,transcrib]'s note3 ,italics text is d5ot$ ) und]scores1 boldface text ) equals signs4 ,o!r notes are at ! end ( ?is e,book4 ,,evolution ,,its ,,nature1 ,,its ,,evid5ces1 ,,& ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,religi\s ,,?\ght ,,by ,,joseph ,,le ,,conte ,,au?or ,,( 8,,religion ,,& ,,sci5ce10 ,,etc4 ,,& ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,geology ,,& ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cali=nia ,,second ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,new ,,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 #gb ,,fif? ,,av5ue4 #ahig4 ,,copyright1 #ahhh1 #ahia1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,! ?ree ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! publication ( ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w h be5 ye>s ( great activity ( ?\ght on _m ( ! subjects treat$ !re94 ,"s *anges & additions seem$ !re=e imp]atively call$ =4 ,= example3 ,!re has sprung up rec5tly among ! =emo/ writ]s on evolution a w>m discussion on ! factors ( evolution1 _! numb] & relative importance4 ,i h !re=e add$ a *apt] 7,*ap4 ,,iii1 ,"p ,,ii7 on ?is subject--n1 inde$1 to discuss x fully 7= ?is w\ld be impossible 9 ! limits ( a *apt]71 b to put ! m9d ( ! read] 9 position to und]/& x & to judge = himself4 ,aga93 ,e read] ( ! fir/ edition mu/ h rem>k$ t !re are _m fundam5tal religi\s que/ions :i* ,i h n t\*$ at all 9 ,"p ,,iii4 ,i _h avoid$ ^! because my own m9d 0 n yet fully cle>4 ,i reg>d$ :at ,i !n wrote z only a little leav5 9 a v l>ge lump4 ,i 0 will+ to wait & let x "w4 ,9 ! mean "t x has work$ 9 my own m9d1 & ,i hope 9 ! m9ds ( o!rs4 ,i h !re=e add$ two *apt]s to ?is "p4 ,9 "o ,i simply c>ry out to _! logical consequ5ces ! doctr9e ( ! ,div9e ,imman5cy4 ,?is br+s up ! que/ions ( ,fir/ & ,second ,causes2 ( ,g5]al & ,special ,provid5ce2 ( ! ,natural & ! ,sup]natural2 ( ,m9d vs4 ,me*anics 9 ,nature1 etc41 & %[s ! necess>y *anges ( view :i* are en=c$ by ! !ory ( evolution4 ,9 ! o!r ,i take up v briefly 8,! ,relation ( ,evolution to ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/40 ,9 ! discussion ( ?is ,i re/ra9 myself /rictly )9 ! limits ( ! subject z /at$ above4 ,! only o!r important *anges are 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 ,"p ,,iii1 8,on ! ,relation ( ,man to ,nature40 ,z ,i reg>d ?is z ! mo/ important *apt] 9 ! :ole book1 ,i h endeavor$ /ill fur!r to en=ce my view ( ! orig9 ( man's _s1 & especially to make x cle>] by means ( sev]al additional illu/rations4 ,,joseph ,,le ,,conte4 ,,b]keley1 ,,cal41 ,july #a1 #ahia4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,! subject ( ! foll[+ "w may be express$ 9 ?ree que/ions3 ,:at is evolution8 ,is x true8 ,:at !n8 ,surely1 !re are no que/ions ( ! day m burn+ ?an ^!4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 on ea* ( !m1 address$ to diff]5t classes ( m9ds3 "s to ! sci5tific1 "s to ! popul>1 & "s to ! religi\s & !ological2 b no?+ has yet appe>$ :i* cov]s ! :ole gr\nd & connects ! diff]5t p>ts toge!r4 ,mu*1 v mu* has be5 writt51 especially on ! nature & ! evid5ces ( evolution1 b ! lit]ature is s volum9\s1 mu* ( x s fragm5t>y1 & mo/ ( x s te*nical1 t ev5 v intellig5t p]sons h /ill v vague ideas on ! subject4 ,i h attempt$ to give 7#a7 a v concise acc\nt ( :at we mean by evolution1 7#b7 an outl9e ( ! evid5ces ( its tru? drawn f _m diff]5t s\rces1 & 7#c7 its relation to fundam5tal religi\s beliefs4 ,i h det]m9$1 above all1 to make a book s small t x may be read ?r\gh )\t mu* exp5se ( "t & pati5ce4 ,b ! subject is s l>ge t 9 ord] to d s x 0 necess>y to sacrifice all b :at 0 mo/ ess5tial1 & to =ego all r$undancy 7! bane ( s-call$ popul> sci5ce7 ev5 at ! risk ( baldness & obscurity4 ,nev]!less1 ,i hope t ! fir/ & second p>ts w be f\nd n only int]e/+ to ! intellig5t g5]al read]1 b ev5 pr(itable to ! special biologi/4 ,i h tri$ to make ^! p>ts z unte*nical z possible1 b ,i hope n on t acc\nt ! less sci5tific4 ,= ,i am among ^! :o ?9k t x is n necess>y to be sup]ficial 9 ord] to be popul>--t sci5ce may be adapt$ to ! intellig5t popul> m9d )\t ceas+ to be sci5ce4 ,! ?ird "p seems to me /ill m important j n[4 ,!re is a deep & widespread belief 9 ! popul> m9d1 & ev5 to "s ext5t 9 ! sci5tific m9d1 t !re is some?+ exceptional 9 ! doctr9e ( evolution z reg>ds its relation to religi\s ?\ght & moral conduct4 ,o!r sci5tific !ories h requir$ only "s modifications ( religi\s conceptions1 b ?is utt]ly de/roys ! possibility ( all religi\s belief by demon/rat+ a pure mat]ialism4 ,n[ ?is1 ,i believe1 is a complete misconception4 ,?9k+ m5 are fa/ com+ to see ?is2 "s1 inde$1 h mi/ak5 ! *ange = a reaction aga9/ evolution4 ,x is a reaction n aga9/ evolution1 b only aga9/ its mat]iali/ic implication4 ,evolution is m & m firmly e/abli%$ e ye>4 ,! tide ( conviction is "o :i* kn[s no ebb4 ,"s cle> /atem5t1 9 brief space1 ( its true relation to religi\s ?\ght seems1 !re=e1 v important at ?is "t4 ,,b]keley1 ,,cal41 ,may1 #ahhg4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,:at ,,is ,,evolution8 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,its ,,scope ,,& ,,def9ition4 ,,page ,a type ( evolution--,developm5t ( an egg #c ,univ]sality ( evolution--,p]vades all nature & conc]ns all dep>tm5ts ( ?\ght--,"o half ( all sci5ce-- ,illu/rat$ 7#a7 by human body1 7#b7 by sol> sy/em1 7#c7 by society1 7#d7 by e>?1 7#e7 by organic k+dom--,! t]m evolution usually1 b n rightly1 conf9$ to ?is la/ #c ,def9ition ( evolution--,i4 ,progressive *ange--,%[n 9 ! animal body1 or ! ,ontog5ic s]ies--,9 ! animal scale1 or ! ,taxonomic s]ies--,9 ! geological1 or ,phylog5ic s]ies--,! ?ree s]ies simil>1 ?\gh n id5tical #h ,,ii4 ,*ange accord+ to c]ta9 laws--,?ree laws ( succession ( organic =ms #aa 7a7 ,law ( diff]5tiation--,e>ly =ms are g5]aliz$2 aft]w>ds sep>at$ into specializ$ =ms--,illu/rat$ by fi%es1 by birds--,:ole process ( diff]5tiation illu/rat$ by gr[? & bran*+ ( a tree #aa 7b7 ,law ( progress ( ! :ole--,mi/ake ( conf\nd+ evolution ) upw>d progress--,h[ f> true1 & h[ f> false--,illu/rat$ by bran*+ tree--,examples ( ?is mi/ake 9 ! popul> m9d--,9 ! sci5tific m9d #ac 7c7 ,law ( cyclical movem5t--,%[n 9 geological hi/ory-- ,age ( mollusks1 fi%es1 reptiles1 mammals1 man--,illu/rat$ aga9 by a bran*+ tree--,increas+ complexity z well z height--,illu/rat$ by diagram #af ,! above ?ree laws are laws ( evolution--,diff]5tiation --,%[n 9 ! developm5t ( an egg1 ! type ( evolution #ai ,progress ( ! :ole--,n progress ( all p>ts--,%[n 9 ! developm5t ( an egg #bb ,cyclical movem5t--,less fundam5tal ?an o!r two--,%[n 9 ,ontog5y ( body1 ( m9d--,increas+ complexity--,necessity ( cont9u$ advance--,o!rwise det]ioration--,all ^! laws %[n 9 progress ( society---,diff]5tiation %[n-- ,progress ( ! :ole b n ( all p>ts %[n--,cyclical movem5t %[n--,9 social evolution1 h[ev]1 !re is ano!r elem5t1 viz41 consci\s volunt>y progress---,?is k9d ( evolution contra/$ ) ! o!r #bb ,,iii4 ,*ange by means ( resid5t =ces--,?is is ! po9t ( dispute--,s5se 9 :i* we use t]m resid5t =ces--,does n t\* "q ( orig9 ( natural =ces #bg ,! two views ( ! orig9 ( organic =ms briefly contra/$ --,z to :e!r natural or sup]natural--,z to v>iability1 def9ite or indef9ite--,z to *ange f "o species to ano!r by transmutation or sub/itution--,z to univ]sality ( law ( cont9uity #bi ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,l\is ,,agassiz ,,to ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,evolution4 ,g5]al misund]/&+ on ?is subject--,necess>y to give sket* ( hi/ory ( ! idea--,greeks1 ,lucretius1 ,sw$5borg1 & ,kant--,fir/ sci5tific pres5tation by ,lam>ck--,g5]al "* ( ,lam>ck's views--,fail$1 & rightly s--,next1 ,*amb]s's 8,ve/iges ( ,creation0--,its g5]al "*-- ,fail$1 & rightly s--,"s ?9k ?is un=tunate--,:y n s--,an ob/acle mu/ be remov$ & a basis laid #cb ,! ob/acle remov$--,old views 9 reg>d to =ces-- ,correlation ( =ces e/abli%$--,b vital =ce consid]$ exception--,!re=e liv+ =ms also suppos$ exception to mode ( orig9 ( o!r =ms--,!n vital =ces also correlat$--,!re=e1 a priori probable t liv+ =ms also correlat$ ) o!r =ms z to mode ( orig9--,?us ob/acle remov$ #ce ,! basis laid--,agassiz laid inductive basis ( evolution1 al?\gh he refus$ to build--,he e/abli%$ ! laws ( evolution & p]fect$ ! me?od ( comp>ison--,importance ( me?od discuss$--,! me?od ( notation--,! me?od ( exp]im5t--,! difficulty ( apply+ ^! to life ph5om5a--,me?od ( comp>ison %[n--7#a7 ,9 ,taxonomic s]ies--7#b7 ,9 ,ontog5ic s]ies--7#c7 ,9 ,phylog5ic s]ies --,cuvi] ! great work] by comp>ison 9 ! ,taxonomic s]ies--,agassiz 9 ! ,ontog5ic & ,phylog5ic--,agassiz also e/abli%$ ! ?ree laws ( evolution giv5 9 previ\s *apt]--,?us he laid f\ndation--,:y he did n build-- ,suppos$ id5tity ( evolution & mat]ialism--,! ob/acle be+ remov$ & ! basis laid1 :5 evolution aga9 br\ght =w>d x 0 univ]sally accept$1 because ! _w 0 prep>$--,place ( ,agassiz & ,d>w9 comp>$--,=mal sci5ce vs4 physical sci5ce--,illu/rat$ by relation ( ,kepl] to ,newton--,relation ( ,agassiz to "t cosmos simil> to t ( ,kepl] to space cosmos--,s ,d>w9 to ,newton-- ,"s reflections on ! above--,gravitation is ! law ( space cosmos--,evolution ( "t cosmos--,( ! div9e sph]al music gravitation is ! *ordal h>mony & evolution ! melody #cg ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,! ,,tru? ,,( ,,evolution4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,evolution ,,z ,a ,,univ]sal ,,law4 ,evolution is cont9uity1 causal relation1 gradual becom+ --,increas+ acceptance ( ?is idea--,fir/ accept$ = inorganic =ms1 m\nta9s1 cont95ts & seas1 rocks & soils1 e>? z a :ole1 heav5ly bodies--,!re=e ackn[l$g$ = all inorganics--,influ5ce ( geology 9 br++ ab\t ?is *ange--,organic =ms3 ackn[l$g$ = individuals1 true = classes1 ord]s1 families1 g5]a --,races & v>ieties also =m$ gradually--,artificial species =m$ gradually--,examples ( gradual *anges 9 wild species--,hyatt's rese>*es--,o!r examples--,summ+ up ( g5]al evid5ce--,suffici5t gr\nd = induction-- ,b evolution is n only inductively probable b c]ta91 axiomatic--,x is ! law ( causation appli$ to =ms1 & !re=e a necess>y tru? #ec ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,special ,,pro(s ,,( ,,evolution4 ,introductory4 ,special pro(s necess>y--,evolution1 ?\gh c]ta91 is n yet accept$ by ! popul> m9d--,diff]5t dep>tm5ts f :i* pro(s are drawn #fg ,orig9 ( new organic =ms2 ! old view briefly /at$-- ,necess>y to give a brief /atem5t ( !ories--,old view-- ,p]man5cy ( specific types--,sup]natural orig9 ( species --,c5t]s ( creation--,explanation ( facts ( geographical di/ribution--,( geological di/ribution--,modification ( extreme view--,v>iability1 b )9 limits--,illu/rat$ #fh ,! new view briefly /at$--,indef9ite v>iability ( organic =ms--,effect ( environm5t on rigid =ms--,on pla/ic =ms--,taxonomic gr\ps repres5t degrees ( k9%ip #gb ,factors ( evolution--7#a7 ,physical environm5t--7#b7 ,use & disuse ( organs--7#c7 ,natural selection--7#d7 ,sexual selection--7#e7 ,physiological selection--,its necessity %[n --,its op]ation expla9$--,comp>$ ) natural selection --,cause ( v>iation unkn[n--,explanation ( ?is is ! next great /ep 9 ! !ory ( evolution #gc ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,grades ,,( ,,! ,,factors ,,( ,,evolution ,,& ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,_! ,,appe>ance4 ,factors ( evolution re/at$2 _! grades & ! ord] ( _! introduction %[n--,lam>ckian factors1 fir/ 9 ord] because !y prec$e sexual reproduction--7#a7 ,environm5t--7#b7 ,use & disuse--,) sexual reproduction selective factors introduc$--7#c7 ,natural selection--7#d7 ,physiological selection--7#e7 ,sexual selection--,) man 0 introduc$ 7#f7 ! rational factor--,9 ?is process two /rik+ /ages--viz41 ! introduction ( sex & ! introduction ( reason--,effect ( ea* to ha/5 ! /eps ( evolution--,! la/ by f> ! great] *ange #ha ,contra/ betwe5 organic & human evolution--7#a7 ,! mean+ ( t]m fitte/ 9 ea*--7#b7 ,de/9y ( ! weak & helpless 9 ea*--7#c7 ,! nature ( evolution>y trans=mation 9 ea*--7#d7 ,! law ( /rait & n>r[ way appli$ 9 ea*--7#e7 ,human evolution is a diff]5t k9d & on a high] plane #hh ,application to "s que/ions ( ! day4 ,i4 ,neo-,d>w9i/s1 _! position expla9$--,reasons = diss5t+--7a7 ,lam>ckian factors prec$$ all o!rs-- 7b7 ,?\gh n[ subord9ate1 !y /ill und]lie & condition all o!r factors--7c7 ,%[n by comp>ison ( phylog5y ) ontog5y #ib ,,ii4 ,human progress n id5tical ) organic evolution--,mi/ake ( ! mat]iali/s--,b nei!r is x :olly diff]5t1 z "s suppose #if ,,iii4 ,neo-,d>w9ism is fatal to hopes ( human progress--,reason may use freely ,lam>ckian factors1 b c n use natural selection 9 ! same way z ,nature does #ig ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,special ,,pro(s ,,f ,,! ,,g5]al ,,laws ,,( ,,animal ,,/ructure1 ,,or ,,comp>ison ,,9 ,,! ,,taxonomic ,,s]ies4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4 ,analogy & homology--,def9$ & illu/rat$ by examples-- ,w+s & limbs--,lungs1 gradual =mation (1 trac$ 9 ! ,taxonomic s]ies--,trac$ 9 ! ,ontog5ic s]ies--,examples ( homology 9 plants3 tub]1 cactus-leaf1 acacia-leaf-- ,def9itions repeat$ & fur!r expla9$--,common orig9 is ! only explanation ( homology #ii ,prim>y divisions ( ! animal k+dom--,true gr\nd ( su* divisions is ability to trace homology--,we take examples only f v]tebrata & articulata--,comp>e to /yles ( ar*itecture--,to ma*9es--,to bran*+ /em #ajg ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,pro(s ,,f ,,homologies ,,( ,,! ,,v]tebrate ,,skeleton4 ,common g5]al plan--,9 sev]al respects--,/rongly sugge/ive ( common orig9--,details ( /ructure demon/rative ( ! same #aaa ,special homology ( v]tebrate limbs #aac ,=e-limbs--,comp>ison ( =e-limbs ( mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 & fi%es1 "p = "p--,gradual *anges 9 coll>-bone & coracoid--,9 position ( elb[--,9 bones ( =e>m--,9 position ( wri/--,9 ! tread--,! t]m manus--,numb] ( toes--,modifications = flight 9 v>i\s animals--,= swimm+ 9 :ales & fi%es #aac ,h9d-limbs--,comp>ison ( h9d-limbs ( sev]al mammals-- ,position ( knee--,( heel--,plantigrade & digitigrade --,degrees ( ! latt]--,numb] ( toes--,g5]al law 9 reg>d to numb] ( simil> p>ts--,ord] ( toe-dropp+ 9 artiodactyles--,9 p]issodactyles #aba ,g5esis ( ! horse--,*anges 9 foot-/ructure--,same true ( o!r p>ts ( skeleton--,only natural explanation is d]ivation--,nature comp>$ ) man 9 mode ( work+-- ,angels--,griff9s--,c5taurs--,muscul> & n]v\s sy/ems --,visc]al organs #abf ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,homologies ,,( ,,! ,,articulate ,,skeleton4 ,illu/rations f ?is type--,plan ( /ructure entirely diff]5t--,g5]al plan ( /ructure expla9$ & modifications %[n--,%rimp--,modification ( segm5ts & ( app5dages = v>i\s purposes3 swimm+1 walk+1 eat+1 s5se--,illu/rat$ by o!r cru/aceans--,by myriapods-- ,by m>9e worms--,crabs--,embryonic developm5t ( crabs-- insects--,modification ( segm5ts & app5dages--,m\? p>ts ( insects #acb ,illu/ration ( ! law ( diff]5tiation--,cells--,segm5ts --,individuals--,homologies 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( animals1 b ^! are less famili>--,betwe5 prim>y gr\ps1 homology untraceable 9 adult =ms--,b ^! also probably connect$ by common orig9--,diff]5t views z to orig9 ( v]tebrates #add ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,pro(s ,,f ,,embryology1 ,,or ,,comp>ison ,,9 ,,! ,,ontog5ic ,,s]ies4 ,resemblance ( ! ?ree s]ies--,frog1 9 ,ontog5y passes ?r\gh ma9 /ages ( ,taxonomy & ,phylog5y--,resemblance only g5]al--,_m /eps dropp$ out 9 ,ontog5y #adh 7#a7 ,ontog5y ( tailless amphibians--,! frog3 fi% /age1 p]5nibran* /age1 caducibran* /age1 aneural /age--,same /ages 9 ,phylog5y #aej 7#b7 ,aortic ar*es--,^? ( liz>d describ$--,orig9 f gill-ar*es ( fi%--,*ange f "o to ! o!r 9 ,ontog5y ( a frog--,same *anges 9 ,phylog5y ( liz>d--,embryonic condition ( mammalian he>t & vessels--,gradual *ange & f9al condition 9 birds--,9 mammals--,gradual decrease 9 numb] ( aortic ar*es z we g up ! v]tebrate scale-- ,cog5cy ( ! argum5t f aortic ar*es #aea 7#c7 ,v]tebrate bra9--,fi% bra9--,bra9 ( reptiles1 birds1 mammals1 man comp>$--,human bra9 passes ?r\gh simil> /ages--,*anges 9 complexity ( /ructure 9 ,taxonomy-- ,same *anges 9 ,ontog5y ( mammals--,same 9 ,phylog5y ( reptiles1 birds1 mammals #afb ,cephalization--,explanation (1 9 body1 9 m9d #aga 7#d7 ,fi%-tails--,homoc]cal & het]oc]cal--,v]tebrat$ & non-v]tebrat$--,ord] ( *ange 9 ,ontog5y--,same 9 ,phylog5y--,simil> *anges 9 birds' tails 9 ,ontog5y & ,phylog5y--,9 o!r tailless animals--,examples f articulates1 insects1 cru/aceans1 etc4 #agb ,illu/ration ( ! diff]5tiation ( ! :ole animal k+dom --,developm5t ( eggs ( all k9ds ( animals--,?is a type ( *anges 9 ,phylog5y--,:y ,ontog5y repeats ,phylog5y-- ,law ( accel]ation #agf ,pro(s f rudim5t>y & useless organs--,examples f :ale3 ,tee?--,limbs--,hair--,olfactive organs--,examples f man3 muscles1 ccal app5dage--,significance ( useless organs #agi ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,pro(s ,,f ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,organisms4 ,geographical faunas & floras--,conditions :i* limit #ahc ,temp]ature-regions--,illu/rat$ by plants--,9 latitude & 9 elevation--,same 9 animal species #ahd ,m p]fect def9ition ( regions--,range ( diff]5t ,taxonomic gr\ps--,gradual %ad+s on bord]s ( range-- ,%ad+s out ( individuals 9 numb] & vigor1 b n 9 specific "*--,z if c5t]s ( orig9--,effect ( ea/ & we/ b>ri]s--,temp]ature regions repeat$ s\? ( ! equator1 b n species--,z if c5t]s ( orig9 #ahf ,cont95tal faunas & floras--,temp]ature zones cont9u\s1 b n species--,reason3 ocean b>ri]s--,z if c5t]s ( orig9--,pol> regions3 "o4 ,:y--,temp]ate zone-- ,diff]5t species 9 diff]5t cont95ts--,species ( ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ,europe almo/ :olly diff]5t--,z if orig9 local--,exceptions--7#a7 ,introduc$ species--7#b7 ,h>dy or else wide-migrat+ species--7#c7 ,alp9e species--,tropical zone ( two cont95ts /ill m diff]5t--,same true ( s\? temp]ate zone #ahh ,subdivisions ( cont95tal faunas & floras--,illu/rat$ by fauna & flora ( ,unit$ ,/ates #aia ,special ,cases--,au/ralia--,madagasc>--,galapago s--,riv] mussels #aib ,m>9e species--,same pr9ciples applicable--,!re=e organic =ms gr\p$ 9 regions1 sub-regions1 prov9ces1 etc4-- ,prim>y regions accord+ to ,wallace--,accord+ to ,all5 #aib ,!ory ( ! orig9 ( geographical div]sity--,specific c5t]s ( creation--,objections to4 ,! elem5t ( "t left out--,progressive *ange 9 unlimit$ "t1 or evolution ! only rational explanation--,?is connects ) geographical *anges 9 geological times1 especially ! ,glacial epo*-- ,geographical div]sity 9 o!r times #aic ,mo/ probable view ( ! g5]al process--,la/ great p]iod ( *ange 0 ! ,glacial epo*--,?is1 !re=e1 is ! key to geographical di/ribution--,condition ( ?+s dur+ ! ,glacial epo*---,9 ,am]ica--,*anges 9 temp]ature--,9 physical geography & 9 species--,9 ,europe--,application ( pr9ciples #aif 7#a7 ,au/ralia--,*>act]i/ics ( its fauna--,explanation (--,isolation v e>ly--,position ( m>supials & monotremes 9 ! ,taxonomic scale--,au/ralia isolat$ be=e ! ,t]ti>y--,effect ( competition on evolution #bjj 7#b7 ,africa--,african region def9$--,two gr\ps ( its mammals1 indig5es1 & invad]s--,effect ( ! invasion #bjd 7#c7 ,madagasc>--,*>act]i/ics ( its fauna--,relation to ,african indig5es--,sep>at$ be=e ! invasion-- ,significance ( its lemurs #bje 7#d7 ,isl& life--,two k9ds ( isl&s--,def9$ & illu/rat$ by examples--7a7 ,cont95tal isl&s-- ,g5]al "* ( fauna--,illu/rat$ by ,madagasc>1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,briti% ,isl&s1 coa/-isl&s ( ,cali=nia --,*>act]i/ics ( ! faunas ( ^! expla9$--7b7 ,oceanic ,isl&s--,def9$--,*>act]i/ics ( faunas & _! orig9 #bjg 7#e7 ,alp9e species--,*>act]i/ics ( & _! orig9 expla9$--,migrations ( ,arctic species dur+ ,glacial times1 & _! isolation on m\nta9s #bae ,objection--,mode ( *ange ( species on bord]s ( ranges-- ,examples--,sweet-gum--,sequoia #bag ,answ]--,di/ribution ( ^! =ms 9 "t1 & _! migrations--,!y are remnants--,int]m$iate =ms are ext9ct #bai ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,pro(s ,,f ,,v>iation ,,( ,,organic ,,=ms1 ,,artificial ,,& ,,natural4 ,limitation ( ! use ( exp]im5t 9 morphology--,unconsci\s exp]im5ts 9 bre$+1 & _! results--,pr9ciples involv$--,inh]itance1 imm$iate & ance/ral--,effect ( true bre$+ long cont9u$--,me?od ( selection illu/rat$ by diagram--,=mation ( a race--,process ! same 9 nature --,%[ selective effect ( physical environm5t--,( organic environm5t--,( migrations--,( unlimit$ "t--,o!r factors ( *ange1 & _! effects %[n 9 nature & 9 dome/ication--,diff]5ces betwe5 artificial & natural species #bbb ,fir/ diff]5ce1 rev]sion--,! t5d5cy to rev]sion describ$--,! reason expla9$--,illu/rat$ by ! case ( ! po9t] #bbi ,second diff]5ce1 int]m$iate =ms--,reason is1 ^! are elim9at$ 9 nature #bcb ,?ird diff]5ce1 cross-f]tility--,natural species are usually cross-/]ile--,degrees ( cross-/]ility--,two bases ( species1 morphological & physiological--,two k9ds ( isolation1 sexual repugnance & cross-/]ility--,latt] mo/ ess5tial--,illu/rat$ by plants & h]maphrodite animals-- ,=m] only high] animals--,natural laws int]f]$ ) by dome/ication--,illu/rat$ by plants & animals #bcb ,law ( cross-bre$+--,effect ( close bre$+--,( cross+ v>ieties to a limit--,! law inve/igat$--,reproduction 9 l[e/ organisms--,fission--,gemmation--,int]na l gemmation --,sex introduc$--,effect (1 is fund+ ( diff]5ces 9 (fspr+ & t5d5cy to v>iation--,sexual & non-sexual reproduction comp>$--,sep>ation ( sex elem5ts-- ,( sex-individuals--,introduction ( sex-attraction-- ,fund+ ( great] diff]5ces 9 (fspr+--,cross+ ( v>ieties--,diagram illu/rat+ effect 9 vigor--,effect also 9 pla/icity--,application ( ^! pr9ciples-- ,necessity ( sexual isolation to produce species--,orig9 ( cross-/]ility & ?us ( species by ,dr4 ,romanes's idea-- ,:y artificial v>ieties are cross-f]tile--,geographical species sometimes cross-f]tile--,application ( pr9ciples-- ,abs5ce ( int]m$iate l9ks 9 natural species expla9$-- ,"u :at conditions su* are f\nd--,fur!r explanation ( ?is po9t--,illu/rat$ by a gr[+ tree #bcf ,objection answ]$--,int]m$iate l9ks ought to be f\nd fossil --,answ] 7#a7 ,imp]fection ( record4 7#b7 ,! t]m species indef9ite4 7#c7 ,transitions betwe5 all o!r taxonomic gr\ps abundant4 7#d7 ,betwe5 species1 also1 bo? liv+ & fossil --,( fossil1 ,planorbis ( ,/e9heim--,o!r examples--7#e7 ,:y transition-=ms are r>e--,answ]--,*anges 9 e dep>tm5t ( nature are p>oxysmal--,illu/rat$--,s ! /eps ( evolution p>oxysmal--,critical p]iods 9 evolution --,causes ( rapid advance--,app>5t discont9uity betwe5 species--7#a7 *anges p>oxysmal--7#b7 ,brooks's idea--,male sex is ! progressive elem5t--,illu/rat$ by society-- ,effect ( prosp]\s times--,mrs4 ,treat's exp]im5ts--,h>d times produce excess ( males1 & !re=e t5d to div]sity --,summ>y #bdh ,objection--,egyptian draw+s & mummy plants1 %[ no *ange --,answ] 7#a7 ,"t too %ort4 7#b7 ,we are n[ 9 "t ( sl[ *ange4 7#c7 ,all species don't *ange1 mo/ become ext9ct4 7#d7 ,evolution is probably sl[] n[ ?an =m]ly--,reasons = s ?9k+--,organic evolution approa*+ completion-- ,o!r suppos$ objections #bfe ,orig9 ( beauty--,explanation (1 9 high] animals--,9 fl[]+ plants--,b 9 _m cases we c't expla9 #bfi ,incipi5t organs--,difficulty ( expla9+--,b ^! are n objections to ! fact ( evolution1 b only to ! suffici5cy ( ! pres5t !ories ( evolution4 ,!re=e1 all discussion conc]ns special !ories4 ,! fact ( evolution is c]ta9 #bgj ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,evolution ,,to ,,religi\s ,,?\ght4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,evolution if true affects e dep>tm5t ( ?\ght--,:at w be its effect on religi\s beliefs8--,objection t tru?-seek] has no?+ to d ) effects--,answ]$ #bge ,relation ( ! true & ! good #bgg ,relation ( philosophy to life--,! ?ree necess>y elem5ts ( a rational philosophy--,application to ! case 9 h&-- ,& ! subject ( ,"p ,,iii ju/ifi$--,exagg]at$ fe>s-- ,diff]5t =ms ( ! conflict ( sci5ce & religion--7#a7 ,helioc5tric !ory--,fir/ effect & f9al result--7#b7 ,law ( gravitation--,effect & result--7#c7 ,antiquity ( ! e>? & cosmos--,effect & result--7#d7 ,antiquity ( man --7#e7 ,evolution #bgg ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,evolution ,,to ,,mat]ialism4 ,suppos$ id5tity--,t5d5cy ( ! age--,evolution does n diff] 9 ?is reg>d f o!r laws ( ,nature--,absurdity ( id5tification illu/rat$ 9 _m ways--7#a7 ,effect ( discov]y ( process ( mak+--7#b7 ,effect ( new =m ( old tru?--7#c7 ,mann] 9 :i* vex$ que/ions are settl$ & rational philosophy f\nd--,illu/rat$--,a true philosophy is a reconciliation ( p>tial views--,?ree possible views ( orig9 ( individuals & ( species2 two "o-sid$ & p>tial1 & ! ?ird comb9+1 reconcil+1 & !re=e rational--,! only b> to spe$y reconciliation is dogmatism --,!ological & sci5tific--,! appropriate rebuke = ea*--,!re=e evolution does n diff] f o!r laws 9 reg>d to its relation to mat]ialism--,nev]!less1 great *anges 9 our traditional beliefs imp5d+--,ma9 *anges are notions conc]n+ ,god1 ,nature1 & man1 9 _! relations to "o ano!r #bhd ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,god ,,to ,,nature4 ,! issue 9 reg>d to ?is relation /at$--,! gr[? ( ! issue describ$--,! old view ( direct relation--,! effect ( sci5ce & ! result+ view--,! compromise-- ,de/roy$ by evolution--,! issue =c$--,! alt]native view--,imman5ce ( ,deity--,?is view expla9$--,objection ( idealism--,answ]$--,x is n subjective idealism-- ,objection ( pan!ism--,answ] def]r$--,objection t ! view is incompatible ) practical life--,answ]$ #big ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,man ,,to ,,nature4 ,! two extreme views 9 ?is reg>d--,!y are views f diff]5t po9ts1 psy*ical & mat]ial--,! latt] v productive 9 mod]n times--,b _m fe> ! f9al effect-- ,reconciliation is possible--,sci5tific mat]ialism has two bran*es--,physiological bran* expla9$--,conclusion-- ,answ]--,relation ( psy*ic to bra9 *anges is inscrutable --,! my/]y illu/rat$--,outside & inside view-- ,diff]5t f o!r ph5om5a 9 ?is reg>d #cjd ,evolution bran*--,close relation ( man to animals--,!re=e mu/ ext5d immortal _s to animals--to plants--to all exi/5ce1 & ?us id5tify immortality ) cons]vation ( =ce--,embryonic s]ies--,:]e did _s ent]8-- ,evolution s]ies--,:]e did _s ent]8--,answ]-- ,d]iv$ f ,nature--,! true view ( orig9 /at$--,%[ t x is n 9 discord ) o!r ph5om5a ( evolution --,! five planes ( matt] & ( =ce--,! *ange f "o to ano!r n gradual n[ nor 9 ! evolution ( natural =ces--,consecutive bir?s into high] =ms--,e /ep ( ^! *anges tak+ place n[--,relation ( ^! facts to immortality--,! process briefly /at$--,omnipres5t div9e en]gy individuat$ to sep>ate entity 9 man--,anima ( animals is _s 9 embryo--,came to bir? 9 man-- ,illu/rat$ 9 o!r ways--7#a7 ,by m or less complet$ wat]-drop--7#b7 ,by subm]g5ce & em]g5ce--7#c7 ,by planet bir?--7#d7 ,by physical bir?--7#e7 ,by grades ( organic individuality--7#f7 ,by ! body z an in/rum5t ( communication betwe5 two worlds--,self-consci\sness ! sign ( _s-individuality--,any animal consci\s ( self w\ld be immortal--,simil> *anges 9 pass+ f animals to man 9 all o!r dep>tm5ts ( psy*ic activity--,objection t o!r *anges ( en]gy n p]man5t2 answ]$--,our view ( orig9 comp>$ ) alt]native views--,plato's view-- ,or?odox view #caa ,"s g5]al conclusions--7#a7 ,two s]ies ( *anges1 bra9-*anges & m9d-*anges--,! initiative 9 animals --,9 man--7#b7 ,ju/ification ( t]m 8vital pr9ciple0 --,becomes entity 9 man--7#c7 ,?is view is a complete reconciliation ( realism & nom9alism--7#d7 ,no mean+ 9 ,nature )\t _s--,& no mean+ 9 geological hi/ory )\t d]ivative orig9 ( _s--,mat]ial evolution f9ds its goal 9 man1 psy*ic evolution 9 ! div9e man #cbg ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,god ,,to ,,man4 ,"q ( revelation--,difficulty ( ! subject--,op]ation ( div9e _s on _s ( man m direct ?an on ,nature --,?is is revelation--,?is is no violation ( law1 b op]ation by high] law--,t]m sup]natural is relative-- ,illu/rat$--,!re is b "o k9d ( revelation1 & ?is to all m5 9 diff]5t degrees--,always imp]fect1 & !re=e mu/ be tri$ by reason #cca ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,objection1 ,,t ,,! ,,above ,,view ,,implies ,,pan!ism1 ,,answ]$4 ,! objection /at$ & ! g5]al answ]--,9 deepe/ que/ions s+le l9es ( ?\ght lead to extreme views--,mu/ foll[ o!r l9es--,^! lead to p]sonality #cce 7#a7 ,exact "* ( relation ( ,god & ( necess>y law to man's fre$om is inscrutable #cch 7#b7 ,on ! inside ( bra9-*anges we f9d p]sonality--,s on ! inside ( natural ph5om5a mu/ also be p]son--,9 ei!r case sci5ce /udies ! outside only--,9 ,nature all is me*anics on ! outside1 b all is m9d on ! inside--,?\ght beh9d bra9-*anges compels belief 9 same beh9d natural ph5om5a--,law ( inf9ite expansion-- ,illu/rat$ by ideas ( ,space & ,"t--,s also ) idea ( self--,inf9ite p]son inconceivable1 b contr>y is m inconceivable--,illu/rat$ by ideas ( ,space & ,"t #cch 7#c7 ,idea ( ,causation & ( ,=ce--,d]iv$ f )9 --,/eps ( ! evolution ( ?is idea--,f9al result is "o inf9ite p]sonal w--,expansion ( idea ( causal nexus betwe5 ph5om5a to ! idea ( "o inf9ite cause #cdb 7#d7 ,idea ( design also orig9ates )9--,in]adicable1 b *anges =m--,exp&s to inf9ity--,same *ange produc$ by sci5ce 9 all our notions conc]n+ ,god--,same 9 our s5se ( my/]y--,same 9 our notions conc]n+ creation-- ,same 9 our conceptions ( design--,?us1 self-consci\sness beh9d bra9-*anges compels belief 9 ,god beh9d ,nature--,! clos5ess ( connection 9 ! "o case necessitates clos5ess ( connection 9 ! o!r--,e mat]ial *ange 9 ,nature caus$ by a m5tal *ange beh9d ,nature #cde ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,"s ,,logical ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,imman5cy4 ,religi\s ?\ght subject to ! law ( evolution2 ?ree ma9 /ages #cea ,i4 ,conception ( ,god--,! ?ree /ages %[n--7#a7 ,an?ropomorphism--7#b7 ,abs5tee l&lordism--7#c7 ,imman5ce #cea ,,ii4 ,"q ( ,fir/ & ,second ,causes--,! ?ree /ages %[n "h--7#a7 ,all is ,fir/ ,cause b man-l--7#b7 ,di/9ction ( fir/ & second causes introduc$--7#c7 ,id5tification ( ^! #ced ,,iii4 ,g5]al & ,special ,provid5ce--,! same ?ree /ages %[n & ! same outcome--viz41 id5tification #cee ,,iv4 ,natural & ! sup]natural--,! same /ages & ! same f9al id5tification--,"q ( miracles #cee ,v4 ,"q ( design or m9d 9 ,nature--,! same ?ree /ages & ! same solution %[n "h--,confusion 9 ! m9ds ( mod]n writ]s #ceg ,,vi4 ,"q ( mode ( creation--,old & new views contra/$ #ceh ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,relation ,,( ,,evolution ,,to ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/4 ,comp>ison ( organic ) human evolution--,! idea ( ! fir/ is man1 ( ! second is ! ,*ri/--,def9ition ( ! ,*ri/ z ideal man--,! ,*ri/ ought to diff] f u 9 a sup]human way--,%[n by sev]al illu/rations--,! ,*ri/1 z ideal man1 a true object ( rational wor%ip--,! ideal ( organic evolution comes at ! end--,ideal ( human evolution mu/ come 9 ! c\rse--,objection t !re are _m p>tial ideals answ]$--,relative vs4 absolute moral ideal4 #cfj ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,evolution ,,to ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,evil4 ,! difficulty ( ! problem--,! light on x by evolution-- ,evil mu/ be bas$ on ! con/itution ( ,nature & !re=e univ]sal--,"s ( its =ms #cfe 7#a7 ,physical evil 9 animal k+dom--,condition ( organic evolution is /ruggle ) an app>5tly inimical environm5t --,9 its c\rse x seems evil--,look+ back f ! end x is good4 #cfe 7#b7 ,physical evil 9 relation to man--,necess>y condition ( social evolution is also /ruggle ) a seem+ evil environm5t--,b look+ back f ! end ?is evil is also se5 to be good--,)\t x man w\ld nev] h em]g$ f animality4 #cff 7#c7 ,organic evil--,disease--,?is also is ! necess>y condition ( acquisition ( k ( organic ,nature--,9 ! c\rse ( evolution x seems evil1 b f ! end x is se5 to be good--,9 ! physical _w1 laws ( ,nature are b5efic5t 9 _! g5]al op]ation1 & only evil 9 _! specific op]ation ?r\gh our ignorance4 #cfg 7#d7 ,moral evil--,moral disease--,diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & o!r =ms ( evil--,c ?is also be transmut$ into good8--,?is is only ! highe/ =m ( evil1 & !re=e subject to ! same laws ( evolution--,"h also elevation comes only ?r\gh k & p[]1 & ^! only ?r\gh /ruggle ) app>5t evil--,9 c\rse x seems evil1 look+ back f end x is se5 to be good to ! race-- ,9 all1 !re=e1 ! individual is sacrific$ to ! race1 b impossible "h--,a way ( escape f\nd 9 ! nature ( a moral be+--,9 ?is case n only f9al victory = ! race1 b also )9 ! p[] ( ! individual--,9 ?is case success is 9 proportion to hone/ ef=t 9 "r _s --,roots1 ( evil 9 ! necess>y law ( evolution--,x is ! necess>y condition ( all progress--,)\t x a moral be+ is impossible--,f philosophic po9t ( view ?+s are n good & evil1 b only high] & l[]--,all ?+s good 9 _! places--,evil is discord--,good is due relation --,action & reaction ( high] & l[] is ! necess>y condition ( true virtue #cfi ,,"p ,i4 ,,:at ,,is ,,evolution8 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,its ,,scope ,,& ,,def9ition4 ,a ,type ( ,evolution4--,e "o is famili> ) ! ma9 facts connect$ ) ! developm5t ( an egg4 ,we all "k t x beg9s z a microscopic g]m-cell1 !n gr[s into an egg1 !n organizes into a *ick1 & f9ally gr[s into a cock2 & t ! :ole process foll[s "s g5]al1 well-recogniz$ law4 ,n[1 ?is process is evolution4 ,x is m--x is ! type ( all evolution4 ,x is t f :i* we get our idea ( evolution1 & )\t :i* !re w\ld be no su* ^w4 ,:5ev] & :]ev] we f9d a process ( *ange m or less resembl+ ?is1 & foll[+ laws simil> to ^? det]m9+ ! developm5t ( an egg1 we call x evolution4 ,univ]sality ( ,evolution4--,evolution z a process is n conf9$ to "o ?+1 ! egg1 nor z a doctr9e is x conf9$ to "o dep>tm5t ( sci5ce--biology4 ,! process p]vades ! :ole univ]se1 & ! doctr9e conc]ns alike e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce--yea1 e dep>tm5t ( human ?\ght4 ,x is lit]ally "o half ( all sci5ce4 ,!re=e1 its tru? or fals5ess1 its acceptance or rejection1 is no trifl+ matt]1 affect+ only "o small corn] ( ! ?\ght-realm4 ,on ! contr>y1 x affects pr(\ndly ! f\ndations ( philosophy1 & !re=e ! :ole doma9 ( ?\ght4 ,x det]m9es ! :ole attitude ( ! m9d t[>d ,nature & ,god4 ,i h said evolution con/itutes "o half ( all sci5ce4 ,?is may seem to "s a />tl+ proposition4 ,i /op to make x good4 ,e sy/em ( correlat$ p>ts may be /udi$ f two po9ts ( view1 :i* give rise to two dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce1 "o ( :i*--& ! great] & m complex--is evolution4 ,! "o conc]ns *anges )9 ! sy/em by action & reaction betwe5 ! p>ts1 produc+ equilibrium & /ability2 ! o!r conc]ns ! progressive movem5t ( ! sy/em1 z a :ole1 to high] & high] conditions--! movem5t ( ! po9t ( equilibrium itself1 by con/ant slight di/urbance & readju/m5t ( p>ts on a high] plane1 ) m complex int]-relations4 ,! "o conc]ns ! laws ( su/5tation ( ! sy/em1 ! o!r ! laws ( evolution4 ,! "o conc]ns ?+s z !y are1 ! o!r ! process by :i* !y become s4 ,n[1 ,nature z a :ole is su* a sy/em ( correlat$ p>ts4 ,e dep>tm5t & sub-dep>tm5t ( ,nature1 :e!r x be ! sol> sy/em or ! e>?1 or ! organic k+dom1 or human society1 or ! human body1 is su* a sy/em ( correlat$ p>ts1 & is !re=e subject to evolution4 ,we c be/ make ?is ?\ght cle> by examples3 #a4 ,take1 !n1 ! human body4 ,?is complex & beautiful sy/em ( correlat$ & nicely-adju/$ p>ts may be /udi$ 9 a /ate ( maturity & equilibrium1 9 :i* all ! organs & functions by action & reaction co-op]ate to produce p]fect /ability1 heal?1 & physical happ9ess4 ,?is /udy is physiology4 ,or else ! same may be /udi$ 9 a /ate ( progressive *ange4 ,n[1 we p]ceive t ! /ability is nev] p]fect--! po9t ( equilibrium is ev] mov+4 ,by ! ev]-*ang+ numb] & relative p[] ( ! co-op]at+ p>ts ! equilibrium is ev] be+ di/urb$1 only to be readju/$ on a high] plane1 ) /ill m beautiful & complex int]-relations4 ,?is is gr[?1 developm5t1 evolution4 ,its /udy is call$ embryology4 #b4 ,take ano!r example--! sol> sy/em4 ,we may /udy sun1 planets1 & satellites 9 _! mutual actions & reactions1 co-op]at+ to produce p]fect equilibrium1 /ability1 beautiful ord]1 & musical h>mony4 ,?is is ! ideal ( physical a/ronomy z embodi$ 9 ,laplace's 8,mcanique ,cle/e40 ,or we may /udy ! same 9 its orig9 & progressive *ange4 ,n[1 we p]ceive t equilibrium & /ability are nev] absolutely p]fect1 b1 on ! contr>y1 !re is cont9ual di/urbance ) readju/m5t on a high] plane--cont9ual introduction ( inf9itesimal discord1 only to enhance ! gr&eur & complexity ( ! h>monic relations4 ,?is is ! nebul> hypo!sis--! !ory ( ! developm5t ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,x is cosmogony2 x is evolution4 #c4 ,aga93 society may be /udi$ 9 ! mutual play ( all its social functions s adju/$ z to produce social equilibrium1 happ9ess1 prosp]ity1 & good gov]nm5t4 ,?is is social /atics4 ,b equilibrium & /ability are nev] p]fect4 ,p]man5t social equilibrium w\ld be social /agnation & decay4 ,!re=e1 we mu/ /udy society also 9 its onw>d movem5t--! equilibrium ev] di/urb$1 only to be readju/$ on a high] plane ) m & m complexly int]-relat$ p>ts4 ,?is is dynamics--social progress4 ,x is evolution4 #d4 ,aga93 ! e>?1 z a :ole1 may be /udi$ 9 its pres5t =ms1 & ! mutual action ( all its p>ts--l&s & seas1 m\nta9s & valleys1 riv]s1 gulfs1 & bays1 curr5ts ( air & ocean--& ! mann] 9 :i* all ^!1 by action & reaction1 co-op]ate to produce climates & physical conditions su* z we n[ f9d !m4 ,?is is physical geography4 ,or1 we may /udy ! e>? 9 its gradual progress t[>d its pres5t condition--! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 all ^! p>ts1 & consequ5t *anges 9 climate2 9 a ^w1 ! gradual process ( becom+ :at x n[ is4 ,?is is physical geology--x is evolution4 #e4 ,la/ly1 we may /udy ! :ole organic k+dom 9 its entirety z we n[ f9d x--! mutual relation ( diff]5t classes1 ord]s1 g5]a1 & species to ea* o!r & to ext]nal conditions1 & ! action & reaction ( ^! 9 ! /ruggle = life--! geographical di/ribution ( species & _! relation to climate & o!r physical conditions1 ! :ole con/itut+ a complexly adju/$ & p]man5t equilibrium4 ,?is is a sci5ce ( great importance1 b "o n yet di/9ctly conceiv$1 mu* less nam$4#a ,or1 we may /udy ! same 9 its gradual progressive approa*1 ?r\gh\t all geological times1 t[>d ! pres5t condition ( ?+s1 by cont9ual *anges 9 ! p>ts1 & !re=e di/urbance ( equilibrium & readju/m5t on a high] plane ) m complex int]-relations4 ,?is is developm5t ( ! organic k+dom4 ,9 ! popul> m9d x is1 p> excell5ce1 evolution4 ,we might multiply examples )\t limit4 ,!re are ! same two po9ts ( view on all subjects4 ,z already said1 9 ! "o we are conc]n$ ) ?+s z !y are2 9 ! o!r1 ) ! process by :i* !y became s4 ,?is 8law ( becom+0 9 all ?+s--?is univ]sal law ( progressive int]-connect$ *ange--may be call$ ! law ( cont9uity4 ,we all recognize ! univ]sal relation ( ?+s1 gravitative or o!r1 9 space4 ,?is ass]ts ! univ]sal causal relation ( ?+s 9 "t4 ,?is is ! univ]sal law ( evolution4 ,b x has s happ5$ t 9 ! popul> m9d ! t]m evolution is mo/ly conf9$ to ! developm5t ( ! organic k+dom1 or ! law ( cont9uity z appli$ to ?is dep>tm5t ( ,nature4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ?is dep>tm5t 0 ! la/ to ackn[l$ge ! supremacy ( ?is law2 ?is is ! doma9 9 :i* ! advocates ( sup]naturalism 9 ! realm ( ,nature _h made _! la/ /&4 ,b x is :olly unphilosophical ?us to limit ! t]m4 ,if !re be any evolution1 p> excell5ce1 x is evolution ( ! individual or embryonic developm5t4 ,?is is ! cle>e/1 ! mo/ famili>1 & mo/ easily und]/ood1 & !re=e ! type ( evolution4 ,we fir/ take our idea ( evolution f ?is =m1 & !n ext5d x to o!r =ms ( cont9u\s *ange foll[+ a simil> law4 ,b1 s9ce ! popul> m9d limits ! t]m to developm5t ( ! organic k+dom1 & s9ce1 moreov]1 ?is is n[ ! battlegr\nd betwe5 ! advocates ( cont9uity & discont9uity--( naturalism & sup]naturalism 9 ! realm ( ,nature--:at we %all say w h ref]5ce *iefly to ?is dep>tm5t1 ?\gh we %all illu/rate freely by ref]5ce to o!r =ms ( evolution4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,evolution4 ,evolution is 7#a7 cont9u\s progressive *ange1 7#b7 accord+ to c]ta9 laws1 7#c7 & by means ( resid5t =ces4 ,x may d\btless be def9$ 9 o!r & p]haps bett] t]ms1 b ?is suits our purposes be/4 ,embryonic developm5t is ! type ( evolution4 ,x w be admitt$ t ?is def9ition is completely realiz$ 9 ?is process4 ,! *ange "h is c]ta9ly cont9u\sly progressive2 x is accord+ to c]ta9 well-asc]ta9$ laws2 x is by =ces 7vital =ces7 resid5t 9 ! egg itself4 ,is1 !n1 ! process ( *ange 9 ! organic k+dom ?r\gh\t geologic times l ?is8 ,does x correspond to ! def9ition giv5 above8 ,does ,,x also des]ve ! "n ( evolution8 ,we %all see4 ,i4 ,progressive ,*ange4--,e individual animal body--say man's--has become :at x n[ is by a gradual process4 ,comm5c+ z a microscopic sph]ule ( liv+ b app>5tly unorganiz$ protoplasm1 x gradually add$ cell to cell1 tissue to tissue1 organ to organ1 & function to function2 ?us becom+ m & m complex 9 ! mutual action ( its correlat$ p>ts1 z x pass$ successively ?r\gh ! /ages ( g]m1 egg1 embryo1 & infant1 to maturity4 ,?is asc5d+ s]ies ( g5etically connect$ /ages is call$ ! embryonic or ,ontog5ic s]ies4#b ,!re is ano!r s]ies ! t]ms ( :i* are coexi/5t1 & :i*1 !re=e1 is n 9 any s5se a g5etic or developm5t s]ies1 b :i* x is important to m5tion1 because to "s degree simil> to & illu/rative ( ! la/4 ,comm5c+ ) ! l[e/ unicell$ microscopic organisms1 & pass+ up to ! animal scale1 z x n[ exi/s1 we f9d a s]ies ( =ms simil>1 ?\gh n id5tical1 ) ! la/4 ,"h1 aga91 we f9d cell add$ to cell1 tissue to tissue1 organ to organ1 & function to function1 ! animal body becom+ m & m complex 9 /ructure1 9 ! mutual action ( its correlat$ p>ts1 & ! mutual action ) ! environm5t1 until we rea* ! highe/ complexity ( /ructure & ( int]nal & ext]nal relations only 9 ! highe/ animals4 ,?is asc5d+ s]ies may be call$ ! natural hi/ory s]ies2 or1 ! classification or ,taxonomic s]ies4#c ,! t]ms ( ?is s]ies are1 ( c\rse1 n g5etically connect$2 at lea/1 n directly s connect$4 ,9 :at way !y are connect$1 & h[ ! s]ies comes to be simil> to ! la/1 we %all see by-&-by4 ,f9ally1 !re is /ill a ?ird s]ies1 ! gr&e/ & mo/ fundam5tal ( all1 b only rec5tly recogniz$1 & !re=e /ill imp]fectly kn[n4 ,comm5c+ ) ! e>lie/ organisms1 ! v dawn ( life1 9 ! v l[e/ rocks1 & pass+ onw>d & upw>d ?r\gh ,eozoic1 ,palozoic1 ,mesozoic1 ,c5ozoic1 to ! ,psy*ozoic or pres5t "t1 we aga9 f9d fir/ ! l[e/ =ms1 & !n successively =ms m & m complex 9 /ructure1 9 ! int]action ( correlat$ p>ts & 9 int]action ) ! environm5t1 until we rea* ! mo/ complex int]nal & ext]nal relations1 & !re=e ! highe/ /ructure only 9 ! pres5t "t4#d ,?is s]ies we w call ! geological or phylog5ic s]ies4#e ,accord+ to ! evolution !ory1 ! t]ms ( ?is s]ies also are g5etically connect$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 an evolution s]ies4 ,fur!rmore1 x is ! mo/ fundam5tal ( ! ?ree s]ies1 because x is ! cause ( ! o!r two4 ,! ,ontog5ic s]ies is l x because x is a brief recapitulation1 ?r\gh h]$ity1 z x 7 f memory1 ( its ma9 po9ts4 ,! ,taxonomic s]ies is l x because ! rate ( advance along diff]5t l9es 0 diff]5t 9 e degree1 & !re=e e /age ( ! advance is /ill repres5t$ 9 a g5]al way among exi/+ =ms4 ,"s ( ^! po9ts w be expla9$ m fully 9 future *apt]s1 9 connection ) ! evid5ces ( ! tru? ( evolution4 ,x w be admitt$1 !n1 t we f9d progressive *ange 9 organic =ms ?r\gh\t geological times4 ,?is is ! fir/ po9t 9 ! def9ition ( evolution4 ,,ii4 ,*ange accord+ to ,c]ta9 ,laws4--,we h %[n cont9u\sly progressive *ange 9 organic =ms dur+ ! :ole geologic hi/ory ( ! e>?1 simil> 9 a g5]al way to t obs]v$ 9 embryonic developm5t4 ,we wi% n[ to %[ t ! laws ( *ange are simil> 9 ! two cases4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! laws ( succession ( organic =ms 9 geologic times8 ,i h be5 accu/om$ to =mulate !m ?us3 a4 ,! law ( diff]5tiation2 b4 ,! law ( progress ( ! :ole2 c4 ,! law ( cyclical movem5t4#f ,we w take up ^! & expla9 !m successively1 & !n1 aft]w>d1 %[ t !y are also ! laws ( embryonic developm5t1 & !re=e ! laws ( evolution4 a4 ,law ( ,diff]5tiation4--,x is a mo/ significant fact1 to :i* att5tion 0 fir/ /rongly direct$ by ,l\is ,agassiz1 t ! e>lie/ repres5tatives ( any gr\p1 :e!r class1 ord]1 or family1 7 n :at we w\ld n[ call typical repres5tatives ( t gr\p2 b1 on ! contr>y1 !y 71 9 a wond]ful degree1 connect+ l9ks2 t is1 t along ) _! di/9ctive classic1 ord9al1 or family *>act]s !y possess$ also o!r *>act]s :i* connect$ !m closely ) o!r classes1 ord]s1 or families1 n[ widely di/9ct1 )\t connect+ l9ks or int]m$iate =ms4 ,= example3 ,! e>lie/ v]tebrates 7 fi%es1 b n typical fi%es4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y 7 fi%es s closely connect$ by _m *>act]s ) amphibian reptiles1 t we h>dly "k :e!r to call "s ( !m reptilian fi%es1 or fi%-l reptiles4 ,f ^!1 z f a common v]tebrate /em1 7 aft]w>d sep>at$1 by sl[ *anges f g5]ation to g5]ation1 9 two directions1 ! typical fi%es & ! true reptiles4 ,s1 also1 to take ano!r example1 ! fir/ birds 7 f> diff]5t f typical birds z we n[ "k !m4 ,!y 71 on contr>y1 birds s reptilian 9 "*1 t !re is /ill "s d\bt :e!r bird-*>act]s or reptilian *>act]s pr$om9ate 9 ! mixture1 & !re=e :e!r !y ought to be call$ reptilian birds or bird-l reptiles4 ,f ?is common /em1 ! m specializ$ mod]n reptiles bran*$ (f 9 "o direction & typical birds 9 ano!r1 & int]m$iate =ms became ext9ct2 until n[1 ! two classes /& widely ap>t1 )\t app>5t g5etic connection4 ,?is subject w be m fully treat$ h]eaft]1 & o!r examples giv54 ,^! two w be suffici5t n[ to make ! idea cle>4 ,su* e>ly =ms comb9+ ! *>act]s ( two or m gr\ps1 n[ widely sep>at$1 7 call$ by ,agassiz connect+ types1 comb9+ types1 syn!tic types1 & sometimes prophetic types2 by ,dana1 compreh5sive types2 & by ,huxley1 g5]aliz$ types4 ,!y are mo/ usually kn[n n[ z g5]aliz$ types1 & _! widely-sep>at$ outcomes specializ$ types4 ,?us1 9 g5]al1 we may say t ! widely-sep>at$ gr\ps ( ! pres5t day1 :5 trac$ back 9 geological times1 approa* "o ano!r m & m until !y f9ally unite to =m common /ems1 & ^! 9 _! turn unite to =m a common trunk4 ,f su* a common trunk1 by successive bran*+ & rebran*+1 ea* bran* tak+ a diff]5t direction1 & all gr[+ wid] & wid] ap>t 7diff]5tiation71 h be5 gradually g5]at$ all ! div]sifi$ =ms :i* we see at ! pres5t day4 ,! la/ leafy ramifications--fl[]-be>+ & fruit-be>+--( ?is tree ( life1 are ! fauna & flora ( ! pres5t epo*4 ,! law might be call$ a law ( ramification1 ( specialization ( ! p>ts1 & div]sification ( ! :ole4 b4 ,law ( ,progress ( ! ,:ole4--,_m imag9e t progress is ! "o law ( evolution2 9 fact1 t evolution & progress are coext5sive & conv]tible t]ms4 ,!y imag9e t 9 evolution ! movem5t mu/ be upw>d & onw>d 9 all p>ts2 t deg5]ation is ! opposite ( evolution4 ,?is is f> f ! tru?4 ,!re is1 d\btless1 9 evolution1 progress to high] & high] planes2 b n along e l9e1 nor 9 e "p2 = ?is w\ld be contr>y to ! law ( diff]5tiation4 ,x is only progress ( ! :ole organic k+dom 9 its entirety4 ,we c be/ make ?is cle> by an illu/ration4 ,a gr[+ tree bran*es & aga9 bran*es 9 all directions1 "s bran*es go+ upw>d "s sidewise1 & "s d[nw>d--any:]e1 ev]y:]e1 = light & air2 b ! :ole tree gr[s ev] tall] 9 its high] bran*es1 l>g] 9 ! circumf]5ce ( its out/ret*+ arms1 & m div]sifi$ 9 /ructure4 ,ev5 s ! tree ( life1 by ! law ( diff]5tiation1 bran*es & rebran*es cont9ually 9 all directions--"s bran*es go+ upw>d to high] planes 7progress71 "s pu%+ horizontally2 nei!r ris+ nor s9k+1 b only go+ f>!r f ! g5]aliz$ orig9 7specialization72 "s go+ d[nw>d 7deg5]ation71 any:]e1 ev]y:]e1 = an unoccupi$ place 9 ! economy ( ,nature1 b ! :ole tree gr[s ev] high] 9 its highe/ p>ts1 gr&] 9 its proportions1 & m complexly div]sifi$ 9 its /ructure4 ,x may be well to pause "h a mom5t to %[ h[ ?is mi/ak5 id5tification ( evolution ) progress alone1 )\t modification by ! m fundam5tal laws ( diff]5tiation1 has giv5 rise to misconceptions 9 ! popul> & ev5 9 ! sci5tific m9d4 ,! biologi/ is cont9ually met ) ! "q1 8,d y mean to say t any "o ( ! inv]tebrates1 su*1 = in/ance1 z a spid]1 may ev5tually1 9 ! c\rse ( successive g5]ations1 become a v]tebrate1 or t a dog or a monkey is on ! highway to become a man80 ,by no means4 ,!re is b "o /raight & n>r[ way to ! highe/ 9 evolution z 9 all else1 & few !re be t h f\nd x--9 fact1 probably two or ?ree only at e /ep4 ,! animals m5tion$ above h div]g$ f t way4 ,9 _! ance/ral hi/ory1 !y h miss$ ! gold5 opportunity1 if !y ev] _h x4 ,x is easy to g on 9 ! way !y h *os51 b impossible to get back on ! asc5d+ trunk-l9e4 ,to comp>e aga9 ) ! gr[+ tree1 only "o /raight trunk-l9e leads upw>d to ! t]m9al bud4 ,a bran* once sep>at$ mu/ gr[ its own way1 if x gr[ at all4 ,( ! same nature is ! mi/ake ( "s extreme evolutioni/s1 su* z ,dr4 ,ba/ian & ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 & ( ne>ly all anti-evolutioni/s1 viz41 t ( imag9+ t ! tru? ( evolution & t ( spontane\s g5]ation mu/ /& or fall toge!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 if life did once arise spontane\sly f any l[] =ces1 physical or *emical1 by natural process1 ! conditions necess>y = s extraord9>y a *ange c\ld h>dly be expect$ to occur b once 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 n[1 n only unreproducible1 b unimag9able4 ,su* gold5 opportunities d n recur4 ,evolution goes only onw>d4 ,!re=e1 ! impossibility ( ! d]ivation ( life f non-life n[1 is no m an argum5t aga9/ su* a d]ivation once1 ?an is ! hopelessness ( a worm ev] becom+ a v]tebrate n[1 an argum5t aga9/ ! d]ivative orig9 ( v]tebrates4 ,d\btless if life 7 n[ ext+ui%$ f ! face ( ! e>?1 x c\ld n aga9 be rek9dl$ by any natural process kn[n to u2 b ! same is probably true ( e /ep ( evolution4 ,if any class--= example1 mammals--7 n[ de/roy$1 x c\ld n be re-=m$ f any o!r class n[ liv+4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to g back to ! "t & conditions ( ! sep>ation ( ?is class f ! reptilian /em4 ,!re=e1 ! fals5ess ( ! doctr9e ( abiog5esis1#g s f> f be+ any argum5t aga9/ evolution1 is exactly :at a true conception ( evolution & k ( its laws w\ld lead u to expect4 c4 ,law ( ,cyclical ,movem5t4--,! movem5t ( evolution has ev] be5 onw>d & upw>d1 x is true1 b n at uni=m rate 9 ! :ole1 & especially 9 ! p>ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 x has pla9ly mov$ 9 successive cycles4 ,! tide ( evolution rose ev] high] & high]1 )\t ebb1 b x nev]!less came 9 successive waves1 ea* high] ?an ! prec$+ & ov]borne by ! succe$+4 ,^! successive cycles are ! dyna/ies or reigns ( ,agassiz1 & ages ( ,dana2 ! reign ( mollusks1 ! reign ( fi%es1 ( reptiles1 ( mammals1 & f9ally ( man4 ,dur+ ! e>ly ,palozoic times 7,cambrian & ,silurian7 !re 7 no v]tebrates4#h ,b nev] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>? 7 mollusks ( great] size1 numb]1 & v>iety ( =m ?an !n4 ,!y 7 truly ! rul]s ( ^! e>ly seas4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( competition ( /ill high] animals1 !y _h ?+s all _! own way1 & !re=e grew into a great monopoly ( p[]4 ,9 ! lat] ,palozoic 7,devonian7 fi%es 7 introduc$4 ,!y increas$ rapidly 9 size1 numb]1 & v>iety2 & be+ ( high] organization !y quickly usurp$ ! empire ( ! seas1 :ile ! mollusca dw9dl$ 9 size & importance1 & s\ght safety 9 a less conspicu\s position4 ,9 ! ,mesozoic times1 reptiles1 introduc$ a little e>li]1#i f9d+ cong5ial conditions & an unoccupi$ place above1 rapidly increas$ 9 numb]1 v>iety1 & size1 until sea & l& seem to h sw>m$ ) !m4 ,nev] be=e or s9ce h reptiles exi/$ 9 su* numb]s1 9 su* v>iety ( =m1 or assum$ su* huge proportions2 nor h !y ev] s9ce be5 s highly organiz$ z !n4 ,!y quickly became rul]s 9 e realm ( ,nature--rul]s ( ! sea1 swimm+ reptiles2 rul]s ( ! l&1 walk+ reptiles2 & rul]s ( ! air1 fly+ reptiles4 ,9 ! unequal conte/1 fi%es !re=e s\ght safety 9 subord9ation4 ,mean:ile mammals 7 introduc$ 9 ! ,mesozoic1 b small 9 size1 l[ 9 type 7m>supials71 & by no means able to conte/ ! empire ) ! great reptiles4 ,b 9 ! ,c5ozoic 7,t]ti>y7 ! conditions app>5tly becom+ favorable = _! developm5t1 !y rapidly increas$ 9 numb]1 size1 v>iety1 & grade ( organization1 & quickly ov]p[]$ ! great reptiles1 :i* almo/ imm$iately sank into ! subord9ate position 9 :i* we n[ f9d !m1 & ?us f\nd comp>ative safety4 ,f9ally1 9 ! ,quat]n>y1 appe>$ man1 cont5d+ d\btfully = a :ile1 ) ! great mammals1 b soon 79 ,psy*ozoic7 acquir+ ma/]y ?r\gh sup]ior intellig5ce4 ,! huge & dang]\s mammals 7 de/roy$ & are /ill be+ de/roy$2 ! useful animals & plants 7 pres]v$ & made subs]vi5t to 8 wants2 & all ?+s on ! face ( ! e>? are be+ readju/$ to ! requirem5ts ( 8 rule4 ,9 all cases x w be obs]v$ t ! rul]s 7 su* because1 by reason ( /r5g?1 organization1 & intellig5ce1 !y 7 fitte/ to rule4 ,!re is always room at ! top4 ,to illu/rate aga9 by a gr[+ tree3 ,?is successive culm9ation ( high] & high] classes may be comp>$ to ! fl[]+ & fruit+ ( successively high] & high] bran*es4 ,ea* upp]mo/ bran*1 "u ! g5ial heat & light ( direct sun%9e1 receiv$ 9 abundance by reason ( position1 grew rapidly1 fl[]$1 & fruit$2 b quickly dw9dl$ :5 ov]%ad[$ by /ill high] bran*es1 :i*1 9 _! turn1 monopoliz$ = a "t ! preci\s sun%9e4 ,b obs]ve1 fur!rmore3 :5 ea* rul+ class decl9$ 9 importance1 x did n p]i%1 b cont9u$ 9 a subord9ate position4 ,?us1 ! :ole organic k+dom became n only high] & high] 9 its highe/ =ms1 b also m & m complex 9 its /ructure & 9 ! int]action ( its correlat$ p>ts4 ,! :ole process & its result is r\ghly repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ diagram1 ,fig4 #a1 9 :i* ,a ,b repres5ts ! c\rse ( geological "t & ! curve1 ! rise1 culm9ation1 & decl9e ( successive dom9ant classes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,molluscs--,silurian4 ,,fi%es--,devon4 & ,c>b4 ,,reeptiles--,mesozoic4 ,,mammals--,t]t'y & ,quat4 ,,man--,pres5t4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,! ,,above ,,?ree ,,laws ,,are ,,laws ,,( ,,evolution4 ,^! ?ree laws we h %[n are di/9ctly recognizable 9 ! succession ( organic =ms 9 ! geological hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 und\bt$ly ! g5]al laws ( succession4 ,are !y also laws ( evolution8 ,are !y also discov]able 9 embryonic developm5t1 ! type ( evolution8 ,!y are1 z we n[ proce$ to %[3 ,diff]5tiation4--,9 reproduction ! new individual appe>s3 #a4 ,z a g]m-cell--a s+le microscopic liv+ cell4 #b4 ,!n1 by gr[? & multiplication ( cells1 x becomes an egg4 ,?is may be *>act]iz$ z an aggregate ( simil> cells1 & !re=e is n yet diff]5tiat$ into tissues & organs4 ,9 o!r words1 x is n yet visibly organiz$2 = organization may be def9$ z ! possession ( diff]5t p>ts1 p]=m+ diff]5t functions1 & all co-op]at+ = "o giv5 end1 viz41 ! life & well-be+ ( ! organism4 #c4 ,!n comm5ces ! really *>act]i/ic process ( developm5t1 viz41 diff]5tiation or div]sification4 ,! cells are at fir/ all alike 9 =m & function1 = all are globul> 9 =m1 & ea* p]=ms all ! functions necess>y = life4 ,f ?is common po9t n[ comm5ces developm5t 9 diff]5t directions1 :i* may be comp>$ to a bran*+ & rebran*+1 ) m & m complex results1 accord+ z ! animal is high] 9 ! scale ( organization & advances t[>d a /ate ( maturity4 ,fir/1 ! cell-aggregate 7egg7 sep>ates into ?ree di/9ct lay]s ( cells1 call$ ecto-bla/1 endo-bla/1 & meso-bla/4 ,^! by fur!r diff]5tiation =m ! ?ree fundam5tal gr\ps ( organs & functions1 viz41 ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! nutritive sy/em1 & ! blood sy/em3 ! fir/ presid+ ov] ! ex*ange ( =ce or influ5ce1 by action & reaction ) ! environm5t1 & betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! organism2 ! second presid+ ov] ! ex*ange ( matt] ) ! environm5t1 by absorption & elim9ation2 ! ?ird presid+ ov] ex*anges ( matt] betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( ! organism4 ,! fir/ sy/em ( functions & organs may be comp>$ to a sy/em ( telegraphy1 =eign & dome/ic2 ! second to =eign comm]ce2 ! ?ird to an int]nal c>ry+-trade4 ,foll[+ out any "o ( ^! gr\ps 9 high] animals1 say ! n]v\s sy/em1 x quickly diff]5tiates aga9 into two sub-sy/ems1 viz41 c]ebro-sp9al & ganglionic1 ea* hav+ its own di/9ctive functions1 :i* we c n /op to expla94 ,!n ! c]ebro-sp9al aga9 diff]5tiates into volunt>y & reflex sy/ems4 ,all ( ^! h mean:ile sep>at$ into s5sory & motor c5t]s & fib]s4 ,!n1 tak+ only ! s5sory fib]s1 ^! aga9 are diff]5tiat$ into five special s5ses1 ea* hav+ a :olly diff]5t function4 ,!n1 f9ally1 tak+ any "o ( ^!1 say ! s5se ( t\* or feel+1 ?is aga9 is diff]5tiat$ into _m k9ds ( fib]s1 ea* respond+ to a diff]5t impression1 "s to heat1 o!rs to cold1 /ill o!rs to pressure1 etc4 ,we h tak5 ! n]v\s sy/em2 b ! same diff]5tiation & r$iff]5tiation takes place 9 all o!r sy/ems1 & is c>ri$ to high] & high] po9ts accord+ to ! position 9 ! scale ( ! animal :i* is to be =m$4 ,or1 to v>y ! mode ( pres5tation a little1 ! cells ( ! orig9al aggregate1 comm5c+ all alike1 imm$iately beg9 to take on diff]5t =ms1 9 ord] to p]=m diff]5t functions4 ,"s cells take on a c]ta9 =m & aggregate !mselves to =m a peculi> tissue :i* we call muscle1 & :i* does no?+ else1 c d no?+ else1 ?an contract "u /imulus4 ,ano!r gr\p ( cells take on ano!r peculi> =m & aggregate !mselves to =m ano!r & v diff]5t tissue1 viz41 n]v\s tissue1 :i* does no?+ & c d no?+ b c>ry influ5ce back & =? betwe5 ! great ext]nal _w & ! little _w ( consci\sness )94 ,/ill ano!r gr\p ( cells take /ill ano!r =m & aggregate to =m /ill ano!r tissue1 viz41 ! epi!lial1 ^: only function is to absorb nutritive & elim9ate wa/e matt]s4 ,?us1 by diff]5tiation ( =m & limitation ( function1 or division ( labor1 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! organism are b\nd m & m closely toge!r by mutual dep5d5ce1 & ! :ole becomes m & m di/9ctly individuat$1 & sep>ation ( p>ts becomes m & m a mutilation1 & f9ally becomes impossible )\t dea?4 ,?is process1 z already said1 rea*es its highe/ po9t only 9 ! lat] /ages ( developm5t ( ! highe/ animals4 ,progress4--,! law ( progress is1 ( c\rse1 admitt$ to be a law ( ontog5y2 b obs]ve "h1 also1 x is true only ( ! :ole & n necess>ily ( all ! p>ts1 except f ! po9t ( view ( ! :ole4 ,?us1 = example1 />t+ all f a common =m or g5]aliz$ type1 "s cells advance to ! dignity ( bra9-cells1 ^: function is someh[ connect$ ) ! g5]ation or at lea/ ! manife/ation ( ?\ght1 w1 & emotion2 o!r cells desc5d to ! position ( kidney-cells1 ^: sole function is ! excretion ( ur9e4 ,b "h1 also1 ! highe/ cells are successively high]1 & ! :ole aggregate is successively nobl] & m complex4 ,x is aga9 a bran*+ & rebran*+1 9 e direction1 "s go+ upw>d1 "s d[nw>d1 "s horizontally1 any:]e1 ev]y:]e1 to increase ! complexity ( relations int]nal & ext]nal1 & !re=e to elevate ! plane ( ! :ole4 ,cyclical ,movem5t4--,la/ly1 ! law ( cyclical movem5t is also a law ( ontog5y & !re=e ( evolution4 ,?is law1 h[ev]1 is less fundam5tal ?an ! o!r two1 & is1 !re=e1 less conspicu\s 9 ! ontog5ic ?an 9 ! phylog5ic s]ies4 ,x is conspicu\s only 9 ! lat] /ages ( ontog5y1 & 9 o!r high] k9ds ( evolution1 su* z social evolution4 ,= example1 9 ! ontog5ic developm5t ( ! body & m9d f *ildhood to manhood we h pla9ly successive culm9ations & decl9es ( high] & high] functions4 ,9 bodily developm5t we h culm9at+ fir/ ! nutritive functions1 !n ! reproductive & muscul>1 & la/ ! c]ebral4 ,9 m5tal developm5t we h culm9ation fir/ ( ! receptive & ret5tive faculties 9 *ildhood1 !n ( imag9ative & /hetic faculties 9 y\? & "y manhood2 !n ( ! reflective & elaborative faculties--! faculties ( productive "w 9 mature manhood2 &1 f9ally1 ! moral & religi\s s5tim5ts 9 old age4 ,! fir/ ga!rs & /ores mat]ials2 ! second vivifies & makes !m pla/ic build+ mat]ials2 ! ?ird uses !m 9 actual con/ructive "w--9 build+ ! temple ( sci5ce & philosophy2 & ! f\r? d$icates t temple only to noble/ purposes4 ,obs]ve "h1 also1 t :5 ea* gr\p ( faculties culm9ates & decl9es1 x does n p]i%1 b only becomes subord9ate to ! next high] dom9ant gr\p1 & ! :ole psy*ical organism becomes n only high] & high] 9 its highe/ p>ts1 b also m & m complex 9 its /ructure & 9 ! int]action ( its correlat$ p>ts4 ,obs]ve1 aga91 ! necessity laid ^u u by ?is law--! necessity ( cont9u$ evolution to ! end4 ,*ildhood1 beautiful *ildhood1 c n rema9--x mu/ quickly pass4 ,if1 ) ! decl9e ( its *>act]i/ic faculties1 ! next high] gr\p *>act]i/ic ( y\? d n increase & become dom9ant1 !n ! glory ( life is already pa/ & det]ioration beg9s4 ,h we n all se5 sad examples ( ?is8 ,y\?1 glori\s y\?1 mu/ also pass4 ,if ! next high] gr\p ( reflective & elaborative faculties d n arise & dom9ate1 !n progressive det]ioration ( "* comm5ces "h--!nce=w>d ! :ole nature becomes co>se1 z we s (t5 see 9 "y m51 or else %rivels & )]s1 z we s (t5 see 9 "y wom54 ,f9ally1 manhood1 /rong & self-rely+ manhood1 mu/ also pass4 ,if ! moral & religi\s s5tim5ts h n be5 sl[ly gr[+ & ga!r+ /r5g? all along1 & d n n[ ass]t _! dom9ance ov] ! :ole man1 !n comm5ces ! f9al & sadde/ decl9e ( all1 & old age becomes ! pitiable ?+ we s (t5 see x4 ,b1 if ! evolution h be5 normal ?r\gh\t2 if ! highe/ moral & religi\s nature h be5 ga!r+ /r5g? ?r\gh all1 & n[ dom9ates all1 !n ! psy*ic evolution rises to ! end--!n ! c\rse ( life is l a wave ris+ & cre/+ only at ! mom5t ( its dissolution1 or1 l ! c\rse ( ! sun1 if n brighte/ at lea/ mo/ glori\s 9 its sett+4 ,& ?us--may we n hope8--! glories ( ! close ( a well-sp5t life become ! pl$ge & h>b+] ( an et]nal to-morr[8 ,we h ?us f> illu/rat$ ! ?ree laws ( succession ( organic =ms by ontog5y1 because ?is is ! type ( evolution2 b !y may be illu/rat$ also by o!r =ms ( evolution4 ,next to ! developm5t ( ! individual1 und\bt$ly ! progress ( society furni%es ! be/ illu/ration ( ^! laws4 ,comm5c+ ) a condition 9 :i* ea* individual p]=ms all necess>y social functions1 b v imp]fectly2 9 :i* ea* individual is 8 own %oemak] & tailor1 & h\se-build] & f>m]1 & !re=e all p]sons are socially alike2 z society advances1 ! con/itu5t memb]s beg9 to div]ge1 "s tak+ on "o social function & "s ano!r1 until 9 ! highe/ /ages ( social organization ?is div]sification or division & subdivision ( labor rea*es its highe/ po9t1 & ea* memb] ( ! aggregate c d p]fectly b "o ?