,illustration3 ,,chambers',s ,,journal  
,,of    ,,popular    ,,literature1      
,,science1 ,,and ,,art4    ,fourth      
,series    ,,conducted ,,by ,,william   
,,and ,,robert ,,chambers4    ,,no4     
#fhc4      ,,saturday1 ,,january #bg1   
#ahgg4      ,,price #a;d4          ,,the
 ,,banffshire ,,naturalist4      ,our   
old friend1 ,samuel ,smiles1 now a      
veteran in literature1 who has  been    
indefatigable in writing of the power of
 ,self-help1 has1 as one of  his late   
exploits1 narrated in a most amusing and
 instructive manner  the ,life of a     
,scotch ,naturalist1 ,thomas ,edward1   
who at an advanced  age modestly        
occupies the position of a working      
shoemaker in ,banff4  ,this is a curious
 and interesting book4 ,few persons     
would have taken  the trouble that ,mr  
,smiles has done to narrate the efforts 
in pursuit  of a knowledge of ,nature of
 so very obscure and poor a man as is   
the  hero of his remarkable biography4  
,the thing is altogether unique4        

,nothing but vast kindliness of heart1  
along with the pleasure of  shewing what
 can be done by constant self-denial and
 industry1 could  have influenced the   
benevolent writer4 ,as probably not many
 of our  readers have yet had an        
opportunity of seeing the work--a       
beautifully  embellished duodecimo of   
four hundred pages1 published by ,john  
,murray1  ,london--we shall try to give 
a sort of abridged history of the now   
famed ,scotch naturalist1 with such     
observations as occur to us4    ,thomas 
,edward1 born in #ahad1 is the son of a 
private in the ,fifeshire  militia1 who 
on the breaking up of his regiment1     
resided for a short  time at ,kettle1   
his native place in ,fife1 and then1 for
 the sake of  work as a handloom weaver1
 settled with his wife and child at     
,aberdeen4  ,here the boy was brought up
 in the usual rough way experienced by  
the  humbler class of ,scotch children4 
,he ran about barefooted1 was poorly    
fed1 and required pretty much to find   

his own amusement4 ,his parents1  while 
willing to do their best for him1 soon  
found that he was far  from being easily
 managed4 ,he was intractable1 and in a 
very strange  way4 ,while still a child1
 he demonstrated an extraordinary love  
of  animals of all kinds4 ,he took      
delight in dogs1 cats1 pigs1 hens1 birds
  of every kind1 and every description  
of small creatures1 down to bees1       
beetles1 flies1 spiders1 and so on--in  
fact1 any living thing he could  lay    
hold of2 even rats and mice did not come
 amiss4 ,this idiosyncrasy  considerably
 puzzled and vexed the father and       
mother4 ,not understanding  him1 he was 
scolded and cuffed1 but all to no use4  
,the boy was moved by  a predominant    
passion1 amounting to a species of      
mania4 ,when asked what  he meant by his
 eccentricities1 he said he could not   
tell4 ,his love of  ,nature was an      
unconquerable instinct4    ,tam ,edward1
 as he was ordinarily called1 was       
thought to be in some  degree out of his

 senses4 ,at from four to five years of 
age he was sent  to a dame's school1 but
 did not long continue at it2 for being 
found  to have a kae or jackdaw in his  
pocket1 that caused some trouble1 he    
was summarily dismissed by the          
schoolmistress4 ,another school received
  him1 and here ensued a similar        
catastrophe4 ,the teacher was plagued   
beyond endurance by his bringing all    
kinds of disagreeable little  creatures 
to school4 ,on one occasion he brought  
with him a bottleful  of horse-leeches  
which he had gathered in a neighbouring 
pool4 ,all  went on smoothly until one  
of the leeches escaping1 crawled up a   
boy's  leg1 and a fearful commotion     
ensued4 ,telling the culprit to take his
  bottle of leeches and begone1 the     
schoolmaster turned ,tam to the door1   
at the same time bringing down the taws 
so heavily upon him that he  thought his
 back was broken4 ,another school was   
tried2 but there he  was worse used4    
,one morning the master felt something  

creeping on his  arm1 which shaking from
 him proved to be a centipede4 ,edward  
was at  once called up and accused of   
bringing the creature to the school4    
,the charge was quite erroneous1 for he 
had not done so4 ,his denial  was       
unavailing1 and by the enraged teacher  
he was beaten in a most  unjust and     
unmerciful manner4 ,finally1 he told the
 poor boy to take his  slate and books  
and go about his business4 ,thus he was 
expelled from  his third and last       
school4 ,disgusted with the cruel       
treatment he had  received1 he          
positively refused to go to any other   
school4 ,so there1  at six years of age 
his education ended4 ,he could read1    
knew a little  of arithmetic--nothing of
 writing and grammar4 ,he had already   
acquired  somewhat idle habits          
vagrandising in quest of animals1 but he
 was  honest1 exceedingly truthful1 and 
by no means indisposed to work for a    
livelihood4 ,for about two years he was 
employed at a tobacco-work at a  short  

distance from the town4 ,this was a     
happy time1 for in going to  and        
returning from his labour in the        
factory1 he had pleasant rambles  in the
 woods and plantations1 which afforded  
opportunities for picking  up a         
knowledge of birds1 insects1            
wild-flowers1 and plants1 the like of   
which he had never seen before4    ,it  
was a hapless thing that this eagerly   
inquiring child had no one  to direct   
him in a way likely to be useful4 ,his  
father and mother had  no sympathy for  
his love of nature4 ,all they cared     
about was to have  him apprenticed to   
some regular trade1 by which he would   
gain his  living4 ,at length they       
succeeded in apprenticing him to a      
shoemaker1  named ,begg1 who proved to  
be a dissolute drunken vagabond1 very   
ill  qualified to teach the boy his     
business4 ,tam1 however1 learnt to make 
upper-leathers1 and was proceeding to   
make shoe-bottoms1 when all went  wrong 
on the discovery that he brought boxes  

of butterflies and such  like to the    
workshop2 the sight of them usually     
throwing ,begg into a  rage4 ,doubtless1
 it was indiscreet to bring his pet     
animals with him2  but there ought to   
have been allowances on account of his  
youth1 as  well as from the fact that he
 never spent a moment of his master's   
time  on his amusements4 ,one afternoon1
 when waiting till his master came  in  
to allow him to go to dinner1 and while 
he had no work to do1 he  amused himself
 with a young sparrow which he had      
taught to do a number  of little tricks4
 ,the master1 entering in a drunken     
fury1 struck ,edward  such a blow as    
laid him flat on the floor1 and then    
trampled the bird  with his foot4       
,picking up the poor and innocent       
creature1 ,tam found it  was still      
breathing4 ,he put it tenderly in his   
bosom1 and went home  crying over the   
unprovoked outrage4 ,shewing the mangled
 and dead bird  to his mother1 he said  
he did not care so much for himself1 if 

only the  bird had been spared1 adding  
that 'if ,begg struck him again without 
a  cause1 he would certainly run away4  
,she strongly remonstrated against      
this1 because1 being bound apprentice   
for six years1 he must serve out  his   
time1 come what would4'    ,persuaded to
 return to the shoemaker's shop1 young  
,edward struggled on  till three years  
of his wretched apprenticeship had      
passed over4 ,then1  there was a climax4
 ,the boy had brought three young moles 
ensconced in  his bonnet4 ,begg1 now    
more drunken than ever1 discovered the  
moles1  killed them on the spot1 knocked
 down his apprentice with a last1       
dragged him to the door and threw him   
into the street4 ,a good deal  hurt1    
,edward resolved he would no longer     
serve under such a monster4  ,and he    
kept his word4 ,begg threatened the     
terrors of the law2 but1  perhaps1      
conscious of his brutality1 he did      
nothing4 ,for a time the  youth was a   
kind of loose waif4 ,he thought of being

 a sailor1 but  could get no one to take
 him to serve on board a ship4 ,he had  
an uncle  at ,kettle in ,fife2 and      
without telling any one1 he went off to 
walk  all the way to ,kettle1 a distance
 of about a hundred miles1 living on    
morsels of bread he had in his pocket1  
and sleeping at night among  whins or   
under the shelter of a haystack4 ,all   
the money he possessed  was sixpence1   
which was just sufficient to pay his    
fare in the  ferry-boat across the ,tay4
 ,but how was he to pay a pontage of a  
penny  to cross the ,esk at ,montrose8  
,that was a distressing consideration1  
yet he would not beg1 nor would he break
 in upon the sixpence for the  ferry4   
,he tried again and again to sell his   
pocket-knife for a penny1  and only     
succeeded in doing so when he came in   
sight of the bridge4 ,the  toil and     
privation endured in the journey were   
fruitless4 ,the uncle1 a  mean-spirited 
wretch1 would do nothing for him1 and   
sent him back to  ,aberdeen with a      

present of eighteen-pence to pay his    
expenses on the  road4    ,the parents  
of ,thomas ,edward were glad to see him 
again1 for they were  afraid he was     
lost4 ,by their advice he procured work 
in making shoes of  a light kind1 his   
new employer being of a kindlier nature 
than ,begg4  ,in this situation1 and at 
another shoemaking concern1 he completed
  his knowledge of the craft1 which1    
however1 he never liked1 and stuck  to  
it only as a means of livelihood4 ,as a 
kind of interlude in his  occupation1 he
 enlisted in the ,aberdeenshire ,militia
 in #ahca4 ,for the  period he served as
 a soldier he acquitted himself         
creditably4 ,his only  escapade         
consisted in having on one occasion     
quitted the ranks while  on drill to try
 to catch a butterfly which struck his  
fancy4 ,it was a  grave military        
offence2 but at the intercession of some
 ladies with  the officer on duty1 was  
passed over lightly4 ,when ,edward was  
about  twenty years old1 he left        

,aberdeen with his father and mother to 
reside  in ,banff1 a much smaller town1 
where his chances of advancement were   
materially lessened4 ,the removal was a 
blunder1 and entailed on the  young     
naturalist a life-long depression of    
circumstances4 ,situated on  the shore  
of the ,moray ,firth1 where that fine   
estuary expands into the  ,german       
,ocean1 ,banff is doubtless favourably  
adapted for explorations in  ,natural   
,history4 ,edward was so far highly     
favoured1 but the poor fellow  had to   
live by his daily manual labour1 and    
unfriended as well as  unsympathised    
with in this remote sea-side town1 there
 was no prospect  of improving his      
position4    ,good or bad1 here ,edward 
was fixed2 and how1 in the midst of     
daily  toils and cares1 he found time to
 accumulate a vast store of knowledge   
concerning animals and plants1 is truly 
wonderful4 ,some may think  he made a   
mistake in marrying when no more than   
twenty-three years  old4 ,but his wife  

was a sensible1 prudent woman1 and gave 
him a happy  home4 ',mutual affection1' 
as our author observes1 'makes up for   
much4'  ,perhaps they occasionally felt 
the bitterness of poverty1 for ,edward's
  earnings did not yet amount to more   
than about nine shillings and  sixpence 
a week6    ,with nothing but the most   
elementary education1 without books1    
without  advisers1 the young shoemaker  
made up for everything by immense       
diligence1 by sobriety1 and a keen      
disregard of personal inconvenience4    
,in his assigned hours of labour he     
worked hard4 ,he never spent a moment   
idly4 ,he never entered a public-house1 
nor drank anything stronger  than water4
 ,in his expenditure he was rigorously  
economical4 ,all his  spare time was    
devoted to his favourite pursuit1 that  
of acquiring a  knowledge of animals by 
painstaking practical inquiry4 ,when he 
began  these inquiries1 he did not even 
know the correct names of the animals   
he sought for1 because he had no books  

and nobody to tell him4 ,he was  a      
thoroughly original student of nature4  
,he learned everything by  personal     
observation4 ,nothing but a degree of   
enthusiasm amounting to  fanaticism     
could have impelled him to endure cold1 
wet1 hunger1 want  of sleep1 in order to
 add to his stock of facts4 ,his        
fellow-shoemakers  jeered at him for not
 joining in their vicious and costly    
indulgences2  but he held on his way4   
,there1 we think1 was manifested his    
heroic1 his  noble struggle--not that he
 ever esteemed it to be a struggle1 for 
he  only followed the bent of a simple  
self-sacrificing character2 but his     
conduct in this respect was not less    
worthy of admiration4    ,whatever were 
the sacrifices made by ,edward1 he was  
compensated1 as  an intense lover of    
,nature4 ,describing his tastes and     
pursuits1 ,mr  ,smiles says3            
',everything that lived and breathed had
 charms for him4  ,he loved the fields1 
the woods1 the moors4 ,the living       

