,e/abli%$ by ,edw>d ,l4 ,y\mans         
,,appletons'             ,,popul>       
,,sci5ce                 ,,mon?ly       
,,edit$ ,,by           ,,william ,,jay  
,,y\mans                  ,,vol4 ,,lv   
,,may ,,to ,,octob]1 #ahii              
,,new ,,york         ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& 
,,company                  #ahii        
,,copyright1 #ahii1       ,,by ,d4      
,,appleton ,,& ,,company4               
,illu/ration3 ,,william ,,pepp]4        
,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly4
    ,,octob]1 #ahii4          ,,! ,,help
 ,,t ,,h>ms4    ,,by ,,! ,,"r ,,rev]5d  
,,h5ry ,c4 ,,pott]4      ,! analogies   
betwe5 ! life ( an individual & t o!r   
organism :i* we call civiliz$ society   
are z int]e/+ z = any  o!r reason       
because ( _! inexhau/ible & ev]-fre%    
v>iety4  ,! wants1 ! blund]s1 ! gr[?1 ! 
p]ils ( ! individual are  mat*$ at e /ep
 by ^? o!r wants & dang]s &  developm5ts
 :i* rise 9 complexity & 9 v>iety z !   
individual  & ! social organism rise 9  
intellig5ce1 9 numb]s1 & 9  weal?4 ,x   

ought to int]e/ u1 if x nev] has1 to    
consid] f h[  mu* t is mis*iev\s &      
dang]\s we %\ld be deliv]$ if we  c\ld  
rev]t f ! civiliz$ to ! savage /ate2 & x
 is  und\bt$ly true t s]i\s m9ds h      
sometimes be5 tempt$ to  "q :e!r        
civilization is q wor? all t x has co/ u
  9 its manifold dep>tures f a simple & 
m primitive condition4    ,su* a "q may1
 at any rate1 n unnaturally arise :5 we 
ask  ourselves ! "q1 ,:at1 on ! :ole1 is
 ! influ5ce ^u  manhood--by :i* ,i mean1
 "h & = my pres5t purpose1 !  qualities 
t make c\rage1 self-reliance1           
self-respect1 indu/ry1  initiative--9   
fact1 ^? indep5d5t & aggressive         
*>act]i/ics  by :i* great races1 l great
 m51 h climb$ up out ( e>li]  obscurity 
& inf]iority into p[]1 lead]%ip1 &      
di/9ction2  :at is ! influ5ce ^u ^! (   
conditions :i* t5d1 app>5tly  by an     
inevitable law1 to beget or to enc\rage 
indol5ce1 in]tia1  p>asitic dep5d5ce8   
,"o c n b be mov$ to su* a "q by ei!r ( 
two pap]s  :i* h rec5tly appe>$ 9 ^!    

pages3 ,i mean t entitl$  ,abuse (      
,public ,*>ity1 by ,comptroll] ,bird ,s4
 ,col]2 & t by  ,pr(4 ,frankl9 ,h4      
,gidd+s1 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 on     
,public ,*>ity  & ,private ,vigilance4  
,! community ^: capable & effici5t      
s]vant he is has reason to be ?ankful t1
 9 ! p]son ( a  public (ficial intru/$ )
 su* l>ge responsibilities1 x has a     
?\ghtful & f>-see+ /ud5t ( problems ^:  
grave importance  he has s opportunely  
po9t$ out4 ,x ne$s ! c\rage & !  k ( su*
 a "o to affirm t x is easi] = an       
indu/ri\s & %rewd pr(essional begg> to  
live 9 luxury 9 ,new  ,york ?an to exi/ 
9 any o!r city 9 ! _w1 :i*1 if any      
social re=m] or m9i/] ( religion or m]e 
critic ( ! social  ord] _h said x1 w\ld 
probably h be5 d5\nc$ z an  atrabili\s &
 unw>rant$ exagg]ation4    ,conc]n+ !   
comptroll]'s indictm5ts ( c]ta9 *>itable
  societies & organizations z exp5sive  
me*anisms = !  consumption (            
appropriations or contributions l>gely  
sp5t ^u  _! sal>i$ (ficials1 ,i am q    

will+ to recognize ! =ce (  ,pr(essor   
,gidd+s's demurr] to ! effect t a       
s-call$  *>itable society may n[ & !n   
rightly exi/1 & exp5d its  income       
l>gely1 if n :olly1 ^u ! p]sons :om x   
employs z its  ag5ts1 s9ce ^! ag5ts are 
! vigilant committees ^: (fice x  is to 
detect1 disc\rage1 & expose unwor?y     
objects1 :e!r (  public or private      
*>ity4 ,b t1 besides su* ag5cies1 !re   
are  con/antly call$ into be+ :olly     
spuri\s organizations1 :i*  pr(ess to   
exi/ = ! relief ( c]ta9 classes (       
suff]]s or (  ne$y p2 t ^! succe$1 soon]
 or lat]1 9 fa/5+  !mselves ^u !        
treasury ( ! city & ( ! ,/ate2 & t  !y  
are1 9 a great _m cases1 monum5ts ( !   
mo/ impud5t &  unscrupul\s fraud1 !re c 
be no smalle/ d\bt4    ,well1 x may be  
ask$1 ,:at are y go+ to d ab\t x8 ,w y  
accept ! inevitable evils t m>* 9 ! re> 
( all public or  private *>ity1 or w y  
sweep all ! v>i\s ag5cies1 :i*  h       
reliev$ su* manifold v>ieties ( human   
want & alleviat$ to  su* an incalculable

 degree human mis]y1 out ( exi/5ce8 ,w y
  c>e to contemplate :at a great city l 
,new ,york or ,london w\ld be  if       
to-morr[ y clos$ ! doors ( all !        
hospitals1 cr*es1  homes ( ! ag$1       
asylums = ! crippl$1 ! bl9d1 ! insane1  
& ! l1 & turn$ _! inmates "o & all into 
! /reet8    ,t is c]ta9ly a v dramatic  
alt]native to pres5t2 b suppose  t we   
look at x a little m closely4 ,&1 9 ord]
 t we may1 ,i  %all ask my read] to g   
back ) me1 n to t primitive or  b>b>ic  
era to :i* ,i began by ref]r+1 b only to
 a some:at  e>li] /age 9 our own social 
hi/ory1 ) :i* _m p]sons n[  liv+ are    
abundantly famili>4 ,"o ( ! int]e/+ &   
/>tl+  contra/s :i* might be pres5t$ to 
"o anxi\s to impress a  /rang] ) our    
,am]ican progress w\ld be to take only  
our pres5t  c5tury1 & gr\p toge!r1 out (
 its /ati/ics1 ! gr[? &  developm5t1 9  
its manifold v>ieties1 dur+ t p]iod 9   
any  city1 great or small1 (            
in/itutional *>ity4 ,b if su* a "o 7  j 
he w\ld h1 fir/ ( all1 to put ^u 8      

canvas "s  del9eation ( t situation :i*1
 "u s _m v>y+ conditions  & amid su*    
widely dissimil> degrees ( privilege or 
(  opportunity1 prec$$ x4 ,i li/5$ ! o!r
 day to ! /ory ( a  *>m+ woman1 ( m>k$  
culture & ref9em5t1 z %e depict$1  )    
unconsci\s grace & art1 ! life ( a      
g5tlewoman ( h] own  age & class--%e 0  
"y & fair & ke5ly sympa!tic--on a       
,s\!rn plantation be=e ! civil w>4 ,"o  
got su* a new  impression ( ^? :om1 "u  
o!r skies & 9 l>ge ignorance (  _!      
p]sonal m9i/ries or sacrifices1 we _h   
be5 wont to picture  z indol5t1         
exclusive1 indiff]5t to ! sorr[ &       
disease &  ignorance t1 on a great rice 
or cotton or sug> plantation 9 !  old   
days1 7 all ab\t !m2 & "o le>n$1 ) a new
 s5se (  rev]5ce = all t is be/ 9       
womanhood1 h[1 9 days t are n[  gone    
=ev]1 !re 7 "u su* conditions ! mo/     
skillful  b5efic5ce & ! mo/ untir+      
sympa?ies4    ,b1 9 ! times ( :i* ,i    
speak1 ! s]vice on ! plantation =  !    
sick slave 7:i*1 an ungraci\s criticism 

might h sugge/$1  s9ce a slave 0        
ord9>ily a valuable piece ( prop]ty1 _h 
some?+ ( a sordid elem5t 9 x7 0 mat*$ 9 
communities &  "u conditions :]e no su* 
suspicion 0 possible4 ,no "o :o  kn[s   
any?+ ( life 9 our small] communities at
 ! beg9n+ (  ! c5tury c be ignorant (   
:at ,i mean4 ,!re 0 no village or       
smalle/ aggregation ( families t _h n   
its ,abigail1 its ,aunt  ,hannah1 its   
,uncle ,b51 :o1 :5 !re 0 sickness or    
want or  sorr[ 9 a neighbor's h\se1 0   
always on h& to sympa?ize & to  succor4 
,i d n =get t x is said t1 ev5 "u our   
greatly  *ang$ conditions1 9 mod]n      
cities ?is is /ill true ( ! v  poor & ( 
_! k9dness & mutual help to "o ano!r2 & 
,i ?ank  ,god t ,i h abundant reason1 f 
p]sonal obs]vation1 to "k  t x is4 ,b1  
happily1 nei!r great cities nor small   
are l>gely  made up ( ! v poor1 & !     
consid]ations t ,i am aim+ to  pres5t to
 ^? :o w foll[ me ?r\gh ^! pages are n  
conc]n$ ) ^!4 ,:at ,i am n[ aim+ to get 
be=e my read]s is  t !re 0 a "t1 & t x 0

 n s v long ago1 :5 t  va/ in/itutional 
*>ity :i* exi/s among u to-day1 & :i* ,i
  believe to be 9 s _m aspects ( x s    
grave a m5ace to our  highe/ welf>e1 did
 n exi/1 because x _h no ne$ to exi/4 ,!
  ord9>y ,am]ican community1 ,ea/ or    
,we/1 _h1 z di/+ui%+ x1  h[ev] small its
 numb]s & n>r[ its means1 two           
*>act]i/ics  :i* our mod]n sy/ems (     
in/itutional *>ity are widely  conspir+ 
to ext+ui% & de/roy4 ,"o ( ^! 0 t       
resolute  endurance ( /raitness & pov]ty
 ( :i* !re is s f9e & true  a           
portraiture 9 ,miss ,wilk9s's rem>kable 
/ory ,j]ome4 ,i v5ture to  say t ! *>m (
 t r>e book1 to a great _m ( ! mo/      
intellig5t & appreciative ( its read]s1 
lay 9 ! fact t !y  c\ld mat* x1 or      
some?+ l x1 9 _! own exp]i5ce2 t  !y _h 
kn[n sil5t & pr\d wom51 & brave & pr\d  
boys1 to  :om1 :atev] ! h>d p9* ( want t
 !y knew1 to accept a dole  0 l accept+ 
a bl[1 & :o cov]$ _! pov]ty alike f  !  
eye ( inquisitive /rang] or k9 ) a robe 
( secrecy t 0  at once imp5etrable &    

all-conceal+4 ,life to !m 0 a battle1  &
 !y c\ld lose x1 z h]oes h lo/ x on !   
t5t$ field1  )\t a murmur2 b to sue =   
bread to "s o!r1 ev5 if t  o!r 7 ( !    
same blood1 w\ld h smitt5 !m z ) !  /a9 
( p]sonal di%onor4    ,& ov] aga9/ su*1 
9 ! days & among ! communities ( :i*  ,i
 speak1 7 ^? ^: gift & m9i/ry x 0--)\t  
an  intrusive curiosity1 )\t a vulg>    
o/5tation1 )\t a ^w or  look t impli$ t 
!y guess$ ! sore ne$ to :i* !y  rea*$   
out--yet someh[ to discov] x1 to succor 
x1 & !n to  help1 f9e/ & r>e/ ( all1 to 
hide x4    ,n[1 !n1 beh9d su* a         
condition ( ?+s !re 0 a sure & wise     
disc]nm5t1 ev5 if x 0 only in/9ctive1 ( 
a pr(\nd moral  tru?1 :i* 0 ?is3 t y c n
 help me1 nor ,i y1 )\t  risk4 ,= ! mo/ 
sacr$ ?+ 9 ei!r ( u is our manhood or   
womanhood--t ?+ :i* diff]5tiates u f any
 m]e me*anism1  t ?+ 9 u :i* says1 ,i c1
 ,i ought1 ,i w4 ,take t out  ( human   
nature & :at is left is n wor? consid]+1
 save z "o  might consid] any o!r clev] 
me*anism4 ,b ! p[] to *oose1  ! p[] to  

act1 & ! consci\sness t *oice & action  
are to  be dom9at$ by some?+ t answ]s to
 ! in/9ct ( loyalty to  ,god1 to        
self-respect1 to ! ideals ( honor &     
righte\sness--t  is :at makes life wor? 
liv+1 & any conceivable ?+ wor?  seek+  
or do+4 ,n[1 ! mom5t t ! "q ( our mutual
  relations ent]s we h to be conc]n$ ) !
 way 9 :i* !y  w act on ?is p[]1        
quality1 *>act]i/ic--call x :at y  w--t 
makes manhood4 ,x is n en\gh1 = example1
 t my  impulse to give y a p9t ( g9 is a
 b5evol5t impulse1 if c]ta9  t5d5cies 9 
y make x antec$5tly probable t a p9t (  
g9  w pres5tly conv]t y f ! condition ( 
a rational be+ into  t ( a bea/4 ,& s ( 
any impulse ( m9e 9 ! direction (       
b5efic5ce :i*1 9 its gratification1     
?reat5s manhood--t is1  self-reliance1  
self-respect1 indep5d5ce1 ! "r & fai?ful
 use  ( p[]s 9 me4    ,& "h we come to !
 problem :i* lies at ! basis ( ! :ole   
"q ( *>itable relief1 = :atev] class & 9
 :atev]  =m4 ,! :olesome elem5ts 9 t    
e>li] situation1 to :i* ,i  h j ref]r$1 

7 ?reefold1 & 9 our mod]n situation ea* 
"o ( !m is sorely att5uat$1 if n :olly  
abs5t3    #a4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re 0 a  
relative uni=mity ( condition4  ,9 o!r  
words1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury 9  
almo/ all  communities1 :e!r indu/rial  
or agricultural1 ! disp>ities (  e/ate 7
 inconsid]able4 ,!re 0 p]haps ! ri* man 
( !  village or t[n1 or two or ?ree or  
half a doz5 ( !m2 b !y  7 ri* only      
relatively1 & !y 7 m>k$ exceptions4 ,!  
great  majority ( ! p 7 ( comp>atively  
simil> employm5ts &  circum/ances4      
,among ^! !re 7 inde$ consid]able       
v>ieties (  task "w1 b "w & wage 7 n f> 
ap>t2 &1 :at 0 ( mo/  consequ5ce1 a     
c]ta9 l>ge id5tity ( condition br\ght   
into x a  c]ta9 bread? ( sympa?y &      
mutual help1 out ( :i* came !  out/ret*$
 h& & ! op5 door = ! man :o 0 out ( "w  
& 0 look+ = x4    #b4 ,yes1 :o 0 look+ =
 x4 ,= "h aga9 0 a di/+ui%+  note ( ^?  
e>li] days ( :i* ,i am speak+4 ,idl5ess 
0 a  di/9ct discr$it1 if n di%onor4 ,9  
communities :]e ev]ybody  _h to "w1 an  

idl] or a loaf] 0 an intol]able         
imp]t95ce1 &  0 usually made to feel x4 
#c4 ,& yet1 aga91 !re 0 ! va/ diff]5ce 9
 ^? days f  ours t ! indu/ries ( ! _w _h
 n tak5 on _! imm5sely  organiz$ &      
me*aniz$ *>act]i/ics4 ,a me*anic--e4 g41
 out (  a job--!n c\ld turn 8 h& to     
any?+ t ord9>y tools &  muscle &        
intellig5ce c\ld d4 ,b an ord9>y me*anic
 n[ mu/ be  a skill$ me*anician 9 a     
highly specializ$ dep>tm5t1 & :5 he  is 
out ( a job !re1 he is ord9>ily out ( x 
all along ! l9e4    ,i might1 z my read]
 w h anticipat$ me 9 recogniz+1 g on    
almo/ indef9itely 9 ?is direction2 b ,i 
h said en\gh1 ,i  tru/1 to prep>e him = 
! po9t :i* ,i want to make 9 connection 
) our mod]n *>ities & _! mis*ief4 ,our  
mod]n social ord]1  9 a ^w1 has become m
 complex1 m segregat$1 m  specializ$4 ,a
 :ole class ( p 9 cities--^?1 ,i mean1 (
  consid]able weal?--) a few noble      
exceptions 7:i*1 h[ev]1 9  our great]   
cities1 ?ank ,god1 are becom+ daily less
 r>e71 live 9  pr(\nd ignorance ( !     

condition ( _! fell[-citiz5s4 ,n[ &  !n1
 by "s %>p rev]se 9 ! f9ancial _w or "s 
national  recurr5ce ( bad times1 !y are 
made aw>e t l>ge numb]s (  _! neighbors 
are out ( "w & />v+4 ,&1 at all times1  
!y  are no less rem9d$ t !re is a       
consid]able class--h[  appall+ly l>ge x 
is gr[+ to be 9 ,new ,york ,mr4 ,col]   
has told  u--:o ne$ help1 or ?9k !y d1 &
 :o1 at any rate1 m or  less noisily    
dem& x 9 ! /reet1 at ! door1 by begg+   
lett]1  or 9 a doz5 o!r ways t make !   
ri* man und]/& :y !  pray] ( ,agur 01   
,give me nei!r pov]ty nor ri*es4#a      
,footnote #a3 ,prov]bs xxx1 #h4         
,well1 some?+ mu/ be done1 !y agree4    
,:at %all x be8 ,%all !  ,/ate d x1 or !
 ,*ur*1 or ! individual8 ,if only !y    
c\ld1 z  to t1 agree6 ,b x has be5 "o ( 
! mo/ pa!tic notes ( our  he$less &     
sup]ficial treatm5t ( a great problem t1
 "h1  !re has n be5 f ! beg9n+ ev5 !    
smalle/ pret5se ( a  common purpose or  
any mod]ately rational c\rse ( action4  
,und\bt$ly x is true t !re is no        

imag9able me*anism t  c\ld relieve any  
"o ( ^! ag5cies f responsibility 9 !    
matt] ( relief to ! un=tunate1 nor is x 
desirable t !re  %\ld be4 ,sometimes x  
has be5 ! ,*ur* t has und]tak5 !  relief
 ( ! poor & sick1 sometimes x has be5   
l>gely left to !  individual1 &         
sometimes x has be5 z l>gely left to !  
,/ate4  ,b1 9 any case1 ! result has be5
 almo/ z (t5 z o!rwise  mis*iev\s1 or   
corrupt & corrupt+4 ,=1 9 fact1 ! ideal 
mode  ( deal+ ) ! problems ( sickness1  
de/itution1 & disablem5t  %\ld be "o 9  
:i* ! common endeavor ( ! ,/ate1 !      
,*ur*1  & ! individual %\ld be someh[   
unifi$ & co-ord9at$4 ,b1  incr$ible z x 
ought to be1 ! hi/ory ( ! be/ endeavors 
t[>d  su* co-ord9ation has be5 a hi/ory 
( l>ge inadequacy & (  meag] results4 ,z
 an illu/ration ( ?is x is en\gh to po9t
 to  ! hi/ory ( ! ,*>ity ,organization  
,society 9 ,new ,york1 :i*1 ,i  presume1
 is n greatly diff]5t f t ( simil>      
societies  else:]e4 ,antec$5tly x w\ld h
 seem$ probable t su* a  society1 :i*   

aims simply to disc\rage fraud1 to      
relieve g5u9e  want1 & to protect !     
community f be+ prey$ ^u by ! idle  & ! 
vici\s1 w\ld h ! sympa?y ( t great      
in/itution1  "s ( ^: tea*+s are1 ,if any
 man w n "w1 nei!r %all  he eat2 ,/&    
upright on ?y feet2 ,provide ?+s hone/ 9
 !  sight ( all m52 ,n slo?ful 9        
bus9ess2 & ! l4 ,b1 z a  matt] ( fact1  
su* societies h _h no m bitt] antagoni/s
  ?an ! *ur*es1 & no m vehem5t oppon5ts 
?an m9i/]s (  religion4 ,9 a meet+      
compos$ ( su* p]sons ,i h he>d "o (  _! 
numb] d5\nce ) ! mo/ impassion$ oratory 
any ag5cy  :i* und]took1 by any         
me*anism1 to intrude into ! "q ( !      
circum/ances1 res\rces1 or wor?9ess ( ^?
 :o 7 ! objects  ( ecclesia/ical        
almsgiv+4 ,:o1 he dem&$1 c\ld "k s well 
z  ! cl]gy all ! facts ne$$ to enable !m
 wisely & judici\sly  to assi/ ^? wor?y 
& ne$y bre?r5 :o 7 ( _! own  h\sehold ( 
fai?8 ,no?+ c\ld s\nd m plausible or    
probable2  b 9 a little :ile x happ5$ t 
a woman :o _h = ye>s be5  a b5efici>y ( 

?is v pa/or di$1 leav+ beh9d h]1 among  
h]  effects1 sundry sav+s-bank books :i*
 %[$ h] to be possess$ (  "s ?\s&s (    
doll>s1 :i* %e bequea!d to relatives 9 a
  di/ant l&4 ,/ill m rec5tly a case ( a 
simil> "* has  occurr$ 9 :i* a /ill l>g]
 am\nt hav+ be5 paid ov] 9 small  sums  
?r\gh a long s]ies ( ye>s by a *ur*1 !  
:ole1 )  int]e/1 has be5 f\nd to h be5  
ho>d$1 ! recipi5t hav+  be5 a p]son     
entirely capable ( self-support1 &1 z a 
matt] (  fact1 dur+ ! :ole p]iod        
self-support+1 & ! l>ge  accumulations  
are at pres5t ! subject ( a suit 9 :i* !
 *ur*  is endeavor+ to recov] :at x n   
unnaturally reg>ds z its own            
misappropriat$ money4    ,& yet1 z any  
"o kn[s :o kn[s any?+ ( ! delicacy1     
vigilancy1 & ?or\ghness ) :i* a         
well-organiz$ society  conducts its "w1 
any su* grotesque & deplorable result   
w\ld1  ) a little wise co-op]ation      
betwe5 ! ,*ur* & su* a society1  h be5  
r5d]$ impossible4 ,i "k h[ impati5t _m  
good p  are ( ! s]vices ( any su*       

association1 & we h all he>d ad  nauseam
 ( _! prote/s aga9/ a spy sy/em :i*     
invades !  sacr$ privacy ( dec5t pov]ty1
 & ! re/2 b1 9 fact1 su*  p]sons nev]   
seem to realize t1 9 "o aspect ( x1 !   
,*ur*  /&s1 or1 z a matt] ( common      
hone/y1 z ! adm9i/rator (  tru/ funds1  
ought to /&1 on ! same equitable basis1 
at lea/1 z  a life-insurance company4   
,n[1 :5 ,i seek ! b5efits ( a           
life-insurance company ,i am ask$ c]ta9 
que/ions :i* affect n  only my physical 
res\rces b my diseases1 my ance/ry & _! 
diseases1 my p]sonal habits1            
infirmities1 & ! l4 ,if !  company has !
 "r1 9 ! j int]e/s ( its o!r cli5ts1 to 
ask ^! que/ions1 z adm9i/]+ a l>ge tru/1
 has n !  ,*ur*1 :i* is also !          
adm9i/rator ( a tru/ no less 9 !  int]e/
 ( o!r cli5ts8    ,b1 inde$1 ?is is !   
l[e/ aspect ( su* a "q1 & ,i  freely    
admit x4 ,! title ( ?is pap] po9ts to t 
grave/ aspect  ( x1 ) :i* ,i am n[      
conc]n$4 ,! l>ge/ mis*ief (             
indiscrim9ate almsgiv+ is n its wanton  

wa/e--x is its  inevitable & inv>iable  
degradation ( its objects4 ,i h spok5 ( 
! grave antagonism ( ! ,*ur* to wisely  
organiz$ *>ity1 b x  is b ! e*o ( !     
ho/ility ( ! individual1 & (t5 ( !  be/ 
& wise/ m5 & wom54 ,else:]e 7b n1 ,i    
?9k1 9 pr9t7  ,i h relat$ an incid5t 9  
?is connection ( :i* "o is almo/  tempt$
 to say ex uno disce omnes4 ,approa*+ "o
 day1 :5 ,i 0 a  pa/or 9 a great city1 !
 door ( "o ( my cl]ical bre?r51 ,i      
obs]v$ a woman leav+ x :o1 ?\gh %e      
ha/ily turn$ h] back  ^u me1 ,i         
recogniz$ z a memb] ( my own            
congregation4 ,on ent]+  my fri5d's /udy
 ,i said to him3    ,i beg y\r p>don1 b 
0 n t ,mrs4 ---- :om ,i saw leav+ y\r   
door a mom5t ago8    ,yes4    ,:at 0 %e 
aft]1 may ,i ask8    ,my fri5d--n[1     
alas6 no long] liv+--0 a man di/+ui%$ by
  s+ul> delicacy & *ivalry ( "* & be>+1 
& he turn$  ^u me ) "s surprise &       
hauteur & said3    ,well1 yes1 y may    
ask2 b ,i d n "k t1 9 ! matt] ( !  sad &
 pa9ful circum/ances ( "o ( my own      

p>i%ion]s1 ,i am  call$ ^u to answ]4    
,precisely1 ,i repli$2 b1 z x happ5s1 %e
 isn't y\r  p>i%ion]4    ,:at d y mean1 
sir8 he exclaim$1 ) "s heat4 ,d y       
suppose  t ,i don't "k ! memb]s ( my own
 flock8    ,on ! contr>y1 ,i said1 ,i h 
no d\bt t y "k n only  !m b ! memb]s ( a
 great _m o!r flocks1 z 9 ! in/ance  ( !
 p]son :o has j left y\r door1 :o1 z x  
happ5s1 has  be5 a memb] ( ! *ur* ( :i* 
,i am rector = "s fifte5  ye>s4    ,!   
rem>k & ! abundant evid5ce ) :i* ,i 0   
able to  re-en=ce x at la/ p]suad$ my   
fri5d to in/itute fur!r  inquiries1 :i* 
result$ 9 ! discov]y t ! subject ( ^?   
inquiries ma9ta9$ simil> relations ) "s 
sev5 p>i%es1 f  e "o ( :i* %e 0 receiv+1
 z a poor wid[1 a mon?ly  all[ance6 ,&  
yet my rev]5d bro!r 0 "o ( ! mo/ /r5u\s 
oppon5ts ( any sy/em or society1 any    
*all5ge or int]rogation  :i*1 z he said1
 came betwe5 him & 8 poor4 ,alas6 ?\gh 9
  "o s5se !y 7 8 poor1 9 ano!r !y 7 z   
remote f him  z if !y & he _h be5 liv+ 9
 diff]5t hemisph]es4 ,) e  sympa?y = _! 

di/resses1 he _h n come to recognize t1 
"u ^? complex conditions ( our mod]n    
life1 to :i* ,i h  already ref]r$1 a    
real k ( ! classes ^u :om ne$ &         
mis=tune & ! temptations to vice &      
idl5ess press mo/ heavily  has become   
almo/ a sci5ce1 9 :i* tra9+1 exp]i5ce1  
mo/  surely a l>ge fai?1 b no less      
surely a l>ge wisdom1 are  indisp5sable4
    ,9 ?is "w !re is und\bt$ly a place =
 in/itutional *>ity1  & also = t o!r :i*
 is individual4 ,! =m] af=ds a  sph]e = 
a wise economy1 = prompt & imm$iate     
treatm5t or  relief1 & = ! utilization (
 t high] sci5tific k  & ^? bett]        
sci5tific me?ods :i* ! home1 &          
especially !  t5em5t h\se1 c n comm&4 ,b
 ov] aga9/ ^! advantages we  are b\nd   
always to recognize ^? inevitable dang]s
 :i* !y  br+ ) !m4 ,! exi/5ce ( an      
in/itution1 :e!r hospital1  alm%\se1 or 
orphanage1 to ! c>e ( :i* "o may easily 
dismiss a  sick memb] ( ! h\sehold1 or  
to :i* "o may turn = gratuit\s  c>e &   
treatm5t1 mu/ inevitably act z /rong    

temptations to ^?  :o are will+ to evade
 p]sonal obligations t hone/ly belong to
  !m4 ,9 connection ) an in/itution = ! 
treatm5t ( ! eye  & e>1 ) :i* ,i happ5  
to be (ficially connect$1 x 0 f\nd1  n  
long ago1 t ! numb] ( pati5ts :o s\ght x
 = gratuit\s  treatm5t 0 consid]ably    
increas$ by p]sons :o came to !         
hospital 9 _! own c>riages1 :i* !y      
prud5tly left ar\nd !  corn]1 & ^:      
circum/ances abundantly ju/ifi$ ! belief
 t  !y 7 q able to pay = ! treatm5t1    
:i*1 nev]!less1  _! self-respect did n  
prev5t !m f accept+ z a dole4 ,su*      
incid5ts are symptomatic ( a t5d5cy :i* 
mu/ inevitably degrade  ^? :o yield to  
x1 & :i* is at once vici\s & det]iorat+4
  ,h[ widespread x is mu/ be evid5t to  
any "o :o has _h !  smalle/ k ( !       
unblu%+ read9ess ) :i*  in/itutional    
b5efic5ce is utiliz$ 9 e direction4 ,a  
"y  m>ri$ man 9 ! ,we/1 ,i h be5 told1  
wrote to 8 k9dr$ 9 !  ,ea/3 ,we h _h "h 
a glori\s revival ( religion4 ,m>y & ,i 
h be5 hopefully conv]t$4 ,fa!r has got v

 old & helpless1  & s we h s5t him to ! 
c\nty h\se4 ,"o f9ds himself  speculat+ 
) "s curiosity :at religion x 0 to :i*  
?is  filial scion 0 conv]t$4 ,c]ta9ly x 
c\ld n h be5 t  :i* is commonly call$   
,*ri/ian6    ,& at ! o!r end ( ! social 
scale ! situation is (t5 little  bett]4 
,9 our great] cities homes h be5 provid$
 = ! ag$1  & especially = t mo/ des]v+  
class ( g5tlewom5 :o1  hav+ be5 re>$ 9  
afflu5ce1 come to old age1 aft] hav+    
/ruggl$ to ma9ta9 !mselves by tea*+1    
ne$lework1 & !  l1 ) brok5 p[]s & empty 
purses4 ,b x has1 ,i am in=m$1  be5 (t5 
impossible to f9d places = !m 9         
in/itutions  especially creat$ = _! c>e1
 because its lady manag]s h  fill$ _!   
places ) _! own worn-out s]vants1 :o1   
hav+  sp5t _! ye>s & /r5g? 9 _!         
employ]'s s]vice1 are turn$  ov] 9 _!   
old age1 ) a %rewd frugality :i* "o c n 
b  admire1 to be ma9ta9$ at ! co/ ( o!r 
p4 ,x is impossible  to confront su*    
in/ances1 & !y might be multipli$       
indef9itely1  )\t recogniz+ h[ enorm\s  

are ! possibilities ( mis*ief  ev5 9    
connection ) ! mo/ useful in/itutional  
*>ity4    ,& yet ^! are n s great z ^?  
:i* no less surely foll[1  z x is (t5e/ 
adm9i/]$1 9 ! tra9 ( individual         
b5efic5ce4 ,9 an unwritt5 address1 n    
long ago1 ,i m5tion$ an  illu/ration (  
?is :i* ,i h be5 ask$ to repeat "h4     
,:ile a  rector 9 a l>ge city p>i%1 ,i 0
 call$ ^u by a /rang] :o  ask$ = money1 
& :o1 z evid5ce ( 8 claims ^u my        
consid]ation1 produc$ a lett] f my fa!r1
 writt5 "s  tw5ty-five ye>s be=e1 :5 he 
0 ,bi%op ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,!  writ] _h1  
:5 ?is lett] 0 plac$ 9 my h&s1 be5 dead 
=  "s tw5ty ye>s1 b1 9 a community 9 :i*
 he _h be5 greatly  lov$ & respect$1 8  
words _h n1 ev5 9 t lapse ( "t1  lo/ _! 
p[]4 ,! lett] 0 a g5]al lett]1 address$ 
to no  "o1 & !re9 lay its mis*ief4 ,:5  
read1 x _h 9 ea* in/ance  be5 return$ to
 its be>]1 & he soon discov]$ t he _h 9 
x  a talisman t w\ld op5 almo/ any      
pocket4 ,he 0 orig9ally a  me*anic :o _h
 be5 tempor>ily disabl$ by a fit (      

sickness2 :5  ,i saw him1 h[ev]1 he 0   
obvi\sly1 & d\btless = ye>s _h  be51 9  
robu/ heal?4 ,b he _h discov]$ t if he 7
 will+  to beg he ne$ n "w1 & he _h long
 be=e made 8 *oice on !  side ( ease &  
indol5ce4 ,aft] read+ ! lett] :i* he    
produc$1 & look+ at its date & soil$    
condition1 bo? reveal+  ! long s]vice t 
x _h p]=m$1 ,i said to him1 ,no1 ,i w n 
give y any?+1 b ,i w pay y t5 doll>s if 
y w let me  h t lett]4 ,x w\ld n be easy
 to describe ! le] (  cunn+ & contempt )
 :i* he promptly took x out ( my h&1    
fold$ x1 plac$ x 9 8 pocketbook1 & left 
! room4 ,he 0 n  s innoc5t z to surr5d] 
8 :ole capital 9 trade6    ,n[1 "h 0 a  
man to :om a well-mean+ b inconsid]ate  
act (  k9dness _h be5 ! cause ( p]man5t 
degradation4 ,! highe/  qualities 9 su* 
a "o--manhood1 self-respect1 frugal &   
indu/ri\s  indep5d5ce--_h be5           
practically de/roy$1 & an act ( *>ity   
_h made ( "o :o 0 d\btless orig9ally an 
hone/ &  h>d-work+ "y man1 a m5dicant1 a
 loaf]1 & a fraud4    ,& yet = a s9c]e &

 self-sacrific+ purpose to help our less
  =tunate fell[-m5 !re 7 nev] s _m      
inspir+ &  enc\rag+ opportunities4      
,along ) ! und5iably increas+           
complexity ( our mod]n life !re h aris5 
^? attractive  in/rum5talities = a g5u9e
 b5efic5ce :i* f9d _! mo/  impressive   
illu/rations 9 ! improvem5ts ( ! homes (
 ! poor  9 college settlem5ts1 9 "y m5's
 & "y girls' clubs 9  connection ) our  
mission *ur*es1 9 ! k9d]g>t5s & 9 !     
cook+ s*ools f\nd$ by ^! & o!r b5efic5t 
ag5cies1 9  juv5ile societies = tea*+   
h&icrafts & enc\rag+ sav+s1  &1 be/ (   
all1 9 t resolute purpose to "k h[ ! o!r
 half  live1 ( :i* ! noble s]vice (     
,edw>d ,d5ison 9 ,engl&2 (  college     
graduates 9 ,engl& & 9 ,am]ica1 :o h    
made ! college  & univ]sity settlem5ts  
_! po/-graduate c\rses2 ( su* wom5  "h &
 9 ,*icago z ,miss ,jane ,addams1 & !   
*>m+ gr\p (  g5tlewom5 liv+ 9 ! ,h\se 9 
,h5ry ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 ma9ta9$  ) su*
 mode/ munific5ce by ,mr4 ,jacob ,s*iff2
 ( su* labori\s  & disc]n+ scrut9y &    

sympa?y z h be5 %[n 9 ! /udies  & writ+s
 ( my fri5d ,mr4 ,jacob ,riis--are su*  
noble &  enk9dl+ examples4    ,^! & su* 
z ^! are indicat+ to u ! l9es along :i* 
our  be/ "w = ! relief ( ignorance &    
suff]+ & want may  to-day be done1 & ! m
 closely !y are /udi$1 & ! m  intimately
 ! classes ) :i* !y are conc]n$ are     
kn[n1 !  m abundantly !y w v9dicate     
!mselves4 ,= ^! latt] h  9 !m1 f> m     
commonly ?an we are wont to recognize1  
^? high]  in/9cts ( self-respect & (    
manly & womanly indep5d5ce t1  9 s]v+   
our fell[-m51 we mu/ ma9ly c\nt ^u4 ,!re
 are  d\btless in/9ctive idl]s &        
m5dicants among ! poor1 z1 let u  n     
=get1 !re are *ronic idl]s1 borr[]s1    
sponges1 among !  classes at ! o!r end (
 ! social scale4 ,b ! same div9e  image 
is 9 our bro!r man ev]y:]e1 & ! bett]1 m
 truly1  m closely we "k him1 ! m       
pr(\ndly we %all realize x4  ,dur+ "s   
six weeks sp5t1 a few ye>s ago1 9 ! mo/ 
cr[d$ w>d  9 ! _w1 among ?\s&s ( p :o   
liv$ 9 ! n>r[e/  qu>t] & ^u ! mo/ scanty

 wage1 ,i gave six h\rs e day to        
receiv+ anybody & ev]ybody :o came to   
me4 ,dur+ t "t ,i  _h visits f          
dilapidat$ g5tlem5 f ,albany & ,j]sey   
,city &  ,philadelphia & ! l1 :o suppos$
 t ,i 0 a cr$ul\s fool  ^: money &      
himself w\ld be soon p>t$1 & :o gave me 
:at  !y consid]$ _m excell5t reasons =  
pres5t+ !m ) five  doll>s apiece4 ,b1   
dur+ t :ole p]iod1 n "o ( ! _m  ?\s&s :o
 liv$ 9 ! cr[d$ t5em5ts all ar\nd me1 & 
to  hundr$s ( :om ,i prea*$ ?ree times a
 week1 ask$ me = a p5ny4  ,n "o6 ,!y    
came to me by day & by night1 m5 & wom51
 boys &  girls1 = c\nsel1 c\rage1       
sympa?y1 admonition1 repro(1 guidance1  
& su* light z ,i c\ld give !m--b nev]1  
"o ( !m1 =  money4 ,!y are my fri5ds    
to-day1 & !y "k t ,i am !irs2  &1 little
 z t la/ may mean to ! weake/ & ! wor/ (
  !m1 ,i believe t1 9 ! case ( any man  
or woman :o tries to  und]/& & he>t5 8  
fell[1 x c\nts = a ?\s&fold m  ?an      
doles1 or bread1 or in/itutional relief4
          ,,! ,,hopi ,,indians ,,(      

,,arizona4    ,,by ,,george ,a4         
,,dorsey4      ,z "o approa*es ! c5t] ( 
,arizona1 along ! l9e ( ! ,santa  ,f    
,railroad1 :e!r he come f ! ea/ or f !  
we/1 8  att5tion is sure to be arre/$ by
 sev]al tall1 spire-l hills  :i* are    
silh\ett$ aga9/ ! sky to ! f> nor?4 ,^! 
peaks  are ! ,moki ,buttes1 & to ! nor? 
( !m lies ! prov9ce (  ,tusayan1 ! l& ( 
! ,mokis1 or ! ,hopis1 z !y pref] to be 
call$4 ,t c\ntry to-day conta9s m (     
int]e/ to ! /ud5t  ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d  
?an any o!r simil>-siz$ area on !       
,am]ican cont95t4 ,b v few ( ! great    
?rong t roll by on  ! ,santa ,f tra9s e 
ye> 9 que/ ( pleasure1 ( recreation1 (  
new sc5es & /range1 /op (f at ,holbrook 
or ,w9sl[ to take !  j\rney to ! ,hopis1
 & v few ev5 "k ( ! exi/5ce ( ^!        
curi\sly qua9t pueblos ( ?is community1 
:i* to-day lives pretty  mu* z x did    
be=e ,columbus set out on 8 long voyage 
to !  unkn[n ,we/4    ,! t]m pueblo1 a  
,spani% ^w mean+ t[n1 is by long &      
cont9u$ use n[ almo/ conf9$ to ! clu/]s 

( /one & adobe  h\ses :i* to-day %elt] !
 s$5t>y ,indians ( ,new ,mexico &       
,arizona4 ,n only are ^! ,indian t[ns   
call$ pueblos1 b we  speak ( ! ,indians 
!mselves z ! ,pueblo ,indians1 & ( !    
culture ( ! p--= !y all h mu* 9         
common--z ! pueblo  culture4 ,?is       
simil>ity ( culture is n due to unity ( 
race or  ( language1 b is ! resultant ( 
a peculi> environm5t4 ,9 rec5t  times1 !
 limits ( ! pueblo-culture area h       
contract$ to meet  ! dem&s ( ! :ite man2
 we "k also t be=e ! adv5t (  ! ,spani>d
 _m once popul\s di/ricts _h be5 ab&on$1
 & z a  result !re came to be few] b    
l>g] villages4 ,we "k also1 bo?  f      
tradition & f ar*ological evid5ce1 t 9  
=m] days  ! pueblo p inhabit$ _m ( !    
villages ( s\!rn ,colorado  & ,utah1 & t
 ! ,hopis & _! k9 7 num]\s 9 _m p>ts  ( 
,arizona4 ,! sil5t h\ses ( ! cliffs1 !  
ru9s ( c5tral  ,arizona1 & ! great      
crumbl+ masses ( adobe ( ! ,salt & ,gila
  ,riv] valleys & 9 nor!rn ,*ihuahua are
 all =m] habitations (  ! ,pueblo       

,indian4 ,to-day !re are no             
repres5tatives ( ^! p  9 ,utah or       
,colorado1 :ile ! sev5 ,hopi t[ns (     
,tusayan alone  rema9 9 ,arizona4 ,b !re
 are /ill _m pueblos scatt]$ along  !   
,rio ,gr&e1 ,jemez1 & ,san ,juan ,riv]s 
9 ,new ,mexico4 ,alike 9  culture1 we   
may divide ! exi/+ pueblos into f\r     
l+ui/ic  gr\ps--namely1 ! ,hopis (      
,arizona1 ! ,zuis ( ,new ,mexico1 !     
,tehuas ea/ ( ! ,rio ,gr&e1 & ! ,qu]es  
to ! we/ ( ! ,rio  ,gr&e4 ,( ! e>li]    
home ( ! la/ ?ree /ocks we "k b  little4
 ,! ance/ors ( ! ,hopis we "k came f    
diff]5t  directions--"s f ! cliff       
dwell+s ( ! nor?1 o!rs f  c5tral        
,arizona4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 !y =m a       
cong]ies ( clans  unit$ & weld$ into a  
unit by simil>ity ( purpose & by ! m    
p[]ful influ5ce ( a peculi> environm5t4 
,! op9ion 0 held until )9 a v few ye>s t
 ! ,hopis  repres5t$ a small bran* ( !  
,%o%onean division ( !  ,uto-,aztecan   
/ock1 b ,dr4 ,fewkes1 our greate/       
au?ority on ! ,hopi1  has que/ion$ !    

accuracy ( ?is classification1 & x c be 
/at$ t ! true aff9ities ( ! ,hopi h n   
yet be5  discov]$4    ,! prov9ce (      
,tusayan1 or ! ,moqui ,res]vation1 z x  
is (ficially  kn[n to-day1 conta9s ab\t 
f\r ?\s& squ>e miles & ab\t two  ?\s&   
,indians4 ,x is 9 ! nor!a/]n "p (       
,arizona1 & its  t[ns are ab\t eighty   
miles by trail f ! railroad4 ,! pres5t  
inhabitants are gr\p$ 9 sev5 pueblos1   
locat$ on ?ree p>allel  mesas1 or       
table-l&s1 :i* ext5d s\?w>d l /ony f+]s 
t[>d ! valley ( ! ,little ,colorado     
,riv]4 ,! fir/ or ea/ mesa  conta9s !   
pueblos ( ,walpi1 ,sitcomovi1 & ,hano2  
on ! second or  middle mesa are         
,micon9ovi1 ,cipaulovi1 & ,cuopavi2 & on
 ! ?ird  or we/ mesa /&s ,oraibi1 l>ge/ 
& mo/ anci5t ( all ,hopi  pueblos1 & 9  
_m respects ! be/ pres]v$ & mo/ int]e/+ 
community 9 ! _w4 ,a community )\t a    
*ur*1 sep>at$ by a  broad1 deep valley f
 its ne>e/ neighbor1 ) b a s+le :ite    
man )9 tw5ty miles1 remov$ ne>ly        
?irty-five miles f a  trad+ po/1        

isolat$1 pr\d1 spurn+ ! advances ( !    
,gov]nm5t1 ,oraibi c\ld ma9ta9 its      
indep5d5ce if e o!r  community on ! e>? 
7 blott$ out ( exi/5ce4    ,! j\rney f  
,w9sl[ to ,oraibi is n )\t great int]e/4
 ,!  beautiful sn[-capp$ peaks ( ! ,san 
,francisco ,m\nta9 are always  9 sight  
f> away to ! we/1 & :5 ! eye tires ( !  
rigid &  immovable des]t _! graceful    
outl9es *eck ! (t5 ris+  feel+ ( utt]   
helplessness4 ,!n !re is a sweep &      
b>r5ness (  ! pla9 :i* is impressive &  
(t5 awe-inspir+1 & :i* at  times        
produces a feel+ simil> to t creat$ by !
 sea4 ,save =  ! /unt$ cottonwoods along
 ! ,little ,colorado ,riv]1 !re is      
scant vegetation to relieve ! bright    
r$s1 yell[s1 & blues ( !  pa9t$ des]t   
ov] :i* ! sun's heat quiv]s & dances1   
reveal+  "h & !re mirages ( lakes & =e/s
 ( wond]fully deceptive  vividness4     
,aris+ out ( ! pla9 "h & !re are brief  
expanses  ( table-l&s1 ) ! s(t "u /rata 
crumbl$ away & !  high] /rata hav+ fall5
 d[n ! sides1 produc+ (t5 !  appe>ance (

 a ru9$ ca/le4 ,at ! foot ( ! mesas are 
clumps (  sagebru% & grease wood1 :ile !
 pla9 is dott$ "h & !re  ) pat*es (     
cactus & bright-color$ fl[]s4 ,foxes &  
wolves  are common en\gh1 & we are r>ely
 out ( sight or s\nd ( !  coyote1 b&s ( 
:i* make night hide\s ) _! %rill1 weird 
cry4    ,al?\gh ! ,navajo c\ntry prop]  
is to ! nor? & ea/ (  ,tusayan1 _!      
hogans1 or ?at*$-ro($ dug\ts1 are met ) 
"h  & !re along ! valley ( ! riv]4 ,!   
,navajos are ! ,b$\9s  ( ,am]ica4 ,we   
(t5 see ! wom5 9 front ( ! hogans weav+1
 or  ! m5 along ! trail t5d+ _! flocks (
 %eep & goats1 =  !y are great h]d]s &  
produce l>ge quantities ( wool1 "p (    
:i* !y ex*ange to ! trad]s2 ! rema9d] ! 
wom5 weave into  blankets1 :i* are 9    
g5]al use ?r\gh\t ! ,s\?we/ & :i*  f9d  
_! way ?r\gh ! trade to all p>ts ( !    
relic-lov+  _w4 ,!y raise1 9 addition1  
great quantities ( beans1 :i* !y  also  
s5d out to ! railroad4 ,!y are bett]    
suppli$ ) ponies  ?an ! ,hopi1 & ) !m   
make long j\rneys1 = ! ,navajos d  n    

live a communal life z d ! pueblo p1 b  
are scatt]$  ov] an ext5sive t]ritory1  
ea* family liv+ alone & be+  indep5d5t (
 its neighbors4    ,aft] a long &       
tiresome j\rney ( f\r days we arrive at 
! foot  ( ! mesa & beg9 ! long1 upw>d   
climb1 = ,oraibi is eight  hundr$ feet  
above ! surr\nd+ pla9 & sev5 ?\s& feet  
above  ! level ( ! sea4 ,j be=e ! cre/  
is rea*$ ! trail =  fifty or m feet is  
simply a pa? along & up ! base ( a rocky
  precipice1 its /eps worn deep by !    
nev]-end+ l9e ( ,indians  pass+ to &    
fro4 ,once ^u ! summit we h an          
unob/ruct$ view  ov] ! dry1 arid1       
sun-p>*$ valleys = _m miles--a view :i*1
  9 spite ( its desolation1 is extremely
 fasc9at+4    ,illu/ration3 ,,/reet     
,,sc5e1 ,,oraibi4    ,we (t5 speak ( ?is
 or ( t t[n z ! olde/ on ! cont95t4  ,b 
"h we are 9 ! /reets ( a t[n :i*        
ant$ates all o!r  cities ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates--a pueblo :i* occupi$ ?is v spot 
:51 9 #aedj1 ,coronado halt$ 9 ,cibola &
 s5t ,don ,p$ro de ,tob>  on to ! we/ to

 explore ! !n unkn[n des]t4 ,imag9e sev5
  r irregul>ly p>allel /reets ab\t two  
hundr$ y>ds long1 )  "h & !re a m op5   
spot or plaza1 l9$ on ea* side )        
mud-pla/]$1 r\gh-laid /one h\ses1 & y h 
,oraibi4 ,!  h\ses rise 9 ! =m ( t]races
 to a height ( two or ?ree  /ories4 ,z a
 rule !re is no op5+ to ! gr\nd-floor   
dwell+s  save ?r\gh a small1 squ>e hat* 
9 ! ro(4 ,lead+ up to ?is  ro( are rude 
ladd]s1 :i* 9 a few r>e in/ances are    
simply /eps  cut 9 a solid log1 diff]+ 9
 n[ise f ^? f\nd lead+ into  ! *amb]s ( 
! old cliff ru9s ( s\!rn ,colorado4 ,!  
ro( (  ! fir/ r[ or t]race ( h\ses =ms a
 k9d ( balcony or por*  = ! second      
t]race1 & s ! ro( ( ! second-/ory h\ses 
s]ves a simil> useful purpose = !       
?ird-/ory h\ses4    ,illu/ration3       
,,t]race ,,sc5e1 ,,/reets ,,( ,,oraibi4 
,two ?+s impress "o on ent]+ a ,hopi    
home = ! fir/ "t--!  small size ( !     
rooms1 ) _! l[ ceil+s1 & ! cleanness (  
! floors4 ,bo? floors & walls are kept  
fre% & bright by  (t-r5ew$ coats ( ?9   

pla/]1 :i* is always done by ! woman1  =
 %e owns ! h\se & all )9 x2 %e builds x 
& keeps x  9 repair4 ,! ceil+ is ( ?at* 
held up by poles1 :i* 9 turn  re/ on    
l>g] raft]s4 ,ap>t f ! meal+ b9s & !    
piki  /ones1 to be describ$ lat]1 !re is
 no furniture--no table1 no  *airs1 no  
/ools1 simply a %elf or two ) trays (   
meal or bread1  & ne> ! wall a long pole
 = clo?+1 susp5d$ by bucksk9  ?ongs f ! 
raft]s4 ,_! b$ is a %eepsk9 rug & "o or 
two  ,navajo blankets spread on ! floor 
:]ev] !re may be a vacant  space4 ,9 "o 
corn] may be a pile ( corn /ack$ up l   
cordwood1  & 9 ano!r corn] melons or    
squa%es & a few sacks ( dri$  pea*es or 
beans4 ,betwe5 ! ?at* & raft]s y w f9d  
b[s  & arr[s1 sp9dles1 hairp9s1         
digg+-/icks1 & boom]angs1 &  f ! wall   
may hang a doll or two1 *ildr5's        
play?+s4 ,su* is  an ,oraibi home2 b x  
always seems a happy home1 & ! travel]  
is  always welcome4    ,illu/ration3    
,,/reet ,,sc5e1 ,,oraibi4    ,a prom95t 
feature ( almo/ e pueblo plaza is a     

squ>i%1  boxlike elevation :i* ext5ds   
ab\t two feet above ! level ( !  e>? &  
measures ab\t six feet 9 l5g?1 ) a      
two-foot hole 9  ! c5t]1 f :i* projects 
to a consid]able height ! po/s (  a     
ladd]4 ,if y desc5d ?is ladd] y w f9d   
y\rself 9 a  subt]ranean *amb]1         
rectangul> 9 %ape1 & measur+ ab\t       
tw5ty-five feet 9 l5g? by ab\t fifte5   
feet 9 bread?1 ) a  height f ! floor to 
! ceil+ ( ab\t t5 feet4 ,?is  und]gr\nd 
room is ! kiva1 or ! e/ufa ( !          
,spani>ds4 ,"h  are held all ! secret   
rites ( religi\s c]emonies1 & "h !  m5  
resort to smoke1 to gossip1 to sp91 &   
weave4 ,! floor1 to an  ext5t ( two     
?irds ( ! entire l5g?1 except = a       
foot-wide  space ext5d+ ar\nd ?is       
portion1 is excavat$ /ill f>!r to a     
dep? ( a foot & a half4 ,! rema9+       
elevat$ portion is = !  spectators1 :ile
 ! banquette ar\nd ! excavation is us$  
by !  less active p>ticipants 9 !       
c]emonies4 ,j "u ! hat*way  & 9 front ( 
! spectators' floor is a depression :i* 

is us$ z  a fire he>?4 ,! walls are     
neatly coat$ ) pla/]1 & !  entire floor 
is pav$ ) irregul>ly %ap$ flat /ones    
fitt$  toge!r 9 a r\gh mann]4 ,!re is   
sometimes ins]t$ 9 ! floor1  at ! end   
remov$ f ! spectators1 a plank ) a      
circul> hole  ab\t an in* & a half 9    
diamet]2 ?is hole is call$ !  sipapu1 & 
symbolizes ! op5+ 9 ! e>? ?r\gh :i* !   
ance/ors ( ! ,hopi made _! entrance into
 ?is _w4 ,! ro( (  ! kiva is support$ by
 great1 heavy beams1 :i* are br\ght f  !
 ,san ,francisco ,m\nta9 ) inf9ite      
tr\ble & labor4 ,9 ,oraibi  !re are     
?irte5 kivas1 ea* probably 9 !          
possession ( "s  society1 "o ( :i*      
belongs to wom51 :o !re erect _! alt> 9 
! mamzr\ti c]emony4 ,oraibi has ! l>ge/ 
numb] ( kivas (  any ( ! ,hopi pueblos2 
9 a s+le plaza !re are no less ?an f\r  
kivas4 ,?is plaza is on ! we/ side ( !  
village1 & "o ( !  kivas is ( special   
int]e/1 = 9 x are held ! secret rites ( 
! weird snake c]emony4 ,a little to !   
we/ ( ?is plaza is a  small bit ( !     

mesa1 /&+ ap>t & sep>at$ f ! ma9 mesa   
by a depression4 ,?is is kn[n z ,oraibi 
rock1 :5ce ! pueblo  takes its "n4 ,!   
etymology ( ?is "n ,oraibi is lo/ 9 a   
mi/y  pa/1 b ! rock is /ill held 9 great
 v5]ation4 ,on x /&s a  rude %r9e1 :]e  
"o may always f9d sacrificial (f]+s (   
pray]-/icks1 pipes1 sacr$ meal1 cakes1  
etc4    ,illu/ration3 ,,oraibi ,,rock1  
,,^u ,,:i* ,,/&s ,,katc9 ,,kiku1 ,,!    
,,pr9cipal ,,oraibi ,,%r9e4    ,! ro( ( 
a ,hopi h\se is always ( int]e/4 ,"h we 
may see corn  dry+ 9 ! sun or loads (   
fagots ready = use1 wom5 dress+  _! hair
 or fondl+ _! babies1 or gr\ps ( *ildr5 
play+ or  roa/+ melon se$s 9 an old     
brok5 e>!nw>e vessel :i* re/s  on /ones 
ov] a fire4 ,f ! project+ raft]s are e>s
 ( corn  hung up to dry1 or pieces (    
meat plac$ !re to be out ( rea* (  !    
dogs1 or bun*es ( y>n j out ( ! dye pot4
 ,:5 a c]emony  is be+ p]=m$ 9 "s "o ( !
 plazas ! ro(s ne> by pres5t  a sc5e :i*
 is animat$ 9 ! extreme1 e squ>e foot ( 
space  be+ occupi$ by a m]ry1           

good-natur$ ?rong ( "y & old4 ,z  "o    
looks f "o gr\p to ano!r x is impossible
 n to notice !  /unt$ & dw>f$ appe>ance 
( ! wom51 :i* is 9 m>k$  contra/ to t ( 
! m51 :o are beautifully =m$1 ( m$ium   
height1 & ( well-knit frames4 ,!re is n1
 h[ev]1 ! same  p[]ful rugg$ness or     
spl5did developm5t among ^! pueblo      
dwell]s :i* we f9d among ! pla9s        
,indians1 = ! days ( !  ,hopi wom5 are  
sp5t 9 c>ry+ wat] & gr9d+ corn1 :ile !  
m5 9 summ] till _! fields & 9 w9t] sp9 &
 weave4    ,9 consid]+ ! r\t9e life ( ! 
,hopi x is h>d to draw a %>p  l9e betwe5
 :at we may call 8 regul> daily         
occupations & 8  religi\s life1 = !y are
 closely int]wov54 ,he is by nature a   
religioni/1 & he nev] =gets 8 allegiance
 & obligations to  ! unse5 =ces :i*     
control & comm& him4    ,illu/ration3   
,,an ,,oraibi ,,"m ,,& ,,*ildr54    ,9  
no?+ is ! primitiv5ess or ! abs5ce f    
contam9ation (  ! ,hopi bett] reveal$   
?an 9 ! *ildr51 = "h1 z else:]e1  is x  
%[n t !y are ! be/ cons]vators ( !      

habits &  cu/oms ( ance/ral life4 ,:at  
utt] savages ! little fell[s are6  ,/>k 
nak$ g5]ally1 :e!r x be summ] or w9t]1  
dirty f head  to foot1 _! long black    
hair di%evel$ & tangl$ & /&+ out  9 e   
direction1 _! head (t5 resembl+ a ?ick  
matt$ bun*  ( sagebru%4 ,!y are nev]    
idle2 n[ back ( ! village beh9d t9y     
/one ramp>ts eag]ly wat*+ _! horsehair  
bird sn>es1 or  engag$ 9 a %am battle ) 
sl+s & corncobs1 or gr\p$ 9  ?rees or   
f\rs ab\t a wat]melon1 eag]ly & ) mu*   
noise  gorg+ !mselves to absolute       
fullness1 or d[n on ! side ( !  mesa    
play+ 9 ! clay pits4 ,a n uncommon sight
 is t ( two or  ?ree little fell[s      
trudg+ (f 9 pursuit ( imag9>y game1 arm$
  ) m9iature b[s & arr[s or ) boom]angs 
& digg+-/icks4  ,9 _! disposition t[>d  
:ite visitors !y are extremely %y &     
retic5t1 b !y are also v inquisitive &  
curi\s1 &1  fur!rmore1 !y h a sweet     
too?1 & "o only ne$ display a  /ick (   
c&y to h half ! infantile population ( !
 pueblo at  8 heels = an h\r at a "t4   

,if p]*ance "o ( ! little  fell[s %\ld  
die1 he is n buri$ 9 ! common cemet]y at
 !  foot ( ! mesa1 b he is laid away    
among ! rocks 9 "s "o (  ! innum]able   
crevices :i* are to be f\nd on all sides
 ne> !  top ( ! mesa1 = ! ,hopis1 9     
common ) _m o!r native  tribes (        
,am]ica1 believe t ! s\ls ( dep>t$      
*ildr5 d n  j\rney to ! _s l&1 b are    
born aga94    ,illu/ration3 ,,grave ,,( 
,,*ild ,,9 ,,rock ,,crevice4    ,z !    
girls rea* ! age ( t5 or twelve !y      
di/+ui%  !mselves by dress+ _! hair 9 a 
mann] :i* is bo? /rik+  & absolutely    
unique on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,! hair is    
ga!r$  into two rolls on ea* side ( !   
head1 & !n1 at a di/ance (  f "o to two 
in*es1 is w\nd ov] a l>ge ,u-%ap$ piece 
( wood  into two semicircles1 bo? unit+ 
9 appe>ance to =m a s+le  l>ge disk1 !  
diamet] ( :i* is sometimes z mu* z eight
  in*es4 ,aft] m>riage ! hair is p>t$ 9 
! middle ov] !  entire head1 & is ga!r$ 
into two queues1 "o on ea* side1 :i*    
are !n w\nd innum]able times by a long  

hair /r+ beg9n+ a few  in*es f ! head & 
ext5d+ ab\t f\r in*es4 ,! ends ( !      
queues are loose4 ,hopi maid5s are1 z a 
rule1 possess$ ( f9e1  regul> features1 
sl5d]1 li!1 & graceful bodies1 & are (t5
  beautiful4 ,b ) ! e>ly m>riage comes a
 daily r\nd (  drudg]y1 :i* prev5ts full
 developm5t & /unts & dw>fs !  body4 ,b 
to old age %e is g5]ally pati5t1 *e]ful1
 nor does %e  (t5 compla94 ,l9es produc$
 by toil & labor may %[ 9 h] face1  b   
r>ely ^? ( worry or discont5t4 ,ev5 long
 be=e m>riage %e  has n only le>n$ to   
help h] "m 9 ! c>e ( h] y\ng]  bro!rs & 
si/]s1 b %e has already tra9$ h] back to
 meet  ! requirem5ts ( ! l[-plac$ corn  
mills4 ,f h] t5? ye> to  h] la/ x has   
be5 e/imat$ t e ,hopi woman sp5ds on an 
av]age ?ree h\rs out ( e tw5ty-f\r on h]
 knees /oop+  ov] a metate1 or          
corn-gr9d]1 = corn =ms ab\t n9ety p] c5t
  ( ! vegetable food ( ! ,hopis4    ,9 e
 h\se y w f9d1 9 a corn]1 a r[ ( two1   
?ree1 or  f\r squ>e boxlike comp>tm5ts  
or b9s ( ?9 slabs ( s&/one  set on edge4

 ,ea* b9 conta9s a metate set at an     
angle ) its l[]  edge slightly bel[ !   
level ( ! floor4 ,!re is a cle> space   
ar\nd ea* /one to p]mit ( a bett]       
disposition ( ! corn &  meal4 ,! texture
 ( ! metates is graduat$ f ! fir/ to !  
la/1 ! f9al "o be+ capable ( gr9d+ !    
f9e/ meal4  ,accompany+ ! metate is a   
cru%+ or gr9d+ /one ab\t a foot  9 l5g? 
& f ?ree to f\r in*es wide4 ,its "u     
surface is  flat1 :ile its upp] surface 
is convex to a slight ext5t1 s z to     
p]mit ( its be+ grasp$ firmly by ! ?umb 
& f+]s ( bo?  h&s4 ,! corn is gr\nd     
betwe5 ^! two /ones1 ! upp] "o  be+     
work$ up & d[n ! metate by a motion ( ! 
op]ator n  unlike t ( a woman wa%+ clo!s
 on a wa%bo>d4 ,! favorite  position    
assum$ by ! woman :ile work+ is to sit  
on h] knees1  h] toes re/+ aga9/ ! wall 
( ! h\se beh9d h]4 ,( ! _m  colors (    
corn us$ by ! ,hopis1 blue is ! mo/     
common1 & corn (  ?is color is ord9>ily 
employ$ 9 ! mak+ ( bread2 o!r  colors1  
h[ev]1 are us$ = ! piki consum$ 9       

c]emonial fea/s4    ,! /one us$ by !    
,oraibians = mak+ piki is f a s&/one    
qu>ry ne> ,burro ,spr+s4 ,x is ab\t     
tw5ty in*es long by f\rte5  broad1 & is 
?ree in*es ?ick4 ,! upp] surface is fir/
 dress$  by means ( /one picks1 & is    
poli%$ by a h>d rubb+-/one1 &  !n f9ally
 treat$ ) pit* & o!r +r$i5ts until its  
surface is z smoo? z glass4 ,x is m\nt$ 
on its two long edges by  upright slabs1
 s t x /&s ab\t t5 in*es f ! level (  ! 
floor1 ! floor itself be+ usually       
excavat$ to a dep? ( two  or ?ree in*es 
b5ea? ! /one4 ,at a height ( ab\t f\r   
feet  above ?is primitive griddle is a  
l>ge rectangul> hood :i* is  ext5d$     
above ! ro( 9 ! =m ( a *imney made (    
bottomless  pots1 "o re/+ on ! o!r4     
,kneel+ 9 front ( ! /one &  support+ h] 
body ) h] left arm1 ! woman coats ! /one
 )  ! ?9 batt] ( corn & wat] ) ! f+]s ( 
h] "r h&4  ,aft] a few seconds' "t %e   
lifts ! waf]like %eet f ! /one  &       
transf]s x to a mat :i* is made = ?is   
special purpose4 ,=  "s "t ! piki rema9s

 s(t & pliable1 & :ile 9 ?is  condition 
%e rolls or folds ! %eets accord+ to h] 
cu/om--"s  fold+1 o!rs roll+ x4 ,x is a 
curi\s sight on ! fea/ days (  c]ta9    
c]emonies to see wom5 ga!r+ f all qu>t]s
 ( !  village at an appo9t$ h\se1 ea*   
c>ry+ a tray heap$ high )  rolls ( ?is  
pap] bread4    ,illu/ration3 ,,woman ,,(
 ,,oraibi ,,mak+ ,,coil$ ,,pott]y4    ,!
 ,hopis are among ! =emo/ pott]s 9 ,nor?
 ,am]ica1 :5 we  take into consid]ation 
! f95ess ( ! clays us$ & !  "* ( !      
decoration4 ,b 9 _m respects1 especially
 9 =m1  _! w>e is mu* inf]ior to t ( !  
anci5t ,mexicans &  ,p]uvians4 ,!y make 
pott]y to-day z !y did hundr$s ( ye>s   
ago1  b ! quality ( ! "w has greatly    
det]iorat$ & !  e>!nw>e n[ produc$ is n 
to be comp>$ ) t f\nd 9  ne>-by ,hopi   
ru9s4 ,x %\ld be kept 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! 
specim5s f\nd 9 ! anci5t graves are to a
 c]ta9 ext5t  c]emonial1 & consequ5tly  
bett] made & m ornate 9 _!  decoration  
?an ^? :i* 7 made simply = h\sehold     
purposes4  ,/ill1 !re are a f95ess (    

texture & a delicacy ( color+ 9  !      
anci5t w>e :i* c n n[ be produc$4 ,x is 
to be not$1  also1 t ! ,hopi woman (    
to-day c n deciph] ! designs on  ! e>li]
 pott]y1 al?\gh %e (t5 copies !m4 ,!    
dem& =  e>!nw>e vessels1 h[ev]1 is ne>ly
 z great at pres5t z x 0  9 prehi/oric  
days1 = y may se>* ! homes ( ,oraibi = a
 long  "t )\t f9d+ a t9 pan or an iron  
pot4 ,?us x is t e  ,hopi woman mu/ be a
 work] 9 clay1 & "o ( ! occasional      
sights  is t ( a woman on h] front por* 
surr\nd$ by vessels ( all  sizes & 9    
v>y+ degrees ( complet5ess4 ,! process (
  pott]y-mak+ is some:at z foll[s3 ,aft]
 ! clay has be5 work$  into a pla/ic    
mass %e draws out f x a r\nd /rip ! size
 (  "o's f+] & ab\t five in*es 9 l5g?4  
,?is is coil$ flat 9  ! bottom ( ! tray1
 & =ms ! base ( ! vessel4 ,o!r clay     
/rips are knead$ out ( ! mass1 & ^! are 
coil$ 9 a  gradually increas+ spiral1 ! 
desir$ %ape & proportion be+  acquir$ at
 ! same "t1 until ! vessel has rea*$ its
 prop]  height4 ,! sides ( ! vessel are 

!n ?9n$ d[n1 & bo? inside  & outside are
 made smoo? by means ( small bits (     
g\rds &  poli%+-/ones4 ,! vessel is !n  
ready = a coat ( wa%1 aft]  :i* x is    
pa9t$ & fir$4 ,?is me?od ( mak+ pott]y  
is n  peculi> to ! pueblos1 b is f\nd   
among "s ( ! tribes (  ,s\? ,am]ica4    
,! art ( basketry 0 nev] br\ght to a    
high /ate among ! ,hopis1  = !y conf9e  
!mselves *iefly to ! manufacture ( l>ge 
%all[ trays & r\gh baskets made ( !     
long1 pliable leaves (  ! yucca or ( "s 
o!r fib]4 ,^! answ] all ord9>y dome/ic  
requirem5ts4 ,f ! r$di%-br[n bran*es ( a
 will[like bu%  :i* gr[s ne>1 ! ,hopi "m
 int]weaves a cradle bo>d = h]  *ildr54 
,?is cradle is peculi> 9 its %ape1 &    
especially s 9  its con/ruction1 &      
diff]s greatly f t 9 use among !  pla9s 
,indians4 ,ano!r s+ul> po9t to be not$  
is ! fact t  ?is cradle bo>d is n (t5   
/rapp$ to ! back1 b is usually 9  !     
arms1 or1 m (t5 /ill1 is plac$ on !     
floor by ! side (  ! "m z %e works4 ,!  
,oraibi mesa1 l o!r table-l&s (         

,tusayan1 is de/itute ( wat]4 ,! ne>e/  
spr+ is 9 ! valley at  ! foot ( ! mesa  
ne>ly a mile away4 ,f be=e sunrise to t5
  o'clock ( e day !re is an almo/       
unbrok5 l9e ( wat]  c>ri]s go+ & com+ f 
! spr+1 b5d+ "u ! weight  ( a l>ge j>   
:i* !y c>ry on _! back by means ( a     
blanket1  ! ends ( :i* are ti$ 9 a knot 
on _! =ehead4 ,no wond]  ^! wom5 gr[    
prematurely old4 ,w9t] = !m1 h[ev]1 has 
its  advantages1 = !y h an +5i\s way (  
utiliz+ ! sn[ to  save !m f ! necessity 
( go+ d[n ! mesa = wat]4 ,"o (  ! mo/   
extraord9>y sights ,i saw 0 t ( a ,hopi 
woman & h]  little girl trudg+ along1   
ea* b5t almo/ to ! gr\nd "u !  weight ( 
an imm5se sn[ball4 ,^! !y 7 c>ry+ home  
on _!  backs1 envelop$ 9 a blanket4     
,ab\t half a mile f ! pueblo1 back  on !
 mesa1 res]voirs h be5 scoop$ out 9 !   
s(t s&/one1  :i* are (t5 p>tially fill$ 
by ! spr+ ra9s1 b ! wat]  soon becomes  
bracki% & is n potable1 b is us$ = wa%+ 
clo!s4    ,! co/ume ( ! woman consi/s   
ord9>ily ( f\r pieces--a  blanket1      

dress1 belt1 & moccas9s4 ,! blanket is (
 wool1 & is  ab\t f\r feet squ>e4 ,x is 
blue 9 color1 ) a black bord] on  two   
sides4 ,^! two edges are usually b\nd ) 
a heavy gre5 or  yell[ wool5 ?read4 ,to 
make ! dress1 ?is blanket is once fold$ 
& is sewn toge!r ) r$ y>n at ! long     
side1 except = a  space suffici5tly l>ge
 to accommodate "o arm4 ,! fold$ upp]   
bord] is also sewn = a %ort space1 :i*  
re/s on "o ( !  %\ld]s4 ,! o!r %\ld] &  
bo? arms are b>e1 except z !y  may be   
p>tially cov]$ by ! blanket4 ,! belt or 
sa% is ( black  & gre5 /ripes1 ) a r$   
c5t]1 ornam5t$ ) geometric  designs 9   
black2 x is ab\t f\r in*es wide1 & is   
long en\gh to  p]mit ( be+ w\nd ar\nd ! 
wai/ two or ?ree times4 ,!  moccas9s are
 ( unpa9t$ bucksk91 "o side ( ! top (   
:i*  t]m9ates 9 a long1 broad /rip1 :i* 
is w\nd r\nd ! leg  sev]al times &      
ext5ds up to ! knee1 ?us =m+ a ?ick     
legg+4 ,m ?an half ! "t ! ,hopi woman is
 b>efoot$4 ,!  girls we> silv] e>r+s1 or
 susp5d f ! lobe ( ! e> small           

rectangul> bits ( wood1 "o side ( :i* is
 cov]$ ) a mosaic  ( turquoise4 ,?is    
cu/om is ( "s antiquity1 z e> p5dants   
exactly simil> to ^! h be5 f\nd 9 !     
,hopi ru9s (  ,homolobi1 on ! ,little   
,colorado ,riv]4    ,9 addition to ?is  
regulation co/ume1 worn on all ord9>y   
occasions1 ea* ,hopi woman is suppos$ to
 own a bridal co/ume & two  special     
blankets1 :i* are worn only 9 c]emonies1
 & h5ce ne$  n "h be describ$4 ,! bridal
 co/ume consi/s ( a pair (  moccas9s1   
two pure :ite cotton blankets1 "o l>ge &
 ! o!r  small1 bo? hav+ l>ge tassels (  
yell[ & ! black y>n at ea*  corn]1 & a  
long1 broad1 :ite sa%1 ea* end ( :i*    
t]m9ates 9  a fr+e ( balls & long ?read4
 ,all ?ree g>m5ts1 be=e be+  us$1 are   
cov]$ ) a ?ick coat ( kaol91 s t !y are 
q  /iff4 ,) ^! g>m5ts belongs a re$ mat 
suffici5tly l>ge to  envelop ! small    
blanket & ! sa%4    ,s f> z ,i am able  
to le>n1 ! ?ree pieces ( ?is rem>kable  
co/ume are nev] worn except on a s+le   
occasion1 & at only "o  o!r "t does !   

