,transcriber's notes3 ,in this transcription1 paired underscores denote italicised text and paired equals signs denote bold text4 ,the text contains uncommon typographic characters that will not necessarily display correctly with all viewing devices4 ,if some of the characters look abnormal1 first ensure that your device's #8character encoding' is set to ,unicode 7,,utf-#h74 ,you might also need to change the default font to one of the less common fonts such as ,arial ,unicode ,,ms1 ,deja,vu1 ,free,serif1 or ,segoe ,,ui ,symbol4 ,the text contains many numeric fractions1 some of which are indistinct and the accuracy of their transcription cannot be guaranteed4 ,errors and inconsistencies3 ,punctuation anomalies have been corrected silently 7e4g4 missing periods1 commas and semicolons1 incorrect or missing quotation marks1 unpaired parentheses74 ,inconsistent spellings such as those below have not been altered3 chrystals_/crystals chrystallized_/crystallized table-spoonful_/tablespoonful tea-spoonful_/teaspoonful casters_/castors4 ,unambiguous typographic errors have been corrected silently in the body of the text1 but are listed at the end of the transcription4 ,archaic spellings have not been altered1 e4g4 ,river ,platte1 drouth 7drought71 maleable1 inclosed4 ,several redundant duplications of the words #8the' and #8to' have been deleted4 ,an omitted word 7#8way'7 has been inserted as way1 and several missing degree symbols have been inserted silently4 ,index entries are not in strict alphabetic sequence4 ,headings and captions do not have consistent styles 7font1 punctuation74 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,signed sketch of author ,yours truly1 ,wm4 ,k4 ,david4 ,,secrets ,,of ,,wise ,,men1 ,,chemists ,,and ,,great ,,physicians4 ,,compiled ,,and ,,written ,,by ,,wm4 ,k4 ,,david1 ,,author ,,of ,,the ,,short-,,rule ,,arithmetic ,,and ,,accountant',s ,,referee1 ,,perpetual ,,disk ,,calendars1 ,,etc4 ,thirty-,eight ,illustrations4 #ahhi4 ,,wm4 ,k4 ,,david ,,publisher1 ,,lock ,,box #ejg1 ,,chicago4 ,copyright1 #ahhi1 --,by-- ,,wm4 ,k4 ,,david4 ,the following sent to any part of the world on receipt of price3 ,,secrets ,,of ,,wise ,,men1 ,,chemists1 ,,and ,,great ,,physicians1 ,by ,wm4 ,k4 ,david4 ,bound in cloth1 price #a4be4 ,,david',s ,,short-,,rule ,,arithmetic ,,and ,,accountant',s ,,referee4 ,a practical work containing the shortest and most simple rules and labor saving tables ever devised4 ,the most original arithmetical work published for centuries4 ,elegantly bound in cloth and gilt1 price #a4ej4 ,,david',s ,,double-,,wheel ,,perpetual ,,calendar ,giving all dates forever4 ,elegant1 heavy cardboard1 price #j4ej4 ,,david',s ,,charm ,,calendar ,an elegant little metal pendant for vest chain1 giving all dates for one hundred years4 ,including double-wheel card calendar with explanation1 price #a4jj4 ,,agents ,,wanted6 ,,address ,,all ,,orders ,,to ,,wm4 ,k4 ,,david ,lock ,box #ejg1 ,,chicago1 ,,ill4 ,,preface4 ,it is surprising how many large enterprises and fortunes depend upon some few simple trade secrets the knowledge of which has baffled competition and crushed all rivalry4 ,the jealous care with which special information in trade and manufacture is guarded frequently renders it a monumental task to procure a single receipt or formula4 ,some idea1 then1 may be formed of the vast amount of labor and expense necessary to compile a work of this character4 ,books of recipes are quite numerous1 but to the average person the good they contain is too often buried beneath a mass of wordy rubbish4 ,in the preparation of this work the object has been to present all the best as well as the latest practical receipts1 prescriptions1 and trade secrets4 ,over a quarter of a million pages of patent-office reports1 encyclopedias1 trade journals1 receipt books1 and other special publications have been carefully scrutinized4 ,to the knowledge obtained from them we include the original matter procured from tradesmen1 chemists1 and the published works and private practice of some of the most eminent physicians both in this country and ,europe1 a greater portion of which has never before appeared in print2 all of which has been carefully tested where any doubt existed4 ,it will be found that few1 if any1 misleading directions have been given4 ,the prescriptions have been reproduced1 after careful thought1 in the form in which they were originally written4 ,in having them filled patronize only honest and capable druggists4 ,in testing the recipes follow the directions with rigid care1 and practice on a small quantity of the article until you get it right4 ,realizing that perfection in anything has never been attained1 yet we believe that the work contains more really practical information for use by the masses in every-day life than any similar publication4 ,chicago1 ,march1 #ahhi4 ,,the ,,author4 ,,index4 ,,page ,a ,cheap ,charcoal ,stove1 #dh ,approximate ,measures1 #aaf ,baking ,powders1 #ae ,bay ,rum1 ,best1 #dj ,blood ,purifier1 ,dr4 ,hamilton's1 #abj ,blood ,purifying ,tea1 #aba ,breath ,solution1 #cd ,butter ,color1 #abe ,care of ,teeth1 ,mouth1 and ,breath1 #cb ,cascara ,cordial1 #abj ,catarrh ,remedy1 ,electric1 #aba ,catarrh ,snuff1 #abb ,catarrh ,salve1 #abb ,cements and ,glue1 #bd ,armenian ,glue1 #bd ,glutina ,cement1 #bd ,iron ,cement1 #be ,metal1 ,glass1 and ,stone ,cement1 #be ,cement1 ,rubber1 #abc ,chapped ,hands1 etc41 ,lotion for1 #ci ,chilblains1 ,treatment of1 #db1 #dc ,cider1 ,artificial1 #ae ,cleaning ,preparations1 #g ,lightning ,grease ,renovator1 #g ,glove-,cleaning ,compound1 #g ,cleaning ,tarnished ,silverware1 #h ,cleaning ,carpets1 #h ,universal ,stain-,removing ,table1 #i ,cleaning ,soiled ,wall-paper1 #ab ,cleaning ,marble and ,tombstones1 #ac ,cleaning ,powder for ,show-windows1 etc41 #ac ,cologne1 ,hoyt's ,german1 #da ,common ,names of ,chemical ,substances1 #aag ,copying ,paper1 ,magic1 #f ,copying ,pad1 ,gelatine1 #a ,corn and ,wart ,salve1 #db ,corn-,killer1 ,german1 #db ,essential ,oils1 ,to ,extract1 #ag ,face ,lotion1 ,calamine1 #ci ,fire ,extinguishers1 #d ,fire ,hand ,grenades1 #d ,fire ,extinguishing ,compounds1 #e ,fire-proofing ,compounds1 #abc1 #abd ,flavoring ,extracts1 #af ,foliotypes1 #b ,freckles1 ,to ,remove1 #ce to #ch ,freezing ,mixtures1 #fi to #ga ,furniture ,varnish1 #ac ,furniture ,polish1 #ad ,gold and ,silver ,imitations1 #cb ,hair ,tonic1 #da ,hair ,grower1 ,pomade1 #da ,hair ,oil1 ,cream1 #da ,hamlin's ,wizard ,oil1 #aai ,hektograph1 #a ,hog ,cholera ,cure1 #abe ,honey1 ,artificial1 #ad ,how to ,make an ,incubator1 #dc to #dh ,ice ,house and ,refrigerator1 #fd ,ice ,houses1 ,cheap1 #ff ,ice ,chest1 ,cheap1 #fi ,ice ,without an ,ice ,house1 #fi ,inks1 #bj ,black ,inks1 #bj1 #ba ,red ,ink1 #ba ,violet ,ink1 #ba ,blue ,ink1 #ba ,green ,ink1 #ba ,copying ,ink1 #ba ,indestructible ,ink1 #bb ,hektograph ,ink1 #bb ,white ,ink1 #bb ,rubber ,stamp ,ink1 #bb ,ribbon ,ink1 #bb ,marking ,ink1 #bb ,indelible ,ink1 #bb ,gold and ,silver ,ink1 #abd ,ink for ,writing on ,metals1 #bc ,ink ,powders1 #bc ,disappearing ,ink1 #bc ,invisible ,inks1 #bc ,ink ,erasing ,fluid1 #bd ,kidney and ,liver ,cure1 ,warner's ,safe1 #aba ,lemonade ,syrup1 ,artificial1 #ae ,liniments1 #aai ,liniment1 ,wonder1 #aai ,liniment1 ,liquid ,lightning1 #aai ,liniment1 ,rarey's ,horse1 #abe ,lip ,salve1 #ci ,liver ,regulator1 #abj ,manicure ,powder1 #dj ,manicure ,salve1 #dj ,maple ,syrup1 ,artificial1 #ad ,maple ,sugar1 ,artificial1 #ad ,mead1 ,genuine ,new ,orleans1 #ae ,medical ,department--,prescriptions of eminent physicians1 arranged and revised by ,f4 ,v4 ,luse1 ,m4 ,d41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,diseases arranged alphabetically4 ,authorities quoted3 ,agnew1 ,atthill1 ,bartholow1 ,basham1 ,beasley1 ,bibron1 ,browne1 ,brown-,squard1 ,chapman1 ,da ,costa1 ,dewees1 ,ellis1 ,fenner1 ,gerhard1 ,getchell1 ,gross1 ,guy1 ,hartshorne1 ,hazard1 ,hebra1 ,keyes1 ,liebreich1 ,luse1 ,mackenzie1 ,milton1 ,mitchell1 ,pancoast1 ,porcher1 ,ricord1 ,ringer1 ,schafhirt1 ,smith1 ,squibbs1 ,tanner1 ,thornton1 ,trousseau1 ,waring1 #ajc ,medicated ,pads1 #aah ,liver ,pad1 #aah ,kidney ,pad1 #aah ,lung ,pad1 #aah ,merchant's ,gargling ,oil1 #abj ,mexican ,mustang ,liniment1 #abj ,metal and ,glass ,secrets1 #bh ,hardening ,composition for ,steel1 #bh ,composition to ,toughen ,steel1 #bh ,softening ,iron or ,steel1 #bh ,restoring ,burnt ,steel1 #bi ,welding ,cast ,steel1 #bi ,to ,drill ,hardened ,steel1 #bi ,to ,drill ,holes in ,cast ,iron1 #bi ,to ,solder ,ferrules for ,tool ,handles1 #bi ,soldering ,without a ,soldering ,iron1 #bi ,cleaning ,gun-,barrels1 #bi ,to ,resharpen ,old ,files1 #cj ,mending ,tinware at ,home1 #cj ,good ,way to ,sharpen ,razors1 #cj ,razor-,strop ,paste1 #cj ,cutting ,ovals1 etc41 on ,glass1 #cj ,etching on ,glass1 #cj ,to ,drill and ,ornament ,glass1 #ca ,moles1 to ,remove1 #ch ,paints1 #bf ,durable ,paint for ,roofs1 #bf1 #bg ,paint for ,blackboards1 #bg ,removing ,smell of ,paint1 #bg ,removing ,paint1 #bg ,pastes1 #be ,paste for ,wall-paper1 #be ,paste for ,labeling on ,tin1 #be ,pasting ,cloth or ,leather to ,wood1 #be ,perry ,davis' ,pain ,killer1 #aai ,perspiration ,powder1 #db ,phrases and ,abbreviations ,used in ,prescriptions1 #aad1 #aae ,pimple ,lotion1 #dj ,plating ,without a ,battery1 #ca ,silver-,plating ,solution1 #ca ,silvering ,powder1 #ca ,gold ,plating ,solution1 #ca ,nickeling ,iron1 #ca ,polishing ,preparations1 #ab ,polishing ,powder1 #ab ,polishing ,pastes and ,balls1 #ac ,preservative ,compounds1 #di ,barff's ,boroglyceride1 #di to #eg ,fickett's ,preservative ,compound1 #eg ,howard's ,preservative ,compound1 #eh ,preservation of ,butter1 ,lard1 etc41 #eh ,corwin's ,preservative ,compound1 #ei ,fruit ,juice ,preservatives1 #ei ,smoke or ,vapor ,preserving ,compounds1 #fj ,salicylic ,acid as a ,preservative1 #fj to #fd ,radway's ,ready ,relief1 #abj ,red ,noses1 ,preparation for1 #ci ,rose ,water1 ,fine1 #dj ,rubber ,patching1 #abc ,rubber ,stamps1 ,how to ,make1 #ag ,sea ,foam1 ,quillaya1 #da ,shampoo ,compound1 ,clifford's1 #da ,shirts1 ,how to ,iron1 #aj ,silos and ,ensilage1 #gc to #hd ,stage ,illusions1 #he ,the ,three-,headed ,woman1 #he to #hg ,the ,mysterious ,voice1 #hg to #hi ,an ,improved ,psycho1 #hi to #ib ,magic ,cabinets1 ,boxes1 etc41 #ib to #if ,the ,swinging ,half ,lady1 #if to #ih ,the ,aerial ,suspension1 #ii to #ajj ,the ,ghost ,illusion1 #ajj to #ajb ,stamping ,patterns1 #f ,sunburn1 to ,remove1 #cf ,symbols or ,signs ,used in ,prescriptions1 #aad ,table for ,calculating the ,period of ,utero-,gestation1 #aaf ,table to ,assist the ,beginner in ,prescribing ,liquids1 #aaf ,toilet ,preparations1 #ci ,toothache ,drops1 #cd ,tooth ,powder1 ,best1 #cc ,tooth ,paste1 ,cherry1 #cd ,toothwash1 ,antiseptic1 #cd ,transferring ,photographs1 #f ,transferring ,embroidery1 #g ,transferring ,leaves1 #g ,vermin ,exterminators1 #ai ,phosphorus ,paste1 #ai ,roach and ,moth ,exterminator1 #ai ,moth ,powder1 #ai ,bedbug ,poison1 #bj ,poison ,fly ,paper1 #bj ,sticky ,fly ,paper1 #bj ,mosquito and ,fly ,frightener1 #bj ,washing ,fluid1 ,liebig's1 #aj ,washing ,bluing1 ,liquid1 #aa ,washing ,soaps1 ,family1 #aa ,best ,soft ,soap1 #aa ,hard ,soap with ,lard1 #aa ,white ,hard ,soap with ,tallow1 #ab ,water ,baths1 #gb1 #gc ,water-proofing ,cloth and ,canvas1 #abc ,whitewash1 ,brilliant ,stucco1 #bf ,wood ,stains1 #bg ,staining ,wood ,rose ,color1 #bg ,ebonizing ,wood1 #bg ,imitation of ,cedar1 #bh ,hard ,coating for ,wood1 #bh ,worcestershire ,sauce1 #abe ,,part ,i4--,,miscellaneous4 ,gelatine ,copying ,pad4 ,,hektograph4 ,by this process a letter1 postal card1 drawing1 or other manuscript can be duplicated from sixty to one hundred times from one original4 ,reproductions from the copying pad are now admitted in the mails as third-class matter1 i4 e41 one cent for every two ounces or fraction thereof4 ,a soft1 gelatinous composition1 similar to that used in making printers' rollers1 is made and poured into shallow pans of the required size4 ,the pans should be made of stout zinc one-half inch deep on the inside1 with a lid or cover4 ,the length and breadth of the pans is determined by the class of copying to be done4 ,always make the pan slightly larger than the paper used4 ,the three sizes given below will answer most purposes3 ,postal card size #df inches4 ,note paper size #f-a_/baj inches4 ,full letter size #iab inches4 ,the composition is made as follows3 ,good glue #d ounces av4 ,glycerine #af ounces av4 ,water #h fluid ounces4 ,break up the glue and soak in the water for a few hours1 then heat by water-bath until melted4 ,next add the glycerine and heat together for some time to evaporate part of the water1 and then strain into the pan1 which should be placed perfectly level and filled about two-thirds full2 skim with a card to free from bubbles1 and set away to cool4 ,an improvement consists in adding one ounce of carbonate of barium to the fluid while warm4 ,the composition should be made somewhat softer for winter use than for summer1 which can be done by adding a little larger proportion of glycerine4 ,another way to make the composition is to soak over night in cold water best gelatine or glue #a part1 and the excess of water poured off4 ,the glue is then warmed in a water-bath with the addition of from #aj to #ab parts of glycerine1 to which may be added #d to #f parts of finely ground heavy spar1 and one part dextrine thoroughly mixed by constant stirring4 7,in summer less glycerine47 ,the letter or sketch to be duplicated is written on a sheet of paper with ink specially prepared for the purpose 7see inks74 ,for the original it is best to use smooth1 well-sized writing paper1 allowing the ink to dry without using a blotter4 ,after writing the original place it face downward on the pad1 and rub it gently with the hand to insure contact at every point4 ,let it remain from two to six minutes1 according to the number of copies you wish to print4 ,in cold weather it should be left longer1 as it requires more time for the composition to absorb the ink4 ,remove the original carefully1 and a reversed impression will be observed on the pad4 ,to take off copies lay dry sheets of paper on the reversed impression1 press gently1 and remove quickly4 ,when you have taken all the copies you require wash the ink from the surface at once with a sponge and plenty of lukewarm water2 never use hot water4 ,the surface of the composition will allow considerable rubbing without fear of tearing it1 if not done roughly and carelessly4 ,be sure your sponge is free from sand and grit1 and also avoid scratching with the finger nails4 ,always wash the surface with a sponge before using1 and dry with a newspaper4 ,in cold weather if the composition feels chilled it will not absorb the ink properly1 and the copies will be faint unless it be carefully warmed to a moderate temperature4 ,attention to these details will produce the most gratifying results4 ,foliotypes4 ,horace ,m4 ,engle1 ,esq41 of ,marietta1 ,pa41 has devised a method of taking leaf-prints of marked beauty1 which he terms 8foliotypes10 some specimens of which he sent to ,dr4 ,gray1 the eminent botanist1 who pronounced the process a new way1 and advised him to send an account of it to the ,botanical ,gazette1 which he generously did4 ,we have employed the method according to the explanation there given 7which we reprint in full7 with the most delightful results1 having secured prints of some beautiful leaves which are faithful to nature in color and outline1 with all their delicate tracery3 8,the method is of actual usefulness to the botanist1 as well as a refining recreation for others who love ,nature #8on general principles4' ,for illustrating monographs and similar papers1 where the number is too limited to warrant an expensive lithograph2 for identifying a rare specimen1 or as an adjunct to an herbarium1 combining portability1 unalterability1 and beauty withal the method seems particularly fitted4 ,but aside from this others may find a delightful and instructive recreation in taking prints of the entire flora of the old farm1 the trees of a certain grove1 the native annuals of a county1 the ferns of a ,state1 or any other special field that seems most inviting4 ,such copies may be taken in a blank book suited to the purpose1 or1 better1 take them on single sheets of uniform size1 as in this way imperfect copies may be thrown out1 and when the work is completed they may be named1 classified1 and bound1 making a volume of real value and worthy of just pride4 8,the process consists in using the leaf for producing an impression as a printer uses type1 the ink being green1 and the pressure applied either by hand or with a press4 ,there will be needed for the work 7#a7 a small ink roller such as printers use for inking type by hand in taking proofs2 7#b7 a stout window glass 7#ajab is a good size7 fastened securely 7not glued1 as it may warp and break17 to an evenly planed board about twice its surface1 say #ajbd4 ,a small quantity of the ink is put on the glass and spread with a knife1 after which it is distributed evenly by going over in all directions with the ink roller4 ,when this has been carefully done the leaf to be copied is laid on a piece of waste paper and inked by applying the roller once or more with moderate pressure4 ,this leaves a film of ink on the veins and network of the leaf1 which should then be placed on a piece of blank paper and considerable pressure applied for a few moments4 ,when the leaf is removed from the paper the work is done4 8,to get the best results several points must be carefully noted4 ,get a quarter or half a pound of dark green ink1 which is put up in collapsible tubes costing from fifty cents to #b per pound1 according to quality4 ,as sold it is invariably too thick for this purpose1 and should be thinned by adding several drops of balsam of copaiba to as much ink as may be taken on a salt spoon4 ,much depends on the proper consistency of the ink4 ,in inking the leaf is liable to curl on the roller1 but it should part readily from it4 ,in case it sticks tightly the ink is too thick4 ,take care that the ink is evenly distributed on the glass and roller1 as it is essential that each part of the leaf receives an equal coating of ink4 ,if the leaf is large ink it part by part1 keeping the roller well supplied4 ,a roller three inches long1 costing forty cents1 will answer for all small leaves and branches of plants4 ,clean the roller and glass with benzine after using4 ,if the leaf is finely veined the lower surface makes the better print1 but if the veins are coarse and large the upper surface may be used4 ,if the specimen is fleshy or brittle allow it to wilt until it becomes more pliable1 or if necessary it may be pressed and dried first4 ,in most cases the best copy is obtained after taking one or two impressions1 as the leaf takes the ink better after several applications4 ,a good quality of unsized paper that is made slightly damp by placing between sheets of moist newspaper is best for general work1 but in other cases well sized paper will take a copy that will allow a foliotype 7may ,i coin the word87 to bear inspection side by side with a good lithograph4 ,i find a copying press very valuable in making the impression1 especially if the leaf is at all coriaceous4 ,if it be soft it should be covered with a few thicknesses of newspaper4 ,if it is irregular in thickness1 paper may be laid over the thin parts1 so that equal pressure is received4 ,this is necessary with all leaves that have thick stems4 ,if the branch is very irregular or delicate1 or in the absence of a press of any kind1 the specimen may be covered with several layers of paper1 and held in place by one hand while the pressure is applied by the thumb or palm of the other hand as required4 8,these particulars are as complete as practicable4 ,experiments will lead to many improvements in details4 ,employ tact and neatness1 and you will be surprised at the result40 ,fire-,extinguishers4 ,hand ,grenades4 ,prof4 ,f4 ,s4 ,kedzie of the ,michigan ,state ,agricultural ,college1 after a series of analyses and experiments1 draws some important conclusions as to the value of hand-grenades1 in a paper which he publishes in the ,chicago ,sanitary ,news4 ,a ,harden hand-grenade was opened1 and the solution contained qualitatively analyzed4 ,it consisted of common salt1 sulphate of lime1 and a small amount of acetate of soda4 ,the principal ingredient was common salt4 ,the effort was made to determine 7#a7 whether the solution in the grenades had any more extinguishing power than water2 7#b7 if the solution had extinguishing power greater than water1 what was the essential ingredient in the solution4 ,the question that first arose regarding the composition of the grenades was3 ,did they contain carbon dioxide gas or any substance that would give up the gas by being heated8 ,opening the grenades under water and collecting the gas that escaped it was found that the average amount of carbon dioxide contained was about one cubic inch per grenade4 ,boiling the solution liberated a slight amount of gas in addition2 but altogether the gas was not enough to be of any practical benefit in extinguishing fire4 ,it was then certain that the extinguishing power was in the solution itself4 ,replacing the solution in the grenade with pure water the extinguishing power1 while greater than water thrown from a dish upon flaming boards1 was still much less than the power exerted by the solution4 ,by a careful series of trials it was found that the essential ingredient was common salt4 ,from a number of experiments it was found that when a grenade1 or a bottle containing a strong brine1 was broken in the midst of the burning kerosene the flames were almost instantly extinguished4 ,a vapor seemed to spread in all directions from where the salt solution struck the board1 extinguishing the flame as it went4 ,strong solutions were also made of sulphate of soda1 hyposulphite of soda1 borax 7biborate of soda71 and bicarbonate of soda and tried as fire extinguishers4 ,some worked as well1 but none any better1 than common salt in extinguishing fire4 ,the experiment was then made of charging the bottles with brine and generating carbon dioxide by adding lime dust and sulphuric acid and corking tightly4 ,no practical increase in extinguishing power from this addition was noticed4 ,in most instances the carbon dioxide gas escaped from the bottles inside of four days1 proving that it is impracticable to attempt to use glass vessels with corks as a means of storing ,,co#b under pressure for fire extinguishing4 ,the conclusion reached from these and many more experiments was that the ,harden grenade solution possesses much greater extinguishing power than water alone1 and that it owed this power to common salt held in solution4 ,we then constructed some home-made grenades1 using flat bottles bound together side by side with wire4 ,using two bottles in this way insures their being broken in striking the burning body1 which would not always occur when only one bottle is used4 ,bottles thus charged with brine and bound together were broken side by side with the ,harden grenades and found to be equally valuable4 ,it thus appears from the experiment that any person can construct as good and effective grenades as those offered in the market at #g and #aj per dozen4 ,bottles filled with brine and placed around the premises will afford considerable protection1 especially when used upon the flames when the fire just begins4 ,salt solutions have the further advantage of not being easily frozen--never enough to burst the bottles4 ,the ,lewis hand fire-extinguisher was next investigated4 ,this consists of a tin tube about two feet long containing thirty-four fluid ounces of soda in weak caustic ammonia4 ,from the trials made we could not notice any appreciable superiority over the salt solution as used in the ,harden grenade4 ,it has the disadvantage of not being made to break by being thrown1 but must be opened by having a cork extracted from one end of the tube1 requiring a smart jerk4 ,the solution is then sprinkled on the fire by the operator4 ,we herewith append a number of fire-extinguishing compounds1 all of which are highly recommended by various authorities3 ,munich ,fire-,extinguishing ,powder4 ,common salt #dc per cent4 ,alum #ai4e per cent4 ,glauber's salt #e4a per cent4 ,soda #c4e per cent4 ,water glass #f4f per cent4 ,water #bb4c per cent4 ,richardson's ,fire-,extinguishing ,powder4 ,alum #d-a_/b pounds4 ,common salt #aj pounds4 ,glauber's salt #a pound4 ,soda #a pound4 ,water glass #a-a_/b pounds4 ,vienna ,fire-,extinguishing ,powder4 ,green vitriol #d parts4 ,ammonium sulphate #af parts4 ,water #ajj parts4 ,proteau's ,fire-,extinguishing ,powder4 ,carbonate of soda #h pounds4 ,alum #d pounds4 ,borax #c pounds4 ,carbonate of potash #a pound4 ,silicate of soda solution #bd pounds4 ,mix thoroughly and add #a-a_/b pounds of this mixture to each gallon of water1 when required4 ,transferring ,photographs4 ,,on ,,glass4 ,this beautiful and valuable process of transferring photographs in plain or colored work has been taught at high prices under various high-sounding names1 such as 8,roman art10 etc4 ,photographs can be transferred and preserved for years which would have been soiled1 faded1 and ruined if allowed to remain on the card4 ,separate the paper print from the background or card by steaming it1 after which dry thoroughly4 ,warm the glass slightly and coat evenly with balsam or negative varnish and place the print face downward on the surface thus prepared4 ,after smoothing it carefully set away in a cool place until the varnish has hardened4 ,then apply water1 and with a soft piece of gum rubber rub off the paper so as to leave the photographic image on the varnished glass4 ,stamping ,patterns4 ,draw the pattern upon heavy paper and perforate with small holes all the lines with the point of some sharp instrument1 dust the following powder through the perforations1 remove the pattern and pass a warm iron over the fabric1 when the pattern will become fixed4 ,any desired color can be used1 such as ,prussian blue1 chrome green1 yellow1 vermilion1 etc43 ,fine white rosin #b ounces4 ,gum sandarac #d ounces4 ,color #b ounces4 ,powder very fine1 mix1 and pass through a sieve4 ,magic ,paper4 ,,for ,,transferring ,,and ,,copying4 ,this paper is really a valuable article1 and is manufactured and sold under various names1 such as the 8stylograph10 8rapid copying process10 etc4 ,it is used principally by salesmen in keeping a record of their sales1 as three copies can be taken simultaneously with one writing4 ,in this way traveling salesmen can with one writing give a copy of his sale to his customer 7which is frequently demanded71 another he can send to his firm1 and retain the third one for his own use4 ,it is used in a similar manner in nearly all the large stores1 and by many individuals in their business correspondence4 ,it is also valuable for transferring figures in embroidery and taking impressions of leaves for herbariums1 etc41 which it does beautifully1 but for the latter purpose nothing equals the foliotype method previously explained4 ,the paper is made by mixing pure lard or sweet oil to the consistence of cream with either of the following paints1 the color of which is desired3 ,prussian blue1 lamp black1 ,venetian red1 or chrome green1 either of which should be rubbed with a knife on a plate or flat surface until smooth4 ,use rather thin but firm paper2 put on with a sponge and wipe off as dry as possible4 ,lay the sheets between uncolored paper or newspaper1 and press by laying books or some other flat substance upon them until the surplus oil is absorbed1 when it is ready for use4 ,,for ,,copying ,,letters ,,and ,,orders4--,either two or three copies can be made at one time1 as desired4 ,to make two copies place a sheet of the magic paper between the two sheets selected for the order1 bill1 or letter1 and write upon the upper sheet with a hard lead pencil 7the harder the lead the cleaner the copy74 ,it is best to place a piece of hard cardboard under all the sheets while writing4 ,to make three copies use two sheets of magic paper1 placing one between the first and second leaves and the other between the second and third leaves4 ,proceed as in taking two copies by writing upon the top leaf4 ,a stout1 thin linen paper will produce the best results1 but almost any kind will do4 ,,to ,,transfer ,,embroidery ,,patterns4--,place a piece of thin paper over the embroidery to prevent soiling2 then lay on the magic paper and put on the cloth you wish to take the copy on to embroider2 pin fast and rub over with a spoon-handle1 and every part of the raised figure will show upon the plain cloth4 ,,to ,,take ,,impressions ,,of ,,leaves4--,place the leaf between two sheets of the magic paper and rub it over hard2 then take the leaf out and place it between two sheets of white paper2 rub again1 and you will have a beautiful impression of both sides of the leaf or flower4 ,cleaning ,preparations4 ,lightning ,grease ,renovator4 ,an excellent general preparation for removing grease1 paint1 etc4 ,castile soap 7cut fine7 #d ounces4 ,hot water #a quart4 ,dissolve1 after which add and mix thoroughly1 ,aqua ammonia #d ounces4 ,sulphuric ether #a ounce4 ,glycerine #a ounce4 ,alcohol #a ounce4 ,water #a quart4 ,an elegant general preparation for cleaning gloves1 silks1 etc41 is made as follows3 ,deodorized gasoline 7or benzine7 #a pint4 ,alcohol1 chloroform1 and ether1 each #a_/b fluid ounce4 ,mix1 and perfume with cologne1 lavender1 or any desired odor4 ,do not use near a flame4 8,,gantein0 ,,for ,,cleansing ,,gloves4--,the preparation sold under this name is made as follows3 ,dissolve #f parts of soap in #b parts of water2 add #d parts of bleaching liquor and #a_/d part of aqua ammonia4 ,rub the gloves with the fluid until clean4 ,cleaning ,tarnished ,silverware4 ,,in ,,use ,,by ,,all ,,leading ,,jewelers4 ,cyanide potassium #c ounces4 ,soft water #b gallons4 ,mix and dissolve4 ,label it 8poison10 and place out of the reach of children4 ,have the article clean and free from grease2 dip in solution till tarnish is off1 but no longer 7and under no circumstances leave it in too long74 ,after immersion the article must be taken out and thoroughly rinsed in a number of waters 7warm preferred71 then dried with a soft rag or sawdust4 ,another method1 which is safe and cheap1 consists in using a saturated solution of hyposulphite of soda to which a little bolted whiting has been added4 ,apply with a brush or cloth until the tarnish is removed4 ,clark's ,wash for ,carpets4 ,,solution #a4--;,dissolve #aj parts of soap in #bj of water1 and add #c-a_/b parts of soda and one-half part of liquid ammonia and spirit of wine4 ,,solution #b4--;,is the actual cleansing liquid1 and consists of #d parts of liquid ammonia and #c of alcohol diluted with water4 ,the last solution is first used1 and when the dirt loosened by it has been removed the soap solution is applied4 ,carpets thus treated regain their original colors in all their freshness1 the entire operation of washing and drying a large carpet requiring but two hours1 and the carpet need not be taken up4 ,universal ,stain ,table4 ,showing at a glance what means to employ in removing any kind of stain from any kind of fabric4 ,red acid stains are destroyed by ammonia1 followed by thorough washing with water4 ,burn stains of nitric acid are permanent4 ,great care must be observed when ether and benzine are used4 ,keep the open bottle and the fabric being cleaned away from an open fire or blaze4 ,the ether especially is so volatile that an open bottle will take fire from a gas-jet or blaze several feet away if the draft is right4 ,you cannot be too careful4 ,,universal ,,stain-,,removing ,,table4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,kind ,,of ,,stain4,from ,linen4 ,,colored ,,fabrics4 ,silk4 ,cotton4 ,wool4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,sugar1 gelatine1 ,washing simply in water4 blood1 albumen4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,fat ,soap-water1 ,tepid soap-,soap-water1,benzine1 ether1 alkaline water4 spirit spirit of lyes4 sal- sal-ammoniac1 ammoniac4 potash1 magnesia1 chalk1 yolk of egg4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,varnish ,oil of turpentine1 ,benzine1 ether1 and benzine1 soap2 oil-paint4 and finally soap4 careful rubbing4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,stearine4 ,alcohol of #ie per cent4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,vegetable ,sulphurous ,washing in warm ,as above1 colors1 vapors1 warm soap-water or rubbing gently red wine1 chlorine liquid ammonia4 and carefully4 fruits1 water4 red ink4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,alizarine ink4,tartaric acid2 ,diluted solution of ,as above4 the older the tartaric acid1 stain the more if the fabric permits4 concentrated the solution4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,rust and ,warm oxalic ,repeated ,the same as,nothing can be gall-nut ink acid solution1washing for cotton1done2 diluted with but dilutedall attempts hydrochloric dissolved hydrochlo- only increase acid1 and citric ric acid ifthe evil4 finally tin acid1 if the wool is filings4 the fabric naturally is dyed coloured4 well4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,lime and ,washing simply,pouring diluted nitric acid drop by alkaline in water4 drop upon the stain4 ,the previously lyes4 moistened is rubbed off with the finger4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,tannin1 green ,eau de ,more or less concentrated chlorine nut shells4 ,javelle1 warm tint water1 according to the nature chlorine waterand of the fabric1 and alternate concentrated washing with water4 solution of tartaric acid4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,coal-tar1 ,soap1 oil of ,rubbing with lard1 ,same as for wagon-grease4 turpentine1 then soaping1 and colored alternating after a while washing fabrics2 use with a jet of alternately with benzine instead water4 oil of turpentine of turp42 jet and water4 of water must fall on back of stain4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,liebig's ,washing ,fluid4 ,,saving ,,half ,,the ,,wash-,,board ,,labor4 ,sal soda #a pound4 ,stone lime #a_/b pound4 ,water #e quarts4 ,boil a short time1 stirring occasionally2 then let it settle and pour off the clear liquid into a bottle or jug and cork for use4 ,soak your clothes over night in simple water2 wring out and soap wrist-bands1 collars1 and dirty or stained places4 ,have your boiler filled with water1 and when at scalding heat put in a teacupful of the fluid1 then put in your clothes and boil for half an hour1 after which rub lightly through one suds only1 rinsing well in the bluing water1 and all is complete4 ,for each additional boiler of clothes add half a cup of the fluid2 of course boiling in the same water through the whole washing4 ,if more water is needed in the boiler for the last clothes dip it from the sudsing tub4 ,soak your woolen and calico in the suds from which you have washed the white clothes1 while hanging them out dipping in some of the boiling water from the boiler1 if necessary2 then wash out the woolen and calico as usual--of course washing out woolen goods before you do the calico4 ,the fluid brightens instead of fading the colors4--,dr4 ,chase4 ,,premium ,,washing ,,fluid4--,this fluid is equal to the best that can be prepared1 and as it is recommended to be used in a simpler manner than the foregoing many will doubtless prefer it3 ,sal soda #d pounds4 ,borax #b ounces4 ,sal tartar #a ounce4 ,aqua ammonia #a_/b pint4 ,spirit of camphor #b ounces4 ,oil of turpentine #a ounce4 ,hot water #f pints4 ,dissolve the sal soda1 borax1 and sal tartar in the hot water and add the other ingredients4 ,soak the clothes over night in water to which has been added a table-spoonful of the fluid for each gallon of water2 also add a little in washing water4 ,how ,i ,iron ,shirts4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,husbandpleaser4 ,take two ounces of spermaceti1 one ounce of white wax1 one ounce of paraffine4 ,mix and put in a saucer over a tea-kettle in which water is boiling1 until melted1 stirring several times4 ,then let it get cold1 after which put in a clean box for use4 ,to make the starch3 ,for two shirts1 collars1 and cuffs take one table-spoonful of starch dissolved in water2 shave a piece of the above into it the size of a bean4 ,pour boiling water into it until thick1 cook twenty