aff91 b has ! disadvantage ( be+ highly inflammable & ( be+ difficult to obta9 at s high a specific gravity4 ,,/rab]g]',s ,,me?od4 ,?is me?od1 = ! description ( :i* ,i am indebt$ to ,h]r ,/rab]g]1 has prov$ effective 9 ! pres]vation ( a numb] ( iron antiquities 9 ! ,museum at ,l9z on ! ,danube4 ,ev5 iron objects1 :i* _h be5 9 bad condition & _h und\bt$ly conta9$ *lor9e1 h aft] treatm5t by ?is me?od %[n no signs ( *ange1 :ile ! dull black surface has an agreeable appe>ance4 ,/rab]g] places ! newly-excavat$ objects imm$iately into l9se$ oil to prev5t ! access ( air4 ,aft] rema9+ 9 ! oil = "s "t !y are tak5 out1 wrapp$ 9 clo?s saturat$ ) l9se$ oil1 & remov$ pack$ 9 sawdu/4 ,^u arrival !y are unwrapp$ & put into wat]1 to :i* a small quantity ( soda is add$ to remove ! oil m easily4 ,! wat] is frequ5tly *ang$1 & ! objects are mean:ile clean$ me*anically ) em]y pap] & h>d bru%es4 ,any bli/]s are remov$ by ! aid ( a small hamm] & *isel4 ,aft] /eep+ !y are dri$ & smok$ ov] a c&le flame :i* is all[$ to play ov] ! :ole surface4 ,! soot is !n rubb$ (f ) a clo? or s(t bru%4 ,objects ) a smoo? surface may be rubb$ ) india-rubb]4 ,! pres]vative action ( ?is proce$+ dep5ds ^u ! fact t dur+ ! smok+1 9 addition to ! soot1 oily products ( combu/ion are deposit$ f ! c&le flame1 :i* prev5t ! access ( air & moi/ure to ! iron4 ,objects :i* are mu* decay$ or crack$ %\ld1 :5 clean$ & ?or\ghly dry1 be aga9 plac$ into l9se$ oil :i* has be5 slightly w>m$ & %\ld rema9 !re9 = a few days be=e be+ smok$4 ,^u removal f ?is second oil ba? !y %\ld be lightly wip$ & dri$ ov] a mod]ately w>m /ove or 9 ! sun4 ,pati5ce is necess>y1 & no?+ fur!r %\ld be done until ! oil has entirely dri$ 9 ! f9e cracks & crevices & firmly b9ds ! mass4 ,! oil cru/ on ! surface is !n loos5$ by soak+ 9 a /rong soda solution & wip$ (f1 aft] :i* ! object is dri$1 smok$ ov] ! c&le flame1 & ! soot wip$ or bru%$ (f ) a s(t bru%4 ,! smok+ & wip+ may be repeat$ if necess>y4 ,h]r ,/rab]g] /ates t 8 treatm5t has be5 successful :5 impregnation ) is+lass & coat+ ) %ellac has fail$4 ,! me?ods ( ,h>twi* & ,jacobi hold an int]m$iate place betwe5 ! above me?ods & ^? :i* w be subsequ5tly expla9$4 ,) ! =m] !y h ?is 9 common t !y d n call = ! entire removal ( ! ru/ & t !y require ! use ( l9se$ oil2 on ! o!r h& _! application presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a /rong metallic core1 o!rwise :5 ! ru/ is remov$ !y w %[ m]ely a skeleton ( ! orig9al object4 ,! exi/5ce ( a suffici5tly sub/antial metallic core c be easily asc]ta9$ f ! weight1 = an object1 :i* consi/s solely or 9 great "p ( ! oxide ( a metal1 is mu* light] ?an "o ( ! same size :i* is l>gely metal4 ,! r+ also af=ds a te/1 = an iron object1 ( :i* ! greate/ "p is metallic iron1 gives a cle>] note :5 /ruck ?an "o :i* is *iefly ru/4 ,a /ill m c]ta9 te/ is ! use ( a file or a drill 7comp4 page #ajg74 ,,h>twi*',s ,,me?od#abj4 ,?is me?od is int5d$ = objects ( an especially l>ge size1 ! h>d oxide coat+ ( :i* does n all[ satisfactory /eep+4 ,h>twi* heats ! object to r$ness1 all[s x to cool sl[ly1 & !n scrapes (f ! out] lay] :i* has be5 r5d]$ friable by ?is treatm5t4 ,! subsequ5t proc$ure is t ( ,krause's me?od1 viz4 w>m+ 9 l9se$ v>ni%4 ,,jacobi',s ,,me?od4 ,! me?od ( pres]vation ( iron antiquities us$ 9 ! ,saalburg ,museum at ,homburg is describ$ by ,jacobi z foll[s3 ,! object is heat$ 9 ! fire ( a =ge1 :i* causes ! *ief "p ( ! ru/ to flake (f1 :ile any ru/ :i* /ill adh]es is remov$ :5 cold by wat] & bru%+4 ,! object is aga9 held 9 ! flame ) tongs & heat$ 7small] objects may be plac$ on an iron plate72 & dur+ ! heat+ is quickly tak5 out ?ree or f\r times & ea* "t bru%$ ov] ) l9se$ oil4 ,mo/ ( ! l9se$ oil is ?us burnt & ! deposition ( c>bon gives to ! iron a black col\r1 :ile ! oil :i* has be5 p>tially burnt or h>d5$ by ! heat produces a slight lu/re4 ,?is process1 z c>ri$ out at ,homburg by a locksmi?1 is t :i* blacksmi?s ord9>ily use to black5 iron objects & to protect !m f ru/4 ,! pres]vation has prov$ p]man5t1 & only 9 r>e cases has x be5 f\nd necess>y to repeat ! process4 ,^! good results are probably due to ! fact t ! antiquities ( iron pres]v$ 9 t ,museum are = ! mo/ "p f\nd 9 good condition1 hav+ v little ru/ & c]ta9ly conta9+ only a v small am\nt ( *lor9e4 ,iron articles :i* conta9 *lor9e b :i* /ill h a good metal core1 aft] wa%+1 dry+1 & a cauti\s prelim9>y application ( heat1 are ready = treatm5t by ,jacobi's me?od4 ,,inlaid ,,iron ,,objects require especially cauti\s treatm5t4 ,al?\gh ,i h n _h any p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 ! treatm5t ( objects ( ?is k9d1 good results h be5 obta9$ 9 sev]al ,museums1 especially 9 t at ,ma9z4 ,! foll[+ quotation f ! ,m]kbu* 7p4 #ge7 describes ! me?od :i* is appli$ at ,ma9z1 :]e x probably orig9at$3 ,objects ( ?is k9d :i* are likely to h be5 orig9ally inlaid ) silv]1 gold1 copp] or brass1 z is frequ5tly ! case ) objects ( ! ,m]ov+ian p]iod1 are n plac$ 9 alcohol aft] ! /eep+1 b are w>m$ & dipp$ ?ree or f\r times into a hot dilute solution ( is+lass4 ,! heat+ is necess>y1 o!rwise ! is+lass w set on ! surface & w n p5etrate into ! int]ior4 ,:5 ! object has be5 dri$ & ! is+lass has set1 ! lay] ( ru/ :i* cov]s ! inlaid ornam5ts is scrap$ (f ) a grav+ tool1 & any spongy holl[ p>ts are fill$ up ) a pa/e made ( iron ru/ & is+lass1 be=e ! inlaid "w is clean$4 ,dur+ ! scrap+ ! object is held 9 ! left h& on a little wood5 bo>d cov]$ ) plu% or ?ick *amois lea!r1 to :i* x is fix$ z firmly z is necess>y by means ( a vice4 ,9 scrap+ special c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! grav+ tool foll[s ! l9es ( ! designs1 = 9 scrap+ across ! design x may slip "u ! flat silv] ?read & raise x out ( its place4 ,:5 ! ornam5tation has be5 completely laid b>e1 x is rubb$ ) em]y clo? & !n poli%$ ) a bru% & f9e em]y p[d]4 ,! piece is !n dipp$ into a solution ( gum-damm>1 &1 :5 ! surface is dry1 em]y is aga9 us$ to remove ! v>ni%1 :i* gives ! silv] a slightly yell[ col\r4 ,! object is !n protect$ f ! influ5ce ( air & moi/ure by ! transp>5t ret\*+ v>ni% ( ,sohne frres 7,p>is74 ,a modification ( ,kreft+'s me?od 7p4 #ajh7 has prov$ em95tly successful 9 ! treatm5t ( iron objects inlaid ) silv]4 ,krause#aba recomm5ds t ! article be plac$1 ) ! inlaid surface d[nw>ds1 = #bd h\rs 9 a mixture ( #aj grammes ( #dj acetic acid1 #aj grammes ( ammonium *loride1 #gj grammes ( di/ill$ wat]1 #aj grammes ( alum9ium p[d]4 ,x is !n remov$ f ! ba?1 c>efully bru%$ & wa%$1 &1 if ! inlaid "w is n yet clean$1 is replac$ 9 ! ba?4 ,?is is repeat$ until ! inlaid "w is completely expos$4 ,spots ( f]roso-f]ric oxide :i* are difficult to remove may be gr\nd away by an em]y :eel1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! inlaid surface is held aga9/ ! l[] side ( ! :eel 7:i* mu/ be rotat$ 9 ! rev]se direction7 s t x is always 9 sight4 ,all ! me?ods ( ?is gr\p1 :i* h be5 appli$ to _m articles 9 v>i\s ,museums1 exhibit "o inh]5t defect1 = any ru/ :i* rema9s aft] treatm5t may cause ! cont9u$ oxidation ( ! iron4 ,! effects ( ?is action ( ru/ are1 ,i believe1 extremely small1 & x mu/ at ! same "t be admitt$ t iron antiquities1 ev5 if !y h be5 well /eep$ & aft]w>ds impregnat$1 d n always rema9 9 a p]man5t & s\nd /ate ( pres]vation4 ,if 9 su* a case ! well-kn[n small wat]y bubbles %\ld make _! appe>ance1 ! /eep+ has und\bt$ly be5 insuffici5t4 ,?is evil c be rem$i$ by gradually heat+ ! object to r$ness to de/roy ! impregnat+ mat]ial1 & by a c>eful repetition ( ! /eep+ & impregnation4 7#c7 ,pres]vation ( ,iron ,antiquities by ,removal ( ! ,ru/4 ,,/eff5s5',s ,,me?od 7,,cop5hag574 ,! objects are c>efully heat$ ov] a flame & are !n laid 9 dilute sulphuric acid4 ,! sulphuric acid dissolves a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! iron1 & x is f\nd by exp]i5ce t ! *emical action is /ronge/ at ^? spots :]e any ru/ rema9s1 & t ?is is deta*$ by ! hydrog5 :i* is produc$4 ,:5 ! clean+ is suffici5t1 ! iron is laid 9 a dilute soda solution to neutralise ! acid1 & is aft]w>ds well wa%$ ) wat] & dri$ 9 an ov54 ,:5 dry ! iron is bru%$ ov] ) a solution ( bees'-wax 7or bett] ( p>aff97 9 b5z9e1 ! evaporation ( :i* leaves a protective coat+ ( bees'-wax or p>aff94 ,,blell',s ,,me?od4 ,! me?od propos$ by ,blell & appli$ by him to _m ( ! objects 9 8 collection is di/9ct f t describ$ above1 al?\gh 9 its e>li] /ages ! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,! foll[+ quotation is tak5 f ! description ( 8 me?od :i* ! au?or read be=e ! ,antiqu>ian ,society#abb at ,knigsb]g3 ,if a specim5 is f\nd to h a suffici5tly /rong core ( iron x %\ld be heat$ 9 ! furnace to bright r$ness & !n dipp$ into wat]4 ,! expansion ( ! iron caus$ by ! heat & ! subsequ5t contraction caus$ by ! sudd5 cool+ ?or\ghly loos5s ! lay] ( ru/4 ,l>ge iron objects ) a /rong & firmly atta*$ incru/ation ( ru/ w require a repetition ( ! process4 ,by ?is means n only is ! ru/ conv]t$ into a r$ p[d] :i* is easily rubb$ (f1 b ! object itself is r5d]$ m suitable = ! subsequ5t treatm5t4 ,at ! same "t ! heat+ process removes any coat+ ( oil1 fat1 etc41 :i* may h rema9$ f previ\s attempts at pres]vation1 & :i* w\ld int]f]e ) ! fur!r /ages ( ! process4 ,small] or delicate specim5s %\ld be treat$ 9 ! flame ( a _s-lamp1 b special c>e mu/ be tak5 t !re is suffici5t iron pres5t4 ,sword blades & o!r tools & weapons ) %>p edges %\ld be heat$ only1 = ! sudd5 cool+ may cause cracks 9 ! cutt+ edges4 ,to complete ! removal ( ! incru/ation ( ru/ :i* has be5 loos5$ by ! heat+ process1 or by ! heat+ & sudd5 cool+1 ! object %\ld be plac$ 9 a well-/irr$ mixture compos$ ( "o "p by weight ( sulphuric acid 9 n9e p>ts ( wat]4 ,bubbles ( hydrog5 w imm$iately rise & ! ru/ w beg9 to sep>ate4 ,9 fre%ly prep>$ acid objects :i* are n v ru/y w be fre$ f ru/ aft] f\r to six h\rs1 ^? cov]$ ) a deep] lay] ( ru/ 9 ab\t twelve h\rs1 b sev]al days1 or ev5 weeks1 may be necess>y4 ,! duration ( ! process dep5ds ^u ! /r5g? ( ! acid & ! "* ( ! ru/1 viz4 :e!r x is ?ick & solid1 or ?9 & por\s1 & :e!r ! iron is ( a s(t1 or ( a h>d "*4 ,:5 fir/ mak+ use ( ?is me?od x is advisable to use dilute acid & to take out ! objects sev]al times 9 ! c\rse ( ! day & exam9e !m1 :ile dur+ ! night !y %\ld be tak5 out ( ! acid & plac$ 9 s(t wat]#abc4 ,= ! acid ba? & = r9s+ x w be f\nd conv5i5t to h two pairs ( wood5 tr\ghs hav+ ! foll[+ int]nal measurem5ts3 7#a7 ,an int]nal l5g? ( #aj in*es #be cm4 by #g-a_/b in*es #ai cm4 9 bread? & #d-c_/d in*es #ab cm4 9 dep?1 :i* w be useful = ! l>g] numb] ( objects4 7#b7 ,= long n>r[ objects1 e4g4 sword-blades1 & long spe>-heads1 ! int]nal measurem5ts %\ld be #dj in*es #ajj cm4 long by #d in*es #aj cm4 broad & #c in*es #h cm4 deep4 ,small fragile objects are mo/ satisfactorily treat$ 9 glass vessels or glaz$ e>!n pots or vases4 ,! acid mu/ h free access to all p>ts ( ! object2 if a sword1 = example1 lies flat ^u ! bottom1 ! "u-surface app>5tly rema9s unact$ ^u by ! acid4 ,?is %\ld be rem$i$ by ! use ( a c\ple ( small wood5 supports4 ,frequ5t rubb+ ) a clo? & =ge scale#abd or co>se s& greatly helps 9 remov+ ! ru/1 b g5tl] treatm5t is requir$ = ! small] & m fragile objects4 ,! ru/ is (t5 v firmly atta*$ 9 "s portions ( ! object1 & 9 ?is case ^? areas :i* h be5 already fre$ f ru/ %\ld be coat$ ov] ) l>d1 :i* is free f salt1 to protect !m f fur!r action ( ! acid1 :ile ! pockets ( ru/ are alt]nately treat$ ) acid & grav+ tools4 ,no p>ticle ( ru/ %\ld be all[$ to rema91 = soon] or lat] x w beg9 to spread1 :atev] precautions may be tak54 ,! action ( ! acid becomes less effective if x has be5 us$ = sev]al objects4 ,a little fre% acid %\ld !n be add$4 ,! m active ! sulphuric acid1 ! bright] w be ! grey col\r ( ! iron aft] ! ru/ has be5 remov$4 ,if old acid has be5 us$ ! iron w be ( a dirty grey col\r1 & %\ld !n be plac$ into fre% acid = a %ort "t until x assumes a cle> light grey col\r4 ,! ?ird "p ( ! process beg9s ) ! removal ( ! iron f ! acid ba? & has z its object ! removal ( e trace ( ! acid1 o!rwise ! ru/ w v quickly return & cov] ! :ole surface4 ,! object is !re=e imm$iately & repeat$ly r9s$ 9 s(t wat] & c>efully dri$2 ! *eape/ mat]ial = ?is purpose is cotton wa/e1 b ord9>y l95-clo? mu/ be us$ = objects ) jagg$ edges1 = ! ?reads w cat* 9 ! not*es & h9d] ! dry+4 ,?is %\ld be done )\t delay1 or a *ange ( ! col\r f light grey to yell[ w betok5 a new =mation ( ru/4 ,articles %[+ a v complicat$ con/ruction1 :i* are h[ev] r>e f ! ,iron ,age1 %\ld be pack$ 9 p]fectly dry hot p9ewood sawdu/1 :ile ^? :i* are /ill m difficult to dry1 = example1 coats ( *a9-mail1 aft] ?or\gh r9s+1 %\ld be imm$iately put into a pan ) melt$ l>d1 free f salt1 & boil$ until ! cessation ( bubbl+ %[s t all ! wat] has be5 driv5 (f by evaporation4 ,!y are !n rubb$ dry or are laid 9 hot sawdu/1 aft] :i* !y are bru%$ ov] ) melt$ l>d & plac$ 9 ?is condition = at lea/ half an h\r 9 a mod]ately hot cupbo>d until ! fat has p5etrat$ into ! f9e/ pores ( ! iron4 ,t ?is has really tak5 place may be prov$ by ! use ( a file4 ,:5 by ?is means all trace ( sulphuric acid has be5 remov$ ! f\r? /age ( ! process is rea*$1 viz4 ! removal ( ! grease f ! surface & ! subsequ5t application ( "s prep>ation to prev5t ! access ( air & moi/ure4 ,mo/ ( ! grease is remov$ by plac+ ! objects 9 a w>m place on blott+-pap]4 ,any grease /ill rema9+ on ! surface c be entirely remov$ ) a clo? or pa9t-bru% by means ( b5z9e4 ,if no re/oration or repair is requir$ no?+ m is necess>y ?an to apply ! protect+ solution4 ,a :ite v>ni% has mu* to recomm5d x f its protective p[]1 b z x gives to iron an unsatisfactory gloss1 x is pref]able to use a solution ( bees'-wax 9 b5z9e4 ,hav+ made use ( ,blell's me?od 9 a numb] ( cases ,i h a few sugge/ions & modifications to (f]4 ,! heat+ %\ld be c>ri$ out c>efully & gradually1 le/ ! sudd5 conv]sion ( ! moi/ure 9 ! ru/ into /eam %\ld cause small explosions :i* w\ld scatt] pieces ( ru/4 ,!re is no dang] ( ?is if ! objects are heat$ 9 an ov52 !y %\ld n !re=e be heat$ 9 an op5 flame4 ,= small] objects ,i use a box six in*es #ae c5timetres squ>e1 ( /rong t9-plate loosely cov]$ ) an iron lid1 or ) a piece ( asbe/os %eet2 b if ! objects are l>ge1 e4g4 swords1 spe>heads1 etc41 ,i heat !m on a /rong piece ( t9-plate b5t r\nd to =m a *annel1 & cov]$ ) a long piece ( asbe/os %eet1 ! edges ( :i* are b5t ov] ! edges ( ! *annel1 to reta9 ! heat z mu* z possible4 ,x is advisable1 9 my exp]i5ce1 to use ! sulphuric acid well dilut$1 e4g4 9 ! proportion ( #a to #bj1 & to r5ew x sev]al times if necess>y4 ,9 mix+ conc5trat$ sulphuric acid ) wat] great caution is requir$ on acc\nt ( ! evolution ( heat4 ,! acid %\ld be p\r$ 9 a ?9 /ream into ! wat]1 b n vice v]s1 & ! mixture %\ld be con/antly /irr$ ) a glass rod4 ,if a glass vessel is us$ = ! mix+1 x mu/ n be too ?ick le/ ! heat %\ld cause x to break1 b ! l>g] ! proportion ( wat] to ! sulphuric acid1 ! less consid]able w be ! rise ( temp]ature4 ,= bor+ out ru/ spots :i* h eat5 deeply into ! iron a d5tal drill c be us$ ) success1 & a great v>iety ( drills & mill+ cutt]s c be obta9$4 ,! r9s+1 :i* ,blell c>ries out by mov+ ! object to & fro close "u ! surface 9 a vessel full ( wat]1 may be suffici5t = ?9 iron objects1 su* z swords1 knives1 spe>-heads1 & simil> objects4 ,l>g] specim5s %\ld be fre$ f ! acid by putt+ !m into a /ill m dilute solution1 &1 :5 necess>y1 by /eep+ = a %ort "t 9 wat]4 ,x may also be advisable to put ! objects into dilute soda solution to neutralize ! sulphuric acid1 b ?is does n d away ) ! necessity = /eep+ 9 wat]4 ,! br[n coat+ ( ru/ :i* may possibly foll[ ! /eep+ c be remov$ by ! use ( /eel-wire bru%es1 :i* c n[ be made ( su* f9e wire t _! s(tness almo/ equals t ( a mod]ately s(t too?