,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is book uses ! conv5tion t items pr9t$ 9 ! orig9al text 9 italics are surr\nd$ by und]scores l ?is & t items pr9t$ = emphasis 9 small-caps are r5d]$ 9 all caps4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,& ,,obs]vations ,,relative ,,to ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,lately ,,discov]$ ,,by ,m4 ,,galvani1 ,,& ,,commonly ,,call$ ,,animal ,,electricity4 ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,f[l]4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,t4 ,,duncan1 ,p4 ,,hill1 ,,rob]tson ,,b]ry1 ,,& ,g4 ,,mudie2 ,,& ,j4 ,,johnson ,,/ ,,paul's ,,*ur*-,,y>d1 ,,london4 #agic4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface4 ,! subject ( ! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 has excit$ su* g5]al curiosity1 t e new fact respect+ x1 may af=d "s gratification2 & al?\gh ! few :i* ,i h to (f]1 h n l$ me to :at _m may ?9k v important conclusions1 !y w n ,i hope be f\nd :olly undes]v+ ( att5tion4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 begun1 ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ if ! influ5ce discov]$ by ,m4 ,galvani1 be ref]rible to any kn[n law ( nature1 or if x be itself a new law4 ,f9d+ t x indicat$1 ) tol]able accuracy1 ! pres5ce ( v small degrees ( ! contractile p[] ( muscles1 )\t appe>+ 9 ! lea/ to dim9i% t p[]1 z electricity & mo/ o!r /imuli nev] fail to d2 ,i ?\ght x might be us$ ) advantage1 z a te/1 9 ! inve/igation ( "s important subjects 9 physiology2 & ,i h accord+ly employ$ x z su*4 ,e circum/ance1 obs]v$ 9 ! c\rse ( ^! exp]im5ts1 0 c>efully not$ d[n1 at ! in/ant x occurr$1 & ! great] numb] ( ^! 0 made 9 ! pres5ce ( g5tlem51 ^: accuracy ,i _h reason to hope w\ld detect any fallacy1 :i* might h escap$ myself4 ,i h a p>ticul> pleasure1 9 express+ my obligation to ,mr ,george ,hunt] ( ,york1 = ! v fri5dly assi/ance :i* he af=d$ me1 9 almo/ e exp]im5t1 :i* r5d]$ su* assi/ance necess>y4 ,ed94 ,may #bh4 #agic4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,section ,i4 ,are ! ,ph5om5a1 exhibit$ by ! ,application ( c]ta9 diff]5t ,metals to ,animals1 ref]rible to ,electricity8 ,! :ole tra9 ( circum/ances1 :i* prec$$ ?is discov]y1 _h a t5d5cy to occasion ! belief ( its relation to electricity4 ,"s accid5tal appe>ances1 c]ta9ly electrical1 excit$1 by _! novelty1 ! att5tion ( ! ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy at ,bologna1 to ! inve/igation ( ! possible1 b unkn[n1 dep5d5cies ( ! motions ( animals ^u electricity2 & ! a/oni%+ effects ( t influ5ce ^u ! human body1 p>ticul>ly 9 p>alytic diseases1 :e!r ow+ to d]angem5ts ( ! n]ves1 or ( ! muscles2 ! exp]im5ts1 :i* prove t ! fluids ( animals are bett] conductors ( electricity1 ?an wat] is2 & t1 8if an electric %ock pass ?r\gh a giv5 "p ( a liv+ animal1 ! same %ock1 aft] ! animal is dead1 w be visibly transmitt$ ov] ! surface ( ! "p1 b n ?r\gh x#a30 ! recollection1 too1 ( t s+ul> p[]1 :i* "s animals possess1 z ! torp$o1 ! gymnotus electricus1 & ! silurus electricus1 ( collect+ & dis*>g+ at pleasure ! electrical fluid2 b1 above all1 ! wond]ful1 b solit>y1 in/ance ( an electrical %ock receiv$ f a m\se1 "u dissection1 rec5tly relat$ by 8 c\ntryman ,cotugno2 7 circum/ances1 :i* seem to h r5d]$ ! expectations ( ! ,pr(essor n a little sangu9e z to 8 success4 ,at l5g?1 aft] _m +5i\s & int]e/+ exp]im5ts1 illu/rative ( ! relations :i* subsi/ betwe5 artificial electricity & ! involunt>y motions ( animals1 a happy accid5t discov]$ to him ! ph5om5a1 :i* h s9ce be5 ! objects ( s mu* curi\s rese>*1 & :i* h giv5 to immortality ! "n ( ,galvani4 ,he "o day obs]v$1 t "s frogs1 hook$ by ! sp9e ( ! back1 & susp5d$ f ! iron palisades1 :i* surr\nd$ 8 g>d51 contract$ frequ5tly & involunt>ily4 ,exam9+ m9utely into ! cause ( ^! contractions1 he f\nd t he c\ld produce !m at pleasure1 by t\*+ ! animals ) two diff]5t metals1 at ! same "t 9 contact ) ea* o!r4 ,to a m9d prep>$ by su* obs]vations & exp]im5ts z ^? :i* _h previ\sly occupi$ ,m4 ,galvani1 ! resemblance :i* ?is new discov]y bore to ! facts he _h be=e obs]v$1 mu/ h produc$ conviction ( ! id5tity ( _! cause2 & ! exp]im5ts1 :i* h s9ce be5 made bo? by himself1 & ,dr ,valli1 h giv5 no small degree ( plausibility to ! op9ion4 ,a repetition ( "s ( ^! exp]im5ts excit$ my d\bts z to ! legitimacy ( ! conclusions :i* _h be5 drawn f !m1 & induc$ me at l5g? to proce$ 9 ! foll[+ inve/igation4 ,my fir/ object 0 to asc]ta9 z well ! v>i\s circum/ances1 :i* are ess5tially requisite to ! production ( ^! new ph5om5a1 z ^? 9 :i* !y c be r5d]$ mo/ obvi\s4 ,aft] a great v>iety ( exp]im5ts1 ( :i* x w\ld be unnecess>y "h to relate m ?an ! result1 ,i f\nd t ,i c\ld n excite 9 an animal ! appe>ances describ$ by ,galvani ) any sub/ances :atev]1 :e!r solid or fluid1 except ! metals3 & t ! mutual contact ( two diff]5t metals ) ea* o!r1 s f> z ,i 0 able to det]m9e1 0 9 e case necess>y to ! effect4 ,:5 metals are ei!r calc9$1 or comb9$ ) acids1 !y are no long] capable ( excit+ contraction4 ,9 e/imat+ ! comp>ative p[]s ( diff]5t metals z excitors1 ,i f\nd z9c#b by f> ! mo/ efficaci\s1 especially :5 9 contact ) gold1 silv]1 molybd5a1 /eel1 or copp]1 al?\gh ^! latt] excite b feeble contractions :5 9 contact only ) ea* o!r4 ,next to z9c1 t9 foil1 & lead appe> to be ! be/ excitors4 ,b ) z9c1 & gold1 silv]1 or molybd5a1 ,i h frequ5tly succe$$ 9 excit+ contractions 9 ! foot ( a frog1 upw>ds ( a day aft] !y _h ceas$ to be excit$1 by arm+ ! n]ve ) t9 foil1 & us+ "s o!r metal z a conductor1 9 ! way ! exp]im5t is commonly p]=m$4 ,:5 ! bulk ( ! metals is l>ge1 & ! quantity ( surface1 ( an animal ) :i* !y are 9 contact1 is consid]able1 ,i ?9k1 ! contractions are bo? /rong] & m readily excit$1 ?an :5 ! rev]se ( ?is is ! case4 ,?us ,i h almo/ always be5 able to make a limb contract1 by lay+ x ^u a broad plate ( z9c1 & employ+ a half cr[n piece = an excitor1 long aft] a small piece ( z9c1 & a silv] probe1 _h fail$ to produce any effect4 ,i h said1 t1 9 ord] to excite contractions1 ,i believe x necess>y t two diff]5t metals1 communicat+ ) ! "p to be excit$1 %\ld be 9 contact ) ea* o!r4 ,"s few in/ances h be5 obs]v$1 :i* seem to prove ! contr>y4 ,9 a lecture1 s long ago z ,octob] la/1 9 :i* ,dr ,baillie ( ,london m5tion$ ,galvani's discov]y1 ,i ?9k ,i rememb] him say+1 t he _h twice or ?rice produc$ contractions by ! application ( "o metal only3 & ,dr ,valli1 9 8 #i? lett] ^u ?is subject1 speaks ( 8 hav+ done ! same ) a pair ( sciss>s1 made ( bad /eel1 & 9 a frog rec5tly kill$4 ,i ?9k x n impossible t !re may h be5 "s unnotic$ fallacy 9 ^! in/ances4 ,i happ5$ "o day to t\* ! crural n]ve ( a frog1 ) a small gold too?-pick slid f a silv] case1 & ! leg in/antly contract$2 ,i aga9 t\*$ x1 & x aga9 contract$4 ,at ano!r "t ,i obs]v$ contractions f t\*+ a n]ve1 ) a silv] cannula1 & at ano!r f plac+ "o 9 ! folds ( a silv] *a94 ,all ^! appe>$ at ! "t to be s _m decisive in/ances ( contractions f ! application ( "o metal1 till ! foll[+ exp]im5t seem$ to af=d a diff]5t explanation4 ,hav+ plac$1 "o end ( a silv] probe ^u ! sciatic n]ve ( a frog1 ly+ 9 wat] "s in*es bel[ ! surface1 ,i obs]v$ t no contractions foll[$1 nei!r did !y1 :5 ,i t\*$ ! "p ( ! probe above ! surface ) a piece ( z9c4 ,b :5 ,i t\*$ x at ! surface1 s t bo? ! z9c & ! silv] 7 9 contact ) ! wat]1 al?\gh ! z9c 0 at ! same "t _m in*es remov$ f ! frog1 contractions 7 produc$ equally vigor\s1 z if bo? ! metals _h be5 9 imm$iate contact ) ! frog4 ,i 0 n[ no long] at a loss to acc\nt = ! contractions produc$ by ! gold too? pick1 s9ce ! circum/ances bo? ( t case1 & ( ! exp]im5t relat$1 7 probably ! same1 two metals 9 contact ) ea* o!r4 ,! gold 9 imm$iate contact ) a n]ve2 & ! silv] case communicat+ ) x1 & ! muscles ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! moi/ure1 ) :i* ! :ole 0 p]haps surr\nd$4 ,?is l$ me to exam9e ! *a91 & ! cannula4 ,i f\nd bo? ! l9ks ( ! "o1 & ! sides ( ! o!r1 sold]$ ) a diff]5t metal#c4 ,s t1 9 ^! cases1 two metals _h at ! same "t be5 9 contact ) a n]ve1 ) moi/ure1 & ) ea* o!r4 ,h[ev] ?is may be ) respect to ! necessity ( mutual contact1 betwe5 two diff]5t metals 9 ord] to excite contractions1 ,i h long ago f\nd1 t contractions may be excit$ 9 an animal1 :5 no m ?an "o metal is 9 contact ) x#d4 ,at ! "t ,i fir/ obs]v$ ?is fact1 ,i 0 mak+ exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 :e!r x 0 possible to transmit ! influ5ce1 :i* _h excit$ contractions 9 "o leg1 into ano!r1 remov$ to "s di/ance f x1 & communicat+ ) x1 only by means ( a s+le conduct+ sub/ance1 7su* z silv]1 = example74 ,= ?is purpose1 ,i _h sep>at$ f ! trunk1 & f ea* o!r1 ! h9d legs ( a frog rec5tly kill$1 & _h deta*$ _! n]ves z f> z ! knee4 ,i !n laid !m at "s di/ance f ea* o!r1 ^u a plate ( glass1 & includ$ ! n]ve ( "o leg1 & ! foot ( ! o!r1 9 ! fold$ ends ( a silv] *a94 ,) "o h& ,i n[ rais$ f ! muscles1 ^u ! end ( a silv] probe1 ! n]ve ( ! leg1 ^: foot 0 fold$ 9 ! *a92 & ) a piece ( z9c1 9 ! o!r h&1 t\*$1 at ! same "t1 ! n]ve & ! probe4 ,?is leg 0 ?r[n into /rong contractions2 b none 7 excit$ 9 ! o!r4 ,i !n t\*$ ! *a91 & n]ve ( ! o!r1 &1 to my surprise1 bo? legs in/antly contract$4 ,i _h obs]v$1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb] la/1 t x 0 n necess>y = ! metals to be 9 contact ) any ?+ b n]ve1 9 ord] to excite contractions 9 ! muscles1 to :i* x 0 di/ribut$2 & _h m5tion$ ?is fact imm$iately aft]w>ds to ! ,m$ical ,society ( ?is place1 z a suffici5t refutation ( ! !ory1 :i* ,dr ,valli _h =m$ ( ,galvani's discov]y4 ,x w\ld n1 !re=e1 h surpass$ my expectations1 _h ! influ5ce1 excit$ by ! mutual contact ( a piece ( z9c1 & probe1 ) ! n]ve1 pass$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! *a91 f ! leg1 9 :i* x fir/ excit$ contractions1 & produc$ contractions 9 ! di/ant leg4 ,b1 ,i n[ ?\ght t ,i _h n only pass$ ! influ5ce f "o leg to ! o!r1 b 9 "o ( ! legs 9 a direction contr>y to ! c\rse ( its n]ves4 ,! removal ( ! leg1 ^: n]ve communicat$ ) ! *a91 conv9c$ me ( my error3 b1 at ! same "t1 discov]$ to me a fact ( mu* great] importance1 ?an any ) :i* ,i _h hi!rto be5 acqua9t$4 ,= n[1 ^u t\*+ ! *a9 alone ) ! z9c1 ,i f\nd t ! leg1 ^: foot x /ill includ$1 & ^: n]ve ,i held susp5d$ ^u a probe1 contract$ z /rongly z be=e4 ,! influ5ce ( ! two metals1 9 contact ) ! n]ve ( ! o!r leg1 _h n1 !re=e1 pass$ into1 & excit$ ?is4 ,x _h f ! fir/ be5 kn[n1 t contractions c\ld be excit$ by plac+ two diff]5t metals 9 contact1 "o ) ! n]ve1 ! o!r ) ! muscles1 & mak+ a communication betwe5 !m3 b1 9 ?is exp]im5t1 ! only metal 9 contact1 ei!r ) ! n]ve1 or muscle1 0 silv]4 ,nei!r _h ! influ5ce pass$ ?r\gh ! *a91 & up ! leg aga9/ ! c\rse ( ! n]ve1 9 consequ5ce ( a communication by means ( moi/ure subsi/+ betwe5 ! z9c1 & ! foot1 z well z betwe5 ! silv] *a91 & ! foot2 = ! exp]im5t succe$$ equally well :5 ! *a9 0 remov$1 & ! foot laid ^u a silv] plate made p]fectly dry4 ,b :5 ei!r ! z9c1 or probe 0 held by ano!r p]son n communicat+ ) me2 or :5 ei!r ( !m 0 insulat$ 9 a /ick ( seal+ wax2 no contraction :atev] took place4 ,nei!r1 inde$1 7 contractions excit$ 9 any "p ( ! leg1 except ! foot1 :5 ! probe 0 )drawn f ! n]ve2 & ! foot1 & silv]1 7 bo? t\*$ ) ! z9c4 ,x is !n cle>1 t ! influ5ce1 :i*1 9 ! =m] case1 excit$ ! :ole leg to contraction1 mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( my body4 ,x is n necess>y t ! silv] %\ld be laid "u ! foot2 all t is requir$1 is1 t x %\ld communicate ) x by means ( moi/ure2 x may !n be laid at almo/ any di/ance f x#e4 ,! c\rse ( ?is influ5ce1 h[ev]1 0 /ill undet]m9$3 x might be f ! muscles to ! n]ve3 x might be f ! n]ve to ! muscles4 ,to asc]ta9 ?is1 & to prove t ! influ5ce1 :i* _h excit$ "o limb to contraction1 might pass on1 ?r\gh a =eign m$ium1 & excite contractions 9 ano!r1 ,i made ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,! leg ( a frog 0 dispos$ z 9 ! =m] exp]im5t4 ,! probe1 susp5d+ ! n]ve1 0 held by myself2 ! z9c excitor by ano!r p]son2 & ! leg ( ano!r frog =m$ ! communication betwixt u4 ,s long z ,i _h hold ( ! n]ve1 & ! p]son assi/+ me held ! foot ( ?is int]pos$ leg1 no contractions 7 excit$ 9 x1 by ! influ5ce1 :i* pass$ ?r\gh x & excit$ ! o!r leg4 ,b :5 ! p]son hold+ ! z9c1 held ! n]ve ( ! int]pos$ leg2 & ,i held ! foot1 bo? legs contract$ ) equal /r5g?4 ,f ?is exp]im5t x is evid5t1 t ,galvani's influ5ce _h pass$ ei!r f ! muscles1 or ! z9c & silv]2 & 9 ! direct c\rse ( ! n]ves ( bo? legs4 ,i 0 n[ 9 possession ( an easy me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! diff]5t sub/ances1 :i* d1 or :i* d n1 af=d a passage to ?is new influ5ce4 ,all ! metals :5 pure appe> to be excell5t conductors2 n q s good :5 9 ! ore2 &1 ,i ?9k1 lea/ s :5 comb9$ ) acids1 =m+ metallic salts4 ,!y are h[ev]1 9 ?is /ate1 by no means bad conductors1 ev5 :5 s c>efully dri$1 z to leave no suspicion ( ! slighte/ degree ( moi/ure adh]+ to _! surface4 ,b1 :5 ! metals are calc9$1 _! capacity z conductors is q de/roy$3 at lea/ ?is 0 ! case ) ! calces ( z9c1 ( bismu?1 ( iron1 & ( m]cury2 ! only ones1 ) :i* ,i h _h an opportunity ( mak+ ! exp]im5t4 ,i c\ld n obs]ve t any contractions 7 excit$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( /ones1 nor ev] ?r\gh b>ytes4 ,! diff]5t non-conductors ( electricity are likewise1 ,i f9d non-conductors ( ?is influ5ce3 ev5 wood1 *>coal1 & l951 d n conduct except :5 moi/4 ,b all ! liv+ vegetables ,i c\ld procure af=d$ x a ready passage3 probably f ! fluids :i* !y conta94 ,:ile ,i held ! probe :i* support$ ! n]ve1 ,i t\*$ ! %oe ( a g5tleman1 :o appli$ ! z9c to ! silv] "u ! foot ( ! frog4 ,/rong contractions 7 excit$1 b :5 he took (f 8 %oe1 & we held x betwe5 our h&s1 no contractions c\ld be excit$4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! influ5ce _h to pass ?r\gh no m ?an ! ?ickness ( ! %oe3 9 ! second1 ?r\gh its :ole l5g?1 :i* might n be all equally moi/4 ,?is g5tleman _h on ?read /ock+s4 ,:5 ,i t\*$ ! foot ( ano!r1 :o _h on cotton /ock+s1 no contractions 7 excit$4 ,cotton is a non-conductor ( electricity4 ,oils ( all k9ds are s f> f conduct+1 t if ! f+]s ( ! p]son hold+ ei!r ! probe1 or ! z9c1 h p]spir$ mu*1 ev5 ?is op]ates z a complete ob/ruction to ! passage ( ! influ5ce3 ! in/ant ! p]spir$ matt] has be5 wip$ away1 & ! f+]s h be5 dipp$ 9 wat]1 x aga9 passes1 & excites contractions4 ,:5 ! inte/9es ( a frog are remov$1 & its abdom5 is fill$ ) oil1 no contraction c be excit$ by plac+ "o metal ^u its sciatic n]ves1 & br++ ano!r 9 contact ) x1 ei!r above or bel[ ! surface ( ! oil4 ,!re is some?+ s+ul> 9 ?is respect1 ) reg>d to m]cury4 ,if ! abdom5 ( a frog be fill$ ) x1 a piece ( z9c pass$ ?r\gh x1 s z to t\* ! sciatic n]ves1 excites contractions4 ,b a piece ( silv]1 pass$ to !m1 excites none4 ,nei!r are any excit$ by t\*+ ! silv]1 b5ea? ! surface ( ! m]cury1 ) a piece ( z9c4 ,b ,i h be=e %ewn1 t1 :5 wat] is us$ in/ead ( m]cury1 contractions may be 9 ?is way excit$2 yet m]cury is reckon$ a mu* bett] conductor ( electricity ?an wat]4 ,i h repeat$ly pass$ ?is influ5ce ?r\gh a great l5g? ( ?9 brass wire1 & ?r\gh ! bodies ( five p]sons communicat+ ) ea* o!r1 by dipp+ _! f+]s 9 bas9s ( wat] plac$ betwe5 !m2 yet x did n appe> to h lo/ any ( its =ce1 9 ?is long & diffus$ passage3 = ! contractions excit$ 9 ! frog's leg 7 equally /rong1 z :5 x _h pass$ only ?r\gh "o p]son4 ,vitriolic acid1 & alcohol appe> /ill bett] conductors ?an wat]4 ,wi%+ to asc]ta9 :e!r x pass$ ov] ! surface1 or ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( metals1 ,i coat$ sev]al rods ( diff]5t metals ) seal+ wax1 leav+ no?+ b _! ends1 by :i* !y 7 held1 uncov]$4 ,contractions 7 excit$ z readily ?r\gh ! m$ia ( ^!1 z if !y _h n be5 coat$4 ,x seems to meet ) no ob/ruction 9 pass+ f l9k to l9k1 ( sev]al *a9s1 ev5 :5 no pressure1 except t ( _! own weight1 is us$ to br+ !m into contact4 ,i 0 l$ f ?is to hope1 t ,i %\ld be able to make x pass ?r\gh a v ?9 plate ( air4 ,i1 !re=e1 coat$ a /ick ( seal+ wax1 ) a plate ( t9-foil1 & !n made an almo/ imp]ceptible division a-cross x ) a %>p p5-knife4 ,b ev5 ?is int]ruption ( cont9uity 9 ! conductor 0 suffici5t effectually to b> its passage4 ,! *a9s1 ?r\gh :i* x pass$ mo/ readily1 7 ( gold & silv]4 ,x did n pass ?r\gh a v long & f9e brass *a91 unless z mu* =ce z c\ld be us$1 )\t break+ ! *a91 0 employ$ to br+ its l9ks into close contact4 ,i next proce$$ to exam9e if ! capacity ( diff]5t sub/ances1 z conductors1 or non-conductors1 0 at all affect$ by diff]5ces ( _! temp]ature4 ,b ?is 0 n ! case ) z9c1 iron1 wat]1 coal1 or a common crucible1 ! only sub/ances ) :i* ,i tri$ ! exp]im5t4 ,a r$ hot iron1 & boil+ wat]1 conduct$ equally z well z iron & wat] t _h n be5 heat$3 & nei!r ! crucible1 nor ! coal1 became conductors f any addition ( heat4 ,i at fir/ ?