bride =mally appe> 9 any ( !m4 ,ab\t a  
mon? aft] ! m>riage c]emony has be5     
p]=m$1 dur+ :i*  "t %e has be5 liv+ ) ! 
family ( h] husb&1 %e completes  !      
m>riage c]emony by return+ to ! h\se (  
h] "m4 ,?is is  t]m$ go+ home1 & ?is w  
be h] place ( abode until %e &  h] husb&
 own a dwell+ ( _! own4 ,= ?is c]emony  
%e puts on  ! l>g] ( ! two blankets1 :i*
 rea*es almo/ to ! gr\nd &  comes up    
high on ! back ( ! head1 cov]+ h] e>s4  
,! small]  blanket & ! sa% are roll$ up 
9 ! mat1 & ) ?is 9 front  ( h] on h] two
 arms %e beg9s h] j\rney home4 ,?is :ite
  cotton co/ume is probably a survival f
 times :i* ant$ate !  introduction (    
wool into ! ,s\?we/4    ,:o makes all ^!
 g>m5ts1 blankets1 etc48 ,n ! wom51 z y 
might expect1 b ! m54 ,a ,hopi woman    
doesn't ev5 make h] own  moccas9s4 ,if y
 w desc5d into "o ( ! kivas on almo/ any
  day ( ! ye>1 except :5 ! secret rites 
( c]emonies are be+  held1 y w behold an
 indu/ri\s & an int]e/+ sc5e4 ,y  w f9d 
a gr\p ( m51 nak$ except = a lo9 clo?1  

all busy  ei!r ) ! c>d+ combs1 ! sp9dle1
 or ! loom2 & to me !  mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! 
?ree op]ations is t ( ! sp9n+ (  wool4  
,! sp9dle itself is long & heavy1 & !   
:orl1 9 !  old] examples1 is a l>ge disk
 cut f a m\nta9 goat's horn4 ,!re  is no
 attempt at decoration1 nor d ! sp9dles 
comp>e ) ^?  f\nd 9 ,p]u & o!r p>ts (   
,am]ica = neatness & beauty4 ,an        
unusual feature ( ! me?od employ$ by !  
,hopi sp9n] is !  mann] 9 :i* ! sp9dle  
is held "u "o foot :ile he  /raight5s   
out ! ?read prep>atory to w9d+ x4    ,= 
weav+1 two k9ds ( looms are us$4 ,"o is 
a frame hold+ 9  place a fifte5-in* r[ (
 p>allel re$s1 ea* ab\t six in*es long  
& p]=at$ 9 ! c5t]4 ,?is app>atus is us$ 
solely = mak+  belts1 sa%es1 & hair &   
knee b&s4 ,^! are n commonly wov5  9 !  
kiva1 b 9 ! op5 air on ! t]race1 "o end 
( ! w>p  be+ fa/5$ to "s project+ raft]4
 ,! o!r loom is mu*  l>g]1 & is us$ =   
blankets1 dresses1 & all l>ge g>m5ts4 ,x
  diff]s 9 no ess5tial p>ticul> f o!r   
well-kn[n looms 9 use  by ! majority ( !

 aborig9es ( ?is cont95t4 ,! me?od (    
susp5d+ ! loom is p]haps wor? a mom5t's 
notice1 z 9 ne>ly  e h\se & 9 all kivas 
special provision is made = its         
erection4 ,f ! wall ne> ! ceil+ project 
two wood5 beams1 on  :i*1 p>allel to !  
floor1 is a long wood5 pole1 & to ?is is
  fa/5$1 by bucksk9 ?ongs1 ! upp] "p ( !
 loom4 ,imm$iately  "u ?is pole is a    
plank1 flu% ) ! floor1 9 :i* at %ort    
int]vals are p>tially cov]$ ,u-%ap$     
cavities 9 ! wood1 ?r\gh  :i* are pass$ 
bucksk9 ?ongs :i* are fa/5$ to ! l[]    
pole  ( ! loom4 ,! sets ( ?ongs are long
 en\gh to p]mit ( ! loom  be+ l[]$ or   
rais$ to a conv5i5t height4 ,:ile at "w 
!  weav] g5]ally squats on ! floor 9    
front ( 8 loom1 or he  occasionally sits
 on a l[1 boxlike /ool4 ,x is no        
uncommon sight to  see1 at c]ta9 times (
 ! ye>1 z _m z six or eight looms 9     
op]ation at "o "t 9 a s+le kiva4 ,! m5  
also d all ! sew+  & embroid]+4         
,practically all ! y>n consum$ by !     
,hopis is  home-dy$1 b ! colors n[ us$  

are almo/ entirely f anil9e  dyes &     
indigo4 ,cotton is no long] us$ except 9
 ! manufacture (  c]ta9 c]emonial       
g>m5ts1 all o!rs be+ made ( wool4 ,!y   
own  _! own %eep1 :i* f9d a scant liv+ 9
 ! valleys2 = !  bett] protection ( !   
%eep f wolves !y also keep l>ge  numb]s 
( goats4    ,al?\gh ! m5 d all ! weav+1 
!y d b little ( x =  !mselves4 ,= !     
great] "p ( ! ye> _! only g>m5t is !    
lo9 clo?--a bit ( /ore calico4 ,9       
addition1 !y all own a %irt  ( *eap     
black or color$ calico1 :i* is g5]ally m
 or less 9  rags1 & a pair ( loose1     
%apeless pantaloons1 made (t5 f "s  old 
fl\r sack or bit ( :ite cotton %eet+4 ,x
 is a r  incongru\s sight to see "s old 
,hopi1 8 ?9 legs incas$ 9 a  dirty1     
ragg$ pair ( fl\r-sack tr\s]s1 on :i* c 
/ill be  trac$ ,,xxx ,fl\r1 ,pure/ &    
,be/4    ,nei!r sex sc>ifies1 tattoos1  
or pa9ts any "p ( ! body except  9      
c]emonies1 :5 color$ pa9ts are us$ z ea*
 c]emony requires4  ,! m5 (t5 we> l>ge  
silv] e>r+s1 & susp5d f _! neck  z _m   

/r&s ( %ell & turquoise beads z _! weal?
 w  all[4 ,"s ( ! y\ng] m5 we>1 9       
addition1 a belt ( l>ge  silv] disks & a
 %irt & pantaloons ( velvet4 ,mo/ ( _!  
silv] ornam5ts1 x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 h
 be5 secur$ 9  trade f ! ,navajos1 :o   
are ! mo/ exp]t silv]smi?s ( !  ,s\?we/4
    ,:5 ! ,hopi isn't sp9n+ or weav+1 he
 is 9 8 kiva pray+ =  ra91 or he is 9 ! 
field keep+ ! cr[s f 8 corn4 ,i 0  once 
ask$ if ! ,hopis pl[ ) ox5 or horses4   
,!y use nei!r2  !y d n pl[4 ,:5 !y plant
 corn !y dig a deep hole 9 !  e>? ) a   
long1 %>p /ick until !y rea* ! moi/     
soil4 ,:5  ! corn is spr\t$ & has rea*$ 
a height ( a few in*es !re  is always ! 
possibility ( its be+ bl[n flat by ! w9d
 or  ov]:elm$ 9 a s& /orm4 ,to provide  
aga9/ ?is ! ,hopi incloses  ! expos$    
p>ts ( 8 little field ) w9d-break]s1    
made by  plant+ 9 ! e>? ?ick r[s ( /\t  
bran*es ( bru%4 ,^!  h$ges ev5 are (t5  
ov]:elm$ by ! s& & completely cov]$  up4
    ,& ! cr[s1 & ! /ray horses1 & !     
cattle6 ,surely ! poor  ,indian mu/     

fight v h>d = 8 corn4 ,= ne>ly two mon?s
 he  nev] leaves x ungu>d$1 & t he may  
be com=table he makes a  %elt] beh9d :i*
 he c escape ! burn+ rays ( ! ,july &   
,augu/ sun4 ,! %elt]s are occasionally r
 pret5ti\s affairs1  at times consi/+ ( 
a ?ick bru% ro(1 support$ by /\t raft]s 
:i* re/ on upright po/s4 ,m (t51 h[ev]1 
!y simply consi/  ( a r[ ( cottonwood   
poles1 five or six feet high1 set       
upright at a  slight angle 9 ! e>?4     
,al?\gh corn is by f> ! mo/ important   
vegetable food1 ! ri*  ?\gh sun-p>*$    
soil yields l>ge crops ( beans & melons 
( all  k9ds4    ,illu/ration3 ,,valley  
,,sc5e2 ,,fields ,,& ,,pea* ,,trees4    
,,oraibi ,,on ,,mesa ,,to  ,,! ,,"r4    
,pea* or*>ds also ?rive 9 ! %elt]$      
valleys ne> ! mesa1 &  9 ! fall great   
pat*es ( pea*es may be se5 spread out to
 dry on  ! rocks ( ! mesa to ! nor? ( ! 
village4 ,( bo? beans &  pea*es ! ,hopis
 g5]ally h l>ge quantities = ! outside  
m>ket1 :i* !y take ov] to ! railroad on 
! backs ( burros or  ponies4    ,be=e   

leav+ ! subject ( ! daily life ( ! male 
portion (  ,oraibi ,i h /ill to m5tion a
 curi\s weapon ( :i* !y make  occasional
 use4 ,?is is ! ?r[+-/ick1 or s-call$   
boom]ang1  :i* diff]s only slightly f t 
us$ by ! aborig9es (  ,au/ralia2 ! ,hopi
 /ick1 h[ev] is bett] made1 & is        
ornam5t$  by %ort r$ & black l9es4 ,?is 
is ! weapon ( ! "y m51 &  ) x !y "w     
havoc ) ! rabbits :i* infe/ ! valleys4  
,b  al?\gh !y h good control ov] x1 z c 
(t5 be se5 on _!  return f a hunt1 !y   
are n able to cause its return z c !    
,au/ralians4 ,at fir/ ?\ght x seems r   
/range t !  boom]ang %\ld h be5 evolv$  
by two gr\ps ( mank9d dwell+  9 p>ts ( !
 _w s remote1 b we mu/ look = !         
explanation  ( ?is ph5om5on 9 ! fact t !
 natural conditions ( ! two  c\ntries h 
mu* 9 common--a g5]ally level1 s&y      
c\ntry1 )  "h & !re pat*es ( bru%1 a    
peculi> condition :i* w\ld  readily     
yield itself to ! developm5t ( an       
equally peculi> &  specializ$ weapon4   
,illu/ration3 ,,oraibi ,,man            

,,transport+ ,,firewood ,,) ,,burros4   
,= fire ! ,hopi dep5ds almo/ entirely on
 ! rank gr[? ( bru%  :i* is f\nd along !
 rav9es4 ,?is suffices to supply heat to
 !  piki /one & ! boil+ pot1 & en\gh to 
keep a fire on !  he>? 9 ! kiva4 ,b n[ &
 !n he mu/ make a di/ant j\rney to  t "p
 ( ! mesa :]e ! supply ( /unt$ & scrubby
 p9es  & pions has n already be5        
exhau/$2 = by cu/om f\r k9ds (  fuel are
 prescrib$ = ! kivas1 & to keep ! he>?  
repl5i%$  ) ^! (t5 necessitates long    
j\rneys4 ,z ! woman b5ds "u  h] wat] j>1
 s ! man /agg]s along "u 8 load (       
fagots1  (t5 c>ri$ f a di/ance ( sev]al 
miles4          ,,re=m ,,( ,,public     
,,*>ity4    ,,by ,,bird ,s4 ,,col]1     
,,comptroll] ,,( ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,new   
,,york4      ,abuse ( municipal *>ity 9 
,new ,york city has rea*$ a /age :]e    
imm$iate & radical re=m is necess>y 9   
ord] to prev5t !  application ( public  
funds to ! paym5t ( subsidies to        
societies  & in/itutions :]e pr(essional
 paup]ism is indirectly enc\rag$  &     

su/a9$4 ,m ?an fifty ye>s ago ! city    
began to pay money  to private          
in/itutions = ! support ( public *>ges4 
,! sy/em  has gr[n )\t *eck until to-day
 ,new ,york contributes m ?an  ?ree     
times z mu* public money to private or  
semiprivate *>ities  z all ! o!r l>ge   
cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates comb9$4 ,!     
am\nts s appropriat$ 9 #ahih by "s ( !  
*ief cities 73  ,*icago1 #b1gif2        
,philadelphia1 #aea1jbj2 ,/4 ,l\is1     
#bb1egi2 ,bo/on1  no?+2 ,baltimore1     
#bbg1cej2 ,c9c9nati1 no?+2 ,new         
,orleans1  #cj1aaj2 ,pittsburg1 no?+2   
,wa%+ton1 #aid1ejj2 ,detroit1 #h1jha2   
,milwaukee1 no?+2 ,new ,york city1      
#c1aca1ehj4ea4    ,no s]i\s attempt has 
h]et(ore be5 made to re=m ?is sy/em (   
us+ public funds = ! subsidiz+ ( private
 *>ities4 ,"o  reason = ?is has d\btless
 be5 ! fact t until rec5tly !  local    
au?orities 7 p[]less to avoid or modify 
! effects (  m&atory legislation :i* has
 dispos$ ( city moneys )\t reg>d  to !  
op9ions ent]ta9$ by ! repres5tatives ( !

 local  taxpay]s4 ,x has always be5     
easi] to pass a bill at ,albany ?an to  
p]suade ! ,bo>d ( ,e/imate &            
,apportionm5t ( ! propriety (  be/[+    
public funds on private *>ities1 & !    
manag]s (  private *>ities seek+ public 
assi/ance h !re=e g5]ally  proce$$ along
 ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,! effect ( ?is
  sy/em 0 to make b5efici>ies ! judges (
 _! own des]ts1 =  ! bills pres5t$ by !m
 to ! ,legislature 7 usually pass$  )\t 
am5dm5t or modification1 & gross        
inequalities 9  disburs+ public funds h 
aris51 diff]5t in/itutions receiv+      
diff]5t rates ( paym5t = ! same class ( 
"w4    ,9 #ahij ! city paid = ! support 
( prison]s & paup]s 9 city  in/itutions 
! sum ( #a1idi1ajj1 & = paup]s 9 private
  in/itutions ! sum ( #a1hde1hgb4 ,9    
#ahih ^! figures _h  increas$ to        
#b1ccd1def = prison]s & public paup]s1 &
  #c1aca1ehj = paup]s 9 private         
in/itutions4 ,private *>ity1 s  call$1  
has prosp]$ at ! exp5se ( ! city until 9
 "s cases  x has become a matt] (       

bus9ess = pr(it r ?an relief (  ! ne$y4 
,! returns made by in/itutions receiv+  
appropriations  9 bulk f ! city treasury
 %[ t _m ( !m are us+ !  public funds = 
purposes n au?oriz$ by ! ,con/itution4  
,!  ,con/itution au?orizes paym5ts to be
 made = c>e1 support1 &  ma9t5ance4 ,!  
reports ( a l>ge numb] ( in/itutions %[ 
!  money annually obta9$ f ! city c>ri$ 
=w>d :olly or 9  "p z a surplus4        
,diff]5t uses are made ( ?is surplus1   
none (  !m1 h[ev]1 au?oriz$ by law or   
w>rant$ by a prop] reg>d =  ! int]e/s ( 
! taxpay]s4 ,9 "s cases ?is surplus is  
us$ to  pay (f mortgage indebt$ness1 9  
o!rs = p]man5t additions to  build+s1 or
 = increase ( inve/m5ts & end[m5t4 ,9 "o
 case  ! manag] ( an in/itution frankly 
expla9$ a rem>kable fall+  (f 9         
disbursem5ts 7s great t its *>itable    
activities 7  almo/ susp5d$7 by /at+ t x
 0 propos$1 by ex]cis+ great  economy = 
a numb] ( ye>s1 to let ! city's annual  
appropriations  accumulate into a       
respectable build+ fund4 ,! flagrant    

nature (  ?is abuse is s app>5t t comm5t
 is unnecess>y4    ,appropriations =    
dep5d5t *ildr5 h rea*$ enorm\s          
proportions4 ,out ( a total (           
#c1bdi1fbc4ha appropriat$ = private     
*>ities 9 #ahii1 no less ?an #b1baf1ggc1
 or sixty-n9e p] c5t1 is  = ! c>e &     
support ( *ildr54 ,9 no city 9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates  w ! numb] ( *ildr5 support$ at !
 public exp5se comp>e1  9 proportion to 
! population1 ) ! numb] s c>$ = 9 !     
city ( ,new ,york4 ,?is may be p>tly    
acc\nt$ = by ! extremes (  pov]ty to be 
met ) 9 ! metropolis1 especially among !
  =eign-born population1 :]e ! /ruggle =
 exi/5ce is s sev]e  z to weak5 ! family
 ties2 p>tly by ! rivalry & competition 
:i* h exi/$ betwe5 ! sev]al in/itutions 
devot$ to ?is  k9d ( "w2 p>tly by reason
 ( ! fact t ! rate paid by !  city = !  
c>e ( ^! *ildr5 is su* z to enable !    
l>g]  in/itutions1 9 all probability1 to
 make a small pr(it2 b1 to a            
consid]able ext5t1 also f an insuffici5t
 inspection by public  (fic]s = !       

purpose ( asc]ta9+ :e!r *ildr5 are !    
prop] subjects ( commitm5t & det5tion4  
,9 ! city ( ,new ,york  #ej1fch *ildr5 9
 private in/itutions are c>$ = at !     
public  exp5se4 ,?is is "o to e         
sixty-eight ( ! e/imat$ population  ( ! 
city4    ,s mu* = ! abuse & ext5t (     
public *>ity4 ,n[ = !  re=m+ ( ! sy/em t
 0 fa/ approa*+ ! condition ( a  grave  
sc&al4 ,! la/ ,legislature pass$ a bill 
plac+ 9 ! h&s  ( ! local ,bo>d (        
,e/imate absolute p[] ov] all           
appropriations  = *>itable purposes1 & =
 ! fir/ "t 9 _m ye>s re=m  is possible4 
,! discretion conf]r$ by ?is act ^u !   
,bo>d (  ,e/imate & ,apportionm5t c>ries
 ) x a l>ge responsibility4 ,if  h]eaft]
 ! city1 9 its relation to private      
*>itable  in/itutions1 %\ld ei!r1 on !  
"o h&1 be wa/eful ( public  funds1 or1  
on ! o!r h&1 %\ld fail to p]=m ! duties 
ow$  by ! community to ! dep5d5t        
classes1 ! blame c n be  %ift$ to !     
,legislature1 b w re/ squ>ely ^u !      
%\ld]s  ( ! local au?orities4    ,9     

treat+ a condition :i* has be5 all[$ to 
exi/ = _m ye>s  almo/ )\t *all5ge f !   
local au?orities1 & :i* has  gr[n ^u !  
passive or indiff]5t attitude ( !       
public1 sweep+  & imm$iate re=ms c be   
in/itut$ only at ! co/ ( s]i\s  tempor>y
 injury to c]ta9 *>itable "w ( a        
necess>y "*4  ,i believe t ! be/ results
 w be obta9$ if ! city  au?orities fir/ 
decide cle>ly ! relations to be e/abli%$
  betwe5 ! city treasury & private      
*>itable in/itutions1 &  !n move t[>d t 
end by gradually con=m+ ! appropriations
  9 ! budget to t idea1 9 su* a mann] t 
progress %all be  made z rapidly z may  
be consi/5t ) ! desire to avoid  crippl+
 excell5t *>ities :i* h be5 l$ to dep5d 
= _m  ye>s ^u public assi/ance4 ,by ?is1
 ( c\rse1 ,i d n mean to  sugge/ t we   
%\ld approa* ! subject ) excessive      
timidity1  = ! evils t exi/ h assum$ su*
 proportions t a m or  less sev]e use ( 
! prun+ knife mu/ be made 9 deal+ )     
appropriations1 else ! effect w be      
sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,i am  conv9c$ t    

ultimately ! cause ( *>ity w b5efit r   
?an suff] f ?is c\rse1 = x is a s]i\s   
objection to !  :ole subsidy sy/em t x  
t5ds to dry up ! s\rces ( private       
b5evol5ce4    ,9 mak+ up ! budget =     
#aijj ,i %all urge my associates 9 !    
,bo>d ( ,e/imate to agree ) me to limit 
! appropriations =  *>ity to actual     
relief "w accompli%$4 ,! giv+ ( public  
money  9 lump sums to private societies 
& in/itutions = miscellane\s  *>itable  
"w1 ( :i* !re is no public or (ficial   
inspection1  %\ld be discont9u$ at once4
 ,x has be5 ! practice = "s  ye>s pa/1  
bo? 9 ,brooklyn & ,new ,york1 to donate 
annually lump  sums ( money to su*      
organizations4 ,9 ,new ,york ^! am\nts h
  be5 = ! mo/ "p comp>atively small1 &  
pr9cipally d]iv$  f ! ,!atrical &       
,conc]t-,lic5se ,fund4 ,9 ,brooklyn !   
am\nts  h be5 l>g]1 & 7 obta9$ orig9ally
 f ! ,excise ,fund1  & lat] directly f !
 budget4 ,?is practice %\ld be :olly    
discont9u$4 ,! *>t] itself conta9s /r+5t
 prohibitions  aga9/ ! di/ribution (    

outdoor relief by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,public 
,*>ities1 & ! _s ( ^! provisions w\ld   
c]ta9ly seem to  disfavor accompli%+ !  
same result 9 an indirect mann]4 ,_m (  
^! recipi5ts ( public funds devote      
!mselves exclusively to  outdoor relief1
 & an exam9ation ( ! purposes ( "s ( ^! 
organizations %[s t1 h[ev] prop] ^! may 
be z ! result (  private b5evol5ce1 !y  
are extremely improp] objects ( ! public
  b\nty4 ,! imm$iate & p]man5t          
discont9uance ( appropriations  to all  
su* societies & in/itutions w correct "o
 ( ! grave/  abuses ( ! pres5t sy/em4   
,if ! p]sons conduct+ ^!  miscellane\s  
*>ities are really s9c]e1 & believe t !y
 are  do+ good1 !y c readily obta9 f    
private s\rces ! funds  necess>y to c>ry
 on ! "w4    ,i %all urge t all         
appropriations to in/itutions ( e k9d n 
controll$ by ! city be limit$ to        
p]-capita paym5t = !  support ( public  
*>ges1 & t a sy/em ( ?or\gh inspection  
be  at once e/abli%$ to asc]ta9 if      
pres5t & future inmates are  really     

p]sons entitl$ to ma9t5ance at public   
exp5se4 ,9 addition  to ?is precaution1 
! comptroll] %\ld h full p[] to )hold   
paym5ts to any in/itution aft] an       
appropriation has be5 made if 9  8      
judgm5t1 aft] exam9ation1 ! money has n 
be5 e>n$4 ,!  paym5t ( city money to    
disp5s>ies %\ld be discont9u$1 except  9
 special cases :]e ! "w done is cle>ly a
 prop] *>ge  aga9/ ! public treasury4   
,no money %\ld be paid = ! treatm5t  (  
dep5d5t p]sons 9 any private hospital   
:ile !re is unoccupi$  room 9 ! city    
hospitals4    ,! city ma9ta9s its own   
hospitals1 :ile at ! same "t  subsidiz+ 
private in/itutions :i* compete ) !m4   
,dur+ !  la/ few ye>s great improvem5ts 
h be5 made 9 ! city  hospitals1 b _!    
condition is /ill capable ( consid]able 
fur!r improvem5t4 ,:ile sometimes       
ov]cr[d$1 x frequ5tly  happ5s t ! city  
hospitals are n fill$ to ! limits ( _!  
capacity1 & x w\ld seem z ?\gh ! city   
%\ld n deal )  private hospitals except 
z subsidi>y aids or adjuncts to ! public

  in/itutions4 ,x /&s to reason t s long
 z !re are vacant  b$s 9 ! city         
hospitals & ! city is at ! same "t      
subsidiz+ private hospitals at a co/    
great] ?an ! exp5se (  c>+ = pati5ts 9  
its own in/itutions1 a wrong is be+ done
 to  ! taxpay]s4 ,if private hospitals  
are to receive public assi/ance  at all1
 paym5ts %\ld be made only at "s uni=m  
rate1  approximately ! same z ! co/ p]  
capita ( ma9t5ance 9 !  public          
in/itutions4    ,! grave/ problem (     
public *>ity is ! support & tra9+ (     
dep5d5t *ildr51 because t has to d ) !  
mak+ ( future  citiz5s ( ! republic z   
well z ! relief ( imm$iate suff]+4  ,?is
 "w is entirely 9 ! h&s ( private       
societies &  in/itutions4 ,! re>+ ( l>ge
 numb]s ( *ildr5 9 ei!r  private or     
public in/itutions is 9 itself an       
evil--a necess>y  evil--& likely to     
cont9ue z long z !re is extreme pov]ty1 
b  /ill an evil1 & n to be fo/]$ by     
subv5tions ( public money  9 unnecess>y 
cases1 :5 p>5ts are really able to      

provide =  _! support4    ,to build1    
equip1 & ma9ta9 public build+s = ! c>e (
  dep5d5t *ildr5 seems to me entirely   
impracticable4 ,reg>dless (  ! matt] (  
exp5se1 :i* w\ld be enorm\s1 all !      
disadvantages  ( ! in/itutional sy/em   
w\ld cont9ue1 & x is n likely  t public 
employees c\ld be obta9$ :o w\ld re>    
*ildr5 z  economically1 z efficaci\sly1 
or ) ! same devotion &  self-d5ial z is 
! case ) ! religi\s ord]s & associations
  n[ p]=m+ ?is "w--9 _m respects s      
successfully4 ,! c>e  ( ^! *ildr5 by    
direct gov]nm5tal ag5cies be+ !re=e     
practically impossible1 9 ! city ( ,new 
,york at lea/1 & x be+  recogniz$ t !   
pres5t sy/em is likely to cont9ue = _m  
ye>s1 if n p]man5tly1 ! mo/ %\ld be made
 ( x4 ,) !  religi\s tra9+ ( *ildr5 !   
city has no?+ to d4 ,_! moral  tra9+ may
 also be left safely to ^? n[           
responsible !re=4 ,on  ! o!r h&1 ! ,/ate
 is vitally conc]n$ ) _! m5tal &        
physical developm5t1 & visitation &     
control = ! purpose (  ma9ta9+ a prop]  

/&>d 9 ^! respects is ess5tial4 ,?is  =m
 ( public *>ity1 l _m o!rs1 has be5     
abus$1 & _m  *ildr5 are n[ support$ 9   
in/itutions :o probably %\ld n be  !re4 
,= ! re>+ ( a *ild into a possible      
useful man or woman  a poor home is     
bett] ?an a good in/itution1 & x is !   
duty (  ! city au?orities to ext5d ! "w 
( inspection &  inve/igation ( su* cases
 until !y make x impossible = fraud 9  !
 commitm5t & ret5tion ( *ildr5 to escape
 detection4    ,! r$uction & regulation 
( appropriations z outl9$ c n be  class$
 z a radical re=m1 & w "w no h>d%ip ^u  
any  dep5d5t p]son :o is a prop] *>ge ^u
 ! city4 ,! sav+ to  ! taxpay]s1 if !   
plan ,i h sugge/$ is adopt$1 w          
approximate "o million doll>s 9 #aijj1 &
 a /eady r$uction (  exp5ditures =      
*>itable "w %\ld cont9ue = sev]al ye>s  
to  come4          ,,*ri/ian ,,sci5ce   
,,f ,a ,,physician',s ,,po9t ,,( ,,view4
    ,,by ,,john ,b4 ,,hub]1 ,a4 ,m41 ,m4
 ,d4      ,*ri/ian sci5ce is /at$ to be 
a religi\s sy/em :i* 0  discov]$1 9     

#ahff1 by ,mrs4 ,m>y ,bak] ,g4 ,eddy1 a 
lady n[ liv+  9 ! vic9ity ( ,bo/on1     
,mass41 :o has pass$ h] eightie? ye>1  &
 :o is call$ by h] foll[]s ! ,"m ( !    
,*ri/ian  ,sci5ce ,*ur*1 or ,"m ,m>y4   
,mrs4 ,eddy has =mulat$ ,*ri/ian        
,sci5ce 9 a book entitl$ ,sci5ce &      
,heal?1 ) ,key to !  ,scriptures1 9 :i* 
book are to be f\nd ! pr9ciples ^u :i*  
?is sy/em re/s4 ,we are told t to him :o
 /udies ?is book  rev]5tly &            
consci5ti\sly !re w be reveal$ ! ,tru?1 
=  :i* man has be5 se>*+ )\t avail s9ce 
! beg9n+ ( 8  exi/5ce2 t ! fai?ful /ud5t
 w f9d 9 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce an  infallible
 guide = ! conduct ( life 9 all its     
phases2 & t  ! ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/ has !  
p[] to heal )\t any !rapeutic  means1   
o!r ?an t ( ! influ5ce ( m9d ^u m9d1 all
  imag9able ills1 surgical or m$ical1   
:i* afflict mank9d & !  l[] animals4    
,mrs4 ,eddy tells u t %e & h] foll[]s h 
_h  ?is p[] transmitt$ to !m f ,jesus   
,*ri/1 & t !y are  able to heal ! sick &
 to p]=m miracles z ,he is said to h    

done4 ,9 ,sci5ce & ,heal? all religi\s  
sy/ems o!r ?an  ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce are    
held to h be5 errone\s & p]nici\s 9  _! 
influ5ce ^u mank9d1 & ! practice (      
m$ic9e1 z x is  taught 9 ! m$ical       
colleges1 is consid]$ to be hurtful r   
?an helpful to humanity1 & to h increas$
 disease r ?an  ameliorat$ human suff]+4
    ,x is said t 9 #ahih !re 7 9 !      
,great] ,city ( ,new ,york  ?ree ?\s&   
,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s & sev5 ,*ri/ian      
,sci5ce  *ur*es4 ,! :ole numb] (        
,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s is decl>$ to be  "o  
million1 ( :om "o hundr$ ?\s&1 x is     
said1 are engag$ 9  ! bus9ess ( heal+1 &
 are call$ heal]s4 ,! movem5t has  be5 &
 is spread+ day by day4    ,9 religi\s  
matt]s ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce has divid$ _m   
homes1 & has  de/roy$ n a few ?r\gh !   
mis*ief produc$ by its propag&a4  ,x is 
claim$ t ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce has cur$ _m :o
 h n be5  b5efit$ by ! ef=ts ( regul>   
practition]s ( m$ic9e4 ,on !  o!r h&1 _m
 h di$ dur+ ! exclusive m9i/rations (   
,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s4 ,moreov]1 ,*ri/ian  

,sci5ce consid]s itself  entitl$ to     
disreg>d su* sanit>y laws1 includ+ ^?   
conc]n+  infecti\s diseases1 z h be5    
f\nd effectual to pres]ve intact  !     
g5]al heal? ( communities & peoples4    
,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 !n1 is a cult         
unusually p[]ful & f> rea*+  9 its      
influ5ce1 & x is !re=e entitl$ to & %\ld
 invite  correspond+ly c>eful           
inve/igation ( all its v>i\s aspects4   
,i h be5 int]e/$ 9 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce f ! 
view-po9t ( !  m$ical man1 & ,i h felt q
 unaffect$1 = ! reason :i* ,i  %all     
pres5tly give1 by ,mrs4 ,eddy's /ricture
 t a p]son's  ignorance ( ,*ri/ian      
,sci5ce is a suffici5t reason = 8 sil5ce
  on ! subject4 ,! sy/em ( m$ic9e1 z x  
is taught 9 ! great  m$ical colleges (  
to-day1 is an epitome ( ! accumulat$    
/udy &  exp]i5ce ( mank9d f ! "t human  
be+s fir/ became ill up  to ! pres5t    
day4 ,all sy/ems ( cure1 or ( alleg$    
cure1 h be5  exam9$ by m5 :o h made x ! 
"w ( _! lives to treat !  sick4 ,:atev] 
has be5 f\nd curative has be5 reta9$1 & 

unsub/antiat$ claims to cure h be5      
disc>d$2 s t !  regul> degree ( doctor (
 m$ic9e /ates t its recipi5t has        
acquir$ a k ( ! sy/em ( treat+ disease  
:i* is a  cry/allization ( ! _w's be/   
m$ical ?\ght1 /udy1 &  exp]i5ce4    ,z !
 possessor ( su* a degree1 ,i h be5     
engag$ dur+ sev]al  mon?s 9 an          
inve/igation ( ! cures :i*              
,*ri/ian-,sci5ce  heal]s are said to h  
accompli%$4    ,be=e beg9n+ ?is "w ,i   
reflect$ t m5tal sugge/ion1 or !        
influ5ce ( ! m9d ( ! physician ^u t ( ! 
pati5t1 is a  pot5t factor 9 ! treatm5t 
( su* diseases z are n  *>act]iz$ by    
p]man5t pa?ological *anges 9 ! tissues1 
& ,i  rememb]$ t :5 judici\sly influ5c$ 
by ! physician's m9d1  ! m9d ( ! pati5t 
c affect 8 body favorably bo? 9         
functional disord]s & 9 disord]s :i* may
 result f n]v\s  ab]ration--su* z hy/]ia
 9 all its protean =ms1 ! purely        
subjective1 z heada*e & hyp]/hesia1 &   
also ^? exhibit+  objective             
manife/ations1 z hy/]ical dislocations &

 p>alyses4    ,i knew t m$ical m51 9 _! 
own unadv]tis$ "w1 employ  m5tal        
sugge/ion z a !rapeutic means1 rely ^u x
 z a "p (  _! armam5t>ium1 & use x 9    
appropriate cases1 ei!r alone or  comb9$
 ) o!r means ( cure1 z electricity1     
hydro!rapy1 &  drugs--:i* la/1 despite  
,mrs4 ,eddy's fooli% d5unciation1 are q 
z mu* entitl$ to be consid]$ div9ely    
appo9t$ !rapeutic  ag5ts z is m5tal     
sugge/ion4    ,:at ,i did want          
especially to discov] 0 :e!r ! ,*ri/ian 
,sci5ti/ c\ld cure su* diseases z are   
consid]$ by ! m$ical  man to be         
incurable--z canc]1 locomotor ataxia1 or
 advanc$  ph?isis--& also :at 7 !       
results ( _! treatm5t ( typhoid  fev]1  
pneumonia1 diph!ria1 mal>ia1 etc4 ,& ,i 
want$ also to  inve/igate ! claims (    
,*ri/ian ,sci5ce conc]n+ ! alleg$  cure 
( surgical conditions1 su* z necrosis or
 hmorrhage f  sev]$ art]ies1 by no o!r  
means ?an ! sole ex]cise ( ?\ght4  ,if !
 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/ c\ld h heal$ 9 su*   
cases1 ,i = my  "p w\ld h decl>$ him a  

work] ( miracles4 ,!re=e ,i  se>*$      
dilig5tly = su* cases4    ,9 ! beg9n+ ,i
 _h ! honor to meet ,mrs4 ,/etson1 !    
pa/or1  or ! fir/ read]1 ( ! ,fir/ ,*ur*
 ( ,*ri/1 ,sci5ti/1 at  #adc ,we/       
,=ty-eigh? ,/reet1 ,new ,york city4 ,i  
_h prep>$ a numb]  ( que/ions conc]n+   
,*ri/ian ,sci5ce :i* ,i wi%$ to ask     
,mrs4  ,/etson4 ,%e pref]r$1 h[ev]1 n to
 answ] !m h]self1 b told  me t %e w\ld  
be pleas$ to =w>d !m to ,mrs4 ,eddy4 ,i 
!n  wrote out ^! que/ions & put !m1     
toge!r ) a lett] to ,mrs4  ,eddy1 v     
respectfully reque/+ h] consid]ation (  
!m1 9 ,mrs4  ,/etson's h&s4 ,mrs4       
,/etson !n v k9dly =w>d$ !m to ,mrs4    
,eddy4 ,among ! que/ions :i* ,i ask$ 7 !
 foll[+3    ,is ! treatm5t ( ! sick a "p
 ( ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce8    ,^u :at         
pr9ciples is ! ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/'s me?od
 ( treatm5t  f\nd$8    ,h[ d y def9e    
heal?8    ,h[ d y def9e disease8    ,:5 
a pati5t pres5ts himself to y1 d y      
inquire conc]n+ !  causes ( 8 illness8  
,d y inve/igate symptoms8 7,symptoms1 ,i

 /at$1 are ! signs (  disease47    ,d y 
make diagnoses8 7,a diagnosis1 ,i /at$1 
is a consid]ation (  symptoms by :i* "o 
disease is di/+ui%$ f ano!r or  o!rs47  
,9 :at does y\r treatm5t consi/8    ,9  
treat+ a pati5t1 d y adm9i/] any mat]ial
 sub/ance1 &  require t x be tak5 into !
 body z "o w\ld food8    ,d y consid]   
cleanl9ess1 good ord]1 & ! atta9m5t (   
/hetic effects 9 a pati5t's environm5t a
 "p ( treatm5t8    ,d y take any /eps to
 isolate ! pati5t sick ( an infecti\s   
disease1 or to protect ^? ab\t ! pati5t 
f ! disease8    ,d y treat /ructural    
diseases1 z canc] or locomotor ataxia8  
,d  y consid] y h cur$ su* diseases8 ,if
 s1 h[ d y "k y  7 treat+ a /ructural   
disease1 su* z canc] or locomotor       
ataxia8    ,w\ld y treat cases (        
fracture ( bones or viol5t injury8 ,if  
s1  :at w\ld y d 9 su* cases8    ,w y   
give me ! names ( pati5ts :om y h       
treat$1 )  p]mission to inquire conc]n+ 
_! illnesses1 y\r treatm5t (  !m1 & !   
effects ( y\r treatm5t ^u !m--^u !      

di/9ct  und]/&+ t _! names are n to be  
publi%$8    ,d y d5y ! exi/5ce ( matt]8 
,9 ,sci5ce & ,heal? x is  /at$ t all is 
m9d1 !re is no matt]4 ,h[ is x possible1
 9  treat+ disease1 = y to sep>ate m9d f
 matt]8    ,animals sometimes become    
sick2 c\ld !y be cur$ by                
,*ri/ian-,sci5ce me?ods8    ,f ,mrs4    
,eddy ,i receiv$ no answ] nor any       
communication :atev]4  ,b1 "s "t        
aft]w>d1 ,mrs4 ,/etson in=m$ me t !     
matt] _h  be5 turn$ ov] to ,judge       
,septimus ,j4 ,hanna1 ,mrs4 ,eddy's     
c\nsel4  ,j "h ,i reflect$ h[ ,jesus    
,*ri/1 ^: repres5tative ,mrs4 ,eddy     
decl>es h]self to be1 w\ld h act$ "u ^? 
circum/ances1  & ,i wond]$ h[ he w\ld h 
appe>$ 9 ?is odd atmosph]e  h$g$ ab\t by
 c\nsel & o!r legal p>aph]nalia4        
,pres5tly  !reaft] ,i _h ! honor to     
receive a note f ,mrs4 ,/etson1  appo9t+
 a "t = me to call4 ,:5 ,i did ?is1     
,mrs4 ,/etson gave  me a lett] :i* _h   
be5 s5t h] by ,judge ,hanna1 & :i* %e   
p]mitt$ me to use z ,i %\ld see fit4    

,?is is ! lett]3                        
,,bo/on1 ,,mass41 ,novemb] #ah1 #ahih4  
,editorial ,(fice ( ,! ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce 
,j\rnal1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,e4    ,/etson1 ,new 
,york ,city3         ,,de> ,,si/]3 ,mr4 
,metcalf h&$ me ! que/ions submitt$ by  
,dr4 ,hub]4 ,i h also receiv$ & c>efully
 read y\r lett]s4       ,z ,i ?9k ,mr4  
,metcalf has in=m$ y1 ?is matt] 0 ref]r$
       to me f ,concord4 ,i h be5 s v   
busy t ,i h n _h       "t to give ?is   
matt] ! ?or\gh att5tion x ne$s until    
n[4         ,i h c>efully read &        
consid]$ ! entire pap]4 ,my             
conclusion is t x w be :olly            
impractical--inde$1 ,i may       say    
impossible--to answ] ^! que/ions 9 su* a
 mann] z to       make an entire pap]   
fit = publication 9 a m$ical j\rnal1    
or 9 any o!r magaz9e or p]iodical4 ,!   
que/ions submitt$       t\* ! entire    
subject ( ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 bo? 9 its   
!ology & !rapeutics4 ,^! que/ions c be  
answ]$ only       9 "o way s t !y c be  
und]/ood1 & t is by j       su* /udy ( !

 ,bible & ,sci5ce & ,heal? ) ,key to !  
,scriptures z ! e>ne/1 s9c]e ,*ri/ian   
,sci5ti/s are       giv+ !m e day ( _!  
lives1 & h be5 = ye>s4       ,:5 we ?9k 
( ! helps provid$ by our lead]1 ! ,rev4 
,m>y       ,bak] ,eddy1 = h] own /ud5ts 
9 arriv+ at a correct                   
int]pretation & putt+ 9 practice !      
tea*+s ( ^!       text-books1 su* z !   
publications e/abli%$ by h]1 !          
,bible ,lessons made up ( selections f !
 ,bible & our       text-book1 con/itut+
 ! s]mons = our s]vice 9 all !          
,*ri/ian-,sci5ce *ur*es2 ! _m auxili>ies
 %e has       publi%$ & is publi%+ 9    
fur!r illucidation ( !                  
text-books--:5 we /op to consid] t ev5  
^? ( h]       /ud5ts :o may be consid]$ 
! mo/ advanc$ are z yet       infants 9 
! und]/&+ & ability to demon/rate ! tru?
       conta9$ 9 ^! text-books1 c we n  
easily see1 & w       n y\r fri5d !     
doctor at a glance see1 ! utt] futility 
(       attempt+ to answ] 8 que/ions s z
 to make ! answ]s       intelligible to 

! m$ical pr(ession & _! read]s8 ,i      
admire greatly ! k9dly _s manife/$ by ! 
doctor &       ^? = :om he is act+1#b & 
! entire fairness1 f       _! /&po9t1 ( 
! que/ions submitt$1 b ?is does n       
relieve ! difficulty ( ! situation4 ,i  
!re=e return !       doctor's que/ions1 
) _m ?anks 9 behalf ( our lead] &       
! cause = ! imp>tial _s manife/$4       
,y\rs 9 ,tru?1                          
,s4 ,j4 ,,hanna4         ,footnote #b3  
,i _h arrang$ ) ! editor ( ! ,new ,york 
,m$ical ,news = ! publication 9 t j\rnal
 ( a pap] on       ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 &  
_h s in=m$ ,mrs4 ,/etson4    ,i wrote   
,judge ,hanna a note ( ?anks1 & 9 reply 
receiv$ a lett]  9 :i* he /at$3 ,i %\ld 
h be5 v glad if ,i c\ld h se5  my way   
cle> to answ] y\r que/ions 9 su* a way z
 c\ld h be5  intelligible &             
satisfactory4 ,b x 0 impossible = me to 
d s4    ,n[1 all ?is seems to me mu*    
worse ?an prepo/]\s4 ,i fail utt]ly  to 
see :y he :o asks ! "q1 ,d y isolate a  
pati5t  suff]+ f an infecti\s disease8  

w\ld h to sp5d mon?s or  ye>s 9         
,nirvana-l ab/raction be=e he w\ld be   
able to  appreciate an answ] to x4 ,no  
d\bt ,judge ,hanna1 :o is evid5tly a    
lawy]1 c\ld1 if he *ose1 tell ! reason  
:y4    ,to all :o _h be5 heal$ 9        
,*ri/ian ,sci5ce :om ,i met ,i /at$     
pla9ly my object--to inve/igate h[ !y _h
 be5 heal$4 ,i /at$  t my f9d+s w\ld be 
publi%$1 b t no names w\ld be  pr9t$4 ,!
 cases 7 to be numb]$4 ,i /at$ t ,i did 
n wi%  to exam9e n]v\s manife/ations ( a
 hy/]ical sort or purely  functional    
disord]s4 ,i wi%$ to see cases ( disease
 9 :i* !  /ructure ( ! organs 0 likely  
to be or to h be5 involv$1  su* z       
,bright's disease or canc]4 ,hav+1 to   
beg9 )1 expla9$  ?is fully1 ,i took !   
subject's hi/ory & asc]ta9$ :5ev]       
possible ! "n ( any physician :o may h  
treat$ ! pati5t  be=e he or %e w5t into 
,*ri/ian ,sci5ce4 ,almo/ all ^!         
physicians :o live 9 ,new ,york ,i      
visit$2 to ! o!rs resid+ 9  ,new ,york &
 to ^? liv+ out ( t[n ,i wrote1 ! =m ( !

  lett] be+ g5]ally z foll[s3           
,,de> ,,doctor3 ,i am inve/igat+        
,*ri/ian ,sci5ce f !       physician's  
view-po9t1 & am exam9+ a numb] ( p1 9   
! hope ( pres5t+ "s tw5ty hi/ories4 ,^! 
hi/ories       w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be valuable
 only 9 s f> z !y are                   
sci5tifically accurate4 ,!re=e1 :5ev]   
possible1 ,i reque/       a m$ical      
acc\nt f any physician :o may =m]ly h   
be5       9 att5dance4 ,i h n[ "u       
obs]vation ! case ( ,mr4       ,x----1  
:o believes himself to h be5 cur$ '9    
,*ri/ian       ,sci5ce4' ,i w\ld ?ank y 
v k9dly if y w\ld s5d me       :atev]   
m$ical in=mation y c conc]n+ ?is case1 )
       records ( exam9ations if         
possible4 ,! cases w be numb]$1       n 
nam$4    ,9 ea* case1 hav+ set d[n !    
subject's /atem5ts & !  physician's     
/atem5t1 ,i record$ my own obs]vations (
 ! subject's  condition4    ,i exam9$ 9 
succession & )\t exception ! case ( e   
will+ ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/ up to ! numb] ( 
tw5ty4#c ,all ^!  cases 7 ( _! own      

*oos+2 no d\bt1 !n1 !y w\ld be  consid]$
 to be among _! good cases4 ,_! failures
 ,i _h no  opportunity to exam9e4 ,!re 7
 _m o!rs :o refus$ to te/ify1  no d\bt  
ju/ifiably4 ,o!rs refus$ = reasons n    
easily  compreh5d$1 consid]+ ! fact t ^!
 p hold weekly  exp]i5ce meet+s1 9 :i*  
!y rejoice to te/ify to ! p[]  (        
,*ri/ian ,sci5ce4 ,x is difficult to    
see1 !re=e1 :y su*  cases %\ld n invite 
sci5tific inve/igation4                 
,footnote #c3 ,^! m$ical hi/ories are a 
"p ( my s]ial       pap] 9 ! ,new ,york 
,m$ical ,news ( ,janu>y #bh1 #ahii1 et  
seq4    ,i c\ld f9d 9 all ^! tw5ty cases
 no cure t w\ld h  occasion$ ! m$ical   
man ! slighte/ surprise4 ,:at did       
surprise  me 0 ! va/ disproportion      
betwe5 ! results !y exhibit$ &  ! claims
 made by ,*ri/ian-,sci5ce heal]s4 ,"o ( 
^! cases may  be cit$ z an example ( !  
loose g5]alization ^u :i* _m (  ! claims
 ( ^! heal]s re/4 ,a lady /at$ t %e _h  
_h  pneumonia4 ,i ask$ h[ %e knew %e _h 
_h pneumonia4 ,%e decl>$  %e knew1      

because h] nurse c\ld tell at a glance  
%e _h  pneumonia4 ,no m$ical exam9ation 
_h be5 made4 ,i ask$ :at  symptoms %e _h
 _h--h[ %e _h suff]$4 ,%e told me %e _h 
purposely =gott5--%e _h tri$ to dismiss 
f h] m9d all  recollection ( ?is        
di/ress+ illness4 ,well1 ?is is no d\bt 
comm5dable en\gh2 b h[ d we "k1 !n1 if  
%e really _h  pneumonia1 or any?+ m ?an 
an ord9>y cold8    ,i he>d dur+ my      
inve/igation ( cases ( yell[ fev]1      
ph?isis1  canc]1 & locomotor ataxia :i* 
_h be5 heal$ 9 ,*ri/ian  ,sci5ce4 ,b    
tru? compels ! /atem5t t my ef=ts to    
exam9e  ^! cases 7 defeat$ by ! *eape/  
sort ( subt]fuge &  elusion4 ,to be     
explicit3 ,on ,novemb] #b1 #ahih1 a man 
arose 9 an  exp]i5ce meet+ :i* ,i att5d$
 & /at$ t he _h be5 "o  ( a p>ty (      
twelve :o1 :ile 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1      
contract$ yell[  fev]1 he hav+ suff]$ ) 
! re/4 ,all took m$ic9e b  himself2     
in/ead1 he read ,sci5ce & ,heal?4 ,among
 8 companions  sev5 di$2 he recov]$     
completely4 ,sev]al days lat] ,i call$  

at  ! *ur* & ask$ = ! "n & address ( ?is
 g5tleman1 &  twice1 on ?is & a         
subsequ5t visit1 ! cl]k promis$ to s5d  
me  8 address4 ,n hav+ receiv$ x1 ,i    
call$ a ?ird "t1 on  ,novemb] #ba/4 ,!  
cl]k told me he c\ld n f9d ?is eel-l    
specim51 & c\ld n get 8 address4 ,?is   
man 01 h[ev]1 a  memb] ( t *ur*1 & _h1  
on ! ev5+ ,i 0 pres5t1 a numb]  (       
acqua9tances 9 ! congregation4    ,aga91
 ,i _h be5 told t a "y lady liv+ out (  
t[n _h be5  heal$ ( consumption4 ,i     
wrote h] "m1 :o s5t me a k9d note1      
invit+ me to call sev]al ev5+s lat]1 &  
inclos+ a  "t-table4 ,%e /at$1 ,i %all  
be happy to give y any in=mation  9 my  
p[]1 z ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce has be5 a great 
bless+ 9 my  family4 ,be=e ! appo9t$    
ev5+ ,i receiv$ a note1 break+ !        
engagem5t4 ,aga91 at an exp]i5ce meet+ a
 man arose & decl>$  he _h cur$ a case (
 locomotor ataxia1 s t ! pati5t's two   
=m] physicians _h be5 lo/ 9 amazem5t at 
! *ange4 ,i le>n$  also t 8 wife1 ano!r 
heal]1 _h cur$ a case ( canc] (  !      

tongue4 ,i wrote ?is g5tleman1 & he s5t 
me an answ]1 k9dly  invit+ me to call at
 8 h\se4 ,he liv$ out ( t[n4 ,i w5t to 8
  h\se1 & sp5t ! great] "p ( an ev5+    
try+ to prevail ^u  ^! two p to %[ me or
 to introduce me to ^! subjects (       
locomotor ataxia & canc] ( ! tongue4 ,!y
 utt]ly refus$ to d  s4 ,_! l9e (       
argum5t 0 q ( ! same sort z t  conta9$ 9
 ! lett] ( _! bett]-kn[n bro!r 9 ! *ur*1
  :i* appe>s e>li] 9 ?is pap]4 ,i 0 n   
inve/igat+ 9 !  "r way4 ,:at ,i ought to
 d 0 to /udy ,sci5ce & ,heal? & !  o!r  
elucidatory works--above all ) an ob$i5t
 _s1 & !  tru? w\ld come to me 9 "t4 ,or
 x may be ?is pair ( heal]s  _h 9 m9d   
?is reason+1 n new 9 my obs]vation ( ?is
 odd  cult3 ,9 ! m9d ( ! ,*ri/ian       
,sci5ti/ ! locomotor-ataxia  pati5t 0   
heal$1 b he 0 )held f inspection by !   
deceptive s5ses ( ^? outside !          
,*ri/ian-,sci5ce pale1 to :i*  s5ses !  
pati5t might appe> to /agg] ab\t & be z 
ill or m  ill ?an ev] be=e4 ,foll[+ is  
?is heal]'s lett] to me3         ,,my   

,,de> ,,dr4 ,,hub]3 ,i receiv$ y\r lett]
 ) ,joy1 & "n       next ,monday ev5g z 
a "t to give y = y\r enquiry into !     
work+s ( ,tru? z x has come "u my       
notice4 ,our field is a       broad "o  
cov]ig sev]al t[ns1 & we h n lately _h  
an       ev5g free = discuss9 ! subject 
cov]ig ?is sublime &       /ately       
,sci5ce ,t leads into all ,tru? ev5 to !
 solv+ (       ! problem ( ,be+4 ,!     
heal+ ( ! sick is only ! prim>y         
/eps ?is /ep h[ev] is an important "o z 
its demon/ration       ) pro( atte/s its
 div9e orig5 ev5 ,god--,good1 its       
pr9ciple s\rce & ultimates 9 ,et]nal    
,life4 ,= ! ,life is       9 8 ,son &   
,div9e ,sci5ce reveals ?is son ,ev5 our 
own       ,*ri/ our spiritual           
,individuality ,god be+ our ,fa!r &     
"m1                                     
,yrs4 9 ,tru?                           
----4    ,! writ] ( ?is lett] is ! lead]
 ( t ,*ri/ian-,sci5ce  *ur* 9 ,new      
,j]sey a memb] ( :i* 0 a woman :o di$1 9
 ,june  ( ?is ye>1 ( consumption1#d &   

?is woman's heal] 0 !  writ]'s wife4 ,! 
woman :o di$ left ! ,episcopalian ,*ur* 
&  became a ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/ 9 ,janu>y1
 #ahii4 ,9 ,april %e contract$  a heavy 
cold1 to :i* %e gave no att5tion4 ,h]   
husb& remon/rat$  ) h]1 & wi%$ h] to    
consult a physician1 b %e w\ld n d  s4  
,%e decl>$ %e c\ld n be ill1 b t %e 0   
well &  happy4 ,! s]vices ( h] heal] 7 !
 only m9i/rations %e  receiv$4 ,9 !     
beg9n+ ( ,june h] condition 0 s bad t h]
  husb& prevail$ ^u h] to see a         
physician1 :o exam9$ h] &  f\nd h]      
hopelessly ill ) consumption4 ,ano!r    
physician exam9$  h] & rea*$ ! same     
conclusion4 ,%e !n turn$ long+ly &      
e>ne/ly to ! religion 9 :i* %e _h be5   
br\ght up4 ,two weeks  aft]1 %e di$1    
ask+ ! pray]s ( h] co-religioni/s 9     
behalf  ( h]self1 h] husb&1 & h] *ildr54
         ,footnote #d3 ,new ,york       
,times1 ,june #bd1 #ahii4    ,mrs4 ,eddy
 decl>es t %e heal$ consumption 9 its   
la/ /ages1  ! lungs be+ mo/ly consum$2 t
 %e heal$ c>i\s bones :i*  c\ld be d5t$ 

) ! f+]2 & t %e heal$ 9 "o visit a      
canc] t _h s eat5 ! fle% ( ! neck z to  
expose !  jugul> ve9 s t x /ood out l a 
cord4 ,judge ,hanna has  publi%$        
/atem5ts to ! effect t canc]1 malignant 
tumors1  consumption1 brok5 bones1 &    
brok5 tissues h be5 heal$ 9  ,*ri/ian   
,sci5ce1 )\t ! assi/ance ( any mat]ial  
means  :atev]4 ,mr4 ,c>ol ,norton1 a    
,*ri/ian-,sci5ce lectur]1 has  publicly 
ann\nc$ t ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce has heal$    
locomotor  ataxia1 s(t5+ ( ! bra91      
p>esis1 tumor1 ,bright's disease1       
canc]1 etc4 ,& _m o!r ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s
 h made l  claims4 ,v well1 !n4 ,:o are 
^! p t h ?us be5  cur$8 ,:at are _!     
names8 ,:]e d !y live8 ,h[ c !y be      
f\nd8 ,w ,mrs4 ,eddy & h] foll[]s submit
 ^! cases =  sci5tific exam9ation8 ,i & 
o!r inve/igators are ask+1 & h  = ye>s  
be5 ask+1 ^! que/ions1 & we are all ( u 
/ill  wait+ = answ]s4    ,! importance (
 all ?is is no d\bt manife/4 ,! heal+ ( 
disease is1 we are told1 ! outw>d &     
visible evid5ce ^u :i*  ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce

 expects to be judg$ & accept$4 ,!re=e !
  cult mu/ /& or fall ^u ! results ( an 
inve/igation ( !  heal]'s claims4 ,by _!
 fruits ye %all "k !m4    ,!re are      
,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s :o w say t ^!        
/atem5ts (  ,mrs4 ,eddy & h] associates 
mu/ be tak5 ^u fai? & z ipse  dixit     
utt]ances4 ,?is is 9 ! la/ degree silly4
 ,) su*  /atem5ts fai? has absolutely   
no?+ to d4 ,!y are solely matt]s  =     
sci5tific inquiry4    ,e ,*ri/ian       
,sci5ti/ may be a heal]4 ,a little *ild 
may be a  heal] 9 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce4 ,!  
treatm5t is said to consi/ 9  ?9k+1     
speak+1 & writ+4 ,x is decl>$ t no      
mat]ial  sub/ances are us$4 ,! foll[+   
oddity 9 m5tal processes is "h  to be   
not$3 ,a heal] told h] pati5t to take a 
c]ta9 drug dur+  h] illness1 & t %e w\ld
 !n demon/rate ! p[] (  ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce
 ov] ?is drug4    ,! heal] does n ne$ to
 see 8 pati5t4 ,he may1 if he w1 treat  
abs5tly1 by a species ( ?\ght           
transf]5ce4 ,he w\ld consid]  8 treatm5t
 effectual if he 7 9 ,new ,york & 8     

pati5t 7 9  ,hong ,kong4    ,i h        
rheumatism1 let u say1 & at midnight my 
swoll5 & inflam$  jo9t gives me pa94 ,i 
s5d = a ,*ri/ian-,sci5ce heal]4 ,9 all  
probability my mess5g] w call ^u a p]son
 :o has _h no  prelim9>y m$ical         
education :atev]4 ,he is likely to f9d  
"s "o  :o is q illit]ate1 z witness !   
lett] la/ pres5t$4 ,he may1  z ,i h1    
come ^u "s "o :o has be5 engag$ 9 !     
occupation  ( amus+ ! habitus ( be]     
saloons by play+ ^u ! zi!r  be=e he took
 up ! m remun]ative bus9ess (           
,*ri/ian-,sci5ce  heal+4 ,or he may1 z  
,i h1 come ^u "s "o :o is engag$        
simultane\sly bo? 9 ! bus9ess ( sell+   
drugs & 9 !  practice ( heal+ by m5tal  
!rapeutics alone4    ,hav+ be5 f\nd1 !  
heal]1 fir/ requir+ a fee f my  mess5g]1
 treats me abs5tly1 :ile ly+ ab$ 9 8 own
 home4 ,8  treatm5t consi/s 9 s5d+ me ^w
 t ,i only imag9e ,i am ill1  t my jo9t 
is really n swoll51 t x is really n     
inflam$1  & t x really does n pa9 me1 b 
t1 on ! contr>y1 ,i am  really v well & 

v happy inde$4    ,"s diseases are 9    
,*ri/ian ,sci5ce consid]$ to take long] 
to  heal ?an o!rs2 ,i h n und]/ood :y4  
,if all is m9d1 &  !re is no matt]1#e z 
! ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/ holds1 & if1  !re=e1
 ! v>y+ d5sities ( tissues ne$ n be     
consid]$1  :y %\ld n canc] or locomotor 
ataxia be heal$ z easily & z  rapidly z 
a heada*e or a hy/]ical manife/ation8   
,*ri/ian ,sci5ce  despises bodily       
cleanl9ess1 ! use ( ba?s1 & ! mo/ ord9>y
  sanit>y regulations4 ,to b[ d[n to a  
fle%-bru%1 ba?1 diet1  ex]cise1 & air is
 a =m ( idolatry4#f ,we le>n1 f9ally1 t 
! he>t1 ! lungs1 ! bra91 h no?+ to d )  
life4#g         ,footnote #e3 ,sci5ce & 
,heal?4         ,footnote #f3 ,ibid4    
,footnote #g3 ,ibid4    ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce
 has /ood by ! b$side ( an infant sick )
  diph!ria1 has prev5t$ int]f]5ce ) its 
incantations1 & has  se5 ?is infant     
*oke1 gr[ livid1 gasp1 & expire1 )\t s  
mu*  z putt+ a drop ( wat] to its lips4 
,mo/ ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s are well to d4  
,_! t5et is t no "o  has any bus9ess to 

be poor4 ,9 ,new ,york _! *ur*es are 9 !
  neighborhood ( ! weal?y1 & !re are no 
missions by means (  :i* ! pr(ess$      
bless+s ( ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce may be       
dissem9at$  among ! poor4 ,*ri/ian      
,sci5ce is demon/rably a p[]ful         
organization = ! accumulation ( weal?1 &
 by easy calculation  "o may see t h]   
propag&a has made ,mrs4 ,eddy1 :o is    
said to  h be5 at "o "t v poor1         
conspicu\sly ri* ev5 9 ^!  days (       
enorm\s =tunes4 ,:5 we consid] t ?is    
woman claims to  be actuat$ by ! _s ( ! 
poor ,naz>5e1 has hypocrisy ev]  gone to
 great] l5g?8    ,mrs4 ,eddy despises   
all metaphysical sy/ems1 yet h] writ+s  
display  h] inability to ?9k logically  
?r\gh half a doz5 consecutive  l9es4    
,mrs4 ,eddy decl>es t no human be+ or   
ag5cy taught me ! tru?s  ( ,*ri/ian     
,sci5ce1 & no human ag5cy c ov]?r[ x4#h 
,b  !re are publi%$ /atem5ts1#i ( ! tru?
 ( :i* ! writ]  (f]s to give legal pro(1
 9 :i* x is %[n1 by means ( !  deadly   
p>allel1 t ! ess5tial ideas und]ly+ h]  

sy/em are  all plagi>iz$ f ! writ+s ( an
 irregul> practition] to  :om1 _m ye>s  
ago1 %e w5t = treatm5t4 ,publi%$ acc\nts
 (  h] illness at t "t pres5t a picture 
( hy/]ia pure &  simple4                
,footnote #h3 ,sci5ce & ,heal?4         
,footnote #i3 ,! ,ar5a1 ,may1 #ahih4    
,mrs4 ,eddy claims to possess heal+ p[]s
 no?+ %ort (  miracul\s1 yet ! writ] j  
m5tion$ decl>es t %e has  probably n be5
 a well woman ^! =ty ye>s pa/4 ,c]ta9 x 
is  %e almo/ nev] appe>s 9 public1 &    
only a few ( h] foll[]s  h ev] se5 h]   
face except 9 copyright$ photographs4   
,! m$ical pr(ession is mo/ /upidly      
reprobat$ by ,mrs4 ,eddy &  h]          
associates1 especially = its m]c5>y     
motives4 ,a specific  /atem5t may "h be 
n malapropos4 ,9 ! ye> #ahie !re 7      
#a1hjj1jjj inhabitants 9 ! less] city ( 
,new ,york1 & on ! rolls  ( its         
hospitals & disp5s>ies 7 m ?an #gic1jjj 
names (  p = ! treatm5t ( :om ,new      
,york's m$ical m5 receiv$  practically  
no pecuni>y rew>d :atev]4    ,x is      

decl>$ t ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce is a religi\s 
sy/em1 t !  treatm5t ( ! sick is a "p ( 
?is sy/em1 & t1 z !  ,con/itution =bids 
int]f]5ce by ! ,/ates ) religion1 no    
laws  c be enact$ :i* c\ld compel !     
heal] to desi/ f 8 "w4  ,b !re is a %>p 
di/9ction betwe5 religi\s lib]ty &      
lic5se  to commit1 9 ! "n ( religion1   
unlawful acts4 ,a man w\ld n be  ju/ifi$
 9 kill+ 8 *ild 9 ob$i5ce to a fanatical
 belief1 z  ,abraham 0 ab\t to d2 b     
,*ri/ian ,sci5ce has sacrific$ !  lives 
( little *ildr5 ^u ! alt> ( its         
pseudo-religion4 ,_h  n ^! *ildr5 rights
 :i* ought to h be5 safegu>d$8 ,if !    
,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/'s position be admitt$1
 a ?ug might1 ^u !  same pr9ciples1 be  
ju/ifi$ 9 committ+ murd]1 on ! gr\nd t  
murd] is a practice requir$ by 8        
religion2 & a ,mormon might1 on  ! same 
basis1 practice polygamy4 ,:5 a heal]   
treats = hire a  suff]] f typhoid fev]1 
is he act+ 9 a religi\s capacity8    ,! 
obs]v] w f9d 9 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce mu*     
*>latanry 7by :i*  _m hone/ fanatics are

 deceiv$71 mu* to surprise reason &     
common  s5se1 to (f5d good ta/e & !     
proprieties1 to outrage ju/ice  & ! law1
 & to mortify ! pi\s4    ,& 9 ! la/     
degree repreh5sible w appe> ?is cult's  
gha/ly  masqu]ade 9 ! g>b ( ,him t pray$
 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semane1  ! pale1 /agg]+
 ,jew1 ) ! cr[n ( ?orns ^u 8 ble$+      
head1 ! t5d]e/1 ! div9e/1 ! mo/         
mank9d-lov+  p]sonality ! _w has ev]    
kn[n4          ,,! ,,:eat ,,l&s ,,(     
,,canada4    ,,by ,,sydney ,c4 ,d4      
,,rop]4      ,:5 ,sir ,w4 ,crookes1 9 8 
inaugural address z ,presid5t ( !       
,briti% ,association1 />tl$ a l>ge numb]
 ( p by /at+  t1 unless "s radical *ange
 0 made 9 ! pres5t sy/em (  :eat        
cultivation1 !re w\ld be a bread fam9e 9
 #aica1 because !  _w's supply ( l&     
capable ( produc+ :eat w\ld h be5       
exhau/$1 !re 0 und\bt$ly a consid]able  
feel+ ( uneas9ess  eng5d]$1 & m att5tion
 0 paid to ! address ?an is usual  ev5  
to s valuable a contribution z !        
inaugural address ( !  ,presid5t ( t    

,association mu/ always be4 ,x 01 !re=e1
 )  a feel+ ( relief t we f\nd "o p]son 
aft] ano!r1 well  qualifi$ to speak1    
com+1 z x 71 to ! rescue1 & po9t+  out t
 ,sir ,w4 ,crookes's conclusions 7 n    
w>rant$2 & 9 !  m9ds ( ! majority1 no   
d\bt1 ! la/ feel+ ( uneas9ess 0         
dispell$ by ! able lett] 9 ,! ,times1 9 
,decemb] la/1 9 :i*  ,sir ,john ,lawes &
 ,sir ,h5ry ,gilb]t1 :o are facile      
pr9cipes z  sci5tific agriculturi/s1 &  
^: op9ions c>ry great] weight  ?an ev5  
^? ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,briti%            
,association1 gave mo/  satisfactory    
reasons = be+ unable to believe 9 ,sir  
,w4 ,crookes's  pr$ictions4    ,x is    
true t1 9 a subsequ5t lett]1 ,sir ,w4   
,crookes /at$ t  8 rem>ks 7 int5d$ m z a
 s]i\s w>n+ ?an z a  prophecy2 b1 see+ t
 8 conclusions 7 bas$ on def9ite        
/atem5ts ( def9ite facts & figures1 x is
 difficult to treat  !m z o!r ?an       
prophetic4    ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to e/abli%
 ! probability ( a :eat fam9e 9  ! ne>  
future x became necess>y = ,sir ,w4     

,crookes to s]i\sly  misrepres5t &      
und]e/imate ! :eat res\rces ( "s ( !    
pr9cipal c\ntries mo/ int]e/$ 9 produc+ 
t c]eal1 & x  is to a l>ge ext5t by     
expos+ ! magnitude ( ^!                 
misrepres5tations t ! validity ( 8      
conclusions is call$ 9  "q & disprov$4  
,! two c\ntries :i*1 ) p]haps !         
exception ( ,russia1 are mo/ conc]n$ 9 !
 :eat production ( !  future1 & !re=e 9 
! correction ( ^! mis/atem5ts1 are      
,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    ,mr4      
,atk9son1 ! well-kn[n writ] on economic 
subjects1 took up !  cudgels = ! ,unit$ 
,/ates1 & _! case c\ld h>dly h be5  9   
bett] h&s2 b s f> no *ampion has appe>$ 
on behalf (  ,canada2 & :ile ,sir ,w4   
,crookes may n h be5 alone 9 8 views    
ab\t ! possible exhau/ion ( ! :eat area 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  he c]ta9ly /ood q   
alone :5 he committ$ himself to !       
rem>kable /atem5ts t are to be f\nd 9 ! 
address1 9 ord] to  decry ! capabilities
 ( ! ,canadian :eat fields4 ,i did n    
imm$iately reply to !m myself1 ?9k+ t "s

 "o bett]  qualifi$ w\ld d s1 b ?is has 
n be5 done1 & z ,i feel t  !y c n be    
all[$ any long] to rema9 unansw]$1 ,i   
propose to  deal ) !m 9 ! pres5t        
article4    ,mr4 ,atk9son's def5se has  
be5 criticis$1 9 ! ,m>* numb] ( ,!      
,=um1 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,wood ,davis1 :o      
naturally upholds ,sir ,w4 ,crookes's   
views1 see+ t !y appe> to h be5 l>gely  
induc$ by 8 own  figures & agree ) 8 own
 ideas1 b 8 argum5t 9 t article  is m "o
 ( fault f9d+ ) ! /atem5ts ( o!rs ?an an
  attempt to ju/ify 8 own position4 ,z a
 specim5 ( 8 /yle (  criticism1 ,mr4    
,davis takes ,mr4 ,atk9son to task =    
say+ t !  pres5t necessities ( ! _w are 
comput$ by ,sir ,w4 ,crookes at         
#b1cbd1jjj1jjj bu%els1 & says t 9 no "p 
( 8 address 0 an  e/imate ( ! :ole _w's 
requirem5ts s mu* z m5tion$2 &  yet1 on 
turn+ to ! address1 we f9d t ,sir ,w4   
,crookes said3 ,!  bread eat]s ( ! :ole 
_w %>e ! p]il\s prospect4444 ,!  bread  
eat]s ( ! _w at ! pres5t "t numb]       
#eaf1ejj1jjj4444  ,to supply            