+4 ,?us1 ! social organism becomes m & m /rongly b\nd toge!r by mutual dep5d5ce1 & sep>ation becomes mutilation4 ,i d n mean to say t ?is extreme is desirable1 b only t an approa* to ?is is a natural law ( social developm5t4 ,is n ?is ! law ( diff]5tiation8 ,s also progress is "h1 z 9 o!r =ms ( evolution--a progress ( ! :ole1 b n necess>ily ( e "p4 ,"s memb]s ( ! social aggregate advance upw>d to ! dignity ( /atesm51 philosoph]s1 & poets2 "s advance d[nw>d to ! position ( scav5g]s & sew]-cleans]s4#aj ,b ! highe/ memb]s are progressively high]1 & ! :ole aggregate is progressively gr&] & m complex 9 /ructure & functions4 ,s1 aga91 ! law ( cyclical movem5t is equally conspicu\s "h4 ,society ev]y:]e advances1 n uni=mly1 b by successive waves1 ea* high] ?an ! la/2 ea* urg$ by a new & high] social =ce1 & embody+ a new & high] phase ( civilization4 ,aga93 z ea* phase decl9es1 its *>act]i/ic social =ce is n lo/1 b becomes incorporat$ into ! next high] phase z a subord9ate pr9ciple1 & ?us ! social organism z a :ole becomes n only high] & high]1 b also m & m complex 9 ! mutual relations ( its int]act+ social =ces4 ,let u n be misund]/ood1 h[ev]4 ,!re is und\bt$ly 9 social evolution some?+ m & high] ?an we h describ$1 b :i* does n conc]n u "h1 except to gu>d aga9/ miscon/ruction4 ,!re is 9 society a volunt>y progress :olly diff]5t f ! evolution we h be5 describ+4 ,9 true or mat]ial evolution natural law works = ! bett]m5t ( ! :ole utt]ly reg>dless ( ! elevation ( ! individual1 & ! individual contributes to ! advance ( ! :ole q unconsci\sly :ile /riv+ only = 8 own bett]m5t4 ,?is unconsci\s evolution by natural law inh]it$ f ! animal k+dom is conspicu\s en\gh 9 society1 especially 9 its e>ly /ages1 b we w\ld make a great mi/ake if we imag9$1 z "s d1 t ?is is all4 ,besides ! unconsci\s evolution by natural laws1 inh]it$ f bel[1 !re is a high] evolution1 inh]it$ f above1 indissolubly connect$ ) man's spiritual nature--a consci\s1 volunt>y /riv+ ( ! be/ memb]s ( ! social aggregate = ! bett]m5t ( ! :ole--a consci\s1 volunt>y /riv+ bo? ( ! individual & ( society t[>d a recogniz$ ideal4 ,9 ! "o k9d ( evolution ! fitte/ are ^? mo/ 9 h>mony ) ! environm5t1 & :i* !re=e always survive2 9 ! o!r1 ! fitte/ are ^? mo/ 9 h>mony ) ! ideal1 & :i* (t5 d n survive4 ,! laws ( ?is free volunt>y progress are little und]/ood4 ,!y are ( supreme importance1 b d n specially conc]n u "h4 ,we w speak ( x aga9 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,! ?ree laws above m5tion$ might be illu/rat$ equally well by all o!r =ms ( evolution4 ,we h select$ only ^? :i* are mo/ famili>4 ,!y may1 !re=e1 be truly call$ ! laws ( evolution4 ,we h %[n t !y are ! laws ( succession ( organic =ms4 ,,iii4 ,*ange by ,means ( ,resid5t ,=ces4--,?us f> 9 our argum5t ,i suppose t mo/ well-in=m$ m5 w raise no objection4 ,x w be admitt$1 ,i ?9k1 ev5 by ^? mo/ bitt]ly oppos$ to ! !ory ( evolution1 t !re has be5 ?r\gh\t ! :ole geological hi/ory ( ! e>? an onw>d movem5t ( ! organic k+dom to high] & high] levels4 ,x w be admitt$1 also1 t !re is a gr& & mo/ significant resemblance betwe5 ! c\rse ( developm5t ( ! organic k+dom & ! c\rse ( embryonic developm5t--betwe5 ! laws ( succession ( organic =ms & ! laws ( ontog5ic evolution4 ,b !re is ano!r ess5tial elem5t 9 ontog5ic evolution4 ,x is t ! =ces or causes ( evolution are natural2 t !y reside 9 ! ?+ develop+ & 9 ! react+ environm5t4 ,?is we "k is true ( embryonic developm5t2 is x true also ( ! geologic succession ( organic =ms8 ,x is true ( ontog5y2 is x true also ( phylog5y8 ,if n1 !n only by a metaphor c we call ! process ( *ange 9 ! organic k+dom ?r\gh\t geological hi/ory an evolution4 ,?is is ! po9t ( discussion1 & n only ( discussion1 b1 alas6 ( heat$ & ev5 angry dispute4 ,! field ( discussion is ?us n>r[$ to ?is ?ird po9t only4 ,be=e /at+ ! two opposite views ( ! cause ( evolution1 x is necess>y to rem9d ! read] t :5 ! evolutioni/ speaks ( ! =ces t det]m9e progressive *anges 9 organic =ms z resid5t or inh]5t1 all t he means1 or ought to mean1 is t !y are resid5t 9 ! same s5se z all natural =ces are resid5t2 9 ! same s5se t ! vital =ces ( ! embryo are resid5t 9 ! embryo1 or t ! =ces ( ! developm5t ( ! sol> sy/em accord+ to ! nebul> or any o!r cosmogonic hypo!ses are resid5t 9 t sy/em4 ,9 o!r words1 !y mean only t !y are natural1 n sup]natural4 ,?is does n1 ( c\rse1 t\* t deep]1 t deepe/ ( all que/ions1 viz41 ! ess5tial nature & orig9 ( natural =ces2 h[ f> !y are indep5d5t & self-exi/5t1 & h[ f> !y are only modes ( div9e en]gy4 ,?is is a "q ( philosophy1 n ( sci5ce4 ,?is "q is briefly discuss$ 9 ano!r place 7,"p ,,iii1 ,*ap4 ,,iii72 x does n imm$iately conc]n u "h4 ,! ,two ,views briefly ,contra/$4--,z already /at$1 all w admit a gr& resemblance betwe5 ! /ages ( embryonic developm5t & ^? ( ! developm5t ( ! organic k+dom4 ,?is 0 fir/ br\ght out cle>ly by ,l\is ,agassiz1 & is1 9 fact1 ! greate/ result ( 8 life-"w4 ,all admit1 also1 t ! embryonic developm5t is a natural process4 ,is ! developm5t ( ! organic k+dom also a natural process8 ,all biologi/s ( ! pres5t day cont5d t x is2 all ! old-s*ool naturali/s1 ) ,agassiz at _! head1 & all anti-evolutioni/s ( e s*ool1 cont5d t x is n4 ,we take ,agassiz z ! type ( ?is s*ool1 because he has mo/ fully elaborat$ & mo/ di/9ctly =mulat$ ?is view4 ,z =mulat$ by him1 x has /ood 9 ! m9ds ( _m z an alt]native & sub/itute = evolution4 ,accord+ to ! evolutioni/s1 all organic =ms1 :e!r species1 g5]a1 families1 ord]s1 classes1 etc41 are v>iable1 &1 if ext]nal conditions favor1 ^! v>iations accumulate 9 "o direction & gradually produce new =ms1 ! int]m$iate l9ks be+ usually de/roy$ or dy+ out4 ,accord+ to ,agassiz1 ! high] gr\ps1 su* z g5]a1 families1 ord]s1 etc41 are inde$ v>iable by ! introduction ( new species1 b species are ! ultimate elem5ts ( classification1 &1 l ! ultimate elem5ts ( *emi/ry1 are un*angeable2 &1 !re=e1 ! speculations ( ! evolutioni/ conc]n+ ! transmutation ( species are z va9 z 7 ! speculations ( ! al*emi/s conc]n+ ! transmutation ( metals--t ! orig9 ( man1 = example1 f any l[] species is z impossible z ! orig9 ( gold f any bas] metal4 ,bo? sides admit frequ5t *ange ( species dur+ geological hi/ory1 b "o reg>ds ! *ange z a *ange by gradual transmutation ( "o species into ano!r ?r\gh successive g5]ations & by natural process1 ! o!r z *ange by sub/itution ( "o species = ano!r by direct sup]natural creative act4 ,bo? admit ! gradual developm5t ( ! organic k+dom z a :ole ?r\gh /ages simil> to ^? ( embryonic developm5t2 b ! "o reg>ds ! :ole process z natural1 & !re=e /rictly comp>able to embryonic developm5t1 ! o!r z requir+ frequ5t special int]f]5ce ( creative en]gy1 & !re=e comp>able r to ! developm5t ( a build+ "u ! h& & accord+ to ! preconceiv$ plan ( an ar*itect--a plan1 9 ?is case1 conceiv$ 9 et]nity & c>ri$ out consi/5tly ?r\gh inf9ite "t4 ,x is se5 t ! ess5tial po9t ( diff]5ce is ?is3 ,! "o ass]ts ! v>iability ( species 7if conditions favor1 & "t en\gh is giv57 )\t limit2 ! o!r ass]ts ! p]man5cy ( specific =ms1 or _! v>iability only )9 n>r[ limits4 ,! "o ass]ts ! orig9 ( species by 8desc5t ) modifications02 ! o!r1 ! orig9 ( species by 8special act ( creation40 ,! "o ass]ts ! law ( cont9uity 7i4 e41 t ea* /age is ! natural outcome ( ! imm$iately prec$+ /age7 9 ?is1 z 9 e o!r dep>tm5t ( ,nature2 ! o!r ass]ts t ! law ( cont9uity 7i4 e41 ( cause & effect7 does n hold 9 ?is dep>tm5t2 t ! l9ks ( ! *a9 ( *anges are discont9u\s1 ! connection betwe5 !m be+ intellectual1 n physical4 ,s mu* = %>p contra/+ *>act]ization ( ! two views1 necess>y = cle> und]/&+ ( mu* t foll[s4 ,we w h to give !m m fully h]eaft] :5 we take up ! evid5ces ( evolution 9 ,"p ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,l\is ,,agassiz ,,to ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,evolution4 ,9 ord] to cle> up ! conception ( evolution1 x is necess>y to give a brief hi/ory ( ! idea1 & especially to expla9 ! relation ( ,l\is ,agassiz to t !ory4 ,?is is ! m necess>y1 because !re is a deep & wide-spread misund]/&+ on ?is subject1 & ?us scant ju/ice has be5 done our great naturali/1 especially by ! ,engli% & ,g]mans2 & also because ?is relation is an admirable illu/ration ( an important pr9ciple 9 sci5tific philosophy4 ,l all great ideas1 we f9d ! fir/ g]ms ( ?is 9 ,greek philosophy1 9 ! cosmic speculations ( ,?ales & ,py?agoras4 ,next 7ab\t #ajj ,b4 ,c47 we f9d x m cle>ly express$ by ! ,roman ?9k]1 ,lucretius1 9 8 great philosophic poem entitl$ 8,de ,r]um ,natura40 ,aft] a dormancy ( ne>ly eighte5 c5turies x next em]ges ) /ill m cle>ness 9 ! !ological speculations ( ,sw$5borg & ! philosophical speculations ( ,kant4 ,all ^! we pass ov] ) b>e m5tion1 because ^! ?9k]s approa*$ ! subject f ! philosophic r ?an ! sci5tific side--9 ! metaphysical r ?an ! sci5tific _s4 ,! fir/ s]i\s attempt at sci5tific pres5tation ( ! subject 0 by ! celebrat$ naturali/1 ,lam>ck1 9 a "w entitl$ 8,philosophie ,zologique10 publi%$ 9 #ahji4 ,x is n necess>y1 9 ?is rapid sket*1 to give a full acc\nt ( ,lam>ck's views4 ,suffice x to say t ! ess5tial idea ( evolution1 viz41 ! indef9ite v>iability & ! d]ivative orig9 ( species1 0 insi/$ on ) great le>n+ & skill1 & illu/rat$ by _m examples4 ,) ,lam>ck1 ! factors ( evolution or causes ( *ange ( organic =ms 7--#a4 ,modification ( organs 9 function & !re=e 9 /ructure1 by a *ang+ environm5t--ext]nal factor2 &1 #b4 ,modification ( organs by use & disuse--int]nal factor4 ,9 bo? cases ! modifications are inh]it$ & increas$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 )\t limit4 ,?is second factor seems to h tak51 9 ! m9d ( ,lam>ck1 ! some:at vague & transc5d5tal =m ( aspiration or upw>d /riv+ ( ! animal t[>d high] conditions4 ,^! are ackn[l$g$ to-day z true factors ( evolution1 b ! di/9ctively ,d>w9ian factor1 viz41 8div]g5t v>iation & natural selection10 0 n !n ?\ght (4 ,! publication ( ,lam>ck's views produc$ a p[]ful impression1 b only = a little :ile4 ,pi]c$ by ! %afts ( ridicule %ot by nimble wits ( ,p>is1 & cru%$ b5ea? ! heavy weight ( ! au?ority ( ,cuvi]1 ! greate/ naturali/ & comp>ative anatomi/ ( t or p]haps ( any "t1 x fell almo/ /ill-born4 ,i believe x 0 be/ t x %\ld ?us p]i%4 ,its bir? 0 premature2 x 0 n fit to live4 ,! _w 0 n yet prep>$ = a true sci5tific !ory4 ,nev]!less1 ! "w 0 n )\t its effect ^u "s ( ! mo/ advanc$ ?9k]s ( t "t2 ^u ,sa9t-,hilaire & ,comte 9 ,france1 & ^u ,goe! & ,ok5 9 ,g]many4 ,x 0 good se$ s[n & de/9$ to spr+ up & be> fruit 9 suitable environm5t2 b n yet4 ,! next attempt wor?y ( att5tion 9 ?is rapid sket* is t ( ,rob]t ,*amb]s1 9 a little volume entitl$ 8,ve/iges ( a ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation10 publi%$ 9 #ahdd4 ,x 0 ess5tially a reproduction ( ,lam>ck's views 9 a m popul> =m4 ,x 0 n a truly sci5tific "w nor writt5 by a sci5tific man4 ,x 0 r an appeal f ! too te*nical c\rt ( sci5ce to ! suppos$ wid] & m unprejudic$ c\rt ( popul> intellig5ce4 ,x 0 !re=e f> m eloqu5t ?an accurate2 f> m speci\s ?an pr(\nd4 ,x 01 inde$1 full ( false facts & inconsequ5t reason+s4 ,nev]!less1 x produc$ a v /rong impression on ! ?9k+1 popul> m9d4 ,b x also quickly fell1 pi]c$ by ke5 %afts ( ridicule1 & cru%$ b5ea? ! heavy weight ( ! au?ority ( all ! mo/ prom95t naturali/s ( t "t1 ) ,agassiz at _! head4 ,! "q = ! "t seem$ clos$4 ,i believe1 aga91 x 0 be/ s1 = ! "t 0 n yet fully ripe4 ,i "k full well t _m ?9k ) ,haeckel t biology 0 kept back half a c5tury by ! baneful au?ority ( ,cuvi] & ,agassiz2 b ,i c n ?9k s4 ,! hypo!sis 0 contr>y to ! facts ( sci5ce z !n kn[n & und]/ood4 ,x 0 conceiv$ 9 ! _s ( baseless speculation1 r ?an ( cauti\s induction2 ( skillful elaboration r ?an ( e>ne/ tru?-seek+4 ,its g5]al acceptance w\ld h debau*$ ! true _s ( sci5ce4 ,i repeat x3 ! "t 0 n yet ripe = a sci5tific !ory4 ,! gr\nd mu/ fir/ be cle>$ & a solid f\ndation built2 an insup]able ob/acle to he>ty rational acceptance mu/ fir/ be remov$1 & an inductive basis mu/ be laid4 ,! ,ob/acle remov$4--,! ob/acle 9 ! way ( ! acceptance ( ! d]ivative orig9 ( species 0 ! !n preval5t notion conc]n+ ! nature ( life4 ,we mu/ briefly sket* ! *ange :i* has tak5 place 9 ! la/ =ty ye>s 9 our ideas on ?is subject4 ,until ab\t =ty ye>s ago1 ! diff]5t =ces ( ,nature1 su* z gravity1 electricity1 magnetism1 light1 heat1 *emical aff9ity1 etc41 7 suppos$ to be entirely di/9ct4 ,! realm ( ,nature 0 divid$ up into a numb] ( di/9ct & indep5d5t pr9cipalities1 ea* subject to its own sov]eign =ce & rul$ by its own petty laws4 ,ab\t t "t x began to be evid5t1 & is n[ univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 t all ^! =ces are b diff]5t =ms ( "o1 univ]sal1 omnipres5t en]gy1 & are transmutable unto "o ano!r back & =? )\t loss4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( correlation ( =ces & cons]vation ( en]gy1 "o ( ! gr&e/ ideas ( mod]n times4 ,b "o =ce seem$ /ill to be an exception4 ,life-=ce 0 /ill believ$ to be a peculi>1 my/]i\s pr9ciple or entity1 /&+ above o!r =ces & subord9at+ !m2 n correlat$ )1 n transmutable unto1 nor d]ivable f1 o!r & l[] =ces1 & !re=e 9 "s s5se sup]natural4 ,n[1 if ?is be true ( liv+ =ces1 x is p]fectly natural1 yea1 almo/ necess>y1 to believe t liv+ =ms are :olly diff]5t f o!r =ms 9 _! orig94 ,new =ms ( dead matt] may be d]iv$1 b new liv+ =ms are und]iv$4 ,o!r new =ms come by natural process1 new organic =ms by sup]natural process4 ,! conclusion 0 almo/ unavoidable4 ,b soon vital =ce also yield$ to ! g5]al law ( correlation ( natural =ces4 ,vital =ces are also transmutable into & d]ivable f physical & *emical =ces4 ,sun-=ce1 fall+ on ! gre5 leaves ( plants1 is absorb$ & conv]t$ into vital =ce1 disappe>s z light to reappe> z life4 ,! am\nt ( life-=ce g5]at$ is measur$ by ! am\nt ( light ext+ui%$4 ,! same is true ( animal life4 ,z 9 ! /eam-eng9e ! locomotive en]gy is d]iv$ f ! fuel consum$ & measur$ by its am\nt1 s 9 ! animal body1 ! animal heat & animal =ce are d]iv$ f & measur$ by ! food & tissue consum$ by combu/ion4 ,?us1 vital =ce may be reg>d$ z s mu* =ce )drawn f ! g5]al fund ( *emical & physical =ces1 to be aga9 refund$ )\t loss at dea?4 ,?is ob/acle is1 !re=e1 n[ remov$4 ,if vital =ce falls 9 ! same category z o!r natural =ces1 !re is no reason :y liv+ =ms %\ld n fall into ! same category 9 ?is reg>d z o!r natural =ms4 ,if new =ms ( dead matt] are d]iv$ f old =ms by modification1 accord+ to physical laws1 !re is no reason :y new liv+ =ms %\ld n also be d]iv$ f old =ms by modification accord+ to physiological laws4 ,?us1 at la/1 ! ob/acle 0 remov$--! gr\nd 0 cle>$4 ,! ,basis laid4--,b ,sci5ce is n cont5t ) removal ( a priori objections4 ,%e mu/ also h positive pro(s4 ,! gr\nd mu/ n only be cle>$1 b a true inductive basis ( facts1 & especially ( laws & me?ods1 mu/ be laid4 ,?is 0 ! life-"w ( ,agassiz4 ,yes1 z /range z x may seem to "s1 x is nev]!less true t ! :ole inductive basis1 ^u :i* 0 aft]w>d built ! mod]n !ory ( evolution1 0 laid by ,agassiz1 al?\gh he himself p]si/5tly refus$ to build ^u x any really sci5tific sup]/ructure4 ,x is pla91 !n1 t all attempts at build+ previ\s to ,agassiz's "w mu/1 ( necessity1 h result$ 9 an unsub/antial /ructure--an edifice built on s&1 :i* c\ld n & ought n to /&4 ,i mu/ /op "h 9 ord] to expla9 some:at fully ?is important po9t1 & ?us to give due cr$it to ! "w ( ,agassiz4 ,! title ( any sci5ti/ to greatness mu/ be det]m9$1 n s mu* by ! multitude ( new facts he has discov]$ z by ! new laws he has e/abli%$1 & especially by ! new me?ods he has inaugurat$ or p]fect$4 ,n[1 ,i ?9k x c be %[n t to ,agassiz1 m ?an to any o!r man1 is due ! cr$it ( hav+ e/abli%$ ! laws ( succession ( liv+ =ms 9 ! geological hi/ory ( ! e>?--laws ^u :i* mu/ re/ any true !ory ( evolution4 ,also1 t to him1 m ?an to any o!r man1 is due ! cr$it ( hav+ p]fect$ ! me?od 7me?od ( comp>ison7 by ! use ( :i* alone biological sci5ce has advanc$ s rapidly 9 mod]n times4 ,?is is high praise4 ,i wi% to ju/ify x4 ,i beg9 ) ! me?od4 ,sci5tific me?ods be> ! same relation to intellectual progress t tools1 in/rum5ts1 ma*9es1 me*anical contrivances ( all sorts1 be> to mat]ial progress4 ,!y are intellectual contrivances--indirect ways ( accompli%+ results f> too h>d = b>e-h&$1 unaid$ intellectual /r5g?4 ,z ! civiliz$ man has little or no advantage ov] ! savage 9 b>e-h&$ /r5g? ( muscle1 & ! enorm\s sup]iority ( ! latt] 9 accompli%+ mat]ial results is due :olly to ! use ( me*anical contrivances or ma*9es2 ev5 s1 9 ! high] sph]e ( intellect1 ! sci5ti/ makes no pret5sion to ! possession ( great] unaid$ intellectual /r5g? ?an belongs to ! uncultur$ man1 or ev5 p]haps to ! savage4 ,! amaz+ intellectual results a*iev$ by sci5ce are due :olly to ! use ( intellectual contrivances or sci5tific me?ods4 ,z 9 ! l[] sph]e ( mat]ial progress ! greate/ b5efactors ( ! race are ! inv5tors or p]fect]s ( new me*anical contrivances or ma*9es1 s also 9 ! high] sph]e ( intellectual progress ! greate/ b5efactors ( ! race are ! inv5tors or p]fect]s ( new intellectual contrivances or me?ods ( rese>*4 ,to illu/rate ! p[] ( me?ods1 & ! necessity ( _! use1 take ! case ( ! me?od ( notation1 s *>act]i/ic ( ma!matics1 & take x ev5 9 its simple/ & mo/ famili> =m3 ,n9e num]al figures1 hav+ ea* a value ( its own1 & ano!r dep5d5t ^u its position2 a few lett]s1 a & b1 & x & y1 connect$ by symbols1 &-& 3 t is all4 ,& yet1 by ! use ( ?is simple contrivance1 ! dulle/ s*ool-boy accompli%es intellectual results :i* w\ld defy ! utmo/ ef=ts ( ! unaid$ /r5g? ( ! greate/ g5ius4 ,& ?is is only ! simple/ tool-=m ( ?is me?od4 ,?9k ( ! results accompli%$ by ! use ( ! m complex ma*9]y ( ! high] ma!matics6 ,take next ! me?od ( exp]im5t s *>act]i/ic ( physics & *emi/ry4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! ext]nal _w are f> too complex & f> too mu* affect$ by di/urb+ =ces & modify+ conditions to be und]/ood at once by b>e1 unaid$ intellectual insight4 ,!y mu/ fir/ be simplifi$4 ,! physici/1 !re=e1 contrives artificial ph5om5a "u ideal conditions4 ,he removes "o complicat+ condition aft] ano!r1 "o di/urb+ cause & !n ano!r1 wat*+ mean:ile ! result1 until f9ally ! necess>y condition & ! true cause are discov]$4 ,on ?is me?od re/s ! :ole fabric ( ! physical & *emical sci5ces4 ,b :5 we rise /ill high]1 viz41 into ! plane ( life1 ! ph5om5a ( ,nature become /ill m complex & difficult to und]/& directly2 & yet j "h1 :]e we are ! mo/ p[]less )\t "s me?od1 our me?od ( exp]im5t almo/ :olly fails u4 ,! ph5om5a ( life are n only f> m complex ?an ^? ( dead matt]1 b ! conditions ( life are s nicely adju/$1 ! equilibrium ( =ces s delicately balanc$1 t1 :5 we attempt to introduce our clumsy h&s 9 ! way ( exp]im5t1 we are 9 dang] ( ov]?r[+ ! equilibrium1 ( de/roy+ ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t1 viz41 life2 & !n ! :ole problem falls imm$iately into ! doma9 ( *emi/ry4 ,:at %all we d8 ,9 ?is dilemma we f9d t ,nature h]self has already prep>$ = u1 ready to h&1 an elaborate s]ies ( simplifi$ conditions equival5t to exp]im5ts4 ,! ph5om5a ( life are1 inde$1 f> too complex to be at once und]/ood--! problem ( life too h>d to be solv$--9 ! high] animals2 b1 z we g d[n ! animal scale1 complicat+ conditions are remov$ "o by "o1 ! ph5om5a ( life become simpl] & simpl]1 until 9 ! l[e/ microscopic cell or sph]ule ( liv+ protoplasm we f9ally rea* ! simple/ possible expression ( life4 ,! equation ( life is r$uc$ to its simple/ t]ms1 & n[1 if ev]1 we beg9 to und]/& ! true value ( ! unkn[n quantity4 ,?is is ! natural hi/ory s]ies1 or ,taxonomic s]ies1 already spok5 ( on page #aj4 ,aga91 ,nature has prep>$1 & is n[ prep>+ daily be=e our eyes1 ano!r s]ies ( gradually simplifi$ conditions4 ,comm5c+ ) ! mature condition ( "o ( ! high] animals--= example1 man--& go+ backw>d along ! l9e ( individual hi/ory ?r\gh ! /ages ( infant embryo1 egg & g]m1 we f9d aga9 ! ph5om5a ( life becom+ simpl] & simpl]1 until we aga9 rea* ! simple/ conceivable condition 9 ! s+le microscopic cell or sph]ule ( liv+ protoplasm4 ,?is1 z already expla9$1 is ! embryonic or ,ontog5ic s]ies4 ,aga91 t !re be no excuse = man's ignorance ( ! laws ( life1 ,nature has prep>$ /ill ano!r s]ies2 & ?is ! gr&e/ ( all1 = x is ! cause ( bo? ! o!rs4 ,comm5c+ ) ! plants & animals ( ! pres5t epo*1 & go+ back along ! track ( geological times1 ?r\gh ,c5ozoic1 ,mesozoic1 ,palozoic1 ,eozoic1 to ! v dawn ( life--! fir/ syllable ( record$ "t--& we f9d aga9 a s]ies ( organic =ms gr[+ simpl] & simpl]1 until1 if we c\ld f9d ! v fir/1 we w\ld und\bt$ly aga9 rea* ! simple/ condition 9 ! l[e/ conceivable =ms ( life4 ,?is1 z we h already se51 is ! geologic or evolution1 or ,phylog5ic s]ies4 ,we h already expla9$ ^! ?ree s]ies1 only 9 ?is connection x suits our purpose to take ! t]ms backw>d4 ,n[1 x is by comp>ison ( ! t]ms ( ea* ( ^! s]ies go+ up & d[n1 & wat*+ ! fir/ appe>ance1 ! gr[?1 & ! p]fect+ ( tissues1 organs1 functions1 & by ! comp>ison ( ! ?ree s]ies ) "o ano!r t]m by t]m--,i say x is :olly by comp>ison ( ?is k9d t biology has 9 rec5t times become a true inductive sci5ce4 ,?is is ! 8me?od ( comp>ison40 ,x is ! great me?od ( rese>* 9 all ^? dep>tm5ts :i* c n be readily manag$ by ! me?od ( exp]im5t4 ,x has already reg5]at$ biology1 & is n[ appli$ ) l success 9 sociology "u ! "n ( hi/oric me?od4 ,yes2 anatomy became sci5tific only ?r\gh comp>ative anatomy1 physiology ?r\gh comp>ative physiology1 & embryology ?r\gh comp>ative embryology4 ,may we n add1 sociology w become truly sci5tific only ?r\gh comp>ative sociology1 & psy*ology ?r\gh comp>ative psy*ology8 ,n[1 :ile x is true t ?is me?od1 l all o!r me?ods1 has be5 us$1 f ! e>lie/ dawn ( ?\ght1 9 a loose & imp]fect way1 yet x is only 9 v rec5t times t x has be5 organiz$1 sy/ematiz$1 p]fect$1 z a true sci5tific me?od1 z a great in/rum5t ( rese>*2 & ! prodigi\s rec5t advance ( biology is due :olly to ?is cause4 ,n[1 among ! great lead]s ( ?is mod]n movem5t1 ,agassiz und\bt$ly /&s 9 ! v fir/ rank4 ,i mu/ try to make ?is po9t pla91 = x is by no means g5]ally und]/ood4 ,cuvi] is ackn[l$g$ to be ! great f\nd] ( comp>ative anatomy4 ,he x 0 t fir/ p]fect$ ! me?od ( comp>ison1 b comp>ison only 9 "o s]ies--! ,taxonomic4 ,von ,ba] & ,agassiz add$ to ?is comp>ison 9 ! ontog5ic s]ies also1 & comp>ison ( ^! two s]ies ) ea* o!r1 & !re=e ! application ( embryology to ! classification ( animals4 ,if ,von ,ba] 0 ! fir/ ann\nc]1 ,agassiz 0 ! fir/ great practical work] by ?is me?od4 ,la/ & mo/ important ( all1 9 its relation to evolution1 ,agassiz add$ comp>ison 9 ! geologic or phylog5ic s]ies4 ,! "o gr& idea und]ly+ ,agassiz's :ole life-"w 0 ! ess5tial id5tity ( ! ?ree s]ies1 & !re=e ! light :i* !y mu/ %$ on "o ano!r4 ,! two guid+ & animat+ pr9ciples ( 8 sci5tific "w 7--#a4 ,t ! embryonic developm5t ( "o ( ! high] repres5tatives ( any gr\p repeat$ 9 a g5]al way ! t]ms ( ! ,taxonomic s]ies 9 ! same gr\p1 & !re=e t embryology furni%$ ! key to a true classification2 &1 #b4 ,t ! succession ( =ms & /ructure 9 geological times 9 any gr\p is simil> to ! succession ( =ms & /ructure 9 ! developm5t ( ! individual 9 ! same gr\p1 & ?us t embryology furni%es also ! key to geological succession4 ,9 o!r words1 dur+ 8 :ole life1 ,agassiz insi/$ t ! laws ( embryonic developm5t 7ontog5y7 are also ! laws ( geological succession 7phylog5y74 ,surely ?is is ! f\ndation1 ! only solid f\ndation1 ( a true !ory ( evolution4 ,x is true t ,agassiz1 hold+ z he did ! doctr9e ( p]man5cy ( specific types1 & !re=e reject+ ! doctr9e ( ! d]ivative orig9 ( species1 did n admit ! causal or natural relation ( phylog5ic succession to embryonic succession & taxonomic ord] z we n[ believe x--x is true t = him ! relation betwe5 ! ?ree s]ies 0 an intellectual n a physical "o--consi/$ 9 ! preorda9$ plans ( ! ,creator1 & n 9 any g5etic connection or inh]it$ prop]ty2 b evid5tly ! fir/ & greate/ /ep 0 ! discov]y ( ! relation itself1 h[ev] acc\nt$ =4 ,! re/ 0 sure to foll[4 ,b m4 ,n only did ,agassiz e/abli% ! ess5tial id5tity ( ! geologic & embryonic succession1 ! g5]al simil>ity ( ! two s]ies1 phylog5ic & ontog5ic1 b he also ann\nc$ & en=c$ all ! =mal laws ( geologic succession 7i4 e41 ( evolution71 z we n[ "k !m4 ,^!1 z already /at$ & illu/rat$1 are ! law ( diff]5tiation1 ! law ( progress ( ! :ole1 & ! law ( cyclical movem5t1 al?\gh he did n =mulate !m 9 ^! words4 ,no true inductive evid5ce ( evolution 0 possible )\t ! k ( ^! laws1 & = ?is k we are ma9ly indebt$ to ,agassiz4 ,he well knew also t !y 7 ! laws ( embryonic developm5t & !re=e ( evolution2 b he avoid$ ! ^w evolution1 z imply+ ! d]ivative orig9 ( species1 & us$ in/ead ! ^w developm5t1 ?\gh x is h>d to see 9 :at ! words diff]4 ,?us1 x is evid5t t ,agassiz laid ! :ole f\ndation ( evolution1 solid & broad1 b refus$ to build any sci5tific /ructure on x2 he refus$ to recognize ! legitimate1 ! sci5tifically necess>y outcome ( 8 own "w4 ,nev]!less1 )\t 8 "w a sci5tific !ory ( evolution w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,)\t ,agassiz 7or 8 equival5t71 !re w\ld h be5 no ,d>w94 ,!re is some?+ to u supremely gr& 9 ?is refusal ( ,agassiz to accept ! !ory ( evolution4 ,! opportunity to become ! lead] ( mod]n ?\ght1 ! =emo/ man ( ! c5tury1 0 9 8 h&s1 & he refus$1 because 8 religi\s1 or1 p]haps bett]1 8 philosophic intuitions1 =bade4 ,to ,agassiz1 &1 inde$1 to all m5 ( t "t1 to _m1 alas6 ev5 n[1 evolution is mat]ialism4 ,b mat]ialism is ,a!ism4 ,w "s "o say1 ! g5u9e ,tru?-seek] foll[s :]e %e seems to lead :atev] be ! consequ5ces8 ,yes2 :atev] be ! consequ5ces to "o's self1 to "o's op9ions1 prejudices1 !ories1 philosophies1 b n to /ill m c]ta9 tru?4 ,n[1 to ,agassiz1 z to all g5u9e ?9k]s1 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 l our own exi/5ce1 is m c]ta9 ?an any sci5tific !ory1 ?an any?+ c possibly be made by pro(4 ,f 8 /&po9t1 !re=e1 he 0 "r 9 reject+ evolution z conflict+ ) /ill m c]ta9 tru?4 ,! mi/ake :i* he made 0 9 imag9+ t !re 0 any su* conflict at all4 ,b ?is 0 ! univ]sal mi/ake ( ! age4 ,a less] man w\ld h se5 less cle>ly ! high] tru? & accept$ ! l[]4 ,a great] man w\ld h ris5 above ! age1 & se5 t !re 0 no conflict1 & s accept$ bo?4 ,all ?9k+ m5 are com+ to ?is conclusion n[1 b none _h done s !n4 ,n[1 !n1 at la/1 ! ob/acle ( sup]naturalism 9 ! realm ( ,nature hav+ be5 remov$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! doctr9e ( correlation ( natural =ces1 & ! ext5sion ( ?is doctr9e to embrace also life-=ce2 & n[ also a broad & firm basis ( c>efully-obs]v$ facts & well-e/abli%$ laws ( succession ( organic =ms hav+ be5 laid by ,agassiz1 :5 aga91 = ! ?ird "t1 ! doctr9e ( orig9 ( species 8by d]ivation ) modifications0 0 br\ght =w>d by ,d>w9 9 a f> m p]fect =m1 ) m abundant illu/rative mat]ials1 & ) a new & mo/ pot5t factor ( modification--viz41 div]g5t v>iations & natural selection--x f\nd ! sci5tific _w already fully prep>$1 & anxi\sly wait+4 ,i say anxi\sly wait+--= ! suppos$ sup]natural orig9 ( species _h be5 ! "o exception to ! o!rwise univ]sal law ( cause & effect1 or ! law ( cont9uity4 ,x 0 !re=e 9 op5 contradiction to ! :ole drift ( sci5tific ?\ght = five hundr$ ye>s4 ,is x any wond]1 !n1 t ! d]ivative orig9 ( species 0 welcom$ ) joy by ! sci5tific _w8 ,= five hundr$ ye>s1 sci5tific ?\ght1 l a ris+ tide :i* kn[s no ebb1 _h t5d$ ?i!rw>d ) ev]-increas+ pressure1 b kept back by ! "o suppos$ fact ( ! sup]natural orig9 ( species4 ,d>w9 lift$ ! gate1 & ! 9-ru%+ tide flood$ ! :ole doma9 ( ?\ght4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! place ( ,agassiz 9 biological sci5ce8 ,:at is ! relation ( ,agassiz to ,d>w9--( ,agassizian developm5t to ,d>w9ian evolution8 ,i answ]1 x is ! relation ( =mal sci5ce to physical or causal sci5ce4 ,agassiz advanc$ biology to ! =mal /age2 ,d>w9 c>ri$ x =w>d1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 to ! physical /age4 ,all true inductive sci5ces 9 _! complete developm5t pass ?r\gh ^! two /ages4 ,sci5ce 9 ! "o /age treats ( ! laws ( ph5om5a2 9 ! o!r1 ( ! causes or explanation ( ^! laws4 ,! =m] mu/ prec$e ! latt]1 & =m its f\ndation2 ! latt] mu/ foll[ ! =m]1 & con/itute its completion4 ,! *ange f ! "o to ! o!r is always att5d$ ) prodigi\s impulse to sci5ce4 ,to illu/rate3 ,until ,kepl]1 a/ronomy 0 little m ?an an accumulation ( disconnect$ facts conc]n+ cele/ial motions--abundant mat]ials1 b no sci5ce2 piles ( brick & /one1 b no build+4 ,kepl] r$uc$ ?is *aos to beautiful ord] & musical h>mony by ! discov]y ( ! ?ree great laws :i* be> 8 "n1 & !re=e he has be5 ju/ly call$ ! legislator ( ! heav5s--! lawgiv] ( space4 ,b1 _h he be5 ask$ ! cause ( ^! beautiful laws1 he c\ld only h answ]$1 8,! fir/ cause--! direct w ( ! ,deity40 ,a good answ] & a true1 b n sci5tific2 because x places ! "q beyond ! doma9 ( sci5ce1 :i* deals only ) second or physical causes4 ,b ,newton comes =w>d & gives a physical cause4 ,he %[s t all ^! beautiful laws are ! necess>y result ( gravitation2 & ?us a/ronomy becomes a physical sci5ce4 ,s1 until ,agassiz1 ! facts ( geological succession ( organic =ms 7 9 a /ate ( lawless confusion4 ,agassiz by e/abli%+ ! ?ree great laws ( succession1 :i* ought to be> 8 "n1 r$uc$ ?is *aos to ord] & beauty2 &1 !re=e1 he might ju/ly be call$ ! legislator ( geological hi/ory--! lawgiv] ( "t4 ,b1 :5 ask$ ! cause ( ^! laws1 he c\ld only answ]1 & did inde$ answ]1 8,! plans ( ! ,creator40 ,a noble answ] & true1 b n sci5tific4 ,d>w9 n[ comes =w>d & gives1 p>tly at lea/1 ! cause ( ^! laws4 ,he %[s t all ^! beautiful laws are expla9$ by ! doctr9e ( 8orig9 ( species by d]ivation ) modifications02 t ^! laws are n ultimate1 b d]ivative f m fundam5tal laws ( life2 & ?us biology is advanc$ "o /ep1 at lea/1 t[>d ! causal /age4 ,newton & ,d>w9 sub/itut$ second causes = fir/ cause--natural = sup]natural4 ,!y ea* 9 8 own dep>tm5t broke ! bonds ( sup]naturalism 9 ! doma9 ( ,nature4 ,"o m important reflection3 ,!re are two1 & only two1 fundam5tal conditions ( mat]ial exi/5ce--space & "t4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 two1 & only two1 cosmoses--space-cosmos & "t-cosmos4 ,^! h be5 r$eem$ f confusion & r$uc$ to law & ord] & beauty--*ang$ f *aos to cosmos--by sci5ce4 ,= ?is result we are *iefly indebt$1 9 ! "o case1 to ,kepl] & ,newton2 9 ! o!r1 to ,agassiz & ,d>w94 ,! univ]sal law1 9 ! "o cosmos1 is ! law ( gravitation2 9 ! o!r1 ! law ( evolution4 ,trac$ by analysis to its deepe/ roots ( philosophic tru?1 ! "o law may be call$ ! div9e mode ( su/5tation2 ! o!r1 ! div9e process ( creation4 ,or aga93 we h all he>d ( ! 8music ( ! sph]es0--a beautiful & significant "n us$ by ! old ?9k]s = ! div9e ord] ( ! univ]se--a music he>d n by human e>1 b only by ! att5tive human _s4 ,h>monic relation appreh5d$ by reason we call ,law1 & its embodim5t ,sci5ce2 ! same appreh5d$ by ! imag9ation & /hetic s5se1 we call ,beauty1 & its embodim5t ,art1 music4 ,n[1 9 music !re are two k9ds ( h>mony1 simultane\s & consecutive--*ordal h>mony & melody4 ,^! mu/ be comb9$ to produce ! gr&e/ effect4 ,s 9 cosmic ord]1 too1 !re are two k9ds ( h>monic relation--! co-exi/5t 9 space & ! consecutive 9 "t4 ,! law ( gravitation expresses ! univ]sal h>monic int]-relation ( objects co-exi/5t 9 space1 ! law ( evolution1 ! univ]sal h>monic relation ( =ms successive 9 "t4 ,( ! div9e sph]al music1 ! "o is ! *ordal h>mony1 ! o!r ! consecutive h>mony or melody4 ,comb9$ !y =m ! div9e *orus :i* 8! morn+ />s sang toge!r40 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,! ,,tru? ,,( ,,evolution4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,evolution ,,z ,a ,,univ]sal ,,law4 ,let u aga9 rem9d ! read] t evolution means1 fir/ ( all1 cont9uity4 ,! law ( evolution1 al?\gh x d\btless means mu* m1 means1 fir/ ( all1 a law ( cont9uity1 or causal relation ?r\gh\t ,nature4 ,x means t1 alike 9 e dep>tm5t ( ,nature1 ea* /ate or condition grew naturally out ( ! imm$iately prec$+4 ,9 a ^w1 x means t1 9 ! c\rse ( ,nature1 no?+ appe>s sudd5ly & )\t natural cause1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ is ! natural & usually ! gradual outcome ( a previ\s condition4 ,?is is n[ admitt$ by e "o 9 reg>d to ne>ly ev]y?+3 evolutioni/s apply x to ! :ole c\rse ( ,nature4 ,i said ?is is n[ admitt$ by e "o 9 reg>d to ne>ly ev]y?+2 b ?is has n always be5 s4 ,! _w has come to its pres5t position on ?is subject only by a v gradual process4 ,let u !n trace rapidly ! hi/ory ( ! gradual *ange1 = x w prep>e u = mu* t foll[s4 ,!re 0 a "t 7& t n _m decades ago7 :5 all ?+s1 ! orig9 ( :i* transc5ds our ord9>y exp]i5ce1 7 suppos$ to h orig9at$ sudd5ly & )\t natural process--to h be5 made at once1 out ( h&4 ,!re 0 a "t :51 = example1 m\nta9s 7 suppos$ to h be5 made at once1 ) all _! div]sifi$ =ms1 ( beetl+ cliffs & ?und]+ wat]falls1 or g5tle slopes & smil+ valleys1 j z we n[ f9d !m4 ,b n[ we "k t !y h become s only by a v gradual process1 & are /ill *ang+ "u our v eyes4 ,9 a ^w1 !y h be5 =m$ by a process ( evolution4 ,we "k n[ ! date ( m\nta9-bir?s2 we trace _! gr[?1 maturity1 decay1 & dea?2 & f9d ev51 z x 71 ! fossil bones ( ext9ct m\nta9s 9 ! crumpl$ /rata ( _! =m] places4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 cont95ts & seas1 gulfs1 bays1 & riv]s1 7 suppos$ to h orig9at$ at once1 sub/antially z we n[ see !m4 ,n[1 we "k t !y h be5 *ang+ ?r\gh\t all geological "t1 & are /ill *ang+4 ,n1 h[ev]1 *ange back & =? 9 any direction indiff]5tly & )\t goal1 b gradual *ange f less p]fect to m p]fect condition1 ) m & m complex int]-relations--i4 e41 by a process ( evolution4 ,we are able n[1 ?\gh /ill imp]fectly1 to trace "s ( ! /ages ( ?is evolution4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 rocks & soils 7 suppos$ to h be5 always rocks & soils2 :5 soils 7 reg>d$ z an orig9al clo?+ made on purpose to hide ! rocky nak$ness ( ! new-born e>?4 ,god clo!d ! e>? s1 & !re an end4 ,n[ we "k t rocks rot d[n to soils2 soils are c>ri$ d[n & deposit$ z s$im5ts2 & s$im5ts re-consolidate z rocks--! same mat]ials be+ work$ ov] & ov] aga91 pass+ ?r\gh all ^! /ages _m times 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,9 a ^w1 !re 0 a "t :5 x 0 ?\ght t ! e>? ) sub/antially its pres5t =m1 configuration1 & climate1 0 made at once out ( h&1 z a fit habitation = man & animals4 ,n[ we "k t x has be5 *ang+1 prep>+1 becom+ :at x is by a sl[ process1 ?r\gh a lapse ( "t s va/ t ! m9d s9ks exhau/$ 9 ! attempt to grasp x4 ,x has become :at x n[ is by a process ( evolution4 ,! same *ange ( view has tak5 place conc]n+ ! orig9 ( all ! heav5ly bodies4 ,we may1 !re=e1 confid5tly g5]alize--we may ass]t )\t fe> ( contradiction t all inorganic =ms1 )\t exception1 h orig9at$ by a process ( evolution4 ,! pro( ( all ?is we owe to geology--a sci5ce born ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,?is sci5ce e/abli%es ! law ( univ]sal cont9uity ( ev5ts1 ?r\gh inf9ite "t1 z a/ronomy does t ( univ]sal int]-relation ( objects ?r\gh inf9ite space4 ,h[ great ! *ange ^! two sci5ces h made 9 ! realm ( human ?\ght6 ,until ! bir? ( mod]n a/ronomy ! intellectual space-horizon ( ! human m9d 0 b\nd$ sub/antially by ! dim5sions ( our e>?2 sun1 moon1 & />s1 be+ b inconsid]able bodies circulat+ at a little di/ance ab\t ! e>?1 & = our beho(4 ,a/ronomy 0 !n b ! geometry ( ! curi\s l9es trac$ by ^! w&]+ fires on ! concave blackbo>d ( heav54 ,) ! fir/ glance ?r\gh a telescope ! phases ( ,v5us & ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 reveal$ cle>ly to ! m9d ! exi/5ce ( o!r worlds besides & l our own4 ,9 t mom5t ! idea ( inf9ite space1 full ( worlds l our own1 0 = ! fir/ "t completely realiz$1 & became !nce=w>d ! h]itage ( man4 ,9 t mom5t ! intellectual horizon ( man 0 inf9itely ext5d$4 ,s also until ! bir? ( geology1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ! intellectual "t-horizon ( ! human m9d 0 b\nd$ by six ?\s& ye>s4 ,! discov]y ab\t t "t ( v]tebrate rema9s1 all :olly diff]5t f ^? n[ inhabit+ ! e>?1 reveal$ ! exi/5ce ( o!r "t-faunas1 besides our own & ! idea ( inf9ite "t1 ( :i* ! life ( humanity is b an epo*1 0 born 9 ! m9d ( man2 & aga9 ! intellectual horizon ( man 0 inf9itely ext5d$4 ,^! two are ! gr&e/ ideas1 & _! introduction ! gr&e/ epo*s1 9 ! intellectual hi/ory ( man4 ,we h long ago accept$ & readju/$ our m5tal furniture to ! requirem5ts ( ! "o1 b ! necess>y readju/m5t to ! o!r is n yet complete4 ,all inorganic =ms1 !n1 x is admitt$1 h come by evolution4 ,b h[ is x ) organic or liv+ =ms8 ,let u see4 ,e "o kn[s1 because x is )9 ! limits ( ord9>y exp]i5ce1 t e individual organism n[ orig9ates & gradually becomes :at we see x1 by a natural process--t is1 by evolution4 ,if1 !n1 !re be any exception1 x mu/ be only ! fir/ ( ea* k9d4 ,b :at k9d8 ,!re are _m k9ds ( k9ds2 classes1 ord]s1 families1 g5]a1 species1 v>ieties4 ,n[1 _m ( ^! k9ds c be %[n to h become :at we see !m by a gradual process simil>1 at lea/1 to evolution4 ,take = example1 classes4 ,! class ( fi%es & ! class ( reptiles are n[ widely di/9ct & h little 9 common except a v]tebrate /ructure2 b1 z already %[n1 page #ab1 ?is extreme diff]5ce has n always exi/$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! e>lie/ repres5tatives ( ^! two classes s m]g$ into "o ano!r t ea* seem$ ei!r4 ,f ?is common /ock ! two classes 7 gradually sep>at$1 ea* go+ its own way & becom+ m & m widely di/9ct ev5 to ! pres5t day4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 !re=e1 t ^! two classes1 z we n[ "k !m1 h become :at !y are by a gradual process4 ,aga93 ,9 ! :ole realm ( ,nature !re is n a class m di/9ctly sep>ate f e o!r & )\t int]m$iate l9ks ?an birds4 ,b ?is has n always be5 s4 ,!y h gradually become s4 ,! e>lie/ birds 7 s reptilian 9 /ructure & appe>ance t if we c\ld see !m n[ we w\ld be 9 d\bt :e!r we %\ld call !m birds or reptiles4 ,birds h gradually sep>at$ !mselves f ! reptilian /em1 becom+ m & m bird-l f age to age1 until n[1 at la/1 ! two classes are :olly sep>at$ & ! int]m$iate l9ks de/roy$4 ,s f> z ext]nal *>act]s are conc]n$1 birds may be said to h f9ally & :olly releas$ !mselves f entangl+ alliance ) any o!r class4 ,classes1 !n1 x w be admitt$1 h und\bt$ly become :at we n[ "k !m by a v gradual process foll[+ laws id5tical 7z we h already se51 page #ai7 ) ! laws ( evolution4 ,%all we try ord]s8 ,( ! class ,mammalia !re are two well-recogniz$ & widely-di/9ct ord]s1 viz41 ! ,c>nivores & ! ,h]bivores4 ,we all "k h[ widely div]se ^! are 9 =m1 9 /ructure1 9 habits1 & 9 food4 ,has x always be5 s8 ,h ^! be5 made s at once8 ,by no means4 ,!y h gradually become s4 ,! e>lie/ mammals 7 nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r di/9ctively4 ,!y 7 omnivores1 completely int]m$iate 9 food1 habits1 =m1 & /ructure4 ,f ?is common /ock ! two ord]s h gradually sep>at$1 ! c>nivores becom+ m & m adapt$ to "o mode ( life & ! h]bivores to ano!r1 by a process foll[+ ! laws ( evolution1 z already expla9$4 ,%all we try families & g5]a8 ,m>% & ,huxley h %[n u h[ completely ! horse family 7,equid7 & ! horse-g5us 7,equus7 illu/rate ! process ( gradual becom+ & ! law ( evolution4 ,"u _! guidance1 we see t ! e>lie/ traceable ance/or ( ! horse family1 be=e x 0 di/9ctively a horse family at all1 _h on ! =e-foot five toes 9 ! ,l[] ,eoc5e1 f\r toes 9 ! ,upp] ,eoc5e1 & ?ree toes 9 ! ,mioc5e2 !n we see ! two side-toes %ort5+ up m & m 9 ! ,plioc5e & becom+ rudim5t>y spl9ts1 leav+ only "o toe 9 ! ,quat]n>y & pres5t epo*s4 ,?us1 ! side-spl9ts 9 ! foot ( ! mod]n horse tell ! /ory ( its ?ree-to$ ance/ry4 ,simil> gradual *anges are cle>ly traceable 9 size1 %ape1 /ructure ( limbs1 ( tee?1 & ( bra94 ,9 all respects ! memb]s ( ! horse family h become m & m horse-l 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,?is subject w be tak5 up & m fully illu/rat$1 "u ! head ( special evid5ces1 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,we "h t\* x only suffici5tly to illu/rate ?is univ]sal law ( gradual becom+4 ,we h tak5 only a few examples1 b ! same is und\bt$ly true ( all ,taxonomic gr\ps above species4 ,pass+ ov] ^! la/ = ! mom5t1 we take next races & v>ieties4 ,^! small] gr\ps are admitt$ by all to be =m$ by a natural process1 because n only c we make !m artificially1 b all ! int]m$iate l9ks may be f\nd 9 ,nature4 ,s we h only species rema9+4 ,yes2 species are imag9$ by ! old-s*ool naturali/ & by ! anti-evolutioni/ ( to-day z ! ultimate elem5ts ( ,taxonomy4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! la/ dit* ^u :i* ! def5se ( sup]naturalism 9 ! realm ( ,nature is made4 8,o!r gr\ps10 !y say1 8may h gradually become :at !y n[ are by ! successive introduction ( specific =ms accord+ to a preorda9$ plan :i* is well express$ by ! =mal laws ( evolution4 ,b species are )\t transition =ms4 ,!y come 9 sudd5ly1 rema9 un*ang$ :ile !y cont9ue1 & f9ally pass out sudd5ly1 s f> z specific *>act]s are conc]n$4 ,new species come 9 _! places by direct act ( creation--by sub/itution1 n by transmutation40 ,?is1 !n1 is ! la/ intr5*m5t4 ,c we give any good evid5ce ( gradual =mation ( species8 ,i believe we c4 ,fir/1 !n1 x is admitt$ t we c easily make v>ieties & races artificially4 ,we w n n[ describe ! process2 we are all famili> ) ! results1 viz41 ! v>ieties ( dome/ic animals & ( useful & ornam5tal plants2 ! extremely diff]5t bre$s ( horses1 cattle1 %eep1 dogs1 pigeons1 etc42 ( :eat1 cabbages1 turnips2 ( roses1 dahlias1 etc41 etc4 ,no "o w d\bt t ! extreme v>ieties ( any ( ^!1 say greyh\nd & pug1 if wild1 w\ld be call$ di/9ct species1 or ev5 di/9ct g5]a4 ,we d n call !m s1 = two reasons3 fir/1 because we see !m made2 &1 second1 because we f9d all int]m$iate l9ks betwe5 !m2 & ! usual def9ition ( species is t !y c n be made1 & !y h no int]m$iate l9ks4 ,?us1 !n1 ! "q is n>r[$ d[n to wild species4 ,!y say3 8,we take our /& on ^!0 7surely a v n>r[ gr\nd = s broad a philosophy74 8,we defy y to %[ gradual =mation ) int]m$iate l9ks40 ,n[1 9 fact1 by dilig5t se>* su* int]m$iate l9ks betwe5 well-recogniz$ species h be5 f\nd 9 "s cases1 especially 9 birds1 on acc\nt ( _! great p[] ( disp]sal4 ,c]ta9 =ms h long be5 kn[n f widely-sep>at$ regions1 & univ]sally reg>d$ z di/9ct species1 z di/9ct z any4 ,!n1 by m9ute exam9ations ( int]m$iate regions1 a complete s]ies ( int]m$iate =ms has be5 pick$ up4 ,?is has occurr$ n only 9 "o case b 9 _m cases1 & n 9 birds only b 9 _m o!r classes--examples increase ) our increas+ k4#aa ,! only answ] to su* evid5ce is t ^! are n true species4 ,n[1 see ! fallacy lurk+ "h6 ,!y def9e species z ultimate elem5ts ( taxonomy1 z di/9ct & )\t int]m$iate l9ks1 & !n require u to f9d su* int]m$iate l9ks2 &1 f9ally1 :5 ) inf9ite pa9s "s su* l9ks are f\nd1 !y say3 8,oh6 ,i see2 we 7 mi/ak52 !y are only v>ieties660 ,x is true t naturali/s1 :5 int]m$iate l9ks are f\nd1 usually put all toge!r z "o species1 b ?is !y d purely = ! sake ( cle>ness ( def9ition & description4 ,x is freely admitt$ by ! evolutioni/ t species are n[ usually di/9ct & )\t int]m$iate l9ks1 ^! hav+ be5 de/roy$ 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,?is w be fully expla9$ 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,x is also freely admitt$ t al?\gh int]m$iate l9ks mu/ h exi/$ at "o "t1 _! rema9s are r>ely f\nd4 ,! reason ( ?is w also be expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,nev]!less1 9 "s cases1 z already se51 we d f9d !m /ill exi/+4 ,n[1 we add t 9 "s cases1 :]e !y no long] exi/1 we f9d !m 9 ! =m ( fossil rema9s4 ,! mo/ rem>kable example ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! gradual *anges 9 ! =ms ( ,planorbis 9 ! fre%-wat] deposits ( ,/e9heim1 z %[n by ! admirable rese>*es ( ,hyatt4#ab ,we %all discuss ^! also m fully 9 ano!r place4 ,n[1 if !re be any su* l9ks at all1 h[ev] r>e1 !n e objection to ! d]ivative orig9 ( species is remov$4 ,p]haps x may be well to make b>e m5tion ( ano!r k9d ( evid5ce1 viz41 ! actual *ange ( species "u ! eyes1 by ! action ( *ange ( environm5t4 ,! diff]5t species ( ! g5us ,artemia 7a l[ =m ( cru/acean7 live 9 br9e-pools4 ,by conc5trat+ ! br9e ( su* a pool1 "o species 7,a4 sal9a7 has be5 obs]v$ to *ange 9 successive g5]ations into ano!r 7,a4 ,muhlhaus5ii71 & ! latt] back aga9 to ! =m] by sl[ fre%5+4#ac ,aga93 ,! sir$on & ! ambly/oma h always1 until rec5tly1 be5 reg>d$ z n only di/9ct species1 b di/9ct g5]a ( amphibians4 ,sir$on 0 suppos$ to be a p]man5t gill-brea!r1 :ile ambly/oma becomes by metamorphosis a pure air-brea!r4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 x is kn[n t ! =m] may *ange into ! latt]4 ,b ! mo/ curi\s "p ( ! life-hi/ory ( ^! animals1 is t if wat] be abundant ! sir$on reproduces freely1 & rema9s indef9itely a gill-brea!r2 b if ! wat] dries up x *anges into ! lung-brea?+ ambly/oma4 ,we d n give ?is z examples ( *ange ( species1 = ! *ange is 9 ! individual life1 & !re=e 9 ! nature ( metamorphosis1 b z evid5ce ( ! p[] ( physical conditions 9 modify+ ! developm5t ( organic =ms & !re=e ( ! mann] 9 :i* gill-brea!rs 7 probably trans=m$ into air-brea!rs4 ,to sum up3 #a4 ,all inorganic =ms1 )\t exception1 h become :at we f9d !m by a natural process--i4 e41 by evolution4 #b4 ,all organic or liv+ =ms )9 ! limits ( obs]vation1 i4 e41 e liv+ ?+1 has become :at we n[ see1 by a gradual1 natural process--i4 e41 by evolution4 #c4 ,all taxonomic gr\ps1 except species1 h und\bt$ly become :at we n[ see !m by a gradual process1 foll[+ ! laws ( evolution1 & !re=e presumably by a natural process ( evolution4 #d4 ,by artificial means1 bre$s1 races1 etc41 v simil>1 at lea/ 9 _m respects1 to species1 are se5 to arise by a gradual natural process--i4 e41 by evolution4 #e4 ,9 "s in/ances1 at lea/1 natural species are obs]v$ to pass into "o ano!r by int]m$iate l9ks 9 su* wise t we are =c$ to conclude t !y h be5 =m$ by a natural process4 ,may we n1 !n1 safely g5]alize1 & make ! law univ]sal8 ,is n ?is a suffici5t gr\nd = confid5t induction8 ,ev5 ?\gh "s facts are /ill inexplicable1 is t a suffici5t reason = )hold+ ass5t to a !ory :i* expla9s s mu*8 ,9 all induction we fir/ e/abli% a law provisionally f ! obs]vation ( a comp>atively few facts1 & !n ext5d x ov] a multitude ( facts n includ$ 9 ! orig9al induction4 ,if x expla9s ^! also1 ! law is v]ifi$4 ,! law ( gravitation 0 fir/ bas$ on ! obs]vation ( a few facts1 & !n v]ifi$ by its explanation ( ne>ly all ! facts ( cele/ial motion4 ,!re are "s out/&+ facts ( cele/ial motion /ill unexpla9$1 b we d n1 !re=e1 d\bt ! law ( gravitation4 ,! same pr9ciple appli$ 9 biology ought to e/abli% ! law ( evolution1 = x also expla9s all ! facts ( biology z no o!r law c4 ,b inductive evid5ce diff]s f o!r k9ds ( evid5ce 9 "o respect1 :i*1 9 fact1 con/itutes its /r5g? to ! sci5tific1 b its weakness to ! popul> m9d4 ,x is a k9d ( circum/antial evid5ce1 b its =ce does n consi/ 9 a few /rong circum/ances easily appreciat$1 su* z /rike ! popul> m9d1 & =ce conviction1 b r 9 a multitude ( small circum/ances1 ea* by itself insignificant1 b all toge!r po9t+ to "o conclusion & dem&+ "o explanation4 ,su* evid5ce is1 inde$1 ov]:elm+1 b only to ! m9d t ma/]s x4 ,! evid5ce = ! law ( gravitation is lit]ally ! :ole sci5ce ( a/ronomy4 ,s also ! evid5ce = ! law ( evolution is ! :ole sci5ce ( biology4 ,nei!r ( ^! laws c be prov$ 9 a debat+ society1 b only by a c\rse ( /udy4 ,9 ! "o case ! law has be5 univ]sally accept$--n1 h[ev]1 on evid5ce1 = !re are few inde$ :o appreciate ! evid5ce1 b on ! au?ority ( sci5tific unanimity4 ,9 ! o!r case !re has n yet be5 "t en\gh = ! already e/abli%$ unanimity to h its full effect4 ,?us mu*1 we believe1 w be g5]ally admitt$ z a v mod]ate claim4 ,evolution is c]ta9ly a legitimate induction f ! facts ( biology4 ,b we are prep>$ to g mu* fur!r4 ,we are confid5t t evolution is absolutely c]ta94 ,n1 inde$1 evolution z a special !ory--,lam>ckian1 ,d>w9ian1 ,sp5c]ian--= ^! are all m or less successful modes ( expla9+ evolution2 nor evolution z a s*ool ( ?\ght1 ) its foll[+ ( disciples--= 9 ?is s5se x is /ill 9 ! field ( discussion--b evolution z a law ( d]ivation ( =ms f previ\s =ms2 evolution z a law ( cont9uity1 z a univ]sal law ( becom+4 ,9 ?is s5se x is n only c]ta91 x is axiomatic4 ,x is only necess>y to conceive x cle>ly1 to see t x is a necess>y tru?4 ,?is may seem p>adoxical to "s4 ,i /op to ju/ify x4 ,physical ph5om5a we all admit foll[ "o ano!r 9 unbrok5 succession1 ea* d]iv$ f a prec$+1 & giv+ orig9 to a succe$+4 ,we call ?is ! law ( causation1 & say t x is axiomatic4 ,we might call x a law ( d]ivation4 ,s also organic =ms foll[ "o ano!r 9 cont9u\s *a91 ea* d]iv$ f a prec$+ & giv+ orig9 to a succe$+4 ,we call ?is a law ( d]ivation4 ,we might call x a law ( causation1 & say t x too is axiomatic4 ,! orig9s ( new ph5om5a are (t5 obscure1 ev5 inexplicable1 b we nev] ?9k to d\bt t !y h a natural cause2 = s to d\bt is to d\bt ! validity ( reason1 & ! rational con/itution ( ,nature4 ,s also ! orig9s ( new organic =ms may be obscure or ev5 inexplicable1 b we ought n on t acc\nt to d\bt t !y _h a natural cause1 & came by a natural process2 = s to d\bt is also to d\bt ! validity ( reason1 & ! rational con/itution ( organic ,nature4 ,! law ( evolution is naught else ?an ! sci5tific or1 inde$1 ! rational mode ( ?9k+ ab\t ! orig9 ( ?+s 9 e dep>tm5t ( ,nature4 ,9 a ^w1 x is naught else ?an ! law ( necess>y causation appli$ to =ms in/ead ( ph5om5a4 ,evolution1 !re=e1 is no long] a s*ool ( ?\ght4 ,! words evolutionism & evolutioni/ ought n any long] to be us$1 any m ?an gravitationism & gravitationi/2 = ! law ( evolution is z c]ta9 z ! law ( gravitation4 ,nay1 x is f> m c]ta94 ,! nexus betwe5 successive ev5ts 9 "t 7causation7 is f> m c]ta9 ?an ! nexus betwe5 coexi/5t objects 9 space 7gravitation74 ,! =m] is a necess>y tru?1 ! latt] is usually class$ z a cont+5t tru?4 ,i h us$ & may cont9ue to use ! t]m evolutioni/1 b if s x is only 9 def]5ce to ! views ( _m intellig5t p]sons1 :o d n yet see ! c]ta9ty ( ! law4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,special ,,pro(s ,,( ,,evolution4 ,introductory4 ,x w be se5 f ! prec$+ *apt] t we reg>d ! law ( evolution 9 its wid] s5se1 viz41 ! d]ivative orig9 ( all =ms1 organic or o!r1 z axiomatic1 & !re=e requir+ no fur!r pro(4 ,among sci5tific m5 !re is no long] any discussion ( ! tru? ( ?is law1 b only ( ! !ories ( ! causes ( ! law4 ,we believe t to ! sci5tific m9d !re is no o!r rational mode ( look+ at ! subject ( orig9 ( organic =ms4 ,to su* a m9d1 !re=e1 all t foll[s is b ! d$uctive application ( t law 9 ! explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( organic ,nature4 ,b x takes "t = ! popul> m9d to readju/ itself to new & revolution>y tru?4 ,_m m9ds1 ev5 among ! mo/ intellig5t1 h n yet accept$ ?is z ! only rational mode ( ?\ght4 ,_m m5 require fur!r special pro(s ( ! d]ivative orig9 ( organic =ms4 ,ev5 to ^? :o accept evolution1 ^! pro(s w be int]e/+ z illu/rations ( su* orig94 ,we w attempt to br+ out ^! pro(s "u sev]al heads1 ! mo/ important ( :i* are3 #a4 ,pro(s f morphology1 or ! g5]al laws ( animal /ructure2 #b4 ,pro(s f embryology2 #c4 ,pro(s f geographical di/ribution ( organic =ms2 &1 #d4 ,pro(s f artificial bre$+4 ,! subject is s va/ t all we c d is to t\* lightly only ! mo/ sali5t po9ts "u ea* ( ^! heads2 =1 z we h already said1 ! evid5ce is really no?+ less ?an ! :ole sci5ce ( biology4 ,prep>atory to ?is1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to br+ out a little m fully ?an be=e 7page #bi71 ?\gh /ill only 9 outl9e1 ! two antagoni/ic views1 :i* may be call$ ! old & ! new1 or ! natural & ! sup]natural1 ( ! orig9 ( new organic =ms1 especially species4 ,orig9 ( ,new ,organic ,=ms2 ! ,old ,view briefly /at$4--,accord+ to ! old-s*ool naturali/s1 species are ! ultimate elem5ts ( taxonomy3 g5]a1 families1 ord]s1 etc41 may gradually *ange _! "* f age to age1 by ! introduction ( new species2 b species 7 suppos$ to be sub/antially p]man5t4 ,x 0 necess>y to h "s unit = conv5i5ce ( description & classification1 & ?is 0 f\nd to be ! be/ because mo/ /able4 ,z 9 ne>ly all cases ( beliefs1 ?is doctr9e 0 held at fir/ some:at loosely1 z a provisional & conv5i5t view--z a good work+ hypo!sis--b gradually1 "u pressure ( controv]sy1 became m /rictly =mulat$1 &1 z x 71 h>d5$ into a sci5tific dogma1 especially 9 ! h&s ( ,agassiz4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! fir/ pair or pairs ( ea* specific k9d orig9at$ we "k n h[1 b c]ta9ly at once 9 its pres5t =m 9 full p]fection1 &1 !re=e1 presumably by direct creative act ( ,deity2 & !n aft]w>d by ! law ( g5]ation cont9u$ to produce o!rs ( ! same patt]n indef9itely4 ,moreov]1 ! fir/ "o or m pairs ( ea* k9d multipli$ & spread abroad 9 e direction1 ea* f its own c5t] ( orig91 z f> z physical conditions & /ruggle = life ) o!r species w\ld all[4 ,?is idea expla9s tol]ably well ! geographical di/ribution ( species z we n[ f9d x4 ,= example1 species on diff]5t cont95ts are widely diff]5t1 because ^? on ea* h orig9at$ indep5d5tly :]e we n[ f9d !m1 & spread 9 all directions z f> z physical conditions w\ld all[1 b c\ld n rea* o!r cont95ts because ( ! ocean-b>ri]4 ,t ?is is ! only reason !y are n !re1 is %[n by ! fact t1 if !y are c>ri$ !re1 !y usually d p]fectly well4 ,ev5 on ! same cont95t1 = ! same reason1 species may be v diff]5t if sep>at$ by impassable b>ri]s su* z high m\nta9-*a9s or by climate4 ,b :]ev] "o gr\p ( species1 orig9at+ 9 "o place1 comes 9 contact on ! m>g9 ( _! range ) ano!r gr\p ( species orig9at+ 9 ano!r place1 we see no evid5ce ( transmutation ( "o =m into ano!r1 b only sub/itution ( "o fully-=m$ species = ano!r equally fully =m$4 ,!re=e1 we mu/ conclude t physical conditions may limit ! range ( a species1 b c n transmute x into ano!r4 ,?us1 to say ! lea/1 _m ( ! facts ( geographical di/ribution are well expla9$ by ?is idea ( creative orig9 9 specific c5t]s & subsequ5t p]man5ce ( specific =m4 ,we say _m ( ! facts2 we w %[ h]eaft] t n all c be ?us expla9$4 ,b ! ma9 "q is n ( geographical b ( geological di/ribution2 n di/ribution 9 space1 b succession 9 "t4 ,species d n cont9ue =ev]4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y h *ang$ _m times 9 ! c\rse ( geological hi/ory4 ,z conditions become unfavorable1 species die out or become ext9ct1 & o!rs take _! place & c>ry =w>d ! life & developm5t ( ! organic k+dom4 ,n[1 h[ d !y *ange8 ,accord+ to ?is s*ool ( ?\ght1 "h also1 z 9 geographical di/ribution1 !y are n transmut$ b replac$2 "h also physical conditions may de/roy a species1 b c n trans=m x into ano!r4 ,z species die out1 o!rs are creat$ at once1 out ( h& & fully =m$ 9 _! place2 b 9 accordance ) a preorda9$ plan consi/5tly c>ri$ out & work+ ev] t[>d high] & high] conditions4 ,?us1 life is cont9u$ on ! e>? by ! alt]nation ( sup]natural & natural processes2 by ! alt]nate use ( direct & indirect action ( ,deity3 direct 9 ! introduction ( fir/ pairs1 indirect ?r\gh ! natural process ( reproduction 9 ! cont9uance & multiplication ( ! species4 ,ea* species is made accord+ to a patt]n 9 ! ,div9e m9d1 on a sort ( intellectual die1 & !n cont9ues to reproduce a succession ( individuals ( ! same patt]n z if /ruck f ! same die until ! die is brok5 or worn out4 ,ano!r die is made1 ( ano!r patt]n1 & individuals are /ruck f ?is2 & s on1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole geological hi/ory ( ! organic k+dom4 ,only1 we mu/ add t ! successive dies are made to foll[ "o ano!r accord+ to a plan :i* is express$ by ! ?ree laws already giv5 on page #aa4 ,?us1 ! orig9 ( individuals is natural1 ! orig9 ( species sup]natural2 ! mak+ ( dies is sup]natural1 ! co9age is natural4 ,we h /at$ ?is view 9 a too extreme =m1 9 ord] to make x cle>]4 ,we n[1 !re=e1 proce$ to qualify some:at4 ,specific types 7 held1 by writ]s ( ?is s*ool ( ?\ght1 to be sub/antially b n absolutely un*angeable4 ,successive individuals ( ! same species 7 admitt$ to be n exactly alike4 ,su* slight diff]5ces 7 call$ v>ieties4 ,x 0 admitt$1 inde$1 t species v>i$1 b x 0 believ$ t su* v>iations 9 any direction 7 /rictly limit$ 9 am\nt4 ,a species may be comp>$ to a "r cyl9d] /&+ on end4 ,z su* a cyl9d] may be tilt$ slightly 9 "o direction or ano!r1 )\t ov]?r[+ its equilibrium1 ! cyl9d] t5d+ ev] to "r itself & return to its orig9al position1 s a species may be v>i$ slightly 9 "o direction or ano!r )\t de/roy+ its integrity1 ! species t5d+ ev] to return to its normal or typical =m4 ,b z ! cyl9d]1 if pu%$ too f> f its normal position1 is ov]?r[n1 s also a species1 if press$ too f> 9 ! way ( v>iation f its typical =m1 is de/roy$1 b n *ang$ into ano!r species4 ,z cyl9d]s may be m or less rigid1 dep5d+ ^u ! bread? ( _! bases1 s also "s species are m rigidly set 9 _! typical =m1 & "s are m pla/ic to influ5ces caus+ v>iations1 b 9 all cases !re is a limit to ! am\nt ( oscillation consi/5t ) integrity4 ,! ,new ,view briefly /at$4--,accord+ to ,d>w91 & all biologi/s ( ! pres5t day1 species are v>iable )\t limit1 if only ! causes ( *ange are con/ant & sl[ en\gh 9 _! op]ation1 & ! "t long en\gh4 ,a species mu/ be 9 h>mony ) its environm5t1 = ?is is ! condition ( its exi/5ce4 ,n[1 if ! environm5t *ange1 ! species mu/ t5d to *ange sl[ly f g5]ation to g5]ation1 s z to readju/ its relations 9 h>mony ) ! *ang+ environm5t4 ,if ! *ange ( environm5t be sl[1 ! readju/m5t may be successful1 & ! species w *ange gradually into ano!r =m1 s diff]5t t x w be call$ a diff]5t species1 especially if ! int]m$iate gradations be de/roy$4 ,if ! *ange 9 ! environm5t be too rapid1 _m species1 especially ! m rigid1 w be de/roy$1 :ile ! m pla/ic may survive by modification4 ,?us1 at e /ep 9 ! evolution ( ! organic k+dom1 "s species h di$ )\t issue1 :ile o!rs h sav$ !mselves by *ang+ into new =ms 9 h>mony ) ! new environm5t4 ,comp>+ to a gr[+ tree1 "s bran*es ov]%ad[$ die1 :ile o!rs pu% on = light1 =m+ new lat]al buds1 & divid+ z !y gr[4 ,by cont9u$ div]g5t *ange species gradually become g5]a1 g5]a families1 etc4 ,?us1 v>ieties1 species1 g5]a1 families1 ord]s1 classes1 etc41 are only diff]5t degrees ( diff]5ces =m$ all 9 ! same way4 ,v>ieties are only comm5c+ species1 species comm5c+ g5]a1 & s on4 ,!re is no mak+ & we>+ out ( dies1 & mak+ ( new ones2 ! :ole process is a natural "o--! :ole s]ies is g5etically connect$4 ,9 a p]fect classification v>ieties1 species1 g5]a1 families1 ord]s1 classes1 etc41 are only diff]5t degrees ( blood-k9%ip4 ,s mu* may be reg>d$ z c]ta91 & out ( ! field ( discussion among biologi/s ( ! pres5t day4 ,x is only 9 def9+ ?is process m accurately1 & especially 9 ! !ory ( ! causes or factors ( evolution1 t !re are /ill diff]5ce & discussion4 ,! mo/ probable view on ?is subject we n[ proce$ to give4 ,factors ( ,evolution4--,! causes ( *ange or adaptive modification1 or ! factors ( evolution1 are at lea/ f\r well kn[n1 & probably _m m /ill unkn[n3 #a4 ,! physical environm5t--heat & cold1 dryness & moi/ure--affects function ( organs1 & function affects /ructure1 & bo? *ang$ function & *ang$ /ructure are inh]it$ by (fspr+1 & s increas$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 becom+ great] )\t limit4 #b4 ,increas$ use or disuse ( organs en=c$ or p]mitt$ by *ange 9 ! environm5t1 physical or organic1 or bo?1 induces *ange 9 =m1 size1 & /ructure ( ! organs2 & ?is *ange is inh]it$ by ! (fspr+1 & s f g5]ation to g5]ation small diff]5ces are integrat$ until !y become great )\t limit4 ,^! two factors 7 recogniz$ by ,lam>ck4 #c4 8,natural selection10 or 8survival ( ! fitte/10 among div]g5t v>ieties ( (fspr+4 ,?is is ! di/9ctive ,d>w9ian factor4 ,9 ! two prec$+ factors ! *ange is dur+ ! individual lifetime1 & reproduction is suppos$ to transmit x un*ang$ to ! (fspr+4 ,9 ?is factor1 on ! contr>y1 ! =m & /ructure are suppos$ to rema9 un*ang$ dur+ ! individual life1 b = "s unkn[n cause !re are slight v>iations 9 diff]5t directions 7div]g5t7 9 ! (fspr+ f ! same p>5ts4 ,n[1 :5 we rememb] t by reproduction ! numb] ( individuals t5ds to increase by geometrical progression1 & t 9 ea* g5]ation only a v few 7on an av]age only two f all ! (fspr+ ( "o pair7 c survive1 x is evid5t t among ^! div]g5t v>ieties ^? w mo/ likely survive :i* are mo/ 9 h>mony ) ! ext]nal environm5t1 & :i* possess ! mo/ effici5t organs ( def5se or ( escape1 or = food-tak+4 ,! surviv+ (fspr+1 !re=e1 w be on ! av]age bett] 9 ^! respects ?an _! p>5ts4 ,x matt]s n h[ little bett]1 = ! integration ( ev5 inf9itesimal improvem5ts f g5]ation to g5]ation w ev5tually produce any requir$ am\nt ( *ange4 #d4 ,to ! above ,d>w9 has add$ also 8sexual selection40 ,9 natural selection !re is /ruggle ( all = food1 or means ( liv+4 ,9 sexual selection !re is a /ruggle among ! males = possession ( ! female1 & ! means ( procreation4 ,! "o is connect$ ) ! nutritive appetite1 ! o!r ) ! reproductive appetite4 ,?is mode ( selection acts 9 two ways1 by ! law ( battle & ! law ( attractiv5ess4 ,! /ronge/ or ! mo/ attractive males alone1 or ma9ly1 leave (fspr+1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 inh]it _! peculi>ities2 & ^! are increas$ indef9itely by integration ?r\gh successive g5]ations1 ?us increas+ ! /r5g? or ! beauty4 ,( ^! two laws1 ! law ( battle is mo/ conspicu\s among mammals1 & ! law ( attractiv5ess among birds4 ,x is evid5t t ?is factor c n op]ate among _m l[] animals :i* are h]maphroditic1 nor among plants4 ,( ^! ackn[l$g$ factors ( evolution1 ! fir/ two 7 kn[n to ,lam>ck & ! old] evolutioni/s4 ,! ?ird & f\r? are di/9ctively ,d>w9ian4 ,accord+ to ,d>w91 :ile all ^! are op]ative1 ! ?ird is ! mo/ p[]ful2 b ,sp5c] accords ?is di/9ction to ! ,lam>ckian factors4 ,_m ,am]ican zologi/s take ! same view4 ,su* until v rec5tly 7 all ! recogniz$ factors ( evolution4 ,b1 )9 ! pa/ ye> 7#ahhf7 has tak5 place1 x seems to u1 ! mo/ important advance 9 ! !ory ( evolution s9ce ,d>w94 ,x is ! sugge/ion by ,mr4 ,cat*pool1#ad & aft]w>d ! m full elaboration by ,dr4 ,romanes1 ( ano!r factor1 :i* he calls 8physiological selection40#ae ,! great objections to ! suffici5cy ( ! !ory ( evolution1 z left by ,d>w91 7 tw(old3 #a4 ,:ile natural selection acc\nts completely = ! =mation ( useful /ructures or adaptive modifications1 & !re=e = diff]5ces *>act]iz+ classes1 ord]s1 families1 & ev5 g5]a--= ^! are all adaptive--x c n s completely acc\nt = ^? con/itut+ species2 = ^! consi/ mo/ly ( trivial diff]5ces 9 coloration1 relative proportion ( p>ts1 :i* are ( no p]ceivable use 9 ! /ruggle = life1 & !re=e c\ld n be pres]v$ & integrat$ by natural selection4 ,!re=e1 accord+ to ,romanes1 natural selection is a !ory ( orig9 ( adaptive /ructures r ?an ( orig9 ( species4 ,comp>+ to a gr[+ tree1 once admit lat]al buds />t$1 & natural selection completely acc\nts = ! gr[? 