-bru%4 ,brass-wire bru%es %\ld n be us$1 on acc\nt ( ! yell[ col\r :i* !y give to ! iron4 ,i always put ! objects directly aft] /eep+ into clean fat heat$ to #bej;,f4 #abj;,c41 = bru%+ ov] ) fat & w>m+ 9 a /ove (t5 caus$ a slight t>ni% to cov] ! surface4 ,i h also us$ p>aff9 wax in/ead ( fat4 ,= ! me?od ( re/or+ iron antiquities & ( fill+ up l>ge gaps1 ! read] %\ld ref] to ,blell's detail$ acc\nt2 x w "h suffice to quote 8 /atem5t t a mixture ( iron fil+s ) t9 fil+s c be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,^! are melt$ & appli$ by ! aid ( a bl[pipe4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations repres5t iron antiquities :i* h be5 treat$ by ,blell's me?od3 ! sword 7,fig4 #be7 prov$1 aft] r$uction1 f its two ridges to be a scramasax2 on ! spe>-head 7,fig4 #bf7 treatm5t reveal$ a small copp] r+ at ! mo/ con/rict$ "p1 :ile ! fibula1 :i* previ\sly _h be5 a mass ( ru/1 n[ %[s ! spiral :i* _h be5 totally disguis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,iron sword treat$ by ,blell's me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,iron spe>-head treat$ by ,blell's me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,iron fibula treat$ by ,blell's me?od4 ,,kreft+',s ,,me?od4 ,! electro-*emical me?od ( ,kreft+ 0 orig9ally publi%$ 9 ,a>sb]etn+ fra ,=5+5 till ,norske ,=tidsm9desma]k]s ,bev>+1 #ahib 7p4 #ea71 b 9 ,f9ska ,=nm9nesfr5+5s ,tidskrift#abe !re is a translation into ,g]man by ,h4 ,appelgr51 & an additional s]ies ( obs]vations & exp]im5ts by him4 ,8 rem>ks are equally applicable to ,blell's me?od1 & ! foll[+ extracts & quotations f ?is pap] give ,kreft+'s me?od ( proc$ure & ! circum/ances "u :i* x %\ld be appli$4 ,small fragile objects su* z fibulae1 ?9 clasps & bracelets or ^? :i* are mu* eat5 away by ru/1 are n suitable = ?is mode ( treatm5t1 ?us3 ,a knife :i* is mu* corrod$1 & :i* :5 tak5 out ( ! e>? %[s a di/9ctive =m 7= example1 t ( ! ,e>ly ,iron ,age71 may lose s mu* by ! application ( ! electric curr5t t e di/9ct sign ( its orig9al "* is de/roy$4 ,! *>act]i/ic edges ( a spe>-head or ( an axe ( ! late ,iron ,age1 or ! equally *>act]i/ic po9t ( an iron sword1 may1 if ! ru/ has eat5 deeply into !m1 be unrecognisable :5 remov$ f ! electrolytic ba?4 ,a sword1 ! hilt ( :i* is inlaid ) copp] wire or is plat$ ) silv] or gold1 or ! blade inlaid ) inscriptions 9 gold1 silv]1 or copp]1 may be totally de/roy$ by incauti\s treatm5t2 = ! ornam5tation1 if und]m9$ by ru/1 may be deta*$ ) ! ru/ f ! und]ly+ iron4 ,on ! o!r h&1 objects ( s\nd metallic iron cov]$ ) an incru/ation ( ru/ ab\t #a_/be in* #a millimtre 9 ?ickness may be easily clean$ 9 ?is mann]1 b if on us+ a file ! metal does n appe> at all1 or only at a dep? ( #a_/h in* #c millimtres1 great caution mu/ be us$4 ,if !re is reason to believe t !re is gold or silv] inlaid "w und]m9$ by ru/1 ,appelgr5 recomm5ds t ! object %\ld1 z a prelim9>y1 be laid 9 clean wat]1 :i* %\ld be r5ew$ e day4 ,aft] "s "t1 ?ree weeks at ! mo/1 suffici5t ru/ w h be5 cle>$ away by c>efully bru%+ ) a /eel bru% to lay b>e ! ornam5tation1 at lea/ 9 "p1 & x c !n be asc]ta9$ :e!r !re is any ru/ und]nea? :i* w\ld1 if ,kreft+'s me?od 7 us$1 cause ! ornam5tation to be deta*$4 ,! l9e ( treatm5t is z foll[s3 ,! metallic iron core is laid b>e by fil+ 9 sev]al places4 ,! specim5 is !n wrapp$ ) /rips ( z9c 9 su* a way t ! z9c is 9 actual contact ) ! b>e metal 7,fig4 #bh74 ,! :ole is !n plac$ into a #e solution ( cau/ic soda#abf4 ,appelgr5 uses a solution ( #c-a_/b-d-a_/b lbs4 #a-a_/b-b kilogrammes ( cau/ic soda 9 #b gallons #aj litres ( wat]4 ,! ru/ is cle>$ away by voltaic action2 ! iron =ms ! negative pole1 ! z9c ! positive ( a voltaic cell1 9 :i* ! wat] is resolv$ into its con/itu5ts1 viz4 oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,at ! negative pole1 i4e4 ! iron1 ! hydrog5 rises up 9 small bubbles & acts 9 "p by me*anically deta*+ ! ru/ z 9 ,blell's me?od1 9 "p also by ! *emical conv]sion ( ! ru/ into metallic iron1 or into a comp\nd :i* conta9s a small] quantity ( oxyg5 ?an does ord9>y ru/4 ,! oxyg5 comb9es ) ! z9c to =m z9c oxide1 :i* is dissolv$ 9 ! soda solution4 ,! process is usually complet$ 9 #bd h\rs#abg4 ,! black p[d] :i* is loosely atta*$ to ! iron is be/ rubb$ (f ) wet s& & f9e wire bru%es4 ,any h>d pieces ( black /able ru/ 7,edelro/71 magnetic oxide ( iron1 :i* h n yield$ to ! electric curr5t %\ld be remov$ by means ( a small *isel4 ,aft] r9s+ ! object ?or\ghly 9 wat]1 x %\ld be plac$ 9 melt$ p>aff9 at #bdj;,f4 #aae;,c41 :i* w expel e trace ( moi/ure4 ,on removal ! melt$ p>aff9 %\ld be all[$ to dra9 (f1 & ?us leave :5 cold a protective cov]+ ^u ! iron#abh4 ,! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! application ( ! me?od4 ,vessels ( glass or glaz$ e>!nw>e %\ld be us$ = ! r$uction1 :ile long swords c be put into tall glass cyl9d]s or into wood5 tr\ghs1 ! int]ior ( :i* mu/ be coat$ ov] ) p>aff94 ,! soda solution mu/ be kept 9 a clos$ glass bottle#abi4 ,x %\ld be dilut$ ) wat] until ! specific gravity1 z %[n by ! hydromet]1 is #ajf2 ! mixture w !n conta9 ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( cau/ic soda4 ,dur+ ! r$uction process ! mixture frequ5tly assumes a br[ni% col\r z ! result ( ! pres5ce ( organic matt] associat$ ) ! ru/4 ,on acc\nt ( ! dissolv$ z9c :i* x conta9s x _c be us$ a second "t1 unless reg5]at$ by boil+ ) quicklime4 ,! solution is1 h[ev]1 s *eap t ?is is sc>cely wor? ! tr\ble4 ,! objects %\ld be h&l$ ) metal tongs1 & %\ld n be t\*$ ) ! h& until !y h at lea/ be5 dipp$ or r9s$ 9 wat]1 = ! soda solution has an injuri\s effect ^u ! sk94 ,a bas9 conta9+ v9eg>1 dilute hydro*loric or sulphuric acid %\ld always be at h& into :i* ! f+]s %\ld be quickly dipp$ if !y h be5 9 contact ) ! cau/ic soda4 ,^! mat]ials w s]ve also = clean+ ! vessels us$ 9 ! r$uction process4 ,! z9c /rips %\ld be #a_/d to #a_/c in* #a_/b cm4 to #a cm4 9 bread?1 & %\ld be cut out ( a piece ( %eet z9c ( mod]ate ?ickness1 b ( suffici5t pliability4 ,any firmly fix$ ru/ may be remov$ by me*anical means1 su* z ! grav]1 drill1 etc41 z has be5 previ\sly m5tion$4 ,if 9 r9s+ a slight lay] ( oxide appe>s1 al?\gh ?is is r>e1 x %\ld be bru%$ (f ) a /eel-wire bru%4 ,if "o portion only ( a specim5 requires r$uction 7! o!r portion hav+1 = example1 rema9s ( wood atta*$1 & !re=e be+ unsuitable = r$uction71 t portion only %\ld be wrapp$ ) ! z9c & imm]s$ 9 ! solution4 ,! results obta9$ by ,kreft+'s pres]vation-process are q z surpris+ z ^? :i* are af=d$ by ,blell's me?od4 ,figure #bi1 tak5 f ,appelgr5's "w1 %[s ! l[] portion ( a spe>-head be=e & aft] treatm5t1 by :i* x became app>5t t ! :ole socket 0 plat$ ) silv]1 ) two engrav$ & gild$ animal figures4 ,fig4 #cd repres5ts a piece ( a sword1 on :i* an inscription 0 br\ght to light by ! r$uction process4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,kreft+'s me?od4 ,iron spe>-head wrapp$ ) /rips ( z9c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,iron spe>-head be=e & aft] treatm5t by ,kreft+'s me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,iron p9 f ,danes' ,graves1 ,yorks4 ,cp4 ,yorks4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,report1 #ahig4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! same aft] treatm5t by ,kreft+'s me?od1 /ill %[+ *alky accretions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,iron object f ,lamel ,hill#acj1 ,york4 ,x appe>s to h be5 orig9ally rivett$ to wood or lea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,aft] treatm5t by ,kreft+'s me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,piece ( iron sword-blade %[+ inscription1 aft] treatm5t by ,kreft+'s me?od4 ,,h>twi*',s ,,r$uction ,,me?od#aca4 ,?is me?od is only applicable to small objects1 because x necessitates ! subjection ( ! objects to r$-heat 9 a glass tube 9 a curr5t ( hydrog54 ,by ^! means ! hydrog5 comb9es ) ! oxyg5 ( ! oxides1 :i* are ?us r$uc$ to metallic iron4 ,ow+ to ! explosive nature ( a mixture ( hydrog5 & air1 ?is process %\ld only be c>ri$ out by "o :o is conv]sant ) *emical me?ods1 = results :i* are equally good c be obta9$ at less exp5se by ,kreft+'s me?od4 ,= ,h>twi*'s me?od a /rong core ( metal is ess5tial1 = al?\gh objects :i* are entirely oxidiz$ may be ?us r$uc$1 ! result w be ! =mation ( a m or less loose iron p[d] :i* is frequ5tly 9 su* a f9e /ate ( division t by union ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great am\nt ( surface pres5t$1 x becomes r$-hot ) ! =mation ( f]ric oxide z a combu/ion product4 ,x is advisable to apply a comb9ation ( ,blell's or ,kreft+'s me?od ) "o ( ! fir/ gr\p 7"u c]ta9 conditions7 to su* iron objects z are f\nd1 dur+ ! process ( pres]vation1 to be p5etrat$ by black /able ru/ to su* a degree t ! complete removal w\ld only leave a k9d ( iron skeleton4 ,fig4 #ce repres5ts su* an iron dagg]-%ea?#acb1 ! d>k spots ^u x be+ ru/4 ,aft] heat+ & cool+ d[n & a %ort treatm5t ) acid ! removal ( ! ru/ 0 proce$$ ) me*anically1 b 0 n complet$4 ,! object 0 !n well /eep$1 & :5 dry 0 w>m$ 9 ! v>ni%-petroleum mixture#acc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,iron dagg]-%ea? aft] treatm5t by a comb9ation ( ,blell's & ,kreft+'s me?ods4 ,iron objects1 ! size ( :i* is inconsid]able1 su* z arr[ heads1 small r+s1 etc41 c be v quickly r$uc$1 if !y /ill h a well-pres]v$ core1 by heat+ !m = a %ort "t 9 molt5 potassium cyanide#acd4 ,! cyanide may be melt$ 9 a porcela9 crucible support$ by wire gauze on a tripod ov] a good-siz$ ,buns5 burn]1 & ! object introduc$ by ! aid ( tongs4 ,! reaction is accompani$ by vigor\s eff]vesc5ce & is soon complete4 ,x is !n tak5 out & dropp$ into cold wat]4 ,by repeat$ly boil+ 9 fre% quantities ( wat] x is ?or\ghly cleans$1 !n treat$ ) p>aff9 wax1 or ! wat] may be expell$ by alcohol4 ,x is !n dri$1 & f9ally impregnat$ ) zapon4 ,if ! cyanide treatm5t is insuffici5t1 any rema9+ ru/ may be remov$ by drills or o!r suitable tools4 ,hi!rto ?is me?od has only be5 appli$ to a small numb] ( objects1 b !re is no d\bt t its use may be l>gely ext5d$4 ,ow+ to ! poison\s nature ( ! cyanide ?is me?od %\ld be left to ^? :o possess *emical k4 ,! disadvantage ( ! process lies 9 ! difficulty ( fus+ l>ge quantities ( ! potassium cyanide#ace4 7#d7 ,pres]vation ( ,m$ieval ,iron ,objects4 ,a complete treatise on ?is subject w\ld be beyond ! limits ( a h&book1 ! foll[+ obs]vations1 !re=e1 w be suffici5t = our purpose4 ,! ru/ spots on objects ( ?is k9d are frequ5tly only sup]ficial & c be remov$ ei!r me*anically by rubb+ ) pumice or em]y1 etc41 or *emically by a conc5trat$ solution ( sodium sulphide#acf4 ,to prep>e ?is1 sodium sulphide is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 or fl[]s ( sulphur are boil$ 9 a solution ( cau/ic soda4 ,if ! object is too l>ge = imm]sion1 ! solution may be appli$ ) a bru%1 & if ! lay] ( ru/ is ?ick1 ! application mu/ be repeat$4 ,aft] treatm5t ! object mu/ be r9s$ 9 wat] & dri$4 ,small articles c be fre$ f ru/ by imm]sion 9 /rong fum+ nitric acid#acg1 = /rong acid dissolves ! ru/ only1 :ile x induces 9 ! iron ! s-call$ passive#ach condition 9 :i* x is n act$ ^u ev5 by dilute acids1 & c be safely wa%$ 9 wat]4 ,:5 ?or\ghly clean$1 ! mo/ suitable protective is "s neutral sub/ance su* z p>aff9 wax1 vasel9e1 or p>aff9 dissolv$ 9 b5z9e1 b any ( ! num]\s =ms ( oil or fat may be us$4 7i7 ,bronze & ,copp]#aci4 ,well-pres]v$ bronzes ) a /able pat9a1 su* z ! highly e/eem$ glossy /able or edel pat9a1 or t :i*1 al?\gh n glossy1 cov]s ! bronze ) a r\gh & (t5 cry/all9e coat+1 %\ld n be int]f]$ )4 ,su* bronzes z ne$ treatm5t %\ld be subject$ ei!r to simple clean+ or to "s appropriate me?od ( pres]vation4 ,,! ,,clean+ ,,( ,,bronzes4 ,bronzes1 ! metallic sub/ance ( :i* is m or less intact1 :ile ! surface is hidd5 "u e>?y or s&y mat]ial cem5t$ toge!r by copp] comp\nds1 may be clean$ ei!r by me*anical or *emical means4 ,:5 ! mat]ials =m+ ! incru/ation are m firmly cem5t$ toge!r ?an !y are to ! mat]ial b5ea? 7:i* (t5 /ill reta9s a poli%$ surface71 a small hamm] may be us$1 b m adh]5t portions require ! use ( small *isels1 :i* c be made to ord] 9 diff]5t %apes or sizes4 ,i h us$ ) advantage hamm]s ) /rik+ surfaces l ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,! two on ! "r are r\nd$ s t !y t\* ! object at "o po9t or on a l9e only4 ,! process may be facilitat$ by ! use ( ,spr+]'s me?od4 ,a w>m ?ick solution ( glue %\ld be spread ^u ! incru/ation cov]+ ! bronze4 ,z ! glue dries & becomes cool x scales (f1 c>ry+ ) x "s portion at lea/ ( ! cru/1 ?us leav+ ! metal clean4 ,t "p ( ! glue :i* rema9s c !n be readily deta*$ by g5tle /rokes ) a hamm]4 ,! eyes %\ld be protect$ :5 us+ ! hamm]1 :e!r on ! incru/ation or on ! glue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,hamm] heads1 natural size4 ,,o!r ,,me?ods4 ,s9ce metallic oxides are sc>cely1 if at all1 soluble 9 wat]1 wa%+ ) wat]1 ev5 :5 a bru% is us$1 w remove only e>? or soil :i* is loosely atta*$4 ,comp\nds conta9+ oxyg5 or oxyg5 & *lor9e are1 h[ev]1 m or less soluble 9 ammonia1 &1 if !y are ?9 & n too compact1 aft] imm]sion = "s "t c be remov$ ) a bru%4 ,?ick compact lay]s are loos5$ ) difficulty4 ,imm]sion 9 #b-e hydro*loric acid acts m effectively1 :ile sulphuric acid1 nitric acid1 & conc5trat$ acetic acid h ! same action4 ,! frequ5t use ( ^! reag5ts is1 h[ev]1 /rongly to be deprecat$1 = x is impossible to remove ! acid by simple wa%+ ) wat] aft] ! incru/ation has be5 remov$4 ,! bronze %\ld be wa%$ & plac$ 9 a v dilute soda solution or 9 dilute ammonia1 aft] :i* x %\ld be aga9 well wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,z has be5 expla9$ 9 ,"p ,i41 x is to *lor9e comp\nds t ! de/ruction ( bronzes is *iefly due1 & ^! are actually produc$ by ! hydro*loric acid treatm5t4 ,if ! bronzes are n ?or\ghly wa%$1 & ?is is no easy matt]1 soon] or lat] effloresc5ces w make _! appe>ance1 & ! process ( pres]vation mu/ be repeat$ if ! de/ructive action is to be arre/$4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to remove ! incru/ation by rais+ ! bronze to a r$ heat4 ,?is process is n recomm5d$2 = n only does x give to ! bronze an unpleasant appe>ance1 b x deta*es any inlaid metal 7gold or silv]7 or enamel :i* may be pres5t4 ,9 conclusion1 x may be /at$ t1 al?\gh ! process is sl[ & labori\s1 ! be/ results are obta9$ by c>eful removal ( incru/ations by me*anical means4 ,pres]vation ( ,bronze & ,copp] ,objects4 7,a47 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,impregnation4 ,! impregnation ( bronzes1 z ( ! majority ( antiquities1 has = "s "t be5 c>ri$ out by ! use ( solutions simil> to ^? already enum]at$ = iron4 ,^! are appli$ directly or aft] ! specim5 has be5 ei!r /eep$ 9 wat] or treat$ ) dilute acids4 ,?is latt] treatm5t1 z has be5 already /at$1 is to be avoid$1 & if us$ all acid mu/ be wa%$ out be=e ! object is dri$4 ,/eep+ 9 wat] is ( little use1 because comp\nds conta9+ oxyg5 or *lor9e are (t5 insoluble 9 wat]1 :i* w at mo/ only wa% (f loosely atta*$ dirt or e>?y mat]ial4 ,! impregnation process may !re=e be appli$ directly1 & ?is %\ld be done 9 all cases 9 :i* ! surface is mu* corrod$1 w>ty 7,figs4 #g & #h71 or crack$ 7,figs4 #cg & #ch71 or 9 :i* !re is little or no core ( metal4 ,impregnation is also ! only means ( pres]vation :5 ! =mation ( oxides has rais$ inlaid metals or enamel 9 su* a way t ! removal ( ! oxides w\ld deta* !m4 ,! ,m]kbu*#adj recomm5ds poppy se$ oil & b5z9e mixture 7p4 #gj7 or ! gum-damm> solution4 ,to obta9 ?or\gh impregnation ?is %\ld be c>ri$ out by extraction ( ! air1 z has be5 already recomm5d$ 9 ! case ( lime/one 7p4 #fh74 ,! object mu/ also be p]fectly dry1 :i* may be insur$ ei!r by exposure to mod]ate heat or by keep+ x = "s "t ov] anhydr\s calcium *loride#ada4 ,! object is plac$ "u a glass bell j>1 ! edges ( :i* are sme>$ ) vasel9e to ensure contact ) ! glass plate ^u :i* x re/s4 ,! calcium *loride %\ld be plac$ 9 an op5 glass vessel1 b5ea? ! bronze1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 t !y are n 9 actual contact4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,osiris %[+ crack+ & de/ructive pat9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,boeotian bridle ) crack+ pat9a4 ,imm]sion ( bronzes 9 p>aff9 wax at #bdj;,f4 #aae-abj;,c4 gives results :i* are z good1 if n bett]1 ?an ^? obta9$ by ! use ( solutions4 ,%\ld effloresc5ces make _! appe>ances ^u bronzes :i* h be5 impregnat$1 _! fur!r spread may (t5 be successfully prev5t$ by sme>+ fi%-glue on ! p>ts affect$4 ,fi%-glue1 h[ev]1 has n prov$ a satisfactory mat]ial = ! complete impregnation or coat+ ( bronzes :i* are 9 ! la/ /ages ( decay4 7,b47 ,,pres]vation ,,by ,,r$uction4 ,x has be5 previ\sly expla9$ 7pp4 #bh et seq47 t ! effloresc5ces ^u bronze kn[n z creep+ or malignant pat9a :i* may 9 "t cause ! complete de/ruction ( ! metal are due to ! action ( sodium *loride4 ,x is f\nd ^u all ,egyptian bronzes & ^u ^? f "s o!r localities4 ,! metal1 especially ! copp]1 is conv]t$ into ! s-call$ basic *loride4 ,9 ! r$uction processes an attempt is made to r$uce ^! comp\nds aga9 to metal1 :ile ! *lor9e ?us lib]at$ =ms *emical comp\nds1 :i* may be subsequ5tly wa%$ out ) wat]4 ,!re are two me?ods :i* effect ?is r$uction1 viz41 t ( ,f9k5] 7,b]l97 & t ( ,kreft+4 ,! pr9ciple ( bo? is electrolytic1 & bo? br+ ab\t ! complete removal ( ! pat9a & ! re/oration ( a clean metallic surface4 ,to complete ?is portion ( ! subject a ?ird me?od may be m5tion$1 viz41 r$uction by heat 9 a /ream ( hydrog54 ,?is me?od#adb is1 h[ev]1 only applicable to small objects4 ,,f9k5]',s ,,me?od4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 :5 exam9+ ! bronze t ! metallic-look+ mixture ( cupr\s oxide ) o!r copp] comp\nds is n mi/ak5 = metallic copp]4 ,:5 x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! bronze /ill has a good metallic core1 & t any inlaid metals :i* may be pres5t re/ on ! metal itself & n ^u a cru/ ( oxide1 a plat9um wire %\ld be tightly w\nd r\nd x4 ,?is %\ld be connect$ by an insulat$ copp] wire to ! z9c or negative pole ( ! fir/ ( #c or #d ,daniell cells1 or1 bett]1 ( two accumulators arrang$ 9 s]ies4 ,! object %\ld !n be imm]s$ 9 a #b aque\s solution ( potassium cyanide4 ,9 ! same solution1 z ne> z possible to ! bronze )\t actual contact1 %\ld be plac$ a piece ( plat9um foil connect$ fir/ by an em]g+ plat9um wire1 & !n by an insulat$ copp] wire to ! positive pole4 ,! potassium cyanide completes ! electric circuit & electrolysis takes place1 :]eby ! wat] is split up into its con/itu5ts4 ,! oxyg5 appe>s 9 small bubbles ^u ! plat9um foil1 b ! hydrog5 does n imm$iately make its appe>ance at ! o!r pole1 =1 by comb9ation ) ! *lor9e & oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! bronzes1 free hydro*loric acid & wat] are =m$4 ,! hydro*loric acid 9 turn acts ^u ! potassium cyanide to =m potassium *loride & hydrocyanic acid1 bo? ( :i* sub/ances are dissolv$ 9 ! wat] ( ! ba?4 ,! hydrocyanic acid c (t5 be recognis$ 9 ! room by its *>act]i/ic smell ( bitt] almonds4 ,! process may be express$ by ! foll[+ equations 7neglect+ ! wat] produc$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! oxide1 :i* is ( no importance 9 ! process73 ,cu,cl#b #b;,h ,cu #b;,h,cl1 ,h,cl ,,kcn ,k,cl ,,hcn4 ,al?