#eaf1ejj1jjj bread eat]s w require a    
total (  #b1cbd1jjj1jjj bu%els = se$ &  
food4 ,! requirem5ts ( !  :ole _w are   
di/9ctly /at$ "h1 = bread is requir$    
only =  ! bread-eat+ population1 & !re=e
 ! requirem5ts ( t  population are1 z f>
 z bread is conc]n$1 ! requirem5ts ( !  
:ole _w4 ,mr4 ,atk9son1 h[ev]1 is well  
able to take c>e (  himself1 & he & ,mr4
 ,davis c fight out = !mselves !  "q z  
to :51 or if ev]1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w     
cease to  export :eat2 b x is amus+ to  
f9d ,mr4 ,atk9son *>g$ by ,mr4  ,davis1 
( all m51 ) deal+ 9 purely speculative  
computations1  = if !re is any "o :o has
 freely indulg$ 9 ^! same purely        
speculative computations x is ,mr4      
,davis himself1 z we %all  pres5tly see4
    ,! value ( ! v>i\s calculations t   
/ati/icians indulge 9 is  l>gely        
disc\nt$ by ! fact t all[ance is r>ely  
made =  *ang+ conditions4 ,su* has be5 !
 ratio1 su* is ! ratio1 &  !re=e 9 s _m 
ye>s' "t su* w be ! ratio1 is ! burd5  (
 _! calculations1 s t :ile _! figures = 

! pa/ &  pres5t may be bo? correct &    
in/ructive1 _! calculations =  ! future 
are frequ5tly ( little practical        
utility2 & x is ?is  failure to all[ =  
any v>iation 9 conditions t r5d]s ,mr4  
,davis's figures ( s little value1 &    
,sir ,w4 ,crookes's conclusions1  :i*   
are bas$ on !m1 ( no great] importance4 
,x is surpris+ to f9d h[ mu* value ,sir 
,w4 ,crookes atta*es to ,mr4  ,davis's  
figures1 & x leads "o to ! conclusion t 
he has ei!r  n exam9$ !m v closely1 or  
%>es ) ,mr4 ,davis a fondness  = purely 
speculative computations2 & :ile x is n 
seemly to  accuse1 z has be5 done1 a man
 ( ,sir ,w4 ,crookes's /&+ &  reputation
 ( resort+ to bucket-%op me?ods to      
support 8  conclusions1 x is difficult  
to avoid ?9k+ t ! anxiety to  e/abli% ^?
 conclusions has n only l$ him to accept
 ,mr4 ,davis's  calculations )\t prop]  
exam9ation1 b has also influ5c$ !       
prep>ation ( "s ( 8 antec$5t data & l$  
him to subord9ate  facts z a means to a 
requir$ end4 ,s9ce ,sir ,w4 ,crookes    

?9ks s  highly ( ,mr4 ,davis's figures &
 ^u !m has bas$ "s ( ! mo/  important   
conclusions ( 8 address1 & z ,mr4 ,davis
 himself is s  ready to f9d fault ) !   
calculations ( o!rs1 x might be well  j 
"h to see h[ "s ( ,mr4 ,davis's own     
calculations h be5  v]ifi$ & :at am\nt (
 dep5d5ce %\ld be plac$ ^u 8  figures or
 on d$uctions f !m4    ,9 ,an ,epitome (
 ! ,agricultural ,situation1 publi%$ by 
,mr4 ,davis 9  #ahij1 he pr$ict$ an     
annually increas+ deficit 9 ! _w's :eat 
supply & ! almo/ imm$iate inability ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates to d  m ?an gr[ en\gh :eat
 = home consumption1 &1 z a  consequ5ce1
 t ,aft] #ahie we 7,unit$ ,/ates7 mu/   
ei!r import  bread/uffs1 cease to export
 cotton1 or l[] ! /&>d ( liv+1  ?is     
latt] prophecy be+ emphasiz$ by be+     
pr9t$ 9 capital  lett]s4 ,^! pr$ictions 
7 made t5 ye>s ago--ample "t1  surely1 =
 at lea/ "s evid5ce ( _! fulfillm5t to  
be  app>5t4 ,b :at are ! facts8 ,! ,*ief
 ( ! ,bureau (  ,/ati/ics1 9 8 report on
 ! =eign comm]ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  =   

#ahih1 says3 ,! total exportation (     
meats & dairy products  am\nt$ 9 ! la/  
fiscal ye> 7#ahih7 to #afg1cdj1ifj1     
aga9/  #ade1bgj1fdc 9 ! highe/ ye> prior
 to t date 7#ahid71 :ile !  value (     
animals export$ 9 #ahih 0 great] ?an t (
 any  prec$+ ye>2 ( :eat ! exports ( !  
ye> 7 ! l>ge/ 9  value1 save !          
exceptional ye>s ( #ahhj1 #ahha1 &      
#ahib4 ,( cotton  ! exports ( ! ye> 7 ! 
l>ge/ 9 quantity 9 ! hi/ory (  !        
c\ntry4444 ,?us1 9 ! great agricultural 
products--bread/uffs1  provisions1 &    
cotton--! exports h be5 ph5om5ally l>ge1
  :ile ! total ( products ( agriculture 
exce$ by #ed1jjj1jjj !  exports (       
agricultural produce 9 any prec$+ ye> ( 
our hi/ory4  ,s mu* = exports2 n[ = !   
imports ( bread/uffs4 ,! total  value ( 
bread/uffs1 bo? dutiable & free1 ent]$ =
 consumption  9 #ahih 0 #ieg1dee1 ( :i* 
#fbh1gge 7 = imports ( mac>oni1         
v]micelli1 etc41 articles n 9 any case  
manufactur$ 9 !  c\ntry4 ,i h n se5 any 
explanation by ,mr4 ,davis ( ! failure  

( 8 pr$ictions1 b x is probable t he _h 
!m 9 m9d :5  he wrote 9 ,! ,=um 7,m>*1  
#ahii71 ,_h n ! h]ds ( hay- &           
maize-eat+ animals %runk greatly s9ce   
#ahib1 ?us r5d]+ va/  areas ( hay &     
maize l&s available = :eat production1  
we %\ld  probably h r$uc$ ! :eat area1  
in/ead ( add+ t5 million  acres to x    
s9ce #ahie4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a purely    
arbitr>y  assumption1 unsupport$ by     
any?+ m sub/antial ?an ,mr4 ,davis's    
p]sonal op9ion4 ,9 ! same article he    
says3 ,b h]ds be+  insuffici5t = pres5t 
ne$s mu/ be add$ to 9 ! measure ( !     
exi/+ deficit1 z well z 9 t ( ! animal  
products &  s]vices requir$ by all      
future additions to ! population4 ,?is w
  necessitate & =ce a re/oration to o!r 
/aples ( acres rec5tly  div]t$ to :eat4 
,b1 9 ! face ( ! figures quot$ above1 ! 
evid5ce is cle> t h]ds are n only ample 
= pres5t ne$s1 b  af=d a l>g] m>g9 ?an  
ev] ( exportable surplus4 ,if h]ds 7    
insuffici5t1 !re w\ld h be5 a curtailm5t
 ( exports & an  increase 9 !           

consumption ( bread/uffs1 b nei!r h     
happ5$2  nei!r has !re be5 any r$uction 
9 ! /&>d ( liv+4 ,is n  ! inf]5ce       
irresi/ible t ! c\ntry 0 c>ry+ a l>g]   
numb] ( animals ?an conditions          
absolutely requir$1 s9ce f>m  animals h 
decl9$ f #afi1jjj1jjj 9 #ahib to        
#ach1jjj1jjj 9 #ahih1  )\t 9 any way    
di/urb+ ! conditions ( food supply or   
r$uc+ ! exports ( provisions8 ,9 #ahij1 
,mr4 ,davis assum$ t  #dd1hjj1jjj acres 
( hay w\ld be requir$ 9 #ahie &         
#di1bjj1jjj acres  9 #aijj1 yet 9 #ahih1
 #db1hjj1jjj acres 7 f\nd to be ample = 
!  ne$s ( ! c\ntry4    ,d n ! =ego+     
figures cle>ly indicate t x is n safe to
  assume t ! area employ$ 9 !           
cultivation ( c]ta9 /aples  at any giv5 
"t1 or ! av]age ( t area = any giv5     
p]iod1  mu/ necess>ily be ! proportion  
always to be requir$ = !  cultivation ( 
^? articles1 & t any calculations or    
pr$ictions made on t assumption are     
liable to be completely upset  by ev5ts 
un=ese5 & unprovid$ =8 ,does x n seem   

probable  t if ,sir ,w4 ,crookes _h     
exam9$ ,mr4 ,davis's figures m closely  
?an app>5tly he did1 he w\ld h f\nd t   
av]age acre yields  = long p]iods are n 
ess5tial factors2 t unit requirem5ts  = 
ea* ( ! prim>y food /aples ( ! temp]ate 
zones c n  be s easily det]m9$2 t !     
ratio exi/+ dur+ rec5t  p]iods betwe5 ! 
consum+ elem5t & acres employ$ 9 !      
production ( ea* ( su* prim>y food      
/aples are n necess>ily  indicative ( ! 
ratio t w require to exi/ 9 ! ye>s to   
come2 & t ,mr4 ,davis's sci5tific me?od 
does n enable him to  asc]ta9 ! acreage 
requirem5ts ( ! sep>ate national        
populations & ( ! bread-eat+ _w z a     
:ole8    ,9 ord] to insure a fam9e 9    
#aica x 0 necess>y = ,sir ,w4  ,crookes 
to assume a giv5 increase ( population  
dur+ !  int]v5+ p]iod & no *ange 9 !    
exi/+ conditions ( :eat  cultivation &  
consumption1 & also to limit by         
h>d-&-fa/ l9es  ! s\rces ( supply4 ,x is
 to ! mann] 9 :i* ,sir ,w4 ,crookes has 
limit$ & und]e/imat$ ! :eat res\rces (  

,canada t we n[  propose to take        
exception2 & x is difficult to und]/&   
h[1 )  ample means ( in=mation          
available1 he c\ld h committ$ himself   
to ! /atem5ts he has made4 ,:at does he 
say ab\t ,manitoba8 ,9  ! ye> #ahig !re 
7 #b1cga1dda acres "u cultivation 9     
,manitoba1 out ( a total ( #ac1jea1cge  
acres4 ,! total area includes  wat]     
c\rses1 lakes1 =e/s1 t[ns & f>ms1 l&    
unsuitable =  :eat gr[+1 & l& requir$ = 
o!r crops4 ,n[1 ! facts are  t ! total  
area ( ,manitoba is #gc1ief squ>e miles1
 & if f  t area #i1hij squ>e miles (    
wat] surface are d$uct$ !re  rema9      
#fd1jff squ>e miles1 or #da1jjb1bdj     
acres ( l&1 s t ev5  aft] mak+ due      
all[ance = =e/s1 t[ns1 etc41 !re are    
ne>ly  ?ree times ! numb] ( acres       
available ?an are giv5 by ,sir ,w4      
,crookes4 ,attempts h be5 made 9 va9 to 
f9d out :5ce ^!  figures 7 obta9$1 b !re
 is app>5tly no clew2 & :ile x  is n to 
be suppos$ = a mom5t t ! figures 7      
purposely  mis/at$1 surely ! important  

conclusions drawn f !m des]v$  t "s     
attempt at lea/ %\ld h be5 made to      
asc]ta9 _!  accuracy4 ,sir ,w4 ,crookes 
claims to be indebt$ to ! (ficial       
publications ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,canada1 b 
x is c]ta9 t none  ( !m ev] conta9$ !   
figures us$ by him4    ,! mo/ tru/wor?y 
e/imates1 says ,sir ,w4 ,crookes1 give  
,canada a  :eat area ( n m ?an six      
millions ( acres 9 ! next twelve  ye>s1 
increas+ to a maximum ( twelve millions 
( acres 9  tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,:o prep>$  
^! e/imates1 & ^u :at are  !y bas$8 ,7  
!y prep>$ by ! same au?ority t suppli$  
,sir  ,w4 ,crookes ) ! figures ( ! area 
( ,manitoba8 ,if s1 we may  well dismiss
 !m at once2 b suppos+ t ^! e/imates    
are1 z  f> z ! rate ( increase is       
conc]n$1 p]fectly correct1 & t  ! :eat  
area ( ,canada w be only twelve million 
acres 9  tw5ty-five ye>s1 !re w\ld /ill 
rema9 at lea/ twelve million  acres 9   
,manitoba alone available = :eat4 ,x is 
no exagg]at$  e/imate to say t f sixty  
to sev5ty p] c5t ( ! l&  available =    

cultivation 9 ,manitoba is well adapt$ =
 !  production ( :eat4 ,sir ,w4 ,crookes
 says t 8 area ( ,manitoba (            
#ac1jea1cge acres includes wat] c\rses1 
lakes1 =e/s1 t[ns1 etc4  ,n[1 ! wat]    
area alone ( ,manitoba is #f1cbi1fjj    
acres1 s t  aft] d$uct+ ?is area & !    
#a1fcj1jjj acres already "u :eat  & mak+
 due all[ance = ! o!r conditions        
m5tion$1 he w\ld  h u believe t         
:eat-gr[+ 9 ,manitoba has already ne>ly 
rea*$ its limit1 :i* all :o "k any?+    
ab\t ! prov9ce w  unite 9 say+ is       
absurd4    ,n[ let u turn to ! ,nor?we/ 
,t]ritories1 :]e1 accord+ to ,sir  ,w4  
,crookes1 !re is practically no am\nt ( 
l& ( any consequ5ce  available = :eat1 &
 let u rememb] t ! same au?ority  limits
 ! :eat area ( ,canada to a maximum (   
twelve million acres4  ,! area ( ! ?ree 
provisional di/ricts1 ) :i* alone we w  
deal1 is z foll[s1 viz43 ,ass9iboia1    
#eg1agg1fjj acres2 ,saskat*ewan1        
#fi1abj1jjj acres2 & ,alb]ta1           
#fc1ebc1bjj acres 7^! figures be+       

exclusive ( wat] surface71 mak+ a total 
( #ahi1hbj1jjj acres4 ,"s  ( ?is l>ge   
area is possibly n p>ticul>ly well      
adapt$ =  agricultural purposes1 b a    
c>eful exam9ation ( all available data  
on ! subject ju/ifies "o 9 say+ t fully 
"o half is suitable  = successful :eat  
cultivation1 :ile 9 ea/]n & s\!rn       
,ass9iboia !re are "s #bj1jjj1jjj acres1
 9 ! valley ( !  ,saskat*ewan           
#ad1jjj1jjj acres1 & 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta   
#ae1jjj1jjj  acres t are especially     
adapt$ = ! production ( :eat z a  /aple 
crop4 ,! area is s l>ge & settlem5t at  
pres5t s sp>se1  t x is impossible to d 
m ?an give its capabilities 9 g5]al     
t]ms1 f\nd$ on ! op9ions ( exp]i5c$ m5  
:o h travel$  ov] x4 ,pr(essor ,saund]s1
 ,director ( ! ,exp]im5tal ,f>m at      
,ottawa1 ?an :om !re is no bett]        
au?ority on ! subject 9 !  ,dom9ion1    
told me t1 f :at he saw ( ! c\ntry 9    
driv+  ov] x1 he became m & m impress$ e
 ye> ) ! va/  area ( good l& 9 !        
,nor?we/1 & no practical man has ev]    

travel$ ?r\gh ^? regions b has be5 amaz$
 at ! prospect (  _! capabilities4    ,b
 we h n yet reckon$ ) ! ri* & f]tile    
prov9ce (  ,ont>io4 ,?is prov9ce has a  
l& area ( #adj1egf1jjj acres1 ( :i*     
#aa1hhh1hec acres 7 "u cultivation 9    
#ahih1 & ( ?is latt]  quantity          
#a1dcg1chg acres1 or twelve p] c5t1 7 9 
:eat1 be+ an  increase ( #afc1hfj acres 
ov] ! :eat area ( #ahig1 & ( #fb1egc    
acres ov] ! av]age ( #ahhb-'ih4 ,accord+
 to ! c5sus ( #ahha  !re 7 ne>ly        
#b1jjj1jjj acres 9 :eat 9 #ahhj1 b1 "u !
  influ5ce ( an unremun]ative m>ket1 !  
area decl9$ ye> by ye>  until 9 #ahie   
!re 7 b #ifg1aef acres s employ$2 s9ce  
!n1  h[ev]1 /imulat$ by a m pr(itable   
price1 ! area has increas$  by #dgj1dga 
acres1 & an increase ( tw5ty p] c5t     
upw>d is  report$ 9 ! area = #ahii4     
,fall :eat 9 ?is prov9ce is a v         
successful crop1 hav+ av]ag$ 9 ! la/ two
 ye>s tw5ty-five  bu%els & tw5ty-f\r    
bu%els p] acre respectively1 :ile !     
av]age = ! p]iod #ahhb-'ih has be5 #bj4e

 bu%els p] acre1 s  t no?+ b a          
cont9uance ( good prices is ne$$ to     
l>gely  increase ! production ( :eat 9  
,ont>io4 ,9 no "p ( !  prov9ce1 :]e     
agriculture is possible1 has :eat fail$ 
to gr[1 b  ! area is s l>ge t x w\ld be 
unwise to put into figures !  ext5t     
available = :eat cultivation1 x be+     
suffici5t to %[  t a v l>ge portion1 if 
n inde$ ! :ole1 ( ! twelve  million     
acres to :i* ,sir ,w4 ,crookes has      
limit$ ,canada c\ld1 o!r  conditions be+
 favorable1 be suppli$ by ,ont>io alone4
    ,! tru/wor?y e/imates quot$ by ,sir 
,w4 ,crookes limit1 z has  be5 /at$1 !  
:eat area ( ,canada to a maximum (      
twelve million  acres "u cultivation 9  
tw5ty-five ye>s2 :5ce ! e/imates  7     
d]iv$ or on :at gr\nds !y are entitl$ to
 be consid]$  tru/wor?y !re is no       
in=mation2 b is x ( any consequ5ce8 ,let
  !m come f :atev] s\rce !y may1 are !y 
n p]fectly  useless8 ,! progress ( :eat 
cultivation dur+ ! next tw5ty-five  ye>s
 does n dep5d ^u any ma!matical ratio ( 

progression1 b  on ! c\rse ( c]ta9 ev5ts
 absolutely unkn[n at ! pres5t  "t4 ,!  
po9t is t ,sir ,w4 ,crookes adopts ^!   
e/imates &  gives out to ! _w a /atem5t1
 on ! /r5g? ( !m1 t1 9  addition to !   
#c1ejj1jjj acres at pres5t 9 use1 !re   
are n m  ?an #h1ejj1jjj acres 9 ,canada 
available = :eat cultivation--a  /atem5t
 calculat$1 if believ$1 to s]i\sly      
damage ,canada's  prospects ( settlem5t1
 & a /atem5t t is z mu* at v>iance  ) ! 
actual facts z x is possible = su* ?+s  
to be4 ,is x  fair to ! c\ntry = a man (
 su* high /&+ & reputation to  make su* 
unf\nd$ ass]tions8 ,five m9utes' real   
consid]ation (  ! "q w\ld h conv9c$ him 
t !re are m ?an t  numb] ( acres 9 !    
prov9ce ( ,manitoba alone4 ,! figures   
already  giv51 :i* h be5 prep>$ f ! mo/ 
reliable available  in=mation1 g to %[ t
 !re are upw>d ( sev5ty-five million    
acres ( l& 9 ,canada especially adapt$ =
 ! production (  :eat1 & ?is e/imate is 
conf9$ to ^? portions ( ! c\ntry  :i*   
may be consid]$ z ess5tially            

:eat-produc+ areas2 & no  acc\nt has be5
 tak5 ( ! va/ ext5t ( l&1 n only 9 !    
prov9ces ( ,ont>io & ,manitoba & 9 !    
,nor?we/ ,t]ritories1  b also 9 !       
o!rwise unnotic$ prov9ces ( ,quebec1    
,nova ,scotia1  ,new ,brunswick1 ,pr9ce 
,edw>d ,isl&1 & ,briti% ,columbia1 t is 
n  only suitable = ! production ( :eat1 
b on :i* a l>ge  quantity ( :eat w      
und\bt$ly be gr[n1 :i*1 ent]+ into home 
consumption1 w increase ! exportable    
surplus4    ,i am well aw>e t !re are a 
numb] ( p :o w say t my  figures        
und]e/imate ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 b ,i 
w\ld r  t x 7 s ?an indulge 9 figures t 
seem too extravagant to  be realiz$2 &  
if1 9 ! future1 x appe>s t ! :eat area  
is  l>g] ?an ,i h /at$1 !n s mu* ! bett]
 = ,canada4 ,i d  n m9d h[ mu* evid5ce c
 be br\ght to increase my figures1 z    
long z ,i am satisfi$ t !y c n be       
tru?fully r$uc$4    ,x is n int5d$ to   
accuse ,sir ,w4 ,crookes ( delib]ately  
misrepres5t+ ,canada1 b r ( almo/       
crim9al c>elessness 9  ! prep>ation ( 8 

case2 b x is int5d$ to accuse ,mr4 ,c4  
,wood  ,davis ( ! =m] (f5se & (         
int5tionally g>bl+ extracts  f an       
(ficial h&book issu$ by ! ,canadian     
,m9i/] ( !  ,int]ior 9 ord] to decry t  
c\ntry's :eat-be>+ capabilities4  ,by   
tak+ a l9e "h & !re :i* seems to s]ve 8 
ends1 & by  leav+ out ev]y?+ t w\ld h a 
contr>y t5d5cy1 ,mr4 ,davis1  9 8       
article 9 ,! ,=um1 makes x to appe> t1  
accord+ to !  ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior1 !    
great] "p ( ! ,canadian ,nor?we/  is n  
only incapable ( produc+ :eat1 b is     
actually unfit =  settlem5t1 & summ>izes
 8 extracts by say+1 ,available data d  
n %[ t any "p ( ! ,canadian di/ricts    
nam$1 except  s\!rn ,manitoba & ! ea/]n 
half ( ,ass9iboia1 is adapt$ to  :eat   
culture1 :ile !y d %[ t ov] ! great] "p 
( ^!  va/ regions nei!r summ] heats nor 
ra9falls are suffici5t4 ,?is  /atem5t is
 false 9 e p>ticul>4 ,! (ficial h&book f
  :i* ,mr4 ,davis pr(esses to quote says
 ( ,manitoba t !re are  ?irty-sev5      
million acres available = active f>m    

cultivation1  giv+ !re=e no w>rant = !  
limit+ ( ! :eat area to !  s\!rn "p ( ! 
prov9ce4 ,mr4 ,davis quotes a l9e "h &  
!re  ab\t s\!rn ,alb]ta 9 ord] to convey
 ! impression t t  "p ( ! c\ntry is good
 = no?+1 :]eas1 :ile x is  ess5tially a 
ran*+ & dairy+ c\ntry1 produc+ a mo/    
luxuri\s & nutriti\s gr[? ( native      
grasses1 ) a b\ntiful  supply ( wat] =  
irrigation purposes1 by :i* means mo/   
satisfactory crops ( gra9 & fodd] are   
produc$1 x has nev] be5  cont5d$ t x is 
p>ticul>ly well adapt$ = :eat-gr[+2 b1  
on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,davis c>efully omits 
all m5tion ( nor!rn  ,alb]ta1 & has no  
room = ! foll[+ rem>ks ab\t x :i*  appe>
 on ! same page ( ! h&book3 ,nor!rn     
,alb]ta is  ess5tially an agricultural  
di/rict2 444 ! pr9cipal advantages (  ! 
di/rict w insure settlem5t by immigrants
 :o desire to engage  9 gra9 f>m+4444 ,!
 ra9fall 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta dur+ !  summ] 
mon?s is suffici5t to insure good crops4
 ,conc]n+ !  di/rict ( ,saskat*ewan1    
,mr4 ,davis quotes a rem>k ab\t "s ( !  

wood$ portion be+ unsuit$ to ! imm$iate 
requirem5ts (  settlem5t1 z if x appli$ 
to ! :ole di/rict1 & delib]ately  omits 
! foll[+3 ,! s\!rn half ( ! di/rict     
7,saskat*ewan7 is trav]s$ f ea/ to we/  
by ! ,saskat*ewan  ,riv]1 & ! valley (  
?is important /ream1 ) ! c\ntry         
imm$iately adjac5t !reto1 has long be5  
fam$ z a desirable field  = immigration4
 ,) ref]5ce to precipitation1 ,mr4      
,davis has s  g>bl$ 8 extracts z to     
convey ! impression t ! h&book  /ates t 
ov] ! great] "p ( ! ,nor?we/ ! ra9fall  
is n  suffici5t = ! pursuit (           
agriculture1 :]eas :at ! book  really   
says is1 ,s f> z ! ,canadian ,nor?we/ is
 conc]n$1 out (  ab\t two hundr$ million
 acres ( l& betwe5 ! ,r$ ,riv] ( !      
,nor? to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 available = 
agricultural & pa/oral  purposes1 n m   
?an ab\t "o f\r?1 or fifty million acres
 9  all1 require ! artificial           
application ( wat]4    ,mr4 ,davis's    
attempts to prejudice ! int]e/s ( !     
,nor?we/ by  rem>ks on ! sev]ity ( !    

climate d n ne$ s]i\s att5tion2  !      
exp]i5ce ( ! inhabitants & ! annual     
production ( !  c\ntry speak = !mselves1
 & x is well und]/ood t m]e  !rmomet]   
read+s af=d little indication 9 !mselves
 ( !  nature ( a climate1 & t           
temp]atures un5durable 9 "s  c\ntries   
are enjoyable1 salubri\s1 & advantage\s 
9 o!rs4 ,x  seems difficult to believe t
 ,mr4 ,davis ev] wrote ! foll[+  s5t5ce1
 b hav+ writt5 x1 x w\ld be well if he  
w\ld take x  to he>t3 ,truly 'hone/y is 
! be/ policy' 9 ! employm5t (  /ati/ics1
 :e!r by sci5ti/s1 by pla9 p1 or by     
pr(essional /ati/icians2 :ile ! ability 
to es*ew bucket-%op  me?ods1 to read    
correctly1 to /ate facts & to /ate !m   
cle>ly1  & to criticise ) intellig5ce & 
entire fairness1 is especially          
desirable4    ,sir ,w4 ,crookes is n    
cont5t ) r$uc+ ,canada's :eat res\rces  
to an insignificant m9imum1 b he mu/    
also ret>d z mu* z  possible !          
developm5t ev5 ( ! small area t he      
admits to  exi/1 = he says3 ,!          

developm5t ( ?is promis+ area           
necess>ily mu/ be sl[1 s9ce prairie l& c
 n be laid "u  :eat 9 advance ( a       
population suffici5t to supply ! ne$ful 
labor at se$ "t & h>ve/4 ,z population  
increases s d home  dem&s = :eat4 ,to   
say t prairie l& c n be laid "u  :eat 9 
advance ( population1 & t z population  
increases s d  home dem&s = :eat1 are   
m]e truisms1 b x is incorrect to say  t 
!re=e ! developm5t mu/ be sl[4 ,! rate (
 developm5t  dep5ds entirely ^u ! rate (
 increase ( population1 & t  increase   
dep5ds ^u ! price ( :eat1 & ! area (    
production  w increase concurr5tly ) !  
dem&4 ,accord+ to ,mr4  ,davis--& we w  
assume t 8 figures are 9 ?is case       
correct--! population 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
9 f\rte5 ye>s f  #ahga increas$ =ty-f\r 
p] c5t & ! cultivat$ area "o hundr$  &  
twelve p] c5t1 &1 if t 0 ! case1 no     
e/imates1 h[ev]  tru/wor?y1 c\ld h      
provid$ = su* results4    ,x has be5    
p]fectly true1 z ,sir ,w4 ,crookes says1
 t z ! :eat  area ( ,manitoba & !       

,nor?we/ increas$1 ! :eat area (        
,ont>io & ! ea/]n prov9ces decreas$1 b  
?is 0 9  consequ5ce ( ! cont9u$ l[ price
 ( :eat1 :i* l$ ! f>m]s  ( ,ont>io to   
turn _! att5tion m & m to dairy & mix$  
f>m+1 sub/itut+ hay & root crops = :eat 
& b>ley1 until  ! prov9ce became a      
dairy+ r ?an a c]eal-produc+ c\ntry2  b 
t ?is 0 a movem5t to suit ! times1 & t !
 area  available = :eat is no less 9    
consequ5ce1 is evid5c$ by !  rapid      
increase 9 ! :eat acreage 9 ! la/ two   
ye>s4 ,! f>m]  produces :at pays him    
be/1 & x is c]ta9 t be=e ,sir ,w4       
,crookes's failure ( ! :eat supply comes
 to pass prices w h  be5 su* t e acre ( 
l& suitable = :eat & t c be  sp>$ f o!r 
uses w h be5 tak5 advantage (2 & if ?is 
is n ! case1 !n "s o!r /aple = food w h 
be5  sub/itut$1 :i* w necess>ily *ange !
 :ole economic  situation z view$ at    
pres5t4    ,x is also true t ?us f>     
p]=mance has lagg$ beh9d promise1  b !  
reasons = ?is are ! same1 & 9 ! l[      
values we f9d  a ready explanation ( !  

app>5t lack ( progress4 ,:at inducem5t  
has ! immigrant _h ( late ye>s to take  
up l& =1 or ! f>m]  to gr[1 :eat t he   
c\ld h>dly sell = ! actual co/ (        
production8 ,& yet ,sir ,w4 ,crookes    
w\ld argue t because ! l&  has n be5    
utiliz$ = ?is p>ticul> purpose ! l& c n 
be  !re1 & t l& ^u :i* :eat once 0 gr[n1
 b :i* is n[  employ$ = o!r purposes1 c 
nev] aga9 be includ$ 9 !  :eat-be>+     
area4    ,progress may appe> to h be5   
sl[1 b x has kept pace ) !  dem&1 & 9   
any case has be5 consid]ably m rapid ?an
 ,sir ,w4  ,crookes all[s4 ,he says1 ,! 
:eat-be>+ area ( all ,canada has        
increas$ less ?an #ejj1jjj acres s9ce   
#ahhd1 :]eas ! actual  increase s9ce    
#ahhj has be5 ov] #a1ajj1jjj acres1 &   
s9ce #ahij  upw>d ( #gfj1jjj acres4 ,!  
area "u :eat 9 ,canada 9 #ahih 0        
#c1ejh1edj acres1 s t ,sir ,w4 ,crookes 
only all[s = an increase (  #b1ejj1jjj  
acres 9 ! next twelve ye>s4 ,p]haps x w 
n be z  mu*1 b if x is n1 x w only be   
putt+ ! pr$ict$ day (  fam9e /ill f>!r  

away1 & w prove no?+ m ?an ! fact  t !  
/ate ( ! m>ket has n w>rant$ any m      
ext5d$  cultivation4    ,! /atem5ts made
 by ,sir ,w4 ,crookes ab\t ! :eat       
acreage 9 !  ,/ates are z incorrect z ^?
 ab\t ,canada1 = he says1 9 8  lett] to 
,! ,times ( ,decemb] #h1 #ahih1 t ! :ole
 :eat acreage  9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is less
 ?an x 0 fifte5 ye>s ago1 :]eas  !      
(ficial figures = #ahig & #ahih1 :i* 7  
be=e him at !  "t1 told him t ! :eat    
acreage 9 #ahig 0 #c1jjj1jjj acres 9    
excess ( ! av]age ( ! prec$+ fifte5     
ye>s1 & 9 #ahih 0  9 ! neighborhood (   
#e1jjj1jjj acres 9 excess ( any ye> 9 ! 
hi/ory ( t c\ntry4 ,d n ! fluctuations 9
 ! :eat acreage  ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9    
rec5t ye>s prove conclusively t !y 7    
solely ! result ( ! movem5t ( prices1 & 
_h no be>+  :atev] on ! "q ( exhau/ion (
 l&8 ,"u ! depress+  influ5ce ( an      
unpr(itable m>ket1 ! :eat area fell f   
#ci1ijj1jjj acres 9 #ahia to #cd1jjj1jjj
 acres 9 #ahie1 b1 "u !  /imulus ( a    
sub/antial appreciation1 increas$ aga91 

9 ?ree  ye>s1 to #dd1jjj1jjj acres4 ,if1
 9 spite ( a ris+ & remun]ative  m>ket1 
! area _h rema9$ /ation>y or %[n signs (
 decrease1  x w\ld h be5 9 ord] to call 
att5tion to ! fact z  indicat+          
exhau/ion2 b :51 9 imm$iate response to 
a ris+  m>ket1 ! area increases by leaps
 & b\nds1 ! "q (  exhau/ion becomes less
 & less "o ( actual probability1 & m  & 
m "o ( !oretical possibility4 ,a        
precisely simil> l9e (  reason+ is      
applicable to ! fluctuations 9 ! prov9ce
 (  ,ont>io1 & goes to %[ j z cle>ly t !
 decrease 9 area  has _h absolutely no  
be>+ on ! :eat-produc+ capabilities (  !
 prov9ce4    ,a p]man5tly high price =  
:eat is1 ,i fe>1 a calamity t ere  long 
mu/ be fac$1 says ,sir ,w4 ,crookes2 b1 
) due def]5ce to  s great an au?ority1  
,i believe t ! day ( a p]man5t high     
price = :eat is yet f> di/ant4 ,!re w be
 appreciations  und\bt$ly1 b ! s\rces ( 
supply z yet undrawn ^u are s  great t x
 w be long be=e ^? appreciations are (  
any  prolong$ duration2 b 9 ! meantime  

!y mean p]iods ( great  prosp]ity to !  
f>m] & !re=e to ! _w4 ,is a high] price 
= :eat su* an unmix$ calamity1 aft] all8
 ,has ! av]age  consum] ( :eat b5efit$  
by ! l[ price ( :eat ( late ye>s 9      
proportion to ! h>d%ips endur$ by !     
produc]8 ,i ?9k n4 ,let  ^? :o are      
qualifi$ by lit]>y & sci5tific k po9t   
out  if !y w ! possibility1 or ev5      
p]haps ! probability1 ( at  "s p]iod 9 !
 future ! "t com+ :5 !re may be1 if     
pres5t conditions cont9ue to exi/1 a    
sc>city 9 ! :eat supply1  & urge z      
/rongly z !y l ! advisability ( tak+    
/eps 9  good "t to prev5t su* a         
calamity2 b no?+ is to be ga9$ by       
fright5+ ! _w ) pr$ictions ( evil bas$  
only on a s]ies  ( unf\nd$ ass]tions1   
ma!matical calculations1 & purely       
speculative computations4 ,:51 if ev]1 !
 day ( sc>city w  come is unkn[n4 ,t x  
is yet f> (f appe>s to be tol]ably      
c]ta92 b x is suffici5t = ! purposes (  
?is article t x  %\ld be und]/ood t ,sir
 ,w4 ,crookes's /atem5ts conc]n+ !  :eat

 area ( ,canada are absolutely          
unreliable & incorrect1 & t  !re are    
millions ( acres ( good :eat l& wait+ = 
occupation  by ! surplus population ( ! 
_w1 :i*1 :5 "u cultivation1  w assi/ 9  
def]r+ = _m ye>s ! ?reat5$ day ( fam9e4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,dr4 ,sv5 ,h$91 9 8 acc\nt ( travel     
?r\gh ,asia1 m5tions       z ! mo/      
rem>kable feature 9 ! c5tral region (   
int]nal       dra9age 79 :i* ! riv]s    
dra9 into inl& lakes7 !       process ( 
level+ :i* goes on unceas+ly4 ,!        
detritus :i*       results f !          
dis9tegrat+ action ( ! wea!r1 & !       
m or less me*anical ag5cy ( ! w9d & wat]
 & gravity1       is con/antly be+ c>ri$
 d[n f ! m\nta9s all r\nd its           
bord]s t[>d ! l[] p>ts ( its            
depressions1 & be+       deposit$ !re4  
,9 ?is way ! natural inequalities 9 !   
configuration ( ! gr\nd are be+         
gradually smoo!d away4       ,mr4       
,curzon ref]s to ! same ph5om5on 9 !    
c5tral di/ricts       ( ! ,pamirs--!    

process be+ ! exact rev]se to t :]e     
! /reams hew out deep rav9es 9 _! c\rse 
to ! sea-go+       riv]4          ,,be/ 
,,me?ods ,,( ,,taxation4    ,,by ,,!    
,,late ,,hon4 ,,david ,a4 ,,wells4      
,,"p ,,iii 7conclud$74      ,! univ]sal 
& admitt$ failure ( ! g5]al prop]ty tax 
to  atta9 good results & ! great        
difficulty1 inde$ !  impossibility1 (   
r$uc+ x to a =m 9 :i* x c op]ate )      
effici5cy & an approa* to ju/ice1 mu/   
lead to its abolition &  ! gradual      
sub/itution ( o!r & m simple taxes4     
,h[ev] well  adapt$ to a community 9 :i*
 ! taxable prop]ty 0 9 evid5ce  & easily
 assess$ = purposes ( taxation1 x       
becomes antiquat$1  unequal1 &          
inquisitorial 9 a p :]e cr$it & cr$it   
inve/m5ts h be5 highly develop$1 & :]e !
 great] social  activities1 :e!r 9      
comm]ce or indu/ry1 transportation or   
production1 are conduct$ by corporations
 issu+ v>i\s k9ds (  securities1 none ( 
:i* c easily be rea*$ by a tax+ au?ority
  away f ! c5t] ( incorporation4 ,to    

und]take to include ^!  securities1     
evid5ces ( debt1 or obligations 9 a     
g5]al prop]ty  tax is to invite evasion1
 put a heavy inducem5t on concealm5t1 &1
  :5ev] effective1 to give rise to %ock+
 inequalities ( burd54  ,! wid[ &       
orphan1 ^: prop]ty is 9 ! h&s ( a       
tru/ee1 pay  ! full tax2 9 any o!r      
direction ! hold] ( /ocks or bonds1     
money or notes1 escapes accord+ to !    
ela/icity ( 8 consci5ce4  ,! v          
exemptions recogniz$ by law give an     
opportunity = new  evasions1 bas$ ^u    
analogy or ^u "s te*nicality "u :i* !   
bus9ess is conduct$4 ,bonds ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates1 ! legal-t5d]  notes1 or money   
are beyond ! rea* ( ,/ate au?orities = !
  purpose ( taxation4 ,9 ! same category
 come also all import$ goods  9 orig9al 
packages1 9 ! possession ( ! import]s1 &
 all  prop]ty 9 transit4 ,^! exemptions 
alone am\nt to ?\s&s (  millions (      
doll>s1 & ! t5d5cy has be5 to increase !
 numb]  ( items exempt$4 ,b e su*       
exception "u ! law adds to !  burd5s ( !

 hone/ taxpay]1 & e evasion ( taxation  
also  r5d]s 8 *>ge ! great]4 ,"h is n   
di/ributive ju/ice1 b  conc5trat$       
inju/ice4    ,ano!r l>ge proportion ( ! 
p]sonal prop]ty own$ by !  citiz5s ( !  
,/ate is ( ! mo/ intangible "*1 & 9     
great "p invisible & incorporeal1 su*1 =
 in/ance1 z  negotiable in/rum5ts 9 ! =m
 ( bills ( ex*ange1 ,/ate1  municipal1 &
 corporate bonds1 &1 if actually situat$
 9 o!r  ,/ates1 exempt f taxation :]e !y
 are held2 ackn[l$gm5ts (  individual   
indebt$ness1 & a numb] ( simil> matt]s4 
,all prop]ty  ( ?is "* is1 ?r\gh a great
 v>iety ( circum/ances1  con/antly      
fluctuat+ 9 value2 is (fset by          
indebt$ness :i* may  nev] be ! same "o  
h\r ) ano!r2 is easy to transf]1 & by   
simple deliv]y is1 9 fact1 transf]r$    
cont9ually f "o locality  to ano!r1 & f 
! protection & laws ( "o ,/ate to !     
sov]eignty & jurisdiction ( "s o!r4 ,x  
is n to be wond]$1  !re=e1 t all        
attempts to value & assess ?is          
description (  prop]ty h prov$ exce$+ly 

unsatisfactory1 & t ne>ly e  civiliz$   
community1 ) ! exception ( ! ,/ates ( ! 
,f$]al  ,union1 h long ago ab&on$ !     
project z some?+ :olly  inexp$i5t &     
impracticable4    ,! diff]5ces among !  
,/ates 9 ! int]pretation ( resid5ce1  ( 
! situs ( ! prop]ty tax$1 are also an   
objection to ?is  sy/em & an ob/acle to 
its application4 ,! want ( uni=mity c  n
 be aboli%$ by enactm5ts ( law1 because 
absolute uni=mity (  laws w\ld n insure 
z uni=m int]pretation ( _! provisions4  
,! rules = assessm5t are uni=m = !      
(fic]s ( a ,/ate1 b  ! returns made     
involve su* diff]5ces 9 ! application ( 
!  rules t "o is =c$ to ! conclusion t a
 misund]/&+ (  ! _s ( ! law exi/s1      
color+ diff]5tly ! view ( ea*  return+  
(fic]4 ,discrim9ation aga9/ ! c\nty or  
municipality  & discrim9ation aga9/ !   
individual are to be met at e turn4  ,no
 word+ ( ! law c elim9ate ?is p]sonal   
judgm5t ( ea*  assess+ au?ority1 & !    
sup]vision ( ! returns by ,/ate  bo>ds (
 equalization has introduc$ an ev5      

great] dep>ture f  ju/ice1 z a majority1
 bas$ ^u selfi% int]e/s1 may be _h1 &   
its decision may readily be def5d$ z    
bas$ ^u good & suffici5t  reasons4 ,an  
appeal to ! la/ resort1 ! high] c\rts1  
may produce  r$ress aga9/ unju/         
assessm5ts1 b ea* case mu/ be decid$ ^u 
its m]its1 & only "u v exceptional      
circum/ances--z 9 !  rec5t case at      
,t>ryt[n1 ,new ,york1 :]e /rik+ & g5]al1
 ev5  p]sonal1 spite _h be5 %[n 9 ! tax 
levy--c a numb] (  taxpay]s f9d x _!    
int]e/ to comb9e & c>ry ! "q  into !    
c\rts = adjudication4    ,imp]fect 9    
!ory1 ! ma*9]y ( ! g5]al prop]ty tax is 
imp]fect4 ,) at pres5t fully two ?irds (
 ! p]sonal prop]ty  ( ! ,/ate exempt$ f 
taxation by law or by circum/ances gr[+ 
out ( its condition1 or ! natural       
depravity & selfi%ness ( !  av]age      
taxpay]1 & ) a l>ge "p ( ! o!r ?ird     
exempt$ by  compet+ nations or neighbor+
 ,/ates1 :at becomes ( ! !ory s  g5]ally
 accept$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t 9 ord] to  
tax equitably  x is necess>y to tax     

ev]y?+8 ,a v slight exam9ation leads to 
! conclusion t x is ! mo/ imp]fect sy/em
 ( taxation t  ev] exi/$2 t1 ) !        
exception ( money$ corporations1 x is  a
 m]e volunt>y assessm5t1 :i* may be     
dim9i%$ at any "t by an  (fset (        
indebt$ness :i* ! law invites ! taxpay]s
 to increase  ad inf9itum1 borr[+ on    
pl$ge ( corporate /ocks1 ,unit$ ,/ates  
bonds1 legal-t5d] notes1 etc41 all      
exempt f taxation2 t its  adm9i/ration 9
 respect to ju/ice & equity is a f>ce & 
m  unc]ta9 & haz>d\s ?an ! *ances ( !   
gam+ table2 & t  its cont9uance is m    
provocative ( immorality & m ob/ructive 
( mat]ial developm5t ?an any "o ag5cy t 
c possibly be  m5tion$4 ,a /r+5t        
en=cem5t only leads to great] p]v]sions 
& a wid] evasion4 ,a lax en=cem5t does n
 r$uce its  inequalities & g5]al want ( 
application to actual conditions4#aj    
,footnote #aj3 ,! commission]s h no     
confid5ce 9 any sy/em       (           
inquisition or sy/em :i* requires       
assessors to be       clairvoyants2 to  

asc]ta9 ?+s impossible to be asc]ta9$ by
       ! ag5cies provid$ 9 ! law2 to    
asc]ta9 ! indebt$ness       ( ! taxpay]2
 to asc]ta9 or "k :o is ! own] (        
prop]ty at a giv5 "t t c be & is        
transf]r$ h\rly       f own] to own] by 
telegraph or lightn+1 & t may be        
transport$ into or out ( ! jurisdiction 
( ! assessor )       ! rapidity ( /eam1 
or t requires assessors or taxpay]s to  
make assessm5ts on evid5ce n admissible 
9 any c\rt1 civil       or crim9al1 9   
any civiliz$ c\ntry :]e wit*es are n    
tri$       & condemn$ by caprice or     
malice on village or neighborhood       
gossip4    ,! problem1 !n1 is :at taxes 
to introduce 9 place ( ?is  confess$    
failure ( ! g5]al prop]ty tax4    ,!re c
 be little d\bt t ! desire = great]     
simplicity 9  taxation is g5]ally felt1 
& 9 "p put into practice4 ,! mass (     
v>i\s k9ds ( impo/s1 add$ )\t any sy/em 
or real connection  or relation "o to   
ano!r1 has (t5 result$ 9 s l>ge a numb] 
(  *>ges on ,gov]nm5t acc\nt z to defeat

 itself4 ,! ,fr5* taxes at  ! end ( !   
la/ c5tury1 ) _! add$ fault ( inequality
 &  inju/ice 9 di/ribution1 l$ naturally
 to ! !ory ( a s+le  tax--! impt unique 
( ! physiocrats--:i* did n become a     
fact1 yet regi/]$ ! prote/ aga9/ !      
multiplicity & cry+  oppressiv5ess ( !  
rema9s ( feudal dues & fiscal exp]im5ts 
und]tak5 "u ! /ress ( an empty treasury4
 ,s x has be5 not$  at ! pres5t "t t :]e
 an opportunity has (f]$ !re is a       
t5d5cy 9 ,european c\ntries to simplify 
_! taxes1 &1 z 9 !  case ( ,switz]l&1   
prep>e ! way = income & prop]ty taxes4  
,x  is a great] dep5d5ce on su* direct  
taxes 9 place ( indirect  taxes t has   
di/+ui%$ ! great fiscal *anges 9 rec5t  
ye>s4  ,g]many may h wi%$ to e/abli% a  
br&y monopoly1 & ,russia may  resort to 
a monopoly ( ! manufacture & sale (     
di/ill$ spirits4  ,b ,engl& increases h]
 dea? duties1 ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
seek to frame acceptable taxes on       
income1 & ,switz]l& succe$s 9  modify+  
h] sy/em 9 ! l9e ( direct taxes4    ,!re

 is an e>ne/ movem5t 9 favor ( a s+le   
tax on ! value (  l&1 exclusive ( o!r   
real prop]ty connect$ ) x4 ,z involv+  a
 "q ( ab/ract ju/ice ! proposition has  
mu* 9 its favor1  b x c n be d5i$ t     
practical ob/acles oppose its adoption4 
,! rec5t commission on taxation 9       
,massa*usetts ?us treats ( x3  ,x       
proposes virtually a radical *ange 9 !  
own]%ip ( l&1 &  !re=e a revolution 9 ! 
entire social body4 ,9 ?is =m (         
taxation all rev5ue f l& alone is to be 
appropriat$--t is1  ! b5eficial own]%ip 
( l& is to cease4 ,:e!r or n ?is  sy/em1
 if x _h be5 adopt$ at ! outset & _h    
s9ce be5  ma9ta9$1 w\ld h be5 to !      
public advantage may be an op5  "q1 b x 
w\ld c]ta9ly seem to be too late n[ to  
turn to x  9 ! mann] propos$4 ,9 any    
ev5t1 x involves prop]ly n  que/ions (  
taxation1 b que/ions z to ! advantage or
  disadvantage ( private prop]ty 9      
l&4#aa         ,footnote #aa3 ,report ( 
! ,massa*usetts ,commission1 #ahig1 p4  
#gd4    ,if securities are to be tax$1 !

 me?ods adopt$ %\ld avoid a  d\ble      
taxation1 & an attempt to rea* capital  
outside ( ! ,/ate4  ,x is evid5t t a    
,/ate1 l ,massa*usetts1 :i* taxes !     
=eign hold] ( %>es 9 its corporations z 
well z ! %>es (  =eign corporations held
 by its own citiz5s1 is invit+ a dang]\s
  reprisal f o!r ,/ates4 ,:]ev] ! own]  
may be1 if !  corporation is *>t]$ )9 ! 
,/ate ! ,commonweal? collects  ! tax on 
! %>es4 ,:]ev] ! corporation may be1 if 
! own]  is )9 ! ,/ate ! ,commonweal?    
also collects ! tax 79 !ory  ( law at   
lea/74 ,if ?is be ! be/ possible sy/em1 
& x is  suppos$ ,massa*usetts assumes x 
to be1 g5]al d\ble taxation w\ld  foll[ 
its adoption by ! o!r ,/ates4 ,! ef=t to
 c>ry ?is rule  into practice proves its
 inju/ice z well z futility4 ,! mo/     
se>*+ & inquisitorial me?ods ( seek+ su*
 prop]ty w n  avail to rea* a good "p ( 
x1 & ?is results 9 add+  inequality (   
burd5 to its o!r difficulties4 ,evasion 
is too simple  a process to be unus$1 & 
! heavi] ! rate ( tax ! great]  w be !  

resort to evasion & ev5 to p]jury1      
express or impli$4  ,! fundam5tal cause 
( ! failure lies 9 ?is1 ! endeavor to   
tax securities1 :i* are no m ?an        
evid5ces ( own]%ip or  int]e/ 9 prop]ty1
 & :i* (f] ! easie/ means ( concealm5t  
& evasion1 by ! same me?ods & at ! same 
rate z tangible  prop]ty situat$ on !   
spot4    ,?is inh]5t difficulty c be    
cur$ only by ab&on+ ! attempt  to tax   
directly securities or evid5ces ( debt1 
repres5t+  own]%ip or int]e/ 9 prop]ty  
beyond ! limits ( ! tax+  au?ority4 ,9 !
 case ( ! securities ( home companies !y
 may be  readily tax$ at ! s\rce1 b 9 ! 
case ( =eign corporations  x is only by 
me?ods almo/ revolt+ 9 _! inju/ice &    
treatm5t ( ! taxpay] t ev5 a p>tial     
success c be secur$4  ,! dep5d5ce ^u !  
sworn /atem5t or decl>ation ( ! taxpay] 
is kn[n to be extremely faulty & to (f] 
a premium on  untru?fulness4 ,s long z  
?is dep5d5ce is reta9$ 9 :ole or 9  "p 9
 a sy/em = tax+ p]sonal prop]ty1 !      
results mu/ be  unsatisfactory4 ,! mo/  

judici\s1 ev5 if x seems ! mo/ radical1 
rem$y is to ab&on ! taxation (          
securities4 ,c]ta9ly x w\ld be  well to 
put an end to ! ,massa*usetts plan (    
tax+ securities  repres5t+ prop]ty      
outside ( ! ,/ate1 = t involves d\ble   
taxation :]ev] x has be5 possible to    
impose ! tax4 ,:at c be  rea*$ only by  
me?ods at all times try+ & difficult1 & 
sometimes v demoraliz+1 %\ld n be       
p]mitt$ to rema9 a  p]man5t feature ( ! 
rev5ue sy/em ( a ,/ate4    ,! ,new ,york
 commission ( #ahgj propos$ to limit !  
,/ate taxes to a  v few numb] ( objects4
 ,t !y be levi$ on a comp>atively  broad
 basis--l real e/ate--) c]ta9ty1        
proportionality1 &  uni=mity on a few   
items ( prop]ty1 l ! fran*ises ( all    
money$ corporations enjoy+ ! same       
privileges )9 ! ,/ate1  & on fix$ &     
unv>y+ signs ( prop]ty1 l r5tal values (
  build+s--su* 0 ! s*eme propos$4 ,!    
lead+ object to be  atta9$ 0 equality ( 
burd5s1 & a second object ( q z  great  
importance1 0 simplicity 9 assessm5t &  

collection4  ,grant+ t real e/ate1 l&s1 
& build+s 7 tax$ on a full  & fair m>ket
 valuation1 & t corporations contribut$ 
_!  %>e t[>d ! exp5ses ( ! ,/ate1 x     
rema9$ to devise a tax  t %\ld rea* all 
o!r =ms ( prop]ty t c\ld be  prop]ly &  
easily assess$4 ,?is tax 0 to be kn[n z 
!  build+-occupancy tax1 & 0 to be levi$
 on an additional  assessm5t ( a sum    
equal to ?ree times ! annual r5t or     
r5tal  value ( all ! build+s on ! l&4#ab
 ,ne>ly ?irty ye>s lat]  ! ,massa*usetts
 commission propos$ a modifi$ =m ( ?is  
tax4 ,an  annual r5tal value ( f\r      
hundr$ doll>s 0 to be exempt f          
taxation1 b t5 p] c5t 0 to be levi$ on  
all r5tal values 9  excess ( t am\nt4   
,footnote #ab3 ,! ,new ,york commission 
( #ahgj submitt$ two       propositions 
on ?is po9t3         #a4 ,tax ! h\se or 
build+ z real e/ate sep>ately1 at !     
same rate ( valuation z ! l&--t is1     
fifty p] c5t--&       !n assum+ t !     
value ( ! h\se or build+1               
irrespective ( its cont5ts1 be su*      

cont5ts furniture1       ma*9]y1 or any 
o!r *attels :atsoev]1 is ! sign or index
       :i* ! own] or occupi] puts out ( 
8 p]sonal prop]ty1       tax ! h\se or  
build+ on a valuation ( fifty p] c5t    
additional to its real e/ate valuation1 
z ! repres5tative       value ( su*     
p]sonal prop]ty2 or1 9 o!r words1 tax ! 
l&       sep>ately on fifty p] c5t ( its
 fair m>ketable valuation1       & tax !
 build+ ap>t f ! l&1 z repres5t+ !      
own]'s p]sonal prop]ty1 on a full       
valuation1 z indicat$ by       ! r5t    
actually paid = x or its e/imat$ r5tal  
value4 ,or--         #b4 ,tax build+s   
conjo9tly ) l& z real e/ate at a uni=m  
valuation2 & !n z ! equival5t = all     
taxation on       p]sonal prop]ty1 tax !
 occupi]1 be he own] or t5ant ( any     
build+ or portion ( any build+ us$ z a  
dwell+1 or =       any o!r purpose1 on a
 valuation ( ?ree times ! r5tal or      
r5tal value ( ! premises occupi$4       
,t5em5t h\ses occupi$       by m ?an "o 
family1 or t5em5t h\ses hav+ a r5tal    

value       n 9 excess ( a fix$ sum1 to 
be tax$ to ! own] z                     
occupi]4--,report1 p4 #ajg4    ,!       
advantages ( a tax on h\se r5tals1 said 
! commission1 c  be easily /at$4 ,x is  
cle>1 almo/ impossible ( evasion1 easy (
  adm9i/ration1 well fitt$ to yield a   
rev5ue = local uses1 &  c]ta9 to yield  
su* a rev5ue4 ,x is cle>1 because !     
r5tal value  ( a h\se is comp>atively   
easy to asc]ta94 ,! tax is bas$ on a  "p
 ( a man's affairs :i* he publi%es to   
all ! _w4 ,x  requires no inquisition & 
no inquiry into private matt]s2 x uses  
simply ! evid5ce ( a man's means :i* he 
already (f]s4#ac ,if  ?is tax 7 to be   
giv5 x w\ld be possible to wipe out all 
! tax  on incomes f pr(ession1 trade1 or
 employm5t1 to aboli% !  exi/+          
assessm5ts on p]sonal prop]ty4 ,!       
effects w\ld be  f>-rea*+4 ,if loans (  
money are free f taxation1 ! pur*as+    
p[] ( money 9 ! same degree mu/ dim9i%1 
:i* simply means  t ! pur*as+ p[] ( f>ms
 & products ( f>ms = money  mu/ to !    

same ext5t increase2 h5ce1 ! borr[] on  
bond &  mortgage w n be subject to d\ble
 taxation--fir/1 9 ! =m (  increas$ rate
 ( int]e/1 & !n 9 taxation ( 8 real     
e/ate--& h5ce ! f>m] or l&[n] :o is n 9 
! habit (  ei!r l5d+ or borr[+ money w  
f9d 8 ability to meet  additional       
taxation on 8 l& increas$ 9 additional  
value ( l&  & products ( l& 9 proportion
 z ! tax is remov$ f money at  int]e/4  
,also1 ! exemption ( ! products ( f>ms &
 ?+s  consum$ on f>ms f taxation w give 
a correspond+ increas$  value to        
comp5sate = ! build+-occupancy tax4     
,t5ants  controll$ by all-p]vad+ natural
 laws c & w give increas$  r5ts1 if _!  
p]sonal prop]ty is exempt prim>ily f    
taxation4  ,! av]age pr(its ( money at  
int]e/ or ( deal+s 9 visible  p]sonal   
prop]ty free f taxation c n exce$1 = any
  consid]able l5g? ( "t1 ! av]age pr(its
 ( real e/ate1 risk  ( inve/m5t & skill 
9 managem5t tak5 into consid]ation2 &   
!re=e ! real pressure ( taxation "u !   
propos$ sy/em w  f9ally be1 l atmosph]ic

 pressure or pressure ( wat]1 on all    
sides1 & by a natural uni=m law execut$ 
^u all prop]ty 9  e =m us$ & consum$ 9 !
 ,/ate4 ,p]sons mu/ occupy  build+s &   
bus9ess mu/ be done 9 build+s1 & ?r\gh  
^!  visible in/rum5talities capital c be
 rea*$ by a rule (  fractional uni=mity1
 & by a simple1 pla91 & economical me?od
  ( assessm5t & collection4             
,footnote #ac3 ,massa*usetts ,report1 p4
 #ajf4    ,?is build+-occupancy tax1 or 
tax on r5tal value1 does n preclude  a  
supplem5t>y tax on corporations4    ,mu*
 has be5 said ( ! on]\s burd5s (        
taxation endur$ by  individuals comp>$ )
 ^? ( corporations1 & especially        
corporations enjoy+ c]ta9 rights or     
fran*ises 9 public /reets  & highways or
 corporations ( a m or less public "*4  
,!  ph5om5al gr[? ( municipalities has  
be5 "o ( ! notable social  movem5ts ( ! 
la/ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,! drift (         
population f  ! c\ntry di/ricts to      
cities has increas$ ) ea* ye>1 &  f9ds  
an explanation 9 _m causes4 ,!          

opportunities (f]$ 9 a  city =          
advancem5t are great] & m num]\s2 !     
monotony (  ! f>m life does n keep ! "y 
at home1 b drives !m =  excitem5t &     
pr(it to ! great c5t]s ( population4 ,! 
economic  *anges ( a half c5tury also h 
_! influ5ce4 ,! competition  ( new      
regions1 bett] adapt$ = c]ta9 cultures  
on a comm]cial  scale1 has r$uc$ !      
pr(itabl5ess ( old] & m settl$          
localities1 :]e comp>atively co/ly      
me?ods mu/ be resort$ to if  ! f]tility 
( ! l& is to be ma9ta9$4 ,! :eat fields 
( !  ,we/ n>r[$ ! m>g9 ( pr(it 9 ,new   
,engl& f>m+1 :ile !  %eep & cattle      
ranges ( ! ,we/ made x impossible = !   
same  quality ( live /ock to be rais$ = 
pr(it 9 ! ,ea/4 ,f>ms 7  ab&on$1 & !    
y\ng] blood w5t ,we/ to gr[ up ) !      
c\ntry1 or into ! cities to /ruggle = a 
liv+4 ,fur!r1 !  advances 9 agriculture1
 ! application ( m productive me?ods1  &
 ! introduction ( ma*9]y h r$uc$ ! dem& 
= labor 9  ! rural di/ricts1 & ?is has  
l$ to a migration to ! cities4    ,!    

result ( ?is has be5 an imm5se          
developm5t ( city life1 &  ) x an       
ev]-increas+ field = inve/m5t 9         
corporate  activities4 ,! supply ( wat] 
is usually 9 ! city's control1 b  !     
manufacture & sale ( gas1 ! production &
 di/ribution (  electricity1 ! /reet    
railways1 telegraph1 & telephone int]e/s
  are private corporations =m$ = pr(it &
 us+ m or less !  public highways 9 !   
conduct ( _! v>i\s ent]prises4 ,a grant 
( a /reet or highway = a railway or     
electric-wire subway g5]ally  involves a
 monopoly ( t use1 & ! privilege or     
fran*ise may  become m valuable ) ! m]e 
gr[? 9 ! population ( !  cities4 ,assur$
 aga9/ an imm$iate competition1 !re is a
 /eady  increm5t 9 ! value ( ! fran*ise1
 & 9 ! case ( a true  monopoly !re seems
 to be no limits to its possible gr[?4  
,an in/ance ( ?is nature is s /rik+ 9   
its relations & s  p]t95t to ! pres5t   
discussion t att5tion is ask$ to x4 ,9  
! reign ( ,james ,i wat] 0 suppli$ by   
two or ?ree conduits 9  ! pr9cipal      

/reets ( ,london1 & ! riv] & suburban   
spr+s  7 ! s\rces ( supply4 ,l>ge       
build+s 7 furni%$ ) wat]  by tapp+ ^!   
conduits ) lead5 pipes1 b o!r build+s & 
h\ses 7 suppli$ by tank>d be>]s1 :o     
br\ght wat] daily4 ,a  jewel] ( ! city1 
,hugh ,myddleton by "n1 believ$ some?+  
bett]  c\ld be done1 & he propos$ to br+
 wat] f ,h]t=d%ire by a  new riv]4 ,he  
emb>k$ 9 ! und]tak+1 sank 8 =tune 9 its 
conduct1 & appeal$ to ! k+ = assi/ance4 
,james grant$ ?is  aid1 tak+ "o half ( !
 %>es ( ! company--?irty-six out (  !   
sev5ty-two %>es into :i* x 0 divid$4 ,! 
%>es t  rema9$ receiv$ ! "n ( adv5tur]'s
 moiety4 ,! "w 0  complet$ 9 #afac1 &   
wat] 0 !n let into ! city4    ,s little 
0 ! measure appreciat$ t its fir/ ye>s 7
  tr\bl\s ones = ! %>ehold]s4 ,! squires
 object$ to !  riv]1 believ+ x w\ld     
ov]fl[ _! l&s or r$uce !m to  swamps &  
de/roy ! roads4 ,! city resid5ts adopt$ 
! use (  ! wat] sl[ly4 ,! %>es 7        
nom9ally wor? #ajj apiece1 b =  ne>ly   
tw5ty ye>s ! income 0 only #abs41 or #c1

 p] %>e4 ,9  #agcf a %>e 0 valu$ at #aae
 #ajs41 & by #ahjj x _h ris5 to  #dca   
#hs4 ,) ! fir/ ye>s ( ?is c5tury !      
company prosp]$1  & its b5efits 7 widely
 appli$1 reflect+ ?is *ange 9 !  value (
 its capital4 ,9 #ahbj a %>e 0 wor?     
#aa1ejj & 9 #ahgh  ! fraction ( a %>e 0 
sold at a rate :i* made a full %>e  wor?
 #ia1jjj4 ,9 #ahhh ! divid5d di/ribut$  
to ea* %>e 0  #b1faj4 ,elev5 ye>s lat]1 
9 ,july1 #ahhi1 a s+le %>e 0 sold =     
#abb1hjj1 or ne>ly #fjj1jjj4 ,! nom9al  
capital ( ! company 9  #ahhd 0          
#c1cfi1jjj1 & besides its wat] fran*ise 
x holds l>ge  e/ates & valuable         
prop]ties4 ,:ile ! actual real e/ate    
controll$ by ! corporation acc\nts = "s 
( ?is rem>kable  rise 9 ! value ( !     
%>es1 a great] & m la/+ cause 0  !      
possession ( an almo/ exclusive         
privilege or fran*ise :i*  assur$ a     
h&some & ev]-increas+ return on !       
inve/m5t4 ,_h  all ! o!r prop]ty be5    
d$uct$ f ! /atem5t ( !  company's       
assets1 !re w\ld h rema9$ ?is intangible

 &  immeasurable "r creat$ & conc$$ by  
its *>t] & long  usance4    ,a def9ition
 ( a fran*ise has be5 giv5 by ! ,supreme
 ,c\rt 9  t]ms ( suffici5t g5]al        
accuracy to be adopt$3 ,a fran*ise is a 
"r1 privilege1 or p[] ( public conc]n   
:i* ought n to be  ex]cis$ by private   
individuals at _! m]e w & pleasure1 b   
:i* %\ld be res]v$ = public control &   
adm9i/ration1 ei!r  by ! ,gov]nm5t      
directly or by public ag5ts act+ "u su* 
conditions & regulations z ! ,gov]nm5t  
may impose 9 ! public  int]e/ & = !     
public security4#ad ,a necess>y         
condition1  !n1 is a public int]e/ 9 !  
occupation or privileges to be  foll[$4 
,! good w ( a p]son or individual trad] 
is n a  fran*ise 9 ?is s5se1 ?\gh a     
fran*ise may be enjoy$ by an  individual
 z well z by a corporation1 & good w may
 re/ ^u  ! privilege impli$ 9 !         
fran*ise4         ,footnote #ad3        
,cali=nia vs4 ,s\!rn ,pacific ,railroad1
 #abg ,u4       ,s41 #dj4    ,!         
recognition ( fran*ises1 a species (    

prop]ty z invisible &  intangible z !   
s\l 9 a man's body1 z a prop] object =  
taxation is n[ beyond any dispute4 ,x is
 peculi>ly appropriate z a  s\rce (     
rev5ue = ! exclusive use ( ! ,/ate1     
inasmu* z !  grant ( fran*ises emanates 
f ! ,/ate 9 its sov]eign capacity4  ,9 !
 case ( ,morgan vs4 ! ,/ate ( ,l\isiana1
 ,ju/ice ,field1 (  ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates1 said3 ,! fran*ises ( a  
railroad corporation are rights or      
privileges :i* are ess5tial to  !       
op]ation ( ! corporation & )\t :i* its  
roads & works  w\ld be ( little value1  
su* z ! fran*ise to run c>s1 to take    
tolls1 to appropriate e>? & gravel = !  
b$ ( its road1 or  wat] = its eng9es1 & 
! l4 ,!y are positive rights or         
privileges1 )\t ! possession ( :i* !    
road or company c\ld  n be successfully 
work$4 ,immunity f taxation is n "o (   
!m4#ae ,fur!r1 ! ext5t to :i* ?is       
taxation ( fran*ises  may be c>ri$ re/s 
entirely 9 ! discretion ( ! tax+ p[]1   
subject only to con/itutional           

re/rictions4         ,footnote #ae3 #ic 
,u4 ,s4 ,reports1 pp4 #bag1 #bbd4    ,! 
great difficulty 9 apply+ su* a tax lies
 9 ! me?ods (  rea*+ an und]/&+ on !    
value ( ! fran*ise4 ,h[ c ?is  indef9ite
 some?+ be made visible on ! tax books8 
,9 _m  in/ances ! fran*ise may be reg>d$
 z insep>able f ! real  prop]ty ( !     
corporation4 ,! rails ( a tramway1 !    
poles &  wires ( a telegraph company1 ! 
pipes & conduits ( a gas company1  are  
real & tangible ?+s1 necess>y to a prop]
 conduct to !  respective functions ( ! 
corporations4 ,b ! "r to lay tracks  9 !
 public /reets1 to s9k pipes "u !       
/reets1 or to /r+  wires ov]head is z   
necess>y a possession & z ess5tial to ! 
p]=mance ( :at ! corporation 0 creat$ to
 accompli%4 ,:e!r  ?is p]mits ! fran*ise
 to be reg>d$ z real e/ate & s  (f]s x =
 taxation is a "q ( "s !oretical int]e/1
 b  ( little practical importance4#af   
,unless ! fran*ise is reg>d$  9 ?is way1
 z belong+ to real e/ate1 or z =m+ a    
taxable  entity ap>t f o!r prop]ty1 x   

w\ld be simpl] to rea* x  ?r\gh a       
corporation tax 9 "o ( ! _m ways op5 =  
apply+  t tax4         ,footnote #af3 ,a
 rec5t law ( ,new ,york is v full on ?is
       po9t3         ,! t]ms 'l&1' 'real
 e/ate1' & 'real prop]ty1' z us$ 9      
?is *apt]1 include ! l& itself above &  
"u ! wat]1       all build+s & o!r      
articles & /ructures1 sub/ructures1     
& sup]/ructures1 erect$ ^u1 "u1 or      
above1 or affix$ to       ! same2 all   
:>ves & pi]s1 includ+ ! value ( ! "r    
to collect :>fage1 cranage1 or dockage  
!reon2 all bridges1       all telegraph 
l9es1 wires1 poles1 & appurt5ances2 all 
supports & inclosures = electrical      
conductors & o!r       appurt5ances ^u1 
above1 & und]gr\nd2 all surface1        
und]gr\nd1 or elevat$ railroads1 includ+
 ! value ( all       fran*ises1 rights  
or p]mission to con/ruct1 ma9ta91 or    
op]ate ! same 91 "u1 above1 on1 or ?r\gh
 /reets1       highways1 or public      
places2 all railroad /ructures1         
sub/ructures1 & sup]/ructures1 tracks1 &

 ! iron !reon1       bran*es1 swit*es1 &
 o!r fixtures p]mitt$ or au?oriz$ to    
be made1 laid1 or plac$ on1 ^u1 above1  
or "u any public or       private road1 
/reet1 or gr\nds2 all ma9s1 pipes1 &    
tanks       laid or plac$ 91 ^u1 above1 
or "u any public or private       /reet 
or place = conduct+ /eam1 heat1 wat]1   
oil1       electricity1 or any prop]ty1 
sub/ance1 or product capable (          
transportation or conveyance !re91 or t 
is protect$       !reby1 includ+ ! value
 ( all fran*ises1 rights1               
au?ority1 or p]mission to con/ruct1     
ma9ta91 or op]ate 91       "u1 above1   
^u1 or ?r\gh any /reets1 highways1 or   
public       places1 any ma9s1 pipes1   
tanks1 conduits1 or wires1 ) _!         
appurt5ances1 = conduct+ wat]1 /eam1    
heat1 light1 p[]1       gas1 oil1 or o!r
 sub/ance1 or electricity = telegraphic1
       telephonic1 or o!r purposes2 all 
trees & und]wood gr[+       ^u l&1 & all
 m9es1 m9]als1 qu>ries1 & fossils 9 &   
"u ! same1 except m9es belong+ to !     

,/ate4 ,a fran*ise1       "r1 au?ority1 
or p]mission1 specifi$ 9 ?is            
subdivision1       %all = ! purposes (  
taxation be kn[n z a 'special           
fran*ise4' ,a special fran*ise %all be  
deem$ to include !       value ( !      
tangible prop]ty ( a p]son1 cop>tn]%ip1 
association1 or corporation1 situat$ 91 
^u1 "u1 or above       any /reet1       
highway1 public place1 or public wat]s1 
9       connection ) ! special fran*ise4
 ,! tangible prop]ty s       includ$    
%all be tax$ z a "p ( ! special         
fran*ise4 ,!       reason = class+      
fran*ises z real e/ate 0 t "u !         
exi/+ laws ( ,new ,york a fran*ise c\ld 
n be assess$ z       p]sonal prop]ty1 z 
! bond$ debt c\ld !n be d$uct$1         
leav+ little or no?+ to be tax$4        
,en\gh has be5 said to demon/rate !     
extremely faulty condition (  tax me?ods
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,uni=mity is highly 
desirable1 b  equality ( burd5 is ev5 m 
to be desir$4 ,! advances 9 ?is         
direction h be5 few1 & accompli%$ only  

p>tially 9 a few  ,/ates4 ,! ma*9]y =   
mak+ assessm5ts is only a "p ( !        
problem1 z ! int5tion ( ! law1 ! _s ( ! 
act1 is (  ev5 high] importance 9 secur+
 ju/ice & mod]ation4 ,if ^!  essays1    
incomplete z !y mu/ ( necessity be1 h l$
 to a bett]  compreh5sion ( ! *aotic    
condition exi/+ n[ & ( !  difficulties  
to be ov]come1 _! object w h be5 atta9$4
 ,!  rem$y may be left = "t to effect4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,9 connection ) ! celebration ( ! c5t5>y
 ( ! dea?       ( ! naturali/ ,laz>o    
,spallanzani1 at ,reggio1 ,italy1 9     
,febru>y la/1 a booklet has be5 publi%$ 
conta9+ articles       on v>i\s aspects 
( ! life & "w ( ,spallanzani &          
matt]s associat$ ) him4 ,among ! au?ors 
repres5t$ are       ,mantegazza1 ,f]r>i1
 & o!rs well kn[n 9 ,italian sci5ce4    
,,bacon',s ,,idols3 ,a ,,comm5t>y4      
,,by ,,william ,,h5ry ,,hudson1         
,,pr(essor ,,( ,,engli% ,,lit]ature ,,9 
,,! ,,lel& ,,/an=d ,,junior             
,,univ]sity4      ,9 ! fir/ book ( !    