9 diff]5t directions1 & !re=e = ! pr(use ramification2 b ! orig9 ( ! lat]al buds is n expla9$4 #b4 ,! second difficulty is z foll[s3 ,su* comm5c+ diff]5ces z con/itute v>ieties & species n only w\ld n be pres]v$ & integrat$ by natural selection unless useful1 b w\ld imm$iately be swamp$ by cross-bre$+ ) ! p>5tal =m4 ,b1 z ! :ole div]g5ce comm5ces 9 v>ieties1 evid5tly x c\ld n comm5ce at all unless ?is cross-bre$+ be 9 "s way prev5t$4 ,?is may1 inde$1 be done1 )\t ! assumption ( any new factor ( evolution1 by migration2 &1 h5ce1 migration mu/ be reg>d$ z an important ag5t 9 ! creation ( new =ms1 n only by ! effect ( a new environm5t1 b also by prev5tion ( ! swamp+ ( comm5c+ species by cross-bre$+ ) ! p>5tal =m2 b 9 a cr[d$ locality1 )\t outlet = migration 7! v conditions mo/ favorable = sev]e competitive /ruggle1 & !re=e = mo/ pot5t op]ation ( natural selection2 & !re=e1 also1 accord+ to ,d>w91 = pr(use div]sification71 comm5c+ v>ieties c\ld n pass into species1 because swamp$ by cross-bre$+4 ,once ! div]g5ce rea*es ! po9t ( cross-/]ility--i4 e41 ( species--!n1 inde$1 by true bre$+1 *>act]s1 ev5 ?\gh n useful1 may be pres]v$4 ,b h[ is x to comm5ce8 ,?is difficulty has be5 sev]ely felt by all ,d>w9i/s4 ,x seems to u t x is l>gely met by ,dr4 ,romanes4 ,accord+ to ,romanes1 no organ is s subject to v>ietal *anges z ! reproductive1 & ^! 9 no respect s mu* z 9 degrees ( f]tility4 ,un=tunately1 ^! *anges are n visible1 & mu/ be judg$ ( only by ! results4 ,x is n uncommon1 = example1 to f9d /]ility betwe5 individuals 7sexual incompatibility7 :o are bo? ( !m p]fectly f]tile ) o!r individuals4 ,simil>ly1 cross-/]ility1 p>tial or complete1 is n uncommon betwe5 v>ieties or races1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 has long ago notic$4 ,x v g5]ally1 z we "k1 occurs betwe51 &1 9 fact1 is con/antly us$ z a te/ (1 species4 ,n[1 ?is cross-/]ility ) p>5t /ock1 :i* we f9d s con/ant a "* ( species1 & :i*1 !re=e1 mu/ h comm5c$ z a p>tial cross-/]ility 9 v>ieties1 is x antec$5t or consequ5t to o!r v>iations8 ,x has be5 usual to suppose x consequ5t to a c]ta9 am\nt ( div]g5ce1 viz41 t :i* con/itutes1 or at lea/ approa*es1 species4 ,b1 accord+ to ,romanes1 x is antec$5t4 ,among _m o!r v>iations1 ?is is t "o :i* orig9ates species1 because x prev5ts rev]sion by cross-bre$+ ) ! p>5t /ock1 & insures true bre$+ ) its own k9d4 ,9 a ^w1 x sexually isolates ! species4 ,suppose1 !n1 a species multiply+ indef9itely 9 "o locality3 trivial v>iations ( _m k9ds1 & 9 _m directions1 occur among ! (fspr+4 ,^! are m]g$ by cross-bre$+ into ! orig9al type1 :i*1 !re=e1 rema9s un*ang$4 ,b1 f "t to "t1 among ^! v>iations !re occur "s affect+ ! reproductive organs 9 su* wise z to produce p>tial or complete cross-/]ility ) ! p>5t =m4 ,?is is ! beg9n+ ( a new species4 ,x bre$s true ) its own k9d1 & !re=e all ! associat$ v>iations ext]nal & visible1 & !re=e con/itut+ species1 al?\gh trivial & ( no use 9 ! /ruggle = life1 are pres]v$4 ,?is view completely acc\nts = ! cross-f]tility ( artificial bre$s equival5t 9 o!r respects to species2 = cross-/]ility is n an end aim$ at by ! bre$]1 x be+ easy to prev5t cross-bre$+1 if desir$1 by artificial isolation4 ,b1 if ?is view be true1 species f widely-diff]5t geographical regions ought also to be (t5 cross-f]tile1 because1 hav+ be5 =m$ by geographical isolation1 sexual isolation 0 n a necess>y factor 9 _! =mation4 ,?is po9t des]ves te/+ by c>eful obs]vation4 ,x may be1 & has be51 object$ to ,dr4 ,romanes's claims1 t ?is is no new factor2 t physiological selection is only a =m ( natural selection4 ,?is objection1 x seems to u1 is little m ?an a play ^u words4 ,x c]ta9ly is selection1 & by a natural process1 & !re=e 9 "s s5se a natural selection1 b n 9 ! s5se ( ,d>w94 ,x is n a selection ( individuals fitte/ to survive2 = cross-f]tile individuals are z fit to survive z individuals1 ?\gh n z species1 z are cross-/]ile4 ,natural selection is int5t only on pres]v+ ! be/ individuals2 physiological selection on pres]v+ ! k9d4 ,natural selection cont9ues ! direction ( progress un*ang$2 physiological makes new directions4 ,9 addition to all ^! factors ( organic evolution1 !re is /ill ano!r f> high] factor *>act]i/ic ( man alone4 ,?is is ! consci\s1 volunt>y co-op]ation ( ! ?+ evolv+--! _s ( man--9 ! "w ( its own evolution4 ,?is may be call$ ! rational factor4 ,?is1 ! mo/ important factor ( human evolution1 is usually ignor$ by writ]s on evolution--ei!r z non-exi/5t1 or else z ly+ beyond ! doma9 ( sci5ce4 ,we w emphasize its importance by tak+ x up m fully 9 ! next *apt]4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,d>w9 & 8 foll[]s take div]g5t v>iations ( (fspr+ simply z a kn[n fact1 ^u :i* natural selection op]ates to produce progressive modification2 &1 z ! cause ( v>iation 9 (fspr+ is :olly unkn[n1 su* v>iations are (t5 spok5 ( z =tuit\s4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 x is well und]/ood t no?+ 9 ,nature is really =tuit\s4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 = all purposes ( natural selection be ?us reg>d$ until we "k _! cause4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t if we1 ) ,d>w91 take natural selection1 z ! mo/ important kn[n factor1 ! really mo/ important cause ( evolution is ! cause ( v>ieties4 ,?is is ! unkn[n fundam5tal factor4 ,z ,d>w9 r$uc$ ,agassiz's ?ree =mal laws ( succession to m g5]al laws ( life1 & ?us made "o important /ep 9 ! advance ( biological sci5ce1 s he :o %all expla9 ! cause ( div]g5t v>iation w make ano!r important /ep by r$uc+ ! ph5om5a to /ill m g5]al & fundam5tal laws ( life4 ,9 conclusion1 let me aga9 impress ^u ! read] t all ! d\bt & discussion1 above describ$1 z to ! factors ( evolution1 is entirely aside f ! tru? ( evolution itself1 conc]n+ :i* !re is no diff]5ce ( op9ion among ?9k]s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,grades ,,( ,,! ,,factors ,,( ,,evolution ,,& ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,_! ,,appe>ance4 ,we h giv5 9 ! previ\s *apt] six factors ( evolution--viz43 #a4 ,pressure ( ! environm5t4 #b4 ,use & disuse ( p>ts4 #c4 ,natural selection4 #d4 ,sexual selection4 #e4 ,physiological selection4 #f4 ,reason4 ,let u n[ comp>e ^! z to _! grade 9 ! scale ( en]gy & z to ! ord] ( _! introduction4 ,! fir/ two or ! ,lam>ckian factors are ! l[e/ 9 position1 ! mo/ fundam5tal & univ]sal1 & !re=e ! fir/ 9 ! ord] ( appe>ance4 ,!y prec$e all o!r factors1 & 7 d\btless = a long "t ! only ones 9 op]ation4 ,=1 obs]ve1 all ! selective factors--i4 e41 ^? ( ,d>w9 & ,romanes--are condition$ on reproduction2 = ! *anges produc$ by ^! are n 9 ! individual dur+ life1 b 9 ! (fspr+ at bir?4 ,& n only s1 b ! op]ations ( ^! factors are fur!r condition$ on sexual modes ( reproduction2 = all ! non-sexual modes ( reproduction--z1 = example1 by fissure & by budd+--are b slight modifications ( gr[?1 & ! result+ multitude ( organisms may be reg>d$ z 9 "s s5se only an ext5sion ( ! fir/ individual4 ,( c\rse1 !re=e1 ! id5tical *>act]s ( ! fir/ individual are cont9u$ indef9itely1 except 9 s f> z !y are modifi$ 9 successive g5]ations by ! effect ( ! environm5t & by use & disuse--i4 e41 by ! ,lam>ckian factors4 ,9 sexual g5]ation1 on ! contr>y1 ! *>act]s ( two div]se individuals are fund$ 9 a common (fspr+2 & ! same cont9u+ ?r\gh successive g5]ations1 x is evid5t t ! inh]itance 9 ea* individual (fspr+ is inf9itely multiple4 ,n[1 ! t5d5cy to v>iation 9 (fspr+ is 9 proportion to ! multiplicity ( ! inh]itance3 = among ! inf9ite numb] ( slightly diff]+ *>act]s1 z x 71 (f]$ = inh]itance 9 ea* g5]ation1 "s individuals w inh]it m ( "o & "s m ( ano!r "*4 ,9 a ^w1 sexual reproduction by multiple inh]itance t5ds to v>iation ( (fspr+1 & ?us furni%es mat]ial = natural selection4#af ,?us1 !n1 ,i repeat1 all ! selective factors are absolutely dep5d5t on sexual modes ( reproduction4 ,b !re 0 a "t :5 ?is mode ( reproduction did n yet exi/4#ag ,! sexual modes develop$ out ( non-sexual modes4 ,if ^! non-sexual prec$$ sexual modes ( reproduction1 x is evid5t t at fir/ only ,lam>ckian factors c\ld op]ate4 ,evolution 0 !n c>ri$ =w>d :olly by *anges 9 ! individual produc$ by environm5t & by use & disuse 7acquir$ *>act]s71 inh]it$ & increas$ by integration ?r\gh successive g5]ations indef9itely4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t ! rate ( evolution 0 at fir/ comp>atively sl[2 unless1 inde$1 z seems probable1 ! e>lie/ =ms 7 !n & ! l[e/ =ms are n[ m pla/ic "u ! influ5ce ( physical conditions ?an are ! pres5t high] =ms4 ,d\btless1 n[1 9 ! high] animals & plants1 ! ,d>w9ian factors are by f> ! mo/ pot5t2 =1 among plants1 :]e we c use ^! factors sep>ately1 if we wi% to make v>ieties1 we propagate by se$s 7sexual reproduction72 b1 if we wi% to pres]ve v>ieties1 we propagate by buds & cutt+s 7non-sexual reproduction74 ,i h tak5 ! two ,lam>ckian factors toge!r1 & %[$ t !y prec$$ ! ,d>w9ian4 ,b ev5 9 ! two ,lam>ckian factors !re is a diff]5ce 9 grade4 ,und\bt$ly ! l[e/1 ! mo/ fundam5tal1 & !re=e ! fir/ introduc$1 0 pressure ( ! physical environm5t4 ,= use & disuse ( organs implies "s degree ( volition & volunt>y motion1 & !re=e already "s advance 9 ! scale ( evolution4 ,) ! introduction ( sex ano!r entirely diff]5t & high] factor 0 introduc$1 viz41 natural selection1 or selection ( ! fitte/ individuals ( a v>y+ prog5y4 ,we h already se5 h[ sexual g5]ation produces v>iation ( (fspr+1 & h[ ?is furni%es mat]ials = natural selection4 ,z soon1 !re=e1 z ?is =m ( g5]ation 0 evolv$1 ?is high] factor came into op]ation & imm$iately assum$ control2 :ile ! previ\s factors became subord9ate1 ?\gh /ill und]ly+1 condition+1 & modify+ ! activity ( ! high]4 ,! result 0 an imm$iate increase 9 ! rate ( evolution4 ,x is v wor?y ( note t x is 9 ! high] animals1 su* z birds & mammals1 9 :i* we h only ! highe/ =ms ( sexual reproduction1 :]e ! div]sity ( *>act]s ( ! two sexes fund$ 9 ! (fspr+ is ! greate/1 & :]e1 !re=e1 ! v>iation 9 (fspr+ is also greate/ & natural selection mo/ active2 x is precisely among ^! t ! ,lam>ckian factors are mo/ feeble1 because1 dur+ ! mo/ pla/ic p]iod ( life1 ! (fspr+ is remov$ f ! influ5ce ( ! physical environm5t1 & f use & disuse by its inclosure )9 ! womb1 or )9 a l>ge egg surr\nd$ ) abundant nutrim5t4 ,developm5t is already well advanc$ be=e ,lam>ckian factors c op]ate at all4 ,next1 ,i suppose1 physiological selection1 or ,romanes's factor1 came into op]ation4 ,aft] ! introduction ( sex1 x became necess>y t ! individuals ( "s v>ieties %\ld be isolat$ 9 "s way1 s z to prev5t ! swamp+ ( v>ietal *>act]s1 z fa/ z =m$1 9 a common /ock1 by cross-bre$+4 ,9 v l[ =ms1 ) sl[ locomotion1 su* isolation might easily take place accid5tally4 ,ev5 9 high] =ms1 *anges 9 physical geography or accid5tal disp]sion by w9ds & curr5ts w\ld (t5 produce geographical isolation1 & ?us1 by prev5t+ cross+ ) ! p>5t /ock1 secure ! =mation ( new species f su* isolat$ v>ieties4 ,b1 9 ord] to insure 9 all cases ! pres]vation ( comm5c+ species1 sexual isolation1 or p>tial or complete inf]tility ( "s v>ieties ) o!r v>ieties & ) ! p>5t /ock1 0 introduc$1 z ,i suppose1 lat]4 ,! process by :i* ?is takes place has already be5 expla9$4 ,accord+ to ,romanes1 natural selection alone1 ) cross-bre$+1 t5ds to monotypal evolution2 isolation ( "s k9d is necess>y = polytypal evolution4 ,! tree ( evolution1 "u ! influ5ce ( natural selection alone1 gr[s1 palm-l1 f its t]m9al bud2 isolation ( v>ieties 0 necess>y = ! />t+ ( lat]al buds1 & ?us = ! pr(use ramification :i* is its mo/ conspicu\s "*4 ,next1 ,i suppose1 0 introduc$ sexual selection1 or conte/ among ! males1 by battle or by display1 = possession ( ! females1 & ! success ( ! /ronge/ or ! mo/ attractive2 & ! p]petuation & increase ( ^! sup]ior qualities ( /r5g? & beauty 9 ! next g5]ation4 ,?is1 ,i suppose1 0 lat]1 because connect$ ) a high] developm5t ( ! psy*ical nature4 ,?is is especially true :]e spl5dor ( color or beauty ( song det]m9es ! selection4 ,z might be suppos$1 !re=e1 ?is factor is op]ative only among ! highe/ animals1 especially birds & mammals4#ah ,next & la/1 & only ) ! appe>ance ( ,man1 ano!r entirely diff]5t & f> high] factor 0 introduc$1 viz41 consci\s1 volunt>y co-op]ation 9 ! "w ( 8 own evolution--a consci\s1 volunt>y /riv+ to atta9 an ideal4 ,we h call$ ?is a factor1 b x is mu* m ?an a m]e factor1 co-ord9ate ) o!r factors4 ,x is1 r1 a diff]5t k9d ( evolution4 ,x is evolution on a high] plane & by ano!r nature4 ,z physical ,nature works unconsci\sly1 us+ c]ta9 factors1 s spiritual nature works consci\sly1 co-op]at+ & us+ ! same factors4 ,at fir/ ?is factor1 if we /ill call x s1 0 extremely feeble4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( 8 progress1 man1 l o!r animals1 0 l>gely urg$ on by =ces ( organic evolution1 unkn[+ & unc>+ :i!r he t5d$4 ,b m & m1 z civilization advances1 ?is high] & di/9ctively human factor becomes m & m dom9ant1 until n[1 9 civiliz$ communities1 x takes control ( evolution4 ,reason1 in/ead ( ,nature1 n[ assumes control1 ?\gh /ill us+ ! me?ods & factors ( ,nature4 ,?is free1 self-det]m9$ evolution ( ! race1 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f ! necess>y evolution ( ! organic k+dom1 we call progress4 ,n[1 9 ?is :ole process we obs]ve two /rik+ /ages4 ,! "o is ! introduction ( sex1 ! o!r is ! introduction ( reason4#ai ,!y may be comp>$ to two equally /rik+ /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! individual4 ,z ! ontog5ic evolution receives fre% impulse at ! mom5t ( f]tilization1 s ! evolution ( ! organic k+dom receives fre% impulse at ! mom5t ( introduction ( sex4 ,z 9 ontog5ic evolution ! individual at bir? ent]s ^u a new & high] plane1 9 :i* x co-op]ates 9 its own physical gr[?1 s ! organic k+dom1 ) ! introduction ( man1 ent]s ^u a new & high] plane1 9 :i* man co-op]ates 9 ! physical & spiritual gr[? ( ! race4 ,) sex ?ree new & high] factors 7 introduc$1 & ^! imm$iately assum$ control & quick5$ ! rate ( evolution4 ,) reason ano!r & inf9itely high] factor is introduc$1 :i*1 9 its turn1 assumes control1 & n only aga9 quick5s ! rate1 b elevates ! :ole plane ( evolution4 ,moreov]1 ?is volunt>y1 rational factor n only takes control itself1 b trans=ms all o!r factors & uses !m 9 a new way & = its own high] purposes4 ,?is la/ is by f> ! greate/ *ange :i* has ev] occurr$ 9 ! hi/ory ( evolution4 ,9 organic evolution ,nature op]ates by necess>y law )\t ! consci\s volunt>y co-op]ation ( ! ?+ evolv+4 ,9 human progress man volunt>ily co-op]ates ) ,nature 9 ! "w ( evolution1 & ev5 assumes to take ! process ma9ly into 8 own h&s4 ,organic evolution is by necess>y law1 human progress by free or at lea/ by fre] law4 ,organic evolution is by a pu%+ upw>d & onw>d f bel[ & beh9d1 human progress by a draw+ upw>d & onw>d f above & 9 front by ! attractive =ce ( ideals4 ,9 a ^w1 organic evolution is by ! law ( =ce1 human evolution by ! law ( love4 ,x may be well to /op a mom5t & %[ briefly "s ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 organic & human evolution--diff]5ces :i* are1 ( c\rse1 :olly ! result ( ! introduction ( ?is new factor3 #a4 ,9 organic evolution 8! fitte/0 are ^? mo/ 9 h>mony ) ! physical environm5t1 & !re=e !y survive4 ,9 human evolution ! fitte/ are ^? mo/ 9 h>mony ) ! ideal1 & (t51 especially 9 ! e>ly /ages1 :5 ! race is /ill l>gely "u ! dom9ion ( organic factors1 !y d n survive1 because n 9 h>mony ) ! social environm5t4 ,b1 al?\gh ! fitte/ individuals may inde$ p]i%1 ! ideal survives 9 ! race & w ev5tually triumph4 #b4 ,9 organic evolution ! weak1 ! sick1 ! helpless1 ! unfit 9 any way p]i% & ought to p]i%1 because ?is is ! mo/ effici5t way ( /r5g!n+ ! blood or physical nature ( ! species1 & ?us ( c>ry+ =w>d evolution4 ,9 human evolution ! weak1 ! helpless1 ! sick1 ! old1 ! unfit 9 any way are su/a9$ & ought to be su/a9$1 because sympa?y1 love1 pity1 /r5g!n ! _s or moral nature ( ! race4 ,b let u rememb] t 9 ?is mat]ial _w ( ours & dur+ ?is e>?ly life ! _s or moral nature is condition$ on ! physical nature2 &1 !re=e1 9 all our attempts to help ! weak we mu/ be c>eful to avoid poison+ ! blood & weak5+ ! physical vigor ( ! race by inh]itance4 ,?is grave/ ( social problems1 viz41 ,h[ %all we obey ! high] law ( love & mutual help )\t weak5+ ! blood ( ! race by inh]itance & ! _s ( ! race by remov+ ! necessity ( self-help8--?is problem1 ,i believe1 c & w be solv$ by a rational education1 physical1 m5tal1 & moral4 ,i only allude to ?is4 ,x is too wide a field to foll[ up "h4 #c4 ,9 organic evolution ! bodily =m & /ructure mu/ cont9ually *ange 9 ord] to keep 9 h>mony ) ! ev]-*ang+ environm5t4 ,9 o!r words1 organic evolution is by cont9ual *ange ( species1 g5]a1 families1 etc4 ,!re mu/ be cont9ual evolution ( new =ms by modification4 ,9 human evolution1 on ! contr>y1 & m & m z civilization advances1 man modifies ! environm5t s z to br+ x into h>mony ) himself & 8 wants1 & !re=e !re is no necessity ( *ange ( bodily =m & /ructure or mak+ ( new species ( man4 ,human evolution is n by modification ( =m--new species2 b by modification ( _s--new planes ( activity1 high] "*4 ,& ! _s is modifi$ & "* elevat$1 n by pressure ( an ext]nal physical environm5t1 b by ! attractive =ce ( an int]nal spiritual ideal4 #d4 ,! way ( evolution t[>d ! highe/--i4 e41 f protozoan to man & f l[e/ man to ! ideal1 ! div9e man--is a v /raight & n>r[ way1 & few !re be t f9d x4 ,9 ! case ( organic evolution x is s /raight & s n>r[ t any div]g5ce !refrom is fatal to upw>d movem5t t[>d man4 ,once get (f ! track1 & x is impossible to get on aga94 ,no liv+ =m ( animal is on its way manw>d1 or c by any possibility develop into man4 ,!y are all gone out ( ! way4 ,!re is none go+ "r2 no1 n "o4 ,! organic k+dom develop+ ?r\gh all geological times may be comp>$ to a tree ^: trunk is deeply buri$ 9 ! l[e/ /rata1 ^: great limbs 7 sep>at$ 9 e>ly geological times1 ^: second>y bran*es div]g$ 9 middle geological times1 & ^: extreme twiglets1 & also its graceful foliage1 its beautiful fl[]s1 & lusci\s fruits1 are ! fauna & flora ( ! pres5t day4 ,b ?is tree ( evolution is an excurr5t /em1 cont9u\s ?r\gh ! clu/]+ bran*es to ! t]m9al %oot--man4 ,once leave ! /em z a bran*1 & x is easy to cont9ue gr[+ 9 ! direction *os51 b impossible to get back on ! /raight upw>d way to ! highe/4 ,9 human evolution1 :e!r individual or racial1 ! same law holds1 b ) a diff]5ce4 ,if individual or race gets (f ! /raight1 n>r[ way t[>d ! highe/--! div9e ideal--x is h>d1 v h>d to get back on ! track4 ,h>d1 ,i say1 b n impossible1 because man's consci\s volunt>y ef=t is ! *ief factor 9 8 own evolution4 ,by virtue ( self-activity1 ?r\gh ! use ( reason & co-op]ation 9 ! "w ( evolution1 man alone ( all creat$ ?+s is able to rectify an error ( direction & return aga9 to ! des]t$ way4 #e4 ,9 organic evolution1 :5 a high] factor appe>s1 x imm$iately assumes control1 & previ\s l[] factors s9k into a subord9ate position1 ?\gh /ill und]ly+ & condition+ ! high]4 ,b 9 human evolution1 ! high] rational factor1 :5 x comes 9 ) man1 n only assumes control1 b trans=ms all o!r factors & uses !m 9 a new way & = its own high] purposes4 ,9 fact1 z already said1 x is mu* m ?an a m]e factor4 ,x det]m9es a new k9d ( evolution--evolution on a new & high] plane ?\gh1 inde$1 und]laid & condition$ by ! laws ( organic evolution4 ,z ext]nal physical ,nature uses _m factors to c>ry =w>d organic evolution1 s ! int]nal spiritual nature1 *>act]i/ic ( man alone1 uses ^! same factors 9 a new way to c>ry =w>d human evolution or progress4 ,?us1 = example1 "o organic factor--! environm5t--is modifi$ or ev5 totally *ang$ s z to effect suitably ! human organism4 ,?is is hygi5e4 ,aga91 use & disuse--ano!r factor--is simil>ly trans=m$4 ,! v>i\s organs ( ! body & faculties ( ! m9d are delib]ately us$ 9 su* wise & degree 7det]m9$ by reason7 z to produce ! highe/ effici5cy ( ea* "p & ! greate/ /r5g? & beauty ( ! :ole4 ,?is is education--physical1 m5tal1 moral4 ,s also ! selective factors are simil>ly trans=m$1 & natural selection becomes rational selection4 ,we all "k h[ ?is me?od is appli$ to dome/ic animals & cultivat$ plants 9 ! =mation ( useful or beautiful v>ieties4 ,:y %\ld x n be appli$ also to ! improvem5t ( our race 9 ! selection ( our mates 9 m>riage1 or 9 ! selection ( our tea*]s1 our law-mak]s1 our rul]s8 ,alas6 h[ little ev5 yet does reason control our selection 9 ^! matt]s6 ,h[ l>gely are we yet "u ! law ( organic evolution6 ,application ( ^! pr9ciples to "s que/ions ( ! day3 ,i4 ,evolution1 z a law ( d]ivation ( organic =ms f previ\s =ms by desc5t ) modifications1 z already %[n1 is z c]ta9 z ! law ( gravitation4 ,?is "q has pass$ beyond ! realm ( d\btful discussion2 b ! causes1 ! factors1 ! details ( ! process ( evolution are /ill "u discussion4 ,bo? ,d>w9 & ,sp5c]1 ! two great f\nd]s ( ! !ory ( evolution 9 its mod]n =m1 ackn[l$ge & insi/ on at lea/ f\r factors1 viz41 ! two ,lam>ckian & ! two di/9ctively ,d>w9ian4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m is 9 ! relative importance ( ! two sets3 ,sp5c] reg>d+ ! =m] & ,d>w9 ! latt] z ! m pot5t4 ,b 9 ^! late/ times !re has aris5 a class ( biologi/s1 includ+ "s ( highe/ rank1 su* z ,wallace1 ,weismann1 & ,lanke/]1 :o out-,d>w9 ,d>w9 himself 9 _! exaltation ( ! mo/ di/9ctive ,d>w9ian factor1 viz41 natural selection4 ,!y try to %[ t natural selection is ! sole & suffici5t cause ( evolution2 t *anges 9 ! individual1 :e!r z ! effect ( ! environm5t or by use & disuse ( organs1 are n inh]it$ at all2 t ,lam>ck 0 :olly wrong2 t ,d>w9 79 connection ) ,wallace7 0 ! sole f\nd] ( ! true !ory ( evolution2 &1 f9ally1 t ,d>w9 himself 0 wrong only 9 mak+ any t]ms :atev] ) ,lam>ck4 ,?is view has be5 call$ ,neo-,d>w9ism4 ,p]haps ! reasons = ?is view h be5 mo/ /rongly put by ,weismann1 & are bas$ p>tly on exp]im5ts1 b ma9ly on 8 +5i\s & n[ celebrat$ !ory ( ! immortality ( g]m-plasm4 ,! animal body consi/s ( two k9ds ( cells :olly diff]5t 9 function--somatic cells & g]m-cells1 includ+ 9 ?is la/ ! sexual elem5ts bo? male & female4 ,somatic cells are specially modifi$ = ! v>i\s functions ( ! body2 g]m-cells are :olly unmodifi$4 ,! somatic cells are = ! cons]vation ( ! individual life1 ! g]m-cells = ! cons]vation ( ! species4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! egg ! g]m-cell multiplies itself into a cell-aggregate1 & !n mo/ ( ! result+ multitude ( cells are modifi$ 9 v>i\s ways to =m ! tissues & organs ( ! body--somatic cells2 b a few are res]v$ & put aside 9 an unmodifi$ =m 9 ! sexual organs z g]m-cells1 to aga9 produce ova :i* aga9 divide into somatic & g]m-cells1 & s on indef9itely4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,weismann1 inh]itance is only ?r\gh g]m-cells1 :ile ! environm5t affects only ! somatic cells4 ,!re=e *anges produc$ by ! environm5t c n be inh]it$4 ,sexual modes ( g5]ation 7 introduc$ = ! purpose ( produc+ v>iability 9 prog5y1 & ?us furni%+ mat]ial = natural selection1 z ?is 0 ! only means ( evolution>y advance4 ,weismann made _m exp]im5ts on animals1 especially by mutilation1 to %[ t somatic *anges are n inh]it$4 ,a full discussion ( ?is "q w\ld be unsuitable 9 a "w l ?is4 ,we w !re=e cont5t ourselves ) mak+ ?ree brief rem>ks3 a4 ,if ! views pres5t$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is *apt] are true1 !n ! ,lam>ckian factors mu/ be true factors1 because !re 0 a "t :5 !re 7 no o!rs4 ,!y 7 !re=e necess>y1 at lea/ to />t ! process1 ev5 if no long] necess>y at pres5t4 b4 ,b if ^! factors 7 ev] op]ative1 !y mu/ be s /ill1 ?\gh possibly 9 a subord9ate degree4 ,a l[] factor is n aboli%$1 b only becomes subord9ate to a high] :5 ! latt] is introduc$4 ,?us x may well be t ,lam>ckian factors are comp>atively feeble at ! pres5t "t & among liv+ species1 especially ( ! high] animals1 & yet n abs5t altoge!r4 ,9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( evolution !re 0 a complete id5tification ( g]m-cells & somatic cells--( ! individual ) ! species4 ,9 su* cases1 ( c\rse1 any effect ( ! environm5t mu/ be inh]it$ & increas$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,b ! diff]5tiation ( ! g]m & somatic cells 0 n all at once1 nor is _! sympa!tic relation completely sev]$4 ,x 0 a gradual process1 & !re=e ! effect ( ! environm5t on ! g]m-cells ?r\gh ! somatic cells cont9u$1 ?\gh 9 decreas+ degree1 & /ill cont9ues4 ,! diff]5tiation 9 ! high] animals is n[ s complete t g]m-cells are probably n at all affect$ by *anges 9 somatic cells1 unless ^! *anges are long cont9u$ 9 ! same direction1 & are n antagoniz$ by natural selection4 c4 ,x is a g5]al pr9ciple ( evolution t ! law ( ! :ole is repeat$ ) modifications 9 ! "p4 ,?is is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! unity ( ,nature4 ,we ought to expect1 !re=e1 & d f9d1 t ! ord] ( ! use ( ! factors ( evolution is ! same 9 ! evolution ( ! organic k+dom1 9 ! evolution ( ea* species1 & 9 ! evolution ( ea* individual4 ,9 all ^! ! physical factors are at fir/ p[]fully op]ative2 ^! become subord9ate to organic factors1 & ^!1 9 _! turn1 to psy*ical & rational factors4 ,!re=e1 z ! individual 9 its e>ly /ages--i4 e41 9 embryo & infancy--is peculi>ly pla/ic "u ! influ5ce ( ! physical environm5t1 & aft]w>d becomes m & m indep5d5t ( ^!2 s a species :5 fir/ =m$ is m pla/ic "u ! influ5ces ( ,lam>ckian factors1 & aft]w>d becomes m rigid to ! same4 ,& s also ! organic k+dom 0 at fir/ m pla/ic "u ,lam>ckian factors1 & has become less s 9 ! pres5t species1 especially 9 ! high] animals4 ,! pr9cipal reason ( ?is1 z we h already se51 is ! increas+ diff]5tiation ( g]m & somatic cells1 & ! removal ( ! =m] to ! int]ior1 :]e !y are m & m protect$ f ext]nal influ5ce4 ,,ii4 ,"s evolutioni/s--! mat]iali/ic--insi/ on mak+ human evolution id5tical 9 all respects ) organic evolution4 ,?is1 we h %[n1 is n true4 ,! v lea/ t c be said is t a new & f> m pot5t factor is introduc$ ) man1 :i* modifies greatly ! process4 ,b we may claim mu* m1 viz41 t evolution is "h on a diff]5t & high] plane4 ,! factors ( organic evolution are1 inde$1 /ill pres5t1 & condition ! :ole process2 b !y are n left to be us$ by ,nature alone4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are us$ 9 a new way & = high] purposes--by reason4 ,b by a revulsion f ! mat]iali/ic extreme "s h gone to ! opposite extreme4 ,!y w\ld place human progress & organic evolution 9 viol5t antagonism1 z if subject to entirely diff]5t & ev5 opposite laws2 b we h also %[n t1 al?\gh ! di/9ctive human factor is inde$ dom9ant1 yet x is und]laid & condition$ by all ! l[] factors2 t ^! l[] factors are /ill necess>y z ! ag5ts us$ by reason4 ,,iii4 ,we h already giv5 ! views ( ,weismann & ,wallace1 & "s reasons = n accept+ !m2 b !re is "o important aspect n yet t\*$4 ,!re are "s logical consequ5ces ( ^! views :5 appli$ to human evolution :i* seem to u no?+ less ?an a r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,?is br+s into view /ill ano!r contra/ betwe5 organic evolution & human progress4 ,9 organic evolution1 :5 ! /ruggle = life is fi]ce & pitiless z x is n[ among ! high] animals1 natural selection is und\bt$ly by f> ! mo/ pot5t factor4 ,x is at lea/ conceivable 7?\gh n probable7 t at ! pres5t "t organic evolution might be c>ri$ on ma9ly or ev5 :olly by ?is factor alone2 b 9 human evolution1 especially 9 civiliz$ communities1 ?is is impossible4 ,if ,weismann & ,wallace be "r1 !n alas = all our hopes ( race improvem5t--physical1 m5tal1 & moral6--= natural selection w nev] be appli$ by man to himself z x is by ,nature to organisms4 ,8 spiritual nature =bids4 ,reason may freely use ! ,lam>ckian factors ( environm5t & ( use & disuse1 b is deb>r$ ! unscrupul\s use ( natural selection z its only me?od4 ,z ?is is an important po9t1 we mu/ expla94 ,all enlight5$ s*emes ( physical culture & hygi5e1 al?\gh direct$ prim>ily to secure ! /r5g?1 ! heal?1 & ! happ9ess ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 yet are su/a9$ & ennobl$ by ! conviction t ! improvem5t ( ! individuals ( ea* g5]ation ent]s by inh]itance into ! gradual physical improvem5t ( ! race4 ,all our s*emes ( education1 intellectual & moral1 ?\gh c]ta9ly int5d$ ma9ly = ! improvem5t ( ! individual1 are glorifi$ by ! hope t ! race also is !reby gradually elevat$4 ,x is true t ^! hopes are usually extravagant2 x is true t ! :ole improvem5t ( "o g5]ation is n c>ri$ ov] by inh]itance into ! next2 x is true1 !re=e1 t we c n by education raise a l[] race up to ! plane ( a high] 9 a few g5]ations or ev5 9 a few c5turies3 b !re mu/ be at lea/ a small residuum1 be x ev] s small1 c>ri$ =w>d f ea* g5]ation to ! next1 :i*1 accumulat+ f age to age1 det]m9es ! sl[ evolution ( ! race4 ,su* are ! hopes on :i* all noble ef=ts = race-improvem5t are f\nd$4 ,are all ^! hopes baseless8 ,!y are s if ,weismann & ,wallace are "r4 ,if x be true t reason mu/ direct ! c\rse ( human progress1 & if x be true also t selection ( ! fitte/ 9 ! organic s5se is ! only me?od :i* c be us$ by reason1 !n ! dreadful law ( pitiless de/ruction ( ! weak1 ! helpless1 ! sick1 ! old1 mu/ ) ,sp>tan firmness be volunt>ily & delib]ately c>ri$ out4 ,aga9/ su* a c\rse we in/9ctively revolt ) horror1 because contr>y to ! law ( our spiritual nature4 ,b ! use by reason ( ! ,lam>ckian factors is n att5d$ ) any su* revolt+ consequ5ces4 ,all our hopes ( race-improvem5t1 !re=e1 are /rictly condition$ on ! efficacy ( ^! factors--i4 e41 on ! fact t useful *anges1 det]m9$ by education 9 ea* g5]ation1 are to "s ext5t inh]it$ & accumulat$ 9 ! race4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,special ,,pro(s1 ,,tak5 ,,f ,,! ,,g5]al ,,laws ,,( ,,animal ,,/ructure1 ,,or ,,f ,,comp>ison ,,9 ,,! ,,taxonomic ,,s]ies4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4 ,analogy & ,homology4--,9 biology ^? organs or p>ts 9 diff]5t animals are said to be analog\s :i*1 h[ev] diff]5t _! orig91 h a g5]al simil>ity ( =m & especially ( function2 :ile ^? are call$ homolog\s :i*1 h[ev] diff]5t _! g5]al appe>ance1 & h[ev] diff]5t _! function1 yet may1 by close exam9ation & ext5sive comp>ison1 be %[n to be modifications ( "o ano!r--to be1 9 fact1 orig9ally ! same "p modifi$ = diff]5t purposes4 ,9 ! =m] ! p>ts comp>$ look & behave z if !y 7 ! same1 b are n2 9 ! latt] !y look & behave entirely diff]5tly1 b are1 9 fact1 ! same "p 9 disguise4 ,we c be/ make ?is pla9 by examples4 ,! w+ ( a bird & ! w+ ( a butt]fly are analog\s organs4 ,!y h ! same function--i4 e41 fly+2 & ?is function necessitates ! same g5]al =m ( a flat plane4 ,b !y are n at all homolog\s2 !y are n at all ! same organ or "p4 ,!y c]ta9ly h nev] be5 =m$ "o out ( ! o!r by modification4 ,b ! w+ ( a bird1 ! =e-paw ( a reptile or mammal1 ! w+ ( a bat1 & ! arm & h& ( a man1 ?\gh s diff]5t 9 =m & function1 are homolog\s p>ts4 ,on close exam9ation !y are f\nd to h ! same g5]al /ructure1 to be compos$ ( ess5tially ! same pieces1 al?\gh !y are s greatly modifi$ 9 ord] to adapt !m to diff]5t functions1 t ! g5]al or sup]ficial resemblance is n[ lo/4 ,_! /ructure is precisely su* z x w\ld be if !y _h all orig9at$ f "s ar*etypal =e-limb by modifications 9 diff]5t directions ( its sev]al p>ts4 ,by ext5sive comp>ison 9 ! taxonomic & ontog5ic s]ies1 all ! int]m$iate gradations betwe5 ^! extreme modifications may be pick$ up4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,lepidosir54 ,ano!r example4 ,! lungs ( a mammal & ! gills ( a fi% are analog\s organs1 s9ce !y h ! same function ( aration ( ! blood4 ,b !y are n at all homolog\s3 !y are n built on ! same plan2 by no ef=t ( ! m9d c we imag9e t ! =m] c\ld h come out ( ! latt] by modification4 ,on ! contr>y1 we h positive pro( t x did n s come4 ,b !re is an organ 9 ! fi% :i* is homolog\s ) ! mammalian lung1 viz41 ! air-bladd]1 or swim-bladd]4 ,we "k x--#a4 ,because we c trace 9 ! taxonomic s]ies all ! gradations f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,9 mo/ fi%es ! air-bladd] is :olly cut (f f ! gullet1 & only v feebly suppli$ ) blood4 ,x is us$ & c be us$ only = flotation4 ,9 o!rs1 z ! g>-pike1 ! swim-bladd] is q vascul> & op5s by a tube into ! ?roat4 ,?r\gh ?is op5+ air is gulp$ d[n f "t to "t into ! bladd]1 & aga9 f "t to "t expell$4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is fi% supplem5ts its gill-brea?+ by an imp]fect lung-brea?+4 ,we h "h ! beg9n+ ( a lung4 ,9 /ill o!r fi%es1 viz41 ! ,dipnoi 7lepidosir5 & c]atodus1 ,fig4 #b71 ! air-bladd] becomes a m p]fect lung--i4 e41 a v vascul> sacculat$ sac2 & !re is n only an op5+ into ! ?roat1 b also f ! ?roat to ! sn\t4 ,9 o!r words1 we h = ! fir/ "t no/rils4 ,^! fi%es completely comb9e gill-brea?+ ) lung-brea?+4 ,! /ep f ^! to ! l[e/ amphibian reptiles is s small1 t "s h class$ ! lepidosir5 among amphibians in/ead ( fi%es4 ,! sir$on or axolotl ( ,new ,mexico1 ! necturus or m5obran*us ( our ,nor!rn lakes1 & ! sir5 ( our ,s\!rn swamps1 h bo? gills & lungs1 & brea! bo? air & wat]2 b ! lung is v imp]fect1 be+ only a sacculat$ sac1 l ! air-bladd] ( ! c]atodus & lepidosir54 ,no "o d\bts t ! air-brea?+ organ ( an amphibian is a true lung2 yet we h trac$ all ! gradations betwe5 x & ! air-bladd] ( a fi%4 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 t if !re be any su* ?+ z transmutation ( organic =ms1 ! lung ( high] animals mu/ h be5 =m$ by ! process above describ$4#bj ,b we "k x /ill m c]ta9ly--#b4 ,because we c trace ! *ange f ! "o to ! o!r 9 ! ontog5ic s]ies4 ,9 ! life-hi/ory ( ! individual we c actually see ! "o ?+ *ange into ! o!r4 ,! frog1 z is well kn[n1 :5 fir/ hat*$1 is a tadpole4 ,x has no legs1 b locomotes by means ( a v]tically-exp&$ tail4 ,x has no lungs1 b brea!s wat] in/ead ( air1 by means ( gills4 ,x is 9 all respects1 !re=e1 a fi%1 & w\ld be class$ z su* if x rema9$ 9 ?is condition4 ,b x does n2 x gradually loses its tail & gills1 & acquires legs & lungs1 & brea!s air only4 ,n[ 9 ?is *ange :5ce came ! lungs8 ,f ! gills by modification8 ,no2 b f an organ simil> 9 "* & position to ! air-bladd] ( a c]atodus1 or a lepidosir54 ,?is organ has gradually develop$ into a lung4 ,! /eps ( ! *ange are briefly z foll[3 ,fir/1 ! brea?+ is :olly wat]-brea?+ by gills4 ,next1 by ! developm5t ( ?is o!r organ1 x is p>tly wat]-brea?+ by gills1 & p>tly air-brea?+ by lungs4 ,la/ly1 ! gills gradually dry up1 & ! lungs develop m & m1 until ! brea?+ is :olly by lungs4 ,we h dwelt some:at ^u ?is example1 because x is an excell5t example ( :at we mean by homology1 & also because we w h occasion to use x aga94 ,b s important1 = all t foll[s 9 ?is "p1 is a cle> idea on ! subject ( homology1 t x w be be/ to famili>ize ! m9d ( ! read] ) x by means ( a few examples drawn f plants4 ,a potato is analog\s to a root--a tub]\s root l t ( a dahlia or a sweet-potato--b is n at all homolog\s ) ^!4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is homolog\s ) a /em4 ,x is ess5tially an und]gr\nd1 leafless bran*1 :i* has ?ick5$ enorm\sly at ! po9t by accumulation ( />*4 ,! evid5ce ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! fact t x has rudim5t>y leaves 7scales7 arrang$ 9 regul> spiral ord] ( phylotaxis1 ea* ) its axill>y bud 7eyes74 ,x is /ill m cle>ly %[n by ! fact t buds above-gr\nd :i*1 if let alone1 w\ld =m leafy bran*es1 may be made to become tub]s by cov]+ !m ) e>? or dead leaves1 & ?us exclud+ ! light2 &1 conv]sely1 und]gr\nd buds :i*1 if let alone1 w\ld =m tub]s1 may be made to gr[ into leafy bran*es by expos+ !m to ! light4 ,take ano!r example3 ,! broad1 flat1 elliptical1 gre5 masses s *>act]i/ic ( ! cactus family1 & usually call$ _! leaves1 are inde$ analog\s to leaves 9 color1 =m1 & function2 = !y are gre5 & flat1 & assimilate c>bonic acid & wat] 7,,co#b & ,h#b,o7 l leaves4 ,b !y are n1 9 tru?1 leaves1 b modifi$ /ems1 = !y h ! ess5tial /ructure ( /ems1 ) _! pi?1 wood1 m$ull>y rays1 & b>k1 & may be trac$ ?r\gh all gradations into ! ord9>y cyl9drical =m ( /ems4 ,:]e are _! leaves1 !n8 ,_! sp9es are _! abortive leaves4 ,^! are arrang$ spirally l leaves1 & be> buds 9 _! axils l leaves4 ,!y are1 9 tru?1 leaves1 modifi$ to p]=m ! function ( def5sive armor2 :ile _! function has be5 delegat$ to ! /em flatt5$ = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,a bran* ( "y acacia1 %[+ *ange f "o =m ( leaf to ! o!r2 a1 b1 c1 d1 successive /ages ( *ange2 l1 s1 leaf /alk :i* gradually *anges into ! blade 9 c1 d1 & e4 ,"o m example3 ,! acacias1 ( :i* !re are fifte5 to tw5ty species 9 ,cali=nia1 introduc$ f ,au/ralia1 =m two gr\ps hav+ extremely diff]5t /yles ( leaves4 ,we w call !m ! fea!r-leav$ & ! simple-leav$ acacias4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! leaves are v f9ely bip9nate1 & ! g5]al aspect ( ! foliage is extremely fea!ry & graceful4 ,9 ! latt] ! leaves are simple1 ovate1 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 set on edge2 & ! g5]al aspect ( ! tree is !re=e r /iff4 ,x seems at fir/ incr$ible t leaves s diff]5t & aspects s div]se %\ld belong to plants ( ! same g5us4 ,b a little close exam9ation %[s t1 z usual1 ! botani/s are "r & ! popul> judgm5t wrong4 ,! plumose-leaf is ! normal leaf-=m = ?is g5us4 ,! simple leaf is n only abnormal1 b 9 a homological s5se is n a leaf at all--i4 e41 x does n correspond to ! "p call$ ! blade 9 ord9>y simple leaves ( o!r trees4 ,9 ! se$l+ ( ! simple-leav$ acacias1 & sometimes = a consid]able "t 9 ! "y tree1 ! leaves are all plumose4 ,z ! tree matures x gradually *anges its dress & puts on its toga virilis4 ,! gradual *ange f ! "o =m to ! o!r may easily be trac$ 9 ! same tree1 & ev5 (t5 9 ! same bran* 7,fig4 #c74 ,! /eps ( ! *ange 7a1 b1 c1 & d7 are %[n 9 ! foll[+ figure1 drawn f nature4 ,x is se51 by b>e inspection ( ! figure1 t ! s-call$ leaf1 d1 ( ! simple-leav$ acacias1 is really ! v]tically-exp&$ leaf-/alk1 l1 s1 ! true leaf or blade be+ :olly abort$4 ,! :ole /ructure ( ?is s-call$ leaf is diff]5t f t ( a true blade4 ,= example1 its /yle ( ribb+ is p>allel1 its position is edgewise to ! sky1 its palisade cells are on bo? sides alike1 etc4 ,to emphasize ?is diff]5ce1 botani/s call su* an app>5t leaf a phyllodium1 or phyllode4 ,aft] ^! illu/rations we n[ repeat ! def9itions 9 diff]5t words4 ,analogy has ref]5ce to g5]al resemblance ( =m det]m9$ by simil>ity ( function1 h[ev] diff]5t ! orig9s ( ! p>ts comp>$ may be4 ,homology has ref]5ce to community ( orig91 h[ev] obscur$ to ! sup]ficial obs]v] su* common orig9 may be by modifications necess>y to adapt to diff]5t functions4 ,obs]ve1 !n1 !re are two ideas "h :i* mu/ be kept di/9ct4 ,"o is common orig91 always %[n by deep-ly+1 ess5tial id5tity ( /ructure2 ! o!r is adaptive modification = function4 ,organs ( ! mo/ div]se orig9 may resemble by adaptive modification = ! same function4 ,?is is analogy4 ,organs ( ! same orig9 may assume v diff]5t appe>ance by adaptive modifications = diff]5t functions4 ,?is is homology4 ,9 ! latt] case1 :i* is ! "o t conc]ns u1 a pr(\nd /udy ( ess5tial /ructure & /ructural relations to o!r p>ts1 & especially ext5sive comp>ison 9 ! taxonomic & ontog5ic s]ies1 w usually detect ! homology1 or common orig91 9 spite ( ! obscurations produc$ by adaptive modifications4 ,x is se51 also1 t analogy is a sup]ficial resemblance1 easily detect$ by ! popul> eye1 & !re=e embodi$ 9 popul> language2 :ile homology is a deep-seat$ & ess5tial resemblance1 detect$ (t5 only by pr(\nd /udy & ext5sive comp>ison4 ,n[1 "o ( ! /ronge/ pro(s ( ! tru? ( evolution is tak5 f ! homologies ( animal /ructure4 ,common orig9 completely expla9s homology4 ,e o!r explanation is transc5d5tal1 & !re=e unsci5tific4 ,prim>y ,divisions ( ! ,animal ,k+dom4--,n[1 ! animal k+dom consi/s ( sev]al prim>y divisions1 call$ sub-k+doms or dep>tm5ts4 ,! animals 9 ^! gr\ps diff] s ess5tially f "o ano!r 9 _! plan ( /ructure1 t x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to trace any /ructural relation betwe5 !m--to imag9e h[ ! memb]s ( "o c\ld h be5 d]iv$ f ^? ( ano!r--or conceive ! common /em f :i* !y all sep>at$4 ,9 o!r words1 x is impossible1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k1 to trace homology ) any c]ta9ty f "o gr\p to ano!r4 ,b )9 ! limits ( ea* prim>y gr\p ! homology is easy4 ,"s naturali/s--,agassiz & ,cuvi]--h made f\r or five ( ^! prim>y gr\ps4 ,"s--,huxley--h made eight4 ,"s make n9e or t54#ba ,we w n tr\ble ourselves to settle ?is "q2 = all agree to make v]tebrata & articulata or ar?ropoda two ( !m1 & all our illu/rations w be drawn f ^!4 ,o!r gr\ps are too unfamili> to ! g5]al read] to s]ve our purpose4 ,n[1 z already /at$1 homology c n be trac$ ) any c]ta9ty betwe5 ! prim>y gr\ps1 b )9 ! limits ( ea* gr\p x may be trac$ ) ease & beauty4 ,analogy1 h[ev]1 be+ connect$ ) function1 & function be+ univ]sal1 c be trac$ ?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 x is probable1 nay1 almo/ c]ta91 t all animals h _h a common orig91 we c n yet trace ^! great dep>tm5ts by homology to t common orig94 ,b ! common orig9 ( ea* dep>tm5t is q cle>4 ,= example1 ! /ructure ( all v]tebrate animals is precisely su* z w\ld be ! case if all came f "o primal v]tebrate1 v>i\sly modifi$ to adapt to v>i\s modes ( life4 ,also1 ! /ructure ( all ar?ropods is precisely su* z w\ld be if all came f "o primal ar?ropod1 :i*1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 became gradually modifi$ 9 diff]5t directions1 9 ord] to adapt itself to v>i\s modes ( life4 ,b betwe5 ar?ropods & v]tebrates we c n yet cle>ly see a common orig91 al?\gh !re d\btless 0 su*4 ,^! great dep>tm5ts may1 !re=e1 be comp>$ to natural /yles ( animal ar*itecture4 ,z !re are v>i\s /yles ( human ar*itecture--,ori5tal1 ,egyptian1 ,greek1 ,go?ic--ea* ( :i* may be v>i\sly modifi$ to adapt x to all ! diff]5t purposes = :i* build+s are made1 )\t de/roy+1 ?\gh p]haps obscur+1 ! integrity ( ! /yle2 s ! diff]5t prim>y gr\ps or dep>tm5ts may be reg>d$ z diff]5t /yles ( animal /ructure1 ea* ( :i* may be & has be5 modifi$ 9 _m ways to adapt x to v>i\s habits & modes ( life1 obscur+ b n de/roy+ ! g5]al /yle4 ,or !y may be comp>$ to natural ma*9es4 ,z a /eam-eng9e1 by modification1 may be adapt$ to _m k9ds ( purposes1 obscur+1 p]haps1 b n de/roy+ ! ess5tial id5tity ( /ructure2 ev5 s ! v]tebrate ma*9e by modification may be1 & has be51 adapt$ to _m k9ds ( purposes1 & ?us become a swimm+-ma*9e1 a crawl+-ma*9e1 a fly+-ma*9e1 a runn+-& leap+-ma*9e1 )\t de/roy+1 al?\gh obscur+1 ! ess5tial id5tity ( /ructure4 ,z 9 ar*itecture1 /hetic pr9ciples ( =m may be trac$ ?r\gh ea* /yle1 b n f /yle to /yle1 :ile ! me*anical pr9ciples ( con/ruction run ?r\gh all alike2 s also 9 animal ar*itecture1 ! laws ( =m & /yles ( /ructure are traceable ) ease only )9 ! limits ( ea* prim>y gr\p1 :ile ! laws ( function are traceable ?r\gh all gr\ps alike4 ,or1 aga91 & f9ally3 ,ea* ( ^! dep>tm5ts may be comp>$ to a tree1 ) bran*es1 twigs1 & spray1 all obvi\sly com+ f "o common /em1 b ea* /em seems sep>ate4 ,!y are1 inde$1 probably1 !mselves only great bran*es ( "o common trunk1 b _! connection is too remote & obscure to be made out cle>ly by means ( homology4 ,o!r evid5ces1 h[ev]1 drawn f o!r s\rces1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 are n :olly want+4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,pro(s ,,f ,,homologies ,,( ,,! ,,v]tebrate ,,skeleton4 ,! proposition to be e/abli%$ "h is1 t all v]tebrates h n only a common g5]al plan ( /ructure1 b an ess5tial id5tity ev5 9 detail1 al?\gh ?is id5tity is obscur$ by adaptive modifications4 ,we w try to %[ fir/ a common g5]al plan1 & !n1 tak+ p>ts mo/ famili> to ! g5]al read]1 w %[ ess5tial id5tity ev5 9 detail4 ,common ,g5]al ,plan4--#a4 ,all v]tebrate animals1 & none o!r1 h an int]nal jo9t$ skeleton work$ by muscles on ! outside4 ,z we %all see h]eaft]1 ! relation ( skeleton & muscle 9 ar?ropods is exactly ! rev]se4 #b4 ,9 all v]tebrates1 & 9 none o!r1 ! axis ( ?is skeleton is a jo9t$ backbone 7v]tebral column7 inclos+ & protect+ ! n]v\s c5t]s 7c]ebro-sp9al axis74 ,^!1 !re=e1 may well be call$ back-bon$ animals4 #c4 ,all v]tebrates1 & none o!r1 h a numb] ( _! ant]ior v]tebral jo9ts enl>g$ & consolidat$ into a box to =m ! skull1#bb 9 ord] to inclose & protect a simil> enl>gem5t ( ! n]v\s c5t]1 viz41 ! bra92 & also usually1 b n always1 a numb] ( po/]ior jo9ts1 enl>g$ & consolidat$ to =m ! pelvis1 to s]ve z a firm support to ! h9d-limbs4 #d4 ,all v]tebrates1 & none o!r1 h two cavities1 inclos$ & protect$ by ! skeleton1 viz41 ! neural cavity above1 & ! visc]al or body cavity bel[1 ! v]tebral column2 s t a cross-section ( ! body is diagrammatically repres5t$ by ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,diagram cross-section ?r\gh ! body ( a v]tebrate1 %[+ ! relation ( skeleton to ! cavities4 n1 neutral cavity2 v1 visc]al cavity2 c1 c5trum ( v]tebra4 #e4 ,all v]tebrates1 ) few exceptions1 & no o!r animals1 h two & only two pair ( limbs4 ,! exceptions are ( two k9ds1 viz43 a1 "s l[e/ fi%es1 amphioxus & lampreys1 :i* probably repres5t ! v]tebrate condition be=e limbs 7 acquir$2 & b1 deg5]ate =ms l snakes & "s liz>ds1 :i* h lo/ _! limbs by disuse4 ,s mu* conc]ns ! g5]al plan ( skeletal /ructures1 & is /rongly sugge/ive (--9 fact1 is inexplicable )\t--common orig94 ,b mu* m rema9s :i* is n only sugge/ive1 b demon/rative ( su* orig94 ,by ext5sive comp>ison 9 ! taxonomic & ontog5ic s]ies1 ! :ole v]tebrate /ructure 9 all its details 9 diff]5t animals may be %[n to be modifications "o ( ano!r4 ,sometimes a piece is enl>g$1 sometimes dim9i%$1 or ev5 becomes obsolete2 sometimes sev]al pieces are consolidat$ into "o2 b1 9 spite ( all ^! obscurations1 correspond+ p>ts may usually be made out4 ,?is is ! ma9 subject ( ?is *apt]4 ,special ,homology ( ,v]tebrate ,limbs4--,x w\ld lead u mu* too f> into unfamili> te*nicalities to take up ! :ole skeleton4 ,we select ! limbs1 bo? because _! g5]al /ructure is m famili>1 & because 9 !m ! two fundam5tal ideas ( ess5tial id5tity & ( adaptive modification are bo? admirably illu/rat$4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t x is by ! limbs t ! organism *iefly reacts on ! environm5t1 & is modifi$ by x4 ,=e-limbs4--,9 ! accompany+ figures 7,figs4 #e-ah7 we h repres5t$1 side by side1 ! =e-limbs ( _m v]tebrates1 tak5 f all ! classes--mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 & fi%es4 ,= conv5i5ce ( comp>ison1 ! correspond+ p>ts are simil>ly lett]$ 9 all4 ,also1 9 ord] to id5tify easily c]ta9 important correspond+ segm5ts1 we h drawn ?r\gh !m a cont9u\s dott$ l9e4 ,9 man1 ne>ly all ! p>ts are pres5t1 & 8 limbs1 !re=e1 may be tak5 z a t]m ( comp>ison2 = man's /ructure1 except 8 bra91 is f> less modifi$ ?an t ( _m animals4 ,note1 !n1 ! foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,! coll>-bone 7clavicle7 is associat$ ) wide sep>ation ( ! %\ld]s1 & ! free use ( ! =e-limb = preh5sion or = flight1 b is gradually lo/ 9 proportion z ! =e-limb is br\ght ne>] toge!r & us$ = support1 because x is no long] want$4 ,i say gradually1 = all ! /eps ( ! pass+ away may be f\nd4 ,! useless rudim5t>y condition is n uncommon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #e-i4--e4 ,=e-limb ( man4 #f4 ,dog #g4 ,hog4 #h4 ,%eep4 #i4 ,horse4 sc1 scapula2 c1 coracoid2 a1 b1 two bones ( =e-arm4 7,tak5 f v>i\s s\rces & gr\p$47 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #aj-ac4--aj4 ,=e-limb ( bat4 #aa4 ,bird4 #ab4 ,ar*opt]yx4 #ac4 ,pt]odactyl4 7,lett]$ z 9 previ\s figures2 gr\p$ f v>i\s s\rces47 #b4 ,! coracoid 7c71 x is se51 is a small1 beak-l process ( ! blade-bone 7scapula7 9 man & mammals2 b 9 birds 7,fig4 #aa7 & reptiles 7,figs4 #ad1 #ah7 x is a sep>ate bone z l>ge z ! blade-bone itself1 jo9t$ ) ! latt] at ! %\ld] & ) ! brea/-bone 7/]num7 9 front1 ?us mak+ toge!r a /rong %\ld]-girdle = ! atta*m5t ( ! =e-limb4 ,?is 0 und\bt$ly ! condition 9 ! orig9al or e>lie/ walk+ animal1 viz41 reptiles4 ,x 0 inh]it$ & reta9$ by birds1 because necess>y = p[]ful action ( ! w+s 9 flight4 ,9 mammals x gradually dw9dl$ & became unit$ ) ! blade-bone z a process4 ,9 "o mammal1 ! l[e/ & mo/ reptilian liv+--! orni?orhyn*us--! coracoid is mu* l t ( reptiles--a l>ge1 flat bone1 sep>at$ f ! blade-bone & articulat$ ) ! brea/-bone4 ,x is a significant fact t1 9 ! mammalian embryo1 x is fir/ develop$ z a sep>ate bone & aft]w>d unit$ ) ! scapula4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ad-ag4--ad4 ,=e-limb ( turtle4 #ae4 ,mole4 #af4 ,:ale4 #ag4 ,fi%4 #c4 ,9 man1 monkeys1 be>s1 & "s o!r mammals1 ! limb is fairly free f ! body & ! elb[ half-way d[n ! limb2 :ile 9 h]bivores 7,figs4 #h1 #i71 su* z ! horse1 ox1 & de]1 etc41 ! elb[ is high on ! side ( ! body1 & ! limb is free only f ! elb[ d[nw>d4 ,p]haps 9 ^! cases mo/ obs]v]s d n recognize x z an elb[ at all4 ,all gradations betwe5 ^! extremes are easily trac$4 ,! free condition ( ! limb is evid5tly ! orig9al "o1 ! condition 9 h]bivores be+ an extreme modification associat$ ) ano!r modification m5tion$ "u #e4 #d4 ,9 man & 9 _m mammals1 & 9 all reptiles & birds1 !re are two bones 9 ! =e>m 7radius & ulna74 ,9 ! m specializ$ =ms ( ho($ animals 7ungulates71 su* z horse & rum9ants 7,figs4 #h1 #i71 !re is app>5tly b "o4 ,two is ! normal & orig9al numb]2 b "o ( !m1 ! ulna1 has gradually become small] & small]1 & f9ally is r$uc$ to a %ort spl9t1 & consolidat$ ) ! radius z a process ext5d+ backw>d to =m ! po9t ( ! elb[4 ,9 ! horse family e /ep ( ?is r$uction & consolidation may be trac$ 9 ! c\rse ( its geological hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,mosasaur4 #e4 ,! wri/ ( _m mammals & all birds diff]s 9 /ructure f t ( man1 *iefly 9 conta9+ a small] numb] ( bones4 ,! normal numb]1 z 9 man1 seems to be eight4 ,! decrease takes place ma9ly by consolidation ( two or m into "o4 ,9 su* cases usually ! embryo w %[ ! bones /ill sep>ate1 ?us reveal+ ! ance/ral condition4 ,aga91 ! position ( ! wri/ is notewor?y4 ,9 man1 monkeys1 ! be> family1 & sev]al o!r mammalian families1 & 9 all reptiles1 ! h& b5ds =w>d at ! wri/1 s t ! tread is on ! :ole palm 7palmigrade74 ,b1 9 all ! mo/ specializ$ mammals1 ! wri/ c n b5d 9 ?is direction1 & !re=e ?is jo9t c n be br\ght to ! gr\nd4 ,! tread is !re=e on ! toes 7digitigrade71 & ! wri/ is high up above ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! horse 7,fig4 #i71 ! ox1 & _m o!r mammals1 = example1 ! wri/ is s high t x is n usually recogniz$ z a wri/1 & is (t5 call$ ! =e-knee4 ,n[1 homolog\s p>ts ought to h ! same sci5tific "n2 b to use ! ^w 8h&0 9 ! case ( l[] animals might produce confusion & misconception4 ,!re=e x has be5 agre$ among comp>ative anatomi/s to use in/ead ! ,lat9 ^w 8manus0 = all t corresponds1 9 any animal1 to ! h& ( man--i4 e41 all f ! wri/ d[nw>d4 ,! manus ( a horse is ab\t fifte5 in*es long4 ,! manus ( a pt]odactyl1 su* z t f\nd by ,m>% 9 ! cretace\s /rata ( ! ,we/1 ) an expanse ( w+s ( tw5ty-five feet1 0 probably n less ?an sev5 or eight feet long4 #f4 ,! numb] ( palm-bones 7metapodal7 & toes des]ves special notice4 ,9 fi%es1 & 9 "s ext9ct swimm+ reptiles1 ^! are or 7 v num]\s1 b 9 ! e>lie/ l&-animals !y became five4 ,?is is ! numb] n[ 9 ne>ly all reptiles1 & 9 all ! m g5]aliz$ mammals4 ,x may be call$ ! normal numb] = a walk+ animal4 ,9 v _m mammals1 su*1 = example1 z ! dog family1 !y are r$uc$ to f\r1 ?\gh ! fif? (t5 rema9s z a useless1 rudim5t>y spl9t & dew-claw 7,fig4 #f71 ?us %[+ ! process ( dw9dl+ 9 ! ance/ry4 ,9 ho($ animals ! process ( gradual dim9ution is %[n ev5 9 exi/+ =ms1 & /ill bett] 9 ext9ct =ms4 ,conf9+ ourselves1 n[1 only to exi/+ =ms1 9 ! elephant !re are five palm-bones & toes1 & 9 ! hippopotamus !re are f\r1 all functional4 ,9 ! hog 7,fig4 #g7 !re are /ill f\r1 b two are beh9d ! o!rs & mu* small]1 & d n t\* ! gr\nd--are n functional unless 9 s(t gr\nd4 ,9 ! c[1 de]1 etc41 ! palm-bones are r$uc$ to two1 & ^! are consolidat$ into "o 7canon-bone71 & ! toes are r$uc$ to two effici5t & two useless rudim5ts4 ,9 ! %eep & ! goat 7,fig4 #h7 ^! useless rudim5ts are dropp$1 & !re are two only4 ,f9ally1 9 ! horse 7,fig4 #i71 ! toes are r$uc$ to "o1 al?\gh ! palm-bones are /ill ?ree1 two ( !m1 h[ev]1 be+ r$uc$ to rudim5t>y spl9ts4 ,h[ is x ) birds8 ,h ^! also palm-bones & f+]s8 ,yes1 9 birds 7,fig4 #aa7 !re are ?ree palm-bones & ?ree f+]s 7! f\r? & fif? be+ want+72 "o ( !m--! ?umb--is free1 & sometimes c>ries a claw4 ,9 ! e>lie/ kn[n & mo/ reptilian bird1 ! ar*opt]yx 7,fig4 #ab71 all ! ?ree f+]s are free1 h ! full numb] ( jo9ts1 & all ( !m c>ry claws4 ,9 ! embryo ( liv+ birds ! f+]s are all free1 z 9 ! ar*opt]yx4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,re/oration ( ,rhamphorhyn*us phyllurus 7aft] ,m>%74 ,"o-sev5? natural size4 #g4 ,obs]ve1 f9ally1 z an admirable illu/ration ( diff]5t adaptative modifications = ! same purpose--flight--! /ructure ( ! manus ( fly+ animals4 ,9 ! bat 7,fig4 #aj71 ! flat fly+-plane is made by enorm\s elongation ( ! palm-bones & f+]-bones1 _! wide sep>ation & ! /ret*+ ( a ?9 membrane betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! pt]osaurs1 or ext9ct fly+ reptiles 7,fig4 #ac71 "o f+] only is greatly enl>g$ & elongat$1 & ! fly+-membrane is /ret*$ betwe5 x & ! h9d-leg 7,fig4 #ai71 :ile ! o!r ?ree f+]s are free & provid$ ) claws4 ,if x be ask$ :i* f+] is x t is s greatly enl>g$ 9 ?is animal1 we answ]1 x is ! little f+]4 ,9 birds1 on ! contr>y1 ! manus is consolidat$ to ! la/ degree1 to =m a /rong basis = atta*m5ts = ! quills :i* =m ! fly+-plane1 & :i* are !mselves extreme modifications ( ! scales ( reptiles4 ,b ?r\gh\t all ^! extreme modifications ! same ess5tial /ructure is detectable4 ,x is p]haps unnecess>y to dwell ^u ! /ill great] modifications ( limbs = swimm+1 z 9 ! :ale 7,fig4 #af71 ! i*?yosaur1 mosasaur 7,fig4 #ah71 & ! fi% 7,fig4 #ag74 ,a c>eful inspection ( ! figures1 aft] :at we h said1 w be suffici5t to expla9 !m4 ,9 ! fi% alone ! upp] segm5ts ( ! limb1 viz41 %\ld]-girdle & hum]us1 are want+1 n be+ yet introduc$1 & ! manus is n yet diff]5tiat$ into palm-bones & f+]s1 & ! f+]s are indef9itely multipli$4 ,all ^! *>act]s are indications ( l[ position 9 ! scale ( evolution4 ,! e>lie/ v]tebrates 7 fi%es4 ,limbs 7 n yet completely =m$4 ,9 embryos ( high] animals1 also1 ! out] segm5ts are fir/ =m$4 ,h9d-,limbs4--,figs4 #bj to #bd repres5t1 9 a simil> way1 ! h9d-limbs ( sev]al animals--9 ?is case all mammals4 ,z be=e1 correspond+ p>ts are simil>ly lett]$1 & a dott$ l9e is c>ri$ ?r\gh c]ta9 prom95t p>ts1 especially ! knee1 heel1 in/ep1 & toes4 ,by c>eful inspection ! figures expla9 !mselves4 ,nev]!less1 x w be well to draw special att5tion to sev]al ( ! m important po9ts3 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #bj-bd4--bj4 ,h9d-limb ( man4 #ba4 ,monkey4 #bb4 ,dog4 #bc4 ,%eep4 #bd4 ,horse4 #a4 ,see1 !n1 ! position ( ! knee4 ,! ?igh-bone 9 man1 monkeys1 be>s1 & sev]al o!r families ( mammals1 & all reptiles1 is free f ! body1 & ! knee is f> remov$ & half-way d[n ! limb 7,figs4 #bj1 #ba74 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! orig9al & normal condition ( l&-animals4 ,b 9 all ! m highly specializ$ & swift] animals ! knee is br\ght ne>] & ne>] to ! body1 until1 9 ! swifte/ ( all1 su* z ! rum9ants & ! horse 7,figs4 #bc1 #bd71 x is high up on ! side ( ! body1 9 ! middle ( :at is usually call$ ! ?igh b :i* really includes ! ?igh & ! upp] "p ( ! l[] leg or %ank4 #b4 ,see1 aga91 ! position ( ! heel4 ,9 man1 monkey1 be>1 & _m o!r mammals1 & all liv+ reptiles1 ! heel is on ! gr\nd1 ! tread is on ! :ole foot1 plantigrade2 :ile 9 all ! m specializ$ & agile animals1 & especially 9 ! swifte/ ( all1 su* z ! horse1 ! de]1 etc41 ! heel is high 9 ! air1 & ! tread is digitigrade4 #c4 ,obs]ve1 aga93 !re are two degrees ( digitigrad5ess4 ,! "o we f9d 9 c>nivor\s or claw$ digitigrades1 ! o!r 9 h]bivores or ho($ digitigrades4 ,9 ! "o ! tread is on ! :ole l5g? ( ! toes to ! balls1 z 9 man :5 he tip-toes2 9 ! o!r ! tread is on ! tip ( ! la/ jo9t alone4 ,all t 9 any animal corresponds to ! foot ( a man--i4 e41 f ! ham/r+ & heel d[nw>d--is call$1 9 comp>ative anatomy1 ! 8pes40 ,! pes1 or foot ( a horse1 is eighte5 in*es long4 ,x is easy to see :at spr+ & activity ?is mode ( tread+ gives to an animal4 ,?9k h[ helpless a horse w\ld be if he trod on ! :ole foot1 heel d[n6 #d4 ,obs]ve1 aga91 ! numb] ( toes4 ,9 ! process ( specialization !re is a t5d5cy = ^! to become few] & /rong]4#bc ,! normal numb]1 z already se51 is five4 ,all ! e>lie/ mammals1 & _m ord]s ( mammals /ill liv+1 h five2 b 9 ! mo/ specializ$ ord]s1 su* z ! ungulates or ho($ animals1 !y 7 /eadily r$uc$ 9 numb] 9 ! c\rse ( evolution4 ,9 ! elephant !re are /ill five1 9 ! hippopotamus !re are f\r1 9 ! rh9oc]os ?ree1 9 ! goat two1 9 ! horse "o4 ,/ill m ! ord] ( ! dropp+ is regul>4 ,if an animal h b f\r toes1 x is usually ! fir/1 or great toe1 or ?umb1 t is want+1 or may be rudim5t>y4 ,if1 z 9 ! rh9oc]os1 !re are only ?ree1 !n ,no4 #e1 or little toe1 is also want+1 & ! exi/+ toes are ,nos4 #b1 #c1 & #d4 ,if an animal has only two toes1 z ! goat1 ^! are ,nos4 #c & #d2 & if only "o1 z ! horse1 x is ! ?ird or middle toe4 ,or1 to put x m def9itely3 ho($ animals are divid$ into two gr\ps1 ev5-to$ 7artiodactyl7 & odd-to$ 7p]issodactyl74 ,! ev5-to$ may h f\r1 z 9 ! hippopotamus2 or two1 z 9 ! goat4 ,! odd-to$ may h ?ree1 z 9 ! rh9oc]os2 or b "o1 z 9 ! horse4 ,n[1 bo? ( ^! ord]s came by diff]5tiation1 f> back 9 ! ,eoc5e ,t]ti>y1 f a five-to$ plantigrade ance/or4 ,aft] dropp+ ,no4 #a 7?umb or great toe7 x is n yet decid$1 s f> z numb] ( toes is conc]n$1 :e!r ! result+ f\r-to$ animal %all become artiodactyl or p]issodactyl4 ,if ! =m]1 !n ! two side-toes 7,nos4 #b & #e7 become %ort5$ up1 z 9 ! hog2 !n rudim5t>y1 z 9 ! ox & de]2 & f9ally pass away entirely1 z 9 ! goat4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! f\r-to$ animal is on ! l9e ( p]issodactyl evolution1 x becomes fir/ a ?ree-to$ animal by dropp+ ,no4 #e4 ,n[1 ! two side-toes 7,nos4 #b & #d7 %ort5 up m & m1 & ! middle toe increases 9 size1 until f9ally1 9 ! mod]n horse1 only ! greatly enl>g$ middle toe 7,no4 #c7 rema9s4 ,we look ) wond] & admiration at ! danseuse pir\ett+ on ! po9t ( "o toe4 ,! horse is p]=m+ ?is feat all ! "t4 ,yes1 ! "o toe ( a horse has all ! ?ree jo9ts l ours4 ,! c(f9-bone is ! la/ jo9t1 & ! ho( is ! nail4 ,illu/ration3 a b c d e f g ,equus3 ,quat]n>y & ,rec5t4 ,pliohippus3 ,plioc5e4 ,protohippus3 ,l[] ,plioc5e4 ,miohippus3 ,mioc5e4 ,mesohippus3 ,l[] ,mioc5e4 ,orohippus3 ,eoc5e4 ,,fig4 #be4--;,diagram illu/rat+ gradual *anges 9 ! horse family4 ,?r\gh\t a is =e-foot2 b1 h9d-foot2 c1 =e-arm2 d1 %ank2 e1 mol> on side-view2 f & g1 gr9d+ surface ( upp] & l[] mol>s 7aft] ,m>%74 ,g5esis ( ! ,horse4--,e /ep ( ?is process on ! p]issodactyl l9e may be trac$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! g5esis ( ! horse4 ,! beautiful =m & /ructure ( ?is animal 7 n made at once1 b by a sl[ process ( integration ( small *anges f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & f epo* to epo* ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,! horse 7z 9 fact did all ungulates7 came f a five-to$ plantigrade ance/or1 b we are n able to trace ! direct l9e ( g5esis q s f>4 ,! e>lie/ /age t we c trace ) c]ta9ty1 9 ?is l9e ( desc5t1 is f\nd 9 ! eohippus ( ,m>%4 ,?is 0 a small animal1 no bigg] ?an a fox1 ) ?ree toes beh9d & f\r s]viceable toes 9 front1 ) an additional fif? palm-bone 7spl9t71 & p]haps a rudim5t>y fif? toe l a dew-claw4 ,?is 0 9 e>ly ,eoc5e times4 ,!n1 9 lat] ,eoc5e1 came ! orohippus1 :i* diff]s f ! la/ *iefly 9 ! disappe>ance ( ! rudim5t>y fif? toe & spl9t4 7,see ,fig4 #be47 ,next1 9 ! ,mioc5e1 came ! mesohippus & miohippus4 ,^! 7 l>g] animals 7ab\t ! size ( a %eep71 & _h ?ree s]viceable toes all ar\nd2 b 9 ! =m] ! rudim5t ( a f\r? spl9t 9 ! =e-limb yet rema9$4 ,!n1 9 ! ,mioc5e1 came ! protohippus & pliohippus4 ,^! 7 /ill l>g] animals1 be+ ab\t ! size ( an ass4 ,9 ! =m] ! two side-toes 7 %ort5+ up & ! middle toe becom+ l>g]4 ,9 ! latt] ! two side-toes h become spl9ts4 ,la/ly1 only 9 ! ,quat]n>y comes ! g5us ,equus1 or true horse4 ,! size ( ! animal is become great]1 ! middle toe /rong]1 ! side-spl9ts small]2 b 9 ! side-spl9ts ( ! mod]n horse we h /ill rema9+ ! evid5ce ( its ?ree-to$ ance/or4 ,simil> gradual *anges may be trac$ 9 ! two leg-bones1 :i* h gradually consolidat$ into "o2 9 ! tee?1 :i* h become progressively long] & m complex 9 /ructure1 & !re=e a bett] gr9d]2 9 ! position ( ! heel & wri/1 :i* h become high] above-gr\nd2 9 ! g5]al =m1 :i* has become m graceful & agile2 &1 la/ly1 9 ! bra91 :i* has become progressively l>g] & m complex 9 its convolutions--to give great] batt]y-p[]1 to make a m p[]ful dynamo--to "w ! improv$ skeletal ma*9e4 ,see1 !n1 h[ long x has tak5 ,nature to produce t beautiful f9i%$ article we call ! horse6 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h tak5 only limbs z examples ( :at is true ( ! :ole skeleton4 ,to ! sup]ficial obs]v] ! bodies ( animals ( diff]5t classes seem to diff] fundam5tally 9 plan--to be entirely diff]5t ma*9es1 made ea* = its own purposes1 at once1 out ( h&4 ,ext5sive comp>ison1 on ! contr>y1 %[s !m to be ! same1 al?\gh ! ess5tial id5tity is obscur$ by adaptive modifications4 ,! simple/1 9 fact ! only sci5tific1 explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( v]tebrate /ructure is ! idea ( a primal v]tebrate1 modifi$ m & m ?r\gh successive g5]ations by ! necessities ( diff]5t modes ( life4 ,see1 !n1 9 conclusion1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 man's mode ( work+ & ,nature's4 ,a man hav+ made a /eam-eng9e1 & desir+ to use x = a diff]5t purpose f t = :i* x 0 fir/ design$ & us$1 w ne>ly always be compell$ to add new p>ts n contemplat$ 9 ! orig9al ma*9e4 ,nature r>ely makes new p>ts--nev]1 if %e c avoid x--b1 on ! contr>y1 adapts an old "p to ! new function4 ,x is z if ,nature 7 n free to use any & e device to accompli% h] end1 b 7 condition$ by h] own plans ( /ructure2 z1 inde$1 %e mu/ be accord+ to ! d]ivation !ory4 ,= example3 ,9 e>ly ,devonian times fi%es 7 ! only repres5tatives ( ! v]tebrate type ( /ructure4 ,! v]tebrate ma*9e 0 !n a swimm+-ma*9e4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 :5 all 0 ready & conditions 7 favorable1 reptiles 7 introduc$4 ,"h1 !n1 is a new function--t ( locomotion on l&4 ,we want a walk+-ma*9e4 ,%all we h a new organ = ?is new function8 ,no3 ! old swimm+-organ is modifi$ s z to adapt x = walk+4 ,"t w5t on1 until ! middle ,jurassic1 & birds 7 introduc$4 ,"h is a new & wond]ful function1 t ( fly+ 9 ! air4 ,we want a fly+-ma*9e4 ,we "k h[ man w\ld h done ?is2 = we h ! result ( 8 imag9ation 9 angels ( ,*ri/ian art & griff9s ( ,greek my?ology4 ,he w\ld h add$ w+s to already exi/+ p>ts1 & ?is w\ld h necessitat$ ! alt]ation ( ! :ole plan ( /ructure1 bo? skeletal & muscul>4 ,nature only modifies ! =e-limbs = ?is new purpose4 ,if we mu/ h w+s1 we mu/ sacrifice =e-legs4 ,we c n h bo? )\t violat+ ! laws ( morphology4 ,f9ally1 ages aga9 pass$1 &1 :5 "t 0 fully ripe1 man 0 introduc$4 ,n[ we want "s "p to p]=m a new & /ill m wond]ful function4 ,we want a h&1 ! will+ & effici5t s]vant ( a rational m9d4 ,we "k1 aga91 h[ man w\ld h done ?is1 = we h ! result 9 ! c5taurs ( ,greek my?ology1 9 :i* man's *e/1 & arms1 & head are add$ to ! body ( a quadrup$4 ,b natural laws mu/ n be violat$1 ev5 = man4 ,if we want h&s1 we mu/ sacrifice feet4 ,aga91 !re=e1 ! =e-limbs are modifi$ = ?is new & exquisite function4 ,?us1 9 ! f9 ( a fi%1 ! =e-paw ( a reptile or a mammal1 ! w+ ( a bird1 & ! arm & h& ( a man1 we h ! same "p1 v>i\sly modifi$ = _m purposes4 ,_m o!r illu/rations might be tak5 f ! skeleton & f o!r sy/ems1 especially ! muscul> & n]v\s4 ,b 9 ! muscul> sy/em ! modifications h be5 s extreme t homology is mu* m difficult to trace1 & !re=e requires m ext5sive k ?an we yet possess1 & m ext5d$ comp>ison ?an has yet be5 attempt$4 ,x has be5 trac$ ) "s success ?r\gh mammals1 & probably w be ?r\gh air-brea?