,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 --,obvi\s pr9t & punctuation errors 7 correct$4 --,bold text has be5 r5d]$ ) equal signs3 bold text4 --,because ( ! fairy am\nt ( tables1 x is recomm5d$ ! use ( a monospac$ font4 ,,me*anical ,,devices ,,9 ,,! ,,home by ,,edi? ,,all51 ,m4 ,a4 ,assi/ant ,editor1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,=m]ly ,speciali/ 9 ,home ,economics 9 ,kansas ,/ate ,agricultural ,college1 ,univ]sity ( ,texas1 & ,oklahoma ,agricultural & ,me*anical ,college ,illu/ration3 ,,logo ,,! ,,manual ,,arts ,,press ,,peoria1 ,,ill9ois ,copyright #aibb ,edi? ,all5 #ab;,c#bb ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,preface ,9 writ+ ?is book1 my aim has be5 7#a7 to give in=mation :i* w guide h\sehold]s 9 select+ & in/all+ ! be/ cook+ & heat+ devices1 & 9 us+ !m ) ! greate/ economy ( fuel & safety aga9/ accid5ts2 7#b7 to expla9 ! con/ruction ( light+ fixtures & h[ to det]m9e ! am\nt ( light = heal? ne$$ 9 v>i\s places2 7#c7 to expla9 ! pr9ciples ( cool+2 7#d7 to %[ h[ to make small repairs :i* save plumb]s' bills2 7#e7 to guide 9 ! *oice & c>e ( laundry appliances & cook+ ut5sils2 7#f7 to famili>ize wom5 ) ! con/ruction ( electric1 acetyl5e & gas plants & eng9es1 & 7#g7 to furni% tables ( measure (t5 ne$$ = ref]5ce4 ,!re is a lack ( mat]ial ( ?is type :i* is non-te*nical en\gh = ! use ( home economics /ud5ts & h\sewives4 ,! mat]ial :i* ,i h organiz$ applies directly to ! appliances ) :i* wom5 "w & is ( a nature to fill _! ne$ 9 ?is field4 ,! book is design$ z a text = s5ior-high s*ool & junior-college classes1 z well z = ! ne$s ( home-demon/ration ag5ts1 h\sewives & o!r wom54 ,,edi? ,,all5 ,,ackn[l$gm5ts ,! au?or is p>ticul>ly indebt$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is book to ,john ,g4 ,?ompson1 pr(essor ( economics1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois2 ,j4 ,k4 ,t4 ,ekblaw1 in/ructor ( f>m me*anics1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 & editor ( ,f>m ,p[]2 ,&rey ,a4 ,pott]1 pr(essor ( /eam & gas eng9e]+1 ,kansas ,/ate ,agricultural ,college2 ,j4 ,m4 ,bryant1 pr(essor ( electrical eng9e]+1 ,univ]sity ( ,texas2 ,h>rison ,e4 ,h[e1 ,national ,c\ncil ( ,rese>*2 ,miss ,m9na ,c4 ,d5ton1 home economics speciali/1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture2 ,miss ,m>ie ,dallas1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c42 ,f4 ,f4 ,good1 in/ructor 9 appli$ physics1 ,tea*]s' ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( companies furni%+ illu/rations1 data & o!r in=mation3 ,am]ican ,bl[] ,company4 ,am]ican ,iron+ ,ma*9e ,co4 ,am]ican ,lava ,co4 ,am]ican ,radiator ,co4 ,am]ican ,/ove ,co4 ,automatic ,electric ,wa%] ,co4 ,baltimore ,gas ,appliance ,co4 ,bates ,edmonds ,motor ,co4 ,bissel's ,c>pet ,sweep] ,co4 ,blake ,mfg4 ,co4 ,c4 ,br[n ,mfg4 ,co4 ,b4 ,bryan ,co4 ,c5tral ,con/ruction ,supply ,co4 ,c5tral ,oil ,gas ,/ove ,co4 ,*amb]s ,fireless ,cook] ,/ove ,co4 ,geo4 ,m4 ,cl>k ,co4 ,clevel& ,metal ,products ,co4 ,coleman ,lamp ,co4 ,consolidat$ ,gas1 ,electric ,light & ,p[] ,co4 ,cyph]s ,incubator ,co4 ,dangl] ,/ove ,co4 ,davis ,acetyl5e ,co4 ,! ,de,laval ,sep>ator ,co4 ,delco ,motor ,co4 ,! ,dem+ ,co4 ,detroit ,heat+ ,light+ ,co4 ,detroit ,/ove ,works4 ,detroit ,vapor ,/ove ,co4 ,a4 ,b4 ,dick ,co4 ,w4 ,s4 ,dickey ,clay ,mfg4 ,co4 ,! ,durham ,mfg4 ,co4 ,eagle ,g5]ator ,co4 ,full]1 ,w>r5 ,co4 ,g5]al ,electric ,co4 ,hammond ,typewrit] ,co4 ,h>t ,cr\se ,co4 ,h]rick ,refrig]ator ,co4 ,hu5field ,co4 ,humphrey ,co4 ,hurley ,ma*9e ,co4 ,kalamazoo ,/ove ,co4 ,kewanee ,wat] ,supply ,co4 ,klau-,van ,piet]som-,dunlap4 ,l&]s1 ,fr>y1 ,cl>k ,co4 ,laundryette ,mfg4 ,co4 ,mann+1 ,b[man ,co4 ,mantle ,lamp ,co4 ( ,am]ica4 ,h4 ,g4 ,mc,fadden ,co4 ,! ,monitor ,/ove ,co4 ,national ,electric ,supply ,co4 ,nor?we/]n ,/eel ,iron ,works4 ,pacific ,flu% ,tank ,co4 ,potomac ,p[] ,light+ ,co4 ,ra?bone1 ,s>d ,co4 ,reliable ,/ove ,co4 ,remn]t ,mfg4 ,co4 ,rh9el&] ,refrig]ator ,co4 ,r+5 ,/ove ,co4 ,ro*e/] ,rot>y ,wa%] ,co4 ,ro*e/] ,/amp+ ,co4 ,se>s1 ,roebuck ,co4 ,%>ples ,sep>ator ,co4 ,s+] ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4 ,l4 ,c4 ,smi? ,bros4 ,typewrit+ ,company4 ,/&>d ,oil ,co4 ,edw>d ,l4 ,/ock4 ,?at*] ,furnace ,co4 ,! ,torr+ton ,co4 ,tol$o ,cook] ,co4 ,tr5ton ,pott]ies ,co4 ,unit$ ,electric ,co4 ,unit$ ,pump ,p[] ,co4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,radiator ,co4 ,voss ,bros4 ,mfg4 ,co4 ,walk] ,bros4 ,co4 ,welsba* ,co4 ,we/]n ,electric ,co4 ,:ite ,fro/ ,refrig]ator ,co4 ,:ite ,mop & ,wr+] ,co4 ,wilcox ,gibbs ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4 ,! ,yale ,t[ne ,mfg4 ,co4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i4 ,,cook+ ,,/oves ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,wood ,,& ,,coal ,,/oves #ae #a4 ,air supply ( fire4 #b4 ,! grate4 #c4 ,drafts or damp]s4 #d4 ,/>t+ ! fire4 #e4 ,keep+ a fire4 #f4 ,heat+ ! ov54 #g4 ,a%es4 #h4 ,a% *utes4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,gas ,,/oves #bc #i4 ,burn]s4 #aj4 ,simm]]s4 #aa4 ,air mix]4 #ab4 ,regulat+ ! gas4 #ac4 ,light+ ! /ove4 #ad4 ,clean+ ! /ove4 #ae4 ,accid5ts ) gas /ove4 #af4 ,pilot light4 #ag4 ,pilot = top burn]s4 #ah4 ,gas-/ove light]4 #ai4 ,am\nt ( gas us$4 #bj4 ,cold-process gasol9e gas /oves4 #ba4 ,acetyl5e /oves4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,oil ,,/oves #ca #bb4 ,purpose ( oil /oves4 #bc4 ,me*anical p>ts ( k]os5e /ove4 #bd4 ,! burn]4 #be4 ,! *imney4 #bf4 ,light+ ! /ove4 #bg4 ,managem5t ( ! flame4 #bh4 ,adju/m5t & c>e ( ! /ove4 #bi4 ,:5 ! /oves gives tr\ble4 #cj4 ,con/ruction ( gasol9e /oves4 #ca4 ,to light ! /ove4 #cb4 ,fill+ ! gasol9e /ove4 #cc4 ,:5 a burn] blazes & _c be controll$4 #cd4 ,*ang+ fuel 9 vapor /oves4 #ce4 ,op]ation ( vapor /oves4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,electric ,,/oves #db #cf4 ,heat+ unit ( electric /ove4 #cg4 ,wir+ ( /oves4 #ch4 ,op]ation ( electric /oves4 #ci4 ,c>e ( electric /oves4 #dj4 ,ut5sils = electric /oves4 #da4 ,deta*able cook+ devices4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,alcohol1 ,,acetyl5e1 ,,& ,,cann$ ,,heat #dg #db4 ,alcohol /oves4 #dc4 ,vapor /oves4 #dd4 ,wickless /oves4 #de4 ,cann$ heat4 #df4 ,acetyl5e gas /oves4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,fireless ,,& ,,/eam ,,cook]s #ej #dg4 ,! fireless cook]4 #dh4 ,! /ones ( fireless cook]s4 #di4 ,heat+ ! /ones4 #ej4 ,c>e ( ! cook]4 #ea4 ,o!r devices belong+ to cook]s4 #eb4 ,directions = us+ ! cook]4 #ec4 ,"t ( cook+ food4 #ed4 ,gas cook]s4 #ee4 ,/eam cook]s4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,heat+ ,,devices ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,w>m-,,air ,,furnaces #eg #ef4 ,pr9ciple ^u :i* a furnace works4 #eg4 ,! /ove "p4 #eh4 ,! cold-air %aft4 #ei4 ,hot-air pipes4 #fj4 ,location ( ! furnace4 #fa4 ,air4 #fb4 ,pipeless furnaces4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,hot-,,wat] ,,sy/em ,,( ,,heat+ #fd #fc4 ,equipm5t = hot-wat] heat4 #fd4 ,heat+ unit4 #fe4 ,! managem5t ( ! fire4 #ff4 ,! pipes4 #fg4 ,expansion tank4 #fh4 ,wat]4 #fi4 ,radiators4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,/eam-,,heat+ ,,sy/ems #fi #gj4 ,equipm5t = /eam heat4 #ga4 ,/eam gages4 #gb4 ,safety valve4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,fireplaces ,,& ,,heat+ ,,/oves #gd #gc4 ,con/ruction ( fireplace4 #gd4 ,managem5t ( fireplace4 #ge4 ,op]at+ heat+ /oves4 #gf4 ,c>e ( ! /ove4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,gas1 ,,electric ,,& ,,k]os5e ,,heat]s #gg #gg4 ,k9ds ( gas heat]s4 #gh4 ,buns5 burn] & asbe/os-back heat]4 #gi4 ,light+ gas /oves4 #hj4 ,c>e ( gas /oves4 #ha4 ,illum9at+ flame & bright metal reflector heat]s4 #hb4 ,gas radiator heat]s4 #hc4 ,managem5t ( gas radiator4 #hd4 ,k]os5e heat]s4 #he4 ,electric heat]s4 #hf4 ,acetyl5e heat]s4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,light+ ,,devices ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,electric ,,lights #hb #hg4 ,k9ds ( electric lamps 9 use4 #hh4 ,electrical measurem5ts4 #hi4 ,c>bon lamps4 #ij4 ,mazda or tung/5 lamps4 #ia4 ,select+ lamps = a room4 #ib4 ,effect ( color s*emes ^u illum9ation4 #ic4 ,di/ribution ( light4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,gas ,,light #hh #id4 ,con/ruction ( mantles4 #ie4 ,c>e ( mantles4 #if4 ,fixtures = burn+ gas4 #ig4 ,adju/m5t4 #ih4 ,c>e ( lamps4 #ii4 ,light+ a gas light4 #ajj4 ,cold-process gasol9e gas4 #aja4 ,acetyl5e lamps4 #ajb4 ,c>e ( burn]s ( acetyl5e lamps4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,k]os5e ,,lamps #ic #ajc4 ,con/ruction ( k]os5e lamps4 #ajd4 ,managem5t ( k]os5e lamps4 #aje4 ,light+ a k]os5e lamp4 #ajf4 ,to ext+ui% a lamp4 #ajg4 ,c>e ( lamps4 #ajh4 ,k]os5e mantle lamps4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,alcohol ,,& ,,gasol9e ,,lamps #if #aji4 ,classification ( lamps4 #aaj4 ,gravity lamps4 #aaa4 ,light+ ! gravity lamp4 #aab4 ,pressure lamps4 #aac4 ,gasol9e lamps ) wicks4 #aad4 ,alcohol lamps ) wicks4 #aae4 ,light+ alcohol or gasol9e lamps4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,cool+ ,,devices ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,refrig]ators #ajj #aaf4 ,pr9ciples ( refrig]ation4 #aag4 ,! con/ruction ( refrig]ators4 #aah4 ,l9+ refrig]ators4 #aai4 ,insulation ( refrig]ators4 #abj4 ,circulation 9 refrig]ators4 #aba4 ,drip f melt+ ice4 #abb4 ,arrangem5t ( food 9 ! ice box4 #abc4 ,fill+ & c>e ( ! ice box4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,iceless ,,refrig]ators2 ,,wat] ,,cool]s #aje #abd4 ,comp>ative effici5cy ( iceless refrig]ators4 #abe4 ,iceless refrig]ator4 #abf4 ,small cool]4 #abg4 ,cov]$ pail4 #abh4 ,unglaz$ e>!nw>e4 #abi4 ,cool+ ) runn+ wat]4 #acj4 ,refrig]at+ plants4 #aca4 ,wat] cool]s4 #acb4 ,c>e ( wat] cool]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,fans ,,& ,,v5tilators #aaj #acc4 ,select+ a fan4 #acd4 ,! con/ruction ( ! fan 9 common use4 #ace4 ,v5tilator4 ,,"p ,v4 ,,wat] ,,supply ,,& ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,pumps ,,& ,,wat] ,,filt]s #aab #acf4 ,suction pumps4 #acg4 ,c>e ( pumps4 #ach4 ,=ce pumps4 #aci4 ,compress$-air pumps4 #adj4 ,wat] filt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,pressure ,,tanks2 ,,plumb+ ,,fixtures #aag #ada4 ,pressure tanks4 #adb4 ,con/ruction ( ! pressure tank4 #adc4 ,c>e ( pressure tanks4 #add4 ,hot-wat] kit*5 tank4 #ade4 ,in/antane\s wat] heat]s4 #adf4 ,heat]s = tanks4 #adg4 ,! elevat$ wat] tank4 #adh4 ,faucets4 #adi4 ,valves4 #aej4 ,ov]fl[s4 #aea4 ,traps = ba? tubs & bas9s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,cesspools1 ,,septic ,,tanks ,,& ,,city ,,sew] ,,sy/ems #abd #aeb4 ,releative value ( cesspool & septic tank4 #aec4 ,con/ruction ( ! septic tank4 #aed4 ,! size ( tank4 #aee4 ,disposal ( wa/e 9 cities4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,wat] ,,closets #abh #aef4 ,con/ruction ( wat] closets4 #aeg4 ,siphon+ ! trap4 #aeh4 ,! flu%+ tank4 #aei4 ,repair+ ! flu%+ tank4 ,,"p ,,vi4 ,,laundry ,,equipm5t ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,wa%+ ,,ma*9es #acb #afj4 ,k9ds ( wa%+ ma*9es4 #afa4 ,suction ma*9es4 #afb4 ,cyl9d] wa%]s4 #afc4 ,rot>y wa%]s4 #afd4 ,ma*9e ) an oscillat+ wa%+ device4 #afe4 ,oscillat+ wa%]s4 #aff4 ,locomotive wa%]4 #afg4 ,c5trifugal wa%]4 #afh4 ,c>e ( wa%]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,wr+]s #ach #afi4 ,roll] wr+]4 #agj4 ,c>e ( wr+]s4 #aga4 ,c5trifugal wr+] or dri]4 #agb4 ,c>e ( ! ma*9e4 #agc4 ,comb9ation wa%] & wr+]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,mangles ,,& ,,irons #ada #agd4 ,con/ruction ( mangles4 #age4 ,cold mangles4 #agf4 ,heat$ mangles4 #agg4 ,c>e & use ( mangles4 #agh4 ,flat1 or sadirons4 #agi4 ,*>coal irons4 #ahj4 ,electric irons4 #aha4 ,gas irons4 #ahb4 ,acetyl5e irons4 #ahc4 ,alcohol irons4 #ahd4 ,gasol9e irons4 ,,"p ,,vii4 ,,h\se-,,clean+ ,,equipm5t ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,vacuum ,,clean]s ,,& ,,clean+ ,,tools #adg #ahe4 ,pr9ciple ^u :i* vacuum clean]s "w4 #ahf4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( vacuum clean]s4 #ahg4 ,nozzle ( vacuum clean]4 #ahh4 ,cautions 9 us+ vacuum clean]s4 #ahi4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 h& & p[] clean]s4 #aij4 ,c>pet sweep]4 #aia4 ,mop wr+]s4 ,,"p ,,viii4 ,,devices ,,= ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,food ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,pots1 ,,pans ,,& ,,o!r ,,devices #aee #aib4 ,mat]ials f :i* ,ut5sils are made4 #aic4 ,alum9um alloy4 #aid4 ,ca/-iron ut5sils4 #aie4 ,e>!nw>e4 #aif4 ,alum9um & granitew>e4 #aig4 ,mix+ spoons4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,p>]s1 ,,se$]s1 ,,gr9d]s1 ,,slic]s1 ,,etc4 #aei #aih4 ,fruit & vegetable p>]s & knives4 #aii4 ,p>]s :i* grate (f sk9s4 #bjj4 ,se$]s & ,/on]s4 #bja4 ,*]ry /on]4 #bjb4 ,gr9d]s4 #bjc4 ,*opp]s or meat gr9d]s4 #bjd4 ,*opp]s4 #bje4 ,slic]s4 #bjf4 ,l>d & fruit presses1 sausage /uff]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,mix]s1 ,,beat]s ,,& ,,*urns2 ,,c(fee ,,pots #afe #bjg4 ,use ( mix]s1 beat]s & *urns4 #bjh4 ,c>e ( ^! devices4 #bji4 ,freez]s4 #baj4 ,c>e ( freez]s4 #baa4 ,*urns4 #bab4 ,drip c(fee pots4 #bac4 ,p]colator c(fee pots4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,di%-,,wa%]s1 ,,cann]s ,,& ,,dry]s #agj #bad4 ,di% dry]4 #bae4 ,clean+ silv]4 #baf4 ,cann]s4 #bag4 ,wat] seal4 #bah4 ,pressure cann]s4 #bai4 ,use ( ! cann]4 #bbj4 ,dry]s4 #bba4 ,c>e ( dry]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,sep>ators ,,& ,,emulsifi]s #agh #bbb4 ,cream sep>ators4 #bbc4 ,diff]5t types ( sep>ators4 #bbd4 ,wa%+ ! ma*9e4 #bbe4 ,oil+4 #bbf4 ,:ey sep>ator4 #bbg4 ,emulsifi]4 ,,"p ,,ix4 ,,sundry ,,devices ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,dumbwait]s ,,& ,,o!r ,,h\se ,,furni%+s #ahc #bbh4 ,dumbwait]s & w9d[ adju/m5ts4 #bbi4 ,*eck valves4 #bcj4 ,door fa/5]4 #bca4 ,w9d[ %ades4 #bcb4 ,h+es4 #bcc4 ,slid+ doors4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,sew+ ,,ma*9es #ahf #bcd4 ,diff]5t types ( sew+ ma*9es4 #bce4 ,lock-/it* sew+ ma*9e4 #bcf4 ,fe$ plate4 #bcg4 ,bobb9s4 #bch4 ,%uttle bobb9s4 #bci4 ,*a9-/it* ma*9e4 #bdj4 ,cautions = all ma*9es4 #bda4 ,g5]al in/ructions4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,automobiles #aib #bdb4 ,/>t+ ! motor4 #bdc4 ,driv+ ! automobile4 #bdd4 ,c>e ( c>4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,lawn ,,m[]s2 ,,incubators #aie #bde4 ,op]ation & c>e ( lawn m[]s4 #bdf4 ,/or+ m[]s4 #bdg4 ,scissors & %e>s4 #bdh4 ,pr9ciples ^u :i* incubator works4 #bdi4 ,! body ( ! incubator4 #bej4 ,incubators heat$ by a lamp4 #bea4 ,! wick4 #beb4 ,!rmo/at4 #bec4 ,! !rmomet]4 #bed4 ,op]ation ( incubator4 #bee4 ,egg te/]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,typewrit]s #bjb #bef4 ,con/ruction ( typewrit]4 #beg4 ,special features ( typewrit]4 #beh4 ,int]*angeable-type typewrit]s4 #bei4 ,c>e ( typewrit]s4 #bfj4 ,! hectograph4 #bfa4 ,mimeograph & multigraph4 ,,"p ,x4 ,,motors1 ,,fuels ,,& ,,gas ,,plants ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,treadles ,,& ,,wat] ,,motors #bji #bfb4 ,def9ition ( motor4 #bfc4 ,! treadle4 #bfd4 ,wat] motors4 #bfe4 ,select+ a wat] motor4 #bff4 ,two types ( wat] motors4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,eng9es2 ,,motors ,,& ,,batt]ies2 ,,fuels #bab #bfg4 ,gasol9e eng9es4 #bfh4 ,figur+ spe$ ( pulleys4 #bfi4 ,op]at+ ! eng9e4 #bgj4 ,po9ts 9 c>+ = eng9e4 #bga4 ,g5]at+ electricity = homes4 #bgb4 ,batt]ies4 #bgc4 ,liquid batt]ies4 #bgd4 ,a dry-cell batt]y4 #bge4 ,/orage batt]ies4 #bgf4 ,"s uses = electric motors4 #bgg4 ,def9ition tables4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,gas ,,plants #bbj #bgh4 ,gasol9e gas plants4 #bgi4 ,acetyl5e-gas plant4 #bhj4 ,directions = op]at+ acetyl5e plant4 #bha4 ,cautions to be obs]v$ 9 us+ acetyl5e gas4 #bhb4 ,compress$ gases & oils4 ,,"p ,,xi4 ,,measur+ ,,devices ,,*apt] ,,xl4 ,,scales ,,= ,,weigh+ #bbe #bhc4 ,equal-arm balances4 #bhd4 ,unequal-arm balances4 #bhe4 ,spr+ scales4 ,,*apt] ,,xli4 ,,devices ,,= ,,measur+ ,,volume #bbg #bhf4 ,graduate & measur+ cup4 #bhg4 ,tablespoons4 #bhh4 ,teaspoons4 #bhi4 ,/&>d measur+ spoons4 #bij4 ,liquid & cook+ measures4 #bia4 ,dry measures4 #bib4 ,cubic1 squ>e & l9e> measures4 ,,*apt] ,,xlii4 ,,gas1 ,,wat] ,,& ,,electric ,,met]s #bcj #bic4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( met]s4 #bid4 ,con/ruction ( a gas met]4 #bie4 ,read+ ! gas met]4 #bif4 ,wat] met]s4 #big4 ,prepaym5t met]s4 #bih4 ,! electric met]4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii4 ,,!rmomet]s ,,& ,,!rmo/ats #bcc #bii4 ,m]cury !rmomet]s4 #cjj4 ,ov5 !rmomet]4 #cja4 ,maximum !rmomet]s4 #cjb4 ,!rmo/ats4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv4 ,,hydromet]s ,,& ,,b>omet]s #bcg #cjc4 ,hydromet]4 #cjd4 ,hygroscopes4 #cje4 ,b>omet]s4 ,,"p ,i ,,cook+ ,,/oves ,,*apt] ,i ,,wood ,,& ,,coal ,,/oves ,a brief explanation ( /oves is giv5 9 ?is *apt] to help ! woman ) a new /ove or ) an old "o :i* %e does n und]/& s t %e may manage x )\t wa/+ fuel & n]v\s en]gy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,cross-section ( cook+ /ove4 ,cook+ /oves 7,fig4 #a7 7 inv5t$ z a conv5i5t means = hold+ pots & pans 9 close proximity to ! fire4 ,!y include a device = regulat+ ! supply ( air to ! burn+ fuel4 #a4 ,air ,supply = ,fire4 ,a prop] am\nt ( air mu/ be suppli$ to ! fuel to produce a hot fire4 ,a smoky or yell[ flame indicates a lack ( suffici5t air to produce complete combu/ion ( ! fuel4 ,smoke is unburnt fuel4 ,a smoky fire does n produce z mu* heat z "o :i* burns ) a blue or almo/ colorless flame4 ,x is usually n ! fault ( ! fuel1 b ! way x is be+ us$ t causes a smoky fire4 #b4 ,! ,grate4 ,cook+ /oves may be con/ruct$ = burn+ ei!r wood or coal4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! op]ation is simil>1 except t m air %\ld be pass+ ?ru ! /ove :ile wood is be+ burnt4 ,= burn+ coal1 ! grate %\ld be less op5 9 ord] to prev5t ! coal f fall+ ?ru4 ,"s mod]n /oves are made ) d\ble grates4 ,^! may be turn$ s t ! m op5 "p ( !m is us$ = support+ ! wood1 & ! less op5 "p = coal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a-;a4 ,grate4 ,^! grates are usually rev]s$ by a /ove %ak]4 7,fig4 #a-;a %[s a detail$ draw+ ( a grate47 ,! h\sekeep] mu/ und]/& h[ ?is is done 9 ord] to avoid rev]s+ !m :5 %e %akes d[n ! a%es4 ,two difficulties arise 9 rev]s+ ! grate :5 ! /ove is fill$ ) fuel4 ,! coal may be wa/$ by fall+ ?ru ! "p int5d$ = wood1 or pieces ( fuel may fall betwe5 ! p>ts s t !y _c be mov$4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 x is be/ to let ! fire g out1 take out ! fuel1 adju/ ! grates z !y %\ld be & rebuild ! fire4 #c4 ,drafts or ,damp]s4 ,!re are f ?ree to six damp]s on a /ove 7,figs4 #a & #b71 z foll[s3 #a7 ,! draft bel[ ! fire box1 f\nd on all /oves1 is to let 9 air to ! burn+ fire4 #b7 ,! draft above ! fire box1 n f\nd on all /oves1 :5 slightly op5$1 lets 9 air :i* completes ! combu/ion ( ! gases aris+ f ! top ( ! fire4 ,:5 op5$ too wide1 x *ecks ! burn+ ( ! fire4 #c7 ,! ov5 damp]1 f\nd on all cook /oves1 is plac$ at ! po9t :]e ! flame naturally ent]s ! /ove pipe4 ,:5 ?is damp] is clos$1 ! flame mu/ g ar\nd ! ov5 in/ead ( directly up ! *imney4 ,to see ! ov5 damp]1 take (f ! lid ne>e/ ! /ove pipe & wat* ! direction ( ! flame4 ,! h&le to ! ov5 damp] may be at ! side ( ! pipe on top ( ! /ove or at ! front ( ! /ove "u ! top ne> ! res]voir4 ,clos+ ?is damp] causes ! hot gases f ! fire to g back ov] ! top ( ! /ove d[n beh9d ! ov51 turn "u ! ov5 & come up ! *imney4 ,good /oves are con/ruct$ s t ! hot gases come 9 contact ) e "p ( ! ov54 ,?is makes a long] j\rney = ! gases1 b1 if ! drafts 9 ! front ( ! /ove & *imney are prop]ly adju/$1 ! gases w make ! circuit )\t =m+ soot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,drafts & damp]s 9 /ove-pipe4 #d7 ,a damp] 9 ! /ove pipe 7,fig4 #b7 = lett+ air f ! room into ! pipe s]ves to *eck ! burn+ ( ! fire by tak+ ! place ( ! draft ?ru ! /ove4 #e7 ,a damp]1 or %utt]1 f\nd 9 ! pipe or *imney ( mo/ /oves1 :5 clos$1 *ecks ! draft up ! *imney1 &1 :5 op51 lets x pass freely4 #f7 ,! res]voir damp]1 f\nd on "s /oves hav+ res]voirs1 lets ! hot gases pass next to ! res]voir :5 op5 & prev5ts ?is :5 clos$4 #d4 ,/>t+ ! ,fire4 ,if ! /ove has a rev]sible grate1 see t x is adju/$ to suit ! fuel be=e build+ ! fire2 !n adju/ ! drafts4 ,op5 ! draft bel[ ! fire box1 ! ov5 damp]1 & ! %utt] 9 ! *imney2 close ! draft above ! fire box1 & ! draft :i* lets air f ! room into ! pipe1 s t ! air may pass up ?ru ! fire box & directly up ! *imney4 ,"s *imneys produce su* /rong drafts t ! %utt] 9 ! *imney has to be kept clos$ mo/ ( ! "t1 ev5 :5 />t+ ! fire4 ,aft] ! fuel has become ignit$1 ! draft bel[ ! fire may be p>tly clos$ s t x burns less rapidly4 ,if ! fire is to be us$ = heat+ wat] or food on top ( ! /ove1 x is n[ ready = use4 ,if x is /ill burn+ too rapidly1 ! draft may be entirely clos$1 or ! %utt] 9 ! *imney p>tly clos$4 ,if at any "t ! /ove smokes1 ! %utt] or drafts above ! fire may be clos$ too mu* & %\ld be op5$ en\gh to let all ! smoke pass4 ,add+ too mu* fuel at "o "t & n spread+ x 9 a ?9 lay] ov] ! entire surface ( ! fire may cause ! /ove to smoke4 #e4 ,keep+ a ,fire4 ,if1 aft] a fire has be5 us$1 x is want$ = use lat]1 close ! draft bel[ ! fire box1 op5 ! "o above ! fire box1 or1 if !re *ances to be no draft "h1 tilt ! lids on ! /ove to let 9 ! air2 close ! %utt] 9 ! *imney & op5 ! draft 9 ! pipe t lets 9 air f ! room4 ,) ! drafts s adju/$1 ! fire %\ld keep a long "t1 z x w burn v sl[ly4 #f4 ,heat+ ! ,ov54 ,:5 bak+ is to be done1 wait until ! fire is well />t$2 !n close ! ov5 damp]4 ,! ev5ess ( heat 9 ! ov5 dep5ds ^u ! ev5 di/ribution ( ! hot gases bel[ & on ! sides ( x4 ,?is is provid$ = 9 ! manufacture ( ! /ove itself4 ,! heat 9 ! ov5 may be regulat$ by ! int5sity ( ! heat f ! fire z well z by ! damp]4 ,:5ev] a cool] ov5 is want$1 ! flame may be p]mitt$ to g directly up ! *imney4 ,s9ce hot air is always seek+ a high] level ?an cold air1 op5+ ! ov5 door cools ! ov51 b x w n prev5t food set on ! bottom ( ! ov5 f burn+ on ! bottom4 ,9 a clos$ ov51 ! greate/ degree ( heat is at ! top1 except+ sometimes ! surface ( ! bottom ( ! ov54 ,_m /oves require ! plac+ ( a ?9 grat+ on ! bottom ( ! ov5 to prev5t food f burn+ on ! bottom4 ,if food does n br[n suffici5tly on ! bottom1 remove ! grat+ s t ! di% comes 9 clos] contact ) ! heat+ unit4 ,! insulation ( ! ov5 door helps to hold heat 9 ! ov51 b ! am\nt lo/ "h is s small t _m h\sekeep]s pref] ! conv5i5ce ( ! glass door1 :i*1 9 turn1 saves heat by do+ away ) ! necessity ( op5+ ! ov5 door to wat* ! cook+ food4 ,"s h\sewives adju/ ! damp]s = heat+ ! ov5 & !n nev] *ange !m4 ,!y heat ! kit*5 9 summ] m ?an is necess>y & use m fuel ?an !y ne$ = cook+4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t :]e ! c>eful manag] ( a /ove uses "o p\nd ( fuel1 ! c>eless manag] uses ?ree & a half p\nds4 ,"o exp]im5t /ation e/imat$ t ! h\sehold coal range is us$ on an av]age ( six h\rs a day1 &1 if us$ c>efully1 sev5 p\nds ( coal is consum$4 ,c>eless managem5t1 !n1 makes ! wa/e ( coal q an item 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 z x is n unusual = ! c>eless manag] to use tw5ty-f\r p\nds ( coal p] six-h\r day4 ,!re is always "s soot =m$1 ev5 9 ! be/-manag$ /oves1 & ! flame (t5 c>ries a%es ) x4 ,^! 9 "t fill ! n>r[ space ab\t ! ov5 & cut (f or *eck ! passage ( ! hot gases ab\t ! ov54 ,:5 ?is happ5s & ! ov5 damp] is clos$1 ! /ove w smoke & n bake well4 ,no /ove %\ld be all[$ to get 9 ?is condition4 ,! h\sewife c wat* ! accumulation ( a%es 9 ! /ove & remove !m be=e !y become "o-f\r? in* ?ick4 ,if ?is is n done1 ! ov5 w n heat well & "s p>ts may be consid]ably cool] ?an o!rs4 #g4 ,a%es4 ,a%es all[$ to accumulate 9 ! fire box w cause ! l9+ ( ! /ove to burn out4 ,a%es w also int]f]e ) ! heat+ ( ! re/ ( ! /ove4 ,to l5g!n ! life ( a /ove1 keep ! a% pan empty4 ,if a full pan ( a%es becomes hot1 x w keep ! grate ( ! /ove s hot t x w w>p & burn out1 & sometimes cause ! ov5 to w>p4 ,if a h\sewife tries to build a fre% fire 9 a /ove ) a full a% pan1 %e w h to wait = ! a%es to become heat$ ?ru be=e %e c get satisfactory use ( ! ov54 ,%e w be unable to regulate ! temp]ature ( ! ov5 if x becomes too hot4 ,x is a great wa/e ( fuel to heat a l>ge pan full ( a%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,a% *ute4 #h4 ,a% ,*utes4 ,9 "s mod]n h\ses1 !re are a% *utes :i* c>ry ! a%es directly f ! kit*5 /ove to a receptacle 9 ! basem5t 7,fig4 #c74 ,^! h to be in/all$ ) c>e4 ,if !re is a draft ( air :i* _c be regulat$ f ! basem5t up ?ru ! fire box1 ! fire w burn too fa/4 ,!re %\ld be a damp] to regulate drafts "h4 ,an a% *ute saves mu* dirt 9 ! kit*54 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,gas ,,/oves ,! gas /ove is ! simple/ /ove made4 ,x consi/s ( a burn] or burn]s ( diff]5t %apes m\nt$ on a suitable frame4 ,! be/ example ( a gas burn] is a pipe ) holes pun*$ 9 x1 :]e ! gas fl[s out & is set on fire4 ,?is pipe may be coil$ into a circle & make a r\nd burn]1 or ! holes may all come at ! end1 :i* is arrang$ to spread ! gas into a disc %ape4 #i4 ,burn]s4 ,/oves are usually made ) diff]5t sizes ( burn]s4 ,"o manufactur] /ates t ! gas /oves made by 8 firm consume p] top burn] p] h\r f\rte5 to eighte5 feet ( gas1 & ! ov5 burn]s consume eighte5 to tw5ty feet :5 ! gas is turn$ on full4 ,simm]]s consume mu* less ?an ?is4 #aj4 ,simm]]s4 ,e gas range %\ld h a simm]] on x4 ,?is is a small burn]1 usually ab\t an in* 9 diamet]4 ,aft] a l>ge kettle full ( food has be5 heat$ to boil+1 ?is burn] may keep x simm]+ = h\rs1 us+ v little gas4 ,?is burn] w keep small kettles ( food boil+4 #aa4 ,air ,mix]4 ,gas escap+ f any pipe w burn1 b x w burn ) a yell[ flame4 ,to make gas burn ) a blue flame--t is1 to secure complete combu/ion--air mu/ be mix$ ) x4 ,?is is done 9 ! air mix] 7,fig4 #d74 ,! blue flame is desirable = cook+ because x is hott] ?an ! yell[ flame & does n black5 ! cook+ ut5sils4 ,gas passes ?ru ! air mix] be=e ent]+ ! burn]4 ,sometimes ! air inlet is only a hole put 9 ! "u side ( ! pipe4 ,! op5+ = entrance ( air is %ield$ s t ! gas w n escape f ! mix]1 b w g on into ! burn]4 ,a gas pipe looks ab\t half an in* 9 diamet]1 b ! /ream ( gas :i* is all[$ to fl[ into ! burn] is v small1 9 "s cases be+ ab\t ! diamet] ( a d>n+ ne$le4 ,! op5+ = air is s l>ge1 t a p]son's f+] may be put into x4 ,too mu* air int]f]es ) ! burn+ ( ! gas2 9 fact1 !re c be s mu* air mix$ ) gas t x w n burn4 ,! air mix] regulates ! am\nt ( air :i* fl[s into ! pipe4 ,once ?is is adju/$ = ! k9d ( gas to be us$1 x seldom ne$s to be *ang$4 ,! air %utt] has to be *ang$1 h[ev]1 if ! gas pressure v>ies m>k$ly f "t to "t4 ,readju/m5t may be requir$ if ! /ove is mov$ & connect$ ) a diff]5t supply ( gas4 ,:5 adju/+ ! mix] = high pressure1 artificial or natural gas1 close ! %utt] until ! flame w n bl[ away f ! cone1 b w burn ) a blue1 almo/ colorless1 flame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,"p ( gas /ove %[+ air mix]s4 #ab4 ,regulat+ ! ,gas4 ,! am\nt ( gas :i* passes into ! /ove is also regulat$1 fir/1 by adju/m5t ( ! size ( ! small op5+ ?ru :i* ! gas mu/ fl[4 ,once ?is is adju/$1 x does n ne$ to be *ang$ s long z ! gas comes f ! same s\rce4 ,second1 ! fl[ ( gas is regulat$ by ! lev] valve4 ,z ! valve is turn$1 ! fl[ ( gas is re/rict$ s t x fl[s less swiftly4 ,! size ( ! /ream ( gas go+ into ! /ove always looks ! same reg>dless ( its spe$4 ,:5 ! rate is n s fa/1 ! fire burns l[] because less gas comes to x dur+ e unit ( "t4 #ac4 ,light+ ! ,/ove4 ,light ! top burn]s by fir/ /rik+ a mat*1 & !n turn+ on ! burn] s t !re w be an unre/rict$ fl[ ( gas4 ,c\nt ?ree be=e apply+ ! mat*4 ,?is gives "t = ! burn] to fill ) gas4 ,if ! mat* goes out1 %ut (f ! gas & try aga94 ,if x burns back into ! air hole1 also turn (f ! gas & beg9 aga94 ,probably ! mat* 0 appli$ too soon4 ,gas /oves get out ( ord] because ( c>elessness 9 light+ !m4 ,! =ce ( ! explosions caus$ 9 burn+ back loos5s connections & may di/urb ! adju/m5t ( ! mix] & valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,clean+ gas /ove4 #ad4 ,clean+ ! ,/ove4 ,h\sekeep]s %\ld keep _! gas /oves clean4 ,dirt int]f]es ) ! passage ( ! gas ?ru ! burn]s4 ,gas /oves %\ld be clean$ ?oroly once a mon?4 ,scrub ! burn]s ) a /iff bru% 7,fig4 #e71 & wa% all greasy p>ts ) soap & wat]4 ,if ! holes %\ld be clogg$1 remove ! /oppage ) a wire hair-p9 7,fig4 #f74 ,clean ! drip %eet e day1 or z (t5 z x becomes soil$4 7,fig4 #d47 #ae4 ,accid5ts ) ,gas ,/ove4 ,accid5ts ) gas /oves are ! result ( mismanagem5t4 ,! odor ( gas 9 a room indicates a leak 9 ! gas fixtures1 su* z /oves or pipes4 ,:5 su* an odor is notic$1 op5 w9d[s & ext+ui% all fires 9 ! room or build+4 ,next se>* = ! leak4 ,x may be due to an op5 valve4 ,see t ^! are all %ut tight4 ,if no valves are op51 s5d = a plumb] :o looks aft] gas fixtures4 ,leave ! w9d[s op5 & d n c>ry light$ mat*es or lamps into ! room until ! leak has be5 /opp$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,clean+ burn] ( gas /ove4 ,_m accid5ts happ5 at ! "t ! ov5 is be+ light$4 ,sometimes gas escapes into a clos$ ov51 s t its odor is n notic$ 9 ! kit*54 ,?is gas cat*es fire or explodes :5 ! ov5 burn] is light$1 bl[+ ! ov5 door op5 or (f ! h+es1 fla%+ out ( ! ov51 & burn+ any p]son ne> ! /ove4 ,to avoid su* accid5ts1 always op5 ! ov5 & broil] doors a few m9utes be=e light+ ! ov54 ,fig4 #g %[s con/ruction ( gas-/ove ov54 ,if any odor ( gas is notic$ on op5+ ! doors1 fan ?is out4 ,leave ! ov5 & broil] doors op5 a :ile aft] ext+ui%+ ! fire & remov+ ! cook$ food4 ,gas may get into ! ov5 at ! "t ! flame is ext+ui%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,gas ov5s4 #af4 ,pilot ,light4 ,mo/ /oves are con/ruct$ s t !re is a pilot light = ! ov54 ,always use x :5 light+ ! ov54 ,x is put !re = ! safety ( ^? us+ ! /ove4 ,!re is no ne$ = al>m :5 a pilot burns back1 no matt] h[ mu* noise x makes1 s9ce s little gas fl[s ?ru ! op5+4 ,"o ( ! functions ( a pilot light is to prev5t p f be+ burnt 9 case ( an explosion 9 ! ov54 ,= ?is reason1 !y %\ld be at ! side ( ! /ove4 ,if ! pilot burns back1 close x2 wait a m9ute1 & !n try light+ x aga94 ,! regul> burn]s ( ! /ove %\ld n burn back if prop]ly light$ by ! pilot4 ,be c>eful to see t e "p ( ! ov5 burn] becomes light$4 ,turn ! burn]s on full :ile light+ !m4 ,aft] !y are once light$1 turn !m z l[ z desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,pilot light = gas /ove4 #ag4 ,pilot = ,top ,burn]s4 ,a pilot made = top burn]s 7,fig4 #h7 burns cont9u\sly ) a v t9y flame4 ,its purpose is to save gas1 pati5ce1 dirt & mat*es4 ,! sav+ comes because ! h\sekeep] c s easily re-light ! burn]s t %e w turn !m out :5ev] %e is n ne$+ ! fire4 ,sometimes :5 ! gas pressure is l[1 ! pilot light w g out4 ,x c be re-light$ by press+ ! valve z = light+ ! burn]s & t\*+ a mat* to x4 ,if ! pilot goes out1 ! odor ( gas w be notic$ 9 ! kit*5 until x is re-light$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,top view ( gas /ove1 %[+ light]4 #ah4 ,gas-,/ove ,light]4 ,!re are two k9ds ( gas-/ove light]s4 ,^! diff] f ! pilot 9 t !y d n burn con/antly4 ,"o ( ^! is s con/ruct$ t x is fir/ necess>y to apply a mat* to any "o ( ! top burn]s4 ,! o!r burn]s c !n be light$ by op5+ ! valve 9 ! regul> mann] & press+ d[n on ! light] knob4 ,z soon z pressure on ! light] knob is remov$1 ! gas supply to ! light] is automatically cut (f 7,fig4 #i74 ,! o!r light] is made ( metal :i* gives sp>ks easily :5 subject$ to friction4 ,! light] is held ov] ! /ove1 ! gas turn$ on & ! friction produc$ by rubb+ "o "p ( ! light] across ! o!r1 mak+ a sp>k :i* ignites ! gas4 #ai4 ,am\nt ( ,gas ,us$4 ,x is claim$ t #a1jjj feet ( illum9at+ gas produce z mu* heat z #ej or #fj p\nds ( an?racite coal or #d-a_/b gallons ( k]os5e oil4 7,see table on page #bai47 ,! diff]5ce 9 gas bills1 due to managem5t ( gas /oves1 is consid]able4 ,x is v easy = "o woman to use ?ree times z mu* gas z ano!r 9 do+ ! same am\nt ( "w4 ,"s wom5 d n realize :5 !y are wa/+ gas4 ,wat] boils 9 an uncov]$ vessel at #bab degrees ,fahr5heit1 & no am\nt ( heat appli$ to x w make x any hott]4 ,:5 a pot ( food has rea*$ ! boil+ po9t1 a small] flame w keep x boil+4 ,turn ! gas z l[ z x may be safely turn$ & /ill keep ! pot boil+1 & ! food w cook z rapidly z :5 ! gas is turn$ on full4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,s+le top burn] & valve4 ,gas is a safe fuel 9 mo/ h&s2 x saves ! h\sekeep] mu* labor because x makes s little dirt4 ,:5 prop]ly manag$1 x is ! *eape/ fuel to be _h at ! pres5t "t4 #bj4 ,cold-,process ,gasol9e ,gas ,/oves4 ,cold-process gasol9e /oves require a burn] fitt$ ) valves 9 :i* ! gas orifice c be enl>g$ or dim9i%$4 ,! be/ ( ^! = us+ cold-process gasol9e gas c be adju/$ by a turn ( ! f+]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj-;a4 ,ov5 burn]4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! valve is to comp5sate = ! neglect ^u ! "p ( us]s ( ^! plants4 ,v frequ5tly !y w all[ ! supply ( gasol9e 9 ! c>buretor to run ne>ly out be=e !y repl5i% x1 9 :i* case ! gas comes to ! burn]s 9 a ?9n] quality1 & 9 ord] to provide ! same volume ( heat1 x is necess>y to adju/ ! burn] valves & ?r[ a l>g] /ream ( gas into ! burn]4 ,!y are sometimes fitt$ ) burn]s hav+ side-saw$ caps 7,figs4 #aj & #aj-;a74 ,^! seem to expose ! burn+ gas to ! air 9 a way to make x burn bett] ?an 9 o!r burn]s built = gas =c$ into !m by great] pressure ?an is ?is gas4 ,! op5+ = air mu/ be adju/$ f "t to "t s z to keep ! proportion ( gas & air su* t x w produce a blue flame4 #ba4 ,acetyl5e ,/oves4 ,/oves = ! burn+ ( acetyl5e are simil> 9 con/ruction to gas /oves4 ,! acetyl5e furni%es a satisfactory & economical light1 x is n an economical fuel :5 comp>$ ) k]os5e1 gas1 wood or coal4 ,= ?is reason1 x is n mu* us$4 ,x requires two & ?ree-t5?s units ( acetyl5e gas to equal "o unit ( natural gas = heat+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,oil ,,/oves ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,p>ts ( oil /ove burn]4 #bb4 ,purpose ( ,oil ,/oves4 ,oil /oves are design$ = ! com=t ( ! woman :o _c h a gas or an electric /ove4 ,!y consi/ ( tank1 fe$ pipe & burn]s 7,figs4 #aa-;a & #aa-;b74 ,z !y are portable1 !y c be mov$ to a summ] kit*5 or %elt]$ back por* on hot summ] days4 ,oil /oves are n fool-pro( & %\ld nev] be us$ by ^? :o are afraid ( !m & :o d n und]/& !m4 ,manufactur]s h done mu* to make accid5ts avoidable1 & !y s5d detail$ in/ructions ) ea* /ove4 ,^! %\ld be foll[$ exactly4 #bc4 ,me*anical ,p>ts ( ,k]os5e ,/ove4 ,! k]os5e oil /ove consi/s ( a tank ( oil ) a pipe lead+ to a holl[ r+-l cup bel[ ! burn] 7,a1 ,fig4 #aa74 ,:5 ! burn] is light$1 ! oil passes d[n ?is pipe into ! r+1 :]e x becomes heat$ & is vaporiz$4 ,z ! vapor rises1 x is mix$ ) air & burns ) a blue flame4 ,! small holes 9 ! *imney ( ! burn] & at ! base ( ! burn] are to admit air4 ,!y mu/ be kept op54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa-;a4 ,l>ge oil /ove ) ov54 ,if ! burn] is dirty or n prop]ly adju/$1 ! "r am\nt ( air may n rea* ! vaporiz$ oil to mix ) x & ! /ove w burn ) a yell[ flame1 mak+ soot & smoke4 #bd4 ,! ,burn]4 ,! burn] consi/s ( a *imney1 a wick or r+ ( asbe/os1 a valve or a lev]1 & a r+-l cup at ! base ( ! burn]4 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct types ( burn]s kn[n z long *imney1 %ort *imney & wickless4 ,! wickless /oves are equipp$ ) a r+ ( asbe/os :i* s]ves ! purpose ( a wick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa-;b4 ,oil /ove )\t ov54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,oil /ove burn]1 %[+ fire close to ut5sil4 ,! burn]s on "o oil /ove are usually all alike4 ,! burn]s on v>i\s makes diff]4 ,^? 