,,books ,,= ,,collectors ,) ,frontispieces & _m ,illu/rations4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,engli% ,,*9a4 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,furniture4 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,pr9ts4 7,h[ to collect & value ,old ,engrav+s47 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,co/ume4 ,by ,g4 ,woolliscr(t ,rhead4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,lace ,,& ,,ne$lework4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,l[es4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,ori5tal ,,*9a4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,black]4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,m9iatures4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,fo/]1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,engli% ,,e>!nw>e4 7,companion volume to ,*ats on ,engli% ,*9a47 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,autographs4 ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,broadley4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,pewt]4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,mass1 ,m4,a4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,po/age ,,/amps4 ,by ,fr$4 ,j4 ,melville4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,jewell]y ,,& ,,tr9kets4 ,by ,mac,iver ,p]cival4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,cottage ,,& ,,f>mh\se ,,furniture4 7,companion volume to ,*ats on ,old ,furniture47 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,co9s ,by ,fr$4 ,w4 ,burgess4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,copp] ,,& ,,brass4 ,by ,fr$4 ,w4 ,burgess4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,h\sehold ,,curios4 ,by ,fr$4 ,w4 ,burgess4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,silv]4 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,japanese ,,pr9ts4 ,by ,ar?ur ,davison ,ficke4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,milit>y ,,curios4 ,by ,/anley ,c4 ,johnson4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,clocks ,,& ,,wat*es4 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,royal ,,cop5hag5 ,,porcela94 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,%effield ,,plate4 7,companion volume to ,*ats on ,old ,silv]47 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,,bye ,,pa?s ,,( ,,curio ,,collect+4 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,) ,frontispiece & #gb ,full page ,illu/rations4 #is4 net4 ,,london3 ,t4 ,,fi%] ,,unw91 ,,ltd4 ,,new ,,york3 ,f4 ,a4 ,,/okes ,,company4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,japanese ,,pr9ts ,illu/ration3 ,,hiro%ige3 ,,! ,,b[-,,moon4 ,size #ae #g4 ,sign$ ,hiro%ige1 hitsu4 ,frontispiece4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,japanese ,,pr9ts ,,by ,,ar?ur ,,davison ,,ficke ,,) #ef ,,illu/rations ,,& ,a ,,col\r$ ,,frontispiece ,t4 ,,fi%] ,,unw9 ,,ltd ,,london3 ,,adelphi ,,t]race 99 99 99 99 99 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 #aiae ,second ,impression1 #aiaf ,?ird ,impression1 #aiag ,f\r? ,impression1 #aibb 7,all rights res]v$7 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,fr$]ick ,,william ,,gook9 ,,& ,,h[>d ,,mansfield ,,cu/odians1 ,,apprais]s1 ,,& ,,lov]s ,,( ,,beauty ,z *os5 gue/s we may p>take ,( ?is /range ho/el's anci5t w9e4 ,= ?ir/ no common dr9k c slake ,tap/]s ( l9eage div9e ,"h p\r sweet anodyne4 ,! hurly-burly ( ! road1 ,! turmoil ( ! c>t]s' feet1 ,intrude n to ?is /ill abode ,:]e travell]s f ! _w-ends meet1 ,& f9d ! ga!r+ sweet4 ,h5ce may p]haps "s secret gleam ,foll[ along our onw>d way1 ,f ev5+ fea/ ) lords ( dream1 ,z we g =? into ! grey ,to-morr['s cl\dy day4 ,,preface ,= assi/ance ( _m k9ds 9 prep>+ ?is book ! ?anks ( ! au?or are gratefully (f]$ to ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,william ,gook91 ,mr4 ,h[>d ,mansfield1 ,mr4 ,william ,s4 ,spauld+1 ,mr4 ,john ,t4 ,spauld+1 ,mr4 ,judson ,d4 ,metzg>1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,h4 ,*&l]1 ,mr4 ,john ,/ew>t ,happ]1 ,col4 ,h5ry ,appleton1 ,mrs4 ,ar?ur ,aldis1 ,mr4 ,erne/ ,ob]holtz]1 & ,mr4 ,*>les ,augu/ ,ficke4 ,?\gh _m obligations mu/ p]=ce g unackn[l$g$1 x w\ld be improp] to fail to /ate indebt$ness to ! writ+s ( ,von ,seidlitz1 ,b+1 ,hui%1 ,&]son1 ,/range1 ,b9yon1 ,gook91 ,kur?1 ,morrison1 ,happ]1 ,koe*l91 ,vigni]1 ,succo1 ,field1 ,de ,gonc\rt1 ,okakura1 ,edmunds1 ,p]zynski1 ,wright1 ,f5ollosa1 & ,de ,beck]4 ,_m collectors h k9dly all[$ _! pr9ts to be us$ = illu/ration 9 ?is book4 ,t all ! examples are f ,am]ican collections is due to consid]ations ( conv5i5ce1 n to any notion ( _! sup]iority4 ,all pr9ts n cr$it$ to ano!r own] are f ! collection ( ! au?or4 ,! o!r collections f :i* illu/rations are drawn are z foll[s3-- ,spauld+ 7,william ,s4 & ,john ,t471 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts4 ,gook9 7,fr$]ick ,w471 ,*icago1 ,ill9ois4 ,mansfield 7,h[>d71 ,new ,york4 ,*&l] 7,*>les ,h471 ,evan/on1 ,ill9ois4 ,metzg> 7,judson ,d471 ,mol9e1 ,ill9ois4 ,a9swor? 7,miss ,m>y71 ,mol9e1 ,ill9ois4 ,f\r ( ! poems h]e9 pr9t$ appe>$ fir/ 9 ,! ,little ,review4 ,a numb] ( ! o!rs are f ! au?or's book ,twelve ,japanese ,pa9t]s4 ,mo/ ( ! photographs "h reproduc$ 7 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,pa>man1 ,miss ,s>ah ,g4 ,foote-,%eldon1 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,metzg>4 ,,dav5port1 ,,i[a1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface #aa ,,gloss>y #ai ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,prelim9>y ,,survey #bc ,,ii4 ,,conditions ,,prec$+ ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,pr9t ,,design+ #dg ,,iii4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,p]iod3 ,,! ,,primitives #fa ,,iv4 ,,! ,,second ,,p]iod3 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,poly*rome ,,ma/]s #abe ,v4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,p]iod3 ,,kiyonaga ,,& ,,8 ,,foll[]s #bje ,,vi4 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,p]iod3 ,,! ,,decad5ce #bee ,,vii4 ,,! ,,fif? ,,p]iod3 ,,! ,,d[nfall #cdg ,,viii4 ,,! ,,collector #dja ,,index #ddi ,,illu/rations ,,hiro%ige3 ,,! ,,b[-,,moon ,frontispiece ,,plate ,,page #a4 ,,moronobu3 ,a ,,pair ,,( ,,lov]s #ga #b4 ,,suk5obu3 ,a ,,"y ,,c\rtesan #gg #c4 ,,kwaigetsud3 ,,c\rtesan ,,arrang+ ,,h] ,,coiffure 7,spauld+ ,collection7 #ha #d4 ,,okumura ,,masanobu3 ,,c\rtesans ,,at ,,toilet #ic #e4 ,,okumura ,,masanobu3 ,,/&+ ,,woman #ig #f4 ,,okumura ,,masanobu3 ,,"y ,,nobleman ,,play+ ,,! ,,drum 7,*&l] ,collection7 #aja #g4 ,,toyonobu3 ,,two ,,komuso1 ,,repres5t$ ,,by ,,! ,,actors ,,sanokawa ,,i*imatsu ,,& ,,onoye ,,kikugoro 7,*&l] ,collection7 #aji #h4 ,,toyonobu3 ,,girl ,,op5+ ,,an ,,umbrella 7,metzg> ,collection7 #aac ,,toyonobu3 ,,woman ,,dress+ #aac #i4 ,,kiyomitsu3 ,,! ,,actor ,,segawa ,,kikunojo ,,z ,a ,,woman ,,smok+ #aag #aj4 ,,kiyomitsu3 ,,woman ,,) ,,basket ,,hat #aba ,,kiyomitsu3 ,,woman ,,com+ ,,f ,,ba? #aba #aa4 ,,h>unobu3 ,,"y ,,girl ,,9 ,,w9d 7,gook9 ,collection7 #acg #ab4 ,,h>unobu3 ,,lady ,,talk+ ,,) ,,fan-,,v5dor 7,*&l] ,collection7 #ada #ac4 ,,h>unobu3 ,,girl ,,view+ ,,moon ,,& ,,blossoms 7,*&l] ,collection7 #ade #ad4 ,,h>unobu3 ,,c\rtesan ,,deta9+ ,a ,,pass+ ,,samurai #adi #ae4 ,,h>unobu3 ,,%irai ,,gompa*i ,,disguis$ ,,z ,a ,,komuso #aec ,,h>unobu3 ,,girl ,,play+ ,,) ,,kitt5 #aec #af4 ,,koriusai3 ,,"m ,,& ,,boy #afa ,,koriusai3 ,,two ,,lov]s ,,9 ,,! ,,fields2 ,,spr+ ,,cuckoo #afa #ag4 ,,koriusai3 ,,two ,,ladies #afe ,,koriusai3 ,a ,,game ,,( ,,tag #afe #ah4 ,,%igemasa3 ,,two ,,ladies #afi ,,koriusai3 ,a ,,c\rtesan #afi #ai4 ,,%un%o3 ,,an ,,actor ,,( ,,! ,,i%ikawa ,,s*ool ,,9 ,,tragic ,r,,le #age #bj4 ,,%un%o3 ,,! ,,actor ,,nakamura ,,matsuye ,,z ,a ,,woman ,,9 ,,:ite #agi #ba4 ,,%un%o3 ,,! ,,actor ,,nakamura ,,no%io ,,9 ,,female ,r,,le 7,gook9 ,collection7 #ahc #bb4 ,,bun*o3 ,,c\rtesan ,,& ,,h] ,,att5dant ,,9 ,,sn[/orm 7,mansfield ,collection7 #ahg #bc4 ,,%unyei3 ,,an ,,actor #aia #bd4 ,,%unko3 ,,! ,,actor ,,i%ikawa ,,monnosuke ,,9 ,,"* #aie #be4 ,,kiyonaga3 ,,! ,,c\rtesan ,,hana-,,ji ,,) ,,att5dants #baa #bf4 ,,kiyonaga3 ,,lady ,,) ,,two ,,att5dants 7,gook9 ,collection7 #bae #bg4 ,,kiyonaga3 ,,! ,,c\rtesan ,,%izuka ,,) ,,att5dants ,,9 ,,! ,,peony ,,g>d5 ,,at ,,asakusa #bai #bh4 ,,kiyonaga3 ,,two ,,wom5 ,,& ,a ,,tea-,,h\se ,,waitress ,,beside ,,! ,,sumida ,,riv] 7,gook9 ,collection7 #bbc #bi4 ,,kiyonaga3 ,,yo%itsune ,,s]5ad+ ,,! ,,lady ,,jorurihime 7,spauld+ ,collection7 #bbg #cj4 ,,kiyonaga3 ,,gei%a ,,) ,,s]vant ,,c>ry+ ,,lute-,,box #bca ,,kiyonaga3 ,,woman ,,pa9t+ ,,h] ,,eyebr[s #bca #ca4 ,,%un*o3 ,,gr\p ,,at ,a ,,temple ,,gate 7,mansfield ,collection7 #bce #cb4 ,,%un*o3 ,,two ,,ladies ,,"u ,,umbrella #bci ,,%un*o3 ,,! ,,c\rtesan ,,hana-,,ji2 ,,! ,,sumida ,,riv] ,,se5 ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,w9d[ #bci #cc4 ,,%un*o3 ,,two ,,ladies ,,9 ,a ,,boat ,,on ,,! ,,sumida ,,riv] #bdc ,,yei%o3 ,,two ,,c\rtesans ,,aft] ,,! ,,ba? #bdc #cd4 ,,kitao ,,masanobu3 ,,! ,,cuckoo 7,spauld+ ,collection7 #bea #ce4 ,,yei%i3 ,,?ree ,,ladies ,,by ,,! ,,sea%ore #bfg #cf4 ,,yei%i3 ,,lady ,,) ,,tobacco-,,pipe #bga #cg4 ,,yei%i3 ,,int]ior ,,op5+ ,,on ,,to ,,! ,,sea%ore 7,metzg> ,collection7 #bge #ch4 ,,utam>o3 ,,okita ,,( ,,naniwaya1 ,a ,,tea-,,h\se ,,waitress 7,*&l] ,collection7 #bhc #ci4 ,,utam>o3 ,,two ,,c\rtesans #bhg #dj4 ,,utam>o3 ,,woman ,,seat$ ,,on ,a ,,v]&a #bia #da4 ,,utam>o3 ,a ,,y\?ful ,,pr9ce ,,& ,,ladies #bie #db4 ,,%>aku3 ,,! ,,actor ,,ara%i ,,ryuz ,,9 ,,! ,r,,le ,,( ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,=ty-,,sev5 ,,ron9 7,spauld+ ,collection7 #cja #dc4 ,,%>aku3 ,,! ,,actor ,,i%ikawa ,,danjuro ,,9 ,,! ,r,,le ,,( ,,moronao #cji #dd4 ,,%>aku3 ,,! ,,actor ,,kosagawa ,,tsuneyo ,,z ,a ,,woman ,,9 ,,! ,,drama ,,( ,,! ,,=ty-,,sev5 ,,ron9 7,a9swor? ,collection7 #cac #de4 ,,*oki3 ,,c\rtesan ,,& ,,att5dant #cba ,,%unman3 ,,two ,,ladies ,,"u ,a ,,maple-,,tree #cba #df4 ,,*oki3 ,a ,,c\rtesan ,,& ,,h] ,,lov] #cbe ,,*oki3 ,a ,,gei%a ,,& ,,h] ,,s]vant ,,c>ry+ ,,lute-,,box #cbe #dg4 ,,toyokuni3 ,,ladies ,,& ,,*]ry ,,blossoms ,,9 ,,! ,,w9d 7,metzg> ,collection7 #ccc #dh4 ,,toyohiro3 ,a ,,daimyo',s ,,kite-,,p>ty #cda #di4 ,,hokusai3 ,,fuji1 ,,se5 ,,across ,,! ,,tama ,,riv]1 ,,prov9ce ,,( ,,musa%i #cfa #ej4 ,,hokusai3 ,,fuji1 ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,pass ,,( ,,mi%ima1 ,,prov9ce ,,( ,,kahi #cfg #ea4 ,,hokusai3 ,,! ,,monkey ,,bridge2 ,,twilight ,,& ,,ris+ ,,moon #cga #eb4 ,,hiro%ige3 ,,hom+ ,,geese ,,at ,,katada2 ,,twilight #cgg #ec4 ,,hiro%ige3 ,,! ,,sev5 ,,ri ,,f]ry1 ,,kuwana1 ,,at ,,! ,,m\? ,,( ,,! ,,kiso ,,riv]2 ,,sunset #chc #ed4 ,,hiro%ige3 ,,! ,,village ,,( ,,! ,,fuji ,,kawa2 ,,ev5+ ,,sn[ #chg #ee4 ,,hiro%ige3 ,,! ,,ommaya ,,embankm5t1 ,,on ,,! ,,sumida ,,riv] ,,at ,,asakusa2 ,,ev5+ #cia #ef4 ,,hiro%ige3 ,,bird ,,& ,,fl[]s #cie ,,gloss>y ,,b5i4--,a delicate p9k or r$ pigm5t ( vegetable orig94 ,,b5i-,,ye4--,a pr9t 9 :i* b5i is ! *ief col\r us$4 ,! t]m is g5]ally employ$ to describe all ^? two-col\r pr9ts :i* imm$iately prec$$ ! inv5tion ( poly*rome pr9t+4 ,,*uban4--,a v]tical pr9t1 size ab\t #aa #h1 sometimes call$ ! m$ium size %eet4 ,,dipty*4--,a composition consi/+ ( two %eets4 ,,gauffrage4--,pr9t+ by pressure alone1 )\t ! use ( a pigm5t1 produc+ an emboss$ effect on ! pap]4 ,,ha%ira-,,ye4--,a v tall n>r[ pr9t1 size ab\t #bh #e1 us$ to hang on ! wood5 pill>s ( a ,japanese h\se2 a pill>-pr9t4 ,,ha%irakake4--,see ha%ira-ye4 ,,hoso-,,ye4--,a small v]tical pr9t1 size ab\t #ab #f4 ,,kakemono4--,a pa9t+ m\nt$ on a m>g9 ( brocade2 hung by its top :5 9 use1 & roll$ up :5 n 9 use4 ,,kakemono-,,ye4--,a v tall wide pr9t1 size ab\t #bh #aj4 ,,key-,,block4--,! engrav$ wood5 plate f :i* ! black outl9es ( ! pr9t 7 produc$4 ,,kira-,,ye4--,a pr9t ) mica backgr\nd4 ,,koban4--,a v]tical pr9t slightly small] ?an ! ,*uban 7q4v474 ,,kur5ai-,,ye4--,a h&-col\r$ pr9t 9 :i* b5i is *iefly us$4 ,,mon4--,! h]aldic insignia us$ by actors & o!rs z coat-(-arms2 g5]ally worn on _! sleeves4 ,,nagaye4--,see ha%ira-ye4 ,,ni%iki-,,ye4--,brocade picture--a t]m us$ at fir/ to describe ! brilliant col\r-inv5tions ( ,h>unobu1 b n[ loosely appli$ to all poly*rome pr9ts4 ,,oban4--,a l>ge v]tical pr9t1 ab\t #ae #aj--! normal full-size upright %eet4 ,,otsu-,,ye4--,a r\gh broad%eet pa9t+1 ( small size1 on pap]2 ! precursor ( ! pr9t4 ,,p5tapty*4--,a composition consi/+ ( five %eets4 ,,pill>-,,pr9t4--,see ha%ira-ye4 ,,sumi4--,black ,*9ese ink4 ,,sumi-,,ye4--,a pr9t 9 black & :ite only4 ,,surimono4--,a pr9t1 g5]ally ( small size & on ?ick s(t pap]1 int5d$ z a fe/ival greet+ or mem5to ( "s social occasion4 ,,tan4--,a brick-r$ or orange col\r1 consi/+ ( r$ oxide ( lead4 ,,tan-,,ye4--,a pr9t 9 :i* tan is ! only or *ief col\r us$4 ,su* pr9ts1 9 :i* ! tan 0 appli$ by h&1 7 among ! e>lie/ productions4 ,,tripty*4--,a composition consi/+ ( ?ree %eets4 ,,u*iwa-,,ye4--,a pr9t 9 ! %ape ( a fan4 ,,uru%i4--,lacqu]4 ,,uru%i-,,ye4--,a pr9t 9 :i* lacqu] is us$ to height5 ! col\r4 ,! t]m is g5]ally employ$ to describe only ! e>ly h&-col\r$ pr9ts 9 :i* lacqu]1 col\rs1 & metallic du/ 7 appli$ to ! pr9t$ black outl9e4 ,,yokoye4--,a l>ge horizontal pr9t1 ab\t #aj #ae--! normal full-size l&scape %eet4 ,i ,,prelim9>y ,,survey ,,! ,,g5]al ,,nature ,,( ,,japanese ,,pr9ts ,,gr[? ,,( ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,!m ,,! ,,te*nique ,,( ,,_! ,,production ,,_! ,,/hetic ,,*>act]i/ics ,br+ =?1 my fri5d1 ^! fad$ %eets ,^: *>m our lab\r$ utt]ance flies4 ,p]haps our lat] se>* repeats ,! grop+ ( ^? s*ol>s' eyes ,:o1 ere ! dawn$ ,r5aissant day1 ,) duskd sight & d\btful h&1 ,b5t o'er ! pages ( "s grey ,greek text !y c\ld n und]/&2 ,drawn by ! s5se t !re conceal$ ,lay key to spaci\s realms unkn[n2 ,held by ! ne$ t be reveal$ ,=gott5 worlds to light _! own4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,prelim9>y ,,survey ,! g5]al nature ( ,japanese pr9ts--,gr[? ( int]e/ 9 !m--,! te*nique ( _! production--,_! /hetic *>act]i/ics4 ,t sublimat$ pleasure :i* is ! seal ( all ! arts rea*es its pure/ condition :5 evok$ by a "w 9 :i* ! /hetic quality is n too closely m+l$ ) ! e-day human4 ,poetry1 because ( its close human ties1 is to a c]ta9 ext5t a corrupt art2 its m$ium is t base spee* :i* we use = communicat+ in=mation1 & few are ! read]s ^: m9ds c absolve words f ! "w-a-day obligation ( convey+1 fir/ ( all1 m]e tid+s4 ,music1 on ! o!r h&1 employ+ a m$ium :olly sacr$ to its own uses1 />ts ) no su* h&icap2 its succession ( notes awak5s 9 ! li/5] no expectation ( an ev5tual body ( facts to c>ry home4 ,betwe5 ! two extremes lie ! graphic arts4 ,^! are p]haps mo/ =tunate :5 !y deal ) mat]ial n famili> to ! spectator1 = x is !n t he mo/ readily accepts !m z designs & h>monies1 )\t look+ to !m = a lit]al record ( ?+s only too well kn[n to him4 ,! graphic art ( an ali5 race has !re=e an initial /r5g? ( purely /hetic appeal t a native art (t5 lacks4 ,x moves free f ! dem&s ) :i* unconsci\sly we approa* ! art ( our own p4 ,x /&s z an undiscov]$ _w1 ( :i* no?+ c logically be expect$4 ,! spectator :o turns to x at all mu/ come prep>$ to take x on its own t]ms4 ,if x allures him1 x w d s by virtue ( ^? qualities ( h>mony1 rhy?m1 & vision :i* 9 ^! /range surr\nd+s are m p]ceptible to him ?an 9 ! art ( 8 own race1 :]e s _m adv5titi\s associations op]ate to di/ract him4 ,l a man :om ,mayfair bewild]s ) its fa%ions1 he may f9d t fundam5tal v]ity1 t humanity :i* he seeks only among ! ,gipsy begg>s4 ,p]haps ?is !ory be/ expla9s ! impulse t has ( late l$ _m lov]s ( beauty to turn to ! arts ( ,p]sia1 ,*9a1 & ,japan = _! ke5e/ pleasure4 ,"h1 9 unfamili> environm5t1 ! fundam5tal p[]s ( design /& =? free4 ,"h ! beautiful is discov]able = its own sake1 lib]at$ f ! oppression ( utility4 ,t[>d ,japan ?is impulse has 9 our own day be5 /rongly direct$4 ,! h&icrafts ( ! ,japanese p h *>m$ ! ,we/]n _w1 possibly to an undue ext5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! great classical s*ools ( ,japanese pa9t+ h un=tunately be5 difficult ( access4 ,b betwe5 ! two1 half craft & half art1 lies ! ,japanese col\r-pr9t--a f9] product ?an m]e dext]\s artizan "w1 & m accessible ?an ! pa9t+s ( ! classic ma/]s4 ,9 ! pr9t _m a ,we/]n m9d has f\nd its cle>e/ intimation ( ! univ]sal pr9ciples ( beauty4 ,dur+ a p]iod ( a little m ?an a hundr$ ye>s1 r\ghly delimit$ by #agdb & #aheh1 !re 7 produc$ 9 ,japan l>ge numb]s ( wood-engrav+s1 pr9t$ 9 col\rs2 ^! h ( late come to occupy an almo/ unique place 9 ! e/eem ( ,european art-lov]s4 ,s great is ! importance n[ atta*$ to ^! works t ! ,japanese public ( e>li] days1 = ^: delectation !y 7 design$1 w\ld be a/\nd$ c\ld !y witness x4 ,j z obscure ,greek pott]s m\ld$ = common use vases t are to-day treasur$ 9 ! museums z p>adigms ( beauty1 s ! col\r$ broad%eets1 ^: imm$iate purpose 0 to give pleasure to ! cr[ds ( ! ,japanese capital1 h tak5 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s a di/+ui%$ rank among ! beautiful ?+s ( all "t4 ,! day is pass+ :5 ! love ( ^! %eets c be look$ ^u z ! badge ( a cult1 ! secret delight ( f>-se>*+ wor%ipp]s ( ! /range & exotic4 ,ev5 did ! collector desire1 he c\ld n long hide ?is light "u a bu%el2 & ! ,japanese pr9t is swiftly becom+ a g5]al treasure4 ,?is is prop] & natural4 ,an und]/&+ ( ! orig9 ( ?is =m ( art makes its pres5t popul>ity 9 ,europe seem l ! felicit\s r\nd+ ( a circle begun on ! o!r side ( ! _w4 ,x 0 9 ,y$o1 ! teem+ capital ( ,japan1 t ! art ( ! col\r-pr9t fl\ri%$2 & ! patron s\ght by ! arti/s 0 prim>ily ! common man4 ,no art m purely national or m def9itely popul> & exot]ical 9 its inception has ev] exi/$4 ,! subjects ( ! pr9ts are alone en\gh to make ?is fact evid5t4 ,9 !m appe> ! =ms & faces ( ! popul> actors 9 _! admir$ rles1 fa%ionable c\rtesans deck$ 9 all ! spl5d\r ( _! unhappy b f>-fam$ days & nights1 leg5d>y h]oes1 danc]s1 wre/l]s1 & popul> ent]ta9]s4 ,9 ! matt] ( l&scape1 ! sc5es %[n are ! fe/ival-cr[d$ temples ( ,y$o1 ! sunlit tea-g>d5s & gay midnight boat+-p>ties ( ! ,sumida ,riv]1 ! great highroads ( national travel1 ! fam\s spots ( popul> recreation4 ,only r>ely are !re episodes f ari/ocratic life2 & ! occasional occurr5ce ( ^! has precisely ! significance ( a photograph ( a royal h\se-p>ty %[n 9 a p5ny pap]4 ,! ,yo%iw>a1 z ! lic5s$ qu>t] ( ,y$o is call$1 appe>s 9 ^! pr9ts m (t5 ?an d ! g>d5-p>ties ( noble ladies2 ! vulg> !atre is %[n1 b n ! classic ,n drama ( ! ari/ocracy2 x is a ,japanese ,montm>tre1 n a ,japanese ,faub\rg ,/4 ,g]ma91 t is reveal$4 ,! arti/'s s5se ( beauty subdues ^! riot\s pleasures ( ! populace to ! sev]e dem&s ( a beautiful patt]n2 b x is a :imsical vulg> _w1 a _w ( ! p1 a _w ( pass+ gaiety1 t he portrays4 ,! purposes ( ^! pictures 7 v>i\s4 ,to "s ext5t1 says ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,gook91 !y 7 us$ z adv]tisem5ts4 ,incid5tally !y s]v$ z fa%ion plates4 ,"s 7 regul>ly publi%$ & sold 9 %ops4 ,o!rs 7 design$ expressly ^u ord]s f patrons1 to :om ! entire edition1 sometimes a v small "o1 0 deliv]$4 ,! numb] /ruck f any block or set ( blocks v>i$ widely4 ,( ! m popul> pr9ts _m editions 7 pr9t$1 ea* "o1 z might be expect$1 inf]ior to ^? t prec$$ x4444 ,mo/ ( ! pr9ts 7 sold at ! "t ( publication = a few s54 ,! f9] ones br\ght relatively high] prices1 & su* pr9ts z ! great tripty*s & /ill l>g] compositions by ,kiyonaga1 ,yei%i1 ,toyokuni1 ,utam>o1 & o!r lead+ arti/s c\ld nev] h be5 v *eap4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! price 0 small1 & !y 7 reg>d$ z ephem]al ?+s4 ,_m 7 us$ to ornam5t ! small scre5s t s]v$ to protect kit*5 fires f ! w9d1 & 9 ?is use 7 inevitably soil$ & br[n$ by smoke4 ,o!rs1 m\nt$ ^u ! slid+ p>titions ( ! h\ses1 p]i%$ 9 ! fires by :i* ! ,japanese cities h be5 deva/at$2 or1 if 9 h\ses t *anc$ safely to run ! gauntlet ( fires1 typhoons1 cl\dbur/s1 & o!r mi%aps1 _! col\rs fad$1 & _! surfaces 7 rubb$ until little m ?an dim outl9es 7 left4 ,! plebeian orig9 ( ! pr9ts expla9s :y ! cultivat$ ,japanese h n1 z a rule1 look$ ^u !m ) mu* en?usiasm4 ,only n[1 :5 ! greate/ pr9t treasures h gone out ( ,japan1 are a few ,japanese collectors beg9n+ to buy back at high prices works :i* !y all[$ to leave ! c\ntry = a song4 ,! admiration ( ,europe & ,am]ica has awak5$ !m to a realization ( ! di/9ction ( ! pr9ts1 9 spite ( ! undi/+ui%$ nature ( _! subjects2 & ! day w come :5 ! ,japanese !mselves w be ! mo/ =midable bidd]s at ! sales ( great ,we/]n collections4 ,! int]e/ ( ,we/]n collectors 9 ,japanese pr9ts is ( comp>atively rec5t orig94 ,z late z #ahfa x 0 possible = a writ] on ,japan to reg>d !m ) blank indiff]5ce4 ,!re is a r>e little book by ,capta9 ,%]>d ,osborne1 pr9t$ 9 t ye> 9 ,london1 call$ ,japanese ,fragm5ts4 ,x conta9s six h&-col\r$ reproductions ( pr9ts & a numb] ( uncol\r$ cuts1 all f pr9ts :i* ,capta9 ,osborne _h pur*as$ 9 ,japan4 ,9 ! foll[+ words he makes ref]5ce to ,hiro%ige1 :o is n[ g5]ally rank$ z "o ( ! supreme l&scape arti/s ( all "t3 ,ev5 ! humble arti/s ( t l& h become vot>ies ( ! beautiful1 & 9 su* ef=ts z ! "o annex$ /rive to d ju/ice to ! sc5]y4 ,_! appreciation ( ! picturesque is f> 9 advance1 good s\ls1 ( _! p[] ( p5cil1 b our embryo ,turn] 7i4e4 ,hiro%ige7 has /riv5 h>d 444 etc4 ,9 #ahfa1 p]haps1 few p w\ld h believ$ x possible t to-day _m s]i\s judges might "q :e!r any product ( ,european art has ev] mat*$ ! designs ( ^! humble arti/s4 ,! e>lie/ ( ,european collectors 01 accord+ to ,mr4 ,edw>d ,f4 ,/range1 a c]ta9 ,m4 ,isaac ,tits+h1 :o di$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahab4 ,m4 ,tits+h _h = f\rte5 ye>s s]v$ ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company 9 ,nagasaki2 & among 8 effects 7 n9e engrav+s pr9t$ 9 col\rs4 ,d\btless he _h acquir$ !m m]ely z curiosities1 )\t any p]ception ( _! arti/ic importance4 ,mr4 ,/range notes t f\r pr9ts 7 reproduc$ 9 ,oliphant's ,acc\nt ( ! ,mission ( ,"l ,elg9 to ,*9a & ,japan 7#ahei72 &1 z we h se51 ,osborne devot$ "s desultory att5tion to pr9ts 9 #ahfa4 ,^! are1 p]haps1 ! *ief evid5ces ( e>ly ,european int]e/4 ,subsequ5tly su* ev5ts z ! ,int]national ,exhibition 9 ,london1 #ahfb1 ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahfg & t ( #ahgh1 & ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition 9 ,philadelphia1 #ahgf1 s]v$ to br+ a few pr9ts to ! notice ( ,we/]n amateurs4 ,p>ticul>ly 9 ,p>is 0 int5se int]e/ 9 !m ar\s$ among pa9t]s & lit]>y m54 ,f #ahhi to #ahia1 ,s4 ,b+ 0 br++ out 9 ,p>is 8 magaz9e ,le ,japon ,arti/ique1 ^: pages conta9 _m f9e reproductions ( notable pr9ts4 ,9 #ahia1 ,edmond de ,gonc\rt issu$ 8 volume on ,utam>o4 ,o!r books foll[$ rapidly4 ,9 #ahie1 ,pr(essor ,&]son issu$ 8 small b important monograph on ,japanese ,wood ,engrav+4 ,9 #ahif1 ,f5ollosa's epo*-mak+ catalogue1 ,ma/]s ( ,ukioye1 0 publi%$ 9 ,new ,york1 e/abli%+ = ! fir/ "t ! f\ndations ( all our pres5t k ( ?is field1 & pron\nc+ judgm5ts f :i* ! cons5sus ( lat] op9ion has1 9 ! ma91 nev] dep>t$4 ,! same ye> br\ght =? de ,gonc\rt's ,hokusai4 ,mr4 ,/range's ,japanese ,col\r ,pr9ts appe>$ 9 #ahig4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,von ,seidlitz issu$ 8 ,ges*i*te des japanis*5 ,f>b5holzs*nittes 7publi%$ 9 ,engl& z ,a ,hi/ory ( ,japanese ,col\r ,pr9ts 9 #aijj71 :i* rema9s to-day ! mo/ compreh5sive & accurate s+le treatise on ! subject4 ,( rec5t ye>s1 ! gr[? ( int]e/ & ! increase ( books has be5 rapid4 ,eag] collectors h sc\r$ ! _w to br+ to light new ma/]pieces2 ,japan has be5 ransack$ s ?or\ghly t ! w\ld-be pur*as] c p]haps m wisely g to ,london or ,p>is or ,new ,york ?an to ,tokyo or ,kyoto 9 8 se>* = prizes2 & ! places ( hon\r accord$ ^! %eets 9 ! portfolios ( discrim9at+ collectors & great museums leaves no d\bt z to ! e/eem ) :i* !y are reg>d$4 ,values h be5 multipli$ by t5s & hundr$s1 s t to-day ! supreme r>ities among pr9ts are beyond ! rea* ( ! ord9>y pur*as]4 ,all ?is is due nei!r to accid5t nor to any /range freak ( :imsical ta/es4 ,x has come ab\t because ! pr9ts are 9 fact arti/ic treasures4 ,commonplace & trivial z ! subjects ( mo/ ( !m are1 !y rise by virtue ( ! quality ( _! execution to a v high po9t--ma/]pieces ( composition1 triumphs ( col\r1 monum5ts ( ! p[] ( human g5ius to impose its s5se ( rhy?m1 =m1 & h>mony on ! appe>ances ( ! se5 _w4 ,b z is true 9 ! case ( any art1 ! cont5t ( ! col\r-pr9ts is n to be grasp$ at a fir/ glance by ! casual pass]-by4 ,famili>ity ) ! aims select$1 ! conv5tions employ$1 & ! a*ievem5ts possible is necess>y be=e ! specific *>m ( ^! works makes itself manife/4 ,x is ! exp]i5ce ( mo/ pr9t-lov]s t1 />t+ ) p]haps a m]e casual lik+ = a c]ta9 l&scape design1 !y progress gradually1 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 to an unmeasur$ delight 9 ! :ole body ( pr9ts1 & ev5tually f9d 9 !m a unique s\rce ( repose & exaltation4 ,!re are c]ta9 peculi>ities1 common n only to pr9ts b to ,japanese art z a :ole1 t require a special ef=t ( ! ,we/]n m9d be=e !y become acceptable4 ,! fir/ & mo/ vital ( ^! is ! abs5ce ( realism4 ,?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ,asian pa9t+1 writes ,mr4 ,laur5ce ,b9yon1 ! idea t art is ! imitation ( ,nature is unkn[n1 or kn[n only z a despis$ & fugitive h]esy4444 ,a ,*9ese critic ( ! six? c5tury1 :o 0 also an arti/1 publi%$ a !ory ( /hetic pr9ciples :i* became a classic & receiv$ univ]sal acceptance1 express+ z x did ! deeply root$ in/9cts ( ! race4 ,9 ?is !ory1 x is rhy?m t holds ! p>am\nt place2 n1 be x obs]v$1 imitation ( ,nature1 or fidelity to ,nature1 :i* ! g5]al in/9ct ( ! ,we/]n races makes ! root-conc]n ( art4 ,9 ?is !ory e "w ( art is ?\ght ( z an inc>nation ( ! g5ius ( rhy?m manife/+ ! liv+ _s ( ?+s ) a cle>] beauty & int5s] p[] ?an ! gross imp$im5ts ( complex matt] all[ to be transmitt$ to our s5ses 9 ! visible _w ar\nd u4 ,a picture is conceiv$ z a sort ( app>ition f a m real _w ( ess5tial life4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be va9 to expect 9 ,japanese designs any production t w a/oni% ! spectator by its life-lik5ess1 its fidelity to an actual sc5e4 ,ea/]n art has nev] attempt$ to compete ) ! "w ( photography4 ,its function is ! function :i* ! ,european public grants to poets b n always to pa9t]s--! seek+ out ( subtle & invisible relations 9 ?+s1 ! p]ception ( h>monies & rhy?ms n he>d by ! common e>1 ! int]pretation ( life 9 t]ms ( a f9] & m beautiful ord] ?an practical life has ev] kn[n4 ,all ,asian art has recogniz$ = c5turies ! fact t vision & imag9ation are ! faculties by :i* ! pa9t] z well z ! poet mu/ grapple ) reality4 ,9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,b9yon once m--,x is always ! ess5tial "* & g5ius ( ! elem5t t is s\ght = & insi/$ on3 ! weight & mass ( wat] fall+1 ! s9u\s1 swift curves ( a /ream evad+ ob/acles 9 its way1 ! bur/ ( foam aga9/ a rock1 ! toppl+ cre/ ( a sl[ly ar*+ bill[2 & all 9 a rhy?m ( pure l9es4 ,b ! same pr9ciples1 ! same treatm5t1 are appli$ to o!r subjects4 ,if x be a h]mit sage 9 8 m\nta9 retreat1 ! arti/'s ef=ts w be conc5trat$ on ! expression1 n only 9 ! sage's features1 b 9 8 :ole =m1 ( ! rapt int5sity ( contemplation2 t[>d ?is effect e l9e ( drap]y & ( surr\nd+ rock or tree w conspire1 by =ce ( repetition or ( contra/4 ,if x be a w>rior 9 action1 ! arti/ w ensure t we feel ! t5sion ( n]ve1 ! heat ( blood 9 ! muscles1 ! wat*fulness ( ! eye1 ! fury ( det]m9ation4 ,t birds %all be se5 to be1 above all ?+s1 w+$ creatures rejoic+ 9 _! flight2 t fl[]s %all be1 above all ?+s1 s5sitive blossoms unfold+ on pliant1 up-gr[+ /ems2 t ! tig] %all be an embodim5t ( =ce1 b\ndless 9 capacity = spr+ & fury--?is is ! ceaseless aim ( ^! arti/s1 f :i* no spl5d\r ( col\r1 no ri*ness ( texture1 no accid5t ( %ape div]ts !m4 ,! m to conc5trate on ?is seizure ( ! inh]5t life 9 :at !y draw1 !y w oblit]ate or ignore at w half or all ( ! surr\nd+ objects ) :i* ! ,we/]n pa9t] feels b\nd to fill 8 backgr\nd4 ,by isolation & ! m]e use ( empty space !y w give to a clump ( n>cissus by a rock1 or a solit>y quail1 or a mall[ plant quiv]+ 9 ! w9d1 a s5se ( gr&eur & a h9t ( ! inf9ity ( life4 ,?is almo/ symbolic quality is ! *ief elem5t ( ! pleasure to be d]iv$ f ,japanese art4 ,japanese designs are metaphors2 !y depict n any object1 b remote & great] p[]s to :i* ! object is relat$4 ,(t5 ! arti/ produces 8 effect by ! exagg]ation ( c]ta9 aspects1 or by express+ p>ticul> qualities 9 ! t]ms ( "s k9dr$ ?+4 ,if 8 subject happ5s to be an actor 9 "s great & tragic rle1 he w n hesitate to prolong ! l9es ( ! drap]y unconscionably1 to give ! effect ( solemn dignity1 sl[ movem5t1 & monum5tal isolation4 ,we/]n]s may smile at ! di/ortion ( su* a figure2 b !y mu/ ackn[l$ge t an atmosph]e ( l(ty & special de/9y surr\nds ! =m1 precisely because ! arti/ has d>$ to use ^! devices4 ,! ,japanese arti/ w draw a woman z if %e 7 a lily1 a man z if he 7 a tempe/1 a tree z if x 7 a wri?+ snake1 a m\nta9 z if x 7 a t[]+ giant4 ,?is is ! v ess5ce ( poetical imag9ation2 & ! result ( x is to end[ a picture ) obscure sugge/ions & ov]tones ( inf9ite p[]4 ,symbols ( exi/5ce beyond !mselves1 ^! designs are *>g$ ) an almo/ my/ical comm& ^u ! emotions ( ! spectator4 ,we/]n art has employ$ su* a me?od comp>atively little 9 pa9t+4 ,9 poetry x appe>s frequ5tly4 ,! poet1 :5 he wi%es to convey ! impression ( a beautiful woman1 does n set out h] features & h] /ature & all ! details ( h] aspect4 ,he tries to awak5 "s realization ( h] by a bold & fanta/ic leap ( ! imag9ation /raight to ! he>t ( ! matt]--he makes h] a p]fume1 a light1 a music1 a memory ( goddesses4 ,! prosaic m9d w nev] greatly c>e = "w produc$ 9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple2 ! conv5tions w seem di/ortions1 ! imag9ative g5]alizations w seem inaccuracies1 & ! transc5d+ ( reality to %ape a m univ]sal & significant /atem5t w appe> no?+ m ?an ineptitude 9 grappl+ ) fact4 ,b to ! poetical m9d1 all ^! ?+s w come ) a unique & irresi/ible fasc9ation2 & f> m delightful ?an ! novelty & int]e/ ( ! sc5es repres5t$ w be ! mann] ( _! repres5tation4 ,z "o ent]s into ! _s ( ^! pa9t+s & pr9ts1 x is z if "o saw ! _w f a new angle1 or _h acquir$ ! p[] to assemble into new intellectual comb9ations ^? s5sory impressions :i* our own art has taught u to comb9e 9 a mann] n[ gr[n a little dull & /]eotyp$4 ,japanese art has c]ta9 conv5tions t are highly individual4 ,"s ( ^! may tr\ble & repel ! ,we/]n eye4 ,= example1 ! ,japanese arti/ draws 8 figures )\t %ad[s1 & makes no attempt to repres5t ! play ( light & %ade ov] !m4 ,! sc5e is pa9t$ z if 9 a cle>1 cold vacuum1 :]e ! diffusion ( illum9ation is almo/ p]fectly uni=m4 ,9 ! ,japanese view1 a %ad[ is some?+ ephem]al & transitory--a m]e accid5t & illusion1 & z su* unwor?y ( p]petuation 9 art4 ,! patt]n ( ! object itself1 fre$ f ?is mom5t>y tyranny1 %\ld be ! sole !me ( ! arti/4 ,simil>ly1 high-lights or *i>oscuro are n attempt$2 nor is modell+ by means ( ^! employ$4 ,a univ]sal flatness is ! result--a result delib]ately aim$ at4 ,mo/ ( ! ,european ideas ( p]spective are ignor$ 9 ^! works4 ,9 accordance ) ! anci5t ,*9ese canon--bas$ ^u an imag9ative & n ^u a visual p]ception--! l9e> p]spective ( ! ,japanese exactly rev]ses t ( ,we/]n pa9t+4 ,9 _! sy/em1 p>allel l9es conv]ge z !y approa* ! spectator4 ,diff]5t planes ( di/ance may be sugge/$ m]ely by plac+ ! remote plane high] up 9 ! picture2 & sometimes no attempt is made to dim9i% ! size ( ! figures 9 ! upp] plane4 ,^! devices may seem v nave to ! ,european4 ,b 9 a]ial p]spective--! p[] to give to objects a col\r+ appropriate to _! relative di/ance f ! eye--! ,japanese indisputably employ ! utmo/ subtlety4 ,:5 ^! arti/s diff] f ,european cu/om1 x is n because ( ignorance1 b because _! way seems to !m ! m expressive--! bett] adapt$ to ! creation ( ^? peculi> impressions ( beauty :i* are _! aim4 ,! long] "o exam9es ! products ( ^! ali5 !ories ( draw+1 ! less c]ta9 "o is likely to be ( ! sup]iority ( our m sci5tific ,we/]n conv5tions4 ,9 all ,japanese art1 ! elem5t ( pure bru%work is ( great] importance ?an 9 ! art ( ,europe4 ,! p1 tra9$ f *ildhood 9 ! h&l+ ( ! bru% z a p5cil = ! draw+ ( ! complex =ms ( writt5 *>act]s1 acquire a facility & accuracy unkn[n 9 o!r l&s4 ,f9e caligraphy is e/eem$ an art 9 itself4 ,& ! ,japanese pa9t]1 ^: life is devot$ to fur!r ex]cises ) ! bru%1 may a*ieve a unique degree ( skill4 ,8 p[] to sweep1 guide1 & modulate ! wid? & int5sity ( 8 l9e is develop$ into a six? s5se4 ,he c make 8 bru%-/roke smoo?-fl[+ z a viol9-note1 or spl9t]$ z a brok5 bran*1 or wav]+ l ! fl[ ( a riv]1 or coldly h>d & %>p z fl9t2 sometimes x has ! edge ( a knife2 at o!r times x dies away into imp]ceptible gradations2 its blacks are dazzl+ 9 _! int5sity1 its greys are l veils ( mi/4 ,! my/]y ( ! expression ( pure p]sonality 9 art is n[h]e m /rik+ly exemplifi$ ?an "h4 ,to ! accu/om$ eye ! l9e-"w ( ! ,japanese arti/ is vibrant ) intimate connection betwe5 h& & _s4 ,?is comm& ( ! bru%1 s p]fect t ! passion ( ! arti/'s s\l fl[s out ?r\gh x1 is "o ( ! vital *>act]i/ics ( ,japanese pa9t+4 ,! col\r-pr9t is "o small & peculi> division ( ! l>g] field ( ,japanese pictorial design2 besides be+ subject to ! g5]al laws ( ,japanese /hetics1 x is di/+ui%$ by c]ta9 special *>act]i/ics t gr[ out ( ! nature ( ! te*nique employ$4 ,( ?is te*nique1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,gook9 gives an illum9at+ exposition3-- ,none b ! mo/ primitive me?ods--or :at f our po9t ( view may seem su*--7 employ$4 ,! mo/ wond]ful among all ! pr9ts is b a 'rubb+' or impression tak5 by h& f wood blocks4 ,! arti/ hav+ drawn ! design ) ! po9t ( a bru% 9 outl9e ^u ?9 pap]1 x 0 h&$ ov] to ! engrav]1 :o began 8 "p ( ! "w by pa/+ ! design face d[nw>d ^u a flat block ( wood1 usually *]ry1 sawn plank-wise z 9 ! case ( ! blocks us$ by ,european wood-engrav]s 9 ! "t ( ,dr]4 ,! pap] 0 !n c>efully scrap$ at ! back until ! design %[$ ?r\gh di/9ctly 9 e "p4 ,next1 ! wood 0 c>efully cut away1 leav+ ! l9es 9 relief1 c>e be+ tak5 to pres]ve fai?fully e feature ( ! bru% /rokes ) :i* ! draw+ 0 execut$4 ,a numb] ( impressions 7 !n tak5 9 ,*9ese ink f ?is 'key block' & h&$ to ! arti/ to fill 9 ) col\r4 ,?is +5i\s plan1 :i* is manife/ly an outgr[? ( ! e>ly cu/om ( col\r+ ! ink-pr9ts 7sumi-7 by h&1 & :i* p]haps w\ld nev] h be5 ?\ght ( _h n ! col\r itself be5 an aft]?\ght1 enabl$ ! arti/ to try _m exp]im5ts 9 col\r arrangem5t ) a m9imum am\nt ( lab\r4 ,! col\r s*eme & ornam5tation ( ! surfaces hav+ be5 det]m9$1 ! engrav] made z _m subsidi>y blocks z 7 requir$1 ! p>ts meant to take ! col\r be+ left rais$ & ! re/ cut away4 ,accurate regi/] 0 secur$ by ! simple/ ( devices4 ,a "r-angl$ m>k engrav$ at ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! orig9al block1 & a /raight m>k 9 exact l9e ) its l[] arm at ! left1 7 repeat$ ^u ea* subsequ5t block1 & 9 pr9t+1 ! %eets 7 laid d[n s t _! l[] & "r-h& edges correspond$ ) ! m>ks s made4 ,! defective regi/] :i* may be obs]v$ 9 _m pr9ts 0 caus$ by unequal %r9k+ or swell+ ( ! blocks4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 late impressions are (t5 inf]ior to ! e>ly ones1 ev5 ?\gh pr9t$ ) ! same c>e1 & f blocks t _h worn v little4 ,! alignm5t w usually be f\nd to be exact ^u "o side ( ! pr9t1 b to get fur!r out ( regi/] z ! o!r side is approa*$4 ,! pr9t+ 0 done on moi/ pap] ) ,*9ese ink & col\r appli$ to ! blocks ) flat bru%es4 ,a little rice pa/e 0 usually mix$ ) ! pigm5ts to keep !m f runn+1 & to increase _! brightness4 ,sometimes dry rice fl\r 0 du/$ ov] ! blocks aft] !y 7 *>g$4 ,to ?is me?od ( *>g+ ! blocks mu* ( ! beauty ( ! result may be attribut$4 ,! col\r c\ld be modifi$1 grad$1 or *ang$ at w1 ! blocks cov]$ entirely or p>tially4 ,h>d1 me*anical accuracy 0 avoid$4 ,impressions diff]$ ev5 :5 ! pr9t]'s aim 0 uni=mity4 ,sometimes 9 ink+ ! 'key block1' :i* 0 usually ! la/ "o impress$1 "s ( ! l9es w\ld fail to receive ! pigm5t1 or w\ld be ov]*>g$4 ,?is 0 especially liable to happ5 :5 ! blocks 7 worn & ! edges ( ! l9es became r\nd$4 ,a little m or a little less pigm5t sometimes made a decid$ diff]5ce 9 ! tone ( ! pr9t1 &1 x may be not$1 has n infrequ5tly det]m9$ ! nature & ext5t ( ! discoloration wr\ght by "t4 ,9 pr9t+1 a %eet ( pap] 0 laid ^u ! block & ! pr9t] rubb$ (f ! impression1 us+ = ! purpose a k9d ( pad call$ a b>54 ,?is 0 appli$ to ! back ( ! pap] & manipulat$ ) a circul> movem5t ( ! h&4 ,by v>y+ ! degree ( pressure ! col\r c\ld be =c$ deep into ! pap]1 or left ^u ! out] fibres only1 s t ! :it5ess ( ^? bel[ ! surface w\ld %9e ?r\gh1 giv+ ! peculi> effect ( light :i* is se5 at its be/ 9 "s ( ! surimono 7pr9ts design$ = di/ribution at ,new ,ye>'s or o!r p>ticul> occasion7 by ,hokusai4 ,un9k$ blocks 7 us$ = emboss+ portions ( ! designs4 ,! skill ( ! pr9t] 0 a l>ge factor 9 produc+ ! be/ results4 ,ev5 ! brilliancy ( ! col\r result$ l>gely f 8 manipulations ( ! pigm5ts & v>i\s little tricks 9 _! application4 ,! fir/ impressions 7 n ! be/1 "s =ty or fifty hav+ to be pull$ be=e ! blocks w\ld take ! col\r prop]ly4 ,_m k9ds ( pap] 7 us$4 ,= ! be/ ( ! old pr9ts x 0 ?ick1 spongy 9 texture1 & ( an almo/ ivory tone4 ,! f9e/ specim5s 7 pr9t$ "u ! direct p]sonal sup]vision ( ! arti/s :o design$ !m4 ,e detail 0 look$ aft] ) ! utmo/ c>e4 ,no pa9s 7 sp>$ 9 mix+ ! t9ts1 9 *>g+ ! blocks1 9 lay+ on ! pap] s z to secure p]fect regi/]1 9 regulat+ ! pressure s z to get ! be/ possible impressions4 ,exp]im5ts 7 (t5 tri$ by v>y+ ! col\r s*emes4 ,pr9ts ( important s]ies1 z = example ,hokusai's fam\s ',?irty-six ,views ( ,fuji1' are met ) 9 widely div]g5t col\r+s4 ,! results produc$ by ?is te*nique1 z x 0 employ$ 9 ! great p]iod ( ! art1 h no p>allel4 ,:5 ,dr]1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 br\ght wood & /eel engrav+ to su* brilliant p]fection1 he det]m9$ ! future hi/ory ( ,european engrav+1 fix+ ! l9e ( greate/ developm5t 9 ! region ( black-&-:ite1 :]e1 except = sporadic excursions ( debatable m]it1 x has cont9u$ ev] s9ce4 ,=tunately1 9 ,japan1 col\r & l9e did n "p company1 b 9 comb9ation progress$ t[>d a unique triumph4 ,a pr9t produc$ by ?is te*nique is simply a %eet ( pap] ^u :i* are impress$1 by means ( h&-*>g$ wood blocks1 a s]ies ( pat*es ( col\r t comb9e into a design4 ,9 g5]al1 ea* ( ^! pat*es is flat & un%ad$2 its edges are %>p1 def9ite1 b\nd$ by a l9e z di/9ct z ! l9e ( ! lead us$ 9 /a9$ glass4 ,9 ! pr9t1 z 9 ! /a9$-glass w9d[1 only major l9es & important col\r-masses c be %[n2 ?us elim9ation ( ! incid5tal & selection ( :at is vital are imp]atively dem&$ ( ! design]4 ,sali5t curves & expressive outl9es are ! ess5tial requisite4 ,"o reason :y ^! pr9ts seem classic is t !y are purg$ ( ! ?\s& unimportant & mean+less gradations ( tone t are easy to use 9 a pa9t+ & impossible "h4 ,s+ul> purity & l(t9ess ( effect is ! result1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 ab/ract alo(ness f reality t has a high /hetic value4 ,into ! draw+ ( ^! few l9es1 & into ! con/ruction ( ^! few flat col\r-spaces1 w5t all ! arti/'s s5se ( proportion & rhy?m1 grace & dignity1 movem5t & tone4 ,on ! flat wall ( 8 pr9t$ %eet he devis$ a patt]n t %\ld weave1 out ( figures & objects1 a decorative design ^u ^: h>moni\s mosaic ! eye w\ld will+ly l+]4 ,!re he play$ 8 music to allure & beguile & absorb ! spectator4 ,l 8 fell[-pa9t]s ( all ,asia1 ! pr9t-design] did n feel t lit]al accuracy greatly conc]n$ him4 ,if ! figures mov$ ) a /ately godlike grace 9 rhy?mic procession1 :at matt] if !y 7 tall] or %ort] ?an real be+s8 ,if _! faces 7 expressive ( a noble calm or a sublime fury1 :y ask = a detail$ mirror+ ( a real face8 ,if ! l&scape 0 beautiful1 0 x important t ! real sc5e c\ld nev] look exactly ?us8 ,z an example ( ! curi\s conv5tions t dom9ate ?is art1 ! obs]v] w note ! way 9 :i* heads are drawn by ^! arti/s4 ,) v r>e exceptions1 ! angle f :i* all ! heads are se5 is ! same4 ,9 ! pr9t1 z 9 ! ,egyptian wall-c>v+s1 ! head is held 9 a poise dictat$ by a traditional =mula4 ,! face is turn$ half-way betwe5 pr(ile & full-face2 ! nose approa*es b does n int]sect ! l9e ( ! *eek2 ! outl9e ( ! nose is %[n1 & also ! broad sweep ( ! br[1 :ile at ! same "t bo? eyes are visible4 ,= two c5turies1 ) only occasional v>iations1 ?is =mula = draw+ ! face p]si/$2 & 9 ! submission to ?is wisely *os5 type--admirably adapt$ z x 0 to exhibit mo/ expressively ! :ole map ( ! features--is reveal$ some?+ ( t will+ness to accept discipl9e1 /yle1 & conv5tionalization :i* 9 ^! arti/s w5t side by side ) s mu* orig9ality4 ,a magic _w--a pure creation ( ! imag9ation 9 its se>* = beauty6 ,?is conv5tion 9 ! draw+ ( ! faces has mu* to d ) ! unreal quality we f9d !re4 ,some?+ 9 ! repetition & uni=mity ( ! heads produces a delicate vision>y impression1 a trance-l mood--z does ! rhy?m ( poetry or music4 ,"u its spell ! emotion ( ! spectator comes =? free f its daily bonds & preoccupations1 9 ! lib]ation t only art c give4 ,to ^! regions ( pure /hetic exp]i5ce ! amateur turns ) delight--n only z an escape f practical life1 b z an escape f mu* t is kn[n to ! ,we/]n _w z art4 ,! *ildi% m9d loves pictures t tell a /ory2 b ! m sophi/icat$ intellig5ce goes to a "w ( art = ^? elem5ts :i* lie f> beyond ! region ( episodic n>ration--elem5ts t are alli$ to ! pr9ciples ( geometry1 ! laws ( motion1 ! excursions ( pure music1 ! visions ( religi\s fai?4 ,?\gh ^! manife/ations are difficult to correlate1 !y all arise f "o f\nta9head2 & ! be/ ( ! ,japanese pr9ts lie v close to ! s\rce ( ! /ream4 ,,ii ,,conditions ,,prec$+ ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,pr9t-,,design+3 ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,! ,,ukioye ,,s*ool ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,conditions ,,prec$+ ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,pr9t-,,design+3 ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,! ,,ukioye ,,s*ool ,at ! outset ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 inaugurat$ ! ,tokugawa ,dyna/y ( ,%oguns or milit>y dictators1 by ! victories ( ! great w>rior & /atesman ,iyeyasu ov] rival factions4 ,^u acquir+ ! ,%ogunate--a position :i* _h = long eclips$ ! p[] ( ! ,emp]or--,iyeyasu laid a wise b iron h& ^u ,japan1 =c+ all dep>tm5ts ( indu/ry1 society1 & ev5 art into rigid =ms ^: patt]n 0 laid d[n by 8 f>-see+ m9d4 ,! same policy guid$ 8 successors ( ! ,tokugawa ,dyna/y2 s t dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( pr9t production ,japan 0 a l& ( gorge\s feudal spl5d\r1 regulat$ by inflexible rules ( conduct & mann]s t am\nt$ almo/ to ca/e regulations4 ,t subtle int]pret] ( ! ideals ( ! ,ea/1 ! late ,kakuzo ,okakura1 ?us analyses ! /ate ( society at t "t3 ,! ,tokugawas1 he writes1 9 _! eag]ness = consolidation & discipl9e1 cru%$ out ! vital sp>k f art & life4444 ,9 _! prime ( p[]1 ! :ole ( society--& art 0 n exempt--0 ca/ 9 a s+le m\ld4 ,! _s :i* seclud$ ,japan f all =eign int]c\rse1 & regulat$ e daily r\t9e1 f t ( ! daimyo to t ( ! l[e/ peasant1 n>r[$ & cramp$ arti/ic creativ5ess also4 ,! ,kano academies ( pa9t+--fill$ ) ! discipl9>y in/9cts ( ,iyeyasu--( :i* f\r 7 "u ! direct patronage ( ! ,%ogun & sixte5 "u ! ,tokugawa ,gov]nm5t1 7 con/itut$ on ! plan ( regul> feudal t5ures4 ,ea* academy _h its h]$it>y "l1 :o foll[$ 8 pr(ession1 &1 :e!r or n he 0 an indiff]5t arti/1 _h "u him /ud5ts :o flock$ f v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & :o 71 9 _! turn1 (ficial pa9t]s to diff]5t daimyos 9 ! prov9ces4 ,aft] graduat+ at ,y$o 7,tokyo71 x 0 de rigueur = ^! /ud5ts1 return+ to ! c\ntry1 to conduct _! "w !re on ! me?ods1 & accord+ to ! models giv5 !m dur+ _! in/ruction4 ,! /ud5ts :o 7 n vassals ( daimyos 71 9 a s5se1 h]$it>y fiefs ( ! ,kano lords4 ,ea* _h to pursue ! c\rse ( /udies laid d[n by ,tannyu & ,tsun5obu1 & ea* pa9t$ & drew c]ta9 subjects 9 a c]ta9 mann]4 ,f ?is r\t9e1 dep>ture meant o/racism1 :i* w\ld r$uce ! arti/ to ! position ( a common craftsman4 ,yet x w\ld convey a wrong impression ( ! ,tokugawa p]iod to sugge/ t bureaucratic tightness ( regime 0 its sole or mo/ vital *>act]i/ic4 ,! age 0 m>k$ z /rongly by its expansive p[]s z by ! re/ra9ts t attempt$ to direct !m4 ,= 9 ?is epo*1 ! common p1 set ap>t 9 a class di/9ct f ! w>riors & ari/ocracy1 rose to a vig\r & cultivation t 0 almo/ a new ?+ 9 ,japanese hi/ory4 ,x 01 writes ,f5ollosa1 l ! rise ( ! indu/rial classes 9 ! free cities ( ,europe 9 ^? middle c5turies :5 ! old feudal sy/em 0 break+ up4 ,!re1 too1 c\ld be se5 arm\r$ lords ( ca/les fl\ri%+ side by side ) burgh]s & guild]s4 ,x is ! same duality :i* =ms ! keynote ( ,tokugawa culture tak5 z a :ole4444 ,! keynote ( ,tokugawa life & art is _! broad division into two ma9 /reams--! ari/ocratic & ! plebeian4 ,^! two fl[$ on side by side ) comp>atively little int]m+l+4 ,on ! "o side select companies ( g5tlem5 & ladies congregat$ 9 gorge\s ca/les & ya%ikis1 daimyos & samurai1 ex]cis+1 /udy+ _! own & ,*9a's pa/1 weav+ m>tial codes ( hon\r1 surr\nd+ !mselves ) wond]ful ut5sils ( lacqu]1 porcela91 embroid]y1 & cunn+ly wr\ght bronze2 & on ! o!r side great cities l ,osaka1 ,nagoya1 ,kyoto1 & ,y$o1 sw>m+ ) manufactur]s1 artizans1 & m]*ants1 %>+ little 9 ! ca/le privileges1 b devis+ = !mselves me?ods ( self-expression 9 local gov]nm5t1 s*ools1 sci5ce1 lit]ature1 & art4 ,exam9+ into ! hi/ory ( ,japanese col\r-pr9ts1 "o mu/ leave entirely aside ! int]e/+ & sometimes sublime art ( ! cultivat$ & ari/ocratic classes & _! tradition-hall[$ s*ools ( pa9t+4 ,! pr9ts 7 solely ! product ( ! popul> s*ool2 !y 7 9 a way alli$ to ^? delicate ,japanese h&icrafts1 su* z bronze & lacqu]1 :i* are *>act]i/ically ! output ( ! common p4 ,! ,tokugawa regime 0 "o ( national peace4 ,! c\ntry1 long di/urb$ by bo? int]nal & ext]nal w>s1 settl$ d[n at la/ "u ! /rong ,tokugawa bann] to two c5turies & a half ( tranquillity4 ,! vital activity ( ?is "t 0 n diffus$ & scatt]$ ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 b 0 *iefly c5tr$ ^u "o spot1 ! anci5t ,capital ( ! ,ea/1 ,y$o1 n[ call$ ,tokyo4 ,"h1 "u ! dom9ance ( ! great ,iyeyasu1 ! life ( ! empire 0 br\ght to a focus4 ,iyeyasu =c$ all ! great nobles1 liv+ cu/om>ily on _! e/ates scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! empire1 to come to ,y$o & rema9 !re 9 resid5ce = at lea/ half ( ea* ye>1 9 ord] t he might keep 8 h& ^u !m & prev5t !m f spr++ up to rival p[]4 ,! natural effect ( ?is regulation 0 to give ,y$o a supreme importance 9 ! realm1 & to cultivate 9 ,y$o ! gr[? ( e =m ( popul> activity4 ,!re1 9 ! metropolitan c5tre1 all ! ag5cies ( pleasure bur/ into luxuri\s bloom2 ! tea-h\ses1 ! !atres1 ! riv]side g>d5s1 & ! ,yo%iw>a or c\rtesans' qu>t]1 all took on a new & allur+ spl5d\r2 & ,y$o became ! great city & ! great art c5tre ( ,japan4 ,at ?is "t1 ari/ocratic art1 9 ! h&s ( ! lat] g5]ations ( ! ,kano ,s*ool ( pa9t]s1 0 n only l>gely inaccessible to ! common p1 b 0 also no long] 9 its prime4 ,! giants ( ! ,kano ,s*ool 7 long s9ce dead4 ,9 ! place ( _! vigor\s inspiration only sup]ficiality & =malism rema9$4 ,long s9ce dead 0 t l(ty ideali/ic art1 be/ kn[n to u 9 ! "w ( ,ses%u1 :i* _h di/+ui%$ ! prec$+ ,a%ikaga ,p]iod--an art :i*1 to quote ,mr4 ,laur5ce ,b9yon1 deals little 9 human figures & has no conc]n ) ! physical beauty ( m5 & wom51 cont5t+ itself ma9ly ) ! contemplation ( wide prospects ov] lake & m\nta91 mi/ & torr5t1 or a spray ( s5sitive blossoms trembl+ 9 ! air4 ,yet ev5 ?\gh ! e>li] greatness ( ! ari/ocratic s*ools ( pa9t+ 0 pass+ or _h pass$ 9 ?is sev5te5? & eighte5? c5tury epo*1 /ill ! au?ority d]iv$ by ! ,kano pa9t]s f _! connection ) ! c\rt ( ! ,%ogun gave !m dictator%ip ov] matt]s ( art2 & _! academy impos$ its te*nique ^u all aspirants = ! fav\r ( ! ari/ocracy4 ,! rival s*ool ( ! ,tosas1 associat$ closely ) ! c\rt ( ! ,emp]or 9 ,kyoto1 0 no less c>eful ( tradition & discipl9e4 ,?us ! moribund art ( ! upp] classes /ood alone l a little isl&1 %ut out f ! art ( ! p1 unable to influ5ce x or to be influ5c$ by x4 ,!re=e ,japan1 at ! "t :5 ! popul> s*ool came into exi/5ce1 0 9 a curi\s /ate3 subject to a /rict discipl9>y sy/em t kept ! common p & ! ari/ocracy ap>t2 enjoy+ a p]iod ( peace & a c5tralization ( res\rces t gave ! common p 9 _! isolation a fav\rable opportunity to develop a culture ( _! own2 & suff]+ f a gr[+ deg5]acy 9 ! classical s*ools ( pa9t+ t might be c\nt$ on to drive at lea/ an occasional ari/ocratic arti/ out into ! ranks ( ! p 7 any int]e/+ opportunity (f]$ !re4 ,at ?is juncture1 e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 !re arose 9 ,y$o a new movem5t :i* lat] 0 to produce ! col\r-pr9t4 ,?is new movem5t 0 call$ ! ,ukioye ,s*ool4 ,! real gap betwe5 x & ! old] classical s*ools has be5 by _m writ]s grossly exagg]at$4 ,"o might well ga!r f !m t ! ,ukioye arti/s 7 ! fir/ 9 all ,japanese art to draw subjects select$ f real life & to pa9t ) vivid humanism4 ,?is is by no means ! fact4 ,all ! subjects treat$ by ! ,ukioye pa9t]s _h be5 at "s "t us$ by ! pa9t]s ( ! old] s*ools2 & c]ta9ly ! usual subject ( ! ,kano or ,tosa pa9t] 0 z real & vivid to him z 7 any ( ! !mes ( ! popul> arti/s to ^! creators4 ,ea* pa9t$ 8 cu/om>y environm5t--:at 0 close/ to 8 exp]i5ce & de>e/ to 8 /hetic p]ceptions3 on ! "o h&1 tradition>y & religi\s figures1 sc5es f poetry1 reflections ( ,*9ese or old ,japanese art2 & on ! o!r h&1 ! puls+ life ( ,y$o /reets1 ! tea-g>d5s ( ! ,sumida ,riv]1 ! !atres1 & ! brilliant h\ses ( pleasure4 ,yet hav+ sugge/$ t ! gap betwe5 ! two 0 n immeasurable1 we may grant t x 0 nev]!less real4 ,ukioye conc]n$ itself ) contempor>y plebeian life1 its %[s & fe/ivals & fav\rites ( ! h\r1 to an ext5t ali5 to ! m re/ra9$ & almo/ mona/ic tradition ( ! old] art4 ,ukioye means ,pass+-_w ,picture2 !re is impli$ 9 ! ^w a reproa* & an accusation ( triviality4 ,x sugge/s values n recogniz$ by t or?odox ,buddhi/ic attitude ( contemplation :i* reg>ds life z a %[ ( %ad[s1 a region ( temporal desire & illusion & mis]y1 a vigil to be endur$ only by keep+ fix$ly be=e ! vision pictures ( ! desireless calm ( ,nirvana4 ,b no su* pr(\nd philosophy ( despair & abnegation z ?is c\ld f9d real root 9 ! he>ts ( a lively populace l t ( ,japan2 9 t nation1 ! lonely m9ds ( seque/]$ ari/ocrats alone c\ld give x m ?an nom9al habitation4 ,! ,ukioye ,s*ool1 s9ce x 0 a popul> s*ool1 rema9$ z un%ad[$ by ,buddhism z mod]n ,fr5* po/]-art is by ,*ri/ianity2 & ! di/ance betwe5 ! spiritual attitudes ( ,giotto & ,aubrey ,be>dsley is no great] ?an t betwe5 ! attitudes ( ,kanaoka & ,utam>o4 ,all t aureole ( moral idealism :i* hall[$ ! classical ,japanese art 0 ab&on$ by ! popul> s*ool = a frank acceptance ( ! joy ( ! _w & its en?rall+ lures4 ,! /yle adopt$ by ! new s*ool 9 portray+ ! life ( ! multitude all[$ itself a c]ta9 ke5 realism1 (t5 t+$ ) hum\r & sometimes ) mild obsc5ity4 ,?is realism appe>s only occasionally1 & x is g5]ally s completely subord9at$ to ! decorative impulse t realism is ! la/ ^w by :i* a ,we/]n obs]v] w\ld describe x4 ,only by way ( contra/+ x ) ! idealism ( ! old] s*ools c "o ?us classify ! arbitr>y attitudes1 mask-l faces1 & fanciful col\r s*emes ( ,ukioye4 ,?is arbitr>9ess indicates ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ! new mann]4 ,x 0 a flippant /yle :i* took no?