minutes and set away to cool4 ,take one table-spoonful of starch1 dissolve it in cold water1 and when the boiled starch gets lukewarm pour it over it1 stir well1 and strain4 ,have the garments dry and lay the starch on the wrong side and work it through4 ,be careful that the starch is rubbed in until the right side is wet all over4 ,when well saturated roll up tight in a clean cloth4 ,they need not lay but a few minutes4 ,stretch them on a bosom-board1 and with a damp cloth rub out all the wrinkles4 ,lay a fine cloth over and iron it twice4 ,if a collar or cuff turn it over and do the same on the other side4 ,take off the cloth and iron perfectly dry4 ,if the bosom has pleats raise them before ironing dry and dry under them4 ,after the bosom is perfectly dry 7for this polishing process you need a good1 smooth1 hard board about two by one and a half feet--the harder the better--a marble slab of that size is better still71 put the bosom on the bare board1 dip a clean white cloth in water1 wring almost dry1 rub lightly over the bosom1 then rub it with a dry cloth1 and polish with back of iron or with polishing iron4 ,if any dirt gets on rub off with a damp cloth and polish again4 ,the polishing is not necessarily done the same day they are ironed4 ,if your time is limited1 or your work interrupted by callers or other duties1 lay them aside after having ironed them perfectly dry4 ,liquid ,washing ,bluing4 ,soluble ,prussian blue #a ounce4 ,oxalic acid #a_/d ounce4 ,boiling water #a quart4 ,this makes the very best quality of bluing at a slight cost4 ,family ,washing ,soaps4 ,we see no reason why every economical housewife should not profit by these simple methods of preparing cheap laundry soap1 as they are the results of practical experience4 ,best ,soft ,soap4 ,take #d pounds of white bar soap1 cut it fine1 and dissolve by heating in #d gallons of soft water1 after which add #a pound of sal soda4 ,dissolve and mix thoroughly4 ,if it is desired the soap can be made thicker by adding less water4 ,hard ,soap ,with ,lard4 ,sal soda and lard1 each #f pounds4 ,stone lime #c pounds4 ,soft water #d gallons4 ,dissolve the lime and soda in the water by boiling1 stirring1 and settling2 pour off1 then return to the kettle 7brass or copper71 add the lard and boil it until it becomes soap4 ,then pour into a dish or molds1 and when cool cut it into bars and dry it4 ,white ,hard ,soap ,with ,tallow4 ,take #b pounds each of fresh-slacked lime1 sal soda1 and tallow2 dissolve the soda in #a gallon of boiling soft water1 stirring occasionally every few hours after which let it settle1 pouring off the clear liquor and boiling the tallow therein until it is all dissolved2 cool it in a flat box or pan1 and cut into bars or cakes as desired4 ,it may be perfumed with oil of sassafras or any other perfume desired1 stirring it in when cool4 ,cleaning ,soiled ,wall-paper4 ,the old form of this process was to use stale bread or bread baked to a proper consistency1 but it seldom produces satisfactory results except in the hands of experts1 and then it is an impossibility to keep from scratching the surface of the paper with the sharp points of the crust4 ,a dough preparation known only to a few experts engaged in cleaning walls by contract1 and who have been known to make from #e to #be per day1 is now used1 which is far superior in every way to anything yet discovered4 ,the walls can be cleaned over and over again1 each time appearing as bright as new paper4 ,wheat flour ,three parts4 ,powdered prepared whiting ,one part4 ,mix the flour and whiting thoroughly1 and add enough water to bring it to the consistency of ordinary dough4 ,use by taking a small piece--about twice the size of a hen's egg4 ,press against the wall and remove the dirt by making long strokes4 ,after making a stroke knead the dirt into the dough1 and continue doing so until it is useless4 ,a quart of the preparation used in this manner will clean the walls of a good-sized room4 ,when it is desired to keep the ingredients of the composition a secret a coloring matter may be added to assist in mystifying4 ,when the walls are discolored by grease or marks where people have rested their heads1 mix pipeclay to the consistency of cream1 lay it on the spot and allow it to remain until the following day1 when it may be easily removed with a penknife or brush4 ,polishing ,preparations4 ,,polishing ,,powder4--,for polishing silver and nickel-plated ware1 brass1 copper1 etc43 ,fossil silica #b ounces4 ,rouge 7or fine crocus martis7 #a_/b ounce4 ,prepared chalk #a_/b pound4 ,rub the fossil silica to a fine powder and thoroughly mix with the chalk4 ,this will not scratch the finest surface4 ,use by rubbing with a damp sponge or rag1 and finish dry with chamois skin or dry rag4 ,polishing ,pastes4 ,fossil silica #a ounce4 ,petrolatum #a_/b pound4 ,cotton-seed oil 7or sweet oil7 #a ounce4 ,subcarbonate of iron #c ounces4 ,essential oil of almonds #cj minims4 ,reduce the fossil silica to a very fine powder and mix it with the iron2 melt the petrolatum1 add the cotton-seed oil1 stir in the powders1 and while cooling add the flavoring oil and stir until ready to set1 then run into boxes similar to ordinary blacking boxes4 ,apply with a soft rag dipped in the paste1 and finish with a clean cloth4 ,prepared chalk or whiting can be used instead of fossil silica4 ,the paste does its work faster than the polishing powder1 and if the articles are very much corroded it is preferable4 ,another excellent paste1 which can be put in boxes or formed into balls and allowed to harden1 is to take finely powdered rotten-stone1 sift it thoroughly through muslin or a hair sieve1 and knead with a sufficient quantity of soft soap to form a stiff paste4 ,to #a_/b pound of this mass add #a-c_/d fluid ounces of oil of turpentine4 ,cleaning ,powder for ,show ,windows1 ,mirrors1 ,etc4 ,moisten calcined magnesia with pure benzine4 ,the mixture should be preserved in bottles with glass stoppers1 as the benzine is very volatile4 ,use by placing a little of the mixture on a wad of cotton and apply to the glass4 ,marble ,cleaning4 ,rub with muriatic acid diluted with water1 care being taken that it is not too strong4 ,repeat the process till clean1 then wash with clear water4 ,when the marble is very dirty1 as in the case of old tombstones1 use the following3 ,muriatic acid #b ounces4 ,acetic acid #a ounce4 ,verdigris #a drachm4 ,mix1 apply with a brush1 and sponge off with clear water4 ,repeat until clean1 then polish with pumice stone continually moistened with water as you proceed4 ,furniture ,varnish4 ,white wax #e ounces4 ,potash #g-a_/b ounces4 ,boil lightly for fifteen minutes1 allow to cool1 and then skim off the wax which floats on the surface4 ,apply the wax to the furniture1 and by rubbing it an hour afterward with a woolen cloth a beautiful luster will be the result4 ,french ,furniture ,polish4 ,this is the best article that can be made for restoring the luster and color of furniture3 ,butter of antimony #c fluid ounces4 ,linseed oil #ab fluid ounces4 ,alcohol #f fluid ounces4 ,shellac #b ounces av4 ,oil of turpentine #aj fluid ounces4 ,hydrochloric acid #a ounce4 ,dissolve the shellac in the alcohol and add the linseed oil and turpentine2 then add the hydrochloric acid and butter of antimony1 which has been previously mixed1 and thoroughly mix all together4 ,apply with a tuft of cotton1 and finish by rubbing down hard with ,canton flannel or a woolen rag4 ,maple ,syrup and ,sugar4 ,,artificial4 ,it is an astonishing fact that nine-tenths of the so-called maple sugar and maple syrup sold as the genuine articles are nothing more than clever imitations4 ,the method of making the best quality of these imitations--and which really defies detection of a majority of dealers and consumers--is very cheap and simple1 a gallon of the syrup costing about fifty cents and the sugar simply the cost of ordinary1 cheap sugar4 ,we were told by a ,mr4 ,baldwin of ,kentucky1 a son of the reputed discoverer of the secret for producing the maple flavoring1 that various manufacturers of imitation maple sugar and syrup in the large cities had paid his father thousands of dollars in royalties for his discovery4 ,procure a quantity of the rough outside bark of what is known as scaly-bark hickory tree4 ,take about #c or #d pounds of the bark and boil in one-half gallon of water until it is reduced to a quart1 then strain and add #e pounds of common brown or yellow sugar2 heat again until thoroughly dissolved and it is ready for use4 ,to make imitation maple syrup simply boil the syrup until it is reduced back to sugar again1 and when it is made properly the flavor and appearance of the genuine article is obtained4 ,artificial ,honey4 ,clarified sugar #aj pounds4 ,pure honey 7strained7 #c pounds4 ,soft water #c pints4 ,cream tartar #a drachm4 ,essence peppermint #aj drops4 ,dissolve the sugar in the water by the aid of gentle heat2 take off the scum1 and the honey and the cream tartar previously dissolved in a little water2 bring to the boiling point1 stir well1 then let it cool4 ,artificial ,lemonade ,syrup4 ,loaf sugar #b pounds4 ,citric acid #b ounces4 ,concentrated essence of lemon #b drachms4 ,essence of almonds #bj drops4 ,hot water #b pints4 ,dissolve the citric acid in hot water1 add the sugar1 and lastly the lemon and almonds4 ,stir well1 cover with a cloth1 and leave until cold4 ,two table-spoonfuls to a tumbler of cold water will make an excellent drink as refreshing as the best lemonade4 ,best ,artificial ,cider4 ,water #be gallons4 ,honey 7or fine syrup7 #a-a_/d gallons4 ,catechu 7pure7 #f drachms4 ,alum #a-a_/d ounces4 ,yeast #a_/b pint4 ,ferment for fifteen days in a warm place1 then add3 ,bitter almonds #b ounces4 ,cloves #b ounces4 ,whisky #f pints4 ,burnt sugar1 to color4 ,if acid should be in excess add honey or sugar2 if too sweet add cider vinegar to suit the taste4 ,genuine ,new ,orleans ,mead4 ,sarsaparilla root 7contused7 #h ounces4 ,licorice #h ounces4 ,cassia bark 7contused7 #h ounces4 ,cloves #b ounces4 ,coriander seeds #c ounces4 ,ginger #h ounces4 ,boil for fifteen minutes in eight gallons of water and let stand till cold to settle down1 then strain through a flannel rag1 and add to it in the fountain3 ,syrup #ab pints4 ,honey #d pints4 ,tincture of ginger #d ounces4 ,solution of citric acid #d ounces4 ,add enough water to complete ten gallons1 and charge with gas4--,prof4 ,e4 ,s4 ,wayne1 in ,kilner's ,formulary4 ,baking ,powders4 ,pure baking powders are very simple in composition1 care being used in preparing them and procuring pure ingredients4 ,according to the advertised statements of the various leading manufacturers we are forced to make our own if we desire a pure and wholesome article4 ,as the essential ingredients of the best baking powder are baking soda and cream of tartar we need only be careful in buying of honest grocers or druggists who will guarantee their purity4 ,it is not difficult to procure pure soda1 but the cream of tartar is frequently adulterated1 and care must be used in its purchase4 ,it is very important that the materials used must be finely powdered1 perfectly dry1 and thoroughly mixed4 ,for household purposes a patent sifter is the best to use in mixing4 ,run the articles through a number of times and free from all lumps4 ,the ingredients can be dried by placing them in an oven for a short time before mixing4 ,baking ,powder ,no4 #a4 ,pure cream of tartar #b pounds4 ,pure bicarbonate of soda #a pound4 ,corn starch #b ounces4 ,this is the best that can be made4 ,one to two tea-spoonfuls to a quart of flour4 ,baking ,powder ,no4 #b4 ,a cheaper powder1 but superior to the majority of powders you will buy1 is prepared as follows3 ,pure cream of tartar #b pounds4 ,pure bicarbonate of soda #b pounds4 ,tartaric acid #f ounces4 ,corn starch #a pound4 ,best flour #d pounds4 ,use two tea-spoonfuls to a quart of flour4 ,do not be afraid of the tartaric acid1 as it is harmless4 ,it is best to keep your baking powder in a well-stopped jar or bottle4 ,flour1 terra alba1 alum1 and chalk are the chief ingredients used in the adulteration of cream of tartar4 ,to determine the admixture of flour rub a few grains of iodine with one ounce of the suspected cream of tartar2 if so adulterated a blue tint to the mixture will be produced2 or by dissolving a small quantity in water you can prove its presence by the stickiness4 ,chalk may be determined by its effervescing on the addition of diluted acids2 alum by dissolving in hot water and allowing the solution to chrystallize2 terra alba and other clays by their insolubility in a hot solution of caustic potassa4 ,flavoring ,extracts4 ,the profits to manufacturers and dealers on these household necessities are very large1 and the prudent consumer will take advantage of the directions here given4 ,extracts of lemon and vanilla are most frequently used2 nutmeg1 mace1 cinnamon1 etc41 are usually used dry by grating4 ,best ,lemon ,extract4 ,best deodorized alcohol #a pint4 ,oil of lemon #a ounce4 ,cut the peels of two lemons into fine pieces and add to the alcohol and oil of lemon4 ,let stand for a few days and filter through a felt bag or filtering paper4 ,extract of ,vanilla4 ,extract of vanilla is prepared direct from the vanilla bean4 ,use care in the purchase of the beans1 as there are several varieties4 ,the ,mexican vanilla beans have the finest flavor1 and the longer the bean1 as a rule1 the better the extract4 ,there are other excellent varieties of vanilla beans1 but they have a somewhat ranker flavor than the ,mexican4 ,unscrupulous jobbers and dealers have been known to soak the whole beans in spirits1 practically stealing all their flavor1 and then by drying them place them on the market4 ,they can be detected by their light color and brittleness4 ,most of the vanilla extracts sold for flavoring purposes are adulterated with ,tonka beans and other adulterants1 some containing not a particle of vanilla4 ,the following will make a splendid article1 and you know what you are getting without paying high prices for weak extracts put up in deceptive little panel bottles4 ,dishonest manufacturers never yield a point in their efforts to defraud4 ,not content with the liberty they take with the contents they employ the bottle-makers' art to deceive us in the quantity of the precious stuff3 ,vanilla beans #a ounce4 ,sugar #a ounce4 ,cologne spirits 7deodorized alcohol7 #ab ounces4 ,water #d ounces4 ,slit the beans and cut them very fine1 then mix them with sugar and bruise until moderately fine2 then mix with spirits and water and put in a warm place2 allow to stand for two weeks 7longer the better7 shaking every day1 and when through filter4 ,manufacturers color with caramel or other coloring1 but for home use this is unnecessary4 ,to ,extract ,essential ,oils4 ,to extract essential oils from wood1 bark1 herbs1 etc41 put a quantity of the herb or other article into a bottle or jar and pour in a small quantity of ether4 ,keep in a cool place several hours1 and then fill the bottle with cold water4 ,the essential oil will rise to the surface1 and may be easily separated4 ,how to ,make ,rubber ,stamps4 ,the wording of the desired rubber stamp having been correctly set up in ordinary type1 the same is locked up and placed upon a level support4 ,around it is put an iron frame1 which will determine the shape and size of the matrix4 ,by means of a soft brush the type as well as all surrounding parts that are to be covered by the plaster of ,paris are well oiled4 ,for the purpose of making the cast finely ground fresh plaster of ,paris is needed2 if of long standing1 the same will lose its desirable properties4 ,this plaster of ,paris1 of which a sufficient quantity should at one time be mixed to the consistency of pap1 using clear water1 is poured over the frame containing the type in a thin layer1 so as to barely cover it4 ,with a stout brush the mixture is driven into all spaces and interstices1 until all details are thoroughly covered4 ,after this the remaining pap of plaster of ,paris is added until the frame is full to overflowing4 ,the surface is smoothed down after the plaster has settled somewhat1 and in a short while the matrix in the frame may be removed from the type4 ,after this it becomes necessary to bake the matrix in an oven for a period of from four to six hours4 ,when thoroughly baked the matrix should be well brushed with a thin solution of shellac to impart a smooth surface1 and at the same time greater strength4 ,the matrix at this stage represents a yellowish-white block1 in which the lettering appears indented1 but in proper place4 ,the indentation corresponds to the height of the letter upon the piece of type or the marks upon a cut1 while the remaining parts should be perfectly smooth and free from holes4 ,this matrix1 obtained by a coating from the type or cut1 will serve as the mould for the final rubber stamp4 ,pieces of caoutchouc are cut to the required size and laid upon the matrix4 ,if pressure is now exerted the soft mass will adjust itself to fill all the spaces and reproduce the mould invertedly4 ,indentations become raised matter1 and the whole will show as did primarily the type4 ,but as the caoutchouc has a tendency to return to its previous shape it becomes necessary to apply the process called vulcanizing4 ,the object is to impart hardness to the rubber1 and to prevent its losing the form into which it has been pressed4 ,to accomplish this the caoutchouc must be heated to a temperature of from #abj to #acj deg4 ,c4 ,as the substance is ordinarily softened by heat it is necessary to take some means to prevent it from sticking to the mould4 ,for the purpose soapstone will answer1 and the mould1 as well as the piece of caoutchouc1 should be well brushed or dusted with this substance4 ,the duration of the heating varies with the thickness of the rubber sheet4 ,as a general thing from twenty to thirty minutes ought to be sufficient4 ,it may be mentioned here that special apparatus can be purchased for pressing and vulcanizing4 ,the proper vulcanization is of the greatest importance in determining the durability of the stamp4 ,all that remains to complete the stamps is the mounting of the rubber plate upon a suitable base or handle4 ,this is best done either with zinc or with a solution of caoutchouc in benzine4 ,the surface of the handle1 as well as the back part of the stamps1 having been covered with such a solution and well pressed together1 after drying the entire stamp will be ready for use4--,amer4 ,lith4 and ,printer4 ,vermin ,exterminators4 ,phosphorus or ,luminous ,paste4 ,this is an unequaled preparation for destroying rats1 mice1 cockroaches1 etc4 ,it attracts them by its luminous appearance and also by its odor1 which is very attractive to all vermin4 ,they eat it with great avidity4 ,phosphorus #a_/b ounce4 ,armenian bole #a ounce4 ,arsenic #a ounce4 ,oil of rhodium #a_/b drachm4 ,tallow #aj ounces4 ,rye flour #ab ounces4 ,water #ab ounces4 ,cook the flour and water to a thin paste2 add the phosphorus--previously melted in a little hot water--and mix2 then add the rest and stir until thoroughly mixed4 ,,other ,,methods ,,of ,,destroying ,,rats4--7#a7 ,mix some fine plaster of ,paris with an equal quantity of flour2 put the mixture in the place infested by the vermin and a vessel full of water beside it4 ,the rats will devour the mixture and then drink1 whereupon the plaster1 brought into contact with the water1 will become solid and like a stone in their stomachs1 which will cause their deaths4 7#b7 ,when a house is infested with rats which refuse to nibble at toasted cheese or the usual baits1 a few drops of oil of rhodium poured on or near the bait will attract them while the most tempting baits fail4 7#c7 ,cover the floor near their holes and place into their haunts a quantity of caustic potash4 ,this they lick with their tongues1 which makes their mouths sore1 and they not only shun this locality1 but appear to tell all the neighboring rats about it4 7#d7 ,instead of using chloride of lime or potash a quantity of tar can be smeared in and around their haunts and they will disappear4 ,tar and rats do not agree4 ,if a live rat be caught1 smeared with tar1 and allowed to escape into the holes he will do the smearing process thoroughly4 ,roach and ,moth ,exterminator4 ,thymol #b parts4 ,salicylic acid #b parts4 ,alcohol #bjj parts4 ,oil of lemon #a part4 ,this new1 simple1 and cheap preparation makes no stain and kills the vermin immediately4 ,the odor is not unpleasant1 and is quickly removed by airing the room4 ,use by sprinkling1 or moistening blotting paper with the solution4 ,moth ,powder4 ,lupulin #a drachm4 ,scotch snuff #b ounces4 ,camphor gum #a ounce4 ,black pepper #a ounce4 ,cedar sawdust #d ounces4 ,mix thoroughly and strew among the furs and woolens4 ,bedbug ,poison4 ,corrosive sublimate 7in powder7 #b ounces4 ,alcohol #a pint4 ,apply with a feather or stick into their hiding places4 ,label poison1 and place all such compounds out of the reach of children4 ,poison ,fly ,paper4 ,white arsenic #a ounce4 ,sugar #a_/b pound4 ,concentrated lye #a_/d ounce4 ,water #a quart4 ,dissolve the concentrated lye in the water1 add the sugar and boil the solution1 meanwhile gradually adding the arsenic4 ,while still warm dip porous paper 7cut into small squares7 in the solution and dry them4 ,for use place in plates or saucers partly filled with water where the flies can get at them4 ,sticky ,fly ,paper4 ,rosin #h ounces4 ,lard or cotton-seed oil #c ounces4 ,boil together1 spread thinly on manilla paper1 place another sheet on top1 and when wanted pull them apart and it is ready for use4 ,this is now usually preferred to the poison paper1 as the flies are caught and held and do not die and drop into food1 etc4 ,mosquito and ,fly ,frightener4 ,petrolatum #a ounce4 ,paraffine #a_/h ounce4 ,oil pennyroyal #a_/c ounce4 ,oil of tar #b_/c ounce4 ,carbolic acid #b_/c drachm4 ,melt the solid ingredients together1 and when partly cooled add the other ingredients4 ,this is an elegant preparation to rub on the hands and face where flies1 mosquitos1 gnats1 etc41 are troublesome4 ,inks4 ,late improvements in the manufacture of inks are due to the discovery and cheapening of substances which can be used in preparing them4 ,while good common writing inks are quite easily procured in the market1 still they can be manufactured much cheaper by the consumer2 and then again there are a variety of special purposes which require inks that are not on sale1 and formulas for making them are very valuable4 ,in this collection we give approved and tested formulas for everything in the ink line4 ,fine ,black ,ink4 ,,from ,,logwood4 ,a good black ink can be made by boiling #c pounds of logwood with sufficient water to leave a residue of #e quarts4 ,when cold add #c drachms of yellow bichromate of potash and stir thoroughly4 ,to prevent thickening add a few drops of solution of mercury salt4 ,it flows freely from the pen4 ,its color at first is of a dark indigo-blue tint1 changing soon into a permanent black4 ,a beautiful gloss may be given to this or any other black ink by adding a strong solution of shellac and borax4 ,fine ,black ,ink4 ,,from ,,aniline4 ,black aniline crystals 7negrosine7 #a-a_/b ounces4 ,dextrine #a ounce4 ,corrosive sublimate #e grains4 ,water #b quarts4 ,dissolve the negrosine in a quart of hot water2 dissolve the corrosive sublimate and dextrine in the remaining quart1 and pour all together4 ,this is a splendid ink1 flows freely from the pen1 and will keep well4 ,in making ink use care in buying the best anilines and other ingredients4 ,this is important4 ,fine ,red ,ink4 ,eosine aniline #ajj grains4 ,water #a pint4 ,simply dissolve the aniline in the water4 ,no better bright1 fiery red ink can be made4 ,fine ,violet ,ink4 ,violet aniline #gj grains4 ,alcohol #a_/b ounce4 ,dextrine #a_/b ounce4 ,hot water #a pint4 ,dissolve the aniline in the alcohol and the dextrine in the hot water1 and mix them4 ,fine ,blue ,ink4 ,water blue aniline #a drachm4 ,dextrine #a_/d ounce4 ,hot water #a pint4 ,one-fourth of an ounce of ,prussian blue may be used instead of the water blue aniline4 ,fine ,green ,ink4 ,green aniline #a drachm4 ,dextrine #a_/d ounce4 ,hot water #a pint4 ,aniline inks of any color can be made in a similar manner4 ,simply get the desired color of aniline4 ,maroon ink may be made by mixing equal quantities of black1 blue1 and red inks2 yellow by adding #a-a_/d drachms of picric acid to #a pint of hot water4 ,copying ,ink4 ,take #a pint of the violet-black ink and add #a ounce each of sugar and gum ,arabic4 ,this is for what is called moist copying where a press is used4 ,for what is termed dry copying mix about #a_/c pint of glycerine to a pint of any good black ink4 ,the manuscript1 if written on glazed paper1 will not dry for hours1 and will yield one or two fair1 neat1 dry copies by simple pressure of the hand4 ,the writing should not be excessively fine nor the strokes uneven or heavy4 ,the copies and the original are neater than when water is used4 ,gaffard's ,indestructible ,ink4 ,lampblack #a part4 ,potash water glass #ab parts4 ,aqua ammonia #a part4 ,distilled water #ch parts4 ,the potash water glass should be of the consistency of syrup4 ,hektograph ,ink4 7,,see ,,page #a47 ,a good purple ink to use on the gelatine copying pad1 or hektograph1 is prepared as follows3 ,methyl violet #a ounce4 ,water #h ounces4 ,glycerine #a ounce4 ,alcohol #a_/d ounce4 ,dissolve the methyl-violet in the water and add the glycerine4 ,gently warm the solution for an hour1 and after cooling add the alcohol4 ,when black hektograph ink is desired1 instead of the methyl-violet use double the amount of negrosine4 ,white ,ink4 ,an excellent white ink1 which can be used with a pen for writing on colored cards or paper1 may be made as follows3 ,flake white #ab drachms4 ,mucilage of gum ,arabic #f drachms4 ,if too thick add water2 if too thin1 more mucilage4 ,shake well while using4 ,rubber ,stamp ,ink4 ,aniline 7desired color7 #a_/b ounce4 ,glycerine #b ounces4 ,ribbon ,ink4 ,,for ,,type-,,writers1 ,,dating ,,stamps1 ,,etc4 ,aniline #a_/b ounce4 ,alcohol #d ounces4 ,glycerine #g ounces4 ,water #d ounces4 ,dissolve the aniline in the alcohol and add the other ingredients4 ,marking ,ink4 ,,for ,,packages ,,and ,,boxes4 ,extract of ,logwood #h ounces4 ,bichromate of potash #a ounce4 ,hydrochloric acid #c_/d ounce4 ,dextrine #d ounces4 ,water #a_/b gallon4 ,boil the logwood with the water1 add the acid and potash1 and lastly the dextrine4 ,indelible ,ink4 ,,for ,,marking ,,linen1 ,,etc4 ,dissolve #e parts of lunar caustic in #aj parts of spirit of sal ammoniac4 ,add to the solution #g parts of pure soda1 #e of gum ,arabic1 and #ab of water4 ,ink for ,writing on ,metals4 ,,valuable ,,in ,,marking ,,tools ,,and ,,instruments4 ,muriatic acid #a ounce4 ,nitric acid #a_/b ounce4 ,cover the portion of metal you wish to write upon with melted beeswax and allow it to cool4 ,write the inscription plainly with any sharp-pointed instrument through the beeswax to the metal4 ,apply the acids with a feather or rag1 carefully filling each letter1 and let it remain from one to thirty minutes1 according to the desired depth of the lettering1 after which wash off the beeswax and acids and rub over with a little sweet oil to prevent further rust or tarnish4 ,ink ,powders4 ,as in the case of fluid inks there are many formulas for preparing ink powders4 ,the following are the best3 ,,black4--,nut-galls1 #a ounce2 copperas1 #a_/b ounce2 gum ,arabic1 #g ounces4 ,add one clove to this quantity4 ,or1 take negrosine1 #a ounce2 dextrine1 #c ounces2 mix4 ,,blue4--,water blue aniline1 #a ounce2 dextrine1 #e ounces4 ,or1 soluble ,prussian blue1 #a_/b ounce2 dextrine1 #a ounce4 ,,green4--,aniline green1 #dd parts2 gelatine1 #d parts1 and lunar caustic1 #b parts4 ,or1 green aniline1 #a part2 dextrine1 #d parts4 ,,red4--,eosine aniline1 #a ounce2 dextrine1 #a ounce4 ,a tea-spoonful to a table-spoonful of the powder is dissolved in #a pint of water1 requiring from #a_/b to #a hour to make the solution4 ,disappearing ,ink4 ,boil some nut-galls in aqua fortis1 and add to the infusion some gum ,arabic and a little sulphuric acid4 ,when written on paper this ink is perfectly legible1 but will disappear from the paper in a few days4 ,invisible ,ink4 ,invisible inks are those which when first written are not visible1 but upon the application of heat or other means the characters are made to appear distinctly4 ,the following are decidedly the best preparations for this purpose3 ,oil of vitriol #a fluid ounce4 ,soft water #a pint4 ,this makes a fluid which is perfectly invisible until heat is applied by holding over a lamp or by placing in an oven1 when it changes to a permanent black4 ,write with a clean steel pen4 ,all invisible inks will show on glazed paper1 therefore unglazed paper should be used4 ,another singular invisible ink is made as follows3 ,oxide of cobalt1 #a_/b ounce2 muriatic acid1 sufficient to dissolve it2 water1 #d ounces2 mucilage of gum acacia1 #a drachm4 ,place in a stained bottle4 ,characters written with this solution are invisible1 but on the application of heat they instantly appear in blue4 ,on cooling they again become invisible4 ,ink ,erasing ,fluid4 ,hydrochloric acid #a_/h ounce4 ,water #a pint4 ,mix1 bottle1 and label ,no4 #a4 ,solution of chlorinated soda #b_/c pint4 ,water #a pint4 ,mix1 bottle1 and label ,no4 #b4 ,to erase ink dip the end of a penholder or pencil in ,no4 #a and apply to the writing1 and do the same with ,no4 #b4 ,let remain a moment and blot off with clean blotting-paper4 ,if the characters are not erased repeat as before4 ,cements and ,glue4 ,armenian ,glue4 ,the jewellers of ,turkey1 who are mostly ,armenians1 have a singular method of ornamenting watch cases1 etc41 with diamonds and other precious stones by simply gluing or cementing them on4 ,the stone is set in gold or silver and the lower part of the metal made flat1 or to correspond to that part to which it is to be fixed4 ,it is then warmed gently and the glue applied1 which is so very strong that the parts thus cemented never separate4 ,for this glue1 which will firmly unite bits of glass and even polished steel1 and which may of course be applied to a vast variety of useful purposes1 large number of formulas have been published4 ,the following is the original recipe4 ,dissolve #e or #f bits of gum mastic1 each the size of a large pea1 in as much alcohol as will suffice to render them liquid2 in another vessel dissolve as much isinglass1 previously softened a little in water 7though none of the water must be used71 in good brandy or rum as will make a two-ounce vial of very strong glue1 adding two small bits of galbanum or ammoniacum1 which must be rubbed or ground until they are dissolved4 ,then mix the whole with a sufficient heat4 ,keep the glue in a vial closely corked1 and when it is to be used set the vial in boiling water4 ,to avoid cracking the vial by exposure to such sudden heat use a thin green glass vial and hold it in the steam for a few seconds before immersing it in the hot water4--,workshop ,receipts4 ,glutina ,cement4 ,,for ,,glass1 ,,china1 ,,wood1 ,,leather1 ,,etc4 ,gelatine 7,cooper's or ,cox's7 #c ounces4 ,acetic acid #b ounces4 ,carbolic acid #e grains4 ,oil of cloves #f minims4 ,water enough to make #a pint4 ,soak the gelatine in half a pint of water for four hours4 ,place in a bottle and heat in a water bath2 add the acids1 dissolve1 add the oil of cloves and sufficient hot water to make a pint1 and strain4 ,to ,cement ,iron to ,iron4 ,powdered cast-iron bore chips #fj parts4 ,sal-ammoniac #b parts4 ,flowers of sulphur #a part4 ,mix1 and stir the mixture into a stiff paste by adding water4 ,use while fresh4 ,cementing ,metal to ,glass1 ,stone1 ,etc4 ,for attaching metal plates1 such as metal letters1 etc41 to flat sheets of glass or windows1 the following is excellent3 ,copal varnish #ae parts4 ,drying oil #e parts4 ,turpentine #c parts4 ,melt in a water bath1 and add #aj parts of slaked lime4 ,the cement commonly used for fastening the tops on kerosene lamps is plaster of ,paris1 which is porous1 quickly penetrated by the kerosene1 and readily destroyed4 ,a cement which does not have this defect is made by boiling #c parts of resin and #a of caustic soda in #e of water4 ,this composition forms a soap1 which mix with half its weight of plaster of ,paris4 ,use while fresh4 ,pastes4 ,paste for ,wall-paper1 ,etc4 ,dissolve #a_/h ounce of salicylic acid in half a gallon of warm water1 and when cold stir in as much flour as will bring it to the consistency of cream1 being particular to break up all the lumps2 next place it on the fire and allow it to cook gently for a few minutes1 stirring well meanwhile4 ,this paste answers a variety of purposes4 ,the salicylic acid is to keep it from spoiling4 ,the addition of #a ounce of powdered colocynth to the above amount will effectually banish all insects and worms from the walls where the paper is pasted4 ,paste for ,labeling on ,tin4 ,ordinary pastes will not adhere labels to tin4 ,the following is a good one3 ,make a paste of gum tragacanth and add a little oil of wintergreen4 ,apply by removing the film of grease from the tin by a solution of caustic soda 7#aj parts of water to #a of soda74 ,apply with a rag to the spot on which you wish to affix the label4 ,paste to ,fasten ,cloth or ,leather on ,wooden ,surfaces4 ,wheat flour #b-a_/d pounds4 ,resin 7powdered7 #a_/b ounce4 ,salicylic acid #a_/h ounce4 ,rub together till a uniform paste is formed1 transfer to a small kettle over a fire1 heat1 and stir until the lumps are all dissolved and the paste becomes stiff2 transfer to another vessel and cover up4 ,this paste is applied in a thin layer to the surface of the table or desk to be covered1 the cloth or leather is then laid on and smoothed with a roller4 ,if leather is to be fastened on it must be first dampened4 ,whitewash and ,paints4 ,brilliant ,stucco ,whitewash4 ,this is a time-tried whitewash1 either for inside or outside work1 and has been known to retain its brilliancy for over thirty years4 ,nice unslaked lime1 #a_/b bushel2 slake it with boiling water2 cover it during the process to keep in the steam4 ,strain the liquid through a fine sieve or strainer1 and add to it #a_/d bushel of salt1 previously well dissolved in water2 rice1 #c pounds--boiled to a thin paste and stirred in boiling hot2 ,spanish whiting1 #a_/b pound2 best glue1 #a pound1 which has been previously dissolved by soaking it well1 and then hanging it over a slow fire in a small kettle immersed in a larger one filled with water4 ,now add hot water1 #e gallons1 to the mixture1 stir well1 and let it stand a few days covered from the dirt4 ,it should be put on hot4 ,for this purpose it is best to keep it in a kettle on a portable furnace1 or use other means more convenient4 ,it answers as well as oil paint for brick or stone1 and is much cheaper4 ,coloring matter1 dissolved in alcohol1 may be put in and made of any shade you like4 ,spanish brown stirred in will make red-pink1 more or less deep1 according to quantity4 ,a delicate tinge of this is very pretty for inside walls4 ,finely pulverized common clay1 well mixed with ,spanish white1 makes reddish stone color4 ,yellow ochre stirred in makes yellow wash1 but chrome goes further1 and makes a color generally esteemed prettier4 ,in all these cases the darkness of the shade is of course determined by the quantity of the coloring used4 ,it is difficult to make rules1 because tastes differ4 ,it would be best to try experiments on a shingle1 and let it dry4 ,green must not be mixed with lime4 ,the lime destroys the color1 and the color has an effect on the whitewash which makes it crack and peel4 ,when inside walls have been badly smoked and you wish to make them a clean1 clear white1 it is well to squeeze indigo plentifully through a bag into the water you use before it is stirred into the whole mixture2 or blue vitriol pulverized and dissolved in boiling water and put into whitewash gives a beautiful blue tint4 ,if a larger quantity than five gallons be wanted the same proportions should be observed4 ,durable ,paint for ,tin ,roofs4 ,linseed ,oil #cj parts4 ,oil of ,turpentine #aj parts4 ,colcothar #ad parts4 ,red chalk #df parts4 ,the coloring substances are pulverized and the mixture ground4 ,should the mixture be too thick reduce it with equal parts of linseed oil and oil of turpentine4 ,give the roof two coats1 allowing the first to dry before applying the