\ght t ice conduct$2 b z1 on "s trials1 no contractions 7 excit$ ?r\gh its m$ium2 & z x appe>$ uni=mly to conduct ill 9 proportion to ! dryness ( its surface2 ,i suspect t1 if p]fectly dry1 x w\ld n conduct at all4 ,! in/ant a "p ( its surface _h be5 dissolv$ by ! heat ( ! room1 contractions 7 excit$ ) z mu* ease1 z !y usually are ?r\gh a bason ( wat]4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t nei!r v hot1 nor v cold wat] disp]se ?is influ5ce1 z has be5 ass]t$ by ,dr ,valli1 nor d !y seem 9 ! lea/ degree to dim9i% its p[] ( produc+ contractions#f4 ,x appe>s ^u ! :ole to be necess>y1 t ?is influ5ce %\ld pass to a "p 9 a v cond5s$ /ate1 9 ord] to excite contractions3 al?\gh !re are "s facts1 :i*1 )\t reflect+1 might lead "o to suppose1 t1 pass+ ev5 9 a diffus$ /ate1 x w\ld excite !m4 ,9 mak+ t exp]im5t1 9 :i* ! piece ( z9c "u ! foot ( a frog is t\*$ ) z9c1 :ile its crural n]ve is support$ by a silv] probe2 no contraction takes place1 if ! probe be ei!r l[]$1 s z to come 9 contact ) ! muscles ( ! ?igh1 or if x be made to t\* ! silv] "u ! foot4 ,if aga91 two p]sons1 "o ( :om holds ! probe1 ! o!r ! z9c1 communicate ) ea* o!r by dipp+ _! unemploy$ h&s 9 a bason ( wat]2 & ! p]son us+ ! z9c holds ano!r leg ( a frog1 susp5d$ betwe5 8 f+]s by its n]ve b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat]2 no contraction w take place 9 ?is leg1 :5 ! silv] "u ! o!r is t\*$ ) z9c1 at ! same "t t /rong ones are excit$ 9 t o!r4 ,b1 if its n]ve be rais$ above ! surface ( ! wat]1 x !n contracts z vividly z ! o!r4 ,x appe>s t 9 ! la/ ( ^! in/ances1 at lea/ ! great] "p ( ! influ5ce _h diffus$ itself ?r\gh ! wat]1 in/ead ( pass+ directly ?r\gh ! n]ve1 f ! f+]s ( ! p]son hold+ x1 & t 9 bo? x _h pass$ into ! legs1 9 too diffus$ a /ate to excite !m to contraction4 ,i h (t5 likewise obs]v$1 t :5 ! n]ve ( a ne>ly exhau/$ leg ( a frog _h be5 laid ^u a piece ( z9c1 & bo? 7 t\*$ ) silv]1 ! contractions excit$ 7 v di/9ct3 b :5 ! z9c 0 plac$ 9 contact ) ! muscle1 z well z ) ! n]ve1 ei!r no contractions c\ld be excit$1 or su* feeble ones t !y 7 sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,contractions1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly may be excit$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( a frog1 )\t mak+ any division ( its sk91 by lay+ ! "p ( ! frog to be excit$ ^u a plate ( z9c1 or t9-foil1 & pass+ a piece ( silv] ov] x1 till all ?ree are 9 contact ) ea* o!r#g4 ,yet ev5 "h ! influ5ce does n pass into ! "p 9 s diffus$ a /ate z x may at fir/ appe> to d4 ,= ! sk9 ( ^! animals is abundantly suppli$ ) n]ves1 ^: trunks communicate1 at diff]5t places1 ) ^? :i* supply ! muscles4 ,& ! contractions are always /ronge/1 & mo/ readily excit$1 :5 ! silv] is pass$ ov] ! c\rse ( any ( ! n]ves1 :i* g to ! muscles4 ,f ! fact1 :i* ,i h be=e m5tion$1 t a limb may be made to contract1 :5 ! metals h app>5tly no communication ) any "p ( x except its n]ve2 x might reasonably be d\bt$1 :e!r1 9 any case1 a communication betwe5 ! muscles1 z well z ! n]ve1 & ! metals1 7 necess>y1 9 ord] t contractions may be excit$4 ,sev]al consid]ations1 h[ev]1 induce me to believe1 t su* communication is absolutely requisite4 ,if ! contact ( two diff]5t metals 7 alone suffici5t to excite contractions2 contractions %\ld always take place1 :5ev] a good conductor is int]pos$ betwe5 ! metals1 & ! n]ve alone4 ,b ,i h1 9 no in/ance1 obs]v$ ?is to be ! case4 ,9 ! exp]im5t1 :]e ! crural n]ve mu/ be support$ ^u a silv] probe1 x is necess>y t ! piece ( silv]1 ) :i* ! z9c is br\ght 9 contact1 %\ld communicate ei!r imm$iately1 or ?r\gh "s good conduct+ m$ium1 ) ! muscles ( ! foot1 or leg1 be=e any contraction takes place4 ,& ev5 9 ! exp]im5t1 :]e wat] =ms ! only communication betwe5 ! metals1 & ! orig9 ( ! sciatic n]ves1 t same wat]1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 =ms likewise a communication betwe5 ! metals & ! muscles1 to :i* ^! n]ves are di/ribut$4 ,b ! fact1 :i* appe>s to me mo/ decisive ( ?is "q1 is ! foll[+3 ,:5 a n]ve1 :i* = "s "t has be5 deta*$ f surr\nd+ p>ts1 is ei!r c>efully wip$ q dry ) a piece ( f9e musl91 or 7le/ ?is %\ld be ?\ght to injure its /ructure17 suff]$ to rema9 susp5d$ till its moi/ure has evaporat$2 no contractions c be excit$ 9 ! muscles1 to :i* x is di/ribut$1 by t\*+ x alone ) any two metals 9 contact ) ea* o!r4 ,b1 if x be aga9 moi/5$ ) a few drops ( wat]1 contractions in/antly take place3 &1 9 ?is way1 by alt]nately dry+ & moi/5+ ! n]ve1 contractions may1 at pleasure1 be alt]nately susp5d$ & r5ew$ = a consid]able "t4 ,x may1 inde$1 be cont5d$1 t ! moi/ure s(t5$1 & ?us re/or$ electricity & free expansion to ! dri$ cellul> membrane surr\nd+ ! fibres1 ( :i* ! trunk ( a n]ve is compos$2 & ?us1 by remov+ con/ra9t1 gave free play to _! organization#h4 ,b f obs]v+1 t1 9 e o!r in/ance1 :]e contractions are produc$ by ! mutual contact ( ! metals1 a conduct+ sub/ance is int]pos$ betwe5 !m & ! muscles1 z well z betwe5 !m & ! n]ve2 ,i ?9k x w\ld be unphilosophical n to all[1 t1 9 ! in/ance 9 "q1 ! moi/ure1 adh]+ to ! surface ( ! n]ve1 =m$ t requisite communication betwe5 ! metals & ! muscles4 ,i relate ! foll[+ fact1 9 ?is place1 because at ! same "t t x gives fur!r confirmation to ! above op9ion1 x af=ds an in/ance 9 :i* insulation dim9i%$ ! effect ( ! metals4 ,i _h "o day laid ! ne>ly exhau/$ leg ( a frog ^u my h&1 ) a piece ( z9c 9 contact ) its n]ve only2 &1 :5 ,i t\*$ ^! ) a silv] probe1 tol]ably /rong contractions 7 excit$1 ev5 :5 ! n]ve appe>$ dry3 b :5 bo? ! leg & ! metals1 ?us dispos$1 7 insulat$ by means ( glass & seal+ wax1 ! contractions 7 sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,my h&1 x w\ld appe>1 _h1 9 ^! in/ances1 suppli$ ! place ( ! moi/ure 9 ! o!r2 & be5 ! conduct+ m$ium betwe5 ! muscles & ! metals4 ,?is communication ( ! muscles ) ! n]ve1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! metals1 _h appe>$ to ,dr ,valli a circum/ance s ess5tial to ! production ( ,galvani's ph5om5a1 t 7tak+ x = grant$ !y 7 occasion$ by ! action ( ! electrical fluid71 x seems to h sugge/$ ! hypo!sis1 :i* he has (f]$ 9 ord] to acc\nt = !m4 ,aw>e t no electrical ph5om5on c possibly h place1 except betwe5 ! opposite /ates ( positive & negative electricity1 or1 9 o!r words1 :]e !re is a brea* ( equilibrium 9 ! di/ribution ( ! electrical fluid2 he supposes x to be "o (fice ( ! n]ves1 to produce ?is brea* ( equilibrium1 by cont9ually pump+ 7to use 8 own expression7 ! electrical fluid f ! int]nal p>ts ( muscles1 & 9 ?is way r5d]+ !m negative1 ) respect to ! ext]nal surface4 ,! bra91 he makes ! common receptacle = ?is fluid4 ,! metals1 he seems to consid] 9 ! light ( a conductor1 int]pos$ betwe5 ! outside ( muscles & _! n]ves4 ,& ! rapid transmission ( ! fluid to re/ore ! equilibrium1 z ! cause ( ! contractions4 ,he presumes 8 hypo!sis prov$ f ! foll[+ consid]ations3 ,i4 ,! int]val :i* commonly takes place betwe5 ! contractions2 :i* int]val1 accord+ to him1 is necess>y = ! re/oration ( ! brea* ( equilibrium4 ,,ii4 ,f obs]v+1 t fi%]m51 9 ord] to pres]ve _! fi% f putridity1 cru% _! bra9s2 & ?us1 by int]rupt+ ! m$ium betwe5 ! ext]nal & int]nal surfaces ( muscles1 prev5t ^! repeat$ dis*>ges ( ! electrical fluid1 :i*1 accord+ to ,dr ,valli1 ha/5s _! putridity4 ,,iii4 ,f f9d+ t 9 g5]al1 :5 ! sciatic n]ve on "o side ( a liv+ frog 0 divid$1 ! o!r be+ left entire1 communicat+ ) ! bra91 bo? arm$ & equally excit$1 ! limb1 9 :i* ! n]ve _h be5 divid$1 pres]v$ its p[] ( contract+ long] ?an ! o!r4 ,f ?is well devis$ exp]im5t1 he concludes1 likewise1 t animal electricity is ! pr9ciple ( life4 ,t1 on ! side :]e ! n]ve rema9$ entire1 x 0 )drawn f ! muscles1 & deposit$ 9 ! bra94 ,t1 f ! impossibility ( ?is tak+ place on ! o!r side1 :]e ! n]ve 0 divid$1 x _h cont9u$ 9 ! limb1 & enabl$ x to contract4 ,if x 7 indisputably true1 z ,i once believ$1 t contractions c\ld be excit$ 9 a limb )\t ! metals hav+ any communication ) x1 except ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a n]ve2 ?is circum/ance w\ld alone be a suffici5t refutation ( ,dr ,valli's hypo!sis3 b1 z ,i h already %ewn1 t contractions 7 n 9 ?is way produc$ 9 any exp]im5t1 :i* ,i h made1 :5 no moi/ure1 =m+ a communication betwe5 ! metals & ! muscles1 _h be5 left adh]+ to ! surface ( ! n]ve1 x becomes necess>y to h rec\rse to less dubi\s argum5ts4 ,! ,dr %\ld h recollect$ t1 9 cases ( a brea* ( equilibrium 9 ! di/ribution ( ! electrical fluid1 all t is requir$1 9 ord] to re/ore equality ( di/ribution1 is1 ! int]position ( a s+le conduct+ sub/ance betwe5 ! place 9 :i* x ab\nds1 & t 9 :i* !re is a defici5cy4 ,:]eas1 9 ! ph5om5a1 :i* he attempts to expla91 two conduct+ sub/ances are necess>y to ! effect4 ,:5 a sep>at$ limb is plac$ "u wat]1 "o w\ld naturally imag9e1 t f ! p]fect communication1 :i* is !n =m$ betwe5 ! ext]nal surfaces ( muscles & _! n]ves1 no brea* ( equilibrium c\ld possibly h place3 yet we f9d ,galvani's ph5om5a ev5 m readily produc$ 9 ?is situation1 ?an :5 bo? muscles & n]ves are free f surr\nd+ moi/ure4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t 0 made ) a view ( r5d]+ ! equilibrium ( ! electrical fluid1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( frogs1 z p]fect z possible4 ,! head ( a frog hav+ be5 sep>at$ f its body1 ! latt] 0 laid ^u a plate ( z9c1 held by a p]son sitt+ 9 an insulat$ *air1 :i* communicat$ ) ! prime conductor ( an electrical ma*9e4 ,! ma*9e 0 put 9 action1 & bo? ! p]son & ! frog 7 electrifi$ positively4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 no sp>ks c\ld be drawn f ! frog1 by ! p]son hold+ x3 nor c\ld any o!r electrical appe>ance take place betwe5 !m4 ,b1 :5 a piece ( silv] 0 pass$ ov] diff]5t p>ts ( ! frog1 &1 at ! same "t1 br\ght into contact ) ! z9c plate1 contractions 7 uni=mly excit$1 diff]+ n 9 ! lea/1 ei!r 9 /r5g? or frequ5cy1 f ^? :i* are excit$ :5 no artificial electricity is pres5t4 ,! result 0 precisely ! same1 :5 ! frog & ! p]son hold+ x 7 negatively electrifi$4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 (t5 repeat$4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t 0 made1 9 ord] to see if ! effect produc$ ^u a frog1 by ! passage ( artificial electricity f any "p ( its body1 w\ld be increas$ by employ+ two diff]5t metals z conductors4 ,a frog 0 laid1 successively1 ^u a numb] ( diff]5t metals1 insulat$ ^u glass1 & positively electrifi$ by communicat+ ) ! prime conductor ( an electrical ma*9e4 ,! contractions produc$ 9 ! frog1 ?us dispos$1 by draw+ sp>ks f x1 ) metals diff]5t f ^? on :i* x 0 plac$1 7 n 9 ! lea/ /rong]1 ?an ^? occasion$ by draw+ simil> sp>ks f x1 ) conductors ( ! same metal4 ,9 e/abli%+ a communication betwe5 two opposite electricities1 z1 = example1 betwe5 ! two sides ( a *>g$ phial1 x is matt] ( indiff]5ce to :i* ! conductor is fir/ appli$4 ,b x is by no means s1 9 ! case ( muscles & arm$ n]ves4 ,=1 if "o bran* ( a conductor be appli$ to ! t9-foil arm+ a n]ve1 be=e ! o!r bran* has be5 appli$ to ! muscles1 x frequ5tly fails to excite contractions4 ,if fir/ appli$ to ! muscles1 ?is is v seldom ! case4 ,z = ! int]vals ( re/ :i* alt]nate ) ! contractions1 & :i* ! ,dr consid]s z employ$ by ! n]ves1 9 re/or+ ! brea* ( equilibrium betwe5 ! int]nal surfaces ( muscles1 & _! ext]nal2 ^! may possibly admit ( a diff]5t explanation4 ,we f9d !m alt]nat+ ) contractions h[ev] excit$4 ,x is difficult to conceive1 t viol5t contractions %\ld n d]ange 9 "s degree1 h[ev] slight1 ! intimate organization ( muscul> fibres3 & "s "t mu/ necess>ily elapse be=e _! ela/icity c h re/or$ ! organiz$ p>ticles1 ( :i* !y are compos$1 to t relative situation ) respect to ea* o!r1 :i* w fit !m = aga9 contract+4 ,?is explanation is drawn f obs]v+ ! foll[+ facts4 ,he>ts1 tak5 f ! liv+ ?orax1 & expos$ to ! action ( a /rong /imulus1 contract vividly = a "t1 & !n cease to be effect$ by any fur!r application4 ,if !y be !n remov$ f ! /imulus1 & plac$ = a "t ei!r 9 cold wat] or 9 op5 air1 !y are obs]v$ to rega9 _! susceptibility ( ! action ( /imuli1 & aga9 contract4 ,mr ,coleman1 9 8 excell5t diss]tation on ,susp5d$ ,respiration1 makes an obs]vation1 :i* ,i h (t5 _h opportunity ( v]ify+3 t he>ts di/5d$ ) blood1 & 9 :i* no contraction c be produc$1 by scrat*+ _! surface ) a po9t$ in/rum5t1 contract spontane\sly1 if "o ( ! l>ge vessels1 at "s di/ance f !m1 be cut s z to evacuate "s ( ! blood4 ,! organization1 9 ?is case1 is suff]$ to recov] by ! removal ( ! /imulus1 7di/5tion7 :i* _h d]ang$ x4 ,ev51 9 ! liv+ & entire animal1 ! he>t does n r5ew its contractions1 on ! fir/ influx ( blood4 ,"s "t mu/ elapse1 :ile x recov]s f ! d]angem5t occasion$ by ! prec$+ contraction4 ,i h repeat$ly excit$1 by means ( z9c & silv]1 contractions 9 ! leg ( a frog1 ^: head _h be5 divid$ f its body1 upw>ds ( ?ree days be=e4 ,! receptacle1 = ! electrical fluid1 0 9 ^! cases remov$4 ,n[1 ei!r ! n]ves cont9u$ extract+ x f ! int]nal p>ts ( muscles1 or !y did n4 ,if !y did1 hav+ no long] a receptacle1 9 :i* !y c\ld deposite _! electricity1 !y mu/ h rema9$ positively electrifi$2 & ?us1 be+ 9 ! same /ate ) ! out] surface ( ! muscles1 no contraction %\ld1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 h be5 excit$ by ! application ( ! metals4 ,b ?is is contr>y to ! fact4 ,if x be cont5d$1 on ! o!r h&1 t _! pump+ p[] _h ceas$2 !n ! fir/ application ( ! metals1 :i* produc$ a contraction1 hav+ re/or$ ! equilibrium1 :i* c\ld n aft]w>ds be brok51 mu/ h preclud$ ! possibility ( fur!r contractions4 ,b ?is too is contr>y to fact4 ,?is argum5t appe>s1 to me1 to d away all support1 :i* ! hypo!sis may seem to d]ive f ! exp]im5t1 be=e quot$1 ( apply+ ! metals equally to bo? sciatic n]ves1 aft] "o ( !m _h be5 divid$2 ,i may h[ev] rem>k1 t ! pa9 necess>ily excit$ by arm+ a n]ve1 ^: communication ) ! bra9 0 n int]rupt$1 w\ld fully acc\nt = ! m rapid exhau/ion ( ! muscles1 to :i* x belong$1 comp>$ ) su* z _h n be5 act$ ^u by s /rong an additional /imulus4 ,z fact1 h[ev]1 is always m satisfactory ?an argum5t1 ,i %all relate ! foll[+ accid5tal exp]im5t1 9 pro( ( ! relevancy ( ! =ego+ obs]vation4 ,f\r days aft] ,i _h divid$ ! crural n]ve ( a female frog1 full ( spawn1 ,i f\nd h] dead2 %e _h be5 obs]v$ alive ! night be=e4 ,! application ( ! metals to ! leg1 ^: n]ve _h n be5 divid$1 did n excite ! slighte/ contractions1 b on apply+ !m to ! leg1 9 :i* ! n]ve _h be5 divid$1 tol]ably /rong contractions 7 excitable1 = m ?an twelve h\rs aft] %e 0 f\nd4 ,! spawn+ season _h clos$1 upw>ds ( a week be=e ?is happ5$1 &1 z ?is frog _h long be5 )\t a male to assi/ h]1 x is probable1 t h] dea? _h be5 occasion$ by ! ret5tion ( h] spawn1 z x 0 f\nd 9 a v dissolv$ /ate4 ,! pa91 necess>ily prec$+ su* a dea?1 c\ld affect ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! animal1 only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( its n]ves2 & h5ce ! exemption ( t "p f its effects1 to :i* ! communication1 by n]ve1 _h be5 int]rupt$4 ,! same obs]vation w apply to t argum5t1 :i* ,dr ,valli has drawn1 9 support ( 8 hypo!sis1 f ! practice ( fi%]m54 ,by de/roy+ ! bra91 !y take away all s5se ( pa91 &1 consequ5tly1 preclude t exhau/ion :i* is s notori\s = dispos+ to putridity4 ,%\ld x1 !re=e1 be ev] prov$1 t ! ph5om5a discov]$ by ,galvani are effects ( ! action ( electricity1 ,i _c ?9k ,dr ,valli's hypo!sis w be deem$ a satisfactory acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* x produces !m4 ,/rong1 h[ev]1 z is ! analogy1 :i*1 9 _m p>ticul>s ?is influ5ce be>s to electricity1 consid]able d\bts mu/1 ,i ?9k1 /ill rema9 z to _! id5tity4 ,! gr\nds ( ^! d\bts w\ld be/ appe> 9 an accurate & full /atem5t ( ! sev]al po9ts1 bo? ( resemblance & ( diff]5ce betwe5 ?is influ5ce1 electricity1 & t p[] :i* di/+ui%es ! torp$o1 ! gymnotus1 & ! silurus2 b1 ,i c "h promise no m ?an a v imp]fect & desultory