+ v]tebrates--i4 e41 also ?r\gh birds1 reptiles1 & amphibians2 b to trace x ?r\gh fi%es seems almo/ hopeless4 ,9 ! case ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 & especially ( ! bra91 x is aga9 di/9ct2 b ?is _h bett] be tak5 up "u ano!r head1 viz41 pro(s f ontog5y1 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,9 ! visc]al organs homology is v pla91 9 fact too pla94 ,!re is n modification en\gh 9 mo/ cases ev5 to obscure x1 because function is ! same 9 all animals4 ,^! organs d n1 !re=e1 furni% good illu/rations ( t ess5tial id5tity 9 ! mid/ ( adaptive modification :i* con/itutes ! argum5t = ! d]ivative orig9 ( /ructure4 ,x is ! organs ( animal life t %[ ?is mo/ p]fectly1 because x is ^! t take hold on ! environm5t & are modifi$ by x4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few /rik+ illu/rations to be f\nd among ! visc]al organs1 especially ! blood-sy/em4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _h bett] also be def]r$ to ! *apt] on ontog5y4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,homologies ,,( ,,! ,,articulate ,,skeleton4 ,we h tak5 ! v]tebrate skeleton fir/1 only because ?is dep>tm5t is mo/ famili>4 ,b 9 reality1 ! mo/ beautiful illu/rations ( ess5tial id5tity ( /ructure 9 ! mid/ ( inf9ite div]sity ( adaptive modification = diff]5t functions & habits ( life1 & !re=e ( common orig9 f a primal =m1 are f\nd 9 ! dep>tm5t ( articulates4 ,i use ! old ,cuvi]ian dep>tm5t articulata1 r ?an ! m mod]n ar?ropods1 because ! =m] includes worms also4 ,n[1 :e!r worms %\ld be ?us includ$ ) ar?ropods1 or des]ve a :ole dep>tm5t to !mselves x matt]s n = our purposes4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ar?ropods probably desc5d$ f m>9e worms4 ,!y all h ! same g5]al plan ( skeletal /ructure4 ,x w suit my purpose1 !re=e1 to reg>d worms z ! l[e/ =m ( jo9t$ animals4 ,"h1 !n1 we h an entirely diff]5t plan ( /ructure--a diff]5t /yle ( ar*itecture & diff]5t me*anical pr9ciples ( ma*9]y4 ,in/ead ( a skeleton )9 & muscles act+ on ! outside1 we h ! skeleton on ! outside1 & muscles act+ f )94 ,in/ead ( two cavities1 a neural & visc]al1 ! skeleton =ms b "o cavity1 9 :i* all organs are inclos$ & protect$4 ,in/ead ( f9d+ ! n]ve-axis on ! dorsal aspect ( ! body1 we f9d x on ! v5tral aspect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,diagram section across an ar?ropod1 %[+ ! inclos+ skeleton-r+ & a pair ( jo9t$ app5dages1 n1 n]v\s c5t]2 v1 visc]a2 b1 blood sy/em4 ,take any articulate animal1 = example1 a %rimp1 a c5tip$1 or a beetle4 ,cut x across ! body1 & look at ! end 7,fig4 #bf74 ,we see a r+ ( bone 7*it97 inclos+ all ! organs 7n]v\s sy/em n1 blood sy/em b1 & visc]al sy/em v71 & a pair ( jo9t$ app5dages1 p]haps legs1 on ea* side4 ,n[ imag9e ^! p>ts repeat$ 9 a l9e> s]ies4 ,! r+s repeat$ make a holl[1 jo9t$ tube or b>rel1 ! app5dages repeat$ make a cont9u\s r[ ( app5dages on ea* side4 ,n[ ?is is exactly :at we actually f9d4 ,! :ole articulate skeleton is ideally made up ( a s]ies ( su* repeat$ r+s & app5dages1 modifi$ accord+ to ! position 9 ! s]ies1 & ! uses to :i* !y are put4 ,& !n ! :ole articulate dep>tm5t is made up ( su* articulate animals aga9 modifi$ accord+ to place 9 ! scale ( articulates4 ,! modification 9 ! l[] =ms is slight1 & !re=e ! id5tity ( ! repeat$ p>ts is obvi\s2 b z we g up ! scale1 & ! numb] & complexity ( ! functions increase1 ! adaptive modification becomes great] & great]1 until f9ally x s obscures ! ess5tial id5tity1 t x requires ! mo/ ext5sive comp>ison 9 ! taxonomic s]ies & 9 ! ontog5ic s]ies1 to pick up ! int]m$iate l9ks & e/abli% ! fact ( common orig94 ,9 a ^w1 :e!r !y s orig9at$ or n1 x is c]ta9 t ! /ructure ( articulate animals is exactly su* z w\ld be ! case if all ^! animals 7 g5etically connect$1 & came orig9ally f a primal =m some?+ l "o ( ! l[] cru/aceans1 or1 p]haps1 a m>9e worm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,%rimp 7,palmonetes vulg>is74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,ext]nal anatomy ( ! lob/] 7aft] ,k+sley74 ,x w be be/ to take an example f ab\t ! middle ( ! scale1 :]e ! two elem5ts1 viz41 ess5tial id5tity & adaptive modification1 are some:at ev5ly balanc$1 & bo? traceable ) ease & c]ta9ty4 ,take1 !n1 a cray-fi%1 a lob/]1 or a %rimp4 ,?is animal 7,fig4 #bg7 has tw5ty or tw5ty-"o r+s & pairs ( jo9t$ app5dages4 ,! r+s are "s ( !m dim9i%$1 "s ( !m increas$ 9 size4 ,sometimes sev]al are consolidat$2 sometimes sev]al are p>tially or :olly abort$4 ,! app5dages are modifi$ 9 %ape & size1 accord+ to _! position1 s z to make !m swimm+-app5dages 7swimm]ets71 walk+-app5dages 7legs71 eat+-app5dages 7jaws71 & s5se-app5dages 7ant5n74 ,= example1 9 ! abdom9al region1 or s-call$ tail1 we h sev5 segm5ts1 all be+ p]fect movable r+s1 ea* ) its pair ( jo9t$ app5dages1 except ! la/1 or telson4 ,! app5dages ( ! fir/ r+ 7,fig4 #bh1 ,b7 are specially modifi$ 9 ! male z organs ( copulation 7,b74 ,! next f\r pairs are modifi$ = swimm]ets 7,d7 & = use z hold]s ( ! eggs 9 ! female4 ,! app5dages ( ! six? r+ 7,g7 are broad & paddle-%ap$1 &1 toge!r ) ! telson or sev5? r+ 7,h71 =m ! p[]ful t]m9al swimm]4 ,go+1 n[1 to ! cephalo-?orax3 9 ?is ei!r a l>ge numb] ( segm5ts 7?irte5 or f\rte57 are consolidat$ above to =m ! upp] %ell or c>apace2 or else1 z is m probable1 two or ?ree ( ! ant]ior segm5ts h enl>g$ & gr[n backw>d ov]1 & at ! exp5se ( ! o!rs1 to =m ?is %ell4 ,at any rate1 x is c]ta9 t ! c>apace is =m$ ( ! dorsal portions ( a numb] ( segm5ts consolidat$ toge!r4 ,bel[1 h[ev]1 ! segm5ts are all di/9ct1 & h ea* its own pair ( app5dages4 ,= example1 go+ =w>d 9 ?is region1 ! five next pairs ( app5dages are greatly enl>g$ & v /rong1 & s]ve ! purpose ( locomotion4 ,!y are walk+-app5dages4 ,! next two or ?ree pairs are small] & some:at modifi$1 b n s mu* z to obscure _! ess5tial simil>ity to legs4 ,l legs1 !y are _m-jo9t$1 & l legs1 too1 !y h gills atta*$ to !m4 ,!y are call$ maxillip$s1 or jaw-feet4 ,!y are us$ l h&s to ga!r food & c>ry x to ! m\?4 ,!y are ga!r+-app5dages4 ,!n foll[ ?ree or f\r pairs /ill m modifi$1 & us$ = ma/ication4 ,!y are call$ maxill & m&ibles4 ,!y are eat+-app5dages4 ,!n foll[ two pairs1 long1 _m-jo9t$1 ) ! same k9d ( curi\s h+e-jo9ts1 :i* we h 9 ! legs1 und\bt$ly homolog\s ) all ! o!rs1 b us$ = an entirely diff]5t purpose1 & specially modifi$ = t purpose4 ,!y are ! ant5n4 ,!y are delicate organs ( t\* & ( he>+1 = ! e> is situat$ 9 ! basal jo9t ( ! ant]ior pair4 ,la/ ( all1 !re is /ill ano!r pair1 jo9t$ & movable1 on ! ends ( :i* are situat$ ! eyes4 ,^! la/ ?ree1 !re=e1 are s5se-app5dages4 ,"s writ]s make ?is la/ pair special organs1 n homolog\s ) app5dages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,app5dages ( a prawn 7aft] ,cuvi]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,app5dages ( ,nebalia4 ,= ! sake ( great] di/9ctness1 we give ! :ole s]ies ( ^! app5dages 9 "o ( ! high] =ms1 viz41 ! prawn 7,palemon1 ,fig4 #bi1 & 9 "o ( ! l[] =ms1 ,nebalia1 ,fig4 #cj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,vibilia1 an amphibod cru/acean 7aft] ,milne ,edw>ds74 ,t ^! are really homolog\s p>ts is fur!r %[n by ! fact t 9 ! case ( o!r cru/aceans1 su* z limulus1 ! same app5dages1 i4 e41 ! app5dages ( ! same body segm5ts1 :i* 9 ! cases be=e m5tion$ are us$ z feet1 become swimm]s1 :ile ! app5dages correspond+ to jaw-feet become walk]s2 & ev5 :at corresponds to ant5n or s5se-app5dages1 may1 z 9 bran*ippus1 become p[]ful clasp]s4 ,f9ally1 9 all ! l[e/ cru/aceans1 ! id5tity is evid5t1 because all ! segm5ts & _! app5dages are mu* alike 9 =m & function 7,fig4 #ca74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,li?obius =cipatus 7aft] ,c>p5t]74 ,we h tak5 examples f ne> ! middle ( ! articulate scale1 because1 z already /at$1 bo? ! ess5tial id5tity & ! adaptive modifications are easily trac$4 ,if we g d[nw>d 9 ! scale1 ! /ructure becomes m & m g5]aliz$1 & ! r+s & app5dages become m & m alike 7,fig4 #ca71 until 9 ! mo/ g5]aliz$ =ms we h only a s]ies ( simil> r+s1 ) simil> pairs ( app5dages1 except "s necess>y modifications to =m ! head & tail4 ,?is is well %[n 9 ! c5tip$ 7,fig4 #cb71 & /ill bett] 9 m>9e worms 7,fig4 #cc74 ,9 "s m>9e worms ! slight modification to =m ! head takes place "u our v eyes4 ,^! (t5 multiply by divid+ !mselves into two4 ,:5 !y d s1 !y make a new head & new tail by slight modification ( segm5ts & app5dages 7,fig4 #cc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,syllis prolif]a4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we g up ! scale1 we f9d adaptive modifications obscur+ m & m ! simple & obvi\s id5tity ( p>ts1 until f9ally ! id5tity c n be recogniz$ )\t ext5sive comp>ison 9 ! taxonomic s]ies & /udy ( embryonic conditions4 ,9 crabs--:i* is a high] =m ?an cray-fi%--! tail or abdom5 seems to be want+1 b is only v small & b5t "u ! body & ?us conceal$4 ,9 all ess5tial respects ! /ructure is precisely l ! cray-fi%4 ,9 fact1 9 ! embryo1 we trace ! "o =m into ! o!r2 = ! crab is at fir/ a long-tail$ cru/acean 7,fig4 #cd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,developm5t ( ,c>c9us mnas4 ,a1 zoa /age2 ,b1 megalopa /age2 ,c1 f9al /ate 7aft] ,c\*74 ,insects are ! highe/ =m ( articulates4 ,9 ^!1 !re=e1 we f9d ! modification is /ill great] ?an 9 cru/aceans1 ?\gh ev5 "h ! r+-&-app5dage /ructure is pla9 en\gh 9 mo/ cases4 ,"o ( ! be/ evid5ces ( high grade among animals is ! ga!r+ ( ! segm5ts into di/9ct gr\ps1 & especially ! di/9ctness ( ! head z "o ( ^! gr\ps4 ,9 worms & l[] cru/aceans !re is no gr\p+ at all1 ! skeleton be+ a cont9u\s s]ies ( jo9ts1 only slightly modifi$ at ! ant]ior & po/]ior extremities4 ,9 ! high] cru/acea1 & 9 spid]s & scorpions1 !y are gr\p$ into two regions1 viz41 cephalo-?orax & abdom54 ,9 insects !y are gr\p$ into ?ree v di/9ct regions--head1 ?orax1 & abdom54 ,9 insects1 !re=e1 we f9d = ! fir/ "t ! head di/9ctly sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! body4 ,?is is an evid5ce ( high grade1 because x %[s ! dom9ance ( head-functions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,ext]nal anatomy ( ,calopt5us spretus1 ! head & ?orax disjo9t$2 up1 uropatagium2 f1 furcula2 c1 c]cus 7drawn by ,j4 ,t4 ,k+sley74 ,! insect1 su*1 = example1 z a gras%opp]1 consi/s ( sev5te5 or eighte5 segm5ts 7,fig4 #ce74 ,( ^!1 f\r belong to ! head1 ?ree to ! ?orax1 & ab\t t5 to ! abdom54 ,^? ( ! abdom5 are all sep>at$ & movable2 ^? ( ! ?orax & head are m or less consolidat$4 ,! app5dages ( ! head-segm5ts become ant5n & jaw-p>ts1 i4 e41 m&ibles--maxill & labium2 ! app5dages ( ! ?orac-segm5ts become legs 7! w+s are n homolog\s ) app5dages71 :ile ^? ( ! abdom5 are abort$4 ,! /eps ( ! gradual consolidation on ! "o h&1 & ! abortion on ! o!r1 may be trac$ 9 ! embryo or l>va--i4 e41 9 ! cat]pill> or ! grub ( a bee or a beetle4 ,9 ! cat]pill>1 = example1 !re is no gr\p+ into ?ree regions1 !re is no consolidation1 & all ! segm5ts h app5dages4 ,aga91 ! almo/ inf9ite v>iety 9 ! m\?-p>ts among insects1 br\ght ab\t by adaptive modifications = bit+1 = pi]c+1 & = suck+1 & yet ! ess5tial id5tity ( all to ! m simple & g5]aliz$ /ructure ( ! gras%opp]1 is an admirable illu/ration ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,b to dwell ^u ^! m9or po9ts w\ld c>ry u too f>4 ,illu/ration ( ! ,law ( ,diff]5tiation4--,we h "h1 9 ! modifications ( segm5ts & app5dages ( articulates1 an admirable illu/ration ( ! mo/ fundam5tal law ( evolution1 viz41 ! law ( diff]5tiation4 ,z we h already se5 7page #ba71 p]haps ! mo/ beautiful & c]ta9ly ! mo/ fundam5tal illu/ration ( ?is law is f\nd 9 ! developm5t ( cell-/ructure4 ,comm5c+ 9 ! l[e/ animals1 & 9 ! e>lie/ embryonic /ages ( ! high] animals1 f a condition 9 :i* all are alike1 ! cells z we g upw>d quickly div]ge into diff]5t =ms to produce diff]5t tissues & p]=m diff]5t functions4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a p]fect example ( ess5tial id5tity & adaptive modification4 ,x is ! v be/ type ( diff]5tiation4 ,s also skeletal segm5ts1 comm5c+1 9 ! l[e/ articulates & 9 e>lie/ embryonic /ages ( ! high]1 all alike1 z we g upw>d 9 ei!r s]ies1 beg9 imm$iately to div]ge 9 v>i\s directions 7div]g5t v>iation71 tak+ diff]5t =ms to subs]ve diff]5t uses4 ,"h1 aga91 !re=e1 is an illu/ration ( ! law ( diff]5tiation4 ,la/ly1 9 ! articulate dep>tm5t1 comm5c+ ) ! l[e/ =ms & e>lie/ embryonic conditions1 & we may add e>lie/ geological times1 & go+ up ei!r s]ies f g5]aliz$ =ms v mu* alike1 ! individuals are gradually diff]5tiat$ into _m special =ms1 9 ord] to adapt !m to ! div]sifi$ modes ( life actually f\nd 9 nature4 ,?us cells1 segm5ts1 individuals1 are all alike affect$ by ?is mo/ fundam5tal law4 ,we h tak5 our illu/rations f only ! two dep>tm5ts ( v]tebrata & articulata1 because ^! are ! mo/ famili> to ! read]1 & also h be5 mo/ c>efully /udi$4 ,we h %[n t ! g5]al /ructure ( all v]tebrates is precisely :at x w\ld be if !y all _h come f "o primal v]tebrate =m1 & t ( all articulates :at x w\ld be if all _h come f "o primal articulate =m4 ,! only natural explanation1 &1 !re=e1 ! only sci5tific explanation ( ?is1 is t !y 7 really ?us d]iv$4 ,! same k9d ( evid5ce may be drawn f ! /udy ( o!r dep>tm5ts1 b to pursue ! subject any fur!r 9 ?is direction w\ld c>ry u beyond ! limits :i* we h assign$4 ,we desire only to expla9 ! nature1 n to give all1 ( ! evid5ce4 ,! examples giv5 w be suffici5t = ! purposes ( illu/ration4 ,! :ole pro( is no?+ less ?an ! :ole sci5ce ( comp>ative anatomy4 ,v]tebrates1 !n1 7 d]iv$ f a primal v]tebrate1 articulates f a primal articulate1 & s = o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,b :5ce 7 ^! primals d]iv$8 ,are !re any int]m$iate l9ks betwe51 any deeply conceal$ common plan ( /ructure und]ly+ ^! prim>y gr\ps1 %[+ a common orig98 ,x mu/ be confess$ t1 9 _! mature condition1 !re seems to be b little evid5ce ( su*4 ,^! prim>y gr\ps seem to be built on diff]5t plans1 to be fundam5tally ( diff]5t /yles ( ar*itecture4 ,!re=e ,d>w91 9 ! true _s ( inductive caution--t true sci5tific _s :i* keeps /rictly )9 ! limits ( evid5ce--comm5ces ) f\r or five di/9ct primal k9ds1 f :i* by div]g5t v>iation all animals 7 desc5d$4 ,nev]!less1 ! truly sci5tific biologi/ mu/ ev] /rongly incl9e to believe t ^! also came f "s primal animal1 & ev5 t bo? animals & plants 7 d]iv$ f "s primal =m ( liv+ ?+2 t z1 9 ! taxonomic s]ies1 ! animal & vegetal k+doms 9 _! l[e/ =ms m]ge undi/+ui%ably into "o ano!r2 z 9 ! ontog5ic s]ies ! animal & plant g]m are "o1 s also 9 ! phylog5ic s]ies ! e>lie/ organisms 7 simply liv+ ?+s1 b n di/9ctively animal nor vegetal4 ,sci5ce1 !re=e1 ^: mission is to trace orig9s z f> back z possible1 mu/ ev] /rive to f9d connect+ l9ks betwe5 ! prim>y gr\ps4 ,"s su* h be5 suppos$ to h be5 discov]$4 ,"s f9d ! orig9 ( v]tebrates among ! molluscoids 7ascidians72 "s f9d ! orig9s ( bo? v]tebrates & articulates among m>9e worms 7annelids74 ,?is po9t is /ill too d\btful to be dwelt ^u "h4 ,x may be t we seek 9 va9 = su* connect+ l9ks among exi/+ =ms4 ,x may well be t ! po9t ( sep>ation ( ^! great prim>y gr\ps 7unless we except v]tebrates7 0 f> l[] ev5 ?an ^! l[ =ms4 ,bo? phylog5y & ontog5y seem to indicate ?is4 ,9 ! e>lie/ fauna kn[n1 ! primordial 7= if !re 0 life 9 ! ar*an x 0 n yet diff]5tiat$ into a fauna71 all ! great dep>tm5ts1 except ! v]tebrates1 seem to h be5 repres5t$4 ,9 embryonic developm5t1 too1 ! po9t ( connection or ev5 ( simil>ity1 betwe5 ! great dep>tm5ts1 is f\nd1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 only 9 ! e>lie/ /ages--i4 e41 l[] d[n ?an any b ! l[e/ exi/+ =ms1 viz41 ! protozoa4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,pro(s ,,f ,,embryology1 ,,or ,,comp>ison ,,9 ,,! ,,ontog5ic ,,s]ies4 ,x is a curi\s & mo/ significant fact t ! successive /ages ( ! developm5t ( ! individual 9 ! high] =ms ( any gr\p 7ontog5ic s]ies7 resemble ! /ages ( increas+ complexity ( diff]5tiat$ /ructure 9 asc5d+ ! animal scale 9 t gr\p 7taxonomic s]ies71 & especially ! =ms & /ructure ( animals ( t gr\p 9 successive geological epo*s 7phylog5ic s]ies74 ,9 o!r words1 ! individual high] animal 9 embryonic developm5t passes ?r\gh tempor>y /ages1 :i* are simil> 9 _m respects to p]man5t or mature conditions 9 "s ( ! l[] =ms 9 ! same gr\p4 ,to give "o example = ! sake ( cle>ness3 ,! frog1 9 its e>ly /ages ( embryonic developm5t1 is ess5tially a fi%1 & if x /opp$ at ?is /age w\ld be s call$ & class$4 ,b x does n /op2 = ?is is a tempor>y /age1 n a p]man5t condition4 ,x passes ?r\gh ! fi% /age & ?r\gh sev]al o!r tempor>y /ages1 :i* we %all expla9 h]eaft]1 & onw>d to ! highe/ condition atta9$ by amphibians4 ,n[1 if we c\ld trace p]fectly ! successive =ms ( amphibians1 back ?r\gh ! geological epo*s to _! orig9 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ! resemblance ( ?is s]ies to ! /ages ( ! developm5t ( a frog w\ld d\btless be /ill clos]4 ,surely ?is fact1 if x be a fact1 is :olly inexplicable except by ! !ory ( d]ivation or evolution4 ,! embryo ( a high] animal ( any gr\p passes n[ ?r\gh /ages repres5t$ by l[] =ms1 because 9 its evolution 7phylog5y7 its ance/ors did actually h ^! =ms4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! ontog5ic s]ies 7individual hi/ory7 is a brief recapitulation1 z x 71 f memory1 ( ! ma9 po9ts ( ! philog5ic s]ies1 or family hi/ory4 ,we say brief recapitulation ( ! ma9 po9ts1 because _m m9or po9ts are dropp$ out4 ,ev5 "s ma9 po9ts ( ! e>lie/ /ages ( ! family hi/ory may be dropp$ out ( ?is sort ( inh]it$ memory4 ,?is resemblance betwe5 ! ?ree s]ies mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be exagg]at$4 ,n only are _m /eps ( phylog5y1 especially 9 its e>ly /ages1 dropp$ out 9 ! ontog5y1 b1 ( c\rse1 _m adaptive modifications = ! peculi> conditions ( embryonic life are add$4 ,b x is rem>kable h[ ev5 ^!--= example ! umbilical cord & plac5ta ( ! mammalian embryo--are (t5 only modifications ( egg-organs ( l[] animals1 & n :olly new additions4 ,x is ! simil>ity 9 spite ( adaptive modifications t %[s ! family hi/ory4 ,we w n[ illu/rate by a few /rik+ examples4 ,we c n d bett] ?an to take1 aga91 z our fir/ example1 ! developm5t ( tailless amphibians1 & dwell a little m ^u x3 #a4 ,ontog5y ( ,tailless ,amphibians4--,x is well kn[n t ! embryo or l>va ( a frog or toad1 :5 fir/ hat*$1 is a legless1 tail-swimm+1 wat]-brea?+1 gill-brea?+ animal4 ,x is ess5tially a fi%1 & w\ld be s class$ if x rema9$ 9 ?is condition4 ,! fi% reta9s p]man5tly ?is =m1 b ! frog passes on4 ,next1 x =ms fir/ "o pair & !n ano!r pair ( legs2 & mean:ile x beg9s to brea! also by lungs4 ,at ?is /age x brea!s equally by lungs & by gills2 i4 e41 bo? air & wat]4 ,n[1 ! l[] =ms ( amphibians1 su* z sir$on1 m5obran*us1 sir51 etc41 reta9 p]man5tly ?is =m1 & are !re=e call$ p]5nibran*s1 b ! frog /ill passes on4 ,!n ! gills gradually dry up z ! lungs develop1 & !y n[ brea! :olly by lungs1 b /ill reta9 ! tail4 ,n[ ?is is ! p]man5t1 mature condition ( _m amphibians1 su* z ! triton1 ! salam&]1 etc41 :i* are !re=e call$ caducibran*s1 b ! frog /ill passes on4 ,f9ally1 x loses ! tail1 or r its tail is absorb$ & its mat]ial us$ 9 fur!r developm5t1 & x becomes a p]fect frog1 ! highe/ ord] 7an\ra7 ( ?is class4 ,?us1 !n1 9 ontog5y ! fi% goes no fur!r ?an ! fi% /ages4 ,! p]5nibran* passes ?r\gh ! fi% /age to ! p]5nibran* amphibian4 ,! caducibran* takes fir/ ! fi%-=m1 !n ! p]5nibran*-=m1 & f9ally ! caducibran*-=m1 b goes no fur!r4 ,la/1 ! an\ra takes fir/ ! fi%-=m1 !n t ( ! p]5nibran*1 !n t ( ! caducibran*1 & f9ally becomes an\ra4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! diagram1 :i* mu/ be read upw>d1 l9e by l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fi%4 ,,p]5nibran*4 ,,caducibran*4 ,,an\ra4 ,,fi%4 ,,p]5nibran*4 ,,caducibran*4-------- ,,fi%4 ,,p]5nibran*----------- ,,fi%4------------ ,diagram %[+ ! /ages ( developm5t ( amphibians4 7,to be read upw>d47 ,n[1 ?is is und\bt$ly ! ord] ( succession ( =ms 9 geological times--i4 e41 9 ! phylog5ic s]ies4 ,?is s]ies is indicat$ by ! arr[s 9 ! diagram4 ,fi%es fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,devonian & ,upp] ,silurian 9 v reptilian or r amphibian =ms4 ,!n 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 fi%es /ill cont9u+1 !re appe>$ ! l[e/--i4 e41 mo/ fi%-l--=ms ( amphibians4 ,^! 7 und\bt$ly p]5nibran*s4 ,9 ! ,p]mian & ,triassic high] =ms appe>$1 :i* 7 c]ta9ly caducibran*4 ,f9ally1 only 9 ! ,t]ti>y1 s f> z we yet "k1 d ! highe/ =m 7an\ra7 appe>4 ,! g5]al simil>ity ( ! ?ree s]ies is complete4 ,if we read ! diagram horizontally1 we h ! ontog5ic s]ies2 if diagonally ) ! arr[s1 we h bo? ! taxonomic & ! phylog5ic s]ies4 #b4 ,aortic ,ar*es4--,b "s w1 p]haps1 say t ^! /ages 9 ! ontog5y are only examples ( adaptive modifications--l modifications = l conditions ( life--& _h bett] be acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way1 )\t ref]5ce to family hi/ory4 ,we w1 !re=e1 take ano!r example1 :i* c n be ?us acc\nt$ =--an example 9 :i* !re is no possible use n[ = ! peculi> =m or /ructure :i* we f9d4 ,= ?is purpose we take ! case ( ! c\rse ( circulation 9 v]tebrates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,%[+ he>t & outgo+ blood-vessels ( a liz>d 7aft] ,ow574 ,! arr[s %[ ! c\rse ( ! blood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,a1 he>t & gill-ar*es ( a fi%2 ,b1 "o ar*1 ) fr+e 7aft] ,ow572 ,h1 ! he>t4 ,if "o exam9es ! l>ge vessels go+ out f ! he>t ( a liz>d1 he w f9d six aortic ar*es--i4 e41 ?ree on ea* side4 ,^! all unite bel[ to =m ! "o desc5d+ abdom9al aorta4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure 7,fig4 #cf71 9 :i* a a a & b b b are ! six ar*es4 ,n[1 !re is no conceivable use 9 hav+ s _m aortic ar*es4 ,we "k ?is1 because !re is b "o 9 birds & mammals1 & ! circulation is z effective1 nay1 mu* m effective 9 ^! ?an 9 reptiles4 ,! explanation ( ?is anomaly is reveal$ at once z soon z we exam9e ! circulation ( a fi%1 :i* is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure 7,fig4 #cg74 ,! multiplication ( ! aortic ar*es is "h1 ( c\rse1 necess>y1 = !y are ! gill-ar*es4 ,! :ole ( ! blood passes ?r\gh ^! ar*es1 to be arat$ 9 ! gill-fr+es4 ,! use ( ?is peculi> /ructure is "h obvi\s en\gh4 ,if a liz>d 7 ev] a fi%1 & aft]w>d turn$ into a liz>d1 *ang+ its gill-respiration = lung-respiration1 !n1 ( c\rse1 ! useless gill-ar*es w\ld rema9 to tell ! /ory4 ,n[1 al?\gh a liz>d nev] 0 a fi%1 9 its individual hi/ory or ontog5y1 x 0 a fi% 9 its family hi/ory or phylog5y1 & !re=e x yet reta9s1 by h]$ity1 ?is curi\s & useless /ructure z evid5ce ( its ance/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,figs4 #ch1 #ci4--;,diagrams %[+ ! *ange ( ! c\rse ( blood 9 ! developm5t ( a frog4 #ch4 ,! tadpole /age4 #ci4 ,! mature condition4 ,h1 he>t2 ,g ,g ,g1 ext]nal gills2 g g g1 int]nal gills2 c c1 connect+ bran*es 9 ! tadpole2 p p1 pulmon>y bran*es4 ,t ?is is ! true explanation is demon/rat$ by ! fact t 9 amphibians ?is v *ange actually takes place be=e our eyes 9 ! individual hi/ory4 ,we h already se5 t ! individual frog1 9 its tadpole /ate1 is a gill-brea!r4 ,x has !re=e its gill-ar*es 7,fig4 #ch71 ?ree on ea* side1 l a fi%1 & = ! same reason1 viz41 ! aration ( ! blood4 ,b :5 its gills dry up & lung-respiration is e/abli%$1 its n[ useless gill-ar*es /ill rema9 z aortic ar*es1 to atte/ _! previ\s condition 7,fig4 #ci74 ,n[1 ! liz>d und\bt$ly came f an air-brea?+1 tail$ amphibian1 & !re=e inh]it$ ?is =m ( art]ial di/ribution4 ,9 bo? liz>d & amphibian ! ultimate cause is an orig9 f fi%es1 9 :i* su* ar*es are obvi\sly necess>y4 ,! diagrams1 ,figs4 #ch & #ci1 are illu/rations some:at idealiz$1 %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! *ange actually takes place 9 air-brea?+ amphibians4 ,fig4 #ch repres5ts ! tadpole /age1 & ,fig4 #ci ! mature condition4 ,9 ! =m] ! gills are mo/ly ext]nal1 ,g ,g1 etc41 b also int]nal1 g g1 z 9 ! fi%4 ,obs]ve 9 ?is condition ! small connect+ vessels1 c c4 ,:5 ! ext]nal gills dry up1 ^! are enl>g$1 & ! :ole ( ! blood passes ?r\gh !m1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,x is se51 also1 9 ,fig4 #ch1 t a small bran*1 p1 goes f ! l[] gill-ar*es to ! yet rudim5t>y lung1 l4 ,:5 ! gill-fr+es h disappe>$1 ! :ole ( ! blood ( ! l[] ar* goes ?r\gh ! n[ enl>g$ pulmon>y bran* to ! lungs1 ,l1 n[ 9 full activity1 & ! rema9d] ( ?is ar* disappe>s1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,! *ange :i* actually took place 9 ! family hi/ory ( ! liz>d probably diff]$ f ! above only 9 be+ m simple1 ! gills be+ only int]nal l ! fi%4 ,! ext]nal gills complicate ! process a little 9 ! case ( ! frog1 b ! pr9ciple is precisely ! same4 ,z already expla9$ 7pages #hb-he71 ! l>ge gap betwe5 fi%es & reptiles1 z reg>ds mode ( respiration1 is completely fill$ bo? 9 ! taxonomic s]ies--i4 e41 9 ganoids1 dipnoi1 & ! mature condition ( ! diff]5t ord]s ( amphibians--& 9 ! ontog5y ( ! high] amphibians4 ,n[1 we add t ! same is true ( ! art]ial di/ribution4 ,we h j trac$ ! *ange 9 ! ontog5y ( ! frog1 b ! /eps ( ! same *ange are traceable 9 pass+ f ! typical fi% 7teleo/s71 ?r\gh dipnoi & amphibians to reptiles4 ,?us1 aga91 ! phylog5y1 ! taxonomy1 & ! ontog5y1 are 9 complete accord4 ,b ! argum5t = evolution does n /op "h4 ,if birds & mammals h come f reptiles1 & !re=e f fi%es1 we may expect to f9d "s evid5ces ( ! same k9d /ill l+]+ 9 ! great art]ies4 ,& su* we d f9d4 ,x is a mo/ curi\s & significant fact t1 9 ! e>ly embryonic condition ( birds & mammals1 includ+ man himself1 we f9d on ea* side ( ! neck sev]al gill-slits1 ea* ) its gill-ar*1 & !re=e sev]al aortic ar*es on ea* side1 precisely simil> to :at we h already describ$4 ,^! ar*es are subsequ5tly1 "s ( !m1 oblit]at$2 "s modifi$ to =m ! "o aortic ar*1 & "s ( !m /ill m modifi$ to =m ! o!r great art]ies com+ f ! he>t to supply ! head & =elimbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--;,diagram ( mammalian he>t4 a1 aorta2 p1 pulmon>y art]y2 scsc1 subclavium on ea* side2 cc1 c>otids on ea* side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--;,ideal diagram repres5t+ ! primitive aortic ar*es 7aft] ,ra?ke74 ,?is is s beautiful & conv9c+ an example1 & "o s g5]ally unfamili>1 to ev5 intellig5t p]sons1 n especially acqua9t$ ) biology1 t x is be/ to expla9 x m fully4 ,9 ,fig4 #dj we give a mammalian he>t & outgo+ vessels1 v slightly modifi$1 s z to sugge/ ! process ( *ange4 ,9 ,fig4 #da we give an ideal diagram repres5t+ ! primitive aortic ar*es z !y exi/ 9 ! embryo ( mammals1 birds1 & reptiles4 ,x repres5ts1 also1 sub/antially1 ! ar*es z !y exi/ 9 ! mature condition 9 ! mo/ reptilian fi%es 7dipnoi7 & 9 "s %>ks1 except t 9 ^! ! ar*es are ( c\rse furni%$ ) gill-fr+es4 ,we w use ?is figure1 !re=e1 to repres5t bo? ! embryonic condition ( air-brea?+ v]tebrates & ! mature condition ( "s fi%es4 ,! place ( ! he>t is indicat$ by ! dott$ circle4 ,fig4 #cf1 on page #acd1 %[s :at ^! ar*es become 9 reptiles 7liz>d74 ,x is se5 t ! two upp] ar*es on ea* side are oblit]at$1 z inde$ !y already are 9 "s teleo/ fi%es4 ,fig4 #db %[s :at !y become 9 birds4 ,! two upp] ar*es are1 ( c\rse1 oblit]at$4 ,! o!rs are all modifi$1 ea* 9 a mann] :i* may be readily und]/ood by comp>ison ) ,fig4 #da4 ,f9ally1 ,fig4 #dc %[s :at !y become 9 mammals & 9 man4 ,9 ! bird 7,fig4 #db7 ! fir/ pair ( ar*es become ! two pulmon>y art]ies z !y d also 9 ! liz>d4 ,! second pair become on ! "r side 7left ( ! diagram7 ! aortic ar*1 on ! left side 7"r ( ! diagram7 ! left subclavian1 sc 7! "r subclavian1 sc1 is a bran* ( ! aortic ar*74 ,! ?ird pair become c>otids1 cc1 :ile ! f\r? & fif?1 z already said1 are abort$4 ,9 ! mammal 7,fig4 #dc71 on ! left side 7"r ( ! diagram7 ! fir/ ar* becomes ! pulmon>y art]y1 p4 ,9 ! ftus ! cont9uation ( ?is ar* =ms ! ductus art]iosus1 :i* is aft]w>d oblit]at$1 z %[n 9 ! dott$ l9e4 ,! second ar* becomes ! aortic ar*1 ! ?ird ! left ext]ior c>otid4 ,on ! "r side 7left ( ! diagram7 ! fir/ ar* becomes abort$2 ! second1 ! "r subclavian1 sc 7! left subclavian1 sc1 is a bran* ( ! aortic ar*72 & ! ?ird1 ! "r c>otid4 ,nos4 #d & #e1 on bo? sides1 z usual1 are abort$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,modifi$ = bird4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,modifi$ = mammal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,lancelet 7,amphioxus lanceolatus74 ,magnifi$ two & "o-half times4 ,see1 !n1 ! gradual process ( *ange ?r\gh ! :ole v]tebrate dep>tm5t4 ,9 ! l[e/ ( all v]tebrates1 if v]tebrate x may be call$ 7= :at corresponds to its backbone is an unjo9t$1 fibr\s cord71 ! amphioxus or lancelet 7,fig4 #dd71 !re are ab\t =ty gill-ar*es on ea* side4 ,z we rise 9 ! scale ( fi%es ^! are r$uc$ 9 numb]4 ,9 ! lamprey1 !re are sev52 9 ! %>ks1 usually five2 9 ord9>y fi%es 7teleo/s71 !re are f\r or sometimes only ?ree on ea* side1 ! o!rs be+ abort$4 ,?us f> ! *ange is only by dim9ution ( numb] 9 accordance ) a law univ]sal 9 biology1 t decrease 9 ! numb] ( id5tical organs is evid5ce ( advance 9 ! grade ( organization1 provid$ t x be associat$ ) m p]fect /ructure ( ! organ4 ,! fur!r *ange is "o ( adaptive modification4 ,9 "s reptiles 7liz>d7 ! ?ree gill-ar*es on ea* side all reta9 ! =m ( aortic ar*es2 9 "s reptiles only two reta9 ?is =m4 ,9 birds & mammals only "o ar* is reta9$1 9 ! =m ( aortic ar*1 ! o!rs be+ modifi$ to =m ! great outgo+ vessels ( ! he>t1 or else abort$4 ,x may be well to obs]ve t 9 birds ! "o aortic ar* turns to ! "r1 :ile 9 mammals x turns to ! left4 ,?is is positive evid5ce t mammals c\ld n h come f birds1 nor vice v]sa4 ,!y bo? came f reptiles1 &1 ( ! _m reptilian ar*es1 a "r "o 0 reta9$ by ! bird bran*1 & a left "o by ! mammalian4 ,9 all ! figures illu/rat+ ?is subject1 we h left out ! great incom+ vessels or ve9s1 because we are n "h conc]n$ ) !m1 !y n be+ trans=m$ gill-ar*es4 ,la/ ( all1 x may be well to /op a mom5t to %[ ! cog5cy ( ?is evid5ce4 ,if x 7 a "q ( ! orig9 ( "s /ructure n only useful 7= all /ructures select$ by ,nature mu/ be useful7 b ! be/ imag9able1 l ! eye or ! e>1 = example2 !n1 if we exam9$ only ! highe/ =m or ! f9i%$ article1 !re are two ways 9 :i* x is possible to expla9 ! adaptive /ructure4 ,we may ei!r suppose t x 0 made at once out ( h&1 by "s intellig5t contriv]2 or else t x 0 sl[ly made by a process ( evolution1 becom+ m & m p]fect by a selection ( only ! mo/ p]fect f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! six aortic ar*es ( ! liz>d1 we are %ut up to ! "o explanation only1 viz41 by sl[ process ( evolution4 ,"o ar* is all t is necess>y1 z is pla9ly %[n by ! use ( only "o 9 ! m p]fect circulation ( birds & mammals4 ,if ! ?+ 7 done out ( h&1 uncondition$ by ! previ\s /ructure 9 fi%es1 to h made six 0 surely b a bungl+ piece ( "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--;,fi%-bra94 ,a1 side view2 ,b1 top view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,reptile-bra94 ,a1 side view2 ,b1 top view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,bird-bra94 ,a1 side view2 ,b1 top view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,mammal-bra94 ,a1 top view2 ,b1 side view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,man's bra94 ,a1 side view2 ,b1 top view4 #c4 ,v]tebrate ,bra94--,ano!r excell5t example is ! /ructure ( ! v]tebrate bra94 ,! bra9 ( an av]age fi% is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,x consi/s ( f\r or five swell+s1 or ganglia1 /rung along1 "o beyond ano!r4 ,comm5c+ beh9d1 ^! are1 fir/1 ! m$ulla1 m2 !n ! c]ebellum1 cb2 !n ! optic lobes1 ol2 !n ! c]ebrum & ?alamus comb9$1 cr2 & la/1 ! olfactive lobes1 (4 ,( ^!1 x w be obs]v$1 ! optic lobe is ! l>ge/ 9 ! bra9 ( ! fi% 7,fig4 #de74 ,9 ! bra9 ( ! reptile 7,fig4 #df7 we h ! same s]ial arrangem5t1 ( ! same p>ts1 only t ! c]ebrum has n[ become ! dom9ant "p in/ead ( ! optic lobes4 ,9 ! av]age bird 7,fig4 #dg7 ! c]ebrum has gr[n s l>ge t x ext5ds backw>d1 & p>tly cov]s ! optic lobes4 ,9 ! l[] mammals 7m>supials71 ! bra9 is mu* ! same 9 ?is respect1 z 9 birds--i4 e41 ! c]ebrum only p>tly cov]s ! optic lobes1 s t1 look$ at f above1 ! :ole s]ies ( ganglia are /ill visible4 ,b 9 ! av]age mammal 7,fig4 #dh7 ! c]ebrum is s enl>g$ t x cov]s entirely ! optic lobes & encroa*es on ! c]ebellum beh9d & ! olfactive lobes 9 front4 ,9 "s monkeys1 inde$1 ! c]ebellum is ne>ly or ev5 q cov]$4 ,f9ally1 9 man 7,fig4 #di71 ! c]ebrum has gr[n s enorm\sly t x cov]s e o!r "p & completely conceals !m f view :5 ! bra9 is look$ at f above4 ,9 front x n only cov]s b has gr[n f> beyond ! olfactive lobes2 beh9d x ext5ds beyond & ov]hangs ! c]ebellum2 on ! sides x ov]hangs & cov]s all4 ,look$ at f above1 no?+ is se5 b ?is great ganglion4 ,! ideal section 7,fig4 #ej7 repres5ts all ^! /ages diagrammatically 9 "o figure4 ,aft] :at has be5 said1 ! figure w be readily und]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--;,ideal section %[+ all ! above /ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,sub-fi% ,/age4 ?1 ?alamus2 ol1 optic lobe2 m1 m$ulla4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--;,fi%-/age4 (1 olfactive lobe2 cr1 c]ebrum2 ?1 ?alamus2 ol1 optic lobe2 cb1 c]ebellum2 m1 m$ulla4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,reptile-/age4 ,n[1 x is a mo/ rem>kable fact t sub/antially ^! same /ages1 :i* are p]man5t conditions 9 ! taxonomic s]ies1 are pass$ ?r\gh z transi5t /ages 9 ! embryonic developm5t ( ! human bra91 & 9 ! ord] giv5 above4 ,! v e>ly condition ( ! human bra9 is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,x is evid5tly no?+ m ?an ! int]cranial cont9uation ( ! sp9al cord1 enl>g$ a little into ?ree swell+s or ganglia4 ,^! are ! e>ly repres5tatives ( ! m$ulla1 ! optic lobes1 & ! ?alamus2 :i* la/ may be reg>d$ z ! basal & mo/ fundam5tal "p ( ! c]ebrum4 ,?is /age may be reg>d$ z l[] ?an t ( ! ord9>y fi%4 ,i h call$ x1 !re=e1 ! sub-fi% /age4 ,! c]ebellum is a subsequ5t outgr[? f ! m$ulla1 z is ! c]ebrum & olfactive lobes f ! ?alamus4 ,fig4 #eb may be said1 !re=e1 to repres5t fairly ! fi%-/age4 ,h5ce=w>d ! pr9cipal gr[? is 9 ! c]ebrum & c]ebellum1 bo? ( :i* are subsequ5t outgr[?s ( ! orig9al simple ganglia1 ! m$ulla1 & ! ?alamus4 ,! c]ebrum especially increases /eadily 9 relative size1 fir/ becom+ l>g] ?an b n cov]+ ! optic lobes 7,fig4 #ec74 ,?is repres5ts ! reptilian /age4 ,next1 by fur!r gr[?1 x cov]s p>tly ! optic lobes 7,fig4 #ed74 ,?is may be call$ ! bird-/age4 ,!n x cov]s :olly ! optic lobes1 & encroa*es on ! c]ebellum beh9d & olfactive lobes 9 front 7,fig4 #ee74 ,?is is ! mammalian /age4 ,f9ally1 x cov]s & ov]hangs all1 & ?us assumes ! human /age 7,fig4 #ef74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--;,bird-/age4 (1 olfactive lobe2 cr1 c]ebrum2 ?1 ?alamus2 ol1 optic lobe2 cb1 c]ebellum2 m1 m$ulla4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,mammalian /age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--;,human /age4 ,we h spok5 ?us f> only ( relative size2 b progressive *anges take place also 9 complexity ( /ructure--i4 e41 9 ! dep? & numb] ( convolutions ( ! c]ebrum & c]ebellum4 ,! c]ebrums ( fi%1 ( reptile1 bird1 & l[] mammals are smoo?4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! mammalian s]ies x beg9s to be convolut$4 ,^! convolutions become deep] & m num]\s z we g upw>d 9 ! scale1 until !y rea* ! highe/ degree 9 ! human bra94 ,! object ( ^! inequalities is to increase ! surface ( gray matt]--i4 e41 ! ext5t ( ! =ce-g5]at+ z comp>$ ) ! =ce-transmitt+ "p ( ! bra91 or batt]y z comp>$ ) conduct+-wire4 ,n[1 9 embryonic developm5t ! human bra9 passes also ?r\gh ^! /ages ( increas+ complexity ( organization4 ,"h also ! ontog5ic is simil> to ! taxonomic s]ies4 ,n[1 :y %\ld ?is peculi> ord] be obs]v$ 9 ! build+ ( ! individual bra98 ,we f9d ! answ]1 ! only conceivable sci5tific answ] to ?is "q1 9 ! fact t ?is is ! ord] ( ! build+ ( ! v]tebrate bra9 by evolution ?r\gh\t geological hi/ory4 ,we h already se5 t fi%es 7 ! only v]tebrates liv+ 9 ! ,devonian times4 ,! fir/ =m ( bra91 !re=e1 0 t *>act]i/ic ( t class4 ,!n reptiles 7 introduc$2 !n birds & m>supials2 !n true mammals2 &1 la/ly1 man4 ,! diff]5t /yles ( bra9s *>act]i/ic ( ^! classes 71 !re=e1 successively made by evolution f e>li] & simpl] =ms4 ,9 phylog5y ?is ord] 0 obs]v$ because ^! successive =ms 7 necess>y = p]fect adaptation to ! environm5t at ea* /ep4 ,9 taxonomy we f9d ! same ord]1 because1 z already expla9$ 7page #aa71 e /age ( advance 9 phylog5y is /ill repres5t$ 9 exi/+ =ms4 ,9 ontog5y we h /ill ! same ord]1 because ance/ral *>act]i/ics are inh]it$1 & family hi/ory recapitulat$ 9 ! individual hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--;,a1 bra9 ( ext9ct ,i*?yornis2 ,b1 mod]n t]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--;,a1 bra9 ( ,eoc5e d9oc]as2 ,b1 ,mioc5e bronto!re2 ,c1 mod]n horse4 ,b n only is ?is ord] f\nd 9 ! evolution ( ! :ole v]tebrate dep>tm5t1 b some?+ ( ! same k9d is f\nd also 9 ! evolution ( ea* class4 ,! e>lie/ reptiles1 ! e>lie/ birds1 & ! e>lie/ mammals _h small] & less p]fectly organiz$ bra9s ?an _! ne>e/ cong5]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figures 7,figs4 #eg & #eh74 ,to c>ry out "o example m p]fectly3 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! horse family1 9 connection ) ! *anges ( skeletal /ructure already describ$ 7page #ajh71 we h also correspond+ *anges 9 ! size & /ructure ( ! bra92 p>i passu ) ! improvem5t ( ! me*anism we h also increas$ eng9e-p[] & increas$ muscul> en]gy & !re=e increas$ activity & grace4 ,! bra9 ( a mod]n horse1 ?\gh n v l>ge1 is rem>kable = ! complexity ( its convolutions4 ,! great en]gy1 activity1 & n]v\s excitability ( ! horse are ! result ( ?is /ructure4 ,cephalization4--,?us1 9 go+ up ! phylog5ic1 ! taxonomic1 or ! ontog5ic s]ies1 we f9d a gradual process ( developm5t headw>d1 bra9w>d1 c]ebrumw>d2 or1 m g5]ally1 we might say t 9 all organic evolution we f9d an increas+ dom9ance ( ! high] ov] ! l[]1 & ( ! highe/ ov] all4 ,= example1 9 ! l[e/ plane ( ei!r s]ies we f9d fir/ ! diff]5t sy/ems imp]fectly or n at all diff]5tiat$4 ,!n1 z diff]5tiation ( ^! progress1 we f9d an increas$ dom9ance ( ! highe/ sy/em--! n]v\s sy/em2 !n 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! increas+ dom9ance ( its highe/ "p--! bra92 !n 9 ! bra9 ! increas+ dom9ance ( its highe/ ganglion--! c]ebrum2 &1 la/ly1 9 ! c]ebrum ! increas+ dom9ance ( its highe/ sub/ance--! ext]ior gray matt]--z %[n by ! increas+ numb] & dep? ( ! convolutions4 ,?is :ole process may be call$ cephalization4 ,%all ! process /op "h8 ,:5 evolution is transf]r$ f ! animal to ! human plane1 f ! physiological to ! psy*ical1 f ! involunt>y & necess>y to ! volunt>y & free1 %all n ! same law hold good8 ,yes6 all social evolution1 all culture1 all education1 :e!r ( ! race or ! individual1 mu/ foll[ ! same law4 ,all psy*ical advance is a cephalization--i4 e41 an increas+ dom9ance ( ! high] ov] ! l[] & ( ! highe/ ov] all2 ( ! m9d ov] ! body1 & 9 ! m9d ( ! high] faculties ov] ! l[]2 &1 f9ally1 ! subord9ation ( ! :ole to ! highe/ moral purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--;,homoc]cal tail-f94 ,a1 =m2 ,b1 /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--;,het]oc]cal or v]tebrat$ tail-f94 ,a1 =m2 ,b1 /ructure4 #d4 ,fi%-,tails4--,/ill ano!r & la/ example3 ,x has long be5 notic$ t !re are among fi%es two /yles ( tail-f9s4 ,^! are ! ev5-lob$1 or homoc]cal 7,fig4 #ei71 & ! unev5-lob$1 or het]oc]cal 7,fig4 #fj74 ,! "o is *>act]i/ic ( ord9>y fi%es 7teleo/s71 ! o!r ( %>ks & "s o!r ord]s4 ,9 /ructure ! diff]5ce is ev5 m fundam5tal ?an 9 =m4 ,9 ! =m] /yle ! backbone /ops abruptly 9 a s]ies ( %ort1 enl>g$ jo9ts1 & !nce s5ds (f rays to =m ! tail-f9 7,fig4 #ei1 ,b72 9 ! latt] ! backbone runs ?r\gh ! f9 to its v po9t1 gr[+ sl5d]] by degrees1 & giv+ (f rays above & bel[ f ea* jo9t1 b ! rays on ! l[] side are mu* long] 7,fig4 #fj1 ,b74 ,?is /yle ( f9 is1 !re=e1 v]tebrat$1 ! o!r non-v]tebrat$4 ,figs4 #ei & #fj %[ ^! two /yles 9 =m & /ructure4 ,b !re is /ill ano!r /yle f\nd only 9 ! l[e/ & mo/ g5]aliz$ =ms ( fi%es4 ,9 ^! ! tail-f9 is v]tebrat$ & yet symmetrical4 ,?is /yle is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa1 ,a & ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--,v]tebrat$ b symmetrical f94 ,a1 =m2 ,b1 /ructure4 ,n[1 9 ! developm5t ( a teleo/ fi% 7,fig4 #eh71 z has be5 %[n by ,alex&] ,agassiz1#bd ! tail-f9 is fir/ l ,fig4 #fa2 !n becomes het]oc]cal1 l ,fig4 #fj2 &1 f9ally1 becomes homoc]cal l ,fig4 #ei4 ,:y s8 ,n because !re is any special advantage 9 ?is succession ( =ms2 = ! *anges take place ei!r 9 ! egg or else 9 v e>ly embryonic /ates4 ,! answ] is f\nd 9 ! fact t ?is is ! ord] ( *ange 9 ! phylog5ic s]ies4 ,! e>lie/ fi%-tails 7 ei!r l ,fig4 #fa or ,fig4 #fj2 nev] l ,fig4 #ei4 ,! e>lie/ ( all 7 almo/ c]ta9ly l ,fig4 #fa2 !n !y became l ,fig4 #fj2 &1 f9ally1 only mu* lat] 9 geological hi/ory 7,jurassic or ,cretace\s71 !y became l ,fig4 #ei4 ,?is ord] ( *ange is /ill reta9$ 9 ! embryonic developm5t ( ! la/ introduc$ & mo/ specializ$ ord] ( exi/+ fi%es4 ,! family hi/ory is repeat$ 9 ! individual hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--,tail ( ! ,ar*opt]yx4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,tail ( a mod]n bird4 ,simil> *anges h tak5 place 9 ! =m & /ructure ( birds' tails4 ,! e>lie/ bird kn[n--! ,jurassic ,ar*opt]yx--_h a long reptilian tail ( tw5ty-"o jo9ts1 ea* jo9t be>+ a fea!r on ea* side1 "r & left 7,fig4 #fb74 ,9 ! typical mod]n bird1 on ! contr>y1 ! tail-jo9ts are dim9i%$ 9 numb]1 %ort5$ up1 & enl>g$1 & give out long fea!rs1 fan-l1 to =m ! s-call$ tail 7,fig4 #fc74 ,! ,ar*opt]yx' tail is v]tebrat$1 ! typical bird's non-v]tebrat$4 ,?is %ort5+ up ( ! tail did n take place at once1 b gradually4 ,! ,cretace\s birds1 int]m$iate 9 "t1 _h tails int]m$iate 9 /ructure4 ,! ,hesp]ornis ( ,m>% _h twelve jo9ts4 ,at fir/--9 ,jurassic--! tail is fully a half ( ! :ole v]tebral column4 ,x !n gradually %ort5s up until x becomes ! abort$ organ ( typical mod]n birds4 ,n[1 9 embryonic developm5t1 ! tail ( ! mod]n typical bird passes ?r\gh all ^! /ages4 ,at fir/ ! tail is ne>ly "o half ! :ole v]tebral column2 !n1 z developm5t goes on1 :ile ! re/ ( ! body gr[s1 ! gr[? ( ! tail /ops1 & ?us f9ally becomes ! abort$ organ we n[ f9d4 ,! ontog5y /ill passes ?r\gh ! /ages ( ! phylog5y4 ,! same is true ( all tailless animals4 ,! frog is tail$ 9 ! l>val condition1 because its ance/ors 7 tail$ amphibians4 ,ev5 man himself is end[$ ) a mu* m consid]able tail1 viz41 eight or n9e jo9ts1 9 8 e>ly embryonic condition4#be ,we h tak5 all our examples f v]tebrates1 b q z _m & z good examples might be f\nd among articulates4 ,insects1 9 ! l>val /ate1 are worm-l 9 =m4 ,h5ce x is probable t ! e>lie/ prog5itors ( ?is class 7 worm-l4 ,aga91 "s insects h aquatic l>v4 ,! prog5itors ( ^!--9 fact1 ( all insects--7 probably aquatic4 ,crabs1 9 a l>val condition1 are long-tail$1 & we "k t ! long-tail$ cru/aceans 7,macr\rans7 prec$$ ! %ort-tail$ 7,bra*y\rans74 ,wat]-brea?+ animals prec$$ air-brea!rs2 ! same is true 9 ! ontog5y ( ! frog1 ( _m insects1 &1 we might add1 ev5 ( mammals4 ,= ! brea?+ ( ! ftus 9 ut]o is ess5tially by exposure ( ftal blood to ! oxyg5at$ blood ( ! "m 9 a sort ( gill-fr+es 7plac5tal tufts74 ,b :y %\ld we multiply examples8 ,! :ole ( embryology1 9 e dep>tm5t1 is made up ( examples ( ! same law4 ,illu/ration ( ! ,diff]5tiation ( ! ,:ole ,animal ,k+dom4--,f9ally1 ! law ( diff]5tiation 9 ! evolution ( ! :ole animal k+dom may be well illu/rat$ by means ( ! diff]5t directions tak5 9 ! developm5t ( ! eggs ( all ! v>i\s k9ds ( animals4 ,suppose1 !n1 we h "o ?\s& eggs1 repres5t+ all ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts1 classes1 ord]s1 families1 etc41 ( animals4 ,_m ( ^! may d\btless be id5tifi$ by =m or size1 or "s o!r sup]ficial "*1 z ! eggs ( ?is or t animal1 b /ructurally !y are all alike4 ,at fir/1 i4 e41 z g]m-cells1 !y all repres5t ! e>lie/ condition ( life on ! e>?1 & ! l[e/ =ms ( life n[4 ,if we n[ wat* _! developm5t1 we f9d t "s rema9 9 ?is fir/ condition )\t fur!r *ange4 ,^! we set aside4 ,!y are ,protozoa4 ,! rema9d] cont9ue to develop1 b at fir/ x w\ld be impossible to say to :i* ( ! sev]al dep>tm5ts or prim>y gr\ps !y ea* belong$4 ,!n1 by cell-multiplication1 ! orig9al s+le cell becomes a cell-aggregate4 ,x may be comp>$ n[ to a comp\nd protozoan1 su* z ,=am9if]a4 ,! cell-aggregate !n diff]5tiates into lay]s1 & =ms1 9 fact1 a two-lay]$ sac call$ a ga/rula4 ,?is is ! /ructure ( "s ( ! l[e/ cl5t]ates1 su* z ! hydra4 ,?us f> all seem to g toge!r4 ,b n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! prim>y gr\ps are decl>$4 ,if x be a v]tebrate1 = example1 ! mo/ fundam5tal *>act]s--! c]ebro-sp9al axis1 ! v]tebral column1 & ! d\ble cavity1 neural & visc]al1 are outl9$4 ,suppose1 n[1 we set aside all o!r dep>tm5ts1 & fix our att5tion on ! v]tebrates4 ,at fir/ we c\ld n tell :i* 7 mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 or fi%es2 b aft] a :ile ! classes are decl>$4 ,we n[ set aside all o!r classes & wat* ! mammals4 ,aft] a :ile ! ord] decl>es itself4 ,we select ! ungulates4 ,!n ! family is decl>$1 say ! ,equid2 !n ! g5us1 ,equus2 &1 la/ly1 ! species1 ,caballus4#bf ,! same w\ld be true if we foll[$ any o!r l9e ( developm5t1 :e!r 9 v]tebrates or 9 any o!r dep>tm5t4 ,obs]ve1 !n1 t1 9 foll[+ any "o l9e z we h done1 !re is an increas+ specialization1 &1 if we foll[$ all ! l9es1 an increas+ diff]5tiation1 l ! bran*+ & rebran*+ ( a tree4 ,n[1 ?is is ! type & illu/ration ( :at took place 9 ! developm5t ( ! animal k+dom4 ,we conclude t ! animal k+dom appe>$ fir/ z ,protozoa1 !n z liv+ cell-aggregates or comp\nd protozoans1 !n z ga/rula or two-lay]$ sacs ) oral op5+4 ,!n ! great prim>y dep>tm5ts1 unless we except ! v]tebrates1 comm5c$ to sep>ate4 ,?is took place be=e ! primordial p]iod2 = 9 ! primordial fauna we h all ! dep>tm5ts1 except v]tebrates1 already decl>$4 ,?is completely expla9s :y x is t we are able to trace homology only )9 ! limits ( ea* prim>y gr\p4 ,b ! "q has d\btless already occurr$ to ! ?\ghtful read]1 8,:y %\ld ! /eps ( ! phylog5y be repeat$ 9 ! ontog5y80 ,! g5]al answ] is d\btless to be f\nd 9 ! law ( h]$ity--t wond]ful law1 s *>act]i/ic ( liv+ ?+s4 ,we h comp>$ x to a brief recapitulation f memory--! m9or po9ts1 especially if !y be also e>ly1 dropp+ out4 ,b c we n expla9 x fur!r8 ,x is probable t we f9d a m special explanation 9 8! law ( accel]ation10 fir/ br\ght =w>d by ,pr(4 ,cope4 ,by ! law ( h]$ity ea* g5]ation repeats ! =m & /ructure ( ! previ\s1 & 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y successively appe>$4 ,b !re is a t5d5cy = ea* successively-appe>+ "* to appe> a little e>li] 9 ea* successive g5]ation2 & by ?is means "t is left ov] = ! introduction ( /ill high] new *>act]s4 ,?us1 *>act]s :i* 7 once adult are pu%$ back to ! "y1 & !n /ill back to ! embryo1 & ?us place & "t are made = ea* g5]ation to pu% on /ill high]4 ,! law ( accel]ation is a sort ( "y-,am]icanism 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,if our boys acquire k & "* simil> to t ( adults ( a few g5]ations back1 !y w h "t :ile /ill "y & pla/ic to press =w>d to /ill high] planes4 ,pro(s f ,rudim5t>y & ,useless ,organs4--,^! h to a l>ge ext5t be5 anticipat$ "u previ\s heads4 ,! tails ( birds & ! gill-ar*es ( reptiles are rudim5t>y4 ,! f+]-bones ( a :ale's paddle or a turtle's flipp] may be reg>d$ z useless1 at lea/ s f> z ! exact numb] ( con/itu5t pieces is conc]n$2 = an ext5d$ surface1 )\t visible jo9ts or sep>ate f+]s1 is all t is se51 & app>5tly all t is requir$4 ,! spl9t-bones ( a horse's foot or ! dew-claws ( a dog's foot are c]ta9ly useless4 ,we h already1 9 speak+ ( modifications ( /ructure & ( embryonic conditions1 giv5 _m examples ( ?is k9d1 b x may be well to add "s /rik+ examples ) ?is special po9t 9 view4 ,if diff]5t ord]s ( exi/+ mammals 7 inde$ made by gradual modification ( "s g5]aliz$ primal =m1 !n x is evid5t t ^! useless remnants ( once useful p>ts w\ld be mo/ common 9 ! mo/ highly modifi$ =ms4 ,n[1 ( all mammals1 ! :ales are p]haps ! mo/ modifi$ or *ang$ f ! orig9al mammalian =m--s mu* modifi$1 9 fact1 t ! popul> eye sc>cely recognizes !m z mammals at all4 ,"h1 !n1 we might expect1 & d inde$ f9d1 _m examples3 #a4 ,! bale5 :ales h no tee?1 & no use = !m4 ,!y h in/ead a wond]ful armature ( fr+$ :alebone plates 7bale571 by means ( :i* !y ga!r _! food4#bg ,yet ! embryo ( ! :ale has a full set ( rudim5t>y tee? deeply buri$ 9 ! jawbone1 & =m$ 9 ! usual way *>act]i/ic ( mammalian tee?--i4 e41 by an infold+ ( ! epi!lial surface ( ! gum--b ! tee? are nev] cut2 9 fact1 !y rea* _! highe/ developm5t 9 mid-embryonic life1 & are aga9 absorb$4 ,:y1 !n1 ?is wa/e ( developm5tal en]gy8 ,:y %\ld tee? be =m$ only to be reabsorb$ )\t be+ cut8 ,! only conceivable answ] is1 because ! ance/ors ( ! :ale1 be=e ! family ( :ales 0 fairly e/abli%$1 _h tee? :i* 7 gradually1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 abort$1 because no long] us$1 ! bale5 plates hav+ tak5 _! place4 ,if :ales 7 made at once out ( h& z we n[ see !m1 is x conceivable t ^! useless tee? w\ld h be5 giv5 !m8 #b4 ,aga91 _m :ales h rudim5t>y pelvic bones1 b no h9d-limbs4 ,:y %\ld !re be pelvic bones1 :5 ! sole object ( ^! bones is to act z a basis = h9d-limbs8 ,9 "s :ales1 = example ! "r :ale1 !re are also rudim5ts ( h9d-legs1 b ^! are buri$ b5ea? ! sk9 & fle%1 & !re=e1 ( c\rse1 :olly useless4 ,! only explanation ( ^! facts is t ! ance/ors ( all ! :ales be=e !y _h become :ales 7 quadrup$s1 :i* aft]w>d took to ! wat]1 & little by little ! h9d-legs1 = want ( use1 dw9dl$ away to ! useless remnants :i* we n[ f9d4 #c4 ,aga91 :ales seem to be hairless1 yet rudim5t>y hairs are f\nd 9 ! sk94 ,_! organs ( smell are rudim5t>y1 b made on ! patt]n ( ^? ( mammals1 n ( fi%es--i4 e41 !y are air-smell+1 n wat]-smell+ organs4 ,f all ^!1 z well z _m o!r facts1 x is evid5t t ! :ales desc5d$ 9 e>ly ,t]ti>y times f "s m>%-lov+1 p[]ful-tail$1 %ort-legg$1 scant-hair$ quadrup$ by modifications gradually induc$ by increas+ aquatic habits4 ,examples ( su* rudim5t>y organs might be multipli$ )\t limit4 ,z might be expect$1 "s are f\nd ev5 9 man4 ,su*1 = example1 are ! muscles = mov+ ! e>1 necess>y 9 animals b useless 9 man1 & !re=e rudim5t>y4 ,simil>ly useless 9 man are ! scalp-muscle1 us$ by animals to erect ! cre/ or bri/les on ! head1 & ! sk9-muscle ( ! neck & *e/1 us$ by animals = %ak+ ! sk9 ( ^? p>ts4 ,mo/ p]sons h lo/ ! p[] ( us+ ^!4 ,= my "p ,i c use !m all--e>-muscles1 scalp-muscle1 sk9-muscle--b !y s]ve no useful purpose4 ,aga91 & f9ally1 9 man & _m mammals we f9d a sl5d]1 worm-l app5dage ab\t ?ree in*es long1 atta*$ to ! ccum ( ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,anatomi/s & physiologi/s1 "u ! influ5ce ( t philosophy :i* ma9ta9s t e "p ( ! fe>fully & wond]fully made human frame 0 directly contriv$ to subs]ve "s useful purpose1 h puzzl$ !mselves to f9d ! use ( ?is4 ,x probably has no use2 on ! contr>y1 x is a cont9ual s\rce ( dang]4 ,if ! human body _h be5 made at once out ( h&1 x w\ld n h be5 !re4 ,h[ came x1 !n8 ,x is ! rudim5t>y remnant ( an organ--a greatly enl>g$ ccum--:i* has s]v$1 & 9 "s mammals /ill s]ves1 a useful purpose4 ,all ^! cases are survivals2 !y are organs :i*1 l _m cu/oms 9 society1 h outliv$ _! usefulness1 b /ill cont9ue by h]$ity4 ,b :y multiply examples8 ,all along ! track ( evolution organs become useless by *anges 9 ! habits ( _! possessors4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 %$ or dropp$ bodily at once4 ,no2 !y are reta9$ by h]$ity1 b dw9dle by disuse1 m & m1 until !y pass away entirely4 ,b ev5 :5 !y are entirely gone 9 ! adult1 !y are (t5 f\nd /ill l+]+ 9 ! embryo4 ,!y are among ! mo/ obvi\s & conv9c+ pro(s ( ! orig9 ( organic =ms by d]ivation4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,pro(s ,,f ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,organisms4 ,x is well kn[n t ! k9ds ( organisms f\nd 9 widely-sep>at$ c\ntries diff] m or less conspicu\sly4 ,! travel] 9 ,au/ralia or 9 ,africa f9ds all1 ! travel] 9 ,europe ne>ly all1 ! animals & plants :olly diff]5t f ^? he has be5 accu/om$ to see at home4 ,ev5 ! visitor f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific coa/1 if he obs]ves at all1 w f9d ne>ly all organisms /range to him4 ,! facts ( geographical div]sity ( organisms are s num]\s & complex t1 at fir/ sight1 !y seem utt]ly lawless4 ,only rec5tly ?is subject has be5 r$eem$ f *aos & r$uc$ to some?+ l ord] & law by ! light ?r[n ^u x by ! !ory ( evolution4 ,we w give1 9 v brief outl9e1 ! mo/ important facts1 & !n %[ h[ !y may be expla9$4 ,geographical ,faunas & ,floras4--,! gr\p ( animals & plants inhabit+ any locality1 :e!r peculi> to t locality or n1 is call$1 9 popul> language1 its fauna & flora4 ,b1 9 a true sci5tific s5se1 a fauna & flora is a natural gr\p ( animals & plants 9 "o place1 diff]+ m or less conspicu\sly f o!r gr\ps 9 o!r places1 & sep>at$ f !m by physico-geographical b\nd>ies1 or by physical conditions ( "s k9d4 ,! memb]s ( su* a gr\p c only exi/ 9 c]ta9 h>monic relations ) ext]nal conditions1 & ) "o ano!r4 ,^! relations ) "o ano!r are (t5 complex & nicely adju/$1 s t *ange 9 "o t]m is propagat$ ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( t]ms1 giv+ rise (t5 to ! mo/ unexpect$ results1 until f9ally a new equilibrium is e/abli%$4 ,?us1 ! de/ruction ( c]ta9 insectivor\s birds1 9 m]e wanton sport1 may give rise to ! multiplication ( insect pe/s1 & ?is to ! de/ruction ( c]ta9 k9ds ( plants1 & ?is to ! dim9ution ( c]ta9 h]bivores1 & ?is 9 its turn to ! disappe>ance ( c]ta9 c>nivores4 ,x is well kn[n t ! introduction ( rabbits into ,new ,zeal& & ,au/ralia has produc$ ! mo/ unexpect$ly disa/r\s effect ^u c]ta9 crops1 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( ! fi]ce & active c>nivores :i* keep 9 *eck _! excessive multiplication 9 ,europe4 ,n[1 among ! physical conditions :i* limit faunas & floras1 & sep>ate !m f ea* o!r1 ! mo/ important & univ]sal is temp]ature4 ,temp]ature-,regions4--,if we travel f equator to pole1 we pass ?r\gh mean temp]atures v>y+ f #hj to #j4 ,?is gives rise to a v regul> zonal arrangem5t ( plant-=ms3 #a4 ,we h fir/ a region 9 :i* palms & palm-l =ms are abundant & *>act]i/ic1 & :i* !re=e may be call$ ! region ( palms4 ,x corresponds ) ! tropic zone4 #b4 ,we next h a region 9 :i* h>d-wood folif]\s trees are mo/ abundant & *>act]i/ic2 fir/ mo/ly ev]gre5s & !n decidu\s trees1 & !re=e may be call$ ! region ( h>d-wood =e/s4 ,?is corresponds ) ! temp]ate-zone4 #c4 ,!n we f9d a region *>act]iz$ pr$om9antly by p9es & p9e-l trees & bir*es1 & may be call$ ! region ( p9es4 ,?is is ! sub-,arctic region4 #d4 ,!n a region )\t trees1 b only %rubs & summ] plants4 ,?is is ! ,arctic region4 #e4 ,&1 f9ally1 an almo/ :olly plantless region ( p]petual ice--! pol> region4 ,^! regions are det]m9$ :olly by temp]ature1 & !re=e1 9 go+ up a m\nta9-slope to sn[y summits1 we pass ?r\gh simil> regions 9 small] space4 ,= example1 9 go+ f sea-level to ! summits ( ! ,si]ra1 #ad1jjj to #ae1jjj feet high1 we comm5ce 9 a region ( pr$om9antly h>d-wood trees2 b at #c1jjj feet ! =e/s become almo/ :olly conif]\s1 at #aa1jjj to #ab1jjj feet ! vegetation becomes %rubby1 & at #ac1jjj feet we rea* p]petual sn[4 ,we h tak5 plants fir/1 because ^!1 be+ fix$ to ! soil & incapable ( volunt>y seasonal migrations1 are m /rictly & simply limit$ by temp]ature--i4 e41 ! arrangem5t ( diff]5t k9ds 9 zones is m simple & conspicu\s4 ,b ! same rule holds also = animals4 ,9 pass+ f equator to pole1 animal k9ds also *ange frequ5tly1 s t !re are _m temp]ature-faunas 9 :i* ! animals are all v diff]5t4 ,9 bo? animals & plants1 species1 g5]a1 families1 etc41 are limit$ by temp]ature4 ,^! are famili> facts2 we recall !m to ! read] 9 ord] t we may base !reon a cle>] def9ition ( ^! limits4 ,m ,p]fect ,def9ition ( ,regions4--#a4 ,! area ov] :i* any =m spreads is call$ its range4 ,n[1 ! range ( a species is m re/rict$ ?an t ( a g5us1 because1 :5 a species is limit$ by temp]ature1 ano!r species ( ! same g5us may c>ry on ! g5us4 ,= ! same reason ! range ( a family is usually great] ?an t ( a g5us1 & s on = high] classification-gr\ps4 ,= example1 p9es range on ! slopes ( ! ,si]ra f ab\t #b1jjj feet to #aa1jjj feet1 b n ! same species4 ,9 asc5d+1 we meet fir/ ! nut-p9e 7,p9us ,sab9iana71 !n ! yell[-p9e 7,p4 pond]osa71 !n ! sug>-p9e 7,p4 ,lamb]tiana71 !n ! tam>ack-p9e 7,p4 contorta71 & la/1 ! ,p9us flexilis1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 #b4 ,:]e two contigu\s temp]ature-regions come 9 contact1 !re is no %>p l9e betwe52 on ! contr>y1 !y %ade gradually1 almo/ imp]ceptibly1 into "o ano!r1 ! ranges ( species ov]lapp+ & int]p5etrat+1 & ! two species coexi/+ on ! bord]s ( _! ranges4 ,?is is repres5t$ by ! diagram 7,fig4 #fd71 9 :i* ! horizontal l9es repres5t ! nor? & s\? ranges ( species ( two gr\ps1 ,a & ,b1 sep>at$ by ! dott$ l9e4 #c4 ,species also pass out gradually on ! bord]s ( ^! ranges & o!rs come 9 gradually1 s f> z numb] & vigor ( individuals are conc]n$4 ,if a a & b b 7,fig4 #fe7 repres5t ! nor? & s\? range ( two species1 & b a _! ov]lap or area ( coexi/5ce1 !n ! height ( ! curves ,a & ,b w repres5t ! numb] & vigor ( ! individuals 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! range4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 #d4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 !re is a %ad+ ( contigu\s gr\ps into ea* o!r by ov]lap ( species-ranges2 :ile !re is also a gradual pass+ out ( species s f> z numb] & vigor ( individuals is conc]n$1 yet1 9 specific *>act]s we obs]ve usually no su* gradation4 ,species seem to come 9 on "o bord] ) all _! specific *>act]s p]fect1 rema9 sub/antially un*ang$ ?r\gh\t _! range1 & pass out on ! o!r bord]1 /ill ! same species4 ,9 o!r words1 "o species takes ! place ( ano!r1 usually by sub/itution1 n by transmutation4 ,x is z if species _h orig9at$1 no matt] h[1 ea* 9 its own region1 & _h spread 9 all directions z f> z physical conditions & /ruggle ) o!r species w\ld all[4 ,?is important subject w be m fully discuss$ lat]4 #e4 ,we h ?us f> spok5 ( species z limit$ by temp]ature alone1 b !y are limit$ also by b>ri]s4 ,if1 !n1 !re be an ea/ & we/ b>ri]1 su* z a high m\nta9-range1 or a wide sea or des]t1 !re w be no %ad+ or gradation ( any k9d1 because ! b>ri] prev5ts ov]lapp+1 int]p5etration1 & /ruggle on ! m>g9s4 ,= example3 ,! species nor? & s\? ( ! ,himalayas1 or nor? & s\? ( ,sah>a1 are widely diff]5t4 ,x is1 aga91 z if !y orig9at$ ea* :]e we f9d !m & spread z f> z !y c\ld1 b ! physical b>ri] prev5t$ m+l+ & %ad+4 #f4 ,!re are temp]ature-regions s\? z well z nor? ( ! equator4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! climatic conditions are q simil>1 ! species ( correspond+ temp]ature-regions nor? & s\? are :olly diff]5t4 ,x is1 aga91 z if !y orig9at$ :]e we f9d !m1 & 7 kept sep>ate by ! b>ri] ( tropical heat betwe54 ,if c>ri$ ov]1 !y (t5 d p]fectly well4 ,cont95tal ,faunas & ,floras4 ,if ! l&-surfaces 7 cont9u\s all ar\nd ! globe1 !re is little d\bt t ea* temp]ature region ) its *>act]i/ic species w\ld also be sub/antially cont9u\s4 ,!re w\ld1 x is true1 be "s local v>iations dep5d5t ^u soil & humidity1 etc41 b sub/antially ! same species w\ld exi/ all ar\nd4 ,! di/ribution w\ld be almo/ :olly zonal4 ,b ! int]v5+ oceans are complete b>ri]s to cont95tal species4 ,h5ce we ought to expect1 & d f9d1 t ! faunas & floras ( diff]5t cont95ts are almo/ totally diff]5t4 ,ea* app>5tly orig9at$ on its own cont95t1 & did n spread to o!r cont95ts1 only because !y c\ld n get !re4 ,x is necess>y to expla9 ?is 9 m detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,pol> projection ( ! e>?4 #a1 tropical2 #b1 temp]ate2 #c1 sub-arctic2 #d1 arctic2 #e1 pol> regions4 ,fig4 #ff repres5ts a pol> view ( ! e>?1 %[+ ! ea/]n & we/]n cont95ts1 & ! five temp]ature zones already describ$4 ,n[1 if we exam9e ! species 9 ea* region1 comm5c+ at ! pole1 we f9d t ^? ( ,nos4 #e & #d are almo/ id5tical all ar\nd4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,! cont95ts come close toge!r !re1 ) ice-connection if n l&-connection all ar\nd4 ,!re is b "o circumpol> region4 ,b1 z soon z we come d[n to ,no4 #c & ,no4 #b1 ! species on ! two cont95ts are ne>ly all diff]5t1 because !re is an impassable b>ri] betwe51 ei!r 9 ! =m ( ocean or ( ,arctic cold4 ,= example1 ! animals & plants inhabit+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates are almo/ :olly diff]5t f ^? 9 ,europe1 n only 9 species1 b ev5 l>gely 9 g5]a & to "s ext5t 9 families4 ,!re are "s exceptions to ?is rule1 b ^! are ( ! k9d :i* prove ! rule1 or r ! pr9ciple on :i* ! rule is f\nd$4 ,^! exceptions are ma9ly ( ?ree k9ds3 #a4 ,introduc$ species4--,all our we$s1 _m g>d5-plants1 & _m animal pe/s are ( ?is k9d4 ,!y 7 n f\nd "h :5 ,am]ica 0 discov]$1 only because !y c\ld n get "h2 =1 :5 br\ght "h1 !y d s well t !y (t5 ov]run ! c\ntry & dispossess ! native species1 z we ourselves h done ! ,indians4 #b4 ,h>dy or else wide-migrat+ species4--,h>dy species h wide range2 !y may belong to ,no4 #d z well z ,no4 #c4 ,if s1 !y range d[n to ,no4 #c on bo? cont95ts4 ,migrat+ birds1 su* z ducks & geese1 etc41 bre$ 9 summ] 9 ,no4 #d1 & migrate s\?w>d 9 w9t] on bo? cont95ts f ! common circumpol> gr\nd4 #c4 ,alp9e species4--,x is a curi\s fact t species on tops ( sn[y m\nta9s 9 temp]ate regions ( ! two cont95ts are wond]fully simil>1 ?