+ s]i\sly except itself4 ,its te*nique dep>t$ f ! sacr$ traditions ( ,kano & ,tosa bru%work & ! inh]itance ( ,*9ese pa9t+ canons4 ,x develop$ a novel use ( cle>1 h>d outl9e1 unre/ra9$ sweep1 brilliantly fre% col\r1 & /rong contra/1 t reli$ on no prec$5t = _! appeal & awak5$ no sanction+ e*o f ! classic ma/]s4 ,n unnaturally ! ari/ocracy 7 repell$ by ! plebeian & vulg> nature ( ! subjects ( ! new s*ool4 ,_! s5sibilities 7 injur$ by ! ?r[+ ov]bo>d ( traditions ( /yle t /ret*$ back ?r\gh _m c5turies to ! f\nd]s ( ! art 9 ,*9a1 & by ! g5u9e lack ( di/9ction 9 ! spiritual attitude & outlook ( _m ( ^! new pa9t]s4 ,! mod]n ,european1 br$ ( a diff]5t arti/ic l9eage1 may reg>d ^! objections z negligible2 b he mu/ rememb] t x is p]haps 8 own ignorance ( ,japanese classics t makes him s tol]ant2 & he may prop]ly hesitate to condemn ha/ily ! ari/ocratic ,japanese op9ion4 ,! ari/ocratic op9ion is readily compreh5sible4 ,! ,ukioye ,s*ool )\t d\bt lacks t almo/ religi\s idealism by :i* ! e>li] ,japanese s*ools ( pa9t+ atta9$ a subtlety p]haps excessively r>efi$1 an allusiv5ess almo/ too remote1 a sublimation ( intangible spiritual values t v ne>ly rea*es ! vani%+-po9t4 ,no su* s]5e cultivation ( feel+ is to be f\nd 9 ! ,ukioye pa9t]s4 ,great art is t be=e :i* we long to die1 says ,okakura2 & ! ov]/ra9$ int5sity ( 8 words conveys to ! ,we/]n] "s conception ( ! passionate spirituality :i* ! cultivat$ ,japanese desires & f9ds 9 ! works ( ! old] pa9t]s4 ,! ,japanese connoisseur misses 9 ,ukioye t exaltation :i*1 9 ! creations ( ,ses%u or ,yeitoku or ,kanaoka1 leads him up to heights :5ce he surveys m\nta9 & lake ly+ l a vision>y incantation be=e him1 or feels ! giant lonel9ess ( p9es ^u a sn[y cre/1 or ent]s into ! ineffable _s ( ! :ite goddess ,kwannon m$itat+ 9 a measureless void ( cl\ds & /reams4 ,^! ?+s are n to be f\nd 9 ,ukioye--^! ultimate rea*es ( ! ,ori5tal _s2 b !re is "h a m human & lovable beauty1 & a p[] ( design no less notable ?an t ( ! ari/ocratic ma/]s4 ,x mu/ be grant$ t ! col\r-pr9ts ( ?is s*ool con/itute ! fulle/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic expression ev] giv5 to ! temp] ( ! ,japanese p4 ,asia--! region ( measureless1 ov]:elm+ spaces1 innum]able lives1 & immemorial antiquity--,asia speaks 9 ! old] pa9t+s2 b 9 ! amiable pr9ts1 ! "o voice is ! def9$1 circumscrib$1 & beguil+ voice ( ,japan4 ,! col\r-pr9t con/itutes almo/ ! only purely ,japanese art1 & ! only graphic record ( popul> ,japanese life4 ,!re=e x may be reg>d$ z ! mo/ def9itely national ( all ! =ms ( expression us$ by ! ,japanese--an art :i* !y alone 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w h br\ght to p]fection4 ,! beg9n+s ( ! ,ukioye ,s*ool ant$at$ by _m ye>s ! beg9n+s ( col\r-pr9t+4 ,iwasa ,matabei1 ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool1 0 born 9 #aegh & di$ 9 #afej4 ,at fir/ x 0 ! ari/ocracy t applaud$ ?is pione]1 :o 0 n yet ali5at$ f !m2 !n "s vital elem5t 9 ,matabei's mann] k9dl$ en?usiasm outside ?is circumscrib$ region & set 9 motion ! =ces :i* ev5tually result$ 9 a popul> s*ool ( art4 ,aft] ,matabei1 ! ,ukioye ,s*ool did n take any imm$iate turn t[>d notable developm5t4 ,9 fact1 x is d\btful :e!r its importance c\ld h be5 f>-rea*+ _h its activity be5 always1 z 9 its e>lie/ days1 conf9$ to pa9t+4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ! de/9y ( ! s*ool to come into a relation ) ! hi!rto undevelop$ art ( wood-engrav+2 & its alliance ) ?is popul> m$ium increas$ a ?\s&-fold ! bread? ( its appeal & ! =ce ( its sway4 ,! art ( wood-engrav+ 9 ,japan orig9at$ "s "t betwe5 ! twelf? & f\rte5? c5turies4 ,leg5d associates ! fir/ use ( x ) ! great prie/ ,ni*ir51 :o liv$ f #abbb to #abhb4 ,ryok91 also a prie/1 produc$ a woodcut :i* is dat$ #acbe4 ,no date e>li] ?an ?is la/ c be fix$ ^u ) any confid5ce4 ,! few specim5s ( e>ly woodcuts t h surviv$ are pi\s ,buddhi/ic repres5tations ( religi\s pa9t+s or /atues1 :i* 7 probably sold to pilgrims z mem5toes ( _! visit to "s fam\s %r9e4 ,9 arti/ic m]it ^! e>lie/ woodcuts h no int]e/2 _! importance is entirely hi/orical4 ,by ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! process ( wood-engrav+ _h come into use z a means ( illu/rat+ books4 ,f ?is "t on1 my?ological1 romantic1 & leg5d>y works1 su* z ! ,ise ,monogat>i1 7 frequ5tly s embelli%$4 ,mo/ ( ! designs 7 v crude1 & ! cutt+ ( ! wood blocks display$ only elem5t>y skill4 ,^! e>ly books 7 9 no way connect$ ) ! ,ukioye ,s*ool1 :i* !y 9 fact ant$at$2 !y 7 :olly ! product ( ! old classical tradition4 ,contemporane\sly ) !m 7 produc$ fairly vigor\s b clumsy broadsides1 repres5t+ hi/orical sc5es4 ,occasionally a few spots ( co>se col\r 7 appli$ by h& to ^! designs4 ,by ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury !re began to appe> illu/rat$ books 9 :i* ! rudim5t>y elem5ts ( arti/ic pictorial feel+ are visible4 ,a few h a slight ,ukioye ca/4 ,n until ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury1 h[ev]1 did wood-engrav+ a*ieve ! dignity ( a f9e art & ! scope ( a popul> me?od ( expression4 ,t x !n did s 0 due to ! g5ius ( ,moronobu1 an ,ukioye pa9t]1 ! fir/ ( ! great pr9t-design]s4 ,,iii ,,! ,,fir/ ,,p]iod3 ,,! ,,primitives ,,f ,,moronobu ,,to ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,poly*rome ,,pr9t+ 7#affj-agfd7 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,fir/ ,,p]iod3 ,,! ,,primitives ,,f ,,moronobu ,,to ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,poly*rome ,,pr9t+ 7#affj-agfd74 ,,g5]al ,,*>act]i/ics4 ,! ,primitive ,p]iod1 fir/ ( ^? epo*s into :i* ! hi/ory ( ,japanese pr9ts may be r\ghly divid$1 beg9s ab\t #affj ) ! appe>ance ( ! "w ( ,moronobu4 ,! p]iod ends a c5tury lat] :51 aft] _m exp]im5ts1 ! te*nique ( ! art _h be5 develop$ f ! black-&-:ite pr9t to ! full complexity ( multi-col\r pr9t+4 ,! commonly accept$ "n ( ! ,primitives requires "s explanation :5 appli$ to ^! arti/s le/ x create ! impression t we are deal+ ) design]s 9 ^: works are to be f\nd ! nave ef=ts ( unsophi/icat$ & grop+ m9ds4 ,no?+ c\ld be f>!r f ! tru?4 ,?\s&s ( ye>s ( arti/ic exp]i5ce & tradition lay back ( ^! productions2 & ! level ( /hetic sophi/ication impli$ 9 !m 0 high4 ,! ^w ,primitive applies to ^! m5 only 9 s f> z !y 7 work]s 9 ! te*nique ( wood-engrav+4 ,z produc]s ( pr9ts !y 7 inde$ pione]s & exp]im5t]s2 b z design]s !y 7 "p ( a long succession t _h rea*$ full maturity c5turies e>li]4 ,:e!r x be t a new te*nical =m1 l an unexplor$ c\ntry1 t5ds to exclude f entrance all b bold & vigor\s spirits1 or :e!r x be t ! /imulus ( difficulty & discov]y inspirits ! adv5tur] ) ke5] p[]s1 ^! ,primitives 7 z a gr\p surpass$ by none ( _! successors 9 =ce & l(ty feel+4 ,!y seiz$ ! fre%ly available m$ium ) an exub]ance ( vitality t _h n yet lo/ itself 9 ! des]ts ( a fully ma/]$ te*nique4 ,^! ,primitives1 says ,von ,seidlitz1 are n[ held 9 f> high] e/eem ?an =m]ly4 ,we recognize 9 !m n only =]unn]s1 b m5 ( h]oic race1 :o1 )\t be+ able to claim ! highe/ hon\rs paid to ! gods1 /ill exhibit a p[]1 a fre%ness1 & a grace t are h>dly met ) 9 ! same degree 9 lat] times4 ,despite ! imp]fections t necess>ily atta* to _! works1 despite _! lack ( ext]nal correctness1 _! limitations to few & g5]ally crude mat]ials1 & _! conv5tionalism1 !re cl+s to _! "w a *>m su* z belongs to ! works nei!r ( ! mo/ brilliant nor ( ! pron\nc$ly naturali/ic p]iods4 ,=1 9 ! s+l5ess ( _! ef=ts to make _! draw+ z expressive z possible1 )\t reg>d to any special k9d ( beauty or tru?1 ^! ,primitives discov] a p[] ( idealization & a /yli/ic skill :i*1 at a lat] p]iod & ) increas$ k1 are q un?9kable4 ,to ! new ,ukioye ,s*ool ^! ,primitives gave ! fir/ great op5+ = popul>ity4 ,_! broadsides & albums dissem9at$ among ! millions ( ,y$o ! product ( ! new & vigor\s art-impulse4 ,!y 7 ! riv]-/reams ?r\gh :i* ! lake res]voirs ( ,ukioye art return$ to ! sea ( popul> life :5ce ! wat]s _h come4 ,f5ollosa's picture ( ! popul> life dur+ a portion ( ?is ,primitive ,p]iod1 ! ,g5roku ,era 7#afhh-agjc71 is n )\t its significance 9 ?is connection4 ,?is 0 ! day :5 population & arts _h l>gely be5 transf]r$ to ,y$o1 & bo? p & samurai 7 becom+ consci\s ( !mselves4 ,! populace ( ! new great city1 already int]e/$ 9 ! gay pleasures ( ! tea-h\ses & ! danc+-girls' qu>t]1 7 j elaborat+ a new organ = expression1 namely ! vulg> !atre1 ) plays & act+ adapt$ to _! intellig5ce4 ,!y _h j caught hold1 too1 ( ! device ( ! s5sational novel4 ,n[ "h 0 an army ( "y samurai gr[+ up 9 ! neighb\r+ squ>es1 :o 7 j on ! qui vive to slip out into ^! ne/s ( popul> fun4 ,= ! "t be+1 fre$om = bo? sides 0 9 ! air4 ,anybody c\ld say or d :at he pleas$4 ,fa%ions & co/umes 7 extravagant4 ,ev]ybody jo9$ good-natur$ly 9 ! /reet dances4 ,x 0 l a _w ( college boys out on a l>k2 to speak m exactly1 x _h mu* resemblance to ! gay1 roi/]+1 unconsci\s m+l+ ( lords & p 9 ! ,elizabe?an days ( ,%akespe>e1 be=e ! duality ( puritan & cavali] divid$ !m4 ,! subjects depict$ by ! ,primitive arti/s = ! pleasure ( ?is populace are drawn f ! fl\ri%+ life ?us describ$4 ,fir/ & =emo/1 ! /age is repres5t$2 & ! greate/ pr9ts ( ?is p]iod are1 z a rule1 ! s+le figures ( actors portray$ 9 _! rles4 ,b social & dome/ic sc5es also f9d place "h2 & all ! play ( fa%ion & recreation1 ! occupations & amusem5ts ( ! ladies1 ! boat+-p>ties & tea-h\se sc5es1 ! /reet & ! fe/ival1 appe> 9 brilliant succession4 ,9 ! g5]al /yle ( _! designs ! ,primitives 7 all controll$ by "o fundam5tal aim--t ( decoration4 ,?is dom9at+ quality appe>s mo/ cle>ly 9 ! l>ge actor-pr9ts :i* we associate ) ! names ( ,kwaigetsud1 ,kiyonobu1 ,masanobu1 & ,toyonobu4 ,to an ext5t great] ?an ! arti/s ( any succe$+ p]iod !y es*ew$ m9ut5ess ( detail & accuracy ( repres5tation1 sacrific+ ^! ?+s = ! sake ( a*iev+ broad decorative effects comb9$ ) vigor\s movem5t4 ,a c]ta9 unique simplicity & gr&eur 9 ! spacial & l9e> conceptions ( ^! m5 gives to ! :ole ,primitive ,p]iod a ,titanic "* t di/+ui%es x4 ,9 ! be/ works ( ?is "t ! /yli/ic f9i% ( ! draw+ is ma/]ful4 ,x translates motion into sweep+ caligraphic l9es1 & creates impos+ calm by ! poise & balance ( sev]e black-&-:ite masses4 ,j z 9 op]a ! fl[ ( music induces 9 ! auditor a /ate ( semi-trance t makes him oblivi\s to ! pat5t absurdities & unrealities ( ! action1 s 9 ^! pictures ! rhy?mic fl[ ( ! composition lifts ! consci\sness ( ! spectator to a plane :]e x ceases to take note ( ! incorrect report ( ,nature & loses itself 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! noble decorative conceptions t actuate ! creat+ h&4 ,a pr(\nd =malism dom9ates ^! works4 ,! figures are purely "o-dim5sional2 ! picture is a flat patt]n ( lights & d>ks b\nd$ by ! %>p outl9e ( great curves4 ,9 ! actor-pieces no real portraiture ( ! actor z an individual is essay$2 ! arti/'s aim is r to convey "s s5se ( ! dynamic p[] ( ! rle 9 :i* ! actor appe>s4 ,he succe$s s well t 8 pictures1 ?\gh n repres5tations ( individuals1 /& z ab/ract symbols ( grace or ( p[]4 ,hi/orically1 "o ( ! *ief int]e/s 9 ?is p]iod c5tres ^u ! notable developm5ts 9 te*nique4 ,wood-engrav+ 01 z we h se51 already kn[n :5 ! p]iod op5$2 b x _h n yet be5 subject$ to ! purposes ( ! arti/4 ,conf9$ almo/ exclusively to crude book illu/rations1 x _h z little arti/ic significance z ! *eap h&-pa9t$ sket*es call$ otsu-ye1 :i*1 produc$ by hundr$s1 7 sold = ! amusem5t ( ! populace4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! gift$ ,moronobu1 ! book-illu/ration 0 trans=m$ into an important & beautiful creation4 ,go+ fur!r1 ,moronobu & 8 successors produc$ s+le-%eet pr9ts ( l>ge size1 9 black & :ite only1 t s]v$ all ! purposes ( pa9t+s & 7 capable ( be+ reproduc$ )\t limit4 ,^! black-&-:ite pr9ts 7 call$ sumi-ye 7,plate #a74 ,books & albums by him appe>$ at v>i\s e>li] dates1 b ! fir/ ( 8 s+le-%eet pr9ts 0 issu$ ab\t #afgj4 ,! second /ep 9 developm5t came ) ! realization t ! brilliant col\r ( ! old] otsu-ye c\ld easily be imp>t$ to ! new pr9ts4 ,s "s ( ! %eets ( ,moronobu & 8 contempor>ies 7 col\r$ by h& ) orange1 yell[1 gre51 br[n1 & blue1 some:at aft] ! mann] us$ by ! pa9t]s ( ! classical ,kano ,s*ool4 ,9 ! actor-pr9ts !re began to appe>1 %ortly aft] #agjj1 solid masses ( orange-r$ pigm5t4 ,^! %eets 7 call$ tan-ye1 f ! tan or r$ lead us$ 9 !m4 ,ab\t #agaj citr9e & yell[ 7 us$ 9 connection ) ! tan 7,plate #b74 ,by #agae or a little lat]1 b5i1 a delicate r$ col\r ( vegetable orig91 0 discov]$1 & almo/ entirely replac$ ! crud] tan4 ,pr9ts ?us col\r$ 7 call$ kur5ai-ye4 ,ab\t #agbj x 0 f\nd t ! int5sity ( ! col\r+ c\ld be enhanc$ by ! addition ( lacqu]4 ,r$1 yell[1 blue1 gre51 br[n1 & violet 7 us$ 9 brilliant comb9ation2 & _! tone 0 height5$ by pa9t+ glossy black lacqu] on ! black portions ( ! picture1 & spr9kl+ "s ( ! col\rs ) sp>kl+ p[d]$ gold or "m-(-pe>l4 ,su* pr9ts 7 call$ uru%i-ye1 or lacqu]-pr9ts 7,plate #e74 ,^! v>i\s me?ods ( h&-col\r+ prevail$ up to ab\t ! ye> #agdb4 ,at ?is "t1 a me?od 0 p]fect$ by :i* two col\r-blocks c\ld be us$ 9 pr9t+2 & ! true col\r-pr9t came into exi/5ce4 ,masanobu is g5]ally cr$it$ ) be+ ! inv5tor ( ! new te*nique4 ,! fir/ col\rs employ$ 7 gre5 & ! r$ kn[n z b5i2 & f ?is ! pr9ts d]iv$ _! common "n ( b5i-ye 7,plate #f74 ,lat] _m v>ieties ( col\r 7 tri$4 ,to "s pr9t-lov]s1 ^! two-col\r pr9ts seem unequall$ 9 beauty4 ,ab\t #agee a me?od 0 devis$ by :i* a ?ird col\r-block c\ld be employ$1 & blue 0 ! col\r at fir/ select$ to accompany ! orig9al gre5 & r$4 ,!n blue1 r$1 & yell[ 7 us$1 & o!r v>iations2 & 9 ! h&s ( su* m5 z ,toyonobu & ,kiyomitsu1 ri* decorative effects result$ 7,plate #g74 ,to ! end ( ! p]iod h&-col\r+ 0 /ill occasionally us$ = l>ge & important pieces su* z pill>-pr9ts2 b ! old me?od lo/ gr\nd /eadily1 & ! day ( ! poly*rome-pr9t 0 at h&4 ,to give 9 m detail ! hi/ory ( ?is p]iod1 ! /rict *ronological me?od mu/ be ab&on$2 & ea* ( ! important arti/s mu/ be tak5 up 9 turn z an indep5d5t creator4 ,,moronobu4 ,hi%ikawa ,moronobu1 born probably 9 #afbe1 0 ! son ( a fam\s embroid]] & textile design] :o liv$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,awa4 ,moronobu work$ at ! trade ( 8 fa!r dur+ 8 y\?1 obta9+ ?us a tra9+ 9 decorative inv5tion t is traceable 9 all 8 lat] "w4 ,^u ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 he came to ,y$o & took up ! /udy ( pa9t+ "u ! ma/]s ( ! ,tosa & ,kano ,s*ools4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ! ,ukioye /yle1 introduc$ by ,matabei "s ye>s be=e1 became 8 *os5 prov9ce2 & f pa9t+ he turn$ to ! design+ ( woodcuts = book illu/rations & broad%eets4 ,lat] 9 life he became a monk2 & di$ probably 9 #afie1 ?\gh "s au?orities say #agad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hi%ikawa ,,moronobu4 ,moronobu's importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ,japanese pr9ts is tw(old4 ,he inspirit$ ! ,ukioye ,s*ool ) a new vitality2 & he turn$ wood-engrav+ into an art4 ,! ,ukioye movem5t1 :5 ,moronobu appe>$1 0 /ill indet]m9ate4 ,a great p]sonality 0 ne$$ to cry/allize ! vague t5d5cies !n 9 solution4 ,?is ,moronobu accompli%$2 & ! f>-rea*+ effect ( 8 "w 0 due to ! fact t he did n conf9e 8 "w to pa9t+1 b took up ! hi!rto unexplor$ field ( woodcuts4 ,z we h se5 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 !re _h be5 produc$ up to ,moronobu's "t no illu/rat$ book t c\ld lay claim to arti/ic value4 ,! little t _h be5 done 9 ?is field 0 crude artizan "w )\t *>m4 ,n[ ,moronobu seiz$ ?is m$ium & trans=m$ x4 ,into 8 woodcuts he p\r$ t p[]ful s5se ( design :i* he s notably possess$1 creat+ real pictures ( /rik+ decorative beauty4 ,^! books & pr9ts1 widely circulat$1 c>ri$ to ! eyes ( ! masses a new & delightful div]sion1 spread+ f> & ne> ! contagi\s fasc9ation ( ?is lively ,ukioye mann] ( draw+ & awak5+ 9 ! populace a ?ir/ = m ( ^! productions4 ,matabei _h devis$ ! new popul> /yle1 b x 0 ,moronobu :o ?rew op5 ! gates ( ?is region to ! p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,moronobu3 ,a ,,pair ,,( ,,lov]s4 ,black & :ite4 ,size #i #ac4 ,unsign$4 ,plate #a4 ,moronobu's fir/ books appe>$ ab\t #affj1 & f t date to ! "t ( 8 retirem5t he br\ght out m ?an a hundr$ books & albums & an unkn[n numb] ( broad%eets4 ,9 all ( ^! 8 vigor\s1 g5ial p]sonality & 8 /rong s5se ( decoration make !mselves felt4 ,su* a pr9t z ! album-%eet reproduc$ 9 ,plate #a exhibits 8 *>act]i/ic simplicity ( sweep+ l9e1 ! ma/]ly use he makes ( black & :ite contra/s1 & ! vivid =ce ( 8 r5d]+ ( movem5t4 ,! firm l9es live2 ! composition is gr\p$ to =m a h>moni\s picture2 a dom9at+ s5se ( =m has ent]$ "h to trans=m ! *aotic ragg$ness ( 8 pr$ecessors' attempts4 ,di/ort$ z ^! figures may appe> to unaccu/om$ ,we/]n eyes1 !y h unmi/akable /yle & _! bold comm& ( expression is ! fir/ great l&m>k 9 ,japanese pr9t hi/ory4 ,all ( ,moronobu's "w 0 pr9t$ 9 black & :ite only1 b occasionally ! %eets 7 r\ghly col\r$ by h& aft] !y _h be5 pr9t$4 ,8 designs h little detail2 z a rule ! sc5e surr\nd+ 8 ma9 figures is b>ely sugge/$ by a few l9es2 & ! figures !mselves are h>dly m ?an int5se %or?& notations ( a !me4 ,b h[ mu* life he gives !m6 ,no wond] t ! populace lov$ 8 "w1 & t 8 _m pupils bore away ) !m to _! own productions ! impress ( 8 /rong p]sonality & animat$ /yle4 ,c]ta9 ( ,moronobu's l>ge s+le-%eet compositions 7su* z ! ,lady ,/&+ ,"u a ,*]ry ,tree1 9 ! ,buck+ham ,collection1 ,*icago1 or ! noble ,figure ( a ,woman 9 ! ,morse ,collection1 ,evan/on71 display s f9e a p[] ( composition & s unsurpassable a ma/]y ( rhy?mic l9e t !re c be no hesitancy 9 judg+ him1 q ap>t f 8 hi/orical significance1 to be an arti/ ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,no?+ t he ev] did 0 undi/+ui%$4 ,! collector w n f9d x easy to procure adequate specim5s ( ?is arti/'s "w4 ,moronobu's l>ge s+le %eets are unobta9able to-day2 !y c\ld nev] h be5 num]\s1 & ! few t h surviv$ ! vicissitudes ( almo/ ?ree c5turies are n[ 9 ! h&s ( museums or collectors :o w nev] "p ) !m4 ,ev5 8 small] s+le %eets are uncommon4 ,8 "w is seldom sign$4 ,,foll[]s ,,( ,,moronobu4 ,! p[]ful impetus ( ,moronobu's art communicat$ itself to _m pupils4 ,,mor(usa 0 ! elde/ son ( ,moronobu2 he collaborat$ ) 8 fa!r1 & produc$ designs t are 9 exact imitation ( 8 fa!r's /yle4 ,8 "w comprises book illu/rations & "s l>ge s+le %eets1 & is v r>e4 ,additional pupils or contempor>ies 73 ,moromasa1 ,moronaga1 ,morikuni1 ,masanojo1 ,moro%ige1 ,morobei1 ,masataka1 ,osawa1 ,morotsugi1 ,moromori1 ,hi%ikawa ,masanobu1 ,tom(usa1 ,%imbei1 ,to%iyuki1 ,furuyama1 ,morotane1 ,ryujo1 ,hasegawa ,t\n1 ,i%ikawa ,rius51 ,i%ikawa ,riu%u1 ,w[o1 ,kawa%ima ,%ig5obu1 ,ki*i1 ,yo%imura ,katsumasa1 & ,tsukioka ,tange4 ,_m ( ^! are obscure figures1 ( ^: "w little is kn[n4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 *iefly book-illu/rators4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ni%ikawa ,,suk5obu4 ,,suk5obu4 ,! "n ( ,ni%ikawa ,suk5obu br+s to m9d t long procession ( *>m+ girl figures :i* ye> by ye> came f 8 h&--figures ^: sweet monoton\s faces & delicately pois$ bodies move ) a pure grace t is p]petually delight+4 ,lack+ ! p[]ful decorative s5se ( ,moronobu1 ^: lead he 9 g5]al foll[$1 & nev] attempt+ ! massive blacks ( ! ma/]'s da%+ bru%-/roke1 ,suk5obu yet a*iev$ effects t are m graci\s & appeal+ ?an ^? ( 8 great pr$ecessor4 ,no?+ c\ld surpass ! delicate h>mony ( l9e 9 su* a design z ! "o reproduc$ 9 ,plate #b2 ! will[yness ( ! "y body1 ! nave innoc5ce ( ! head1 ! movem5t & rhy?m ( ! fl[+ g>m5ts1 are admirably depict$4 ,?is 0 ,suk5obu's *>act]i/ic note2 he l+]s 9 "o's memory by virtue ( x & none o!r2 he 0 ! lea/ v]satile ( arti/s4 ,he liv$ betwe5 ! ye>s #afga & #agea4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 activity 8 popul>ity mu/ h be5 enorm\s4 ,! s+le-%eet pr9ts :i* he produc$ 7 n _m1 & only a small proportion ( ^! h come d[n to u4 ,8 ma9 "w 0 9 ! field ( illu/rat$ books & albums4 ,m ?an =ty ( ^! are kn[n to-day4 ,!y conta9 *iefly sc5es f ! lives ( wom5 & figures ( "y girls4 ,mo/ ( !m date f #agac to #agej4 ,!y con/itute ,suk5obu's claim to rank z ,moronobu's mo/ important successor 9 ! field ( book-illu/ration4 ,g5]ally !y are pr9t$ 9 black & :ite only2 a few are embelli%$ ) col\r add$ by h&4 ,x is n always possible to tell :e!r ?is col\r+ 0 done :5 ! books 7 publi%$ or :e!r x 0 ! "w ( "s subsequ5t own] ( ! volume4 ,! delicacy ( ,suk5obu's designs1 & ! abs5ce ( ^? peculi> mann]isms & exagg]ations :i* *>act]ize mu* ( ! "w ( ?is p]iod1 s]ve to make him1 ( all ! ,primitives1 p]haps ! mo/ compreh5sible & pleas+ to ! ,european ta/e4 ,to ! ,japanese connoisseur he recomm5ds himself because ( ! ref9em5t ( 8 "w bo? 9 subject & 9 mann]1 & because ( a c]ta9 classic dignity t p]vades x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,suk5obu3 ,a ,,"y ,,c\rtesan4 ,black outl9es1 ) h&-col\r+ ( pale gre51 orange1 & :ite4 ,size #i #f4 ,unsign$4 ,plate #b4 ,! collector w d well to be> 9 m9d t ! books ( ,suk5obu 7 frequ5tly repr9t$ long aft] 8 dea?2 & ^! lat] impressions1 lack+ ! orig9al %>pness ( l9e & int5sity ( tone 9 ! blacks1 are n desirable acquisitions4 ,! orig9al editions ( 8 books are /ill to be f\nd occasionally4 ,8 s+le-%eet pr9ts are1 h[ev]1 ( great r>ity4 ,,kwaigetsud4 ,9 ! p]iod imm$iately succe$+ ,moronobu--! e>ly ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury--! "w :i* ( all o!rs /&s out ) a unique & colossal gr&eur is t ( ,kwaigetsud4 ,kwaigetsud has long be5 a puzzle to ! /ud5t4 ,! orig9al idea held by ,f5ollosa & o!r au?orities1 t all ! pr9ts sign$ ,kwaigetsud 7 by "o man1 has be5 ab&on$2 & ! !ory n[ prevails t !re exi/$ a gr\p ( arti/s1 head$ by a dom9ant ma/] nam$ ,kwaigetsud1 & t all ( ^! arti/s produc$ pr9ts sign$ ) 8 "n toge!r ) _! own4 ,! mo/ p]plex+ problem has be5 to det]m9e :i* ( ! pr9t-mak]s 0 ! orig9al ma/] & :i* 7 8 disciples4 ,dr4 ,kur? confid5tly /ates t ,kwaigetsud ,nori%ige1 0 ! orig9al ma/]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,morrison has rec5tly express$ ! op9ion t ! orig9al ,kwaigetsud 0 solely a pa9t]1 :o produc$ no pr9ts :atsoev]4 ,8 /udio "n 0 ,kwaigetsud ,&o2 8 p]sonal "n 0 ,okazawa ,g5%i*i2 he 0 a late contempor>y ( ,moronobu1 & work$ 9 ,y$o f ab\t #agjd to #agad1 :5 he 0 bani%$ to ! isl& ( ,o%ima 9 consequ5ce ( 8 p>ticipation 9 a sc&al involv+ a gay banquet p>ty at a !atre tea-h\se att5d$ by c]ta9 ,c\rt ladies4 ,lat] he 0 p>don$1 b did n resume 8 "w4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory all ! pr9ts 7 ! "w ( 8 foll[]s1 :o sign$ ! "n ,kwaigetsud ) v>i\s additions4 ,?is view is probably ! correct "o4 ,! names ( ! ,kwaigetsud gr\p ( pr9t-design]s t h s f> come to light are-- ,,kwaigetsud ,,an*i 7or ,,yasutomo72 ,,kwaigetsud ,,dohan 7or ,,nori%ige72 ,,kwaigetsud ,,do%u 7or ,,norihide72 ,,kwaigetsud ,,do%9 7or ,,noritatsu74 ,! ,kwaigetsud "w is p]haps ! mo/ p[]ful & impos+ 9 ! :ole range ( ,japanese pr9ts4 ,! %eets1 ( l>ge size1 g5]ally repres5t ! s+le figure ( a /&+ woman clad 9 fl[+ robes4 ,s mu* = ! !me2 x is no?+4 ,b ! treatm5t consi/s ( a /orm ( bru%-/rokes ^: p[] ( movem5t is l t ( wri?+ natural =ces2 out ( ?is see?+ :irl ( l9es is built up ! /ructure ( ! monum5tal figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kwaigetsud3 ,,c\rtesan ,,arrang+ ,,h] ,,coiffure4 ,black & :ite4 ,size #bd #ab4 ,sign$ ,nippon ,kigwa ,kwaigetsu ,matsuyo ,nori%ige4 ,spauld+ ,collection4 ,plate #c4 ,! ,kwaigetsud reproduc$ 9 ,plate #c exhibits ^! qualities4 ,! body is m]ely sugge/$1 b ) complete effectiv5ess1 "u ! great swirls ( ! robes4 ,! dom9ance ( ! ma9 curves1 ! vig\r ( ! blacks1 & ! importunate life t vitalizes e t\* & l9e1 give ,kwaigetsud a place z high z ! greate/ contempor>ies or successors4 ,all ! ,kwaigetsud "w 0 pr9t$ 9 black & :ite2 sometimes ! pr9t 0 h&-col\r$ by ! application ( spots ( tan1 or r$ lead4 ,excell5t full-size reproductions ( sev]al ( !m are obta9able4 ,) ^! reproductions ! ord9>y collector w be oblig$ to cont5t himself1 = ! :ole numb] ( ,kwaigetsud pr9ts 9 exi/5ce c sc>cely be m ?an a score or two4 ,!y are p]haps ! r>e/ ( all pr9ts4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,kiyonobu4 ,kiyonobu ,speaks4 ,! actor on 8 little /age ,/ruts ) a mimic rage4 ,across my page ,my passion 9 8 =m %all t[] f age to age4 ,:at he s crudely dreams ,9 vague & fitful gleams-- ,! cr[d e/eems4 ,well6 let ! future judge if 8 or m9e ?is seems-- ,?is calm ,titanic m\ld ,/alk+ 9 col\rs bold ,fold ^u fold-- ,?is "l ( d>k1 ?is dream ,i dream$ ( old6 ,) ,kiyonobu beg9s t s*ool ( pa9t]s1 ! ,torii1 :i* 0 to take ! initiative dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 develop+ ! actor-portrait to a v high level1 & :i* /ill lat] 0 to h ! hon\r ( claim+ z its head ,kiyonaga1 9 :om ! :ole art culm9at$4 ,x may be conv5i5t to li/ "h ! successive lead]s ( ! s*ool1 :o 7 9 _! turn entitl$ to ! "n ( ! ,torii1 & :om we %all take up 9 _! ord]4 ,torii ,i ,kiyonobu ,i 7#affd-agbi7 ,torii ,,ii ,kiyomasu 7#afgi-agfc7 ,torii ,,iii ,kiyomitsu 7#agce-aghe7 ,torii ,,iv ,kiyonaga 7#agdb-ahae7 ,torii ,v ,kiyom9e 7#aghf-ahfh7 ,torii ,,vi ,kiy(usa 7#ahcb-ahib7 ,! importance ( ! s*ool t]m9at$ ) ,kiyonaga1 or at late/ ) ,kiyom9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,torii ,,kiyonobu4 ,kiyonobu ,i1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,torii l9e1 0 born 9 #affd & di$ 9 #agbi4 ,x is said t he 0 fir/ a resid5t ( ,osaka1 & !n ( ,kyoto2 & t he f9ally came to ,y$o ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! gay & brilliant ,g5roku ,p]iod1 #afhh-agjc4 ,?us he mu/ h be5 9 ,y$o a few ye>s be=e ! dea? ( ,moronobu 9 #agie1 & x is evid5t t he /udi$ ! ,moronobu /yle4 ,kiyonobu's fa!r is v>i\sly report$ to h be5 ei!r an actor or a pa9t] ( !atrical sign-po/]s2 at any rate 8 connection ) ! !atre 0 a close "o4 ,?is circum/ance d\btless det]m9$ ! l9e ( ! son's activity 9 design+4 ,ab\t #agjj ,kiyonobu produc$ ! fir/ s+le-%eet actor-pr9t 9 black & :ite only4 ,f ?is x 0 only a /ep to ! production ( tan-ye1 :i* he probably inv5t$--actor-%eets simply b brilliantly col\r$ by ! application ( orange to c]ta9 portions ( ! picture4 ,9 ?is mann] he issu$ bo? hoso-ye 7t is1 %eets ab\t #ab in*es high & #f in*es wide7 & %eets ( l>g] size1 p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ be+ actor-portraits1 sometimes sev]al feet 9 height1 :i* enjoy$ an imm5se popul>ity4 ,by ab\t #agae he _h tak5 up a m delicate k9d ( h&-col\r+ kn[n z kur5ai-ye1 :i* "s writ]s ?9k he himself devis$4 ,a few ye>s lat] he adopt$ ! uru%i-ye te*nique1 increas+ ! numb] ( col\rs & us+ lacqu] to height5 ! brilliancy ( ! effect4 ,kiyonobu's subjects compris$ a few l&scapes ( no great int]e/1 & figures ( sev]al types4 ,8 =te 0 ! repres5tation ( actors & h]oes ( hi/ory4 ,8 bold & gigantic /yle ( draw+ l5ds "s probability to ! /ory t he 01 :5 he fir/ came to ,y$o1 a pa9t] ( huge !atrical sign-bo>ds or po/]s = ! ext]iors ( !atres4 ,! same mann] t w\ld be appropriate = ^! is f\nd 9 8 pr9ts--arre/+1 =ceful1 highly exagg]at$4 ,8 designs mu/ be reg>d$ z e/abli%+ = all lat] times ! g5]al type to be us$ 9 actor-portraits4 ,?is con/itutes 8 greate/ hi/orical importance4 ,! pr9ts :i* appe> to be ,kiyonobu's e>lie/ are m>k$ by an extraord9>y developm5t ( l9e1 h&l$ 9 great sweep+ /rokes4 ,! bru%work is indicat$ ) mu* da% & bravura1 9 ! mann] ( ! pa9t] z di/9ct f ! pr9t-design]4 ,a ha/y glance might lead "o to mi/ake "s ( ^! e>ly compositions = ! "w ( a ,kwaigetsud1 ?\gh !y are1 z a rule1 m unc\?4 ,al?\gh p[] ( l9e always rema9s "o ( ,kiyonobu's *>act]i/ics1 !re appe>s 9 8 lat] "w a c]ta9 insi/5ce on spaces1 a treatm5t ( ! surface ( ! pr9t z if x 7 a placque into :i* 7 to be inlaid l>ge flat masses ( a diff]5t sub/ance4 ,! robes are brok5 up into def9ite segm5ts ) %>p b\nd>ies l p>ts ( a picture puzzle1 in/ead ( rema9+ a surface on :i* to display ! spl9t]+ vig\r ( bru%-/rokes4 ,?is second /yle is admirably adapt$ to ! te*nique ( wood-engrav+4 ,! geometrical quality ( "s ( ,kiyonobu's designs is /rik+4 ,!re are sev]al ( 8 l>ge tan-ye 9 :i* ! :ole pr9t is no?+ m ?an a s]ies ( great circles1 br\ght into relation ) ea* o!r1 z "p ( ! decoration ( ! drap]y1 by wild & :irl+ bru%-/rokes4 ,! "w ( ,kiyonobu v>ies greatly 9 attractiv5ess4 ,"s ( 8 pr9ts h m =ce ?an beauty2 & x requires little ef=t to und]/& ! contempt ( ! ari/ocracy = ^! crude manife/ations ( ! mob's ta/e4 ,yet ev5 9 ^! gross] designs ,kiyonobu realizes ! p[] & passion ( ! dramatic rle :i* he depicts1 a*iev+ an effect ( tragic rage t is no less int5se & impressive because ( its lack ( subtlety4 ,mo/ ( 8 pr9ts sugge/ ! %\t & ro> ( bomba/3 ?is is precisely :at !y 7 meant to convey4 ,b !re are a few ( ano!r type1 t embody ! ma/]ful p[] ( l9e ( ! fir/ ,torii1 jo9$ ) a simplicity & ref9em5t ( design :i* 8 "w frequ5tly lack$1 or :i*1 if pres5t1 is disguis$ f u by ! repell5t viol5ce ( ! figure portray$4 ,"o mu/ see ,kiyonobu's r>e/ & greate/ pr9ts 9 ord] to realize :y he is reg>d$ z s great an arti/4 ,i h writt5 ( ,kiyonobu z if he pres5t$ no difficulties2 b su* is n ! case4 ,a /umbl+-block = ! /ud5t is creat$ by ! fact t !re exi/ _m two-col\r pr9ts sign$ ,kiyonobu4 ,x is record$ t ,kiyonobu di$ 9 #agbi1 _m ye>s be=e ! date fix$ ^u by ,f5ollosa & mo/ o!r au?orities z ! date ( ! inv5tion ( col\r-pr9t+4 ,if we are to believe t ! num]\s col\r-pr9ts sign$ ,kiyonobu are by ! fir/ ,torii1 we mu/ ei!r put back ! date ( ! inv5tion ( col\r-pr9t+ to an ext5t t is improbable 9 view ( o!r facts1 or we mu/ ab&on ! record$ date ( ,kiyonobu's dea? & reg>d 8 life z hav+ ext5d$ well beyond ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,=m]ly ?is difficulty 0 n appreciat$1 & all "w sign$ ,kiyonobu 0 confid5tly attribut$ to ! fir/ ,torii2 b at pres5t x is g5]ally reg>d$ z likely t !re 0 a second ,kiyonobu :o produc$ all ! two-col\r pr9ts sign$ ) t "n4 ,:e!r he produc$ any h&-col\r$ pr9ts is unc]ta94 ,?is ,kiyonobu ,,ii !ory has met ) scepticism 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s1 & "s /ud5ts pref] to accept ! alt]native ( "o ( ! two o!r possible solutions ( ! puzzle4 ,c]ta9 diff]5ces 9 /yle betwe5 ! h&-col\r$ & ! two-col\r "w confirm ! ,kiyonobu ,,ii !ory to su* an ext5t t ,i h felt con/ra9$ to adopt x "h4 ,x may be disprov$ ev5tually1 b x is ! be/ solution available at pres5t4 ,i %all !re=e take up ,kiyonobu ,,ii z a sep>ate arti/1 )\t aga9 draw+ att5tion to ! unsettl$ /ate ( ! relation betwe5 him & ,kiyonobu ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,torii ,,kiyomasu4 ,,kiyomasu4 ,kiyomasu1 ! second head ( ! ,torii ,s*ool1 has be5 v>i\sly reg>d$ z ! bro!r or ! son ( ! fir/ ,torii4 ,! "q ( ?is exact relation%ip is a matt] sc>cely wor? all ! words t h be5 wa/$ ^u x4 ,:at is important is ! well-kn[n fact t ! two k9sm5 work$ side by side 9 ! same /udio = _m ye>s produc+ "w ( precisely ! same type4 ,! mo/ exp]i5c$ judges w\ld f9d x impossible 9 "s cases to di/+ui% betwe5 _! productions4 ,kiyomasu 0 born ab\t #afgi2 "s au?orities say #afhe2 b if x is true1 z ,von ,seidlitz /ates1 t !re exi/s a play-bill by him :i* is dat$ #afic1 ! e>li] ( ! two dates is ! only possible "o4 ,s9ce ,kiyonobu 0 born 9 #affd1 ! !ory t !y 7 bro!rs is ! m probable4 ,kiyomasu's *ief "w 0 done contemporane\sly ) ,kiyonobu's1 9 black & :ite1 tan-ye1 & uru%i-ye2 b lat] he produc$ "s pr9ts 9 two col\rs4 ,8 subjects 7 *iefly wom5 & actors2 he execut$ a few small l&scapes & "s f9e repres5tations ( birds4 ,8 "w mu/ h cont9u$ "s ye>s aft] #agdc1 b appe>s to h t]m9at$ a consid]able "t be=e 8 dea? 9 #agfc or #agfd4 ,a m prolific arti/ ?an ! fir/ ,torii1 ,kiyomasu 0 9 "s p>ticul>s an equally di/+ui%$ "o4 ,possibly 8 orig9ality 0 less m>k$ 9 t he m]ely foll[$ ! actor type :i* _h already be5 creat$ by ,kiyonobu2 b 9 ! p[] ( 8 draughtsman%ip1 rem9d+ "o aga9 & aga9 ( a temp]$ ,kwaigetsud1 he is no second>y figure4 ,no?+ c surpass ! vig\r ( l9ework 9 "s ( 8 l>ge figure pr9ts--great curves made ) a heavily *>g$ bru%1 express+ ) notable simplicity ! beauty ( fl[+ drap]y4 ,8 ma/]piece is und\bt$ly t sup]b figure 9 black & :ite ( ! actor ,kanto ,koroku 79 ! ,buck+ham ,collection1 ,*icago71 drawn 9 ! ,moronobu-,kwaigetsud mann]1 :i* is reproduc$ 9 ,f5ollosa's ,epo*s ( ,*9ese & ,japanese ,art ) ! errone\s attribution ( ,kiyonobu4 ,?is pr9t is a triumph4 ,no?+ f9] 0 design$ by all ! succe$+ g5]ations ( arti/s4 ,,! ,,second ,,kiyonobu4 ,kiyonobu ,,ii1 :o sign$ all 8 "w simply ,kiyonobu1 0 a son ( ,kiyomasu1 & probably a nephew ( ,kiyonobu ,i4 ,8 :ole "n 0 ,torii ,kiyonobu ,%ir4 ,he appe>s to h work$ *iefly f ab\t #agdj to ab\t #agef1 ! p]iod ( ! pr$om9ance ( ! two-col\r pr9t4 ,all two-col\r pr9ts sign$ ,kiyonobu are by ?is arti/ & n by ! fir/ ,torii1 :o di$ be=e ! process 0 inv5t$4 ,kiyonobu ,,ii is reg>d$ by _m collectors z ! be/ repres5tative ( ! two-col\r te*nique4 ,8 figures h a delicacy & grace t is ali5 to ! "w ( 8 two pr$ecessors 9 ! ,torii ,s*ool2 & 8 h&l+ ( ! gre5 & rose designs ( ^! pr9ts is *>m+4 ,! great insi/5t col\r masses & monum5tal figures ( 8 pr$ecessors und]go a *ange 9 8 h&s to a m detail$ division ( col\rs & a slight5+ ( ! =ms ( ! bodies & limbs4 ,also ! old passionate vig\r ( bru%work disappe>s 9 ! new te*nique--a loss t seems a grave "o4 ,mo/ writ]s speak ( ,kiyonobu ,,ii z a two-col\r arti/ only4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 fairly e/abli%$ t at lea/ "o ( ! uru%i-ye sign$ ,kiyonobu is by ,kiyonobu ,,ii4 ,t he did a few ?ree-col\r pr9ts is c]ta94 ,8 "w1 l t ( all ^! e>ly m51 is r>e4 ,x is p>ticul>ly difficult to f9d examples ( 8 b5i-ye t are 9 good condition1 s9ce ! rose-col\r has 9 mo/ cases entirely fad$4 ,,o!r ,,foll[]s ,,( ,,kiyonobu4 ,,kiyotada 0 "o ( ! be/ kn[n & "o ( ! mo/ brilliant ( ! num]\s foll[]s ( ! great ,torii pione]s4 ,he is said to h be5 a pupil ( ,kiyonobu ,i4 ,8 p]iod ( production began n f> f #agae1 & end$ be=e ! inv5tion ( two-col\r pr9t+4 ,8 pr9ts are all tan-ye or uru%i-ye1 "s ( !m slightly l ,okumura ,masanobu 9 /yle4 ,c]ta9 ( 8 hoso-ye h fasc9at+ curves & sup]b col\r--r$1 yell[1 gre51 p9k1 & black1 wov5 toge!r into ri* comb9ations4 ,,kiyo%ige produc$ v f9e actor-portraits col\r$ by h&1 :i* rem9d "o di/9ctly ( ,kiyonobu ,i 9 8 lat] p]iod4 ,l>ge masses ( col\r are us$ by him ) p[]ful decorative effect2 & ! geometrical designs ( 8 textiles are sometimes /rik+4 ,kiyo%ige's "w has a /rong yet graceful quality t makes him wor?y ( m att5tion ?an he has hi!rto receiv$4 ,he liv$ to produce "s two-col\r pr9ts4 ,dr4 ,kur? believes him to h be5 ! fir/ to use ! pill>-pr9t =m = actor-portraits4 ,8 work+ p]iod 0 f ab\t #agbj to ab\t #agei4 ,,hanegawa ,,*9* 0 an ecc5tric & int]e/+ figure1 :o1 ?\gh a pupil ( ,kiyonobu ,i1 appe>s to h be5 m closely relat$ to ! ,kwaigetsud ,s*ool ?an to ! ,torii4 ,born ab\t #afhj he1 by bir? a ,samurai1 became a ,ron91 & ent]$ ! /udio ( ,kiyonobu4 ,he 0 erratic1 pr\d1 & isolat$4 ,9 spite ( 8 press+ pov]ty1 he work$ at pr9t-design+ only :5 x pleas$ him to d s1 :i* 0 seldom2 & ?\gh he liv$ until #aged1 8 output 0 small4 ,he 0 a poet & an ari/ocrat4 ,8 s+le-%eet pr9ts h a curi\s esot]ic quality--/range1 /iff1 beautiful curves t are n q l ! "w ( any o!r design]4 ,*9*'s "w is ( extraord9>y r>ity2 !re c sc>cely be m ?an a score ( 8 pr9ts 9 exi/5ce4 ,,hanekawa-,,wag5 is repres5t$ by two pr9ts 9 ! ,buck+ham ,collection4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( him4 ,,kiyotomo1 ^: "w appe>s to fall entirely )9 ! p]iod ( h&-col\r$ pr9ts1 produc$ excell5t actor designs1 9 "s ( :i* ! l9e-"w rem9ds "o slightly ( ,kwaigetsud4 ,! influ5ce ( ,kiyomasu appe>s 9 "s ( 8 uru%i-ye4 ,8 pr9ts are di/+ui%$ by _! vig\r & are f\nd b seldom4 ,,sanseido ,,tanaka ,,masunobu produc$ h&-col\r$ & two-col\r pr9ts 9 ! ,torii mann]4 ,a pr9t by him dat$ #agdf is kn[n1 b mo/ ( 8 "w prec$es #agdj4 ,he is n to be confus$ ) ! ,masunobu :o 0 ,h>unobu's pupil4 ,,kiyosomo is said to h be5 a di/+ui%$ pupil ( ,kiyonobu ,i1 influ5c$ also by ,okumura ,masanobu4 ,o!r m5 ( ?is p]iod1 closely connect$ ) ! ,torii ,s*ool1 73 ,kiyoake1 ,kondo ,sukegoro ,kiyoh>u1 ,katsukawa ,t]u%ige1 ,ni%ikawa ,t]unobu1 ,ni%ikawa ,omume1 ,fujikawa ,yo%9obu1 ,tamura ,yo%9obu1 ,tamura ,sadanobu1 ,ki*ikawa ,katsumasa1 ,kiyomizu ,mazunobu1 ,%imizu ,mitsunobu1 ,kondo ,kiyonobu1 ,kondo ,katsunobu1 ,kiyor1 ,tadah>u1 & ,nakaji ,sadato%i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,okumura ,,masanobu3 ,,c\rtesans ,,at ,,toilet4 ,black & :ite4 #aj #ae4 ,unsign$4 ,plate #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,okumura ,,masanobu4 ,,okumura ,,masanobu4 ,a ,figure4 ,g>b$ 9 fl[+ folds ( light1 ,azure1 em]ald1 rose1 & :ite1 ,wat*e/ ?\ across ! night4 ,cr[n$ ) spl5d\r is ?9e head2 ,all ! pr9ces great & dead ,r\nd ?y limbs _! /ate h %$-- ,calm1 immutable to /&1 ,graci\s head & poisd h&1 ,o'er ! ye>s t fl[ l s&4 ,okumura ,masanobu may be t]m$ ! c5tral figure ( ?is p]iod3 n only does he t[] among ! greate/ m5 ( ! "t1 b ar\nd him revolve ! *anges 9 te*nique1 full ( f>-rea*+ consequ5ces1 :i* came into be+ ) 8 inv5tion ( two-col\r pr9t+4 ,fur!rmore1 he takes on an additional hi/orical importance z ! f\nd] ( ! ,okumura ,s*ool1 :i* cont9u$ p>allel ) ! ,torii ,s*ool1 & ^: productions are *>act]iz$ by a f9] developm5t ( grace & elegance ?an is to be f\nd 9 ! output ( ! rival l9e4 ,masanobu 0 born ab\t #afhe1 & liv$ until ab\t #agfd--;a life ( v ne>ly eighty ye>s1 full ( v>i$ a*ievem5ts4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 c>e] he us$ _m names1 among :i* ,g5pa*i1 ,hgetsud1 ,tan*sai1 ,bunkaku1 & ,kammy are ! mo/ frequ5t4 ,little is kn[n ( 8 life except t he began z a booksell] 9 ,y$o4 ,he is reput$ to h be5 a pupil ( ,kiyonobu1 b ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,morrison believes ?is to be an error1 & ?9ks t ,masanobu 0 an indep5d5t arti/ educat$ 9 no "o ( ! ,y$o s*ools4 ,:i*ev] acc\nt may be correct1 x is at lea/ c]ta9 t ,masanobu %[s 9 8 "w few traces ( resemblance to ! fir/ ( ! ,torii ma/]s4 ,x is equally cle> t he 0 e>ly & /rongly influ5c$ by ! "w ( ,moronobu1 :o di$ :5 ,masanobu 0 only t5 ye>s old1 b ^: designs 7 ( c\rse /ill widely kn[n4 ,x is said t soon aft] #agjg ,masanobu f\nd$ a publi%+ e/abli%m5t 9 connection ) 8 book-%op1 issu+ pr9ts z well z books4 ,?is mu/ h af=d$ him great opportunities = exp]im5ts 9 te*nique1 & may h be5 no small factor 9 mak+ possible ! rem>kable advances = :i* he 0 responsible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,okumura ,,masanobu3 ,,/&+ ,,woman4 ,black outl9es1 ) h&-col\r+ ( black lacqu]1 orange1 yell[1 & gold p[d]4 ,size #ac #f4 ,sign$ ,yamato no ,gwako1 ,okumura ,masanobu1 hitsu4 ,plate #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,h,,getsud4 ,masanobu's e>lie/ works 7 book-illu/rations & albums1 :i* closely foll[ ! mann] ( ,moronobu4 ,plate #d reproduces "o ( ^!4 ,p>allel ) !m he produc$ a numb] ( tan-ye1 ! l>ge s+le-%eet pr9ts 9 black & :ite1 :i*1 aft] pr9t+1 7 col\r$ by h& ) orange pigm5t4 ,^! probably date f be=e #agbj1 al?\gh exactness _c be hop$ =4 ,ab\t #agbj he began to d "w 9 a m$ium :i* he is said to h inv5t$--! uru%i-ye1 or lacqu]-pr9ts1 9 :i* ! lacqu] gives a new ri*ness & lum9osity to ! v>i\s col\rs4 ,an example ( ^! appe>s 9 ,plate #e4 ,! device ( height5+ ! effect by apply+ gold p[d] to c]ta9 portions ( ! design 0 also employ$ by him4 ,a play ( light t is extraord9>ily fasc9at+ (t5 m>ks 8 comb9ations ( col\rs4 ,by ab\t #agdb a new te*nical advance1 ! mo/ vital 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! art1 came into exi/5ce2 & ,masanobu is g5]ally cr$it$ ) its inv5tion4 ,?is 0 ! employm5t ( two blocks beside ! black key-block to pr9t two o!r col\rs ^u ! pap]4 ,! importance ( ?is /ep 0 immeasurable3 :5 x 0 tak5 ! doom ( ! h&-col\r$ pr9t 0 seal$1 & ! way to /ill fur!r developm5t lay op54 ,at fir/ ! col\rs us$ by ,masanobu 9 8 two-col\r works 7 a delicate apple-gre5 & ! equally delicate rose call$ b5i1 f :i* ! "n b5i-ye came to be appli$ to all ! two-col\r pr9ts ( ?is p]iod4 ,a pr9t ( ?is type appe>s 9 ,plate #f4 ,! comb9ation ( ^! two col\rs is s+ul>ly lovely1 & ! fre% *>m ( ^! %eets has l$ "s collectors to prize !m z ! mo/ beautiful products ( ! art4 ,c]ta9ly ,masanobu's ma/]y ( ! problem ( produc+ a ri* & vivaci\s col\r-composition by ! use ( only two col\rs is notewor?y4 ,by v>y+ ! size & %ape ( 8 col\r masses1 & by a judici\s use ( ! :ite ( ! pap] & ! black ( ! key-block1 he produces an effect ( su* col\r-fullness t x requires a di/9ct ef=t ( ! m9d to conv9ce oneself t ^! pr9ts are designs 9 two tones only1 & n full-col\r pr9ts4 ,masanobu liv$ long en\gh to produce "s ?ree-col\r pr9ts1 :5 ^! 7 devis$ ab\t #agee1 b ! effects he obta9$ 9 !m 7 possibly less fasc9at+ ?an ^? ( 8 e>li] process4 ,x c probably nev] be prov5 t ,masanobu 01 9 fact1 ! inv5tor ( all ! devices t 7 attribut$ to him--! lacqu]-pr9t1 ! b5i pr9t1 ! use ( gold p[d]1 & ! fir/ actual pr9ts 9 col\r4 ,c]ta9ly "s ( !m may be cr$it$ to him2 b any "o famili> ) ! gr[? ( h]o-leg5ds kn[s h[ a great "n attracts to itself 9 popul> report a*ievem5ts t 7 really ! fruit ( scatt]$ less] m54 ,to ! li/ ( ,masanobu's probable inv5tions mu/ be add$ ! pill>-pr9t1 t rem>kable type1 ab\t #d to #f in*es wide & #be to #dj in*es high1 :i* 0 to be an important =m ( design f ?is date on4 ,x is possible t we mu/ also attribute to him ! inv5tion ( ! mica backgr\nd--t silv] surface ( p[d]$ mica :i* give a curi\s & beautiful tone to ! figures outl9$ aga9/ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,okumura ,,masanobu3 ,,"y ,,nobleman ,,play+ ,,! ,,drum4 ,pr9t$ 9 black1 gre51 & rose4 ,size #ab #f4 ,sign$ ,hogetsudo ,okumura ,masanobu1 hitsu4 ,*&l] ,collection4 ,plate #f4 ,( ,masanobu z a design] x is difficult to speak ) mod]ation4 ,?r\gh 8 "w runs t sweep+ p[] ( l9e :i* he d]iv$ f 8 /udy ( ,moronobu1 &1 9 addition1 an elegance & suave grace t is ! expression ( 8 innate grace ( _s4 ,! gr&eur ( c]ta9 o!rs ( ! ,primitives is au/]e & h>%1 b ,masanobu is always mell[ & h>moni\s4 ,8 figures1 m f9ely proportion$ ?an mo/ ( ! figures ( ! p]iod1 sway 9 easy motion--a mixture ( sweetness & di/9ction *>act]izes ! pois$ heads1 sup]b bodies1 & ample drap]ies ( 8 wom51 :ile e res\rce ( compact & dignifi$ design is exp5d$ ^u ! impressive figures ( 8 m54 ,a c]ta9 l>ge g5iality1 a wide1 sunlight$ w>m? ( conception1 runs ?r\gh 8 "w4 ,! dramatic di/ortions ( 8 ,torii pr$ecessors & contempor>ies are melt$ 9 him1 z t[]+ b unc\? iceb]gs melt 9 ! sun ( k9dli] latitudes4 ,at times 8 l9e-"w has a =ce t seems d]iv$ f ! ,kwaigetsud tradition2 m (t5 x is imbu$ ) a g5tl] rhy?m no less expressive ( /r5g?4 ,9 8 f9e/ designs he a*ieves notable balance ( l9e1 & a mass+ ( col\r beside :i*1 z ,f5ollosa rem>ks1 ev5 ! facades ( ,greek temples 7 possibly cold & half-*>g$ 9 comp>ison4 ,wom51 out-(-door sc5es1 & a few actors1 con/itute ! ma9 subjects ( ,masanobu's "w4 ,z a portraiti/1 8 few productions1 su* z ! well-kn[n humor\s pill>-pr9t ( ! /ory-tell] ,ko%i ,%ikod51 give him rank z ! greate/ ( 8 "t4 ,! l&scape backgr\nds 9 "s ( 8 small] pr9ts are a delightful innovation1 execut$ ) delicate p[] ( sugge/+ by a few /rokes ! :ole circle ( a natural sett+4 ,! quiet *>m ( ^! l&scapes surr\nds ) an atmosph]e ( felicity ! beautiful figures t move ?r\gh !m4 ,a full & brilliant life /irs 9 all ,masanobu's "w4 ,at no o!r p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,ukioye 0 su* effective use made ( ! patt]ns ( drap]ies4 ,! elaborate fa%ions ( ! brocades worn 9 ?is day l5t !mselves to ! decorative ne$s ( ! l>g] pr9ts2 & frequ5tly we f9d ! figures clo!d 9 a riot ( /rik+ textiles--fl[]s1 trees1 birds1 %ips1 geometrical %apes--all m+l$ 9 ! weave ( ! clo?1 & arrang$ by ! pr9t-design] into a comb9ation t is tumultu\s )\t confusion & gl[+ )\t g>i%ness4 ,masanobu's pictures seem ! ov]fl[ ( 8 _s's weal?2 !y nev] h ! ascetic & r>efi$ quality t sometimes appe>s 9 ! "w ( ev5 great arti/s4 ,masanobu's "w is sc>ce4 ,8 l>g] & m important pr9ts v r>ely appe> outside ( ! great collections4 ,,pupils ,,( ,,okumura ,,masanobu4 ,,okumura ,,to%9obu1 a son ( ,masanobu :o di$ "y1 0 ! be/ z well z ! mo/ fam\s ( ,masanobu's pupils4 ,he gave promise ( becom+ "o ( ! notable pr9t-design]s1 & ev5 9 8 %ort c>e] produc$ "w ( high quality4 ,born ab\t #agji1 8 p]iod ( production cov]$ ! ye>s ( ! lacqu]-pr9ts1 & end$ be=e #agdc4 ,8 uru%i-ye1 li! 9 design & p[]ful 9 col\r+1 con/itute almo/ 8 :ole kn[n "w4 ,okumura ,masafusa1 ,%useido1 ,hanekawa ,*iu*o ,motonobu1 & ,mangetsud may be m5tion$ z o!r & less important pupils ( ,masanobu4 ,,ni%imura ,,%ig5obu4 ,ni%imura ,%ig5obu is an arti/ ab\t :om !re is great confusion4 ,he is v>i\sly call$ ! fa!r1 ! son1 or ! pupil ( ! bett]-kn[n arti/ ,%ig5aga3 ! fir/ ( ^! alt]natives is ! mo/ probable4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ,%ig5obu's life1 & v little ( 8 "w is extant4 ,kur? says t ,%ig5obu f\nd$ ! ,ni%imura ,s*ool1 & work$ 9 ! mann] ( ! e>lie/ ,torii4 ,von ,seidlitz believes t he did "s "w 9 ! ,kwaigetsud mann]4 ,f5ollosa dates 8 "w #agbj-dj1 & ?9ks t he work$ fir/ l ! ,torii1 !n l ,masanobu4 ,at pres5t x seems impossible to ga!r fur!r in=mation ab\t ?is int]e/+ arti/4 ,,%ig5aga4 ,ni%imura ,%ig5aga 0 at "o "t reg>d$ z ! inv5tor ( ! two-col\r process2 b n[ t ! weight ( op9ion attributes ?is inv5tion to ,masanobu1 ,%ig5aga rema9s a figure ^: importance is h>dly dim9i%$4 ,he mu/ /ill be reg>d$ z p]haps ! mo/ notable ma/] ( ! ,ni%imura ,s*ool1 bo? z a design] & z ! tea*] ( a gr\p ( pupils ^: brilliancy is equall$ by ! disciples ( no o!r arti/4 ,%ig5aga 0 born 9 #afig & liv$ until #agef4 ,he us$ ! names ,s5kwad & ,magosabur z well z 8 own4 ,little is kn[n ( him p]sonally1 except t he 0 probably ! son ( ,%ig5obu4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ni%imura ,,%ig5aga4 ,8 "w began ) black-&-:ite pr9ts 9 ! mann] ( ,kiyonobu2 ^! 7 already some?+ ( an ana*ronism at ! date :5 he comm5c$ 8 design+4 ,he !n turn$ to uru%i-ye1 & produc$ "s beautiful examples4 ,ab\t #agdb1 :5 ! two-col\r process 0 inv5t$1 he made himself "o ( ! mo/ successful ma/]s ( x4 ,dr4 ,&]son reproduces1 z ! frontispiece ( 8 ,japanese ,wood-,engrav+1 a f9e example ( ,%ig5aga's "w 9 ?is te*nique1 b errone\sly dates x z #agbe--m ?an fifte5 ye>s too e>ly4 ,%ig5aga also did f9e "w 9 ! ?ree-col\r process1 ( :i* he may possibly h be5 ! inv5tor4 ,8 designs comprise n only wom5 & actors1 b also l&scapes1 fl[]s1 animals1 & birds4 ,8 v]satility is "o ( 8 mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics4 ,x 0 f ! /yle ( ,masanobu t ,%ig5aga drew 8 mo/ la/+ /imulus2 & among 8 %eets we %all f9d _m a figure wor?y to /& beside 8 ma/]'s s]5e creations4 ,dr4 ,kur? calls him a fad$ or weak5$ ,masanobu2 b ?is t]m c be appli$ ) ju/ice to only a portion ( ,%ig5aga's "w4 ,8 productions are unev52 "p are inde$ some:at tame2 b c]ta9 ( 8 designs rise to a high level4 ,8 f9e/ works1 :i* are r>e1 are 8 figures ( graceful wom5 9 ! ,masanobu mann]4 ,b he 0 no m]e imitator4 ,! ,masanobu poise1 ! ,masanobu fl[ & patt]n+ ( g>m5ts he did1 x is true1 adopt2 b ) h[ fre% & s5sitive a life does he infuse !m6 ,%ig5aga's pupils comprise mo/ ( ! great m5 ( ! succe$+ g5]ation ,toyonobu1 ,h>unobu1 ,koriusai1 ,%igemasa1 ,toyoh>u1 & _m o!rs le>n$ f him ! elem5ts ( _! art4 ,?us ,%ig5aga may be reg>d$ z ! mo/ important bridge betwe5 ! ,primitives & ! lat] m51 pass+ ov] to !m ! traditions ( ! old] s*ools toge!r ) ! /imulus ( t fre%1 inv5tive1 & assimilative _s :i* 0 peculi>ly 8 own4 ,,pupils ,,( ,,%ig5aga4 ,among ! less important pupils or associates ( ,%ig5aga may be nam$ ! foll[+ arti/s3-- ,,tsunegawa ,,%ig5obu produc$ "w mu* l ,%ig5aga's2 9 ! few pr9ts ( 8 :i* ,i h se5 !re is grace & ease1 b n great /r5g?4 ,8 "w appe>s to h be5 ma9ly 9 uru%i-ye4 ,mr4 ,gook9 believes ?is "n to be m]ely ! e>ly "n ( ,ni%imura ,%ig5obu4 ,y,,s5d ,,yasunobu or ,,an%91 by :om a f9e lacqu]-pr9t ) /rong blacks is 9 ! ,spauld+ ,collection1 may1 ) "s hesitancy1 be class$ "h4 ,mr4 ,gook9 ?9ks ?is signature may be m]ely "o ( ! /udio names ( "s m fam\s arti/4 ,,nagahide1 dat$ by ,/range ab\t #agfj1 appe>s to belong to ?is gr\p4 ,! ,h>mswor? ,collection1 ,london1 conta9s a pr9t by him repres5t+ fam\s !atrical *>act]s depict$ by gei%a1 ! col\rs p>tly pr9t$ & p>tly appli$ by h&4 ,,h>uto%i is kn[n to me only by "o pill>-pr9t1 9 ! mann] ( ,%ig5aga's actors4 ,x is d\btful :]e he %\ld be classifi$4 ,,akiyama ,,sadah>u1 ,,hirose ,,%ig5obu1 & ,,ry,,kwado ,,i*ii*ido ,,%ig5obu 7 obscure pupils ( ,%ig5aga4 ,,yamamoto ,,yo%9obu is said by ,f5ollosa to h be5 a pupil ( ,%ig5aga1 & possibly ! same z ,,komai ,,yo%9obu1 :o is treat$ lat] "u ,h>unobu4 ,dr4 ,kur? ?9ks him a memb] ( a ,yamamoto ,s*ool1 :i* compris$ also ,,yamamoto ,,d5roku1 ,,yamamoto ,,%ig5obu1 ,,yamamoto ,,%igefusa1 ,,yamamoto ,,fuj9obu1 ,,yamamoto ,,%igeh>u1 ,,tomikawa ,,g9setsu also kn[n z ,,fusanobu1 ,,yamamoto ,,m>uya ,,ky,,yeimon1 ,,yamamoto ,,kuzayeimon1 & ,,yamamoto ,,rihei4 ,illu/ration3 ,,toyonobu3 ,,two ,,komuso1 ,,repres5t$ ,,by ,,! ,,actors ,,sanokawa ,,i*imatsu ,,& ,,onoye ,,kikugoro4 ,pr9t$ 9 black & ?ree col\rs4 ,size #ae #aj4 ,sign$ ,tanjodo1 ,i%ikawa ,%uha ,toyonobu ga4 ,*&l] ,collection4 ,plate #g4 ,,toyonobu4 ,a ,pill> ,pr9t4 ,o lady ( ! long robes1 ! sl[ folds fl[+-- ,lady ( ! :ite brea/1 ! d>k & l(ty head-- ,dwells !re any wond]1 ! way t ?\ art go+-- ,or goe/ ?\ t[>d ! dead8 ,s calm ?y solemn /eps1 s sl[ ! long l9es sweep+ ,( g>m5ts pale & gho/ly1 ( limbs z grave z sleep-- ,i "k n if ?\1 spectre1 ha/ love or dea? 9 keep+1 ,or goe/ t[>d :i* deep4 ,?\ laye/ ?y robes aside ) ge/ure l>ge & fl[+4 ,is x = love or sleep--is x = life or dea?8 ,i w\ld my feet might foll[ ! pa? t ?\ art go+1 ,& ?y brea? be my brea?4 ,i%ikawa ,toyonobu1 :o n _m ye>s ago 0 reg>d$ z an arti/ ( second>y importance1 has ( late1 ?anks to fre% discov]ies1 come to be e/eem$ by compet5t obs]v]s z "o ( ! giants ( ! l9e--"o ( ^? ma/]s among ! ,primitives ^: dignity ( composition makes all b a h&ful ( 8 successors appe> petty beside him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,i%ikawa ,,toyonobu4 ,?is important arti/1 :o sometimes sign$ himself ,%uha1 01 l s _m o!r ( ! bett] m5 ( 8 "t1 a pupil ( ,%ig5aga4 ,9 8 e>ly "w we f9d him influ5c$ by ! suave & noble figures ( ,okumura ,masanobu m ?an by ! figures ( 8 direct ma/]4 ,born 9 #agaa1 ,toyonobu liv$ until #aghe2 & ! long space ( 8 life ?us ext5d$ beyond ! p]iod ( ! ,primitives & into ! p]iod ( poly*rome pr9t+4 ,nev]!less 8 real activity t]m9at$ ) ! end ( ! ,primitive ,p]iod4 ,8 e>lie/ "w 0 9 black-&-:ite or h&-col\r$2 f ?is he pass$ on to two-col\r pr9ts1 a mann] 9 :i* he produc$ _m hoso-ye ( flawless grace2 & !n into ?ree-col\r pr9ts1 9 :i* 8 mo/ important "w 0 accompli%$1 & ^: classic ma/]1 z ,kur? says1 he may be call$4 ,betwe5 #agee & #agfd1 ! great p]iod ( ! ?ree-col\r pr9t1 ,toyonobu /ood almo/ unmat*$ 9 ! field4 ,a f9e example ( 8 "w appe>s 9 ,plate #g4 ,aft] #agfd ! asc5dancy ( ,h>unobu eclips$ ,toyonobu2 ev5 ! classic /yle ( ! old] ma/] c\ld n mat* ! brilliant & popul> innovations ( ,h>unobu's brocade pictures4 ,he 0 !re=e driv5 to take up ! te*nique ( full-col\r pr9t+4 ,9 "o pr9t he gives u figures l ^? ( ,koriusai2 9 ano!r he foll[s ,h>unobu ) ! mo/ complete exactness4 ,?