\gh ! *ief portion ( ! potassium *loride & hydrocyanic acid are dissolv$ 9 ! ba?1 ! rema9+ traces ( ^! sub/ances mu/ be remov$ by v c>efully wa%+ ! bronze 9 wat]1 aft] :i* x %\ld be dri$1 & if necess>y f9ally subject$ to impregnation4 ,"s fur!r obs]vations may be made 9 connection ) ! practical application ( ?is process4 ,( c\rse1 o!r prim>y batt]ies may be us$ in/ead ( ! ,daniell cells1 b ^! latt] may be specially recomm5d$ = ! ease ) :i* !y c be procur$ & = ! /ead9ess ( _! action4 ,in=mation conc]n+ ! me?od ( fill+ & us+ !m may be obta9$ at any %op :]e !y are sold4 ,! copp] wire & plat9um wire %\ld n be too ?91 b mu/ be at lea/ f #a to #b mm4 9 ?ickness3 !y %\ld be fa/5$ toge!r by b9d+-screws1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 t bo? ! wire ends & ! screws h clean surfaces4 ,glass vessels or glass cyl9d]s are mo/ suitable because ! process ( r$uction c be wat*$1 b l>ge objects w ( c\rse require glaz$ e>!nw>e ba?s4 ,if wood5 boxes are us$ !y mu/ be coat$ inside ) p>aff9 wax4 ,! /r5g? ( ! cyanide solution %\ld be #b4 ,hav+ a l>ge numb] ( r$uctions to c>ry out1 ,i keep a #bj /ock solution 9 a l>ge bottle1 "o "p ( :i* is dilut$ ) n9e p>ts ( wat] :5 requir$ = use4 ,potassium cyanide is1 z is well kn[n1 a /rong poison1 & c>e %\ld !re=e be tak5 to prev5t access to any sore or cut on ! h&s2 ?is c be done by ! use ( india-rubb] f+] /alls or gloves4 ,if ! bronze object is nei!r too l>ge nor too heavy x may be susp5d$ 9 ! ba? by loop+ ! plat9um wire ov] ! edge ( ! vessel4 ,x is a conv5i5t plan to use diff]5t col\r$ wires to di/+ui% ! negative & positive poles ( ! batt]y1 b %\ld any d\bt arise z to :i* wire %\ld be connect$ ) ! bronze or :i* ) ! plat9um1 ! foll[+ te/ w readily decide ! "q4 ,moi/5 a small piece ( :ite filt] pap] ) a drop ( a solution ( potassium iodide#adc1 & t\* ! two conduct+ wires ) x simultane\sly3 a br[n spot w be se5 on ! pap] at ! po9t ( contact ) "o ( ! wires2 ?is is ! positive wire1 & mu/ !re=e be connect$ ) ! plat9um4 ,if ! curr5t is pass+ ?r\gh ! cyanide ba? & ! bronze1 bubbles ( gas w appe> ^u ! plat9um foil1 or ! products ( ! decomposition ( ! potassium cyanide may *ange ! col\r ( ! ba? ne> ! plat9um to yell[ or br[n1 :ile at ! same "t cl\dy /reaks "u ! bronze w %[ :]e ! potassium *loride & hydrocyanic acid1 result+ f ! r$uction ( ! copp] comp\nds1 are meet+ ) ! cyanide ( ! ba?4 ,if ! plat9um wire is n firmly fix$ r\nd ! bronze1 hydrog5 may be =m$ ^u x1 & %\ld ?is occur ! wire %\ld be drawn tight]4 ,:il/ ! r$uction is go+ on x is advisable to r5ew ! potassium cyanide at lea/ once1 or ev5 sev]al times1 if l>ge & greatly oxidiz$ bronzes are "u treatm5t1 = o!rwise all ! potassium cyanide may be consum$ by ! *anges 9 progress2 ?is c be asc]ta9$ ) c]ta9ty by a smell ( *lor9e4 ,:5 ! ba? requires r5ewal ! bronze may be tak5 out ) a pair ( metal tongs1 or if too l>ge1 two /rong copp] wires %\ld be pass$ und]nea? x1 ! ends ( :i* are w\nd r\nd a /rong glass rod or wood5 /ick4 ,! bronze %\ld !n be well r9s$ or bru%$ ) a s(t bru% be=e x is put into ! fre% ba?4 ,bronzes are frequ5tly met ) :i* are mu* de=m$ by an e>?y or s&y lay] cem5t$ by oxide4 ,^! incru/ations c be p>tly remov$ by a prelim9>y treatm5t ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 b ! bronze mu/ be aft]w>ds c>efully r9s$ ) wat] or ev5 /eep$ to prev5t unnecess>y decomposition ( ! cyanide by ! acid4 ,be=e r$uction x is useful to secure ?or\gh p5etration by plac+ ! vessel conta9+ ! solution & ! bronze "u a bell glass atta*$ to an air pump1 z has be5 previ\sly expla9$ 7p4 #fh74 ,dur+ ! process ( r$uction small :iti%-gre5 cry/all9e ne$les (t5 collect on ! plat9um foil1 b al?\gh 9 l>ge numb]s !y are s m9ute t x has n be5 possible hi!rto to det]m9e _! composition2 !y seem to conta9 copp] & cyanog54 ,aft] "s "t ! plat9um becomes cov]$ ) a :iti%-gre5 or br[ni% deposit1 :i* %\ld be remov$ by r9s+ 9 wat] & bru%+2 if ?is %\ld n succe$ ! plat9um mu/ be dipp$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 r9s$ ) wat]1 & rubb$ ) f9e s&4 ,! glass vessel may be clean$ 9 ! same way4 ,! r$uction is complete :5 all ! *lor9e1 previ\sly comb9$ ) ! metal1 has comb9$ ) ! hydrog5 produc$ by ! electrolysis ( ! wat]4 ,!re be+ no fur!r *lor9e ) :i* ! hydrog5 produc$ by ! cont9u$ action ( ! curr5t may unite1 ! completion ( ! process is m>k$ by ! appe>ance ( bubbles ( t gas ^u ! surface ( ! bronze4 ,! bubbles :i* rise f b5ea? (t5 m>k out ! outl9es ( ! object ^u ! surface ( ! ba?4 ,be=e ! bronze is wa%$ x %\ld be plac$ 9 a fre% cyanide ba?1 b ( #a /r5g? only4 ,= l>ge & especially = ?ick objects1 ?is ba? mu/ be r5ew$ sev]al times1 s z to all[ ! wa%+ process to beg9 9 ! ba? itself :il/ ! curr5t is /ill pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,c>e %\ld also be tak5 t e side ( ! object 9 turn faces ! plat9um foil = "s "t1 = if "o side rema9s turn$ t[>d ! plat9um ?r\gh\t ! process1 x w sometimes assume ! r$ t9t ( copp]1 :ile ! re/ ( ! bronze reta9s a some:at d>k col\r4 ,:5 f9ally remov$ f ! r$uc+ ba?1 aft] ! black metallic p[d] has be5 ?or\ghly clean$ (f ) wat] & a s(t bru%1 ! object %\ld be susp5d$ = a %ort "t 9 wat] at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 or s fix$ t !re is a good dep? ( wat] b5ea? x2 x %\ld !n be wa%$ 9 hot wat]4 ,:5 ! bronze is fir/ plac$ 9 wat]1 :e!r hot or lukew>m1 small bubbles ( hydrog5 w cont9ue to rise = "s "t1 :ile at ! same "t a :iti%1 or sometimes grey1 gelat9\s precipitate1 consi/+ ( a hydrat$ oxide ( t9#add1 w (t5 fall f x4 ,! grey col\r is caus$ by ! admixture ( small p>ticles ( lead or copp]4 ,at fir/ ,i r5ew ! wat] two or ?ree times a day1 !n once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & f9ally at long] int]vals1 us+ di/ill$ wat] ?r\gh\t = small objects1 b = l>g] specim5s = ! f9al wa%+s only4 ,= ! e>li] wa%+s at any rate ,i use w>m wat]4 ,cyanides z well z *lorides give a :ite precipitate ) silv] nitrate2 ?is reag5t w !re=e s]ve to indicate ! progress ( ! op]ation4 ,if at ! end ( a =tnight 9 ! case ( small bronzes1 or 9 ?ree to six weeks = l>ge objects1 ! wat] %[s no cl\d9ess1 or if ^u ! addition ( yell[ potassium *romate x in/antly assumes a r$ col\r 7p4 #fb71 ! /eep+ may be consid]$ complete4 ,"s ,egyptian bronzes1 especially ^? :i* conta9 a l>ge proportion ( lead1 aft] /eep+ exhibit a :iti% cry/all9e coat+ ( lead c>bonate or small hemisph]ical gr\ps ( cry/als scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! metal1 especially :]e ! pores are l>ge2 :5 dry ^! c easily be remov$4 ,an ext5d$ exp]i5ce po9ts to ! conclusion t bronzes %\ld be dri$ at once1 & z quickly z possible4 ,!y %\ld be wip$ ) s(t clo?s & !n dri$ 9 a dry+ *amb] or ^u glass or metal r+s on a /ove4 ,a simple =m ( dry+ *amb] c be made ) copp] or iron plate ( suffici5t ?ickness1 ) a loose lid provid$ ) a hole fitt$ ) a cork1 ?r\gh :i* a !rmomet] passes4 ,?is c be heat$ ov] a ,buns5 burn]1 b ! temp]ature %\ld n exce$ #bcj;,f4 #aaj;,c44 ,small objects may be fre$ f wat] by imm]sion 9 alcohol = tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e dry+4 ,! completion ( ! process may be gaug$ by ! yell[i% or r$di% yell[ col\r :i* ! bronzes %\ld assume :5 !y h be5 dri$ & wip$ ) a clo? or bru%$2 bru%es made ( ! f9e/ /eel wire may be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,a bright col\r is b r>ely se5 on bronzes :i* conta9 lead4 ,egyptian bronzes frequ5tly conta9 z mu* z #bj ( lead1 & su* bronzes h ne>ly always a dull-grey or blacki% appe>ance4 ,a simil> col\r is se5 on bronzes :i* conta9 no lead1 b :i* are v por\s1 & are 9 an advanc$ /ate ( decomposition4 ,9 su* cases ! f9ely divid$ p>ticles ( r$uc$ metal are reta9$ ^u ! r\gh surface ( ! bronze1 & z all metals1 :5 suffici5tly f9ely divid$1 =m a blacki% p[d] )\t any metallic lu/re1 ! :ole object !n appe>s almo/ black4 ,x is difficult1 & 9 _m cases impossible1 to remove ?is du/1 especially t reta9$ 9 ! pores4 ,metal du/ is injuri\s to ! lungs1 & if rec\rse is _h to bru%+1 an effici5t extractor = ! removal ( ! du/-fill$ air is requir$#ade2 b bru%+ & ! use ( bell[s 9 addition frequ5tly prove insuffici5t4 ,wa%+ ! objects ) b5z9e is m effectual1 b a tru/wor?y me?od ( giv+ ! bronze a bett] appe>ance is to place x into melt$ p>aff9 wax#adf at #bejto #bhe;,f4 #abj to #adj;,c44 ,yet ! use ( p>aff9 wax %\ld be avoid$ if possible1 = 9 spite ( ! mo/ c>eful wa%+ blue effloresc5ces may sometimes appe> ^u ?ick bronzes 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>4 ,if ?is %\ld happ5 !y mu/ be wa%$ out at once1 & ! bronze c aga9 be submitt$ to ! cyanide-r$uction process4 ,if h[ev] p>aff9 wax _h be5 appli$ an attempt w\ld h to be made to remove x by imm]s+ ! bronze 9 b5z9e or a mixture ( e!r & alcohol1 or by heat+1 be=e ! r$uction process c\ld be repeat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,bronze bull %[+ w>ty pat9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! same aft] r$uction by ,f9k5]'s me?od#adg4 ,!re is no d\bt t ^! bright-blue effloresc5ces are ! result ( an incomplete r$uction1 :i* 9 _m cases c sc>cely be rem$i$1 = x is (t5 impossible ?or\ghly to wa% objects ( great ?ickness4 ,?9 bronzes1 bronze plate1 & copp] plate rema9 free f effloresc5ces4 ,moreov]1 _m bronzes1 especially ,egyptian ones1 h a h>d1 non-metallic core1 :i* 9 ! ca/+ has be5 p>tly fus$ or at lea/ h>d-burnt1 & resi/s ! effects ( ! wa%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,bronze axe-blade be=e treatm5t by ,f9k5]'s me?od 7,aeg4 #acbjc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,! same side aft] treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,rev]se side ( axe-blade aft] treatm5t4 ,x is occasionally f\nd t a bronze _c /& ! process ( r$uction1 ei!r because !re is only a ?9 lay] ( metal ov] a /\t core1 or because ! metal is p]meat$ ) cupr\s oxide1 :i* :5 te/$ ) a file has a metallic appe>ance4 ,! bronze mu/ !re=e be cont9ually wat*$ :il/ x is 9 ! cyanide ba?1 & if necess>y %\ld be tak5 out ev5 be=e ! r$uction is complete4 ,?is %\ld be done if l>ge pieces or l>ge quantities ( a p[d]y precipitate fall f ! bronze1 or if x is f\nd t a ne$le readily pi]ces ! oxidiz$ lay]4 ,a specim5 ( ?is k9d mu/ be tak5 f ! ba?1 c>efully /eep$1 dri$1 & impregnat$#adh4 ,x is n to be expect$ t bronzes :i* are 9 an advanc$ /ate ( decomposition 7e4g4 ,figs4 #i-ab7 c be s trans=m$ by r$uction z to appe> z !y did :5 !y left ! arti/'s h&4 ,=1 al?\gh ! decompos$ oxidiz$ lay] is n[ r$uc$ to metal1 ?is no long] =ms a coh]5t mass1 b a loose p[d]1 :i*1 be+ depriv$ ( its ess5tial con/itu5ts1 *lor9e1 oxyg5 & c>bonic acid1 no long] reta9s its coh]5cy1 b falls to ! bottom4 ,only 9 ! int]ior & 9 ! pores is ! r$uc$ metal reta9$4 ,9 addition to ! pres]vation ( articles by ! removal ( ! injuri\s *lor9e comp\nds 7z is also ! case ) ,blell's & ) ,kreft+'s me?od = iron antiquities71 ! process may result 9 ! discov]y ( inlaid "w1 inscriptions or ornam5tation1 ! pres5ce ( :i* 0 n suspect$4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations 7,figs4 #ci & #dj7 %[ bronzes be=e & aft] ! pres]vation process1 :ile ! axe-blade %[n 9 ,figs4 #da-dc illu/rates equally cle>ly ! advantages :i* accrue f ! treatm5t4 ,n less /rik+ is ! result ( ! treatm5t 9 ! case ( ! dagg]-%ea? %[n 9 ,figs4 #dd & #de by :i* ! design 0 discov]$4 ,ref]5ce may "h be made to a case describ$ else:]e#adi1 9 :i* r$uction prov$ t :at _h be5 ?\ght a s+le bronze object consi/$ 9 reality ( two pieces :i* did n belong to ea* o!r1 b 7 fitt$ toge!r by means ( a bottle cork ( mod]n date6 ,9 ano!r in/ance a bronze 0 f\nd ^u r$uction to be braz$ ) a h>d sold] conta9+ z9c1 :i* 0 ?us q inconsi/5t ) ! age ascrib$ to ! object4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,fig4 #de4 ,dagg] %ea? be=e & aft] treatm5t by ,f9k5]'s me?od4 ,a %ort digression may be "h made 9 ord] to discuss ! "q :e!r ! composition ( ! bronzes und]goes any alt]ation4 ,?ree analyses#aej ( ,egyptian bronzes be=e & aft] r$uction by ,f9k5]'s me?od %[ t ! *ange 9 composition is s slight z to be immat]ial4 ,x is ( c\rse obvi\s t great] diff]5ces w be se5 9 ! results ( ! analyses be=e & aft] r$uction ( bronzes :i* are 9 an advanc$ /ate ( oxidation1 = 9 ?is case *lor9e1 oxyg51 wat]1 & c>bonic acid con/itute an appreciable proportion ( ! total weight4 ,b ev5 9 ^! cases ! analysis made aft] ! r$uction %[s v slight v>iation f t ( ! orig9al metal4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,osiris ,osiris ,ibis ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,be=e ,aft] ,be=e ,aft] ,be=e ,aft] ,r$uction ,t9 #baf #bbg #dcj #dba #hff #hdf ,copp] #gghc #ggde #giff #gigd #hhec #hhge ,lead #aibc #aihf #aeea #aeeh #afi #aie ,iron #jab #jad #jbh #jbd #jba #jbj ,nickel ,cobalt #jbi #jbd #jbj #jag #jcj #jbi ,ars5ic #jag #jbc #jag pres5t #jcb pres5t ,antimony trace trace trace --- #jbj pres5t ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,! two latt] bronzes 7 te/$ qualitatively only = ars5ic & antimony1 & :5 ! ?ree objects 7 wa%$ ! hydrat$ t9-oxide describ$ on p4 #acj 0 only f\nd 9 ! case ( ! ,ibis4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld n be =gott5 t slight diff]5ces 9 ! quantities may be due to errors 9 ! analysis z well z to a want ( homog5eity 9 ! alloy4 ,,kreft+',s ,,me?od4 ,?is me?od is simil> to t us$ = ! r$uction ( iron 7see page #ajh74 ,! lay] ( oxidiz$ mat]ial is remov$ 9 sev]al places by fil+1 hamm]+1 or rubb+ ) em]y clo? until ! metal is expos$4 ,! object is !n wrapp$ r\nd ) /rips ( z9c1 & plac$ 9 a #e solution ( cau/ic soda4 ,! hydro*loric acid produc$ 9 ! process ( r$uction acts ^u ! soda to =m sodium *loride4 ,"h too ! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! /eep+ is suffici5t4 ,p]sonally ,i pref] ,f9k5]'s me?od1 = potassium cyanide is m easily wa%$ out ?an soda1 & also1 al?\gh poison\s1 is less cau/ic4 ,kreft+'s me?od h[ev] has prov$ ( consid]able success 9 "s cases1 notably 9 ! treatm5t ( "s #dj-ej1jjj ,roman copp] co9s at ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,^! 