sket* ( ^!4 ,9 ord] to accumulate artificial electricity1 if ,i may be all[$ ! use ( su* an expression1 x seems necess>y1 t !re %\ld be motion betwe5 two sub/ances1 an electric & a conductor4 ,b1 nei!r motion nor electrics h any %>e 9 ! production ( t influ5ce :i* occasions ! ph5om5a 9 "q4 ,! motion1 "h1 is ! effect1 & n ! cause ( ! accumulation3 & in/ead ( "o conduct+ sub/ance ( any k9d :atev]1 two metallic sub/ances seem indisp5sably requisite#i4 ,t influ5ce1 :atev] x be1 :i* is possess$ by ! torp$o1 c4 seems to dep5d entirely ^u ! w ( ^! animals1 bo? = its production1 & managem5t1 z appe>s n only f ! retraction ( _! eyes )9 _! sockets1 :5ev] !y mean to give a %ock1 b1 likewise1 f ea* %ock be+ increas$1 dim9i%$1 or )held1 z !y are irritat$ or aw>e ( "s ob/acle to its transmission4 ,b ! w ( an animal has no %>e 9 ! production ( ! ph5om5a discov]$ by ,galvani4 ,9 ! scale ( conductors ( electricity1 *>coal holds a high] place ?an ! fluids ( animal bodies1 & ice ?an ! metallic salts4 ,b ( ! influ5ce 9 "q1 ,i h f\nd animal fluids1 & metallic salts1 excell5t conductors1 at ! same "t t ,i h nev] obs]v$ x pass ?r\gh *>coal1 or ev5 dri$ wood4 ,i h1 likewise1 reason to believe t x does n pass ?r\gh ice4 ,ice1 inde$1 is b a v imp]fect conductor ( electricity1 :5 free f air bubbles1 & :5 ! exp]im5ts ) x are made 9 a v l[ degree ( temp]ature4 ,yet we are told by ,mr ,a*>d1 t x w conduct electricity1 ev5 :5 ,reaumur's ,!rmomet] /&s at #f degrees bel[ #j4 ,b ! temp]ature ( ! room1 9 :i* ,i made my exp]im5ts1 0 at lea/ #ee degrees above #j1 by ,fahr5heit's scale4 ,i may likewise rem9d ! read] ( ! exp]im5t1 9 :i* ! abdom5 ( a frog 0 fill$ ) m]cury1 & a rod ( silv] pass$ ?r\gh x to ! sciatic n]ves4 ,a piece ( z9c1 t\*+ bo? m]cury & silv]1 excit$ no contractions2 :]eas mo/ vigor\s ones 7 excit$ :5 wat] 0 sub/itut$ = ! m]cury4 ,a pro(1 z ,i take x1 t wat] is a mu* bett] conductor ( ?is influ5ce ?an m]cury3 b ( electricity1 m]cury is deem$ a bett] conductor ?an wat]4 ,we are told by ,mr ,cav5di%1 t ,mr ,wal% f\nd ! %ock ( ! torp$o w\ld n pass ?r\gh a small brass *a93 b ! influ5ce discov]$ by ,galvani1 passes1 )\t s5sible dim9ution ( its effects1 ?r\gh a small brass *a9 ( sev]al in*es 9 l5g?1 :5 x is drawn s tight z to br+ its l9ks into close contact ) ea* o!r3 & x passes ?r\gh a gold *a9 :5 held betwe5 two p]sons1 & suff]$ to hang ) a consid]able b5d4 ,yet1 if we may be all[$ to judge ( ! comp>ative /r5g? ( ! two influ5ces1 by ! effects :i* !y produce ^u animals1 t ( ! torp$o mu/ c]ta9ly be all[$ to be ! /ronge/2 & ,i see no o!r way ( acc\nt+ = its f9d+ an insup]able ob/acle to its transmission1 :]e ! o!r f9ds sc>cely any1 except by suppos+ t !y are 9 reality diff]5t 9 _! nature4 ,dr ,valli tells u1 t he obs]v$ ! hairs ( a m\se1 atta*$ to ! n]ves ( frogs by ! t9-foil1 ) :i* he surr\nd$ !m1 alt]nately attract$1 & repell$ by ea* o!r1 :5ev] ano!r metal 0 s appli$ z to excite contractions 9 ! frogs4 ,?is exp]im5t ,i h _m times repeat$1 bo? 9 ! mann] describ$ by ! ,dr1 & ) e v>iation 9 ! disposition ( ! hairs :i* ,i c\ld devise3 b :e!r !y 7 plac$ ^u ! metals1 ! n]ves1 or ! muscles1 or ^u all at ! same "t1 nei!r ,i1 nor my fri5ds :o assi/$ me1 h 9 any in/ance be5 able to obs]ve !m agitat$ 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,i h made simil> exp]im5ts ^u a dog1 & ^u a l>ge & lively skate1 by dispos+1 9 ! same way t ,i did ! hairs ( a m\se1 flakes ( ! f9e/ flax1 swansd[n1 & gold leaf2 b al?\gh ! contractions produc$ 9 ! skate1 by ! contact ( ! metals1 7 s /rong z to make ! animal b\nd f ! table1 n ! lea/ appe>ance ( electricity 0 indicat$4 ,i next susp5d$1 f a /ick ( glass fix$ 9 ! ceil+ ( a close room1 "s ?reads1 five feet 9 l5g?1 ( ! flax :i* ,i us$ 9 ! =m] exp]im5t2 & approa*$ "s frogs1 rec5tly kill$1 & insulat$ ^u glass z ne> to !m z 0 possible1 )\t t\*+3 b ! ?reads 7 9 n[ise affect$ by ! contractions produc$ 9 ! frogs4 ,9 ?is respect1 !re=e1 ?is influ5ce agrees ) t ( ! torp$o1 c4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ,m4 ,volta's in/rum5t = collect+1 cond5s+1 & r5d]+ s5sible1 v small degree ( electricity has n be5 employ$ 9 ! exam9ation ( ei!r4 ,& inde$ ,i am n sure1 if1 9 exam9+ ! newly discov]$ influ5ce1 by su* a te/1 a suffici5t quantity ( electricity might n be produc$ m]ely by ! motion ( ! animals1 subject$ to ! exp]im5t1 to occasion "s fallacy 9 ! result4 ,c]ta91 h[ev]1 x is1 t al?\gh ?is influ5ce did n affect ! electromet] 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 x produces inf9itely /rong] effects ^u an animal1 ?an any :i* c be produc$ by a quantity ( electricity suffici5t to affect an electromet] to a v high degree4 ,i h frequ5tly deta*$ ! crural n]ves ( frogs = "s l5g?2 & hav+ support$ !m ^u a rod ( silv]1 h appli$ an excit$ piece ( glass1 or seal+ wax1 to ! :ole l5g? ( ?is rod4 ,! co>se/ electromet]s h be5 effect$ by x1 at consid]able di/ances3 b ,i h nev]1 9 ?is way1 be5 able to excite contractions1 unless by lay+ ! rod ^u ! excit$ cyl5d] ( a p[]ful electrical ma*9e4 ,?is new influ5ce likewise resembles t ( ! torp$o1 9 produc+ its effects almo/ equally well1 :5 bo? x & ! subject ^u :i* x acts are insulat$ f surr\nd+ conductors4 ,b an exp]im5t simil> to t1 :i* ,i h relat$1 ( insulat+1 & positively electrify+1 bo? ! frog & ! metals appli$ to x1 has nev] 7s f> z ,i am acqua9t$17 be5 tri$ ) ! torp$o4 ,bo? ^! influ5ces agree too1 9 n produc+ s /rong an effect1 :5 ! subject1 ^u :i* !y act1 is imm]s$ 9 wat]1 z :5 x is 9 ! op5 air4 ,:5 ! sep>at$ leg ( a frog 0 held "u wat]1 & =m$ "p ( ! circuit ?r\gh :i* ?is1 to influ5ce1 _h to pass1 9 ord] to excite ano!r leg2 x nev] contract$1 al?\gh x did1 & /rongly1 :5 held above ! surface1 z ,i h already _h occasion to notice4 ,& we are told by ,mr ,wal%1 t ! %ock ( ! torp$o 0 f\r times /rong] 9 air1 ?an :5 giv5 "u wat]4 ,?is influ5ce diff]s1 bo? f t ( ! torp$o1 c4 & f electricity1 9 produc+ no s5sation 79 man at lea/17 at all simil> to t f an electrical %ock4 ,) respect to ! s+le in/ance relat$ by ,m4 ,cotugno1 x is probable t bo? he himself1 & all :o h repeat$ exp]im5ts ( ?is nature1 mu/ h be5 long ago conv9c$1 t he 0 deceiv$ into ! belief ( a %ock1 f ! s5sation produc$ by ! /ruggles ( ! animal he dissect$4 ,t "s k9d ( disagreeable s5sation is occasion$ by x1 ev5 9 frogs1 indep5d5t ( t :i* mu/ necess>ily arise f irritation1 & ! contractions ( _! muscles1 is evid5t f _! re/lessness1 & expressions ( uneas9ess4 ,9 o!r animals1 z ,i %all aft]w>ds h occasion to %ew1 ^! expressions are /ill less equivocal3 &1 9 man1 we c asc]ta9 bo? _! degree & _! k9d4 ,t !y diff] consid]ably f su* z are produc$ by electricity1 w be prov$ :5 ,i come to speak ( ! effects ( ?is influ5ce ^u our s5ses4 ,b ! mo/ important1 & *>act]i/ic diff]5ce1 :i* ,i h yet be5 able to discov]1 betwe5 ?is new influ5ce & electricity1 consi/s 9 _! effects ^u ! contractile p[] ( animals & ( plants4 ,! contractions ( animals excit$ by electricity h a t5d5cy to de/roy t p[] ^u :i* contractions dep5d4 ,b ! contractions excit$1 by ! application ( ! metals1 h1 9 all my exp]im5ts1 _h ! directly opposite effect4 ,! m frequ5tly contractions h be51 9 ?is way1 excit$1 ! long] d !y cont9ue excitable3 & ! long] are ! p>ts1 ^u :i* su* exp]im5ts are made1 pres]v$ f putridity4 ,an influ5ce1 capable ( excit+ contractions1 )\t occasion+ exhau/ion1 0 a ?+ ,i s little expect$ to f9d1 & s contr>y to ! "* :i* _h be5 giv5 ( ?is1 bo? by ,galvani & by ,dr ,valli1 t ,i1 at fir/1 di/ru/$ my own obs]vation ( ! fact3 b ! numb] ( comp>ative exp]im5ts1 :i* ,i _h aft]w>ds occasion to make1 ?\gh ) views diff]5t f t ( asc]ta9+ ! po9t 9 "q1 conv9c$ me t ?is influ5ce1 s f> f de/roy+ ! contractility ( muscles1 has a t5d5cy to pres]ve x4 ,oxyg5e is1 s f> z ,i "k1 ! only /imulus 9 nature1 ^: effects are at all analog\s4 ,:5 a frog has be5 long dead1 ,i h be5 sometimes m ?an a qu>t] ( an h\r )\t be+ able to excite a s+le contraction by ! application ( ! metals3 b aft] ?is1 )\t at all v>y+ ! means employ$1 contractions h appe>$1 & h become gradually m & m vigor\s4 ,x is said1 7= ,i h nev] _h an opportunity ( mak+ ! exp]im5t17 t a /ream ( electricity pass$ ?r\gh a s5sitive plant produces an almo/ imm$iate collapse ( its leaves4 ,b ! influ5ce1 discov]$ by ,galvani1 produc$ no su* effect 9 ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,hav+ sep>at$ ! leg ( a frog f its body1 ,i fre$ its crural n]ve f surr\nd+ p>ts1 & ) "o h& held x support$ ^u ! end ( a probe4 ,an assi/ant plac$ a piece ( silv] "u its foot1 & held ! z9c ) :i* x 0 to be t\*$4 ,a s5sitive plant =m$ ! m$ium ( communication betwe5 u4 ,he held ! bottom ( its /em betwe5 8 f+]s1 :ile ,i held ! top3 s t :5 ! silv] 0 t\*$ by ! z9c1 ! influ5ce pass$ up ! plant1 & ?r\gh ! :ole ( its /em4 ,! frog's leg in/antly contract$1 & repeat$ its contractions e "t ! silv] & z9c 7 9 contact3 b ! leaves ( ! plant did n collapse2 nei!r did !y :5 any ( its bran*es =m$ "p ( ! circuit4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 confess t ! plant1 ^u :i* ?is exp]im5t 0 made1 _h be5 kept ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,) a "y "o ! result might possibly be diff]5t2 b su* an "o ,i h n yet _h x 9 my p[] to procure4 ,! torp$o does n appe> at all affect$ by ! influ5ce :i* itself produces4 ,animals1 9 :i* ,galvani's ph5om5a are produc$1 are /rongly affect$4 ,f ?is circum/ance1 & /ill m f ! pres5ce ( metals be+ absolutely requisite to _! production1 "s may be induc$ to believe1 t ! influ5ce1 :i* causes !m1 is some?+ ext]nal to animals2 & t x arises f ! mutual contact ( ! metals only4 ,i mu/ confess ,i 01 = "s "t1 incl9$ to ent]ta9 ?is op9ion2 & its probability appe>$ to be n a little increas$ by obs]v+ t its effects diff]$ ) ! metals employ$1 & 7 /ronge/ :5 _! surfaces 7 ext5d$1 & appli$ horizontally to ea* o!r4 ,i began1 !re=e1 to suspect t x might be "s hi!rto undiscov]$ prop]ty ( metals2 = t x 0 n an electrical ph5om5on1 seem$ /ill fur!r prov$ by ! circum/ance above relat$4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$1 by ! v int]e/+ discov]ies ( ,m4 ,volta1 t1 #8:]ev] ! capacity ( hold+ electricity is great]1 !re ! int5sity ( electricity is less'3--#8& t ! capacity ( a conductor is increas$1 :51 in/ead ( rema9+ q insulat$1 ! conductor is pres5t$ to ano!r conductor n insulat$2 & ?is increase is m conspicu\s1 accord+ z ! surfaces ( ^? conductors are l>g]1 & come ne>] to ea* o!r#aj4' ,:51 !re=e1 a plate ( silv]1 communicat+ ) ! leg ( a frog1 0 laid ^u glass1 & a plate ( z9c 0 l[]$ horizontally ^u x1 ! capacities ( bo?1 = any electricity :i* !y might h conta9$1 mu/ h be5 s mu* increas$1 t no "o w suspect ! contractions ( ! frog's leg1 to h be5 occasion$ by any dis*>ge ( ! electrical fluid f !m4 ,z little are we au?oris$ to suppose1 t ! contractions 7 produc$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! metals attract+ ! electrical fluid f ! leg3 =1 s9ce ! leg 0 insulat$1 x is impossible t x %\ld h receiv$ a new supply ( electricity1 aft] hav+ be5 depriv$ by ! metals ( :at x naturally possess$2 & consequ5tly1 aft] once or twice contract+1 no fur!r contractions %\ld h tak5 place3 b ?is is contr>y to ! fact4 ,i h be=e %ewn1 t flakes ( gold leaf1 plac$ betwe5 ! metals1 7 n affect$ by _! approa* to ea* o!r2 & t1 besides1 a quantity ( electricity1 suffici5t /rongly to affect an electromet]1 0 f> too weak to excite contractions 9 ! muscles ( a frog4 ,t ?is influ5ce1 h[ev]1 :atev] x be1 is n d]iv$ f ! metals alone1 b t animals at lea/ contribute to its production1 z well z indicate its pres5ce1 is1 ,i ?9k1 r5d]$ highly probable1 by :at ,i h already urg$1 relative to ! necessity ( a communication betwe5 ! metals1 & ! muscles1 z well z betwe5 ! metals & ! n]ves4 ,i may likewise obs]ve1 t animals appe> to h a mu* m complete contr\l ov] its effects1 ?an "o w\ld expect !m to h ov] an influ5ce :olely ext]nal to !m4 ,:5 liv+ & entire frogs are plac$ ^u a plate ( z9c1 or t9-foil1 & a piece ( silv]1 or ( gold1 is pass$ ov] diff]5t p>ts ( _! legs1 & ?ighs1 till x come into contact ) ! plate2 contractions are v seldom produc$1 & sc>cely ev]1 if ! frogs be heal?y & ^u _! gu>d4 ,b ! in/ant _! sciatic n]ves are divid$1 ! contractions produc$ are z free & vigor\s1 z if ! legs _h be5 completely sep>at$ f ! body4 ,?is diff]5ce is n ow+ to ! silv] com+ 9 contact ) ! w\nd1 necess>ily made 9 ord] to divide ! n]ve2 = ,i h always tak5 c>e t x %\ld n1 & inde$ :5 x did1 no contractions 7 produc$1 unless ! n]ve _h be5 divid$4 ,tak+ (f ! head ( an animal1 or int]cept+1 9 any way1 ! influ5ce ( its w ^u ! muscles ( ! "p excit$1 has precisely ! same effect4 ,b ! w is n able to contr\l ! effects ( electricity1 :5 ! electricity is o!rwise suffici5tly /rong to excite muscles to contraction4 ,i h repeat$ly f\nd t ev5 by ! /ronge/ volunt>y contractions ( ! muscles ( my arm1 ,i h n be5 able altoge!r to c\nt]act ! involunt>y ones1 produc$ by electrical sp>ks1 nor h ,i f\nd t frogs c\ld ev] c\nt]act !m4 ,on att5d+ c>efully to ! /ate ( ! muscles ( ! legs ( liv+ frogs1 at ! in/ant ! metals 7 appli$1 ,i c\ld p]ceive by ! t\*1 t1 9 _m frogs1 ?\gh by no means 9 all1 _! muscles 7 p]fectly s(t & relax$3 a pro( t !y h o!r means ( c\nt]act+ ! involunt>y contractions1 :i* ! metals h a t5d5cy to produce1 besides keep+ _! muscles 9 a /ate ( p]man5t & volunt>y contraction4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,cavallo4 ,footnote #b3 ,on ?is metal ,cron/$t has ! foll[+ v curi\s rem>k3 8,x seems to become electrical by friction1 & !n its small] p>ticles are attract$ by ! load/one2 :i* effects are n yet prop]ly inve/igat$40 ,z9c is an +r$i5t ( ! be/ amalgam = sme>+ ! rubb]s ( electrical ma*9es3 ,b ,i h n be5 able to r5d] a b> ( z9c electrical by friction1 nor to f9d t its small] p>ticles 7 9 any /ate attract$ by ! load/one1 unless !y _h be5 scrap$ (f by means ( an in/rum5t ( iron4 ,b1 9 ?is way1 ! du/ ( any metal is r5d]$ susceptible ( ! influ5ce ( ! load/one4 ,footnote #c3 ,if fur!r exp]im5ts %\ld e/abli% decid$ly1 t ! mutual contact ( two diff]5t metals is absolutely necess>y = ! productions ( ,galvani's ph5om5a1 may n ?is circum/ance af=d an useful te/ ( ! purity ( ! preci\s metals8 ,= in/ance1 contractions 9 an animal produc$ by ! contact ( a piece ( gold or silv]1 ^: purity we wi% to asc]ta91 ) a piece ( ! same metal kn[n to be pure1 w\ld !n prove inconte/ably ! pres5ce ( alloy4 ,footnote #d3 ,9 an able lecture1 :i* ,dr ,monro lately deliv]$1 *iefly ^u ?is subject1 he demon/rat$ ! possibility ( excit+ contractions 9 ! limb ( a frog1 )\t ei!r ( ! metals he employ$ be+ 9 contact ) x2 or hav+ any o!r communication ) x ?an ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "s moi/ sub/ance4 ,9 v>y+ ?is exp]im5t1 ,i f9d1 t if a frog be divid$ 9 two p>ts1 j above ! orig9 ( ! sciatic n]ves1 & put into a bason ( wat]1 ! h9d legs may be ?r[n into /rong contractions1 by br++ z9c1 or t9-foil1 & silv]1 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 at ! di/ance ( at lea/ an in* f ! divid$ sp9e1 s long z !y are kept ne>ly 9 a "r l9e ) x4 ,wat]1 9 ?is case1 is ! only communication betwe5 ! metals & ! orig9 ( ! n]ves4 ,footnote #e3 ,! contractions produc$ seem$ to be /rong 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( ! surfaces ( ! metals 9 contact1 /ronge/ :5 a l>ge plate ( z9c is laid horizontally ^u a l>ge plate ( silv] or gold4 ,if ! z9c be suff]$ to rema9 9 contact ) ! silv]1 = a little "t1 ! contractions ( ! leg cease4 ,! z9c may !n be slid ov] ! silv]1 till x ev5 t\* ! leg )\t r5ew+ ! contractions3 b1 9 )draw+ ! silv]1 ! leg contracts at ! in/ant ! silv] p>ts f x6 ,footnote #f3 #8,l'eau trop *auffe1 ou qui e/ en b\llition1 disp]se l'lectricit1 de manire en dtruire les ph5omnes4' #8,l'excs du froid prive l'eau mme de la proprit de conduire le fluide en "q4'--,dr ,valli1 ,lettre #ime4 ,footnote #g3 ,x 0 9 ?is way1 inde$1 t ,i h always excit$ contractions1 :5 ,i h employ$ ?is new mode ( influ5c+ animals1 z a te/ ( rema9+ life 9 any "p ( !m4 ,!y 7 con/antly kept 9 fre% wat]1 z ! situation mo/ natural to !m1 dur+ ! :ole ( ! "t !y 7 "u exp]im5t2 & _! sk9s 7 suff]$ to rema9 z entire z possible1 s9ce ,i f\nd _! muscles lo/ _! contractile p[]1 9 a few h\rs1 & became rigid :5 expos$1 depriv$ ( _! sk9s1 to ! action ( ! wat]4 ,footnote #h3 ,m4 ,fontana1 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 "w on ,poisons1 m5tions "s facts1 :i* may1 to "s1 appe> to give consid]able c\nt5ance to ?is explanation4 ,! microscopical eels f\nd 9 dry & smutty :eat2 ! seta equ9a or gordius ( ,l9naeus2 & ! :eal polypus1 all1 :5 dry1 become app>5tly dead3 b aga9 recov] motion & life :5 moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,"o ( ! latt] 0 put1 by ,m4 ,fontana1 ^u a bit ( glass1 & expos$1 dur+ a :ole summ]1 to ! noon-day sun4 ,x became s dry t x 0 l a piece ( h>d5$ glue4 ,a few drops ( wat]1 h[ev]1 did n fail to re/ore x to life4 ,ano!r 01 9 ?is way1 recov]$ aft] a simil> exposure ( a ye> & a half4 ,fa!r ,gumillo1 a ,jesuit1 & ! ,indians ( ,p]u1 are quot$ by ! same au?or1 on ! au?ority ( ,bongu]1 z speak+ ( #8a l>ge & v5em\s snake1 :i* be+ dead & dri$ 9 ! op5 air1 or 9 ! smoke ( a *imney1 has ! prop]ty ( com+ aga9 to life1 on its be+ expos$1 = "s days1 to ! sun1 9 a /agnant & corrupt$ wat]4' ,b x w\ld almo/ require ! cr$ulity ( an ,indian to cr$it ! te/imony ( ! ,jesuit4 ,footnote #i3 ,s9ce :at ,i _h be=e writt5 ^u ?is subject w5t to ! press1 ,i h be5 in=m$ by a fri5d1 t ,dr ,l9d ( ,w9dsor has f\nd1 t contractions may be excit$ 9 a frog by t\*+ x ) iron alone4 ,9 a frog v rec5tly kill$1 ,i h myself1 sometimes1 excit$ contractions1 by t\*+ its n]ves ) iron & /eel 9 conjunction4 ,b ,i c by no means consid] ?is z a satisfactory pro(1 t contractions may be excit$ by ! contact ( "o metal alone2 s9ce ,i h nev] be5 able to excite contractions ) a piece ( iron1 ( ! same quality ?r\gh\t1 appli$ to a frog :i* _h be5 s long dead z to leave no suspicion t ! contractions 7 occasion$ by me*anical irritation4 ,9 ,dr ,valli's exp]im5t1 ) sciss>s ( bad /eel1 ^u a frog rec5tly kill$1 ^! circum/ances d n appe> to h be5 suffici5tly att5d$ to4 ,footnote #aj3 ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 #gb4 "p i4 ,app54 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,section ,,ii4 ,has ,magnetism any conc]n 9 ! ,ph5om5a discov]$ by ,galvani8 ,9 answ] to ?is "q ,i h little to say1 z ! exp]im5ts :i* x sugge/$1 & :i* ,i _h an opportunity ( mak+1 h be5 b few4 ,i h repeat$ly excit$ contractions1 bo? ) ! natural & ! artificial load/one1 b ,i c\ld nev] obs]ve any diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 & su* z 7 excit$ by unmagnetis$ iron1 or an ore conta9+ an equal quantity ( iron ) ! natural load/one4 ,:5 ! sep>at$ leg ( a frog 0 laid ^u a plate ( iron1 & a load/one 0 br\ght 9 contact bo? ) its n]ve & ! plate1 no contraction 0 excit$4 ,i h (t5 br\ght frogs1 9 e /ate ( prep>ation1 z ne>ly z possible to a v s5sible magnetic ne$le1 b no v>iation 9 its direction 0 9 any case produc$ by ! contractions ( ! frogs excit$ by ! metals4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,section ,,iii4 ,:at are ! relations :i* subsi/ betwe5 ! influ5ce discov]$ by ,galvani1 & ! muscles1 ! n]v\s1 & ! vascul> sy/ems1 ( animals8 ,9 propos+ to myself a "q ( ?is v ext5sive nature1 x w h>dly be imput$ to me1 t ,i ev] ent]ta9$1 = a mom5t1 ! idle expectation ( be+ able completely to solve x4 ,x is prefix$ to ! foll[+ exp]im5ts z ! mo/ commodi\s g5]al head "u :i* ,i c\ld arrange1 n only :at ,i _h fur!r to say1 ^u ! influ5ce discov]$ by ,galvani1 b likewise ^u ! sev]al physiological subjects1 9 ! exam9ation ( :i* ?is influ5ce 0 employ$ m]ely z a te/4 ,,( ,,! ,,muscles4 ,z ,i am acqua9t$ ) no crit]ion by :i* we c assure ourselves ( ! complete sep>ation ( muscul> fibres f n]ves1 )\t r5d]+ !m objects too m9ute = accurate exp]im5t2 x c nev] be 9 our p[]1 s f> z ,i am able to judge1 to satisfy ourselves1 if ?is new influ5ce c act imm$iately ^u ! muscul> fibre4 ,a d\bt mu/ always rema91 :e!r n]ve has n be5 pres5t2 & f ?is d\bt w arise ano!r /ill m difficult to solve1 :e!r ! influ5ce produc$ or excit$ by ! metals h pass$ ?r\gh ! n]ve to ! muscles8 or if x h m]ely act$ z a /imulus to ! n]ve1 s]v+ to r\se t unkn[n en]gy1 by :i* n]ves are kn[n 9 c]ta9 circum/ances to excite muscles to contraction4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 made ^u animals consid]$ by anatomi/s1 9 g5]al1 z de/itute ( n]ves1 may to "s appe> decisive ( ?is "q1 b to myself1 ,i confess1 !y are by no means s4 ,9 by f> ! great] numb] ( animals1 we are preclud$ f ! possibility ( discov]+ n]ves by _! m9ut5ess2 yet ! actions ( ^! animals1 n m]ely excit$ by me*anical irritation1 b s obvi\sly direct$ to ! atta9m5t ( an end1 oblige u to inf] _! exi/5ce ev5 :]e our s5ses1 aid$ by ! be/ glasses1 d n enable u to detect !m4 ,hav+ laid "s e>? worms ^u a plate ( z9c1 ,i tri$ to excite contractions 9 !m1 by pass+ a rod ( silv] ov] diff]5t p>ts ( _! l5g?1 till x came 9 contact ) ! plate2 b = a long "t )\t produc+ any effect4 ,application ( ! metals to a "p rec5tly divid$ seem$ to produce z little effect4 ,at l5g?1 ,i p]ceiv$ "o ( !m d>t itself =w>ds1 :5ev] ! silv] 0 pass$ "u its belly ne> to a "p :i* _h be5 divid$ & rejo9$4 ,on repeat+ ! exp]im5t aga91 & ) m c>e1 ,i f\nd1 7z 9 ! frog17 t :5 ! animal 0 p]fectly lively1 & ^u its gu>d1 no contraction c\ld 9 ?is way be excit$2 b t :5 a "p _h be5 r5d]$ m s5sible by previ\s disease1 rec5t irritation1 c4 or :5 ! worm 0 tak5 unaw>es by hang+ x ov] a probe1 & l[]+ bo? ^u ! plate at ! same in/ant2 a sudd5 & involunt>y motion seem$ to d>t ?r\gh a great "p ( ! worm's l5g? f ! "p t\*$ t[>ds ! head2 a direction contr>y to t 9 :i* x takes place 9 o!r animals4 ,i nev] c\ld produce ! same effect ^u lee*es4 ,on v>y+ ! exp]im5t1 a mo/ :imsical1 b satisfactory ph5om5on pres5t$ itself4 ,i _h laid a lee* ^u a cr[n piece ( silv]1 plac$ 9 ! middle ( a l>ge plate ( z9c4 ,! animal mov$ its m\? ov] ! surface ( ! silv] )\t express+ ! lea/ uneas9ess2 b hav+ /ret*$ beyond x & t\*$ ! z9c plate ) its m\?1 x in/antly recoil$1 z if 9 ! mo/ acute pa91 & cont9u$ ?us alt]nately t\*+ & recoil+ f ! z9c1 till x _h ! appe>ance ( be+ q fatigu$4 ,:5 plac$ :olly ^u ! z9c1 x seem$ p]fectly at its ease2 b1 :5 at any "t its m\? came 9 contact ) ! silv] ly+ ^u ! z9c1 ! same expression ( pa9 0 exhibit$ z be=e4 ,) ! e>? worm1 ?is exp]im5t succe$$ /ill m decisively4 ,! animal sprang f ! z9c 9 wri?+ convulsions2 if1 :5 ! worm /ret*$ itself =w>ds1 "o ( its folds lit ^u ! z9c1 x express$ little uneas9ess 9 comp>ison ( :at x %ew$ :5 ! po9t ( its head t\*$ ! z9c4 ,^! extraord9>y effects 71 h[ev]1 consid]ably diff]5t f ^? produc$ by ! metals ^u ! limbs ( frogs1 & o!r animals4 ,!y _h n s mu* ! appe>ance ( involunt>y1 in/antane\s convulsions1 z long cont9u$ expressions ( pa9 & disgu/2 su* z are produc$ by apply+ z9c & silv] to ! tongue ( a *ild4 ,a /rong presumptive pro(1 9 my humble op9ion1 t ^! animals are end[$ ) a mo/ exquisite organ ( s5se1 &1 consequ5tly1 t !y are n1 z has be5 suppos$1 de/itute ( a n]v\s sy/em4 ,d\btful1 !re=e1 if ?is influ5ce c ev] act ^u ! muscul> fibre1 except ?r\gh ! m$ium ( n]ves1 ,i %all res]ve :at ,i h to say ^u p>ticul> muscles1 till ,i h relat$ "s facts relative to ! n]ves4 ,,( ,,! ,,n]ves4 ,x appe>s f e exp]im5t1 :i* has be5 made 9 prosecution ( ,galvani's discov]y1 t ! n]ves are v ess5tially conc]n$1 9 all ! ph5om5a :i* x exhibits4 ,x becomes1 !re=e1 an object ( inquiry1 highly int]e/+1 to asc]ta9 if all ! n]ves ( ! body are equally subjects ( ?is new influ5ce1 or if its effects are conf9$ to ^? appropriat$ to muscles ( volunt>y motion4 ,) ?is view1 ,i surr\nd$ ) t9-foil ! p>vagum & int]co/al n]ves ( sev]al c[s & %eep1 :ile ! auricles ( _! he>ts 7 /ill contract+1 & plac$ "o end ( a b5t silv] rod1 at "o "t ^u ! he>t itself1 at ano!r ^u adjac5t muscles1 & sometimes ^u ! n]ves2 b all )\t produc+ ! slighte/ p]ceptible v>iations1 9 ! contractions ( ! he>t1 or a r5ewal ( !m :5 !y _h ceas$4 ,i likewise includ$ ! c>ot$ art]y 9 ! t9-foil2 &1 at ano!r "t1 ins]t$ ! foil 9 longitud9al incisions made 9 ! n]ves1 t x might be m imm$iately 9 contact ) _! sub/ance2 b /ill no contractions foll[$4 ,i _h z little success :5 ,i made simil> exp]im5ts ^u a dog1 cats1 rabbits1 f[ls1 & frogs2 yet1 9 all ^! animals1 ,i c\ld 9 g5]al excite vigor\s contractions1 by arm+ ! n]ves ( p>ts ob$i5t to ! w3 ,i say 9 g5]al1 = 9 rabbits ,i h sometimes fail$ altoge!r2 especially :5 !y h be5 dr[n$ 9 v cold wat]4 ,soon aft] mak+ ^! exp]im5ts1 ,i p]ceiv$ f "o ( ,dr ,valli's lett]s1 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique1 t he _h made a simil> "o ^u ! he>t ( a dog1 & ) ! same result4 ,! he>t1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( its n]ves1 is n excitable1 !re=e1 by ! same means :i* are f\nd efficaci\s 9 excit+ o!r muscles to contraction4 ,i confess ,i _h n expect$ ?is result4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ inde$1 by _m physiologi/s ( ! fir/ "n#aa1 t ! he>t c 9 n[ise be affect$ by ! application ( a /imulus to its n]ves1 or to ! bra92 b _m consid]ations excit$ my d\bts ^u ?is subject1 & "s exp]im5ts :i* ,i made at ?is place1 m ?an a ye> ago1 t5d$ to confirm me 9 an opposite op9ion4 ,t bo? ! frequ5cy1 & ! /r5g? ( ! he>t's contractions are affect$ by passions ( ! m9d1 is a fact kn[n to e "o2 b :at is mu* m to ! purpose1 s9ce we "k s little ei!r ( m9d or ( its mode ( influ5c+ ! body1 we "k t _m d]angem5ts ( ! bra91 su* z apoplexy1 hydrocephalus1 phr5itis1 c4 toge!r ) all k9ds ( me*anical injuries1 7& :at are ^!1 b s _m /imuli irritat+ ! bra91 & consequ5tly ! n]ves s5t to ! he>t87 affect ! motions ( ! he>t mo/ mat]ially & obvi\sly4 ,! contractions ( ! he>t1 s long z ! bra9 rema9s entire1 may be affect$ by a ?\s& diff]5t sub/ances ?r[n into ! /oma*2 b x appe>s f ! exp]im5t ( ,mr ,kite1 t ?is is by no means ! case1 :5 ! functions ( ! bra9 are susp5d$ by hang+1 or dr[n+#ab4 ,dr ,:ytt's exp]im5t on ?is subject is "o ( ! mo/ decisive ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,he f\nd1 t opium op]ates mu* m sl[ly 9 de/roy+ ! he>t's motion 9 frogs1 depriv$ ( _! bra9 & sp9al m>r[1 ?an x does :5 ^! animals ate entire4 ,sev]al ( my own exp]im5ts1 ?\gh n made expressly ) ?is view1 gave ! same result ) ^? ( ,dr ,:ytt4 ,m4 ,fontana tells u1 he has discov]$ ! he>t ( ! :eel polypus to be a volunt>y muscle4 ,x 0 probably ?is discov]y :i* l$ him to try ! effects ( 8 w ^u 8 own he>t4 ,= ! success ( 8 exp]im5t1 we h ! te/imony ( 8 fri5d ,dr ,g]>di1 ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>ma1 :o1 9 a v le>n$ little ,diss]tation on ! ,orig9 ( ! ,int]co/al ,n]ve1 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique = ,septemb] la/1 makes ! foll[+ %ort m5tion ( x2 #8,je ne dois po9t oubli] de v\s dire que ,m4 ,fontana a la facult d'acclr]1 ou de ret>d] volont son p\ls1 sans aucune contraction s5sible des muscles4' ,! direct exp]im5ts1 by :i* ,i 0 fir/ l$ to adopt ! op9ion t ! he>t might be affect$ by ! me*anical irritation ( its n]ves1 7 made ^u v "y cats & rabbits2 "s ) ! assi/ance ( my fri5d ,dr ,physick1 n[ settl$ 9 ,philadelphia2 o!rs 9 pres5ce ( sev]al o!r g5tlem5 /udy+ at ?is univ]sity4 ,x appe>$ v decid$ly f two or ?ree ( ^! exp]im5ts1 t ! contractions ( ! he>t 7 quick5$ by irritat+ ! bra9 at ! orig9 ( ! sp9al m>r[4 ,9 o!rs aga91 ! result 0 by no means s cle>4 ,b x %\ld be recollect$ t ! evid5ce ( "o accurate1 & positive exp]im5t1 is n 9 ! lea/ invalidat$ by tw5ty unsuccessful ones1 especially ^u animals ( w>m blood2 :]e ! irritability ( _! muscles is s v fleet+1 & ! result liable to v>iation f s _m1 z yet1 unkn[n causes4 ,! irritability ( ! art]ies1 = example1 is n[ completely e/abli%$1 yet ,hall]'s exp]im5ts l$ him to d5y x4 ,& ev5 ^? ( ! accurate ,v]s*nir1 to :om we are indebt$ = unque/ionably ! be/ s]ies ( exp]im5ts ^u ?is subject1 fail$ ( success 7z we are told by ,dr ,d5nison1 9 an excell5t ,!sis confirm+ _! tru?17 :5 repeat$ be=e "s ( ! ,faculty "h4 ,imm$iately1 !re=e1 on discov]+ ! sup]ior p[]s ( z9c1 & molybd5a1 9 excit+ contractions1 ,i began aga9 to repeat ) ^! metals ! exp]im5ts on ! n]ves pass+ to ! he>ts ( frogs2 b = a long "t )\t satisfy+ ei!r myself1 or o!rs1 :e!r any effect 0 really produc$4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 ,i 0 s happy z to succe$ completely4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,m>* la/1 9 pres5ce ( my fri5ds1 ,mr ,hunt] & ,mr ,?omson1 hav+ dissect$ away ! p]ic>dium f a frog's he>t1 :i* _h an h\r be=e ceas$ spontane\sly to contract1 ,i remov$ ! muscles1 & cellul> membrane cov]+ its n]ves1 & l>ge blood vessels4 ,i !n plac$ "o end ( a rod ( pure silv] 9 contact ) "o side ( ^! n]ves1 & blood vessels1 & "o end ( a rod ( z9c on ! o!r1 bo? ( !m at ab\t ! di/ance ( ! ?ird "p ( an in* f ! auricles ( ! he>t4 ,on br++ ! opposite ends ( ^! rods 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 ! auricle fir/1 & !n ! v5tricle ( ! he>t imm$iately contract$1 & repeat$ _! contractions z (t5 z ! ends ( ! metal rods 7 made to t\* ea* o!r4 ,:5 a /ick ( glass1 wax1 or wood1 0 made use ( 9 place ( "o ( ! metals1 no contraction took place4 ,contractions1 h[ev]1 7 excit$ by irritat+ ! he>t itself ) ! po9t ( a %>p in/rum5t4 ,! contractions 7 bo? m vigor\s1 & m con/ant :5 ! metals 7 plac$ 9 contact ) ! he>t itself1 ?an :5 t\*+ only its blood vessels & n]ves4 ,i h sev]al times attempt$ to trace "s ( ! n]ves1 :i* may be se5 ne> ! l>ge blood vessels ( ! he>t ( a frog1 into ! he>t itself1 9 ord] to arm !m sep>at$ f o!r p>ts2 b1 p>tly on acc\nt ( _! m9ut5ess1 & p>tly on acc\nt ( ! weak /ate ( my eyes1 :i* does n p]mit me to look int5tly at m9ute objects1 ,i h nev] be5 able to succe$4 ,s9ce mak+ ?is la/ exp]im5t1 ,i h repeat$ x upw>ds ( tw5ty times4 ,9 ord] to its complete success1 x is necess>y t ! spontane\s contractions ( ! he>t %\ld ne>ly1 if n altoge!r1 h ceas$2 &1 :5 9 ?is /ate1 ! exp]im5t is r5d]$ /ill m satisfactory by remov+ ! he>t f ! body ( ! frog1 & lay+ x ^u a plate ( z9c4 ,we are !n sure t its contractions _c h be5 excit$1 by any me*anical irritation1 aris+ f ! contractions ( ! muscles ( ! ?orax4 ,= want ( suffici5t leisure1 & conv5i5t opportunities1 ,i h neglect$ to make ?is exp]im5t ^u any animals ( w>m blood1 except cats & rabbits4 ,a few days aft] ,i _h discov]$ ! possibility ( excit+ ! he>t to contraction by means ( z9c1 & silv] appli$ to its n]ves1 ,i procur$ an ord9>y siz$ cat1 & dr[n$ x 9 wat]1 z ne>ly z possible1 ( its own temp]ature4 ,f\r m9utes aft] imm]sion1 x 0 tak5 out ( ! wat] & dry$4 ,its ?orax 0 imm$iately laid op51 b no contractions 7 obs]v$ 9 any "p ( its he>t1 except 9 ! "r auricle1 & ev5 ^! 7 v slight4 ,a plate ( z9c 0 !n plac$ 9 contact ) ! p>vagum1 & int]co/al n]ves1 on "o side ( ! tra*ea1 & a half cr[n piece 9 contact ) ^? ( ! o!r2 bo? at ! di/ance ( ab\t "o ?ird ( an in* f ! auricles4 ,e "t ! z9c & silv] 7 br\ght into contact1 complete contractions ( ! "r auricle1 & sometimes slight ones ( ! left 7 produc$1 b none 9 ! v5tricles4 ,! contractions 7 obs]v$ to become /rong]1 9 proportion z ! metals 7 approa*$ to ! he>t1 & 7 /ronge/ :5 "o or bo? 0 9 contact ) ! auricle4 ,i ?9k ! contractions 7 fully z /rong :5 molybd5a1 z :5 silv] 0 us$4 ,no contractions c\ld be excit$1 by arm+ any ( ! n]ves ( volunt>y muscles1 9 ?is cat4 ,! next exp]im5t 0 made ^u a female cat1 f> gone ) "y4 ,%e 0 dr[n$ 9 v cold wat]1 & al?\gh h] ?orax 0 op5$ ! in/ant %e _h ceas$ to /ruggle1 :i* 0 9 less ?an f\r m9utes aft] imm]sion1 h] he>t _h ceas$ to contract2 nor c\ld its contractions be r5ew$1 ei!r by ! application ( ! metals 9 ! way describ$1 9 ! la/ exp]im5t1 or by prick+ or o!rwise irritat+ its surface3 b ! diaphragm1 ! int]co/al muscles1 ! =e legs1 & ! e>s1 cont9u$ to contract long & vigor\sly1 :5 ! metals 7 z usual appli$ to _! n]ves4 ,on cutt+ into ! ut]us1 h[ev]1 & tak+ out "o ( ! "y1 ,i f\nd bo? auricles & v5tricles ( its he>t1 contract+ mo/ vigor\sly1 ?\gh ! "m _h n[ be5 dead upw>ds ( tw5ty m9utes4 ,an opportunity1 n to be neglect$1 n[ pres5t$ itself1 ( try+ if x 7 possible to transmit ?is influ5ce f ! "m to ! ftus1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! umbilical *ord4 ,i !re=e appli$ ! two metals 9 ! mann] ,i be=e describ$1 #a/1 to ! ut]us ( ! "m1 & to ! cotyl$ans2 aft]w>ds to sev]al diff]5t p>ts ( h]2 b nei!r ut]us nor ftus 7 9 any in/ance affect$4 ,z little 0 ! ftus affect$1 by arm+ ! *ord itself4 ,z ! he>ts ( ! kitt5s cont9u$ _! spontane\s contractions1 = m ?an an h\r aft] !y 7 tak5 f ! "m1 ,i _h repeat$ly ! pleasure ( obs]v+1 & po9t+ out to ,mr ,?omson1 & ,mr ,simpson1 :o oblig+ly l5t me _! assi/ance 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ! effects ( ! metals :5 9 contact ) ! p>vagum1 & ent]co/al n]ves1 bo? ( quick5+ ! repetition ( ! he>ts contractions1 :ile !y cont9u$ spontane\s1 & ( excit+ !m anew :5 !y _h ceas$ to be s4 ,?is exp]im5t1 repeat$ ^u a kitt5 a few days aft] bir?1 succe$$1 b n q 9 s satisfactory a mann] z ! =ego+1 al?