,novum ,organon ! great lead] ( ! new   
philosophy und]took to set =? ! dang]s &
 difficulties :i*  /& always 9 ! way (  
cle> & fruitful ?\ght4 ,consci\s t  he 0
 break+ entirely ) ! s*ools ( ! pa/1 &  
ambiti\s  ( lay+ ! firm f\ndations on   
:i* all future inquir]s w\ld  h to      
build1 x 0 natural t ,bacon %\ld pause  
on ! ?re%old  ( 8 va/ ent]prise to take 
/ock ( ! m5tal weaknesses :i*  _h r5d]$ 
futile ! labors ( e>li] ?9k]s1 & :i*1 if
 n  c>efully gu>d$ aga9/1 w\ld jeop>dize
 ! ef=ts ( times to  come4 ,t ! und]/&+ 
may direct itself effectively to !  se>*
 = tru? x is necess>y1 he insi/$1 t x   
%\ld h a  full appreh5sion ( ! lapses to
 :i* x is ev] liable1 !  ob/acles ) :i* 
x w con/antly h to cont5d4 ,a vague s5se
  ( p]il is n en\gh4 ,z a fir/ condition
 ( heal?y intellectual  activity we mu/ 
le>n to "k our frailties = :at !y really
 are1  e/imate _! consequ5ces1 & probe !
 secrets ( _! p[]4    ,bacon's /atem5t (
 ! s\rces ( error & va9 philosophiz+ is 
reg>d$ by him z m]ely ! p>s de/ru5s or  

negative portion (  8 "w--z x 71 ! cle>+
 ( ! ?re%+ floor4 ,b 8  aphorisms are   
pack$ close ) solid & sub/antial ?\ght1 
&  well des]ve ! att5tion ( all :o w\ld 
s]i\sly devote  !mselves to !           
intellectual life4 ,true philosophy1 z  
he  conceiv$ x1 is t :i* is ! fai?ful   
e*o ( ! voice ( !  _w1 :i* is writt5 9  
"s sort "u ! direction ( ?+s1  :i* adds 
no?+ ( itself1 :i* is only ! reb\nd1 !  
reflection ( reality4 ,to rea* =        
ourselves1 z ne>ly z we may1 a          
philosophy :i* %all meet ! t]ms ( ?is   
exig5t def9ition is1  or %\ld be1 "o    
*ief purpose ( our /udy & our ?\ght4 ,we
 may  v well ask1 !n1 :at help s great &
 sugge/ive a ?9k] may  give u on our    
way4    ,) 8 *>act]i/ic fondness =      
fanciful phraseology1 ,bacon  describes 
! causes :i* di/ort our m5tal vision z  
,idola--idols  or phantoms ( ! m9d4#ag  
,( su* he di/+ui%es f\r classes1  :i* he
 calls1 respectively3 ,idols ( ! ,tribe 
7,idola ,tribus72  ,idols ( ! ,cave     
7,idola ,specus72 ,idols ( ! ,m>ket     

,place 7,idola  ,=i72 & ,idols ( ! ,!at]
 7,idola ,!atri74 ,x is n to be  claim$ 
= ,bacon's analysis t x is exhau/ive or 
always  sci5tifically exact4 ,9 _m      
places1 too1 x op5s up difficult        
philosophic que/ions1 :i* = ! pres5t mu/
 be disreg>d$4 ,b1  z ,pr(essor ,f[l]   
has said1 !re is some?+ ab\t 8 diction1 
8 qua9tness ( expression1 & 8 p[] (     
illu/ration :i*  lays hold ( ! m9d &    
lodges itself 9 ! memory 9 a way :i*  we
 c h>dly f9d p>allel$ 9 any o!r writ]1  
except x be  ,%akespe>e4#ah ,moreov]1   
?\gh he (t5 deals ) matt]s (  m]ely     
te*nical & tempor>y int]e/1 8 lead+     
?\ghts are (  p]man5t & univ]sal        
applicability4 ,let u see1 !n1 :at      
sugge/ions we c ga!r f a brief          
consid]ation ( 8 ,idols1 "o  by "o4     
,footnote #ag3 ,idola 7,greek3 eidla71  
?\gh commonly r5d]$       idols1 w\ld "h
 und\bt$ly be m correctly translat$     
phantoms or spect]s4 ,) ?is explanation1
 h[ev]1 ,i %all       usually employ ! m
 famili> ^w4         ,footnote #ah3     

,novum ,organon1 edit$ by ,?omas ,f[l]1 
introduction1 p4 #acb4    ,idols ( !    
,tribe are s call$ because !y h _!      
f\ndation  9 human nature itself2 9 o!r 
words1 !y are ! prepossessions  &       
proclivities :i* belong to m5 z m51 & z 
su* are common to  ! :ole race or tribe4
 ,let m5 please !mselves z !y w1  says  
,bacon1 9 admir+ & almo/ ador+ ! human  
m9d1 ?is is  c]ta93 t z an unev5 mirror 
di/orts ! rays ( objects  accord+ to its
 own figure & section1 s ! m9d1 :5 x    
receives  impressions ( objects ?r\gh ! 
s5se1 c n be tru/$ to report  !m truly1 
b 9 =m+ its notions mixes up its own    
nature )  ! nature ( ?+s4 ,9 _m l9es (  
?\ght !re is no m  pregnant s\rce (     
fallacy & confusion ?an ! t5d5cy1 innate
 9  all & seldom prop]ly *eck$1 to      
accept man z ! measure ( all  ?+s1 & to 
translate ! entire univ]se into t]ms (  
our own  lives4 ,!ology1 ?\gh x is sl[ly
 outgr[+ its crud]  an?ropomorphism1    
/ill talks ab\t ! w ( ,god1 an          
intellig5t ,fir/ ,cause1 ! moral        

gov]nor1 & lawgiv]2 &  outside !ology we
 h ample evid5ce ( ! p]si/5cy ) :i*  we 
humanize & p]sonify ,nature by end[+ x )
 attributes  belong+ to ourselves4 ,d>w9
 confess$ t he f\nd x difficult to      
avoid ?is t5d5cy4#ai ,x is a pitfall    
into :i* m5 con/antly  /umble 9 _!      
attempts to int]pret ! processes at "w  
ab\t  !m4         ,footnote #ai3        
,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1    
vol4 i1 p4       #f4    ,"o important   
result ( our habit ( ?us =c+ ! univ]se  
to  become ! bond-slave ( human ?\ght is
 to be f\nd1 z ,bacon  notes1 9 our     
pron5ess to suppose ! exi/5ce ( m ord] &
  regul>ity 9 ! _w ?an is actually to be
 discov]$ !re4  ,:ile we read design &  
purpose into ! ph5om5a ( ,nature because
  we are consci\s ( design & purpose 9  
our own activities1 ?us  all[+ ourselves
 to drift into ! metaphysical doctr9e ( 
,f9al  ,causes1 we also d our be/ to br+
 ,nature's multitud9\s  op]ations into  
su* def9ite =mulas z w satisfy our love 
(  plan & symmetry4 ,we are n cont5t    

till we c sy/ematize &  dige/1 :5ce our 
cont9ual rec\rse to loose analogies &   
fanciful  resemblances4 ,we />t f an    
imag9$ necessity ( ord]1 or f  "s       
conception ( ?+s attractive because (   
its app>5t  simplicity1 & !n reason out 
f ?is into ! facts ( ,nature4  ,mill    
furni%es "s tell+ examples4 ,z late z ! 
,cop]nican  controv]sy x 0 urg$1 z an   
argum5t 9 favor ( ! true !ory  ( ! sol> 
sy/em1 t x plac$ ! fire1 ! noble/       
elem5t1 9  ! c5t] ( ! univ]se4 ,?is 0 a 
remnant ( ! notion t !  ord] ( ! univ]se
 mu/ be p]fect1 & t p]fection consi/$  9
 con=mity to rules ( proc$ure1 ei!r real
 or conv5tional4  ,aga91 rev]t+ to      
numb]s1 c]ta9 numb]s 7 p]fect1 !re=e  ^!
 numb]s mu/ obta9 9 ! great ph5om5a (   
,nature4 ,six 0 a  p]fect numb]--t is1  
equal to ! sum ( all its factors--an    
additional reason :y !re mu/ be exactly 
six planets4 ,!  ,py?agoreans1 on ! o!r 
h&1 attribut$ p]fection to ! numb]  t51 
b agre$ 9 ?9k+ t ! p]fect numb]s mu/ be 
someh[  realiz$ 9 ! heav5s2 & kn[+ only 

( n9e heav5ly bodies to  make up !      
enum]ation1 !y ass]t$ 't !re 0 an       
anti*?on1 or c\nt]-e>?1 on ! o!r side ( 
! sun1  invisible to u4' ,ev5 ,huyg5s 0 
p]suad$ t :5 ! numb] (  heav5ly bodies  
_h rea*$ twelve x c\ld n admit ( any    
fur!r  increase4 ,creative p[] c\ld n g 
beyond t sacr$ numb]4#bj  ,d ^! concrete
 illu/rations ( p]v]se reason+ /rike u z
  ludicr\s8 ,x is because !y are tak5 f 
an ord] ( ideas long  s9ce outgr[n4 ,!  
t5d5cies !y exemplify h n be5 outgr[n4  
,we h only to keep a vigilant eye on our
 own m5tal conduct to be  conv9c$ t we  
are v apt to beg9 ) "s g5]al notion (  !
 fitness ( ?+s1 or :at ought to be1 & to
 argue !nce to  conclusions n a :it less
 absurd ess5tially ?an ^? j  ref]r$ to4 
,footnote #bj3 ,logic1 n9? edition1     
,book ,v1 *apt] v1  #f4    ,:ile ^!     
univ]sal m5tal habits are conspicu\s    
en\gh 9 !  high] regions ( ?\ght & beg9 
to play tricks ) u ! mom5t  we und]take 
on our own acc\nts any s]i\s            
speculation1 !re are  o!r ,idols ( !    

,tribe ^: influ5ce is p]haps m commonly 
fatal4 ,we all jump at conclusions1 !   
m9d feign+ & suppos+  all o!r ?+s to be 
someh[1 ?\gh x c n see h[1 simil> to  ^?
 few ?+s by :i* x is surr\nd$2 we all   
all[ ourselves to  be unduly mov$ by ^? 
?+s mo/ :i* /rike & ent] ! m9d          
simultane\sly & sudd5ly1 & s fill !     
imag9ation4 ,ha/y  judgm5ts are ?us     
daily & h\rly pass$ on m5 & ?+s1 & ra%  
g5]alizations p]mitt$ to circulate      
unte/$4 ,ev5 m  disa/r\s1 p]haps1 9 !   
long run1 is ! p[] ( prepossessions4    
,:5 once1 says ,bacon1 ! human und]/&+  
has adopt$ an op9ion  7ei!r z be+ !     
receiv$ op9ion1 or z be+ agreeable to   
itself7 x /raightway draws all ?+s else 
to support & agree  ) x4 ,illu/rations  
may be f\nd 9 e direction4 ,note1 =     
in/ance1 ! vitality1 ev5 9 ! tee? (     
positive dispro(1 (  _m long-accept$ &  
(t5-*all5g$ ideas--belief 9 dreams1     
om5s1 prophecies1 9 provid5tial         
visitations & int]positions1 9  !       
significance ( co9cid5ces1 9 popul> saws

 ab\t natural  ph5om5a1 9 quacks &      
quack]y1 9 old wives' tales1 vulg> &    
pseudo-sci5tific4 ,! /ory ( wit*craft is
 only ano!r example (  ! same k9d1 ?\gh 
writt5 l>ge 9 ! *ronicles ( ! _w 9      
lett]s ( fire & blood2 ! human und]/&+  
_h adopt$ a  belief 9 wit*es1 & drew all
 ?+s else to support & agree )  x4 ,9   
all su* cases ( prepossession ! m9d     
ob/9ately dwells on  e detail t favors  
its accept$ conclusions1 :ile disreg>d+ 
or depreciat+ ev]y?+ t tells aga9/ !m2 x
 is always1 9  ,bacon's phrase1 m mov$ &
 excit$ by affirmatives ?an by          
negatives4 ,?us1 we he> mu* ( ! "o dream
 t is fulfill$1 &  ( ! n9ety & n9e t are
 unfulfill$--no?+4 ,bacon  illu/rates   
?is p]v]sity by ! well-kn[n anecdote ( !
 anci5t  cynic1 :i* may be left to      
convey its own moral3 ,& !re=e x  0 a   
good answ] t 0 made by "o :o1 :5 !y %[$ 
him  hang+ 9 a temple a picture ( ^? :o 
_h paid _! v[s z  hav+ escap$ %ipwreck1 
& w\ld h him say :e!r he did n  n[      
ackn[l$ge ! p[] ( ! gods--',ay1' ask$ he

 aga91 'b  :]e are !y pa9t$ t 7 dr[n$   
aft] _! v[s8'    ,f9ally1 among ^!      
,idols ( ! ,tribe we mu/ include !      
di/urbance caus$ by ! play ( feel+ ^u ! 
m9d4 ,! human  und]/&+ is no dry light1 
b receives an infusion f ! w  &         
affections1 :5ce proce$ sci5ces :i* may 
be call$ 'sci5ces  z "o w\ld4' ,we all  
"k1 to our co/1 h[ passion w w>p        
judgm5t2 h[ difficult x is to see cle>ly
 :5 ! emotions are  ?or\ghly ar\s$2 h[  
t5aci\sly m5 cl+ to op9ions !y are      
famili> )1 or w\ld fa9 h to be true2 h[ 
fi]cely !y  conte/ ideas t are unfamili>
 or repugnant4 ,_h x be5 contr>y  to !  
int]e/ ( au?ority1 obs]v$ %rewd old     
,hobbes1 t !  ?ree angles ( a triangle  
%\ld be equal to two angles ( a squ>e1  
! fact w\ld h be51 if n disput$1 yet    
suppress$4#ba  ,simil>ly1 if ! passions 
( m5 _h be5 call$ into play ov] !  mo/  
cle>ly demon/rable ( ab/ract ma!matical 
tru?s1 we may be  sure t furi\s         
controv]sy w\ld h att5d$ ! issue1 & "s  
way f\nd to ov]?r[ ! demon/ration4 ,t   

two & two make f\r  w\ld h be5 d5i$ _h  
any /rong emotion be5 excit$ aga9/ !    
proposition4 ,m51 said ,:ateley1 are mu*
 m anxi\s to h  tru? on _! side ?an to  
be on ! side ( tru?4 ,& ! dang]  is     
great] because we are frequ5tly n aw>e (
 ! bias giv5 by  feel+4 ,!re are cases 9
 pl5ty :]e m5 m or less consci\sly  &   
delib]ately esp\se sci5ces z "o w\ld1 b 
!re are _m  o!rs 9 :i* ! emotional      
int]f]5ce is insidi\s & obscure4        
,numb]less1 9 %ort1 are ! ways1 &       
sometimes imp]ceptible1 9  :i* ! feel+s 
color & infect ! und]/&+4               
,footnote #ba3 ,levia?an1 ,"p ,i1 *apt] 
xi4    ,^! ,idols ( ! ,tribe are ( c\rse
 inh]5t 9 our intellectual  con/itution1
 & are in]adicable4 ,! simple           
consid]ation t all  k is relative--t by 
no ef=t & "u no circum/ances  c we      
escape beyond ! conditions & limitations
 ( our own  m9ds--suffices to %[ t      
intellig5ce mu/ ev] mix up its own      
nature ) ! nature ( ?+s1 ?\gh ?is fact  
ne$ n make u  d\bt ! validity ( k z is  

sometimes ha/ily inf]r$4 ,=  ! re/1 cle>
 recognition ( ^! common ob/acles to    
?\ght  %\ld put u 9 ! way ( anticipat+ &
 )/&+ _! m  s]i\s effects4 ,9 practice x
 mu/ be our object to ma9ta9            
wat*fulness & a c>eful skepticism2 to   
te/ evid5ce & *eck  passion2 to         
cultivate c&or1 flexibility1 & al]tness 
( m9d2 to  avoid loose g5]alizations2 & 
to be ev] ready to accept1 revise1      
reject4 ,above all mu/ we /eadily resi/ 
! s$uctions ( :at is  call$ common s5se1
 & ov]come t m5tal in]tness :i* too  (t5
 leads u to drift un?9k+ along ! curr5t 
( popul>  op9ion4#bb         ,footnote  
#bb3 ,x is well to rememb] t if common  
s5se _h       said ! la/ ^w ab\t !      
matt]1 ! ,ptolemaic !ory ( !            
univ]se w\ld /ill /& un%ak54    ,b1 9   
addition to errors aris+ f ! common     
intellectual nature  ( m51 !re are o!rs1
 ! s\rces ( :i* are to be f\nd 9 !      
idiosyncrasies ( ! individual m9d4 ,^!  
,bacon calls ,idols ( !  ,cave2#bc = e  
"o1 he says1 has a cave or d5 ( 8 own1  

:i*  refracts & discolors ! light (     
,nature1 ow+ ei!r to 8 own  prop] &     
peculi> nature2 or to 8 education &     
conv]sation )  o!rs2 or to 8 read+ (    
books1 & ! au?ority ( ^? :om he  e/eems 
& admires2 or to ! diff]5ces (          
impressions1 accord+ly  z !y take place 
9 a m9d preoccupi$ & pr$ispos$1 or 9 a  
m9d  indiff]5t & settl$2 & ! l4 ,?is    
summ>y is compreh5sive  en\gh to        
indicate ! "* & po9t to "s ( ! causes ( 
individual ab]rations ( judgm5t2 t x    
does no m ?an ?is is  due to ! simple   
fact t ! p]sonal bias is z v>i$ z       
humanity  itself1 & t ! deflect+        
impulses 9 any giv5 case are to be      
ref]r$ to a complex ( factors almo/     
elud+ analysis4 ,to foll[  ?is "p ( !   
subject into detail w\ld1 !re=e1        
manife/ly be  impossible4 ,b c]ta9 ( !  
l>g] & m widely influ5tial (  ^! di/urb+
 =ces may be r\ghly m>k$ out by way (   
illu/ration4         ,footnote #bc3 ,!  
metaphor is tak5 f ! op5+ ( !           
sev5? book ( ,plato's ,republic4    ,9 !

 fir/ place1 !re is :at we may call !   
pr(essional bias4  ,exclusive devotion  
to sep>ate l9es ( activity1 /udy1 or    
?\ght  inevitably gives ! m9d a p>ticul>
 set or twi/4 ,bacon compla9s  t        
,ari/otle1 prim>ily a logician1 made 8  
natural philosophy !  slave ( 8 logic4  
,few speciali/s c escape ! insulation   
consequ5t ^u liv+ too cont9u\sly 9 a    
conf9$ area ( problems  & ideas4 ,_!    
intellectual outlook is necess>ily      
circumscrib$1  facts are se5 by !m out (
 prop] p]spective1 & "o-sid$ness (      
tra9+ & discipl9e r5d]s _! judgm5t ( ?+s
 p>tial &  incomplete4 ,! lawy] c>ries 8
 legal1 ! !ologian 8  !ological1 !      
sci5ti/ 8 sci5tific b5t ( m9d into e    
inquiry2 ) :at grotesque results is only
 too frequ5tly app>5t4  ,accu/om$ to    
move 9 a s+le n>r[ groove1 & :olly      
absorb$ 9  ! contemplation ( c]ta9      
isolat$ classes ( ph5om5a1 !y           
unconsci\sly all[ _! p>ticul> int]e/s to
 dom9ate _!  ?\ght1 & impose disa/r\s   
re/rictions ^u _! view (  :atev] lies   

outside _! own *os5 field4    ,secondly1
 we h ! bias ( nation1 rank1 p>ty1 sect4
 ,"h !  m5tal di/urbances are too num]\s
 to p]mit & too obvi\s to  require      
special exemplification4 ,intellectual  
prov9cialism ( any  k9d is fatal to l>ge
 & f]tile ?\ght1 alike by limit+ !      
range ( our k & sympa?ies & by induc+   
m5tal habits  & implant+ prejudices :i* 
prev5t u f see+ ?+s 9 wide  relations & 
"u a cle> light4 ,s long z our po9t (   
view is  simply t ( our c\ntry1 our     
class1 our p>ty1 or our *ur*1 s  long1 x
 is evid5t1 our m9ds w lack ! bread? &  
flexibility  necess>y = free inquiry1   
fruitful comp>isons1 sane & balanc$     
judgm5ts4#bd         ,footnote #bd3 ,cf4
 ,sp5c]'s ,introduction to ! ,/udy (    
,sociology1 *apt]s viii-xii4    ,f9ally1
 among ! ,idols ( ! ,cave :i* h mo/     
effect 9  di/urb+ ! cle>ness ( !        
und]/&+1 m5tion mu/ be made  ( !        
temp]am5tal bias4 ,e man1 x has be5     
said1 is born  ,platoni/ or             
,ari/otelian2 x is c]ta9 t ! great      

divisions 9  ?\ght--religi\s1           
philosophical1 political--answ] r\ghly  
to  fundam5tal diff]5ces 9 human nature1
 & t e "o n  *eck$ or turn$ aside by    
extrane\s influ5ces w spontane\sly      
gravitate 9 "o or ano!r direction4      
,bacon is only record+ a fact  ( !      
commone/ exp]i5ce :5 he says t !re are  
f\nd "s  m9ds giv5 to an extreme        
admiration ( antiquity1 o!rs to an      
extreme love & appetite = novelty1 b few
 s duly temp]$ t  !y c hold ! mean1     
nei!r c>p+ at :at has be5 well laid  d[n
 by ! anci5ts nor despis+ :at is well   
introduc$ by !  mod]ns4 ,_m in/9ctively 
brace !mselves aga9/ au?ority &         
tradition2 by o!rs aga91 :atev] is h&$  
d[n to u by au?ority  & tradition is =  
?is reason alone treat$ ) contempt4 ,t !
  cr[d believes a ?+ is en\gh to conv9ce
 ?is man ( its tru?1  & t ( its         
falsehood4          ,! vulg> ?us ?r\gh  
imitation err2        ,z (t ! le>n$ by  
be+ s+ul>4    ,^! & simil> cong5ital    
diff]5ces 9 m5's intellectual           

con/itutions might be illu/rat$         
indef9itely if x 7 necess>y4  ,a fur!r  
rem>k ( ,bacon's mu/1 h[ev]1 be quot$1 =
 x goes  deep] 9 m5tal analysis & t\*es 
a less obvi\s po9t4 ,!re is  "o pr9cipal
 &1 z x 71 radical di/9ction betwe5     
diff]5t  m9ds 9 respect ( philosophy & !
 sci5ces1 :i* is ?is3 t  "s m9ds are    
/rong] & apt] to m>k ! diff]5ces ( ?+s1 
o!rs to m>k _! resemblances4 ,! /eady & 
acute m9d c fix  its contemplations &   
dwell & fa/5 on ! subtle/ di/9ctions2  !
 l(ty & discursive m9d recognizes & puts
 toge!r ! f9e/  & mo/ g5]al             
resemblances4 ,m5 belong+ to ! =m] class
 we  %\ld call logical & critical2 ^?   
belong+ to ! latt]1  imag9ative &       
con/ructive4 ,ea* class t5ds to !       
excesses ( its  own pr$om9ant p[]s1 & 9 
ea* case excess int]f]es ) calm  reason+
 & s\nd judgm5t4    ,to correct !       
p]sonal equation x is imp]ative t we    
%\ld /udy  ourselves consci5ti\sly1     
consid] dispassionately ! natural       
t5d5cies ( our bir?1 e>ly surr\nd+s1    

education1 associations1  & int]e/s1 & d
 our utmo/ to conqu]1 or at lea/ to make
  all[ance =1 e individual peculi>ity1  
temp]am5tal or  acquir$1 likely to turn 
! m9d aside f ! /raight l9e (  ?\ght4   
,su* self-discipl9e e "o mu/ /r5u\sly   
und]take on  8 own acc\nt if he w\ld wi%
 to see ?+s z !y really are4  ,/at$ 9 m 
g5]al t]ms1 our aim mu/ be to rise above
 all k9ds  ( prov9cialism & p]sonal     
prejudice1 & to ov]come our natural     
pron5ess to re/ cont5t 9 our own        
p>ticul> po9t ( view4 ,bacon  quotes )  
approval ! words ( ,h]aclitus3 ,m5 look 
= sci5ces  9 _! own less] worlds1 & n 9 
! great] or common _w4  ,we mu/ /rive to
 escape f our own less] _w1 & to make   
ourselves citiz5s ( ! great]1 common _w4
 ,= ?is we ne$ !  wide/ & mo/ g5]\s     
culture--! culture t is to be f\nd 9    
books1 9 travel1 9 int]c\rse ) m5 ( all 
classes & e  %ade ( op9ion4 ,left to    
ourselves we only too s$ul\sly cultivate
  our own insul>ity2 we m+le simply ) ! 
p :o agree )  u1 belong to our own ca/e1

 & %>e our own prejudices2 we read  only
 ! pap]s ( our own p>ty1 ! lit]ature (  
our own sect2 we  all[ our own special  
int]e/s 9 life to absorb our en]gies1   
color  all our ?\ghts1 & n>r[ our       
horizon4 ,9 ?is way ! ,phantoms (  !    
,cave secure daily & ye>ly m despotic   
sway ov] our m9ds4  ,self-deta*m5t1     
dis9t]e/$ness1 ! p[] ( provisional      
sympa?y  ) ali5 modes ( ?\ght & feel+1  
mu/ be our ideal4 ,let e  /ud5t (       
,nature1 says ,bacon1 take ?is z a rule1
 t :atev]  8 m9d seizes & dwells on )   
p>ticul> satisfaction is to be  held 9  
suspicion1 & t s mu* ! m c>e is to be   
tak5 9  deal+ ) su* que/ions to keep !  
und]/&+ ev5 & cle>4  ,a h>d say+1 truly1
 yet "o t mu/ be laid well to he>t4     
,:ile ! ,idols ( ! ,tribe1 !n1 are      
common human frailties 9  ?\ght1 & !    
,idols ( ! ,cave ! p]turbations result+ 
f  individual idiosyncrasies1 !re are   
o!r ,idols =m$ by !  int]c\rse &        
association ( m5 ) ea* o!r1 :i* ,bacon  
calls  ,idols ( ! ,m>ket ,place1 on     

acc\nt ( ! comm]ce & consort (  m5 !re4 
,by reason ( its manifold & necess>y    
imp]fections--its  loos5ess1 v>iability1
 ambiguity1 & inadequacy--! language we 
are  =c$ to employ = ! embodim5t &      
int]*ange ( ideas plays  ceaseless havoc
 ) our ?\ght1 n only introduc+ confusion
 &  misconception into discussion1 b    
(t51 l ! arr[s f a  ,t>t> b[1 react+    
s]i\sly ^u our m9ds4 ,a l>ge "p ( !     
vocabul>y to :i* we mu/ p]=ce h rec\rse1
 ev5 :5 deal+  ) ! mo/ ab/ruse &        
delicate subjects1 is made up ( words   
tak5 ov] f vulg> usage & press$ into    
high] s]vice2 !y  c>ry ) !m long tra9s (
 vague connotations & sugge/ions2 !     
sup]/itions ( ! pa/ are (t5 imb$d$ 9 !m2
 no "o c ev]  be absolutely c]ta9 ( _!  
intellectual values4 ,:ile1 !re=e1  !y  
may d well en\gh = ! r\gh ne$s ( daily  
life1 !y prove  sadly defective :5      
requir$ = c>eful & exact reason+4 ,&    
ev5 ) t small & comp>atively            
insignificant portion ( our  language   
:i* is n inh]it$ f popul> use1 b        

fabricat$ by  philosoph]s !mselves1 !   
case is n mu* bett]4 ,e ^w1 no  matt] h[
 cauti\sly employ$1 inevitably takes    
some?+ ( ! tone  & color ( ! p>ticul>   
m9d ?r\gh :i* x passes1 & :5 put  into  
circulation fluctuates 9 significance1  
mean+ n[ a little  m & n[ a little      
less4#be ,:at wond]1 !n1 t ! high &     
=mal discussions ( le>n$ m5 h s (t5     
begun & end$ 9  pure logoma*y1 & t 9    
discussions :i* are nei!r high nor  =mal
 & 9 :i* ! disputants talk hotly &      
c>elessly !  r&om b&y+ ( words is s apt 
to t]m9ate 9 no?+ beyond !  d>k5+ (     
c\nsel & ! confusion ( ?\ght8           
,footnote #be3 ,! ne$ ( a language (    
rigid ma!matical       precision = !    
purposes ( philosophic ?\ght &          
discussion       has long be5 ! subject 
( rem>k4 ,h5ce ,bi%op ,wilk9s's ,essay  
t[>d a real "* & a philosophic language 
7#affh71 &       ! e>li] ,ars ,signorum 
( ,george ,dalg>no--boldly pres5t$ by   
its inv5tor z a rem$y = ! confusion (   
tongues1 z f> z       ?is evil is       

rep>able by art4 ,we may give ^! +5i\s  
au?ors full cr$it = ! excell5t int5tions
 ) :i* !y       set out on impossible   
und]tak+s4 ,a philosophic language may  
p]haps be atta9$ 9 ! mill5nium1 b !n    
probably x w       be no long] ne$$4    
,mean:ile read]s int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory     
( ! mad s*eme call$ ,volapk may f9d "s  
curi\s matt] 9       ^! r>e works4      
,bacon notes two ways p>ticul>ly 9 :i*  
words impose on !  und]/&+--!y are      
employ$ sometimes = fanta/ic            
suppositions  444 to :i* no?+ 9 reality 
corresponds1 & sometimes = actual       
entities1 :i*1 h[ev]1 !y d n %>ply1     
correctly1 &  completely describe4 ,!   
eighte5? c5tury speculat$ at l5g? on a  
/ate ( ,nature & ! social contract1     
unaw>e t x 0 delud+  itself )           
unrealities1 & we h n yet done ) su*    
ab/ractions z ! ,rights ( ,man1 ,nature 
7p]sonifi$71 ,laws (  ,nature 7conceiv$ 
z analog\s to human laws71 & ! ,vital   
,pr9ciple4 ,! m common & s]i\s dang] (  
language1 h[ev]1  lies 9 ! employm5t (  

words n cle>ly or firmly grasp$ by !    
speak] or writ]--words :i*1 9 all       
probability1 he has (t5 he>d  & us$1 &  
:i* he !re=e imag9es to repres5t ideas  
to him1  b :i*1 closely analyz$1 w be   
f\nd to cov] paucity (  k or ambiguity (
 ?\ght4 ,cause1 effect1 matt]1 m9d1 =ce1
  ess5ce1 creation1 occur at once z     
examples4 ,few among ^? :o s  glibly    
rattle !m (f ! tongue h ev] tak5 !      
tr\ble to  inquire :at !y actually mean 
to !m1 or :e!r1 inde$1 !y c  translate  
!m into ?\ght at all4    ,among ! ,idols
 ( ! ,m>ket ,place we mu/ also class !  
evils  aris+ f ! t5d5cy ( words to      
acquire1 ?r\gh usage &  association1 a  
rea* & emotional value n inh]5t 9 _!    
orig9al mean+s4 ,?is is :at ,oliv]      
,w5dell ,holmes happily  describ$ z !   
process ( pol>ization4 ,:5 a giv5 symbol
 :i*  repres5ts a ?\ght1 said !         
,pr(essor at ! ,breakfa/ ,table1 has    
la9 = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t 9 ! m9d x       
und]goes a *ange  l t :i* re/ 9 a c]ta9 
position gives to iron4 ,x becomes      

magnetic 9 its relations--x is trav]s$  
by /range =ces :i*  did n belong to x4  
,! ^w1 & consequ5tly ! idea x           
repres5ts1 is pol>iz$4 ,! l>g] "p ( our 
religi\s & no  small portion ( our      
political vocabul>y consi/ ( su* pol>iz$
  words--words :i*1 on acc\nt ( _!      
acquir$ magnetism1 unduly  attract &    
influ5ce ! m9d4 ,we c nev] hope to ?9k  
calmly &  cle>ly :ile ! v symbols ( our 
?\ghts ?us possess a k9d (  ?aumaturgic 
p[] ov] u1 :i* 9 turn readily transf]s  
itself to  our ideas4    ,if1 !n1 words 
pla9ly =ce & ov]rule ! und]/&+ &  ?r[   
all into confusion & lead m5 away into  
numb]less empty  controv]sies & idle    
fancies1 x behooves u to wat* closely ! 
int]relations ( language & ?\ght4 ,to   
put x 9 ! v]nacul>1  we mu/ at all times
 make sure t we "k :at we are talk+ ab\t
  & say :at we mean4 ,to ?is end ! /udy 
( language itself is  useful1 b ! habits
 ( precise ?\ght & expression w nev] be 
acquir$ by l+ui/ic ex]cise alone4 ,to   
use no ^w )\t a  di/9ct idea ( :at x    

means to u z we speak or write x2 to    
*eck1 :5 necess>y1 ! process ( ?\ght by 
con/ant r$ef9ition  ( t]ms2 to depol>ize
 all language t has become1 or ?reat5s  
to  become1 magnetic1 ?us translat+     
famili> ideas into new1 clean1          
unmagnetic phraseology1 ^! may be set   
d[n z fir/ among !  rules to :i* we %\ld
 tol]ate no exception4    ,we n[ come to
 ! la/ gr\p ( ,idols--^? :i* h immigrat$
  into m5's m9ds f ! v>i\s dogmas (     
philosophies1 & also  f wrong laws (    
demon/ration4 ,^! ,bacon calls ,idols ( 
!  ,!at]1 because 9 my judgm5t all !    
receiv$ sy/ems are b s  _m /age-plays1  
repres5t+ worlds ( _! own creation aft] 
an  unreal & sc5ic fa%ion4 ,& p]haps ?is
 conceit c>ries fur!r  ?an ,bacon       
himself int5d$1 = x n only sugge/s !    
unsub/antial "* ( philosophic           
speculations1 b also rem9ds  u h[1 9 !  
_w's hi/ory1 ^! airy fabrics h succe$$  
ea*  o!r z on a /age1 "s to be hiss$ &  
"s applaud$1 b all  soon] or lat] to    
drop out ( popul> favor & be =gott54    

,deal+ ) ^! ,idols ( ! ,!at]1 or (      
,sy/ems 7( :i* !re  are _m1 & p]haps w  
be yet _m m71 ,bacon takes !            
opportunity ( criticis+1 briefly b      
incisively1 ! me?ods &  results ( anci5t
 & m$ival philosoph]s4 ,8 classification
 (  false sy/ems is ?reefold3 ,!        
sophi/ical1 9 :i* words & !  f9espun    
subtilties ( logic are sub/itut$ = !    
inn] tru? (  ?+s2 ! empirical1 9 :i*    
elaborate dogmas are built up out (  a  
few ha/y obs]vations & ill-conduct$     
exp]im5ts2 & !  sup]/iti\s1 9 :i*       
philosophy is corrupt$ by my? &         
tradition4 ,"u ! fir/ head1 ,bacon aga9 
in/ances ,ari/otle1 :om  he accuses (   
fa%ion+ ! _w out ( categories2 "u !     
second he glances especially at !       
al*emi/s2 & "u ! ?ird he  ref]s to      
,py?agoras & ,plato4 ,to foll[ ,bacon   
into ^! hi/oric  issues does n belong to
 our pres5t purpose4 ,suffice x to      
notice  ! cont9u$ vitality ( ^! ?ree    
classes ( speculative error4  ,bacon's  
judgm5t ( ,ari/otle--t he did n consult 

exp]i5ce z  he %\ld h done1 9 ord] to ! 
fram+ ( 8 decisions &  axioms2 b1 hav+  
fir/ det]m9$ ! "q accord+ to 8  w1 he !n
 resorts to exp]i5ce1 &1 b5d+ h] into   
con=mity  ) 8 placets1 leads h] ab\t l a
 captive 9 a procession--is  at lea/    
equally applicable to ?9k]s l ,hegel & 8
 foll[]s4  ,empiricism has by no means  
be5 elim9at$ f ! sci5tific or  w\ld-be  
sci5tific _w4 ,& z = ! philosophy :i* is
  corrupt$ by my? & tradition1 !        
c\ntless attempts t are /ill  made to   
reconcile ! facts ( sci5ce ) ! data &   
prepossessions ( !ology are en\gh to    
prove t1 mutato nom9e1  ! me?ods (      
,py?agoras & ,plato & ( ^? :o 9 ,bacon's
 day  s\ght to f\nd a sy/em ( natural   
philosophy on ! fir/ *apt]  ( ,g5esis1  
on ! book ( ,job1 & o!r p>ts ( ! sacr$  
writ+s1 are z yet f> f obsolete4    ,x  
is h>dly necess>y to call att5tion to ! 
fact t !re is a  close simil>ity betwe5 
sy/ematic empiricism & "s ( ! dang]s    
br\ght out 9 connection ) ! ,idols ( !  
,tribe1 = 9 ea*  case /ress mu/ be laid 

on ! t5d5cy to g5]alize ha/ily1 dep5d   
on scatt]$ & inadequate data1 & seek =  
light 9 !  n>r[ness & d>kness (         
insuffici5t k4 ,?is matt] is  important 
only z %[+ h[ a common weakness may be  
caught up &  dignifi$ 9 a philosophic   
sy/em & r5d]$ m dang]\s by !  adv5titi\s
 weight & influ5ce :i* x ga9s !reby4    
,ano!r  po9t1 n di/9ctly dealt ) by     
,bacon1 calls1 h[ev]1 = special  rem>k4 
,:ile ! v>i\s ,idols ( ! ,!at]1 or (    
,sy/ems1  ex]cise _! own peculi> &      
*>act]i/ic influ5ces = evil1  !y all t5d
 to ! debasem5t ( ?\ght by reason ( !   
au?ority  :i* !y gradually acquire4     
,associat$ ) great names1 promulgat$  by
 s*ools1 (ficially exp\nd$ by disciples 
& comm5tators1 !y  f9ally settle into a 
cre$ :i* is reg>d$ z hav+ oracul> &     
dogmatic supremacy4 ,! =mula ,?us sai? !
 ,ma/] closes  discussion4 ,n ! fact    
itself1 b :at ?is or t tea*] has  said  
ab\t ! fact1 comes at la/ to be !       
all-important "q4  ,9 ! condition ( m9d 
?us eng5d]$ !re is no *ance =           

intellectual fre$om1 self-reliance1     
gr[?4 ,lewes relat$ an anecdote  ( a    
m$ival /ud5t :o1 hav+ detect$ spots 9 ! 
sun1  communicat$ 8 discov]y to a wor?y 
prie/4 ',my son1' repli$ !  prie/1 ',i h
 read ,ari/otle _m times1 & ,i assure y 
t !re  is no?+ ( ! k9d m5tion$ by him4  
,g re/ 9 peace1 & be  c]ta9 t ! spots   
:i* y h se5 are 9 y\r eyes1 & n  9 !    
sun4'#bf ,su* an incid5t =ms an         
admirable comm5t>y on  ! say+ ( ! witty 
,font5elle t ,ari/otle _h nev] made a   
true philosoph]1 b he _h spoil$ a great 
_m4 ,! position  assum$ is simple en\gh3
 ,ari/otle mu/ be "r1 !re=e  :atev] does
 n agree ) ! doctr9es ( ! ,/agirite mu/ 
be  wrong4 ,are y\r facts aga9/ him1 !n 
revise y\r facts4 ,come :at  may ( x1 y 
mu/ quadrate k ) accept$ sy/em4 ,"h is  
! !ological me?od 9 a nut%ell4 ,& !     
!ological me?od has  only too (t5 be5 ! 
me?od also ( ! e/abli%$ philosophic     
s*ools4         ,footnote #bf3 ,hi/ory (
 ,philosophy1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #ie1 #if4    
,9 our own relations ) ^! ,idols ( !    

,!at] ! fir/ &  la/ ?+ to rememb] is t  
all sy/ems are necess>ily p>tial &      
provisional4 ,!y h _! day & cease to be1
 & at ! be/  !y only m>k a gradual      
progress t[>d ! tru?4 ,!re c be no      
f9ality1 no clos+ ^w au?oritatively     
utt]$4 ,our attitude t[>d  ! sy/ems ( ! 
pa/ & ! pres5t1 t[>d long-accept$       
traditions1 & dogmatically enunciat$    
conclusions1 mu/ be an  attitude ( firm 
& /eady--( respectful1 x may be1 b /ill 
firm  & /eady--indep5d5ce4 ,we mu/ resi/
 ! t5d5cy to passive  acquiesc5ce1 &    
endeavor to comb9e ) g5]\s hospitality  
to all  ideas ! habit ( n accept+ any?+ 
m]ely because x is /at$  ex ca!dra1 or  
is back$ by an influ5tial "n1 or c plead
 a  c\rse ( long obs]vance = its use4   
,p]haps to wean ourselves f  ?is        
p>ticul> =m ( idolatry !re is no?+ s    
helpful z a wide  & con/ant /udy ( !    
hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,! pa?way (             
intellectual developm5t is /rewn )      
outgr[n dogmas & explod$  sy/ems4 ,h[   
fatu\s1 !n1 to accept1 :ole & unte/$1 ! 

doctr9e ( any ma/]1 new or old1 believ+ 
t 8 ^w w give  u complete & undilut$    
tru?6           99       99       99    
99       99    ,s mu*1 !n1 we may say ) 
,bacon conc]n+ ! sev]al classes  (      
,idols & _! equipage1 all ( :i* mu/ be  
r5\nc$ & put  away ) a fix$ & solemn    
det]m9ation1 & ! und]/&+  ?or\ghly fre$ 
& cleans$2 ! entrance into ! k+dom (    
man1  f\nd$ on ! sci5ces1 be+ n mu* o!r 
?an ! k+dom (  heav51 :]e9to none may   
ent] except z a little *ild4 ,x may     
p]haps be urg$ t ! result ( su* a survey
 z we h tak5 (  ! ob/acles to cle> ?\ght
 is to leave ! m9d daz$ &  disc\rag$1   
p>tly because ! sugge/ions made = !     
conque/ (  ^! ob/acles1 ?\gh easily     
=mulat$ 9 !ory are difficult &          
sometimes impossible 9 practice1 & p>tly
 because ! g5]al if  n express$ t5d5cy (
 our analysis is 7x may be said7 9 !    
direction ( t ,pyrrhonic skepticism :i* 
doom$ m5 to p]petual  d>kness4 ,to ! =m]
 objection ,i h only to reply t x is "o 
to :i* all discussions ( ! pr9ciples &  

problems ( conduct are  necess>ily op54 
,if to d 7 z easy z to "k :at 7 good to 
d1 *apels _h be5 *ur*es1 & poor m5's    
cottages pr9ces'  palaces4#bg ,none !   
less1 to /ate z lucidly z we c :at 7    
good to d "u c]ta9 circum/ances is      
prop]ly reg>d$ z "p (  ! bus9ess (      
e?ics4 ,! o!r po9t is t\*$ ^u by ,bacon 
himself 9 words :i* x w\ld be imp]t95t  
to seek to bett]3 ,x  w also be ?\ght t 
by =bidd+ m5 to pron\nce & set d[n      
pr9ciples z e/abli%$ until !y h duly    
arriv$ ?r\gh !  int]m$iate /eps at !    
highe/ g5]alities1 ,i ma9ta9 a sort (   
susp5sion ( ! judgm5t1 & br+ x to :at ! 
,greeks call  acatalepsia--a d5ial ( !  
capacity ( ! m9d to compreh5d  tru?4 ,b 
9 reality t :i* ,i m$itate & prop\nd is 
n  acatalepsia1 b eucatalepsia2 n d5ial 
( ! capacity to  und]/&1 b provision =  
und]/&+ truly2 = ,i d n take  away      
au?ority f ! s5ses1 b supply !m ) helps2
 ,i d n  slight ! und]/&+1 b gov]n x4 ,&
 bett] surely x is t  we %\ld "k all t  
we ne$ to "k1 & yet ?9k our k  imp]fect1

 ?an t we %\ld ?9k our k p]fect1 & yet  
n "k any?+ we ne$ to "k4                
,footnote #bg3 ,?is quotation is n f    
,bacon4          ,,ma!matics ,,=        
,,*ildr54    ,,by ,m4 ,,laisant4        
,except ) p]sons hav+ specially         
favorable surr\nd+s1 ,i believe  t ! va/
 majority ( p>5ts h a feel+ ( dread at !
  ?\ght ( putt+ _! *ildr5 to ! /udy (   
ma!matics4 ,!y  "k t ! *ild mu/ le>n    
some?+ ab\t x 9 ord] to pass 8          
exam9ations2 b ) ?is k goes an          
appreh5sion ( load+  8 m9d ) ^? ideas   
:i* are s complicat$ & h>d to  acquire1 
& we put (f ! dread$ mom5t ( sett+ him  
to "w z  late z possible4    ,:ile ,i   
believe x is wise to sp>e ! *ild all    
useless ov]work1 ,i  am p]suad$ also t !
 be/ way ( sp>+ him is n to %r9k  f     
initiat+ him into h>d "w1 if t c be done
 9 a rational  way4    ,i reg>d all !   
sci5ces z1 at lea/ to a c]ta9 ext5t1    
exp]im5tal1 &1 not)/&+ ! views ( ^? :o  
w\ld reg>d  ! ma!matical sci5ces z a    
s]ies ( op]ations 9 pure logic1  re/+ ^u

 /rictly ideal conceptions1 ,i believe t
 we may affirm  t !re does n exi/ a     
ma!matical idea t c ent] our bra9  )\t !
 previ\s contemplation ( ! out] _w & !  
facts x  (f]s to our obs]vation4 ,?is   
affirmation1 ! discussion ( :i*  n[ w\ld
 c>ry u too f>1 may help to a cle> idea 
( ! way we  %\ld try to convey ! fir/   
ma!matical ideas to ! m9d ( !  *ild4    
,! out] _w is ! fir/ ?+ ! *ild %\ld be  
taught to  reg>d & conc]n+ :i* he %\ld  
be giv5 z mu* in=mation z               
possible--in=mation :i* he w h no tr\ble
 9 /or+1 we may  well believe1 & f ?is  
out] _w ! fir/ ma!matical notions  %\ld 
be borr[$2 to ^! %\ld succe$ lat] an    
ab/raction1  :i* is less complicat$ ?an 
x seems4    ,our prim>y tea*+ (         
ari?metic n[ foll[s 9 ! tracks ( t  (   
gramm>1 z we might z well say t ! tea*+ 
( gramm>  foll[s 9 ! tracks ( t (       
ari?metic4 ,t is1 9 ei!r case  we tea* !
 *ild a numb] ( ab/ract & confus+       
def9itions  :i* he c n compreh5d1 impos+
 on him a s]ies ( rules to  foll[ "u !  

pretext ( giv+ him a good practical     
direction1 &  we =ce him to le>n &      
memorize ^! rules :e!r !y are good  =   
any?+ or n4    ,:5 ! *ild has gr[n old] 
he is giv5 two or ?ree %ort lessons  a  
week 9 sci5ce1 n9e t5?s ( :i*1 ) 8      
fleet+ memory1 he  =gets be=e ! next    
week's lessons come on4 ,he c n reli%   
any?+ t is taught him 9 t way1 & x w\ld 
be va/ly bett]  to give him no sci5tific
 ideas at all ?an to scatt] !m ar\nd 9  
su* a way1 = all tea*]s agree t a fre%  
pupil is m easily  dealt ) & c be taught
 m satisfactorily & ?or\ghly ?an  "o :o 
has be5 mi/aught4    ,:5 ! /ud5t has    
pass$ ?r\gh x all & has e/abli%$ himself
  9 life he is apt to look back ^u 8    
exp]i5ces "u su*  tea*+s 9 no v amiable 
mood1 & to reg>d su* matt]s 9 !  light (
 b>ri]s t 7 set up to prev5t 8 gett+ 8  
diploma  ) too little "w2 & ev5 if 8    
pr(ession is "o t calls =  applications 
( ma!matics he prep>es himself ) sets ( 
=mulas  t enable him to disp5se ) !     
imp]fect in/ruction he has  receiv$4    

,:5 we ?9k ( giv+ a *ild a ma!matical   
education we are apt to  ask :e!r he has
 special aptitudes fitt+ him to receive 
x4 ,d we  ask any su* que/ions :5 we    
talk ( tea*+ him to read & write8  ,oh1 
no6 we all ackn[l$ge t read+ & writ+ are
 useful1  practical1 & indisp5sable     
arts1 :i* e human be+ n infirm  or      
defective %\ld le>n4 ,n[1 elem5t>y      
ma!matics1 :i*  repres5ts a tol]ably    
ext5d$ equipm5t1 is no less useful &    
indisp5sable ?an ! k ( read+ & writ+1 & 
,i ass]t  fur!r1 :at may seem p>adoxical
 to _m1 t x c be assimilat$  ) mu* less 
fatigue ?an ! e>lie/ k ( read+ &  writ+1
 provid$ always t in/ead ( proce$+ 9 !  
usual way  & giv+ lessons bri/l+ )      
=mulas & rules1 appeal+ to !  memory1   
impos+ fatigue1 & produc+ no?+ b disgu/1
 we adopt  ! philosophical me?od (      
convey+ ideas to ! *ild by means (      
objects )9 rea* ( 8 s5ses4 ,! tea*+ %\ld
 be :olly  concrete & appli$ only to !  
contemplation ( ext]nal objects &  _!   
int]pretation1 & ! in/ruction %\ld be   

giv5 cont9ually1  especially dur+ !     
prim>y p]iod1 "u ! =m ( play4 ,no?+  is 
easi] ?an ?is1 !n1 9 ari?metic2 =       
in/ance1 to use dice1  beans1 balls1    
/icks1 etc41 & by _! aid give ! *ild    
ideas (  numb]s4    ,d we d any?+ ( ?is 
k9d8 ,:5 ,i 0 taught to read & write ,i 
knew h[ to write ! figure #b be=e ,i _h 
any idea ( ! numb]  two4 ,no?+ is m     
radically contr>y to ! normal work+ ( ! 
bra9 ?an ?is4 ,! notion ( numb]s--up to 
#aj1 = example--%\ld  be giv5 to ! *ild 
be=e accu/om+ him to trace a s+le  "*4  
,t is ! only way ( impress+ ! idea (    
numb]  indep5d5tly ( ! symbol or ! =mula
 :i* is only too ready to  take ! place 
9 ! m9d ( ! object repres5t$ by x4      
,:5 a *ild has le>n$ to c\nt ?r\gh ! use
 ( su* objects z ,i  h m5tion$ he may be
 taught :at is call$ ! addition table4  
,?is table c be le>n$ by he>t easily    
en\gh1 b :5 we rea*  ! multiplication   
table we come ^u "o ( ! tortures (      
*ildhood4 ,w\ld x n be simpl] & easi] to
 make ! *ildr5  con/ruct ^! tables1     

in/ead ( mak+ !m le>n !m8               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4    ,let u fir/ 
take ! addition table1 & suppose t we   
trace t5  columns on suitably rul$ pap]1
 at ! top ( :i* we write !  fir/ t5     
numb]s1 = example1 & !n write !m aga9 at
 !  beg9n+ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( horizontal 
l9es 7,fig4 #a74 ,let u  suppose1 too1 t
 we h a box divid$ into comp>tm5ts      
arrang$  l ! squ>es 9 our table1 into   
:i* we put heaps ( balls1  beans1 or    
dice correspond+ to ! numb]s indicat$ 9 
! table4  ,! *ild w take1 = example1 two
 balls f "o comp>tm5t &  ?ree f ano!r1 w
 put !m toge!r & place 8 five balls 9  !
 case correspond+ ) ! po9t :]e ! l9es ( 
two & ?ree  w meet1 & w ?us gradually   
accu/om himself to ! idea t  two add$ to
 ?ree are equal to five1 f\r & two to   
six1 etc41  be=e he kn[s h[ to write !  
correspond+ figures4 ,z soon z he  has  
le>n$ h[ to write !m he c himself make !
 table )  figures 7,fig4 #b71 %[+ t "o &
 "o make two1 "o & ?ree  f\r1 etc4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4    ,?is w be   

all ! easi] = him because he w only h to
 write  ! figures 9 _! ord] 9 ! l9es & !
 columns4 ,?is  furni%es an excell5t    
writ+ ex]cise aft] ! *ildr5 h begun  to 
write figures1 & af=ds besides a c]ta9  
me?od ( tea*+  !m ! addition table up to
 n9ete5 at lea/4 ,i insi/ t all  ?is c  
be done ev5 be=e ! *ild kn[s h[ to write
 ! figures  by means ( an arrangem5t l a
 pr9t]'s case1 & t x w be  z a play1 r  
?an a /udy1 to ! *ild4 ,h>dly any?+ m  w
 be requir$ ?an to br+ ! toy to ! *ild's
 notice & leave  him to himself aft] he 
has be5 />t$ ) x1 & he w get  along !   
fa/] ! less he is bo!r$4    ,a simil>   
process may be adopt$ ) ! multiplication
 table4 ,) a  case l ! o!r1 x is only   
necess>y to tell ! *ild t if he  wants  
to "k h[ mu* are ?ree times f\r he has  
only to make heaps  ( f\r ?+s ea*1 take 
?ree ( !m & put !m 9 ! box at !         
int]section ( ! l9e ?ree & ! column f\r4
 ,if he c write  ! figures he w write   
#ab1 in/ead ( ga!r+ up ! twelve  objects
 t repres5t ! product4 ,:5 he has play$ 

at ?is =  "s "t he may become acqua9t$ )
 all ! products up to t5  times t5 or   
beyond )\t hav+ to make any abnormal    
ef=t (  memory4    ,! idea ( num]ation1 
:i* is usually put (f till a lat] p]iod1
  %\ld also be giv5 at ! beg9n+4 ,*ildr5
 soon und]/& !  decimal num]ation & le>n
 to write #aj = t51 & o!r numb]s        
compos$ ( "o ( ! n9e ciph]s & z]o4 ,b ! 
fact :i*1  h[ev]1 ?\gh q ess5tial to "k1
 receives v little  att5tion is t !re is
 no?+ p>ticul> ab\t ?is numb] t51  & t  
sy/ems ( num]ation c be devis$ re/+ on  
any basis  t may be tak52 t ! pr9ciple (
 e sy/em ( num]ation  consi/s 9 tak+ a  
c]ta9 numb] ( units & gr\p+ !m4 ,take1  
= example1 a sy/em hav+ five z its      
basis4 ,all ! numb]s (  su* a sy/em c be
 repres5t$ ) ! figures #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d1
 !  symbol #aj /&+ 9 ?is case = five4   
,to con/ruct a numb] we  h only to gr\p 
! units by fives & obs]ve ! result4     
,to le>n decimal num]ation by ?is       
process we put t5s ( objects  into      
little boxes1 t5s ( little boxes into   

l>g] ones1 & s on4  ,! *ild c 9 ?is way 
acquire an exact idea ( ! units (       
successive ord] 9 any sy/em t may be    
desir$4    ,?is me?od ( tea*+ 0 develop$
 9 a rem>kable way ab\t  ?irty ye>s ago 
by ,jean ,mac 9 a little book entitl$   
,l',ari?mtique du ,gr&-,papa--,gr&pa's  
,ari?metic--:i* made "s  impression :5 x
 appe>$1 b has be5 sub/antially =gott54 
,9 ?is me?od ,i atta* mu* importance to 
giv+ ^! ex]cises a  =m ( play4 ,i       
believe t no?+ 9 prim>y in/ruction %\ld 
savor ( obligation & fatigue4 ,x w\ld1  
on ! o!r h&1 be  bett] to try to induce 
! *ild to desire himself to g on1 & x   
w\ld always be well to try to give him !
 illusion1 9 all /ages (  in/ruction1 t 
he is ! discov]] ( ! facts we wi% to    
impress  ^u 8 m9d4    ,we ne$ n /op )   
ari?metic1 b may g on & give ! *ild a   
little geometry4 ,to accompli% ?is we   
%\ld give him ! idea (  geometrical     
objects1 & to "s ext5t _! nom5clature1 &
 ?is  c be done )\t caus+ fatigue4 ,to  
accompli% ?is he %\ld be  taught to     

draw1 h[ev] rudely4 ,he c beg9 ) /raight
 l9es1 (  :i* he soon le>ns ! prop]ties2
 !n1 :5 he has drawn sev]al  l9es side  
by side1 he w le>n t !y are p>allels & w
  nev] meet4 ,he w le>n1 too1 aft] he   
has drawn ?ree int]sect+  l9es1 t !     
figure )9 !m is call$ a triangle1 t !   
figure =m$ by two p>allel l9es meet+ two
 o!r p>allels is a  p>allelogram1 & he c
 g on to make & le>n ab\t polygons1 etc 
7,fig4 #c74 ,all ?is nom5clature w get  
into 8 head )\t giv+  ab/ract           
def9itions1 b 9 su* a way t :5 he sees a
  geometrical object ( def9ite =m he w  
recognize x at once &  give x ! "n t    
belongs to x4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4   
#c4    ,9 ! practical matt] ( !         
measurem5t ( areas we convey  imm$iate  
compreh5sion z to _m figures )\t special
 ef=t1  provid$ we d n pres5t !         
demon/ration 9 pr(essional /yle1  limit+
 ourselves to mak+ ! pupil compreh5d or 
feel ?+s s  cle>ly & def9itely t x %all 
be equival5t1 z to !  satisfaction ( 8  
m9d1 to an absolutely rigor\s           

demon/ration4 ,at  any rate1 he w be    
bett] provid$ = ! future ?an by rigor\s 
demon/rations t he does n und]/&4 ,tak+ 
! p>allelogram1  = example1 let u       
suppose a figure made l ,fig4 #d1 & we  
saw  ?r\gh x along ! l9es ,a ,a' & ,b   
,c4 ,x does n ne$ a v  great ef=t (     
att5tion to recognize1 exp]im5tally if  
ne$ be1  t ! two triangles ,a ,a' ,d &  
,b ,b' ,c may be plac$ "o ^u  ! o!r &   
are id5tical4 ,if1 f ! figure ?us =m$1  
we take  away ! "r-h& triangle !        
p>allelogram w rema92 if we take  away !
 o!r triangle a rectangle w be left1 or 
a peculi>  p>allelogram1 ( :i* also we  
give ! idea to ! *ild z a figure  9 :i* 
! angles are =m$ by /raight l9es        
p]p5dicul> to "o  ano!r4 ,"h1 !n1 ! *ild
 ga9s ! notion ( ! equival5ce (  a      
p>allelogram & a rectangle ( ! same base
 & height2 & ?is  notion1 obta9$ by     
cutt+ up a piece ( bo>d or pa/ebo>d1 he 
w  c>ry s s]i\sly & firmly 9 8 head t he
 w nev] lose x4  ,by cutt+ ! same       
p>allelogram 9 two1 along a diagonal ,a 

,c1 x  may be easily %[n t ! two        
triangles c be plac$ exactly "o  ^u !   
o!r1 & t1 consequ5tly1 !y h equal areas4
 ,^!  lessons con/itute a s]ies (       
classical !orems 9 geometry :i*  ! *ild 
c try ) 8 f+]s & le>n )\t ev5 giv+ !m  !
 =m ( !orems4 ,i might %[ ! same z to ! 
area ( !  trapeze & ) _m o!r !orems1 b  
my purpose is only to  pres5t z _m      
examples z w make my idea und]/ood1 )\t 
go+ into details4    ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #d    ,yet ,i c n leave ?is      
subject )\t %[+ h[ we c make a  v *ild  
und]/& "s ( ! geometrical !orems t h    
acquir$ a bad reputation 9 ! _w (       
c&idates = degrees1  includ+ ev5 su* z !
 pons as9orum ( ,py?agoras2 !           
demon/ration1 t is1 t if we con/ruct !  
triangles ,b & ,c  on ! sides ( a       
"r-angl$ triangle1 _! sum w be equal to 
! squ>e ,a con/ruct$ on ! hypot5use4 ,! 
usual demon/ration  ( ?is !orem is n v  
complicat$1 b !re is some?+  tiresome1  
artificial1 & h>d 9 x4 ,! demon/ration  
,i propose is  almo/ intuitive1 & !     

reason+ ( x is bo? simple & rigor\s4    
,suppose we take two equal squ>es1 &1   
mak+ equal l5g?s on !  f\r sides ( "o ( 
!m1 jo9 ! po9ts s obta9$ z indicat$ 9  !
 fir/ ( ! two figures 7,figs4 #e & #f7 s
 z to =m f\r  "r-angl$ triangles1 & !n  
place f\r o!r squ>es 9 !  corn]s ( !    
orig9al squ>e4 ,^! "r-angl$ triangles   
are (  su* sort t ! sum ( _! sides is   
equal to ! side ( !  squ>e4 ,?is c be   
demon/rat$1 b x /rikes ! eyes )\t  t4   
,we see1 too1 t ! int]ior figure is a   
squ>e1 & t x  is con/ruct$ on !         
hypot5use ( ! triangles 9 "q4           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4    ,x is easy  
to see 9 ! o!r figure1 :i* is =m$ aft] !
 same  measures z its alt]nate1 t !     
triangles #a1 #b1 #c1 #d c be  arrang$ s
 z to occupy ! positions #a'1 #b'1 #c'1 
#d' 9 su* way z  to leave 9 ! ma9 squ>e 
two small] squ>es con/ruct$ on !  sides 
( "o ( ! "r-angl$ triangles4 ,x foll[s t
 ! squ>e  ,a is equival5t to ! sum ( !  
squ>es ,b & ,c4 ,! !orem  ?us becomes a 

k9d ( intuition1 a ?+ evid5tly          
indisputable4    ,x is a curi\s fact t !
 orig9 ( ?is demon/ration is lo/ 9  !   
obscurity ( ! pa/2 x probably goes back 
to ?irty or =ty  c5turies1 at lea/1 be=e
 ! ,*ri/ian era1 & app>5tly to  ,india4 
,bhasc>a1 9 8 ,bija ,ganita1 aft] trac+ 
a figure1 a  simple comb9ation ( ^! two1
 says1 ,!re y see x4 ,i rem>k  t su* a  
demon/ration1 ev5 if dress$ )           
geometrical t]ms1  assum+ a "* t con=ms 
to exi/+ ways ( tea*+1 w\ld  be va/ly   
sup]ior1 ev5 9 second>y s*ools1 to !    
demon/rations  ( ,leg5dre & o!rs1 :i*   
are mu* h>d]4 ,! return to :at 0  done v
 long ago 9 ?is case con/itutes a great 
advance ^u :at  we are do+ n[4    ,hav+ 
giv5 our little "o an initiation into ! 
my/]ies (  ari?metic & geometry1 we     
introduce him to algebra1 a bran* :i*   
passes 9 ! majority ( families z !      
h>de/1 mo/ complicat$1  & mo/ ab/ruse t 
c be imag9$4 ,i d n pret5d t  algebraic 
!ories ent] easily into ! *ild's        
delicate bra92  r ! contr>y2 b ,i decl>e

 t "s ideas 9 algebra c be  made        
compreh5sible to *ildr5 )\t fatigue4 ,we
 c1 = in/ance1  make !m und]/&1 9 ! way 
( amusem5t & )\t great  difficulty1 !   
=mula t gives ! sum ( ! fir/ numb]s4 ,we
  take a %eet ( pap] rul$ 9 squ>es &    
%ade ! fir/ squ>e (  ! fir/ l9e1 !n !   
fir/ two squ>es ( ! second l9e1 !  fir/ 
?ree ( ! ?ird1 etc4 7,fig4 #g74 ,! :ole 
numb] ( squ>es  %ad$ 9 ?is mann]        
repres5ts visibly ! sum ( ! fir/ :ole   
numb]s up to any "o we may *oose--to #g 
9 ! figure4 ,if we give  ?is pap] to !  
*ild & ask him to return x1 he w v      
easily  p]ceive t ! figures =m$ by !    
:ite & ! black squ>es  are alike4 ,!    
numb] s\ght = w !re=e be equal to half !
  sum ( ! squ>es--t is1 9 ! pres5t      
example          #a  #b  #c  #d  #e  #f 
#g  7#g ,x #h7 3 #b  #bh1    we c prove 
by reason+ t if n be tak5 to repres5t ! 
la/  numb] we %all h = ! sum            
n 7n  #a7        ,s  ----------         
#b    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4    ,i    
introduce ?is =mula to def9e my ?\ght   

bett]1 b "o c make  ! *ild p]ceive !    
numb]s t are want$ )\t writ+ d[n a  s+le
 "*4    ,some:at simil> is ! me?od (    
f9d+ ! sum ( ! odd numb]s4  ,= ?is x w  
be en\gh to take our squ>e-rul$ %eet (  
pap] &  %ade ! fir/ squ>e on ! left1 !n 
! ?ree squ>es ar\nd x1  :i* w =m ) x a  
squ>e 7#a  #c  #d72 cont9u+ ?us we      
obta91 z ! figure readily %[s 7,fig4    
#h71 a squ>e =m$ ( a  s]ies ( %ad$      
zones1 repres5t+ ! s]ies ( odd numb]s1 !
  exam9ation ( :i* w illu/rate ! prop]ty
 to ! *ild4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 
,9 ano!r direction x is possible to give
 ! *ild algebraic ideas  mu* beyond     
any?+ we w\ld imag9e4 ,suppose1 =       
example1 we want  to give him a         
conception ( addition4 ,he easily       
realizes t  objects--mat]ial b>s1 =     
example--c be select$ s z to  repres5t  
numb]s by _! l5g?4 ,he c be readily made
 to  und]/& t if he has "o b> ?ree &    
ano!r five in*es long  he c obta9 ! sum 
( ^! l5g?s1 9 :at we might call a       
mat]ial way1 by plac+ !m l5g?wise1 "o at

 ! end ( !  o!r--an ess5tially practical
 notion & easily c>ri$ into effect4  ,if
 we take a l9e & m>k a />t+ po9t on x1  
call+ x z]o1  !n measure (f segm5ts on x
 repres5t+ ! b>s we h be5  talk+ ab\t "o
 aft] ano!r1 we c get ! sum repres5t$ by
 !  l5g? ( ! two segm5ts4 ,if1 in/ead ( 
measur+ ?ree plus five  in*es ,i measure
 ?ree plus two ,i rea* ano!r po9t4 ,if1 
in/ead (  add+ two & ?ree1 ,i wi% to    
take "o ( ! b>s or numb]s away  7#c-b71 
or subtract1 ! op]ation w be easily     
p]=m$ by  measur+ ! two 9 ! opposite    
direction4 ,! diff]5ce w be  repres5t$  
by ! l5g? t is left4 ,if we try to =m ! 
quantity  #c-e 9 ari?metic we c n d x2 b
 9 proce$+ 9 ?is me?od  & measur+ back  
on ! b> we get to a po9t back ( !       
orig9al  />t+ po9t :i* repres5ts ?is    
diff]5ce--say two in*es beh9d  :]e we   
began4 ,"h we h 9 ! g]m ! :ole !ory (   
negative  quantities1 conc]n+ :i* ?\s&s 
& ?\s&s ( pages h  be5 writt54 ,yet we  
f9d t by c>efully graduat+ our l9es we  
c make x intuitive & accessible to a    

*ild :o has le>n$ t  ! common op]ations 
( addition & subtraction c be repres5t$ 
) mat]ial objects4 ,! g5]ation (        
negative & positive  quantities foll[s q
 naturally4    ,^! examples1 ,i ?9k1 are
 suffici5t to %[ t we might  consid]ably
 enl>ge ! field ( ! inve/igations )9    
rea* (  ! *ild4 ,= ?is purpose a small  
am\nt ( v simple mat]ial1  :i* we c v>y 
z we please1 is ne$ful4 ,! fir/ elem5t (
 ?is  mat]ial is pap] rul$ 9 squ>es1 a  
wond]ful in/rum5t1 :i*  ev]ybody deal+ )
 ma!matics or ) sci5ce g5]ally %\ld  h4 
,x is ( special p$agogic use 9 giv+     
*ildr5 _! fir/  ideas ( =m1 size1 &     
position1 )\t :i* _! e>ly  in/ruction is
 only a delusion4 ,add to ?is pap] dice1
 buttons1  beans1 & mat*-/icks--?+s     
always easy to get--& we h all  !       
mat]ial we ne$4    ,!re is no amusem5t1 
h[ev] pu]ile x may appe>1 n ev5 a play  
( words1 t c n be utiliz$ 9 tea*+ ( ?is 
sort4 ,=  in/ance1 :5 y\r *ild has le>n$
 8 addition table1 if y put  him to a   
demon/ration1 assum+ to prove to 8      

comrades t six &  ?ree make eight1 8    
curiosity w be excit$1 & y may be v     
sure t1 once 8 att5tion has be5 giv5 to 
?is amusem5t1 he  w nev] =get t six &   
?ree make n9e & n eight4 ,to make  !    
demon/ration1 we h only to gr\p ! n9e   
mat*-/icks z 9  ! figure 7,fig4 #i7     
bel[4 ,we might demon/rate 9 a l way t  
half ( twelve is sev5 by cutt+ ! ,roman 
num]al ,,xii 9 two1  leav+ ! upp] "p    
visible4 ,su* pleasantries h a          
p$agogical  value1 because ! p>adox is  
precisely ( a k9d to attract !  att5tion
 ( ! *ild1 & he w always aft]w>d be sure
 n to  fall into ! trap4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4    ,! side (   
?is k9d ( in/ruction on :i* ,i insi/ mo/
 is t1  giv5 "u ! =m ( play1 x is free f
 e sort ( dogmatic  "*4 ,no tru? %\ld be
 impos$ on ! *ild2 on ! contr>y1  he    
%\ld be all[$ to discov] x z a fruit ( 8
 own activity4 ,he  w be ?or\ghly       
impress$ ) ! tru?s :i* he has ?us f\nd  
out himself4 ,!y _h bett] be few at     
fir/2 ! important ?+ is  = him to "k !m 

completely4    ,! in/ruction %\ld also  
be ess5tially objective & free f all    
ab/raction4 ,! abs5ce ( ab/raction %\ld1
 h[ev]1 be r  app>5t ?an real4          
,ab/raction is inde$ "o ( ! elem5ts t   
contribute mo/ to give ma!matical sci5ce
 a fe>ful air to  outsid]s1 & yet x is  
mo/ usually a simplification (          
matt]s--q ! contr>y ( :at is g5]ally    
suppos$4 ,x is1 9  fact1 su* a          
simplification & s necess>y t we all    
make x z if  by in/9ct1 & ! *ild makes  
x1 n 9 ma!matics only1 b 9  all !       
consid]ations ( life4    ,?us1 :5 ,i    
want to give ! *ild 8 fir/ idea ( !     
numb] two ,i  put two beans 9 8 h& & let
 him contemplate !m4 ,he gets a  p]fect 
notion ( ! collection two4 ,yet1 if y   
look at !m a  little clos] & he himself 
looks at !m clos] he w f9d t  ! two     
beans1 :atev] else !y may be1 are n     
id5tical1 = !re  exi/ no two objects 9  
,nature t are n diff]5t4 ,s :5 !  *ild  
introduces ?is idea ( collection into 8 
m9d 9 a :olly  in/9ctive way1 by        

id5tify+ ! ?+s he sees1 he beg9s to     
p]=m ab/raction4 ,?is ab/raction deliv]s
 him f all !  complications & all !     
annoyances t come to him f !            
contemplation ( real objects4 ,by !     
philosophic process (  ab/raction x has 
be5 possible to con/ruct all ! sci5ces1 
&  especially ! sci5ce ( magnitudes4    
,! ideas ,i h be5 sett+ =? 9 outl9e are 
n m9e1 & are1  un=tunately1 n rec5t4 ,!y
 may be f\nd 9 some:at diff]5t  =m1 b   
sub/antially ! same 9 pr9ciple1 9       
l',essai d'education  nationale1 publi%$
 by ,le ,*alotais 9 #agfc4 ,! pap]      
furni%es a  programme ( /udies &        
education :i*1 if put into execution1   
w\ld1 ,i believe1 con/itute a long      
advance ov] ! pres5t  conditions4 ,at a 
lat] p]iod ,condorcet 0 occupi$ ) !     
subject4  ,at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury
 ! "n ( ,jean ,mac1 :i* ,i  h already   
cit$1 %\ld be held among ^? ( m5 :o h   
tri$  to infuse s\nd & j views conc]n+ !
 p$agogy ( ma!matics4  ,ano!r man1 f :om
 ,i h borr[$ a consid]able "p ( !       