9 :i* ! flame comes ne>e/ ! kettle or cook+ food produce ! mo/ heat = cook+ 7,fig4 #ab74 ,^? ) ! blaze f>!r away f ! food seem to be easi] = ! excitable woman to manage 7,fig4 #ac74 #be4 ,! ,*imney4 ,k]os5e /oves are furni%$ ) metal *imneys4 ,a device = mix+ air ) ! burn+ fuel =ms a "p ( %ort *imneys 7,b1 ,fig4 #aa74 ,! *imney mu/ set on ! burn] prop]ly1 or ! /ove w n burn ) a blue flame4 ,aft] light+ a burn]1 give ! *imney a turn or two to make sure t x is 9 place4 ,!re is usually a groove into :i* x fits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,burn] = oil /ove4 #bf4 ,light+ ! ,/ove4 ,:5 light+ a /ove1 turn ! valve :i* p]mits ! oil to fl[ 7,c1 ,fig4 #aa7 into ! cup bel[ ! burn]1 or l[] ! light] into ! oil4 ,wait a mom5t1 if ne$ be1 = ! wick or r+ to become saturat$ ) oil4 ,raise ! *imney & t\* ! light$ mat* to ! r+ or wick at sev]al places4 7,fig4 #ad1 & ,fig4 #aa1 also1 %[ ! position ( ! *imney & wick = light+47 ,l[] ! *imney1 see+ t x fits back into place4 ,adju/ ! wick to ! prop] height to get a blue flame 7,fig4 #ae74 ,d n turn v high at fir/1 =1 :ile ! /ove is becom+ heat$1 ! flame burns high] & high]1 & may beg9 to smoke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,light+ oil /ove4 #bg4 ,managem5t ( ! ,flame4 ,turn ! flame no high] ?an is ne$$ to keep ! pot boil+4 ,"s /oves d n burn well :5 turn$ v l[4 ,d n h ! flame s high or s l[ t x gives (f smoke or gas4 ,:5 turn+ out ! fire1 be sure to turn ! wick cle> d[n1 or turn ! valve or lev] 7,fig4 #ab7 to ! po9t indicat$ z out on /oves :i* lift ! r+ above ! oil4 ,if ?is precaution is n tak51 mo/ /oves leak oil :5 n 9 use1 because ! wick or r+s c>ry oil to ! upp] "p ( ! burn] :]e x spreads ov] ! /ove4 #bh4 ,adju/m5t & ,c>e ( ! ,/ove4 ,to prev5t tr\ble ) unev5 flames1 set ! /ove p]fectly level1 p>ticul>ly ! wickless "o4 ,keep ! tank fill$1 b n too full4 ,/oves are made s t x is difficult to fill !m too full4 ,an oil /ove _c explode unless gas has =m$ 9 "s "p1 l ! tank1 & becomes ignit$ by heat or a sp>k4 ,gas is m likely to collect 9 ! tank :5 x is almo/ empty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,diff]5t types ( flames4 ,:5 ! tank is remov$ = fill+1 any gas =m+ passes out into ! room & mixes ) s mu* air t x is h>mless4 ,if x is fill$ be=e ! oil burns out ( ! pipe above ! level ( ! burn]s1 no gas w be =m$4 ,/oves mu/ be kept clean4 ,a clean /ove means "o ) a clean framework1 clean burn]s1 clean *imney1 clean oil & a clean wick or r+4 ,if a /ove has n be5 9 use = "s "t1 replace ! old wick ) a fre% "o 7,fig4 #af74 ,clean ! /ove by wip+ (f all ! p>ts ) a clo?4 ,keep ! *>r$ edges ( ! wick trimm$ level4 ,! wick ) a cru/ ( *> on top does n burn well4 ,use a mat* or small /ick 9 remov+ ! *>4 ,light ! wick to see if x is ev54 ,if any po9t burns ) a yell[ flame1 trim ?is place until ! wick burns ev54 ,! tank c easily & quickly be lift$ (f mod]n oil /oves4 ,d n refill ne> a light$ /ove4 #bi4 ,:5 ! ,/ove ,gives ,tr\ble4 ,9 case ! /ove beg9s to blaze & _c be controll$ by ! valves1 remove ! tank & c>ry x to "s safe place :]e ! k]os5e 9 x _c cat* fire4 ,:5 ?is is done1 !re is less ?an a p9t ( oil left 9 mo/ /oves1 & ?is w soon burn out )\t do+ mu* h>m1 if clo?+ & wat] are kept away f ! blaze4 ,op5 w9d[s & doors to let out gases & smoke4 ,if necess>y1 move ! /ove away f walls or furniture4 ,d n attempt to smo!r out ! flame4 ,!re is too mu* dang] ( clo?+ cat*+ fire :5 ?is is done4 ,x is f> saf] to let ! small am\nt ( oil left 9 ! /ove burn up4 ,oil /oves _c explode :5 ! tank is remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,ins]t+ new wick4 ,z soon z ! oil has burnt out ( ! pipes & ! wicks are burn+ ) a dull gl[1 ext+ui% ! smold]+ fire on ! wicks by patt+ !m ) ! blade ( a knife or a piece ( wool5 clo?4 ,if a burn] has be5 blaz+ beyond control1 remove ! *imney4 ,bru% out any soot :i* has =m$4 ,exam9e ! burn]1 tak+ x ap>t1 if possible4 ,blaz+ may come f wicks n fitt+1 or f _! gett+ s %ort t ! screw on ! lev] fails to move !m up or d[n4 ,! r+ 9 wickless /oves may n be ?ick en\gh1 or !y may h slipp$ out ( place1 or become brok54 ,replace ) new wicks or r+s4 ,notice if any "p ( ! burn] %[s evid5ce ( melt+4 ,if x does1 d n use ?is burn] until inspect$ & m5d$ by an exp]t4 ,if ! lev] has become worn s t x fails to "w1 x mu/ be replac$ or a new burn] put on ! /ove4 #cj4 ,con/ruction ( ,gasol9e ,/oves4 ,! gasol9e /oves consi/ ( a burn] & an oil tank connect$ by a pipe 7,fig4 #ag74 ,! tank is elevat$ = ! purpose ( =c+ ! gasol9e into ! burn]4 ,! pipe may be any l5g?4 ,! dang] f a gasol9e /ove comes f ! fact t gasol9e vaporizes at a l[ temp]ature4 ,if ! tank becomes heat$1 produc+ gas1 & !n becomes mix$ ) ! prop] proportion ( air1 x may explode if x comes 9 contact ) a sp>k4 7,fig4 #ag-;a is an illu/ration ( ! cross-section ( ! ,r$ ,/> gasol9e or vapor /ove4 ,see page #ch47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,simple gasol9e burn]4 ,f ! pipe to ! burn] is a v small op5+1 s t a /ream ( gasol9e little l>g] ?an ! diamet] ( a ne$le fl[s into ! burn] prop]1 :5 ! valve is op54 ,! valve may be p>tly clos$ s t ! /ream w n fl[ s fa/4 ,bel[ ! burn] is a small cup4 ,:5 ! /ove is cold1 ! gasol9e fl[+ into ! burn] collects "h4 #ca4 ,to ,light ! ,/ove4 ,! way to light ! /ove is to turn on ! gasol9e until x fills ! cup bel[ ! burn]4 ,:5 ?is is full1 close ! valve4 ,set ?is gasol9e on fire4 ,z x burns1 x w heat ! burn]4 ,! burn] is heat$ s t :5 m gasol9e is turn$ on1 ?is heat w *ange ! gasol9e to gas4 ,if ! burn] is n hot en\gh to d ?is1 ! gasol9e fl[+ f ! pipe w fl[ d[n into ! cup & ! /ove w burn ) a smoky flame :i* becomes high] & high] & looks v al>m+4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 ! valve %\ld be clos$1 & ! fire p]mitt$ to burn all ! gasol9e :i* has collect$ 9 ! cup4 ,?is may be suffici5t to heat ! burn]4 ,te/ aft] ! fire has gone out1 by light+ a mat*1 turn+ on ! gasol9e & t\*+ ! light$ mat* to ! burn]4 ,if all "r1 x w burn ) a blue flame2 if n1 x w burn ) a yell[ flame4 ,if ! yell[ flame is notic$1 turn out ! fire by clos+ ! valve1 & let ! burn] get cold be=e attempt+ aga9 to light x4 ,see t ! burn] has n become clogg$ ) soot or dirt4 ,!n proce$ to re-light ! /ove4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag-;a4 ,cross-section ( gasol9e /ove %[+ burn]4 ,air mu/ be mix$ ) ! gasol9e to make x burn ) a blue flame4 ,! air ent]s ! burn] ?r\gh ! same tube t ! gasol9e fl[s into ! cups :5 ! burn] is cold4 ,9 ! burn] are small holes = ! escape ( ! gas mix$ ) air1 & "h ! blue flame %\ld appe>1 & n[h]e else4 ,if x appe>s else:]e1 ! burn] is n work+ prop]ly4 ,sometimes ! gas ignites at ! po9t :]e ! air is mix$ ) x4 ,! fire %\ld !n be turn$ out & ! /ove re-light$ imm$iately4 ,if ! little holes :]e ! flames %\ld be1 or if any o!r "p ( ! /ove is clogg$ ) soot1 x w n burn z x %\ld4 ,x mu/ be clean$4 ,a dirty gasol9e /ove is dang]\s4 #cb4 ,fill+ ! ,gasol9e ,/ove4 ,nev] get oil on ! tank or any "p ( ! /ove :ile fill+ x4 ,if oil is spill$1 wipe x up be=e ignit+ ! /ove4 ,d n fill ! tank :5 ! /ove is light$ or :5 !re is a fire any:]e ne> ! tank4 ,if ! fire has be5 burn+1 close all ! valves & wait until x goes out be=e op5+ ! tank4 ,close ! valve f tank to pipe be=e fill+4 ,fill ! tank & cov] x be=e light+ ! /ove aga94 ,keep ! tank fill$4 ,z soon z ! indicator1 :i* is atta*$ to a cork :i* floats on top ( ! gasol9e1 %[s t ! oil is l[1 turn out ! fire & refill ! tank4 ,d n fill ! tank to ov]fl[+4 ,gases f ! /ove c only get into ! tank :5 x is empty & :ile !re is gasol9e 9 ! pipe to fe$ ! /ove4 ,gasol9e gas is v inflammable & w cause an explosion if x becomes ignit$4 ,! tanks f gasol9e /oves _c be remov$1 z all ! jo9ts mu/ be tight to prev5t ! escape ( gasol9e fumes z well z ! oil itself4 ,! op5+ to ! tank mu/ nev] be left uncov]$1 except = ! few m9utes :ile ! tank is be+ fill$4 ,! greate/ c>e is requir$ 9 us+ a gasol9e /ove2 9 fact1 !y are s dang]\s1 t !y %\ld n be highly recomm5d$ = h\sehold use4 ,! description & c>e ( !m are giv5 "h because "s p]sons p]si/ 9 us+ !m :5 !y desire a quick1 hot fire 9 cases :]e fuel gas is n available4 #cc4 ,:5 a ,burn] ,blazes & ,_c ,be ,controll$4 ,:5 a gasol9e /ove burn] blazes & _c be controll$1 fir/ close ! valve lead+ f ! tank into ! pipe4 ,!re w !n be little gasol9e to burn1 & no gases c get back into ! tank4 ,keep clo?+ & wat] away f ! blaze4 ,rememb] t ! /ove is set on a metal frame :i* is n inflammable4 ,%ield walls & o!r objects s t ! burn] may blaze high )\t do+ damage4 ,clo?+ cat*es fire easily1 b ! metal /ove w n be consum$4 ,if ! valves are %ut1 ! blaze w cease :5 ! gasol9e has burnt out ( ! burn] & pipe4 ,if ! gasol9e cont9ues to fl[ out ( ! burn] 9 spite ( turn+ ! valve & !re is a dang] ( its spread+ to ! floor or table1 set a %all[ pan "u ! /ove to cat* ! gasol9e4 ,x c burn 9 ?is way ) consid]able safety4 ,d n attempt to c>ry a burn+ /ove4 ,simply protect floor1 walls & furniture f cat*+ fire1 & let ! gasol9e burn4 #cd4 ,*ang+ ,fuel 9 ,vapor ,/oves4 ,!re are "s /oves :i* are int]*angeable1 9 t !y may be adju/$ to burn k]os5e1 gasol9e or di/illate4 ,^! are ( ! type call$ vapor because !y *ange ! oil to gas be=e x is ignit$4 ,a *ange f "o k9d ( fuel to ano!r %\ld nev] be made )\t ?oroly clean+ ! /ove & adju/+ x to ! fuel t is to be us$4 #ce4 ,op]ation ( ,vapor ,/oves4 ,x is safe/ to use k]os5e 9 ^! /oves4 ,di/illate is a "n giv5 to a diff]5t m9]al oil product f k]os5e or gasol9e4 ,to "w well1 ^! burn]s mu/ be kept clean4 7,fig4 #ag-;a47 ,! op]ation ( ! /ove is simple4 ,put en\gh fuel1 su* z alcohol1 into a burn] to heat x hot en\gh to *ange ! oil to be us$ to gas & ignite x4 ,aft] ! burn] has heat$ = ?ree or f\r m9utes1 turn on ! fuel valve 9 ! pipe :i* leads f ! tank to ! burn]4 ,! fuel w light f ! burn+ alcohol already 9 ! burn]4 ,adju/ ! height ( ! flame by valve1 :i* regulates ! am\nt ( fuel fl[+ into ! burn]4 ,if any?+ boils ov]1 put out ! fire4 ,close ! valve4 ,remove ! p>ts ( ! burn]4 ,clean & wipe !m dry4 ,replace ! p>ts ( ! burn]1 &1 if n cool1 turn on ! fuel & light4 ,if cool1 heat z = fir/ light+1 & turn on ! fuel4 ,ext+ui% ! fire by clos+ ! valve :i* /ops ! fl[ ( oil to ! burn]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,electric ,,/oves ,electric /oves consi/ ( frame1 heat+ unit & swit*es to regulate ! fl[ ( curr5t4 ,"s are equipp$ ) ov51 !rmomet]s & special ut5sils 7,fig4 #ah74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,/ove equipp$ ) ut5sils4 #cf4 ,heat+ ,unit ( ,electric ,/ove4 ,! heat+ unit consi/s ( coils ( wire or a plate ( metal ?ru :i* ! curr5t fl[s1 meet+ resi/ance & produc+ heat4 ,if ! curr5t fl[$ freely ?ru ! wires1 little heat w\ld be g5]at$ 7,figs4 #ai & #bj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,heat+ unit ( electric /ove4 #cg4 ,wir+ ( ,/oves4 ,x is advocat$ t a sep>ate circuit ( heavy wire be put into all h\ses :]e curr5t is us$ = purposes o!r ?an light+1 to provide = cook+ & p[] connections4 ,too heavy load+ ( wires ) electric appliances causes ! burn+ ( fuses & sometimes damages ! electric sy/em4 ,f9d out h[ mu* curr5t ! wir+ ( ! h\se w c>ry be=e atta*+ new devices4 ,!re is dang] ( fire if too mu* curr5t is all[$ to pass ov] a wire ( too small size4 #ch4 ,op]ation ( ,electric ,/oves4 ,_m /oves are equipp$ ) a swit* :i* p]mits diff]5t am\nts ( curr5t to pass ?ru ! /ove accord+ to ! way ! device is set4 ,at "o po9t x gives l[ heat2 ano!r1 m$ium1 & a ?ird1 high heat1 &1 la/ly1 no heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,heat+ unit ( electric /ove4 ,! cook+ ( food on an op5 burn] %\ld be />t$ ) high heat turn$ on s t ! food may cook quickly4 ,if a l>ge am\nt ( food is cook+1 !re w be s mu* radiation f ! vessel t x may require all ! curr5t to keep x cook+4 ,aft] food has />t$ cook+1 ! swit* c be turn$ to m$ium1 &1 lat]1 to l[1 dep5d+ ^u ! am\nt ( food & ! temp]ature desir$4 ,l[ w keep an ord9>y pan ( wat] boil+1 once x has />t$4 ,a few m9utes be=e ! food is to be remov$ f ! op5 burn]1 ! curr5t %\ld be turn$ (f1 z ! heat 9 ! /ove w cont9ue ! cook+ = sev]al m9utes4 ,f te/s ( electric /oves1 x appe>s t 9 mo/ ( !m ! food w cont9ue to cook aft] ! swit* is turn$ (f = ab\t ! same numb] ( m9utes t x requires to raise ! heat+ unit to a temp]ature suffici5t to boil wat] 9 a small %all[ pan4 ,a h\sekeep] :o is us+ electricity = cook+ c soon le>n h[ long ! op5 burn]s & ov5 ( h] /ove w keep food cook+ aft] ! curr5t is turn$ (f1 & by putt+ ?is in=mation to use1 %e c save _m doll>s 9 a ye>4 #ci4 ,c>e ( ,electric ,/oves4 ,:5 ?ru ) a /ove1 always turn (f ! curr5t4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! /oves d n become ov]heat$4 ,?is %ort5s ! life ( ! /ove4 ,sudd5 cool+ ( ! coils ( wire caus$ by liquids spill+ on !m1 & corrosion ( ! wires caus$ by dampness1 we> out /oves fa/] ?an ne$ be4 ,d n wa% or bru% dirt f burn]s hav+ op5 coils ( wire4 ,burn all dirt f ! burn]s4 #dj4 ,ut5sils = ,electric ,/oves4 ,! mo/ economical use ( electricity c be secur$ ) ut5sils built ar\nd ! heat+ units 7,figs4 #bj & #ba71 & ! next mo/ economical use ) ut5sils built especially to fit ! heat+ units4 ,?is means t !re w\ld be a heat+ unit = ea* ut5sil1 or size ( ut5sil1 & ! exp5se ( equipm5t w\ld be consid]able4 ,also1 m c>e w\ld be ne$$ 9 wa%+ ! ut5sils & 9 prev5t+ !m f becom+ b5t4 ,su* facts mu/ be consid]$ 9 *oos+ betwe5 /oves ) special devices & ^? on :i* any pan may be set4 ,aft] in/all+ an electric /ove1 />t ) new ut5sils because !y w n black5 on an electric /ove1 & s c be wa%$ ) ! o!r di%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,ut5sil ) heat+ unit4 ,:5 ord9>y h\sehold ut5sils are us$1 !y %\ld be ( su* %ape t !y /& flat1 z !y also %\ld on a coal range4 ,! mo/ economical use ( heat is secur$ :5 ! area ( heat is small] ?an ! area ( ! bottom ( ! kettle & is conc5trat$ on ! ut5sil4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 :5 /oves are in/all$1 t !y are prop]ly gr\nd$ s t !y _c burn any "o4 ,a light bulb is atta*$ to "s /oves s t :5 ! curr5t is on ! light burns1 & :5 x is (f1 ! light goes out4 ,su* a light %\ld be on all l>ge /oves4 #da4 ,deta*able ,cook+ ,devices4 ,cook+ & heat+ devices %\ld h l>g] wires ?an ^? = light+ alone4 ,consequ5tly1 ! atta*m5t ( a heat+ device 9 a common light socket may cause burn+ out ( fuses or o!r damage4 ,"o dang] 9 us+ deta*able electric devices occurs 9 n turn+ (f ! curr5t :5 ! /ove is n 9 use1 ?us p]mitt+ x to become ov]heat$4 ,?is %ort5s ! life ( ! /ove4 ,any t5d5cy ( a /ove or o!r electric device to give p a %ock :5 be+ us$ %\ld be tak5 z a w>n+ to h ! device exam9$ by an exp]t & ! tr\ble correct$4 ,h ! wires repair$ z soon z ! insulation breaks or burns (f4 ,un9sulat$ wires1 su* z cables & cords1 are unsafe4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,alcohol1 ,,acetyl5e1 ,,& ,,cann$ ,,heat #db4 ,alcohol ,/oves4 ,alcohol /oves are made only 9 small sizes = light h\sekeep+4 ,!re are ?ree g5]al types ( ^!--^? :i* burn ) a wick1 ^? :i* g5]ate gas1 & ^? :i* p]mit ! alcohol to burn (f ( ! top surface ( ! conta9]4 ,alcohol does n produce mu* smoke 9 burn+1 ev5 :5 no provision is made = mix+ air ) x4 ,! ord9>y alcohol lamp1 hav+ a wick1 may be us$ z a heat+ /ove4 ,/oves ) wicks draw ! alcohol up by capill>y attraction to ! po9t ( ignition1 & ! metal jacket ab\t ! wick prev5ts ! fire burn+ back into ! b[l conta9+ ! alcohol4 ,! *> f ! top ( ! wick mu/ be bru%$ (f f "t to "t4 ,no o!r c>e is ne$$ = ^! /oves or lamps4 ,"s ( !m are provid$ ) devices = *eck+ ! burn+ ( ! alcohol 9 ord] to regulate ! heat4 ,?is is desirable s9ce a small flame ( alcohol produces mu* heat4 ,ext+ui% ! fire by cov]+ ! wick ) a metal cup4 #dc4 ,vapor ,/oves4 ,alcohol vapor /oves :i* g5]ate gas hold ! alcohol 9 a tank slightly rais$ above ! level ( ! burn]4 ,a pipe leads f ?is to ! burn]1 :]e a small /ream ( alcohol is p]mitt$ to ent] :5 ! valve is op54 ,:5 />t+ ^! /oves1 ! valve is fir/ op5$ & en\gh alcohol all[$ to fl[ out to fill a cup :i* is bel[ ! burn]4 ,?is g5]ally holds ab\t a tablespoonful ( alcohol4 ,:5 ! cup is full1 ! valve is clos$ & ! alcohol 9 ! cup ignit$4 ,?is heats ! burn] en\gh to vaporize ! alcohol4 ,:5 ! burn] is heat$1 op5 ! valve & ignite ! gas4 ,if all ! alcohol is n vaporiz$1 ! burn] has n be5 heat$ hot en\gh4 ,close ! valve until all ! alcohol 9 ! cup is burnt4 #dd4 ,wickless ,/oves4 ,wickless alcohol /oves are us$ commonly on *af+ di%es4 ,! burn] ( "o type consi/s ( a metal di% pack$ ) a por\s mat]ial :i* is non-inflammable1 b a good conductor ( liquids by capill>y attraction1 & ! top is cov]$ ov] by a wire scre54 ,! alcohol is p\r$ into ! di%4 ,! pack+ & scre5 prev5t air f ent]+ ! b[l ) suffici5t rapidity to let ! fire burn bel[ ! scre5 s ! flame /ays above x1 burn+ (f any alcohol :i* is conduct$ to ! surface4 ,! only possible way to control ^! /oves is by a device :i* c cut (f air4 ,"o ( ^! is a plate-l device ) a h&le4 ,?is fits ov] ! /ove & only t portion ( ! top burns :i* is expos$ to air ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! plate4 ,mak+ ! hole l>g] or small] makes ! burn+ surface l>g] or small]4 ,to ext+ui% ! fire1 cov] ! entire top ) a solid plate to cut (f all air4 #de4 ,cann$ ,heat4 ,cann$ heat is alcohol comb9$ ) o!r sub/ances into a cake ab\t ! consi/5cy ( h>d soap4 ,! cov] to ! c is us$ to ext+ui% ! fire4 ,x %\ld n be fitt$ into ! top ( ! c until ! flame has be5 ext+ui%$ = two or ?ree seconds4 ,!n x %\ld be fitt$ on z tight z possible to prev5t wa/e alcohol by vaporization4 #df4 ,acetyl5e ,gas ,/oves4 ,by adju/m5t ( ! am\nt ( air t ent]s ! burn]1 acetyl5e may be burnt 9 a gas /ove4 ,usually a cap is plac$ ov] ! air hole :ile ! gas is be+ ignit$4 ,?is is remov$ z soon z ! gas is light$1 s t x w burn ) a blue flame4 ,! use ( ! cap prev5ts burn+ back4 ,x is be/1 h[ev]1 to use /oves especially design$ = burn+ acetyl5e4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,fireless ,,& ,,/eam ,,cook]s #dg4 ,! ,fireless ,cook]4 ,! fireless cook] is a box or c hav+ a diamet] some:at l>g] ?an t ( ! l>ge/ vessel to be plac$ 9 x4 ,! space left ar\nd ! vessel is pack$ ) "s insulat+ mat]ial to keep 9 ! heat 7,fig4 #bb74 ,9 home-made cook]s1 ?is mat]ial may be hay1 fea!rs1 pill[s1 %r$d$ newspap]s1 wood %av+s or sawdu/4 ,9 comm]cially-made cook]s1 x is felt1 asbe/os wool1 cork1 or o!r insulat+ mat]ial4 ,because mo/ insulat+ mat]ial w n /ay 9 place & readily absorbs moi/ure & odors1 "s k9d ( l9+ is put betwe5 x & ! vessel hold+ ! food4 ,?is makes a little ne/1 into :i* ! vessel fits4 ,9 ! bett] made cook]s1 ?is l9+ is made ( metal1 & ! seams are wat]-tight4 ,! /eam f ! cook+ food is absorb$ by ! insulat+ mat]ial if ?is l9+ is n imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,enamel$ or e>!n l9+s1 if well glaz$1 w\ld also s]ve ?is purpose z long z !y did n *ip or crack4 ,! cov]1 z well z ! sides1 ( ! fireless cook] has to be padd$ ) ! insulat+ mat]ial4 ,! cov] mu/ also fit well s t ! /eam & heat w n escape ?ru cracks betwe5 x & ! body ( ! cook]4 #dh4 ,! ,/ones ( ,fireless ,cook]s4 ,! /ones = fireless cook]s are usually made ( soap/one or "s composite :i* w absorb consid]able heat4 ,!y %\ld be slightly small] 9 diamet] ?an ! ne/4 ,!y c only be us$ ) safety 9 cook]s :i* are metal-l9$ & insulat$ ) mat]ial :i* w n ignite at a l[ temp]ature4 ,/ones %\ld n be put 9 home-made cook]s :i* are n insulat$ ) asbe/os or o!r firepro( mat]ial4 ,hot /ones c be us$ ) safety 9 any ( ! comm]cial cook]s :i* come fitt$ ) !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,section ( fireless cook]4 ,! temp]ature 9 a fireless cook] is bel[ boil+ mo/ ( ! "t4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a device = simm]+ food1 & %\ld be us$ = cook+ meats1 fruits1 vegetables & c]eal di%es :i* require or are improv$ by long1 sl[ cook+4 ,s9ce ! food has to be %ut 9 a fireless cook] to keep 9 ! heat1 fireless cook]y is a me?od ( /eam+ ( food4 ,= ?is reason1 x has a slightly diff]5t flavor f food bak$ 9 ! ov51 mu* z fri$ food diff]s f roa/$ food4 ,hot /ones 7,fig4 #bb7 are put 9 mo/ fireless cook]s4 ,! heat f ^! br[n ! food & give to ! o!rwise /eam$ food a flavor simil> to t develop$ 9 bak+1 roa/+ & fry+4 #di4 ,heat+ ! ,/ones4 ,moi/ure giv5 (f by ! cook+ food is absorb$ by ! /ones4 ,!y mu/ be dri$ or heat$ v sl[ly to prev5t ?is moi/ure f crack+ !m4 ,:5 ! /ones h be5 remov$ f ! cook]1 wa% !m1 because !y absorb odors f ! food4 ,keep !m 9 "s w>m1 dry place :ile !y are n 9 use1 su* z 9 ! w>m+ ov5 ( ! cook /ove or on a radiator4 ,:5 want$ = use1 !y w !n be dry en\gh to be plac$ ov] ! gas-/ove burn] if x is n turn$ too high at fir/4 ,dry+ ?us saves "t :5 ! /ones are ne$$4 #ej4 ,c>e ( ! ,cook]4 ,! cook] %\ld be left op5 to air :ile n 9 use4 ,z soon z ! food & /ones are remov$ f x1 ! moi/ure %\ld be wip$ out & ! inside wa%$ ) soap & wat]1 wip$ dry & left to air4 ,su* c>e is ne$$ to prev5t ! cook] f tak+ on ! odor ( di%es previ\sly cook$ & transmitt+ "s ( !m to ^? cook$ lat]4 #ea4 ,o!r ,devices ,belong+ to ,cook]s4 ,9 mo/ comm]cial cook]s !re are wire devices to raise ! di%es ( food f ! /one 7,fig4 #bc74 ,?is prev5ts scor*+ & boil+ ov] :5 ! /ones are heat$ v hot4 ,^! devices are also us$ to hold a hot /one above ! food to make a br[n cru/ on x4 ,"s cook]s are furni%$ ) valves1 p]mitt+ ! escape ( /eam :5 x becomes too abundant4 ,! pressure ( ! /eam automatically op5s ! valve4 ,?is device insures ! cook+ ( c]ta9 vegetables1 c]eals or d\ghs )\t _! becom+ too soggy to be palatable 7,a1 ,fig4 #bc74 #eb4 ,directions = ,us+ ! ,cook]4 ,put ! /ones on to heat4 ,prep>e ! food z = cook+ 9 any o!r way4 ,!n heat x1 ei!r 9 ! ov5 or on top ( ! /ove4 ,x is pref]able to heat ! food 9 ! same vessel 9 :i* x is to be cook$ 9 ! fireless cook]4 ,transf]r+ food to a cold vessel entails a loss ( heat1 s9ce ! fir/ vessel is already heat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,devices = fireless cook]4 ,:5 ! /ones & food are hot1 place ! /one 9 ! bottom ( ! cook]4 ,put 9 any asbe/os mats or o!r devices :i* are ne$$ to protect ! food4 ,! /one %\ld be hot en\gh to respond to ! te/ = flat irons4 ,x %\ld make ! snappy noise ( a good hot iron :5 ! f+] is moi/5$ & t\*$ to x4 ,place ! food 9 ! cook]4 ,place ano!r /one above ! ut5sil if x is desirable to h ! food br[n on top4 ,close ! fireless cook]1 & let x /& until ready = use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,gas cook]s4 #ec4 ,"t ( ,cook+ ,food4 ,six h\rs or ov] night %\ld be all[$ = ! cook+ ( c]eals4 ,/ews %\ld be giv5 two to ?ree h\rs' "t = cook+4 ,l>ge roa/s & hams require five to six h\rs4 ,x is sometimes necess>y1 :5 !y are l>ge1 to remove !m & heat ! food & ! /ones on ! /ove once dur+ ! process ( cook+4 ,dumpl+s & angel cakes cook well 9 a fireless cook]4 ,s d all dri$ peas & beans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,/eam cook]4 ,x is pr(itable to cook foods requir+ m ?an =ty m9utes' heat+ 9 a fireless cook]4 ,! heat+ unit is a "p ( "s cook]s4 ,electric cook]s1 in/ead ( be+ furni%$ ) /ones to be put inside ! ne/1 h a heat+ unit & plate = hold+ heat 9 ! cook]4 ,cold food may be put into ?is cook]1 ! curr5t turn$ on1 & ! heat+ & cook+ all be done inside ! cook]4 ,! electric ov5 :i* is well insulat$ answ]s ! purpose ( a fireless cook] :5 ! curr5t is disconnect$4 ,ei!r a !rmomet]1 :i* ! h\sewife may wat*1 or !rmo/at1 :i* controls ! curr5t1 mu/ be atta*$ to electric cook]s to prev5t burn+ ! food or injur+ ! cook] ) too mu* heat4 #ed4 ,gas ,cook]s4 ,s9ce heat$ air rises1 special cook]s 9 ! =m ( insulat$ caps are made to put ov] di%es ( food heat$ on gas burn]s 7,fig4 #bd74 ,! inside ( ! cap mu/ be kept clean4 ,get ! di%es hot ) ! cap susp5d$ ov] ! food1 b leav+ ab\t an in* space = ! escape ( gases f ! heat+ unit4 ,z soon z ! food & cap h be5 suffici5tly heat$ ov] ! fire1 turn (f ! gas & l[] ! cap s t x w reta9 ! heat4 ,aft] ! cook] has be5 us$1 x %\ld be wip$ out clean2 o!rwise x w reta9 "s ( ! odors ( ! cook$ food4 #ee4 ,/eam ,cook]s4 ,!re are sev]al /eam cook]s 9 use 9 homes4 ,! simple/ ( ^! is a cov]$ pan :i* has a p]=at$ bottom1 :i* is set ov] ano!r pan 7,a1 ,fig4 #be71 9 :i* wat] is plac$ = =m+ /eam4 ,"o ( ! difficulties ( ?is cook] is t ! wat] 9 ! l[] pan _c be wat*$ & may boil dry4 ,on ! m improv$ cook]s a :i/l+ device 7,b1 ,fig4 #be7 is atta*$ to ! pan1 & :5 ! wat] becomes l[ & /eam ceases to fl[ ?r\gh x1 air beg9s to come 91 & ! device makes a :i/l+ noise4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,"p ,i #a4 ,:at is smoke8 ,"u :at conditions is ! greate/ am\nt ( heat = cook+ or o!r h\sehold purposes produc$ f fuel8 #b4 ,h[ is an ov5 made to heat ev5ly8 #c4 ,expla9 ! purpose ( ea* draft & damp] on a /ove4 #d4 ,obs]ve ! am\nt ( fuel us$ 9 a coal /ove f day to day4 ,make ! same k9d ( obs]vation = a gas or electric /ove4 ,h[ 0 ! /ove manag$ :5 ! lea/ fuel 0 us$8 #e4 ,describe ! con/ruction ( a gas /ove4 ,f9d ! v5t ?ru :i* ! gas ent]s ! burn]4 ,is ?is l>ge or small8 #f4 ,:]e is ! air regulator8 ,= :at is x us$8 #g4 ,:at has happ5$ :5 ! gas 9 a burn] burns back8 #h4 ,h[ %\ld a k]os5e /ove be regulat$8 ,h[ %\ld x be c>$ =8 #i4 ,:at precautions %\ld y take aga9/ fire f k]os5e & gasol9e /oves8 #aj4 ,describe ! heat+ unit ( an electric /ove4 #aa4 ,h[ may electric curr5t be sav$ 9 ! op]ation ( an electric /ove8 #ab4 ,h[ does a fireless cook] cook food8 #ac4 ,h[ may "o det]m9e :5 x is economical to use a fireless cook]8 ,,"p ,,ii ,,heat+ ,,devices ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,w>m-,,air ,,furnaces #ef4 ,pr9ciple ,^u ,:i* a ,furnace ,works4 ,! success ( w>m-air heat+ dep5ds on a natural circulation ( air ?ru\t all ! rooms :i* are to be heat$4 ,! air is ! vehicle ( transmission ( ! heat f ! fire to ! rooms to be w>m$4 ,a w>m-air furnace is simply a l>ge /ove encas$ 9 a %eet-metal jacket 7,figs4 #bf & #bg74 ,! jacket is usually insulat$ ) asbe/os1 s9ce ! /ove is set 9 ! basem5t :]e radiation ( heat is n desir$4 ,! air ent]+ ! cas+ is w>m$ by ! /ove4 ,z ! air is w>m$1 x exp&s & becomes light]1 s rises to ! top ( ! furnace2 f "h x is conduct$ to ! rooms above4 ,! w>m air :i* has pass$ upw>d mu/ be replac$ by cool] air ent]+ at ! bottom ( ! jacket4 ,9 ! rooms above1 !re mu/ be outlets = ! cold air1 already 9 !m1 s t x may be replac$ by ! incom+ w>m air4 ,cold-air %afts f ! floor lead+ d[nw>d s]ve z outlets4 ,sometimes !y return ! cool$ air to ! base ( ! furnace jacket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,w>m-air furnace4 #eg4 ,! ,/ove ,"p4 ,! /ove "p ( ! hot-air furnace consi/s ( a fire pot support$ above a place :]e ! a%es may fall & a *imney to c>ry (f smoke4 ,! draft bel[ ! grate 9 ! fire pot lets 9 air :i* is ess5tial to ! prop] burn+ ( ! fuel4 ,9 ?is respect1 x is simil> to a cook /ove4 ,a draft above ! fire :5 op5$ a little lets 9 air :i* aids 9 ! complete combu/ion ( ! gases giv5 (f by ! fuel4 ,burn+ ^! gases adds to ! am\nt ( heat secur$ f ! fuel4 ,op5+ ! draft wid] *ecks ! burn+ ( ! fire4 ,!re %\ld be a damp] 9 ! smoke pipe4 ,:5 ?is is clos$1 x *ecks ! draft up ! *imney4 ,?is is ne$$ because "s *imneys (t5 draw up air too fa/ to make ! fire burn well4 ,:5 *eck+ ! fire1 close ! draft bel[1 op5 ! "o above ! fire box1 & close ! "o 9 ! pipe4 ,to make ! fire burn fa/1 op5 ! draft bel[1 close ! "o above ! fire box1 & op5 ! "o 9 ! pipe4 ,rememb] t a fire w n burn well if !re is too mu* draft4 ,adju/ ! drafts until ! fire burns ) a cle>1 bright flame )\t giv+ (f smoke4 ,aft] a fire is built1 ! mann] ( add+ fuel makes a diff]5ce 9 ! effici5cy ( ! furnace4 ,:5 us+ coal1 add x 9 r small am\nts1 spread+ x 9 a lay] ov] ! entire fire4 ,d n make ?is lay] s ?ick t ! fire smokes4 ,! fuel w n burn ) a cle> flame if ! fire is be+ smo!r$4 ,mu* fuel is wa/$ by ignorant & c>eless managem5t ( furnaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,circulation ( w>m air4 #eh4 ,! ,cold-,air ,%aft4 ,x is ?r\gh a cold-air %aft t ! cool] air comes into ! furnace4 ,"s furnaces h ?is built s t x draws ! cool+ air f ! rooms above d[n into ! furnace to be heat$ aga94 ,?is is an economical arrangem5t4 ,"s o!rs draw fre% air f out ( doors into ! furnace1 lett+ ! cold air f ! rooms above dra9 into ! cell> & out ( doors4 ,?is is m exp5sive1 z ! air to be heat$ is usually cold]1 b x has ! advantage ( help+ v5tilate ! rooms by br++ a con/ant supply ( fre% air4 ,! cold-air %aft lead+ f out ( doors %\ld h ! out] end cov]$ ) wire me%1 & a clo? :i* %\ld be wa%$ or r5ew$ (t54 ,nev] sweep dirt d[n a regi/] or cold-air %aft4 ,x comes back into ! room 9 "t4 ,du/ ! regi/]s occasionally4 ,9 old] heat+ sy/ems1 !re 0 b "o l>ge cold-air %aft to dra9 ! cold air f ! rooms above4 ,9 m mod]n h\ses1 a cold-air %aft is plac$ 9 e room t may be %ut (f f ! o!rs4 ,?is does away ) ! old difficulty ( heat+ a clos$ room1 = x is z important t ! cold] air gets out z t ! w>m air gets 94 #ei4 ,hot-,air ,pipes4 ,! hot-air pipes lead f ! top ( ! jacket ab\t ! furnace to ! floor above4 ,9 mo/ h\ses1 "o pipe goes to ea* room4 ,?is is unnecess>y if ! rooms are n clos$ (f1 b if !y are1 !y ne$ ! pipe ent]+ ! room4 ,to economize ) heat & regulate ! am\nt ( air pass+ up ^! pipes1 !re mu/ be a %utt] 9 !m1 ne> ! furnace1 z well z 9 ! regi/]4 ,?is %utt] is plac$ ne> ! furnace s t no heat passes into ! pipe :5 n want$ 9 ! room to :i* x leads4 ,?is saves wa/e 9 radiation f ! pipe 9 ! cell>4 ,:5 a room is n 9 use1 close ?is damp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,pipeless furnace4 ,s9ce w>m$ air w cont9ue to travel upw>d s long z x /ays w>m] ?an ! air above1 x is important t ! pipes h a cont9u\s rise ?ru\t _! entire l5g?1 ! 