second4 ,see that the tin is free from rust1 and the coats should not be laid on too thick nor too thin4 ,paint for ,roofs4 ,pulverized slate 7argillaceous schist7 #ce parts4 ,pulverized mica slate 7mica schist7 #cj parts4 ,pulverized rosin #ce parts4 ,mix1 and add one-half its volume of pure coal-tar and boil to a fluid mass4 ,this paint gives a very durable and pliant covering1 which does not melt in the greatest heat of summer nor crack or break in the greatest cold4 ,it resists moisture1 and a roof painted with it need not be gone over again for four or five years4 ,paint for ,blackboards4 ,common glue1 #d ounces2 flour of emery1 #c ounces1 and just lampblack enough to give an inky color to the preparation4 ,dissolve the glue in #c_/d quart of warm water1 put in the lampblack and emery1 stir till there are no lumps1 then apply to the board with a woolen rag smoothly rolled4 ,three coats should be given4 ,removing ,smell of ,paint4 ,place a vessel of lighted charcoal in the room and place on it two or three handfuls of juniper berries2 shut the windows1 chimneys1 and doors and twenty-four hours afterward the room may be opened1 when it will be found that the sickly1 unwholesome smell will be gone4 ,another very simple method is to plunge a handful of hay into a pail of water and let it stand in the newly-painted room4 ,paint ,remover4 ,to remove dry paint or hard putty make a saturated solution of caustic of potassa with water4 ,apply to the paint with a swab4 ,after a short time it will be easily removed4 ,staining ,wood4 ,ebonizing ,wood4 ,logwood chips #h ounces4 ,copperas #a_/b ounce4 ,lampblack #a_/b ounce4 ,water1 sufficient4 ,boil the logwood for #cj minutes in a gallon of water1 and then add the copperas and lampblack4 ,apply to the wood hot1 giving a number of coats4 ,in varnishing ebonized wood a little drop black must be added to the varnish or it will give a brown shade4 ,staining ,wood ,rose ,color4 ,a brilliant and uniform rose color can be imparted to wood and vegetable ivory by chemical precipitation1 as follows3 ,the first bath consists of #h parts of potassium iodide to #ajj parts of water4 ,the second bath is prepared by mixing #b-a_/b parts of corrosive sublimate with #ajj parts of water4 ,immerse the wood for a few hours in the first bath1 then place it in the second1 in which it will acquire a beautiful rose color4 ,varnish the wood after drying4 ,both baths can be repeatedly used without renewing them4 ,imitation of ,cedar4 ,mix #b parts by weight of catechu1 #a part of caustic soda1 and #ajj of water4 ,the best wood to use is white wood1 and after the article is finished it is boiled in the stain for several hours1 rinsed1 and dried4 ,the length of time in boiling depends upon the depth of color desired4 ,this is a very deep and natural stain4 ,hard ,coating for ,wood4 ,to coat wood with a substance as hard as stone apply the following mixture while hot with a brush3 ,lime #dj parts4 ,resin #ej parts4 ,linseed oil #d parts4 ,metal and ,glass ,secrets4 ,hardening ,composition for ,steel4 ,spermaceti oil #ie quarts4 ,melted tallow #bj pounds4 ,neat's foot oil #d-a_/b quarts4 ,pitch #a pound4 ,rosin #c pounds4 ,melt the rosin and pitch together1 add the other ingredients1 and heat all in an iron vessel until all moisture is driven out1 and the heated mass ignites from a burning chip of wood held over it2 the flame is at once extinguished by a close-fitting lid4 ,in using the method for saw blades1 they are first heated in a suitable furnace and then placed vertically1 teeth upward1 in troughs filled with the mixture4 ,after sufficient cooling they are taken out and wiped with a piece of leather so that only a slight film of fat remains4 ,they are then placed flat over a coal fire until the coating of fat ignites1 which may burn as freely as required for great hardness4 ,screws1 or other articles which require a less degree of hardness1 are dipped into the hot mixture and brought to a white heat4 ,composition to ,toughen ,steel4 ,resin #b pounds4 ,tallow #b pounds4 ,black pitch #a pound4 ,melt together and dip the steel in the mixture when hot4 ,to ,soften ,iron or ,steel4 ,anoint the article all over with tallow1 temper it in a gentle charcoal fire1 and let it cool itself2 or take a little clay1 cover your iron with it1 and temper in a charcoal fire4 ,restoring ,burnt ,steel4 ,it is not generally known that burnt steel may be almost instantaneously restored by plunging it while hot in cold water and hammering it with light strokes on the anvil1 turning it so as to hammer all over it1 again dipping in the cold water1 and repeating the hammering process as before4 ,try again if you do not succeed the first time4 ,welding ,cast-,steel4 ,rock saltpeter #a_/d pound4 ,oil vitriol #a_/d pound4 ,water #a gallon4 ,dissolve the saltpeter in the vitriol and add it to the water4 ,after scarfing the steel get it hot2 and quench in the preparation4 ,then weld the same as a piece of iron1 hammering it very quickly with light blows4 ,it answers the purpose much better than borax4 ,cork it in a bottle and it will keep for years4 ,another3 ,borax #ae parts4 ,sal-ammoniac #b parts4 ,cyanide of potassium #b parts4 ,dissolve all in water1 and evaporate the water at a low temperature4 ,to ,drill ,hardened ,steel4 ,cover your steel with melted beeswax1 and when cold make a hole in the wax with a fine-pointed needle or other article the size of the hole you require2 put a drop of strong nitric acid upon it1 and after an hour rinse off and apply again4 ,it will gradually eat through4 ,to ,drill ,holes in ,cast-,iron4 ,by means of carbolic acid a hole #a_/d of an inch in diameter has been drilled through #a_/b inch thickness of cast-iron with a carpenter's brace4 ,to ,solder ,ferrules for ,tool ,handles4 ,take your ferrule1 lap round the 8joining0 a small piece of brass wire1 then wet the ferrule1 scatter on the joining ground borax1 put it on the end of a wire1 and hold it in the fire till the brass fuses4 ,it will fill up the joining and form a perfect solder4 ,it may afterward be turned in the lathe4 ,soldering ,without a ,soldering ,iron4 ,cut a piece of a tin-foil the size of the surface to be soldered1 then pass over the surface a solution of sal-ammoniac1 place the tin-foil between the pieces1 and heat over a lamp or fire until the foil melts4 ,instead of the solution of sal-ammoniac equal parts of water and hydrochloric acid saturated with zinc can be used just as well4 ,to ,clean ,gun-barrels from ,lead4 ,pour in a little mercury1 agitate it over the interior surface of the barrel1 and pour it out again4 ,the mercury will amalgamate the lead and remove it4 ,to ,resharpen ,old ,files4 ,saleratus #d ounces4 ,water #a quart4 ,dissolve the saleratus in the water4 ,boil the old files or rasps in this solution for half an hour4 ,then take out1 wash1 and dry them4 ,next stand them in a jar1 filling it up with rain water and sulphuric acid in the proportion of water1 #a quart2 sulphuric acid1 #d ounces4 ,coarse files should remain in the bath twelve hours and fine ones two or three hours less4 ,take them out1 wash them clean1 dry quickly and thoroughly1 and rub them with sweet oil to prevent rusting4 ,another method1 though not so effectual1 is to pour a few drops of benzole upon the file and brush thoroughly with a scratch brush4 ,mending ,tinware by ,candle ,heat4 ,this is such a simple and cheap way of mending tinware that a person with just a bit of ingenuity can do his own work in this line4 ,take a vial about two-thirds full of muriatic acid and put into it little bits of sheet zinc as long as the acid will dissolve them4 ,then put in a crumb of sal-ammoniac and fill up with water and it is ready for use4 ,wet the cork in the vial and with it wet the edges of the place to be mended4 ,then put a piece of sheet zinc over the hole and hold a lighted candle or spirit lamp under the place1 which melts the solder on the tin and causes the zinc to adhere without further trouble4 ,do not forget to wet the zinc also with the solution4 ,a ,good ,way to ,sharpen ,razors4 ,put the razor blade for half an hour in water to which has been added one-twentieth of its weight of muriatic or sulphuric acid1 and after a few hours 8set0 it on a hone4 ,the acid acts as a whetstone by corroding the whole surface uniformly4 ,razor-,strop ,paste4 ,moisten flour of emery with tallow or sweet oil4 ,cutting ,ovals and ,different ,shapes on ,glass4 ,scratch the glass around the shape you desire with the corner of a file or graver2 then having bent a piece of wire the same shape heat it red-hot and lay it upon the scratch1 and sink the glass into cold water just deep enough for the water to come almost on a level with its upper surface4 ,it rarely fails to break perfectly true4 ,etching on ,glass4 ,barium sulphate #c ounces4 ,ammonia fluoride #a ounce4 ,acid sulphuric1 a sufficient quantity to decompose the ammonia fluoride and making the mixture of a semi-fluid consistency4 ,it must be prepared in a leaden vessel4 ,it can be used with a common pen1 but must be kept in bottles coated inside with paraffine1 beeswax1 or gutta-percha1 with rubber stoppers4 ,to ,drill and ,ornament ,glass4 ,any hard steel tool will cut glass with great facility when kept freely wet with camphor dissolved in turpentine4 ,a drill-bow may be used1 or even the hand alone4 ,a hole bored may be readily enlarged by a round file4 ,the ragged edges of glass vessels may also be thus easily smoothed by a flat file4 ,flat window glass can readily be sawed by a watch-spring saw by aid of this solution4 ,in short1 the most brittle glass can be wrought almost as easily as brass by the use of cutting-tools kept constantly moist with camphorized oil of turpentine4 ,plating ,without a ,battery4 ,silver-,plating ,solution4 ,nitrate of silver 7crystals7 #a_/d ounce4 ,cyanuret potassa #a_/b ounce4 ,prepared ,spanish whiting #a ounce4 ,pure rain water #b-a_/b ounces4 ,mix all together in a glass vessel1 and it is ready for use4 ,thoroughly clean the article from all grease and dirt 7see polishing preparations1 page #ab71 and apply with a soft rag or brush and polish with a chamois skin4 ,silvering ,powder4 ,chloride of silver #a ounce4 ,pearlash #c ounces4 ,common salt #a-a_/b ounces4 ,whiting #a ounce4 ,powder and mix the articles thoroughly4 ,this is excellent in silvering brass and copper articles4 ,clean the surface of the article1 as in the preceding preparation1 and apply the mixture by rubbing on with a cork or piece of soft leather moistened with water and dipped in the powder4 ,afterward the metal should be well washed in hot water and wiped dry4 ,gold-,plating ,solution4 ,gold amalgam #a_/b ounce4 ,nitro muriatic acid #a ounce4 ,alcohol #b ounces4 ,dissolve the amalgam in the acid and then add the alcohol4 ,thoroughly clean the article to be plated and apply the solution with a soft brush4 ,rinse and dry in sawdust or with tissue paper and polish with chamois skin4 ,nickeling ,iron ,without ,electricity4 ,to a solution of chloride of zinc #e or #aj per cent strong add enough nickel salt to give the usual color of nickel bath4 ,cleanse the articles and put them in the solution for from #a_/b to #a hour4 ,gold and ,silver ,imitations4 ,imitation ,gold4 ,an ,american has discovered a beautiful alloy1 which has been most successfully applied as a substitute for gold4 ,it is composed of pure copper1 #ajj parts2 pure tin1 #ag parts2 magnesia1 #f parts2 tartar of commerce1 #i parts2 sal-ammoniac1 #c4f parts1 and quicklime1 #a4f parts4 ,the copper is first melted1 then the lime1 magnesia1 sal-ammoniac1 and tartar are added1 little at a time1 and the whole is briskly stirred for about half an hour1 so as to mix thoroughly1 after which the tin is thrown on the surface in small grains1 stirring until entirely fused4 ,the crucible is now covered and the fusion kept up for about thirty-five minutes1 when the dross is skimmed off1 and the alloy found ready for use4 ,it is quite maleable and ductile1 and may be drawn1 stamped1 chased1 beaten into powder1 or into leaves1 like gold leaf1 in all of which conditions it is not distinguishable from gold even by good judges1 except by its inferior weight4 ,imitation ,silver4 ,combine by fusion #a part pure copper1 #bd parts block tin1 #a-a_/b parts pure antimony1 #a_/d part pure bismuth1 and #b parts clear glass4 ,the glass may be omitted save in cases where it is an object to have the metal sonorous4 ,care of ,teeth1 ,mouth1 and ,breath4 ,the teeth1 through negligence and ignorance1 receive less attention among the majority of people than any other subject of a personal character4 ,the care of children's teeth is very important1 and if parents do not post themselves in the matter frequent visits to a skilled dentist should in their case be imperatively enforced1 as well as upon the older members of the family4 ,the first teeth of the infant are called the deciduous or milk teeth1 and are twenty in number--ten in each jaw4 ,these twenty teeth are as follows3 ,eight incisors1 four in each jaw--the four being composed of two central and two lateral incisors--also four canine or cuspid teeth1 two in each jaw1 and eight molars1 four in each jaw--the molars being called first and second molars1 indicating their relative positions as well as the periods of their eruption 7commonly called cutting74 ,it is generally recognized among physicians that all diseases of children are more difficult to treat during dentition than before or after4 ,it is well enough for parents to recognize this fact in administering medicines to their children4 ,although the time of eruptions of the teeth differ with different persons1 yet the following table gives a close approximation3 ,,eruption ,,of ,,the ,,teeth4 ,deciduous ,teeth4 7,the lower generally precede the upper by two or three months47 ,central incisors #e to #h months ,lateral incisors #g to #aj months ,first molars #ab to #af months ,canines #ae to #bj months ,second molars #bj to #cf months ,permanent ,teeth4 ,first molars #e to #f years ,central incisors #f to #h years ,lateral incisors #g to #i years ,first bicuspids #i to #aj years ,second bicuspids #aj to #aa years ,canines #aa to #ab years ,second molars #ab to #ad years ,third molars #ag to #ba years ,it would be difficult indeed to condense in so short a space so much practical information from a reliable source as has been given in the following prize essay on the teeth1 which was awarded by the ,dental ,society of ,philadelphia3 #ast4 ,cleanse your teeth once1 or oftener1 every day4 ,rinse the mouth after eating4 ,cleansing the teeth consists in removing every particle of foreign matter from around the teeth and gums4 #b;d4 ,to cleanse use well-made brushes1 soft quill1 or wood toothpicks1 an antacid styptic tooth wash1 and precipitated chalk4 ,if these means fail apply to a regular dentist4 #c;d4 ,avoid eating hot food4 ,thoroughly masticate the food1 and well salivate it before swallowing4 #dth4 ,parents ought to carefully attend to the child's second dentition4 ,prevail upon your children to visit1 at frequent intervals1 a careful and skillful operator4 #eth4 ,remember that four of the permanent double teeth come in at the age of six years4 ,they are very liable to decay early1 are very large1 and should never be allowed to require extracting4 #fth4 ,never allow any one to extract a tooth or dissuade you from having them filled unless absolutely necessary4 #gth4 ,carelessness and procrastination are responsible for a large proportion of teeth that are lost4 ,the teeth were never intended to take the place of nut-crackers nor to rival scissors in cutting thread4 ,the teeth must be taken care of or your health will suffer4 ,remember1 a clean tooth would not decay in a hundred years4 ,best ,tooth ,powder4 ,precipitated chalk #d ounces4 ,powdered cuttle-bone #b ounces4 ,powdered orris root #a-a_/b ounces4 ,powdered borax #a_/b ounce4 ,oil of cloves #e minims4 ,oil of wintergreen #b fluid drachms4 ,mix the powder thoroughly1 and with a small portion add the oils and mix them until in the form of a moist powder4 ,then add the rest of the mixed powders gradually until all are evenly distributed throughout4 ,a solution of carmine can be added in with the oils1 which will color it as desired4 ,some prefer a preparation in the form of a paste1 as follows3 ,cherry ,tooth ,paste4 ,precipitated chalk #d ounces4 ,powdered areca nut #a ounce4 ,powdered quillaya bark 7or soap root7 #a_/b ounce4 ,powdered cuttle-bone #a ounce4 ,powdered borax #a_/b ounce4 ,powdered orris root #d ounces4 ,tincture of myrrh #a_/b ounce4 ,oils of nutmeg1 cloves1 and bitter almonds1 each #ae minims4 ,oil of rose #e minims4 ,honey1 glycerine1 and mucilage acacia equal quantities of each sufficient to make into a paste of the desired consistence4 ,first mix the powders and color with carmine1 and then add the other ingredients and thoroughly mix4 ,mouth washes are a valuable addition to the toilet as they assist to harden and heal the gums1 cleanse the mouth and purify the breath4 ,antiseptic ,tooth ,wash4 ,salicylic acid #ab parts4 ,alcohol 7#ie per cent7 #cae parts4 ,distilled water #fj parts4 ,oil of wintergreen #ae parts4 ,essence of orange flowers #ae parts4 ,color with tincture of cochineal4 ,a few drops of carbolic acid may be added to the above in the case of decayed teeth and foul breath4 ,when the breath is very offensive the following should be taken in addition to rinsing the mouth with the mouth wash3 ,solution for the ,breath4 ,solution chloride soda #a ounce4 ,liquor potassa #a ounce4 ,phosphate soda #a_/b ounce4 ,water #h ounces4 ,mix and take one-half tea-spoonful in water after each meal4 ,when the services of a dentist are not at hand and the teeth are badly decayed and aching1 the following mouth wash is recommended4 ,it is used by holding a tea-spoonful in the mouth as long as possible and spitting out3 ,spanish camomile root #d-a_/b drachms4 ,sal-ammoniac #b-a_/d drachms4 ,vinegar and lavender water1 each #b-a_/b fluid ounces4 ,cut the camomile in pieces and rub fine with the sal-ammoniac2 add the lavender water and vinegar by placing all in a glass flask and let it digest for twelve hours and filter4 ,the following preparation is one of the best for relieving toothache until a dentist can be consulted3 ,toothache ,drops4 ,chloral hydrate #a drachm4 ,camphor #a drachm4 ,morphia sulphate #b drachms4 ,oil peppermint #b drachms4 ,rub the solids in a mortar until they liquefy1 then add the oil of peppermint4 ,apply on cotton4 ,removal of ,freckles1 ,moles1 ,etc4 ,the following practical treatise on this much-abused subject is copied from the ,b4 ,c4 ,druggist1 and although originally written in the interests of druggists it is of more value to persons affected with these blemishes2 hence we reproduce the essay in its entirety with the formulas stripped of their technical terms and phrases3 ,at this time of the year there are few questions which are more frequently addressed to the 8family chemist10 and fewer still to which he ordinarily gives so unsatisfactory a reply1 as1 8,what shall ,i do to cure my freckles80 ,knowing as we do how greatly the popularity--i4 e41 the business prosperity--of the majority of our friends depends upon the votes and interest of their lady customers1 we have been at some pains to lay before them such an amount of practical information upon the above subject as will enable them to retain the good will and material gratitude of their fair interrogators on the one hand1 and to put a little extra profit in their own pockets on the other4 ,we do not propose to convert these pages into an elaborate treatise upon the skin2 but for the benefit of those who are only just commencing business it will1 perhaps1 be as well to make a few observations which our more experienced friends may consider of the 8leather and prunella0 order4 ,in the first place it will be generally admitted that upon the subject of our present notes there is no published information of a practical and reliable character1 and that medical writers and practitioners either shun the question altogether or approach it in a perfunctory manner1 and leave it very much where they found it4 ,for our present purpose the cutaneous discoloration commonly designated by the term 8freckles0 may be considered under two heads--the so-called 8summer0 or temporary variety 7ephelis71 and the permanent kind 7lentigo74 ,both are commonly stated to be simply morbid alterations of the skin-pigment1 and to be situated solely in the rete mucosum1 but this is not absolutely true1 inasmuch as ephelis1 properly so called1 is generally due to a darkening of the under surface of the epidermis either in small ovoid patches 78summer freckles07 or extended over a large surface 78tan0 or 8sunburn071 while with lentigo the brownish discolorations are at a greater depth1 and remain in situ after the covering epidermis has been completely removed4 ,strong sunshine1 or any powerfully actinic light1 and radiant heat from any source are apt to produce the first named1 and to enhance the latter form of the skin's chromatogenous function1 the manifestations of which vary greatly according to individual idiosyncrasies4 ,similarly the treatment which answers best for some persons is not so efficacious in other cases1 but the old1 old adage that 8prevention is better than cure0 applies here with considerable force1 and as regards the rationale of remedial applications1 it may be said in general terms that the application1 in the right place1 of active reducing1 or deoxidizing1 agents is as a rule successful in removing ephelis altogether1 and in greatly toning down the shade of lentigo4 ,commencing with the mildest form we will give a good formula for a ,,sunburn ,,lotion ,citric acid #a drachm4 ,sulphate of iron 7pure7 #ah grains4 ,elder-flower water #c ounces4 ,camphor1 sufficient quantity4 ,the sulphate of iron must be in clear green crystals1 unless the 8granulated0 form1 which is preferable1 be available1 and in either case the salt should be fresh and free from oxidized portions1 or 8rustiness20 it should be dissolved in half the elder-flower water 7all of which is better1 if not quite recently distilled1 for being quickly raised to the boiling point and cooled out of contact of air before use71 the citric acid being also in solution in the other half1 and the two fluids mixed1 filtered if necessary1 and bottled immediately1 a lump of camphor about the size of small peppercorn to be added to the contents of each bottle4 ,,wash ,,for ,,the ,,skin4 ,hydokinine #dh grains4 ,glacial phosphoric acid #cj grains4 ,glycerine #b drachms4 ,distilled water #f ounces4 ,mix4 ,the two lotions are stated to give excellent results1 especially the latter4 ,they are to be applied to the skin of the face1 etc41 in the usual way1 at least twice in the course of twenty-four hours1 after it has been washed and dried carefully4 ,if the skin be of the nature known as 8greasy10 a preliminary wash with tepid water containing a few drops of stronger water of ammonia is advisable4 ,,albadermine4 ,under this empirical title a process of removing 8tan0 and the milder variety of 8freckles10 a foreign surgeon has devised the following3 ,,solution ,a4 ,iodide potassa #b drachms4 ,pure iodine #f grains4 ,glycerine #c drachms4 ,infusion of rose leaves #d ounces4 ,dissolve the iodide of potassium in a small quantity of the infusion and a drachm of the glycerine2 with this fluid moisten the iodine in a glass mortar and rub it down1 gradually adding more liquid until complete solution has been obtained2 then stir in the remainder of the ingredients1 and bottle the mixture4 ,,solution ,b4 ,hyposulphate of soda #a-a_/b ounces4 ,rose water #a pint4 ,dissolve and filter4 ,with a small camel's hair pencil or piece of fine sponge apply a little of 8,albadermine ,a0 to the tanned or freckled surface1 until a slight but tolerably uniform brownish-yellow skin has been produced4 ,at the expiration of fifteen or twenty minutes moisten a piece of cambric1 lint1 or soft rag with 8,b0 and lay it upon the affected part1 removing1 squeezing away the liquid1 soaking it afresh1 and again applying until the iodine stain has disappeared4 ,repeat the entire process thrice daily1 but diminish the frequency of the application if tenderness be produced4 ,in the course of from three or four days to as many weeks the freckles will either have disappeared entirely or their intensity will be very greatly diminished4 8,summer freckles0 yield very speedily to this treatment4 ,,anti-,,freckle ,,lotion4 ,corrosive sublimate #ab grains4 ,hydrochloric acid 7pure7 #c drachms4 ,kernels of bitter almonds #a-a_/b ounces4 ,glycerine #a ounce4 ,tincture benzoin #b drachms4 ,orange-flower water1 sufficient quantity4 ,dissolve the corrosive sublimate in three ounces of the orange-flower water1 add the hydrochloric acid1 and set aside4 ,blanch the bitter almonds and bruise them in a ,wedgwood mortar1 adding thereto the glycerine and using the pestle vigorously2 a smooth paste is thus obtained4 ,then add gradually about nine ounces of the orange-flower water1 stirring constantly1 continuing this operation until a fine1 creamy emulsion is the result4 ,subject this to violent agitation--preferably with the aid of a mechanical egg whisk--and allow the tincture of benzoin to fall into it the while drop by drop4 ,then add the mercurial solution1 filter1 and make up the whole to the measure of one imperial pint 7#bj ounces7 with more orange-flower water4 ,this preparation is recommended to us by an eminent dermatologist as being invariably efficacious in the treatment of ephelis1 and always greatly ameliorating lentigo1 even if it does not entirely decolorize the patches in the latter case4 ,a general whitening of the skin is produced by this lotion without any irritation4 ,it is as well1 however1 not to apply it to any abraded surfaces4 ,it has been found far superior in practice to a preparation--which it somewhat resembles--sold at a high price in ,paris under the name of ,lait ,antiphelique4 ,,bismuth ,,ointment ,,for ,,freckles4 ,subnitrate of bismuth #c drachms4 ,simple ointment #b ounces4 ,apply to the face1 etc41 at night1 and remove in the morning with a little cold cream previous to washing4 ,this is from a private ,american source4 ,,copper ,,oleate ,,for ,,freckles1 ,,etc4 ,this is a much more effective and reliable ointment for the purpose than the preceding1 which is really only suited for the milder form of sunburn1 while the oleate of copper will remove the more persistent and obstinate lentigo4 ,it is thus prepared3 ,oleate of copper #a ounce4 ,petrolatum #c ounces4 ,mix4 ,this is to be applied in the same manner as the preceding1 washing the surface of the skin1 however 7after the cold cream71 about every third morning1 with a little weak ammonia water1 in order to prevent any inadvertent accumulation of copper4 ,several of the preceding are well adapted for the treatment of very dark-colored and deep-seated examples of lentigo1 of which1 however1 some seem capable of resisting all treatment of this kind4 ,the only method of reaching these is by the complete removal of the epidermis of the part and of the upper portion of the cutis also4 ,a ,turkish bath is often useful as a preliminary for an effort of this kind1 which1 of course1 needs the application of some disorganizing substance4 ,permanganate of potassium answers in this direction1 but we find that a moderately strong solution of ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,condy's new disinfectant--permanganate of aluminum--is undoubtedly the best of the two for this purpose4 ,it should be applied several times until the skin has acquired a uniform brown tint4 ,at from one to twelve hours after this is noticed it should be removed by a warm and dilute solution 7about #h or #aj per cent7 of hydrochloric acid1 to which a little glycerine may be added to prevent too rapid drying4 ,still better1 however1 is nitric acid1 which if 8painted0 upon a colored spot of this kind first renders it more distinctly yellow1 then orange-brown4 ,in a day or two this becomes a deeper brown1 and more or less disorganized1 cracking1 either round the edge1 or right across the center1 so that it can be readily peeled away4 ,freckles removed in this manner seldom crop up again1 in that particular place1 at all events4 ,in this connection it is a somewhat curious fact that whereas dilute nitric acid often caused soreness and irritation when applied in this manner1 a stronger acid does nothing of the kind1 but quietly and quickly 8deadens0 that portion of the outer covering it has been applied to1 so that in a day or two it can be removed quite painlessly4 ,what is known as 8,french nitric acid10 of from #a4ccj to #a4cej specific gravity1 is very appropriate for this purpose4 ,,cocaine ,,and ,,nitric ,,acid ,,for ,,moles1 ,,etc4 ,the removal of either deep-seated freckles or moles is1 as before hinted1 not always an easy task1 but nitric acid is perhaps about as good an agent for the purpose as any other4 ,the mole should be surrounded by a little 8cell0 or ring of wax1 so that the acid can be applied direct without fear of disorganizing the adjacent skin4 ,as1 however1 nitric acid by itself sometimes occasions a good deal of smarting1 etc41 when applied1 it is better to avoid this by mixing cocaine with it4 ,the mixture given below answers the purpose very well indeed3 ,nitric acid #a drachm4 ,cocaine #f grains4 ,this should be kept ready for use in a small bottle with a good-fitting stopper4 ,the end of a glass rod dipped in and then cautiously applied to the surface of the mole or freckle1 the process being repeated once or twice a day1 and the unsightly spot has its vitality destroyed without pain1 being then easily and effectually removed4 ,preparation for ,red ,noses4 ,this formula was procured from a friend of the author residing at ,little ,rock1 ,ark4 ,i can vouch for its efficacy in his case1 as it removed the unnatural color in a few days1 and he told me that others had tried it with equally gratifying results4 ,it is translated from a formula of a young physician1 a graduate of ,jefferson ,medical ,college3 ,oxide of zinc #a_/d ounce4 ,corrosive sublimate #b grains4 ,sulphur 7precip47 #a_/b ounce4 ,glycerine #a_/d ounce4 ,calamine #c drachms4 ,rose water1 sufficient to make #h ounces4 ,mix and apply with a small1 soft sponge4 ,the medical works say little about the red nose4 ,the cause is usually attributed to drinking1 but gluttony1 tight lacing1 nasal catarrh1 chronic enlargement of the tonsils1 exposure to strong sunlight1 etc41 all contribute to a reddening of the nasal organ4 ,other ,toilet ,preparations4 ,the following formula1 prescribed by the late ,dr4 ,tilbury ,fox1 is a very soothing application1 and is a great favorite with ladies who have flushed faces3 ,calamine ,face ,lotion4 ,levigated calamine #abj grains4 ,oxide of zinc #fj grains4 ,glycerine #fj drops4 ,rose water1 sufficient to make #c ounces4 ,be sure and get the white calamine1 and not the red4 ,apply with a small1 soft sponge and allow to dry on1 the excess of powder being lightly dusted off with a soft cloth4 ,lotion for ,chapped ,hands1 ,face1 and ,lips4 ,glycerine #c drachms4 ,strained honey #a drachm4 ,cologne #a drachm4 ,oil of bitter almonds #c drops4 ,alcohol #d ounces4 ,water #a-a_/b ounces4 ,mix and apply with a soft sponge while the skin is damp1 and wipe dry with a towel4 ,this is the best preparation of its class4 ,lip ,salve4 ,for healing and softening the lips1 preventing them from cracking1 etc41 the following is an elegant preparation3 ,petrolatum #b ounces4 ,white wax1 or paraffine #a_/b ounce4 ,tannin #a_/b drachm4 ,oils of lavender and bergamot1 each #a_/d drachm4 ,oil of rose geranium #a_/b drachm4 ,melt the petrolatum and wax together and add the tannin while cooling2 add the oils and stir until cold4 ,when it is desired to color the lips add #bj grains of carmine4 ,this is done by reducing the carmine to a fine powder in a mortar and rub with a small portion of the salve until it is thoroughly incorporated1 and then mix the remainder gradually4 ,pimple ,lotion4 ,carbolic acid #a_/b drachm4 ,borax #b drachms4 ,glycerine #a ounce4 ,tannin #a drachm4 ,alcohol #a-a_/b ounces4 ,rose water #e ounces4 ,mix and dissolve4 ,apply night and morning4 ,manicure ,powder4 ,this is used for polishing and cleaning the nails3 ,powdered pumice stone #d ounces4 ,powdered ,french chalk #a_/d ounce4 ,carmine 7,no4 #dj7 in powder #a_/d drachm4 ,bulk perfume 7violet or rose7 #a_/h ounce4 ,manicure ,salve4 ,this is for softening the nails1 curing hang-nails1 etc43 ,petrolatum #a ounce4 ,powdered castile soap #b drachms4 ,oil of bergamot #ae drops4 ,mix thoroughly and apply upon going to bed1 wearing a pair of gloves4 ,best ,bay ,rum4 ,oil of bay leaves #d fluid drachms4 ,oil of pimenta #cj minims4 ,oil of bergamot #fj minims4 ,acetic ether #cj minims4 ,concentrated lye #d drachms4 ,deodorized alcohol #g pints4 ,water #i pints4 ,color sufficient with grass green4 ,mix the oils and dissolve them in the alcohol2 to this gradually add the lye1 previously dissolved in the water1 then add the acetic ether and coloring matter1 and let stand a few days and filter through a glass funnel into a glass vessel4 ,fine ,rose ,water4 ,oil of rose #ae drops4 ,white sugar #a_/b ounce4 ,carbonate of magnesia #b drachms4 ,water #b pints4 ,alcohol #b ounces4 ,add the oil to the alcohol1 rub with magnesia and sugar1 then add the water and filter4 ,hoyt's ,german ,cologne4 ,oil of bergamot #a ounce4 ,oil of ,neroli #a_/d ounce4 ,oil of lemon #a ounce4 ,oil of sandal wood #a_/b ounce4 ,camphor #bj grains4 ,deodorized alcohol #g pints4 ,rose water #a pint4 ,mix1 let stand #cj days1 and then filter4 ,hair ,tonic4 ,tincture red cinchona #c ounces4 ,glycerine #a-a_/b ounces4 ,jamaica rum #a ounce4 ,tannic acid #a_/b drachm4 ,tincture cantharides #b drachms4 ,tincture capsicum #a drachm4 ,cologne1 sufficient to make #i ounces4 ,apply once or twice a day1 rubbing well into the scalp4 ,clifford's ,shampoo ,compound4 ,borax #c ounces4 ,salts of tartar #a ounce4 ,mix1 and dissolve #a ounce of the mixture in #a pint of water when wanted for use4 ,quillaya ,sea ,foam4 ,tincture of quillaya #a ounce4 ,bay rum #a ounce4 ,water #f ounces4 ,this is much better than the old form containing ammonia4 ,cream ,hair ,oil4 ,pure winter-strained lard oil #b ounces4 ,strong solution of borax #b ounces4 ,perfume with bergamot or any desired odor4 ,this makes an elegant1 creamy preparation1 and is one of the best that can be made4 ,the addition of #a_/d ounce of tincture of cantharides to the above amount will stop the hair from falling out and assist ,nature in supplying new hair4 ,a great many persons are prejudiced against hair oils1 but they have been used for ages1 and will continue to be used4 ,some hair actually demands oil1 owing to a lack of that supplied by nature4 ,pomade ,hair-,grower4 ,petrolatum #a_/b pound4 ,tincture cantharides #c_/d ounce4 ,oil of cinnamon #ae minims4 ,oil of bergamot #fj minims4 ,oil of citronella #cj minims4 ,oil of cloves #e minims4 ,melt the petrolatum and add the tincture of cantharides1 and while cooling add the other ingredients4 ,perspiration ,powder4 ,salicylic acid #ae grains4 ,carbolic acid #aj drops4 ,burnt alum 7powdered7 #a drachm4 ,starch 7powdered7 #b ounces4 ,french chalk 7powdered7 #a ounce4 ,oil of lemon #bj drops4 ,mix thoroughly1 and apply by dusting the powder into the stockings and gloves4 ,corn and ,wart ,salve4 ,caustic soda or potassa #a ounce4 ,water #a ounce4 ,starch 7powdered7 #a_/d ounce4 ,glycerine #b ounces4 ,mix the starch with the glycerine1 heat1 and stir until thoroughly incorporated4 ,dissolve the potassa in the water heated to a boiling point and add the other mixture to it4 ,this preparation needs to be applied only once or twice4 ,spread a little of the salve on the corn1 bunion1 or wart4 ,do not touch the healthy skin4 ,allow it to remain several hours and then soak the part in warm water4 ,german ,corn-,killer4 ,a very popular liquid preparation for removing corns1 etc41 is prepared as follows3 ,salicylic acid #c_/d drachm4 ,extract of ,indian hemp #h grains4 ,collodion #c_/d ounce4 ,apply once a day to the hard skin by means of a small brush4 ,chilblains4 ,in the treatment of chilblains we give a detailed list of formulas from the works and practice of a number of the most eminent physicians and surgeons4 ,,ointment ,,to ,,be ,,used ,,at ,,night4 ,dr4 ,bartholow's prescription is as follows3 ,carbolic acid #a drachm4 ,tincture of iodine #b drachms4 ,tannic acid #b drachms4 ,simple cerate #d ounces4 ,,powder ,,to ,,prevent ,,chilblains4 ,dr4 ,bandt gives the following prescription3 ,sodium borate #c parts4 ,alum and benzoin1 each #b parts4 ,mustard #ab parts4 ,orris root and bran1 each #aj parts4 ,almond-skins #cj parts4 ,mix with a little water and apply4 ,,wash ,,for ,,non-,,ulcerated ,,chilblains4 ,dr4 ,beasley's prescription is as follows3 ,sulphate of aluminum and potash #a part4 ,vinegar and weak alcohol1 of each #be parts4 ,dissolve and filter4 ,apply night and morning4 ,,ointment ,,for ,,non-,,ulcerated ,,chilblains4 ,dr4 ,giacomini's prescription is as follows3 ,prepared lard #h parts4 ,chrystallized acetate of lead #a part4 ,distilled cherry laurel water #b parts4 ,mix1 and apply night and morning4 ,,for ,,unbroken ,,chilblains4 ,sulphuric acid #a drachm4 ,spirits of turpentine #a drachm4 ,olive oil #c drachms4 ,mix the oil and turpentine first1 then gradually add the acid4 ,apply by rubbing on two or three times a day4 ,,for ,,unbroken ,,chilblains4 ,lard #d ounces4 ,turpentine #a ounce4 ,camphor #b ounces4 ,oil of rosemary #ae drops4 ,rub in with continued friction4 ,,for ,,broken ,,chilblains4 ,yellow wax ,olive oil of each1 #c ounces4 ,camphorated oil ,goulard's extract #a-a_/b ounces4 ,melt the wax with the oil1 then add the camphorated oil and ,goulard extract4 ,how to ,make an ,incubator4 ,from ,scientific ,american ,supplement4 ,experiments with the incubator here given have been made all over the country4 ,it is one that is in actual use1 and has always given satisfaction4 ,having secured permission from the originator1 we here illustrate it for the benefit of our readers4 ,to make this incubator get your tinner to make you a tank #ae inches wide1 #cj inches long1 and #ab inches deep1 of galvanized iron or zinc1 the iron being preferable4 ,on the top should be a tube #a inch in diameter and #h inches high4 ,in front should be another tube1 #i inches long1 to which should be attached a spigot1 as illustrated in ,fig4 #b4 ,having made your tank1 have what is called the ventilator made1 which is a box with a bottom but no top4 ,the ventilator should be #h inches deep1 and #a inch smaller all round than the tank1 as the tank must rest on inch boards4 ,in the ventilator should be four or six tin tubes #a_/b inch in diameter and #f inches long4 ,they should extend through the bottom1 so as to admit air from below1 and to within #b inches of the top or a little less4 ,now make an egg drawer1 which is a frame of wood #c inches deep having no top or bottom1 except that the front should be boxed off and filled with sawdust1 which is covered over afterward with a piece of muslin to keep the sawdust from spilling4 ,this box in front of the drawer exactly fits the opening in ,fig4 #c1 when the drawer is in its place4 ,of course the egg drawer must be made longer than the tank and ventilator1 in order to allow for this space which it fills in the opening1 which is the packing all around the incubator4 ,the bottom of the egg drawer should be made by nailing a few slats lengthwise to the under side1 or rather1 fitting them in nicely1 and over the slats in the inside of the drawer a piece of thick1 strong muslin should be tightly drawn4 ,on this muslin the eggs are placed1 in the same position as if laid in a hen's nest1 and it allows the air to pass through to the eggs for ventilation4 ,the eggs can be turned by hand1 marked for designation1 or an egg turner may be made by fastening slats crosswise to one on each side running lengthwise1 something like a window lattice1 and when the eggs are placed between these slots by merely pushing the frame the eggs will turn over1 exactly on the same principle that an egg will roll when it is pushed by a block1 a book1 or anything else2 but we believe the method is patented1 and do not advise infringement4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,the ,,hot-,,water ,,incubator4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,the ,,tank4 ,observe that the tubes on the top and the spigot are quite long1 in order that they may extend through the packing of sawdust which is to surround it4 ,this tank is to have a close-fitting covering 7top and sides7 of wood1 to resist pressure of water4 ,the bottom is not to be covered4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,drawer ,,opening4 ,shows the thick packing1 which is noticed at the opening4 ,this extends all around4 ,the front of the egg drawer 7,fig4 #d7 fits in its place in order to complete the surrounding packing1 when the incubator is closed1 as at ,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,the ,,egg ,,drawer4 ,the space just in front of the eggs is the portion partitioned off to fit in the opening at ,fig4 #c4 ,the egg drawer is therefore ,,longer than the tank and ventilator4 ,having prepared the tank1 let it be covered with a box1 but the box must not have any bottom4 ,this is to protect the tank against pressure of water on the sides1 and to assist in retaining heat4 ,such being done1 place your ventilator first1 egg drawer next1 and tank last4 ,now place a support under the tank and the box1 or have them rest on rods1 and as the weight of water will be great in the center1 the iron rods should be placed crosswise under the tank every #f inches4 ,now fasten the three apartments 7ventilator1 egg drawer1 and tank7 together1 with boards nailed to the sides and back and front 7of course leaving the opening for the egg drawer71 care being taken to drive no nails in the egg drawer1 as it must move in and out1 and should have a strong strip to rest on for that purpose4 ,having completed these preparations make a larger box to go over all three1 so that there will be a space on the sides1 back1 front1 and on top2 but as the ventilator must be filled with sawdust to within #a inch of the top of the tubes1 it serves for the bottom packing4 ,make the outer box so that there will be room for filling all around the inside box with sawdust1 and also on top1 being careful to let the tube for pouring in the water come through1 as also the spigot in front4 ,about #d inches or so thickness of sawdust is sufficient1 according to preference4 ,the front of the incubator must be packed also1 but an idea of how it should be done may be learned by observing the opening in ,fig4 #c1 which is so constructed that the box in front of the egg drawer 7,fig4 #d7 exactly fits into it1 and completes the packing when the drawer is shut4 ,the incubator should be raised from the floor about an inch1 when completed1 to allow the air to pass under and thence into the ventilator tubes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,the ,,ventilator4 ,the tubes admit air from below1 which passes into the egg drawer above through the muslin bottom of the egg drawer to the eggs4 ,the eggs rest upon the muslin1 which is tightly drawn over narrow slats running lengthwise the bottom of the drawer4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,here we remove the front of the incubator in order to show the positions of the ventilator1 egg drawer1 and tank4 ,first the ventilator1 then the egg drawer 7which of course should be longer than the others in order to fit in the opening shown at ,fig4 #c1 but which we did not do here in order to mark the places71 and on the top is the tank4 ,when the front is completed the incubator is seen at ,fig4 #a4 ,the incubator being complete1 the tank is filled with boiling water4 ,it must remain untouched for twenty-four hours1 as it requires time during which to heat completely through4 ,as it will heat slowly1 it will also cool slowly4 ,let it cool down to #abj deg41 and then put in the eggs1 or1 what is better1 run it without eggs for a day or two in order to learn it and notice its variation4 ,when the eggs are put in1 the drawer will cool down some4 ,all that is required then is to add about a bucket or so of water once or twice a day1 but be careful about endeavoring to get up heat suddenly1 as the heat does not rise for five hours after the additional bucket of water is added4 ,the tank radiates the heat down on the eggs1 there being nothing between the iron bottom of the tank and the eggs1 for the wood over and around the tank does not extend across the bottom of the tank4 ,the cool air comes from below in the ventilator pipes1 passing through the muslin bottom of the egg drawer to the eggs4 ,the #aecj-;inch tank incubator holds #ajj eggs if turned by hand1 but less if the eggs are placed between slats4 ,lay the eggs in the same way as in a nest--promiscuously4 ,,directions4 ,keep the heat inside the egg drawer as near #ajc deg4 as possible2 the third week at #ajd deg4 ,avoid opening the egg drawer frequently1 as it allows too much escape of heat4 ,be sure your thermometer records correctly1 as half the failures are due to incorrect thermometers1 and not one in twenty is correct4 ,place the bulb of the thermometer even with the top of the eggs1 that is1 when the thermometer is lying down in the drawer4 ,the upper end should be slightly raised1 so as to allow the mercury to rise1 but the bulb and eggs should be of the same heat1 as the figures record the heat in the bulb and not in the tube4 ,keep a pie pan filled with water in the ventilator for moisture and keep two or three moist sponges in the egg drawer1 displacing a few eggs for the purpose4 ,turn the eggs half way round twice a day at regular intervals4 ,let the eggs cool down for fifteen minutes once every day1 but do not let them cool lower than #gj deg4 ,no sprinkling is required if the sponges are kept moist4 ,if the heat gets up to #aaj deg4 or as low as #fj deg4 for a little while it is not necessarily fatal4 ,too much heat is more prevalent than too little4 ,a week's practice in operating the incubator will surprise one how simple the work is4 ,the tank will be troublesome to fill at first1 but the matter will be easy after it is done1 as it can be kept hot4 ,heat the water in two or more boilers1 as a large quantity will be required1 and pour it in through the tube on top of the incubator boiling hot1 using a funnel in the tube for the purpose4 ,just at the time of hatching out do not be tempted to frequently open the drawer4 ,cold draughts are fatal4 ,patience must be exercised4 ,,brooders4 ,an excellent brooder may be made with a tank of hot water1 covered well1 the same as the incubator4 ,a piece of muslin or woolen cloth should be next the bottom to prevent burning the chicks4 ,keep the heat among the chicks at about #ij deg4 ,let the tank rest on inch boards with no opening under it1 but in front2 a fringe should hang in front for the chicks to run in and out under the tank4 ,a little yard may be constructed of glass sash1 something like a hot-bed4 ,feed the chicks four or five times a day1 at first on hard-boiled eggs1 chopped fine1 giving them also a little milk1 fine screenings1 and millet seed4 ,after they are a week old feed anything they can eat1 but never feed meal in a raw state1 as it should be scalded first4 ,keep a little sand1 fine gravel1 and bone-meal within reach of them all the time1 and see that they are always dry1 clean1 and warm4 ,do not crowd them1 as the fewer the number together the better1 and never have different ages together4 ,this incubator will hatch chicks1 ducks1 turkeys1 or guineas1 and we see no reason why it should not hatch the egg of the ostrich or anything else as well4 ,chicks hatched by incubators1 if rightly cared for1 do better than with hens1 and are stronger and more vigorous4 ,we have endeavored here to embody all the answers to questions that we suppose may be asked4 ,should you be in doubt1 read the directions carefully again4 ,we trust that with the help of our illustrations our readers will have no difficulties in the way4--,the ,poultry ,keeper4 ,a ,cheap ,charcoal ,stove4 ,illustration ,i saw the other day at a friend's house one of the simplest and most effective stoves for a small conservatory it is possible to imagine4 ,it was composed of three #ab-;inch ordinary flower pots4 ,the hole at the bottom of the lowest was covered with a small pot1 into the sides of which had been bored a number of holes4 ,the pot was then three parts filled with charcoal1 and lighted from the top4 ,this is the furnace4 ,it is covered by pots ,nos4 #b and #c1 and a light tin funnel and chimney carry off the vapor4 ,the draught is maintained by placing the apparatus on a couple of bricks1 and regulated by closing the intervening space with mud1 leaving only a sufficient aperture to keep the fire burning4 ,this improvised stove will burn without attention for twenty-four hours1 and it is amazing what a great amount of heat is given off from so small a surface4--,s4 ,j41 in the ,gardener's ,chronicle4 ,preservative ,compounds4 ,within a few years some valuable methods of keeping meats1 fish1 oysters1 fruits1 fruit juices1 milk1 butter1 etc41 in a healthful1 nutritious1 and palatable condition for a considerable time past the ordinary period of their decay have been discovered4 ,in the following treatise we give the results of the most patient research in securing all the latest and most valuable information in regard to this important subject4 ,we will not deal with processes which necessitate complicated apparatus or which require almost impossible chemical combinations1 but we will explain inventions which have undoubted value combined with as much simplicity in the preparation as the circumstances will permit4 ,of all the anti-septic agents used for the purposes mentioned boracic acid is the favorite1 and salicylic acid next in choice4 ,various other anti-septic agents are used and combined in different ways1 according to the results of experiments4 ,they are applied either by immersion1 coating1 injecting1 vapors1 etc41 according to specified instructions4 ,prof4 ,frederic ,s4 ,barff of ,kilburn1 ,england1 it seems was the first to combine boracic acid with glycerine1 and to produce a preservative compound known as boroglyceride1 which is soluble in water and alcohol4 ,as boracic acid is but slightly soluble in water and other common solvents this combination with glycerine--which is also a useful agent in arresting the growth of germs--is peculiarly valuable4 ,it is tasteless and inodorous and imparts no disagreeable taste or odor to the substance being treated4 ,solutions of the compound may be applied to the preservation of all organic substances1 either animal or vegetable4 ,the process was patented in ,england in #ahha and in the ,united ,states in #ahhb4 ,to prepare boroglyceride1 glycerine is heated to near its boiling point and boracic acid added until it ceases to be dissolved1 the proportions being about #ib parts by weight of glycerine to #fb parts by weight of boracic acid in chrystals4 ,maintain the mixture to a temperature of about #bjj deg4 centigrade as long as water is given off4 ,when the mass cools it becomes a yellowish1 transparent1 glacial substance1 tough and deliquescent4 ,this dissolves in water1 but when boiled in large quantities of the same it is decomposed into glycerine and boracic acid4 ,in order to employ the compound prepare a solution either in water1 alcohol1 or other suitable solvent and immerse in or impregnate with such solutions the organic substances to be operated upon4 ,solutions may be prepared of various degrees of strength1 but it has been found that a solution consisting of #a part by weight of the compound and #dj parts by weight of water will give good results2 but other desired proportions may be adopted4 ,prof4 ,barff1 the inventor of the boroglyceride process1 read a paper before the ,royal ,society of ,arts1 ,london1 in regard to his method of preserving food4 ,the date of the reading is not at hand1 but it is supposed to be slightly prior to ,may #ac1 #ahhb1 on which date it was printed in the ,scientific ,american ,supplement4 ,although quite lengthy the paper contains so much interesting data and light upon the subject that we reproduce it almost entirely1 together with remarks by other eminent gentlemen who were present at the meeting3 8,this evening ,i have on the table specimens of food which have been kept for longer or shorter periods1 as they are intended to illustrate various applications of this preserving material4 ,as you know oysters are imported very largely in tins4 ,they are cooked at a high temperature and hermetically sealed4 ,the high temperature to which they are exposed necessarily causes a loss of flavor1 and it is generally remarked that tinned oysters are not a success4 99 99 99 ,i have oysters on the table which were opened on the #c;d of ,december in last year4 ,i will ask you to taste them and see in what condition they are1 and ,i would also remind you that they have not been kept in hermetically sealed tins1 but simply in corked or stoppered bottles2 hence this method of preserving oysters is cheaper than the other1 and ,i maintain that it is more effective1 because their natural and fresh flavor is preserved4 ,i am informed by a friend in ,jamaica that he has sent me some ,jamaica oysters and other things--,i trust they will be here in time for me to submit them to you this evening4 8,another substance1 the perfect preservation of which is very important1 is cream1 both for home use and for exportation4 ,cream in ,london costs from four to five shillings per quart2 it can be bought in country places for two shillings1 and even for less4 ,this preservative substance will keep cream for months perfectly good and sweet1 having its full flavor2 so that it would be quite possible to send it in quantities from the country1 and its sale need not be pressed as it need not be used immediately4 ,i have regularly every week1 except during the holidays1 brought with me from ,beaumont ,college1 near ,windsor1 where ,i lecture1 a quart of cream treated with one ounce of the boroglyceride2 it has always kept perfectly good even in the hottest weather4 ,i have done this for a year and a half2 a near relative has taken the greater part of this regularly for the time stated1 and this proves conclusively that there is nothing at all injurious to health in the compound4 ,i see a gentleman present here to-night who is connected with that college as a professor of natural science1 and he will1 in the discussion1 be able to give you very valuable information as to the material and as to its perfect wholesomeness4 ,last month ,i sent some cream to the ,rev4 ,j4 ,ryan1 a ,jesuit priest in ,jamaica1 and ,i have received a letter from him1 from which ,i will read you an extract3 #8#bf ,north ,street1 ,kingston1 ,jamaica1 #8,february #bd1 #ahhb4 #8,the cream which you sent was used by eight of us in coffee1 and was pronounced to be wonderfully good4 ,next morning it was taken in preference to a beaten egg1 by the captain of ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,tenedos1 to his coffee4' 8,last year ,i sent some ,devonshire clotted cream1 which ,i prepared myself1 to ,zanzibar1 on the east coast of ,africa4 ,the climate here is very hot2 fresh food will only keep a few hours4 ,this cream had to pass through the hot climate of the ,red ,sea4 ,i will read an extract from a letter written by a lady who received the cream3 #8,universities ,mission ,to ,central ,africa1 #8,mbweni1 ,zanzibar1 ,march #h1 #ahha4 #8,the ,devonshire cream you sent us was quite a success4 ,i received it last night4 ,fortunately the ,bishop and ,miss ,a---- came to ,mbweni1 to-day1 so we had it for dinner4 ,that ,i might have everything correct ,i opened a pot of raspberry jam which we had from ,london a long time ago4 ,the ,bishop said it had kept perfectly1 but had not quite the rich flavor that it has when quite fresh2 he has been used to it in ,devonshire4 ,every one pronounced it most excellent4 ,we sent some in to ,mrs4 ,h----1 and were surprised at her sending for more1 for she seldom eats half anything we send her4 ,she did not know what it was1 but she said she had never had anything here she enjoyed so much4' 8,a year ago ,i sent some cream from ,beaumont ,college dairy to the ,rev4 ,thomas ,porter1 the head of the ,jesuit ,mission in the ,west ,indies4 ,he states that the cream was as good as any he had eaten at home1 that he gave it to several strangers to eat1 and that they would not believe that it came from ,england4 ,these experiments and these testimonies prove conclusively that this compound will preserve cream4 ,i shall this evening show you specimens4 ,it is easy to send cream in good condition to the tropics4 ,a great objection to condensed milk is that it is always too sweet4 ,the boroglyceride will preserve condensed milk1 and will give it no flavor at all4 ,my friend1 the ,rev4 ,thomas ,porter1 sent me some articles preserved with the material which ,i sent him from ,england4 ,they arrived about ,june in last year4 ,some raw1 fresh turtle came quite fresh4 ,it was cooked and eaten by several persons1 who said it was quite fresh and good1 and had the flavor of fresh turtle4 ,at my own house ,i had turtle cutlets fried2 they were perfectly good1 and tasted like turtle4 ,another article which ,father ,porter sent me was an uncooked ,jamaica pigeon2 it was roasted at ,beaumont ,college4 ,i divided it and brought half of it home ,it was tasted by twelve people1 who all pronounced that it was perfectly good1 and had the true pigeon flavor4 ,in the same parcel came some green sugar-cane1 fresh tamarinds taken direct from the tree1 fresh limes1 and the juices of two different fruits4 ,all were fresh1 and were tasted by gentlemen who had lived in ,jamaica1 who all declared that they had all their own peculiar flavors4 ,on the #c;d of ,september1 #ahha1 another box was sent me from ,jamaica1 containing sugar-cane1 guavas1 fresh ginger1 and turtle2 the turtle had come to grief1 because it was not properly treated on the other side2 the cane1 guavas1 and fresh ginger have been tasted by those who have lived in ,jamaica1 and have been pronounced to have their true flavors4 8,ordinary milk cannot be kept good for a long time1 especially in hot weather4 ,if milk were concentrated in this country1 and heated with the boroglyceride1 carriage would be saved1 and the milk might be kept good and fresh for a fortnight and more2 all it would require would be to reduce it again to its original strength4 ,if fresh milk be treated with this preservative it can be set for cream for several days1 even in hot weather4 ,the cream which rises will keep1 and the skim-milk will remain sweet for several weeks2 this ,i have tried in the dairy at ,beaumont ,college4 ,from the cream so prepared butter was made1 and was kept for several weeks without a particle of salt1 and was eaten by members of the college4 ,i also wish to show another method by which meat can be preserved and cheaply transported4 ,in ,south ,america1 about ,buenos ,ayres and the ,river ,platte1 many cattle are killed simply for the hides and fat2 the flesh is thrown away4 ,now1 if this flesh were cut up in small pieces1 and put into the preserving liquid for a night1 it would1 even in that hot climate1 keep good for some time4 ,it could then in a few hours be dried in the sun1 packed in casks1 and sent to this or to other countries4 ,i have a specimen of beef treated in this way4 ,it was put into the solution on ,jan4 #ai1 #ahhb1 dried ,feb4 #a1 and has lately1 within a few days1 been boiled1 and here is the resulting beef tea1 which has not in any way been flavored4 ,i have also small quantities of beef juice here preserved in bottles4 ,the juice was expressed and has been kept raw4 ,raw beef and mutton juice is recommended by medical men in many conditions of the digestive system4 ,i administered it to a near relation for six weeks1 and the juice was preserved good by my material4 ,in the case referred to the effect was very satisfactory4 ,it appears to me to be a most important matter that soup meat1 and meat for potting and stewing1 should be sent to this country in the way ,i propose4 ,the supply would be large1 the prices low1 and the profits highly satisfactory1 and it would greatly relieve the meat market1 because a very large quantity of fresh meat which is now used for soup could be employed in other ways4 ,it has been remarked to me3 #8,but would you get people to use it8' ,i think1 to begin with1 that if proprietors of hotels and heads of large public institutions1 workhouses1 and hospitals could be shown that for half the cost they could have equally good soup and soup stock1 they would willingly use it1 and from thence it would come into private use4 ,i have specimens to show the effect of boroglyceride on fish4 ,here are sprats which have been kept for a year2 they are dry1 but perfectly good and eatable2 also some preserved fresh since ,jan4 #ac1 #ahhb4 ,you will be able to judge of their appearance and flavor4 ,i have also herrings and a piece of skate which have been preserved for the same time4 ,if fishmongers had a tank of this solution they could1 at the end of the day1 put their fish in it1 and take them out when required4 ,bloaters1 when lightly cured in hot weather1 do not keep good many days2 if a small quantity of this stuff was used with the salt1 they would keep good for months4 ,the same may be said of smoked salmon4 ,that which is very salt costs #i;d4 per pound1 but the mild cured kinds cost #cs4 #f;d4 to #ds4 per pound4 ,all could be mildly cured if this material was used with the other curing substances4 ,as an adjunct in curing mild hams and bacon it would be of great use1 for these1 when cured lightly1 would not go bad1 as they often do in the summer time4 ,what ,i have said as to the temporary preservation of fish by fishmongers applies equally to the preservation of meat and fowls by butchers and poulterers4 8,it is justly complained of that the ,australian cooked meat is overcooked4 ,if it were for a short time dropped in this preservative solution it would keep perfectly well after being lightly cooked1 even underdone4 ,i have a piece of beef which was dipped ,feb4 #bh and boiled on ,march #i4 ,it has been left in its own liquid1 it was not flavored1 and no salt was added4 ,here1 too1 is a vast field for the application of the process4 ,here is also lobster which was taken out of the shell ,feb4 #a1 and here are two lobsters in their shell which were immersed on the same day4 8,i now wish to draw your attention to a parcel from ,jamaica1 which has just arrived1 and from which ,i am able1 ,i am happy to say1 to show you specimens which must be of interest4 ,in a jar on the table is some fresh turtle1 which ,i had simply cooked4 ,i thought it better so to present it to you rather than raw4 ,there is also a ,jamaica pigeon1 also just cooked here1 and a vol au vent1 which ,i have had made from oysters which were sent open in the preserving stuff from ,jamaica4 ,these specimens will prove conclusively that food sent from a tropical climate retains its freshness and delicate flavor4 ,i have reserved one of the pigeons raw1 that you may see in what state it arrived4 ,some mutton was shipped to me from the ,falkland ,islands at the beginning of last ,august2 a piece of it is uncooked on the table4 ,i have also had a piece stewed1 which you will be able to taste2 this has of course passed the tropics4 ,through the kindness of my friend ,mr4 ,haffenden of the #8,andaluzia1' in the ,strand1 who owns vineyards in the southwest of ,spain1 ,i can show you some perfectly fresh sardines which he had placed in the preserving fluid several months ago in ,spain1 and which he brought with him4 ,you will yourselves judge of their condition2 ,i will only remark that they have the peculiar fragrance of that delicate fish1 and will it not be a boon to have a supply of this fresh delicacy at a moderate cost8 8,you will also see1 and ,i hope taste1 a pigeon pie4 ,the pigeons and the steak have been preserved raw in stoppered bottles since the #bast of last ,november and the eggs since the #dth of ,july1 #ahha4 ,i will also call your attention to a tongue which ,i myself placed in the solution ,feb4 #i in this year1 with some garlic1 sugar1 and juniper berries1 my object being to show that salt can1 if desired1 be dispensed with4 ,you will doubtless find that it will require salt2 but you will readily infer that hams1 tongues1 etc41 can be made just as salt as one pleases1 and will yet keep perfectly sweet1 in fact sounder1 than those cured only with salt4 ,this tongue was boiled out of pickle4 ,i exhibit two shoulders of mutton1 one cooked1 the other raw2 they are from sheep killed ,jan4 #aj1 #ahhb4 ,also a piece of beef preserved on the same day2 this when you have inspected it shall be cut in slices and broiled4 ,you will see some sausages1 both cooked and uncooked2 they were made for me by ,mr4 ,bowron1 poulterer1 of ,paddington1 early in ,july last1 before ,i went to ,carlsbad4 ,i took some with me to that place1 and they were there eaten and pronounced good4 ,these are some of the same lot2 they were made as follows3 ,the meat was chopped1 put into the preserving fluid for one night1 and then mixed with the other material in the ordinary way4 ,they have been kept since in an earthenware jar2 they have1 therefore1 been made more than nine months4 ,i may remark that the bread in these sausages was not treated1 and therefore it has become slightly sour1 but the pork has kept perfectly fresh4 ,i have also some other sausages which ,i bought ,jan4 #ab1 and at once preserved2 these having been steeped1 the bread has not turned in the slightest degree sour4 8,mock turtle soup1 bought ready made from a confectioner's shop in ,oxford street1 ,jan4 #be1 treated with the preservative stuff1 has remained quite good and unchanged in flavor4 8,there is also a specimen of gravy soup made in ,october last1 and some vermicelli soup made about three weeks ago4 ,the preservative action of boroglyceride in cooked foods is1 it seems to me1 of great importance to hotel-keepers1 confectioners1 and restaurant proprietors1 as it will enable them to buy large stocks when certain articles are cheap1 and from the specimen ,i show of cooked beef you see it remains quite moist1 as it can be kept1 without getting sour1 in its own gravy and under a layer of its own fat4 ,to prove that articles can be kept and dried without losing their flavor1 ,i had some partridges treated and dried last ,february twelvemonth1 and ,i exhibit some soup made from two of these birds4 ,the other articles on the table are one raw and one roast fowl1 bought ,jan4 #ag2 one raw and one roast pheasant1 bought ,feb4 #e2 one rabbit boiled1 bought ,jan4 #ag4 ,there are also from ,jamaica a green lime1 some fresh tamarinds1 and some pieces of fresh ginger4 99 99 99 8,i thank you1 ladies and gentlemen1 for the patient hearing you have given me40 ,,discussion4 ,the ,chairman said the paper was marked by the clear and philosophic way in which the subject was treated1 and before inviting discussion upon it he would mention shortly his own experience of the process1 the only interest of which was that it was quite independent of ,prof4 ,barff4 ,when he was asked to take the chair he communicated with ,mr4 ,barff1 and inquired what the process was4 ,mr4 ,barff kindly sent him a specimen of this substance1 which he melted1 and put some of it into one-half of a pint of cream4 ,the other half very soon turned sour1 and had to be thrown away1 but that to which the substance was added was perfectly fresh that morning4 ,he was confirmed in the opinion of its freshness by the cook1 though she said there was a very slight tartness perceptible1 by which she could distinguish it from fresh cream4 ,he had also tried another experiment on meat which was chopped very fine1 and divided into two parts2 to one part he added merely tepid water1 to the other1 tepid water to which one-sixteenth of its bulk of this compound had been added4 ,this was left on the meat for eighteen hours1 and then filtered off through muslin4 ,several days ago the portion which had no preservative was very offensive1 but the other portion was that morning perfectly free from any odor whatever4 ,the ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,dobson said he had had the pleasure of being associated with ,mr4 ,barff in most of the experiments he had detailed1 and might therefore anticipate his reply to one or two points raised by ,dr4 ,graham4 ,an experiment which was tried for some time in a large school would answer the question of wholesomeness4 ,at the ,beaumont ,college1 ,windsor1 there was a large staff of teachers and over #bjj pupils1 and during the hot weather of last summer the dairymaid was very much annoyed at the milk turning sour1 and applied to him to see if he could do anything to counteract it4 ,he handed her some #ad or #ae lbs4 of this material and during the whole of the hot weather and well on into ,september it was constantly used1 and the milk was preserved2 but the method was not detected by any one1 either by the younger members or by those who might be expected to be more critical4 ,no ill effects were observed by the medical officer or by individuals4 ,from his own experience he thought the aroma was very well preserved throughout4 ,for instance1 in oysters which had been preserved over three months there was the characteristic aroma of the fresh oyster2 mutton could be easily distinguished from beef1 and the peculiar smell of the turtle was also very distinct4 ,they had not yet tried beer with so much fullness as other articles1 but about nine months ago a small quantity was treated and left exposed to the air1 with only a loose stopper of cotton wool4 ,it did not grow cloudy in the ordinary way1 but owing to the severity of the experiment1 and perhaps to not sufficiently treating it1 after four months it lost all flavor1 became extremely flat1 and a slight fungus appeared4 ,dr4 ,thudichum had listened with great pleasure to the paper1 and had no doubt if the application of the invention could be effected on a large scale it would be very useful4 ,he had some experience with regard to a portion of the ingredients used1 viz43 boracic acid1 though he had none of this beautiful new compound4 ,it might not be known to the meeting that boracic acid had been used for a great many years for preserving food1 and in fact many of them in summer time had their milk well dosed with it4 ,it had been sold to milkmen in ,london for years under the name of 8aseptin40 ,he had tested it in #ahfe and found a great many of those effects which ,mr4 ,barff described4 ,for instance eggs were beautifully preserved1 and steak immersed in the solution did not become either mouldy or decomposed1 but on the contrary appeared to retain its flavor4 ,a variety of other things1 such as cheese and cream1 were for a long time preserved by this application of aseptin4 ,he hoped the addition of the glycerine would increase the power and prevent some drawbacks which would otherwise stand in the way of boracic acid alone as a preservative of raw or cooked meat4 ,prof4 ,barff1 in reply to the various questions which had been asked1 said he had used salicylic acid and had found it useful in preserving food1 but for several reasons discontinued further investigations1 one being on the score of its unwholesomeness1 and he found that his views on that point had been borne out by the action taken by the ,french ,government4 ,dr4 ,graham had asked him about flavor2 he had given ,dr4 ,graham a few days ago some specimens of preserved fish1 which he said had lost their flavor1 but that would not be found to be the case with the box of sardines4 ,the herrings had been kept in an open vessel exposed to the air ever since the day they were put into the liquid1 and therefore it was not surprising that they had lost their flavor4 ,if they would try any of the things which had been tinned1 not soldered up1 but such as the ,jamaica pigeons1 which were in a common corked bottle1 it would be found that the aroma and flavor were retained4 ,the only thing requisite was to keep the vessel so as to exclude the air1 as you would with tea or coffee4 ,dr4 ,thudichum made some very interesting remarks which there was not time to refer to at length1 if he were competent to do so1 but not being a medical man he could not enter into medical questions4 ,as to the wholesomeness of the compound1 however1 he might say that he had taken large quantities of it himself and it had never done him any harm2 and a near relative had taken an ounce per week regularly for a year and a half1 without any