\gh s completely isolat$4 ,we are n yet prep>$ to discuss ?is po9t4 ,we %all d s lat]4 ,suffice x to say n[ t x c be completely expla9$4 ,9 region ,no4 #a ! cont95tal div]sity is /ill great]4 ,n only species & g5]a1 b :ole families & ev5 ord]s1 are peculi> to ea* cont95t4 ,! great pa*yd]ms--elephant1 rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus--are peculi> to ! ,ea/]n2 ! ed5tates--slo?s & armadillos--to ! ,we/]n4 ,! humm+-birds1 ^? gems ( ! =e/s1 ( :i* !re are ov] f\r hundr$ species1 & ! :ole cactus family1 are peculi> to ,am]ica1 :ile ! tailless monkeys are equally *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ea/]n ,cont95t4 ,! cont95ts d n come toge!r aga9 t[>d ! s\?1 &1 !re=e1 z might be expect$1 ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! two p]si/s to ! s\!rn po9ts4 ,! faunas ( ! s\!rn po9ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,africa1 & ,au/ralia are v diff]5t4 ,subdivisions ( ,cont95tal ,faunas & ,floras4--,besides ! subdivisions ( cont95tal faunas1 nor? & s\?1 det]m9$ by temp]ature z already expla9$1 if !re be 9 any cont95t an impassable b>ri] runn+ nor? & s\?1 !re w be a correspond+ diff]5ce 9 ! species on ! two sides1 ea/ & we/4 ,we give b "o example3 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,cordill]as or ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ) _! high ranges & des]t pla9s1 con/itute a v great b>ri] betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,h5ce1 we f9d an extraord9>y diff]5ce betwe5 ! species inhabit+ ,cali=nia & ^? f\nd 9 ! ea/]n portion ( ! c\ntry4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 all ! species & _m ( ! g5]a are peculi>4 ,! exceptions1 too1 are significant4 ,leav+ out introduc$ species1 ( :i* !re are _m1 !y are mo/ly /rong-w+$ or widely-migrat+ birds1 su* z ! turtle-dove1 ! turkey-buzz>d1 ! bald eagle1 &1 ( c\rse1 _m wat]-birds4 ,special ,cases4--,if any body ( l& is widely sep>at$ f all o!r l&s by deep seas1 we inv>iably f9d a correspond+ peculi>ity ( its species4 ,?us1 ! species inhabit+ ,au/ralia & ,madagasc> are p]haps ! mo/ peculi> 9 ! _w4 ,we d n dwell fur!r on ^!1 because we w discuss !m h]eaft]4 ,!re is a little gr\p ( v small isl&s--! ,galapagos--ab\t six hundr$ miles (f ! we/]n coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & surr\nd$ on all sides by deep sea4 ,^! isl&s are /ock$ ) a collection ( curi\s animals n f\nd else:]e on ! surface ( ! e>?2 b among !m are no mammals at all4 ,we might multiply examples )\t limit4 ,ev5 ! riv]s empty+ 9 ! same sea sometimes h ea* its peculi> species ( mussels4 ,9 ! ,altamaha ,riv] !re are sev]al species ( unios--su*1 = in/ance1 z ! wond]ful sp9\s unio--n f\nd else:]e4 ,h[ came !y !re8 ,h[soev] !y may h come !re1 !y are n[ kept isolat$ !re by b>ri]s ( l& & ( salt wat]4 ,_m o!r curi\s details w come up 9 our discussion ( ! orig9 ( div]sity4 ,m>9e ,species4--,precisely ! same pr9ciples apply "h2 b div]sity 9 ! case ( m>9e species is p]haps less m>k$1 & c]ta9ly less g5]al1 because ( ! univ]sal oceanic connection4 ,op5-sea species are !re=e almo/ univ]sal4 ,b _m m>9e species are conf9$ to %all[ wat]1 & !re=e to %ore-l9es4 ,! species on ! two %ores ( ! same ocean1 or ! two coa/s ( ! same cont95t1 are diff]5t1 be+ isolat$ ea/ & we/ by b>ri]s ( deep sea or ( l&1 & nor? & s\? by temp]ature4 ,also ab\t isolat$ l&s1 l ,au/ralia & ,madagasc>1 ! species are peculi>4 ,?us1 !n1 species1 g5]a1 etc41 are limit$ 9 e direction2 nor? & s\? by temp]ature1 & 9 all directions by b>ri]s1 9 ! =m ( oceans1 des]ts1 & m\nta9-*a9s4 ,add to ^!1 peculi> climates & soils1 & we see t1 f ?is po9t ( view1 ! :ole surface ( ! e>? may be divid$ & sub-divid$ into regions1 sub-regions1 prov9ces1 etc4 ,x w\ld c>ry u too f> to expla9 ! prim>y & second>y divisions adopt$ by ,mr4 ,wallace1 & ! some:at diff]5t ones sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,all54 ,our ma9 object is to discuss ! cause ( ?is div]sity1 & especially to %[ ! light %$ ^u x by ! !ory ( evolution4 ,we h only giv5 a sket* ( ! facts suffici5t = ?is purpose4 ,!ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,geographical ,div]sity4 ,x w be obs]v$ t all along we h assum$ a sort ( provisional !ory4 ,we h said 9 e case1 x is z if organic =ms orig9at$ :]e we f9d !m1 & h gone !nce :]ev] !y c\ld--z f> 9 e direction z physical conditions & /ruggle ) compet+ species w\ld all[4 ,?is view has be5 =mulat$ z ! 8!ory ( specific c5t]s ( orig940 ,!re w\ld be less objection to ?is z a fir/ provisional !ory did x n assume a sup]natural mode ( orig94 ,b1 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o hold x1 x has usually assum$ expressly or tacitly ! =m ( 8specific c5t]s ( creation10 ?us imply+ ! immutability ( specific types & ! sup]naturalism ( specific orig9 7page #fh74 ,9 ?is latt] or usual =m x completely fails to acc\nt = ! facts giv5 above4 ,=1 if ?is 7 ! mode ( orig91 ea* species ought 9 e case to be p]fectly adapt$ to its own environm5t1 & to no o!r4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 introduc$ species (t5 fl\ri% bett] ?an 9 _! own c\ntry1 & bett] ?an ! natives ( _! new homes4 ,9 ! less objectionable =m ( 8specific c5t]s ( orig910 )\t def9+ ! mode ( orig91 x acc\nts well = _m ( ! m obvi\s facts ( geographical div]sity1 z x n[ exi/s1 b n all4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! am\nt ( div]sity ought to be 9 /rict proportion to ! complet5ess ( isolation1 or impassabl5ess ( ! sep>at+ b>ri]s2 b ?is is n exactly true4 ,!re is ano!r elem5t1 n yet m5tion$1 :i* is j z important z impassabl5ess1 b :i* until rec5tly has be5 left entirely out ( acc\nt4 ,?is is ! elem5t ( "t--! am\nt ( "t s9ce ! b>ri] 0 set up1 or dur+ :i* x has cont9u$ to exi/4 ,^! two elem5ts1 x is true1 are closely connect$ ) ea* o!r2 =1 s9ce all *anges 9 physical geography h tak5 place v sl[ly--s9ce b>ri]s 9 ! =m ( m\nta9-ranges & seas h increas$ by sl[ process ( gr[?--x is evid5t t impassabl5ess is1 to "s ext5t1 a measure ( "t4 ,b !y are by no means 9 /rict proportion4 ,! "o or ! o!r may pr$om9ate4 ,n[1 ?is "t-elem5t connects geographical di/ribution ) *anges ( physical geography & climate 9 geological times1 & especially ) ! late/ ( ^! *anges1 viz41 ^? occurr+ dur+ ! ,glacial epo*4 ,dur+ t rem>kable epo* extraord9>y *anges ( climate1 f extreme ,arctic rigor to great mildness1 en=c$ wide migrations ( species s\?w>d & nor?w>d2 :ile concomitant *anges ( physical geography1 by elevation ( ! e>?'s cru/ ov] wide areas1 op5$ highways betwe5 previ\sly-isolat$ cont95ts1 p]mitt+ migrations 9 v>i\s directions1 & by subsequ5t depression aga9 isolat+ ! migrat$ species 9 _! new homes4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t ! recognition ( ! elem5t ( almo/ unlimit$ "t at once introduces into ! "q ( geographical di/ribution ! idea ( evolution4 ,if ! /udy ( geographical di/ribution1 z x n[ exi/s1 & z a "p ( sci5ce ( physical geography1 gave rise naturally to ! !ory ( 8specific c5t]s ( orig910 ! /udy ( ! same1 9 connection ) geological "t1 & z a "p ( geological sci5ce1 n[ dem&s its explanation by ! !ory ( evolution4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 !n1 t geographical div]sity ( organisms is n a "q ( ! pres5t epo* only4 ,!re has be5 geographical div]sity 9 e previ\s geological epo*2 x is1 !re=e1 a "q ( geology z well z ( biology4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t div]sity has increas$ ) ! c\rse ( geological times1 & is great] n[ ?an ev] be=e4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ! evolution ( ! organic k+dom1 ! law ( diff]5tiation has prevail$ "h1 z 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( biology4 ,a cle> /atem5t ( ! causes ( ! pres5t di/ribution ( organisms mu/ embrace also ! causes ( geographical div]sity g5]ally4 ,we give1 !re=e1 at once a brief /atem5t ( :at seems to u ! mo/ probable view1 & %all !n proce$ to %[ h[ x expla9s ! pres5t di/ribution4 ,mo/ ,probable ,view ( ! ,g5]al ,process4--,be>+ 9 m9d1 !n1 ?is "t-elem5t1 ! ph5om5a ( geographical div]sity are be/ expla9$ by ! foll[+ suppositions3 #a4 ,a gradual progressive movem5t 7evolution7 ( ! organic k+dom1 m>*+1 z x 71 abrea/1 at equal rate along ! :ole l9e--i4 e41 9 all p>ts ( ! e>?1 & ?r\gh\t all geological times1 "u ! action ( all ! =ces or factors1 & foll[+ all ! laws1 ( evolution already expla9$ 7pages #ai & #gc74 ,if ?is 7 all1 !re w\ld be no geographical div]sity1 al?\gh organic div]sity might be z great z x is n[4 ,!re w\ld be diff]5tiation ( =ms & /ructure ev]y:]e1 b no diff]5tiation ( gr\ps 9 diff]5t localities4 #b4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( diff]5t conditions 9 diff]5t places1 m or less isolat$ f "o ano!r by climatic or physical b>ri]s1 ! onw>d movem5t 7evolution7 ( organic =ms takes diff]5t directions & diff]5t rates1 & gives rise to local gr\ps1 :i* become m & m diff]5tiat$1 )\t limit z "t goes on4 ,?is elem5t1 act+ by itself ?r\gh\t all geological times1 w\ld ere ?is h produc$ an extreme geographical div]sity1 su* z does n any:]e exi/4 #c4 ,f "t to "t1 at long int]vals1 ext5sive *anges ( physical geography & climate1 produc$ by cru/ elevations1 p>tly en=ce by *ange ( temp]ature1 & p>tly p]mit by op5+ ( gateways1 ext5sive migrations & disp]sals ( species1 by :i* m+l+ & /ruggle = life & f9al readju/m5t takes place1 & extreme div]sity is prev5t$4 ,su* m+l+ ( diff]5t faunas & floras on ! same gr\nd1 & ! sev]e /ruggle = life t ?us ensues1 & ! survival ( ! fitte/ 9 _m directions1 are1 z already %[n1 among ! mo/ p[]ful factors ( evolution4 ,!y t5d to increase organic div]sity1 b to dim9i% geographical div]sity4 #d4 ,at ! close ( su* great p]iods ( *ange z indicat$ 9 ! la/1 by contr>y movem5t ( ! e>?-cru/--i4 e41 subsid5ce--new b>ri]s are set up & new isolations are produc$1 & ! process ( div]g5ce aga9 comm5ces & increases /eadily s long z ! b>ri]s cont9ue to exi/4 ,n[1 ! la/ ( ^! p]iods ( great *anges & ext5sive migrations1 & subsequ5t isolations1 0 ! ,glacial epo*4 ,x 0 ?is epo*1 !re=e1 :i* ma9ly det]m9$ ! pres5t geographical di/ribution ( species4 ,?us1 ! pres5t di/ribution is a key to ! directions ( ! la/ great migrations1 & !re=e to ! nature ( ! *anges 9 physical geography & climate :i* !n occurr$2 &1 conv]sely1 ! "* ( ^! *anges1 det]m9$ 9 o!r ways1 furni%es ! only key to ! pres5t di/ribution ( species4 ,be=e apply+ ! =ego+ pr9ciples 9 ! explanation ( special cases1 x may be well to give a v brief outl9e ( ! condition ( ?+s dur+ ! ,glacial epo*4 ,9 ,am]ica1 dur+ ?is epo*1 by increas+ cold ! s\!rn m>g9 ( ! great nor!rn ice-%eet crept sl[ly s\?w>d1 until x rea*$ ! latitude ( ab\t #ch to #dj4 ,arctic species 7 ?us driv5 s\?w>d sl[ly1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 until !y occupi$ ! :ole ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z f> z ! %ores ( ! ,gulf1 :ile temp]ate species 7 =c$ /ill f>!r s\?1 into ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,?is p]iod ( extreme rigor & s\?w>d migration 0 foll[$ by a p]iod ( great mildness1 dur+ :i* ! ice & its accompany+ ,arctic conditions retreat$ nor?w>d1 foll[$ by ,arctic species4 ,m ?an "o advance & retreat1 app>5tly1 occurr$ dur+ ?is "t4 ,aga91 dur+ ! same "t1 br\ght ab\t by nor!rn elevation1 !re 0 broad] connection ?an n[ exi/s betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & free migrations betwe51 9 bo? directions1 en=c$ by extreme *anges 9 temp]ature4 ,also1 dur+ ?is or previ\s "t1 !re 7 broad connections betwe5 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,asia1 9 ! region ( ,behr+ ,/rait1 & betwe5 ,am]ica & ,europe1 9 high-latitude regions1 & ext5sive migrations ( faunas & floras betwe5 7 ?us p]mitt$4 ,! necess>y result ( all ^! migrations ( species1 p>tly en=c$ by *anges ( climate1 p>tly p]mitt$ by op5+ ( gateways s9ce clos$1 0 exceptionally rapid *anges 9 organic =ms4 ,?is 0 ! result ( two causes3 ,fir/1 ! sev]] pressure ( a *ang+ physical environm5t2 &1 second1 a sev]] /ruggle = life betwe5 ! natives & ! invad]s4 ,9 ,europe1 dur+ ! same "t & f simil> causes1 !re 7 at lea/ ?ree or f\r diff]5t faunas /ruggl+ toge!r = ma/]y on ! same soil4 ,fir/1 !re 7 ! ,plioc5e indig5es1 :o _h1 if any1 pre-emption "r to ! soil2 second1 invad]s f ,arctic regions1 driv5 s\?w>d by increas+ cold2 ?ird1 invad]s f ,asia1 p]mitt$ by ! removal ( ! old sea-b>ri] :i* once ext5d$ f ! ,black ,sea to ! ,arctic1 & ( :i* ! ,caspian & ,aral are exi/+ remnants1 & ?us op5+ a gateway = migration :i* has rema9$ op5 ev] s9ce2 f\r?1 invad]s f ,europe & ,asia into ,africa1 & sometimes back aga9 into ,europe1 by op5+ ( gateways ?r\gh ! ,m$it]ranean1 :i* h be5 s9ce clos$4 ,"o ( ^! highways 0 ?r\gh ,gibralt>1 & "o f ,italy to ,africa ?r\gh ,sicily4 ,z 9 ,am]ica1 s "h1 9 ev5 great] degree1 ! sev]e pressure ( *ang+ environm5t & ! sev]e /ruggle = life produc$ rapid *anges ( organic =ms4 ,_m species 7 de/roy$2 o!rs sav$ !mselves by modifications adapt$ m p]fectly to ! *ang$ conditions4 ,!re is little d\bt t man came into ,europe ) ! ,asiatic invasion1 & 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal ag5ts ( *ange1 especially 9 ! way ( de/ruction ( _m old =ms4 ,su* is a v brief outl9e ( ! la/ great geological *ange & its g5]al results4 ,be+ ! la/1 ?is "o has left ! /ronge/ & mo/ univ]sal impress on ! pres5t geographical di/ribution4 ,b simil> *anges by cru/ oscillations1 if n also by extreme *anges ( climate1 h repeat$ly occurr$ 9 geological times1 & "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable geographical faunas & floras are ! result ( ^! e>li] geological *anges4 ,we w n[ give a few examples illu/rat+ ^! pr9ciples3 #a4 ,au/ralia is und\bt$ly m peculi> 9 its fauna & flora ?an any o!r kn[n c\ntry4 ,n only are all its species peculi>1 n f\nd else:]e on ! face ( ! e>?1 b its g5]a1 its families1 & ev5 _m ( its ord]s ( animals & plants1 are also peculi>4 ,^! facts are s famili> t x is unnecess>y to dwell on !m4 ,i ne$ only m5tion1 among plants1 ! :ole ( ! simple-leav$ acacias1 already m5tion$ on page #hf1 ( :i* !re are s _m species1 & ! :ole family ( ! eucalyptids1 ( :i* !re are sev]al hundr$ species4 ,among animals ,i ne$ m5tion only ! ord] ( monotremes1 or egg-lay+ mammals1 & ne>ly ! :ole ord] ( m>supials1 or p\*$ animals1 ( :i* !re are ov] two hundr$ species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! true typical mammals are entirely abs5t1 ) ! exception ( a few bats & a few rats1 :i* h evid5tly be5 accid5tally introduc$ f abroad4 ,ano!r v notewor?y fact1 :i* mu/ be tak5 9 connection ) ! la/1 is t ,au/ralian =ms are f> less advanc$ 9 ! race ( evolution ?an ^? ( any o!r c\ntry--i4 e41 t _m old =ms :i* h long ago become ext9ct else:]e are /ill reta9$ !re4 ,a few examples w suffice4 ,! m>supials j m5tion$ are an old =m once univ]sally di/ribut$1 b n[ ne>ly ext9ct ev]y:]e1 except 9 ,au/ralia2 ! ce/racion1 or ,port ,jackson %>k1 & ! c]atodus1 are ,palozoic & ,mesozoic =ms reta9$ only 9 ,au/ralia4 ,:at is ! explanation ( ^! rem>kable facts8 ,we f9d ! suffici5t answ] 9 ! fact t ,au/ralia has be5 long isolat$ f all o!r c\ntries4 ,:ile geographical *anges 9 geological times h m+l$ m or less ! organic =ms ( o!r c\ntries1 & ! %>p /ruggle = life has produc$ m rapid advance & ! production ( _m new & high] =ms bett] arm$ = ! battle ( life1 ,au/ralia has rema9$ isolat$ f competition1 & !re=e comp>atively unprogressive4 ,c we tell :5 ,au/ralia 0 f9ally isolat$8 ,approximately we c4 ,! class ( mammals is divid$ into two gr\ps1 :i* diff] widely f ea* o!r2 s widely1 t !y are call$ sub-classes4 ,^! are plac5tal mammals1 or true typical mammals1 & non-plac5tal or reptilian mammals4 ,! non-plac5tals include only ! m>supials & ! monotremes 7orni?orhyncus & e*idna74 ,! monotremes actually lay eggs & incubate !m4 ,9 ! m>supials ! embryo has no plac5tal connection ) ! "m1 & is born 9 a v imp]fect condition1 utt]ly unfit = indep5d5t life1 & plac$ 9 ! p\* 7m>supium71 & p]man5tly atta*$ !re to ! teat until x is capable ( indep5d5t life2 aft] :i* only x volunt>ily nurses l o!r new-borns4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ge/ation comm5c$ 9 ! womb is complet$ 9 ! p\*4 ,! ut]9e ge/ation 9 ! opossum is only sev5te5 days1 :ile ! m>supial ge/ation is ab\t two & a half mon?s4 ,9 a kang>oo sev5 feet high 9 sitt+ position ! embryo at bir? is only "o in* long--a p9k1 hairless1 almo/ amorph\s mass4 ,! monotremes are pure ovip>\s animals1 l birds & reptiles4 ,! m>supials might well be call$ semi-ovip>\s4 ,9 pure egg-lay]s ! :ole embryonic developm5t is outside ( ! body2 9 pure "y-be>]s ! :ole is )9 ! body2 9 m>supials x is p>tly )9 & p>tly )\t4 ,n[--#a4 ,! monotremes are f\nd n[h]e b 9 ,au/ralia & ! neighbor+ ,new ,gu9ea4 #b4 ,! m>supials are also all conf9$ to ! ,au/ralian region1 except a few oppossums 9 ,am]ica4 #c4 ,!re are "s two hundr$ & ?irty species ( non-plac5tals 9 ! ,au/ralian region4 #d4 ,z already said1 !re are no true mammals at all 9 ,au/ralia1 except a few bats & rats :i* h come accid5tally f abroad4 #e4 ,b non-plac5tals exi/$ abundantly 9 ,mesozoic times ev]y:]e1 bo? 9 ,europ-,asia & 9 ,am]ica1 :ile true mammals did n appe> at all on ! surface ( ! e>? until ! ,t]ti>y1 :5 !y almo/ imm$iately became v abundant ev]y:]e1 except 9 ,au/ralia4 ,evid5tly1 !re=e1 ,au/ralia 0 isolat$ be=e ! ,t]ti>y4 ,! enorm\s diff]5ce betwe5 its fauna & flora & ^? ( o!r c\ntries is due to at lea/ ?ree ?+s3 #a4 ,s long an isolation necess>ily produc$ great div]g5ce ( =ms4 ,?is alone1 h[ev]1 w\ld n affect ! grade ( organization4 #b4 ,sav$ f wide migrations1 & especially invasions f ,eurasia1 ! great field ( competitive /ruggle1 x 0 left f> beh9d 9 ! race ( evolution4 ,h5ce _m ( its =ms are ar*aic2 its mammalian fauna1 = in/ance1 is /ill 9 ! ,mesozoic /age4 #c4 ,its di/ance f o!r l>ge cont95ts is s great t accid5tal colonization has be5 v slight1 only ext5d+ to a few bats & a few rats4 ,i /op a mom5t to insi/ on ! effect ( competitive /ruggle 9 develop+ organic =ms /rong = ! battle ( life4 ,( all ! cont95ts1 ,eurasia has be5 ! sc5e ( mo/ frequ5t geological *anges1 & !re=e ! ar5a ( fi]ce/ competitive /ruggle ?r\gh wide & frequ5t migrations4 ,eurasian species1 !re=e1 are ! /ronge/ ( all4 ,!y h conqu]$ :]ev] !y h gone4 ,species 9 isolat$ regions are usually ! weake/4 ,! great moas & ! dodo c\ld n h cont9u$ to exi/ unless protect$ 9 a sort ( bomb-pro(4 ,kang>oos w\ld n[ be quickly ext]m9at$ by ! introduction ( fi]ce ,eurasian c>nivores4 #b4 ,africa4--,! fauna ( t "p ( ,africa nor? ( ,sah>a is ess5tially ,m$it]ranean--i4 e41 a sub-gr\p ( ! ,eurasian4 ,sah>a1 r ?an ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 is ! true int]cont95tal b>ri]4 ,! true ,african region1 !re=e1 is s\? ( ,sah>a4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,wallace1 :om ,i ma9ly foll[ "h1 ! true ,african mammalian fauna consi/s ( two v diff]5t gr\ps ( animals4 ,! "o is a gr\p ( v small1 curi\s animals1 mo/ly l[ =ms ( insectivores & lemurs1 v peculi> to ?is region1 ?\gh m resembl+ ^? ( ,madagasc> ?an ( any o!r region2 ! o!r is a gr\p ( l>ge & p[]ful animals :i* dom9ate ! region4 ,^! latt] are simil> to1 ?\gh n id5tical )1 ^? :i* inhabit$ ,eurasia 9 ,plioc5e times4 ,! great c>nivores1 pa*yd]ms1 & rum9ants ( ! region are examples ( ?is gr\p4 ,n[1 ! explanation ( ^! facts is z foll[s3 ,! indig5es ( ,africa are ! animals ( ! fir/ gr\p4 ,africa1 9 ,t]ti>y times1 0 isolat$ f ! great field ( combat1 ,eurasia1 & !re=e its animals 7 small1 ( l[ grade1 & peculi>4 ,dur+ lat] ,t]ti>y 7,plioc5e7 times1 !n1 ,africa 0 inhabit$ by animals ( ! fir/ gr\p1 :ile ,eurasia 0 dom9at$ by animals ( ! second gr\p4 ,^! two gr\ps 7 !n sep>at$ by ! ,des]t ( ,sah>a1 or else by a sea 9 t region4 ,"s "t dur+ ! ,glacial epo* geographical *anges remov$ ?is b>ri]1 & climatic *anges drove ! ,eurasian animals s\?w>d into ,africa1 :]e1 f9d+ cong5ial climate1 !y took possession ( ! cont95t1 dom9at+ ! feebl] natives4 ,subsequ5tly !y 7 isolat$ !re by ! =mation ( ! des]t1 & ! process ( div]g5ce comm5c$1 & has gone on to ! =mation ( _m new =ms4 ,mean:ile ! *ange1 p>tly by ext9ction & p>tly by modification1 has gone on /ill m rapidly 9 ,eurasia1 b 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,h5ce1 ,africa is reg>d$ z "o ( ! prim>y faunal regions4 #c4 ,madagasc>4--,?is1 next to ! ,au/ralian1 is probably ! mo/ peculi> faunal region kn[n4 ,!re is probably n a s+le mammalian species f\nd !re :i* is kn[n to occur any:]e else4 ,x is rem>kable also z ! pr9cipal home ( t /range1 g5]aliz$1 anci5t =m ( monkeys--! lemurs4 ,& yet its animals1 ?\gh v diff]5t1 h a di/ant resemblance to ^? ( ,africa2 n1 h[ev]1 to ! pres5t dom9ant type1 b to ^? we h call$ ! indig5es4 ,n "o ( ! nor!rn invad]s is f\nd !re4 ,! obvi\s conclusion f ^! facts is1 t ,madagasc> 0 =m]ly unit$ ) ,africa1 & bo? 7 occupi$ by ! same mammalian fauna 7:i* may be call$ ,african indig5es1 al?\gh !y 7 consid]ably diff]5t f _! desc5dants ( ! pres5t day71 b became sep>at$ be=e ! nor!rn invasion4 ,! effect ( ?is invasion 0 to ha/5 ! /eps ( *ange 9 ! indig5\s fauna ( ,africa1 p>tly by ext]m9ation1 p>tly by modification1 :ile ! isolat$ portion 9 ,madagasc> w5t on at ! usual sl[ rate ( *ange 9 isolat$ regions4 ,! "t s9ce ! sep>ation 7:i* 0 c]ta9ly dur+ ! ,t]ti>y p]iod7 has be5 suffici5tly long to produce v great div]g5ce 9 bo?1 b especially 9 ! ,african indig5es4 ,9 ! fauna ( ,madagasc>1 !re=e1 we h a ne>] approa* to ! orig9al fauna ( bo?4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is long isolation1 we h "h _m anci5t types :i* are ext9ct else:]e4 ,! lemurs are su* an anci5t type4 ,^! are a wond]fully-g5]aliz$ type ( monkeys--a connect+ l9k betwe5 monkeys & o!r mammals1 especially insectivores4 ,z might be suppos$1 f ! law ( diff]5tiation1 already expla9$ 7page #aa71 !y are ! e>lie/ =m1 ! prog5itors1 ( monkeys4 ,9 fact1 9 e>ly ,t]ti>y times1 !y 7 f\nd n only 9 ,africa & ,madagasc>1 b all ov] ! e>?1 z ! only repres5tatives ( ! monkey family4 ,! true monkeys 7 n introduc$ until ! mid-,t]ti>y4 ,9 ,eurasia & 9 ,am]ica 7:i* at t "t 0 probably connect$ ) ,eurasia7 wide migrations & frequ5t conflicts ( faunas produc$ comp>atively rapid evolution ( new & high] =ms1 :ile 9 isolat$ ,africa old types cont9u$ until ! invasion4 ,madagasc> 0 sp>$ ?is invasion1 & !re=e old types are /ill pres]v$ !re4 ,at pres5t1 at lea/ ?ree qu>t]s ( all lemurs are conf9$ to ,madagasc>1 al?\gh a few species are /ill f\nd 9 ,africa & 9 ! great ,ea/ ,indian isl&s4 #d4 ,isl&-,life4--,mr4 ,wallace has divid$ isl&s into two k9ds1 cont95tal & oceanic isl&s4 ,! division is und\bt$ly a good "o1 al?\gh we may n always be able to ref] an example ) c]ta9ty to ! "o or ! o!r class4 ,cont95tal isl&s are ^? on ! bord]s ( cont95ts1 & sep>at$ f ! latt] only by %all[ wat]4 ,oceanic isl&s are ^?1 usually v small1 f\nd 9 ! mid/ ( ! ocean1 ) abyssal dep? all ab\t4 ,cont95tal isl&s may be reg>d$ z app5dages to ! neighbor+ cont95t--z outli]s ( cont95ts sep>at$ by subm]g5ce1 & h1 9 fact1 be5 ?us =m$4 ,oceanic isl&s h be5 =m$ geologically rec5tly by volcanic action build+ up f ! sea-bottom4 ,cont95tal isl&s h a cont95tal /ructure--i4 e41 !y are compos$ ( /ratifi$ z well z ( igne\s rocks4 ,_! /ructure is a record ( geological hi/ory1 l t ( ! neighbor+ cont95t4 ,oceanic isl&s are compos$ :olly ( volcanic rocks2 or1 if !re be any /ratifi$ rocks1 ^! are only ( ! mo/ rec5t date4 ,z examples ( cont95tal isl&s we h ,new ,zeal& z an app5dage ( ,au/ralia1 ! great ,ea/ ,indian 7,borneo1 ,java1 ,sumatra1 etc47 & ! ,japanese ,isl&s1 etc41 z app5dages ( ,asia2 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 app5dages ( ,europe2 ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s1 app5dages ( ,am]ica2 ,madagasc>1 an app5dage ( ,africa1 etc41 etc4 ,z examples ( oceanic isl&s we h ! ,azores & ,b]mudas 9 ! ,atlantic1 & ! ,polynesian isl&s 9 mid-,pacific4 a4 ,cont95tal ,isl&s4--,n[1 ! fauna ( cont95tal isl&s1 z might be expect$ f ! mode ( orig9 ( ^! isl&s1 is simil> to1 ?\gh n id5tical )1 t ( ! neighbor+ cont95t2 ! am\nt ( diff]5ce be+ 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( "t s9ce !y 7 sep>at$ & ! wid? ( ! sep>ation4 ,madagasc>1 = example1 has be5 long sep>at$ f its p>5t cont95t1 & by a wide & deep *annel4 ,its fauna1 !re=e1 diff]s greatly f t ( ,africa1 al?\gh resembl+ x m ?an t ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,! sep>ation ( ,new ,zeal& f ,au/ralia has be5 n q s long1 & ! div]g5ce1 !re=e1 is n s great4 ,^! two w be suffici5t illu/rative examples ( long sep>ation1 & !re=e ( great diff]5tiation ( =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--,map ( outl9e ( coa/ ( ,we/]n ,europe1 if elevat$ #fjj feet 7aft] ,lyell74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,briti% ,isles are an excell5t example ( comp>atively rec5t sep>ation4 ,^! isles h probably be5 sev]al times unit$ & sep>at$ f ,europe1 b we are "h conc]n$ only ) ! m rec5t4 ,!y are n[ sep>at$ f ! cont95t & f "o ano!r only by %all[ seas4 ,an elevation ( less ?an six hundr$ feet--geologically a v small *ange--w\ld b>e ! bottoms ( ! ,iri% & ,engli% ,*annels & ! ,nor? ,sea1 & connect ^! isl&s ) "o ano!r & ) ! cont95t 7,fig4 #fg74 ,n[1 x is well kn[n t !re 7 dur+ ! ,glacial epo*1 & subsequ5tly1 sev]al oscillations ( level suffici5t to connect & sep>ate ^! isl&s4 ,9 ! mid-,glacial epo* ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 by subm]g5ce1 7 ne>ly oblit]at$1 be+ r$uc$ to an ar*ipelago ( small islets repres5t+ ! high m\nta9s ( ,wales & ,scotl&4 ,! ,plioc5e fauna & flora 71 !re=e1 l>gely ext]m9at$4 ,dur+ ! close ( t epo* !y 7 elevat$ above ! pres5t condition & broadly connect$ ) ! cont95t 7,fig4 #fg71 & ! newly-expos$ l& 0 tak5 possession ( by ,european species1 man among ! numb]4 ,/ill lat]--i4 e41 at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t epo*--! isl&s by subsid5ce 7 aga9 sep>at$1 b n widely1 f ! cont95t4 ,?is is ! condition n[4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! result8 #a4 ,! fauna & flora ( ! ,briti% ,isles are sub/antially ! same1 b less ri* 9 species ?an t ( ,cont95tal ,europe1 "s ( ! ,european species be+ want+4 ,?is %[s t ! la/ connection 0 n a long "o2 ! colonization _h n be5 complet$ be=e re-isolation4 #b4 ,?is pov]ty ( species is m conspicu\s 9 ,irel&1 because colonization is progressive 9 space z well z 9 "t4 ,"s species _h n rea*$ s f> :5 ,irel& 0 re-isolat$ f ,engl&4 ,! conspicu\s abs5ce ( snakes1 = example1 is ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,!re is1 we all "k1 ano!r !ory to acc\nt = ?is1 b we pref] ! natural "o4 #c4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,briti% & ,european fauna & flora is v small1 x is true1 b !re is "s diff]5ce1 v>ietal if n specific4 ,! reason is1 t ! "t s9ce sep>ation is too small to produce mu* div]g5ce1 & ! wid? ( ! exi/+ b>ri]s n great en\gh to prev5t colonization by accid5tal causes4 ,! cont95tal isl&s ( ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,asia are good examples ( an int]m$iate condition z to ! l5g? ( "t s9ce sep>ation1 & ( ! consequ5t degree ( diff]5tiation ( ! faunas & floras4 ,coa/-,isl&s ( ,cali=nia4--,we give "o m example1 & dwell ^u x a little1 because x occurs on our own coa/4 ,! rec5t /udies ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,gre5e on ! flora ( ! isl&s (f ! coa/ ( ,cali=nia h br\ght to light "s facts :i* are an admirable illu/ration ( ! pr9ciples laid d[n above4 ,on look+ at a good map ( ,cali=nia1 any "o w obs]ve eight or t5 isl&s1 "s ( !m ( consid]able size1 /rung along ! coa/ f ,po9t ,conception s\?w>d1 & sep>at$ f ! ma9l& by a s\nd tw5ty to ?irty miles wide4 ,!y are 9 /ructure true cont95tal isl&s--outli]s ( ! ma9l& sep>at$ by a subsid5ce ( a few hundr$ feet4 ,moreov]1 ! date ( _! sep>ation is kn[n4 ,!y 7 c]ta9ly connect$ ) ! ma9l& dur+ ! lat] ,plioc5e & e>ly ,quat]n>y1 = bones ( ! mammo?1 *>act]i/ic ( t "t1 h be5 f\nd on "o ( !m4#bh ,!y 7 !re=e sep>at$ dur+ ! ,glacial epo*4 ,! ma9 peculi>ities ( ! flora ( ^! isl&s are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,out ( ne>ly ?ree hundr$ species ( plants ga!r$ by ,mr4 ,gre5e1 ab\t fifty are :olly peculi> to ^! isl&s4 #b4 ,( ! rema9+ two hundr$ & fifty species1 ne>ly all are di/9ctively ,cali=nian4 ,9 o!r words1 ! di/9ctively ,cali=nian =ms are v abundant1 :ile ! common ,am]ican =ms are r>e--i4 e41 ! isl& flora is di/9ctively ,cali=nian1 ) _m peculi> species add$4 ,i expla9 ^! facts z foll[s3 ,! :ole coa/-region ( ,cali=nia is geologically v rec5t1 hav+ em]g$ f ! sea z late z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,plioc5e epo*4 ,z soon z em]g$ x 0 ( c\rse coloniz$ f adjac5t p>ts4 ,s9ce t "t its peculi> flora has be5 =m$ by gradual modification4 ,! environm5t has be5 suffici5tly peculi>1 ! isolation suffici5tly complete1 & ! "t suffici5tly long1 to make a v di/9ct gr\p ( organisms4 ,x is "o ( ,mr4 ,wallace's prim>y divisions ( ! ,ne-arctic region4 ,dur+ late ,plioc5e & e>ly ,quat]n>y times1 z already said1 ! isl&s 7 /ill a "p ( ! ma9l&1 & ! :ole 0 occupi$ by ! same species1 viz41 ! di/9ctively ,cali=nian species n[ f\nd 9 bo?1 toge!r1 z ,i suppose1 ) ! peculi> isl& species4 ,dur+ ! oscillations ( ! glacial times ! isl&s 7 sep>at$ by subsid5ce ( ! cont95tal m>g94 ,simultane\sly ) ?is subsid5ce1 or subsequ5tly !reto1 came ! invasion ( nor!rn species1 driv5 s\?w>d by glacial cold4 ,!n came ! m+l+ ( invad]s ) natives1 ! /ruggle = ma/]y1 ! ext]m9ation ( _m =ms--viz41 ! peculi> isl& species--& ! slight modification ( o!rs1 & ! f9al result is ! ,cali=nia flora ( to-day4 ,b ! isl& flora 0 sp>$ ?is invasion by isolation4 ,!re=e ! invad+ species are mo/ly want+1 ! di/9ctive isl& species 7 sav$1 & ! result is ! isl& flora ( to-day4 ,! isl& flora1 !re=e1 some:at ne>ly repres5ts ! ,plioc5e indig5es ( bo?4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is case is some:at l t ( ,madagasc>1 b ) a *>act]i/ic diff]5ce4 ,9 ! case ( ,madagasc>1 ! sep>ation has be5 long4 ,! extreme peculi>ity ( its fauna is ! result p>tly ( progressive div]g5ce & p>tly ( _m =ms sav$ by isolation4 ,9 ! case ( ! coa/-isl&s ( ,cali=nia1 ! "t has n be5 long en\gh = any great div]g5ce by modification4 ,! peculi>ity ( its species is due almo/ :olly to species sav$ by isolation4#bi b4 ,oceanic ,isl&s4--,we h se5 t faunas & floras ( cont95tal isl&s are some:at simil> to ^? ( ! neighbor+ cont95t1 ?\gh ) v>y+ degrees ( diff]5ce--! am\nt ( diff]5ce1 or div]g5ce by evolution1 be+ 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( "t & ! impassabl5ess ( ! sep>at+ b>ri]s4 ,b oceanic isl&s h nev] be5 connect$ ) any cont95t4 ,!y are new l& =m$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! ocean by volcanic action4 ,:5 !y fir/ appe>$ !y 71 ( c\rse1 )\t inhabitants ( any k9d1 animal or vegetal4 ,h[ 7 !y peopl$8 ,we answ] by waifs f "h & !re--by ca/aways f o!r l&s4 ,! dom9ance ( p>ticul> k9ds w dep5d on ! direction ( w9ds & curr5ts1 br++ f "s l&s m ?an o!rs1 & ^u ! k9ds ( animals or se$s ( plants mo/ liable to be successfully c>ri$ across wide seas4 ,_! faunas & floras1 !re=e1 are *>act]iz$ by a mixture ( species resembl+1 ?\gh n usually id5tical )1 ^? ( v>i\s l&s1 ) a pr$om9ance ( ^? ( "s "o l&1 & by ! s+ul> & complete abs5ce ( mammals & amphibians1 ^! be+ unlikely to be transport$ by float+ timb]1 z are small reptiles & insects1 etc4 ,among mammals1 h[ev]1 !re is a significant exception 9 favor ( bats1 ! reason be+ bo? _! p[] ( flight & _! habit ( concealm5t 9 holl[ trees1 etc4 ,to ?is explanation1 h[ev]1 we mu/ add t div]g5ce by isolation w mean:ile g on 9 proportion to "t4 ,! ,azores1 = example1 h be5 peopl$ f ,europe1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica1 b mo/ly f ,europe1 on acc\nt ( ! prevail+ w9ds & curr5ts be+ favorable to colonization f t direction4 ,!re are _m curi\s peculi>ities 9 ! species1 h[ev]1 because colonization is v sl[1 & div]g5t v>iation has be5 go+ on p>i passu4 ,! ,b]mudas1 on ! o!r h&1 h be5 coloniz$ ma9ly f ,am]ica1 because ( ! curr5t ( ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,^! few examples are suffici5t = our purpose1 :i* is only to illu/rate ! causes ( geographical di/ribution4 ,if any "o desires to pursue ?is int]e/+ subject1 we w\ld ref] him to t mo/ fasc9at+ book1 ,mr4 ,wallace's 8,isl&-,life40 #e4 ,alp9e ,species4--,^! af=d an admirable illu/ration ( ! fact t 9 isolat$ faunas & floras ! am\nt ( diff]5ce is proportion$ n only to ! complet5ess ( isolation1 b also & ma9ly to ! "t ( isolation4 ,x is well kn[n t ,alp9e species--i4 e41 ^? species inhabit+ ! region bord]+ ! p]petual sn[ ( l(ty m\nta9s--are v simil> to "o ano!r1 ev5 9 ! mo/ di/ant localities1 :]e _! isolation f "o ano!r is z complete z possible2 z1 = example1 9 ! high ,alps ( ,europe1 ! high m\nta9s ( ,colorado & ,cali=nia4 ,:y is ?is8 ,we f9d ! key to ?is my/]y 9 ! additional fact t !y are simil> also to ,arctic species4 ,a some:at full explanation is "h necess>y4 ,dur+ ,mioc5e times1 magnolias & taxodiums 7bald cypress71 l ^? 9 =e/s & swamps ( ,c>ol9a & ,l\isiana1 & sequoias & liboc$rus l ^? n[ 9 ,cali=nia1 & _m o!r temp]ate-region =ms ( plants1 grew abundantly 9 ,gre5l&1 & nor?w>d c]ta9ly to #ge nor? latitude4 ,at t "t !re c\ld n h be5 any p]petual pol> ice1 & !re=e no ,arctic species1 unless on high m\nta9s 9 pol> regions4 ,9 ,plioc5e times p]petual pol> ice1 & !re=e ,arctic species1 probably comm5c$ to appe>4 ,z ! cold ( ! ,glacial epo* came on & increas$ 9 sev]ity1 ! pol> ice ext5d$ s\?w>d z a g5]al ice-%eet1 until x rea*$ 9 ,am]ica #dj & 9 ,europe ab\t #ej nor? latitude4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates its m>g9 c be trac$ z a di/9ct mora9e ?r\gh ,long ,isl&1 middle ,new ,j]sey1 middle ,p5nsylvania2 !nce1 less di/9ctly1 foll[+ ! ,ohio ,riv]1 cross+ ! ,mississippi2 !nce foll[+ ! ,miss\ri1 on its s\? side1 into ,montana4 ,by ! increas+ cold1 ,arctic species 7 driv5 sl[ly s\?w>d1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 until !y occupi$ ! :ole ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! ,gulf1 & ! :ole ( ,europe to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,z ^! species on ! two cont95ts came f a common home 9 pol> regions1 !y 7 simil> to "o ano!r1 except 9 s f> z "s slight div]g5t modification may h be5 produc$ dur+ _! s\?w>d travel4 ,:5 ! glacial rigor decl9$1 & ! ice-%eet gradually retreat$ to its pres5t position1 ,arctic species1 foll[+ ! sn[-edge1 w5t also nor?w>d1 on bo? cont95ts1 to _! pres5t home 9 pol> regions4 ,b !re 0 an alt]native way ( migration left op5 :i* 0 embrac$ by c]ta9 plants & insects4 ,:ile on bo? cont95ts mo/ individuals w5t nor?w>d1 "s ( !m w5t upw>d1 foll[+ ! sn[-edge into high m\nta9s1 & 7 left /r&$ !re4 ,?us x has come to pass t ! plants & insects ( high m\nta9s 9 temp]ate regions ( diff]5t cont95ts1 ?\gh s widely sep>at$ & impassably isolat$1 are extremely simil> to "o ano!r4 ,b1 ?\gh simil>1 !y are r>ely id5tical4 ,! "t has be5 long en\gh = "s b n v great div]g5t modification4 ,x is impossible to conceive a m beautiful illu/ration ( ! pr9ciples we h be5 try+ to en=ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us1 !n1 und\bt$ly all ! ph5om5a ( geographical di/ribution ( species are mo/ rationally expla9$ on ! pr9ciple ( sl[ evolution--*anges1 diff]5t 9 diff]5t places1 & increas+ ) ! "t ( isolation & its complet5ess4 ,objection4--,! only objection :i* c be rais$ aga9/ ?is view is ! mann] 9 :i* contigu\s geographical faunas & floras pass into "o ano!r :5 !y are limit$ n by b>ri]s b by temp]ature4 ,9 pass+ f equator to poles1 ov] cont9u\s l&1 we ( c\rse pass ?r\gh _m successive faunas & floras1 limit$ :olly or ma9ly by temp]ature4 ,n[1 if species are inde$ indef9itely modifiable1 !n on ! bord]s ( contigu\s faunas or floras1 :]e "o species disappe>s & ano!r closely alli$ b adapt$ to a cold] temp]ature takes its place1 ! "o species 7say ! anti-evolutioni/s7 ought to be gradually transmut$ into ! o!r1 s t all ! gradations may be trac$4 ,b ?is is c]ta9ly n usually ! fact4 ,on ! contr>y1 a species may inde$ pass out gradually1 & ano!r come 9 gradually1 s f> z numb] & vigor ( individuals are conc]n$2 b1 9 specific "*1 !y may be said1 usually at lea/1 to come 9 sudd5ly1 ) all _! *>act]s p]fect1 rema9 un*ang$ ?r\gh\t _! :ole range1 & pass out sudd5ly at its bord]s4 ,ano!r species takes its place1 ov]lapp+ 9 range & coexi/+ on ! bord]s ( bo?2 ?is also cont9ues un*ang$1 z f> z x goes1 & s on4 ,! *ange f "o fauna to ano!r is app>5tly n by transmutation ( "o species into ano!r by gradations1 b by sub/itution ( "o p]fect species = ano!r p]fect species4 ,z a broad g5]al /atem5t1 ! condition ( ?+s is precisely su* z w\ld be ! case if specific types 7 sub/antially immutable by physical conditions1 b 7 orig9at$ 9 "s inscrutable way 7creat$7 9 ! regions :]e we n[ f9d !m1 & h spread 9 e direction z f> z physical conditions & /ruggle ) o!r species w\ld all[ !m--_! ranges !re=e int]p5etrat+ & ov]lapp+ "o ano!r on _! bord]s4 ,two *>act]i/ic examples w make our mean+ cle>4 ,!re is n a m *>act]i/ic tree kn[n ?an ! sweet-gum1 or liquidamb>4 ,?is tree gr[s f ! bord]s ( ,florida to ! %ores ( ! ,great ,lakes4 ,x may inde$ be mo/ num]\s & vigor\s some:]e 9 ! middle region1 & may die out gradually 9 numb] & vigor ( individuals on ! bord]s ( its range1 b 9 specific "* x is sub/antially ! same ?r\gh\t1 easily recognizable by its d5se wood1 its w+$ b>k1 its five-/>r$ leaf1 its sp9\s burr1 & its fragrant gum4 ,physical conditions may dim9i% its numb] & vigor1 & limit its ext5sion1 b seem p[]less to ess5tially modify its specific "*4 ,x seems to give up its life r ?an *ange its nature4 ,ano!r /rik+ example3 ,! sequoias 7r$wood & big-tree7 are entirely conf9$ to ,cali=nia1 & !re are only two species n[ exi/+1 viz41 ! r$wood 7,s4 semp]vir5s7 ( ! ,coa/ ,ranges1 & ! big-tree 7,s4 gigantea7 ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,d\btless !y are mo/ num]\s & vigor\s some:]e 9 ! middle ( _! range1 & die out gradually 9 numb] & vigor on ! bord]s nor? & s\?1 be+ replac$ !re by o!r g5]a bett] adapt$ to ! physical conditions2 b 9 specific "* !y rema9 ess5tially un*ang$ ?r\gh\t4 ,!y are ev]y:]e ! same--easily recognizable by wood1 b>k1 leaf1 & burr4 ,bo? 9 ?is case1 & 9 ! previ\s "o ( ! sweet-gum1 x is z if !y 7 creat$ p]fect 9 _! pres5t localities1 & h spread 9 all directions z f> z physical conditions & ! /ruggle ) o!r compet+ species w\ld all[2 b physical conditions seem p[]less to *ange !m into any o!r species by adaptive modification4 ,answ]4--,we h1 we believe1 /at$ ! objection fairly4 ,! answ] is1 t ! elem5ts ( "t & ( migrations h n be5 tak5 into ! acc\nt4 ,9 fact1 ?is objection 0 conceiv$ & =mulat$ be=e ! idea ( geological "t 0 fully assimilat$ by ! human m9d1 & our !ories ( orig9 adju/$ to x4 ,if ^! species did inde$ orig9ate :]e we n[ f9d !m1 & 9 ! pres5t geological epo*1 ! argum5t might at lea/ be ent]ta9$2 b ?is is n ! fact4 ,we "k some?+ ( ! geological hi/ory ( all ^! species1 & ! hi/ory ( ! migrations ( "s ( !m4 ,we "k t sweet-gums 7 abundant & ( _m species 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,t]ti>y times1 & all h become ext9ct except ?is remnant4 ,:atev] ( modifications !re 7 mu/ be look$ = at or ab\t ! "t ( its orig9 9 ,t]ti>y times1 n n[4 ,species1 l individuals1 are pla/ic only :5 "y4 ,?is "o has already become rigid1 & all ! m s z x is a remnant widely sep>at$ f o!r species4 ,= competition is /ronge/ & mo/ effective ) ne>e/ allies4 ,pres5t species are mo/ly isolat$ remnants--t]m9al twiglets ( ! tree ( life4 ,twiglets are ( c\rse widely sep>at$ at _! visible ends4 ,_! po9ts ( union ) o!r twiglets mu/ be s\ght bel[4 ,9 ! case ( ! sequoias1 we "k some?+ also ( ! hi/ory ( _! migrations4 ,9 ,mioc5e times !y 7 abundant1 & ( _m species 9 circumpol> regions4 ,"s tw5ty-f\r species ( fossil sequoias are kn[n1 f\rte5 ( :i* are ,t]ti>y4 ,by ! cold ( ! ,glacial epo* !y 7 driv5 sl[ly s\?w>d1 bo? 9 ,am]ica & 9 ,europe--9 ,am]ica z f> z ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,aft] ! ,glacial epo*1 & ! return ( temp]ate conditions1 !y d\btless attempt$ to g nor?w>d aga92 b ^! great *anges 7 too mu* = !m2 !y 7 :olly ext]m9at$ 9 ,europe1 & ne>ly s 9 ,am]ica4 ,a few 7 left /r&$ high up on ! slopes ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 & on ! cool1 moi/ slopes ( ! ,coa/ ,ranges4 ,! species n[ 9 ,cali=nia are n id5tical ) ^? f\nd 9 ! ,mioc5e /rata ( ,gre5l&2 b ! diff]5ce is only :at we might expect aft] su* ext5sive migrations & su* long & sev]e /ruggle = life4 ,fur!r1 x is notewor?y t ! ,mioc5e species fall into two gr\ps1 viz41 ! yew-l leav$ & ! cypress-l leav$4 ,^! are repres5t$ to-day 9 ,cali=nia1 ! "o by ! r$wood1 ! o!r by ! big-tree4 ,!y are evid5tly direct desc5dants ( ! ,mioc5e species1 ?\gh some:at modifi$4 ,b x w be object$ t !re ought to be "s cases ( transitional =ms %[+ transmutation--9 fact1 !re ought to be "s cases ( species n[ =m+ "u our eyes4 ,!re are1 we believe1 examples ( su* cases4 ,b int]m$iate =ms are n likely to be ma9ta9$ long1 especially if migrations occur to give rise to sev]e conflict ( =ms4 ,9 t case ! int]m$iate =ms are soon elim9at$1 & species become di/9ct4 ,?is important po9t w be discuss$ m fully 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,pro(s ,,f ,,v>iation ,,( ,,organic ,,=ms1 ,,artificial ,,& ,,natural4 ,z already /at$1 page #dj1 ! use ( ! me?od ( exp]im5t 9 ! field ( biology is1 un=tunately1 v limit$4 ,nev]!less1 x is already beg9n+ to be us$ m & m 9 ! dep>tm5t ( physiology1 & may be us$ also1 to a limit$ ext5t1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( morphology4 ,x is true t direct sci5tific exp]im5ts1 = ! express purpose ( produc+ p]man5t modifications ( =m1 & ?us te/+ ! !ory ( evolution1 are ( comp>atively little value z yet1 because ! all-important elem5t ( "t is want+4 ,! /eps ( evolution are s sl[1 & ! "t necess>y to produce any s5sible effect is usually s great1 t1 9 comp>ison1 man's individual lifetime is almo/ a vani%+ quantity4 ,b1 f "t immemorial1 exp]im5ts h be5 unconsci\sly made by man on dome/ic animals & food-plants1 :i* be> directly on ?is subject4 ,all dome/ic animals & food-plants1 & _m ornam5tal fl[]+ plants1 h be5 subject$ = ages to a process ( artificial selection act+ ^u natural v>iation ( (fspr+4 ,z wild species are modifi$1 we believe1 indef9itely by div]g5t v>iation & natural selection1 s dome/ic species are modifiable c]ta9ly l>gely1 p]haps indef9itely1 by div]g5t v>iation & artificial selection by man4 ,we all "k ! extraord9>y modifications :i* h ?us be5 gradually br\ght ab\t 9 dome/ic animals1 su* z dogs1 horses1 %eep1 pigeons1 etc42 9 food-plants1 z c]eal gra9s1 g>d5-vegetables1 etc41 & 9 ornam5tal plants1 z roses1 dahlias1 p9ks1 etc4 ,we c only give v briefly ! pr9ciples ( ! process by :i* ^! extreme modifications are produc$1 ref]r+ ! read] to works specially devot$ to ?is subject = m complete acc\nts4 ,let x be borne 9 m9d1 !n 7a71 t inh]itance is n only f ! imm$iate p>5ts1 b f ! :ole l9e ( ance/ry4 ,! inh]itance f ! imm$iate p>5ts is1 d\btless1 usually great] ?an f any o!r "o t]m ( ! ance/ral s]ies--! effect on ! (fspr+ ( any previ\s g5]ation becomes1 d\btless1 less & less z ! di/ance f ! (fspr+ increases--yet ! sum ( ! ance/ral inh]itance is f> great] ?an ! imm$iate p>5tal4 ,let x also be borne 9 m9d 7b7 t true bre$+ f "o =m = _m g5]ations creates a fund ( h]$ity 9 t =m1 & ?us t5ds to produce fixity1 rigidity1 or p]man5ce 9 t =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,n[1 ! me?od ( produc+ artificial bre$s1 sometimes consci\sly1 sometimes unconsci\sly1 is1 briefly1 z foll[s3 ,suppose x be desir$ to obta9 a v>iety ( an animal1 say a dog1 hav+ a c]ta9 "*4 ,we />t f a common type1 a 7,fig4 #fh74 ,if ?is type 7 all[$ to bre$ naturally1 ! slight div]g5t v>iation ( (fspr+ repres5t$ by ! radiat+ l9es w\ld neutralize "o ano!r by int]bre$+1 ! individual diff]5ces w\ld be 8pool$0 9 a common /ock1 & ! species w\ld rema9 sub/antially con/ant4 ,b if among all ^! slightly div]g5t v>ieties we select "o1 b1 :i* seems 9 ! "r direction1 & ru?lessly de/roy all ! o!rs 7indicat$ by cross+ !m out by ! circul> l9e71 & bre$ ?is v>iety1 b1 only1 we %all get aga9 a numb] ( div]g5t v>ieties4 ,x may be t ! l>g] numb] ( ^! w be backw>d1 9 ! direction ( ! orig9al type a1 on acc\nt ( ! ance/ral h]$ity 9 t direction1 b "s w aga9 be 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,let all ! v>ieties o!r ?an ! desir$ "o1 b especially ! backw>d-go+ or rev]t+ ones1 be aga9 de/roy$1 & ! "o k9d only select$ :i* seems to be 9 ! "r direction1 viz41 c4 ,z we pu% ! =m ?us f g5]ation to g5]ation 9 ! desir$ direction1 especially if we attempt to ha/5 too mu* ! process1 ! resi/ance to movem5t--if ,i may use ! expression--9 t direction becomes great] & great] 7%[n by ! decreas+ di/ances betwe5 ! successive po9ts ( div]g5ce1 a1 b1 c1 d1 etc471 & ! t5d5cy to rev]sion becomes /rong] 7%[n by ! great] numb] & l5g? ( ! backw>d-go+ l9es71 until f9ally x is almo/ impossible to pu% any f>!r4 ,we w suppose t x is su* a limit4 ,b if1 n[1 we bre$ true on ! po9t x1 de/roy+ ! rev]sions or backw>d v>iations = _m g5]ations1 we w gradually accumulate a fund ( ance/ral h]$ity on ?is po9t :i* increases ) e add$ g5]ation1 until f9ally ! t5d5cy to rev]sion becomes small4 ,! v>iety bre$s true )\t fur!r int]f]5ce1 or ) only v g5]al sup]9t5d5ce4 ,su* a p]man5t v>iety is call$ a race4 ,aft] a race is firmly e/abli%$ = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 & ! t5d5cy to rev]sion is lo/1 x may itself become a new po9t ( dep>ture = ! =mation ( new v>ieties or races1 9 ! same or o!r directions4 ,?us1 dur+ ev5 ! brief hi/ory ( man1 h be5 =m$ races ( ! diff]5t dome/ic animals1 & useful & ornam5tal plants1 diff]+ s greatly f ea* o!r t1 if f\nd 9 ! wild /ate1 !y w\ld unhesitat+ly be call$ diff]5t species1 or ev5 9 "s cases diff]5t g5]a4 ,n[1 if art c v>y =m s greatly1 & 9 s %ort "t1 :y may n ,nature 9 limitless "t8 ,if art by artificial selection1 :y n ,nature by natural selection8 ,nature is z rigid 9 selection & z ru?less 9 de/ruction3 :y may we n expect simil> or ev5 mu* great] results8 ,! process is simil> 9 ! two cases--i4 e41 selection among v>ieties 9 (fspr+1 only t ! selection is natural in/ead ( artificial1 & ! process is s sl[ t !re is little t5d5cy to rev]sion 9 ! latt] case4 ,suppose1 !n1 we h a gradually *ang+ physical environm5t1 or climate4 ,among ! div]g5t v>ieties ( any species 9 ea* g5]ation1 ^? w\ld be pres]v$ :i* are mo/ 9 accordance ) ! new climate1 & ! o!rs w\ld p]i%4 ,?is is natural selection1 or survival ( ! fitte/4 ,add to ?is ! effect ( ! *ange 9 ! organic environm5t4 ,all species are modifi$ by ! *ang+ physical environm5t2 b ^! modifi$ species aga9 all affect "o ano!r 9 ! competitive /ruggle = life1 & ! /ronge/ or swifte/1 or mo/ cunn+1 survive 7natural selection74 ,add to ?is1 aga91 ! /ruggle among ! males = possession ( ! females--= reproductive opportunities--by :i* only ! /ronge/ & mo/ c\rage\s1 or ! mo/ beautiful & attractive1 leave prog5y :i* inh]it _! peculi>ities 7sexual selection74 ,add to ^!1 f9ally1 migrations1 volunt>y among high] & involunt>y disp]sals among l[] animals & plants1 & ! consequ5t m+l+ ( faunas & floras--! migrations subject+ !m to great *ange ( environm5t1 bo? physical & organic1 & ! m+l+ produc+ fi]c] /ruggle = life--& we h 9 p[]ful op]ation _m causes ( modification4 ,add1 ,i say1 all ^! causes ( modification toge!r1 & !n make ! process sl[ & cont9u\s ?r\gh unlimit$ "t1 & :]e is ! limit to ! degree ( *ange8 ,comm5c+ 9 any species1 f any po9t ( dep>ture1 !re are =m$ fir/ slight modifications :i* w\ld be call$ v>ieties2 !n ^! modifications1 cont9u+ 9 ! same direction1 =m races2 ^! races by wid] sep>ation become species1 & species 9 _! turn become g5]a1 etc4 ,comp>+1 aga91 to a gr[+ tree1 v>ieties are swell+ buds2 :5 !y gr[ into twigs1 !y are species2 :5 !y bran* aga9 into diff]5t species1 ! bran*+ /em becomes a g5us1 etc4 ,we h ?us f> spok5 only ( ! v>i\s =ms ( "o factor1 viz41 ! ,d>w9ian factor ( selection1 :e!r natural or artificial4 ,we h dwelt ^u ?is "o1 because ! natural & ! artificial processes are s simil>1 & ! artificial is s controllable4 ,b !re are o!r factors 9 op]ation1 9 art z well z 9 nature4 ,we h already spok5 7p4 #gc7 ( o!r factors ( natural *ange4 ,we h %[n h[ *ang+ physical environm5t affects function1 & function affects =m & /ructure1 & h[ ^! slight *anges are integrat$ by h]$ity ?r\gh _m g5]ations4 ,we h also %[n h[ use or disuse increases or dim9i%es ! size & *ange ! =m ( p>ts1 & ^! *anges1 also1 h[ev] slight1 are integrat$ by h]$ity4 ,n[1 ^! factors are op]ative also 9 dome/ication ( animals & cultivation ( plants4 ,no environm5t is s new & peculi> z dome/ication & cultivation4 ,! soil & temp]ature 9 plants1 food & h\s+ ( dome/icat$ animals1 t5d to *ange =m & /ructure ( ! (fspr+1 al?\gh 9 a way :i* x is difficult intellig5tly to control1 & ?us are prolific ( v>ieties f :i* to select4 ,9 fact1 !y (t5 give rise to great & unexpect$ modifications1 call$ sports1 :i* =m po9ts ( dep>ture = new v>ieties & races4 ,n[1 9 nature1 n only are all ^! causes & factors ( *ange 9 con/ant op]ation1 b !y act toge!r 9 a peculi>ly complex way4 ,all ! memb]s ( a fauna & flora1 & ! physical environm5t ( any locality1 con/itute toge!r a mo/ complex & delicately adju/$ sy/em ( correlat$ p>ts4 ,a *ange 9 "o "p is propagat$ ?r\gh ! :ole sy/em2 also1 a *ange 9 "o factor affects all o!r factors4 ,:5 we add to ?is ! l>ge am\nt ( "t1 9 comp>ison ) individual human life & obs]vation1 necess>y to produce visible *ange ( =m1 we c easily und]/& :y ! process is /ill imp]fectly und]/ood1 al?\gh ! fact is c]ta94 ,b x w be ask$1 ,are !re1 !n1 no diff]5ces betwe5 ! artificially made extreme v>ieties equival5t1 s f> z diff]5ce ( =m is conc]n$1 to species1 & real natural species8 ,!re are4 ,if !re 7 n1 !re w\ld nev] h be5 any d\bt ab\t ! d]ivative orig9 ( natural species4 ,b if x be ask$1 ,are n ^! diff]5ces fundam5tal1 & !re=e fatal to ! argum5t = evolution d]iv$ f ?is s\rce8 we answ]1 we ?9k n4 ,we w deal frankly & fairly ) ^! diff]5ces4 ,fir/ ,diff]5ce1 ,rev]sion4--,! /rong t5d5cy ( artificial v>ieties to rev]sion1 ev5 dur+ ! process ( =mation1 & especially _! complete rev]sion to ! orig9al type if ! h& ( man be )drawn--i4 e41 if left to !mselves1 or become wild--is suppos$ to %[ an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 su* v>ieties1 h[ev] extreme1 & true species--is suppos$1 9 fact1 to prove an inde/ructible p]man5cy ( specific types4 ,nature dis[ns ^! artificial =ms1 & z x 7 br&s !m ) ba/>dy4 ,n only s1 %e /rives ev] to de/roy !m4 ,! support+ h& ( man is necess>y to su/a9 !m4 ,left to !mselves & to ,nature1 !y quickly rev]t to ! orig9al type4 ,if all ! extreme v>ieties ( dogs1 f ! greyh\nd & ,newf\ndl&1 on ! "o h&1 to ! t]ri] & lap-dog on ! o!r1 7 turn$ loose on an isolat$ isl&1 un9habit$ by man b full ( o!r animals1 & left !re to %ift = !mselves--& ! isl& 7 visit$ aga9 aft] a lapse ( a hundr$ or a ?\s& ye>s--x is probable t a uni=m species1 some?+ l to1 ?\gh p]haps n id5tical )1 ! wolf1 w\ld be f\nd4 ,!y w\ld h rev]t$ to ! orig9al or ne>ly ! orig9al wild type f :i* !y 7 produc$ by dome/ication4 ,all or ne>ly all t 0 done by man w\ld h be5 undone by ,nature4 ,?is rev]sion is "o te/ ( species4 ,b ! reason ( ?is t5d5cy to rev]sion is obvi\s3 ,fir/1 ! "t 0 too %ort1 ! rate ( *ange 0 too rapid1 9 ! artificial =mation ( ^! v>ieties4 ,!re 0 n "t en\gh to accumulate a fund ( h]$ity on ea* successive /age ( ! *ange4 ,!re=e ! =m is un/able & ! t5d5cy to rev]t is /rong4 ,comp>e ! fleet+ days & ! hurry+ impati5ce ( man ) ! inf9ite "t & ! div9e pati5ce ( ,nature6 ,b m]e in/ability is n ! pr9cipal cause ( rev]sion4 ,secondly1 9 ! case ( artificial =ms 9 a wild /ate1 natural selection compels rev]sion4 ,e species 9 a wild /ate mu/ ( c\rse be 9 h>mony ) ! environm5t4 ,b artificially made =ms are 9 h>mony ) ! artificial environm5t ( dome/ication1 b n ) ! environm5t ( nature4 ,9 nature ! fitte/ survive1 b artificial bre$s are n fit to survive 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,!y are !re=e quickly de/roy$ 9 ! /ruggle = life1 or mu/ be modifi$4 ,nature imm$iately beg9s to select ! fitte/1 & gradually 9 ! c\rse ( "t produces "o or m uni=m species1 simil> to t f :i* !y came1 or p]haps to :at !y w\ld h be5 by ?is "t if left to ! op]ation ( natural causes "u ! conditions suppos$4 ,b natural species1 if !y are =m$1 z ! d]ivationi/s suppose1 by ! op]ation ( natural causes1 c n rev]t unless ! conditions rev]t2 = ! same causes :i* op]at$ to produce1 /ill cont9ue to op]ate to keep1 ! species4 ,take an example3 ,! =m1 ! habits1 & ! in/9cts ( ! po9t] h be5 made by a sl[ process ( artificial selection ( div]g5t v>ieties ( (fspr+1 & by tra9+ ( individuals cont9u$ & its effects accumulat$ ?r\gh _m g5]ations4 ,b ?is =m & ^! habits & in/9cts1 s labori\sly produc$1 w\ld be quickly de/roy$ by ,nature4 ,! po9t]1 left to himself1 mu/ ei!r *ange or become ext9ct1 because n adapt$ to ! wild /ate4 ,su* in/9cts & habits w\ld n only be ( no use1 b w\ld be incompatible ) success 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,b suppose = a mom5t t ^! habits & in/9cts 7 useful to ! animal 9 a wild /ate2 evid5tly !y w\ld be in/antly seiz$ ^u by natural selection1 & n only p]petuat$ b int5sifi$ until a v di/9ct species w\ld be produc$4 ,! same is true ( all o!r races ( dogs4 ,if ! ,newf\ndl&1 ! greyh\nd1 & ! pug 7 all turn$ loose 9 a =e/1 & if ea* ( ^! k9ds 7 admirably adapt$ to "s place 9 ! economy ( ,nature--= "s special mode ( food-gett+ )\t correspond+ disabilities 9 o!r directions 7z mu/ be ! case if made by natural selection7--!re c be no d\bt !y w\ld ea* survive1 & _! *>act]s int5sifi$2 int]m$iate =ms w\ld disappe> 7= reasons :i* we %all see pres5tly71 & we w\ld soon h ?ree di/9ct species1 or p]haps we w\ld ev5 call !m di/9ct g5]a4 ,second ,diff]5ce1 ,int]m$iate ,=ms4--,natural species are di/9ct--m>k$ out ) h>d & fa/ l9es--:ile artificially-made races1 ev5 ?\gh 9 _! typical =ms !y diff] z mu* or m ?an natural species1 %ade into "o ano!r by ins5sible gradations4 ,9 answ] & explanation ( ?is diff]5ce we rem>k3 ,if species or modifi$ =ms ( any k9d1 :e!r natural or artificial1 are made by natural causes1 & n at once out ( h& by sup]natural creation1 !n ( c\rse !re mu/ h be5 gradations 9 ! process ( mak+4 ,n[1 9 ! artificial case1 ! :ole process z well z ! result lies )9 ! limits ( obs]vation1 :ile 9 ! natural case only ! f9al result4 ,b x w be ask$1 ,:y are ! gradations n se5 also 9 ! f9al result8 ,we answ]1 because ! int]m$iate =ms are elim9at$ 9 ! /ruggle = life1 & n reproduc$ by cross-bre$+4 ,if artificial races always br$ true--i4 e41 )\t cross+1 z natural species d--!y w\ld probably soon be z %>ply dem>k$4 ,cross-bre$+ is ! great cause ( ! %ad+s betwe5 dome/ic races4 ,?is br+s me to ! ?ird & mo/ important diff]5ce4 ,?ird ,diff]5ce1 ,cross-,f]tility4--,artificially-made races bre$ freely & )\t repugnance ) "o ano!r1 & ! (fspr+ ( su* cross-bre$+ is indef9itely f]tile4 ,natural species w n usually unite ) "o ano!r1 be+ prev5t$ by sexual repugnance & o!r causes4 ,or1 if !y d sexually unite1 !re is ei!r no (fspr+1 or else ! (fspr+ is /]ile1 & !re=e ! int]m$iate =m dies out 9 ! fir/ g5]ation2 or else ! (fspr+ is imp]fectly f]tile1 & !re=e ! int]m$iate =m is elim9at$ 9 a few g5]ations1 & ! species rema9 di/9ct2 or else ! (fspr+ is m f]tile ) ! p>5t /ocks1 & !re=e rev]t to ! p>5t /ocks1 & /ill ! species rema9 di/9ct4 ,su* inf]tile1 or imp]fectly f]tile1 (fspr+--! result ( cross+ ( species--are call$ hybrids4 ,?is is reg>d$ z a mo/ important te/ ( true species1 z contra/$ ) v>ieties or races4 ,!re are two bases on :i* species may be f\nd$4 ,species may be bas$ on =m1 morphological species2 or !y may be bas$ on reproductive functions1 physiological species4 ,by ! "o me?od a c]ta9 am\nt ( diff]5ce ( =m1 /ructure1 & habit1 con/itutes species2 accord+ to ! o!r1 if ! two k9ds bre$ freely ) ea* o!r & ! (fspr+ is indef9itely f]tile1 ! k9ds are call$ v>ieties1 b if !y d n !y are call$ species4 ,! two te/s1 h[ev]1 d n always accord4 ,e n[ & !n we f9d und\bt$ morphological species :i* may be cross$ & produce indef9itely f]tile (fspr+4 ,yet x is c]ta9ly true t species are usually cross-/]ile1 :ile v>ieties1 :e!r natural or artificial1 are cross-f]tile4 ,9 explanation ( ?is important diff]5ce1 let x be obs]v$ t !re are "h two ?+s :i* mu/ be kept di/9ct 9 ! m9d1 al?\gh !y are1 d\btless1 closely alli$--viz41 sexual repugnance 7psy*ological elem5t7 & cross-/]ility 7physiological elem5t74 ,! =m] is f\nd1 ( c\rse1 only 9 ! high] animals1 :]e f]tilization is volunt>y4 ,! latt] is univ]sal among all liv+ ?+s4 ,?is latt]1 !re=e1 is ! m fundam5tal & ess5tial elem5t1 & ! =m] may be reg>d$ z its psy*ical sign 9 ! high] animals4 ,x is ( ?is latt]1 !re=e--i4 e41 cross-/]ility--t we %all speak ma9ly4 ,suppose1 !n1 we h gr[+ toge!r 9 ! same locality _m species ( p9es or oaks1 or o!r anemophil\s trees4 ,! :ole air is fill$ ) ! poll5 ( _m species1 & e g]m-cell mu/ receive _m k9ds ( male cells1 & yet !re are no hybrids1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! species rema9 di/9ct4 ,s also 9 case ( h]maphrodite animals1 :]e ! f]tilization is involunt>y2 _m aquatic species are f\nd toge!r 9 ! same locality1 & ! wat] is fill$ ) sp]m-cells ( _m diff]5t species4 ,_m k9ds ( sp]m-cells mu/ fall on ea* g]m-cell1 & yet !re are no hybrids2 ! species rema9 di/9ct4 ,9 all su* cases we mu/ suppose t !re is1 among ! diff]5t k9ds ( male cells1 a /ruggle = ! possession ( ! g]m or female cell1 or a sort ( sexual selection by ! female cell among ! compet+ male cells1 & ! fitte/--! mo/ 9 accord2 i4 e41 ^? ( ! same species--prevail4 ,?is is univ]sal4 ,b 9 ! high] animals1 9 addition to ! prepot5cy ( male cells ( ! same species1 & comp>ative inf]tility 9 case ( union ( ^? ( diff]5t species1 sexual attraction & sexual repugnance contribute to ! same result1 & species are ?us d\bly sep>at$4 ,?us sexual selection is ( two k9ds3 selection ( individuals = union 7psy*ical71 & selection ( sp]m-cells = f]tilization 7physiological74 ,! "o k9d is usually ! sign ( ! o!r--attraction ! sign ( f]tility1 & repugnance ( /]ility4 ,b 9 ! dome/ic /ate x is all o!rwise4 ,free competition betwe5 individuals or betwe5 cells is n all[$4 ,?us1 = example1 among plants1 cross+s may be =c$ & hybrids made 9 g>d5s :i* w\ld nev] occur 9 ,nature4 ,! flori/ prev5ts f]tilization 9 ! same k9d & compels f]tilization ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,if male cells ( ! same k9d 7 all[$ to compete1 ! result w\ld be diff]5t4 ,d\btless ! same me?od w\ld succe$ 9 _m l[] animals4 ,s also 9 high] animals free competition & sexual selection = union are (t5 n all[$1 & !re=e animals ( diff]5t species1 su* z ! horse & ! ass1 unite1 :i* w\ld n d s if !y 7 free to select z 9 ! wild /ate4 ,^! two are widely di/9ct species1 sometimes ev5 call$ g5]a1 & !re=e ! (fspr+ is inf]tile2 b two closely alli$ species1 su* z two species ( wolf1 or ( ! fox1 9 a dome/ic /ate w\ld probably n only unite b produce indef9itely f]tile (fspr+4 ,9 fact1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! dog 0 made by a mixture ( sev]al species ( wolf1 mo/1 p]haps all1 ( !m n[ ext9ct4#cj ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n at all c]ta9 t ! extreme v>ieties ( dogs h n pass$ ! limit ( greate/ attraction1 & !re=e ( greate/ cross-f]tility1 & t1 if all[$ free *oice1 z 9 ,nature1 !y w\ld n bre$ true1 or t5d to bre$ true1 ) _! own k9d1 & int]m$iate k9ds die out 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,law ( ,cross-bre$+4--,be=e go+ any fur!r 9 ?is discussion1 x is necess>y to br+ out ano!r po9t ( extreme importance 9 ! =mation ( v>ieties1 bo? natural & artificial--a po9t :i* ,i believe ?r[s light ^u ! v significance ( sex itself--,i ref] to ! effect ( cross-bre$+4 ,x is a curi\s & mo/ significant fact t diff]5t v>ieties1 bo? natural & artificial1 are1 up to a c]ta9 limit1 n only cross-f]tile & cross-attractive1 b ev5 m s ?an individuals ( ! same v>iety4 ,long exp]i5ce has %[n t v close bre$+ ( ! same v>iety = a long "t fixes ! k9d b weak5s ! /ock1 especially 9 f]tility1 :ile judici\s cross+ ( v>ieties /r5g!ns ! /ock1 increas+ its f]tility1 & especially produc+ pla/icity or v>iability4 ,!re=e bre$]s1 if !y wi% to pres]ve a valuable v>iety1 bre$ close2 b1 if !y wi% to make new v>ieties1 cross-bre$4 ,b we h already se5 t species are usually cross-/]ile4 ,!re=e !re mu/ be "s regul> law ( increase to a maximum1 & aga9 decrease to z]o4 ,x is ?is law t ,i n[ wi% to inve/igate4 ,9 ! l[e/ animals & plants multiplication ( individuals & ! cont9uance ( ! k9d are indep5d5t ( sex1 & !re=e 9 su* !re may be no sex at all4 ,! sexual elem5ts are n yet diff]5tiat$4 ,an individual divides itself into two2 ea* gr[s to ! orig9al size & aga9 divides into two1 & s on1 x may be indef9itely4 ,9 ?is l[e/ =m ( reproduction ! individual is sacrific$ to ! k9d1 or else we may reg>d ! k9d z an ext5sion ( ! individual1 & reproduction z a modification ( gr[?4 ,b !re are o!r sexless modes ( reproduction1 f\nd 9 ne>ly all plants & _m l[] animals1 9 :i* ! individuality is n sacrific$4 ,! next /ep 9 ! asc5d+ scale is reproduction by budd+4 ,9 ?is case a bud is =m$ :i* gr[s into a p]fect individual1 & may rema9 atta*$ to ! p>5t /alk1 =m+ toge!r a comp\nd individual1 z 9 mo/ plants & _m l[] animals1 su* z ! coral2 or x may sep>ate & assume indep5d5t life1 z 9 "s plants & _m l[] animals4 ,9 /ill o!r animals1 z 9 _m hydrozoa1 ! budd+ function is relegat$ to a special "p1 :i* ?us becomes a reproductive organ4 ,! next /ep is ! plac+ ( ! budd+ organ1 = great] safety1 9 an int]ior cavity4 ,?is is ! case ) aphids4 ,n[1 :y w\ld n ?is be an excell5t mode ( reproduction = all animals1 man includ$8 ,:y 0 sex introduc$ at all8 ,!re are v suffici5t reasons1 ( _m k9ds1 :i* may come up lat]2 b ! fundam5tal reason1 9 connection ) evolution1 is ! fund+ ( individual diff]5ces 9 a common (fspr+1 !reby giv+ to ! (fspr+ a t5d5cy to div]g5t v>iation4 ,n[1 non-sexual reproduction is absolute true bre$+4 ,! law ( l produc+ l is absolute4 ,h]$ity is all-p[]ful1 & t5d5cy to v>iation is nil4 ,^! modes ( reproduction are 9 fact b a modification ( gr[? & an ext5sion ( ! individual4 ,evolution-*anges 9 animals produc$ 9 ?is way only mu/ be v sl[1 s9ce ! mo/ p[]ful factor ( evolution1 viz41 natural selection among div]g5t v>ieties ( (fspr+1 w\ld be want+4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times1 !re=e1 be=e sex 0 yet decl>$1 we may imag9e t physical environm5t 0 ! great & only factor ( *ange4 ,sexual reproduction introduces ! new elem5t ( v>iation ( (fspr+ f :i* ,nature makes h] selections2 & ?is elem5t ( v>iation is app>5tly ! result ( ! union ( div]se individuals1 & ! fund+ ( ^! diff]5ces 9 a common (fspr+1 & ?us a d\ble inh]itance ( individual *>act]i/ics f ! p>5ts & a multiple inh]itance ( ! same f ! ance/ry4 ,see1 !n1 ) ?is end 9 view1 ! pa9s ,nature has tak5 to make ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! unit+ individuals & ! div]sity ( inh]itance by ! (fspr+ z great z possible1 & yet ! gradual way 9 :i* %e has accompli%$ x4 ,z already said1 ! l[e/ =m ( reproduction is t by fission4 ,next comes budd+ 9 any "p indiff]5tly4 ,next comes ! relegation ( ! budd+ function to a p>ticul> "p4 ,?is is ! fir/ appe>ance ( a reproductive organ4 ,next comes ! plac+ ( ?is organ1 = great] safety1 )94 ,?us f> all is non-sexual reproduction--all a modification ( gr[?