9 "s p>ts ! rise may h to be only v slight4 ,! %ort] ! pipes1 ! bett]1 = !re w be less loss ( heat f radiation on ! way to ! rooms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,"o-room1 hot-air heat]4 #fj4 ,location ( ! ,furnace4 ,a c5tral location = ! furnace is be/ because ! pipes may be %ort]1 & ?is makes possible a great] elevation p] foot ( ea* pipe1 s t ! air c fl[ ?ru x fa/]4 ,a c5tral location also p]mits a uni=m di/ribution ( pipes ab\t ! furnace1 :i*1 9 turn1 produces a m ev5 fl[ ( air to all ! rooms4 ,! air f ! hot regi/] rises to ! top ( ! room1 or1 if ! way is op51 to ! top ( ! h\se4 ,"h x spreads ov] ! upp] area4 ,z x cools or is displac$ by /ill hott] air1 x falls4 ,:5 x rea*es ! floor1 x fl[s d[n ! cold-air %aft 9 ! floor4 ,if ! cold-air %aft is n 9 ! floor1 !re may be a lay] ( cold] air !re s ! room w n be com=table4 #fa4 ,air4 ,!re is a con/ant *ange ( air 9 all h\ses1 due to op5+ ( doors & ! fact t walls are n air-tight4 ,?is may n be en\gh = com=t4 ,if a room is n heat+ well1 x has be5 f\nd t op5+ ! w9d[ to *ange ! air 9 ! room1 ev5 :5 ! outside air is v cold1 helps 9 ! circulation ( air 9 ! room1 & s ) ! w>m+ ( x4 ,x is difficult to w>m a room fill$ ) /agnant air4 #fb4 ,pipeless ,furnaces4 ,! pipeless furnace works on ! same pr9ciple z ! "o ) pipes 7,fig4 #bh74 ,"o l>ge op5+ above ! furnace lets ! heat 9 to "s c5tral room1 & f "h x circulates into all o!r rooms n clos$ (f f ! c5tral room4 ,! cold-air %aft may be ar\nd ! op5+ = heat$ air4 ,/oves encas$ 9 a metal jacket t op]ate l hot-air furnaces 7,fig4 #bi7 are us$ 9 heat+ "o-room s*oolh\ses & o!r small public build+s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,hot-,,wat] ,,sy/em ,,( ,,heat+ #fc4 ,equipm5t = ,hot-,wat] ,heat4 ,! hot-wat] sy/em ( heat+ a h\se consi/s ( a boil] 9 ! basem5t or bel[ ! level ( ! l[e/ radiator4 ,?is boil] is design$ to heat wat] z x circulates ?r\gh coils ov] ! fire 7,fig4 #cj74 ,f ! boil]1 pipes lead to radiators & an expansion tank1 & return pipes br+ ! cold wat] back to ! bottom ( ! boil] 7,fig4 #ca74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,g>l& furnace ) hot-wat] boil]4 ,! heat f ! furnace fire causes ! wat] to circulate ?r\gh ?is sy/em ( boil]1 pipes1 radiators & tank1 due to ! fact t hot wat] is light] ?an cold wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,hot-wat] heat+ sy/em4 #fd4 ,heat+ ,unit4 ,! heat+ unit ( a hot-wat] sy/em is l any /ove consi/+ ( a fire pot & grate4 ,"s are adju/able s t diff]5t k9ds ( fuel may be us$4 ,a gas burn] is sometimes plac$ 9 ! fire pot & us$ = heat+ a furnace1 b ?is is "o ( ! mo/ wa/eful ways ( us+ gas4 ,a real gas furnace is mu* m economical4 ,! fire & heat f ! fire circulate ar\nd ! coils conta9+ ! wat]4 ,if ! coils are n con/antly kept full ( wat]1 !y w be injur$ by ! heat4 #fe4 ,! ,managem5t ( ! ,fire4 ,:5 burn+ coal1 spread ! coal all ov] ! surface ( ! fire 9 a ?9 lay] s z n to smo!r x & ?us make x burn ) a smoky flame4 ,keep ! a%es clean$ out f und]nea? ! fire & ar\nd ! fire pot4 ,clean ! flues e =ty-eight h\rs4 ,soot on ! coils is m effective ?an asbe/os w\ld be 9 keep+ heat f p5etrat+ to ! wat]4 ,regulate ! fire ) ! drafts4 ,op5 ! "o bel[ ! fire box to let 9 air to aid combu/ion4 ,op5 ! "o f\nd 9 mo/ furnace doors a v little4 ,?is aids 9 ! combu/ion ( gases1 ?us mak+ m economical use ( ! fuel1 :ile op5+ x wid] *ecks ! burn+ ( ! fire4 ,brok5 & w>p$ doors & drafts let 9 too mu* air & de/roy ! effici5cy ( ! heat]4 ,op5 ! *imney damp]1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,sec4 #c1 admitt+ air to *eck ! draft4 ,close ! *imney or pipe damp] ( ! type ( cook /ove %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,sec4 #c1 to *eck ! draft up ! *imney4 #ff4 ,! ,pipes4 ,! pipe c>ry+ ! hot wat] f ! boil] out to ! heat+ sy/em leads to ! expansion tank1 ! sometimes sep>ate pipes lead f ! boil] to a radiator4 ,insulate ea* pipe1 except ! "p 9 ! room to be heat$1 ) asbe/os or "s o!r cov]+1 to keep ! heat 9 x4 ,keep ! pipes full ( wat]4 ,:5 !y are in/all$1 see t !y are put 9 s t !y gradually rise upw>d4 ,if !y dip d[nw>d at any po9t1 air w collect at ^! places & *eck ! circulation ( hot wat] ?ru pipes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,expansion tank4 #fg4 ,expansion ,tank4 ,! expansion tank 7,a1 ,fig4 #ca1 & ,fig4 #cb71 plac$ some:at high] ?an ! top ( ! highe/ radiator1 is fitt$ ) an ov]fl[1 = wat] exp&s z x is heat$4 ,if ! expansion tank is clos$ s t ! ov]fl[ pipe w n op5 except "u pressure aft] ! air 9 ! tank has become compress$ by ! expansion ( ! wat]1 a high] temp]ature 9 ! pipes may be rea*$1 b su* a furnace mu/ be giv5 m c>eful att5tion ?an "o ) an op5 expansion tank4 ,le>n to "k ! p>ts ( a heat+ sy/em & h[ !y op]ate be=e try+ to manage x4 #fh4 ,wat]4 ,fill ! boil] & radiators full ( wat]1 & add en\gh m to p>tly fill ! expansion tank4 ,f "t to "t1 note ! height ( wat] 9 ! tank1 to "k if m mu/ be add$4 ,d n add wat] :5 unnecess>y1 z fre% wat] t5ds to ru/ pipes fa/] ?an wat] f :i* ! c>bon dioxide & air h be5 exhau/$4 ,to note ! height ( wat]1 read ! gage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,v5ts = radiators4 ,if !re is mu* s$im5t 9 ! wat] us$1 ?is mu/ be drawn (f f ! bottom ( ! boil] to prev5t its accumulat+ !re4 ,:5 ?is is done1 fre% wat] mu/ be add$ to replace ! wat] drawn (f4 ,loss ( wat] f evaporation mu/ also be replac$4 ,no wat] %\ld be put into ! sy/em except to replace su* loss4 ,d n draw ! wat] out ( ! sy/em1 & refill x f "t to "t4 ,! practice ( *ang+ ! wat] 9 ! furnace ru/s x m ?an keep+ ! same wat] 9 x all ! "t4 #fi4 ,radiators4 ,radiators 7,b1 ,fig4 #ca7 are made ( r complicat$ coils ( pipe1 s (t5 an accumulation ( air lodges 9 !m4 ,?is int]f]es ) ! circulation ( ! wat] & ! radiator does n get hot4 ,!re usually is a v5t 7,a & ,b1 ,fig4 #cc7 atta*$ to ea* radiator to let out air :i* collects !re4 ,if a radiator does n heat well1 op5 ! air v5t until ! air ceases to fl[ f x & wat] comes2 !n close x4 ,valves %\ld be plac$ at places :]e cold wat] collects 9 bad plumb+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,radiators "u floor4 ,9 v cold wea!r1 d n entirely %ut (f ! valve ( ! pipe lead+ to any radiator1 z ! circulation ( a little w>m wat] is ne$$ to keep x f freez+4 ,radiators may be plac$ "u ! floor 7,fig4 #cd7 :5 s desir$4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,/eam-,,heat+ ,,sy/ems ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,/eam furnace4 #gj4 ,equipm5t = ,/eam ,heat4 ,a /eam-heat+ sy/em consi/s ( a boil]1 a fire pot1 pipes f ! boil] lead+ to ! radiators1 & radiators 7,fig4 #ce74 ,on "s sy/ems1 return pipes are provid$ to c>ry cond5s$ /eam or wat] back to ! l[] "p ( ! boil]4 ,a safety valve 7,fig4 #cf7 is atta*$ to /eam-heat+ sy/ems in/ead ( an expansion tank4 ,?is keeps ! pressure ( ! /eam 9 ! boil] f becom+ too great1 & !reby prev5ts an explosion4 ,! pressure gage 7,b1 ,fig4 #ce7 mu/ be set1 &1 :5 set1 %\ld only be *ang$ by a p]son und]/&+ x4 ,build & manage ! fire = a /eam boil] ! same z = any /ove or furnace4 ,keep wat] 9 ! boil] at #bab degrees ,fahr5heit1 s /eam may =m1 = )\t x1 ! radiators w n be heat$4 ,small valves are atta*$ to mo/ /eam radiators4 ,_! purpose is to let out air1 :i* accumulates 9 ! radiator4 ,z soon z ! /eam beg9s to come into ! radiator1 x =ces ! air out ( ! valve4 ,:5 x rea*es ! valve1 ! heat 9 ! /eam causes "p ( ! valve to exp& & close ! outlet1 :i* is small4 ,:5 ! radiator is hot1 /eam %\ld n escape1 provid$ ! valves are 9 good work+ ord]4 ,!re is a gage 7,fig4 #cg7 furni%$ ) ea* boil] :i* %[s h[ mu* wat] is 9 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,safety valve4 ,keep en\gh wat] 9 ! boil] to come )9 c]ta9 l9es on ! indicator4 ,! top ( "o ( ^! l9es is usually six or eight in*es f ! top ( ! boil]4 ,!re is always "s v>iation 9 ! am\nt ( wat] 9 /eam furnaces on acc\nt ( ! =mation & cond5sation ( ! /eam 9 pipes & radiators4 ,see t ! boil] is nev] empty1 b d n put 9 fre% wat] except :5 necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,wat] gage = /eam plant4 ,! space above ! wat] 9 ! boil] is left = /eam4 ,! loss ( wat] f a boil] 9 good work+ ord] is ?ru ! air valves 9 ! radiators4 ,if ! furnace is prop]ly manag$1 v little wat] %\ld be lo/ dur+ ! c\rse ( a ye>1 s !re is little ne$ = add+ wat]4 ,"s furnaces h two pipes to ! radiators4 ,:5 /eam is %ut (f f a radiator1 ! valve lead+ to ! pipe :i* c>ries (f ! wat] f cond5s$ /eam mu/ be clos$1 also1 to prev5t ! pressure ( ! /eam 9 ! boil] f =c+ wat] f ! boil] up ?is pipe4 ,?is may happ5 because ! pipe dra9+ ! wat] f ! radiators ent]s ! furnace ne> ! bottom ( ! boil]4 ,! /eam be+ reta9$ 9 ! furnace presses d[n on ! wat] & s may =ce wat] up ! dra9 pipe1 if x is n clos$1 in/ead ( rais+ ! safety valve4 ,c>elessness ( ?is k9d may "w mu* damage1 = by ?is means all ! wat] f ! furnace c be =c$ up into ! radiators1 leav+ ! boil] empty4 ,?is makes x important t e woman %\ld und]/& ! /eam-heat+ sy/em 9 h] home4 ,"s /eam-heat+ sy/ems h a *eck valve 9 ! pipe :i* returns wat] to ! boil]4 ,?is valve p]mits wat] to fl[ ?ru x 9 b "o direction2 t is1 t[>d ! boil]4 ,?is prev5ts a ru% ( wat] f ! boil] to ! radiators4 ,/eam furnaces1 also1 are (t5 equipp$ ) ano!r safety-valve device1 :i* is a plug ( metal :i* melts at a r l[ temp]ature & is plac$ 9 ! boil] directly ov] ! fire4 ,if ! wat] l9e 9 ! boil] falls l[1 ?is plug melts & /eam f ! boil] puts out ! fire1 ?us sav+ ! furnace f damage4 ,h[ev]1 melt+ out ! plug makes mu* "w bo? 9 replac+ ! plug & 9 clean+ ! fire box to rebuild ! fire1 s t x %\ld n be dep5d$ ^u to regulate ! heat 9 ! boil]4 ,knock+ 9 /eam radiators occurs mo/ (t5 9 ^? sy/ems us+ ! inlet /eam pipe = ! return ( ! wat] :i* has =m$ z a result ( cond5sation4 ,x is caus$ by wat] accumulat+ at "s po9t & ! /eam com+ up ! pipe1 viol5tly =c+ x back into ! radiator4 ,?is only rea*es a dang] po9t 9 sy/ems :i* d n h pipes ( ! prop] size1 or :5 ! pipes d n slope gradually d[nw>d1 s t all ! wat] may fl[ back to ! furnace4 ,on cold days1 !re w be "s knock+ 9 a /eam radiator :5 x is be+ heat$ 9 ! morn+4 ,a two-pipe sy/em1 :ile x is some:at m exp5sive1 is less subject to ?is tr\ble4 #ga4 ,/eam ,gages4 ,/eam gages 7,b1 ,fig4 #ce7 are devices = indicat+ ! pressure ( /eam )9 an inclosure4 ,!y are a k9d ( spr+ balance4 ,:5 ! pressure ( ! /eam increases1 x pu%es up on ! spr+1 & ?is turns ! h& ( ! indicator1 :i* %[s ! numb] ( p\nds ( pressure t ! /eam is ex]t+ on ! inside ( ! boil] or conta9]4 #gb4 ,safety ,valve4 ,a safety valve 7,fig4 #cf & ,a1 ,fig4 #ch7 consi/s ( a small op5+ to a boil] ov] :i* is a weight4 ,:5 /eam is develop$ until x makes en\gh pressure on ! inside ( ! valve to raise ?is weight1 "s ( ! /eam escapes1 ?us l[]+ ! pressure on ! inside until ! weight falls back into place4 ,nev] let any?+ int]f]e ) ! action ( safety valves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,heat+ plant %[+ safety valve4 ,mo/ safety valves h ! weight atta*$ to a lev] :i* has a movable weight on x s t ! position ( ! weight on ! lev] makes a diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( p\nds ( pressure requir$ to op5 ! valve4 ,by means ( ?is device1 ! temp]ature ( ! inside ( ! boil] c be kept at "o heat or ano!r z desir$1 s9ce ?is temp]ature increases or decreases ) ! pressure "u :i* ! /eam is held4 ,?us1 fifte5 p\nds pressure means a diff]5t temp]ature f t5 p\nds pressure4 ,be sure to adju/ ! weight = ! temp]ature desir$4 ,pu%+ ! weight t[>d ! valve less5s ! am\nt ( pressure ne$$ to op5 ! valve4 ,!re is usually a /eam gage on boil]s to indicate ! temp]ature & p\nds ( pressure inside4 ,:5 ! indicator rea*es ! po9t desir$1 ! safety valve may be set s t all /eam 9 excess ( ! desir$ am\nt w escape4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! temp]ature w be held con/ant 9 ! boil] s long z a good fire "u x is ma9ta9$4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,fireplaces ,,& ,,heat+ ,,/oves #gc4 ,con/ruction ( ,fireplace4 ,fireplaces are an enl>gem5t 9 ! base ( a *imney :]e fire is built4 ,! upp] "p ( ! fireplace is slop$ =w>d1 &1 9 "s cases1 a damp] is plac$ 9 ! *imney to regulate ! fl[ ( air upw>d4 ,! damp] %\ld n be s con/ruct$ t x w close entirely1 = if x did1 ! smoke w\ld come into ! room4 ,! fire 9 ! fireplace burns be/ :5 ! fuel is put 9 a grate or on &irons s t air c get "u x & be drawn ?ru x by ! draft ( ! *imney4 ,a /eady draft makes ! combu/ion ( ! fuel complete & ?us prev5ts smok+4 ,! he>? is made ( firepro( mat]ial & %\ld be wide en\gh to cat* all sp>ks fly+ f ! fire4 ,a scre5 is (t5 ne$$ = safety f fire4 ,d n pile res]v$ fuel or put rugs on ! he>?4 ,fireplaces & *imneys %\ld be built ( firepro( brick1 /one or concrete4 ,h !m exam9$ once a ye> = cracks1 z ^! make !m unsafe4 ,! walls ( ! *imney & ! fireplace %\ld be ?ick en\gh to prev5t dang] f fire4 #gd4 ,managem5t ( ,fireplace4 ,! managem5t ( a fireplace is v simple4 ,! draft up ! *imney %\ld be prop]ly regulat$ s t ! fire does n smoke4 ,sp>ks & bits ( fuel %\ld n be drawn up ! *imney4 ,! fire %\ld be built s t x is n smo!r$4 ,air %\ld circulate ?ru ! fuel4 ,keep ! a%es cle>$ away4 ,!re are "s fireplaces :i* are int5d$ to heat rooms aft] ! mann] ( hot-air furnaces4 ,! heat & smoke f ! fire pass upw>d ?ru a metal heat]1 encas$ by an air *amb]4 ,mu* ( ! heat passes ?ru ! metal1 w>m+ ! air 9 ! *amb]4 ,?is w>m$ air passes ?ru pipes & regi/]s into ! rooms1 :ile ! smoke f9ds its way to ! *imney4 ,to complete ! circulation ( air1 ! cold air f ! floor passes into ! air *amb] ne> ! floor at ! sides ( ! fireplace4 ,sometimes fre% air f ! outside ( ! build+ is mix$ ) ! air 9 ! *amb]4 ,if !re is an op5+ 9 ! floor ( ! fireplace1 a damp] %\ld be put 9 ?is op5+ to regulate ! fl[ ( air4 ,! heat] 9 a fireplace mu/ be kept free f soot & a%es4 ,if ! metal is cov]$ ) soot1 heat w n readily pass ?ru x1 & ! soot w collect moi/ure & cause ru/+4 ,"o way to keep ! heat] clean is to regulate ! draft up ! *imney s t a%es & bits ( burn+ fuel are n drawn into x4 ,also1 ! fire %\ld be kept burn+ ) a cle> 7n smoky7 blaze4 ,soot is unburnt fuel4 #ge4 ,op]at+ ,heat+ ,/oves4 ,a /ove is a device = hold+ ! fuel & = p]mitt+ ! heat to pass readily into ! room4 ,9 ! /ove !re is space bel[ ! fire = collect+ a%es4 ,!re is an op5+ = fre% air to ent] bel[ ! fuel1 to aid combu/ion1 & a damp] above to act z a *eck draft :5 op51 a *imney to c>ry (f smoke1 & "o or two damp]s 9 ! *imney to regulate ! draft4 ,:5 a fire is be+ built1 close ! draft ov] ! fire box & op5 ! "o bel[2 op5 ! damp] 9 ! *imney--?is all[s ! free passage ( ! air up ! *imney4 #gf4 ,c>e ( ! ,/ove4 ,d n p]mit a l>ge b$ ( a%es to accumulate 9 ! bottom ( a /ove4 ,a ?9 lay] ( a%es mu/ be kept 9 ! bottom ( "s wood /oves to keep ! fire away f ! metal bottom4 ,! poli% or f9i% ( ! /ove is a matt] ( ta/e4 ,"s /oves are made ( iron1 :i* does n ne$ black+2 "s mu/ be black$4 ,black+ keeps !m f ru/+4 ,all mu/ be kept free f du/ & dirt1 z ?is accumulates moi/ure & causes ! /ove to ru/4 ,lett+ ! /ove get r$ hot w>ps x4 ,x %\ld n be p]mitt$ to get s hot4 ,! grate 7,fig4 #c7 9 /oves holds ! fuel s t air c fl[ up ?ru x4 ,if ! grate is clogg$ ) a%es1 ?is _c happ54 ,! grate %\ld be %ak5 to make ! a%es drop ?ru4 ,a clean grate is important to ! complete combu/ion ( ! fuel4 ,%ak+ aft] gl[+ coals beg9 to fall is a wa/e ( fuel4 ,:5 an attempt to %ake ! grate is made1 x may sudd5ly refuse to move4 ,9 ?is case1 some?+ may h lodg$ betwe5 its p>ts1 or x may h be5 %ak5 f its prop] position4 ,%ak+ ! /ove too h>d may displace ! grate4 ,! common rem$y = a displac$ grate is to let ! fire g out1 remove all a%es & c9d]s1 & readju/ ! grate4 ,"s k9ds ( s(t coal =m cl9k]s1 & ^! cat* 9 ! grate4 ,9 burn+ fuel t makes cl9k]s1 %ake ! a%es f ! fire sev]al times a day4 ,remove all accumulations 9 ! fire box daily4 ,cl9k]s are made f sub/ances :i* melt & recomb9e1 =m+ a diff]5t mat]ial :i* is q h>d & does n burn4 ,con/ant att5tion to ! fire prev5ts cl9k]s f =m+ 9 l>ge masses4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,gas1 ,,electric ,,& ,,k]os5e ,,heat]s #gg4 ,k9ds ( ,gas ,heat]s4 ,!re are sev]al types ( gas heat]s--^? us+ an illum9at+ flame & reflector1 ^? fitt$ ) a ,buns5 burn] & an asbe/os back1 & ^? heat+ wat] 9 a device l a radiator4 ,! la/ two burn ) a blue flame4 ,all gas /oves ought to be fitt$ ) a flue = dis*>g+ ! products ( combu/ion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,gas heat] %[+ air mix]4 #gh4 ,buns5 ,burn] & ,asbe/os-,back ,heat]4 ,! burn] is a long pipe punctur$ ) holes ext5d+ across ! /ove4 ,!re is an op5+ = mix+ ( air ) ! gas at ! po9t :]e ?is pipe ent]s ! /ove1 & a valve to regulate ! fl[ ( gas 7,fig4 #ci74 #gi4 ,light+ ,gas ,/oves4 ,to light ! /ove1 op5 ! valve1 c\nt ?ree1 & apply a light$ mat* to ! burn]4 ,c\nt+ ?ree gives "t = ! pipe to fill ) gas1 s t ! fire w n fla% back & burn 9 ! air mix]4 #hj4 ,c>e ( ,gas ,/oves4 ,! only c>e t ?is /ove ne$s is to keep x poli%$ s t x w n ru/4 ,keep ! burn] clean ( du/ & soot4 ,be sure t ! valve is entirely clos$ :5 ! gas is turn$ (f1 & t ! pipes fit tight at all connections s t gas _c leak into ! room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,reflector gas heat]4 #ha4 ,illum9at+ ,flame & ,bright ,metal ,reflector ,heat]s4 ,^! heat]s are us$ ) manufactur$ gas4 ,!y burn ) an illum9at+ flame s9ce !re is no device = mix+ air ) ! gas z x ent]s ! /ove4 ,! bright metal reflector n only makes an attractive /ove1 b reflects ! heat out into ! room4 ,"s /oves are made ) tips ( alum9um or o!r non-corrosive metal ov] ! op5+s 9 ! burn] 7,fig4 #dj74 ,gas logs are a type ( gas heat]s us$ 9 fireplaces 7,fig4 #da74 #hb4 ,gas ,radiator ,heat]s4 ,gas radiators 7,fig4 #db7 are ano!r type ( gas heat]4 ,! radiator is a coil ( pipe4 ,! heat+ unit is bel[ ! coil & works l any o!r ,buns5 burn]4 ,a small am\nt ( wat] is kept 9 ! pipes4 ,!re is a device atta*$ to ! radiator to automatically adju/ ! height ( ! gas fire 7,a1 ,fig4 #db74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,gas logs4 #hc4 ,managem5t ( ,gas ,radiator4 ,put en\gh wat] 9 ! radiator or coil ( pipe to fill x to ! dep? ( "o in*4 ,keep ?is am\nt ( wat] 9 x at all times4 ,light a mat*1 turn on ! valve :i* lets gas fl[ into ! burn]1 wait = x to fill ) gas1 & t\* ! mat* to ! burn]4 ,mo/ ( ^! heat]s are fitt$ ) !rmo/ats4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,gas radiators4 ,9 ab\t ?irty m9utes aft] light+ ! gas1 ! wat] w h =m$ en\gh /eam inside ! radiator to automatically turn ! valve l[]+ ! gas flame4 ,if ! /eam pressure falls l[1 ! !rmo/at w p]mit m gas to fl[ into ! radiator by automatically op5+ ! valve4 ,!re is a safety valve atta*$ to ! side ( ! radiator :i* op5s if ! automatic device fails to close (f ! gas be=e ! /eam pressure inside becomes too great4 #hd4 ,k]os5e ,heat]s4 ,k]os5e heat+ /oves h burn]s l ^? us$ on k]os5e cook /oves4 7,see ,*apt] ,,iii47 ,surr\nd+1 or ab\t1 ! burn] is a jacket$ air space4 ,"h air is heat$ & rises to ! upp] "p ( ! room :ile fre% air f ! l[] "p ( ! room is drawn ?ru ! jacket4 ,"s heat is also giv5 (f by radiation4 ,fig4 #dc %[s a picture ( an oil heat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,oil heat]4 ,! burn]s ( ^! /oves %\ld be c>$ = ! same way z ! ones on cook+ /oves4 ,! /ove %\ld be kept poli%$ & free f du/4 ,?is prev5ts x f ru/+4 ,wipe (f any k]os5e :i* may accumulate on ! outside1 = x makes an unpleasant odor4 ,take c>e 9 mov+ k]os5e /oves n to j> ! *imney or o!r p>ts ( ! burn] out ( place2 o!rwise ! /ove w smoke4 ,:5 ! /ove is light$1 turn ! burn] q l[4 ,! flame w become high] z ! p>ts ( ! /ove become heat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,electric heat]4 #he4 ,electric ,heat]s4 ,! electric heat]s 7,fig4 #dd7 are compos$ ( "o or m coils ( wire ?ru :i* ! electric curr5t fl[s ) difficulty4 ,?is heats ! coils s hot t !y gl[4 ,a reflector ?r[s ! heat out into ! room4 ,! coil & reflector are atta*$ to a p$e/al4 ,!y are desirable = use 9 rooms :i* are n q w>m en\gh4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid gett+ an electric %ock f electric heat]s1 z f any o!r electrical appliances4 ,if ! /ove seems to be out ( ord]1 h x put 9 ord] be=e us+4 ,take c>e n to t\* a wat] pipe or gas pipe at ! same "t :5 t\*+ ! heat] 9 ! ba?room1 z !re is a possibility ( gett+ a %ock4 #hf4 ,acetyl5e ,heat]s4 ,acetyl5e heat]s are simil> to ! ,buns5 burn] & asbe/os-back gas heat]s4 ,!y are provid$ also ) copp] side reflectors4 ,!y are us$ only 9 localities :]e gas or electricity _c be _h4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,"p ,,ii #a4 ,:at are ! ess5tials 9 heat+ a h\se ) a hot-air furnace8 #b4 ,h[ does ! pipeless furnace diff] f ! o!r types8 #c4 ,expla9 ! circulation ( wat] ?ru a hot-wat] heat+ sy/em4 #d4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! expansion tank8 ,:]e %\ld x be locat$8 #e4 ,describe a /eam-heat+ sy/em4 #f4 ,:at c>e %\ld be tak5 9 manag+ a /eam-heat+ sy/em8 #g4 ,:at precautions %\ld be tak5 :5 us+ an electric heat]8 ,,"p ,,iii ,,light+ ,,devices ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,electric ,,lights #hg4 ,k9ds ( ,electric ,lamps 9 ,use4 ,! electric lamps on ! m>ket n[ are ei!r tung/5 7also call$ ,mazda7 or metalliz$ c>bon 7call$ gem c>bon7 lamps4 ,( all light+ appliances1 electric lamps & sy/ems are mo/ easily c>$ =4 ,if prop]ly select$1 !y make an excell5t light f ! /&po9t ( hygi5e4 ,x is important = e "o to "k en\gh ab\t light+ to be able to select prop] k9ds & sizes ( lamps4 #hh4 ,electrical ,measurem5ts4 ,a volt is ! unit ( electric pressure :i* comp>es ) ! p\nd z ! unit ( wat] pressure4 ,an amp]e is ! unit ( electricity fl[+ ?ru a wire :i* comp>es to ! gallon z ! unit ( wat] p] m9ute fl[+ ?ru a pipe4 ,a watt is ! unit ( electrical p[]4 ,x is det]m9$ by multiply+ ! volts by ! amp]es4 ,a kil[att equals #ajjj watts4 ,a kil[att h\r equals #ajjj watt-h\rs4 ,a watt-h\r is ! am\nt ( en]gy ne$$ by a device :i* uses "o watt & is op]at$ = "o h\r4 ,= example1 a #be-watt lamp uses #be watts1 & if x is op]at$ "o h\r1 x uses #be-watt h\rs ( electricity4 ,! co/ ( burn+ an electric lamp is ! numb] ( watts m>k$ on ! lamp multipli$ by ! h\rs ! lamp is burn$1 & !n translat$ into kil[att h\rs & multipli$ by ! price p] kil[att h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,direct light4 #hi4 ,c>bon ,lamps4 ,few c>bon lamps are be+ made n[1 b !y may /ill be obta9$ 9 "s /ores4 ,! c>bon lamp c be di/+ui%$ f ,mazda lamps 7,fig4 #de7 by ! appe>ance ( ! filam5t4 ,! c>bon lamp gives ab\t #j4dj c&les ( light p] watt ( electricity consum$4 ,c>bon lamps burn1 mak+ a yell[ or r$di% light1 & consume fully twice z mu* curr5t z ,mazda lamps ( ! same c&le p[]4 #ij4 ,mazda or ,tung/5 ,lamps4 ,tung/5 lamps are ! ones 9 common use4 ,!y give #j4hj to #a4jj c&le ( light to "o watt ( electricity us$4 ,!y h a filam5t ( tung/5 & may n[ be us$ 9 any position4 ,less electricity is requir$ to br+ tung/5 to a gl[+ :ite heat ?an o!r mat]ials us$ 9 lamps4 ,to comp>e ! brightness ( two lamps1 d n look at ! filam5t1 b hold pieces ( :ite mat]ial l pap] at an equal di/ance f ea* lamp & comp>e ! brightness ( ! surfaces2 or put an opaque object 9 front ( ! light & let a %ad[ be ca/ on ano!r object4 ,! bright] light w ca/ a heavi] %ad[4 ,:5 sub/itut+ a new tung/5 lamp = a c>bon lamp1 select "o ab\t "o-half ! numb] ( watts1 unless m light is want$4 ,9 h\ses1 x is a common practice to sub/itute a #dj-watt ,mazda = a #ej-watt gem c>bon lamp1 ?us sav+ t5 watts p] h\r & gett+ m light4 #ia4 ,select+ ,lamps = a ,room4 ,!re are s _m possibilities = ! use ( electricity 9 light+ a h\se1 t x becomes a f9e art4 ,:5 buy+ lights = a room1 consid] 7#a7 ! size ( ! room1 7#b7 ! use ( ! room1 & 7#c7 ! color ( walls1 floors1 ceil+s1 furni%+s & decorations4 ,= light+ purposes1 lamps may be obta9$ rang+ f #aj or less to m ?an #ajj-;c&le p[]4 ,!re are color$1 transp>5t & fro/$ globes4 ,!re are reflectors & %ades ( v>i\s colors & patt]ns4 ,to obta9 ! same degree ( illum9ation1 small] lamps are ne$$ 9 small rooms ?an 9 l>ge ones4 #ib4 ,effect ( ,color ,s*emes ,^u ,illum9ation4 ,! color ( ! walls & furni%+s makes a diff]5ce 9 ! c&le p[] requir$ to give a c]ta9 am\nt ( light4 ,^? colors :i* absorb ! mo/ light require ! high] c&le p[]1 & ^? reflect+ ! highe/ p] c5t ( light require ! l[] c&le p[]4 ,! fro/$ globes absorb "s light1 !y diffuse ! re/ ( x4 ,!y disp5se ) ! annoyance ( gl>e f lamps1 & are useful 9 places :]e ! full int5sity ( ! lamps is n requir$4 ,! light absorb$ by diff]5t colors v>ies consid]ably1 z %[n by ! accompany+ table3 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,absorption ,,( ,,light ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,light ,,color ,,absorb$ ,:ite #cj ,*rome yell[ #ch ,orange #ej ,clean p9e wood #ee ,yell[ pap] #fj ,yell[ pa9t 7clean7 #fj ,light p9k pap] #fd ,dirty p9e wood #hj ,dirty yell[ pa9t #hj ,em]ald gre5 pap] #hb ,d>k br[n pap] #hg ,v]milion pap] #hh ,blue gre5 pap] #hh ,cobalt gre5 pap] #hh ,deep *ocolate pap] #if #ic4 ,di/ribution ( ,light4 ,light 9 rooms = g5]al use %\ld be di/ribut$ z ev5ly z possible ?ru\t ! entire room4 ,avoid excessive contra/s ( brightness & d>kness4 ,h ! lamps %ad$ to diffuse ! light s t no "o ne$ look directly at ! filam5t4 ,:5 work+ by a light1 d n put ! lamp v close to ! mat]ial1 z ?is produces too /rong contra/s ( light & d>k1 or1 :5 read+1 x produces too mu* reflection f ! :ite p>ts ( ! pap]1 :i* is try+ on ! eyes4 ,direct light+ means t ! rays f ! lamp g directly into ! room 7,fig4 #de74 ,indirect light+ means t ! rays are all direct$ t[>d a reflect+ surface su* z ! ceil+ 7,fig4 #df74 ,f "h !y are reflect$1 giv+ an ev5 am\nt ( light to o!r p>ts ( ! room4 ,:5 direct$ t[>d ! ceil+1 !y make x ! brighte/ "p ( ! room4 ,a semi-indirect light avoids ?is difficulty 7,fig4 #dg74 ,9 diffus$ light+1 ! lamp is cov]$1 z by fro/+1 s t ! rays ( light are brok5 up & s scatt]$ t no direct ray %9es into ! eyes1 & !re is no bright spot ( light 9 ! room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,indirect light4 ,:5 co/s mu/ be limit$1 c]ta9 decorative effects mu/ be weigh$ = _! value1 "s be+ m exp5sive ?an o!rs4 ,city light+ plants c provide curr5t = any numb] ( lamps 9 a h\se if x is prop]ly wir$4 ,if m lamps are atta*$ ?an ! wir+ w c>ry1 & all are turn$ on1 ! fuses w burn out4 ,electric plants = private homes 7see ,sec4 #bga7 usually furni% curr5t ( a diff]5t voltage f city electric plants1 s special equipm5t & lamps mu/ be us$ ) small plants4 ,inquire ( ! company :o in/all$ ! wir+ or electric sy/em1 h[ _m lights & o!r devices c be atta*$ & = :at voltage !y %\ld be made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,semi-indirect light4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,gas ,,light ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,mantles4 #id4 ,con/ruction ( ,mantles4 ,a mantle is a device made ( ?read saturat$ ) "s firepro( mat]ial l a mixture ( ?orium & c]ium :i* w gl[1 giv+ (f a :ite light :5 heat$ hot4 ,! mantle 7,a & ,b1 ,fig4 #dh7 is plac$ ov] ! burn]s ( lamps us+ liquid or gase\s fuel4 ,! gas is mix$ ) air s t x burns ) a blue flame4 ,! blue flame gives (f little light1 b x does n smoke & is mu* hott] ?an a yell[ flame4 ,:5 a mantle is plac$ ov] ! blue flame1 x is heat$ ) less fuel consumption ?an is requir$ to make a yell[ illum9at+ flame4 ,! light f ! gl[ ( ! mantle is /eadi] & :it] ?an ! light f an op5 flame1 s t x is m hygi5ic4 ,mantles are made 9 diff]5t patt]ns s t !y may be us$ on upright & inv]t$ burn]s4 ,! inv]t$ mantle ?r[s m light d[nw>d ?an an upright mantle4 ,?is is advantage\s 9 light+ a room1 = mo/ ( ! light is want$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! room4 ,mantles c be us$ on lamps burn+ gas1 k]os5e1 gasol9e1 alcohol & acetyl5e if ! burn]s are made to produce a blue flame4 7,see ,figs4 #dh & #eb47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh-;a4 ,adju/+ gas light4 #ie4 ,c>e ( ,mantles4 ,/rong j>s & drafts w break mantles1 = !y are v fragile4 ,! explosion caus$ by burn+ back :5 ! lamp is be+ light$ is mo/ de/ructive to mantles4 ,to save mantles1 wait until ! lamp has fill$ ) gas be=e t\*+ ! light$ mat* to x4 #if4 ,fixtures = ,burn+ ,gas4 ,gas w burn j z x escapes f a pipe4 ,! flame ( burn+ gas is yell[ & makes consid]able light4 ,9 ord] to secure m light = ! am\nt ( gas burn$1 put a tip on ! end ( ! pipe1 ) a long1 n>r[ slit 9 ! top to spread ! flame4 ,^! are usually lava tips4 ,natural gas gives v little light :5 burn$ 9 an op5 flame4 ,always burn x 9 mantle lamps4 ,its heat+ value is #ajjj ,b4,t4,u4 p] cubic foot4 ,:5 burn$ 9 a well-adju/$ mantle lamp1 natural gas w give ab\t #ae c&le h\rs p] cubic foot4 ,! heat+ value ( manufactur$ gas is rat$ at #fjj ,b4,t4,u4 p] cubic foot4 ,x makes a fair light :5 us$ 9 an op5 flame burn]4 ,! yell[ flame ( burn+ gas makes consid]able smoke1 ev5 :5 c>efully adju/$4 ,x gives f\r times z mu* light & no smoke :5 x is burn$ 9 a good mantle lamp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,buns5 burn] = gas light4 ,9 ! special burn] ( ! mantle lamp1 ! gas is mix$ ) air s t x w burn ) a blue flame 7,fig4 #di74 ,a blue flame is n good = light+1 b :5 a mantle is plac$ ov] ! flame1 x becomes heat$1 gl[+ hot4 ,s9ce ! mantle is made ( a mat]ial :i* gives (f a :ite gl[1 x lights ! room ) a /eady light :i* is f> bett] ?an ! flick]+ light ( ! op5 flame 7,fig4 #dh-;a74 #ig4 ,adju/m5t4 ,see t ! ports ?ru :i* air is drawn into ! lamp are op5 z wide z ne$$ to give a cle>1 smokeless flame )\t fir+ back4 ,"s lamps are fitt$ ) a screw beside ! cocks to regulate ! am\nt ( gas fl[+ into ! lamp4 ,x %\ld be adju/$ s t no m gas fl[s into ! lamp ?an is ne$$ to get z bright a gl[ z possible f ! mantle4 ,regulate ! gas fl[ by clos+ ! valve atta*$ to ?is screw until ! mantle decreases p]ceptibly 9 brightness1 & !n sl[ly op5+ x until ! mantle becomes bright4 ,gas companies (t5 adju/ lamps = _! cu/om]s4 #ih4 ,c>e ( ,lamps4 ,clean ! burn]s if !y become soot$4 ,replace mantles if !y are brok54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,op5-flame acetyl5e burn]4 #ii4 ,light+ a ,gas ,light4 ,:5 light+ a lamp1 turn on ! gas1 c\nt ?ree1 & !n light ! lamp4 ,c\nt+ ?ree gives "t = ! burn] to fill ) gas & prev5ts burn+ back ) an explosion4 ,mantles are v delicate & easily brok5 by j>s or /rong drafts4 ,burn+ back may break ! mantle4 ,burn+ back means t ! gas ignites at ! op5+ :]e x %\ld be mix+ ) ! air in/ead ( at ! tip ( ! burn]4 ,?is happ5s :5 ! lamp is light$ be=e x becomes fill$ ) gas1 or :5 !re is too mu* air mix$ ) ! gas4 #ajj4 ,cold-,process ,gasol9e ,gas4 ,x is m economical to use cold-process gasol9e gas ) a mantle lamp ?an an op5-flame burn] = light+4 ,be sure to use ! burn]s made especially = ?is k9d ( gas4 ,! lamps are manag$ l all o!rs4 #aja4 ,acetyl5e ,lamps4 ,op5-flame burn]s are us$ = acetyl5e gas because no mantle burn] has be5 con/ruct$ :i* w op]ate reliably ) ?is ri* gas4 ,acetyl5e gas gives ab\t t5 times z mu* light p] cubic foot z manufactur$ gas burn$ 9 an op5 flame4 ,! burn]s require little c>e4 ,sometimes ! holes 9 burn]s become /opp$1 & !y %\ld be clean$ out ) a f9e po9t$ in/rum5t l a ne$le4 ,:5 !y d n "w well1 x pays to replace ! old tips ) new ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej-;a4 ,%[+ electric light+ device = acetyl5e burn]4 ,acetyl5e gas burn]s are con/ruct$ s t a v f9e spray ( gas /rikes ano!r f9e spray1 :i*1 :5 ignit$1 makes a broad flame4 ,?is flame1 :i* is almo/ :ite1 gives (f light4 ,! burn]s appe> z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ej4 #ajb4 ,c>e ( ,burn]s ( ,acetyl5e ,lamps4 ,keep ! two holes op54 ,clean !m ) a l>ge ne$le4 ,see t !re are no leaks ab\t ! burn]s or pipes4 ,if ^! are f\nd1 fill ) :ite lead or "s simil> sub/ance1 & tight5 connections4 ,if ?is does n suffice1 ! tr\ble %\ld be ref]r$ to a plumb]4 ,fig4 #ej-;a %[s an acetyl5e burn]4 ,acetyl5e lamp mantles c be us$ only ) acetyl5e :i* is "u high pressure4 ,!re=e1 !y _c be us$ ) all plants4 ,! special burn] = mix+ air ) ! acetyl5e to make x burn ) a blue flame mu/ be us$ ) ! mantle4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,k]os5e ,,lamps #ajc4 ,con/ruction ( ,k]os5e ,lamps4 ,a k]os5e lamp consi/s ( a b[l1 a burn]1 a wick & a *imney4 ,9 ! ord9>y lamp1 ! b[l = hold+ ! oil is plac$ bel[ ! burn] 7,fig4 #ea74 ,! wick c>ries ! oil f ! b[l into ! burn] by capill>y attraction--"o end be+ 9 ! oil & ! o!r 9 ! burn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,lamps & lamp *imneys4 ,! burn]1 :i* has holes 9 x to let 9 air1 holds ! wick s t only ! oil rea*+ ! top burns4 ,! area & %ape ( ! flame dep5ds ^u ! =m ( ! top surface ( ! wick4 ,! glass *imney is us$ to cause an air curr5t ?ru ! burn] & to protect ! flame f outside drafts4 ,a screw moves ! wick ?ru ! burn]4 ,if ! wick is too small1 ! fire may burn back ?ru ! burn] & ignite ! oil 9 ! b[l4 ,x is important t a wick fit ! burn]4 ,if ! *imney is too %ort or brok51 ! lamp w smoke 7,a1 ,b1 ,fig4 #ea74 #ajd4 ,managem5t ( ,k]os5e ,lamps4 ,:5 ! lamp smokes1 x is wa/+ fuel4 ,smoke is incompletely burnt fuel4 ,! oil 9 ! lamp %\ld be clean4 ,x %\ld nev] be mix$ ) gasol9e or o!r m explosive oils4 ,fill ! b[l ea* day ! lamp is us$ to )9 "o-half in* ( ! top4 ,a full b[l helps to make a safe lamp4 ,put ! *imney on ! lamp s t x fits 9 its hold]4 ,keep x clean & bright4 ,keep ! wick clean & trimm$ ev5ly4 ,see t x entirely fills ! op5+ ?ru ! burn]4 ,?is prev5ts ! fire f burn+ back d[n ! burn] & ignit+ ! oil 9 ! b[l4 ,oil w n pass up a wick :i* fits too tight4 ,d n cut a wick to trim x1 b keep ! *>r$ "p scrap$ or bru%$ (f ev5 ) ! top ( ! slit 9 ! burn]4 ,a burnt mat* is useful = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,mantle = k]os5e lamp4 #aje4 ,light+ a ,k]os5e ,lamp4 ,:5 light+ a lamp1 be sure x is 9 ord] & t any op5+s to ! b[l are clos$4 ,lift ! *imney1 turn ! screw to raise ! wick ab\t "o-eigh? in* above ! slit4 ,t\* a light$ mat* to ! wick1 adju/ ! *imney1 &1 la/ly1 move ! wick up or d[n until x burns cle> & bright )\t smok+4 ,aft] ! burn] becomes w>m1 ! flame may gr[ high] & smoke4 ,d n leave a newly-light$ lamp unwat*$4 ,aft] ! lamp is heat$ & adju/$1 x %\ld burn ) a flame ( ev5 height4 #ajf4 ,to ,ext+ui% a ,lamp4 ,turn ! wick d[n until x is slightly bel[ ! top ( ! slit4 ,d n turn too f>4 ,x w !n g out ( itself1 or a slight puff ( air w ext+ui% x4 ,?is is saf] & w smoke ! *imney less ?an attempt+ to bl[ out ! full flame4 #ajg4 ,c>e ( ,lamps4 ,keep ! inside & outside ( b[l & *imney clean4 ,wipe all soot f ! burn]s4 ,trim ! wick ea* day ! lamp is us$4 ,fill ! b[l ) oil to )9 "o-half in* ( ! top4 ,get new wicks :5 ! old ones become dirty4 #ajh4 ,k]os5e ,mantle ,lamps4 ,k]os5e mantle lamps 7,fig4 #eb7 give ?ree to f\r times z mu* light p] unit ( oil z ! ord9>y k]os5e lamp4 ,_m mantle lamps on ! m>ket are unreliable4 ,c>e1 !re=e1 %\ld be tak5 to give ! lamp a trial be=e inve/+ s z to be sure to get a good "o4 ,! c>e & light+ ( mantle lamps diff] s mu* t ! directions mu/ be furni%$ by ! manufactur] & %\ld be foll[$ ) exactness4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,alcohol ,,& ,,gasol9e ,,lamps #aji4 ,classification ( ,lamps4 ,s9ce ! pr9ciple ( op]ation