ill effect--a person1 too1 not very strong or of good digestive powers4 ,the boys and teachers of ,beaumont ,college drank milk preserved with it without distinguishing the taste or suffering any ill effects4 ,he knew there were medical opinions in favor of boracic acid1 and one physician he was acquainted with used it as a medicine4 ,if it were at all unwholesome he certainly should not recommend it1 but he did not think there was the slightest fear4 ,as to boron getting into the system1 it was not boron which was used1 but oxide of boron2 but even if it did--and he should not be surprised if traces of boron were found in the excreta--it did not follow that any harm was done4 ,there were many things which went through the system without injury2 for instance1 silica1 of which most people took a great deal in the twenty-four hours4 ,as to the cost of the process the cost per gallon1 as far as he could tell--he could not tell exactly--would be under #as4--perhaps #h;d4 or #i;d4--and a gallon would affect an enormous quantity4 ,most of the articles on the table were put into one pan of solution1 and the cost of the whole stuff was about #i-a_/b;d4 ,should the process be adopted commercially experiments as to the cost would be most carefully made and the results published4 ,a joint of any size could be soaked2 the only thing was to give it plenty of time4 ,you might soak a piece of beef of twenty pounds1 forty pounds1 or fifty pounds2 or you might use an injecting syringe1 such as butchers employed for salting meat quickly1 and the meat so treated would keep for a week or a fortnight perfectly good1 but he did not think it would keep well enough to pass under a tropical sun4 ,in order to do that you must inject by the aorta1 by means of a force pump1 so as to send the liquid into all the interstices of the flesh4 ,as to the proportions1 #a in #bj was the strongest he used1 and #a in #fj the weakest2 for preserving meat #a in #ej answered perfectly well--#a lb4 of the compound added to #ej lbs4 of water4 ,the bottle should be put before the fire until melted1 and then poured into hot water1 and it would dissolve4 ,with regard to preserving morbid specimens he thought it would answer perfectly well4 ,he had had some practice in morbid anatomy1 and he might say that1 for the injection of bodies to be used for anatomical purposes it would keep them perfectly sweet4 ,it should be injected by the aorta in the usual way before injecting with the red wax4 ,in reply to ,mr4 ,dipnall he would say that the compound penetrated right through into the innermost parts of the meat4 ,if you had an earthen pan and put into it #a lb4 of this and #ej lbs4 of water1 and placed in it a joint which came home on the ,saturday night in hot weather1 you could take it out the next day and it would keep perfectly for a fortnight4 ,of course it took time to penetrate into the meat1 but the first superficial penetration stopped the injurious effects of germs which set up putrefaction4 ,another important fact was this3 if you had a roast leg of lamb1 perfectly good1 but did not eat it all1 and put it away in hot weather1 it would turn sour1 but if it had been treated in this way it would not2 it would keep for six months without going sour4 ,by adding a small quantity from time to time1 which you could only learn by experience1 the bath would keep perfectly fresh and effective1 though it would be found after a time to get rather dark colored4 ,that arose from the juice of the meat1 and the advantage of this process was that you need not throw it away1 as you must brine1 but could boil it down into very good soup4 ,in conclusion he would only ask his hearers to read the paper and discussion carefully when published1 and he was sure any one would be able to carry out the process4 ,the ,chairman1 in proposing a hearty vote of thanks to ,prof4 ,barff1 said the process he had described was remarkable for its great simplicity and the ease with which it could be carried out4 ,any cook could readily apply it4 ,the vote of thanks was carried unanimously4 ,an ,improved ,boracic ,acid-,glycerine ,compound4 ,the following is the invention of an ,american1 ,william ,s4 ,fickett of ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y41 and is an improved process of combining boracic acid with glycerine for preservative purposes4 7,patent ,no4 #bhe1cej47 8,my invention consists in a new mode of producing a new preservative compound from boracic acid and glycerine1 as hereinafter described4 ,heretofore by one method,a such a compound has been produced from these ingredients by heating glycerine to near its boiling point and adding boracic acid until it ceases to be dissolved1 and maintaining that mixture to a temperature of #bjj deg4 centigrade as long as water is given off1 etc4 ,a ,doubtless the ,barff process--author4 8,now my process consists in taking equal quantities of glycerine and crystallized boracic acid1 placing the same in a closed or sealed vessel1 and then applying heat at about #cjj deg4 ,fahrenheit for about two hours1 which causes the boracic acid to dissolve and blend with the glycerine4 ,on cooling it forms without loss of weight into on opalescent semi-solid1 freely soluble in cold water1 entirely devoid of bitter or metallic taste1 and communicating no objectionable taste to butter or like delicate foods4 ,when thus produced it is an unfailing preventive of fermentation and decay in animal and vegetable matter or fluid compounds40 ,the following is a different process of using boracic acid1 and explains itself3 ,james ,howard1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa42 composition for preserving foods4 7,patent ,no4 #bgf1bdf47 8,i have discovered a method of obtaining a chemical compound of boracic acid for the production of which neither solution nor the employment of heat is necessary1 the salt being formed by the union of the component substances in a dry state1 so that the difficulties of solution and of loss through volitization is avoided4 ,moreover the compound has anti-septic properties distinct from those of the acid1 due to one of the other elements thereof1 and is tasteless4 8,i take preferably not less than #e parts by weight of pure boracic acid in crystals1 and add thereto #a part of pure phosphate of soda4 ,the ingredients are mixed together dry1 in a mill or other suitable grinding apparatus1 and as the chemical reaction between them progresses the whole1 or practically the whole1 of the acid crystals lose their structure1 and the mass can be ground until it assumes a pasty or doughy condition4 ,the result is boro-phosphate of soda1 containing more or less free boracic acid1 according to the excess thereof used above the proportions given4 ,the moisture yielded by the chemical reaction is evaporated at the ordinary temperature by exposure to the air without loss of boracic acid1 and the dry amorphous salt thus produced is readily ground4 ,it may be used either as a dry powder or may be dissolved in water and applied in the usual modes to the substances to be preserved4 ,if desired other substances1 such as salt and saltpeter1 may be added to the boro-phosphate compound1 and the whole mixed thoroughly by regrinding40 ,preservation of ,butter1 ,lard1 ,etc4 ,the following process is the invention of ,mr4 ,william ,pitt ,clotworthy4 7,patent ,no4 #bhd1ahd47 ,the process consists of incorporating with the fat1 which may consist of butter1 lard1 or other grease1 a sufficient amount of paraffine4 ,paraffine is non-oxidizable1 without taste or odor1 and1 as the inventor claims1 it is perfectly harmless when used in this manner1 just as beeswax is swallowed with honey1 although not in such large proportion4 ,tons of paraffine are manufactured yearly into chewing gum and chewed harmlessly by thousands4 ,in preserving butter the process is as follows3 ,take #a ounce of fresh unsalted butter and incorporate with it #a ounce of paraffine1 and thus form a jelly1 and then thoroughly mix this amount of jelly with #a pound of butter4 ,in preserving lard combine the paraffine as follows3 ,when the lard is ready to be drawn off from the rendering kettles1 and while still hot1 add #a ounce of paraffine to each pound of lard and stir the mass thoroughly4 ,compound for ,preserving ,food4 ,theodore ,l4 ,corwin of ,marathon1 ,n4 ,y41 has invented the following4 7,patent ,no4 #bec1ihc73 ,the invention relates to the class of compounds used to preserve in a healthful state such articles of food as meats1 fish1 milk1 eggs1 butter1 oysters1 cider1 and also to be used as a disinfectant and to arrest putrefaction4 8,i take of nitrate of potassium1 of salicylic acid1 and of chloride of sodium1 each #a ounce4 ,these should all be in powder and dissolved in #a quart of water4 ,then add #a drachm of hydrochloric acid previously diluted with #a ounce of water4 ,to preserve meat immerse for twenty minutes in the hot solution1 after which let it drain for one hour2 then pack in a well-closed vessel4 ,for the preservation of fish use the same as for meat1 only the solution should be allowed to become cold before using4 ,to keep oysters stir into them #c ounces of the solution 7cold7 to each gallon of oysters4 ,cider will be kept sweet if there is added to each barrel #a quart of the solution immediately after the cider comes from the press4 ,milk to be kept sweet should have the powder first named1 viz43 nitrate of potassium1 salicylic acid1 and chloride of sodium1 each #a ounce1 added to every #af gallons4 ,as a disinfectant the solution should be sprinkled freely around the place or places to be disinfected4 ,to prevent putrefaction the solution should be copiously applied to the object treated40 ,fruit-,juice ,preservatives4 ,an ,ohio inventor has patented a process for preserving fruit juices such as cider1 wine1 etc41 which he says1 if treated according to his directions1 will keep unchanged for years3 8,the juice is taken before fermentation takes place and boiled1 all scum is carefully skimmed off1 and then the liquid1 while still hot1 is filtered through a compound of partially pulverized charcoal1 crushed mustard seed1 and ground sassafras root4 ,the filter should be covered with fine woven wire1 outside of which should be fastened a flannel cloth to catch all escaping sediment4 ,to every gallon of juice to be filtered there is placed in the filter #b ounces of charcoal1 #b scruples of crushed mustard seed1 and #f drachms of ground sassafras root4 ,after filtering it is again boiled1 and if any scum or impurities appear on the surface they are removed1 when the juice is to be bottled1 corked tightly1 and should be left for one year40 ,schaumberg ,dillon's method of preserving fruit juices consists in bottling and sealing the juices1 and then heating the bottles to #agj deg4 ,fahrenheit for thirty-five minutes4 ,the juices are put in bottles and are immediately corked and wired securely1 and then submerged in a water bath to a depth of about #a inch above the bottles4 ,the advantages of this process are that the fruit juices will remain sweet indefinitely1 will not ferment1 and are free from all deleterious matter4 ,smoke or ,vapor ,preserving ,compound4 ,rebecca ,a4 ,mc,daniel of ,burr ,oaks1 ,ia41 has patented the following1 which is one of quite a number of this class of preservative processes3 8,in preserving different articles1 such as fruits1 meats1 and other edibles1 ,i subject them for a proper time--differing with different articles--to the fumes arising from burning the compound4 ,this may be accomplished by confining the articles to be treated in a chamber in which the compound is being burned4 ,,composition4 ,salicylic acid #a ounce4 ,sulphur #b pounds4 ,pulverized orange peel #a_/d ounce4 ,ground cinnamon #c ounces4 8,this compound well mixed will burn slowly and generate fumes or vapor which have a peculiar action in the preservation of fruits1 butter1 milk1 pies1 bread1 eggs1 and all kinds of cooked or uncooked food4 ,in treating meats add nitrate of potash1 #d ounces4 ,salicylic ,acid as a ,preservative4 ,salicylic acid1 aside from its remedial value1 is used largely as a preservative1 either in a dry state or in the form of a solution in water or alcohol4 ,salicylic acid is a white1 dry1 crystalline powder1 devoid of smell or taste1 undergoes no change when kept in store1 and is neither inflammable nor volatile4 ,it can be procured in almost any drug store1 and since #ahgd a new process in its manufacture has cheapened it in price and placed it within the reach of all4 ,medical authorities agree in considering the daily consumption of #a gramme as being not only perfectly inoffensive1 but decidedly beneficial to health4 ,an individual living on a salicylated diet would not absorb so much of the salicylic acid per diem as that which is prescribed to be taken for the prevention of epidemics and other ailments1 such as gout1 rheumatism1 catarrhal affections1 etc4 ,the proportions in which salicylic acid dissolves are3 ,one part by weight in #cjj to #ejj parts of cold water4 ,one part by weight in #ah to #bj parts of hot water4 ,one part by weight in #ej parts of glycerine4 ,one part by weight in #c parts of absolute alcohol4 ,in rum1 brandy1 wine1 cider1 etc41 it dissolves according to their respective strengths and temperatures4 ,,note4--,by contact with iron in any form salicylic acid takes a violet color4 ,this must be noted1 especially when treating milk1 etc41 if contained in metallic vessels4 ,the only bad effects will be simply slight discoloration4 ,,meat4 ,it is a well-known fact that1 especially in hot weather1 meat1 poultry1 and game1 although apparently quite fresh1 prove1 on closer examination1 or often only when cooked1 to be tainted and of bad odor4 ,this can be entirely removed by either watering and washing the meat in a lukewarm solution of salicylic acid 7three to four teaspoonfuls of acid to two quarts of water71 or by adding a small pinch of the dry acid in powder1 during the cooking4 ,to keep meat for several days from becoming high or tainted3 ,place it for twenty or thirty minutes in an aqueous solution of #h drachms of salicylic acid to one gallon of water4 ,rub into the surface of the meat some dry salicylic acid1 particularly about the bony and fatty parts2 the meat to be afterward cleaned before cooking as usual4 ,although the raw meat treated with the acid turns slightly pale on the surface it suffers no change whatever internally4 ,meat thus treated with salicylic acid requires1 also1 less cooking to render it tender4 ,,pure ,,milk4 ,a third of a teaspoonful 7or1 if the temperature be high1 a little more7 of the solid acid to a quart of milk delays the process of curdling for thirty-six hours1 without influencing its property of yielding cream4 ,,butter4 ,washed with an aqueous solution 7four drachms of acid to a gallon of water71 or kept in it1 or wrapped in cloths soaked in this water1 keeps fresh for a very long time4 ,butter already rancid can be improved by treatment with a stronger solution 7#h drachms of acid to #a gallon of water71 followed by washing in pure water4 ,the bad smell often arising in salted butter is entirely prevented by addition of the acid4 ,,jams ,,of ,,all ,,kinds1 ,,jellies1 ,,preserves1 ,,and ,,pickles4 ,of every description1 made in the usual way1 but with the addition of about #a drachm of salicylic acid to every #d pounds of the preserve1 will keep sound with absolute certainty for a much longer time1 fermentation and mouldiness being prevented4 ,under exceptionally unfavorable circumstances1 such as hot pantries1 a little of the dry acid should be sprinkled on the top of the vessel or preserve pot4 ,a tightly-fitting piece of blotting paper1 previously saturated with a concentrated solution of salicylic acid in spirit1 brandy1 or rum1 and placed on the top of the preserves will also greatly aid in keeping them4 ,,new-,,laid ,,eggs ,can be kept for a very long time by being placed for half an hour in a cold1 saturated1 aqueous solution of the acid1 then allowed to dry in the air1 and1 as usual1 kept in a cool place4 ,some prefer to coat them by dipping them in melted paraffine after they have been treated in this manner4 7,use no straw or hay in packing eggs47 ,,the ,,yolk ,,and ,,the ,,white ,,of ,,eggs ,are most effectually preserved for a long time by the addition of #a_/b to #a ounce of the acid per #bj pounds of these substances4 ,it is also well to place a paper soaked in the salicylic acid solution on the top of them1 which greatly enhances the preserving effect4 ,in the manufacture of vinegar1 salicylic acid is also of great importance to prevent false or excessive fermentation1 putridity1 etc4 ,,wine4 ,with respect to wine the experiments of ,prof4 ,neubauer of ,wiesbaden have proved that the introduction of the acid for the preservation of wine marks an era of great industrial progress1 as it energetically prevents1 even when used in very small quantities1 the formation of mould germs and other circumstances which are injurious to wine1 while it absolutely arrests secondary fermentation1 cloudiness1 etc4 ,as wine differs very much in its constitution the requisite quantity of salicylic acid must be found out by practice in each particular case4 ,about #a_/d to #c_/d of an ounce per #ej gallons will be found sufficient for most wines4 ,in using the salicylic acid for this purpose it is recommended to make a strong solution of it in pure spirit1 perfectly free from fusel oil1 and then to add of this solution as much as may be requisite4 ,if in addition to this the casks are washed out with an aqueous solution of the acid it will prove of great service1 and all other agents at present used for this purpose will soon be abandoned4 ,the larger the amount of sugar in proportion to the alcohol the more salicylic acid will be required4 ,the addition is best made when the wine has attained its full ripeness4 ,the effervescence of wine in spring1 or after carriage in warm weather1 will at once be stopped4 ,the salicylic acid kills all kinds of germs1 and destroys the growth and action of any yeast which may still be present2 it is therefore of incalculable value in effectually preserving wine1 and as a preventive of the deterioration to which this liquid is subject4 ,must1 fresh from the press in autumn1 can be kept without fermentation perfectly fresh1 bright1 and sweet for six to eight months by the addition of #a to #a-a_/b ounces per #ej gallon1 or of #c_/d ounce per #ajj bottles4 ,sparkling ,must requires an addition of #f to #g ounces of salicylic acid per #ajj gallons4 ,in the same manner all kinds of fruit-wine which1 as is well known1 soon turn sour1 can be preserved by the addition of a similar quantity of salicylic acid4 ,must kept still for transport can at any time be set into fermentation by a slight addition of carbonate of soda and fresh yeast4 ,,beer4 ,experiments made upon a large scale have placed beyond a doubt the remarkable properties of salicylic acid as a preventive of secondary fermentation and acidity in beer1 and as a preservative of beer in a sound condition when sent out or exposed to the noxious influences of warm cellars1 change of temperature1 etc4 ,the amount of salicylic acid required to produce the best effects in preserving beer varies according to the quality of the malt liquor2 but half an ounce per barrel of #cf imperial gallons will be very generally found to answer the purpose well4 ,the addition of the salicylic acid delays secondary fermentation in stock and export beers1 which may then be kept for any length of time without becoming unsound or of unpleasant flavor4 ,less than a quarter ounce of the powder of salicylic acid per barrel of boiling wort strewn into the same while turning out will destroy or suspend the vitality of the false ferments1 especially that of the lactic ferment1 in the fermenting vats1 and this not only without injury to the yeast cells1 but keeping them free from parasitical growths4 ,in this manner the fermentation will take a steadier course and enable the liquor to attain its perfection during the ensuing still fermentation in the cask1 into which another quarter ounce or more of the acid is to be given per barrel a fortnight before racking4 ,stout1 and in fact all beers for export to a hot climate1 require rather more4 ,for long transports the acid in powder can be simply thrown into the export casks1 in which it dissolves in the course of three days instead of a week1 which is required by the cold beer lying quietly4 ,,bottled ,,beer ,,not ,,salicylated ,,in ,,the ,,cask4 ,the clean bottles must be rinsed with a solution of #a part of salicylic acid in #d or #e parts of spirit 7free from fusel oil71 which can be poured from #a bottle to another4 ,or1 a small pinch of the acid in powder is placed in every bottle before filling4 ,the corks should always be boiled in water containing #a ounce to the gallon1 which is also efficient in disinfecting tubes1 taps1 etc4 ,,cider4 ,dissolve #c_/d of an ounce of salicylic acid in a gallon of cider1 and then add this amount to each barrel of cider4 ,this is superior to any preparation of lime4 ,the cider must be treated when fresh4 ,,glue1 ,,gelatine1 ,,gum ,,arabic ,,solutions1 ,,paste1 ,,size1 ,,starch1 ,,ink1 ,,skins ,,of ,,all ,,kinds1 ,,etc4 ,are successfully preserved for a length of time from decomposition or deterioration by means of salicylic acid4 ,one-thousandth part of the acid introduced into a vat of gelatine or into decoctions of animal matter1 prevents their undergoing decomposition for an indefinite period of time4 ,calico printers are using half a pound of the acid to every #ajj pounds of dressing starch1 in order to entirely preclude the disagreeable odor arising after awhile from dry goods in store4 ,,in ,,the ,,process ,,of ,,tanning1 ,if the bark-color be slightly salicylated1 this liquor will not undergo the change which1 instead of making the hides and skins swell1 often causes the opposite effect1 contracting them by an alkaline action1 and at the same time imparting to them a putrid odor4 ,treatment with carbolic acid also leaves a most objectionable odor1 especially in fine leather goods4 ,the use of salicylic acid will thus be found highly remunerative to all tanners1 as it has proved in the industries already alluded to4 ,,in ,,sugar ,,factories ,three drachms of salicylic acid are used to every #cjj pounds of beetroot in the diffusing liquor1 in order to prevent fermentation1 and for destroying the parasitical growths1 especially noticeable in the old material4 ,,for ,,disinfecting4 ,fumigation with the acid purifies the air and walls of closed rooms4 ,simply evaporate some on a heated shovel1 which must not be red-hot4 ,the air in crowded buildings1 schools1 barracks1 hospitals1 factories1 etc41 will be improved by keeping the floors sprinkled with the solution4 ,in sick rooms this is of great importance1 the dust settling on the floor being the readiest receptacle and means of transmitting the microscopic fungi or germs of infection which float in the air4 ,,vessels1 ,,corks1 ,,etc41 ,are very well cleaned and disinfected by washing them with an aqueous solution of the acid4 ,this deserves especial notice4 ,it is evident that numerous advantageous applications of salicylic acid are carried out besides those enumerated above1 but the descriptions already given will enable any person interested in the matter to find out the best means of deriving profit from the wonderful properties of this extremely useful substance4 ,ice-,house and ,refrigerator4 ,,by ,,john ,,taylor4 ,houses built on this plan are lined throughout the inside with sheet iron4 ,there is a layer of felt nailed to the sides1 ceiling1 and floor of the room1 and on this is nailed the sheet iron4 ,it is then painted with two heavy coats1 it being the aim to fill up all joints and seams with the paint4 ,but as the tin and felt do not render the room absolutely air-tight1 ,i am of opinion that it can as well be dispensed with4 ,it might save some ice if the seams were all soldered4 ,the layer of cement1 asphaltum or gas tar1 which should cover the ground below the joists1 is to protect the room from the moisture and warmth of the earth4 ,above this layer should be about #cj inches of dry sawdust or turners shavings1 well packed up to the level of the top of the joists4 ,illustration3 ,refrigerating ,house4 ,the drainage from the ice is carried off by a series of ,v-shaped tin or iron troughs1 which run between the joists1 all of which carry the water to one point1 where it is carried outside by a trap-pipe4 ,these troughs reach over to the center of the top of the joists1 and are soldered together1 so that no water will drip on the floor below4 ,it will be seen that in this plan there is no sawdust or other preservative in contact with the ice1 and that the air of the room circulates around and over the ice4 ,as long as the temperature of the goods stored is above the temperature of the room there will be a gentle draught around the mass of ice1 and of course all the moisture in the air1 vapors1 and odors from the goods will condense on the ice and pass off1 so that you can keep milk1 cream1 butter1 fruits1 and meats all in the same chamber without danger of injuring the flavor of either4 ,the atmosphere of the room is always dry1 sweet1 and pure4 ,the features of this plan can as well be carried out by arranging a room inside of another building4 ,i should have explained before that the ice does not rest directly on the joists2 but there is a bed of oak lath1 about #a-a_/b by #c inches1 laid across the joists1 about #d or #e inches apart1 on which the ice is laid4 ,i would further suggest that another cold chamber can as well be had by making a cellar under the one shown1 with a lattice floor between them4 ,it would be necessary to finish the sides and bottom of this cellar in the most complete manner1 as above described4 ,at the entrance to the store-room there must be a vestibule1 either inside or outside1 as space or circumstances may direct4 ,if outside the walls should be thick and the door very heavy4 ,the doors1 both inside and outside1 should be fitted with rubber1 so as to close perfectly tight1 and both doors must never be opened at the same time4 ,this vestibule should be large enough to contain a fair wagon load of goods1 so that if you are receiving a load of stuff you are not required to stop until all is in the vestibule and ready to store4 ,this house only needs filling once a year4 ,the temperature will range from #cd deg4 in winter to #cf deg4 in summer1 and will preserve fruit perfectly from season to season4 ,the opening for putting in the ice1 shown just under the pulley in the cut1 has two doors with a space between2 each door a foot thick4 ,the window in the cold room has three sets of sash1 well packed or cemented4 ,the walls are #ac inches thick1 lined with #ag inches of sawdust4 ,thirty-six inches of sawdust are put on the floor over the ice4 ,the building shown is #be feet square1 inside measure1 and #bb feet from floor of cold room to ceiling over the ice4 ,the ice-room is #ab feet high1 and the cold room #i feet4 ,pillars are required under the center of the ice4--,country ,gentleman4 ,cheap ,ice-,houses4 ,settlers in the newer portions of the country are often deprived of many comforts which are easily accessible in long-settled places4 ,whatever contributes to lessen these privations1 if at little cost1 should merit special attention4 ,a cheap ice-house may be made to afford an important share of country comforts in such settlements4 ,there is nothing to prevent an abundant supply through the heat of summer where there is a stream or sheet of water within two or three miles from which clear blocks of ice may be sawed4 ,sawdust is the best material for packing1 but in its absence chaff1 chopped straw1 or even straw unchopped may be made to answer the purpose4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,a costly and elaborate building is no better than the cheapest structure for keeping ice1 if care is only taken to have it properly packed1 which is very easily done after one 8knows how40 ,we have never seen ice better preserved through a long and hot summer than in a board shanty with only one thickness of siding1 and that full of cracks and crevices4 ,for a new settlement one built of logs1 like that shown in the accompanying figure 7,fig4 #a71 may be made to answer a good purpose4 ,the floor may be slabs1 and the roof a covering of brush to hold the packing to its place1 if a slab roof is not readily made4 ,if sawdust is used for packing1 the crevices between the logs will need close stopping2 or1 still better1 it can be faced on the inside with slabs set upright1 with the smooth side inward4 ,if straw is employed1 the rough logs may remain1 and the crevices between them may be left open4 ,for sawdust a well-packed space of #aj inches between walls and ice will keep the ice well2 chopped straw should be #ae or #bj inches thick1 and long straw should occupy a space of #b feet4 ,stiff1 coarse straw will not answer unless packed very solid2 finer and softer1 as of thickly sown oats1 is better1 and the walls which it forms need not be quite so thick4 ,fine hay would be still better1 and would answer if only a foot and a half thick and well put in4 ,dry swamp moss1 such as nurserymen use for packing trees and plants1 would be one of the very best substances for protecting the ice1 if only a foot thick4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,having prepared the house and packing cut the blocks of ice of precisely equal size1 using a cross-cut saw with one handle removed1 to go under water4 ,the size should be measured and scratched on the surface for the saw to follow4 ,two feet square is a convenient size4 ,when cut lift them out with a light plank having a batten nailed across one end to hold them 7,fig4 #b74 ,place about #aj inches of sawdust on the floor 7or twice as much solid straw71 and build the structures solid with the ice blocks1 ramming in the sawdust or other packing as the structure goes up 7,fig4 #c74 ,when finished cover it with a thickness of packing nearly equal to that at the sides4 ,it is important that there be free ventilation over the top1 which the loose brush will not prevent4 ,if there is a slab roof the air must blow freely between this roof and the top covering4 ,the slab floor will allow a free drainage of all the water which runs down through the packing from the melting ice4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,a structure nearly as cheap as the preceding is represented in ,fig4 #d4 ,it is made by setting rough posts into the ground with the inner sides straight or faced with the ax1 and then nailing common rough boards on them 7like a tight fence7 to a sufficient height4 ,the floor is made as already described1 and the roof may be boards or slabs4 ,the openings at the gables perform an important part in the ventilation by admitting all the air that can sweep over the top sawdust4 ,fig4 #c1 already referred to1 is the ground plan1 and ,fig4 #e is a vertical section4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,there are three requisites to be secured in order to keep the ice successfully3 #ast4 ,the closely packed1 non-conducting substance on each side1 under and above the mass of ice4 #b;d4 ,perfect drainage at the bottom without the admission of air4 #c;d4 ,free circulation of air over the top covering4 ,if these requisites are observed the result will be entirely satisfactory4--,country ,gentlemen4 ,a ,cheap ,ice-,chest4 ,procure two dry-goods boxes1 one of which is enough smaller than the other to leave a space of #c or #d inches all around when it is placed inside4 ,fill the space between the two with sawdust packed closely and cover with a heavy lid made to fit neatly inside the larger box4 ,insert a small pipe in the bottom of the chest to carry off the water from the melting ice4 ,for family or grocers' use this will prove even more serviceable than some of the high-priced patent refrigerators4 ,ice ,without an ,ice-,house4 ,select a dry1 shady spot2 dig a ditch for carrying off the waste water1 and over it place a lath-work4 ,upon this lay a thick layer of moss1 leaves1 or sawdust4 ,now pile upon this the cakes of ice1 the larger the better1 and cut or sawed square in such a manner as to leave as few spaces as possible1 filling up those which may occur with fine sawdust in order to prevent the air from penetrating into the interior of the pile4 ,it is best to build the pile in the form of a pyramid4 ,when completed it is covered with straw1 moss1 or leaves as thick and as close as possible1 a layer of earth being thrown upon it to secure the covering and as a further protection to the ice4 ,where a stream or lake is inaccessible from which to procure ice for filling ice-houses1 especially where a small quantity is stored1 the ice can be frozen with water from the well in boxes or other contrivance made especially for the purpose1 which we leave to the ingenuity of those who are interested4 ,freezing ,mixtures4 ,refrigerating salts and mixtures are used to produce cold artificially4 ,they are used with or without ice or snow4 ,as is well known common salt mixed with pounded ice or snow lowers the temperature to a considerable degree1 so there are other mixtures which will produce a still greater degree of cold4 ,the following simple and cheap preparation1 when mixed according to directions1 will produce artificial cold sufficient to cool wines1 etc41 without the aid of ice3 ,take common sal-ammoniac1 well pulverized1 #a part2 saltpeter1 #b parts1 and mix well together3 then take common soda1 well pulverized4 ,to use1 take equal quantities of these preparations 7which must be kept separate and well covered previous to using7 and put them in the freezing pot2 add of water a sufficient quantity1 and put in the article to be frozen in a proper vessel and cover up until cooled as desired4 ,these tables consist of mixtures having the power of generating or creating cold1 with or without the aid of ice1 sufficient for all useful and philosophical purposes1 in any part of the world at any season3 ,,freezing ,,mixtures ,,without ,,ice4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,thermometer ,degree of ,,mixtures4 ,sinks4 cold ,produced4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,muriate of ammonium #e parts ,nitrate of potassium #e parts ,from #ej to #aj #dj ,water #af parts ,muriate of ammonium #e parts ,nitrate of potassium #e parts ,from #ej to #d #df ,sulphate of sodium #h parts ,water #af parts ,nitrate of ammonium #a part ,from #ej to #d #df ,water #a part ,nitrate of ammonium #a part ,carbonate of sodium #a part ,from #ej to -#g #eg ,water #a part ,sulphate of sodium #c parts ,from #ej to -#c #ec ,dilute nitric acid #b parts ,sulphate of sodium #f parts ,muriate of ammonium #d parts ,from #ej to -#aj #fj ,nitrate of potassium #b parts ,dilute nitric acid #d parts ,sulphate of sodium #f parts ,nitrate of ammonium #e parts ,from #ej to -#ad #fd ,dilute nitric acid #d parts ,phosphate of sodium #i parts ,from #ej to -#ab #fb ,dilute nitric acid #d parts ,phosphate of sodium #i parts ,nitrate of ammonium #f parts ,from #ej to -#ba #ga ,dilute nitric acid #d parts ,sulphate of sodium #h parts ,from #ej to #j #ej ,muriatic acid #e parts ,sulphate of sodium #e parts ,from #ej to #c #dg ,dilute sulphuric acid #d parts ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,freezing ,,mixtures ,,with ,,ice4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,thermometer ,degree of ,,mixtures4 ,sinks4 cold ,produced4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,snow or pounded ice #b parts to -#e 44 ,muriate of sodium #a part t ,snow or pounded ice #e parts ,f e ,muriate of sodium #b parts r m to -#ab 44 ,muriate of ammonium #a part o p m e ,snow or pounded ice #bd parts r ,muriate of sodium #aj parts a a to -#ah 44 ,muriate of ammonium #e parts n t ,nitrate of potassium #e parts y u r ,snow or pounded ice #ab parts e ,muriate of sodium #e parts to -#be 44 ,nitrate of ammonium #e parts ,snow #c parts ,from #cb to -#bc #ee ,dilute sulphuric acid #b parts ,snow #h parts ,from #cb to -#bg #ei ,muriatic acid #e parts ,snow #g parts ,from #cb to -#cj #fb ,dilute nitric acid #d parts ,snow #d parts ,from #cb to -#dj #gb ,muriate of calcium #e parts ,snow #b parts ,from #cb to -#ej #hb ,crystallized muriate #c parts of calcium ,snow #c parts ,from #cb to -#ea #hc ,potash #d parts ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,combinations ,,of ,,freezing ,,mixtures4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,thermometer ,degree of ,,mixtures4 ,sinks4 cold ,produced4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,phosphate of sodium #e parts ,nitrate of ammonium #c parts ,from #j to -#cd #cd ,dilute nitric acid #d parts ,phosphate of sodium #c parts ,nitrate of ammonium #b parts ,from -#cd to -#ej #af ,dilute nitric acid #d parts ,snow #c parts ,from #j to -#df #df ,dilute nitric acid #b parts ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,constant ,water ,baths4 ,american ,chemical ,journal4 ,the following simple form of constant water bath1 which wastes no water1 ,i have found to be very convenient3 ,a tube of glass or metal1 not less than #a_/d of an inch internal diameter1 the ends of which are cut off obliquely1 is bent as shown in the cut4 ,it should make an angle of about #cj deg41 or a little greater1 with the horizontal4 ,the angle may be diminished if the bore of the tube is increased4 ,one end is inserted in the water bath1 the other in an inverted bottle4 ,the height of the water in the bath is regulated by the depth of immersion of the tube in it4 ,the boiling is not interrupted by the feeding1 which takes place slowly and regularly4 ,it is necessary that the ends of the tubes should be cut off obliquely4 ,the same form of tube answers equally well for keeping a constant level in a filter or drying chamber4 ,illustration ,a brass tube is much better than a glass one1 as it does not crack at the water level after using for a time4 ,brass tubes can easily be bent by ramming full of sand1 stopping the ends1 and bending them over a curved surface4 ,a large number of baths can be run by this apparatus by connecting them with a bath fed by it4--,charles ,t4 ,pomeroy4 ,note4--,we have used for a number of years in this laboratory a form of constant water bath which was contrived by ,mr4 ,edward ,bogardus1 formerly chemist to the ,new ,jersey ,state ,geological ,survey4 ,as ,i have not seen it described in print1 and as it is cheap1 simple1 efficient1 and ingenious1 ,i will draw attention to it here4 ,the following cut represents the apparatus3 ,illustration ,it consists of two tomato cans connected by a tin tube4 ,into one of the cans a bottle of water is inverted4 ,we generally use a five-pound acid bottle4 ,the other can makes the bath4 ,this bath can be left running over night without fear4 ,a large number of baths can be run by this contrivance by simply connecting them1 by means of rubber tubes1 with a reservoir replenished by an inverted bottle4 ,old fruit cans make excellent baths4 ,a series of holes can be punched round the lower edge of a fruit can1 thus affording a distributing reservoir4 ,corks holding short pieces of glass tube are inserted into the holes4 ,by means of these the reservoir can be connected by rubber tubes with a number of baths at quite a distance4 ,the baths are made by punching a hole near the lower edge of a fruit can and inserting a cork and short piece of glass tube4 ,when the extra vents of the reservoir are not used1 they can be closed by a short rubber coupling and a pinch cock4--,peter ,t4 ,austen1 ,chemical ,laboratory of ,rutgers ,college 7,new ,jersey ,state ,scientific ,school74 ,silos and ,ensilage4 ,the practice of preserving roots1 vegetables1 and plants by covering them with earth or by placing them in cellars1 etc41 is an ancient one1 but the practical application of the principle on a large scale to the preservation of fodder-corn1 clover1 etc41 as a food for stock is comparatively a recent practice1 the first silo in this country having been built within the last twelve years4 ,previously1 however1 the ,french and ,english gave the subject considerable attention1 but it seems that within the last two or three years our ,american experimenters have made great improvements in the process and construction of the silo by which more successful results have been attained than ever before and have awakened much interest among the progressive class of farmers and stock-growers throughout the country4 ,a number of the ,agricultural ,experiment ,stations located in the different ,states1 particularly those of ,wisconsin1 ,illinois1 and also the ,agricultural ,college at ,guelph1 ,ontario1 have made extensive applications of the process4 ,several articles from them detailing the success of the experiments for the past season have appeared in the columns of ,the ,breeder's ,gazette of this city4 ,through the courtesy of the editor and ,prof4 ,w4 ,a4 ,henry of the ,wisconsin ,agricultural ,experiment ,station we are enabled to present full instructions in regard to constructing and filling a silo4 ,these1 with clippings which we include from the writings of others high in authority on the subject1 contain as full an account of recent experiments as we can give with our limited space4 8,agriculture never took a longer stride in advance than it did when the silo was added to the practical equipment of the farm4 ,most of us were slow to realize this at first1 and a great many are yet unwilling to concede the advantages claimed for the silo1 but the utility of the modern silo cannot be gainsaid1 for without it we are left at the mercy of the elements in the handling of our great corn crop4 ,there was much truth in the statement that the silo as first introduced was too expensive for the average farmer1 but in no department of the farm has there been such a change of opinion and methods of attaining desired results as is the case with the silo4 ,the modern wooden building is not only less expensive but vastly superior to the original cellar or stone structure and every year's experience is throwing light in hitherto dark places1 so that in a short time the progressive dairyman or beef-raiser will think no more of filling his silo than our fathers did of filling the barn with hay1 and with proper facilities for handling the corn no part of the silo work will be as hard as pitching hay over the #8big beam4'0 99 99 99 ,supt4 ,adams1 ,wis4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,station4 99 99 99 ,a silo is a place where fodder is preserved in a succulent condition4 ,it may be a pit1 a box1 a mow1 a tank1 a building1 or a trench in the earth4 ,silage is the word denoting the fodder so preserved4 ,ensilage is the term applied to the process or system4 ,ensile is the verb expressive of the action of making silage4 ,ensilor stands for the person using the silo to ensile fodder for silage by the process of ensilage4--,prof4 ,james ,w4 ,robertson1 ,ontario ,agr4 ,col41 ,guelph4 99 99 99 ,i further believe that our present knowledge of the silo and the best methods of storing crops therein is not perfect1 and that we will make great advancement in the future2 but that we have reached a point where this method is within the possibilities of our average farmers1 and it is this class most of all that needs this method4 ,the time has come when we must produce more beef1 butter1 wool1 and pork to the acre or sink beneath the wave of competition that is driving over our land4 ,the silo seems to be a valuable and important means to this end4--,prof4 ,w4 ,a4 ,henry4 ,,constructing ,,the ,,silo4--,,by ,,prof4 ,w4 ,a4 ,,henry4 ,illustration3 ,a #ajj-,,ton ,,double ,,silo4 8,silos are like houses1 no two individuals can agree upon the same plan2 for this reason ,i approach this branch of the subject with no expectation of pleasing all or of giving directions for making a perfect structure4 ,i deem it best to give a description of one way in which a double silo may be built and leave it to the reader to introduce such modifications in the plan as may best meet his particular wants and circumstances4 ,the drawing herewith presented shows an ideal two-room silo #af feet wide1 #cb feet long1 and #af feet to the eaves4 ,built as described each room would have a capacity of over #c1jjj cubic feet which would contain about #ej tons of settled ensilage weighing #ce pounds to the cubic foot4 ,we may say then that this figure represents a #ajj-ton silo4 ,for the foundation of this structure either brick or stone may be used1 going deep enough to avoid heaving by the frost and rising #f inches or #a foot above the surface of the level ground about it4 ,upon this wall a sill should be laid which had best be constructed of #baj inch plank4 ,one of the difficulties in silo construction is to avoid spreading of the building1 which sometimes occurs through lateral pressure of the contents when settling4 ,for this reason the sills must be well tied together at the corners2 instead of using square timbers1 which are greatly weakened by cutting1 plank may be substituted and the corners of the sill constructed as in ,fig4 #b4 ,if well spiked there will be no danger from spreading at the corners4 ,the plank of which the sills are constructed should be at least #h inches wide2 #aj would be better4 ,by using four of these1 lying one on top of another1 the sill will be #h inches thick4 ,midway between the ends of the building a cross wall should be built1 and on this a sill should be laid upon which to erect the partition which divides the silo into two compartments4 ,this cross wall should be so worked into the side walls as to hold them securely1 and thus prevent the silo from spreading on the sides4 ,a little ingenuity will make the foundation and sills secure4 ,if possible the sills should be as wide as the wall upon which it rests1 but if this cannot be conveniently done the wall of stone or brick should be raised above the ground but a very few inches at most1 as the ensilage in settling on the shoulder made by the jutting wall is almost certain to spoil at that point4 ,having laid the sill upon the wall in the manner described proceed to erect the building by standing #bh or #aj-;inch studding perpendicularly upon this sill1 placing them not further apart than every #af inches1 so that a sheet of tarred building paper will lap two studding in each case4 ,the reader is cautioned to measure the building paper carefully1 before setting up the studding1 as it is sometimes scant in width and trouble will occur when one attempts to tack on the paper4 ,double the studding at the corners4 ,in the illustration of the building ,i have not placed the proper number of studding1 but the reader can rest assured that once in #af inches is not too often4 ,having placed our studding in position and secured them by a plate running around the top we are ready for the rafters4 ,fig4 #c shows how these rest upon the plates and how they are tied together so as to least interfere with the filling of the silo4 ,for a cheap silo boards may be used1 though probably shingles are the cheapest in the end4 ,in the roof upon one side place a dormer window at ,d in the illustration2 this window is immediately over the partition4 ,it is intended that the ensilage carrier shall pass up through the window so that the ensilage will fall over the partition and can be deposited in either one of the two compartments by means of a slanting chute4 ,if one does not wish to undergo the expense of the dormer window a scuttle in the roof is all that is necessary4 ,the roof is the same as for any building4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 8,we are now ready to sheathe the silo2 let us begin on the inside4 ,first of all tack tarred building paper to the studding1 running the strips up and down and having them catch on every third studding4 ,avoid all openings or rents in the paper4 ,having placed the paper take common boards dressed on one side and sheet up to the top of the studding4 ,when this is completed repeat the operation by placing a second layer of boards over the first1 breaking joints4 ,narrow boards are preferable to wide ones for this work1 as they will swell without bulging4 ,we have double-boarded the inside of our silo by this operation1 and rendered it practically impervious to the air4 ,i see no reason for using anything but common lumber for this purpose1 as upon swelling it will close up tight enough to keep out the air4 ,upon the outside of the studding tack building paper again1 as shown at ,fig4 ,c in the first illustration4 ,over this paper place any kind of boards that the fancy of the builder may dictate1 as clapboards1 shiplap1 or drop-siding4 ,it will be seen that our walls are constructed as follows1 beginning at the outside3 ,first1 siding2 second1 building paper2 third1 a dead-air space of #h or #aj inches2 fourth1 building paper2 fifth1 common boards2 sixth1 common boards4 ,no sawdust1 tanbark1 or other filling should be used1 as a dead-air space is a better non-conductor for our purpose and less expensive than any of these4 ,the partition can be built of narrower studding than those used on the sides of the building1 and one thickness of boards used on each side1 together with building paper1 as in the first instance1 is sufficient4 ,to prevent lateral pressure bulging the silo two iron rods should be run through the partition walls joining the sides of the building1 placing one about two feet above the partition sill and the other about four feet above that4 ,half or three-fourths-inch rods with heavy caps at the ends should be sufficient1 and are easily put in place before the boards are tacked to the partition4 8,two doorways should be left by cutting out a single studding in each compartment upon the most convenient side4 ,these doorways reach to within three feet of the ground1 and should be about seven feet in height4 ,they need not reach to within five feet of the top of the building4 ,the ensilage will settle in the silo several feet1 and when the time comes to pass it out through the doorway it takes but little time to dig down two or three feet to the top of the door and make an opening large enough to pass out the upper layer4 ,fig4 #a shows one of the ways in which a doorway may be made so that it can be boarded up air-tight4 ,instead of making solid doors hung on hinges ,i think it is better to use boards that will fit in crossways1 making them double thick1 and having the inside board even with the inside boarding of the silo1 as shown in ,fig4 #a4 ,do not make the doorways over #f or #g feet in length vertically1 as in all cases they weaken the structure4 ,endeavor to have the inside of the silo smooth and perpendicular from top to bottom1 with no jogs or shoulders upon which the ensilage can catch or drag4 8,if built above ground fill the rooms of the two compartments with earth until the surface is three or four inches above the outside level1 so that no water will at any time enter to injure the ensilage that rests on the ground4 ,i do not yet know which is the best method of preserving the silo from decaying4 ,this is an important branch of the topic1 but it has thus far received little attention4 ,some have recommended using kerosene for an inside coating4 ,we shall try that this season1 and also gas or roofing tar1 which ,i think will be excellent4 ,this roofing tar when heated becomes liquid1 and can be applied with a mop to the inside of the silo4 ,as soon as it cools it hardens into an impervious glossy layer that ,i should think eminently adapted to this purpose4 8,having no ceiling or floor1 and being built of common material1 there is no necessity for the silo being an expensive structure4 ,of course the reader will modify the description given to suit his own wants and circumstances1 but ,i can assure him that in some such way he can provide a silo at no great expense4 8,after the structures built for the special purpose comes the modification of building already erected4 ,a great many farmers are building over bays in their barns for silos4 ,this is easily accomplished by placing studding all around the bay and double boarding on the inside4 ,if one fears cold weather he can make a dead-air space by using two sets of studding and boarding on the inside of the bay4 ,stone buildings can be converted into good silos by furring out and double boarding on the inside4 ,in general ,i am adverse to stone structures for this purpose unless thus boarded4 ,some kinds of stone seem to do very well1 but stone walls carry off the heat and moisture too rapidly to make good silo walls4 ,if one wishes to try preserving corn-fodder and cannot afford a structure of wood1 he can excavate a pit in the earth and bury the corn-fodder therein1 though ,i am sure he will soon give up this practice as unduly expensive4 8,a word in regard to the location of the silo4 ,it may be built adjoining the feeding barn with the doors so placed that the ensilage be conveyed directly to the cattle1 or if that is not possible1 place it where the ensilage can be conveyed by a car or cart4 ,mr4 ,hiram ,smith of this ,state1 who has large silos and uses ensilage extensively1 holds that it is not inconvenient to have the silo located a few rods from the feeding barn4 ,the ensilage is pitched into a cart with forks and the cart driven into the feeding barn between the two rows of cows which stand facing each other4 ,the ensilage is placed in front of the animals directly from the cart with great rapidity4 ,in some cases a car can be used which can be run down grade into the barn in front of the cattle4 ,i think either of these methods is preferable to attempting to carry ensilage in baskets any distance4 ,,filling ,,the ,,silo4 8,probably very few stone silos will be built in the future1 for experience shows that a stone wall chills the ensilage during the curing process and if it does not seriously injure that portion next to it to a thickness of several inches it renders it at least less palatable than ensilage nearer the middle of the silo4 ,one reason1 in my judgment1 that the silo has not won more friends in the ,eastern ,states is owing to the common use of stone in its construction4 ,on our experimental farm at ,madison our first silo1 built in #ahha1 was of stone1 and our conclusions in regard to ensilage were made up from results obtained with this silo2 had we put up a wooden structure ,i am confident our results would have been worth vastly more to our people than they have been4 8,the question of stacking ensilage is sometimes raised1 being urged upon our people by the practice of our ,english friends1 who are experimenting quite largely in this direction4 ,it will be no more profitable to stack ensilage in the ,northern ,states than to stack hay1 and even less so in my judgment1 for the waste would be very considerable and no one would relish the job of handling it during bad weather4 ,silos built of wood or made by changing over the bays of barns are the proper structures1 judging from our present knowledge1 for the ,northern ,states2 our friends at the ,south may find stacking successful4 8,having constructed the silo somewhat after the one described1 though1 be it remembered1 large latitude is allowed in this matter1 we will proceed to fill it with one of the two crops most suitable for the purposes2 clover or fodder-corn4 ,if clover is to be used ,i would recommend that a hay-loader be tried for the purpose of picking it up just as left by the mower4 ,i have hopes that some form of hay-loader will do this work satisfactorily4 ,the clover1 either fresh or partly wilted1 in any degree of dryness indeed1 may be carried at once and unloaded into the silo1 care being taken to fill and tramp down the corners and along the edges so that when all has thoroughly settled there will be no air spaces to favor decay4 ,to fill a silo with clover is indeed a most simple process4 ,by having two divisions the pits can be filled alternately1 each layer of material heating up to the required temperature before the next is placed over it4 8,for fodder-corn the processes are a little more complex1 though in reality very simple4 ,the fodder-corn should be allowed to approach maturity1 the best point for cutting being not far from that at which we would ordinarily cut any shock4 ,by this ,i do not mean to allow the leaves to become dry and crisp1 but rather that they show a change from deep rank green to that yellowish tinge indicative of maturity1 though with still an abundance of moisture in them4 ,formerly ensilage corn was cut shortly after the tassel appeared4 ,without doubt very considerable loss was incurred by such a practice4 8,it is evident that if we cut our fodder at the time the corn is glazing our practice is as near correct as the present stage of investigation points out4 ,since the period of filling the silo will occupy several days1 or even a couple of weeks1 we must gauge the date of commencement to strike the best average conditions4 ,for cutting the fodder some parties recommend the use of the reaper1 but ,i judge from what ,i have been told that a good many rakes have been broken in attempting the work1 and that many have given them up and gone back to the use of the corn knife4 ,such must be the case usually1 at least where large varieties of corn are grown4 ,the stalks should be cut close to the ground and thrown into bundles or gavels4 ,if the weather is at all threatening ,i think it proper to cut and shock1 since the fodder will dry off much more rapidly if rain falls1 and it will not be so muddy and disagreeable to handle as when laid on the ground4 8,last season the writer urged that the fodder be wilted before it was put into the silo1 and his own experience1 with that of many others1 corroborates this method of procedure1 which has the additional advantage that less water is handled in the operation4 ,if it is intended to allow the fodder to wilt the corn had better be cut and shocked1 after which it may stand from three to ten days1 depending upon the maturity of the stalks at time of cutting and the weather4 ,if the fodder dries out rapidly1 from four days to a week is amply long for it to stand in shock1 while if the weather is somewhat damp or the fodder quite green it may even stand ten days with no loss4 ,one of the advantages of cutting and shocking is that when it is over the force of men employed in this operation can be changed to filling the silo4 ,if the corn is cut and placed in the silo at once quite a force of hands is needed1 but by cutting and shocking first we can avoid this double force4 8,for drawing to the silo truck wagons are better than ordinary ones1 since the fodder is more easily loaded upon them4 ,the common practice is to attach a plank to the rear of the wagon1 up which the men can walk with their arms full of fodder1 which should be placed with tops all one way for ease in unloading4 ,if the fodder is to be put through the feed-cutter the cutter should be placed so that the carrier will deposit it in either of the two pits as required4 ,formerly the carriers were so constructed that they would not work advantageously at a much greater angle than #de deg41 but now ,i note that some manufacturers have them arranged to carry almost vertically4 8,in regard to the kind of feed-cutter to be used1 it may be said that there are several valuable machines before the public1 any one of which will prove satisfactory if properly managed4 ,the only point ,i desire to urge is that a large machine be purchased1 one having about double the advertised capacity4 ,small cutters are a nuisance2 hand-power cutters are out of the question4 ,the cutter should be driven by three horses on a sweep power or two on a tread1 or by a steam engine4 ,many farmers delay ordering the cutter until within a week or two of the time to fill the silo and are obliged to wait weeks until it is received1 thereby suffering great inconvenience and loss4 ,as soon as the question is settled in favor of having a silo a cutter should be selected and ordered1 and it should be set up and run in a test trial not less than a week before actual filling is contemplated1 so that repairs or changes can be made4 ,to run a feed-cutter properly requires considerable experience and some knowledge of machinery1 and many persons have suffered serious losses by not giving this side of the subject due attention4 8,this brings me to a point in the discussion of considerable interest to many persons who desire to have silos but dread the experience and expense of machinery4 ,corn-fodder may be preserved in a perfectly satisfactory manner without running it through the feed-cutter1 and may be drawn from the field and deposited directly in the silo4 ,the expense of putting corn-fodder through the feed-cutter1 first and last1 is not far from half of all that incurred from the time of cutting the fodder to closing the silo4 ,to fill the silo with long fodder let it be drawn in the usual manner and lifted at once into the pit1 which can be accomplished in several ways1 either by hand or the horse hay-fork carrier and slings4 ,in the silo it should be distributed evenly and probably had better be placed in regular layers1 lapping 8shingle fashion0 so that it will settle evenly4 8,the use of long fodder for the silo has been urged with considerable vigor by ,mr4 ,i4 ,j4 ,clapp of ,kenosha1 ,wis41 one of ,the ,breeder's ,gazette's correspondents1 and ,i think much good has resulted from his advocacy4 ,there is no doubt but that long fodder will keep just as well as that which is cut up1 and ,i am not at all certain but such ensilage is even better in some cases than that made by cutting up the stalks into small pieces4 ,when cut into small pieces the fodder is considerably bruised1 and there is much more exposure of the juices to the air than there is where whole fodder is used4 ,my attention was called to this point by a recent letter from ,mr4 ,clapp1 and ,i hope we can make some observations on the subject in the future4 ,at any rate let those parties who either from choice or necessity do not wish to use the feed-cutter hesitate no longer in regard to the silo if they wish to try it1 but go ahead and place the whole fodder in one1 and ,i am confident they will not be disappointed in its feeding qualities4 ,the only difficulty with long fodder comes at the time it is to be taken out for feeding purposes2 then if large varieties have been used the man who attempts to get it out of the silo will need strong muscles and a large degree of patience to enable him to tug at the compact mass1 which is quite difficult to manage4 ,twenty-five cows will eat up the ensilage about as fast as one man can get it out4 ,it may be just as economical1 however1 to put two men into the silo for an hour or two each day during the winter1 when labor is cheap1 to get out the ensilage as it is to use more expensive labor in the fall to accomplish the extra work of running the feed-cutter4 8,slow filling is without doubt the best method for securing good ensilage1 no matter what material we are using1 be it clover1 long fodder-corn1 or fodder cut fine4 ,when the pit has been filled three or four feet deep no more should be placed within it until this layer has heated to the neighborhood of #abe deg4 ,fahrenheit4 ,mr4 ,john ,gould of ,ohio1 who has been a deep student of this subject from the practical side1 ,i believe holds that the ensilage should be allowed to pile up as it falls from the carrier1 and after the pile has heated to the right temperature it should be distributed evenly over the silo1 throwing that which is hottest to the corners and along the walls4 ,it is certain that ensilage usually heats up easily and rapidly except in the corners and along the walls1 where we find the temperature does not rise so rapidly nor to the same degree as it does in the body of the silo1 and anything that will help us overcome this lack will improve its quality1 and ,i deem ,mr4 ,gould's suggestion a valuable one4 ,no packing down is needed except in the corners and along the walls2 at these points we endeavor to firm the ensilage just as much as possible4 ,i wish we could avoid this operation1 and in the future we may do so4 ,i believe the ensilage would be better without any tramping and packing if we could only get it to settle uniformly without4 ,we should endeavor to secure an elevation in temperature of from #abj to #adj deg4 uniformly throughout the mass of material4 ,if the contents of the silo heat up to different degrees in different places we cannot expect them to be uniform in quality1 though all will be eaten by the stock4 ,the theory advanced by ,mr4 ,fry of ,england that a temperature of #abb deg4 ,fahrenheit destroyed the ferment that produced the temperature seems hardly correct1 for we find that the temperature goes on beyond this very rapidly--indeed1 it is often very difficult to hold it below #adj or #aej deg41 while in other cases ,i have known silos in which ,i could detect no faulty handling of the crop that would not heat to #abj deg4 ,a case in point occurred last season2 while we were busy filling our silos at the experimental farm ,i was called to the telephone by a young farmer living some thirty miles away who asked several questions about temperatures4 ,i answered him to the best of my ability and the matter dropped from my mind4 ,a couple of hours afterward1 however1 the party himself appeared on the scene in a troubled state of mind2 he said he feared that he could not make his case plain through the telephone1 and so had come on the first train to consult personally4 ,his ensilage would not heat up to #abj deg41 but was moulding badly instead4 ,i advised that he go on filling the silo1 ignoring the temperature question entirely4 ,he did so1 and in the winter reported satisfactory results4 ,in my opinion we have much to learn in regard to this ferment1 and that very close1 patient study will be required to bring out the scientific side in a satisfactory manner4 ,fortunately we do not have to be very particular in our practice to obtain a very good quality of ensilage4 ,i would advise1 therefore1 that a person allow the temperature to run from #abj to #adj when the thermometer is buried a foot deep in the fodder2 but when these conditions are not obtained1 no matter whether the degree be lower or higher1 to go right on without feeling anxious in the matter4 ,if the contents of the silo do not heat at all1 or if the temperature gets up to #afj deg41 the cattle will still eat the ensilage without complaint and relish it better than average dry fodder4 ,i speak pretty positively upon this point because novices find it difficult to get over it and become quite excited and nervous if they cannot attain the exact directions given by most writers on this subject4 ,the best rule is to go ahead1 do the best one can1 and the cattle will be very well satisfied with the result4 ,remember that the experience of a single individual or a single season may be no criterion for other cases4 ,the reasons for these great variations are not yet apparent4 8,silo filling may go on for two or three weeks1 or until the pits are filled1 when they should be covered after standing a day or two to allow the last layer to heat4 ,for covering material there may be placed over the ensilage building paper upon which may be placed sand1 earth1 chaff1 cut straw1 marsh hay1 long straw1 sawdust1 or almost any material which will help keep out the air4 ,if one wishes the pits may be left uncovered1 in which case something like a foot of the ensilage will decay and form a covering and protection for that beneath4 ,the practice of weighting the silo is now largely abandoned1 though ,i am not certain but what some heavy material along the edges and in the corners will aid in saving the ensilage at those points1 since it is here that the contents do not settle so well as does the body of the material4 ,for a few weeks after filling the sides and corners should be tramped down occasionally to aid them in settling40 ,,planting1 ,,cutting1 ,,feeding1 ,,etc4 ,the following extracts from 8,bulletin ,no4 #b10 ,illinois ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 by ,thomas ,f4 ,hunt1 answers some important questions in regard to planting1 etc43 8,the filling of the silo was practically continuous1 and was done in three days1 ,aug4 #bj to #bb1 #ahhg1 with #ed1ebe lbs4--twenty-seven and a quarter tons--of green corn4 ,about twenty tons of this consisted of a medium sized1 fairly early yellow dent corn 7,murdock71 which had been planted ,may #d to #f1 in rows #c feet #i inches apart1 with two to three kernels dropped every #i to #ab inches in each row4 ,at the time of cutting the stalks had well-formed but small ears1 the kernels of which had largely passed the milk state2 that is1 the kernels were mostly glazed4 ,the lower leaves were yellowish1 and some had begun to dry4 ,the growth1 though not large1 was thought satisfactory1 considering the long-continued and severe drouth that had prevailed here4 ,the yield was not more than seven tons of fresh fodder per acre4 ,seven tons consisted of a large1 late maturing yellow dent corn 7,leaming71 which had been planted ,may #bh1 #ahhg4 ,the kernels were in the milk and the leaves were entirely green4 ,no marked difference was noted between the ensilage from this and that from the other corn4 99 99 99 8,feeding the ensilage was begun ,march #aj1 #ahhh1 by mixing it with twice its bulk of dry1 cut corn-fodder1 not corn-stover1 which our stock had been chiefly fed during the winter4 ,the cattle soon learned to like the ensilage1 and after the first week it was fed without mixing with any other substance and was eaten rather better1 on the whole1 than corn-fodder had been previously4 8,dairy weights of ensilage fed to the stock were not taken4 ,from what weighing was done it is estimated that from ,march #ag to ,april #cj #gjj lbs4 on an average were fed daily4 ,during this time the following cattle were given ensilage3 ,march #ag to ,april #cj two aged and five yearling bulls1 one heifer1 and one dry cow were fed ensilage1 hay1 and grain2 eight milch cows1 ensilage1 straw1 and grain2 ten dry cows and five heifers1 ensilage and straw4 ,march #ag to ,april #af1 three steers were fed ensilage and corn4 ,april #ac to #cj1 four heifers and two dry cows were fed ensilage and hay4 ,it will thus be seen that for #de days #cg head were1 on an average fed #gjj lbs41 about #ai each1 daily4 ,of these #ae had ensilage and straw only2 #h had ensilage and straw with grain1 usually four quarts of bran added daily2 and #i ensilage1 hay1 and grain4 ,all thrived exceedingly well considering the amount of food eaten40 ,for information as to the results of future experiments with ensilage we refer the reader to the various ,state ,agricultural ,experiment ,stations and the authorities here quoted4 ,,part ,,ii4--,,stage ,,illusions4 ,the ,three-,headed ,woman4 ,in the booths of the market fairs at ,paris and its suburbs 7for example1 at the 8,gingerbread0 ,fair1 at the ,fte of ,st4 ,cloud1 etc471 and in the tricks of jugglers1 etc41 who operate in the street1 caf concerts1 or circuses1 we find phenomena that have a true scientific interest1 ingenious applications of different sciences1 or simply tricks that puzzle the spectator4 ,since1 in general1 people like to know the secret of what has surprised them1 it may not prove uninteresting to devote a few articles to what may be called 8side-show science40 ,we will first speak of the process employed to produce the 8three-headed woman40 ,illustration ,the exterior of the little booth in which this phenomenon is exhibited is covered by a large painted canvas representing a three-headed woman in evening costume in a richly decorated drawing-room along with a few persons4 ,for better convincing the curious a photograph taken from nature exhibits the phenomenal woman as she appears in the show2 and every now and then the showman stops his drum to cry1 8,she is living1 ladies and gentlemen1 she is living60 ,if we allow ourselves to be persuaded to enter the booth we shall find ourselves separated from the stage by a balustrade--a sort of screen1 behind which is the curtain4 ,in a few moments the latter separates and there is distinctly seen a woman's body1 the lower part of which is hidden by a basket of flowers4 ,this body has three heads2 one in the middle and two others grafted at the base of the neck of the first4 ,these three heads move their eyes1 answer together a few questions put by the showman1 stick out their tongues1 sing a few snatches of a popular song1 and finally salute the audience1 when the curtain closes and the show is over4 ,on almost every occasion some ingenious person is heard to express pity for this unfortunate person1 who has no legs and three heads4 ,this is the best praise that could be bestowed on the trick--for naturally it is only a trick4 ,moreover