--an ext5sion ( ! individual1 l ! propagation ( plants by cutt+s & by buds4 ,!n comes sexual reproduction 9 its l[e/ =ms4 ,x may be well to /op "h1 to %[ ! entire diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & non-sexual modes4 ,! latt]1 we h se51 is only a modification ( gr[?1 an ext5sion ( ! individual4 ,n[1 sexual reproduction is ! opposite ( all ?is4 ,gr[? is a con/ant multiplication ( cells4 ,"o cell is ev] becom+ two simil> cells--or1 if we call !m individuals1 "o individual is ev] becom+ two simil> individuals4 ,b 9 sexual reproduction we h an exactly rev]se process4 ,r$uc$ to its simple/ t]ms1 sexual reproduction is ! fusion ( two div]se cells1 sp]m-cell & ! g]m-cell1 to =m "o cell1 ! ovule--lit]ally1 a div]se twa9 =m+ "o fle%4 ,9 its high] =ms x is ! union ( div]se individuals to br+ ab\t ! same result4 ,in/ead ( "o cell becom+ two1 x is two cells becom+ "o2 in/ead ( "o individual becom+ two 9 ! (fspr+1 x is two individuals becom+ "o 9 ! (fspr+4 ,b ?is great *ange 0 n br\ght ab\t at once1 b only 9 ! mo/ gradual mann]4 ,fir/1 ! sexual elem5ts--sp]m-cell & g]m-cell--are sep>at$1 b 9 ! same organ4 ,!n ! organs--sp]m>y & ov>y--are sep>at$1 b 9 ! same individual4 ,?is is ! condition ( self-f]tiliz+ h]maphroditism s common among plants & l[] animals4 ,!n comes cross-f]tiliz+ h]maphroditism2 & ,nature takes mu* pa9s & uses _m +5i\s devices to prev5t self-f]tilization & insure cross-f]tilization4 ,n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 we h slight individual diff]5ces fund$ 9 a common (fspr+4 ,!n1 9 ord] to absolutely =bid self-f]tilization1 & at ! same "t all[ great] diff]5ces 9 ! cross+ individuals ?an c\ld be atta9$ 9 h]maphroditic individuals1 ! sex organs are sep>at$ 9 diff]5t individuals1 & f]tilization c only take place by volunt>y union4 ,!n1 to insure ! union ( suitable individuals1 & =bid ! ban betwe5 unsuitable1 !re are introduc$ sexual attraction & repulsion4 ,!n1 la/ ( all1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sex-individuals becomes great] & great] z we g up4 ,x is conspicu\s only 9 v]tebrates & "s insects1 & v conspicu\s only 9 birds & mammals4 ,we see1 !n1 z we g up ! taxonomic1 & und\bt$ly also ! phylog5ic s]ies1 t !re is a cross-bre$+ ( m & m div]se individuals1 a fund+ ( m & m div]g5t *>act]i/ics 9 a common (fspr+4 ,:y is ?is8 ,i answ]1 = ! sake ( bett] results 9 ! (fspr+4 ,?is is abundantly %[n by direct exp]im5t4 ,9 h]maphroditic plants 9 :i* !re may be ei!r self-f]tilization or else cross-f]tilization ) o!r individuals ( ! same species1 ! latt] produces bett] results 9 numb] & vigor ( (fspr+4 ,b !re are o!r advantages1 m difficult to prove b none ! less c]ta91 & ( ! greate/ importance 9 evolution3 ,fir/1 z already /at$1 complexity ( inh]itance1 l complexity ( composition 9 a *emical sub/ance1 gives in/ability to ! embryo1 & ?us liability to v>iation 9 ! (fspr+2 & ?is 9 its turn furni%es ! mat]ial = selection ( ! fitte/4 ,aga91 x seems to me t !re is a direct t5d5cy to improve ! (fspr+ by a sort ( /ruggle 9 ! embryo among ! v>i\s qualities inh]it$ f bo? sides1 & a survival ( ! be/ & /ronge/--a sort ( pre-pot5cy ( /rong qualities4 ,c div]g5ce ( unit+ individuals & ! fund+ ( div]se *>act]i/ics g any fur!r8 ,x may4 ,! diff]5ces ( ! unit+ individual may be /ill fur!r increas$1 & ! result+ (fspr+ /ill fur!r improv$ by ! cross-bre$+ ( diff]5t v>ieties ( ! same species1 = we ?us add v>ietal diff]5ces to sexual diff]5ces 9 ! unit+ individuals4 ,x is well kn[n t too close bre$+1 or consangu9e\s bre$+1 or bre$+ 9 & 91 z x is v>i\sly call$1 if cont9u$ long1 has a bad effect on ! (fspr+1 weak5+ ! /ock1 :ile judici\s cross+ ( v>ieties )9 c]ta9 limits ( diff]5ce has a good effect1 /r5g!n+ ! /ock & increas+ its f]tility4 ,x probably does s 9 two ways3 "o direct1 by fund+ _m div]se qualities f bo? sides1 & ! survival 9 ! (fspr+ ( ! /ronge/ & be/2 ! o!r indirect1 by giv+ pla/icity1 in/ability to ! embryo1 & v>iability to ! (fspr+1 & !re=e abundant mat]ial = ! op]ation ( selection1 ei!r by man or by ,nature4 ,we said1 8)9 c]ta9 limits ( diff]5ce40 ,if ! diff]5ce is extreme1 z 9 extreme v>ieties & races1 !n ! effect becomes aga9 bad1 & m & m s z ! limit ( specific diff]5ce is approa*$2 at :i* limit at la/ ,nature %uts d[n & =bids ! bans4 ,?us1 !n1 !re is 9 cross-bre$+ a regul> law ( effect1 increas+ to a maximum & aga9 decreas+1 :i* may be graphically repres5t$ by a curve 7,fig4 #fi74 ,9 ?is figure ! horizontal l9e repres5ts ! ord9>y level ( ! type2 di/ances on ?is l9e repres5t diff]5ces1 individual1 v>ietal1 or specific2 ord9ates above or bel[ repres5t ! effect1 good or bad1 ( cross+4 ,?us s s repres5t two species1 & ! l9e betwe5 repres5ts _! specific diff]5ces2 r r repres5t diff]5t races or p]man5t v>ieties2 v v two /rong v>ieties2 d d ord9>y individual diff]5ces2 c c close resembl+ or consangu9e\s individuals4 ,! undulat+ l9e repres5ts ! effect ( cross+ ^! v>i\s k9ds4 ,x is se5 t 89-&-9 bre$+10 c c1 produces bad effect 7negative ord9ates72 bre$+ ( ord9>y individual diff]5ces1 d d1 keeps ! /ock at ! ord9>y level--9 its typical =m2 cross+ two /rong v>ieties1 v v1 produces maximum good effect 7positive ord9ates72 cross+ decid$ races produces aga9 bad effects1 :i* become inf9itely bad z we approa* species1 ,s ,s4#ca ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t long-cont9u$ v close bre$+ has a bad effect4 ,ev5 9 plants1 ,d>w9 has %[n t cross-f]tilization has bett] effect ?an self-f]tilization1 ?is la/ be+ ( c\rse ! close/ possible bre$+4 ,b x is probable t ! pr9cipal bad effect is n on ! /ock b on ! process ( evolution4 ,v close bre$+ weak5s ! /ock1 ord9>y bre$+ ( individual diff]5ces ma9ta9s ! /ock at ! ord9>y level & fixes x4 ,cross-bre$+ ( v>ieties /r5g!ns ! /ock1 & also 7& ?is is its ma9 advantage7 produces pla/icity 9 ! /ock1 gives rise to /rong div]g5t v>iations1 or ev5 sports1 & ?us becomes a ma9 ag5t 9 evolution4 ,x is probable1 moreov]1 t ! high] ! function ! m s5sitive is x to ^! effects ( bre$+4 ,!re=e1 ! effect is great] 9 man ?an 9 any o!r animal4 ,x is true t _m h d\bt$ ! bad effect ( close bre$+ 9 man1 & h br\ght =w>d =midable /ati/ics to sub/antiate _! position2 b ^! d\btless take no acc\nt ( ! mo/ important function1 ! psy*ic1 & especially ! mo/ important elem5t 9 e function1 s f> z evolution or progress is conc]n$1 viz41 pla/icity or capability ( progressive improvem5t4 ,! t5d5cy ( consangu9e\s bre$+1 or ev5 ! bre$+ ( p]sons ( l "* & exp]i5ces1 z 9 an isolat$ community1 is1 if n to det]iorate ! physique1 at lea/ to fix1 /]eotype ! "*1 & ?us to *eck social progress4 ,contr>ily1 ! cross+ ( v>ieties ( ! same race seems n only to /r5g!n b1 by ! div]se inh]itance1 to produce pla/icity ( "* & capacity = progress4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! prim>y races seems too great = cross+ ) advantage4 ,"s degree ( sexual repugnance :i* und\bt$ly exi/s betwe5 ! prim>y races is ! psy*ical sign ( ?is fact4#cb ,if1 n[1 we g back to :at we said be=e tak+ up ?is subject ( ! effect ( cross-bre$+1 we at once see t !re is an app>5t flaw 9 all our reason+s4 ,if close 9-&-9 bre$+ produc$ bett] & m num]\s (fspr+ ?an cross-bre$+ betwe5 slight v>ieties1 !n1 inde$1 su* v>ieties w\ld be pres]v$1 & increase 9 div]g5ce f g5]ation to g5]ation until !y became species4 ,or1 9 any case1 if1 9 any way1 div]g5ce c\ld rea* ! po9t ( extreme v>ieties or races1 or :at are call$ sub-species1 !n comm5c+ cross-/]ility w\ld complete ! sep>ation1 & ?us =m true species4 ,b h[ c ! process ( progressive div]g5ce beg91 :5 slight v>ieties are ev5 m f]tile by cross-bre$+ ?an by close bre$+8 ,is x n evid5t t1 ) e g5]ation1 ! slight v>ieties w\ld cross-bre$ ) "o ano!r & ) ! p>5t /ock1 & ?us all v>ietal diff]5ces w\ld be fund$ into a common /ock1 & ! type w\ld be pres]v$ un*ang$8 ,?is1 z already po9t$ out 7p4 #gf71 has always be5 ! *ief difficulty 9 ! way ( imag9+ h[ v>ieties c gr[ into species2 & ! difficulty is only increas$ by our discussion ( ! law ( cross-bre$+4 ,n[1 j "h1 ,dr4 ,romanes's mo/ important & prolific idea comes to our help1 &1 z x seems to u1 completely solves ! difficulty4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,romanes1 no organ is s subject to v>iation z ! reproductive1 & ?is 9 no respect s mu* z 9 degrees & k9ds ( f]tility--we might almo/ say s subject to freaks ( cross-/]ility4 ,n[1 suppose we />t ) any well-def9$ species 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,) e g5]ation !re are _m slightly div]g5t individual v>ieties1 "s great] & "s less2 b ^! are all imm$iately swamp$ by cross+ ) "o ano!r & ) ! p>5t /ock1 & ! species rema9s un*ang$4 ,b suppose among ^! div]g5t v>iations !re arise1 f "t to "t1 "s :i* affect ! reproductive organs 9 su* wise t ! v>iety1 ?\gh p]fectly f]tile ) its own k9d1 is inf]tile1 or imp]fectly f]tile1 ) o!r v>ieties1 & especially ) ! p>5t /ock4 ,! *ange may be only 9 ! "t ( fl[]+ 9 plants1 or season ( heat 9 animals1 or x may be actual inf]tility 9 sexual union4 ,"r "h we h ! beg9n+ ( a new species4 ,! v>iety is sexually isolat$ f ! p>5t /ock by cross-/]ility1 & !re=e all its peculi>ities1 h[ev] trivial1 are pres]v$ by true bre$+4 ,cross-bre$+ is necess>y to make species1 b true bre$+ pres]ves !m4 ,cross-bre$+ t5ds ev] to make v>ieties1 b imm$iately de/roys !m aga94 ,?is con/ant =m+ & swamp+1 sep>at+ & aga9 m]g+ ( v>ieties1 l mix+ ( d\gh1 makes ! :ole mass 7/ock7 m & m pla/ic & subject to v>iety4 ,?is pla/icity f9ally gives rise to v>ieties ( ! k9d :i* produces species by sexual isolation4 ,by cont9u$ m]g+ ! c5trifugal =ces cont9ually increase1 b are cont9ually repress$ by cross+1 until f9ally v>ieties break away to =m species4 ,n[ x is easy to see1 f ?is po9t ( view1 :y artificial v>ieties are cross-f]tile4 ,x is because 9 artificial bre$+ we are int5t only on mak+ v>ieties 9 =m1 size1 color1 etc41 & n at all on mak+ any *>act]iz$ by cross-/]ility ) ! p>5t /ock4 ,cross-/]ility ) ! p>5t /ock1 or ) o!r v>ieties1 w\ld be ( no advantage1 because we control ! bre$+1 & c bre$ true if we desire4 ,sexual isolation is n necess>y1 because we c use physical isolation4 ,on ! contr>y1 su* cross-/]ility w\ld be a positive disadvantage to ! bre$]1 by limit+ ! range ( 8 exp]im5ts j :]e !y w\ld be mo/ prolific 9 mak+ new v>ieties4 ,h5ce1 z might be expect$1 all dome/ic v>ieties are cross-f]tile1 unless x be ! extreme v>ieties1 :i* may1 9 "s in/ances1 h pass$ ! limit ( greate/ f]tility4 ,if ?is idea be true1 !n species :i* h orig9at$ 9 ! same locality ought to be always cross-/]ile1 b species :i* h gr[n up ap>t1 9 widely sep>at$ geographical regions1 ought to be sometimes cross-f]tile1 because !y 7 isolat$ by physical n by sexual b>ri]s4 ,su*1 ,dr4 ,romanes ?9ks1 is a fact4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a v important po9t1 :i* ought to be c>efully inve/igat$4 ,we say 8sometimes40 ,x is probable t mo/ geographical species also are cross-/]ile2 =1 al?\gh ! isolation by cross-/]ility ( slight v>ieties be ! ma9 cause ( ! orig9 ( species1 yet a species =m$ by isolation ( any o!r k9d w gradually become cross-/]ile ) o!r species4 ,al?\gh cross-/]ility be ! ma9 cause ( div]g5ce1 yet div]g5ce beyond a c]ta9 limit1 h[ev] caus$1 w br+ ab\t cross-/]ility1 because ! reproductive organs w p>take ( ! g5]al *ange go+ on 9 e "p4 ,application4--,suppose1 !n1 a species bre$+ naturally 9 a wild /ate4 ,individual v>ieties are con/antly be+ =m$ & aga9 fund$ back into ! common /ock by cross-bre$+4 ,if ! v>ieties ?us =m$ be decid$1 ! cross-bre$+ w /r5g!n ! /ock1 & especially w pres]ve & increase its pla/icity or t5d5cy to v>iation4 ,f9ally1 among ! widely div]g5t v>ieties !re is "o affect+ ! reproductive organs ( sev]al individuals 9 su* wise t !y are inf]tile1 or imp]fectly f]tile1 ) ! p>5t /ock1 ?\gh p]fectly f]tile among !mselves4 ,^! =m a new species1 :i* cont9ue to increase indef9itely4 ,objection answ]$4--,?is view completes ! answ] to an objection :i* is (t5 made to evolution3 8,if natural species are =m$ by transmutation1 :y is x we d n f9d int]m$iate l9ks8 ,:y is n organic nature made up only ( individual =ms1 %ad+ ins5sibly into ea* o!r 9 su* wise t classification becomes a m]e device to h&le m conv5i5tly complex mat]ial8 ,:y is x t gr\ps1 especially species1 are m>k$ out ) h>d & fa/ l9es80 ,we h h]et(ore answ]$ ?is by say+ t int]m$iate =ms are elim9at$4 ,s !y are1 b h[8 ,dr4 ,romanes's idea ( physiological selection l>gely answ]s ?is4 ,x is by ! fund+ ( ord9>y v>ieties into a common p>5tal /ock by cross+1 & sep>at+ specific v>ieties by cross-/]ility4 ,?us ! organic field is brok5 up into po9ts ab\t :i* v>iations oscillate4 ,z e mass ( matt]1 :5 closely exam9$1 is f\nd to consi/ ( aggregations ab\t c5t]s ( cohesive attraction z discrete granules or cry/als1 & only exceptionally d we f9d a homog5e\s vitre\s /ructure2 ev5 s organic =ms aggregate ab\t po9ts ( sexual attraction1 & ! :ole mass consi/s ( discrete species1 & only exceptionally--i4 e41 9 dome/ication--d we f9d ins5sible %ad+s4 ,n[1 species are ! smalle/ aggregate ( individuals1 z granules are ( molecules4 ,species are m di/9ctly m>k$ out by h>d & fa/ l9es ?an are o!r taxonomic gr\ps only because !y are ! la/1 go+ d[nw>d1 t are cross-/]ile--because "r "h is ! *ange f cross-/]ility to cross-f]tility4 ,if ?is view be true1 !n 9 ! same locality species ought to be always di/9ct & )\t %ad+s4 ,if we f9d %ad+s at all1 x ought to be 9 int]m$iate geographical regions1 :]e isolation is n sexual b physical4 ,n[1 ?is is exactly :at we f9d to be ! fact4 ,innum]able examples ( su* int]m$iate =ms 9 int]m$iate geographical regions are n[ kn[n1 especially among birds & reptiles1 & examples h s increas$ 9 mod]n times1 by clos] /udy1 t naturali/s1 especially orni?ologi/s1 h be5 compell$ to resort to a tr9omial nom5clature 9 ord] to designate ^! geographical sub-species4#cc ,if any fur!r explanation is necess>y1 x w probably be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ sugge/ions3 #a4 ,! numb] ( individual v>ieties con/antly be+ =m$ is almo/ inf9ite1 b ! numb] ( places 9 nature is v limit$4 ,n[1 among ! inf9ite numb] ( slight individual v>ieties =m$ ) e g5]ation1 ! competitive /ruggle w be sev]e/ betwe5 ^? mo/ ne>ly alike1 because !y are competitors = ! same place4 ,only "o k9d succe$s1 viz41 ! fitte/4 ,int]m$iate =ms are1 !re=e1 exactly ^? :i* are elim9at$ 9 ! mo/ :olesale way4 #b4 ,add to ?is ! fact t1 z soon z div]g5ce1 f :atsoev] cause1 rea*es a c]ta9 po9t1 sexual repugnance or cross-/]ility1 or bo?1 come 9 to p]petuate & increase ! sep>ation already comm5c$4 #c4 ,add to ?is1 aga91 t migrations 9 high] animals1 & involunt>y disp]sals 9 l[] animals & 9 plants1 & ! m+l+ toge!r ( diff]5t faunas & floras1 produces a /ill fi]c] /ruggle = life1 especially betwe5 natives & invad]s1 & ?us great numb]s ( =ms are de/roy$2 all b ! fitte/ are we$$ out1 & !re=e ! di/9ctness ( ! rema9d] is greatly increas$4 ,p]iods ( great *anges ( physical geography & ( climate1 & !re=e ( wide & g5]al migrations1 are also p]iods ( great we$+s-out ( unfit =ms4 ,?us x happ5s t exi/+ faunas & floras are little else ?an isolat$ remnants4 ,to illu/rate1 aga91 by a gr[+ tree3 ,if all ! buds ( a tree liv$ & grew1 !y w\ld soon become s num]\s t !y w\ld toge!r =m a solid hemisph]ical mass1 l a coral-head1 ) no room betwe5 = leaf or light or air4 ,b n9ety-n9e "o-hundr$?s ( buds die 9 ! /ruggle = light & air1 & !re=e ! survivors are di/9ct gr[+ po9ts1 widely sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,species are su* extreme1 b sep>at$1 twiglets ( ! tree ( life4 ,objection4--,b x w be object$1 aga93 ,! twig-po9ts are1 inde$1 sep>ate1 b ! twigs !mselves mu/ meet some:]e l[] d[n1 :]e !y began to gr[4 ,int]m$iate l9ks may be want+ n[1 b !y mu/1 ( c\rse1 h exi/$ once--i4 e41 9 previ\s geological times1 & !re=e ought to be f\nd fossil4 ,9 di/ribution 9 space or geographically1 organic k9ds may be m>k$ (f by h>d-&-fa/ l9es1 b1 if _! d]ivative orig9 be true1 9 _! di/ribution 9 "t or geologically1 !re ought to be _m examples ( ins5sible %ad+s betwe5 !m4 ,9 fact1 if we only _h all ! ext9ct =ms1 ! organic k+dom1 tak5 z a :ole & ?r\gh\t all "t1 ought to consi/ n ( species at all1 b simply ( individual =ms1 %ad+ ins5sibly into ea* o!r1 l ! colors ( ! spectrum1 & our classification ought to be a m]e matt] ( conv5i5ce1 hav+ no c\nt]p>t 9 nature4 ,b ?is is n ! fact4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! law ( di/ribution 9 "t is app>5tly simil> 9 ?is respect to ! law ( di/ribution 9 space1 already giv5 7page #afi74 ,z 9 ! case ( contigu\s geographical faunas1 ! *ange is app>5tly by sub/itution ( "o species = ano!r1 & n by transmutation ( "o species into ano!r4 ,s also 9 successive geological faunas1 ! *ange seems r by sub/itution ?an by transmutation4 ,9 bo? cases species seem to come 9 sudd5ly1 ) all _! specific *>act]s p]fect1 rema9 sub/antially un*ang$ z long z !y la/1 & !n die out & are replac$ by o!rs4 ,c]ta9ly ?is looks mu* l immutability ( specific =ms1 & sup]naturalism ( specific orig94 ,we h1 we believe1 satisfactorily expla9$ ?is 9 ! case ( geographical di/ribution 7page #bja71 b h[ c we expla9 x 9 ! case ( geological di/ribution8 ,answ]4--#a4 ,! reason = ?is1 giv5 by ,d>w9 & o!r evolutioni/s1 is ! extremely fragm5t>y "* ( ! geological record4 ,if ! exi/+ faunas & floras are b isolat$ remnants1 ! re/ hav+ be5 de/roy$ by migrations & conflicts1 h[ mu* m are fossil faunas & floras b fragm5t>y remnants1 ! re/ hav+ be5 lo/1 p>tly because nev] pres]v$1 & p>tly by de/ruction ( ! record6 ,if f ?is cause exi/+ species are widely sep>at$1 h[ mu* m ought we to expect to f9d fossil species di/9ct & widely sep>at$6 ,?is is und\bt$ly 9 mo/ cases a true & suffici5t answ]1 yet we ?9k ! fragm5t>9ess ( ! geological record has be5 ov]/at$4 ,:ile x is true t !re are _m & wide gaps 9 ! record2 :ile x is true1 also1 t ev5 :]e ! record is cont9u\s _m =ms may n h be5 pres]v$1 yet !re are "s cases1 especially 9 ! ,t]ti>y fre%-wat] deposits1 :]e ! record is n only cont9u\s = hundr$s ( feet 9 ?ickness1 b ! abundance ( life 0 v great1 & ! conditions necess>y = pres]vation exceptionally good4 ,9 su* cases ! numb] ( fossil species f\nd on ea* horizon seems to be z great z 9 exi/+ faunas ov] equal space4 ,! record 9 ^! cases seems to be cont9u\s & )\t break1 & cr[d$ ) fossil =ms2 & yet1 al?\gh ! species *ange greatly1 & p]haps _m times1 9 pass+ f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ /rata1 we d n usually1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 f9d ! gradual transitions we w\ld naturally expect1 if ! *ange 7 effect$ by gradual trans=mations4 ,! incomplet5ess ( ! record1 !re=e1 al?\gh a true & important cause1 is n ! :ole cause4 ,9 fur!r & complet] answ] to ?is greate/ ( all objections1 we w ?r[ out ! foll[+ sugge/ions3 #b4 ,we mu/ rememb] t consid]able latitude is all[$ by ! anti-d]ivationi/s to v>iation ( species2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t x is (t5 difficult to draw ! l9e betwe5 well-m>k$ v>ieties & closely-alli$ species4 ,n[1 accord+ to ! d]ivationi/1 ^! /rong v>ieties1 bre$+ usually true1 are naught else ?an comm5c+ species4 #c4 ,on e side & ev]y:]e1 bo? 9 exi/+ faunas & 9 fossil =ms1 b especially 9 ! latt]1 we f9d innum]able examples ( transitions1 or int]m$iate =ms1 betwe5 all ! high] gr\ps1 su* z g5]a1 families1 ord]s1 & classes4 ,x is1 9 fact1 by means ( ^! t ! great law ( diff]5tiation f g5]aliz$ types has be5 e/abli%$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 only betwe5 species t su* int]m$iate =ms are r>e4 #d4 ,b ev5 betwe5 species su* int]m$iate =ms1 ?\gh r>e1 h be5 po9t$ out1 bo? 9 exi/+ & 9 ext9ct faunas4 ,b ! opposition cont5d t1 9 all su* cases1 ! previ\sly suppos$ species are only v>ieties4 ,we h already 7page #fa7 spok5 ( ! obvi\s fallacy involv$ 9 ?is position4 ,species are fir/ def9$ z =ms di/9ct & )\t int]m$iate l9ks1 & !n we are *all5g$ to f9d su* l9ks2 & :51 ) mu* labor1 we f9d !m1 !y say ! suppos$ species are n species1 b only v>ieties4 ,b !re are "s cases 9 :i* ?is subt]fuge w n d4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* ! transitions are betwe5 =ms s extreme t !y c n1 by any /ret* ( ! t]m1 be call$ v>ieties4 ,we w select & dwell ^u b "o /rik+ example1 viz41 ! fossil =ms ( ! ,t]ti>y fre%-wat] deposits ( ,/e9heim4 ,9 ,wrtemb]g1 ne> ! little village ( ,/e9heim1 are f\nd c]ta9 /rata ( s& & lime1 :i* are evid5tly deposits f a small lake ( ,t]ti>y times4 ,! deposits are extremely ri* 9 fossil %ells1 especially ( ! diff]5t species ( ! g5us ,planorbis4 ,z ! deposits seem to h be5 cont9u\s = ages1 & ! fossil %ells v abundant1 ?is seem$ to be an excell5t opportunity to te/ ! !ory ( d]ivation4 ,) ?is end 9 view1 !y h be5 made ! subject ( exhau/ive /udy by ,hilg5dorf 9 #ahff1cd & by ,hyatt 9 #ahhj4ce ,9 pass+ f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ /rata ! species *ange greatly & _m times1 ! extreme =ms be+ s diff]5t t 7 x n = ! int]m$iate =ms !y w\ld be call$ n only diff]5t species b diff]5t g5]a4 ,& yet ! gradations are s ins5sible t ! :ole s]ies is no?+ less ?an a demon/ration1 9 ?is case at lea/1 ( orig9 ( species by d]ivation ) modifications4 ,! accompany+ plate ( successive =ms 7,fig4 #gj71 :i* we take f ,pr(4 ,hyatt's admirable memoir1 w %[ ?is bett] ?an any m]e v]bal explanation4 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 comm5c+ ) f\r slight v>ieties--probably sexually isolat$ v>ieties--( "o species1 ea* s]ies %[s a gradual trans=mation z we g upw>d 9 ! /rata--i4 e41 onw>d 9 "t4 ,s]ies ,i bran*es into ?ree sub-s]ies1 9 two ( :i* ! *ange ( =m is extreme4 ,s]ies ,,iv is rem>kable = great increase 9 size z well z *ange 9 =m4 ,9 ! plate we give only select$ /ages1 b 9 ! full] plates ( ! memoir1 & /ill m 9 ! %ells !mselves1 ! subtile/ gradations are f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--,trans=mations ( ,planorbis 7aft] ,hyatt74 ,s]ies ,,iv4 #a1 ,pl4 levis3 ,undorf4 #b1 ,pl4 ,/e9heim5sis2 #c1 t5uis-,/e9heim5sis2 #d1 t5uis2 #e1 discoideus2 #f1 tro*i=mis-discoideus2 #g1 tro*i=mis3 ,/e9heim4 ,s]ies ,,iii4 #h1 ,pl4 levis3 ,undorf4 #i1 ,pl4 oxy/omus2 #aj1 supremus2 #aa1 supremus v>4 turrita3 ,/e9heim4 ,s]ies ,,ii4 #ab1 ,pl4 levis3 ,undorf4 #ac1 ,pl4 cresc5s-p>vus2 #ad1 #ae1 cresc5s3 ,/e9heim4 ,s]ies ,i4 ,sub-s]ies #c4 #af1 ,pl4 levis3 ,undorf4 #ag1 ,pl4 m9utus-levis2 #ah1 m9utus2 #ai1 #bj1 triquetrus3 ,/e9heim4 ,sub-s]ies #b4 #ba1 ,pl4 m9utus2 #bb1 #bc1 d5udatus-m9utus2 #bd1 d5udatus v>4 di/ortus3 ,/e9heim4 ,sub-s]ies #a4 #be1 ,pl4 co/atus-m9utus2 #bf1 co/atus2 #bg1 #bh1 co/atus v>--3 ,/e9heim4 ,! specim5s f ,undorf all belong to an old] ,t]ti>y p]iod ?an t at ,/e9heim4 ,?is case is /rik+1 p>tly because x is a v favorable "o1 b ma9ly because x has be5 s c>efully /udi$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t equally c>eful /udy w\ld reveal ! same transition 9 _m o!r cases4 ,nor are su* transitions conf9$ to ! l[] =ms ( life1 ?\gh !y are probably m abundant !re4 ,accord+ to ,cope1 ! nice/ gradations may be trac$ betwe5 "s ( ! ext9ct mammalian species s abundant 9 ! ,t]ti>y deposits ( ! ,we/--especially betwe5 ! species ( ! ext9ct g5]aliz$ family ( ,or$ontid#cf ,! same is probably true ( ! _m ext9ct species ( ! horse family4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! details ( ! process ( *ange 9 ! =ms ( ,planorbis are 9 accord ) ,dr4 ,romanes's views4 ,! *ange does n seem to h be5 uni=m b some:at p>oxysmal4 ,! =ms seem to rema9 /able = a long "t1 & !n a few break into sev]al diff]5t =ms1 :ile ! m rigid die out4 ,x is z if cross-bre$+ _h kept ! type true1 b at ! same "t increas$ its t5d5cy to v>iation1 until f9ally "o or m v>ieties became sexually isolat$ & ?us =m$ new species4 #e4 ,b /ill ! "q rema9s3 ,:y are transitional =ms r>e 9 all cases1 especially betwe5 species--s r>e t !y are eag]ly s\ght & highly priz$8 ,i believe t ! true reason ( ?is is t ! /eps ( evolution are n always uni=m4 ,ne>ly all evolutioni/s h assum$ & ev5 insi/$ on uni=mity1 z ! opposite ( cata/rophism & ( sup]naturalism1 & !re=e z ess5tial to ! idea ( evolution4 ,!y say t ! con/ancy ( ! action ( ! =ces ( *ange necessitates ! uni=mity ( ! rate ( *ange4 ,b1 9 fact1 ?is is n always nor ev5 usually true4 ,causes or =ces are con/ant1 b ph5om5a ev]y:]e & 9 e dep>tm5t ( ,nature are p>oxysmal4 ,! =ces produc+ /orms & lightn+1 & volcanoes & e>?quakes1 are or may be con/ant2 yet ! ph5om5a are 9 ! highe/ degree p>oxysmal4 ,:]ev] 9 nature we h a con/ant =ce & a /rong resi/ance1 we f9d m or less p>oxysmal action4 ,= ?is reason ! w9d bl[s 9 puffs1 ! friction ( w9d on wat] produces waves1 wat] runn+ 9 small pipes issues 9 pulses4 ,! reason is obvi\s1 z may be se5 by ! foll[+ examples3 ,suppose lift+ =ces )9 ! e>? are resi/$ by cru/-rigidity4 ,! =ces accumulate uni=mly until ! resi/ance gives way1 & sudd5ly we h an e>?quake4 ,wat] runn+ ) great resi/ance 9 small pipes is *eck$1 b soon accumulates additional =ce1 :i* ov]comes ! resi/ance1 only to be aga9 *eck$1 & s on1 & !re=e runs 9 pulses4 ,n[1 ! c\rse ( evolution ( ! :ole e>? may be lik5$ to su* a curr5t2 !re are =ces ( movem5t & =ces ( resi/ance--progressive =ces & cons]vative =ces4 ,! progressive =ce is accumulative1 ! resi/+ =ce is con/ant4 ,?us1 9 all evolution or hi/ory1 :e!r ( ! e>? or ( society1 !re are p]iods ( comp>ative quiet1 dur+ :i* ! =ces ( *ange are ga!r+ /r5g?1 & p]iods ( revolution or rapid *ange1 dur+ :i* ^! =ces %[ !mselves 9 conspicu\s effects4 ,n[1 t !re h be5 su* p]iods ( rapid revolution>y *ange 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,! hi/ory ( ! e>? is m>k$ by p]iods ( comp>ative quiet1 dur+ :i* life 0 exceptionally abundant & prosp]\s1 & *ange ( organic =ms sl[ & uni=m--sep>at$ by p]iods ( di/urbance1 revolution1 rapid *anges ( physical geography & climate1 & consequ5tly ( comp>atively rapid & sweep+ *anges 9 organic =ms4 ,^! =m ! division-l9es betwe5 great eras ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 & are always m>k$ by ext5sive uncon=mity ( ! /rata1 %[+ ! *anges ( physical geography above spok5 (1 & by app>5tly sudd5 & sweep+ *ange 9 life-=ms1 %[+ ! great *anges ( climate & o!r physical conditions4 ,un=tunately1 9 all cases ( uncon=mity ( /rata1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 a break 9 ! cont9uity ( ! record2 & :5 ! uncon=mity is v g5]al a portion ( ! record may be irrecov]ably lo/4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t !re is an app>5t break also 9 ! cont9uity ( life-=ms4 ,x looks1 at fir/ sight1 l :olesale ext]m9ation ( old & recreation ( new =ms4 ,b und\bt$ly ! break 9 ! cont9uity ( life is app>5t only1 z is %[n by ! loss 9 ! record4 ,if we c\ld recov] ! :ole record1 z inde$ we sometimes d1 we %\ld f9d 9 all cases t !re is no break 9 ! cont9uity ( evolution1 b only m rapid rate ( *ange at ^! times4 ,b to ?is cause ( rapid rate ( progress--i4 e41 *ange ( physical environm5t--we mu/ add *ange ( organic environm5t induc$ by ! physical4 ,we h already se5 7p4 #agi7 t ext5sive *anges 9 physical geography & climate are always accompani$ by wide migrations & disp]sals ( species1 ! m+l+ ( faunas & floras1 & ! sev]] /ruggle = life1 & ! sweep+ we$+-out ( all b ! fitte/1 & ! *ange ( ^! latt]1 mak+ !m /ill fitt]4 ,^! two causes ( rapid *ange1 viz41 *ange ( climate & migrations1 toge!r ) ! loss ( record1 we believe completely acc\nt = ^? sweep+ *anges1 n only ( species b ev5 ( g5]a1 families1 & ord]s :i* *>act]ize ! passage f "o great era to ano!r4 ,b ?is does n yet expla9 ! app>5t discont9uity betwe5 consecutive species 9 ! same locality 9 cont9u\s1 con=mable /rata1 or ! r>ity ( transitional =ms :5 "o species takes ! place ( ano!r 9 an app>5tly cont9u\s record4 ,9 su* cont9u\s deposits ! successive faunas d inde$ gradate ins5sibly into "o ano!r1 b app>5tly z 9 contigu\s geographical regions 7p4 #bjj7 by sub/itution1 n by transmutation4 ,h[ %all we expla9 ?is8 ,on ?is po9t ,i ?r[ out "s sugge/ions3 #a4 ,9 ! modification ( species1 too1 z well z 9 o!r progressive *anges1 we may imag9e two =ces op]at+1 "o progressive1 ! o!r cons]vative--! "o ext]nal1 ! o!r int]nal4 ,! ext]nal progressive =ce consi/s ( all ! factors ( *ange already m5tion$1 ! int]nal cons]vative is ! law ( h]$ity1 ( l produc+ l4 ,a *ang+ environm5t t5ds cont9ually & increas+ly to *ange ( organisms1 b *ange is resi/$ by h]$ity1 :i* t5ds to adh]e1 )9 n>r[ limits1 to ! same =m4 ,b s9ce ! ext]nal =ce or t5d5cy to *ange increases con/antly--s9ce ! discord betwe5 ! environm5t & ! organism becomes ev] great]1 !re mu/ come a "t :5 ei!r ! species is de/roy$1 or else ! resi/ance ( h]$ity gives way1 & rapid *ange takes place4 ,! alt]native is pres5t$ to ! species to trans=m or p]i%2 & 9 "o or p]haps 9 two or ?ree g5]ations we h an am\nt ( *ange :i*1 "u o!r circum/ances1 might take a hundr$ g5]ations to accompli%4 ,^! rapid *anges are 9 fact exactly :at 9 artificial v>ieties we call sports4 ,we d n "k all ! conditions :i* det]m9e sports 9 dome/ication1 & /ill less :at det]m9es l>ge & widely-div]g5t v>iations1 & !re=e rapid orig9 ( _m div]g5t species1 9 geological hi/ory4 ,b "o ?+ seems probable1 viz41 t1 :5 a species beg9s to *ange1 x cont9ues to *ange easily & 9 _m directions4 ,:5 resi/ance gives way x takes "s "t1 _m g5]ations1 = h]$ity to ga!r =ce aga94 ,h5ce1 "y species are pla/ic1 flu5t1 because h]$ity1 on any "o po9t1 has n yet accumulat$4 ,b z soon z a /able =m is aga9 rea*$1 !n1 by accumulat+ a fund ( h]$ity1 ! =m t5ds to become m & m rigid1 until (t5 x becomes too rigid to yield to modify+ influ5ces1 & !re=e becomes ext9ct4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( species d ?us become ext9ct & leave no prog5y1 :ile ! few m pla/ic =ms are modifi$ 9 sev]al directions1 & ! numb] ( =ms may1 aft] a little "t1 be undim9i%$ or ev5 increas$4 #b4 ,z to ! cause ( rapid *anges ( =m dur+ revolution>y or critical p]iods 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory1 ,brooks has introduc$ an idea :i* is v sugge/ive1 & des]ves s]i\s att5tion4 ,we h above spok5 ( ! progressive elem5t z ext]nal4 ,brooks reg>ds bo? elem5ts z int]nal1 & repres5t$ by ! two sexes4 ,! male repres5ts ! progressive1 ! female ! cons]vative elem5t4 ,! "o t5ds to div]g5t v>iation1 ! o!r to fixity ( type by h]$ity4 ,i ?9k we w all admit t1 z a g5]al rule1 9 man 7& probably all ! high] animals7 ! male is m highly diff]5tiat$ into _m div]g5t =ms--! female is m l ! type-=m ( ! species4 ,9 man1 ! male is c]ta9ly m div]sifi$ 9 =m1 9 expression1 & 9 "*4 ,if !y h ! ke5e/ e> = musical pit*1 !y are also mo/ (t5 music-deaf2 if !y h ! %>pe/ p]ception ( color1 !y are also mo/ (t5 color-bl9d2 if among !m we f9d ! brighte/ intellects1 we also f9d ! dulle/ & mo/ /upid2 if !re are among !m m g5iuses1 s1 also1 !re are m cranks4 ,! same is also1 probably1 true ( o!r animals1 9 proportion to _! grade ( organization4 ,! op]ation ( ^! two equally necess>y elem5ts is well %[n 9 e advanc+ society4 ,! initiative ( e movem5t1 9 all directions1 good or bad1 is det]m9$ by ! male2 ! cons]vation ( :atev] balance ( good !re may be1 seems to be ma9ly by ! female4 ,! male tries all ?+s1 ! female holds fa/ t :i* is good4 ,by ! "o society ga9s a little 9 ea* g5]ation2 by ! o!r ! ga9 is cons]v$ & made a new po9t ( dep>ture4 ,! "o is ev] build+ ha/ily a scaffold+ & plat=m2 ! o!r ev] consolidat+ into a p]man5t /ructure4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,brooks1 :at is true 9 ! plane ( social progress is true also 9 ! l[] plane ( organic evolution4 ,9 sexual union1 & 9 ! result+ (fspr+1 ! sp]m-cell is ! elem5t :i* t5ds to div]g5t v>iation1 & ! g]m-cell to fixity ( type1 ?r\gh h]$ity4 ,9 artificial bre$+1 !n1 we ought to make new v>ieties by prop] use ( ! sire2 we ought to pres]ve !m true by prop] managem5t ( ! dam4 ,b1 aga91 x is believ$ t 9 _m l[] animals1 especially insects1 ! high-fe$+ ( ! "m1 & consequ5t good condition ( ! ovum1 t5ds to ! production ( female (fspr+4 ,x seems almo/ c]ta9 t1 9 butt]flies1 ! sex is n yet decl>$ 9 ! cat]pill> /age4 ,accord+ to ! c>eful exp]im5ts ( ,mrs4 ,treat1#cg if ! cat]pill>s be well f$1 !y become female butt]flies2 b1 if poorly f$1 !y make males4 ,"o purpose ( ?is provision ( ,nature is1 d\btless1 to provide = ! great] draught on ! vitality ( ! female 9 reproduction4 ,n[ = ! application4 ,9 good times 9 ! hi/ory ( a species1 :5 ev]y?+ is prosp]\s1 ext]nal conditions are favorable1 & food is abundant1 females are 9 excess1 & individuals are greatly multipli$4 ,"u ^! conditions1 evolution w\ld be sl[ & uni=m4 ,b 9 bad times 9 ! hi/ory ( a species1 :5 ext]nal conditions 7 unfavorable1 n only w\ld !re be excess ( males1 b ^!1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! *ang+ environm5t1 z well z ?r\gh ! dom9ance ( ! male elem5t1 w\ld be m ?an usually v>i$ 9 "*4 ,among ! /rongly div]g5t v>ieties ?us =m$1 ! fitte/--i4 e41 ^? mo/ 9 accord ) ! *ang+ environm5t--w\ld survive & leave (fspr+ p>tak+ ( _! "*4 ,we h already repeat$ly said t ! sev]] pressure ( a rapidly-*ang+ environm5t det]m9es correspond+ly rapid *anges 9 organic =ms4 ,x may d s 9 _m ways2 b1 accord+ to ,brooks1 "o ( ! mo/ important ways is by det]m9+ an excess ( ! male elem5t4 ,9 brief1 !n1 ! causes ( r>ity ( transitional =ms among fossils are--#a4 ,! *ange be+1 = ! reasons giv51 comp>atively rapid1 ! numb] ( g5]ations betwe5 consecutive species are few1 p]haps only "o4 #b4 ,times ( rapid *ange are also times ( unfavorable conditions1 & !re=e ! numb] ( individuals 9 ea* g5]ation is small1 & all ! small]--9 ,brooks's view--because ( ! fewness ( females4 ,:5 we rememb] t fossils are b a small fraction ( ! actual faunas & floras ( ! "t1 surely ^! two causes g f> t[>d expla9+ ! r>ity ( l9ks betwe5 species4 #c4 ,add to ^! ! exi/5ce ( p]iods ( wide-spread *anges 9 physical geography & climate1 & consequ5t wide migrations & disp]sals ( species1 & we suffici5tly acc\nt = ^? sweep+ *anges 9 species1 g5]a1 families1 & ord]s1 :i* m>k ! limits ( ! great eras1 & :i* are made /ill m abrupt1 & app>5tly sup]natural1 by ! loss ( record at ^! times4#ch ,objection4--,!re is /ill "o m objection :i* w be made4 ,we h draw+s ( plants1 animals1 & m51 by ,egyptian arti/s1 :o liv$ at lea/ ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 & ! species ( ! "o & ! races ( ! o!r are /ill ! same4 ,/ill bett]1 we h among ! wrapp+s ( ,egyptian mummies ! v plants !mselves1 leaves & fl[]s p]fectly pres]v$1 & ev5 colors almo/ p]fect4 ,yet ! species are exactly ! same z gr[ 9 ,egypt to-day4 ,if species are made by gradual transmutation1 surely !re ought to h be5 "s *ange 9 ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,answ]4--,x may be well to note t ?is app>5t p]man5ce is true ( races ( m5 z well z ( species ( animals & plants4 ,b ! v m5 :o insi/ on p]man5ce ( species are equally insi/5t on ! v>iability ( v>ieties & races4 ,! objection1 !re=e1 proves too mu*4 ,we %all n insi/ on ?is1 h[ev]1 because z d]ivationi/s we reg>d races z naught else ?an comm5c+ species1 & !re=e subject to ! same laws4 ,we are n /riv+ = triumph 9 debate1 b only = tru?4 ,! true answ] w1 we believe1 be f\nd among ! foll[+ sugge/ions3 #a4 ,?ree ?\s& ye>s seems a long "t 9 human hi/ory1 b 9 geological hi/ory x is b a day4 ,?is1 ! usual answ]1 is no d\bt a true "o1 b h>dly1 we ?9k1 suffici5t4 ,:5 we rememb] ! enorm\s *ange :i* has tak5 place 9 faunas & floras s9ce ! end ( ! ,t]ti>y1 if *ange /ill cont9ues at ! same rate1 surely x ought to be di/9ctly p]ceptible 9 ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 #b4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t su* *anges are usually m or less p>oxysmal2 n1 inde$1 s sudd5 z to break ! cont9uity ( life1 b f> m rapid at "s times ?an at o!rs4 ,! la/ critical or revolution>y p]iod ( rapid *ange 0 ! ,glacial epo*4 ,s9ce t "t--i4 e41 dur+ ! human p]iod--a new equilibrium has be5 e/abli%$1 & ! *anges 9 organic =ms h be5 v sl[4 #c4 ,rememb]1 aga91 t 9 evolution all species d n *ange4 ,on ! contr>y1 mo/ become rigid1 & ei!r rema9 un*ang$1 almo/ indef9itely1 or else die out & leave no desc5dants4 ,only ! m pla/ic =ms *ange into o!r species1 b usually into sev]al o!r species1 & ?us ! numb] ( =ms may be undim9i%$1 ev5 ?\gh ! l>g] numb] ( old =ms leave no desc5dants4 ,x is true1 !re=e1 ( ?is z well z ( o!r epo*s1 t ! great] numb] ( species are p]man5t4 #d4 ,x is n impossible--inde$1 x is 9 exact accordance ) ! laws ( evolution--t organic =ms are m p]man5t n[ ?an ev] be=e4 ,evolution is a gr[?2 ! =ces ( gr[? mu/ exhau/ !mselves4 ,evolution proce$s by con/ant diff]5tiation & specialization1 b extreme specialization always arre/s evolution4 ,9 ontog5ic evolution1 = example1 cell-/ructure becomes m & m specializ$1 b also !reby m & m rigid1 &1 :5 specialization is complete1 evolution /ops1 & cell-=ms are p]man5t4 ,x is ?is :i* limits ! cycle ( e evolution4 ,s is x precisely ) evolution ( ! organic k+dom1 except t ! cycle is mu* long]4 ,"h1 also1 e /ep is by specialization1 & yet specialization fixes ! =m1 & f9ally arre/s ! advance on t l9e4 ,?us1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole geological hi/ory ( ! e>?1 ! l>g] numb] ( =ms1 by specialization1 become rigid & p]i%1 :ile ! few]1 m g5]aliz$1 & m pla/ic =ms take up ! m>* & c>ry x =w>d a /ep1 only to be !mselves specializ$ & fix$4 ,if we comp>e1 aga91 to a tree3 ea* twig f9i%es its gr[?1 fl[]s1 fruits1 & dies2 o!r buds take up ! gr[? & c>ry x =w>d4 ,by specialization ! highe/ condition ( a c]ta9 =m ( life is atta9$1 b o!r possibilities are %ut (f4 ,extreme specialization is ! fl[]+ & fruit+--! end & completion ( twig-life4 ,n[1 obvi\sly1 ?is specialization & respecialization c n g on =ev]4 ,:5 x is complete 9 e direction x mu/ cease1 & =ms become p]man5t1 or else p]i%4 ,:5 x fl[]s x mu/ die4 ,n[1 is n ! adv5t ( man 9 _m ways a sign ( ! complet5ess ( organic evolution8 ,c]ta9 x is t ) man !re beg9s an entirely new =m ( evolution4 ,c]ta9 x is t ) man evolution is transf]r$ f ! organic to ! social plane1 f ! mat]ial to ! psy*ical4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! =ces1 ! conditions & results ( ?is evolution1 are :olly diff]5t f ^? ( ! o!r4 ,9 organic evolution ! organism mu/ con=m to ! environm5t2 9 human evolution ! environm5t is made to con=m to ! wants ( ! organism4 ,! "o is unconsci\s & involunt>y1 passive "u ! dom9at+ laws ( ,nature2 ! o!r is consci\s1 volunt>y progress t[>d an ideal1 by ! use1 among o!r means1 ( ! laws ( ,nature4 ,! "o is by *ange ( ext]nal =m--i4 e41 *ange ( species--! o!r by *ange ( bra9-/ructure4 ,n[1 does n ! comm5c+ ( ! cycle ( ?is new evolution imply ! clos+ ( t ( ! old8 ,! two may ov]lap some:at n[1 b x is evid5t t1 :5 ! cycle ( human evolution culm9ates1 :5 highly civiliz$ man %all h tak5 possession ( ! :ole e>?1 ! :ole organic k+dom mu/ be readju/$ to 8 wants4 ,all organic =ms mu/ be ei!r dome/icat$ or de/roy$4 ,organic =ms w no long] be modifi$ by natural b :olly by artificial selection4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are _m o!r suppos$ objections :i* h be5 urg$1 b ^! are mo/ly n objections to evolution1 b only to "s special !ory ( evolution--,d>w9ian1 ,sp5c]ian1 ,lam>ckian1 or o!r4 ,orig9 ( ,beauty4--,= example1 x has be5 urg$ t natural selection c only acc\nt = useful /ructures2 b beauty is z univ]sal & z conspicu\s 9 nature z use4 ,9 _m cases ,d>w9 has %[n t beauty is useful1 & 9 su* cases x is1 ( c\rse1 seiz$ ^u by selection & int5sifi$4 ,?us1 ! gorge\s color+ ( birds & insects is l>gely due to sexual selection4 ,beauty is attractive1 & !re=e ! mo/ beautiful prevail 9 secur+ reproductive opportunities4 ,?is "* is1 !re=e1 p]petuat$ 9 ! (fspr+1 & int5sifi$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 ?is c apply only to high] animals1 9 :i* ! sexes are sep>ate & sexual union volunt>y4 ,x c n apply to self-f]tiliz+ h]maphrodites2 & yet 9 ^!1 also1 we (t5 f9d ! mo/ gorge\s color+4 ,aga91 ,d>w9 has v +5i\sly & successfully expla9$ ! case ( ! beauty & fragrance ( fl[]s ( h]maphroditic plants by ano!r pr9ciple1 viz41 t ( insect-selection4 ,insects are attract$ by ! mo/ %[y & fragrant fl[]s1 & ?us become ! means ( c>ry+ poll5 f fl[] to fl[]1 insur+ f]tilization1 & especially cross-f]tilization4 ,! mo/ beautiful & fragrant fl[]s are mo/ c]ta9 to be f]tiliz$1 & ?us beauty & fragrance become useful to ! plant1 & !re=e are select$ & int5sifi$4 ,^! & _m o!r cases ( beauty may d\btless be expla9$ by %[+ t x is useful2 b beauty :i* is )\t any use c n be expla9$ by natural selection4 ,n[1 z already said1 ! mo/ gorge\s beauty is lavi%ly di/ribut$ ev5 among ! l[e/ animals1 su* z m>9e %ells & polyps1 :]e no su* explanation is possible4 ,! process by :i* su* beauty is orig9at$ & int5sifi$ is :olly unkn[n to u4 ,incipi5t ,organs4--,aga91 ,miv>t has drawn att5tion to ano!r difficulty 9 ! way ( natural selection z an explanation ev5 ( useful organs4 ,d>w9 does n1 ( c\rse1 attempt to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( v>ieties4 ,z we h already se51 he assumes div]g5t v>iation ( (fspr+ z ! necess>y mat]ial on :i* natural selection op]ates4 ,he :o %all expla9 ! orig9 ( v>ieties w h made ano!r great /ep 9 complet+ ! !ory ( evolution4 ,b n only does n natural selection expla9 ! orig9 ( v>ieties1 b nei!r c x expla9 ! fir/ /eps ( advance t[>d usefulness4 ,an organ mu/ be already useful be=e natural selection c take hold ( x to improve x4 ,x c n make x useful1 b only m useful4 ,= example1 if f9s comm5c$ z buds f ! trunk1 x is difficult to see h[ !y c\ld be ( any use1 & !re=e h[ !y c\ld be improv$ by natural selection until !y 7 ( consid]able size1 & especially until muscles 7 develop$ to move !m4 ,until t "t !y w\ld seem to be a h9drance to be remov$ by natural selection1 in/ead ( a use to be pres]v$ & improv$4 ,x w\ld seem t _m organs mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh ?is incipi5t /age1 9 :i* _! use 0 prospective4 ,mu* t is v int]e/+ might be said on ^! & simil> po9ts ( difficulty1 b all ?is lies entirely aside f ! scope ( ?is "w4 ,z already said1 ^! are n objections to evolution or d]ivation1 b only to ,d>w9ism1 or any o!r special !ory1 z a suffici5t explanation ( ! process ( evolution4 ,!y only %[ t we d n yet fully und]/& ?is process2 t !re are /ill o!r & p]haps great] factors ( evolution ?an is yet dream$ ( 9 our philosophy4 ,9 ! =ego+ *apt]s on special evid5ces1 & especially 9 ! la/ two1 ! read] w obs]ve _m po9ts ( d\bt1 discussion1 & diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,let x n be conclud$ on t acc\nt t ! law ( evolution is /ill 9 ! region ( unc]ta9ty4 ,x c n be too /rongly insi/$ on t ! fact ( evolution z a univ]sal law mu/ be kept di/9ct f ! causes1 ! factors1 ! conditions1 ! processes1 ( evolution4 ,! =m] is c]ta91 ! latt] are /ill imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,evolution ,,to ,,religi\s ,,?\ght4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,f :at has prec$$1 ! read] w p]ceive t we reg>d ! law ( evolution z ?or\ghly e/abli%$4 ,9 its mo/ g5]al s5se1 i4 e41 z a law ( cont9uity1 x is a necess>y condition ( rational ?\ght4 ,9 ?is s5se x is naught else ?an ! univ]sal law ( necess>y causation appli$ to =ms in/ead ( ph5om5a4 ,x is n only z c]ta9 z--x is f> m c]ta9 ?an--! law ( gravitation1 = x is n a cont+5t1 b a necess>y tru? l ! axioms ( geometry4 ,x is only necess>y to conceive x cle>ly1 to accept x unhesitat+ly4 ,! cons5sus ( sci5tific & philosophical op9ion is already well-nigh1 if n :olly1 complete4 ,if !re are /ill l+]+ cases ( diss5t among ?9k+ m51 x is only because su* d n yet conceive x cle>ly--!y conf\nd x ) "s special =m ( explanation ( evolution :i* !y1 p]haps ju/ly1 ?9k n yet fully e/abli%$4 ,we h sometimes 9 ! prec$+ pages us$ ! words evolutioni/ or d]ivationi/2 !y ought n to be us$ any long]4 ,! day is pa/ :5 evolution might be reg>d$ z a s*ool ( ?\ght4 ,we might z well talk ( gravitationi/ z ( evolutioni/4 ,if1 !n1 evolution z a law be c]ta91 if1 moreov]1 x is a law affect+ n only "o "p ( ,nature--! organic k+dom--& "o dep>tm5t ( sci5ce--biology--b ! :ole realm ( ,nature & e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 yea1 e dep>tm5t ( ?\ght1 *ang+ our :ole view ( ,nature & modify+ our :ole philosophy1 ! "q presses ^u u1 8,:at w be its effect on religi\s belief1 & !re=e on moral conduct80 ,?is is a "q ( grave/ import4 ,to answ] x1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 is ! *ief object ( ?is "w4 ,except = ?is1 x w\ld probably nev] h be5 und]tak54 ,all t goes be=e is subsidi>y to ?is4 ,b ,i w d\btless be met at ! v ?re%old by an objection f ! sci5tific side4 ,"s w say--because x is ! fa%ion n[ to say--t z simple1 hone/ tru?-seek]s1 we h no?+ to d ) its effect on religion & on life4 ,!y say we mu/ foll[ ,tru? :]ev] %e leads1 utt]ly reg>dless ( :at may seem to u moral consequ5ces4 ,?is ,i believe is a grave mi/ake1 ! result ( a reaction1 & on ! :ole a :olesome & noble reaction1 aga9/ ! f> m common mi/ake ( sacrific+ tru? to a suppos$ good4 ,b ! reaction1 z 9 mo/ o!r cases1 has gone mu* too f>4 ,!re is a true philosophic gr\nd ( ju/ification = ! reluctance ) :i* ev5 hone/ tru?-seek]s accept a doctr9e :i* seems h>mful to society4 ,effect on life is1 & ought to be1 an important elem5t 9 our e/imate ( ! tru? ( any doctr9e4 ,x is necess>y = me to %[ ?is1 9 ord] to ju/ify ?is "p ( my "w4 ,relation ( ! ,true & ! ,good4--,!re is a necess>y & indissoluble connection betwe5 tru? & usefulness4 ,we all at once admit ?is connection 9 "o direction4 ,we all admit t a tru? mu/ ev5tually h its useful application4 ,x may n be n[1 nor 9 t5 ye>s1 nor 9 a c5tury1 nor ev5 9 a mill5nium1 b "s "t 9 ! future x w v9dicate its usefulness4 ,no tru? is trivial or useless 9 its relation to human life1 = man is a "p ( ,nature1 & 8 life mu/ be 9 accordance ) ! laws ( ,nature4 ,e "o admits ?is1 b n e "o admits ! conv]se proposition1 viz41 t :atev] doctr9e or belief1 9 ! long run & ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( human advancem5t1 has t5d$ to ! bett]m5t ( our race1 mu/ h 9 x an elem5t ( tru? by virtue ( :i* x has be5 useful2 = man's good c n be 9 conflict ) ! laws ( ,nature4 ,also1 :atev] 9 ! long run & 9 ! f9al outcome t5ds to ! bad 9 human conduct1 ought to be receiv$1 ev5 by ! hone/ tru?-seek]1 ) di/ru/ z conta9+ ess5tial error4 ,! reason ( ?is w n[ be fur!r expla9$4 ,relation ( ,philosophy to ,life4--,!re are ?ree prim>y divisions ( our psy*ical nature1 viz41 s5su\s1 intellectual1 & volitional or moral4 ,!re are ?ree correspond+ prim>y processes necess>y to make a complete rational & satisfactory philosophy3 7#a7 ,!re is fir/ ! in/ream+ ( ! ext]nal _w ?r\gh ! s5ses1 z impressions4 ,^! we call facts or ph5om5a4 7#b7 ,! elaboration ( ^! facts )91 by ! intellect1 into a compact1 consi/5t /ructure4 ,?is we call k4 7#c7 ,! outgo+ ( ?is k by ! w into ! _w z "r or wise conduct4 ,n[ ^! ?ree are all equally necess>y4 ,all ^! ?ree portions ( our complex nature are equally urg5t to be satisfi$4#ci ,b1 un=tunately1 sci5tific work]s are too apt to ?9k only #a & #b necess>y--t true facts elaborat$ into consi/5t !ory are all we ne$ c>e =4 ,!ologians & metaphysicians1 on ! o!r h&1 seem to ?9k only #b & #c necess>y4 ,!y elaborate a !ory consi/5t 9 all its p>ts1 exquisitely wov5 9 beautiful & delicate patt]n1 & app>5tly satisfactory 9 its application to ! "r conduct ( life1 b are less c>eful to inquire :e!r x is 9 h>mony ) facts d]iv$ f ! s5ses4 ,b1 we repeat1 all ?ree are equally necess>y4 ,! fir/ ga!rs ! mat]ials1 ! second con/ructs ! edifice1 ! ?ird1 by use1 by practical application1 te/s :e!r x be a fit build+ to live 91 :e!r x is con/ruct$ on s\nd ar*itectural pr9ciples4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! old5 "t 0 to neglect ! fir/1 ! t5d5cy ( ! pres5t "t is to neglect ! ?ird4 ,b we repeat ) /rong] emphasis t ?is ?ird elem5t is equally necess>y4 ,all admit t successful application 9 art is ! sure/ te/ ( ! tru? ( sci5ce4 ,n[1 social conduct is ! art correspond+ to our philosophy ( life1 & !re=e is ! sure te/ ( its tru?4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t unless all ^! ?ree prim>y divisions ( our nature are satisfi$ by any doctr9e1 !re mu/ result an in]adicable confusion & discord 9 our psy*ical nature1 & cordial acceptance is n only impossible b irrational4 ,we insi/ ^u ?is ! m because x has become ! fa%ion 9 ^! latt] days ( dom9ance ( sci5ce1 to say t to inquire into effects on society is inconsi/5t ) ! sci5tific _s1 & unwor?y ( ! hone/ tru?-seek]4 ,b1 obs]ve1 ,i am speak+ ( effects on society only z a te/ ( tru?4 ,i w\ld n sw]ve a hair's bread? f absolute devotion to tru?4 ,x is necess>y1 inde$1 to inquire into effects on society1 b we mu/ inquire only 9 ! pati5t _s *>act]i/ic ( ! tru?-seek]4 ,:atev] is really true w surely v9dicate itself by its b5efic5ce1 if we w only wait pati5tly = f9al results4 ,evolution is no exception to ?is univ]sal tru?4 ,x w surely v9dicate its b5efic5ce1 b we mu/ wait yet a little :ile--n v long4 ,s mu* x 0 necess>y to say 9 ju/ification ( ! inquiry :i* con/itutes ?is ?ird "p ( our "w4 ,b1 aft] ?is ju/ification1 ! "q returns ) additional emphasis1 8,:at w be ! effect ( ! univ]sal acceptance ( ! law ( evolution on religi\s ?\ght1 & ?r\gh ?is on ! "r conduct ( life80 ,!re c be no d\bt t evolution1 z a law affect+ all sci5ce & e dep>tm5t ( ,nature1 mu/ fundam5tally affect ! :ole realm ( ?\ght1 & pr(\ndly modify our traditional views ( ,nature1 ( ,god1 & ( man4 ,!re c be no d\bt t we are n[ on ! eve ( a great revolution4 ,b1 z 9 all great revolutions1 s 9 ?is1 ! fir/ fe>s z to its effects are greatly exagg]at$4 ,to _m1 bo? fri5ds & foes ( ,*ri/ianity1 evolution seems to sweep away ! :ole f\ndation1 n only ( ,*ri/ianity1 b ( all religion & morals1 by demon/rat+ a univ]sal mat]ialism4 ,_m are ready to cry out 9 angui%1 8,ye h tak5 away our gods1 :at h we m8 ,ye h de/roy$ our de>e/ hopes & noble/ aspirations1 :at m is left wor? liv+ =80 ,b ,i ?9k all :o are at all famili> ) ! hi/ory ( ! s-call$ conflict betwe5 religion & sci5ce w admit ?is is n ! fir/ "t ?is cry has be5 rais$ aga9/ sci5ce4 ,!y h he>d ?is dang]-cry s (t5 t !y beg9 to reg>d x z little m ?an a wolf-cry--sci5tific wolf 9 ! religi\s fold4 ,x may n be amiss1 !n1 to /op a mom5t to trace rapidly ! ma9 po9ts ( ?is conflict--to discuss ! v>i\s =ms ( ?is sci5tific wolf4 ,fir/1 !n1 x came 9 ! =m ( ! helioc5tric !ory ( ! planet>y sy/em4 ,we once ?\ght ! e>? ! c5t] ( ! univ]se1 & s firm t x c n be mov$4 ,b sci5ce %[s t x moves ab\t ! sun1 & sp9s unceas+ly on its axis4 ,e "o has he>d ( ! t]ror ( ! %eep produc$ by ?is discov]y1 & ! ne>ly tragic results to ! bold sci5ti/4 ,b n[ we look back ) wond] t !re %\ld h be5 any tr\ble at all4 ,w\ld any ,*ri/ian n[ cons5t to give up ! gr& conceptions ( ,nature & ( ,god ?us op5$ to ! human m9d--! idea ( inf9ite space full ( worlds1 ( :i* our e>? is "o1 mov+ 9 sil5t h>mony z 9 a my/ic dance8 ,v]ily1 ?is wolf has prov$ itself a h>mless1 nay1 a v noble bea/1 & lies d[n 9 peace ) ! lambs4 ,next1 x came 9 ! %ape ( ! law ( gravitation1 z su/5tation ( ! cosmos by law & resid5t =ces4 ,! effect ( ?is on religi\s ?\ght 0 ev5 m pr(\nd1 ?\gh less visible on ! surface1 because only p]ceiv$ by ! mo/ intellig5t4 ,x seem$ at t "t to remove ,god f ! c\rse ( ,nature4 ,?is 0 ! real gr\nd ( ! skepticism ( ! la/ c5tury1 & also ! real motive ( ,voltaire's ard5t advocacy ( ,newton's views be=e ^! 7 g5]ally accept$ 9 ,france4 ,b n[1 :o w\ld give up ?is gr& idea--?is conception ( law p]vad+ inf9ite space--! same law :i* controls ! fall+ ( a /one guid+ also ! planet>y orbs 9 _! fi]y c\rses8 ,?is is inde$ ! div9e sph]al music1 inaudible b to ! e> ( sci5ce1 accompany+ ! cele/ial dance4 ,next1 x came 9 ! =m ( ! antiquity ( ! e>? & ( ! cosmos4 ,! e>? :i* we _h fondly ?\ght made specially = u ab\t six ?\s& ye>s ago2 sun1 moon1 & />s1 :i* we _h va9ly imag9$ %one only = our beho(--^!1 sci5ce tells u1 exi/$ & ea* p]=m$ its due c\rse inconceivable ages be=e !re 0 a man to till ! gr\nd or contemplate ! heav5s4 ,"s ( my read]s may /ill rememb] ! horror1 ! angry dispute :i* foll[$ ! promulgation ( ^! facts4 ,b n[1 :o w\ld cons5t to give up ! noble conception ( inf9ite "t ?us op5$ to ! human m9d & become =ev] ! h]itage ( man8 ,next1 x came 9 ! =m ( ! antiquity ( man4 ,x is probable1 nay1 c]ta91 t man has inhabit$ ! e>? f> long] ?an we _h previ\sly suppos$ we _h w>rant = believ+4 ,! controv]sy on ?is "q & ! dread ( its result has inde$ n yet entirely subsid$4 ,"s timid p /ill look askance at ?is wolf1 b ,i ?9k all intellig5t p accept x & f9d x h>mless4 ,next1 & la/1 x comes n[ 9 ! =m ( evolution--( ! orig9 ( all ?+s1 ev5 ( organic =ms1 by d]ivation--( creation by law4 ,we are ev5 n[ 9 ! mid/ ( ! t]ror creat$ by ?is doctr9e4 ,b :at is evolution b law ?r\gh\t inf9ite "t8 ,! same law :i* n[ controls ! developm5t ( an egg has presid$ ov] ! creation ( worlds4 ,inf9ite space & ! univ]sal law ( gravitation2 inf9ite "t & ! univ]sal law ( evolution4 ,^! two are ! gr&e/ ideas 9 ! realm ( ?\ght4 ,! "o is univ]sal su/5tation1 ! o!r univ]sal creation1 by law4 ,!re is "o law & "o en]gy p]vad+ all space & /ret*+ ?r\gh all "t4 ,our religi\s philosophy has long ago accept$ ! "o1 b has n yet _h "t to readju/ itself completely to ! o!r4 ,a few m ye>s1 & ,*ri/ians w n only accept1 b love & *]i% ?is also = ! noble conceptions x gives ( ,nature & ( ,god4 ,b "s w exclaim1 8,noble conceptions ( ,god1 say y6 ,:y1 x utt]ly oblit]ates ! idea ( ,god f ! m9d4 ,all o!r conflicts 7 = outworks--?is /rikes at ! citadel4 ,all o!rs requir$ only readju/m5t ( claims1 rectification ( b\nd>ies betwixt sci5ce & religion--?is requires no?+ less ?an unconditional surr5d]4 ,evolution is absolute mat]ialism1 & mat]ialism is incompatible ) belief 9 ,god1 & !re=e ) religion ( any k9d :atsoev]60 ,be=e proce$+ any fur!r1 x becomes necess>y to remove ?is difficulty out ( ! way4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,evolution ,,to ,,mat]ialism4 ,x is se5 9 ! sket* giv5 9 ! previ\s *apt] t1 aft] e /ruggle betwe5 !ology & sci5ce1 !re has be5 a readju/m5t ( "s beliefs1 a giv+ up ( "s notions :i* really _h no?+ to d ) religion 9 a prop] s5se1 b :i* _h become s associat$ ) religi\s belief z be to conf\nd$ ) ! latt]--a giv+ up ( "s l9e ( def5se :i* ought nev] to h be5 held because n )9 ! rightful doma9 ( !ology at all4 ,until ! pres5t ! :ole difficulty has be5 ! result ( misconception1 & ,*ri/ianity has em]g$ f e /ruggle only /r5g!n$ & purifi$1 by ca/+ (f an ob/ruct+ %ell :i* h9d]$ its gr[?4 ,b ! pres5t /ruggle seems to _m an entirely diff]5t & f> m s]i\s matt]4 ,to _m x seems no long] a /ruggle ( !ology1 b ( ess5tial religion itself--a deadly life-&-dea? /ruggle betwe5 religion & mat]ialism4 ,to _m1 bo? skeptics & ,*ri/ians1 evolution seems to be synonym\s ) blank mat]ialism1 & !re=e cuts up by ! roots e =m ( religion by d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ! fact ( immortality4 ,t ! enemies ( religion1 if !re be any su*1 %\ld assume & insi/ on ?is id5tity1 & ?us c>ry ov] ! :ole accumulat$ evid5ce ( evolution z a demon/ration ( mat]ialism1 al?\gh :olly unw>rant$1 is n s surpris+2 b :at %all we say ( ! incr$ible folly ( h] fri5ds 9 admitt+ ! same id5tity6 ,a little reflection w expla9 ?is4 ,!re c be no d\bt t !re is at pres5t a /rong & to _m an ov]:elm+ t5d5cy t[>d mat]ialism4 ,! amaz+ a*ievem5ts ( mod]n sci5ce2 ! absorption ( intellectual en]gy 9 ! inve/igation ( ext]nal nature & ! laws ( matt] h creat$ a curr5t 9 t direction s /rong t ( ^? :o feel its influ5ce--( ^? :o d n /ay at home1 %ut up 9 _! cre$s1 b walk abroad 9 ! light ( mod]n ?\ght--x sweeps away & be>s on its bosom all b ! /ronge/ & mo/ reflective m9ds4 ,mat]ialism has ?us become a fa%ion ( ?\ght2 &1 l all fa%ions1 mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,?is t5d5cy has be5 creat$ & is n[ guid$ by sci5ce4 ,j at ?is "t x is /ronge/ 9 ! dep>tm5t ( biology1 & especially is evolution its /ronghold4 ,?is !ory is suppos$ by _m to be simply demon/rative ( mat]ialism4 ,once x 0 ! !ory ( gravitation :i* seem$ demon/rative ( mat]ialism4 ,! su/5tation ( ! univ]se by law seem$ to imply t ,nature op]ates itself & ne$s no ,god4 ,t "t is pass$4 ,n[ x is evolution & creation by law4 ,?is w also pass4 ,! !ory seems to _m ! mo/ mat]iali/ic ( all sci5tific doctr9e only because x is ! la/ :i* is claim$ by mat]ialism1 & ! absurdity ( ! claim is n yet made cle> to _m4 ,! tru? is1 !re is no su* necess>y connection betwe5 evolution & mat]ialism z is imag9$ by "s4 ,!re is no diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 evolution & any o!r law ( ,nature4 ,9 evolution1 x is true1 ! la/ b>ri] is brok5 d[n1 & ! :ole doma9 ( nature is n[ subject to law2 b x is only ! la/2 ! m>* ( sci5ce has be5 9 ! same direction all ! "t4 ,9 a ^w1 evolution is n only n id5tical ) mat]ialism1 b1 to ! deep ?9k]1 x has n add$ a fea!r's weight to its probability or reasonabl5ess4 ,evolution is "o ?+ & mat]ialism q ano!r4 ,! "o is an e/abli%$ law ( nature1 ! o!r an unw>rant$ & ha/y inf]5ce f t law4 ,let no "o imag9e1 z he is conduct$ by ! mat]iali/ic sci5ti/ 9 ! pa?s ( evolution f ! inorganic to ! organic1 f ! organic to ! animate1 f ! animate to ! rational & moral1 until he l&s1 z x seems to him1 logically & inevitably1 9 univ]sal mat]ialism--let no su* "o imag9e t he has walk$ all ! way 9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce4 ,he has /epp$ across ! b\nd>y into ! doma9 ( philosophy4 ,b1 on acc\nt ( ! /rong t5d5cy to mat]ialism & ! skillful guidance ( 8 lead]s1 !re seems to be no su* b\nd>y2 he does n di/+ui% betwe5 ! inductions ( sci5ce & ! inf]5ces ( a %all[ philosophy2 ! :ole is accr$it$ to sci5ce1 & ! f9al conclusion seems to c>ry ) x all ! c]ta9ty :i* belongs to sci5tific results4 ,! fact t ^! mat]iali/ic conclusions are rea*$ by "s ( ! =emo/ sci5ti/s ( ! pres5t day adds no?+ to _! probability4 ,9 a "q ( sci5ce1 viz41 ! law ( evolution1 _! au?ority is des]v$ly high1 b 9 a "q ( philosophy1 viz41 mat]ialism1 x is f> o!rwise4 ,if ! pure sci5ti/s smile :5 !ological philosoph]s1 unacqua9t$ ) ! me?ods ( sci5ce1 und]take to dogmatize on ! subject ( evolution1 !y mu/ p>don ! philosoph]s if !y also smile :5 ! pure sci5ti/s imag9e t !y c at once solve que/ions 9 philosophy :i* h agitat$ ! human m9d f ! e>lie/ times4 ,i am anxi\s to %[ ! absurdity ( ?is mat]iali/ic conclusion1 b ,i %all try to d s1 n by any labor$ argum5t1 b by a few simple illu/rations4 #a4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve h[1 :5 ! "q is conc]n+ a "w ( ,nature1 we no soon] f9d out h[ a ?+ is made ?an we imm$iately exclaim3 8,x is n made at all1 x became s ( itself60 ,s long z we knew n h[ worlds 7 made1 we ( c\rse conclud$ !y mu/ h be5 creat$1 b s soon z sci5ce %[$ h[ x 0 probably done1 imm$iately we say we 7 mi/ak5--!y 7 n made at all4 ,s also1 s long z we c\ld n imag9e h[ new organic =ms orig9at$1 we 7 will+ to believe !y 7 creat$1 b1 s soon z we f9d t !y orig9at$ by evolution1 _m at once say1 8,we 7 mi/ak52 no creator is necess>y at all40 ,is ?is s :5 ! "q is conc]n+ a "w ( man8 ,yes1 ( "o k9d--viz41 ! "w ( ! magician4 ,"h1 inde$1 we believe 9 him1 & are delight$ ) 8 "w1 until we "k h[ x is done1 & !n all our fai? & wond] cease4 ,b 9 any hone/ "w x is n s2 b1 on ! contr>y1 :5 we und]/& h[ x is done1 /upid wond] is *ang$ into intellectual delight4 ,does x n seem1 !n1 t to mo/ p ,god is a m]e wond]-work]1 a *ief magician4 ,b ! mission ( sci5ce is to %[ u h[ ?+s are done4 ,is x any wond]1 !n1 t to su* p]sons sci5ce is con/antly de/roy+ _! sup]/iti\s illusions8 ,b if ,god is an hone/ work]1 accord+ to reason--i4 e41 accord+ to law--ought n sci5ce r to *ange gap+ wond] into intellig5t delight--sup]/ition into rational wor%ip8 #b4 ,aga91 x is curi\s to obs]ve h[ an old tru?1 if x come only 9 a new =m1 (t5 /rikes u z some?+ unhe>d (1 & ev5 z p>adoxical & almo/ impossible4 ,a little ov] ?irty ye>s ago a little philosophical toy1 ! gyroscope1 0 introduc$ & became v common4 ,at fir/ sight1 x seems to violate all me*anical laws1 & set at naught ! law ( gravitation itself4 ,a heavy-brass :eel1 f\r to five in*es 9 diamet]1 at ! end ( a horizontal axle1 six or eight in*es long1 is set rotat+ rapidly1 & !n ! free end ( ! axis is support$ by a /r+ or o!rwise4 ,! :eel rema9s susp5d$ 9 ! air :ile sl[ly gyrat+4 ,:at my/]i\s =ce su/a9s ! :eel :5 its only po9t ( support is at ! end ( ! axle1 six or eight in*es away8 ,sci5tific & popul> lit]ature 7 flood$ ) explanations ( ?is seem+ p>adox4 ,& yet x 0 no?+ new4 ,! boy's top1 t sp9s & leans & w n fall1 al?\gh solicit$ by gravity1 s long z x sp9s1 :i* we h se5 all our lives )\t special wond]1 is precisely ! same ?+4 ,n[1 evolution is no new ?