\gh ! he>t cont9u$ contract+ = m ?an an h\r & an half aft] ! ?orax 0 op5$4 ,its contractions 7 quick5$1 & r5d]$ vibratory by ! slighte/ me*anical t\* ( its surface2 s t x 0 difficult to det]m9e ! precise %>e :i* ! application ( ! metals _h 9 _! production4 ,:5 ^! _h ceas$1 ,i did n f9d t ,i c\ld revive !m by ! application ( ! metals4 ,9 ! he>ts ( "s "y rabbits1 ^u :i* ,i tri$ ?is exp]im5t1 ! contractions appe>$ to be /ill m decid$ly1 occasion$ by ! application ( ! metals1 ?an ev5 9 ! cats4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ ?is important fact1 t "o muscle1 n subject$ to ! influ5ce ( ! w1 might be made to contract by ! application ( z9c & silv] to its n]ves2 ,i proce$$ to exam9e :e!r ! same 7 ! case ) respect to all involunt>y muscles4 ,i c\ld n1 h[ev]1 obs]ve t any contractions 7 produc$ 9 ! /oma* or inte/9es1 by plac+ ! metals ne> ! /oma*ic flexus & semilun> ganglion 9 a cat4 ,i next proce$$ to exam9e ! effects ( ! metals ^u ! diff]5t organs ( s5se4 ,m4 ,volta's discov]y ( ! s5sation produc$ ^u ! end ( ! tongue1 by coat+ its upp] & "u surfaces ) diff]5t metals1 l$ me to comp>e ?is s5sation ) t produc$ by electricity4 ,i f\nd a v consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,bo?1 inde$1 are subacid1 b z unlike to ea* o!r1 z ! ta/e ( v9eg> is to t ( dilut$ vitriolic acid4 ,t occasion$ by ! metals is accompani$ ) :at is famili>ly call$ ! metallic ta/e2 & diff]s accord+ to ! metals employ$4 ,) ! great] numb] ( metals x is sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,) z9c & gold1 ,i ?9k1 x is /ronge/2 next s ) z9c & silv]1 or molybd5a1 & insuff]ably disagreeable ) any ( !m4 ,! s5sation is mo/ di/9ct :5 ! tongue is ( its ord9>y temp]ature1 & :5 ! metals are ( ! same temp]ature ) ! tongue4 ,:5 ei!r ! tongue1 or ! metals1 or bo?1 are heat$ or cool$1 z f> z c be borne )\t inconv5i5ce1 sc>cely any s5sation is produc$4 ,t ?is diff]5ce 9 ! effect is ow+ to ! alt]ation :i* has be5 produc$ 9 ! /ate ( ! tongue1 & n to t 9 ! temp]ature ( ! metals1 is evid5t f exp]im5ts :i* ,i h already relat$2 f :i* x appe>s t nei!r ! conduct+1 nor ! excit+ p[]s ( metals are affect$ by diff]5ces ( _! temp]ature4 ,b ,i h f\nd x ! uni=m result ( _m exp]im5ts1 t bo? ! life & irritability ( ! mo/ vigor\s frogs is completely de/roy$ 9 a few m9utes1 by plac+ !m 9 wat] heat$ to #ajf degrees ( ,fahr5heit's scale4 ,cold1 h[ev]1 ?\gh x appe>s to affect ! s5sibility ( ! tongue ne>ly z mu* z heat1 did n1 9 "o or two in/ances 9 :i* ,i tri$ x1 affect ! irritability ( ! muscles ( a frog4 ,"s sep>at$ legs contract$ equally well aft] !y _h la9 ^u a piece ( ice = "s h\rs1 z !y did be=e !y _h be5 9 t situation4 ,:atev] has a t5d5cy to blunt ! s5sibility ( ! tongue1 z laudanum1 a /rong solution ( opium 9 wat]1 di/ill$ spirits1 acids1 c4 dim9i%es ! effect ( ! metals4 ,acids1 ,i ?9k1 dim9i% x lea/4 ,on plac+ diff]5t metals 9 ! meatus auditorius ext]nus ( bo? my e>s1 & e/abli%+ an insulat$ metallic communication betwe5 !m1 ,i felt1 or fanci$ t ,i felt1 a disagreeable jirk ( my head4 ,! metals us$ 7 a silv] probe1 a roll ( t9-foil1 & a common brass conductor belong+ to an electrical ma*9e4 ,on )draw+ !m f my e>s1 ,i exp]i5c$ a feel+ simil> to t :i* "o has aft] em]g+ f "u wat]4 ,i 0 n s5sible ( hav+ hurt my e>s by ! exp]im5t1 nor _h ,i any uneasy s5sation aft] x2 b1 on gett+ out ( b$ next morn+1 ,i p]ceiv$ bo? my pill[ & my face /a9$ ) blood2 &1 on exam9+1 f\nd t x _h come f "o ( my e>s4 ,an hmorrhagy f ?is "p _h nev] happ5$ to me be=e4 ,f :atev] cause ?is accid5t happ5$1 7& x is highly probable t x arose f "s hurt unp]ceiv$ at ! "t71 ,i ne$ n say1 t ,i h nev] repeat$ ! exp]im5t1 & t ,i c]ta9ly nev] %all4 ,i nev] c\ld p]ceive1 t ! s5ses1 ei!r ( t\* or ( smell1 7 9 ! lea/ affect$ by ! metals2 b ! effect :i* !y produce ^u ! eye is v rem>kable4 ,hav+ laid a piece ( t9-foil ^u ! po9t ( my tongue1 ,i plac$ ! r\nd$ end ( a silv] p5cil-case1 aga9/ ! ball ( my eye1 9 ! inn] can?us1 & suff]$ !m to rema9 9 ^! situations till ! p>ts 7 s f> accu/om$ to !m1 t ,i c\ld exam9e ! s5sations produc$2 ,i !n br\ght ! metals into contact ) ea* o!r1 &1 to my surprise1 p]ceiv$ a pale fla% ( light diffuse itself ov] ! :ole ( my eye4 ,my tongue 0 at ! same "t affect$ ) a simil> s5sation to t produc$ :5 bo? ! metals are 9 contact ) x4 ,on d>k5+ ! room1 ! fla% became m di/9ct1 & ( a /rong] col\r4 ,?is s5sation is n ! effect ( pressure ^u ! eye1 z 9 ,sir ,isaac ,newton's exp]im5t2 = no pressure %\ld be us$4 ,all t is requir$1 is1 t ! silv] lie betwe5 ! lids ( ! eye1 & 9 contact ) any "p ( ! ball4 ,if ! exp]im5t be made ) z9c & gold1 in/ead ( t9-foil & silv]1 ! fla% is incomp>ably m vivid4 ,i _h ! disagreeable opportunity ( try+ ?is exp]im5t ^u "o ( my eyes1 9 a /ate ( inflammation2 &1 9 ?is case1 f\nd ! fla% mu* m /rong ?an x 0 9 ! un9flam$ eye4 ,i tri$ x likewise ^u a pati5t1 affect$ ) amaurosis2 b ! man 0 s /upid t ,i c\ld n satisfy myself z to ! precise result4 ,recollect+ t f9e n]v\s twigs pass f ! cili>y or oph?almic ganglion1 ?r\gh ! scl]otic coat ( ! eye1 to ! *oroid coat1 & to ! uvea2 & t ?is ganglion is 9 great "p =m$ f a twig ( ! nasal bran*1 ( ! fif? pair ( n]ves1 9 conjunction ) a bran* ( ! ?ird1 ,i proce$$ to try if1 by ins9uat+ a rod ( silv]1 z f> z possible1 up my nose1 & ?us arm+ ?is nasal bran*1 ,i c\ld1 by br++ ! silv] into contact ) a piece ( z9c1 plac$ ^u my tongue1 pass ?is new influ5ce up ! c\rse ( ! n]ve1 & ?us produce ! fla% 9 ! eye4 ,! exp]im5t answ]$ my mo/ sangu9e expectation4 ,! fla%1 9 ?is way produc$1 is1 ,i ?9k1 if any ?+1 /rong] ?an :5 ! ball ( ! eye itself is arm$4 ,i n[ ?\ght ,i _h discov]$ a c]ta9 me?od1 by :i* ,i c\ld asc]ta9 ! effect ( ,galvani's influ5ce1 ^u a v important1 involunt>y muscle1 ! human iris4 ,x occurr$ to me t ! +5i\s physiologi/ ,dr ,:ytt1 _h be5 able1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! nasal bran* ( ! fif? pair ( n]ves1 to produce1 at pleasure1 dilatations ( ! contract$ pupil ( a boy1 9 ! la/ /age ( hydrocephalus1 by apply+ aq4 ammonia to 8 no/rils2 & ?is in/ance ( ! affection1 ( an involunt>y muscle1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( its n]ves1 _h1 previ\sly to mak+ any exp]im5ts ^u ! subject1 always op]at$ ) me z a /rong presumptive argum5t1 t ! contractions ( ! he>t might be influ5c$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,i !re=e desir$ "s ( my fri5ds to obs]ve my pupil1 :ile ,i repeat$ ! exp]im5t1 :i* ,i h above describ$4 ,:5 ! ext]nal light 0 /rong1 !y f\nd "s difficulty 9 det]m9+1 :e!r ! pupil contract$ or n2 b :5 no m light 0 admitt$1 ?an :at 0 j suffici5t = disc]n+ ! pupil1 !y p]ceiv$ a v di/9ct contraction1 e "t ! metals 7 br\ght into contact ) ea* o!r4 ,?is exp]im5t requires "s att5tion1 9 ord] t x may succe$ satisfactorily2 b al?\gh ,i h repeat$ x a great numb] ( times ^u ! eyes ( o!rs1 x has seldom fail$1 :5 made 9 a /eady light1 & :5 ! silv] has be5 pass$ f> en\gh up ! nose4 ,! dilatation ( ! pupil1 in/ead ( its contraction1 on ! application ( a /imulus to its n]ves1 z 9 ! case relat$ by ,dr ,:ytt1 is1 ,i appreh5d1 n s uncommon a circum/ance1 z x may at fir/ be suppos$4 ,i h myself se5 ?ree in/ances ( x 9 diseases ( ! head4 ,"o ( ^! 0 9 an epileptic pati5t1 ^: pupils1 dur+ ! int]vals ( 8 fits1 became sudd5ly dilat$ :5ev] 8 eyes 7 expos$ to a /rong light4 ,my fri5d1 ,mr ,george ,hunt] ( ,york1 :ile "o day amus+ himself ) repeat+ "s ( ^! exp]im5ts1 discov]$ t by plac+ "o ( ! metals z high up z possible betwe5 ! gums & ! upp] lip1 & ! o!r 9 a simil> situation ) respect to ! "u lip1 a fla% 0 produc$ z vivid z t occasion$ by pass+ "o ( ! metals up ! nose1 & plac+ ! o!r ^u ! tongue4 ,x diff]s1 h[ev]1 f ! fla% produc$ 9 any o!r way1 9 ! s+ul> circum/ance ( n be+ conf9$ to ! eye alone1 b appe>+ diffus$ ov] ! :ole ( ! face4 ,on att5d+ to ! concomitant s5sations produc$ by ?is disposition ( ! metals1 ,i p]ceiv$ t a s5se ( w>m?1 at ! in/ant !y 7 br\ght into contact1 diffus$ itself ov] ! :ole upp] surface ( ! tongue1 proce$+ f its root to ! po9t4 ,dr ,ru!r=d1 to :om ,mr ,hunt] _h communicat$ ?is exp]im5t1 rem>k$1 on repeat+ x1 t a fla% is produc$ n only at ! in/ant ! metals are br\ght into contact1 b likewise at ! in/ant ( _! sep>ation4 ,:ile !y rema9 9 contact1 no fla% is obs]v$4 ,?is fact is precisely analog\s to "o already m5tion$ ( contractions be+ produc$ 9 ! leg ( a frog1 at ! in/ant "o ( ! metals 9 contact ) ! o!r metal is )drawn f ! leg4 ,aft] ?is full detail ( ^! curi\s ph5om5a1 ,i h>dly ne$ rem>k1 t !y demon/rate ! free communication1 :i* subsi/s betwe5 ! sev]al bran*es ( ! fif? pair ( n]ves1 & consequ5tly give /rong support1 if n absolute confirmation1 to ! well kn[n doctr9e ( n]v\s sympa?y1 or ( ! reciprocal influ5ce1 :i* diff]5t p>ts ex]t ^u ea* o!r1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( n]ves4 ,if ,i might be all[$ to haz>d a conjecture1 :]e we _c h rec\rse to demon/ration1 ,i %\ld say t ! fla%1 obs]v$ 9 ! above exp]im5ts1 0 ! effect ( contractions excit$ 9 involunt>y muscles by ! application ( a /imulus to _! n]ves2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! effects ( ! application ( ! metals to ! nasal bran* ( ! fir/ division ( ! fif? pair ( n]ves1 _h be5 propagat$ ?r\gh ! cili>y ganglion1 along ! cili>y n]ves1 & to ! *oroid coat1 ^: vessels x _h excit$ into in/antane\s action2 & t _! action aga9 7z 9 ! case ( action excit$ by pressure1 or a bl[ ^u ! eye17 _h by /imulat+ ! ret9a occasion$ ! s5se ( light4 ,?is supposition is1 ,i ?9k1 r5d]$ probable by sev]al consid]ations4 ,i h already %ewn t ?is influ5ce c excite contractions 9 involunt>y muscles1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( _! n]ves4 ,& c]ta9ly no reason c be assign$1 a priori1 :y x %\ld n act equally ^u e description ( involunt>y muscles2 ^u ^? :i* make a "p ( ! m9ute/ vessels 9 ! body1 z well z ^u ! he>t1 or ^u ! iris4 ,t x excites to increas$ action ! art]ies ( ! tongue 9 ! exp]im5t1 9 :i* a s5se ( w>m? is produc$ along its surface by ! application ( ! metals to ! lips1 seems to be almo/ demon/rat$2 = x w\ld be difficult to po9t out ! pres5ce ( ano!r cause compet5t to occasion ! evolution ( ! heat1 9 ?is case1 besides ! increas$ action ( ! art]ies3 & t ?is cause is compet5t to ! effect we "k f numb]less exp]im5ts1 too famili> to ne$ be+ p>ticul>iz$ "h4 ,:e!r ! metals1 h[ev]1 d or d n affect ! action ( ! blood vessels1 is a "q :i* admits ( solution by exp]im5t4 ,! foll[+1 ,i confess1 0 n q satisfactory1 & ,i h n yet f\nd leisure & opportunity to repeat x ) all ! att5tion x requires4 ,i inspect$ ! foot ( a liv+ frog ) a microscope ( v high p[]s4 ,9 fix+ ! foot s z to keep ! web exp&$1 a consid]able degree ( inflammation 0 excit$1 not)/&+ e precaution to avoid x4 ,! curr5t ( blood 0 se5 di/9ctly 9 sev]al vessels1 n[ fl[+ rapidly1 n[ sl[ly1 & n[ 9 a direction contr>y to t 9 :i* x 0 fir/ obs]v$1 b ) equal rapidity4 ,a ?9 plate ( z9c 0 introduc$ betwe5 ! fle%y "p ( ! foot & its support]1 & a silv] probe 0 us$ z an excitor4 ,to me1 ! circulation appe>$ v decid$ly to be quick5$ sev]al times :5 ! metals 7 made to t\* ea* o!r3 b ! g5tlem5 :o assi/$ me c\ld obs]ve no *ange4 ,to prev5t ! contractions 9 ! muscles ( ! leg f produc+ any fallacy1 ! crural art]y %\ld be laid b>e1 & insulat$ f surr\nd+ p>ts1 by pass+ a ?9 plate ( glass1 or seal+ wax1 betwe5 x & !m4 ,t ! fla% is ! effect ( su* an increas$ action ( ! vessels1 compos+ ! *oroid coat1 might be some:at m difficult to prove4 ,x is h[ev] kn[n to e "o1 t a bl[1 & t pressure ^u ! eye1 are capable1 z ,i h be=e obs]v$1 ( produc+ a simil> effect4 ,& ! foll[+ case1 :i* ,bonetus quotes f ,h]mannus ,cummius1 if x may be cr$it$1 af=ds an almo/ positive pro(1 t vision dep5ds ^u ! /imulus giv5 to ! ret9a by ! activity ( blood vessels 9 "s "p ( ! eye4 #8,qu&o !ologus1 plaga dolorifica1 a rupta in/rum5ti musici *orda accepta1 nocte subsequ5ti jam adulta1 e somno evigilans1 cuncta cl>e1 ac si de die esset1 vidit1 adeo1 ut m9imos pictur>um et tapetum tractus obs]v>e1 *>act]esque ex libro leg]e posset4 ,oculo v]o ls clauso1 t5ebras d5sissimas adesse ille p]cepit1 eodemque it]um ap]to1 conclave illu/ratum visum e/1 lucem tam5 c&el allatae solisque spl5dorem de die1 gre tulit oculus affectus1 quod p] aliquot dies duravit1 t&emque s5sim remisit4' ,hall] speaks ( su* cases z by no means uncommon1 & quotes ! names ( sev]al au?ors1 :o h relat$ simil> ones4 ,! direction ( ?is influ5ce1 :5 suff]$ to pursue its natural c\rse1 appe>s to be ! same ) t ( mo/ o!r /imuli1 i4 e4 f ! place at :i* x fir/ affects a n]ve1 onw>ds to ! "p1 9 :i* t n]ve t]m9ates4 ,i h repeat$ly caus$ electrical sp>ks to be pass$ into my own uln> n]ve at its passage ov] ! inn] condyle ( ! hum]us1 b bo? ! s5sations & ! contractions produc$ by !m h be5 entirely conf9$ to ! h& & =e arm4 ,x appe>s too1 bo? f ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr ,monro1 & ( ,dr ,william ,alex&] ( ,halifax 9 ,york%ire1 t :5 no communication is left betwe5 ! trunk & po/]ior extremities ( a frog1 except by its sciatic n]ves1 a /rong solution ( opium1 inject$ "u ! sk9 ( its po/]ior extremities1 deprives !m bo? ( _! s5sibility & ( _! contractile p[]2 b t x does n 9 ! lea/ affect ! trunk ( ! body4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x be appli$ to ! trunk1 x exhau/s bo? ! trunk & ! extremities4 ,m4 ,galvani is said to h obs]v$ ! effects ( ! influ5ce1 :i* he discov]$1 diffus$ ov] ! :ole body ( a frog1 :5 ! metals 7 appli$ to a n]ve m]ely laid b>e1 )\t be+ ei!r divid$ or sep>at$ f surr\nd+ p>ts4 ,if we are all[$ to inf] ?is diffusion ( ! influ5ce f ! re/lessness express$ by ! animal1 ,m4 ,galvani's obs]vation may be j4 ,if f ! contractions produc$1 ,i suspect x is by no means s2 s9ce1 9 e exp]im5t :i* ,i h made ^u ! subject1 ! contractions h be5 conf9$ to ^? p>ts to :i* ! n]ve t\*$ by ! metals 0 di/ribut$4 ,t ?is influ5ce1 h[ev]1 may pass 9 a direction contr>y to ! c\rse ( n]ves1 is evid5t f "s ( ! exp]im5ts :i* ,i h relat$ relative to its effects ^u ! s5ses1 b is /ill m cle>ly demon/rat$ by ! foll[+4 ,if1 aft] hav+ divid$ at ! pelvis a frog rec5tly kill$1 ! sciatic n]ves be fre$ f cellul> membrane up to _! orig9 f ! sp9e1 & all ! p>ts bel[ ?is1 except !mselves1 be cut away1 ! muscles on ea* side ( ! sp9e1 = "s little way up1 may be br\ght into contraction by t\*+ ! n]ves alone ) ! two metals 9 contact4 ,?is exp]im5t has n always succe$$ ) me1 & nev] unless ! frog _h be5 rec5tly kill$4 ,s long z ! h9d legs rema9 undivid$ f ! n]ves1 x nev] succe$$2 ! only contractions produc$ be+ 9 ! legs4 ,,( ,,! ,,blood ,,vessels4 ,we are told by ,dr ,valli1 t no contractions are excit$ by arm+ ! blood vessels2 b z he has n told u :e!r 8 exp]im5ts 7 made ^u !m :ile ! blood /ill cont9u$ to fl[ ?r\gh !m1 or aft] !y _h be5 depriv$ ( _! blood1 ,i det]m9$ to make ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,hav+ laid b>e1 & sep>at$ f surr\nd+ p>ts & f ea* o!r1 ! crural art]y1 & n]ve1 9 ! ?igh ( a full gr[n frog1 ,i cut out ! :ole ( ! n]ve betwe5 ! pelvis & ! knee4 ,i !n ins9uat$ b5ea? ! art]y a ?9 plate ( seal+ wax1 spread ^u pap]1 & broad en\gh to keep a l>ge portion ( ! art]y completely ap>t f ! re/ ( ! ?igh4 ,! blood /ill cont9u$ to fl[1 ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( ! art]y1 9 an undim9i%$ /ream4 ,! art]y1 ?us p>tially insulat$1 0 t\*$ ) silv] & z9c1 :i* 7 !n br\ght into contact ) ea* o!r2 b no contraction :atev] 0 produc$1 9 any muscle ( ! limb4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 frequ5tly repeat$ ^u sev]al diff]5t frogs1 bo? 9 :om ! n]ve 01 & 9 :om x 0 n1 divid$4 ,! result 0 uni=mly ! same4 ,b vivid contractions 7 produc$ 9 ! :ole limb1 :5 an electrical sp>k1 or ev5 a full /ream ( ! aura1 0 pass$ into ! art]y4 ,x1 h[ev]1 by no means foll[s f ?is exp]im5t1 