examples ,i h cit$1 is ,ed\>d ,lucas1   
:o1 9 8 ,rcrations  ma?matiques1 ( :i*  
"o volume 0 publi%$ dur+ 8 lifetime  &  
two o!rs aft] 8 dea?1 & 9 8 lectures    
be=e !  ,cons]vatoire des ,arts et      
,mti]s1 /rove to develop views conc]n+  
! prim>y ma!matical education (         
*ildhood--views :i*  did n diff]1 except
 9 =m1 f ^? :i* ,i h                    
pres5t$4--,translat$ = ! ,popul> ,sci5ce
 ,mon?ly f ! ,revue  ,sci5tifique4      
,,pres5t ,,position ,,( ,,sociology4    
,,by ,f4 ,,sp5c] ,,baldw94      ,!      
pres5t condition ( sociological ?\ght is
 confus$1 if n  *aotic4 ,x ne$s only a  
brief exam9ation ( ! writ+s (  pr(ess$  
sociologi/s to discov] ! want ( agreem5t
 among !m4  ,!re is no cons5sus ( op9ion
 reg>d+ ei!r ! scope & me?od  ( ! new   
sci5ce1 s call$1 or its fundam5tal laws 
& pr9ciples4  ,! "n sociology /&s = no  
def9ite body ( sy/ematic  k4 ,x is      
appli$ to an in*oate mass ( speculation1
 (t5  vague & conflict+1 :i* repres5ts !
 ?\ght ( v>i\s  ?9k]s ab\t social       

ph5om5a4    ,a few ye>s ago a /ud5t (   
sociology 9 ,*icago wrote to all !      
tea*]s ( sociology 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 
to o!rs kn[n to be  deeply int]e/$ 9 !  
subject & entitl$ to express an op9ion1 
ask+ !m to answ] a numb] ( p]t95t       
que/ions reg>d+ !  nature & function ( !
 sci5ce4#bh ,ab\t =ty repli$2 (  ^!1    
?ree discreetly plead$ k insuffici5t to 
entitle !m  to an op9ion4 ,comp>ison ( !
 views express$ 9 ! rema9+  tw5ty-sev5  
replies l$ ! inve/igator to conclude t !
 sci5ce  is 9 a m or less undef9$ &     
t5tative position4 ,s little  progress  
t[>d unanimity ( op9ion has be5 made by 
sociologi/s  s9ce ! date ( ?is c5sus t  
its results may be tak5 z typical  (    
pres5t conditions4 ,among ! que/ions    
ask$ 7 ^!3 ,d y  ?9k ! /udy is entitl$  
to be call$ a sci5ce8 ,9 :at  dep>tm5t  
does x belong8 ,:at is its relation to  
political  economy1 hi/ory1 political   
sci5ce1 e?ics8         ,footnote #bh3   
,pres5t ,condition ( ,sociology 9 !     
,unit$       ,/ates4 ,ira ,w4 ,h[>?4    

,annals ( ! ,am]ican ,academy1          
,septemb]1 #ahid4    ,! "q :e!r         
sociology is entitl$ to be call$ a      
sci5ce is  answ]$ by fully ?ree f\r?s ( 
! correspond5ts 9 !  affirmative4 ,"s   
h$ge1 by affirm+ t x is becom+ a sci5ce4
  ,pr(4 ,john ,bascom1 ( ,williams      
,college1 appe>s to h ent]$ into  !     
humor ( ! situation2 he writes1 ,x w d  
no h>m to call x  a sci5ce if we d n    
abate our ef=t to make x "o4    ,!      
op9ions reg>d+ ! dep>tm5t 9 :i*         
sociology belongs are  ent]ta9+ly       
div]se4 ,pr(4 ,john ,dewey1 ( !         
,univ]sity (  ,*icago1 is frank en\gh to
 admit t he doesn't feel at all sure    
:]e x belongs4 ,x w\ld seem well1 he    
adds1 to h x a  sep>ate bran*1 9 ord] to
 make sure t x receiv$ prop]  att5tion4 
,?is feel+ ( uneas9ess le/ ! claims (   
sociology be  slight+ly treat$ appe>s to
 be g5]al among ! repres5tatives (  !   
new /udy4 ,mo/ ( ! tea*]s ( sociology   
are ( ! op9ion  t x ought to =m a       
dep>tm5t by itself4 ,"s w\ld place x 9  

! dep>tm5t ( ! social sci5ces1 along )  
politics1 economics1  jurisprud5ce1 & ! 
l4 ,o!rs w\ld *ange ! ord]1 mak+ all  ! 
social sci5ces divisions ( sociology4   
,on ! o!r h&1  ,pr(essor ,gidd+s1 (     
,columbia ,univ]sity1 says3 ,g5]al      
sociology  c n be divid$ into special   
social sci5ces1 su* z economics1  law1 &
 politics1 )\t los+ its di/9ctive "*4 ,x
 %\ld  be look$ on z ! f\ndation or     
gr\ndwork ( ^! sci5ces1 r  ?an z _! sum 
or z _! collective "n4 ,scatt]+ replies 
place x "u psy*ology1 moral & political 
sci5ce1 political  economy1 &           
an?ropology4 ,"o tea*] ?9ks x belongs "u
 !  humanities2 :ile two say x has no   
natural b\nd>ies1 & is  !re=e n includ$ 
9 any "o dep>tm5t4 ,altoge!r !          
impression left by ! replies to ?is "q  
is t ! tea*]s  ( sociology are q at a   
loss to "k :]e to put ! /udy 9 !        
univ]sity curriculum4 ,!y appe> to      
realize confus$ly t !y  h on _! h&s a   
p$agogical :ite elephant1 :i* defies    
classification4    ,! op9ions conc]n+ ! 

relation ( sociology to political       
economy1 hi/ory1 political sci5ce1 &    
e?ics are almo/ delphic 9  _! vagu5ess4 
,says "o1 ,hi/ory is its mat]ial1 e?ics 
its guide1  political economy its       
int]pret]1 & a rational sy/em (         
political  sci5ce its propos$ end4 ,says
 ano!r1 ,sociology is political  economy
 9 practice1 hi/ory 9 ! mak+1 political 
sci5ce z an  art1 & e?ics appli$4 ,aft] 
worry+ ov] ^! oracul> epigrams  x is    
refre%+ to be told by ano!r tea*] t !   
relation (  sociology to political      
economy1 hi/ory1 etc41 is close4    ,x  
w\ld be sup]flu\s to cite fur!r         
illu/rations ( ! unsettl$  /ate (       
sociological ?\ght4 ,! quotations t h   
be5 made %[  conclusively t ! accr$it$  
repres5tatives ( ! new sci5ce  are at   
logg]heads ^u fundam5tal que/ions4 ,?is 
fact !  sociologi/s !mselves readily    
admit4 ,! au?or ( a rec5t treatise  on  
sociology speaks ( ! confusion &        
p]plexity among its  tea*]s1 & decl>es t
 its =ms are z yet v>i$1 & p]haps  w\ld 

sugge/ a s]ies ( pseudo-sci5ces in/ead  
if "o g5u9e  sci5ce4#bi ,ev5 ,pr(essor  
,gidd+s confesses 9 ! preface ( 8       
,pr9ciples ( ,sociology t mu* sociology 
is z yet no?+ m  ?an c>eful & sugge/ive 
guesswork4 ,pr(essor ,small1 ( !        
,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 9 8 ,introduction 
to ! ,/udy ( ,society1  speaks (        
sociology z an in*oate sci5ce1 & rem>ks 
t only  ignoramuses1 incompet5t to      
employ ! me?od ( any sci5ce1 c\ld  claim
 = sociology ! m]it ( a complet$ sy/em4 
,footnote #bi3 ,fairbanks4 ,introduction
 to ,sociology1 p4 #a4    ,sociologi/s  
!mselves1 !n1 confess t diff]5ces (     
op9ion  exi/ among !m4 ,let u look m    
c>efully at ! nature ( ^!  diff]5ces4   
,!y relate to ! scope1 ! me?od1 !       
object1 & !  gr\nd-pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce4
    ,! prov9ce ( sociology is def9$ by  
"s v broadly1 to include  ! :ole range (
 ! ph5om5a ( human association4 ,by o!rs
 !  scope ( ! /udy is limit$ to a n>r[] 
range ( social ph5om5a4  ,among ! latt]1
 aga91 !re are "s :o w\ld id5tify       

sociology  ) ! /udy ( social orig9s1 or 
! g5esis ( social  in/itutions4 ,o!rs   
w\ld re/rict sociology to a /udy ( !    
hi/ory & function ( ! family4 ,/ill o!rs
 und]/& by  sociology m]ely ! pa?ology (
 society1 devot+ !mselves to !          
diagnosis ( social diseases1 z crime &  
paup]ism4    ,pr(essor ,gidd+s has call$
 att5tion to ! natural t5d5cy on !  "p (
 ea* social philosoph] to create a      
sociology 9 ! image (  8 pr(essional    
specialty4 ,to ! economi/1 he says1     
sociology is  a p5umbral political      
economy--a sci5tific out] d>kness--=    
inconv5i5t problems & ob/9ate facts t w 
n live peaceably  ) well-br$ =mulas4 ,to
 ! ali5i/ & ! crim9al  an?ropologi/ x is
 a social pa?ology4 ,to ! e?nologi/ x is
 t  subdivision ( 8 own sci5ce :i*      
supplem5ts ! acc\nt ( racial  traits by 
a description ( social organization4 ,to
 ! comp>ative  my?ologi/ & ! /ud5t (    
folklore x is an acc\nt ( !  evolution (
 culture4    ,! n>r[] conceptions (     
sociology1 h[ev]1 h be5 disc>d$  by !   

be/-kn[n sociologi/s ( ! pres5t "t4 ,!re
 is a g5]al  t5d5cy to adopt a broad    
def9ition ( ! prov9ce ( sociology1 to   
include 9 ! field ( inve/igation all !  
ph5om5a ( social  /ructure & gr[?4    ,b
 :at is ! relation ( ?is g5]al social   
sci5ce to ! special  social sci5ces--t  
is1 ! sci5ces deal+ ) special gr\ps (   
social ph5om5a1 z economics1 politics1 &
 jurisprud5ce8 ,is  sociology any?+ m   
?an a conv5i5t collective "n = ! sum  ( 
all ^!8 ,t\*+ ?is po9t op9ions diff]4#cj
         ,footnote #cj3 ,see = ! foll[+3
 ,h4 ,h4 ,p[]s4 ,t]m9ology       & !    
,sociological ,conf]5ce1 9 ,annals ( !  
,am]ican       ,academy1 ,m>*1 #ahie4   
,at lea/ ?ree diff]5t conceptions ( !   
relation ( sociology to  ! v>i\s special
 social sci5ces may be di/+ui%$4        
,sociology  has be5 def9$ z 7#a7 !      
inclusive1 z 7#b7 ! co-ord9at+1  & z    
7#c7 ! fundam5tal sci5ce ( society4 #a4 
,! fir/  conception is t ( ,sp5c] & ,de 
,greef4 ,sp5c] def9es sociology  z !    
sci5ce ( society1 & def5ds 8 adoption ( 

! t]m on  ! gr\nd t no o!r "n           
suffici5tly compreh5sive exi/$4  ,?is   
implies t he conceives ( sociology z an 
inclusive sci5ce4  ,de ,greef1 !        
,belgian sociologi/1 makes ! sci5ce all 
compreh5sive2 8 s*eme ( classification  
includes ev]y?+1 f  ! husb&+ ( corn &   
w9e to electione]+ conte/s 9 !          
,in/itute ( ,france4#ca #b4 ,! second   
conception is t (  ,pr(essor ,small1 (  
,*icago4 ,he def9es sociology z !       
syn!sis (  all ! p>ticul> social        
sci5ces4 ,x does n include1 x           
coord9ates ^! sci5ces4 ,x conc]ns itself
 ) ! relations  :i* ! v>i\s special     
gr\ps ( social ph5om5a hold to ea*  o!r 
& to society z a :ole1 leav+ to special 
social sci5ces  ! /udy ( ea* gr\p 9     
m9ute detail4 ,! conclusions won by ^!  
special sci5ces are tak5 by sociology & 
work$ ov] into a body (  correlat$      
social pr9ciples4 ,sociology is1 !re=e1 
subsequ5t to  ! p>ticul> social sci5ces 
& dep5d5t ^u !m4 #c4 ,! ?ird  conception
 is t ( ,pr(essor ,gidd+s1 ( ,columbia  

,univ]sity4 ,he  def9es sociology z !   
sci5ce ( social elem5ts & fir/          
pr9ciples4 ,x is n m]ely ! sum ( !      
social sci5ces2 x is  r _! common basis4
 ,x und]takes to analyze ! g5]al        
*>act]i/ics ( social ph5om5a & to       
=mulate ! laws (  social organization & 
evolution4 ,sociology furni%es a body ( 
fundam5tal pr9ciples :i* make a common  
basis = ! special  social sci5ces4 ,!   
latt] re/ on sociology1 :i* is !        
antec$5t  & fundam5tal social sci5ce4   
,footnote #ca3 ,see ,gidd+s4 ,pr9ciples 
( ,sociology1 p4 #bi4    ,n[ a little   
reflection w %[ t ^! ?ree conceptions ( 
sociology d n conflict1 b h>monize4 ,!re
 is no real opposition  betwe5 !m1      
rightly und]/ood4 ,ea* emphasizes       
correctly "o phase  ( ! relation betwe5 
sociology & ! special social sci5ces4   
,sociology is bo? an inclusive1 a       
co-ord9at+1 & a fundam5tal  sci5ce4 ,9 !
 fir/ place1 sociology is a g5]al       
sci5ce1 hav+ z  its subject-matt] social
 ph5om5a ( all k9ds4 ,!re=e x           

compreh5ds all ! sci5ces deal+ ) special
 k9ds ( social  ph5om5a4 ,^! p>ticul>   
sci5ces are1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1  closely 
relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,!y mu/ possess 9    
common c]ta9  laws & pr9ciples4 ,^! x is
 ! task ( sociology to =mulate2  = z !  
inclusive social sci5ce x %\ld exhibit !
 mutual  relations ( ! includ$ social   
sci5ces4 ,?us sociology becomes a       
co-ord9at+ z well z an inclusive sci5ce4
 ,fur!rmore1 ! laws  & pr9ciples ( !    
special social sci5ces1 :i* sociology1 z
 !  co-ord9at+ sci5ce1 und]takes to     
=mulate1 are necess>ily  fundam5tal4 ,& 
9 ?is respect sociology may be reg>d$ z 
!  fundam5tal social sci5ce4 ,! ?ree    
rival conceptions ( sociology  mu/ be   
comb9$ 9 ! correct view4 ,z ,mr4 ,ar?ur 
,fairbanks rem>ks  9 8 admirable        
,introduction to ,sociology3 ,sociology 
may embrace all  ! sci5ces deal+ )      
society1 b x does n de/roy ! p>tial     
indep5d5ce ( any ( ^! bran*es4 ,x       
includes economics1  politics1 & ! l1 b1
 in/ead ( supplant+ !m1 its sph]e  is to

 lay ! f\ndation ( ^! p>ticul> social   
sci5ces4    ,x appe>s1 !n1 t !          
disagreem5t among ! lead]s (            
sociological ?\ght reg>d+ ! scope ( _!  
sci5ce is m  app>5t ?an real4 ,! same   
may be said reg>d+ ! cont5tion  ab\t    
me?od4 ,! debate "h is ov] ! "q :e!r    
d$uction  or induction is ! prop] me?od 
( inve/igation 9 ! social  sci5ces4 ,"o 
p>ty holds t ! only legitimate me?od is 
!  ab/ract-d$uctive1 ! inve/igator      
arriv+ at 8 conclusions by  reason+ a   
priori f c]ta9 fundam5tal assumptions   
reg>d+  ! nature ( man 9 g5]al4 ,:at ^! 
?9k]s aim at is a  subjective           
int]pretation ( social ph5om5a 9 t]ms ( 
human  motives1 pr9ciples1 & ideals4    
,ano!r p>ty ma9ta9s t ! only  fruitful  
me?od is ! concrete-inductive1 !        
inve/igator rea*+  8 conclusions by     
obs]v+ ! facts ( social life & reason+  
f !m to g5]al laws & pr9ciples4 ,! aim  
"h is to give an  objective             
int]pretation ( society 9 t]ms ( race1  
environm5t1 &  hi/orical conditions4 ,! 

controv]sy has be5 especially viol5t    
among ! economi/s4 ,! ,engli% classical 
s*ool ( political  economy made         
exclusive use ( ! d$uctive me?od2       
economic laws 7  d$uc$ f ! fundam5tal   
po/ulate ( human selfi%ness4 ,!  ,g]man 
hi/orical s*ool employ$ ! inductive     
me?od2 economic laws  7 inf]r$ f a /udy 
( ! concrete facts ( indu/rial life4    
,?is academic discussion ov] me?od is   
tiresome & futile4 ,nei!r  me?od w ev]  
drive ! o!r f ! field4 ,! exclusive     
employm5t ( ei!r d$uction or induction w
 yield only half  results 9 ! social    
sci5ces4 ,! two me?ods effectually      
supplem5t  ea* o!r & %\ld be us$ toge!r4
 ,!y are n rivals1 b  allies4 ,induction
 )\t d$uction is bl9d2 d$uction )\t     
induction untru/wor?y4 ,?is fact is     
recogniz$ by rec5t writ]s on  sociology4
 ,s ,pr(essor ,gidd+s rem>ks t hi/ory   
)\t  d$uctive illum9ation is *aos4      
,d$uction )\t v]ification is  und\bt$ly 
! v light t nev] 0 on sea or l&6    ,!  
pr9cipal me?od 9 ! social sci5ces mu/   

und\bt$ly be !  inductive4 ,! nature ( !
 subject-matt] det]m9es ?is4 ,!  social 
sci5ces deal ) ! facts ( social /ructure
 & gr[?4  ,! task ( ! inve/igator is !  
explanation ( ^! facts4 ,he has  fir/1  
!n1 to obs]ve & comp>e ! facts4 ,b 8    
obs]vation  mu/ be guid$ & 8 conclusions
 v]ifi$ by d$uction4    ,conc]n+ !      
purpose ( sociology1 z t\*+ its me?od1  
!re are  two conflict+ op9ions4 ,b "h   
aga9 ! seem+ disagreem5t is  n          
absolutely irreconcilable4 ,x is held by
 "s t ! purpose (  ! sociologi/ %\ld be 
m]ely ! acquisition ( k1 )\t  fur!r     
?\ght ( ! practical use to :i* ! results
 ( 8  rese>*es might be put4 ,he %\ld   
aim to discov] & =mulate !  laws (      
social =ces1 n to propose ideals (      
social re=m4  ,sociology is a pure      
sci5ce & has no utilit>ian end4 ,by o!rs
 x  is held t ! purpose ( ! sociologi/  
%\ld be ! regulation  ( social =ces 9 ! 
int]e/ ( human progress4 ,! object (    
sociology is ! bett]m5t ( society1 !    
accel]ation ( social  evolution4 ,x is  

an appli$ sci5ce & has a practical end4 
,bo? ^! views are t5able4 ,9 fact1      
sociology1 l all sci5ces1  has a d\ble  
purpose4 ,! prim>y purpose is to acquire
 k2 !  second>y purpose is to apply t k 
to ! atta9m5t (  practical ends4 ,?is   
duality ( purpose is cle>ly set =? by   
,mr4  ,le/] ,f4 ,w>d 9 a rec5t essay4#cb
 ,sociology1 he says1 has bo?  a pure & 
an appli$ /age4 ,x %\ld be /udi$ fir/ = 
! sake  ( in=mation relat+ to ! laws (  
human association &  co-op]ative action1
 & f9ally = ! purpose ( det]m9+ 9  :at  
ways & to :at ext5t social ph5om5a may1 
) a k (  _! laws1 be modifi$ & direct$  
t[>d social ideals4         ,footnote   
#cb3 ,le/] ,f4 ,w>d4 ,purpose (         
,sociology4 ,am]ican       ,j\rnal (    
,sociology1 ,novemb]1 #ahif4    ,mod]n  
society is a complex ( difficult        
problems4 ,& ?is fact  furni%es a       
backgr\nd ( motive = ! /udies ( !       
sociologi/4  ,n ev5 ! v]ie/ /ickl] =    
pure sci5ce c d5y ! imp]ative  ne$ (    
e/abli%$ k ( ! laws ( social activity4  

,!  p p]i% = lack ( wisdom4 ,to enlight5
 ! public m9d on  vital social que/ions 
& ?us to promote an intellig5t direction
 (  social conduct t[>d rational ends is
 ! high function ( sociology4  ,?is     
practical purpose1 h[ev]1 %\ld be kept  
always second>y to  ! pursuit ( k4 ,! k 
is ! important ?+4 ,!  action w !n take 
c>e ( itself4#cc ,! discussion ( !      
:at-ought-to-be mu/ wait on !           
inve/igation ( ! :at-is4 ,!  neglect (  
?is caution has be5 responsible = mu*   
false doctr9e  & fooli% c\nsel4         
,sociologi/s h all[$ _! en?usiasm =     
ideals to bl9d ! eye & bias ! judgm5t4  
,panacea hawk]s ( all  sorts h attempt$ 
to prescribe = social diseases1 )\t mak+
  any /udy ( social /ructure & function4
 ,communi/ic quack]y has  masqu]ad$ z   
sociological wisdom4 ,! wild-cat        
sociology ( !  pres5t day is a result ( 
! ov]-addiction to social re=m :i*      
besets /ud5ts ( society4 ,x c n be too  
/rongly emphasiz$ t  ! prim>y object ( !
 sociologi/ is ! imp>tial inve/igation  

( facts4 ,! man :o =gets ?is becomes    
dang]\s4 ,he is liable to  run amuck4   
,footnote #cc3 ,w>d4 ,ibidem4    ,!     
diff]5ces ( op9ion z to ! scope1 me?od1 
& purpose (  sociology h be5 f\nd ^u    
exam9ation to be less s]i\s ?an  !y at  
fir/ sight appe>$4 ,b 9 reg>d to !      
fundam5tal  pr9ciples ( sociology1 !    
confusion is hopeless4 ,! /ud5t w  se>* 
9 va9 9 ! sy/ematic treatises on        
sociology = any  def9ite body ( e/abli%$
 doctr9e :i* he c accept z !            
gr\nd-pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce4 ,he f9ds    
only an unmanageable mass  ( conflict+  
!ories & op9ions4 ,ea* treatise conta9s 
an  exposition ( :at ! au?or is pleas$  
to label ! ,pr9ciples (  ,sociology4 ,b 
! pr9ciples are n ! same 9 any two      
treatises2  & by no process ( analysis &
 syn!sis c !y be br\ght into  h>mony4   
,!y are fundam5tally contradictory4 ,x  
is impossible1 ,i  believe1 to discov] a
 s+le alleg$ gr\nd-pr9ciple ( sociology 
t has comm&$ g5]al ass5t4    ,"s ( !    
rec5t writ]s on sociology h devot$      

!mselves  p>ticul>ly to ! task (        
e/abli%+ "o basal pr9ciple :i* may  be  
appli$ to ! int]pretation ( all social  
ph5om5a4 ,at lea/  half a doz5 claims to
 ! discov]y ( su* a pr9ciple h be5 put  
=w>d4 ,pr(4 ,ludwig ,gumpl[icz f9ds !   
elem5t>y social fact to  be conflict2   
,pr(4 ,guillaume ,de ,greef f9ds x to be
 contract2 ,m4  ,gabriel ,t>de cont5ds t
 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( society is     
imitation2 ,pr(4 ,emile ,durkheim argues
 t x is ! co]cion ( !  individual m9d by
 modes ( action1 ?\ght1 & feel+ ext]nal 
to  itself4 ,pr(essor ,gidd+s criticises
 all ^! explanations (  society1 z ei!r 
too special or too g5]al1 & und]takes to
  prove t ! orig9al & elem5t>y fact 9   
society is !  consci\sness ( k9d4 ,?is  
is ! det]m9+ pr9ciple to :i* all  social
 ph5om5a are to be ref]r$4#cd ,b        
,pr(essor ,gidd+s's  sociological       
po/ulate has be5 promptly reject$ by 8  
,am]ican  colleagues1 ,pr(4 ,albion ,w4 
,small & ,mr4 ,le/] ,f4 ,w>d4 ,! =m]    
speaks contemptu\sly ( ! consci\sness ( 

k9d z a remote  metaphysical category1 &
 decl>es t ! :ole sy/em ( sociology     
bas$ on ! pr9ciple is an impossible     
comb9ation (  contradictions4#ce ,?is   
op9ion is approv$ by ,w>d1 :o riddles   
,gidd+s's book ) criticism1 & compla9s (
 ! au?or's  inability to h&le pr9ciples 
correctly4#cf         ,footnote #cd3    
,see ,gidd+s4 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1  
*ap4 i4         ,footnote #ce3 ,9       
,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sociology1          
,septemb]1 #ahif4         ,footnote #cf3
 ,9 ,annals ( ! ,am]ican ,academy1      
,july1 #ahif4    ,x is h>dly necess>y to
 p5etrate fur!r into ?is debate ov]     
fir/ pr9ciples4 ,! mo/ exhau/ive        
exam9ation ( ! writ+s (  ! lead]s 9     
sociological ?\ght w\ld fail to discov] 
any  fundam5tal unity ( op9ion4 ,!      
s-call$ pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce  are       
multi=m4 ,!y repres5t m]ely ! unsupport$
 conclusions (  individual ?9k]s4 ,if we
 except ! b>e/ commonplaces1 no tru?s  h
 be5 e/abli%$2 no sci5tific laws h be5  
agre$ ^u4 ,!  cont5t ( ! sci5ce (       

sociology1 z exp\nd$ 9 treatises be>+   
?is "n1 v>ies ) ! p>ticul> bias ( !     
writ]4 ,9 f9e1  !re are sy/ems (        
sociology galore1 b !re is h>dly a      
sociology4    ,( ! v>i\s sy/ems (       
sociology t h be5 develop$ s9ce !  new  
sci5ce 0 fir/ outl9$ by ,augu/e ,comte1 
t ( ,h]b]t  ,sp5c] is und\bt$ly ! mo/   
coh]5t & self-consi/5t4 ,b ev5  ! g5ius 
( ,mr4 ,sp5c] has be5 unequal to ! task 
( work+ out  a body ( firmly gr\nd$     
pr9ciples :i* %\ld furni% a basis =  !  
conv]g5ce ( op9ion on social que/ions4  
,he has n succe$$  9 giv+ p]man5t =m &  
cont5t to sociology4 ,8 "w is           
disp>ag+ly criticis$ by o!r liv+        
sociologi/s4 ,small decl>es  t ,sp5c]'s 
sociology ends precisely :]e sociology  
prop] %\ld  beg91 & quotes approv+ly ,de
 ,greef's ass]tion t ,mr4 ,sp5c]  n only
 fails to %[ t !re is a place =         
sociology1 b 8  own reason+ proves m ?an
 any?+ else t !re is no social  sci5ce  
sup]ior to biology4#cg ,w>d1 :ile       
comm5d+ ! logical  consi/5cy ( ,mr4     

,sp5c]'s "w1 pron\nces him unsy/ematic1 
noncon/ructive1 & nonprogressive4#ch    
,footnote #cg3 ,see ,gidd+s4 ,pr9ciples 
( ,sociology1 *ap4 i4         ,footnote 
#ch3 ,small & ,v9c5t4 ,introduction to !
 ,/udy (       ,society1 p4 #df4    ,!re
 is mu* ju/ice 9 ^! criticisms ( ,mr4   
,sp5c]'s sy/em4 ,8  sociology is almo/  
entirely descriptive2 & 8 description ( 
social ph5om5a has tak5 ! =m ( an       
elaborate analogy betwe5  society & !   
animal organism4 ,! utility ( ?is       
biological  analogy has rightly be5     
call$ 9 "q4 ,! p>ticul>  resemblances   
trac$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] betwe5 a society & 
a liv+ body  are ^!3 bo? gr[ & increase 
9 size2 :ile !y increase 9 size  !y     
increase 9 /ructure2 increase 9 /ructure
 is accompani$ by  progressive          
diff]5tiation ( functions2 &            
diff]5tiation (  functions leads to     
mutual int]dep5d5ce ( ! p>ts4           
,fur!rmore1  9 ! case bo? ( a society & 
( a liv+ body ! lives ( !  units cont9ue
 = "s "t if ! life ( ! aggregate is     

sudd5ly  arre/$2 :ile if ! aggregate is 
n sudd5ly de/roy$ by viol5ce  its life  
greatly exce$s 9 duration ! lives ( its 
units4 ,s9ce1  !re=e1 ! p]man5t         
relations among ! p>ts ( a society are  
analog\s to ! p]man5t relations among ! 
p>ts ( an organism1  society is to be   
reg>d$ z an organism4    ,n[ ! tr\ble ) 
?is clev] analogy is t x breaks d[n     
completely :5 ! comp>ison is c>ri$      
beyond a c]ta9 po9t4 ,mr4  ,sp5c]       
himself notices "s diff]5ces betwe5 !   
social body &  ! animal body1 b decl>es 
t !y are n ( su* fundam5tal  "* z to    
weak5 ! =ce ( 8 analogy4 ,"o ( ^!       
diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 c n be s lightly      
dismiss$4 ,if we comp>e a  high type (  
animal organism ) a high type ( society1
 ?is  /rik+ unlik5ess is discov]$4 ,9 ! 
=m] !re is b "o  c5t] ( consci\sness2 9 
! latt] !re are _m4 ,9 ! "o1  to quote  
,mr4 ,sp5c]'s own words1 consci\sness is
 conc5trat$ 9 a  small "p ( ! aggregate4
 ,9 ! o!r x is diffus$ ?r\gh\t  !       
aggregate4 ,! animal body has "o bra91  

"o c5t] ( ?\ght1  feel+1 & life2 !      
social body has numb]less su* c5t]s4    
,:5 we g back & comp>e ! c\rse (        
developm5t 9 ! two cases  ! diff]5ce    
not$ comes into ev5 great] prom95ce4 ,! 
evolution  ( animal life is *>act]iz$ by
 progressive c5tralization1 !  evolution
 ( social life by progressive           
dec5tralization4 ,9 !  l[e/ =m ( animal1
 ! amoeba1 !re is no s+le c5t] ( life4  
,! life is 9 all ! p>ts2 reproduction   
takes place simply by  division4 ,b )   
ea* successive advance above ?is l[e/ =m
  !re is develop$ m & m def9itely a s+le
 c5t] (  consci\sness4 ,"o "p becomes   
di/9ctly diff]5tiat$ z ! sole  seat (   
life4 ,if t "p is de/roy$1 ! organism   
dies4 ,?us1  animal developm5t has meant
 a conc5tration ( ! m important  n]v\s  
elem5ts & a m]g+ ( _! sep>ate activity 9
 !  common activity ( a s+le            
consci\sness4#ci         ,footnote #ci3 
,fairbanks4 ,introduction to ,sociology1
 p4 #dd4    ,! law ( progress is q !    
rev]se 9 social developm5t4 ,at a       

primitive /age !re is a m>k$ subjection 
( ! individual  elem5ts ( society to a  
c5tral au?ority1 :e!r t ( !  patri>*1 ! 
tribal head1 or ! tribal assembly4 ,!   
individual has  no economic1 legal1 or  
moral indep5d5ce4 ,b z society develops1
  ! control :i* ! :ole ex]ts ov] ! p>ts 
?r\gh au?ority  & cu/om is gradually    
dim9i%$4 ,! individuality ( ! memb]s  ( 
! social body becomes m & m m>k$4       
,individual fre$om  & responsibility are
 def9itely recogniz$4 ,?us1 ! developm5t
 (  society has meant ! developm5t (    
individuality 9 ea* ( its  memb]s4 ,x is
 a developm5t ( p]sons2 ! social        
consci\sness  exi/s only 9 ! discrete   
social elem5ts :i* h become             
individual4#dj         ,footnote #dj3   
,fairbanks4 ,ibidem4    ,9 a ^w1 social 
evolution is accompani$ by a gr[+       
individualization ( ! compon5t elem5ts (
 society1 :]eas animal  developm5t leads
 to ev]-/rong] conc5tration ( ! life ( !
  organism 9 a s+le "p4    ,?is diff]5ce
 betwe5 ! physical organism & society is

  fundam5tal & ess5tial4 ,x is f> m     
/rik+ ?an !  sup]ficial lik5esses       
+5i\sly adduc$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,8       
analogy  t5ds to obscure ! real nature (
 social relations4 ,unless us$ )        
cauti\s qualifications x sugge/s false &
 "o-sid$ views &  ?us h9d]s ! progress (
 sociology4 ,! biological analogy has1 x
  may be conc$$1 a c]ta9 value z a      
conv5i5t way ( describ+  "s ( ! aspects 
( social /ructure & gr[?4 ,x may aid !  
/ud5t to compreh5d c]ta9 facts1 b1 if   
foll[$ bl9dly1 x w  lead him to ov]look 
o!r facts ( ev5 great] importance4    ,!
 biological analogy has be5 c>ri$ to    
absurd l5g?s by "s  writ]s4 ,!re is     
we>isome enum]ation ( social aggregates 
&  organs1 & exhau/ive description ( !  
social n]v\s sy/em4 ,we  le>n t !       
individual may be ei!r a communicat+    
cell or a  t]m9al cell1 o!rwise kn[n z  
an end organ4 ,! girl 9 !  c5tral       
telephone (fice acts z a communicat+    
cell :5 %e  telephones to ,mr4 ,smi? a  
message f ,mr4 ,br[n4 ,b :51 ,mr4 ,smi? 

hav+ ask$ h] ! exact "t by ! *ronomet] 9
 ! ex*ange1  %e looks at ! dial &       
reports h] obs]vation to him1 %e is     
prim>ily a t]m9al cell or end organ4#da 
,! look\t man at sea1  on ! o!r h&1 is  
inv>iably an end organ4 ,?is is f>-fet*$
 &  fanciful4 ,to clo! m]e commonplaces 
9 ! borr[$ rags & tags (  biological    
t]m9ology is n social sci5ce1 nor does x
 aid "o to  get a correct conception (  
social reality4         ,footnote #da3  
,small & ,v9c5t4 ,introduction to !     
,/udy (       ,society1 p4 #bah4    ,!  
unsettl$ /ate ( sociological ?\ght :i*  
has be5 "h set  =? is a natural result (
 ! peculi> difficulties t /& 9  ! way ( 
! social sci5ces4 ,^! h be5 describ$ by 
,mr4  ,sp5c] ) great fullness (         
illu/ration4#db ,!y arise f ?ree        
s\rces--namely1 7#a7 f ! intr9sic nature
 ( ! facts dealt  )2 7#b7 f ! natures ( 
! obs]v]s ( ^! facts2 & 7#c7  f !       
peculi> relation 9 :i* ! obs]v]s /& t[>d
 !  facts obs]v$4         ,footnote #db3
 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,/udy ( ,sociology1     

*aps4 iv to       xii4    #a4 ,9 ! fir/ 
place ! peculi> nature ( social ph5om5a 
is su*  z to r5d] sci5tific obs]vation  
difficult4 ,!y are n ( a  directly      
p]ceptible k9d l ! ph5om5a :i* =m !     
subject-matt] ( ! natural sci5ces4      
,quantitative measurem5t &  exp]im5t are
 n possible4 ,social facts h to be      
e/abli%$ by  putt+ toge!r _m details1 no
 "o ( :i* is simple1 & :i*  are disp]s$1
 bo? 9 space & "t1 9 ways t make !m     
difficult ( access4    #b4 ,aga91 to ^! 
objective difficulties are add$ !       
subjective  difficulties result+ f !    
intellectual & ! emotional  limitations 
( ! inve/igators4 ,!re is1 v g5]ally1 a 
lack (  intellectual faculty suffici5tly
 complex & pla/ic to compreh5d  !       
involv$ & *ang+ ph5om5a ( society4 ,!   
sci5tific  judgm5t is di/urb$ by a      
v>iety ( emotional prejudices1 :i* ,mr4 
,sp5c] classifies z ! educational bias1 
! bias ( patriotism1  ! class bias1 !   
political bias1 & ! !ological bias4     
#c4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! peculi> position :i* !

 sociological obs]v]  occupies ) ref]5ce
 to ! ph5om5a puts fur!r ob/acles 9 !   
way ( tru/wor?y obs]vation4 ,!          
sociologi/ has to /udy an  aggregate 9  
:i* he is himself includ$4 ,he is a     
memb] ( society  & c n :olly free       
himself f ! beliefs & s5tim5ts  g5]at$  
by ?is connection4    ,^! peculi>       
difficulties :i* beset sociology h      
naturally  imp$$ ! developm5t ( !       
dep>tm5t comp>$ ) o!r bran*es  ( k4 ,!y 
furni% adequate explanation ( ! unsettl$
  condition ( sociological ?\ght :i* has
 be5 describ$ 9 ?is  pap]4    ,9        
conclusion1 x is h>dly necess>y to /ate 
t 9 ! writ]'s  op9ion sociology is n1 at
 pres5t1 entitl$ to be call$ a sci5ce4  
,9 ord] to e/abli% ! "r ( a body ( k to 
! title (  sci5ce1 ! claimants mu/ be   
able to %[ t !y h a  def9itely b\nd$    
field ( inve/igation1 t !y employ       
recogniz$  sci5tific me?ods1 & t !y h   
e/abli%$ c]ta9 tru?s (  unque/ion$      
value4 ,sociology 9 its pres5t /ate     
fails to meet ^!  conditions4 ,its      

prov9ce is n yet agre$ ^u1 its me?ods h 
be5  (t5 unsci5tific1 & its fir/        
pr9ciples are yet to be =mulat$4  ,x is 
n1 !re=e1 a sci5ce4    ,sociology1 says 
"o ( its critics1 no m demon/rates its  
claim  to exi/5ce z a sci5ce ?an        
a/ronomy w\ld if we f\nd "s  a/ronom]s  
insi/+ t ! sun w5t ar\nd ! e>? & o!rs   
cont5d+ t ! e>? w5t ar\nd ! sun4#dc     
,footnote #dc3 ,! ,nation1 vol4 lx1 p4  
#cea4 ,review ( ,small &       ,v9c5t's 
,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,society4    
,aft] all1 ! "q :e!r sociology des]ves  
to be call$ a  sci5ce or n is "o ( m]ely
 academic int]e/4 ,x has receiv$ f>  m  
att5tion ?an x really des]ves4 ,nor w   
any am\nt (  discussion ^u ?is po9t help
 to make sociology a sci5ce4 ,x is  safe
 to say1 rem>ks ! critic f :om we h j   
quot$1 t  no great sci5tific "w 0 ev]   
done by a man :o 0 frett+ ov]  ! "q :e!r
 he 0 a sci5ti/ or n4 ,! "w is ! ?+  & n
 :at x is call$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no "n c  
dignify a  "w :i* is petty & futile4    
,x is n by talk+ ab\t x1 b by work+ ov] 

x1 t a body (  k is develop$ into a     
sci5ce4 ,& sociologi/s w\ld d well  to  
he$ ! advice ( ,t>de1 ! ,fr5* writ]3    
,in/ead (  disc\rs+ ^u ! m]its ( ?is    
infant--sociology--:i* m5 h  _h ! art to
 baptize be=e its bir?1 let u succe$1 if
 possible1  9 br++ x =?4#dd             
,footnote #dd3 ,quot$ by ,v9c5t 9       
,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sociology1          
,janu>y1 #ahif1 p4 #dhg4          ,a    
,,fea!r$ ,,p>asite4    ,,by ,,le&] ,s4  
,,keys]4      ,no?+ c\ld m cle>ly prove 
t a common law runs ?r\gh !  :ole doma9 
( ,nature ?an ! fact t 9 e division ( h]
  realm !re seems to be a class (       
p>asites4 ,9 ! vegetable _w1  z is well 
kn[n1 !re are v>i\s plants t dep5d :olly
 ^u  o!r plants = ! supply ( _! vital   
=ces4 ,& 9 ! human  sph]e !re are       
p>asites 9 a v real & lit]al s5se--m5 & 
wom5 :o rely ^u ! toil & ?rift ( o!rs to
 su/a9 !m 9  wor?less idl5ess4    ,9    
view ( ! almo/ univ]sal "* ( ?is law x  
w\ld be  /range if ^! peculi> =ms (     
dep5d5ce did n appe> 9 !  avian         

community4 ,we d f9d su* developm5ts 9 t
 dep>tm5t (  creation4 ,across ! wat]s  
!re is "o bird :i* has won an  un5viable
 reputation z a p>asite1 & t is !       
,european cuckoo1  :i* relies almo/     
:olly on ! ef=ts ( its m ?rifty         
neighbors to hat* & re> its "y1 & !reby 
p]petuate !  species4 ,/rangely en\gh1  
our ,am]ican cuckoos are n giv5 to su*  
slov5ly habits1 b build _! own ne/s &   
fai?fully p]=m !  duties ( nidification1
 z all respectable fea!r$ folk %\ld4    
,h[ev]1 ?is p>asitical habit breaks out1
 q unexpect$ly x mu/  be conc$$1 9 ano!r
 ,am]ican family ( birds :i* is entirely
  di/9ct f ! cuckoo gr\p4    ,9 ,am]ica 
! c[bird1 (t5 call$ ! c[ bunt+1 is !    
only  memb] ( ! avian h\sehold t spirits
 its eggs into ! ne/s (  o!r birds4 ,!  
!ory ( evolution c d little t[>d acc\nt+
  = ! anomaly1 & ev5 if x %\ld v5ture ^u
 "s sugge/ions  x w\ld /ill be j z      
difficult to expla9 ! cause ( !         
evolution 9 ?is special gr\p1 :ile all  
o!r avian gr\ps foll[  ! law ( ?rift &  

self-reliance4    ,! c[bird belongs to !
 family ( birds sci5tifically kn[n z    
,ict]id1 :i* includes su* famili>       
species z ! bobol9ks1  orioles1 mead[   
l>ks1 & ! v>i\s k9ds ( blackbirds1 none 
(  :i*1 ,i am glad to say1 are p>asites4
 ,! "n ,molo?rus has be5  giv5 to ! g5us
 t includes ! c[birds4 ,!y are conf9$ to
  ! ,am]ican cont95t1 hav+ no analogues 
9 ! l&s across !  seas4 ,! same may be  
said1 inde$1 ( ! :ole ,ict]id family4 ,x
  may be a matt] ( surprise to _m p]sons
 t !re are twelve  species & subspecies 
( c[birds 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 =  mo/
 ( u are famili> only ) ! common c[bird 
7,molo?rus  at]7 ( our temp]ate regions4
 ,( ^! twelve species only ?ree  are to 
be f\nd )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  
"o is a  resid5t ( we/]n ,mexico & c]ta9
 p>ts ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 :ile  ! re/ f9d
 habitat exclusively 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,a 
fre% field (  inve/igation is op5 to "s 
ent]pris+ & ambiti\s naturali/  :o wi%es
 to /udy sev]al ( ^! species1 z         
comp>atively little  is kn[n ( _!       

habits1 & inde$ mu* /ill rema9s to be   
le>n$  ( ! :ole g5us1 famili> z "o or   
two ( ! species are4 ,_!  sly1          
surreptiti\s mann]s r5d] !m exce$+ly    
difficult to /udy  at close range & )   
any?+ l detail4    ,are all ( !m        
p>asites8 ,x is probable !y are--at lea/
 to a  great] or less degree--except "o1
 ! bay-w+$ c[bird ( ,s\?  ,am]ica1 :i*  
,i %all res]ve = notice lat] on 9 ?is   
article4 ,we  might ass]t t our common  
c[bird is ! p>asite p> excell5ce  ( !   
family1 =1 s f> z ,i c le>n f read+ &   
obs]vation1 !y nev] build _! own ne/s or
 re> _! own "y1  b %ift all ! duties (  
mat]nity1 save ! lay+ ( ! eggs1  ^u !   
%\ld]s ( o!r innoc5t birds4    ,^! avian
 spong]s h a wide geographical range1   
inhabit+ !  great] "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
& s\!rn ,canada1 except !  ext5sive =e/ 
regions & "s portions ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4
 ,!  c5t] ( _! abundance is ! ,/ates    
bord]+ on ! upp]  ,mississippi ,riv] &  
its num]\s tribut>ies4 ,!y occur only z 
/raggl]s on ! ,pacific coa/ we/ ( !     

,cascade & ,si]ra ,nevada  ,m\nta9s4 ,! 
mo/ nor!rn po9t at :i* !y h be5 kn[n to 
bre$ is ! neighborhood ( ,little ,slave 
,lake 9 s\!rn ,a?abasca4  ,9 ! autumn ! 
majority ( ^! birds migrate to s\!rn    
,mexico1  al?\gh a consid]able numb]    
rema9 9 our ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & a  few     
occasionally t>ry = ! w9t] ev5 z f> nor?
 z ,new ,engl&  & s\!rn ,mi*igan4    ,! 
male c[bird looks l a well-dress$       
g5tleman--& may h  ev5 a slightly       
cl]ical air--9 8 closely fitt+ suit (   
glossy  black1 ) its gre5i% & purpli%   
iridesc5ce1 & 8 cloak (  ri* metallic   
br[n cov]+ 8 head1 neck1 & *e/4 ,he     
makes a  poor %ift z a musician1 b 8    
failure is n due to lack (  ef=t1 = dur+
 c\rt%ip days he does 8 level be/ to s+ 
a  v>iety ( tunes1 exp&+ & di/ort+ 8    
?roat1 fluff+ up 8  fea!rs1 spread+ out 
8 w+s & tail1 8 purpose evid5tly  be+ to
 make himself z fasc9at+ z possible 9 ! 
eyes ( 8  lady love4 ,"o ( 8 calls s\nds
 l ! ^w spreele1 pip$ 9  s pi]c+ a key t
 x seems almo/ to p]=ate y\r bra94      

,"o obs]v] ma9ta9s t ! c[birds are n    
only p>asitical 9  _! habits1 b are also
 absolutely devoid ( conjugal affection1
  practic+ poly&ry1 & seldom ev5 mat+4  
,?is is a s]i\s  *>ge1 b x is d\btless  
true1 = ev5 dur+ ! season (  c\rt%ip &  
bre$+ ^! birds live 9 flocks ( six to   
twelve1  ! males almo/ always outnumb]+ 
! females4 ,h[ev]1 if _!  sexual        
relations are some:at irregul>1 no "o c 
accuse !m (  engag+ 9 family brawls1 z s
 _m o!r birds d1 = bo? males  & females 
seem to be on ! mo/ cordial t]ms ) "o   
ano!r1 &  are1 to all appe>ances1       
entirely free f jeal\sy4 ,:o has ev]    
se5 two c[birds fight+ a duel l !       
orioles1 mead[ l>ks1 &  rob9s8 ,_!      
dome/ic relations seem to be readily    
adju/$1 p]haps  all ! m s on acc\nt ( _!
 lax /&>ds ( sexual virtue4    ,9       
obtrud+ h] eggs into ! ne/s ( o!r birds 
,madame ,c[bird is  sly & /eal?y4 ,%e   
does n drive ! rightful own]s f _!      
ne/s1 b simply wat*es h] opportunity to 
drop h] eggs into !m  :5 !y are ungu>d$4

 ,no d\bt %e has be5 on ! al]t :ile h]  
indu/ri\s neighbors h be5 con/ruct+ _!  
domiciles1 &  kn[s :]e e ne/ 9 ! vic9ity
 is hidd54 ,says ,major ,*>les  ,b5dire3
 ,9 r>e in/ances only w a fre% c[bird's 
egg be f\nd  among incubat$ ones ( !    
rightful own]s4 ,i h obs]v$ ?is only  on
 a s+le occasion4 ,f "o to sev5 eggs ( !
 p>asite are  f\nd 9 ! ne/s ( ! dupes4  
,9 mo/ cases ! numb] is two1 b  9 ! case
 ( gr\nd build]s ! c[bird seems to h    
little fe>  ( ov]do+ h] imposition4     
,major ,b5dire says t he once f\nd !    
ne/ ( an ov5bird :i* conta9$ sev5       
c[bird's eggs & only "o  ( ! little     
own]'s4    ,if p>asitism 7 ! only crime 
( ! c[bird "o w\ld n feel s  mu* dispos$
 to put h] into ! avian ,newgate        
,cal5d>2 b %e n  only inflicts h] own   
eggs ^u h] innoc5t victims1 b (t5       
actually tosses _! eggs out ( ! ne/s 9  
ord] to make room =  h] own4 ,nor is t  
all2 %e w sometimes puncture ! eggs ( ! 
own]s to prev5t _! hat*+1 & ?us increase
 ! *ances ( h]  own (fspr+4 ,:e!r ?is is

 done ) h] beak or h] claws is  /ill an 
op5 "q1 ,major ,b5dire incl9+ to !      
belief t x  is done ) ! claws4    ,h]   
f9esse is /ill fur!r to be se5 9 ! fact 
t %e usually  selects "s bird = a victim
 t is small] ?an h]self1 s t  :5 h] "y  
hopefuls beg9 to gr[ !y w be able to    
cr[d or  />ve out ! true heirs ( !      
family4 ,9 ?is way x is ?\ght  t _m a   
brood comes to an untimely end1 ! fo/]  
p>5ts hav+  no means ( replac+ _! own   
little ones :5 !y h be5  eject$ f ! ne/4
 ,h[ev]1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t !       
c[bird's impositions are n usually s    
de/ructive z "s obs]v]s  are incl9$ to  
believe4 ,i once f\nd a bu% sp>r['s ne/ 
conta9+  "o c[bird & f\r little sp>r[s1 
all ( :i* 7 9 a ?riv+  condition4 ,!    
sp>r[s 7 s well f$ & active t z soon z  
,i  t\*$ ! ne/ !y sprang1 ) l\d *irp+1  
ov] ! rim (  _! cottage & scuttl$ away  
?r\gh ! grass4 ,!y 7 c]ta9ly  /rong &   
heal?y1 9 spite ( ! pres5ce ( _! big    
fo/]  bro!r4 ,be=e !y flitt$ away ,i _h 
"t to notice h[ ! little  family 7      

dispos$4 ,! c[bird 0 squatt$ 9 ! c5t] ( 
!  ne/1 :ile 8 little bro!rs & si/]s 7  
rang$ ar\nd him1  p>tly cov]+ him & no  
d\bt keep+ him snug & w>m4 ,!y 7  fur!r 
advanc$ ?an he1 = :ile !y scrambl$ f !  
ne/1 he  c\ld d no?+ b snuggle close to 
! bottom ( ! cup1 :]e he  0 at my m]cy4 
,a wood ?ru%'s ne/ t ,i f\nd conta9$ two
 "y ?ru%es & two  bunt+s4 ,all ( !m 7   
ab\t half fl$g$4 ,be+ ( ne>ly !  same   
size1 ! que]ly assort$ bantl+s liv$ 9   
app>5t peace 9  _! n>r[ qu>t]s4 ,i wat*$
 !m at frequ5t int]vals1 b saw  no      
attempts on ! "p ( ! f\ndl+s to cr[d out
 _!  fell[-ne/l+s4 ,! c[birds 7 ! fir/  
to leave ! ro(-tree4  ,?us x appe>s t ! 
intrusion ( ! c[bird's eggs does n      
always mean disa/] to ! real (fspr+ ( ! 
brood+ family1 b  ( c\rse x always      
prev5ts ! lay+ ( ! full complem5t ( eggs
  by ! build]s !mselves4    ,ev5 aft] ! 
y\ng/]s h left ! ne/ ! "m c[bird does  n
 assume ! c>e ( !m1 b /ill leaves !m 9  
*>ge ( !  fo/] p>5ts4 ,x is laughable1  
almo/ pa!tic1 to see a t9y  ov5bird or  

r$/>t fe$+ a /rapp+ "y c[bird :i* is    
sev]al times z l>ge z h]self4 ,%e looks 
l a pygmy fe$+ a  giant4 ,9 ord] to ?ru/
 a tidbit into 8 m\? %e mu/ (t5 /&  on  
h] tiptoes4 ,:y ! dim9utive cat]] does n
 see ?r\gh !  fraud ,i c n say4 ,%e     
really seems to be atta*$ to ! hulk+    
y\ng/]4 ,by & by1 h[ev]1 :5 he gr[s l>ge
 en\gh to %ift =  himself1 he des]ts 8  
little p>5ts & nurses & seeks           
companion%ip among 8 own blood k9dr$1 :o
 w d\btless br+  him up 9 ! way all     
c[birds %\ld walk4    ,x is surpris+ h[ 
_m species are impos$ on successfully by
 !  c[bird4 ,! numb]1 s f> z has be5    
obs]v$1 is n9ety1 )  probably m to be   
add$4 ,among ! birds mo/ frequ5tly      
victimiz$  are ! phoebes1 ! song sp>r[s1
 ! indigo birds1 ! bu%  sp>r[s1 & !     
yell[-brea/$ *ats4 ,ev5 ! ne/s ( !      
r$-head$ woodpeck] & ! rock wr5s are n  
exempt4 ,"s species1  notably ! summ]   
w>bl]s1 detect ! impo/ure & set ab\t    
defeat+ ! purposes ( ! int]lop]4 ,?is !y
 d by build+  ano!r /ory to _! little   

cottage1 leav+ ! obtrud$ eggs 9  !      
cell>1 :]e !y d n receive en\gh w>m? to 
develop !  embryo4    ,:ile x is        
surpris+ t acute birds %\ld all[        
!mselves to be  impos$ on 9 ?is way1    
p]haps1 aft] all1 !y look ^u ! c[bird  z
 a k9d ( bless+ 9 disguise2 at lea/1 he 
may n be an unmix$  evil4 ,!y may act on
 ! pr9ciple ( reciprocity--t "o good    
turn des]ves ano!r4 ,:at ,i mean is ?is3
 ,9 my rambles ,i h  (t5 f\nd ! c[birds 
! fir/ to give w>n+ ( ! approa* (  a    
suppos$ dang]4 ,hav+ no dome/ic duties (
 _! own1 !y c  well secrete !mselves 9 a
 tall tree ov]look+ ! entire  premises1 
& ?us play ! useful rle ( s5t9el4 ,?is1 
,i am  dispos$ to believe1 is "o ( !    
comp5sat+ uses ( ?is p>asite1  & may    
furni% ! reason = 8 be+ tol]at$ 9       
birdl&4 ,& he  is tol]at$4 ,has any "o  
ev] se5 o!r birds driv+ ! c[bird  away f
 _! bre$+ prec9cts1 or *>g+ him )       
desp]ate  c\rage z !y d ! blue jays1 !  
hawks1 ! owls1 & o!r  pr$atory species8 
,he evid5tly subs]ves "s useful purpose 

9 !  avian community1 or he w\ld n be   
treat$ ) s mu*  consid]ation4    ,a "y  
c[bird t ,i purlo9$ f ! ne/ & re>$ by h&
 did  n prove a v pleasant pet4 ,he 0   
plac$ 9 a l>ge cage )  sev]al o!r k9ds (
 "y birds4 ,at fir/ he 0 q docile1  tak+
 8 food f my h& & ev5 all[+ "s ( 8      
fea!r$  companions to fe$ him2 b 9 a few
 weeks he grew s wild &  manife/$ su* a 
fi]ce desire = ! outdoor _w t ,i 0 glad 
to c>ry him out to ! woods & give him 8 
fre$om4 ,a "y  r$-w+$ blackbird & a pair
 ( mead[ l>ks develop$ a diff]5t        
disposition4    ,! dw>f c[bird          
7,molo?rus at] obscurus7 is simil> to 8 
relative j describ$1 except t he is     
small] & 8  geographical range is m     
re/rict$4 ,he is a resid5t ( ,mexico1   
s\!rn ,texas1 s\?we/]n ,arizona1 & s\!rn
 ,cali=nia4 ,8  habits resemble ^? ( !  
common c[bird4 ,ano!r bunt+1 hav+  almo/
 ! same range1 al?\gh a little m s\!rly1
 is !  r$-ey$ c[bird1 :i* is l>g] & d>k]
 ?an our common c[bird  & has ! same    
p>asitical habits4    ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica   

?ree species h be5 /udi$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4
 ,hudson1  :o1 9 collaboration ) ,mr4   
,p4 ,l4 ,sclat]1 has publi%$ a mo/      
valuable "w on ,arg5t9e orni?ology4 ,"o 
( ^! is call$ !  ,arg5t9e c[bird        
7,molo?rus bon>i5sis74 ,x is a bona     
fide1  blue-blood$ p>asite1 & has be5   
se5 /rik+ its beak into !  eggs ( o!r   
birds & fly+ away ) !m4 ,! males1 x is  
said1  %[ little discrim9ation 9 peck+ !
 eggs1 = !y are j z  likely to puncture 
! c[bird eggs z ^? ( o!r birds4 ,e egg  
9 a ne/ is frequ5tly p]=at$ 9 ?is way4  
,^! bunt+s lay a  l>ge numb] ( eggs1 (t5
 dropp+ !m on ! gr\nd1 lay+ !m  9 ab&on$
 ne/s1 or deposit+ !m 9 ne/s 9 :i*      
incubation  has already begun1 9 :i*    
cases all ( !m are lo/4 ,h[ev]1 9  spite
 ( ?is wa/efulness ! birds ?rive1 ?\s&s 
( !m be+  se5 9 flocks dur+ ! season (  
migration4    ,&1 by ! way1 a           
description ( _! habits by ,mr4 ,hudson 
has  ?r[n an int]e/+ light on ! subject 
( migration 9 !  s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,s\? (
 ! equator ! recurr5ce ( !  seasons is !

 exact rev]se ( _! recurr5ce nor? ( !   
equator1  & !re=e ! bre$+ season ( !    
birds is 9 ! autumn  in/ead ( ! spr+2 ! 
flight f w9t] cold occurs 9 !  spr+     
in/ead ( 9 ! autumn1 & is t[>d ! nor?   
in/ead (  t[>d ! s\?4 ,?us1 9 ,febru>y &
 ,m>* ! ,arg5t9e c[birds  are se5 fly+ 9
 va/ battalions 9 ! direction ( !       
equatorial  regions--t is1 nor?w>d--9 ^:
 salubri\s clime !y sp5d !  w9t]4 ,z our
 nor!rn autumn draws ne> & ! s\!rn summ]
  approa*es ^! w+$ migrants take ! air  
l9e = _! bre$+  haunts 9 ! ,arg5t9e     
,republic & ,patagonia4 ,at ! same "t ! 
migrants ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e are press+
 s\?w>d be=e !  blu/]+ mi5 ( old        
,boreas4 ,x all seems wond]ful & solemn1
 ?is  _w-wide processional ( ! seasons &
 ! birds4    ,naturally1 "o w\ld expect 
to f9d "s o!r ecc5tricities 9 ?is       
ab]rant family besides t ( p>asitism1 & 
9 ?is expectation  "o is n disappo9t$4  
,!re are two o!r species ( c[birds 9  ! 
,arg5t9e c\ntry--! scream+ c[bird       
7,molo?rus  rufoaxill>is7 & ! bay-w+$   

c[bird 7,molo?rus badius74 ,!  latt] is 
only p>tly a tr5*] on ! rights ( o!r    
birds--t  is1 x is only half a p>asite4 
,inde$1 x sometimes builds its own  ne/1
 :i* is q a respectable affair2 b1 z if 
to prove t x  /ill has "s remnants (    
c[bird depravity 9 its nature1 x        
frequ5tly drives o!r birds f _! rightful
 possessions1  appropriates ! qu>t]s ?us
 acquir$1 lays its eggs into !m1 &      
proce$s to ! p]=mance ( its dome/ic     
duties l its  respectable neighbors4    
,its virtue is t x nev] imposes ! "w (  
incubation & brood re>+ on any ( its    
fea!r$ associates1 ev5  ?\gh x does     
sometimes eject !m f _! premises4    ,b 
:at is to be said ( ! scream+ c[bird8   
,in/ead ( inflict+  its eggs on its m   
di/ant avian relatives x wat*es its     
*ance &  slyly drops !m into ! domicile 
( its bay-w+$ c\s9s1 &  actually makes  
!m hat* & re> its (fspr+6 ,?is seems to 
be  c>ry+ impo/ure to ! extreme (       
ref9em5t1 or possibly  develop+ x into a
 f9e art1 & rem9ds "o ( ^? human        

good-=-naughts :o sponge (f _! relatives
 r ?an g among  /rang]s4 ,"o c sc>cely  
refra9 f wond]+ :e!r grave  que/ions (  
paup]ism & %iftlessness ev] ent] into ! 
discussion ( ! social problem 9 ! bird  
community4          ,,! ,,columbus      
,,meet+ ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,association4
    ,,by ,,pr(4 ,d4 ,s4 ,,m>t94      ,! 
,columbus meet+ ( ! ,am]ican            
,association = ! ,advancem5t  ( ,sci5ce 
0 look$ =w>d to ) consid]able int]e/ z !
  fir/ 9 ! new half c5tury ( t body4    
,w\ld ! impression &  /imulus ( ! great 
semic5t5nial ga!r+ at ,bo/on la/ ye> be 
f\nd to cont9ue1 or be foll[$ by a      
reaction8 ,! meet+s we/ (  !            
,alleghanies are always small] ?an !    
ea/]n ones1 & !  brilliancy ( ! ,bo/on  
meet+ c\ld n be look$ = 9 any  int]ior  
city4 ,! g5]al expectation 0 = an (f-ye>
  ga!r+4    ,b only 9 po9t ( att5dance 0
 ?is impression v]ifi$4 ,!  regi/] ( ^? 
pres5t %[$ ?ree hundr$ & fifty-?ree     
names--a good numb] = an int]ior meet+1 
v few ( ! ,we/]n  ga!r+s hav+ exce$$ x4 

,9 all o!r respects ! g5]al  feel+ ( !  
memb]s indicates t ! meet+ 0 notably    
successful & enjoyable1 & ! rem>ks made 
by ! writ] a ye>  ago z to ! real value 
( ! small] & less conspicu\s meet+s  he 
feels to h be5 well exemplifi$4 ,x 0 a  
sci5tific work+  meet+1 ) en\gh ( social
 int]c\rse & att5tions to be            
delightful1 b n di/ract+4 ,9 ^! aspects 
! gold5 mean  0 m>k$ly pres]v$4    ,!   
arrangem5ts ( ! local committee = !     
conv5i5ce ( !  memb]s & ! success ( !   
meet+ 9 g5]al 7 rem>kable 9  _!         
complet5ess4 ,no?+ seems to h be5       
ov]look$1 & "s  advances 7 made ^u any  
previ\s ye>4 ,! daily programmes 7  well
 pr9t$ & on h& e>ly e morn+--a mo/      
important po9t1  n always h]et(ore      
atta9$4 ,a complete telephone s]vice    
betwe5  ! section rooms & ! c5tral hall 
0 a feature ( special  advantage1 ea*   
section report+ to headqu>t]s e pap] z x
  0 tak5 up4 ,?is 0 !n po/$ on a        
bullet91 s t any "o  c\ld "k at any "t  
:at 0 go+ on 9 ea* section4 ,a great    

am\nt ( delay & disappo9tm5t1 t has (t5 
be5 felt by  memb]s anxi\s to he> c]ta9 
pap]s 9 diff]5t sections1 0 ?us         
entirely obviat$4 ,columbus has set an  
example 9 ?is feature t  mu/ be foll[$ 9
 ! arrangem5ts = all future meet+s4 ,!  
entire s]vice on ^! telephones 0 r5d]$ n
 by pr(essional  op]ators1 b by "y lady 
/ud5ts ( ! univ]sity1 & x 0  well &     
gracefully done4    ,x is fitt+ also t  
recognition %\ld be giv5 to "s :o h  be5
 less prom95t 9 ! local arrangem5ts1 b h
 _h a l>ge  %>e 9 _! prep>ation4 ,:ile !
 public resolutions ( ?anks  h made     
well-des]v$ m5tion ( ! local committee &
 its  (fic]s1 especially ,pr(4 ,b4 ,f4  
,?omas1 ! indefatigable secret>y1  x is 
kn[n 9 ,columbus t mu* ( ! plann+ &     
arrang+ 0  ! "w ( ,pr(4 ,edw>d ,orton1  
,jr41 ! son ( ! presid5t ( !  meet+1 & t
 v mu* is ow+ to 8 labori\s activity 9 !
  p]fection ( ! local adju/m5ts4    ,!  
place ( meet+ 0 em95tly pleasant &      
suitable--! wide  campus & f9e build+s (
 ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,to memb]s  f

 ! ,ea/ x 0 a matt] ( great int]e/ to   
see ?is noble  in/itution1 "o ( ! be/   
examples ( ! great educational          
ent]prises ( ! c5tral ,/ates4 ,9 8      
address ( welcome at !  op5+ ( !        
association ! presid5t ( ! univ]sity1   
,dr4  ,william ,o4 ,?ompson1 outl9$ !   
hi/ory ( public education 9 !  ,we/ z   
dat+ back to provisions 9 ! ,ord9ance ( 
#aghg1 look+  to educational advantages 
= ! great ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory4 ,!  ,/ate 
,univ]sity ( ,ohio is "o ( ! y\nge/ (   
its k9d1 b n[  "o ( ! mo/ important1    
among ! ,/ates =m$ f t great  region1   
al?\gh ,ohio 0 ! fir/ to be organiz$    
into ,/atehood4    ,among ! num]\s f9e  
/ructures scatt]$ ov] ! broad area (  ! 
campus1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ is ,orton    
,hall1 conta9+ !  collections 9 geology 
& ar*ology1 :i* are v ext5sive1 z  well 
z ! laboratories1 workrooms1 &          
classrooms ( ! geological  dep>tm5t1 &  
at pres5t ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y4 ,"h !   
meet+s  ( ,section ,e 7,geology &       
,geography7 7 held4 ,9 ! adjac5t        

,botanical ,hall1 ) its gre5h\ses1 etc41
 ,section ,g held its  meet+s4 ,b mo/ ( 
! sections met 9 ,t[n%5d ,hall1 :]e !   
telephone s]vice above describ$ connect$
 all ! rooms4    ,! ,ohio ,/ate         
,univ]sity n only welcom$ & accommodat$ 
!  association1 b _h a /rong            
repres5tation among ! (fic]s ( !  meet+4
 ,! v5]able presid5t1 ,dr4 ,orton1 has  
long be5 pr(essor  ( geology 9 !        
univ]sity1 & 8 collections are display$ 
9 !  hall t s appropriately be>s 8 "n4  
,section ,c 7,*emi/ry7 &  ,section ,g   
7,botany7 bo? _h secret>ies f !         
univ]sity  faculty--,pr(essors ,web] &  
,kell]man1 respectively--:ile !         
arrangem5ts = ! meet+ h be5 already     
spok5 ( z l>gely  due to ,pr(essor      
,?omas & ,pr(essor ,orton1 ,jr4    ,!   
ladies' reception committee did ev]y?+ =
 ! com=t &  conv5i5ce ( ! visit+ ladies4
 ,_! musicale & g>d5 p>ty 9  ! gr\nds 7 
describ$ z extremely enjoyable1 & !     
provision  ( private c>riages to convey 
ladies & ag$ memb]s across !  broad     

spaces ( ! campus to & f ! entrances 0 a
 v  delicate & highly e/eem$ conv5i5ce1 
especially on w>m days4 ,!  association 
0 favor$ 9 ! wea!r1 :i*1 ?\gh some:at   
hot out  ( doors1 0 n sev]e1 & ! rooms 7
 pleasant & airy4    ,! excursions giv5 
to ! memb]s 7 all ( !m sci5tific2 !y  7 
n m]ely pleasure trips4 ,?is po9t 0 a   
m>k$ feature ( !  ,columbus meet+1 & "o 
well wor?y ( future imitation z f> z    
may be4 ,n e place1 h[ev]1 has su* m>k$ 
facilities 9 ?is  respect4 ,on          
,saturday1 ,augu/ #bf?1 ?ree free       
excursions 7 provid$  to po9ts (        
geological or ar*ological int]e/4 ,!y 7 
ab\t  equally %>$ by ! memb]s1 toge!r ) 
repres5tatives ( !  local committee4 ,"o
 p>ty left on ,friday ev5+1 pass+ !     
night  at ,s&usky1 & go+ by boat !nce to
 ! celebrat$ isl&s (  ,lake ,erie1 !re  
to see ! wond]ful glacial furr[s 9 !    
cornif]\s lime/one on ,kelley's ,isl& & 
! rec5tly op5$  /rontia cave on         
,put-9-,bay ,isl&4 ,^! isl&s are also   
favorite  pleasure resorts = ! :ole     

neighborhood1 & ! trip 0 "o (  great    
int]e/ & enjoym5t4 ,ano!r p>ty1 on      
,saturday morn+1 w5t  to po9ts ( special
 importance 9 ! coal region ( ! ,hock+  
,valley1 "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,m4  
,haselt9e1 *ief m9e  inspector ( ,ohio4 
,at ,corn+ ! p>ty w5t d[n into ,m9e ,no4
 #h1  own$ by ! ,sunday ,creek ,coal    
,company1 :i* has rec5tly be5  equipp$ )
 electric p[] g5]at$ by utiliz+ ! wa/e  
gas f  neighbor+ gas-wells4 ,?is is said
 to be ! fir/ m9e 9 ,ohio to  improve   
?is natural s\rce ( p[]4 ,at a dep? (   
sixty-five feet  ! visit+ p>ty 7 tak5 by
 m9e c>s to a po9t :]e a  rem>kably f9e 
exposure has be5 made ( a c>bonif]\s    
=e/1  ) upright trunks ( ,sigill>ia &   
associat$ =ms ( coal  vegetation f9ely  
display$4 ,at a po9t some:at ne>] !     
entrance1  b at a l[] level1 lun* 0 s]v$
 by ! company1 9 a *amb]  light$ by     
electricity1 two hundr$ feet und]gr\nd &
 a mile f  daylight6 ,ano!r m9e 0 visit$
 lat]1 & ! ma*9]y &  appliances exam9$2 
?is 0 ,no4 #af1 at ,holli/]1 own$ by !  