the showman is ready1 for money1 to explain how it is done4 ,if we allow ourselves to be tempted1 and enter the side-scene1 we perceive on the little stage where the phenomenal woman just appeared nothing but a large plate of glass1 slightly inclined toward the audience1 and its edges hidden by drapery4 ,behind the mirror there is a recess whose sides are covered with a dead-black fabric4 ,in front of the mirror1 on the stage1 sits the basket of flowers from which issued the woman's body4 ,then on an inclined board a little above the ground lie three young girls4 ,one of these1 the middle one1 is clothed in a brilliant costume of silk of a light color1 and it is she who1 in the exhibition1 makes the trunk1 arms1 and the middle head4 ,her legs are covered over with a black fabric1 and she is supported by a cushion so as to permit the two other girls to place their necks closely against hers4 ,the bodies of these two girls at the sides are completely covered with a fabric of a dead-black color4 ,in front of these three young women are placed a dozen strong kerosene lamps provided with reflectors4 ,the heads1 hair1 and arms of the 8body0 are covered with powder1 so as to present completely white surfaces4 ,such is the secret as revealed from the side-scene1 and it will now be understood how the phenomenon is produced4 ,all the white or light-colored surfaces being strongly lighted by the lamps that reflect the light1 their image is sent by the glass toward the spectators1 who perceive then the body of the female1 her two arms1 and her three heads4 ,all the portions covered with black are1 on the contrary1 absolutely invisible in the glass1 and the spectators cannot see that they exist4 ,the phenomenon is1 on the whole1 a curious application of the effects of reflection which were in fashion some twenty years ago under the name of 8living ghosts10 and by means of which it was possible in theaters to cause the apparition1 alongside of living persons1 either of undecided forms or of bodies not resting on the ground4 ,the 8,gingerbread0 ,fair this year showed a two-headed woman produced by a slightly different process1 the body and head of the woman being seen directly1 and the second head alone being seen by reflection from a glass4 ,this phenomenon may be varied to infinity1 so to speak4 ,to cite only a few examples1 there may be produced by the same process a decapitated person who talks2 a decapitated person who holds his head in his hand1 and a ,judith and ,holofernes1 the head of the latter being held by the hair by the former4--,la ,nature4 ,the ,mysterious ,voice4 8,some time ago10 says a correspondent of ,la ,nature1 8,i was walking around in a side show in which were exhibited mechanical portraits1 when ,i was surprised to hear myself called3 #8,monsieur6 ,monsieur6' 99 99 99 ,i discovered that the voice came from a tin trumpet1 which was held in the mouth of a negro's head made of wood1 and suspended by a small brass chain from semicircles of iron supported by a wooden frame0 7,fig4 #a74 ,the effect produced on the spectators by this speaking head was one of universal astonishment1 and no one was capable of solving the mystery4 ,the arrangement for producing the illusion is very simple1 however1 and is thus explained by the writer above referred to3 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,the ,,speaking ,,head4 ,a person hidden behind the scenes speaks into a tube two or three centimeters in diameter which runs from that point to the wooden frame1 and in the interior of the horizontal and upright pieces of which it passes till it reaches the suspended head at ,a1 as shown by the dotted lines1 ,e1 ,d1 ,c1 ,b1 ,a4 ,the voice thus transmitted is reflected from the sides of the trumpet1 ,h1 to the person holding a conversation with the head4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,the ,,speaking ,,glass ,,case4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,the ,,invisible ,,girl ,,experiment4 ,this experiment1 which is analogous to the one that precedes1 was explained by ,nicholson1 in #ahcb1 in his ,journal de ,physique4 ,although at first offered as a physical experiment1 under the title of an 8experiment in acoustics10 it has since changed name and master1 and is now dignified by the imposing name of 8invisible girl40 ,fig4 #b shows the arrangement of the original apparatus1 which consisted of a glass case1 ,x1 about four feet long by about one in height1 suspended from the ceiling by four chains at a distance of a foot from the window frame4 ,from the extremity of the case projected a speaking trumpet1 and the entire apparatus was surrounded by a latticework of iron wire to prevent its being touched by the hands of the curious4 ,the phenomenon1 although a puzzling novelty at the time1 did not attract much of a crowd1 as it was not managed with sufficient address1 and the surroundings were not of a nature to please fashionable people4 ,this apparatus was improved upon and rendered more elegant in appearance by ,prof4 ,robertson4 ,fig4 #c1 copied from an old engraving1 shows this latter arrangement4 ,a globe1 ,a1 made of glass or enameled sheet iron1 and to which are attached four trumpets1 is suspended from the middle of the room4 ,this globe is not necessary for the experiment1 but is only an accessory to impose upon the imagination4 ,around it is placed a framework1 ,b1 which is very necessary1 for it is hollow1 and it is through it that the voice of the invisible person is heard4 ,a tin tube passes through the upright ,c and then runs to ,d1 where there is a small slit or aperture opposite the trumpet4 ,this tin tube passes under the floor of the room1 and runs into the neighboring room1 whence the pretended invisible person speaks1 and sees everything through the keyhole or through an aperture in the wall4 ,this is all there is of the mystery4 ,an ,improved ,psycho4 ,let me explain to those who have not seen 8,psycho0 that it consists of a small figure dressed as a ,turk1 sitting cross-legged 7as shown by dotted lines7 on a chest2 this chest is in turn supported on a glass tube1 about #ab in4 in diameter and #c ft4 long1 which rests on a four-legged stool4 ,the bottom of chest and top of stool are covered with green cloth1 so as to make a tolerably air-tight joint4 ,the right arm is extended as per drawing1 and a semicircular rack1 in which are placed the #ac cards dealt to 8,psycho10 is fixed by means of a bracket 7not shown7 in such a position that the edges come between the finger and thumb1 as shown at 994 ,the arm turning horizontally on the pivot ,a1 the hand can be brought over any card1 and by closing the finger and thumb and raising the arm the card will be withdrawn from the rack and held in the air4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 a4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 b4 ,in ,figs4 #a;a and #a;b 7elevation and plan7 the wheels ,e and ,m have each a train of clockwork 7left out for the sake of clearness71 which would cause them to spin round if unchecked4 ,m1 however1 has two pins1 p p1 which catch on a projection on the lever1 ,n4 ,e is a crown-wheel escapement--like that in a bottle roasting-jack--which turns ,a alternately to the left and right1 thus causing the hand to traverse the #ac cards4 ,a little higher on ,a will be seen a quadrant ,b 7see plan7 near the edge of which are set #ac little pins4 ,the end of the lever ,n drops between any two of them1 thus causing the hand to stop at any desired card4 ,the lever being pivoted at c it is obvious that by pressing the end1 ,n1 ,b will be set at liberty1 and the hand will move along the cards2 by slightly raising it this motion will be arrested2 by raising it still more the pin p is released and ,m commences to revolve1 and by again depressing ,n this wheel will in its turn be stopped4 ,near the bottom of the apparatus is a bellows ,o1 which contains a spring tending to keep the lever ,n1 with which it is connected by a rod ,x1 in the position shown4 ,this is connected with the tubular support1 which may be connected by a tube through the leg of the stool1 and another tube beneath the stage1 with an assistant behind the scenes4 ,by compressing or exhausting air through this tube it is obvious that the lever1 ,n1 will be raised or depressed1 and the clockwork set going accordingly4 a is a crankpin set in ,m1 and connected with the head by catgut1 ,t1 and with the thumb by ,s4 ,at ,r and ,r are two pulleys connected by gut4 ,thus if the hand moves round the head appears to follow its motions1 and when raised by pulling ,s the head rises also by means of ,t4 ,further explanation seems almost unnecessary2 l is a stop to prevent the elbow moving too far1 and b b spiral springs to keep thumb open and head forward respectively4 ,when ,n is raised ,m pulls ,t and ,s1 the latter closing thumb1 and then raising arm by pulley ,h4 ,if the lever is allowed to drop p will catch and keep arm up4 ,on again raising ,n the arm will descend4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 a4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 b4 ,figs4 #b;a and #b;b show another and simpler arrangement1 in which only one train of clockwork is used4 ,on the same axle as ,h is fixed a lever and weight1 ,w1 to balance the arm4 ,a vertical rod1 ,x1 having a projection1 ,z1 slides up and down in guides1 ,y ,y1 and carries the catgut ,s and ,t4 ,the quadrant1 ,b1 has cogs cut1 between which ,z slides and stops the motion of ,a1 which is moved1 as before1 by clockwork4 ,the lower part of ,x is connected direct with ,o4 ,when ,x is slightly raised1 as shown1 ,a is free to move1 but on exhausting air and drawing ,x down ,z enters the cogs and stops the hand over a card2 continuing to exhaust the thumb closes and the card is lifted up4 ,the details of the clockwork ,i leave to the ingenuity of your readers4 ,there should be a fan on each train to regulate the speed4 ,the figure should be so placed that your assistant can see the cards in the semicircular rack4--,english ,mechanic4 ,magic ,cabinets1 ,boxes1 ,etc4 ,magic cabinets are much employed by magicians4 ,the following is an example of one of the scenes that may occur with them3 ,when the curtain rises there is seen in the center of the stage a large dark colored cabinet1 ornamented with mouldings1 and mounted upon legs that are a little longer than those of ordinary cabinets1 the object being to remove all possibility of a communication with the stage beneath4 ,these legs are provided with casters4 ,the showman turns this cabinet around and shows that there is nothing abnormal about it externally4 ,he then asks some of the spectators to come up close to it1 and lets them examine its interior1 which is entirely empty4 ,there is no double bottom1 nor any hiding place4 ,when the witnesses have made themselves certain of this fact they station themselves around the stage1 and a certain number of them even consent to remain behind the cabinet and see nothing of the experiment4 ,the cabinet being thus surrounded on all sides1 and even one being able to look under it1 fraud would seem to be an impossibility4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,a young woman dressed as a danseuse then comes onto the stage and enters the cabinet 7,fig4 #a71 and the doors are closed upon her4 ,in a few moments the doors are opened again1 when1 lo and behold6 the closet is empty1 the young woman having disappeared4 ,then the doors are closed again1 and then opened1 and the danseuse makes her appearance2 and so on4 ,at the end of the experiment the witnesses examine the cabinet again1 and1 finding nothing changed therein1 are justly stupefied4 ,in another style of cabinet there is no bar in the center1 as shown in ,fig4 #a1 but there is observed on one of the sides in the interior a bracket a few centimeters in length1 and back and above this a shelf4 ,this arrangement permits of performing a few experiments more than does the one just described4 ,thus1 when the woman has disappeared the showman allows a young man to enter1 and he also disappears1 while the young woman is found in his place4 ,this is a very surprising substitution4 ,the box into which the harlequin takes refuge1 and which appears to be empty when ,pierrot or ,cassandra lifts the curtain that shields its entrance1 is also a sort of magic cabinet4 ,in a series of lectures delivered a few years ago at the ,london ,polytechnic ,institution1 a professor of physics unmasked the secret of some of the tricks employed on the stage for producing illusions1 and notably that of the magic cabinet4 ,the lecturer1 after showing the cabinet and causing the disappearance therein of an individual while the doors were closed1 repeated the same experiment with the latter open4 ,but in the latter case so quick was the disappearance that the spectators could not even then see how it was done4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,plan ,,explanatory ,,of ,,the ,,cabinet4 ,the illusion produced by these apparatus is the result of a play of mirrors4 ,in the first cabinet described 7,fig4 #a71 when the exhibitor has closed the doors upon the young woman1 the latter pulls toward her two mirrors that are represented in ,fig4 #b by the lines ,g ,g4 ,these mirrors are hinged at ,o ,o1 and when swung outward rest by their external edges against the bar ,p1 and then occupy the position shown by the dotted lines ,g ,g4 ,when the cabinet is again opened the woman1 placed at ,a1 is hidden by the two mirrors2 but the appearance of the interior of the cabinet is not changed1 since the spectators see the image of each side reflected from the corresponding mirror1 and this looks to them like the back of the cabinet4 ,the illusion is perfect4 ,when the experiment is ended and the mirrors are again swung against the sides1 at ,g ,g1 the spectators see nothing but the backs of them1 which are covered with wood2 the cabinet is really empty1 and no one can discover what modification has taken place in its interior during the disappearance of the woman4 ,in the second arrangement1 which is shown in vertical section in ,fig4 #c1 the young man gets up onto the shelf c n1 at the upper part of the cabinet1 by the aid of the bracket ,t1 and then pulls down over him the mirror b c1 which was fastened to the top of the cabinet4 ,this mirror being inclined at an angle of #de deg4 reflects the top1 and the spectators imagine that they see the back of the cabinet over the shelf just as they did before4 ,the box which the harlequin enters is based upon precisely the same principle4 ,its interior is hung with paper banded alternately blue and white4 ,when the harlequin enters it he places himself in one of the angles and pulls toward him two mirrors which hide him completely1 and which reflect the opposite side of the box1 so that the spectator is led to believe that he sees the back of it4 ,in this case one of the angles at the back of the box is not apparent1 but the colored stripes prevent the spectator from noticing the fact4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,section ,,explanatory ,,of ,,the ,,cabinet4 ,the ,magic ,portfolio4 ,this is an apparatus which an itinerant physicist might have been seen a few years ago exhibiting in the squares and at street corners4 ,his method was to have a spectator draw a card1 which he then placed between the four sheets of paper which1 folded crosswise1 formed the flaps of his portfolio4 ,when he opened the latter again a few instants afterward the card had disappeared1 or rather had become transformed4 ,profiting then by the surprise of his spectators the showman began to offer them his magic portfolio at the price of five sous for the small size and ten for the large4 ,the portfolio was made of two square pieces of cardboard connected by four strings1 these latter being fixed in such a way that when the two pieces of cardboard were open and juxtaposed the external edge of each of them was connected with the inner edge of the other4 ,this constituted1 after a manner1 a double hinge that permitted of the portfolio being opened from both sides4 ,to one pair of strings there were glued1 back to back1 two sheets of paper1 which1 when folded over1 formed the flaps of the portfolio4 ,it was only necessary1 then1 to open the latter in one direction or the other to render it impossible to open more than one of the two sets of flaps4 ,this device is one that permits of a large number of tricks being performed1 since every object put under one of the sets of flaps will apparently disappear or be converted into something else1 at the will of the prestidigitator 7,fig4 #d74 ,magic ,envelopes4 ,this trick is a simplification of the foregoing4 ,the affair consists of several sheets of paper of different colors folded over1 one upon the other4 ,a card inclosed within the middle envelope1 over which have been folded all the others1 is found to have disappeared when the flaps are opened again4 ,the secret of the trick is very simple4 ,one of the inner sheets of paper--the second one1 usually--is double1 and1 when folded1 forms two envelopes that are back to back4 ,it is only necessary then to open one or the other of these latter to cause the appearance or disappearance or transformation of such objects as have been inclosed within it4 7,fig4 #d47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,magic ,,portfolio1 ,,envelopes1 ,,and ,,boxes4 ,magic ,boxes4 ,magic boxes are of several styles1 according to the size of the objects that one desires to make disappear4 ,there is no one who has not seen a magician put one or more pigeons into the drawer of one of these boxes1 and after closing it open it to find that the birds have disappeared4 ,such boxes contain1 as shown in ,fig4 #d1 two drawers1 which1 when pulled out1 seem to be but one2 and it is only necessary1 then1 to pull out the inner one or leave it closed in order to render the inclosed birds visible or invisible4 ,in order to cause the disappearance of smaller objects trick performers often employ a jewel box1 and1 after putting the object 7a ring1 for example7 into this1 they hand it to some person and ask him to hold it1 requesting him at the same time to wrap it up in several sheets of paper4 ,but this simple motion has permitted the performer to cause the ring to drop into his hand through a small trap opening beneath the box4 ,yet1 while he is doing this1 the spectators think that they hear the noise made by the ring striking against the sides of the box4 ,but that is only a delusion2 for the noise that is heard proceeds from a small hammer which is hidden within the cover under the escutcheon1 and which is rendered immovable when the latter is pressed upon by the performer4 ,the box can thus be shaken without any noise being heard within it1 and the spectators are led to believe that the object has disappeared4 ,double-bottomed boxes are so well known that it is useless to describe them4 ,sometimes the double bottom is hidden in the cover1 and at others it rests against one of the sides4 ,such boxes permit of the disappearance or substitution of objects that are not very thick1 such as a note1 an image1 or a card4--,la ,nature4 ,the ,swinging ,half ,lady4 ,an arrangement is made similar to a hammock1 which is attached to the back of the cabinet1 and is then affixed to a false wooden bust made to fit the bust of the lady4 ,it should be thickly padded where the part of her body rests upon it1 and should be tightly strapped to the lady across the shoulders and back4 ,the bust is covered with silk1 satin1 or any fine dress material1 and trimmed to represent a lady's low-necked dress bodice with short shoulder sleeves4 ,the remaining portion of the lady is encased in a dark-colored skirt 7black velvet is the best71 and her feet are firmly strapped to a wood rest at the back of the cabinet1 as shown in ,fig4 #b4 ,the bust is supported upon a swing1 in the front of the cabinet4 ,four brass chains support a slab of wood about #bh inches long by about #h or ten inches in width4 ,midway up the chains at each side is a cross piece of wood fixed to the chains by which1 when the lady grasps them with her hands1 she can easily lift the bust from the wood slab1 allowing a sword to be passed beneath the bottom of the bust and the top of the wood slab4 ,when the lady is supported upon the swing she cannot swing forward1 but can only swing with a slight sideway motion1 because if she attempted to swing forward the slab of wood would then no longer support the bust1 and the performer would be in danger of breaking her back1 as she would have no other support to sustain her1 except the back of the cabinet to which her feet are strapped4 ,the slab of wood forming the swing is made in some cases with two half-round holes1 to allow the lady to place her hands through1 to show that she can pass her hands beneath her4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,the interior of the cabinet should be of one uniform color1 if possible of a dark blue or dark maroon4 ,it should be about six feet in depth by about five to seven feet across the front1 according to fancy4 ,the front should have either dark blue1 maroon1 or green baize curtains1 so made as to draw right across4 ,on each side of the cabinet are affixed two lamps1 as in ,fig4 #a1 with large plated reflectors about #aj or #ab inches in diameter4 ,these should be so fixed that the curtains can be drawn at the back of them2 and thus1 when lighted1 reflect a strong and powerful light outward1 throwing the interior of the cabinet into deep and gloomy shadow4 ,it must be evident1 therefore1 to the reader that the four lamps and reflectors play a very important part in making this illusion perfect1 because in consequence of a strong1 bright1 and dazzling light being reflected into the eyes of the spectators it is impossible for them to distinguish anything inside the cabinet1 beyond the bust and head of the lady4 ,the position for the lady performing is one of pain4 ,in the first place she has to be tightly strapped to the bust1 which causes difficulty in breathing and talking2 and1 again1 the head must be held well back to make it appear from the front as if the false bust and neck were completely one and upright4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,many ladies performing this illusion cannot help showing in their look the pain and suffering they are experiencing even when before their audiences1 thereby spoiling the effect the illusion would have had if their features had been composed and the face wreathed with smiles4 ,the ,aerial ,suspension4 ,illustration ,this trick has been before the public for many years1 but when performed still causes considerable sensation4 ,the apparatus required is1 first1 a kind of iron corset1 for which the performer doing this trick must be properly measured and accurately fitted with it1 according to his or her size and build4 ,this corset is strapped upon the body1 and attached to it is a rod passing down the right side from beneath the arm1 almost to the right knee4 ,below the arm is a projecting piece so made as to fit into a socket1 and almost in the shape of a crutch2 and the rod passing down the side of the performer is so constructed that when a person has this apparatus strapped securely upon him or her1 and the projecting piece under the arm is fitted into the socket of the pole1 the body can be raised1 and the toes in rising will describe an arc of about #ij deg41 assuming the position shown in the figure4 ,to effect this two poles are required of the same length1 one made of wood and the other of iron2 the latter being fitted into a socket in the stand1 and having also a socket in the top1 in which is fixed the projecting piece under the arm1 and this rod therefore supports the whole weight of the body during the performance4 ,the two poles are both painted the same color1 and to the audience both appear to be the same4 ,the performer will have to provide a specially made costume to suit the working of the apparatus4 ,the young lady 7we will imagine that it is a lady who performs this suspension feat7 is brought forward by the professor1 and the two rods are shown1 and a stool is placed on the stand on which the lady steps4 ,the iron rod is now placed in position and fixed under the right arm1 and the wood rod is placed under the left2 the professor1 now making a few passes with his hands1 apparently sends the lady performer into a mesmeric sleep1 and gently draws the rod from under the left arm and lays it down4 ,making a few more passes he gradually raises the body of the lady into a horizontal position1 and she will appear to be suspended almost in the air4 ,with a little practice the body can be placed into any position4 ,when the lady has been suspended long enough1 make a few more passes and gently lower the body until in an upright position1 and again place the wood rod under the left arm and place the stool beneath her feet1 and taking a handkerchief wipe the lady's face1 and she will appear to awaken and will step down from her exalted position4 ,an improvement has lately been introduced in the apparatus2 the iron column is hollow1 and through the center another rod is worked from beneath the stage1 and in the socket of the iron rod at the top are placed a number of teeth which catch corresponding teeth in the projecting piece under the arm1 and this being worked from below the stage will cause the body of the lady to slowly rise into a horizontal position without being so placed by the professor4 ,this is certainly a very great improvement in the mode of working1 as while the professor simply makes a few passes with his hands the body gradually rises1 apparently to the audience without any visible means whatever4 ,the ,ghost ,illusion4 ,this illusion1 which created so much sensation in ,london and first known here as 8,pepper's ,ghost10 ,i will endeavor to explain1 and make the working of it as clear as ,i possibly can to the reader4 ,it is caused by the figure of a man or woman being reflected upon a sheet of glass1 and the audience looking through this glass1 apparently see the figure upon the stage1 but in reality it is not so1 being only upon the glass4 ,in the first place a sheet of plate glass perfectly clear and without a blemish must be procured1 and of such a size that it will show the image or reflection of the performer who impersonates the ghost4 ,this glass is fixed at the front of the stage and inclined slightly toward the audience4 ,in front and below the stage a chamber is made1 completely concealed from the eyes of the audience1 but having an opening at the upper part1 through which the reflection of the person below is thrown upward upon the sheet of glass4 ,the reader can understand the position better by referring to the accompanying cut4 ,the body of the person to be reflected is against an inclined plane1 which is covered with black cloth4 ,this inclined plane is fixed upon castors1 and the person leaning against it1 moving this slightly with his feet1 either to the right or left1 will cause it to appear as if the ghost was either walking forward or backward4 ,below the stage a person is placed with a powerful lantern1 and the light from it is thrown upon the figure representing the ghost1 thus causing it to be reflected strongly and brightly against the glass fixed above4 ,the stage must be darkened and dimly lighted1 otherwise the ghost will hardly be visible4 ,in making various motions of the body the ghost actor must reverse his movements2 for example1 if he raises his left arm the figure reflected above will appear to raise its right arm4 ,the glass1 as ,i stated before1 must be without a blemish1 and fixed at an angle of #bj deg41 inclining forward toward the audience1 and the nearer the audience are seated to it the larger the glass must be4 ,the size of the glass depends upon the height of the figure to be reflected and the size of the stage and the theater or hall in which it is exhibited4 ,this again will be understood by referring to the figure1 in which ,a represents the eyes of that part of the audience seated in the lower portion or body of the hall1 while ,b represents the eyes of those who are seated in the boxes or gallery1 thus showing the angle by which the height of the glass is determined1 as the angles of incidence are always equal to the angles of reflection2 and the same angles of incidence are likewise equal to the corresponding angles of the reflected figure4 ,illustration ,this illusion was invented in #ahfc by ,prof4 ,pepper1 by whom it was patented1 and for a long period it was exhibited at the ,polytechnic in ,london1 in various forms and guises1 and drew thousands from all parts to see this wonderful exhibition4 ,although it cannot now be classed as a 8novelty10 yet it still creates a great sensation whenever and wherever it is exhibited4 ,if the reader desires to pursue this subject further he is referred to 8,the ,art of ,modern ,conjuring10 by ,prof4 ,henri ,garenne1 to whom we are indebted for much that we present here4 ,ward1 ,lock ,co41 publishers1 ,new ,york and ,london4 ,,part ,,iii4--,,medical4 ,prescriptions of ,eminent ,physicians4 ,,arranged ,,and ,,revised ,,by ,,frank ,v4 ,,luse1 ,m4 ,d41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,authorities4 ,agnew4 ,hazard4 ,atthill4 ,hebra4 ,bartholow4 ,liebreich4 ,basham4 ,luse4 ,beasley4 ,bibron4 ,mackenzie4 ,brande4 ,milton4 ,browne4 ,mitchell1 ,r4 ,w4 ,brown-,squard4 ,pancoast4 ,chapman4 ,porcher4 ,da ,costa4 ,ricord4 ,dewees4 ,ringer4 ,ellis4 ,schafhirt4 ,smith4 ,fenner4 ,squibbs4 ,gerhard4 ,tanner4 ,getchell4 ,thornton4 ,gross4 ,trousseau4 ,guy4 ,waring4 ,hartshorne4 ,albuminuria 7,bright's ,disease74 ,tinctur ,ferri ,chloridi f iij4 ,acidi ,acetici diluti f ij4 ,syrupi simplicis f iss4 ,liquoris ,ammonii ,acetatis q4 s4 ad f iv4--,m4 ,sig4 ,take a dessertspoonful every six hours4 ,basham4 ,alcoholism 7,chronic74 ,tinctur ,capsici ,tinctur ,zingiberis f j4 ,tinctur ,valerian ammo ,tinctur ,gentian comp f ij4--,m4 ,sig4 ,take a dessertspoonful in a teacupful of hop tea three or four times a day4 ,gerhard4 ,amenorrha 7,absence of ,menstrual ,flow74 ,myrrh gr4 viij4 ,pulveris ,jalap gr4 xv4 ,ferri ,sulphatis exsiccat ,pulveris ,aloes et ,canell j4 ,syrupi simplicis q4 s4 ,fiat massa et divide in pilulas l4 ,sig4 ,take two or three pills at bedtime1 for several nights successively4 ,n4 ,chapman4 ,asthma4 ,potassii ,iodidi iij4 ,extracti ,belladonn fluidi f j4 ,extracti ,lobeli fluidi f ij4 ,extracti ,grindeli fluidi f ss4 ,glycerin ,aqu destillat f iss4--,m4 ,sig4 ,take a tablespoonful every two1 three1 or four hours1 as necessary4 ,bartholow4 ,foliorum ,belladonn ,foliorum ,hyoscyami gr4 iij4 ,extracti ,opii aquosi gr4 one-fifth4 ,aqu ,laurocerasi q4 s4 ,moisten the leaves with a solution of the opium extract in the cherry-laurel water4 ,let them dry thoroughly and roll into a cigarette4 ,two to four of these cigarettes may be smoked every day4 ,trousseau4 ,biliousness4 ,resin ,podophilli gr4 #a_/d ,resin ,jalap ,extracti ,colocynthidis compositi ,gambogi gr4 iiss4 ,olei ,juniperi q4 s4 ,misce et fiant pilul ,no4 ii4 ,sig4 ,one dose1 at bedtime4 ,guy4 ,burns and ,scalds4 ,plumbi ,carbonatis iv4 ,olei ,lini q4 s4 ,tere simul et fiat pinguentum4 ,sig4 ,apply liberally on linen or lint4 ,gross4 ,acidi ,salicylici j ,olei ,oliv f viij4--,m4 ,sig4 ,apply to burn1 covering with linen or lint4 ,bartholow4 ,biliary ,calculi 7,stone in the ,bile ,duct74 ,chloroformi purificati ij4 ,olei ,cinnamomi gtt4 viij4 ,spiritus ,camphor ,tinctur ,opii deodorat f iss4 ,spiritus ,vini f iij4--,m4 ,sig4 ,dose1 from five to thirty drops1 in sweetened water1 every hour or two4 ,hartshorne4 ,renal or ,vesical ,calculi 7,stone in ,kidney or ,bladder74 ,liquoris ,potass f ss4 ,tinctur ,humuli f iss4 ,infusi ,calumb f iv4 ,syrupi ,aurantii ,corticis f ij4 ,fiat mistura4 ,sig4 ,take a tablespoonful three times daily4 ,h4 ,green4 ,cancer4 ,arsenici ,iodidi gr4 j4 ,extracti ,conii ij4 ,fiat massa1 et divide in pilulas xvi4 ,sig4 ,take one pill morning and night4 ,marsden4 ,carbuncle4 ,quinin ,hydrochloratis gr4 xxiv4 ,potassii ,chloratis ij4 ,acidi ,hydrochlorici xl 767 ,tinctur ,ferri ,chloridi f ij4 ,tinctur ,cardamomi f iss4 ,aqu destillat q4 s4 ad f vj4--,m4 ,sig4 ,take a tablespoonful every three hours1 diluted4 ,gerhard4 ,nasal ,catarrh4 ,sod carbonatis ,sod biboratis ij4 ,liq4 sod chlorinat ss4--ij4 ,glycerini j4 ,aqu ad vj4--,m4 ,sig4 ,apply cold by means of a hand-spray apparatus4 ,pugin ,thornton4 ,borax iij4 ,salicylic acid ij4 ,glycerine ijss4 ,water1 to make iij4 ,sig4 ,from one to two drachms in one-half pint of water1 applied by means of a douche4 ,is especially useful in catarrh with ulceration1 usually due to syphilis4 ,for simple catarrh use the following3 ,chloride of ammonium ,borax gr4 x4 ,aqu ,oss4--,m4 ,sig4 ,use with a douche1 spray-producer1 or by means of insufflation4 ,lennox ,browne4 ,cholera4 ,tinct4 ,opii ,tinct4 ,capsici ,spts4 ,camphor j4 ,chloroformi f iij4 ,alcoholis q4 s4 ad4 v4--,m4 ,sig4 ,dose five drops to one teaspoonful4 ,squibbs4 ,in time of epidemic cholera1 or diarrha1 when any person has two movements of the bowels more than natural within the twenty-four hours1 the second one should be followed by a dose of this mixture to be repeated after every movement that follows4 ,if the movements increase in frequency or in copiousness after the second dose of the medicine has been taken a physician should be sent for at once1 and a double dose be taken after each movement until he arrives4 ,immediately after taking the first dose the person should go to bed and remain there for twelve hours after the diarrha has entirely ceased4 ,acidi ,sulphurici ss4 ,morphin ,sulphatis gr4 #a_/c4 ,spiritus ,vini ,gallici f iss4 ,aqu destillat f iij4--,m4 ,sig4 ,inject under the skin of the arms1 legs1 and over the stomach every hour until the symptoms are relieved4 7,when rice-water discharges1 vomiting1 cramps1 and shrinkage of the extremities supervene47 ,r4 ,w4 ,mitchell1 ,memphis1 ,tenn4 ,creasoti gtt4 j4 ,aqu ,camphor ,infusi ,gentian compositi f vj4--,m4 ,sig4 ,one dose every two hours4 7,in the cold stage47 ,j4 ,t4 ,jones1 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,cholera ,infantum4 ,plumbi ,acetatis gr4 viij4 ,acidi ,acetici diluti gtt4 vj4 ,tinctur ,opii deodorat gtt4 iv4 ,syrupi simplicis ,aqu ,menth piperit f ss4--,m4 ,sig4 ,dose a teaspoonful every two or three hours4 7,for a child two years old47 ,da ,costa4 ,cannabis ,indic gr4 j4 ,pulveris ,opii gr4 ss4 ,camphor gr4 ij4 ,misce et fiat pilula4 ,sig4 ,take at bedtime4 ,lombe ,atthill4 ,constipation4 ,extracti ,stillingi fluidi f v4 ,tinctur ,belladonn ,tinctur ,nucis ,vomic ,tinctur ,physostigmatis f j4--,m4 ,sig4 ,dose1 twenty drops in water1 three times a day before meals4 7,in habitual constipation47 ,bartholow4 ,cascara ,cordial ij4 ,sig4 ,teaspoonful three times a day before meals4 ,luse4 ,general ,debility4 ,pulveris ,aloes ,socotrin j4 ,pulveris ,zedoari ,pulveris ,gentian ,croci ,pulveris ,rhei ,agarici j4 ,spiritus ,vini ,gallici ij4 ,macera per dies septem1 cola1 et adde-- ,syrupi simplicis f ij4--,m4 ,sig4 ,dose1 a tablespoonful three times a day in water4 7,this is the celebrated ,bame de ,vie1 or ,elixir of ,life47 ,delirium ,tremens4 ,quinin ,hydrochloratis ij4 ,acidi ,hydrochlorici diluti f iss4 ,syrupi ,zingiberis f iss4 ,aqu destillat q4 s4 ad f iv4--,m4 ,sig4 ,dose1 a dessertspoonful in hop tea every two hours4 7,in the preliminary stage known as horrors47 ,gerhard4 ,chloral ,hydratis ss4 ,aqu destillat f ij4--,m4 ,sig4 ,one dose4 7,to enforce sleep47 ,liebreich4 ,antimonii et ,potassii ,tartratis gr4 j4 ,tinctur ,aconiti ,radicis f ss4 ,tinctur ,opii f ij4 ,aqu destillat q4 s4 ad f iv4--,m4 ,sig4 ,dose1 a dessertspoonful in porter every two or three hours4 7,in strong and robust patients with boisterous delirium47 ,ringer4 ,diarrha 7,children47 ,bismuthi ,subnitratis gr4 x4 ,pulveris ,calcii ,phosphatis gr4 xij4 ,sacchari ,lactis ss4 ,misce et fiant chartul ,no4 x4 ,sig4 ,one powder after each evacuation4 7,in wasting diarrha of children47 ,hazard4 ,sodii ,bicarbonatis ss4 ,tinctur ,catechu f ij4 ,syrupi ,rhei aromatici ,tinctur ,cinchon composit f ss4 ,tinctur ,opii camphorat f j4--,m4 ,sig4 ,dose1 for a child two or three years old1 a teaspoonful every two or three hours4 ,getchell4 ,diarrha 7,adults74 ,cupri ,sulphatis ,morphin ,sulphatis gr4 j4 ,quinin ,sulphatis gr4 xxiv4 ,misce et fiant pilul ,no4 xii4 ,sig4 ,take one pill three times a day4 7,in chronic cases74 ,bartholow4 ,pulveris