+1 b an old famili> tru?2 b1 com+ n[ 9 a new & que/ionable %ape1 lo1 h[ x />tles u out ( our propriety6 ,orig9 ( =ms by evolution is go+ on ev]y:]e ab\t u1 bo? 9 ! inorganic & ! organic _w4 ,9 its m famili> =ms1 x _h nev] occurr$ to mo/ ( u t x 0 a sci5tific refutation ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 t x 0 a demon/ration ( mat]ialism4 ,b n[ x is pu%$ "o /ep f>!r 9 ! direction x has always be5 go+--x is made to include also ! orig9 ( species--only a little *ange 9 its =m1 & lo1 h[ we />t6 ,to ! deep ?9k]1 n[ & always1 !re is & has be5 ! alt]native--mat]ialism or !ism4 ,god op]ates ,nature or ,nature op]ates itself2 b evolution puts no new phase on ?is old "q4 ,= example1 ! orig9 ( ! individual by evolution4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t e "o ( u individually became :at we n[ are by a sl[ process ( evolution f a microscopic sph]ule ( protoplasm1 & yet ?is did n int]f]e ) ! idea ( ,god z our individual mak]4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld ! discov]y t ! species 7or fir/ individuals ( ea* k9d7 orig9at$ by evolution de/roy our belief 9 ,god z ! creator ( species8 #c4 ,x is curi\s & v int]e/+ to obs]ve ! mann] 9 :i* vex$ que/ions are always f9ally settl$1 if settl$ at all4 ,all vex$ que/ions--i4 e41 que/ions :i* h task$ ! p[]s ( ! greate/ m9ds age aft] age--are su* only because !re is a real tru? on bo? sides4 ,pure1 unmix$ error does n live to plague u long4 ,error1 :5 x cont9ues to live1 does s by virtue ( a g]m ( tru? conta9$4 ,great que/ions1 !re=e1 cont9ue to be argu$ pro & con f age to age1 because ea* side is 9 a s5se--i4 e41 f its own po9t ( view--true1 b wrong 9 exclud+ ! o!r po9t ( view2 & a true solution1 a true rational philosophy1 w always be f\nd 9 a view :i* comb9es & reconciles ! two p>tial1 mutually exclud+ views1 %[+ 9 :at !y are true & 9 :at !y are false--expla9+ _! diff]5ces by transc5d+ !m4 ,?is is s univ]sal & f>-rea*+ a pr9ciple t ,i am sure ,i w be p>don$ = illu/rat+ x 9 ! homelie/ & trite/ fa%ion4 ,i w d s by means ( ! %ield ) ! div]se sides1 giv+ ! /ory & con/ru+ x1 h[ev]1 9 my own way4 ,!re is1 app>5tly1 no limit to ! am\nt ( ri* m>r[ ( tru? t may be extract$ f ^! dry bones ( popul> prov]bs & fables by pati5t turn+ & gnaw+4 ,we all rememb]1 !n1 ! fam\s dispute conc]n+ ! %ield1 ) its sides ( diff]5t colors1 :i* we %all "h call :ite & black4 ,we all rememb] h[1 aft] va9 attempts to discov] ! tru? by dispute1 x 0 agre$ to try ! sci5tific me?od ( inve/igation4 ,we all rememb] ! surpris+ result4 ,bo? p>ties to ! dispute 7 "r & bo? 7 wrong4 ,ea* 0 "r f 8 po9t ( view1 b wrong 9 exclud+ ! o!r po9t ( view4 ,ea* 0 "r 9 :at he ass]t$1 & ea* wrong 9 :at he d5i$4 ,& ! complete tru? 0 ! comb9ation ( ! p>tial tru?s & ! elim9ation ( ! p>tial errors4 ,b we mu/ n make ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t tru? consi/s 9 compromise4 ,!re is an old adage t tru? lies 9 ! middle betwe5 antagoni/ic extremes4 ,b x seems to u t ?is is ! place ( safety1 n ( tru?4 ,?is is ! favorite adage1 !re=e1 ( ! timid man1 ! "t-s]v]1 ! f5ce-man1 n ! tru?-seek]4 ,suppose !re _h be5 on ! occasion m5tion$ above "o ( ^! f5ce-philosoph]s4 ,he w\ld h said3 8,^! disputants are equally intellig5t & equally valiant4 ,"o side says ! %ield is :ite1 ! o!r t x is black1 n[ tru? lies 9 ! middle2 !re=e1 ,i conclude ! %ield is gray or neutral t9t1 or a sort ( pepp]-&-salt40 ,d we n see t he is ! only man :o has no tru? 9 him8 ,no2 tru? is no het]og5e\s mixture ( opposite extremes1 b a /]eoscopic comb9ation ( two surface views into "o solid reality4 ,n[1 ! same is true ( all vex$ que/ions1 & ,i h giv5 ?is trite fable aga9 only to apply x to ! case 9 h&4 ,!re are ?ree possible views conc]n+ ! orig9 ( organic =ms :e!r individual or specific4 ,two ( ^! are opposite & mutually exclud+2 ! ?ird comb9+ & reconcil+4 ,= example1 take ! individual4 ,!re are ?ree !ories conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! individual4 ,! fir/ is t ( ! pi\s *ild :o ?9ks t he 0 made v mu* z he himself makes 8 dirt-pies2 ! second is t ( ! /reet-gam91 or ( ,topsy1 :o says3 8,i 0 n made at all1 ,i gr[$02 ! ?ird is t ( mo/ intellig5t ,*ri/ians--i4 e41 t we 7 made by a process ( evolution4 ,obs]ve t ?is latt] comb9es & reconciles ! o!r two1 & is ?us ! m rational & philosophical4 ,n[1 !re are also ?ree exactly correspond+ !ories conc]n+ ! orig9 ( species4 ,! fir/ is t ( _m pi\s p]sons & _m intellig5t cl]gym51 :o say t species 7 made at once by ! ,div9e h& )\t natural process4 ,! second is t ( ! mat]iali/s1 :o say t species 7 n made at all1 !y 7 d]iv$1 8!y gr[$40 ,! ?ird is t ( ! !i/ic evolutioni/s1 :o ?9k t !y 7 creat$ by a process ( evolution--:o believe t mak+ is n inconsi/5t ) gr[+4 ,! "o ass]ts ! div9e ag5cy1 b d5ies natural process2 ! second ass]ts ! natural process1 b d5ies div9e ag5cy2 ! ?ird ass]ts div9e ag5cy by natural process4 ,( ! fir/ two1 obs]ve1 bo? are "r & bo? wrong2 ea* view is "r 9 :at x ass]ts1 & wrong 9 :at x d5ies--ea* is "r f its own po9t ( view1 b wrong 9 exclud+ ! o!r po9t ( view4 ,! ?ird is ! only true rational solution1 = x includes1 comb9es1 & reconciles ! o!r two2 %[+ :]e9 ea* is "r & :]e9 wrong4 ,x is ! comb9ation ( ! two p>tial tru?s1 & ! elim9ation ( ! p>tial errors4 ,b let u n fail to d p]fect ju/ice4 ,! fir/ two views ( orig91 :e!r ( ! individual or ( ! species1 are inde$ bo? p>tly wrong z well z p>tly "r2 b ! view ( ! pi\s *ild & ( ! ,*ri/ian conta9s by f> ! m ess5tial tru?4 ,( ! two sides ( ! %ield1 !irs is at lea/ ! :it] & m beautiful4 ,b1 alas6 ! great b> to a spe$y settlem5t ( ?is "q & ! adoption ( a rational philosophy is n 9 ! head b 9 ! he>t--is n 9 ! reason b 9 pride ( op9ion1 self-conceit1 dogmatism4 ,! r>e/ ( all gifts is a truly tol]ant1 rational _s4 ,9 all our gett+s let u /rive to get ?is1 = x alone is true wisdom4 ,b we mu/ n imag9e t all ! dogmatism is on "o side1 & t ! !ological4 ,_m seem to ?9k t !ology has a 8pre-emptive "r0 to dogmatism4 ,if s1 !n mod]n mat]iali/ic sci5ce has 8jump$ ! claim40 ,dogmatism has its roots deep-b$d$ 9 ! human he>t4 ,x %[$ itself fir/ 9 ! doma9 ( !ology1 because !re 0 ! seat ( p[]4 ,9 mod]n times x has gone ov] to ! side ( sci5ce1 because "h n[ is ! place ( p[] & fa%ion4 ,!re are two dogmatisms1 bo? equally oppos$ to ! true rational _s1 viz41 ! old !ological & ! new sci5tific4 ,! old cl+s fondly to old ?+s1 only because !y are old2 ! new grasps eag]ly aft] new ?+s1 only because !y are new4 ,true wisdom & true philosophy1 on ! contr>y1 tries all ?+s bo? old & new1 & holds fa/ only to t :i* is good & true4 ,! new dogmatism taunts ! old = cr$ulity & sup]/ition2 ! old reproa*es ! new = levity & skepticism4 ,b true wisdom p]ceives t !y are bo? equally cr$ul\s & equally skeptical4 ,! old is cr$ul\s ( old ideas & skeptical ( new2 ! new is skeptical ( old ideas & cr$ul\s ( new4 ,bo? des]ve ! unsp>+ rebuke ( all "r-m9d$ m54 ,! appropriate rebuke = ! old dogmatism has be5 already put 9 ! m\? ( ,job 9 ! =m ( a bitt] sne]3 8,no d\bt ye are ! p1 & wisdom %all die ) y40 ,! appropriate rebuke = ! new dogmatism1 ?\gh n put into ! m\? ( any anci5t prophet1 ought to be utt]$--,i w und]take to utt] x "h4 ,i w\ld say to ^! mod]n mat]iali/s1 8,no d\bt ye are ! m51 & wisdom & true philosophy 7 born ) y40 ,let x be obs]v$ t we are n "h t\*+ ! g5]al "q ( ! p]sonal ag5cy ( ,god 9 op]at+ ,nature4 ,?is we %all take up h]eaft]4 ,all t we wi% to insi/ on n[ is t ! process & ! law ( evolution does n diff] 9 its relation to mat]ialism f all o!r processes & laws ( ,nature4 ,if ! su/5tation ( ! univ]se by ! law ( gravitation does n di/urb our belief 9 ,god z ! su/a9] ( ! univ]se1 !re is no reason :y ! orig9 ( ! univ]se by ! law ( evolution %\ld di/urb our fai? 9 ,god z ! creator ( ! univ]se4 ,if ! law ( gravitation be reg>d$ z ! ,div9e mode ( su/5tation1 !re is no reason :y we %\ld n reg>d ! law ( evolution z ! ,div9e process ( creation4 ,x is evid5t t if evolution be mat]ialism1 !n is gravitation also mat]ialism2 !n is e law ( ,nature & all sci5ce mat]ialism4 ,if !re be any diff]5ce at all1 x consi/s only 9 ?is3 t1 z already said1 "h is ! la/ l9e ( def5se ( ! support]s ( sup]naturalism 9 ! realm ( ,nature4 ,b be+ ! la/ l9e ( def5se--! la/ dit*--x is evid5t t a yield+ "h implies n a m]e %ift+ ( l9e1 b a *ange ( base2 n a readju/m5t ( details only1 b a recon/ruction ( ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,?is1 ,i believe1 is inde$ necess>y4 ,!re c be little d\bt 9 ! m9d ( ! ?\ghtful obs]v] t we are ev5 n[ on ! eve ( ! greate/ *ange 9 traditional views t has tak5 place s9ce ! bir? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b let no "o be greatly di/urb$ !reby4 ,= z !n1 s n[1 *ange comes n to de/roy b to fulfill all our de>e/ hopes & aspirations2 z !n1 s n[1 ! g]m ( liv+ tru? has1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 become s encru/$ ) mean+less traditions :i* /ifle its gr[?1 t x is necess>y to break ! %ell to set x free2 z !n1 s n[1 x has become necess>y to purge religi\s belief ( dross 9 ! =m ( trivialities & sup]/itions4 ,?is has ev] be5 & ev] w be ! function ( sci5ce4 ,! ess5tials ( religi\s fai? x does n1 x c n1 t\*1 b x purifies & ennobles our conceptions ( ,deity1 & ?us elevates ! :ole plane ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,x w n1 ( c\rse1 be expect$ ( me to give1 ev5 9 briefe/ outl9e1 a sy/em ( recon/ruct$ ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,su* an attempt w\ld be :olly unbecom+4 ,"t1 v mu* "t1 & ! co-op]ation ( _m m9ds1 br++ contributions f _m dep>tm5ts ( ?\ght1 is necess>y = ?is4 ,9 a ^w1 x c only itself come by a gradual process ( evolution4 ,b f ! po9t ( view ( sci5ce "s v fundam5tal *anges 9 traditional views are already pla94 ,( ^! ! mo/ fundam5tal & important are our ideas conc]n+ ,god1 ,nature1 & man 9 _! relations to "o ano!r4 ,^! w =m ! subject ( ! next ?ree *apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,god ,,to ,,nature4 ,we h already said t evolution does n diff] ess5tially f o!r laws ( ,nature 9 its be>+ on religi\s belief4 ,x only reit]ates & en=ces ) additional emphasis :at ,sci5ce1 9 all its dep>tm5ts1 has be5 say+ all along4 ,! difficulties 9 ! way ( c]ta9 traditional views h press$ ) ev] increas+ =ce ^u ! ?\ghtful m9d ev] s9ce ! bir? ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,all along1 an issue has be5 ga!r+1 b put (f f "t to "t by compromise1 until n[1 at la/1 ! issue is =c$ ^u u & compromise is exhau/$4 ,! issue 7let u look x squ>ely 9 ! face7 is3 ,ei!r ,god is f> m closely relat$ ) ,nature1 & op]ates x 9 a m direct way ?an we h rec5tly be5 accu/om$ to ?9k1 or else 7m>k ! alt]native7 ,nature op]ates itself & ne$s no ,god at all4 ,!re is no middle gr\nd t5able4 ,let u trace rapidly ! gr[? ( ?is issue4 ,! old idea & ! mo/ natural to ! religi\s m9d 0 ! direct ag5cy ( ,god 9 e ev5t & ph5om5on ( ,nature4 ,?is view is nobly express$ 9 ! noble/ lit]ature 9 ! _w--9 ! ,hebrew & ,*ri/ian ,scriptures3 8,he looke? on ! e>? & x tremble?4 ,he t\*e? ! hills & !y smoke40 8,he make? 8 sun to rise on ! evil & on ! good1 & s5de? 8 ra9 on ! j & on ! unju/40 ,b n[ comes ,sci5ce & expla9s all ^! ph5om5a by natural laws & resid5t =ces1 & we all accept h] explanation4 ,?us1 "o by "o ! ph5om5a ( ,nature are expla9$ by ! op]ation ( resid5t =ces accord+ to natural laws1 until ! :ole c\rse ( ,nature1 z we n[ "k x1 has be51 or w be1 or conceivably may be1 ?us expla9$4 ,?us has gradually gr[n up1 )\t our confess+ x1 a k9d ( sci5tific poly!ism--"o great ,jehovah1 p]haps1 b ) _m ag5ts or sub-gods1 ea* indep5d5t1 effici5t1 & do+ all ! real "w 9 8 own doma94 ,! names ( ^!1 our gods1 are gravity1 light1 heat1 electricity1 magnetism1 *emical aff9ity1 etc41 & we are practically say+3 8,^! be y\r gods1 ,o ,israel1 :i* br\ght y out ( ! l& ( ,egyptian d>kness & ignorance4 ,^! be ! only gods ye ne$ fe>1 & s]ve1 & /udy ! ways (40 ,:at1 !n1 is practically ! notion :i* mo/ p seem to h ( ! relation ( ,deity to ,nature8 ,x is t ( a great ma/]-me*anic f> away above u & beyond our rea*1 :o once ^u a "t1 long ago1 & once = all1 work$1 creat$ matt]1 end[$ x ) necess>y prop]ties & p[]s1 con/ruct$ at once out ( h& ?is wond]ful cosmos ) its numb]less :eels )9 :eels1 end[$ x ) =ces1 put spr+s 9 x1 w\nd x up1 set x a-go+1 & !n--re/$4 ,! ?+ has cont9u$ to g ( itself ev] s9ce4 ,he might h n only re/$ b slept1 & ! ?+ w\ld h gone ( itself4 ,he might n only h slept b di$1 & /ill ! ?+ w\ld h cont9u$ to g ( itself4 ,b1 no1 ,i =get4 ,he mu/ n sleep or die1 = ! "w is n absolutely p]fect4 ,!re are "s ?+s too h>d ev5 = ,him to d 9 ?is ma/]ful1 god-l way4 ,!re are "s ?+s :i* ev5 ,he c n d except 9 a 'pr5tice-l1 man-l way4 ,! h& mu/ be introduc$ f "t to "t to repair1 to rectify1 to improve1 especially to introduce new p>ts1 su* z new organic =ms4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( ! compromise until tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,nature is suffici5t ( itself = its c\rse & cont9uance1 b n = orig9s ( at lea/ "s new p>ts4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( ! compromise until ,d>w9 & ! !ory ( evolution4 ,b1 n[1 ev5 ?is poor privilege ( occasional int]f]5ce is tak5 away4 ,n[1 orig9s1 z well z c\rses1 are r$uc$ to resid5t =ces & natural law4 ,n[1 ,nature is suffici5t ( itself1 n only = su/5tation1 b also = creation4 ,?us1 ,sci5ce has seem$ to pu% ,him f>!r & f>!r away f u1 until n[1 at la/1 if ?is view be true1 evolution f9i%es ! matt] by pu%+ ,him entirely out ( ! univ]se & disp5s+ ) ,him altoge!r4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is mat]ialism4 ,b ?is is no new view n[ br\ght =w>d = ! fir/ "t by evolution4 ,on ! contr>y1 evolution only f9i%es :at sci5ce has be5 do+ all along4 ,see1 !n1 h[ ! issue is =c$4 ,ei!r ,nature is suffici5t ( itself & wants no ,god at all1 or else ?is :ole idea1 ! hi/ory ( :i* we h be5 trac+1 is radically false4 ,we h "h giv5 by sci5ce ei!r a demon/ration ( mat]ialism or else a r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,:i* is x8 ,i d n hesitate a mom5t to say x is a r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,& ,i believe t evolution has conf]r$ an ine/imable b5efit on philosophy & on religion by =c+ ?is issue & compell+ u to take a m rational view4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! alt]native view8 ,x is ! utt] rejection ) ,b]keley & ) ,sw$5borg ( ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( matt] & ! real effici5t ag5cy ( natural =ces4 ,x is ! frank return to ! old idea ( direct div9e ag5cy1 b 9 a new1 m rational1 less an?ropomorphic =m4 ,x is ! br++ toge!r & complete reconciliation ( ! two app>5tly antagoni/ic & mutually exclud+ views ( direct ag5cy & natural law4 ,su* reconciliation we h already se5 is ! true te/ ( a rational philosophy4 ,x is ! belief 9 a ,god n f> away beyond our rea*1 :o once long ago enact$ laws & creat$ =ces :i* cont9ue ( !mselves to run ! ma*9e we call ,nature1 b a ,god imman5t1 a ,god resid5t 9 ,nature1 at all times & 9 all places direct+ e ev5t & det]m9+ e ph5om5a--a ,god 9 :om 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se n only we b all ?+s h _! be+1 9 :om all ?+s consi/1 ?r\gh :om all ?+s exi/1 & )\t :om !re w\ld be & c\ld be no?+4 ,accord+ to ?is view ! ph5om5a ( ,nature are naught else ?an objectifi$ modes ( div9e ?\ght1 ! =ces ( ,nature naught else ?an diff]5t =ms ( "o omnipres5t div9e en]gy or w1 ! laws ( ,nature naught else ?an ! regul> modes ( op]ation ( t div9e w1 inv>iable because ,he is un*angeable4 ,accord+ to ?is view ! law ( gravitation is naught else ?an ! mode ( op]ation ( ! div9e en]gy 9 su/a9+ ! cosmos--! div9e me?od ( su/5tation2 ! law ( evolution naught else ?an ! mode ( op]ation ( ! same div9e en]gy 9 orig9at+ & develop+ ! cosmos--! div9e me?od ( creation2 & ,sci5ce is ! sy/ematic k ( ^! div9e ?\ghts & ways--a rational sy/em ( natural !ology4 ,9 a ^w1 accord+ to ?is view1 !re is no real effici5t =ce b _s1 & no real indep5d5t exi/5ce b ,god4 ,b "s w object t ?is is pure ,idealism4 ,yes1 b f> diff]5t f :at usually goes "u t "n4 ,! ideal philosophy z usually und]/ood reg>ds ! ext]nal _w z hav+ no real objective exi/5ce outside ( ourselves--z objectifi$ m5tal /ates ( ! obs]v]--z lit]ally su* /uff z dreams are made (--z a m]e phantasmagoria ( troop+ %ad[s hav+ no real exi/5ce b 9 ! m9d ( ! dream]1 & ea* dream] makes 8 own _w4 ,n s 9 ! idealism above pres5t$4 ,accord+ to ?is ! ext]nal _w is ! objectifi$ modes1 n ( ! m9d ( ! obs]v]1 b ( ! m9d ( ,god4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! ext]nal _w is n a m]e unsub/antial figm5t or dream1 b = u a v sub/antial objective reality surr\nd+ u & condition+ u on e side4 ,aga91 x w be object$ t ?is is pure ,pan!ism4 ,aga91 we answ] 8yes40 ,call x s if y l1 b f> diff]5t f :at goes "u t "n1 f> diff]5t f ! pan!ism :i* sublimates ! p]sonality ( ! ,deity into all-p]vad+ unconsci\s =ce1 & !reby dissipates all our hopes ( p]sonal relation ) him4 ,prop]ly und]/ood1 we believe ?is view completely reconciles ! two antagoni/ic & mutually exclud+ views ( imp]sonal pan!ism & an?ropomorphic p]sonalism1 & is !re=e m rational ?an ei!r4 ,! discussion ( ?is mo/ important po9t c only come up aft] ! next *apt]1 because ! argum5t = ! p]sonality ( ,deity is d]iv$1 n f )\t by ! /udy ( ,nature1 b f )9 9 our own consci\sness4 ,we !re=e put (f its discussion = ! pres5t4 ,b1 f9ally1 "s w object1 8,we c n live & "w effectively "u su* a !ory unless1 inde$1 we escape ?r\gh pan!ism40 ,x may1 alas6 be true t ?is view br+s u too ne> ,him 9 our s5se ( spiritual nak$ness & %ortcom+4 ,x may1 inde$1 be t we c n live & "w 9 ! cont9ual realiz$ pres5ce ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,x may1 inde$1 be t we mu/ /ill we> ! veil ( a practical mat]ialism on our he>ts & m9ds4 ,x may1 inde$1 be t 9 our practical life & sci5tific "w we mu/ /ill cont9ue to ?9k ( natural =ces z effici5t ag5ts4 ,b1 if s1 let u at lea/ rememb] t ?is attitude ( m9d mu/ be reg>d$ only z our ord9>y "w-clo!s--necess>y "w-clo!s x may be ( our out] l[] life--to be put aside :5 we return home to our inn] high] life1 religi\s & philosophical4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,man ,,to ,,nature4 ,!re are two widely di/9ct views conc]n+ ! relation ( man to ,nature2 ! "o z old z ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght1 ! o!r only n[ urg$ ^u u by mod]n sci5ce4 ,accord+ to ! "o1 man is ! c\nt]p>t & equival5t ( ,nature4 ,he alone has--9 fact is--an immortal _s1 & !re=e he belongs to a _w ( 8 own4 ,accord+ to ! o!r1 man is b a "p1 a v insignificant "p ( ,nature1 & connect$ 9 ! close/ way ) all o!r p>ts1 especially ) ! animal k+dom4 ,he has no _w ( 8 own1 nor ev5 k+dom ( 8 own3 he belongs to ! animal k+dom4 ,9 t k+dom he has no dep>tm5t ( 8 own3 he is a v]tebrate4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( v]tebrates he has no privileg$ class ( 8 own3 he is a mammal4 ,9 ! class ( mammals he has no titl$ ord] ( 8 own3 he is a primate1 & %>es 8 primacy ) apes4 ,x is d\btful if he may enjoy ! privacy ( a family ( 8 own--! ,hom9id--= ! /ructural diff]5ces betwe5 man & ! an?ropoid apes are probably n s great z betwe5 ! %eep family & ! de] family4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ^! two are only views f diff]5t po9ts1 psy*ical & /ructural4 ,f ! psy*ical po9t ( view x is simply impossible to exagg]ate ! wid5ess ( ! gap t sep>ates man f ev5 ! highe/ animals4 ,f ?is po9t ( view man mu/ be set ov] z an equival5t1 n only to ! :ole animal k+dom1 b to ! :ole ( ,nature besides4 ,f ! /ructural po9t ( view1 on ! contr>y1 x is impossible to exagg]ate ! clos5ess ( ! connection4 ,man's body is id5tifi$ ) all ,nature 9 its *emical con/itu5ts1 ) ! body ( all animals 9 its functions1 ) all v]tebrates1 especially mammals1 9 its /ructure4 ,bone = bone1 muscle = muscle1 ganglion = ganglion1 almo/ n]ve-fib] = n]ve-fib]1 8 body corresponds ) t ( ! high] animals4 ,:e!r he 0 d]iv$ f l[] animals or n1 c]ta9 x is t 8 /ructure ev5 9 ! m9ute/ details is precisely su* z x w\ld be if he 7 ?us d]iv$ by successive slight modifications4 ,n[1 ( ^! two views1 ! latt] has be5 9 rec5t times enorm\sly productive 9 increas+ our k4 ,anatomy has become truly sci5tific only ?r\gh comp>ative anatomy2 physiology ?r\gh comp>ative physiology2 embryology ?r\gh comp>ative embryology4 ,sociology is fa/ foll[+ 9 ! same l9e1 & becom+ sci5tific ?r\gh comp>ative sociology4 ,is n ! same true also ( psy*ology8 ,w n psy*ology become truly sci5tific only ?r\gh comp>ative psy*ology1 i4 e41 by ! /udy ( ! _s ( man 9 relation to :at corresponds to x 9 l[] animals8 ,b ?is view & ?is me?od1 :5 pu%$ to :at seems to _m _! logical conclusion1 end 9 id5tification ( man ) m]e animals1 ( _s ) m]e physical & *emical =ces1 immortality ) m]e cons]vation ( en]gy1 & ?us leads to blank & univ]sal mat]ialism4 ,?us1 :ile x increases our k1 x de/roys our hopes4 ,is !re any escape8 ,!re is4 ,! two extreme views giv5 above are n irreconcilable4 ,z already said1 !y are only views f diff]5t po9ts1 & !re=e1 al?\gh bo? true1 are equally "o-sid$ & p>tial1 & a true & rational philosophy1 9 ?is z 9 all o!r cases ( vex$ que/ions1 is f\nd only 9 a high] view1 :i* comb9es & reconciles ^! mutually exclud+ extremes4 ,c we f9d su* a view8 ,i ?9k we c4 ,let u fir/1 h[ev]1 trace "s ( ! /ages ( ?is sci5tific mat]ialism4 ,!re are two ma9 bran*es ( ! argum5t = mat]ialism3 "o d]iv$ f bra9-physiology1 ! o!r f evolution4 ,z we wi% to be p]fectly fair1 we w pres5t & ev5 press ! argum5t 9 bo? ^! directions1 al?\gh ! latt] alone be>s directly on ! subject 9 h&4 ,9 rec5t times1 physiology has made great &1 to _m1 />tl+ advances 9 ! direction ( connect+ m5tal ph5om5a ) bra9-*anges4 ,physiologi/s h e/abli%$ ! correlation ( vital ) *emical & physical =ces1#dj & probably 9 "s s5se1 at lea/1 ( m5tal ) vital =ces4 ,!y h prov$1 9 e act ( p]ception1 fir/ a physical *ange 9 a n]ve-t]m9al1 !n a propagat$ ?rill along a n]ve-fib]1 & !n a result+ *ange1 physical or *emical1 9 ! bra92 & 9 e act ( volition1 a *ange fir/ 9 a bra9-cell1 !n1 a return ?rill along a n]ve-fib]1 & a result+ contraction ( a muscle4 ,ev5 ! velocity ( ! transmission to & fro has be5 measur$1 & ! "t necess>y to produce bra9-*anges e/imat$4 ,!y h also e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce ( physical & *emical *anges 9 ! bra9 correspond+ to e *ange ( m5tal /ate1 & ) great probability an exact quantitative relation betwe5 ^! *anges ( bra9 & ! correspond+ *anges ( m9d4 ,9 ! ne> future !y may d m3 !y may localize all ! diff]5t faculties & p[]s ( ! m9d1 ea* 9 its sev]al place 9 ! bra91 & ?us lay ! f\ndations ( a truly sci5tific phr5ology4 ,9 ! f>-di/ant future we may possibly d mu* m4 ,we may connect ea* k9d ( m5tal /ate ) a diff]5t & di/9ctive k9d ( bra9-*ange4 ,we may f9d1 = example1 a "r-h&$ rotation ( atoms associat$ ) love1 & a left-h&$ rotation associat$ ) hate1 or a g5tle sideways oscillation associat$ ) consci\sness1 & a v]tical p\nd+ associat$ ) w4 ,n[1 suppose all ?is1 & ev5 mu* m1 be done 9 ! way ( associat+1 bo? 9 degree & 9 k9d1 m5tal *anges ) bra9-*anges4 ,:at !n8 8,:y10 say ! mat]iali/s1 8we !reby id5tify m9d ) matt]1 m5tal =ces ) mat]ial =ces4 ,?\ght1 emotion1 consci\sness & w become products ( ! bra91 9 ! same s5se z bile is a product ( ! liv]1 or urea a product ( ! kidneys40 ,su* is1 9 brief1 ! argum5t4 ,n[1 ! answ]3 ,we may d all we h suppos$ & mu* m4 ,we may pu% our k 9 ?is direction z f> z ! bolde/ imag9ation c rea*1 & ev5 !n we are no ne>] ! solution ( ?is my/]y ( ! relation ( bra9-*anges & m5tal *anges ?an we are n[4 ,ev5 !n x w\ld be impossible = u to conceive h[ bra9-*anges produce m5tal *anges or vice v]sa4 ,physical *anges 9 s5se-organs1 transmitt$ along n]ve-fib]s1 det]m9e *anges 9 bra9-sub/ance4 ,s mu* is intelligible4 ,b n[ !re appe>--h[ x is impossible to imag9e--consci\sness1 ?\ght1 emotion1 etc4--ph5om5a ( an entirely diff]5t ord]1 belong+ to an entirely diff]5t _w4 ,s diff]5t1 t x is impossible to imag9e ! nature ( ! nexus betwe51 or to con/rue ! "o 9 t]ms ( ! o!r4 ,bra9-cells are agitat$ & ?\ght appe>s3 ,aladd9's lamp is rubb$1 & ! g5ie appe>s4 ,!re is j z mu* intelligible causal relation betwe5 ! two sets ( ph5om5a 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,n[1 ?is my/]y is n ( ! nature ( ^? :i* disappe> "u ! light ( k4 ,on ! contr>y1 sci5ce only br+s x out 9 %>p] relief1 & emphasizes its absolute unsolvabl5ess4 ,suppose an absolutely p]fect k1 p]fect 9 degree1 b human 9 k9d4 ,suppose an ideally p]fect sci5ce--a sci5ce :i* has s completely subdu$ its doma91 & r$uc$ x to su* p]fect simplicity1 t ! :ole cosmos may be express$ 9 a s+le ma!matical =mula--a =mula :i*1 work$ out ) plus signs1 w\ld give e ph5om5on & ev5t :i* %all ev] occur 9 ! future1 & ) m9us signs e ph5om5on & ev5t :i* has ev] occurr$ 9 ! pa/4 ,surely1 ?is is an ideally p]fect sci5ce4 ,yet1 ev5 to su* a sci5ce1 ! relation ( bra9-*anges to m5tal /ates w\ld be z great a my/]y z n[4 ,x w\ld ev5 come out 9 /rong] relief1 because s _m o!r app>5t my/]ies w\ld disappe>4 ,l ! ess5tial nature ( matt] or ! ultimate cause ( =ce1 ?is relation lies evid5tly beyond ! doma9 ( sci5ce4 ,x requires "s o!r k9d ( k ?an human to und]/& x4 ,b mat]iali/s insi/ s mu* on ! id5tity ( bra9-physiology ) psy*ology1 t ev5 at ! risk ( t$i\sness we w multiply illu/rations 9 ord]1 if possible1 to make ?is po9t /ill cle>]4 ,suppose1 !n1 we expos$ ! bra9 ( a liv+ man 9 a /ate ( int5se activity4 ,suppose1 fur!r1 t our s5ses 7 absolutely p]fect1 s t we c\ld see e *ange1 ( :atev] sort1 tak+ place 9 ! bra9-sub/ance4 ,:at w\ld we see8 ,obvi\sly no?+ b molecul> *anges1 physical & *emical2 = to ! outside obs]v] !re is absolutely no?+ else !re to see4 ,b ! subject ( ?is exp]im5t sees no?+ ( all ?is4 ,8 exp]i5ces are ( a diff]5t ord]1 viz41 consci\sness1 ?\ght1 emotions1 etc4 ,view$ f ! outside1 !re is--!re c be--no?+ b motions2 view$ f ! inside1 no?+ b ?\ght1 etc4--f ! "o side1 only physical ph5om5a2 f ! o!r side1 only psy*ical ph5om5a4 ,is x n pla9 t1 f ! v nature ( ! case1 x mu/ ev] be s8 ,c]ta9 vibrations ( bra9 molecules1 c]ta9 oxidations ) ! =mation ( c>bonic acid1 wat]1 & urea on ! "o side1 & !re appe> on ! o!r s5sations1 consci\sness1 ?\ghts1 desires1 volitions4 ,!re are1 z x 71 two %eets ( blott+-pap] pa/$ toge!r4 ,! "o is ! bra91 ! o!r ! m9d4 ,c]ta9 ink-scrat*es or blot*es1 utt]ly mean+less on ! "o1 soak ?r\gh & appe> on ! o!r z intelligible writ+1 b h[ we "k n1 & c nev] hope to guess4 ,b :5 ! pa/e dissolves1 %all ! writ+ rema98 ,we %all see4 ,b "s w object4 ,!re is no?+ specially /range & unique 9 all ?is1 = ! same my/]y und]lies ! ess5tial nature ( all k9ds ( =ce & matt]1 & !re=e all ph5om5a4 ,true en\gh1 b ) ?is diff]5ce4 ,physical & *emical =ces & ph5om5a are inde$ incompreh5sible 9 _! ess5tial nature2 b once accept _! exi/5ce1 & all _! diff]5t =ms are mutually conv]tible1 con/ruable 9 t]ms ( ea* o!r & all 9 t]ms ( motion4 ,b x is impossible by any /ret* ( ! imag9ation to ?us con/rue m5tal =ces & m5tal ph5om5a4 ,x may1 inde$1 be impossible to conceive h[ came ! plane ( mat]ial exi/5ce1 b1 /&+ on t plane1 all ph5om5a fall into intelligible ord]4 ,b !re is ano!r plane above ?is "o1 hav+ no intelligible relation ) x4 ,we mu/ climb up & /& on ?is be=e its ph5om5a fall into intelligible ord]4 ,9 a ^w1 mat]ial =ces & ph5om5a are1 inde$1 a my/]y1 b only ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,b m5tal & moral =ces & ph5om5a are a my/]y ev5 f ! /&po9t ( ! o!r1 & are !re=e a my/]y ( ! second ord]--a my/]y )9 a my/]y4 ,we repeat1 !n1 ) additional emphasis aft] ?is exam9ation1 t we c n imag9e betwe5 physical & psy*ical ph5om5a a relation ( cause & effect 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* we use ^! t]ms 9 physical sci5ce1 al?\gh 9 "s s5se !re is d\btless su* a relation4 ,if man 7 ! only animal we _h to deal )1 !re w\ld be no /&+ gr\nd left = mat]ialism4 ,b !re is /ill ano!r difficulty :i* /icks deep]4 ,x is t sugge/$ by ! law ( evolution & en=c$ by ! comp>ative me?od4 ,relation ( ,man to ,animals4--,man1 we say1 is end[$ )1 is1 9 fact1 an immortal _s4 ,:at is _s8 ,we "k ?+s only by _! ph5om5a2 :at are ! ph5om5a ( _s8 ,consci\sness1 w1 intellig5ce1 memory1 love1 hate1 fe>1 desire--surely ^! are "s ( !m4 ,b has n a dog or a monkey all ^!8 ,press$ ) ?is difficulty1 "s h inde$ felt compell$ to accord immortal _s to high] animals4 ,b we c n /op "h4 ,if to ^!1 !n also to all animals2 = we h "h only a slid+ scale )\t break4 ,c we /op n[ & make x coext5sive ) s5ti5cy8 ,no2 = ! l[e/ animals & l[e/ plants m]ge into ea* o!r s completely t no "o c draw ! l9e betwe5 !m ) c]ta9ty4 ,we mu/ ext5d x to plants also4 ,%all we /op "h & make immortal _s coext5sive ) life8 ,we c n2 = life-=ce is c]ta9ly correlat$ )1 transmutable into1 & d]ivable f1 physical & *emical =ces4 ,we mu/ ext5d x into dead nature also4 ,!re=e1 ev]y?+ is immortal or none4 ,our boa/$ immortality by cont9u$ ext5sion becomes ?9n] & ?9n] until x evaporates into ?9 air4 ,x becomes naught else ?an cons]vation ( en]gy1 & n1 z we _h hop$1 cons]vation ( self-consci\s p]sonality4 ,?is may be int]e/+ z a sci5tific fact2 b ( :at value to u p]sonally is a cont9u$ exi/5ce ( our spiritual =ces z heat1 light1 electricity1 or any o!r =m ( unconsci\s =ce8 ,?us1 !n1 if once we pass ! gap betwe5 man & ! high] animals1 !re is no possibility ( a /opp+-place any:]e4 ,su* is ! difficulty pres5t$ by comp>ison 9 ! taxonomic s]ies4 ,take n[ ! embryonic s]ies4 ,ea* "o ( u1 individually1 0 =m$ gradually by a process ( evolution1 f a microscopic sph]ule ( protoplasm undi/+ui%able 9 /ructure f ! l[e/ =ms ( protozoal life4 ,n[1 9 ?is gradual process ( evolution1 :]e did immortal _s come 98 ,0 x 9 ! g]m-cell8 ,!n :y d5y x to ! protozoan8 ,0 x at ! quick5+1 or at ! bir?1 or at ! mom5t ( fir/ self-consci\sness1 or at "s lat] p]iod ( capacity ( ab/ract ?\ght8 ,aga91 :5 x did come 91 0 x some?+ sup]add$ or did x gr[ out ( some?+ already exi/+ 9 ! embryo or ! infant8 ,or take ! evolution s]ies f protozoan to man4 ,?is we h already se5 is simil> 9 outl9e to ! o!r two4 ,n[1 9 ! gradual evolution ( ! animal k+dom ?r\gh\t all geological "t1 t]m9at+ 9 man1 :5 did immortal _s come 98 ,did x ent] ) life1 or ) s5ti5t life1 or some:]e 9 ! asc5d+ scale ( animals1 or ) ! adv5t ( man8 ,if ) man1 0 x "s new ?+ add$ at once out ( h&1 or did x gr[ out ( some?+ already exi/+ 9 animals8 ,?is la/1 we are p]suad$1 is ! only t5able view--! only view t c effect t reconciliation betwe5 ! two extreme1 mutually exclud+ views n[ usually held1 :i*1 z already se51 is ! true te/ ( a rational philosophy4 ,i believe t ! _s ( man 0 develop$ out ( ! anima or consci\s pr9ciple ( animals1 & t ?is1 aga91 0 develop$ out ( ! l[] =ms ( life-=ce1 & ?is 9 its turn out ( ! *emical & physical =ces ( ,nature2 & t at a c]ta9 /age 9 ?is gradual developm5t1 viz41 ) man1 x acquir$ ! prop]ty ( immortality precisely z x n[1 9 ! individual hi/ory ( ea* man at a c]ta9 /age1 acquires ! capacity ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,?is is1 9 brief1 ! view :i* ,i wi% to en=ce4 ,! read] mu/ und]/&1 h[ev]1 t ?is is my own view only1 a view = :i* ,i h e>ne/ly cont5d$ = tw5ty ye>s4 ,x appeals1 !re=e1 n to au?ority1 b only to reason4 ,i wi% n[ to pres5t x z briefly z possible4 ,fir/1 !n1 ,i w\ld draw att5tion to ! fact t !re is no?+ :olly exceptional 9 su* trans=mation ) ! sudd5 appe>ance ( new p[]s & prop]ties2 b1 on ! contr>y1 x is 9 accordance ) _m analogies 9 ! l[] =ces1 & !re=e a priori n only cr$ible b probable4 ,= example1 =ce & matt] may be said to exi/ n[ on sev]al di/9ct planes rais$ "o above ano!r4 ,!re is a sort ( taxonomic scale ( =ce & matt]4 ,^! are1 #a1 ! plane ( elem5ts2 #b1 ! plane ( *emical comp\nds2 #c1 ! plane ( vegetal life2 #d1 ! plane ( animal life2 & #e1 ! plane ( rational &1 z we hope1 immortal life4 ,ea* plane has its own appropriate =ce & di/9ctive ph5om5a4 ,on ! fir/ op]ates physical =ces1 produc+ physical ph5om5a only--= ! op]ation ( *emical aff9ity imm$iately raises matt] to ! next plane4 ,on ! second plane op]ates1 9 addition to physical1 also *emical =ces1 produc+ all ^? *anges by action & reaction1 ! /udy ( :i* con/itutes ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry4 ,on ! ?ird plane1 9 addition to ! two prec$+ =ces1 ) _! *>act]i/ic ph5om5a1 op]ates also life-=ce1 produc+ ! di/9ctive ph5om5a *>act]i/ic ( liv+ ?+s4 ,on ! f\r? plane1 9 addition to all l[] =ces & _! ph5om5a1 op]ates also a high] =m ( life-=ce *>act]i/ic ( animals1 produc+ ! ph5om5a *>act]i/ic ( s5ti5t life1 su* z s5sation1 consci\sness1 & w4 ,on ! fif? plane1 9 addition to all ! prec$+ =ces & ph5om5a1 we h also ! =ces & ph5om5a *>act]i/ic ( rational & moral life4 ,n[1 al?\gh !re are d\btless great diff]5ces ( level on ea* ( ^! planes1 yet !re is a v di/9ct break betwe5 ea*4 ,al?\gh !re are v>i\s degrees ( ! =ce *>act]i/ic ( ea*1 yet ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! *>act]i/ic =ces is "o ( k9d z well z ( degree4 ,al?\gh en]gy by transmutation may take all ^! diff]5t =ms1 & ?us does n[ circulate up & d[n ?r\gh all ^! planes1 yet ! passage f "o plane upw>d to ano!r is n a gradual passage by slid+ scale1 b at "o b\nd4 ,:5 ! necess>y conditions are pres5t1 a new & high] =m ( =ce at once appe>s1 l a bir? into a high] sph]e4 ,= example1 :5 hydrog5 & oxyg5 are br\ght toge!r "u prop] conditions1 wat] is born--a new ?+ ) new & :olly unexpect$ prop]ties & p[]s1 entirely diff]5t f ^? ( its compon5ts4 ,:5 ,,co#b1 ,h#b,o1 & ,,nh#c are br\ght toge!r "u suitable conditions1 viz41 9 ! gre5 leaves ( plants1 9 ! pres5ce ( sunlight1 liv+ protoplasm is !n & !re born1 a some?+ hav+ entirely new & unexpect$ p[]s & prop]ties4 ,x is no gradual process b sudd51 l bir? into a high] sph]e4 ,n[1 !re is n ! lea/ d\bt t ! same is true ( ! ord] & mann] ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! natural =ces 9 ! phylog5ic s]ies4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( ! cosmos1 ! =ces ( ,nature h appe>$ successively & sudd5ly :5 conditions became favorable4 ,!re 0 a "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>? :5 only physical =ces exi/$1 *emical aff9ity be+ held 9 abeyance by ! int5sity ( ! heat4#da ,by gradual cool+1 *emical aff9ity at a c]ta9 /age came into be+--0 born1 a new =m ( =ce1 ) new & peculi> ph5om5a1 ?\gh d\btless d]iv$ f ! prec$+4 ,ages ^u ages pass$ away until ! "t 0 ripe & conditions 7 favorable1 & life appe>$--a new & high] =m ( =ce1 produc+ a /ill m peculi> gr\p ( ph5om5a1 b /ill1 z ,i believe1 d]iv$ f ! prec$+4 ,ages ^u ages aga9 pass$ away1 dur+ :i* ?is life-=ce took on high] & high] =ms--9 ! highe/ =e%ad[+ & simulat+ reason itself--until f9ally1 :5 ! "t 0 fully ripe & conditions 7 exceptionally favorable1 _s1 self-consci\s1 self-det]m9+1 rational1 & moral1 appe>$--a new & /ill high] =m ( =ce1 b /ill1 z ,i am p]suad$1 d]iv$ f ! prec$+4 ,n[1 t ^! =ces are really ( d]ivative orig9 is prov$ by ! fact t we see e /ep ( ?is process tak+ place daily "u our v eyes4 ,i pass ov] ! conv]sion ( physical into *emical =ce because ?is is admitt$ on all h&s4 ,i beg91 !re=e1 ) vital =ce4 ,sunlight fall+ on gre5 leaves disappe>s z light & reappe>s z life--is consum$ 9 do+ ! "w ( decompos+ ,,co#b1 ,h#b,o1 & ,,nh#c1 & ! ,c1 ,h1 ,o1 & ,n ?us set free f previ\s comb9ation unite to =m liv+ protoplasm4#db ,aga91 9 ! embryonic hi/ory ( e animal we see ! next *ange take place--i4 e41 ! em]g5ce ( ! psy*ic out ( ! vital4 ,9 ! g]m-cell1 9 ! egg1 & ev5 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! embryo1 !re is no di/9ctive animal life--i4 e41 no consci\sness1 nor volition1 nor response ( any k9d to /imulus4 ,at a c]ta9 /age di/9ctive animal or psy*ic life appe>s4 ,we call x quick5+4 ,mat]ials = psy*ology are n[ pres5t = ! fir/ "t4 ,9 man alone1 & t only "s "t aft] physical bir?1 we see ! la/ *ange4 ,! new-born *ild has animal life only4 ,! em]g5ce ( self-consci\sness--a *ange s wond]ful t x may well be call$ ! bir? ( _s--takes place only at ! age ( two to ?ree ye>s4 ,n[ = ! fir/ "t we h ph5om5a di/9ctive ( humanity4 ,b "s w ask1 8,h[ is ?is consi/5t ) immortality80 ,9 answ]1 let me aga9 rem9d ! read] t ) e new =m ( =ce1 ) e new bir? ( ! univ]sal en]gy into a high] plane1 !re appe> new1 unexpect$1 &1 previ\s to exp]i5ce1 :olly unimag9able prop]ties & p[]s4 ,?is la/ bir? is ( c\rse no exception4 ,:y may n immortality be "o ( ^! new prop]ties8 ,b ?is po9t is s important t we mu/ treat x m fully4 ,rememb]1 !n1 ! view ( ! relation ( ,god to ,nature1 already expla9$4 ,rememb] t ! =ces ( ,nature are naught else ?an diff]5t =ms ( ! "o omnipres5t ,div9e en]gy4 ,rememb] t1 z j %[n1 ?is ,div9e omnipres5t en]gy has tak5 on successively high] & high] =ms 9 ! c\rse ( cosmic "t4 ,n[ ?is upw>d movem5t has be5 :olly by increas+ individuation1 n only ( matt]1 b also ( =ce4 ,?is univ]sal ,div9e en]gy1 9 a g5]aliz$ condition1 un9dividuat$1 diffus$1 p]vad+ all ,nature1 is :at we call physical & *emical =ce4 ,! same en]gy 9 high] =m1 individuat+ matt]1 & itself individuat$1 b only yet v imp]fectly1 is :at we call ! life-=ce#dc ( plants4 ,! same en]gy1 m fully individuat+ matt] & itself m fully individuat$1 b n completely1 we call ! anima ( animals4 ,?is anima1 or animal s\l1 z "t w5t on1 0 individuat$ m & m until x resembl$ & =e%ad[$ ! _s ( man4 ,f9ally1 /ill ! same en]gy1 completely individuat$ z a sep>ate entity & !re=e self-consci\s1 capable ( sep>ate exi/5ce & !re=e immortal1 we call ! _s ( man4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! vital pr9ciple ( plants & ! anima ( animals are b diff]5t /ages ( ! developm5t ( _s 9 ! womb ( ,nature3 9 man at la/ x came to bir?4 ,9 plants & animals x 0 9 deep embryo sleep--9 ! latt]1 quick5$1 inde$1 b n viable--/ill unconsci\s ( self1 incapable ( indep5d5t life1 ) physical1 umbilical connection ) ,nature2 b n[ at la/ 9 man1 sep>at$ f ,nature1 capable ( indep5d5t life1 born into a new & high] plane ( exi/5ce4 ,sep>at$1 b n :olly3 ,nature is no long] ge/ative "m1 b /ill nurs+ "m ( _s4 ,z ! organic embryo at bir? rea*es indep5d5t mat]ial or temporal life1 ev5 s _s embryo by bir? atta9s indep5d5t spiritual or et]nal life4 ,al?\gh bir? is its true/ correspond5ce & be/ illu/ration1 yet we may v>y ! illu/ration 9 _m ways3 #a4 ,nature may be lik5$ to a level wat]-surface4 ,?is repres5ts un9dividuat$ physical & *emical =ce4 ,on ?is surface "s individuat+ =ce pulls up a portion ( ! wat] into a comm5c+ drop4 ,?is repres5ts ! condition ( _s 9 plants4 ,or by great] =ce ! surface may be lift$ high] into a nipple-l em95ce simulat+ a drop1 or ev5 into an almo/ complete drop ) only a neck-l connection ) ! g5]al surface4 ,?is repres5ts ! condition ( spirits 9 ! high] animals4 ,9 all ^! cases1 ev5 ?\gh ! drop be ne>ly complet$1 if we remove ! individuat+ or lift+ =ce1 ! comm5c+ drop is imm$iately drawn back by cohesion & refund$ into ! g5]al wat]y surface4 ,b1 once complete ! drop1 & !re is no long] any t5d5cy to rev]t1 ev5 ?\gh ! lift+ =ce is remov$4 ,?is repres5ts ! condition ( _s 9 man4 #b4 ,or ,nature may1 aga91 be lik5$ to a wat]-surface b5ea? :i* ! anima ( animals is deeply & tranquilly subm]g$1 :olly unkn[+ ( any high]1 fre] _w above4 ,9 man _s em]ges above ! surface into a high] _w1 looks d[n on ,nature b5ea? him1 ar\nd on o!r em]g$ spirits ab\t him1 & upw>d to ! ,fa!r ( all spirits above him4 ,em]g$1 b n :olly free--head above1 b n yet foot-loose4 #c4 ,or1 aga93 ,z a planet mu/ break away f physical1 cohesive connection ) ! c5tral sun 7planet-bir?7 9 ord] to ent] into high] gravitative relations1 :i* !nce=w>d det]m9e all its movem5ts 9 beautiful h>mony2 z ! embryo mu/ break away f physical umbilical connection ) ! "m 9 ord] to ent] into high] spiritual bonds ( love1 :i* !nce=w>d det]m9e all _! mutual relations--ev5 s _s mu/ break away f physical & mat]ial connection ) ! =ces ( ,nature1 :i* are b ! omnipres5t ,div9e en]gy1 9 ord] !reby to ent] into high] relations ( filial love to ,god & bro!rly love to man4 #d4 ,z ! new-born *ild diff]s little 9 grade ( physical organization f ! mature b unborn embryo1 b at ! mom5t ( bir? !re is a sudd5 & complete *ange1 n s mu* 9 ! grade ( organization b 9 ! :ole plane ( exi/5ce--a *ange absolutely necess>y = fur!r advance1 = ano!r cycle ( life2 ev5 s at ! mom5t ( ! orig9 ( man1 h[soev] ?is may h be5 accompli%$1 !re may h be5 no great *ange 9 ! grade ( psy*ical /ructure1 b yet a complete *ange 9 ! plane ( psy*ical life--a *ange absolutely necess>y = fur!r advance1 = ano!r cycle ( evolution4 ,9 bo? cases !re is a sudd5 entrance into a new _w1 ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a new creature ) entirely diff]5t capacities--a pass+ out ( an old _w1 a wak+ up 9 a new & high]4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 man alone is a *ild ( ,god1 capable ( sep>ate _s-life--sep>ate b n yet :olly indep5d5t ( ,nature4 ,z already said1 ,nature is no long] ge/ative "m1 b /ill nurs+ "m ( _s--we are wean$ only by dea?4 #e4 ,or1 aga93 ,z 9 pass+ up ! organic scale1 we f9d all grades ( complet5ess ( organic individuality1 an increas+ individuation ( bodily =m :i* completes itself z a p]fect organic individual only 9 ! high] animals1 s1 also1 9 pass+ up ! dynamic scale1 =ce or en]gy is individuat$ m & m until ! process rea*es complet5ess z a _s-individual or dynamic individual--a p]son only 9 man4 ,organic individuality completes itself 9 animals4 ,psy*ic individuality only 9 man4 #f4 ,"o m illu/ration & ! la/4 ,! animal body may be lik5$ to an exquisitely adju/$ in/rum5t ( communication betwe5 two worlds--! mat]ial _w )\t & ! spiritual _w )94 ,! key-bo>ds ( ?is m>vel\s in/rum5t are ! n]ve-t]m9als ( ! s5se-organs 9 contact ) ! mat]ial _w1 & ! bra9-cells 9 t\* ) ! _s-_w4 ,ext]nal ,nature plays on ! "o by s5sation & det]m9es *anges 9 _s4 ,_s plays on ! o!r by w & muscul> contraction1 & det]m9es *anges 9 ext]nal ,nature4 ,n[1 9 animals _s is fa/ asleep or at mo/ dream+1 or ev5 p]haps somnambuli/ic1 b at lea/ unconsci\s ( self1 & acts only by /imulus--only responds 9 "s s5se automatically z sleep]s d4 ,9 man _s is wide awake & may respond automatically l animals1 or may *oose n to respond at all4 ,moreov]1 x acts freely 9 its own doma9--! _w ( ideas--)\t ext]nal /imulus2 or ( its own free-w may initiate *anges 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,) ,god all ph5om5a comm5ce at ! _s-end4 ,9 animals all comm5ce at ! matt]-end1 & by automatic response t]m9ate 9 ! same4 ,man alone lives 9 bo? worlds1 p>takes ( bo? natures1 & acts accord+ to ei!r me?od4 ,! m we reflect on ?is subject1 ! m we %all be conv9c$ t complet$ _s individuality expla9s1 z no?+ else c1 all t is *>act]i/ic ( man4 ,x is ?is :i* con/itutes p]son1 or ! self-act+ ego4 ,x is ?is :i* con/itutes self-consci\sness1 free-w1 & moral responsibility4 ,& out ( ^!1 aga91 gr[s1 ! recognition ( relations to o!r moral be+s & to ,god1 & !re=e e?ics & religion4 ,out ( ^!1 also1 gr[s ! capacity ( indef9ite volunt>y progress4 ,?is also means sep>ate life1 _s-viability1 or immortality4 ,self-consci\sness especially seems to me ! simple/ sign ( sep>ate entity or _s-individuality1 & its appe>ance among psy*ical ph5om5a ! v act ( _s-bir?4 ,we may imag9e man to h em]g$ ev] s gradually f animals3 9 ?is gradual developm5t ! mom5t he became consci\s ( self1 ! mom5t he turn$ 8 ?\ghts inw>d 9 wond] ^u himself & on ! my/]y ( 8 exi/5ce z sep>ate f ,nature1 t mom5t m>ks ! bir? ( humanity out ( animality4 ,all else *>act]i/ic ( man foll[$ z a necess>y consequ5ce4 ,i am q sure t1 if any animal1 say a dog or a monkey1 c\ld be educat$ up to ! po9t ( self-consci\sness 7:i*1 h[ev]1 ,i am sure is impossible71 t mom5t he 7no long] x7 w\ld become a moral responsible be+1 & all else *>act]i/ic ( moral be+s w\ld foll[4 ,at t mom5t w\ld come p]sonality1 immortality1 capacity ( volunt>y progress2 & sci5ce1 philosophy1 religion1 w\ld quickly foll[4 ,we h emphasiz$ self-consci\sness z ! mo/ fundam5tal sign ( _s-individuality2 b a diff]5ce ( exactly ! same k9d is f\nd runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole gamut ( human faculties z comp>$ ) correspond+ faculties 9 animals4 ,z animal consci\sness is relat$ to human self-consci\sness1 s exactly is animal w to human free-w1 animal intellig5ce to human reason1 animal sign-language to rational grammatical spee* ( man1 con/ructive art ( animals to true rational progressive art ( man4 ,9 e "o ( ^! ! resemblance is great1 b ! diff]5ce is imm5se1 & n only 9 degree b also 9 k9d4 ,9 e case x is l %ad[ & sub/ance1 promise & fulfillm5t1 or1 /ill bett]1 x is l embryo & *ild4 ,! *ange f "o to ! o!r is l to a bir? into a high] sph]e1 ! beg9n+ ( ano!r cycle ( evolution4 ,we w\ld l to foll[ ?is idea out 9 detail1 b x w\ld lead u beyond ! scope ( ?is "w4 ,^? :o desire to d s we w\ld ref] to an article by ! au?or on ! 8,psy*ical ,relation ( ,man to ,animals40#dd ,b x w be object$ t !re are o!r bir?s ( en]gy f l[] to high] condition2 b su* bir?s d n insure cont9u$ exi/5ce 9 ! high] condition4 ,9 ! gradual evolution ( en]gy describ$ on page #caf1 :5 a portion rises f physical to *emical1 f *emical to vital1 or f vital to s5ti5t1 x does n rema9 ev] aft] 9 ! high] condition--!re is no immortality on ! high] plane4 ,on ! contr>y1 all ^! l[] =ms ( en]gy are cont9ually asc5d+ & desc5d+2 trans=mation is d[nw>d z well z upw>d4 ,:y %\ld !re be an exception 9 ?is la/ bir?8 ,9 ^! successive upw>d metamorphoses ( en]gy :y %\ld ! la/ only be p]man5t8 ,i answ]3 ,because x rea*es at la/ its f9al goal1 viz41 complete individuation1 z free1 self-act+ _s2 x rea*es aga9 ! spiritual plane f :i* x sprang1 & becomes !reby a p>tak] ( ! ,div9e nature2 because x comes at la/ into moral relations ) ! absolute--! ,div9e--& !re=e above ! plane ( %ift+ *anges4 ,if ! scale ( en]gy be lik5$ to a ladd] ) _m r\nds1 rea*+ f ! plane ( matt] to ! plane ( _s1 !n s long z en]gy is on ! ladd] x asc5ds & desc5ds2 b1 once x rea*es ! plane ( free _s1 x is 9 a :olly new _w 9 :i* et]nal asc5t is ! law4 ,p]haps ,i c be/ br+ out ! reasonabl5ess ( my view by comp>+ x ) o!r possible alt]native views4 ,!re are ?ree possible views z to ! nature1 ! orig91 & ! de/9y ( ! human _s3 7#a47 ,t x pre-exi/$ always--uncreat$1 und]iv$1 et]nal1 bo? ways--backw>d z well z =w>d4 ,!re=e1 z x nev] began1 s x w nev] end4 ,x is immortal ( its own "r4 ,?is is sub/antially ! view ( ,plato1 ( ,leibnitz1 & p]haps "s o!r philosoph]s4 7#b47 ,t x is d]iv$ f ,god directly--creat$ at once )\t natural process2 t at ! mom5t ( creation ( ! fir/ man ,adam1 & at "s unkn[n "t & 9 "s inscrutable way 9 ! hi/ory ( ea* individual1 x 0 inject$ into ! body f ! outside1 & at ! same "t end[$ ) immortality4 ,?is1 ,i take x1 is ! or?odox view4 7#c47 ,t x 0 inde$ d]iv$ f ,god1 b n directly2 creat$ inde$1 b only by natural process ( evolution2 t x inde$ pre-exi/$1 b only z embryo 9 ! womb ( ,nature1 sl[ly develop+ ?r\gh all geological times1 & f9ally com+ to bir? z liv+ s\l 9 man4 ,?us x atta9s immortality at a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t1 viz41 at _s-bir?4 ,?is is ! view ,i h /riv5 to en=ce4 ,i hold up ^! ?ree views3 ,:i* is ! m rational8 ,! view ( ,plato--t ( self-exi/5t1 uncreat$1 et]nal _s--,i ?9k few w ent]ta9 at ?is "t ( ! _w's day4 ,! usual or?odox view ,i h %[n is surr\nd$ ) insup]able difficulties2 is :olly unsci5tific & irrational4 ,:at is !re left b ! view pres5t$ above8 ,plato is "r 9 ass]t+ pre-exi/5ce1 b wrong 9 d5y+ creation4 ,! usual view is "r 9 ass]t+ creation1 b wrong 9 d5y+ natural process4 ,! view ,i h pres5t$ ass]ts pre-exi/5ce 9 embryo & creation by natural process4 ,x !re=e comb9es & reconciles ! two extreme views1 & is m rational ?an ei!r4 ,"s ,g5]al ,conclusions4--,!re are /ill two or ?ree ?\ghts s closely connect$ ) :at we h already said t we c n pass !m ov]3 #a4 ,we h se5 t e m5tal /ate corresponds ) a p>ticul> bra9 /ate1 & e m5tal *ange ) a bra9 *ange4 ,we h1 !re=e1 "h1 two s]ies1 physical & psy*ical1 correspond+ ) ea* o!r1 t]m = t]m4 ,= e *ange 9 ! "o !re is a correspond+ *ange 9 ! o!r1 bo? 9 k9d & am\nt4 ,n[1 is n ?is ! te/ ( ! relation ( cause & effect8 ,x c]ta9ly is4 ,yes1 !re mu/ be a causal relation "h1 ev5 ?\gh we are n able to und]/& ! nature ( ! causal nexus4 ,b :i* is cause & :i* effect8 ,if ! view above pres5t$ be correct1 !n 9 animals bra9 *anges are 9 all cases ! cause ( psy*ical ph5om5a4 ,9 man alone1 & only 9 8 high] activities1 psy*ic *anges prec$e & det]m9es bra9 *anges4 ,9 man alone bra9 *anges are det]m9$ n only by ext]nal b by int]nal impressions4 ,man alone p]ceives n only objects--mat]ial ?+s--b also relations & prop]ties ab/ract$ f ! objects1 i4 e41 ideal ?+s2 &1 moreov]1 n only relations betwe5 objects1 b also relations betwe5 relations or ideas4 ,9 man alone !re is an inn] _w--microcosm--! ?+s ( :i* are ?\ghts1 ideas1 etc4 ,?is self-act+ p[] ( _s on ! ?+s ( itself1 in/ead ( m]ely react+ z play$ ^u by ext]nal nature1 is *>act]i/ic ( man1 & is a necess>y result & a sign ( sev]ance1 p>tial at lea/1 ( physical bond ) ,nature4 #b4 ,aga91 ,i h us$ ! t]m vital pr9ciple4 ,i mu/ ju/ify x4 ,i "k full well t x is ! fa%ion to ridicule ! t]m z a remnant ( an old sup]/ition :i* reg>ds vital =ce z a sort ( sup]natural entity unrelat$ to o!r =ces ( ,nature4 ,no "o has /riv5 m e>ne/ly ?an myself to e/abli% ! correlation ( vital ) physical & *emical =ces2#de & yet1 if ! view above pres5t$ be true1 !re is a k9d ( ju/ification ev5 = ! t]m vital pr9ciple--mu* m1 vital =ce4 ,!re is a k9d ( reason & true insight 9 ! p]sonification ( ! =ces ( ,nature1 & especially ( vital =ce4 ,all =ces1 by progressive dynamic individuation1 are on ! way t[>d entity or p]sonality1 b fully atta9 t condition only 9 man4 #c4 ,aga91 to p]ceive relations & prop]ties ab/ract$ f mat]ial ?+s1 to =m ab/ract or g5]al ideas1 to =m n only p]cepts b also concepts1 is admitt$ to be a *>act]i/ic ( man--a *>act]i/ic on :i* all our sci5ce & philosophy re/4 ,f "t immemorial ! vex$ "q has be5 debat$1 8,h su* ab/ract or g5]al ideas any real exi/5ce1 or are !y m]e names ( figm5ts ( ! m9d80 ,?is is ! fam\s "q ( realism & nom9alism4 ,n[1 if our view be correct1 !n !re is "o mo/ fundam5tal ab/raction1 viz41 self1 :i* is inde$ a reality4 ,self-consci\sness is ! direct recognition ( ! "o reality1 _s1 ( :i* all o!rs are ! sign & %ad[--! true reality :i* und]lies & gives pot5cy to all ab/ractions or ideas4 ,d we n f9d 9 ?is view1 !n1 ! f\ndation ( a true realism1 or r a complete reconciliation ( realism & nom9alism8 #d4 ,?us1 !n1 ,nature1 ?r\gh ! :ole geological hi/ory ( ! e>?1 0 ge/ative "m ( _s1 :i*1 aft] its long embryonic developm5t1 came to bir? & indep5d5t life & immortality 9 man4 ,is !re any conceivable mean+ 9 ,nature )\t ?is consummation8 ,all evolution has its beg9n+1 its c\rse1 its end4 ,)\t _s-immortality ?is beautiful cosmos1 :i* has be5 develop+ into increas+ beauty = s _m millions ( ye>s1 :5 its evolution has run its c\rse & all is ov]1 w\ld be precisely z if x _h nev] be5--an idle dream1 an idiot tale signify+ no?+4 ,i repeat3 ,)\t _s-immortality ! cosmos has no mean+4 ,n[ m>k3 ,x is equally evid5t t1 )\t ?is ge/ative me?od ( creation ( _s1 ! :ole geological hi/ory ( ! e>? previ\s to man w\ld h no mean+4 ,if man's _s 7 made at once out ( h&1 :y all ?is elaborate prep>ation by evolution ( ! organic k+dom8 ,! :ole evolution ( ! cosmos ?r\gh inf9ite "t is a ge/ative process = ! bir? ( _s--a div9e me?od ( ! creation ( spirits4 ,?us1 aga91 man is born ( ,nature into a high] nature4 ,he !re=e alone is possess$ ( two natures--a l[]1 9 common ) animals1 & a high]1 peculi> to himself4 ,! :ole mission & life-"w ( man is ! progressive & f9ally ! complete dom9ance1 bo? 9 ! individual & 9 ! race1 ( ! high] ov] ! l[]4 ,! :ole mean+ ( s9 is ! humiliat+ bondage ( ! high] to ! l[]4 ,z ! mat]ial evolution ( ,nature f\nd its goal1 its completion1 & its significance 9 man1 s mu/ man ent] imm$iately ^u a high] spiritual evolution to f9d its goal & completion & its significance 9 ! ideal man--! ,div9e man4 ,z _s1 unconsci\s 9 ! womb ( ,nature1 cont9u$ to develop by necess>y law until x came to bir? & indep5d5t life 9 man1 s ! new-born _s ( man1 bo? 9 ! individual & 9 ! race1 mu/ ev] /rive by fre] law to atta91 ?r\gh a new] bir?1 unto a high] life4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,god ,,to ,,man4 ,9 ! two prec$+ *apt]s we h discuss$ ! relation ( ,god to ,nature & ( man to ,nature4 ,!re is /ill ano!r relation1 if possible1 ( /ill m vital importance to u1 viz41 ! relation ( ,god to man4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 introduces ! "q ( revelation--a subject :i* ,i approa* ) "s reluctance4 ,i feel ,i am tread+ on holy gr\nd1 & mu/ d s ) %oes remov$4 ,if x be ask$1 ,h[ is evolution conc]n$ ) ! subject ( revelation8 ,i answ] ,evolution emphasizes & en=ces ! reign ( law taught by all sci5ce1 & makes x at la/ univ]sal4 ,_m conclude1 !re=e1 t1 if evolution be true1 a belief 9 ! possibility ( any =m ( revelation is irrational4 ,i d n ?9k ?is foll[s1 & ,i w give my reasons4 ,i d s1 h[ev]1 v briefly1 because we are n yet ready to =mulate our views except 9 ! mo/ g5]al way4 ,if man be inde$ some?+ m ?an a high] species ( animal2 if man's _s be inde$ a sp>k ( ,div9e en]gy individuat$ to ! po9t ( self-consci\sness & recognition ( 8 relation to ,god2 if _s embryo1 develop+ 9 ! womb ( ,nature ?r\gh all geological "t1 came to bir? & indep5d5t _s-life 9 man1 & ?us man alone is a *ild ( ,god z well z a product ( ,nature--if all ?is be true1 !n x is evid5t t ?is :olly new relation requires also a :olly diff]5t mode ( ,div9e op]ation4 ,if ,god op]ates on ,nature only by regul> processes1 :i* we call natural laws1 !n he mu/ op]ate on _s 9 a diff]5t & a m direct way1 & ?is we call revelation4 ,if to ! /ud5t ( ,nature x is inconceivable t ,he %\ld op]ate on ,nature except by natural laws 7= ?is is ! "n we give to ,8 *os5 mode ( op]ation !re71 !n to ! /ud5t ( !ology x is equally inconceivable1 if our view ( man be true1 t ,he %\ld n op]ate on _s 9 "s m direct & high] way1 i4 e41 by revelation4 ,b "s w ask1 ,is n ?is a palpable violation ( law8 ,i ?9k n4 ,all div9e op]ations are1 mu/ be1 accord+ to reason1 i4 e41 accord+ to law4 ,! op]ation ( ! div9e on ! human _s1 i4 e41 revelation1 mu/ !re=e be accord+ to law1 b a high] law ?an t :i* gov]ns ,nature1 &1 !re=e1 f ! po9t ( view ( ,nature1 sup]natural4 ,!re is no?+ :olly unique 9 ?is4 ,life is a high] =m ( =ce ?an ! physical & *emical4 ,life-ph5om5a are !re=e sup]-physical1 & if we conf9$ ! t]m ,nature to dead ,nature !y w\ld be sup]natural4 ,s ! free1 self-det]m9$ acts ( _s on _s1 ev5 ( ! _s ( man on ! _s ( man1 mu* m ( ! ,_s ( ,god on ! _s ( man1 may be accord+ to law1 & yet f ! natural po9t ( view be sup]natural4 ,x is true t1 9 ! complex ( ph5om5a1 mat]ial & spiritual inextricably wov5 toge!r1 :i* g to make up human life1 ,sci5ce mu/ ev] /rive to r$uce z mu* z possible to mat]ial laws1 = ?is is h] doma91 & %e is b\nd to ext5d x2 b1 if our view ( man be true1 !re w always rema9 a l>ge residuum ( ph5om5a--a :ole _w ( ph5om5a--:i* w nev] yield1 because cle>ly beyond h] doma94 ,/&+ on ! l[] mat]ial plane1 ^! ph5om5a are :olly sup]-mat]ial1 & !re=e incompreh5sible f ! mat]ial po9t ( view4 ,we mu/ rise & /& on ! high] plane be=e ^! also are r$uc$ to law1 b a high] law ?an t op]at+ on ! l[] plane4 ,if1 !re=e1 sci5ce insi/s on bani%+ ! sup]natural f ! realm ( ,nature1 !ology may reasonably insi/ on its necessity1 9 ?is s5se1 9 ! realm ( morals & religion4 ,if1 !n1 ! direct influ5ce ( ! ,_s ( ,god on ! _s ( man be :at we call revelation1 !n !re is evid5tly no o!r k9d ( revelation possible2 &1 fur!rmore1 su* revelation is giv5 to all m5 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,x is giv5 to all m5 z consci5ce2 9 great] measure to all great & good m5 z cle>] p]ception ( righte\sness2 9 pre-em95t measure to ,hebrew prophets & ,*ri/ian apo/les2 b supremely & p]fectly to ,jesus alone4 ,b !re is1 & 9 ! nature ( ?+s !re c be1 no te/ ( tru? b reason4 ,we mu/ fe>lessly1 b hone/ly & rev]5tly1 try all ?+s1 ev5 revelations1 by ?is te/4 ,we mu/ n reg>d1 z s _m d1 ! _s ( man z ! passive amanu5sis ( ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,revelations to man mu/ ( necessity p>take ( ! imp]fections ( ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* x comes4 ,z pure wat] f heav51 fall+ ^u & filt]+ ?r\gh e>?1 mu/ ga!r impurities 9 its c\rse diff]+ 9 am\nt & k9d accord+ to ! e>?1 ev5 s ! pure div9e tru?1 filt]+ ?r\gh man's m9d1 mu/ take imp]fections *>act]i/ic ( ! man & ( ! age4 ,su* filtrate mu/ be r$i/ill$ 9 ! alembic ( reason to sep>ate ! div9e tru? f ! e>?y impurities4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,objection1 ,,t ,,! ,,above ,,view ,,implies ,,pan!ism1 ,,answ]$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! views pres5t$ 9 ! la/ ?ree *apt]s are closely connect$ ) "o ano!r1 & all condition$ on ! 8,relation ( ,god to ,nature10 urg$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,n[ x w d\btless be object$ to ?is view1 especially z appli$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv on ! 8,relation ( ,man to ,nature10 t x is naught else ?an pure pan!ism2 t x de/roys completely ! p]sonality ( ,deity1 & ) x all our hopes ( communion ) him1 & all our aspirations ( love & wor%ip t[>d him2 t1 accord+ to ?is view1 ,god becomes only ! s\l or animat+ pr9ciple ( ,nature1 op]at+ ev]y:]e b unconsci\sly l ! vital pr9ciple ( an organism2 t ! :ole cosmos becomes 9 fact a great organism1 develop+ "u ! op]ation ( resid5t =ce accord+ to necess>y law1 only t we apo!osize ?is omnipres5t =ce & call x ,god2 & f9ally1 t ,god is naught else ?an an ab/raction1 creat$ l o!r ab/ractions or g5]al ideas :olly by ! human m9d1 & hav+ no objective exi/5ce4 ,fur!rmore1 x w be said1 t accord+ to ?is view1 ?is omnipres5t unconsci\s en]gy individuates itself by necess>y law ( evolution m & m until x rea*es1 = ! fir/ "t 9 man1 self-consci\sness & immortality1 & ?us t man himself is ! only self-consci\s immortal be+ 9 exi/5ce1 & !re=e ! only be+ wor?y ( rev]5ce & wor%ip4 ,?us1 ?is view leads to humanity-wor%ip or r to self-wor%ip4 ,i feel ! full =ce ( ?is objection4 ,i answ] x z foll[s3 ,i freely admit t1 foll[+ up ?is sci5tific l9e ( ?\ght alone1 we are c>ri$ /rongly 9 ! direction ( pan!ism4 ,b !re is no?+ /range or exceptional 9 ?is4 ,9 all ! deepe/ que/ions1 s+le l9es ( ?\ght inevitably c>ry u to extreme "o-sid$ views4 ,?is seems to be ! necess>y result ( ! ess5tially two-fold nature ( man1 self-consci\s _s 9 a mat]ial body1 ! relation betwe5 :i* is1 & mu/ ev] be1 inscrutable4 ,on ?is acc\nt !re is & mu/ be a fundam5tal anti!sis 9 human philosophy1 i4 e41 two l9es ( ?\ght1 ! mat]ial & spiritual1 :i* lead to two app>5tly irreconcilable views4#df ,we h already se5 t a rational philosophy1 :5ev] we are able to rea* su*1 is always f\nd 9 a high] & m compreh5sive view1 :i* includes1 comb9es1 & reconciles two "o-sid$1 p>tial1 & mutually exclud+ views4 ,b _s & matt]1 or m9d & bra91 or ,god & ,nature1 is ! fundam5tal anti!sis :i* und]lies & is ! cause ( all o!r less] anti!ses4 ,?is anti!sis1 !re=e1 is absolutely fundam5tal1 & !re=e =ev] irreconcilable4 ,we mu/ accept bo? sides1 ev5 ?\gh we c n cle>ly p]ceive ! nature ( _! relation4 ,we mu/ be cont5t ) compromise :]e we c n effect complete reconciliation4 ,we mu/ frankly ackn[l$ge t ! antagonism is app>5t only1 & ! result ( ! limitation ( our faculties1 & believe t1 if we c\ld only rise to a high en\gh po9t ( view1 l all o!r anti!ses1 ?is also w\ld disappe> 9 a rational philosophy4 ,n[1 to apply ^! pr9ciples4 ,no "o1 we admit1 c =m a cle> conception ( h[ imman5ce ( ,deity is consi/5t ) p]sonality1 & yet we mu/ accept bo?1 because we are irresi/ibly l$ to ea* ( ^! by diff]5t l9es ( ?\ght4 ,sci5ce1 foll[+ "o l9e ( ?\ght1 uncorrect$ by a wid] philosophy1 is naturally l$ t[>d ! "o extreme ( pan!i/ic imman5ce2 ! dev\t wor%ip]1 foll[+ ! wants ( 8 religi\s nature1 is naturally l$ t[>d ! o!r extreme ( an?ropomorphic p]sonality4 ,! only rational view is to accept bo? imman5ce & p]sonality1 ev5 ?\gh we c n cle>ly reconcile !m1 i4 e41 imman5ce )\t pan!ism1 & p]sonality )\t an?ropomorphism4 ,we h already se5 9 ! ?ird *apt]1 h[ foll[+ ! sci5tific l9e ( ?\ght1 we are logically driv5 to imman5ce4 ,we wi% n[ to %[ h[1 foll[+ ano!r l9e ( ?\ght1 we are z logically driv5 to p]sonality4 ,on ?is mo/ difficult subject1 h[ev]1 all we are prep>$ to d is to ?r[ out "s brief sugge/ions1 9 ! hope t !y may be c>ri$ out m p]fectly by "s ?\ghtful read]2 scatt] "s se$-?\ghts1 9 ! hope t1 fall+ haply on good soil1 !y may spr+ up & be> m fruit ?an ,i h be5 able to produce4 #a4 ,9 ! gradual individuation ( ! univ]sal ,div9e en]gy describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 !re mu/ ( c\rse be a correspond+ gr[? ( a k9d ( indep5d5t self-activity :i* rea*es complet5ess 9 man1 & 9 fact con/itutes :at we call self-consci\sness & free w4 ,! exact nature ( ! relation ( ,deity or ( ! g5]al =ces ( ,nature to ?is gradually individuat$ portion1 ,i d n und]take to def9e4 ,& h[ ?is idea ( p>tial self-activity comports ) ! absolut5ess ( ,deity we c n cle>ly und]/&4 ,b ?is fact ne$ n specially di/urb u "h2 = ?is is only "o bran* ( ! wid] "q ( ! moral ag5cy ( man 9 relation to ! absolute sov]eignty ( ,god1 or ! fre$om ( man 9 relation to necess>y law 9 ,nature4 #b4 ,p]sonality beh9d ,nature4--,we h already %[n t1 if ! bra9 ( a liv+1 ?9k+ man 7 expos$ to ! scrut9y ( an outside obs]v] ) absolutely p]fect s5ses1 all t he w\ld or c\ld possibly see w\ld be molecul> motions1 physical & *emical4 ,b ! subject himself1 ! ?9k+1 self-consci\s _s1 w\ld exp]i5ce & obs]ve by introspection only consci\sness1 ?\ght1 emotion1 etc4 ,on ! outside1 only physical ph5om5a2 on ! inside only psy*ical ph5om5a4 ,n[1 mu/ n ! same be necess>ily true ( ,nature also8 ,view$ f ! outside by ! sci5tific obs]v]1 no?+ is se51 no?+ c be se51 !re is no?+ else to be se51 b motions1 mat]ial ph5om5a2 b beh9d ^!1 on ! o!r side1 on ! inside1 mu/ n !re be 9 ?is case also psy*ical ph5om5a1 consci\sness1 ?\ght1 w2 9 a ^w1 p]sonality8#dg ,9 ! only place :]e we d get beh9d physical ph5om5a1 viz41 9 ! bra91 we f9d psy*ical ph5om5a4 ,are we n ju/ifi$1 !n1 9 conclud+ t 9 all cases ! psy*ical lies beh9d ! physical8 ,! human bra9 is a wond]ful in/rum5t1 by means ( :i*1 9 "s inscrutable way1 viz41 9 our own exp]i5ce1 we d get beh9d1 on ! o!r side1 on ! inside ( "s mat]ial ph5om5a1 & 9 s f> become p>tak]s ( ! ,div9e nature4 ,b beh9d o!r ph5om5a ( ,nature we may nev] hope to p5etrate ei!r by obs]vation or exp]i5ce1 b only 9 dim way by highe/ reason4 ,sci5ce1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! bra91 c n pass f ! "o k9d ( ph5om5a to ! o!r4 ,if %e w\ld /udy ! inside %e mu/ ab&on ! outside--%e mu/ ab&on ! microscope & take to introspection4 ,if %e w\ld /udy ! ph5om5a ( ! high] plat=m1 %e mu/ leave ! l[] & climb up & /& on ! high]4 ,if ?is be true ( ! bra9 :]e ! two k9ds ( ph5om5a are br\ght s close toge!r1 h[ mu* m is x true ( ! ph5om5a ( ! cosmos4 ,we c nev] hope1 ei!r by obs]vation or by exp]i5ce1 to pass beyond ! veil4 ,we mu/ ab&on ! me?ods ( sci5ce & rea* x1 if at all1 9 "s o!r way4 ,n ! cle>-sight$ b ! pure-he>t$ %all see ,god 9 ,nature4 ,?us1 !n1 we see t our own self-consci\s p]sonality beh9d bra9 ph5om5a compels u to accept consci\sness1 w1 ?\ght1 p]sonality beh9d ,nature4 ,n[ ,i ass]t t1 once get ?is ab/ract idea 9 ! m9d1 & by a necess>y law ( ?\ght x gradually exp&s )\t limit1 & ev5tually rea*es ! =m ( inf9ite consci\sness1 w1 ?