\gh =c$ to ! wall1 ! old giant c\ld /ill fight 8 rivals1 & ) _! own weapons4 ,! works ( ,toyonobu's prime--p>ticul>ly 8 pill>-pr9ts--produce a s+ul> impression ( l(ty greatness4 ,8 l9e-arrangem5ts h always a magical s]5ity & balance1 & ! repose ( 8 compositions is equall$ only by _! /r5g?4 ,9 ^! tall figures1 :]e haunt+ly lovely l9es nev] deg5]ate into m]e sweetness1 !re is a comb9ation ( rig\r ) suavity1 ( =ce ) grace1 t makes him =ev] memorable4 ,8 ma/]ful precision1 & ! curi\sly t[]+ effect :i* 8 figures produce1 z 9 ! ,girl ) ! ,umbrella reproduc$ 9 ,plate #h1 s]ve to m>k him z "o ( ! important repres5tatives ( ! gr& /yle 9 design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,toyonobu3 ,,girl ,,op5+ ,,an ,,umbrella4 ,black outl9es1 ) h&-col\r+4 ,size #bg #f4 ,sign$ ,tanjodo ,i%ikawa ,%uha ,toyonobu zu4 ,metzg> ,collection4 ,,toyonobu3 ,,woman ,,dress+4 ,pr9t$ 9 black & ?ree col\rs4 ,size #bg #d4 ,sign$ ,i%ikawa ,toyonobu hitsu4 ,plate #h4 ,p]haps m ?an any o!r arti/ ( ! ,ukioye ,s*ool1 ,toyonobu devot$ himself to ! draw+ ( ! nude4 ,^! r>e works are among ! f9e/ ( 8 productions1 & are s di/9ctly an exception to ! g5]al practice ( ,japanese arti/s t !y call = special rem>k4 ,c]ta9 o!r pa9t]s also produc$ a few su* pictures1 b !y mu/ all be reg>d$ z sporadic ph5om5a runn+ c\nt] to ! *>act]i/ic ,japanese feel+4 ,! national temp] recognizes fem99e beauty 9 art only :5 clo!d2 & x is due solely to ! pr(\nd] p]ception ( a few great arti/s t any su* designs h come d[n to u4 ,"o is mov$ to speculation ov] ?is curi\s fact1 p>ticul>ly :5 "o consid]s t ! sight ( ! body1 at lea/ among ! l[] classes1 mu/ h be5 almo/ z common 9 ,japan at ?is "t z x 0 9 ,greece dur+ ! great p]iod ( ,a!nian art4 ,b v diff]5t 0 ! reaction produc$ ^u ! two races by ?is famili>ity4 ,9 ! ,greeks1 x enc\rag$ an art ^: prime aim 0 to give expression to ^? h>monies & h9ts ( p]fection t lie hidd5 9 ! imp]fections ( ea* individual body2 s t we h f ! ,greeks ^? syn!ses & idealizations ( ! human =m :i* /ill haunt u l fa9t memories ( ! gods4 ,b 9 ! ,japanese m9d1 ! s5se ( ! individual defects seems to h ov]p[]$ ! impulse to creative idealism2 & ! p1 z a race1 turn$ f ! nude figure to ! m easily manipulat$ beauties ( fl[+ robes & gorge\s patt]ns1 translat+ ,nature into images ( an ali5 ri*ness1 & love into hyp]boles ( public spl5d\r4 ,t "p ( ,nature :i* lay outside !mselves !y c\ld inde$ cope )1 z ! l(ty visions ( l&scape :i* !y h transcrib$ te/ify2 b ) a few exceptions1 su* z ,toyonobu & ,kiyomitsu & ,kiyonaga1 !y d>$ n attempt ! f9al v5ture ( rationaliz+ ! uses & aspects ( ! body4 ,& x is because ( an inadequacy ^: s\rce & root spr+ f ?is attitude t po/]ity w p]haps rank ?is art bel[ ! art ( ,greece1 adjudg+ ev5 ! mat*less subtlety & ref9em5t ( ^! designs to be no adequate comp5sation = ! abs5ce ( t frank ,greek c\rage :i* attempt$ to cl>ify & ennoble ! fundam5tal conditions ( ! exi/5ce ( man4 ,toyonobu1 great arti/ t he 01 ov]/epp$ ! national b>ri] & came v ne> to surpass+ ! f9e/ a*ievem5ts ( ,greek art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kiyomitsu3 ,,! ,,actor ,,segawa ,,kikunojo ,,z ,a ,,woman ,,smok+4 ,pr9t$ 9 black & ?ree col\rs4 ,size #aa #e4 ,sign$ ,torii ,kiyomitsu ga4 ,plate #i4 ,,kiyomitsu4 ,pill> ,pr9t ( a ,woman4 ,a place = giant heads to take _! re/ ,seems h] pale brea/4 ,h] sweep+ robe trails l ! cl\d & w9d ,/orms leave beh9d4 ,! ice ( ! ye>1 & its ,aprilian "p1 ,sleep 9 h] he>t4 ,!re=e small m>vel t h] foot/eps be ,l /rides ( ,de/9y6 ,pill> ,pr9t ( a ,man4 ,out ( spaces haz$ ) greyness1 out ( ye>s ^: veils are grey1 ,) ! sl[ maje/ic foot/eps ( a "l ( f>-away1 ,comes a =m t out ( gloom+ ,rises f "s old entomb+ ,to confront once m ! day4 ,& ) spl5did ge/ure dw>f+ ! confusion ( our h&s1 ,) 8 anci5t calm rebuk+ ! unre/ ( va9 dem&s1 ,he ) solemn foot/eps sl[ly ,passes3 & 8 g>m5ts holy ,leave ! sc5t ( holy l&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,torii ,,kiyomitsu4 ,kiyomitsu took 8 place z ! ?ird great head ( ! ,torii l9e1 succe$+ 8 fa!r ,kiyomasu4 ,9 subject & 9 mann]1 x is ! ,torii tradition t he c>ries on4 ,we "k no?+ ( 8 life1 save t he 0 born 9 #agce & di$ 9 #aghe4 ,8 "w falls almo/ entirely )9 ! class ( two- & ?ree-col\r pr9ts4 ,i "k ( only "o h&-col\r$ pr9t by him2 b z 8 dates d5ote1 he liv$ f> into ! p]iod ( poly*rome pr9t+1 & 0 a p>tak] 9 ,h>unobu's exp]im5ts 9 col\r4 ,von ,seidlitz is wrong 9 say+ t no poly*rome pr9ts by ,kiyomitsu are kn[n2 a few exi/ & are v beautiful4 ,he did little "w aft] #agfe1 & is to be reg>d$ z mo/ *>act]i/ically an arti/ ( ! ,primitive ,p]iod--9 fact "o ( ! greate/4 ,c]ta9ly betwe5 #agee & #agfd1 no "o b ,toyonobu c\ld rival him2 & ^! two may be rank$ ! supreme design]s ( ! ?ree-col\r epo*4 ,! out/&+ feature ( ,kiyomitsu's "w is its =malism4 ,:atev] he t\*es is compress$ to a patt]n1 & r5d]$ into bold hi]oglyphics ( sweep+ curves4 ,8 l9e is simple1 p[]fully dom9at$ by a circul> movem5t t is s+ul>ly & inexplicably delightful4 ,8 col\rs1 ev5 :ile !y rema9 only two or ?ree 9 numb]1 nev] lack v>iety & /rong decorative effect4 ,! slightness ( ! use :i* he makes ( black is notewor?y2 he comp5sates = its abs5ce by *oos+ heavy opaque col\rs ( ri* tone4 ,"s au?orities reg>d him z ! fir/ to employ a ?ird col\r-block4 ,kiyomitsu's "w is m>k$ly /yli/ic--ev5 dom9at$ by a c]ta9 mann]ism2 "o comes to recognize almo/ infallibly ! =mula he uses1 & to reg>d z an old fri5d t peculi> swirl ( drap]y1 sw+ ( body1 & artificial poise ( head :i* appe>1 z 9 ,plate #i1 l an accept$ conv5tion ?r\gh\t ! l>g] numb] ( 8 designs4 ,! conv5tion is an agreeable & highly /hetic "o1 bas$ on fundam5tal curves ( great beauty4 ,b ! inv>iability ) :i* he employs ?is =mula gives ,dr4 ,kur? "s excuse = reg>d+ him z a monoton\s & ov]-e/imat$ arti/4 ,_h we only ,kiyomitsu's hoso-ye pr9ts1 x might be possible to agree ) ,dr4 ,kur?2 = ^! figures1 en*ant+ & full ( elegance z !y are1 c]ta9ly are dom9at$ by a sam5ess ( mann] su* z "o f9ds 9 no o!r s]ies ( hoso-ye4 ,b ! tru? ( ,dr4 ,kur?'s depreciations mu/ be que/ion$ if "o turns to ! pill>-pr9ts1 :i* con/itute ! real glory ( ,kiyomitsu's c>e]4 ,! two reproduc$ 9 ,plate #aj exhibit 8 p[]4 ,kiyomitsu may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! half-doz5 greate/ ma/]s ( ! pill>-pr9t %ape ( composition4 ,mu* ( 8 f9e/ "w is 9 ?is =m4 ,"h 8 some:at tight curves l5g!n out into fl[+ beauty2 & ! dignity always inh]5t 9 8 draw+ appe>s at its be/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kiyomitsu3 ,,woman ,,) ,,basket ,,hat4 ,black & ?ree col\rs4 ,size #bh #d4 ,sign$ ,torii ,kiyomitsu ga4 ,,kiyomitsu3 ,,woman ,,com+ ,,f ,,ba?4 ,black & ?ree col\rs4 ,size #bg #d4 ,sign$ ,torii ,kiyomitsu ga4 ,plate #aj4 ,kiyomitsu's r>e nudes take a place close beside ^? ( ,toyonobu4 ,!y h a ke5 poetic *>m2 & ?\gh _! vig\r is less m>k$ ?an t ( ,toyonobu's1 _! grace & elegance ( movem5t is at lea/ z /rik+4 ,! collector may f9d x useful to rememb] t long aft] ,kiyomitsu's dea?1 ,kiyom9e & ,kiy(usa sometimes us$ ! great "n ( ,kiyomitsu z a signature to _! own works4 ,only an inexp]i5c$ obs]v] c\ld mi/ake ^! late & decad5t productions = ! "w ( ! orig9al ma/]4 ,,kiyohiro4 ,torii ,kiyohiro has be5 rat$ by "s writ]s z m highly gift$ ?an ,kiyomitsu4 ,?is praise appe>s absurdly extravagant2 yet 9 disput+ su* a claim1 "o mu/ admit ! great *>m ( ,kiyohiro's "w4 ,he is said to h be5 a pupil ( ,kiyonobu ,,ii2 8 c>e] runs p>allel ) t ( ,kiyomitsu1 & he seems frequ5tly to imitate t arti/4 ,! p]iod ( 8 greate/ prom95ce 0 betwe5 #agde & #ageh2 8 "w is all 9 two or ?ree col\rs4 ,a delicate draughtsman1 8 figures h m>k$ grace ( poise & firmness ( design4 ,8 mann]ism is less /]eotyp$ ?an ,kiyomitsu's2 "s ( 8 pr9ts h great beauty1 b he nev] rea*es c]ta9 heights :i* ,kiyomitsu atta9$4 ,pr9ts by him are uncommon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,torii ,,kiyohiro4 ,,kiyotsune4 ,torii ,kiyotsune produc$ delicate & di/+ui%$ pr9ts 9 two or ?ree col\rs1 mu* l ^? ( ,kiyomitsu4 ,mo/ ( 8 figures are *>act]iz$ by a curi\s sl5d]ness & exquisit5ess2 b !y are some:at lack+ 9 vig\r4 ,aft] #agfd he fell "u ! influ5ce ( ,h>unobu & adopt$ full-col\r pr9t+1 /ill reta9+1 h[ev]1 t v individual type ( face--a little scornful1 a little fa/idi\s 9 expression--:i* m>ks 8 designs4 ,8 "w is r>e4 ,,pupils ,,( ,,kiyomitsu ,,& ,,toyonobu4 ,among ! pupils ( ,kiyomitsu may be not$ ,torii ,kiyosato1 ,torii ,kiyoh>u1 ,morotada1 ,kiyoto%i1 ,torii ,kiyomoto1 & ,torii ,kiyohide4 ,_! "w 0 almo/ contemporane\s ) t ( ! ma/]4 ,amano ,toyonaga1 ,i%ikawa ,toyomasu1 & ,i%ikawa ,toyokuma 7 probably pupils ( ,toyonobu4 ,,iv ,,! ,,second ,,p]iod3 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,poly*rome ,,ma/]s ,,f ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,poly*rome ,,pr9t+ ,,to ,,! ,,retirem5t ,,( ,,%un%o 7#agfd-hj7 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,second ,,p]iod3 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,poly*rome ,,ma/]s ,,f ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,poly*rome ,,pr9t+ ,,to ,,! ,,retirem5t ,,( ,,%un%o 7#agfd-hj7 ,! transition f primitive to sophi/icat$ art is v l ! progression ( a race f its h]oic y\? to its elaborately gift$ maturity4 ,life gr[s m complex1 ! mat]ial ri*es & ! ma*9]y ( liv+ become m div]sifi$2 b x is /ill to ! e>ly days t "o looks = ! /ronge/ developm5t ( p]sonality & ! mo/ d>+ a*ievem5t 9 ! face ( great difficulties4 ,sophi/ication1 9 ! hi/ory ( an art z ( a race1 br+s ref9em5ts & nuances unkn[n to ! pione]s2 b x _c int5sify & may (t5 encumb] ! spiritual =ce & ess5tial g5ius ( ! creators4 ,! great individuals ( ! e>li] "t develop$ all t 0 ess5tial z f> z x c\ld be develop$2 ! lat] enl>gem5t ( scope is 9 ! direction ( ! mat]ial & ! accid5tal4 ,9 ! ,primitives we f9d ! full /ature ( ! _s2 9 ! art ( lat] days1 ) all its p>ade ( processes1 we %all h>dly f9d m4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,p]iod ! initial impulse ( pr9t-design+ manife/$ itself 9 "w t 0 p[]ful & beautiful1 b ( simple te*nique4 ,9 ! ,second ,p]iod ! b>ri]s t conf9$ ! ,primitives 7 swept away by new possibilities ( expression4 ,! ?ree-col\r pr9ts gave place to pr9ts 9 :i* an unlimit$ numb] ( blocks c\ld be employ$2 & ?is enl>gem5t ( ! arti/'s res\rces produc$ a new & spl5did blossom+4 ,9 ?is ,second ,p]iod ! art seem$ to hesitate midway betwe5 ! =ces ( ! primitive inspiration1 :i* 0 "o ( pure & /ately decoration1 & ! m naturali/ic =ces t 7 mak+ ready = ! ,?ird ,p]iod1 ) its full] r5d]+ ( ! lights & spaces ( life4 ,! pres5ce ( bo? gr\ps ( =ces makes ?is ,second ,p]iod possibly ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all4 ,! specific *>act]i/ics ( ! p]iod are %>ply m>k$4 ,!y consi/1 fir/ ( all1 9 te*nical advances--! ma/]y ( full-col\r pr9t+ & ! realization ?r\gh ?is process ( ! m>vell\s col\r-dreams ( ! great ma/]s4 ,b beyond ! te*nical advances !re is a *ange 9 spiritual attitude2 ! arti/1 h]et(ore cont5t to create a pure decoration1 a ma/]ful mosaic t express$ 8 /hetic ideals1 n[ beg9s to adopt a m p]sonal attitude 9 8 treatm5t ( ! =ces & spectacles ( daily exi/5ce4 ,true1 he disposes ^! elem5ts arbitr>ily2 ! picture he creates is a _w ( imag9ation2 b z comp>$ ) ! ,primitives1 he tells u m ( 8 exp]i5ce & is clos] to our own4 ,ev5 8 mo/ fanciful designs br+ to u "s remote & ab/ract e*o ( kn[n voices4 ,lyric joy speaks ?r\gh ,h>unobu1 dramatic t]ror ?r\gh ,%un%o1 spl5d\r ?r\gh ,koriusai1 my/]y ?r\gh ,bun*o2 & ?\gh ! m$ium be a symbol1 & its connection ) reality z remote z t ( music1 yet by ! vividness ( ! emotion evok$ 9 u we may judge ( ! def9it5ess ( ! arti/'s motive1 & realize ?r\gh col\r & l9e an intangible human voice4 ,! /ream ( art hi/ory "h fl[$ 9 two ma9 *annels4 ,"o 0 ! ,katsukawa ,s*ool1 head$ by ,%un%o1 :i* l ! old] ,torii ,s*ool devot$ itself *iefly to ! repres5tation ( actors4 ,! o!r 0 ! s*ool ( ,h>unobu1 ^: graci\s designs ( wom5 7 ! mo/ novel productions ( ! p]iod4 ,a ?ird s*ool 0 f\nd$ by ,toyoh>u & a f\r? by ,%igemasa2 b ! real importance ( ^! two s*ools develop$ only 9 a lat] epo*4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! great ,torii ,s*ool may be said to h rema9$ dormant2 x 0 to awak5 9 ! ,?ird ,p]iod to a new spl5d\r 9 ,kiyonaga4 ,!re is a passage f a contempor>y record t ?r[s light on ! temp] ( ! p & ! arti/s at ?is "t4 ,i h freely translat$ x1 ) ! c\rte\s p]mission ( ,dr4 ,julius ,kur? 7,kur?'s ,h>unobu1 ,r4 ,pip] ,co41 ,muni*71 f 8 ,g]man r5d]+ ( a unique manuscript book 9 8 possession1 :i* appe>s to h be5 writt5 by ! poet ,yukura ,sanj91 & illu/rat$ by ,h>unobu 9 #agfi4 ,! book is a :imsical1 devil-may-c>e production ( ! lighte/ sort2 b f its pages ! glitt] & surge & laught] ( ,y$o holiday life rise ) a f>-away yet curi\sly di/9ct e*o4 ,,an ,,extract ,,f ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,honey-,,sweetmeat ,,v5dor1 ,,dohei4 ,dohei hails f ,o%u4 ,^u 8 head he we>s a cap2 & 8 m\? s5ds up a song :5 9 ! ,capital ( ! ,ea/ he v5ds 8 honey-sweetmeats4 ,8 cape is ( tig]-sk91 & be>s a suspici\s resemblance to ! lo9-apron ( ! ,devil4 ,8 umbrella is ( sc>let crpe1 & recalls ! plum$ spe>s ( ! fe/ival-gu>ds4 ,z 8 coat ( arms he *ose a ,devil's head & a skeleton2 ^u 8 out] robe he wrote ! sign1 ',dohei1 ,dohei4' ,:ile y buy 8 honey-sweetmeats1 he s+s a song ( a new /yle1 & ends x ) ! refra91 ',dohei1 ,dohei6' ,!re=e ! "n ( ,dohei has become kn[n ev]y:]e4 ,ev5 ! smalle/ *ildr5 all s+ ?is song 9 *orus ov] & ov] a ?\s& times4 ,if he sells 8 honey-sweetmeats 9 ! ,ea/]n "p ( ! city1 ! p 9 ! ,we/]n /reets are furi\s2 if he sells !m 9 ! ,s\!rn qu>t]1 ! p 9 ! ,nor!rn /reets are furi\s4 ,= !n !y want to "k :y he came to !m s late4 ,if on ! ?ree hundr$ & sixty days ( ! ye> "o goes1 day 9 & day out1 ?r\gh all ! eight hundr$ & eight /reets1 "o f9ds a tav]n at e five paces2 & x is z if ?is city _h be5 *ang$ into a pond ( rice-w9e4 ,"o _c take t5 /eps )\t com+ ^u a %op 9 :i* :ole m\nta9s ( rice-cakes & o!r confections are (f]$4 ,if "o he>s 9 ! di/ance an almo/ heav5ly music1 x is ! song ( a lady to ! /rum ( a guit>4 ,if !re is a rattl+ l peals ( ?und]1 x is ! ox-c>ts on ! side /reets4 ,p ) coiffures %ap$ l ! leaf ( ! g9ko-tree roll up _! out] robes & jo/le %\ld] to %\ld]4 ,ladies ) girdles ( spun gold & long-sleev$ girli% dresses sway _! hips2 & _! g>m5ts1 col\r$ l ! gra9+ ( wood1 fl[ z d torr5ts ( ,spr+4 ,_! hats ( gre5 pap] resemble a clump ( trees 9 ,summ]4 ,& z !y w&] along1 ! hems ( _! robes flutt] op51 & ! blood-r$ silk l9+s gleam l maple foliage--?\gh x is n yet ,autumn6 ,! fe/ive :ite mat]ial ( _! inn] robes %9es l sn[--?\gh x is n yet ,w9t]6 ,if x 71 !y w\ld be muffl$ to _! v noses ) crpe veils4 ,!y h arrang$ _! hair z if surm\nt$ by a cap1 l ti]s ( little *rysan!mums4 ,at _! ?ighs sp>kle tobacco-wallets ornam5t$ ) silv] & gold4 ,! black-&-:ite pr9ts ( e>li] days are antiquat$ n[1 & ! only ?+ p c>e = is ! newly-devis$ gorge\sness ( ! ,ea/]n ,brocade ,pictures4 ,musical plays are no long] to be se52 in/ead1 y g to ! music-girls & ! danc+-girls 9 ! tav]ns4 ,! "y p want lively ent]ta9m5t1 & visit ! w9e-%ops4 ,out ( a vase 9 :i*1 accord+ to ! anci5t cu/om1 fl[]s 7 =m]ly plac$1 lots are n[ drawn to fix ^u ! day = a p>ty2 :ile accord+ to ! fa%ionable arrangem5t ( fl[]s 9 ! hang+ j>s1 ! fl[]s look l arr[s f a b[4 ,! v5dors ( fritt]s call out1 ',celebrat$ ,pa/ies6 ,celebrat$ ,pa/ies6' & boa/ ^u ! brilliant pap] signs ( ! j-op5$ boo?s1 ',headqu>t]s6 ,headqu>t]s6' ,h&k]*iefs at f\r copp]s apiece hang at ! lo9s ( ! s]vants ( ,samurais4 ,! song ( ! ,new ,ye>'s danc]s r+s out among p :o hi!rto _h sung only folk-songs4 ,! caligraphi/ /udies ! ,nagao /yle2 ! poet le>ns by he>t ! poems ( ! ,*9ese epo*1 & ! m9/rel ! /yle ( ! ,manyo an?ology4 ,to obta9 new rem$ies = 8 /ock ! doctor draws ^u ! old s*ool = all k9ds ( h]bs1 & cures eyes & noses ) !m--j z pumpk9s are p]fect$ into melons4 ,(t5 ! prie/ ( ,buddha w&]s1 an object ( d]ision1 ?r\gh ! /reets 9 ! d>kness ( night 9 se>* ( a girl4 ,to be sure1 he is a v le>n$ man2 b :at leads m easily to dang]\s labyr9?s ?an love8 ,! !atres 9 ! ,sakai ,/reet give p]=mances cont9u\sly4 ,! recon/ruction ( ! ,yo%iw>a is to be f9i%$ 9 a few days1 & p come & g !re only to dr9k & to s+4 ,!y draw wat] f ! floods ( ! ,sumida ,riv]1 b x w n be dra9$ dry6 ,!y view aga9 & aga9 ! fl[]s ( ! ,asuka ,riv]1 b ^! also are )\t end6 ,! ,%5%uraku ,!atre enliv5s ! public1 & ^u ! ,banzairaku /age man's life is idealiz$4 ,s all are happy--l gre5 firs t become ?ick] & ?ick] & put =? new ne$les4 ,into ?is cr[d$ _w ( exub]ant life came ,h>unobu & 8 contempor>ies--into ?is und]world1 if y w1 b an und]world m beautiful & sun-dr5*$ ?an any kn[n to our great ,we/]n cities4 ,in/ead ( ! b> 9 ! slum !y _h ! tea-h\se on ! riv]-bank2 in/ead ( ! prize-fight !y _h ! *]ry fe/ival2 = !m1 vice put on robes ( a c]ta9 /ately beauty2 _! /age 0 m>k$ by ! same ennobl+ abs5ce ( realism t di/+ui%$ ! /age ( ! ,greeks4 ,! holiday _s ( ! h\r seems m spontane\s ?an ours2 _! he>ts seem less tr\bl$ by spiritual confusions4 ,& manife/ly _! und]world knew beauty & br\ght =? an art t is n[ a univ]sal human treasure2 :ile our und]world has be51 ) ! r>e/ ( exceptions1 :olly /]ile4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ! und]world in/itutions :i* ! pr9ts ( ?is p]iod depict is ! !atre4 ,?\gh ,h>unobu turn$ aside f x1 8 great contempor>y ,%un%o & ! :ole body ( ,%un%o's foll[]s f\nd mo/ ( _! mat]ial !re4 ,! popul> !atre _h sprung into importance 9 ! days ( ,moronobu4 ,previ\s to t "t1 ! classic lyric drama ( ! ari/ocracy1 call$ ! ,n1 _h fl\ri%$ 9 ! seclud$ palaces ( great nobles2 b ! mob 0 oblig$ to div]t itself ) no?+ m int]e/+ ?an juggl]s & /reet p]=m]s4 ,!re=e :5 ! !atre fir/ came into be+1 9 ! riv]-b$ ( ,kyoto1 x a*iev$ great popul>ity2 & :5 lat] x 0 transf]r$ to ,y$o1 x rose dur+ ! ,g5roku ,p]iod 7#afhh-agjc7 to a position ( passionate fav\r4 ,x appe>s nev] to h _h a v sav\ry moral od\r2 & be=e long x became associat$ ) s mu* corruptness t x pres5t$ a s]i\s problem = ! ,tokugawa rul]s4 ,9 #afdc1 z a corrective measure1 !y _h decre$ ! exclusion ( female actors f ! /age4 ,f ?is "t on1 only m5 trod ! ,japanese bo>ds2 ! female rles 7 tak5 by male actors ^: skill 9 ?is imp]sonation is said to h be5 extraord9>y4 ,! /atus ( a great actor 9 ! he>ts ( ! p 0 n v diff]5t f t ( a successful prize-fight] among u to-day4 ,he 0 a popul> idol2 8 movem5ts 7 ! subject ( ! eag] curiosity ( ! gap+ multitude2 b 8 social rank 0 ( ! l[e/4 ,! pr9ts ( a lat] date %[ u pictures ( actors ) _! gay companions on boat+-p>ties or tea-h\se picnics1 surr\nd$ by inquisitive ?rongs ( spectators4 ,fam\s & greatly s\ght aft] z ^! actors 71 !y occupi$ positions ( ev5 less e/eem ?an ! ,engli% play]s 9 ! days ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,no?+ s well illu/rates _! o/racism f any k9d ( society z ! words us$ by "o ( ! greate/ ( actor-pa9t]s1 ,%un%o1 9 ! preface to a book ( draw+s repres5t+ actors3 ,to be sure1 ,i love ! !atre1 & greatly enjoy be+ a spectator1 b ,i h no connection ) ! actors !mselves1 & d n "k !m 9 private life4 ,ev5 ,%un%o1 :o _h creat$ ! h]oic designs ( ^! m5 9 _! great rles1 d>$ n ackn[l$ge himself z _! famili>4 ,:5 !y appe>$ on ! /age1 ! faces ( ! actors 7 frequ5tly pa9t$ ) />tl+ /reaks ( r$ & :ite1 an effect reproduc$ 9 "s ( ! pr9ts4 ,! elaborate robes worn :5 !y repres5t$ h]oic figures ( bygone ages =m$ sup]b mat]ial = ! designs ( ! arti/s4 ,! ,japanese /age ( to-day probably does n diff] v mu* f :at x 0 9 ,%un%o's "t2 & we /ill see on x t florid elaboration ( ge/ure1 bomba/ic deliv]y1 & int5sification ( facial expression :i* ! pr9ts h p]petuat$4 ,! actors 7 divid$ into clans or s*ools2 ! "n ( a fam\s head ( a clan w\ld be h&$ d[n = g5]ations f ma/] to pupil4 ,?us !re 7 _m ( ! "n ( ,danjuro1 ,han%iro1 & ,kikunojo 9 succession1 :o 7 n relat$ to ea* o!r by blood4 ,c]ta9 clans su* z ! ,kikunojo specializ$ exclusively 9 wom5's rles4 ,ea* clan _h its mon or cre/1 worn on ! sleeve1 & ea* actor _h a p]sonal mon2 9 ! pr9ts ^! g5]ally appe>4 ,9 ,plate #bj1 = example1 ! circle ) eight cross$ arr[-buts indicates ! mon ( ,nakamura ,matsuye2 9 o!r pr9ts1 ! ?ree great conc5tric squ>es ( ,danjuro1 ! trisect$ conc5tric circles ( ,han%iro1 or ! iris )9 a circle ( ,kikunojo 7,plate #i71 are easily id5tifi$4 ,9 ! h&s ( ,%un%o & 8 foll[]s ! figures ( ^! actors 7 us$ z ! mat]ial = brilliant designs4 ,= ! mom5t1 h[ev]1 we mu/ return to ! =emo/ arti/ ( ?is p]iod--"o :o nev] lov$ ! actors--,h>unobu4 ,,h>unobu4 ,figure ( a ,girl4 ,ye w9ds t some:]e 9 ! ,we/-- ,9 gulfs ( sunset1 isles ( re/-- ,rise dewy f pr5atal sleep ,to /rew ) little waves ! deep-- ,surely x is y\r brea? t /irs ,^! flutt]+ gauzy robes ( h]s6 ,come :5ce ye may1 ,i m>vel n ,t ye are lur$ to seek ?is spot2 ,y\r t5u\s sc>cely brea?d p[]s ,sway n ! /urdi] g>d5 fl[]s1 ,& _h unmanife/ gone by ,save t %e feels !m visibly4 ,o little w9ds1 h] little h&s ,9 "t ) tunes f fairy-l&s ,are mov+2 & h] b5d$ head ,kn[s no?+ ( ! long ye>s sp$ ,s9ce heav5 m ne> to e>? 0 hung1 ,& gods liv$1 & ! _w 0 "y4 ,h] inn] robe ( t5d]e/ fawn ,9 cool1 fa9t f\nta9s ( ! dawn ,0 dy$2 & h] long out] dress ,borr[s its lum9\s lovel9ess ,f "s cle> b[l ) wat] fill$ ,9 :i* "o drop ( w9e 0 spill$4 ,peace folds h] 9 its deeps pr(\nd2 ,h] %y glance lifts n f ! gr\nd2 ,& ?r\gh ?is g>d5's /ill retreat ,%e moves ) tripp+ silv] feet ,^: trancd grace1 :]e'er %e /rays1 ,turns all ! days to holy days4 ,come6 let u s(tly /eal away4 ,= :at c we1 ^: he>ts are grey1 ,br+ to h] dream+ p>adise8 ,a *ill %all mock h] f our eyes2 ,a cl\d %all dim ?is radiant air3 ,come6 = our _w is o!r:]e4 ,b ,o ye little w9ds t bl[ ,f gold5 isl&s long ago ,lo/ to our se>*+ 9 ! deep ,( dreams betwe5 ! %ores ( sleep-- ,ye %all h] happy playmates be1 ,flutt]+ h] robes invisibly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>unobu3 ,,"y ,,girl ,,9 ,,w9d4 ,poly*rome1 f eight blocks4 ,size #aa #h4 ,sign$ ,susuki ,h>unobu ga4 ,gook9 ,collection4 ,plate #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,susuki ,,h>unobu4 ,! few available fragm5ts ( in=mation ab\t ! life ( ,susuki ,h>unobu c be briefly /at$4 ,born betwe5 #agbe & #agcj1 he liv$ 9 ,y$o all 8 life 9 a h\se ne> ! riv]4 ,9 #agfd he p]fect$ a new & epo*-mak+ treatm5t ( col\r-pr9t te*nique1 & di$ 9 #aggj1 n mu* m ?an =ty ye>s ( age4 ,we may1 :]e s little is kn[n1 will+ly foll[ ,dr4 ,kur? 9 8 +5i\s trac+ ( a romantic l9k betwe5 ,h>unobu & ! hamlet ( ,kasamori1 ^: p9e-trees1 r$ temple-torii1 & beautiful tea-h\se waitress ,o-,s5 haunt 8 "w recurr5tly2 b we mu/ be cont5t to reg>d ?is z at lea/ half fancy4 ,h>unobu's direct tea*] 0 ,%ig5aga1 & he 0 influ5c$ e>ly by ,toyonobu2 b x 0 to ,suk5obu & ,kiyomitsu t he turn$ = ! inspiration ( ^? *>act]i/ic figures :i* he creat$ dur+ ! six great ye>s ( 8 real activity4 ,h>unobu's "w be=e ! ye> #agfd is relatively unimportant4 ,x consi/s ( pr9ts ( actors & leg5d>y subjects1 pr9t$ 9 two or ?ree col\rs2 a few ( 8 hoso-ye pr9ts ( ?is p]iod h *>m+ delicacy ( l9e & col\r1 & at lea/ "o ( 8 actor pill>-pr9ts is a "w ( notable dignity2 b ^u ! :ole 8 "w is n v individual4 ,any "o ( a doz5 ( ,%ig5aga's pupils might h done almo/ z well4 ,be=e #agfd ^! m5 7 all 8 equals2 aft] #agfd he took a /ep :i* few c\ld keep pace ) & :i* none c\ld out/rip4 ,9 #agfd he br\ght =? t syn!sis ( ! res\rces ( 8 art :i* 0 to %ake ! ,ukioye _w4 ,:e!r he 0 ! actual inv5tor ( poly*rome pr9t+ is n c]ta92 "s au?orities attribute ! inv5tion to an engrav] nam$ ,k9roku2 b x is v cle> t ,h>unobu 0 ! fir/ to seize ^u & realize ! possibilities ( ! discov]y4 ,"s te*nical h9drance1 su* z ! difficulty ( secur+ p]fect regi/] f _m blocks on ! wet /ret*+ %eets1 _h prev5t$ ! e>li] completion ( ! process2 & x is possible t x 0 a pr9t] :o discov]$ ! simple device ne$$ to ov]come ! difficulty4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a matt] ( m]e me*anics & has no be>+ ^u ! "q ( ! real glory ( ,h>unobu4 ,:at is important is t he seiz$ ! new te*nique & made out ( x an in/rum5t responsive to e subtle/ brea? ( 8 beauty-haunt$ _s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>unobu3 ,,lady ,,talk+ ,,) ,,fan-,,v5dor4 ,poly*rome4 ,size #aa #g4 ,sign$ ,h>unobu ga4 ,*&l] ,collection4 ,plate #ab4 ,! old ?ree-col\r pr9ts _h a*iev$ f9e effects by means ( p[]fully conceiv$ b ess5tially simple mosaics ( col\r4 ,n[ ,h>unobu turn$ ! ?ree-/r+$ lute into ! viol91 capable ( express+ ! mo/ delicate modulations ( tone4 ,beg9n+ ) comb9ations ( only f\r or five col\rs1 he gradually increas$ ! numb] ( blocks us$4 ,x is c]ta9 t he us$ eight blocks on at lea/ "o #agfe cal5d> pr9t4 ,9 ! end he _h at 8 comm& a palette :i*1 by ! use ( no less ?an twelve or fifte5 blocks1 & ) ! limitless numb] ( %ades obta9able by sup]impos+ "o col\r ^u ano!r1 made ! :ole ra9b[ 84 ,con/ant exp]im5t m>k$ 8 fur!r progress4 ,we h1 = example1 "o pr9t :i* he orig9ally pr9t$ f eight blocks1 & lat] v>i$ by increas+ ! blocks to t51 & /ill lat] to ?irte54 ,f ye> to ye> an ev] fre% succession ( complex col\r-h>monies emanat$ f 8 f]tile bra94 ,until ! inv5tion ( poly*rome pr9t+1 ,h>unobu _h n adequately express$ himself2 n[1 hav+ f\nd 8 true in/rum5t1 he play$ div9ely4 ,! ye> #agfe 0 a ,jubilee ye>1 celebrat+ ! n9e-hundr$? anniv]s>y ( ! entrance ( ,sugaw>a ,mi*igane1 ! great /atesman1 pa9t]1 & humani/1 to ! ,c\rt ( ! ,emp]or4 ,?is circum/ance1 9 connection ) ! desire ( lit]>y m5 to pres5t to _! fri5ds specim5s ( ! new pr9ts z ,new ,ye> c>ds1 l$ ,h>unobu to produce a numb] ( dat$ cal5d>-pr9ts ( ?is ye>--a =tunate occurr5ce :i* has be5 ( great aid to /ud5ts ( 8 "w4 ,! !ory t ^! dat$ pr9ts are ! expression ( ,h>unobu's nave exultation ov] ! new discov]y is n[ g5]ally discr$it$4 ,s9ce ! cal5d>s are dat$ #agfe1 ,mr4 ,gook9's sugge/ion t !y 7 probably made 9 ! la/ mon?s ( #agfd seems reasonable2 & ?is date mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z m>k+ ! beg9n+ ( poly*rome pr9t+4 ,! brilliant new pr9ts fitt+ly u%]$ 9 ! fe/al ye>4 ,& ! public 0 n too busy ) its celebrations to take note ( ! *ange4 ,! new mann] ) its weal? ( col\r-beauty won in/ant popul>ity2 & "u ! "n ( ,brocade ,pictures ( ! ,ea/]n ,capital grew to su* fame t by #agfg pr9ts 9 ! old /yle 7 almo/ driv5 out ( ! m>ket1 & ,h>unobu 0 unque/ion$ "l ( ,ukioye4 ,x is n /range t 9 ! gl[ ( success & ambition he %\ld h put beh9d him 8 old actor-pictures4 ,i am a ,japanese pa9t]1 he wrote pr\dly2 :y %\ld ,i pa9t ! portraits ( ?is vulg> h]d8 ,& at ?is mom5t feel+ himself ak9 to ! great classical tradition ^: ref9$ beauties _h be5 h&$ d[n f anci5t ,*9a m+l$ ) ! beauties ( poets & sages1 he det]m9$ t he w\ld lift f ! ,ukioye ,s*ool ! /igma ( vulg>ity :i* ! !atre _h giv5 x1 & inve/ x ) "s ( t g5tle cultivation :i* fills l light ! old ,*9ese pa9t+s ( ,m+ g>d5s4 ,!re=e he turn$ 8 en]gies to ! depiction ( ano!r _w ?an ! !atre--! life ( ari/ocratic ladies1 ( "y lov]s1 ( ^? fam$ beauties :o 9 humbl] /ation 7 ! fl[]s & sun%9e ( ! tea-h\se & ! fe/ival4 ,plate #ad portrays "o ( ^!4 ,8 me?od ( h&l+ ! figures--a peculi> m+l+ ( navet & sophi/ication1 l t ( a m9/rel s++ incr$ible en*ant$ leg5ds ) complete s]i\sness--0 a new & nev]-recov]$ note 9 ! hi/ory ( ,ukioye4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>unobu3 ,,girl ,,view+ ,,moon ,,& ,,blossoms4 ,size #aa #h4 ,sign$ ,h>unobu ga4 ,*&l] ,collection4 ,plate #ac4 ,f ?is "t on1 dur+ six ye>s1 ,h>unobu produc$ a s]ies ( pr9ts ^: grace is unsurpassable4 ,! firm & ref9$ /rokes ( 8 bru% end[$ ) a fre% *>m all t 0 lovely 9 ! fl[+ drap]ies & s]5e faces ( ! "y girls ( ,japan4 ,he 0 ! pa9t] ( y\?4 ,! type :i* he introduc$ 0 ! sl5d] & graci\s embodim5t ( y\?ful girlhood4 ,& an indescribable delicacy & purity ( mann] clo!s z ) cle> light ^! girl-figures ( 84 ,8 drap]ies1 z 9 ,plate #aa1 are nev] drawn naturali/ically1 b always ) a c]ta9 conv5tionalization t produces folds & swirls m ab/ractly beautiful ?an a lit]al r5d]+4 ,he = ! fir/ "t 9 col\r-pr9t+ made a practice ( giv+ to 8 figures a backgr\nd t exhibit$ fully ! sc5e ( _! daily lives4 ,in/ead ( ! h]oic figures ( ! ,primitives1 /alk+ ?r\gh space 9 colossal gr&eur1 he drew ! famili> =ms ( ev]yday exi/5ce ne/l+ among _! natural surr\nd+s4 ,! _w he pictures is1 h[ev]1 "o ( mortals :o h>dly "k ! burd5s ( mortality4 ,l ! wom5 ( ,botticelli1 !y seem to poise 9 an atmosph]e ( m r>efi$ lovel9ess ?an any?+ we "k 9 reality4 ,ri* z may h be5 ! beauty ( ! tea-h\se girl1 ,o-,s51 :om ,h>unobu lov$ & pa9t$1 & ( ! little sell] ( cosmetics1 ,o-,fuji1 :o appe>s _m times 9 8 pictures1 !y 7 b ! />t+-po9t1 ! excit+ ag5cy1 f :i* ,h>unobu pass$ on into a secret fanciful _w ( 8 own to evoke 8 dream-maid5s4 ,half ( ! *>m ( ^! figures1 su* z ! "o 9 ,plate #ab1 lies 9 ?is unreal & unhuman impression !y make2 !y are n ,japanese wom5 or any wom51 b liv+ fairy-tales1 butt]fly creatures out ( n[h]e4 ,all t is joy\s & playful 9 ! ,japanese _s lifts !m on w+s ( fantasy into regions ( univ]sal delight4 ,!y are ! mo/ fragrant fl[]s ( ,japanese art4 ,x foll[s t ,h>unobu's subjects are almo/ always light & trivial sc5es--a girl play+ ) a cat1 a "y man & a maid5 walk+ amiably toge!r1 "y girls engag$ 9 "s delicate occupation1 or1 z 9 ,plate #ac1 paus+ 9 p5sive rev]ie4 ,a g5tle joy p]vades mo/ ( !m1 or at lea/ a gravity s light t x is ne>] joy ?an melan*oly4 ,h>unobu does n h&le ^! sc5es ) any especial insight into life2 !y are n w9d[s ?r\gh :i* we may look & see ! human s\ls ( ! p he portrays4 ,!y are no?+ m ?an gay1 pleas+ mom5ts--records ( =tunate h\rs--fro? & foam ov] ! real deeps ( life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>unobu3 ,,c\rtesan ,,deta9+ ,a ,,pass+ ,,samurai4 ,size #aa #h4 ,sign$ ,h>unobu ga4 ,plate #ad4 ,yet z ! spectator all[s ! pure & delicate atmosph]e ( "o ( ^! creations to ent] 8 _s1 he gradually becomes aw>e t n ?is trivial sc5e1 n ?is light episode1 0 ,h>unobu's real !me2 8 real !me 0 ! great h>monics ( col\r & l9e4 ,out ( col\r & l9e 8 immeasurable g5ius evok$ l(ty improvisations4 ,he d$icat$ ! f]v\r ( 8 passion & 8 vision to ! creation ( ^! or*e/rations ( tone1 ^! modulat$ arabesques ( cont\r4 ,beyond 8 *e]ful gr\ps1 beyond 8 felicit\s arrangem5ts1 lies ! hi/ory ( 8 prodigi\s essay to impose 8 s5se ( beauty ^u "o section ( *aos4 ,kur? is q "r :5 he calls him ! great virtuoso ( col\r4 ,mo/ ( ,h>unobu's pr9ts are ( small size1 almo/ squ>e4 ,9 ?is =m 8 ref9em5t f\nd its mo/ p]fect expression4 ,if we w\ld see an aspect ( ,h>unobu t is ( m impressive proportions1 & realize t scope z well z da9t9ess 0 9 him1 we mu/ turn to c]ta9 r>e pill>-pr9ts :i* 7 done *iefly 9 ! ye>s imm$iately prec$+ 8 untimely dea?4 ,"h dignity comb9es ) grace1 & an exalt$ sweep ( composition adds nobility to t exquisite col\r :i* "h no less ?an 9 8 small pr9ts f9ds place4 ,two ( ^! pill>-pr9ts1 reproduc$ 9 ,plate #ae1 may s]ve to illu/rate ?is la/ phase ( ,h>unobu's greate/ triumph4 ,! fir/ pr9t is a s(t grey & lav5d] /udy ( a girl4 ,)9 ! long1 n>r[ space1 aga9/ a backgr\nd ( cool unbrok5 grey1 rises ! figure1 ^: b5t1 p5sive head looks d[n at ! ball %e is dangl+ be=e a cat at h] feet4 ,h] hair1 a mass ( /rong black aga9/ ! cle> grey backgr\nd1 is drawn 9 a conv5tionaliz$ mann] t is p]haps ! noble/ =mula ev] devis$ = ! pa9t+ ( hair--z pure ( l9e z a ,greek helmet4 ,droop+ f h] sl5d] %\ld]s fall robes ^: sl[ curves seem m\ld$ by ! t\* ( fa9t & g5tle airs t brea! ar\nd h]4 ,! long drap]y is int]wov5 ) h9ts ( mauve melt+ into rose--m l gho/s ( ! palette ?an col\rs--& t\*es ( transluc5t salmon & amb] & grey are repeat$ l an arabesque ( lights d[n ! folds4 ,! folds sweep 9 great re/ful curves l ^? ( v9es hang+ 9 fe/oons f summ] bran*es4 ,at ! girl's girdle a /rong note ( dull gre5 /rikes l a bass *ord across ! composition2 & small] spots ( ! same col\r c>ry ?is motive dim9i%+ly d[n to ! bottom ( ! picture4 ,x is a s5tim5t1 an emotion1 a dream--z mu* an ab/raction z a musical composition4 ,9 ! l9es ( ! dress1 9 ! poise ( ! head1 9 ! limpid tones ( ! :ole picture1 is secret$ ! dwell+-place ( a peace1 a solemnity1 an awe nev] to be =gott54 ,x is rem9isc5t ( ! gr&eur ( ! ,primitives1 b m e!rializ$2 & !re l+]s ab\t x /ill1 p]si/+ f e>li] times1 ! p5umbra ( t hi]>*al purity & spirituality peculi> to ar*aic art4 ,l ^? /range & memorable ar*aic /atues ( ! ,prie/esses 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,akropolis at ,a!ns1 l ! frescoes ( ,giotto at ,assisi1 x holds ! secret ( an unta9t$ beauty t is lo/ to lat] arti/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>unobu3 ,,%irai ,,gompa*i ,,disguis$ ,,z ,a ,,komuso4 ,size #bg #d4 ,sign$ ,susuki ,h>unobu ga4 ,,h>unobu3 ,,girl ,,play+ ,,) ,,kitt54 ,size #bf #d4 ,sign$ ,susuki ,h>unobu ga4 ,plate #ae4 ,! second pill>-pr9t is "o :i*1 foll[+ ! op9ion ( ,pr(essor ,f5ollosa & ,mr4 ,gook91 may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! supreme triumphs ( ,h>unobu's c>e]1 & "o ( ! greate/ pr9ts we "k4 ,x repres5ts ,%irai ,gompa*i1 ! :ite-rob$ lov] ( ! beautiful ,komurasaki1 w&]+ 9 disguise ) ! basket-hat & flute ( a komuso or di%on\r$ ,samurai4 ,!re is no backgr\nd2 aga9/ ! cle> :ite pap] ! long l9es ( ! tall figure fl[ 9 curves ( jet black & purple-grey1 ) "h & !re lights ( orange & :ite4 ,by a simplicity ( selection t is m ?an ,greek1 ,h>unobu has wov5 f ^! few curves an effect t is l an incantation4 ,x has 9 x ! p[] to rea* into ! secret /oreh\ses ( ! spectator's emotion & awak5 e*oes f ^? intimations ( et]nal p]fection :i* haunt e he>t4 ,f5ollosa writes3 ,!re is some?+ une>?ly ab\t its l9e !mes1 or*e/rat$ 9 black & gho/-t9ts1 :i* lifts "o to ! inf9ities ( ,bee?ov5's pure/ melodies4 ,! dreamy cl>9et-play] seems to droop & melt away into regions ( sublimity :]e no e>?ly e> %all foll[ 8 dy+ *ords4 ,?us inde$ we are glad at la/ to h ,h>unobu pass1 transfigur$1 f our vision4 ,pill> ,pr9t by ,h>unobu4 ,f an inf9ite di/ance1 ! gho/ly music6 ,few & sl5d] ! tones1 ( delicate silv]1 ,z />s are broid]$ on ! veil ( ev5+4444 ,he passes by1 ! flute & ! dream+ play]-- ,sl[ are 8 /eps1 8 eyes are gravely d[nca/2 ,8 pale robes sway 9 long folds ) 8 pass+4 ,out ( ! inf9ite di/ance1 a gho/ly music ,returns--9 sl5d] tones ( delicate silv]1 ,z />s are broid]$ on ! veil ( ev5+4 ,c]ta9 puzzles = ! collector & /ud5t arise 9 connection ) ,h>unobu4 ,?is is ! fir/ knotty po9t4 ,%iba ,kokan1 a contempor>y arti/ :o outliv$ ,h>unobu by =ty-eight ye>s1 is obscurely connect$ ) ,h>unobu's "w4 ,look out :5 y buy ,h>unobu pr9ts6 he writes 9 8 memoirs1 publi%$ long aft] 8 dea?4 ,a great portion ( ! mo/ popul> ones are skilfully =g$1 & ! =g] 0 ,i1 ,%iba ,kokan6 ,?is w>n+ holds good to-day1 & 9 _m cases no "o c say ) confid5ce :e!r c]ta9 %eets are by ,%iba ,kokan or ,h>unobu4 ,kokan claims1 9 p>ticul>1 to h be5 ! au?or ( ^? ) transp>5t drap]ies1 ^? done 9 ! ,*9ese mann]1 & ^? 9 :i* sn[ on bamboos is r5d]$ by emboss+ )\t outl9e blocks4 ,all ^! & o!r *>act]i/ic beauties ( ,h>unobu's "w he w\ld annex1 & x is d\btful if we %all ev] "k :e!r he is ! greate/ li> or ! greate/ =g] 9 hi/ory4 ,probably 8 /atem5ts mu/ be reg>d$ z p>tly true4 ,until we "k1 h[ev]1 e pr9t sign$ ,h>unobu is suspect2 = if ,%iba ,kokan c\ld deceive ! public ( t day1 we %all n be likely to detect 8 =g]ies4 ,!re is only "o consolation = ! collector3 if ! pr9ts ( ,%iba ,kokan1 sign$ ,h>unobu1 are z beautiful z ^? ( ,h>unobu1 !n n ! collector is ! suff]]1 b only ! un=tunate p]son :o tries to write an accurate acc\nt ( ?is hopeless entanglem5t4 ,o!r =g]s1 contemporane\s or slightly lat]1 probably took advantage ( ,h>unobu's popul>ity3 co>se repr9ts f recut blocks turn up frequ5tly 9 ! m>ket2 &1 wor/ ( all1 v f9e mod]n =g]ies & imitations ( 8 "w ab\nd4 ,^! la/ two classes are ! only ones t ne$ cause ! collector anxiety2 !y %\ld ( c\rse be gu>d$ aga9/ ) ! utmo/ c>e1 = !y are q wor?less4 ,_! impure & muddy col\rs g5]ally betray !m to ! practis$ eye4 ,no means ( detect+ !m is safe = ! inexp]i5c$ amateur except a m9ute comp>ison ) an unque/ion$ orig9al impression ( ! same pr9t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! contemporane\s =g]ies1 if beautiful1 are no inconsid]able treasures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kyos54 ,! "n ,kyos5 furni%es ano!r puzzle4 ,x is sign$ to pr9ts unmi/akably by ,h>unobu1 to pr9ts unmi/akably n by him1 & to pr9ts :i* he also signs4 ,! solution seems to be t ,kyos5 is simply ! "n ( ! pr9t] or engrav] :o did "w = ,h>unobu & = o!r design]s4 ,kyos5 himself sometimes design$ pr9ts1 b 9 su* cases he sign$ di/9ctly z arti/4 ,! signature ,kyos5 does n1 !re=e1 indicate a sep>ate arti/1 & its pres5ce on ,h>unobu's pr9ts ne$ n cause d\bts z to ,h>unobu's au?or%ip4 ,s5ga1 a pr9t]1 & ,takaha%i ,gyoku%i & ,takaha%i ,ros51 engrav]s1 also sign$ c]ta9 ( ,h>unobu's pr9ts4 ,a fur!r difficulty arises 9 ! relation ( ,h>unobu to ,koriusai1 an arti/ :om we %all soon treat by himself4 ,at times 8 "w comes s close to ,h>unobu's /yle t e>li] au?orities believ$ 8 "n to be m]ely a lat] signature ( ,h>unobu4 ,?is position is n[ entirely discr$it$1 & x is agre$ t ,koriusai 0 a di/9ct p]son1 a fri5d & successor ( ,h>unobu4 ,b x is n s sure t ,koriusai may n h sign$ c]ta9 ( 8 own designs ) ,h>unobu's "n aft] ,h>unobu's dea?2 ! /rik+ resemblances ( "s su* %eets to ,koriusai's "w makes "o unwill+ to reg>d ! relation betwe5 ! two z settl$4 ,9 ! case ( c]ta9 unsign$ pr9ts1 x is impossible to det]m9e ) assurance :i* ( ! two 0 ! creator4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! col\r-s*emes ( ! two are totally diff]5t1 ,koriusai runn+ *>act]i/ically to s*emes 9 :i* blue & orange are dom9ant4 ,dr4 ,kur? seems to ?9k x b>ely possible t pr9ts sign$ ,koriu may be by ,h>unobu2 b ?is !ory is unt5able1 bo? because ! int]nal evid5ce ( ! pr9ts is aga9/ x1 sev]al ( ,koriusai's mo/ *>act]i/ic pr9ts be+ ?us sign$1 & because ( ! difficulty ( believ+ t ,h>unobu1 ! greate/ ( liv+ ,ukioye arti/s1 %\ld at ! height ( 8 fame h sign$ to 8 "w ! "n ( a y\ng] & less not$ contempor>y4 ,^? pr9ts 9 ! ,h>unobu mann] :i* are unsign$ & unseal$ also (f] p]plexities1 s9ce we mu/ look entirely to int]nal evid5ce to discov] :e!r !y are by ,h>unobu4 ,h>unobu's "w is among ! mo/ highly priz$ 9 ! :ole li/4 ,! great collections h _m ( 8 pr9ts1 b 9 ! m>ket "o f9ds ! f9e ones to be limit$ 9 numb]4 ,9 8 case1 ev5 m ?an 9 ! case ( o!r arti/s1 p]fect condition is a vital requirem5t4 ,=1 9 ! process ( fad+1 8 pr9ts lose t delicate col\r-or*e/ration :i* is _! supreme glory4 ,! same *anges 9 tone t w\ld h>dly detract f ! beauty ( a f9e ,kiyomitsu might easily rob a f9e ,h>unobu ( mo/ ( its significance4 ,if "o has once se5 ! copies 9 su* collections z t ( ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,gook91 ( ,*icago1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,h4 ,*&l]1 ( ,evan/on1 ,messrs4 ,william ,s4 ,spauld+ & ,john ,t4 ,spauld+1 ( ,bo/on1 or ,mr4 ,h[>d ,mansfield ( ,new ,york1 "o loses all int]e/ 9 ! batt]$ riff-raff ( ! deal]s' c\nt]s4 ,,koriusai4 ,koriusai speaks4 ,let :oso w take %eets z wide ,z "s great wre/l]'s m\nta9-back ,space _c hide ,8 lack4 ,take ?\ ! panel1 be+ /rong4 ',tis z a girl's arm fa%ion$ "r-- ,z sl5d] & div9ely long ,& :ite4 ,t tall & n>r[ icy space ,gives scope = all ! bru% beseems4 ,& :o %all ask a wid] place ,= dreams8 ,x is an isle amid ! tide-- ,a *9k :]e?r\gh %9es "o lone />-- ,a cell :]e calms ( heav5 hide ,af>4 ,"o *os5 curve ( beauty woo$ ,f out ! h>% *aotic _w ,%all !re 9 solitude ,be furl$4 ,! n>r[ door %all be s /rait ,life _c vex1 ) tr\bl$ d91 ,beauty1 beyond t secret gate ,%ut 94 ,lo6 ,i w draw two lov]s !re1 ,alone amid _! ,april h\rs1 ,) l9es z droop+ & z fair ,z fl[]s4 ,i w make ,spr+ to circle !m ,l a fa9t aureole ( delight4 ,_! lum9\s y\? & joy %all /em ,! night4 ,& m5 %all say3 ,behold6 he *ose1 ,f ,"t's wild welt] r\nd him /r[n1 ,?is h\r2 & paid = its repose ,8 own4 ,koriusai's life is %r\d$ 9 ^? mi/s preval5t 9 ! cases ( mo/ ,ukioye arti/s4 ,x is kn[n t he 0 a ,samurai1 or feudal reta9] ( knightly rank2 ^u ! dea? ( 8 ma/]1 ,tsu*iya1 he became1 z 0 ! cu/om1 a ron9--t is1 a reta9] )\t a "l--& e/abli%$ himself ne> ! picturesque ,ryogoku ,bridge 9 ,y$o z a pa9t]4 ,he orig9ally us$ ! "n ,h>uhiro4 ,%ig5aga 0 8 fir/ tea*]1 ,h>unobu 8 second2 8 "w c safely be dat$ betwe5 #aggj & #agha4 ,by ! end ( ?is p]iod ,kiyonaga 0 beg9n+ to advance a*ievem5ts t eclips$ ,koriusai's4 ,z ,f5ollosa po9ts out1 x 0 ,koriusai's mis=tune to collide ) ,h>unobu at ! beg9n+ & ) ,kiyonaga at ! end ( 8 c>e]2 c\ld we oblit]ate ^? two1 we might ?9k ( ,koriusai z ! mo/ beautiful ,ukioye design]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,koriusai3 ,,"m ,,& ,,boy4 ,size #bh #d4 ,sign$ ,koriu ga4 ,,koriusai3 ,,two ,,lov]s ,,9 ,,! ,,fields--,,spr+ ,,cuckoo4 ,size #bg #d4 ,sign$ ,koriusai ga4 ,plate #af4 ,koriusai 0 already work+ 9 ,h>unobu's mann] at ! "t ( ! ma/]'s dea?2 & aft]w>d he cont9u$ ,h>unobu's exp]im5ts4 ,8 *>act]i/ic device 9 col\r is ! pr$om9ance ( a /rong orange pigm5t1 bas$ on lead1 :i* :5 orig9ally appli$ _h ! utmo/ brilliance1 b :i* n[ is frequ5tly *ang$ by *emical decomposition into a ri* mottl$ black4 ,comb9+ ?is orange ) a blue ( 8 own devis+1 he obta9$ novel & /rik+ effects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,koriusai4 ,koriusai's small pr9ts h (t5 a beauty almo/ equal to ,h>unobu's1 b !y lack individuality ( inv5tion4 ,!y nev] surpass ! triumphs ( ! old] ma/] 9 ?is =m4 ,koriusai seldom c cat* ,h>unobu's p]fect grace & repose1 8 lum9\s atmosph]e & subtle col\r4 ,b 9 8 l>ge %eets he produc$ a few compositions ^: elaborate magnific5ce is a new & individual a*ievem5t4 ,! /yles 9 hair-dress+ :i* came into vogue at ?is "t 7 no small elem5t 9 enabl+ him to create 8 /ately figures2 ! wide l9es ( ! coiffure1 m solid & massive ?an 9 ,h>unobu's day1 l5t itself admirably to /rong decorative treatm5t4 ,9 a s]ies ( l>ge %eets call$ ,designs ( ,spr+ ,gre5]y1 ea* picture repres5t+ an ,oiran & h] two or m "y att5dants1 "s ( ! pr9ts are disfigur$ by ! heav9ess ( ! faces2 b o!rs1 f :i* ?is exagg]ation is abs5t1 are ( almo/ unp>allel$ spl5d\r 9 col\r1 ev5 ?\gh some:at monoton\s 9 _! repetitions4 ,"o ( ?is type1 9 ! ,morse ,collection1 ,evan/on 7describ$ at ,no4 #aee ( ,f5ollosa's ,ket*am ,catalogue7 is surely "o ( ! greate/ pr9ts 9 ! _w4 ,"s ( ,koriusai's designs ( birds & o!r animals1 occasionally pr9t$ ) mica backgr\nds1 are admirable compositions4 ,b ,koriusai's di/9ctive glory lies 9 ! sph]e ( pill>-pr9ts1 ( :i* five are reproduc$ 9 ,plates #af1 #ag1 & #ah4 ,?is =m ( composition is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & exact+ to be f\nd 9 ! art ( any race2 ! tall %eet1 g5]ally ab\t #bh in*es high & only #e in*es wide1 furni%es a m]e ribbon ( space t taxes all ! res\rces ( a design]4 ,x is l a ,greek frieze plac$ on end2 b :]eas ! frieze gives space = a multitude ( processional figures1 & is ess5tially a /age = ! depiction ( a social pageant1 ?is slim panel dem&s ! exclusion ( all b a few significant l9es4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> x is ! f9e/ ( art-=ms4 ,x exacts ! qu9tess5ce ( selection--"o n>r[ glimpse ( "s cross-section ( life4 ,its limitations are l ^? ( ! lyric1 requir+ a conc5trat$ & f9ely *os5 vision4 ,illu/ration3 ,,koriusai3 ,,two ,,ladies4 ,size #bi #e4 ,sign$ ,koriu ga4 ,,koriusai3 ,a ,,game ,,( ,,tag4 ,size #bf #e4 ,sign$ ,koriusai ga4 ,plate #ag4 ,! %ape 0 fir/ devis$ by ,okumura ,masanobu z a modification ( ! wid] & %ort] %eets commonly us$ by ! ,primitives = _! l>ge pictures4 ,z is (t5 ! case 9 ! evolution ( a f9e art-=m1 x 0 n ,masanobu's m]e :im1 b /ructural exig5cies1 t prompt$ ! inv5tion1 ! ne$ be+ to provide long n>r[ pictures t c\ld be hung ^u ! squ>e wood5 pill> ( ! ,japanese h\se4 ,kiyomitsu & ,toyonobu us$ ?is %ape admirably2 & ! f9al & mo/ p]fect =m = its dim5sions 0 fix$ & br\ght into g5]al use by ,h>unobu4 ,x became a fav\rite %ape among ! greate/ ( ! lat] arti/s2 & no small numb] ( _! supreme a*ievem5ts are 9 ?is =m4 ,to ! mod]n ,european eye1 no o!r seems s di/9ctively *>act]i/ic ( ! special ,japanese g5ius4 ,pill>-pr9ts are almo/ inv>iably works ( ! fir/ importance--pices de rsi/ance1 delib]ate & /udi$ productions1 repres5t+ ! be/ ef=t & highe/ p[]s ( ! arti/4 ,= !y 7 int5d$ to be m\nt$ & roll$1 l kakemono2 & ! arti/ c\ld !re=e =esee = !m a degree ( att5tion t he c\ld h>dly expect 9 ! case ( ! loose squ>e %eets4 ,! peculi> %ape is 9 itself s int]e/+ & beautiful1 & s r++ a *all5ge to ! p[]s ( ! design]1 t 9 _m cases ! be/ "w ( ! arti/ is to be f\nd only 9 ?is =m4 ,pill>-pr9ts are to-day f> r>] ?an pr9ts ( ! squ>e v>iety4 ,!y 7 probably produc$ 9 editions ( small] numb]s ?an ! squ>e pr9ts2 &1 fur!r1 ! use to :i* !y 7 put z hang+ pictures expos$ !m to haz>d\s vicissitudes & g5]ally result$ 9 ev5tual de/ruction4 ,koriusai's v>iations on ! limit$ !mes ^: treatm5t is possible 9 ?is n>r[ space display d>+1 orig9ality1 & p[] ( conc5trat$ selection4 ,he is ! supreme ma/] ( ! pill>-pr9t2 no "o else has produc$ s _m f9e ones1 & practically all 8 f9e/ "w is 9 ?is =m4 ,! inf9ite v>iety ( 8 designs & ! f]tility ( 8 inv5tion make a s]ies ( 8 pill>-pr9ts "o ( ! mo/ absorb+ features ( a f9e collection4 ,9 "o pr9t 7,plate #ag71 he da%es ! int5se black l9e ( a scre5 d[n ?r\gh ! middle ( 8 picture & sets ! delicate eddies ( a *ild's & a "y girl's g>m5ts play+ ar\nd its base4 ,9 a second 7,plate #ah71 a girl 9 robes ( gorge\s col\r /&s l a calm peacock1 ) gl[+ orange combs alight 9 h] hair2 :ile 9 a ?ird 7,plate #af71 ! :ole space waves & s+s ) ! =ms ( grasses1 a fly+ cuckoo1 & a maid5 c>ri$ 9 ! arms ( h] lov] ?r\gh fields ( spr+4 ,& 9 a f\r? 7,plate #ag71 he draws ! figures ( two wom51 "o beh9d & a little above ! o!r1 ! "o 9 ! backgr\nd lum9\s ) s(t neutral t9ts1 ! "o 9 ! =egr\nd rob$ 9 a black ^: int5sity cuts %>ply ?r\gh ! o!rwise monoton\s sweetness ( ! picture4 ,to ! grace ( ,h>unobu1 ,koriusai has "h add$ a vig\r all 8 own1 & a ri*ness surpass+ t ( 8 tea*]4 ,to-day ,koriusai's small pr9ts are r r>e1 z are also ! birds & ! l>ge-size %eets4 ,8 pill>-pr9ts1 :i* are 8 greate/ works1 7 produc$ 9 su* numb]s t1 contr>y to ! rule t applies to ! pill>-pr9ts ( all o!r design]s1 a good _m ( !m h surviv$4 ,x is /ill possible to secure examples t are among ! =emo/ ( all pr9t treasures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%igemasa3 ,,two ,,ladies4 ,size #bh #e4 ,unsign$4 ,,koriusai3 ,a ,,c\rtesan4 ,size #bg #d4 ,sign$ ,koriusai ga4 ,plate #ah4 ,,o!r ,,foll[]s ,,( ,,h>unobu4 ,,susuki ,,h>u%ige is report$ to h be5 ! son & pupil ( ,h>unobu4 ,! few pr9ts ( 8 t are kn[n h a grace ( l9e t might well be a son's h]itage1 if su* ?+s 7 inh]itable4 ,! unholy rascal ,%iba ,kokan alleges t ?is "n 0 "o :i* he himself us$1 z well z ,h>unobu's2 x is report$1 on ! o!r h&1 t x is m]ely ,koriusai's e>ly "n4 ,x is probable t ,kokan's /atem5t mu/ be believ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>u%ige4 ,,%iba ,,kokan has already be5 m5tion$ z ! =g] ( ,h>unobu's "w4 ,8 ability ne$s no fur!r recomm5dation :5 we admit t we _c ) c]ta9ty tell 8 pr9ts f ,h>unobu's4 ,?is is 8 *ief title to fame4 ,he 0 born 9 #agdg & di$ 9 #ahah4 ,dur+ 8 life he sign$ _m names to 8 "w & attempt$ _m mann]s4 ,f ! ,dut* at ,nagasaki he le>n$ some?+ ( ! rules ( ,european p]spective1 & tri$1 9 ! eighties1 ) success b )\t mu* beauty1 to c>ry !m ov] into ,japanese art4 ,9 addition1 he introduc$ %ad[s into "s ( 8 compositions--a device ali5 to ! :ole _s ( ,*9ese & ,japanese pa9t+4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ,japanese arti/ to attempt copp]-plate engrav+4 ,que] r5d]+s ( ,european sc5es by him rema9 to u4 ,9 a hundr$ diff]5t sph]es ( art1 inv5tion1 & speculation he tri$ 8 h&4 ,8 intellectual curiosity 9 e field rem9ds "o ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,he rema9s "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & puzzl+ figures ( 8 "t--an adv5tur]1 a re/less exp]im5t]1 a =g] & a man ( extraord9>y ?