aromatici iij4 ,spiritus ,ammonii aromatici f iij4 ,tinctur ,catechu f x4 ,tinctur ,cardamomi composit f vj4 ,tinctur ,opii deodorat f j4 ,mistur ,cret q4 s4 ad f xx4--,m4 ,sig4 ,dose1 eight drachms for an adult2 four drachms for a child of twelve years2 two drachms for seven years old1 after each liquid motion4 7,general cholera and diarrha mixture47 ,henery ,beasley4 ,dysentery4 ,tinctur ,opii deodorat f ij4 ,vini ,ipecacuanh f ij4 ,olei ,ricini f ij4 ,pulveris ,acaci ,syrupi simplicis ,aqu ,cinnamomi q4 s4 ,fiat emulsio1 secundum artem1 ad f vj4 ,sig4 ,take a tablespoonful every two hours4 ,gerhard4 ,tinctur ,hamamelis f ss4 ,elixiris simplicis f iiiss4 ,syrupi simplicis f ss4 ,aqu destillat f j4--,m4 ,sig4 ,dose1 a teaspoonful every two or three hours4 7,where there is much blood47 ,ringer4 ,dysmenorrha 7,difficult ,menstruation47 ,camphor j4 ,alcoholis q4 s4 ut fiat pulvis4 ,dein adde-- ,pulveris ,acaci ,sacchari albi j4 ,aqu ,cinnamomi f j4 ,fiat mistura4 ,sig4 ,dose1 the one-half the instant pain is felt2 if not relieved in an hour or two1 give the remainder4 ,dewees4 ,extracti ,gelsemii fluidi f iiss4 ,elixiris simplicis f vss4 ,syrupi ,aurantii ,corticis f j4--,m4 ,sig4 ,take a teaspoonful every two hours4 ,porcher4 ,tinctur ,opii deodorat f ij4 ,extracti ,cimicifug f ss4 ,syrupi simplicis f x4--,m4 ,sig4 ,take a teaspoonful every three or four hours4 7,to restore the menstrual flow after suddenly checked47 ,ringer4 ,dyspepsia4 ,pulveris ,radicis ,rhei j4 ,pulveris ,aloes ij4 ,sodii ,bicarbonatis ij4 ,valerian contus ,serpentari contus ,gentian contus ,quassi contus ss4 ,spiritus ,frumenti ij4 ,macera in vaso leviter clauso per horas bis quatuor viginta1 et cola4 ,sig4 ,dose1 a wineglassful three times a day4 ,liebreich4 ,epilepsy4 ,ammonii ,bromidi ,potassii ,iodidi viij4 ,potassii ,bromidi vj4 ,sodii ,bicarbonatis ij4 ,tinctur ,calumb f ij4 ,aqu destillat f vj4--,m4 ,sig4 ,take a dessertspoonful after each meal1 and a tablespoonful at bedtime4 ,brown-,squard4 ,eyes 7,inflammation of74 ,morph4 ,sulph gr4 iij4 ,zinci ,sulph gr4 ij4 ,aqu destillat j4--,m4 ,sig4 ,apply two drops directly to the eye4 ,luse4 ,frost-bite4 ,iodi j4 ,potassii ,iodidi gr4 iv4 ,aqu destillat vj4 ,adipis j4--,m4 ,sig4 ,apply once daily4 7,with unbroken skin47 ,hebra4 ,fellis ,bovini recentis f iij4 ,balsami ,peruviani f j4--,m4 ,sig4 ,apply two or three times a day4 7,with broken or unbroken skin47 ,hugh ,smith4 ,gonorrha and ,gleet4 ,liquoris ,potass f j4 ,balsami ,copaib f ss4 ,tinctur ,cubeb f vj4 ,liquoris ,morphin ,sulphatis f j4 ,aqu ,camphor q4 s4 ad f vj4--,m4 ,sig4 ,take a tablespoonful four times a day4 ,d4 ,hayes ,agnew4 ,hydrastin j4 ,mucilaginis ,acaci f iv4--,m4 ,sig4 ,a half ounce as an injection4 7,in chronic gonorrha and gleet47 ,bartholow4 ,zinci ,sulphatis ,acidi tannici gr4 xv4 ,aqu ,ros f vj4--,m4 ,sig4 ,a half ounce as an injection two or three times daily4 7,in gleet47 ,ricord4 ,morphin ,acetatis gr4 vj4 ,plumbi ,acetatis ,zinci ,sulphatis gr4 viij4 ,creasoti gtt4 viij4 ,aqu destillat f vj4--,m4 ,sig4 ,as an injection twice daily4 ,h4 ,h4 ,smith4 ,zinci ,sulphatis j4 ,aluminis iij4--,m4 ,sig4 ,dissolve a teaspoonful in one pint of water and inject three times a day4 7,in females47 ,hazard4 ,hay ,fever4 ,potassii arsenitis gr4 xv4 ,aqu destillat f j4 ,solve4 ,unsized white paper to be thoroughly moistened with this solution1 cut into twenty equal parts1 and each part rolled into a cigarette1 two or three of which may be smoked daily4 ,trousseau4 ,tinctur ,aconiti ,radicis f iss4 ,glycerini f iiss4--,m4 ,sig4 ,apply to outside of nose4 ,ringer4 ,headache 7,see ,liniments74 theris ,spiritus ,ammoni aromatici f j4 ,aqu ,camphor f x4 ,tinctur ,cardamomi composit f j4 ,misce pro haustu4 ,sig4 ,take two to three times a day4 7,in nervous headache47 ,brande4 ,atropin ,sulphatis gr4 ss4 ,chinoidin j4 ,misce et fiant pilul ,no4 lx4 ,sig4 ,one pill twice or thrice a day4 7,in sick headache47 ,bartholow4 ,hemorrhoids 7,piles74 ,pulveris ,jalap ,potassii ,bitartratis ,potassii ,nitratis ss4 ,confectionis ,senn j4 ,syrupi simplicis q4 s4 ,misce et fiat electuarium4 ,sig4 ,a bolus the size of a hazel-nut three times a day4 ,ellis4 ,fluid ,ext4 ,ohio ,buckeye j4 ,fluid ,ext4 ,horse ,chestnut j4 ,alcohol iv4 ,water iv4 ,simple ,elixir vi4 ,sig4 ,dose1 one teaspoonful4 ,mackenzie4 ,olei ,theobrom ss4 ,extracti ,krameri ij4 ,pulveris ,opii gr4 v4 ,misce secundum artem1 et fiant suppositoria ,no4 x4 ,sig4 ,use one morning and night4 ,j4 ,pancoast4 ,impotence and ,sexual ,debility4 ,pulveris ,cantharidis gr4 xviij4 ,pulveris ,opii ,pulveris ,camphor gr4 xxxvj4 ,confectionis ,ros q4 s4 ,misce et fiant pilul ,no4 xxxvi4 ,sig4 ,take one pill at night4 7,from general debility47 ,hazard4 ,extracti ,vanill fluidi f j4 ,sig4 ,dose1 a teaspoonful at night4 7,in old people47 ,gerhard4 ,phosphori gr4 ss4 theris f ss4 ,solve1 et adde-- ,tinctur ,cantharidis ,tinctur ,nucis ,vomic f ss4--,m4 ,sig4 ,take thirty drops three or four times a day4 ,vogt4 ,fluid ,ext4 ,damiana #a ounce4 ,dialysed ,iron #a_/b ounce4 ,tinct4 ,cantharides #a_/b ounce4 ,acid ,phosphoric 7diluted7 #a_/b ounce4 ,lemon juice #a_/b ounce4 ,glycerine #b ounces4 ,simple ,elixir1 q4 s4 to make #a pint4 ,sig4 ,dose1 one teaspoonful three times a day4 7,useful in all cases of sexual debility4 ,a most efficient nerve tonic47 ,kilner's ,formulary4 ,leuchorrha4 ,zinci ,sulphatis ,aluminis iss4 ,glycerini f vj4--,m4 ,sig4 ,add a tablespoonful to a pint of water and inject night and morning4 ,hazard4 ,menorrhagia 7,excessive ,menstrual ,flow74 ,tinctur ,ferri ,chloridi f iiss4 ,acidi ,phosphorici diluti f iiiss4 ,syrupi ,acidi citrici q4 s4 ad f iv4--,m4 ,sig4 ,take a dessertspoonful three times a day4 7,when pale and debilitated47 ,gerhard4 ,acidi ,gallici gr4 xv4 ,acidi ,sulphurici aromatici xv4 ,tinctur ,cinnamomi f ij4 ,aqu destillat f ij4--,m4 ,sig4 ,one dose1 to be taken every four hours until bleeding ceases4 7,in profuse bleeding47 ,hazard4 ,neuralgia 7,see ,liniments74 ,strychnin ,sulphatis gr4 j4 ,morphin ,sulphatis ,acidi arseniosi 4 gr4 iss4 ,extracti ,aconiti gr4 xv4 ,quinin ,sulphatis j4 ,misce et fiant pilul ,no4 xxx4 ,sig4 ,take one pill three times a day4 ,s4 ,d4 ,gross4 ,nymphomania 7,excessive ,sexual ,desire74 ,potassii ,bromidi vj4 ,aqu destillat f v4--,m4 ,sig4 ,three teaspoonfuls before dinner and four at bedtime4 ,brown-,squard4 ,rattlesnake ,bite4 ,hydrargyri ,chloridi corrosivi gr4 ij4 ,potassii ,iodidi gr4 iv4 ,aqu destillat v4 ,solve et adde-- ,bromi v4--,m4 ,sig4 ,take ten drops in a tablespoonful of wine or brandy every fifteen or twenty minutes4 7,recommended by ,bibron1 ,prince ,paul of ,wuertemberg1 ,w4 ,a4 ,hammond1 and others47 ,bibron4 ,rheumatism 7,see ,liniments74 ,sodii ,bicarbonatis ij4 ,acidi ,salicylici iij4 ,glycerini ,aqu destillat f ij4--,m4 ,sig4 ,one teaspoonful every four hours4 ,n4 ,b4 ,kennedy4 ,pulveris ,guaiaci ,resin ,potassii ,iodidi gr4 x4 ,tinctur ,colchici ,seminis f ss4 ,aqu ,cinnamomi ,syrupi simplicis q4 s4 ad f j4--,m4 ,sig4 ,a dessertspoonful to a tablespoonful thrice daily4 7,in chronic rheumatism47 ,philadelphia ,hospital4 ,sciatica4 ,extracti ,belladonn gr4 one-sixth4 ,extracti ,stramonii gr4 one-fifth4 ,extracti ,cannabis ,indic gr4 #a_/d4 ,extracti ,aconiti gr4 #a_/c4 ,extracti ,opii gr4 #a_/b4 ,extracti ,hyoscyami gr4 #b_/c4 ,extracti ,conii gr4 j4 ,pulveris ,glycyrrhiz q4 s4 ,misce et fiat pilula4 ,sig4 ,take three1 four1 and even five pills a day4 pro re nata4 ,brown-,squard4 ,spermatorrha 7,see ,impotence74 ,quinin ,sulphatis gr4 vj4 ,acidi ,sulphurici diluti f j4 ,tinctur ,cardamomi composit f iij4 ,aqu ,cinnamomi f vss4--,m4 ,sig4 ,two tablespoonfuls twice daily4 ,milton4 ,pulveris ,opii gr4 v4 ,camphor iv4 ,pulveris ,acaci ,syrupi simplicis q4 s4 ,fiat massa in pilulas ,no4 xl4 dividenda4 ,sig4 ,take two pills three times a day4 ,waring4 ,potassii ,bromidi j4 ,aqu destillat q4 s4 ad f ij4--,m4 ,sig4 ,take a teaspoonful three times a day4 7,in the strong and plethoric74 ,bartholow4 ,syphilis4 8,ricord's ,mixture10 which has been so highly recommended in syphilitic affections is composed as follows3 ,hydrarg4 ,iod4 rub gr4 iv4 ,potass4 ,iod j4 ,fl4 ,ext4 ,sarsap4 comp j4 ,aqu q4 s4 ad v4--,m4 ,sig4 ,teaspoonful4 ,potass4 ,iodid ij4 ,hydrarg4 ,biniodid gr4 ss4 ,syr4 ,aurant4 ,cort j4 ,tinct4 ,aurant4 ,cort j4 ,aqu ad iv4--,m4 ,sig4 ,teaspoonful in water after eating4 7,mixed treatment47 ,keyes4 ,hydrarg4 ,chlor4 ,corros gr4 ij4 ,potassii ,iodidi ij4 ,tr4 ,cinchona ,co ij4 ,aqu dist ij4--,m4 ,sig4 ,take one drachm three times a day4 ,discontinue when gums get sore and resume again when soreness is gone4 ,luse4 ,acidi ,nitro-,muriatici diluti f iiss4 ,syrupi ,stillingi compositi f xiiiss4 ,aqu destillat f ij4--,m4 ,sig4 ,dose1 one to two teaspoonfuls three times a day1 with denutrition4 7,in cases saturated with the approved remedies1 but still presenting patches on the skin and mucous membranes47 ,bartholow4 ,tapeworm4 ,granati ,corticis ,radicis ss4 ,seminum ,peponis j4 ,extracti ,filicis maris therei f j4 ,pulveris ,ergot j4 ,pulveris ,acaci ij4 ,olei ,tiglii ij4 ,thoroughly bruise the granate bark and pumpkin-seed1 and with the ergot boil in eight ounces of water for fifteen minutes1 and strain through a coarse cloth4 ,rub up well the croton oil and extract of male fern with the acacia1 and form into an emulsion with the decoction4 ,take at one dose at #aj o'clock in the morning1 having eaten no breakfast and having taken a full dose of ,rochelle salts the previous night4 ,this expels the worm alive and entire within two hours1 the head firmly fastened to the side of its own body4 ,schafhirt4 ,pulveris ,kamal gr4 v-x4 ,syrupi ,aurantii ,florum f ss4 ,mucilaginis ,tragacanth j4 ,aqu destillat f j4 ,misce et fiat haustus4 ,sig4 ,take early in the morning four hours after a purge4 7,for a child two to five years4 ,tapeworm474 ,tanner4 ,,symbols ,,or ,,signs ,,used ,,in ,,prescriptions4 4 ,minim1 #a-fj part of a fluid drachm1 gtt4 ,gutta1 drop2 gutt1 drops4 j4 ,scrupulus vel scrupulum1 a scruple#bj grains4 j4 ,drachma1 a drachm#fj grains4 f j4 ,fluidrachma1 a fluid or measured drachm4 j4 ,uncia1 a troyounce#dhj grains4 f j4 ,fluiduncia1 a fluidounce4 lbj4 ,libra1 a pound1 understood in prescription to apply to an officinal pound of #e1gfj grains4 j4 ,octarious1 a pint4 gr4 ,granum1 a grain2 plural grana1 grains4 ss4 ,semis1 half1 affixed to signs as above4 ,,phrases ,,and ,,abbreviations ,,used ,,in ,,prescriptions4 ,,latin ,,word4 ,,abbreviation4 ,,translation4 ,ad ,to1 up to4 ,ad libitum ,ad lib4 ,at pleasure4 ,adde ,add4 ,let it or them be added4 ,ampulla ,a large bottle4 ,ana ,a 4 ,of each4 ,aqua-bulliens ,aq-bull4 ,water--boiling4 ,aqua-fervens ,aq-ferv4 ,water--hot4 ,aqua-destillata ,aq-dest4 ,water--distilled4 ,bene ,well4 ,bis in dies ,bis ind4 ,twice daily4 ,bulliat1 bulliant ,bull4 ,let boil4 ,cape4 ,capiat ,cap4 ,take1 ,let him take4 ,capsula ,caps4 ,capsule4 ,ceratum ,cerata4 ,a ,cerate4 ,charta 7,karta7 ,chart4 ,a paper 7medicated74 ,chartula 7,kartula7 ,chart4 ,a little paper for a powder4 ,cibus ,cib4 ,food4 ,cochleare magnum ,coch mag4 ,a tablespoon4 ,cochleare parvum ,coch parv4 ,a teaspoon4 ,cola4 ,colatus ,col4 ,strain1 ,strained4 ,collyrium ,collyr4 ,an eye wash4 ,collutorium ,collut4 ,a mouth wash4 ,compositus ,co4 ,comp4 ,compound4 ,congius ,c4 ,a gallon4 ,confectio ,conf4 ,a confection4 ,cortex ,cort4 ,bark4 ,cum ,with4 ,decoctum ,decoc4 ,a decoction4 ,dilute1 ,dilutus ,dil4 ,dilute4 ,dimidius ,dim4 ,one-half4 ,divide ,d4 ,div4 ,divide 7thou47 ,dividendus ,dividend4 ,to be divided4 ,dividatur in partes quales ,d in p q4 ,let it be divided into equal parts4 ,dosis ,dos4 ,a dose4 ,emplastrum ,emp4 ,a plaster4 ,enema ,enem4 ,an enema4 ,extende supra ,exten ,sup4 ,spread upon4 ,extractum ,ext4 ,an extract4 ,fac4 fiat4 fiant ,f4 ,make1 ,let be made4 ,filtrum ,fil4 ,a filter1 ,filter 7thou74 ,fluidus ,fl4 f4 ,fluid4 ,gargarisma ,garg4 ,a gargle4 ,glyceritum ,glyc4 ,a ,glycerite4 ,gutta1 ,gutt ,gtt4 ,a drop1 ,drops4 ,guttatim ,guttat4 ,drop by drop4 ,haustus ,haust4 ,a draught4 ,in dies ,ind4 ,daily4 ,infusum ,inf4 ,an infusion4 ,injectio ,inj4 ,an injection4 ,instar ,inst4 ,like4 ,lac ,milk4 ,layena ,a flask or bottle4 ,libra ,lb ,a pound4 ,linteum ,lint4 ,liquor ,liq4 ,a solution4 ,lotio ,a lotion4 ,mane primo ,mane pr4 ,very early in the morning4 ,magnus ,mag4 ,large4 ,massa ,mass4 ,a pill mass4 ,mica panis ,mic pan4 ,a crumb of bread4 ,misce ,m4 ,mix4 ,mistura ,mist4 ,a mixture4 ,mucilago ,mucil4 ,a mucilage4 ,nox4 ,nocte ,maneque ,night2 ,at night and in the morning4 ,numems1 ,numero ,no4 ,a number1 ,in number4 ,octarius ,o4 ,a pint4 ,ovum1 ,ovi ,ov4 ,an egg4 ,optimus ,opt4 ,best4 ,pars ,par4 ,a part4 ,partes quales ,p 4 ,equal parts4 ,parvus ,parv4 ,small4 ,pediluvium ,a foot bath4 ,pencilium ,camelinum ,pencil ,cam4 ,a camel's-hair pencil or brush4 ,per fistulam vitreum ,through a glass tube4 ,phiala ,phil4 ,a vial4 ,pilula ,pil4 ,a pill4 ,pro re nata ,p r n4 ,according to circumstances1 occasionally4 ,pulvis ,pulv4 ,a powder4 ,quantum ,sufficiat ,q ,s4 ,as much as is necessary4 ,quaqua hora ,q h4 ,every hour4 ,saturatus ,sat4 ,saturated4 ,scatula ,scat4 ,a box4 ,semissis ,ss4 ,a half4 ,semidrachma ,semidr4 ,a half drachm4 ,sesuncia ,sesunc4 ,an ounce and a half4 ,signa ,s ,sy4 ,sign4 ,sine ,without4 ,solve1 ,solutus ,solv4 ,dissolve1 ,dissolved4 ,solutio ,sol4 ,a solution4 ,spiritus ,spr4 ,a spirit4 ,statim ,stat4 ,immediately4 ,suppositoria ,suppos4 ,a suppository4 ,syrupus ,syr4 ,a syrup4 ,talis ,tal4 ,such or like4 ,tinctura ,tra ,tr ,tinct4 ,a tincture4 ,trochischus 7,trokiscus7 ,troch4 ,a troche4 ,tritura ,trit4 ,triturate4 ,tere ,simul ,ter ,sim4 ,rub together4 ,ter in di ,t i d4 ,three times a day4 ,unguentum ,ungt4 ,an ointment4 ,vinum ,vin4 ,a wine4 ,vehichulum ,vehic4 ,a menstrum4 ,vitellus ,vit4 ,the yolk 7of an egg74 ,vitello ,ovi ,solutus ,v ,o ,s4 ,dissolved in yolk of an egg4 ,,approximate ,,measures4 ,a dropusually about #a_/b minim4 ,a teaspoonful#fj drops f j4 ,a dessertspoonfulf ij4 ,a tablespoonfulf ss4 ,a wineglassfulf ij4 ,a teacupfulf ix4 ,,table ,,to ,,assist ,,the ,,beginner ,,in ,,prescribing ,,liquids4 ,having fixed upon the bulk of his liquid he will remember that there are in #a fluid ounce1 #h teaspoonfuls each #a fluid drachm4 #b fluid ounces1 #ae teaspoonfuls each #a fluid drachm4 #d fluid ounces1 #cj teaspoonfuls each #a fluid drachm4 #d fluid ounces1 #ae dessertspoonfuls each #b fluid drachms4 #f fluid ounces1 #bj dessertspoonfuls each #b fluid drachms4 #f fluid ounces1 #ab tablespoonfuls each #a_/b fluid ounce4 #h fluid ounces1 #ae tablespoonfuls each #a_/b fluid ounce4 #a pint1 #cj tablespoonfuls1 each #a_/b fluid ounce4 #a pint1 #h wineglassfuls each #b fluid ounces4 ,,table ,,for ,,calculating ,,the ,,period ,,of ,,utero-,,gestation4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,nine ,,calendar ,,months4 ,,ten ,,lunar ,,months4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,from ,to ,days4 ,to ,days4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,january #a ,september #cj #bgc ,october #g #bhj ,february #a ,october #ca #bgc ,november #g #bhj ,march #a ,november #cj #bge ,december #e #bhj ,april #a ,december #ca #bge ,january #e #bhj ,may #a ,january #ca #bgf ,february #d #bhj ,june #a ,february #bh #bgc ,march #g #bhj ,july #a ,march #ca #bgd ,april #f #bhj ,august #a ,april #cj #bgc ,may #g #bhj ,september #a ,may #ca #bgc ,june #g #bhj ,october #a ,june #cj #bgc ,july #g #bhj ,november #a ,july #ca #bgc ,august #g #bhj ,december #a ,august #ca #bgd ,september #f #bhj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,the above ,obstetric 8,ready ,reckoner0 consists of two columns1 one of calendar1 the other of lunar months1 and may be read as follows3 ,a patient has ceased to menstruate on the first day of ,july2 her confinement may be expected at soonest about the #cast of ,march 7the end of nine calendar months72 or at latest1 on the #fth of ,april 7the end of ten lunar months74 ,another has ceased to menstruate on the #bjth of ,january2 her confinement may be expected on the #cjth of ,september1 plus #bj days 7the end of nine calendar months71 at soonest2 or on the #gth of ,october1 plus #bj days 7the end of ten lunar months71 at latest4 ,,common ,,names ,,of ,,chemical ,,substances4 ,,common ,,names4 ,,chemical ,,names4 ,aqua ,fortis ,nitric ,acid4 ,aqua ,regia ,nitro-,muriatic ,acid4 ,blue ,vitriol ,sulphate of ,copper4 ,cream of ,tartar ,bitartrate ,potassium4 ,calomel ,chloride of ,mercury4 ,chalk ,carbonate ,calcium4 ,caustic ,potassa ,hydrate ,potassium4 ,chloroform ,chloride of ,gormyle4 ,common ,salt ,chloride of ,sodium4 ,copperas1 or ,green ,vitriol ,sulphate of ,iron4 ,corrosive ,sublimate ,bi-,chloride of ,mercury4 ,diamond ,pure ,carbon4 ,dry ,alum ,sulphate ,aluminum and ,potassium4 ,epsom ,salts ,sulphate of ,magnesia4 ,ethiops ,mineral ,black ,sulphide of ,mercury4 ,fire ,damp ,light ,carburetted ,hydrogen4 ,galena ,sulphide of ,lead4 ,glauber's-,salt ,sulphate of ,sodium4 ,glucose ,grape ,sugar4 ,goulard ,water ,basic ,acetate of ,lead4 ,iron ,pyrites ,bi-,sulphide ,iron4 ,jeweler's ,putty ,oxide of ,tin4 ,king's ,yellow ,sulphide of ,arsenic4 ,laughing ,gas ,protoxide of ,nitrogen4 ,lime ,oxide of ,calcium4 ,lunar ,caustic ,nitrate of ,silver4 ,mosaic ,gold ,bi-,sulphide of ,tin4 ,muriate of ,lime ,chloride of ,calcium4 ,nitre of ,saltpetre ,nitrate of ,potash4 ,oil of ,vitriol ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,potash ,oxide of ,potassium4 ,realgar ,sulphide of ,arsenic4 ,red ,lead ,oxide of ,lead4 ,rust of ,iron ,oxide of ,iron4 ,salmoniac ,muriate of ,ammonia4 ,salt of ,tartar ,carbonate of ,potassa4 ,slacked ,lime ,hydrate ,calcium4 ,soda ,oxide of ,sodium4 ,spirits of ,hartshorn ,ammonia4 ,spirit of ,salt ,hydrochloric or ,muriatic ,acid4 ,stucco1 or ,plaster of ,paris ,sulphate of ,lime4 ,sugar of ,lead ,acetate of ,lead4 ,verdigris ,basic ,acetate of ,copper4 ,vermillion ,sulphide of ,mercury4 ,vinegar ,acetic ,acid 7,diluted74 ,volatile ,alkali ,ammonia4 ,water ,oxide of ,hydrogen4 ,white ,precipitate ,ammoniated ,mercury4 ,white ,vitriol ,sulphate of ,zinc4 ,proprietary and ,elegant ,preparations4 ,,medicated ,,pads4 ,medicated pads are quite popular with many who have tried them1 and a multitude of remarkable cures are attributed to their use4 ,we here present formulas equal to the best1 and as they are quite simple to prepare they can now be tried with but little expense3 ,liver ,pad4 ,red ,cinchona ,bark 7powder7 #d ounces4 ,fenugreek ,seed 7powder7 #a ounce4 ,mandrake ,root 7powder7 #a ounce4 ,black ,root 7powder7 #a ounce4 ,gum ,guaiac 7powder7 #c ounces4 ,bayberry ,bark 7powder7 #d drachms4 ,oil of ,eucalyptus #d drachms4 ,grind the drugs with the powdered guaiac and add the oil4 ,the above is sufficient for two pads1 which should be made into an oblong or diamond shape1 with linen or muslin1 and worn over the pit of the stomach4 ,liver pads are recommended for all diseases arising from a disordered liver4 ,kidney ,pad4 ,useful in all diseases of the kidneys4 ,digitalis ,leaves #b ounces4 ,black ,cohosh #a ounce4 ,gum ,benzoin 7powdered7 #a ounce4 ,gum ,guaiacum 7powdered7 #a ounce4 ,juniper berries #a ounce4 ,queen of the ,meadow #a ounce4 ,oil ,juniper #b ounces4 ,grind the drugs to a moderately fine powder1 and mix with the oils and gums4 ,make an oblong pad and wear over the kidneys4 ,lung ,pad4 ,useful in consumption and diseases of the lungs4 ,grindelia ,robusta #a ounce4 ,skullcap ,leaves #a ounce4 ,blueberry ,root #a_/b ounce4 ,blood ,root #a_/b ounce4 ,yerba ,santa #a-a_/b ounces4 ,gum ,ammoniac #a ounce4 ,white ,pine ,turpentine ,gum #a-a_/b ounces4 ,oil of ,tar #a ounce4 ,oil of ,eucalyptus #a ounce4 ,oil of ,sassafras #a ounce4 ,grind the drugs to a moderately fine powder and mix them with the oils and gums4 ,make an oblong pad and wear well up to the throat4 ,liniments4 ,wonder ,liniment4 ,oil of ,sassafras #h ounces4 ,oil of ,cloves #b ounces4 ,oil of ,turpentine #d ounces4 ,stronger ,water of ,ammonia #a ounce4 ,sulphuric ,ether #d ounces4 ,chloroform #b ounces4 ,camphor #b ounces1 av4 ,alcohol sufficient to make #a gallon4 ,mix and dissolve4 ,as a universal liniment for both internal and external use this is without an equal for relieving pain4 ,it is used where any liniment is likely to do good in all aches and pains4 ,preparations of this nature when used externally should be applied plentifully and vigorously4 ,this is the reason why itinerant venders of liniments under various titles such as ,wizard ,oil1 ,pain ,killer1 ,instant ,relief1 etc41 produce such remarkable cures in public4 ,their remedies all possess more or less remedial value1 but without brisk and patient rubbing they would do as little good when applied externally as so much cold water4 ,now that a reliable formula is at hand a quantity of this ,wonder ,liniment can be prepared at a minimum cost without paying for bottles1 labels1 advertising1 salaries1 rents1 etc41 which are the necessary expenses of all medicine firms1 and which ultimately are borne by the consumer4 ,liquid ,lightning4 ,an excellent liniment for external application1 which has been sold under various names1 is prepared as follows3 ,essential ,oil of ,mustard #b drachms4 ,aconitia #b grains4 ,glycerine #b ounces4 ,alcohol #d ounces4 ,mix1 and apply by rubbing with the hand4 ,this is useful in rheumatism1 neuralgia1 headache1 toothache1 and all nervous pains4 ,perry ,davis' ,pain ,killer4 ,spirits of ,camphor #b ounces4 ,tincture of ,capsicum2 #a ounce4 ,tincture of ,guaiac #a_/b ounce4 ,tincture of ,myrrh #a_/b ounce4 ,alcohol #d ounces4 ,mix4 ,hamlin's ,wizard oil4 ,tincture of ,camphor #a ounce4 ,aqua ,ammonia #a_/b ounce4 ,oil of ,sassafras #a_/b ounce4 ,oil of ,cloves #a drachm4 ,chloroform #b drachms4 ,turpentine #a drachm4 ,alcohol #c-a_/b ounces4 ,mix4 ,mexican ,mustang ,liniment4 ,petroleum ,equal parts ,olive ,oil and mix4 ,carbonate of ,ammonia ,merchant's ,gargling ,oil4 ,linseed ,oil #b-a_/b pints4 ,spirits of ,turpentine #b-a_/b pints4 ,western ,petroleum #a pint4 ,liquor ,potassa #a ounce4 ,sap ,green #a drachm4 ,mix4 ,radway's ,ready ,relief4 ,this remedy1 according to ,peckolt1 is an ethereal tincture of capsicum with alcohol and camphor4 ,liver ,regulator4 ,senna ,alex #ab drachms4 ,podophyllin #c drachms4 ,leptandria ,virg #c drachms4 ,virginia ,snake ,root #f drachms4 ,ginseng #c drachms4 ,alcohol #f ounces4 ,boiling water1 to make #a quart4 ,dose1 teaspoonful to one-half wineglassful1 as needed4 ,for all bilious diseases or disorders arising from torpidity of the liver1 dyspepsia1 bilious headache1 costiveness1 sour stomach1 jaundice1 heartburn1 nervousness1 restlessness1 etc4 ,elixir ,cascara ,sagrada ,compound4 ,fluid ,extract ,cascara #d ounces4 ,tincture ,nux ,vomica #a drachm4 ,glycerine #b ounces4 ,syrup of ,ginger #b ounces4 ,peppermint ,water #d ounces4 ,simple ,elixir1 to make #a pint4 ,mix and filter4 ,dose1 one teaspoonful before eating4 ,for headache1 constipation1 biliousness1 dyspepsia1 or all diseases arising from torpidity of the liver4 ,kilner's ,formulary4 ,dr4 ,hamilton's ,blood ,purifier4 ,better than ,s4 ,s4 ,s4 or any blood medicine on the market4 ,a specific for scrofula1 syphilis1 rheumatism1 and all impurities of the blood3 ,black ,cohosh #a ounce4 ,blood ,root #a_/b ounce4 ,poke ,root #a drachm4 ,elder ,flowers #a-a_/b ounces4 ,sassafras ,bark #a_/b ounce4 ,spikenard ,root #a-a_/b ounces4 ,alcohol #d ounces4 ,water #d ounces4 ,simple ,elixir1 q4 s4 to make #a pint4 ,macerate the drugs with alcohol and water1 and after a few days transfer to percolator4 ,percolate till clear1 and then add to simple elixir4 ,dose1 one to two teaspoonfuls three times a day4 ,blood ,purifying ,tea4 ,burdock ,root1 cut #b ounces4 ,blue ,flag ,root1 cut #b ounces4 ,dandelion ,root1 cut #a-a_/b ounces4 ,sassafras ,root1 cut #a_/b ounce4 ,sarsaparilla ,root1 cut #b ounce4 ,wild ,cherry ,bark1 cut #a ounce4 ,yellow ,dock ,root1 cut #a_/b ounce4 ,mix thoroughly4 ,take two ounces of the tea and steep in a quart of water1 with gentle heat1 for two hours2 strain off #a-a_/b pints into a quart bottle and add half a pint of alcohol and #d ounces of sugar4 ,the dose is a wineglassful for adults before meals and at bedtime2 children1 in proportion to age4 ,warner's ,safe ,kidney and ,liver ,cure4 ,in ,germany each maker of patents must furnish the ,government with the formula for the patent he makes4 ,this is the one furnished by ,warner for 8,safe ,kidney and ,liver ,cure40 ,each bottle contains3 ,extract of ,lycopus ,virginiana 7the herb7 #cjh grains4 ,extract of ,hepatica 7the herb7 #bcb grains4 ,extract of ,gaultheria #g-a_/b grains4 ,potassium ,nitrate #ci grains4 ,alcohol 7#ij7 #b-a_/b ounces4 ,glycerine #aj drachms4 ,water1 sufficient to make #a pint4 ,any one can now make this preparation equally as well as ,warner4 ,fenner's ,formulary4 ,electric ,catarrh ,remedy4 ,this remedy1 under various electrical names1 is inclosed in a closely stoppered bottle or box containing a bit of zinc and copper to which is attached a piece of cotton or sponge saturated with the preparation1 which is very volatile and irritating to the mucuous membrane1 and produces by inhalation a decided effect at once4 ,the patient is led to believe that there is some electrical value attached to the combination1 and1 strange to say1 in the face of such absurdity it has many votaries2 however1 notwithstanding the electrical deception it has merits as an inhalant1 and remarkable cures of catarrh1 headache1 neuralgia1 etc41 are ascribed to its use4 ,the following is the required formula3 ,essential ,oil of ,mustard #a ounce4 ,carbolic ,acid #a ounce4 ,oil of ,hemlock #a ounce4 ,camphor #a ounce4 ,alcohol #d ounces4 ,mix and dissolve4 ,this can also be used as an external application1 though not so good as another under the head of 8,liquid ,lightning0 7see page #aai74 ,catarrh ,snuff4 ,calomel #a drachm4 ,camphor1 pulverised #a drachm4 ,acacia #b drachms4 ,catarrh ,salve4 ,the following remedy for catarrh1 and other uses for which it is recommended1 was patented by ,william ,h4 ,thomas of ,los ,angeles1 ,cal4 ,from the nature of its ingredients and mode of preparation we are led to believe that it is the most elegant and effective of all the 8salve catarrh remedies0 that have been brought to our notice3 ,petrolatum #a ounce4 ,pimento 7powd4 allspice7 #d grains4 ,thymol #d grains4 ,boracic ,acid #b grains4 ,subnitrate of ,bismuth #b grains4 ,spirit of ,wintergreen #c drops4 ,cassia ,lanceolata ,leaves 7senna7 #a_/d ounce4 ,the boracic acid1 subnitrate of bismuth1 thymol1 and pimento is placed in a mortar and reduced to a fine powder4 ,the leaves of the cassia lanceolata are subjected with the petrolatum to a sufficient degree of heat to extract the active principles of the leaves1 after which the petrolatum is strained off and added to the powdered substances before mentioned with the spirit of wintergreen1 the whole being thoroughly commingled and mixed in any convenient manner4 ,in using the compound it is applied locally in the usual manner by means of the fingers or any material by which the application can be thoroughly effected4 ,as an ointment it is especially applicable to the treatment of catarrh1 malignant sores1 abrasions1 and other affections where a local remedy can be applied4 ,rubber ,patching and ,waterproofing4 ,capt4 ,paul ,boyton1 the famous aquatic voyager in his rubber suit1 has furnished us two practical suggestions in regard to patching rubber boots1 coats1 etc41 and also to waterproof sails1 tents1 awnings1 and similar fabrics4 ,to ,patch a ,rubber ,boot or ,garment4 ,take a piece of sand-paper and roughen the edges of the break as far around as the size of the patch4 ,next apply rubber cement to the roughened surface1 and at the same time cement a piece of rubber cloth or cloth well coated with the cement4 ,let both remain for four hours in a place free from dust4 ,then put on another thin coat of cement and let them lay for about two hours4 ,next place the patch carefully over the break and hammer well together4 ,let stand for a few hours and the place will be as strong and tight as ever4 ,be sure the patch and the article to be patched are perfectly dry before applying the cement4 ,pure natural rubber or rubber cement can be obtained at any rubber store1 also prepared patch cloth4 ,to ,make ,rubber ,cement4 ,take half a pound of pure natural rubber1 cut it into small pieces1 and dissolve it in a sufficient quantity of #ajj proof naptha4 ,it will take from two to three days to dissolve properly4 ,to ,waterproof ,canvas or ,cloth4 ,take one pound of yellow paraffine wax and dissolve in one quart of benzine4 ,apply with a brush4 ,to ,make ,tissues ,incombustible4 ,the ,societ d',encouragement of ,paris has recently awarded a prize of #b1jjj francs to ,j4 ,a4 ,martin of ,paris for the following preparations for making tissues fire-proof4 ,the conditions under which the award was offered were as follows3 ,the ingredients constituting the preparations must be cheap and easily applied1 must neither injure the tissues themselves nor their colors1 must be neither of a poisonous nor caustic nature1 must not change in a very moist nor very dry atmosphere1 and finally the impregnated tissues and wood must remain incombustible after they have been exposed for one month to a temperature of #ajj to #abj ,fahr4 ,it was found that ,martin's fluids made the tissues and the surface of wood incombustible1 that they do not attack the tissues and their colors1 and that they remained incombustible after having been exposed for several months in a drying chamber to a temperature of #ig ,fahr4 ,the experiments were made by the ,society and at the same time in the different ,paris theaters4 ,for all ,light ,tissues4 ,ammonium ,sulphate #h parts4 ,pure ,ammonium ,carbonate #b-a_/b parts4 ,boracic ,acid #c parts4 ,starch #b parts4 ,water #ajj parts4 ,two-fifths part of dextrine 7or the same quantity of gelatine7 may be substituted for the #b parts of starch4 ,the fluid is heated to #he ,fahr4 and the tissues immersed in it until they are thoroughly permeated4 ,they are then slightly wrung and dried sufficiently for ironing4 ,the quantity of the starch or dextrine or gelatine may be changed according as the tissues are to be more or less stiff4 ,for ,painted ,decorations and ,wood4 ,sal-ammoniac #ae parts4 ,boracic ,acid #e parts4 ,glue #ej parts4 ,gelatine #a-a_/b parts4 ,water #ajj parts4 ,add sufficient powdered talc to give the mass the necessary consistency4 ,for use it is heated to #abj or #adj ,fahr4 and applied with a brush4 ,for decorations already painted it suffices to apply it to the back and wooden frames4 ,for ,coarse ,linen1 ,ropes1 ,straw1 and ,wood4 ,sal-ammoniac #ae parts4 ,boracic ,acid #f parts4 ,borax #c parts4 ,water #ajj parts4 ,the fluid is heated to #bbj ,fahr4 and the articles are submerged in it for #ae to #bj minutes1 wrung out slightly1 and dried4--,techno-,chemical ,receipt ,book4 ,gold and ,silver ,inks4 ,take equal parts of gold leaf 7or silver leaf7 and honey4 ,triturate them in a mortar until perfectly fine1 add about #cj parts hot water1 and triturate4 ,allow to settle and pour off the water4 ,triturate again with fresh hot water4 ,allow to settle and pour off as before4 ,repeat the washing several times until the honey is all washed out1 then dry the powdered gold leaf and mix it with water and gum arabic4 ,it must be shaken occasionally while writing4 ,very fine bronze may be made into ink by adding water and gum arabic and shaking occasionally while writing4 7,for other inks see page #bj47 ,worcestershire ,sauce4 ,the composition of this sauce is a trade secret1 but a variety of similar sauces are found on the market4 ,a good imitation may be made as follows3 ,chop the green outer covering of unripe walnuts #e pounds1 bruise them to a pulp in a mortar1 pour upon them #f pints of good strong vinegar1 and after standing a day heat to boiling and strain with strong pressure4 ,to the liquid thus obtained add garlic1 grated to a pulp1 #b ounces2 capsicum1 in fine powder1 #b ounces2 black pepper1 #a ounce2 cinnamon1 #a-a_/b ounces2 nutmeg1 #a_/b ounce2 allspice1 #a ounce2 cloves1 #a_/b ounce1 all in fine powder2 salt1 #ab ounces2 brown sugar1 #h ounces1 and enough good vinegar to make #a gallon of the finished product4 ,this is to stand for some time1 with frequent agitation1 and then be put up in bottles4 ,butter ,color4 ,annatto1 fresh and of good quality1 #b pounds2 salad oil of good quality without flavor 7purified cotton-seed oil is best71 sufficient to make #a gallon4 ,rub the annatto with a portion1 about one-third1 of the oil and macerate it by the heat of a water-bath for #ab hours1 stirring occasionally1 pour off the liquid and add to the residue another portion1 about one-third of the oil1 and macerate as before1 adding the product of the portion before reserved1 then add the remainder of the oil to the sediment1 macerate as before and add the product to the reserved portions to make #a gallon of butter color4--,fenner's ,formulary4 ,rarey's ,original ,horse ,liniment4 ,alcohol 7#ie7 #h ounces4 ,spirit of ,turpentine #h ounces4 ,oil of ,sassafras #a ounce4 ,oil of ,pennyroyal #a ounce4 ,oil of ,origanum #a ounce4 ,british ,oil #a ounce4 ,tincture of ,arnica #a ounce4 ,tincture of ,cantharides #a ounce4 ,tincture of ,camphor #a ounce4 ,aqua ,ammoni #a ounce4 ,mix them1 and make a liniment4 ,hog ,cholera ,cure4 ,powdered mandrake1 #d pounds2 powdered charcoal1 #b pounds2 powdered resin1 #a pound2 powdered saltpetre1 #a pound2 powdered madder1 #a pound2 powdered bicarbonate of soda1 #aa pounds4 ,mix thoroughly4 ,give a tablespoonful daily in feed2 as a preventive1 give twice a week4 ,illustration3 ,advertisement ,,david',s ,,short ,,rule ,,arithmetic ,,and ,,accountant',s ,,referee ,designed for use in connection with any general arithmetic in schools and business colleges and for special teaching4 ,arranged and explained particularly for self-instruction4 ,,business ,,addition4 ,illustration ,grouping ,method and ,practical ,proof4 ,the only method of ,,practical ,,rapid ,,addition ,by which a column of figures can be added as quickly as a sentence of words of the same length can be pronounced4 ,not a collection of special rules and tricks1 but an original system of practical reckoning easy1 simple1 and general in its adaptability to the requirements of actual business in this busy age4 ,illustration ,,rapid ,,discount ,,and ,,book-,,keepers' ,,subtraction4 ,,rapid ,,multiplication4 ,illustration ,a ,short and ,simple ,general ,rule4 ,look at the illustration and see the difference between the the old and new way4 ,extra cloth1 fine gilt1 beautifully illustrated4 ,by mail1 post-paid1 #a4ej ,address the author1 ,lock ,box #ejg1 ,chicago4 ,,david',s ,,decimal ,,interest ,,rule4 ,illustration ,a decided revolution in computing ,,interest and ,,time4 ,,the ,,adding ,,method ,,of ,,division--,,new ,,methods ,,in ,,mixed ,,numbers ,,and ,,fractions--,,new ,,decimal ,,contractions--,,practical ,,measurements ,,of ,,surfaces ,,and ,,solids--,,chronology1 ,,or ,,time ,,reckoning1 ,and a vast number of other original short rules1 mathematical data1 double-disk perpetual calendar1 and labor-saving tables all contained in this new and wonderful book4 ,do you wish to increase your ability by becoming more ,,rapid in your daily figuring8 ,if so1 send for a copy and learn these ,,short-,,cut routes to your answers4 ,perpetual ,disk ,charm ,calendar4 ,illustration 7,actual size and shape47 ,a beautiful metal pendant for watch chain or necklace4 ,sent by mail1 together with a large1 perpetual calendar on heavy cardboard for hanging on wall1 price1 #a4jj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,typographic corrections3 impotance -- impotence corrossve -- corrosive ounoe -- ounce herd -- herb remakable -- remarkable indellible -- indelible flower -- flour childen -- children tranfer -- transfer maxing -- making diciduous -- deciduous proscrastination -- procrastination cusiness -- business flowder -- flower thiir -- their examins -- examine ,sprupi -- ,syrupi x#b or -- of natual -- natural ,alluminum -- ,aluminum ,morhin -- ,morphin ,potasssii -- ,potassii ,potassi -- ,potassii ,patassii -- ,potassii ,postassii -- ,potassii ,brown-,sequard -- ,brown-,squard geletine -- gelatine competion -- competition ,leibreich -- ,liebreich destilat -- destillat #8 n' -- #8in' #8 nch' -- #8inch' #8 earned' -- #8learned' #8 t' -- #8it' #8 orm' -- #8form' #8nam ' -- #8name' #ad -- #da #cf -- #ce #bj -- #aj