71 ) few exceptions1 cov]$ ) a cry/all9e lay] resembl+ gre5 mala*ite or blue azurite & 7 q illegible4 ,v>i\s unsatisfactory attempts 7 made to clean !m ) ammonia1 ) w>m & cold acids ( diff]5t k9ds1 ) acid & iron nails1 & by electric curr5t bo? 9 an acid solution & 9 a solution ( potassium cyanide4 ,! foll[+ me?od f9ally prov$ satisfactory#aea3 ,kreft+'s ,me?od ,appli$ to ,oxidiz$ ,copp] ,co9s4 ,a ?9 plate ( z9c ) a bright metallic surface is p]=at$ ) a brad-awl1 hav+ a diamet] ( f #b to #e mm41 until !re are ab\t #ej or #fj holes 9 ea* squ>e metre4 ,?is is plac$ ) ! %>p edges ( ! holes upp]mo/ on a r[ ( glass r+s 7or cry/alliz+ di%es w s]ve ! purpose7 #bj mm4 9 height re/+ ^u ! bottom ( a l>ge glass vessel4 ,! co9s1 :i* 9 ?is case 7 #bj mm4 9 diamet]1 7 !n plac$ on ! z9c plate1 s t #g or #h ( !m occupy a space ( #a squ>e decimetre4 ,ano!r simil>ly p]=at$ plate is laid ^u !m1 & ^u ?is m co9s are arrang$ 9 ! same way1 & s on until !re are six or eight d\ble lay]s4 ,a p]=at$ z9c plate is !n plac$ on ! top ) ! %>p edges ( ! holes turn$ d[nw>ds1 & ov] ?is a few z9c plates :i* h be5 previ\sly us$4 ,! :ole pile is surm\nt$ ) weights or /ones re/+ ^u glass r+s or inv]t$ glass di%es 9 ord] to press ! %>p edges ( ! holes into ! close/ possible contact ) ! co9s4 ,a #e solution ( cau/ic soda is !n p\r$ ov] ! :ole1 ! imm$iate result ( :i* is an evolution ( gas4 ,! r$uction ( ! co9s is usually complete 9 fifte5 to eighte5 h\rs1 aft] :i* !y %\ld be well wa%$4 ,aft] sev]al r9s+s 9 cold wat] !y are plac$1 ab\t #ajjj at a "t1 9 a l>ge vessel fitt$ ) a p]=at$ false bottom conta9+ hot wat]1 :i* %\ld be r5ew$ ?ree or f\r times e day4 ,aft] f\r days ! co9s are wip$ ) a clo? & ?or\ghly dri$ on a w>m ov5 plate or 9 a dry+ *amb] at a temp]ature ( ab\t #bab;,f4 #ajj;,c44 ,!y are !n bru%$ ) a bri/le bru% be=e a du/ extractor1 a proc$ure r5d]$ necess>y by ! f9e metallic du/ f ! co9s1 :i* !n assume a light or d>k br[n col\r su* z is se5 on copp] co9s :i* are 9 actual circulation4 ,! practice ( plac+ ! co9s :il/ /ill wet into melt$ p>aff9 wax at #bfj;,f4 #abj-acj;,c41 :i* gives a d>k appe>ance ev5 to ! brighte/1 has ! disadvantage t ! wax prev5ts ! use ( seal+-wax = tak+ impressions1 & is !re=e n recomm5d$4 ,! reaction is analog\s to t :i* occurs 9 ! r$uction ( iron4 ,! copp] ( ! co9 =ms 9 ! alkal9e solution an electric c\ple ) ! z9c1 & ! hydrog5 :i* =ms at ! copp] end r$uces ! copp] comp\nds cov]+ ! co9s to metallic copp]1 & !reby loos5s !m1 :ile ! z9c oxide :i* is simultane\sly =m$ is dissolv$ 9 ! soda solution4 ,9 actual practice a "p only ( ! z9c oxide is dissolv$1 :ile ! rema9d] =ms a :ite coat+ on ! z9c#aeb4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t a #d-e solution is ! mo/ suitable = ?is me?od ( r$uction1 :i* gives ! mo/ fav\rable results :5 ^! details are foll[$4 ,if = example ! z9c plate is laid imm$iately on ! bottom ( ! glass tr\gh1 if ! co9s are laid too close toge!r on ! plate1 or if !re are m ?an #f to #h d\ble lay]s 9 a tr\gh1 ! process ( r$uction is (t5 incomplete1 & x is !n necess>y to treat ! co9s a second "t4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to m5tion t l>g] co9s mu/ be plac$ at proportionately great] di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,! #dj-ej1jjj co9s :i* 7 ?us treat$ _h orig9ally be5 t9n$1 b ! t9 only rema9$ at a few places4 ,:5 ! co9s 7 wa%$ imm$iately aft] ! r$uction1 ?is t9 c\ld /ill be cle>ly di/+ui%$1 b on fur!r wa%+1 dry+1 & bru%+1 x ceas$ to be visible on acc\nt ( ! d>k col\r imp>t$ to x by ! f9ely p[d]$ copp]4 ,9 "o or two cases lead appe>$ on ! surface ( ! co91 b 0 easily remov$ by me*anical means4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,roman co9s be=e treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,roman co9s aft] treatm5t by ,kreft+'s me?od4 ,clean+ ,copp] ,co9s by ,melt$ ,lead4 ,al?\gh ! results obta9$ by ?is me?od are less satisfactory ?an ^? produc$ by ! prec$+1 x has ! advantage ( simplicity#aec4 ,us+ a pair ( tongs1 dip ! co9s "o by "o into melt$ lead until ! crackl+1 :i* beg9s at once1 has ceas$1 :i* occurs 9 f #c to #aj seconds4 ,! h& %\ld be protect$ ) a glove f ! splutt]+ molt5 lead4 ,! co9 is !n ?r[n into cold wat]1 clean$1 & plac$ until ! next day 9 hot milk4 ,x may be necess>y to repeat ! process :5 ! co9 has become cold4 ,by ?is me?od an olive col\r is imp>t$ to ! co9 :i* _m antiqu>ies pref] to d>k br[n1 b p]sonally ,i pref] ,kreft+'s me?od because x r5d]s ! inscription & designs f> m di/9ct4 ,a co9 :i* aft] ! treatm5t ) melt$ lead has rema9$ s cov]$ ) cupric oxide z to be /ill illegible c seldom be improv$ by a repetition ( ! treatm5t1 :]eas _h ! z9c treatm5t be5 appli$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! result w\ld probably h be5 satisfactory4 ,?is conclusion seems to be ju/ifi$ by ! extremely small p]c5tage ( co9s :i*1 9 my exp]i5ce1 h rema9$ illegible aft] ! treatm5t by electrical me?ods4 7,c47 ,pres]vation ( ,bronzes by ! ,exclusion ( ,air4 ,9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! advanc$ /ate ( decomposition r5d]s ! r$uction process ei!r inapplicable or at any rate inadvisable1 or 9 :i* ! decay is n likely to be arre/$ by impregnation1 a fur!r me?od ( pres]vation rema9s1 viz4 ! complete exclusion ( air & moi/ure4 ,if air is completely fre$ f moi/ure ! oxyg5 c no long] act 9 conjunction ) ! copp] *loride ^u ! /ill intact metal 7see page #bi et seq471 & ! condition ( ! bronze w consequ5tly rema9 un*ang$4 ,a bronze1 = example1 :i* %[s mu* decay %\ld be plac$ aft] impregnation "u a h]metically seal$ bell glass1 & b5ea? or ne> x %\ld be plac$ "s dehydrat+ ag5t1 ( :i* anhydr\s calcium *loride is ! mo/ suitable 7see note1 p4 #abc74 ,to exclude ! air completely ! bell glass %\ld h a project+ gr\nd edge1 :i* %\ld be sme>$ ) vasel9e or grease & press$ firmly ^u a ?ick well poli%$ glass plate4 ,! dehydrat+ ag5t may be plac$ 9 a glass vessel or di% 9 su* a way z to be unse51 or x may be cov]$ ) two or ?ree ?icknesses ( d>k gauze or ) black c>dbo>d laid loosely ov] x4 ,if an object is too l>ge = a bell glass1 or if sev]al objects are to be exhibit$ toge!r1 a squ>e plate-glass case ) iron framework1 made air-tight ) putty1 may be us$ z %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #dh74 ,! l[] "p1 conta9+ calcium *loride1 is p>tition$ (f by a p]=at$ plate cov]$ ) black gauze#aed4 ,a hygromet] 0 plac$ beh9d ! head1 ! indicator ( :i* has rema9$ at z]o s9ce x 0 fir/ fix$ sev]al ye>s ago1 & ! bronze has n hi!rto %[n any sign ( *ange1 al?\gh ! inlaid gold is 9 p>ts rais$ f ! metal by a light-gre5 oxy*loride4 ,! co/ ( ^! cases is consid]able1 b = valuable objects ?is %\ld n be consid]$4 ,9 ! place ( calcium *loride1 /icks or lumps ( cau/ic soda may be us$ ) advantage1 = ?is sub/ance absorbs bo? moi/ure & c>bonic acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,me?od ( m\nt+ objects 9 air-tight cases4 ,?is me?od ( pres]vation is ( c\rse applicable n only to decompos$ bronzes b to all valuable antiquities1 :atev] ! mat]ial may be4 ,app5dix4 ,me?ods ( ,br++ out ,worn ,lett]+ ^u ,co9s4 ,^! me?ods are f\nd$ ^u ! fact t ! sunk5 areas ( ! co9 are1 by ! pressure ( ! die 9 /amp+1 r5d]$ d5s] ?an ! rais$ portions1 su* z ! inscription4 ,! e>lie/ me?od is t publi%$ by ,brew/]1 report$ by ,spke#aee4 ,! co9s :5 clean$ are plac$ ^u r$-hot iron1 :i* causes ! oxidation ( ! entire surface ( ! co94 ,! ?9 film ( oxides v>ies 9 col\r accord+ to ! duration & ! int5sity ( ! heat4 ,! oxidation ( ! lett]s ( ! inscription diff]s f t ( ! surr\nd+ p>ts1 & is recognisable by a diff]5ce 9 col\r4 ,drude#aef1 treat+ m especially ( silv] co9s1 rem>ks t ! inscription is r5d]$ legible by heat+ !m to r$ness ov] a ,buns5-burn]4 ,x !n1 accord+ to ,prome!us#aeg1 :5 view$ 9 a d>k room1 appe>s d>k on a bright gr\nd1 especially if ! co9 has be5 previ\sly poli%$ & !n r\gh5$ aga9 by slightly et*+ x ) acid4 ,9 conclusion1 ! me?od ( ,r\x#aeh may be quot$3 ,! smoo?-worn & poli%$ co9 is plac$ 9 a solution ( copp] sulphate or ( "s o!r metallic salt1 & susp5d$ betwe5 ! electrodes ( "o or m cells ( a batt]y 7any o!r =m ( cont9u\s curr5t w s]ve ! purpose74 ,if ! curr5t is weak1 ! electrodes mu/ be ne> to ! co94 ,! /rong] ! curr5t ! m rapidly ! impression appe>s4 ,on ! side :i* faces ! anode or positive plate ! impression is metallic2 on ! o!r side1 aft] g5tly wip+ (f ! less firmly adh]5t "p ( ! oxide1 ! impression appe>s 9 grey l9es4 ,^! m>k+s c be fix$ by v>ni%+ !m ) a ?9 alcoholic solution ( %ellac4 ,to r5d] ! impression legible on bo? sides1 ! co9 %\ld be plac$ ^u ! f\r upturn$ feet ( an insulat+ /&4 ,! l>g] ! co9 ! deep] mu/ be ! lay] ( solution above & bel[ ! co94 ,! dep? bel[ %\ld be equal to ! radius ( ! co94 ,?is c p]haps be mo/ conv5i5tly c>ri$ out by plac+ t electrode 9 imm$iate contact ) ! co9 :i* ^u imm]sion 9 ! solution becomes t>ni%$ ) ! metal1 i4e4 ! ca?ode or negative pole4 ,o!r portions :i* x is n int5d$ to treat %\ld be fir/ cov]$ ) v>ni%4 ,! /rik+ success ( ?is me?od is due to ! fact t t portion ( ! metal :i* has be5 compress$ by ! /amp is a bett] electrical conductor ?an ! re/2 no success c\ld !re=e be expect$ f ! use ( ?is process = ! re/oration ( su* objects z worn engrav$ copp]-plates1 etc4 7j7 ,silv]4 ,pres]vative treatm5t ( silv] is sc>cely necess>y 7cp4 pp4 #di-eb71 except 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! silv] is alloy$ ) a l>ge p]c5tage ( copp]1 & :i* %[ effloresc5ces simil> to ^? :i* appe> ^u bronzes conta9+ *lor9e4 ,electrolytic r$uction w be f\nd to be ! mo/ suitable me?od ( treatm5t 9 su* cases4 ,to treat silv] co9s !y %\ld be plac$ 9 contact ) iron nails 9 lemon juice4 ,in/ead ( ! citric acid1 :i* is ! active pr9ciple 9 ?is process1 o!r dilut$ acids & o!r metals1 e4g4 z9c1 may be employ$4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie#aei has %[n t ! r$uction c also be effect$ by a weak solution ( common salt4 ,silv] *loride is soluble 9 ammonia1 & ?9 lay]s may be remov$ by ! application ( ammonia by means ( a s(t bru%4 ,?or\gh r9s+ ) pure wat]1 dry+ ) s(t clo?s1 & cauti\s w>m+ are always ess5tial4 ,an excell5t r$uc+ ag5t = s+le co9s1 ! *>act]s ( :i* are r5d]$ illegible by a lay] ( silv] *loride1 is molt5 potassium cyanide1 or a mixture ( ?is sub/ance ) sodium or potassium c>bonate4 ,9 a %ort "t ! silv] *loride is decompos$ & remov$ f ! smoo? surface ( ! co94 ,aft] boil+ out ) wat]1 /eep+ 9 alcohol1 dry+1 & bru%+ ) a s(t bru%1 ! co9s may be coat$ ) zapon4 ,co9s treat$ 9 ?is way appe> to be less brittle ?an ^? r$uc$ by ,kreft+'s me?od4 ,m tr\blesome b less dang]\s1 because potassium cyanide is n us$1 is ! treatm5t ( silv] co9s ) a fus$ mixture ( potassium & sodium c>bonates4 ,9 ?is case ! silv] *loride is conv]t$ into silv] c>bonate1 :i* is !n decompos$ ) #ej acetic acid4 ,fur!r treatm5t by wa%+1 dry+1 & impregnation is c>ri$ out z previ\sly describ$4 ,silv] :i* has become friable 7p4 #ea7 c be r5d]$ m compact by cauti\sly heat+ x to r$ness4 ,x w h[ev] be advisable to entru/ heat+ & me*anical treatm5t ( objects :i* are mu* b5t to "s skill$ silv]smi?1 ^: exp]i5ce may prev5t disa/]4 ,silv] objects :i* are l>gely conv]t$ into friable *loride1 especially if !y are mu* exp&$1 or if l>ge portions h brok5 away 9 ! process ( remov+ ! *loride1 w h>dly be> any o!r treatm5t ?an t ( impregnation ) gum-damm> solution or ) p>aff9 wax4 ,z silv] *loride is easily fus$ su* articles %\ld n be subject$ to heat4 ,e>?y matt] c (t5 be remov$ ) a neutral soap & w>m wat]1 :ile calc>e\s accretions c be dissolv$ by a #b solution ( hydro*loric acid4 ,silv] :i* has be5 black5$ by silv] sulphide may be laid 9 a w>m #b solution ( potassium cyanide4 ,all objects %\ld be subsequ5tly well wa%$ ) w>m wat]4 7k7 ,lead & ,t94 ,objects ( pure lead & pure t9 are r>e4 ,if mu* oxidiz$ !y %\ld be wa%$ ) w>m wat]1 dri$1 & impregnat$ ) a gum-damm> solution or ) p>aff9 wax 7pp4 #gj & #ia74 ,if 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation !y may be fre$ f any e>?y or calc>e\s coat+ or f lead c>bonate by ! cauti\s use ( v dilute nitric acid foll[$ by /eep+ 9 wat]4 ,c]esole#afj cleans oxidiz$ lead5 seals ) #aj acetic acid1 neutralises ! acid ) ammonia1 & aft] five m9utes 9 alcohol coats !m ?9ly ) wax4 ,! seals are pres]v$ betwe5 glass di%es 7,petri di%es71 ! space betwe5 ! di%es be+ fill$ ) cem5t4 ,i employ ,kreft+'s me?od = lead5 m$als1 us+ ei!r z9c & v dilute sulphuric acid1 or z9c du/ & cau/ic soda4 ,occasionally ! z9c du/ becomes firmly cem5t$ by oxide to ! surface ( ! lead1 &1 if ?is is ! case1 great c>e mu/ be us$ 9 remov+ x4 ,! wa%+ process also requires c>e4 ,a v efficaci\s me?od is to all[ a /ream ( w>m di/ill$ wat]1 f :i* ! dissolv$ air has be5 driv5 (f by boil+1 to fl[ ov] ! object 9 a porcela9 di%4 ,i n[ omit any impregnation ) p>aff9 wax1 & in/ead recomm5d removal ( ! wat] by alcohol1 dry+1 & coat+ ) zapon4 ,to pres]ve ! specim5s aft] treatm5t1 m especially f ! injuri\s action ( p]spiration f ! h&s1 !y are plac$ betwe5 di%es ( glass or ( celluloid#afa4 7l7 ,gold4 ,objects ( pure gold usually ne$ only be clean$ ) soap & wat] & a s(t bru%2 lime may be remov$ by ! application ( a #b solution ( hydro*loric acid4 ,a coat+ ( silv] *loride occurr+ on gold :i* conta9s a l>ge p]c5tage ( silv] may be remov$ by ammonia1 or1 9 c]ta9 cases1 by ! alt]nate use ( dilute hydro*loric acid & ammonia4 ,a lay] ( r$ f]ric oxide 7see p4 #ec7 is ( frequ5t occurr5ce ^u gold objects1 & may be remov$ by w>m+ ! object 9 a /rong] solution ( hydro*loric acid1 b s(t bru%es w (t5 s]ve ! same purpose4 ,pure gold be+ v s(t1 only ! s(te/ s-call$ silv] bru%es %\ld be us$1 & all pressure or b5d+ %\ld be avoid$4 ,if friable ! object %\ld be c>efully impregnat$ ) a solution ( gum-damm> 7p4 #gj74 7m7 ,glass & ,enamel4 ,if cov]$ ) a film ( dirt1 or if :5 9 a collection objects ( glass or enamel und]go any alt]ation1 !y %\ld be wa%$ or /eep$ 9 lukew>m wat]4 ,:5 dry !y %\ld be treat$ ) pure olive oil or poppy-se$ oil1 :i* may be dilut$ ) b5z9e4 ,! oil helps to re/ore ! lu/re to ! glass & to br+ out ! col\r ( ! enamel4 ,:5 ?us treat$ ! objects %\ld be c>efully protect$ f du/4 ,a decomposition ( anci5t glass :5 deposit$ 9 a museum has be5 hi!rto only r>ely obs]v$1 b allusion may be "h made to ! s-call$ 'sweat+' ( glass :i* is a "q ( consid]able importance 9 ,indu/rial-,art collections4 ,9 ?is case pres]vation is insur$ by wa%+ ) di/ill$ wat]1 dry+1 & coat+ ) zapon4 ,fur!r p>ticul>s may be obta9$ f ! pap] by ,pazaurek#afb4 ,,ii4 ,pres]vation ( ,organic ,sub/ances4 7n7 ,bones1 ,horns1 ,ivory4 ,_m curators dry c>efully & impregnate !m ) a gum-damm> solution or %ellac2 is+lass or glue are h[ev] pref]able1 = ^! aque\s solutions may be us$ = ! treatm5t ( damp objects1 :i* c\ld sc>cely be dri$ )\t crack+4 ,9 ord] to p]meate ! object ^! solutions mu/ be v dilute1 & are mo/ advantage\sly appli$ at a temp]ature ( ab\t #abj;,f4 #ej;,c44 ,! impregnation may also be effect$ 9 r>efi$ air "u a bell glass 7p4 #fh74 ,friable bones & simil> objects :i* might fall to pieces 9 ! solution dur+ impregnation %\ld be b\nd ) /rips ( gauze or ) /r+ be=e imm]sion2 !y are easily remov$ :5 cold4 ,to prev5t ! =mation ( m\ld a small quantity ( dissolv$ corrosive sublimate#afc is add$ to ! glue1 or :5 dry aft] impregnation ! objects may be cov]$ ) a solution ( %ellac or res94 ,impregnation is ( v g5]al application1 & is frequ5tly us$ = ! pres]vation ( fossil & plei/oc5e bones4 7o7 ,lea!r4 ,at ,cop5hag5 ! me?od us$ to r5d] lea!r s(t & pliable is to place x 9 tra9 oil = an h\r & !n dry x ) filt]-pap]4 ,lanol9e may also be us$ ) success#afd4 ,poppy-se$ oil 9 b5z9e 7p4 #hf7 is said to produce good results1 b ! ,m]kbu* recomm5ds ! pres]vation ( lea!r 9 ?is condition 9 alcohol#afe4 7p7 ,textile ,fabrics1 ,hair4 ,e>? & soil may be remov$ by me*anical means1 &1 occasionally1 c>eful wa%+ may be possible4 ,! objects %\ld be dri$ & impregnat$ ) a gum-damm> solution 7p4 #gj71 poppy-se$ oil 7p4 #hf71 or a solution ( india-rubb] 7p4 #ij71 or !y may be pres]v$ 9 alcohol 7p4 #aei74 ,"s textile fabrics 9 ! ,cop5hag5 ,museum owe _! excell5t /ate ( pres]vation to ,/eff5s5's treatm5t1 i4e4 impregnation ) a solution ( india-rubb] 9 turp5t9e ) ! addition ( bees'-wax4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! treatm5t ( textile fabrics f ! ,lake-,dwell+s is due to ,h]r ,hei]li1 ( ,zri*3 ,! pieces z !y 7 tak5 up 7 laid on ! gr\nd & ?us sl[ly all[$ to dry 9 ! air4 ,!y 7 !n plac$ betwe5 glass plates1 ! edges ( :i* 7 pa/$ ov] ) pap]4 ,old pieces :i* _h be5 dry = a long "t1 & :i* _h become t5d] & friable1 7 laid on ! gr\nd & wat]$ f "t to "t until !y 7 soak$ ?r\gh2 !y 7 !n treat$ 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,egyptian textile fabrics pres]v$ betwe5 glass plates (t5 deposit a ?9 lay] ( salt on ! glass1 b ?is is easily wip$ (f 7see p4 #aee74 ,x mu/ fir/ be asc]ta9$ by a previ\s trial 9 ea* case :e!r ! salt c be remov$ by /eep+ 9 wat] or 9 alcohol & wat]4 ,hair f\nd 9 peat has always a d>k-br[n col\r f impregnation ) peaty matt]4 ,! me?od propos$ by ,bille ,gram#aff = re/or+ ! natural col\r consi/s ( repeat$ & alt]nate treatm5t ) v dilute alkali solution & acid at ab\t #abj;,f4 #ej;,c44 ,:5 ! liquid ceases to %[ coloration ! natural col\r ( ! hair is re/or$4 7q7 ,fea!rs4 ,^! d n require any treatm5t beyond protection aga9/ insects1 :i* is atta9$ by imm]sion 9 an alcoholic solution ( corrosive sublimate1 or by spray+ ) corrosive sublimate 9 ei!r alcoholic or aque\s solution4 ,( c\rse ! poison\s nature ( corrosive sublimate necessitates caution 9 its use & x %\ld be always labell$ z su*4 ,! use ( naph?al5e is n always successful1 & :ite scales ( naph?al5e are apt to make _! appe>ance2 nor does f9ely p[d]$ pepp] spr9kl$ on ! fea!rs1 ei!r alone or mix$ ) f9ely p[d]$ alum1 give satisfactory results4 7r7 ,papyrus4 ,! me?od ( clean+ & pres]v+ papyrus 9 use 9 ! ,egyptian dep>tm5t ( ! ,royal ,museums at ,b]l9 is z foll[s3 ,^? pieces :i* are fold$ toge!r or roll$ are c>efully /raight5$1 &1 if v friable1 !y are fir/ plac$ betwe5 damp filt] pap] to r5d] !m uni=mly pliable4 ,du/ & dirt are remov$ ) s(t pa9t-bru%es1 cry/als ( salt :i* are (t5 f\nd#afg are pick$ (f ) =ceps4 ,any gr[?s ( fungus are c>efully scrap$ (f ) a knife4 ,! papyrus ?us prep>$ is !n plac$ betwe5 two ?ick poli%$ glass plates1 ! two oppos+ surfaces ( :i* are cov]$ ) a v ?9 lay] ( vasel9e4 ,air is frequ5tly admitt$ to dry ! papyrus1 :ile ! pressure ( ! glass plates t5ds to smoo? x out1 & aft] x has be5 s treat$ x is m\nt$ betwe5 ?9 glass plates1 ! edges ( :i* are pa/$ ov] ) pap] cov]$ ) an oil pa9t4 ,a papyrus pres]v$ betwe5 glass plates (t5 %[s r\nd ! edges a :iti% bord] ab\t two millimetres 9 bread?1 & on sep>ation ! glass plates %[ a slight film ( ! same :ite mat]ial on ! surface :i* _h be5 9 contact ) ! papyrus4 ,! =mation ( ?is film1 :i* consi/s *iefly ( common salt & is easily wip$ (f1 may be prev5t$ by previ\sly wa%+ ! papyrus 9 di/ill$ wat]1 a proce$+ :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be h>mless4 ,z ! papyrus w swim on ! surface x %\ld fir/ be imm]s$ 9 alcohol until soak$ ?r\gh2 ! process ( /eep+ is !n q simple4 ,! ?9ness ( papyrus enables ! /eep+ to be complet$ aft] #bd to #dh h\rs by two *anges ( ! wat]1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 le/ a too prolong$ /eep+ %\ld oblit]ate ! lett]+4 ,! wat] assumes a yell[i% or br[n t9t & ! papyrus becomes some:at light] 9 col\r on dry+4 ,papyrus may also be pres]v$ by zapon 7see ,app5dix71 b ?is me?od has no advantage ov] t ( m\nt+ betwe5 glass plates4 7s7 ,wood4 ,to pres]ve adequately articles ( moi/ wood 7& !y are g5]ally 9 ?is condition :5 fir/ excavat$71 prelim9>y measures to prev5t _! dry+ 9 ! air mu/ be tak5 imm$iately aft] !y are dug out ( ! e>?4 ,if f\nd 9 wat]1 z = in/ance articles f pile-dwell+s1 !y %\ld be convey$ 9 wat]2 moi/ objects %\ld be wrapp$ 9 sev]al ?icknesses ( moi/ clo?1 & ! :ole wrapp$ 9 gutta-p]*a membrane1 or 9 a lay] ( moi/ moss4 ,! cracks :i* arise 9 wood5 objects :i* h become dri$ may frequ5tly be clos$ up by lay+ !m 9 lukew>m wat]4 ,z ! e>lie/ attempts at pres]vation 7 probably made ^u wood5 objects !re is sc>cely a collection 9 :i* a numb] ( me?ods are n employ$4 ,"o exception only is kn[n to me1 & "h1 aft] a pla/] ( ,p>is ca/ has be5 tak51 ! object is simply all[$ to %r9k4 ,! me?ods propos$ & c>ri$ out are s diff]5t & s num]\s1 especially z reg>ds ! liquid us$ = impregnation1 & 9 su* v>iety1 t x is only necess>y to deal ) ! mo/ important4 ,^! may be divid$ into two classes1 viz4 dry & wet4 7#a7 ,dry ,pres]vation ( ,wood4 ,moi/ or wet objects are plac$ 9 ?9 size or 9 a solution ( is+lass till !y are impregnat$1 aft] :i* !y are dri$ gradually 9 a %ady place4 ,a solution ( %ellac1 or v>ni% dilut$ ) petroleum or b5z9e1 is !n put on ) a bru%4 ,sometimes ! objects are plac$ directly into a mixture ( v>ni% & petroleum1 or !y are impregnat$ ) melt$ p>aff94 ,! =m] is pref]able z a means ( impregnation if !re are cracks or holes1 = ! sup]flu\s solution readily drips f ! wood :5 x is tak5 out1 :ile p>aff9 sets too soon to dra9 out ( ! cracks1 & ?us imp>ts an unnatural :ite appe>ance to ! wood4 ,ow+ to ! l>ge size ( ! vessels :i* w\ld be o!rwise requir$1 p>aff9 is only useful = small or m$ium-siz$ objects1 b :5 mak+ use ( v>ni% "o end ( a l>ge object#afh may be plac$ 9 ! mixture :ile ! solution is repeat$ly p\r$ ov] ! object4 ,aft] two or ?ree days ! opposite end %\ld be plac$ 9 ! solution4 ,by repeat+ ?is process e "p ( ! object w soon be ?or\ghly impregnat$4 ,objects ( /ill great] size1 su* z a ,vik+'s %ip1 c only be pres]v$ by pa9t+ ! surface4 ,9 su* cases x is advisable to beg9 ) dilute v>ni% s z to all[ ! impregnat+ solution to p5etrate z deeply z possible into ! mat]ial1 in/ead ( m]ely =m+ a sk94 ,a solution ( wat]glass has 9 "o in/ance be5 us$ = ! pres]vation ( a l>ge boat1 b ! result is n satisfactory4 ,,le9]',s ,,me?od#afi4 ,! wood5 articles are laid 9 glyc]9e mix$ ) a small p]c5tage ( c>bolic acid4 ,! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* !y rema9 9 ! glyc]9e dep5ds ^u _! size4 ,:5 tak5 out !y are lightly wip$ & pres]v$ )\t fur!r treatm5t4 ,if a gr[? ( m\ld %\ld occur x may be wa%$ (f4 ,objects ?us treat$ reta9 _! moi/ condition & %\ld !re=e be v c>efully protect$ f du/4 ,,spe]s*neid]',s ,,me?od#agj 7cp4 p4 #ia74 ,small specim5s are heat$ = two h\rs 9 a mixture ( #h p>ts ( rape-se$ oil1 #a "p ( bees'-wax1 #a "p ( p9e res91 & #b p>ts ( b5z5e4 ,l>g] objects require a proportionately long] heat+1 b ! mixture mu/ n be all[$ to actually boil4 ,! moi/ure rises z /eam & causes ! solution to bubble4 ,! bubbl+ h[ev] cont9ues aft] ! moi/ure has be5 driv5 (f2 great c>e mu/ !re=e be tak5 t ! heat+ is n s prolong$ z to cause ! object to %r9k4 ,! highly inflammable nature ( ! mixture r5d]s great caution necess>y1 & %\ld x ignite1 a lid1 :i* %\ld always be 9 read9ess1 %\ld be put on ! vessel4 ,aft] impregnation ! objects are wrapp$ 9 blott+-pap] & laid 9 a%es = f\r days to prev5t ! access ( air4 ,! aim is d\btless to insure ?or\gh absorption ( ! sup]flu\s liquid :i* rema9s ^u ! object1 :i* exposure to air w\ld prev5t by caus+ ! mixture to set too rapidly4 ,! same mixture c be us$ repeat$ly1 b ea* "t two-?irds ( ! orig9al quantity ( b5z5e mu/ be add$4 ,,h]b/',s ,,me?od#aga4 ,! moi/ objects are boil$ 9 a saturat$ solution ( alum = two h\rs 7hot wat] dissolves ab\t #c-a_/b times its weight ( alum71 b if !y are ( "s ?ickness ! "t mu/ be proportionately long]4 ,!y are !n tak5 out1 & :5 ! alum 9 cry/alliz+ has made !m m or less firm1 ! cry/als adh]+ to ! surface are wa%$ (f ) w>m wat]4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry ! wood is bru%$ ov] ) hot l9se$ oil1 :i* op]ation is repeat$ until no m oil is absorb$4 ,a f9al ?9 coat+ ( v>ni% or %ellac is !n giv54 ,accord+ to ,/eff5s51 ! me?od foll[$ at ,cop5hag5 is to lay ! objects 9 w>m ?9 size = a qu>t] ( an h\r aft] impregnation ) alum4 ,?is alum-me?od is !re us$ = objects ( oak1 al?\gh ! ,m]kbu* 7p4 #fj7 /ates t only ! v>ni%-petroleum mixture %\ld be us$ = impregnat+ ?is class ( object4 7#b7 ,pres]vation ( ,wood5 ,objects 9 ,liquids4 ,! exp5se entail$ by ?is me?od r5d]s x applicable only to articles ( small size4 ,! pres]vation ( small objects 9 a flat vessel1 ! bottom ( :i* is cov]$ ) glyc]9e1 has ! disadvantage t glyc]9e extracts organic sub/ances & ?us assumes a br[n col\r4 ,if glyc]9e is us$ ! object %\ld und]go a ?or\gh prelim9>y /eep+1 & ! glyc]9e %\ld be r5ew$ until x rema9s col\rless4 ,clos$ cyl9d]s fill$ ) glyc]9e or a mixture ( glyc]9e & wat] are n conv5i5t because wood ne>ly always floats 9 ! liquid4 ,?is may be rem$i$ h[ev] by ! addition ( alcohol4 ,,j5n]',s ,,me?od#agb4 ,:5 ! objects h be5 ?or\ghly clean$ ) wat]1 pure alcohol1 dilut$ ) wat] until ! specific gravity at #ed;,f4 #abe;,c4 rea*es #jif1 is p\r$ ov] !m4 ,aft] six or eight weeks ! alcohol is p\r$ (f & replac$ by fre% alcohol ( ! same specific gravity4 ,?is alcohol is exam9$ 9 a ye>'s "t1 & %\ld always %[ a specific gravity ( #jif4 ,! alcohol :i* has be5 p\r$ (f may be filt]$1 & if necess>y decol\riz$ by animal *>coal2 :5 ! specific gravity has be5 aga9 rais$ to #jif1 by ! addition ( fre% alcohol1 x may be us$ aga94 ,! same process is applicable to textile fabrics1 y>n1 & lea!r4 ,protection aga9/ ,wood-worms1 etc4 ,all ! me?ods m5tion$ above w de/roy insects & _! l>vae4 ,9 cases 9 :i* x is ei!r impossible or undesirable to use imm]sion or ext]nal application1 z = in/ance 9 ! treatm5t ( objects ( dry wood1 ! l>vae may be de/roy$ by dropp+ petroleum1 an aque\s solution ( potassium ars5ite1 or corrosive sublimate1 into ! v>i\s small op5+s4 ,?is w also help to prev5t fur!r attacks4 ,if solutions are n appli$ insects may be de/roy$ by ! vap\r ( c>bon bi-sulphide or ( crude b5z5e4 ,^! liquids1 :i* are suffici5tly volatile at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 %\ld be plac$1 toge!r ) ! objects to be treat$1 9 a clos$ box4 ,i h us$ a simil> me?od = ! de/ruction ( wood-worms 9 ,egyptian c(f9s4 ,! c(f9 is plac$ 9 a l>ge wood5 box l9$ ) t9 plate4 ,! lid1 also l9$ ) t91 is provid$ ) project+ edges1 to :i* /rips ( felt are glu$4 ,! weight ( ! lid by compress+ ! felt is suffici5t to r5d] ! box air-tight4 ,six or eight glass vessels conta9+ crude b5z5e are plac$ at ! bottom ( ! *e/ & ( ! c(f9 itself4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be add$ t ! box mu/ n be op5$ ne> a fire or light1 z ! vap\r =ms an explosive mixture ) air2 x is 9 fact advisable to h no light or fire 9 ! room4 ,insects c also be kill$ by naph?al5e vap\r1 b z naph?al5e is insuffici5tly volatile at ord9>y temp]atures1 ! me?od above describ$ is m conv5i5t#agc4 ,pres]vation & ,clean+ ( ,col\r$ ,wood5 ,objects4 ,= objects ( ?is k9d mat]ials %\ld n be us$ :i*1 l v>ni%1 t5d to d>k5 & s to damage ! col\rs4 ,gum-damm> solution 7page #gj7 answ]s ! purpose1 b col\rless collodion is bett]4 ,col\rs :i* are soluble 9 wat] 7z is frequ5tly ! case ) wood5 objects f ,egypt7 _c ( c\rse be clean$ ) wat]1 b b5z9e may be appli$ by means ( s(t clo?s or bru%es4 ,res9\s or pit*-l sub/ances may (t5 be remov$ f col\r$ objects by turp5t9e mix$ ) b5z9e or e!r4 ,a me?od ( clean+ gild$ or brightly col\r$ ecclesia/ical figures :i* is us$ 9 ! ,breslau ,museum is ! application ( a mixture ( copaiba balsam & ammonia4 ,?is me?od is simil> to t us$ to clean pa9t+s#agd1 ! action ( ! solution be+ t ( a mild soap4 ,antiquities :i* 7 orig9ally uncol\r$1 b :i* h be5 subsequ5tly pa9t$1 may be cle>$ ( pa9t by means ( a solution ( cau/ic soda 9 wat] or alcohol4 7t7 ,amb]4 ,aft] ! me*anical removal ( any adh]5t e>? & du/1 ! specim5 %\ld be rubb$ c>efully backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 ! f+]s cov]$ ) a s(t wooll5 glove4 ,p>ticles ( soil %\ld be pick$ out ( any holes & ind5tations by us+ a /rong horse hair#age4 ,x is !n pres]v$ by impregnation ) a solution ( %ellac1 poppy-se$ oil1 or is+lass 7pp4 #gj & #hf74 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s ( ! me?od us$ 9 ,messrs ,/anti5 & ,beck]'s collection ( amb] h be5 suppli$ by ,pr(4 ,klebs3 ,amb] is pres]v$ be/ 9 di/ill$ wat]3 ,i add a v small quantity ( glyc]9e & a /ill small] am\nt ( alcohol4 ,a proportion ( alcohol great] ?an #a is injuri\s to ! amb]4 ,a ?ick lay] ( gelat9e conta9+ glyc]9e is an excell5t m$ium = ! pres]vation ( l>ge objects if !y are kept free f du/4 ,?is lay] %\ld be wa%$ (f & r5ew$ e few ye>s4 ,! ,c>e ( ,antiquities aft] ,pres]vative ,treatm5t4 ,9 addition to ! protection f du/ af=d$ by clos$ glass cases1 x is also important to protect objects f ! action ( direct sunlight1 especially dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 no d\bt t ! decay ( bronzes1 ev5 ( ^? ) a pat9a :i* is app>5tly s\nd1 is ha/5$ by ! great v>iations ( temp]ature1 caus$ by ! rays ( ! sun fall+ directly ^u !m4 ,simil>ly objects :i* h be5 pres]v$ by ! application ( solutions ( res9 or v>ni% %\ld be protect$ f ! direct access ( sunlight1 = ! sudd5 w>m+ may easily cause cracks4 ,nor %\ld antiquities be kept ne> ! heat+ app>atus4 ,!re is ano!r precaution1 to :i* too little att5tion has be5 paid1 viz4 ! protection ( objects z f> z possible f ev5 diffus$ daylight4 ,al?\gh no inve/igations ^u ! ext5t ( ! injuri\s action ( light h z yet be5 publi%$1 light is n )\t influ5ce ^u ! outw>d appe>ance1 & !re=e also ^u ! mat]ial condition ( antiquities ( organic orig94 ,b ev5 inorganic objects1 su* z pigm5ts1 glass1 enamel1 amb]1 etc41 are affect$ by light2 x is !re=e c]ta9ly advisable to protect antiquities ( all k9ds f light dur+ ! "t 9 :i* !y are n exhibit$ to ! public4 ,! public is effectually prev5t$ f f+]+ antiquities :i* are enclos$ 9 glass cases1 b x may be well to rem9d ^? :o h to h&le !m 9 ! c\rse ( _! duties t contact ) ! b>e h& c only be h>mful1 ev5 ?\gh f+]+ is und]/ood to be b5eficial to mod]n bronzes by induc+ ! =mation ( pat9a4 ,! bright surface ( metallic iron :i* results f treatm5t by ,blell's or by ,kreft+'s me?od1 especially if !re is a ?9 coat+ ( p>aff91 %\ld n be t\*$ at all ) ! b>e h&1 b only ) a clo? or a glove4 ,bronzes1 :e!r intact or re/or$1 & iron objects1 %\ld nev] be 9 direct contact ) ^? :i* %[ effloresc5ces4 ,! usual cu/om is to atta* labels ( pa9t$ c>dbo>d or metal by means ( ?9 metal wire4 ,! t5d5cy to ru/ makes iron wire unsuitable1 especially = objects conta9+ salt1 :i* are quickly affect$2 ?us light col\r$ e>!nw>e may soon be cov]$ ) spots ( ru/4 ,copp] wire & nickel wire are liable to be simil>ly attack$4 ,_m ye>s ago x 0 notic$#agf 9 ! ,e?nological ,museum at ,b]l9 t nickel wire :5 9 contact ) silv] objects :i* 7 cov]$ ) silv] *loride 0 de/roy$ by ! =mation ( a deliquesc5t gre5 nickel salt4 ,silv] or plat9um wire =ms ! mo/ suitable means ( atta*m5t1 b if ! exp5se ( ^! is too great1 copp] or nickel wire may be us$1 except 9 ! cases m5tion$ above4 ,small objects ( any k9d1 :i* "o /ill frequ5tly f9ds kept 9 op5 cases1 are bett] pres]v$ 9 upright glass cyl9d]s ) glass /opp]s1 or 9 *eap] glass tubes1 "o end ( :i* is fus$ & ! o!r clos$ ) a cork4 ,conclusion4 ,! me?ods ( pres]vation :i* h be5 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ pages may be ?us tabulat$ & summ>is$3 ,me?ods4 ,application4 ,/eep+ 9 wat]1 dry+ ,lime/one1 & impregnation4 ,e>!nw>e1 ,iron1 mu* corrod$4 ,direct impregnation4 7#a7 ,unbak$ e>!nw>e1 etc41 7#b7 ,bronze objects ) little or no metallic core1 or %[+ a crack$ or w>ty surface1 7#c7 ,objects ( wood & ( o!r organic sub/ances4 ,removal ( comp\nds ( oxyg5 or *lor9e 7a7 by *emical process1 ,iron objects 9 a good metallic condition1 7b7 by electrolytic process4 7#a7 ,iron objects ) a s\nd metallic core1 7#b7 ,bronze objects ) a s\nd metallic core4 ,m\nt$ ?or\ghly dry & ,valuable bronzes 9 an advanc$ h]metically seal$4 /ate ( decomposition4 ,!re w be no difficulty 9 ! *oice ( me?ods = lime/one or e>!nw>e1 :e!r kiln-dri$ or sun-dri$1 = a simple exp]im5t w prove :e!r /eep+ is likely to cause injury or dis9tegration4 ,! me?ods are !mselves simple & inexp5sive4 ,= organic sub/ances ! *ief "q is ! *oice ( ! mo/ suitable m$ium = impregnation4 ,iron & bronze pres5t "s difficulty1 al?