\gh *aotic g5ius4 ,a poem writt5 :5 he 0 dy+ has a curi\s vibrancy3 ,kokan n[ dies1 = he is v old2 to ! pass+ _w he leaves a picture ( ! _w t passes4 ,,komai ,,yo%9obu did "w 9 ! /yle ( ,h>unobu dur+ ! sev5ties4 ,he furni%es ano!r example ( ! obscurity t cov]s s mu* ( ,japanese pr9t hi/ory2 = x is n kn[n :e!r he 0 an indep5d5t arti/1 or id5tical ) ,yamamoto ,yo%9obu1 :o produc$ two-col\r pr9ts 9 ! fifties1 or worse yet1 an e>ly signature ( ,koriusai4 ,! fir/ !ory is ! mo/ probable4 ,8 "w is r>e1 beautiful 9 col\r1 & well wor?y ( fur!r rese>*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,masunobu4 ,,masunobu1 ! second ( t "n1 ^: "w1 9 cle>1 delicate col\r & *>m+ arrangem5t1 g5]ally foll[s ,h>unobu's closely1 is also n def9itely locat$4 ,he appe>s to h be5 orig9ally a pupil ( ,%ig5obu & ,%ig5aga4 ,mo/ writ]s errone\sly reg>d him z ! same man :o1 "u ! "n ( ,sanseido ,tanaka ,masunobu1 produc$ two-col\r pr9ts 9 ! =ties1 & h& col\r$ pr9ts /ill e>li]4 ,"o ( ! ,second ,masunobu's pill>-pr9ts1 repres5t+ a girl ) an op5 umbrella jump+ f a balcony to meet a wait+ lov]1 has a unique & mo/ *>m+ individuality ( poise & col\r+4 ,8 pill>-pr9ts1 ( :i* ab\t t5 are kn[n1 are p>ticul>ly f9e4 ,,ujimasa1 ,,kamegaki ,,ho,,riu1 ,,muranobu1 ,,ta*ibana ,,m9ko1 ,,banto1 ,,*iryu1 ,,ryu%i1 ,,kis51 & ,,suiyo are r>e m5 :o work$ contemporane\sly ) ,h>unobu4 ,! ,haya%i ,catalogue also names ,,%oha1 ,,soan1 ,,sogiku1 ,,kogan & ,,seiko4 ,,kun9obu is an arti/ ( extreme r>ity1 ^: few surviv+ pr9ts %[ di/9ction ( l9e1 bas$ on ! ,h>unobu mann]4 ,8 "w1 done ab\t #agge1 /&s out f ! "w ( ,h>unobu's horde ( foll[]s2 he 0 evid5tly a notewor?y arti/1 ( :om "o wi%es we knew m4 ,,fuj9obu work$ 9 ! mann] ( ,h>unobu 9 ! e>ly sev5ties4 ,8 output 0 small1 & little ( 8 "w survives4 ,x may be t he 0 ! same individual z ,yamamoto ,fuj9obu1 :o has already be5 m5tion$ z ,%ig5aga's pupil4 ,,komatsuk5 is a "n sign$ to c]ta9 cal5d>-pr9ts = ! ye> #agfe4 ,! /yle is greatly l ,h>unobu's4 ,8 "n may also be read ,%o%ok54 ,mr4 ,gook9 ?9ks him to be id5tical ) ,fusanobu1 :o has be5 previ\sly m5tion$4 ,,h>utsugu & ,,susuki ,,h>uji1 said by "s to be ! same p]son1 produc$ a few pleas+ pr9ts ab\t #aggj4 ,,%un%o4 ,portrait ( an ,actor 9 ,tragic ,rle4 ,8 s\l is a sword2 ,8 sword ) ! _s's brea? ,is ba!d ( its t]rible "l1 ,9 ^: eyes is dea?4 ,& ! massive control1 ,& ! light$ implacable eye ,lea% a fi]ce & exalt$ s\l ,( d>k de/9y4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,) ! /r5g? ( ! hills-- ,kiso's iron m\nta9s ( sn[-- ,he waits3 "t br+s & fulfills ,! h\r = ! bl[4 ,he waits2 & ! :ite ,full robes r\nd 8 %\ld]s sway1 ,) wo( ( pale orange alight1 ,pale gre51 pale grey4 ,l a falcon1 fl[n ,to bleak mid-regions ( sky1 ,he poises4 ,"o image alone ,holds 8 s9i/] eye-- ,a vision1 a prey ,t[>ds :i* he %all soon be hurl$-- ,& 8 fury %all d>k5 ! day1 ,& 8 joy1 ! _w4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a music enfolds him ,l ! ?und]s t are p\r$ ,across heav52 x holds him ,) ! song ( ! sword4 ,x en?rals1 x inspires1 ,& its z5i? %all be ,lightn+ ( unlea%$ desires ,cra%+ along ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%un%o3 ,,an ,,actor ,,( ,,! ,,i%ikawa ,,s*ool ,,9 ,,tragic ,r,,le4 ,size #ab #f4 ,sign$ ,%un%o ga4 ,plate #ai4 ,^? actor-types :i* ,h>unobu & 8 s*ool s scornfully ca/ aside became ! *os5 speciality ( ! greate/ ( 8 rivals & contempor>ies1 ,katsukawa ,%un%o4 ,z "o exam9es %eet aft] %eet ( ,%un%o's !atrical pr9ts1 ,h>unobu's contemptu\s words conc]n+ ?is vulg> h]d1 ! actors1 lose _! significance2 = "h pass 9 gorge\s procession a s]ies ( l(ty1 int5se1 & un=gettable figures *>g$ ) ! qu9tess5ce ( h]oic =ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,katsukawa ,,%un%o4 ,! design] ( ^! pr9ts 0 born 9 #agbf & di$ ab\t #agib--"s au?orities say #agij4 ,8 p]iod ( greate/ activity cov]$ ! ye>s #agfe to #aghj1 ?us includ+ ! work+ p]iods ( bo? ,h>unobu & ,koriusai1 & end+ z ,koriusai's did :5 9 ! eighties ,kiyonaga's /> rose bl9d+ly4 ,he liv$ = a :ile at ! h\se ( 8 publi%]1 ,haya%i2 sometimes 9 8 e>ly "w he us$ 9 place ( a signature a seal %ap$ l a small cov]$ j> ) h&les1 on :i* ,haya%i's "n is inscrib$4 ,! leg5d is t he 0 too poor to own a seal 9 ! e>ly days ( 8 /ruggle & s borr[$ t ( 8 l&lord6 ,%un%o _h no antec$5t tea*]s among ! pr9t-design]s4 ,he sprang in/ead f a s*ool ( pa9t]s :o did n design = pr9ts4 ,^!1 head$ by ,*o%un & 8 son ,katsukawa ,%unsui1 _h s9ce #agjj be5 produc+ ri* pa9t+s ( wom5 9 elaborate drap]y4 ,! ,buck+ham ,collection conta9s "o pr9t by ,%unsui1 b x is an almo/ unique r>ity4 ,%un%o1 by a curi\s %ift 9 ! /ream ( art hi/ory1 n only took up pr9ts1 b ev5 took up ! dep>tm5t ( pr9ts lea/ 9 l9e ) ! t5d5cies ( 8 own s*ool1 ! dep>tm5t ( actor-repres5tation1 :i* 0 ! speciality ( ,kiyomitsu & ! old ,torii ,s*ool1 & :i* ,h>unobu's popul> innovations _h almo/ driv5 out ( fa%ion4 ,to ?is "w ,%un%o br\ght ! new te*nique ( ,h>unobu & great native individuality2 & ) ! fre% armam5t ( full col\r he def5d$ magnific5tly ! ?reat5$ /ronghold ( actor-pr9ts4 ,8 popul>ity became enorm\s4 ,he grew quickly to ! /ature ( "o ( ! great & f>-rea*+ p[]s 9 ,ukioye hi/ory4 ,side by side ) ,h>unobu1 he 9 8 sep>ate field execut$ ye> by ye> actor-portraits :i* by _! vig\r ( l9e & brilliancy ( col\r-comb9ation take a place z high z t held by ! works ( 8 rival4 ,no contra/ c\ld be m /rik+ ?an t betwe5 !m4 ,! "o is all grace1 ! o!r all =ce2 ! "o loves to l+] 9 quiet g>d5s1 ! o!r drags u up to ! icy heights ( tragic crisis4 ,%un%o's s5se ( dramatic composition 0 ke52 &1 z we see 9 ,plate #ai1 8 f]oci\s actor-faces pe] out ) a vivid m5ace1 8 t5se actor-limbs %ake ) a conc5trat$ & imprison$ fury n ! less impressive because ( its int5tional exagg]ation4 ,!y h n ,h>unobu's unreality ( p]fect grace1 b ! utt]ly diff]5t sup]-reality ( magnifi$ passion4 ,9 repose !y are l /atues2 9 action !y h ! vig\r ( ^? natural =ces--waves1 riv] curr5ts1 /orms ( ?und]--:i*1 z 9 ! ,%un%o pr9t reproduc$ on ! cov] ( ?is volume1,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! edition us$ to produce ?is etext did n include ?is pr9t on ! cov]4 s (t5 =m _! backgr\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%un%o3 ,,! ,,actor ,,nakamura ,,matsuye ,,z ,a ,,woman ,,9 ,,:ite4 ,size #aa #e4 ,unsign$4 ,plate #bj4 ,%un%o's figures ( wom5--or r 8 figures ( m5 act+ ! p>ts ( wom51 accord+ to ! inv>iable cu/om ( ! ,japanese /age at ?is "t--are less viol5t1 b (t5 z t5se4 ,two ( ^! appe> 9 ,plates #bj & #ba4 ,9 long sweep+ robes ( brilliant dye !y move ) ! /ep ( a ,clytemne/ra1 or poise 9 /range attitudes ( arre/$ motion n unwor?y ( an ,antigone4 ,all 8 figures are dynamic--! /oreh\ses ( volcanic =ces ^: exi/5ce he sugge/s by re/less l9e-conflicts4 ,%un%o's pr$ecessors 9 actor repres5tation _h nev] equall$ ! int5sity ( ^! figures & faces4 ,%un%o te>s ! he>t out ( a rle & holds x up = u to see4 ,he gives ! passion ( ! actor su* expression z w\ld h be5 impossible to ,kiyonobu1 twi/+ ! face into a di/ort$ & gr&iose mask beside :i* ! faces ( ! ,primitives seem wood5 & mean+less4 ,! spectator ^: /hetic s5se embraces only a love ( tranquillity w f9d no beauty 9 ^! di/urb+ faces & =ms--unless p]haps ! beauty ( pure col\r is en\gh to beguile him4 ,x may well d ?is2 few ?+s h p[] to br+ a ri*] s5se ( /hetic satisfaction ?an a succession ( f9e ,%un%os1 9 ea* "o ( :i* a new col\r-arrangem5t unfolds new h>monies4 ,%un%o's "w includes a v great numb] ( actor-pr9ts 9 ! n>r[ upright hoso-ye =m & a few l>ge squ>e pr9ts4 ,he also issu$ a s]ies ( small illu/rations = ! ,ise ,monogat>i1 an old romantic *ronicle :i* furni%$ _m fav\rite subjects to ! arti/s4 ,^! are quiet 9 design & s(t 9 col\r2 to !m ! eye may turn = re/ if we>i$ by ! /ra9+ actors4 ,9 collaboration ) ,%igemasa he produc$ a set ( t5 small pr9ts repres5t+ s]iculture1 :i* h consid]able *>m4 ,9 #aggf ! same pair ( arti/s br\ght out a s]ies ( book-illu/rations call$ ,mirror ( ! ,beauties ( ! ,gre5 ,h\ses1 repres5t+ gr\ps ( c\rtesans occupi$ ) ! v>i\s activities ( daily life--9 ! /reet1 ! h\se1 ! g>d51 & ! temple4 ,?is book has be5 call$ ! mo/ beautiful ev] produc$ 9 ,japan2 :5 "o exam9es its *ief rival1 ,! ,mirror ( ! ,beautiful ,wom5 ( ! ,yo%iw>a1 by ,kitao ,masanobu1 "o ne$ h no hesitancy 9 giv+ ,%un%o's & ,%igemasa's ! fir/ place4 ,?is means1 v probably1 ! fir/ place among ! illu/rat$ books ( ! _w4 ,its pages1 pr9t$ 9 rose1 purple1 br[n1 yell[1 & grey1 are ri* & delicate4 ,%eets f all ^! books are (t5 f\nd m\nt$ z sep>ate pr9ts4 ,%un%o's few kn[n pill>-pr9ts are g5]ally magnific5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%un%o3 ,,! ,,actor ,,nakamura ,,no%io ,,9 ,,female ,r,,le4 ,size #ab #f4 ,sign$ ,%un%o ga4 ,gook9 ,collection4 ,plate #ba4 ,because ( 8 enorm\s productiv5ess1 ,%un%o's "w 9 hoso-ye =m is common1 frequ5tly 9 f9e condition4 ,mo/ ( ! hoso-ye pr9ts 7 orig9ally issu$ 9 jo9$ gr\ps ( ?ree2 ! gr\ps are seldom f\nd intact n[4 ,! grace ( 8 wom5 has made !m m g5]ally popul> ?an 8 impressive m51 & !y are consequ5tly h>d] to obta94 ,x mu/ be not$ t ,%un%o's "w is unev51 & t ! majority ( ! pieces (f]$ are ei!r tame & un9t]e/+ examples ( pot-boil+ or c>icatures t lack ! int5sity :i* lifts c]ta9 ( ! arti/'s mo/ grotesque figures to tragic heights4 ,! mat*less ,%un%o collection ( ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,gook9 is full ( su* pr9ts z r>ely come into ! m>ket to-day4 ,occasionally ! m di/+ui%$ ones are met )2 & !y are treasures :i* ! practis$ collector eag]ly seizes4 ,=tunately pr9t deal]s are n1 z a rule1 consci\s ( ! greatness ( ! diff]5ce1 & !y w frequ5tly (f] side by side a pr9t t is m]ely "o ( ,%un%o's commone/ pieces ( hack-"w & a pr9t t is "o ( ! glories ( ! ,ukioye ,s*ool4 ,on su* occasions ! collector has ! pleasure ( pr(it+ by 8 own discrim9ation4 ,%un%o's l>ge squ>e pr9ts & pill>-pr9ts are ( extreme r>ity4 ,,bun*o4 ,connect$ by association ) ! s*ool ( ,%un%o1 yet lift$ by 8 orig9ality to a place q ap>t f x1 is ! arti/ ,ippitsusai ,bun*o4 ,8 ma/]1 a c]ta9 ,i%ikawa ,kog5 7or ,yukimoto7 ( ! classical ,kano ,s*ool1 seems to h meant little to him2 f ! beg9n+ ( 8 production1 ab\t #agfe1 ,%un%o's & ,h>unobu's influ5ce *iefly guid$ him4 ,he & ,%un%o jo9tly publi%$ 9 #aggj ?ree volumes ( actor-portraits enclos$ 9 fans4 ,little is kn[n ( 8 life except t he 0 orig9ally a ,samurai2 he is said to h turn$ f 8 orig9al ma/] to ! ,ukioye ,s*ool & to h l$ a life ( dissipation until ev5tually 8 fri5ds p]suad$ him to ab&on su* ?+s & procur$ = him ! honor>y title ( ,hokyo4 ,aft] ?is1 we he> no?+ ( him4 ,he di$ 9 #agif4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ippitsusai ,,bun*o4 ,bun*o's "w attracts ! obs]v] ) a *>m diff]5t f t ( any o!r ,ukioye arti/4 ,a curi\s mann]ism 9 8 way ( draw+ faces & a fasc9at+ p]v]se grace 9 ! attitudes ( 8 figures m>k 8 pr9ts4 ,practically all 8 "w is 9 ! hoso-ye =m4 ,8 subjects are *iefly "y male actors 9 ! rles ( wom54 ,h>unobu's influ5ce1 manife/ 9 ,plate #bb1 br\ght him grace b n sweetness4 ,!re is an a/r+5t quality 9 8 "w t prev5ts x f ev] be+ s]5e4 ,8 figures1 ^: l9e-"w is ! apo!osis ( suavity & /udi$ ref9em5t1 are ar*$ into slightly /ra9$ & tortur$ attitudes2 complex =ces seem to dom9ate !m l unse5 w9ds2 consum+ or delicate passions move obscurely ?r\gh _! limbs & faces4 ,_! heads poise at unnatural angles z if consci\sly turn+ _! indiff]5t eyes f ! spectacle ( common ?+s t[>d a secret & hypnotiz+ _w ( _! own4 ,^! ali5 be+s haunt "o2 x seems z if !y _h "s my/]y to reveal1 "s di/urb+ wond] to communicate c\ld "o b make !m speak4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bun*o3 ,,c\rtesan ,,& ,,h] ,,att5dant ,,9 ,,sn[/orm4 ,size #ab #e4 ,sign$ ,ippitsusai ,bun*o ga4 ,mansfield ,collection4 ,plate #bb4 ,"p ( ,bun*o's /rang5ess lies 9 ! fact t he seeks = 8 figures n a human b an ab/ract & geometrical grace4 ,8 fam\s pr9t1 (t5 reproduc$1 ( ! actor ,segawa ,kikunojo z a lady 9 :ite c>ry+ an orange umbrella b5ea? a will[-tree1 is a /udy 9 ! h>monics ( pure l9e2 to ?is end e o!r elem5t ( repres5tation has be5 sacrific$4 ,l9e exi/s "h n m]ely to b\nd a =m b = its own inh]5t beauty4 ,bun*o is ! greate/ ( all ma/]s ( ! geometry ( l9es & spaces2 ^! h1 z he arranges !m1 ! inevitability & cl>ity ( a ma!matical demon/ration4 ,8 use ( col\r is equally notable & /range4 ,by employ+ t9ts t are almo/ discords he produces arre/+ & fasc9at+ effects4 ,8 comb9ations ( orange & slaty grey1 or dull r$ & slaty blue & pale yell[1 or p9k & purple1 h an uncanny vibrancy t makes !m /& out 9 "o's memory4 ,bun*o's /rang5ess has a fur!r aspect4 ,!re is 9 him an intangible spiritual abnormality4 ,i am l$ to localize ?is 9 8 portraits ( ! actor ,segawa ,kikunojo1 & to imag9e a curi\s relation betwe5 ! two4 ,"s ( 8 portraits ( ?is actor are ! fl[] ( 8 "w4 ,9 !m appe>s a passionately r>efi$ beauty2 !y h an unusual pit*1 l ! ov]/ra9$ vibration ( viol9 /r+s /irr$ by "s heavy bl[4 ,segawa ,kikunojo 0 ! =emo/ woman-imp]sonator ( 8 "t4 ,8 grace 9 su* rles is atte/$ by pr9ts f ! h&s ( _m arti/s2 b none rise to ! une>?ly beauty ( ,bun*o's4 ,ev5 if we knew no?+ ( ! life ( ! ,japanese /age at ?is "t1 or ( ! cu/om ( actors l ,segawa ,kikunojo to dress & live l wom5 :5 (f ! /age1 we might /ill be put on inquiry by ! peculi> e!real quality ( "s ( ^! portraits4 ,= art ^: initial impulse lies 9 morbid regions (t5 flies into regions ( ! mo/ disembodi$ spirituality = expression4 ,fl[]s ( ! morass frequ5tly h a pale delicacy t is ali5 to ! fl[]s ( ! field4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ) a confession ( fancifulness t ,i recon/ruct ! foll[+ /ory to acc\nt = ,bun*o4 ,he1 a ,samurai1 0 driv5 by ke5 arti/ic s5sibility to ! /udy ( pa9t+ "u a classical ma/]4 ,f ?is /udio he 0 lur$ by ! glitt] & glam\r ( ,ukioye into ! _w ( pr9ts & actors1 & sank into a sl\gh ( dissipation above :i* gleam$ ! balefully beautiful /> ( ,segawa ,kikunojo4 ,haunt$ by a p]v]se susceptibility1 8 t5se-/rung n]ves vibrat$ at t morbid t\* into notes ( su* disembodi$ sweetness z ! _w has sc>cely kn[n else:]e2 & at la/ he pass$ into retirem5t & dea?1 /ill ! puppet ( a di/urb+ illusion4 ,he 0 an unbalanc$ temp]am5t1 a dream] ( ke5 & att5uat$ beauty t has no?+ 9 common ) ! normal :olesome life ( e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%unyei3 ,,an ,,actor4 ,grey backgr\nd4 ,size #ad #i4 ,sign$ ,%unyei ga4 ,plate #bc4 ,8 pr9ts are exce$+ly r>e2 _m a good collection possesses n a s+le f9e specim5 ( 8 "w4 ,i _h nev] se5 or he>d ( a pill>-pr9t by him until v rec5tly2 b lately an int]e/+ "o has be5 f\nd 9 ,japan4 ,,%unyei4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%unyei4 ,%un%o's vigor\s /yle _h _m foll[]s1 among :om ,%unyei is commonly reg>d$ z ! mo/ important4 ,he 0 born 9 #agfg1 & liv$ until #ahai4 ,8 tea*] ,%un%o's mann] dom9at$ 8 "w f 8 e>lie/ ye>s1 ?\gh "s late %eets exi/ 9 :i* he foll[$ ,kiyonaga4 ,x is believ$ t orig9ally he us$ ! "n ,%unjo2 f9e "w is extant ) t signature4 ,he _h _m pupils1 & 0 himself an able pa9t]2 b 8 ord9>y "w is l>gely d]ivative4 ,at times1 h[ev]1 8 hoso-ye actor-pr9ts a*ieve an effect ( great p[] by ! use ( l>ge masses ( col\r4 ,he _h a c]ta9 %>pness ( obs]vation--a c]ta9 knack ( cat*+ 9 8 portraits ! peculi>ities ( 8 models1 t produces an effect less dignifi$ b m vivid ?an ,%un%o's4 ,a s5se ( hum\r glimm]s ?r\gh 8 r5d]+ ( "s ( ^! ke5ly drawn & intimately *>act]iz$ actor-faces4 ,unmi/akable z may be ! features ( a ,danjuro or a ,han%iro drawn by ,%un%o1 "o nev]!less feels t ! p]sonality ( ! actor has be5 l>gely dom9at$ by ,%un%o's supreme int]e/ 9 ! passion or t]ror ( ! rle2 & ?\gh he pictur$ ! face ( ! actor1 ! _s :i* he s\ght 0 :olly ! _s ( ! "p4 ,%unyei1 on ! o!r h&1 (t5 manag$ to reta9 ! idiosyncrasies ( ! sitt] & 8 peculi> spiritual flav\r2 & ?\gh 8 works are n (t5 z beautiful z ,%un%o's1 !y are frequ5tly m human4 ,on ! :ole1 we may say t ,%un%o creat$ g5]aliz$ types1 ,%unyei reproduc$ obs]v$ individuals4 ,%unyei produc$1 besides ! actors 9 hoso-ye =m by :i* he is be/ kn[n1 a few l>ge heads & full-l5g? portraits ( actors m>k$ by a /r5g? ( draw+ & a bread? ( *>act]ization diff]5t f 8 usual "w4 ,"o ( ^! is reproduc$ 9 ,plate #bc4 ,on a grey backgr\nd1 ?is p[]fully design$ figure /&s out ) gigantic simplicity 9 masses ( dull col\r4 ,! pr9ts ( ?is r>e type are p]haps ,%unyei's be/4 ,beside !m mu/ rank ! l>ge actor-heads1 int]e/+ to ! collector because ( _! relation to ! "w ( ano!r great arti/1 ,%>aku4 ,x is /ill unc]ta9 :e!r ,%>aku or ,%unyei 0 ! inv5tor ( ?is type ( l>ge bu/-portrait4 ,dr4 ,kur? assumes1 = ! great] glory ( ,%>aku1 t he 0 ! precursor2 b ! "q _c be reg>d$ z settl$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%unko3 ,,! ,,actor ,,i%ikawa ,,monnosuke ,,9 ,,"*4 ,size #ac #f4 ,unsign$1 b /amp$ ) ,j> ,seal4 ,plate #bd4 ,,%unko4 ,! equal ( ,%unyei among ,%un%o's o!r pupils is to be f\nd 9 ,katsukawa ,%unko4 ,he 0 ! spiritual image ( 8 ma/]1 except t he _h n 8 ma/]'s full comm& ( t]ror4 ,8 figures1 z 9 ,plate #bd1 poise or sway ) g5tl] emotions2 z a rule1 !y are agreeable r ?an impressive4 ,"o comes to recognize him frequ5tly by ! peculi> suavity ( 8 designs4 ,x is true t he sometimes approa*es v ne> to ,%un%o's p[]2 b ?is is less *>act]i/ic & less int]e/+ ?an 8 quiet] mann]4 ,x is unnecess>y to treat ( him at great l5g?1 = mo/ ( 8 "w is ( a type ^: ma9 qualities h be5 treat$ fully "u ,%un%o4 ,x is n kn[n :5 ,%unko 0 born2 he di$ 9 #ahbg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%unko4 ,x may be not$ t he sometimes seal$ 8 pr9ts in/ead ( sign+ !m1 us+ a j>-%ap$ seal mu* l t :i* ,%un%o _h made fam\s4 ,9 ! ,spauld+ ,collection1 ,bo/on1 is a rem>kable full-size tripty* by ,%unko1 repres5t+ a p>ty ( actors picnick+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! /yle %[s x to be greatly influ5c$ by ,kiyonaga2 & ! :ole composition ( ?is beautiful piece is diff]5t f mo/ ( ,%un%o's "w4 ,,o!r ,,foll[]s ,,( ,,%un%o ,,& ,,8 ,,s*ool4 ,,%unri 0 ano!r pupil ( ,%un%o2 he appe>s to h be5 a compet5t design]1 b no great figure4 ,,%untoku1 ,,%unki1 ,,%unkaku1 ,,%oyu1 ,,%uny51 ,,%unk51 & ,,%unkyoku may be describ$ 9 ! same words4 ,ea* has p]haps produc$ a few beautiful works1 b _! orig9ality is n m>k$4 ,,rantokusai ,,%undo1 a gift$ pupil ( ,%un%o1 has left "w s r>e t "o _c make any v def9ite /atem5t ab\t him4 ,8 few kn[n pr9ts are admirable4 ,"o suspects t ?is signature is m]ely ! e>ly "n ( "s well-kn[n arti/4 ,,%unsei1 ,,%unr91 ,,sobai1 & ,,%unkio are lat] arti/s2 _! importance is small4 ,,%untei1 ow+ p>tly to illness & p>tly to sy/ematic indulg5ce 9 dr9k 7,/range71 & p>tly to complete lack ( natural di/9ction1 produc$ no?+ ( int]e/2 & 8 co>se battle-sc5es may be class$ ) ! crude "w *>act]i/ic ( a lat] p]iod4 ,he work$ *iefly betwe5 #ahjj & #ahbj4 ,,k9*o ,,sekiga is said to h be5 a pupil ( ,bun*o4 ,,%unko ,,ii 0 a pupil ( ,%unyei4 ,8 "n is writt5 9 diff]5t *>act]s f t ( ! fir/ ,%unko4 ,,ki*osai ,,%unko also produc$ actor-pr9ts4 ,,yumi%o 0 a v r>e pupil :o adopt$ ,kiyonaga's /yle 9 l9e-"w4 ,! same may be said ( ,,y5%i1 "s ( ^: "w is v beautiful2 he appe>s to h come mu* "u ! influ5ce ( ,yei%i4 ,sev]al ( 8 tripty*s are f9e4 ,,toyoh>u4 ,utagawa ,toyoh>u is a /rangely equivocal figure 9 pr9t hi/ory2 8 fame is great1 b no surviv+ pr9t ( 81 s f> z ,i h be5 able to asc]ta91 is ( a quality to ju/ify fully 8 reputation4 ,born 9 #agcc1 he /udi$ ) ,%ig5aga & probably ) ,toyonobu1 produc$ a limit$ numb] ( pr9ts 9 ! sixties & sev5ties1 )drew f pr9ts to pa9t+ :5 ,kiyonaga's new /yle grew to spl5d\r1 & di$ 9 #ahad4 ,he is said to h be5 a s5sitive & delicately /rung individual :o %rank f competition & work$ obscurely4 ,8 be/-kn[n "w is a s]ies ( twelve designs = ! v>i\s mon?s done 9 collaboration ) ,%un%o & ,%igemasa2 ea* pr9t is divid$ diagonally into two sc5es--a device ( un=tunate & +5i\s ugl9ess4 ,! figures1 h[ev]1 h a c]ta9 delicate grace4 ,8 pill>-pr9ts1 :i* are r>e1 h consid]able beauty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,utagawa ,,toyoh>u4 ,toyoh>u has be5 call$ a great] arti/ ?an ,%un%o4 ,x may be true1 yet ,i am incl9$ to reg>d ?is view ei!r z ! result ( 8 pa9t+ & n 8 pr9t-design+1 or z "p ( a great ,toyoh>u my?1 = :i* ! lat] success ( 8 pupils is responsible4 ,c]ta9 x is t ( 8 surviv+ pr9ts few are notewor?y1 & t he 0 great] z a pa9t] & tea*] ?an z a pr9t-design]4 ,we %all rememb] him m z ! in/ructor ( ,toyokuni & ,toyohiro & z ! precursor ( ,hiro%ige ?an = any ( 8 own pr9ts t rema9 to u4 ,z a figure-pa9t]1 he is kn[n z ! f\nd] ( ! ,utagawa ,s*ool4 ,z a l&scape-pa9t]1 he made successful use ( ,european p]spective1 :i* he probably le>n$ f ,dut* engrav+s1 & 0 p]haps ! fir/ ,ukioye pr9t-arti/ to return to ! habit ( ! old] s*ools & treat l&scape n z a m]e sett+ b z a ?+ by itself4 ,8 sc5es are too /iff & too cr[d$ ) petty details to lay any real claim to beauty4 ,he us$ z ! dom9ant note 9 _m ( !m ! orange col\r s de> to ,koriusai2 b no pigm5t c well be imag9$ t is less fitt$ = l&scape-r5d]+4 ,yet ! hi/orical importance ( ^! pr9ts is great2 = !y are1 s to speak1 ! gr&p>5ts ( ! m>vell\s l&scapes ( ,hiro%ige4 ,,utagawa ,,toyonobu is believ$ by "s au?orities to h be5 m]ely ,toyoh>u's e>ly "n2 o!rs ?9k him id5tical ) ,i%ikawa ,toyonobu2 & /ill o!rs reg>d him z an indep5d5t arti/ :o 0 a pupil ( ,i%ikawa ,toyonobu1 8 great] namesake4 ,! few pr9ts we h by him--,i "k ( less ?an half a doz5--are n suffici5t to enable "o to =m an op9ion z to ?is4 ,,toyom>u & ,,toyohisa 7 among ,toyoh>u's pupils4 ,,%igemasa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kitao ,,%igemasa4 ,kitao ,%igemasa may be call$ ! great *ameleon ( ! ,ukioye ,s*ool3 a discrim9at+ *ameleon1 :o *ose only ! greate/ arti/s ( ea* decade f :om to take 8 *ang+ hue4 ,z ,m4 ,raymond ,koe*l9 expresses x1 x 0 8 de/9y to reflect 9 8 art ! art ( ! mo/ orig9al ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,born ab\t #agdj1 he liv$ until #ahai4 ,8 tea*] 0 ,%ig5aga2 ?is ma/] di$ n long aft] ,%igemasa comm5c$ "w ) him4 ,?us ,%igemasa began pa9t+ e>ly en\gh to be influ5c$ by ! la/ ( ! ,primitives2 & 8 fir/ pr9ts1 dat+ f ab\t #agfd1 are graceful ?ree-col\r r5d]+s ( actor-!mes 9 ! mann] ( ,kiyomitsu1 & m brutal ones 9 ! mann] ( ,kiyomasu4 ,) ! rise ( ,h>unobu & ! p]fection ( poly*rome pr9t+1 ,%igemasa turn$ to t /yle2 lat] he foll[$ ,koriusai1 9 ^: mann] he produc$ "s wond]fully beautiful l>ge %eets ( wom5 & "s f9e pill>-pr9ts4 ,/ill lat] he foll[$ ! /yle ( ,%un%o4 ,toge!r ) ?is arti/ he produc$ 9 #aghf a set ( t5 small %eets repres5t+ ! v>i\s /ages ( s]iculture1 9 :i* he surpasses 8 collaborator4 ,! same two arti/s _h e>li] collaborat$1 9 #aggf1 to produce ! fam\s illu/rat$ book ,mirror ( ! ,beauties ( ! ,gre5 ,h\ses4 ,^! illu/rations are n sign$2 b comp>+ !m ) ,%igemasa's portion ( ! s]iculture s]ies1 :i* are sign$ sep>ately by ! two arti/s1 we may well believe t a l>ge "p ( ! peculi> grace ( ! ,gre5 ,h\ses is ,%igemasa's & n ,%un%o's contribution4 ,) ,%un%o & ,toyoh>u1 he collaborat$ 9 a s]ies ( designs = ! twelve mon?s1 ( :i* ,i h already spok5 "u ,toyoh>u4 ,l s _m o!r arti/s ( ?is p]iod1 ,%igemasa gradually )drew f "w 9 ! eighties be=e ! blaze ( ,kiyonaga's glory4 ,kiyonaga himself 0 p]haps influ5c$ by ! old] arti/4 ,%igemasa's draughtsman%ip is ! "o quality t m>ks him ?r\gh all 8 *anges2 f fir/ to la/1 x is sup]b4 ,) a f9e firmness & ease he produces1 z 9 ,plate #ah1 designs 9 :i* re/ra9t comb9es ) great expressiv5ess4 ,8 faces h repose & di/9ction2 8 drap]ies are drawn ) notable simplicity & dignity2 8 cool & quiet col\r is admirable4 ,?r\gh all 8 /yles runs a fa/idi\s delicacy ( feel+1 & :at ,f5ollosa t]ms an ev5 ma/]y4 ,he nev] attempt$ ! impossible or /ra9$ t[>ds ! unatta9able2 all 8 "w has ! /amp ( a calmly work+1 res]v$1 confid5t arti/4 ,! delib]ate1 flawless craftsman%ip ( 8 works places him beside ! greate/4 ,consid]+ ! l5g? ( 8 c>e]1 he produc$ surpris+ly little "w2 important pr9ts by him are n[ r>] ?an ^? ( any o!r arti/ ( ?is p]iod4 ,8 pill>-pr9ts1 :i* are p>ticul>ly f9e1 h be5 = _m ye>s prov]bially few4 ,z a rule only 8 e>li] pr9ts are sign$4 ,8 surimono are1 h[ev]1 g5]ally sign$ ) ! bru%-"n ,kosuisai4 ,%eets f 8 num]\s books are (t5 m\nt$ z sep>ate pr9ts4 ,collectors diff] 9 _! op9ions z to :e!r x is advisable ?us to take to pieces ! %eets ( a b\nd volume1 su* z ! ,gre5 ,h\ses4 ,any su* act1 9 deal+ ) art treasures1 %\ld be approa*$ only aft] c>eful consid]ation2 b x seems 9 ?is case a desirable me?od ( pres]v+ & exhibit+ :at are1 aft] all1 :olly sep>ate pictures4 ,v ,,! ,,?ird ,,p]iod3 ,,kiyonaga ,,& ,,8 ,,foll[]s ,,f ,,! ,,maturity ,,( ,,kiyonaga ,,to ,,8 ,,retirem5t 7#aghj-agij7 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,?ird ,,p]iod3 ,,kiyonaga ,,& ,,8 ,,foll[]s ,,f ,,! ,,maturity ,,( ,,kiyonaga ,,to ,,8 ,,retirem5t 7#aghj-agij74 ,) ! fully develop$ & complex te*nique :i* _h be5 br\ght to p]fection by ! "t ( ,h>unobu's dea?1 ! col\r-pr9t took on a new ri*ness ( expression & rea*$ its culm9ation 9 ! ,?ird ,p]iod4 ,g5]alizations attempt+ to def9e ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! "w ( ?is & ! prec$+ p]iods are p]il\s2 b we %all p]haps n be v5tur+ too dang]\sly if we summ>ize ! *ange ( attitude z a /ep t[>d naturalism comb9$ ) a deep5+ ( ideal significance4 ,9 ! p]iod ( ! ,primitives ! arti/ic impulse 0 almo/ :olly "o ( decoration--an attempt to express 9 l9e & col\r ! great !mes ( design t /irr$ )9 ! bra9 ( ! arti/4 ,! ,primitives 7 inspir$ by :at ,von ,seidlitz calls ! desire ( pres5t+ s+le *>act]i/ic motives ( movem5t4 ,_! creations _h no relation to obs]v$ fact or to an exact r5d]+ ( ,nature2 !y 7 ! %ad[s ( l(ty dreams ( =m project$ by ! lum9\s _s ( ! arti/ aga9/ ! wall ( space4 ,! designs ( ! ,second ,p]iod1 ?\gh h>dly m reali/ic ?an ^? ( ! ,fir/1 7 nev]!less ne>] life4 ,! delights & passions ( real m51 ev5 ?\gh fancifully reg>d$1 col\r$ ! conception ( ! arti/ z he approa*$ 8 "w2 s t we f9d 9 ,h>unobu ! exquisite joys1 9 ,%un%o ! t]rific revolts1 & 9 ,bun*o ! sup]-s5sible long+s ( ! he>t4 ,yet x is all symboli/ic1 all fictional1 & no?+ real is portray$2 ! %>ply limit$ _w ( ^! pr9ts is a _w ( imag9ation f :i* no pa?s ( communication op5 to regions ( ev]yday4 ,! p]ception ( ^! arti/s did n ent] into & int]pret ! se5 e>?2 absorb$ 9 ! creation ( a p]sonal dream1 x impos$ its arbitr>y categories ^u objects f )\t1 & _h little respect = _! intr9sic beauty4 ,) magic incantations1 ! design] %att]$ ! =ms ( ! real _w to bits & :imsically rem\ld$ !m ne>] to ! he>t's desire4 ,?is attitude--a mixture ( adolesc5ce1 playfulness1 & vision--may be describ$ by ! phrase navely imag9ative4 ,! decorative impulse ( ! ,primitives & ! navely imag9ative impulse ( ! ,e>ly ,poly*rome ma/]s *ang$ 9 ! ,?ird ,p]iod to a diff]5t v>iety ( inspiration--! naturali/ic & int]pretive4 ,by naturali/ic & int]pretive1 ,i mean ! attempt to seize a numb] ( deta*$ elem5ts ( obs]v$ life & weave !m into a design t reports n only ! idiosyncrasies ( ! arti/1 b also "s s5se ( ! deep nature ( ! elem5ts !mselves4 ,! arti/s ( ?is p]iod1 :ile ma/]+ ! decorative impulse ( ! ,primitives & ! imag9ative fre$om ( ! ,e>ly ,poly*rome ma/]s1 f\nd reality m int]e/+ & m wor?y ( fai?ful att5tion ?an did _! pr$ecessors4 ,bun*o flew (f at a tang5t to life on ! w+s ( geometrical design1 b ,%un*o l+]s obs]vant among beautiful wom5 9 quiet g>d5s3 ,h>unobu ab&on$ ! real _w = 8 h>moni\s dreams ( col\r1 b ,kiyonaga weaves into h>monies ! p]fect =ms :i* 8 creative imag9ation evokes f ! imp]fect =ms ( actual m54 ,! e>li] arti/s _h h9t$ at l&scape backgr\nds2 ?is p]iod 0 ! fir/ to g f>!r & relate ! l&scape pictorially & spacially to ! figures4 ,! _w ( ^! designs is no long] ! _w ( a lovely b private dream2 we seem to ent] a region z wide & free z life itself1 inhabit$ by gr\ps ( sup]b & graci\s figures t are z un=gettable z ! ,greek gods4 ,?is p]iod may be reg>d$ z "o ( ^? few mom5ts ( equilibrium 9 ! hi/ory ( art :5 ! spiritual dom9ance ( ! arti/ & ! claims ( real fact meet 9 a p]fect balance4 ,t[>d "o extreme lies fancifulness2 t[>d ! o!r extreme1 realism2 & 9 ! c5tre1 ?is n>r[ isle ( quiet :]e ! two =ces jo9 9 h>mony4 ,s9ce man lives nei!r by bread alone nor by dreams alone1 ! mom5ts :5 he reconciles ! claims ( 8 visions ) ! facts he mu/ face are ! high peaks 9 8 hi/ory4 ,m9d & matt]1 hope & exp]i5ce1 long+ & limitation1 = an in/ant comb9e 9 a reconciliation t int]prets & ennobles 8 environm5t4 ,?is is art's maturity1 its f9e & p]fect fl[]4 ,all ^! ?+s are implicit 9 ! pr9ts ( ,kiyonaga prime4 ,he :o c take pleasure 9 ! ,h]mes ( ,praxiteles or ! ,fte ,*amptre ( ,giorgione w n f9d ! mean+ ( ,kiyonaga's noble figures h>d to read4 ,9 exam9+ ! "w ( ,kiyonaga & 8 contempor>ies1 x w be impossible to ignore ! fact t dur+ ?is & ! succe$+ p]iod ! =emo/ arti/s f\nd ! *ief !mes = _! designs among ! ,oiran1 or c\rtesans ( ! ,yo%iw>a4 ,nor c we omit "s consid]ation ( ! curi\s position ( ^! wom54 ,su* an inquiry has n ! unpleasant features t a simil> inquiry w\ld h 7 ! sc5e ,europe4 ,9 ! ,japan ( ! late eighte5? c5tury ! typical ,oiran 0 no creature ( ! mire1 b a cultivat$ & spl5did figure ^: m5tal *>m 0 z great z h] physical attractiv5ess4 ,! poet & ! pa9t]1 ! /ud5t & ! "y ari/ocrat1 f\nd 9 h] no unwor?y companion2 & z %e /rides gl[+ ?r\gh ! designs ( ,kiyonaga or ,%un*o %e seems r a belov$ ( ! gods ?an a mi/ress ( m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,kiyonaga3 ,,! ,,c\rtesan ,,hana-,,ji ,,) ,,att5dants4 ,"o ( a ,s]ies ,designs ( ,spr+ ,gre5]y4 ,size #ae #aj4 ,sign$ ,kiyonaga ga4 ,plate #be4 ,! ,yo%iw>a or lic5s$ qu>t] ( ,y$o 0 e/abli%$ 9 #afad z "p ( ! g5]al ,tokugawa regime ( ord]l9ess & control3 ev5 by t date ! au?orities _h tir$ ( ! cruel & ugly *aos t prevails 9 ^! matt]s to-day 9 our cities4 ,! "n ( ! qu>t] 0 d]iv$ f ! fact t x 0 locat$ 9 ! mid/ ( an anci5t yo%iw>a or ru%-moor4 ,9 #afeg1 aft] a fire t demoli%$ all ! build+s1 ! qu>t] 0 mov$ to a site half a mile nor? ( ! great ,asakusa temple 9 ! nor?-ea/ outskirts ( ! city1 :]e x rema9s to ?is day4 ,)9 ?is moat$ & wall$ enclosure ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile squ>e1 to :i* access 0 obta9$ ?r\gh "o great gate1 /ood ord]ly r[s ( l>ge h\ses cr[d$ close toge!r4 ,! front ( ea* h\se 0 lattic$2 beh9d ! b>s appe>$ ! spl5didly clad inmates4 ,^! 7 ( _m grades & ranks2 x is1 z a rule1 ! highe/ class only t are repres5t$ 9 ! pr9ts4 ,! high-class ,oiran 0 a notable p]sonage4 ,h] /ate 0 l t ( a pr9cess4 ,att5dant ^u h] 7 cu/om>ily two small girls1 call$ ,kamuro1 :o act$ z lady's-maids2 & "o or two old] girls1 call$ ,%9zo1 ^: duties 7 ^? ( a k9d ( maid-(-hon\r4 ,h] attire1 ( a gorge\sness :olly diff]5t f ! co/ume ( ! ord9>y woman1 b$ecks h] 9 _m ( ! pr9ts ) truly royal spl5d\r4 ,poets sang ( h]2 arti/s pa9t$ h]2 ! common p talk$ ( h] ) ! same frank & admir+ int]e/ t our populace be/[s ^u !atrical fav\rites4 ,moralless ?\gh h] life 01 x 0 n 9 any ext]nal s5se degrad$2 %e /ood 9 ! position 9 :i* h /ood all ! great c\rtesans ( hi/ory4 ,! names ( ! m fam\s among ! ,oiran h come d[n to u wrapp$ 9 gl[+ tradition4 ,hana-gi ( ! ,h\se ( gi-ya1 ! mo/ beautiful & deeply lov$ c\rtesan ( h] "t1 moves immortal ?r\gh ! designs ( ,kiyonaga1 ,%un*o1 ,yei%i1 ,utam>o1 & _! contempor>ies4 ,%e 0 a pupil ( ! poet ,tk ,g5r91 & rank$ z a di/+ui%$ arti/ 9 bo? ,*9ese & ,japanese v]se4 ,at "o "t1 obey+ ! dictates ( a pr(\nd atta*m5t1 %e d>$ all p]ils & fl$ f ! ,yo%iw>a ) h] lov]4 ,^! facts1 toge!r ) ! filial piety = :i* %e 0 r5[n$1 d\btless augm5t$ h] romantic fame4 ,( h] beauty & lordly c>riage ! pr9ts leave u no d\bt4 ,aga9 & aga9 we f9d lavi%$ ^u h] well-belov$ figure all ! res\rces ( ! greate/ arti/s4 ,9 ,plate #be %e is ! lead+ figure1 ) h] att5dants gr\p$ ar\nd h]2 9 ,plate #cb %e /&s beside a lattic$ w9d[ op5+ on to ! ,sumida ,riv]1 alone & m$itative4 ,x is necess>y = any "o :o w\ld und]/& ! art ( ! p]iod to put aside preconceiv$ notions & realize t ^! c\rtesan-portraits are n repres5tations ( l[ gutt] creatures1 b t !y portray wom5 ( ! highe/ degree ( intellectual ref9em5t :o 7 9 real life mu* l ! cultivat$ hetair ( anci5t ,a!ns1 ! companions1 fri5ds1 & belov$s ( ,p]icles & ,plato4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kiyonaga3 ,,lady ,,) ,,two ,,att5dants4 ,"o ( a ,s]ies ,brocades ( ! ,ea/4 ,size #ae #aj4 ,sign$ ,kiyonaga ga4 ,gook9 ,collection4 ,plate #bf4 ,& z "o exam9es ! few records :i* ,japanese writ]s h giv5 to ! ,we/]n _w1 ! conviction gr[s ev] /rong] t at ?is "t1 :5 ! free & romantic love ( m5 & wom5 0 a ?+ ali5 to ! bus9esslike ,japanese m>riage sy/em1 ! "o region :]e love z we und]/& x might fl\ri%--! "o region :]e might arise ^? desp]ate atta*m5ts ( he>t = he>t :i* we reg>d z h]oic--0 ! isolat$ enclosure ( ! ,yo%iw>a4 ,!re no %rewd p>5ts arrang$ ! unwill+1 bl9d mat*2 !re ! hamp]$ spirits ( t day f\nd fre$om1 h[ev] p]il\s2 & !re alone m5 & wom51 ?\gh surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e ( sordid corruption1 fac$ dea? z did ! ,tri/ram & ,iseult ( our leg5ds1 9 ! s]vice ( a passion m preci\s ?an life itself4444 ,= ! ,oiran c\ld turn lov]4 ,,kiyonaga4 ,fe/ival ,sc5e4 ,:at gods are ^!1 reborn f graci\s days ,to fill our g>d5s ) div9] m\ld ,?an !re9 dwell+8 ,:at bright race ( old ,revisits "h "o h\r our mortal ways8 ,s]5e1 dispassionate1 ) lordly gaze ,!y move ?r\gh ?is cle> aft]noon ( gold1 ,equal to life & all its deeps may hold1 ,calm1 spaci\s ma/]s ( ! glimm]+ maze4 ,:at gods are ^!8 or godlike m58 :om e>? ,suffices1 9 a wisdom j & high ,t n rep9es ! b\nd>ies ( its bir? ,b fills its de/9$ measure utt]ly-- ,f9d+ 9 mortal sweetness p]fect wor?1 ,n yet gr[n homesick = ! wa/es ( sky4 ,! read] w p]haps h not$ h[ _m arti/s ( ! prec$+ p]iod )drew t[>d ! close ( _! c>e]s f ! field to :i* a new conqu]or _h come4 ,?is univ]sal victor 0 ,kiyonaga4 ,no o!r ,ukioye arti/ ev] s dom9at$ 8 p]iod4 ,all e>li] pr9t-design]s 7 gradually driv5 into retirem5t by 8 colossal success1 & ! majority ( 8 contempor>ies adopt$ 8 /yle4 ,9 him all previ\sly develop$ res\rces met2 aft] him began t long decl9e :i* l$ ?r\gh int]m$iate /ages ( su* haunt+ly lovely decad5ce to ! f9al dea? ( ! art4 ,! ,torii ,s*ool n[ awoke f its quiesc5ce1 & = ! second & f9al "t assum$ ! dom9ance x _h 9 ! days ( ,kiyonobu4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kiyonaga4 ,little is kn[n ( ,kiyonaga's life4 ,born 9 #agdb1 he work$ z a "y man = a booksell] 9 ,y$o4 ,he /udi$ pa9t+ "u ,kiyomitsu1 became ! f\r? head ( ! ,torii ,s*ool1 produc$ ! mo/ important portion ( 8 "w betwe5 #aggg & #agij1 & n long aft] #agij retir$ f any l>ge am\nt ( fur!r pr9t-design+4 ,8 dea? occurr$ 9 #ahae4 ,?\gh ,kiyonaga 0 a pupil ( ,kiyomitsu1 little ( t arti/'s influ5ce is visible 9 8 "w4 ,x is true t 8 e>lie/ %eets1 actors 9 hoso-ye =m1 are precisely l ,kiyomitsu's2 b he appe>s to h ab&on$ ?is /yle v quickly1 & mo/ ( 8 e>ly actor-pr9ts resemble ,%un%o's m ?an 8 ma/]'s4 ,9 c]ta9 ( 8 e>ly works ,h>unobu's influ5ce is evid5t2 & ! long-dead ,moronobu's mann] ( l9e-"w sometimes appe>s4 ,f ,masanobu he p]haps inh]it$ ! gr& c>riage ( 8 wom54 ,lat]1 ,%igemasa's /yle influ5c$ him1 & ,koriusai _h a m>k$ effect ^u 8 developm5t4 ,he absorb$ inspiration f all ^! arti/s1 ga!r+ to himself ! be/ 9 ! h]itage ( ! pa/1 & !n /ruck out ) a boldness t is nev] biz>re1 an orig9ality t is nev] affect$1 into 8 own natural & ma/]ful mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kiyonaga3 ,,! ,,c\rtesan ,,%izuka ,,) ,,att5dants ,,9 ,,! ,,peony ,,g>d5 ,,at ,,asakusa4 ,left-h& %eet ( a tripty*4 ,size #ae #aj4 ,sign$ ,kiyonaga ga4 ,plate #bg4 ,by ab\t #aggg he _h develop$ 8 di/9ctive /yle4 ,its mo/ obvi\s *>act]i/ic lies 9 ! new quality ( ! figures he depicts4 ,8 types p]haps grew out ( ^? ( ,koriusai2 b he comb9$ ) ,koriusai's ri*ness a monum5tal quality to f9d ! equal ( :i* we mu/ g back to ! ,primitives4 ,x is 8 union ( ! pre-,h>unobu dignity ) ! ,h>unobu grace & col\r1 9 a sup]b & easy syn!sis ( 8 own--a truly gr& /yle--t has made him by common cons5t ! =emo/ ,ukioye arti/4 ,! type ( figure :i* ,kiyonaga creat$ is expressive ( a m /able equilibrium ( spiritual =ces ?an any se5 be=e4 ,x embodies a normality ( attitude *>act]i/ic ( ! great culm9at+ p]iods ( art4 ,! primitive arti/ expresses himself 9 figures ^: mann]isms & con/ra9t sugge/ ! limitations ( 8 te*nique2 ! decad5t arti/1 z we %all see lat]1 p\rs 8 visions into figures ( a sl5d] lang\r & relaxation t p>allel 8 own we>9ess & satiety2 b ! arti/ ( ! prime draws l>ge-limb$1 :olesome1 magnific5tly normal figures z ! symbols ( 8 magnific5tly normal m9d4 ,^! figures ( ,kiyonaga's mature p]iod are un=gettable creations4 ,tall & /rong1 mov+ ) ! unconsci\s & /ately grace ( sup]b animals1 !y c>ry ! sugge/ion ( a spiritual /ructure ev5 m glori\s ?an ! /ructure ( _! bodies2 & "o looks ^u !m ) a s5tim5t n unlike awe1 z ^u pr9cesses ( "s l& ( ! gods4 ,kiyonaga's p]fect draw+1 op]at+ ?r\gh a naturali/ic yet highly imag9ative conv5tion1 ennobles ! =ms he portrays z did ! conv5tion ( ! ,greek sculptors2 & he comes ne>] to ! ,greek s5tim5t t[>d ! nude ?an does any o!r ,japanese arti/ except ,toyonobu4 ,8 nudes !mselves are n :at ,i n[ ref] to1 b r to t s5se ( bodily pres5ce1 t consci\sness ( ! limbs b5ea? ! drap]ies1 :i*1 z 9 ,plate #bh1 "o f9ds recurr5tly 9 8 pictures4 ,he keeps 8 drap]ies simple1 d5y+ himself ! gorge\s brocades ( birds & fl[]s :i* ,koriusai us$ s ri*ly4 ,! g>m5ts he draws are beautiful2 b he does n lose 9 _! ornam5tation ! l9es ( ! spl5didly proportion$ body b5ea?2 muscles contract & limbs move "u ! f9e folds2 & our s5se ( ! textiles is dom9at$ by our s5se ( ! organism )94 ,! movem5ts1 ge/ures1 & attitudes ( ^! figures are tranquil & /rong2 _! =ms are nev] melt+ or s$uctive1 b always t\*$ ) a f9e rig\r4 ,9 "o notable dipty*1 :]e a gr\p ( wom5 & a seat$ man are ga!r$ on ! t]race ( a tea-h\se ov]look+ ! sea%ore1 vig\r ( spiritual sanity & ref9em5t ( pictorial composition t\* ! highe/ po9t rea*$ 9 ! :ole c\rse ( ! art4 ,! h>monies ( ?is p>ticul> design1 ,! ,t]race by ! ,sea1 embody ! be/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic p[]s ( ,kiyonaga4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kiyonaga3 ,,two ,,wom5 ,,& ,a ,,tea-,,h\se ,,waitress ,,beside ,,! ,,sumida ,,riv]4 ,"o %eet ( a tripty*4 ,size #ae #aj4 ,sign$ ,kiyonaga ga4 ,gook9 ,collection4 ,plate #bh4 ,we h nev] se5 9 bodily pres5ce su* p z ,kiyonaga's4 ,yet1 z ,turn] is report$ to h said ( 8 sunset1 don't y wi% y _h8 ,^! figures are s]5e1 sup]natural1 ,olympian2 fictional1 j z ,h>unobu's are b diff]+ f 8 9 t !y int]pret possible developm5t & portray ! human ideal1 & d n lie ap>t f reality 9 a region ( private vision4 ,kiyonaga saw1 z ! greate/ arti/s ( mature epo*s h always se51 t ! fictions ( p]sonal fancy are n s int]e/+ or s beautiful z imag9ative r5d]+s ( reality4 ,9 s f> z he respect$ reality he 0 a reali/4 ,yet he 0 nev] ! dupe ( t realism :i* attempts to report photographically4 ,9 8 r5d]+s fact took a h>moni\s place alongside ( ^? idealizations :i* 7 p]sonal to him4 ,kiyonaga saw ,nature ) cle> eyes1 & on ! solid f\ndation ( obs]v$ fact he re>$ ! noble /ructure ( 8 vision ( life--a vision 9 :i* ! _w is peopl$ by a race su* z ! human race ought to be4 ,?is 0 ,kiyonaga's prim>y contribution to ,ukioye art4 ,consequ5t ^u x he introduc$ c]ta9 important innovations4 ,we h se5 h[ ,h>unobu1 dream+ 9 col\r & pu%+ to ! f>!/ limits ! ref9em5ts ( te*nique 9 col\r-pr9t+1 produc$ m9iature jewell$ improvisations t h nev] be5 equall$4 ,h>unobu cu/om>ily elaborat$ e portion ( 8 %eet ) ^! inlay+s ( beautiful tones1 enri*+ 8 figures ) gauffrage & t9t+ 8 backgr\nds ( sky & wat]4 ,he resembl$ a work] 9 enamels :o mu/ cov] e in* ( 8 surface ) lum9\s hues4 ,b j z ,h>unobu t[>d ! end ( 8 life felt ^! effects to be only p>tially adequate1 & turn$ to ! l>g] _w ( pill>-pr9ts--s f ! beg9n+ ,kiyonaga f\nd ?is jewell$ delicacy to be incompatible ) ! scope t 0 ! ne$ ( 8 specific g5ius4 ,he disc>d$ all ^? lovely tricks ( ! engrav] & ! pr9t] :i* _h be5 almo/ an end 9 !mselves to ,h>unobu4 ,he ab/a9$ f giv+ to 8 backgr\nds ,h>unobu's exquisite neutral tones1 feel+ t !y c\ld only suff] by ! addition ( t9t4 ,he 0 no col\r-dream]1 b a great h>moni/ ( l9es & spaces2 & ! l(ty skies & wide horizons t create di/ance beh9d 8 figures atte/ 8 wisdom4 ,simil>ly he 0 unable to cont5t himself ) ! flawless grace ( l9e t ,h>unobu & ,bun*o _h ma/]$4 ,ei!r f ! p[]ful & massive bru%-/rokes ( ,moronobu or f ! ev5 m expressive bru%work ( ,%igemasa1 he d]iv$ a /yle t is "o ( 8 *ief glories4 ,no use ( l9e 0 ev] m virile ?an 84 ,! bru% seems to vibrate 9 8 h&2 ! /rokes are in/9ct ) life along e fraction ( _! l5g?2 ! l9e n>r[s1 wid5s1 swirls1 breaks1 & fl[s 9 p]fect response to ! w ( ! m9d beh9d x4 ,s individual is ,kiyonaga's t\* t x w\ld be possible = an exp]t to attribute to him a pr9t ( :i* only "o squ>e in* surviv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kiyonaga3 ,,yo%itsune ,,s]5ad+ ,,! ,,lady ,,jorurihime4 ,a tripty*4 ,ea* %eet size #ae #aj4 ,sign$ ,kiyonaga ga4 ,spauld+ ,collection4 ,plate #bi4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,kiyonaga's /yle t he did n conf9e himself to ! small squ>e %eets us$ by ,h>unobu & ! small oblong hoso-ye us$ by ,%un%o4 ,8 mo/ important "w is 9 ! =m ( ! l>ge full-size %eets :i* he adopt$ f ,koriusai4 ,9 ^! he rose to a height unp>allel$ 9 ,ukioye2 & ,m4 ,koe*l9 is q "r 9 e/eem+ ,kiyonaga's s5se ( elaborate composition1 "h s impressively display$1 z 8 *ief gr&eur4 ,9 ! s]ies ( l>ge %eets )\t backgr\nds1 ,designs ( ,spr+ ,gre5]y1 "o ( :i* is reproduc$ 9 ,plate #be--,kiyonaga produc$ "w n v diff]5t f t ( 8 collaborator ,koriusai4 ,only 9 c]ta9 %eets is !re a h>moni\s grasp ( ! full possibilities ( pictorial composition4 ,b proce$+ to o!r s]ies1 ! gap wid5s4 ,9 ! s]ies ,pres5t ,day ,beauties ( ! ,yo%iw>a1 he advanc$ to 8 own unique field4 ,possibly he t\*$ ! supreme height 9 ! great gr\p ,brocades ( ! ,cu/oms ( ! ,ea/1 :i* includes su* well-kn[n pr9ts z ! two saltwat] c>ri]s on ! sea%ore1 ! ?ree s+]s at ! ba?1 ! two ladies conv]s+ ) a fl[]-v5dor1 & ! pr9t reproduc$ 9 ,plate #bf4 ,f ^! pr9ts ,kiyonaga proce$$ to /ill fur!r comb9ations1 devis+ compositions 9 :i* two1 ?ree1 or ev5 five %eets unite into "o wide design4 ,= ! tripty* we h ,kiyonaga to ?ank4 ,! tripty* 0 n1 x is true1 lit]ally ,kiyonaga's inv5tion2 _m arti/s 9 ! ,fir/ & ,second ,p]iods _h produc$ hoso-ye %eets 9 sets ( ?ree t c\ld be jo9$ toge!r to =m "o picture4 ,9 fact1 ea* set ( ?ree 0 orig9ally "o %eet pr9t$ f "o set ( blocks2 & x 0 conv5i5ce & economy r ?an ! idea ( produc+ any real ?ree-piece composition t l$ to ! production ( ^! sets4 ,! pr9ts 7 almo/ always conceiv$ z sep>ate pictures2 !y seldom ga9 by juxtaposition1 & frequ5tly suff] by x4 ,f> o!r 0 ! impulse t l$ ,kiyonaga to 8 dipty* & tripty* compositions4 ,! great tripty* ( ! ,disemb>km5t1 ! dipty* ( ! ,night ,exp$ition1 ! ,s]5ade tripty* reproduc$ 9 ,plate #bi1 & ! :ole s]ies ( dipty*s call$ ,twelve ,mon?s ( ! ,s\?1 to :i* belongs ! m>vell\s ,t]race by ! ,sea1 are all dom9at$ by an indig5\s rhy?m ( l9e & col\r4 ,^! designs h n ,%un%o's />tl+ =ce1 nor ,h>unobu's m9utely detail$ grace1 nor ,koriusai's ri*ness2 all ^! elem5ts ,kiyonaga sacrifices = a broad] sweep & a m unifi$ pictorial quality4 ,8 designs co-ord9ate ! elem5ts ( l9e1 col\r1 figures1 & l&scape into total impressions ( su* l>ge h>mony z we h n se5 be=e & %all h>dly see aga94 ,to ov]-e/imate ! g5ius t produc$ ! gr\p+ ( 8 be/ "w is impossible2 to realize x fully requires c>eful analysis1 s unobtrusive & inevitable are its effects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kiyonaga3 ,,gei%a ,,) ,,s]vant ,,c>ry+ ,,lute-,,box4 ,size #bg #d4 ,sign$ ,kiyonaga ga4 ,,kiyonaga3 ,,woman ,,pa9t+ ,,h] ,,eyebr[s4 ,size #bg #f4 ,sign$ ,kiyonaga ga4 ,plate #cj4 ,kiyonaga's greate/ works are ^! tripty*s & dipty*s 9 :i* he depicts ! holiday life ( 8 ,olympian figures4 ,ev5 s+le %eets f !m are treasures2 = ?\gh !y comb9e into /ill great] compositions1 ea* "o1 z we may see 9 ,plate #bg1 or 9 any "o ( ! %eets ( ,plate #bi1 is a p]fect unit t c /& alone4 ,8 pill>-pr9ts1 ( :i* two appe> 9 ,plate #cj1 are rank$ among ! =emo/ works 9 ?is =m4 ,ev5tually ,kiyonaga's f9e/ mann] pass$4 ,?\gh ! vig\r ( 8 bru%-/rokes rema9$1 8 figures began to take on an exagg]at$ l5g? & slimness *>act]i/ic ( ! com+ decad5ce4 ,!re=e 8 retirem5t f pr9t-design+1 a little aft] #agij1 0 n1 z 9 ! case ( ,h>unobu's untimely dea?1 an irrep>able loss4 ,8 greate/ "w 0 f9i%$4 ,:y he retir$ is n kn[n2 ! v>i\s speculations on ! subject are n v enlight5+4 ,?\gh ! f9e/ ,kiyonaga pr9ts r>ely come into ! m>ket n[adays1 ! less important examples ( 8 "w are by no means impossible to obta94 ,8 small] pr9ts1 & 8 pill>-pr9ts 9 p>ticul>1 are among ! mo/ attractive acquisitions rema9+ = ! collector4 ,! l>ge s+le %eets1 if f9e impressions & 9 f9e condition1 are among ! =emo/ ( ! collector's treasures4 ,! great tripty*s are almo/ unprocurable1 except 9 poor condition4 ,! collector mu/ pati5tly await 8 opportunity4 ,!re is probably n a s+le ,kiyonaga obta9able any:]e to-day t is ( ! quality ( t unique gr\p ( m>vell\sly pr9t$ ma/]pieces :i* once belong$ to ,f5ollosa1 & :i* is n[ "o ( ! glories ( ! ,spauld+ ,collection 9 ,bo/on4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,mansfield ,collection 9 ,new ,york & ! ,buck+ham ,collection 9 ,*icago conta9 ,kiyonagas :i* are ! result ( long ye>s ( se>* & :i* c\ld n be duplicat$ 9 all ! m>kets ( ! _w comb9$4 ,,pupils ,,( ,,kiyonaga4 ,,torii ,,kiyomasa 0 ! son ( ,kiyonaga4 ,8 "w1 produc$ betwe5 #ahaj & #ahbe1 is )\t special di/9ction4 ,among ! m9or pupils may be nam$ ,kiyotsugi1 ,kiyohisa1 ,kiyokatsu1 ,kiyotei1 ,kiyotoki1 ,kiyoyuki1 ,kiyohide ,,ii1 ,kiyotsune ,,ii4 ,e arti/ ( ! day 0 influ5c$ by ,kiyonaga2 among ^? difficult to classify o!rwise may be nam$ ! foll[+ m53-- ,,san*1 :o work$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #aghj1 produc$ pr9ts some:at 9 ! mann] ( ,%un*o4 ,delicacy r ?an /r5g? di/+ui%$ him 9 ! few examples ( 8 "w ,i h se54 ,,h>umitsu is an arti/ ^: "w is kn[n to me only by "o pill>-pr9t 9 my collection4 ,f5ollosa1 :o once own$ ! pr9t1 not$ on ! m>g9 ( x3 ,a r>e man4 ,"n may be also read ,%unk1 b n ! same z ! pupil ( ,%un%o4 ,a foll[] ( ,kiyonaga4 ,& ?is is all ! in=mation ,i h be5 able to obta9 ab\t him4 ,x is possible t he is ! same z ,%unko ,,ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%un*o3 ,,gr\p ,,at ,a ,,temple ,,gate4 ,a dipty*4 ,ea* %eet size #ae #aj4 ,sign$ ,%un*o ga4 ,mansfield ,collection4 ,plate #ca4 ,,%un*o4 ,y\r lovely ladies %all n fade ,?\gh ,y$o's moat$ walls be laid ,level ) du/1 & night-owls brood ,ov] ! city's solitude4 ,f> be ! com+ ( t day6 ,yet t x comes n1 :o %all say8 ,:o kn[s h[ long ! halls %all /& ,( y\r once-gold5 wond]l&8 ,p]haps %all ,nikko crumble d[n1 ,its c>v+s worn1 its gl[ turn$ br[n ,?r\gh _m w9t]s4 ,on t hill ,:]e great ,ieyasu's braz5 w ,9 braz5 tomb n[ takes its re/1 ,p]haps ! eagle's "y %all ne/4 ,kyoto's g>d5s _c la/4 ,at ,kamakura1 :]e ! va/ ,=m ( ! ,buddha fronts ! sea1 ,a wa/e ( waves may som$ay be4444 ,ah1 /ale & flat ! w>n+ bell ,^: melan*oly acc5ts tell ,imp]man5ce to he>ts t guess ,"t's undiscov]$ lovel9ess4 ,a fair] ,y$o %all arise2 ,a ri*] ,nikko praise ! skies2 ,ieyasus mighti] ?an ( old ,%all ca/ ! _w 9 wis] m\ld2 ,fre% g>d5s %all be spread2 new fai? ,%all spr+ :5 ,buddha is a wrai?-- ,& m puissant h&s ?an y\rs ,%all pa9t anew life's anci5t lures4 ,yet :5 he comes :o %all surpass ,y\r beauty t s mat*less 01 ,a joy %all light him ?r\gh y\r eyes1 ,a flame %all f y\r emb]s rise1 ,y\r g5tle art %all make him wise ,9 ma/]y ( melodies4 ,& ?\gh y\r wrea? 9 du/ be laid1 ,y\r lovely ladies %all n fade6 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! life or p]sonality ( ,katsukawa ,%un*o4 ,8 "n & c]ta9 peculi>ities ( 8 draw+ indicate unmi/akably t he began 8 c>e] z a pupil ( ,%un%o2 b he soon fell "u ! influ5ce ( ,kiyonaga & became t arti/'s mo/ notable foll[]4 ,8 ma9 "w lies betwe5 ! ye>s #agge & #ahjj2 x is ?\ght t he /opp$ design+ pr9ts be=e ! latt] ye>1 ?\gh he is said to h liv$ until aft] #ahba4 ,8 designs1 "o ( :i* appe>s 9 ,plate #ca1 comprise *iefly figures ( wom51 drawn ) extraord9>y grace ( l9e & s(tness ( col\r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%un*o4 ,except 9 a few e>ly actor-pr9ts1 ,%un*o _h only "o mann]--t :i* we h come to call ! middle ,kiyonaga /yle4 ,x 0 e>ly 9 8 c>e] t he ?rew (f ! h>% dom9ance ( ,%un%o4 ,m4 ,raymond ,koe*l9 po9ts out t _h he rema9$ "u t influ5ce he w\ld )\t d\bt h be5 lo/ 9 ! banal horde ( design]s ( actor-pr9ts :o spiritlessly foll[$ t great arti/4 ,= !re 0 no?+ 9 common betwe5 ! rugg$ ma/]ful g5ius ( ,%un%o & ! lum9\s grace ( 8 pupil4 ,kiyonaga's /yle1 h[ev]1 ,%un*o c\ld adopt & utilize to express 8 own peculi> & mild s5se ( beauty1 ) a p]fection t makes him /& out unique among ,kiyonaga's disciples4 ,o!r pupils ( ,kiyonaga foll[$ ! ma/] = a long] or %ort] :ile2 b all ! o!rs soon] or lat] develop$ /yles ( _! own or copi$ ! /yles ( o!r lead]s--(t5 ecc5tric & decad5t lead]s1 f> inf]ior to him :om !y _h ab&on$4 ,b ,%un*o1 hav+ adopt$ ! ,kiyonaga mann] at its noble/1 :5 ! proportions 9 ! draw+ ( ! figure 7 mo/ natural & dignifi$1 nev] dep>t$ f x except to make x slightly less naturali/ic1 9 accordance ) :at he _h le>n$ f 8 fir/ ma/] ,%un%o4 ,t ?is 0 s manife/s ,%un*o's purity ( feel+1 & also reveals 8 /range lack ( desire to exp]im5t 9 new mann]s4 ,no arti/ s great z ,%un*o has ev] be5 s little end[$ ) initiative & inv5tion4 ,i fancy t he m>ks ! po9t 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,ukioye ,s*ool :]e1 aft] ! progressive =ce ( ,kiyonaga _h sp5t itself1 ! art /&s /ill = a brief mom5t ( p]fect balance be=e x beg9s to take its c\rse d[n ! long slope ( ! decl9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%un*o3 ,,two ,,ladies ,,"u ,,umbrella4 ,size #ag #d4 ,sign$ ,%un*o ga4 ,,%un*o3 ,,! ,,c\rtesan ,,hana-,,ji--,,! ,,sumida ,,riv] ,,se5 ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,w9d[4 ,size #bg #e4 ,sign$ ,%un*o ga4 ,plate #cb4 ,9 _m respects l ,kiyonaga1 ,%un*o c h>dly be reg>d$ z second ev5 to 8 ma/]1 except 9 orig9ality4 ,he lack$ ,kiyonaga's great creative imag9ation--an imag9ation :i* br\ght into be+ ! ,olympian /yle4 ,b 8 gifts enabl$ him to assimilate ?is /yle p]fectly & turn x to 8 own slightly diff]5t uses4 ,8 s5se ( composition is r undi/+ui%$ :5 comp>$ ) ,kiyonaga's2 b ! delicacy ( 8 draw+1 ! re/ra9$ h>monies ( 8 col\r1 & ! clean vitality ( 8 l9e h a beauty t we c\ld ill af=d to sacrifice ev5 = ,kiyonaga's /r5g?4 ,kiyonaga br+s d[n ! gods 9 all _! noble dignity to walk ! e>? 9 calm magnific5ce2 b ,%un*o leads u into a secret heav5 :]e ! lovelie/ & mo/ fl[]-l ( ! gods h rema9$ beh9d4 ,8 is a s(t] beauty1 t\*$ ) remote half-lights1 vibrant ) fa9t wi/fulness2 8 sup]b wom5 turn 9 mid-joy z ?\gh f> & grave music _h sudd5ly drift$ to _! he>+2 _! p]fection passes ov] into ! region :]e beauty becomes sadness4 ,no wom5 9 ! :ole range ( ,japanese art s haunt "o's memory z d 82 no beauty seems at ! same "t s flawless & s *>g$ ) ! burd5 ( transitor9ess4 ,"o _c b feel t :]e ,kiyonaga's heal?y vision saw only ! happ9ess & brilliance & spl5d\r ( ! =ms t swept by him 9 ! mortal procession1 ,%un*o saw also ! gho/ly fleetness ( _! pass+ & ! melan*oly ( _! radiance sunset-b\nd2 & ar\nd 8 figures ?is s5se ?r[s a quiet t5d] light1 a sugge/ion ( brood+ & c>ess+ sweetness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%un*o3 ,,two ,,ladies ,,9 ,a ,,boat ,,on ,,! ,,sumida ,,riv]4 ,size #bf #d4 ,unsign$4 ,,yei%o3 ,,two ,,c\rtesans ,,aft] ,,! ,,ba?4 ,size #be #e4 ,sign$ ,yei%o ga4 ,plate #cc4 ,9 8 f9e/ pr9ts ! s(tly lum9\s col\r & ! g5tly sweep+ l9es ( 8 ladies move sometimes ?r\gh ! palely gl[+ rooms ( palaces1 b m (t5 ?r\gh sunlit fields & g>d5s & blossom+ groves--regions ( delight & cl\dless skies1 sc5es ( et]nal happ9ess4 ,8 col\r-s*emes 9 ^! natural sett+s are artfully contriv$ to produce1 ?r\gh ! limit$ ag5cy ( flat t9ts1 an impression ( cry/al-cle> atmosph]e ar\nd & beh9d ! figures4 ,9 bo? 8 tripty*s & 8 pill>-pr9ts !re (t5 /ret*es away ?is delicate _w ( hills or sea%ore or riv]-bank t plays no small "p 9 ! incantation ( beauty4 ,8 pill>-pr9ts1 ( :i* ?ree are reproduc$ 9 ,plates #cb & #cc1 are especially f9e2 ,i sometimes ?9k t "h he surpasses ,kiyonaga4 ,& yet !re is ab\t all 8 "w a /range imp]sonality1 an abs5ce ( any note t br+s to our notice ,%un*o himself1 ! obs]v] & record]4 ,he is deta*$ ev5 f 8 own mo/ p]fect "w4 ,comp>e him ) ,h>unobu or ,%>aku or ,utam>o1 & obs]ve h[ invisible he is--h[ 8 designs h a transp>5cy t absolutely conceals him4 ,9 hi/orical importance & 9 orig9ality ,%un*o is second>y to ,kiyonaga2 9 absolute beauty 8 "w des]ves a place beside t ( ! ma/]4 ,z a col\ri/--8 mo/ di/+ui%$ rle--he 0 p]haps ! great] ( ! two4 ,! collector may be int]e/$ to note t practically all ,%un*o's "w is pr9t$ ) ! utmo/ %>pness & ref9em5t2 poor impressions ( 8 pr9ts are almo/ unkn[n4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> he is 9 /rik+ contra/ to _m ( 8 contempor>ies2 & "o may p]haps trace 8 c>e to ! tra9+ ( ,%un%o1 ( ^: "w also ,i h seldom se5 a really poor impression4 ,%un*o's "w is un=tunately n common2 f9ely pres]v$ copies are sc>c] ?an ,kiyonaga's4 ,,%unzan4 ,katsukawa ,%unzan 0 a little-kn[n arti/ :o work$ f ab\t #agge to ab\t #ahaj4 ,he 0 fir/1 z 8 "n w\ld sugge/1 a pupil ( ,%un%o2 9 8 r>e e>ly pr9ts 9 hoso-ye =m he produc$ actors 9 ! mann] ( t s*ool ) consid]able *>m ( l9e1 b )\t great vig\r4 ,ev5 9 ^! e>ly pieces ,%unzan's lean+ t[>ds sweetness & suavity sugge/s t he 0 n at home 9 ! ,%un%o mann]2 & x is n /range to f9d t he lat] turn$ to ,kiyonaga1 "u ^: p[]ful influ5ce he produc$ 8 be/-kn[n "w--beautiful ladies 9 robes ( spl5d\r4 ,he g5]ally copi$ ! ,kiyonaga type ( figure closely1 b a little /iffly2 & he 0 n (t5 ma/] ( ^? h>monies ( arrangem5t & gr\p+ :i* di/+ui%$ 8 tea*]4 ,b occasionally 8 col\r is v ri* & gl[+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%unzan4 ,ei!r he produc$ little or else "t has be5 ev5 less ?an normally k9d to 8 "w1 = few pr9ts by him survive4 ,,%unman4 ,kubo ,%unman 0 "o ( ^? s+ul> arti/s :o fasc9ate u almo/ z mu* by my/]y z by beauty4 ,liv+ f #ageg to #ahbj1 or1 z "s au?orities say1 to #ahbi1 he 0 at "o "t a pupil ( ,%igemasa2 b he lat] turn$ to ,kiyonaga z 8 f9al & mo/ important tea*]4 ,f ,kiyonaga he le>n$ ! rudim5ts ( 8 /yle2 yet on ! :ole 8 "w resembles ,kiyonaga v little4 ,an individual t\* dom9ates all 8 compositions4 ,he may be call$ ! symphoni/ ( greys2 = a l>ge "p ( 8 mo/ notable production is done 9 modulat$ %ades ( ?is col\r1 height5$ & made lum9\s "h & !re by c>efully calculat$ t\*es ( gre51 yell[1 r$1 or violet4 ,8 figures are drawn 9 a mann] less solid ?an ,kiyonaga's2 z 9 ,plate #de1 ! l9es seem torm5t$ & /ra9$ into arabesques ( peculi> & re/less beauty4 ,! h>mony ( 8 col\r is kept by ?is %>p int5sity ( l9e-"w f s9k+ into m]e sweetness & flatness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kubo ,,%unman4 ,^! figures ( ,%unman1 sket*$ ) ! curi\s uneas9ess ( l9e ( :i* ,i speak1 /& be=e backgr\nds ( equal /rang5ess4 ,! l&scapes seem in/9ct ) an obscure life2 ! ,talk+ ,oak ( ,dodona 0 nev] m haunt$ ?an are !y4 ,8 great six-%eet composition1 ,! ,six ,tamagawa1 is positively di/urb+ 9 ! feel+ ( sup]natural =ces t x awak5s4 ,z ,f5ollosa says3 ,ev]y?+ he does has a /range t\*4 ,! ,kiyonaga face becomes di/ort$ ) a sort ( div9e fr5zy2 trees grope ab\t ) _! bran*-tips l s5ti5t be+s2 fl[]s seem to exhale unkn[n p]fumes1 & ! wat]s ( 8 /reams wri! & glide ) a sort ( reptilian fasc9ation4 ,or1 z ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,morrison puts x3 ,!re is a t\* ( fantasy 9 mo/ ( 8 publi%$ designs1 z well z 9 "s ( 8 orig9al pictures--an atmosph]e z ( "s /range c\ntry :]e ! trees1 ! rocks1 ! fl[]s1 & ! /reams are alive ) human s5ses & my/]i\s communion4 ,= reasons n :olly cle>1 ! "w ( ,%unman is receiv$ by ! ,japanese connoisseurs ) m fav\r ?an t ( mo/ ,ukioye arti/s4 ,"s obscure quality ( re/ra9t & imag9ation relates him to ! old] classical s*ools 9 a way t makes him acceptable to _! ari/ocratic exclusiv5ess ( ta/e4 ,%unman's be/ pr9ts are s r>e z to be beyond ! dreams ( ! ord9>y collector4 ,8 complete ,tamagawa is a "w = :i* all ! great collectors 9 ! _w compete4 ,8 small] pr9ts & book-illu/rations are1 h[ev]1 procurable2 & 8 surimono are excell5t & fairly num]\s4 ,8 pill>-pr9ts1 ( :i* only ?ree or f\r designs are kn[n to me1 are rem>kably f9e4 ,,kitao ,,masanobu4 ,two ,wom54 ,:at floors h ye trod8 ,:at sky-pav5 places h op5$ _! halls to y\r eyes8 ,:at light 0 y\rs1 ?r\gh summ]w>d spaces wat*+ ! swall[ t flies8 ,:at holy sil5ce has t\*$ y\r faces--:at hu% ( p>adise8 ,i ?9k t he di$ ( a long+ unspok5 :o dream$ y to walk 9 our ways4 ,! :eel at ! ci/]n1 ! pit*] is brok53 ye wot n t du/ decays-- ,ye1 torn f ! he>t ( ! dream] z tok5 to dream]s ( o!r days4 ,kitao ,masanobu 0 ano!r ( ! pupils ( ,%igemasa :o m>*$ ev5tually b5ea? ! bann] ( ,kiyonaga1 ?\gh he reta9$ to ! la/ mu* ( 8 fir/ ma/]'s mann]4 ,born 9 #agfa1 he liv$ until #ahaf4 ,8 occupations besides pa9t+ 7 v>i\s3 he kept a tobacco-%op1 & 0 be/ kn[n 9 8 own day "u ! lit]>y "n ( ,kyd51 = 8 highly popul> novels & comic poems4 ,he produc$ v few pr9ts1 b ^? few are ( di/+ui%$ quality1 all ( !m probably ! product ( 8 e>ly ye>s1 be=e he rea*$ ! age ( ?irty4 ,at lea/ "o ( ^!1 reproduc$ 9 ,plate #ca1 is an unsurpassable triumph4 ,8 resemblance to 8 fir/ ma/] is s m>k$ t x is n always possible at fir/ glance to di/+ui% 8 pr9ts f ^? ( ,%igemasa4 ,9 fact !re is a c]ta9 unsign$ pill>-pr9t1 repres5t+ ! two lov]s ,komurasaki & ,gompa*i1 :i* is /ill ( d\btful au?or%ip1 "s au?orities attribut+ x to ,%igemasa1 :ile o!rs assign x to ,masanobu4 ,illu/ration3 ,,masanobu 7,,kitao74 ,possibly ,kitao ,masanobu is mo/ widely kn[n = 8 elaborate illu/rat$ book1 ,celebrat$ ,wom5 ( ! ,tea ,h\ses & _! ,h&writ+s4 ,?is volume 0 publi%$ ab\t #aghj2 ,i h already ref]r$ to x 9 deal+ ) ! great illu/rat$ book ( ,%un%o & ,%igemasa4 ,x consi/s ( sev5 l>ge d\ble-page illu/rations 9 _m col\rs1 & is a highly prais$ "w1 %eets ( :i* are (t5 m\nt$ z sep>ate pr9ts4 ,x appe>s to me1 h[ev]1 to h be5 ov]rat$2 & my impression is t 9 ^! designs elaborat5ess has smo!r$ composition & ri*ness has oblit]at$ beauty4 ,kitao ,masanobu's s+le-%eet pr9ts are lam5tably few1 z are also 8 pill>-pr9ts2 b f ^? t rema9 to u x is possible to rank ,masanobu z an arti/ second to only ! v greate/4 ,spirituality is a clumsy ^w to use 9 describ+ "w s def9itely embodi$ z ?is2 yet none o!r conveys ! s5se ( 8 peculi> & grave h>mony4 ,! mature beauty ( 8 "w c>ries u back to ! p]fection ( ,%igemasa4 ,! collector w se>* long be=e he f9ds an important pr9t by ?is arti/ to add to 8 collection4 ,,masayo%i4 ,kitao ,masayo%i1 :o frequ5tly sign$ himself ,keisai or ,%os91 0 a curi\s & orig9al design]1 :o liv$ f #agfa to #ahbd4 ,?\gh a pupil ( ,%igemasa1 he appe>s to h drawn a l>ge "p ( 8 inspiration f a s\rce outside ! ,ukioye movem5t--! ,kano ,s*ool ( pa9t+1 9 :i* ! classical traditions /ill fl\ri%$4 ,9 8 ma9 p]iod1 contemporane\s ) ,kiyonaga1 8 "w 0 little influ5c$ by ! great ma/]4 ,8 designs are m>k$ *iefly by ! vividness ( 8 obs]vation ( fl[]s1 animals1 & l&scape1 & by 8 te*nical skill 9 record+ !m4 ,8 books ( sket*es are 8 be/-kn[n works--draw+s 9 a mann] new to wood-engrav+2 he seldom employs any key-block1 b leaves ! ma9 body ( 8 col\r 9 broad impressioni/ic sweeps ( ! bru% )\t def9ite b\nd>y4 ,he approa*$ ,nature some:at z did ,hokusai 9 lat] days1 ) a %>p p]ception & inf9ite int]e/4 ,8 "w lies aside f ! ma9 curr5t ( ,ukioye hi/ory--an int]e/+ backwat] t comes m prop]ly )9 ! region ( classical pa9t+ ?an )9 t ( pr9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kitao ,,masanobu3 ,,! ,,cuckoo4 ,size #ae #bb4 ,sign$ ,masanobu ga4 ,spauld+ ,collection4 ,plate #cd4 ,s+le-%eet pr9ts by ,masayo%i are v r>e4 ,8 book-%eets are some:at m frequ5tly met )4 ,,vi ,,! ,,f\r? ,,p]iod3 ,,! ,,decad5ce ,,f ,,! ,,retirem5t ,,( ,,kiyonaga ,,to ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,utam>o 7#agij-ahjf7 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,f\r? ,,p]iod3 ,,! ,,decad5ce ,,f ,,! ,,retirem5t ,,( ,,kiyonaga ,,to ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,utam>o 7#agij-ahjf7 ,! *ange t confronts u z we turn f ! p]iod ( ,kiyonaga to t ( ,utam>o1 ,yei%i1 & ,toyokuni is "o ^: significance is n at fir/ sight :olly cle>4 ,we f9d ! s\nd & classic figures ( ,kiyonaga gradually replac$ by new & fasc9at+ types--sl5d] droop+ bodies1 wond]fully pil$ coiffures1 elaborately brocad$ robes2 & ! virile draw+ ( ! e>li] ma/] gives way to ! s9u\s curves & arre/+ pla/icity ( ! new design]s4 ,! fav\rite types ( ?is "t are almo/ z unreal z ^? ( ! ,primitives1 b !y convey a totally diff]5t feel+2 on ! "o h&1 9 _! curi\s p]v]t$ way1 !y are f> m reali/ic ?an ! ,primitives ev] dream$ ( be+2 & on ! o!r h&1 !y seem ! products ( m9ds we>y ( reality1 :o turn to ! phantasies ( ! n :olly normal _s = _! ideals & _! consolations4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ! transition to ?is /yle ( ! ,decad5ce 0 a sudd5 "o4 ,! pa9t]s :o _h mo/ p]fectly assimilat$ ! /yle ( ,kiyonaga 7 ! v ones :o1 9 ?is p]iod1 turn$ to ! depiction ( figures 9 :i* e l9e betrays ! we>9ess ( ! h\r & its crav+ = novelty4 ,! apex ( creative en]gy 9 ?is art _h be5 rea*$ & ! inevitable decl9e 0 "u way4 ,( ! =ces t produc$ ?is decl9e we h comp>atively little k4 ,f5ollosa's acc\nt ( ! social conditions ( ! p]iod ?r[s "s light ^u ! problem4 ,x 01 he says1 a p]iod ( crisis 9 ,tokugawa affairs4 ,! cleavage betwe5 ! ari/ocratic & ! plebeian /rata ( ,japanese life1 :i* _h become placidly consci\s ( itself 9 ! days ( ,g5roku1 n[ ?reat5$ a moral1 a social1 if n a political disruption4 ,! new factors ( popul> education--art1 pr9ts1 illu/rat$ books1 ! !atre1 novels1 contact ) ! ,dut* at ,nagasaki--all _h /imulat$ ! _s ( inquiry & ( unre/ :i* _h p5etrat$ back 9 inve/igation to ! facts ( ! ,%ogun's usurpation2 :i* wrote new1 popul> hi/ories ( ! national life2 :i* gave plays & novels a semi-political aim4 ,?is deep] wave ( self-consci\sness on ! "p ( ! p 0 met by ! au?orities ) /]n] repressions4 ,! bett] elem5ts t might h drift$ into improv+ ! popul> /&>ds 9 pleasure & art 7 driv5 out by a /rict c5sor%ip4 ,!re 0 ?us a sort ( natural1 or unnatural1 selection :i* t5d$ to isolate & give prom95ce to ! co>s] side ( ! popul> feel+4 ,if ! issue 7 squ>ely made betwe5 ,confucius & rank demoralization1 !re 0 little res\rce = ! common] b to *oose ! latt]4 ,?us !re arose a sort ( alliance betwe5 ! !atre & ! h\ses ( pleasure on ! "o h&1 & ! disaffect$ among ! lit]>y & political agitators ^u ! o!r4 ,m51 great m5 :o s[$ ! se$s ( ! revolution :i* rip5$ 9 #ahfh1 _h to flee = asylum1 n to ,buddhi/ temples1 b to ! labyr9?s ( ! ,yo%iw>a1 :]e1 9 ! c>e ( a romantic love lavi%$ ^u !m by its !n highly cultivat$ hetair1 !y c\ld pr9t & disp]se1 f _! hidd5 presses1 s$iti\s tracts :i* set ! he>t ( ! nation on fire4 ,x 0 n ! ideals ( a ripe self-consci\sness1 su* z ,kiyonaga _h attempt$2 x 0 a /ruggle ( liv+ desires aga9/ outworn conv5tions & hopeless tyrannies4 ,h5ce1 ! two phases ( a new ,ukioye art--its pressure outw>d t[>d full] sci5tific realisms1 & its frank recreations 9 ! vulg>ities ( its surr\nd+s4 ,9 addition to ! re/lessness gr[+ out ( su* political conditions1 we %\ld rememb] t x is n ! nature ( ! human race to be satisfi$ ev5 ) p]fection = v long4 ,kiyonaga1 ) all 8 placid beauty1 c\ld n =ev] suffice m5 :o felt !mselves to be liv+ z passionately mod]n lives z we d to-day4 ,*ange 0 requir$ to keep !m int]e/$2 & s9ce ! idealization ( s\nd vitality c\ld h>dly be pu%$ f>!r ?an ,kiyonaga _h tak5 x1 ! obvi\s pa? = ! arti/ lay 9 ! direction ( fanta/ic v>iations on ! old !me & 9 ! idealization ( ! erotic phantoms evok$ by uneasy we>9ess4 ,new ref9em5ts _h to be introduc$2 new emotions _h to be /irr$2 & ! un5d+ se>* = novelty l$ 9 due "t to /ra9$ ef=ts1 p]v]t$ mann]isms1 & di/ort$ outlooks ^u life4 ,s mu* = t "p ( ! decad5ce :i* 0 due m]ely to ! desire = *ange4 ,b !re 0 ano!r elem5t ( ev5 m def9ite op]ation4 ,x is fairly cle> t "p ( ! fatal developm5t result$ f t sl[ drift t[>d realism :i* we h se5 gr[+1 p]iod by p]iod1 s9ce ! days ( ! ,primitives4 ,! age ( ,h>unobu1 ) its new te*nical res\rces1 _h ab&on$ pure decoration & aspir$ to put into its designs some?+ ( ! flav\r ( life4 ,! age ( ,kiyonaga1 ) its complete ma/]y ( te*nique1 _h project$ into its designs its obs]vation ( real be+s--drawn ) a f9e idealization1 b nev]!less bas$ on a deep fidelity to concrete =ms4 ,! age ( ,utam>o _h a *oice ( only two /eps left to take if x 7 to advance to any new position--a /ep 9 ! direction ( /ill clos] fidelity to nature1 or a /ep 9 ! direction ( complete revolt f naturalism into regions ( wild phantasy4 ,*>act]i/ically1 x took bo?6 ,p>ticul> in/ances w %[ ?is4 ,utam>o & ,%>aku record$ ! peculi>ities ( real ?+s ) a %>pness ( obs]vation & an accuracy ( r5d]+ t ! e>li] arti/s _h nev] approa*$4 ,& at ! same "t !y us$ ^! %>ply ma/]$ details ( nature z m]e brick & mort> out ( :i* to con/ruct fanta/ic edifices ( ! mo/ unbridl$ imag9ation4 ,because !y 7 g5iuses1 !y did ?is & creat$ ma/]pieces2 b !y left to lat] times & less] arti/s only ! /]ile h]itage ( a dead5+ realism :i* !y _h f\nd x conv5i5t to employ1 b to :i* !y !mselves _h nev] be5 truly subject4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod ,yei%i1 ,*oki1 ,%>aku1 & ! "y ,utam>o produc$ "w t ranks q z high 9 beauty z t ( prec$+ days4 ,yei%i's vision>y figures ( wom51 drawn ) a disembodi$ & fragile grace1 are 9 _! way mat*less ?+s1 ^: only fault is _! lack ( virile /r5g?4 ,*oki's f9e/ works are :olly beyond praise4 ,%>aku1 ! supreme ma/] ( actor-portraits & "o ( ! great arti/s ( ! _w1 creat$ designs ( /up5d\s p[]2 if !re is any trace ( decad5ce 9 him x is n weakness b brutality4 ,utam>o1 9 8 e>li] ye>s at lea/1 0 z :olesome z ,kiyonaga2 & ev5 :51 9 lat] times1 he turn$ to figures t h ab\t !m an indescribable atmosph]e ( languor & decl9e1 he made ( !m designs t are to _m p ! mo/ beautiful productions ( ! :ole s*ool4 ,9 all ( ^! m51 te*nical p[] & s5se ( composition 7 ( unimpair$ vig\r4 ,:y1 !n x may be ask$1 %\ld we speak ( ! decad5ce8 ,! answ] lies p>tly 9 ! fact t ^! productions1 z a rule1 express 9 _! languid or ov]/ra9$ figures t5d5cies ( emotional sup]-ref9em5t & n]v\s t5sion t impress e behold] ) a s5se ( dis9tegration1 & p>tly 9 ! hi/ory ( lat] days4 ,= ! mom5t1 ! rivalry betwe5 ! great m5 ( ! p]iod 0 s ke5 z to su/a9 :at 01 aft] all1 ! dy+ ef=t ( _! art4 ,! successes ( ea* "o spurr$ ! o!rs on to new types & new fev]i% devices1 fe$+ ?us ! flames ( ! desire = novelty among ! p4 ,b ! end 0 at h&4 ,by #ahjj1 9 ! lat] "w ( ,utam>o1 9 mo/ ( ! "w ( ,toyokuni1 & 9 practically all ! "w ( _! foll[]s1 g5u9e arti/ic weakness appe>$1 s5sationalism took ! place ( vig\r1 g>i%ness supplant$ h>mony1 & crude emotions1 crude draw+1 crude col\r became ! common feature4 ,! anci5t s5se ( /yle gave way to a desire to pu% pictorial effects beyond _! legitimate b\nd>y1 & ! edge ( ! abyss 0 9 sight4 ,b be=e t mom5t came !re rema9$ sixte5 ye>s 9 ! productions ( :i* we %all f9d beauties less sane & s\nd ?an ^? ( ,kiyonaga1 b nev]!less p]petually delight+4 ,,hosoda ,,yei%i4 ,portrait ( a ,woman4 ,out ( ! sil5ce ( dead ye>s ,y\r sl5d] pres5ce seems to move-- ,a fragrance t no "t outwe>s-- ,a p]il\s mess5g] ( love4 ,f f> y\r wi/ful beauty br+s ,a wond] t no lips may speak-- ,a music dumb save z x cl+s ,ab\t y\r %ad[y ?roat & *eek4 ,long+ is r\nd y l t haze ,( lum9\s & t5d] gl[ ,:i* memory 9 ! lat] days ,gives vani%$ days ( long ago4 ,& he :o sees y mu/ retrace ,all sweetness t 8 life has kn[n1 ,& ) ! vision ( y\r face ,l9k "s lo/ vision ( 8 own4 ,! long curves ( y\r saffron dress-- ,! outl9e ( y\r delicate m\ld-- ,y\r /range une>?ly sl5d]ness ,seem l a wrai?'s t /ray$ ( old ,out ( "s region :]e abide ,=tunate spirits )\t /a91 ,:]e no?+ lovely is d5i$1 ,& pa9 is only beauty's pa94 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,/range6 t 9 life y 7 a ?+ ,common to _m = delight1 ,?rall to ! revelries t fl+ ,_! gleam across ! fev]$ night-- ,a holy image 9 ! grasp ,( pagans c>eless to adore2 ,a pe>l secret$ 9 ! clasp ,( oozy we$s on "s lo/ %ore4 ,my ?\ght %r9ks back f :at ,i see1 ,& w&]s dumb 9 poison$ air-- ,!n leaps1 inexplicably free1 ,rememb]+ t y 7 fair6 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,belovd 7 y 9 y\r prime ,by "o1 ( all1 :o came z gue/1-- ,a wa/rel /range1 ^: gaze c\ld climb ,to :]e y\r beauty lit ! we/4 ,"o1--9 ^: secret he>t !re mov$ ,"s f> & un=gott5 /ir ,( anci5t1 holy beauties lov$1-- ,"h paus$1 a sudd5 wor%ipp]4 ,me?9ks he mov$ 9 dusks ap>t ,?r\gh t pr(\nd & trembl+ h\r ,:5 y )9 8 d\bt+ he>t ,t\*$ all ! des]t into fl[]4 ,& :]e y rose a _w's delight1 ,= him ! d>k veils f y fell1-- ,z e>?ly cl\ds f />-/rewn night ,)draw1 & leave a miracle4 ,n ,oiran !n1 b maid2 remote ,f tyrant p[]s ( wa/e desire4 ,:o drew ^! h&s1 ?is sl5d] ?roat1 ,saw y 'mid skak5 w9ds ( fire4 ,y 7 a %ape ( wond]1 set ,to cr[n ! seek+ ( 8 days4 ,= y 8 lonely eyes 7 wet2 ,) y 8 s\l walk$ %r\d$ ways4 ,& ?\gh ! burn+ night might keep ,y s]vi5t to "s "l's c>\se1 ,= him y rose f su* a deep ,) maid5 dawn-light on y\r br[s4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,pale ,autumn ) e!real gl[ ,hov]$ y\r delicate figure ne>2 ,& ev] r\nd y :isp]$ l[ ,h] voices1 & ! dy+ ye>4 ,a ye>--a day--& !n ! leaves ,purpureal1 a%51 umb]1 r$1 ,wove = y bo? ?r\gh wan+ eves ,a gorge\s c>pet gloomw>d spread4 ,& ) t wan+1 y _h gone1 ,?r\gh *anges t love fe>s to trace-- ,no lat] lov] c\ld h kn[n ,y\r wi/ful & allur+ face-- ,y\r music1 quiv]+ 9 ?9 air1 ,_h fl$ ) life t fill$ y\r ve9s-- ,b he = :om y 7 s fair ,dream$2 & ! tr\bl$ dream rema9s4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,"t1 t is swift to smite & r5d ,! common ?+s t spr+ f e>?1 ,d>es n s surely set an end ,to %apes ( vision>y bir?4 ,!re (t5 8 de/roy+ t\* ,l+]s z ) a lull$ c>ess1 ,add+1 to t :i* has s mu*1 ,an ali5 gho/ly lovel9ess4 ,s %all y\r beauty1 cresc5t1 pass ,f me ?r\gh _m a lat] h&1 ,ea* ye> m lum9\s ?an x 0-- ,o ,april out ( ,sunset ,l&6 ,! c>e] ( ,hosoda ,yei%i z a pr9t-design] began ab\t #aghj at ! "t :5 ,kiyonaga 0 9 full sway1 & la/$ until %ortly aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--a date :5 ,kiyonaga _h = "s ye>s be5 9 retirem5t4 ,?us 9 ,yei%i p]haps m fully ?an 9 any o!r arti/ except ,utam>o may be obs]v$ ! crucial transition f ! p]iod ( ,kiyonaga to ! p]iod ( complete decl9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,yei%i4 ,yei%i 0 orig9ally a noble ( high rank :o /udi$ "u ,kano ,yeis51 ! c\rt pa9t]2 & n ev5 9 ! la/ ye>s ( 8 c>e]1 :5 vulg>iz+ influ5ces 7 dom9ant1 did he lose ! ref9em5t & ari/ocratic delicacy t are 8 mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics4 ,%ortly be=e he became a ,ukioye pa9t] he _h be5 atta*$ to ! h\sehold ( ! ,%ogun ,iyeh>u4 ,x is n difficult to imag9e ! horror ( ,yei%i's e>ly circle ( associates :5 he ?rew ov] conv5tionality & /ation1 & plung$ into ! vie de ,bohme ( a popul> pa9t]4 ,?is y\?1 rem>ks ,f5ollosa1 d\btless %ock$ all 8 fri5ds 9 tir+ ( ! solemn old ,*9ese poets :o _h be5 glid+ ab\t 9 impossible l&scapes s9ce ,tanyu fir/ labell$ !m1 & ( ! semi-s]i\s1 long-head$ old gods :o gave kn[+ w9ks to _! turtles & /orks1 & 9 runn+ (f to su* abom9able haunts ( ! c[-head$ ,buddhi/ ,satan z ,danjuro's !atre-pit1 fragrant ) ! od\rs ( saki & raw fi%1 or ! lant]n-hung balconies ( m]ry damsels on ! riv]-boats4 ,b ! elegant c\rt g5tleman 0 n de/9$ to s9k 9 ! mael/rom4 ,to ?is und]world he br\ght 8 own subtlety ( vision & evok$ f x figures ( unfad+ beauty4 ,at ! outset ,kiyonaga 0 8 guide--a guide p]haps too bl9dly foll[$4 ,c]ta9ly ,yei%i's fir/ productions1 sup]b z !y 71 _c be call$ 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic4 ,plate #ce is an example4 ,!y are :olly 9 ! ,kiyonaga mann] except t !y h a t\* ( fragility & delicacy t is ali5 to ,kiyonaga4 ,! proportions ( ! figures are ! same1 b ,yei%i's curves are less naturali/ic2 !y seem ! product ( "o ^: hungry visions lapp$ l waves aga9/ ! %ore ( reality1 %ap+ x into cont\rs det]m9$ by _! own dem&s4 ,! feel+ ( repose :i* ,mr4 ,/range notes is n repose at all b we>9ess4 ,at fir/ ! p]fect poise ( ^! =ms may deceive u2 b z we advance along ! cal5d> ( ,yei%i's "w we f9d x p]vad$ by a _s less s]5e1 m high-/rung1 m drugg$ ) beauty ?an 0 ,kiyonaga's4 ,illu/ration3 ,,yei%i3 ,,?ree ,,ladies ,,by ,,! ,,sea%ore4 ,"o %eet ( a tripty*4 ,size #ae #aj4 ,sign$ ,yei%i ga4 ,plate #ce4 ,9 :at we may call ,yei%i's second /yle1 he gives ! peculi>ities ( 8 nature full expression4 ,! tall sl5d] figures cease to recall ,kiyonaga's2 ! robu/ vig\r goes out ( !m2 !y become impalpable1 wi/ful creatures1 hov]+ be=e u ) sl[ grace1 mov+ by u 9 grave procession4 ,^! beautiful wom5 are l creatures se5 9 a dream2 !y h ! solemnity & alo(ness ( prie/esses int5t on ! p]=mance ( secret rites4 ,_! long robes sweep 9 /ately pageant2 _! delicate heads b5d 9 exquisite we>9ess4 ,f5ollosa /rangely speaks ( ! ke5ness ( ,yei%i's *>act]izations1 & says t1 ) no idealizations to tr\ble him1 he put d[n :at he saw z frankly z a "y report]4 ,?is is a surpris+ mis9t]pretation4 ,yei%i 0 p]haps m notably a vision>y ?an any o!r ,ukioye arti/2 he 0 haunt$ by sup]s5sible intimations1 p]v]t$ by a se>* = une>?ly beauty4 ,a fasc9at+ pa9t]6 ,he has n ! brilliancy & v]satility ( ,utam>o2 b ! ta/e is h>d to please :i* f9ds monotony 9 8 s]ies ( p]fections4 ,9 8 second p]iod--8 mo/ individual & p[]ful--he produc$ compositions t are h>dly inf]ior to ,kiyonaga's4 ,yei%i may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! few design]s :o p]fectly ma/]$ ! tripty* =m4 ,8 arrangem5ts are simpl] ?an ,kiyonaga's b no less beautiful4 ,a notable s]ies depict+ v>i\s polite occupations f ! life ( ,pr9ce ,g5ji are s h>moni\s 9 design1 s lovely 9 col\r1 & s in/9ct ) spiritual ref9em5t z to rank among 8 f9e/ works4 ,9 "s ( ^! tripty*s ,yei%i introduces 8 int]e/+ col\r-inv5tion--a s*eme ( grey1 yell[1 violet1 blue1 & black1 :i* he h&les sup]bly4 ,among 8 o!r tripty*s1 ,! ,treasure ,%ip is especially notable4 ,9 ?is pr9t1 a b>ge ^: pr[ is %ap$ l ! head & brea/ ( ! my?ical ,hoho bird seems adrift on a riv] ( peace2 its wond]ful freight--n9e noble ladies engag$ 9 ! ref9$ ent]ta9m5ts ( pa9t+s1 games1 & poetry--express ! no/algia ( ,watteau's figures & ! l9e-beauty ( ,botticelli's4 ,! repose ( heav5 is ^u !m1 & ! delicate satiety ( heav5ly be+s4 ,yei%i 0 "o ( ! few pa9t]s besides ,%unman :o successfully manag$ grey z a dom9ant tone4 ,9 c]ta9 ( 8 pr9ts he produc$ notable results 9 ?is mann]1 us+ a /yle 9 :i* lights ( yell[ & purple are arrang$ ) beautiful effect4 ,sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 he omitt$ !m altoge!r1 z 9 ,plate #cg1 & cont5t$ himself ) modulations ( pure grey t are ! la/ ^w 9 subtlety4 ,illu/ration3 ,,yei%i3 ,,lady ,,) ,,tobacco-,,pipe4 ,yell[ backgr\nd4 ,size ,transcrib]'s note3 ,dim5sion miss+ 9 orig9al4 #aj4 ,sign$ ,yei%i ga4 ,plate #cf4 ,he produc$ a consid]able numb] ( notable full-size %eets depict+ s+le figures ( wom5 seat$ or kneel+1 engag$ 9 graci\s occupations su* z fl[]-arrangem5t4 ,"s ( ^! are )\t backgr\nd2 o!rs h backgr\nds ( pale grey wa%2 :ile /ill o!rs1 p]haps ! f9e/ ( all1 /& out aga9/ lum9\s yell[ gr\nds4 ,"o ( ^! appe>s 9 ,plate #cf4 ,9 ^! pr9ts is display$ ,yei%i's p[] to draw exquisitely ! long sweep+ curves ( drap]ies2 & ! /rangely p5sive1 hi]atic quality ( 8 faces is at its be/4 ,_! *>m lies n 9 ! bru%work1 :i* is nev] z free & bold z ,kiyonaga's1 b 9 ! s5tim5t ( remote beauty ( :i* ^! haunt+ curves are su* pure symbols4 ,he also produc$ a numb] ( gr\ps ( c\rtesans on p>ade1 ) little or no backgr\nd1 aft] ! fa%ion inaugurat$ by ,koriusai & ,kiyonaga4 ,^! appe> /iff beside ,kiyonaga's2 b !y h nev]!less great *>m ( l9e & col\r4 ,8 album ( ! ,?irty-six ,poetesses1 ab\t #ahjj1 is a s]ies ( fanta/ic & gorge\s col\r-dreams4 ,8 s]ies ( /&+ wom5 aga9/ *ocolate or silv] backgr\nds rises 9 col\r to ! level ( ,%>aku4 ,yei%i c\ld n1 h[ev]1 escape ! influ5ce ( ! gr[+ decad5ce4 ,! public ta/e at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 debas$ by a crav+ = gaudy ecc5tricities4 ,utam>o l$ 9 ! ru% to gratify ?is crav+2 & ev5 ! ari/ocratic ,yei%i 0 unable to resi/ ! g5]al decl9e4 ,!re=e t[>d ! end ( 8 c>e] z a pr9t-design] 8 "w greatly alt]$4 ,8 figures grew v tall & will[y2 _! necks became s exagg]at$ly ?9 t !y seem unable to support ! great pile ( ! coiffure2 an att5uat$ snakyness di/+ui%es _! l9es2 & ! curves ( _! g>m5ts are di/ort$ into ! mo/ fanta/ic folds & swirls4 ,x 0 9 ?is p]iod t ,yei%i produc$ mo/ ( 8 l>ge bu/-portraits on yell[ or mica gr\nds2 9 ^! he foll[$ ! lead ( ,utam>o1 :o _h influ5c$ him consid]ably dur+ 8 :ole c>e]4 ,! noble & grave faces ( 8 e>li] days became wood5 & di/ort$2 & :5 ,yei%i at la/ /opp$ pr9t-design+ & return$ to ! life ( society & pa9t+ f :i* he _h be5 s long a r5egade1 ! loss 0 n a great "o2 = ! degradation ( ! age's ta/e _h engulf$ him--z1 inde$1 x did all 8 contempor>ies4 ,yei%i's ord9>y "w is n p>ticul>ly r>e4 ,ev5 8 slighte/ pr9ts h s mu* *>m t !y may be highly recomm5d$ to ! att5tion ( ! mode/ collector4 ,yei%i's important works are ( great sc>city4 ,8 figures on yell[ or mica gr\nd1 8 grey pr9ts1 8 l>ge heads1 & 8 pill>-pr9ts are q z difficult to obta9 z any ( ! pr9ts ( ?is or ! prec$+ p]iod2 8 be/ tripty*s are extraord9>ily h>d to procure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,yei%i3 ,,int]ior ,,op5+ ,,on ,,to ,,! ,,sea%ore4 ,left-h& %eet ( a tripty*4 ,pr9t$ 9 sev]al tones ( grey4 ,size #ae #aj4 ,sign$ ,yei%i ga4 ,metzg> ,collection4 ,plate #cg4 ,,yei%o4 ,( ,yei%i's _m pupils1 ,%okosai ,yei%o /&s out z ! mo/ important4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( him except t 8 "w 0 done t[>d ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,yei%o4 ,yei%o may be reg>d$ z ! v]itable %ad[ ( ,yei%i4 ,he :olly adopt$ 8 ma/]'s /yle2 b he 0 n able to imp>t to 8 figures t res]v$ ari/ocratic poise :i* 0 ,yei%i's di/+ui%+ m>k4 ,in/ead1 ,yei%o's figures n infrequ5tly h a c]ta9 v pleas+ & plausible elegance1 full] & r\nd] ?an 8 ma/]'s4 ,8 curves sweep m ass]tively & less subtly2 & 8 decorative effects are (t5 sup]b ev5 ?\gh n p>ticul>ly complex4 ,he too pass$ f ! mann] ( ,kiyonaga into t ( ,utam>o2 b 8 middle p]iod is 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic4 ,9 ?is he produc$ _m fasc9at+ s+le %eets ( seat$ or kneel+ wom51 sev]al admirable pill>-pr9ts1 z 9 ,plate #cc1 "s l>ge bu/-portraits t are p]haps 8 f9e/ works1 & a numb] ( tripty*s4 ,^! la/1 z a rule1 lack ! elem5t t is ! real glory ( ! tripty*--a broadly grasp$ correlation ( complex elem5ts into "o great h>moni\s composition4 ,yei%o's tripty*s are m]ely ?ree %eets plac$ side by side ) only a rudim5t>y attempt at unification4 ,b s completely attractive are ! sep>ate figures & ! great sweep+ curves ( 8 be/ "w t ^! tripty*s are nev]!less delightful productions--m /rik+ ?an _m a subtl] composition4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 a /]eotyp$ quality t makes "o unwill+ to take ,yei%o v s]i\sly z an arti/4 ,8 curves sweep spl5didly1 b !y are dom9at$ by a =mula4 ,yei%o's works are n common2 !y are f> r>] ?an ,yei%i's4 ,yei%o may s]ve to illu/rate ! difficulty ( apprais+ ^! arti/s4 ,i _h h>dly writt5 ! =ego+ e/imate ( ,yei%o :5 ,i receiv$ z a gift f a fri5d a l>ge bu/-portrait ( a woman by ,yei%o :i* is s unexpect$ly magnific5t & s mu* f9] ?an any "w ( ,yei%o's ,i _h ev] se5 t my previ\s op9ion _h to be modifi$4 ,9 subtlety ( l9e & delicacy ( col\r ?is head is at lea/ equal to ,utam>o's f9e/ works 9 ! same mann]2 x utt]ly contradicts my previ\s impression ( ,yei%o's /]eotyp$ quality4 ,n[1 :at has happ5$ to me 9 ! case ( ,yei%o is happ5+ to /ud5ts ( ,japanese pr9ts e day2 & n until ! la/ secret$ treasure is br\ght to light & made kn[n c we be confid5t t we are ev5 approximately "r 9 ! ranks :i* we assign to ! v>i\s design]s4 ,,o!r ,,pupils ,,( ,,yei%i4 ,yei%i's vig\r1 b>ely suffici5t to create 8 own exquisite works1 c\ld n transmit itself to any v vital body ( pupils4 ,?\gh 8 disciples 7 _m1 no "o ( !m a*iev$ indep5d5t r5[n2 ! se$s ( life 7 n 9 ! tea*]4 ,out ( a l>ge numb]1 ! foll[+ pupils may be nam$ z ! mo/ important3-- ,,i*irakutei ,,yeisui1 ( :om no?+ is kn[n1 inh]it$ f 8 ma/] an elegance ( l9e t is (t5 pleas+4 ,he _c1 h[ev]1 be reg>d$ z an important or orig9al arti/4 ,8 l>ge bu/-portraits1 ) *>m+ piquant faces1 are 8 be/-kn[n works4 ,8 pr9ts are r>e b n especially s\ght aft]4 ,,gokyo1 an int]e/+ arti/ :o probably di$ "y1 work$ 9 ! same mann] z ,yei%i4 ,8 pr9ts1 s(t & pleas+ 9 col\r1 are v r>e inde$2 ! few kn[n examples ( 8 "w h a di/9ction wor?y ( m att5tion ?an !y h hi!rto receiv$4 ,_h he liv$ he might h giv5 ! s*ool ( ,yei%i a fre% fame4 ,,yeiri1 ( :om n mu* is kn[n1 sometimes sign$ himself ,yei%i's pupil ,yeiri4 ,he is to be di/+ui%$ f ! almo/ contemporane\s ,rekis5ti ,yeiri4 ,! latt] work$ m 9 ! /yle ( ,utam>o2 8 "w is r>e1 & 8 f9e/ pr9ts are beautiful & valuable4 ,x 0 ,yei%i's pupil ,yeiri :o creat$ t r>e & a/oni%+ portrait ( ,kitao ,masanobu :i* mu/ take a place beside ! mo/ brilliant portraiture ( any "t or l&4 ,,yei%9 is kn[n only by half a doz5 pr9ts2 ^!1 ?\gh attractive1 are n z greatly priz$ z _! sc>city might lead "o to expect4 ,,*ot5sai ,,yeiju is a slightly /iff & n v int]e/+ disciple ^: "w is r>e4 ,,yei*o also is notable *iefly = 8 r>ity4 ,,yeiru foll[$ 8 ma/] ) little orig9ality4 ,,yeiki & ,s,,raku are lat] unimportant pupils :o foll[$ ,utam>o also4 ,,utam>o4 ,portrait ( a ,woman4 ,9 robes l cl\ds ( sunset roll$ ,ab\t ! dy+ sun1 ,9 spl5did ve/ure ( purple & gold ,t a ?\s& toil+ days h spun ,= !e1 ,o imp]ial "o6-- ,) ! cunn+ pomp ( ! lat] ye>s1 ,) _! pride & glory & /ress1 ,?\ rise/2 & ?y calm =ehead be>s ,^! l a cr[n2 b ?y frail m\? we>s ,all ( _! we>9ess4 ,?\ art "o ( ! great :o maye/ /& ,:]e ,cleopatra /ood3 ,aspasia1 ,rhodope1 at ea* h&2 ,& ev5 ! pr\d tempe/u\s mood ,( ,sappho %all rule ?y blood4 ,?y ?roat1 9 its sl5d] :it5ess b>e1 ,seems p[]less to su/a9 ,! gorge\s t[] ( ?y gold-deck$ hair-- ,l a lily's /em :i* ! autumn air ,make? to %r9k & wane4 ,m haunt+ music1 m lur+ love ,r\nd ?y s9u\s =m hold sway ,?an ! daught]s ( e>? h k ( ,= ?\ art ! daught] ( fad+ day1 ,t\*$ ) all hope's decay4 ,& ! subtle languor1 ! prismic gl[ ,( a rip5ess ov]pa/ ,burns ?r\gh ! wond]ful curv+ fl[ ,( ?y g>m5ts2 & !y :o love !e "k ,a loa?+ at ! la/4 ,= !y are ! lov]s ( liv+ ?+s-- ,/>s1 sunlight1 morn+'s brea?2 ,b ?\1 = all t ?y beauty br+s ,su* songs z ! summ] scatt]e?-- ,?\ art ( ! ,h\se ( ,dea?4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,b !re 0 "o 9 ?y gold5 day ,:o saw ?y poppi$ bloom1 ,& lov$ n !e b ! he>t's decay ,t fill$ !e1 & clasp$ x to be alway ,8 *os5 & seald doom4 ,he :o ?is liv+ portrait wr\ght1 ,outla/+ "t's control1 ,a d>k & bitt] nect> s\ght ,well+ f poison$ /reams t roll ,?r\gh des]ts ( ! s\l4 ,ah1 dream]6 come at la/ :]e dreams ,c s]ve no m ?y ne$1 ,:o ha/ by su* bright silv] /reams ,walk$ ) ?y s\l t n[ e>? seems ,a wa/e :]e love mu/ ble$-- ,?\ :om su* mat*less beauty fill$ ,( visions frail & lone1 ,= !e all passion n[ is /ill$2 ,?y he>t1 d5i$ ! life x will$1 ,desire? r none4 ,& !e allure no v]dant blooms ,t ) fre% joy suspire2 ,b blossoms t\*$ ) com+ glooms1 ,& we>9ess1 & sp5t desire1 ,draw to ?y _s nigh]4 ,:]e=e is no?+ 9 ?y sight ,propiti\s save x be ,bru%$ ) ! w+s ( hov]+ night1 ,worn ) ! %ad[ ( delight1 ,sad ) satiety4 ,= ?\ ha/ enmity t[>d all ,! s]vants ( life's brea?2 ,"o mi/ress holde? !e 9 ?rall1 ,& !m ?\ love/ :o h] call ,answ]2 & %e is ,dea?4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,n[ ,dea? ?y ru9$ city's /reets ,walke?1 a grisly que54 ,& !re h] sacr$ horror greets ,him :o invades ^! wa/e retreats1 ,h] sacrosanct demesne-- ,9 robes l cl\ds at sunset roll$ ,ab\t ! dy+ sun1 ,9 spl5did ve/m5ts ( purple & gold ,t a ?\s& p]i%$ ye>s h spun ,= h]1 ! ,imp]ial ,"o4 ,utam>o1 ! c5tral & 9 "s ways ! mo/ fasc9at+ figure ( ?is p]iod1 has be5 f ! fir/ a great fav\rite 9 ! e/eem ( ,european collectors4 ,8 graceful1 s9u\s wom5 are ! images t come mo/ readily to ! m9ds ( _m p at ! m5tion ( ,japanese pr9ts4 ,9 8 own "t & l& 8 popul>ity 0 equall$ by t ( no o!r arti/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,utam>o4 ,x 0 by 8 portraits ( wom5 t ,utam>o won 8 great fame4 ,pass+ outside ! influ5ce ( ,kiyonaga1 he develop$ 9 8 designs ( ! la/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 8 *>act]i/ic fem99e type4 ,h] /range & languid beauty1 ! droop+ l9es ( h] robes1 h] unnatural sl5d]ness & will[9ess1 are ! emanations ( ,utam>o's fev]i% m9d2 z h] creator he ranks z ! mo/ brilliant1 ! mo/ sophi/icat$1 & ! mo/ poetical design] ( 8 "t4 ,8 life 0 sp5t 9 alt]nation betwe5 8 work%op & ! haunts ( ! ,yo%iw>a1 ^: beautiful inhabitants he immortaliz$ 9 pr9ts t are ! ultimate expression ( ! mortal body's long+ = a m ?an mortal p]fection ( happ9ess4 ,we>i$ ( e common pleasure1 he creat$ ^! visions 9 ^: disembodi$1 morbid lovel9ess 8 ov]wr\ght desires f\nd consolation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,utam>o3 ,,okita ,,( ,,naniwaya1 ,a ,,tea-,,h\se ,,waitress4 ,mica backgr\nd4 ,size #ab #i4 ,sign$ ,utam>o1 hitsu4 ,*&l] ,collection4 ,plate #ch4 ,utam>o 0 born 9 #agec 9 ! prov9ce ( ,musa*i4 ,e>ly 9 life he w5t to ,y$o & !re /udi$ "u ! not$ ,kano pa9t] & book-illu/rator ,toriyama ,sekiy51 :om "s au?orities say 0 8 fa!r4 ,almo/ f ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e] he liv$ ) ! fam\s publi%] ,tsutaya1 :o issu$ 8 pr9ts2 & ?is relation cont9u$ up to ! date ( ,tsutaya's dea? 9 #agig4 ,9 ,utam>o's e>ly "w1 :i* began ) an illu/rat$ book 9 #aggf1 ! influ5ce ( ,kiyonaga 0 /rong4 ,%un%o's & ,kitao ,masanobu's *>act]i/ics are sometimes also visible1 b ,kiyonaga's /yle is ! dom9at+ "o4 ,"s ( 8 e>ly "w is sign$ ,toyoaki4 ,9 #aghj ! fir/ important product ( ,utam>o's c>e] saw ! light--8 fam\s ,gifts ( ! ,ebb-,tide--a book ( exquisitely conceiv$ & delicately pr9t$ repres5tations ( %ells & rocks on ! sea%ore4 ,! ef=t ( a tra9$ con*ologi/ to produce accurate descriptive draw+s ( ^! objects c\ld h>dly a*ieve a m scrupul\s fidelity ?an d ^! pages1 :i* h 9 addition an /hetic *>m ( a high ord]4 ,! same *>act]i/ic appe>s 9 8 celebrat$ ,insect ,book ( #aghh4 ,^! two works1 dom9at$ by a sci5tific realism t 0 new to ,ukioye1 may s]ve z an indication ( ! gr[? ( t naturali/ic _s ^: effect ^u ! /yli/ic ideals ( ! art 0 lat] to be s de/ructive4 ,9 ! decade betwe5 #aghj & #agij ,utam>o produc$ _m additional books4 ,notable among !m are ! ,cu/oms ( ,new ,ye>'s ,day 7#aghf71 ,! ,mad ,full ,moon1 a s]ies ( lovely moonlight l&scapes 9 mono*rome 7#aghi71 & ,! ,silv] ,_w1 a s]ies ( delicate sn[ sc5es 7#agij74 ,! s+le-%eet pr9ts :i* he issu$ dur+ ?is decade are exce$+ly beautiful works ( a type t ! inexp]i5c$ eye w\ld nev] recognize z ,utam>o's4 ,! figures are l ^? ( ,kiyonaga's prime1 b drawn ) a sl5d]ness ( l9e & re/lessness ( poise t /rikes a diff]5t & %rill] note4 ,8 "w ( ?is p]iod may be di/+ui%$ by ! fact t ! signature is writt5 9 a squ>]1 m compact1 & m =mal mann] ?an ! sprawl+1 cursive signature ( 8 lat] days4 ,! two long1 tail-l l9es ( ! lat] signature1 by :i* ev5 ! casual t\ri/ le>ns to recognize ,utam>o's "n1 are :olly abs5t4 ,) #agij beg9s ! classic p]iod ( ,utam>o's "w4 ,?is 0 ! ye> ( ,kiyonaga's retirem5t &1 accord+ to "s au?orities1 ( ,%un%o's dea?4 ,) ! two giants ( ! old] g5]ation gone1 ,utam>o 0 left to compete = lead]%ip ) ,yei%i1 ,%un*o1 ,*oki1 ,toyokuni1 & ! less] m54 ,dur+ ! decade f #agij to #ahjj ,utam>o 01 except = ! isolat$ figure ( ,%>aku1 out/&+ly ! mo/ v]satile & brilliant among !m4 ,all 7 pr(\ndly influ5c$ by him1 & he _h n a few imitators :o attempt$ to pr(it by 8 popul>ity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,utam>o3 ,,two ,,c\rtesans4 ,"o ( a ,s]ies ,beautiful ,wom5 comp>$ ) ! ,fifty-?ree ,/ations ( ! ,tokaido ,road4 ,size #ae #aj4 ,sign$ ,utam>o1 hitsu4 ,plate #ci4 ,dur+ ?is la/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,utam>o produc$ ! greate/ ( 8 works4 ,among ^! mu/ be c\nt$ ! rem>kable s]ies ( half-l5g? figures on silv] backgr\nds1 = :i* no admiration c be too extreme4 ,"o ( !m appe>s 9 ,plate #ch4 ,! type ( face :i* ,utam>o drew 9 ^! pr9ts diff]s f ! ,kiyonaga type2 x has some?+ ( ! girli%ness ( ,h>unobu or ,suk5obu--:olesome1 r\nd$1 ) eyes t are l>ge & n n>r[$ to slits z 9 8 lat] ye>s1 & ) coiffure ( mode/ proportions4 ,x resembles ! type *>act]i/ic ( ,*oki at ?is "t4 ,^! *>m+ figures1 drawn ) subtle precision1 /& aga9/ _! dull silv] backgr\nds 9 col\rs ^: few & s(t tones produce an effect s h>moni\s z to almo/ ju/ify ,von ,seidlitz 9 call+ ,utam>o ! fir/ col\ri/ ( 8 nation4 ,! pr9ts ( ?is class are z r>e z !y are beautiful4 ,! collector :o is famili> ) no?+ b ! lat] "w ( ! arti/ c h only an imp]fect conception ( ! greatness ( ,utam>o4 ,!y con/itute ! pure/ & mo/ tranquil ( 8 productions1 & p]haps ! high po9t ( 8 g5ius4 ,?is #agij decade1 :5 ,utam>o 0 at ! z5i? ( 8 p[]s1 saw _m triumphs besides ! silv]-portraits4 ,he 0 incessantly busy ) exp]im5ts ( e k9d2 pu%$ by ! ke5 competition ( ,yei%i1 ,*oki1 & ! o!rs1 he lab\r$ incessantly = new effects & pass$ on to new mann]s4 ,plates #ci & #da are examples4 ,disc>d+ ! type ( head t _h appe>$ 9 ! silv]-portraits1 he devis$ t m re/less1 haunt+ type by :i* we be/ "k him4 ,! e!real & supple bodies1 ! sl5d] necks1 ! slightly /ra9$ poses1 all indicate ! n]v\s hyp]-/hetic t5sion ( ! h\r4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! decade 8 peculi>ities grew ev5 m m>k$4 ,! necks ( 8 figures became incr$ibly sl5d]2 ! bodies took on unnatural l5g?2 a snaky languor p]vad$ !m4 ,"o pr9t1 8 fam\s ,woman ,seat$ on ! ,edge ( a ,v]&a1 reproduc$ 9 ,plate #dj1 may s]ve z repres5tative ( !m all4 ,! draw+ ( ! drap]ies & ( ! figure b5ea? !m is /udi$ ) extraord9>y fidelity2 9 fact1 s human & real a figure is h>dly to be f\nd 9 ! "w ( any prec$+ arti/4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ,utam>o has us$ 8 ke5 reali/ic p[] m]ely z a scaffold+1 & has proce$$ to build up on x a "w t goes ov] almo/ into ! region ( symbolism4 ,9 ! sl5d] delicacy ( ?is figure1 ! spl5did black ( h] elaborate coiffure1 ! droop+ fragility ( h] body1 ! s5su\s grace & ref9em5t1 ! languor & exhau/ion--9 all ^! speak ! sup]-s5sible grop+s & hung]s ( ,utam>o himself4 ,out ( a liv+ woman he creat$ 8 di/urb+ symbol ( ! impossible desires t are no less subtle or pa9ful because !y are born ( ! fle%4 ,) n]ves key$ beyond ! heal?y pit*1 he dream$ ?is melody ^: /range m9or *ords alone c\ld /ir ! satiat$ _s4 ,he caught & idealiz$ ! l9es & col\rs ( mortal we>9ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,utam>o3 ,,woman ,,seat$ ,,on ,a ,,v]&a4 ,size #ac #h4 ,sign$ ,utam>o1 hitsu4 ,plate #dj4 ,woman1 says ,von ,seidlitz1 _h always play$ a prom95t "p 9 ! popul> art ( ! c\ntry1 b n[ ,utam>o plac$ "o type ( ! sex 9 ! absolute c5tre ( all att5tion--! type1 namely1 ( ! c\rtesan initiat$ into all ! ref9em5ts ( m5tal culture z well z ( bodily en*antm5t1 & !n play+ 9 ! life ( ,japan su* a "p z %e mu/ h play$ 9 ,hellas dur+ ! gold5 age ( ,greek civilization4 ,= express+ ! inexpressible1 ! simple r5d]+ ( nature did n suffice2 ! figures mu/ ne$s be l5g!n$ to give ! impression ( sup]natural be+s2 !y mu/ h a pliancy enabl+ !m to express vividly ! t5d]e/ z well z ! mo/ int5se emotions ( ! s\l2 la/ly1 !y mu/ be end[$ ) a :olly peculi> & !re=e affect$ language = utt]+ ! :olly peculi> s5sations t fill$ !m4444 ,x is true t soon aft] he yield$ to ! g5]al t5d5cy ( 8 age 444 & gradually insi/$ on ^! attributes to exagg]ation1 ev5 to impossibility1 :ile 8 fame ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to give su* morbid incl9ations completely satisfactory & !re=e unsurpassable expression is a title ( some:at d\btful value1 ev5 if 9 any case a high hi/orical significance _c be d5i$ x4 ,nev]!less1 we mu/ n =get t )9 ?is doma9 ( ! hyp]-/hetic ,utam>o 0 ! creator ( a mo/ orig9al & individual /yle4 ,nay1 if we c\ld only admit ! morbid & exagg]at$ to be z fit subject-matt] = art z ! heal?y & sane1 we mu/ grant t ?is /yle is "o ( altoge!r en*ant+ orig9ality1 & t1 h[ev] dang]\s might be its imm$iate influ5ce ^u ! spectator1 & p>ticul>ly ^u possible successors1 x does none ! less lift u beyond ! cramp+ limits ( reality1 & is !re=e n want+ 9 idealism ( a k9d4 ,b we>y z seems ! spiritual cont5t ( ^! end-(-!-c5tury designs ( ,utam>o's1 !re is no lack ( brilliant vig\r 9 _! composition4 ,! great tripty*s--su* z ! ,night ,fe/ival on ! ,banks ( ! ,sumida ,riv]1 or ! ,firefly ,cat*]s1 or ! ,p]simmon ,pick]s--/& among ! f9e/ pr9ts we "k4 ,9 col\r1 rhy?m ( l9e1 & dramatic quality ( composition !y are triumphs4 ,!re is a />tl+ beauty 9 ev5 ^? extraord9>y bu/-portraits 9 :i* ! enorm\s coiffure1 m9ute neck1 slips ( eyes1 & dot ( a m\?1 c>ry exagg]ation to a biz>re & deliri\s extreme4 ,n long aft] #ahjj ! pressure ( "w br\ght ^u him by 8 great popul>ity1 toge!r ) ! effects ( a none too well sp5t life 9 ! ,yo%iw>a1 comb9$ to /ra9 8 p[]s unduly4 ,8 "w no long] kept its e>li] fre%ness2 8 exagg]ations became co>s]2 8 inv5tion grew less f]tile4 ,he began to rely on ! assi/ance ( 8 pupils1 z we "k f 8 ,book ( ! ,gre5 ,h\ses 7#ahjd71 9 :i* sev]al collaborat$ ) him4 ,d\btless _m an ,utam>o pr9t ( ?is "t is _! "w4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjd came ! f9al cata/rophe4 ,consequ5t ^u ! publication ( ! well-kn[n tripty* repres5t+ ! anci5t ,%ogun ,hideyo%i ent]ta9+ 8 five concub9es 9 ! ea/]n qu>t] ( ! capital1 ! rul+ ,%ogun ,iy5>i took umbrage at ! salaci\s disrespect to 8 ance/or & ! delicately impli$ allusion to himself1 & ,utam>o 0 ?r[n into prison = 8 (f5ce4 ,!re he rema9$1 x is said1 = a ye>2 :5 he em]g$1 x 0 ) impair$ heal? & a brok5 _s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,utam>o3 ,a ,,y\?ful ,,pr9ce ,,& ,,ladies4 ,left-h& %eet ( a tripty*4 ,size #ae #aj4 ,sign$ ,utam>o1 hitsu4 ,plate #da4 ,8 productions aft] ?is "t 7 n comp>able ) 8 e>li] "w4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjf he di$1 & ) him di$ ! great days ( ! ,japanese pr9t4 ,9 ?is rapid survey x has be5 impossible to d ju/ice to ! _m-sid$ p[]s ( ?is great design]4 ,8 beautiful l&scapes1 8 f9e animal pictures1 ! t5d] & :imsical "m-&-*ild & dome/ic sc5es he produc$1 h all _h to be ignor$ 9 fav\r ( 8 c5tral a*ievem5ts--8 unp>allel$ designs ( ! c\rtesan ( ! ,yo%iw>a 9 h] we>y glory4 ,c]ta9ly no m v>i$ & di/+ui%$ tal5t ?an 8 illum9es ! roll ( ,ukioye arti/s4 ,beside 8 p]petually fre% inv5tion ev5 ! great ,kiyonaga seems /]eotyp$ & academic4 ,to-day ! poor] examples ( ,utam>o's "w are /ill readily procurable4 ,8 greate/ works are r>e4 ,c]ta9 ( 8 tripty*s1 8 silv] half-l5g? portraits1 & 8 l>ge heads on mica backgr\nds1 are v uncommon4 ,b ) pati5ce & judgm5t ! collector may /ill obta9 n[ & !n a f9e specim5 ( ,utam>o's "w4 ,b "s c>e is necess>y4 ,ev5 dur+ ,utam>o's life 8 "w 0 =g$ by unscrupul\s p]sons :o hop$ to reap ! b5efit ( 8 popul>ity2 & 8 pupils1 "u 8 direction1 produc$ an unkn[n quantity ( "w sign$ ) 8 "n4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 f ab\t #ahjh to #ahbj1 ! ,second ,utam>o work$ 9 ! mann] ( 8 pr$ecessor1 issu+ "w t _c ) c]ta9ty be di/+ui%$ f ! late "w ( ! ma/]4 ,besides ^! p]ils !re is ! fact t ,utam>o's pr9ts h be5 well reproduc$ 9 rec5t ye>s2 & reproductions are sometimes put =w>d z orig9als by ignorant or di%one/ deal]s4 ,consid]able famili>ity ) au!ntic examples ( ,utam>o's be/ "w1 or exp]t advice1 c alone protect ! w\ld-be pur*as]4 ,,pupils ,,& ,,foll[]s ,,( ,,utam>o4 ,?\gh ,utam>o's influ5ce ^u 8 contempor>ies 0 incalculably great1 he left beh9d him a body ( pupils :o 7 almo/ )\t exception r insignificant arti/s4 ,) crud] col\r & composition1 !y c>ri$ /ill f>!r ! vulg>ities ( ,utam>o's decl9+ p]iod4 ,among !m may be m5tion$ ! foll[+ m53-- ,,utam>o ,,ii1 ^: orig9al "n 0 ,koikawa ,%un*o or ,h>uma*i1 0 a pupil ( ,sekiy52 he m>ri$ ,utam>o's wid[1 & f ab\t #ahjh to #ahbj cont9u$ to produce pr9ts 9 ! debas$ ,utam>o mann]4 ,dr4 ,kur? believes he mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ano!r ,koikawa ,%un*o ^: family "n 0 ,kuraha%i1 & :o di$ 9 #aghi4 ,! :ole matt] is by no means cle>4 ,,banki & ,,%ikim>o 7 among ! be/ ( ?is gr\p4 ,p>ticul>ly ! =m]1 be=e ,utam>o's dea?1 produc$ "s f9e "w4 ,,tamagawa ,,%u*o 0 a r>e pupil ( ,utam>o :o work$ ab\t #agij to #ahaj4 ,,kikum>o ,i 7:o also call$ himself ,,kitagawa ,,tsukim>o71 ,,kikum>o ,,ii1 ,,tanimoto ,,tsukim>o1 ,,takem>o1 ,,toyom>o1 ,,yukim>o ,i1 ,,yukim>o ,,ii1 ,,yo%im>o ,i 7also call$ ,,kitao ,,%igemasa ,,iii71 ,,yo%im>o ,,ii1 ,,rekes5ti ,,sogaku1 ,,go%i*i1 ,,hidem>o1 ,,mitem>o1 ,,m9em>o1 ,,kitam>o1 ,,mi*im>o1 ,,to%im>o1 ,,hanam>o1 ,,isom>o1 ,,a%im>o1 ,,kanam>o1 ,,kunim>o1 ,,yo%imune1 ,,yo%itora1 ,,yo%itsuya1 ,,yo%iki1 ,,yo%imori1 ,,yo%ito%i1 ,,yo%ikata1 ,,y5*o1 ,,yumiaki1 ,,hokokuj9 ,,fuyo1 ,,*ikanobu1 ,,%9toku1 ,,%unkiosai1 ,,hisanobu1 ,,soraku1 ,,s5ka1 ,,ryukoku1 ,,sekkyo1 ,,seki*o1 ,,sekiho1 ,,sekijo may all be class$ z late foll[]s1 fell[-pupils1 or rivals ( ,utam>o4 ,,bunro1 "s ( ^: "w is f9e1 0 a r>e imitator ( ,utam>o4 ,he work$ *iefly ab\t #ahjj to #ahaj4 ,,%>aku4 ,dramatic ,portrait4 ,:5ce art ?\ come1 ,tall figure clasp+ to ?y tragic brea/ ,?y orange robe1 a flame amid ! gloom-- ,by :at wild doom ,art ?\ =ev] onw>d--onw>d press$8 ,a wrea? is on ?y br[1 ,a cr[n ( leafage f "s lonely haunt ,:]e might ,m$ea's %ade brood m9i/rant4 ,?y %\ld]s b[ ,b5ea? :at fe>ful weight1 :at ne$1 :at v[8 ,a leop>d fi]ce-- ,a gho/ t w&]s d[n ! w&]+ w9d-- ,a fury track+ t[>d "s %ak5 m9d-- ,:]e %all ,i f9d ,! div9ation t ?y veil %all pi]ce8 ,h[ %all ,i wre/ ,f !e ! secret ( ?y l(ty doom-- ,f :at wild gulf ( midnight ?\ do/ come ,:o1 ) clut*$ brea/1 ,/alke/ =ev] onw>d--onw>d press$8 ,few p approa* ,%>aku's "w = ! fir/ "t )\t reg>d+ him z a repulsive *>latan1 ! creator ( p]v]sely & s5selessly ugly portraits ^: cross-eyes1 impossible m\?s1 & snaky ge/ures h n ! slighte/ claim to be call$ art4 ,at fir/ ^! /range pictures may ev5 seem mir?-provok+ to ! spectator--a view ( !m :i* he w rememb] 9 lat] ye>s ) almo/ incr$ul\s wond]4 ,to ov]come "o's orig9al feel+ ( repulsion may take a long "t2 b to e s]i\s /ud5t ( ,japanese pr9ts !re comes at la/ a day :5 he sees ^! portraits ) diff]5t eyes2 & sudd5ly ! consci\sness is born 9 him t ,%>aku /&s on ! highe/ level ( g5ius1 9 a greatness unique1 sublime1 & appall+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,to%iusai ,,%>aku4 ,to%iusai ,%>aku is a figure m %ad[y ?an mo/1 ev5 9 ?is region ( %ad[s4 ,! wilful neglect ( a public t hat$ him has fold$ him 9 a my/]y deep] ?an ! m]e accid5tal obscurations ( "t4 ,( 8 bir? & dea? we "k absolutely no?+1 nor ( ! "n ( 8 tea*]1 if he _h "o4 ,! resemblance betwe5 8 "w & t ( ,%unyei _c be fully expla9$ until we "k m accurately _! relative dates4 ,kiyonaga's noble draw+ c]ta9ly affect$ 8 /yle4 ,! influ5ce ( ,%un%o ^u 8 col\r-s*emes is fairly obvi\s2 b we d n "k :e!r ?is 0 due to p]sonal contact1 or only to famili>ity ) ,%un%o's "w4 ,! "o indisputable fact ab\t ,%>aku is t he 0 orig9ally a ,n-p]=m] 9 ! tr\pe ( ! ,daimyo ( ,awa4 ,! ,japanese au?orities /ate t he work$ at pr9t-design+ only "o or two ye>s1 some:]e betwe5 #agij & #agie4 ,dr4 ,kur?1 9 8 /imulat+ b some:at too imag9ative volume1 ,%>aku1 believes t ! evid5ce ju/ifies u 9 fix+ ,%>aku's work+ p]iod z a mu* long] "t--#aghg to #agie2 b he _c be said to h :olly prov$ 8 case4 ,:e!r or n ^! dates are accurate1 we may at lea/ say t ,%>aku's ye>s ( activity lay *iefly )9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ decade ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%>aku3 ,,! ,,actor ,,ara%i ,,ryuz ,,9 ,,! ,r,,le ,,( ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,=ty-,,sev5 ,,ron94 ,silv] backgr\nd4 ,size #ad #aj4 ,sign$ ,to%iusai ,%ak>u ga4 ,spauld+ ,collection4 ,plate #db4 ,%>aku's "w consi/$ entirely ( />tl+ly p[]ful & ironic portraits ( actors1 "s 9 ! =m ( l>ge bu/-portraits1 "s 9 ! =m ( full-l5g? figures ( hoso-ye size1 & a few l>ge %eets ea* conta9+ two full-l5g? figures4 ,_! savage int5sity is arre/+ & un=gettable2 x at once drives "o to consid] :at mann] ( man c\ld h creat$ !m4 ,%>aku 01 z we h said1 pr(essionally a memb] ( ! ,n-tr\pe ( ! ,daimyo ( ,awa4 ,?is fact is ( f>-rea*+ significance4 ,! ,n 0 a highly develop$ & ari/ocratic =m ( lyrical drama1 bas$ ^u anci5t & classical leg5ds2 x 0 full ( a poetry & allusiv5ess t made x incompreh5sible to ! populace1 :o1 inde$1 _h no opportunity to see x2 x 0 z mu* ! exclusive conc]n ( ! cultur$ ari/ocracy z ! private revival ( a ,greek trag$y is ) u to-day4 ,9 brocad$ co/umes1 p]haps ! treasur$ reliques ( c5turies ago1 ! ,n-danc] appe>$ ^u 8 empty /age be=e a hu%$ audi5ce ( nobles--8 face mask$1 z 7 ! faces ( ! ,greek actors1 8 voice lift$ to an unnatural pit* ( vibrant *aunt+2 & ) /ately motions1 elaborately devis$ /eps1 & /]eotyp$ ge/ures1 he inton$ ! roll+ /rophes ( ! drama's long & hall[$ /ra94 ,a complex =malism p]vad$ e ^w & /ep2 9 no art-=m ) :i* ,i am famili> is an accept$ conv5tion1 a totally unreali/ic m$ium1 s rigidly adh]$ to z 9 ^! ,n-plays4 ,! ,n-actors 7 a ca/e utt]ly ap>t f ! actors ( ! common /age4 ,!y 7 ! protgs & associates ( great nobles :o w\ld n1 save incognito1 appe> 9 ! pres5ce ( ! common actor4 ,! gap betwe5 ! two classes ( actors 0 z great z t betwe5 ,sir ,john/on ,=bes-,rob]tson & a juggl] at a fair--"o1 ! inh]itor ( a di/+ui%$ lit]>y tradition1 ! int]pret] ( our classic dramatic h]itage2 ! o!r1 a crude beguil] ( ! populace1 ) /ation no high] ?an ! p$l>4 ,ca/e-feel+ may v well h be5 r h>% betwe5 ! haughty ,n-p]=m]s & _! despis$ & o/raciz$ bro!rs ( ! gutt]4 ,z we h not$1 ! ,n-danc] wore a mask2 ^! masks are creations ( ! greate/ int]e/4 ,!y are c>v$ out ( wood1 frequ5tly ) a skill t makes !m /rik+ works ( art4 ,x is impossible to convey 9 words ! rem>kable degree ( *>act]ization :i* !y express4 ,! smoo? guilelessness ( ! "y girl1 ! deep wr9kles ( ! old man1 ! le] ( ! rascal1 ! savag]y ( ! villa91 are all 9 _! turn summ>iz$ 9 ^! haunt+ repres5tations ^: simplicity ( outl9e is mat*$ only by _! int5sity ( effect4 ,nature seems to speak 9 !m--b a height5$ nature1 /ripp$ ( all incid5tals2 ! v ess5ce ( ! "* ( ! rle is reveal$ to our eyes ! in/ant ! actor1 we>+ 8 impressive & vivid mask1 /eps ^u ! /age4 ,be>+ ^! ?+s 9 m9d1 we may foll[ ,dr4 ,kur? 7,%>aku1 ,mn*51 #aiaj7 9 8 imag9ative summ>y ( ! probable effects ( ! call+ ( a ,n-danc] ^u ! m9d & art ( ,%>aku3-- ,picture a ri*ly end[$ pa9t]--at fir/ only dimly consci\s ( 8 p[]s--z 9 a my/]y-play he treads ! consecrat$ /age 9 ! sacr$ prec9cts ( a temple ( ,toku%ima or 9 ! %ad[ ( ! cryptom]ias & firs ( ! ,ha*isuka ca/le--a fanta/ic mask cov]+ 8 features1 o!r mask$ spectres be=e 8 eyes--surr\nd$ by ! atmosph]e ( ! occult tradition ( anci5t & l(ty dramatic art--:ile1 9 ! dep?s ( 8 s\l's abysses1 *a9$ ,titans w\ld /orm up to ! out] _w1 & confus$ pictures ( 8 future creations hov] be=e 8 _s1 444 & we %all realize t ?is man1 z a pa9t]1 mu/ become a dramaturgi/4 ,& if we summon to our vision ! gorge\s /ret*es ( ,awa--its *asmy m\nta9s ) ! =e/s ru/l+ ar\nd !m--its picturesque sea-lapp$ bea*es--its sun-dr5*$ groves ( oak--its gl[+ sc>let maples--! brilliant fl[]s ( its ,spr+--! ev]gre5s ( its ,w9t]--!n we %all realize t ?is man1 z a pa9t]1 mu/ become a col\r-dream]4 ,brood+ _s t he 01 he1 an ,edipus1 approa*$ v5tur\sly to ! ,sph9x ( passion t pe]s =? f ! faces ( m54 ,uncanny p[]s lurk$ 9 ! grotesque furr[s & demoniac grimaces ( 8 ,n-masks1 b no?