,c\rtright ,coal ,company4    ,! ?ird   
p>ty w5t to ,=t ,anci5t to exam9e !     
great aborig9al  e>?works at t place1   
own$ by ! ,/ate1 & 9 *>ge ( !  ,ohio    
,ar*ological ,society4 ,"h1 on a hill   
widely ov]look+ !  ,little ,miami       
,valley1 are "s ( ! mo/ ext5sive        
prehi/oric works  9 ! c\ntry4 ,! ,/ate  
has pur*as$ two hundr$ & eighty-sev5    
acres1 & ( ^! ab\t "o hundr$ acres are  
includ$ )9 !  walls4 ,^! ramp>ts1       
ov]gr[n ) l>ge trees1 foll[ closely !   
cont\r ( ! hills1 & %[ t1 :atev] _! age1
 !re has  be5 no *ange & little erosion 
s9ce !y 7 built4 ,_! =m is  v irregul>1 
consi/+ ( two ma9 areas--a nor!rn "o1   
call$  ! new =t1 rudely squ>e1 & a s\!rn
 "o1 call$ ! old  =t1 rudely            
triangul>--connect$ by a n>r[ portion1  
call$ !  i/hmus1 ) cresc5t-%ap$         
transv]se walls cross+ x1 & high        
conical m\nds at ! entrance to ! old =t4
 ,f ! ma9  gateway ( ! new =t1 />t+ f   
two m\nds1 two p>allel  walls c be      
trac$1 exactly ea/w>d1 = half a mile or 

m4  ,irregul> z ^! works are1 f ! cont\r
 ( ! hills & !  c\rse ( ! rav9es t b\nd 
!m1 yet !re is also se5 at times  9 _!  
%ap+ a s+ul> exactness ( ori5tation t is
 /rik+  & sugge/ive4 ,_! use is         
problematical1 b !y mu/ h be5  def5sive1
 al?\gh an enorm\s =ce w\ld be requir$  
to hold !m1  z _! entire circumf]5ce is 
?ree miles & a half4 ,at "o po9t  )9 !  
old =t1 9 front ( ! gateway to ! i/hmus1
 0  f\nd a burial place :]e a numb] (   
skeletons lay z ?\gh ?r[n  toge!r1 n    
c>efully & sep>ately buri$4 ,! sugge/ion
 is  /rongly made t ?is spot m>ks an    
unsuccessful attack by enemies1  :o 7   
r\ghly buri$ :]e !y fell4 ,at o!r po9ts 
graves h  be5 f\nd1 "s conta9+ copp]    
implem5ts & ov]laid ) plates  ( mica4   
,great regret 0 felt t ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4     
,moorehead1 :o has  explor$ s ext5sively
 "h & 9 ! vic9ity & has publi%$  su*    
int]e/+ acc\nts ( ,=t ,anci5t & simil>  
rema9s1 0  unable to be at ! meet+ on   
acc\nt ( sev]e illness4    ,! public _s 
t has secur$ ?is spot = ! ,/ate1 & !  "w

 ( ! ,ohio ,ar*ological ,society 9 c>+ =
 x prop]ly1 are  matt]s = pride &       
congratulation1 & evid5ces ( ! highe/   
type ( civilization4 ,! society is cle>+
 away ! d5se  und]gr[? s z to display ! 
works & ! trees ^u !m2 is  gu>d+ &      
repair+ ! walls at po9ts :]e injury has 
occurr$  by wa%+2 has sunk a well 9 !   
old =t1 ) f9e wat]2 &  built a pavilion 
= visitors4 ,"h lun* 0 s]v$ to ! p>ty1 &
  addresses giv5 by ar*ologi/s pres5t & 
(fic]s ( !  ,ar*ological ,society4      
,on ,?ursday a l>ge numb] ( ! geologi/s 
sp5t mo/ ( ! day 9  exam9+ mora9es &    
glacial ph5om5a ne> ,lanca/]1 & 9 !     
ev5+ ne>ly ! entire association 0 tak5  
by special tra9 to  see ! gas-wells 9 ! 
same neighborhood1 at ,sug> ,grove1 :i* 
7  light$ & bl[n (f = _! b5efit4 ,! city
 ( ,columbus itself  is to a consid]able
 ext5t suppli$ ) natural gas4    ,turn+ 
to ! proce$+s ( ! meet+1 !re may be not$
 9 !  "* ( ! pap]s c]ta9 t5d5cies :i*   
are indep5d5t (  ! association & belong 
to ! g5]al l9e ( ?\ght ( !  pres5t1 &   

d\btless yet m ( ! future4 ,! pap]s     
pres5t$  may be r\ghly gr\p$ into two   
classes3 ^? relat+ to te*nical  details1
 & ^? involv+ or seek+ practical results
 &  applications4 ,( c\rse1 !re is no   
conflict betwe5 ^! two l9es  ( ?\ght &  
"w--! latt]1 to be really atta9$ be+    
dep5d5t  ^u ! =m]--b !re is ?is t5d5cy  
di/9ctly %[n1 to  consid] sci5tific     
que/ions 9 _! be>+ on ! welf>e or !     
ne$s ( humanity4 ,naturally1 ?is aspect 
appe>$ m cle>ly 9  "s ( ! sections ?an 9
 o!rs1 b no "o :o looks ov] !  titles 9 
! daily programmes c fail to note x4 ,! 
:ole "w (  ,section ,i 7,social &       
,economic ,sci5ce7 is ( ?is "*1 & x  is 
m>k$ 9 ,sections ,g 7,botany71 ,d       
7,me*anics & ,eng9e]+71 &  ,h           
7,an?ropology74 ,x w\ld be impossible to
 m5tion all ! pap]s  be>+ ^u su*        
relations2 a v few only c "h be not$1   
ev5  ( ^? t 7 important4 ,9 ,section ,i 
no m sugge/ive title  has ev] be5       
pres5t$ to su* a body ?an t ( ,miss     
,cora ,a4  ,b5neson1 ( ,cambridge1      

,mass41 on ,f$]al ,gu>antees = ,ma9ta9+ 
,republican ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,/ates4 ,miss 
,b5neson is a graduate 9  law1 & has    
already a*iev$ di/9ction 9 h] pr(ession 
9  subjects relat+ to que/ions (        
gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,section ,g1 ,pr(4 ,h4  ,a4
 ,web]1 ! secret>y1 read a pap] on ,te/+
 ,soils = !  ,application ( ,comm]cial  
,f]tiliz]s--! outcome ( twelve ye>s'    
int]c\rse ) f>m]s' in/itutes & _m m ye>s
 (  exp]im5tation--aim+ to avoid unwise 
& unpr(itable use (  f]tiliz]s on soils 
to :i* !y are n adapt$1 & to provide    
ready & accurate me?ods ( det]m9ation z 
to ! ne$s & !  capacities ( soils4      
,sections ,d & ,i unit$ to he> a pap]   
be=e  ! =m]1 by ,pr9cipal ,morrison1 ( !
 ,manual ,tra9+ ,high ,s*ool1  ( ,kansas
 ,city1 ,mo41 on ,!rmal ,det]m9ations 9 
,heat+ &  ,v5tilat+ ,build+s1 ) special 
ref]5ce to s*ools4 ,^! are  m]ely giv5 z
 in/ances4 ,agriculture1 electrical     
appliances1  educational me?ods1 &      
social conditions1 all receiv$ important
  att5tion4    ,ano!r pap] ( great      

practical mom5t 0 read be=e ,section ,c 
by  ,pr(4 ,h4 ,w4 ,wiley1 *emi/ to !    
,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t (  ,agriculture1
 & ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,krug1 on ,new ,products
 f ,maize ,/alks4  ,c>eful analyses ( ! 
pi? & /alks ( corn1 & important         
sugge/ions z to _! great utility 9 v>i\s
 ways1 7 pres5t$4  ,"s ( ^! 7 v         
surpris+1 n only po9t+ out ! value (  ^!
 sub/ances z fodd]1 :5 prop]ly prep>$ & 
us$1 b 9  ! realm ( w> z well z 9 peace1
 = protect+ ! sides (  naval vessels z a
 light & mo/ effective armor1 & 9 !     
manufacture ( smokeless p[d] ( a sup]ior
 quality4 ,pr(essor ,wiley  claim$ t f  
^! hi!rto almo/ wa/e products ( ,am]ican
  f>ms imm5se results may be obta9$4    
,v naturally1 ! rec5t w> & que/ions     
connect$ ) x call$  =? "s /rik+         
contributions4 ,pr(4 ,william ,s4       
,aldri*1 ( !  ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1    
address$ ,section ,d & a l>ge proportion
 (  memb]s f o!r sections on ,eng9e]+   
,exp]i5ces ) ,spani%  ,wrecks1 & ! /ory 
( ! ,m>ia ,t]esa4 ,pr(essor ,aldri* 0   

connect$ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates repair-%ip   
,vulcan1 & describ$ !  rem>kable "* ( t 
vessel--an entire novelty 9 naval       
w>f>e--) h] complete outfit ( eng9e]+   
tools & ma*9]y1  ev5 to brass & iron    
furnaces ( l>ge capacity4 ,nev] be=e1 he
  said1 _h su* ca/+s be5 made on bo>d   
%ip1 or a f\ndry op]at$  on ! ocean4 ,! 
effects ( ! ,am]ican rapid-fire guns on 
,admiral  ,c]v]a's %ips 7 fully describ$
 & illu/rat$1 & ! pap]  clos$ ) a vivid 
& detail$ acc\nt ( ! float+ ( ! ,m>ia   
,t]esa1 h] repair+ by ! crew ( ! ,vulcan
 ?r\gh five weeks (  mo/ difficult "w1 &
 ! unsuccessful attempt to br+ h] to    
,norfolk1 end+ 9 h] ab&onm5t & loss4 ,! 
public lecture (  ,w$nesday ev5+ 0 by   
,pr(4 ,c4 ,e4 ,monroe1 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4  
,c41 on  ! ,application ( ,mod]n        
,explosives1 v fully illu/rat$4 ,detail$
  acc\nts 7 giv5 ( ! manufacture ( gun  
cotton & v>i\s  rec5t =ms ( high        
explosives & smokeless p[d]s4 ,9 reg>d  
to  ! use ( ! latt]1 ,pr(essor ,monroe  
emphasiz$ ! fact t  ,france & ,g]many _h

 adopt$ smokeless p[d]s 9 #ahhg1 &      
,italy  & ,engl& a ye> or two lat]1 &   
*>act]iz$ z unp>donable  ! fact t our   
own s]vice 0 unprovid$ ) any su* mat]ial
  :5 we began ! w> ) ,spa94 ,he fur!r   
discuss$ rec5t & v  important exp]im5ts 
9 ! matt] ( ?r[+ f ord9>y guns  %ells   
*>g$ ) high explosives1 especially t    
kn[n z ,joveite1  ) :i* trem5d\s effects
 h be5 produc$ 9 p5etrat+ !  heavie/    
plat+4    ,v diff]5t 9 "* 0 ! int]e/+ & 
pleas+ programme  c>ri$ out by !        
,section ( ,botany 9 memory ( two em95t 
work]s  9 bryology :o 7 long id5tifi$ ) 
,columbus--,dr4 ,william ,s4  ,sullivant
 & 8 colabor]1 ,pr(4 ,leo ,lesqu]eaux1  
:o 0 em95t  also 9 fossil botany4       
,w$nesday 0 set ap>t z ,sullivant day1 &
  0 m>k$ by an ext5sive display (       
portraits1 books1 & specim5s1  & a s]ies
 ( memorial addresses1 ) notes on !     
progress (  bryology4 ,twelve ,nor?     
,am]ican species ( mosses h be5 nam$ =  
,dr4 ,sullivant1 & specim5s ( all ^!1 ) 
draw+s made by him1  7 loan$ = ?is      

occasion f 8 collection1 n[ at ! museum 
( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,sets ( duplicates 
( ^! species1 f !  h]b>ium ( ,columbia  
,univ]sity1 7 prep>$ & pres5t$ z        
s\v5irs to ! botani/s 9 att5dance4 ,"s  
memb]s ( ,dr4  ,sullivant's family 7    
pres5t1 & naturally felt a v deep s5se  
( gratification at su* a tribute to 8 "n
 & fame4    ,! address ( ! retir+       
presid5t1 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam1 _h a   
special int]e/ 9 t x 0 ! la/ (ficial    
appe>ance ( "o  :o has be5 = s _m ye>s  
closely & prom95tly id5tifi$ )  !       
association z its p]man5t secret>y1 & ^:
 pres5ce &  p]sonality h seem$ an       
ess5tial elem5t 9 e meet+4  ,pr(essor   
,putnam1 9 op5+1 paid an especial       
tribute to ! late ,dr4  ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton1
 ( ,philadelphia1 a =m] presid5t & lead+
 memb]  ( ! association1 devot$ to !    
same bran* ( rese>* )  himself--,nor?   
,am]ican e?nology--al?\gh hold+ diff]5t 
!ories  !re94 ,pr(essor ,putnam dealt ) 
! prehi/oric peoples ( ?is  cont95t1 &  
argu$ = di/9ct racial types z express$ 9

 !  rema9s t !y h left1 & = resemblances
 z due to  int]c\rse & m+l+ ( tribes1 & 
n to auto*?on\s  developm5t ( arts &    
cu/oms z ! result ( correspond+ /ages  (
 evolution )\t contact or outside       
influ5ce--! view ma9ta9$  by ,dr4       
,br9ton4    ,!re is n space "h to dwell 
fur!r ^u _m valuable pap]s &            
discussions4 ,! ,section ( ,geology _h a
 full & int]e/+  session1 9 :i* glacial 
ph5om5a1 especially z display$ 9 ,ohio1 
bore a consid]able "p4 ,"o ( ! pap]s _h 
a v wide &  pa9ful int]e/ = all         
,am]icans--t ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,b>b\r1 on !
  ,rapid ,decl9e ( ,geys] ,activity 9 ! 
,yell[/one ,bas94 ,c>eful &  ext5d$     
comp>ison ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! geys]s &  
hot  spr+s ) t to be se5 a few ye>s ago 
%[s t ^!  wond]ful & impressive ph5om5a 
h greatly decreas$ 9 bo? !  am\nt & !   
frequ5cy ( _! manife/ations1 & ,mr4     
,b>b\r  w>n$ all :o desire to witness   
any?+ ( _! gr&eur to visit  ! region )\t
 delay1 z ! indications po9t to _! spe$y
  cessation z probable if n inevitable4 

,9 ref]5ce to ! future ( ! association1 
x is gratify+ to  obs]ve t ! v>i\s      
special societies1 ^: relations to !    
association 7 consid]$ 9 ! article by ! 
pres5t writ] a  ye> ago1 h n only       
cont9u$ to hold _! summ] sessions 9     
connection ) t ( ! association1 b h %[n 
a v cordial  _s ( co-op]ation1 & t "s   
o!rs are propos+ to  affiliate 9 a      
simil> way4 ,?is is z x %\ld be2 b !re  
is 9  x also ! sugge/ion ( a broad] & m 
def9ite relation%ip (  all ^! special   
societies to ea* o!r ?r\gh ! m$ium ( !  
association4 ,! t5d5cy is app>5tly t[>d 
affiliation &  co-op]ation among !m1 & !
 ,am]ican ,association = !  ,advancem5t 
( ,sci5ce c\ld h no m fitt+ or useful   
function  ?an z a sort ( f$]ative or    
repres5tative body = all !  o!rs4    ,! 
next meet+ is to be held 9 ,new ,york1  
two mon?s e>li] ?an  usual--at ! end (  
,june4 ,bo? ! place & ! "t 7 det]m9$  by
 ! ,p>is ,exposition4 ,x 0 ?\ght be/ to 
arrange ! meet+ s  t x might easily be  
att5d$ by ! l>ge numb] ( sci5ti/s  f all

 ov] ! c\ntry :o w be go+ abroad next   
summ]4 ,?is  plan is d\btless wise1     
al?\gh x is mu* to be regrett$ t !      
"t--! la/ week 9 ,june--w cut (f f      
att5dance almo/ all  ! memb]s :o are    
tea*]s 9 public s*ools1 :o w be j !n  9 
! pressure ( _! clos+ days &            
exam9ations4 ,! peculi>  circum/ances ( 
! ye>1 h[ev]1 ju/ify :at w\ld o!rwise be
 a  mo/ un=tunate "t4 ,new ,york w d h] 
be/1 & give !  association a welcome    
wor?y ( ! great metropolis ( ,am]ica4   
,,sket* ,,( ,,dr4 ,,william ,,pepp]4    
,,by ,,lewis ,r4 ,,h>ley4               
,philadelphia has long be5 reg>d$ z !   
home ( m$ical sci5ce 9  ,am]ica4 ,"h 0  
f\nd$ ! fir/ m$ical s*ool 9 ! ,unit$    
,/ates1 among ^: alumni are numb]$ "s ( 
! mo/ brilliant  names 9 ! pr(ession4 ,!
 _s ( sci5tific rese>* has always  be5  
mo/ active 9 ,philadelphia4 ,"h ,frankl9
 made 8 exp]im5ts  9 electricity1 &     
,ritt5h\se obs]v$ ! transit ( ,v5us2    
:ile  ,ru%1 ,morgan1 ,williamson1 &     
,physick gave ! city a "n abroad z a    

great m$ical c5t]4 ,ea* g5]ation has    
contribut$ some?+ to h]  fame z ! abode 
( sci5tific culture4    ,9 rec5t times  
no "n has be5 s closely associat$ ) !   
intellectual progress ( ! city z t ( !  
subject ( ?is  sket*4 ,dr4 ,william     
,pepp] 0 re>$ 9 a sci5tific atmosph]e4  
,8  fa!r1 ,william ,pepp]1 ! eld]1 0    
born 9 ,philadelphia1 ,janu>y  #ba1     
#ahaj4 ,he graduat$ ) fir/ honors at    
,pr9ceton 9 #ahbi4 ,he  aft]w>d /udi$   
m$ic9e = a "t ) ,dr4 ,?omas ,t4 ,hewson1
 &  9 #ahcb graduat$ 9 m$ic9e at !      
,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,he  !n sp5t 
two ye>s 9 /udy 9 ,p>is1 & 9 #ahcd he   
ent]$ ^u  8 pr(ession 9 ,philadelphia1  
:]e he rose rapidly 9 reputation4  ,he 0
 physician to ! ,p5nsylvania ,hospital =
 tw5ty-six ye>s4 ,9  #ahfj he 0 elect$  
,pr(essor ( ! ,!ory & ,practice (       
,m$ic9e  9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 
,he held ?is position until !  "t ( 8   
dea?1 ,octob] #ae1 #ahfd4 ,dr4 ,pepp] _h
 two sons1 :o  became di/+ui%$ 9 !      
m$ical pr(ession4 ,! elde/ son1         

,george1 0 born ,april #a1 #ahda1 & di$ 
,septemb] #ad1 #ahgb4 ,he  graduat$ f ! 
college dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity (       
,p5nsylvania 9 #ahfb1 & complet$ ! c\rse
 9 ! ,m$ical ,s*ool  9 #ahfe4 ,he s]v$ )
 di/9ction 9 ! civil w>1 & di$ at !     
beg9n+ ( a successful pr(essional c>e]4 
,ano!r son1 ,dr4  ,,william ,,pepp]1 !  
subject ( ?is sket*1 0 born 9           
,philadelphia1  ,augu/ #ba1 #ahdc4      
,dr4 ,pepp] receiv$ 8 educational tra9+ 
solely 9 ! city ( 8  bir?1 hav+ graduat$
 f ! college dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity  ( 
,p5nsylvania 9 #ahfb1 9 ! same class )  
,provo/ ,*>les ,c4  ,h>rison1 ,?omas    
,mc,kean1 ,dr4 ,p]si= ,fras]1 & _m o!r  
m5  prom95t 9 univ]sity circles4 ,he    
graduat$ f ! ,m$ical ,s*ool  9 #ahfd1 & 
at once began ! practice ( m$ic9e4 ,8   
connection  ) ! ,univ]sity (            
,p5nsylvania began 9 #ahfh1 :5 he 0     
appo9t$ lectur] on morbid anatomy4 ,f   
#ahgj to #ahgf he 0  lectur] on cl9ical 
m$ic9e4 ,9 #ahgf ,dr4 ,pepp] 0 giv5 a   
full  pr(essor%ip ( cl9ical m$ic9e1 9   

:i* he cont9u$ until #ahhg1  :5 he      
succe$$ ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,/ill 9 ! *air ( !  
,!ory &  ,practice ( ,m$ic9e4    ,dur+  
?is e>ly p]iod ( 8 c>e] ,dr4 ,pepp]     
labor$ )  untir+ zeal 9 ! practice ( 8  
pr(ession1 & he also became  em95tly    
successful z a tea*]4 ,9 #ahgg he set =?
 8 views on  high] m$ical education 9 an
 address at ! op5+ ( ! "o  hundr$ &     
twelf? c\rse ( lectures 9 ! ,univ]sity  
,m$ical  ,s*ool4#de ,at t "t a v l[ /&>d
 exi/$ 9 ! m$ical  s*ools ( our c\ntry1 
& ,dr4 ,pepp]1 9 8 address1 urg$ !      
foll[+ re=ms3    #a4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a  
prep>atory exam9ation4    #b4 ,! l5g!n+ 
( ! c\rse to at lea/ ?ree full ye>s4    
#c4 ,! c>eful grad+ ( ! c\rse4    #d4 ,!
 introduction ( ample practical         
in/ruction ( ea* /ud5t  bo? at ! b$side 
& 9 laboratories4    #e4 ,! e/abli%m5t (
 fix$ sal>ies = ! pr(essors1 s t  !y may
 no long] h any pecuni>y int]e/ 9 ! size
 ( _!  classes4         ,footnote #de3  
,high] ,m$ical ,education4 ,! ,true     
,int]e/ ( !       ,public & ( !         

,pr(ession4 ,by ,william ,pepp]1 ,m4    
,d41 ,,ll4 ,d4       ,philadelphia3 ,j4 
,b4 ,lipp9cott ,company1 #ahid4    ,x 0 
a s\rce ( gratification to ,dr4 ,pepp] t
 he liv$ to see  all ^! re=ms 9 m$ical  
education adopt$4 ,on ! ext5sion (  !   
m$ical c\rse to f\r ye>s he subscrib$   
#ej1jjj t[>d a  p]man5t end[m5t (       
#bej1jjj4 ,z e>ly z #ahga he began to   
urge !  e/abli%m5t ( a univ]sity        
hospital1 ! subject be+ fir/  discuss$ 9
 a conv]sation ) ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,wood &   
,dr4 ,william ,f4  ,norris4 ,an appeal 0
 made to ! public1 & ,dr4 ,pepp] 0 made 
*airman ( a f9ance committee4 ,by ,may1 
#ahgb1 a spl5did site &  #cej1jjj =     
build+ & end[m5t _h be5 secur$4 ,dr4    
,pepp] 0  select$ z *airman ( ! build+  
committee1 & "w on !  hospital 0 pu%$ s 
rapidly t x 0 ready = pati5ts on ,july  
#ae1 #ahgd4    ,:5 ,dr4 ,*>les ,j4 ,/ill
 resign$ ! provo/%ip ( ! univ]sity  9   
#ahha1 ,dr4 ,pepp] 0 elect$ z 8         
successor4 ,! executive  abilities :i*  
he _h display$ 9 connection ) ! f\nd+ ( 

! new hospital made him ! natural *oice 
( ! tru/ees4 ,al?\gh  8 private practice
 _h increas$ to imm5se proportions1     
besides  be+ occupi$ ) 8 duties z a     
cl9ical pr(essor1 ,dr4 ,pepp]  accept$ !
 provo/%ip4 ,to ! duties ( ?is (fice he 
devot$ !  be/ ye>s ( 8 life4 ,! ext5t ( 
8 practice & ! dem&s  made ^u 8 "t by ! 
univ]sity w\ld h appall$ an ord9>y  man1
 b 8 capacity = labor appe>$ to be )\t  
limit1 8  work+ day (t5 exce$+ eighte5  
h\rs4 ,8 adm9i/ration 0  *>act]iz$ by ! 
unification ( ! v>i\s s*ools ( !        
univ]sity1 besides ! f\nd+ & equipm5t ( 
sev]al new  dep>tm5ts4 ,9 "o ( 8 annual 
reports ,dr4 ,pepp] def9$ ! broad       
policy ( ! univ]sity 9 ! foll[+         
appropriate language3 ,!  univ]sity is  
truly ! volunt>y association ( all      
p]sons & (  all ag5cies :o wi% to unite 
9 "w = ! elevation ( society by  !      
pursuit & diffusion ( tru?4#df ,9 o!r   
words1 ,dr4 ,pepp]  reg>d$ ! functions (
 ! univ]sity z n simply an in/itution  (
 in/ruction1 b also ( rese>*4 ,to ?is   

end e ef=t 0  made to op5 up new fields 
( inve/igation & to wid5 ! scope (  !   
univ]sity4 ,dur+ 8 provo/%ip ?irte5 new 
build+s 7  erect$1 & ! foll[+ dep>tm5ts1
 or s*ools1 7 organiz$3      #a4 ,!     
,dep>tm5t ( ,f9ance & ,economy4    #b4  
,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,philosophy4    #c4 ,!   
,dep>tm5t ( ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e4    #d4 ,! 
,dep>tm5t ( ,biology4    #e4 ,!         
,dep>tm5t ( ,physical ,education4    #f4
 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ar*ology &             
,paleontology4    #g4 ,! ,dep>tm5t (    
,hygi5e4    #h4 ,! ,graduate ,dep>tm5t =
 ,wom54    #i4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,ar*itecture4
    #aj4 ,! ,s*ool = ,nurses 9 !        
,univ]sity ,hospital4    #aa4 ,!        
,vet]9>y ,hospital4    #ab4 ,! ,wi/>    
,in/itute ( ,anatomy & ,biology4        
,footnote #df3 ,report ( ! ,provo/ ( !  
,univ]sity (       ,p5nsylvania1 f      
,octob]1 #ahib1 to ,june1 #ahid4        
,philadelphia1       #ahid4    ,dr4     
,pepp] took p>ticul> int]e/ 9 !         
,dep>tm5t ( ,ar*ology  & ,paleontology  
connect$ ) ! univ]sity4 ,= a numb] (    

ye>s  he 0 presid5t ( its bo>d (        
tru/ees1 :ile x 0 l>gely  ?r\gh 8 ef=ts 
t ! ,babylonian ,exploration ,fund 0    
=m$4#dg ,x 0 ,dr4 ,pepp]'s ambition to h
 at ! univ]sity  well-equipp$           
laboratories t w\ld (f] an opportunity =
  orig9al inve/igation 9 m$ical sci5ce4 
,! e/abli%m5t ( !  ,laboratory (        
,hygi5e1 9 #ahib1 0 ! fir/ /ep 9 ?is    
direction1  soon to be foll[$ by ,dr4   
,pepp]'s gift ( ! ,laboratory ( ,cl9ical
  ,m$ic9e4 ,?is laboratory 0 f\nd$ 9    
memory ( 8 fa!r1 !  late ,dr4 ,william  
,pepp]4 ,! gift is unique 9 t x is made 
= !  purpose ( promot+ & /imulat+       
orig9al rese>*1 & improv+  ! me?ods (   
diagnos+ & treat+ ! diseases ( human    
be+s4  ,ano!r field ( "w 9 ! laboratory 
is t ( giv+ advanc$ &  special          
in/ruction to m5 :o h already obta9$ !  
degree (  ,doctor ( ,m$ic9e4 ,at ! op5+ 
( ! laboratory 9 #ahie ,dr4  ,william   
,h4 ,wel*1 ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 
said1 ,to ! small  numb] ( exi/+ cl9ical
 laboratories ! ,william ,pepp]         

,laboratory  ( ,cl9ical ,m$ic9e is a mo/
 notable addition1 be+ ! fir/           
laboratory ( ! k9d 9 ?is c\ntry1 & x is 
n surpass$ by any  9 =eign c\ntries4#dh 
,footnote #dg3 ,see ! article on ,sci5ce
 at ! ,univ]sity (       ,p5nsylvania1 9
 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,augu/1      
#ahif4         ,footnote #dh3 ,proce$+s 
at ! ,op5+ ( ! ,william ,pepp]          
,laboratory ( ,cl9ical ,m$ic9e1 ,decemb]
 #d1 #ahie4 ,philadelphia1       #ahie4 
,dr4 ,pepp] realiz$ m & m e ye> t ! va/ 
ext5t (  ! univ]sity int]e/s dem&$ !    
undivid$ activity ( its head4  ,9 #ahid 
he resign$ ! (fice ( provo/1 /at+ at !  
"t t1  z x became necess>y = him to     
*oose betwe5 adm9i/ration "w  & m$ical  
sci5ce1 8 devotion to ! latt] det]m9$ 8 
*oice4  ,8 adm9i/ration 0 an ev5tful "o1
 dur+ :i* ! univ]sity  evolv$ f a gr\p (
 disconnect$ s*ools to a great academic 
body4  ,9 #ahha its prop]ty 9 l& am\nt$ 
to fifte5 acres1 :ile 9 #ahid  x        
controll$ fifty-two acres 9 a cont9u\s  
tract4 ,9 #ahha !  univ]sity prop]ty 0  

valu$ at #a1fjj1jjj2 9 #ahid x exce$$   
#e1jjj1jjj4 ,! tea*+ =ce 9 #ahha numb]$ 
#hh & ! /ud5ts 9  all dep>tm5ts #iha2 9 
#ahid ! =m] 7 #bfh1 & ! att5dance  _h   
rea*$ #b1ahj1 repres5t+ e ,/ate 9 !     
,union1 z well z  ?irty-eight =eign     
c\ntries4    ,dr4 ,pepp] became well    
kn[n z an au?or on m$ical subjects4 ,he 
f\nd$ ! ,philadelphia ,m$ical ,times1 & 
0 its editor = two  ye>s4 ,9 #ahhe he   
edit$ a ,sy/em ( ,m$ic9e by ,am]ican    
,au?ors1 a  "w t has be5 consid]$ a     
lead+ au?ority on m$ical subjects4  ,he 
also edit$ a book ( m$ical practice by  
,am]ican au?ors1 &1  ) ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4     
,meigs1 issu$ a "w on ,diseases (       
,*ildr54 ,he 0  ,m$ical ,director ( !   
,c5t5nial ,exposition 9 #ahgf1 & = 8    
s]vices he receiv$ f ! ,k+ ( ,sw$5 !    
decoration ( ,knight  ,comm&] ( ! ,ord] 
( ,/4 ,olaf4    ,dr4 ,pepp] %[$ an      
unb\nd$ int]e/ 9 behalf ( any movem5t t 
w\ld b5efit ! community 9 g5]al4 ,he 0  
"o ( ! fir/ to  realize ! advantage t   
w\ld accrue to ,philadelphia %\ld %e    

become a museum c5t]4 ,! ,philadelphia  
,comm]cial ,museum 0  e/abli%$ 9        
,octob]1 #ahic1 ) ,dr4 ,pepp] z presid5t
 ( !  bo>d ( tru/ees4 ,! old (fices ( ! 
,p5nsylvania ,railroad  ,company 7      
leas$1 & exhibits 7 secur$ f !          
,lat9-,am]ican  c\ntries1 ,africa1      
,au/ralia1 ,japan1 & ,india1 =m+ ! l>ge/
  p]man5t collection ( raw products 9   
exi/5ce4 ,ref]r+ to !  great value ( !  
museum1 ,dr4 ,pepp] spoke z foll[s 9 8  
address  ( welcome at ! fir/ annual     
meet+ ( ! advisory bo>d3    ,x w\ld seem
 cle>1 h[ev]1 t no me?od ( /udy+        
indu/ries  & comm]ce c be sci5tific &   
complete :i* does n include !  museum   
idea z n[ compreh5d$4 ,! museum aims to 
tea* by object  lesson ! /ory ( ! _w1   
pa/ & pres5t4 ,! ,biological ,museum    
pres5ts ! objects ( human & comp>ative  
anatomy1 arrang$  sci5tifically & label$
 s fully z to con/itute ! be/  text-book
 = ! /udy ( ^? subjects4 ,! ,museum (   
,natural  ,hi/ory does ! same 9 its     
field4 ,! ,museum ( ,ar*ology %[s !     

progress ( ! race f ! mo/ ar*aic times1 
! diff]5t types  ( human be+s1 _! mode (
 liv+1 _! =ms ( wor%ip1 _!  games1 _!   
weapons1 _! implem5ts1 ! natural        
products :i*  !y us$ = subsi/5ce1 9 _!  
indu/ries1 & 9 _! arts1 !  objects (    
manufacture or ( art :i* !y produc$1 & !
 mann]  9 :i* !y dispos$ ( _! dead4     
,! natural products & manufactur$       
articles1 :i* con/itute !  mat]ial (    
comm]ce1 come necess>ily into su* a     
s*eme1 & !  long-look$-= opportunity (  
e/abli%+ a comm]cial museum ^u a  truly 
sci5tific basis pres5t$ itself :51 at ! 
close ( !  ,columbian ,exposition at    
,*icago1 x 0 possible1 ?r\gh !          
enlight5$ lib]ality ( ! municipal       
au?orities ( ,philadelphia  & !         
invaluable s]vices ( ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4      
,wilson1 to secure va/  collections (   
comm]cial mat]ial1 :i* 0 s lib]ally     
donat$ to  ! ,philadelphia museums by   
ne>ly all ! =eign c\ntries ( !  globe4  
,x 0 ,dr4 ,pepp]'s idea to h !          
,univ]sity ,museum & !  ,comm]cial      

,museum situat$ ne> ea* o!r1 on ! plan (
 ! ,s\?  ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,to ?is end !
 ,city ,c\ncils1 9 #ahif1 pass$ an      
ord9ance giv+ ov] to ! tru/ees ( !      
,comm]cial ,museum sixte5  acres ( l& = 
! erection ( suitable build+s4 ,:5 all !
  plans are c>ri$ out ! city w h        
unrival$ facilities = !  /udy (         
civilization1 pa/ & pres5t4    ,"o ( !  
mo/ endur+ monum5ts to ,dr4 ,pepp]'s    
zeal & g5]osity  is ! ,free ,libr>y (   
,philadelphia4 ,9 #ahhi 8 uncle1 ,george
 ,s4  ,pepp]1 bequea!d ! sum ( "o hundr$
 & fifty ?\s& doll>s  to ! tru/ees ( su*
 ,free ,libr>y :i* may be e/abli%$ 9 !  
city ( ,philadelphia4 ,f ! beg9n+ ,dr4  
,pepp] took a w>m  int]e/ 9 ! ,free     
,libr>y movem5t4 ,x 0 "u 8 lead]%ip  t !
 libr>y 0 organiz$1 & he 0 made ! fir/  
presid5t (  its bo>d ( tru/ees4 ,speak+ 
( 8 activity 9 ?is direction1 !         
libr>ian1 ,mr4 ,john ,?omson1 said3 ,no 
detail 0 too small = 8  p]sonal         
att5tion4 ,no plan = its future gr[? 0  
too l>ge =  8 ambiti\s hope ( bo? public

 & private support4 ,! rem>kable  &     
rapid increase 9 ! circulation ( ! ,free
 ,libr>y1 !  multiplication ( its       
bran*es1 ! organization ( all its       
dep>tm5ts on a broad & g5]\s plan1 8    
success 9 enli/+ a  l>ge numb] ( able   
fell[-work]s1 8 cle>1 pla9 /atem5ts to  
,c\ncils & ! city au?orities1 8 activity
 9 secur+ ne$$  legislation at          
,h>risburg1 7 "s ( ! results ( t        
intellig5t en]gy :i* enabl$ him to d s  
mu* & to d x s  well4 ,! beque/ ( !     
,pepp] family has be5 supplem5t$ by     
ample  appropriations by ! ,city        
,c\ncils1 & ! ,free ,libr>y is n[ "o  ( 
! mo/ important in/itutions 9           
,philadelphia4 ,! libr>y at  pres5t has 
twelve fl\ri%+ bran*es1 :ile ! comb9$   
circulation ( ! sy/em = ! ye> #ahih 0   
#a1gch1iej volumes4    ,dr4 ,pepp] 0    
also connect$ ) _m sci5tific bodies4 ,he
 0  ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican        
,philosophical ,society1 & ,presid5t (  
! fir/ ,pan-,am]ican ,m$ical ,congress 9
 #ahic4 ,he 0 a ,fell[ (  ! ,college (  

,physicians2 ,presid5t ( ! ,philadelphia
 ,pa?ological  ,society f #ahgc to      
#ahgf2 ,director ( ! ,biological        
,section1 ,academy  ( ,natural ,sci5ces2
 ,presid5t1 9 #ahhf1 ( ! ,am]ican       
,climatological ,association2 ,presid5t 
( ! ,f\lke & ,long ,in/itute  = ,orphan 
,girls2 ,presid5t ( ! ,fir/ ,sanit>y    
,conv5tion (  ,p5nsylvania2 & 9 #ahhb he
 0 a memb] ( ! ,assay ,commission (  !  
,unit$ ,/ates ,m9t4 ,he receiv$ ! degree
 ( ,,ll4 ,d4 f  ,lafayette ,college 9   
#ahha1 & f ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania 9
  #ahic4    ,9 #ahgc ,dr4 ,pepp] m>ri$  
,miss ,frances ,s>geant ,p]ry1 a l9eal  
desc5dant ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 & a       
gr&daught] ( ,commodore  ,oliv] ,haz>d  
,p]ry4 ,f\r sons 7 born1 ( :om ?ree     
survive--,dr4  ,william ,pepp]1 ,jr41   
,b5jam9 ,frankl9 ,pepp]1 & ,oliv] ,haz>d
 ,p]ry  ,pepp]4 ,fail+ 9 heal?1 ,dr4    
,pepp] w5t to ,cali=nia e>ly 9 !  summ] 
( #ahih1 :]e he di$ ( he>t disease on   
,july #bh? ( t  ye>4 ,8 body rea*$      
,philadelphia on ,augu/ #f?4 ,fun]al    

s]vices  7 held 9 ,/4 ,james's          
,prote/ant ,episcopal ,*ur*1 aft] :i* ! 
body 0 cremat$1 & ! a%es int]r$ 9       
,laurel ,hill ,cemet]y4 ,!  ,am]ican    
,an?ropometric ,society receiv$1 by !   
conditions ( 8  w1 ,dr4 ,pepp]'s bra94  
,among ! memb]s ( ?is society 7 ,dr4    
,joseph ,leidy1 ,phillips ,brooks1 &    
,pr(4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cope4 ,! articles (      
memb]%ip ( ! ,an?ropometric ,society    
require t ea* memb]  contribute 8 bra9 9
 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce4    ,dr4 ,pepp]'s   
dea? 0 foll[$ by _m expressions ( sorr[ 
f  le>n$ societies 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 
,"o ( ! mo/  beautiful tributes 0 !     
memorial meet+ held 9 ! city ( ,mexico  
on ,septemb] #ab?4 ,! lead+ m$ical &    
sci5tific societies (  ,mexico assembl$ 
9 ! hall ( ,congress to d honor to ! "w 
&  "* ( ,dr4 ,pepp]4 ,presid5t ,diaz    
occupi$ ! *air1 & ab\t  him 7 ga!r$ !   
lead+ citiz5s1 (ficials1 & sci5ti/s (   
,mexico4 ,repres5tatives ( ! ,national  
,m$ical ,s*ool & ! ,bo>d  ( ,heal?      
eulogiz$ ,dr4 ,pepp]1 :ile ,hon4 ,matias

 ,rom]o spoke ( him  n z a physician1 b 
z an altrui/ :o _h consecrat$ himself to
  do+ good = 8 fell[-m54    ,9          
,philadelphia1 /eps h be5 tak5 to erect 
a sub/antial memorial  to ,dr4 ,pepp]4  
,at a memorial meet+1 held on ,m>* #f?  
la/1 a  proposition 0 made to place a   
/atue ( ! deceas$ sci5ti/ on  ! ,city   
,hall plaza1 aft] ! /yle ( ! ,gir>d     
,monum5t4 ,a  committee 0 appo9t$ ) p[] 
to raise funds = ! propos$  /atue1 ! co/
 n to exce$ t5 ?\s& doll>s4           99
       99       99       99       99    
,"o ( ! lett]s ( ,william ,p5gelly1     
geologi/1 ( ,torquay1       ,engl&1     
pr9t$ 9 ! memoir publi%$ by 8 daught]1  
gives       ?is sket* ( ,babbage1 !     
ma!matician & inv5tor ( !               
calculat+ ma*9e3 ,i !n call$ on         
,babbage1 & c\ld n get       away until 
aft] "o4 ,he is a spl5did talk]4 ,he    
seem$ mu*       pleas$ to see me1 &     
complim5t$ me v mu* on my lecture       
7at ! ,royal ,in/itution71 9 :i* he 0   
evid5tly mu*       int]e/$4 ,he is ! mo/

 m>vel\s work] ,i ev] met )4 ,i         
nev] saw any?+ l ! evid5ce ( multif>i\s 
& va/       labor :i* 8 'work%op'       
pres5ts2 he /icks at no?+4 ,"o          
draw] full ( riddles1 ano!r ( epigrams1 
"o ( squ>$       words1 etc4444 ,x is   
appall+6 ,& !n ! d[nright fun ( !       
fell[2 x is almo/ intoxicat+ to be )    
him6          ,correspond5ce4      ,,d  
,,animals ,,reason8    ,,dr4 ,,edw>d    
,,?orndike',s int]e/+ acc\nt1 9 our     
,augu/ numb]1 (  8 inve/igations t\*+ ! 
reason+ p[] ( animals has br\ght  u a   
l>ge numb] ( lett]s que/ion+ "s ( ! ma9 
conclusions  set =? 9 ! article1 &      
criticis+ ! me?od ( ! inquiry4  ,n hav+ 
room = all ^! communications1 we pr9t "o
 ( !m1  & add extracts f two o!rs4 ,^!  
repres5t ! pr9cipal  objections urg$ by 
! v>i\s writ]s aga9/ ! conclusions drawn
  by ! au?or ( ! article f 8 exp]im5ts4 
,editor ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly3        
,,sir3 ,! fir/ read+ ( ,dr4 ,?orndike's 
article ,d ,animals ,reason8  9 ! ,augu/
 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 gave !        

impression1 :i* has  be5 deep5$ by      
subsequ5t p]usal1 t 8 exp]im5ts 7 n     
only inadequate to solve ! "q1 b        
unfairly *os54    ,a dog or a cat1      
utt]ly hungry1 is plac$ 9 a box1 f :i* x
 c  escape by p]=m+ "s simple 787       
action1 su* z pull+ a wire  loop1 /epp+ 
on a plat=m or lev]1 claw+ d[n a /r+1 or
  turn+ a wood5 button4    ,9 ! fir/    
place1 :at t5ds to de/roy ! reason+ p[] 
m  ?an utt] hung]8 ,?is int5se physical 
crav+ begets fr5zy r  ?an reason4 ,! m  
int5se ?is primeval desire1 ! great] !  
dem& ^u primitive in/9ct = its          
satisfaction4 ,9 ! op5 !  cat w jump at 
a bird1 ! dog at a bone4 ,if ! bird be  
up a tree1  ! cat w climb2 if ! bone be 
buri$1 ! dog w burr[4  ,climb+ & burr[+ 
are deep-root$ developm5ts ( ! fel9e &  
! can9e nature4    ,put a dog or a cat1 
utt]ly hungry1 9 a box & hang a piece ( 
meat  outside4 ,in/9ct prompts a jump   
?r\gh ! b>s ( ! box at !  meat1 & !     
great] ! numb] ( unsuccessful attempts !
 less !  likelihood ( ! animal ) a gnaw+

 /oma* sitt+ d[n to  scrut9ize !        
me*anical con/ruction ( ! box to ! po9t 
(  p]ceiv+ t by /epp+ on a lev] x w op5 
a door4 ,h[ _m  millions ( ye>s did x   
take two-legg$ man to arrive at !       
p]ception ( ! use ( ! lev]8 ,did ! %aggy
 bip$ arrive at  t p]ception by sitt+   
d[n :5 utt]ly hungry & look+ at a  lev]2
 or did he1 ?r\gh c\ntless g5]ations1 by
 "s su* *ance  z lift+ a /one ) a /ick1 
come to ! k ( weight &  fulcrum8    ,put
 an an?ropoid ape1 "s sev]al degrees    
ne>] man 9 intellig5ce  ?an a cat1 9 a  
mod]n (fice elevator t moves by ! pu% ( 
an  electric button1 susp5d ! elevator  
betwe5 two /ories1 & :at d  y suppose t 
an?ropoid ape w d8    ,put a s*oolgirl  
fre% f belles-lettres & mat9es 9 ! cab (
  a locomotive & tell h] to run x to !  
next /ation4 ,%e c n  b "k t /eam w make
 ! :eels g r\nd1 b :at w %e  d 9 ! maze 
( ?rottles1 h&les1 disks1 & rods t      
confronts  h]8 ,:at w %e d if utt]ly    
hungry8    ,take a labor] f 8 pick &    
%ovel on ! railway embankm5t &  put him 

at ! desk ( ! g5]al manag]4 ,he c read &
 write4 ,let  ! mess5g] boys & cl]ks %[]
 him ) ! lett]s &  telegrams t bomb>d t 
desk e day1 & let him try to settle  !  
que/ions to :i* !y give rise4    ,n[1 :y
 c n ! s*oolgirl run ! locomotive1 !    
labor] !  railroad8 ,because ! relations
 ( ?+s necess>y to ! tasks h  nev] be5  
impr9t$ ^u _! regi/]+ cells2 because1 9 
!  latt] case at lea/1 ( ! lack ( p[] ( 
co-ord9ation--t is1  ! lack ( ! p[] (   
ab/ract reason+ t ! task involves4      
,:y c n anybody d any?+ z well z anybody
 else8 ,because  c]ta9 relations h be5 m
 deeply impress$ ^u c]ta9 bra9s  ?an ^u 
o!rs2 because ( ! great] p[] ( c]ta9    
bra9s to  co-ord9ate c]ta9 relations1 _!
 great] ability to give concrete        
manife/ation ( ! result ( su*           
co-ord9ation ?r\gh ! eff]5t  n]ves4     
,o!rwise any "o ( u c\ld design a       
bridge1 compose a  symphony1 or organize
 a tru/4    ,! (t5] relations are       
impress$ ^u ! regi/]+ cells1 !  m       
readily are ^? relations co-ord9at$1    

provid$ ! bra9  /ructure be ( !         
requisite calib]4 ,reit]at$ impression  
?r\gh  ! ages ( ! relations betwe5 _!   
ne$s & surr\nd+ ?+s1  toge!r ) !        
developm5t ( /ructural capacity1 has l$ 
!  beav] to build 8 dam1 ! bee !        
honeycomb1 ! ant its village1  ! bird   
its ne/4 ,9 ea* case ! regi/]$          
impressions h l$ to  action made        
possible by long-cont9u$ contact betwe5 
/ructure &  environm5t2 ! actions are ! 
result ( developm5t t has  proce$$ mite 
by mite ?r\gh unkn[n "t4 ,! bra9 ( nei!r
 bird  nor bea/ nor man w imm$iately    
co-ord9ate radically new  impressions   
receiv$ 9 a radically new environm5t    
into coh]5t  action t leads to def9ite  
result4    ,"h is an example )9 !       
writ]'s imm$iate k3 ,at ! age  ( sev5te5
 a boy ent]$ ! s]vice ( "o ( ! l>ge     
railway  sy/ems z a cl]k 9 ! pass5g]    
dep>tm5t4 ,?r\gh elev5 ye>s  (          
en?usia/ic & conc5trat$ endeavor to ma/]
 ! details ( !  s]vice he rose to ! head
 ( ! cl]ical =ce--t is1 !  reit]at$     

impression ^u 8 bra9 cells ( ! functions
 ( !  pass5g] s]vice l$ to t            
co-ord9ation :i* result$ 9  effici5t    
action4 ,!n he became employ$ 9 ! (fice 
( a l>ge  coal-m9+ company4 ,= sev]al   
days x 0 ) ! utmo/  difficulty t he c\ld
 br+ 8 att5tion to be> ^u ! new  tasks4 
,:ile seat$ at ! desk 9 ! coal (fice !  
old railway  problems w\ld *ase ?r\gh 8 
m9d2 :5 he began to write !  initials ( 
! ,pittsburg ,consolidat$ ,coal         
,company1 he w\ld f9d  t he _h writt5 ! 
initials ( ! ,pittsburg1 ,c9c9nati1     
,*icago  & ,/4 ,l\is ,railway ,company2 
in/ead ( ! initials ( !  ,pittsburg1    
,fairport & ,nor?we/]n ,dock ,company1 !
 initials ( !  ,pittsburg1 ,=t ,wayne & 
,*icago ,railway ,company4 ,! latt]     
initials  9 ea* case w\ld appe> ^u !    
pap] be=e he knew x1 actually  )\t 8    
kn[+ t he _h writt5 !m4 ,! entirely     
unfamili>  r\t9e entail$ by ! cu/ody (  
bank acc\nts1 coal leases1 de$s  &      
contracts1 reports ( coal %ipm5ts1 & !  
h&l+ (  v\*]s1 became adju/$ 9 8 bra9   

bit by bit ?r\gh _m weeks1  & x 0 mon?s 
be=e he c\ld co-ord9ate ! new           
impressions into  broad & well-def9$    
reason+4 ,if he _h be5 utt]ly hungry    
?r\gh all ! p]iod ( ! new s]vice1 x     
might h tak5 ye>s4    ,n[1 :at c be     
expect$ ( a dog or a cat1 ^: m5tal      
processes  h be5 adju/$ by inh]itance & 
exp]i5ce to life 9 ! fields  & jungles1 
:5 plac$ 9 a box1 utt]ly hungry1 to /udy
 me*anical  contrivances8 ,x is manife/ 
t if ! bra9 ( a dog or a cat w\ld       
become adju/$ to ! radically unfamili>  
/eps necess>y to release  x f su* a     
radically unfamili> environm5t1 t       
adju/m5t c\ld  only come by extremely   
sl[ degrees4 ,volunt>y p]ception is     
almo/  beyond ! limits ( expectation1 & 
! lead+ ( ! animal  ?r\gh ! necess>y    
/eps w\ld h to be repeat$ "t aft] "t    
be=e ! impressions ^u its bra9 w\ld rea*
 any degree (  p]man5ce1 especially z   
its bra9 w\ld be lack+ 9 att5tion1 &  ! 
repeat$ h&l+ be an annoyance to x4 ,b t 
by su* tutelage  ! animals1 or a        

proportion ( !m1 arriv$ at a k ( !      
means necess>y to escape f ! box is %[n 
by ,dr4 ,?orndike  himself4 ,if "o      
repeats ! process1 keeps putt+ ! cat    
back into  ! box aft] ea* success1 !    
am\nt ( useless action gradually        
decreases1 ! "r movem5t is made soon] & 
soon]1 until f9ally  x is done z soon z 
! cat is put 94 ,b he says3 ,?is sort ( 
a  hi/ory is n ! hi/ory ( a reason+     
animal4 ,x is ! hi/ory (  an animal :o  
meets a c]ta9 situation ) a lot (       
in/9ctive  acts4444 ,little by little ! 
"o act becomes m & m likely to  be done 
9 t situation1 :ile ! o!rs sl[ly vani%4 
,?is  hi/ory repres5ts ! we>+ smoo? ( a 
pa? 9 ! bra91 n !  decisions ( a        
rational consci\sness4    ,:]e91 h[ev]1 
does ?is diff] f ! mann] 9 :i* hundr$s  
( cl]ks 9 (fices f9ally le>n r\t9e "w & 
me*anically g  ?r\gh ! motions necess>y 
to its p]=mance8 ,d n ! actions  ( ?\s&s
 ( labor]s 9 field & factory seem to    
proce$ f a  we>+ smoo? ( a pa? 9 ! bra91
 r ?an f rational  consci\sness8 ,yet !y

 c n be said to be devoid ( reason4 ,is 
n  a great proportion ( ! daily actions 
( any "o ( u gone ?r\gh  f =ce ( habit1 
almo/ by in/9ct8    ,! ^w reason does n 
apply alone to ! m5tal processes ( a    
,helmholtz1 b to ! co-ord9ation1 h[ev]  
slight1 ( relations t  result 9 def9ite 
action ev5 ( a humble organism4 ,h]b]t  
,sp5c]  has cle>ly %[n t in/9ct & reason
 diff] 9 degree & n 9  k9d4    ,dr4     
,?orndike lays /ress ^u ! fact t a cat  
:i*1 :5 fir/  put 91 took sixty seconds 
to get out1 9 ! second trial eighty1 9  
! ?ird fifty1 9 ! f\r? sixty1 9 ! fif?  
fifty1 9 !  six? =ty1 etc41 & rem>ks3   
,suppose ! cat _h1 aft] ! ?ird          
accid5tal success1 be5 able to reason8  
,%e w\ld !n h1 ! next  "t & all succe$+ 
times1 p]=m$ ! act z soon z put 94  ,n  
long ago ! writ] & a man ^: high        
intellig5ce c n be  que/ion$1 9 mom5ts (
 relaxation 7 try+ to d "o ( !  famili> 
r+ puzzles--endeavor+ to sep>ate a r+ f 
two o!rs  ( peculi> %ape & !n to jo9 !  
?ree4 ,aft] repeat$ trials1  "o w\ld    

loos5 x1 b c\ld n replace x2 ! o!r      
f9ally  succe$$ 9 replac+ x1 b c\ld n   
loos5 x4 ,!n ! "o c\ld  replace x1 b n  
loos5 x2 ! o!r loos51 b n replace x1  & 
ea* 0 closely wat*+ ! o!r all ! "t4 ,x 0
 half an  h\r or m be=e ei!r c\ld bo?   
loos5 & replace ! r+1  occasional       
successful attempts n be+ repeat$ until 
aft] sev]al  succe$+ failures4 ,contra/ 
! relation ( ! bra9 ( ! daz$  &         
indiff]5t & peculi>ly b$evil$ cat to !  
puzzle pres5t$  to x by ! inside ( ! box
 ) ! e>ne/ ef=t ( ! two m5  to solve !  
r+ puzzle4 ,:o has n f\nd a task m      
difficult !  fif? or six? "t ?an !      
second or ?ird1 & has only p]=m$  x )   
ease aft] repeat$ attempts ( v>y+       
degrees ( success &  failure8    ,9     
conclusion1 ! writ] begs leave to relate
 an incid5t1 :i* has  n be=e appe>$ 9   
pr9t1 t pr(\ndly impress$ him ) !       
belief t at lea/ 9 "o in/ance "o        
p>ticul> animal display$  reason4 ,"o   
,sunday morn+1 a doz5 ye>s or m ago1 he 
0 /&+  on ! bank ( ! ,ohio ,riv] at !   

,sewickley ,f]ry4 ,a family gr\p1       
accompani$ by a l>ge ,newf\ndl& dog1    
hail$ ! f]ryman & got  9 8 boat1 leav+ !
 dog1 :i* p]suasively b>k$ & wagg$ 8    
tail1 on ! bank4 ,z ! boat pull$ out    
into ! /ream ! dog  :9$1 & !n made ready
 to leap 9 aft] x4 ,!n he /opp$ at  !   
wat]'s edge1 &1 ) head d[n1 gaz$ int5tly
 at ! riv] =  sev]al seconds--x seem$ a 
m9ute or m4 ,!n he ran up ! bank  m ?an 
a hundr$ feet1 /opp$1 look$ at ! rec$+  
boat1  plung$ into ! /ream1 & swam      
vigor\sly4 ,! curr5t1 be>+ him  d[n1    
made 8 c\rse diagonal to ! bank4 ,a boy 
/&+ by my side  said3 ,isn't t a sm>t   
dog8 ,if he'd be5 a crazy dog he'd h    
jump$ 9 :]e he 01 b he ran up ! bank s !
 curr5t w\ldn't  wa% him d[n away f !   
boat4    ,b ! dog1 swimm+ ) all 8 vigor1
 0 borne pa/ ! boat :5  )9 tw5ty feet or
 s ( x2 he endeavor$ to /raight5 8 c\rse
  )\t success1 & !n1 9 a long           
semicircle1 swam ar\nd to !  ne> bank1  
l&+ two or ?ree hundr$ feet bel[ ! place
 :5ce  ! f]ryboat _h />t$4    ,:at ?is  

dog w\ld h done if plac$1 utt]ly hungry1
 9 a box f  :i* he c\ld only lib]ate    
himself by /epp+ on a plat=m or  turn+ a
 wood5 button1 ,i d n "k4               
,,logan ,g4 ,,mcph]son4    ,,pittsburgh1
 ,augu/ #c1 #ahii4      ,,mr4 ,,fr$]ic  
,d4 ,,bond1 ( #dac ,s\? ,=ty-f\r?       
,/reet1 ,philadelphia1  writes3 ,( !    
accuracy ( ,dr4 ,?orndike's exp]im5ts ,i
 h no  d\bt1 b c]ta9 facts connect$ ) !m
 seem to deprive !  obs]vations ( mu* ( 
_! relevance4    ,dr4 ,?orndike /ates t 
he arrang$ 8 exp]im5ts to give  reason+ 
e *ance to display itself1 if x exi/$1 &
 to  obs]ve ^? 9 :i* ! acts requir$ & ! 
?9k+ involv$  7 n f> remov$ f ! acts &  
feel+s ( ord9>y animal  life4 ,( ^!     
exp]im5ts "o ( ! *ief 0 to det]m9e :e!r 
& 9 :at way a cat w\ld escape f a box   
op5+ by turn+ a  button4 ,n[1 ,i submit 
t 9 ?is & ! succe$+ exp]im5ts !         
conditions ,dr4 ,?orndike fanci$ to exi/
 by no means did s4 ,simple  z ! release
 ( a door by a button seems to u1 !     
app>5t  simplicity arises m]ely f our   

empirical k ( :at does  happ5 9 su* a   
situation4 ,actually to ?9k out !       
rationale ( !  matt]1 z an animal hav+  
no exp]i5ce ei!r p]sonally or f  h]$ity 
w\ld h to d1 involves v complex m5tal   
processes4 ,!  environm5t ( a human be+ 
is va/ly diff]5t f an animal's1  ?\gh ( 
?is fact we con/antly lose sight 9      
reason+2 (  me*anical appliances &      
pr9ciples1 = example1 an animal kn[s    
no?+1 & yet we are too apt to suppose x 
reg>d+ ! _w )  a /ore ( ance/ral &      
individual exp]i5ces utt]ly =eign to x2 
& !n1 on its fail+ to d :at1 9 ! light (
 su* exp]i5ce1  seems to u easy1 we     
proce$ to call into "q its possession ( 
reason4444    ,t ! cats did f9ally le>n 
to escape %[s1 accord+ to ,dr4          
,?orndike1 ! we>+ smoo? ( a pa? 9 !     
bra91 n !  decisions ( a rational       
consci\sness4 ,may ,i ask ,dr4 ,?orndike
 :at  possible reason c\ld a cat h to   
suppose t :at happ5$ once  mu/ ne$s     
happ5 aga98 ,does ,dr4 ,?orndike fancy 8
 own k (  a million l matt]s 0 acquir$  

by reason1 & n empirically  elaborat$ by
 processes ( exactly ! same sort z !    
cats w5t  ?r\gh8 ,let ?is exp]im5t be   
tri$ on a heal?y infant ( two  ye>s1 &  
,i am ( ! op9ion t ! results w\ld be !  
same z  ) ! cat2 yet ! infant und\bt$ly 
c>ries on ?9k+  processes simil>1 at    
lea/ 9 k9d1 to our own1 :i* ,dr4        
,?orndike  implicitly d5ies to 8 cats4  
,! *ief cause ( ! inability ( /ud5ts to 
rea* concordant  results 9 ?is matt] (  
animal intellig5ce appe>s to lie 9 a    
c]ta9 uncritical assumption (t5 made4 ,t
 all consci\snesses  h a c]ta9 field (  
pres5tations1 t to ?is field !y atta91  
t because ( x !y feel & w1 are          
fundam5tal facts2 b !  belief t att5tion
 or feel+ or w diff]s p] se 9 diff]5t   
consci\snesses1 o!r ?an z ! field to :i*
 !y are at !  mom5t relat$1 diff]s--?is 
is an utt]ly unw>rant$ assumption4      
,accord+ to ! action ( its environm5t1  
ea* consci\s be+ mu/  "k ! _w j s f> z  
is ne$$ to con=m its exi/5ce  !reto1 or 
else x mu/ p]i%2 b :e!r su* k1 :i* is   

acquir$ by exp]i5ce only1 be q small1 z 
) animals1 or  some:at l>g]1 z ) man1   
!re is no reason to suppose t !         
att5tion1 feel+1 or w ( ! animal diff]s 
9 itself f !  same psy*ological /ate 9  
man4      ,,mr4 ,,&rew ,,van ,,bibb]1 ( 
,c9c9nati1 ,ohio1 says3 ,animals1 &     
especially wild ones1 h no bank acc\nt  
or res]ve1 & h to  face new conditions  
daily1 & yet !y make a liv+ :]e man w\ld
  />ve4    ,:5 ,i 0 out 9 ,colorado &   
,utah1 ye>s ago1 ,i us$ to "k (  animals
 remov+ ! bait nicely f dang]\s traps   
)\t  spr++ ! trap4 ,i knew ( a dog :o   
w5t ov] a mile to call 8  own] to ! aid 
( a boy :o _h brok5 8 leg1 & :o w\ld n  
be  refus$ till und]/ood4 ,?is is bruti%
 in/9ct1 is x8--some?+  t ,dr4 ,?orndike
 c't def9e4 ,w in/9ct tea* a tir$1      
half-/>v$ horse to eat oats if y set !m 
be=e him8 ,dr4  ,?orndike w\ld say ,yes1
 b ,dr4 ,?orndike w\ld be wrong unless  
t horse knew f p]sonal pa/ exp]i5ce :at 
oats 74 ,:at  animals le>n 7l ! human   
animal7 !y le>n *iefly by  exp]i5ce4 ,!y

 accumulate facts 9 _! m9ds & use !m4   
,i s]v$ 9 ! cavalry ( ! ,armies ( !     
,t5nessee & !  ,cumb]l&1 & ,i "k t      
in/9ct w n cause a hungry horse to  t\* 
oats unless he kn[s f 8 own exp]i5ce :at
 oats are4 ,we  us$ to capture horses 9 
,mississippi :i* _h nev] se5 oats4 ,x is
  all corn d[n !re4 ,we w\ld br+ !m into
 camp tir$ out &  hungry1 & w\ld p\r out
 our oats = !m4 ,n "o ( !m w\ld  t\* !  
oats4 ,y c\ld leave ! hungry horses     
hit*$ =  tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e oats1 & n  
"o gra9 w\ld !y t\*4  ,!y w\ld /& !re & 
/>ve4 ,we _h to ?r[ up _! heads &  fill 
_! m\?s full ( oats4 ,if we /opp$ !re1  
!y w\ld spit  !m out4 ,we _h to grab _! 
jaws & "w !m sideways until !y  _h a    
good ta/e4 ,!n !y und]/ood1 & ate oats  
"r along4  ,pl5ty ( su* horses 9        
,mississippi to-day4444    ,if ,dr4     
,?orndike tri$ 8 intellig5t ,exp]im5t   
,no4 #aa ) a  two-ye>-old cat1 :y didn't
 he try x ) a two-ye>-old human8 ,i     
guess he w\ld h f\nd an equal am\nt (   
ignorance ( !  me*anism ( door fa/5+s1  

:i* comes only ) tea*+1 &  w\ld h       
produc$ only /ruggles & scream+4        
,,! ,,tr5d ,,( ,,population ,,9 ,,ma9e4 
,editor ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly3        
,,sir3 ,9 ! article contribut$ to y\r   
magaz9e = ! mon? (  ,augu/ on ,rec5t    
,legislation aga9/ ! ,dr9k ,evil1 ,i    
notice :at  appe>s to me to be a        
mis/atem5t ( fact4 ,! writ] speaks ( !  
results ( prohibition 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ma9e1
 & says1 ,9  sixty-?ree ye>s ,ma9e has  
se5 h] comm]ce disappe> & h]  population
 dw9dle4    ,i h n inve/igat$ ! matt] ( 
,ma9e's comm]ce1 b ,i f9d  t h]         
population has n dw9dl$ 9 any possible  
s5se ( ! t]m  dur+ ! p]iod indicat$     
above4    ,x is1 p]haps1 a common       
impression t ,ma9e has _h su* an exodus 
( h] p to o!r ,/ates ( ! ,union t %e has
 suff]$ a  loss 9 population4 ,:at are !
 real facts ( ! case8 ,! c5sus  tak5 by 
! ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahdj gave ! ,/ate        
#eja1jjj p1 &  t tak5 9 #ahij1 #ffa1jjj1
 :i* %[s1 dur+ ! int]val betwe5  #ahdj &
 #ahij1 an increase ( #afj1jjj4 ,!      

increase 9 population  ev5 dur+ ! decade
 #ahhj-'ij 0 #ac1jjj4 ,:e!r !re has be5 
a  decrease s9ce #ahij nobody at pres5t 
kn[s1 & w n "k until  ! dec5nial c5sus  
is tak5 next ye>4    ,9 view ( ^! facts1
 ,i feel ju/ifi$ 9 *all5g+ !            
correctness ( ! g5tleman's /atem5t1     
quot$ above4    ,!re c be no room = d\bt
 t ,ma9e has su/a9$ consid]able  losses 
9 population f f>m des]tion1 b no       
/ati/ics c be  pres5t$ to %[ t ! ,/ate  
has1 dur+ ! "t /at$ above1  be5 dw9dl+ 9
 ! numb] ( p liv+ )9 h] bord]s4         
,j4 ,,e>le ,,br[n4    ,,woonsocket1 ,r4 
,i41 ,augu/ #ag1 #ahii4                 
,editor's ,table4      ,,education ,,&  
,,"*-,,build+4    ,x is _m ye>s ago n[  
s9ce ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 9 8 ,/udy (           
,sociology1  rem>k$ ^u ! exagg]at$ hopes
 commonly built ^u education4  ,) !     
c\rage t is *>act]i/ic ( him1 he w5t    
c\nt] to a  curr5t ( op9ion :i* 0 !n    
runn+ ) p]haps its maximum  =ce4 ,he    
said t ! belief 9 ! efficacy ( education
 to remold  society _h tak5 s /rong a   

hold ( ! mod]n _w t no?+  b disappo9tm5t
 w\ld avail to modify x4 ,?is 0 9 ! ye> 
#ahgb2 s9ce !n ! disappo9tm5t has 9 a   
measure come1 & _m  are prep>$ to accept
 8 views to-day1 :o1 tw5ty-sev5 ye>s    
ago1  ?\ght !y proce$$ f a m9d          
fundam5tally out ( sympa?y )  mod]n     
progress4 ,facts inde$ are accumulat+ f 
ye> to ye> to  prove ! s\ndness ( !     
philosoph]'s cont5tion t cognition  does
 n produce action1 & t a great v>iety ( 
k may be  introduc$ into ! m9d )\t 9 !  
lea/ incl9+ ! individual  to high] modes
 ( conduct4    ,we are rem9d$ ( ,mr4    
,sp5c]'s l9e ( argum5t by an article    
lately  publi%$ 9 ! ,london ,spectator1 
entitl$ ,influ5ce on ! ,"y4  ,! writ]   
sees cle>ly t en?usia/ic educationi/s   
und]take f>  m ?an !y c p]=m4 ,! "* =ms 
itself1 he says1  assimilat+ nutrim5t or
 detrim5t1 z x 71 f ! air1 :i*  ! p>5ts 
or tea*]s1 = all _! pa9s1 c 9 no way    
*ange4  ,!re seems inde$ to be 9 ! "y1  
he rem>ks1 a di/9ct t5d5cy  to resi/    
influ5ce4 ,fa!r & son w be oppos$ 9     

politics2 v  pi\s p too (t5 f9d1 to _!  
sorr[1 _! *ildr5 gr[+  up f> o!rwise ?an
 !y c\ld wi%4 ,! man :o is v settl$ 9  8
 habits is z l z n to h a boy :o c n be 
p]suad$ to  take a s]i\s view ( life4 ,!
 mo/ unexceptionable home lessons  seem 
to be ( no avail aga9/ ! attractive p[] 
( light  companions4 ,evid5tly1 ,nature 
is at "w 9 ways t m5 c n  control4 ,if  
!re is a law ( recoil1 z ! writ] 9 !    
,spectator  h9ts1 we may be pretty sure 
x s]ves "s good purpose4 ,x  introduces1
 we c see at once1 a div]sity :i* makes 
= !  progress1 & p]haps also = !        
/ability1 ( society4 ,two  practical    
que/ions1 h[ev]1 sugge/ !mselves3 7#a7  
,:at c we  reasonably hope f education8 
& 7#b7 ,:at c we d to make a  :olesome  
milieu = ! ris+ g5]ation8    ,) reg>d to
 education1 x is evid5t t we c n "k !   
be/  x c d until x has be5 r$uc$ to a   
sci5ce--until1 t is to  say1 z a result 
( ! jo9t labors ( practical educators & 
psy*ologi/s1 we c claim to possess a    
reasonable degree (  c]ta9ty z to ! be/ 

arrangem5t & sequ5ce ( /udies & !  be/  
me?ods ( /imulat+ ! m9d & imp>t+ k4 ,^u 
^! important que/ions !re is /ill       
consid]able div]sity (  op9ion4 ,"s     
educators ?9k we %\ld be v sp>+ (       
ab/ractions 9 ! in/ruction ( y\ng]      
pupils4 ,o!rs are ( a  contr>y op9ion4  
,pr(essor ,baldw91 = example1 9 8 little
 "w  on ,! ,m9d1 says t gramm> is "o ( !
 v be/ (  prim>y-s*ool subjects4 ,he    
also recomm5ds ma!matics4 ,^! are       
que/ions :i*1 x seems to u1 admit ( be+ 
f9ally settl$4  ,all[ance mu/ ( c\rse be
 made = ! v>y+ capacities (  individual 
*ildr51 b ?is ne$ n /& 9 ! way ( !      
e/abli%m5t ( "s g5]al doctr9e z to ! law
 ( developm5t (  ! human m9d4 ,we %all  
!n fur!r require a true !ory ( me?od  9 
education1 s t we may "k by :at means ! 
be/ results 9  ! imp>t+ ( k & !         
developm5t ( ! capacities (  !          
individual m9d may be obta9$4 ,assum+ t 
^! vantage  po9ts h be5 ga9$1 education 
%\ld be = e m9d an  em95tly heal?ful &  
invigorat+ process1 :i* is m ?an c  be  

said = ! =ms ( education t h prevail$ 9 
! pa/4  ,^!1 :ile develop+ c]ta9        
faculties1 h1 to a great ext5t1  /unt$  
o!rs--h inde$1 9 too _m cases1 fatally  
impair$ !  natural p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,a     
notable pap]1 :i* appe>$ 9 !  fir/ numb]
 ( ?is magaz9e1 0 "o by ! late ,dr4     
,c>p5t] on  ,! ,artificial ,cultivation 
( ,/upidity 9 ,s*ools4 ,pr(essor        
,baldw91  9 ! "w already cit$1 seems to 
be ( ! op9ion t ! process  ( cultivat+  
/upidity1 or at lea/ m5tal %iftlessness1
 is 9 full  bla/ to-day 9 _m ( our      
second>y s*ools ow+ to ! prom95ce  giv5 
to language /udies4 ,! sci5ce (         
education mu/ at lea/ put  an end to    
?is1 & insure t ! y\?s :o are committ$  
to !  public s*ools %all n be subject$  
to any m9d-de/roy+  ex]cises4 ,we c     
hope1 h[ev]1 t x w d mu* m4 ,! m9d1  l !
 body1 gr[s by :at x fe$s ^u2 & x is h>d
 to conceive  t suitable k9ds ( k c\ld  
be imp>t$ 9 a natural  mann]1 s z to    
awak5 int]e/ & develop ! p]ceptive &    
reason+ p[]s1 )\t at lea/ prep>+ ! m9d =

 !  reception ( "r s5tim5ts4    ,s mu* !
 sci5ce ( education1 :5 x is fairly     
e/abli%$1 may  reasonably be expect$ to 
d4 ,x w deal ) ! m9d ^u true  hygi5ic   
pr9ciples4 ,!re rema9s ! m s]i\s "q h[  
su*  a moral atmosph]e c be creat$ z w  
incl9e ! "y to take a  "r view ( k & its
 uses4 ,k1 x is h>dly  necess>y to say1 
is p[]1 j z money is p[]2 & x is q z    
ne$ful t ! idea ( social s]vice %\ld be 
associat$ ) !  "o z ) ! o!r4 ,! be/     
social s]vice :i*1 p]haps1  any man c   
r5d] is to give to ! _w ! example ( high
  dis9t]e/$ness & g5]al nobility ( "*2 &
 k  %\ld be valu$ n z conf]r+ individual
 di/9ction1 b  accord+ z x exp&s &      
lib]alizes ! m9d4 ,! poet ,col]idge  has
 said ) "s tru? t                       
,fancy is ! p[]        ,t fir/          
uns5sualizes ! d>k m9d1        ,giv+ x  
new delights2 & bids x swell        ,)  
wild activity2 & peopl+ air1        ,by 
obscure fe>s ( be+s invisible1          
,emancipates x f ! gross] ?rall         
,( ! pres5t impulse1 tea*+ self-control1

        ,till ,sup]/ition ) unconsci\s  
h&        ,seat ,reason on h] ?rone4    
,! m9d hav+ be5 uns5sualiz$1 ! next /ep 
is to moralize  & humanize x1 o!rwise   
,reason on h] ?rone may act n mu* m     
wisely ?an o!r mon>*s h done4 ,! classic
 example ( !  wor%ip ( reason is n      
reassur+ z to ! infallibility ( !       
goddess4 ,! "q1 !n1 z to h[ intellectual
 education & !  education ( ! moral     
s5tim5ts may g h& 9 h& is "o t  comes   
home to e memb] ( ! community4 ,we all  
help to make !  moral atmosph]e & create
 ! moral ideals ( our "t2 & !re is  no  
use 9 look+ = high /&>ds 9 our colleges 
& o!r  in/itutions ( le>n+ if we h l[   
/&>ds 9 our homes4 ,!  y\? :o he>s no?+ 
talk$ ( at home b money is n likely to  
take mu* int]e/ 9 in/ruction t does n   
be> directly on !  "q ( mak+ money4 ,!  
y\? :o he>s money spok5 ( 9 !  home     
circle simply z a means ( p]sonal       
enjoym5t & glorification  w ne$ some?+ m
 ?an a few lectures on political or     
social  economy to make him take a      

diff]5t view ( x4 ,we may employ        
excell5t m5 & wom5 z tea*]s1 b _!       
success f a moral  po9t ( view w always 
be limit$ by ! g5]al tone ( !           
community4    ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t no v  
special directions c be giv5 =  solv+ ! 
problem ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,/ill1 !  
pos+ (  ! problem & ! indication ( !    
conditions on :i* its solution  dep5ds  
may awak5 9 a few m9ds a new s5se ( _!  
responsibility  9 ! matt]1 & x is a ga9 
= ev5 "o to g ov] to ! "r  side4 ,x w\ld
 be q z easy = ! :ole ( society to live 
on  a some:at high] plane z x is = x to 
live on its pres5t plane4  ,x w\ld      
simply mean t ! av]age man w\ld treat ! 
av]age man  a little bett] ?an he does  
n[3 :atev] "o gave he w\ld ?us get  9   
return1 & ! burd5s :i* are always       
associat$ ) mutual  di/ru/ w\ld be      
proportionately light5$4    ,!          
philosoph] :om we began by quot+ has    
indicat$ ways 9 :i*  ! craze =          
legislative %ortcuts is work+ aga9/ !   
moral  improvem5t ( society4 ,he holds t

 p>5tal responsibility has be5  s]i\sly 
impair$ by legislative encroa*m5ts 9 !  
matt] (  education & o!rwise4 ,book     
le>n+ has become to ! mod]n _w  a k9d ( 
feti*2 & m9ds t ought to be 9 contact ) 
! facts  ( life are /upefi$1 & s f>     
prev5t$ f gett+ _! normal  moral gr[? by
 be+ drill$ 9 /udies t br+ no real      
pr(it4 ,we  c n be> ! idea t "o ( our   
human bre?r5 %\ld n be  able to read &  
write2 b1 provid$ he possesses ^!       
accompli%m5ts1 we ask no que/ions z to  
:at use he makes ( !m4  ,we h be=e u a  
police description ( a crim9al :o       
graduat$ at  "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$       
univ]sities on ! ,cont95t1 :o /udi$     
aft]w>d = ! ,*ur*1 :o 0 = sev]al ye>s an
 eld]1 & :o  possesses--s we are        
di/9ctly in=m$--f9e lit]>y ta/es4 ,!    
g5tleman ) all ^! advantages is a       
fugitive f ju/ice4 ,)  all 8 k &        
accompli%m5ts he got no hold ( !        
pr9ciples  ( "r conduct1 &--!re are n a 
few l him4 ,we ne$ n only  a sci5ce (   
education1 b a sci5ce ( gov]nm5t1 ! mo/ 

valuable  "p ( :i* w probably be t :i*  
%[s u ) demon/rative  =ce :at ?+s       
gov]nm5t ought to leave alone4 ,x is q  
possible we %\ld f9d ! moral atmosph]e  
mat]ially improv+ if  only ! natural    
reactions betwe5 ! individual & 8       
environm5t  7 n int]f]$ )4 ,! c\rse (   
,nature1 we may feel assur$1  provides n
 less = moral ?an = m5tal gr[?1 & if    
ei!r  process is defectively c>ri$ on we
 may safely attribute x to "s           
ill-advis$ attempt we are mak+ to       
improve on natural in/itutions4  ,sci5ce
 has done mu* = ! _w 9 ! pa/1 b x has   
yet to d  mu* m4 ,x w yet give u a light
 to our feet 9 matt]s  educational &    
political1 & w lib]ate u f _m ( ! yokes 
& trammels we h fooli%ly impos$ ^u      
ourselves4 ,mank9d w  !n look into !    
face ( ,nature & see 9 x a new b5efic5ce
 &  bright] promises = ! future ( !     
race4      ,,! ,,am]ican ,,association  
,,at ,,columbus4    ,a fairly good      
att5dance1 ) an unusually l>ge          
proportion ( m5  prom95t 9 sci5ce1 & mo/

 cordial welcome & pa9/ak+ c>e (  !     
memb]s by ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity & !  
citiz5s ( ,columbus1  comb9$ to make !  
=ty-eigh? annual meet+ ( ! ,am]ican     
,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce a
 mo/ enjoyable &  in/ructive "o4 ,! two 
features ( ! meet+ :i* seem to des]ve  !
 mo/ att5tion are3 ,fir/1 ! t5d5cy :i* 0
 %[n 9 e  section to direct ! pap]s &   
discussions to practical subjects1 s  t 
all c\ld p>ticipate 9 ! proce$+s & ea*  
memb] feel  ju/ifi$ 9 hav+ a ^w to say 9
 !m2 &1 secondly1 ! p]fect  cordiality )
 :i* ! association 0 receiv$ & !        
assidu\s  att5tion ) :i* x 0 tak5 c>e ( 
by ! local committee4 ,!  small] &      
app>5tly less important details1 b at ! 
same "t  ^? :i* s l>gely det]m9e "o's   
com=t 9 a /range community1  7          
?\ghtfully arrang$1 & to ?is alone mu* (
 ! success (  ! meet+ 0 due4 ,! num]\s  
excursions 7 n only exce$+ly  enjoyable1
 b 7 arrang$ 9 e case prim>ily = _!     
in/ructive & sci5tific features1 & an   
,ea/]n]1 at any rate1  c\ld n take any (

 !m )\t le>n+ some?+4 ,ano!r feature  ( 
! meet+ t 0 especially satisfactory 0 ! 
possibility x  af=d$ = ! y\ng] work]s 9 
sci5ce to meet _! eld]s1 :o  _h hi!rto  
l$ ! way--:o 7 pres5t1 z we h already   
said1  9 l>g] proportion ?an usual4 ,!  
importance ( ?is feature1 z  ,presid5t  
,orton po9t$ out 9 ^! pages a few mon?s 
ago1 c n  be ov]e/imat$4 ,! in/ruction &
 enc\ragem5t :i* a new work]  9 !       
sci5tific field ga9s f a p]sonal        
acqua9tance ) !  old] m5 :o h already   
a*iev$ success & reputation 9 8  bran* (
 sci5ce are obvi\s en\gh4 ,) ! increas+ 
specialization :i* mod]n rese>* is mak+ 
absolutely unavoidable1  ! social       
feature ( ! annual ga!r+ ( su* a company
 (  sci5ti/s is com+ to be its mo/      
important function4 ,a slight  ext5sion 
( x might v readily lead to ! adoption (
 a specific  policy by ! sev]al sections
 ( devot+ at lea/ a "p ( _!  "t to su* a
 g5]al /atem5t ( :at has be5 accompli%$ 
9  _! dep>tm5t or to "s especially      
important "w ( g5]al  int]e/ t "s ( !   

memb]s h be5 engag$ 9 z w\ld be  mo/    
in/ructive to ! memb]s ( ! o!r sections4
 ,9 ! e>li]  meet+s ( ! association !   
sectional *airm5 (t5 made su*           
pres5tations 9 _! /at$ addresses1 b z   
times & m5 h  *ang$1 ! idea has be5     
dep>t$ f & ?is feature has become  an   
exceptional "o4 ,if x c\ld be re/or$1 9 
a modifi$ if n an  id5tical =m1 & made a
 regul> "p ( ! programme ( at lea/  "o (
 ! sections at ea* meet+1 ! int]e/ w\ld 
be greatly  enhanc$1 & 9 ?is way !      
*emi/1 ! geologi/1 ! botani/1  & ! o!rs 
c\ld be giv5 regul>ly an au?oritative   
acc\nt (  :at is be+ done 9 ! o!r       
bran*es ( sci5ce1 & an important  /ep   
w\ld be tak5 t[>d do+ away ) ! un=tunate
 n>r[+  influ5ce :i* special sci5tific  
"w is too apt to ex]cise4    ,! fix+ ( !
 la/ week 9 ,june z ! "t = hold+ ! next 
meet+ ( ! association1 :i* is to be 9   
,new ,york1 is a dep>ture  f rec5t      
practice z to date1 b1 aside f ! special
 reason  = x 9 ?is p>ticul> case--!     
probability t _m ( !  memb]s w be at !  