\gh ! use ( a file w readily %[ :e!r r$uction is feasible4 ,! simplicity ( ! app>atus requir$ = ,kreft+'s me?od gives x an advantage ov] o!r me?ods1 at any rate = iron objects4 ,objection has be5 tak5 to ! me?ods ( r$uction1 because !y give to ! objects ?us treat$ an appe>ance to :i* ! public are n accu/om$4 ,x may be safely ass]t$ h[ev] t ?is appe>ance m truly repres5ts ! object :5 9 actual use1 ?an ! oxidiz$ & ru/-cov]$ specim5s to :i* we are accu/om$ 9 antiqu>ian collections4 ,to ^? :o value an antique object = ! cru/ t cov]s x1 all me?ods ( re/oration mu/ be objectionable4 ,su* p]sons ought to object to ! removal ( ! incru/ations :i* hide ! cunei=m inscriptions on clay tablets4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o reg>d ^! me?ods ) approval %\ld g a /ep fur!r & confide _! collections to exp]i5c$ h&s = "s =m ( treatm5t :i* may br+ to light inscriptions & inlaid "w :i* w greatly enhance _! value4 ,to spread ! k ( ^! me?ods & to invite ! co-op]ation ( o!rs is ! aim ( ?is book4 ,z to ! be/ me?od to be us$ 9 ea* p>ticul> case x is unnecess>y to lay d[n any h>d & fa/ rule1 = ?is c only be le>n$ by obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,,app5dix ,a4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,tak+ ,,squeezes ,,( ,,inscriptions1 ,,etc4 ,= ?is purpose a prop] bru% is requir$ ) /rong bri/les1 closely set z 9 a scrubb+ bru%2 ! bru% %\ld h a firmly fix$ h&le1 pref]ably slightly curv+ upw>ds to save ! knuckles f be+ bruis$ ^u ! /one4 ,a s-call$ silv] bru% w s]ve ! purpose4 ,! pap] %\ld be /\t & /iff en\gh to resi/ ! bl[s ( ! bru% )\t te>+4 ,an admirable pap]1 :i* possesses ^! qualities1 is specially prep>$ = ! purpose by ! ,o4,w4 ,company1 #ajj1 ,great ,russell ,/reet1 ,london1 ,w4 ,z a sub/itute = ! specially prep>$ pap] /\t pack+ pap] may be us$ ) satisfactory results4 ,! /one %\ld be tilt$ if possible at an angle ( ab\t #de1 & ! surface be>+ ! inscription %\ld be well wa%$ or c>efully scrap$ free ( dirt & =eign matt] & %\ld be r5d]$ ?or\ghly wet4 ,a piece ( ! special pap] ( suitable size %\ld be soak$ 9 wat] = a m9ute or m4 ,x %\ld !n be c>efully appli$ to ! surface ( ! /one 9 su* a way z to prev5t air-bubbles4 ,?is may be assi/$ by g5tly smoo?+ x ) ! h& or back ( ! bru%4 ,:5 close adhesion has be5 secur$1 & all air-bubbles remov$ 7?is c sometimes be done by prick+ ?r\gh ! pap] ) a p971 ! pap] %\ld be %>ply beat5 ) ! bru%1 ! bl[s be+ deliv]$ f ! wri/ & n f ! %\ld] until x beg9s to %[ a fluffy appe>ance4 ,x %\ld !n be peel$ (f & all[$ to dry1 aft] :i* x may be roll$ or fold$ )\t dang] ( injury to ! emboss$ inscription4 ,%\ld ! pap] te>1 ano!r piece soak$ z be=e may be plac$ on ! top & beat5 until x becomes incorporat$ ) ! fir/4 ,if ! lett]s are l>ge & deep1 or if ! surface is mu* crack$1 two or m %eets sup]impos$ %\ld be us$4 ,9 ! case ( l>ge inscriptions x is advisable to take impressions by sections1 c>e be+ tak5 t ea* %eet slightly ov]laps ! prec$+ "o to prev5t ! possible omission ( "s ( ! lett]s4 ,x is also useful to take at ! same "t a p5 or p5cil copy ( ! inscription1 = a comp>ison ( ! copy & ! squeeze w (t5 prev5t errors 9 deciph]+4 ,! squeezes c be v well deciph]$ by artificial light1 :ile d\btful lett]s may sometimes become cle> on hold+ up ! %eet to ! light4 ,! rev]se side ( ! squeeze1 ^u :i* ! inscription /&s 9 relief1 may af=d great assi/ance :5 read by ! aid ( a mirror4 ,a photograph ( ! squeeze w (t5 reveal m ?an a photograph ( ! inscription itself4 ,! me?od is describ$ by ,s4 ,re9a* 9 8 ,trait d'pigraphie ,grecque 7,introduction1 p4 ,,xx471 :]e he also ref]s to ,hbn]1 ,ueb] me*anis*e ,copi5 von ,ins*rift51 #ahga4 ,,app5dix ,b4 ,,zapon4 ,fur!r p>ticul>s may be giv5 ( ! new prep>ation kn[n z ,zapon4 ,?is sub/ance is n[ made on a l>ge scale1 & c be obta9$ f ! ,briti% ,xylonite ,co41 ,bran?am ,works1 ,mann+tree 7,xylonite lacqu] ,f4 #ffca74 ,! foll[+ exc]pt is f a %ort communication 9 ,prome!us 7,,xv4 #aijd1 pp4 #dhe & #dii71 :i* deals ) ! pres]vation ( wax seals & ( glass4 ,zapon1 ! inv5tion ( ,crane1 ( ,%or?ills1 ,u4,s4,a41 has be5 us$ = #bj ye>s pa/ = ! protection ( metals f oxidation & ! action ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,al?\gh ! products ( ! v>i\s manufactur+ firms diff] 9 composition1 zapon is ess5tially a solution ( nitro-cellulose 9 v>i\s solv5ts4 ,! nitrat$ cellulose1 i4e4 gun-cotton 7pyroxyl9e71 is g5]ally1 ) ! addition ( camphor1 dissolv$ 9 a mixture ( amyl acetate 7h5ce ! pe>drop-l smell7 to :i* di/illation products ( petroleum1 etc41 are add$4 ,x comes into ! m>ket z a fa9tly yell[1 slightly oily liquid4 ,its use z a pres]vative dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! evaporation ( ! solv5t leaves beh9d x a f9e transp>5t coat+ ( gun-cotton 7pyroxyl9e74 ,zapon = pres]vative purposes mu/ h a neutral reaction1 & mu/ n "u any circum/ances r$d5 litmus pap]4 ,its use 9 ?is connection is due to ,s*ill1 :o also recognis$ its suitability = o!r mat]ials1 z1 = example1 = pla/] ca/s1 ! treatm5t ( :i* is em95tly simple1 = x consi/s 9 dipp+ small ca/s1 or 9 pa9t+ l>g] ones ) a s(t bru%4 ,x is advisable to beg9 at ! top & apply x f above d[nw>ds1 us+ a clean dry clo? to wipe (f any excess ( ! fluid :i* collects 9 ! deep] p>ts ( ! ca/4 ,if zapon conta9+ ab\t #d ( gun-cotton is us$1 ! coat+ left on dry+ is sc>cely visible2 ) a #e solution a c]ta9 degree ( poli% results4 ,ca/s treat$ ) zapon are less easily damag$ by du/ ?an ^? untreat$1 & may be clean$ ) soap & wat] )\t injury to _! surface1 provid$ t a s(t bru% is us$1 b bru%es :i* are /iff en\gh to injure ! zapon coat+ w damage ! cont\rs ( ! /atue4 ,x %\ld only be us$ = objects kept "u cov]1 = ra9 & wide v>iations ( temp]ature w attack !m almo/ z readily z untreat$ ca/s4 ,x c be us$ ) equal success = antiquities ( /one1 clay1 bak$ or unbak$1 or = pla/] aft] ! soluble salts h be5 ?or\ghly remov$ by /eep+1 = if ?is has n be5 done ! salts w soon cry/allize out & loos5 ! protective coat+4 ,= objects :i* are free f salts impregnation ) zapon possesses ! advantage t x r5d]s !m less liable to damage f h&l+ or du/1 :il/ ! appe>ance is sc>cely alt]$1 if at all4 ,?is applies also to antiquities ( metal1 = unless ! injuri\s *lor9e comp\nds are remov$ by simple /eep+1 or r$uction & subsequ5t /eep+1 treatm5t ) zapon is useless4 ,to bronzes1 :i* 9 spite ( me*anical clean+ %[ a some:at unpleasant grey non-metallic appe>ance1 zapon (t5 imp>ts a di/9ct metallic lu/re4 ,to enhance ?is lu/re by a second vigor\s application is n recomm5d$1 = ?is gives ! impression ( a v>ni%4 ,to protect articles ( silv] f ! black5+ influ5ce ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 zapon is v useful1 b does n af=d absolute protection unless x has be5 ?ickly appli$4 ,9 collections ( arm\r mu* use may be f\nd = ?is mat]ial4 ,! objects are dipp$ & !n plac$ 9 a dry+ ov5 at #aje;,f4 #dj;,c4 to secure rapid dry+ & uni=m di/ribution4 ,! amyl acetate or o!r solv5t is be/ conduct$ away1 z x evaporates1 into a flue or into ! op51 al?\gh ! vap\rs c h>dly be consid]$ dang]\s to heal?4 ,! foll[+ ref]5ces w af=d "s in=mation on ! use ( zapon 9 ! pres]vation ( ,ar*ives3 ,e4 ,s*ill1 ,anleitung zur ,erhaltung und ,ausbess]ung von ,h&s*rift5 dur* ,zapon-,imprgni]ung1 ,dresd51 #ahii4 ,o4 ,posse1 ,h&s*rift5 ,kons]virung1 ,dresd51 #ahii4 ,g4 ,sello1 ,das ,zapon 9 d] ,ar*ivpraxis 7,korrespond5zblatt des ,gesamtv]e9s d] deuts*5 ,ges*i*ts- und ,alt]?umsv]e9e1 ,l41 #aijb1 p4 #aie74 ,s*o5g51 ,ov] hat ,zapon 7,n$]l4 ,ar*iv5blad1 #aijb1 #aijc1 ,nos4 #a & #c74 ,j4 ,p]l1 ,das ,ar*iv-,zapon 7,korrespond5zblatt1 ,,lii41 #aijd1 pp4 #aai & #dce74 ,g4 ,sello1 ,die bei d] ,zaponv]w5dung 9 d] ,ar*ivpraxis gema*t5 ,erfahrung5 7,korrespond5zblatt1 ,,lii41 #aijd1 p4 #dci74 ,,index4 ,acetic acid #aej ,air-pump #fh1 #ie1 #abi ,ak]mann #i ,alaba/] #gd ,alcohol #hg1 #ic1 #ie1 #acb1 #aee1 #afa1 #afb ,j5n]'s me?od #aei pres]vation ( lea!r #aec removal ( oil by #hg ,algae #aj1 #fj1 #gf1 #he ,alum #aed1 #aeh ,amb] #ee1 #afb ,ammonia action ^u bronze #ah1 #be1 #ca1 #aba action ^u silv] #adh1 #aej ,analyses bronzes #bb-bg1 #dg1 #ach iron ru/ #ab pat9a #bc1 #ci salt cry/als #aee silv] #ea silv] *loride #ea ,appelgr5 on application ( ,kreft+'s me?od #ajh1 #aae ,ar*e #bg ,ar*ives1 pres]vation (1 by zapon #agj ,arm\r1 iron1 treatm5t ( #aje1 #afi ,assyrian tablets1 treatm5t ( #gh1 #ha ,atacamite #ba1 #bb1 #bf1 #bi ,azurite #ag1 #ba1 #cf1 #aci ,bact]ia1 influ5ce (1 on iron #aj influ5ce (1 on bronze #bh1 #df ,b>ium *loride #gg ,b>ium nitrate te/ #fa1 #gg1 #hf ,b>? #aee ,bassett1 analysis ( bronze #be ,bees'-wax #ij1 #ig1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #aec1 #aeh ,bell-glass1 use ( #fh1 #ie1 #abi1 #aeb ,belmontyl oil #hf ,b5z5e #ia1 #aeh1 #afj ,b5z9e #gj1 #hf1 #ij1 #ie1 #if1 #ajf1 #aca1 #afa ,b]!lot #bh1 #eb ,bibra on pat9a #bj on silv] #eb ,bille ,gram #aed ,bis*(f #da ,blell #ac1 #ia ,blell's me?od 7iron7 #ajb ,bolle #afa ,bones1 influ5ce ( contact ) #ad pres]vation ( #ee1 #aeb ,book-b9d+s1 treatm5t ( #aeb ,brew/]'s me?od 7co9s7 #adf ,bronze #ae1 #abj action ( ammonia ^u #ah1 #be1 #ca1 #aca analyses ( #bc-bg analyses aft] r$uction #ach ,fell5b]g's classification ( #ae clean+ ( #abj dry+ ( #abc1 #aca impregnation ( #abb incru/ations1 removal ( #aba glue1 treatm5t by #aba1 #abe hamm]s #abj heat+ #aba hydro*loric acid #aba inlaid metals ^u #abb ,spr+]'s me?od #aba lead 9 bronze #bd1 #acj pres]vation (1 by exclusion ( air #add pres]vation (1 by c>bolic acid #abj r$uction ( #abe ,f9k5]'s me?od #abe ,kreft+'s me?od #aci ,kreft+'s me?od 7co9s7 #adj ,vill5oisy's classification ( #cb ,bru%es1 wire #ajg1 #aae1 #aca1 #ada silv] bru%es #aea1 #aff ,bu*olz1 exp]im5t #ah ,buns5 #ed ,calcium *loride #abc1 #adf ,c>bolic acid #abj1 #aeg ,c>bonic acid1 influ5ce (1 on iron #h1 #i influ5ce (1 on bronze #ca ,c>bon bisulphide #ij1 #afj ,c>ies ( bronzes #bf ,ca/s 7pla/]71 zapon = #afi ,cau/ic soda #aaj1 #aae1 #aai1 #aci1 #adj1 #afa ,celluloid #aej ,cem5t = pott]y #hg = /one #hh ,c]esole1 treatm5t ( lead #aej ,*evreul #ba ,*lamydo?rix #aj ,*lor9e1 de/ructive action ( #ab1 #bf1 #da1 #df1 #ajj1 #aba e/imation ( #gf ,*ur*1 analysis ( silv] #ej ,citric acid #adh ,clay1 bak$ #d1ha ,clay tablets1 treatm5t ( #gh ,clay vases1 sodium sulphate 9 #f treatm5t ( #hj ,c(fey1 analysis ( ,iri% celts #bf ,co9s1 treatm5t ( #aci ,brew/]'s me?od #adf ,kreft+'s me?od #adj ,r\x' me?od #adg treatm5t (1 by melt$ lead #adc ,collodion #ga1 #ia1 #afa ,copaiba balsam #afa ,copal v>ni% #ij ,copp] #ae1 #di1 #abj abs5ce ( edel-pat9a #di c>bonate #ba1 #cc *loride #ag1 #ba1 #eb oxy*loride #ag1 #ba1 #bi1 #da pres]vation ( #abb /annate #ca1 #cc sulphide #ba1 #bd1 #cc ,copp] cry/als ( bronzes #ah ,corrosive sublimate #aeb1 #aed1 #afj ,covell9e #bc ,cr5o?rix #aj1 #fj ,crum ,br[n #g ,cuboni #bg1 #df1 #dh ,cunei=m tablets #f1 #gh ,cupric oxide #ah1 #bb1 #cc1 #cg ,cuprite #ah ,cupr\s oxide #ag1 #ba1 #bd1 #bh1 #cg1 #da1 #eb ,cyanog5 #abi ,damp1 influ5ce ( #bi1 #dc1 #dg1 #di ,daniell cells #abf ,davy #ag ,de*5d's app>atus #gc ,dextr9 #hh ,d[ris f9d1 analysis ( bronze f #bf ,drude #adg ,dun/an1 on ru/+ #i ,du/ extractor #aca1 #ada ,du/1 protection f #afb ,e>!nw>e bak$1 impregnation ( #gh bak$1 /eep+ ( #gd unbak$1 impregnation ( #ha unbak$1 treatm5t ( #ha ) col\r+ #gi ,edelro/ #ad ,edel-pat9a #di1 #abj ,egypt1 soil ( #a dry climate ( #b1 #ef ,egyptian bronzes #acj1 #acd1 #ach abs5ce ( edel-pat9a 9 #db high *lor9e-cont5t 9 #db lead 9 #bd1 #cc1 #acj ,egyptian c(f9s #afj ,egyptian col\r$ objects #afa ,egyptian textile fabrics #aed ,egyptian o/raca #d1 #eg effloresc5ces ^u #d treatm5t ( #ge ,ekh(f's me?od 7iron7 #if ,electric curr5t a cause ( ru/ #i ,electric muffle furnace #hd ,electrolysis #aaa1 #abf1 #adg1 #adh ,el/] #bc ,enamel #aea ,ephesus1 bronze f #be ,e!r #gd1 #ij1 #acc1 #afa ,fat #ajf1 #ajg ,fay5ce #f1 #hf ,fea!rs #aed ,fell5b]g #ae ,f9k5]'s me?od 7bronze7 #abe ,fire-clay #hd1 #hh ,fire-clay du/ cem5t #hh ,fi%-glue #hf1 #hh ,fl9d]s ,petrie #a1 #ga1 #hg1 #aai on impregnation ( e>!nw>e #ha on r$uction ( silv] #adh ,fluates #ga ,=ge scale #h1 #ad1 #ajd ,=mal9 #fj1 #aeb ,fri$el #df ,gallionella #aj ,gelat9e #afb ,glass1 *anges 9 #ed1 #aea ,glue #hg1 #hh1 #abj1 #aea ,glyc]9e #aeg1 #aei1 #afb ,gold1 *anges 9 #ec treatm5t ( #aej exi/5ce (1 9 silv] objects #ej f]ric oxide ^u #ec1 #aea ,granite #hg ,gum arabic #hh ,gum damm> #gj1 #ie1 #aja1 #adi1 #aea1 #afa ,gypsum #gd1 #ha ,haid+]1 on pat9a #ba ,hair #ee1 #aec ,hamm]s #abj ,h>twi*'s me?od 7iron7 #aag ,hassack1 on pat9a #bg ,heat-record]s #hd ,h]b/'s me?od 7wood7 #aeh ,hi]li1 on textile fabrics #aec ,hilde%eim silv]-f9d #di1 #ea ,horn1 *anges 9 #ee treatm5t ( #aea ,horn-silv] #di1 #ea ,hnefeld #ag ,hydrat$ f]ric oxide #fj ,hydrat$ t9 oxide #acj1 #ach1 #aci ,hydrocyanic acid #abf ,hydro*loric acid #gh1 #hd1 #he1 #hg1 #aaa1 #aaf1 #aba1 #abf1 #abi1 #adi1 #aej ,hydrog51 r$uction ( bronzes 9 7,f9k5]'s me?od7 #bb1 #abe ,hydrog51 r$uction ( iron 9 7,h>twi*'s me?od7 #aag ,impregnation m$ia bronze & iron #ij lime/one #gj ,incru/ations1 bronzes #cg1 #abj1 #abh e>!nw>e #gh lime/one #gd silv] #adi ,india-rubb] solution #ij1 #aec ,ink ^u o/raca #ge ,inlaid metals #ajj1 #acf ,inscriptions1 squeezes ( #aff ,insects1 attacks ( #aed1 #afj1 #afa ,iridesc5ce ( glass #ed ,iron #g1 #hi abs5ce ( antiquities ( iron 9 ,egypt #ad acid ba? = #ajc alcohol1 /eep+ 9 #ic1 #ie bone-a%1 influ5ce ( #ad *a9-mail #aje f]ric *loride #ab1 #ic f]ric hydroxide #g1 #ic f]ric oxide #ad f]ric oxide on gold #ec1 #aea f]roso-f]ric oxide #h1 #ad1 #aja f]r\s *loride #ac1 #ib f]r\s oxide #ad f]r\s phosphate #ad f]r\s sulphide #fj heat+ ( iron #ib1 #ii1 #ajf impregnation ( iron #ic impregnation m$ia = iron #ij inlaid "w ^u iron #ajj l9se$-oil = iron #ia m$ieval iron objects #he me?ods ( treatm5t3 ,blell's me?od #ajb ,ekh(f's me?od #if ,h>twi*'s me?od #ii1 #aag ,jacobi's me?od #ii ,krause's me?od #ib ,kreft+'s me?od #ajh ,/eff5s5's me?od #ajb ,/rab]g]'s me?od #ig ,passivity ( iron #aai ,r$uction by heat #ii ,r$uction by potassium cyanide #aah ,r$uction by potassium sulphocyanide #aai ,ru/+1 see ru/ ,irv9e #h ,is+lass #ij1 #ih1 #ajj1 #aea1 #aef1 #afb ,ivory #ee1 #aea ,jackson #aj ,jacobi #ad ,jacobi's me?od 7iron7 #ii ,j5n]'s me?od 7wood7 #aei ,k>abacek #a ,kessl]'s fluate #ga1 #gb1 #gd ,kisa #adc ,klebs1 on amb] #afb ,krause's me?od 7inlaid iron7 #aja ,kreft+1 analysis ( ru/ #ab exp]im5ts ( #aj1 #de me?od = bronze #aci1 #adj me?od = iron #aja1 #ajh1 #aah me?od = lead #aej !ory ( ru/ #h ,krhnke #i1 #dh ,lanol9e #aeb ,lead1 *anges 9 #ca1 #ec treatm5t ( #adi treatm5t ( co9s ) #adc ,lead c>bonate #ec1 #aej ,lead oxide #cc1 #ij ,lead /annate #ca ,lead5 objects1 ,c]esole on #aej ,lea!r #aeb pres]vation (1 at ,salzburg #ef ,le*at #cj ,lecy?oi1 treatm5t ( #hj ,le9]'s me?od 7wood7 #aeg ,lem]y #aj ,lepsius #fg ,light1 influ5ce ( #aj1 #fj1 #afb ,lime1 incru/ations ( #gd ,lime/one #eg action ( salts ^u #b *anges 9 #b dry+ ( #fg du/1 removal ( #eh impregnation ( #ea1 #fh impregnation m$ia = #gj /eep+ #eh1 #ff disadvantages ( #fg te/ ( progress ( #fb ,l9se$ oil #ga1 #ij1 #ia1 #ig1 #ii ,l9se$ v>ni% #ij1 #ia1 #ic1 #ii ,magnesium sulphate #e ,mala*ite #ag1 #ah1 #ba1 #cf1 #aci ,m>ble #gb1 #gd ,m$ieval iron objects #aai ,mdm1 analysis ( bronze f #bf ,mtaux malades #bi ,met5 *amb] description ( #b lime/one blocks f #ef1 #fg impregnation ( #gc /eep+ ( #ei1 #fd table ( results ( /eep+ #fe ,milbau] #aai ,mitzopulos1 on pat9a #bd on silv] #ea ,mond1 on pat9a #bg1 #df1 #dh ,moody1 on ru/+ ( iron #i ,m\lds1 attacks ( #gb1 #aeg ,muffle furnace #hd ,myc5e1 copp] alloys f #bd silv] f #ea ,naph?al5e #aed1 #afa ,natt]]1 analysis ( ,ephesian /atuette #be ,neufeld #aj ,nickel wire = labels #afc ,nile mud1 objects ( #hg ,nitric acid1 action ^u iron #aai ,oak1 objects ( #aei ,oil col\rs1 removal ( #hg ,oleate ( lead #ij ,olive oil #ij1 #aea ,ol%aus5 vii1 #aa1 #dh1 #ee ,organic sub/ances *anges 9 #ed influ5ce (1 on pat9a #ca treatm5t ( #aea ,o/raca1 see ,egypt ,oxyg51 influ5ce ( #ed ,pa9t1 removal ( #hg1 #afa ,papyrus #aed cry/als f #aee treatm5t ( #aee zapon useful = #aef ,p>aff9 wax #ga1 #he1 #ia1 #ie1 #ig1 #aae1 #aah1 #abe1 #acb1 #ada1 #adi1 #aeg ,pat9a composition ( #af heat1 action ( ^u #bh1 #abb v>ieties ( black #cc blue #cb crack+ #abb creep+ or malignant #bh1 #abe edel-pat9a #cd1 #abj gre5 #af w>ty #ch ,peat1 influ5ce ( bronzes #ae1 #cc iron #ac organic sub/ances #ee hair #aed ,pepp] 7= fea!rs7 #aed ,petroleum #ic1 #if1 #ig1 #aeg ,petroleum e!r #ga ,phosphoric acid #ad ,pi*t #ag ,pile-dwell+s antiquities f #ec1 #aef horn & wool #ee textile fabrics #aec ,pla/] ( ,p>is #hh1 #aef ,pole pap] #abg ,poppy-se$ oil mixture #gj1 #hf1 #aea1 #afb ,potassium ars5ite #afj c>bonate #adh1 #adi *romate #fb1 #acj cyanide #aah1 #abf1 #adh1 #adi iodide #abf sulphate #a sulphocyanide #aai ,priwoznik1 on pat9a #bc ,quicklime #if1 #aae ,r$uction bronze #abe iron #ii1 #aah1 #aai ,re91 on ,japanese bronze #cf ,re9a*1 on inscriptions #afg ,res9 #ia1 #aeh1 #afb ,res91 removal ( #gd1 #afa ,reuss1 on pat9a #ag ,rh\sopulos treatm5t ( bronze #aaa