t ! sanguif]\s sy/em ( animals be>s no relation :atev] to ! influ5ce discov]$ by ,galvani4 ,i h already %ewn1 t ! he>t may be affect$ by x1 & h giv5 reason to believe1 t ! smalle/ art]ies ( ! body are n exempt$ f its action4 ,%\ld x ev] be prov$ to be an exclusive prop]ty ( animals1 x is n impossible b t ev5 its orig9 may be trac$ to _! sanguif]\s sy/em4 ----- ,footnote #aa3 ,i h n be5 at ! pa9s to in=m myself1 :o fir/ 0 ! au?or ( ?is doctr9e2 b its adoption by ,caldani1 by ,hall]1 & by ,fontana1 & by all ^u ! fai? ( exp]im5t1 0 c]ta9ly suffici5t to give x curr5cy1 9 opposition to t ( ,willis1 ,l[]1 ,kaau1 ,bo]haave1 ,laghi1 & ev5 ( ! +5i\s ,:ytt4 ,footnote #ab3 ,mem4 ,m$4 ,soc4 ,lond4 vol4 iii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,section ,,iv4 ,an attempt to inve/igate ! ,s\rce f :i* ! respective ,p[]s ( ,n]ves1 & ( ,muscles1 are d]iv$4 ,z yet1 ! "q :5ce ! n]ves & muscles ( animals d]ive _! respective prop]ties1 rema9s 9 a /ate ( d\bt4 ,by _m1 ! bra9 has be5 consid]$ z ! s\rce n only ( ! sev]al en]gies ex]t$ by n]ves1 :e!r appropriat$ to s5sation1 to ! excitem5t ( muscles subs]vi5t to ! w1 or di/ribut$ to organs exempt$ f its influ5ce2 b likewise ( t unasc]ta9$ p[]1 by :i* muscles contract on ! application ( a /imulus4 ,by o!rs aga91 ^! sev]al prop]ties are suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! art]ies1 :i* may ei!r supply ! mat]ials & con/ruction ( t exquisite & peculi> organization1 :i* fits n]ves & muscles = p]=m+ _! respective functions1 or may furni%1 f ! blood1 "s subtile pr9ciple1 su* z t believ$ by ,m4 ,fontana1 to exi/ !re1 or su* z t we are n[ exam9+1 :i* diff]5tly modifi$ 9 diff]5t p>ts1 may be ! lat5t cause ( all ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by animals4 ,! advocates = ! fir/ op9ion obs]ve1 t :5ev] ! bra9 is consid]ably injur$1 or its free communication1 by means ( n]ves1 ) mov+ p>ts is int]rupt$1 a deprivation bo? ( s5se & motion is ! uni=m consequ5ce3 &1 fur!r1 t ! sev]al organs1 bo? ( s5se & ( motion1 appe> to suff] detrim5t f ! ov] /ra9$ ex]tions ( ! bra9 9 ?9k+1 equal to t :i* !y exp]i5ce f _! own ex]tions4 ,! second op9ion is c\nt5anc$ by facts & obs]vations n less important4 ,f exp]im5ts ( ,hall]2 "s :i* are record$ 9 "o ( ! e>ly volumes ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 & o!rs1 x appe>s t a p>alysis ( ! po/]ior extremities ( animals 0 induc$ by ty+ _! aorta4 ,bo? ,dr ,monro & ,dr ,alex&] ( ,halifax h rem>k$1 t :5 all ! blood vessels1 supply+ ! po/]ior extremities ( frogs1 _h be5 divid$1 & a solution ( opium inject$ "u ! sk9 ( ^! extremities1 !y became1 9 less ?an half an h\r1 bo? motionless & ins5sible2 :]eas1 ! =e "p ( ! body 0 n obs]vably affect$ six h\rs aft]w>ds2 &1 9 ,dr ,monro's exp]im5ts1 ! frogs liv$ till ! day foll[+4 ,h5ce ,dr ,monro concludes1 #8t concomitant art]ies1 someh[ or o!r1 tune ! n]ves1 s z to fit !m to convey impression#ac4' ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e x is int5d$ t n]ves %all convey impressions ) great accuracy1 z 9 all ! s5ses1 & v rem>kably 9 ! "p :i* "s h amus$ !mselves by consid]+ z a six? organ ( s5se1 ! di/ribution ( blood vessels is m pr(use ?an 9 almo/ any o!r equal "p4 ,x is likewise univ]sally true1 t increase ( vascul> action 9 a "p is always att5d$ ) a proportional increase ( s5sibility !re4 ,f ! valuable exp]im5ts made by ,mr ,cruik%anks1 & :i* h s9ce receiv$ ! fulle/ confirmation f ^? repeat$ by ,m4 ,fontana & o!rs1 x appe>s1 t :atev] may be ! relation betwe5 bra9 & n]ves1 ! latt] may c]ta9ly be reg5]at$ aft] excision1 & h _! functions fully re/or$4 ,n[1 9 :at mann] ?is c be accompli%$1 unless by ! ag5cy ( art]ies1 w\ld1 ,i imag9e1 be no easy task to po9t out4 ,! influ5ce discov]$ by ,galvani appe>$ to me an admirable te/1 by :i* some?+ decisive might be asc]ta9$ relative to ^! important po9ts 9 ! physiology ( animals1 & z su* ,i h employ$ x 9 ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,consid]+1 !re=e1 ! bra9 on ! "o h&1 & ! sanguif]\s sy/em on ! o!r1 z ! possible s\rces f :i* n]ves & muscles might d]ive _! p[]1 ,i began by comp>+ ! effects :i* result f int]rupt+ _! communication1 fir/ ) ! bra91 & !n ) ! art]ies4 ,?is mode ( proc$ure seem$ to af=d ! be/ prospect ( in=mation ) respect to e object :i* ,i _h 9 view1 b p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to ! relations :i* ?is influ5ce may be> to ! sev]al p>ts exam9$4 ,be=e relat+ ! exp]im5ts1 ,i mu/ obs]ve t ! comp>ison 0 in/itut$ betwe5 ! effects ( only p>tially int]rupt$ communication2 s9ce x mu/ be obvi\s t a complete int]ruption1 ei!r ( n]v\s or ( art]i\s communication betwe5 any "p ( an animal1 & ! re/ ( its body1 c\ld n h be5 effect$ )\t s f> injur+ ! animal1 z to r5d] ! result fallaci\s4 ,exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! ,sciatic ,n]ves ( ,frogs 7 divid$4 ,,exp]im5t ,i4 ,i divid$ ! sciatic n]ve1 on "o side only1 9 f\r l>ge frogs4 ,! division 0 made at ! v top ( _! ?ighs1 & be=e ! n]ve _h giv5 (f ! fir/ l>ge bran* to ! muscles ( ! ?igh4 ,?is n]ve lies imm$iately und]nea? ! l>ge crural art]y1 to :i* x is closely atta*$ by a %ea? ( f9e b v /rong cellul> membrane4 ,a small n]ve1 :i* supplies "s ( ! muscles on ! "u side ( ! ?igh1 0 suff]$ to rema9 undivid$4 ,! legs1 ^: n]ves _h be5 divid$1 became completely p>alytic bel[ ! knee1 & v ne>ly s above x4 ,^! legs too1 imm$iately aft] ! division ( _! n]ves1 contract$ vigor\sly :5 laid ^u z9c1 & excit$ by pass+ a rod ( silv] 9 contact ) ! "u "p ( ! knee till x t\*$ ! z9c2 b ! o!r legs :i* 7 suff]$ to rema9 9 _! natural /ate1 9 ord] t ! contractility ( "o leg might all along be comp>$ ) t ( ! o!r1 did n contract :5 ! metals 7 simil>ly appli$ to !m4 ,^! frogs 7 all kill$ by cutt+ (f _! heads2 ! fir/1 at ! end ( two days aft] divid+ ! n]ve2 ! second1 at ! end ( five days2 ! ?ird1 at ! end ( sev52 & ! f\r?1 at ! end ( n9e4 ,_! legs 7 c>efully exam9$1 9 ! mann] ,i h describ$1 f\r or five times e day aft] _! heads _h be5 tak5 (f1 s long z any contractions c\ld be excit$2 b ,i c\ld n p]ceive1 9 any "o ( ^! in/ances1 t ! contractile p[] cont9u$ ei!r long] or m vigor\s 9 ! legs1 9 :i* ! n]ves 7 n divid$ ?an x did 9 ^? 9 :i* !y 74 ,bo? 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 & 9 all my o!rs1 :]e a comp>ison 0 in/itut$ betwe5 ! two legs ( ! same frog1 ,i divid$ equal portions ( sk9 on bo? ?ighs1 t !re might be no unequal exposure ( ! muscles to ! wat]1 :i* w\ld h occasion$ a fallacy 9 ! result4 ,,exp]im5t ,,ii4 ,on ! #ca/ ( ,m>* la/1 ,i divid$1 9 two1 a frog1 9 "o ( ^: legs ,i _h f\r mon?s be=e excit$ inflammation1 by lay+ b>e ! crural art]y & n]ve4 ,! inflammation _h be5 s viol5t & g5]al1 t ! frog lo/ its cuticle 9 consequ5ce ( x1 &1 :5 comp>$ ) a heal?y frog1 its resp]ation 0 obs]v$ to be rem>kably frequ5t4 ,?ree weeks aft] ?is1 :5 ! w\nd 9 its ?igh _h p]fectly sk9n$ ov]1 ,i laid x op5 aga91 & divid$ ! sciatic n]ve4 ,no g5]al inflammation ?is "t took place1 nor did ! w\nd aga9 sk9 ov]2 b = ab\t a mon? be=e x 0 kill$1 a l>ge ulc] _h =m$ imm$iately ov] ! division ( ! n]ve1 b _h n proce$$ d[n to x4 ,! limb1 at ! "t ,i kill$ ! frog1 0 z de/itute bo? ( motion & ( s5sation1 z at ! fir/ in/ant ! n]ve 0 divid$1 b contractions 7 excit$ 9 x1 by t\*+ ! ulc] ) z9c & silv]4 ,:5 ! frog 0 dead1 h[ev]1 ! contractions 7 f\nd mu* m feeble 9 ?is ?an 9 ! o!r leg4 ,! metals 7 n[ appli$ to ! sciatic n]ves )9 ! abdom54 ,vigor\s contractions 7 excit$ 9 ! s\nd leg1 b none 9 t ^: n]ve _h be5 divid$4 ,h5ce x 0 pla91 t no actual reg5]ation _h tak5 place4 ,on exam9+ ! n]ve accurately at ! "p divid$1 ,i f\nd ! divid$ ends1 :i* _h rec$$ consid]ably f ea* o!r1 connect$ by a transp>5t gelat9\s sub/ance4 ,f ! upp] end1 :i* appe>$ elongat$ into a conical =m1 sev]al r$ /reaks project$ into ! int]pos$ sub/ance4 ,! l[] end 0 opaque1 ?ick5$1 & r\nd$4 ,no appe>ance ( spiral b&s c\ld be detect$1 ei!r 9 ! int]pos$ sub/ance1 or 9 ! "p ( ! n]ve bel[ ! division1 :5 ^! p>ts 7 exam9$ ) ! assi/ance ( a microscope4 ,?is sub/ance _h atta9$ suffici5t consi/5ce to support ! "u "p ( ! n]ve1 :5 ! upp] 0 rais$ ) a pair ( =ceps4 ,! leg1 9 :i* ! n]ve _h be5 divid$1 cont9u$ to contract z long z ! o!r1 ?\gh mu* less vigor\sly1 & ! "p1 f :i* ,i c\ld longe/ excite contractions1 0 ! ulc]4 ,,exp]im5t ,,iii4 ,on ! #ad? ( ,april la/1 ,i kill$ two o!r frogs1 by divid+ _! h9d extremities f _! bodies4 ,9 "o1 ! "r sciatic n]ve _h be5 divid$ m ?an six weeks previ\s to its dea?4 ,9 ! o!r1 "o ( ! sciatic n]ves _h be5 divid$ betwe5 ?ree weeks & a mon?4 ,! legs ( ^! frogs1 exam9$ by ! metals bo? be=e & aft] _! sep>ation f ! body1 7 f\nd 9 a /ate v diff]5t f ^? be=e spok5 (4 ,! contractions 7 sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,! incisions made ?r\gh ! sk91 9 ord] to get at _! n]ves1 _h clos$ completely 9 less ?an a week aft] !y _h be5 made4 ,! appe>ance ( ! muscles 9 ! legs1 ^: n]ves _h be5 divid$1 0 f\nd to be precisely ! same z 9 ^? :]e no?+ _h be5 done2 b1 not)/&+ ?is circum/ance1 ev5 /rong electrical sp>ks excit$ b v feeble contractions4 ,on exam9+ ! n]ves1 ! ends ( t :i* _h be5 longe/ divid$ 7 f\nd connect$ by a sub/ance n at all resembl+ n]ve1 b simil> to t f\nd 9 ! =m] exp]im5t1 & evid5tly proce$+ f ! upp] division4 ,9 ! n]ve :i* _h n be5 s long divid$1 ?is circum/ance 0 /ill m app>5t1 z ! sub/ance _h n ext5d$ q to ! l[] division4 ,! cellul> membrane surr\nd+ ^! upp] divisions _h ! appe>ance ( innum]able vessels f9ely inject$1 & "s r$ /reaks 7 se5 project+1 z if f ! n]ve itself1 into ! gelat9\s production4 ,9 ! s\nd n]ves1 ! obliquely transv]se l9es ( alt]nate opacity & transp>5cy1 or1 z ,fontana has call$ !m1 ! :ite spiral b&s ( n]ves1 7 se5 di/9ctly at ! fir/ glance ( ! eye1 & )\t ! assi/ance ( a glass2 b no appe>ance ( ^! c\ld be f\nd 9 ! p>ts ( ! divid$ n]ves bel[ ! division2 ^! 7 uni=mly opaque4 ,_! bulk1 h[ev]1 0 n 9 ! lea/ dim9i%$4 ,! organization ( n]ves long divid$1 !re=e1 und]goes a v evid5t alt]ation1 al?\gh x is by no means s cle> t ! same *ange happ5s 9 ! muscles1 to :i* ^! n]ves are di/ribut$4 ,yet _! susceptibility to ! action ( electricity1 z well z to t ( ?is new influ5ce1 0 ne>ly lo/4 ,"s may consid] ?is z an additional argum5t1 t /imuli act ^u muscles only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( n]ves4 ,i h be=e obs]v$ t muscles ( frogs1 f :om ! sk9 has be5 /ripp$1 become 9 a %ort "t h>d :5 expos$ to ! action ( wat]4 ,wi%+1 !re=e1 to see if !re w\ld be any diff]5ce betwe5 ^! legs1 ^: n]ves _h be5 divid$1 & o!rs1 9 ?is respect1 ,i laid !m 9 wat]1 & exam9$ !m e t5 m9utes1 b bo? became h>d ne>ly at ! same "t4 ,mr ,all51 a g5tleman well v]s$ 9 physiological pursuits1 0 ) me :5 ,i exam9$ ! alt]ation :i* _h tak5 place 9 "o ( ^! n]ves1 9 consequ5ce ( its hav+ rema9$ long divid$1 & ,i _h aft]w>ds an opportunity ( %ew+ x to ,dr ,ru!r=d4 ,9 all ! frogs1 ^: n]ves ,i h divid$1 ,i h obs]v$ t ! divid$ extremities1 ?\gh plac$ 9 mo/ exact contact f ea* o!r1 _h aft] a "t rec$$ at lea/ #a_/ab ( an in* f ea* o!r4 ,exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! ,crural ,art]ies ( ,frogs 7 ti$ z ne> to ! ,trunks ( _! ,bodies1 z :]e ! ,n]ves _h be5 divid$ 9 ! =m] ,exp]im5ts4 ,,exp]im5t ,i4 ,bo? crural art]ies ( a full gr[n frog hav+ be5 laid b>e1 "o ( !m 0 ti$4 ,! leg1 9 :i* ?is 0 done1 became in/antly weak] ?an ! o!r1 & r dragg$ :5 ! animal 0 put into wat]4 ,! frog1 h[ev]1 c\ld /ill jump ab\t ) great agility4 ,f\r h\rs aft] ?is op]ation1 x 0 kill$ by cru%+ its bra94 ,x cont9u$ to move its legs spontane\sly1 :5 t\*$1 dur+ m ?an two days aft] ?is1 & contractions 7 excitable by ! application ( ! metals = two days long]4 ,sometimes x appe>$ r d\btful1 :i* leg contract$ mo/ vigor\sly1 b1 9 g5]al1 ! leg 9 :i* ! art]y rema9$ free did s1 & contractions c\ld be excit$ 9 x1 m ?an an h\r aft] e means to excite !m 9 ! o!r leg _h fail$4 ,,exp]im5t ,,ii4 ,ligatures 7 pass$ r\nd ! crural art]ies ( two o!r frogs1 & "o ( !m 0 suff]$ to live ?irty six h\rs aft]w>ds1 be=e its head 0 cru%$3 ! o!r f\r days4 ,9 ^!1 ! disproportion betwe5 ! vig\r & cont9uance ( ! contractions 9 ! comp>$ legs1 0 s mu* great] ?an 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 z to leave no d\bt ( ! effects produc$ by ty+ an art]y4 ,! leg1 ^: art]y _h rema9$ ti$ f\r days1 nev] contract$ ne> s /rongly z its fell[1 & contractions _h ceas$ to be excitable 9 x1 upw>ds ( tw5ty h\rs be=e !y _h ceas$ 9 ! leg1 ^: art]y _h n be5 ti$4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts1 x appe>s decid$ly1 t a mu* great] detrim5t to t condition ( a limb1 ^u :i* contraction dep5ds1 is induc$ by int]rupt+ its circulation1 ?an by int]cept+ its communication ) ! bra94 ,b /ill1 z ! effects aris+ f ! int]ception ( ! influ5ce ( ! bra91 & ( ! circulation1 7 n comp>$ ) ea* o!r 9 ! same b 9 diff]5t animals1 ^: age1 relative /r5g?1 c4 might possibly diff]1 ,i ?\ght prop] to repeat ! comp>ison1 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! ,sciatic ,n]ve 0 divid$ on "o side1 & ! ,crural ,art]y ti$ on ! o!r4 ,,exp]im5t ,i4 ,i divid$ ! sciatic n]ve ( "o leg1 & ti$ ! crural art]y ( ! o!r1 9 a l>ge frog4 ,sc>cely any blood 0 lo/ 9 do+ ei!r4 ,two days aft] ?is1 ,i /rangl$ x4 ,dur+ ! fir/ #bd h\rs1 ! leg1 9 :i* ! n]ve _h be5 divid$1 appe>$ to contract ) mo/ vig\r2 aft] ?is p]iod1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m became m d\btful2 b ! contractions 7 at no "t /rong] 9 ! leg1 ^: art]y 0 ti$1 ?an 9 t ^: n]ve 0 divid$4 ,,exp]im5t ,,ii4 ,! same op]ations 7 p]=m$ ^u a l>ge female frog full ( spawn4 ,f\r h\rs aft]w>ds1 %e 0 obs]v$ cov]$ by a male1 :o _h be5 treat$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,i m5tion ?is circum/ance1 z x t5ds to prove t ! pa9 occasion$ by ! op]ation 0 probably n s great z to produce mu* fallacy4 ,on ! day foll[+1 %e _h spawn$1 & on ! six? day f ! op]ations1 %e 0 /rangl$4 ,:5 laid ^u a plate ( z9c1 & excit$ by means ( a rod ( silv]1 ! contractions 7 f\nd extremely feeble 9 ! leg ^: art]y _h be5 ti$1 & ceas$ altoge!r 9 ab\t tw5ty-two h\rs aft] h] dea?4 ,9 ! leg1 ^: n]ve _h be5 divid$1 !y appe>$ z vigor\s z !y usually are 9 legs to :i* no injury has be5 previ\sly done1 & cont9u$ excitable upw>ds ( two days aft] !y _h ceas$ to be s 9 ! o!r4 ,,exp]im5t ,,iii4 ,hav+ ti$ ! crural art]y on "o side1 & divid$ ! sciatic n]ve on ! o!r1 on ?ree full gr[n male frogs1 ,i /rangl$ !m all on ! six? day foll[+4 ,my motive = kill+ ! frogs1 subject$ to su* exp]im5ts1 ei!r 9 ?is mann] or by cru%+ _! heads1 w be obvi\s4 ,x 0 ( consequ5ce to pres]ve _! circulation z entire z possible1 &1 at ! same "t1 avoid ! cont9uance ( pa91 :i* by exhau/+ all ! p>ts ( ! body1 ^: communication ) ! bra9 0 n int]rupt$1 might consid]ably h affect$ ! result ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,! contractions excit$ by means ( ! metals1 71 9 all ^! in/ances1 likewise z mu* m /rong & durable 9 ! legs1 ^: n]ves _h be5 divid$1 ?an :at !y 7 9 ! legs1 ^: art]ies _h be5 ti$1 z :at ,i _h f\nd !m to be 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t4 ,hav+ ?us f\nd1 t a dim9ution ( ! circulation ( a "p1 0 accompani$ ) a proportionable dim9ution ( ! respective p[]s ( n]ves & muscles 9 t "p1 ,i next proce$$ to exam9e if an increas$ circulation w\ld be att5d$ ) a proportionable increase ( ^! p[]s4 ,t ?is is actually ! case1 ) respect to ! n]ves1 ! few facts :i* ,i h relat$ ( ! eye1 9 a /ate ( inflammation1 h a t5d5cy to prove2 & we all "k h[ mu* ! s5sibility ( e "p ( ! body is increas$1 by an increase ( vascul> action4 ,t a simil> relation subsi/s betwe5 an increas$ action ( ! art]ies1 & ! contractile p[] ( muscles1 is1 ,i ?9k1 prov$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,exp]im5ts made ) a view ( asc]ta9+ "s ( ! ,effects ( ,inflammation4 ,,exp]im5t ,i4 ,i h be=e said t if a liv+ & entire frog be set ^u a plate ( z9c1 contractions c v seldom be produc$ 9 any "p ( its body by pass+ a rod ( silv] ov] x1 s t ! silv]1 ! frog1 & ! z9c1 may be all 9 contact ) ea* o!r4 ,b1 ,i h f\nd 9 upw>ds ( tw5ty exp]im5ts1 t :5 inflammation _h be5 excit$ 9 "o ( ! h9d legs ( a frog1 by irritat+ x ) a bru%1 contractions uni=mly took place 9 t leg :5 ! metals 7 appli$ to x1 al?