is ! same = mo/ alcohol & gasol9e lamps1 !y w be consid]$ toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,gasol9e or alcohol lamp4 ,^! lamps may be divid$ into two classes--gravity lamps & pneumatic1 or pressure1 lamps4 #aaj4 ,gravity ,lamps4 ,gravity lamps h ! tank elevat$ above ! burn] s t ! =ce ( gravity br+s ! fluid to ! burn]4 ,x is usually a little to "o side ( ! burn] s t x _c become heat$ by x4 ,a pipe f ! tank leads d[nw>d & ei!r ov] ! *imney or "u ! burn]1 :]e x w be heat$ by ! flame ( ! lamp4 ,:5 heat$1 x *anges ! gasol9e or ! alcohol to gas4 ,! pipe c>ries ! gas on to a po9t :]e x is mix$ ) air be=e x fl[s into ! burn] 7,fig4 #ec74 #aaa4 ,light+ ! ,gravity ,lamp4 ,9 ord] to light ^! lamps1 ! g5]ator mu/ fir/ be heat$ s z to make ! gas4 ,aft] ?is has once be5 done1 ! heat ( ! lamp keeps ! g5]ator hot4 ,z soon z ! gas is =m$1 light ! lamp4 ,^! lamps are furni%$ ) mantles4 ,! flame is blue &1 consequ5tly1 gives out v little light1 b mu* heat4 ,! mantle cov]+ ! flame is heat$ to gl[+ :ite heat & gives (f mu* light ( a :ite color4 #aab4 ,pressure ,lamps4 ,pressure lamps 7,figs4 #ed & #ee7 h a /rong tank :i* holds air & fuel1 :e!r alcohol or gasol9e4 ,air is pump$ into ! tank s t x presses on ! fuel ) =ce en\gh to pu% ! fuel up ! pipe lead+ f ! bottom ( ! tank to ! g5]ator4 ,! air _c get into ! pipe s long z !re is fuel :i* is heavi] ?an air 9 ! tank1 because ! pipe :i* leads to ! burn] />ts f ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,details ( gasol9e lamp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,pneumatic gasol9e lamp4 ,! g5]ator = *ang+ ! liquid fuel to gas is plac$ betwe5 ! burn]s ( ! lamp1 ( :i* !re are usually two4 ,aft] ! g5]ator has be5 heat$1 ! light$ lamps keep ! g5]ator hot4 ,! gas be+ v light1 cont9ues to rise4 ,x passes ?ru a place :]e x is mix$ ) air1 & goes on into ! burn]1 :]e x is ignit$4 ,if ! lamp burns l[1 m air mu/ be pump$ into ! tank to =ce up ! gasol9e or alcohol4 ,:5 all ! fluid has be5 burn$1 ! lamp w g out1 s9ce1 !n1 only ! air :i* is "u pressure 9 ! tank w be com+ into ! burn]4 ,ext+ui% ! lamp by turn+ (f ! supply ( fuel to ! g5]ator4 ,to light ^! lamps1 fir/ heat ! g5]ator1 z direct$ = ! p>ticul> lamp 9 use1 & !n light ! burn]s4 ,detail$ directions _c be giv5 "h1 z !y diff] ) diff]5t lamps4 #aac4 ,gasol9e ,lamps ) ,wicks4 ,!re are "s gasol9e lamps made ) wicks :i* help conduct ! oil into ! burn]1 :]e x is *ang$ to gas by ! heat f ! lamp1 mix$ ) air & burn$ 9 a mantle4 ,! flame1 f a mixture ( alcohol or gasol9e & air1 is blue & gives (f little light1 b mu* heat4 ,x is us$ ) a mantle4 #aad4 ,alcohol ,lamps ) ,wicks4 ,! wick ( "o type ( alcohol lamp conducts ! alcohol up ?ru a r\nd tube :i* x completely fills4 ,! tube prev5ts ! fire f burn+ d[n into ! b[l ( ! lamp4 ,alcohol makes a v hot & almo/ smokeless flame1 ev5 :5 little air is pres5t4 ,! mantle is put ov] ! flame1 &1 :5 heat$1 gives a good light4 ,o!r ord9>y fuels _c be us$ on s simple a lamp because !y w\ld smoke ! mantle4 #aae4 ,light+ ,alcohol or ,gasol9e ,lamps4 ,heat ! conduct+ pipe at ! po9t :]e ! fuel is to be *ang$ to gas4 7,directions = ?is come ) ea* lamp1 & !y diff] consid]ably47 ,aft] be+ heat$ suffici5tly1 ! valve lead+ to ! burn] is op5$ & ! burn] light$ ) a mat* or tor*4 ,use clean gasol9e = ^! lamps1 unmix$ ) wat] or o!r sub/ances4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,"p ,,iii #a4 ,are !re any diff]5ces 9 ! electric light globes on ! m>ket8 ,if s1 9 :at ways d !y diff]8 ,h[ d ^! diff]5ces affect ! light+ p[] ( ! globes8 #b4 ,:at influ5ce has ! size & decoration ( ! room on ! brilliancy ( light f a giv5 lamp8 #c4 ,h[ %\ld ! light 9 a liv+-room be di/ribut$8 #d4 ,:at are ! diff]5ces 9 direct1 semi-direct & indirect light+8 #e4 ,:at is ! purpose ( a mantle = a gas or k]os5e lamp8 #f4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 burn]s to be us$ ) & )\t mantles8 #g4 ,h[ is ! light f a lamp measur$8 #h4 ,:i* lamp gives ! greate/ c&le p[] ( light = ! am\nt ( fuel us$--! "o ) or ! "o )\t a mantle8 ,,"p ,,iv ,,cool+ ,,devices ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,refrig]ators #aaf4 ,pr9ciples ( ,refrig]ation4 ,refrig]ators 7,fig4 #ef7 are design$ to prev5t ! rapid spoil+ ( food by keep+ x too cool = ! rapid gr[? ( bact]ia4 ,!y v>y consid]ably 9 _! effici5cy1 accord+ to _! con/ruction & to ! way 9 :i* !y are manag$4 ,to pres]ve food & to save ice1 ! h\sewife mu/ und]/& h] refrig]ator1 & %e mu/ *oose a good "o4 ,!re is z mu* diff]5ce 9 ! effici5cy ) :i* h\sewives manage _! refrig]ators z !re are diff]5ces 9 refrig]ators4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,refrig]ator4 ,a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ ) a numb] ( diff]5t makes ( refrig]ators4 ,:5 ! outside temp]ature 0 betwe5 #hj & #ij degrees ,fahr5heit1 & :5 ! refrig]ators 7 kept full ( ice1 x 0 f\nd t ! temp]atures 9 diff]5t refrig]ators v>i$ betwe5 #de & #fj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,:5 ! refrig]ators 7 only p>tly full ( ice1 _! temp]atures rose sev]al degrees4 ,! refrig]ators :i* held a temp]ature ( #de degrees :5 fill$ ) ice1 or ) #ajj p\nds1 us$ #be p\nds ( ice ea* 9 ?ree days1 :ile 9 ! same ?ree days1 ! ones :i* c\ld ma9ta9 only a temp]ature z l[ z #fe degrees1 us$ #ej p\nds ea*4 ,! w>m] ! inside ( a refrig]ator1 ! fa/] ! ice melts4 ,9 g5]al1 a refrig]ator :i* ma9ta9s a l[ temp]ature is *eape/ to op]ate4 ,! refrig]ator %\ld be kept full ( ice expos$ s t x comes 9 contact ) ! air circulat+ )9 ! refrig]ator4 ,! refrig]ator :i* does n hold a l[ temp]ature w n only use m ice1 b be less effici5t 9 keep+ food4 #aag4 ,! ,con/ruction ( ,refrig]ators4 ,! con/ruction ( a refrig]ator %\ld be su* t x may be kept clean4 ,!re %\ld be no cracks & corn]s to cat* dirt & make bre$+ places = molds & bact]ia4 #aah4 ,l9+ ,refrig]ators4 ,! be/ l9+s = refrig]ators are porcela91 porcela9 enamel1 or glass = ! m exp5sive ones1 & galvaniz$ iron or z9c = ! less exp5sive ones4 ,! %elves are usually made ( heavy wire or ( b5t metal4 ,! latt] %\ld be con/ruct$ s t !y c be ?oroly clean$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,diagram %[+ circulation 9 a refrig]ator4 #aai4 ,insulation ( ,refrig]ators4 ,! m complete ! insulation ( a refrig]ator1 ! m effici5t x w be4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( mat]ial1 z well z dead-air spaces1 are us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! top1 z well z ! bottom1 mu/ be insulat$4 ,mat]ials :i* are likely to crack or settle d[n & leave un9sulat$ spaces %\ld n be us$4 ,because sawdu/ settles1 x is n satisfactory4 ,!re are felts1 pap]s & o!r mat]ials :i* are good4 ,if ! refrig]ator is n wat]-tight & ! insulat+ mat]ial absorbs wat]1 x w lose its effici5cy = insulation4 #abj4 ,circulation 9 ,refrig]ators4 ,! bett] ! circulation 9 a refrig]ator1 ! m effici5t x w be4 ,! air 9 ! refrig]ator mu/ be free to circulate ov] ! ice4 ,z x cools1 x %\ld drop to ! bottom ( ! ice box4 ,:5 x w>ms1 x w rise & be displac$ by fre% fall+ cold air4 ,x %\ld be free to rise to ! top ( ! refrig]ator & f !re pass into ! ice *amb] & ov] ! ice to be cool$ aga9 7,fig4 #eg74 ,:5 ! ice always melts unev5ly & 9 ! same relative place--t is1 m on ! side or bottom--x indicates poor circulation 9 ! refrig]ator4 #aba4 ,drip f ,melt+ ,ice4 ,!re %\ld be a pan "u ! ice to cat* ! drip f ! melt+ ice1 & a drip pipe to c>ry x out ( ! refrig]ator 7,fig4 #eg74 ,if ! drip pipe passes into a pan set "u ! refrig]ator1 ! pan %\ld be empti$ s t x w n ov]fl[4 ,! wat] 9 ! pan %\ld n be all[$ to become /agnant4 ,if ?is pipe passes to a dra91 x %\ld n be atta*$ to ! dra91 b drip into x4 ,! small am\nt ( fre% air pass+ up ! drip pipe f ! room is advantage\s4 ,because "s air does fl[ ?ru "h1 ! drip pipe & ! dra9 pipe mu/ be clean & free f gases & odors4 ,! drip pipe %\ld be /raight & free f places 9 :i* dirt may collect4 ,x mu/ be removable1 s t x c be clean$4 ,! doors ( ! refrig]ator mu/ %ut s tightly t fro/ or dew w n =m ab\t _! edges on a hot day4 #abb4 ,arrangem5t ( ,food 9 ! ,ice ,box4 ,ice boxes are usually cool] at ! bottom ?an at ! top4 ,d n put food 9 ! ice *amb] because ?is necessitates op5+ ! door & wa/es ice4 ,d n put pap]s or flat boxes on ! %elves :i* w int]f]e ) ! circulation ( air 9 ! refrig]ator4 #abc4 ,fill+ & ,c>e ( ! ,ice ,box4 ,! h\sewife mu/ op5 ! doors ( ! ice box z seldom z possible1 & close !m quickly4 ,d n cut (f ! circulation ( air f ! ice by wrapp+ x 9 a blanket or newspap]s4 ,x _c d its "w !n4 ,! ice box is kept cold by ! gradual melt+ ( ! ice4 ,! ice melts fa/e/ z ! temp]ature ( ! ice box rises4 ,cov]+ ! ice may keep x f melt+1 b x w also all[ ! refrig]ator to get w>m1 & s1 :atev] is ga9$ 9 sav+ ice at fir/1 w be lo/ at ! high] temp]ature & 9 cool+ ! box aga94 ,/eady melt+ does ! mo/ good4 ,! %elves & dra9 pipe %\ld be removable1 & ^! & ! refrig]ator %\ld be wa%$ & ?oroly scald$ once 9 e two weeks4 ,!re is a sav+ 9 plann+ to op5 ! refrig]ator z little z possible4 ,! fill+ ( ! ice box ) a l>ge piece ( ice two or ?ree times a week1 r ?an ) a small piece e day1 is m economical4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,iceless ,,refrig]ators2 ,,wat] ,,cool]s #abd4 ,comp>ative ,effici5cy ( ,iceless ,refrig]ators4 ,9 "s localities1 :]e x is difficult to get ice (t5 en\gh to pay = hav+ a refrig]ator1 o!r devices h to be dep5d$ ^u = keep+ food cool4 ,except :5 cold runn+ wat] c be us$ 9 cool]s1 !y d n take ! place ( refrig]ators1 because !y _c ma9ta9 ! l[ temp]ature ( a good refrig]ator4 ,z a rule1 ! be/ ( ! make%ifts are ab\t on a p> ) ! poor] refrig]ators4 ,!y are v useful 9 em]g5cies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,iceless refrig]ator4 #abe4 ,iceless ,refrig]ator4 ,"o ( ^! devices is call$ ! iceless refrig]ator 7,fig4 #eh74 ,x dep5ds ^u ! evaporation ( wat] to make x cool4 ,wat] w evaporate suffici5tly fa/ to cool a refrig]ator en\gh to be ( value only 9 a dry1 hot1 breezy place4 ,"u ! mo/ ideal condition1 an iceless refrig]ator may hold z l[ a temp]ature z #fe degrees ,fahr5heit1 :5 ! !rmomet] is regi/]+ above #ij degrees4 ,?is refrig]ator consi/s ( a clo?-cov]$ frame & a device = keep+ ! clo? moi/5$ ) fre% wat]4 ,s9ce w9d or a good circulation ( air helps 9 ! evaporation ( wat]1 ! iceless refrig]ator mu/ be plac$ :]e breezes may rea* x1 & x %\ld be an*or$ s t x w n bl[ away4 ,an iceless refrig]ator may be made f a rectangul> frame ( wood1 to :i* heavy canton flannel is button$ or tack$4 ,on ! top ( ?is %\ld be plac$ a pan ( wat] ) /rips ( clo? ext5d+ f ! wat] to ! cov]+ ( ! frame4 ,?is w conduct ! wat] f ! pan out onto ! clo?4 ,! numb] ( /rips ( clo? regulate ! rapidity ) :i* ! wat] is c>ri$ to ! sides ( ! refrig]ator4 ,! food is set inside 7,fig4 #eh47 ,! refrig]ator %\ld be plac$ 9 a %ady spot :]e ! breezes c /rike x4 ,iceless refrig]ators mu/ be kept clean1 & ! cov]+ ( clo? %\ld be wa%$ occasionally4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,device = cool+ food4 ,"s iceless refrig]ators are enclos$ 9 a *imney-l closet built on ! h\se1 ! cold air com+ 9 at ! bottom & be+ drawn upw>d by ! natural draft ( ! *imney-l /ructures4 ,?is draft ha/5s ! evaporation ( ! wat]4 ,su* refrig]ators are exp5sive & less satisfactory ?an ice ones4 #abf4 ,small ,cool]4 ,a few ?+s may be kept cool1 l a bottle ( milk & a small di% ( butt]1 by sett+ !m 9 a %all[ pan ( wat] & cov]+ !m ) a flannel clo? :i* comes d[n into ! wat] & s rema9s moi/ 7,fig4 #ei74 ,! evaporation ( ! wat] f ! flannel cools ! food some:at bel[ ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ air4 #abg4 ,cov]$ ,pail4 ,ano!r device is a metal pail 7,fig4 #fj7 cov]$ ) a heavy lay] ( clo? & a pan set on top ( ! cov]4 ,into ! pan is put "s wat] & /rips ( clo? to conduct out ! wat]4 ,?is may be hung 9 ! kit*5 w9d[ if x is %ad$4 ,! cov] & ! /rips mu/ be secur$ s t !y w n bl[ (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,cov]$ pail = cool+ food4 #abh4 ,unglaz$ ,e>!nw>e4 ,unglaz$ e>!nw>e pit*]s & jugs make excell5t wat] cool]s4 ,! wat] is put 9 !m1 &1 z ! conta9] is por\s1 a small am\nt filt]s ?ru ! e>!nw>e1 &1 z x rea*es ! surface & air1 x evaporates1 cool+ ! rema9+ wat]4 #abi4 ,cool+ ) ,runn+ ,wat]4 ,a v little /ream ( wat] f a faucet w cool ! baby's milk & keep x f s\r+4 ,! bottle %\ld be set 9 a pan ( wat] :i* is con/antly r5ew$ by ! small /ream runn+ f ! faucet4 7,fig4 #fa47 ,?is me?od ( cool+ %\ld be us$ only 9 homes suppli$ ) wat] f a spr+ or 9 an em]g5cy4 ,"u mo/ circum/ances1 x is too extravagant a me?od ( keep+ food to be recomm5d$4 ,9 cities x %\ld be prohibit$ because x might cause too great a dra9 on ! city wat] supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,cool+ ) runn+ wat]4 ,a l>g] device us$ = cool+ milk is a tank ( runn+ wat] 7,figs4 #fa-;a-b74 ,! wat] fl[+ ?ru ?is tank commonly fl[s into ano!r tank us$ = ! wat]+ ( /ock4 ,cans ) inv]t$ cov]s l ^? illu/rat$ are wat]pro(1 because ! air is caught inside !m s t x _c get out = ! wat] to replace x4 ,x does n require a l>ge /ream ( wat] to r5ew t 9 ! tank & keep x cool4 ,! effici5cy ( ?is device dep5ds entirely ^u hav+ a supply ( cold wat] available4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa-;a4 ,cross-section ( cool+ tank4 #acj4 ,refrig]at+ ,plants4 ,refrig]at+ plants are sometimes in/all$ 9 private dwell+s4 ,^! consi/ ( a motor & a ma*9e = compress+ gas1 a *amb] :i* is to be cool$1 & sometimes coils ( pipe conta9+ br9e4 ,:5 ! gas--= example1 ammonia or c>bon dioxide--is compress$1 x heats ! pump :i* compresses x4 ,t is1 :5 a liquid or gas is be+ compress$1 x gives up heat4 ,:5 a liquid or gas exp&s1 x takes heat f some:]e4 ,9 refrig]at+ plants1 ! exp&+ gas is made to take ! heat ei!r directly f ! refrig]ator or /or]oom1 or f br9e :i* is !n us$ = cool+ ! refrig]ator or room4 ,refrig]at+ plants require ! same c>e z pumps1 motors & refrig]ators4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa-;b4 ,cool+ tank4 #aca4 ,wat] ,cool]s4 ,s9ce ice is n always pure1 x is necess>y to use cool+ devices :i* d n p]mit x to come into direct contact ) ! wat]4 ,"o type ( wat] cool] consi/s ( a c set 9 an ice box ) a pipe lead+ to ! outside s t ! box does n h to be op5$ e "t t wat] is want$ 7,fig4 #fb74 ,?is c %\ld be made s t x may be remov$1 wa%$ & scald$4 ,ano!r cool] consi/s ( a tank or wat] bottle plac$ on ! outside ( a refrig]ator or box ( ice ) a pipe lead+ ?ru ! refrig]ator or box ( ice 7,fig4 #fc74 ,! wat] fl[+ ?ru ! pipe is cool$4 ,! pipe ends at ! outside ( ! ice box ) a faucet to let out ! wat]4 ,?is cool] cools only ! wat] fl[+ into ! pipe in/ead ( ! entire tank ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,wat] cool] conta9+ wat] tank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,sectional view ( wat] cool]4 #acb4 ,c>e ( ,wat] ,cool]s4 ,put only clean1 pure wat] into ! cool]s1 & keep !m clean by flu%+ !m out occasionally ) boil+ wat]4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,fans ,,& ,,v5tilators #acc4 ,select+ a ,fan4 ,) ! com+ ( electricity into ! home1 fans h become practical home devices4 ,d n buy a fan or o!r electrical device )\t asc]ta9+ :e!r ! curr5t is direct or alt]nat+1 & :at voltage is ne$$ to run x4 ,mo/ city homes are n[ suppli$ ) curr5t rang+ betwe5 #aje & #aae volts1 s mo/ fans are made = t4 ,fans w run on a small wire l t us$ = light+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,bl[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,/ation>y fan4 #acd4 ,! ,con/ruction ( ! ,fan 9 ,common ,use4 ,a motor turns ! fan4 ,!re is a regulator on "s fans1 s t !y c be run at diff]5t rates ( spe$4 ,oil cups are important p>ts ( fans4 ,:5 a new fan is pur*as$1 ^! cups are full ( oil4 ,! oil w la/ = _m mon?s1 b if an old fan heats & sp>ks :ile be+ run1 h an electrician exam9e x to see if all ! p>ts are 9 ord] & !re is a supply ( oil4 ,figs4 #fd1 #fe & #ff %[ types ( fans 9 common use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,movable electric fan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,/ove v5tilator4 #ace4 ,v5tilator4 ,a hood 7,fig4 #fg7 ) a pipe lead+ into ! *imney1 plac$ ov] a cook /ove1 w conduct hot air & /eam up ! *imney4 ,?is is due to ! fact t w>m air rises & cold air comes 9 to take its place4 ,an op5 skylight ov] a cook /ove1 also1 makes an excell5t v5tilator & cool+ device = kit*5s4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,"p ,,iv #a4 ,h[ may refrig]ators be judg$ = effici5cy8 #b4 ,:at are ! ess5tials ( a good refrig]ator8 #c4 ,h[ is an iceless refrig]ator cool$8 ,"u :at conditions is x useful8 #d4 ,:at may be ! matt] ) an electric fan :5 x heats & sp>ks8 ,,"p ,v ,,wat] ,,supply ,,& ,,sewage ,,disposal4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,pumps ,,& ,,wat] ,,filt]s #acf4 ,suction ,pumps4 ,a pump is a device = lift+ wat]4 ,! pumps 9 common use "w on ! pr9ciple t wat] :i* is "u ! pressure ( air w rise to fill a vacuum or a p>tial vacuum4 ,! pump is compos$ ( a comb9ation ( valves & a pi/on = =c+ ! air out ( ! pipe to all[ ! wat] f bel[ to be =c$ into x4 ,a valve cat*es ! wat] z x />ts to fl[ back4 ,! weight ( ! wat] holds ! valve clos$4 ,an outlet above ! pi/on p]mits ! wat] to fl[ into a tank or s9k :5 ! pi/on is aga9 lift$ to make a new vacuum & draw m wat] 7,fig4 #fh74 #acg4 ,c>e ( ,pumps4 ,! lea!r or mat]ial =m+ ! pi/on mu/ be kept moi/1 or x w %r9k & leak4 ,:5 x becomes worn & old1 x mu/ be r5ew$4 ,x is n a difficult task to put new pack+ on a small suction pump4 ,to d ?is1 remove ! p9 atta*+ ! pi/on to ! h&le4 ,lift out ! pi/on1 unscrew ! bolt :i* holds ! lea!r pack+ 9 place2 put on ! new pack+1 & replace ! bolt1 pi/on & p94 ,always pump ) a regul>1 ev5 /roke--a j]ky "o t5ds to we> ! work+ p>ts ( ! pump4 ,! cyl9d] & pipe conta9+ wat] mu/ n be all[$ to freeze4 ,!re is usually a plug 9 ! pipe :i* may be remov$ to let out ! wat] :5 !re is dang] ( freez+4 ,a crack$ cyl9d] or pipe w leak air & n raise wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,suction pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,=ce pump4 ,keep ! be>+s = ! h&le well oil$4 ,:5 ! pump gets old1 ! cyl9d] becomes worn & leaks4 ,x c sometimes be replac$ ) a new cyl9d]1 or m pack+ mu/ be put on ! pi/on4 #ach4 ,=ce ,pumps4 ,=ce pumps are us$ on deep wells & 9 =c+ wat] into /orage tanks4 ,!y %\ld be kept oil$2 !y %\ld be op]at$ ) an ev5 /roke1 & ! pack+ 9 !m %\ld be r5ew$ if !y leak air4 ,9 =ce pumps1 ! valves diff] 9 _! arrangem5t f suction pumps 7,fig4 #fi74 #aci4 ,compress$-,air ,pumps4 ,compress$-air pumps consi/ ( a tank = /or+ ! compress$ air--a pump to =ce air into ! tank & cyl9d]s equipp$ ) valves4 ,^! act automatically4 ,:5ev] an outlet pipe is op5$1 ! extra pressure ( air f ! /orage tank raises ! wat] f ! well or ci/]n 7,fig4 #gj74 ,air %\ld be kept 9 ! pressure tank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,compress$-air pump sy/em4 ,:5 ?is arrangem5t is us$1 op5 & close faucets sl[ly1 n ) a j]k4 ,fig4 #gj-;a %[s plumb+ :]e su* a sy/em is us$4 #adj4 ,wat] ,filt]s4 ,wat] filt]s are devices = /ra9+ m9ute p>ticles out ( wat]4 ,!y are made ( s&1 *>coal or porcela91 kisselguhr & o!r mat]ials4 ,!y are )\t value unless !y are kept clean4 ,a dirty filt] is worse ?an none4 ,almo/ ! only way to clean !m is to /]ilize !m or put new mat]ial 9 !m4 ,only ) exp]t c>e c filt]s be made effective = remov+ disease g]ms4 ,a dirty filt] may prove a m5ace4 ,filt]s are valuable = remov+ co>se dirt f ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj-;a4 ,sy/em ( plumb+ ) compress$-air tank4 ,filt]s on faucets %\ld be clean$ or r5ew$ e day4 ,l>ge filt]s = ra9 wat] %\ld be r5ew$ e few mon?s4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,pressure ,,tanks2 ,,plumb+ ,,fixtures #ada4 ,pressure ,tanks4 ,a pressure tank is a device = /or+ wat] "u pressure4 ,x is usually plac$ 9 ! basem5t ( dwell+ h\ses4 #adb4 ,con/ruction ( ! ,pressure ,tank4 ,! tank is tight & /rong1 s t x w hold air & wat] "u pressure4 ,! tank orig9ally has "s air 9 x4 ,:5 ! wat] is pump$ 91 ! air n be+ able to escape1 is compress$4 ,:5 !re is a *ance = wat] to escape f ! tank :i* is connect$ to wat] pipes1 ! pressure ( ! compress$ air on ! wat] =ces x to up/airs rooms & o!r po9ts4 ,to ?is tank is atta*$ a pressure gage :i* indicates ! am\nt ( pressure2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! am\nt ( wat] 9 ! tank1 = :5 ! wat] gets l[1 ! pressure is r$uc$ unless ! air has escap$4 ,a glass gage %[s ! height ( wat]4 ,provision is made to let "s air into ! tank1 = o!rwise x may 9 "t be all =c$ out ( ! tank or absorb$ by ! wat]4 ,! wat] 9 a pressure tank may be us$ to pump wat] f a ci/]n into ano!r tank4 #adc4 ,c>e ( ,pressure ,tanks4 ,a pressure tank mu/ n be pump$ up to ! ext5t t ! pressure becomes great] ?an ! /r5g? ( ! tank4 ,a safety valve is us$ 9 controll+ ! pressure4 #add4 ,hot-,wat] ,kit*5 ,tank4 ,a =ce pump is g5]ally us$ = pump+ wat] into kit*5 tanks1 except :5 wat] f ano!r tank1 su* z a city res]voir1 fl[s into x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,in/antane\s wat] heat]4 #ade4 ,in/antane\s ,wat] ,heat]s4 ,! in/antane\s wat] heat] 7,fig4 #ga7 is a device :i* heats wat] on its way to ! outlet4 ,x is compos$ ( a heat+ unit & pip+ connect$ to ! outlet pipes4 ,9 ?is type ( heat]1 ! pipes mu/ always be kept full ( wat]1 & "s device %\ld be atta*$ 7,fig4 #gb7 to ! heat] :i* w l[] ! heat z soon z1 or be=e1 ! wat] rea*es boil+ temp]ature4 ,?is w prev5t /eam f =m+1 :i* might injure ! sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,device = heat+ wat] automatically4 #adf4 ,heat]s = ,tanks4 ,hot wat] is light] ?an cold4 ,a pipe f ! bottom ( ! tank leads into ! heat]1 passes ?ru ! heat+ coils & up into ! top ( ! tank 7,figs4 #gc & #gd74 ,wat] f ! tank circulates ?ru ?is pipe z ! hot wat] rises & ! cold wat] falls 9 ! tank4 ,z ! heat] is locat$ on a level ) ! bottom ( ! tank1 cold wat] seek+ ?is level fl[s into ! pipe & becomes heat$ 7,fig4 #gf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,=ce pump & boil]4 ,a boo/] is a device :i* keeps ! wat] hot up to ! faucet 7,fig4 #ge74 ,if !re is a pilot on a gas wat] heat]1 be sure to use x4 ,! burn]s %\ld be c>$ = 9 ! same way z on o!r heat]s us+ ! same fuel4 ,keep ! tank full ( wat] & ! wat] free to circulate ?ru ! pipes4 ,air-tight tanks may become s hot t /eam is =m$ 9 l>ge am\nts4 ,tanks :i* are n connect$ ) city wat] pipes may be fitt$ ) safety valves :i* op5 :5 ! pressure ( /eam inside ! tank rea*es a c]ta9 po9t1 :i* is bel[ ! dang] po9t4 ,%\ld ! pipes or tank freeze1 d n />t ! fire 9 ! heat]1 b ?aw ! pipes ) applications ( hot wat] or o!r means until ! wat] c circulate 9 !m4 ,electric heat]s are usually incas$ 9 a wat]pro( cov]+ & put 9 ! c5t] ( ! tank4 ,small electric heat]s are 9 use = heat+ a glass or o!r small am\nt ( wat]4 ,^! are call$ imm]sion heat]s4 #adg4 ,! ,elevat$ ,wat] ,tank4 ,9 rural homes1 wat] is sometimes /or$ 9 an elevat$ tank4 ,?is is usually plac$ 9 ! attic4 ,x is frequ5tly fill$ by means ( a =ce pump connect$ ) a w9dmill or gasol9e eng9e4 ,if !re is no ov]fl[ to ?is tank1 :i* !re %\ld be1 x mu/ be wat*$ :5 be+ fill$ to prev5t x f ov]fl[+4 ,x may be fitt$ ) an automatic device simil> to ^? us$ on ! expansion tanks ( hot-wat] furnaces or tanks to wat] closets = regulat+ ! infl[ ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,wat] heat] & tank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,boo/] = hot wat]4 #adh4 ,faucets4 ,faucets are made 9 diff]5t patt]ns1 b !y ne$ practically ! same c>e 7,fig4 #gg74 ,! lea!r1 or rubb]1 wa%] 9 a faucet mu/ be r5ew$ :5 x leaks4 ,to r5ew ! wa%]1 unscrew ! cap f ! faucet4 ,remove ! valve4 ,take (f ! r+ ( pack+4 ,replace ) a new r+1 & put ! faucet toge!r aga94 ,! only tools ne$$ = ?is repair "w are a wr5* & a screwdriv]4 ,%ut (f ! wat] f ! pipe to ! faucet be=e beg9n+ to repair a leak+ faucet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,wat] tank & heat]4 #adi4 ,valves4 ,valves are con/ruct$ mu* l faucets4 ,!y1 too1 sometimes ne$ repack+4 ,foll[ ! directions = repack+ ( faucet 7,fig4 #gh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,faucet %[+ p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,radiator valve4 #aej4 ,ov]fl[s4 ,keep ov]fl[s clean4 ,:5 ! plug & ov]fl[ are comb9$1 z !y sometimes are1 lift out ! cyl9d] =m+ ! plug & ov]fl[ & wa% x4 ,:5 x fails to hold wat] 9 ! tub or bas91 x may ne$ a new wa%] on ! l[] "p4 ,?is may be replac$ v easily4 ,fig4 #gi %[s "o type ( ov]fl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,cross-section ( ov]fl[ on ba?-tub4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,plumb]'s pump4 ,x is m difficult to keep o!r ov]fl[s clean4 ,!y may be flu%$ or clean$ ) a bru% atta*$ to a wire4 #aea4 ,traps = ,ba? ,tubs & ,bas9s4 ,dirt & slime collects 9 traps4 ,clean !m frequ5tly4 ,always leave clean wat] 9 ! traps ( ba?room fixtures & s9ks4 ,only matt] quickly soluble 9 wat] %\ld pass into dra9 pipes4 ,keep mat*es1 hair1 sweep+s1 rags1 fruit sk9s & /ones out ( ! fixtures4 ,if ! dra9 f a bas91 s9k or tub fails to c>ry away ! wat]1 ! /oppage may be remov$ ) a small plumb]'s pump 7,fig4 #hj74 ,?is is a small rubb] cone-l device :i* is plac$ ov] ! outlet to ! dra9 & mov$ up & d[n s t x sucks air1 wat] & :atev] may be movable up ! pipe4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,cesspools1 ,,septic ,,tanks ,,& ,,city ,,sew] ,,sy/ems #aeb4 ,relative ,value ( ,cesspool & ,septic ,tank4 ,sew] pipes = private wat] sy/ems usually dra9 into cesspools or septic tanks 7,figs4 #ha1 & #ha-;a74 ,! wa/e goes ?ru a process ( decomposition be=e pass+ out into ! soil4 ,sewage %\ld bo? liquify & oxidize be=e ent]+ into ! soil4 ,oxidation purifies liquid sewage s t x is n contam9at+4 ,if oxidation is n br\ght ab\t 9 ! cesspool or septic tank1 sewage1 :i* is fre%1 %\ld be run onto ! surface ( ! gr\nd :]e ! air & bact]ia = oxidation c be f\nd4 ,cesspools are n z good z septic tanks because !re is n ! surety ( sewage be+ oxidiz$ 9 !m1 z !re is 9 ! septic tank4 ,!y lack oxidiz+ *amb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,septic tank & tile4 ,unoxidiz$ liquid sewage be+ 9 a condition to fl[ readily ?ru ! e>?1 is m dang]\s ?an fre% sewage because x is m likely to seep into wells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha-;a4 ,septic tank4 #aec4 ,con/ruction ( ! ,septic ,tank4 ,! septic tank is compos$ ( two *amb]s--"o ! liquefy+ *amb] & ! o!r ! oxidiz+ *amb]4 ,bo? are wat]-tight 7,fig4 #hb74 ,! fre% sewage comes into ! liquefy+ *amb] ?ru a pipe plac$ ne> ! top ( ! tank4 ,"h x /&s & liquefies1 :i* is a process ( decomposition4 ,! solids fall to ! bottom z !y come into ?is *amb]1 & ! liquid =m$ rises to ! top & fl[s into ! oxidiz+ *amb] 7,b1 ,fig4 #hb71 :5 x rea*es a po9t a little bel[ ! height ( ! inlet pipe4 ,x ei!r does ?is by fl[+ ov] a p>tition or ?ru a pipe lead+ f "o comp>tm5t to ! o!r4 ,! second comp>tm5t is usually slightly small] ?an ! fir/4 ,"h ! sewage is held until ! process ( oxidation takes place1 :i* r5d]s x less dang]\s4 ,:5 ! sewage 9 ! second *amb] rea*es a c]ta9 height1 x siphons out into a tile :i* di/ributes x ov] a plot ( gr\nd 7,fig4 #ha74 ,v>i\s k9ds ( siphons are us$1 ! important feature ( !m be+ t !y are con/ruct$ s t !y dra9 ! tank (t5 en\gh to remove ! oxidiz$ sewage & n s (t5 z to remove x be=e x has become oxidiz$4 #aed4 ,! ,size ( ,tank4 ,because ! liquid mu/ be dra9$ f ! tank at c]ta9 int]vals1 x is important t ! size ( ! tank be adapt$ to ! am\nt ( wa/e x w receive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,details ( septic tank4 ,septic tanks are kept w>m by ! heat g5]at$ 9 ! oxidiz+ process1 :i* is simply sl[ burn+ ( ! wa/e1 s t !y r>ely freeze 9 w9t]4 ,run wa/e wat] f ! kit*5 s9k & laundry tubs into a cat* bas9 to collect ! grease f ! wat]1 z grease or oil on ! surface ( ! sewage ( a tank w /op ! action ( ! microbes 9 ! tank by smo!r+ !m4 ,:5 too mu* grease does get into x1 ! tank mu/ be ?oroly clean$4 ,d n use lye1 *loride ( lime1 c>bolic acid & o!r *emicals 9 dra9s & septic tanks4 ,dis9fectants ( ?is type put into pipes lead+ to a septic tank w kill ! useful bact]ia :i* decompose ! sewage4 ,use cle> boil+ wat] to clean ! pipes4 ,?is w be cool$ by ! "t x rea*es ! tank s t x w n kill ! useful bact]ia4 ,insoluble m9]al matt] gradually accumulates 9 septic tanks1 s t !y mu/ be clean$ once e few ye>s4 ,c>e w po/pone ! times = clean+4 ,d n wa% vegetables ) mu* e>? adh]+ to !m 9 s9ks lead+ to cesspools or septic tanks4 ,%ake or r9se (f ! dirt be=e wa%+ !m4 #aee4 ,disposal ( ,wa/e 9 ,cities4 ,9 "s cities1 h\sehold]s are requir$ by law to h cat* bas9s connect$ to _! sew] sy/ems to remove leaves & dirt f /orm wat] & grease f kit*5 s9ks & laundry tubs4 ,! laws ( o!r cities =bid ! use ( cat* bas9s1 b urge h\sehold]s to help c>e = ! city sew] sy/em by n putt+ grease into sew] pipes4 ,/rong *emicals %\ld n be put into ! pipes4 ,use only boil+ wat] 9 clean+ pipes4 ,d n wa% vegetables on :i* !re is mu* loose dirt 9 s9ks4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,wat] ,,closets #aef4 ,con/ruction ( ,wat] ,closets4 ,! wat] closet is a device = ! disposal ( excrem5t4 ,! closet includes a tank ( wat] = flu%+ ! wa/e f ! b[l to ! sew] or wa/e pipe4 ,betwe5 ! b[l & ! wa/e pipe is a device call$ a trap :i* holds wat] & seals ! end ( ! wa/e pipe s t gases f ! sew] or ! septic tank _c come into ! h\se4 7,fig4 #hc-;a47 ,! b[l ( ! new] models ( wat] closets h ! trap z a "p ( ! b[l1 :i* saves jo9ts & connections likely to cat* dirt & /op up ! trap 7,fig4 #hc74 ,! wat] com+ f ! flu%+ tank is c>ri$ ar\nd ! b[l s t x is flu%$ clean by ! swift-fl[+ wat]4 ,:5 ! wat] rea*es ! bottom ( ! b[l1 x ru%es upw>d a few in*es be=e x c turn d[nw>d to ! wa/e pipe4 ,?is x does :ile fl[+ rapidly & cleans+ ! b[l2 :5 ! tank empties1 wat] collects 9 ! b[l to ! level1 :]e x c fl[ d[n ! wa/e pipe 7,fig4 #hc74 ,z soon z all ! wat] above ?is level has gone d[n ! pipe1 ! rema9d] /ays 9 ! b[l1 =m+ ! seal until ! next "t ! b[l is flu%$4 ,fig4 #hc-;a %[s two k9ds ( traps4 ,if wat] fl[s at too rapid a rate ?ru ! trap ( ! b[l1 z 9 cases :5 !re is too mu* pressure on ! wat] or ! tank is set too high s t gravity gives x too mu* =ce1 or if an excessive suction is produc$ 9 ! dra9 pipe1 all ! wat] may run out ( ! b[l1 leav+ ! trap unseal$4 ,! rem$y = ?is is a *ange 9 ! flu%+ tank or 9 its position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,section ( wat] closet4 #aeg4 ,siphon+ ! ,trap4 ,if rags or %r$s ( mat]ial are dropp$ into ! b[l & lodge 9 ! trap1 only a "p ( !m go+ ov] into ! wa/e pipe1 !y may siphon ! wat]1 seal+ ! trap1 ov] into ! wa/e pipe4 ,!re 0 m difficulty ( ?is sort ) traps ( old] models ?an ) ! new] types4 ,always leave clean wat] 9 ! trap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc-;a4 ,types ( traps4 #aeh4 ,! ,flu%+ ,tank4 ,! flu%+ tank 7,fig4 #hd7 is a res]voir to hold suffici5t wat] to cleanse ! b[l4 ,9 "o type ( tank1 wat] is reta9$ 9 ! tank by a plug held 9 place by ! weight ( ! wat] 9 ! tank4 ,by a lev] on ! outside ( ! tank1 ?is plug is lift$ :5 ! b[l is to be flu%$1 & x /ays op5 until all ! wat] fl[s out ( ! tank4 ,:5 ! wat] has all left ! tank1 ! plug falls back into ! hole & fre% wat] fl[+ into ! tank holds x 9 place1 z !re is no?