treatm5t ( e>!nw>e #hj treatm5t ( iron #aaa treatm5t ( m>ble & lime/one #gb ,rice wat] #ga1 #gb ,rogna1 v>iety ( pat9a #bf ,r\x1 me?od ( clean+ co9s #adg ,rubb] solution #ij1 #aec ,ru/ bact]ia1 a cause ( #aj edel-ro/ #ad1 #aaa1 #aah removal by acid #ajc removal by sodium sulphide #aai !ories ( causation #g ,salt cry/als1 analysis ( #aee ,salz] #ic1 #ie ,s&/one1 treatm5t ( #hg ,s*]tel #ea ,s*ill #afh ,s*liemann #bf ,s*ul]1 analysis ( pat9a #bd1 #dh ,s*ulz1 analysis ( bronze #ach ,seg] cones #hb ,setlik #aaj ,%ellac #gj1 #hf1 #hh1 #ij1 #adg1 #afb ,silv]1 analysis ( #ej1 #ea *anges 9 #di1 #adi electrolytic treatm5t ( #adh pres]vation ( #adh ,silv] bru%es #aea1 #aff ,silv] *loride #di1 #ea1 #eb1 #adh ,silv] nitrate solution #fa1 #gf1 #gh1 #ic1 #acj ,silv] sub*loride #di1 #ea ,silv] sulphide #ej1 #adi1 #afh ,simon #h ,size #ga1 #gb1 #hf1 #ij1 #aef ,soda #hg1 #ic1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #aae ,sodium *loride #a1 #d1 #e1 #aj1 #dg1 #ef1 #fa1 #he1 #ic1 #adh ,sodium nitrate #f ,sodium sulphide #aai ,spe]s*neid]'s me?od #ia1 #aeh ,sp5nra? #h ,spray app>atus #gc ,spr+]'s me?od #abj ,squeezes ( inscriptions #aff ,/apff #h ,/av5hag5 #df ,/e>9e #ga1 #ib ,/e>9e glaze #aeb ,/eel wire bru%es #ajg ,/eep+ bak$ clay #he bronze #acj e>!nw>e #gd iron #ib lime/one #ei ,/eff5s5's me?od 7iron7 #ajb textile fabrics #aec wood #aei ,/olba #ba ,/one cem5t #hh ,/rab]g] #afb ,/rab]g]'s me?od 7iron7 #ig ,/ucco #hg ,sulphates1 te/ = #fa1 #gg1 #hf ,sulphur1 influ5ce ( #ca ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 #bd1 #ca1 #fa1 #afi ,sulphuric acid #ac1 #ajb1 #ajg1 #aaf1 #abc ,sunlight1 see ,light ,spke #adf ,syndeticon #hg ,tannic acid1 influ5ce ( #ac ,tapioca wat] #ga1 #gb ,t]ra-cotta #gd ,t]reil #bc ,te/ = progress ( /eep+ #fa ,textile fabrics #aec ,t91 *anges 9 #ca1 #ec treatm5t ( #adi ,t9 oxide #bb1 #cg1 #da1 #ec ,t91 proportion (1 9 pat9a #bf1 #dh ,titration #e1 #fa te/ 9 connection ) #fa ,tolomei #h ,tra9 oil #aeb ,turp5t9e #gj1 #ij1 #aec1 #afa ,unbak$ clay #ha ,v>ni%-b5z9e mixture #ga1 #gd1 #ge1 #gh1 #ha1 #he1 #hg ,vasel9e #ij ,v]digris #af ,vill5oisy1 on pat9a #cj classification ( #cb ,vivianite #ad ,volney #a ,voss v1 #afc ,wagn] #aj ,wall-saltpetre #g ,w>r+ton #ea ,wat]-ba? #id ,wat]glass #ga1 #gb1 #hh1 #ij1 #aeg ,watk9's heat-record] #hd ,:ite ( egg solution #hf1 #aec ,wibel #af1 #ag ,wire = labels #afc ,wood1 treatm5t ( ,h]b/'s me?od #aeh ,j5n]'s me?od #aei ,le9]'s me?od #aeg ,spe]s*neid]'s me?od #aeh col\r$ wood #afa l>ge objects1 v>ni% = #aeg ,wood-worms #afj ,wool1 *anges 9 #ee pres]vation ( #aec ,y>n #afj ,york%ire1 analysis ( bronze f #bf iron objects f #aac1 #aad ,zapon #ga1 #ha1 #aah1 #acb1 #adi1 #aej1 #aef1 #afh ,z9c #ca1 #aaj1 #aaf1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj1 #aej ,z9c oxide #ca1 #aaa1 #ada ,zylonite lacqu]1 see ,zapon ,,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,lexikon d4 gesamt5 ,te*nik1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #beg4 ,o4 ,lueg]4 #b ,m]kbu*4 ,! excavation & pres]vation ( ,antiquities1 #bnd edition1 ,b]l91 #ahid4 #c ,mit!ilung5 aus d] ,sammlung d] ,papyrus ,erzh]zog ,ra9]4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aah4 ,see also ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,ar*aeological ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,xlv4 #ahhh1 p4 #hh4 #d ,aeg4 #aje4 ,?is & simil> notes h ref]5ce to ! catalogue ( ! ,egyptian 7,aeg47 or ,antiqu>ian 7,ant47 sections ( ! ,b]l9 ,royal ,museums4 ,! lime/one blocks 7 br\ght f ! ,ma/aba ( ,met51 at ,abusir ne> ,memphis1 explor$ by ,lepsius 9 #ahdf4 ,met5 0 "o ( ! *ief (ficials "u ,k+ ,snefru1 ,b4,c4 #bhjj4 ,! inscriptions relate to 8 possessions & (ficial c>e]1 :ile ! pictorial repres5tations depict hunt+ sc5es & ! (f]+ ( ! gifts = ! dead4 ,! /atue ( ,met5 0 f\nd 9 ! grave & is n[ 9 ! ,egyptian dep>tm5t 7,no4 #aajf7 ( ! ,royal ,museum4 ,comp4 ,ausfhrli*es ,v]zei*niss d] aegyptis*5 ,alt]?m]1 ,b]l91 #ahii4 #e ,aeg4 ,p4 #dgcj #f ,aeg4 ,v4 ,a4 #bhdf4 #g ,aeg4 ,p4 #dgci4 #h ,x may be "h m5tion$ t1 z is well kn[n to *emi/s1 ! effloresc5ces :i* (t5 g by ! "n ( wall-saltpetre1 9 mo/ cases d n conta9 any saltpetre1 b consi/ ( sodium sulphate4 #i ,crum ,br[n1 ,*em4 ,c5tralblatt1 #ahij1 ,i4 p4 #bab2 ,e4 ,simon1 ,ueb] ,ro/bildung u4 ,eis5an/ri*e1 p4 #d4 #aj ,j4 ,sp5nra?1 ,v]h&lung5 d4 ,v]e9s zur ,befrd4 d4 ,gew]befleisses1 #ahie1 p4 #bde4 #aa ,*ri/iania ,vid5skabs-,selskabs ,=h&l+] = #ahib1 ,no4 #af1 p4 #h4 #ab ,*emis*e ,zeitung4 ,repetitorium1 #ahie1 p4 #bhi4 #ac ,*em4 ,c5tralblatt1 #ahie1 ,i4 p4 #dda4 #ad ,id41 #ahia1 ,i4 p4 #hfj4 #ae ,b]g- und ,htt5mnnis*e ,zeitung1 #ahhb1 p4 #dfi4 #af ,x may n be out ( place "h to give ! ma9 conclusions1 drawn f a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,r4 ,dun/an 7,proc4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,,xix4 #aej1 #aijc74 7a7 ,pure iron is n oxidis$ 9 ! pres5ce ( gases & wat]-vap\r only1 b = ! appe>ance ( ru/ ! pres5ce ( wat] 9 ! liquid /ate is necess>y4 7b7 ,! reag5ts :i* prev5t ! ru/+ ( iron are ^? 9 ! pres5ce ( :i* hydrog5 p]oxide is decompos$1 & :i* are consequ5tly inimical to its =mation3 among su* reag5ts ! foll[+ are giv5--sodium *loride1 sodium sulphate1 f]r\s sulphate & potassium nitrate4 7c7 ,! action ( ,h#b,o#b on metallic iron leads to ! production ( r$ basic f]ric hydroxide1 :i* is id5tical ) ord9>y ru/4 ,! composition ( ru/ may !re=e be repres5t$ by ! =mula ,fe#b,o#b7,,oh7#b1 ! reaction be+ repres5t$ by ! equations3 ,fe ,o#b ,h#b,o ,fe,o ,h#b,o#b4 #b;,fe,o ,h#b,o#b ,fe#b,o#b7,,oh7#b4 ,^! views are h[ev] combat$ by ,moody 7,proc4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,,xix4 #aeg & #bci7 :o concludes t a]ial ru/+ mu/ be reg>d$ z a *ange involv+ ! int]action ( iron & c>bonic acid & ! subsequ5t =mation ( ru/ by oxidation ( ! f]r\s salt4 ,he also /ates t ^? salts :i* d n comb9e ) & :i* are n decompos$ by ,,co#b h no ret>d+ influ5ce on ! =mation ( ru/1 e4g4 sodium *loride1 sodium sulphate1 etc4 ,on ! o!r h& sub/ances :i* absorb & comb9e ) c>bonic oxide 7e4g4 sodium c>bonate or hydroxide1 ammonium c>bonate1 calcium hydroxide71 or :i* are decompos$ by c>bonic acid 7potassium & sodium nitrites71 inhibit ru/+1 :i* may !re=e be reg>d$ z a *ange involv+ ! int]action ( iron & acid & ! subsequ5t =mation ( ru/ by ! oxidation ( ! f]r\s salt4 ,o4 ,krhnke 7,wo*5s*4 ,brau]ei1 ,,xvii4 #bcc7 gives ! foll[+ equations3 ,fe #b;,,co#b ,h#b,o ,fe7,,hco#c7b ,h#b4 #b;,fe7,,hco#c7b ,o ,h#b,o #b;,fe7,,oh7#b #d;,,co#b4 ,comp4 also ,damm]1 ,h&bu* d] anorg4 ,*em41 ,vols4 ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 7supplem5t74 ,consid]able att5tion has also be5 direct$ to ! influ5ce ( bact]ia ^u iron4 ,?us ! gr[? ( ,cr5o?rix may cause mu* tr\ble 9 wat]works1 vide ,c5tralblatt fr ,bakt]i5 und ,p>asit5kunde1 ,,ii4 #ab1 #fha4 ,a v>iety1 ,*lamydo?rix 7,gallionella7 f]rug9ea 7,mig47 appe>s to play an important "p 9 ! =mation ( ru/ 7comp4 ,zopf1 ,cr5o?rix polyspora die ,ursa*e d] ,b]l9] ,wass]-,calamitt1 ,b]l91 #ahgi4 ,de ,vries1 ,unt]4 d] ,cr5o?rix ,commission1 ,rott]dam1 #ahhg & #ahij74 ,neufeld 7,*em4 ,c5tralblatt1 #aijd1 ,i4 #afba--;ab/ract$ f ,zeits*rift fr ,unt]su*ung d] ,nhrungs- und ,g5ussmittel1 ,,vii4 #dgh7 gives p>ticul>s ( ?ree v>ieties3 ,cr5o?rix polyspora1 :i* sep>ates iron2 ,cr4 o*racea1 :i* sep>ates alum9ium & "s iron2 & ,cr4 manganif]a1 :i* sep>ates manganese4 ,jackson 7,j\rnal ( ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 #aijb1 p4 #fha7 gives micro-photographs ( ^! v>ieties4 ,microscopically ! masses ( ,cr5o?rix are se5 enclos$ 9 a gelat9\s %ea?1 9 :i* is imb$d$ ! precipitat$ metallic hydrate4 ,x is anarobic & its action is fav\r$ by abs5ce ( light4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( dissolv$ oxyg51 ! bacillus appe>s to take its iron f ! pipes4 ,cr4 polyspora is f\nd h[ev] 7,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,,xlii4 #eij7 to sep>ate ! iron n f ! f]r\s c>bonate 7,fe,c,o#c7 b f iron organically comb9$4 ,see also ,w9ogradsky1 ,ueb] ,eis5bakt]i51 ,bot4 ,zeit41 #ahhh1 & ,*em4 ,c5tralbl4 #aijd1 ,,ii4 #accb4 ,transl4 #ag ,wagn] 9 ,d+l]'s ,polyt4 ,j\rnal1 ,,ccxviii4 p4 #gj4 ,axel ,kreft+ 9 ! above-quot$ ,=h&l+]1 p4 #d4 #ah ,ol%aus5 (t5 notic$ on fre%ly excavat$ antiquities ( v>i\s k9ds a peculi> smell ( res9 or gum1 especially aft] treatm5t ) hydro*loric acid 7,v]h&l4 d4 ,b]l4 an?ropol4 ,ges41 #ahhd1 p4 #ebj74 ,x may be suppos$ t ?is od\r is due to ! traces ( hydroc>bons pres5t4 #ai ,t]m$ by ,e4 ,fri$el ,dun/p]l54 ,e9!ilungsplan d4 ,mrk4 ,prov4-,museums1 p4 #i4 #bj ,om ,kons]vir+ af ,jordfundne ,j]nsag]1 9 ,a>sb]etn+ fra ,=5+5 till norske ,=tidsm9desma]k]s ,bev>+1 #ahib1 p4 #eb4 #ba ,krause1 ,v]h&l4 d4 ,b]l4 an?ropol4 ,ges41 #ahhb1 p4 #ecc4 #bb ,private communication4 #bc ,sitzungsb]i*te d] ,alt]?umsgesells*aft ,prussia1 #ahha-b1 p4 #i4 #bd ,m]kbu*1 ,alt]?m] aufzugrab5 und aufzubewahr51 #bnd edition1 p4 #ga4 #be ,?is fact 0 notic$ by ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1 #afeh1 cp4 ,hydriotaphia1 cap4 iii4 ,transl4 #bf ,9 ?is "w ! ,pat9a on antiquities only is consid]$2 ) t on mod]n bronzes we are n conc]n$4 #bg ,mit!ilung5 d4 natur=s*4 ,gesell4 9 ,b]n1 #ahfe1 p4 #ab4 #bh ,mit?4 d4 natur=s*4 ,gesells*aft 9 ,b]n1 #ahfj1 p4 #fi4 #bi ,jahrbu* fr ,m9]alogie1 #ahfj1 p4 #hac4 #cj ,mala*ite1 ,cu,c,o#c1 ,cu7,,oh7#b4 #ca ,azurite1 #b;,cu,c,o#c1 ,cu7,,oh7#b4 #cb ,jahrbu* fr ,m9]alogie1 #ahfe1 p4 #djj4 #cc ,! extract :i* "h foll[s is 9 "p v]batim4 #cd ,annal5 d] ,*emie u4 ,ph>macie1 #ahec1 ,vol4 ,,lxxxv4 p4 #bec4 #ce ,von ,bibra1 ,die ,bronz5 und ,kupf]legirung51 p4 #bjf et seq4 #cf ,see ! v full quotation f ,wibel's "w giv5 above4 #cg ,i h n be5 able to f9d any?+ on ?is po9t 9 ! lit]ature ( ! subject4 #ch ,atacamite1 ,cu,cl#b1 #c;,cu7,,oh7#b4 #ci ,cf4 ,comptes r5dus1 #ahef1 ,,xliii4 p4 #gce4 #dj ,j\rnal f4 praktis*e ,*emie1 ,,xciv4 #ahfe1 p4 #cad4 #da ,v]h&l4 d4 ,v]4 z4 ,befrd4 d4 ,gew]bf41 #ahfi1 p4 #ahb4 #db ,d+l]1 ,polyt4 ,j\rnal1 #ahgh1 ,vol4 ,,cciv4 p4 #dhc4 #dc ,b]g- u4 ,htt5mnnis*e ,zeitung1 ,vol4 ,,xxxvii4 #ahgh1 p4 #cbi4 #dd ,d+l]1 ,polyt4 ,j\rnal1 #ahgi1 ,vol4 ,,ccxxxii4 p4 #ccc4 #de ,sev]al o!r analyses ( bronzes f v>i\s s\rces h be5 rec5tly publi%$4 ,?us ,natt]] 7,monat%efte fr ,*emie1 ,,xxi4 #bef1 #aijj2 also ,*em4 ,c5tralblatt1 #aijj1 ,i4 #abfb7 exam9$ a corrod$ bronze /atuette f ,ephesus4 ,! bronze conta9$3--,t9 #fji1 lead #dhg1 & copp] #hifd1 ) traces ( z9c4 ,bassett 7,proc4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #aijc1 ,,xix4 #ie7 gives an analysis ( ! base ( an ,egyptian /atuette1 f\nd 9 ! ,nile ,delta1 probably dat+ f #bjj-ajj ,b4,c4 ,! base 0 holl[ b fill$ ) lead1 & 0 cov]$ ) a ?ick gre5 coat+1 :i* 9 p>ts entirely replac$ ! orig9al metal4 ,table ,i4 ,cu #ejfe ,pb #fgd ,sn #bid ,fe #jae ,ni1 ,mn1 etc4 #jaa ,cl #aega ,si,o#b 7z s&7 #aad ,h#b,o #aajg 7,,nh#d7 #jaa ------- #hhfb ,table ,,ii4 ,cu,cl#b #bicd ,cu,o #dfaj ,h#b,o #aajg ,sn,o#b #cgc ,pb,o #gbf ,fe#b,o#c #jbb ,ni,o1 etc4 #jad ,si,o#b #aad 7,,nh#d7;,cl #jcb ------- #iicb ,9 ! second column ! *lor9e has be5 calculat$ z copp] *loride1 ! rema9+ copp] & o!r metals z oxides4 ,traces ( calcium 7 also f\nd1 b ! am\nt ( sodium 0 s small t x c\ld only be detect$ by ! flame te/4 ,if all ! copp] _h be5 pres5t z basic *loride 7atacamite ,cu,cl#b1 #c;,cu,o1 #c;,h#b,o71 ?is w\ld require #bfhd ,cu,cl#b1 #dgeg ,cu,o1 & #ajgh ,h#b,o4 ,x w\ld !re=e appe> t ! sub/ance produc$ by corrosion is less basic ?an atacamite1 & t ammonium *loride may h play$ a m important "p ?an sodium *loride 9 ! =mation ( copp] *loride1 = 9 ?is case ! sodium 0 only f\nd 9 am\nt too small = e/imation4 ,an analysis ( ! e>lie/ piece ( bronze kn[n1 i4e4 t f ,mdm1 ,egypt 7#cgjj ,b4,c471 gives #hd ( t9 7inn] core #ia7 to #hih ( copp] ) a small quantity ( ars5ic4 ,an analysis ( a celt f ! ,d[ris f9d 7,k+'s ,c\nty1 ,irel&1 #ahbe7 gave copp]1 #hebc2 t9 #acaa2 lead #aad1 ) traces ( sulphur & c>bon4 ,! wa/e mat]ial f ! same place yield$ #hi copp]1 #aa t91 ) traces only ( lead1 iron & silv]4 ,on ! o!r h& an e>ly bronze celt 7,butt]wick1 ,e4,r41 ,yorks47 %[$ a small] quantity ( t9--#ajgd1 comp>$ ) #hgig ( copp]4 7,guide to ,bronze ,age ,antiquities1 ,briti% ,museum47 ,mr ,george ,c(fey has also publi%$ 7,brit4 ,assoc4 ,reports1 #ahii1 p4 #hgc7 a tabulat$ s]ies ( analyses ( ,iri% celts :i* prov$ to be compos$ ( practically pure copp]4 ,transl4 #df ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 pp4 #ebg & #ega4 #dg ,v]h&l4 d4 ,b]l4 an?ropol4 ,ges41 #ahhb1 p4 #ecg4 #dh ,d+l]1 ,polyt4 ,j\rnal1 #ahhd1 ,vol4 ,,ccliii4 p4 #ead4 #di ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! *ange 9 ! proportions accord+ to ,s*ul] 7see page #bd7 is only true ( ! analysis1 ,column ,,iii4 ,9 ,columns ,i & ,,ii ! am\nt ( metallic copp] ( ! pat9a is inde$ small]1 b s is also t ( lead & especially ( t94 ,b ?is may be due to a faulty me?od 9 ! det]m9ation ( t9 notic$ by ,ol%aus5 7v4 ,v]h&l4 d4 ,b]l4 an?ropol4 ,ges41 #ahig1 p4 #cdi74 ,! diff]5t proportion ( ! copp] comp\nds 9 ! pat9a %\ld also be not$1 ,s*ul] giv+ c>bonate & hydrate 9 ! proportion #a3a1 ,ar*e & ,hassack once z #a3b1 & aga9 z ! result ( two analyses z #a3c4 #ej ,atti della ,reale ,accademia dei ,l9cei1 #ahic1 p4 #dih4 #ea tude sur les mtaux dc\v]ts dans les f\illes de ,dah*\r 9 ,f\illes ,dah*\r4 ,m>*-,june1 #ahid1 p4 #aca et seq4 ,j4 de ,morgan4 ,see also ,comptes r5dus1 #ahid1 ,i4 #aah1 p4 #gfh4 #eb ,revue ar*ologique1 v4 #bh1 #ahif1 pp4 #fg & #bjb4 ,9 ! publication = ! second half ( ! same ye> ,le*at ma9ta9s ! ass]tion 7comp4 ,el/]1 p4 #bc7 t 9 _m cases ! antique pat9a is due to ! arti/4 #ec ,ant4 ,misc4 #gchb4 #ed ,j4 ,j4 ,re91 ,japan1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ebh4 #ee ,ant4 ,misc4 #hegi4 #ef ,accord+ to ,graham-,otto1 ,lehrbu* d] ,*emie1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #hdi1 cupr\s oxide is decompos$ by dilute acids :i* conta9 oxyg52 ! cupric oxide is dissolv$ & metallic copp] rema9s4 #eg ,buto1 ,aeg4 #aahfg4 #eh ,ant4 ,fr4 #bi4 #ei ,! extraord9>y de=mation produc$ by ?is type ( pat9a may be judg$ f ! fact t ! features 9 ?is in/ance 7 s obscur$ t ! nature ( ! specim5 0 n recognis$ & x _h accord+ly be5 m\nt$ upside d[n4 ,transl4 #fj ,ant4 ,fr4 #ec4 #fa ,ant4 ,fr4 #ec4 #fb ,bis*(f1 ,das ,kupf] und se9e ,legirung1 p4 #dc4 ,lay>d1 ,discov]ies 9 ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 p4 #aia4 ,fell5b]g1 ,mit!ilung5 d4 natur=s*4 ,ges4 9 ,b]n1 #ahfj1 p4 #fh4 #fc ,*ri/iania ,vid5skabs-,selskabs ,=h&l+] = #ahib1 #af1 p4 #e4 #fd ,hav+ be5 brok5 (f & sold]$1 ! base 0 n subject$ to treatm5t4 ,transl4 #fe ,e4 ,fri$el1 ,e9!ilungsplan des mrk4 ,prov9zialmuseums1 #ahhb1 p4 #bj4 #ff ,aeg4 #bcdh4 #fg ,aeg4 #acghg4 #fh ,ol%aus51 ,v]h&l4 d4 ,b]l4 an?ropol4 ,ges41 #ahhd1 p4 #ecb1 & #ahig1 pp4 #cdf-g4 ,krhnke1 ,*em4 ,unt]su*ung5 an vorges*i*tl4 ,bronz5 ,s*leswig-,hol/e9s1 p4 #da4 ,see also quotation f ,s*ul]1 p4 #be4 #fi ,?is celebrat$ ho>d 0 f\nd ,oct4 #i1 #ahfh1 on ! ,galg5b]g1 ne> ,hilde%eim 7,hanov]71 #aj feet bel[ ! surface4 ,x consi/$ ( m ?an #fj pieces1 includ+ plates1 di%es1 tripods1 etc41 ! mo/ notable be+ a crat]1 #ae-a_/b in*es 9 height1 ornam5t$ ) graceful scroll-"w1 & a cylix ) an ,a!ne 9 high relief4 ,! workman%ip po9ts to a date n lat] ?an ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,cp4 ,wiesel]1 ,d] ,hilde%eim] ,silb]fund1 ,bonn1 #ahfi4 ,d>cel1 ,trsor de ,hilde%eim1 #ahgj4 ,transl4 #gj ,comp>e also ! analysis by ,s*]tel1 p4 #ea4 #ga ,polyte*n4 ,c5tralblatt1 #ahga1 p4 #iaf4 #gb ,polyte*n4 ,c5tralblatt1 #ahga1 p4 #iag4 #gc ,b]g- u4 ,htt5mnn4 ,zeitung1 #ahgh1 ,no4 #cg1 p4 #cbg4 #gd ,d+l]1 ,polyt4 ,j\rnal1 #ahga1 ,vol4 ,,cci4 p4 #eb4 #ge v4 ,e4 v4 ,bibra1 ,ueb] alte ,eis5- u4 ,silb]funde1 p4 #gd4 #gf ,morgan1 ,f\illes ,dah*\r1 p4 #ace4 #gg ,v]h&l4 d4 ,b]l4 an?ropol4 ,ges41 #ahig1 p4 #cdh4 #gh ,krause1 ,v]h&l4 d4 ,b]l4 an?ropol4 ,ges41 #ahhc1 p4 #cfj4 #gi ,muspratt's ,*emi/ry1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #achi4 #hj ,v]h&l4 d4 ,b]l4 an?ropol4 ,ges41 #ahhi1 pp4 #bdc & #bdd4 #ha ,id4 #ahib1 p4 #ddi4 #hb ,id4 #ahig1 p4 #cdg4 #hc ,at t "t obta9$ f ! ,/ralau wat]works4 #hd ,?is 0 n ! well-kn[n ,cr5o?rix only4 ,cp4 ,polyte*n4 ,c5tralblatt1 #ahia-ib1 p4 #aie4 7,see footnote1 p4 #aj47 #he ,x has be5 f\nd t ! =mation ( ?is lay] ( slime may be avoid$ by ! use ( tubs :i* are l9$ ) %eet z9c4 ,! addition ( #aj-bj cubic c5timetres ( =mal9 #dj solution ( =maldehyde to e hundr$ gallons ( wat] also prev5ts or re/ra9s ! =mation ( slime4 ,x is n necess>y to add =mal9 ea* "t ! wat] is *ang$4 #hf ,s9ce *lor9e comp\nds 7especially common salt7 =m ! pr$om9at+ sub/ance 9 ! soluble salts conta9$ 9 lime/ones _! removal may be consid]$ a pro( t o!r salts 7e4g4 sulphates7 h also be5 remov$4 ,h5ce x is suffici5t to prove ! disappe>ance ( *lor9e4 ,9 ! r>e cases 9 :i* sulphates only are pres5t1 a te/ simil> to t m5tion$ on p4 #gg1 appli$ to clay objects1 %\ld be us$4 ,if ! wat] us$ = soak+ salt-conta9+ lime/one1 e>!nw>e1 etc41 gives no precipitate1 or only turbidity ) ! silv] solution1 ! det]m9ation ( *lor9e by titration is n applicable4 #hg ,?