\ght1 etc41 & !re=e ( an inf9ite p]son4 ,?is law ( indef9ite expansion may be illu/rat$ by ! ideas ( space & "t4 ,! animal1 &1 inde$1 ! infant1 und]/&s space & "t only 9 _! relation to itself1 b has n yet ab/ract$ ^! f _! cont5ts4 ,?is comes only ) ! bir? ( self-consci\s p]sonality4 ,b1 s soon z ! ab/ract idea ( space is acquir$1 by a necess>y law ( m5tal activity x exp&s )\t limit1 & f9ally becomes ! idea ( inf9ite space4 ,simil>ly1 s soon z ! idea ( "t z ab/ract$ f its cont5ts is conceiv$1 x inevitably exp&s )\t limit & gr[s into ! idea ( inf9ite "t4 ,s is x precisely ) ! idea ( self-consci\s p]sonality4 ,! animal or ! v "y *ild is inde$ consci\s ( its body & ( ext]nal objects 9 _! mutual relations1 b n ( self1 z ab/ract$ f its cont5ts4 ,! animal nev] atta9s x1 ! *ild does4 ,n[1 s soon z ?is idea ( self-consci\s p]sonality--( a spiritual entity und]ly+ mat]ial ph5om5a--appe>s1 by a necess>y law ( m5tal activity x exp&s )\t limit1 & inevitably rea*es ! idea ( an inf9ite self1 an inf9ite p]son1 ,god1 beh9d ! ph5om5a ( ,nature4 ,b "s w object t ?is idea ( inf9ite p]sonality is inconceivable4 ,true en\gh2 b ! opposite is f> m inconceivable4 ,! ideas ( inf9ite space & inf9ite "t are also inconceivable1 yet we mu/ accept !m1 because ! idea ( all space or all "t be+ limit$ is /ill m inconceivable2 = if we ?9k ( space or "t z limit$1 imm$iately !re comes ! "q1 8,:at is !re beyond ! limit80 ,!re is !re=e ?is wide diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two inconceivables3 ! "o is s only 9 ! s5se ( transc5d+ ! p[] ( our m9d1 b ! o!r is un?9kable1 self-contradictory1 absurd4 ,s also is x ) self-consci\s p]sonality4 ,! idea ( an inf9ite self1 i4 e41 ,god1 is inde$ inconceivable1 b only 9 ! s5se ( transc5d+ our p[] ( compreh5sion2 b ! idea ( ! consci\sness beh9d ! cosmos z be+ limit$ or f9ite is m ?an inconceivable1 x is un?9kable1 self-contradictory1 absurd2 = imm$iately comes ! "q1 8,:at is !re beyond :i* limits x80 ,to ! ,greek m9d ,zeus 0 limit$2 !re=e ( necessity came also ! idea ( ,fate1 sup]ior to & limit+ ,zeus himself4 ,to !m1 !re=e1 ,fate 0 ! real ,god--! absolute4 #c4 ,div9e ,p]sonality4--,i h us$ ! ^w p]sonality z express+ ! nature ( ,god4 ,b let me n be misund]/ood4 ,i well "k we c n conceive cle>ly ( an inf9ite1 uncondition$ p]sonality4 ,deeply consid]$1 x seems no?+ %ort ( a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,all ,i insi/ on is ?is3 ,9 our view ( ! nature ( ,god1 ! *oice is n betwe5 p]sonality & some?+ l[] ?an p]sonality1 viz41 an unconsci\s =ce op]at+ ,nature by necessity1 z ! mat]iali/s & pan!i/s w\ld h u believe2 b betwe5 p]sonality z we "k x 9 ourselves & some?+ inconceivably high] ?an p]sonality4 ,language is s poor t we are oblig$ to repres5t ev5 our m5tal ph5om5a by physical images4 ,h[ mu* m1 !n1 ! ,div9e nature by its human image6 ,self-consci\s p]sonality is ! highe/ ?+ we "k or c conceive4 ,we (f] him ! v be/ & true/ we h :5 we call him a ,p]son2 ev5 ?\gh we "k t ?is1 our be/1 falls f> %ort ( ! inf9ite reality4 #d4 ,cause 9 ,nature4--,we h ?us f> spok5 only or pr9cipally ( self-consci\sness1 b ! same precisely is true ( ano!r ess5tial attribute ( p]sonality1 viz41 free-w4 ,e "o admits causative =ce or =ces op]at+ 9 ,nature4 ,sci5ce has %[n t all ! diff]5t k9ds ( =ce are b diff]5t =ms ( "o omnipres5t en]gy4 ,n[1 look+ abroad on ,nature f ! outside1 ?is omnipres5t en]gy seems to mod]n sci5ce z simply resid5t1 inh]5t 9 matt] itself1 & !re=e z op]at+ unconsci\sly & by necessity4 ,b ! "q occurs1 8,:5ce did we get ! idea ( =ce1 en]gy1 causation80 ,i answ] unhesitat+ly3 ,we get x n f )\t by obs]vation ( ,nature1 b f )9 ?r\gh consci\sness2 n f ! outside view1 b f1 ! inside view ( ph5om5a4 ,we c n conceive ( ph5om5a )\t =ce1 ( effects )\t cause1 because we are int5sely consci\s ( be+ ourselves ?r\gh our wills an active cause ( ext]nal ph5om5a4 ,if we 7 m]ely passive obs]v]s1 n active caus]s ( *anges 9 ! ext]nal _w1 !n ^! ext]nal ph5om5a w\ld seem to u m]ely to %ift & *ange & succe$ ea* 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,we might note ! ord] & det]m9e ! laws ( sequ5ce1 & ?us =m a sci5ce2 b x w\ld nev] ent] into our m9ds to imag9e any causal or dynamical nexus betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! m9d ( su* passive obs]v]1 b n do]--?9k]1 b n work]--w\ld be completely realiz$ ! only ?or\gh-go+ & consi/5t mat]iali/ic philosophy1 i4 e41 a philosophy 9 :i*1 l ,comte's1 cause & =ce h no place--are 9 fact bani%$ z a sup]/ition f sci5ce4 ,b ! cle> consci\sness ( ess5tial en]gy1 ( causative =ce )91 ! c]ta9ty t we ourselves1 ?r\gh our wills & by ! consci\s ex]tion ( =ce d det]m9e *anges 9 ! ext]nal _w1 compels u to attribute all *anges to causative =ce ( "s k9d1 & naturally en\gh1 until ! int]f]5ce ( sci5ce1 to a p]sonal w l our own4 ,?us by a necess>y law we project our int]nal /ates into ext]nal ,nature4 ,b see n[ ! /eps ( evolution ( ?is idea4 ,at fir/1 i4 e41 9 ! uncultur$ races1 & also 9 *ildhood1 ext]nal =ces take ! =m ( a p]sonal w l our own resid+ 9 ea* object1 & controll+ its ph5om5a z our wills control our bodily movem5ts 7feti*ism74 ,!n1 z culture advances1 x takes next ! =m ( sev]al p]sonal wills controll+ ea* ! ph5om5a ( a diff]5t dep>tm5t ( ,nature 7poly!ism74 ,f9ally1 9 ! highe/ /age ( culture1 x takes ! =m ( "o p]sonal w controll+ ! ph5om5a ( ! :ole cosmos 7mono!ism74 ,to ! religi\s b unsci5tific m9d 9 all ^! /ages ! p]sonal w is an?ropomorphic4 ,b we h already se5 7,*apt] ,,iii7 h[ an?ropomorphism has be5 driv5 by sci5ce f "o dep>tm5t aft] ano!r1 until n[ at la/ by evolution x is driv5 out ( ,nature entirely1 & to ^? foll[+ ?is l9e ( ?\ght alone1 ! ph5om5a ( ,nature are relegat$ to =ces inh]5t 9 matt]1 & op]at+ by laws necess>y & fatal2 & n only s1 b mat]ial =ces are made to invade ev5 ! realm ( consci\sness1 & r$uce ?is also to mat]ial laws4 ,?us ! savage ejects 8 own consci\s p]sonal w into e sep>ate object ( ,nature2 ! mod]n mat]iali/ 9jects mat]ial =ces into ! realm ( consci\sness4 ,b1 z already se51 a rational philosophy admits ^! two anti!tic views1 & /rives to comb9e & reconcile !m4 ,?is reconciliation1 z f> z x is possible = u1 is f\nd 9 a p]sonal w imman5t 9 ,nature1 & det]m9+ directly all its ph5om5a4 ,?us x is evid5t t ! idea ( a causal nexus betwe5 successive ph5om5a is a prim>y conception1 & !re=e in]adicable & c]ta94 ,ev5 f ! pure/ evolution po9t ( view x mu/ be true1 =1 if man's m9d grew out ( ! =ces ( ,nature1 ?is idea mu/ repres5t a fact 9 ,nature4 ,also1 analysis %[s t all causative =ce orig9ates 9 w4 ,la/ly1 culture & reason1 by a necess>y law ( expansion1 c>ry u upw>d to ! conception ( "o inf9ite su/a9+ & creative w4 ,sci5ce may sometimes obscure b c n de/roy ?is idea4 ,evolution1 :i* 0 suppos$ by "s to h de/roy$ x = ev]1 has only tempor>ily obscur$ x 9 ! m9ds ( ! unreflect+1 by ! suppos$ id5tity ( evolution ) mat]ialism4 ,f ?is tempor>y eclipse x n[ em]ges ) /ill great] cle>ness & f> great] nobl5ess4 ,=1 obs]ve3 ,all ! effects kn[n to u 9 ,nature are f9ite2 !re=e a p]sonal w1 :i* det]m9es ^! sep>ately by successive acts1 z we d1 mu/ also be f9ite l ourselves4 ,b a w1 :i* by "o et]nal act ev]-do+1 nev] done1 det]m9es ! evolution & ! su/5tation ( an inf9ite cosmos1 mu/ itself be inf9ite4 ,?us only 9 ! doctr9e ( univ]sal evolution d we rise to a j conception ( ,god z an inf9ite cause4 #e4 ,design 9 ,nature4--,z ! idea ( cause & =ce is relat$ to w1 s precisely is ! idea ( design relat$ to ?\ght4 ,we get ?is also1 n f )\t1 b f )94 ,adaptation ( means to ends is 9 our exp]i5ce ! result ( ?\ght1 & we c n conceive x to result o!rwise4 ,! effect ( sci5ce c n be to de/roy ?is prim>y conception--:i*1 inde$1 l all prim>y conceptions1 is in]adicable1 & already m c]ta9 ?an any?+ c be made by pro(--b only to exalt & purify our conceptions ( ! design]4 ,=1 obs]ve3 ,9 any case ( adaptive /ructure1 :e!r 9 ! animal body or 9 planet>y relations1 ! evid5ce ( design is n 9 ! mat]ials1 b 9 ! use ( ! mat]ials2 n 9 ! p>ts1 b 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! p>ts = a purpose4 ,design1 purpose1 adju/m5t1 adaptation1 are n mat]ial ?+s1 b relations or intellectual ?+s1 & !re=e p]ceivable only by ?\ght1 & conceivable only z ! result ( ?\ght4 ,x is simply impossible to talk ab\t su* adaptive /ructures )\t us+ language :i* implies design4 ,! v ^w 8adaptive0 implies x4 ,x is impossible ev5 to ?9k ( su* /ructures )\t implicitly assum+ intellig5ce z ! cause4 ,x makes no p>ticle ( diff]5ce h[ ! mat]ial orig9at$1 or :e!r x ev] orig9at$ at all2 x matt]s n :e!r ! adaptation 0 done at once out ( h&1 or :e!r by sl[ process ( modification2 x matt]s n :e!r ! adaptive modification 0 br\ght ab\t by a process ( natural selection1 or by pressure ( a physical environm5t2 :e!r )\t law or accord+ to law4 ,! removal ( ! result f man-l directness ( sep>ate action c n de/roy ! idea ( design1 b only modify our conception ( ! ,design]4 ,:at sci5ce1 & especially evolution1 de/roys1 !re=e1 is n ! idea ( design1 b only our l[ an?ropomorphic notions ( ! mode ( work+ ( ! ,design]4 ,precisely ! same *ange takes place "h "u ! influ5ce ( sci5ce z has tak5 place 9 all our notions conc]n+ ,god4 ,! uncultur$ savage sees a sep>ate god 9 e object4 ,z culture advances1 8 gods become few] & nobl]1 until1 9 ! mo/ advanc$ /ates1 man recognizes b "o inf9ite ,god1 ! creator & su/a9] ( all4 ,god is /ill 9 e ph5om5on1 b no long] z a sep>ate ,god1 b only z ! sep>ate manife/ation ( ! ,"o4 ,?us culture takes away our gods1 b only to compel u to seek him 9 nobl] =ms until we rea* ! only true ,god4 ,b1 ev5 aft] ! conception ( ! "o ,god is rea*$1 h[ _m seem to reg>d him z altoge!r su* a "o z ourselves2 b sci5ce %[s u t 8 ways are n l our ways1 nor 8 ends z our ends4 ,?us sci5ce1 m ?an all o!r k9ds ( culture1 simplifies :ile x inf9itely ennobles & purifies our conceptions ( ,deity4 ,aga91 ! same *ange takes place 9 our s5se ( my/]y4 ,i suppose mo/ p imag9e t x is ! special mission ( sci5ce to de/roy all my/]y4 ,_m seem to ?9k t sup]/ition1 or ev5 religion1 is insep>ably connect$ ) ignorance & my/]y1 & all mu/ disappe> toge!r be=e ! light ( sci5ce4 ,b n s4 ,!re is only a gradual progressive *ange--an evolution 9 ! =m ( my/]y z well z 9 ! =m ( religion4 ,to ! savage ev]y?+ is a sep>ate my/]y4 ,! function ( sci5ce is1 inde$1 to de/roy ^! sep>ate my/]ies1 by expla9+ !m2 b1 9 do+ s1 x only r$uces !m to few] & gr&] my/]ies1 & ^! aga9 to /ill few] & gr&]1 until1 9 an ideally p]fect sci5ce1 all sep>ate & p>tial my/]ies are swall[$ up 9 ! "o all-embrac+ inf9ite my/]y--! my/]y ( exi/5ce4 ,!re is /ill my/]y 9 ea* object1 b no long] a sep>ate my/]y--only a sep>ate manife/ation ( ! "o ov]:elm+ my/]y4 ,or1 aga91 & f9ally3 ,! same *ange occurs 9 our ideas ( creation4 ,at fir/ e object is a sep>ate creation--a manufacture4 ,) advanc+ sci5ce ^! sep>ate1 creative acts become few] & nobl]1 until n[1 at la/1 9 evolution1 all are embrac$ & swall[$ up 9 "o et]nal act ( creation--a nev]-ceas+ procession ( ! div9e en]gy4 ,e object is /ill a creation1 b n a sep>ate creation--only a sep>ate manife/ation ( ! "o cont9u\s creative act4 ,n[1 precisely ! same *ange mu/ take place 9 our conception ( design 9 ,nature4 ,to ! uncultur$ !re is a di/9ct & sep>ate design 9 e sep>ate "w ( ,nature4 ,b1 z sci5ce advances1 all ^! di/9ct1 sep>ate1 petty1 man-l designs are m]g$ into few] & gr&] designs1 until1 f9ally1 9 evolution at la/1 we rea* ! conception ( ! "o inf9ite1 all-embrac+ design1 /ret*+ across inf9ite space1 & cont9u+ un*ang$ ?r\gh inf9ite "t1 :i* includes & pr$et]m9es & absorbs e possible sep>ate design4 ,!re is /ill design 9 ev]y?+1 b no long] a sep>ate design--only a sep>ate manife/ation ( ! "o inf9ite design4 ,?us1 !n1 our own self-consci\sness & w & ?\ght give rise1 necess>ily1 to ! conception ( an inf9ite self-consci\sness1 w1 & ?\ght--i4 e41 ,god4 ,! necessity to believe 9 self-consci\s _s beh9d bodily ph5om5a compels u to believe also 9 an inf9ite self-consci\s _s beh9d cosmic ph5om5a4 ,look+ at ! op]ations ( ?is ev]-active _s1 :e!r 9 ! "o case or ! o!r1 f ! outside1 x looks l unconsci\s en]gy inh]5t 9 matt] itself1 & !re=e l necessity1 or fate4 ,b1 look$ at f ! inside 9 ! "o case1 ! bra91 we p]ceive only self-consci\s1 free activity ( _s4 ,!re=e1 we are compell$ to ackn[l$ge 9 ! o!r case1 ! cosmos1 also1 ! same s\rce ( all activity1 ! same cause ( all ph5om5a4 ,we are compell$ to ackn[l$ge an inf9ite imman5t ,deity beh9d ph5om5a1 b manife/$ to u on ! outside z an all-p]vasive en]gy4 ,b "s portion ( ?is all-p]vasive en]gy aga9 individuates itself m & m1 & !re=e acquires m & m a k9d ( indep5d5t self-activity :i* rea*es its complet5ess 9 man z self-consci\sness & free-w4 ,we said1 8a k9d ( indep5d5t self-activity40 ,h[ ?is comports ) ! absolut5ess ( ,god we c n und]/&1 any m ?an we c und]/& h[ x comports ) inv>iable law 9 ,nature4 ,we simply accept !m bo? z prim>y tru?s1 ev5 ?\gh we c nev] hope to reconcile !m completely1 because we c n und]/& ! exact nature ( ! relation ( _s to matt]4 ,we c n look at ! outside & ! inside at ! same "t4 ,if we c\ld und]/& ! relation ( psy*ical ph5om5a to bra9-*anges1 !n might we hope to und]/& f> m p]fectly ?an n[ ! relation ( ,god to ,nature4 ,b z 9 ! "o case1 ! bra91 al?\gh we c n und]/& ! nature ( ! relation1 yet we are sure ( ! intimacy ( ! connection ( ! two s]ies1 psy*ical & physical1 t]m = t]m2 s 9 ! o!r case1 ! cosmos1 al?\gh we c n und]/& ! exact nature1 we are sure ( ! intimacy ( ! connection1 t]m = t]m--e mat]ial ph5om5on & ev5t ) a correspond+ psy*ical ph5om5on z its cause4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,"s ,,logical ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,imman5cy4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,div9e imman5cy c>ries ) x ! solution ( _m vex$ que/ions4 ,9 fact1 9 its light ^! que/ions simply pass out ( view z no long] hav+ any significance4 ,sev]al ( ^! que/ions h be5 allud$ to 9 an indirect way 9 ! previ\s *apt] & 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,we take !m up di/9ctly "h1 & %[ _! relation to evolution4 ,religi\s ?\ght1 l all else1 is subject to a law ( evolution1 & !re=e passes ?r\gh regul> /ages4 ,( ^! /ages1 ?ree are v di/9ct & ev5 /rongly contra/$4 ,!y correspond 9 a g5]al way to ! ?ree /ages ( ,comte1 :i* he has misnam$ ! !ological1 ! metaphysical1 & ! positive4 ,we w illu/rate by _m examples4 ,i4 ,conception ( ,god4 ,?is1 ! mo/ fundam5tal conception ( all religion1 has pass$ f a gross an?ropomorphism to a true spiritual !ism1 & ! *ange is l>gely due to sci5ce & especially to ! !ory ( evolution4 ,!re are ?ree ma9 /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is *ange3 7#a47 ,! fir/ is a l[ an?ropomorphism4 ,god is altoge!r su* a "o z ourselves1 b l>g] & /rong]4 ,8 action on ,nature1 l our own1 is direct2 8 w is :olly man-l1 caprici\s & )\t law4 7#b47 ,! second is /ill an?ropomorphism1 b ( a nobl] sort4 ,god is n altoge!r l ourselves4 ,he is man-l2 yes1 b also k+-l4 ,he is n pres5t 9 ,nature1 b sits en?ron$ above ,nature 9 solit>y maje/y4 ,he acts on ,nature1 n directly b indirectly1 ?r\gh physical =ces & natural laws4 ,he is an abs5tee l&lord gov]n+ 8 e/ate by means ( appo9t$ ag5ts1 :i* are ! natural =ces & laws e/abli%$ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,he int]f]es p]sonally & by direct action only occasionally1 to initiate some?+ new or to rectify some?+ go+ wrong4 ,?is idea culm9at$ & f\nd ! cle>e/ expression 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & 0 ! necess>y result ( ! sci5tific ideas !n preval5t1 viz41 ideas ( pre-e/abli%$ /ability ( cosmic ord] & fix$ness ( organic types4 ,god 0 ! great artific]1 ! great ar*itect1 work+1 z x 71 on =eign mat]ial & condition$ by its nature4 ,he e/abli%$ all ?+s z !y are 9 ! beg9n+1 & !y h cont9u$ s ev] s9ce4 ,?is conception /ill l+]s 9 ! religi\s m9d1 & is 9 fact ! prevail+ "o n[4 ,x is a great advance on ! prec$+1 b1 alas6 x removes ,god beyond ! rea* ( our love4 ,he is ! ar*itect ( worlds1 ! artific] ( ! eye1 ! sov]eign rul] ( ! univ]se1 b n our ,fa!r4 ,we are 8 creatures1 8 subjects1 b n 8 *ildr54 7#c47 ,! ?ird & la/ /age 9 ?is developm5t is true spiritual !ism4 ,god is imman5t1 resid5t 9 ,nature4 ,nature is ! h\se ( _m mansions 9 :i* he ev] dwells4 ,! =ces ( ,nature are diff]5t =ms ( 8 en]gy act+ directly at all times & 9 all places4 ,! laws ( ,nature are ! modes ( op]ation ( ! omnipres5t ,div9e en]gy1 inv>iable because he is p]fect4 ,! objects ( ,nature are objectifi$1 ext]naliz$--mat]ializ$ /ates ( ,div9e consci\sness1 or ,div9e ?\ghts objectifi$ by ! ,div9e w4 ,9 ?is view we return aga9 to direct action1 b 9 a nobl]1 a spiritual1 ,godlike =m4 ,he is aga9 br\ght v ne> to e "o ( u & re/or$ to our love1 = 9 him we live & move & h our be+4 ,9 him all ?+s consi/1 by him all ?+s exi/4 ,?is view has be5 held by noble m5 9 all times1 especially by ! e>ly ,greek fa!rs1 b is n[ v]ifi$ & well-nigh demon/rat$ by ! !ory ( evolution4 ,no o!r view is any long] t5able4 ,! idea ( ,god is ( c\rse ! mo/ fundam5tal ( all religi\s ideas1 & a *ange 9 ?is c>ries ) x _m o!r *anges4 ,"s ( ^! necess>y outcomes1 especially ! nature1 ! orig91 & ! de/9y ( ! human _s1 & its relation to ! ,div9e _s1 ,i h already treat$ 9 previ\s *apt]s4 ,b !re are o!rs :i* fl[ s directly & obvi\sly t !y may be pres5t$ 9 brief space4 ,,ii4 ,"q ( ,fir/ & ,second ,causes4 ,among ! mo/ obvi\s ( ^! is ! "q ( fir/ & second causes4 ,?is di/9ction1 ,i suppose1 did n exi/ 9 e>ly ?\ght4 ,z a popul> view1 x 0 ma9ly due to ! physical sci5ce ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 a necess>y coroll>y ( ! idea ( ,god z ! great ar*itect sitt+ outside ( ,nature & act+ on ,nature z on =eign mat]ial4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ,god is ! orig9al & prim>y cause ( all ?+s2 b he delegates 8 p[] to second>y =ces1 su* z gravity1 heat1 electricity1 etc41 :i* are !re=e ! imm$iate causes ( ph5om5a4 ,i believe t mo/ p]sons hold ?is view /ill4 ,b x is n[ be+ displac$ by ! idea ( ,god imman5t or resid5t 9 ,nature z already expla9$4 ,?is view is a complete id5tification ( fir/ & second causes4 ,all causes are m]e modes ( ! fir/ cause4 ,!y seem to u second>y1 necess>y1 & unconsci\s only because !y act accord+ to inv>iable law4 ,b law itself is only ! mode ( op]ation ( a p]fect w4 ,?us we h ! same ?ree /ages ( evolution "h also3 7#a47 ,fir/1 all is fir/ cause1 direct1 man-l1 caprici\s1 lawless4 7#b47 ,!n ! fir/ cause acts k+-l1 indirectly by _m appo9t$ ag5ts subject to pre-enact$ laws4 ,^! ag5ts or second>y causes directly det]m9e all natural ph5om5a4 7#c47 ,la/ly1 come ! complete comb9ation & reconciliation ( ^! two4 ,all is by fir/ cause & direct action1 l ! fir/4 ,all is by inv>iable law l ! second1 ! law be+ only ! mode ( op]ation ( a p]fect w4 ,,iii4 ,"q ( ,g5]al & ,special ,provid5ce4 ,s also provid5ce1 g5]al & special1 is only ano!r phase ( ! same "q & solv$ 9 ! same way4 ,at fir/ all is special provid5ce--! result ( caprice or favoritism & )\t law4 ,!n all or ne>ly all is g5]al provid5ce op]at+ by inv>iable law2 b f "t to "t ! g5]al law is brok5 ?r\gh = special purposes :5 necess>y4 ,is n ?is ! prevail+ view n[8 ,la/ly1 ^! two mu/ be comb9$ & reconcil$ 9 a ?ird4 ,all is alike g5]al & special3 g5]al--i4 e41 accord+ to law2 special--i4 e41 by direct action4 ,!re is no real di/9ction betwe5 ! two4 ,! di/9ction vani%es 9 ! light ( a high] view4 ,,iv4 ,! ,natural & ! ,sup]natural4 ,9 precisely ! same category falls ! "q ( ! natural & ! sup]natural4 ,! same ?ree /ages are evid5t "h also1 & ! same solution3 #a4 ,fir/ all is sup]natural & lawless1 & ,nature is view$ ) /upid wond] & abject fe>4 #b4 ,!n ,nature is r$uc$ to me*anical laws & made subject to man4 ,wond] & fe> give place to indiff]5ce & ev5 p]haps to contempt4 ,we practically live )\t ,god 9 ! _w4 ,x requires1 n[1 miracles or a viol5t break+ ?r\gh ( law 9 ord] to />tle u out ( our /upidity & awak5 9 u a s5se ( ! ,div9e pres5ce4 #c4 ,b we mu/ come la/ly to a high] philosophy4 ,we mu/ recognize t all is natural & all is sup]natural accord+ z we view x1 b none m ?an ano!r4 ,all is natural--i4 e41 accord+ to law2 b all is sup]natural--i4 e41 above ,nature1 z we usually reg>d ,nature1 = all is p]meat$ ) ! imm$iate ,div9e pres5ce4 ,wond] 9 ! contemplation ( ,nature returns1 or r exalt$ rev]5ce & rational wor%ip are giv5 9 place ( op5-m\!d wond] & sup]/iti\s fe>4 ,once cle>ly conceive ! idea ( ,god p]meat+ ,nature & det]m9+ directly all its ph5om5a accord+ to law1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 ! natural & ! sup]natural disappe>s f view1 & ) x disappe>s also ! necessity ( miracles z we usually und]/& miracles4 ,9 fact1 ! ^w z we usually und]/& x has no long] any mean+4 ,i mu/ /op a mom5t to expla91 le/ ,i be misund]/ood2 & to en=ce1 le/ x be ?\ght ,i speak lightly4 ,miracle1 9 ! s5se ( violation ( law1 is simply impossible1 because law is ! expression ( ! ess5tial nature & p]fection ( ,god4 ,x is z impossible = ,god to p]=m a miracle 9 ?is s5se z x is = him to lie1 & = ! same reason1 viz41 t x is contr>y to 8 ess5tial nature4 ,9 :at s5se1 !n1 is a miracle possible8 ,i answ]1 only z an occurr5ce or a ph5om5on accord+ to a law high] ?an any we yet "k4 ,if we def9e ,nature z ph5om5a gov]n$ by physical & *emical laws & =ces1 !n life becomes sup]natural & miracul\s--because high] ?an ,nature z we def9e x4 ,if we r$uce ! ph5om5a ( life to law & include ^! also 9 our def9ition ( ,nature b limit x !re1 !n ! free1 self-det]m9$ ph5om5a ( reason become sup]natural because above our def9ition ( ,nature4 ,!re may well be /ill o!r & high] modes ( ,div9e activity1 ! law ( :i* we d n & may nev] und]/&4 ,^! are above our pres5t def9ition ( ,nature1 & !re=e to u sup]natural or miracul\s4 ,b1 ev5 if miracles 9 ! ord9>y s5se 7 possible1 is x n evid5t t ! ord9>y processes ( ,nature are f> m wond]ful1 m truly ,godlike1 ?an any su* miracle8 ,v4 ,"q ( ,design 9 ,nature4 ,s1 aga91 ! "q ( design or purpose or m9d 9 ,nature is simil>ly solv$4 ,x has be5 said1 x is cont9ually n[ be+ said1 t evolution has de/roy$ =ev] ! teleological view ( ,nature--i4 e41 ! idea ( design 9 ,nature4 ,yes1 if we mean ! man-l1 cab9et-mak+1 wat*-mak+ design ( ,paley & old] writ]s--a sep>ate petty design = ea* sep>ate object4 ,x has inde$ de/roy$ ?is1 b only to replace x by a f> nobl] conception--a truly ,godlike design1 a design embrac+ all space & runn+ ?r\gh all "t1 includ+ & absorb+ all possible sep>ate designs & pr$et]m9+ !m by a univ]sal law ( evolution4 ,or ! same "q may be put 9 ano!r way z 8,m9d vs4 ,me*anics 9 ,nature40 ,9 ! evolution ( ?\ght on ?is subject at fir/ all 0 m9d1 b lawless1 caprici\s1 l our own4 ,!n "o dep>tm5t aft] ano!r ( ,nature 0 r$uc$ to me*anical1 physical1 necess>y law1 until all h be5 or w be or conceivably may be ?us r$uc$1 & m9d seems driv5 out ( ,nature entirely4 ,! fri5ds ( religion 9 despair cry out = at lea/ "s small corn] left = m9d4 ,?us ,i f9d 9 rec5t numb]s ( an ,engli% sci5tific p]iodical1 8,nature10 a discussion conc]n+ m9d z "o ( ! factors ( evolution4#dh ,is x n amus+1 if x 7 n s sad8--,god ! ,div9e m9d z "o ( ! factors ( evolution6 ,! true solution is v simple4 ,all is m9d or none2 s also all is me*anics or none4 ,x is all m9d ?r\gh me*anics4 ,x is all me*anics f ! outside2 x is all m9d f ! inside4 ,to sci5ce all is me*anics2 to !ology all is m9d4 ,x is ! duty ( philosophy to reconcile ^! two opposites by ! high] view t me*anics is b ! mode ( op]ation ( ! ,div9e m9d4 ,!re is only "o =m ( evolution1 viz41 human progress1 9 :i* m9d--b ! human1 n ! ,div9e m9d--is "o ( ! factors ( evolution4 ,b to ?9k & speak ?us ( ,god 9 relation to ,nature is to place him on ! human plane4 ,x is gross an?ropomorphism4#di ,,vi4 ,"q ( ! ,mode ( ,creation4 ,i might multiply examples almo/ )\t limit1 ( que/ions ! solution ( :i* dep5ds on ?is "o ( ! relation ( ,god to ,nature4 ,i give "o m--,creation4 ,! creation ( ! univ]se at once--9 ! beg9n+--out ( no?+--& !n re/ ev] s9ce4 ,?is old an?ropomorphic idea is n[ replac$ by t ( cont9u\s creation--unha/+1 unre/+1 by an et]nal process ( evolution4 ,= if ! univ]sal law ( gravitation is ! ,div9e mode ( su/5tation ( ! univ]se1 ! no less univ]sal law ( evolution is ! ,div9e process ( creation4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,evolution ,,to ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/4 ,:at ?9k ye ( ,*ri/8 ,?is is inde$ 9 _m ways a te/-"q1 & we ought frankly to meet x4 ,i h fe>$ h]et(ore to t\* ?is "q4 ,i n[ only ?r[ out "s brief sugge/ions--scatt] "s se$-?\ghts4 ,does ,evolution h any?+ to say on ?is also8 ,i ?9k x does4 ,?is ,i proce$ to %[3 ,z organic evolution rea*$ its goal & completion 9 man1 s human evolution mu/ rea* its goal & completion 9 ! ideal man--i4 e41 ! ,*ri/4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! ,*ri/ is ! ideal man1 & !re=e--7m>k ! necess>y implication7--& !re=e ! ,div9e man4 ,we are all z m5 7z contradi/+ui%$ f brutes7--we are all1 ,i say1 sons ( ,god2 ! ,*ri/ is ! well-belov$ ,son4 ,we are all 9 ! image ( ,god2 he is ! express & p]fect image4 ,we are all p>tak]s 9 v>i\s degrees ( ! ,div9e nature2 9 him ! ,div9e nature is completely realiz$4 ,x is n necess>y t ! ideal man--! ,*ri/--%\ld be p]fect 9 k or 9 p[]2 on ! contr>y1 he mu/ gr[ 9 wisdom & 9 /ature1 l o!r m52 b he mu/ be p]fect 9 "*4 ,"* is ess5tial _s4 ,all else1 ev5 k1 is only environm5t = its culture4 ,9 ! dazzl+ light ( mod]n sci5ce we are apt to =get ?is4 ,"* is ! attitude ( ! human _s t[>d ! ,div9e ,_s4 ,if ,i %\ld add any?+ to ?is def9ition1 ,i w\ld say x is spiritual attitude & spiritual en]gy4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ ?is attitude mu/ be :olly "r2 ! h>mony--! union ) ! ,div9e--mu/ be p]fect4 ,?is p]fect union gives1 ( necessity1 also fullness ( spiritual en]gy4 ,n[1 ,i wi% to %[ t1 al?\gh ! ,*ri/ z ?us def9$ mu/ be human--yes1 ev5 m int5sely human ?an any "o ( u--yet by ! law ( evolution we ought to expect him to diff] f u 9 an inconceivable degree1 & especially 9 a sup]human way4 ,?is ,i d by a s]ies ( illu/rations4 ,we h said t ! ,*ri/ is ! ideal & !re=e ! ,div9e man--t he is ! goal & completion ( humanity4 ,b 9 evolution a goal is n only a completion ( "o /age1 b also ! beg9n+ ( ano!r & high] /age--on a high] plane ( life ) new & high] capacities & p[]s unimag9able f any l[] plane4 ,let me illu/rate3 #a4 ,z man is ! ideal--! goal & completion ( animal evolution1 & yet is he also a bir? into a high] plane ( life--! spiritual2 s ! ,*ri/1 ! ideal man1 may be only ! goal & completion ( human evolution1 & yet is he also a bir? into a new & high] plane--! ,div9e4 #b4 ,z ! human _s pre-exi/$ 9 embryo 9 animals1 sl[ly develop+ ?r\gh all geological times1 until x came to bir? & immortality 9 man1 s ! ,div9e _s is 9 embryo 9 man 9 v>i\s degrees ( developm5t1 & comes to bir? & completion ( ,div9e life 9 ! ,*ri/4 #c4 ,z animals rea*$1 f9ally1 consci\s relations ) ,god 9 man1 ev5 s man rea*es union ) ,god 9 ! ,*ri/4 ,z man1 ! ideal animal1 is a union ( ! animal ) ! spiritual2 s ! ,*ri/1 ! ideal ( human evolution1 is a union ( ! human & ! ,div9e4 #d4 ,f9ally3 ,z ) ! appe>ance ( man !re 7 introduc$ new p[]s & prop]ties unimag9able f ! animal po9t ( view1 & !re=e f t po9t ( view seem+ly sup]natural--i4 e41 above _! nature--s ) ! appe>ance ( ! ,*ri/ we ought to expect new p[]s & prop]ties unimag9able f ! human po9t ( view1 & !re=e to u seem+ly sup]natural--i4 e41 above our nature4 ,! ,*ri/ z def9$ above--i4 e41 z ! ideal man--is und\bt$ly a true object ( rational wor%ip4 ,!re are two & only two fundam5tal moral pr9ciples1 viz41 love to ,god & love to man4 ,bo? ( ^! mu/ be embodi$ 9 a rational wor%ip4 ,! "o mu/ be embodi$ 9 ! wor%ip ( an ,inf9ite ,_s--,god2 ! o!r 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ideal man--! ,*ri/4 ,b "s "o w object t1 admitt+ all ?is1 x is impossible t ! goal1 ! ideal1 %\ld appe> until ! end ( ! c\rse ( evolution4 ,to him ,i answ]3 ,?is is inde$ true ( animal evolution1 b n ( human evolution4 ,we h already se5 7see p4 #hh et seq47 t !re is an ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ?is reg>d betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( evolution4 ,9 addition to all ! factors ( organic evolution1 9 human progress !re is a new & high] factor add$1 :i* imm$iately takes prec$5ce ( all o!rs4 ,?is factor is ! consci\s volunt>y co-op]ation ( ! human _s 9 ! "w ( its own evolution4 ,! me?od ( ?is new factor consi/s ess5tially 9 ! =mation1 & especially 9 ! volunt>y pursuit1 ( ideals4 ,9 organic evolution species are trans=m$ by ! environm5t4 ,9 human evolution "* is trans=m$ by its own ideal4 ,organic evolution is by necess>y law--human evolution is by volunt>y ef=t1 i4 e41 by free law4 ,organic evolution is pu%$ onw>d & upw>d f beh9d & bel[4 ,human evolution is drawn upw>d & =w>d f above & 9 front by ! attractive =ce ( ideals4 ,?us ! ideal ( organic evolution c n appe> until ! end2 :ile ! attractive ideals ( human evolution mu/ come--:e!r only 9 ! imag9ation or realiz$ 9 ! fle%--b mu/ come someh[ 9 ! c\rse4 ,! mo/ p[]fully attractive ideal ev] pres5t$ to ! human m9d1 &1 !re=e1 ! mo/ pot5t ag5t 9 ! evolution ( human "*1 is ! ,*ri/4 ,?is ideal mu/ come--:e!r 9 ! imag9ation or 9 ! fle% ,i say n1 b--mu/ come someh[ 9 ! c\rse & n at ! end4 ,at ! end ! :ole human race1 drawn upw>d by ?is ideal1 mu/ rea* ! fullness ( ! /ature ( ! ,*ri/4 ,b x w be aga9 object$ t all ideals are relative & tempor>y2 t we are 9 fact drawn onw>d & upw>d by _m successive ideals1 "o beyond ano!r1 9 ! c\rse4 ,ideals are b mile-/ones :i* we put successively beh9d u :ile we press on to ano!r2 !y are successive r\nds ( an inf9ite ladd] :i* we put successively b5ea? u :ile we rise high]4 ,?is "o also we %all ev5tually put beh9d u & pass on4 ,to ?is ,i h two answ]s3 ,admitt$ t 9 _m ways su* is ! c\rse ( progress2 b :o has be5 able to rea* ?is ideal & conceive a high]8 ,:5 ?is "o is rea*$ & completely realiz$ 9 our p]sonal "*1 x w be "t en\gh to propose ano!r4 ,aga91 x is true t 9 _m ways we h advanc$ & are /ill advanc+ by ! use ( p>tial ideals2 b ?is use ( p>tial & relative ideals is itself 9 only a tempor>y /age ( evolution4 ,at a c]ta9 /age we cat* glimpses ( ! absolute moral ideal4 ,!n our gaze becomes fix$1 & we are !nce=w>d drawn upw>d =ev]4 ,! human race has already rea*$ a po9t :5 ! absolute ideal ( "* is attractive4 ,?is ,div9e ideal c nev] aga9 be lo/ to humanity4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,evolution ,,to ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,evil4 ,! problem ( evil has task$ ! p[] & baffl$ ! skill ( ! greate/ ?9k]s 9 e age4 ,x w\ld be folly 9 me to imag9e t ,i c solve x4 ,its complete solution is probably impossible 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce4 ,yet ,i c n d\bt t on ?is1 z on e important "q relat+ to man1 ! !ory ( evolution w ?r[ new & important light4 ,all ,i c hope to d is to ?r[ out "s brief sugge/ions on ! subject4 ,if evolution be true1 & especially if man be inde$ a product ( evolution1 !n :at we call evil is n a unique ph5om5on conf9$ to man1 & ! result ( an accid5t1 b mu/ be a great fact p]vad+ all nature1 & a "p ( its v con/itution4 ,x mu/ h exi/$ 9 all "t 9 diff]5t =ms1 & subject l all else to ! law ( evolution4 ,let u1 !n1 trace rapidly "s ( ! /eps ( ?is evolution4 #a4 ,ext]nal ,physical ,evil 9 ! ,animal ,k+dom4--,z already se5 9 previ\s *apt]s1 ! necess>y condition ( evolution ( ! organic k+dom is a /ruggle = life--a conflict on e side1 ) a seem+ly inimical environm5t & a survival ( only ! /ronge/1 ! swifte/1 or ! mo/ cunn+--9 a ^w1 ! fitte/4 ,n[1 suppose ! c\rse ( organic evolution f9i%$ 9 ! introduction ( man1 & f ?is vantage-gr\nd we look back ov] ! c\rse & consid] its result4 ,%all we call t evil :i* 0 ! necess>y condition ( ! progressive elevation :i* culm9at$ s glori\sly8 ,evil d\btless x seem$ to ! individual1 /ruggl+ animal1 b is ?is wor?y to be weigh$ 9 comp>ison ) ! evolution ( ! :ole organic k+dom until x culm9at$ 9 man8 ,is x n r a good 9 disguise8 ,i suppose human arrogance may be will+ en\gh to admit x 9 ?is case1 :]e animals only are suff]]s4 #b4 ,physical ,evil 9 ,relation to ,man4--,b organic evolution1 complet$ 9 man1 0 imm$iately transf]r$ to a high] plane1 & cont9u$ z social evolution2 mat]ial evolution is trans=m$ into psy*ical evolution2 unconsci\s evolution1 accord+ to necess>y law1 to consci\s volunt>y progress t[>d a recogniz$ goal1 & accord+ to a fre] law4 ,b 9 ?is trans=mation ! fundam5tal conditions ( evolution d n *ange4 ,man also is surr\nd$ on e side ) :at at fir/ seems to him an evil environm5t1 aga9/ :i* he mu/ ev] /ruggle or p]i%4 ,heat & cold1 tempe/ & flood1 volcanoes & e>?quakes1 savage bea/s & /ill m savage m54 ,:at is ! rem$y--! only conceivable rem$y8 ,k ( ! laws ( ,nature1 & !reby acquisition ( p[] ov] ,nature4 ,b increas+ k & p[] are equival5t to progressive elevation 9 ! scale ( psy*ical be+4 ,?is conflict ) :at seems an evil environm5t is1 !re=e1 ! necess>y condition ( su* elevation4 ,x is n too mu* to say t1 )\t ?is condition1 except = ?is necessity = /ruggle1 man c\ld nev] h em]g$ out ( animality into humanity1 or1 hav+ ?us em]g$1 w\ld nev] h ris5 above ! l[e/ possible /age4 ,n[ suppose1 aga91 ?is ideal to h be5 atta9$--suppose k ( physical laws & p[] ov] physical =ces to be complete--suppose physical nature completely subdu$1 put b5ea? our feet1 & subject to our w1 &1 f ! high intellectual position ?us atta9$1 we look back ov] ! :ole gr\nd & consid] ! result4 ,%all t be call$ evil :i* 0 obvi\sly ! necess>y condition = atta9+ our !n elevat$ position8 ,evil x d\btless seem$ to ! individuals :o fell1 & /ill seems to u :o n[ suff]1 by ! way 9 ! conflict2 b is physical discom=t or ev5 physical dea? ( ! individual to be weigh$ 9 comp>ison ) ! psy*ical elevation ( ! individual1 & especially ( ! race8 ,evid5tly1 !n1 physical evil ev5 9 ! case ( man is only seem+ evil1 b real good4 #c4 ,organic ,evil--,disease4--,b !re is a m dreadful =m ( evil ?an t :i* results f ext]nal physical nature--an evil f> m subtle & difficult to und]/&1 & !re=e to conqu]4 ,i mean int]nal organic evil--disease 9 its div]sifi$ =ms & ) its att5dant weakness & suff]+1 inscrutable (t5 9 its causes1 insidi\s 9 its approa*es1 contagi\s1 infecti\s1 spread+ f h\se to h\se1 c>ry+ suff]+ & dea? 9 its c\rse1 & leav+ sorr[ & desolation beh9d4 ,is !re any rem$y :i* c transmute ?is evil into good8 ,!re is4 ,x is aga9 k--k ( ! laws1 & p[] ov] ! =ces1 ( organic nature4 ,is x n evid5t t complete k ( ! laws ( heal? & ! causes ( disease w\ld put ?is evil also "u our feet8 ,is x n evid5t t a p]fect k ( ! laws ( heal?1 & a p]fect liv+ accord+ to ^! laws1 w\ld s entirely subdue ?is evil t m5 w\ld no long] die except by natural decay or by accid5t8 ,is x n evid5t1 also1 t ! race w n atta9 ?is k unless x be =c$ ^u u by ! necessity ( avoid+ ! dread evil ( disease8 ,n[ suppose1 aga91 ?is ideal atta9$1 suppose ?is dread evil subdu$ by complete k1 & aga9 f our elevat$ intellectual position we look back ov] ! gr\nd4 ,%all we call t evil :i* 0 ! necess>y condition ( our intellectual elevation8 ,evil1 d\btless1 x seems to u individuals :o h suff]$ & are /ill suff]+ ?r\gh our ignorance2 b is su* individual suff]+ or ev5 individual dea? to be weigh$ aga9/ ! psy*ical elevation ( ! individual & evolution ( ! race8 ,ought n ! individual to be will+ to suff] ?us mu* vic>i\sly = ! race8 ,is n ?is seem+ evil also a real good8 ,may we n1 !n1 confid5tly g5]alize8 ,may we n say t all physical evil is good 9 its g5]al effect--t e law ( ,nature is b5efic5t 9 its g5]al op]ation1 &1 if sometimes evil 9 its specific op]ation1 is s only ?r\gh our ignorance8 ,p>tly by survival ( ! fitte/1 & p>tly by intellig5ce1 man1 l o!r animals1 br+s himself 9 accord ) ! laws ( ,nature1 & ?us appropriates ! good & avoids ! evil1 & ,nature becomes b5efic5t only4 ,b1 also unlike any o!r animal1 man by rational k makes ! laws ( ,nature 8 s]vants1 & uses !m = 8 own purposes1 ?us increas+ 8 p[] & elevat+ ! plane ( 8 life4 #d4 ,moral ,evil4--,b !re is /ill ano!r =m ( evil1 ! mo/ dreadful ( all4 ,?is "o may be call$ ! evil1 9 "s s5se1 ! only evil4 ,x is t ( :i* all o!r =ms are b ! %ad[s ca/ backw>d & d[nw>d along ! c\rse ( evolution & on l[] /ages ( exi/5ce4 ,?is consummation ( all evil is s9--moral disease--m dreadfully contagi\s & deadly ?an any organic disease4 ,:at %all we say n[8 ,is !re any rational explanation ( ?is evil8 ,is !re any possible-reason or excuse = an all-wise1 all-p[]ful ,rul] afflict+ man alone ( all ,8 creatures ) ?is greate/ ( all evils8 ,9 all o!r cases1 ! individual & ! race sacrifice !mselves = a "t physically = ! sake ( f9al spiritual elevation2 b ?is is spiritual debasem5t4 ,9 all o!r cases1 !re is a sacrifice 9 ! c\rse 9 ord] to atta9 ! goal1 b ?is is a miss+ ( ! goal itself4 ,is !re any view :i* mitigates ?is evil1 any philosophic al*emy :i* c transmute ?is evil into good8 ,age aft] age ! human m9d has pro/rat$ itself 9 helpless p>alysis be=e ?is problem4 ,mo/ ?9k]s h be5 cont5t to say1 8,?\ ha/ ord]$ x s4 ,?\ art good4 ,x mu/ be "r40 ,b _m1 & among !m "s ( ! be/ m9ds1 h said1 8,ei!r ,god is n all-good1 or else n all-wise1 or else n all-p[]ful1 or else !re is no ,god at all40 ,does evolution %$ any light on ?is dread problem8 ,i believe x does4 ,we h said t all o!r evils are b %ad[s ( ?is "o1 ca/ backw>d & d[nw>d on e>li] /ages ( evolution & l[] =ms ( exi/5ce4 ,b f ! evolution po9t ( view ^! e>li] & l[] =ms ( evil are r to be reg>d$ z =e%ad[+s ( ! reality to come4 ,!y are b e>li] & l[] /ages ( ! evolution ( ! same ?+--embryonic conditions ( ! n[ full-gr[n evil4 ,if s1 !n ! same law mu/ apply "h also1 ?\gh1 z we %all see1 ) a diff]5ce4 ,"h1 also1 ! individual z well z ! race f9ds himself surr\nd$ by :at seems an evil environm5t1 aga9/ :i* he mu/ /ruggle4 ,! _s ( man is inclos$ & condition$ by a l[] environm5t1 :i* he mu/ subdue or p]i%4 ,"h1 !n1 is aga9 a deadly conflict3 8a law 9 ! memb]s w>r+ aga9/ ! law ( ! _s1 & br++ x into captivity02 a law ( selfism w>r+ aga9/ ! law ( love1 & br++ x into subjection2 solicitations to debasem5t on ! "o h&1 & solicitations to wrong o!rs on ! o!r4 ,h[ %all x be ov]come8 ,:at is ! rem$y8 ,aga9 ,i answ]1 ,k ( & con=mity to ! laws ( ! moral _w4 ,b1 z 9 o!r cases1 s 9 ?is3 ?is k ( & con=mity to law1 :i* is ! true goal ( humanity1 w n be atta9$ unless x is =c$ ^u u by necessity & 9 self-def5se--i4 e41 by evil4 ,n[ suppose1 once m1 ?is k & con=mity be complete1 & ! ideal ( humanity be atta9$1 & f ?is f9al & highe/ position we look back ov] ! :ole gr\nd4 ,%all t be call$ evil :i* f ! v nature ( a moral be+ & ! laws ( evolution 0 obvi\sly ! necess>y condition ( atta9+ ! goal8 ,%all we n f ?is f9al position call x a good 9 disguise8 ,evil1 d\btless1 x seems to u :o suff] & /umble & mayhap fall by ! way2 b %all ! mi%ap ( ! individual be weigh$ z an equival5t aga9/ ! evolution ( ! race & ! atta9m5t ( its goal8 ,ah6 !re is ! rub4 ,x is all well en\gh to talk ( sacrific+ ! physical individual to ! race1 b n s ! spiritual4 ,if we believe 9 ! immortality ( ! human _s1 if we d inde$ /& relat$ to ,god 9 ! mann] expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 !n moral evil 9 ! individual has an entirely peculi> & an et]nal significance--!n ! individual human _s has an inf9ite wor? & c n be sacrific$ to ! race2 = ! evolution ( ! race itself is only 9 ord] to ! p]fect+ ( individual human s\ls4 ,:at %all we say n[8 ,i answ]3 ,! sacrifice is n necess>y4 ,!re is 9 ! realm ( morals alone a way ( escape--a sav+ elem5t :i* r$eems ! individual )\t violat+ ! law4 ,let me expla94 ,x w1 ,i ?9k1 be admitt$ by all t innoc5ce & virtue are two v diff]5t ?+s4 ,innoc5ce is a pre-e/abli%$1 virtue a self-e/abli%$1 h>mony ( spiritual activities4 ,! c\rse ( human developm5t1 :e!r individual or racial1 is f innoc5ce ?r\gh m or less discord & conflict to virtue4 ,& virtue complet$1 reg>d$ z a condition1 is hol9ess1 z an activity1 is spiritual fre$om4 ,n happ9ess nor innoc5ce b virtue is ! goal ( humanity4 ,happ9ess w surely come 9 ! tra9 ( virtue1 b if we seek prim>ily happ9ess we miss bo?4 ,two ?+s mu/ be borne /eadily 9 m9d3 virtue is ! goal ( humanity2 virtue c n be giv51 x mu/ be self-acquir$4 ,n[ we h already se5 t 9 all evil ! rem$y1 :i* n only cures x b transmutes x into good1 is k ( law & con=mity ( conduct !reto--a true sci5ce & a successful art--9 a ^w1 k ( ! laws ( ,god & ob$i5ce to ^! laws4 ,9 ! physical _w ignorance ( ^! laws is necess>ily fatal1 b n s 9 ! moral _w4 ,ignorance "h is n necess>ily fatal ?\gh dang]\s4 ,by ! v nature ( a moral be+1 ! ess5tial ?+ is n k b "* or virtue--! w to "k & ! ef=t to obey4 ,9 ! physical realm1 k is ! goal2 9 ! moral realm1 k is only 9 ord] to virtue4 ,!re=e1 9 ! case ( ! individual /ruggl+ ) moral evil )9 & )\t1 ! victory is always 9 8 p[]4 ,if he fails1 x is 8 own fault4 ,8 utmo/ ef=t 9 ?is field mu/ be successful1 because ! result is n ext]nal1 b int]nal & 9 ! realm ( moral fre$om4 ,! _s ( man is self-act+ & 9 "s s5se1 ?\gh n absolutely1 self-exi/+1 & c n be ru9$ except by its own act4 ,9 ! moral _w1 :]e ! goal is n k b "*1 atta9m5t mu/ be 9 proportion to hone/ endeavor 9 ! "r _s4 ,evil1 !n1 has its roots 9 ! necess>y law ( evolution4 ,x is a necess>y condition ( all progress1 & pre-em95tly s ( moral progress4 ,b "s w ask1 8,:y c\ld n man h be5 made a p]fectly pure1 innoc5t1 happy be+1 unplagu$ by evil & incapable ( s980 ,i answ]3 ,! ?+ is impossible ev5 to omnipot5ce1 because x is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,su* a be+ w\ld also be incapable ( virtue1 w\ld n be a moral be+ at all1 w\ld n 9 fact be man4 ,we c n ev5 conceive ( a moral be+ )\t fre$om to *oose4 ,we c n ev5 conceive ( virtue )\t successful conflict ) solicitations to debasem5t4 ,b ^! solicitations are s /rong & s (t5 ov]come u1 t we are prone to reg>d ! solicitations !mselves z ess5tial evil in/ead ( our weak surr5d] to !m4 ,all evolution1 all progress1 is f l[] to high] plane4 ,f a philosophic po9t ( view1 ?+s are n good & evil1 b only high] & l[]4 ,all ?+s are good 9 _! true places1 ea* "u ea*1 & all mu/ "w toge!r = ! good ( ! ideal man4 ,ea* l[] =ms ! basis & und]ly+ condition ( ! high]2 ea* high] mu/ subord9ate ! l[] to its own high] uses1 or else x fails ( its true end4 ,! physical _w =ms ! basis & condition ( ! organic1 yet ! organism rises to a high] plane only by ceaseless conflict ) & adaptation to ! physical environm5t1 :i* !re=e seems 9 "s s5se evil4 ,! organic _w 9 its turn und]lies & conditions & n\ri%es ! rational moral _w4 ,z ! s5ses are ! necess>y fe$]s ( ! intellect1 s ! appetites are ! necess>y fe$]s ( ! moral nature4 ,yes1 ev5 ! l[e/ s5sual appetites are ! necess>y basis & n\ri%]s ( our highe/ moral s5tim5ts4 ,& yet ! /ruggle = ma/]y ( ! high] spiritual ) ! l[] animal is (t5 s sev]e t ! latt] seems to _m z ess5tial evil to be extirpat$1 in/ead ( a useful s]vant to be controll$4 ,?is view is asceticism4 ,n[ ! :ole view ( evil usually held is a k9d ( asceticism1 & !re=e1 l asceticism1 mu/ be only a transition phase ( human ?\ght4 ,all t we call evil bo? 9 ! mat]ial & ! spiritual _w is good1 s long z we hold x 9 subjection z s]vants to ! _s1 & only becomes evil :5 we succumb4 ,all evil consi/s 9 ! dom9ance ( ! l[] ov] ! high]2 all good 9 ! rational use ( ! l[] by ! high]4 ,asceticism may1 inde$1 be ! be/ philosophy = "s4 ,if we c n subdue ! l[] nature1 we mu/ try to extirpate x1 & ?us at any co/ set free ! high] f humiliat+ bondage4 ,if we c n practice ! high] virtue ( temp]ance 9 all ?+s1 we mu/ ev5 try ! l[] virtue ( total ab/95ce 9 "s ?+s4 ,if our "r eye (f5ds1 we mu/ n hesitate to pluck x out2 b let u n imag9e t "o eye is bett] ?an two--let u cle>ly und]/& t !reby our spiritual nature is sadly maim$1 & !re=e t ! highe/ virtue1 :i* is spiritual beauty & /r5g?1 c n ?us be atta9$4 ,true virtue consi/s1 n 9 ! extirpation ( ! l[]1 b 9 its subjection to ! high]4 ,! /rong] ! l[] is1 ! bett]1 if only x be held 9 subjection4 ,= ! high] is n\ri%$ & /r5g!n$ by its connection ) ! m robu/ l[]1 & ! l[] is purifi$1 ref9$1 & glorifi$ by its connection ) ! div9] high]1 & by ?is mutual action ! :ole plane ( be+ is elevat$4 ,x is only by action & reaction ( all p>ts ( our complex nature t true virtue is atta9$4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! t]m ,*orology1 us$ by ,haeckel1 ne>ly cov]s ! gr\nd4 #b ,ontos-g5nao 7individual-mak+1 or g5esis ( ! individual74 #c ,taxis1 nomos 7relat+ to sci5ce ( arrangem5t74 #d ,?is /atem5t is g5]al2 x w be modifi$ h]eaft]4 #e ,phule-g5nao 7k9d-mak+72 g5esis ( ! race4 #f ,?is =mulation ( ! laws ( organic succession 0 giv5 by me 9 #ahfj1 be=e ,i knew any?+ ( ei!r ,d>w9's or ,sp5c]'s evolution4 ,!y 7 my own mode ( =mulat+ ,agassiz's views4 #g ,g5esis )\t previ\s life--spontane\s g5]ation4 #h ,fi%es 7 fir/ introduc$ 9 ! lat] ,silurian2 b became dom9ant 9 ! ,devonian4 #i ,amphibians 7 introduc$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 b true reptile n until ! ,p]mian4 #aj ,( c\rse ,i mean d[nw>d 9 social function4 ,individually ! scav5g] may be nobl] ?an ! /atesman4 #aa ,cope1 8,sci5ce10 vol4 ii1 p4 #bgd1 #ahhc4 #ab ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory--anniv]s>y memoir1 #ahhj4 ,also1 8,am]ican ,naturali/10 ,june1 #ahhb4 #ac 8,ar*ives des ,sci5ces10 vol4 liv1 #ahge4 #ad 8,nature10 vol4 xxxi1 p4 #d1 #ahhd4 #ae ,see ab/ract ( ,dr4 ,romanes's views1 8,nature10 vol4 xxxiv1 pp4 #cad1 #ccf1 #cfb4 ,also1 discussions ( ! same by ,meldola1 ,galton1 ,wallace1 etc41 9 imm$iately subsequ5t numb]s4 #af ,?is subject is m fully treat$ 9 *apt] ,,ix1 p4 #bdj et seq4 #ag ,see an article entitl$ 8,g5esis ( ,sex10 8,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly10 #ahgi1 vol4 xvi1 p4 #afg4 #ah ,mr4 ,wallace has rec5tly1 9 8 "w on 8,d>w9ism10 tak5 /rong gr\nd aga9/ ?is ,d>w9ian factor4 ,he ?9ks1 = example1 t sexual vigor is ! cause ( bo? ! spl5dor ( color & ! p]t9acity :i* secures ! female4 ,we see little diff]5ce 9 ?is way ( putt+ x4 ,our object1 h[ev]1 is n to argue ! "q ( :at are true factors1 b simply to give ! mo/ accept$1 &1 z x seems to u1 also ! mo/ probable view4 #ai ,by reason ,i mean ! faculty ( deal+ ) ! ph5om5a ( ! inn] _w ( consci\sness & ideas4 ,animals live 9 "o _w--! out] _w ( s5se2 man 9 two--! out] _w ( s5se1 l animals1 b also 9 an inn] & high] _w ( ideas4 ,all t is *>act]i/ic ( man comes ( ?is capacity ( deal+ ) ! inn] _w4 ,9 default ( a bett] ^w ,i call x reason4 ,if any "o c sugge/ a bett] ^w1 ,i w gladly adopt x4 #bj ,:ile all comp>ative anatomi/s agree t ! lung is a div]ticulum f ! sophagus1 l ! air-bladd] ( ! g>-fi%1 "s ?9k t x is a diff]5t div]ticulum1 :i* is se5 fir/ 9 ! dipnoi4 #ba ,und\bt$ly ! true pr9ciple on :i* prim>y gr\ps ought to be made is1 id5tity ( g5]al plan ( /ructure1 or traceabl5ess ( homology ?r\gh\t4 ,= ^! gr\ps are ! great prim>y bran*es ( ! tree ( life1 & classification ought to repres5t degrees ( g5etic relation%ip4 ,?is 0 ,agassiz's pr9ciple1 al?\gh he did n admit ! g5etic relation4 ,?is pr9ciple has be51 x seems to u1 too mu* neglect$ by lat] sy/emati/s4 #bb ,! ,amphioxus1 ! l[e/ ( all v]tebrates--if v]tebrate x may be call$--is an exception to #b & #c4 ,9 ?is animal ! v]tebrate type is n yet fully decl>$4 #bc ,?is is only "o example "u a g5]al law :i* x may be well to /op a mom5t to illu/rate4 ,a repetition ( simil> p>ts p]=m+ ! same function is always an evid5ce ( l[ organization1 & z we rise 9 ! scale ( organization su* p>ts usually become few] & m effici5t4 ,?us1 to give "o example1 myriapods1 z _! "n indicates1 h hundr$s ( locomotive organs--l[] cru/aceans p]haps ?irty or =ty4 ,z we g up1 !y are r$uc$ to f\rte5 7tetradecapods71 !n to t5 7decapods71 !n 9 spid]s to eight1 9 insects to six1 9 v]tebrates to f\r1 & 9 man to two4 ,a simil> r$uction 9 numb]1 b increase 9 effici5cy1 is f\nd 9 toes1 :5 !y are us$ = support & locomotion only4 ,9 man we f9d ! normal numb] ( five 7#a71 because 8 h&s are us$ = grasp+ & ! functions ( ! f+]s are n ! same2 & 7#b71 because man's developm5t 0 almo/ :olly bra9w>d4 ,9 o!r respects 8 /ructure is f> less specializ$ ?an mo/ o!r mammals4 ,he c n compete ) c>nivores 9 /r5g? & f]ocity1 nor ) h]bivores 9 fleetness4 ,9 ! /ruggle = life1 !re=e1 !re 0 no?+ left = him b increase 9 intellig5ce4 ,probably f\r is ! smalle/ numb] ( locomotive organs consi/5t ) highe/ effici5cy4 ,9 reta9+ b two legs = locomotion1 man has lo/ 9 locomotive effici5cy1 b by ! sacrifice he lib]ates two limbs = high] functions4 #bd 8,proce$+s ( ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces10 vol4 xiv1 ,may1 #ahgh4 #be ,fol41 8,ar*ives des ,sci5ces10 vol4 xiv1 p4 #hd1 #ahhe2 8,sci5ce10 vol4 vi1 p4 #ib1 #ahhe4 #bf ,( c\rse1 ?is is a purely imag9>y case4 ,! conditions ( developm5t ( ! eggs ( high] animals =bid cont9u\s wat*+ ! process4 ,yet we d obs]ve 9 diff]5t individuals all ^! /ages 9 mammals z well z o!r animals4 #bg ,^! bale5 plates are n modifications ( tee?1 z might at fir/ be suppos$1 b r ( ! transv]se gum-ridges f\nd on ! ro( ( ! m\? ( _m mammals1 & conspicu\s 9 ! horse4 #bh 8,proce$+s ( ! ,cali=nia ,academy ( ,sci5ce10 vol4 v1 p4 #aeb4 #ahgc4 #bi ,= full] discussion ( ?is subject1 see 8,bullet9 ( ! ,cali=nia ,academy ( ,sci5ce10 ,no4 #h1 #ahhg1 & 8,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce10 = ,dec41 #ahhg4 #cj 8,orig9 ( ,races ( ! ,dog40 8,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory10 vol4 xvii1 p4 #bie4 #ahhf4 #ca ,mr4 ,galton 78,nature10 ,augu/ #bf1 #ahhf7 has us$ a diagram simil> to ! above 7:i* ,i fir/ us$ 9 #ahgi7 to illu/rate ! law ( sexual attraction & repugnance4 #cb ,?is subject is m fully discuss$ by ! au?or 9 an article entitl$ 8,g5esis ( ,sex10 9 8,! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly10 vol4 xvi1 p4 #afg1 #ahgi4 #cc ,= examples ( ?is ! read] is ref]r$ to ,cope1 8,bullet9 ( ! ,national ,museum10 ,no4 #a2 & to ,c\es's 8,key to ,nor? ,am]ican ,birds10 la/ edition4 #cd 8,monatsb]i*t d4 k4 ,preuss4 ,akademie d4 ,wiss5s*aft zu ,b]l910 = ,july1 #ahff4 #ce 8,g5esis ( ,t]ti>y ,species ( ,planorbis at ,/e9heim40 ,a4 ,hyatt1 ,anniv]s>y ,memoir ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #ahhj4 #cf ,9 a lett] to ! au?or1 dat$ ,febru>y #ac1 #ahhg1 ,pr(4 ,cope says3 8,su* transitions ( species are cle>ly indicat$ 9 ! ,oreodontid1 :]e su* diff]5t =ms z ,o4 gracilis & ,o4 ,culb]tsoni are connect$ by int]gradations40 #cg 8,am]ican ,naturali/10 #ahgc2 8,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly10 ,june1 #ahgc4 #ch ,= a full] developm5t ( ?is subject ! read] is ref]r$ to an article by ! au?or1 entitl$ 8,critical ,p]iods 9 ! ,hi/ory (1 & _! ,relation to1 ,evolution0 78,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce10 vol4 xiv1 p4 #ii1 #ahgg74 #ci 8,reflex ,action & ,!ism10 ,william ,james1 8,unit>ian ,review0 = ,novemb]1 #ahha4 #dj ,see an article by ! au?or on ?is subject1 8,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce10 s]ies ii1 vol4 xxviii1 p4 #cje1 #ahei1 & 9 8,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly10 vol4 iv1 p4 #aef1 #ahgc4 #da ,all *emical comp\nds are dissociat$ by suffici5t heat4 #db ,! orig9 ( vital f *emical =ce 9 ! gre5 leaves ( plants c n be d\bt$2 b ?is does n1 ( c\rse1 expla9 ! my/]y ( ! fir/ orig9 ( life on ! e>?1 = "o condition ( ! *ange n[ is ! contact ( liv+ matt]4 #dc ,i "k x is ! fa%ion to ridicule ! use ( ! t]ms vitality1 vital =ce1 z a remnant ( an old sup]/ition2 & yet ! same m5 :o d s use ! t]ms gravity1 electricity1 *emical =ce1 etc4 ,vital =ce is inde$ correlat$ ) o!r =ces ( ,nature1 b is none ! less a di/9ct =m ( =ce1 f> m di/9ct ?an any o!r unless x be ! /ill high] =m ( psy*ical1 & !re=e x bett] des]ves a di/9ct "n ?an any l[] =m4 ,ea* =m ( =ce gives rise to a peculi> gr\p ( ph5om5a1 & ! /udy ( ^! to a special dep>tm5t ( sci5ce4 ,n[1 ! gr\p ( ph5om5a call$ vital is m peculi>1 m diff]5t f o!r gr\ps ?an ^! are f ea* o!r1 & ! sci5ce ( physiology is a m di/9ct dep>tm5t ?an ei!r physics or *emi/ry1 & !re=e ! =m ( =ce1 :i* det]m9es ^! ph5om5a1 is m di/9ct & bett] entitl$ to a "n ?an any physical or *emical =ce4 #dd 8,pr9ceton ,review0 = ,may1 #ahhd4 #de 8,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly10 ,decemb]1 #ahgc4 #df ,= a full] /atem5t ( ?is anti!sis1 see an article by ! au?or entitl$ 8,evolution 9 ,relation to ,mat]ialism10 8,pr9ceton ,review10 = ,m>*1 #ahha4 #dg ,john/one ,/oney1 8,nature10 vol4 xxxi1 p4 #dbb4 #dh 8,nature10 vol4 xxxiv1 p4 #che4 #ahhf4 #di ,s1 aga91 see a book rec5tly publi%$ 78,nature10 vol4 xliii1 p4 #dfj1 #ahia71 entitl$ 8,:5ce comes ,man1 f ,nature or f ,god80 ,! answ] is pla94 ,f bo?--f ,god ?r\gh ,nature4 ,evolution is ! me?od ( creation4 ,,index ,accel]ation1 law (1 #agh4 ,african fauna expla9$1 #bjd4 ,agassiz1 8 greate/ result1 #bi1 #dc2 relation to evolution1 #cb1 #cg1 #dc2 relation to ,d>w91 #df2 comp>$ ) ,kepl]1 #dg4 ,ages ( geological hi/ory1 #af4 ,alp9e species expla9$1 #bae4 ,amphibians1 developm5t (1 #aej4 ,analogy & homology1 #ii4 ,anima ( animals1 #cac1 #cag4 ,animal ar*itecture1 /yles (1 #bji4 ,animal k+dom1 prim>y divisions (1 #ajg4 ,animals1 relation ( man to1 #caa2 _s embryonic 91 #caa4 ,antiquity ( man1 religion &1 #bhb2 ( ! e>?1 religion &1 #bha4 ,aortic ar*es1 pro(s ( evolution f1 #aea4 ,ar?ropods1 #acb4 ,artificial production ( v>ieties1 #bbb4 ,au/ralia1 fauna & flora (1 expla9$1 #bjj2 :5 isolat$1 #bjb4 ,b>ri]s limit faunal & floral regions1 #ahh4 ,beauty1 orig9 (1 #bfi4 ,birds' tails1 *anges (1 #agd4 ,bra91 v]tebrate1 pro(s ( evolution f1 #afb2 v]tebrate1 *anges (1 9 phylog5ic s]ies1 #afh2 relation to m9d1 #cbg1 #cch4 ,bra9-physiology z a basis = mat]ialism1 #cjf4 ,bran*+ tree illu/rates evolution1 #ac-ae1 #ah1 #aaj1 #bej4 ,brooks1 ,w4 ,k41 on ! cause ( v>iations1 #bfb4 ,cali=nian coa/-isl&s1 fauna & flora (1 #baa4 ,causation1 idea (1 f )91 #cdb4 ,cause1 fir/ & second1 #ced4 ,cells1 somatic & g]m1 #ic4 ,c5t]s ( creation1 specific1 #aid4 ,cephalization1 #aga4 ,*amb]s1 8 views on evolution1 #cd4 ,*anges sl[ at pres5t1 #bff4 ,*ri/1 !1 #cei2 relation ( evolution to1 #cei2 z an ag5t 9 human progress1 #cfc4 ,close-bre$+1 effects (1 #bcf1 #bdc4 ,coa/-isl&s ( ,cali=nia1 fauna & flora (1 #baa4 ,comp>ison1 me?od (1 #da4 ,conflict betwe5 religion & sci5ce1 #bhj4 ,cont95tal faunas & floras1 #ahh4 ,cont95tal isl& life1 #bjh4 ,cont9uity1 law (1 #ec2 law (1 appli$ to inorganic =ms1 #ed2 to organic =ms1 #ef4 ,cope's law ( accel]ation1 #agh4 ,creation1 special1 #cj1 #fi2 specific c5t]s (1 #aid2 *anges 9 our notions (1 #cdh2 "q ( mode1 #ceh4 ,cross-bre$+1 law (1 #bcf4 ,cross-f]tility ( artificial v>ieties1 #bcb4 ,cross-/]ility1 #gg1 #bcd4 ,cyclical movem5t1 law (1 #af1 #bb4 ,d>w91 relation to ,agassiz1 #df2 comp>$ ) ,newton1 #dh2 factors ( evolution discov]$ by1 #gd2 objections to 8 !ory ( evolution1 #gf4 ,d]ivation1 orig9 ( inorganic =ms by1 #ed2 orig9 ( organic =ms by1 #ef4 ,design1 idea (1 f )91 #cde2 argum5t f1 n de/roy$ by evolution1 #cdf2 *anges 9 our ideas (1 #cdh2 9 ,nature1 "q (1 #ceg4 ,diff]5tiation1 law (1 #aa1 #ai2 law (1 9 embryonic developm5t1 #ai2 law (1 illu/rat$1 #add2 ( ! animal k+dom illu/rat$1 #agf4 ,disease1 necessity (1 #cfg4 ,div9e en]gy1 =ms (1 #cah4 ,divisions ( ! animal k+dom1 #aag4 ,dogmatism1 !ological & sci5tific1 #bic4 ,dome/ication1 *anges produc$ by1 #bbb4 ,egg1 developm5t (1 #c1 #ai4 ,egyptian species un*ang$ 9 ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 #bfe4 ,embryology1 pro(s ( evolution f1 #adh4 ,environm5t1 physical1 #gc4 ,evil1 problem (1 relation ( evolution to1 #cfe2 physical1 necessity (1 #cff2 a condition ( progress1 #cff1 #cgc2 organic1 necessity (1 #cfg2 moral1 necessity (1 #cfi4 ,evolution1 :at is1 #c1 #h2 scope (1 #c2 type (1 #c1 #h2 examples (1 #e2 popul>ly limit$ to ! organic k+dom1 #g2 progressive *ange 91 #i2 laws (1 #aa2 illu/rat$ by bran*+ tree1 #ac-ae1 #ah1 #ij1 #bej2 misconception (1 #ad2 produc$ by resid5t =ces1 #bg2 g]ms ( ! idea1 #cb2 relation ( ,agassiz to1 #cb1 #cg1 #dc2 ,lam>ck's views on1 #cc2 ,*amb]s's views on1 #cd2 ob/acle to1 remov$1 #ce2 confliction ) religion imag9>y1 #de2 h[ relat$ to gravitation1 #di2 g5]al evid5ces (1 #ec2 artificial1 #fj2 obs]v$1 #fb2 c]ta9ty (1 #fe2 special pro(s (1 #fg2 factors (1 #gc1 #ha2 human contra/$ ) organic1 #hh2 monotypal & polytypal1 #he2 pro(s (1 f ! 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coa/-isl&s ( ,cali=nia1 #baa2 ( oceanic isl&s1 #bac2 ( l(ty m\nta9s1 #bae4 ,fi%-tails1 *anges (1 9 developm5t1 #agb2 9 evolution1 #agd4 ,fi%es1 age (1 #ag4 ,floras & faunas1 geographical1 #ahc4 ,=ce1 vital1 correlation (1 #cf2 planes (1 #cad2 evolution (1 #cae2 idea (1 f )91 #cdb4 ,=ces1 resid5t1 evolution by1 #bg2 ( ,nature are =ms ( ,div9e en]gy1 #cag2 diff]5t planes (1 #cad4 ,=e-limbs1 v]tebrate1 homologies (1 #aac4 ,g5]ation1 spontane\s1 #ae4 ,geographical faunas & floras1 #ahc2 div]sity1 !ory (1 #aic2 div]sity expla9$ by evolution1 #aie2 pres5t div]sity det]m9$ by ,glacial epo*1 #aih2 objection to ?is view1 #bag2 answ]1 #bai4 ,geological record1 imp]fection (1 #beb4 ,glacial epo* det]m9$ di/ribution ( species1 #aie1 #aih1 #bae2 *anges dur+1 9 ,am]ica1 #aih2 9 ,europe1 #aii4 ,god1 relation (1 to ,nature1 #big2 imman5ce (1 9 ,nature1 #cjj2 relation (1 to man1 #cbf2 p]sonality (1 #ccb2 necess>y belief 91 #cdd2 diff]5t =ms ( conception1 #cea4 ,good & ! true1 relation (1 #bgg4 ,gras%opp]1 ext]nal anatomy (1 #adc4 ,gravitation1 relation (1 to evolution1 #di2 & religion1 #bha4 ,gyroscope1 #bhh4 ,helioc5tric !ory & religion1 #bhj4 ,h9d-limbs1 v]tebrate1 homologies (1 #aba4 ,horse1 g5esis (1 #abf4 ,homologies ( v]tebrate skeleton1 #aaa2 ( v]tebrate =e-limbs1 #aac2 ( v]tebrate h9d-limbs1 #aba2 ( articulate skeleton1 #acb4 ,homology & analogy1 #ii2 only )9 prim>y divisions1 #ajh4 ,hyatt1 ,a41 on ,planorbis1 #bed4 ,ideal1 relative & absolute1 #cfd4 ,idealism1 true & false1 #cja4 ,immortality 9 accord ) law1 #caf4 ,individuality1 organic1 #cbe2 spiritual1 #cbe4 ,innoc5ce & virtue comp>$1 #cgb4 ,inorganic =ms1 law ( cont9uity appli$ to1 #ed4 ,int]m$iate =ms betwe5 artificial v>ieties1 #bcb4 ,isl&s1 cont95tal & oceanic1 #bjg4 ,kepl] comp>$ ) ,agassiz1 #dg4 ,lam>ck1 evolution>y views (1 #cc1 #gd4 ,law ( diff]5tiation1 #aa1 #ai2 ( progress ( ! :ole1 #ac1 #bb2 ( cyclical movem5t1 #af1 #bb2 ( cont9uity1 #ec2 ( cont9uity appli$ to inorganic =ms1 #ed2 to organic =ms1 #ef2 ( diff]5tiation illu/rat$1 #add2 ( accel]ation1 #agh2 ( cross-bre$+1 #bah1 #bcf4 ,laws ( evolution1 #aa1 #ai4 ,lepidosir51 #aja4 ,life1 nature (1 #ce2 imp]fectly subject to exp]im5t1 #dj2 relation (1 to philosophy1 #bgg4 ,limbs1 v]tebrate1 homology (1 #aac4 ,l9ks1 connect+1 #ab1 #eg1 #ade2 connect+1 elim9ation (1 #bdh2 connect+1 usually abs5t f geological faunas1 #bea4 ,liquidamb>1 #bah1 #bbj4 ,lob/]1 ext]nal anatomy (1 #acf4 ,lungs1 =mation (1 #ajj4 ,madagascan fauna expla9$1 #bje4 ,mammals1 age (1 #ag4 ,man1 age (1 #ah2 relation (1 to ,nature1 #cjd2 relation (1 to animals1 #caa2 _s (1 9 relation to ! =ces ( ,nature1 #cac1 #caf2 relation ( ,god to1 #cca4 ,m>supials1 #bja4 ,mat]ialism1 relation (1 to evolution1 #bhd2 basis =1 9 bra9-physiology1 #cjf2 basis =1 9 evolution1 #caa4 ,me?ods1 sci5tific1 #ch4 ,migration favors div]sification1 #gg4 ,m9d1 relation (1 to bra91 #cbg1 #cch2 v]sus me*anics 9 ,nature1 #cdj4 ,miracles1 "q (1 #cef4 ,mollusks1 age (1 #af4 ,monotremes1 #bja4 ,my/]y1 *anges 9 our s5se (1 #cdg4 ,nature1 relation ( ,god to1 #big2 imman5ce ( ,god 91 #cjj2 relation ( man to1 #cjd2 has no mean+ )\t _s1 #cbi2 m9d v]sus me*anics 91 #cdj4 ,natural & sup]natural1 #cee4 ,neo-,d>w9ism1 #ic2 relation (1 to human progress1 #ig4 ,newton comp>$ ) ,d>w91 #dh4 ,nom9alism & realism reconcil$1 #cbi4 ,ob/acle to evolution remov$1 #ce4 ,oceanic isl& life1 #bac4 ,ontog5ic s]ies1 #i1 #dj4 ,organic =ms1 views ( orig9 (1 #bi1 #fh1 #gb1 #bib2 law ( cont9uity appli$ to1 #ef4 ,organs1 incipi5t1 #bgj4 ,orig9 ( v>ieties unexpla9$1 #bgj4 ,pan!ism1 true & false1 #cjb1 #cce4 ,p>oxysmal evolution1 #beg4 ,p]sonality beh9d ,nature1 #cch4 ,p]sonality ( ,god1 #ccg1 #cda4 ,philosophy & life1 relations (1 #bgg4 ,phylog5ic s]ies1 #aj1 #da4 ,planorbis ( ,/e9heim1 #bed4 ,primal animals1 #ade4 ,progress ( ! :ole1 law (1 #ac1 #bb4 ,progressive *ange 9 evolution1 #i4 ,provid5ce1 "q ( g5]al & special1 #cee4 ,ranges ( organic =ms1 #ahf4 ,realism & nom9alism reconcil$1 #cbi4 ,record1 geological1 imp]fection (1 #beb4 ,religion1 s-call$ conflict (1 ) evolution1 #de1 #bhj4 ,religi\s ?\ght to be recon/ruct$1 #bie4 ,reproduction1 me?ods (1 #bcg4 ,reptiles1 age (1 #ag4 ,revelation1 relation ( evolution to1 #cca2 n inconsi/5t ) ! laws ( ,nature1 #ccb2 nature (1 #ccc4 ,rev]sion ( artificial =ms1 #bbi4 ,romanes1 ,g4 ,j41 8 idea ( physiological selection1 #gf1 #hd2 ! idea appli$1 #bde4 ,rudim5t>y organs1 pro(s ( evolution f1 #agi2 organs 9 man1 #aha4 ,selection1 sexual1 #gd1 #he2 natural1 #gd1 #gi1 #hc2 physiological1 #ge1 #gi1 #hd2 natural1 comp>$ ) artificial1 #bbe2 physiological1 appli$1 #bde4 ,self-consci\sness ! sign ( _s-individuality1 #cbe4 ,sequoia1 #bai1 #bbj4 ,sexes1 *>act]s (1 comp>$1 #bfb4 ,%rimp1 ext]nal anatomy (1 #acd4 ,s9 a condition ( moral evolution1 #cej4 ,skeleton1 v]tebrate1 homologies (1 #aaa2 articulate1 homologies (1 #acb2 articulate1 g5]al /ructure (1 #acd4 ,society1 progress (1 #be4 ,space & "t ! two fundam5tal conditions ( mat]ial exi/5ce1 #dh4 ,species1 natural1 m p]man5t ?an artificial v>ieties1 #bbi2 m di/9ct1 #bcb2 cross-/]ile1 #bcb4 ,_s embryonic 9 animals1 #caa2 ( man relat$ to anima ( animals1 #cac2 to =ces ( ,nature1 #cac1 #caf2 orig9 ( illu/rat$1 #cbj-cbb2 ,plato's view1 #cbf2 or?odox view1 #cbf2 no mean+ 9 ,nature )\t1 #cbi4 ,/e9heim1 ,planorbis (1 #bed4 ,sup]natural & ! natural1 #cee4 ,taxonomic s]ies1 #i1 #dj4 ,temp]ature-regions1 #ahd4 ,tread1 plantigrade & digitigrade1 #abc4 ,true & ! good1 relation (1 #bgg4 ,tru? te/$ by effect on life1 #bgg2 n compromise1 #bia4 ,types1 g5]aliz$1 #ac4 ,use & disuse ( organs1 #gc4 ,useless /ructures1 h[ produc$1 #gf4 ,v>iation dep5ds on sexual reproduction1 #bch2 caus$ by unfavorable conditions1 #bfd4 ,v>ieties1 artificial production (1 #bbb1 #bce2 artificial production (1 illu/rat$1 #bbd2 natural & artificial1 comp>$1 #bbh2 orig9 (1 unexpla9$1 #bgj4 8,ve/iges ( ,creation10 #cd4 ,virtue & innoc5ce comp>$1 #cgb4 ,vital pr9ciple1 #cbh4 ,volunt>y social progress1 #bf4 ,weismann's views1 #ic4 ,:ales1 rudim5t>y organs (1 #ahj4 ,,! 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