+ little or %all[--nay1 9 spite ( all grotesqu5ess1 only ! significant & symbolic4 ,& !n he look$ d[n f 8 busk9$ height ^u ! popul> actors--bomba/ic b>n-/orm]s--greasy l[-com$ians--l\ts f n[h]e1 z ! illu/ri\s ,h>unobu _h call$ !m--p]=m]s :o br\ght be=e _! gap+ audi5ce n1 z did he1 augu/ ?+s 9 /rangely wond]ful guise1 b (t5 ?+s f> too human 9 /rutt+ /age-pomp4 ,he look$ ^u !m1 a guild n only despis$ b sometimes ev5 outlaw$--a guild t /ood on ! same plane z ! idiotic pr(ession ( ! wre/l]1--a class ^: vulg> faces c\ld n hide _! swagg]+ gutt]-vanity & _! cr++ lu/ = applause beh9d ev5 ! r$ pa9t ( ! f]oci\s w>rior-rle or ! corpse-col\r$ rice-p[d] us$ :5 ap+ wom54 ,& if we see him ?us1 we %all und]/& t ?is man1 z a pa9t] ( actors1 mu/ ev5tually become a pitiless satiri/4 ,x 0 !re=e ) ! colossal & tragic ge/ures ( ! ,n-dance 9 8 s\l1 ! di/ort$ & monum5tal int5sity ( ! ,n-masks 9 8 eyes1 & ! contempt & irony ( ! ,n-p]=m] = ! common actor 9 8 he>t1 t ,%>aku1 com+ to ,y$o1 took up 8 t]rible bru% to depict ! ,y$o actors z he saw !m4 ,! result+ s]ies ( portraits is surely "o ( ! supreme examples ( graphic *>act]ization & deva/at+ contempt t ! _w has ev] se54 ,9 ! e>li] portion ( ,%>aku's "w1 among :i* are 8 l>ge portraits on yell[ backgr\nds1 ! orig9ality ( ! man is already /rik+ en\gh2 b 8 acid qualities are h>dly at _! fulle/ developm5t4 ,c]ta9 ( 8 hoso-ye pr9ts mu/ belong to ?is fir/ p]iod2 9 ^!1 aft] ! mann] ( ,%un%o1 he devot$ 8 att5tion *iefly to ! atta9+ ( a p[]ful dramatic r5d]+ ( ! rle he 0 depict+4 ,/rutt+ ,daimyo1 beguil+ woman1 f]oci\s w>rior1 %rewd peasant--he made ea* "p move ) ! vig\r & =ce ( ! se5 /age4 ,%un%o 0 nev] m impressive2 & "h1 9 addition1 !re is 9 e design a /range di/ortion ( l9e1 a di/urb+ abnormality ( pose1 t makes "o realize t no m]e copyi/ ( ,%un%o is at h&4 ,!n1 beg9n+ ) an a/\nd+ s]ies ( tw5ty-f\r portraits ) mica backgr\nds 7,plates #db1 #dc1 #dd7 repres5t+ actors 9 ! play ( ! ,=ty-sev5 ,ron91 ,%>aku's mood *anges4 ,he ceases to rem9d "o at all ( ,%un%o2 x is r ! scrut9iz+ individual *>act]ization ( ,%unyei t he recalls4 ,b ,%unyei nev] rea*$ ! po9t to :i* ,%>aku is n[ com+4 ,! dramatic =ce1 ! hi/rionic illusion ( 8 pictures abates no jot2 b beyond x1 di/urb+ lights & movem5ts are lurk+4 ,! mighty rle t[]s l a %ad[ be=e u 9 its full dramatic sweep2 b f ! dep?s ( ! %ad[ pe]s ) /eal?y glance ! indwell+ p]sonality ( ! actor--l a jackal's eyes se5 sudd5ly 9 a k+'s tomb4 ,?is contradiction--?is complex ( two utt]ly antagoni/ic =ces--is "o ( ! miracles ( ,%>aku's g5ius3 x is an ant9omy :i* he resolves suffici5tly to produce an equilibrium1 b n en\gh to take f ^! portraits ! insoluble my/]y ( two spirits1 ! tangle ( two mean+s1 ! explosive & inscrutable life t makes !m un=gettable4 ,?us ! sweep+ rhetoric ( ! /ately rle & ! sudd5 naturali/ic cry ( ! discov]$ actor's s\l meet 9 a discord unique1 subtly calculat$1 magnific5t1 & h>r[+4 ,%>aku pi]c$ deep into ! he>ts ( 8 sitt]s to grasp ! weak1 ! grotesque1 ! pa!tic1 ! tragic2 he apprais$ ! lu/1 ! horror1 ! vacuity t 0 !re1 & ^! qualities he dragg$ out to ! light ?r\gh ! av5ues by :i* he _h ent]$--?r\gh ! eyes1 ! lips1 ! h&s--te>+ ^! gates into t]rible & di/ort$ brea*es eloqu5t ( ! booty t _h be5 =c$ ?r\gh !m4 ,no portraits s bla/+ z 8 h ev] be5 creat$ by ano!r2 no o!r h& has s deva/at+ly %att]$ ! conv5tional cont\rs ( faces to re%ape !m into ! awful images ( _! own hidd5 pot5tialities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%>aku3 ,,! ,,actor ,,i%ikawa ,,danjuro 7,,yebizo7 ,,z ,,! ,,daimyo ,,ko ,,no ,,moronao ,,9 ,,! ,,drama ,,( ,,! ,,=ty-,,sev5 ,,ron94 ,size #ad #aj4 ,silv] backgr\nd4 ,sign$ ,to%iusai ,%>aku ga4 ,plate #dc4 ,to call ,%>aku a reali/ is a silly1 untru?ful attempt to muffle 9 words =ces t "o does n und]/&4 ,he 0 h>dly m a reali/ ?an ,kiyonaga4 ,he saw 9 ! spectacle be=e him c]ta9 elem5ts ( beauty & t]ror2 he select$ & m\ld$ !m into 8 cunn+ly devis$ designs2 & ! result 0 z mu* a creation ( ! vision>y m9d--a true idealism--z ! pictures ( ! fairy-tale-tell+ ,h>unobu4 ,x is no m]e realism1 b an insidi\s dissection & a mordant recon/ruction1 t is s /rik+ 9 ^! works4 ,! mo/ savage ef=ts ( mod]n c>icature are *ild's play beside ,%>aku's dis9tegrat+ analysis & 8 satanic reassembl+ ( features4 ,he does to ! face & its conceal$ passions :at ,mi*ael ,angelo's anatomical figure does to ! n]ves & muscles--reveal+ appall+ly ! secrets ( /ructure & ! ma*9]y ( p[]4 ,yet1 9 spite ( all ! di/ortions & exagg]ations & displacem5ts1 ,%>aku's satyrical faces live4 ,!y h an unnatural & mon/r\s life--l ! life ( ,go?ic g>goyles & fabul\s animals1 ^: p>ts are br\ght toge!r into an incr$ible yet organic creation4 ,look+ ^u !m1 "o realizes t = ,%>aku beauty meant n sweetness or grace1 b vitality--! cl5* & r5d+ ( ! e>?quake =ces ( life4 ,he s\ght no h>monies ( s5tim5t l ^? ( ,h>unobu2 he plung$ :olly into a mael/rom ( p[]s ^: magnific5t surge & fl[ 0 to him ! sole end & ! sole consolation4 ,he drew no c\rtesans1 no sc5es f ! daily life ( ! p1 no fe/ivals1 no tea-h\se g>d5s by ! riv]2 b ) a baleful conc5tration he1 ! pr\d ma/] ( ! esot]ic ,n drama1 kept 8 eyes fix$ unsw]v+ly ^u ! pa!tic mimes ( ! vulg> /age--outca/s1 common lumps /rutt+ = an h\r ( glory 9 gorge\s robes & h]oic rles be=e a gap+ populace4 ,h[ "o longs = "o m "w f ,%>aku's h&s--a portrait ( himself1 seat$ 9 ! /alls1 wat*+ ! play at its height6 ,"o c almo/ imag9e ! pe]+ eyes1 ! tight lips1 ! hidd5 h&s4444 ,s f> ,i h spok5 *iefly ( ! l>ge heads ( ,%>aku4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t he produc$ a numb] ( designs 9 hoso-ye =m t are ! v fl[] ( 8 "w4 ,kur? places c]ta9 ( ^! e>ly 9 ,%>aku's c>e]2 he is1 p]haps1 wrong 9 ?is1 = _m ( ^? :i* he ?us dates give evid5ce ( an art s mature & ma/]ful t !y mu/ be at lea/ contemporane\s ) ! ,ron9 ,s]ies4 ,su* are ! pr9t ( ,ara%i ,ryz z an ag$ noble 9 robe ( black ) violet girdle1 & ! pr9t ( ,segawa ,kikusabr 9 robe ( olive & purple hold+ an op5 fan4 ,9 ! f9e/ ( ^! hoso-ye ! dramatic =ce ( ! composition is s subtle t ! elem5t ( c>icature takes a subord9ate place4 ,a lyric mood p]vades !m4 ,x is impossible to contemplate ^! figures )\t a s5se1 n m]ely ( ! irony & contempt :i* !y sometimes embody1 b also ( ! tragic heights on :i* !y move4 ,l(ty conflicts1 desp]ate de/9ies1 imm5se /ra9+s t[>d desir$ goals1 imm5se despairs be=e impassable b>ri]s--^! are "s ( ! emotions t confront u "h4 ,! e*o ( ! trag$y ( ! ,greeks is ar\nd !m2 _! ge/ures seem ! %ad[s ( titanic cataclysms4 ,kiyonaga gave u ! gods2 ,%>aku gives u ^? :o f\ght aga9/ ! gods4 ,if x 7 my =tune to *oose1 out ( ! t5s ( ?\s&s ( pr9ts t ,i h se51 "o pr9t :i* c\ld alone be sav$ f "s imp5d+ univ]sal de/ruction1 ,i am n sure :e!r ,i w\ld take ,h>unobu's flawless ,flute ,play]1 or ,kiyonaga's s]5e ,t]race by ! ,sea1 or t t]rible pr9t ( ,%>aku's1 illu/rat$ 9 bo? ,kur? & ! catalogue ( ! exhibition at ! ,muse des ,arts ,dcoratifs1 9 :i* ! orange-rob$ figure ( ,nakayama ,tomisabr /alks by ) an int5sity ( passion t makes "o's fle% creep--a vibrancy ( l9e1 col\r1 & emotion t seems ! apogee ( beauty & t]ror4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%>aku3 ,,! ,,actor ,,kosagawa ,,tsuneyo ,,z ,a ,,woman ,,9 ,,! ,,drama ,,( ,,! ,,=ty-,,sev5 ,,ron94 ,silv] backgr\nd4 ,size #ad #aj4 ,sign$ ,to%iusai ,%>aku ga4 ,a9swor? ,collection4 ,plate #dd4 ,! hoso-ye pr9ts h1 ^u ! :ole1 m poise & s]5ity ?an ! bu/s2 & !y w p]haps be judg$--9 a hundr$ ye>s1 :5 ! excitem5t ( ! discov]y ( ,%>aku is ov]--to be among 8 greate/ works4 ,:5 !y occur 9 tripty*s1 z probably all 7 orig9ally design$ to d1 !y con/itute m h>moni\s & dramatic units ?an any ( ,%un%o's actor-tripty*s4 ,! f9e/1 & late/ 9 ord] ( production1 are g5]ally ^? )\t backgr\nd2 9 ^!1 isolat$ & sublime aga9/ an empty univ]se ( yell[ t9t1 rise ! supreme evocations ( ,%>aku's g5ius4 ,great di/9ction ( composition m>ks all ( ,%>aku's "w4 ,bo? ! hoso-ye & ! l>ge bu/-portraits are drawn ) classic simplicity ( l9es & masses4 ,no?+ %ort ( c]ta9 ( ! ,primitives c approa* !m4 ,e sup]flu\s ornam5t is omitt$2 z 9 ,plate #dc1 ea* l9e is cut d[n to its meagre/ possible limit4 ,b ! expressiv5ess ( ! draw+ is unsurpassable2 & ! /hetic effect ( ! direct composition gr[s ) e repeat$ sight4 ,^! /range heads aga9/ ! d>k glimm]+ backgr\nds seem ,titans root$ 9 ! void2 !y loom ^u "o's vision enorm\sly2 !y are ov]:elm+ ) ! spiritual greatness ( _! creator4 ,9 spite ( all ! di/urb+ unquietness ( _! conflicts1 !y are *>g$ ) a monum5tal equilibrium ( design1 seal$ ) an exalt$ peace ( conception1 pois$ z = et]nity ) ! repose ( measureless space & "t ar\nd !m4 ,at fir/ sight1 "o w\ld imag9e ^! portraits to be impossibly re/less ?+s to live )2 b great] famili>ity proves !m to be l ! ,sibyls ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel--va/ & endur+ figures1 ^: l>ge passion does n oblit]ate ! fundam5tal tranquillity ( _! conception4 ,! col\r :i* ,%>aku employs is ( a unique quality3 sombre1 ) lurid lights2 heavy & opaque2 nightm>e col\rs1 lea%$ into miracul\s & incr$ible h>mony2 ?+s ( inf]nal & dusky spl5d\r2 tragic col\rs1 ,kur? calls !m4 ,! d>k mica backgr\nds1 :i* ,%>aku is said1 )\t mu* pro(1 to h inv5t$1 height5 to a rem>kable degree 8 col\r effects4 ,words & reproductions are alike p[]less to convey any s5se ( !m2 !y hold 9 /ore an impressive s5sation = him :o has n yet se5 !m4 ,) !m ,%>aku takes fir/ rank z a col\ri/4 ,t[>d ! end ( 8 brief c>e]1 8 portraits became almo/ too t]rible 9 _! savage & tragic irony4 ,9 ! l>ge d\ble-portraits ,%>aku te>s ! mask ( humanity aside & %[s ! v bea/4 ,yet to call ev5 ^! mo/ extreme ( 8 productions c>icatures is to obscure a subtle spiritual ess5ce by a crude ^w4 ,!y are exactly z comic z ! rav+s ( ,le>1 z mir?-provok+ z ! lam5ts ( ,%ylock4 ,!y are n ! light mock+ ( a sc(f] or a com$ian1 b ! appall+ & tortur$ sne] ( a man ^: vision ( m5 is col\r$ by 8 desire = ! gods4 ,because he did n repres5t reality1 b on ! contr>y pa9t$ unnatural figures1 ! public became ho/ile t[>d him4444 ,8 figures 7 too reali/ic4444 ,he 0 a bungl] 9 art4444 ,f ^! conflict+ criticisms1 f\nd 9 v>i\s ,japanese au?orities1 we may ga!r ) :at compreh5sion ! public ( t day accept$ ! f9al "w ( ! great pa9t]2 & we may conjecture :at neglect & hatr$ =c$ him into a nev]-brok5 retirem5t4 ,dr4 ,kur? is ( ! op9ion t1 aft] ! ye> #agie1 ,%>aku /ill cont9u$ to produce secretly a few pr9ts "u ! assum$ "n ( ,kabukid ,y5ky1 & attempt$ "u ?is disguise to w9 back ! popul>ity ( 8 prime4 ,?is is an allur+ b some:at fanta/ic !ory1 :i* nei!r ! docum5t>y nor ! int]nal evid5ce ( ,y5ky's "w adequately supports4 ,o!r au?orities believe ,y5ky to h be5 an indep5d5t arti/ :o 0 a pupil ( ,%>aku4 ,8 "w /rangely resembles t ( ,kunimasa ,i4 ,at ! pres5t "t x _c be said t ! "q is :olly settl$2 b x w\ld be ra% to accept ,kur?'s !ory at its face value4 ,9 conclusion1 let u grant t ,%>aku is n = e "o4 ,"o _c qu>rel ) a p]son :o says1 ,i und]/& ,%>aku2 ,i see ! measureless dep?s ( 8 tragic irony1 ! unique spl5d\r ( 8 col\r1 ! p]fect ma/]y ( 8 composition4 ,b ,i d n l him4 ,i pref] ,kiyonaga1 j z ,i pref] ! /ately beauty ( ,keats to ! tr\bl$ pr(undity ( ,blake4 ,su* a position is compreh5sible & impregnable4 ,b he :o f9ds ,%>aku m]ely grotesque or absurd or repell5t %\ld return to ! portraits = fur!r /udy2 he has n yet rea*$ ! immortal he>t ( ,%>aku's "w1 & he is miss+ a memorable exp]i5ce4 ,exact comp>isons are pr(itless2 b mo/ /ud5ts ( ,japanese pr9ts h at c]ta9 times turn$ f ! "w ( ,%>aku ) ! deep conviction t ?is man 0 ! greate/ g5ius ( !m all4 ,%>aku's output 0 n l>ge1 & 8 "w is n[ ( ! utmo/ r>ity4 ,! ,p>isian collectors long ago recogniz$ ,%>aku's greatness1 & at a "t :5 ,f5ollosa 0 proclaim+ ,%>aku z an ar*-purveyor ( vulg>ities1 & ,/range 0 grudg+ly describ+ him 9 sev5 l9es z an arti/ ( great p[] b little grace1 ! collectors ( ,p>is _h already acquir$ su* ,%>aku treasures z are n[ a lavi% & des]v$ rew>d = _! =esight4 ,p]haps ! only collection ( ,%>aku pr9ts t c rival ^? ( ,p>is is ! notable ,spauld+ ,collection ( ,bo/on1 :i* takes high rank4 ,,*oki4 ,a ,silv] ,pr9t4 ,! sky1 a plate ( d>k5$ /eel1 ,weighs on ! f> rim ( ! sea1 ,save :]e ! lift$ glooms reveal ,! la/ edge ( ! sun burn$ free4 ,blood-r$1 x drops dep>t+ly4 ,& 9 ! nightm>e or ! h\r1 ,aga9/ ! t]rible sea & sky1 ,a woman's figure--a /range fl[]-- ,l+]s4 ,h] we>i$1 curi\s eye ,wat*es ! burn+ _w g by4 ,?\gh ,*oki is probably n to be c\nt$ z "o ( ! few supremely great arti/s ( ! ,ukioye ,s*ool1 8 fame has be5 /eadily increas+ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s2 & :]eas he once held an insignificant place 9 ! e/eem ( amateurs1 he has ( late be5 reg>d$ ) an int]e/ & admiration t at times seem almo/ m ?an 8 des]ts4 ,mr4 ,/range calls him ! mo/ graceful ( all ! figure-design]s ( 8 "t1 & ,kur? does n hesitate to deal ) him z mit e9em ,ries5grosz54 ,i note 9 ,kur? a t5d5cy to exalt an arti/ because ( 8 pr(ici5cy 9 te*nical processes1 to an ext5t t ,i _c ass5t to2 ,*oki 0 sup]b1 b h>dly ,titanic4 ,x w\ld be difficult to *>act]ize him m ju/ly ?an 9 ! words ( ,m4 ,koe*l91 ,le plus curieux des petits matres4 ,?is description c]ta9ly does n err on ! side ( ov]-en?usiasm2 p]haps ^! are r lukew>m words to apply to a grace s exquisite1 a precision s %>p1 & a spiritual appeal s /rangely allur+ z t ( ,*oki4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*oki4 ,absolutely no?+ is kn[n ( ,yei%sai ,*oki's life2 x is believ$ t he 0 a pupil ( ,sekiy51 :o also taught ,utam>o4 ,! ,japanese au?orities are inexplicably sil5t ab\t him4 ,int]nal evid5ce1 h[ev]1 tells u t 8 "w lies betwe5 ! ye>s #aghe & #ahje4 ,8 e>lie/ designs are /rongly aft] ! mann] ( ,kiyonaga1 ^: fem99e types he at fir/ adopt$ almo/ lit]ally4 ,^! he modifi$ some:at a little lat] :5 he came "u ! influ5ce ( ,yei%i1 ^: sl5d] & delicate figures l$ him away f ! robu/ ones ( ,kiyonaga4 ,"o ( ,*oki's pill>-pr9ts1 illu/rat$ 9 ,plate #de1 m>ks an int]e/+ transition /age4 ,! face & figure seem at fir/ sight almo/ purely ( ! ,kiyonaga v>iety1 b on clos] exam9ation diff]5ces appe>2 & mo/ /rik+ ( all is ! fact t ! col\r-s*eme is t peculi> comb9ation ( yell[1 grey1 violet1 blue1 & black :i* 0 di/9ctive ( "s ( ,yei%i's f9e/ "w4 ,! influ5ce ( ,%>aku on ,*oki 0 at "s "t v /rong1 ?\gh ! precise date is almo/ impossible to det]m9e4 ,s great 0 ,*oki's admiration = ?is ma/] t lat]1 :5 he _h arriv$ at 8 own di/9ctive mann]1 he produc$ a pill>-pr9t ( a girl hold+ a fan on :i* appe>s ,%>aku's fam\s design ( ,! ,man ) ! ,pipe4 ,b ,*oki foll[$ no "o else z badly z he did ,%>aku2 ?\gh he appe>s to h le>n$ ?+s t 7 ( great value to him lat]1 8 imm$iate imitations ( ! great ironi/ r$uc$ ! sup]b effects ( ! latt] to ! level ( c>icatures & dissipat$ ! effect ( conc5trat$ =ce :i* m>ks 8 "w4 ,utam>o prov$ a m cong5ial influ5ce2 & 9 ,*oki's e>li] pr9ts !re are _m traces ( ! grace1 ?\gh n ( ! v]satility1 ( t arti/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*oki3 ,,c\rtesan ,,& ,,att5dant4 ,size #bf #d4 ,sign$ ,*oki ga4 ,,%unman3 ,,two ,,ladies ,,"u ,a ,,maple-,,tree4 ,size #bd #e4 ,sign$ ,kubo ,%unman ga4 ,plate #de4 ,ab\t #agij !re came out ( ?is s]ies ( imitations a curi\s bl5d$ type1 :i* f9ally became ,*oki's di/9ctive own4 ,?is type is a composite ( ,kiyonaga1 ,yei%i1 & ,%>aku1 b ultimately unlike any ( !m 9 its effect4 ,! l[] "p ( ! face is prom95t2 ! neck is elongat$ & wond]fully delicate2 ab\t ! eyes !re is a n>r[+ t is unusual4 ,^! figures ( ,*oki's are di/+ui%$ by a precision 9 draw+ s %>p z to be almo/ an affectation1 & by a grace half ( ^: unique fasc9ation is produc$ by "s /rang5ess ( ge/ure1 "s ke5ness ( *>act]ization1 or "s unusual angle ( vision4 ,few examples ( ,*oki's "w 9 ?is mann] survive2 b !y are suffici5t to lift 8 reputation f t ( a copyi/ to t ( a notable creator ( wom5's portraits4 ,woman 0 8 great !me4 ,er hat ihrem ,liebreiz das ,hoheli$ d] ,japanis*5 ,mal]ei b]haupt gesung51 says ,kur?1 9 a bur/ ( en?usiasm = ^! subtle designs4 ,8 mo/ /rik+ works 9 ?is mann]1 & p]haps ! greate/ ( all 8 works1 are und\bt$ly 8 half-l5g? figures on mica or silv] backgr\nds4 ,( ! fasc9ation ( ^! r>e pr9ts x is impossible to ga9 any idea f a reproduction4 ,!y rise into ! _w ( ! miracul\s2 !y are pure incantations4 ,su* %eets z ! fam\s ,fireflies1 or ! two wom5 smok+ by ! riv]1 or ! fall+-sn[ sc5e1 or ! sunset by ! sea1 h a beauty z unique z x is haunt+4 ,! col\rs1 dull 9 tone1 produce aga9/ ! metallic %e5 ( ! silv] backgr\nds unp>allel$ arrangem5ts t are positively di/urb+ 9 _! sup]-ref9em5t4 ,*oki's blue & silv] & r$ tones seem to pass ov] into a region :]e dwell ?+s inexpressible by ord9>y pigm5ts4 ,! mo/ sophi/icat$ amateur %iv]s be=e "s ( ^! col\r-h>monies4 ,*oki's *>act]i/ic pr9ts are nev] re/ful1 b always excit+ & vibrant2 !y are dom9at$ by "s hidd5 in/ability ( equilibrium t reacts on "o's n]ves l a drug4 ,_! beauty has a c]ta9 madness 9 x1 or at lea/ a note ( /ra9 & disquietude4 ,?us 9 ! end1 = all 8 imitative ef=ts1 ,*oki /&s1 z did ,%>aku1 9 solit>y isolation & imp5etrable my/]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*oki3 ,a ,,c\rtesan ,,& ,,h] ,,lov]4 ,size #bd #d4 ,sign$ ,%iko1 hitsu4 ,,*oki3 ,a ,,gei%a ,,& ,,h] ,,s]vant ,,c>ry+ ,,lute-,,box4 ,size #bd #e4 ,sign$ ,%iko1 hitsu4 ,plate #df4 ,= reasons unkn[n to u1 ,*oki late 9 8 activity *ang$ 8 signature to ,%iko & produc$ "u ?is "n a small numb] ( pr9ts reg>d+ ! quality ( :i* op9ions diff]4 ,!y are all 9 ! mann] ( ,utam>o's lat] /yle1 & s little resemble ! "w sign$ ,*oki t "o has to use a di/9ct ef=t to re/ra9 "o's incr$ulity1 9 ! face ( pretty cle> evid5ce t ! two names 7 us$ by a s+le arti/4 ,easily fir/ among ^! pr9ts are a few spl5did pill>-pr9ts2 "o ( ^!1 ! two s+]s ) ! black box1 illu/rat$ 9 ,plate #df1 seems to me almo/ ! f9e/ pill>-pr9t po/-dat+ #agie t ,i h ev] se54 ,( ?is =m ,*oki 0 a consummate ma/]4 ,b ,m4 ,koe*l9 reg>ds ^! ,%iko pr9ts z m]e imitations ( ,utam>o's p]iod ( decad5ce1 & rejoices 9 ! fact t !y are s r>e4 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,morrison1 on ! o!r h&1 :o po9ts out correctly t ,%iko is ,*oki's late1 n 8 e>ly "n 7a matt] on :i* mo/ writ]s h inexplicably gone a/ray7 feels t ! ,%iko %eets are1 9 ! be/ in/ances1 ( m elegance & di/9ction ?an any?+ produc$ "u ! ,*oki signature4 ,i %\ld h>dly l to agree ) ei!r view1 b am cont5t to put ! ,%iko pill>-pr9ts & ! ,*oki silv]-pr9ts side by side1 & reg>d !m z ! supreme examples ( ! d\ble tal5t ( ?is puzzl+ g5ius4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%iko4 ,all ( ,*oki's "w is ( great r>ity2 t sign$ ,%iko is possibly ev5 r>] ?an t sign$ ,*oki4 ,r>e/ & mo/ highly treasur$ ( all are 8 silv]-pr9ts2 ! ord9>y collector w probably nev] h an opportunity to obta9 "o4 ,,nagahide ,,ii & ,,i*irakusai ,,nagamatsu 7,,*,,%7 may be m5tion$ z foll[]s ( ,*oki4 ,! fact t we d n "k ( m disciples ( s brilliant a design] is ano!r "o ( ! inexplicable ?+s t surr\nd him4 ,,toyokuni4 ,! ,pupil ( ,toyokuni4 ,i walk ! cr[d$ ,y$o /reets1 ,& ev]y:]e "o "q greets ,my pass+1 z ! /roll]s say-- ,h[ goes ! ,ma/]'s "w to-day8 ,we saw him sket*+ h>d la/ night ,at ,ryogoku1 :]e ! bright ,trails ( ! rockets lit ! air4 ,y %\ld h se5 ! ladies !re6 ,all ! mo/ fam\s ( ! t[n ,9 gorge\s robes walk$ up & d[n ,! long bridge-span1 well-kn[+ he ,0 !re to draw !m gorge\sly4 ,i'm sure he'll give u some?+ f9e-- ,d>k spl5did figures1 lights a%9e1 ,a great procession ( our be/ ,& co/lie/ ,oiran1 ) ! ,we/ ,burn+ beh9d !m4 ,:5 x's done1 ,pray1 ( ! copies1 save me "o4 ,yes1 ,i am pupil to ! great4 ,h[ well he be>s 8 fam\s /ate6 ,) :at sup]bness he fulfills ,! multitude's delight$ wills1 ,giv+ !m1 at _! eag] call1 ,ea* play & fea/ & fe/ival ,drawn ) a ri* magnific5ce3 ,& !y come flock+ ) _! p5ce ,to buy 8 %eets ^: supple p[] ,captures ! plaudits ( ! h\r-- ,till ev5 ,utam>o's eyes ,turn1 k9dl$ ) swift jeal\sies4 ,/range6 t be=e ?is cr[d$ %r9e ,"o voice is lack+1 & t m9e-- ,i1 le>n] 9 8 lordly h\se-- ,i1 on ^: cold1 unwill+ br[s ,! lights ( 8 /rong glory burn1 ,bl9d+ my he>t t ne$s mu/ ye>n ,f> f ! measure ( 8 /ate-- ,i1 liegeman to ano!r fate4 ,w\ld t "s bl9dness came on me ,t ,i might cease "o h\r to see1 ,= all 8 high1 ambiti\s w1 ,8 is a peasant's nature /ill4444 ,:at utt] madness t my ?\ght ,weighs him--,i :o am less ?an naught6 ,:]e he walks boldly1 !re ,i creep4 ,:]e 8 assur$ long bru%-/rokes sweep ,unhesitant1 !re ,i falt]1 /ra9 ,) agony--p]haps 9 va9-- ,= "s m subtly curv+ l9e1 ,"s musical pois+ ( design ,t %all at la/1 at la/ express ,my frail] glimpse ( lovel9ess4 ,& yet1 = all 8 facile art1 ,i hug my impot5ce to my he>t4 ,= !re are ?+s 8 m>*+ m9d ,9 /eady lab\rs day by day ,) all its sight %all nev] f9d1 ,) all its craft c nev] say4 ,!re are lights along ! dusky /reet ,t 8 bold eyes h nev] caught2 ,!re are tones m lum9\s1 m sweet ,?an any t 8 hopes h s\ght4 ,!re are tortur+ l9es t curve & fall ,l dy+ e*oes musical1 ,or tw9e & lave & b5d & roll1 ,9 labyr9?s to lure my s\l4 ,8 ladies sumptu\s & r>e ,move pr9cess-l 9 pr\d design ,( gl[+ lovel9ess3 b :]e ,8 bann]$ pomps & pageants %9e1 ,i feel a /ill]1 r>] peace1 ,a cad5ce brea?less1 sl5d]1 lone4 ,& :]e 8 facile bru%-/rokes cease ,beg9s ! realm t is my own4 ,i w&] lonely by fields & /reams4 ,i lie 9 wait = l+]+ dreams ,t brood1 a t5d]-light$ haze ,d[n ! wide space ( end+ days-- ,a secret ?rill t hov]+ flies ,r\nd "s tall =m1 "s wi/ful eyes1 ,"s ?9 bran* :]e ! ,spr+ is gre5-- ,a :isp] he>d1 a light half-se5 ,by lonely w&]]s abroad ,9 cr[d$ /reets or solitude ,( hills--to haunt ) dim unre/ ,! empty *amb]s ( ! brea/4 ,p]haps "s day a he>t %all come1 ,l me half-bl9d1 l me half-dumb1 ,l me cont5tless ) ! cle> ,sunlight$ beauties m5 hold de>4 ,p]haps he w m greatly prize ,my falt]$ :isp]s f af> ,?an all ! ,ma/]'s pageantries ,& confid5t pomp & press & j>4 ,yet1 well or ill1 h[ %all ,i *ange ,! measure dol$1 ! nature giv58 ,m9e is ! ?ir/ = f> & /range ,e*oes ( a =gott5 heav54 ,i li/5 = ! gho/s ( s\nd2 ,remote1 ,i wat* life's eag] /ream2 ,?r\gh wa/es af>1 ?r\gh gulfs pr(\nd1 ,i1 ,toyohiro1 seek my dream4 ,utagawa ,toyokuni 0 born 9 #agfh1 & e>ly began 8 appr5tice%ip z a pupil ( ,toyoh>u4 ,f ?is ma/] he le>n$ ! rules ( ,european p]spective--a device :i* he soon ab&on$ = ! true ,japanese conv5tion4 ,he may h /udi$ "u ,%unyei = a %ort "t4 ,?\gh he 0 lat] to become a f]tile produc] ( actor-pr9ts1 he inaugurat$ 8 "w ) ! figures ( wom54 ,8 fir/ works imitate ! type ( face & figure made fam\s by ,%un%o's & ,%igemasa's book1 ,mirror ( ! ,beautiful ,wom5 ( ! ,yo%iw>a4 ,be=e #agij he gave up ?is type = "o copi$ f ,kiyonaga1 :o 0 at ?is "t at ! height ( 8 fame4 ,b ,toyokuni 0 no su* draughtsman z ,kiyonaga1 & 8 figures 9 ?is mann] are g5]ally poorly drawn & awkw>d4 ,at ?is "t he frequ5tly adopt$ col\r-s*emes f ,%unman4 ,aft] ,kiyonaga's retirem5t ,toyokuni began to use ! delicate type made popul> by ! ris+ g5ius ( ,*oki2 b aft] a %ort int]val he w5t ov] to ,utam>o1 :o 0 !n com+ into supreme ma/]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,toyokuni4 ,up to #agia1 !re=e 7accord+ to ,fri$ri* ,succo1 ,toyokuni und ,se9e ,zeit1 ,mn*51 #aiac71 ,toyokuni 0 exclusively a pa9t] ( wom54 ,b :5 9 ! e>ly n9eties ! colossal ,%>aku br\ght out 8 revolution>y actor-portraits1 ,toyokuni ab&on$ 8 old field & adopt$1 to ! ext5t t a small] man c\ld1 ! !mes & ev5tually ! mann] ( ?is great g5ius4 ,at fir/ ,%>aku appe>s to h be5 an awak5] r ?an a guide to ,toyokuni2 = we f9d t x 0 to ,%un%o's /yle t ,toyokuni fir/ look$ = a model4 ,b :5 ,%>aku's great s]ies ( ! ,ron9 bu/-portraits appe>$1 ,toyokuni at once respond$ to !m z ! /ronge/ influ5ce ( 8 :ole life & produc$ a numb] ( simil> portraits 9 a mann] t captures all ! ecc5tricities b little ( ! /r5g? or insight ( ,%>aku4 ,a m successful s]ies1 also def9itely inspir$ by ,%>aku's ,ron9 bu/s1 0 a set ( full-l5g? ,ron9 figures :i* ,toyokuni !n br\ght out4 ,^! tall monum5tal designs1 ) /rik+ masses ( black & deep col\r aga9/ grey or mica backgr\nds1 are p]haps ! f9e/ actors 9 ! :ole long li/ ( ?is arti/'s "w4 ,?\gh !y nev] surpass ,%un%o's or ,%>aku's supreme creations1 !y are p[]ful conceptions1 & con/itute "s basis = ! claim ( ,toyokuni's admir]s t he 0 ! ?ird-greate/ ( ! actor-pa9t]s4 ,:51 ab\t #agid1 ,%>aku's c>e] came to a sudd5 & tragic close1 ,toyokuni turn$ back f actors to wom54 ,once m he foll[$ ,utam>o 9 ! selection ( 8 type1 & ) great] success ?an h]et(ore4 ,to ?is p]iod belongs ! really spl5did tripty*1 ,! ,j\rney ( ,n>ahira1 repres5t+ a man on horseback & six att5dants1 admirably spac$1 at ! foot ( ,fuji4 ,9 ?is p]iod also mu/ be plac$ ! s]ies ( pill>-pr9ts ( unusual wid? & %ortness1 v ri*ly pr9t$1 repres5t+ c\rtesans & actors toge!r4 ,! pr9t ( ?is s]ies :i* %[s ,i*ikawa ,kmaz pu%+ back a re$ bl9d to surprise a half-clo!d c\rtesan is a v f9e "w4 ,^!1 & o!r productions ( ?is "t1 ju/ify u 9 call+ ?is decade ! be/ p]iod ( ,toyokuni's activity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,toyokuni3 ,,ladies ,,& ,,*]ry ,,blossoms ,,9 ,,! ,,w9d4 ,"r-h& %eet ( a tripty*4 ,size #ae #aj4 ,sign$ ,toyokuni ga4 ,metzg> ,collection4 ,plate #dg4 ,b be=e #ahjj ,toyokuni _h foll[$ ,utam>o 9 t arti/'s adoption ( ! ?9 necks1 enorm\s coiffures1 & di/ort$ bodies :i* n ev5 ,utam>o 0 always able to h&le beautifully4 ,toyokuni's success 0 f> inf]ior4 ,! ov]-rip5ess ( ! type requir$ all ,utam>o's subtlety to make x attractive or significant2 & ,toyokuni 0 by no means subtle4 ,!re=e x 0 no loss :5 he return$ to actor-pr9ts %ortly !reaft]4 ,"o pr9t ( ?is1 8 second actor-p]iod--! savage portrait ( ,matsumoto ,k%ir1 reproduc$ by ,succo--is notable & f9e4 ,b on ! :ole 8 second p]iod %[s ,toyokuni z only slightly m orig9al ?an 9 ! ,%>aku p]iod4 ,9 8 portraits ( wom5 at ?is "t he sometimes lean$ a little t[>d ! ,yei%i type1 ) ,yei%i's /iffness b )\t 8 di/9ction4 ,_m books1 f ^! z well z f o!r ye>s1 be> witness to 8 indu/ry2 he 0 a v]itable geys] ( pr9ts ( e sort4 ,9 #ahjd ,toyokuni 0 obscurely involv$ 9 tr\ble ) ! au?orities ov] "s ( 8 hi/orical pr9ts4 ,?is 0 ! "t :5 ,utam>o also suff]$ at _! h&s4 ,9 #ahjf ,utam>o di$2 & ,toyokuni1 :o _h s long lean$ on ! great] pa9t] = 8 /imulus & inspiration1 w5t to pieces l a h\se ( c>ds4 ,)\t a rival to emulate1 he 0 no?+2 & we see him1 a tragic figure--indisputably ! mo/ fam\s ma/] !n liv+1 :o _h surviv$ ! great days :5 he _h compet$ ) ,kiyonaga1 ,yei%i1 & ,utam>o = popul> fav\r--n[ alone 9 a glory :i* he c\ld n su/a9--a ma/] b]eft ( ^? conditions :i* _h once enabl$ him to produce almo/-ma/]pieces4 ,f ?is "t on 8 "w /eadily det]iorat$4 ,! raw & ov]-complicat$ col\rs ( 8 designs ( wom5 made a melan*oly contra/ to ! ,n>ahira tripty*4 ,he ab&on$ woman-portraiture ab\t #ahaj4 ,8 actors cont9u$--a m]e outworn =mula--awkw>d1 angul> creations1 ) s5selessly cross$ eyes1 twi/$ necks1 wry m\?s--! v]ie/ p>ody on ^? devices :i* _h once be5 employ$ by ,%>aku = a sublime end4 ,toyokuni di$ 9 #ahbe1 a man :o _h outliv$ himself4 ,toyokuni's production _h be5 enorm\s4 ,! contemporane\s popul>ity indicat$ by ?is is h>d to und]/& unless we rememb] 8 frequ5t %ift+s ( /yle & realize t at e mom5t he 0 ready to ?r[ (f 8 old mann] & adopt t ( :atev] arti/ mo/ /rongly appeal$ to ! ta/e ( ! h\r4 ,he 0 ! mo/ imitative ( all arti/s4 ,:at ! mob want$ he gave !m unres]v$ly1 los+ 8 own integrity !reby4 ,toyokuni seems to h be5 )\t real individuality or individual view-po9t4 ,he 0 devoid ( ei!r illusions or insight2 & ! true arti/ mu/ h ! "o or ! o!r passionately4 ,he drew 8 wom5 )\t en?usiasm & )\t t5d]ness4 ,he conceiv$ 8 actors )\t ! :ite-heat ( real arti/ic creation4 ,!re is some?+ rasp+ ab\t ! great] "p ( 8 "w2 x seems full ( s\nd & fury1 signify+ no?+4 ,x is rhetoric1 n ! pr(\nd & tragic poetry ( ,%>aku1 nor ! subtle & decad5t lyric /ra9 ( ,utam>o4 ,r>ely did he make an au!ntic attempt to capture ! beauty or wond] or t]ror ( life z he himself saw x4 ,x is always ! vision ( o!r m5 t he is report+1 n 8 own4 ,he _h no vision4 ,s long z he c\ld atta* himself to "s productive ma/]1 cat*+ t ma/]'s feel+ & /yle to a c]ta9 ext5t1 he produc$ cr$itable works4 ,b :5 ! support 0 )drawn he seem$ p[]less to take ano!r /ep along t road4 ,kiyonaga's retirem5t1 ,%>aku's d[nfall1 ,utam>o's dea?--ea* 9 turn cut %ort ,toyokuni's prosp]\s c>e] 9 ! foot/eps ( ^! ma/]s4 ,:5 left to himself he _h only "o ?+ to rev]t to--! typical ,toyokuni actor at its wor/1 a ?+ ( common ugl9ess4 ,no fame has t>ni%$ m ?an 8 ) ! pass+ ( "t4 ,z ,%>aku's has bright5$1 8 has dimm$4 ,once he 0 e/eem$ ! greate/ liv+ pr9t-design]2 n[ ,i f9d t _m /ud5ts feel a s5se ( surprise :5 occasionally1 out ( ! ?\s&s ( ,toyokuni's pr9ts1 "o appe>s t is really di/+ui%$4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t at c]ta9 times ,toyokuni's native brilliancy enabl$ him to create pr9ts t are n surpass$ by any ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,he did m poor "w ?an any o!r arti/ ( 8 "t2 b su* tripty*s z ! ,ryogoku ,fireworks1 9 ! ,kiyonaga mann]1 ! ,ba? ,h\se1 9 :i* %ad[s appe> on ! wall1 ! ,fan ,%op1 & ! ,ladies & ,*]ry-blossoms 9 ! ,w9d1 are beyond criticism4 ,! be/ ,toyokuni pr9ts are v r>e2 ! common ones are to be f\nd pl5tifully 9 e pr9t-%op4 ,8 few f9e/ tripty*s1 su* z ! ,n>ahira1 or ! ,ladies & ,*]ry-blossoms 9 ! ,w9d1 ( :i* "o %eet appe>s 9 ,plate #dg1 are among ! collector's important treasures4 ,! beg9n] %\ld be w>n$ t !re 71 9 all1 at lea/ five m5 :o at v>i\s times bore ! "n ,toyokuni4 ,no "o ( ! successors ( ! fir/ ,toyokuni ev] produc$ "w comp>able ) ! f9e/ "w ( ,toyokuni ,i2 b x is a matt] ( great difficulty1 n yet by any means :olly cle>1 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! late inf]ior "w ( ,toyokuni ,i & ! "w ( sev]al ( ! succe$+ ,toyokunis4 ,"o simple indication may be ( s]vice to ! inexp]i5c$ collector3 ,if ! ,toyokuni signature is 9 a r$ oval or c>t\*1 x is n by ! fir/ ma/]4 ,?is /atem5t _c1 h[ev]1 be rev]s$1 = ! lat] ,toyokunis (t5 sign$ )\t ! c>t\*4 ,,toyohiro4 ,a ,gr\p ( ,ladies4 ,o c>eless pass]--,o look deep6 ,^! =ms f ne> ! sea ( sleep ,come hi!r2 on ea* =ehead gleams ,! phosphoresc5t spray ( dreams4 ,!y h sail$ 9 f lonely seas ,cloak$ 9 a haze ( my/]ies2 ,& hi!r by a "l are l$ ,:o sn>$ !m1 pale himself ) dread1 ,^u ! v %ores ( sleep4 ,o c>eless pass]-by1 look deep6 ,utagawa ,toyohiro1 sometimes also call$ ,i*iriusai1 0 born 9 #aggc2 he 0 a bro!r1 fell[-/ud5t1 & probably pupil ( ,toyokuni4 ,x is well kn[n t ab\t #ahjj ^! two arti/s collaborat$ to "s ext5t4 ,toyohiro's own *ief "w--l&scapes1 book-illu/rations n unlike ,hokusai's1 & figures ( wom5--0 done betwe5 #agie & #ahbj2 he di$ 9 ! ye> #ahbh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,toyohiro4 ,fate has be5 unk9d to him 9 associat+ him ) a man trem5d\sly m productive & incomp>ably m popul> 9 8 own day ?an himself4 ,ev5 to ! pres5t "t1 ! reputation ( ,toyokuni /ill ov]%ad[s t ( 8 bro!r4 ,b ! close /ud5t ( ,toyohiro's "w w probably come to ! conclusion t ?is pres5t diff]5ce 9 fame is due less to diff]5ce 9 m]it ?an to ! fact t ,toyokuni 0 enorm\sly prolific1 :ile ,toyohiro's "w 0 scanty4 ,! contemporane\s popul>ity may be ascrib$ to ! ability ( ,toyokuni to %ift & ve] ) e *ange 9 ! public ta/e1 :ile ,toyohiro 0 unable or unwill+ to move ) ^! fluctuat+ w9ds4 ,x is report$ t a s]i\s brea* occurr$ betwe5 ! bro!rs because ( ,toyohiro's refusal to produce actor-pr9ts z ! popul> ta/e dem&$4 ,8 "w is1 h[ev]1 com+ to be recogniz$ z ( a quality at lea/ equal to 8 bro!r's1 & 9 "s respects f9] & m truly ! expression ( a r>e s5se ( beauty4 ,we may conjecture t ,toyohiro inh]it$ two ?+s f 8 fir/ tea*] ,toyoh>u4 ,"o 0 a lean+ t[>d l&scape draw+4 ,! o!r 0 a c]ta9 di/9ction & %y alo(ness t m>k$ ! old] ma/]4 ,all ,toyohiro's "w has an ari/ocratic t\*1 a f9e subtlety ( curve & col\r1 t contra/ m>k$ly ) ! frequ5tly bl>+ compositions ( ,toyokuni4 ,he seldom drew actors or c\rtesans2 mo/ ( 8 figures are ladies ( bir? & bre$+4 ,! beautiful spots ( black :i* are important elem5ts 9 ! majority ( 8 compositions are h&l$ ) a ke5 s5se ( contra/ t n ev5 ,kiyonaga's surpass$4 ,8 bru%work is firm & delicate1 b n s sp>kl+ ) vitality z t ( "s ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,8 col\rs are s(t1 8 figures wond]fully graceful2 ! impression he produces ^u "o is t ( a subtle & beauty-hungry _s1 deta*$ f ! mob by a ref9em5t beyond _! compreh5sion1 driv5 on by a consum+ passion1 devot$ to ! que/ ( a p]fection he 0 able to project b n to realize4 ,9 /yle1 he draws consid]ably ^u ,toyokuni's e>ly ,utam>o mann]2 b 9 _s he is ne>] to ,yei%i & ,utam>o himself1 bo? ( :om mu/ h influ5c$ him some:at4 ,n ev5 ! "w ( ,yei%i is s saturat$ ) ! wi/fulness = beauty1 ! s5se ( vani%+ lovel9ess1 ! homesickness = regions ( o!r:]e4 ,"o ( 8 tripty*s1 ! ,daimyo's ,kite ,p>ty1 reproduc$ 9 ,plate #dh1 s embodies ^! qualities t x is wor?y ( special att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,toyohiro3 ,a ,,daimyo',s ,,kite-,,p>ty4 ,tripty*4 ,ea* %eet size #ae #aj4 ,sign$ ,toyohiro ga4 ,plate #dh4 ,9 a l&scape ( gre5 hills1 :]e a circle ( l[ slopes encloses a space ( level gr\nd1 /&s1 on ! ris+ edge ( t natural amphi!atre1 a gr\p ( noble ladies & *ildr5 9 ! s(t brightness ( fe/al attire--ri*ly decorat$ p9k1 black1 :ite1 transluc5t heliotrope4 ,bel[ & beh9d !m boys are manuvr+ a kite1 & old] m5 direct briskly4 ,! ladies = :om ?is simple & *>m+ pa/ime is arrang$ d n seem :olly int5t ^u x4 ,_! tall sl5d] figures move z if 9 ab/raction1 an isolat$ gr\p 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,"o grey *]ry-tree1 ) gn>l$ bran*es et*$ aga9/ a cle> sky1 /&s 9 _! mid/1 b>e except = ! p9k ( e>lie/ blossoms2 & ! pale gre5 ( ! m di/ant encircl+ hills is "h & !re t\*$ ) ! same lum9\s fl[]s4 ,across ?is l&scape ! sl5d] figures move 9 sl[ procession4 ,_! robes sway ab\t !m sl[ly4 ,^! sweep+ drap]ies1 :i* ,h>unobu w\ld h *>g$ ) peace & solemnity1 are "h t\*$ ) ! t5sion ( m unquiet curves1 re/less1 tr\bl$ ) "s elem5t ( torture 9 _! beauty4 ,^! are ! l9es ( ! bran* & ( ! wave1 b5t by ! /ra9 ( hidd5 & conflict+ =ces4 ,! cle> fe/ive brightness ( p9k *]ry-blossoms ) ! light ( spr+ %9+ ?r\gh !m s]ves b to acc5tuate ! fa9t melan*oly ( ! trail+ figures on :om lies a wi/fulness t no spr+ c satisfy4 ,!y l+]1 exquisitely aimless2 beautiful1 & we>y = a yet-unatta9$ beauty2 happy1 b grave ) ! %ad[ ( fleet+ happ9ess2 sad1 ?\gh reconcil$ by ! k t beauty is half sadness4 ,!y h walk$ ) expectant /eps to ! edge ( ! _w2 & n[ !y pace1 delicately wond]+1 n f> f ! abyss :]e !re is no?+4 ,autumn w always be to !m cold & unk9dr$2 yet 9 ! flu% ( ! spr+ _! ?\ghts w turn t[>d dea? & autumn4 ,"o _c imag9e !m :olly joy\s4 ,!y seem haunt$ by a no/algia = remote delights1 une>?ly music1 secret & dimly rememb]$ g>d5s4 ,/range1 late1 exotic fl[]s are ^!1 :om a p5siv5ess n kn[n to simpl] & /urdi] natures di/urbs ) futile dreams4 ,a simil> feel+ is s (t5 repeat$ 9 ,toyohiro's "w t ,i v5ture to reg>d x z ! keynote ( 8 g5ius4 ,toyohiro's l&scapes are )\t notable beauty4 ,he _h a habit ( cutt+ across ! middle ( 8 picture ) wide /reaks ( :ite mi/--an unpleasant device adopt$ to produce ! effect ( di/ance4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 an hi/orical l9k ( great importance betwe5 8 ma/]1 ,toyoh>u1 & 8 pupil1 ,hiro%ige1 ! greate/ ( all l&scape pa9t]s4 ,z a conduit ( l&scape pa9t+ at a "t :5 ! ,ukioye ,s*ool 0 little giv5 to ?is z a sep>ate /udy1 ,toyohiro's "w 9 ?is field may well engage our att5tion2 b "o suspects t x is ! fame ( 8 great pupil's l&scapes r ?an ! intr9sic m]it ( 8 own t has giv5 8 _! prom95ce4 ,toyohiro produc$ a few pill>-pr9ts ( birds :i* h great di/9ction2 an almo/ classic feel+ m>ks "s ( !m4 ,toyohiro's pr9ts are n num]\s2 ,toyokuni's outnumb] 8 tw5ty to "o4 ,8 pill>-pr9ts are v r>e2 8 tripty*s are g5]ally notable4 ,x is necess>y to add1 h[ev]1 t poor impressions ( 8 "w1 pr9t$ 9 poor col\rs1 are m common ?an any o!r k9d4 ,,vii ,,! ,,fif? ,,p]iod3 ,,! ,,d[nfall ,,f ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,utam>o ,,to ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,hiro%ige 7#ahjf-aheh7 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,fif? ,,p]iod3 ,,! ,,d[nfall ,,f ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,utam>o ,,to ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,hiro%ige 7#ahjf-aheh7 ,:5 ,utam>o di$1 9 #ahjf1 ! great days ( ! figure-pr9t 7 end$4 ,!re 7 to be no m ,h>unobus or ,kiyonagas or ,%>akus--only a horde ( little m5 ^: "w reta9$ few traces ( ! e>li] greatness4 ,& our s]i\s int]e/ 9 ! art z a :ole mu/ end "h4 ,7 x n = ! sup]b r5aissance ( l&scape :i* ?is p]iod includes1 side by side ) ! decay ( figure-design+1 x w\ld be my *oice to m>k ?is date z ! end ( our hi/ory4 ,! causes ( ! degradation ( pr9ts 9 ?is p]iod appe> to h be5 ( sev]al natures4 ,= "o1 ! accid5ts t regulate ! bir? ( g5iuses op]at$ unk9dly1 & few arti/s ( fir/-rate tal5t came to take ! places ( ! dead ma/]s4 ,fur!r1 ! col\r-pr9t _h gone some:at out ( fa%ion among its orig9al public1 & ! p :o n[ b\ght 7 *iefly ( a l[] & m ignorant class ?an ! pur*as]s ( ,kiyonaga's day4 ,to ! less exact+ b eag] dem&s ( ?is class ! publi%]s cat]$ ) co>s] designs1 crud] col\rs1 & m c>eless pr9t+4 ,n[1 9 lit]al tru?1 ! pr9t-design] 0 ! artisan2 & amid ! va/ flood ( commonplace productions ( ! "t x is difficult to se>* out ^? few works t h a claim to beauty4 ,x is probable t a g5]al loss 9 ref9em5t ( ta/e m>k$ ! epo* & 0 reflect$ 9 ! pr9ts4 ,! unc\? fl>+ designs ( ! textiles1 ! gross ov]lad5 coiffures1 ! excess ( decoration t lay l a blight ov] all ! in/rum5ts ( life at ?is "t1 naturally _h _! influ5ce ^u ! /&>ds ( ! arti/4 ,fur!rmore1 ! movem5t t[>d realism "h rea*$ its climax4 ,dom9at$ by ,hokusai's e>li] "w1 ! arti/s ab&on$ ! old traditional devotion to /yli/ic re/ra9t & w5t madly 9 *ase ( a di/ort$ k9d ( lit]al tru? t _h no relation to beauty4 ,m5 :o 7 too impot5t to create visions nobly & too dull to obs]ve reality ke5ly attempt$ to conceal _! d\ble weakness by a d\ble evasion--spoil+ :at claim _! "w _h to ideali/ic imag9ation by t\*es ( crude realism1 & ru9+ x z realism by ! mo/ grotesque ab]rations ( fancy4 ,9 ! sph]e ( erotic pr9ts ?is 0 *>act]i/ically & repell5tly manife/4 ,c]ta9 examples ( ?is type1 produc$ 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 surpass 9 grossness ev5 ! mo/ /udi$ ( ,european specim5s4 ,9 l&scape alone has ! p]iod some?+ ( ! highe/ *>m to (f] u4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,toyokuni4 ,z we h se51 ,toyokuni's c>e] end$ any?+ b brilliantly4 ,un=tunately 8 num]\s foll[]s appe> to h be5 influ5c$ m by 8 f9al "w ?an by ! production ( 8 bett] days4 ,i d n reg>d x z pr(itable to wade1 z "s writ]s h done1 ?r\gh ?is we>y+ p]iod ( deg5]ate production & tabulate e fact obta9able ab\t e insignificant arti/ ) ! same c>e t "o w\ld be/[ ^u ,kiyonaga4 ,i %all !re=e be cont5t to note d[n only ! mo/ sali5t features ( ?is epo* ( dis9tegration4 ,foll[+ ,toyokuni1 at lea/ f\r m5 us$ ! "n made fam\s by him4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ,toyokuni ,,ii1 0 t same ,toyokuni ,gosotei ( :om we %all treat "u ! head+ ( ,l&scape4 ,8 use ( ! "n ,toyokuni appe>s to h be5 betwe5 ! ye>s #ahbe & #ahce4 ,toyokuni ,,iii 0 bett] kn[n z ,kunisada ,i2 = ?\gh he 0 born 9 #aghf & liv$ until #ahfe1 he did n adopt ! "n ( ,toyokuni until ab\t #ahdd4 ,he add$ to our confusion by ! fact t he sign$ himself ,toyokuni or ,toyokuni ,,ii1 nev] recogniz+ ! claims ( ! real ,toyokuni ,,ii to ! "n4 ,mo/ frequ5tly ,kunisada's ,toyokuni signature is enclos$ 9 a long r$ c>t\*1 a device nev] us$ by ,toyokuni ,i4 ,?is v undi/+ui%$ arti/ 0 "o ( ! mo/ prolific produc]s ( ! s*ool4 ,all t mean+less complexity ( design1 co>s5ess ( col\r1 & c>elessness ( pr9t+ :i* we associate ) ! f9al ru9 ( ! art ( col\r-pr9ts f9ds full expression 9 him4 ,e t\ri/ return+ f ,japan br+s back doz5s ( crudely col\r$ pr9ts by him or by ! memb]s ( 8 s*ool1 "u ! misappreh5sion t ^! are ! fam\s & valuable ,japanese pr9ts ( :i* he has vaguely he>d4 ,! only figure "w ( ,kunisada's t ,i am able to recall ) any pleasure is 8 really notable ,memorial ,portrait ( ,hiro%ige1 a dignifi$ & impressive pr9t4 ,! few l&scapes he produc$ are ( mu* great] beauty ?an 8 figures1 & "o is incl9$ to wi% t he _h done m 9 ?is field & less 9 ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kunisada4 ,,toyokuni ,,iv 0 also kn[n z ,kunisada ,,ii & z ,kunimasa ,,ii4 ,born #ahcc1 he di$ #ahhj4 ,8 pr9ts1 l>gely execut$ 9 *eap anal9e col\rs1 set "o's tee? on edge ) "s ( ! mo/ %riek+ discords t ,i h ev] enc\nt]$4 ,!re exi/s an un=tunate collector :o pr\dly br\ght back f ,japan "o hundr$ & n9ete5 tripty*s by ?is arti/4 ,,toyokuni ,v 0 also call$ ,kunisada ,,iii & ,kunimasa ,,iii4 ,8 "w 0 wor?less4 ,,kunimasa ,i 7#aggb-ahaj7 0 an exce$+ly able pupil ( ,toyokuni1 :o 0 influ5c$ by ,%>aku4 ,"s ( 8 "w is v f9e2 he /&s out z "o ( ! few notable design]s ( ?is gr\p4 ,,kun9aga1 :o di$ 9 #ahjd1 0 a r>e pupil ( ,toyokuni4 ,8 "w is pleasant1 ?\gh x has no great di/9ction2 b x is f> m attractive ?an ! "w ( mo/ ( ^! m51 = ! reason t he _h ! good luck to die be=e ! p]iod ( g5]al dis9tegration began4 ,! ,spauld+ ,collection conta9s a f9e dipty* by him1 9 black & sev]al %ades ( yell[1 9 ! e>ly /yle ( ,toyokuni4 ,,kunimitsu 0 also an e>ly pupil ( ,toyokuni4 ,8 "w is agreeable b n notable4 ,f ! va/ numb] ( m9or foll[]s ( ! ,toyokuni tradition1 ,i select ! foll[+ z ! mo/ common3 ,,kuniyasu ,i1 ,,kuniyasu ,,ii1 ,,toyokiyo1 ,,toyohiro ,,ii1 ,,kunifusa1 ,,kunihiro1 ,,kunitane1 ,,kunikatsu1 ,,kunihisa1 ,,kunit]a1 ,,kunit]u1 ,,kunikane ,i1 ,,kunikane ,,ii1 ,,kunitaka1 ,,kunimune1 ,,kunihiko1 ,,kunitoki1 ,,kuniyuki1 ,,kunitsuma1 ,,kunikiyo1 ,,kunihana1 ,,kunitohisa1 ,,kunimi*i ,i1 ,,kunimi*i ,,ii1 ,,kuniao ,i1 ,,kuniao ,,ii1 ,,kunitora1 ,,kunitaki1 ,,kunitsugi ,i1 ,,kunitsugi ,,ii1 ,,kunitada1 ,,kun9obu ,,ii1 ,,kuniaki1 ,,kiyokuni1 ,,kunim>u ,i1 ,,kunim>u ,,ii1 ,,kuni*ika1 ,,*ika%ige1 ,,yo%itaki1 ,,yo%itsuru1 ,,yo%iume1 ,,yo%itsuna1 ,,yo%isato1 ,,yo%ifuji1 ,,yo%ikage1 ,,yo%ikuni1 ,,yo%i*ika1 ,,yo%ikazu1 ,,yo%ih>u1 ,,%unb5i1 ,,yo%itomi1 ,,yo%ifusa1 ,,sugakudo1 ,,s5*o1 ,,tom9obu4 ,,*ikam>o is said to be id5tical ) ,,kiosai1 ^: "w sometimes resembles ,hokusai's4 ,born 9 #ahca1 he di$ v late 9 ! c5tury4 ,he 0 a vigor\s design]--p]haps ! be/ ( all ! lat] m54 ,8 cr[ pictures are fam\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kikugawa ,,yeizan4 ,,kikugawa ,,yeizan1 a prolific & undi/+ui%$ design] ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury1 0 a late rival & imitator ( ,utam>o4 ,he ev5tually sank ev5 to imitat+ ,kunisada4 ,! fl[+ drap]ies ( "s ( 8 pr9ts ( wom5 are at fir/ sight attractive to eyes n accu/om$ to ! f9e/ works 9 ?is field2 b ! complete banality ( ,yeizan's p[]s becomes manife/ on m prolong$ acqua9tance1 & any trace ( *>m disappe>s4 ,,foll[]s ,,( ,,! ,,torii ,,s*ool4 ,"h may be m5tion$ ^? arti/s 9 :om ! once-great ,torii ,s*ool came to its +lori\s end4 ,,kiyom9e1 ! fif? head ( ! s*ool1 sometimes sign$ himself ,kiyomitsu2 8 "w is easily di/+ui%able f t ( ! fir/ ,kiyomitsu4 ,he /udi$ "u ,kiyonaga1 & lat] adopt$ a /yle some:at l t ( ,toyokuni4 ,8 "w is graceful1 b n di/+ui%$4 ,pr9ts by him are r r>e4 ,he di$ 9 #ahfh4 ,,kiy(usa1 :o di$ z late z #ahib1 0 ! six? ,torii4 ,he also call$ himself ,kiyomitsu ,,iii & ,kiyosada ,,ii4 ,o!r late memb]s ( ?is s*ool 73 ,,kiyomoto ,,ii1 ,,kiyoyasu1 ,,kiyotada ,,ii1 ,,kiyotada ,,iii1 ,,kiyosada ,i4 ,,! ,,osaka ,,s*ool4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re grew into importance 9 ! city ( ,osaka a gr\p ( design]s :o con/itut$ an exception to ! /atem5t made e>li] 9 ?is book--t ! art ( col\r-pr9t+ 0 exclusively a ,y$o art4 ,hokusai is kn[n to h visit$ ,osaka 9 #ahah2 & possibly x 0 8 influ5ce t enc\rag$ ! movem5t4 ,at any rate1 a l>ge numb] ( ! ,osaka gr\p 7 pupils ( ,hokusai or foll[]s ( 8 mann]4 ,! s*ool ?us ent]$ into real activity at a date :5 ! art 0 f> gone 9 its decl9e2 & its designs produc$ no arre/+ effect4 ,mo/ ( ! "w ( ^! m5 is crude4 ,yet :5 we look at ! products ( ! second qu>t] ( ! c5tury 9 ,y$o1 we may v possibly feel t ! ,osaka output 0 at lea/ no worse4 ,x includ$ *iefly !atrical portraits1 all done ) a peculi> h>dness ( l9e & cold brilliance ( col\r1 & pr9t$ z a rule v skilfully4 ,^! by no means approa* ! works ( ,%un%o1 ,%unyei1 & ,%>aku1 aft] :i* !y 7 obvi\sly patt]n$1 nor ev5 ! works ( ,toyokuni2 b ! h>d treatm5t s *>act]i/ic ( !m gives a c]ta9 dignity ( effect :i* ,kunisada's fl[+ & =mless e>?quakes ( drap]ies g5]ally lack4 ,! s*ool does n call = elaborate treatm5t2 ! foll[+ m5 may be m5tion$ z among ! be/ kn[n3 ,,hoku%u1 ,,hasegawa ,,sadanobu1 ,,sadakage1 ,,kageto%i1 ,,sadafusa1 ,,sadatora1 ,,sadamasa1 ,,sadamasu1 ,,sadahiro1 ,,sadayo%i1 ,,a%ikuni1 ,,a%iyuki1 ,,hirosada1 ,,%un%i1 ,,horai ,,%un%o ,,ii1 ,,hokumio1 ,,hanzan1 ,,yo%iiku1 & ,,ranko4 ,o!rs w be m5tion$ lat] z pupils ( ,hokusai or z l&scape-pa9t]s4 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,( ,,l&scape4 ,l a beautiful isl& 9 ! mid/ ( a sea ( wrecks1 ! l&scape pr9ts ( ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury /& ap>t f ! g5]al debasem5t ( pr9t-design+4 ,! great days ( ! figure-pr9t 7 ov]2 b n[1 into an art fill$ ) ! second-rate foll[]s ( ,utam>o & ,toyokuni1 came ! fre% & brilliant l&scape g5ius ( ,hokusai & ,hiro%ige4 ,_! "w did n %>e 9 ! g5]al decl9e2 x mu/ be reg>d$ z a new %oot s5t up by ! roots ( a tree ^: ma9 trunk _h already fall5 into irrep>able decay4 ,l&scape-pr9ts 7 n a new ?+2 ,utam>o & ,toyohiro _h already produc$ f9e "w ( ?is nature1 & int]e/+ examples are to be f\nd z we look backw>d ?r\gh ! "w ( ,toyoh>u1 ,%igemasa1 ,kiyonobu1 & ,masanobu--back1 9 fact1 almo/ to ! beg9n+ ( ! art4 ,b ^! e>li] l&scapes 71 ^u ! :ole1 ( subord9ate importance2 beside ! figure-pr9ts ( ! e>li] ma/]s1 !y seem crude & rudim5t>y4 ,previ\s to ,hokusai & ,hiro%ige1 !y 7 *iefly ( topographical1 n ( /hetic1 int5tion & int]e/4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury _! importance became p>am\nt4 ,japanese col\r-pr9ts devot$ to l&scape1 writes ,mr4 ,/range1 =m a class ap>t 9 ! art ( ! _w4 ,!re is no?+ else l !m2 nei!r 9 ! highly ideali/ic & (t5 lovely ab/ractions ( ! ari/ocratic pa9t]s ( ,japan1 nor 9 ! m imitative &1 x mu/ be said1 m mean+less transcripts f nature1 ( ,european arti/s4 ,! col\r-pr9t1 z execut$ by ! be/ m5 ( ! ,japanese popul> s*ool1 occupies an int]m$iate place2 p]haps ?us furni%+ a reason :y we ,we/]n]s s easily appreciate x4 ,its imag]y & s5tim5t are elem5t>y 9 ! eyes ( ! native critics ( ,japanese high art4 ,its attempts at realism are 9 8 eyes m]e evid5ce ( vulg>ity4 ,on ! o!r h& ^! v qualities ende> x to u4 ,we c und]/& ! fir/1 )\t ! long tra9+ 9 symbolism :i* is ! ess5tial ( ref9em5t to an educat$ man ( ! extreme ,ea/4 ,& ! o!r *>act]i/ic =ms1 9 our eyes1 a lead+ recomm5dation4 ,9 %ort1 ! l&scapes ( arti/s su* z ,hiro%ige approa* m ne>ly to our own /&>ds1 & are ?us m easily acceptable to u ?an any?+ else 9 ! pictorial arts ( ,*9a & ,japan2 :ile !y h all ! fasc9ation ( a /range te*nique1 a bold & undaunt$ conv5tion1 & a sup]b excell5ce ( composition n too remote 9 pr9ciple f our own4 ,,hokusai4 ,because ?\ wa/ m>vell\s ( eye1 magic ( fancy1 li! ( h&1 ,because ?\ did/ play o'er _m a gulf :]e common mortals dizzy /&1 ,because no ?+ 9 e>? or sky escap$ ! pry+s ( ?9e art1 ,i call !e1 :o wa/ ma/] ( all1 ! ma/] ) ! monkey's he>t4 ,:]e 9 ! /reet ! drunk>ds roll--:]e 9 ! r+ ! wre/l]s sway1 ,:]e ru/ics p\nd ! h>ve/ rice1 or fi%]s sail1 or abbots pray1 ,9 rocky gorge1 or l[l& field1 or w9t] heights ( m\nta9 air1 ,:]ev] man or bea/ or bird or fl[] f9ds place--yea1 ev]y:]e ,?\ /&e/1 z ,i fancy1 rapt 9 ! live play ( mass & l9e1 ,curi\sly not+ e poise2 & 9 t ugly head ( ?9e ,/or+ x ) unsat$ fi]ce passion = life's m9ute/ "p1 ,"s day to use infallibly--,o ma/] ) ! monkey's he>t6 ,:]e ,kanazawa's ?und]+ %ores behold ! m\nd$ wat]s rave1 ,& ,fuji looms above ! pla91 & ! pla9 slopes to meet ! wave1 ,!re did/ ?\ f ! trembl+ s&s unlea% ?y s\l 9 sudd5 flight ,to so> above ! :irl+ wa/e ) awe & wond] & delight4 ,?\ sawe/ ! giant tumult p\r$2 ea* slope & *asm ( clov5 br9e ,call$ !e2 & f ! scatt]$ r\t "o vision did ?y sight div9e1 ,"o heav5-affront+ :elm+ wave 9 :i* all common waves h "p-- ,a bill[ f ! wra? ( ,god--,o monkey ) a ma/]'s he>t6 ,:at m9d %all span !e8 ,:o %all praise or blame ?y _w-embrac+ sight ,^: h>ve/ 0 ea* rock & wrai?1 ea* =m ( loa?+ or ( light8 ,?\gh we %\ld puzzle all our days1 we c\ld n "k !e z ?\ art1 ,nor :]e ! se] ( vision ends1 nor :]e beg9s ! monkey's he>t4 ,until r rec5tly ,hokusai 01 = ,european spectators1 z isolat$ & comm&+ a figure 9 ! doma9 ( ,japanese art z ,fuji is 9 ! ,japanese l&scape4 ,he 0 reg>d$ z ! "o culm9at+ & all-inclusive g5ius among ,japanese pa9t]s & pr9t-design]s4 ,at precisely ! same "t1 he 0 e/eem$ by ,japanese connoisseurs to be a prolific b vulg> artisan1 ^: m]e craftsman-dext]ity c\ld n comp5sate = 8 lack ( l(ty feel+ & poetic vision4 ,x is n necess>y to qu>rel ) ei!r ( ^! views4 ,almo/ e /ud5t ( ,hokusai passes ?r\gh ?ree /ages4 ,at fir/1 he is ov]:elm$ by ,hokusai's te*nical skill & imag9ative brilliance1 & reg>ds him z unrivall$4 ,deep] exp]i5ce br+s him ! conviction t mu* ( ?is magical dext]ity is some:at 9 ! nature ( a juggl]'s antics 9 a vaudeville1 & t 8 fir/ bur/ ( en?usiasm 0 n :olly w>rant$4 ,!n1 f9ally1 he comes to p]ceive t !re are qualities 9 ,hokusai's "w :i*1 9 spite ( s mu* t is vulg>1 ju/ly entitle ?is arti/ to 8 high fame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hokusai4 ,"o classes ,hokusai z a l&scape-arti/2 yet 8 "w 0 by no means conf9$ to l&scape4 ,he pictur$1 z ,m4 ,?odore ,duret wrote1 ev]y?