,p>is ,exposition dur+ ! foll[+         
,augu/--! exp]im5t seems a desirable "o 
because ( ! almo/  inv>iably excessive  
heat to :i* ,augu/ meet+s are expos$4   
,sci5tific ,lit]ature4      ,,special   
,,books4    ,evid5ces are app>5t 9 _m   
qu>t]s ( a reaction aga9/ !  headlong   
ru% t[>d aggression & t]ritorial        
aggr&izem5t 9  :i* ! ,am]ican p h all[$ 
!mselves to be c>ri$ away4  ,= a "t !   
lov]s ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 z !  fa!rs ( ! republic left x &       
,l9coln glorifi$ x 7  bewild]$1 /unn$ by
 ! revolution sudd5ly precipitat$ ^u u  
f ,wa%+ton1 :ile ! p at l>ge seem$ to be
 wild )  en?usiasm = !y knew n :at1 & m5
 suff]$ !mselves to be  l$--!y knew n   
:i!r4 ,v sl[ly ! true patriots recov]$  
_! voices1 & signs appe> t ! p are at   
la/ gett+  into a mood to li/5 to       
reason4 ,presid5t ,david ,/>r ,jordan's 
,imp]ial ,democracy#di comes v          
opportunely1 !re=e1 to call to  ! m9ds (
 ^? :o c be induc$ to ?9k "s ( ! =gott5 
pr9ciples ( ,am]ican policy1 & to       

depict1 9 ! t]se1 incisive  /yle ( :i* !
 au?or is ma/]1 ! true nature & be>+ (  
^? iniquit\s proce$+s to :i* ! ,am]ican 
p1 betray$ by  trea*]\s lead]s1 h all[$ 
!mselves to become a p>ty4  ,presid5t   
,jordan 0 "o ( ! fir/ :o d>$1 9 ?is     
matt]1 to  make a public prote/ aga9/   
?is s*eme ( aggression4 ,8 fir/  address
 on ! subject--,le/ we ,=get--deliv]$ to
 ! graduat+  class ( ,lel& ,/an=d       
,univ]sity1 ,may #be1 #ahih1 0 sep>at$  
only  a few days 9 "t f ,pr(4 ,*>les    
,eliot ,norton's exposure ( !  rev]sal (
 all our mo/ *]i%$ traditions & habits  
:i* !  precipitation ( ! w> ) ,spa9 _h  
br\ght ab\t4 ,! two m5  mu/ %>e ! honor 
( lead]%ip 9 ! awak5+ movem5t4 ,9 ?is   
address ,presid5t ,jordan gives a true  
def9ition ( patriotism z !  w to s]ve   
"o's c\ntry2 to make "o's c\ntry bett]  
wor?  sav+--n ! %rill+ ( ! mob1 or      
trampl+ on ! ,spani%  flag1 or twi/+ !  
lion's tail4 ,ev5 s e>ly he =esaw !     
d>kness ( ! future we 7 br++ ^u         
ourselves1 & said3 ,!  crisis comes :5 !

 w> is ov]4 ,:at !n8 ,our "q is n :at   
we %all d ) ,cuba1 ,pu]to ,rico1 & !    
,philipp9es4 ,x is :at  ^! prizes w d to
 u4 ,?is1 ) ! wick$ness ( ! :ole        
bus9ess1 is ! burd5 ( mo/ ( ! o!r pap]s 
9 ! volume4 ,9  ! pap] on ,imp]ial      
,expansion we are told ( ?ree _w crises 
9 our hi/ory :5 we 7 confront$ ) mom5t\s
 que/ions4 ,!  fir/ 0 aft] !            
,revolution4 ,! second came ?r\gh ! gr[?
 (  slav]y4 ,! ?ird is ^u u n[4 ,x is n 
! conque/ ( ,spa91  n ! disposition ( ! 
spoils ( victory :i* fir/ conc]ns u4  ,x
 is ! _s t lies beh9d x4 ,%all our      
armies g :]e our  in/itutions c n8 ,%all
 t]ritorial expansion take ! place (    
democratic fre$om8 ,%all our invasion ( 
! ,ori5t be m]ely an  incid5t1 an       
accid5t ( a w> ( knight-errantry1       
tempor>y &  exceptional8 ,or is x to m>k
 a new policy--! rev]sion f ,am]ica  to 
,europe1 f democracy to imp]ialism8     
,presid5t ,jordan has an  answ] to ! "q1
 ,:at are we to d 9 ! %ape affairs h    
assum$8 ,! "r ?+ w\ld be to recognize ! 

indep5d5ce (  ! ,philipp9es1 "u ,am]ican
 protection1 & to l5d !m our army  &    
navy & our wise/ c\nselors2 n our       
politicians1 b our  juri/s1 our tea*]s1 
) =e/]s1 electricians1 manufactur]s1    
m9+ eng9e]s1 & exp]ts 9 ! v>i\s         
indu/ries4444 ,! only  s5sible ?+ to d  
w\ld be to pull out "s d>k night &      
escape  f ! great problem ( ! ,ori5t z  
sudd5ly & z dramatically  z we got into 
x4 ,yet ,presid5t ,jordan recognizes t  
"s great  *anges 9 our sy/em are        
inevitable1 & belong to ! c\rse (       
natural progress4 ,!y mu/ n be %irk$1 b 
%\ld be met  manfully1 sob]ly1 ) op5    
eyes4 ,a pap] on ,colonial ,lessons (   
,alaska pres5ts z an object lesson !    
muss we h made )  colonial gov]nm5t 9 t 
,t]ritory4         ,footnote #di3       
,imp]ial ,democracy4 ,a ,/udy ( !       
,relation (       ,gov]nm5t by ! ,p1    
,equality be=e ! ,law1 & o!r            
,t5ets ( ,democracy1 to ! ,dem&s ( a    
,vigor\s ,=eign ,policy1       & o!r    
,dem&s ( ,imp]ial ,dom9ion4 ,by ,david  

,/>r ,jordan4       ,new ,york3 ,d4     
,appleton & ,company4 ,pp4 #bic4 ,price1
 #a4ej4           99       99       99  
99       99    ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,keane's    
,man ,pa/ & ,pres5t#ej is a "p          
fulfillm5t (  a promise held out 9 8    
,e?nology1 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,cambridge 
,geographical ,s]ies1 t x might be      
foll[$ by ano!r deal+ m  sy/ematically )
 ! prim>y divisions ( mank9d4 ,9 x ! f\r
  v>ietal divisions ( man ov] ! globe   
are treat$ m 9 detail1  ) ! prim>y view 
( e/abli%+ _! indep5d5t specialization  
9 _! sev]al geographical zones1 & (     
elucidat+ ! difficult  que/ions         
associat$ ) ! orig9s & int]relations ( !
 *ief  subgr\ps4 ,! "w consequ5tly deals
 to a l>ge ext5t ) !  prehi/oric p]iod1 
:5 ! peoples _h already be5 fully       
con/itut$ 9 _! primeval homes & _h begun
 _! subsequ5t  developm5ts & migratory  
movem5ts4 ,! au?or has fur!r s\ght to   
elucidate ^? g5]al pr9ciples :i* are    
conc]n$ ) !  psy*ic unity1 ! social     
in/itutions1 & religi\s ideas (         

primitive & lat] peoples4 ,! two        
pr9ciples1 already insi/$ ^u  9 !       
,e?nology1 ( ! specific unity ( all     
exi/+ v>ieties (  ! human family & !    
disp]sion ( _! g5]aliz$ precursors  ov] 
! :ole _w 9 ,plei/oc5e times are borne 9
 view  ?r\gh\t4 ,subsequ5t to ?is       
disp]sion1 ! f\r prim>y divisions  ( man
 h ea* _h its ,plei/oc5e ance/or1 f :om 
ea* has  sprung indep5d5tly & div]g5tly 
by cont9u\s adaptation to _!  sev]al    
environm5ts4 ,great light is believ$ to 
h be5 ?r[n on  ! "* ( ! e>lie/ m5 by !  
discov]y ( !  ,pi!can?ropus erectus1 &  
?is is supplem5t$ z to ! e>lie/         
acquirem5ts by ,dr4 ,noetl+'s discov]y1 
9 #ahid1 ( ! works (  ,plioc5e man 9    
upp] ,burmah4 ,! d$uctions made f ^!    
discov]ies /r5g!n ! view ,mr4 ,keane has
 always advocat$1 t  man began to spread
 ov] ! globe aft] he _h acquir$ ! erect 
po/ure1 b :ile 9 o!r physical & 9 m5tal 
respects he /ill  did n greatly diff] f 
8 ne>e/ ( k94 ,z to ! age :5  ?is       
developm5t 0 tak+ place1 agreem5t is    

express$ ) ,major  ,p[ell's rem>k t !   
natural hi/ory ( e>ly man becomes m &  m
 a geological & n m]ely an              
an?ropological problem4 ,! human        
v>ieties are %[n to be1 l o!r species1 !
 outcome ( _!  environm5ts1 & all sudd5 
*anges ( ^? environm5ts are  disa/r\s4  
,9 bo? hemisph]es ! isocultural b&s     
foll[ !  iso!rmal l9es 9 all _!         
deflections--temp]ate regions be+       
favorable1 & tropical & sev]e ones      
unfavorable1 to developm5t4  ,( ! metal 
ages1 ! exi/5ce ( a true copp] age has  
be5 plac$  beyond reasonable d\bt4 ,!   
passage f "o metal to ano!r 0  sl[ &    
progressive4 ,9 art ! e>lie/ draw+s 7   
natural &  vital4 ,! app>5t inf]iority (
 ! draw+s ( ! metal p]iod to  ^? ( !    
cave dwell]s & ( ! pres5t ,bu%m5 is due 
to !  lat] art hav+ be5 r$uc$ to        
conv5tions4 ,! developm5t (             
alphabetical writ+ f pictographs is     
briefly sket*$4 ,?us light  is s\ght f  
all qu>t]s 9 deal+ ) ! que/ions ( !     
book1  & due weight is giv5 to all      

available data--physical & m5tal        
*>act]s1 usages1 religion1 spee*1       
cultural features1 hi/ory1 &            
geographical range4 ,! g5]al discussion 
( ^! lead+ pr9ciples  is brief b cle> & 
compreh5sive4 ,! bulk ( ! volume1       
foll[+ !m1 is occupi$ ) ! detail$ &     
m9ute /udies (  ! f\r ma9 gr\ps (       
mank9d--! ,negro1 ,mongol1 ,am]ican     
,indian1  & ,caucasic--& _! subgr\ps1 ! 
discussion ( ea* be+  prec$$ by a       
conspectus %[+ its ,primeval ,home1     
,pres5t ,range1  ,physical ,*>act]s1    
,m5tal ,*>act]s 7,temp]am5t1 ,spee*1    
,religion1  & ,culture71 & ,ma9         
,divisions4 ,! text is full1 cle>1 good 
read+1 in/ructive & sugge/ive1 & 9 x !  
au?or has s\ght  to make ! volume a     
tru/wor?y book ( ref]5ce on ! multif>i\s
  subjects dealt )4         ,footnote   
#ej3 ,man ,pa/ & ,pres5t4 ,by ,a4 ,h4   
,keane1 ,f4 ,r4 ,g4 ,s4                 
7,cambridge ,geographical ,s]ies74      
,cambridge1 ,engl&3 ,at !               
,univ]sity ,press4 ,new ,york3 ,!       

,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #ehd4         
,price1 #c4      ,,g5]al ,,notices4     
,! fact t ,mr4 ,*>les ,a4 ,dana /ood 9  
close p]sonal relations  ) ,secret>y    
,/anton & 0 (ficially associat$ ) him   
dur+ a  consid]able p]iod ( ! w> = !    
,union1 & 0 also  incid5tally br\ght ne>
 ,mr4 ,l9coln1 gives :atev] he may      
relate  conc]n+ ! ev5ts ( t p]iod       
some:at ! air ( a revelation  f !       
inside4 ,accord+ly1 we naturally expect 
to f9d ?+s  n>rat$ 9 8 ,recollections ( 
! ,civil ,w>#ea t c\ld n be  told z well
 by any "o else4 ,! acc\nt giv5 9 ! book
 relates to  ev5ts 9 :i* ! au?or 0      
p]sonally conc]n$4 ,mr4 ,dana _h be5    
associat$ ) ,horace ,greeley 9 !        
editorial managem5t ( ! ,new  ,york     
,tribune = fifte5 ye>s1 :51 9 ,april1   
#ahfb1 ,mr4 ,greeley  invit$ him to     
resign4 ,no reason 0 giv5 or ask$ = !   
sep>ation1 & no explicit /atem5t ( a    
reason 0 ne$$4 ,mr4  ,greeley1 hav+     
express$ 9 ! beg9n+ 8 will+ness to let !
  secessioni/ wayw>d-si/] ,/ates g 9    

peace1 0 9 favor (  peace2 ,mr4 ,dana 0 
= vigor\s w>4 ,a correspond5ce 0 op5$   
betwe5 him & ,mr4 ,/anton 9 ref]5ce to  
public matt]s %ortly  aft] ,mr4 ,/anton 
w5t into ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,!n ,mr4 ,dana
 0  intru/$ ) special commissions t     
c>ri$ him to ! front &  br\ght him 9    
contact ) ! lead]s ( ! army2 & f9ally1 9
  #ahfc1 0 appo9t$ ,assi/ant ,secret>y (
 ,w>1 an (fice he fill$  till ! end ( ! 
conte/4 ,8 n>rative deals z ! /ory ( "o 
hav+ k ) que/ions ( policy1 ) ! critical
 phases (  ! h>d conflict1 ) !          
p]plexities & anxieties ( ! m5  *>g$ )  
responsibilities1 ) /irr+ sc5es 9 !     
c\ncils  at ! ,capitol & 9 battle at !  
front1 & ) p]sonal incid5ts  ( ! m5 ^:  
names ! nation loves & delights to      
honor4 ,all is  relat$ 9 ! /raight=w>d1 
flu5t /yle1 t\*+ only ! facts1  ( a     
writ] :o has a /ory to tell & makes x 8 
bus9ess to tell  x4 ,! result ( ! read+ 
( ! book is to ar\se a new  appreciation
 ( ! abilities & virtues ( ^? great m5 9
 _!  v>i\s walks ( civil1 political1 &  

milit>y life1 :o took our  c\ntry ?r\gh 
its supreme trial4         ,footnote    
#ea3 ,recollections ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,) !
 ,lead]s at       ,wa%+ton & 9 ! ,field 
9 ! ,sixties4 ,by ,*>les ,a4 ,dana4     
,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4   
,pp4 #bif4 ,price1 #b4    ,mrs4         
,arabella ,b4 ,buckley's ,fairy-,l& (   
,sci5ce has /ood ! te/  ( ab\t ?irty    
ye>s' publication z "o ( ! simple/1     
cle>e/1  & be/ popul> introductions to  
physical sci5ce4 ,orig9at+ 9 a  c\rse ( 
lectures deliv]$ to *ildr5 & _! fri5ds1 
!  ?\ght ( publi%+ ! book 0 sugge/$ by !
 int]e/ tak5 9  ! lectures by all !     
he>]s4 ,x 0 a happy ?\ght1 & !  c>ry+ ( 
x out is fully ju/ifi$ by ! result4 ,b  
?irty ye>s  is a long "t 9 s rapidly    
advanc+ a pursuit z ! /udy (  sci5ce1 & 
makes *anges necess>y 9 all books treat+
 ( x4 ,!  publi%]s ( ?is "w1#eb !re=e1 )
 ! assi/ance ( !  au?or1 h consid]ably  
ext5d$ ! orig9al volume1 add+ to x      
notices ( ! late/ sci5tific discov]ies 9
 ! dep>tm5ts  treat$1 & amplify+ ) full]

 detail su* p>ts z h gr[n 9  importance 
& int]e/4 ,a few *anges h be5 made 9 !  
int]e/  ( ,am]ican read]s1 su* z !      
sub/itution1 :]e x seem$ prop]1  ( words
 famili> "h = t]ms almo/ exclusively us$
 9 ,engl&1  & ! introduction ( ,am]ican 
in/ead ( ,engli% examples to  illu/rate 
great sci5tific tru?s4 ,! book has also 
be5 l>gely  reillu/rat$4                
,footnote #eb3 ,! ,fairy-,l& ( ,sci5ce4 
,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton       &       
,company4 ,pp4 #beb4    ,"s ( ! essays 9
 ,miss ,bad5o*'s ,true ,tales ( !       
,insects#ec  h already appe>$ 9         
s]ials--two ( !m 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce    
,mon?ly4 ,! essays are n int5d$ to      
pres5t a view ( entomology  or ( any    
dep>tm5t ( x1 b to describe1 9 an       
attractive & at  ! same "t an accurate  
mann]1 a few special features ( insect  
life & "s ( :at we might call its       
rem>kable curiosities4 ,!  au?or is well
 qualifi$ = h] und]tak+1 =1 :ile be+ an 
entomologi/ ( recogniz$ position1 %e has
 ^? qualities (  en?usiasm 9 h] pursuit 

& lit]>y tra9+ t enable h] to  pres5t h]
 subject 9 its mo/ attractive aspect4 ,f
 ! great  v>iety ( insect =ms %e has    
select$ only a few = ?is special        
pres5tation1 includ+ "s ( ecc5tric %ape 
& "s ( g5u9e  univ]sal int]e/4 ,%e beg9s
 ) ! /range-look+ creatures (  ! family 
( ! ,mantid1 or pray+ insects1 or1 z !  
,brazilians  call ! ,mantis1 m fitly1 ! 
au?or ?9ks1 ! devil's rid+  horse1 :i*  
is *>act]iz$ z ! tig]1 n ! sa9t1 ( !    
insect _w4 ,! walk+-/ick & walk+-leaf   
insects1 ( equally  /range appe>ance1 b 
peaceful1 naturally foll[ ^!4 ,!n come  
! locu/s1 & gras%opp]s1 :i* are m       
famili>1 & !  butt]flies & mo?s1 :i*    
attract ! mo/ att5tion & pres5t  su*    
rem>kable =ms z ! case-mo?s & ! hawk &  
dea?'s-head  mo?s4 ,! insects made      
subjects ( treatm5t are describ$ )      
fullness ( detail1 & ! record ( _! life 
hi/ories4 ,! book  is publi%$ 9 an      
attractive out] /yle1 on ?ick pap]1 )   
?irty-f\r illu/rations by ,m>g>et ,j4   
,d4 ,bad5o*4         ,footnote #ec3     

,true ,tales ( ! ,insects4 ,by ,l4 ,n4  
,bad5o*4       ,london3 ,*apman  ,hall4 
,pp4 #bec4    ,pr(4 ,*>les ,c4 ,james1  
n[ ,deputy ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture =      
,ont>io1 def9es ! purpose ( 8 book1     
,practical ,agriculture#ed  to be to aid
 ! read] & /ud5t 9 acquir+ a k ( !      
sci5ce z di/+ui%$ f ! art (             
agriculture--t is1 a  k ( ! ':y1' r ?an 
a k ( ! 'h[4' ,!  au?or believes1 f 8   
exp]i5ce ( sev]al ye>s' tea*+ at !      
,ont>io ,agricultural ,college1 t !     
rational tea*+ (  agriculture 9 public &
 high s*ools is possible & w\ld be      
exce$+ly pr(itable1 & t an intellig5t k 
( !  sci5ce und]ly+ ! art w\ld add mu*  
int]e/ to ! "w &  greatly increase !    
pleasure 9 x4 ,! sci5ce ( agriculture is
  und]/ood by him to consi/ ( a m+l+ (  
*emi/ry1 geology1  botany1 entomology1  
physiology1 bact]iology1 & o!r sci5ces 9
 s  f> z !y h any be>+ ^u agriculture4  
,he has aim$ 9 ?is  book to include only
 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ^! v>i\s sci5ces1  &
 to %[ _! application to ! art (        

agriculture4 ,! subject  is treat$ z x  
relates1 consecutively1 to ! plant1 !   
soil1 !  crops ( ! field2 ! g>d51 or*>d1
 & v9ey>d2 live /ock &  dairy+2 &1 "u ! 
head+ ( o!r subjects1 bees & birds1     
=e/ry1 roads1 & ! rural home4 ,! app5dix
 conta9s li/s (  trees & ( we$s1 & an   
article on spray+ mixtures4 ,que/ions to
  be answ]$ by ! read] are atta*$ to mo/
 ( ! *apt]s4 ,!  illu/rations are well  
*os5 & good4         ,footnote #ed3     
,practical ,agriculture4 ,by ,*>les ,c4 
,james4       ,am]ican edition edit$ by 
,john ,craig4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton 
&       ,company4 ,pp4 #bjc4 ,price1 #hj
 c5ts4    ,consid]able in=mation ab\t ! 
,philipp9e ,isl&s & _!  inhabitants is  
giv5 by ,dr4 ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton 9 a        
pamphlet entitl$  ,! ,peoples ( !       
,philipp9es4 ,dr4 ,br9ton's po9t ( view 
is !  an?ropologi/'s1 & accord+ly1 aft] 
a few p>agraphs ab\t !  geography1      
geology1 & hi/ory ( ! isl&s1 he takes up
 _!  e?nology & describes _! v>i\s      
peoples z !y h be5  /udi$ by ! ma/]s ( !

 sci5ce & by travel]s4 ,mu* valuable  z 
well z int]e/+ in=mation is giv5        
respect+ _! mann]s  & cu/oms1 languages1
 & lit]ature1 = ! ,tagals h _h a  writt5
 language f ! e>lie/ kn[n times1 & ?\gh 
_! old  lit]ature does n am\nt to mu* !y
 are to-day exce$+ly facile  v]sifi]s4  
,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,company         
7,*icago7 publi%es ,! ,lectures on      
,elem5t>y ,ma!matics 7,leons lm5taires  
sur les ma?matiques7  ( ,joseph ,l\is   
,lagrange1 ! greate/ ( mod]n analy/s1 9 
a  translation f ! new edition ( !      
au?or's collect$ works by  ,?omas ,j4   
,mc,cormack4 ,^! lectures1 :i* 7 deliv]$
 9 #agfe at  ! cole ,normale1 h nev]    
be=e be5 publi%$ 9 sep>ate =m1  except 9
 ! fir/ pr9t+ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( !           
,polyte*nic ,s*ool  & 9 ! ,g]man4 ,!    
orig9ality1 elegance1 & symmetrical  "* 
( ^! lectures h be5 po9t$ out by ,de    
,morgan1 &  notably by ,dhr+1 :o places 
!m 9 ! front rank ( elem5t>y            
expositions z an example ( _! k9d4 ,!y  
possess1 we might say1 a  unique "* z a 

read+ book 9 ma!matics1 & are int]wov5  
) helpful hi/orical & philosophical     
rem>ks4 ,!y pres5t )  great cle>ness !  
subjects ( ari?metic & its op]ations1   
algebra1 equations ( ! ?ird & f\r?      
degrees1 ! evolution (  num]ical        
equations1 & ! employm5t ( curves 9 !   
solution (  problems4 ,! translator has 
prefix$ a %ort biographical sket* (     
,lap\ge1 & an excell5t portrait is giv54
    ,a book ( ,obs]vation ,blanks =     
,beg9n]s 9 ,m9]alogy has be5  prep>$ by 
,h]b]t ,e4 ,au/91 z an aid to !         
laboratory c\rse1  & is publi%$ by ,d4  
,c4 ,hea?  ,co4 7,bo/on1 #cj c5ts74 ,!  
laboratory c\rse is int5d$ to make !    
pupil famili> ) !  *>act]i/ics ( m9]als 
& ! t]ms us$ 9 describ+ !m by  direct+  
him to obs]ve typical specim5s &        
describe :at he sees1  & to develop 8   
faculties ( obs]vation1 conception1     
reason+1  judgm5t1 comp>ison1 & memory4 
,a description is giv5 ( app>atus  t may
 be home-made4 ,! blanks foll[1 conta9+ 
spaces = !  ins]tion ( notes "u ! heads 

( ,exp]im5t1 ,obs]vation1  ,/atem5t1 &  
,conclusion4    ,9 ,volume ,no4 ,,xxx ( 
! ,int]national ,education              
,s]ies--,p$agogics (  ! ,k9d]g>t5--a    
numb] ( ,froebel's essays relat+ m      
especially to ! plays & games 7 pr9t$ f 
! collection  made by ,wi*>d ,lange4 ,a 
new volume ( ! s]ies1 ,fri$ri*          
,froebel's ,education by ,developm5t1   
includes ano!r selection f  ,lange's    
publication1 9 :i* ! gifts are m        
?or\ghly discuss$4  ,aga9 & aga91 9 !   
v>i\s essays1 ! editor ( ! s]ies  says1 
,froebel goes ov] 8 !ory ( ! mean+ ( !  
ball1 !  sph]e1 ! cube1 & its v>i\s     
subdivisions4 ,! /ud5t ( ,froebel  has  
great advantage1 !re=e1 9 read+ ?is     
volume1 inasmu* z  ,froebel has ca/ new 
light on 8 ?\ght 9 ea* sep>ate          
exposition  t he has made4444 ,! essays 
on ! tra9+ s*ool =  k9d]g>tn]s & ! me?od
 ( introduc+ *ildr5's g>d5s into  !     
k9d]g>t5 are v sugge/ive & useful4 ,9   
fact1 !re is no  o!r k9d]g>t5 lit]ature 
t is q equal 9 value to !  cont5ts ( ?is

 volume4 ,! few essays 9 ,lange's volume
 t /ill  rema9 untranslat$ are *>act]iz$
 z be+ mo/ly ( an ephem]al  "*4 ,) !    
publication ( ! pres5t volume1 ( :i*1 z 
(  ! ,p$agogics1 ,miss ,joseph9e ,j>vis 
is ! translator1 a complete  li/ ( !    
orig9al works ( ,froebel 9 ,engli%      
translations has be5  provid$ 9 !       
,int]national ,education ,s]ies (       
,messrs4 ,d4 ,appleton  & ,company4     
,a useful manual = /ud5ts 9 *emi/ry is !
 ,*emical  ,exp]im5ts ( ,pr(4 ,john ,f4 
,woodhull & ,m4 ,b4 ,van ,arsdale       
7,h5ry ,holt  ,co41 ,new ,york74 ,x     
embraces directions = mak+  sev5ty-five 
exp]im5ts ) diff]5t sub/ances & *emical 
prop]ties1 includ+ oxyg5 & ! air1       
hydrog5 & wat]1 *lor9e  & ! *lor9e      
family1 acids1 bases1 salts1 sulphur1   
nitrog51  c>bon1 c>bon dioxide & !      
c>bonates1 f]m5tation1 pota%1 &         
problems to illu/rate ! law ( def9ite   
proportions4 ,a title is  giv5 to ea*   
exp]im5t1 sugge/+ :at is to be prov$ by 
x2 !  details ( ! process are giv51 & ! 

pupil is left to d !  re/1 ent]+ 8      
p>ticul> obs]vations & conclusions on ! 
blank page opposite ! text4 ,que/ions   
are app5d$1 ( a nature  fur!r to develop
 ! ?9k+ p[]s ( ! pupils1 & tables or    
li/s are add$ ( ! elem5ts conc]n$ 9 !   
exp]im5ts1 weights  & measures1         
app>atus1 & *emicals4    ,! book        
,defective ,eyesight3 ! ,pr9ciples ( its
 ,relief by  ,glasses1 ( ,dr4 ,d4 ,b4   
,/4 ,john ,roosa1 is ! result ( an      
attempt  to revise ,! ,det]m9ation ( !  
,necessity = ,we>+ ,glasses1  publi%$ by
 ! same au?or 9 #ahhh4 ,x 0 f\nd1 on    
und]tak+ !  "w ( revision1 t ! advance 9
 our k ( ! prop]  prescription (        
glasses1 especially 9 ! matt] (         
simplicity 9  me?od1 _h be5 s great z to
 require a complete rewrit+4 ,9 do+  ?is
 ! book has be5 v mu* enl>g$1 &         
illu/rations h be5  introduc$4 ,! au?or 
hopes 8 manual may prove a reliable     
guide to  ! /ud5t & practition] 9       
oph?almology1 & may also be (  int]e/ to
 p]sons :o wi% to "k ! pr9ciples on :i* 

!  prescription ( glasses is bas$4 ,!   
special subjects treat$  ( are !        
measurem5t ( visual p[]1 presbyopia1    
myopia or  %ort-sight$ness1             
hyp]metropia1 corneal a/igmatism1       
a/h5opia1 &  ! qualities ( l5ses4       
7,publi%$ by ! ,macmillan ,company4     
,price1  #a47      ,,publications       
,,receiv$4    ,agricultural ,exp]im5t   
,/ations4 ,bullet9s & ,reports4 ,nor?   
,c>ol9a ,/ate ,agricultural ,society3   
,second ,annual ,report 7#ahif7 (  !    
,exp]im5tal ,f>m at ,s\!rn ,p9es4 ,pp4  
#ij4--,ohio3 ,press ,bullet9  ,no4 #aie4
 ,/oma* ,worms 9 ,%eep4 ,pp4 #b2 ,no4   
#aif4 ,comp>ison (  ,v>ieties ( ,:eat4  
,pp4 #b2 ,no4 #aig4 ,successful         
,treatm5t ( ,/oma*  ,worms 9 ,%eep4 ,pp4
 #b2 ,no4 #aih4 ,v>ieties ( ,:eat &     
,home-mix$  ,f]tiliz]s4 ,pp4 #b4--,unit$
 ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture3       
,mon?ly  ,li/ ( ,publications 7,july1   
#ahii74 ,pp4 #d2 ,report on ,nor?       
,am]ican  ,fauna4 ,no4 #ad4 ,natural    
,hi/ory ( ! ,tres ,m>ias ,isl&s1        

,mexico4 ,pp4  #if2 ,no4 #ae4 ,revision 
( ! ,jump+ ,mice ( ! ,g5us ,zaphus4 ,by 
,edw>d ,a4 ,preble4 ,pp4 #cd1 ) "o      
plate2 ,report ( ! ,pu]to ,rico         
,section ( ! ,wea!r & ,crop ,s]vice ( ! 
,wea!r ,bureau1 =  ,may1 #ahii4 ,pp4 #h4
    ,bak]1 ,m4 ,n4 ,potable ,wat] &     
,me?ods ( ,detect+ ,impurities4 ,new    
,york3 ,! ,van ,no/r& ,company4 7,van   
,no/r& ,sci5ce ,s]ies47 ,pp4 #ig4  #ej  
c5ts4    ,beman1 ,w4 ,w41 & ,smi?1 ,d4  
,e4 ,new ,plane & ,solid ,geometry4     
,bo/on3  ,g9n  ,co4 ,pp4 #chb4          
,bullet9s1 ,proce$+s1 ,reports1 etc4    
,bo/on ,society ( ,natural  ,hi/ory3    
,vol4 ,,xxix4 ,no4 #b4 ,v>iation &      
,sexual ,selection 9 ,man4 ,by  ,e4 ,t4 
,brew/]4 ,pp4 #af2 ,no4 #c4 ,notes on ! 
,reptiles & ,amphibians (  ,int]vale1   
,new ,hamp%ire4 ,by ,glov] ,m4 ,all54   
,pp4 #af2 ,no4 #d4 ,/udies  9 ,dipt]a   
,cyclorhapha4 ,by ,g4  ,n4 ,h\gh4 ,pp4  
#h2 ,no4 #e4 ,contributions  f ! ,gray  
,h]b>ium ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,new      
,s]ies3 ,no4 #ag4 ,by  ,b4 ,l4 ,rob9son 

& ,j4 ,m4 ,gre5man4 ,pp4 #ab4--;,dom9ion
 ( ,canada3  ,p>liam5t>y ,/&+ ,committee
 on ,agriculture & ,colonization4       
,improvem5ts ,9 ,crop ,gr[+4 ,by ,pr(4  
,james ,w4 ,rob]tson4 ,pp4              
#ci4--;,int]national ,correspond5ce     
,s*ools1 ,scranton1 ,pa43 ,g5]al        
,circul>4 ,pp4 #cb4--,lib]al ,univ]sity1
 ,silv]ton1 ,oregon3  ,ann\ncem5ts4 ,pp4
 #ah4--,society ( ,am]ican ,au?ors3     
,bullet9 =  ,july1 #ahii4 ,pp4          
#bb4--,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 ,dep>tm5t (
 ,m$ic9e  & ,surg]y3 ,annual ,ann\ncem5t
 = #ahii-aijj4 ,pp4 #ia4--,unit$ ,/ates 
,artill]y ,j\rnal3 ,index to ,vol4 ,x1  
#ahih4 ,pp4 #ab4    ,c>p5t]1 ,george ,h4
 ,insects1 _! ,/ructure & ,life4 ,a     
,prim] (  ,entomology4 ,new ,york3 ,!   
,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #djd4 #a4ge4  
,daniels1 ,w9?rop ,moore4 ,! ,elem5ts ( 
,public ,f9ance1 includ+ !  ,monet>y    
,sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,new ,york3   
,h5ry ,holt  ,co4 ,pp4  #chc4 #a4ej4    
,grotius1 ,hugo4 ,proce$+s at ! ,lay+ ( 
a wrea? on ! ,tomb (1  ,july #d1 #ahii1 

by ! ,commission ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! 
,int]national ,peace ,conf]5ce4 ,pp4    
#dh4    ,h[>d1 ,john ,r41 editor4       
,educational ,nuggets4 ,new ,york3 ,=d1 
,h[>d   ,hulb]t4 ,pp4 #bae4 #ej c5ts4   
,mc,ilvaine1 ,*>les1 & ,macadam1 ,r4 ,k4
 ,toad/ools1 ,mu%rooms1 &  ,fungi1      
,edible & ,poison\s4 7,specim5 pages47  
,indianapolis4 ,ind43 ,!  ,b[5-,m]rill  
,company4 7,au?or's ,edition47 #aj4     
,massee1 ,george4 ,a ,text-,book (      
,plant ,diseases caus$ by ,cryptogamic  
,p>asites4 ,new ,york4 ,! ,macmillan    
,company4 ,pp4 #deh4 #a4fj4    ,mell51  
,george ,e4 ,new ,po9t]s = ,amateurs    
7,photography74 ,publi%$  by ! au?or4   
,times ,build+1 ,*icago4 ,pp4 #df1 )    
blanks4 #ae c5ts4    ,mill]1 ,pr(4      
,kelly4 ,! ,prim>y ,ne$s ( ! ,negro     
,race4 ,wa%+ton3  ,h[>d ,univ]sity4 ,pp4
 #ah4    ,oregon ,%ort ,l9e ,railroad4  
,:]e ,gu% ! ,geys]s4 7,guide to         
,yell[/one ,national ,p>k47    ,pelley1 
,w4 ,h41 ,knoxville1 ,ill4 ,*ri/ian     
,gov]nm5t4 ,pp4 #dd4 #aj c5ts4          

,pfung/1 ,dr4 ,ar?ur4 ,e9 ,deuts*]      
,buddhi/4 7,a ,g]man ,buddhi/47  ,!odor 
,s*ultze4 ,/uttg>t4 ,pp4 #ea4           
,rector1 ,l4 ,e41 ,translator & ,editor4
 ,montaigne on ! ,education (  ,*ildr54 
,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4   
7,int]national ,education  ,s]ies47 ,pp4
 #aia4    ,repr9ts3 ,bill+s1 ,s4 ,a41 & 
,engleh>dt1 ,h4 ,a4 ,obs]vations on a   
,new  ,coal-,t> ,product4 ,pp4          
#g4--;,goldmann1 ,j4 ,a4 ,prophylactic  
,treatm5t (  ! ,uric-acid ,dia!sis4 ,pp4
 #h4--,k+sley1 ,c>l4 ,me?ods (  ,det]m9+
 ! ,frequ5cy ( ,alt]nat+ ,curr5ts4 ,pp4 
#aa4--,kunz1  ,george ,f4 ,! ,production
 ( ,preci\s ,/ones 9 #ahig4 ,pp4        
#bb4--,%im]1  ,p4 ,w4 ,c>bon ,combu/ions
 9 a ,plat9um ,crucible4 ,pp4 #ab4      
,sumn]1 ,william ,g4 ,! ,conque/ ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates by ,spa94 ,bo/on3  ,dana1 
,e/es  ,co4    ,smi?sonian ,in/itution3 
,doan1 ,m>?a4 ,index to ! ,lit]ature (  
,?allium4 ,pp4 #bf2 ,proce$+s ( ! ,unit$
 ,/ates ,national ,museum4  ,index to   
,vol4 ,,xxi4    ,unit$ ,/ates           

,commission ( ,labor3 ,?irte5? ,annual  
,report4 ,h& &  ,ma*9e ,labor4 ,two     
volumes4 ,pp4 #afjd4    ,unit$ ,/ates   
,geological ,survey3 ,n9ete5? ,annual   
,report4 ,"p ,i4  ,director's ,report1  
includ+ ,triangulations & ,_s ,level+s4 
,pp4  #dbb1 ) map2 ,"p ,,iv4            
,hydrography4 ,pp4 #had2 ,"p ,,vi4      
,m9]al  ,res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by
 ,david ,t4 ,day4 ,two volumes4 ,pp4    
#fea  & #gjf4--,monographs3 ,vol4       
,,xxix4 ,geology ( ,old ,hamp%ire       
,c\nty1  ,massa*usetts4 ,by ,b4 ,k4     
,em]son4 ,pp4 #gij1 ) maps2 ,vol4       
,,xxxi4  ,geology ( ! ,asp5 ,m9+        
,di/rict1 ,colorado4 ,by ,j4 ,e4 ,spurr4
 ,pp4  #bfj1 ) an ,atlas ( ?irty %eets2 
,vol4 ,,xxxv4 ,! ,lat] ,ext9ct  ,floras 
( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,newb]ry4  
,a po/hum\s "w1 edit$  by ,ar?ur        
,hollick4 ,pp4 #bie1 ) #fh              
plates4--,maps & ,descriptions (  ,r\tes
 ( ,exploration 9 ,alaska 9 #ahih4 ,pp4 
#ach1 ) envelope  conta9+ t5 maps4      
,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association1        

,educational ,dep>tm5t3 ,annual  ,report
 = #ahii4 ,pp4 #gj2 ,prospectus = #ahii 
7,july #a1 #ahii to ,july #a1  #aijj74  
,pp4 #aab2 ,f\r? ,int]national & o!r    
,exhibits4 ,aw>ds (  ,m]it4 ,pp4 #bd2 ,!
 ,pres5t ,/atus ( ,our ,educational ,"w4
 ,by ,fr$]ic  ,b4 ,pratt4 ,pp4 #e4      
,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce4      ,(fic]s ( !   
,am]ican ,association = #aijj4--,!      
,am]ican  ,association1 at ,columbus1   
,ohio1 elect$ z presid5t = ! next       
meet+1 :i* is to be held 9 ,new ,york   
city1 ,june #be to  #cj1 #aijj1 ,pr(4   
,r4 ,s4 ,woodw>d1 ( ,columbia           
,univ]sity4 ,!  vice-presid5ts-elect    
are3 ,section ,a 7,ma!matics &          
,a/ronomy71  ,asaph ,hall1 ,jr41 ( ,ann 
,arbor1 ,mi*42 ,section ,b 7,physics71  
,erne/  ,m]ritt1 ( ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y42     
,section ,c 7,*emi/ry71 ,james ,lewis   
,h[e1 (  ,lex+ton1 ,va42 ,section ,d    
7,me*anical ,sci5ce & ,eng9e]+71 ,j4 ,a4
  ,bra%e>1 ( ,pittsburg1 ,pa42 ,section 
,e 7,geology & ,geography71 ,j4 ,f4     
,kemp1 ( ,new ,york city2 ,section ,f   

7,zology71 ,c4 ,b4 ,dav5port1 (         
,cambridge1 ,mass42 ,section ,g         
7,botany71 ,william ,trelease1 ( ,/4    
,l\is1  ,mo42 ,section ,h               
7,an?ropology71 ,a4 ,w4 ,butl]1 (       
,indianapolis1 ,ind42  ,section ,i      
7,economic ,sci5ce & ,/ati/ics71 ,c4 ,m4
 ,woodw>d1 ( ,/4  ,l\is4 ,! p]man5t     
secret>y is ,l4 ,o4 ,h[>d1 ,unit$ ,/ates
  ,entomologi/1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c42      
,g5]al ,secret>y1 ,*>les  ,bask]ville1 (
 ,*apel ,hill1 ,n4 ,c42 ,secret>y ( !   
,c\ncil1 ,william  ,h4 ,hallock1 ( ,new 
,york city4 ,! sectional secret>ies are3
 ,section  ,a1 ,w4 ,m4 ,/rong1 ( ,new   
,hav51 ,conn42 ,section ,b1 ,r4 ,a4     
,fess5d51 (  ,allegh5y1 ,pa42 ,section  
,c1 ,a4 ,a4 ,noyes1 ( ,bo/on1 ,mass42   
,section ,d1  ,w4 ,t4 ,magrud]1 (       
,columbus1 ,ohio2 ,section ,e1 ,j4 ,a4  
,holmes1 ( ,*apel  ,hill1 ,n4 ,c42      
,section ,f1 ,c4 ,h4 ,eig5mann1 (       
,bloom+ton1 ,ind42 ,section  ,g1 ,d4 ,t4
 ,mc,dougal1 ( ,new ,york ,botanical    
,g>d52 ,section ,h1 ,frank  ,russell1 ( 

,cambridge1 ,mass42 ,section ,i1 ,h4 ,t4
 ,newcombe1 (  ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4        
,treasur]1 ,r4 ,s4 ,woodw>d1 ( ,new     
,york city4    ,graphite4--,an int]e/+  
acc\nt ( ! hi/ory & manufacture (       
graphite is giv5 by ,e4 ,g4 ,a*eson 9 ! 
,june issue ( ! ,j\rnal  ( ! ,frankl9   
,in/itute4 ,9 ! ye> #aggi ,k>l ,wilhelm 
,s*eele1 a  "y apo!c>y 9 ! t[n ( ,kp+1  
,sw$51 discov]$ t  graphite 0 an        
individual comp\nd4 ,x _h up to ?is "t  
be5  conf\nd$ ) molybd5um sulphide4 ,9  
#ahjj ,mack5zie def9itely  add$ graphite
 to ! c>bon gr\p by %[+ t1 on burn+1 x  
yield$ ! same am\nt ( c>bon dioxide z an
 equal am\nt (  *>coal & diamond4       
,graphite 9 a m or less pure /ate is q  
freely di/ribut$ ov] ! e>?1 b only 9 a  
few places is x  f\nd "u conditions (   
purity1 quantity1 ease ( m9+1 ref9+1  & 
transportation to m>ket t p]mit ( a     
pr(itable bus9ess  be+ made ( x4        
,/ati/ics = ! la/ six ye>s 7#ahij-'ie7  
%[ an  av]age ye>ly production ( #ef1iid
 %ort tons4 ,! c\ntries  contribut+ to !

 supply 7 ,au/ria1 ,ceylon1 ,g]many1    
,italy1  ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 ,japan1
 ,india1 ,russia1 ,great ,brita91 &     
,spa94  ,great diff]5ces exi/ 9 !       
/ructure & purity ( ! graphites  furni%$
 f ! v>i\s m9es4 ,!re are two g5]al     
=ms--!  cry/all9e & ! amorph\s4 ,!      
product ( ! ,ceylon m9es is  cry/all9e (
 great purity1 analyz+ 9 "s cases ov]   
n9ety-n9e  p] c5t c>bon1 :ile t ( !     
,b>r[dale m9es is amorph\s &  also v    
pure4 ,! *ief impurity 9 graphite is    
iron4 ,x is probable  t ! fir/ use made 
( graphite 0 z a writ+ sub/ance4 ,!     
fir/ acc\nt we h ( its employm5t = ?is  
purpose is conta9$  9 ! writ+s ( ,conrad
 ,gessn] on ,fossils1 publi%$ 9 #aefe4  
,its  pres5t uses include ! manufacture 
( p5cils1 crucibles1  /ove-poli%1       
f\ndry-fac+1 pa9t1 motor & dynamo       
bru%es1  anti-friction comp\nds1        
electrodes = electro-metallurgical "w1  
conduct+ surfaces 9 electrotyp+1 & cov]+
 ! surfaces (  p[d] gra9s4 ,= mo/ ( ^!  
purposes x is us$ 9 ! natural  impure   

/ate4 ,! m9+ & manufacture ( graphite   
into articles (  comm]ce give employm5t 
to ?\s&s ( p4 ,! m9es ( ,ceylon  alone1 
:5 work+ to _! full capacity1 employ    
ab\t tw5ty-f\r  ?\s& m51 wom51 & *ildr54
 ,! rapid increase 9 ! use (  graphite  
has l$ to consid]able discussion 9 rec5t
 ye>s reg>d+  ! possibility ( its       
comm]cial manufacture4 ,x has be5 made 9
 a  numb] ( diff]5t ways 9 ! laboratory1
 all1 h[ev]1 dep5d+ on  ! same          
fundam5tal pr9ciple--viz41 ! lib]ation (
 ! c>bon  f "s "o ( its *emical         
comp\nds1 "u conditions :i*  prev5t its 
reassociation ) ! same or o!r elem5ts4  
,mr4  ,a*eson1 :o has be5 work+ = sev]al
 ye>s 9 an endeavor to  devise a        
comm]cially successful process (        
manufacture1 f\nd1  some:]e back 9      
#ahic1 t graphite 0 =m$ 9 ! c>borundum  
7electric7 furnaces ( ! ,c>borundum     
,company ( ,niag>a ,falls4 ,s9ce  !n he 
has be5 foll[+ up ?is clew1 & n[        
believes t !  only comm]cial way to make
 graphite is by break+ up a c>bide by  !

 action ( heat4 ,a build+ = its         
manufacture 9 ?is way1 by  ! use ( !    
electric furnace1 is n[ 9 c\rse (       
erection at  ,niag>a ,falls4            
,comm]cial ,education 9 ,engl&4#ee--;,x 
is only ( comp>atively  late ye>s t !   
,gov]nm5t has _h any?+ to d ) !         
education ( ! p4 ,= "s c5turies back all
 ,engli% education  0 practically       
controll$ by our two anci5t             
univ]sities--,ox=d &  ,cambridge4 ,!y   
decid$ :at subjects 7 to be taught1 & h[
 !y  7 to be taught4 ,! control !y      
ex]cis$ ov] our ,engli% s*ools  0 an    
indirect "o1 b x 0 none ! less          
effectual4 ,! s*ools  !mselves 71 l !   
univ]sities1 indep5d5t ( ,gov]nm5t1 or1 
inde$1 ( any control4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^!  
are kn[n z public  s*ools1 ?\gh ! t]m   
public has ( late ye>s also be5 appli$  
to ! public elem5t>y s*ools4 ,^! are    
ne>ly all developm5ts (  anci5t         
f\ndations4 ,w9*e/]1 f\nd$ 9 ! f\rte5?  
c5tury1  & ,we/m9/]1 9 ! sixte5?1 grew  
up "u ! %ad[s ( great  religi\s h\ses2  

,eton 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury by !
  mon>*1 close to 8 own palace at       
,w9dsor2 ,h>r[1 :i* dates f  ! sixte5?  
c5tury1 is ! mo/ important example ( !  
mo/  num]\s class ( all privately f\nd$ 
local s*ools--gramm>  s*ools1 z !y 7    
g5]ally entitl$--:i* h develop$ beyond  
_! orig9al f\nd]s' int5tion1 & h        
ev5tually come to  attract boys f all   
p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,! be/ boys f all (  !m 
w5t to ! univ]sities1 & ! c\rse ( /udy  
:i* 0 mo/  successful at ! univ]sity 0  
naturally ! c\rse ( /udy :i*  0 pref]r$ 
at ! s*ool4 ,! lit] humaniores1 :i* 7 ! 
sum total ( univ]sity education1 includ$
 only ,greek & ,lat9  language &        
lit]ature1 ma!matics1 & logic4          
,sci5ce--,i h n[  9 my m9d ! education (
 b a s+le g5]ation back--0 ignor$4  ,!  
tea*+ ( mod]n languages 0 p]functory 9 !
 extreme2 !  same may be said ( hi/ory &
 geography1 :ile ev5 ,engli% language  &
 lit]ature 7 almo/ entirely neglect$4   
,n[ an education  model$ on ^! l9es 0 n 
ill suit$ = pr(essional m5--m5  :o w5t f

 ! univ]sity into law1 ! ,*ur*1 or      
m$ic9e4 ,b x  0 by no means suit$1      
especially :5 cut %ort 9 its e>ly /ages1
  = boys ^: future de/9ation 0 !        
c\nt+-h\se or ! %op4  ,we are n met to  
consid] ! tra9+ ( s*ol>s1 b ! sort (    
education be/ adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( 
! ord9>y man (  bus9ess1 & giv5 "u !    
limitations inevitable 9 ! conditions  (
 ! case--t is to say1 9 a v limit$ p]iod
 & dur+ !  e>ly ye>s ( life--int5d$ also
 n only to tra9 ! m9d b to  provide a   
means ( e>n+ a liv+4 ,comm]cial         
education mu/ 9 fact  be a compromise   
betwe5 real education & bus9ess tra9+4  
,! m  x incl9es to ! =m] ! bett]4 ,) !  
gr[? ( mod]n  indu/ry & comm]ce !       
necessity = a tra9+ bett] suit$ =  !    
requirem5ts ( mod]n life became m & m   
evid5t1 & !  place 0 suppli$1 or        
p>tially suppli$1 by private-adv5ture   
s*ools1 :i* und]took to provide !       
ess5tials ( a comm]cial  education4 ,(  
late ye>s also "s important middle-class
 s*ools h  be5 f\nd$ by in/itutions l ! 

,boys' ,public ,day ,s*ools  ,company1 &
 ! ,girls' ,public ,day ,s*ools         
,company1 ! tea*+ 9  :i* is ( a mod]n if
 n ( a comm]cial "*4 ,! gr[? also  (    
sci5ce _h its natural & obvi\s effects  
on educational me?ods4  ,sci5tific tea*+
 0 introduc$ at ! univ]sities--x _h be5 
practically ignor$ at ,ox=d1 & recogniz$
 at ,cambridge only z a  dep>tm5t (     
ma!matics4 ,! m important ( our public  
s*ools  introduc$ :at 0 kn[n z a mod]n  
side1 t is to say1 an  alt]native c\rse 
:i* a boy might take1 & 9 :i* sci5ce1   
mod]n languages1 & ma!matics took !     
place1 to a great] or less  ext5t1 ( !  
classical languages4 ,o!r s*ools modifi$
 _! :ole  curriculum 9 a l direction2   
o!rs aga9 almo/ ab&on$ !  anci5t k 9    
favor ( ! mod]n4 ,su*1 9 briefe/ &      
balde/ summ>y1 is ! condition at :i* our
 sy/em ( second>y  education has n[     
arriv$4 ,9 ! meantime1 elem5t>y         
education 9  ,engl& _h be5 organiz$ &   
sy/ematiz$4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( !  c5tury    
elem5t>y education 0 imp>t$ to ! *ildr5 

( !  peasants & agricultural labor]s 9  
village s*ools1 mo/ ( :i*  7 sadly      
ineffici5t4 ,9 ! t[ns !re 7 v>i\s       
*>itable  in/itutions = educat+ ! *ildr5
 ( ^? :o 7 unable to  provide education 
= !mselves1 & !re 7 also :at 7 kn[n  z  
ragg$ & p>o*ial s*ools1 :i* 7 m or less 
( ! same  "* z ! elem5t>y s*ools (      
to-day4 ,e>ly 9 ! c5tury  sev]al        
important societies 7 e/abli%$--!y 7    
mo/ly ( a  religi\s "*--= ! improvem5t (
 elem5t>y education4 ,by  _! assi/ance  
s*ools 7 f\nd$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,^!  7 
ma9ta9$ by volunt>y ef=t1 & s ga9$ _! "n
 (  volunt>y s*ools1 ?\gh !y receiv$ aid
 f ! ,gov]nm5t1 an  annual grant be+    
allott$ = ! purpose4 ,9 #ahci a         
committee (  ! ,privy ,c\ncil 0 creat$  
to regulate ! adm9i/ration (  ,gov]nm5t 
grants = education1 & ?is committee /ill
 rema9s !  gov]n+ body ( our education  
dep>tm5t4 ,! ,elem5t>y ,education  ,act 
( #ahgj1 ) lat] acts ( #ahgf & #ahhj1   
laid d[n ! pr9ciple  t suffici5t        
elem5t>y education %\ld be provid$ = all

  *ildr5 ( s*ool age1 & e/abli%$ a sy/em
 ( s*ool bo>ds1  :i* bo>ds 7 to be & 7  
=m$ 9 all di/ricts :]e su*  suffici5t   
provision = education did n exi/4 ,by a 
lat] act (  #ahia education 0 made      
gratuit\s z well z compulsory4 ,we h1   
!re=e1 n[ two great classes ( elem5t>y  
s*ools--s*ool-bo>d  s*ools1 9 :i*       
education is free1 & volunt>y s*ools1 9 
:i* a  fee may be *>g$4 ,bo? alike      
receive ,gov]nm5t aid "u c]ta9          
conditions4 ,z a rule ! volunt>y s*ools 
are connect$ ) !  ,*ur* ( ,engl& or ) "o
 or o!r ( ! noncon=mi/ bodies4  ,! bo>ds
 :i* control ! bo>d s*ools are elect$   
bodies1 & !  tea*+ is und5om9ational4   
,footnote #ee3 ,f a pap] read by ,sir   
,h4 ,t4 ,wood1 at !       ,int]national 
,congress1 on ,te*nical ,education1 at  
,v5ice1 ,may1       #ahii4    ,g5ius &  
,habit4--,w4 ,l4 ,bryan & ,n4 ,h>t] are 
! au?ors ( an  int]e/+ monograph 9 !    
,psy*ological ,review = ,july1 f :i*  ! 
foll[+ p>agraphs are tak53 ,!re is      
sc>cely any diff]5ce  betwe5 "o man &   

ano!r ( great] practical importance ?an 
t  ( effective spe$4 ,9 w>1 bus9ess1    
sci5tific "w1 manual labor1  & :at n1 we
 h at ! "o extreme ! man :o defeats all 
ord9>y calculations by ! va/ quantity ( 
"w he gets done1 &  at ! o!r extreme !  
man :o no less defeats ord9>y           
calculations  by ! little all 8 busyness
 a*ieves4 ,! =m] is always arriv+  ) an 
unexpect$ victory1 ! latt] ) an         
unansw]able excuse =  failure4 ,x has   
seem$ to _m psy*ologi/s /rongly probable
 t  ! swift man %\ld be di/+ui%able f ! 
sl[ by reaction "t  te/s4 ,= 7a71 grant+
 t ! p]=mances dem&$ 9 practical        
affairs are f> m complicat$ ?an ^?      
requir$ 9 ! laboratory  te/s1 x seems   
likely t "o :o is tun$ = a rapid rate 9 
!  latt] w be tun$ = a rapid rate 9 !   
=m]1 :5 he has  ma/]$ !m4 ,moreov] 7b71 
a rapid rate 9 elem5t>y processes is    
favorable to _! fusion into high] unit>y
 processes1 ea*  includ+ sev]al ( ! l[]4
 ,f9ally 7c71 a rapid rate 9  elem5t>y  
processes is favorable to prompt        

volunt>y comb9ations 9  pres5ce ( new   
em]g5cies4 ,9 face ( ^! a priori        
probabilities1 elev5 ye>s' exp]i5ce 9   
?is laboratory 7! fir/  ?ree be+ sp5t   
ma9ly on reaction times7 has br\ght !   
conviction  t no reaction "t te/ w      
surely %[ :e!r a giv5 individual  has or
 has n effective spe$ 9 8 "w4 ,v sl[    
rates1  especially 9 complicat$         
reactions1 are /rongly indicative ( a   
m9d  sl[ & ineffective at all ?+s4 ,b   
exp]i5ce proves t rapid  rates by no    
means %[ t ! subject has effective spe$ 
9 !  ord9>y1 let alone extraord9>y1     
tasks ( life4 ,h[ is ?is to be  expla9$8
 ,! foll[+ answ] is propos$3 ,! rate at 
:i* "o  makes practical headway dep5ds  
p>tly ^u ! rate ( ! m5tal &  n]v\s      
processes involv$2 b f> m ^u h[ mu* is  
includ$ 9  ea* process4 ,if ,a1 ,b1 & ,c
 add ! same columns ( figures1 "o  us+  
readily ! me?od ( ! lightn+ add]1 ano!r 
! ord9>y  addition table1 :ile ! ?ird   
makes ea* addition by c\nt+ on 8  f+]s1 
! ?ree are pres5tly out ( sight ( "o    

ano!r1 :atev]  ! rates at :i* !         
processes involv$ are p]=m$4 ,! lightn+ 
add] may proce$ m leisurely ?an ei!r ( !
 o!rs4 ,he /eps a  league :ile !y are   
bu/l+ ov] furlongs or in*es4 ,n[1 !     
ability to take league /eps 9 receiv+   
telegraphic messages1 9  read+1 9       
addition1 9 ma!matical reason+1 & 9 _m  
o!r  fields1 pla9ly dep5ds ^u !         
acquisition ( league-/epp+  habits4 ,no 
possible pr(ici5cy & rapidity 9 elem5t>y
 processes  w s]ve4 ,! le>n] mu/ come to
 d ) "o /roke ( att5tion  :at n[        
requires half a doz51 & pres5tly1 9 "o  
/ill m  inclusive /roke1 :at n[ requires
 ?irty-six4 ,he mu/ sy/ematize  ! "w to 
be done1 & mu/ acquire a sy/em (        
automatic habits  correspond+ to ! sy/em
 ( tasks4 ,:5 he has done ?is he is     
ma/] ( ! situation 9 8 field4 ,he c1 if 
he *ooses1 deal  accurately ) m9ute     
details4 ,he c swiftly ov]look great    
areas  ) an accurate s5se ( :at !       
details involv$ am\nt to--inde$1  ) f>  
great] ju/ice to details ?an is possible

 = "o :o kn[s  no?+ else4 ,f9ally1 8    
:ole array ( habits is swiftly ob$i5t   
to s]ve 9 ! solution ( new problems4    
,automatism is n g5ius1  b x is ! h&s & 
feet ( g5ius4    ,a vague ,impression ( 
,beauty4--,! foll[+ s5t5ces occur 9 an  
article on ,! ,real purpose (           
,univ]sities 9 a rec5t issue ( !        
,london ,spectator4 ,!y give s /range a 
picture ( ! ideals ( !  two lead+       
,engli% univ]sities z to seem wor?y (   
reproduction3  ,h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,hill made  
"o /atem5t = :i* we owe him a s9c]e     
gratitude4 ',! excell5ce ( ! classics1' 
said he1 'lay *iefly 9  _! complete     
uselessness4' 444 ,9 ?is simple /atem5t 
is express$  ! true value ( our old     
univ]sities4 ,!y %\ld be practically    
useless4 ,!y %\ld n tea* y to be a good 
c>p5t] or a  skillful diplomati/4 ,y c n
 m>* out ( ,ox=d or ,cambridge  into any
 c>e] :i* w return y an imm$iate &      
effici5t  income4444 ,! o!r univ]sities 
( ,europe are prep>$ to cut y to  a     
c]ta9 measure1 or to r5d] y te*nically  

compet5t4 ,b our  ,engli% univ]sities h 
hi!rto decl9$ to dis*>ge ?is humble     
function1 save 9 r>e lapses1 f a noble  
ideal4 ,!y at lea/  pr(ess to accompli% 
a f> great] task4 ,!re is a /range p]iod
  divid+ ! man f ! boy1 :i* clamors al\d
 = intellig5t  discipl9e1 & ?is         
discipl9e ,ox=d & ,cambridge are anxi\s 
to  supply4 ,! und]graduate is too "y to
 specialize1 & n too old  to receive    
in/ruction4 ,:5 8 p]iod ( tra9+ is f9i%$
 he is  ask$ to assume ! heavy burd5s ( 
life1 to dis*>ge tasks :i*  may be dull1
 & :i* are r>ely conc]n$ ) :at 7 once   
call$  ! humanities4 ,z he passes ?r\gh 
! univ]sity he may n h  ! "t nor ! wit  
to become a s\nd s*ol> nor a pr(\nd     
ma!matician4 ,b he may1 if he und]/& 8  
privilege aright1  l+] = a :ile 9 !     
groves ( 'practically useless' k4  ,he  
may le>n :at lit]ature meant 9 an age :5
 x 0 conc]n$  only ) ! ess5tials (      
simplicity2 he may read ! lessons (     
hi/ory :5 hi/ory 0 /ill sep>ate f       
political intrigue4 ,&  ?\gh he =gets 8 

,greek gramm>1 ?\gh 9 middle life he c n
  con/rue a page ( ,virgil1 yet he      
c>ries away f ?is irrational  int]lude a
 vague impression ( beauty :i* no o!r   
c\rse (  education w ev] give him4 ,ev5 
= ! s*oolm5 a vague  impression (       
beauty1 :atev] t may mean1 seems r      
unpractical z an educational ultima     
,?ule4    ,! ,purple ( ,cassius4--,!re  
are few sub/ances 9 ! field (  inorganic
 *emi/ry on :i* s mu* speculation &     
actual "w has  be5 exp5d$ z ! s-call$   
purple ( ,cassius4 ,a rec5t article by  
,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,reese1 9 ! ,*emical ,news1
 conta9s "s int]e/+  in=mation reg>d+   
?is curi\s comp\nd4 ,up to ! pres5t "t  
!re h1 x seems1 be5 two views held z to 
its *emical  nature--"o t x is a mixture
 ( /annic acid & metallic gold2  ! o!r1 
t ( ,b]zelius1 t x is sub/antially a    
*emical  comp\nd ( purple gold oxide ) !
 oxides ( t9 possibly mix$  ) an excess 
( /annic acid4 ,x has seem$ v likely t !
  sub/ance is a *emical comp\nd ( acid  
"*1 & t !  solubility 9 ammonia is due  

to ! =mation ( a salt1 b x has  be5 f\nd
 t by oxidation ( /ann\s *loride & by   
all[+ v  dilute solutions ( /annic      
*loride to /&1 ! hydrogel (  /annic acid
 sep>at$ out1 :i*1 on ! addition ( a few
 drops (  ammonia1 liquefi$ & s became  
soluble 9 wat]1 j z ! purple  ( ,cassius
 does4 ,!re c !re=e be no salt =mation  
"h4 ,"s  comp>atively rec5t "w by ,ri*>d
 ,zsigmondy1 h[ev]1 seems to h  f9ally  
cle>$ up ! *emical nature ( ?is curi\s  
sub/ance4 ,its  =mation is expla9$ by   
assum+ t :5 /ann\s *loride is  add$ to a
 suffici5tly dilute solution ( gold     
*loride ! latt] is  imm$iately r$uc$ to 
metallic gold :ile /annic *loride is    
=m$4  ,g5]ally aft] a few seconds !     
liquid becomes r$1 b ! purple  is n     
precipitat$ = sev]al days1 unless x is  
heat$4 ,! gold is  n precipitat$ z a    
black p[d] because ! /annic *loride =m$ 
is imm$iately hydroliz$ into hydro*loric
 acid & ! hydrate (  /annic acid4 ,!    
latt] prev5ts ! aggregation ( ! gold    
p>ticles1 & ! /annic acid rema9s 9      

solution z a colloid1  :i* on /&+       
gradually *anges "u ! influ5ce ( !      
dilute  hydro*loric acid to an insoluble
 =m1 ! hydrogel ( /annic  acid4 ,by     
heat+1 ?is *ange takes place imm$iately4
 ,! prop]ties  ( ! purple ( ,cassius    
dep5d on ! prop]ties & "* ( !  /annic   
acid pres5t1 & ! great v>iety 9 !       
prop]ties ( !  /annic acids1 ! or?o1 !  
meta1 & ! colloidal mixtures ( !  two   
expla9 ! _m contradictions 9 ! lit]ature
 ) ref]5ce  to ! prop]ties ( ! purple ( 
,cassius4 ,zsigmondy says1 ,i look  ^u !
 k t a mixture ( colloid bodies c       
behave1 "u  "s conditions1 z a *emical  
comp\nd1 & t ! prop]ties (  "o body 9   
su* mixtures c be hidd5 by ^? 9 ano!r z 
!  mo/ important conclusion to be drawn 
f ?is "w4    ,! ,abuse ( ,unskill$      
,labor4--,! numb] ( diseases directly or
  indirectly due to cont9u$ long /&+ is 
especially num]\s among  wom54 ,!       
,london ,lancet1 :i* ne>ly tw5ty ye>s   
ago attempt$ to  improve matt]s 9 ?is   
respect 9 ! case ( %opgirls1 has aga9   

tak5 up ! subject1 & rec5tly publi%$ an 
editorial urg+  cu/om]s ( ! %ops to     
boycott ^? e/abli%m5ts :]e no  sitt+    
accommodations are provid$ = ! cl]ks4 ,x
 says3 ,we1 z  m$ical m51 ma9ta9 t sitt+
 accommodations are absolutely  necess>y
 = %opgirls4 ,! only argum5t hav+ ev5 ! 
semblance  ( legitimacy :i* we h he>d   
put =w>d 9 def5se ( !  nonprovision (   
seats is t sitt+ is conducive to        
idl5ess1 b 9  ?is connection su* a      
premise c n be p]mitt$1 = an employee   
w\ld be b\nd to come =w>d :5 an int5d+  
pur*as] ent]$ !  %op4444 ,! v fact t 9  
_m %ops %e is n all[$ to sit  d[n is    
conducive to idl5ess--idl5ess ( ! wor/  
k9d1 !  idl5ess ( pret5d+ to d some?+   
:ile 9 reality no?+ is  be+ done4 ,c    
no?+ be done to /op ?is--z we once call$
 x  )\t ! lea/ exagg]ation or           
s5sationalism--'cruelty to wom5'8  ,to !
 true woman--! woman ) feel+s = h]      
si/]s1 ! woman  ( love & sympa?y1 ! true
 woman 9 e s5se ( ! ^w--we  appeal =    
help 9 ?is matt]4 ,if su* wom5 w\ld     

ab/a9 f  pur*as+ at %ops :]e !y see t ! 
employees are compell$ to  "w f morn+   
till night )\t p]mission to re/ f _!    
labors ev5 :5 opportunity occurs1 we    
%\ld soon see ! end ( a  practice :i*   
ru9s ! heal? & %ort5s ! lives ( _m ( our
  %opgirls4 ,t !re is a c]ta9 am\nt (   
dang] = wom5 f  long-cont9u$ /&+1 to !  
po9t ( exhau/ion1 !re is no  d\bt1 & mu*
 c be done t[>d improv+ ! pres5t        
conditions 9  ?is respect & 9 o!r       
hygi5ic ways 9 ! %ops4 ,! l>ge influx  (
 wom5 dur+ rec5t ye>s into ! c\nt+-room 
& ! salesroom  gives su* que/ions an    
increas+ importance1 especially 9 ! less
  skill$ positions :]e labor comb9ations
 = mutual protection are  n possible4   
,!re has already be5 consid]able        
agitation ( !  "q 9 ?is c\ntry1 & !re   
/ill rema9s mu* to be done4  ,b1 z ,"l  
,salisbury po9t$ out 9 caus+ ! rejection
 ( a bill  = rem$y+ pres5t %op          
conditions 9 ,engl&1 x is a "q n        
suitable = legislation1 & c only be     
settl$ ?r\gh ! indirect  action ( public

 op9ion on ! %opkeep] himself4    ,!    
,occurr5ce ( ,gold ,ores4--,! foll[+    
p>agraphs are f an  article by ,h4 ,m4  
,*ance 9 ! ,eng9e]+ ,magaz9e = ,july1   
entitl$  ,! ,increas+ ,production (     
,gold3 ,ano!r reason = anticipat+  fur!r
 increase 9 ! production ( gold is f\nd 
9 our bett]  k ( gold ores1 & ( !       
conditions "u :i* gold occurs  9        
,nature4 ,until ! discov]y ( ! ,cripple 
,creek di/rict !  occurr5ce ( gold z    
tellurid 9 deposits ( l>ge ext5t & value
  0 practically unkn[n4 ,gold 01 (      
c\rse1 kn[n to occur1  sp>+ly 9 "s ores1
 p>tially z a tellurid associat$ ) o!r  
m9]als2 b su* a m9]aliz$ belt z t at    
,cripple ,creek 0  entirely unkn[n1 &   
su* deposits 7 n look$ = by !           
prospector4 ,simil>ly1 we n[ "k ( ano!r 
class ( gold ores 9  :i* ! gold occurs  
app>5tly 9 "s =m *emically comb9$ 9 a   
silice\s matrix1 (t5 approa*+ a true    
jasp] or horn/one1 &  %[+ by analysis   
possibly n9ety-five p] c5t ( silica4    
,su* ores  %[ no trace ( 'free' or      

metallic gold1 & ! pres5ce ( gold c  be 
det]m9$ only by assay or analysis4 ,a   
few su* discov]ies h  rec5tly be5 made1 
accid5tally1 by inexp]i5c$ p]sons1 :o _h
  rock assay$ f curiosity4 ,simil>ly    
aga91 9 ! la/ few ye>s  gold has be5    
f\nd 9 mo/ unpromis+-look+ porphyry     
dikes--!  v rocks prospectors ! _w ov] h
 reg>d$ z necess>ily  b>r5 because !y   
almo/ inv>iably fail to %[ any 'free' or
  metallic gold by ! m9]'s quick 'horn' 
or 'pan' te/4 ,b m9+  eng9e]s &         
prospectors are le>n+ t 9 a m9]aliz$    
region  gold may occur 9 any rock1 &    
hundr$s ( prospectors are assay+  all   
sorts ( mo/ unpromis+-look+ rock1       
satisfi$ t by assay  alone c !y det]m9e 
:e!r a c]ta9 rock is gold-be>+ or  n4   
,?is p]si/5t & m or less sy/ematic "w n[
 go+ on 9  e m9+ di/rict mu/ result 9 ! 
discov]y ( _m valuable  deposits 9      
unexpect$ localities1 & ultimately      
promises to add  l>gely to ! annual     
output ( gold4      ,,m9or ,,p>agraphs4 
,! inve/igations ( ,f4 ,e4 ,l4 ,beal ( !