\gh none _h be5 produc$ 9 x be=e x 0 inflam$1 nor c\ld /ill be produc$ 9 ! o!r leg :i* rema9$ 9 its natural /ate4 ,,exp]im5t ,,ii4 ,hav+ previ\sly excit$ inflammation1 by means ( a bru%1 9 ! foot & leg ( a heal?y & l>ge frog1 ,i cut (f its head4 ,! contractions excit$ by ! metals 9 ! inflam$ leg 7 9 vigor\s & in/antane\s jirks2 ^? 9 ! s\nd leg m languid & difficultly excit$4 ,spontane\s motions cont9u$ at ?is "t ne>ly ! same 9 bo?4 ,till ! end ( ! second day1 aft] ?is frog's head _h be5 tak5 (f1 ! contractions excit$ 9 ! inflam$ leg cont9u$ uni=mly1 & beyond all comp>ison m vigor\s ?an :at ,i c\ld by any means excite 9 ! s\nd leg4 ,b1 aft] ?is "t1 ! inflam$ leg became h>d z a piece ( wood2 probably 9 consequ5ce ( ! effusion to :i* ! inflammation _h giv5 rise4 ,! ev5t ( five simil> exp]im5ts 0 s ne>ly ! same1 t ,i %\ld be ?\ght unnecess>ily m9ute1 7 ,i to relate !m 9 detail4 ,we are n[ p]haps prep>$ to acc\nt = ! defici5cy ( contractile p[] 9 ^? legs1 ^: sciatic n]ves _h be5 divid$1 ! "o1 betwe5 ?ree weeks & a mon?1 ! o!r1 six weeks1 comp>$ ) its cont9uance 9 ! leg1 ^: n]ve _h be5 divid$ upw>ds ( ?ree mon?s4 ,x appe>s1 f ! circum/ances ( ^? exp]im5ts1 t "s ( ! art]ies1 appropriat$ to ! supply ( ! sciatic n]ves ( frogs1 h ! same c\rse ) ! n]ves !mselves2 s9ce ! deposition ( new matt] c\ld 9 all be trac$ f ! upp] division ( ! n]ves4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t ! "p ( ! n]ves bel[ ! division1 mu/ h be5 depriv$ ( s consid]able a portion ( _! usual art]ial supply1 z 9 "t w\ld occasion "s alt]ation 9 _! /ructure1 & consequ5tly 9 _! p[]s4 ,we accord+ly f9d t su* alt]ation ( /ructure1 & su* defici5cy ( p[]1 _h actually tak5 place4 ,x is fur!r probable1 t1 9 proportion z ! supply f ! art]ies 0 re/or$1 ! p[]s ( t n]ve1 :i* _h be5 ?ree mon?s divid$1 _h be5 likewise re/or$4 ,?is supposition is c\nt5anc$ by e in/ance 9 :i* n]ves are reproduc$2 z we f9d ! functions ( ! p>ts 9 :i* !y _h be5 divid$1 are n imm$iately1 b gradually re/or$4 ,m4 ,fontana seems too ha/ily to h adopt$ ! op9ion1 t ! sciatic n]ves1 :5 divid$1 are probably nev] reunit$ by truly n]v\s /ructure1 because no reunion took place dur+ ! v %ort p]iod :i* he suff]$ to elapse betwe5 _! division1 & _! subsequ5t exam9ation4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts1 :i* ,i h relat$1 ! progress t[>ds reunion seems to h borne a v exact proportion to ! "t ! n]ves _h rema9$ divid$2 &1 9 an exp]im5t relat$ by ,dr ,monro1 :]e ! sciatic n]ve ( a frog _h be5 divid$ a ye> previ\s to ! dea? ( ! animal1 ! reproduction 0 advanc$ s f> z to h ! appe>ance ( be+ p]fect4 ,nor c ,i d\bt1 t bo? ! s5sibility & ! motion ( ! limb w\ld h be5 re/or$1 _h ! animal be5 p]mitt$ to live a suffici5t l5g? ( "t4 ,! foll[+ fact r5d]s ! supposition at lea/ extremely probable4 ,9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,ed9burgh ,m$ical ,essays1 ! case ( a ,capta9 ( a man ( w> is relat$1 :o entirely lo/ ! use ( 8 "r arm1 9 consequ5ce ( a gun-%ot w\nd receiv$ 9 8 neck4 ,! circum/ances ( ! case are su* z leave no reason to d\bt1 t ! loss ( ! p[] ( motion1 9 ?is g5tleman's arm1 0 ow+ to ! division ( ! c]vical n]ves proce$+ to ! arm3 yet bo? ! full use1 & /r5g? ( ?is arm1 7 re/or$1 aft] a p]iod ( ab\t two ye>s & a half4 ,a pro( p]fectly satisfactory t an actual reg5]ation ( n]ves _h1 9 ?is case1 tak5 place2 & if 9 ?is1 "o sees no reason :y x %\ld n equally take place 9 any o!r "p ( ! body4 ,x might be difficult to assign a satisfactory reason = ! v spe$y reproduction ( ! int]co/al1 p>vagum1 & recurr5t n]ves1 :5 comp>$ ) ! great l5g? ( "t requir$ = ! reproduction ( o!rs4 ,may x n be ow+ to ! v pr(use mann] 9 :i* !y are suppli$ ) art]ies1 probably bo? 9 an asc5d+1 & 9 a desc5d+ direction2 f above1 by ! sup]ior1 & f bel[1 by ! inf]ior l>yngeal art]ies8 ,x appe>s ^u ! :ole1 !re=e1 tol]ably c]ta91 t ! sanguif]\s sy/em contributes m imm$iately ?an ! bra9 to ! support ( t condition ( muscles & ( n]ves1 ^u :i* ! ph5om5a ( contraction dep5d2 s9ce t condition is mu* m injur$ by int]cept+ ! influ5ce ( ! =m] ?an ( ! latt]4 ,e exp]im5t & obs]vation1 :i* has be5 made ^u ! subject ( nutrition1 & ( ! reproduction ( p>ts1 cle>ly demon/rates t n]ves & muscles1 9 common ) e o!r "p ( ! body1 d]ive _! /ructure f ! art]ies2 & x is evid5t1 t ^u ?is /ructure _! sev]al prop]ties mu/ 9 "s measure dep5d4 ,b ,m4 ,galvani's discov]y ( a subtile influ5ce1 :i* may be transmitt$ app>5tly f "o "p ( an animal to ano!r ?r\gh =eign m$ia1 may reasonably give rise to a conjecture t ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by n]ves & by muscles may p]haps dep5d m imm$iately ^u "s su* influ5ce2 & reasons exi/1 :i* might induce "s to suspect t ev5 ?is is d]iv$ f ! blood4 ,exp]im5ts sugge/$ by "s op9ions ( ,m4 ,fontana4 ,f ! greate/ numb] ( exp]im5ts1 p]haps1 ev] made by "o physiologi/1 ,m4 ,fontana has be5 l$ to conclude1 t ! v5om ( ! vip]1 opium1 & sev]al o!r poisons1 :i* he exam9$1 produce no effects :atev]1 :5 appli$ imm$iately to n]ves & muscles alone1 b t !y de/roy life1 by ex]t+ _! influ5ce ^u "s subtile pr9ciple exi/+ 9 ! blood4 ,indep5d5t ( ! exp]im5ts1 publi%$ by ,m4 ,fontana1 on ?is subject1 8 op9ion respect+ ! exi/5ce ( su* a pr9ciple may be ?\ght to receive no inconsid]able c\nt5ance1 f ! op9ions ( ,h>vey & ( ,mr ,hunt]1 conc]n+ ! life ( ! blood1 & f ^? exp]im5ts1 by :i* ,mr ,hewson has demon/rat$1 t *anges are in/antane\sly produc$ ^u ! coagulability ( ! blood1 by passions ( ! m9d1 & :atev] else affects ! action ( ! he>t & art]ies4 ,an exp]im5t made by ,dr ,alex&] ( ,halifax1 & publi%$ at ?is place 9 ! ye> #agij1 9 8 excell5t ,!sis1 #8,de p>tibus corporis quae viribus opii p>5t1' may at fir/ appe> a suffici5t refutation ( ,m4 ,fontana's op9ion4 ,he f\nd t ?irty ?ree drops ( a /rong solution ( opium 9 wat]1 inject$ into ! jugul> ve9 ( a l>ge rabbit1 de/roy$ x1 z 9 ,m4 ,fontana's exp]im5ts1 9 f\r m9utes & a half2 :]eas1 ! same quantity inject$ into ! crural ve9 9 ea* leg ( ano!r rabbit1 ) an int]val ( tw5ty six m9utes betwe5 ! two injections1 al?\gh x r5d]$ ! animal sleepy & /upid = a few h\rs1 did x no mat]ial or p]man5t injury4 ,h5ce1 ,dr ,alex&] concludes1 t ! opium1 inject$ into ! jugul> ve91 did n de/roy ! animal by act+ ^u ! blood alone1 s9ce if x _h1 ! same effect1 %\ld h be5 produc$1 by introduc+ an equal quantity into any o!r ve9 ( ! body2 b a quantity d\ble ( t1 :i* _h occasion$ dea? :5 introduc$ into ! jugul> ve91 fail$ to occasion x :5 introduc$ into ! crurals4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 by "o exp]im5t1 =midable z x mu/ be all[$ to be1 t ! innum]able ho/s br\ght to ! conte/ by ,m4 ,fontana ought to be combat$4 ,besides1 x might be object$ ev5 to ?is "o1 t ! opium 0 introduc$ into ve9s1 f :i* x mu/ h be5 s mu* long] 9 pass+ to ! art]ial blood1 ?an f ! jugul> ve91 & consequ5tly s mu* m dilut$1 & p]haps too alt]$ 9 its nature be=e x got !re1 z might be suffici5t to acc\nt = ! diff]5ce ( result 9 ! two cases comp>$4 ,! opportunity af=d$ by ,m4 ,galvani's discov]y1 ( putt+ ! tru? ( ! op9ion held by ,m4 ,fontana m fully to ! te/1 & ! possibility :i* pres5t$ itself1 t if any su* pr9ciple1 z he supposes 9 ! blood1 %\ld really be f\nd to exi/ !re1 x might prove to be id5tically ! same ) t discov]$ by ,m4 ,galvani1 induc$ me to make ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,,exp]im5t ,i4 ,hav+ select$ two frogs z ne>ly z possible ( ! same size & vig\r1 ,i depriv$ "o ( its blood by op5+1 fir/1 "o ( its crural ve9s1 !n1 a crural art]y1 & la/ ( all1 ! he>t4 ,to assure myself ( ! complete evacuation ( its blood1 ,i next inject$ wat] into its he>t1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds =ty drops ( a /rong aque\s solution ( opium#ad4 ,i !n remov$ ! /]num ( ! o!r frog1 & hav+ made an op5+ into ! v5tricle ( its he>t1 inject$ into x likewise =ty drops ( ! solution4 ,less blood 0 effus$ 9 do+ ?is1 ?an "o w\ld at fir/ expect2 = ! v5tricle contracts s /rongly1 imm$iately aft] ! incision1 z to prev5t mu* blood f pass+ out1 unless ! incision be made1 z x 0 9 ! o!r frog1 purposely l>ge4 ,! mom5t1 at :i* ea* injection 0 made1 0 accurately not$1 & ! "t exp5d$ 9 evacuat+ ! blood f ! fir/ frog1 0 all[$ =4 ,! frog1 f :i* ! blood _h be5 )drawn1 ceas$ to contract1 :5 irritat$1 v ne>ly an h\r be=e ! o!r1 ev5 calculat+ n f ! "t ( injection1 b f ! mom5t ,i began to ble$ x2 nor c\ld ,i by means ( ! metals excite contractions 9 x1 = upw>ds ( a day be=e !y _h ceas$ to be excitable 9 ! o!r frog4 ,,exp]im5t ,,ii4 ,z evacuat+ ! blood f a liv+ animal is r a sev]e op]ation1 & might h occasion$ "s fallacy 9 ! la/ exp]im5t1 by subject+ ! frog1 9 :i* ?is 0 done1 to a great] degree ( pa91 & consequ5tly ( exhau/ion1 ?an :at ! o!r 0 subject$ to1 ,i cru%$ ! bra9s ( two o!r frogs be=e ,i proce$$1 z 9 ! =m] exp]im5t1 to )draw ! blood f "o ( !m4 ,in/ead ( =ty1 ,i inject$ no m ?an ?irte5 drops ( ! /rong solution ( opium1 into ea* ( ! he>ts ( ^! frogs4 ,! in/ant ! injection _h ent]$1 bo? he>ts became :ite1 & ceas$ f contract+4 ,=ty eight h\rs aft] ! injection ( ! opium1 ! contractions excit$ by ! metals 9 ! frog1 depriv$ ( its blood1 _h become v slight1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! limb ^: ve9 & art]y _h be5 op5$4 ,! o!r frog /ill cont9u$ to contract ) s mu* vig\r1 z to raise its body f ! plate ( z9c1 ^u :i* x 0 laid4 ,sev5ty two h\rs aft] ! injection1 no contractions c\ld be excit$ 9 ! frog1 f :i* ! blood _h be5 )drawn1 except "s v slight ones 9 ! leg1 ^: art]y & ve9 _h n be5 op5$4 ,! contractions 9 ! legs ( ! o!r frog1 cont9u$ /ill s vigor\s z to raise its body f ! plate1 & "s 7 produc$ ev5 by me*anical irritation4 ,n9ety six h\rs aft] ! opium _h be5 inject$1 7bo? ! frogs hav+ la9 out ( wat] all night17 t )\t blood 0 f\nd q putrid4 ,9 ! o!r1 ! contractions1 produc$ by excit+ ! legs1 7 suffici5tly /rong to move ! feet3 z ! body1 h[ev]1 _h become putrid & (f5sive1 x 0 ?r[n away4 ,,exp]im5t ,,iii4 ,! heads ( two o!r full gr[n & lively frogs1 hav+ be5 cru%$1 _! he>ts 7 laid b>e1 & ! blood 0 evacuat$ f "o ( !m1 z 9 ! =m] exp]im5ts4 ,a small portion ( ! skull ( ea* !n be+ remov$1 eight drops ( ! /rong solution ( opium 0 inject$ ^u _! bra9s4 ,at lea/ half ! quantity seem$ to return f ! w\nd4 ,bo? frogs became in/antane\sly motionless aft] ! injection1 b1 9 ab\t an h\r1 7 consid]ably recov]$4 ,spontane\s motions cont9u$ dur+ m ?an fifty h\rs1 9 ! legs ( t f :i* ! blood _h n be5 drawn1 & contractions 7 excitable by ! metals1 upw>ds ( #bd h\rs aft] !y _h ceas$ to be s1 9 t f :i* ! blood _h be5 drawn4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts may be deem$ /ill m satisfactory1 ?an ! prec$+1 f ! circum/ance ( ! comp>ison hav+ be5 in/itut$1 betwe5 ! effects ( opium1 ^u diff]5t1 b simil> p>ts ( ! same frog1 diff]5tly circum/anc$4 ,,exp]im5t ,,iv4 ,"o ( ! crural art]ies ( a frog hav+ be5 includ$ 9 a tight ligature1 z ne> z possible to ! body1 ,i suff]$ f\r days to elapse1 & !n inject$ ?r\gh a p]=ation 9 its skull1 eight drops ( ! /rong solution ^u its bra91 & 9 a direction t[>ds its sp9al m>r[4 ,?is frog cont9u$ mo/ viol5tly convuls$ = m ?an an h\r1 &1 9 two1 0 to all appe>ance dead4 ,:5 laid ^u z9c1 & excit$ ) silv]1 ! contractions 7 n at fir/ p]ceptibly /rong] 9 "o leg ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,aft] eight h\rs1 h[ev]1 !y 7 evid5tly mo/ /rong 9 ! leg ^: art]y rema9$ free4 ,aft] #ba h\rs1 ?is diff]5ce became /ill m decid$4 ,at ! end ( #cd h\rs1 sc>cely any contractions c\ld be excit$ 9 ! leg ^: art]y _h be5 ti$2 ?\gh !y cont9u$ vigor\s 9 ! o!r2 &1 at ! end ( #df h\rs1 !y _h ceas$ altoge!r to be excitable1 9 ! leg ^: art]y 0 ti$4 ,9 ! o!r1 !y cont9u$ dur+ sev]al h\rs aft]w>ds4 ,,exp]im5t ,v4 ,hav+ ti$ "o ( ! crural art]ies ( ano!r frog1 ,i fill$ its /oma*1 imm$iately aft]w>ds1 ) a saturat$ solution ( opium 9 wat]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! /r5g?1 & ! cont9uance ( ! contractions1 excit$ by ! metals1 9 ! two legs ( ?is frog1 0 n s great z 9 ! =m]2 yet /ill ! diff]5ce 0 consid]able 9 fav\r ( t leg 9 :i* ! art]y rema9$ free4 ,,exp]im5t ,,vi4 ,9 two o!r frogs1 9 ea* ( :i* a crural art]y _h be5 ti$1 & ! solution ( opium 7)\t reg>d be+ paid to quantity71 repeat$ly inject$ und]nea? _! skulls imm$iately aft]2 ! contractions appe>$ to be v little weak] 9 ! legs1 ^: art]ies 7 ti$1 ?an :at !y 7 9 ! legs 9 :i* !y 7 n ti$1 & !y cont9u$ excitable dur+ an equal l5g? ( "t 9 bo?4 ,,exp]im5t ,,vii4 ,hav+ ti$ ! crural art]y ( ano!r frog1 ,i imm$iately fill$ bo? its /oma* & abdom5 ) a /rong solution ( opium4 ,9 an h\r aft] ?is1 x 0 to appe>ance q dead4 ,at ! end ( eight h\rs1 ! contractions1 excit$ by ! metals1 _h become v feeble 9 ! leg ^: art]y 0 ti$1 9 comp>ison ( :at !y 7 9 ! o!r leg2 &1 at ! end ( twelve h\rs1 no contractions c\ld be excit$ 9 any "p ( ! frog1 except 9 ! leg ^: art]y rema9$ free4 ,9 ?is !y cont9u$ excitable ab\t an h\r long]4 ,z x 0 possible1 t ! m spe$y exhau/ion ( ! legs1 9 :i* ! art]ies 7 ti$1 might h be5 ow+ 9 "s measure to ! pa91 occasion$ by t op]ation1 ,i repeat$ ! exp]im5t ) ! foll[+ v>iation4 ,,exp]im5t ,,viii4 ,i fir/ divid$ ! sciatic n]ves1 9 bo? legs ( two frogs1 & !n ti$ ! crural art]y 9 "o leg ( ea*4 ,eight drops ( ! solution ( opium 7 imm$iately aft]w>ds inject$ ^u _! bra9s4 ,b ! ev5t ( ?is exp]im5t 0 precisely ! same ) ! majority ( ^? be=e relat$4 ,! contractions excit$ by ! metals1 9 ! legs ^: art]ies 7 ti$1 7 uni=mly m feeble1 & ( %ort] duration1 ?an ^? excit$ 9 ! o!r legs3 yet x is evid5t1 t1 9 all ^! exp]im5ts1 ! v rev]se ( ?is ought to h tak5 place1 _h x be5 true1 z ,m4 ,fontana has ass]t$1 t opium has no effect ^u any "p ( ! body1 except ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! blood4 ,! exp]im5ts h[ev]1 :i* ,i am n[ to relate1 may p]haps appe> /ill m satisfactory4 ,,exp]im5t ,,ix4 ,hav+ laid equally b>e bo? ! sciatic n]ves ( a frog1 at ! upp] "p ( its ?ighs1 ,i pass$ a ligature r\nd "o ( !m1 & drew x z tight z x 0 well possible1 )\t divid+ ! n]ve4 ,i !n remov$ a portion ( its skull1 & ) a small bru%1 kept x con/antly wet ) laudanum dur+ sev]al h\rs4 ,! frog soon became convuls$2 &1 dur+ t5 or twelve h\rs1 cont9u$ 9 t /ate ( exquisite s5sibility1 :i* opium nev] fails to produce 9 ^! animals4 ,x may "h be wor? rem>k+1 t1 :ile !y are 9 ?is /ate1 ! slighte/ t\* ( a fea!r1 or ev5 brea?+ ^u !m1 excites in/antane\s convulsions4 ,! leg ^: n]ve 0 ti$1 rema9$ p>alytic dur+ ?is "t1 b :5 x 0 laid ^u z9c & excit$ ) silv]1 x contract$ z /rongly z ! o!r4 ,aft] =ty ?ree h\rs1 ! contractions 7 v feeble 9 ! leg ^: n]ve 0 n ti$1 b /ill vigor\s 9 ! o!r4 ,aft] fifty ?ree h\rs1 no contractions c\ld be excit$ 9 any "p ( ! frog1 except 9 ! leg ^: n]ve 0 ti$4 ,9 ?is !y 7 suffici5tly /rong to move ! foot1 & cont9u$ s = m ?an an h\r long]4 ,,exp]im5t ,x4 ,"o ( ! crural n]ves ( ano!r frog hav+ be5 ti$ 9 a simil> mann]1 eight drops ( ! /rong solution ( opium 7 inject$ ^u its bra94 ,! animal in/antly became motionless1 b1 9 less ?an an h\r aft]w>ds1 0 consid]ably recov]$4 ,! contractions1 excit$ by ! metals1 9 ! leg ^: n]ve 0 free1 soon became m feeble ?an ^? excit$ 9 ! leg1 ^: n]ve _h be5 ti$4 ,?is disproportion1 betwe5 !m1 cont9u$ increas+ dur+ n9ety six h\rs1 aft] ! opium _h be5 inject$1 :5 contractions c\ld no long] be excit$ 9 ! leg ^: n]ve rema9$ free4 ,9 t1 9 :i* ! n]ve _h be5 ti$1 !y cont9u$ upw>ds ( #d h\rs aft]w>ds4 ,,exp]im5t ,,xi4 ,imm$iately aft] hav+ divid$ ! sciatic n]ve1 9 "o ?igh only1 ( ?ree o!r frogs1 ,i inject$ z mu* ( ! /rong solution ( opium und]nea? _! skulls1 z c\ld possibly be reta9$4 ,! legs1 9 :i* ! n]ves _h be5 divid$1 cont9u$ contractile sev]al h\rs aft] ! o!rs _h ceas$ to be s4 ,h5ce1 !n1 we see no reason = suspect+ t ! m spe$y cessation ( contractions 9 ^? legs1 9 :i* ! crural art]ies 7 ti$1 ?an 9 ^? on :i* no op]ation 0 p]=m$1 0 ow+ to ! pa9 occasion$ by su* op]ation1 s9ce ev5 ! m pa9ful op]ations ( ty+ or divid+ ! sciatic n]ves1 7 att5d$ ) no su* effect4 ,^u ! :ole1 !re=e1 x appe>s1 t ! conclusion :i* ,m4 ,fontana draws f 8 num]\s exp]im5ts ) opium1 #8,t ! circulation ( ! blood & hum\rs 9 ! animal ma*9e1 is ! vehicle = opium1 & t1 )\t ?is circulation1 x w\ld h no action on ! liv+ body1' is ! v rev]se ( t :i* ,i am w>rant$ to draw f ! exp]im5ts ,i h j relat$2 s9ce ! p>ts1 mo/ affect$ by ! action ( opium1 7 n ^? 9 :i* ! circulation rema9$ mo/ entire1 b ^? 