+ to be se5 by ! eye or inv5t$ by ! bra9 ( a ,japanese4 ,8 ,mangwa1 t va/ twelve-volume collection ( draw+s1 includes sket*es ( a :ole _w ( v>i$ sc5es & objects & p4 ,! bulk ( 8 production 0 colossal--doz5s ( designs a day ?r\gh\t mo/ ( 8 eighty-n9e ye>s6 ,8 figures are drawn ) a swift & sure realism t is g5]ally t+$ ) hum\r & (t5 ) vulg>ity4 ,8 vigor\s p[] ( obs]v+ & record+ faces & attitudes is almo/ unp>allel$4 ,fantasy1 :imsical conceits1 irony1 grotesqu5ess animate !m2 always !y h sup]abundant life4 ,! play ( 8 bru% is miracul\s4 ,8 l&scapes are 8 greate/ works4 ,9 ! be/ ( ^! he %akes (f 8 trifl+ mood1 &1 z 9 ,plate #ea1 creates designs ^: />k brilliance & orig9ality ( composition is unsurpass$4 ,& at lea/ once1 9 ! noble/ ( 8 pr9ts--! r>e & monum5tal s]ies ( ,! ,imag]y ( ! ,poets--he a*ieves a high s]i\sness t w always be impressive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hokusai3 ,,fuji1 ,,se5 ,,across ,,! ,,tama ,,riv]1 ,,prov9ce ,,( ,,musa%i4 ,"o ( ! ,s]ies ,?irty-six ,views ( ,fuji4 ,size #aj #ae4 ,sign$ ,hokusai ,i-itsu1 hitsu4 ,plate #di4 ,hokusai 0 born 9 #agfj1 ! son ( a mirror-mak]4 ,he liv$ to ! age ( eighty-n9e ye>s--a long life1 cr[d$ ) privation t w9s our sympa?y1 & ) incessant devotion to 8 art4 ,:5 9 8 sev5ties1 he said3 ,ev] s9ce ! age ( six ye>s ,i h felt ! impulse to draw ! =ms ( objects4 ,up to ! age ( fifty ye>s ,i made a great numb] ( draw+s2 b ,i am dissatisfi$ ) ev]y?+ t ,i creat$ prior to my sev5tie? ye>4 ,at ! age ( sev5ty-?ree ,i1 = ! fir/ "t1 began to grasp ! true =ms & nature ( birds1 fi%es1 & plants4 ,x foll[s t at ! age ( eighty ,i %all h made /ill great] progress2 at n9ety ,i %all be able to create all objects2 at a hundr$ ,i %all c]ta9ly h atta9$ to /ill high]1 unimag9able p[]2 & :5 ,i f9ally rea* my "o hundr$ & t5? ye>1 e l9e1 e dot w live ) an int5se life4 ,i invite ^? :o are go+ to live z long z ,i to conv9ce !mselves :e!r ,i %all keep my ^w4 ,writt5 at ! age ( sev5ty-five ye>s by me1 =m]ly ,hokusai1 n[ call$ ! ,old ,man ,mad ) ,pa9t+4 ,8 dy+ words 73 ,if ! gods _h giv5 me only t5 ye>s m--only five ye>s m--,i c\ld h become a really great pa9t]6 ,hokusai's education began z an appr5tice to a wood-engrav]1 a valuable exp]i5ce = 8 lat] c>e]4 ,at ! age ( eighte5 he ent]$ ! /udio ( ,%un%o & adopt$ ! "n ( ,%unro4 ,"u ?is "n he produc$ actors 9 ! or?odox ,%un%o mann] & melodramatic illu/rations = ! popul> romances ( ! day4 ,ab\t #aghf a qu>rel ) ,%un%o1 due to ! pupil's insubord9ation1 l$ to ,hokusai's expulsion1 & he !reupon laun*$ out = himself1 to beg9 8 long life ( pov]ty & madly en?usia/ic lab\r4 ,8 "w may be divid$ r\ghly into ?ree p]iods4 ,9 ! fir/ he foll[$ ! traditions ( ,%un%o1 ,%unyei1 ,utam>o1 & o!rs ( 8 contempor>ies1 ) great skill b no special orig9ality4 ,8 c\ntless book-illu/rations ( ?is "t 7 all conceiv$ ) lively fancy & vig\r2 b p]haps ! f9e/ works ( ?is1 8 conv5tional p]iod1 are ! v wide pr9ts & surimono 9 :i*1 aga9/ a delicately sugge/$ l&scape1 move extraord9>ily graceful wom5's figures n unlike ^? ( ,utam>o4 ,already he 0 a ma/] ( draw+2 b he kept incessantly at 8 /udies "u _m tea*]s1 le>n+1 among o!r ?+s1 ,european p]spective f ,%iba ,kokan4 ,8 "w 0 done 9 ?is & ! foll[+ p]iods "u a doz5 diff]5t names1 ( :i* ,sori1 ,kako1 ,%unro1 & ,taito are ! mo/ important4 ,9 #ahab began 8 second or reali/ic p]iod1 ) ! publication ( ! fir/ book ( 8 fifte5-volume s]ies ( draw+s1 ! ,mangwa4 ,9 ?is epo* he turn$ f ! /yles ( 8 pr$ecessors & laun*$ into a hi!rto unkn[n j\rnali/ic realism4 ,) a lively s5se ( ! comic & ! burlesque1 & an insatiable int]e/ 9 ! homelie/ details ( life1 he ?rew ov]bo>d all =mal /yli/ic quality & set sail on a riot\s voyage ( naturali/ic discov]y4 ,! ,mangwa1 :i* may s]ve z a type ( 8 :ole production 9 ?is reali/ic p]iod1 is prais$ sometimes z 8 greate/ "w4 ,9 x we %all f9d n only 8 mo/ /rik+ t\rs-de-=ce z a draughtsman b also ! key to 8 weakness4 ,all exi/5ce ?rill$ him z x did ,walt ,:itman2 & ea* object on :i* he turn$ 8 eyes /irr$ him ) ! desire to record x 9 8 pages4 ,day aft] day he work$ l a madman1 ?r[+ (f 8 sket*es ( man1 bea/1 & phantom1 ( rock1 riv]1 & sea1 9 endless pr(usion & ) inexhau/ible +5uity4 ,& ?\gh we grant our admiration to ! en?usiasm1 %>p vision1 & clev] draughtsman%ip ( ^! %eets1 we may /ill f9d 9 ?is undiscrim9at+ passion a quality incompatible ) ! highe/ rea*es ( arti/ic greatness4 ,!re is some?+ vulg>1 *ildi%1 "u-develop$ 9 ! m5tal attitude reveal$2 x seems a co>se gre$ = all exp]i5ce1 unlight$ by ! p[] to judge & reject1 or by any consci\sness ( ! ranks & hi]>*ies ( beauty4 ,x is a va/ & dull en?usiasm2 a celebration ( ! victory ( ! w to live ov] ! w to p]fect2 a triumph ( mean+less s5sation ov] ! j judgm5ts ( ! discrim9at+ m9d4 ,all %apes seem equally int]e/+ & beautiful to x--all smells equally sweet4 ,z ,pat] writes ( ,balzac--a man :o 0 9 _m ways n unlike ,hokusai--?is arti/ _h an excess ( curiosity--curiosity n duly temp]$ ) ! desire ( beauty4 ,i c nev] look ?r\gh ! ,mangwa )\t a s5se ( di/ress+ *aos & a long+ = ! pur] beauties :i* m f9ely organiz$ arti/s h evok$ f ! het]og5e\s welt] ( ! se5 _w4 ,b j ?is welt] is at ?is "t ,hokusai's !me4 ,a debau* ( sket*es1 ,f5ollosa calls x4 ,9 ?is "w ,hokusai /&s beside ,h>unobu exactly z ,:itman /&s beside ,keats--a m int]e/+ m9d b a f> less p]fect arti/4 ,hokusai is incomp>able1 writes ! comm5tator :o furni%$ ! introduction to "o ( 8 books4 ,:ile all 8 pr$ecessors 7 m or less slaves to classical tradition & inh]it$ rules1 he alone emancipat$ 8 bru% f all su* fett]s1 & drew accord+ to ! dictates ( 8 he>t4 ,true3 & ?is 0 8 curse4 ,no man has ev] liv$ ) he>t pr(\nd & subtle en\gh = su* emancipation4 ,nor h ! supreme arti/s ev] attempt$ x4 ,9 ,hokusai's case ?is up/>t-ab&on+ ( all tradition 0 an error f :i* he 0 able lat] to retrieve himself2 b s great 0 ! impression produc$ by 8 vulg>ities on ! mob t ev5 to ?is day popul> ,japanese art has rema9$ "u ! cl\d ( x4 ,hokusai himself did recov]4 ,9 8 ?ird p]iod1 ! /yli/ic "o1 ! greatness t 0 9 him transc5d$ 8 petty int]e/ 9 ! trivial idiosyncrasies ( se5 ?+s1 & he creat$ ^? visions :i* con/itute 8 la/+ glory4 ,betwe5 #ahbc & #ahcj he issu$ ^? s]ies1 ,! ,?irty-six ,views ( ,fuji1 ,! ,bridges1 ,! ,wat]falls1 ,! ,loo*o ,isl&s1 & ,! ,imag]y ( ! ,poets1 9 :i* we hail him z ma/]4 ,no long] ! dupe ( realism1 he br+s u 8 dreams4 ,! ,?irty-six ,views ( ,fuji /&s z "o ( 8 two greate/ works4 ,"h1 9 ! =ty-six plates t con/itute ! ma9 s]ies & ! supplem5t1 ! same motive is treat$ recurr5tly1 b ) inf9ite v>iety4 ,he depicts ,fuji1 ! sacr$ m\nta91 9 /orm & calm1 9 mi/ & sunlight--sometimes dom9at+ ! colossally empty frame ( ! design1 sometimes rec$+ to a m]e speck 9 ! di/ance2 & ar\nd ! noble peak beat ! waves ( ! sea & ! foam ( ! cl\ds & ! re/less /ream ( human life1 9 a great epic ( inf9ite div]sity & pr(\nd unity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hokusai3 ,,fuji1 ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,pass ,,( ,,mi%ima1 ,,prov9ce ,,( ,,kahi4 ,"o ( ! ,s]ies ,?irty-six ,views ( ,fuji4 ,size #aj #ae4 ,sign$ ,saki no ,hokusai ,i-itsu1 hitsu4 ,plate #ej4 ,9 ?is s]ies 8 trivial realism is =gott51 or employ$ only 9 j subord9ation4 ,?r[+ aside 8 e>li] vulg> absorption 9 ! m9uti ( exi/5ce1 he conc5trat$ 8 vision on "o conception1 "o *os5 impression1 s %>ply & p]sonally se5 t he evok$ a new /yle 9 l&scape4 ,mu* x borr[$ f tradition2 b ! flav\r 0 ,hokusai's4 ,^! designs are1 prim>ily1 magnific5t /udies 9 l9e> composition4 ,! great sweep ( ,fuji's slope is relat$ to ! rhy?m ( e o!r l9e 9 ! picture4 ,& ! l9e-dom9ance is pres]v$ by ! use ( ! simple/ & mo/ orig9al ( col\r-s*emes--gre51 blue1 & br[n--broadly laid on 9 l>ge masses4 ,a highly decorative quality & great boldness are ! result4 ,! ju/ly fam\s ,wave belongs to ?is s]ies4 ,"h = ! fir/ "t 9 our survey ( ! pr9ts d we f9d elem5tal fury depict$ ) gr&iose eloqu5ce4 ,9 ! maje/ic composition ( ! ,great ,tree 7,plate #ej7 ! calm sublimity ( nature & ! inf9itely m9ute1 v]m9-l aspect ( man is sup]bly express$4 ,9 ! ,tama ,riv] 7,plate #di7 ,hokusai gives u a sweep ( wave & %ore1 mi/ & m\nta91 t 8 great pr$ecessors1 ! l&scape-pa9t]s ( ,sung days 9 ,*9a1 might h envi$4 ,9 all ^! pr9ts he relates man & nature to ea* o!r ) a vividness & dramatic p[] =eign to 8 great rival ,hiro%ige4 ,! _w :i* ,hokusai pictures 9 ?is s]ies is n ! real _w1 b ,hokusai's highly p]sonal translation ( x into t]ms ( sup]b imag9ation4 ,a ?\s& memory-/or$ impressions comb9e to make ! %>p composite ( ea* design2 & x is to use ! t]m 9 its te*nical ,platonic s5se1 ! ,idea ( ! sc5e t he fla%es be=e u4 ,h]e9 lies ! abnormal vitality t emanates f ^! pictures4 ,we feel1 says ,mr4 ,b9yon1 t ! _w holds m wond]s ?an we dream$ (1 s\rces ( p[] & exhil>ation :i* ,hokusai has reveal$1 & :i* we may g & discov] = ourselves4 ,hokusai's o!r great "w 0 a s]ies ( t5 upright pr9ts ( v l>ge size1 ,! ,imag]y ( ! ,poets4 ,x returns 9 feel+1 ?\gh n 9 te*nique1 to ! /yle ( ! classic ma/]s2 & rema9s1 because ( its high s]i\sness ( mood & its sweep+ magnific5ce ( composition1 at ! v top ( all ,hokusai's "w4 ,( all 8 ?\s&s ( designs1 ! "o t is supreme is probably ! pr9t ( ?is set :i* depicts ! fam\s ,*9ese poet ,li ,peh beside ! *asm & cascade ( ,luh4 ,ev5 8 late/ ye>s 7 cr[d$ ) cont9u$ ef=ts4 ,9 #ahdi1 at ! age ( eighty-n9e ye>s1 he di$4 ,f9e & well-pres]v$ ,hokusai pr9ts are n common4 ,8 ,poets & really brilliant impressions ( 8 ,?irty-six ,fuji are v r>e1 p>ticul>ly ! =m]4 ,poor impressions ( ! latt] are num]\s4 ,practically all ( ,hokusai's mo/ fam\s pr9ts h be5 reproduc$1 & ! collector mu/ be on 8 gu>d aga9/ ^! wor?less %eets4 ,"o ( ! be/-kn[n judges 9 ,europe 0 rec5tly deceiv$ by a fraudul5t set ( ! ,poets4 ,hokusai's f9e bird-&-fl[] designs & 8 l>ge e>ly surimono are r>e2 z also are good copies ( 8 fam\s books1 ! ,mangwa & ! ,"o ,hundr$ ,views ( ,fuji4 ,num]\s late blurr$ impressions ( ^! are extant1 & %\ld be avoid$4 ,8 o!r books are n uncommon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hokusai3 ,,! ,,monkey ,,bridge--,,twilight ,,& ,,ris+ ,,moon4 ,size #ad #f4 ,sign$ ,hokusai ga4 ,plate #ea4 ,,pupils ,,& ,,foll[]s ,,( ,,hokusai4 ,hokusai _h _m pupils2 no "o ( !m equall$ ! l&scape "w ( ! ma/]1 ?\gh sev]al ( !m produc$ designs ( great int]e/4 ,z a body !y 7 di/+ui%$ = _! mat*less "w 9 ! field ( surimono4 ,! surimono 0 a type ( pr9t n sold 9 ! m>ket2 x 0 made ^u special ord] ( private individuals = use z a fe/ival-greet+1 an invitation1 a congratulatory memorial1 or an ann\ncem5t4 ,its size 0 g5]ally small1 ab\t five or six in*es squ>e2 pr9t$ on v s(t ?ick pap]1 x display$ ! utmo/ complexity ( ! te*nique ( col\r-pr9t+4 ,! numb] ( blocks 0 lavi%ly multipli$2 ! mo/ subtle gradations ( col\r 7 contriv$2 & ! effect 0 height5$ by e v>iety ( gauffrage1 gold1 silv]1 & bronze p[d]s1 & "m-(-pe>l du/4 ,yet 9 spite ( all ?is ef=t1 ! surimono is1 9 ! op9ion ( _m collectors1 n z a rule v important z a "w ( art4 ,9 ! ord9>y surimono ! m$ium employ$ has out/ripp$ ! motive express$1 & :at %\ld h be5 ! means has become ! sole end4 ,nev]!less !y are unrivall$ z specim5s ( workman%ip & pr9t+1 & ! be/ ( !m are highly treasur$4 ,"s ( ,hokusai's pupils excell$ _! ma/] 9 ?is =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gakutei4 ,,gakutei1 :o also sign$ himself ,gogaku1 produc$ p]haps ! f9e/ surimono ( any t we "k4 ,8 "w 9 ?is field 0 volum9\s & di/+ui%$4 ,he also issu$ a few exce$+ly decorative l&scapes4 ,,hokkei /&s beside ,gakutei z a brilliant produc] ( surimono1 closely 9 ! mann] ( ,hokusai4 ,"s ( 8 l&scapes1 pr9t$ 9 blue & gre51 h a curi\s *>m & individuality4 ,,hokuju produc$ l&scapes 9 a /range semi-,european /yle1 ) angul> m\nta9s & unusual cl\d effects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hokkei4 ,,yanagawa ,,%ig5obu1 ! son-9-law ( ,hokusai1 copi$ 8 ma/] closely2 "s ( 8 "w has great *>m4 ,accord+ to "s au?orities he is ! same p]son to :om ,hokusai gave 8 disc>d$ "n1 ,,katsu%ika ,,taito4 ,c]ta9 pr9ts sign$ ,taito are /ill some:at 9 d\bt1 notably ! well-kn[n leap+ fi% & ! moon-&-bridge sc5e1 bo? f ! ,h>imaze ,han2 ,mr4 ,happ] has br\ght =w>d evid5ce t ^! are by ,taito1 b _m au?orities /ill hold to ! idea t !y are ! "w ( ,hokusai "u 8 e>ly "n4 ,among ! numb]less ,hokusai pupils may be nam$3 ,,hokuba1 ,,hokuga1 ,,niho1 ,,%igeyama1 ,,gokei1 ,,%9sai1 ,,isai1 ,,hokuun1 ,,hokuyei1 ,,hokutei1 ,,hokutai1 ,,hokusui1 ,,taigaku1 ,,r5%i1 ,,juzan1 ,,yasumi*i1 ,,bokus51 ,,keiju1 ,,ryusai1 ,,gangakusai1 ,,keiri1 ,,hokuyo4 ,,hiro%ige4 ,z m]*antm5 f ,ea/]n ,isles ,9 c>avels ( purple came1 ,) freight t ali5 he>t beguiles1 ,inc5se & clo?s ( wov5 flame1 ,s d[n ! gulfs ( eld] "t ,?y glori\s p9ions be> to me ,mad treasure f ! unkn[n clime ,( worlds beyond ! ,we/]n ,sea4 ,n[ 9 my bay ! sails are furl$4 ,b ,i1 :o guess _! native skies1 ,h5ce=? mu/ roam t gold5 _w1 ,:]e /range w9ds :isp] & /range sc5ts rise4-- ,immortal ,fuji's sn[y cr[n-- ,wide seas ) sky ( ame?y/-- ,a /reet :]e torr5ts ?und] d[n-- ,bran*es t toss aga9/ ! mi/-- ,smoo? hills & hill-girt pla9s :]e run ,/reams ?r\gh ! rice-fields /eep$ 9 heat-- ,p9es gn>l$ above a sunk5 sun-- ,cold heights :]e cl\d & m\nta9 meet4 ,n[ visions ent] to my brea/ ,t f ?y passion won _! bir?1 ,:5 l a bride 9 radiance dress$ ,be=e !e gl[$ ! summ]s ( e>?4 ,:at magic gave !e to behold ,?is fairness1 secret f our sight1 ,:]e morn+ walks ! _w 9 gold1 ,or seas turn grey ) com+ night8 ,= !e1 z :5 ! ,s\? ,w9ds bl[4 ,l&s bur/ to bloom4 ,on e %ore ,:]e beauty dwells ?\ did/ be/[ ,a p]il\s mortal beauty m4 ,twilight & morn on ,biwa's brea/-- ,h>ima's s&s & lordly p9es-- ,:ite ,hira-m\nta9's w9t] cre/-- ,! l[ r$ dusk r\nd ,y$o %r9es-- ,! moon b5ea? ! ,monkey ,bridge-- ,! ,poison$ ,riv]'s brood+ gloom-- ,rose-dawn on "s ,tokaido ridge-- ,pale wat]-worlds ( lotus bloom4 ,our toil+ race is ) ! day ,we>i$1 & re/less ) ! night1-- ,unpaus+1 on its tombw>d way1 ,= fe> or wond] or delight1-- ,unwat*ful1 mid ! sombre ?+s ,t me% u 9 a va9 employ1 ,= peace t half ( heav5 br+s1 ,= beauty t is :olly joy4 ,lov] = :om ! _w 0 wide6 ,d[n light$ pa?ways ?\ did/ move1 ,:]e hills & seas & cities hide ,s mu* = we>y m5 to love4-- ,! mi/ ( *]ry-trees 9 spr+-- ,%ips sleep+ on "s bright lagoon-- ,a swall['s dusky sweep+ w+-- ,/eep ,i%iyama's autumn moon-- ,! *ang+ m>vels ( fa9t ra9-- ,! foam t hides ! torr5t's /ream-- ,! eagle o'er ! sn[y pla9-- ,sea-twilights haunt$ z a dream4 ,speak+1 ?\ laid/ ?y bru% aside-- ,on a long j\rney ,i repair-- ,regions beyond ! ,we/]n ,tide-- ,to view ! wond]ful l&scapes !re4 ,yet1 at ,adzuma1 loos$ f all ,?y mortal bonds1 made free to roam1 ,me?9ks ?\ c\ld/ n break ! ?ral ,t held !e to ?y human home4 ,surely no heav5 c\ld h>b\r !e1 ,nor o!r _w ( ke5] bliss1 ,:o did/ ) su* deep con/ancy ,wor%ip ! lovel9ess ( ?is4 ,moon-flood$ ?rongs 9 ,y$o /reets-- ,dawn quick5$ travell]s on _! road-- ,lone ocean-front+ hill retreats-- ,an ,oiran's p]il\s-sweet abode-- ,a mighty ,buddha by ! sea ,:]e all ! wond]+ pilgrims meet-- ,immortal ,fuji1 *angelessly ,wat*+ ! _w ar\nd h] feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hiro%ige3 ,,hom+ ,,geese ,,at ,,katada--,,twilight4 ,"o ( ! ,s]ies ,eight ,fam\s ,views ( ,lake ,biwa4 ,size #i #ac4 ,sign$ ,hiro%ige ga4 ,plate #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hiro%ige4 ,hiro%ige takes rank by unanim\s cons5t z ! =emo/ l&scape arti/ produc$ by ! ,ukioye ,s*ool4 ,8 pr9ts1 kn[n to e "o1 h be5 m greatly admir$ 9 ,we/]n l&s ?an ! pr9ts ( any o!r arti/ except ,hokusai4 ,hokusai's ma9 conc]n 0 ) ! fundam5tal ar*itecture ( l&scape2 he outl9$ ! /ructure ( m\nta9s1 rocks1 riv]s1 waves1 & bridges ) a h>d & brilliant %>pness2 b ,hiro%ige1 less rigid 9 8 treatm5t1 seems *iefly int5t ^u ! m delicate & transitory appe>ances ( cl\d & mi/1 ra9 & sn[1 sunrise & dusk1 t give to a l&scape at ea* mom5t s mu* ( its specific "*4 ,^! atmosph]ic effects ( 8 are ju/ly fam\s4 ,few l&scape pa9t]s ( any race h succe$$ 9 r5d]+ s f9ely ! mood ( a sc5e4 ,no "o c be ins5sible to ! delicate peace & sweetness ( a twilight l t ( ,plate #eb1 or ! vigor\s life ( wide sea spaces 9 ,plate #ec1 or ! heavy hu% ( nightfall ov] ! sn[-cov]$ village ( ,plate #ed4 ,ev5 m impressive are ! lum9\s & solemn dusk on ! ,sumida ,riv] 7,plate #ee7 & ! my/]y ( ! pr9t call$ ,! ,b[-,moon :i* appe>s z ! frontispiece4 ,! ,b[-,moon4 ,:]e ! torr5t leaps & falls1 ,& ! hang+ cliffs look d[n1 ,clov5 grey & ruddy walls ,ea* ) ragg$ =e/-cr[n1 ,!re across ! *asmd deep ,spans a gossam] bridge on high2 ,& bel[1 f gulfs ( sleep1 ,m\nts ! ,b[-,moon up ! sky4 ,blue dusk1 ?ick5+ :5ce %e rose4 ,h] abysses veils2 above ,moves %e into twilight's close ,z fa9t /ra9s ( music move4 ,on ! ea/]n slope h] feet1 ,:ite1 9 trancd ec/asy1 ,climb1 a gho/ ( heav5 s sweet ,t ! sp5t day _c die4 ,wall$ by crags on ei!r side ,glimm]s =? h] figure wan1 ,/ray+ l "s lonely bride ,?r\gh ! halls ( ,kubla ,khan4 ,pilgrim ( ! riv5 deep6 ,:]eso'er ?y lov] lie1 ,sleep to him is tr\bl$ sleep ,:ile 8 ,b[-,moon haunts ! sky4 ,hiro%ige's great /r5g? lay 9 8 g5ius = /rik+ly effective composition1 & 9 ! skill ) :i* he adapt$ 8 designs to ! limitations ( ! col\r-pr9t te*nique4 ,he r$uc$ ! pictur$ sc5e to a few simple elem5ts ( a highly decorative "*1 & manag$ to make !m s symbolic & sugge/ive t we d n miss ! multitude ( details :i* he purposely omits4 ,a /rongly dom9ant unity ( impression is ! result4 ,8 f9e/ designs convey a s5se ( p]sonal feel+ t ev5 ! ,b>bizon arti/s at _! be/ d n surpass4 ,) ! limit$ res\rces ( ! wood block1 he a*iev$ subtle r5d]+s ( di/ance1 a]ial p]spective1 atmosph]e1 & light2 & ! poetic quality ( 8 designs has ende>$ him to g5]ations ( pr9t-lov]s 9 a way m p]sonal ?an is ! case ) any o!r arti/4 ,8 "w w /& beside ! ,lib] ,/udiorum ( ,turn]2 x rema9s p]haps ! mo/ complete & magnific5t l&scape record t any l& has ev] _h4 ,"o curi\s *>act]i/ic ( ^! pr9ts at once /rikes ! ,we/]n eye--! use ( a b& ( d>k col\r along ! top ( ! picture1 :i* is %ad$ gradually d[n into ! cle> :ite ( ! l[] sky4 ,?is conv5tion s]ves sev]al purposes4 ,x provides a mass to balance ! col\r at ! bottom ( ! design1 br++ ! :ole %eet into ! picture & n leav+ ! upp] portion z a m]e m>g9 above ! l&scape prop]4 ,x also creates dep? & atmosph]e1 sett+ ! brighte/ "p ( ! design1 ! middle1 back into ! frame creat$ by ! upp] & l[] masses4 ,& f9ally1 x r5d]s ) peculi> accuracy ! effect ( gradual vani%+ :i* we actually exp]i5ce z we look at a l&scape3 9 our visual field1 ! sky does n end 9 a %>p l9e1 b blurs & d>k5s at ! upp] edge ( ! space t our eyes survey4 ,hiro%ige's bird & fl[] designs are works ( extraord9>y fre%ness & lovel9ess2 a unique & idyllic *>m emanates f !m1 & z compositions !y take high rank 7,plate #ef74 ,alilt aga9/ ! em]ald sky1 ,a t9y violet song/] sw+s1 ,clut*+ a bran*1 9 ec/asy ,( light & height & skiey ?+s4 ,s++1 he sw+s2 & sw++1 ,i ,= once am %[]$ ) joy ( w+s4 ,ke5 & pure1 ( a magic p[]1 ,?y rapture /irs :at 0 nev] /irr$4 ,?\ ha/ br\ght to e>? a cl\dl& d[]1 ,! joy ( ! small sweet s++ bird4 ,all "t is ri*] = ?y h\r ,( delicate music1 gravely he>d4 ,does ! iris droop b5ea? ! heat8 ,its we>9ess f9ds voice 9 !e4 ,does ! pheasant run ) sn[-clogg$ feet8 ,w9t] is !irs :o ?y vision see4 ,is summ]'s gl[ to ! swall[ sweet8 ,?\ ha/ captur$ its summ] et]nally4 ,ea* ?\ ha/ wr\ght z a lyric note ,pure ) "o mood ( sky & trees ,& fl[]s1 & t9y lives t float ,or d>t or poise 9 _w ( ^!4 ,! pa9t]'s h&1 ! ?ru%'s ?roat-- ,:i* ma/]s be/ ^! melodies8 ,gu/y ra9 ?r\gh ! tree-tops bl[n ,& a bird t scuds :]e ! grey gu/s hiss-- ,sapphire w+s & a gold5 cr[n ,flung skyw>d 9 unconsci\s bliss-- ,no r>e en*ant$ bird has kn[n ,z ?\ ha/ kn[n ! sav\r ( ?is6 ,& w9n+ x1 ?\ ha/ ca/ aside ,?y native bonds ( mortal bir?1 ,fl++ ! _s-p9ions wide ,above ?is _w ( we>y wor?1 ,to float & poise & skyw>d ride ,) ^? ^: realm is n ! e>?-- ,! peacock 9 8 pr\d repose-- ,wild geese t ru% across ! moon-- ,! little sleepy owl t kn[s ,! w9d-among-!-tree-tops tune-- ,! k+fi%] t d>ts & gl[s ,ov] ! re$s ( ! lagoon-- ,! fl[]-lur$ humm+-bird t weaves ,spirals m delicate ?an !y-- ,s&]l+s t on moonlit eves ,ov] ! wave-cre/ swoop & play-- ,! crane t %ores ( sunset leaves ,= sunset skies ( f> away4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hiro%ige3 ,,! ,,sev5 ,,ri ,,f]ry1 ,,kuwana1 ,,at ,,! ,,m\? ,,( ,,! ,,kiso ,,riv]--,,sunset4 ,"o ( ! ,s]ies ,! ,fifty-?ree ,po/ ,/ations ( ! ,tokaido ,road4 ,size #i #ad4 ,sign$ ,hiro%ige ga4 ,plate #ec4 ,hiro%ige 0 born 9 #agif1 j z ! great p]iod ( figure-design+ 0 draw+ to its close4 ,z a y\? he attempt$ to ga9 entrance to ! /udio ( ,toyokuni2 b ! =tunate fact t !re 0 no room = him =c$ him to ent] ! /udio ( ! less popul> b m subtly gift$ ,toyohiro4 ,"h he /udi$ l&scape1 a bran* 9 :i* he 0 de/9$ f> to out/rip 8 ma/]4 ,t delicate g5ius :i* 0 ,toyohiro's _c b h produc$ its effect ^u ! pupil2 & x pleases "o to fancy t x is "s e*o ( ,toyohiro's in>ticulate ref9em5t ( feel+ t ga9s at la/ full expression 9 "s ( ,hiro%ige's mo/ beautiful l&scapes4 ,9 #ahbh ,toyohiro di$2 & ,hiro%ige became indep5d5t4 ,8 e>lie/ works probably ant$ate ?is "t a little2 !y consi/ ( a few figures ( wom5 & actors1 & two v f9e horizontal l&scape s]ies4 ,^! 7 ! ,toto ,mei%o1 or e>lie/ s]ies ( ,y$o views1 di/+ui%$ by curi\s long r$ cl\ds 9 ea* plate2 & ! ,hon*o ,mei%o1 a gr\p ( views ( ! ma9 isl& ( ,japan4 ,p>ticul>ly ! fir/ ( ^! sets conta9s "w ( great beauty4 ,%ortly aft] #ahcj ,hiro%ige f\nd occasion to travel f ,y$o1 ! nor!rn capital1 to ,kyoto1 ! s\!rn capital1 along ! great po/-road :i* he has immortaliz$--! ,tokaido4 ,!re result$ 8 s]ies ( horizontal plates1 ,! ,fifty-?ree ,/ations ( ! ,tokaido1 complet$ ab\t #ahcd4 ,?is rema9s 8 be/-kn[n & unsurpass$ "w4 ,plate #ec is f ?is s]ies4 ,ea* picture records ) unfail+ vividness & orig9ality "s fam\s sc5e along ! cr[d$ national highway4 ,= reasons unkn[n to u1 ,hiro%ige prep>$ new designs = "s ( ! plates aft] ! orig9al publication ( ! s]ies2 & ^! v>iation-plates are ( great int]e/ to collectors4 ,( ! _m s]ies t foll[$1 only ! mo/ important c be nam$ "h4 ,all are ( horizontal %ape unless o!rwise designat$4 ,naniwa ,mei%o1 t5 views ( ,osaka--*iefly cr[d$ :>f & m>ket sc5es4 ,kyoto ,mei%o1 t5 views ( ,kyoto2 a v>i$ & delightful s]ies conta9+ _m f9e pr9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hiro%ige3 ,,! ,,village ,,( ,,fuji ,,kawa--,,ev5+ ,,sn[4 ,"o ( ! ,v]tical ,tokaido ,s]ies4 ,size #ac #i4 ,sign$ ,hiro%ige ga4 ,plate #ed4 ,omi ,hakkei1 ! ,eight ,fam\s ,views ( ,lake ,biwa2 ! mo/ poetic & possibly ! greate/ ( 8 works 7,plate #eb74 ,kanazawa ,hakkei1 ! ,eight ,fam\s ,views ( ! ,inlet ( ,kanazawa2 di/+ui%$ by a f9e simplicity ( composition4 ,y$o ,k9ko ,hakkei1 ! ,eight ,fam\s ,views ( ,y$o2 a s]ies ( ma/]pieces1 ( great r>ity4 ,*iu%+ura1 sixte5 sc5es f ! /ory ( ! ,=ty-sev5 ,ron92 f9e dramatic compositions1 ) p[]ful blacks & greys pr$om9at+4 ,toto ,mei%o & ,y$o ,mei%o1 names "u :i* m ?an fifty diff]5t s]ies ( ,y$o views 7 issu$ by diff]5t publi%]s4 ,^! sets include _m ma/]pieces4 ,nihon ,m9ato ,tsuku%i1 t5 views ( ! ,h>b\rs ( ,japan4 ,toto ,mei%o1 a s]ies ( n>r[ upright panels ( ,y$o2 sev]al are v di/+ui%$4 ,mu ,tamagawa1 views ( ! ,six ,tama ,riv]s4 ,s]ies ( ,fi%es4 ,kwa ,*o1 upright panels ( birds & fl[]s1 "s on full-siz$ %eets1 o!rs v n>r[2 unev5 9 quality1 "s be+ ma/]pieces 7,plate #ef74 ,fan ,pr9ts1 ) l&scapes or bird designs4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdb began ! s-call$ ,prohibition ,p]iod ( twelve ye>s1 :5 ! sale ( actor & c\rtesan pr9ts 0 =bidd54 ,! effect ( ?is 0 to r$\ble ! dem& = l&scape pr9ts2 & ,hiro%ige 0 call$ ^u to supply x4 ,?is he did by issu+1 among o!rs1 ! foll[+ sets3-- ,tokaido ,s]ies1 publi%$ by ,m>uzei2 next be/ to ! ,great ,tokaido ,s]ies ( #ahcd4 ,tokaido ,s]ies1 publi%$ by ,yesaki2 slightly small] ?an ! ,great ,s]ies2 :5 well-pr9t$1 :i* is r>e1 !y take a v high place4 ,tokaido ,s]ies1 publi%$ by ,sanoki1 half-plate size2 includ+ _m *>m+ designs4 ,kisokaido1 ! ,sixty-n9e ,/ations ( ! ,kisokaido ,road betwe5 ,y$o & ,kyoto2 a s]ies 9 :i* ,keisai ,yeis5 collaborat$1 produc+ tw5ty-?ree ( ! sev5ty plates4 ,_m ( ! plates are un9t]e/+2 b a qu>t] ( !m are sup]b4 ,! set 0 repr9t$ at lea/ twice 9 inf]ior editions4 ,9 ?is1 :i* we may call ! ,kisokaido ,p]iod ( ,hiro%ige's "w1 he ab&on$ to a c]ta9 ext5t ! delicate draw+ ( 8 ,great ,tokaido & ,y$o ,p]iod & employ$ l>g] unbrok5 col\r masses1 aim+ at broad] effects4 ,9 ! fifties1 ,hiro%ige ab&on$ almo/ entirely ! horizontal or lat]al pr9ts ( 8 e>li] days & adopt$ ! upright %ape4 ,9 ?is =m he produc$ ! foll[+ s]ies1 z well z o!rs n nam$3-- ,upright ,tokaido1 publi%$ by ,tsutaya1 #ahee2 a f9e s]ies :5 well pr9t$1 b ! late editions 7 crude 9 col\r 7,plate #ed74 ,views ( ! ,sixty-n9e ,prov9ces1 #ahef2 ! r>e fir/ edition1 :i* is mu* ! f9]1 is di/+ui%$ by hav+ five seals on ! face ( ea* plate4 ,x conta9s a great deal ( un9t]e/+ "w1 b also t5 or fifte5 ma/]pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hiro%ige3 ,,! ,,ommaya ,,embankm5t1 ,,on ,,! ,,sumida ,,riv] ,,at ,,asakusa--,,ev5+4 ,"o ( ! ,s]ies ,! ,hundr$ ,views ( ,y$o4 ,size #ac #i4 ,sign$ ,hiro%ige ga4 ,plate #ee4 ,?ree ,tripty*s4--,! ,rapids ( ,awa ,no ,n>uto1 ,moonlight ,view ( ,kanazawa1 & ,sn[ ,m\nta9s on ! ,kiso ,highway1 all dat$ #aheg1 & all magnific5t4 ,two ,kakemono-ye1 v l>ge--! ,monkey ,bridge & ! ,sn[ ,gorge ( ! ,fuji ,riv]1 ?+s ( mat*less impressiv5ess4 ,! ,"o ,hundr$ ,views ( ,y$o1 #aheh2 #aai plates1 includ+1 besides mu* rubbi%1 #be ma/]pieces 7,plate #ee74 ,! ,?irty-six ,views ( ,fuji1 #ahei2 inf]ior1 ^u ! :ole1 to 8 e>li] "w4 ,!re are 9 exi/5ce v few well-pr9t$ copies4 ,9 ! la/ two or ?ree ( ^! s]ies x is m ?an probable t ,hiro%ige 0 assi/$ by 8 pupil ,hiro%ige ,,ii4 ,! f9e/ plates 9 all ^! lat] s]ies are equal to ! ma/]'s mo/ spl5did e>li] designs2 b c]ta9 ( ! plates are ( s banal a "* t x is impossible to believe !m to be f ! great man's h&4 ,d\btless ! di/9ction betwe5 ! "w ( ! two arti/s _c always be drawn ) c]ta9ty2 b z a g5]al rule we may reg>d ! "w z t ( ,hiro%ige ,,ii if we f9d ! figures /iff & wood51 if ! composition is lack+ 9 any c5tral unity1 or if "s l>ge ugly object is ?ru/ into ! =egr\nd ) ! hope ( ?us putt+ ! backgr\nd into its prop] relative place4 ,at ?is p]iod less c>e 0 tak5 ) ! pr9t+1 & ! majority ( pr9ts f ^! lat] s]ies are mis]able impressions t libel ,hiro%ige's p[]s4 ,:5 well pr9t$ !y c be v f9e inde$2 b ! poor copies outnumb] ! good a hundr$ to "o4 ,9 ! ye> #aheh1 j aft] ! publication ( ! ,"o ,hundr$ ,views ( ,y$o1 ,hiro%ige di$4 ,he did n live to see ! plates = 8 ,?irty-six ,views ( ,fuji complet$4 ,"o ( ! collector's treasures is a /rik+ memorial portrait by ,kunisada t 0 issu$ %ortly aft] ,hiro%ige's dea?4 ,! old man is repres5t$ ) a f9ely %ap$ head1 p[]ful1 quiet features1 & eyes z pi]c+ z an eagle's4 ,! numb] ( ,hiro%ige's diff]5t designs runs into at lea/ ?ree or f\r ?\s&1 n c\nt+ 8 illu/rat$ books2 & !re mu/ be 9 exi/5ce a hundr$ ?\s& pr9ts by him4 ,8 "w is almo/ z pl5tiful z t ( all ! o!r arti/s tak5 toge!r4 ,9 spite ( ?is great abundance1 ! collector f9ds x difficult to-day to obta9 _m really f9e pr9ts by him4 ,! pr9ts usually (f]$ are ei!r 9 bad condition1 or !y are c>eless impressions produc$ )\t prop] att5tion to ! difficult problem ( pr9t+4 ,! ru% occasion$ by ,hiro%ige's popul>ity naturally l$ to slight$ "w4 ,ev5 9 ^! poor copies a c]ta9 fasc9ation ( design g5]ally appe>s2 b x is only 9 ! c>efully pr9t$ copies1 :]e ! regi/] is accurate & ! col\rs are delicately grad$1 lum9\s1 & s(t1 t ! full beauty ( ,hiro%ige's conception is made cle>4 ,famili>ity ) ! f9] impressions =ev] spoils ! att5tive obs]v]'s ta/e = ! crude ord9>y copies4 ,! task ( ! collector ( ,hiro%ige's "w to-day resolves itself into a se>* = ^! r>e & preci\s e>ly pr9ts4 ,! collector %\ld lose no opportunity to comp>e diff]5t copies ( ! same pr9t2 only ?us c he educate 8 eyes suffici5tly to appreciate ! va/ diff]5ce betwe5 f9e & inf]ior examples4 ,! diff]5ce1 once grasp$1 is un=gettable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hiro%ige3 ,,bird ,,& ,,fl[]s4 ,size #ae #g4 ,sign$ ,hiro%ige1 hitsu4 ,plate #ef4 ,! read] :o desires detail$ in=mation z to ! long li/ ( ,hiro%ige's "w is ref]r$ to ! ,sale ,catalogue ( ! ,collection ( ,john ,/ew>t ,happ] 7,so!by1 ,wilk9son1 & ,hodge1 ,london71 :i* is ! pres5t f\ndation = any real /udy ( ! subject4 ,a valuable article on seal-dates by ,major ,j4 ,j4 ,o',bri5 ,sexton1 9 ! ,int]national ,/udio = ,may1 #aiac1 %\ld also be consult$ by ! /ud5t4 ,,! ,,second ,,hiro%ige4 ,,hiro%ige ,,ii1 born #ahbf1 0 ! adopt$ son ( ! great ,hiro%ige2 z we h se51 he probably assi/$ 9 "s ( ! ma/]'s la/ "w4 ,aft] ,hiro%ige's dea? ! pupil assum$ ! ma/]'s "n1 previ\s to t he _h be5 kn[n z ,i*iusai ,%ig5obu4 ,he is n to be confus$ ) ,yanagawa ,%ig5obu1 ,hokusai's pupil4 ,x 0 once ?\ght t ,hiro%ige ,,ii produc$ all ! upright pr9ts sign$ ,hiro%ige4 ,mr4 ,happ] has once = all discr$it$ ?is idea1 & x is no long] held by any "o4 ,"s ( ! "w ( ,hiro%ige ,,ii is v good2 ^u ! accid5tal de/ruction ( "o ( ! plates ( ! ,"o ,hundr$ ,y$o ,s]ies1 he produc$ a new design t is admirable4 ,b he lack$ orig9ality1 & at 8 be/ m]ely trod 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 ma/]4 ,mo/ ( 8 designs are flat & un9spir$4 ,ab\t #ahfe he fell into disgrace1 & mov$ to ,yokohama1 :]e he gave up 8 "n1 & is said to h work$ h5ce=? "u ! "n ( ,hiro*ika ,,ii4 ,he di$ 9 #ahfi4 ,!re 0 also a ,hiro%ige ,,iii1 :o di$ 9 #ahif--;a :olly commonplace & unimportant arti/1 :o assum$ ! great "n ab\t #ahfe4 ,,foll[]s ,,& ,,contempor>ies ,,( ,,hiro%ige4 ,,keisai ,,yeis51 :o collaborat$ ) ,hiro%ige 9 ! ,kisokaido ,s]ies1 0 born 9 #agia & di$ 9 #ahea4 ,he produc$ _m figure-pr9ts1 foll[+ ,yeizan1 9 ! debas$ /yle ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,8 l&scapes1 h[ev]1 are 8 mo/ int]e/+ "w4 ,_m ( ^! foll[ ,hiro%ige tamely2 b a few1 9 ! old] ,kano mann]1 are surpris+ & spl5did designs4 ,"o ( ^!1 a r>e %eet depict+ a bridge & m\nta9s 9 moonlight1 9 kakamono-ye =m1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a ma/]piece4 ,8 ord9>y "w is r undi/+ui%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,yeis54 ,,gosotei ,,toyokuni produc$1 besides "s unimportant actor-pr9ts1 a few f9e l&scapes 9 a v h>d1 %>p /yle4 ,*ief among ^! is a ,tamagawa ,s]ies1 ea* plate ( :i* has a l>ge purple panel at ! top4 ,! arti/'s orig9al "n 0 ,toyo%ige4 ,born 9 #aggg1 he became ! adopt$ son ( ,toyokuni ,i2 aft] ,toyokuni's dea? 9 #ahbe1 he m>ri$ ,toyokuni's wid[ & call$ himself ,toyokuni ,,ii1 a title :i* ,kunisada also claim$4 ,,utagawa ,,kuniyo%i1 born 9 #agih1 0 ! be/ pupil ( ,toyokuni ,i1 & an arti/ ( m p[] ?an mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,8 figures sometimes h dramatic =ce ( a r f9e k9d2 b ! majority ( !m are crude4 ,8 l&scapes are 8 greate/ claim to fame4 ,among !m are "s ( extraord9>y quality4 ,!y h h>dly be5 suffici5tly appreciat$ z yet by collectors4 ,kuniyo%i di$ 9 #ahfa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kuniyo%i4 ,,katsukawa ,,%uns51 a pupil ( ,%unyei1 produc$1 besides ord9>y figure-pr9ts1 a few graceful l&scapes1 *iefly 9 tones ( gre5 & rose4 ,,hasegawa ,,sadanobu1 :o has be5 m5tion$ "u ! ,osaka ,s*ool1 0 an arrant imitator ( ,hiro%ige4 ,! ,haya%i ,catalogue1 page #bcf1 reproduces a pr9t ( 8 t is no?+ m ?an a replica ( "o ( ,hiro%ige's ,sixty-n9e ,prov9ce ,s]ies2 & ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum ,catalogue1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 %[s a ,lake ,biwa pr9t t copies ,hiro%ige's half-plate ,omi ,hakkei almo/ l9e = l9e4 ,,sadahide & ,,yo%iyuki1 bo? ,osaka arti/s1 may be m5tion$ among ! unimportant l&scape design]s ( ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,to-day ! old art ( ! col\r-pr9t is completely dead4 ,b an entirely new s*ool has produc$ "s pleas+ ?\gh weak designs ( birds1 fl[]s1 & l&scapes2 & "s attractive illu/rat$ books h also be5 issu$4 ,! l>g] "p ( su* "w be>s ! obvi\s /amp ( hav+ be5 produc$ = ! t\ri/ & ! =eign m>ket1 & has n a trace ( t vig\r & integrity :i* m>k$ ! pr9ts ( ! great ma/]s1 ^: inspiration sprang f & spoke to ! he>t ( ! ,japanese p4 ,european influ5ce has produc$ a bad effect ^u ! /yle ( ^! mod]n pr9ts2 & ! weak col\r us$ t5ds t[>d prett9ess r ?an t[>d beauty4 ,x is idle to hope t real vitality w ev] return to animate ?is lo/ art4 ,,viii ,,! ,,collector ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,collector ,! field ( ,japanese pr9ts is s wide1 & ! co/ ( diff]5t classes ( pr9ts is s v>i\s1 t almo/ any ta/e & almo/ any pocket-book c f9d appropriate mat]ial = collection4 ,a pr9t-lov] :o is prep>$ to inve/ consid]able sums ( money1 runn+ p]haps into _m ?\s& p\nds1 w naturally seek only important examples f ! h&s ( ! mo/ r5[n$ design]s4 ,a great collection mu/ 9 ! fir/ place conta9 repres5tative specim5s ( ! di/9ctive mann]s ( ! notable m5 9 ea* p]iod2 & 9 addition a great collector w wi% to acquire consid]able numb]s ( ! supreme treasures--l>ge-size ,primitives1 ,h>unobu pill>-pr9ts1 ,kiyonaga tripty*s1 ,utam>o silv]-pr9ts1 ,%>aku portraits1 mat*less impressions ( ,hiro%ige l&scapes1 & ! l4 ,b ev5 ! mode/ collector :o is able to exp5d only a few p\nds a ye> c1 ) pati5ce1 secure beautiful & desirable pieces4 ,x w\ld be va9 = him to imag9e t he c h ?+s ( ! fir/ importance & r>ity2 b he may confid5tly expect to obta9 delightful m9or examples ( ! "w ( ev5 great arti/s1 at prices t are )9 any "o's rea*4 ,a ,yei%i tripty* w co/ f t5 to eighty p\nds1 b a *>m+ small %eet by ,yei%i c p]haps be b\ght = two4 ,! pleasure :i* ! collector obta9s f 8 collection is n necess>ily proportionate to ! am\nt ( 8 exp5diture2 & ! intellig5t lov] ( beauty c d]ive la/+ satisfaction f 8 c>efully select$ b inexp5sive little gr\p ( ,hiro%ige l&scapes1 ,%un%o actors1 ,h>unobu book-illu/rations1 & simil> works4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! own] ( "s su* %eets f9ds 8 ambition is gr[+ ) 8 int]e/1 he ne$s to be some:at cauti\s 9 8 ef=t to ext5d 8 collection4 ,a few *>m+ m9or pr9ts are a highly desirable possession2 a l>ge collection ( !m is n4 ,x is easy = ! lov] ( pr9ts :o has begun mode/ly to g on ye> aft] ye> ) increas+ en?usiasm1 pil+ up numb]s ( *eap m$iocre %eets2 & 9 ! end1 aft] hav+ sp5t en\gh money to pur*ase t5 great ,kiyonagas1 he f9ds himself ! own] ( a num]\s b undi/+ui%$ collection 9 :i* !re is n a s+le pr9t ( ! fir/ rank1 nor a s+le "o t w compel ! admiration ( ! connoisseur4 ,x is int]e/+ to h a few pr9ts ( ea* type & p]iod z examples1 ev5 ?\gh !y are n notable works2 b :5 ! collector has a mod]ate numb] he w be wise to cease 8 miscellane\s buy+ & husb& 8 res\rces = ! occasional pur*ase ( a ma/]piece4 ,m pleasure is to be f\nd 9 acquir+ two or ?ree f9e %eets a ye> ?an f ! :olesale acquisition ( hundr$s ( insignificant works4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 well to def9e "o's limits c>efully4 ,if "o is n able to exp5d f t5 to a hundr$ p\nds on a s+le pr9t1 "o mu/ dismiss f "o's m9d ! idea ( own+ an important ,kiyonaga2 = t is ! l[e/ sum at :i* "o c hope to get x ev5 ) luck4 ,if an exp5diture ( ?irty to eighty p\nds is impossible1 "o mu/ put aside all idea ( a ,%>aku4 ,b less] treasures at l[] prices are to be _h2 let ! collector only rememb] to take c>e t he gets ! be/ ?+s he c af=d ev5 ?\gh 8 pur*ases be few1 r ?an all[ himself to be tempt$ into buy+ a great _m ( a *eap] k9d4 ,rem>kable opportunities to acquire f9e pr9ts at l[ prices sometimes occur1 b !y are r>e4 ,c]ta9 pr9ts may come up = sale only once 9 a collector's lifetime4 ,^! exceptional examples mu/ be seiz$ :5 !y are (f]$2 "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( a great collector is ! ability to make ^! swift & (t5 exp5sive decisions4 ,he mu/ "k ! available supply ( pr9ts & ! probability ( hav+ ano!r *ance to get ?is p>ticul> %eet2 if he e/imates su* a recurr5ce z improbable1 & if he e/eems ! pr9t a ma/]piece1 he mu/ take x at any price he c af=d to pay4 ,x is1 aft] all is said1 ! ma/]pieces t br+ ! unwan+ satisfaction4 ,mo/ collectors f9d t ! few supreme treasures ( _! collections give !m m pleasure ?an all _! o!r pr9ts put toge!r4 ,!re=e x is well = ! inexp]i5c$ collector to be> 9 m9d t quality1 n quantity1 w prove 8 mo/ pr(itable aim4 ,= x is "o ( ! delightful *>act]i/ics ( collect+ t ! collector's p]ception is likely to gr[ cont9u\sly 9 f95ess2 & ! acquisitions ( 8 e>li] ye>s may fail to satisfy 8 m educat$ ta/e ( lat] days4 ,?is w sometimes be true ( ev5 ! pr9ts he once lov$ be/2 & mu* m is x likely to apply to ^? :i* he b\ght m]ely because !y 7 *eap or w\ld increase ! bulk ( 8 collection4 ,discrim9ation is ! life-blood ( collect+4 ,he :o collects ev]y?+ collects no?+2 he is ! own] ( a scrap-heap or a second-h& %op1 n ( an ord]$ s]ies ( specim5s t illu/rate hi/orical or arti/ic ideas4 ,! true collector w\ld r h t5 select$ pr9ts ?an ! :ole mass ( pr9ts n[ 9 exi/5ce1 if 9 ! latt] case he _h to keep !m all4 ,_m a collection has be5 improv$ bo? 9 monet>y value & 9 p[] to give pleasure by m]ely ?r[+ out ( x ! second-rate ?+s x conta9$4 ,! collector1 z a rule1 sets out 9 ! beg9n+ ) little k & ) no v def9ite notion ( :at he int5ds to collect4 ,if he is to pr(it by 8 ef=ts or is to end by hav+ an int]e/+ gr\p ( possessions1 he mu/ be=e long def9e = himself ! idea ( a collection & ! conception :i* 8 own is to express4 ,he may decide to obta9 at lea/ "o repres5tative example ( ! "w ( e important arti/2 or he may pref] to specialize1 & assemble all t he c ( ! works ( a s+le man or a s+le p]iod4 ,a c]ta9 well-kn[n collector has select$ ,h>unobu & ,%un%o z 8 special objects ( int]e/1 & has br\ght toge!r a notable & illum9at+ s]ies ( specim5s ( _! "w4 ,ano!r has *os5 ,hiro%ige1 & aft] _m ye>s ( ef=t he c display to ! /ud5t a f9e copy ( almo/ e important pr9t by t arti/4 ,a ?ird has especially s\ght ! works ( ,kiyonaga2 :ile a f\r? has pursu$ ! less co/ly b v int]e/+ aim ( br++ toge!r ! %eets ( ,kuniyo%i4 ,ano!r is devot$ to surimono2 /ill ano!r1 to pill>-pr9ts4 ,! possible li/ ( specialities is inexhau/ible4 ,n>r[ & exclusive specialization is1 h[ev]1 uncommon among amateurs ( ,japanese pr9ts2 & ev5 ! speciali/ tries to h 9 8 collection a few repres5tative examples ( all important types4 ,! inexp]i5c$ collector may f9d himself confus$1 amid s _m unfamili> names1 & fail to sep>ate 9 8 m9d ! notable arti/s f ^? ( second>y int]e/4 ,a little /udy ( ! foll[+ li/ w p]haps be ( assi/ance4 ,x conta9s ?irty-two names1 select$ f ! ?ree or f\r hundr$ m5tion$ 9 ?is book2 ea* "o 9 ! li/ is important1 & a collection t conta9$ ev5 "o f9e example by ea* ( ^! design]s w\ld repres5t v fairly ! :ole scope ( ! art4 ,9 fact1 ! beg9n] w n g f> a/ray if at ! outset he conf9es 8 pur*ases to ! "w ( ! m5 "h li/$2 he w at lea/ be sav$ f ! dang] ( accumulat+ ! productions ( unnotewor?y design]s4 ,! names prec$$ by two />s are ! t5 out/&+ figures ^: hi/orical & arti/ic importance makes x imp]ative t !y be adequately repres5t$ 9 any self-respect+ collection4 ,?irte5 m names1 prec$$ by "o />1 are ( next conspicu\sness4 ,a collection conta9+ a really brilliant example by ea* ( ^! ?irty-two m5 w\ld co/ f ?ree hundr$ to ?ree ?\s& p\nds to br+ toge!r1 dep5d+ ^u ! quality & importance ( ! pr9ts select$4 ,li/ ( ,pr9cipal ,arti/s4 99 ,bun*o 99 ,*oki 9999 ,h>unobu 9999 ,hiro%ige ,i 9999 ,hokusai 99 ,kiyomasu 99 ,kiyomitsu ,i 9999 ,kiyonaga 99 ,kiyonobu ,i 99 ,kiyonobu ,,ii 9999 ,koriusai 99 ,kwaigetsud ,masanobu 7,kitao7 9999 ,masanobu 7,okumura7 9999 ,moronobu 9999 ,%>aku 99 ,%igemasa 99 ,%ig5aga 99 ,%un*o ,%unko 7,katsukawa7 ,%unman 9999 ,%un%o ,%unyei ,suk5obu ,to%9obu ,toyoh>u ,toyohiro 99 ,toyokuni ,i 99 ,toyonobu 7,i%ikawa7 9999 ,utam>o ,i 99 ,yei%i ,collect+ is to a c]ta9 ext5t creative2 = ! picture ( ! art ( ,japanese pr9ts t a collection pres5ts is almo/ z def9itely an expression ( a p]sonal int]pretation z is a book on ! subject4 ,:at ! collectors treasure w be pres]v$2 :at !y reject w d\btless p]i% z valueless4 ,"o ( ! collector's joys is ! s5se t he is lay+ by immeasurable ri*es = po/]ity4 ,mu* rema9s = u /ill to le>n f ,japanese pr9ts2 & any %eet 9 a collection may prove to be ! key t w "s day unlock doors lead+ to treasure-*amb]s4 ,bo? hi/orically & /hetically1 ! field ( ,japanese pr9ts /ill (f]s _m undiscov]$ regions to ! explor]4 ,by mak+ available ! mat]ial = su* inve/igations1 ! collector p]=ms a valuable s]vice4 ,! collector's own satisfaction is n dep5d5t ^u ! fact ( possession4 ,to seek1 to desire ard5tly1 is n to covet2 & ! mo/ eag] collectors are ! v ones :o mo/ ?or\ghly enjoy a beautiful pr9t own$ by ano!r4 ,possession is an accid5t2 b enjoym5t is a =m ( g5ius4 ,collect+ at its be/ is v f> f m]e acquisitiv5ess2 x may become "o ( ! mo/ humani/ic ( occupations1 seek+ to illu/rate1 by ! assembl+ ( significant reliques1 ! m>* ( ! human _s 9 its que/ ( beauty1 & ! aspirations t 7 its guide4 ,to discov]1 pres]ve1 relate1 & criticize ^! memorials is ! rational aim ( ! collector4 ,! joy ( pursuit :i* he exp]i5ces is a crude b delightful "o2 & discov]y has ! triumphant sweetness ( all successful ef=t4 ,! act ( re/or+ & pres]v+ is a pi\s s]vice to ! future1 & a delicate h&icraft4 ,to arrange examples 9 accurate relation to ea* o!r1 & illu/rate a conception ( complex hi/ory by means ( concrete specim5s1 is a con/ructive task t involves detail$ k & wide vision4 ,& f9ally1 ! attempt to appraise ! spiritual values ( ! p>ts & ! :ole may be an illum9at+ a*ievem5t1 relat+ all ?is mat]ial to ! g5]al /ream ( cultural developm5t & to ! hi/ory ( ! race4 ,! be/ way to /udy an art ( ! pa/ is to collect examples ( x4 ,! collector's hi/orical s5se is tra9$ & 8 discrim9ative p[]s are %>p5$ by 8 activities4 ,z 8 education progresses1 8 *ief int]e/ is 9 works ( an ev] high] quality4 ,he attempts always to acquire ! be/1 & 8 k ( :at is be/ is always wid5+4 ,8 is ! task ( judg+ betwe5 degrees ( p]fection4 ,x diff]s n s v widely f t desp]ate se>* = an ideal fulfilm5t :i* is ! curse1 ! inspiration1 & ! "o abid+ joy ( ! arti/4 ,! arti/'s s5se ( triumph 9 an a*ievem5t mu/ be only mom5t>y2 if he cont9ues long to reg>d 8 creation z admirable1 he has rea*$ ! /agnation ( 8 p[]s & ! end ( 8 c>e]2 he mu/ ev] hate to-day :at he creat$ ye/]day1 9 ord] t he may be driv5 on to produce a /ill f9] ?+ to-morr[4 ,! collector1 also1 mu/ ev5tually ab&on 8 pres5t position & move =w>d2 &1 tragic to confess1 p]haps 8 ultimate triumph comes on t day :5 ! field he long has lov$ ceases to suffice 8 gr[+ s5se ( beauty1 & he s5ds 8 collection "u ! hamm]1 hav+ ma/]$ x & pass$ beyond x4 ,= e collector mu/ 9 ! end transc5d 8 collection1 unless he is to p]i% 9 x z 9 "s fatal ,s>agossa ,sea4 ,a collection is a life-e/ate only1 & ! important "q confronts e collector z to :at disposition %all be made ( 8 possessions aft] 8 dea?4 ,my p]sonal feel+ is /rongly aga9/ ! beque/ ( su* a collection to a public in/itution4 ,^! pr9ts are inh]5tly suit$ to private exhibition & n to public display4 ,!y mu/ be kept 9 portfolios1 n hung up 9 gall]ies1 or !y fade4 ,!y mu/ be exam9$ closely & at leisure2 ! spectator %\ld be able1 seat$ at ease1 to /udy !m z he holds !m 9 8 h&4 ,to walk ?r\gh a gall]y ( pr9ts is only a slight pleasure2 to sit 9 ! libr>y ( ! collector & inspect & discuss ! same pr9ts "o by "o is a great delight4 ,fur!r1 !y require a degree ( c>e t !y w\ld n receive 9 ! public in/itutions4 ,! pr9ts 9 mo/ public collections are repair$1 m\nt$1 & h&l$ ) a c>elessness t horrifies ! collector4 ,t pa9/ak+ skill 9 re/or+1 pres]v+1 & m\nt+ to ! be/ advantage1 :i* means s mu* = ! ultimate effect ( a pr9t1 is seldom1 if ev]1 ex]cis$ except by ! private own]4 ,x may be said t if ^! treasures are 9 private h&s1 ! public is depriv$ ( !m4 ,?is is untrue4 ,! great body ( ! public w\ld pass !m by 9 a gall]y1 = ?is is n a spectacul> or obtrusive art l sculpture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 any p]son :o gives evid5ce ( a reasonable degree ( int]e/ c n only obta9 free & will+ access to all ! private collections ) :i* ,i am famili>1 b he may h at 8 disposal ! s]vices ( ! own] ( ! collection to expla91 int]pret1 & guide4 ,!re are at pres5t scores ( highly tra9$ m51 ( su* cultivation z ! museums _c af=d to employ except 9 ! highe/ positions1 :o are sp5d+ weeks & mon?s out ( e ye> 9 ?is unpaid "w ( s]v+ ! public2 :ile 9 ! great public collections ! ord9>y inquir] is left adrift to f9d 8 way z be/ he c ?r\gh ! *aos ( an improp]ly arrang$ exhibit4 ,9 ! public collections ! pr9ts are ( s]vice or pleasure to almo/ nobody2 :ile 9 ! private collections _! s]vice & pleasure to ! own] & 8 fri5ds is great1 & ! same opportunities are easily op5$ to any "o :o is qualifi$ to pr(it by !m4 ,!re=e x seems bett] t1 ^u ! dea? ( a collector1 8 pr9ts %\ld be sold2 9 ord] t1 z ,edmond de ,gonc\rt direct$ 9 ! case ( 8 collection1 ^? treasures :i* h be5 s great & s p]sonal a delight to ! own] may pass on into ! h&s ( su* o!rs z w f9d 9 !m ! same satisfaction4 ,my wi% is1 he wrote 9 8 w1 t my draw+s1 my pr9ts1 my curios1 my books--9 a ^w ^? ?+s ( art :i* h be5 ! joy ( my life--%all n be consign$ to ! cold tomb ( a museum1 & subject$ to ! /upid glance ( ! c>eless pass]-by2 b ,i require t !y %all all be disp]s$ "u ! hamm] ( ! auctione]1 s t ! pleasure :i* ! acquir+ ( ea* "o ( !m has giv5 me %all be giv5 aga91 9 ea* case1 to "s inh]itor ( my own ta/e4 ,,consid]ations ,,gov]n+ ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,,pr9ts4 ,a v>iety ( elem5ts mu/ be weigh$ 9 ! m9d ( ! collector :5ev] he decides = or aga9/ ! pur*ase ( a p>ticul> specim5 to add to 8 collection4 ,,! ,,arti/4--,9 ! fir/ place1 ! au?or%ip ( ! pr9t is an important consid]ation4 ,if ! design] is a v great man l ,kiyonaga1 or a v r>e "o l ,kitao ,masanobu1 or bo? comb9$ l ,%igemasa1 ^! facts mu/ be giv5 weight4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 a pr9t by an important lead] su* z ,utam>o is m desirable ?an "o by a less orig9al foll[] su* z ,banki4 ,a ,kiyonaga is a little pref]able to an equally beautiful ,%un*o1 because ( ,kiyonaga's prime hi/orical importance4 ,! "w ( c]ta9 o!r m5 is priz$ by collectors because ( its sc>city2 ,*9*o1 = example1 w\ld be only mod]ately valu$ 7 x n = ! extraord9>y r>ity ( 8 designs4 ,:5 r>ity comb9es ) greatness1 z 9 ! case ( ,kwaigetsud1 ,moronobu1 ,bun*o1 & ,%>aku1 ! desirability ( ! arti/'s "w is naturally d\bl$ 9 ! eyes ( ! collector4 ,a pr9t sometimes d]ives an unusual int]e/ f ! fact t x is ( a k9d seldom produc$ by ! p>ticul> arti/ :o design$ x4 ,h>unobu & ,kiyonaga actor-pr9ts are exceptional ?+s1 dat+ f ! e>ly ye>s ( ^! m5's c>e]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! silv]-pr9ts ( ,utam>o1 ! tripty*s ( ,kiyonaga1 & ! yell[-backgr\nd pr9ts ( ,yei%i are desirable = ! opposite reason2 !y repres5t fam\s & *>act]i/ic aspects ( ! "w ( _! respective creators4 ,,! ,,quality ,,( ,,! ,,design4--,! impression produc$ ^u ! /hetic s5se ( ! collector is ! mo/ vital ( all ! elem5ts t det]m9e 8 *oice4 ,! composition1 ! draw+1 ! total beauty ( ! design1 w 9 ea* individual case h _! importance2 & ^u ! collector's e/imate ( ^! qualities w dep5d 8 desire to own ! pr9t4 ,!re are "s dull & un9t]e/+ designs by ev5 ! mo/ gift$ m5--"w )\t *>m or life4 ,%un%o 0 a great s9n] 9 ?is respect2 s also 7 ,utam>o & ,toyokuni4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m5 ( second>y importance produc$ occasional triumphs2 a ,yei%o or a ,y5%i is sometimes f\nd 9 :i* ! mo/ brilliant qualities ( composition appe>4 ,ea* pr9t mu/ be apprais$ on its own m]its4 ,! collector g5]ally passes by all designs 9 :i* clums9ess or awkw>dness is evid5t1 & waits pati5tly = ^? 9 :i* ! =ce1 or grace1 or dignity ( ! composition proclaims ! ma/]piece4 ,kiyonaga's ,t]race by ! ,sea1 ,%>aku's portrait ( ! ,daimyo ,moronao1 ,hokusai's ,r$ ,m\nta91 & ,utam>o's ,firefly ,cat*]s are examples ( t unsurpassable quality :i* no exp]i5c$ collector will+ly lets escape him4 ,,! ,,quality ,,( ,,! ,,impression4--,diff]5t copies ( ! same pr9t diff] enorm\sly 9 quality4 ,! f9e/ design is ( little avail if ! "w ( ! pr9t] has n be5 judici\s4 ,among e>ly pr9ts1 be=e ,utam>o1 really bad impressions are n v common1 al?\gh especially f9e & brilliant ones are h>d to obta94 ,lat]1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! "w ( ,hiro%ige1 ! poor ones mu* outnumb] ! good4 ,9 a good impression ! l9es are all %>p & clean3 :]e ! hair meets ! temples1 e bru%-/roke is cle>ly def9$4 ,! blacks are ri* & heavy1 n sooty or /reak$4 ,! col\rs mu/ be 9 p]fect regi/]2 t is1 ea* mu/ exactly fill its allott$ space )\t ov]lapp+ & )\t ragg$ edges4 ,pr9ts 9 :i* ^! defects occur are ei!r c>eless impressions or late impressions f worn blocks4 ,:i*ev] be ! explanation1 !y are n desirable2 ! discrim9at+ collector does n c>e to acquire any b p]fectly pr9t$ %eets4 ,all ! skill & devotion ( ! pr9t] 0 ne$$ to make ! result+ product a j int]pretation ( ! conception ( ! design]2 9 a bad impression ! beauty ( ! design is ru9$4 ,prior to ! n9ete5? c5tury x 0 ! usual practice to give ea* col\r-block a uni=m coat ( pigm5t2 ?us ea* sep>ate col\r impress$ on ! pap] 0 completely flat & un%ad$4 ,9 ,hiro%ige's "t1 h[ev]1 ! pigm5t 0 (t5 p>tially wip$ f portions ( ! block1 s t 9 ! result+ pr9t ! col\r %ades gradually into ! uncol\r$ :ite ( ! pap]4 ,_m ( ,hiro%ige's pr9ts d]ive a consid]able portion ( _! beauty f ! subtlety ( ^! gradations4 ,!re are no su* ?+s z sign$ arti/'s pro(s among ,japanese pr9ts2 b !re is a class ( pr9ts t corresponds to !m4 ,!y are n labell$2 no?+ di/+ui%es !m f ! ord9>y copies except ! extreme beauty ( ! pr9t+4 ,^! r>e impressions 7 probably e>ly ones made "u ! eye ( ! arti/4 ,! %>pness ( ! l9es1 ! h>mony ( ! col\rs1 & ! delicacy ( gradation 9 any %ad$ portions are ( a p]fection lack+ 9 ! ord9>y copies4 ,x took mu* c>e & "t1 & 0 !re=e exp5sive1 to produce su* "w2 & probably ! majority ( pur*as]s 7 unwill+ to pay ! additional price entail$ by ?is degree ( att5tion4 ,! few exi/+ copies ( ?is "* are exceptionally priz$ by ! collector to-day4 ,! col\r-s*emes us$ 9 pr9t+ v>i\s copies ( ! same pr9t (t5 diff] widely1 & !re is consid]able diff]5ce 9 desirability on ?is gr\nd alone4 ,"s ( ,hiro%ige's pr9ts are f\nd 9 mono*romes ( blue or ( grey--"s ( ,hokusai's are 9 blui% gre54 ,^! r>e & beautiful v>iations f ! normal are highly valu$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! late pr9ts ( ,hiro%ige are g5]ally pr9t$ 9 rauc\s gre5s & r$s & purples t are an (f5ce to ! eye2 & only r>ely d we f9d copies ( !m 9 :i* a s(t & h>moni\s col\r s*eme reveals ! int5tion ( ! arti/4 ,?is expla9s :y c]ta9 pr9ts f ! ,"o ,hundr$ ,views ( ,y$o sometimes br+ fifte5 or tw5ty p\nds apiece1 ?\gh multitudes ( ord9>y copies ( ! id5tical pr9t c be pur*as$ = a few %ill+s ea*4 ,badly col\r$ examples ( ,hiro%ige's "w are pl5tiful & ( little value2 h>moni\s & subtly modulat$ ones are ?