 ,food ( ,cuckoos & ,s4 ,d4  ,judd ( !  
,food ( ,%rikes 9 _! relation to        
agriculture are  publi%$ 9 a s+le       
bullet9 by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4  
,mr4  ,beal f9ds t ! food ( cuckoos     
consi/s almo/ :olly ( insects1  ( :i* he
 has f\nd sixty-five species 9 _!       
/oma*s1 &  concludes t f an economical  
po9t ( view !y rank among our  mo/      
useful birds2 &1 9 view ( ! cat]pill>s  
!y eat1 x seems  h>dly possible to      
ov]e/imate ! value ( _! "w4 ,mr4 ,judd  
f9ds1 f a v ext5sive exam9ation1 t !    
food ( but*]  birds & logg]head %rikes  
consi/s ( inv]tebrates 7ma9ly           
gras%opp]s71 birds1 & mice4 ,dur+ !     
cold] half ( ! ye> !  but*] bird eats   
birds & mice to ! ext5t ( sixty p] c5t1 
&  ekes out ! re/ ( its food ) insects4 
,9 ! logg]head's food1  birds & mice    
am\nt to only tw5ty-f\r p] c5t4 ,its    
b5eficial  qualities outweigh f\r to "o 
its injuri\s ones4 ,in/ead ( be+        
p]secut$1 x %\ld receive protection4    
,! ,eng9e]+ ,magaz9e is au?ority = !    

foll[+3 ,! wreck+  ( ! /eam%ip ,p>is on 
! coa/ ( ,cornwall & ! difficulties     
enc\nt]$ 9 attempt+ to save h] :ile a   
numb] ( h]  comp>tm5ts =w>d are fill$ ) 
wat]1 lead ,mr4 ,ri*>ds1 9 !  ,am]ican  
,ma*9i/1 to sugge/ ! applicability (    
compress$ air4  ',!re is a means (      
expell+ ! wat] f ! fill$ comp>tm5ts  s  
obvi\s1 & s c]ta9ly effective1 t x seems
 unacc\ntable  t "s eng9e] has n sugge/$
 x be=e ?is4 ,close ! hat*es  ( ! flood$
 comp>tm5ts & drive ! wat] out by =c+   
air 94  ,x w\ld n make ! slighte/       
diff]5ce h[ big ! holes might be  9 !   
bottom1 z ! wat] w\ld be expell$ & kept 
out on ! same  pr9ciple z 9 !           
old-fa%ion$ div+ bell4' ,?is sugge/ion  
c>ries ) x a mu* l>g] & m important     
"o--namely1 ! use  ( air pumps in/ead ( 
wat] pumps to save a leak+ %ip :ile     
afloat4 ,z ,mr4 ,ri*>ds well rem>ks1 !  
"w ( try+ to pump out a  leaky %ip is n 
only enorm\sly wa/$ :ile x is go+ on1 b 
x  is nev] f9i%$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! wat]    
leak+ into a comp>tm5t  ( a %ip be      

expell$ by pump+ air into ! space1 ! "w 
is done  s soon z ! comp>tm5t is fill$ )
 air d[n to ! level ( !  leak4 ,aft] t  
po9t is rea*$ ! %ip is safe1 no matt] h[
  l>ge ! hole1 & no fur!r pump+ is      
necess>y4    ,*lorate ( pota% has always
 be5 reg>d$ by manufactur]s &  *emi/s z 
a nonexplosive1 & h5ce !re has be5      
little c>e tak5  9 h&l+ & /or+ x4 ,a    
rec5t explosion1 h[ev]1 at a l>ge       
*emical works at ,/4 ,hel5s1 9 ,engl&1  
seems to disprove ?is view4  ,a /oreh\se
 conta9+ ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty tons (  
*lorate  9 ! =m ( bo? p[d] & cry/als    
took fire1 & almo/  imm$iately aft] !   
fall+ 9 ( ! ro( an explosion ( t]rible  
viol5ce occurr$1 ! %ock be+ felt ov] a  
di/ance ( tw5ty  miles4 ,! *lorate works
 7 entirely demoli%$4 ,a l>ge gas hold] 
( ! city gas works1 conta9+ two hundr$ &
 fifty ?\s& cubic  feet ( gas1 0 bur/ & 
! gas ignit$4 ,eight hundr$ tons (      
vitriol 0 p\r$ into ! /reets ( ! t[n by 
! wreck+ ( t5  vitriol *amb]s 9 a       
neighbor+ alkali works4 ,h\ses 7 unro($1

  & 9 ! ma9 /reets ( ! t[n1 a qu>t] ( a 
mile away1 ne>ly  e plate-glass w9d[ 0  
demoli%$4 ,a !ory acc\nt+ = !           
explosion1 advanc$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,c4  
,k]%aw1 9 ! ,eng9e]+ &  ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 is
 t x 0 due to ! sudd5 & practically     
simultane\s lib]ation ( all ! oxyg5 f   
su* a mass (  *lorate1 comb9$ ) !       
re/ra9+ influ5ce ( ! kegs 7!  *lorate 0 
pack$ 9 kegs ( "o hundr$weight ea*71 &  
possibly  also help$ by ! pres5ce ( mu* 
*>r$ wood & ! d5se volume  ( smoke4     
,:atev] is ! true !ory1 h[ev]1 x is     
evid5t t our  belief 9 ! nonexplosiv5ess
 ( potassium *lorate mu/ be modifi$4    
,,notes4    ,a piece ( exp]im5tal glass 
pavem5t 0 laid 9 ,lyons1 9 ! ,rue  de la
 ,rpublique1 la/ fall1 & x is report$ to
 h worn v well  ?us f>4 ,! silicate (   
:i* ! pavem5t is compos$ is call$ by  ! 
manufactur]s c]amo-cry/al or devitrifi$ 
glass4 ,x may be  f9i%$ 9 v>i\s colors &
 ) a r\gh or smoo? surface4 ,!  blocks  
are made by heat+ brok5 glass to a      
temp]ature ( #a1bej ,c4  & !n compress+ 

x by hydraulic p[]4 ,! result+ comp\nd  
is  said to h all ! qualities ( glass   
except its transp>5cy4    ,! ,new ,york 
,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation reports 
( its analyses  ( sug> beets 9 #ahih t !
 av]age p]c5tage ( sug> 9 !  samples    
analyz$ is #ad4b1 ) a coeffici5t (      
purity ( #he4 ,9  g5]al ! yield ( beets 
0 betwe5 n9e tons & tw5ty tons p]  acre4
    ,an altitude ( #ab1ddj feet1 or #cff
 feet great] ?an any atta9$  be=e1 0    
rea*$ 9 ! kite-fly+ exp]im5ts at ,blue  
,hill  ,obs]vatory1 ,massa*usetts1 on   
,febru>y #ba/4 ,! flight 0 begun at     
tw5ty m9utes to f\r 9 ! aft]noon1 ) a   
temp]ature ( #dj &  a w9d velocity (    
sev5te5 miles an h\r at ! surface4 ,at !
  highe/ po9t rea*$ by ! kite !         
temp]ature 0 #ab & ! w9d  velocity fifty
 miles an h\r4 ,f\r improv$ ,h>greave   
kites )  curv$ surfaces1 l so>+ birds'  
w+s1 7 us$ t&em1 & !  fly+ l9e 0 a /eel 
wire4    ,! fir/ to be unveil$ ( a s]ies
 ( tablets to be fix$ by !  ,municipal  
,c\ncil ( ,ba?1 ,engl&1 to m>k hi/orical

 h\ses is on  ! h\se :]e ,william       
,h]s*el liv$ 9 #aghj1 & 0 (ficially     
unveil$ by ,sir ,rob]t ,ball1 ,april    
#bb;d4 ,9 a little work%op at !  end ( !
 back g>d5 ( ?is h\se ,h]s*el made 8    
,newtonian  reflector1 & "h he discov]$ 
,uranus4    ,att5tion is call$ by ,dr4  
,m>t9 ,fick] to ! fact1 br\ght out 9  8 
exp]im5ts1 t cultures ( microbes are    
affect$ by ! glass  ( ! tubes 9 :i* !y  
are made4 ,by virtue ( diff]5ces 9      
composition1 diff]5t sorts ( glass give 
v>y+ degrees (  alkal9ity to wat] 9     
contact ) !m1 & ! activity ( !  bact]ia 
!y conta9 is correspond+ly affect$4     
,we h to add to our obitu>y li/ ( p]sons
 9 :om sci5ce is  int]e/$ ! names (     
,pr(essor ,soc91 late ( ! ,univ]sity (  
,leipsic1 ,ori5tali/1 & au?or (         
,ba$ek]'s ,pale/9e & ,syria &  _m       
special works on ! ,arabic language &   
dialects2 ,m4 ,n4  ,riegg5ba*1          
correspond5t ( ! ,p>is ,academy (       
,sci5ces1 ,section  ( ,ma!matics1 at    
,olt51 ,switz]l&2 ,elizabe? ,?ompson1   

donor (  lib]al gifts = sci5tific       
purposes1 at ,/am=d1 ,conn42 %e         
contribut$ t[>d ! telescope = ,vass>    
,college1 0 a patron (  ! ,am]ican      
,association1 & end[$ ! ,elizabe?       
,?ompson  ,sci5tific ,fund2 ,george     
,av](f1 :o di$ at ,alex&ria1 ,egypt1    
,july  #bg?1 leav+1 among o!r beque/s1  
#bj1jjj to create an agricultural  s*ool
 9 ,!ssaly1 & #ej1jjj to ! polyte*nic   
s*ools at ,a!ns2  ,*>les ,j4 ,/ill1     
ex-,provo/ ( ! ,univ]sity (             
,p5nsylvania1 "u  ^: adm9i/ration !     
in/itution took a great /ride 9 its     
developm5t2 ,mrs4 ,arvilla ,j4 ,ellis1  
an assidu\s /ud5t ( ! fungi1  :o assi/$ 
h] husb&1 ,j4 ,b4 ,ellis1 9 prep>+ &    
m\nt+ !  five ?\s& specim5s = ! ,nor?   
,am]ican ,fungi & ! ,fungi  ,columbiani1
 & m ?an two hundr$ ?\s& o!r specim5s   
:i*  7 di/ribut$ to ! botani/s ( ! _w1  
at ,newfield1 ,n4 ,j41  ,july #ah?2 ,m4 
,balbiani1 ,pr(essor ( ,embryology at ! 
,collge de  ,france2 ,pr(4 ,pasquale    
,fr$a1 ,director ( ! ,/ation =          

,agricultural  ,*emi/ry at ,rome2 ,dr4  
,s4 ,t4 ,jakvcivc1 ,pr(essor ( ,botany &
  ,director ( ! ,botanic ,g>d5s1 at     
,belgrade2 ,dr4 ,c>l ,kus*el1  =m]ly    
,pr(essor ( ,physics 9 ! ,polyte*nic    
,in/itute at ,dresd52  ,m4 ,a4 de       
,m>baix1 ,pr(essor ( ,zology & ,anatomy 
9 ! ,agricultural  ,in/itute at ,l\va92 
,dr4 ,n4 ,grote1 ,pr(essor ( ,psy*ology 
&  ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mosc[ &
 editor ( a j\rnal devot$  to ^?        
subjects2 ,rob]t ,wilhelm ,buns51 !     
em95t ,g]man *emi/1  ( :om a full]      
notice w be giv52 & ,sir ,edw>d         
,frankl&1  ano!r em95t *emi/ 7,engli%71 
"o ( ,buns5's pupils1 a memb] (  !      
,royal ,commissions on ,wat] ,supply &  
,riv] ,pollution1 & au?or  ( rese>*es on
 ! lum9osity ( flame & ! effect ( !     
d5sity  ( a m$ium on ! rate ( combu/ion1
 di$ 9 ,norway1 ag$  sev5ty-f\r ye>s4   
,,index4    ,,articles ,,m>k$ ,,) ,,an  
,,a/]isk ,,are ,,illu/rat$4             
,abbott1 ,c4 ,c4 ,! ,antiquity ( ,man 9 
,nor? ,am]ica991 #cbf      ,abuse (     

,unskill$ ,labor4 7,frag471 #hfb        
,acetyl5e1 ,! ,use (499 ,e4 ,r5\f1 #cce 
,a ,correction4 7,corr471 #gjb          
,african ,music 9 ,am]ica1 ,survival (4 
,j4 ,r4 ,murphy991 #ffj                 
,religi\s ,ideas1 ,v>iations 94         
7,frag471 #bha      ,agriculture1       
,fungicides1 ,relative ,p[] (4 7,frag471
 #gag      ,alleghanies1 ,folklore ( !4 
,f4 ,a4 ,d\ghty1 #cij      ,alloys1     
,metallic1 ( ,ri* ,colors4 7,frag471    
#bhd      ,am]ican ,association = !     
,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,prop] ,objects  
(4 ,e4 ,orton1 #dff                     
,columbus ,meet+ (1 #hbb                
,meet+ (4 7,table71 #hej                
,meet+1 ,!4 7,frag471 #efh              
,(fic]s (1 = #aijj4 7,frag471 #heg      
,indians & ,mongolians4 7,frag471 #gae  
,&rews1 ,e4 ,a4 ,sket* ( ,w4 ,k4        
,brooks4 7,portrait71 #djj      ,animals
 ,reason8 ,d4 ,e4 ,?orndike991 #dhj     
7,corr471 #hdc      ,an ,old-fa%ion$    
,moral4 7,table71 #gjc                  
,an?ropology3 ,am]ican ,indians &       

,mongolians4 7,frag471 #gae             
,antiquity ( ,man 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,c4  
,c4 ,abbott991 #cbf                     
,aztec ,pictorial ,record1 ,an4         
7,frag471 #gaf                   ,b[s & 
,arr[s1 ,! ,tea*+ (4 7,frag471 #gae     
,br9ton1 ,d4 ,g41 ,dea? (4 7,frag471    
#gac                   ,european        
,culture1 ,orig9 (4 ,w4 ,z4 ,ripley991  
#af                   ,folklore ( !     
,alleghanies4 ,f4 ,a4 ,d\ghty1 #cij     
,gypsies & _! ,folk-,tales4 7,frag471   
#dbd                   ,hopi ,indians ( 
,arizona4 ,george ,a4 ,dorsey991 #gcb   
,jews8 ,are ,jews4 ,j4 ,jacobs1 #ejb    
,orig9 ( ,anci5t ,h9du ,a/ronomy4 ,c\nt 
,g4        ,d',alviella1 #cif           
,primitive ,man4 7,table71 #daj         
,race ,que/ions 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4  
,f4        ,blum5tritte1 #dgb           
,antiquity ( ,man 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,c4  
,c4 ,abbott991 #cbf      ,a/ronomy1     
,orig9 ( ,anci5t ,h9du4 ,c\nt ,g4       
,d',alviella1 #cif      ,au/51 ,w4      
,bookworms 9 ,fact & ,fancy1 #bdj       

,aztec ,pictorial ,record1 ,an4         
7,frag471 #gaf        ,bacon's ,idols4  
,w4 ,h4 ,hudson1 #ghh      ,bak]1 ,smi?4
 ,causes & ,prev5tion ( ,insanity1 #ajb 
,baldw91 ,f4 ,s4 ,pres5t ,position (    
,sociology1 #haa      ,beautify+ ! ,home
 ,gr\nds4 7,frag471 #dcj      ,b5jam91  
,m4 ,am]ican ,indu/rial ,expositions1   
#bca      ,b]+ ,sea ,controv]sy aga94   
,t4 ,c4 ,m5d5hall1 #ii      ,b]tillon1  
,m4 ,j4 ,rem$ies = ! ,depopulation (    
,france1 #fgb      ,bible1 ,sci5tific   
,me?od & !4 7,corr471 #gja            ,!
 ,sci5tific me?od & its ,application to 
!4 ,rev4 ,d4        ,sprague1 #bhi      
,bicknell1 ,e4 ,f ,s]fdom to ,fre$om1   
#hd      ,birds z ,pe/ ,de/roy]s4       
7,frag471 #ega      ,block ,isl&1       
,geology (4 7,frag471 #egj              
,blum5tritte1 ,f4 ,race ,que/ions 9 !   
,philipp9e ,isl&s1 #dgb      ,books     
,notic$1 #abf1 #bgj1 #dae1 #eeg1 #gje1  
#hec      ,african ,fronti]1 ,on ! ,s\?4
 ,w4 ,h4 ,br[n1 #gjh4      -- ,/udies1  
,we/4 ,m4 ,h4 ,k+sley1 #dah4            

,agriculture4 ,f]tiliz]s4 ,e4 ,b4       
,voorhees1 #bgd4      -- ,practical4 ,c4
 ,c4 ,james1 #hed4      -- ,! ,pr9ciples
 & ,practice (4 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey1 #dba4  
,algebra4 ,text-,book (4 ,g4 ,e4 ,fis*] 
& ,i4 ,j4 ,s*watt1 #dbj4      ,all51 ,a4
 ,h4 ,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis1     
#bgd4      ,am]ican ,indians4 ,f4 ,/>r1 
#dba4      ,amryc1 ,c4 ,pan!ism3 !      
,light & ,hope ( ,mod]n ,reason1 #dba   
,anatomy & ,physiology1 ,laboratory     
,ex]cises 94 ,j4 ,e4          ,peabody1 
#bgg4      ,anglo-,saxon 7,mon?ly71     
#efb4      ,animat$ ,pictures4 ,c4 ,f4  
,j5k9s1 #acb4      ,an?ropology4        
,au/ralian ,bu%1 ,9 !4 ,r4 ,semon1 #dag4
      -- ,au/ralia1 ,! ,native ,tribes (
 ,c5tral4 ,b4 ,sp5c] & ,f4 ,j4          
,gill51 #dag4      -- ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d4
 ,f4 ,ratzel1 #bgb4      -- ,man1 ,pa/ &
 ,pres5t4 ,a4 ,h4 ,keane1 #heb4      -- 
,philipp9es1 ,p ( !4 ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton1   
#hee4      ,arctic1 ,a ,?\s& ,days 9 !4 
,f4 ,g4 ,jackson1 #gje4      ,ari?metic1
 ,prim>y4 ,a4 ,r4 ,hornbrook1 #dbj4     

-- ,! ,am]ican ,elem5t>y4 ,m4 ,a4       
,bailey1 #dbb4      ,armag$don4 ,/anley 
,wat]loo1 #acc4      ,a/on1 ,w4 ,g4     
,hi/ory ( ,japanese ,lit]ature1 #aca4   
,a/ronomy1 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory (4 ,a4      
,b]ry1 #gaj4      ,atk9son1 ,g4 ,f4     
,elem5t>y ,botany1 #aca4      ,au/91 ,h4
 ,e4 ,obs]vation ,blanks = ,beg9n]s 9   
,m9]alogy1 #hee4      ,au/ralian ,bu%1  
,9 !4 ,r4 ,semon1 #dag4      ,au/ralia1 
,! ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral4 ,g4 ,sp5c]
 & ,f4 ,j4          ,gill51 #dag4       
,bad5o*1 ,l4 ,n4 ,true ,tales ( !       
,insects1 #hed4      ,bailey1 ,l4 ,h4 ,!
 ,pr9ciples ( ,agriculture1 #dba4       
-- ,m4 ,a4 ,! ,am]ican ,elem5t>y        
,ari?metic1 #dbb4      ,b>de51 ,c4 ,w4  
,commission] ,hume1 #efb4      ,bates1  
,f4 ,g4 ,rhode ,isl& & ! ,=mation ( !   
,union1 #dba4      ,bau]1 ,l4 ,a41 &    
,fr5*1 ,?omas1 ,jr4 ,t]re/rial          
,magnetism4          7,qu>t]ly71 #acb4  
,b$d>d1 ,f4 ,e4 ,/ructure &             
,classification ( ,birds1 #abh4         
,bell1 ,m4 ,g4 ,/ory ( ! ,rise ( ! ,oral

 ,me?od 9 ,am]ica1 #gaa4      ,b]ry1 ,a4
 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy1 #gaj4    
,bick]ton1 ,a4 ,w4 ,new ,/ory ( ! ,/>s1 
#acd4      ,biology1 ,pr9ciples (4 ,h4  
,sp5c]1 #bge4      ,birds1 ,/ructure &  
,classification (4 ,f4 ,e4 ,b$d>d1 #abh4
      ,botany1 ,elem5t>y4 ,g4 ,f4       
,atk9son1 #aca4      -- ,elem5t>y       
,text-,book (4 ,s4 ,h4 ,v9es1 #aca4     
-- ,evolution ( ,plants1 ,lectures on !4
 ,d4 ,h4 ,campbell1 #efa4      -- ,f]ns1
 ,h[ to ,"k !1 #gjh4      ,brad=d1      
,gamaliel4 ,! ,lesson ( ,popul>         
,gov]nm5t1 #dae4      ,br9ton1 ,d4 ,g4  
,peoples ( ! ,philipp9es1 #hee4         
,brooks1 ,w4 ,k4 ,f\ndations ( ,zology1 
#bgj4      ,br[n1 ,w4 ,h4 ,on ! ,s\?    
,african ,fronti]1 #gjh4      ,bryant1  
,w4 ,m4 ,life1 ,dea?1 & ,immortality1   
#acj4      ,buckley1 ,a4 ,b4 ,!         
,fairy-,l& ( ,sci5ce1 #hed4      ,bu%   
,fruits4 ,f4 ,w4 ,c>d1 #abi4      ,call1
 ,r4 ,e4 ,i*?yologia ,ohio5sis4 7,c4 ,e4
 ,raf9esque71 #efj4      ,cajori1       
,florian4 ,hi/ory ( ,elem5t>y ,physics1 

#dai4      ,campbell1 ,d4 ,h4 ,lectures 
on ! ,evolution ( ,plants1 #efa4        
,c>d1 ,f4 ,w4 ,bu% ,fruits1 #abi4       
,c>p5t]1 ,f4 ,g4 ,geographical ,read] = 
,nor? ,am]ica1 #efa4      -- ( ,naz>e?1 
,!1 or ! ,silv] ,cross1 #bgh4           
,cat]+ = ,two4 ,a4 ,l4 ,james1 #bgh4    
,cave ,regions ( ! ,black ,hills4 ,l4   
,a4 ,ow51 #efb4      ,c5sus1 ,! ,f$]al1 
#eeh4      ,*emical ,exp]im5ts4         
,woodhull & ,van ,arsdale1 #hef4        
,cole1 ,j4 ,r4 ,miscellany1 #acd4       
,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis4 ,a4 ,h4  
,all51 #bgd4      ,cuba1 ,indu/rial4 ,r4
 ,p4 ,port]1 #efj4      ,cumulative     
,index = #ahih1 #gab4      ,dall1 ,c4   
,h4 ,memorial ( ,w4 ,w4 ,turn] & ,si/]s1
 #efc4      ,dana1 ,c4 ,a4              
,recollections ( ! ,civil ,w>1 #hec4    
,deaf & ,dumb4 ,comp>ison ( ,me?ods (   
,in/ruction4 ,volta          ,bureau1   
#gab4      -- ,oral ,me?od ( ,in/ruct+1 
,rise (1 9 ,am]ica4 ,m4 ,g4             
,bell1 #gaa4      ,de ,morgan1 ,a4 ,on !
 ,/udy & ,difficulty ( ,ma!matics1 #efa4

      ,dr9k+ ,wat]1 ,! ,microscopy (4   
,g4 ,c4 ,:ipple1 #gji4      ,dr4 ,!rne4 
,h4 ,r4 ,hagg>d1 #gaa4      ,dy]s &     
,colori/s1 ,ye>-,book (4 ,h4 ,hunt+ton1 
#efc4      ,economics4 ,c5sus1 ,!       
,f$]al1 #eeh4      -- ,/rikes &         
,lock\ts1 ,sympa!tic1 #efc4             
,education4 ,commission] ,hume4 ,c4 ,w4 
,b>de51 #efb4      -- ,froebel's1 by    
,developm5t1 #hee4      -- ,ideals &    
,programmes4 ,j4 ,l4 ,g\rdy1 #dba4      
-- ,nature ,/udy ,9 ,elem5t>y ,s*ools4  
,l4 ,s4 ,w4 ,wilson1 #dbb4      --      
,report ( ! ,commission] (1 = #ahif-'ig1
 #efb4      ,elliott1 ,a4 ,g41 &        
,graffigny1 ,h4 de4 ,gas & ,petroleum   
,eng9es1 #bgg4      ,e?nology4 ,am]ican 
,indians4 ,f4 ,/>r1 #dba4               
,evolution1 ,footnotes to4 ,d4 ,s4      
,jordan1 #eei4      ,evolution (        
,plants1 ,lectures on !4 ,d4 ,h4        
,campbell1 #efa      -- ,! ,la/ ,l9k4   
,e4 ,haeckel1 #abf4      ,eyesight1     
,defective3 ,its ,relief by ,glasses4   
,d4 ,b4 ,/4 ,john          ,roosa1 #hef4

      ,f>aday1 ,mi*ael1 ,8 ,life ,"w4   
,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson1 #dba4      ,f>r+ton & 
,noll1 ,e4 ,h4 & ,f4 ,w4 ,te/+ ,milk &  
its          ,products1 #bgh4           
,f]ns1 ,h[ to ,"k !4 ,f4 ,t4 ,p>sons1   
#gjh4      ,f]tiliz]s4 ,e4 ,b4          
,voorhees1 #bgd4      ,fis*]1 ,g4 ,e41 &
 ,s*watt1 ,i4 ,j4 ,text-,book (         
,algebra1 )          ,ex]cises =        
,second>y ,s*ools1 #dbj4      ,fitz1 ,g4
 ,w4 ,revis$ ,edition ( ,h4 ,n4 ,m>t9's 
,! ,human ,body1 #dbb4      ,=ce1 ,g5]al
 ,m4 ,f4 ,g5]al ,%]man1 #dai4           
,fossil ,m$us4 ,c4 ,d4 ,walcott1 #bgh4  
,froebel's ,education by ,developm5t1   
#hee4      ,gas & ,petroleum ,eng9es4   
,a4 ,g4 ,elliott1 #bgg4                 
,geographical ,nature ,/udies4 ,f4 ,o4  
,payne1 #bgg4      -- ,read] = ,nor?    
,am]ica4 ,f4 ,g4 ,c>p5t]1 #efa4         
,geology4 ,cave ,regions ( ! ,black     
,hills4 ,l4 ,a4 ,ow51 #efb4      --     
,riv]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,i4 ,c4         
,russell1 #abg4      -- ,/ratigraphical1
 ,pr9ciples (4 ,j4 ,e4 ,m>r1 #bgf4      

,g\rdy1 ,j4 ,l4 ,ideals & ,programmes1  
#dba4      ,graffigny1 ,h4 de4 7,see    
,elliott1 ,a4 ,g471 #bgg4      ,gu]b]1  
,h4 ,a4 ,/ory ( ! ,engli%1 #acc4        
,haeckel1 ,ern/4 ,! ,la/ ,l9k1 #abf4    
,hagg>d1 ,h4 ,r4 ,dr4 ,!rne1 #gaa4      
,hall1 ,f4 ,s4 ,sympa!tic ,/rikes &     
,lock\ts1 #efc4      ,hi/ology1 ,an     
,epitome ( ,human4 ,a4 ,w4 ,weysse1     
#acj4      ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d4 ,f4       
,ratzel1 #bgb4      -- ,civil ,w>1      
,recollections (4 ,c4 ,a4 ,dana1 #hec4  
-- ( ! ,_w4 ,e4 ,s&]son1 #abi4      --  
,/ory ( ! ,engli%4 ,h4 ,a4 ,gu]b]1 #acc4
      ,holman1 ,s4 ,w4 ,matt]1 ,en]gy1  
,=ce1 & ,"w1 #bgf4      ,hornbrook1 ,a4 
,r4 ,prim>y ,ari?metic1 #dbj4           
,horticulture4 ,bu% ,fruits4 ,f4 ,w4    
,c>d1 #abi4      ,human ,body1 ,!4 ,h4  
,n4 ,m>t94 ,revis$ edition by ,g4 ,w4   
,fitz1 #dbb4      ,hunt+ton1 ,h4 ,!     
,ye>-,book ( ,colori/s & ,dy]s1 #efc4   
,hygi5e4 ,dr9k+ ,wat]1 ,! ,microscopy (4
 ,g4 ,c4 ,:ipple1 #gji4      ,hypnotism3
 its ,application to ,m$ic9e4 ,o4 ,g4   

,wett]/r&1 #gji4      ,imp]ial          
,democracy4 ,d4 ,s4 ,jordan1 #hea4      
,insects1 ,true ,tales ( !4 ,l4 ,n4     
,bad5o*1 #hed4      ,in/9ct & ,reason4  
,h4 ,r4 ,m>%all1 #gaj4      ,jackman1   
,w4 ,s4 ,nature ,/udy = ,gramm> ,grades1
 #bgd4      ,jackson1 ,p4 ,g4 ,a ,?\s&  
,days 9 ! ,arctic1 #gje4      ,james1   
,a4 ,l4 ,cat]+ = ,two1 #bgh4      -- ,c4
 ,c4 ,practical ,agriculture1 #hed4     
,japan-,am]ican ,comm]cial ,j\rnal4     
7,mon?ly71 #efa4      ,japanese         
,lit]ature1 ,hi/ory (4 ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on1   
#aca4      ,j5k9s1 ,c4 ,f4 ,animat$     
,pictures1 #acb4      ,jordan1 ,d4 ,s4  
,footnotes to ,evolution1 #eei4      -- 
,d4 ,s4 ,imp]ial ,democracy1 #hea4      
,keane1 ,a4 ,h4 ,man1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1   
#heb4      ,k+sley1 ,m>y ,h4 ,we/       
,african ,/udies1 #dah4      ,klondike1 
,9 !4 ,f4 ,palm]1 #dah4      ,labor1    
,bullet9s ,dep>tm5t (3 ,wages 9 ! ,unit$
 ,/ates &          ,europe4 ,! ,alaskan 
,gold ,fields1 & ,! ,mutual ,relief     
,associations 9 ! ,pr9t+ ,trade1 #gaa4  

-- ,twelf? ,annual ,report (            
,commission] (1 #acd4      ,lagrange1   
,j4 ,l4 ,lectures on ,elem5t>y          
,ma!matics1 #hee4      ,lange1 ,w4      
,froebel's ,education by ,developm5t1   
#hee4      ,language ,lessons4 ,j4 ,g4  
,p>k1 #dbb4      ,life1 ,dea?1 &        
,immortality4 ,w4 ,m4 ,bryant1 #acj4    
,loomis1 ,erne/4 ,occult ,sci5ce        
,libr>y1 #efb4      ,m>r1 ,j4 ,e4       
,pr9ciples ( ,/ratigraphical ,geology1  
#bgf4      ,m>%all1 ,h4 ,r4 ,in/9ct &   
,reason1 #gaj4      ,ma!matics4         
,algebra1 ,introduction to ,graphical4  
,f4 ,e4          ,niph]1 #acc4      --  
,elem5t>y1 ,lectures on4 ,j4 ,l4        
,lagrange1 #hee4      -- ,on ! ,/udy &  
,difficulty (4 ,a4 ,de ,morgan1 #efa4   
,me*anics & ,heat4 ,ni*ols & ,francis1  
#bgh4      ,m]riman1 ,m4 ,elem5ts (     
,sanit>y ,eng9e]+1 #acj4      ,metric   
,sy/em ( ,weights & ,measures4 ,a4 ,d4  
,ri/e51 #acb4      ,microscopy ( ,dr9k+ 
,wat]1 ,!4 ,g4 ,c4 ,:ipple1 #gji4       
,milk & its ,products1 ,! ,te/+ (4      

,f>r+ton & ,noll1 #bgh4      ,mill]1 ,a4
 ,! ,sun an ,electric ,light1 #gaa4     
,m9]alogy1 ,obs]vation ,blanks =        
,beg9n]s 94 ,h4 ,e4          ,au/91     
#hee4      ,music1 ,%ort ,c\rse 94      
,ripley & ,tapp51 #bgf4      ,natural   
,hi/ory4 ,outdoor ,/udies4 ,j4 ,g4      
,ne$ham1 #efb4      -- ,raf9esque4      
,i*?yologia ,ohio5sis 7by ,r ,e4 ,call71
 #efj4      ,nature ,/udy = ,gramm>     
,grades4 ,w4 ,s4 ,jackman1 #bgd4      --
 9 ,elem5t>y ,s*ools4 ,l4 ,s4 ,w4       
,wilson1 #dbb4      ,ne$ham1 ,j4 ,g4    
,outdoor ,/udies1 #efb4      ,new ,man1 
,!4 ,e4 ,p4 ,ob]holz]1 #acc4      ,new  
,/ory ( ! ,/>s4 ,a4 ,w4 ,bick]ton1 #acd4
      ,new ,york ,academy ( ,sci5ces4   
,publications1 #acd4      ,ni*ols &     
,francis1 ,e4 ,l4 & ,w4 ,s4 ,me*anics & 
,heat1 #bgh4      ,niph]1 ,f4 ,e4       
,introduction to ,graphical ,algebra1   
#acc4      ,ob]1 ,f4 ,a4 ,pu]to ,rico & 
its ,res\rces1 #eei4      ,ob]holz]1 ,e4
 ,p4 ,! ,new ,man1 #acc4      ,occult   
,sci5ce ,libr>y4 ,e4 ,loomis1 #efb4     

,ow51 ,l4 ,a4 ,cave ,regions ( ! ,black 
,hills1 #efb4      ,palm]1 ,f4 ,9 !     
,klondike1 #dah4      ,pan!ism3 ! ,light
 & ,hope ( ,mod]n ,reason4 ,c4 ,amryc1  
#dba4      ,p>k1 ,j4 ,g4 ,language      
,lessons1 #dbb4      ,p>sons1 ,f4 ,t4   
,h[ to ,"k ! ,f]ns1 #gjh4      ,patt51  
,s4 ,n4 ,! ,developm5t ( ,engli% ,?\ght1
 #bgc4      ,payne1 ,f4 ,o4             
,geographical ,nature ,/udies1 #bgg4    
,peabody1 ,j4 ,e4 ,laboratory ,ex]cises 
9 ,anatomy &          ,physiology1 #bgg4
      ,p]spective1 ,elem5ts (4 ,c4 ,g4  
,sullivan1 #bgg4      ,philosophy4      
,developm5t ( ,engli% ,?\ght4 ,s4 ,n4   
,patt51 #bgc4      -- ,life1 ,dea?1 &   
,immortality4 ,w4 ,m4 ,bryant1 #acj4    
,physics1 ,hi/ory (1 9 its ,elem5t>y    
,bran*es4 ,f4 ,cajori1 #dai4      --    
,matt]1 ,en]gy1 ,=ce1 & ,"w4 ,s4 ,w4    
,holman1 #bgf4      -- ,philip's        
,exp]im5ts4 ,j4 ,tr[bridge1 #acb4       
,popul> ,gov]nm5t1 ,! ,lessons (4 ,g4   
,brad=d1 #dae4      ,port]1 ,r4 ,p4     
,indu/rial ,cuba1 #efj4      ,porto     

,rico ( ,to-day4 ,a4 ,g4 ,rob9son1 #bge4
      ,psy*ology4 ,reason & ,in/9ct4 ,h4
 ,r4 ,m>%all1 #gaj4      ,pu]to ,rico & 
,its ,res\rces4 ,f4 ,a4 ,ob]1 #eei4     
,raf9esque1 ,c4 ,s4 ,i*?yologia         
,ohio5sis 7by ,r4 ,e4 ,call71 #efj4     
,ratzal1 ,f4 ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 #bgb4   
,rhode ,isl& & ! ,=mation ( ! ,union4   
,f4 ,g4 ,bates1 #dbj4      ,ripley &    
,tapp51 ,f4 ,h4 & ,t4 ,%ort ,c\rse 9    
,music1 #bgf4      ,ri/e51 ,a4 ,d4      
,metric ,sy/em ( ,weights & ,measures1  
#acb4      ,riv]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,i4  
,c4 ,russell1 #abg4      ,rob9son1 ,a4  
,g4 ,porto ,rico ( ,to-day1 #bge4       
,roosa1 ,d4 ,b4 ,/4 ,john4 ,defective   
,eyesight3 ,its ,relief by              
,glasses1 #hef4      ,russell1 ,i4 ,c4  
,riv]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #abg4           
,s&]son1 ,e4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w1 #abi4     
,sanitation4 ,elem5ts ( ,sanit>y        
,eng9e]+4 ,m4 ,m]riman1 #acj4           
,s*immel  ,co4 ,semiannual ,report1     
#dbc4      ,sci5ce1 ,! ,fairy-,l& (4 ,a4
 ,b4 ,buckley1 #hed4      ,semon1       

,ri*>d4 ,9 ! ,au/ralian ,bu%1 #dag4     
,%]man1 ,g5]al4 ,g5]al ,m4 ,f4 ,=ce1    
#dai4      ,sociali/ ,almanac &         
,treasury ( ,facts1 #efc4               
,sociology4 ,imp]ial ,democracy4 ,d4 ,s4
 ,jordan1 #hea4      -- ,leisure ,class1
 ,! ,!ory ( !1 #eeg4      -- ,popul>    
,gov]nm5t1 ,! ,lessons (4 ,g4 ,brad=d1  
#dae4      ,sp5c]1 ,b41 & ,gill51 ,f4   
,j4 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral        
,au/ralia1 #dag4      -- ,h4 ,pr9ciples 
( ,biology1 #bge4      ,/>r1 ,f4        
,am]ican ,indians1 #dba4      ,/4 ,john 
,roosa1 ,d4 ,b4 ,defective ,eyesight3   
,its ,relief by          ,glasses1 #hef4
      ,sullivan1 ,c4 ,g4 ,elem5ts (     
,p]spective1 #bgg4      ,sun1 ,!1 an    
,electric ,light4 ,a4 ,mill]1 #gaa4     
,t]re/rial ,magnetism4 ,bau] & ,fr5*4   
7,qu>t]ly71 #acb4      ,?ompson1 ,s4 ,p4
 ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 ,8 ,life ,"w1 #dba4   
,travel4 ,african ,/udies1 ,we/4 ,m4 ,h4
 ,k+sley1 #dah4      -- ,arctic1 ,a     
,?\s& ,days ,9 !4 ,f4 ,g4 ,jackson1     
#gje4      -- ,klondike1 ,9 !4 ,f4      

,palm]1 #dah4      -- ,on ! ,s\?        
,african ,fronti]4 ,w4 ,h4 ,br[n1 #gjh4 
,tr[bridge1 ,john4 ,philip's ,exp]im5ts1
 #acb4      ,turn]1 ,w4 ,w41 ,memorial  
(1 & ,si/]s4 ,by ,c4 ,h4 ,dall1 #efc4   
,vebl51 ,?or/e94 ,! ,!ory ( ! ,leisure  
,class1 #eeg4      ,v9es1 ,s4 ,h4       
,elem5t>y ,text-,book ( ,botany1 #aca4  
,voorhees1 ,e4 ,b4 ,f]tiliz]s1 #bgd4    
,walcott1 ,c4 ,d4 ,fossil ,m$us1 #bgh4  
,wat]loo1 ,/anley4 ,armag$don1 #acc4    
,wett]/r&1 ,o4 ,g4 ,hypnotism & ,its    
,application to          ,m$ic9e1 #gji4 
,weysse1 ,a4 ,w4 ,an ,epitome ( ,human  
,hi/ology1 #acj4      ,:at is ,?is8     
#efd4      ,:ipple1 ,g4 ,c4 ,!          
,microscopy ( ,dr9k+ ,wat]1 #gji4       
,wilson1 ,lucy ,s4 ,w4 ,nature ,/udy 9  
,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 #dbb4      ,woodhull 
& ,van ,arsdale4 ,*emical ,exp]im5ts1   
#hef4      ,zology4 ,au/ralian ,bu%1 ,9 
!4 ,r4 ,semon1 #dag4      -- ,birds1 ,! 
,/ructure & ,classification (4 ,f4 ,e4  
,b$d>d1 #abh4      -- ,f\ndations (4 ,w4
 ,k4 ,brooks1 #bgj4      ,bookworms 9   

,fact & ,fancy4 ,w4 ,au/51 #bdj         
,bo/on ,public ,libr>y & ,sci5ce4       
7,table71 #dab      ,botany3 ,colors (  
,nor!rn ,fl[]s4 ,j4 ,h4 ,lovell1 #fhe   
,=ms1 ,unusual1 9 ,plants4 ,b4 ,d4      
,hal/$991 #cga             ( ,%akespe>e4
 ,t4 ,h4 ,mac,bride1 #bai               
,poison\s ,plants1 ,some:at4 7,frag471  
#egb      ,b\nties & ,free ,trade4      
7,frag471 #efi      ,b[s & ,arr[s1 ,!   
,tea*+ (4 7,frag471 #gae      ,brac*i1  
,m4 ,a4 ,! ,s5se ( ,color1 #bec         
,br9ton1 ,d4 ,g41 ,dea? (4 7,frag471    
#gac      ,br9ton's ,contributions to   
,am]ican ,l+ui/ics4 7,frag471 #bhd      
,brooks1 ,william ,kei?4 ,sket* (4 7,)  
,portrait71 #djj             ,william   
,k4 ,?\ghts ab\t ,univ]sities1 #cdh     
,canada1 ,:eat ,l&s (4 ,s4 ,c4 ,d4      
,rop]1 #gff      ,catskills1 ,=e/ &     
,animal ,life 9 !4 7,frag471 #efi       
,*>ity1 ,public & ,private ,vigilance4  
,f4 ,h4 ,gidd+s1 #dcc      ,*emi/ry     
,tea*+ 9 ,gramm> & ,high ,s*ools4       
7,frag471 #egd      ,*]ry ,leaves1      

,poison 9 ,wild4 7,frag471 #bhc         
,*ri/ian ,sci5ce f a ,physician's ,po9t 
( ,view4 ,j4 ,b4 ,hub]1 #gee            
,climate & ,acclimatization4 7,frag471  
#efe      ,climate1 ,is ,fre$om limit$  
by4 7,table71 #abd      ,col]1 ,b4 ,s4  
,abuse ( ,public ,*>ity1 #aee           
,re=m ( ,public ,*>ity1 #gej            
,colonial ,expansion & ,=eign ,trade4   
,j4 ,s*o5h(1 #fb      ,colors ( ,fl[]s1 
,!4 ,h5ri ,c\p91 #chf                   
,nor!rn ,fl[]s4 ,j4 ,h4 ,lovell1 #fhe   
,color1 ,! ,s5se (4 ,m4 ,a4 ,brac*i1    
#bec      ,comm]cial ,education 9       
,engl&4 7,frag471 #heh      ,conn1 ,h4  
,w4 ,! ,milk ,supply ( ,cities1 #fbg    
,coolidge1 ,d4 ,hydrophobia 9 ,baja     
,cali=nia1 #bdi      ,c\ntry ,*ecks1 ,! 
,*>ges on1 an ,economic ,mi/ake4        
7,frag471 #efg      ,c\p91 ,h5ri4 ,!    
,colors ( ,fl[]s1 #chf      ,cram1 ,w4  
,e4 ,hawk ,lures991 #fbc      ,crime1   
,influ5ce ( ! ,wea!r ^u4 ,e4 ,g4 ,dext]1
 #fec      ,crim9ology3 ,desire =       
,notoriety a ,cause ( ,crime4 7,frag471 

#efh                  ,luc*5i1 ,/udy (  
,luigi4 ,c4 ,lombroso991 #aii           
,curry1 ,j4 ,l4 ,m4 ,! ,negro ,"q1 #agg 
,d',alviella1 ,g4 ,orig9 ( ,anci5t ,h9du
 ,a/ronomy1 #cif      ,deaf & ,dumb1    
,in/ruction ( !4 7,frag471 #egc         
,deg5]ation4 7,frag471 #ega      ,desire
 = ,notoriety a ,cause ( ,crime4        
7,frag471 #efh      ,dext]1 ,e4 ,g4     
,influ5ce ( ! ,wea!r ^u ,crime1 #fec    
,dorsey1 ,george ,a4 ,hopi ,indians (   
,arizona991 #gcb      ,d\ghty1 ,f4 ,a4  
,folklore ( ! ,alleghanies1 #cij        
,economics3 ,colonial ,expansion &      
,=eign ,trade4 ,j4 ,s*o5h(1 #fb         
,c\ntry ,*ecks1 ,! ,*>ges on1 ,an       
,economic ,mi/ake4        7,frag471 #ffg
                ,free ,trade & ,b\nties4
 7,frag471 #efi                         
,philipp9e ,isl&s & ,am]ican ,capital4  
,j4 ,r4 ,smi?1 #ahf                     
,unskill$ ,labor1 ,! ,abuse (4 7,frag471
 #hfb                ,:eat ,l&s (       
,canada4 ,s4 ,c4 ,d4 ,rop]1 #gff        
,edg>1 ,p4 ,t5d5cies 9 ,fr5* ,lit]ature1

 #bjg      ,education & ,"* ,build+4    
7,table71 #hdg      ,education3 ,a      
,vague ,impression ( ,beauty4 7,frag471 
#hfj                ,*emi/ry ,tea*+ 9   
,gramm> & ,high ,s*ools4                
7,frag471 #egd                          
,comm]cial1 9 ,engl&4 7,frag471 #heh    
,deaf & ,dumb1 ,in/ruction ( !4         
7,frag471 #egc                ,high     
,s*ool1 ,! ,claims (4 7,frag471 #egj    
,k9d]g>t5iz$ ,*ildr5 7,table71 #abb     
,putt+ ,life 9 ! ,s*ool4 7,frag471 #dbi 
,sloyd 94 7,frag471 #gag                
,tea*+ ! ,tea*]s4 7,frag471 #ach        
,univ]sities1 ,?\ghts ab\t4 ,w4 ,k4     
,brooks1 #cdh      ,educational ,"w ( an
 ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 7,frag471 #dbe      
,egle/on1 ,t41 ,sket* (499 ,d4 ,s4      
,m>t91 #bef      ,en*ant$ ,rav9e1 ,an4  
7,frag471 #dbh      ,european ,culture1 
,orig9 (499 ,w4 ,z4 ,ripley1 #af        
,field ,columbian ,museum1 ,! ,"w ( !4  
7,frag471 #dbh      ,firecrack]s1       
,manufacture (1 9 ,*9a4 7,frag471 #dbg  
,fi% ,supply1 ,p]man5ce (4 7,frag471    

#gaf      ,fitte/ to ,survive1 ,:i* is  
!4 7,frag471 #acg      ,flies z ,be>]s (
 ,disease4 7,frag471 #dbe      ,=d1 ,r4 
,c4 ,malay ,lit]ature1 #cgi      ,=e/ & 
,animal ,life 9 ! ,catskills4 7,frag471 
#efi            ,res]ves1 ,national4    
7,frag471 #gag      ,france1 ,rem$ies = 
! ,depopulation (4 ,m4 ,j4 ,b]tillon1   
#fgb      ,fre$om limit$ by ,climate4   
7,table71 #abd      ,fr5* ,lit]ature1   
,t5d5cies 94 ,p4 ,edg>1 #bjg            
,fungicides1 ,relative ,p[] (4 7,frag471
 #gag        ,g5ius & ,habit4 7,frag471 
#hfj      ,geology3 ,niag>a1 ,new ,me?od
 ( ,e/imat+ ! ,age (4 ,g4 ,f4           
,wright991 #ade              ( ,block   
,isl&4 7,frag471 #egj      ,gidd+s1 ,f4 
,h4 ,public ,*>ity & ,private           
,vigilance1 #dcc      ,glaci] ,wat]4    
7,frag471 #bhb      ,gold ,ores1 ,!     
,occurr5ce (4 7,frag471 #hfb            
,gov]nm5t ,sci5tific ,"w4 7,frag471 #gad
      ,graphite4 7,frag471 #heg         
,gypsies & _! ,folk ,tales4 7,frag471   
#dbd        ,hal/$1 ,b4 ,d4 ,unusual    

,=ms 9 ,plants991 #cga      ,h>ley1 ,l4 
,r4 ,sket* ( ,william ,pepp]4 7,)       
,portrait71 #hcf      ,h>v>d            
,obs]vatory1 ,a ,ye> at4 7,frag471 #dbi 
,hawaiian ,reptiles4 7,frag471 #gah     
,hawk ,lures4 ,w4 ,e4 ,cram991 #fbc     
,heilpr91 ,a4 ,alaska & ! ,klondike991  
#a1 #afc1 #cjj      ,help t ,h>ms1 ,!4  
,h4 ,c4 ,pott]1 #gba      ,high ,s*ool1 
,! ,claims ( !4 7,frag471 #egj          
,hopi ,indians ( ,arizona4 ,george ,a4  
,dorsey991 #gcb      ,hub]1 ,j4 ,b4     
,*ri/ian ,sci5ce f a ,physician's ,po9t 
( ,view1 #gee      ,hudson1 ,w4 ,h4     
,bacon's ,idols1 #ghh      ,hydrophobia 
9 ,baja ,cali=nia4 ,d4 ,coolidge1 #bdi  
,hygi5e3 ,milk ,supply ( ,cities4 ,h4   
,w4 ,conn1 #fbg              ,plague1   
,are ,we 9 ,dang] f !4 ,v4 ,c4 ,vaughan1
 #egg      ,hypnotism1 ,! ,dang]s (4    
7,frag471 #egb        ,imag9ation1 ,p[] 
( !4 7,frag471 #gad      ,indian        
,peoples & ! ,mission>ies4 7,frag471    
#ach      ,indu/rial ,expositions1      
,am]ican4 ,m4 ,b5jam91 #bca      ,insane

 ,*>act]s 9 ,fiction & ! ,drama4 ,c4    
,lombroso1 #ec      ,insanity1 ,causes &
 ,prev5tion (4 ,s4 ,bak]1 #ajb          
,int]pretation ( ,nature4 ,e4 ,noble1   
#gb        ,jacobs1 ,joseph4 ,are ,jews 
,jews81 #ejb      ,jews8 ,are ,jews4 ,j4
 ,jacobs1 #ejb      ,jordan1 ,d4 ,s4 ,9 
! ,little ,brook1 #cee        ,keys]1   
,l4 ,s4 ,a ,fea!r$ ,p>asite1 #hbb       
,k9d]g>t5iz$ ,*ildr54 7,table71 #abb    
,klondike1 ,alaska & !4 ,a ,heilpr9991  
#a1 #afc1 #cjj        ,laisant1 ,m4     
,ma!matics = ,*ildr5991 #hjj            
,lamps1 ,evolution 94 7,frag471 #adj    
,la ,nature's ,second ,sci5tific        
,excursion4 7,frag471 #efh      ,lead   
,poison+ & ,pott]y ,mak+4 7,frag471 #dbf
      ,life 9 ! ,s*ool1 ,putt+4         
7,frag471 #dbi      ,l+ui/ics1 ,br9ton's
 ,contributions to ,am]ican4 7,frag471  
#bhd      ,liquid ,air4 ,i4 ,rems5991   
#ce      ,locu/s1 ,sev5te5- &           
,?irte5-,ye>4 7,frag471 #ada            
,lombroso1 ,c4 ,insane ,*>act]s 9       
,fiction & ! ,drama1 #ec                

,/udy ( ,luigi ,luc*5i991 #aii          
,longevity ( ,animals1 ,!4 7,frag471    
#dbf      ,lovell1 ,j4 ,h4 ,colors (    
,nor!rn ,fl[]s1 #fhe      ,luc*5i1 ,/udy
 ( ,luigi4 ,c4 ,lombroso991 #aii        
,mac,bride1 ,t4 ,h4 ,botany (           
,%akespe>e1 #bai      ,malay ,lit]ature4
 ,r4 ,c4 ,=d1 #cgi      ,m>cy1 ,dea? (  
,pr(4 ,oliv]4 7,frag471 #acg      ,m>%1 
,dea? ( ,pr(essor4 7,frag471 #acf       
,m>t91 ,d4 ,s4 ,columbus ,meet+ ( !     
,am]ican ,association1 #hbh             
,sket* ( ,?omas ,egle/on991 #bef        
,ma!matics = ,*ildr54 ,m4 ,laisant991   
#hjj      ,ma!r1 ,fr$4 ,:ite ,:ales 9   
,conf9em5t1 #cfb      ,meat ,extracts4  
7,frag471 #bhf      ,m$ic9e3 ,flies z   
,be>]s ( ,disease4 7,frag471 #dbe       
,m5d5hall1 ,t4 ,c4 ,! ,b]+ ,sea         
,controv]sy aga91 #ii      ,m5tal       
,fatigue4 ,m4 ,v4 ,o',%ea1 #eaa         
,metric ,sy/em1 ,!4 7,frag471 #bhj      
,milk ,supply ( ,cities1 ,!4 ,h4 ,w4    
,conn1 #fbg      ,morgan1 ,appleton4    
,rec5t ,legislation aga9/ ! ,dr9k       

,evil1 #dch1 #faj      ,murphy1 ,j4 ,r4 
,survival ( ,african ,music 9 ,am]ica991
 #ffj        ,national ,museum1 ,!      
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,c4 ,d4 ,walcott1 #daa   
,natural ,hi/ory3 ,a ,fea!r$ ,p>asite4  
,l4 ,s4 ,keys]1 #hbb                    
,hawk ,lures4 ,w4 ,e4 ,cram991 #fbc     
,9 ! ,little ,brook4 ,d4 ,s4 ,jordan1   
#cee                     ,longevity (   
,animals4 7,frag471 #dbf                
,poison\s ,fi%es ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,j4  
,m4        ,rog]s1 #fhj                 
,reptiles ( ,hawaii4 7,frag471 #gah     
,society z a ,s*ool1 ,a4 7,frag471 #bha 
,:ite ,:ales 9 ,conf9em5t4 ,fr$ ,ma!r1  
#cfb      ,nature ,/udy1 ,exp]im5ts 94  
7,frag471 #egc      ,nebraska z a ,home 
= ,birds4 7,frag471 #gad      ,negro    
,problem 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,!4 ,b4 ,t4 
,wa%+ton1 #cag           ,"q1 ,!4 ,j4   
,l4 ,m4 ,curry1 #agg      ,new ,zeal&   
,exp]im5t 9 ,woman ,suffrage4 7,frag471 
#bgi      ,niag>a1 ,new ,me?od (        
,e/imat+ ! ,age (4 ,g4 ,f4 ,wright991   
#ade      ,noble1 ,e4 ,! ,int]pretation 

( ,nature1 #gb        ,orni?ology3      
,nebraska z a ,home = ,birds1 #gad      
,or?odoxy1 ,! ,tr\bles (4 7,table71 #gjd
      ,orton1 ,e4 ,prop] ,objects ( !   
,am]ican ,association = !               
,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #dff             
,o',%ea1 ,m4 ,v4 ,m5tal ,fatigue1 #eaa  
,oswald1 ,f4 ,l4 ,physical ,geography ( 
,we/ ,indies99        7cont9u$71 #dg1   
#aic        ,papuan ,*ildr51            
,photograph+4 7,frag471 #bhe            
,p5gelly1 ,william4 ,sket* (            
7,portrait71 #aac      ,pepp]1 ,william4
 ,sket*4 7,) ,portrait47 ,l4 ,r4 ,h>ley1
 #hcf      ,philipp9e ,isl&s & ,am]ican 
,capital4 ,j4 ,r4 ,smi?1 #ahf           
,race ,que/ions 94 ,f4 ,blum5tritte1    
#dgb      ,philosophy3 ,an ,old-fa%ion$ 
,moral4 7,table71 #gjc      ,philozoi/s1
 ,inconsi/5t4 7,frag471 #adj            
,physics3 ,liquid ,air4 ,i4 ,rems5991   
#ce      ,physiology3 ,color1 ,! ,s5se  
(4 ,m4 ,a4 ,brac*i1 #bec      ,picture  
,telegraphy4 7,frag471 #eff             
,plague1 ,are ,we 9 ,dang] f !4 ,v4 ,c4 

,vaughan1 #egg      ,poison 9 ,wild     
,*]ry ,leaves4 7,frag471 #bhc           
,poison\s ,fi%es ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,j4  
,m4 ,rog]s1 #fhj              ,plants1  
,some:at4 7,frag471 #egb      ,popul>   
,co-op]ation 9 ,heal? ,"w4 7,frag471    
#acf      ,population 9 ,ma9e1 ,! ,tr5d 
(4 7,corr471 #hdf      ,pott]1 ,h4 ,c4  
,! ,help t ,h>ms1 #gba      ,pott]y     
,mak+ & ,lead ,poison+4 7,frag471 #dbf  
,practical ,philan?ropy4 ,h4 ,a4        
,t[ns5d1 #ecd      ,primitive ,man4     
7,table71 #daj      ,protection (       
,plants & ,birds 9 ,france & ,italy4    
7,frag471 #bhb      ,psy*ology3 ,animals
 ,reason8 ,d4 ,e4 ,?orndike991 #dhj     
,crime1 ,influ5ce ( ! ,wea!r ^u4 ,e4 ,g4
 ,dext]1 #fec                 ,habit &  
,g5ius4 7,frag471 #hfj                  
,imag9ation1 ,p[] ( !4 7,frag471 #gad   
,insane ,*>act]s 9 ,fiction & ! ,drama4 
,c4        ,lombroso1 #ec               
,m5tal ,fatigue4 ,m4 ,y4 ,o',%ea1 #eaa  
,public ,*>ity1 ,abuse (4 ,b4 ,s4 ,col]1
 #aee                    ,re=m (4 ,b4   

,s4 ,col]1 #gej      ,purple ( ,cassius1
 ,!4 7,frag471 #hfa        ,race        
,tr\bles1 ,our4 7,table71 #dad          
,racial ,geography4 7,table71 #bfh      
,rec5t ,legislation aga9/ ! ,dr9k ,evil4
 ,appleton ,morgan1 #dch1 #faj          
,rems51 ,i4 ,liquid ,air991 #ce         
,r5\f1 ,e4 ,! ,use ( ,acetyl5e991 #cce  
,ripley1 ,w4 ,z4 ,orig9 ( ,european     
,culture991 #af      ,rog]s1 ,j4 ,m4    
,we/ ,indian ,poison\s ,fi%es1 #fhj     
,rop]1 ,s4 ,c4 ,d4 ,:eat ,l&s ( ,canada1
 #gff        ,sausages1 ,*emi/ry (4     
7,frag471 #bhe      ,s*midt1 ,osc>4     
,sket*4 7,) ,portrait71 #fic            
,s*o5h(1 ,j4 ,colonial ,expansion &     
,=eign ,trade1 #fb      ,sci5ce & !     
,bo/on ,public ,libr>y4 7,table71 #dab  
& ! ,ideal4 7,table71 #bff              
,tea*]s' ,s*ool (4 ,f4 ,zirngiebel991   
#dea1 #fdj      ,sci5tific ,me?od & its 
,application to ! ,bible4 ,rev4 ,d4     
,sprague1 #bhi                      & ! 
,bible4 7,corr471 #gja      ,s]fdom to  
,fre$om4 ,e4 ,bicknell1 #hd             

,%akespe>e1 ,botany (4 ,t4 ,h4          
,mac,bride1 #bai      ,sloyd z an       
,educational ,factor4 7,frag471 #gag    
,smi?1 ,j4 ,r4 ,philipp9e ,isl&s &      
,am]ican ,capital1 #ahf      ,sociology3
 ,*>ity1 ,abuse ( ,public1 #aee         
,depopulation ( ,france1 ,rem$ies = !1  
#fgb                ,dr9k ,evil1 ,rec5t 
,legislation aga9/4 ,a4        ,morgan1 
#dch1 #faj                ,help t ,h>ms1
 ,!4 ,h4 ,c4 ,pott]1 #gba               
,negro ,"q1 ,!4 ,j4 ,l4 ,m4 ,curry1 #agg
                ,philan?ropy1           
,practical4 ,h4 ,a4 ,t[ns5d1 #ecd       
,pres5t ,position (4 ,f4 ,s4 ,baldw91   
#haa                ,public ,*>ity &    
,private ,vigilance4 ,f4 ,h4 ,gidd+s1   
#dcc                ,race ,problem 9 !  
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b4 ,wa%+ton1 #cag       
,race ,tr\bles1 ,our4 7,table71 #dad    
,re=m ( ,public ,*>ity4 ,b4 ,s4 ,col]1  
#gej      ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 at            
,sev5ty-n9e4 7,portrait71 #edb          
,sprague1 ,rev4 ,d4 ,sci5tific ,me?od & 
its ,application to !        ,bible1    

#bhi        ,taxation1 ,be/ ,me?ods (4  
,"p ,,ii4 ,d4 ,a4 ,wells #ebd1 #ggh     
,tea*]s' ,s*ool ( ,sci5ce4 ,f4          
,zirngiebel991 #dea1 #fdj      ,tea*+ ! 
,tea*]s4 7,frag471 #ach      ,!ology3   
,tr\bles ( ,or?odoxy4 7,table71 #gjd    
,?orndike1 ,e4 ,d ,animals ,reason8991  
#dhj      ,?ra%]1 ,m4 ,b4 ,tuskegee     
,in/itute & its ,presid5t991 #eib       
,tortoise ,%ell4 7,frag471 #bhc         
,t[ns5d1 ,h4 ,a4 ,practical             
,philan?ropy1 #ecd      ,travel3        
,klondike1 ,alaska & !4 ,a ,heilpr9991  
#a1 #afc1 #cjj      ,tuskegee ,in/itute 
& its ,presid5t4 ,m4 ,b4 ,?ra%]991 #eib 
,univ]sities1 ,?\ghts ab\t4 ,w4 ,k4     
,brooks1 #cdh        ,vague ,impression 
( ,beauty1 ,a4 7,frag471 #hfj           
,vaughan1 ,v4 ,c4 ,are we 9 ,dang] f !  
,plague81 #egg        ,walcott1 ,c4 ,d4 
,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 #dia
      ,wa%+ton1 ,b4 ,t4 ,! ,race        
,problem 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cag        
,wea!r1 ,influ5ce ( !1 on ,crime4 ,e4   
,g4 ,dext]1 #fec      ,we$s "u          

,cultivation4 7,frag471 #aci            
,wells1 ,d4 ,a4 ,be/ ,me?ods (          
,taxation4 ,"p ,,ii1 #ebd1 #ggh         
,we/ ,indies1 ,physical ,geography (4   
,f4 ,l4 ,oswald99        7cont9u$71 #dg1
 #aic      ,:eat ,l&s ( ,canada4 ,s4 ,c4
 ,d4 ,rop]1 #gff           ,"q4 ,a      
,correction4 7,corr471 #gjb      ,:ite  
,:ales 9 ,conf9em5t4 ,fr$ ,ma!r1 #cfb   
,woman ,suffrage1 ,new ,zeal& ,exp]im5ts
 94 7,frag471 #bgi      ,wood*ucks1     
,op]ations aga9/4 7,frag471 #aci        
,wright1 ,g4 ,f4 ,new ,me?od ( ,e/imat+ 
! ,age ( ,niag>a991 #ade                
,xki*mook1 ,yucatan1 ,ru9s (4 7,frag471 
#ada        ,yang-tse-,kiang1 ,!4       
7,frag471 #ega        ,zirngiebel1      
,frances4 ,! ,tea*]s' ,s*ool (          
,sci5ce991 #dea1 #fdj      ,,! ,,end4   
,transcrib]'s ,notes3      ,words       
surr\nd$ by  are italiciz$4    ,words   
surr\nd$ by  are bold4    ,diacritical  
m>k c>on 7v-%ap$ symbol7 is repres5t$ z 
vx 9  ?is e-text 7x be+ ! lett] ) !     
symbol c>on above x74    ,obvi\s pr9t]'s

 errors h be5 repair$1 o!r inconsi/5t   
spell+s h be5 kept1 includ+ inconsi/5t  
use ( hyph5 7e4g4  f> rea*+ & f>-rea*+74
    ,illu/rations 7 relocat$ to         
correspond to _! ref]5ces 9 !  text4    
,pg4 #haf1 ^w ( add$ to s5t5ce          
444accel]ation ( social  evolution4     
,entries 9 ,index ref] to all five      
issues ( ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly ,vol4  
,,lv3  - ,may 7pp4 #a-acf7              
https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ebooks_/#ddhh
j  - ,june 7pp4 #acg-bhh7               
https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ebooks_/#deaa
e  - ,july 7pp4 #bhi-dcb7               
https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ebooks_/#decf
a  - ,augu/ 7pp4 #dcc-egf7              
https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ebooks_/#deic
h  - ,septemb] 7pp4 #egg-gbj7           
https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ebooks_/#dfch
c