+ 9 ! pipe bel[ to make x float upw>d4 ,work+ at ! same "t ) ! plug is a valve 9 ! wat] supply pipe1 atta*$ to a l>ge holl[ float4 ,! valve op5s z ! wat] fl[s out ( ! tank1 & closes z ! tank is fill$4 ,?is valve is op]at$ by ! float float+ on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,z ! wat] fl[s out ( ! tank1 ! float falls1 op5+ ! valve & lett+ 9 wat]4 ,z ! tank fills1 ! float rises to ! top ( ! tank & %uts (f ! valve4 ,if ! float cat*es s t x fails to rise & fall1 or becomes disconnect$ f ! valve1 x w n op]ate ! valve4 ,!re is an ov]fl[ pipe 9 ! tank :i* c>ries (f all wat] ris+ above a c]ta9 level 9 ! tank4 ,?is prev5ts ! tank f ov]fl[+ :5 ! valve fails to turn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,diagram ( flu%+ tank4 #aei4 ,repair+ ! ,flu%+ ,tank4 ,:5 ! wat] cont9ues to fl[ into ! tank1 take (f ! cov] ( ! tank & exam9e ! valve & ball to see :y !y are n work+ prop]ly4 ,if disconnect$ or caught1 rem$y ! tr\ble4 ,if ! plug fails to /op ! fl[ ( wat] out ( ! tank1 wat] w also cont9ue to fl[ into ! tank4 ,to rem$y ?is tempor>ily1 pu% ! plug d[n ov] ! outlet & also note ! reason :y x has n fall5 back automatically4 ,if worn1 x may h to be replac$ ) a new "o4 ,!re %\ld be a valve to close ! pipe to ! tank4 ,) ?is valve1 mu* wat] c be sav$ 9 "t ( tr\ble1 & great] conv5i5ce may be _h 9 rem$y+ difficulties ) ! devices inside ! tank4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,"p ,v #a4 ,h[ does a pump lift wat] f a well8 #b4 ,h[ d pumps diff] 9 con/ruction8 #c4 ,:at c>e %\ld be giv5 a pump8 #d4 ,:5 is a wat] filt] useful8 ,:5 dang]\s8 #e4 ,:at is a pressure tank8 ,h[ does x op]ate8 #f4 ,describe two k9ds ( wat] heat]s4 ,:at precautions %\ld be tak5 ) ea* k9d ( heat]8 #g4 ,describe a wat] faucet4 ,try to replace an old wa%] ) a new "o4 #h4 ,h y ev] clean$ ! ov]fl[ to a tub or bas98 ,%\ld !y be clean$8 #i4 ,:at are traps8 ,:at may cause !m to fail to "w8 #aj4 ,h[ w\ld y select a good trap8 ,h[ w\ld y clean x8 #aa4 ,describe ! con/ruction ( a septic tank4 ,:at is ! action t takes place 9 a septic tank8 ,:at c>e %\ld be giv5 to x8 #ab4 ,exam9e ! tank to a wat] closet4 ,h[ does x op]ate8 ,,"p ,,vi ,,laundry ,,equipm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,wa%+ ,,ma*9es #afj4 ,k9ds ( ,wa%+ ,ma*9es4 ,wa%+ ma*9es are tools to help remove dirt f clo!s ei!r by friction or by =c+ wat] ?ru !m4 ,!y are kn[n by su* names z suction1 cyl9d]1 rot>y1 oscillat+1 locomotive & c5trifugal ma*9es4 ,^! names are us$ diff]5tly by v>i\s au?orities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,wa%] to place 9 boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,ano!r type ( wa%] = boil]4 ,wa%+ ma*9es may be atta*$ to any k9d ( motor1 or !y may be manipulat$ by h&4 #afa4 ,suction ,ma*9es4 ,! suction ma*9es are made to =ce wat] ?ru ! clo!s 7,figs4 #he & #hf74 ,"s are op]at$ by h&1 "s by me*anical p[]1 & "s are funnel-%ap$ devices to be plac$ 9 boil]s4 ,h& or me*anical suction ma*9es h cones or funnels :i* are pu%$ d[n onto ! clo!s & !n sudd5ly lift$1 caus+ suction :i* draws out ! dirt previ\sly loos5$ by ! moi/ure & pressure4 ,me*anical devices atta*$ to ! top are sometimes us$ to raise & l[] ! funnels 7,figs4 #hg & #hg-;a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,suction wa%]4 ,! suction wa%]s = use 9 boil]s are plac$ funnel side d[n4 ,by means ( ^!1 ! /eam =m+ 9 ! bottom ( ! boil] =ces ! wat] ?ru ! clo!s4 ,di/ribute ! clo!s ev5ly ab\t ! wa%]4 ,fill ! boil] ) wat] & add %av$ soap4 ,:5 set ov] a fire1 ! /eam =m+ at ! bottom raises ! wat] 9 ! funnel to ! top & pu%es x out ?ru ! clo!s1 or raises ! funnel & makes x beat ^u ! clo!s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg-;a4 ,wa%+ ma*9e4 ,o!r ma*9es comb9e ! two me?ods ( wa%+--=c+ wat] ?ru clo!s & rubb+ !m at ! same "t4 #afb4 ,cyl9d] ,wa%]s4 ,cyl9d] wa%]s conta9 a p]=at$ b>rel-l device1 into :i* ! clo!s are plac$ 7,fig4 #hh74 ,?is cyl9d] has cleats on ! inside to raise ! clo!s z ! cyl9d] turns & drop !m :5 !y rea* ! highe/ po9t 9 x1 back into ! wat]1 ?us p\nd+ wat] ?ru !m & rubb+ !m aga9/ ! side ( ! cyl9d] z !y are rais$4 ,?is is ! type us$ 9 mo/ laundries4 ,a cyl9d] turn$ by an electric motor is made :i* c be plac$ 9 ! /ation>y wa% tub 9 small ap>tm5ts4 ,! tub !n s]ves z ! out] "p ( ! wa%+ ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,cyl9d] wa%]4 #afc4 ,rot>y ,wa%]s4 ,9 ! rot>y1 or milk-/ool1 type ( wa%]1 sometimes call$ ,dolly 7,fig4 #hi71 ! /ool-l contrivance :i* presses aga9/ ! clo!s mu/ be turn$ half-way ar\nd 9 "o direction1 & !n back ! o!r way1 to prev5t twi/+1 te>+ or o!rwise injur+ ! clo!s4 ,! clo!s are ?us rubb$ aga9/ ! corrugat$ sides & bottom ( ! ma*9e1 & ?ru ! wat]4 ,nev] put too _m clo!s 9 ?is type ( ma*9e because too tight pack+ causes ! ma*9e to te> !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,rot>y wa%]4 #afd4 ,ma*9e ) an ,oscillat+ ,wa%+ ,device4 ,?is wa%] conta9s an oscillat+ device = rubb+ ! clo!s ov] ! corrugat$ bottom4 ,! rubb+ device is also corrugat$ & is put on top ( ! clo!s & mov$ backw>d & =w>d1 ?us rubb+ !m betwe5 two wa%-bo>ds 7,fig4 #ij74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,oscillat+ wa%+ ma*9e4 #afe4 ,oscillat+ ,wa%]s4 ,oscillat+ wa%]s h corrugat$ bottoms4 ,! clo!s are put into ! ma*9e ) ! wa% wat]4 ,! wa%] rocks1 ?r[+ ! clo!s backw>d & =w>d ?ru ! wat]1 loos5+ & squeez+ out ! dirt4 ,?is wa%] works easie/ :5 ! ma*9e is well fill$ ) wat]4 #aff4 ,locomotive ,wa%]4 ,! locomotive wa%] 7,fig4 #ia7 slides backw>d & =w>d1 ?us *urn+ ! wat] & clo!s4 ,x is op]at$ only by p[]4 ,a heat+ unit1 usually gas1 9 ! base ( ! ma*9e keeps ! wat] hot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,locomotive wa%+ ma*9e4 #afg4 ,c5trifugal ,wa%]4 ,a c5trifugal wa%] 7,fig4 #ia-;a7 conta9s a p]=at$ basket :i* :irls 9 ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! ma*9e4 ,! clo!s are plac$ 9 ! basket1 roll$ into bundles4 ,! rapid :irl+ ?ru ! wat] removes ! dirt f ! clo!s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia-;a4 ,c5trifugal wa%+ ma*9e4 #afh4 ,c>e ( ,wa%]s4 ,! be>+s & o!r motor p>ts ( a wa%+ ma*9e %\ld be kept oil$4 ,keep belts tight4 ,run ! ma*9e ab\t t5 m9utes ea* :ile ! clo!s are 9 ! fir/ wa% wat] & ! two sudsy wat]s1 & five m9utes ea* = ! hot & ! cold r9se wat]s4 ,blue+ _h bett] be done 9 a tub4 ,wood5 ma*9es mu/ dry out occasionally1 or else !y get slimy4 ,d n let !m get dry en\gh to crack4 ,air ! ma*9es aft] use4 ,cov] !m :5 n 9 use to keep !m clean4 ,:5 a gasol9e eng9e is us$ 9 op]at+ a wa%+ ma*9e1 x mu/ be set s t ! belt w pull /raight on ! pulley :eel ( ! ma*9e4 ,! belt %\ld be tight en\gh to prev5t slipp+4 ,/ation>y wa%]s are set to avoid su* tr\bles1 b ^? :i* are mov$ f place to place mu/ be adju/$ by ! op]ator4 ,! pulleys mu/ be adju/$ to turn at ! numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute direct$ = ! wa%] us$4 ,?is usually does n exce$ #aej revolutions ( ! motor :eel p] m9ute4 ,wat] motors mu/ receive m ?an #be p\nds ( wat] pressure to op]ate a wa%+ ma*9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,wr+]s #afi4 ,roll] ,wr+]4 ,! k9d ( wr+] 9 mo/ g5]al use is ! "o made ( two roll]s rotat+ 9 opposite directions1 ! clo!s be+ drawn 9 betwe5 ! two by friction1 & ! wat] press$ out4 7,see ,fig4 #hh47 ,! roll]s 9 mod]n wr+]s are made ( a composition ( rubb]4 ,!y are adju/$ s t !y may be br\ght close toge!r or mov$ ap>t4 ,:5 wr++ ?9 articles1 ! roll]s %\ld be set close toge!r1 & :5 wr++ heavy articles1 !y %\ld be set f> ap>t4 ,?is adju/m5t ( ! wr+] helps to d bett] "w & save we> & te> on clo?+ & wr+]4 #agj4 ,c>e ( ,wr+]s4 ,! be>+s %\ld be kept oil$1 b oil mu/ be kept (f ! roll]s1 z x rots !m4 ,keep ! roll]s wa%$ clean4 ,soap & wat] w remove ! dirt :i* collects on !m4 ,if ?is does n clean !m1 wipe ! roll]s 9 a weak solution ( ammonia4 ,if ! roll]s get badly /a9$1 wipe !m ) a clo? dipp$ 9 k]os5e4 ,wa% ?is (f imm$iately1 z k]os5e dissolves ! rubb] z well z ! dirt4 ,nev] leave a wr+] ) ! pressure on ! roll]s :5 n 9 use4 ,! pressure is ei!r adju/$ by ?umb-screws or by a clamp4 ,loos5 ^! :5 ?ru ) ! wr+]4 #aga4 ,c5trifugal ,wr+]1 or ,dry]4 ,! c5trifugal wr+]1 or dry]1 consi/s ( a tub1 inside ( :i* is a small] tub ) p]=at$ sides4 ,!re is a dra9 at ! bottom ( ! outside tub4 ,! wr+] is atta*$ to a device = mak+ ! inside tub turn rapidly4 ,! p[] us$ is ei!r h& or ma*9e 7,fig4 #ib74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,wa%] & dry]4 ,! rapid turn+ ( ! inn] tub = ?ree m9utes ?r[s ! clo?+ & wat] 9 !m to ! outside ( ! revolv+ c5t]4 ,?is tub be+ p]=at$1 lets ! wat] ?ru :ile reta9+ ! clo?+4 ,?us1 ! clo!s are wrung z dry z 9 a wr+] ( ! roll] type4 ,if ! ma*9e is turn$ a long] "t1 ! clo!s c be wrung entirely dry4 #agb4 ,c>e ( ! ,ma*9e4 ,:5 load+ c5trifugal wr+]s1 put ! heavy pieces at ! bottom ( ! basket4 ,put articles 9 basket 9 bun*es1 & pack fairly tight4 ,d n h loose ends hang+ out4 ,fold sleeves into g>m5ts4 ,load ! basket full if !re are clo!s en\gh4 ,a cov] helps to hold ! clo!s 9 place4 ,load s t x runs ev5 & does n wobble4 ,nev] hold y\r h& on ! extractor aft] x has />t$4 #agc4 ,comb9ation ,wa%] & ,wr+]4 ,! c5trifugal wa%] & wr+] comb9$ is built s t ! basket c be l[]$ into a tub ( wat]4 ,! clo!s rotat+ 9 wat] are wa%$4 ,aft] ?is is accompli%$1 ! cyl9d] is rais$1 &1 :5 rotat$1 s]ves z a wr+] ( ! c5trifugal type4 ,load ! wa%] ) few] clo!s ?an = wr++4 ,roll ea* g>m5t into a bun* be=e putt+ x into ! wa%]4 ,c5trifugal wr+]s are us$ also z dry-clean+ ma*9es4 ,= ?is use1 !y %\ld be op]at$ out ( doors & at a sl[] spe$ ?an :5 wat] is us$4 ,friction heats gasol9e1 caus+ x to evaporate rapidly4 ,! friction betwe5 clo?+1 tub & gasol9e :5 turn$ at a high spe$ may produce a sp>k :i* w ignite ! gasol9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,mangles ,,& ,,irons #agd4 ,con/ruction ( ,mangles4 ,mangles are made ( roll]s rotat+ 9 ! same direction1 "o mov+ fa/] ?an ! o!r1 set close toge!r s t !y press ! clo!s smoo?1 or !y consi/ ( "o roll] rotat+ ov] a /ation>y surface call$ a %oe 7,fig4 #ic74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,mangle4 #age4 ,cold ,mangles4 ,:5 no heat] is atta*$ to ! %oe or "o roll]1 ! mangle is a cold mangle4 ,x smoo!s clo!s1 b does n d z good "w z a heat$ mangle4 ,!re is almo/ no?+ ab\t mangles to get out ( ord]4 ,! only caution necess>y is to keep ! be>+s oil$1 h gu>ds s z n to cat* h&s 9 ! p[] ma*9es1 & loos5 ! roll] s t x is n press$ onto any surface :5 n 9 use4 #agf4 ,heat$ ,mangles4 ,! heat$ mangles h ! heat appli$ to "o ( ! roll]s or to ! %oe4 ,!y may be us$ cold4 ,! heat may come f gasol9e1 gas1 electricity or k]os5e4 ,! managem5t ( ! heat+ unit is ! same z = a /ove us+ any ( ^! fuels4 ,! same c>e %\ld be tak5 ( ! burn]s z ( /ove burn]s4 #agg4 ,c>e & ,use ( ,mangles4 7#a7 ,h ! clo!s damp be=e putt+ !m ?ru ! mangle4 7#b7 ,protect ! mangle f du/ at all times4 7#c7 ,see t belts are prop]ly adju/$ on mangles4 7#d7 ,! cov]+ put on mangle roll]s mu/ be ( ev5 ?ickness1 or !y w n d good "w4 7#e7 ,d n mangle />*$ g>m5ts1 or ^? on :i* are _m or l>ge buttons4 7#f7 ,wax ! /eel roll] :ile x is w>m1 & wipe x clean ) a clo? 7,fig4 #id74 7#g7 ,always remove pressure :5 n us+ mangles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,wax+ roll] ( mangle4 #agh4 ,flat1 or ,sadirons4 ,irons are ( two k9ds--^? :i* mu/ be heat$ on a /ove1 & ! self-heat+ ones4 ,! weight ( ! iron gov]ns ! am\nt ( heat x w absorb1 & ?is is ! am\nt t x w give up 9 iron+4 ,heat is ne$$ to dry clo!s1 & z ! clo? c be smoo!d be/ :5 damp1 b w wr9kle aga9 unless dri$ :ile smoo?1 heat is ess5tial to ! iron+ process4 ,! weight ( ! iron helps 9 ! smoo?+ process4 ,! heavy irons d ! be/ grade ( "w1 b are h>d] to manipulate4 ,! mo/ satisfactory iron = a woman ( av]age /r5g? to manage weighs six to eight p\nds4 ,! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be rememb]$ 9 us+ ! iron3 7#a7 ,rub ru/y irons ) bees'-wax or p>aff9e & wipe ) a clo?4 7#b7 ,wa% irons frequ5tly1 & rub ) s& soap1 ,dut* cleans]1 a%es or salt to poli% !m4 7#c7 ,r9se 9 boil+ wat] & wipe dry4 ,w>m on ! /ove & rub ) bees'-wax1 & set away4 7#d7 ,be=e us+1 wipe ) a clo?4 7#e7 ,d n wa% electric irons--rub ) wax or p>aff9e4 ,wipe (f ) a clean clo?4 7#f7 ,x has be5 f\nd by te/s t ! "t requir$ 9 heat+ ! self-heat+ iron usually equals ! "t requir$ = ! iron to cool aft] ! heat+ has be5 /opp$1 b t an iron cools fa/] on wet1 heavy clo? ?an on ?91 dry clo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,p>ts ( electric iron4 #agi4 ,*>coal ,irons4 ,*>coal is no long] us$ = heat+ irons4 ,x makes too mu* dirt4 ,difficulty is f\nd1 also1 9 keep+ *>coal irons at a con/ant temp]ature4 #ahj4 ,electric ,irons4 ,an electric iron 7,fig4 #ie7 is made up ( a heavy nickel-plat$ base1 a block ( iron :i* holds ! heat1 & a heat+ unit ( small wires1 or a plate1 ?ru :i* ! curr5t passes1 meet+ resi/ance4 ,s9ce resi/ance aga9/ ! fl[ ( an electric curr5t produces heat1 ! iron is heat$4 ,x has a h&le & %ell cov]+ ! heat+ unit to protect ! h& & prev5t loss ( heat ?ru ! top4 ,gett+ electric irons too hot injures ! heat+ unit1 z electricity c heat metals s hot t !y melt4 ,excessive heat may disconnect ! circuit by burn+ ! wires 9 ! iron1 or x may melt ! metal s z to =m a %ort circuit4 ,always foll[ exactly ! directions = connect+ & disconnect+ ! iron ) ! curr5t4 ,"s say disconnect at ! plug betwe5 iron & cord1 or o!rs ! plug plac$ ne> ! socket 7,fig4 #ie-;a74 ,! weake/ "p 9 irons is likely to be 9 ! atta*m5t plug4 ,:5 connect+ ! plug to ! iron1 be sure to get x back 9 place ea* "t4 ,a plug t does n fit well into place may cause sp>k+ & develop suffici5t heat to burn (f ! insulation f ! cord1 if n ! fuses ( ! sy/em to :i* ! iron is atta*$4 ,nev] atta* an iron to a light+ sy/em )\t mak+ sure t ! iron is made to be op]at$ on ! voltage ( ! curr5t to :i* is is connect$4 ,if x is n ! same1 atta*+ ! iron may ei!r burn out ! fuses ( ! light+ sy/em1 or ru9 ! iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie-;a4 ,connect+ plug = electric atta*m5t4 ,op]ate ! iron at a good temp]ature = iron+1 & take c>e to keep x f gett+ hott] ?an is requir$4 #aha4 ,gas ,irons4 ,gas irons are atta*$ to a tube lead+ f a gas pipe4 ,!re is a burn] inside ! iron :i* is g5]ally a /raight rod ) p]=ations 9 x = ! escape ( ! mixture ( gas & air4 ,! air mixes ) ! gas at a po9t ne> :]e ! gas pipe ent]s ! iron4 ,! pr9ciple ( heat+ an iron is ! same z ! heat+ ( a gas /ove 7,fig4 #if74 ,! burn] 9 ! iron is light$1 & z soon z x has heat$ ! iron1 ! iron+ c proce$4 ,! only difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 us+ ?is k9d ( an iron are t a quick1 j]ky /roke may bl[ out ! flame1 & if ! "w is be+ done 9 a drafty place1 ! iron may n heat ev5ly4 ,^! difficulties c be ov]come1 h[ev]4 ,! p]son us+ ! iron c le>n to use a /roke :i* w be rapid & /ill n put out ! flame4 ,! iron+ bo>d may be protect$ f drafts4 ,a gas iron is safe & practical4 ,x is easily controll$ by ! valve admitt+ ! gas4 #ahb4 ,acetyl5e ,irons4 ,acetyl5e irons are simil> to gas irons1 ! diff]5ce 9 !m be+ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! burn]4 #ahc4 ,alcohol ,irons4 ,alcohol irons h a tank atta*$ to !m :i* holds ab\t a half p9t ( alcohol4 ,?is iron is simil> to ! gasol9e iron %[n 9 ,fig4 #ig4 ,"s alcohol is turn$ into ! iron1 & !n ! valve is clos$4 ,?is alcohol is light$ ) a mat* & us$ to heat ! g5]ator 9 ! iron s t x w be hot en\gh to *ange ! alcohol into vapor4 ,z soon z ?is is done1 ! alcohol is aga9 turn$ on & light$4 ,! burn]s 9 ^! irons %\ld be kept free f dirt4 ,l gas irons1 !y %\ld be us$ ) a /roke :i* w n put out ! fire4 ,!y _c be op]at$ 9 a /rong draft4 ,! heat 9 !m c be regulat$ by ! valve :i* controls ! fl[ ( alcohol4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,gas iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,alcohol iron4 #ahd4 ,gasol9e ,irons4 ,!re are two k9ds ( gasol9e irons4 ,9 "o ! tank is a "p ( ! iron 7,fig4 #ig71 & 9 ! o!r ! tank is _m feet away1 :]e ! gasol9e is *ang$ to gas by a cold-process gasol9e gas ma*9e & connect$ ) ! iron by a flexible tube4 ,^! latt] op]ate l o!r gas irons4 ,gasol9e irons ) ! tank atta*$ are op]at$ ! same z alcohol irons4 ,! dang] 9 ^! irons comes 9 ! tanks becom+ ov]heat$4 ,alcohol is us$ fir/ to heat ! g5]ator because x w n smoke ! iron4 ,! gasol9e1 :5 light$1 %\ld burn ) a blue flame4 ,! tank %\ld be "o :i* has be5 te/$ to /& a high gas pressure1 z ! gasol9e 9 ! tank may become heat$ & vaporize4 ,! gas s =m$ mu/ n escape into ! room1 :]e x might be ignit$ by a sp>k4 ,if n all[$ to escape1 x ex]ts consid]able pressure inside ! tank4 ,if ! pressure becomes too great1 x w break ! tank1 escape & ignite f ! flame 9 ! iron4 ,! op5+ = fill+ mu/ always be kept clos$ :5 ! iron is 9 use4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,"p ,,vi #a4 ,expla9 ! con/ruction ( v>i\s types ( wa%+ ma*9es4 ,:at are ! advantages ( ea*8 #b4 ,:at c>e %\ld a roll] wr+] receive8 #c4 ,h[ does a c5trifugal wr+] dry clo!s8 #d4 ,h[ does a mangle diff] f a wr+]8 #e4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 c>e t %\ld be giv5 to a pla9 flat iron & an electric iron8 ,,"p ,,vii ,,h\se-,,clean+ ,,equipm5t ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,vacuum ,,clean]s ,,& ,,clean+ ,,tools #ahe4 ,pr9ciple ,^u ,:i* ,vacuum ,clean] ,works4 ,! pr9ciple ( a vacuum clean] is t1 ?ru suction1 du/ & dirt are drawn f ! floor or o!r surfaces into "s conta9]4 ,if ! p[] ( ! clean] is suffici5t1 x may pick up any?+--b clean]s hav+ a mod]ate am\nt ( p[] are some:at m discrim9at+4 ,!y d1 h[ev]1 remove ! f9e1 greasy dirt t brooms1 bru%es & c>pet sweep]s fail to get4 ,! co>s] dirt & ravel+s may be tak5 up by a c>pet sweep]1 ) a bru%1 or pick$ up by h&4 ,! bru% is comb9$ ) ! clean] 9 _m ma*9es 7,fig4 #ih74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,bru% & vacuum clean] comb9$4 #ahf4 ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,vacuum ,clean]s4 ,!re are clean]s ) bell[s1 pumps or fans to draw 9 air & dirt4 ,! ones ) bell[s 9 !m "w on ! pr9ciple ( a bell[s :i* is rev]s$ s t :5 ! air is drawn 91 x br+s ! dirt ) x4 ,! o!r k9d works ) a fan :i* draws or sucks air f ! floor ?ru a nozzle into ! ma*9e4 ,9 ! ma*9e1 ! du/ is filt]$ out ( ! air & collect$ 9 a pan4 ,! ma*9es ) fans 9 !m are mo/ly p[] ma*9es1 z ! fan mu/ revolve v rapidly4 ,! h& ma*9es are mo/ly ( ! pump & bell[s types4 ,"s are comb9$ ) ! c>pet sweep]1 mak+ two ma*9es 9 "o4 ,) ?is device once go+ ov] ! floor is suffici5t = remov+ bo? co>se & f9e dirt4 ,! h& ma*9es d n h z mu* p[] ( suction z ! p[] ma*9es1 b !y d v satisfactory "w4 ,!y are m effective ?an a c>pet sweep] 9 remov+ dirt1 b !y d n get z mu* ( x z ! /ation>y clean]4 ,remov+ ! %>p grit f rugs & c>pets l5g!ns ! life ( !m s t ! m grit a clean] c remove )\t te>+ ! c>pet1 ! m valuable x is4 ,:5 ! pump type is be+ us$1 ! pi/on is drawn up1 draw+ ) x air & ! dirt :i* is pres5t at ! po9t f :i* ! air comes4 ,a clo? filt]s out ! du/4 ,! air escapes f ! ma*9e be=e ! pi/on is l[]$ to draw 9 m air & dirt4 ,if ?is 7 n true1 ! du/ w\ld be =c$ back z ! pi/on 0 l[]$4 #ahg4 ,nozzle ( ,vacuum ,clean]4 ,! nozzle1 or po9t ( entry ( air into ! ma*9e1 is an important "p ( a vacuum clean]4 ,?is is con/ruct$ s t x fits ! surface f :i* ! dirt is to be drawn1 insur+ ! draw+ up ( du/ z well z air4 ,! dirt is drawn f only a few squ>e in*es ( surface at "o "t4 ,! ?oroness & rapidity ) :i* ! dirt is remov$ dep5ds ^u ! /r5g? ( ! suction or ! p[] ( ! ma*9e4 ,?us1 h& ma*9es may h to be mov$ ov] a surface sev]al times if x is v dirty 9 ord] to get all ! dirt4 ,pla9 solid nozzles "w be/ on c>pets & o!r surfaces ( simil> k9d4 ,!y are n effective on h>d floors1 b ?is is n ess5tial1 z dirt c easily be remov$ f smoo? surfaces ) a bru%4 #ahh4 ,cautions 9 ,us+ ,vacuum ,clean]s4 ,! difficulties to be met ) 9 vacuum clean]s are leaks4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! ma*9e mu/ be fitt$ toge!r p]fectly2 if n1 ! du/ drawn into ! ma*9e escapes into ! air ( ! room in/ead ( into ! collection pan or *amb]4 ,ma*9es are made air-tight1 b to be clean$1 !y mu/ be tak5 ap>t4 ,9 putt+ !m toge!r1 ! h\sekeep] mu/ take pa9s to fit !m toge!r p]fectly4 ,nev] neglect to empty ! du/ *amb]4 ,keep ! ma*9e prop]ly oil$4 ,a punctur$ bell[s or a leaky du/ /ra9] w cause du/ to escape aft] be+ drawn into ! ma*9e4 ,^! h to be rem$i$ ) new p>ts4 ,"s ma*9es leak because ( improp] manipulation1 su* z a too-fa/ or too-j]ky motion 9 op]at+ !m4 ,! directions = ea* ma*9e tell h[ to use x--su* directions _c be giv5 "h because !y diff] s mu*4 ,:5 ! pan has become ov]-full ( dirt1 ! ma*9e w necess>ily ?r[ out du/ z well z air4 ,lett+ ! ma*9e get ov]-full ( du/ may ru9 ! ma*9e by mak+ "s "p leak cont9u\sly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,electric vacuum clean]4 #ahi4 ,diff]5ce ,betwe5 ,h& & ,p[] ,clean]s4 ,p[] ma*9es diff] f h& ones 9 t !y are run by motor p[] 7,figs4 #ii & #ii-;a74 ,!y may h l>g] collect+ *amb]s & may be /ation>y 9 ! cell> & connect$ to ! rooms by long pipes 7,fig4 #ajj74 ,!y mu/ likewise n be ov]-full ( du/4 ,!y mu/ be kept prop]ly adju/$4 ,z ! op]ation ( ! me*anism %akes ! ma*9e1 x may loos5 screws & nuts1 s !y mu/ be kept tight5$4 ,! motor mu/ also be kept 9 ord]4 ,! motors us$ = vacuum clean]s are ! same z ^? us$ on o!r p[] devices4 ,!y may be small electric motors1 =m+ a "p ( ! ma*9e1 or l>ge motors :i* op]ate sev]al ma*9es4 ,9 any case1 !y mu/ be giv5 ! same c>e z any o!r motor ( ! same type4 7,see ,*apt] ,,xxxviii47 ,if !y become ov]heat$1 !y w n "w well4 ,!y mu/ be kept lubricat$ to avoid friction1 & !y mu/ be kept prop]ly adju/$4 ,fig4 #ajj-;a %[s a numb] ( diff]5t atta*m5ts = vacuum clean]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii-;a4 ,electric vacuum clean]1 %[+ p>ts4 #aij4 ,c>pet ,sweep]4 ,a c>pet sweep] is a comb9ation ( bru% & du/ pan4 ,! advantage ( ?is device is t ! du/ is ga!r$ into ! ma*9e z ! bru% rotates1 due to ! action ( ! :eels on :i* ! ma*9e moves4 ,! du/ is collect$ into pans at ea* side ( ! bru%2 ^! are cov]$ s t ! du/ does n fly into ! air z mu* z o!rwise w\ld be ! case 7,fig4 #aja74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,/ation>y vacuum clean]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj-;a4 ,nozzles = vacuum clean]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,section ( c>pet sweep]4 ,oil ! sweep] regul>ly ab\t once a mon? by putt+ "o drop ( oil on ! ball be>+ on ! hub ( ea* :eel4 ,failure to oil c>pet sweep]s causes !m to we> out quickly1 to squeak1 & to run h>d4 ,m oil ?an is ne$$ only ga!rs du/ & gums ! sweep]4 ,empty ! sweep] 7,fig4 #ajb7 ea* "t x is us$1 ev5 dur+ ! sweep+ if necess>y4 ,don't fill x to ov]fl[+4 ,always op5 ! pans by press+ on ! dump lev]s1 n by tak+ hold ( ! pans4 ,don't let ! bru% get tangl$ ) hair1 ravel+s1 etc4 ,take x out occasionally & clean x 7,figs4 #ajc & #ajc-;a74 ,cut along betwe5 ! spiral r[s ( bri/les ) a %>p knife or %e>s1 & ! ravel+s & hairs c be pick$ or comb$ out easily )\t injur+ ! bru% 7,fig4 #ajd74 ,nev] try to pull !m (f :ole4 ,also remove any accumulation ( dirt or ravel+s :i* cat* 9 ! :eels or be>+s4 ,don't let dirt collect 9 any "p ( ! ma*9e4 ,keep x clean4 ,good sweep]s "w be/ )\t extreme pressure on ! h&le4 ,nev] put oil1 wat] or any liquid on ! bri/les4 ,don't keep a sweep] on a w>m-air regi/]--x takes ! life out ( ! bri/les4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,empty+ sweep]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,releas+ bru% 9 sweep]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc-;a4 ,details ( con/ruction ( c>pet sweep]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,cut ravel+s f bru%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,mop wr+]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,ano!r type ( mop wr+]4 #aia4 ,mop ,wr+]s4 ,!re are two k9ds ( mop wr+]s to atta* to pails4 ,"o is made ( two flat surfaces :i*1 :5 press$ toge!r ) ! mop betwe5 7,fig4 #aje71 squeeze ! wat] out ( x1 & ! o!r is made ( two wr+] roll]s :i*1 :5 br\ght toge!r by a lev] aft] ! mop is put betwe5 !m1 rotate z ! mop is pull$ upw>d & wr+ out ! wat] 7,fig4 #ajf74 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,"p ,,vii #a4 ,h[ d vacuum clean]s pick up du/8 #b4 ,describe "s type ( vacuum clean]4 #c4 ,:at c>e %\ld be giv5 a vacuum clean]8 #d4 ,tell h[ to clean a c>pet sweep]4 ,,"p ,,viii ,,devices ,,= ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,food ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,pots1 ,,pans1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,devices #aib4 ,mat]ials f ,:i* ,ut5sils ,are ,made4 ,s9ce !re is consid]able *oice 9 ut5sils made f diff]5t mat]ials1 ! h\sekeep] may l to "k some?+ ab\t ^! mat]ials & ab\t _! c>e1 & ! effect ( acids & alkalis ^u !m4 ,russia iron is "o ( ! old] mat]ials = pots & pans1 & x /ill holds a place 9 cook]y1 = x makes bread1 loaf cake & cooky pans1 :i* give to ! food a ?91 br[n cru/1 due1 und\bt$ly1 to ! way 9 :i* x conducts heat4 7,see tables on page #aeh47 ,t9n$ metal1 :i* is well temp]$1 also1 gives a ?91 br[n cru/ to lay] cakes & pies4 ,x makes good bread1 loaf cake & cooky pans4 ,mo/ ( ! *eap t9 ( today is iron-coat$ ) v little t94 ,x does good "w1 b ut5sils made ( x _c be kept z well poli%$ & z attractive 9 appe>ance z m heavily-t9n$ ones4 ,%eet iron1 heavy /eel & ca/ iron make ! mo/ popul> fry+ pans4 ,! heavy iron1 hold+ heat z x does1 makes a desirable br[n coat+ on mo/ foods )\t ! dang] ( burn+ exp]i5c$ ) fry+ pans ( o!r mat]ials4 ,?is is due to specific heat & conductivity ( ! metal4 ,%eet-iron fry+ pans are useful 9 cook+ foods :i* are want$ on %ort notice4 ,! small-siz$ ones are mo/ 9 use4 #aic4 ,alum9um ,alloy4 ,satisfactory fry+ pans are made f alum9um alloy$ ) o!r metal & ca/4 ,real alum9um fry+ pans w>p4 ,!y d n br[n ! food z well z mat]ials t conduct heat less rapidly4 #aid4 ,ca/-,iron ,ut5sils4 ,heavy ca/ iron f9ds special favor 9 ! mak+ ( pot roa/s1 bread /icks & popov]s4 ,x br[ns ! roa/ & makes a ?ick cru/ on bread /icks & popov]s4 ,all iron or t9 ut5sils give bett] s]vice z !y become temp]$ ) use4 ,!y mu/ be kept dry 9 ord] to prev5t ru/4 ,d n use !m = cook+ acid foods4 ,granite1 ca/ alum9um & ,russia iron are ! popul> & satisfactory mat]ials = roa/+ pans4 #aie4 ,e>!nw>e4 ,= cass]oles & bean pots1 e>!nw>e is a favorite mat]ial1 ! heavy glass gives equally good results4 ,^! mat]ials are fitt$ = long1 sl[ bak+ ( food4 ,!y hold heat & conduct x to ! food 9 su* a way z to produce results :i* are difficult to duplicate ) ut5sils ( o!r mat]ials4 #aif4 ,alum9um & ,granitew>e4 ,/ew pans are prov+ satisfactory :5 made ( alum9um & ( high-grade granitew>e4 ,an assortm5t ( pans & d\ble boil]s conta9+ ut5sils ( ea* mat]ial gives ! be/ results1 z ! granite is mo/ desirable = cook+ "s acid & v salty food1 :ile alum9um is light & satisfactory = prep>+ o!r di%es4 ,nev] let food /& 9 alum9um or granite di%es aft] be+ cook$4 ,high-grade granitew>e is n z readily affect$ by acids z ! l[1 *eap grade4 ,enamel$ w>e1 :i* is r\gh5$ by a dilute solution ( v9eg>1 is likely to conta9 sub/ances injuri\s to heal?4 ,ink w n /a9 good enamel$ w>e4 ,granitew>e1 l glass & e>!nw>e1 makes a heavy cru/ on ! di%es be+ bak$ 9 !m4 ,granitew>e is metal1 coat$ ) a sort ( glass4 ,x mu/ be treat$ l glass4 ,x cracks :5 dropp$4 ,nev] set x on a hot /ove :5 empty or cold1 z ! heat ( ! /ove w crack x z x w glass4 ,:5 hot1 d n set x on a cold m>ble or a metal table top1 z sudd5 *anges 9 temp]ature w crack x4 ,) prop] c>e1 granite & enamel$ w>e give good s]vice4 ,granitew>e is prov+ desirable = mak+ ut5sils = use on electric /oves1 ! conductivity ( ! glass coat+ be+ s l[1 t x conducts ! heat to ! top ( ! pan sl[ly s ! food 9 x gets to cook+ quick] ?an 9 ut5sils made ( mo/ ( ! o!r mat]ials4 ,alum9um is easily d5t$ & w>p$ by extreme heat4 ,x is attack$ by "s /rong acids & /rong solutions ( salt1 soda & fruit juices4 ,alum9um may be h>d5$ by ! addition ( six to sev5 p] c5t ( copp] s t x c be ca/ into ut5sils4 ,great c>e mu/ be us$ n to use clean+ p[d]s :i* conta9 /rong alkalis = clean+ alum9um w>e4 ,x has light weight1 &1 :5 poli%$1 is v attractive4 ,) prop] h&l+1 x gives good s]vice4 #aig4 ,mix+ ,spoons4 ,! wood5 mix+ spoon gives be/ results1 z x does n m> ! ut5sils1 & ! h&le does n become z hot z metal4 ,h>d maple or orange wood cut 9 a pla9 design makes ! be/ spoon4 ,acids d n attack x4 ,plat$ silv] or solid nickel spoons come next 9 usefulness4 ,s(t] metals we> (f too fa/ to be satisfactory4 ,nickel is a mo/ desirable mat]ial = h\sehold ut5sils1 b is v exp5sive4 ,x is n 9 common use 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,conductivity ,,& ,,specific ,,heat ,,( ,,metals ,,metal ,,conductivity ,,specific ,,heat ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,silv] #a4jj #j4jeei ,copp] 4#gd 4#jibc ,alum9um 4#dh 4#bjbb ,t9 4#ae 4#jeji ,iron 4#ab 4#ajih ,glass 4#jjag ,silicon 4#aei at #aj ,c4 4#bjbi at #bcb ,c4 ,nickel 4#ajhd ,tung/5 4#jce ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,p>]s1 ,,se$]s1 ,,gr9d]s1 ,,slic]s1 ,,etc4 #aih4 ,fruit & ,vegetable ,p>]s ) ,knives4 ,p>]s ( ! type ) a knife h a =k-l device on :i* ! fruit or vegetable is held :ile a knife blade1 atta*$ to a %aft gov]n$ by a spr+1 is press$ aga9/ ! fruit or vegetable s t x cuts (f a ?9 lay] ( ! surface4 ,bo? ! fruit & ! knife are caus$ to rotate s t ! :ole surface ( ! sph]e-l object w be cov]$ by ! blade ( ! knife dur+ "o or m revolutions ( ! :eel :i* op]ates !m 7,fig4 #ajg74 ,! knife is gu>d$ s t x cuts only a ?9 lay] f ! out] surface ( ! fruit or vegetable4 ,aft] ! knife has made ! complete j\rney ov] ! surface1 a device atta*$ to ! ma*9e pu%es ! object f ! =k s t a new "o may be put 9 its place4 ,p>]s are q complicat$ devices1 b !y h be5 p]fect$ s t !y are n clumsy1 & "s c core apples1 /one pea*es & slice ! fruit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,p>]4 ,keep ?is type ( ma*9e dry s t x w n ru/4 ,d n put x into wat]4 ,wipe (f ! blade ( ! knife & ! =k :5 ?ru p>+1 s t ! acid ( ! fruit w n discolor !m & dull ! knife4 ,keep ! o!r p>ts dry & oil$4 ,9 "t ! spr+ gov]n+ ! knife becomes weak & ! ma*9e w n d good "w4 ,?is spr+ c be replac$ on "s ma*9es4 ,p>]s are usually made ( *eap mat]ial s t a new ma*9e co/s less ?an ! repairs4 #aii4 ,p>]s ,:i* ,grate ,(f ,sk9s4 ,ano!r type ( p>] is a grat]-l device4 ,?is is us$ 9 l>g] e/abli%m5ts ?an ! ord9>y home1 b is useful :]e !re is mu* cann+ ( h>d fruits or vegetables to be done at home4 ,x consi/s ( a conta9]1 ! inside ( :i* is r\gh l a grat]4 ,! vegetables or apples are put into ! conta9] ) wat] en\gh to float & sep>ate !m1 & ! :ole is agitat$ s t ! vegetables com+ aga9/ ! sides h ! out] surface remov$ or grat$ (f4 ,! wat] acts z ! m$ium = mov+ ! vegetables & = remov+ ! bits ( sk9 f ! sides ( ! p>]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,*]ry /on]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,gr9d]4 ,keep ?is p>] clean by scrubb+ ! inside ) a /iff bru% & r9s+ well ) wat] aft] us+4 ,keep 9 a dry place4 #bjj4 ,se$]s & ,/on]s4 ,se$]s & /on]s are con/ruct$ to pun* out ! se$s :i* are conta9$ 9 *]ries1 grapes1 rais9s1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4 ,p>ts ( ,corona gr9d]4 #bja4 ,*]ry ,/on]4 ,a simple *]ry /on] 7,fig4 #ajh7 consi/s ( a small plat=m ) a rod slightly small] 9 diamet] ?an a *]ry /one4 ,! *]ry is put on an incl9$ plane s t x rolls ov] ! hole4 ,! *]ry usually /ays on ! rod until ?is rod is lift$2 !n x passes betwe5 two gu>ds :i* pu%es ! *]ry (f on ano!r incl9e1 :]e x rolls into a pan 7,fig4 #ajh74 ,!re are sev]al makes ( /on]s1 b mo/ ( !m "w on ?is pr9ciple1 :e!r ! rod is lift$ by h& or mov$ by a crank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,p>ts ( ,univ]sal gr9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,vegetable slic]4 #bjb4 ,gr9d]s4 ,gr9d]s are ( two pr9cipal types--! roll] & ! burr4 ,c(fee & o!r h& mills are ( ! burr type 7,figs4 #aji & #aaj74 ,! food pass+ betwe5 ^! r\gh surfaces is gr\nd to a f9e p[d] z "o is turn$ on ! o!r4 #bjc4 ,*opp]s or ,meat ,gr9d]s4 ,*opp]s or meat gr9d]s1 z !y are sometimes call$1 consi/ ( a spiral *annel1 ?ru :i* ! food is pu%$ along4 ,knives are plac$ 9 ! sides ( "s ma*9es to *op ! food z x passes1 :ile 9 o!rs ! knives are only at ! outlet4 ,keep ! f+]s out ( ! hopp] :5 ! *opp] is be+ op]at$4 ,keep ! ma*9e clean & dry :5 n 9 use 7,fig4 #aaa74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4 ,univ]sal vegetable slic]4 #bjd4 ,*opp]s4 ,*opp]s h be5 made :i* really *op ! food )\t cru%+ x1 b ^! ma*9es are s clumsy & noisy1 t !y h n come into common h\sehold use4 ,!y consi/ ( *opp+ knives :i* are rais$ & l[]$ by lev]s & a crank4 #bje4 ,slic]s4 ,slic]s v>y 9 design4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations 7,figs4 #aab & #aac7 %[ two diff]5t types4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to gu>d ! f+]s :5 us+ slic]s4 ,wa% ! knives & keep !m dry :5 n 9 use4 ,a soil$ knife gets dull fa/] ?an a clean1 dry "o4 #bjf4 ,l>d & ,fruit ,presses2 ,sausage ,/uff]s4 ,presses & /uff]s are ( two types--! "o :i* dep5ds on ! weight ex]t$ on a long lev]1 & ! o!r :i* dep5ds on a screw to press ! sub/ances4 ,! screw =ces a flat bo>d or surface d[n ^u ! food z x is turn$4 ,m pressure = ! size ( ! device c be secur$ ) ! screw ?an is practical ) a weight on ! long arm ( a lev] 7,fig4 #aad74 ,! /uff] is l a press1 except t ! food is =c$ out "o hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,l>d & fruit press4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,mix]s1 ,,beat]s ,,& ,,*urns2 ,,c(fee ,,pots #bjg4 ,use ( ,mix]s1 ,beat]s & ,*urns4 ,mix]s1 beat]s & *urns are all devices = agitat+ or /irr+ food4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,p>ts ( bread mix]4 ,! simpl] ones ( ^! devices dep5d ^u ! motion ( ! h& 7,fig4 #aae71 :ile o!rs h _! velocity increas$ by means ( cog :eels4 ,! turn+ ( ! l>ge :eel turns ! small :eel z _m times z numb] ( cogs on ! small :eel is conta9$ 9 ! numb] on ! l>ge :eel 7see ,fig4 #aaf74 ,to get ev5 m spe$ or to apply ! p[] at a diff]5t angle1 a s]ies ( :eels are sometimes us$4 ,a few mix]s1 l ! bread mix]1 are simply ma*9es :i* take ! h&s out ( ! food1 ?us t5d+ to a high] degree ( sanitation1 & a *ange 9 ! motion :i* may n be s tir+ z knead+4 ,!y d n increase ! spe$ ( mix+4 ,bread made 9 a mix] has a some:at diff]5t texture ?an bread knead$ by h&1 b ?is does n *ange its nutritive value4 #bjh4 ,c>e ( ,^! ,devices4 ,! pr9cipal c>e ne$$ by ^! devices is t !y be kept clean & ! cog :eels dry4 ,v little oil %\ld be us$1 z x w\ld t5d to get x into ! food4 ,sometimes ! rivet hold+ a :eel ne$s to be tight5$1 z1 = example1 :5 "o becomes s loose t ! :eel slips cogs4 ,if x is too tight1 ! :eel may b9d & "w h>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,view %[+ int]nal arrangem5t ( cake mix]4 #bji4 ,freez]s4 ,! freez] is a mix] 9 a c :i* is 9 turn set 9 a freez+ mixture ( ice & salt4 ,freez+ c be done )\t /irr+ ! cream4 ,?is makes a cream fill$ ) cry/als1 :ile if /irr$1 x w be smoo? & velvety because x freezes m ev5ly4 ,! rapidity ( freez+ & ! proportion ( ! ice & salt affect ! f95ess ( ! gra9 ( ! froz5 di%4 ,a freez] is design$ n only to /ir ! food1 b to scrape x f ! sides ( ! c4 ,t :i* freezes fir/ mu/ be /irr$ into ! middle ( ! c2 o!rwise1 x w\ld =m a h>d froz5 lay] ( cream on ! sides1 leav+ ! middle unfroz51 & int]f]e ) ! turn+ ( ! paddle or beat]4 ,9 ! bottom ( ! outside bucket1 hold+ ! ice & salt1 is a socket into :i* ! pivot on ! bottom ( ! c fits4 ,! c turns on ?is pivot 9 ! direction opposite to :i* ! paddle is turn+4 ,"s freez]s are made s t ! c /ays /ation>y4 ,! function ( ! pivot is !n to hold ! c 9 ! c5t] ( ! pail s t ! paddle w be 9 ! prop] position to turn easily4 #baj4 ,c>e ( ,freez]s4 ,! pail ( wood %\ld n be /or$ 9 a v dry place :5 n 9 use4 ,! c & paddle mu/ be kept clean & dry s t !y w n ru/4 ,! be>+s & :eels :i* turn ! paddle & c mu/ be kept dry & oil$4 ,!re is a hole 9 ! upp] "p ( ! tub or pail 9 :i* ! c sets1 & ?is %\ld be kept op5 z x is plac$ slightly bel[ ! level ( ! top ( ! c s z to dra9 (f any wat] f ! melt+ ice :i* o!rwise might get into ! c & make ! food salty4 ,"s freez]s h ano!r hole at ! bottom ( ! tub4 ,?is %\ld be kept clos$ :ile food is be+ froz54 ,x is useful to dra9 (f ! wat] f ! tub :5 ! freez] is to be repack$ or empti$4 ,x %\ld n be op5$ at any o!r "t4 #baa4 ,*urns4 ,*urn+ c be done ) almo/ any device :i* agitates ! cream1 b ! *urns :i* are simple/ are mo/ easily clean$ & lea/ wa/eful ( butt]4 ,!y are b>rels or o!r conta9]s :i* revolve or sw+ backw>d & =w>d4 ,keep *urns clean & well air$ s !y w n give up odors & flavors to ! butt]4 ,aft] a *urn has be5 us$1 r9se x ) cold wat] & !n wa% x 9 hot wat]1 to :i* wa%+ soda has be5 add$4 ,la/ly1 r9se ) scald+ wat]4 ,leave op5 to air :5 n 9 use1 b protect f du/ & dirt4 #bab4 ,drip ,c(fee ,pots4 ,drip c(fee is made 9 a funnel or a cup-%ap$ device :i* is susp5d$ 9 a c(fee pot 7,fig4 #aag74 ,?is is made ei!r ( clo? or p]=at$ metal4 ,! c(fee is pulv]iz$ & pack$ into ! funnel4 ,cold wat] is p\r$ on top ( ! c(fee & sl[ly filt]s ?ru x1 extract+ flavor+ sub/ances4 ,! wat] is heat$ aft] x has filt]$ ?ru ! c(fee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,drip funnel 9 p]colator4 #bac4 ,p]colator ,c(fee ,pots4 ,a c(fee p]colator is a device put 9 a c(fee pot to hold ! gr\nd c(fee above ! wat] & pump "s ( ! wat] to ! top ( ! pot s t x c seep back d[n ?ru ! gr\nd c(fee 7,fig4 #aah74 ,a p]=at$ cup ) a p]=at$ cov] holds ! c(fee4 ,?ru ! c5t] ( ?is cup passes a small tube to ! top ( ! pot4 ,at ! bottom ( ! tube is a flat plate ) turn$-d[n edges or o!r device :i* supports ! pipe & re/s on ! bottom ( ! pot4 ,a small am\nt ( wat] gets "u ?is & into ! pipe4 ,! heat 9 ! /ove turns ! wat] next ! bottom to /eam1 & ?is /eam1 9 escap+1 =ces ! wat] 9 ! pipe to ! top ( ! pot1 & raises ! device slightly s t m wat] fl[s "u x & into ! pipe1 & aga9 /eam is =m$ & m wat] =c$ to ! top ( ! pot4 7,see ,sec4 #afa1 ,suction ,wa%]s47 ,aft] be+ =c$ out ( ! top ( ! pipe1 ! wat] falls 9 a spray on ! cov] ( ! cup & seeps d[n ?ru ! c(fee back into ! ma9 "p ( ! c(fee pot4 ,! pump+ devices 9 p]colators may diff] some:at 9 design1 b ! work+ pr9ciple is ! same--t /eam is light] ?an wat] & c be g5]at$ 9 am\nts :i* w =ce wat] up ?ru ! c5tral tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4 ,p]colator4 ,c(fee gr\nds mu/ n be all[$ to get into ! small tube1 = !y w h9d] ! fl[ ( ! wat]4 ,! holes 9 ! cup & cov] mu/ be kept op54 ,!re is less wa/e 9 us+ f9ely-gr\nd c(fee ?an ! co>sely-gr\nd 9 p]colators4 ,a small tube bru% is ne$$ = clean+ p]colators4 ,! c(fee mu/ n be gr\nd s f9e t x w sift ?ru ! p]=ations 9 ! cup4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,di%-,,wa%]s1 ,,cann]s ,,& ,,dry]s ,! di%-wa%]s 7,fig4 #aai7 h f\nd a place 9 hotels & l>ge e/abli%m5ts1 !y are /ill 9 ! exp]im5tal /age = g5]al h\sehold use4 ,small ma*9es on ! m>ket1 patt]n$ aft] ! hotel type1 are giv+ good results = home use4 ,:5 us+ ^! ma*9es1 place ! di%es 9 !m 9 ! mann] direct$ & use z mu* wat] z is call$ =4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4 ,di%-wa%]4 ,"s di% wa%]s "w on ! plan ( revolv+ ! di%es 9 ! wat]1 "s 9 =c+ ! wat] ov] ! di%es1 & o!rs by agitation ( bo? di%es & wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai-;a4 ,small di%-wa%] = h\sehold use4 ,keep ! pan wa%$ clean4 ,keep all be>+s prop]ly oil$4 ,h ! ma*9e dry :5 n 9 use4 ,!re is lea/ breakage 9 ! wa%]s :i* hold ! di%es /ation>y 7,figs4 #aai1-;a1-b &-c74 ,"o type ( di%-wa%] has no motor2 ! =ce ( ! runn+ wat] wa%es ! di%es4 ,?is c only be us$ :]e ! wat] supply is abundant & "u consid]able pressure4 ,! wa%]s equipp$ ) paddles = ?r[+ ! wat] ov] ! di%es use ab\t a di%panful ( wat] = wa%+ ! di%es1 & z mu* m = scald+ & r9s+ !m4 ,:5 well scald$ 9 ! di%-wa%]1 ! di%es w dry if ! cov] to ! wa%] is left op54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai-;b4 ,walk] di%-wa%]4 #bad4 ,di% ,dry]4 ,!re is a numb] ( di% dry]s on ! m>ket :i* hold ! di%es sep>ate f ea* o!r4 ,into ^! dry]s1 boil+ hot wat] is p\r$1 ov] ! di%es4 ,!re is provision = ! wat] be+ dra9$ away imm$iately1 & ! heat x imp>ts to ! di%es dries !m4 7,fig4 #aai-;c47 #bae4 ,clean+ ,silv]4 ,silv] c be clean$ 9 an alum9um pan fill$ ) wat] & soda4 ,!re are silv] clean]s :i* are m]ely alum9um pans ) :i* come directions = proportion+ ! soda & ! wat]4 ,a mixture ( salt & bak+ soda is sometimes us$1 comb9$ ) a piece ( z9c 9 an alum9um pan4 ,! salt1 soda1 z9c & silv] are put into ! alum9um pan & set on ! /ove4 ,! action ( ! salt & soda on ! metals produces an electrolytic action :i* bright5s ! silv]4 ,d n use ?is me?od ( clean+ on gray or color$ silv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai-;c4 ,tray = hold+ di%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4 ,wat] ba? cann]4 #baf4 ,cann]s4 ,cann]s are devices = /]iliz+ fruit & o!r food :i* is be+ cann$4 ,! wa%-boil] type consi/s ( a boil] or kettle ) a rack 9 ! bottom to raise ! j>s an in* or s f its bottom to prev5t ! crack+ ( ! j>s4 ,x has a cov] to keep ! heat uni=m4 ,! wat] 9 ! cann] mu/ entirely cov] ! j>4 ,?is is usually call$ a wat] ba?1 z ! j>s mu/ be completely subm]g$ 9 ! wat] 7,figs4 #abj & #abj-;a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj-;a4 ,small cann+ outfit4 #bag4 ,wat] ,seal4 ,wat]-seal cann]s are l ! wat]-ba? cann]s1 except t ! cov] has a flange on x1 ! dep? ( ! boil]1 & ab\t two in*es f ! sides ( x4 ,?is makes a jacket ( wat] betwe5 ! flange & sides ( ! cann]4 ,?is causes ! temp]ature inside to rise ab\t two degrees above ! ord9>y temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,food c be /]iliz$ 9 a little %ort] "t 9 ?is cann] ?an 9 ! ord9>y wat] ba?4 ,x is z important t ! wat] entirely cov] ! j> 9 ?is cann] z 9 ! wat] ba?4 #bah4 ,pressure ,cann]s4 ,pressure cann]s are made v /rong & h cov]s :i* fit tight1 mak+ x possible to raise ! temp]ature 9 !m consid]ably above ! boil+ temp]ature ( wat]1 s ! food may be /]iliz$ 9 a v %ort "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4 ,pressure cann] %[+ pet cock4 ,! pressure cann] has ei!r a rack or a p]=at$ pail on ! inside to raise ! j>s f ! bottom z 9 o!r cann]s4 ,x is also fitt$ ) a /eam gage :i* regi/]s ! p\nds ( pressure 9 ! cann]4 ,five to fifte5 p\nds pressure is us$ = cann+4 ,! am\nt ( pressure ne$$ & ! "t ( /]iliz+ dep5ds on ! organism pres5t4 ,a high] pressure is an indication ( a high] temp]ature 9 ! cann]4 ,aft] ! j>s are fill$ & put 9 ! cann]1 ! cov] is fa/5$ d[n tight by ?umb-screws4 ,!re is a pet cock :i* is kept op5 :5 ! cann] is fir/ heat+1 to let ! air be =c$ out by ! fir/ /eam :i* =ms4 ,z soon z ! /eam beg9s to escape1 ! pet cock is clos$ & ! temp]ature inside ( ! cann] beg9s to rise above ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] 7,fig4 #aba74 ,on ! cann] is a safety valve :i* is set s t ! in/ant a c]ta9 numb] ( p\nds ( pressure is rea*$1 x is lift$ up by ! /eam4 ,"s ( ! /eam !n escapes1 ?us prev5t+ ! pressure 9 ! cann] becom+ s great t !re is dang] ( its explod+4 #bai4 ,use ( ! ,cann]4 ,wat] is put into ! cann] to rea* to ! bottom ( ! rack4 ,! j>s are fill$ accord+ to cann+ directions & are set 9 ! cann]4 ,:5 ! j>s are 91 ! cov] is adju/$ to ! cann] & screw$ on tight s t no /eam w escape betwe5 ! cov] & ! cann]4 ,! pet cock is left op5 until /eam beg9s to escape ?ru x z ! cann] is heat+ on ! /ove4 ,:5 /eam beg9s to come1 ! pet cock %\ld be clos$1 & ! /eam-gage h& !n beg9s to turn1 indicat+ t ! pressure 9 ! cann] is ris+4 ,:5 ! /eam-gage rea*es ! po9t desir$1 ! safety valve is adju/$ s t ! /eam w escape %\ld ! pressure cont9ue to rise4 ,until ! op]ator kn[s :]e to set ! weight to ! safety valve1 leave x well out to ! end ( ! rod until ! pressure 9 ! cann] has rea*$ ! desir$ po9t4 ,!n move ! weight to ! po9t on ! arm ( ! valve :i* w j keep 9 ! /eam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4 ,device = seal+ t9 c4 ,be sure ! cov] is prop]ly adju/$4 ,be sure to exhau/ ! air f ! cann] be=e clos+ ! pet cock4 ,keep ! fire s t ! desir$ pressure w be ma9ta9$ )\t ! escape ( /eam f ! safety valve4 ,:5 /eam escapes f ! cann] ?ru ! pet cock at a rapid rate1 x may cause liquid to fl[ out ( ! j>s4 ,be c]ta9 to let ! cann] cool until ! indicator on ! /eam-gage has rea*$ z]o be=e op5+ ! cann]4 ,:5 ! indicator po9ts to z]o1 op5 ! pet cock4 ,if a heavy /ream ( /eam />ts to escape f x1 close x aga9 & wait a few m9utes long]4 ,te/ aga9 by op5+ ! pet cock2 if a v little /ream ( /eam escapes1 leave ! pet cock op5 & wait until /eam has /opp$ escap+ f x4 ,n[ loos5 ! screws hold+ ! cov] 9 place4 ,p>tially loos5 ea* screw4 ,:5 ?is is done1 fully loos5 all & lift (f ! cov]4 ,^! precautions are tak5 to prev5t ! op]ator f be+ burn$ by /eam or gett+ hurt by ! cov] be+ lift$ by ! /eam4 ,x also prev5ts ! break+ ( glass j>s due to sudd5 pressure *anges4 ,nev] let ! cann] cool s long be=e ! pet cock is op5$ t air w ru% into x1 due to ! vacuum :i* is sure to =m :5 ! /eam is cool$ if ! pet cock is n op5$4 ,su* a condition may break ! j>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4 ,dry]4 ,t9 cans are seal$ ) a device 7,fig4 #abb7 :i* folds ! edge ( ! cov] ov] ! top ( ! c s tightly x w n leak4 #bbj4 ,dry]s4 ,dry]s are devices to hold ! food be+ dri$ 9 a ?9 lay] s t ! air c be circulat$ ?ru x freely4 ,sometimes !y are devis$ to direct curr5ts ( air ?ru ! dry+ mat]ial4 ,if ! air is heat$1 ! dry+ is ha/5$ 7,fig4 #abc74 ,a sieve on :i* food is spread hung above ! /ove is a simple dry+ device & "o ( ! mo/ practical = home use4 ,! heat curr5ts ris+ f ! /ove pass ?ru ?is & dry ! food4 ,_m dry]s are con/ruct$ on ?is same pr9ciple1 hav+ a heat+ unit bel[ & trays ( food above4 ,^! trays h to be %ift$ f "t to "t1 z ! moi/ure f ! l[] ones rises ) ! heat to ! upp] trays1 ?us ret>d+ _! dry+4 ,! top trays1 if too num]\s1 are useless on ?is acc\nt4 ,two or ?ree seem to be all t c be us$ ) advantage at "o "t 9 home dry]s1 ! "s ma*9es are made ) _m m4 ,ano!r type ( dry] has a fan device 9 x :i* =ces ! air ?ru at a fa/] rate ?an w\ld be accompli%$ by heat alone4 ,su* air %\ld pass ?ru a /ra9]4 ,ord9>y air1 ev5 :5 drawn f a clean room1 c>ries mu* du/ ) x1 & if ! du/ is n /ra9$ out previ\sly1 x is /ra9$ out by ! food4 ,?is injures ! quality ( ! product4 ,l>ge comm]cial dry]s provide su* a /ra9]4 #bba4 ,c>e ( ,dry]s4 ,dry]s %\ld be kept clean4 ,!y %\ld n be heat$ en\gh to cook ! food4 ,set !m 9 a dry1 airy place4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,sep>ators ,,& ,,emulsifi]s #bbb4 ,cream ,sep>ators4 ,a cream sep>ator is a device = sep>at+ cream f milk4 ,sep>ation c be done be/ :ile ! milk is /ill w>m 7,fig4 #abd74 ,sep>ators %\ld be set 9 a bright1 dry1 airy place free f du/ & dirt4 ,ne> ! sep>ator %\ld be a conv5i5t place = air+ & sunn+ ! t9 p>ts :i* come 9 contact ) ! milk4 ,! base = ! sep>ator %\ld be solid en\gh s t x w n %ake :ile ! ma*9e is be+ op]at$4 ,if set on a wood5 floor1 see t ! bo>ds are nail$ 9 place1 & if ! floor is ?91 put heavy /rips to cov] sev]al bo>ds across x4 ,fa/5 ! /rips firmly to ! floor & set ! sep>ator on !m4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is set up1 be sure t x is set level4 #bbc4 ,diff]5t ,types ( ,sep>ators4 ,!re are two types ( sep>ators--"o :i* conta9s discs ( metal 7,fig4 #abe71 & ! o!r :i* dep5ds ^u a cyl9d] 9 :i* ! milk rotates 7,fig4 #abd7 = ! sep>ation ( ! cream f ! skim milk4 ,fig4 #abf %[s a sectional view ( ! ,de,laval sep>ator4 ,cream is light] ?an milk1 & :5 milk & cream are :irl$ rapidly1 ! milk1 be+ heavi]1 flies to ! outside ( ! conta9]1 & ! cream /ays ne> ! c5t]4 ,two pails :irl$ rapidly made ! fir/ sep>ator ev] us$1 b t 0 clumsy & impractical4 ,mod]n sep>ators consi/ ( a pan :i* holds ! milk1 & :i* lets x fl[ 9 a /ream into ! portion ( ! ma*9e :i* is be+ :irl$ rapidly by ! turn+ ( ! :eel at ! side4 ,!re is a place 9 ! rotat+ "p :i* lets ! cream fl[ f ! c5t] into "o conta9]1 & ! milk fl[ f ! outside to ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4 ,cream sep>ator4 ,! p>ts ( ! ma*9e mu/ be fitt$ toge!r prop]ly2 o!rwise1 x w fail to d good "w4 ,always turn ! :eel at ! spe$ indicat$ = ! ma*9e ) discs4 ,if !re is no spe$ indicat$1 turn z fa/ z ne$$ = good sep>ation ( milk & cream4 ,take c>e n to drop & d5t any ( ! t9 p>ts4 ,adju/ = ! d5sity desir$ = ! cream4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4 ,discs 9 ,de,laval cream sep>ator4 #bbd4 ,wa%+ ! ,ma*9e4 ,z soon z milk has be5 skimm$ ) ! sep>ator1 p\r "s wat] into ! b[l & run x ?ru ! sep>ator ! same z ! milk4 ,wa% ! b[l & o!r p>ts 9 hot wat] 9 :i* wa%+ soda has be5 dissolv$4 ,r9se 9 cle> wat]1 & !n scald ) boil+ wat]4 ,once a week give x a m ?oro wa%+1 scrubb+ all p>ts ) a bru%4 ,sun ! p>ts :5 n 9 use4 #bbe4 ,oil+4 ,! me*anical p>ts :i* :irl ! sep>ator %\ld be kept oil$4 ,9 oil+1 foll[ ! directions :i* come ) ! ma*9e4 ,use a good grade ( oil4 #bbf4 ,:ey ,sep>ator4 ,a :ey sep>ator is a ma*9e v mu* simil> to a milk & cream sep>ator4 ,x is us$ 9 homes :]e mu* *eese is manufactur$4 ,x %\ld be giv5 ! same c>e z o!r sep>ators4 ,an homog5iz] is a device us$ to give :ole milk a consi/5cy :i* is mu* l cream4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4 ,sectional view ( sep>ator4 #bbg4 ,emulsifi]4 ,! emulsifi] is a device = comb9+ dri$ :ole milk ) wat]1 or dri$ skim milk ) wat] & butt] fat s t !y make a recon/ruct$ milk ( almo/ ! same composition z new milk4 ,an emulsifi] is ( int]e/ to ! woman :o lives 9 ! city4 ,emulsifi]s are us$ 9 l>ge in/itutions4 ,"s h be5 in/all$ 9 settlem5t h\ses & public s*ools4 ,!y might be own$ by communities :]e p might use a l>ge am\nt ( dri$ milk4 ,9 ! emulsifi]1 ! milk1 wat] & sweet butt] are w>m$4 ,aft] ?is1 !y pass ?ru a device look+ mu* l a sep>ator1 b :i* mixes ! +r$i5ts toge!r in/ead ( sep>at+ !m4 ,f ! mix] ! milk passes ov] a cool+ device1 & is ready = use4 ,?is ma*9e %\ld be kept clean1 & ! p>ts :i* come 9 contact ) ! milk scald$ out ) hot wat] aft] be+ r9s$ ) cold wat]4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,"p ,,viii #a4 ,:at metals w\ld y select = a pan to use :5 a ?9 cru/ is want$8 ,:at mat]ials produce ?ick cru/s8 #b4 ,= :at purposes w\ld y *oose alum9um8 ,granite8 ,ca/ iron8 ,glass8 ,e>!nw>e8 ,on :at basis w\ld y make a *oice ( ut5sils8 ,:y w\ldn't glass make a good ice-cream freez]8 #c4 ,:at are ! ess5tials ( good p>]s1 slic]s & cor]s8 #d4 ,:at k9d ( di% wa%]s are prov+ ! mo/ helpful8 #e4 ,describe a silv]-clean+ device4 ,does ! use ( su* devices h>m ! silv]w>e8 #f4 ,:at is a wat]-ba? cann]8 ,h[ w\ld y make "o8 #g4 ,:at may cause glass j>s 9 pressure cook]s to break8 #h4 ,h[ may ! breakage be prev5t$8 #i4 ,expla9 ! ways 9 :i* cream may be sep>at$ f milk4 #aj4 ,h[ d sep>ators help8 ,,"p ,,ix ,,sundry ,,devices ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,dumbwait]s ,,& ,,o!r ,,h\se ,,furni%+s #bbh4 ,dumbwait]s & ,w9d[ ,adju/m5ts4 ,dumbwait]s & elevators are us$ 9 homes :]e ! kit*5 is on a diff]5t floor f ! d9+-room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4 ,spr+ pulley = w9d[s4 ,! simple/ ones are a set ( %elves c\nt]balanc$ by weights4 ,:5 ! elevator is rais$1 ! weights drop d[n1 & :5 x is l[]$1 ! weights rise4 ,w9d[ weights hung ov] a pulley 9 ! top ( ! w9d[ sa% "w on ! same pr9ciple z dumbwait]s--! weights help 9 rais+ ! w9d[4 ,! only c>e ne$$ is to replace ! rope :5 worn4 ,ano!r w9d[ pulley is made ( metal l t 9 a clock spr+ 7,fig4 #abg74 ,! spr+ is drawn out :5 ! w9d[ is l[]$1 & ! weight ( ! w9d[ is j en\gh to hold x1 s v little =ce is ne$$ to raise ! w9d[1 z ! spr+ is pull+ on x1 too4 #bbi4 ,*eck ,valves4 ,*eck valves are made to prev5t doors f slamm+4 ,!y are us$ 9 (fices & public build+s1 &1 occasionally1 9 homes 7,fig4 #abh74 ,"o k9d conta9s glyc]9e & ca/or oil1 :i* move f "o comp>tm5t to ano!r z ! door is op5$ & sl[ly fl[ back z a spr+ pulls ! door %ut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4 ,*eck valve4 ,! o!r k9d is op]at$ by compress$ air & a spr+4 ,! air causes ! /eady action ( ! door /op4 ,ano!r type ( pneumatic h+e is atta*$ to a door :i* is hung s t x w\ld naturally sw+ %ut4 ,:5 ! door is op5$1 ! air is exhau/$ f "p ( ! h+e4 ,aft] x has be5 op5$1 ! sl[ equalization ( ! air inside ! door /op & outside all[s ! door to close sl[ly )\t slamm+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4 ,door hold]4 #bcj4 ,door ,fa/5]4 ,a door fa/5] 7,fig4 #abi7 is a small device :i* has a /rong spr+ on ! inside4 ,:5 ! spr+ is releas$1 x pu%es d[n on a rod :i* is capp$ ) rubb]4 ,:5 d[n1 ?is comes 9 contact ) ! floor & holds ! door 9 place4 ,to *ange ! position ( ! door1 a small lev] is us$ to lift ! rod & compress ! spr+1 ?us releas+ ! door /op f contact ) ! floor4 #bca4 ,w9d[ ,%ades4 ,w9d[ %ades are equipp$ ) a spr+ 9 "o end ( ! roll] to aid 9 rais+ x4 ,at ! end ( ! spr+ is a flat b> :i* is held 9 position by ! bracket on :i* ! %ade is hung4 ,small cat*es hold ! curta9 :5 x is at ! desir$ position 7,fig4 #acj74 ,if ! spr+ becomes weak1 draw ! curta9 d[n4 ,?is compresses ! spr+4 ,/op s t ! clamps always fall into place to hold x4 ,!n remove ! curta9 f ! brackets & roll x up by h&4 ,place x back on ! brackets4 ,x c !n be rais$ or l[]$ z want$1 & w "w ) m p[]4 ,take c>e :5 do+ ?is n to w9d ! spr+ s tight t x w draw ! curta9 cle> ar\nd ! roll]1 ?us lett+ ! spr+ unw9d or break+ ! spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4 ,spr+ 9 curta9 roll]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4 ,h+e4 #bcb4 ,h+es4 ,!re are "s h+es :i* %\ld be ( int]e/ to wom54 ,^! are ! ones = doors :i* sw+ only "o way1 & = ^? :i* sw+ bo? out & 9 7,fig4 #aca74 #bcc4 ,slid+ ,doors4 ,:5 slid+ doors slip (f ! slide1 !y may be replac$4 ,!y are hung l a b>n door4 ,!re is a metal track above ! door betwe5 ! walls4 ,! door is hung on ?is track by pulleys :i* slide along ! track4 ,sometimes1 by accid5t1 ^! pulleys are slipp$ f ! track4 ,! door !n mu/ be lift$ s t ! pulley c be set back on ! track4 ,usually ! door ne$s to be lift$ b a fraction ( an in* & !n pu%$ a little to "o side or ! o!r to get ! pulley into place4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,sew+ ,,ma*9es ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4 ,lock-/it* ma*9e4 #a4 ,b$ ,slide #b4 ,press] ,foot #c4 ,press] ,foot ,?umb ,screw #d4 ,ne$le ,clamp #e4 ,ne$le ,clamp ,?umb ,screw #f4 ,ne$le ,b> ,?read ,guide #g4 ,ne$le ,b> ,bu%+ #h4 ,?read ,cutt] #i4 ,face ,plate ,?umb ,screw #aj4 ,slack ,?read ,regulator #aa4 ,t5sion ,spr+ #ab4 ,t5sion ,regulat+ ,?umb ,nut #ac4 ,t5sion ,discs #ad4 ,?read ,take-up ,spr+ #ae4 ,?read ,guide #af4 ,press] ,b> ,lift] #ag4 ,face ,plate #ah4 ,pressure ,regulat+ ,?umb ,screw #ai4 ,press] ,b> #bj4 ,?read ,take-up ,lev] #ba4 ,?read ,guide #bb4 ,arm #bc4 ,spool ,p9 #bd4 ,bobb9 ,w9d] ,/op ,lat* #be4 ,belt ,cov] #bf4 ,bobb9 ,w9d] ,?read ,guide #bg4 ,balance ,:eel #bh4 ,bobb9 ,w9d] ,pulley #bi4 ,bobb9 ,w9d] ,sp9dle #cj4 ,bobb9 ,w9d] ,worm ,:eel #ca4 ,/it* ,regulat+ ,?umb ,screw #cb4 ,b$ #cc4 ,?roat ,plate #cd4 ,fe$ ,plate #bcd4 ,diff]5t ,types ( ,sew+ ,ma*9es4 ,!re are two types ( sew+ ma*9es 9 use--! *a9-/it* & ! lock-/it*4 ,sew+ ma*9es are made to run by h&1 foot or me*anical motor p[]4 ,?is makes no diff]5ce 9 design or c>e ( ! /it*+ "p ( ! ma*9e4 ,motor & foot p[] run ! ma*9e fa/] ?an h& p[]4 ,! treadle ( ! foot-p[] ma*9es sw+s on pivots4 ,^! %\ld be kept oil$ & clean f l9t & ?read4 ,! l>ge & ! small :eels = ! belt %\ld be oil$ at ! axle4 #bce4 ,lock-,/it* ,sew+ ,ma*9e4 ,a lock-/it* sew+ ma*9e 7,figs4 #acb & #acc7 consi/s ( %afts & :eels :i* move ! ne$le1 fe$ plate & bobb94 ,! top ?read is guid$ f spool to ne$le ?ru a t5sion s t only ! ne$$ am\nt passes =w>d ea* "t ! ne$le is rais$ aft] ! ?read has caught 9 ! clo?4 ,:5 !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! ?read us$ on ! ma*9e1 ! t5sion mu/ be adju/$ to fit ! ?read1 unless ! t5sion is automatic4 ,if ! t5sion is n prop]ly adju/$ or ! ma*9e ?read$ prop]ly1 ! ?read w ei!r break1 tangle at ! ne$le po9t1 or draw ! top ?read tight] ?an ! bottom "o 7,fig4 #acd74 ,a long] /it* is ne$$ = co>se ?read ?an = f9e ?read4 #bcf4 ,fe$ ,plate4 ,a device bel[ ! ne$le call$ ! fe$ plate 7,no4 #cd1 ,fig4 #acb7 %oves ! clo? fa/] or sl[] "u ! ne$le1 accord+ to its adju/m5t1 ?us mak+ a long] or %ort] /it*4 ,?is device is a r\gh plate :i* moves backw>d ea* "t ! ne$le is rais$1 & =w>d aga9 :5 ! ne$le comes d[n4 ,:ile mov+ backw>d1 ! r\gh surface moves ! clo?1 b x drops slightly bel[ ! level ( ! table z x moves back into place1 s does n affect ! clo?4 ,= %ort /it*es1 x moves ) a %ort /roke1 & = long /it*es1 ) a long /roke4 ,if ! fe$ plate becomes gumm$ ) l9t & oil1 ! ma*9e w n make ev5 /it*es & may fail to move ! clo?4 ,sometimes x w fail to /it*4 ,improp] ?read+ may break ! ne$le ?read4 ,too tight a t5sion may break x4 ,too co>se ?read = ! size ( ! ne$le may break ! ne$le4 ,a b5t1 blunt po9t$ or incorrectly set ne$le may break4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4 ,"u "p ( ma*9e us+ a vibrat+ %uttle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4 ,diagrams %[+ prop] t5sion4 #bcg4 ,bobb9s4 ,!re are two /yles ( bobb9s us$ on lock-/it* sew+ ma*9es--! %uttle bobb9 7,fig4 #ace7 & ! r\nd bobb9 7,fig4 #acf71 dep5d+ on ! p>ticul> type ( ma*9e us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4 ,%uttle bobb94 #bch4 ,%uttle ,bobb9s4 ,9 %uttle bobb9s1 !re is a long iron spool on :i* ! ?read is w\nd4 ,?is is put into ! bobb9 ) ! twi/ 9 ! direction indicat$ 9 ! book ( directions = ! ma*9e be+ us$1 & ! ?read is drawn ?ru ! slits & holes 9 ! bobb9 :i* gov]n ! t5sion ( ! l[] ?read 7see ,fig4 #ace74 ,put ! %uttle into place & draw ! ?read up ov] ! fe$ plate 7,fig4 #acg74 ,! ma*9e moves ! %uttle backw>d & =w>d1 & z ?is happ5s1 ! ne$le is tim$ to drop d[n1 leav+ a loop ( ?read 9 su* a position t ! bobb9 passes ?ru x4 ,9 ris+1 ! ne$le pulls ! loop up tight1 & z x has pass$ ?ru ! clo?1 ?is clo? comes 9 betwe5 ! ?read f ! bobb9 on ! "u side & ! ?read f ! spool on ! upp] side1 :i* h be5 int]lock$ by ! bobb9 hav+ pass$ ?ru ! loop ( ?read f ! spool z ! ne$le c>ri$ x d[n bel[ ! clo?4 ,?is is call$ ! lock-/it* 7,fig4 #acd74 ,! spool bobb9s also pass ?ru ! loop left aft] ! ne$le has pass$ d[nw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4 ,spool bobb94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4 ,pull+ up bobb9 ?read4 #bci4 ,*a9-,/it* ,ma*9e4 ,9 ! *a9-/it* ma*9e 7,fig4 #ach71 ! %aft turns a device :i* draws a loop ( ?read ?ru ea* =ego+ loop1 ?us mak+ a /it* simil> to cro*et+1 b hav+ ! clo? int]lock$ ) ! /it*4 ,! ne$le c>ries ! ?read & makes x tight or loose z ne$$4 ,! fe$ plate c>ries ! clo? "u ! ne$le4 ,!re is a t5sion to gov]n ! ?read4 ,z a s+le ?read is us$ 9 mak+ ?is /it*1 no bobb9 is us$4 ,! t5sion mu/ be tight en\gh to draw ! loop ( ?read ab\t ! clo?1 or else ! ?read w tangle4 #bdj4 ,cautions = ,all ,ma*9es4 ,ma*9es %\ld be kept well oil$1 & !y mu/ be kept free f ?read & l9t1 = ^! are ! ?+s :i* give tr\ble 9 ma*9es4 ,nev] try to draw ! clo? "u ! ne$le any fa/] ?an x is pu%$ along by ! fe$ plate "u ! press] foot4 ,pull+ on ! clo? b5ds ! ne$le f ! exact pa? :i* x %\ld foll[4 ,move ! treadle ) a smoo?1 ev5 motion--a j]ky motion we>s out op]ator & ma*9e4 ,use only ! be/ sew+-ma*9e oil4 ,poor oil gums ! p>ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,clean ! ma*9e e day x is 9 use4 ,take c>e to set ! ne$le 9 its prop] position1 & fa/5 x firmly 9 place4 #bda4 ,g5]al ,in/ructions4 ,?read ! ma*9e exactly accord+ to in/ructions4 ,if n prop]ly ?read$1 x w fail to /it*--! ?read w tangle4 ,if ! bobb9 is n prop]ly ?read$1 x w n h ! prop] t5sion1 & ! ma*9e _c sew z x %\ld4 ,! bobb9 ?read w break if x is n prop]ly ?read$ ?ru ! bobb9 case4 ,x w also break if ! bobb9 t5sion is too tight 7,no4 #ad1 ,fig4 #ach74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4 ,*a9-/it* ma*9e4 #a4 ,clo? ,plate #b4 ,press] ,foot #c4 ,ne$le-,b> ,nut #d4 ,ne$le-,b> #e4 ,ne$le-,b> ,screw #f4 ,foot ,b> #g4 ,lev] #h4 ,liftee #i4 ,take ,up #aj4 ,embroid]y ,spr+ #aa4 ,pull ,(f #ab4 ,spool-,p9 #ac4 ,spool-,p9 ,hold] #ad4 ,automatic ,t5sion #ae4 ,t5sion ,rod #af4 ,ball ,/ud #ag4 ,lev] ,/ud #ah4 ,connect+ ,rod #ai4 ,small ,:eel #bj4 ,belt #ba4 ,%aft #bb4 ,frame #bc4 ,/it* ,regulator #bd4 ,cap #be4 ,loop] #bf4 ,l9k #bg4 ,fe$ ,b> #bh4 ,fe$ ,surface ,always regulate ! /it* & ! size ( ne$le = ea* size & k9d ( ?read us$4 ,a table = ?is usually comes ) ea* ma*9e1 or is (t5 /amp$ on ! ma*9e4 ,select ! ?read suitable to ! mat]ial4 ,! numb] ( a ne$le is m>k$ on ! %ank4 ,ne$les made = "o k9d ( ma*9e w n always "w on ano!r4 ,an automatic t5sion %\ld n be *ang$ or m$dl$ )4 ,"s t5sions mu/ be adju/$ to ! ?read4 ,foll[ directions com+ ) ! ma*9e = adju/+ t5sions4 ,remove any ?read :i* has become entangl$ 9 ! me*anism ( ! ma*9e4 ,nev] use a b5t ne$le4 ,a b5t ne$le drops /it*es on a *a9-/it* ma*9e4 ,soap+ ! ne$le helps x to g ?ru goods difficult to p5etrate4 ,:5 a ma*9e runs h>d1 x ne$s oil or has become gumm$ up ) poor oil4 ,:5 gumm$1 clean ) k]os5e oil4 ,?read or ravel+s w\nd ab\t ! axles ( ! :eels also makes ! ma*9e run h>d4 ,le>n to use ! atta*m5ts ( y\r ma*9e--take c>e t !y d n become b5t4 ,! lock-/it* does n rip easily4 ,! ends ( ! ?read ( *a9 /it*es %\ld be c>efully fa/5$4 ,if />t$ f ! end :]e ! seam 0 complet$1 ! loop /it* may be easily unravel$ & ?us save "t :5 mi/akes are made 9 sew+ or :5 g>m5ts are be+ made ov]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,,automobiles ,no l5g?y treatise on automobiles c be giv5 "h1 b a few facts ( g5]al in=mation are well 9 ord]4 ,ea* c> has its special features1 b ! basic pr9ciples ( op]ation & control are ! same = all makes4 ,let u consid]1 fir/1 ! control ( ! ma*9e on ! road4 #bdb4 ,/>t+ ! ,motor4 ,op5 ! ?rottle f "o-f\r? to "o-?ird way1 to p]mit entry ( pl5ty ( gas into ! motor4 ,set ! "t control ab\t z f> d[n z ! ?rottle4 ,turn on ! ignition swit* & turn ! motor ) ! />t]4 ,a cold motor may dem& use ( ! *ok] be=e />t+1 b1 aga91 too free use ( ! *ok] floods ! c>buretor ) a ri*1 non-explosive mixture :i* c be remov$ only by use ( ! />t]4 ,%\ld ! motor flood too easily1 or %\ld x take too mu* *ok+1 h ! c>buretor readju/$4 ,common mi/akes 9 />t+ ! motor are 7#a7 too free use ( ! />t]1 :i* is injuri\s to ! batt]y2 7#b7 />t+ ) ! tim] set too f> d[n1 caus+ back-fire4 ,occasionally1 a novice attempts to />t a c> ) ! ge>s set & ! brakes on4 ,) ! motor />t$ & runn+ smoo?ly1 %ift ! ge>s into l[ & take (f ! brake4 ,let ! clut* back g5tly to prev5t ! c> f />t+ ) a j]k4 ,9 %ift+ ge>s1 ! ?rottle %\ld be kept d[n to prev5t ! motor f rac+ ^u releas+ ! clut*4 7#c7 ,a common mi/ake is ! attempt to %ift ge>s ) ! clut* n entirely releas$4 7#d7 ,/ill ano!r error is ! failure to release ! brake on />t+1 result+ 9 ev]y?+ f a /all$ motor to a /ripp$ ge>4 ,a difficult place to />t a c> is :5 /all$ on a hill4 ,?is is done by hold+ ! ma*9e ) ! foot brake1 ?rottl+ ! motor ) ! h& lev]1 & sl[ly releas+ brake & engag+ clut* simultane\sly4 #bdc4 ,driv+ ! ,automobile4 ,9 driv+1 _m ?+s %\ld be obs]v$4 ,! oil pressure gauge or indicator %\ld be not$ f "t to "t to see t ! motor be>+s are gett+ prop] lubrication4 ,! spe$ ( ! motor %\ld be su* t ! batt]y is be+ *>g$ r ?an dis*>g$1 z is likewise %[n by an indicator on ! da%4 ,?is is especially important :5 us+ lights at night4 ,keep tim] lev] 9 correct place to prev5t ov]heat+4 ,! g5]al rule = driv+ is--keep to ! "r side ( ! road1 ! only possible exception be+ :5 pass+ a vehicle go+ 9 ! same direction2 !n g ar\nd on ! left4 ,/op be=e cross+ railroad tracks1 & drive sl[ly :5 approa*+ cross roads4 ,9 turn+ corn]s to ! left1 make ! turn beyond ! c5t] ( ! cross road4 ,d n use brakes aga9/ ! motor--release ! clut*4 ,d n use ! brake too =cibly2 x w cause injury to re> tires & skidd+4 ,on slipp]y roads1 make x a rule to use *a9s & drive sl[ly4 #bdd4 ,c>e ( ,c>4 ,"u ?is head+1 a few g5]al rules may be giv54 ,d n p]si/ 9 runn+ a ma*9e :5 out ( ord]4 ,nev] drive :5 ! lubrication sy/em is work+ imp]fectly4 ,lack ( cyl9d] oil w ru9 a motor 9 a %ort "t4 ,make x a rule to look at oil gauge be=e />t+4 ,c>e ( ! batt]y consi/s l>gely 9 keep+ x *>g$ & fill$ to ! prop] level ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,tires %\ld be kept inflat$ at all times4 ,9 case ( tr\ble1 nev] run on a flat tire1 z x w soon be wor?less "u su* treatm5t4 ,nev] drive a ma*9e :ile out ( ord]--/op & h repairs or adju/m5ts made4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,,lawn ,,m[]s2 ,,incubators #bde4 ,op]ation & ,c>e ( ,lawn ,m[]s4 ,! :eels ( ! lawn m[] p]mit x bo? to move easily ov] ! gr\nd & turn ! knives :i* cut ! grass 7,fig4 #aci74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4 ,lawn m[]4 ,?is means t !y mu/ be kept well oil$ to "w easily--t ! %aft ( ! :eel mu/ n become wrapp$ ) grass1 we$s1 /r+ or wire4 ,mo/ ma*9es are made adju/able1 & ! knives are set to all[ !m to pass close en\gh to ! plate at ! bottom ( ! m[] to clip ! grass z if ! ma*9e 7 a pair ( scissors4 ,keep ! knives prop]ly adju/$ 9 relation to ?is plate4 ,d n let !m come s close t !y t\* ! plate b v lightly1 nor be s unev5 t "o end cuts grass1 :ile ! o!r misses ! plate s f> t x w n cut4 ,if ! knives are kept prop]ly adju/$ & ! m[] is n abus$ by try+ to cut wires1 /ones1 or by be+ /or$ :]e x becomes ru/y1 x w seldom ne$ %>p5+4 ,keep all bolts tight4 #bdf4 ,/or+ ,m[]s4 ,:5 /or+ = ! w9t]1 grease ! knives ) a heavy coat ( unsalt$ l>d1 or cov] !m ) "s o!r protective mat]ial4 #bdg4 ,scissors & ,%e>s4 ,9 popul> language1 !re is no di/9ction made betwe5 scissors & %e>s4 ,te*nically def9$1 scissors are less ?an six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,any simil> cutt+ device ( great] l5g? is call$ %e>s4 ,bo? are devices us$ = cutt+ clo?1 pap]1 prun+ trees1 & _m o!r purposes4 ,!y consi/ ( two knives rivet$ toge!r at "s po9t betwe5 ! h&le & ! po9t ( ! blade4 ,! two blades are s adju/$ t z ! op5 scissors are clos$1 !y t\* lightly z !y pass ea* o!r until ! tip is rea*$4 ,:5 ! scissors are clos$1 ! blades %\ld t\* only at rivet & tip4 ,scissors n s adju/$ w n cut well1 ev5 ! ! blades are v %>p4 ,dropp+ scissors (t5 b5ds ! blades4 ,blades may be /raight5$ z well z %>p5$1 & ?us make good metal scissors l new4 #bdh4 ,pr9ciples ,^u ,:i* ,incubator ,works4 ,a device = hat*+ *ick5s is call$ an incubator4 ,9 ord] to hat* *ick5s1 ! incubator mu/ keep an av]age temp]ature ( #ajb-a_/b degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,! !rmomet] %\ld be plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! tray & on a level ) ! top ( ! eggs4 ,! temp]ature ( #ajb-a_/b degrees ,fahr5heit mu/ n v>y greatly dur+ ! incubation ( eggs4 ,! incubator mu/ also p]mit ( suitable v5tilation & control ( ! moi/ure 9 ! eggs4 ,!re are incubators heat$ ) hot wat] & o!rs ) hot air4 ,! air or wat] 9 ^? commonly us$ 9 homes is heat$ ) a k]os5e lamp4 ,! device consi/s ( a heat+ unit1 a regulator or !rmo/at :i*1 act+ ^u a valve or damp]1 regulates ! admission ( heat into ! insulat$ box conta9+ ! trays ( eggs1 v5tilators & a !rmomet] 7,fig4 #adj74 #bdi4 ,! ,body ( ! ,incubator4 ,! box-l body ( a good incubator is set on /rong legs :i* raise x to a conv5i5t height4 ,! trays slide into ! box on cleats ab\t two or ?ree in*es f ! bottom ( ! body4 ,!y fit s t a slit ab\t two in*es wide is left betwe5 = ! *ick5s to drop d[n "u ! tray z !y hat*4 ,usually ?is is ne> ! door4 ,if ! door is furni%$ ) a glass to admit light1 ! *ick5s are attract$ t[>d light & fall ?ru ! slit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4 ,incubator4 ,! walls ( ! incubator are usually d\ble s t air c be let 9 )\t mak+ a draft4 ,damp]s 9 ! side ( ! ma*9e regulate ! admission ( air4 ,v5tilation bo? regulates ! am\nt ( air circulat+ 9 ! incubator & ! am\nt ( moi/ure4 ,air f a damp room keeps ! eggs moi/4 ,air f a dry room dries !m4 #bej4 ,incubators ,heat$ by a ,lamp4 ,*oose a lamp :i* holds en\gh oil to la/ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,good lamps are usually made ( metal & z pla9 z possible 7,fig4 #ada74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4 ,incubator lamp4 ,! burn] furni%$ ) !m is an ord9>y lamp burn] c>ry+ a /raight1 flat wick4 ,metal *imneys are us$1 !re be+ en\gh mica 9 "o side to p]mit ! flame to be se54 ,! *imney ext5ds into a metal *amb] conta9+ ! hot-wat] pipes1 or into a *amb] ?ru :i* air is tak5 & heat$ by ! *imney4 ,! fumes f ! burn+ oil pass out into ! room & n into ! incubator4 ,! heat$ air passes ?ru ducts into ! incubator4 ,^! are (t5 con/ruct$ ( wood4 #bea4 ,! ,wick4 ,! wick mo/ g5]ally f\nd practical is ! cotton wick1 su* z is us$ 9 ord9>y lamps4 ,x %\ld be kept clean & r5ew$ (t54 ,! lamp %\ld be kept fill$ regul>ly4 ,! wick mu/ always be kept trimm$ ev51 to prev5t smok+4 ,incubators heat$ by electricity h ! heat+ unit plac$ ei!r above or bel[ ! trays ( eggs4 ,! curr5t is controll$ by a !rmo/at4 #beb4 ,!rmo/at4 ,! !rmo/at also raises ! damp] ov] ! top ( ! lamp & air heat] 7,fig4 #adb71 :5 ! incubator rea*es ! temp]ature = :i* x is set1 & l[]s x :5 ! temp]ature falls4 ,:5 ! damp] is lift$1 ! heat$ air passes