\gh "s o!r k9ds ( burette may be easi] to use1 t "h recomm5d$ 7t ( ,gay-,lussac7 is ! mo/ conv5i5t = reasons into :i* we ne$ n ent]4 ,! foll[+ precautions %\ld be obs]v$3 :]e ! burette is n clos$ by a cork1 let a few drops out fir/ to wa% away cry/als ( silv] nitrate :i* may h =m$ at ! m\?4 ,! silv] solution %\ld be kept 9 well /opp]$ bottles4 ,:5 fill+ ! burette a glass funnel %\ld be us$1 s t ! cork us$ = clos+ ! burette is n wett$ ) ! silv] solution4 ,be=e read+ (f wait until ! level ( ! fluid is con/ant1 9 ord] t any solution on ! sides ( ! glass tube may h "t to run d[n4 #hh ,see note1 p4 #fa4 #hi ,i h f\nd t ! am\nt ( *lor9e is small] 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahid1 #ajj c4c4 tap-wat] f ! ,/ralau ,wat]works (t5 requir$ #jh c4c4 silv] solution3 b at t "t /rong] dis9fectants 7 us$ on acc\nt ( ! *ol]a1 & ?is may h caus$ ! increase ( *lor9e2 = s9ce !n1 & ev5 at ! pres5t "t 7w9t] #ahih71 #ajj c4c4 tap-wat] requires #je to #jf c4c4 silv] solution4 #ij ,x may be "h obs]v$ t objects ( lime/one or ( e>!nw>e may be numb]$ or m>k$ at ! back 9 black iron ink1 :i* does n disappe> ev5 aft] prolong$ /eep+ 9 wat]4 #ia ,lepsius1 ,d5kml] aus ,aegypt5 und ,ae?iopi54 #ib ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add t any o!r =m ( air-pump may be us$4 #ic ,a p[]ful pressure ( wat] 9 comb9ation ) a well-act+ pump may cause ! fluid to evaporate ) su* rapidity z to produce bubbles1 b ^! bubbles are easily di/+ui%$ by _! size f ! m9ute bubbles ( air4 ,to avoid ?is ebullition1 ! air %\ld n be pump$ out too rapidly4 #id ,m]kbu*1 p4 #fb4 #ie ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,ar*aeological ,j\rnal1 ,"p #de1 #ahhh1 p4 #hh4 #if ,zapon3 = fur!r in=mation & ref]5ces see ,app5dix4 #ig ,*emis*e ,zeits*rift1 ii4 #aijc1 p4 #bjc4 #ih ,= p>ticul>s ( ! composition & action ( ,kessl]'s ,fluates 7salts ( ,hydr(luosilicic acid7 see ,h4 ,hau5/e91 ,die kessl]'s*5 ,fluate 7#bnd ed41 ,b]l91 #ahie74 ,! depot is ,h4 ,hau5/e91 ,b]l9 ,n4 ,re9ick5dorf]/rasse1 #b;b4 #ii ,g]4 ,pat5t1 ,no4 #cajcb4 ,! app>atus 0 "o ( ^? us$ 9 ! m\ld+ room ( ! ,royal ,museums = ! impregnation ( pla/] m\lds & ca/s4 #ajj ,9 apply+ ! above te/ x is advisable to add "o or two drops ( nitric acid be=e ! addition ( ! b>ium salt4 ,9 ?is case1 too1 %\ld any o!r ?an di/ill$ wat] be us$ = /eep+1 a prelim9>y exam9ation %\ld be made to det]m9e ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( sulphates4 #aja ,pure hydro*loric acid is usually sold 9 two /r5g?s4 ,conc5trat$ acid has a /r5g? ( ab\t #cb1 :il/ ! dilut$ hydro*loric acid ( ! ,ph>macopoeia is ab\t #aj4 ,! =m] %\ld !re=e be dilut$ ) ab\t #ae1 ! latt] ) ab\t #d volumes ( wat]4 ,transl4 #ajb ,*emis*e ,zeits*rift1 ,,ii4 #aijc1 p4 #gfa4 #ajc ,lecy?oi3 sl5d] n>r[-neck$ pa9t$ vessels :i* 7 frequ5tly burnt or buri$ ) ! dead2 cp4 ,ari/ophanes1 ,ecclesiazusae1 #iif3 hos tois nekroisi zgraphei tas lky?\s4 ,transl4 #ajd ,! me?od ( wa%+ objects ( unbak$ clay sugge/$ by ,fl9d]s ,petrie 9 ! ,ar*aeological ,j\rnal 7,,xlv4 #ahhh7 is 9 my exp]i5ce impracticable4 #aje ,muffle furnaces may be obta9$ f ,messrs ,flet*]1 ,russell & ,co41 ,w>r+ton4 ,if electricity is available1 ! electric muffle may be us$4 ,^! may be obta9$ f ,messrs ,a4 ,gall5kamp & ,co41 #ai1 ,sun ,/reet1 ,f9sbury ,squ>e1 ,london4 ,! ,heat-record]s suppli$ by ,h4 ,watk91 #bbe1 ,wat]loo ,road1 ,burslem1 w be f\nd v conv5i5t 9 place ( ,seg]'s cones1 :i* may be obta9$ f ,messrs ,brady & ,m>t91 ,nor?umb]l& ,road1 ,newca/le-on-,tyne4 ,transl4 #ajf ,m]kbu*1 p4 #gh4 #ajg ,a p>aff9 prep>$ f ,burmese petroleum4 ,transl4 #ajh ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,ar*aeological ,j\rnal1 ,,xlv4 #ahhh1 p4 #hi4 #aji ,m]kbu*1 p4 #gi4 #aaj ,x is important to avoid confusion & mi/akes aris+ f ! simil>ity ( ! t]ms b5z9e & b5z5e4 ,b5z5e 7,b5zol7 is ! specific coal-t> product :i* has ! =mula ,c#f;,h#f4 ,b5z9e 7,b5z97 is a light-boil+ petroleum di/illate1 light] ?an lamp oil1 & ) a v>y+ boil+-po9t4 ,x consi/s ( a numb] ( saturat$ hydroc>bons ( ! me?ane s]ies4 ,x is also call$ b5zol9e or petroleum naph?a4 ,transl4 #aaa ,appelgr51 ,f9skt ,museum1 #ahie1 p4 #ef4 #aab ,a communication f ,h]r ,s*j]n+1 ,cop5hag54 #aac ,spe]s*neid]1 ,antiqu>isk ,tidsskrift1 #aheh-fj1 p4 #agh4 #aad ,blell1 ,sitzungsb]i*te d] ,prussia1 #ahha-hb1 p4 #bd4 #aae ,kreft+1 ,a>sb4 fra =5+5 t4 norske =tidsm9desm4 bev>4 #ahib1 p4 #ed4 #aaf ,salz]1 ,*em4 ,zeitung1 ,,xi4 #ahhg1 p4 #egd4 #aag ,probably fir/ recomm5d$ by ,salz]1 ,*emik] ,zeitung1 ,,xi4 #ahhe1 p4 #egd4 #aah ,kongl4 ,vitt]hets ,hi/orie o* ,antiqvitets ,akademi5s ,mnadsblad1 #ahhe1 p4 #acd4 #aai ,! addition ( ! lime is n advisable1 comp4 p4 #ic4 #abj ,*emik] ,zeitung1 ,,xi4 #ahhe1 p4 #fje4 #aba ,zeits*rift f4 ,e?nologie1 ,,xxxiii4 #aijb1 p4 #dca1 & ,,xxxiv4 #aijc1 p4 #gia4 #abb ,sitzungsb]i*te1 #ahha-hb1 p4 #aj et seq41 & #af et seq4 #abc ,9 ?is acid treatm5t b>e h&s may be us$1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid spla%+ clo!s or l951 :i* w cause r$ or yell[ spots4 ,^! are be/ remov$ by ! imm$iate application ( ammonia1 b ! yell[ spots c only be remov$ by oxalic acid4 #abd ,g]m4 ,hamm]s*lag4 ,! iron scales :i* *ip (f f heat$ iron at a =ge or blacksmi?'s %op4 ,transl4 #abe ,no4 #ag1 #ahig1 p4 #ccc et seq4 #abf ,a numb] ( modifications 9 ! metals employ$ & ! composition ( ! ba? h be5 sugge/$4 ,setlik 7,*emik] ,zeitung1 ,,xxvii4 #aijc1 p4 #ded7 imb$s iron objects :i* h a v weak core 9 a z9c-wire basket imm]s$ 9 a magma ( z9c du/ & cau/ic soda4 ,p]sonally ,i %\ld pref] n to attempt a r$uction process 9 su* cases1 b %\ld rely r ^u me*anical removal ( ! ru/1 soak+ & impregnation4 ,= ! treatm5t ( bronzes ?is obs]v] pref]s ! ,f9k5] me?od 7q4 v47 & sugge/s cau/ic soda1 sodium *loride1 or ammonia *loride1 in/ead ( potassium cyanide z ! electrolyte4 ,rh\sopulos 7,*emis*e ,zeits*rift1 ,,ii4 #aijc1 pp4 #bjb & #cfd7 uses z9c & hydro*loric acid1 & :5 dry gives to ! bronze a coat+ ( wax4 ,i %\ld deprecate ! use ( ei!r ( ^! sub/ances1 ! hydro*loric acid because ( ! difficulty ( completely remov+ x by /eep+ & ! dang] ( subsequ5t decomposition ( ! bronze1 ! wax because ! conta9$ fatty acids may act ^u ! metal4 #abg ,! p]iod requir$ = complete r$uction is1 9 our exp]i5ce1 (t5 consid]ably long]4 ,we h sometimes f\nd an #h soda solution m satisfactory4 ,transl4 #abh ,kreft+'s me?od af=ds an excell5t illu/ration ( ! tru? ( my rem>ks 9 ! preface t ! lit]ature ^u ^! pres]vation-me?ods is v scatt]$ & 9 consequ5ce has be5 hi!rto b little /udi$4 ,9 #ahib1 :5 visit+ ! ,museum at ,*ri/iania1 ,i _h ! opportunity ( exam9+ "s iron objects :i* _h be5 treat$ by ,kreft+'s me?od4 ,i !n obta9$ 8 address1 & ,h]r ,kreft+ k9dly communicat$ 8 me?od to me by lett]1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> =w>d$ a repr9t ( 8 article ref]r$ to above4 ,9 #ahhg he _h describ$ 8 me?od to ,appelgr5 by lett]1 b at t "t he treat$ ! object aft] r$uction1 wa%+1 & dry+1 by impregnat+ x ) a p>aff9-petroleum solution4 ,9 #ahig ,appelgr5 publi%$ ?is me?od1 ) dry+ & impregnation1 9 ignorance ( ,kreft+'s publication 9 #ahic4 #abi ,! bottle %\ld n be clos$ by a glass /opp]1 b by a rubb] bung1 or by a cork coat$ ) p>aff9 or wrapp$ r\nd ) p>*m5t4 ,soda solution attacks glass1 & especially gr\nd glass2 ?us ! /opp] may become s firmly fix$ into ! neck ( ! bottle z to r5d] its removal impossible4 #acj ,excavat$ by ,dr ,?urnam1 #ahdh 7vide ,ar*aeolog4 ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #bg74 ,transl4 #aca ,*emik] ,zeitung1 ,,xi4 #ahhg1 p4 #fje4 #acb ,ant4 ,fr4 #aaed a4 #acc ,i %\ld n[ use p>aff9 = impregnation4 7,au?or's note47 #acd ,great caution mu/ be us$ to prev5t inhalation ( ! gas1 :i* is extremely poison\s4 ,transl4 #ace ,in/ead ( potassium cyanide1 ,i h made exp]im5tal use ( ! mu* m readily fusible potassium sulphocyanide4 ,?is conv]ts ! iron comp\nds into iron sulphide1 :i* is easily got rid (4 ,! sulphide :i* /ill adh]es to ! iron & imp>ts a n unpleas+ blacki% col\r to ! object appe>s to be /able4 ,! re/ ( ! treatm5t is simil> to t above describ$4 ,hav+ s f> only exp]im5t$ ) a few specim5s ,i am n yet 9 a position to (f] any judgm5t z to ! practicability ( ! process4 7,au?or1 #aijd47 ,= practical objections to ?is me?od1 :i* we d n consid] satisfactory ow+ to ! in/ability ( ! products result+ f ! reaction1 & ! difficulty 9 remov+ !m by ! subsequ5t wa%+1 see ,milbau]1 ,zeit4 f4 anorg4 ,*em4 ,,xlii4 #aijd1 p4 #dcc 7,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,ab/racts1 i4 #aba71 :]e x is /at$ t treatm5t ( ,fe#b,o#c at #djj;,c4 leads to ! =mation ( ,k#b;,fe#b,s#d4 ,transl4 #acf ,/olba1 ,*emik] ,zeitung1 ,,xx4 #ahif1 ,rep]torium1 p4 #bdj4 ,sodium sulphide has a v delet]i\s action ^u ! sk9 & f+]nails :i* %\ld be protect$ :5 us+ ?is sub/ance4 ,transl4 #acg ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,ar*aeological ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,xlv4 #ahhh1 p4 #hh4 #ach ,cp4 ,mugdan1 ,zeit4 ,elektro*em4 #aijc1 ix4 p4 #ddb4 #aci ,a me?od us$ by ! explor]s ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,committee = ! pres]vation ( mu* decay$ bronzes1 z1 = in/ance1 ^? f wells & ci/]ns1 is to place !m imm$iately !y are discov]$ into a /rong solution 7#a 9 #aj7 ( c>bolic acid4 ,transl4 #adj ,m]kbu*1 p4 #fh4 #ada ,in/ead ( calcium *loride /rong sulphuric acid may be us$ = dehydration1 b ! dry *loride is m simple1 & less dang]\s4 ,if kept 9 cork$ bottles1 ! corks %\ld be cov]$ ) p>aff9 wax to prev5t access ( moi/ure4 #adb ,fir/ put =w>d by ,*evreul 7see pp4 #bb & #aag74 #adc ,! s-call$ 'pole pap]' is suppli$ by mo/ deal]s 9 electrical app>atus4 ,transl4 #add ,9 su* a case ! hydrat$ oxide ( t9 is ei!r pres5t z su* 9 ! oxidiz$ bronze1 or x is a product ( ! r$uction :i* has be5 prev5t$ f fall+ to ! bottom by ! high sp4 gr4 ( ! potassium cyanide solution4 ,x is also possible t f9ely divid$ t9 9 ! r$uc$ bronze may decompose ! w>m wat] into oxyg5 & hydrog51 =m+ a hydrat$ oxide ( t94 ,su* a reaction w\ld acc\nt = ! =mation ( hydrog54 ,! hydrog5 might at ! same "t rema9 occlud$ until all[$ to sep>ate by ! cessation ( ! curr5t & ! temp]ature ( ! wat]4 #ade ,su*1 = in/ance1 z is obta9$ by atta*+ a suitable nozzle to a fall pipe :]e !re is suffici5t wat]-pressure2 v4 e4g4 ,polyte*n4 ,c5tralblatt1 #ahia-ib1 p4 #aii4 #adf ,i n[ consid] x a bett] plan n to employ ! me?od ( coat+ ) p>aff9 wax4 ,i ?or\ghly soak & !n dry ! r$uc$ bronze ) a clo?1 & place x 9 #if alcohol4 ,?is mu/ be r5ew$ aft] a "t1 & = l>ge bronzes a ?ird or ev5 a f\r? r5ewal is advisable4 ,! bronze is aga9 wip$ & introduc$ into a dry+ ov5 rais$ to ab\t #bab;,f4 #ajj;,c44 ,! unsightly grey col\r & r\gh surface may be mu* improv$ by us+ a bru% ( ! f9e/ wire or v f9e em]y clo?4 ,! object is f9ally impregnat$ ) zapon 7see ,app5dix74 7,au?or's note1 #aijd47 #adg ,! base 0 n treat$ ow+ to ! advanc$ de/ruction ( ! metal4 ,transl4 #adh ,9 only ab\t #b ( ! bronzes treat$ 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,royal ,museums at ,b]l9 has x be5 f\nd necess>y to int]rupt ! r$uction4 #adi ,polyte*n4 ,c5tralblatt1 #ahia-ib1 p4 #bjj4 #aej ,^! analyses 7 made by ,s*ulz 9 ! ,laboratory ( ! ,royal ,museums4 #aea ,i quote "h ! great] "p ( an article publi%$ 9 ,d+l]'s ,polyte*n4 ,j\rnal1 #ahif1 ,vol4 ,,ccci4 p4 #dd4 ,! r$uction ( ab\t #gjjj ,dani% copp] co9s1 und]tak5 :ile ! above 0 9 ! press1 gave simil>ly good results4 #aeb ,! z9c1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ! r$uction process may become coat$ ) a ?9 lay] ( metallic copp]1 may be us$ aga94 ,x %\ld be fir/ put ?r\gh dilute sulphuric acid 79 ! proportion ( #a3b71 !n wa%$1 rubb$ ) a /eel wire bru% & aga9 wa%$4 ,b x mu/ 9 su* cases be us$ aga9 :ile /ill wet1 = if all[$ to dry x becomes coat$ ) a lay] ( oxide & requires to be re-poli%$4 #aec ,publications de la socit p\r la re*]*e et la cons]vation des monum5ts hi/oriques dans le gr&du* de ,luxemb\rg1 ,vol4 ,x4 ,z ,i h be5 unable to consult ! orig9al1 ,i h "h ins]t$ a communication s5t to me by ,dr ,kisa ( ,cologne4 ,i h tri$ ?is me?od on a few co9s4 #aed ,9 ano!r in/ance--t ( a ,m9otaur gr\p ,ant4 ,misc4 #gchb--! calcium *loride is conta9$ 9 f\r %all[ glass tr\ghs :i* are plac$ r\nd ! m>ble p$e/al ( ! bronze & are loosely cov]$ ) a black c>d4 #aee ,grote1 ,bltt] fr ,mnzkunde1 #ahce1 ,i4 ,no4 #ca1 ,,vi4 #aef ,zeits*rift fr ,numismatik1 ,vol4 ,,xvii4 #ahij1 p4 #ajj4 #aeg ,prome!us1 ,,viii4 #ahig1 p4 #cea4 ,a report on ! o!r me?ods is "h giv54 #aeh ,zeits*rift fr ,numismatik1 ,vol4 ,,xx4 #ahig1 p4 #cbe4 #aei ,ar*aeological ,j\rnal1 ,,xlv4 #ahhh1 p4 #hg4 #afj ,riv4 ,ital4 ,numism4 #aijc1 p4 #ca2 also ,*emik] ,zeitung1 ,,xxvii4 #aijc1 p4 #hbe4 #afa ,9 ?is connection h[ev] x mu/ be rememb]$ t celluloid gives (f traces ( acid = a long "t4 ,?is may possibly involve risk ( injury to c]ta9 specim5s4 ,transl4 #afb ,mit!ilung5 des ,nordbhmis*5 ,gew]be ,museum1 #aijc1 p4 #ajd4 #afc ,a few drops ( =mal9 w s]ve ! same purpose4 ,transl4 #afd ,lanol9e1 especially if appli$ w>m1 reta9s ! flexibility ( ! lea!r v satisfactorily4 ,x may be "h m5tion$ t ! lea!r ( old book-b9d+s may be pres]v$ by ! application1 by means ( a s(t bru%1 ( a mixture ( :ite wax ) a small quantity ( :ite vasel9e & p>aff9 wax1 br\ght to a pa/y consi/5cy ) b5z9e or turp5t9e4 ,! ',/e>9e ,glaze' us$ = ! same purpose is made by boil+ "o "p ( cau/ic soda ) eight p>ts ( /e>ic acid & #ej p>ts ( wat] till dissolv$1 !n mix+ ano!r #aej p>ts ( cold wat] & /irr+ until ! :ole sets to a jelly4 ,ei!r ( ^! m$ia %\ld be appli$ v ?9ly & !n poli%$ ) a bru% or flannel4 ,if ! cov] is v bad1 consid]able improvem5t is effect$ by repeat$ applications ( ! /e>9e glaze s z to fill up ! damag$ surface ( ! lea!r4 ,9 "s cases ! addition ( "s dye su* z logwood1 or "o or o!r ( ! acid coal-t> dyes1 is advantage\s4 ,lanol9e1 or wool fat1 i4e4 lanol9e )\t ! wat]1 is useful1 b gives a dull surface to ! lea!r4 ,9 "s cases a ?9 coat+ ( dilut$ :ite ( egg1 to :i* a few drops ( clove oil1 or "s o!r ess5tial oil1 has be5 add$ z an antiseptic is b5eficial4 ,transl4 #afe ,on pres]vation 9 alcohol see p4 #aei "u ! head+ ',wood4' #aff ,a>b4 = nordisk ,oldkynd4 og ,hi/orie1 #ahia1 p4 #aab4 #afg ,accord+ to an analysis publi%$ by ,l4 v4 ,b>? 9 an acc\nt ( ! collection ( papyri belong+ to ! ,ar*duke ,ra9]1 ,"p ,i4 p4 #abj1 ! salt cry/als1 aft] removal ( ! insoluble con/itu5ts1 consi/$ (3 ,potassium sulphate #jh ,potassium & sodium *lorides #ibj ,calcium sulphate #df ,magnesium *loride #bh ,organic sub/ances #jb #afh ,m]kbu*1 p4 #fj4 #afi ,communicat$ by ,h]r ,le9] ( ,con/ance4 #agj ,antiqu>isk ,tidsskrift1 #aheh-fj1 p4 #agf4 #aga ,id41 p4 #agd4 #agb ,ol%aus51 ,v]h4 d] ,b]l4 an?ropol4 ,ges4 #ahhe1 p4 #bdb1 an oral communication f ,h]r v4 ,j5n]4 #agc ,att5tion may be drawn to a pap] :i* 7,dec4 #aijd7 w %ortly be publi%$ by ! ,imp]ial ,commission = ,monum5ts ( ,art & ,hi/ory 9 ,vi5na4 ,at a meet+ 9 ,vi5na a pap] 0 giv5 by ,bolle on ! animal enemies ( pap]1 lea!r1 & wood1 & _! de/ruction by means ( c>bon bisulphide4 ,c>bon bisulphide is an infallible poison & has no effect ^u col\rs :5 us$ 9 a p]fectly dry /ate4 ,?is may be c>ri$ out by a prelim9>y displacem5t ( ! air by c>bonic acid :i* is readily obta9$ 9 ! liquid =m 9 cyl9d]s4 ,b5z9e w\ld probably act equally well1 b w\ld require a long] "t = its action4 ,ref]5ces to o!r me?ods su* z ! employm5t ( a vacuum or ( heat w be f\nd 9 ! same publication4 #agd ,keim1 ,te*nis*e ,mit!ilung5 fr ,mal]ei1 #ahhh1 p4 #d4 #age ,communication f ,h]r ,/rab]g] ( ,l9z on ! ,danube4 #agf ,communication by ,dr ,voss4