9 :i* x _h be5 almo/ altoge!r int]rupt$2 & s9ce 9 two p>ts :]e ! circulation rema9$ equal1 & entire1 ! action ( opium 0 r5d]$ unequal1 by int]rupt+ ! communication ( "o ( !m1 by means ( n]ves1 ) ! p>ts to :i* ! opium 0 appli$4 ,! exi/5ce1 consequ5tly1 ( any su* pr9ciple 9 ! blood1 z t suppos$ by ,m4 ,fontana to exi/ !re1 is r5d]$ f> too problematical1 ev5 to all[ me to expect t x c ev] be prov$3 f> less t x may turn out to be ! same ) t discov]$ by ,m4 ,galvani1 or ) t1 :atev] x may be1 ^u :i* ! ph5om5a ( n]ves & ( muscles may dep5d4 ----- ,footnote #ac3 ,essays ,physical & ,lit]>y4 ,footnote #ad3 ,?is solution1 :i* is ! same t ,i employ$ 9 all my subsequ5t exp]im5ts1 0 ( ! same /r5g? ) t us$ by ,dr ,alex&] 9 ! great] numb] ( 81 viz4 an ounce ( crude opium mix$ 9 a mort> ) two ounces & a half ( wat]1 & filt]$ ?r\gh pap]1 aft] hav+ rema9$ twelve h\rs1 9 a close cork$ bottle1 ne> a *amb] fire4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,app5dix4 ,i 0 unwill+ to int]rupt ! n>ration ( ! prec$+ exp]im5ts1 by ! m5tion ( ! foll[+ facts1 :i* !y af=d$ me an opportunity ( obs]v+1 z !y 7 n imm$iately connect$ ) ! objects on acc\nt ( :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 in/itut$2 & ,i h yet "s few to relate1 :i*1 f ! ha/e ) :i* ^! %eets 7 prep>$ = ! press1 ,i _h omitt$ to ins]t 9 _! prop] places4 #a4 ,9 "o ( my fir/ exp]im5ts1 9 :i* ,i _h occasion to suff] a frog to rema9 tol]ably entire1 s long z contractions c\ld be excit$ 9 any "p ( its body1 ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d1 on remov+ its /]num1 t its he>t _h ceas$ to contract1 nor c\ld be r\s$ by ! application ( any /imulus :atev]1 not)/&+ ! contractions 9 its h9d legs1 excit$ by ! metals1 7 /ill vigor\s1 & cont9u$ s = sev]al h\rs aft]w>ds4 ,on pay+ p>ticul> att5tion to ?is circum/ance 9 ano!r frog1 ^u ^: bra9 opium _h be5 inject$1 ,i f\nd t its legs cont9u$ excitable1 upw>ds ( =ty h\rs long] ?an its he>t4 ,?is discov]y ( ! cont9uance ( ! contractile p[]1 9 ! muscles ( ! po/]ior extremities1 s long aft] its disappe>ance 9 ! he>t1 is s contradictory to ! op9ion g5]ally receiv$ ^u ?is subject1 & long e/abli%$ among physiologi/s1 t ,i c sc>cely expect x %\ld be cr$it$1 by ^? :o may n !mselves h opportunities ( obs]v+ x4 ,x is a fact1 h[ev]1 ( :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( ^! exp]im5ts1 ,i h _h ! mo/ satisfactory & uni=m pro(s1 bo? 9 su* frogs z h1 & 9 su* z h n1 be5 "u ! influ5ce ( opium4 ,if a diff]5t op9ion has hi!rto be5 held by exp]im5tali/s ^u ?is subject1 x %\ld be recollect$1 t1 till ! discov]y made by ,galvani1 we _h no means ( asc]ta9+ ! pres5ce ( ! contractile p[] ( muscles1 :i* _h n1 at ! same "t t !y indicat$ its cont9uance1 a t5d5cy to de/roy x1 & consequ5tly to r5d] x impossible = u to trace its natural progress to ext9ction4 ,i h1 m ?an once1 obs]v$ ! same circum/ance 9 bo? cats & rabbits4 #b4 ,dr ,alex&]1 9 8 excell5t ,!sis already quot$1 tells u1 t ! contractility ( all ! volunt>y muscles ( frogs 0 de/roy$ 9 ! c\rse ( a v few m9utes1 by inject+ eight drops ( a /rong solution ( opium 9 wat]1 7simil> to t :i* ,i employ$7 ^u ! surfaces ( _! bra9s4 ,b t ! contractions ( _! he>ts did n appe> to be mu*1 if at all1 affect$ by ?is treatm5t4 ,9 all ! simil> exp]im5ts1 :i* ,i h made1 ! ev5t has be5 v diff]5t4 ,i h n f\nd x possible by any quantity1 ei!r ( aque\s or ( spiritu\s solution ( opium1 inject$ ^u ! bra9s ( frogs1 to produce t rapid ext9ction ( ! contractility ( _! volunt>y muscles1 ( :i* ,dr ,alex&] speaks4 ,!y commonly recov]$ 9 less ?an an h\r1 f ! complete ins5sibility & p>alysis1 fir/ occasion$ by ! injection ( ! opium1 & aft] t "t1 _! spontane\s motions almo/ always cont9u$ = sev]al h\rs long]1 &1 by ! application ( ! metals1 contractions 7 excitable ev5 = days4 ,_! he>ts1 z ,i h already said1 uni=mly lo/ _! susceptibility ( ! action ( /imuli1 long be=e _! po/]ior extremities4 #c4 ,! argum5ts aga9/ ! antiquat$ doctr9e ( transudation1 ?r\gh p>ts ( a liv+ body1 are already s num]\s & satisfactory1 t x may be ?\ght unnecess>y to notice 9 ?is place1 a decisive "o s f> z relates to ! sk9 ( frogs1 at lea/1 :i* may be d$uc$ f ! fact already m5tion$2 t s long z ! sk9 0 suff]$ to rema9 ^u ! limbs ( frogs1 plac+ !m 9 wat]1 v evid5tly pres]v$ ! contractility ( _! muscles1 :]eas :5 ! sk9 0 tak5 (f1 ! muscles became h>d1 & incapable ( contract+1 9 a v few h\rs4 ,_h !re be5 a possibility ( wat] soak+ ?r\gh ! sk91 ?is diff]5ce c\ld n possibly h _h place4 #d4 ,9 speak+ ( "s ( ! relations1 :i* subsi/ betwe5 ! influ5ce discov]$ by ,galvani & ! n]ves1 ,i omitt$ m5tion+ ! foll[+ facts4 ,a v diff]5t effect is produc$ by apply+ ! metals to ! bra9 or sp9al m>r[ ( frogs1 f :at is produc$ by apply+ !m to _! n]ves4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ,i h obs]v$1 t e muscle1 to :i* a n]ve bel[ ! "p t\*$ is di/ribut$1 is br\ght into in/ant contraction4 ,b no muscles are br\ght into contraction1 :5 ! metals are appli$ to ! bra9 or sp9al m>r[1 except su* z d]ive _! n]ves f ! "p imm$iately 9 contact ) ! metals4 ,! influ5ce does n /imulate or pass along ! sp9al m>r[1 z x w\ld along ! trunk ( a n]ve1 to affect all o!r n]ves bran*+ (f f x4 ,i fir/ became acqua9t$ ) ?is fact1 :ile mak+ ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,hav+ laid b>e ! bra9 ( a liv+ frog1 & put a /op to its spontane\s motions1 by g5tly press+ ^u ! bra91 ,i introduc$ a long slip ( t9-foil d\bl$ und]nea? a "p ( ! skull1 :i* _h n be5 remov$1 & plac$ a silv] probe ^u its tongue4 ,! only muscles :i* contract$1 :5 ! t9-foil 0 b5t ov] ! nose ( ! frog1 s z to come 9 contact ) ! probe1 7 ^? :i* move ! eyes1 & ! transp>5t membrane :i* def5ds !m1 ^? ( ! tongue & ( ! ?roat4 ,:5 ! t9-foil 0 twi/$ into a ?9 roll1 & pass$ a little way d[n ! sp9e1 ! muscles ( ! upp] extremities & ( ! ?orax contract$2 :5 a little fur!r1 ^? ( ! back & ( ! abdom5 contract$2 & :51 introduc$ /ill fur!r1 to :]e ! sciatic n]ves leave ! sp9e1 ! po/]ior extremities 71 = ! fir/ "t1 /rongly convuls$4 ,i h repeat$ ?is exp]im5t v frequ5tly2 & h always f\nd1 t1 z soon z ! spontane\s motions ( frogs _h ceas$1 ! contractions1 excit$ by ! metals1 7 uni=mly progressive f ! head d[nw>ds1 correspond+ exactly to ! progress ( ! metals d[n ! sp9e4 ,! exp]im5t sometimes succe$s :5 nei!r ! bra9 nor ! sp9al m>r[ h be5 laid b>e1 & :5 ev5 ! sk9 has n be5 divid$1 b1 :5 ! frog is plac$ ^u a plate ( z9c1 & "o ( ! ends ( a b5t silv] wire is plac$ ^u any "p ( its sp9e1 :ile ! o!r is made to t\* ! plate4 --------------------- #e4 ,z x has n be5 till v lately1 t ,i h be5 able to procure an electroph]us1 ,i h z yet made b few exp]im5ts ) x2 _! result1 h[ev]1 is su* z t5ds /ill m to confirm me 9 ! op9ion1 t ! influ5ce1 discov]$ by ,galvani1 has no relation :atev] to electricity4 ,hav+1 fir/1 s f> fre$ ! in/rum5t1 f ! small quantity ( electricity collect$1 by wip+ x1 t none 0 indicat$ by a v s5sible electromet] ( l95-y>n1 susp5d$ f ! wood5 "p ( its h&le2 ,i plac$ x )9 a few in*es ( a glass /&1 ^u :i* ,i _h laid a plate ( z9c1 support+ a frog rec5tly kill$1 & ) its sciatic n]ves )9 ! abdom5 laid b>e4 ,a b> ( z9c =m$ ! communication betwe5 ! frog & ! metal plate ( ! electroph]us4 ,contractions 7 !n excit$ 9 ! frog1 by plac+ "o end ( a b5t silv] wire1 insulat$ 9 seal+ wax1 ^u ! n]ves ( ! frog1 & ! o!r end ^u ! b> ( z9c4 ,aft] /rong contractions _h1 9 ?is way1 be5 kept up = ab\t half a m9ute1 ,i c>efully remov$ ! b> ( z9c1 by means ( a /ick ( wax1 t !re might be no possibility ( ! electricity escap+1 if any %\ld h be5 collect$4 ,! metal plate 0 !n rais$ f ! v>ni%$ surface4 ,! electromet] atta*$ to its h&le 0 v slightly affect$2 b a f9e ?read1 pres5t$ to ! plate1 0 p]ceptibly attract$ by x4 ,i _h a /rong suspicion1 t ! electricity1 ?us collect$1 _h be5 excit$ solely by ! friction ( ! frog's legs dur+ contraction1 aga9/ ! insulat$ plate ( z9c ^u :i* x lay2 & ,i soon f\nd t my conjecture 0 j2 = an equal quantity ( electricity 0 obta9$ f ano!r frog simil>ly dispos$1 :5 contractions 7 excit$ 9 x1 by m]ely me*anical irritation4 ,! result 0 ! same :5 ^! frogs 7 laid successively ^u ! metal plate ( ! electroph]us itself1 & excit$1 ! "o 9 ,m4 ,galvani's me?od1 ! o!r by me*anical irritation only4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 v frequ5tly repeat$1 b ! quantity ( electricity collect$ 0 always great] :]e ! contractions1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! friction _h be5 mo/ consid]able1 & did n1 9 any in/ance1 appe> to dep5d on ! means employ$ to excite ! contractions4 ,:at /ill fur!r proves1 t ! electricity1 9 ?is way collect$1 _h no dep5d5ce :atev]1 = its production1 ^u ! application ( ! metals to ! frog1 b _h be5 m]ely ! portion ( electricity1 naturally possess$ by ! frog1 9 common ) o!r conduct+ sub/ances1 is1 t :5 ! electricity1 :i* 0 collect$ f its fir/ contractions1 _h be5 drawn (f f ! plate1 no m c\ld aft]w>ds be collect$1 al?\gh ! contractions1 excit$ by ! metals1 /ill cont9u$ z vigor\s z ev]4 #f4 ,:5 ! electroph]us 0 *>g$ ) electricity1 z highly z x 0 possible to *>ge x by friction1 ! contractions produc$ by ! insulat$ metals 9 a prep>$ frog1 laid ^u ! metal plate ( ! electroph]us1 7 n at all affect$ by rais+ x f ! v>ni%$ surface4 ,a pro( t ! ph5om5a 9 "q are n affect$1 ei!r by ! cond5sation or r>efaction ( ! electricity1 9 ei!r ! animal or ! metals1 by :i* !y are exhibit$4 ,i h n f\nd1 t any quantity ( electricity1 :i* ,i c\ld accumulate 9 ! metal plate ( ! electroph]us1 did ev]1 :5 dis*>g$ into ! n]ve ( a frog1 excite contractions ne>ly s /rong z :at are excit$ by ! application ( z9c & silv]2 nor c\ld ,i1 at any "t1 collect a suffici5t quantity ( electricity1 f five insulat$ frogs1 suffici5t to excite contractions 9 a s+le leg ( a frog1 ?\gh rec5tly sep>at$ f its body1 & consequ5tly excitable by /imuli ( v weak p[]s4 --------------------- ,! polit5ess ( ! v le>n$ ,mr ,robison1 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy 9 ?is ,univ]sity1 enables me to lay be=e ! public ! foll[+ communication2 :i*1 indep5d5t ( its intr9sic m]it1 af=ds an additional gratification1 by ev9c+ ! great int]e/ tak5 9 ! subject1 by "o ^: abilities & ext5sive k s well qualify him = giv+ x a full inve/igation4 ,,to ,,mr ,,f[l]1 ,,ed94 ,may #bh4 #agic4 ,,sir1 ,ab\t a =tnight ago1 my son told me ( a curi\s exp]im5t1 ) a piece ( z9c & a piece ( silv] appli$ to ! tongue1 by :i* a /rong irritation1 resembl+ ta/e1 0 produc$1 & t a lum9\s fla% 0 excit$1 by apply+ "o ( !m to ! eye4 ,i imm$iately repeat$ !m accord+ to 8 directions1 & my curiosity 0 greatly excit$ to prosecute !m 9 a v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,i und]/&1 t ^! exp]im5ts h orig9at$ f ! curi\s discov]ies made "s "t ago 9 ,italy1 ( :i* ,i 0 in=m$ la/ w9t]4 ,b ,i h be5 s mu* out ( ! _w = "s ye>s pa/1 t ,i h _h no opportunity ( kn[+ :at 0 go+ =w>d4 ,be+ in=m$1 t y h be5 long engag$ 9 exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 & are ab\t to fav\r ! public ) an acc\nt ( !m1 ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty ( communicat+ to y1 a few facts :i* h occurr$ to me1 "s ( :i*1 p]haps1 may be new to y4 #a4 ,i f9d1 t if a piece ( z9c be appli$ to ! tongue1 & be 9 contact ) a piece ( silv]1 :i* t\*es any "p ( ! l9+ ( ! m\?1 no/rils1 e>1 ure?ra1 or anus1 ! s5sation resembl+ ta/e is felt on ! tongue4 ,if ! exp]im5t be inv]t$1 by apply+ ! silv] to ! tongue1 ! irritation produc$ by ! z9c is n s5sible1 except 9 ! m\? & ! ure?ra1 & is v slight4 ,i f9d ! irritation by ! z9c /ronge/ :5 ! contact is v slight1 & conf9$ to a n>r[ space1 & :5 ! contact ( ! silv] is v ext5sive1 z :5 ! tongue is appli$ to ! cavity ( a silv] spoon4 ,:5 ! z9c t\*es 9 an ext5sive surface1 ! irritation produc$ by a n>r[ contact ( ! silv] is v di/9ct1 especially on ! upp] side ( ! tongue1 & along its m>g94 ,?is irritation seems to be m]e pung5cy1 )\t any resemblance to ta/e1 & x leaves a la/+ impression1 l t made by cau/ic alcali4 #b4 ,if ! z9c 7f9ely poli%$7 be appli$ to ! ball ( ! eye1 ! brightness ( ! fla% seems to correspond ) ! surface ( contact1 ( ! silv] ) ! tongue1 palate1 fauces or *eek4 ,! same ?+ happ5s :5 ! silv] is appli$ to ! eye4 #c4 ,:5 a rod ( z9c1 & "o ( silv] are appli$ to ! ro( ( ! m\?1 z f> back z possible1 ! irritations produc$1 by br++ _! out] ends into contact1 are v /rong1 & t by ! z9c resembles ta/e1 9 ! same mann] z :5 appli$ to ! tongue4 #d4 ,i _h be5 p>+ my toe nails ) scizz>s1 & _h cut (f a consid]able portion ( ! ?ick sk91 s t ! blood began to ooze ?r\gh1 9 ! middle ( ! w\nd4 ,i appli$ ! z9c !re1 & an ext5sive surface ( silv] to ! tongue4 ,e "t ,i br\ght ! metals into contact1 ,i felt a v sm>t irritation by ! z9c at ! w\nd4 #e4 ,i made a piece ( z9c hav+ a %>p po9t1 project+ lat]ally f its end4 ,i appli$ ?is po9t to a hole 9 a too?1 :i* has sometimes a*$ a little1 & appli$ ! silv] 9 an ext5sive surface to ! inside ( ! *eek4 ,:5 ! metals 7 br\ght into contact1 ,i felt a v sm>t & pa9ful twit* 9 ! too?1 p]fectly resembl+ a twit* ( ! too?ack4 ,i ?\ght ?is twit* d\ble1 & t "o ( !m happ5$ be=e ! metals came into absolute contact4 ,i am n[ almo/ conv9c$1 t ?is is ! case1 = :5 ,i make ! silv] re/ on a dry too?1 )\t t\*+ ! tongue or fauces1 ,i h no twit* on br++ ! out] ends ( ! metals toge!r3 %[+ t !re is n a prop] communication ?r\gh a dry too?4 ,if1 :ile ! out] ends rema9 9 contact1 ,i t\* ! silv] ) ! tip ( ! tongue1 /ill no twit* is felt 9 ! too?4 ,if ,i n[ sep>ate ! out] ends ( ! metals1 keep+ ! tongue appli$ to ! silv]1 a slight twit* is felt 9 ! mom5t ( sep>ation1 & a /rong d\ble twit* :5 !y are aga9 br\ght into contact4 ,n4 ,b4 ,?is twit* is prev5t$1 by all[+ ! tongue or lip to t\* any "p ( ! z9c4 #f4 ,i _h a numb] ( pieces ( z9c made ( ! size ( a %ill+1 & made !m up into a r\leau1 ) z _m %ill+s4 ,i f9d t ?is alt]nation1 9 "s circum/ances1 increases consid]ably ! irritation1 & expect1 on "s su* pr9ciple1 to produce a /ill great] increase4 ,if ! side ( ! r\leau be appli$ to ! tongue1 s t all ! pieces are t\*$ by x1 ! irritation is v /rong & disagreeable4 ,?is expla9s :at ,i h (t5 obs]v$1 ! /rong ta/e ( sold]$ seams ( metal4 ,i c n[ p]ceive seams 9 brass & copp] vessels by ! tongue1 :i* ! eye _c discov]1 & c di/+ui% ! base mixtures :i* ab\nd 9 gold & silv] tr9kets4 ,if any ( ! above facts c add to ! /ock ( k y h acquir$ on ?is subject1 x w give me great satisfaction1 & ,i %all n fail to communicate any ?+ :i* may aft]w>ds occur4 ,my indisposition h9d]s me f tak+ an active "p 9 ! rese>*es1 to :i* ?is wond]ful & important discov]y incites2 b x is bo? my duty & my e>ne/ wi%1 to contribute my feeble assi/ance to e g5tleman engag$ 9 ?is int]e/+ pursuit4 ,i f9d t common silv] ?read makes a v good conductor1 & ?is to any di/ance4 ,s9ce writ+ ! above1 ,i h f\nd a v easy way ( produc+ v s5sible convulsions1 7,i ?9k muscul>7 & corroborat+ my op9ion1 t ! communication 7( ?is "p ( ! :ole effect7 takes place be=e contact4 ,put a plate ( z9c into "o *eek1 & a plate ( silv]1 7a cr[n piece7 into ! o!r1 at a little di/ance f ea*4 ,apply ! *eeks to !m z ext5sively z possible4 ,?ru/ 9 a rod ( z9c betwe5 ! z9c & ! *eek1 & a rod ( silv] betwe5 ! silv] & ! o!r *eek4 ,br+ _! out] ends sl[ly into contact1 & a sm>t convulsive twit* w be felt 9 ! p>ts ( ! gums situat$ betwe5 !m1 accompani$ by bright fla%es 9 ! eyes4 ,& ^! w be di/9ctly p]ceiv$ be=e contact1 & a second "t on sep>at+ ! ends ( ! rods1 or :5 !y h aga9 atta9$ :at may be call$ ! /rik+ di/ance4 ,if ! rods be alt]nat$1 no effect :atev] is produc$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 n to press ! pieces h>d to ! gums2 ?is ei!r h9d]s u f p]ceiv+ ! convulsion1 or prev5ts x4 ,i f9d too1 t "o rod1 :e!r z9c or silv]1 is suffici5t = ! communication1 & ev5 br++ ! two pieces toge!r1 w d z well1 or p]haps bett]4 ,b ! rods are easi] 9 ! managem5t4 ,ask+ p>don = ! lib]ty ,i h tak51 )\t hav+ ! hon\r ( y\r acqua9tance1 ,i am1 ,) great reg>d1 ,,sir1 ,y\r mo/ ob$i5t ,humble s]vant1 ,,john ,,robison4 ------------------------------------ ,f ,i ,n ,i ,s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s notes3 ,obvi\s typographical errors 7 repair$4 ,?is includ$ "o ^w duplicat$ across page b\nd>ies4 ,non-obvi\s 8misspell+s0 7 left alone4 ,possible old spell+s inside quotations 7 left alone4