out into ! room & n into ! incubator4 ,z soon z ! incubator cools bel[ ?is temp]ature1 ! !rmo/at contracts1 lett+ ! damp] drop 9 place to reta9 ! heat & direct x into ! incubator4 ,! !rmo/at works ! same :5 a gas flame is us$ in/ead ( a lamp4 ,9 electrical ma*9es1 ! !rmo/at op]ates ! swit*1 admitt+ mu*1 little or no curr5t1 z is ne$$ to ma9ta9 #ajb degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4 ,!rmo/at = incubator4 #bec4 ,! ,!rmomet]4 ,a !rmomet] is plac$ 9 ! incubator to guide ! op]ator 9 regulat+ ! temp]ature4 ,x guides him 9 adju/+ ! !rmo/at & ! heat+ device2 t is1 x %[s him :5 to turn ! wick ( ! lamp up or d[n4 ,lamps %\ld nev] be turn$ high en\gh to smoke4 ,smoke & gas 9 ! room are likely to get into ! incubator & h>m ! gr[+ *icks4 #bed4 ,op]ation ( ,incubator4 ,set ! incubator level2 x is con/ruct$ to "w on ! level4 ,heat$ air rises--if ! incubator is n level1 ! highe/ po9t w get mo/ ( ! heat4 ,x %\ld be set 9 a dry room or dry cell>1 :i* is well v5tilat$ & well light$4 ,!re %\ld be no artificial heat 9 ! room :i* is n regul>4 ,an unev5 temp]ature gives difficulty 9 manag+ ! heat+ ( ! incubator4 ,! room %\ld be free f du/4 ,adju/ ! incubator & run x = two or ?ree days to see t x is op]at+ at a con/ant temp]ature be=e putt+ 9 ! eggs4 ,use only ! be/ grade ( oil1 & use ! same k9d ( oil all ?ru "o hat*4 ,*ange 9 oil may necessitate a *ange 9 regulators :i* is n safe :ile ! eggs are 9 ! incubators4 ,/>t ! incubator ) a good1 cle>1 high flame 9 ! lamp1 s t x c be turn$ l[] z ! g]ms 9 ! eggs beg9 to gr[ & g5]ate heat4 ,/>t ! incubator at #ajj degrees ,fahr5heit1 & by ! second day1 x w rea* ! temp]ature ( #ajb degrees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4 ,egg te/]4 ,viol5t fluctuations ( temp]ature 9 ! incubator are dang]\s & %\ld be avoid$4 ,accuracy 9 read+ temp]atures & 9 adju/+ ! !rmo/at & v5tilators is ess5tial4 ,fill ! lamp & turn ! eggs regul>ly4 ,cleanl9ess is important4 ,dis9fect ! incubator betwe5 hat*es1 & air x well4 ,cresol soap & wat] make a good dis9fectant = incubators4 ,turn & h&le eggs ) clean h&s4 ,to "k :e!r ! incubator has ! prop] am\nt ( moi/ure suppli$1 weigh ! trays be=e fill+1 weigh aft] fill+4 ,at ! end ( ! fif? day1 weigh tray & eggs aga91 subtract ! tray weight1 :i* is con/ant1 f ! weight ( ! :ole1 & note ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is weight & ! orig9al weight ( ! eggs4 ,if #ajj eggs h lo/ #h4ch ounces1 or #d4ag p] c5t ( _! weight1 ! moi/ure is correct4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4 ,appe>ance ( eggs :5 put 9 egg te/]4 ,if !y h lo/ too mu* weight1 give m moi/ure or less v5tilation1 b1 rememb]1 t pure air is ess5tial to incubators1 s d n %ut (f v5tilation entirely4 ,if n en\gh weight is lo/1 op5 ! v5tilators1 &1 if necess>y1 = ! next hat*1 place ! incubator 9 a dri] place4 #bee4 ,egg ,te/]4 ,an egg te/] is a device = look+ ?ru eggs to asc]ta9 :e!r or n !y are good4 ,x consi/s ( "s device to keep all bright light away f ! eyes except a few bright rays %9+ ?ru ! egg4 ,! hole %\ld be ab\t an in* long & ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* wide4 ,a metal *imney ) "o su* op5+ 9 ! side us$ 9 a d>k5$ room s]ves z an egg te/]4 ,a l>ge piece ( c>dbo>d tack$ ov] a sunny basem5t w9d[ is sometimes us$1 ! hole be+ cut 9 ! c>dbo>d 7,fig4 #adc74 ,hold ! egg betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb be=e ! op5+4 ,look at ! egg z ! light %9es ?ru x4 ,fig4 #add %[s h[ good & bad eggs look :5 view$ 9 egg te/]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi ,,typewrit]s ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4 ,typewrit]1 ,l4 ,c4 ,smi?4 #bef4 ,con/ruction ( ,typewrit]4 ,! typewrit] is a ma*9e = pr9t+ lett]s 7,fig4 #ade74 ,! lett]s mak+ ! impr9t are atta*$ to %afts :i* c ea* sw+ to "o po9t4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to /rike "o key at a "t1 z !y are all made to rea* ! same po9t1 & contact ) ea* o!r may cause b5t %afts4 ,if a %aft becomes b5t1 ! lett] atta*$ to x w n sw+ to ! desir$ po9t1 s w be out ( alignm5t1 or w fail to leave a m>k1 s9ce ! impr9t is made on a roll] & ! lett] hits only ! ne>e/ "p ( ! surface4 ,! %aft may h "o1 two or ?ree lett]s on x4 ,?is is made possible by ! use ( ! %ift key :i* raises or l[]s ! framework to :i* ! roll] is atta*$1 s t :5 ! ma*9e is 9 normal position1 "o set ( type on ! keys w be impr9t$1 &1 ^u ! hold+ d[n ( a %ift key & simultane\sly /rik+ a lett]1 ano!r set ( type w make ! impr9t4 ,on "s typewrit]s !re are two %ift keys1 all[+ ?ree sets ( *>act]s to be us$4 ,! motion ( ! keys turns a small :eel :i* %oves ! roll] f "r to left1 &1 also1 turns ! spools ( ribbons s t a new bit ( ribbon comes "u ! lett] ea* "t a key is /ruck4 ,if ! ribbon did n move1 ! lett]s w\ld soon cut a hole ?ru x4 ,?is ribbon c>ries ! ink :i* reproduces ! impr9t ( ! lett]4 ,:5 ! end ( a ribbon is rea*$1 mo/ ma*9es rev]se its direction s t x aga9 w9ds onto ! spool f :i* x has j unw\nd4 ,on o!r ma*9es1 x is necess>y to release ! b> :i* controls ! spools to rev]se ! w9d+ ( ! ribbon4 #beg4 ,special ,features ( ,typewrit]4 ,le>n h[ to use ! atta*m5ts on ! typewrit] to get ! greate/ s]vice f x4 ,if a ma*9e is equipp$ ) tabulat+ keys1 mu* "t is sav$ by us+ !m = ! ind5tations in/ead ( work+ ! space b> until ! desir$ place is rea*$1 or by us+ bo? h&s to release ! c>riage & move x to its desir$ place4 ,"s ma*9es are equipp$ ) a key m>k$ ribbon key4 ,?is key1 :5 press$1 l[]s ! ribbon s t no impression f x is made on ! pap]4 ,:5 ! ribbon is remov$1 /5cils may be cut ) ! lett]s = mimeographic "w4 ,^! are only two examples4 ,!re are _m automatic aids on ea* make ( ma*9e4 #beh4 ,int]*angeable-,type ,typewrit]s4 ,on ^! ma*9es1 ! type is n plac$ at ! end ( a %aft1 b ! complete set ( lett]s is put on a semi-circul> plate :i* is atta*$ to a :eel :i* br+s ! desir$ lett] to ! po9t want$ :5 ! key is press$ 7,fig4 #adf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4 ,hammond int]*angeable typewrit]4 ,! *ange ( type c be made v easily s t ) ! prop] semi-circul> plate any "o ( sev]al languages may be writt5 on ?is k9d ( typewrit] reg>dless ( ! *>act]s us$ to repres5t ! lett]s4 ,*>ts ( ! keybo>d are furni%$ ) ea* set ( lett]s to guide ! op]ator 9 writ+4 ,?is ma*9e requires ! same g5]al c>e z o!r typewrit]s4 #bei4 ,c>e ( ,typewrit]s4 #a7 ,read ! directions = clean+ & oil+ ! ma*9e4 ,keep !m = future ref]5ce4 #b7 ,d n attempt to take ! ma*9e ap>t4 ,only readju/ p>ts = :i* su* directions are giv54 #c7 ,use only ! be/ grade ( typewrit] oil1 & oil only :]e indicat$4 ,! av]age ma*9e does n require oil+ (t5] ?an f t5 to f\rte5 days4 #d7 ,bru% ! entire ma*9e ea* day be=e us+4 ,?is prev5ts ! accumulation ( oil & du/1 :i* ret>ds ! free action ( ! ma*9e1 & ru/s or clogs ! be>+s & o!r p>ts4 #e7 ,use a /iff bru% to clean ! type4 ,if ! type has become gumm$ ) ink f lack ( c>e1 moi/5 ! bru% ) alcohol or gasol9e1 & bru% x until clean4 ,avoid clean+ ! type ) a %>p in/rum5t1 if possible1 z x m>s ! edges4 ,h[ev]1 9 case ( ! lett]s hav+ an enclos$ p>ts1 su* z c1 d1 e1 b1 g1 p1 a1 s1 c1 q1 x may require ! c>eful removal ( ! deposit ) a p94 ,aft] ?is treatm5t1 ! type %\ld be well bru%$4 ,keep ma*9e cov]$ :5 n 9 use4 ,) prop] c>e1 a ma*9e %\ld /ay 9 good ord] indef9itely4 ,if1 9 any way1 any "p ( a ma*9e is out ( adju/m5t1 h an exp]t readju/ x4 #bfj4 ,! ,hectograph4 ,! hectograph is "o ( ! simple/ devices = obta9+ duplicate copies ( writt5 "w 7,fig4 #adg74 ,x is a %eet l heavy pap] or pad ( jelly-l sub/ance on :i* a rev]s$ copy ( ! writ+ c be made & f :i* copies c be tak54 ,! orig9al copy is writt5 ) hectograph ink on smoo? pap] by h&1 or on a typewrit]1 & all[$ to dry4 ,?is copy is plac$ face d[nw>d on ! hectograph pad1 :i* has be5 moi/5$ & rubb$ to insure ! contact at all places4 ,x is all[$ to rema9 "h = ?ree or f\r m9utes4 ,m "t is requir$ 9 cold wea!r1 z ! absorption ( ink by ! pad is sl[]4 ,! pap] is !n remov$1 leav+ a rev]s$ impression on ! hectograph plate4 ,copies are !n made by plac+ dry pap] on ! impression & remov+ !m in/antly4 ,tw5ty copies may be tak54 ,! plate %\ld be wa%$ 9 lukew>m wat] imm$iately aft] use4 ,! hectograph plate %\ld be ab\t ! temp]ature ( an ord9>y room2 *ill$ plates produce fa9t pr9ts4 ,nev] use cold wat] on ! plate4 ,keep p5 fl[+ freely :5 writ+ ! orig9al copy1 by wip+ x frequ5tly4 ,keep ! hectograph cov]$ :5 n 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,hectograph4 #bfa4 ,mimeograph & ,multigraph4 ,! mimeograph 7,fig4 #adh7 is a m complicat$ device = reproduc+ duplicates ?an ! hectograph1 b m copies may be made at fa/] spe$ on ?is ma*9e & ! /5cils may be sav$ = mak+ m copies lat]4 ,a /5cil 7tissue pap]1 usually blue1 fa/5$ to a %eet ( equal size wax$ c>dbo>d7 is cut by a typewrit]4 ,?is is done by remov+ ! ribbon & all[+ only ! outl9e ( ! type to cut ?ru ! tissue :i* has be5 saturat$ ) ,d]max1 a liquid wax :i* is bru%$ ov] ! surface ( ! wax$ pap]1 & ! tissue pap] c>efully smoo!d out ^u x4 ,"s /5cil pap] or wax$ %eets d n require ?is treatm5t ( ,d]max2 in/ead a tissue or silk %eet is plac$ "u ! /5cil pap]4 ,:5 ! desir$ word+ is cut1 ! c>dbo>d is torn (f at ! p]=at$ l9e1 leav+ ! f\r holes :i* atta* ! /5cil to ! roll] ( ! mimeograph ma*9e4 ,fir/ see t ! pad on ! ma*9e is well ink$1 & !n fa/5 ! /5cil to ! p9s at ! top ( ! roll] & ) b> at ! bottom1 see+ t x is smoo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4 ,mimeograph4 ,set ! adju/m5t :i* indicates ! numb] ( copies turn$ out1 s t x is n necess>y to c\nt !m :ile pr9t+4 7,full directions are pr9t$ on ?is adju/m5t47 ,place ! pap] on ! fe$ bo>d1 f> en\gh d[n = ! %eets to come 9 contact ) ! roll]s :i* fe$ !m 91 & turn ! h&le4 ,if ! proportion ( space at top is great] or less ?an desir$1 set ! atta*m5t = regulat+ ! space4 ,full directions are pr9t$ on ea* atta*m5t ( mo/ ma*9es4 ,see t ! ink tank :i* is locat$ inside ! cyl9d] is kept full ( ! be/ ink4 ,ink ! pad by pu%+ ! bru% across ! inside ( ! p]=at$ cyl9d]4 ,multigraphs diff] f mimeographs 9 t !y pr9t ! copy f type in/ead ( ?ru a /5cil4 ,! type is set 9 a cyl9d] t is cov]$ by an ink$ ribbon4 ,manuscripts pr9t$ by a multigraph look m l typewrit+ ?an ^? pr9t$ by a mimeograph4 ,:5 turn+ out less ?an a ?\s& copies1 ! mimeograph w be f\nd m economical on acc\nt ( ! small am\nt ( "t requir$ 9 prep>+ ! /5cil4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,"p ,,ix #a4 ,by :at means are dumbwait]s op]at$8 #b4 ,c y see any relation betwe5 ! con/ruction ( door /ops & =ce pumps8 #c4 ,:at is ! p[] = roll+ up a w9d[ %ade8 #d4 ,:at does lock-/it* look l8 ,h[ does *a9-/it* diff] f lock-/it*8 #e4 ,9 :at way d lock-/it* ma*9es diff] f *a9-/it* ma*9es8 #f4 ,:at are ! advantages ( ea*8 ,:at are ! disadvantages8 #g4 ,:at is ! t5sion8 ,h[ is x adju/$8 ,h[ is ! l5g? ( /it* adju/$8 #i4 ,9 :at ways is an automobile eng9e l ! gasol9e eng9e & ! electric motor us$ 9 rural homes = op]at+ h\sehold ma*9]y8 #aj4 ,:at is ! %ape ( ! knives on a lawn m[] t makes x cut ! same z a pair ( scissors8 #aa4 ,:at may be ! reasons = scissors n cutt+ z !y %\ld8 #ab4 ,:at are ! ess5tial features ( a good incubator8 #ac4 ,:at is a !rmo/at8 ,h[ does x "w8 ,are !rmo/ats ( any use to ! h\sewife on any o!r device ?an ! incubator8 #ad4 ,:at me*anical factors are embodi$ 9 a typewrit]8 ,f9d ! pulley1 ! lev]s1 ! spr+s1 etc4 #ae4 ,:at are ! diff]5ces 9 a hectograph1 a mimeograph & multigraph8 ,,"p ,x ,,motors1 ,,fuels1 ,,& ,,gas ,,plants ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii ,,treadles ,,& ,,wat] ,,motors #bfb4 ,def9ition ( ,motor4 ,a motor is a device = utiliz+ ! p[] /or$ 9 gasol9e1 electricity or elevat$ wat] = do+ "w4 ,! /ructure ( ! motor dep5ds ^u ! s\rce ( its p[]1 z does its "n4 ,besides ! motor1 !re is a treadle1 or foot-p[] motor1 us$ 9 ! home4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4 ,wat] motor4 #bfc4 ,! ,treadle4 ,! treadle is a small plat=m1 :i* rocks on two pivots4 ,z ! treadle is rock$1 x moves a rod atta*$ to its out] edge1 upw>d & d[nw>d4 ,?is rod is !n atta*$ to a :eel a %ort di/ance f ! hub1 s t ! upw>d & d[nw>d motion ( ! %aft turns ! :eel4 ,:5 a belt is atta*$ to ! :eel1 x w run a sew+ ma*9e or o!r small device4 #bfd4 ,wat] ,motors4 ,wat] motors are commonly us$ 9 ! h\sehold on wa%+ ma*9es & pumps 7,figs4 #adi & #adi-;a47 ,at lea/ tw5ty-five p\nds ( wat] pressure is requir$ to run an av]age-size wa%]4 ,m pressure is advantage\s4 ,! motor may be1 & (t5 is1 atta*$ to tanks 9 :i* wat] is held "u pressure1 & us$ to pump wat] f a ci/]n or well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi-;a4 ,reliable wat] motor4 #bfe4 ,select+ a ,wat] ,motor4 ,be=e pur*as+ any device to be op]at$ by a wat] motor1 asc]ta9 h[ mu* wat] pressure y h available4 ,"u en\gh pressure1 ! wat] f a faucet w give p[] en\gh to a small-siz$ wat] motor to run a wa%+ ma*9e1 sew+ ma*9e or small fe$ gr9d]s4 ,^! motors are usually less ?an "o-half horse p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4 ,sectional view ( wat] motor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej-;a4 ,wat] motor assembl$ & 9 p>ts4 #bff4 ,two ,types ( ,wat] ,motors4 ,"o type ( wat] motor is made up ( a pi/on & valves 9 a cyl9d] 7,fig4 #aej74 ,! wat] pu%es ! pi/on to a c]ta9 po9t :5 a valve op5s & lets out ! wat]4 ,! pi/on !n moves backw>d until x automatically op5s ano!r valve1 lett+ 9 m wat]1 :i*1 9 turn1 pu%es ! pi/on =w>d & aga9 to ! po9t :]e ! fir/ valve op5s4 ,! motion ( ! pi/on mu/ be /rong en\gh to d ! "w4 ,ab\t tw5ty-five p\nds ( wat] pressure is requir$ 9 mov+ ! pi/on =w>d :5 atta*$ to a ma*9e :i* might be op]at$ by h& by a woman4 ,ano!r type ( wat] motor consi/s ( cups or fans on ! rim ( a :eel4 ,z ! wat] fl[s ov] ! :eel1 x pu%es x ar\nd1 ?us giv+ x p[] to d "w provid$ !re is en\gh pressure beh9d ! wat] 7,fig4 #aej-;a74 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii ,,eng9es2 ,,motors ,,& ,,batt]ies2 ,,fuels #bfg4 ,gasol9e ,eng9es4 ,a gasol9e eng9e 7,fig4 #aea7 %\ld be op]at$ out ( doors or 9 a well-v5tilat$ room1 except 9 cases :]e ! exhau/ pipe is c>ri$ ?ru ! wall ( ! build+ to ! outside4 ,! fumes may cause illness1 or ev5 dea?1 to any "o /ay+ 9 ! room4 ,a gasol9e eng9e %\ld be m\nt$ on a sub/antial base ( concrete or heavy timb]s1 or on a well-built truck1 & %\ld be put 9 good ord] be=e ! woman or girl beg9s to use x4 ,! eng9e mu/ be level4 ,if m ?an "o device is atta*$ to x1 be sure to use ! "r pulleys on ! eng9e & ! ma*9e to be op]at$4 ,an eng9e is usually equipp$ ) pulleys ( two or m sizes4 ,! size ( ! :eel on ! wa%+ ma*9e or vacuum clean] mu/ be ( a size to make ! desir$ numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute4 #bfh4 ,figur+ ,spe$ ( ,pulleys4 ,= example1 if ! spe$ ( ! eng9e is #dbe revolutions p] m9ute & ! diamet] ( ! pulley on ! eng9e is #ab in*es1 & ! ma*9e is to be run at #aej revolutions p] m9ute1 h a pulley on ! ma*9e ( a diamet] :i* equals #dbe times #ab1 or #e1ajj divid$ by #aej1 or #cd in*es4 ,x w\ld be m conv5i5t to h a small] pulley on ?is ma*9e4 ,s9ce !re is a small] :eel on ! eng9e :i*1 we w say1 is #f in*es 9 diamet]1 put ! belt on ! small] :eel1 & !n a :eel only #ag in*es 9 diamet] w be ne$$ on ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4 ,sectional view ( gasol9e eng9e4 #bfi4 ,op]at+ ! ,eng9e4 ,"o p]son %\ld be responsible = ! c>e ( an eng9e4 ,/>t+ ! eng9e is usually too heavy "w = mo/ wom54 ,s9ce a man usually />ts a gas eng9e :i* ! wom5 are to use1 x is m important t !y "k h[ to /op ! eng9e & to recognize :5 x is n runn+ prop]ly4 ,a cold eng9e c be />t$ easi] if w>m$ ) hot wat]4 ,runn+ an eng9e :i* is out ( ord] may damage x s]i\sly4 ,h "s "o %[ y h[ to op]ate y\r eng9e4 ,/op x :5 n runn+ prop]ly4 #bgj4 ,po9ts 9 ,c>+ = ,eng9e4 ,! foll[+ are po9ts to keep 9 m9d :5 op]at+ an int]nal combu/ion eng9e3 #a7 ,black smoke issu+ f ! exhau/ pipe means !re is n en\gh air 9 proportion to fuel4 #b7 ,:5 an eng9e misses m explosions ?an x %\ld1 or backfires1 ! cause is likely to be too mu* air 9 ! fuel4 #c7 ,if ! mixture ( fuel & air is 9 ! prop] proportion1 b !re is too little ( x1 ! eng9e w h no p[]4 #d7 ,premature ignition may be caus$ by deposition ( c>bon or soot on ! walls ( ! cyl9d]2 ! compression be+ too high = ! fuel us$2 ov]heat+ ( ! pi/on1 or exhau/ valve1 or ( "s poorly-jacket$ "p4 #e7 ,us+ too mu* or a poor quality ( lubricat+ oil1 or a mixture too ri* 9 fuel1 causes deposition ( c>bon on ! cyl9d]4 #f7 ,! use ( too mu* cyl9d] oil is indicat$ by a blue smoke issu+ f ! exhau/4 #g7 ,pre-ignition1 or a be>+ out ( ord]1 or ! eng9e n be+ securely fa/5$ to its f\ndation1 causes p\nd+4 #h7 ,too mu* wat] 9 ! oil us$ = fuel causes :ite smoke to issue f ! exhau/ pipe4 ,?is may be caus$ by a leaky jacket on gasol9e eng9es4 #i7 ,/op ! eng9e by %utt+ (f ! supply ( fuel4 ,op5 ! swit* to ! ignition sy/em4 ,close ! lubricators & oil cups1 & turn (f ! jacket wat]4 #aj7 ,9 cold wea!r1 dra9 (f ! jacket wat] to prev5t freez+4 #aa7 ,always leave ! eng9e clean & 9 ord] to />t aga94 #ab7 ,= safety1 belts & :eels %\ld be box$ 9 :]ev] possible4 ,fig4 #aea %\ld be /udi$ closely = a bett] und]/&+ ( ! eng9e4 #bga4 ,g5]at+ ,electricity = ,homes4 ,wat] motors1 k]os5e1 gas & gasol9e eng9es are ! s\rces ( p[] commonly us$ to g5]ate electricity = private homes4 ,a device = g5]at+ electricity is call$ a dynamo 7,fig4 #aeb74 ,! electricity g5]at$ is ei!r us$ directly :ile ! eng9e is runn+1 or x is /or$ 9 /orage batt]ies4 ,f "h x is conduct$ ?ru wires & us$ = light+1 heat+ & turn+ motors to d "w4 #bgb4 ,batt]ies4 ,batt]ies are us$ ma9ly :]e a small am\nt ( curr5t is ne$$1 z on oil or gasol9e eng9es1 to make ! sp>k to ignite ! gasol9e or oil1 & 9 light+ gas & acetyl5e lamps1 & = "s door bells4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( batt]ies1 z liquid1 dry-cell & /orage4 #bgc4 ,liquid ,batt]ies4 ,9 liquid batt]ies1 electric curr5t is g5]at$ by means ( direct *emical action betwe5 an acid & two o!r sub/ances1 "o m easily attack$ by ! acid ?an ! o!r 7,fig4 #aec71 su* z z9c & copp]4 ,?is =ms a simple cell1 "o =m ( prim>y batt]y4 ,:5 ! *emicals & metals 9 a prim>y batt]y are exhau/$1 !y c be replac$ ) new metal or solution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4 ,electric g5]ator4 #bgd4 ,a ,dry-,cell ,batt]y4 ,a dry-cell is ano!r =m ( batt]y4 ,9 ^!1 ! moi/ure ( ! acid sub/ance is absorb$ by "s mat]ial l pla/]-(-,p>is fl\r or blott+ pap]1 s t x c act on ! metals or c>bon 9 ! cell & /ill make a cell easily transportable4 ,! absorb$ moi/ure 9 dry cells sl[ly evaporates1 & !n !y become wor?less4 ,^! batt]ies are usually ?r[n away aft] !y h be5 us$ & h ceas$ to g5]ate electricity4 #bge4 ,/orage ,batt]ies4 ,/orage batt]ies diff] f prim>y batt]ies 9 t curr5t mu/ be suppli$ to !m f "s outside s\rce1 su* z a dynamo4 ,!y c be re*>g$ aga9 aft] ! curr5t 9 !m has be5 us$ 7,fig4 #aed74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4 ,prim>y batt]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4 ,/orage batt]y4 ,! eng9es = private homes :]e a light plant is us$ are adju/$ to *>ge batt]ies at ! prop] rate--b ! own] %\ld *>ge ^! batt]ies at regul> int]vals4 ,!y c be *>g$ only by direct curr5t4 ,nev] all[ ! /orage batt]y to run d[n to a voltage l[] ?an #a4ae p] cell4 ,?is read+ is tak5 f ! voltmet] suppli$ ) ! plant4 ,/orage batt]ies %\ld be te/$ by a hydromet] = ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte or liquids 9 !m4 ,in/ructions = ?is & = correct+ ! specific gravity accompany ! plant4 ,take c>e to pres]ve !m4 ,dynamos = home use are almo/ automatic4 ,run ! dynamo to r5ew ! batt]ies :5 us+ electric irons or o!r devices call+ = m curr5t ?an ! light+ fixtures4 ,ea* plant is design$ to c>ry a c]ta9 load ( equipm5t4 ,exce$+ ?is1 damages ! plant4 ,place electric motors & dynamos 9 a dry1 cool1 clean place4 #bgf4 ,"s ,uses = ,electric ,motors4 ,motors are n[ us$ on sew+ ma*9es1 wa%+ ma*9es1 di% wa%]s1 vacuum clean]s1 wr+]s1 fans1 refrig]at+ sy/ems1 pumps1 gr9d]s1 freez]s1 *urns & sep>ators4 ,!y are made ei!r = direct or alt]nat+ curr5t4 ,:5 pur*as+ a motor1 be sure to designate ! type ( curr5t ) :i* x is to be us$4 ,select motors ( ! "r size to op]ate ! ma*9e4 ,x co/s m to op]ate a l>ge motor on a small device ?an a small motor4 #bgg4 ,def9ition ,tables4 ,a ,briti% !rmal unit is ! am\nt ( heat requir$ to w>m "o p\nd ( wat] "o degree ,fahr5heit4 ,! fla% po9t ( an oil is t temp]ature at :i* x w =m an inflammable vapor4 ,! accompany+ table %[s am\nt ( heat g5]at$ f a numb] ( s\rces4 ,! total heat 9 a gallon ( k]os5e is great] ?an t 9 a gallon ( gasol9e because ! k]os5e is heavi] ?an ! gasol9e4 ,a gallon ( gasol9e w give on an av]age b ab\t five-six?s z mu* total heat z a gallon ( k]os5e4 ,?is is approximately true1 :e!r ! heavie/ grades ( k]os5e are comp>$ ) ! heavie/ grades ( gasol9e1 or ! lighte/ grade ( k]os5e is comp>$ ) ! lighte/ grade ( gasol9e4 ,di/illate is ! refuse left f ! di/illation ( petroleum4 ,! fla% po9t ( k]os5e may be betwe5 #gj & #aej degrees ,fahr5heit1 dep5d+ ^u ! grade4 ,= illum9at+ purposes1 d n use k]os5e ) ! fla% po9t l[] ?an #abj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,! fla% po9t ( gasol9e is #aj to #bj degrees ,fahr5heit2 t is1 gasol9e w =m an imflammable vapor at temp]atures z l[ z ?is4 ,betwe5 #fj & #gj p] c5t ( ! common fuels are utiliz$ 9 ! g5]ation ( /eam = heat+ purposes4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,g5]ation ,,( ,,heat ,,am\nt ,,fuel ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 ---------------------------------------- ------- #a lb4 ,an?racite coal #ac1bjj-ac1ijj #a lb4 ,bitum9\s coal #ab1jjj-ae1jjj #a lb4 ,lignite coal #h1ejj-aa1djj #a lb4 ,wood #h1bjj- #i1bjj #a cu4 ft4 ,natural gas #ijj- #a1jjj #a cu4 ft4 ,illum9at+ gas #ejj- #fjj #a lb4 ,k]os5e #ah1jjj #a lb4 ,alcohol #ab1jjj #a lb4 ,gasol9e #ai1jjj #a ,k4,w4-hr4 ,electricity #c1djj ---------------------------------------- --- ,"o p\nd ice 9 be+ melt$ w absorb #add ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix ,,gas ,,plants #bgh4 ,gasol9e-,gas ,plants4 ,gasol9e-gas plants are devices = g5]at+ gas f gasol9e4 ,! gas is a mixture ( air & gasol9e vapor4 ,x is made by air be+ =c$ ?ru gasol9e4 ,!re are small plants :i* c be in/all$ 9 private homes 7,fig4 #aee74 ,gasol9e vaporizes at ord9>y temp]ature4 ,! vapor or gas produc$ c be us$ = heat+1 light+ & runn+ gas eng9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4 ,gasol9e gas plant4 ,"o gallon ( gasol9e1 :5 entirely vaporiz$1 produces ab\t ?irty-two cubic feet ( gas4 ,its heat+ p[] dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! gasol9e utiliz$ & ! temp]ature at :i* x is kept dur+ vaporization4 ,! plant is a device = =c+ air ?ru ! gasol9e to make x vaporize z fa/ z want$4 ,comb9$ ) ! c>buretor is a /orage tank = ! gas4 ,a weight1 or wat] motor1 furni%es ! p[] mo/ commonly us$ 9 =c+ ! air ?ru ! gasol9e & =ms a "p ( ! plant4 ,air _c fl[ ?ru ! gasol9e :5 ! /orage tank is full ( gas s t ! p[] is only 9 op]ation :5 ! gas is be+ us$ or ! tank is n q full4 #bgi4 ,acetyl5e-,gas ,plant4 ,acetyl5e is (t5 us$ 9 rural homes :5 gas or electricity are n available4 ,! op]ation ( ! plant (t5 has to be att5d$ to by a memb] ( ! family4 ,a capable woman c d ?is1 b %e mu/ be c>eful & mu/ ?oroly und]/& ! plant 7,fig4 #aef74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4 ,acetyl5e gas plant4 ,! mat]ials us$ 9 mak+ acetyl5e are calcium c>bide & wat]4 ,calcium c>bide 7,a1 ,fig4 #aef7 is made f lime & coke fus$ toge!r 9 an electrical furnace4 ,x mu/ be kept /or$ 9 a dry place4 ,! plants = mak+ acetyl5e are inexp5sive en\gh to be in/all$ 9 individual homes ( mod]ate means4 ,calcium c>bide = mak+ ! gas c be transport$ )\t difficulty4 ,!re are two types ( ma*9es4 ,9 "o ! wat] drips on ! c>bide2 9 ! o!r1 ! m common type1 ! c>bide is dropp$ into ! wat]4 ,z soon z ! c>bide t\*es ! wat]1 x gives (f acetyl5e gas4 ,! gas is caught 9 & fills a bell above ! wat]4 ,z x fills ! bell1 x raises x1 & :5 ! bell rea*es a c]ta9 height1 x trips a lev] to ! door :i* lets 9 ! c>bide & closes x4 ,:5 ! gas is us$1 ! bell goes d[n &1 pass+ ! lev]1 op5s ! door to let 9 a small am\nt ( c>bide4 ,improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! plants & 9 in/all+ !m until !re is less dang] f explosions ?an =m]ly4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 op]at+ !m to avoid accid5ts4 ,s9ce ! gas is highly explosive1 fire1 light$ lamps & cig>s mu/ be kept away f ! vic9ity ( all acetyl5e plants4 ,only "o p]son %\ld take ! c>e ( ! plant1 ! o!rs %\ld und]/& h[4 #bhj4 ,directions = ,op]at+ ,acetyl5e ,plant4 #a7 ,*>ge by daylight--remove all residuum1 & fill ) fre% wat] be=e add+ any c>bide4 #b7 ,foll[ exact directions = ! ma*9e us$ 9 ! ord] direct$4 #bha4 ,cautions to ,be ,obs]v$ 9 ,us+ ,acetyl5e ,gas4 #a7 ,d n apply a light to any op5+ t is n equipp$ ) a regul> acetyl5e burn] tip4 #b7 ,see t any workman repair+ a g5]ator fir/ removes c>bide & dra9s all wat] out1 & disconnects x f pip+ & removes x to ! op5 air1 :]e he !n fills all comp>tm5ts ) wat] to =ce out gas be=e us+ sold]+ irons4 #c7 ,an op5 light %\ld nev] be p]mitt$ ne>] ?an t5 feet f ! g5]ator4 ,! g5]ator %\ld nev] be ne>] ?an fifte5 to tw5ty feet f furnace or /ove4 ,d n hunt = gas leaks ) a flame or light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4 ,pressure tank = gas4 #d7 ,d n use any artificial light except electric light :5 clean+ or repair+ g5]ator1 or c>ry a light$ pipe or o!r fire ab\t x1 ev5 :5 empty4 #e7 ,if wat] 9 any *amb] %\ld freeze1 d n attempt to ?aw x ) any?+ b hot wat]4 #f7 ,keep ! motor oil$4 ,oil once 9 six mon?s4 #bhb4 ,compress$ ,gases & ,oils4 ,gases1 su* z ,blau gas1 ,p9ts* gas1 & pre/olite gas :i* is compress$ acetyl5e gas1 are compress$ 9 /rong tanks & sold = use 9 light+ & light h\sekeep+4 ,gasol9e & alcohol also are occasionally /or$ 9 v /rong tanks "u en\gh pressure to make !m fl[ ?ru v small pipes to ! po9t :]e !y are want$ = use4 ,^! are frequ5tly us$ = light+ isolat$ public build+s1 su* z rural s*oolh\ses4 ,z ! gas or oil is us$1 ! pressure dim9i%es4 ,!re is usually a pump atta*$ to ! tank to pump 9 air 9 ord] to keep up ! pressure4 ,! pump is simil> to a bicycle pump 7,fig4 #aeg74 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,"p ,x #a4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! treadle & a motor-p[] ma*9e8 #b4 ,h[ is p[] secur$ f wat] 9 a wat] motor8 ,or :at is ! s\rce ( p[] utiliz$ by a wat] motor8 #c4 ,h[ d y det]m9e ! size ( pulleys to use on ! gasol9e eng9e & on ! device x is to op]ate8 #d4 ,:at are "s indications t a gasol9e eng9e or automobile motor is n runn+ prop]ly8 #e4 ,:at are ! k9ds ( batt]ies1 & to :at uses is ea* be/ suit$8 #f4 ,d batt]ies ne$ c>e8 ,if s1 :at c>e8 #g4 ,h[ is acetyl5e gas made8 ,describe ! device = mak+ x4 #h4 ,h[ is gas = h\sehold use made f gasol9e8 ,,"p ,,xi ,,measur+ ,,devices ,,*apt] ,,xl ,,scales ,,= ,,weigh+ #bhc4 ,equal-,arm ,balances4 ,scales are devices = det]m9+ ! weight ( objects4 ,balances--"o =m ( scales--are made ( two arms ( equal l5g?s & suppli$ ) discs ( metal ( a kn[n weight to be plac$ on "o arm ( ! balance :ile ! mat]ial to be weigh$ is put on ! o!r4 ,:5 ! two arms are 9 equilibrium1 ! weight ( ! mat]ial is equal to ! weight ( ! metal4 ,s9ce ! weight ( ! metal is kn[n1 or c be det]m9$1 by add+ toge!r ! weights ( ! discs us$1 ! weight ( ! mat]ial is kn[n to be ! same4 #bhd4 ,unequal-,arm ,balances4 ,equal-arm balances are n conv5i5t = weigh+ l>ge objects4 ,= ?is reason1 scales are made ) "o arm ( ! balance mu* long] ?an ! o!r4 ,! metal discs are !n m>k$ ) ! weight ( ! mat]ial on ! %ort arm :i* !y c balance :5 plac$ on ! long arm4 ,?is is ! usual =m ( c\nt] & h\sehold balances4 ,on ^! scales is also a weight :i* slides along ! arm & is us$ to det]m9e weights small] ?an five or t5 p\nds4 ,! arm ( ! balance is1 !re=e1 m>k$ at ! po9t :]e ?is weight w balance c]ta9 am\nts ( mat]ial1 su* z half ounces1 ounces & p\nds4 #bhe4 ,spr+ ,scales4 ,spr+ scales dep5d on ! action ( a spr+1 to :i* an indicat+ po9t] is atta*$4 ,:5 !re is no weight on ! spr+1 ! place to :i* ! indicator po9ts is m>k$ z]o4 ,:5 ^! scales are manufactur$1 a p\nd weight is plac$ s t x pulls on ! spr+ & ! indicator is pull$ d[n to ano!r place1 & ?is is m>k$ "o4 ,scales are ?us m>k$ = ! numb] ( p\nds !y are to weigh4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! p\nds m>k$ are divid$ into equal divisions1 su* z sixte5?s :i* indicates ounces4 ,^! scales _c be reli$ on = accuracy1 = spr+s /ret* or become weak] z !y are us$4 ,avoirdupois is ! weight 9 common use = m>ket+1 :ile _m tables = calculat+ diet>ies are 9 ! metric sy/em4 ,! h\sewife c h h] balances correct$ = weigh+ by ! city or c\nty seal] ( weights & measures s t %e c asc]ta9 :e!r or n h] food pur*ases are correctly weigh$4 ,,table ,,( ,,weights ,,avoirdupois ,,metric #af oz4--#a p\nd #a milligram--#a_/ajjj 4#jja gram #ajj lb4--#a hundr$-weight #a c5tigram--#a_/ajj 4#ja gram #bjjj lbs4--#a ton #a decigram--#a_/aj 4#a gram #j4jce oz4--#a gram 7,metric sy/em7 ,gram--#a gram ,dekagram--#aj grams ,,apo!c>ies ,hectogram--#ajj grams #bg-aa_/cb grams--#a dram ,kilogram--#ajjj grams #af drams--#a oz4 ,,*apt] ,,xli ,,devices ,,= ,,measur+ ,,volume #bhf4 ,graduate & ,measur+ ,cup4 ,graduate hold+ up to f\r fluid ounces is helpful to use to *eck up liquids b\ght 9 bottles4 ,! /&>d measur+ cup ref]r$ to 9 mod]n cook books holds half a p9t ( liquid4 ,x also holds ab\t sixte5 level tablespoonfuls ( dry mat]ial su* z sug>4 ,! divisions on glass cups are less likely to be accurate ?an on metal ones1 z ! bottom may be ?ick or ?9 unless c>efully made4 ,9 select+ a cup1 see t ! bottom section is equal to ! o!r sections4 #a cup #b gills #a_/b p9t #af tablespoons #dh teaspoons #h fluid ounces4 #a cup is also #a_/d ( a qu>t & ab\t #d_/ag ( a lit]4 #bhg4 ,tablespoons4 ,tablespoons v>y 9 size4 ,! size *os5 = measur+ is ! "o 9 mo/ common use & holds ab\t ?ree level teaspoonfuls ( mat]ial l sug> or fl\r4 #a tablespoon #d drams ( liquid #c teaspoons4 #d tablespoons #a_/d cup #b fluid ounces4 #bhh4 ,teaspoons4 ,teaspoons v>y 9 size1 b ! spoon 9 common use is ! "o und]/ood z ! measure 9 cook]y4 ,x holds ab\t "o & "o-?ird fluid drams4 #bhi4 ,/&>d ,measur+ ,spoons4 ,/&>d measur+ spoons 9 sets c be pur*as$ at a v mod]ate price4 ,!y are p>ticul>ly valuable = *eck+ ! capacity ( ! spoons m commonly us$4 #bij4 ,liquid & ,cook+ ,measures4 #a teaspoonful #a-a_/c fluid drams #c teaspoonfuls #a tablespoonful #d drams #b tablespoonfuls #a fluid ounce #a_/b cup #a gill #b gills #a cupful #h fluid ounces #af tablespoonfuls #a cupful #b cupfuls #a p9t #b p9ts #a qu>t #d cupfuls #d qu>ts #a gallon #d4bc cupfuls #a lit] #ajjj cubic c5timet]s #a lit] #a4jf liquid qu>ts lit] #ca-a_/b gallons #a b>rel #a millilit] "o-?\s&? 74#jja7 lit] #a c5tilit] "o-hundr$? 74#ja7 lit] #a decilit] "o-t5? 74#a7 lit] ,lit] #a lit] #a dekalit] t5 7#aj7 lit]s #a hectolit] "o hundr$ 7#ajj7 lit]s #a kilolit] #a ?\s& 7#ajjj7 lit]s #bia4 ,dry ,measures4 ,x is wise = a h\sewife to h a set ( dry measures1 consi/+ ( a p9t1 qu>t1 gallon1 peck & half-bu%el measure4 ,a qu>t or gallon liquid measure is n equal to ! dry "o4 ,x holds less4 ,! diamet] ( dry measures %\ld be z foll[s3 ,,diamet]s ,,( ,,dry ,,measures ,,measure ,,diamet] #a p9t #d in*es #a qu>t #e-c_/h in*es #b qu>ts #f-e_/h in*es #a_/b peck #h-a_/b in*es #a peck #aj-g_/h in*es #a bu%el #ac-c_/d in*es 99,^! diamet]s all[ = prop] heap+4 ,,dry ,,measure99 #b p9ts #a qu>t #h qu>ts #a peck #d pecks #a bu%el #a sack ( fl\r #bd-a_/b1 #di or #ih p\nds #d #di-p\nd sacks ( fl\r #a b>rel #a b>rel ( fl\r usually #aif p\nds #fj p\nds ( potatoes usually #a bu%el 99,/ate laws diff] some:at reg>d+ ! numb] ( p\nds 9 a bu%el ( v>i\s fruits & vegetables4 #bib4 ,cubic1 ,squ>e & ,l9e> ,measure4 ,,cubic ,,measure #agbh cubic in*es #a cubic foot #bg cubic feet #a cubic y>d #abh cubic feet #a cord ,,squ>e ,,measure #add squ>e in*es #a squ>e foot #i squ>e feet #a squ>e y>d #cj-a_/d squ>e y>ds #a squ>e rod #afj squ>e rods #a acre #fdj acres #a squ>e mile ,,l9e> ,,measure #ab in*es #a foot #c feet #a y>d #ebhj feet #a mile #ci4bg in*es #a met] ,,metric ,,measures ,millimet] "o-?\s&? 74#jja7 met] ,c5timet] "o-hundr$? 74#ja7 met] ,decimet] "o-t5? 74#a7 met] ,unitemet] #a met] ,dekamet] t5 7#aj7 met]s ,hectomet] "o hundr$ 7#ajj7 met]s ,kilomet] #a ?\s& 7#ajjj7 met]s ,,*apt] ,,xlii ,,gas1 ,,wat]1 ,,& ,,electric ,,met]s #bic4 ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,met]s4 ,! h\sewife has ne$ to be famili> ) ?ree k9ds ( met]s--wat]1 gas & electric4 ,^! are devices = measur+ wat]1 gas or electric curr5t4 #bid4 ,con/ruction ( a ,gas ,met]4 ,! int]ior ( "o type ( gas met] 7,fig4 #aeh7 is some:at l a wat] :eel--! pressure ( ! gas pu%es ! :eel ar\nd4 ,e "t a comp>tm5t full ( gas passes a c]ta9 po9t1 ! gas fl[s out & ! flange on ! :eel trips a lev] :i* moves ! h& ( ! dial ahead1 ?us c\nt+ ! empty+ ( ! comp>tm5t4 ,! gas 9 ! comp>tm5t back ( ?is !n moves to ?is place4 ,! empti$ comp>tm5t is fill$ ) m gas z x passes ! inlet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4 ,gas met]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4 ,wat] met]4 #bie4 ,read+ ! ,gas ,met]4 ,a gas met] is a device = measur+ ! numb] ( cubic feet ( gas :i* fl[s ?ru a pipe4 ,small dials ) ! numb]s f "o to t5 & a h& = an indicator %[ ! numb] ( s+le feet1 t5s ( feet1 & ?