presence of the  earth was always about 
him1 and he eagerly drank in its spirit4
 ,the  babbling brooks1 the whispering  
trees1 the aspects of the clouds1  the  
driving wind1 were all sources of       
delight4444 ,he felt himself  free      
amidst the liberty of ,nature4444 ,as   
his wanderings were almost  invariably  
conducted at night1 he had abundant     
opportunities of seeing  not only the   
ocean1 but the heavens in their various 
aspects4 ,what were  these stars so far 
off in the sky8 ,were they worlds8 ,were
 they but  the outposts of the earth1   
from which other worlds were to be seen1
  far beyond the ken of the most        
powerful telescope8 ,to use ,edward's   
own words3 ,i can never succeed in      
describing my unbounded admiration  of  
the works of the ,almighty2 not only the
 wonderful works which we  ourselves see
 upon earth1 but those countless orbs   
which roll both  near and far in the    
endless immensity of space--the ,home of
 ,eternity4  ,everything that moves or  

lives1 everything that grows1 everything
  created or formed by the hand or will 
of the ,omnipotent1 has such a          
fascinating charm for me1 and sends such
 a thrill of pleasure through  my whole 
frame1 that to describe my feelings is  
utterly impossible4'    ,early in the   
spring of #ahch1 ,edward began to form a
 collection of  specimens in natural    
history1 for which he taught himself to 
stuff  and prepare the animals he was   
able to secure4 ,in his researches he   
was aided by an old gun1 which he had   
bought for four-and-sixpence4  ,sallying
 out at nine o'clock at night1 when his 
day's work was over1  with his gun and  
some insect boxes and bottles1 and      
putting a piece  of oat-cake in his     
pocket for supper1 he scoured the       
country as long  as it was daylight for 
any living thing that came in his way4  
',when  it became so dark that he could 
no longer observe1 he dropped down by   
the side of a bank1 or a bush1 or a     
tree1 whichever came handiest1  and     

there he dozed or slept until the light 
returned4 ,then he got  up1 and again   
began his observations1 which he        
continued until the  time arrived when  
he had to return to his daily labour4'  
,on ,saturday  evenings he returned home
 by twelve o'clock1 so as not to        
encroach on  the weekly day of rest4 ,on
 ,monday mornings he contrived to have a
 few  hours' observation before six     
o'clock4 ,as he was known to live       
soberly  and honestly1 there was no     
suspicion that he was either a poacher  
or a  burglar1 yet these nocturnal      
ramblings were incomprehensible4 ,people
 at  length gave him up as an oddity4   
,gamekeepers did not think of molesting 
him in his explorations4 ,occasionally1 
he took up his quarters for the  night  
in a ruined castle1 in some disused     
building1 a sand-hole or  cavern amidst 
the rocks by the sea-shore1 the shelter 
of a table-shaped  gravestone in a      
churchyard1 or anywhere4 ,this was a    
most dismal mode  of spending the night2

 for independently of exposure to the   
weather1  he was liable to be visited by
 polecats1 weasels1 badgers1 or other   
wild animals sniffing about him4 ,there 
was1 however1 always a chance of        
catching moths and other creatures that 
flutter or roam about in the  dark4     
,sometimes he was bitten on the hands by
 weasels and rats during  his disturbed 
sleep1 and on one occasion he had a     
tremendous encounter  with a polecat4   
,when morning broke1 he had excellent   
opportunities of  studying the habits of
 the skylark1 blackbird1 thrush1 and    
other early  choristers4    ,by these   
assiduous labours he had1 by #ahde1     
collected two thousand  specimens1      
consisting of quadrupeds1 birds1        
reptiles1 fishes1  crustacea1 starfish1 
zoophytes1 corals1 sponges1 and other   
objects4  ,he assorted the whole in     
cases made from old tea-boxes1 fashioned
  by his own hands1 and which he neatly 
papered and glazed4 ,with some  pride1  
he made a public exhibition of his      

collection at a local fair2  and by it  
not only paid his expenses1 but had     
something over for  future purposes4    
,this measure of success induced him to 
exhibit his  collection at ,aberdeen4   
,although advertised1 and spoken        
favourably of  by the newspapers1 the   
exhibition was a failure4 ,there was no 
rush of  visitors1 as ,edward fondly    
expected4 ,in fact1 the exhibition did  
not  nearly pay expenses4 ,dreading the 
horror of being in debt1 he offered  the
 collection for sale2 and in desperation
 accepted an offer of twenty  pounds ten
 shillings for the whole of what had    
cost him eight years'  labour exclusive 
of outlay4 ,the gentleman who bought    
this very fine  collection unfortunately
 stored the specimens in a damp room1   
and the  whole went to ruin4 ,so ended  
this unfortunate enterprise4 ,aberdeen  
and  ,banff shires lost an opportunity  
of not only helping a most deserving    
man of genius1 but of acquiring a       
splendid collection illustrative of  the

 natural history of the two counties4   
,though terribly crushed1 on returning  
to his home in ,banff1 he went to  work 
at his usual trade of making the lighter
 kinds of women's shoes1  in which he   
was reputed to excel4 ,then1 he resumed 
his researches  by the sea-shore1 and in
 a short time began a new collection of 
specimens4 ,suddenly he met with a      
grievous accident4 ,he rolled down  a   
rocky precipice a depth of forty feet1  
falling on his gun1 which  was smashed  
to pieces1 and receiving such bodily    
injuries as confined  him for weeks to  
the house4 ,to support his family during
 his illness1  he was under the         
necessity of selling a portion of his   
newly formed  collection4    ,about this
 time1 ,edward had the good fortune to  
attract the attention  of the ,rev4     
,james ,smith1 of the parish of         
,montquhitter1 a place a  few miles from
 ,banff4 ,this gentleman having a strong
 love of natural  history1 and          
possessing a good collection of books1  

did an important  service in offering   
hints to ,edward1 and in lending him    
books to  enable him to define and      
classify various animals which he       
caught4 ,so  instructed he began to     
write observations on natural objects1  
which  appeared in the ,banffshire      
,journal4 ,afterwards1 at the suggestion
  of ,mr ,smith1 he sent papers to the  
,zoologist1 the ,naturalist1 and  the   
,linnean ,journal1 through which        
channels his name and qualities  as a   
writer became known to naturalists      
generally4 ,the result was  a           
considerable private correspondence1 and
 an enlargement of his  knowledge       
regarding the names and species of      
animals1 but with no  improvement in    
circumstances--rather the reverse1 for  
being ever on the  brink of starvation1 
the expense for paper and postage stamps
 pressed  severely on his resources4    
,yet1 he willingly gave such information
 as  he possessed to all who requested  
his assistance4 ,considering ,edward's  

meagre education and his inexperience of
 literary composition1 his  papers1 of  
which some extracts are given by ,mr    
,smiles1 strike us with  surprise4      
,besides being correctly written1 they  
have all the elegance  and graphic force
 of ,audubon4 ,how1 by those scientific 
inquirers1 who  had the best means of   
judging of his talents1 ,edward should  
have been  suffered to drag on existence
 at a mechanical employment which never 
seems to have yielded him twenty        
shillings a week1 is not very easily    
understood4 ,no doubt1 he was shy in    
pushing himself forward4 ,he had  none  
of the saliency of character which      
through devious adventure leads  to     
fortune2 but these palliatives scarcely 
explain the strange neglect  which he   
experienced4    ,nobly1 but still       
obscurely struggling on1 a great        
misfortune befell  ,edward in the death 
of ,mr ,smith in #ahed4 ,there1 a true  
friend was gone4  ,as some assuagement  
of his loss1 he found a friend and      

counsellor in  the ,rev4 ,mr ,boyd1     
parish minister of ,crimond1 whose      
hospitable manse  was always open to him
 when he visited the neighbourhood4 ,but
 ere long1  ,mr ,boyd died suddenly1 and
 here was a fresh and agonising         
bereavement4  ,by #aheh1 ,edward had    
accumulated a large and splendid        
collection1 but at  the cost of his     
health and strength4 ',he had used      
himself so hardly2 he  had spent so many
 of his nights out of doors in the cold 
and wet2 he  had been so tumbled about  
amongst the rocks2 he had so often1 with
 all  his labours1 to endure privation1 
even to the want of oatmeal--that it  is
 scarcely to be wondered at if1 at that 
time1 his constitution should  have     
begun to shew marks of decay4' ,there   
was a fever and illness of a  month1    
which led to a fresh sale of articles in
 his collection2 and on  getting well1  
he was distinctly told by his medical   
attendant 'that if  he did not at once  
desist from his nightly wanderings1 his 

life would  not be worth a farthing4'   
,from this time1 making fewer pulls on  
his  constitution1 he more particularly 
devoted himself to investigations  along
 the sea-shore1 capturing rare fish1    
crustacea1 and zoophytes4    ,in these  
sea-side researches he was considerably 
aided by one of his  daughters1 who     
poking about among fishing villages1    
procured the refuse  material brought up
 by nets1 in which many most interesting
 small  animals new to science were     
discovered4 ,from the stomachs of       
cod-fish  he procured innumerable       
specimens of animals which had been     
voraciously  swallowed4 ,by these and   
other means he gained no little         
celebrity for  his additions to a       
knowledge of the myriads of creatures   
which inhabit  the depths of the ocean4 
,twenty-six new species of crustacea    
were  discovered by himself alone in the
 ,moray ,firth4    ,some honours--none  
of them of any value in a money point of
 view--were  now awarded to ,edward4    

,the ,linnean ,society having discovered
 his genius  and talent1 unanimously    
elected him an ,associate in #ahff4     
,immediately  afterwards1 the ,natural  
,history ,society of ,aberdeen          
unanimously  admitted him a member2 and 
in #ahfg he received the diploma of the 
,glasgow ,natural ,history ,society4    
',although ,banff1' says ,mr ,smiles1   
'possessed an ,institution for ,science1
 ,literature1 and the ,arts1 and  for   
the encouragement of native genius and  
talent1 the members did  not even elect 
,edward an honorary member4 ,the        
scientific men of ,banff  fought shy of 
the native shoemaker4'    ,it is        
pleasing to know that ,thomas ,edward is
 still in the land of the  living1 and  
though broken down in health1 is        
cheerful1 contented1 and  able to a     
certain extent for his accustomed       
duties4 ,latterly1 he has in  many ways 
derived comfort and assistance from his 
grown-up daughters4  ,his searches after
 strange sorts of animals are at an end4

 ,he has  fought the fight of science   
unaided1 and he has fought it well4 ,he 
has  likewise fought the fight of       
poverty2 for he has always lived within 
his means1 and owes no man anything4    
,therein1 independently of his          
sacrifices in behalf of science1 lies   
the grandeur of his character4 ,in      
these days1 when the gospel of idleness 
is so eloquently preached1 and  so      
readily responded to1 we should be glad 
if it were in our power to  fix the     
attention of the masses on what this    
humble shoemaker has done  by dint of   
self-denial and the careful economising 
of time4 ,expecting  no one to make such
 extraordinary sacrifices1 we would say3
 ,look1  ye misspenders of idle time1 ye
 wasters of existence1 ye thriftless    
dram-drinkers1 ye vacant-minded street  
loungers1 what was done by one  as poor1
 if not poorer1 than yourselves6 ,all we
 ask is that1 reflecting  a little on   
your responsibilities1 you would        
endeavour to take to heart  the         

thrilling and instructive instance we   
have presented of ,a ,noble  ,struggle6 
,w4 ,c4    ,p4,s4--,since writing the   
above1 we have learned that a fund to   
succour  ,thomas ,edward has been       
commenced at ,aberdeen4 ,the still more 
gratifying  fact is announced that 'the 
,queen has been much interested in      
reading  his biography by ,mr ,smiles1  
and touched by his successful pursuit of
  natural science under all the cares   
and troubles of daily toil2 ,her        
,majesty1 therefore1 has been graciously
 pleased to confer on him a  pension of 
fifty pounds a year4' ,the concluding   
days of the ,scottish  ,naturalist will 
thus be passed in the degree of freedom 
from toil and  anxiety which he so      
eminently deserves4          ,,the      
,,last ,,of ,,the ,,haddons4            
,,chapter ,v4--',i ,,am ,,lilian4'      
,i stood for a few moments at the window
 in contemplation of the  beautiful view
 of the surrounding country1 so wide and
 varied and well  wooded2 then1 afraid  

of the sentiment which was creeping upon
 me again1  ,i turned away1 and set     
resolutely to work at unpacking4 ,after 
putting  my small belongings into       
something like order1 ,i proceeded to   
make the  best of myself for            
presentation to ',miss ,farrar4' ,it was
 the first time  ,i had seen myself from
 head to foot as ,i now did in the large
 cheval  glass1 and ,i gazed not a      
little curiously1 as well as anxiously  
and  critically1 at the tout ensemble4  
,what should ,i look like to a lover1   
who ,i knew was an admirer of women's   
beauty in the way a good man can  admire
 it8 ,what did ,i look1 to myself8      
,for the first few moments ,i           
experienced a thrill of altogether      
agreeable surprise4 ,i really had no    
idea my figure was so good4 ',tall1     
lance1 head well shaped and well        
poised1' ,i thought1 pleasantly         
checking off my perfections up to that  
point4 ,with my face1 ,i was far  from  
being as well satisfied4 ,i tried to    

persuade myself that it was  because ,i 
was more accustomed to it1 and that such
 familiarity breeds  contempt2 but is   
one ever familiar with one's own face8  
,i can only say  ,i was looking very    
discontentedly at mine1 forgetting that 
the very  discontent was reflecting     
itself4    ,too much squareness about   
the brow1 too decided a mouth and chin1 
and  eyes--well1 if they ever looked    
soft1 as well as large and dark1 ,i  had
 not seen it4 ,then the complexion1 it  
might do for some people1 but  ,philip's
 wife ought to have more colouring and  
softness1 more general  loveliness than 
this4 ,philip's wife6 ,she ought to be a
 child of light1  'beautiful with all   
the soul's expansion'--the expression of
 her face  ever varying with the dainty 
colouring of her graceful poetic        
thoughts4    ,i was still picturing to  
myself the kind of woman ,philip's wife 
ought  to be1 frowning the while at a   
dark discontented face1 frowning        
discontentedly back at me1 when the door

 was softly opened1 and turning  hastily
 round1 my eyes fell upon a young girl  
standing upon the  threshold4    ',i beg
 your pardon2 ,i do not think you heard 
me knock1 and ,i could not  wait4 ,i am 
,lilian4'    ,how shall ,i describe     
,lilian ,farrar8 ,i have described her6 
,a child of  light1 'beautiful with all 
the soul's expansion'--the expression of
  her face ever varying with the dainty 
colouring of her graceful poetic        
thoughts4 ,i need only add that she had 
deep-blue eyes1 shaded by long  lashes1 
straight1 delicately chiselled little   
nose1 sweet sensitive  mouth1 pale-brown
 hair1 and the figure of a graceful     
child just merging  into womanhood4     
',may ,i come in1 please8'    ,might    
love and loveliness and youth and all   
that is true1 and sweet1  and good1 come
 in8 ,but ,i only bowed1 and held out my
 hand with a smile4    ',i am so sorry  
,i did not know when to expect you1     
,miss ,haddon4'    ',i came earlier than
 ,i ought to have done4'    ',o no2 pray

 do not think that2 only ,i should like 
to have been at the  station to make    
friends at the beginning4'    ',let us  
call this the beginning4'    ,she drew  
nearer to me1 and in a caressing        
child-like way1 lifted up her  mouth to 
be kissed1 as she said3 ',welcome to    
,fairview4'    ,i am not considered to  
be demonstrative2 but ,i know ,i kissed 
her as  heartily as she kissed me1 quite
 understanding that this was not like   
an ordinary first meeting4 ,then she    
gently impelled me towards a low  chair1
 and knelt down beside me4    ',if you  
could only know how very anxious ,i have
 been1 and how relieved  ,i am4'        
',relieved8' ,i asked1 bending down to  
get a better view of the sweet  face4   
',yes2 indeed ,i am4'    ',then you can 
in a measure understand my sensations1' 
,i replied1  smiling down into her eyes4
    ',o yes2 but you could go if you did
 not like us1 you know4'    ',and you   
could dismiss me if you did not like    
me4'    ',i did not think of that2 ,i   

was only afraid--companion means so     
much1  does it not8--how hard it would  
be for me if ,i cared for you1 and you  
only cared to be here because'----      
',of the salary ,i received8'    ',oh1  
pray do not think that ,i meant         
that4--,may ,i say exactly what ,i was  
thinking of1 ,miss ,haddon8'    ',pray  
do4'    ',then ,i meant that it would be
 bad for me if you looked down upon the 
,farrars1 if you were ever so nice1 or  
even if you looked down upon the        
,tippers4 ,i have just seen papa1 and he
 says you belong to great people4  ,that
 rather frightened me1 until ,i saw dear
 old auntie1 and found that  she only   
knew you were nice2 when ,i began to    
hope4'    ',i shall soon set your mind  
at ease about all that1' ,i cheerfully  
replied4 ',meantime1 believe this       
much--,i have begun to look up to ,mrs  
,tipper4'    ',what a nice kind thing to
 say1 ,miss ,haddon4'    ',what a       
pleasant thing to feel1 ,miss ,farrar4' 
,she made a little moue at the ',miss   

,farrar1' and ,i went on3 ',you are     
very young1 are you not8--younger than  
,i expected to find you4' ,i was  going 
to add for an engaged young lady1 but   
thought it better to let  the allusion  
to her engagement come first from her4  
',only just turned seventeen1' she      
replied with a little sigh4    ',is that
 so very depressing8'    ',dear ,miss   
,haddon1 if ,i may tell you about       
myself1 we shall feel more  at home with
 each other8'    ',tell me anything you 
please1 my dear2 and try to believe this
  much--you may trust me4'    ',i       
believed that1 the very first moment ,i 
looked at you4 ,yours is a  face to     
trust4'    ',is it--is it8' ,i murmured1
 smoothing the hair back from her white 
brow4 ',that is indeed something to be  
thankful for4 ,and now ,i can ask  with 
a clear conscience1 why it is a trouble 
to be only seventeen8'                  
',because--dear ,miss ,haddon1 ,i am    
engaged2 and ,arthur--that is his  name1
 you know--does not like waiting until  

,i am older1 to be married4  ,papa says 
he must wait at least a year1 and       
,arthur does not like it4  ,of course ,i
 should prefer waiting4 ,i am sure we   
could not possibly be  happier than we  
are now1 and ,i should not like leaving 
papa--,i will  not1 until he is quite   
well again--but ,i do not like ,arthur  
to be  disappointed either4'    ',mr    
,farrar told me of the engagement4'     
',but ,i do not think that papa told you
 of one thing which is the very  best of
 all4 ,arthur first met me at a         
garden-party1 given by one of our       
neighbours1 just after ,i came home for 
good2 and he had not the least  idea    
that papa was rich when he began to care
 for me4 ,he liked me for  myself--only 
for myself6' with a grave little nod at 
me4 ',he was quite  surprised when he   
found that ,i am an heiress4 ,do you    
know1 he often  says that he should     
prefer having to work for me2 only1 of  
course1 that  need not be4'    ,i read  
her thought1 and my heart went out to   

,lilian ,farrar1 as ,i  smilingly       
replied3 ',he gives one that            
impression4'    ',do you know him8' she 
inquired1 looking a great deal          
surprised4    ',enough for that1 ,i     
think4 ,mr ,wentworth1 is he not8'      
',mr ,wentworth6' she ejaculated4 ',what
 made you think that8 ,no2 but  ,arthur 
is an intimate friend of ,mr            
,wentworth's4'    ,i saw that ,i had    
made a mistake4 ,but ,i was so much     
impressed in ,mr  ,wentworth's favour1  
that the fact of his being an intimate  
friend of  her lover's seemed a         
sufficient guarantee of the latter's    
claims to  respect4    ',they were at   
,eton and ,oxford together1 and ,arthur 
likes him very  much1' she continued1 as
 though she1 on her side1 considered    
that was  saying a great deal in ,mr    
,wentworth's favour4    ',a barrister1  
is he not8'    ',yes2 but he has not    
been very successful as yet1 though he  
works very  hard--writes for newspapers 
and magazines2 and ,i am sure it is very

  good of him1 for ,arthur says he was  
brought up in the greatest luxury  by a 
rich uncle1 and always led to believe   
that he would be the old  man's heir4   
,but just as he was leaving ,oxford1 his
 uncle married a  young girl1 and when  
he had children of his own1 he quite    
discarded his  nephew4 ,but he is like  
,arthur1 and does not care about the    
money2 he is  a great deal more troubled
 about having lost the old man's        
good-will4  ,arthur says that he lives  
in an old tumble-down house--which is   
all  he possesses of his own--with one  
servant1 in the poorest way1 and  very  
rarely visits anywhere but here4 ,even  
here he does not come half  often enough
 to please us1 we all like him so much4 
,strange that both  ,arthur and he      
should commence life with large         
expectations1 and both  find themselves 
penniless2 is it not8 ,mr ,trafford was 
unfortunate in  some speculations1 ,i   
believe2 and the estates had to be sold 
after his  death4'    ,i said something 

to the effect that it was fortunate that
 they were  equal to the position4      
,later1 ,i found that her lover's father
 had  squandered his property in the    
worst kind of extravagance4    ,a gong  
was being sounded1 and she rose1 putting
 her hand under my arm4  ',you must be  
wanting luncheon1 ,miss ,haddon4 ,auntie
 said that she could  not prevail upon  
you to take any refreshment4'    ,i was 
beginning to feel hungry1 and           
acknowledged that ,i was4 ,as she  went 
down1 she explained that her father had 
of late taken to invalid  habits1 and   
did not join them at table4 ,we found   
only ,mrs ,tipper in  the dining-room2 a
 large1 lofty room1 furnished with the  
same heavy  grandeur of style which had 
struck me in the other parts of the     
house4  ,but a change had come over ,mrs
 ,tipper since ,i had left her4 ,her    
genial  good-nature was veiled by the   
same stiffness and constraint which  had
 jarred upon me at first1 as she        
politely trusted ,i should find         

something ,i could eat1 regretted not   
having known that ,i should arrive      
early1 so that she might have given     
orders accordingly2 and so forth4       
',the ,haddons of ,haddon6' ,i thought4 
,she had seen her brother1 and been     
awed by them4 ,but ,i really could not  
allow them to come between this  dear   
old lady and me1 and therefore replied1 
,i had been accustomed to  live so      
plainly that this was quite a banquet to
 me2 as indeed it was4  ,i saw that ,i  
lost ground a little with the           
man-servant in attendance  by my        
candour2 but ,i could afford to wait for
 his better appreciation4  ,mrs ,tipper 
hesitated a moment1 when she reached the
 head of the table1  and signified by a 
gesture her wish for me to take my seat 
there2 in  fact1 ,i know now1 as ,i     
guessed then1 that she was only too glad
 to  slip out of taking any prominent   
position in the household4 ,but ,i  very
 decidedly shook my head1 and passed    
down1 replying to her little  protest1  

that it was not to be thought of--it    
would not be right4 ,i saw  that she    
understood me to mean that it would not 
be etiquette1 and sat  down contented4  
,could the dear little lady have known  
it1 my ignorance  of the ways of the    
fashionable world was greater than her  
own4 ,to my  amusement1 ,mrs ,tipper's  
superiors in such knowledge have        
succumbed to  the magic words1 ',it     
would not be right1' with which1 knowing
 no other  code1 ,i have occasionally   
ventured to settle a question4 ,with    
certain  people1 ',it is not right1'    
solely means ',it is not etiquette1'    
than to  sin against which there is no  
greater wrong2 and they have yielded1   
because they have supposed me better    
acquainted with the newest  mode1 rather
 than imagine that ,i could have the    
audacity to attempt  innovations of my  
own4    ,i soon succeeded in making     
matters pleasant with ,mrs ,tipper      
again4  ,in five minutes the ,haddons of
 ,haddon were forgotten1 and we were    

getting through luncheon in friendly    
agreeable fashion4 ,there was a  slight 
obtuseness on ,richard's side when ,i   
required anything2 but he  found that   
his forgetfulness did not in the        
slightest degree disturb  me1 nor       
prevent my obtaining what ,i wanted4 ,i 
quietly waited2 and as  he could not let
 me repeat a request more than once     
without drawing  the attention of the   
others to his negligence1 he came at    
length to  understand that it was just  
as well to do a thing at once as to be  
quietly forced to do it4 ,the attention 
of both ,lilian and her aunt was  too   
much concentrated upon me for them to   
notice the man's remissness1  and ,i did
 my best to prevent them seeing it4 ,i  
knew that ,lilian's  eyes were turned   
upon me more than once when ,i was      
supposed to be  unobservant1 and thought
 of her words1 ',companion means so     
much1' with  all the more respect for   
her judgment1 whatever it might prove to
 be4    ,that we two should be friends1 

,i knew4 ,i should love her1 and ,i     
believed that she might come to love me4
 ,but would ours be as the              
companionship of two of the same age8   
,should ,i ever be able to lay  bare my 
inmost self1 living so intensely and so 
differently to the  ,mary ,haddon most  
people knew1 to this young girl8 ,she   
had spoken  of her love to me2 should ,i
 be able to speak of mine to her--the   
love which was deeper and stronger than 
a girl's love8 ,it was with  something  
akin to pain that ,i told myself no4    
,because it was not the  love of a girl2
 because it was in its heights higher   
and in its depths  deeper2 because it   
was in its strength and weakness so much
 more  human at eight-and-twenty than at
 seventeen1 ,i could not talk about  it 
to ,lilian ,farrar4 ,the shadowy poetic 
sentiment which clings about  a young   
girl's dream1 the love which is more in 
love with love than  with the lover1 was
 not mine4 ,i am an old woman now1      
writing a story  for men and women1 and 

therefore ,i will add that ,i have still
 quite as  much romance and enthusiasm  
in my composition as ,i had at          
seventeen1  which is an admission to    
make in these days2 but at              
eight-and-twenty  ,i persuaded myself   
that they were or ought to be dead4 ,in 
truth1 my  eight-and-twenty years were  
pressing upon me rather too heavily for 
mental health4 ,i could not take kindly 
to the idea that youth was gone1  or    
recognise that the best of me was not   
necessarily gone with it4 ,but  there is
 no need for me to analyse and dwell    
upon my weaknesses here2  they will be  
apparent enough as ,i go on1 and will   
doubtless preach  their own moral       
without my assistance4    ,after        
luncheon1 we returned to the pretty     
morning-room where ,i had  first seen   
,mrs ,tipper1 and devoted the afternoon 
to making better  acquaintance with each
 other4 ,i began by telling my own      
little story  7so far as it could be    
told1 with ,philip left out7 about my   

dear  mother's long illness1 the        
struggles ,i had had to obtain a living 
when  alone1 and so forth1 because ,i   
wished to appear in my true colours to  
these two1 and above all1 wished to get 
rid of the ,haddons-of-,haddon  tone in 
our future intercourse4 ,then dear old  
,mrs ,tipper came out  grandly with her 
little story respecting past ups and    
downs2 not even  omitting the fact that 
her deceased husband had been messenger 
7between  ourselves1 porter1 my dear7 in
 the firm where her brother rose to be  
chief1 and how he had been pensioned by 
'dear ,jacob1' and ended his  days in   
peace and comfort in a cottage of his   
own at ,holloway1 all the  grandest     
visions of his youth realised4          
,afterwards1 ,lilian told how her father
 had risen in life entirely by  his own 
efforts2 whilst her colour deepened with
 an equally right  pride as she added   
that her mother had been a gentlewoman1 
to whose  foresight her child owed the  
education that was something better than

  any her father's money alone could    
have purchased4 ,as ,mrs ,tipper  had   
informed me1 it had been ,mrs ,farrar's 
dying wish that the first  fifteen years
 of her child's life should be spent    
with an old friend  and distant         
connection of her own4 ,she had not     
erred in her judgment4  ,notwithstanding
 her naturally good disposition1 ,lilian
 would have  suffered from the          
disadvantages consequent upon being     
brought up in  luxury1 the petted       
heiress of a wealthy man1 instead of    
spending her  early years at a country  
vicarage in wholesome study and         
exercise4 ,i  could understand now how  
it happened that ,mr ,farrar's daughter 
was so  refined and different from what 
might have been expected4 ,i knew now   
why it gratified her so much to believe 
that her lover had not sought  her for  
her money's sake4 ,any one but herself  
would have thought it  natural enough   
that she should be sought for her own   
sake4 ,how true1  and good1 and sweet   

she was1 and how soon one knew it2 there
 being no  mysterious complications in  
her nature which it would take time to  
discover4    ',to think of our having so
 dreaded the lady-companion1 auntie2 and
 to  think of my having pleaded so much 
with papa against engaging one6'        
ejaculated ,lilian1 when1 after a very  
pleasant afternoon1 we rose to go  to   
our rooms and dress for dinner4    ',we 
did dread her1 did we not1 dear8'       
smilingly returned the old lady1        
putting her hand upon mine2 'though ,i  
had the most cause for dread4'          
',indeed you had not--your cause is     
mine1' very decidedly said ,lilian4     
,that they could say so much before me  
was sufficient1 had ,i not already      
arrived at the agreeable conclusion that
 ,i had found a home until  ,philip's   
return4          ,,austrian ,,arctic    
,,discovery4      ,at a time when the   
attention of this country is again being
 specially  directed to the question of 
,arctic exploration1 it becomes         

interesting  to take note of what other 
nations have recently achieved in the   
region  of ,polar discovery4 ,it is not 
too much to say that it is with justice 
that ,england considers herself in the  
van as yet of ,arctic enterprise2  but  
we have little hesitation in affirming  
that the expedition the  story of which 
is told in the two volumes under        
notice1,a is worthy  of ranking side by 
side with the most memorable of our own 
voyages of  discovery2 and when it is   
considered that the attention of        
,austria has  but very recently been    
turned to the subject of ,arctic        
exploration1 the  amount of success     
achieved by that nation is all the more 
creditable4    ,it deserves to be stated
 that the expedition of the ,tegetthoff 
was  partly due to the munificence of a 
private individual1 the ,count          
,wilczek1 who contributed the sum of    
forty thousand florins towards its      
equipment1 besides encouraging the      
enterprise by every means in his  power4

 ,the ,tegetthoff was a screw-steamer of
 two hundred and twenty  tons burden1   
built expressly for this expedition1    
with engines of one  hundred            
horse-power1 and fitted out for a voyage
 of two-and-a-half  years' duration4    
,her commander was ,captain ,weyprecht1 
and with him was  associated1 as        
colleague and as director of the land   
operations1 the  writer of these        
volumes1 ,lieutenant ,payer4 ,the crew1 
officers and men  included1 numbered    
only twenty-four4 ,the ideal object of  
the voyage was  the north-east passage2 
its direct and expressed aim1 the       
exploration  of the seas and lands lying
 to the north-east of ,novaya ,zemlya4  
,where  the ship was to winter was not  
definitely fixed2 and a return home by  
way of ,behring's ,strait was1 though   
improbable1 a possibility4    ,the      
,tegetthoff left ,bremerhaven on ,june  
#ac1 #ahgb1 and ,tromsoe a  month later4
 ,immediately previous to the voyage of 
the ,tegetthoff1  a preliminary voyage  

of reconnaissance had been made in a    
small  coasting-ship by ,count ,wilczek1
 who had found the sea between          
,spitzbergen and ,novaya ,zemlya almost 
entirely open and free from ice4  ,it   
was hoped1 therefore1 that the water    
would be in the same condition  when the
 ,tegetthoff crossed it1 and that where 
a small sailing-vessel  had gone so far1
 a fully equipped steam-ship might      
penetrate almost  indefinitely4 ,but to 
the latter vessel the ,spitzbergen seas 
presented a  wholly dissimilar aspect4  
,the ice was first encountered in       
seventy-four  degrees--much farther     
south than was expected2 and from that  
time it  never entirely left the vessel4
    ,off ,cape ,nassau the expedition   
was overtaken by ,count ,wilczek1 who   
had followed in the ,isbjrn1 the small  
sailing-ship in which the  preliminary  
pioneering voyage had been made1 with   
the object of placing  a depot for the  
,tegetthoff on the north coast of       
,novaya ,zemlya4 ,very  shortly after   

the two vessels separated1 the          
,tegetthoff was fairly  beset and hemmed
 in by the ice in latitude #gf #bb ,n41 
longitude  #fc #c ,e4 ,the good ship had
 made her first and her last voyage1 for
 from  that icy grip she was destined   
never to get free4    ,long and         
desperate were the efforts made by      
officers and men to release  the ship4  
,sawing the ice and blasting with       
powder1 both above and below  the       
surface1 alike proved fruitless4        
,fissures that had been made with  great
 toil1 froze again as soon as made2 and 
when the vessel tried to  steam against 
the ice1 it was unable so much as to set
 the floe in  motion4 ,the ,tegetthoff  
was now entirely at the mercy of the    
terrible  foe by which she was beset on 
all sides4    ,it might be supposed by  
such as are only imperfectly acquainted 
with  the ,arctic regions1 that the ship
 thus firmly locked in the ice  would be
 safe at least from immediate danger4   
,but this was very far  from being the  

case4 ,for some time indeed1 the ice by 
which she was  encircled remained       
motionless1 but this condition of things
 was not to  last4 ,the #acth of        
,october--a ,sunday--was a day ominous  
for the fate of  the expedition4 ,in the
 morning1 the ice-floe burst across     
immediately  beneath the ship4 ,officers
 and crew rushed on deck to behold the  
ice  heaving around them on all sides4  
,the aft-part of the vessel was  already
 nipped and pressed2 and the rudder1    
which was the first to meet  the shock1 
trembled and groaned4 ,the crew were    
unable to unship it by  reason of its   
weight1 and had to be satisfied with    
lashing it securely4  ,all then leaped  
out upon the ice1 and as quickly as     
possible got on  board whatever articles
 had been left lying outside the ship4  
,next1  the fissures in the floe were   
hastily bound together with ice-anchors 
and ropes1 and filled up with snow1 in  
the hope that they might freeze  over1  
though it was felt that at any moment a 

sudden heave might undo  the whole work4
    ,during all this time meanwhile1 the
 ice was tossing and trembling from  its
 bases1 while the air reverberated with 
the most awful sounds1 as  of shrieks   
and howls4 ,mountains lifted themselves 
suddenly above the  level surface1 and  
the low groan that rose from the depths 
grew into a  deep rumble1 and finally   
increased to a roar of fury with the    
volume  of myriad voices4 ,uproar and   
confusion ruled supreme1 and destruction
  seemed every moment drawing nearer the
 ship as the ice crashed against  her4  
,now huge blocks reared fathoms high    
above the vessel1 forcing  themselves   
against her hull2 now masses fell down  
beneath her1 until  they began to raise 
her above the level of the sea1 the     
explorers being  in readiness at any    
moment to abandon the ship1 in the event
 of her  being crushed4 ,the pressure   
approached its height at about noon1 at 
which time the vessel was straining and 
groaning in every plank and  spar2 but  

the crisis had now been reached1 the    
pressure abated1 the  ,tegetthoff       
righted herself1 and all immediate      
danger at least1 was  past4    ,but the 
above terrible experience indicated to  
the explorers what they  might at any   
time expect4 ,henceforward every noise  
in the ice was heard  by them with      
apprehension and fear4 ,it was worse    
than living within the  continual       
influence of earthquakes4 ,at night1    
officers and men always  slept with     
their clothes on1 ready to rush on deck 
whenever the ice was  heard beginning to
 groan and heave2 and this state of     
things continued  for one hundred and   
thirty days1 the whole of that period   
being one  of almost constant darkness4 
,the first winter passed by the         
expedition in their icy prison was  at  
best but a time of gloom1 though all on 
board combined to render  each other's  
lot as little wearisome as possible4    
,the conduct of  the crew throughout the
 enterprise was exemplary and           

praiseworthy2  and it is pleasant to    
read of the kindly feeling and sympathy 
that  prevailed between officers and    
men4 ,only by the maintenance of        
complete  harmony and mutual            
consideration could an existence passed 
under  the circumstances described in   
these volumes be rendered tolerable4    
,the devices resorted to1 to employ and 
pass the time1 were various4  ,constant 
occupation on the part both of officers 
and men was found not  only to be       
beneficial1 but absolutely necessary to 
ward off ennui and  depression4 ,the    
duties connected with the daily routine 
of work were  not sufficient2 occupation
 had to be invented4 ,the chief officers
 had  their scientific observations to  
employ and interest them2 but the       
resources of the men were fewer4 ,at    
first the building of snow-houses  was  
resorted to as a means of filling up the
 time4 ,then a school was  begun1 in    
which were passed many hours daily2     
besides which1 there was  seal-catching 

and bear-hunting4 ,on an average1 two   
bears were killed  weekly1 and roasted  
bear-flesh was relished by all2 and the 
flesh of  the seal1 which was at first  
but little appreciated1 was by-and-by   
found to be at least palatable4    ,it  
is well known that the getting-up and   
performance of theatricals  have been   
found a source of great beneficial      
occupation and amusement  during winters
 passed in the ,arctic regions1 where it
 is a matter of  prime importance that  
the spirits of the men should be kept as
 even and  jolly as possible4 ,but there
 were several reasons why the crew of   
the  ,tegetthoff were compelled to      
forego such recreations4 ,their         
numerical  strength was too small2 the  
languages spoken on board were too      
diverse2  for the crew was a very mixed 
one1 including ,germans1 ,italians1     
,hungarians1 and ,slavs1 all orders1    
however1 being issued in ,italian2  and 
the performance must have been given in 
four separate languages4  ,there was no 

other place available for a theatre than
 the barricaded  deck1 where the        
spectators would have had to sit        
enduring a temperature  of from twenty  
to thirty degrees of cold2 and lastly1  
there was a  general feeling that the   
situation of the party was a far too    
serious  and critical one for such      
diversions to be so welcome as other    
,arctic  expeditions have found them4   
,during the first winter the ,tegetthoff
 drifted through the wandering  ice for 
the most part in a north-easterly       
direction4 ,when a little  north of     
seventy-four degrees1 she took a turn   
towards the west in  ,february #ahgc4   
,her course was now a generally westward
 one1 but with  variations4 ,in the     
spring and summer of #ahgc every effort 
was of  course again put forth to free  
her from the ice4 ,all endeavour in this
  direction1 however1 still proved      
ineffectual1 and the little party  again
 prepared1 though with very anxious and 
depressed hearts1 to face  a second     

winter4 ,but through the long gloom of  
that second winter they  were to be     
buoyed up by hope and expectation4 ,in  
,august the ship took a  turn northward1
 when suddenly1 'as if by magic1' the   
mists lifted1 and  behold6 a vast shape1
 high1 bold1 and rocky1 loomed out of   
the fog on  the vessel's bows4 ,it was  
land beyond a doubt1 new land2 and fresh
 hope  and life filled every breast at  
the sight4 ,the whole aspect of things  
suddenly changed for the explorers4     
,they had now something to look  forward
 to through the long winter--namely1 the
 exploration of that  new land which    
they had discovered1 or as it may be    
said1 which had  discovered them4       
,when the land first revealed itself to 
the explorers1 it was too late  in the  
season to leave the ship for purposes of
 exploration1 and so the  ,tegetthoff   
remained close by it1 still fast in the 
ice1 all through  the succeeding winter1
 during which one disturbing thought    
troubled  the minds of all on board1 the

 fear1 namely1 that the vessel might    
drift away again from the land1 and all 
the hopes of the expedition  end in     
nothing4 ,but no such untoward fortune  
awaited them4 ,when the  spring came    
round1 and the long darkness waned1 the 
light revealed the  land still in the   
same position4 ,and now preparations    
began to visit  the new-found land4     
,three separate sledge-journeys were    
made from the  ship1 all under the      
command of ,lieutenant ,payer4 ,the     
first journey  began early in ,march    
#ahgd1 and was a short one4 ,the party  
comprised  six men and three dogs2 but  
as ,lieutenant ,payer contemplated      
making  his second journey the most     
important one1 he reserved the pick of  
the  crew for it4 ,it will be understood
 that it required no little courage  and
 patient endurance on the part of the   
handful of men engaged in this  first   
sledge-journey across the desolate      
wastes of ice1 when it is  stated that  
their physical condition was very far   

from being perfect4  ',pospischill      
suffered from lung-disease2 ,lurkinovich
 from palpitation  of the heart2 ,haller
 from chronic rheumatism2 ,lettis from a
 tendency  to bronchial catarrh4' ,it is
 therefore all the more creditable to   
these men that they bore up so well1 and
 accomplished so much1 for the  first   
sledge-expedition did all that its      
leader expected from it4 ,the  position 
of the new land and its general         
character were determined2  ,wilczek    
,island and the south part of ,hall     
,island explored2 and from the  results 
thus arrived at1 ,lieutenant ,payer was 
enabled to arrange a plan  for a more   
protracted journey towards the north4   
,the second sledge-expedition was by far
 the most important of the  three4 ,it  
started from the ship on the #bfth of   
,march in the thick  of a snowstorm4    
,after enduring the most excessive toil 
and hardship1  the party penetrated     
northwards to a distance of one hundred 
and  sixty miles1 as far as it was      

possible to go with sledges4 ,the cold  
endured during these sledge-journeys was
 often most intense4 ,the men  never    
dared to bring their lips in contact    
with a metal cup in the  act of         
drinking4 ,one shook the liquid into his
 companion's mouth4 ,the  strongest rum 
seemed to lose all its strength1 and had
 the taste of  milk and the consistence 
of oil4 ,the bread was frozen so hard   
that  there was danger of breaking the  
teeth in eating it1 and it brought      
blood as it was being consumed4 ,the    
instruments used by ,lieutenant  ,payer 
in surveying burned when he touched     
them2 and the medals worn  by some of   
the men felt like hot iron1 proving the 
truth of the  saying that 'extremes     
meet4' ,the furthest point northward    
reached by  ,lieutenant ,payer and his  
party was ,cape ,fligely1 #he #e1 where 
the  ,austro-,hungarian flag was planted
 for the first time in the far north4   
,gladly would the ,lieutenant have      
visited the lands beheld from that      

northern peak1 could he have done so    
with any degree of safety4 ,but he  felt
 that he had gone as far as the         
resources at his command warranted1  and
 wisely shrank from further risking the 
lives of his brave followers4    ,the   
work accomplished by the second         
sledge-journey was a sufficiently       
thorough exploration of ,kaiser ,franz  
,joseph ,land--named after the          
,austrian emperor--and the exploration  
of ,austria ,sound1 which divides       
,franz ,joseph ,land into ,wilczek ,land
 and ,zichy ,land4 ,lieutenant ,payer   
returned to the ship well satisfied with
 the results achieved2  and we think he 
had every reason for being so4 ,he had1 
by careful  investigations1 surveys1 and
 drawings1 arrived at a very            
satisfactory  conception of the newly   
discovered land4    ,kaiser ,franz      
,joseph ,land is an archipelago1 of     
about equal dimensions  to ,spitzbergen1
 extending from eighty degrees or       
thereabouts to at  least eighty-three   

degrees north latitude1 but how far from
 east  to west was not determined4 ,it  
is a very barren region1 as may be      
believed1 containing mountains from two 
to five thousand feet high1  glaciers of
 great size1 and many deep fiords4      
,animal life is abundant1  bears and    
seals and ,arctic birds in great        
variety1 vast numbers being  found by   
the explorers in many parts4 ,no trace  
of human beings was  anywhere           
discovered1 and ,lieutenant ,payer      
believes the region to be  uninhabitable
 by man4 ,by the geological formation of
 the islands1  which seem to be of      
volcanic origin1 the explorer was       
reminded of the  north-east coast of    
,greenland4 ,a third and final          
sledge-journey was  made by which the   
north-west coasts of ,m',clintock       
,island were visited4  ,the             
sledge-expeditions began on ,march #aj1 
#ahgd1 and ended ,may #c;d1  during     
which period a distance of four hundred 
and fifty miles was  traversed4         

,while these expeditions were being     
made1 the ship was all the while  fast  
in the ice2 and as there seemed no      
prospect of getting free1 it  was       
resolved to abandon her4 ,to remain     
another winter with the hope of  further
 discoveries1 would have been1 under the
 circumstances1 a very  great risk4     
,provisions were becoming scant1 and the
 physical condition  of the men1 so     
severely tried by the two winters       
already passed amid  the ice1 was far   
too low to make it safe to face a third4
 ,and all now  felt that they could     
return to their country at least with   
honour4 ,the  ,tegetthoff was abandoned 
on the #bjth of ,may #ahgd1 and the     
return  journey to ,europe began4 ,but  
the dangers and hardships of the        
explorers  were by no means yet over4   
,the progress southward1 now in the     
sledges1  now by boats1 was toilsome1   
painful1 and slow in the extreme4 ,to   
convey  a conception of this it is      
sufficient to state that 'after two     

months  of indescribable efforts1 the   
distance between us and the ship was not
  more than two ,german miles2' a space 
that would be equal to about nine       
,english miles4 ,does not this rate of  
progress correspond in a striking       
degree with the experience of our own   
recent ,arctic expedition in  traversing
 the terrible 'sea of ancient ice8' ,but
 had the ice of the  ,novaya ,zemlya    
seas remained much longer as formidable 
as it did to the  sledge-parties of     
,commander ,markham and his colleagues1 
the ,austrian  expedition party must    
have one and all perished4 ,but         
fortunately1 at  the end of two months' 
travelling1 and when the men had almost 
begun  to despair1 'leads' unexpectedly 
opened up in the ice2 and after one     
more month of sledging and boating1 the 
open ocean was reached in #gg  #dj2 an  
unusually high latitude4 ,ultimately the
 party were picked up1  as they had     
hoped for1 by a ,russian fishing-vessel1
 off ,cape ,britwin1  minus one only of 

its members1 poor ,krisch the engineer1 
who had died  of consumption shortly    
before the abandonment of the ship4     
,the literary skill with which the      
writer of these volumes has told the    
story of the ,austrian ,arctic          
,expedition is quite equal to the best  
of  similar narratives by any former    
,arctic explorer4 ,he describes the     
really wonderful fortunes of the        
expedition1 through all its many        
vicissitudes and perils1 simply and     
modestly1 yet with great vividness  and 
realistic power4 ,his story purports to 
be no more than a popular  narrative of 
what ,austria has accomplished in       
,arctic discovery2 but  it is really    
more than this4 ,in addition to their   
interest as a  record of courageous     
enterprise and patient resolution and   
endurance  in the face of the most      
excessive hardships1 the volumes possess
 a  distinct scientific value2 for their
 author is an accomplished man of       
science1 as well as a brave navigator   

and explorer4 ,in a portion of  the     
introductory chapters1 ,lieutenant      
,payer treats at length and with  great 
clearness the various theories that have
 at different times been  put forward as
 to the existence of an open ,polar sea4
 ,he unhesitatingly  concludes that no  
such sea exists2 a conclusion which     
agrees with the  actual discoveries of  
our own ,arctic expedition4 ,from this  
opinion1  however1 his colleague        
,commander ,weyprecht1 dissents1 as does
 also the  eminent ,german geographer   
,dr ,petermann4 ',the ,pole             
impracticable2' such  was the brief     
telegraphic summary with which the      
announcement of the  return of the      
,alert and ,discovery was heralded4 ,but
 ,captain ,nares  has since modified    
this expression4 ,he wishes it to be    
understood that  all he means to affirm 
is1 that the ,pole is impracticable by  
the route  taken by the ,alert and      
,discovery1 and with the present        
existing  scientific appliances4        

,impracticable the ,north ,pole may     
perhaps ever remain1 if the state of    
the ice encountered by our expedition   
and by ,lieutenant ,payer be its  normal
 one4 ,but of this we have as yet no    
certain proof2 nor yet1 in  spite of our
 author's well-reasoned conclusions1    
that in some seasons  an open sea may   
not exist4 ,some of our readers may     
remember that the  ,american expedition 
in the ,polaris1 under ,captain ,hall1  
found open  water where the             
sledging-parties of the ,alert and      
,discovery found  only vast ice masses  
of a hundred and fifty feet in height4  
,it appears  to us then that nothing    
dogmatic can be said on one side or the 
other  in respect to this question4     
,one other point raised by ,lieutenant  
,payer is deserving of note1  which is1 
that in all ,arctic exploration there   
are two objects to  be considered1 and  
that these are distinct1 and not1 as has
 been  too often supposed1 identical4   
,these are--the 'reaching of the  ,north

 ,pole1' and 'the exploration of the    
,polar regions4' ,the former  appeals   
more to the imaginative and romantic    
side of our nature2 but  ,lieutenant    
,payer takes a broader view of the      
question4 ,he believes1 in  conjunction 
with ,commander ,weyprecht1 that the    
,polar regions afford  special          
facilities--greater perhaps than any    
quarter of the globe--for  observations 
of natural phenomena--magnetism1 the    
aurora1 c42 and  for the study of       
geology1 zoology1 and botany4 ,in short1
 while not  undervaluing the importance 
of geographical discovery1 he holds that
  the prime object of future ,arctic    
expeditions should be the increasing  of
 our knowledge of natural phenomena1 for
 the observation of which  these        
northern regions offer such great       
advantages4    ,,footnotes3    ,a ,new  
,lands within the ,arctic ,circle4      
,narrative of the ,discoveries  of the  
,austrian ,ship ,tegetthoff in the      
,years #ahgb-ahgd4 ,by ,julius  ,payer1 

one of the ,commanders of the           
,expedition4 ,macmillan  ,co4           
,a ,,curate',s ,,holiday4    ,,in ,,four
 ,,chapters4--,,chapter ,,iv4      ,it  
was not long past noon when ,i alighted 
before the door of the  ,ship and       
,anchor at ,lleyrudrigg4 ,but instead of
 entering that inn1 ,i  waited merely   
until ,jonathan had driven the dog-cart 
to a stable-yard  round the corner1 and 
then walked away at a quick pace towards
 the  beach4 ,arrived there1 ,i         
collected a number of fishermen whom1 in
  accordance with my anticipations1 ,i  
found loitering about the sands1  and   
told them my story4 ,i did so in as     
clear and succinct a manner as          
possible1 commencing with an account of 
,mr ,john ,williams's suspicious        
conduct1 and proceeding in regular order
 to its termination4 ,the  narrative1   
however1 was frequently interrupted by  
excited exclamations  from the sturdy   
,welshmen1 and its progress considerably
 delayed by  the necessity for          

interpretation to those amongst them who
 did not  understand ,english4 ,by the  
time it was finished quite a small crowd
 had  gathered around me2 and when      
finally ,i made an appeal for assistance
  in rescuing ,mr ,morgan from his      
dangerous situation1 a dozen stout      
fellows volunteered to accompany me to  
the spot4 ,thanking them with no        
hypocritical cordiality1 ,i inquired1   
albeit with some doubt1 whether         
conveyance for so large a party could be
 obtained in the village4               
,unhesitatingly a chorus of voices      
assured me in reply that the best and   
speediest method of returning to the    
,spike ,rocks would be by sea--one  of  
the sailors adding the agreeable        
intelligence1 that with wind and  tide  
both in our favour as they were at      
present1 we might hope to reach  them in
 little over an hour4    ,the suggestion
 meeting1 as ,i need scarcely say1 with 
my delighted  approval1 a friendly      
contention ensued as to which of the    

fishing-smacks offered by their         
respective owners for the purpose       
should have the honour of making the    
little voyage4 ,but hastened  by my     
impatient entreaties1 the question was  
quickly and amicably  settled2 and the  
anchor of the selected vessel having    
been weighed1 ,i  embarked along with my
 rough but kindly natured companions4   
,as might  be expected1 all conversation
 during the short sail turned           
exclusively  on the one theme1 and over 
and over again ,i was called upon to    
repeat  to those of the fishermen not   
engaged in working the vessel1 portions 
of the tale ,i had already related4 ,but
 the information was not all on  one    
side1 since for my part ,i learned from 
my seafaring associates  one or two very
 significant facts--the chief amongst   
them being that  the owners of ,spike   
,rock ,farm and of the ,ship and ,anchor
 inn were  brothers2 and that two other 
gentlemen who had visited the ,spike    
,rocks1  after staying at the hotel in  

,lleyrudrigg1 had also mysteriously     
disappeared from that neighbourhood4    
,with light thrown upon the matter  by  
the former of these facts1 ,i now       
understood how it was that the  farmer's
 physiognomy had impressed me as        
familiar--the resemblance  between the  
brothers1 though not very striking1     
being quite sufficient  to account for  
it--and by the latter ,i was1 if        
possible1 more  thoroughly convinced    
than ever of the diabolical             
premeditation with  which the intended  
murder had been committed4    ,the      
sailor who had made it proved to be not 
far wrong in his  calculation as to the 
length of time it would take to reach   
our  destination4 ,exactly one hour and 
a quarter after quitting ,lleyrudrigg   
we landed1 with some difficulty1 a      
little beyond the bird-haunted  crags1  
and at once started1 almost at a run1   
for the farther of the  two ',devils'   
,holes1' the seamen1 by my direction1   
carrying with them  a coil of strong    

rope4 ,but although upon attaining it1  
we all shouted  in concert1 urging my   
reverend friend to make some sign from  
his place  of concealment1 no response  
was given to the summons4 ,and when time
  after time it had been repeated       
without other result than a series of   
echoes1 loud enough to be heard above   
the din of the restless waters  below1  
,i could see some of the men beginning  
to look at me askance2  then gradually  
upon the faces of one or two the air of 
questioning  doubt gave place to an     
angry scowl2 and from certain low       
mutterings  which reached my ear1 ,i    
gathered that an impression was         
beginning to be  formed that ,i was     
either mad1 or that ,i had mischievously
 brought them  upon a fool's errand4    
,determined at once to alter this state 
of affairs1 ,i adopted what1  with my   
sensitiveness to giddiness1 was         
certainly a bold measure4  ,requesting  
that the rope might be fastened about my
 waist1 ,i directed  my companions to   

lower me to the spot in which ,i        
asserted that ,i had  seen the minister4
 ,reassured by the confidence implied in
 this step1  the men obeyed2 and        
accordingly1 ,i shortly found myself    
swinging within  that awful chasm1 with 
the rope vibrating to and fro1 and a    
deafening  roar coming up from beneath4 
,presently my feet touched the slanting 
granite shelf described in the previous 
chapter1 and immediately ,i felt  them  
slip from under me2 then1 as the rope   
paid out with a jerk1 ,i slid  downwards
 through a narrow opening into a minute 
cave in the rock1 and  lay there for a  
few moments stunned by the violence of a
 blow which my  head had received in the
 fall4 ,upon recovering consciousness1  
,i found  myself resting upon the body  
of my friend2 and moving so as to obtain
  a view of his face1 ,i soon discovered
 why there had been no reply to  our    
reiterated calls4    ,the little        
minister--,i saw it with deep           
thankfulness--was still  alive1 but his 

ears had been rendered obtuse by the    
delirium of a  raging fever4 ,his eyes1 
wide open1 were fixed upon the roof of  
the  tiny cavern1 and though1 upon my   
addressing him1 they wandered during    
several seconds over my countenance1 it 
was without the slightest sign  of      
recognition4 ,he commenced a rigmarole  
of rambling disconnected  sentences1 at 
all times painful to hear from the lips 
of the poor  sufferer from a perturbed  
brain1 but which1 uttered in that weird 
and  awful place1 was naturally invested
 with double horror4 ,my fingers        
trembling in the attempt1 ,i now        
hastened to undo the rope from about my 
own person1 in order that ,i might      
secure it round that of ,mr ,morgan4    
,but owing to the opposition offered by 
the unconscious man1 the task  proved to
 be one of no small difficulty4 ,at     
length1 however1 it was  accomplished2  
and signing to those above to draw in   
the rope1 ,i gently  guided the body of 
the little ,welshman through the        

entrance to the  cavern1 noticing as ,i 
did so that his right leg was fractured 
and  terribly swollen4 ,not caring to   
witness the perilous ascent1 ,i remained
  within the cave until a loud          
',hurrah6' proclaimed his safe arrival  
upon  terra firma4 ,then scrambling out1
 ,i watched the rope re-descending1     
once more adjusted it round my waist1   
and in a few moments afterwards  was    
kneeling by my friend's side upon the   
grass1 and at the request of  the       
excited fishermen1 searching his pockets
 for the huge wash-leather  purse of    
which ,i had spoken to them4    ,its    
absence1 as well as that of his watch   
and chain1 appeared to settle  beyond   
question in their minds the fact that   
there had been foul-play2  and a motion 
emanating from one of their number that 
we should take  the law into our own    
hands1 and proceed to arrest the farmer 
and his  family1 was unanimously        
carried4    ,accordingly1 leaving ,mr   
,morgan under the care of a couple of   

the elder  men1 we adjourned in a body  
to the ,spike ,rock ,farm2 but only to  
find  it1 to our extreme mortification1 
entirely untenanted4 ,evidences1        
however1 of hasty flight existed in such
 abundance1 that we could  not but      
conclude that its late inmates had only 
just departed4 ,and  confirmation of    
this supposition was not wanting2 for   
one of the  sailors1 gazing from an     
upper window1 presently espied1 far down
  the winding lane up which ,i had      
yestere'en driven1 a mass of heads      
progressing rapidly1 but with a jolting 
kind of motion1 as though their  owners 
were being carried along in a           
spring-cart or some such vehicle4       
,drawing the obvious inference that our 
large party must have been seen  by the 
criminals1 surrounding the supposed     
grave of their victim1  and that        
conscious guilt having excited their    
alarm1 they were now  endeavouring to   
escape from the justice which would     
follow detection1  we consulted with    

each other as to what it were best to   
do4 ,the result  of the conference was a
 decision to take the vessel farther    
round the  headland1 to a small town    
where better accommodation could be     
found  for the sick man than at         
,lleyrudrigg1 and in the vicinity of    
which was  a station of coast-guardsmen4
 ,this resolution being promptly carried
  out1 ,mr ,morgan was conveyed upon    
landing to a comfortable hotel1 where  a
 physician was speedily procured to     
attend him2 and accompanied by my  corps
 of witnesses1 ,i proceeded to lay      
before the proper authorities a  full   
statement of the events ,i have         
described1 and to place the case in     
their hands4 ,then bestowing upon my    
quondam companions a good dinner1  and  
promising to obtain for them a reward   
for their services1 which ,i  was myself
 unable to afford1 ,i walked with them  
to the landing-stage1  and saw them off 
upon their return voyage4 ,a message    
directed that same  afternoon to ,mrs   

,morgan1 ,pwlwyn1 brought with great    
celerity to the  side of the little     
minister the tenderest and most devoted 
nurse in  the world2 and before many    
days1 he was so far recovered as to be  
able  to supply any further testimony   
which was wanting for the conviction  of
 his intending murderers4 ,such         
testimony1 however1 had by that time    
become almost unnecessary1 since upon   
being captured 7as they had been  with  
prompt despatch71 the youngest of the   
culprits had consented to  earn a pardon
 by turning king's evidence4 ,by this   
lad's confession it  was now clearly    
proved that the minister's glass of     
spirits had1 as  ,i had suspected1 been 
heavily drugged1 that his three hundred 
pounds  had been stolen1 and that he    
himself had been cast into the ',devil's
  ,hole2' and from the same source it   
was also ascertained that two other     
gentlemen--one of them a jeweller1 known
 to be travelling with valuable         
diamonds in his possession--had by ,abel

 ,williams1 owner of ,spike ,rock       
,farm1 and his two eldest sons1 and at  
the instigation of ,john ,williams  of  
,lleyrudrigg1 been done to death by     
being precipitated into the same  chasm4
    ,at the following summer assizes1   
,abel1 ,robert1 and ,thomas ,williams   
were  condemned to suffer the full      
penalty of the law2 ,jonathan ,williams 
the hunchback and the farmer's remaining
 sons received sentences of             
imprisonment of more or less severity2  
whilst to the landlord of  the ,ship and
 ,anchor was awarded the well-merited   
punishment of  transportation for life4 
,a few sentences will now suffice to    
complete my story4 ,at the urgent       
request of the good couple1 to whom ,i  
had become sincerely attached1  and to  
whom indeed my services for the journey 
were1 ,i thought1 almost  indispensable1
 ,i consented to return with them to    
their home4 ,i did  not1 however1 when  
giving that consent1 intend to remain   
longer than  one evening at ,pwlwyn--my 

leave of absence from my duties having  
long  since expired4 ,but strange to    
say1 when a full week had elapsed ,i was
  still lingering in that small and in  
itself unattractive ,welsh village2  and
 it was not until an entire change in my
 sentiments and in all my  prospects for
 life had been wrought by my visit1 that
 ,i eventually left  it for ,ollyhill4  
,during the time she had spent at the   
hotel whilst engaged in nursing  her    
husband1 and especially when upon the   
way home1 ,mrs ,morgan had made         
frequent allusion in my presence and in 
terms of the highest praise to  a       
certain young cousin under whose charge 
she had left her house and  children4   
,but little did ,i dream that that      
cousin--the ,lily whose  name ,i had so 
often heard repeated--was my            
,lily--,lily ,thornton6 ,such1  however1
 upon arriving at ,pwlwyn1 ,i found to  
be the case2 and in the  surprise and   
uncontrollable joy of that unexpected   
meeting1 ,i knew  that ,i1 in fact that 

both of us1 had betrayed ourselves4     
,then followed  days full of a bliss so 
sweet1 that resolve as ,i would1 ,i     
could not  forego it1 when in the       
delightful consciousness of tacitly     
confessed  love1 ,lily and ,i wandered  
forth together1 seeking the shady woods 
and  conversing in confiding            
tones--principally about nothing4 ,at   
length  there came a certain sunny      
afternoon when1 seated side by side upon
 a  rustic bridge1 we bent in silence   
over a little babbling stream1 our      
heads coming into closer and closer     
proximity1 until in the end1 with  a    
sudden movement1 'our spirits rushed    
together in the meeting of the  lips4'  
,after that1 as any person of the       
slightest experience in such  matters   
will readily believe1 it was--to use a  
slang phrase--all up  with me4 ,i left  
that bridge an affianced man2 and upon  
returning to  ,ollyhill ,i resigned my  
curacy2 and upon receiving ,squire      
,thornton's  somewhat reluctant consent 

to my engagement with his daughter1 ,i  
obtained a situation in a mercantile    
house in ,liverpool1 the principal  of  
which was an uncle of my intended bride4
 ,with indefatigable industry  ,i       
laboured for two years to earn for      
myself a good position2 and at  the     
close of that time took to my bosom1 for
 weal or woe1 the wife for  whose sake  
,i had quitted the ,church and joined   
the ,merchants' ,service4           99  
99       99       99       99    ,in    
conclusion1 the events ,i have here     
faithfully related1 involve a  virtue   
which every one ought to endeavour to   
practise--the virtue of  ,presence of   
,mind4 ,in cases of sudden peril1 a     
moment or two of calm  thought on the   
part of one person1 has frequently been 
the means of  saving not only his own   
but the lives of his fellow-creatures4  
,in the  case of a theatre on fire1 or  
in a runaway carriage1 he 7or she7 who  
has the presence of mind to sit still1  
has the best chance of saving  his 7or  

her7 life4 ,in my case1 feigning sleep  
probably saved mine4                    
,,toy-,,land4      ,in a romantic and   
beautiful district of the ,southern     
,tyrol1 at no great  distance from the  
town of ,botzen1 stands the flourishing 
village of  ,st ,ulrich4 ,it is indeed  
more a small town than a village1 and   
extends  itself widely along the right  
bank of one of those rushing streams    
that  dash through nearly every valley1 
and are fed by the melting of the  snow 
on the lofty mountain-ranges of the     
neighbourhood4 ,it contains  several    
good and comfortable inns2 and boasts of
 two churches1 one of  which is old and 
small2 the other new and large1 and     
handsomely carved  and decorated        
outside1 while in the interior1 besides 
some richly  painted windows and a good 
altar-piece1 there is a great variety of
  statues and small figures1 all of     
wood1 most of them very delicately      
carved1 and many of them1 as well as    
much of the internal ornamentation  of  

the church1 tastefully gilt and         
coloured4 ,this wood-carving is  indeed 
the staple manufacture of the place1 and
 has raised it to its  present condition
 of evident prosperity4 ,there are no   
signs of poverty  anywhere visible2 the 
people look healthy1 happy1 well fed and
 well  clad1 and their houses roomy and 
clean4 ,let us see how this pleasant    
state of matters has been brought about4
    ,wood-carving is the chief          
occupation of many a mountain village   
both  in the ,tyrol and in ,switzerland2
 but in no place has it been carried  to
 greater perfection or been entered into
 more thoroughly by the  inhabitants    
than at ,st ,ulrich4 ,one branch of it  
indeed1 the manufacture  of wooden toys1
 particularly dolls1 may be considered  
almost a  speciality of the district2   
for the little town of ,st ,ulrich is   
the  great storehouse from which the    
chief toy-traders of ,europe1 we might  
almost say of the world1 draw those rich
 and inexhaustible supplies  which      

brighten so many nurseries and gladden  
the hearts of so many  little ones4 ,the
 art is said to have been introduced    
into the valley  about the beginning of 
the last century1 since which time it   
has been  the principal employment of   
the inhabitants1 male and female1 young 
and old alike2 for ancient grandfathers 
and grandmothers may be seen  steadily  
pursuing the vocation that has been     
theirs from their earliest  years2 and  
as soon as the little boys or girls can 
be safely trusted  with knives1 they    
begin their rude endeavours to carve the
 form of  some animal or toy which is   
the peculiar line of their family4 ,this
 is  one of the odd things in connection
 with the trade1 that1 as a general     
rule1 each family or group of families  
has its own special department1  from   
which they do not deviate4 ,some carve1 
some paint1 some gild2 the  painters    
often working only in one particular    
colour2 while the carvers  constantly   
stick to the manufacture of one or two1 

or at the most of  half-a-dozen animals1
 of certain toys or certain portions of 
toys  and dolls1 and so on through all  
the endless ramifications of their      
,lilliputian industry4    ,it is a most 
curious sight to watch them at work4    
,they use no models1  and work entirely 
by rule of thumb2 long practice having  
made them so  perfect that they turn out
 the tiny articles without the slightest
  hesitation1 every one as precisely    
alike as if they had been cast in a     
mould4 ,in this way are manufactured the
 varied collection of animals  found in 
a ,noah's ,ark4 ,some families will cut 
out lions1 tigers1  camels1 and         
elephants2 others1 sheep1 oxen1 and     
deer2 others1 chiefly  birds2 while     
another group will produce the          
wonderfully dressed little  men and     
women popularly supposed to represent   
,noah and his seven human  companions4  
,the colouring of these productions is  
quite another branch  of the trade2 and 
while the carving goes on at all times  

with unabated  regularity1 the painting 
of the various articles is only added as
 they  are required2 that is1 when      
orders come from the toy-dealers2 and   
this  frequently varies according to    
circumstances2 so that the colouring and
  gilding business is not on the whole  
so steady and profitable as the         
carving4    ,there are several shops and
 warehouses where the articles thus     
manufactured are sold2 but there are two
 leading merchants who act as  wholesale
 exporters1 buying the carved work      
either from the people  themselves1 or  
from minor agents1 who realise a small  
profit by acting  as middlemen4         
,permission can readily be obtained to  
visit those  establishments2 and it is a
 curious and amusing sight to walk      
through  their vast repositories1 and   
inspect the extraordinary collection of 
dolls and toys gathered together under  
one roof4 ,the dolls are in  themselves 
a very wonderful exhibition4 ,there are 
rooms upon rooms  quite filled with     

them1 of every size and style1 small and
 large1  painted and unpainted2 their   
size varying from tiny atoms scarcely an
  inch long1 to huge figures of nearly a
 yard in length1 most of them  jointed1 
and the greater part uncoloured1 and    
just as they came from  the hands of the
 carver4 ,they are carefully sorted     
according to their  various sizes2 and  
great shelves and cases in every        
direction are  crammed with them4 ,some 
sizes are more popular than others2 a   
very  favourite length being about two  
inches2 of this size one of the great   
doll-merchants of ,st ,ulrich buys      
thirty thousand every week during the   
whole year6 ,the makers of this kind can
 turn out about twenty dozen a  day1    
each skilful worker2 the painting being 
quite an after concern1  with which the 
carvers have nothing to do4 ,here also  
are bins filled  with wooden animals1   
also of different sizes and different   
degrees of  excellence2 for while some  
are merely roughly shaped and the       

production  often of very young         
children1 others are carved with very   
great care  and dexterity1 and are      
faithful representations of the         
creatures they  are intended to imitate4
 ,all the numerous toys with which we   
are  familiar in the shops1 or which we 
have played with in childhood1 here     
first spring into being4 ,noah's ,arks1 
empty and full2 armies of wooden        
soldiers on horseback and on foot2      
farmyards of various dimensions1  stored
 with every article needful for the     
juvenile agriculturist2  dolls'         
furniture of every shape and pattern2   
sets of tea-cups and  saucers1 and all  
kinds of domestic utensils2 little      
wooden horses1  little wooden carts4 ,in
 short it is toys1 toys everywhere2 and 
even  with all our experience of the    
capacity of children for acquiring  such
 possessions1 it is really difficult to 
credit the fact that this  enormous     
manufacture and unceasing distribution  
go on1 like the poet's  brook1 'for     

ever4'    ,quitting the premises1 the   
visitor is still pursued by the         
prevailing  occupation4 ,carts are      
coming and going1 all carrying the one  
universal  load--toys2 while at every   
cottage door are seated some of the     
inmates1  busily engaged with their own 
special branch of the trade2 mothers    
singing to the children on their knee   
while they yet deftly carve a cow  or a 
goat2 old men and women whittling away1 
the ground at their feet  strewed with  
the chips and shavings2 and quite little
 boys and girls  gravely cutting the    
portions intrusted to them1 and soon    
acquiring a  skill which enables them to
 add materially to the family gains4    
,the  men are usually employed on       
carving of a higher class1 chairs1      
boxes1  brackets1 or on the superior    
quality of toys2 as well as on that     
special branch which has attained very  
great perfection in ,st ,ulrich1  the   
cutting out and ornamentation of        
crucifixes1 figures of ,christ1 the     

,virgin1 and the ,saints1 and of        
numerous other articles employed for the
  decoration of churches and sacred     
buildings4    ,as we have already said1 
it is an interesting sight to watch the 
people at their work4 ,they are very    
willing to gratify the curiosity  of    
visitors1 and will readily communicate  
all the information in their  power     
regarding their trade and its           
emoluments4 ,the trees from which  the  
different articles are made are a soft  
kind of pine1 very easily  cut and      
worked4 ,they grow in abundance in the  
district1 and are the  main source of   
its prosperity4 ,but with this          
prosperity the steady and  industrious  
habits of the people themselves have    
also much to do4 ,the  youngest members 
of a family begin to work as soon as    
they are able to  do so2 and this       
regular occupation is continued through 
life till the  trembling fingers can no 
longer hold the carving-tools4    ,as a 
rule the inhabitants of ,st ,ulrich are 

simple and domestic in  their tastes2   
they are fond of flowers1 and their     
little gardens are  carefully           
cultivated1 and gay with bright         
colouring4 ,as yet their  isolated      
position1 remote from the track of the  
ordinary tourist1 has  preserved them   
from many of the hurtful follies and    
vices too often  found in more          
frequented districts1 and but few of the
 villagers have  ever passed beyond the 
bounds of their own secluded valley4    
,and yet  this little hamlet has a      
world-wide reputation4 ,the toys of ,st 
,ulrich  have delighted generations long
 passed away2 they are to be found in   
palace1 hall1 and cottage2 in the       
populous cities and quiet country  homes
 of ,europe1 in far-distant nurseries of
 ,asia and ,america2 and in  all        
probability they will continue to be    
poured forth in inexhaustible  profusion
 when this and many a succeeding        
generation have gone from the  whirl and
 bustle produced by the less innocent   

toys and amusements of  maturity1 to    
that silent land whose shadows are still
 deeper than those  of the dark and     
majestic pine-trees that close in round 
the little  valley of ,st ,ulrich4      
,,the ,,month3    ,,science ,,and       
,,arts4      ,we have more than once    
mentioned the ,australian               
'gum-tree'--,eucalyptus--and the        
remarkable properties by which it       
checks malaria and the noxiousness of   
marshes4 ,dr ,angus ,smith1 ,f4,r4,s41  
whose valuable paper on ,peat-bogs we   
noticed a few months since1  believes   
that the neighbourhood of ,rome1 the    
malarious1 unhealthy  ,campagna1 might  
be rendered habitable by large          
plantations of the  eucalyptus4 ,he has 
visited the locality1 and saw an        
experiment on  a small scale1 about four
 miles from ,rome1 which appeared to be 
satisfactory4 ',as one enters the       
garden1' he says1 'there is a peculiar  
odour perceptible3 it is fragrant1      
pleasant1 and resinous2 some compare  it

 to that from turpentine1 some to the   
black currant2 but every one  attempts  
to give the name of some other odour as 
evidently mixed  with this more         
prominent one4444 ,this experiment shews
 that men may  live in health in one of 
the worst parts of the ,campagna with   
proper  precautions4 ,instead of a      
neglected country with scarcely a house1
 it  might be a pleasant habitation1 as 
it once was1 for many thousands4444  ,we
 are informed that the tree itself with 
its exhalation is quite  sufficient to  
render a district healthy2 and it is    
perfectly certain  that if the oil is   
efficacious1 and the evidence gives     
faith1 those who  live near must be     
continually taking in doses which must  
soon equal in  amount that usually given
 as a cure4 ,they must in fact be living
 in a  constant vapour of this healing  
oil4' ,more on this interesting subject 
may be found in the ,proceedings of the 
,philosophical ,society of  ,manchester1
 vol4 #ae4    ,at the last annual       

meeting of the ,royal ,cornwall         
,polytechnic ,society  7,falmouth7 there
 was1 as usual1 an interesting display  
of works of  art and mechanical         
inventions1 and prizes were offered     
which may1  perhaps inspire further     
inventions4 ,as examples we mention five
 hundred  pounds for the best           
boring-machine applicable to ,cornish   
mines3 fifty  pounds 'for the discovery 
of a new mineral in ,cornwall or ,devon 
likely  to become commercially          
valuable2' and 'for a method1 mechanical
 or  chemical1 of making marketable1    
with commercial advantage1 ores or      
minerals produced in ,cornwall or       
,devon1 and hitherto regarded as        
worthless1 or of little value4'    ,the 
so-called diamonds in the ,diamond ,rock
 ,drill are in reality  carbonite1 a    
mineral found in ,brazil4 ,when first   
offered for sale1  the price was        
fourpence a carat2 now it is from       
fifteen to twenty  shillings4 ,these    
pieces of carbonite being firmly set in 

a 'crown1'  form a drill which1 when    
driven by steam1 will pierce the very   
hardest of rocks4 ,according to the     
nature of the rock1 the progress  will  
be from one inch to two and a half      
inches a minute1 which in  ten hours    
would amount to a considerable number of
 feet4 ,the wear of  the carbonite is so
 small that in boring quartz1 which is  
not a soft  rock1 to a depth of thirty  
feet1 not more than one sixty-fourth of 
an inch would be worn off4 ,the         
dangerous reef in the estuary of the    
,tees is in course of removal by means  
of the diamond drill4 ,holes are  bored2
 blasting charges are inserted2 the rock
 is blown to pieces2 two  thousand tons 
a day are lifted by a dredger2 and the  
total cost for all  this is not more    
than four shillings a cubic yard4    ,mr
 ,handyside exhibited at the ,cornish   
meeting above mentioned a  locomotive   
which will ascend steep slopes of one   
foot in ten1 or one  in eight if        
required1 and therefore may be turned to

 good use in a  hill-country4 ,the      
,brenner ,railway1 by which trains cross
 from ,tyrol  into ,italy1 has a rise of
 one foot in forty3 on railway lines    
generally  one foot in eighty may be    
taken as an available gradient3 hence it
 will  be understood that a locomotive  
able to run straight up hill without    
miles of zigzag will admit of much      
economy in railway construction4  ,this 
new locomotive has1 at its rear1 a drum 
wound round with a chain1  and is       
provided with self-acting grips1 which  
descend at the proper  moment1 and      
biting the sides of the rails1 after the
 manner of a vice1  so fix the          
locomotive to the spot that it becomes a
 stationary engine4  ,some of the wagons
 are fitted with similar grips1 to      
prevent the train  from running back    
during the ascent4 ,when preparing to   
mount a hill1  the free end of the chain
 is made fast to the foremost wagon2 the
  locomotive moves on the whole length  
of the chain and fixes itself2 the  drum

 begins to turn1 and by winding up the  
chain1 hauls the train up2  and this    
process is repeated until the hill-top  
is reached4    ,here then is a new      
appliance for the engineering           
profession4 ,its  capabilities have been
 proved1 as stated in the ,report1 at   
the new  ,avonmouth dock1 where a       
,handyside locomotive has hauled the    
excavated  material from the bottom of  
the basin1 and deposited it wherever    
required for filling on the top4        
,other advantages possessed by this     
locomotive are3 that it can be used     
with rails much lighter1 and            
consequently less costly than those in  
general use3 that the drum and chain    
facilitate the passage of curves3  that 
a train of coal-wagons may be close     
coupled as a passenger train2  and that 
its break-power is complete1 and being  
applied to the sides of  the rails1 does
 not injure the surface that bears the  
traffic4    ,we are informed that a     
steam tram car has been invented at ,st 

,louis1  ,united ,states1 which travels 
seven miles in fifteen minutes4 ,the    
boiler1 cylinder1 coal-box1 and         
water-barrel are ingeniously planned to 
occupy as little space as possible2 and 
the inventor states that 'under         
ordinary circumstances the cost of fuel 
will not exceed three shillings  a day4'
 ,for further particulars1 inquirers    
must write to ,st ,louis4    ,on looking
 at a map1 one often feels a desire to  
tell off-hand the  distance between two 
places4 ,among the instruments exhibited
 at  ,falmouth1 ,morris' ,patent        
,chartometer1 which may be carried in   
the  pocket as easily as a watch1 will  
enable any one to get the desired       
information4 ,the 'works' of the        
chartometer are moved by a wheel        
projecting on one side4 ,to measure any 
distance on a map1 we are told  it is   
only necessary to hold the instrument   
upright1 and run the wheel  along the   
line between two places1 or the course  
of a river1 or the  sinuosities of a    

coast1 and the indicating fly denotes   
the number of  miles or parts of a mile4
 ,the distance is shewn at once1 without
 the  trouble of calculation1 which is  
an important advantage4 ,a ,patent      
,measuring ,instrument1 by the same     
maker1 is described as 'somewhat        
similar in character1 being run along   
the surface to be measured4 ,it         
measures up to one hundred feet2 and is 
of the size of an ordinary  watch4'     
,the practice of using leather belts for
 transmission of power in  foundries and
 factories1 which prevails largely in   
the ,united ,states1  has been imitated 
in ,lancashire and ,yorkshire with      
satisfactory  results4 ,with belts there
 is less noise and less vibration than  
with  iron shafting and bevelled wheels2
 the walls of the building are          
consequently not weakened by perpetual  
shaking1 and diminution of roar  and    
rattle cannot fail to be a benefit to   
all concerned4 ,nevertheless  leather   
belts are costly articles1 and if hemp  

could be substituted for  leather there 
would be a saving of two-thirds of the  
cost4 ,this has  been proved in ,dundee1
 where in one of the factories 7,messrs 
,a4  ,j4  ,nicholl's7 rope-gearing is   
used for transmission of power to all   
parts  of the building1 and during an   
experience of five years1 has given full
  satisfaction4 ,the size of the ropes  
varies with the work required2 the      
largest1 in the instance here under     
notice1 being six and a half inches     
circumference4 ,the power is            
communicated directly from the          
fly-wheel1  the rim of which1 instead of
 cogs1 is filled with circumferential   
,v-shaped grooves4 ,the 'life' of a rope
 is said to be from three to five       
years1 though some ropes last much      
longer2 which considering that they     
travel from three thousand to six       
thousand feet per minute1 may be        
regarded as long enough4    ,the        
,proceedings of the ,institution of     
,mechanical ,engineers contains  a      

description of ,frisbie's ,mechanical   
,fire-feeder--a contrivance which       
economises fuel1 increases heat1 and    
saves trouble when applied to the       
fireplace of a steam-engine or furnace4 
,underneath the fireplace is a          
mechanism which carries a movable       
hopper2 the hopper is filled with  coal1
 and by the turning of a winch1 is      
raised until the fresh coal  is pressed 
against the bottom of the fire4 ,the    
smoke1 having to rise  through an       
existing fire1 is nearly all consumed2  
and the pressure  from below breaks up  
the clinkers1 and causes them to fall   
away to the  circumference of the       
fireplace1 from any part of which1 as   
the bars  are made to rotate1 they can  
be easily removed4 ,among the advantages
  of this method are3 that 'the fire is 
not reduced in intensity by the  cold   
fuel damping the flame1' as is the case 
in fireplaces of the  usual             
construction3 that 'each successive     
charge of fuel lifts up and  most       

effectually pokes the fire3' that 'the  
cooling of the furnace by  the admission
 of a large volume of cold air when the 
fire-doors are  opened for stoking1 is  
avoided2' and that 'a smokeless flame is
 readily  attainable with a thick fire1 
although using smaller fuel than can be 
employed in ordinary furnaces4'         
,accepting this information1 it is not  
out of place to mention that the furnace
 by which steam is generated  for       
driving the machinery by which this     
,journal and our other works  are       
printed1 is fed upon a somewhat similar 
principle4 ,small coal  7dross7 is      
placed in a hopper at the near end of   
the furnace1 and rests  upon and is     
gradually carried into the interior and 
on to the far end  7where it is dropped 
as clinkers7 by closely connected       
parallel bars  which traverse the       
furnace from end to end and slowly      
revolve round  a 'drum4' ,the strength  
of the fire is regulated by a door1     
which may  be raised or lowered by a    

winch1 to admit of a greater or less    
supply  of fuel1 as necessity may       
indicate4 ,the result is that combustion
  begins at the near end of the furnace1
 the smoke is consumed before  it can   
reach the flue1 a steady fire is        
maintained without admitting  an        
unnecessary amount of cold air or       
necessitating the constant  attendance  
of a fireman1 and the economical        
desideratum of a perfect                
smoke-consuming apparatus is achieved4  
,the apparatus goes by the name  of     
,jukes' ,patent1 and has been in        
constant use for over twenty years4  ,in
 comparison with ordinary furnaces1 a   
saving of seven per cent4 of  fuel is   
effected4 ,why this patent apparatus for
 prevention of smoke is  not in         
universal use1 we cannot explain4    ,a 
curious fact was mentioned at a meeting 
of the ,institution of  ,mechanical     
,engineers 7,newhall ,street1           
,birmingham74 ,the boiler of a          
locomotive engine that had been working 

on a branch of the ,london and          
,north-western ,railway near ,london had
 become very foul through the  constant 
use of hard water4 ,recourse was then   
had to a supply of water  which had been
 softened1 'and at the end of a month   
the boiler was  perfectly clean4 ,the   
soft water had taken out the whole of   
the deposit1  and not a handful of scale
 could be got when the boiler was washed
 out4'    ,another fact3 the water of a 
well at ,camden ,town 7,london7 was so  
unfit  for locomotive purposes that it  
could not be kept in the boilers on     
account of priming4 ',to get over the   
difficulty1 the railway company         
arranged with the canal alongside1 by   
putting down a double acting-pump  with 
separate outlets and inlets1 so that in 
one stroke the pump would  have a       
measure of water from the canal and put 
it into the tank for the  locomotives1  
and the return stroke would take the    
water from the well  and put it into the
 canal4'    ,many attempts have been    

made to turn kite-flying to practical   
uses1  but with scarcely any other      
result than to shew that in the art of  
kite-flying we are far behind ,china and
 ,japan4 ,success depends on the  shape 
of the kite2 and if a kite presents a   
flat surface to the wind1  it will be   
unsteady1 and cannot be employed in a   
successful experiment4  ,the proper form
 for a kite is that of a hemisphere with
 the convex side  to the wind3 no wings 
and a light tail4 ,the string should be 
fastened  a little above the centre4 ,a 
kite thus constructed will1 as is stated
  by ,dr ,joule of ,manchester1 'stand  
in the air with almost absolute         
steadiness4 ,he found that by pulling   
strings fastened to the right  and left 
sides of the horizontal bow1 the kite   
could be made to fly  thirty degrees or 
more from the direction of the wind1 and
 hence that  it would be possible to use
 it in bringing a vessel to windward4   
,one  great advantage of such a mode of 
propulsion over ordinary sails would  be

 that the force1 however great1 could be
 applied low down1 so as to  produce no 
more careening than that desired by the 
seaman4'    ,another measuring          
instrument likely to be useful to       
engineers1  architects1 surveyors1 and  
travellers who require to measure the   
heights of buildings1 trees1 cliffs1 or 
hills1 in some instances  difficult of  
approach1 has been described by ,mr     
,laslett at a recent  meeting of the    
,institute of ,british ,architects4 ,it 
is the ',metroscope1'  'an instrument   
for measuring inaccessible heights and  
distances1 and  for levelling4' ,to be  
able to measure the width of a river1 or
 the  height of a tower to the very top 
of the weathercock1 is a manifest       
advantage1 which is further increased by
 the instrument being provided  with a  
scale1 on which the measure can be read 
off in feet and inches1  or feet and    
decimals4 ,to give a clear idea of the  
construction1  diagrams would be        
necessary2 and it must suffice here to  

say that it  combines adjusting screws1 
spirit levels1 reflecting mirrors1 and a
  telescope2 as may be seen by any one  
who will call at ,pastorelli's1 #bjh    
,piccadilly1 ,london4    ,the third     
volume of the ,report on the ,geological
 ,survey of ,victoria  7,australia71 by 
,mr ,brough ,smyth1 has been published4 
,it furnishes  interesting information  
concerning the surveys going on in      
different  districts--the several       
goldfields--the volcanic rocks--the     
palontological remains--the various     
methods of treating auriferous          
pyrites--the gold found in the water of 
mines--the mineralised woods1  and      
precious stones4 ,apart from its        
scientific statements1 the book is      
valuable for the historical particulars 
it gives of the discovery of  gold1 and 
of the 'rushes' of enthusiastic diggers4
 ,the total amount of  gold produced up 
to #ahge exceeds ,l4#ahb1jjj1jjj        
sterling4 ,announcements  of discoveries
 of minerals are often made for         

speculative purposes1 and  the process  
of 'salting' appears to be as well      
understood in ,victoria  as in ,nevada2 
and in one instance a rumoured discovery
 of coal--a seam  of lignite--proved1 on
 examination by a government geologist1 
to be a  trick3 the specimen lumps had  
been ploughed in4    ,a line of         
telegraph from one end of ,africa to the
 other is talked of4  ,from ,alexandria 
to ,khartoum1 #aajj miles1 a wire is    
already erected1  and is to be carried  
on to ,gondokoro4 ,from this place to   
the northern  termination of the ,south 
,african lines stretching from ,cape    
,colony1 the  distance is about two     
thousand miles2 and it is thought that  
to erect  and maintain a line across    
that wild region would not be more      
difficult  than it was to carry a line  
across the great continent of           
,australia4  ,travellers in the interior
 might then flash their messages to     
,cairo or  ,cape ,town at pleasure4     
,,lines ,,to ,a ,,late-,,born ,,mountain

 ,,lamb1 ,,on ,a ,,blink ,,of ,,sunshine
 ,,in ,,winter4        ,wee lammie1 on  
yon ,scottish hill1      ,sport while ye
 may1 and tak your fill      ,o' this   
bit glint o' simmer still1              
,puir feckless#a thing2      ,winter a  
routh#b o' cauld and chill              
,too soon will bring4        ,sport     
while ye may1 my bonnie fay2            
',twill last na lang this autumn day2   
,for sour and dour1#c without delay     
,auld ,winter's bound      ,his heavy   
hand o' skaith#d to lay                 
,on all around4        ,unsheltered on  
the bare hill-side1      ,the sleety    
storm is sair to bide2      ,caught in  
its arms1 ,o wae betide                 
,the hapless hour6      ,in thy sair    
stress1 whar will ye hide               
,frae its fell power8        ,what tho' 
the snaw-wreath cover thee6      ,an'   
frosty hand shall close thy e'e1        
,thy young life in adversity            
,thus pass awa'2      ',tis surely best 
thou shou'dstna dree#e                  

,what might befa'4        ,i wadna hae  
ye like to me1      ,aye fu' o' care for
 what may be1      ,thy glad hour       
clouding waefully                       
,wi' threatened ill2      ,rather wi'   
careless thoughts and free1             
,thy bright hour fill4        ,we look  
behind6 wae worth the day6      ,aft    
miry path and feet astray1      ,our    
guiding light a flickering ray1         
,no frae aboon--      ,an ignis-fatuus  
'mid decay                          ,and
 earthly gloom4        ,how aft wi'     
heart's ain dool#f opprest2      ,how   
aft wi' ithers' pain distrest2      ,how
 afttimes pained1 how seldom blest2     
,joy's fairest bloom      ,grows on a   
slender stem at best1                   
,a touch its doom6        ,we come but  
with a fretfu' cry1      ,a wailfu' note
 to trouble joy2      ,we go1 and       
,nature's agony                         
,doth still attend2      ,the sinking   
heart1 the weary eye1                   
,proclaim the end4        ,we look      

beyond1 and there we dreed6      ,frae  
folly shall we e'er be freed8      ,we  
hope1 we trust1 that there indeed1      
,in time to come1      ,we may attain   
the heavenly creed1                     
,and leal become4        ,and there1 my 
lammie1 like to thee1      ,passive and 
pure1 nae mair to be      ,assailed wi' 
doubt or fear that we                   
,shall lapse or fa'1      ,but evermair 
frae trouble free1                      
,and earthly thraw4#g    ,,footnotes3   
#a ,weak4    #b ,plenty4    #c          
,stubborn4    #d ,harm4    #e ,endure4  
#f ,grief4    #g ,pain4           99    
99       99       99       99           
,printed and ,published by ,w4  ,r4     
,,chambers1 #dg ,paternoster ,row1      
,,london1 and #cci ,high ,street1       
,,edinburgh4