+s ( unsurpassable beauty1 & almo/ z r>e z ,kiyonagas4 ,! collector ( ,hiro%ige pr9ts w scrut9ize a specim5 ) ! utmo/ c>e to det]m9e :e!r ! col\r s*eme is h>moni\s1 & :e!r ! pigm5ts h be5 appli$ 9 ! delicately grad$ lum9\s mann] t ,hiro%ige int5d$4 ,if he f9ds t ! v>i\s tones are h>% 9 quality1 or are pr9t$ 9 crude1 un%ad$ masses1 he w reject ! %eet4 ,consid]able famili>ity ) really f9e impressions is ! only safegu>d 9 ?is matt]4 ,! beg9n] is only too ready to be l$ a/ray by ! *>m ( ! design1 n realiz+ h[ mu* ?is same design is enhanc$ if giv5 ! expression ( appropriate pr9t+2 & he is v likely to f9d himself load$ d[n ) wor?less impressions1 ! v sight ( :i* is repugnant to him aft] he has become famili> ) f9e copies ( ! same pr9ts4 ,poor copies are wor? no?+2 b *oice ones are nev] really de> at any price4 ,9 ?is matt] m ?an 9 any o!r a f9e collection diff]s f a poor "o1 & x is 9 ?is t ! discrim9at+ collector has 8 be/ *ance to mat* 8 judgm5t aga9/ t ( ! deal]4 ,sometimes "o c = a few %ill+s select f a pile ( wor?less ,hiro%iges a notable impression t is wor? tw5ty times ! sum ask$ = x4 ,a g5]ally accept$ classification ( pr9ts f ! po9t ( view ( ! quality ( ! impression w\ld be conv5i5t4 ,!re are to-day no recogniz$ t]ms by :i* to describe ! v>i\s grades4 ,i !re=e sugge/ a division into f\r gr\ps ) ! foll[+ t]m9ology3-- 7a7 ,arti/'s ,impression4--,su* a pr9t z might h be5 produc$ "u ! eye ( ! arti/ himself--e l9e cle> & %>p1 e col\r delicate & p]fectly regi/]$2 ! total effect exceptionally lum9\s & h>moni\s2 no possible subtlety ( te*nique left to be desir$4 7b7 ,f9e ,impression4--,a cle>1 p]fect impression su* z a c>eful pr9t] w\ld normally turn out at 8 be/1 b )\t t inspir$ f95ess 9 e detail :i* di/+ui%es ,class 7a74 7c7 ,good ,impression4--,su* a pr9t z w\ld pass mu/] ) ! ord9>y buy] ( t day--good1 b n especially f9e2 cle>1 b n notably %>p2 pleasantly en\gh col\r$1 b n di/+ui%$ 9 col\r s*eme4 ,v slight defects ( regi/] or ( gradation w n exclude a pr9t f ?is class4 7d7 ,late ,impression4--,"o 9 :i* s]i\s defects appe>1 su* z bad regi/]1 raw col\r1 blurr$ def9ition1 or any o!r real error4 ,,condition4--,! /ate ( pres]vation is "o ( ! mo/ important elem5ts t ! collector has to consid]4 ,collectors ( ,japanese pr9ts d n z a rule pay mu* att5tion to que/ions ( m>g91 b !y v prop]ly insi/ t ! effects ( "t & we> %all n be su* z to oblit]ate or dim9i% ! orig9al beauty ( ! "w itself4 ,! pr9t mu/ n be cut d[n 9 size1 & its face mu/ be unm>r$4 ,/a9s1 creases1 te>s1 abrasions1 discolorations & fad+ are all defects ( a s]i\s nature4 ,only exp]i5ce c enable "o to judge :e!r a c]ta9 pr9t is ( su* r>ity t "o mu/ waive requirem5ts z to condition & accept a defective copy4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,primitives1 flawless examples are s few t "o mu/ ne$s be cont5t ) pr9ts t %[ decid$ly ! effect ( "t4 ,! same is true ( pill>-pr9ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no reason :y "o %\ld ev] pur*ase a damag$ ,hiro%ige1 unless x be an exceptional r>ity l ! ,monkey ,bridge4 ,on ! :ole1 ! exp]i5ce ( collectors is t 9 e case ( d\bt ! faulty pr9t %\ld be reject$4 ,= z "o sees a pr9t repeat$ly "o's consci\sness ( ! defect increases1 & gradually ! flaw becomes m obvi\s to "o's obs]vation ?an any?+ else 9 ! pr9t4 ,9 _m cases pr9ts t are 9 undamag$ condition h nev]!less acquir$ ) age a peculi> deadness t may n be p]ceptible to ! c>eless eye4 ,if su* a pr9t is plac$ beside a p]fectly fre% "o1 ! diff]5ce is at once app>5t4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ?\gh ! surface is unm>r$1 !re is a slight yell[+ ( ! fibres ( ! pap] t prev5ts _! s5d+ out t vibrat+ lum9osity :i* is a di/9ctive beauty 9 ! immaculate copy4 ,?is abs5ce ( lum9\s quality is s common t ,i m5tion x less to caution ! collector aga9/ x ?an to bid him be on 8 gu>d to seize ! few lum9\s pr9ts t are (f]$ him4 ,x is aga9/ ! really br[n pr9ts t ! novice %\ld be w>n$4 ,! diff]5ce 9 m>ket value betwe5 a *ocolate col\r$ copy & a brilliantly :ite copy is enorm\s1 am\nt+ 9 "s cases to a ?\s& p] c5t4 ,brilliant copies are excessively r>e2 & s9ce !y are ! only ones desir$ by ! great collectors1 !y br+ record prices4 ,! :ole "q ( condition is "o ( p]sonal ta/e2 collectors are by no means agre$ ab\t x4 ,european collectors h be51 z a rule1 less insi/5t ^u condition ?an h ! ,japanese & ,am]icans4 ,!re are collectors--?\gh !y gr[ few] daily--:o positively pref] fad$ & ton$ pr9ts1 because ( _! s(tness4 ,?is view is an ill-advis$ "o4 ,i d n say t1 if "o c h none o!r1 ! damag$ pr9ts may n give "o pleasure & intimations ( ! orig9al beauty t 0 !irs2 b ,i d affirm t su* pr9ts are b make%ifts1 & t _! m>ket value is1 & always w be1 v slight4 ,:5 ,i began collect+ _m ye>s ago 9 ,japan1 ,i pur*as$ a numb] ( ,hokusai pr9ts t 7 mu* black5$ by exposure4 ,i ?\ght at ! "t t any trace ( ! "w ( s fam\s a ma/] 0 wor? treasur+4 ,b ,i h f\nd t my pur*ase 0 q valueless1 n only f ! comm]cial po9t ( view1 b also f ! arti/ic1 s9ce !y d n repres5t ! "w ( ,hokusai ) ! slighte/ approa* to adequacy4 ,p]fect condition conveys to u p]fectly ! arti/'s conception2 any?+ else oblit]ates or modifies 8 design4 ,?\gh ! beauty ( fad$ or damag$ pr9ts is (t5 indisputable1 & ?\gh "s pr9ts are s saturat$ ) beauty t a c]ta9 *>m rema9s z long z any trace ( ! pr9t+ is visible1 yet ^! wrecks & fragm5ts are n ! desirable specim5s4 ,! slight s(t5+ ( ! col\rs t almo/ always comes ) age is p]haps n detrim5tal2 b :5 ! lum9osity ( ! col\rs & ! brilliant :it5ess ( ! pap] is gone1 an irrep>able loss has be5 suff]$4 ,= ! :ite spaces & ! reflective effect ( ! :ite fibres "u ! col\r$ spaces 7 integral & vital elem5ts 9 ! arti/'s design2 & "o _c say t ?is is n injur$ :5 ! pap] has be5 turn$ to a d+y br[n4 ,fur!r1 x is almo/ *ildi% to pref] ! "t-*ang$ col\rs to ! fre% ones4 ,= surely1 if ^! pr9ts h any value at all1 x is n ! k9d ( value t beautifully wea!r-m>k$ pebbles h3 _! significance lies 9 :atsoev] spiritual values _! design]s put into !m4 ,!y are n curiosities ( nature1 b monum5ts erect$ by ! human _s 9 its se>* = beauty4 ,we g v f> a/ray :5 we admire :at is 9 fact lam5table dis9tegration4 ,to delight 9 ! fad$ tone ( a pr9t is l delight+ 9 ! cracks ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,! matt] c be made cle>] if we become specific4 ,a c]ta9 blue ( ,h>unobu's *anges1 ) exposure1 to yell[2 & ! yell[ sky or riv] t results is any?+ b :at ! design] int5d$4 ,a c]ta9 :ite ( ,hiro%ige's oxidizes into black2 ! effect is un=tunate z1 = in/ance 9 pr9ts :]e we n[ see black sn[flakes4 ,! ri* orange belov$ ( ,koriusai & ,%un%o1 & ! delicate p9k us$ by ,h>unobu1 ,kiyonaga1 & ,%un*o1 are trans=m$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t into ru/y black2 !n 9 ! place ( ! lum9\s rooms int5d$ :5 ! arti/ plann$ 8 composition1 we see d+y mottl$ cav]ns ( mud4 ,! brilliant e>ly purple turns br[n2 ! /ill e>li] rose col\r vani%es entirely4 ,aft] all ^! *anges1 h[ is x possible to pref] ! fad$ pr9t to ! fre% "o8 ,! result+ accid5tal effects may happ5 to be beautiful1 b !y h a de/ructive influ5ce ^u ^? elem5ts :i* alone make ! pr9ts wor?y ( our s]i\s att5tion z works ( art4 ,! only m>vel is t !y d n m completely ru9 ! beauty ( ! arti/'s "w4 ,! *emical dis9tegrations ( :i* ,i speak are sometimes s great t !y are v mislead+ to ! un9=m$4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,london ,times ( ,novemb] #f1 #aiac1 review+ ! exhibition at ! ,alb]t & ,victoria ,museum1 discov]s an amaz+ m>e's ne/4 ,"o col\r alone ,h>unobu neglects 9 common ) all 8 pr$ecessors & contempor>ies1 he says4 ,x rema9$ = ! arti/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to discov] ! possibilities ( blue--a curi\s & hi!rto unnot$ omission4 ,inde$1 ! omission _h n be5 previ\sly not$--= ! simple reason t x does n exi/4 ,h>unobu us$ blue a great deal1 almo/ always 9 depict+ wat] or sky2 ,%un%o us$ x repeat$ly = sky1 wat]1 & drap]ies 9 ! ,ise ,monogat>i1 & z a solid backgr\nd 9 c]ta9 hoso-ye actor-pr9ts ( :i* two1 9 _! />tl+ pri/9e brilliancy1 are 9 ! ,gook9 ,collection2 ,koriusai us$ blue frequ5tly 9 comb9ation ) 8 fam\s orange4 ,b ! blue us$ by ! e>ly arti/s1 p>ticul>ly t ( ,h>unobu & ,%un%o1 0 ! mo/ un/able ( col\rs1 & x is r>e to f9d x unalt]$ by "t4 ,g5]ally x has turn$ to a delicate grey or yell[ t is v beautiful1 b v f> f :at ! arti/ meant x to be4 ,a sy/ematic classification ( ! v>i\s conditions 9 :i* a pr9t may be f\nd w p]haps put ! matt] cle>ly be=e ! beg9n]3-- #a4 ,publi%]'s ,/ate4--,)\t ! slighte/ evid5ce ( any *ange s9ce ! h\r x 0 pr9t$2 col\rs unalt]$2 pap] absolutely new & sp>kl+4 #b4 ,collector's ,/ate4--,z a pr9t might be aft] a few ye>s 9 ! possession ( a c>eful pur*as]2 p]fect1 except = hav+ be5 m\nt$ or wa%$1 or except = slight *emical *ange 9 ! col\rs due to "t only & n to damage2 pap] :ite & cle>4 #c4 ,good ,/ate4--,m>r$ only by m9or defects t w\ld be unnoticeable to casual obs]vation--small worm-holes1 slight te>s or creases1 mod]ate fad+ ( col\rs1 or slightly rubb$ surface2 pap] ton$ b n br[n4 #d4 ,ord9>y ,/ate4--,/ill reta9+ its *ief beauty 9 spite ( noticeable injury by te>s1 small /a9s1 worn or fad$ col\rs1 or o!r damage2 pap] some:at br[n$ by exposure4 #e4 ,defective ,/ate4--,su* injuries or col\r *anges z deprive ! pr9t ( its significance z a ?+ ( beauty2 pap] br[n$ or /a9$4 ,,r>ity4--,! r>ity ( a pr9t may be a factor 9 det]m9+ :e!r or n x %\ld be pur*as$4 ,n only does r>ity affect monet>y value1 b x sometimes indicates to ! collector t ?is is p]haps ! only opportunity he w ev] h to acquire ?is p>ticul> design4 ,! ra9 sc5e f ,hiro%ige's ,y$o ,k9ko ,hakkei has a high] value ?an ! equally beautiful ra9 sc5e f ! ,"o ,hundr$ ,y$o ,s]ies1 = ! simple reason t copies ( ! =m] are v few1 & t _m collectors desire x because ( its beauty4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a dang] into :i* _m collectors fall1 ( e/eem+ r>ity z a preci\s elem5t p] se4 ,r>ity alone1 deta*$ f o!r elem5ts ( value or int]e/1 is p]haps ! mo/ ridicul\s elem5t t ! human race has ev] *os5 to e/eem4 ,,associations4--,c]ta9 pr9ts h an hi/orical value t makes !m p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to ! collector4 ,= example1 !re is ! well-kn[n tripty* by ,utam>o :i*1 because ( its portrayal ( "o ( ! ,%oguns 9 sc&al\s surr\nd+s1 0 ! cause ( ! imprisonm5t & dea? ( ! arti/4 ,also !re is ! fam\s memorial portrait ( ,hiro%ige by ,kunisada1 :i* is an especially desirable possession because ( its associations & because ! subject is ! great l&scape pa9t]4 ,dat$ pr9ts are ( int]e/ by reason ( ! light !y may ?r[ on unc]ta9 po9ts 9 ,ukioye hi/ory4 ,pr9ts t h belong$ to fam\s collectors1 ,haya%i1 ,wakai1 ,f5ollosa1 & o!rs1 d]ive a d\ble int]e/ f t fact2 ! association is int]e/+1 & ! previ\s possession by a discrim9at+ collector confirms ! pres5t own]'s e/imate ( ! high quality ( ! pr9t4 ,x %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be =gott5 t ent]pris+ ,japanese deal]s recognize ?is fact4 ,a small r$ /amp c be made 9 ,japan = ab\t two %ill+s2 & a consid]able numb] ( pr9ts n[ be>+ ! ,wakai & ,haya%i seals nev] =m$ a "p ( ^! collections4 ,,prices4--,! subject ( prices is "o s complex & indet]m9ate t "o writes ( x only ) hesitancy4 ,t :i* seems excessive to "o collector w be will+ly paid by ano!r4 ,no /able /&>d exi/s2 ,i h _h equally good copies ( c]ta9 ,hiro%ige pr9ts (f]$ me at prices z v>i\s z #ajs4 & #aj4 ,9 discuss+ ! matt]1 "o c give no?+ m ?an an individual impression ( ! normal & usual figures at :i* pr9ts *ange h&s to-day4 ,exp]i5ce is ! only means by :i* a collector c equip himself on ?is subject4 ,he w acqua9t himself ) ! prices ask$ by deal]s & ! prices at :i* o!r collectors h obta9$ _! specim5s2 & f ^!1 toge!r ) a c>eful /udy ( auction sale catalogues1 he =ms 8 judgm5t4 ,auction prices are likely1 h[ev]1 to be mislead+ unless "o sees ! pr9ts sold2 = ! fact t a c]ta9 pr9t br\ght only #c at ,so!by's is no indication t ano!r copy ( ! same pr9t may n be wor? ! #cj ask$ = x4 ,v>iations 9 condition & quality ( impression make va/ diff]5ces 9 value4 ,an ,arti/'s ,impression ( ,hiro%ige's fam\s ,tokaido pr9t1 ,ra9 on ,%ono ,pass1 might br+ #bj2 a ,f9e ,impression w\ld p]haps sell = half t2 a ,good ,impression w\ld be wor? ab\t #d2 :ile a ,late ,impression w\ld br+ less ?an #b4 ,simil>ly a ,kiyonaga might v>y f #dj to #d on ?is acc\nt4 ,9 ! matt] ( condition !re w\ld be p>allel diff]5ces4 ,a r>e ,kiyonaga or ,utam>o tripty* might v>y z foll[s3 ,publi%]'s ,/ate1 #bjj2 ,collector's ,/ate1 #ajj2 ,good ,/ate1 #fj2 ,ord9>y ,/ate1 #cj2 ,defective ,/ate1 #e4 ,a great ,%>aku might1 9 ! same way1 be pric$ at #ajj1 #gj1 #ej1 #bj1 & #c2 & a ,h>unobu at #fj1 #ej1 #bj1 #h1 & #c4 ,pill>-pr9ts 9 p]fect pres]vation are r>e2 !re=e ! diff]5ces w\ld be ev5 great]2 9 ! case ( an exceptional ,koriusai1 p]haps #cj1 #ae1 #aj1 #c1 #a4 ,! foll[+ v r\gh g5]alizations may sugge/ some?+ to ! inexp]i5c$ collector4 ,small ,primitive %eets 9 fair condition c seldom be obta9$ = less ?an #e to #ae2 ! r>e l>ge %eets & ,pill>-pr9ts g5]ally br+ #bj to #ajj4 ,^! are m9imum prices2 = special treasures su* z ,kwaigetsud1 prices may rise to sev]al hundr$ p\nds4 ,h>unobu's "w 9 p]fect condition br+s f #bj to #ajj4 ,%un%o actors are sometimes to be _h v *eap1 = a p\nd or two2 b ! f9e/ designs w br+ f #aj to #bj4 ,bun*o is r>e2 "o may expect to pay at lea/ #ae to #dj = a f9e example4 ,%unyei & ,%unko are ab\t ! same 9 price z ,%un%o4 ,a good ,%igemasa is wor? #bj to #ej4 ,kiyonaga is exp5sive2 an attractive small %eet by him w co/ #e to #ae2 a f9e l>ge %eet1 #ae to #dj2 a tripty* br+s scores or hundr$s4 ,%un*o & ! o!r ,kiyonaga foll[]s are only a little less co/ly4 ,a notable ,%>aku is r>ely obta9able = less ?an #dj to #hj4 ,%unman br+s almo/ z mu*1 z also does ,kitao ,masanobu4 ,small or unimportant %eets by ,yei%i1 ,yei%o1 ,utam>o1 ,*oki1 ,toyokuni1 & ,toyohiro c be _h = a p\nd or two4 ,f ?is level1 prices g up to sev]al hundr$ p\nds1 :i* has be5 paid = ,utam>o's ,awabi ,%ell-,div]s4 ,tripty*s1 silv]-pr9ts1 & l>ge heads by ^! m5 are especially exp5sive1 ris+ f #bj to mu* l>g] sums4 ,two to five p\nds w buy a fair ,hokusai2 #bj or m may be ask$ = an unusually f9e "o1 & c]ta9 r>e treasures br+ mu* m ?an t4 ,prices = ,hiro%ige pr9ts v>y s ) ! quality ( ! impression t g5]alizations are impossible4 ,x c only be said t ! pur*as] :o gets a ,hiro%ige ( ! highe/ quality = #e is =tunate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be /at$ t f9e ,hiro%ige pr9ts are (t5 obta9able = consid]ably l[] prices ?an ?is4 ,all ^! prices apply to ! be/ pr9ts 9 good condition4 ,deal]s frequ5tly ask unreasonably high sums = second-rate designs or defective copies2 9 su* cases ! collector %\ld refuse to be made a victim4 ,exp]i5ce alone c dictate to a collector :at prices he may prud5tly pay4 ,9 ! mo/ uni=mly f9e private collection ,i "k--a collection compris+ only "o hundr$ & fifty pr9ts1 b ea* "o a treasure--!re are few1 if any1 %eets t co/ less ?an #e1 & _m t co/ #bj to #dj4 ,_! value t5 ye>s f n[ may v possibly be t5 times ^? prices1 s admirable has be5 ! ta/e ( ?is p>ticul> amateur 9 select+ beautifully pres]v$ ma/]pieces4 ,^! figures ne$ n t]rify ! beg9n] ^: means are limit$4 ,specim5s ( great beauty may /ill be br\ght toge!r ) a small exp5diture ( money1 if accompani$ by a l>ge exp5diture ( ta/e & judgm5t4 ,= example1 ! book-%eets ( ,h>unobu call$ ,s]io ,bij9 ,awase1 ! %eets ( ,%un%o's ,ise ,monogat>i1 ! lat] upright pr9ts ( ,hiro%ige1 ! pill>-pr9ts ( ,koriusai--all ( !m works ( admirable quality--may sometimes be obta9$ ) only a small outlay4 ,_! intr9sic proportionate wor?1 & ! c]ta9ty ( _! advanc+ 9 value1 are almo/ z great z 9 ! case ( ^? r>] treasures ( ,masanobu1 ,kiyonaga1 & ,%>aku :i* h be5 l>gely pre-empt$ by ! great collections1 & :i* are n[ almo/ prohibitive 9 price4 ,yet x w\ld n be a k9dness to hold out to ! novice ! hope t1 ) ! exp5diture ( a few %ill+s1 he c =m an important collection4 ,su* a hope is a mi/ak5 "o4 ,great discretion is necess>y to obta9 at a mod]ate price pr9ts wor? hav+ at all4 ,! *eap pr9ts are g5]ally ei!r ! late & crude ones1 or ! badly damag$ ones4 ,bo? ( ^! classes lack ! "o raison d'tre ( collect+--beauty4 ,x is true t1 z ,i h said1 a really f9e ,hiro%ige may /ill sometimes be pick$ up = a song1 b su* opportunities are r>e2 !y mu/ be wait$ = a long "t1 & mu/ be seiz$ ) in/ant det]m9ation :5 !y come4 ,! collector :o is n well in=m$ is m ?an likely to f9d1 aft] a %ort p]iod ( triumph ov] 8 b>ga91 t 8 copy is a late & poor impression1 & t ev5 ! beauty ( composition w n p]man5tly satisfy him 9 ! abs5ce ( f9e & appropriate pr9t+4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld be rememb]$ t :ile ! f9e/ pr9ts are g5]ally m valuable ?an _! co/1 ! second-rate pr9ts are g5]ally wor? no?+ :atsoev]4 ,if "o has adequate exp]i5ce1 "o c well hunt = ^! opportunities ( :i* ,i speak4 ,or if "o is unable to pay ! normal prices = f9e works1 "o is oblig$ to lie 9 wait = !m4 ,! av]age collector w1 h[ev]1 f9d t 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s he ga9s m by pay+ normal prices to high-class deal]s = ! be/ pr9ts ?an by seek+ 9 ! byways = dubi\s b>ga9s ( speculative quality4 ,x is true t ! prices set ^u ! f9e/ pr9ts are at pres5t high4 ,rec5t ye>s h se5 an enorm\s advance 9 values4 ,= example1 ,i h kn[n #cjj to be ask$ = a copy ( ! ,monkey ,bridge2 #fj = a sup]b copy ( ! ,kiso ,sn[ ,m\nta9s ,tripty*2 & sev]al o!r pr9ts by ,hiro%ige h *ang$ h&s at #fj apiece4 ,^! prices ( c\rse appli$ only to rem>kably1 & p]haps uniquely1 f9e copies4 ,9 ! la/ edition ( 8 volume1 ,japan & its ,arts1 ,mr4 ,m>cus ,b4 ,hui% rem>ks t pr9ts h ris5 to extravagant prices--prices sob]-m9d$ p consid] altoge!r beyond _! wor?4 ,?is is a matt] ( individual op9ion4 ,a good ,hiro%ige at #e1 or a ,kiyonaga at #bj w seem to _m p less extravagant ?an a pro( mezzot9t by ,smi? f ,reynold's ,mrs4 ,c>nac at sev5 hundr$ gu9eas1 or ,rembr&t's et*+ ( ,jan ,six at #c1jjj4 ,9 fairness to ,mr4 ,hui%1 h[ev]1 we mu/ cont9ue ! quotation4 ,b ^! prices1 he says1 h be5 paid by ! ,directors ( ,museums & o!r a/ute p]sons :o d n exp5d ! limit$ means at _! disposal unless !y feel well assur$ t !y 7! pr9ts7 w 9 ! future be ei!r unobta9able or at enhanc$ prices4 ,?is is q true4 ,!re is no indication t ! values ( ,japanese pr9ts w ev] be l[] ?an !y are to-day2 on ! contr>y1 !y h be5 ris+ swiftly & /eadily = tw5ty ye>s1 & great advances 9 value may be expect$4 ,to ^! advances _m =ces are already contribut+4 ,e ye> a c]ta9 numb] ( pr9ts are accid5tally de/roy$1 decreas+ ! total available supply4 ,no fur!r supplies ( l>ge numb]s c be expect$ f ,japan1 :i* has be5 ransack$ ) all ! ?or\ghness ( skill$ se>*]s arm$ ) ! lure ( high prices4 ,9 fact1 prices 9 ,japan to-day are probably high] ?an prices 9 ,london2 at lea/1 high] prices are ask$ = inf]ior pr9ts4 ,! f9e/ pr9ts br+ ab\t ! same price ev]y:]e4 ,ea* ye> ! great museums ( ! _w acquire by pur*ase or beque/ pr9ts :i* are ?us =ev] remov$ f ! m>ket4 ,ea* ye> ! numb] ( p]sons :o appreciate pr9ts is gr[+2 & !re is a cont9ual increase 9 ! numb] ( weal?y collectors :o c & w pay almo/ any price to obta9 :at !y desire4 ,"o may be prep>$ to look back1 9 tw5ty ye>s1 ) m+l$ amazem5t & regret z he contemplates :at w !n seem ! absurdly l[ prices ask$ = ! greate/ treasures to-day4 ,!re=e1 )\t s]i\s d\bt1 ! prud5t collector w n suff] because ( 8 pres5t acquisitions4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 always be borne 9 m9d t ! v f9e/ pr9ts--^? :i* seem mo/ exp5sive to-day--are ! ones t w rise mo/ rapidly 9 value z "t passes4 ,poor impressions1 soil$ copies1 & second-rate compositions w nev] be v r>e2 b ! supremely f9e %eets--sc>ce en\gh n[--w gr[ sc>c] ) e ye>4 ,nev]!less1 collect+ z an inve/m5t is n advocat$4 ,if ! collector is n mov$ by ! delight he gets f ! /hetic qualities ( ! pr9ts1 he _h f> bett] leave !m entirely alone4 ,no?+ b ! passion ( real en?usiasm & p]ception w enable him to select ! be/ works2 & )\t ?is selection 8 pr9ts are n likely to be ( mu* ultimate value4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! collector makes 8 acquisitions out ( pure love = _! beauty1 x is "r & prud5t t he %\ld consid] _! value 9 lat] ye>s4 ,su* a collector ne$ h no fe>2 :at 0 to him a delight & a dissipation w probably 9 ! end prove to 8 heirs an inve/m5t ( pr(it4 ,,=g]ies4 ,! collector mu/ be con/antly on 8 gu>d aga9/ repr9ts1 =g]ies1 & reproductions4 ,^! are n z common z "s writ]s believe2 b !y exi/4 ,repr9ts are impressions made at a "t s long aft] ! orig9al edition t !y h n ! orig9al col\r+4 ,! regi/] ( su* pr9ts is g5]ally faulty1 & ! l9es are n %>p4 ,s long z ! blocks are 9 exi/5ce ^! repr9ts are possible4 ,e>ly repr9ts are m]ely late editions ( ! orig9als1 & are n objectionable if ! blocks h n become worn2 b late ones are undesirable4 ,a pr9t made to-day f ! orig9al blocks ( ,h>unobu1 did !y exi/1 w\ld h no value4 ,=g]ies are works produc$ 9 ! /yle & ov] ! signature ( "s fam\s arti/4 ,s9ce !y h no prototype among ! arti/'s real works1 !y pres5t difficulties ( _! own2 !re is no g5u9e copy ( ! same pr9t ) :i* to comp>e !m4 ,!y are v r>e2 _! *ief occurr5ce is 9 ! cases ( ,h>unobu & ,utam>o4 ,reproductions are pr9ts made f new blocks cut 9 imitation ( ! orig9al ones4 ,= unkn[n reasons a second edition ( c]ta9 pr9ts sometimes 0 made v %ortly aft] ! fir/1 f re-cut blocks4 ,^! pr9ts h no necess>y diff]5ce 9 beauty or value f ^? ( ! fir/ edition4 ,b su* cases are few4 ,f> common] are ! reproductions prop]--mo/ ( !m copies made )9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s1 sometimes ) fraudul5t int5t1 & sometimes m]ely z hone/ comm]cial copies4 ,9 ei!r case1 !y may be us$ fraudul5tly by a pres5t own]4 ,! ord9>y mod]n reproduction is n difficult to detect4 ,x is g5]ally on a h>d]1 brittl] pap] ?an a g5u9e pr9t4 ,! feel+ ( ! pap] betwe5 "o's f+]s is m l t ( our wrapp+-pap] ?an l t ( ! old s(t pap]s us$ by ! ,ukioye arti/s4 ,its surface is compact & glassy1 n spongy & pliant4 ,x has a />*y /iffness1 & lacks ! s(t1 lum9\s tone ( ! g5u9e4 ,g5]ally ! l9es ( ! block are clumsily cut1 lack+ ! grace & /r5g? ( ! orig9al2 & a c>eful & m9ute comp>ison ) an orig9al impression ( ! same pr9t w inv>iably %[ diff]5ce 9 small details ( ! l9es4 ,ev5 ! ,japanese are n skilful en\gh to cut a new block precisely l ! old "o4 ,! col\rs ( a reproduction con/itute p]haps ! mo/ def9ite dang] signal4 ,!y are1 z a rule1 flat & dead1 lack+ ! s(t brilliancy ( ! old col\rs4 ,v seldom are !y grad$ ) c>e--a repell5t h>%ness m>ks !m4 ,p>ticul>ly does ! blue lack ! life & dep? ( ! g5u9e blue2 & ! r$ & yell[ are likely to be />+4 ,fre%ness & p]fect pres]vation are nev]1 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r signs1 to be reg>d$ z evid5ce ( rec5t production4 ,conv]sely1 x is only ! m]e/ bungl] :o reg>ds worm-holes or fad$1 br[n$1 & damag$ condition z any evid5ce ( age4 ,! ,japanese use tea-leaves & v>i\s o!r devices to give ?is "t-worn appe>ance to ! mo/ flagrant reproductions4 ,= all ,i "k1 !y may h tra9$ worms to eat holes4 ,^! damag$1 tea-soak$ pr9ts w\ld be almo/ wor?less ev5 if !y 7 g5u9e4 ,! /ray t\ri/ 9 ,japan1 h[ev]1 cu/om>ily accumulates a l>ge numb] ( ^! soil$ tatt]s1 fe>+ to t\* ! fre%-look+ copies4 ,& ! ,japanese will+ly calm 8 fe>s by soak+ & soil+ _! repr9ts4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few reproductions ( s f9e a quality t detection is extremely difficult4 ,^! are ! %eets ov] :i* exp]ts %ake _! heads & g away mutt]+1 to return = c\ncils & delib]ations & sometimes total disagreem5t4 ,!re exi/s 9 an ,am]ican collection a c]ta9 ,kiyonaga pr9t :i* half a doz5 exp]ts believe to be a mod]n fraud1 ?\gh ano!r half-doz5 are prep>$ to def5d its au!nticity until ,judgm5t ,day4 ,"w ( ?is quality is exp5sive to produce1 & ! price ask$ = x is !re=e always high4 ,c]ta9 specific reproductions are to be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,_m fraudul5t copies ( ,hiro%ige's ,monkey ,bridge & ,kiso ,sn[ ,gorge are on ! m>ket2 all ^? ,i h ev] se5 are s poor 9 col\r & s diff]5t 9 l9e-details t x seems incr$ible t anyone %\ld be deceiv$4 ,sev]al ( ! ,tokaido ,set h be5 imitat$1 r poorly2 & also "s ( ! ,birds & ,fl[]s4 ,q rec5tly1 !re has appe>$ a rem>kable ,lake ,biwa set1 produc$ ) su* beauty & skill t sev]al ( ! greate/ au?orities 9 ! _w 7 at fir/ deceiv$ by x4 ,hokusai's ,imag]y ( ! ,poets1 ,wat]falls1 ,?irty-six ,views ( ,fuji1 & ,loo*o ,isl&s1 h be5 repr9t$2 ! col\rs & ! l9es are a little imp]fect2 & no "o :o uses c>e ne$ be misl$ by !m4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 good en\gh to be dang]\s to ! beg9n]4 ,utam>o's mo/ fam\s works1 p>ticul>ly ! ,awabi ,%ell-,div]s tripty*1 h be5 repr9t$ fairly well4 ,p]il\s imitations ( sev]al ( ! ,primitives are extant2 ! /iff pap] is almo/ ! only means ( detection4 ,%>aku has be5 repr9t$ dang]\sly well2 "o lately discov]$ fraudul5t pr9t ( 8 sold = a high price at ,so!by's "s ye>s ago1 & subsequ5tly pass$ unque/ion$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( a doz5 ,engli% & ,am]ican exp]ts1 until f9ally an accid5tal comp>ison ( x ) a g5u9e %eet reveal$ po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,ano!r copy ( ?is same reproduction rema9s to ?is day z ! treasur$ possession ( a well-kn[n ,engli% collection4 ,possibly ! mo/ dang]\s ( all =g]ies & repr9ts are ^? ( ,h>unobu's small squ>e pr9ts1 = !y h sometimes be5 produc$ ) notable skill4 ,ev5 ! greate/ exp]ts h be5 deceiv$ by !m4 ,f5ollosa1 at ,no4 #aca ( ! ,ket*am ,catalogue1 describes 9 ! mo/ gl[+ t]ms1 z ! c5tral po9t ( all ,ukioye1 a pr9t :i* its pres5t own] has f\nd to be a reproduction1 n ?irty ye>s old1 & has disc>d$ f 8 collection4 ,! reputable deal]s1 (t5 m5 ( mu* exp]i5ce1 nev] (f] reproductions = sale1 ?\gh !y1 l any "o else1 may occasionally be deceiv$ by ! f9e/ ( ! fraudul5t ones4 ,!y use _! be/ skill to protect _! cu/om]s1 & ! protection is g5]ally effici5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a deal] is unwill+ to give assurance 9 writ+ t ! pr9t is g5u9e1 or if 8 /ock conta9s m ?an ! two or ?ree reproductions acc\ntable = on ! gr\nd ( bad judgm5t1 he %\ld be avoid$ z untru/wor?y4 ,! exp]i5c$ collector1 :o has se5 & h&l$ t5s ( ?\s&s ( pr9ts1 becomes accu/om$ to ! texture ( ! v>i\s pap]s1 ! tones ( ! v>i\s col\rs1 & ! cont\rs ( l9e-cutt+4 ,8 famili>ity produces 9 him a six? s5se :i* is 8 in/9ctive guide 9 ! detection ( frauds4 ,lat] inve/igation may def9e 8 orig9al impression & prove x to h be5 correct2 b 9 ! fir/ in/ance he relies on intuition4 ,! less exp]i5c$ collector has no su* guide2 & he %\ld realize t he has n1 & n try to evolve "o f 8 inn] consci\sness4 ,no?+ is m ludicr\s ?an to see su* a p]son 9 a pr9t-%op 9 ,japan4 ,he turns ov] pile aft] pile ( pr9ts1 select+ ^? :i* 8 judgm5t tells him are really old4 ,:at he g5]ally means is1 really dirty4 ,advice f by/&]s is n (t5 welcom$ by him1 & ! only peaceable ?+ "o c d is to leave him to 8 own curi\s devices4 ,!re is a c]ta9 malici\s pleasure to be obta9$ 9 go+ ?r\gh ! piles su* a collector has disc>d$1 & select+ f !m1 z "o sometimes c1 a flawlessly pres]v$ copy ( "s f9e pr9t :i* he pass$ by z too fre%-look+ to be any?+ b fraudul5t4 ,b :5 he returns to 8 hotel at night & exhibits triumphantly ! treasures he has g>n]$ dur+ ! day1 x w\ld be a h>d he>t t c\ld d any?+ b keep sil5t & weep inw>dly4 ,! six? s5se c be reli$ on only if "o has _h mu* exp]i5ce4 ,if "o is inexp]i5c$1 ! safe way is to ask exp]t advice4 ,= ! exp]i5c$ collector ,i v5ture to sugge/ only "o maxim4 ,if vaguely suspici\s ( a pr9t1 b unable to tell exactly :y1 disc>d ! pr9t4 ,y\r :ole accumulat$ exp]i5ce is indef9ably express+ itself 9 y\r suspicion2 & n9e times out ( t5 x is "r4 ,,c>e ,,( ,a ,,collection4 ,:5 a pr9t is once prop]ly prep>$ & m\nt$1 x ne$s no fur!r c>e except protection f injury4 ,prolong$ exposure to sunlight is n desirable1 s9ce fad+ may result2 dampness is to be gu>d$ aga9/ because ( ! dang] ( mildew1 a t]rible foe2 c>e 9 h&l+ mu/ be ex]cis$1 s t ! pr9t be n rubb$1 creas$1 or torn4 ,b if ^! elem5t>y precautions are employ$1 ! pr9t w take c>e ( itself4 ,x may be wor? :ile = ! b5efit ( ! beg9n] to trace ! /eps t are tak5 by a collector betwe5 ! "t :5 he becomes ! own] ( a new pr9t & ! "t :5 he puts x away 9 8 portfolios z an e/abli%$ "p ( 8 collection4 ,! fir/ /ep is to exam9e ! pr9t ) c>e & asc]ta9 :at1 if any1 processes are necess>y to prep>e x = m\nt+4 ,if ! condition ( ! %eet is flawless1 no?+ is requir$4 ,if its condition is 9 "o way or ano!r defective1 x is ! task ( ! collector to det]m9e :e!r any op]ation )9 8 comm& c rem$y ! defect1 & to decide h[ he w accompli% 8 end4 ,?is is p]haps a prop] place to caution ! inexp]i5c$1 & 9 "s cases ev5 ! exp]i5c$ collector1 aga9/ acts ( v&alism4 ,to cut d[n1 col\r1 or o!rwise mutilate a pr9t1 is "o ( ^? un=givable (f5ces :i* (t5 demon/rate conclusively h[ easy x is = a fool to de/roy 9 five m9utes ! a*ievem5t ( a g5ius's lifetime4 ,"o well-kn[n collector1 n[ dead1 boil$ 8 ,h>unobus 9 p>aff9 to give !m lu/re2 ano!r pa9t$ bran*es into ! pill>-pr9ts ( ,koriusai2 ano!r cut d[n ! size ( 8 ,hiro%iges1 leav+ only ^? portions t p>ticul>ly pleas$ him4 ,if ! feel+s ( lat] collectors h any pot5cy 9 heav51 ^! m5 are n[ 9 hell4 ,n only is any attempt to improve ^u ! arti/'s "w a contemptible piece ( presumption1 b ev5 ! m]e ef=t to repair damages inflict$ by "t may be an unwise v5ture4 ,frequ5tly su* injuries c\ld be rem$i$ by an exp]t 7 x n t "s prec$+ bungl]1 ) ! be/ int5tions 9 ! _w1 has1 out ( %e] inexp]i5ce1 made ! injuries irrep>able4 ,= example1 if a pr9t comes into ! exp]t's h&s unt\*$ he c lit]ally slice (f a microscopic lay] ( ! pap] & ?us remove a bad surface-spot2 b if ! pap] has be5 tamp]$ ) by ignorant attempts to erase1 he is helpless4 ,te>s1 /a9s1 abrasions1 & *emical decomposition may yield to skilful treatm5t2 b unless "o kn[s ) ! utmo/ exactitude :at he expects to accompli% & h[ he int5ds to proce$ at e /ep1 he _h be/ leave ! matt] /rictly alone1 or entru/ x to o!r h&s4 ,if ! collector w rememb] t1 ?\gh he is ! pres5t own] ( 8 pr9ts1 he is n ! f9al own]1 he w be impell$ to move ) caution 9 8 h&l+ ( !m4 ,long aft] he is dead & =gott51 g5]ations ( lov]s ( beauty w treasure ! %eets he once own$1 & he w des]ve _! reproa*es or _! ?anks accord+ to ! respect he has %[n = ^! works4 ,he is cu/odian = po/]ity1 & 8 tru/ is "o wor?y ( c>eful ?\ght4 ,he _c d bett] ?an be> con/antly 9 m9d :at %\ld be ! gold5 rule = collectors 9 all fields3 ,make no repairs1 in/itute no *anges1 t _c be alt]$2 nev] d any?+ to a "w ( art t _c be undone by its next own]4 ,trim no m>g9s2 x is easy to mat !m4 ,d n try to make m dec5t ! objectionable r5d]+ ( a nude2 sell ! pr9t to "s "o :o does n f9d ?is r5d]+ objectionable4 ,if ! col\r has fad$ out1 d n try to pa9t x 92 possibly "s "o else may f9d ! m]e black-&-:ite composition beautiful1 & he may pref] to see ev5 ! fad$ "w ( ,kiyonaga r ?an ,kiyonaga plus ! improvizations ( a d\btless less illu/ri\s design]4 ,no "o ne$s su* cautions z little z d ! few exp]ts ^: exp]i5ce r5d]s !m compet5t to attempt :at are almo/ capital op]ations4 ,!y are1 ( all collectors1 ! mo/ reluctant to essay any manipulation :atsoev]4 ,to witness ! repeat$ exam9ations & delib]ations :i* ! compet5t workman exp5ds on s simple a "q z :e!r or n a c]ta9 black spot %all be re/or$ to its orig9al orange hue is to le>n a s]i\s lesson4 ,! fir/ ( ! /eps to be tak5 9 improv+ ! condition ( a pr9t w g5]ally be wa%+4 ,if a pr9t is badly wr9kl$ or creas$1 or if x appe>s to h du/ & dirt on its surface1 a ba? is ! be/ possible ?+ = x4 ,a p]fectly fre% pr9t %\ld nev] be wa%$2 no?+ is to be ga9$ by x1 & mu* may be lo/4 ,= 9 _m cases a little ( ! col\r w come out 9 ! c\rse ( ! process1 & ! brilliance ( ! pr9t w suff] slightly4 ,c]ta9 pr9ts %\ld be wa%$ only if x is absolutely necess>y4 ,h>unobu pr9ts ) transp>5t r$ 9 !m1 ,%un*o's t h purple1 & any pr9t t conta9s a delicate pigm5t kn[n to collectors z surimono blue1 %\ld be kept out ( wat] if possible4 ,^! col\rs are n fa/1 & !y are likely to g d[n 9 tone1 or ev5 run ov] into ! adjo9+ p>ts ( ! pr9t4 ,! yell[s & gre5s are z a rule un*ang+1 b a l>ge numb] ( ! o!r col\rs are subject to modification1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! "w ( ! ,kiyonaga & ,utam>o ,p]iods4 ,! pr9ts ( ,hiro%ige & ,hokusai g5]ally und]go no *ange4 ,pr9ts ) silv] backgr\nds %\ld n be wa%$1 & pill>-pr9ts t consi/ ( two jo9$ %eets ( pap] %\ld be kept 9 wat] only long en\gh to become wet ?r\gh2 long] imm]sions w cause ! %eets to sep>ate1 & necessitate tr\blesome "w 9 rejo9+ !m4 ,! process ( wa%+ is simple4 ,a l>ge vessel--a prosaic ba?-tub is z good z any?+--is fill$ ) luke-w>m wat]1 & ! pr9t is put 9 & all[$ to soak = a few m9utes4 ,if ano!r %eet ( pap] has be5 pa/$ on ! back ( ! pr9t1 ?is is c>efully peel$ (f aft] ! pa/e has become ?or\ghly wet4 ,adh]+ daubs ( pa/e may be rubb$ (f ) ! f+]s4 ,sometimes a v br[n & dirty pr9t c be clean$ a little by spread+ x out :ile wet on a %eet ( glass & apply+ a solution ( "s good wa%+-soap4 ,su* a proce$+ %\ld be resort$ to only 9 case ( extreme dirt9ess2 & prolong$ soak+ 9 cle> wat] %\ld foll[4 ,:5 ! wa%+ is f9i%$1 ! pr9t is lift$ f ! wat] & all[$ to dra9 = a few seconds1 & is !n c>efully spread face d[nw>ds on a fre% %eet ( heavy unglaz$ c>dbo>d ( ! k9d kn[n z blank4 ,by means ( a l>ge damp bru% or a delicately h&l$ clo?1 ! back ( ! pr9t is smoo!d out s t x lies p]fectly flat & ev54 ,ano!r %eet ( c>dbo>d is !n plac$ on top ( x1 & ! two %eets1 ) ! pr9t betwe5 !m1 are put away "u heavy weights1 su* z two or ?ree portfolios1 & all[$ to rema9 unt\*$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs or m4 ,a good deal ( dirt1 & un=tunately a little col\r1 w g5]ally soak out ( ! pr9t & into ! c>dbo>d4 ,:5 dry1 ! pr9t peels neatly away f ! c>dbo>d1 ) its surface fre%5$ & smoo!d1 sometimes almo/ remade4 ,?91 worn1 or dis9tegrat$ pr9ts are difficult to h&le dur+ ^! processes2 :5 wet1 !y te> l damp cig>ette-pap]4 ,sometimes pr9ts t h be5 damag$ & skilfully m5d$ w float away 9 two or ?ree pieces ^u imm]sion4 ,^! & o!r possible tr\bles make x advisable t ! inexp]i5c$ collector v5ture n too boldly 9 try+ exp]im5ts4 ,at lea/ let him beg9 on pr9ts ( no value4 ,aft] ! pr9t is dry1 worm-holes or te>s c be m5d$ ei!r by pat*+ or inlay+4 ,g5]ally x is be/ to damp5 ! pap] be=e attempt+ ?is4 ,! simple/ =m ( repair is to pa/e back ( ! hole a small piece ( pap] ( ! same col\r z ! pr9t4 ,a collector w h on h& a numb] ( wor?less damag$ pr9ts ( v>i\s %ades1 out ( :i* he cuts pieces = ?is purpose4 ,inlay+ is m difficult2 x involves ei!r ins]t+ a piece ( pap] cut to mat* ! hole exactly1 or ins]t+ loose pap]-pulp :i* is m\ld$ to fill ! hole4 ,bo? processes require m skill ?an ! av]age collector c ma/]1 & are be/ left to ! exp]t4 ,/a9s & spots pres5t difficult problems4 ,"s are sup]ficial1 & c be gradually slic$ (f ) a v %>p ?9 knife--an op]ation t w inv>iably result 9 ! ru9 ( ! pr9t if tri$ by a novice4 ,m9ute k ( ! behavi\r ( ! curi\s fibr\s ,japanese pap] is necess>y = success2 ! exp]t g5]ally works "u a glass1 & prays cont9u\sly :ile he works4 ,/a9s t h soak$ deeply into ! pap] are almo/ hopeless4 ,mildew discoloration is in]adicable4 ,grease-spots sometimes yield to e!r1 b5z9e1 or o!r common solv5ts4 ,! use ( ^! is1 h[ev]1 a desp]ate rem$y2 !y may spoil ! pr9t ev5 if !y remove ! spot4 ,c]ta9 *emical *anges 9 ! pigm5ts c be rev]s$1 & ! orig9al col\r re/or$4 ,! black5+ ( tan1 t orange pigm5t us$ by ,koriusai & _m o!r arti/s1 c be remov$ & ! orig9al brilliance br\ght back4 ,! same is true ( a c]ta9 :ite t black5s ) "t4 ,! processes employ$ are1 h[ev]1 easily capable ( misuse2 & ! few p]sons :o "k ! me?ods pref] n to make !m public4 ,if a portion ( a pr9t is miss+1 due to a te> or to ! ravages ( mo?s1 x is legitimate & desirable to t9t ! pap] t is us$ to fill 9 ! hole s t x mat*es its surr\nd+s4 ,wat]-col\rs & a f9e bru% are employ$4 ,b on no acc\nt %\ld ! surface ( ! pr9t itself be pa9t$2 if ! col\r has worn (f 9 spots1 any attempt to re/ore x w m]ely increase ! damage /ill fur!r4 ,a v ?9 pr9t1 or "o t has be5 torn 9 sev]al places1 is be/ treat$ by pa/+ on ! back ( x :ile damp a damp5$ %eet ( ?91 t\gh ,japanese pap]4 ,! op]ation1 simple z x s\nds1 is difficult & requires practice to produce a smoo? result4 ,"s collectors pa/e d[n ! f\r edges ( _! pr9ts on ?9 %eets ( c>dbo>d to pres]ve _! flatness4 ,! practice is an undesirable "o2 x prev5ts any exam9ation ( ! back ( ! pr9t2 & does n a*ieve its end1 s9ce ! pr9t & ! m\nt exp& & contract diff]5tly1 & wr9kles are almo/ sure to appe> ev5tually4 ,! bett] practice is to apply a m]e t\* ( pa/e to ! two upp] corn]s ( ! pr9t1 & affix ^! lightly to ! m\nt4 ,ov] ?is is !n plac$ a mat1 ) a hole cut to fit ! pr9t exactly1 cov]+ & hold+ d[n ! pr9t's edges1 & protect+ x f abrasions4 ,! size ( ! m\nt & mat is det]m9$ by individual ta/e2 #c or #d in*es m>g9 w\ld seem to be ! m9imum desirable4 ,aft] _m exp]im5ts ,i h adopt$ #bb #ae in*es z ! size = my own collection4 ,mr4 ,gook9 pref]s #be #af2 b he also f9ds #bc #ae satisfactory if ! economy ( space is any object4 ,z to ?ickness1 ta/es also diff]2 ! m\nt %\ld be at lea/ ?ick en\gh n to b5d mu* ) ord9>ily c>eful h&l+4 ,heavy ,japanese ,vellum makes ! be/ mats2 x is exp5sive1 b x greatly enhances ! appe>ance ( ! pr9ts4 ,= tripty*s & pill>-pr9ts1 a mu* l>g] & heavi] m\nt is requir$ ?an 9 ! case ( ord9>y %eets4 ,if ! collector has only a few ( ! =m]1 he may pref] to m\nt ! ?ree %eets sep>ately1 = conv5i5ce 9 /or+1 & place ! ?ree m\nts side by side only :5 exhibit+ !m4 ,if ! two end %eets are m\nt$ s t !y come v close to ! "r & to ! left-h& edges ( _! respective m\nts1 ! effect ( ! ?ree assembl$ is by no means bad2 & ! ease ( h&l+ !m is an advantage4 ,only ! mo/ p]fectly mat*$ tripty*s c 9 any case disp5se ) ! necessity ( n>r[ /rips left 9 ! mat to cov] ! junction-edges ( ! %eets4 ,"s collectors h c>d-catalogues 9 :i* !y keep all in=mation relat+ to ea* pr9t4 ,o!rs use ! bottom ( ! m\nt "u ! mat = t purpose4 ,= a l>ge collection ! =m] is pref]able2 = a small "o1 ! latt]4 ,! m\nt$ pr9ts are be/ kept 9 portfolios or ,sol&]-boxes1 laid flat on %elves & protect$ f du/ z mu* z possible4 ,)9 ! portfolio or box1 ! arrangem5t t is mo/ useful is ! *ronological "o4 ,!re h be5 9 ! pa/ sev]al collections1 su* z ! ,haya%i & ,wakai1 ^: own]s felt x to be appropriate t !y /amp _! private seals ^u ! face ( ea* pr9t held by !m4 ,x is useless to comm5t ^u ! wisdom or unwisdom ( _! c\rse2 = ! ?+ is done1 & _m a f9e pr9t is n[ indelibly br&$ ) ^! insignia4 ,b x may be po9t$ out t ! pres5t practice ( reputable collectors does n sanction su* acts4 ,%\ld any collector :o happ5s to read ^! l9es contemplate ?us immortaliz+ himself1 ,i sugge/ t he s]i\sly consid] :e!r ev5 "o small seal is n a di/urb+ factor :5 inject$ into a design s subtly calculat$ z ! f9e/ pr9ts4 ,fur!r1 if "o collector may s /amp 8 pr9ts1 all o!rs surely h a simil> privilege2 & if ! habit became univ]sal1 :at w\ld be ! appe>ance ( a pr9t :i*1 9 ! next two hundr$ ye>s1 %\ld pass--z a pr9t might easily pass--?r\gh ! h&s ( tw5ty collectors8 ,& la/ly1 is !re n a c]ta9 betrayal ( petty conceit :5 ! m]e tempor>y own] ( a great "w ( art judges ! fact ( 8 brief own]%ip to be ( su* importance t future g5]ations mu/ be told ( x2 & s places 8 own emblem beside t ( ! creator ( ! pr9t--beside ! "n ( ! immortal ,kiyonaga or ,%>aku8 ,,conclusion4 ,! day is com+--p]haps x is already "h--:5 ! ,japanese ,pr9t w become ! spiritual possession ( a wid] circle ?an t limit$ gr\p ( collectors :o h be5 devot$ to x 9 ! pa/4 ,ali5 ?\gh ?is art is1 x has p[] to p5etrate to regions ( ! m9d :i* ,we/]n art too (t5 leaves unvisit$4 ,mu* is said unwisely ab\t ! elevat+ & educative p[] ( art4 ,! man 9 ! /reet has come to believe t ! elevat+ =ce resides 9 ! !me :i* a "w ( art pres5ts--t a picture ( ,galahad rid+ = ! ,grail is a l(ty ?+1 & t a picture ( ! w+s ( ! !atre dur+ a ballet is a base "o4 ,h5ce has aris5 t unspeakably *ildi% mod]n s*ool ( middle-class pa9t]s ^: pictures ) a /ory--g5]ally a s5tim5tal or edify+ /ory--are ! t]ror ( ! art-lov]4 ,aft] !m1 no wond] t ev5 ! ,cubi/s came z a relief4 ,z e arti/ kn[s1 ! elevat+ p[] t resides 9 ! m]e subject ( a picture has at be/ no m =ce ?an a moral maxim2 ! m9d may ass5t to x1 b ! he>t is unmov$4 ,! same may be said 9 ! case ( a poem4 ,! glory ( poetry is n t x furni%es elevat$ s5tim5ts 9 rhyme = public speak]s to quote1 b t x embodies music & ?\ght comb9$ 9 s fitly proportion$ & expressive a /ructure t ! read] c>ries away ) him a c]ta9 acqua9tance ) p]fection & a la/+ desire = ideal beauty 9 ev]y?+4 ,?us x is only ?r\gh its p[] to cultivate ! spectator's s5se ( =m t art may be call$ elevat+4 ,close famili>ity ) ! productions ( great arti/s gradually develops 9 ! spectator an und]/&+ ( proportion1 h>mony1 & consci\s design1 evok+ 9 him ! ability to p]ceive & ev5 create ord] & fre$om4 ,because ( ! fact t ! be/ ,japanese pr9ts are s sup]b an expression ( ! s5se ( =m1 !y may be rat$ high z cultural ag5ts4 ,9 !m ! eye f9ds little or no di/raction occasion$ by m]e subject4 ,"h speak ! pure elem5ts ( arti/ic creation1 lib]at$ f comb9ation ) elem5ts ( accid5tal & p]sonal *>m4 ,!y conta9 ! qu9tess5ce ( all ^? h>moni\s & significant qualities :i* m5 desire ( life4 ,he :o really takes !m into 8 consci\sness w be repell$ by disord]1 dullness1 & indet]m9at5ess all 8 days4 ,& probably ! _w w be sav$ by its hatr$ ( ^! ?+s4 ,!re=e ! ,japanese pr9t _c be reg>d$ z prim>ily a patt]n = future design]s ( wood-engrav+2 x appe>s to h a f> wid] & deep] (fice to p]=m4 ,,index ,,index ,actors1 #acd1 #cjd1 #cjf ,an*i1 see ,kwaigetsud ,&o1 see ,kwaigetsud ,an%91 see ,yasunobu ,a%ikuni1 #cef ,a%im>o1 #bii ,a%iyuki1 #cef ,banki1 #bih ,banto1 #agc ,bokus51 #cge ,buddhism1 #ee ,,bun*o1 #ahe1 #bji1 #dbf ,bunkaku1 see ,okumura ,masanobu ,bunro1 #bii ,*ikam>o1 see ,kiosai ,*ikanobu1 #bii ,*ika%ige1 #cec ,*9*o1 #ia ,*iryu1 #agc ,,*oki1 #cai1 #dbg ,*%1 see ,nagamatsu ,condition1 #dah ,c\rtesan1 see ,yo%iw>a ,d5roku1 #ajh ,dohan1 see ,kwaigetsud ,do%91 see ,kwaigetsud ,do%u1 see ,kwaigetsud ,=g]ies1 #dcb ,fuj9obu1 #ajh1 #agc ,furuyama1 #ge ,fusanobu1 #ajh ,fuyo1 #bii ,gakutei1 #cgd ,gangakusai1 #cge ,g5pa*i1 see ,okumura ,masanobu ,g5roku ,era1 #fe1 #acd ,g5%i*i1 #hj ,g9setsu1 see ,fusanobu ,gogaku1 see ,gakutei ,gokei1 #cge ,gokyo1 #bgh ,go%i*i1 #bii ,gosotei1 #cea1 #cih ,gyoku%i1 #aeg ,hanam>o1 #bii ,hanzan1 #cef ,h>uhiro1 see ,koriusai ,h>uji1 #agc ,h>uma*i1 see ,utam>o ,,ii ,h>umitsu1 #bcd ,h>unobu1 #abi1 #acf1 #bjh1 #dbb1 #dbf ,h>u%ige1 #aga ,h>uto%i1 #ajh ,h>utsugu1 #agc ,hasegawa ,t\n1 #ge ,hidem>o1 #bii ,hirosada1 #cef ,,hiro%ige ,i1 #ceg1 #cge1 #dae1 #dbf ,hiro%ige ,,ii1 #cig ,hiro%ige ,,iii1 #cih ,hisanobu1 #bii ,hgetsud1 see ,okumura ,masanobu ,hokkei1 #cgd ,hokuba1 #cge ,hokuga1 #cge ,hokuju1 #cgd ,hokumio1 #cef ,,hokusai1 #beh1 #cgi1 #dbg ,hoku%u1 #cef ,hokusui1 #cge ,hokutai1 #cge ,hokutei1 #cge ,hoku-un1 #cge ,hokuyei1 #cge ,hokuyo1 #cge ,hriu1 #agc ,isai1 #cge ,ise ,monogat>i1 #ef1 #ahb ,isom>o1 #bii ,iyeyasu1 #di ,juzan1 #cge ,kageto%i1 #cef ,kako1 see ,hokusai ,kammy1 see ,okumura ,masanobu ,kanam>o1 #bii ,kano ,s*ool1 #ej1 #eb1 #ed ,katsukawa ,s*ool1 #abi ,katsumasa 7,ki*ikawa71 #ie ,katsumasa 7,yo%imura71 #ge ,katsunobu1 #ie ,keiju1 #cge ,keisai1 see ,masayo%i ,k]i1 #cge ,ki*i1 #ge ,kikum>o ,i1 #bih ,kikum>o ,,ii1 #bih ,kiosai1 #cec ,kis51 #agc ,kitam>o1 #bii ,kiyoaki1 #ib ,kiy(usa1 #hd1 #abc1 #ced ,kiyoh>u 7,torii71 #abd ,kiyoh>u 7,kondo ,sukegoro71 #ib ,kiyohide 7,torii71 #abd ,kiyohide ,,ii1 #bcd ,kiyohiro1 #abc ,kiyohisa1 #bcd ,kiyokatsu1 #bcd ,kiyokuni1 #cec ,kiyomasa1 #bcd ,,kiyomasu1 #hd1 #hh ,kiyom9e1 #hd1 #abc1 #ced ,,kiyomitsu1 #hd1 #aaf ,kiyomitsu ,,ii1 see ,kiyom9e ,kiyomitsu ,,iii1 see ,kiy(usa ,kiyomoto 7,torii71 #abd ,kiyomoto ,,ii1 #cee ,,kiyonaga1 #hd1 #bag1 #bda1 #bei1 #dje1 #dbf ,,kiyonobu ,i1 #hc ,,kiyonobu ,,ii1 #hg1 #ij ,kiyonobu 7,kondo71 #ie ,kiyor1 #ie ,kiyosada ,i1 #cee ,kiyosada ,,ii1 #ced ,kiyosato1 #abd ,kiyo%ige1 #ia ,kiyosomo1 #ib ,kiyotada ,i1 #ia ,kiyotada ,,ii1 #cee ,kiyotada ,,iii1 #cee ,kiyotomo1 #ib ,kiyotei1 #bcd ,kiyotoki1 #bcd ,kiyoto%i1 #abd ,kiyotsugi1 #bcd ,kiyotsune 7,torii71 #abd ,kiyotsune ,,ii1 #bcd ,kiyoyasu1 #cee ,kiyoyuki1 #bcd ,kogan1 #agc ,kokan1 see ,%iba ,kokan ,komatsuk51 #agc ,,koriusai1 #aeg1 #aei ,kuniaki1 #cec ,kuniao ,i1 #cec ,kuniao ,,ii1 #cec ,kuni*ika1 #cec ,kunifusa1 #cec ,kunihana1 #cec ,kunihiko1 #cec ,kunikane ,i1 #cec ,kunikane ,,ii1 #cec ,kunihiro1 #cec ,kunihisa1 #cec ,kunikatsu1 #cec ,kunikiyo1 #cec ,kunim>o1 #bii ,kunim>u ,i1 #cec ,kunim>u ,,ii1 #cec ,kunimasa ,i1 #cah1 #ceb ,kunimasa ,,ii1 see ,kunisada ,,ii ,kunimasa ,,iii1 see ,kunisada ,,iii ,kunimi*i ,i1 #cec ,kunimi*i ,,ii1 #cec ,kunimitsu1 #cec ,kunimune1 #cec ,kun9aga1 #cec ,kun9obu ,i1 #agc ,kun9obu ,,ii1 #cec ,kunisada ,i1 #cea ,kunisada ,,ii1 #ceb ,kunisada ,,iii1 #ceb ,kunitada1 #cec ,kunitaka1 #cec ,kunitohisa1 #cec ,kunitaki1 #cec ,kunitane1 #cec ,kunit]a1 #cec ,kunit]u1 #cec ,kunitoki1 #cec ,kunitora1 #cec ,kunitsugi ,i1 #cec ,kunitsugi ,,ii1 #cec ,kunitsuma1 #cec ,kuniyasu ,i1 #cec ,kuniyasu ,,ii1 #cii ,kuniyo%i1 #cge ,kuniyuki1 #cec ,kuzayeimon1 #ajh ,,kwaigetsud1 #gi ,kyd51 see ,kitao ,masanobu ,kyos51 #aeg ,kyuyeimon1 #ajh ,l&scape1 #cef ,magosaburo1 see ,%ig5aga ,mangetsud1 #aje ,masafusa1 #aje ,masanobu 7,hi%ikawa71 #ge ,,masanobu 7,kitao71 #bdh1 #dbg ,,masanobu 7,okumura71 #ie ,masanojo1 #ge ,masataka1 #ge ,masayo%i1 #bej ,masks1 #cjd ,masunobu 7,tanaka71 #ib1 #agc ,masunobu ,,ii1 #ib1 #agb ,matabei1 #eh1 #gc ,mazunobu1 #ie ,mi*im>o1 #bii ,m9em>o1 #bii ,m9ko1 #agc ,mitem>o1 #bii ,mitsunobu1 #ie ,morikuni1 #ge ,morobei1 #ge ,mor(usa1 #ge ,moromasa1 #ge ,moromori1 #ge ,moronaga1 #ge ,,moronobu1 #fi ,moro%ige1 #ge ,morotada1 #abd ,morotane1 #ge ,morotsugi1 #ge ,motonobu1 #aje ,muranobu1 #agc ,nagahide ,i1 #ajh ,nagahide ,,ii1 #cbh ,nagamatsu1 #cbh ,nagayo%i1 see ,*oki ,ni*ir51 #eh ,niho1 #cge ,ni%imura ,s*ool1 #aje ,n ,drama1 #cjc ,norihide1 see ,kwaigetsud ,nori%ige1 see ,kwaigetsud ,noritatsu1 see ,kwaigetsud ,nudes1 #aae1 #abc1 #bbb ,oiran1 see ,yo%iw>a ,omume1 #ib ,osaka ,s*ool1 #cee ,osawa1 #ge ,otsu-ye1 #fg ,pill> ,pr9ts1 #ajj1 #abc1 #aea1 #afd1 #bcc ,primitives1 #fc1 #abg1 #bjg1 #dbf ,poly*rome1 #adj ,pr9t+1 #dj1 #dad ,prices1 #dbe ,ranko1 #cef ,r5%i1 #cge ,rihei1 #ajh ,rius51 #ge ,riu%u1 #ge ,ros51 #aeg ,ryok91 #eh ,ryujo1 #ge ,ryukoku1 #bii ,ryusai1 #cge ,ryu%i1 #agc ,sadafusa1 #cef ,sadah>u1 #ajh ,sadahide1 #djj ,sadahiro1 #cef ,sadakage1 #cef ,sadamasa1 #cef ,sadamasu1 #cef ,sadanobu 7,hasegawa71 #cef1 #cii ,sadanobu 7,tamura71 #ib ,sadatora1 #cef ,sadato%i1 #ie ,sadayo%i1 #cef ,san*1 #bcd ,seiko1 #agc ,seki*o1 #bii ,sekiga1 #aih ,sekiho1 #bii ,sekijo1 #bii ,sekiy51 #bhe1 #cbj ,sekkyo1 #bii ,s5*o1 #cec ,s5ga1 #aeg ,s5ka1 #bii ,s5kwado1 see ,%ig5aga ,,%>aku1 #aid1 #bfj1 #bii1 #cbc1 #dje1 #dbf ,%iba ,kokan1 #aef1 #aga ,%igefusa1 #ajh ,%igeh>u1 #ajh ,,%igemasa1 #ahb1 #aii1 #bja1 #dbf ,%igemasa ,,iii1 see ,yo%im>o ,i ,,%ig5aga1 #aje ,%ig5obu 7,hirose71 #ajh ,%ig5obu 7,i*iusai71 see ,hiro%ige ,,ii ,%ig5obu 7,kawa%ima71 #ge ,%ig5obu 7,ni%imura71 #aje1 #ajg ,%ig5obu 7,rykwado ,i*ii*ido71 #ajh ,%ig5obu 7,tsunegawa71 #ajg ,%ig5obu 7,yamamoto71 #ajh ,%ig5obu 7,yanagawa71 #big1 #cgd ,%igeyama1 #cge ,%iko1 see ,*oki ,%oha1 #agc ,%o%91 see ,masayo%i ,%ikim>o1 #bih ,%iro1 see ,kiyonobu ,,ii ,%oyu1 #aih ,%imbei1 #ge ,%9sai1 #cge ,%9toku1 #bii ,%o%ok51 see ,komatsuk5 ,%u*o1 #bih ,%uha1 see ,i%ikawa ,toyonobu ,,%un*o 7,katsukawa71 #bcg1 #dbg ,%un*o 7,koikawa71 see ,utam>o ,,ii ,%unb5i1 #cec ,%undo1 #aih ,%unkaku1 #aih ,%unk51#aih ,%unki1 #aih ,%unkio1 #aih ,%unkiosai1 #bii ,%unjo1 see ,%unyei ,%unk 7,h>umitsu71 see ,h>umitsu ,,%unko 7,katsukawa71 #aig1 #dbf ,%unko ,,ii1 #aih1 #bcd ,%unko 7,ki*osai71 #aih ,%unkyoku1 #aih ,%unri1 #aih ,surimono1 #cgc ,%unr91 #aih ,,%unman1 #bdf1 #dbg ,%unro1 see ,hokusai ,%un%i1 #cef ,%unsei1 #aih ,%untei1 #aih ,%uns51 #cii ,,%un%o 7,katsukawa71 #acd1 #agd1 #ahf1 #aic1 #aii1 #bja1 #bjh1 #dbf ,%un%o ,,ii1 #cef ,%unsui1 #agg ,%untoku1 #aih ,,%unyei1 #aic1 #cjj1 #dbf ,%uny51 #aih ,%unzan1 #bde ,%useido1 #aje ,soan1 #agc ,sobai1 #aih ,sogaku1 #bii ,sogiku1 #agc ,soraku1 #bgi1 #bii ,sori1 see ,hokusai ,sugakudo1 #cec ,suiyo1 #agc ,,suk5obu1 #ge ,tadeh>u1 #ie ,taigaku1 #cge ,taito1 see ,hokusai & ,yanagawa ,%ig5obu ,takaha%i1 see ,ros5 ,takem>o1 #bih ,tan*osai1 see ,okumura ,masanobu ,tange1 #ge ,t]unobu1 #ib ,t]u%ige1 #ib ,!atre1 #acc1 also see ,actors ,toban1 see ,kwaigetsud ,toj91 see ,kwaigetsud ,tokugawa ,dyna/y1 #di ,tom9obu1 #cec ,tom(usa1 #ge ,torii ,s*ool1 #hd ,tosa ,s*ool1 #ec ,to%im>o1 #bii ,to%9obu1 #ajd ,to%iyuki1 #ge ,to%1 see ,kwaigetsud ,,toyoh>u1 #aii1 #bjj ,t\n1 #ge ,,toyohiro ,i1 #cbj1 #cch1 #dbg ,toyohiro ,,ii1 #cec ,toyohisa1 #bja ,toyokiyo1 #cec ,,toyokuni ,i1 #cbh1 #cci1 #dbg ,toyokuni ,,ii1 see ,gosotei ,toyokuni ,,iii1 see ,kunisada ,i ,toyokuni ,,iv1 see ,kunisada ,,ii ,toyokuni ,v1 see ,kunisada ,,iii ,toyokuma1 #abd ,toyom>o1 #bih ,toyom>u1 #bja ,toyomasu1 #abd ,toyonaga1 #abd ,,toyonobu 7,i%ikawa71 #ajh1 #bjj ,toyonobu 7,utagawa71 #bjj ,toyo%ige1 see ,gosotei ,tripty*1 #bcj ,tsukim>o 7,kitagawa71 see ,kikum>o ,i ,tsukim>o 7,tanimoto71 #bih ,tsukioka ,tange1 #ge ,ujimasa1 #agc ,ukioye ,s*ool1 #ed1 #fe1 #gj ,,utam>o1 #beg1 #bfj1 #bgi1 #dbf ,utam>o ,,ii1 #bih ,utagawa ,s*ool1 #bjj ,wag51 #ib ,w[o1 #ge ,yamamoto ,s*ool1 #ajh ,yasumi*i1 #cge ,yasunobu1 #ajg ,yasutomo1 see ,kwaigetsud ,yei*o1 #bgi ,yeiju1 #bgi ,yeiki1 #bgi ,yeiri 7,rekis5ti71 #bgi ,yeiri 7,yei%i's ,pupil71 #bgi ,yeiru1 #bgi ,yeis51 #cih ,,yei%i1 #bfb1 #djd1 #dbg ,yei%91 #bgi ,,yei%o1 #bgd1 #dbg ,yeisui1 #bgh ,yeizan1 #ced ,y5*o1 #bii ,y5ky1 #cag ,y5%i1 #aii ,yo%i*ika1 #cec ,yo%ifuji1 #cec ,yo%ifusa1 #cec ,yo%ikata1 #bii ,yo%ih>u1 #cec ,yo%ikage1 #cec ,yo%iku1 #cef ,yo%iki1 #bii ,yo%ikazu1 #cec ,yo%ikuni1 #cec ,yo%im>o ,i1 #bih ,yo%im>o ,,ii1 #bih ,yo%imori1 #bii ,yo%imune1 #bii ,yo%isato1 #cec ,yo%9obu 7,fujikawa71 #ib ,yo%9obu 7,komai71 #agb1 #ajh ,yo%9obu 7,tamura71 #ib ,yo%9obu 7,yamomoto71 #ajh1 #agb ,yo%itaki1 #cec ,yo%itomi1 #cec ,yo%itora1 #bii ,yo%ito%i1 #bii ,yo%itsuna1 #cec ,yo%itsuru1 #cec ,yo%itsuya1 #bii ,yo%iyuki1 #djj ,yo%iume1 #cec ,yo%iw>a1 #baj1 #bei1 #bhb1 #bij ,yumiaki1 #bii ,yukim>o ,i1 #bih ,yukim>o ,,ii1 #bih ,yumi%o1 #aih 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,by ,,unw9 ,,bro!rs1 ,,limit$ ,,pr9t]s1 ,,london ,,& ,,wok+