\s&s ( feet1 :i* h pass$ ?ru ! met]4 ,! read+ on any date is ! total am\nt ( gas :i* has pass$ ?ru4 ,to tell h[ mu* has pass$ ?ru ! met] dur+ any p]iod ( "t1 take ! read+ ( ! met] on ! fir/ date1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #aeh1 & !n take ! read+ on ! lat] date & subtract read+ "o f read+ two--! result+ figure is ! am\nt ( gas pass+ ?ru ! met] betwe5 ^! two dates4 ,:5 buy+ gas1 always keep ! read+s ( met]s at ! "t :5 ! gas man takes !m4 ,gas met]s (t5 regi/] m or less gas ?an is actually consum$4 ,gas companies are all[$ a v>iation or tol]ance ( "o p] c5t fa/ or sl[1 to two p] c5t fa/ or sl[4 ,gas is paid = at a /at$ rate p] ?\s& feet 9 mo/ places4 #bif4 ,wat] ,met]s4 ,! wat] met] 7,fig4 #aei7 is a device = measur+ ! numb] ( gallons or cubic feet ( wat] :i* pass ?ru a pipe4 ,! read+ ( ! met] indicates ! total am\nt ( wat] :i* has pass$ ?ru ! pipe s9ce ! met] 0 in/all$4 ,wat] is paid =1 unless pur*as$ at a flat rate1 at s _m c5ts a ?\s& gallons or ?\s& cubic feet4 ,"o cubic foot is call$ 9 comm]cial transactions #g-a_/b gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4 ,electric met]4 #big4 ,prepaym5t ,met]s4 ,prepaym5t met]s are devices :i* w p]mit a c]ta9 am\nt ( gas or wat]1 z ! case may be1 to pass ?ru a pipe1 & aft] ?is am\nt is us$ up1 ! pipe is automatically clos$ s t no m fl[s until m money is put into ! met]4 ,! weight ( ! co9 works ! valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj-;a4 ,electric met] %[+ diff]5t read+s4 #bih4 ,! ,electric ,met]4 ,electricity is usually pur*as$ by ! kil[att h\r1 & measur$ by ! watt-h\r met] 7,fig4 #afj74 ,?is measures ! curr5t pass+ ?ru x1 & ! numb] ( kil[att-h\rs is %[n by ! indicators on ! little dials4 ,/>t f left & read ! numb] on ! dial1 su* z 9 ! illu/ration1 #c hundr$s #d t5s #i units1 mak+ #cdi kil[att-h\rs2 ! total kil[att-h\rs us$ s9ce ! met] 0 in/all$4 ,to f9d ! numb] us$ betwe5 two dates1 take ! read+ ( ! met] on ! fir/ date & subtract x f ! read+ on ! second date4 ,! diff]5ce is ! am\nt us$ dur+ ! p]iod4 ,good bus9ess wom5 keep records ( ! read+s ( _! met]s4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to read ! met] correctly4 ,! h& next high] ?an ! "o bel[ may read too high4 ,! high] h& may1 if out ( alignm5t1 pass ! figure :5 ! l[] h& approa*es ! n9? po9t 9 its dial1 ?is caus+ ! p]son to read ! figures "o1 t51 hundr$ or ?\s& units too mu*4 7,fig4 #afj-;a47 ,,*apt] ,,xliii ,,!rmomet]s ,,& ,,!rmo/ats #bii4 ,m]cury ,!rmomet]s4 ,!re are two k9ds ( !rmomet]s 9 use--! ,fahr5heit & ! ,c5tigrade4 ,s9ce ! !rmomet] is us$ n[ 9 cook+1 ! h\sewife (t5 has to meet ! problem ( translat+ temp]atures f "o to ! o!r4 ,! c5tigrade !rmomet] is m>k$ on ! assumption t ! temp]atures ( boil+ wat] & freez+ wat] are con/antly ! same4 ,! boil+ po9t is m>k$ #ajj1 & ! freez+ po9t #j4 ,! space 9 betwe5 is m>k$ into ev5 divisions & numb]$ #a to #ii4 ,! ,fahr5heit !rmomet] 0 made on ! assumption t a mixture ( ice & salt 0 ! colde/ temp]ature t c\ld be rea*$1 s ?is temp]ature ( a c]ta9 proportion ( ice & salt 0 m>k$ z]o4 ,! hundr$ po9t 0 giv5 to :at 0 suppos$ to be ! normal body temp]ature4 ,! int]v5+ spaces 7 m>k$ into equal divisions1 & ^! divisions 7 c>ri$ bel[ #j degree & above #ajj degrees4 ,! boil+ temp]ature ( wat] came at #bab degrees ,fahr5heit1 & ! freez+ po9t at #cb degrees4 ,?is makes #ahj degrees diff]5ce betwe5 ?aw+ & freez+ & boil+4 ,s #ajj degrees ,c5tigrade equal #ahj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,!re=e1 #a degree ,c5tigrade equals #i_/e degrees ,fahr5heit1 & #a degree ,fahr5heit equals #e_/i degree ,c5tigrade4 ,= example1 if #dj degrees ,c5tigrade is to be translat$ into ,fahr5heit degrees1 fir/ multiply #dj by #i #cfj1 !n divide by #e #gb1 & add #cb1 because #j degree ,c5tigrade is ! same z #cb degrees ,fahr5heit1 & ! result is #ajd degrees ,fahr5heit equal #dj degrees ,c5tigrade4 ,if #da degrees ,fahr5heit is to be translat$ into ,c5tigrade degrees1 fir/ subtract #cb f #da #i1 !n multiply by #e #de1 & divide by #i1 & ! result is #e degrees ,c5tigrade #da degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,fig4 #afa is a diagram %[+ relative read+s ( ,fahr5heit & ,c5tigrade !rmomet]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4 ,comp>ison ( ,c5tigrade & ,fahr5heit4 #cjj4 ,ov5 ,!rmomet]4 ,"s ov5 !rmomet]s dep5d on ! expansion ( metal to indicate ! temp]ature4 ,a h& on ! clock-l face ( ^! indicators %[s ! degree ( heat4 ,few ( ^! give ! actual temp]ature1 b !y d indicate a sl[1 a mod]ate & a hot ov54 #cja4 ,maximum ,!rmomet]s4 ,a maximum !rmomet] is "o 9 :i* ! m]cury rises to regi/] ! maximum am\nt ( heat to :i* x has be5 subject$4 ,x /ays at ?is height :5 ! temp]ature falls1 until x is %ak5 back4 ,x is sometimes us$ 9 ov5s to asc]ta9 ! temp]ature !y h rea*$ be=e ! ov5 door is op5$4 ,,table ,,( ,,temp]atures ,,useful ,,to ,,h\sekeep]s ,,ov5 ,,temp]atures ,,fah4 ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,sl[ ov5 #bej-cej #aba-agg ,mod]ate #cej-djj #agg-bjd ,hot or quick #djj-dej #bjd-bcb ,v hot #dej-eej #bcb-bhg ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,syrups ,,fah4 ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,?9 #bai- #ajd- ,m$ium--fondant #bcf-bdj #aac-aae ,?ick--fudge -#bdj #aae- ,heavy--taffy -#cjj #adi- ,cle> brittle -#caj #aej- ,c>mel almond & nut brittle -#cae #aeg- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,miscellane\s ,,fah4 ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,incubators #ajc #ci4d ,body temp]ature #ih-ii #cg ,room temp]ature -#hf #bj-cj ,refrig]ator temp]ature #dd-ei #e-ae ,*urn+ #eb-fb #aa-ag ,gr[? ( bact]ia ret>d$ #ce-gj ,gr[? ( bact]ia mo/ rapid #gj-ajj ,mo/ bact]ia are kill$ #bab ,d[nw>d1 m>k$ly4 ,gr[? ( bact]ia ret>d$ #de ---------------------------------------- --------------- #cjb4 ,!rmo/ats4 ,!rmo/ats are devices :i* op5 or close valves or damp]s 9 ord] to keep rooms1 boil]s1 ov5s1 incubators1 etc41 at an ev5 temp]ature4 ,all metals exp& on be+ heat$1 & contract on be+ cool$4 ,"s exp& m ?an o!rs4 ,two mat]ials :i* exp& at diff]5t rates are frequ5tly us$ 9 mak+ !rmo/ats4 ,any c]ta9 temp]ature causes a giv5 piece ( metal to exp& to a c]ta9 size1 or to contract on cool+ to a diff]5t size4 ,"s !rmo/ats are made ( a /raight rod ( metal l copp] :i* exp&s m ?an iron :5 heat$4 ,! rod is s plac$ t :5 cool x w all[ fuel l gas or oil to pass ?ru a pipe1 & :5 heat$1 x w exp& en\gh to close ! pipe1 %utt+ (f ! fuel4 ,!y are plac$ s t !y close ! pipe at ! temp]ature desir$ = an ov5 or supply ( hot wat]4 ,o!r !rmo/ats are m complicat$1 z ! exp&+ metal moves a s]ies ( lev]s4 ,^! !rmo/ats are us$ to regulate damp]s on coal & wood furnaces1 :5 !y are plac$ 9 ! rooms to be heat$4 ,!y are (t5 us$ on o!r devices1 su* z incubators4 ,/ill o!rs control an electric curr5t4 ,:5 ! metal exp&s1 x closes ! circuit1 caus+ ! electricity to d ! "w desir$4 ,:5 x contracts1 x op5s ! circuit4 ,!rmo/ats c be set to d "w at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,^! are sometimes atta*$ to clocks :i*1 ) a device simil> to ! al>m1 w *ange ! indicator ( ! !rmo/at s z to set x f "o temp]ature to ano!r at a /at$ "t = :i* ! clock is set & turn x back at ano!r h\r4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv ,,hydromet]s ,,& ,,b>omet]s #cjc4 ,hydromet]4 ,a hydromet] is us$ 9 gag+ ! d5sity ( liquid4 ,?is in/rum5t consi/s ( a clos$ glass tube :i* is enl>g$ at ! l[] end & fill$ ) "s heavy mat]ial l m]cury or %ot1 to keep x 9 an upright position :5 9 liquids4 ,! tube or /em conta9s a pap] on :i* divisions call$ degrees are m>k$4 ,! #j m>k is usually ! po9t rea*$ by ! surface ( di/ill$ wat] :5 ! hydromet] is plac$ 9 ?is liquid4 ,! less ! d5sity ( ! liquid1 ! l[] ! hydromet] s9ks1 = x displaces an am\nt ( liquid equal to its own weight4 ,! d5sity ( ! liquid !n c be det]m9$ by obs]v+ ! m>k to :i* x s9ks4 ,specific-gravity hydromet]s us$ 9 ! h\sehold %[ ! ratio ( ! weight ( a giv5 volume ( liquid to ! weight ( ! same volume ( wat] at a def9ite temp]ature4 ,arbitr>y scale hydromet]s are us$ to indicate ! conc5tration or /r5g? ( syrup1 br9es or milk4 ,^! are def9$ z lactomet]s & ,baume hydromet]s4 ,a br9e hydromet] is call$ a saltomet]1 & a syrup gage a sac*romet]4 ,a jellomet]1 especially = mak+ jelly1 is sometimes us$ in/ead ( a sac*romet]4 ,! scale on ?is tells h[ mu* sug> to use 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( solids 9 ! fruit juice )\t hav+ to ref] to a table4 ,"s hydromet]s are con/ant-volume hydromet]s1 & on ^! weights are plac$ always1 to s9k ! hydromet] to ! same dep? 9 ! liquid4 ,,tables ,,= ,,brix ,,& ,,ball+ ,,hydromet]s ,,:5 ,,us$ ,,at #bj ,c499 ,,sug> ,,to ,a ,,qu>t ,,( ,,fruit ,,juice ,,to ,,make ,,read+ ,,on ,,! ,,jelly ,,hydromet] ---------------------------------------- ,degrees ,p\nds ,ounces ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #e4 #h4 #e4e #i4 #f4j #i4f #f4e #aj4g #g4j #aa4f #g4e #ab4d #h4j #ac4b #h4e #ad4a #i4j #ae4j #i4e #ae4h #aj4j #a4 #g4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------ 99,:5 ! read+ = ! fruit juice is det]m9$ ! table %[s h[ mu* sug> is us$ = juice ( t specific gravity4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,am\nt ,,( ,,sug> ,,p] ,,gallon ,,read+ ,,on ,,! ,,sug> ,,to ,a ,,gallon ,,( ,,wat] ,,hydromet] ---------------------------------------- ,degrees ,p\nds ,ounces ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #j4 #j4j #e4 #g4j #aj4 #ad4h #ae4 #a4 #g4e #bj4 #a4 #ad4ge #be4 #b4 #ab4e #cj4 #c4 #i4j #ce4 #d4 #g4ge #dj4 #e4 #h4ge #de4 #f4 #ac4jj #ej4 #h4 #e4be #ee4 #aj4 #d4jj #fj4 #ab4 #h4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,9 ! second table ! read+s %[ ! specific gravity ( ! syrup1 & f t may be asc]ta9$ ! proportion ( sug> to a gallon ( wat] 9 x4 ,a #bej cc4 cyl9d]1 or o!r tall vessel deep en\gh to float ! sac*romet]1 is suitable = mak+ ! measurem5ts4 ,be sure to h ! eye on ! level ( ! liquid :5 mak+ ! read+s4 ,if no sug> is 9 ! wat]1 ! read+ on ! hydromet] w be ne> z]o4 ,if !re is sug> 9 ! proportion ( sev5 ounces to a gallon ( wat]1 ! read+ w be at ! l9e m>k$ #e4 ,,syrups ,,= ,,cann+ ,b]ries --#cj degrees1 or #c-a_/b p\nds ( sug> to #a gallon ( wat] ,sweet *]ries--#cj degrees ,s\r *]ries --#dj degrees ,pea*es --#cj to #dj degrees ,pe>s --#bj to #cj degrees ,plums --#dj degrees ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4 ,b>omet]4 #cjd4 ,hygroscopes4 ,hygroscopes are devices = measur+ humidity4 ,=ty-five to sixty p] c5t humidity is desirable 9 a h\se4 ,?is means =ty-five to sixty p] c5t z mu* wat] z ! air is capable ( tak+ up at room temp]ature4 ,cold air is usually dry] ?an w>m] air because cold air _c take up z mu* humidity z w>m air4 ,?is is analog\s to ! fact t w>m wat] w dissolve m ( "s salts or ( sug> ?an cold wat]4 #cje4 ,b>omet]s4 ,b>omet]s 7,fig4 #afb7 are devices :i* %[ *anges 9 pressure & curr5ts ( air4 ,*anges 9 ! b>omet] usually indicate *anges 9 ! wea!r1 & ?us !y are ( int]e/ to all p]sons4 ,a decid$ fall 9 ! m]cury ( a b>omet] usually prec$es f\l wea!r1 :ile a rise indicates ! approa* ( fair wea!r4 ,:5 ! pressure is l[ 9 any locality1 air beg9s to ru% t[>d t po9t z x w\ld to fill a vacuum4 ,s a fall 9 ! b>omet] prec$es ! com+ ( a high w9d or a ra9/orm4 ,a rise 9 ! b>omet] prec$es a calm1 & s9ce mo/ ra9 is accompani$ ) w9d1 ! calm is a "t ( fair wea!r4 ,,index ,a ,absorption ( heat & light1 #hd1 #he1 #ajh ,acetyl5e1 #cj1 #di1 #ha1 #ia1 #ib1 #ade1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbc ,acids1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aei1 #baf ,acre1 #bbi ,adju/m5t ( burn]s1 /ove1 #bd1 #bi1 #cj1 #cb1 #cd1 #da1 #di1 #gh1 #gi1 #hj ,air1 = circulation1 #eg1 #gf1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aaa1 #aih dead or /agnant1 #fc1 #ajb = combu/ion1 #af1 #bi1 #ca1 #ch1 #ci1 #dh1 #ff1 #hh1 #ic1 #bad = evaporation1 #aje1 #agf1 #bbj1 #bba = heat+1 #ai1 #ee1 #fj1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #gc1 #ge1 #gi 9 radiator1 #fg1 #fh1 #gj mix]1 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 #cc1 #gg1 #if1 #add moi/ure1 #bci = pressure1 #ig1 #aab1 #aac1 #aad1 #age1 #agf1 #ahd %aft1 #eg :i/l+1 #ef ,alcohol1 #dg1 #dh1 #hi1 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #ade1 #bbc ,alkalies1 #aee1 #aeg ,alt]nat+ curr5t1 #aaj ,alum9um1 #gh1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aga1 #agb ,ammonia1 #ajh1 #ach ,amp]e1 #hb ,&iron1 #gd ,an?racite coal1 #bai ,asbe/os1 #cb1 #ff1 #gg1 #ha ,a% *ute1 #bb ,a%es1 #bj1 #eg1 #ff1 #gd1 #ge1 #gf ,automobile1 #aib ,b ,back-fire1 #aib1 #bad ,bact]ia1 #ajj1 #aja1 #abg ,balances1 #bbe ,ball+ hydromet]1 #bch ,b>omet]1 #bci1 #bdj ,b>rel1 #afg1 #bbh1 #bbi ,bas91 cat*1 #abg ,batt]y1 #aib1 #aic1 #aid1 #bae1 #baf ,baume hydromet]1 #bcg ,be>+1 #aeb ,beat]1 #afe ,bell = /or+ gases1 #bbb ,bell[s1 #adh1 #adi ,belts1 #acf1 #acg1 #ada1 #ahf1 #bae ,bitum9\s coal1 #bai ,blau gas1 #bbc ,bobb91 #ahg1 #ahh1 #ahi ,boil]1 #fd1 #fi1 #ga1 #gc1 #acb1 #acc1 #aef ,boo/]1 #aai ,bracket1 curta91 #ahe ,br9e = cool+1 #ajh ,briti% !rmal unit1 #bah1 #bai ,brix hydromet]1 #bch ,broil]1 #bf ,bru%1 #adg1 #adi1 #aej1 #aeb ,buns5 burn]1 #gg1 #gh1 #ha ,burn]1 #dh1 #if1 #aai1 #ada1 #ade1 #aih gas1 #bc1 #be1 #bg1 #bi1 #gg1 #gh1 #hh1 #ia1 #add k]os5e1 #cb1 #cc1 #cf1 #cg1 #dj1 #hj1 #id ,burn+ back1 #bg1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia ,burr gr9d]1 #afb ,bu%el1 #bbh1 #bbi ,c ,calcium c>bide1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbc ,c&le p[]1 #hd1 #hi1 #ia1 #ie ,cann$ heat1 #dh ,cann]1 #agb1 #agc ,c seal]1 #age ,capill>y attraction1 #dg1 #dh1 #ic1 #ajf ,c>bolic acid1 #abf ,c>bon1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #bad ,c>bon dioxide1 #fg1 #ajh ,c>buretor1 #bi1 #aib1 #bbj ,c>pet sweep]1 #adg1 #adh1 #aej ,ca/ alum9um1 #aef ,ca/ iron1 #aee1 #aef ,cat* bas91 #abg ,c5tigrade !rmomet]1 #bcc1 #bcd ,c5tigram1 #bbf ,c5timet]1 #bbh1 #bbi ,c5tilit]1 #bbh ,c5trifugal dry]1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj =ce1 #aci wa%]1 #ace1 #acf ,c]ium1 #hh ,cesspool1 #abd ,*>coal filt]1 #aad ,*a9 /it*1 #ahf ,*]ry /on]1 #afa1 #afb ,*eck valve1 #ga1 #ahc ,*imney1 #ah1 #ca1 #cc1 #eg1 #ei1 #gd1 #ge1 #hj1 #ic1 #id1 #aaa ,*loride ( lime1 #abf ,*ok]1 #aib ,*opp]1 #afb1 #afc ,*urns1 #afe1 #afg1 #bce ,ci/]n1 #aad ,clamp1 #ach ,clean+1 #be1 #ce1 #abg1 #agb ,clean+ equipm5t1 #adg1 #adh1 #adi1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aec ,cl9k]s1 #gf ,clock1 #bcf ,clut*1 #aib ,coal1 #bj1 #bh1 #ff1 #gf ,c(fee mill1 #afb pot1 #afg1 #afh ,cog :eels1 #afe ,coils1 #fd1 #gh1 #hj ,coke1 #bbb ,cold-process gasol9e-gas1 #bi1 #ia1 #ade ,color & illum9ation1 #hd ,compress$-air pump1 #aac1 #aae1 #aag ,combu/ion1 #af1 #ag1 #bc1 #bd1 #eh1 #ff1 #gd1 #gf1 #gg ,conductivity ( mat]ials1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh ,contraction ( mat]ials1 #bce ,cook]s1 #ej1 #ea1 #ee1 #ef ,cool]s1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aji ,copp]1 #aeh1 #baf1 #bcf ,crank1 #afc ,cream sep>ator1 #agh1 #agi ,cubic measure1 #bbi ,cup1 measur+1 #bbg1 #bbh ,curr5t1 electric1 #db1 #df1 #hj1 #hc1 #hf1 #aaj1 #adc1 #add1 #bae1 #bah1 #bcb ,curta9 roll]1 #ahe ,cyl9d]1 #aab1 #aac1 #baa wa%]1 #acc ,d ,damp]s1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb1 #eh1 #fa1 #ff1 #gd1 #ge1 #aig1 #aih1 #bce1 #bcf ,decomposition ( sewage1 #abd1 #abe1 #abg ,degree1 #bcc1 #bcd ,dekagram1 #bbf ,dekalit]1 #bbh ,dekamet]1 #bbi ,d]max1 #bjf ,d5sity ( liquids1 #bcg ,direct curr5t1 #aaj ,direct light+1 #he ,di%-wa%]1 #agj1 #aga ,dis9fectant1 #abf1 #bjj ,di/illate1 #dj1 #bah ,dolly wa%]1 #acd ,doors1 #ajc1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #bae ,drafts1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #eg1 #eh1 #ei1 #gd ,dra91 #ajc1 #ajd1 #abb1 #ach ,dram1 #bbf1 #bbh ,drip pipe1 #ajb1 #ajc ,drip %eet1 #be ,dry]1 #aga1 #agf ,dry-clean+ equipm5t1 #adj ,dry-cell batt]y1 #bae1 #baf ,dull+ ( edges1 #aei1 #afc ,dumbwait]s1 #ahc ,du/1 #gf1 #gh1 #hj1 #adh1 #aej ,dynamo1 #bae1 #baf ,e ,e>!nw>e1 #ajg1 #aef ,egg te/]1 #bja ,electric appliances1 #db1 #dd1 #df1 #ha heat+1 #db1 #dc1 #hj1 #aai measurem5ts1 #dc1 #hb1 #bcj1 #bcb ,electric motors1 #bag ,electricity1 #bae1 #bai ,electrolyte1 #bag ,enamel$ w>e1 #aeg ,eng9e1 gasol9e1 #acg1 #bab ,evaporation1 #fg1 #aje1 #ajf1 #adj ,exhau/ pipe1 #bab1 #bad ,expansion ( mat]ials1 #ajh1 #bcd1 #bce tank1 #ff1 #fg1 #abj valve1 #gj ,explosions1 prev5t$1 #be1 #ce1 #cg1 #ci1 #fi utiliz$1 #aib1 #bad1 #bbb ,extractor1 #aci ,f ,fahr5heit !rmomet]1 #bcc1 #bcd ,fan1 #aaj1 #adh1 #agg ,fa/5]1 door1 #ahd ,faucet1 #aji1 #aad1 #aaf1 #aai1 #abj1 #abb ,fe$ plate1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #bjg ,filam5t = lamp1 #hc ,filt]1 wat]1 #aad1 #aaf1 #afh ,fire1 #ah1 #ai1 #cd1 #da1 #ff1 #ge ,fireless cook]1 #ej1 #ea ,fireplace1 #gd1 #ge ,fire-pot1 #bj1 #eg1 #eh1 #fe1 #gf ,flame1 #bc1 #ce1 #ch ,flame1 blue1 #ca1 #ch1 #di1 #if illum9at+1 #gg1 #gh1 #hh1 #hi1 #ic1 #id ,fla% po9t1 #bah ,flat-iron1 #adb ,float = flu%+ tank1 #abi1 #acj ,flue1 #ff1 #gg ,=ce pump1 #aac1 #aag1 #aai ,freez]1 #aff1 #afg ,freez+1 #fh1 #aab1 #abf1 #aff1 #bcc ,friction1 dang] f1 #adj ,fuel1 #af1 #eh1 #fe1 #gf1 #hh1 #aai economical use (1 #ai1 #bj1 #bh1 #ei1 #ff ,funnel1 #acc1 #afg1 #afh ,furnace1 #eg1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd1 #ge1 #bbb ,fuses1 #dc1 #df1 #hf1 #add ,g ,gage1 #fg1 #fi1 #gj1 #gc1 #aag ,gage1 /eam1 #gb1 #agc ,gallon1 #bbh ,gas1 #bf1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #dj1 #eh1 #hh1 #ajh1 #aib1 #aii1 #bad1 #bae1 #bai1 #bba1 #bcj burn]s1 #gg1 #gi1 #ij1 #add consumption1 #bc1 #bh1 #bi1 #ff =mation1 #if1 #ig1 #ih k9ds (1 #bi1 #ia1 #bbj1 #bbb1 #bbc ,gasol9e1 #hi1 #ig1 #ii1 #adj1 #bai1 #bbc burn]1 #cg1 #if eng9e1 #aai1 #acg1 #bab1 #bae ,gasol9e-gas1 #bi1 #cg1 #ia1 #bbj ,ge>s1 #aib ,g5]ation ( heat & gas1 #bai1 #bbj ,g5]ator1 #if1 #ig1 #ade1 #bbc ,gill1 #bbg1 #bbh ,glass ut5sils1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh ,graduate1 #bbg ,gram1 #bbf ,granite w>e1 #aef1 #aeg ,grate1 #af1 #eh1 #fe1 #gd1 #gf ,grat]1 #afj ,gravity lamp1 #if ,gravity1 specific1 #bag1 #bcg1 #bci ,gr9d]1 #aei1 #afb ,h ,heat1 #bi1 #dh1 #hi1 #aef1 #aeh1 #bah production (1 #db1 #adj1 #adc1 #bjj1 #bai use (1 #de1 #ej1 #eg1 #fi1 #gh1 #hj1 #adj1 #adc1 #agf ,heat]1 #fe1 #gg1 #gi1 #hj1 #ha1 #aah1 #aai1 #ace1 #ada1 #adc1 #aif1 #aig ,hectograph1 #bje1 #bjf ,hectolit]1 #bbh ,hectomet]1 #bbi ,h+e1 #ahd1 #ahe ,homog5iz]1 #ahj ,horse p[]1 #baj ,hot-wat] furnace1 #fd ,hot-wat] tank1 #aag ,humidity1 #bci ,hundr$-weight1 #bbf ,hydromet]1 #bag1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bci ,hygroscope1 #bci ,i ,ice1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aff1 #bai ,iceless refrig]ator1 #aje1 #ajf ,incubator1 #aif1 #bja1 #bce adju/m5t (1 #aii ,ignition ( gas1 #adj1 #bad1 #bae ,illum9ation1 #bh1 #gg1 #gh1 #hb1 #hd1 #he1 #hh1 #bah1 #bai ,in*1 #bbh1 #bbi ,ink1 #bje1 #bjh ,insulation1 #ai1 #df1 #ej1 #ee1 #eg1 #ff1 #ajb ,iron1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeh1 #bcf ,iron+ bo>d1 #add ,irons1 #adb1 #add1 #ade1 #adf ,j ,j>s1 fruit1 #agf ,jellomet]1 #bcg ,jugs1 #ajg ,k ,k]os5e lamps1 #ic1 #ie oil1 #bh1 #ach1 #bai /oves1 #ca1 #gi1 #hj ,kisselguhr filt]1 #aad ,keybo>d1 #bjb1 #bjd ,kilogram1 #bbf ,kilolit]1 #bbh ,kilomet]1 #bbi ,kil[att1 #hb1 #bcb ,knead+ ma*9e1 #afe ,knives1 #aei1 #afc1 #aif ,knock+1 cause (1 #ga1 #bad ,l ,l>d press1 #afc ,lamp1 adju/+ burn]s1 #hi1 #ij1 #ic1 #id electric1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #hg gas or oil1 #ia1 #ib1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #aif1 #aih1 #aii1 #bae ,laundry tubs1 #abg ,lawn m[]1 #aie ,lava tip1 #hi ,lea!r1 prev5t+ %r9k+ (1 #aab ,lev]1 #gb1 #aed1 #afc1 #aij1 #bcf ,light1 #hc1 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #ih ,lights1 #hb1 #hh1 #ih ,light]s1 #bh1 #ia1 #bae ,light+1 lamps1 #hi1 #ij1 #id1 #ie /oves1 #be1 #bg1 #cc1 #cd1 #cg1 #ch1 #gh1 #gi1 #hj ,light+ plants1 #hf1 #aad ,lime1 #bba ,l9+ refrig]ator1 #aja ,lignite coal1 #bai ,liquify1 sewage1 #abd1 #abe ,liquids1 #bcg ,lit]1 #bbg1 #bbh ,locomotive wa%]1 #ace ,logs1 gas1 #gh ,lock-/it*1 #ahf1 #ahh ,lubrication1 #aic ,m ,mangles1 #ada ,mantles = lamps1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia1 #ie1 #ih ,manufactur$ gas1 #gh1 #hi1 #ia ,maximum !rmomet]s1 #bcd ,mazda lamps1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd ,measurem5ts1 #bbe ,melt+ ice1 #ajc ,metal1 conductivity (1 #aef1 #aeh ,met]1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcb ,microbes1 septic1 #abf ,mile1 #bbi ,milligram1 #bbf ,millilit]1 #bbh ,millimet]1 #bbf ,mimeograph1 #bjf ,mix]1 #afe ,moi/ure1 #bjj1 #bci ,mop wr+]1 #aed ,motor1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #acc1 #aej1 #ahf1 #aib1 #bji c>e (1 #bad1 #bag wat]1 #acg1 #bji1 #baj1 #baa1 #bbj ,m[]1 #aif ,multigraph1 #bjf1 #bjh ,n ,natural gas1 #cj1 #hi1 #bai ,ne$le1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #aia ,nickel1 #aeh ,nozzle1 #adh1 #adi ,o ,oil1 #ca1 #ic1 #aaj1 #bjj1 #bad1 #bah1 #bbc ,oil cups1 #cc1 #ce ,oscillat+ wa%]1 #acd1 #ace ,ounce1 #bbf1 #bbh ,ov51 #ai1 #bj1 #bf1 #bg1 #db1 #bce ,ov]fl[1 #fg1 #aai1 #abj1 #abb1 #acj ,p ,pack+1 #aab1 #abb ,pans1 #aee1 #aef ,p>]s1 #aei1 #afj ,peck1 #bbh1 #bbi ,p]colator1 #afh ,pet cock1 #agd1 #age ,pilot light1 #bf1 #bg1 #aai ,p9t1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bbi ,p9ts* gas1 #bbc ,pipe1 /ove1 #eh1 #fj1 #fa1 #fb wat] or /eam1 #fd1 #ff1 #fi1 #gj1 #gb ,pipes1 #fg1 #gh1 #ajb1 #ajc ,pipeless furnace1 #fc ,pi/on1 #aab1 #adh1 #baa1 #bad ,pivot1 #aff1 #afg1 #bji ,plate1 m[]1 #aie ,plug1 electric1 #adc1 #add ,plumb]'s pump1 #abc ,plumb+ sy/em1 #aae1 #aag ,pneumatic h+e1 #ahd lamp1 #if ,porcela9 filt]1 #aad ,pots1 #aee1 #aef1 #afg1 #afh ,p\nd1 #gb1 #bbf ,p[]1 #hb1 #bji1 #baj1 #bad ,prepaym5t met]1 #bca ,press1 #afc ,pressure1 #gb1 #gc1 #gh1 #gi1 #hb1 #aag1 #acg1 #ach1 #adf1 #afd1 #aga1 #agc1 #bji1 #bbc ,pressure1 air1 #if1 #ig1 #agf gage1 #fi1 #aag ,pre/olite gas1 #bbc ,pulley1 #acg1 #ahe1 #bab ,pump1 #ajh1 #aab1 #aac1 #aag1 #abc1 #adh1 #afh1 #afi1 #bji1 #bbc ,q ,qu>t1 #bbg1 #bbh ,r ,rack = cann]1 #agb ,radiation ( heat1 #eg1 #fa1 #fb1 #gi ,radiator1 #fd1 #fh1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga ,radiator1 gas1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi ,read+ met]s1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bch1 #bci ,reflector1 #gg1 #gh1 #hj1 #ha ,refrig]at+ plant1 #ajh ,refrig]ation1 pr9ciples (1 #ajj ,refrig]ator1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje ,regi/]1 #fj1 #fb1 #ge ,regulation1 heat & pressure1 #bj1 #fj1 #ff1 #gj1 #gb1 #gc ,regulation ( /oves1 #bd1 #dc1 #dd1 #dh ,regulator1 temp]ature1 #aih1 #aii ,res]voir1 #ah ,resi/ance produces heat1 #adc ,revolutions ( motor :eels1 #acg ,ribbon1 typewrit]1 #bjc1 #bjh ,roll]1 #ach1 #ada1 #adb1 #aed1 #afb ,rot>y wa%]1 #acd ,s ,saccromet]1 #bcg1 #bci ,sack1 fl\r1 #bbi ,sadirons1 #adb ,safety devices1 #de1 #ef1 #ga ,safety valve1 #gb1 #gi1 #aag1 #aai1 #agd1 #age ,salt1 #aeg1 #aff ,saltomet]1 #bcg ,scales1 #bbf ,scissors1 #aif ,screw1 #afc ,seal = sew] pipe1 #abh ,se$]1 #aei1 #afa ,semi-indirect light1 #hf ,sep>ators1 cream1 #agh ,septic tank1 #abd1 #abe1 #abg ,sewage1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf ,sew]1 #abd1 #abg1 #abh ,sew+ ma*9e1 #ahf1 #aia1 #bji ,%aft1 #aei1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #bjb1 #bjd1 #bji cold-air1 #eg1 #fj1 #fc ,%e>s1 #aif ,%eet iron1 #aee1 #aef ,%utt]1 furnace pipe1 #fj ,%uttle1 sew+ ma*9e1 #ahh ,silicon1 #aeh ,silv]1 #aeh1 #aga ,simm]]1 #cj ,siphon1 #abe1 #abi ,slic]1 #aei1 #afc ,smoke1 #af1 #bj1 #cb1 #cd1 #cf1 #eg1 #ei1 #ff1 #gc1 #gd1 #hj1 #hi1 #adf1 #bad1 #bae1 #bdf ,socket1 electrical1 #adc ,soot1 #ag1 #bj1 #cb1 #ci1 #ff1 #ge1 #gh1 #bad ,sp>ks1 electric1 #aaj1 #add ,specific gravity1 #bag1 #bcg1 #bci heat1 #aef1 #aeh ,spe$ by use ( :eels1 #afe1 #bab ,spiral1 #afc ,spoons1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #bbg1 #bbh ,spr+1 #ei1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #bbf pulley1 #ahc ,/eam1 #ga1 #gi1 #aaa1 #acc1 #age1 #bai pressure1 #fi1 #gj1 #gb1 #gc1 #agd1 #age ,/eam cook]1 #ef valves & gages1 #gj1 #gb1 #gc1 #agc ,/eel = cook+1 #aee ,/5cil1 #bjf ,/it*1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aia ,/ones1 fireless cook]1 #ej1 #ed ,/on]1 #afa ,/orage tank1 #aac1 #bbj ,/orage batt]y1 #bae1 #baf1 #bag ,/ove1 #cg1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #eg1 #eh1 #fc1 #fe1 #gj electric1 #db1 #dd1 #aeg gas1 #bc to #cj1 #add heat+1 #ge1 #gf1 #gh1 #hj1 #ada ,/ove1 wood & coal1 #ae1 #bb ,/oves1 c>e (1 #ca1 #cd1 #da1 #dd1 #gf1 #gh ,/uff]1 #afc1 #afd ,suction pump1 #aab1 #aac wa%]1 #acb1 #acc1 #afi ,sweep]1 c>pet1 #adg1 #adh1 #aej ,swit*1 ignition1 #aib ,syrup1 temp]atures (1 #bce ,t ,tables1 #he1 #aeh1 #bai1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bce1 #bch ,tablespoons1 #bbg1 #bbh ,tank1 #cj1 #ca1 #ce1 #cg1 #ci1 #dj1 #fd1 #fg1 #if1 #adf1 #bbj1 #bbc septic1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf1 #abg wat]1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aac1 #aag1 #aai1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj ,teaspoon1 #bbg1 #bbh ,temp]ature1 #bj1 #ea1 #gc1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aje1 #agc1 #aif1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bjf1 #bbj1 #bcc1 #bcf ,temp]+ ( metal1 #aef ,t5sion1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #ahi ,te/]1 egg1 #bja ,?aw+1 #bcc ,!rmal unit1 #bah ,!rmomet]1 #aig1 #aii1 #bcc1 #bcd ,!rmo/at1 #aig1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bce1 #bcf ,?orium1 #hh ,?read1 #ahg1 #ahh ,?rottle1 #aib ,?umb-screw1 #ach1 #agd ,"t = cook+ food1 #ed ,tim]1 #aic ,t91 #aee1 #aef1 #aeh ,ton1 #bbf ,trap1 #abb1 #abh ,trays1 #agf1 #aig1 #bjj ,treadle1 #ahf1 #bji ,tung/51 #hb1 #hc1 #aeh ,type1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bjh ,typewrit]1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bjf ,u ,ut5sils = cook+1 #dd1 #aee1 #aef ,v ,vacuum1 #aab1 #agf1 #bdj clean]1 #adg1 #adh ,valve1 #be1 #bf1 #bi1 #cc1 #cg1 #eb1 #fh1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #ij1 #aab1 #aac1 #aai1 #abj1 #abb1 #abi1 #acj1 #ade1 #agd1 #ahc1 #aig1 #baa1 #bcb1 #bce ,vapor1 #dj1 #da1 #ade ,v5t1 radiator1 #fh ,v5tilators1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aig1 #aih1 #bjj ,volt1 #hb ,voltage1 #hf1 #aaj1 #add1 #bag ,w ,w>p+1 #gf ,wa%bo>d1 #acd ,wa% boil]1 #agb ,wa%]s = valves1 etc41 #abj ,wa%+ equipm5t1 c>e (1 #acf1 #ach1 #aci1 #ada1 #adb ,wa%+ ma*9es1 #acb1 #acc1 #ace1 #acf1 #bji ,wa/e1 #gf1 #abd ,wat]1 #fg1 #ajb1 #ajf closets1 #abh cool]s1 #aje1 #ajh filt]s1 #aad = cool+1 #ajg1 #bae = furnaces1 #fd1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #ha heat]1 #aah1 #aai met]1 #bcj motors1 #acg1 #bji1 #baj1 #baa1 #bbj tanks1 #aai -ba? cann]1 #agc -seal cann]1 #agc ,watt1 #hb1 #hd ,weight1 #bbj1 #bbf ,wells1 #aac1 #abe ,:eels1 #acg1 #afe1 #baa1 #bcj ,:ey sep>ator1 #ahj ,:i/le1 #ef ,wick1 #cb1 #ce1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #ih1 #aih ,wickless burn]1 #cb1 #cc ,w9d[1 adju/m5t (1 #fc1 #ahc %ades1 #ahd ,wire1 #dc1 #df1 #aaj ,wood1 #aeg1 #bai ,wr+]1 clo!s1 #ach mop1 #aed ,y ,y>d1 #bbi ,z ,z]o1 #bcc ,,index ,,( ,,illu/rations ,a ,acetyl5e burn]1 #ij gas plant1 #bba ,adju/+ gas light1 #hi ,air mix]1 #bd1 #gg ,alcohol iron1 #ade ,a% *ute1 #ba ,automatic devices = heat+ wat]1 #aah t5sion1 #aij ,b ,balance :eel1 #ahf ,ball be>+s1 #aeb ,b>omet]1 #bci ,ba?-tub ov]fl[1 #abb ,batt]y1 #bag ,bl[]1 #aaj ,bobb9 %uttle1 #ahh spool1 #ahh ?read1 #ahh w9d]1 #ahf worm :eel1 #ahf ,boil]1 wa%] =1 #acb ,boo/]1 #abj ,bread mix]1 #afe ,bru%1 electric clean]1 #aea c>pet sweep]1 #aec ,buns5 burn]1 #hi ,burn]1 acetyl5e1 #ij ,buns51 #hi clean+1 #bf gasol9e1 #cg1 #ch gasol9e-gas1 #bi oil /ove1 #ca1 #cd ,c ,cam1 #bac ,cann]1 pressure1 #agc wat]-ba?1 #agb ,c seal]1 #age ,cap1 sew+ ma*9e1 #aij ,c>pet sweep]1 #aeb1 #aec ,c5tigrade !rmomet]1 #bcd ,c5trifugal wa%]1 #acf ,*amb]s' fireless cook] range1 #ed ,*eck valve = door1 #ahd ,*]ry /on]1 #afj ,*imneys1 lamp1 #ic ,circulation 9 refrig]ator1 #ajb ,clean]1 vacuum1 #adg1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb ,clean-out = cook /ove1 #ae ,clo? plate1 sew+ ma*9e1 #aij ,compress$-air pump1 #aad ,cook]1 gas1 #ed /eam1 #ee ,cook+ /ove1 #ae1 #be ,cool] = food1 #ajf1 #ajh ,crank %aft1 #bac ,cream sep>ator1 #agi1 #ahj ,curta9 roll]1 #ahe ,cyl9d] wa%]1 #acd ,d ,damp]s1 #ae1 #ag ,direct light1 #hc ,discs 9 sep>ator1 #ahj ,di% dry]1 #agb wa%]1 #agj1 #aga ,door hold]1 #ahd *eck valve1 #ahd ,draft1 #ag ,dry]1 #aci1 #agf ,e ,egg te/]1 #bjj ,egg1 appe>ance :5 te/$1 #bja ,electric fan1 #aaa g5]ator1 #baf heat]1 #hj heat+ unit1 #dc iron1 #adc light]1 #ia met]1 #bcb plug1 #add /ove1 #db1 #hj vacuum clean]1 #aej1 #aea ,embroid]y spr+1 #aij ,eng9e1 gasol9e1 #bac ,expansion tank1 #fg ,exhau/ valve1 #bac ,f ,fahr5heit !rmomet]1 #bcd ,fan1 #aaj1 #aaa ,faucet %[+ p>ts1 #abb ,fe$ b>1 sew+ ma*9e1 #aij pipe1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc ,fireless cook]1 #ea1 #ec ,flames1 cle> & smoky1 #ce ,flu%+ tank1 #acj ,fly:eel1 #bac ,=ce pump1 #aac1 #aai ,fruit press1 #afd ,fuel box1 #ba ,furnace1 ,g>l& hot-wat]1 #fd1 #fe1 #fg pipeless1 #fa /eam1 #fi1 #gc w>m-air1 #eh1 #ei ,fuse on electric heat+ unit1 #dc ,g ,gage1 wat]1 #gj ,gas1 acetyl5e plant1 #bba air mix] =1 #bd1 #gg burn]1 #bf cook]1 #ed heat]1 #gg1 #gh iron1 #ade light1 #hi logs1 #gi met]1 #bcj ov51 #bg radiator1 #gi /ove1 #be1 #gg1 #gh tank1 #bbc ,gasol9e burn]1 #cg eng9e1 #bac -gas lamp1 #ig -gas plant1 #bbj -/ove1 #ch ,g5]ator1 #baf ,gov]nor1 #bac ,grate1 #af1 #ba ,gr9d]1 #afj1 #afa1 #afb ,h ,heat]1 electric1 #hj gas1 #gg1 #gh hot-air1 #fb hot-wat]1 #fe oil1 #hj reflector1 #gh wat]1 #aah1 #abj1 #aba ,heat+ unit1 #de = electric /ove1 #dc ,hectograph1 #bjf ,hold]1 door1 #ahd ,h+e1 door1 #ahe ,humidifi]1 #eh ,i ,iceless refrig]ator1 #aje ,ignitor1 #bac ,incubator1 #aig lamps1 #aif ,indirect light1 #hf ,in/antane\s wat] heat]1 #aah ,insulation 9 cook]1 #ea ,iron1 alcohol1 #aee electric1 #adc gas1 #ade ,k ,k]os5e lamp1 #id oil heat]1 #hj ,knives1 m[]1 #aie ,l ,lamp1 #ce1 #ic electric1 #hc gasol9e1 #ig incubator1 #aif mantle =1 #id ,l>d press1 #afd ,lawn m[]1 #aie ,lift] = fireless cook] /ones1 #ec ,light1 adju/+ gas1 #hi direct1 #hc indirect1 #hf pilot1 #bg semi-indirect1 #hg ,light]1 gas /ove1 #bh electric1 #ia ,l9+ ( fire box1 #ba ,lock-/it* ma*9e1 #ahf ,locomotive wa%]1 #ace ,logs1 gas1 #gi ,loop]1 sew+ ma*9e1 #aij ,m ,mangle1 #ada1 #adb ,mantle lamp1 #hh1 #id ,met]s1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcb ,mimeograph ma*9e1 #bjg ,mix]1 bread & cake1 #afe1 #aff ,mop wr+]1 #aed ,motor1 wat]1 #bji1 #baj1 #baa ,m[]1 lawn1 #aie ,n ,ne$le b>1 #ahf1 #aij clamp1 #ahf ,nozzles1 #aeb ,o ,oil heat]1 #hj /ove1 #cb burn]1 #ca1 #cb light+1 #cd ,oscillat+ wa%]1 #ace ,ov5 burn]1 gas1 #bi ,ov]fl[1 #abc ,p ,pail = cook+ food1 #ajg ,p>]1 #aei ,pet cock1 #agc ,pilot light1 #bg ,pipes1 hot-wat]1 #fe /eam1 #fi ,pi/on1 #bac ,plant1 acetyl5e-gas1 #bba gasol9e-gas1 #bbj ,plug1 electric1 #add ,pneumatic gasol9e lamp1 #ig ,press1 l>d & fruit1 #afd ,press] foot1 sew+ ma*9e1 #ahf1 #aij ,pressure cann]s1 #agc ?umb-screw =1 #ahf tank1 #bbc ,pump1 compress$-air1 #aad =ce1 #aac1 #aai plumb]'s1 #abb suction1 #aac ,pulley :eel1 #bac ,pulley1 w9d[1 #ahc ,r ,rack = cann]1 #agc ,radiator1 #fe1 #fh1 #gi valve1 #abb v5ts1 #fh ,reflector gas heat]1 #gh ,refrig]ator1 #ajj circulation ( air 91 #ajb iceless1 #aje ,roll]1 mangle1 #adb wr+]1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace ,rot>y wa%]1 #acd ,s ,safety valve1 #fi ,seal]1 fruit-c1 #age ,semi-indirect light1 #hg ,sep>ator1 disc1 #ahj ,sep>ator ,de,laval1 #aha ,%>pless1 #agi ,septic tank1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf ,sew+ ma*9e1 *a9-/it*1 #aij bobb91 #ahh lock-/it*1 #ahf "u "p1 #ahg %aft1 #bac ,%aft1 crank1 #bac ,%ak]1 /ove1 #ba1 #fd ,%uttle1 #ahg1 #ahh ,siphon1 #abf ,slic]1 #afc ,spool hold]1 #ahf1 #aij = bobb91 #ahh ,spr+ 9 curta9 roll]1 #ahe ,/eam cook]1 #ee furnace1 #fi1 #gc ,/on]1 #afj ,/ones1 fireless cook]1 #ea1 #ec ,/orage batt]y1 #bag ,/ove1 coal1 #ae electric1 #db1 #dc1 #hj gas1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #gg1 #gh gasol9e1 #cg1 #ch grate1 #ba heat+1 #fb1 #gg1 #gh1 #hj oil1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #hj pipe1 #ag %ak]1 #ba1 #fd v5tilator1 #aaa wood1 #ae ,suction pump1 #aac wa%]1 #acc ,sweep]1 c>pet1 #aec ,t ,tank1 #fe1 #aba cool+1 #ajh expansion1 #fg flu%+1 #acj gas1 #bbc septic1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf ,t5sion1 sew+ ma*9e1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #aij ,!rmomet]1 ,fahr5heit1 #bcd ,c5tigrade1 #bcd ,!rmo/at1 #aii ,?read1 bobb91 #ahh cutt]1 #ahf guide1 #ahf ,?read take-up1 #ahf1 #aij ,traps1 #abi ,tray = di%es1 #agb ,typewrit]1 ,hammond1 #bjd ,l4 ,c4 ,smi?1 #bjb ,u ,univ]sal gr9d]1 #afb ,ut5sils = electric /ove1 #de = fireless cook]1 #ea1 #ec ,v ,vacuum clean]1 #adg1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb nozzles1 #aeb ,valve1 cook]1 #ea door *eck1 #ahd safety1 #fi radiator1 #abb ,vegetable slic]1 #afc ,v5ts1 #fh1 #abb ,v5tilator1 #aaa ,w ,wa%]1 c5trifugal1 #acf1 #aci cyl9d]1 #acd = boil]1 #acb locomotive1 #ace oscillat+1 #ace rot>y1 #acd suction1 #acc ,wat]-ba? cann]1 #agb ,wat] closet1 #abi cool]1 #aji heat]1 #abj met]1 #bca motor1 #bji1 #baj1 #baa tank1 #aba = cool+1 #ajg ,:eel1 #ahf1 #aij ,wick1 #cf ,w9d[ pulley1 #ahc ,wr+]1 c5trifugal1 #aci mop1 #aed roll]1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace