,transcrib]'s note3 ,italics d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,bold text d5ot$ by plus signs4 ,illu/ration3 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t ,no4 #dfg ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 ,vol4 ,,xviii ,no4 #dfg4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 e/abli%$ #ahde4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,decemb] #ac1 #ahhd4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 ,,! ,,new ,,build+ ,,( ,,! ,,te*nical ,,high ,,s*ool ,,( ,,b]l94 ,! ,b]l9 ,academy ( ,indu/ry & ! ,academy ( ,build+ 7 unit$ 9 #ahgf to =m ! ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! build+s 7 n suffici5tly l>ge = ! great numb] ( s*ol>s1 & arrangem5ts 7 made = erect+ new build+s af=d+ bett] accommodations4 ,! fir/ design 0 made by ,lucal1 :o1 aft] 8 dea?1 0 succe$$ by ,hitzig1 :o di$ 9 #ahba1 & :o 0 succe$$1 9 turn1 by ,mr4 ,ras*dorff4 ,! ma9 build+ is %[n 9 ! annex$ cut1 tak5 f ! ,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 ,x is f\r /ories high & #ged ft4 long1 & ! middle & side w+s are ab\t #fef ft4 deep1 ! portions betwe5 ! w+s be+ ab\t #afd ft4 deep4 ,9 ! int]ior five squ>e c\rts are arrang$1 ( :i* two are at ! "r & two at ! left1 & are sep>at$ by int]m$iate build+4 ,! middle c\rt 9 ! c5tral portion ( ! build+ is cov]$ by a glass ro( & =ms a ve/ibule surr\nd$ by arcades1 ! halls ( :i* lead to diff]5t rooms4 ,9 ! middle portion are ! rooms = ! (fic]s1 & ! read+ rooms4 ,! c\rts are erect$ 9 brick ) sgraffito ornam5tation2 & ! front1 sides1 & re> are erect$ 9 s&/one on a granite base4 ,! fir/ /ory1 or gr\nd floor1 is ( a yell[i% color1 & ! upp] /ory is ( a cle> :iti%-gray4 ,! build+ is ri*ly ornam5t$ by /atues1 bu/s1 reliefs1 & gr\ps repres5t+ ! diff]5t ar*itects1 arti/s1 sci5ti/s1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,te*nical ,,high ,,s*ool ,,at ,,b]l94 ,,! ,,new ,,univ]sity ,,build+s ,,at ,,/rassburg4 ,! build+s ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,/rassburg are arrang$ 9 two gr\ps2 "o 9 ! nor!rn & ! o!r 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! city4 ,all ! build+s ( ! m$ical dep>tm5t 7 erect$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ! hospital1 :i* is locat$ betwe5 ! s\? wall ( ! city & ! ,riv] ,ill4 ,9 front ( ! old ,fis*]?or1 or ,fi%]gate1 ! college h\se1 or college build+ prop]1 9 :i* are locat$ ! (fices1 lecture rooms1 etc41 0 erect$4 ,a front p]spective view ( ?is build+ is %[n 9 ! l[] "p ( ! annex$ cut1 tak5 f ! ,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 ,beh9d ?is ma9 build+1 & betwe5 ! ,univ]sitts & ,goe! ,/rasse1 ! build+s ( ! ,*emical ,in/itute1 ! ,physical ,in/itute1 ) its t[]2 ! ,botanical ,in/itute1 ) ! g>d5s & ho?\ses1 & ! ,a/ronomical ,in/itute1 ) its obs]vatory & movable dome1 are locat$4 ,^! build+s 7 design$ by ! ar*itects ,h]mann1 ,egg]t1 ,brion1 & ,salomon1 all ( ,/rassburg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,/rassburg ,,univ]sity ,,build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,college ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,/rassburg ,,univ]sity4 ,! ma9 build+ 0 design$ by ,pr(4 ,w>?1 ( ,k>lsruhe1 & ! /yle ( ! same is a noble ,italian r5aisance ( ! e>ly p]iod4 ,^u a base ( r$ s&/one ! basem5t is erect$ 9 free/one ru/ic masonry1 ^u :i* ! fir/ /ory is erect$ 9 smoo? /one ) conspicu\s jo9ts4 ,! top /ory is con/ruct$ ) ar*$ w9d[s sep>at$ by ,ionic columns or pila/]s4 ,! c5tral portion1 :i* projects f ! front ( ! build+1 has a gr& /aircase & two corn] pavilions4 ,! upp] "p ( ! c5tral portion is con/ruct$ ) flut$ ,cor9?ian columns1 betwe5 :i* ni*es are provid$1 9 :i* bu/s ( ! ideal repres5tatives ( ! faculties are plac$1 viz41 ,hom]1 ,paulus1 ,solon1 ,hippocrates1 ,ari/otle1 & ,ar*im$es4 ,above ! cornice1 9 ! tympanum1 is plac$ a gr\p1 ( :i* ,a!ne1 ) ! tor* ( sci5ce1 is ! ma9 figure4 ,9 ! ni*es 9 ! pavilions at ! corn]s ( ! middle portion are ! /atues ( ,g]mania & ,arg5t9a1 ! repres5tative ( ! free city ( ,/rassburg4 ,! pavilions at ! ends ( ! build+ are ornam5t$ by ?irty-six /atues ( ,g]man sci5ti/s4 ,! middle portion ( ! build+ directly beyond ! gr& /aircase is occupi$ by a l>ge op5 c\rt1 hav+ a ri* glass ro(4 ,! left "p ( ! l[] /ory is divid$ into lecture rooms1 & ! "r side into rooms = ! (fic]s1 etc4 ,! collections are 9 ! upp] /ory1 & ! *apel1 or ma9 hall1 is 9 ! middle ( ! build+4 ,,! ,,wave ,,!ory ,,( ,,light4#a ,by ,sir ,,william ,,?omson1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,ll4,d41 etc4 #a ,a ,lecture deliv]$ at ! ,academy ( ,music1 ,philadelphia1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,septemb] #bi1 #ahhd4 ,! subject ^u :i* ,i am to speak to y ?is ev5+ is happily = me n new 9 ,philadelphia4 ,! beautiful lectures on light :i* 7 giv5 sev]al ye>s ago by ,presid5t ,morton1 ( ! ,/ev5s ,in/itute1 & ! succession ( lectures on ! same subject s admirably illu/rat$ by ,pr(4 ,tyndall1 :i* _m n[ pres5t h he>d1 h fully prep>$ y = any?+ ,i c tell y ?is ev5+ 9 respect to ! wave !ory ( light4 ,x is inde$ my humble "p to br+ be=e y "s ma!matical & dynamical details ( ?is great !ory4 ,i _c h ! pleasure ( illu/rat+ !m to y by any?+ comp>able ) ! spl5did & in/ructive exp]im5ts :i* _m ( y h already se54 ,x is satisfactory to me to "k t s _m ( y n[ pres5t are s ?or\ghly prep>$ to und]/& any?+ ,i c say1 t ^? :o h se5 ! exp]im5ts w n feel _! abs5ce at ?is "t4 ,at ! same "t ,i wi% to make !m intelligible to ^? :o h n _h ! advantages to be ga9$ by a sy/ematic c\rse ( lectures4 ,i mu/ say 9 ! fir/ place1 )\t fur!r preface1 z "t is %ort & ! subject is long1 simply t s\nd & light are bo? due to vibrations propagat$ 9 ! mann] ( waves2 & ,i %all endeavor 9 ! fir/ place to def9e ! mann] ( propagation & mode ( motion t con/itute ^? two subjects ( our s5ses1 ! s5se ( s\nd & ! s5se ( light4 ,ea* is due to vibrations4 ,! vibrations ( light diff] widely f ! vibrations ( s\nd4 ,some?+ t ,i c tell y m easily ?an any?+ 9 ! way ( dynamics or ma!matics respect+ ! two classes ( vibrations is1 t !re is a great diff]5ce 9 ! frequ5cy ( ! vibrations ( light :5 comp>$ ) ! frequ5cy ( ! vibrations ( s\nd4 ,! t]m frequ5cy1 appli$ to vibrations1 is a conv5i5t t]m1 appli$ by ,"l ,rayleigh 9 8 book on s\nd to a def9ite numb] ( full vibrations ( a vibrat+ body p] unit ( "t4 ,consid]1 !n1 9 respect to s\nd1 ! frequ5cy ( ! vibrations ( notes1 :i* y all "k 9 music repres5t$ by lett]s1 & by ! syllables = s++ ! d1 re1 mi1 etc4 ,! notes ( ! mod]n scale correspond to diff]5t frequ5cies ( vibrations4 ,a c]ta9 note & ! octave above x correspond to a c]ta9 numb] ( vibrations p] second & d\ble t numb]4 ,i may expla9 9 ! fir/ place conv5i5tly ! note call$ ,c2 ,i mean ! middle ,c4 ,i believe x is ! ,c ( ! t5or voice1 t mo/ ne>ly approa*es ! tones us$ 9 speak+4 ,t note corresponds to two hundr$ & fifty-six full vibrations p] second1 two hundr$ & fifty-six times to & fro p] second ( "t4 ,?9k ( "o vibration p] second ( "t4 ,! seconds p5dulum ( ! clock p]=ms "o vibration 9 two seconds1 or a half vibration 9 "o direction p] second4 ,take a #aj-;in* p5dulum ( a draw+-room clock1 :i* vibrates twice z fa/ z ! p5dulum ( an ord9>y eight-day clock1 & x gives a vibration ( "o p] second1 a full p]iod ( "o p] second to & fro4 ,n[ ?9k ( ?ree vibrations p] second4 ,i c move my h& ?ree times p] second easily1 & by a viol5t ef=t ,i c move x to & fro five times p] second4 ,) f\r times z great =ce1 if ,i c\ld apply x1 ,i c\ld move x twice five times p] second4 ,let u ?9k1 !n1 ( an exce$+ly muscul> arm t w\ld cause x to vibrate t5 times p] second1 t is1 t5 times to ! left & t5 times to ! "r4 ,?9k ( twice t5 times1 t is1 tw5ty times p] second1 :i* w\ld require f\r times z mu* =ce2 ?ree times t51 or ?irty times a second1 :i* require n9e times z mu* =ce4 ,if a p]son 7 n9e times z /rong z ! mo/ muscul> arm c be1 he c\ld vibrate 8 h& to & fro ?irty times p] second1 & )\t any o!r musical in/rum5t c\ld make a musical note by ! movem5t ( 8 h& :i* w\ld correspond to "o ( ! p$al notes ( an organ4 ,if y want to "k ! l5g? ( a p$al pipe1 y c calculate x 9 ?is way4 ,!re are "s numb]s y mu/ rememb]1 & "o ( !m is ?is4 ,y1 9 ?is c\ntry1 are subject$ to ! ,briti% insul>ity 9 weights & measures2 y use ! foot & in* & y>d4 ,i am oblig$ to use t sy/em1 b ,i apologize to y = do+ s1 because x is s inconv5i5t1 & ,i hope all ,am]icans w d ev]y?+ 9 _! p[] to introduce ! ,fr5* metrical sy/em4 ,i hope ! evil action p]=m$ by an ,engli% m9i/] ^: "n ,i ne$ n m5tion1 because ,i d n wi% to ?r[ obloquy on any "o1 may be rem$i$4 ,he abrogat$ a useful rule1 :i* = a %ort "t 0 foll[$ & :i* ,i hope w soon be aga9 enjo9$1 t ! ,fr5* metrical sy/em be taught 9 all our national s*ools4 ,i d n "k h[ x is 9 ,am]ica4 ,! s*ool sy/em seems to be v admirable1 & ,i hope ! tea*+ ( ! metrical sy/em w n be let slip 9 ! ,am]ican s*ools any m ?an ! use ( ! globes4 ,i say ?is s]i\sly4 ,i d n ?9k any "o kn[s h[ s]i\sly ,i speak ( x4 ,i look ^u our ,engli% sy/em z a wick$ly bra9-de/roy+ piece ( bondage "u :i* we suff]4 ,! reason :y we cont9ue to use x is ! imag9>y difficulty ( mak+ a *ange1 & no?+ else2 b ,i d n ?9k t 9 ,am]ica any su* difficulty %\ld /& 9 ! way ( adopt+ s spl5didly useful a re=m4 ,i "k ! velocity ( s\nd 9 feet p] second4 ,if ,i rememb] rightly1 x is #a1jhi feet p] second 9 dry air at ! freez+ po9t1 & #a1aae feet p] second 9 air ( :at we call mod]ate temp]ature1 #ei or #fj degrees 7,i d n "k :e!r t temp]ature is ev] atta9$ 9 ,philadelphia or n2 ,i h _h no exp]i5ce ( x1 b p tell me x is sometimes #ei or #fj degrees 9 ,philadelphia1 & ,i believe !m72 9 r\nd numb]s let u call x #a1jjj feet p] second4 ,sometimes we call x a ?\s& musical feet p] second1 x saves tr\ble 9 calculat+ ! l5g? ( organ pipes2 ! "t ( vibration 9 an organ pipe is ! "t x takes a vibration to run f "o end to ! o!r & back4 ,9 an organ pipe #ejj feet long ! p]iod w\ld be "o p] second2 9 an organ pipe #aj feet long ! p]iod w\ld be #ej p] second2 9 an organ pipe #bj feet long ! p]iod w\ld be #be p] second at ! same rate4 ,?us #be p] second & #ej p] second ( frequ5cies correspond to ! p]iods ( organ pipes ( #bj feet & #aj feet4 ,! p]iod ( vibration ( an organ pipe1 op5 at bo? ends1 is approximately ! "t x takes s\nd to travel f "o end to ! o!r & back4 ,y rememb] t ! velocity 9 dry air 9 a pipe #aj feet long is a little m ?an #ej p]iods p] second2 go+ up to #bef p]iods p] second1 ! vibrations correspond to ^? ( a pipe #b feet long4 ,let u take #eab p]iods p] second2 t corresponds to a pipe ab\t a foot long4 ,9 a flute1 op5 at bo? ends1 ! holes are s arrang$ t ! l5g? ( ! s\nd wave is ab\t #a foot1 = "o ( ! *ief op5 notes4 ,high] musical notes correspond to great] & great] frequ5cy ( vibration1 viz41 #a1jjj1 #b1jjj1 #d1jjj vibrations p] second2 #d1jjj vibrations p] second correspond to a piccolo flute ( exce$+ly small l5g?2 x w\ld be b "o & a half in*es long4 ,?9k ( a note f a little dog call1 or o!r :i/le "o & a half in*es long1 op5 at bo? ends1 or f a little key hav+ a tube ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* long1 clos$ at "o end2 y w !n h #d1jjj vibrations p] second4 ,a wave l5g? ( s\nd is ! di/ance trav]s$ 9 ! p]iod ( vibration4 ,i w illu/rate :at ! vibrations ( s\nd are by ?is cond5sation travel+ along our picture on ! scre54 ,alt]nate cond5sations & r>efactions ( ! air are made cont9u\sly by a s\nd+ body4 ,:5 ,i pass my h& vigor\sly 9 "o direction1 ! air be=e x becomes d5se1 & ! air on ! o!r side becomes r>efi$4 ,:5 ,i move x 9 ! o!r direction1 ^! ?+s become rev]s$2 !re is a spread+ out ( cond5sation f ! place :]e my h& moves 9 "o direction & !n 9 ! rev]se4 ,ea* cond5sation is succe$$ by a r>efaction4 ,r>efaction succe$s cond5sation at an int]val ( "o-half :at we call wave l5g?s4 ,cond5sation succe$s cond5sation at ! full int]val ( :at we call wave l5g?s4 ,we h "h ^! lum9\s p>ticles on ?is scale1#b repres5t+ portions ( ! air close toge!r1 d5se2 a little high] up1 portions ( air less d5se4 ,i n[ sl[ly turn ! h&le ( ! app>atus 9 ! lant]n1 & y see ! lum9\s sectors %[+ cond5sation travel+ sl[ly upw>d on ! scre52 n[ y h ano!r cond5sation2 mak+ "o wave l5g?4 #b ,allud+ to a mov+ diagram ( wave motion ( s\nd produc$ by a work+ slide = lant]n projection4 ,?is picture or *>t repres5ts a wave l5g? ( f\r feet4 ,x repres5ts a wave ( s\nd f\r feet long4 ,! f\r? "p ( a ?\s& is #bej4 ,:at we see n[ ( ! actual scale repres5ts ! l[] note ,c ( ! t5or voice4 ,! air f ! m\? ( a s+] is alt]nately cond5s$ & r>efi$ j z y see "h4 ,b t process %oots =w>d at ! rate ( "o ?\s& feet p] second2 ! exact p]iod ( ! motion is #bef vibrations p] second = ! actual case be=e y4 ,foll[ "o p>ticle ( ! air =m+ "p ( a s\nd wave1 z repres5t$ by ^! mov+ spots ( light on ! scre52 n[ x goes d[n1 !n ano!r portion goes d[n rapidly2 n[ x /ops go+ d[n2 n[ x beg9s to g up2 n[ x goes d[n & up aga94 ,z ! maximum ( cond5sation is approa*$1 x is go+ up ) dim9i%+ maximum velocity4 ,! maximum ( r>efaction has n[ rea*$ x1 & ! p>ticle /ops go+ up & beg9s to move d[n4 ,:5 x is ( mean d5sity ! p>ticles are mov+ ) maximum velocity1 "o way or ! o!r4 ,y c easily foll[ ^! motions1 & y w see t ea* p>ticle moves to & fro1 & ! ?+ t we call cond5sation travels along4 ,i %all %[ ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! vibrations & ! vibrations ( light4 ,"h is ! fix$ appe>ance ( ! p>ticles :5 displac$ b n 9 motion4 ,y c imag9e p>ticles ( some?+1 ! ?+ ^: motion con/itutes light4 ,?is ?+ we call ! lum9if]\s e!r4 ,t is ! only sub/ance we are confid5t ( 9 dynamics4 ,"o ?+ we are sure (1 & t is ! reality & sub/antiality ( ! lum9if]\s e!r4 ,?is in/rum5t is m]ely a me?od ( giv+ motion to a diagram design$ = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ wave motion ( light4 ,i w %[ y ! same ?+ 9 a fix$ diagram1 b ?is arrangem5t %[s ! mode ( motion4 ,n[ foll[ ! motion ( ea* p>ticle4 ,?is repres5ts a p>ticle ( ! lum9if]\s e!r1 mov+ at ! greate/ spe$ :5 x is at ! middle position4 ,y see two modes ( vibration1#c s\nd & light n[ mov+ toge!r--! travel+ ( ! wave ( cond5sation & r>efaction1 & ! travel+ ( ! wave ( transv]se displacem5t4 ,note ! direction ( propagation4 ,"h x is f y\r left to y\r "r1 z y look at x4 ,look at ! motion :5 made fa/]4 ,we h n[ ! direction rev]s$4 ,! propagation ( ! wave is f "r to left1 aga9 ! propagation ( ! wave is f left to "r2 ea* p>ticle moves p]p5dicul>ly to ! l9e ( propagation4 #c ,%[+ two mov+ diagrams1 simultane\sly1 on ! scre51 depict+ a wave motion ( light1 ! o!r a s\nd vibration4 ,i h giv5 y an illu/ration ( ! vibration ( s\nd waves1 b ,i mu/ tell y t ! movem5t illu/rat+ ! cond5sation & r>efaction repres5t$ 9 t mov+ diagram are necess>ily v mu* exagg]at$ to let ! motion be p]ceptible1 :]eas ! greate/ cond5sation 9 actual s\nd motion is n m ?an "o or two p] c5t1 or a small fraction ( a p] c5t4 ,except t ! am\nt ( cond5sation 0 exagg]at$ 9 ! diagram = s\nd1 y h a correct repres5tation ( :at actually takes 9 ! l[ note ,c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! mov+ diagram repres5t+ light waves :at _h we8 ,we _h a great exagg]ation ( ! incl9ation ( ! l9e ( p>ticles4 ,y mu/ fir/ imag9e a l9e ( p>ticles 9 a /raight l9e1 & !n y mu/ imag9e !m di/urb$ into a wave curve1 ! %ape ( ! curve correspond+ to ! di/urbance4 ,hav+ se5 :at ! propagation ( ! wave is1 look at ?is diagram & !n look at t "o4 ,?is1 9 light1 corresponds to ! diff]5t s\nds ,i spoke ( at fir/4 ,! wave l5g? ( light is ! di/ance f cre/ to cre/ ( ! wave1 or f holl[ to holl[4 ,i speak ( cre/s & holl[s1 because we h a diagram ( ups & d[ns z ! diagram is plac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,waves ( ,r$ ,light4 ,illu/ration3 ,waves ( ,violet ,light4 ,"h1 !n1 y h a wave l5g?4#d ,9 ?is l[] diagram y h ! wave l5g? ( violet light4 ,x is b "o-half ! l5g? ( ! upp] wave ( r$ light2 ! p]iod ( vibration is b half z long4 ,n[1 on an enorm\s scale1 exagg]at$ n only z to slope1 b imm5sely magnifi$ z to wave l5g?1 we h an illu/ration ( ! waves ( light4 ,! draw+ m>k$ r$ corresponds to r$ light1 & ?is l[] diagram corresponds to violet light4 ,! upp] curve really corresponds to some?+ a little bel[ ! r$ ray ( light 9 ! spectrum1 & ! l[] curve to some?+ beyond ! violet light4 ,! v>iation 9 l5g? betwe5 ! mo/ extreme rays is 9 ! proportion ( f\r & a half ( r$ to eight ( ! violet1 in/ead ( f\r & eight2 ! r$ waves are ne>ly z "o to two ( ! violet4 #d ,exhibit+ a l>ge draw+1 or *>t1 repres5t+ a r$ & a violet wave ( light4 ,to make a comp>ison betwe5 ! numb] ( vibrations = ea* wave ( s\nd & ! numb] ( vibrations con/itut+ light waves1 ,i may say t #cj vibrations p] second is ab\t ! smalle/ numb] :i* w produce a musical s\nd2 #ej p] second give "o ( ! grave p$al notes ( an organ1 #ajj or #bjj p] second give ! l[ notes ( ! bass voice1 high] notes ) #bej p] second1 #cjj p] second1 #a1jjj1 #d1jjj1 up to #h1jjj p] second1 give ab\t ! %rille/ notes audible to ! human e>4 ,in/ead ( ! numb]s1 :i* we h1 say1 9 ! mo/ commonly us$ "p ( ! musical scale1 i4 e41 f #bjj or #cjj to #fjj or #gjj p] second1 we h millions & millions ( vibrations p] second 9 light waves2 t is to say1 #djj million million p] second1 in/ead ( #djj p] second4 ,t numb] ( vibrations is p]=m$ :5 we h r$ light produc$4 ,an exhibition ( r$ light travel+ ?r\gh space f ! remote/ /> is due to ! propagation by waves or vibrations1 9 :i* ea* individual p>ticle ( ! transmitt+ m$ium vibrates to & fro #djj million million times 9 a second4 ,"s p say !y _c und]/& a million million4 ,^? p _c und]/& t twice two makes f\r4 ,t is ! way ,i put x to p :o talk to me ab\t ! incompreh5sibility ( su* l>ge numb]s4 ,i say f9itude is incompreh5sible1 ! inf9ite 9 ! univ]se is compreh5sible4 ,n[ apply a little logic to ?is4 ,is ! negation ( inf9itude incompreh5sible8 ,:at w\ld y ?9k ( a univ]se 9 :i* y c\ld travel "o1 t51 or a ?\s& miles1 or ev5 to ,cali=nia1 & !n f9d x come to an end8 ,c y suppose an end ( matt]1 or an end ( space8 ,! idea is incompreh5sible4 ,ev5 if y 7 to g millions & millions ( miles1 ! idea ( com+ to an end is incompreh5sible4 ,y c und]/& "o ?\s& p] second z easily z y c und]/& "o p] second4 ,y c g f "o to t51 & t5 times t5 & !n to a ?\s& )\t tax+ y\r und]/&+1 & !n y c g on to a ?\s& million & a million million4 ,y c all und]/& x4 ,n[ #djj million million vibrations p] second is ! k9d ( ?+ t exi/s z a factor 9 ! illum9ation by r$ light4 ,violet light1 aft] :at we h se5 & h illu/rat$ by t curve1 ,i ne$ n tell y corresponds to vibrations ( #hjj million million p] second4 ,!re are recognizable qualities ( light caus$ by vibrations ( mu* great] frequ5cy & mu* less frequ5cy ?an ?is4 ,y may imag9e vibrations hav+ ab\t twice ! frequ5cy ( violet light & "o fifte5? ! frequ5cy ( r$ light1 & /ill y d n pass ! limit ( ! range ( cont9u\s ph5om5a only a "p ( :i* con/itutes visible light4 ,ev]ybody kn[s ! photograph]'s light1 & has he>d ( invisible light produc+ visible effects ^u ! *emically prep>$ plate 9 ! cam]a4 ,speak+ 9 r\nd numb]s1 ,i may say t1 9 go+ up to ab\t twice ! frequ5cy ,i h m5tion$ = violet light1 y h gone to ! extreme end ( ! range ( kn[n light ( ! highe/ rates ( vibration2 ,i mean to say t y h rea*$ ! greate/ frequ5cy t has yet be5 obs]v$4 ,:5 y g bel[ visible r$ light1 :at h y8 ,we h some?+ we d n see ) ! eye1 some?+ t ! ord9>y photograph] does n br+ out on 8 photographically s5sitive plates4 ,x is light1 b we d n see x4 ,x is some?+ s closely cont9u\s ) light visible1 t we may def9e x by ! "n ( invisible light4 ,x is commonly call$ radiant heat2 invisible radiant heat4 ,p]haps1 9 ?is ?orny pa? ( logic1 ) h>d words fly+ 9 our faces1 ! lea/ tr\blesome way ( speak+ ( x is to call x radiant heat4 ,! heat effect y exp]i5ce :5 y g ne> a bright1 hot coal fire1 or a hot /eam boil]2 or :5 y g ne>1 b n ov]1 a set ( hot wat] pipes us$ = heat+ a h\se2 ! ?+ we p]ceive 9 our face & h&s :5 we g ne> a boil+ pot & hold ! h& on a level ) x1 is radiant heat2 ! heat ( ! h&s & face caus$ by a hot fire1 or a hot kettle :5 held "u ! kettle1 is also radiant heat4 ,y might readily make ! exp]im5t ) an e>!n teapot2 x radiates heat bett] ?an poli%$ silv]4 ,hold y\r h&s bel[1 & y p]ceive a s5se ( heat2 above ! teapot y get m heat2 ei!r way y p]ceive heat4 ,if held ov] ! teapot1 y readily und]/& t !re is a little curr5t ( air ris+4 ,if y put y\r h& "u ! teapot1 y get cold air2 ! upp] side ( y\r h& is heat$ by radiation1 :ile ! l[] side is fann$ & is actually cool$ by virtue ( ! heat$ kettle above x4 ,t p]ception by ! s5se ( heat is ! p]ception ( some?+ actually cont9u\s ) light4 ,we h k ( rays ( radiant heat p]ceptible d[n to 79 r\nd numb]s7 ab\t f\r times ! wave l5g?1 or "o-f\r? ! p]iod ( visible or r$ light4 ,let u take r$ light at #djj million million vibrations p] second2 !n ! l[e/ radiant heat1 z yet inve/igat$1 is ab\t #ajj million million p] second 9 ! way ( frequ5cy ( vibration4 ,i _h hop$ to be able to give y a l[] figure4 ,pr(4 ,langley has made spl5did exp]im5ts on ! top ( ,m\nt ,:itney1 at ! height ( #a1ejj feet above ! sea level1 ) 8 bolomet]1 & has made actual measurem5ts ( ! wave l5g?s ( radiant heat d[n to exce$+ly l[ figures4 ,i w read y "o ( ! figures2 ,i h n got x by he>t yet1 because ,i am expect+ m f him4#e ,i le>n$ a ye> & a half ago t ! l[e/ radiant heat obs]v$ by ! diffraction me?od ( ,pr(4 ,langley correspond$ to #bh "o-hundr$-?\s&?s ( a c5timet] = wave l5g?1 #bh z comp>$ ) r$ light1 :i* is #g4c1 or ne>ly f\rfold4 ,?us wave l5g?s ( f\r times ! amplitude or "o-f\r? ! frequ5cy p] second ( r$ light h be5 exp]im5t$ on by ,pr(4 ,langley1 & recogniz$ z radiant heat4 #e ,s9ce my lecture ,i h he>d f ,pr(4 ,langley t he has measur$ ! refrangibility by a rock salt prism1 & inf]r$ ! wave l5g? ( heat rays f a ,leslie cube 7a metal vessel ( hot wat] radiat+ f a black5$ side74 ,! greate/ wave l5g? he has ?us f\nd is "o "o-?\s&? ( a c5timet]1 :i* is sev5te5 times t ( sodium light4 ,! correspond+ p]iod is ab\t ?irty million million to ! second4--,w4,t4 ,photographic or act9ic light1 z f> z our k ext5ds at pres5t1 takes u to a little less ?an "o-half ! wave l5g? ( violet light4 ,y w ?us see t :ile our acqua9tance ) wave motion bel[ ! r$ ext5ds d[n to "o-qu>t] ( ! sl[e/ rate :i* affects ! eye1 our k ( vibrations at ! o!r end ( ! scale only compreh5ds ^? hav+ twice ! frequ5cy ( violet light4 ,9 r\nd numb]s1 we h f\r octaves ( light1 correspond+ to f\r octaves ( s\nd 9 music4 ,9 music ! octave has a range to a note ( d\ble frequ5cy4 ,9 light we h "o octave ( visible light1 "o octave above ! visible range1 & two octaves bel[ ! visible range4 ,we h "o hundr$ p] second1 two hundr$ p] second1 f\r hundr$ p] second 7million million und]/ood7 = invisible radiant heat1 eight hundr$ p] second = visible light1 & "o ?\s& six hundr$ p] second = invisible light4 ,"o ?+ 9 common to ! :ole is ! heat effect4 ,x is extremely small 9 moonlight1 s small t nobody until rec5tly knew !re 0 any heat 9 ! moon's rays4 ,h]s*el ?\ght x 0 p]ceptible 9 our atmosph]e by notic+ t x dissolv$ away v light cl\ds1 an effect :i* seem$ to %[ 9 full moonlight m ?an :5 we h less ?an full moon4 ,h]s*el1 h[ev]1 po9t$ ?is out z d\btful1 b n[1 in/ead ( its be+ a d\btful "q1 we h ,pr(4 ,langley giv+ z a fact t ! light f ! moon drives ! indicator ( 8 s5sitive in/rum5t cle> across ! scale1 & ) a comp>atively prodigi\s heat+ effect6 ,i mu/ tell y t if any ( y want to exp]im5t ) ! heat ( ! moonlight1 y mu/ comp>e ! heat ) :atev] comes )9 ! influ5ce ( ! moon's rays only4 ,?is is a v necess>y precaution2 if1 = in/ance1 y %\ld take y\r bolomet] or o!r heat detect] f a comp>atively w>m room into ! night air1 y w\ld obta9 an indication ( a fall 9 temp]ature ow+ to ?is *ange4 ,y mu/ be sure t y\r app>atus is 9 !rmal equilibrium ) ! surr\nd+ air1 !n take y\r burn+ glass1 & fir/ po9t x to ! moon & !n to space 9 ! sky beside ! moon2 y ?us get a diff]5tial measurem5t 9 :i* y comp>e ! radiation ( ! moon ) ! radiation ( ! sky4 ,y w !n see t ! moon has a di/9ctly heat+ effect4 ,to cont9ue our /udy ( visible light1 t is1 undulations ext5d+ f r$ to violet 9 ! spectrum 7:i* ,i am go+ to %[ y pres5tly71 ,i w\ld fir/ po9t out on ?is *>t t 9 ! section f lett] ,a to lett] ,d1 we h visual effect & heat+ effect only2 b no ord9>y *emical or photographic effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,sol> ,spectrum4 ,photograph]s c leave _! usual s5sitive1 *emically prep>$ plates expos$ to yell[ light & r$ light )\t exp]i5c+ any s5sible effect2 b :5 y get t[>d ! blue end ( ! spectrum1 ! photographic effect beg9s to tell1 m & m z y get t[>d ! violet end4 ,:5 y get beyond ! violet1 !re is ! invisible light kn[n *iefly by its *emical action4 ,f yell[ to violet we h visual effect1 heat+ effect1 & *emical effect1 all ?ree2 above ! violet1 only *emical & heat+ effect1 & s little ( ! heat+ effect t x is sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,! prismatic spectrum is ,newton's discov]y ( ! composition ( :ite light4 ,:ite light consi/s ( e v>iety ( color f r$ to violet4 ,"h1 n[1 we h ,newton's prismatic spectrum produc$ by a prism4 ,i w illu/rate a little 9 reg>d to ! nature ( color by putt+ some?+ be=e ! light :i* is l color$ glass2 x is color$ gelat94 ,i w put 9 a plate ( r$ gelat9 :i* is c>efully prep>$ ( *emical mat]ials1 & see :at t w d4 ,( all ! light pass+ to x f violet to r$1 x only lets ?r\gh ! r$ & orange1 giv+ a mix$ r$di% color4 ,"h is ano!r plate ( gre5 gelat94 ,! gre5 absorbs all ! r$1 giv+ only gre54 ,"h is ano!r plate absorb+ some?+ f ea* portion ( ! spectrum1 tak+ away a great deal ( ! violet & giv+ a yell[ or orange appe>ance to ! light4 ,"h is ano!r absorb+ out ! gre51 leav+ r$1 orange1 & a v little fa9t gre51 & absorb+ out all ! violet4 ,:5 ! spectrum is v c>efully produc$1 f> m p]fectly ?an ,newton knew h[ to %[ x1 we h a homog5e\s spectrum4 ,x mu/ be notic$ t ,newton did n und]/& :at we call a homog5e\s spectrum2 he did n produce x1 & does n po9t out 9 8 writ+s ! conditions = produc+ x4 ,) an exce$+ly f9e l9e ( light we c br+ x out z 9 sunlight1 l ?is upp] picture1 r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 & violet accord+ to ,newton's nom5clature4 ,newton nev] us$ a n>r[ beam ( light1 & s c\ld n h _h a homog5e\s spectrum4 ,?is is a diagram pa9t$ on glass & %[+ ! colors z we "k !m4 ,x w\ld take two or ?ree h\rs if ,i 7 to expla9 ! subject ( spectrum analysis to-night4 ,we mu/ te> ourselves away f x4 ,i w j read out to y ! wave l5g?s correspond+ to ! diff]5t positions 9 ! sun's spectrum ( c]ta9 d>k l9es commonly call$ ,fraunh(]'s l9es4 ,i w take z a unit ! "o-hundr$-?\s&? ( a c5timet]4 ,a c5timet] is #j4d ( an in*2 x is a r small half an in*4 ,i take ! ?\s&? ( a c5timet] & ! hundr$ ( t z a unit4 ,at ! r$ end ( ! spectrum ! light 9 ! neighborhood ( t black l9e ,a has = its wave l5g? #g4f2 ,b has #f4hg2 ,d has #e4hi2 ! frequ5cy = ,a is #c4i times #ajj million million2 ! frequ5cy ( ,d light is #e4a times #ajj million million p] second4 ,n[1 :at =ce is conc]n$ 9 ^? vibrations z comp>$ ) s\nd at ! rate ( #djj vibrations p] second8 ,suppose = a mom5t ! same matt] 0 to move to & fro ?r\gh ! same range b #djj million million times p] second4 ,! =ce requir$ is z ! squ>e ( ! numb] express+ ! frequ5cy4 ,d\ble frequ5cy w\ld require quadruple =ce = ! vibration ( ! same body4 ,suppose ,i vibrate my h& aga91 z ,i did be=e4 ,if ,i move x once p] second1 a mod]ate =ce is requir$2 = x to vibrate t5 times p] second1 #ajj times z mu* =ce is requir$2 = #djj vibrations p] second1 #afj1jjj times z mu* =ce4 ,if ,i move my h& once p] second ?r\gh a space ( a qu>t] ( an in*2 a v small =ce is requir$2 x w\ld require v consid]able =ce to move x t5 times a second1 ev5 ?r\gh s small a range2 b ?9k ( ! =ce requir$ to move a tun+ =k #djj times a second2 comp>e t ) ! =ce requir$ = a motion ( #djj million million times a second4 ,if ! mass mov$ is ! same1 & ! range ( motion is ! same1 !n ! =ce w\ld be "o million million million million times z great z ! =ce requir$ to move ! prongs ( ! tun+ =k4 ,x is z easy to und]/& t numb] z any numb] l #b1 #c1 or #d4 ,consid] gravely :at t numb] means1 & :at we are to inf] f x4 ,:at =ce is !re 9 space betwe5 my eye & t light8 ,:at =ces are !re 9 space betwe5 our eyes & ! sun & our eyes & ! remote/ visible />6 ,!re is matt] & !re is motion1 b :at magnitude ( =ce may !re be8 ,i move ?r\gh ?is lum9if]\s e!r z if x 7 no?+4 ,b 7 !re vibrations ) su* frequ5cy 9 a m$ium ( /eel or brass1 !y w\ld be measur$ by millions & millions & millions ( tons action on a squ>e in* ( matt]4 ,!re are no su* =ces 9 our air4 ,comets make a di/urbance 9 ! air1 & p]haps ! lum9if]\s e!r is split up by ! motion ( a comet ?r\gh x4 ,s :5 we expla9 ! nature ( electricity1 we expla9 x by a motion ( ! lum9if]\s e!r4 ,we _c say t x is electricity4 ,:at c ?is lum9if]\s e!r be8 ,x is some?+ t ! planets move ?r\gh ) ! greate/ ease4 ,x p]meates our air2 x is ne>ly 9 ! same condition1 s f> z our means ( judg+ are conc]n$1 9 our air & 9 ! int]planet>y space4 ,! air di/urbs x b little2 y may r$uce ! air by air pumps to ! hundr$ ?\s&? ( its d5sity1 & y make little effect 9 ! transmission ( light ?r\gh x4 ,! lum9if]\s e!r is an ela/ic solid4 ,! ne>e/ analogy ,i c give y is ?is jelly :i* y see4#f ,! ne>e/ analogy to ! waves ( light is ! motion1 :i* y c imag9e1 ( ?is ela/ic jelly1 ) a ball ( wood float+ 9 ! middle ( x4 ,look !re1 :5 ) my h& ,i vibrate ! little r$ ball up & d[n1 or :5 ,i turn x quickly r\nd ! v]tical diamet]1 alt]nately 9 opposite directions2 t is ! ne>e/ repres5tation ,i c give y ( ! vibrations ( lum9if]\s e!r4 #f ,exhibit+ a l>ge b[l ( cle> jelly ) a small r$ wood5 ball emb$d$ 9 ! surface ne> ! c5t]4 ,ano!r illu/ration is ,scotti% %oemak]'s wax or ,burgundy pit*1 b ,i "k ,scotti% %oemak]'s wax bett]4 ,x is heavi] ?an wat]1 & absolutely answ]s my purpose4 ,i take a l>ge slab ( ! wax1 place x 9 a glass j> fill$ ) wat]1 place a numb] ( corks on ! l[] side & bullets on ! upp] side4 ,x is brittle l ! ,tr9idad or ,burgundy pit* :i* ,i h 9 my h&4 ,y c see h[ h>d x is1 b if left to itself x fl[s l a fluid4 ,! %oemak]'s wax breaks ) a brittle fracture1 b x is visc\s1 & gradually yields4 ,:at we "k ( ! lum9if]\s e!r is t x has ! rigidity ( a solid1 & gradually yields4 ,:e!r or n x is brittle & cracks we _c yet tell1 b ,i believe ! discov]ies 9 electricity1 & ! motions ( comets & ! m>vel\s spurts ( light f !m1 t5d to %[ cracks 9 ! lum9if]\s e!r--%[ a correspond5ce betwe5 ! electric fla% & ! aurora borealis & cracks 9 ! lum9if]\s e!r4 ,d n take ?is z an ass]tion1 x is h>dly m ?an a vague sci5tific dream2 b y may reg>d ! exi/5ce ( ! lum9if]\s e!r z a reality ( sci5ce1 t is1 we h an all-p]vad+ m$ium1 an ela/ic solid1 ) a great degree ( rigidity2 its rigidity is s prodigi\s 9 proportion to its d5sity t ! vibrations ( light 9 x h ! frequ5cies ,i h m5tion$1 ) ! wave l5g?s ,i h m5tion$4 ,! fundam5tal "q z to :e!r or n lum9if]\s e!r has gravity has n be5 answ]$4 ,we h no k t ! lum9if]\s e!r is attract$ by gravity2 x is sometimes call$ impond]able because "s p va9ly imag9e t x has no weight4 ,i call x matt] ) ! same k9d ( rigidity t ?is ela/ic jelly has4 ,"h are two t\rmal9es2 if y look ?r\gh !m t[>d ! light1 y see ! :ite light all ar\nd1 i4 e41 !y are transp>5t4 ,if ,i turn r\nd "o ( ^! t\rmal9es ! light is ext+ui%$1 x is absolutely black1 z ?\gh ! t\rmal9es 7 opaque4 ,?is is an illu/ration ( :at is call$ pol>ization ( light4 ,i _c speak to y ab\t qualities ( light )\t speak+ ( ! pol>ization ( light4 ,i want to %[ y a mo/ beautiful effect ( pol>iz+ light1 be=e illu/rat+ a little fur!r by means ( ?is l>ge me*anical illu/ration :i* y h 9 ! b[l ( jelly4 ,n[ ,i put 9 ! lant]n ano!r in/rum5t call$ a ,nicol prism4 ,:at y saw fir/ 7 two plates ( ! cry/al t\rmal9e :i* came f ,brazil1 ,i believe1 hav+ ! prop]ty ( lett+ light pass :5 bo? plates are plac$ 9 "o p>ticul> direction z reg>ds _! axes ( cry/allization1 & ext+ui%+ x :5 x passes ?r\gh ! fir/ plate held 9 ano!r direction4 ,we h n[ an in/rum5t :i* also gives rays ( pol>iz$ light4 ,a ,nico prism is a piece ( ,icel& sp>1 cut 9 two & turn$1 "o "p relatively to ! o!r1 9 a v +5i\s way1 & put toge!r aga91 & cem5t$ into "o by ,canada balsam4 ,! ,nicol prism takes advantage ( ! prop]ty :i* ! sp> has ( d\ble refraction1 & produces ! ph5om5on :i* ,i n[ %[ y4 ,i turn "o prism r\nd 9 a c]ta9 direction & y get light1 a maximum ( light4 ,i turn x ?r\gh a "r angle & y get blackness4 ,i turn x "o-qu>t] r\nd aga9 & get maximum light2 "o-qu>t] m1 maximum blackness2 "o-qu>t] m1 & bright light4 ,we r>ely h su* a gr& specim5 ( a ,nicol prism z ?is4 ,!re is ano!r way ( produc+ pol>iz$ light4 ,i /& be=e t light1 & look at its reflection 9 a plate ( glass on ! table ?r\gh "o ( ! ,nicol prisms1 :i* ,i turn r\nd1 s4 ,n[ ,i mu/ incl9e t piece ( glass at a p>ticul> angle1 r m ?an =ty-five degrees2 ,i f9d a p>ticul> angle 9 :i*1 if ,i look at x & !n turn ! prism r\nd 9 ! h&1 ! effect is absolutely to ext+ui% ! light 9 "o position & to give x maximum brightness 9 ano!r position4 ,i use ! t]m absolute some:at ra%ly4 ,x is only a r$uction to a v small quantity ( light1 n an absolute annulm5t z we h 9 ! case ( ! two ,nicol prisms us$ conjo9tly4 ,^? ( y :o h nev] he>d ( ?is be=e w\ld n "k :at ,i am talk+ ab\t4 ,z to ! me*anics ( ! ?+1 x c\ld only be expla9$ to y by a c\rse ( lectures on physical optics4 ,! ?+ is ?is3 vibrations ( light mu/ be 9 a def9ite direction relatively to ! l9e 9 :i* ! light travels4 ,look at ?is diagram3 ! light goes f left to "r2 we h vibrations p]p5dicul> to ! l9e ( transmission4 ,!re is a l9e up & d[n1 :i* is ! l9e ( vibration4 ,imag9e "h a s\rce ( light1 violet light1 & "h 9 front ( x is ! l9e ( propagation4 ,s\nd vibrations are to & fro2 ?is is transv]se to ! l9e ( propagation4 ,"h is ano!r1 p]p5dicul> to ! diagram1 /ill foll[+ ! law ( transv]se vibration2 "h is ano!r circul> vibration4 ,imag9e a long rope3 y :irl "o end ( x1 & y s5d a screw-l motion runn+ along2 y c get ! circul> motion 9 "o direction or 9 ! opposite4 ,plane pol>iz$ light is light ) ! vibrations all 9 a s+le plane1 p]p5dicul> to ! plane ?r\gh ! ray1 :i* is te*nically call$ ! plane ( pol>ization4 ,circul> pol>iz$ light consi/s ( undulations ( lum9if]\s e!r hav+ a circul> motion4 ,elliptically pol>iz$ light is some?+ betwe5 ! two1 n 9 a /raight l9e1 & n 9 a circul> l9e2 ! c\rse ( vibration is an ellipse4 ,pol>iz$ light is light t p]=ms its motions cont9ually 9 "o mode or direction4 ,if 9 a /raight l9e1 x is plane pol>iz$2 if 9 a circul> direction1 x is circul>ly pol>iz$ light2 :5 elliptical1 x is elliptically pol>iz$ light4 ,) ,icel& sp>1 "o unpol>iz$ ray ( light divides on ent]+ x into two rays ( pol>iz$ light1 by reason ( its p[] ( d\ble refraction1 & ! vibrations are p]p5dicul> to "o ano!r 9 ! two em]g+ rays4 ,light is always pol>iz$ :5 x is reflect$ f a plate ( unsilv]$ glass1 or wat]1 at a c]ta9 def9ite angle ( fifty-six degrees = glass1 fifty-two degrees = wat]1 ! angle be+ reckon$ 9 ea* case f a p]p5dicul> to ! surface4 ,! angle = wat] is ! angle ^: tang5t is #a4d4 ,i wi% y to look at ! pol>ization ) y\r own eyes4 ,light f glass at fifty six degrees & f wat] at fifty-two degrees goes away vibrat+ p]p5dicul>ly to ! plane ( incid5ce & plane ( reflection4 ,we c di/+ui% x )\t ! aid ( an in/rum5t4 ,!re is a ph5om5on well kn[n 9 physical optics z ,haid+]'s bru%es4 ,! discov]] is well kn[n 9 ,philadelphia z a m9]alogi/1 & ! ph5om5on ,i speak ( goes by 8 "n4 ,look at ! sky 9 a direction ( n9ety degrees f ! sun1 & y w see a yell[ & blue cross1 ) ! yell[ t[>d ! sun1 & f ! sun1 spread+ out l two foxes' tails ) blue betwe51 & !n two r$ bru%es 9 ! space at "r angles to ! blue4 ,if y d n see x1 x is because y\r eyes are n s5sitive en\gh1 b a little tra9+ w give !m ! ne$$ s5sitiv5ess4 ,if y _c see x 9 ?is way1 try ano!r me?od4 ,look into a pail ( wat] ) a black bottom2 or take a cle> glass di% ( wat]1 re/ x on a black clo? & look d[n at ! surface ( ! wat] on a day ) a :ite cl\dy sky 7if !re is su* a ?+ ev] to be se5 9 ,philadelphia74 ,y w see ! :ite sky reflect$ 9 ! bas9 ( wat] at an angle ( ab\t fifty degrees4 ,look at x ) ! head tipp$ to "o side1 & !n aga9 ) ! head tipp$ to ! o!r side1 keep+ y\r eyes on ! wat]1 & y w see ,haid+]'s bru%es4 ,d n d x fa/1 or y w make y\rself giddy4 ,! explanation ( ?is is ! refre%+ ( ! s5sibility ( ! ret9a4 ,! ,haid+]'s bru% is always !re1 b y d n see x because y\r eye is n s5sitive en\gh4 ,aft] once see+ x1 y always see x2 x does n ?ru/ itself inconv5i5tly be=e y :5 y d n want to see x4 ,y c readily see x 9 a piece ( glass ) d>k clo? bel[ x1 or 9 a bas9 ( wat]4 ,i am go+ to conclude by tell+ y h[ we "k ! wave l5g?s ( light & h[ we "k ! frequ5cy ( ! vibrations4 ,we %all actually make a measurem5t ( ! wave l5g? ( ! yell[ light4 ,i am go+ to %[ y ! diffraction spectrum4 ,y see on ! scre51#g on ea* side ( a c5tral :ite b> ( light1 a set ( b>s ( light v>iegat$ colors1 ! fir/ "o1 on ea* side1 %[+ blue or indigo color1 ab\t f\r in*es f ! c5tral :ite b> & r$ ab\t f\r in*es f>!r1 ) vivid gre5 betwe5 ! blue & ! r$4 ,t effect is produc$ by a grat+ ) #djj l9es to ! c5timet]1 engrav$ on glass1 :i* ,i n[ hold 9 my h&4 ,! next grat+ has #c1jjj l9es on a ,p>is in*4 ,y see ! c5tral space1 & on ea* side a l>ge numb] ( spectrums1 blue at "o end & r$ at ! o!r4 ,! fact t1 9 ! fir/ spectrum1 r$ is ab\t twice z f> f ! c5t] z ! blue1 proves t a wave l5g? ( r$ light is d\ble t ( blue light4 #g ,%[+ ! *romatic b&s ?r[n ^u ! scre5 f a diffraction grat+4 ,i w n[ %[ y ! op]ation ( measur+ ! l5g? ( a wave ( sodium light1 t is1 a light l t m>k$ ,d on ! spectrum1 a light produc$ by a _s lamp ) salt 9 x4 ,! sodium vapor is heat$ up to sev]al ?\s& degrees1 :5 x becomes self-lum9\s1 & gives su* a light z we get by ?r[+ salt ^u a _s lamp 9 ! game ( snap dragon4 ,i hold 9 my h& a beautiful grat+ ( glass silv]$ by ,liebig's process ( metallic silv]1 a grat+ ) #f1dhj l9es to ! in*1 belong+ to my fri5d ,pr(4 ,b>k]1 :i* he has k9dly br\ght "h = u ?is ev5+4 ,y w see ! brilliancy ( color z ,i turn ! light reflect$ f ! grat+ t[>d y & pass ! beam ar\nd ! room4 ,y h n[ se5 directly ) y\r own eyes ^! brilliant colors reflect$ f ! grat+1 & y h also se5 !m ?r[n ^u ! scre5 f a grat+ plac$ 9 ! lant]n4 ,) a grat+ ( #ag1jjj l9es1 a mu* great] numb] ( l9es p] in* ?an ! o!r1 y w see h[ mu* fur!r f ! c5tral bright space ! fir/ spectrum is2 h[ mu* m ?is grat+ *anges ! direction or diffraction ( ! beam ( light4 ,"h is ! c5t] ( ! grat+1 & !re is ! fir/ spectrum4 ,y w note t ! violet light is lea/ diffract$ & ! r$ light is mo/ diffract$4 ,?is diffraction ( light fir/ prov$ to u def9itely ! reality ( ! undulatory !ory ( light4 ,y ask1 ,:y does n light g r\nd ! corn] z s\nd does8 ,light goes r\nd a corn] 9 ^! diffraction spectrums2 x is %[n go+ r\nd a corn]1 x passes ?r\gh ^! b>s & is turn$ r\nd an angle ( ?irty degrees4 ,light go+ r\nd a corn] by in/rum5ts adapt$ to %[ ! result1 & to measure ! angles at :i* x is turn$1 is call$ ! diffraction ( light4 ,i c %[ y an in/rum5t :i* w measure ! wave l5g?s ( light4 ,)\t prov+ ! =mula1 let me tell x to y4 ,a _s lamp ) salt spr9kl$ on ! wick gives v ne>ly homog5e\s light1 t is to say1 light all ( "o wave l5g?1 or all ( ! same p]iod4 ,i h a little grat+ t ,i take 9 my h&4 ,i look ?r\gh ?is grat+1 & see t c&le be=e me4 ,close beh9d x y see a black5$ slip ( wood ) two :ite m>ks on x t5 in*es asund]4 ,! l9e on :i* !y are m>k$ is plac$ p]p5dicul> to ! l9e at :i* ,i %all g f x4 ,:5 ,i look at ?is salt$ _s lamp1 ,i see a s]ies ( spectrums ( yell[ light4 ,z ,i am some:at %ort-sight$1 ,i am mak+ my eye see ) ?is eye-glass & ! natural l5ses ( ! eye :at a long-sight$ p]son w\ld make out )\t an eye-glass4 ,on t scre5 y saw a succession ( spectrums4 ,i n[ look direct at ! c&le1 & :at d ,i see8 ,i see a succession ( five or six brilliantly color$ spectrums on ea* side ( ! c&le4 ,b :5 ,i look at ! salt$ _s lamp1 n[ ,i see t5 spectrums on "o side & t5 on ! o!r1 ea* ( :i* is a mono*romatic b& ( light4 ,i w measure ! wave l5g?s ( light ?us3 ,i walk away to a consid]able di/ance1 & look at ! c&le & m>ks4 ,i see a set ( spectrums4 ,! fir/ :ite l9e is exactly beh9d ! c&le4 ,i want ! fir/ spectrum to ! "r ( t :ite l9e to fall exactly on ! o!r :ite l9e1 :i* is t5 in*es f ! fir/4 ,z ,i walk away f x1 ,i see x is n[ v ne> x2 x is n[ on x4 ,n[ ! di/ance f my eye is to be measur$1 & ! problem is aga9 to r$uce feet to in*es4 ,! di/ance f ! spectrum ( ! flame to my eye is ?irty-f\r feet n9e in*es4 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 h[ _m in*es is t8 ,f\r hundr$ & sev5te5 in*es1 9 r\nd numb]s #dbj in*es4 ,!n we h ! proportion1 z #dbj is to #aj s is ! l5g? f b> to b> ( ! grat+ to ! wave l5g? ( sodium light--t is to say1 z =ty-two is to "o4 ,! di/ance f b> to b> is ! f\r-hundr$? ( a c5timet]2 !re=e ! #db;d "p ( ! f\r-hundr$? ( a c5timet] is ! requir$ wave l5g?1 or ! #af1hjj? ( a c5timet] is ! wave l5g? accord+ to our simple1 & easy1 & ha/y exp]im5t4 ,! true wave l5g? ( sodium light1 accord+ to ! mo/ accurate measurem5t1 is ab\t a #ag1jjj? ( a c5timet]1 :i* diff]s by sc>cely m ?an "o p] c5t4 f our result6 ,! only app>atus y see is ?is little grat+2 x is a piece ( glass ) f\r-t5?s ( an in* rul$ ) #djj f9e l9es4 ,any ( y :o w take ! tr\ble to buy "o may measure ! wave l5g?s ( a c&le flame himself4 ,i hope "s ( y w be induc$ to make ! exp]im5t = y\rselves4 ,if ,i put salt on ! flame ( a _s lamp1 :at d ,i see ?r\gh ?is grat+8 ,i see m]ely a %>ply def9$ yell[ light1 con/itut+ ! spectrum ( vaporiz$ sodium1 :ile f ! c&le flame ,i see an exquisitely color$ spectrum1 f> m beautiful ?an ,i %[$ y on ! scre54 ,i see1 9 fact1 a s]ies ( spectrums on ! two sides ) ! blue t[>d ! c&le flame & ! r$ fur!r out4 ,i _c get "o def9ite ?+ to measure f 9 ! spectrum f ! c&le flame z ,i c ) ! flame ( a _s lamp ) ! salt ?r[n on x1 :i* gives1 z ,i h said1 a simple yell[ light4 ,! highe/ blue light ,i see 9 ! c&le flame is n[ exactly on ! l9e4 ,n[ measure to my eye2 x is =ty-f\r feet f\r in*es1 or #ecb in*es4 ,! l5g? ( ?is wave !n is ! #ecb;d "p ( ! f\r-hundr$? ( a c5timet]1 :i* w\ld be ! #ba1bhj? ( a c5timet]1 say ! #ba1jjj? ( a c5timet]4 ,!n measure = ! r$1 & y w\ld f9d some?+ l ! #aa1jjj? = ! l[e/ ( ! r$ light4 ,la/ly1 h[ d we "k ! frequ5cy ( vibration8 ,:y1 by ! velocity ( light4 ,h[ d we "k t8 ,we "k x 9 a numb] ( diff]5t ways1 :i* ,i _c expla9 n[ because "t =bids4 ,take ! velocity ( light4 ,x is #ahg1jjj ,briti% /atute miles p] second4 ,b x is mu* bett] to take a kilomet] = ! unit4 ,t is ab\t six-t5?s ( a mile4 ,! velocity is v accurately #cjj1jjj kilomet]s p] second2 t is1 #cj1jjj1jjj1jjj c5timet]s p] second4 ,take ! wave l5g? z ! #ag1jjj? ( a c5timet]1 & y f9d ! frequ5cy ( ! sodium light to be #eaj million million p] second4 ,!re1 !n1 y f9d a calculation ( ! frequ5cy f a simple obs]vation :i* y c all make = y\rselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,vibrat+ ,sph]ule ,imb$d$ 9 an ,ela/ic ,solid4 ,la/ly1 ,i mu/ tell y ab\t ! color ( ! blue sky :i* 0 illu/rat$ by ! sph]ule emb$d$ 9 an ela/ic solid4 ,i want to expla9 to y 9 two m9utes ! mode ( vibrations4 ,take ! simple/ plane-pol>iz$ light4 ,"h is a sph]ule :i* is produc+ x 9 an ela/ic solid4 ,imag9e ! solid to ext5d miles horizontally & miles d[n1 & imag9e ?is sph]ule to vibrate up & d[n4 ,x is q cle> t x w make transv]se vibrations simil>ly 9 all horizontal directions4 ,! plane ( pol>ization is def9$ z a plane p]p5dicul> to ! l9e ( vibration4 ,?us1 light produc$ by a molecule vibrat+ up & d[n1 z ?is r$ globe 9 ! jelly be=e y1 is pol>iz$ 9 a horizontal plane because ! vibrations are v]tical4 ,"h is ano!r mode ( vibrations4 ,let me twi/ ?is sph]ule 9 ! jelly z ,i am do+ x1 & t w produce vibrations1 also spread+ out equally 9 all horizontal directions4 ,:5 ,i twi/ ?is globe r\nd1 x draws ! jelly r\nd ) x2 twi/ x rapidly back1 & ! jelly flies back4 ,by ! in]tia ( ! jelly ! vibrations spread 9 all directions1 & ! l9es ( vibration are horizontal all ?r\gh ! jelly4 ,ev]y:]e1 miles away1 t solid is plac$ 9 vibration4 ,y d n see x1 b y mu/ und]/& t !y are !re4 ,if x flies back x makes vibration1 & we h waves ( horizontal vibrations travel+ out 9 all directions f ! excit+ molecule4 ,i am n[ caus+ ! r$ globe to vibrate to & fro horizontally4 ,t w cause vibrations to be produc$ :i* w be p>allel to ! l9e ( motion at all places ( ! plane p]p5dicul> to ! range ( ! excit+ molecule4 ,:at makes ! blue sky8 ,^! are exactly ! motions t make ! blue light ( ! sky :i* is due to sph]ules 9 ! lum9if]\s e!r1 b little modifi$ by ! air4 ,?9k ( ! sun ne> ! horizon1 ?9k ( ! light ( ! sun /ream+ ?r\gh & giv+ y ! azure blue & violet ov]head4 ,?9k fir/ ( any "o p>ticle ( ! sun1 & ?9k ( x mov+ 9 su* a way z to give horizontal & v]tical vibrations & :at n ( circul> & elliptic vibrations4 ,y see ! blue sky 9 high pressure /eam bl[n into ! air2 y see x 9 ! exp]im5t ( ,tyndall's blue sky1 9 :i* a delicate cond5sation ( vapor gives rise to exactly ! azure blue ( ! sky4 ,n[ ! motion ( ! lum9if]\s e!r relatively to ! sph]ule gives rise to ! same effect z w\ld an opposite motion impress$ ^u ! sph]ule q indep5d5tly by an indep5d5t =ce4 ,s y may ?9k ( ! blue color com+ f ! sky z be+ produc$ by to & fro vibrations ( matt] 9 ! air1 :i* vibrates mu* z ?is little globe vibrates emb$d$ 9 ! jelly4 ,! result 9 a g5]al way is ?is3 ,! light com+ f ! blue sky is pol>iz$ 9 a plane ?r\gh ! sun1 b ! blue light ( ! sky is complicat$ by a great numb] ( circum/ances1 & "o ( !m is ?is3 t ! air is illum9at$ n only by ! sun1 b by ! e>?4 ,if we c\ld get ! e>? cov]$ by a black clo?1 !n we c\ld /udy ! pol>iz$ light ( ! sky ) simplicity1 :i* we _c d n[4 ,!re are1 9 nature1 reflections f seas1 & rocks1 & hills1 & wat]s 9 an indef9itely complicat$ mann]4 ,let obs]v]s obs]ve ! blue sky n only 9 w9t]1 :5 ! e>? is cov]$ ) sn[1 b 9 summ]1 :5 x is cov]$ ) d>k gre5 foliage4 ,?is w help to unravel ! complicat$ ph5om5a 9 "q4 ,b ! azure blue ( ! sky is light produc$ by ! reaction on ! vibrat+ e!r ( little sph]ules ( wat]1 ( p]haps a fifty-?\s&? or a hundr$-?\s&? ( a c5timet] diamet]1 or p]haps little motes1 or lumps1 or cry/als ( common salt1 or p>ticles ( du/1 or g]ms ( vegetable or animal species waft$ ab\t 9 ! air4 ,n[ :at is ! lum9if]\s e!r8 ,x is matt] prodigi\sly less d5se ?an air1 millions & millions & millions ( times less d5se ?an air4 ,we c =m "s sort ( idea ( its limitations4 ,we believe x is a real ?+1 ) great rigidity 9 comp>ison ) its d5sity1 & x may be made to vibrate #djj million million times p] second1 & yet ) su* rigidity z n to produce ! slighte/ resi/ance to any body go+ ?r\gh x4 ,go+ back to ! illu/ration ( ! %oemak]'s wax2 if a cork w 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> pu% its way up ?r\gh a plate ( t wax :5 plac$ "u wat]1 & if a lead bullet w p5etrate d[nw>d to ! bottom1 :at is ! law ( ! resi/ance8 ,x cle>ly dep5ds on "t4 ,! cork sl[ly 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> works its way up ?r\gh two in*es ( t sub/ance2 give x "o or two ?\s& ye>s to d x1 & ! resi/ance w be enorm\sly less2 ?us ! motion ( a cork or bullet1 at ! rate ( "o in* 9 #b1jjj ye>s1 may be comp>$ ) t ( ! e>?1 mov+ at ! rate ( six times n9ety-?ree million miles a ye>1 or n9ete5 miles p] second1 ?r\gh ! lum9if]\s e!r1 b :5 we h a ?+ ela/ic l jelly & yield+ l pit*1 surely we h a l>ge & solid gr\nd = our fai? 9 ! speculative hypo!sis ( an ela/ic lum9if]\s e!r1 :i* con/itutes ! wave !ory ( light4 ,,! ,,limitations ,,( ,,subm>9e ,,telegraphy4#h #h ,reproduc$ 9 abridg$ =m f ! ,electrical ,review & ! cuts f ,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4--,sci5ce4 ,! weight ( ! conductors1 says ,h5ry ,viv>ez 9 ,la ,lumi]e ,electrique1 plays an important "p 9 subm>9e telegraphy1 n m]ely z a heavy item 9 ! outlay1 b z "o ( ! pr9cipal factors 9 lay+ d[n ! l9es1 & 9 tak+ !m up 9 case ( damage4 ,:5 ! conductor is be+ rais$1 ! grappl+-irons :i* lift x h to resi/ n m]ely ! v]tical compon5t ( ! weight ( ! cable1 b also ! consid]able effects result+ f friction aga9/ ! wat]4 ,x ?us frequ5tly happ5s1 :5 work+ at great dep?s1 t ! conductor may be expos$ to a /ra9 great] ?an x is able to be>1 & we are =c$ to h rec\rse to /ratagems to br+ x to ! surface4 ,^! artifices consi/ 9 ! use ( two or m %ips 9 rais+1 :i* is done z %[n 9 ,figs4 #b & #c1 or1 9 ! mo/ simple cases1 ) ! aid ( an auxili>y buoy1 z 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,9 any ev5t1 we see t ! difficulties1 & ( c\rse ! co/ ( rais+1 mu/ be consid]able4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,h5ce to decrease ! weight ( ! cables w\ld be an important /ep 9 advance4 ,if ! weight is 9 g5]al v great1 x is because ! copp] core does n take any "p 9 ! /ra9 :i* ! entire cable has to resi/4 ,we "k1 inde$1 t copp] _c be> a break+-/ra9 great]1 at mo/1 ?an #bh kilos p] squ>e millimet]4 ,besides1 x w\ld be elongat$ by su* a /ra9 by a v consid]able fraction ( its initial l5g?2 &1 if ! core 7 made to take "p 9 any mann] :atev] 9 ! /ra9 :i* ! entire cable has to support1 x w\ld be drawn out beyond its limit ( ela/icity1 & w\ld rema9 p]man5tly elongat$1 :ile ! sub/ances 9 :i* x is inclos$ w\ld return to _! natural l5g?4 ,x w\ld result t1 be+ no long] able to f9d room 9 a %ea? :i* _h become too %ort1 ! copp] wire w\ld take a s9u\s =m 9 its gutta-p]*a envelope1 & w\ld occasion at c]ta9 po9ts ruptures1 ! effect ( :i* w\ld be to dec5tralize ! wire1 to p]=ate ! lay] ( insulat+ matt]1 & f9ally to op5 out a fault 9 ! cable4 ,b !re exi/s an alloy 7silicium bronze7 :i* c be drawn out into wires hav+ a conductivity equal to t ( copp]1 & a me*anical resi/ance equal to t ( ! be/ iron4 ,! use ( ?is alloy w\ld r5d] x possible to set free ! coat+ ( ! cables f a "p ( ! /ra9 :i* x n[ has to resi/1 & to dim9i%1 consequ5tly1 _! dim5sions & weight4 ,wires are n[ made ( ?is alloy1 hav+ a conductivity ( f n9ety-sev5 to n9ety-n9e p] c5t4 ( ! /&>d1 :i* at #j;,c41 & ) ! diamet] ( a millimet]1 h a resi/ance ( #bj4eg ohms p] kilomet]4 ,^! wires d n break ) a less /ra9 ?an f #de to #dh kilos4 p] squ>e millimet]1 &1 :i* is a v preci\s prop]ty1 _! increase 9 l5g? at ! mom5t ( rupture does n exce$ "o or "o & a half p] c5t4 ,let u consid] ! deep-sea section ( cable ( ! ,fr5* company f ,p>is to ,new ,york--! s-call$ ,p\y]-,qu]ti] cable1 con/ruct$ & laid 9 #ahgi by ,siem5s ,bro!rs ( ,london4 ,! respective weight ( ea* ( its compon5t elem5ts is1 p] nautical mile1 copp] core1 #bbj kilos2 gutta-p]*a1 #ahj kilos2 hemp1 or an equival5t1 #hj kilos2 #ah wires ( galvaniz$ iron ( #b millimet]s 9 diamet]1 #hfj kilos2 ext]nal hemp & composition1 #djj kilos2 total1 #a1gdj kilos4 ,total diamet]1 #cj millimet]s4 ,total me*anical /r5g?1 #c1jjj kilos1 ! wires ( ! cov]+ be+ suppos$ to be ( iron4 ,weight "u wat]1 #dej kilos4 ,x c support its own weight )\t break+ = a l5g? ( f six to sev5 miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,! ,atlantic pres5ts f nor? to s\?1 & at ab\t an equal di/ance f ea* cont95t1 a sort ( longitud9al ridge1 9 :i* ! dep?s v>y f #cjj to #djj met]s4 ,?is ridge spreads out1 9 #ej nor? latitude1 into ! region :i* has receiv$ ! pr9cipal wires connect+ ,engl& & ,france ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,on bo? coa/s !re are depressions 9 :i* ! bottom is at ! dep? ( f #d1jjj to #f1jjj met]s4 ,! "o on ! ea/ ext5ds f ! s\? po9t ( ,irel& to ! latitude ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & its left-h& b\nd>y foll[s ! g5]al outl9es ( ! we/ coa/s ( ,europe & ,africa4 ,! two o!rs1 ! nor?we/]n & ! s\?we/]n1 =m two bas9s1 bord]+ respectively on ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,antilles & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 ^! depressions s\nd+s h %[n c]ta9 zones 9 :i* ! dep?s exce$ #f1jjj met]s1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are f\nd to ! we/ ( ! ,can>ies1 to ! s\? ( ,newf\ndl&1 betwe5 ,porto ,rico & ! ,b]mudas1 & to ! "r ( ! ,isle ( ,m>t5-,vaz4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,! great dep?s ( ! ,pacific are diff]5tly di/ribut$4 ,betwe5 ,japan & ,cali=nia1 betwe5 #dj & #ej nor? latitude1 !re is ! ,tusc>ora depression1 :i* has dep?s ( f #f1jjj to #h1jjj met]s4 ,p>allel to ,japan & ! ,kuriles !re is a depression 9 :i* has be5 f\nd ! greate/ kn[n dep?--#h1eac met]s4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t any new great subm>9e l9e1 hav+ to ext5d into ano!r zone ?an t :i* has receiv$ ! pres5t ,atlantic cables1 mu/ trav]se depressions 9 :i* ! bottom rea*es a maximum dep? ( #d1jjj met]s4 ,! possibility ( rais+ a damag$ cable w\ld be v problematical "u su* conditions1 & x w\ld become c]ta9ly impossible 9 case ( a cable f ,san ,francisco to ,japan4 ,"u ^! conditions1 we are =c$ to conclude t ! use ( ! pres5t cables limits /rik+ly ! progress ( subm>9e telegraphy1 :i* mu/ rema9 conf9$ to c]ta9 zones ( ! ,atlantic1 to inl& seas1 & to l9es along ! coa/s4 ,b if we consid] ! daily progress ( appli$ sci5ce1 & ! con/antly increas+ dem& = rapid communication betwe5 nations1 x is c]ta9 t we mu/ %ortly und]take ! /udy ( new cables int5d$ to trav]se ! greate/ dep?s ( ! ocean = long di/ances4 ,necessity1 !re=e1 compels u to inve/igate ! new solutions ( ! problem1 :i* may furni% u ) light cables1 easy to lay1 & possible to repair4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,a cable made by ,mr4 ,j4 ,ri*>ds is compos$ z foll[s3 core ( silicium bronze equal 9 weight to t ( ! ,p\y]-,qu]ti] cable1 or1 p] nautical mile1 #bbj kilos2 gutta-p]*a1 #ahj kilos2 lay] ( hemp1 #hj kilos4 ,! %ea?+ is =m$ ( #bh wires ( galvaniz$ iron ( #a4be millimet]s 9 diamet]1 ea* cov]$ ) hemp1 & all twi/$ into a rope ar\nd ! dielectric2 ! wires1 #ejj kilos3 ! hemp cov]+ !m1 #bej kilos4 ,! weight ( ! cable is1 !re=e1 #a1bcj kilos 9 ! air1 & #cbj kilos 9 ! wat]4 ,its diamet] is #be c5timet]s1 & its resi/ance to fracture #b1hjj kilos1 ( :i* ! core supports "o-half4 ,"u ^! conditions1 ! cable c support f eight to n9e nautical miles ( its l5g?1 & c be rais$ f ! greate/ dep?s4 ,! results ( ?is comp>ative exam9ation are self-evid5t4 ,= an equal conductivity & an approximately equal me*anical /r5g?1 ! new cable is 9 weight & bulk equal to ab\t two-?irds ( ! ,p\y]-,qu]ti] cable4 ,x w\ld co/ ab\t #afe less p] mile1 & w\ld require1 = lay+1 a %ip & eng9es ( less p[]1 & !re=e *eap]4 ,! r$uc$ armature w suffice to resi/ friction & ! attacks ( animal life 9 ! deep sea2 b = ! %ore ends we mu/ keep to ! types g5]ally employ$4 ,su* z x is1 & al?\gh x may und]go modifications 9 detail f a m complete /udy & f exp]i5ce1 x m]its ! att5tion ( compet5t eng9e]s4 ,,williams' ,,sy/em ,,( ,,coa/ ,,def5se ,,by ,,electrical ,,torp$oes4 ,our adjo9+ engrav+s illu/rate ! sy/em ( ,j4 ,s4 ,williams1 = work+ electrical torp$oes1 laun*es1 & torp$o boats1 & ! appliances be proposes = _! equipm5t & 8 me?od ( utiliz+ a sy/em ( electrical appliances = ! def5se ( sea-ports1 h>bors1 coa/1 & coal+ /ations4 ,we use ,mr4 ,williams' own words 9 describ+ ?is inv5tion4 ,fig4 #a illu/rates m5-(-w> or vessels attempt+ to =ce _! way into a h>bor def5d$ by su* means4 ,! movable & controllable torp$oes are indicat$ by lett]s ( ref]5ce1 ,a1 connect$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( pay+-out electrical cables1 ,g1 ) ! base ( op]ations ^u ! %ore at ,c1 & ! laun*es & float+ torp$o batt]ies or vessels1 ,d4 ,sev]al l9es ( torp$o def5se or attack are %[n1 & illu/rate ! ho/ile vessels com+ )9 ! de/ructive radius ( ! movable & controllable torp$oes1 :i* radius is limit$ only by ! l5g? ( ! pay+-out cable1 :i* l5g? c be #a miles 7m or less74 ,^! means secure an effective weapon at all times "u comm& f ! base ( op]ations ov] a radius ( #a miles1 z aga9/ a radius ( #ej ft41 :i* is ! e/imat$ effective range ( de/ruction = fix$ m9es conta9+ an equal explosive *>ge4 ,! movable torp$oes op]at$ f ! %ore c be suppli$ ) electric p[] f ! ma9 circuits ext5d+ along ! coa/ f ! develop+ s\rce1 at any di/ance f ! electric p[] /ation or base f :i* ! movable torp$oes are op]at$ or suppli$4 ,any natural =ce1 fuel1 or o!r means c be employ$ = ! developm5t ( ! electric =ce1 :i* c be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ma9 circuits ) high t5sion or pressure to ! p[] /ations along ! coa/1 or to ! float+ magaz9es1 :]e electric accumulators are plac$ to hold a res]ve ( en]gy4 ,! accumulators at su* /ations c be comp\nd$ s z to be at all times ready = supply+ p[]1 & be+ *>g$1 except :5 ! limit ( /orage is rea*$4 ,electric cut-(fs are provid$ 9 ! loop or d]iv$ circuits f ! ma9 to cut ! magaz9es out ( ! circuit :5 su* pr$et]m9$ limit ( en]gy is 9 res]ve1 & means are employ$ to prev5t ! backw>d fl[ ( ! curr5t t[>d ! s\rce f ! p[] /ations suppli$ f ! ma9 or o!r circuit4 ,means are also employ$ to automatically regulate & prev5t any excess ( curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! circuit 9 :i* ! accumulators are includ$4 ,! dis*>g+ circuits f ! res]ve magaz9es c be connect$ at ! w ( an op]ator ) an electric circuit1 includ+ electric magaz9es1 =m+ "p ( ! equipm5t ( ! laun*es1 vessels1 or torp$oes1 s z to supply electric p[] !reto4 ,?is c be accompli%$ at ! :>ves or ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a cable buoy$ along ! coa/1 s z to obviate ! necessity ( ! laun*es or vessels return+ or runn+ into h>bor4 ,signal+ devices c ext5d f su* buoy to ! op]ator along ! %ore1 :o w close ! circuit f ! res]ve or ma9 supply circuit4 ,fig4 #b illu/rates a sectional elevation ( an electrical torp$o provid$ ) me*anism at ! /]n = op]at+ ! rudd] electrically1 & ! =ce is regulat$ by an automatic or manually op]ative v>iable resi/ance int]pos$ 9 ! electrical circuit at ! swit* bo>d ( ! cable4 ,a circuit rev]s] & v>iable resi/ance are arrang$ ^u ! swit* bo>d1 s t ! op]ator at ! base c *ange ! direction ( ! curr5t1 & regulate ! =ce appli$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! electrical cable 9 su* a mann] z to adju/ ! rudd] to port or />bo>d1 &1 if s arrang$1 to ma9ta9 x at any angle by v>y+ ! resi/ance 9 ! circuit4 ,! rudd] me*anism c be op]at$ by ! electric en]gy /or$ on bo>d ! torp$o ?r\gh ! m$ium ( an electric circuit !reto f ! electric accumulator provid$ ) a circuit clos] & v>iable resi/ance work$ by ! =ce pass$ ?r\gh ! pay+-out cable4 ,! =ce pass+ !re ?r\gh is regulat$ by a pressure regulator & controll$ by a circuit rev]s] & v>iable resi/ance ^u ! keybo>d4 ,means are also employ$ = indicat+ to ! op]ator ! position ( ! rudd] at any mom5t1 & su* position w correspond to "s def9$ resi/ance introduc$ at any giv5 mom5t 9 ! circuit4 ,! me*anism comb9$ ) ! rudd] c consi/ ( an arrangem5t ( comp\nd sol5oids1 ! armatures ( :i* are connect$ to a lev] on ! rudd] head1 or a small electric motor c be employ$ = op]at+ worm ge>+ 91 or comb9$ )1 ! rudd] head4 ,! rudd] is br\ght back to ! mid%ip or normal position by spr+s or c\nt]balance weights4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a --,,fig4 #c-- --,,fig4 #d-- --,,fig4 #e-- --,,fig4 #f-- --,,fig4 #b-- ,,williams' ,,sy/em ,,( ,,coa/ ,,def5se ,,by ,,electrical ,,torp$oes4 ,! motor ( ! torp$o1 z illu/rat$1 is compos$ ( a numb] ( disk-%ap$ armatures fa/5$ on ! %aft1 comb9$ ) ! screw propell]2 ! field magnets1 be+ also ( disk =m1 are arrang$ s t ! armatures revolve )9 close proximity1 b n t\*+ ! pole surfaces4 ,?is enables an exce$+ly high effici5cy & great p[] to be realiz$ f a motor ( light weight4 ,?is con/ruction ( motor is specially suitable = use 9 ! equipm5t ( torp$oes & laun*es1 & p]mits an increase ( ! p[] ( ! motor 9 ei!r ( two directions1 i4 e41 ei!r by increas+ ! numb] ( disks ( a giv5 diamet] ^u ! %aft1 or by increas+ ! diamet] ( ! disks1 bo? ( ^! me?ods giv+ increas$ p[] 9 direct ratio to ! increase ( size4 ,! accumulator or second>y batt]y1 c1 is especially design$ to /ore ! en]gy 9 a small space1 & ) light weight1 & s z to comm& an am\nt ( en]gy repres5t+ ! p[] necess>y = a spe$ ( #be miles an h\r or m4 ,9 ! electrical circuit1 betwe5 ! motor & accumulator1 v>iable resi/ances & o!r gov]n+ devices are int]pos$1 by :i* ! curr5t pass+ to ! motor is regulat$ automatically 9 accordance ) ! spe$ ( ! motor1 or ) ! electric pressure 9 ! circuit f ! accumulator4 ,a circuit clos] or v>iable resi/ance op]at+ 9 ! circuit is connect$ by ! cable ) a v>iable resi/ance at ! swit* bo>d1 & op]at$ by ! curr5t controll$ !reby4 ,! =ce to ! motor c be regulat$1 controll$1 or /opp$ at ! w ( ! manipulator at ! swit* bo>d plac$ at ! po9t f :i* ! torp$o is dispat*$4 ,signal+ devices or guide rods1 ,o1 = indicat+ ! position & direction ( movem5t ( ! torp$o to ! op]ator c be arrang$ to be rais$ & l[]$1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( electrical appliances1 ,p1 at w1 by a curr5t s5t ?r\gh ! pay+-out cable f ! keybo>d at ! base ( op]ations4 ,fix$ means or sight rods c be us$1 & hood$ inc&esc5t lamps1 ,o#b1 c be c>ri$ by ! signal or sight rods1 by :i* means at night or 9 ! day ! op]ator w be enabl$ to direct ! torp$o to ! object ( attack 9 spite ( adv]se or cross curr5ts1 or a *ange 9 ! position ( ! vessel "u attack4 ,! body ( ! torp$o conta9+ ! ma*9]y & explosive c be arrang$ to be any desir$ dep? bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 & be support$ by a buoy z a %ield1 or be cov]$ by a protection aga9/ %ot1 ! displacem5t ( ! torp$o be+ regulat$ 9 accordance ) ! means employ$ = ma9ta9+ x ! desir$ di/ance bel[ ! surface4 ,! torp$o c be balla/$ & provid$ ) f9s to (f] ! necess>y resi/ance to ! action ( ! propell+ ma*9]y4 ,! electrical pay+-out cable1 ,g1 is %[n 9 a coil 9 proximity to ! *amb] at ! b[1 :i* is design$ to c>ry ! explosive *>ge 9 a fix$ or deta*able magaz9e1 arrang$ :5 deta*able to drop a det]m9$ di/ance1 & to be fir$ electrically by ! op]ator or automatically4 ,fig4 #f illu/rates an app>atus 9 :i* a dynamo is op]at$ by a rot>y eng9e hav+ a ?rottl+ device controll$ electrically by ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! dis*>g+ circuit ( ! g5]ator2 ! circuit ( ! g5]ator is connect$ ) ! pay+-out cable ( ! torp$o1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! key bo>d1 9 :i* a v>iable resi/ance & regulat+ devices are employ$ = controll+ ! op]ation ( ! torp$o4 ,electric magaz9es are %[n arrang$ to op]ate 9 ! dis*>g+ circuit ( ! g5]ator1 & to be connect$ ) ! appliances =m+ "p ( ! equipm5t ( ! torp$o ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! pay+-out cable1 9 conjunction ) :i* is arrang$ ! circuit-clos+ devices ( ! swit* bo>d "u ! control ( ! op]ator at ! /ations4 ,automatic electric pressure regulators are us$ 9 ! circuit f ! s\rce1 s z to r$uce or regulate ! pressure to "s pr$et]m9$ limit4 ,! circuit controll]s & manually op]ative v>iable resi/ances ^u ! swit* or keybo>d c h indicators connect$ ) !m4 ,"u su* conditions1 ) ! circuits & appliances ^u ! torp$o con/ruct$ to a kn[n /&>d1 ! control ( su* torp$o 9 all its movem5ts & op]ations is easy & c]ta94 ,su* appliances are especially design$ = use ^u m5-(-w> or /eam or electric laun*es :5 ! torp$o vessels are n equipp$ ) electrical magaz9es4 ,fig4 #e illu/rates a float+ =t or batt]y equipp$ ) ma*9]y1 electrical app>atus1 & torp$oes1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #b & #f4 ,! float+ =t or batt]y equipp$ ) electrical or o!r ma*9]y = propell+ c be an*or$ 9 suitable positions1 or mov$ f place to place to be 9 torp$o range ( a fleet1 or 9 a suitable position = supply+ torp$o laun*es ) torp$oes1 & electric or o!r means ( p[]4 ,fig4 #c illu/rates a /eam laun*1 & ,fig4 #d an electric laun* fitt$ ) electrical appliances & comp>tm5ts conta9+ a means = c>ry+ & dis*>g+ electrical torp$oes4 ,by ! employm5t ( su* means1 & a well-organiz$ sy/em ( coa/ def5se1 x w be practically impossible = ho/ile vessels to l& troops1 or to inflict a s]i\s damage ^u %ipp+ or seaport t[ns4 ,any ext5t ( coa/ or e/u>y c be ?or\ghly protect$ by laun*es1 light vessels1 & appliances op]at$ f fix$ electrical /ations1 suppli$ ) p[] & means ( op]ation f any po9t1 h[ev] di/ant4 ,= c>ry+ su* a sy/em into practical op]ation1 ! co/ w1 x is claim$1 be b a ti! ( :at w\ld be requir$ = plac+ an ineffici5t sy/em ( fix$ m9es & =ts1 or = build+ m5-(-w> = coa/ def5se1 z m5-(-w> are practically def5seless aga9/ a great] numb] ( high-spe$ laun*es equipp$ ) movable & controllable torp$oes1 ! reasons = :i* are obvi\s1 z a suffici5t numb] ( su* laun*es w\ld cov] a great] di/9ctive range ?an ! vessel :i* dep5d$ ^u ! range ( its guns1 or ^? comb9$ ) uncontrollable torp$oes4 ,,new ,,electric ,,gas ,,light]4 ,let n ! epi!t ,p]petual1 :i* ! inv5tor applies to ! little app>atus t we are ab\t to describe1 fright5 ! read]1 = its only purpose is to indicate t ! in/rum5t 9 "q is capable ( op]at+ indef9itely1 )\t c>e & )\t !re ev] be+ any ne$ ( tak+ x ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a--,,p]petual ,,gas ,,light]4 ,9 ?is gas light] ! inflammation is produc$ by a small sp>k1 b ?is latt]1 in/ead ( be+ obta9$ by means ( a pile1 :i*1 aft] a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 has to be m\nt$ anew or entirely r5ew$1 is secur$ by borr[+ ! en]gy produc$ by ! op]ator press+ ^u a button4 ,x is1 !n1 9 reality1 a me*anical light] 9 :i* electricity int]v5es z an int]m$ium *>g$ ) ! trans=mation ( "w into suffici5t ( a sp>k to produce inflammation4 ,?anks to ?is pr9ciple1 & to ! arrangem5t ( ! app>atus1 !re is secur$ cleanness1 safety1 & economy4 ,! light+ is r$uc$1 !n1 to op5+ ! cock & plac+ ! extremity ( ! rod ov] ! burn]1 or ov] ! edge ( ! glass 9 burn]s provid$ ) a *imney4 ,^u press+ ! button & !n free+ x1 a sp>k leaps betwe5 ! two po9ts & lights ! gas4 7,fig4 #a47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,a1 cyl9d] ) light+ rod1 ,g4 ,b1 movable cyl9d] fix$ ^u ! axis1 ,e4 ,d1 h&le conta9+ a rack actuat$ by a button1 ,f4 ,! electric g5]ator is a /atic induction ma*9e ( v small size1 & ! arrangem5t ( :i* w be und]/ood by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #a1 :i* gives a g5]al view ( ! app>atus ) a portion remov$ 9 ord] to %[ ! relative position ( ! diff]5t p>ts1 & to ,fig4 #b1 :i* %[s ! latt] deta*$4 ,a is an ebonite cyl9d] conta9+ ! entire ma*9e1 & clos$ above by a cap ( ! same sub/ance ^u :i* is screw$ ! light+ rod4 ,! cap is trav]s$ by conduct+ wires :i* end 9 two contact spr+s t e/abli% an electric communication ) ! light+ tube4 ,two induct+ armatures ( t9 are cem5t$ to ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d]1 ,a1 & occupy1 ea* ( !m1 ab\t a ?ird ( its circumf]5ce4 ,! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 ,a1 supports six contact spr+s1 p>allel ) ea* o!r & con/itut+ ?ree di/9ct pairs :i* are prop]ly connect$1 two by two1 ) ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! re/ ( ! app>atus4 ,! movable or induc$ cyl9d]1 ,b1 ( ebonite is provid$ ) six equidi/ant & insulat$ ?9 %eets ( t9 ( a wid? ne>ly equal to ! int]val :i* sep>ates !m4 ,?is cyl9d] is giv5 a rapid rot>y motion by means ( a sy/em ( rack & ge>+ e "t ! button1 ,f1 is press$4 ,dur+ ! revolution ( ! cyl9d] ! six insulat$ plates come successively into communication ) ! six spr+s1 & ^! put !m successively 9 communication1 two by two1 fir/ ) ! fix$ induct+ armatures1 second1 ) ! conductors connect$ ) ! two po9ts betwe5 :i* ! sp>k is to pass1 &1 ?ird1 ) ea* o!r4 ,! app>atus op]ates1 !n1 l ,sir ,william ,?omson's repl5i%]4 ,x is only necess>y = ! armatures ^u ! cyl9d]1 ,a1 to be at ! />t at a diff]5ce ( pot5tial z small z desirable to suppose x1 9 ord] to h ! play ( ! ma*9e multiply ! *>ge & soon give x suffici5t t5sion to cross ! int]val t sep>ates ! two po9ts fix$ at ! extremity ( ! light+ rod1 ,g4 ,f a te*nical po9t ( view1 ! +5i\s & new idea resides 9 ! application ( a multipli] ( *>ges ) :i* ! prim+ & op]ation are always secur$1 provid$ ! insulat+ p>ts are s dry t ! losses due to dampness are inf]ior to ! ma*9e's p[] ( production4 ,?is result1 moreov]1 is easily atta9$ by ! use ( a h]metically clos$ sy/em1 & ( dry+ sub/ances plac$ 9 t "p ( ! cyl9d] :i* =ms ! h&le ( ! app>atus4 ,f a me*anical po9t ( view1 ! light] conta9s a s]ies ( practical & simple arrangem5ts :i* make x an app>atus at once conv5i5t1 /rong1 & suffici5tly p]petual1 z reg>ds duration1 to p>tially ju/ify ! "n t has be5 be/[$ ^u x by its inv5tor1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,ullmann4--,la ,nature4 ,,insulators ,,= ,,telegraph ,,& ,,telephone ,,l9es4 ,9 ! accompany+ cut we br+ toge!r a few figures ( porcela9 insulators = uncov]$ wires plac$ inside or outside ( h\ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,porcela9 ,,insulators ,,= ,,telegraph ,,& ,,telephone ,,l9es4 ,figs4 #a & #b repres5t simple & d\ble *annel$ pulleys to be fix$ aga9/ a wall1 or ^u a pole or a door po/1 by means ( nails simply4 ,fig4 #c %[s a pulley ( l>g] dim5sions = iron wires4 ,figs4 #d1 #e1 & #f %[ p]=at$ insulators1 t are q conv5i5t = hold+ & support+ a wire1 b :i* are n conv5i5t to put 9 position :5 ! wire is ( "s l5g?4 ,fig4 #g %[s a device = protect+ a wire t passes ?r\gh a wall4 ,fig4 #h %[s a support design$ especially = small poles4 ,x may be us$ ei!r by pass+ ! wires ?r\gh ! ap]ture or w9d+ x ar\nd ! neck ( ! bell4 ,fig4 #h %[s a cleft insulator design$ especially = fix+ a wire 9 places :]e x mu/ =m an angle4--,la ,nature4 ,,electric ,,light ,,9 ,,!at]s4 ,m4 ,br&t places alt]nately1 9 a cont9u\s l9e1 =ty lamps ( ord9>y glass1 =ty ( gre5 glass1 & =ty ( r$ glass1 mak+ a hundr$ & tw5ty lamps 9 all1 at ! foot ( ! /age4 ,ea* s]ies ( =ty lamps =ms a sep>ate circuit4 ,! ?ree s]ies c be light$ indep5d5tly1 or !y may be comb9$1 9 ord] to obta9 diff]5t effects ( color4 ,= example1 a delicate rose hue may be produc$ by simultane\sly light+ ! r$ & ! :ite lamps2 a moonlight effect1 by a comb9ation ( ! :ite & ! gre5 lamps4 ,9 ord] to pass gradually f ! latt] to full daylight1 x is only necess>y to increase ! resi/ance 9 ! gre5 circuit :ile /r5g!n+ ! curr5t 9 ! :ite lamps4 ,moreov]1 ! two sides ( ! /age may be light$ indep5d5tly1 because ! #abj lamps are aga9 subdivid$ into two circuits ( sixty ea*4 ,we may ?us h a moonlight on "o side ( ! /age1 :ile ! o!r side1 at ! mom5t :5 an actor ent]s ) a tor* 9 8 h&1 seems to be illum9at$ by ! reflection f ! tor*4 ,:5 ! footlights are ( gas1 a curr5t ( hot air asc5ds above ! :ole l9e ( lights1 =m+ a sort ( gase\s wall betwe5 ! /age & ! audi5ce1 :i* (t5 makes x difficult to he> ! actors4 ,?is inconv5i5ce is suppress$ by electric light+1 & ! op]a s+]s are agreeably surpris$ at ! great improvem5t4--,lumi]e ,electr4 ,,! ,,new ,,dam ,,at ,,suresnes4 ,x 0 n till #ahfg1 on ! occasion ( ! ,univ]sal ,exhibition1 t a dam 0 con/ruct$ at ,suresnes t p]mitt$ ( omnibus-boat s]vice4 ,! effect t ?is dam _h 0 to raise ! wat] #g feet up /ream1 & to consequ5tly suppress ! natural incl9e ( ! riv] betwe5 ,p>is & ,suresnes4 ,its action made itself felt z f> z to ! ,au/]litz ,bridge 9 front ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,plants4 ,betwe5 ,suresnes & ,lavallois ! ,se9e is divid$ into two arms t are sep>at$ by ! isles ( ,puteaux & ,gr&e-,jabbe4 ,! left arm 0 damm$ at ,suresnes1 & "h 0 e/abli%$ ! sluice t all[$ boats to cross ! falls4 ,! "r arm 0 damm$ at ,levallois4 ,a law ( ,april #f1 #ahgh1 decid$ ! increase ( ! dep? ( ! ,se9e betwe5 ,p>is & ,r\5 9 ord] to all[ boats ( a draught ( t5 feet to rea* ,p>is1 & to br+ ?i!r1 )\t transf]1 ,engli% coal & ,bordeaux w9es4 ,! ,consul-,g5]al ( ! ,se9e hav+ (f]$ to contribute t[>d ! exp5se1 on condition t su* boats might h x 9 _! p[] to asc5d z f> z to ,b]cy1 a law ( ,july #ba1 #ahhj1 decid$ t ! ,suresnes dam %\ld be rais$ ab\t ?ree feet 9 ord] to increase ! an*orage4 ,to effect ?is1 ! dams ( #ahfg 7 entirely rebuilt1 ! new ones be+ locat$ at ,suresnes1 across ! two arms ( ! riv]4 ,at ! same "t1 ! exi/+ sluice 0 d\bl$ by ano!r "o t 0 l>g] & deep]4 ,?is great "w 0 execut$ "u ! able direction ( ,mr4 ,b\le1 eng9e] 9 *ief ( roads & bridges1 :o has 9 *>ge ! navigation ( ! ,se9e1 outside ( ,p>is1 betwe5 ,mont]eau & ,poissy4 ,! new sluice 0 con/ruct$ 9 #ahhj & #ahha1 ! dam to ! left & ! int]m$iate weir 9 #ahhb & #ahhc1 & ! pass to ! "r 9 #ahhd4 ,! wid? ( ! ,se9e at ?is po9t is ab\t #hbj feet1 ! l5g? ( ! passes v>ies betwe5 #bji & #bcf feet1 & ! two sluices occupy a wid? ( #ih feet4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! ?ree passes !re 7 e/abli%$1 up & d[n /ream1 dikes ab\t #cbe feet ap>t1 ?us giv+ consid]able space = ! in/allation ( "w y>ds1 & mu* facilitat+ op]ations4 ,! new dam is clos$ by movable me*anisms ( ! k9d inv5t$ by ,eng9e] ,poiret 9 #ahcd4 ,! iron tre/les t support ! wickets are ! l>ge/ t h ev] be5 con/ruct$1 _! height be+ ne>ly #bj feet & _! weight #c1iej p\nds4 ,dur+ fre%ets !y are laid ^u ! b$ ( ! sluice1 & :5 ! wat] subsides !y are rais$ v]tically4 ,^u ^! supports are plac$ sw++ wickets1 l ^? ( mills1 accord+ to a sy/em devis$ by ,mr4 ,b\let 9 #ahgd1 & :i* has be5 tri$ s9ce !n ) success at ! ,port-a-l',anglais dam ne> ,p>is4 ,?is sy/em has likewise be5 successfully appli$ ^u ! ,mosk[a1 bel[ ,mosc[1 & ^u ! ,saone1 at ! ,mulati]e dam1 ne> ,lyons4#i #i ,see ,,supplem5t ,no4 #bfd = an illu/rat$ description4 ,! con/ruction ( ! new sluice pres5t$ great difficulties1 by reason ( ! fact t x 0 necess>y to avoid ob/ruct+ navigation 9 ! exi/+ sluice1 :]e ! boats /ood ?irte5 or fifte5 feet above ! labor]s :o 7 work+ at ! side1 beh9d simple dikes4 ,yet x became necess>y to =bid ! passage ( ! sluices = ne>ly a mon? ea* ye>4 ,at ,suresnes ?is 0 tak5 advantage ( ea* "t to keep ! works 9 full bla/ dur+ ! :ole night1 ! light+ be+ done by electricity4 ,dur+ ^! int]ruptions ! boats accumulat$ at ! sides ( ! dam1 & gave ! public an idea ( :at ,p>is w\ld be z a sea port4 ,all ! "w is n[ f9i%$4 ,its e/imat$ co/ is six millions1 two ( :i* 7 devot$ to ! con/ruction ( ab\t half a mile ( dock wall & ( a long & wide sew]4 ,! sluices 7 op5$ = navigation on ! #ae? ( ,septemb] la/4 ,! new dams w be 9 op]ation 9 #ahhe1 & next summ] !y w increase ! height ( wat] 9 ,p>is by "o met]4--,l',illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,! ,,riv] ,,se9e4--,,! ,,new ,,dam ,,at ,,suresnes4 ,,bre>ey',s ,,a]onautical ,,ma*9e4 ,mr4 ,fr$4 ,w4 ,bre>ey has be5 ! honor>y secret>y ( ! ,a]onautical ,society ( ,great ,brita9 ev] s9ce its e/abli%m5t 9 #ahff4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp]im5ts1 ext5d+ ov] "s ye>s1 he f\nd t if a s]p5t9e action 7 imp>t$ to a fabric x w\ld propel an atta*$ object _m times its weight 9 ! air4 ,he records 9 8 publi%$ magaz9e articles t he took ! idea f wat*+ ! movem5ts ( a skate 9 an aqu>ium1 :i* 9 swimm+ undulat$ its :ole body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bre>ey',s ,,fly+ ,,ma*9e4 ,9 apply+ ! pr9ciple to locomotion 9 air1 x is ( c\rse impossible to undulate :at may call$ ! backbone ( ! :ole /ructure 9 ! mann] ( ! skate4 ,b a fabric may be s atta*$ to a receptacle1 & s work$ f !nce by a suitable motive p[]1 t its undulations w propel & support a consid]able weight1 dep5d+ ^u ! en]gy ) :i* su* fabric is ?r[n into waves4 ,he believes t ! awn+ ( a vessel c be made 9 ?is way to contribute to a %ip's progress at ! same "t t x w\ld cool ! pass5g]s4 ,mr4 ,bre>ey argues t ! in/9ct ( ! bird enables x to adapt itself in/antane\sly to v>y+ circum/ances2 t 9 any arrangem5t = effect+ flight by ma*9]y--! adju/m5t ( p>ts to meet sudd5 requirem5ts be+ a matt] requir+ mom5t>y ?\ght--x is desirable1 if practicable1 to employ l>ge surfaces = p>a*utic action1 at ! same "t mak+ ?is means ( safety n an incumbrance1 b an aid4 ,! possession ( in/9ct all[s ( ! employm5t ( ! smalle/ surface 9 proportion to weight2 ! possession ( =e?\ght r5d]s x necess>y t int]mitt5t action %all be safegu>d$ by l>ge surfaces4 ,?is requirem5t is fully met1 ! inv5tor says1 by ! arrangem5t advocat$ by him1 & none b edge resi/ance is (f]$ to ! air1 except ! %>p l9es ( ! necess>y vehicle4 ,! manufacture ( su* an app>atus ^u a scale ( utility w\ld be z foll[s3 ,a flat-bottom$ receptacle1 some:at ( boat %ape1 w\ld be fix$ ^u :eels4 ,at ! =e "p ( ! boat a motor w\ld f ea* side elevate & depress two w+-arms1 ea* #ae ft4 long4 7,see ,figure47 ,along ! w+-arms is atta*$ a fabric :i* w\ld =m ! front "p ( a kite1 :i*1 be+ fa/5$ 9 ! c5t] to ! edge ( ! boat1 w\ld cont9ue = #ae ft4 to ! re>1 be+ ext5d$ ab\t #f ft4 f>!r ?an ! /]n ( ! boat by a cont9u+ sp>4 ,to a cross piece "h w\ld be fa/5$ ! tail end ( ! kite1 :i*1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( a po9t1 w\ld be ab\t #e ft4 9 wid?4 ,f ?is aga9 w\ld ext5d a tail ( ab\t #ab ft41 to :i* ei!r a lat]al1 twi/+1 or a v]tical movem5t c\ld be imp>t$ by cords 9 ! h&s ( ! op]ator 9 ! boat = /e]+ purposes4 ,f ! =e "p ( ! boat w\ld ext5d a b[sprit1 f :i* cords w\ld be atta*$ to ! two w+-arms to prev5t ! weight ( ! fabric f dragg+ !m backw>d4 ,an important arrangem5t has be5 adopt$ by ! inv5tor1 :i* he calls ! pectoral cord1 :i* by its automatic action assumes ! functions ( ! pectoral muscle ( ! bird4 ,?is is an ,india-rubb] cord4 ,x is atta*$ by its two extremities to ! "u portion ( ea* w+-arm1 & 9 models passes und]nea? a c5tral %aft--9 ?is case ! boat4 ,its degree ( ela/icity is regulat$ by ! weight4 ,:5 any model ) w+s is committ$ to ! action ( ! air1 ! pressure ( ! air causes ! w+s to fly upw>d1 & p[] is requir$ accord+ to ! weight su/a9$ to depress ! w+s aga9/ ! weight4 ,! /r5g? ( ! cord1 h[ev]1 is su* t x ma9ta9s ! out/ret*$ w+s at t angle :i* is suitable = glid+ ^u ! air )\t1 9 ! case ( ! bird1 any en=c$ muscul> ex]tion4 ,! contraction ( ?is cord assi/s ! p[] ex]t$ 9 ! d[nw>d /roke4 ,! w+ arms w\ld n be rigid ?r\gh\t _! l5g?4 ,!y w\ld consi/ ( a numb] ( rattans or canes firmly b\nd toge!r by close wrapp+1 & tap]$ by cutt+ (f "o at int]vals1 ?is be+ practically unbreakable by any accid5t likely to occur4 ,! portion next to ! body = #e ft4 or #f ft4 might be /iff5$ by a /eel tube1 =m+ ! c5t] r\nd :i* ! rattans are wrapp$4 ,by ?is me?od ( =m+ ! w+-arms _! l5g? may be increas$ at pleasure4 ,a small model ^u ?is pr9ciple1 b )\t any motive p[]1 0 lib]at$ z an exp]im5t by ,capta9 ,templ]1 f a balloon :i* _h ris5 #bjj ft4 or #cjj ft4 f ,woolwi* ,ars5al1 & x travel$ back aga9 to ! ars5al half a mile aga9/ ! w9d un9jur$4 ,! importance ( su* an app>atus might become manife/ 9 any flight ( a balloon f a besieg$ place ov] ! heads ( an inve/+ army4 ,! results ( a rapid survey ( ! enemy's positions c\ld be writt5 & dispat*$ f a height aga9/ ! same curr5t :i* waft$ ! balloon1 s z to fall )9 ! l9es ( ! besieg$4 ,giv5 a light motive p[]1 :i* x is hop$ may soon be =?com+1 ,mr4 ,bre>ey anticipates ! action ( ! ma*9e z foll[s3 ,a surface w be provid$ accord+ to ! weight to be c>ri$1 ! support+ surface ( a p>a*ute be+ kn[n4 ,^u be+ run d[n an incl9e ! envelope w be inflat$ by ! pressure ( ! air1 & ! w+ arms rais$ to t po9t :]e _! fur!r elevation is re/ra9$ by ! pectoral cord4 ,! ma*9e w !n naturally float away f ! incl9e1 & ! occupant mu/ set 8 motor 9 action4 ,! d[nw>d bl[ ( ! w+-arms w cause ! fabric imm$iately atta*$ !reto to imprison a mass ( compress$ air1 & ! foll[+ wave w =ce x along ! "u side ( ! fabric4 ,?is w cause propulsion4 ,! return or up /roke cuts (f & div]ts f ! upp] "p t air :i*1 b = ! rise ( ! w+-arms1 w\ld fl[ ov] ! back1 & %unts x und]nea?1 :ile t :i* is embrac$ 9 ! concave fabric foll[+ ! up-/roke is ?r[n (f 9 a wave to ! re> above ! ma*9e1 & s on alt]nately4 ,dur+ ?is en]getic action ! :ole fabric is kept 9 a /ate ( corrugation1 & to su* ext5t is rigid4 ,x possesses all ! prop]ties ( a plane1 & sup]iority ov] a plane1 inasmu* z x propels itself1 & ^u cessation ( action assumes ! functions ( a p>a*ute1 ! desc5t ( :i* a man may regulate by a /ep backw>d or =w>d4 ,! late/ inv5tion :i* has be5 complet$ ^u a full scale is ! idea ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,l9field1 ( ,m>gate4 ,x is really a plane-propell+ ma*9e1 b ! planes are compress$1 x may be said1 into small compass1 be+ only two in*es ap>t1 & be+ ( su* numb] & ext5t z to pres5t #dch squ>e feet ( /ra9$ & v>ni%$ l95 9 two frames1 ea* five feet squ>e4 ,! dim5sions ( ! ma*9e are #bj ft4 #i 94 9 l5g?1 #ae ft4 9 wid?1 & #h ft4 #c ins4 9 height4 ,x runs ^u f\r :eels2 ! two front :eels are #f ft4 9 diamet]1 ! two h9d :eels #c ft4 ,! frames be=e m5tion$ are fix$ "o on ea* out] side ( ! front :eel at an upw>d angle4 ,! :eels h be5 te/$ to su/a9 a weight ( #e cwt4 ,! weight ( ! ma*9e is #bdj lb41 & ( its inv5tor #ahj lb4 ,he sits betwe5 ! :eels & works two treadles1 :i* actuate a n9e-blad$ screw #g ft4 9 diamet]1 fix$ 9 front ( ! ma*9e1 to :i* he c imp>t #aab revolutions p] m9ute4 ,?is suffices to enable him to travel along a level road4 ,,rais+ ,,( ,,! ,,fall5 ,,gird] ,,( ,,! ,,d\>n5ez ,,viaduct4 ,dur+ ! erection ( ! viaduct at ,d\>n5ez--,dep>tm5t ( ,f9i/re--ov] ! riv] ,p\ldavid1 "o end ( "o ( ! heavy latticework gird]s dropp$ into ! riv]1 z %[n 9 ! upp] "o ( ! annex$ cuts tak5 f ,l',illu/ration4 ,! difficult problem to be solv$ 0 to remove ! ob/ruction 9 z %ort a "t z possible1 & at ! lea/ exp5se2 & ! eng9e]s came to ! conclusion t x w\ld be be/ to raise ! fall5 end1 z ! gird] 0 intact1 ) ! exception ( ^? p>ts t /ruck ! bottom ( ! riv]1 & :i* c\ld easily be replac$ by o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,viaduct ,,( ,,d\>n5ez4--,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,fall5 ,,gird]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,viaduct ,,( ,,d\>n5ez4--,,! ,,gird] ,,rais$4 ,! viaduct has ?ree spans ( #aij ft4 ea*1 & is #hh ft4 above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,:ile roll+ ! gird]s ^u ! pi]s1 ! pivot ( "o ( ! roll]s broke1 & a project+ l5g? ( #ahc ft4 ( ! gird] dropp$ a v]tical di/ance ( #gb ft4 ,t "p ( ! gird] t _h to be rais$ 0 #ahc ft4 long1 & weigh$ #ade tons1 & ! free end _h to be mov$ a di/ance ( #gb ft4 9 an arc ! radius ( :i* 0 #ahc ft4 ,suitable scaffold+s 7 erect$ on ! pi]s & bel[ ! fall5 end ( ! gird]2 f\r /rong & heavy d\ble *a9s 7 connect$ ) ! l[] end ( ! gird] & pass$ ov] a scaffold+ erect$ = ?is purpose1 & ! opposite ends ( ! *a9s 7 connect$ ) a heavy box weight$ ) rails1 & conta9+ #b1gjj cubic ft4 ( wat]4 ,! upp] end ( ! fall5 gird] 0 disconnect$ f ! o!r p>ts ( ! /ructure1 & a heavy /eel pivot b> ins]t$1 ^u :i* ! gird] c\ld turn4 ,! box 0 s weight$ t ! fall5 gird] 0 some:at heavi] ?an ! box1 & !n w9dlass *a9s 7 connect$ ) ! l[] end ( ! gird]1 & w\nd ^u w9dlass drums op]at$ on top ( ! scaffold+4 ,! weight$ box ?us m]ely act$ z a c\nt]balanc+ weight1 ! rais+ be+ accompli%$ by means ( ! w9dlass4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,augu/ ! l[] end ( ! gird] 0 rais$ #ag in*es1 & rema9$ 9 ?is position = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t exam9ations 7 made :i* prov$ t ! calculations 7 correct1 & t all ! p>ts work$ p]fectly4 ,! op]ation 0 complet$ ! next day ) p]fect success1 & 0 witness$ by a great multitude1 attract$ by ! novel sight4 ,,improv$ ,,wire ,,te/+ ,,ma*9e4 ,! illu/ration repres5ts a multiple wire te/]1 con/ruct$ = ! ,tr5ton ,iron & ,/eel ,company by ,riehle ,bros41 ( ,philadelphia4 ,x consi/s ( a weigh+ me*anism 7se5 on ! left1 ) a capacity ( #d1jjj p\nds71 two s+le or alt]nat+ pumps1 a hydraulic jack1 a pat5t$ ?ree-way valve1 & a ris+ & fall+ accumulator4 ,! weigh+ end ( ! ma*9e1 plac$ horizontally & secur$ by bolts to a f\ndation1 is accurate1 & w weigh ! /ra9 on "o to six wires at a "t4 ,x is provid$ ) self-adju/+ grips to take 9 wires f ,no4 #aj to ,no4 #af1 & hold !m firmly4 ,x c be adapt$ to take 9 a l>g] or small] range ( numb]s :5 desir$4 ,!re is a set ( gripp+ appliances at bo? ends1 & 9 ! pres5t in/ance !y are #ij feet ap>t--"o set at ! scale end1 & ! o!r secur$ to head ( pi/on4 ,! jack is #e feet 9 l5g?1 & l9$ ) brass2 its outside diamet] is #c in*es2 its inside diamet]1 #b in*es4 ,l ! scale end1 x is firmly bolt$ d[n to its f\ndations4 ,! plung] has a /roke ( #d feet4 ,x is support$ & guid$ by ?ree guides1 ! top "o be+ a /raight tube runn+ on turn$ roll]s4 ,a ?ree-way valve controls ! movem5ts ( ! jack & accumulator1 & supplies wat] to ! jack by a lev]4 ,:5 ! lev] is rais$1 ! wat] is =c$ into ! l>g] area ( ! jack1 caus+ ! plung] to move backw>d & br+ a /ra9 on to ! wires or o!r specim5s2 :5 ! lev] is l[]$1 ! wat] 9 ! l>g] area ( ! jack only returns to ! res]voir ( ! pump 7to be us$ aga974 ,n[1 )\t *ang+ ! position ( ! lev]1 ! plung] w return automatically1 )\t weight or c\nt]balance1 ) a /eady1 smoo?1 & uni=m motion4 ,! pump has a sl[ motion1 #fj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,x has two s+le action pi/ons1 & ! valves are s simple & readily accessible t an ord9>y me*anic c exam9e & repair1 :5 necess>y1 9 a %ort "t4 ,! accumulator is s arrang$ z to ov]fl[ :5 x comes to its maximum height4 ,! ma*9e c be adapt$ to /ret*+ & /raight5+ wires 9 l5g?s to a giv5 am\nt4 ,! weight on ! scale & t on ! accumulator is made to correspond1 s t wires ( a c]ta9 numb] or size c be quickly te/$ 9 quantities "u exactly ! same conditions1 ) only ! movem5t ( ! lev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,wire ,,te/+ ,,ma*9e4 ,,improv$ ,,d\bl+ ,,& ,,lay+ ,,ma*9e4 ,! t5acity ) :i* :ip cord1 cotton cord1 & o!r simil> l9es pres]ve _! twi/ :5 prop]ly made1 is a little rem>kable :5 consid]$ 9 relation to ! mat]ials f :i* !y are manufactur$1 & :i* z a rule %[ a t5d5cy :5 ord9>ily twi/$ to return to a /raight l9e4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! reflections :i* occurr$ to u :5 wat*+ a ,james d\bl+ & lay+ ma*9e at "w at ! late ,textile ,exhibition1 on ! /& ( ,walt] ,t4 ,glov] ,co41 ( ,man*e/]4 ,we give a p]spective view ( ?is ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,d\bl+ ,,& ,,lay+ ,,ma*9e4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( c>ry+ out ! process ( d\bl+1 :i* 9 its simple/ s5se consi/s 9 lay+ a giv5 numb] ( folds ( y>n toge!r & putt+ a twi/ into !m4 ,b beyond ?is we come to sp9dle b&+1 :i* is cord1 or rope 9 m9iature1 & x is made ( ?ree or m ends ( ! d\bl$ y>n j m5tion$1 su* d\bl$ y>n becom+1 9 fact1 ! /r& ( a small rope4 ,to lay ^! /r&s prop]ly into a cord !y %\ld n only be twi/$ toge!r1 b ea* %\ld be twi/$ sep>ately 9 ! opposite direction to ! twi/ ( ! cord4 ,a b&+ ma*9e1 !re=e1 has to imp>t a d\ble twi/1 & to p]=m ! "w p]fectly ea* twi/ %\ld be capable ( easy regulation2 & ! drag ^u ! bobb9s %\ld admit ( be+ adju/$ to requirem5ts4 ,^! conditions are met 9 ! ,james ma*9e1 z evid5c$ by ! samples ( "w produc$ by x4 ,z %[n 9 our engrav+1 ! app>atus consi/s ( ?ree heads1 ( f\r sp9dles ea*1 be+ capable !re=e ( d\bl+ a f\r-/r& cord4 ,! heads "w indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 & by ?r[+ "o or two ( ! sp9dles out ( action a ?ree-/r& or a two-/r& cord w be produc$4 ,! cord is twi/$ regul>ly1 & may be made cont9u\sly to any l5g?4 ,! uni=mity ( ! twi/ dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! cord is tak5 up at a regul> rate1 by a simple & neat motion1 consi/+ m]ely ( a pair ( pulleys1 "o groov$ & ! o!r ) a r\gh5$ surface4 ,aft] leav+ ^!1 ! cord is coil$ ^u ! reels se5 on ! top ( ! framework4 ,! twi/ giv5 to ! cord dep5ds ^u ! rate at :i* x is tak5 up1 ! spe$ ( ! c5t] sp9dle rema9+ con/ant4 ,! twi/ 9 ! /r&s is gov]n$ by ! spe$ at :i* ! bobb9 sp9dles revolve4 ,?is may be adju/$ z requir$1 by a s]ies ( *ange :eels4 ,an effective /op motion is also appli$ to automatically /op ! head 9 :i* a breakage takes place1 :e!r ( ! cord itself or ( a s+le /r&4 ,ei!r head is />t$ by depress+ ! h&le or knob 9 front ( x4 ,a feature = :i* p>ticul> m]it is claim$ is t a heavy drag is put ^u all ! /r&s sep>ately = ! purpose ( tak+ out all ! /ret* be=e twi/+1 :i* is an important desid]atum = ! production ( good b&+4 ,?is is accompli%$ by hang+ weights on ! sp9dles1 :i* cause ! /r&s to be twi/$ "u t5sion4 ,! t5sion is alt]$ z requir$ by ! size & nature ( ! y>n1 by remov+ or add+ to ! weights4 ,! heads be+ indep5d5t ( ea* o!r enables ! ma*9e to be employ$ on ?ree cords ( diff]5t mat]ial & ?ickness4 ,! production is ab\t #a1cjj y>ds p] head = t5 h\rs1 & x is /at$ t a girl c m9d z _m z #hj or #ij heads4--,iron4 ,,boil] ,,tubes4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! draught area & heat+ surface ( ! v>i\s siz$ boil] tubes & flues3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,no4 ( ,heat+ surface tubes 9 #a ,ext]nal ,draught area ,draught ,area 9 feet sq4 foot ( ,diamet]4 9 sq4 in*es4 9 sq4 feet4 p] ft4 ( tube draught 9 l5g?4 area4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #e_/h 444444 444444 4#afcf 44444 444444 444444 4#aifc 44444 #a 4#ege 4#jjdj 4#bfah #bej4j #a 4#ifh 4#jjfg 4#cbgb #adi4c #a #a4chi 4#jjifd 4#cibg #ajc4g #a #a4iaa 4#jacc 4#deha #ge4b #b #b4egc 4#jagi 4#ebcf #ee4i #b #c4ccc 4#jbca 4#ehia #dc4c #b #d4jhc 4#jbhd 4#fede #ce4b #b #e4jbg 4#jcdi 4#gbjj #bh4g #c #f4jgj 4#jdbb 4#ghed #bc4g #c #g4aaf 4#jdid 4#hejh #bj4b #c #h4cdg 4#jehj 4#iafc #ag4b #c #i4fgf 4#jfgb 4#ihah #ad4i #d #aj4ic 4#jgei #a4jdgb #ac4b #d #ad4je 4#jiif #a4agha #aj4b #e #ag4ce 4#abje #a4cjij #h4c #f #be4be 4#agec #a4egjh #e4g #g #cd4id 4#bdbf #a4hcbf #d4a #h #df4bj 4#cbjh #b4jidd #c4a #i #eh4fc 4#djgb #b4cefb #b4e #aj #gb4bc 4#ejaf #b4fahj #b4j ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,improv$ ,,ladle ,,c>riage4 ,we give bel[ two views ( a ladle c>riage :i* has be5 con/ruct$ f ! designs ( ,mr4 ,?omas ,wood1 ! *ief eng9e] to ! ,ebbw ,vale ,/eel1 ,iron1 & ,coal ,company4 ,^! works cov] a l>ge ext5t ( gr\nd1 ! ,victoria furnaces & ! ,ebbw ,vale furnaces1 bo? ( :i* supply "o /eel plant1 be+ ov] a mile ap>t4 ,al?\gh ?is gives a long di/ance ov] :i* ! molt5 metal f ! furnaces has to be c>ri$1 x is by no means unprec$5t$2 ! ,b>r[ furnaces = in/ance be+ situat$ /ill fur!r f ! /eel works !y supply4 ,until a %ort "t ago1 h[ev]1 ! ,ebbw ,vale ,company _h _! ,sirh[y furnaces 9 bla/4 ,^! are1 or r 71 = n[ !y are dismantl$1 situat$ six miles by rail f ! conv]t]s !y suppli$ at ,ebbw ,vale1 consequ5tly ! ladle conta9+ ! #aj tons ( molt5 metal _h to be br\ght ?is di/ance ea* "t ! conv]t]s 7 *>g$4 ,9 ord] to meet ! exig5cies ( su* a s]vice1 ! ladle c>riage we n[ illu/rate 0 design$ by ,mr4 ,wood4 ,by means ( ! ge>+ ( worm:eel1 rack1 & p9ion1 :i* are cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ! ladle c be reta9$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! c>riage & kept upright = runn+2 a clip :i* is easily knock$ out ( ge> be+ fitt$ to reta9 x 9 ! necess>y position4 ,:5 ! ladle is 9 ! requir$ spot to enable ! *>ge to be tipp$ into ! runn] :i* takes x to ! conv]t]1 ! loose wr\ght-iron h&le1 ,a1 is slipp$ on to ! squ>e end ( ! worm%aft1 & by turn+ ?is ! ladle is tipp$1 & at ! same "t travels on ! rack f its position 9 ! c5t] ( ! c>riage1 "o man be+ suffici5t to p]=m ! op]ation4 ,! dott$ l9es at ,b repres5t a wr\ght-iron %ield = protect+ ! tipp+ ge> f spla%es ( metal1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,ladle ,,c>riage4 ,) ! old ca/-iron frame c>riage ! weight ( ! ladle & *>ge is practically c>ri$ by ! two be>+s on "o side1 z ! ladle has to be ov]hung f ! c5t] ( ! c>riage1 9 ord] t ! metal may tip cle> ( ! rails & into ! well2 suppos+ ( c\rse !re are n conv5i5ces = tipp+ direct into ! conv]t]4 ,x w be se5 t 9 ,mr4 ,wood's arrangem5t1 :5 ! ladle is 9 a v]tical position x /&s fairly 9 ! middle ( ! c>riage1 b ! action ( tipp+ c>ries x to ! side1 s t ! *>ge w cle> ! rails4 ,?is c>riage has n[ be5 9 "w = ab\t ?ree ye>s1 & s9ce its introduction !re has n be5 ! slighte/ hit*1 ev5 :5 runn+ t5 tons ( metal at a consid]able spe$ ov] ! six miles ( l9e f ! ,sirh[y furnaces4 ,?is has be5 a pleas+ contra/ comp>$ to ! tr\ble t us$ to be exp]i5c$ at ,ebbw ,vale ) ! orig9al ca/-iron frames4 ,^!1 "u ! heavy duty put ^u !m1 7 cont9ually break+ on ! side :i* _h to c>ry ! weight1 & ?is w\ld entail ! metal hav+ to be tipp$ on ! gr\nd s t x might be brok5 = re*>g+4 ,al?\gh ! exceptional nature ( ! "w at ,ebbw ,vale call$ =? ?is arrangem5t1 x w ( c\rse be und]/ood t ! advantages x possesses are also manife/ ^u %ort] j\rneys4--,eng9e]+4 ,,! ,,repair ,,( ,,boil] ,,tubes4#aj #aj ,annales ,indu/rielles4 ,! tubes ( tubul> boil]s mu/1 = diff]5t reasons1 be tak5 out :5 ! g5]ator has work$ = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t4 ,su* a necessity pres5ts itself :5 ! extremities ( ! tubes are worn out & c no long] be fa/5$ ) suffici5t tightness into ! plate1 or :5 ! portion ( ! tube 9 contact ) wat] is s incru/$ t !re results a notable dim9ution 9 ! production ( /eam1 or :5 ! tubes exhibit local injuries1 or1 f9ally1 :5 ! int]ior ( ! boil] mu/ be exam9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,repair ,,( ,,boil] ,,tubes4 ,?is latt] cont+5cy arises = e boil] aft] a p]iod ( f #f to #h ye>s1 & x requires ! removal ( all ! tubes4 ,x furni%es an occasion to rem$y ! o!r defects1 t w\ld h ( !mselves requir$ ! r5ewal ( only a c]ta9 numb] ( ! tubes4 ,9 ! int]val betwe5 ^! ?or\gh inspections defects may pres5t !mselves :i* require ! removal ( a c]ta9 numb] ( tubes4 ,! frequ5cy ( su* repairs dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! fe$ wat]1 ^u ! quality ( ! fuel1 ^u ! pressure at :i* ! g5]ator op]ates1 ^u ! /ate ( repair 9 :i* ! boil] is kept1 & naturally also ^u ! quality ( ! metal ( :i* ! tubes !mselves are compos$4 ,sel5itic wat] deposits 9 ! long run a v h>d & adhesive incru/ation1 :i* acts z an ob/acle to ! transmission ( heat4 ,! m calc>e\s wat]s fill ! int]vals betwe5 ! tubes ) deposits :i* c be b p>tially remov$ by ! wa%+ ( ! boil]1 & :i* (t5 =m a calc>e\s mass su* z to prev5t all circulation ( wat] ar\nd ! tubes4 ,9 bo? cases ! tubes are heat$ beyond measure1 elongate1 deta* !mselves f ! tube-plates1 & burn 9 places1 or lose en\gh ( _! resi/ance to all[ !m to become flatt5$ by ! pressure ( ! /eam4 ,! loos5+ ( ! tubes likewise acts injuri\sly ^u ! plates1 :i* ! pressure causes to b5d outw>dly4 ,! result is t ! tubes may become completely deta*$4 ,sulphur\s fuel corrodes ! extremities ( ! tubes ne> ! fire-box & also notably attacks ! h9d extremities1 9 ! int]ior1 aga9/ ! tube-plate4 ,x likewise r5d]s brittle ^? tubes ^: metal is bad1 s t !y split ei!r ( !mselves or at ! lea/ ef=t made to tight5 !m up 9 ! tube-plate4 ,9 tubes made ( poor metal ^! brittle places are n only f\nd ne> ! plates1 b also 9 o!r p>ts4 ,! tubes likewise h to und]go too lively a combu/ion :5 ! boil]s are driv54 ,leakages f ! tubes (t5 proce$ f ! fact t an expansion ( ! boil] l5g?wise is prev5t$1 or f a cool+ ( ! tubes by a curr5t ( air :i* passes1 )\t becom+ heat$1 ?r\gh a badly cov]$ grate4 ,leakages may also occur if a boil] t has j be5 empti$ is fill$ too soon4 ,x w be se5 t ! causes ( ! det]ioration ( tubes are num]\s2 & ! repairs t !y give rise to 9 railway %ops are !re=e v important1 & are g5]ally kn[n z a :ole4 ,yet !y diff] 9 "s po9ts ( detail accord+ to ! %op 9 :i* !y are made1 s t x may n be )\t utility to pass !m 9 review1 9 ord] to comp>e ! results ( ! practice ( sev]al p]sons pursu+ ! same object4 ,! au?or ( ?is article has _h1 dur+ a long exp]i5ce1 occasion to make su* comp>isons3 sev]al ( ! me?ods t he describes 7 d]iv$ by him 9 %ops t he direct$1 & h be5 appli$ ^u a l>ge scale2 & num]\s visits to o!r %ops h p]mitt$ him to see diff]5t processes & to judge ( results4 ,! diff]5t repairs to be made 9 boil] tubes may be classifi$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,repairs to leaky tubes4 #b4 ,removal ( worn-out tubes4 #c4 ,repair ( tubes 9 s]vice1 & putt+ !m 9 place aga94 #a4 ,,repair ,,( ,,leaky ,,tubes4 ,leakages at ! po9t ( ins]tion ( ! tubes are /ill g5]ally & exclusively repair$ by means ( roll] app>atus = op5+ ! tubes1 & ) :i* an endeavor is made to tight5 ! latt] 9 ! hole 9 ! tube-plate4 ,! cones :i* 7 =m]ly employ$ injur$ ! ends ( ! tubes by splitt+ !m2 if ! workman 0 n v skillful1 ! holes 9 ! plate became oval2 & fractures likewise q (t5 occurr$ betwe5 ! holes 9 ! plate itself4 ,! be/ app>atus to op5 ! tubes are ^? 9 :i* ! w$ge t sep>ates ! roll]s is actuat$ by a screw2 ^? 9 :i* ! w$ge is driv5 9 by a hamm] are sc>cely bett] ?an ! old cones4 ,:5 app>atus = op5+ tubes are us$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to beg9 ) ! ext]nal tubes1 & to op5 ^! gradually4 ,! same op]ation is aft]w>d p]=m$ ^u ! neighbor+ ones1 9 approa*+ ! c5t]1 & !n ! fir/ ones are tak5 up4 ,! tubes %\ld nev] be op5$ at "o op]ation1 b ea* "o %\ld be subject$ to sev]al passes4 ,at ! second pass1 ! roll]s %\ld be plac$ a little m deeply1 & %\ld !n be half )9 ! tube-plate4 ,! tube ?us op5s beh9d ! plate & =ms a be>+ aga9/ x1 & ?is n only r5d]s x tight]1 b also increases its adhesion to ! plate4 ,f9ally1 ! op]ation is f9i%$ by beat+ d[n ! edge ( ! tube t has be5 rais$ a little by ! prec$+ pass4 ,if ?is edge is already some:at det]iorat$1 or if x is n v ?ick1 tightness may be _h by means ( r+s4 ,! use ( r+s %\ld be avoid$ z mu* z possible1 because !y dim9i% ! section ( ! tubes1 & r5d] ! clean+ ( _! int]ior m difficult4 ,!y %\ld only be employ$ z an exception1 & %\ld be consid]$ z an unavoidable evil4 ,ev5 9 old boil]s1 9 :i* ! holes h become oval1 !y %\ld be consid]$ only z a means ( r5d]+ a small numb] ( tubes tight4 #b4 ,,removal ,,( ,,worn-,,out ,,tubes4 ,! tubes are tak5 out indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r ?r\gh ! front tube-plate1 aft] an incision has be5 made ) a *isel ?r\gh ! "p ( ! tube t is fix$ into ! back plate4 ,:5 ! holes 9 ! front tube-plate are n great] 9 diamet] ?an ! ext]nal diamet] ( ! tube1 & ! latt] is incru/$1 ?is process becomes v difficult1 & ! use ( x (t5 completely spoils ! tube4 ,9 fact1 we c only remove ! tube by live =ce1 & = ?is purpose we ei!r use ! %ock ( a heavy body or me*anical app>atus ^u ^: arrangem5t ,i %all n dwell4 ,9 all cases ! holes ( ! tube-plate are injur$4 ,! edge ( ^! mu/1 9 fact1 deta* ! scale f ! tube be=e ! latt] c be remov$ f ! boil]1 &1 :5 a little ( ?is scale rema9s adh]5t1 x produces grooves 9 ! hole1 :i* r5d] x v difficult lat] on to make ! new tube tight4 ,x is consequ5tly pref]able to cut ! tubes imm$iately back ( ! plates by means ( a special app>atus consi/+ ( a cone provid$ ) a small circul> /eel saw4 ,?is op]ation %\ld be begun at ! bottom ( ! boil] ne> ! bl[-(f plug1 & be cont9u$ 9 advanc+ t[>d ! top4 ,! cut tubes fall to ! bottom ( ! boil]1 & are remov$ ?r\gh ! bl[-(f hole ( ! front tube-plate4 ,! pieces ( tube t rema9 9 ! plate are aft]w>d easily remov$ by cutt+ !m ) a *isel4 ,if !re are b few tubes to be remov$1 a passage is made = !m t[>d ! bl[-(f plug by remov+ a few ( ! tubes b5ea?4 ,:5 ! tubes to be remov$ are n too f> f ! plug1 ?is me?od is v satisfactory4 ,ev5 ?\gh !re 7 a few m tubes remov$1 ! co/ ( su* removal w\ld be m ?an comp5sat$ =1 because ?is me?od is *eap]1 & pres]ves ! tubes & plates1 & because ! boil]1 by receiv+ a l>g] numb] ( clean tubes1 w aft]w>d utilize ! fuel bett]4 #c4 ,,repair ,,( ,,tubes ,,9 ,,s]vice1 ,,& ,,putt+ ,,!m ,,9 ,,place ,,aga94 ,ei!r :5 ! remov$ tubes are to be employ$ anew1 or :5 !y are to be class$ z old mat]ial1 x is equally necess>y to free !m f ! incru/ation t cov]s !m4 ,! me?ods employ$ v>y accord+ to ! %op4 ,! clean+ ( tubes by beat+ or scrap+ ! incru/ation is v difficult1 & requires mu* "t4 ,9 "s %ops ! tubes are dipp$ into an acid ba?4 ,9 ?is way only ! incru/ation compos$ ( c>bonate ( lime is dissolv$1 t into ! composition ( :i* sulphuric acid ent]s n be+ attack$4 ,9 "s l>ge %ops !re are iron drums 9 :i* ! tubes are plac$4 ,:5 ^! drums are revolv$ ! incru/ation becomes p>tially deta*$1 b v r>ely completely1 & x is always necess>y to f9i% ! "w by h&4 ,x also happ5s t ! bits ( scale t become deta*$ & t rema9 betwe5 ! tubes produce grooves !re92 besides1 ! co/ ( in/all+ ^! drums is q high4 ,p] contra1 ! writ] has se5 a1 z yet1 little kn[n me?od employ$ 9 ! %ops ( ! ,b]l9-,hamburg ,railway1 "o t he has us$ himself1 t he has introduc$ into sev]al %ops1 & t he c recomm5d z ! be/4 ,! tube to be clean$ is submitt$ to a rot>y motion ar\nd its longitud9al axis4 ,! workman grasps x ) a sort ( wood5 p9c]s ^: jaws are provid$ ) co>sely too!d /eel plates1 &1 press+ ! legs ( ?is m or less tightly1 slides x sl[ly along ! tube4 ,! incru/ation is ?us r$uc$ to du/1 & ! tube1 aft] ! op]ation1 is absolutely clean4 ,! app>atus us$ = revolv+ ! tubes is %[n 9 ,figs4 #a to #c4 ,x consi/s ( q a %ort %aft1 :i* revolves 9 two pill[-blocks & receives its motion ?r\gh pulleys4 ,outside ( ! be>+ to ! "r1 ?is %aft t]m9ates 9 a cone provid$ ) *annels ^: diamet] is proportion$ to t ( ! tubes4 ,! tube to be clean$ is firmly fix$ ^u ! cone1 & provid$ at its o!r extremity ) a plug t s]ves to c5t] x4 ,z ! clean+ is accompani$ ) mu* du/1 x mu/ be done 9 op5 air or 9 a special %op4 ,at ! same "t1 a classification is made ( ! damag$ tubes t c no long] be employ$1 except z ends ( ! tubes t may be employ$ 9 %ort] boil]s1 & ( ^? t are entirely uns]viceable4 ,e "t a tube is remov$ x loses #gj to #hj mm4 ( its l5g? 9 ! two cutt+s4 ,:5 we h locomotives t are provid$ ) %ort] boil]s1 we h a direct use = ! remov$ tubes1 b if ! contr>y is ! case ! tubes mu/ be l5g!n$4 ,su* elongation is effect$ 9 ?ree ways1 viz41 by draw+ !m out1 by sold]+ copp] ends to !m1 & by unit+ iron ends to !m ) a hamm]4--,f4 ,w4 ,ei*holz1 9 ,organ fur die ,=ts*ritte des ,eis5bahnwes5s4 ,,grulet',s ,,screw ,,= ,,rais+ ,,wat]4 ,! ,fr5* ,agricultural ,ma*n]y ,company has rec5tly made a v int]e/+ application ( ! screw = rais+ wat] = subm]sion & irrigation1 &1 to our k1 x is ! fir/ ( its k9d4 ,x is only necess>y to exam9e ! accompany+ cut & obs]ve ! dim5sions ( ! ma*9e 7:i* 0 con/ruct$ accord+ to plans ( ,mr4 ,grulet7 to recognize ! fact t we h "h a really practical application4 ,! screw1 :i* con/itutes ! pr9cipal peculi>ity ( ! sy/em1 has six blades1 ) a pit* ( #j4dfe m4 ,on mak+ #baj revolutions p] m9ute x is capable ( rais+ ab\t #dce lit]s 7#ie gallons7 p] second to a height ( #a4b m 7ab\t #d feet74 ,! %aft t drives x revolves 9 a be>+ :i* is bolt$ to a cross piece t is affix$ to ! cyl9drical *amb]4 ,?is latt] consi/s ( a ca/ iron case t is easily tak5 ap>t1 & ( a /rong cyl9d] ( iron plate ^: upp] extremity is connect$1 by means ( rivet$ angle iron1 ) ! bottom ( ! sluice4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d] !re are two cones1 ^: bases embrace ! hub ( ! screw 9 su* a way z to obta9 a cont9u\s sup]position ( ! lay]s ( liquid1 & prev5t bodies 9 susp5sion f p5etrat+ betwe5 ! rubb+ surfaces ( ! be>+4 ,"o ( ! cones is made ( iron plate1 & is connect$ ) ! pr9cipal cyl9d] by f\r radiat+ braces & small angle irons1 & ! o!r is ca/ 9 a s+le piece ) ! box ( ! pivot4 ,! rot>y axis is guid$ above by two pill[ blocks held by ! cross pieces ( a frame t is rivet$ to ! sides ( ! sluice4 ,f9ally1 ?is latt] t]m9ates 9 a h+$ gate :i* regulates ! fl[ ( ! wat]4 ,two beams t re/ ^u ! sides ( a /ream w suffice 9 mo/ cases to support ! entire affair4 ,! me*anical duty ( ! app>atus is e/imat$ at ab\t #fe p] c5t4 ,9 ! app>atus put up by ,mr4 ,grulet1 ! motive p[] is furni%$ by a portable #aj ,h4,p4 eng9e4 ,! boil] is a return flame "o1 ) movable fire place1 & ! /eam cyl9d] has a diamet] ( #j4b m4 7#h in*es7 = a pi/on /roke ( #j4c m4 7ab\t #ab in*es74 ,be=e ! app>atus 0 f9ally put 9 place x 0 s5t to ! la/ exhibition at ,c>cassonne1 :]e x attract$ v mu* att5tion f visitors4 ,its great regul>ity 9 work+ 0 p>ticul>ly rem>k$4 ,?is quality1 & ! simplicity ( its con/ruction & ! ease ) :i* x may be put 9 place1 are valuable features 9 app>atus t are design$ to be look$ aft] by inexp]i5c$ p]sons1 & to op]ate 9 op5 air f> f repair %ops4--,revue ,indu/rielle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,grulet',s ,,screw ,,= ,,rais+ ,,wat]4 ,,on ,,v>i\s ,,ton+ ,,ba?s4#aa ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,a%man4 #aa ,a communication to ! ,london & ,prov9cial ,photographic ,association4 ,9 alkal9e ton+ ) borax or acetate ( soda1 ! fir/ consid]ation is to free ! pap] z mu* z possible f ! excess ( silv] nitrate rema9+ !re9 ov] & above ! quantity us$ 9 ! production ( ! pr9t2 ?is is t]m$ wa%+ away ! free silv]4 ,t op]ation is satisfactorily p]=m$ by soak+ ! pr9ts 9 a few *anges ( clean s(t wat]1 usually f\r1 or until ! wat] is no long] opalesc5t :5 te/$ ) a few gra9s ( salt4 ,! wa%+ wat] s obta9$ is collect$ 9 ! mann] describ$ to y by ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h>t1 & precipitat$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,! vessel employ$ %\ld be scrupul\sly clean1 ei!r e>!nw>e1 porcela91 or wood answ]+ ! purpose4 ,exp]im5t #a4--,! treatm5t ( ! pr9ts is sometimes foll[$ by pass+ !m into a dilute solution ( sodium acetate or ord9>y common salt1 ab\t "o p] c5t41 su* z "h %[n1 & /irr+ !m ab\t = five m9utes1 :5 x w be se5 !y h assum$ a brick-r$ color1 ! object ( :i* is ?reefold3 ,fir/1 ! fib]s become *>g$ ) a sub/ance :i* acts z a *lor9e absorb5t1 a necess>y prop]ty to be m5tion$ fur!r on4 ,secondly1 a def9ite color is insur$ to />t )1 ?us obviat+ ! possibility ( mi/ak+ fre% pr9ts 9 ! ton+ ba? = ^? :i* h become purple by reason ( ! deposit$ gold1 an important consid]ation :5 deal+ ) fum$ pap]4 ,?irdly1 ! la/ trace ( free nitrate ( silv] is remov$1 !reby prev5t+ a too rapid decomposition ( ! ton+ ba?4 ,!oretically consid]$1 x is prop] t ! la/ trace ( silv] nitrate %\ld be remov$2 b ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! daily practice ( comm]cial "w d n insi/ ^u ! /rict obs]vance ( su* a rule 9 all cases4 ,an especial exception is p]mitt$ & advocat$ :5 deal+ ) pr9ts f weak or und]expos$ negatives1 ?is class be+ f\nd to yield ri*] tones by n wa%+ any ( ! free silv] out4 ,! plan ( soak+ pr9ts 9 a solution ( sodium acetate 0 orig9ally recomm5d$1 9 lieu ( wa%+1 by a memb] ( ?is ,association1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,h5d]son1 z long ago z #ahfa1 ! foll[+ be+ an outl9e ( ! me?od sugge/$ by him3 ,slightly ov]pr9t$ pro(s 7 soak$ 9 a ba? compos$ ( ,sodium acetate #bdj gra9s4 ,wat] #aj ounces4 ,! unwa%$ pro(s 7 mov$ ab\t 9 ?is solution at lea/ t5 m9utes1 9 ord] to conv]t all ! free silv] nitrate into acetate ( silv]4 ,aft] slight r9s+ 9 clean wat] ! pro(s 7 ton$ ) ,gold t]*loride #d gra9s4 ,sodium acetate #bdj ,wat] #aj ounces4 ,among ! advantages claim$ 0 an entire abs5ce f meal9ess1 a defect1 y w rememb]1 we n[ avoid by ! adoption ( ammoniacal fum+4 ,guide-books to ! practice ( pr9t+ usually recomm5d$ ?ree rapid wa%+s2 ! decompos+ action ?us set up by ! quantity ( free silv] rema9+ 9 ! pap] mat]ially quick5s ! spe$ ( ton+4 ,to prev5t a too rapid deposition ( gold "s pr9t]s pref] add+ a small quantity ( common salt to ! ton+ ba?1 :i* turns ! pr9ts suffici5tly r$ & acts 9 "s respects equal to an int]m$i>y ba?4 ,pres]v$ pap]s--conta9+1 z !y g5]ally d1 a c]ta9 proportion ( free acid--are liable to give "s tr\ble 9 ton+1 ow+ to ! ret>d+ action ( ! acid pres5t4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 x is 9 a great measure ov]come by ! use ( an int]m$iate ba? ( an alkal9e "* & suffici5t /r5g? to neutralize ! acid4 ,ei!r ! c>bonates ( ammonia or soda are f\nd useful = ?is purpose1 & ,i _c d bett] ?an quote ! "o m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,york1 :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 is compos$ ( ,wa%+ soda #a ounce4 ,wat] #a gallon4 ,pr9ts treat$ 9 ! mann] describ$ are ready = ton+ by ! alkal9e me?od to be dealt ) lat] on4 ,?is br+s u to ! consid]ation ( ton+ ba?s g5]ally4 ,! prop]ties ( ton+ ba?s v>y some:at accord+ to ! mode ( prep>ation4 ,! t]m ton+1 z we und]/& x1 implies a c]ta9 *ange ( color br\ght ab\t by *emical means1 su* z ! deposition ( a /able metal ^u "o t is easily affect$ by ! atmosph]e--electrolysis1 9 fact4 ,evid5tly ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,fox ,talbot 0 ! fir/ to use ! ton+ ba? 9 connection ) pap] photography1 al?\gh he does n seem to h made mu* headway ) 8 process at fir/2 = x is record$ t f ,janu>y1 #ahci1 ! date :5 ,mr4 ,talbot communicat$ 8 discov]y to ! ,royal ,society1 until #ahde v little improvem5t took place4 ,^! e>ly pap] pictures1 be x rememb]$1 7 designat$ photog5ic draw+s4 ,talbotype 0 n pat5t$ = "s "t aft]w>d4 ,9 ! ye> #ahde1 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd t /eep+ ! pap] 9 t]*loride ( gold va/ly improv$ ! results4 ,x 0 n until #ahec t album5 took any "p 9 ! production ( pr9ts1 ! honor ( its introduction be+ ascrib$ to ,mr4 ,h5ry ,pollock1 al?\gh x seems t ,m4 ,le ,gray1 ( ,p>is1 ab\t t "t 0 produc+ /]eoscopic pictures on album5iz$ pap]4 ,to ,m4 ,le ,gray is due ! cr$it ( introduc+ gold ton+ 9 lieu ( sulphur4 ,! fir/ ton+ !n 0 p]=m$ by ! decomposition ( hypo41 & kn[n z sulphur ton+1 by :i* f9e black tones 7 obta9$ ^u ! addition ( an acid1 su* z acetic1 sulphuric1 or o!r suitable oxidiz+ sub/ance to ! hypo41 gold tak+ no "p 9 ?is process4 ,un=tunately1 pr9ts s treat$ are said to be ! lea/ p]man5t ( any2 b ( t ,i c br+ no actual pro(1 nev] hav+ employ$ ! process4 ,exp]im5t #b4--,ton+ by ,sulphur4--,we h an unwa%$ silv] pr9t "h 9 a tw5ty p] c5t4 solution ( hypo41 & to t we n[ add a few drops ( slightly dilute sulphuric acid4 ,x w be se5 t a /raw-color$ sub/ance is imm$iately lib]at$1 :i* is sulphur 9 an exce$+ly f9e /ate ( division1 & ?is becomes atta*$ to ! pr9t4 ,ton+ action goes on1 ?r\gh ! silv] image be+ t>ni%$1 or1 m correctly1 conv]t$ into sulphide ( silv]4 ,?is lib]ation ( sulphur may be express$ by ! foll[+ equation3 ,hypo4 ,sulphuric ,acid ,na#b,s#b,o#c ,h#b,,s#d ,glaub] ,salts ,wat] ,sulphur ,dioxide ,sulphur4 ,na#b,,s#d ,h#b,o ,,s#b ,s4 ,) respect to ! reaction :i* takes place :5 ton+ a silv] image ) sulphur1 ,i w quote a few l9es f ! p>5t "w ( ref]5ce = ne>ly all rec5t writ]s1 namely1 ,h>dwi*'s ,photographic ,*emi/ry1 :]e9 we f9d ! foll[+ p>agraph3 ,x is well kn[n t articles ( silv] plate become d>k5$ by exposure to ! fumes ( sulphur1 or to ^? ( sulphuret$ hydrog51 ( :i* m9ute traces are always pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,if ! /opp] ( a bottle ( sulphuret$ hydrog5 wat] be remov$1 & a simply-fix$ photographic positive susp5d$ ov] x1 ! picture w lose its *>act]i/ic r$ tone1 & become ne>ly black4 ,! black color is ev5 m int5se ?an an exp]i5c$ *emi/ w\ld h anticipat$1 because analysis tea*es u t ! actual quantity ( silv] pres5t 9 a photographic picture on pap] is inf9itesimally small2 & x is well kn[n t sulphide ( silv]1 al?\gh ( a deep br[n color1 approa*+ to black :5 9 mass1 exhibits a pale yell[ t9t 9 ?9 lay]s1 s t a m]e film ( silv] conv]t$ into sulphide possesses v little dep? ( color4 ,to expla9 ! difficulty x has be5 sugge/$ t ! ton+ action ( sulphur on a r$ pr9t is probably due to ! production ( a sub-sulphide possess+ an int5se colorific p[]1 l ! sub-oxide & sub-*loride ( silv]4 ,:5 ! ton$ picture is subject$ to ! fur!r action ( sulphur1 is conv]t$ into ! ord9>y protosulphide ( silv]1 & becomes yell[ & fad$4 ,! ton+ ba?s foll[+ ! sulphur me?od 7 pr9cipally mixtures ( gold t]*loride & hypo4 ,?is latt] sub/ance 0 f\nd to be a solv5t ( c]ta9 silv] comp\nds by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,reade1 9 #ahci1 ,mr4 ,talbot hav+ previ\sly fix$ 8 pr9ts ) common salt4 ,pr9ts1 too1 7 fix$ fir/ 9 "s cases1 & ton$ aft]w>d1 wa%+ away ! free silv] be+ m or less practic$ 9 ! mix$ hypo4 & gold & ! sulphur ton+ processes4 ,:5 fix+ 0 employ$ be=e ton+1 x 0 usual to soak wa%$ pr9ts 9 a tw5ty p] c5t4 solution ( hypo4 = a p]iod ( t5 m9utes1 or until ! soluble silv] salts 7 remov$1 ! result+ color be+ a disagreeable yell[i%-br[n4 ,to improve ! result s obta9$ ! pr9ts 7 pass$ into a solution (-- ,gold t]*loride #aj gra9s4 ,wat] #bj ounces4 ,:5 ton+ action quickly foll[$1 ! yell[ color giv+ place to t ( a d>k sepia t9t4 ,f ?is /age to t ( mix+ ^! two sub/ances toge!r 0 only a natural sequ5ce1 & effect$ a dim9ution ( gold to ! ext5t ( "o-f\r?1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ recogniz$ =mula3 ,hypo4 #g ounces4 ,wat] #bj ,:5 dissolv$1 add-- ,gold t]*loride #e gra9s4 ,dissolv$ 9 wat] #bj ounces4 ,aft] mix+1 a cle> solution %\ld result4 ,! sel d'or process foll[$1 & 0 expect$ to give /ill bett] results4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! solutions w\ld n keep2 & z a consid]able quantity ( ! gold salt 0 ne$$1 x caus$ exp]im5t]s to se>* = a less exp5sive me?od4 ,"o decid$ po9t 9 its favor 0 ! circum/ance t pr9ts suff]$ no loss ( int5sity dur+ ! op]ation1 z !y d 9 ! case ( all o!r ton+ me?ods4 ,briefly3 ! pr9ts 7 well wa%$ to extract free silv]1 &1 aft] soak+ five m9utes 9 salt & wat]1 !y 7 pass$ into an alkal9e solution compos$ (-- ,liquid ammonia #fj m9ims4 ,wat] #bj ounces4 ,"h !y became v r$4 ,aft] wa%+ 9 clean wat] ! surface 0 flood$ ) a ton+ solution compos$ ( ,d\ble hyposulphite ( gold & sodium 7sel d'or7 gra94 ,hypo #a ,wat] #a ounce4 ,^u ! pr9t assum+ a purple-gray color x 0 )drawn & fix$ 9 a sixte5 p] c5t4 solution ( hypo4 to dissolve ! unact$ ^u silv] *loride4 ,gold1 :5 9 a f9e /ate ( subdivision1 is ( a ri* purple color4 ,! lay] obta9$ by deposition ^u a silv] image is v f9ely divid$2 h5ce ! color4 ,! only object 9 cont9u+ ! ton+ action beyond ! /age at :i* a good surface color has be5 rea*$ is to obta9 a deposit ( suffici5t d5sity to completely neutralize ! r$ color ( ! organic silv] image b5ea?2 !re=e1 x is pref]able1 9 =m+ a judgm5t ( ton+ action1 to exam9e pro(s by transmitt$ light r ?an by reflect$ only4 ,be=e deal+ ) ! v>i\s =mul = alkal9e ton+ ,i %\ld l to /ep out ( ! gold5 track to say a few words on plat9um tetracloride1 ,pt,cl#d4 ,exp]im5t #c4--,plat9um ,ton+4--,! value ( a plat9um salt z a ton+ ag5t = silv] images has be5 ?or\ghly demon/rat$ be=e y by ,mr4 ,h5d]son1 :5 he initiat$ u into ! secrets ( c]amic photography4 ,my trials ) ?is salt z a ton+ ag5t = pap] pro(s h only be5 p>tially successful4 ,by t ,i mean t ton+ does take place :5 a dilute solution is employ$1 b ! action is too t>dy = demon/ration "h to-night1 s9ce any?+ l a black tone c\ld n be obta9$ "u half an h\r4 ,y w obs]ve t ! surface becomes cov]$ ) *loride1 %[+ ! necessity = copi\s wa%+4 ,yell[ or discolor$ pr9ts are blea*$ :5 ton$ 9 ?is ba?1 ! :ites becom+ v pure4 ,! =mula "h giv5 is capable ( produc+ a v good %ade ( br[n 9 less "t1 & %\ld be p]man5t1 s9ce plat9um is a metal practically unaffect$ by ! atmosph]e2 & ,i ?9k !re is good reason to suppose t if a ?9 coat+ ( plat9um c\ld be deposit$ on ! silv] image1 ! protection (f]$ w\ld be m economical z well z /able4 ,some?+ has already be5 done 9 ?is direction1 b n 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! foll[+ is ! composition we are n[ us+3 ,plat9um tetra*loride1 sirupy solution1 color ( old ,ea/ ,india %]ry #e m9ims4 ,hydro*loric acid #aej ,wat] #bj ounces4 ,wa% away ! free silv] ?or\ghly1 w>m ! ton+ solution to #gj ,fahr41 & fix 9 a tw5ty p] c5t4 hypo4 ba?4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,watt1 9 ! second volume ( ! ,news1 gives a =mula :i* runs z foll[s3 ,solution ( plat9um #cj m9ims4 ,hypo4 #c gra9s4 ,hydro*loric acid #e m9ims4 ,wat] #e ounces4 ,?is ba? is said to act in/antly1 b ,i h n _h an opportunity to te/ x4 ,! /r5g? ( ! plat9um solution "h giv5 is indef9ite1 b any ( our exp]im5tal memb]s c soon asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( dilution necess>y to obta9 ! mo/ favorable results4 ,alkal9e ,ton+4--,ow+ to ! blea*+ action :i* occurs 9 ton+ silv] pr9ts ) gold1 :i* is slightly acid1 c]ta9 exp]im5ts 7 made1 & x 0 f\nd t blea*+ increas$ 9 proportion to ! quantity ( hydro*loric acid add$4 ,n[1 9 ! action ( ton+ *lor9e is dis5gag$1 & 9 ord] to r5d] ?is p[]ful blea*+ ag5t in]t x has be5 propos$ to introduce a sub/ance capable ( comb9+ ) x1 & ?us1 9 absorb+ x1 prev5t undue loss ( vigor4 ,to obta9 ?is a slightly alkal9e ton+ ba? became a necessity1 & to ,mr4 ,wat]h\se we are indebt$ = ! introduction ( ! alkal9e salts 7,h>dwi*74 ,"h is an example3 ,exp]im5t #d4 ,sodium c>bonate 7,na#b;,,hco#c7 #e gra9s4 ,auric t]*loride 7,au,cl#c7 #a gra94 ,wat] #aj ounces4 ,in/ead ( ! dry bic>bonate we w use a saturat$ solution4 ,9 ?is z well z ! foll[+ exp]im5ts we %all tone ?ree pr9ts ( ! same subject1 viz41 ord9>y1 fum$1 & pres]v$4 ,mr4 ,maxwell ,lyte has writt5 on & inve/igat$ ! prop]ties ( ton+ solutions a great deal m ?an mo/ m51 & we f9d ! foll[+ emanat+ f ,mr4 ,lyte3 ,sesqui*loride ( gold #ae gra9s4 ,phosphate ( soda #cjj ,di/ill$ wat] #a p9ts4 ,& 9 ! same communication x is m5tion$ t #ahj gra9s ( borax may be sub/itut$ = ! phosphate ) a l result4 ,!re=e x w be se5 t a borax ton+ ba? is n ( rec5t discov]y1 al?\gh x does n appe> to h be5 quot$ 9 _m =mul = at lea/ a doz5 ye>s aft] its publication4 ,aft] ! publication ( ,mr4 ,lyte's =mul x 0 f\nd t o!r salts behav$ simil>ly2 & among ! fir/ sugge/$ we f\nd sodium acetate1 ! qualities ( :i*1 extoll$ by ! introduc]1 ,mr4 ,hanna=d1 h s9ce be5 v]ifi$ by ! :ole photographic _w4 ,"h is "o ( ! ord9>y =mul3 ,exp]im5t #e4 ,gold t]*loride #a gra94 ,sodium acetate #aj *loride #aj ,hot wat] #bj ounces4 ,mix tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e use4 ,neutralize ) *alk or :it5+ 7c>bonate ( lime74 ,! "n ( ,m4 ,le ,gray mu/ be m5tion$ z ! orig9ator ( ! lime & gold ton+ ba?2 al?\gh ! orig9al =mul diff] some:at f ! "o n[ us$1 ! results are id5tical4 ,! orig9al =mul consi/$ fir/ 9 wa%+ away a portion ( ! free silv] by soak+ ! pro(s = a few m9utes 9 two *anges ( wat]1 !n submitt+ !m to ! action ( an aurif]\s ba?1 compos$ ( ,t]*loride ( gold1 #a p] c5t4 solution #a "p4 ,hyp]*loride ( lime 7:ite p[d]7 #c ,di/ill$ wat] #a1jjj ,! action 0 complete 9 t5 to fifte5 m9utes1 :5 ! pr9ts requir$ wa%+ 9 two *anges ( wat] to free !m f ! *loride ( lime rema9+ 9 ! fib]s previ\s to fix+ 9 "o to six ( hypo4 ,if ! tone 7 satisfactory at ! expiration ( fifte5 m9utes1 ! ord9>y wa%+ c\ld be proce$$ )2 if n1 ! pro(s 7 submitt$ to a f9al ba? compos$ (3 ,gold t]*loride #b p>ts4 ,hypo4 #bjj ,di/ill$ wat] #a1bjj ,m4 ,le ,gray says3 ,! pro( ought n to be left 9 ?is ba? less ?an fifte5 m9utes1 z t is ! m9imum "t necess>y to insure ! p]man5cy ( ! picture2 b x may be all[$ to rema9 9 x = z mu* long] z is requisite = obta9+ ! desir$ tone4 ,effici5t wa%+ 9 w>m & cold wat]s complet$ ! op]ation4 ,%\ld any ( our prov9cial memb]s exp]i5ce a difficulty 9 obta9+ calcium *loride = _! exp]im5ts1 x c be easily made by caus+ dilute #g to #c hydro*loric acid to react on common :it5+1 & :5 neutral filt] & set aside = ! cry/als to sep>ate out4 ,exp]im5t #f4--,! uranium & gold ton+ ba? has _m fri5ds4 ,! tones are said to be ri*] & to economize gold1 :ile x is v easy to "w4 ,i am unable to give ! au?or's "n1 b ,i c pres5t a =mula :i* has work$ well 9 my h&s4 ,aft] wa%+ away ! free silv] tone 9 ! foll[+ mixture3 ,no4 #a4 ,"o gra9 acid solution ( gold t]*loride #a ounce4 ,wat] #g ounces4 ,neutralize ) suffici5t ( a tw5ty p] c5t4 solution ( sodium c>b4 7,na#b;,,hco#c74 ,no4 #b4 ,?ree gra9 solution ( uranium nitrate #a ounce4 ,wat] #g ounces4 ,neutralize z 9 ,no4 #a4 ,w>m ea* to #gj ,fahr41 & mix4 ,! ba? is !n ready = use4 ,x c be us$ repeat$ly if desir$ by acidify+ ) citric acid & neutraliz+ be=e use2 b no?+ is ga9$ by us+ x a second "t4 ,!re are me?ods ( ton+ :i* resemble m or less ^? :i* h occupi$ our att5tion to-night2 among !m may be m5tion$ ! tung/ate ba?1 likewise citrate ( soda4 ,! v]milion ba?1 too1 might af=d suffici5t matt] alone = a lecturette4 ,if "s "o exp]i5c$ ) x c\ld be induc$ to br+ x be=e u1 ,i am sure x w\ld prove int]e/+4 ,,coat+ ,,plates ,,) ,,gelat9e ,,emulsion4 ,to coat plates p]fectly1 says ,h4 ,s4 ,/>nes 9 ,briti% ,j\r4 ( ,photography1 ,i f\nd ! foll[+ po9ts 7 necess>y3 #a4 ,t a c]ta9 quantity ( emulsion %\ld be fl[$ 9 "o ev5 /ream all ov] ! plate1 in/ead ( p\r+ ! emulsion 9 a pool 9 ! c5t] ( ! plate & !n disp]s+ x ov] ! :ole surface2 because 9 ! latt] mode ( coat+ l>ge plates ! gelat9e is apt to comm5ce sett+ be=e x is equally di/ribut$1 & an unequally coat$ plate is ! result4 #b4 ,! plate ought to be put on ! level+-table be=e coat+1 & n be mov$ be=e ! gelat9e is set2 because 9 ! dull light ( ! d>k room x is s difficult to prev5t ! emulsion runn+ (f ! plate :5 putt+ x d[n on ! level+-table4 #c4 ,i f\nd t if ! emulsion be rubb$ 7s to speak7 on to ! glass !re is mu* less *ance ( frill+1 etc41 ?an if x 7 p\r$ on4 ,i ?9k x is because 9 ! =m] case ! gelat9e is 9 firm] contact ) ! glass4 ,:5 ! gelat9e is p\r$ on to ! plate ! cold glass in/antly *ills x1 & by ! "t ! emulsion has rea*$ ! edges ( ! plate x has s f> set z to h p>tially lo/ its p[] ( adhesion to ! smoo? surface ( ! glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,%[+ melt$ emulsion 9 coat] ready = coat+4 ,two or ?ree ye>s ago1 :5 x 0 ! practice to w>m ! plates be=e coat+1 ,i f\nd f a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ,i !n made t :5 a plate 0 w>m$ be=e be+ coat$ ! emulsion comm5c$ sett+ on ! surface ( ! film1 & ( c\rse 9 sett+ contract$1 !reby leav+ a p>tial vacuum betwe5 ! film & ! glass4 ,on developm5t frill+ 0 ! consequ5ce4 ,i f\nd1 h[ev]1 t1 :5 p\r+ ! same emulsion on cold glass1 on ! portion ( ! plate :]e x 0 p\r$ on1 ! film in/antly *ill$ & comm5c$ to contract on to ! glass1 & x nev] frill$ !re2 b t[>d ! edges ( ! plate1 z ! emulsion _h comm5c$ to *ill be=e !y 7 cov]$1 ! film 0 n 9 su* p]fect contact ) ! glass4 ,any p]son c try ! exp]im5t by fir/ coat+ a plate 9 ! ord9>y way1 & on ! second plate j p\r a small pool ( emulsion on ! c5t]2 let bo? dry1 & he w !n see aft] exposure :i* frills ! easi] on developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,%[+ emulsion fl[+ ?r\gh ! slit on to ! glass4 ,aft] a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ,i f\nd t by bru%+ a sub/ratum ( emulsion on to ! cold plate 7) a bru% made by b9d+ a /rip ( wa%-lea!r at ! end ( a /rip ( glass71 & !n p\r+ ! full quantity ( emulsion on to ! sub/ratum 7= qu>t]-plates ,i us$ a small silv] teaspoon1 :i* held suffici5t to cov] t size ( plate71 ,i f\nd ,i c\ld coat plates f> bett] & quick] & z easily z :5 coat+ ) collodion1 & ,i got ov] ! difficulties ( hav+ frill+ plates4 ,:5 only a few small plates are requir$--su* z = exp]im5tal purposes--,i believe ?is me?od is z quick & good z any2 b :5 sev]al doz5 plates are want$1 any plan ( coat+ !m sep>ately takes a long "t4 ,) my plate-coat] ,i c coat a doz5 plates 9 ab\t ! "t ,i =m]ly took to coat "o4 ,:5 coat+ a numb]1 ,i ?\ght x w\ld be be/ to lay !m 9 r[s on ! level+-%elves & draw ! receptacle conta9+ ! emulsion ov] !m1 r ?an keep ! latt] a fixture & run ! plates "u x ei!r on an endless b& or slid+ %elves2 because by ! fir/ mode ! plates c be fix$ close toge!r1 & ! emulsion is less likely to get betwe5 !m4 ,! coat] is a species ( wood5 tray 7( :i* ! diagrams %[ ! section71 hav+ a small slit 9 "o ( ! bottom edges ?r\gh :i* ! emulsion passes 9 "o ev5 wave ! :ole wid? ( ! plate4 ,! wid? ( ! coat] is ! same z t ( ! plate1 ?\gh "o six & a half in*es wide c be us$ = ei!r half or :ole plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,i f9d ! be/ way ( mak+ x1 s z to get ! slit an equal op5+ ! :ole l5g? ( x1 is to put ! back1 bottom1 & two sides toge!r fir/1 z 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,!n by putt+ a piece ( v ?9 pap] 7,a ,b7 on ! angle piece :5 ! front piece ( wood is put tight d[n on ! pap] & fix$ 9 its place1 & ! pap] is drawn out1 x w be f\nd t ! slit is v ev54 ,9 "o coat] ,i made ,i _h ! slit a little too wide an op5+1 & to r$uce x ,i glu$ a piece ( musl9 ov] x4 ,?is ,i f\nd 0 a great improvem5t1 z x n only act$ z a /ra9]1 b x *eck$ & caus$ a m ev5 fl[ ( ! emulsion ov] ! plate4 ,i v>ni%$ ! wood & musl9 7except ov] ! slit7 ) black ,japan4 ,to coat ! plates ,i put !m close toge!r 9 r[s on ! level+-%elf1 z %[n bel[3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,a is a ?91 n>r[ l$ge ( wood4 ,b ,b ,b are ?9 pieces ( wood1 9 ! c5t] ( ea* ( :i* is a small slot & ?umb-screw4 ,! plates are press$ aga9/ ,a by ! pieces ( wood1 ,b1 & ! ?umb-screws are !n fa/5$4 ,! plates are ?us kept f slipp+ ab\t4 ,all ?is1 ( c\rse1 c be done 9 ord9>y :ite light4 ,! light is !n made non-act9ic2 ! melt$ emulsion is p\r$ into ! res]voir ( ! coat]1 :i* is put to ! left h& edge ( ! out] r[ ( plates4 ,x is !n lift$ up on edge1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1 & drawn sl[ly ov] ! r[ ( plates1 & s on until ! :ole ( ! r[s are coat$4 ,( c\rse :5 n coat+ plates x is kept 9 a horizontal position1 z 9 ,fig #a4 ,! emulsion on ! plates is all[$ to set )\t be+ di/urb$2 ! %elf is !n slipp$ into ! dry+-box until ! plates are dry1 s t !y are n t\*$ f ! "t !y are coat$ until !y are dry & ready = pack+4 ,i am at pres5t engag$ 9 mak+ a modification ( ?is coat] to hold a mu* l>g] quantity ( emulsion at "o "t1 :5 a l>ge numb] ( plates require to be coat$4 ,x is some?+ ! %ape ( a flat teapot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,a ,a is a piece ( curv$ glass4 ,b a piece ( co>se gr\nd flat glass1 gr\nd side upp]mo/1 slid+ 9 two grooves 9 ! wood5 side4 ,c is ! h&le fix$ to ! wood5 back4 ,a piece ( ?9 pap] is plac$ on ! curv$ glass1 & ! gr\nd glass pu%$ close up & fix$ by two small w$ges1 ,d4 ,! pap] is !n slipp$ out1 leav+ a n>r[1 ev5 op5+ betwe5 ! two glasses4 ,! wid? ( ?is op5+ c be v>i$ by us+ ?ick] pap] if ! plates require to be coat$ ) a ?ick] film4 ,by us+ ?is =m ! coat] c be m easily clean$1 z ! gr\nd glass c be slipp$ "r out at ! back1 & probably 9 pass+ f ! op5+ to ! plates ov] ! curv$ glass ! wave ( ! emulsion w be equaliz$ z well z :5 pass+ ?r\gh ! musl94 ,,iodo-,,*loride ,,( ,,silv] ,,emulsion4 ,by ,v4 ,,s*umann4 ,9 a rec5t pap] 9 ! ,wo*5blatt1 says ! ,photographic ,news1 ?is inve/igator relates 8 exp]i5ce ( gelat9e emulsion conta9+ *loride & iodide ( silv]4 ,gelat9e films conta9+ pure *loride ( silv] c only be us$ 9 ! cam]a 9 exceptional cases2 if1 h[ev]1 iodide be add$1 ! result+ iodo-*loride films answ] mo/ ( ! purposes ( a gelat9o-bromide plate4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ) gelat9o-*loride emulsion an image is easily develop$ ) pyro or oxalate2 b un=tunately1 fogg+ is v liable to set 94 ,on /rongly dilut+ ! develop+ solution & add+ a l>ge proportion ( bromide1 x is possible to obta9 a cle> deposit1 b ! image is s ?9 t x is q useless = practical purposes4 ,gelat9o-iodide films possess totally diff]5t prop]ties4 ,! developm5t is extremely sl[1 )\t any t5d5cy to fog2 ?us ! addition ( a re/ra9] %\ld be avoid$4 ,iodo-*loride emulsion c be prep>$ ei!r by dissolv+ ! *loride & iodide salts 9 ! gelat9e solution1 & !n add+ by degrees ! silv] nitrate2 or by mak+ two sep>ate emulsions ( *loride & iodide ( silv]1 & !n mix+ ! two aft] ! wa%+ process4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! prop]ties ( a comp\nd or a mixture ( ! two haloids are v diff]5t4 ,a negative ( ! spectrum impress$ on an iodo-*loride film1 prep>$ by mix+ ! two emulsions1 %[s two color$ deposits4 ,! r$ end ( ! spectrum z f> z ! ,g l9e is reproduc$ 9 ! negative z a r$ tone1 :ile t "p ( ! spectrum f ,g ext5d+ to ! violet appe>s z a grayi% violet deposit4 ,:5 us+ ,/olze's pota% develop]1 ! diff]5ce ( ! two tones on ! negative appe>s ev5 m m>k$4 ,exp]im5ts 7 in/itut$ to det]m9e ! mo/ suitable proportion ( ! silv] haloids to be susp5d$ 9 ! emulsion4 ,= ?is purpose ?ree emulsions 7 prep>$ accord+ to ! foll[+ =mul3 ,no4 #a4--;,,iodo-,,*loride ,,emulsion4 ,a4--,ammonium *loride #j4fd gramme4 ,potassium iodide #j4je ,gelat9e #a4e ,wat] #ae c4 c4 ,b4--,silv] nitrate #a4ee gramme4 ,wat] #ae c4 c4 ,no4 #b4--,same z ,no4 #a4 b ) #j4ae potassium iodide in/ead ( #j4je2 & #a4fe silv] nitrate in/ead ( #a4ee4 ,no4 #c4--,same z ,no4 #a1 b ) #j4fd potassium iodide in/ead ( #j4je2 & #b4ad silv] nitrate in/ead ( #a4ee4 ,to prep>e ! emulsion1 ,a & ,b 7 heat$ 9 a wat] ba? & !n mix$ sl[ly1 ) ?or\gh %ak+4 ,! mixture1 aft] an h\r's cook+1 0 all[$ to /& ov] night2 ! emulsion 0 next wa%$ = sev5ty-two h\rs1 & aft] slightly dilut+1 at once p\r$ ov] ! plates4 ,! emulsions prep>$ accord+ to =mul #a & #b transmit blue light1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is mu* bright] ?an t exhibit$ by gelat9o-bromide emulsion4 ,no4 #c emulsion transmits an orange light4 ,previ\s to cook+ ! emulsion1 a small quantity f ea* sample 0 spread on a glass plate1 &1 ) ! films prep>$ f ! fully dige/$ emulsion1 7 plac$ 9 sunlight4 ,! unripe emulsion d>k5$ mu* m quickly ?an t :i* _h be5 dige/$4 ,! colors ( ! expos$ films prep>$ accord+ to ,nos4 #a & #b 7 *ocolate1 & !re 0 v little diff]5ce betwe5 ! tones ( ! ripe & unripe emulsion4 ,) ! plates made by ,no4 #c =mula !re 01 h[ev]1 a great diff]5ce ( color noticeable2 ?us1 :ile ! unripe emulsion yield$ a deposit n unlike t ( ,nos4 #a & #b1 ! films prep>$ f ! ripe emulsion assum$ a grayi% gre5 color1 :i* did n alt] ev5 aft] "s weeks' exposure to daylight4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,saturat+ ,,wat] ,,) ,,sulphur\s ,,acid4 ,messrs4 ,a4 ,boake ,co41 ( ,/rat=d1 ,london1 ,engl&1 h devis$ a conv5i5t app>atus = *>g+ wat] ) sulphur\s acid :i* is useful 9 ! mak+ ( photographic develop]s4 ,! foll[+ description has be5 furni%$ by ! firm3 ,! figure %[s "o ( ! siphons connect$ ) a v conv5i5t =m ( app>atus = prep>+ a solution ( sulphur\s acid 9 wat]1 or ( sulphites1 z may be requir$4 ,! siphons are easy to manage1 ! fl[ ( gase\s acid be+ regulat$ ) ! greate/ nicety by simply turn+ ! mill$ head %[n 9 ! engrav+1 ! liquid acid be+ gradually conv]t$ into gas z ! pressure is reliev$4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 no dang] att5d+ ! use ( ?is simple app>atus2 sulphur\s acid ex]t+ at ord9>y temp]atures a pressure ( ab\t #cj p\nds on ! squ>e in*1 :ile ea* siphon is c>efully te/$ "u a pressure ( #bjj p\nds on ! squ>e in* be=e be+ s5t out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,saturat+ ,,wat] ,,) ,,sulphur\s ,,acid4 ,9 prep>+ a solution1 say1 ( sulphur\s acid 9 wat]1 ! gr\nd /opp] c>ry+ ! tubes = pass+ ! gas %\ld be remov$ f ! glass j> 9 imm$iate connection ) ! siphon1 & two-?irds fill$ ) di/ill$ wat]2 ! /opp] is !n to be replac$1 & ! second glass j> half fill$ ) cau/ic soda solution4 ,! soda solution is us$ to absorb any sulphur\s acid n dissolv$ by ! di/ill$ wat]1 & s prev5t ! escape ( ?is irritat+ gas into ! air4 ,solution ( sulphite ( soda1 & also ( bisulphite1 c be prep>$ 9 a simil> way1 sub/itut+ only pure cau/ic soda solution = ! di/ill$ wat] employ$ 9 ! case ( prep>+ ! solution ( sulphur\s acid2 b we mu/ r devise ! pur*ase ( ! pure solid =ms ( ^! salts specially prep>$1 & put up by u 9 "o-p\nd /opp]$ bottles = use 9 photography2 ^! prep>ations c be obta9$ ei!r direct f ! manufactur]s or f any :olesale *emical firm4 ,! siphons may be obta9$ ei!r sep>ately or already connect$ ) ! absorb+ j>s4 ,x may be m5tion$ t ^! siphons conta9 ab\t two & a half p\nds ( liquefi$ sulphur\s acid1 & c be refill$ :5 requir$2 b ^? requir+ l>g] quantities c obta9 ! acid comp\nd 9 copp] drums4 ,! ,photographic ,news says3 ,x w be notic$ t ,messrs4 ,boake say !re is no dang] att5d+ ! use ( ! siphons1 z ! glass vessels are te/$ at a mu* great] pressure ?an t ord9>ily ex]t$ by ! cond5s$ sulphur\s acid2 b our read]s mu/ rememb] t a bl[ aga9/ a h>d sub/ance may cause ! glass to become fractur$1 & t "u ^! circum/ances ! bur/+ ( a siphon might cause a s]i\s injury4 ,/ill1 if prop] c>e is ex]cis$1 !re ne$ be no accid5t2 b we w\ld sugge/ t ! cond5s$ acid %\ld always be kept 9 ! coole/ place available1 z ! pressure x ex]ts becomes mu* great] :5 ! temp]ature is rais$4 ,! above caution is necess>y1 z a b>e /atem5t t !re is no dang] may cause p]sons to h&le ! siphons )\t reasonable c>e4 ,! risk is precisely analog\s to t att5d+ ! use & h&l+ ( bottles conta9+ ord9>y a]at$ wat]s1 only ! irritat+ nature ( ! sulphur\s acid mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,in/ances h occurr$ 9 :i* s]i\s injury has result$ f ! bur/+ ( a bottle ( soda wat]2 b few1 if any1 are det]r$ f ! use ( soda wat] or lemonade on ?is acc\nt4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,tann94 ,by ,e4 ,,johanson4 ,! precipitation ( tann9 by a solution ( gelat9 is effect$ m completely & 9 a bett] condition = filtration if1 besides ammonium *loride1 z propos$ by ,s*ulze & ,lehmann1 !re is also add$ a small quantity ( *romium sulphate or ( *rome-alum4 ,! au?or proce$s 9 ! same mann] z ,lehmann1 b he adds to #ajj c4c4 ( ! solution conta9+ sal-ammoniac f #e to #h drops ( a solution conta9+ #a "p *romium sulphate 9 #be p>ts ( wat]4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! end ( ! reaction1 he filt]s small quantities into two te/ glasses ( equal wid?1 adds to ! "o a few drops ( a solution ( gelat91 obs]v+ if ! two liquids1 :5 held up aga9/ a %eet ( black glaz$ pap]1 appe> opaque or transp>5t4 ,z long z a precipitate is =m$1 ^! portions & ! wa%+s ( ! little filt]s are p\r$ back to ! ma9 quantity4 ,if acetic or t>t>ic acid is pres5t1 ! liquid %\ld be neutraliz$ be=e proce$+ to ! det]m9ation4 ,johanson po9ts out t1 ?\gh ?is me?od gives good results ) ! tann9 ( galls & ( oak-b>k1 an extract ( c(fee gives no precipitate ) solution ( gelat91 s t caffeo-tannic acid _c be det]m9$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,?is %[s t only quantities ( tann9 ( "o & ! same k9d c be comp>$ ) ea* o!r4 ,,! ,,incomplete ,,combu/ion ,,( ,,gases4 ,by ,,h>old ,b4 ,,dixon1 ,m4,a4 ,ab/ract ( a pap] read be=e ! ,*emi/ry ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,montreal4 ,! au?or gave a resume ( ! "w he _h done 9 cont9uation ( ! rese>*es ( ,buns51 ,e4 von ,mey]1 ,hor/mann1 & o!r *emi/s1 on ! division ( oxyg5 :5 explod$ ) excess ( hydrog5 & c>bonic oxide4 ,! foll[+ are ! g5]al conclusions arriv$ at3 #a4 ,no alt]ation p] saltum occurs 9 ! ratio ( ! products ( combu/ion4 ,! exp]im5ts made completely confirm ,hor/mann's conclusion2 ,buns5's e>li] exp]im5ts be+ vitiat$ by ! pres5ce ( aque\s vapor 9 ! eudiomet]4 #b4 ,a dry mixture ( c>bonic oxide & oxyg5 does n explode :5 an electric sp>k is pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,! union ( c>bonic oxide is effect$ indirectly by /eam4 ,a m]e trace ( /eam r5d]s ! admixture ( c>bonic oxide & oxyg5 explosive4 ,! /eam und]goes a s]ies ( alt]nate r$uctions & oxidations1 act+ z a c>ri] ( oxyg5 to ! c>bonic oxide4 ,) a v small quantity ( /eam ! oxidation ( c>bonic oxide takes place sl[ly2 z ! quantity ( /eam is increas$1 ! rapidity ( explosion increases4 #c4 ,:5 a mixture ( dry c>bonic oxide & hydrog5 is explod$ ) a quantity ( oxyg5 insuffici5t = complete combu/ion1 ! ratio ( ! c>bonic acid to ! /eam =m$ dep5ds ^u ! %ape ( ! vessel & ! pressure "u :i* ! gases are fir$4 ,by cont9ually increas+ ! initial pressure1 a po9t is rea*$ :]e no fur!r increase 9 ! pressure affects ! products ( ! reaction4 ,at & above ?is critical pressure ! result 0 f\nd to be indep5d5t ( ! l5g? ( ! column ( gases explod$4 ,! l>g] ! quantity ( oxyg5 us$1 ! l[] ! critical pressure 0 f\nd to be4 #d4 ,:5 dry mixtures ( c>bonic oxide & hydrog5 9 v>y+ proportions are explod$ above _! critical pressures ) oxyg5 insuffici5t = complete combu/ion1 an equilibrium is e/abli%$ betwe5 two opposite *emical *anges repres5t$ by ! equations3 7,i47 ,,co ,h#b,o ,,co#b ,h#b4 7,,ii47 ,,co#b ,h#b ,,co ,h#b,o4 ,at ! end ( ! reaction ! product ( ! c>bonic oxide & /eam molecules is equal to ! product ( ! c>bonic acid & hydrog5 molecules multipli$ by a coeffici5t ( aff9ity4 ,?is result agrees ) ,hor/mann's conclusion4 ,b ,hortsmann consid]s t ! coeffici5t v>ies ) ! relative mass ( oxyg5 tak54 #e4 ,a small diff]5ce 9 ! initial temp]ature at :i* ! gases are fir$ makes a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! products ( ! reaction4 ,?is diff]5ce is due to ! cond5sation ( /eam by ! sides ( ! vessel dur+ ! explosion1 & its consequ5t removal f ! sph]e ( action dur+ ! *emical *ange4 ,:5 ! gases are explod$ at an initial temp]ature suffici5tly high to prev5t any cond5sation ( /eam dur+ ! progress ( ! reaction1 ! coeffici5t ( aff9ity is f\nd to be con/ant :atev] ! quantity ( oxyg5 us$--provid$ only ! quantity ( hydrog5 is m ?an d\ble ! quantity ( oxyg54 #f4 ,! pres5ce ( an in]t gas1 su* z nitrog51 by dim9i%+ ! int5sity ( ! reaction1 favors ! =mation ( c>bonic acid 9 pref]5ce to /eam4 ,:5 ! hydrog5 tak5 is less ?an d\ble ! oxyg51 ! excess ( oxyg5 _c react ) any ( ! ?ree o!r gases pres5t--c>bonic oxide1 c>bonic acid1 & /eam--b has to wait until an equal volume ( /eam is r$uc$ to hydrog5 by ! c>bonic oxide4 ,! excess ( in]t oxyg5 has ! same effect z in]t nitrog5 9 favor+ ! =mation ( c>bonic acid4 ,! v>iations 9 ! coeffici5t ( aff9ity f\nd by ,hortsmann ) diff]5t quantities ( oxyg5 are due p>tly to ?is cause1 b *iefly to ! v>y+ am\nts ( /eam cond5s$ by ! cold eudiomet] dur+ ! reaction tak+ place 9 diff]5t exp]im5ts4 #g4 ,z a g5]al result ( ^! exp]im5ts x is %[n t1 :5 a mixture ( dry c>bonic oxide & hydrog5 is explod$ ) oxyg5 insuffici5t = complete combu/ion1 at a temp]ature at :i* no cond5sation ( /eam c take place dur+ ! reaction1 & at a temp]ature great] ?an ! critical pressure1 an equilibrium betwe5 two opposite *emical *anges is e/abli%$1 :i* is indep5d5t ( ! mass ( oxyg5 tak51 s long z ?is quantity is less ?an half ! hydrog54 ,)9 ^! limits ! law ( mass is completely v]ifi$ = ! gase\s sy/em compos$ ( c>bonic oxide1 c>bonic acid1 hydrog51 & /eam at a high temp]ature4 ,,h]b/',s ,,me?od ,,( ,,fill+4 ,demon/rat$ by ,,dr4 ,g4 ,c4 ,,cludius1 ,gr5oble1 ,france4#ab #ab ,translat$ f ! ,revue ,odontologique1 = ! ,d5tal ,cosmos4 ,at ! ,july meet+ ( ! ,odontological ,society ( ,france1 ,dr4 ,cludius1 f ,gr5oble1 made ! foll[+ demon/ration ( a new me?od ( gold fill+1 say+3 ,we feel ! necessity ( mak+ ! op]ation ( fill+ tee? ) gold easi]1 if possible1 especially 9 difficult cases1 9 ord] to less5 ! fatigue ( ! op]ator1 z well z to prev5t ! suff]+ ( ! pati5t1 dur+ h\rs )\t int]ruption1 "u ! ceaseless bl[s ( ! mallet4 ,! rem$y has be5 s\ght 9 new =ms ( mat]ial1 l sponge & cry/al gold4 ,^! h n giv5 any help 9 ! p]=mance ( good op]ations1 b h r facilitat$ poor "w4 ,we are n 9 ne$ ( v>ieties 9 ! =ms ( gold1 b we ought to try & improve its manipulation1 & ?is has rec5tly be5 done 9 a novel mann] by ,dr4 ,h]b/1 ^: rotation me?od has be5 m5tion$ 9 ! d5tal j\rnals )9 only a few mon?s2 & yet x seem$ necess>y t ?is great inv5tion1 made 9 ,brem51 %\ld take its way by ,am]ica to come to u4 ,9 ! ,janu>y meet+ ( ! ,odontological ,society ( ,new ,york1 ,dr4 ,bdeck] m5tion$ x = ! fir/ "t1 describ+ ! excell5ce ( fill+s made by ,dr4 ,h]b/ 9 less ?an half ! "t t any mallet "w w\ld h requir$1 & he express$ 8 int5tion ( go+ to /udy ! me?od ) ! inv5tor4 ,?9k+ t ,i 0 yet ne>] to ,brem51 ,i w5t ?i!r1 & f\nd !re ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,mill]1 :o _h come on ! same err&4 ,mr4 ,brasseur _h also writt5 to ,dr4 ,h]b/1 & x is by 8 7,mr4 ,b4's7 invitation t ,i came to ,p>is to %[ y :at ,i h le>n$ 9 ,brem54 ,to-morr[ morn+ ,i %all %[ ! me?od 9 ! m\?s ( pati5ts at ! ,d5tal ,college ( ,france4 ,dr4 ,h]b/ did n pat5t 8 new me?od1 to :i* may be giv5 ! "n ( rotation gold fill+4 ,all he desires is t e "o may try ! sy/em1 & he feels himself already l>gely paid by ! ackn[l$gm5ts he is daily receiv+4 ,he proves t by 8 way ( rotation "o is able to adapt ! gold m p]fectly to ! walls ( ! cavity ?an by any o!r means hi!rto employ$4 ,"o c ?us "w gold 9 ! v weake/ tee?1 because !re is no =ce employ$1 yet ! gold is z mu* cond5s$ z by any mallet kn[n4 ,illu/ration ,! new in/rum5ts are v simple1 & y may f9d !m 9 ! d5tal depots4 ,"o c easily prep>e !m = himself--at lea/ ! pr9cipal "o1 ,no4 #e--;by putt+ a brok5 burr 9 ! h&-piece & hold+ x l a p5 = writ+ until ! rotat+ end ( ! burr is gr\nd to a ro(-l %ape1 on a dry ,arkansas /one4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d are smoo? burni%]s1 & help to fix ! fir/ lay]s ( gold 9 l>ge fill+s4 ,!y are aft]w>d us$ z f9i%]s1 ,nos4 #i to #ag are f9i%+ burni%]s1 & ,no4 #ah is a ne$le-po9t f9i%]4 ,! cavity is to be prep>$ 9 ! usual way1 b reta9+ po9ts are v mu* less ne$$ ?an = o!r me?ods4 ,take1 = in/ance1 a c5tral cavity 9 a mol>--&1 moreov]1 ! fundam5tal idea ( ?is sy/em is to trans=m all cavities to be fill$ into c5tral cavities4 ,n[ fix sev]al cyl9d]s1 ( a size proportion$ to ! cavity1 ) a common plugg]1 & !n take ,no4 #b1 or #c1 or #d1 & by a sl[ rotation poli% ! gold aga9/ ! walls4 ,if ! gold does n /ick directly1 put 9 m cyl9d]s ) ! plugg]1 & recomm5ce ! cond5sation ) ! burni%]4 ,on ?is fir/ lay] ( gold a second "o is to be made to adh]e2 b ! poli%$ surface prev5ts1 & "h ,no4 #e f9ds employm5t 9 quick rotation & int]rupt$ t\*es until ! poli% is gone4 7,i may "h rem>k t ! gold is cond5s$ by ?is rotation & )\t pressure 9 a v rem>kable way47 ,= l>ge fill+s1 ,no4 #e is to h proportionate po9ts1#ac :i*1 if too f9e1 w make holes 9 ! gold1 & ! pressure is to be int]mitt5t1 9 ord] to avoid ! developm5t ( heat1 :i* w\ld be pa9ful & irritat+ to ! pulp4 #ac ,9 ! cuts1 ,nos4 #f1 #g1 & #h are proportionate modifications ( ,no4 #e4 ,all ! in/rum5ts by use get gild$1 & w n "w long] )\t te>+ out ! gold2 b ?is inconv5i5ce may be prev5t$ by occasionally rubb+ !m :ile 9 rotation ^u a piece ( t94 ,! fill+ ( ! cavity is cont9u$ 9 ! way above describ$4 ,let u n[ take ! case ( two incisors ) lat]al cavities approximat+ "o ano!r4 ,! two cavities1 prep>$ z usual1 are treat$ z if "o1 & ! gold is at ! same "t introduc$ into bo? cavities1 fix+ "s cyl9d]s 9 ! f\r corn]s by rotation ( ! prop] burni%]s1 & cond5sation ) ,no4 #e1 until !y are fill$1 s t !re appe>s to be a s+le mass ( gold4 ,no4 #ah is !n pu%$ ) regul> rotation betwe5 ! tee? until ! mass is q sep>at$1 s t ?9 files1 & disks1 & tapes may be employ$ 9 f9i%+ ! fill+s4 ,9 fill+ simil> cavities betwe5 ! second bicuspid & fir/ mol>1 aft] !y are prop]ly prep>$1 place a matrix & fill "o cavity ) %ellac to reta9 ! matrix1 & di/ribute ! resi/ance1 & !n fill ! o!r l a c5tral cavity1 beg9n+ at ! c]vical bord]1 & press+ especially aga9/ ! matrix at t po9t1 "w t[>d & f9i% at ! middle ( ! cr[n4 ,hav+ fill$ ! fir/ "o1 remove ! %ellac & fill ! o!r 9 ! same way4 ,! rotation & ! pressure1 if int]mitt5t1 d n produce heat--at lea/1 n m ?an w r5d] ! gold cohesive4 ,dr4 ,h]b/ fill$ = me two mol>s1 c>i\s to ! c]vical bord]1 & v s5sitive !re1 = :i* reason !y _h = ye>s be5 fill$ ) pla/ics1 because ,i 0 afraid ( p]=ation if reta9+ po9ts 7 made1 )\t :i* gold fill+ by mallet+ w\ld n h be5 possible2 & ,i 0 too n]v\s to sit ?ree or f\r h\rs 9 ! *air4 ,dr4 ,h]b/ fill$ bo? tee? by rotation1 )\t reta9+ po9ts1 9 a little m ?an "o h\r4 ,sev]al g5tlem5 pres5t h se5 !m & obs]v$ ! sev]e te/s to :i* ,mr4 ,brasseur subject$ !m1 & ,i may add t not)/&+ ! great s5sitiv5ess ( ! d5t9e & ! proximity ( ! pulps1 ,i felt n ! lea/ inconv5i5ce f heat1 & my own pati5ts be> l te/imony4 ,we w n[ split a cr[n fill$ 9 ! h&1 & y see t ! gold is press$ into ! smalle/ depressions ( ! int]ior surface1 & is s uni=mly cond5s$ z to resemble an +ot1 impossible to sep>ate 9 pieces1 yet y may note ! diff]5t /ages ( ! rotation4 ,i saw ,dr4 ,h]b/ fill six cavities--"s ( !m l>ge ones--9 front tee?1 tak+ altoge!r at ! same sitt+ ab\t "o h\r4 ,x w\ld be difficult to precisely describe ! manipulation requisite = ! great v>iety ( cases pres5t+ 9 practice1 b ,i h expla9$ to y 9 !ory ! typical ones 9 ! hope ( /imulat+ y to try ?is me?od ( fill+ by rotation1 :i* ,i look ^u z "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s modes yet giv5 to our pr(ession4 ,! results are spl5did1 & ! op]ator w !reby save mu* "t & prev5t great suff]+ on ! "p ( ! pati5t4 ,,dr4 ,,ko*',s ,,b]l9 ,,lecture ,,on ,,*ol]a ,,& ,,! ,,comma ,,bacillus4 ,an important conf]5ce ^u *ol]a 0 held 9 ,b]l91 at ! ,imp]ial ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 on ! ev5+ ( ,july #bf4 ,!re 7 pres5t ,drs4 ,von ,b]gman1 ,col]1 ,eul5b]g1 ,b4 ,frankel1 ,gaffky1 ,hirs*1 ,ko*1 ,leyd51 ,s4 ,neumann1 ,pi/or1 ,s*ub]t1 ,skrezcka1 ,/ruck1 ,vir*[1 & ,wollfhugel4 ,! conf]5ce _h be5 call$ at ! in/ance ( ! ,b]l9 ,m$ical ,society1 ^: ,presid5t1 ,pr(essor ,vir*[1 expla9$ t x 0 ?\ght advisable ,dr4 ,ko* %\ld 9 ! fir/ in/ance give a demon/ration ( 8 "w be=e a small] body ?an ! :ole ,society1 s t ! proce$+s might be fully report$ 9 ! m$ical press4 ,he m5tion$ t ,h]r ,director ,lucanus & ,presid5t ,syd[ _h express$ _! regret at be+ unable to be pres5t1 z well z _m o!rs1 includ+ ,drs4 ,von ,lau]1 ,von ,fr]i*s1 ,mehlhaus51 & ,k]s&t4 ,dr4 ,ko* fir/ %[$ v>i\s specim5s ( ! bacilli & _! me?od ( prep>ation 7see ,b]l9] ,kl9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 ,augu/ #d74 ,?is resembles t = ! tub]cle bacillus1 viz41 dry+ on a cov] glass & /a9+ ) fu*s9 or me?yl-ol94 ,ko* !n gave a hi/ory ( 8 "w :ile 9 ,egypt & ,india4 ,8 po/-mortem exam9ations l$ him to believe t ! inte/9es 7 ! nidus ( ! disease4 ,at fir/ 8 microscopical exam9ations 7 unsatisfactory1 b f9ally he got fre% dejecta & acute cases1 & !n discov]$ ! comma bacillus4 ,?is1 he said1 is small] ?an ! tub]cle bacillus1 be+ only ab\t half or at mo/ two-?irds ! size ( ! latt]1 b mu* m plump1 ?ick]1 & slightly curv$4 ,z a rule1 ! curve is no m ?an t ( a comma 7171 b sometimes x assumes a semicircul> %ape1 & he has se5 x =m+ a d\ble curve l an ,s2 ^! two v>iations f ! normal be+ sugge/ive ( ! junction ( two individual bacilli4 ,9 cultures !re always appe>s a rem>kably free developm5t ( comma-%ap$ bacilli4 ,^! bacilli (t5 gr[ out to =m long ?reads1 n 9 ! mann] ( an?rax bacilli1 nor ) a simple undulat+ =m1 b assum+ ! %ape ( delicate long spirals--a corkscrew %ape--rem9d+ "o v =cibly ( ! spiro*te ( relaps+ fev]4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be difficult to di/+ui% ! two if plac$ side by side4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is developm5tal *ange1 he d\bt$ if ! *ol]a organism %\ld be rank$ ) bacilli2 x is r a transitional =m betwe5 ! bacillus & ! spirillum4 ,possibly x is true spirillum1 portions ( :i* appe> 9 ! comma %ape1 mu* z 9 o!r spirilla1 e4 g41 spirilla undula1 :i* d n always =m complete spirals1 b consi/ only ( m or less curv$ rods4 ,! comma bacilli ?rive well 9 meat infusion1 gr[+ 9 x ) great rapidity4 ,by exam9+ microscopically a drop ( ?is bro? culture ! bacilli are se5 9 active movem5t1 sw>m+ at ! m>g9s ( ! drop1 int]sp]s$ ) ! spiral ?reads1 :i* are also app>5tly mobile4 ,!y gr[ also 9 o!r fluids1 e4 g41 v abundantly 9 milk1 )\t coagulat+ x or *ang+ its appe>ance4 ,also 9 blood s]um !y gr[ v ri*ly4 ,ano!r good nutri5t m$ium is gelat9e1 :]e9 ! comma bacilli =m colonies ( a p]fectly *>act]i/ic k9d1 diff]5t f ^? ( any o!r =m ( bact]ia4 ,! colony :5 v "y appe>s z a pale & small spot1 n completely sph]ical z o!r bact]ial colonies 9 gelat9e are wont to be1 b ) a m or less irregul>1 protrud+1 or jagg$ cont\r4 ,x also v soon takes on a some:at granul> appe>ance4 ,z ! colony increases ! granul> "* becomes m m>k$1 until x seems to be made up ( highly refractile granules1 l a mass ( p>ticles ( glass4 ,9 its fur!r gr[? ! gelat9e is liquefi$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! colony1 :i* at ! same "t s9ks d[n deep] into ! gelat9e mass1 & makes a small ?read-l excavation 9 ! gelat9e1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* ! colony appe>s z a small :ite po9t4 ,?is aga9 is peculi>2 x is nev] se51 at lea/ s m>k$1 ) any o!r bact]ium4 ,& a simil> appe>ance is produc$ :5 gelat9e is inoculat$ ) a pure culture ( ?is bacillus1 ! gelat9e liquefy+ at ! seat ( inoculation1 & ! small colony cont9ually enl>g+2 b above x !re occurs ! excavat$ spot1 l a bubble ( air float+ ov] ! bacill>y colony4 ,x gives ! impression t ! bacillus gr[? n only liquefies ! gelat9e1 b causes a rapid evaporation ( ! fluid s =m$4 ,_m bact]ia also h ! p[] ( s liquefy+ gelat9e ) :i* !y are inoculat$1 b nev] d !y produce su* an excavation ) ! bladd] l cavity on ! surface4 ,ano!r peculi>ity 0 ! sl[ness ) :i* ! gelat9e liquefi$1 & ! n>r[ limits ( ?is liquefaction 9 ! case ( a gelat9e disk4 ,cultures ( ! comma bacillus 7 also made 9 ag>-ag> jelly1 :i* is n liquefi$ by !m4 ,on potato ^! bacilli gr[ l ^? ( gl&]s1 =m+ a grayi%-br[n lay] on ! surface4 ,! comma bacilli ?rive be/ at temp]atures betwe5 #cj & #dj ,c41 b !y are n v s5sitive to l[ temp]atures1 _! gr[? n be+ prev5t$ until #ag or #af ,c4 is rea*$4 ,9 ?is respect !y agree ) an?rax bacilli4 ,ko* made an exp]im5t to asc]ta9 :e!r a v l[ temp]ature n m]ely *eck$ developm5t1 b kill$ !m1 & subject$ ! comma bacilli to a temp]ature ( -#aj ,c4 ,!y 7 !n completely froz51 b yet reta9$ vitality1 gr[+ 9 gelat9e aft]w>d4 ,o!r exp]im5ts1 by exclud+ air f ! gelat9e cultures1 or plac+ !m "u an exhau/$ bell-j>1 or 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid1 w5t to prove t !y requir$ air & oxyg5 = _! gr[?2 b ! deprivation did n kill !m1 s9ce on remov+ !m f ^! conditions !y aga9 began to gr[4 ,! gr[? ( ^! bacilli is exceptionally rapid1 quickly atta9+ its height1 & aft] a brief /ation>y p]iod z quickly t]m9at+4 ,! dy+ bacilli lose _! %ape1 sometimes appe>+ %rivel$1 sometimes swoll51 & !n /a9+ v slightly or n at all4 ,! special features ( _! vegetation are be/ se5 :5 sub/ances :i* also conta9 o!r =ms ( bact]ia are tak51 e4 g41 ! inte/9al cont5ts or *ol]aic evacuations mix$ ) moi/5$ e>? or l95 & kept damp4 ,a mo/ important /atem5t 0 t ! comma bacillus seems to be kill$ by ! bact]ia ( putrefaction1 & consequ5tly ag5ts t de/roy ! latt] organisms )\t ! =m] may really d injury1 by remov+ f ! *ol]a bacillus an imp$im5t to its gr[?4 ,z = de/ructive ag5ts to ! bacillus1 he f\nd x kill$ by solutions 9 ! foll[+ proportions3 oil ( pepp]m9t1 #a 9 #b1jjj2 sulphate ( copp]1 #a 9 #b1ejj 7a rem$y mu* employ$1 b h[ mu* w\ld really be ne$$ m]ely to h9d] ! gr[? ( ! bacilli 9 ! inte/9e672 qu99e1 #a 9 #e1jjj2 & sublimate1 #a 9 #ajj1jjj4 ,9 contra/ ) ! =ego+ measure = prev5t+ ! gr[? ( ^! bacilli is ! /rik+ fact t !y are readily kill$ by dry+4 ,?is fact is prov$ by m]ely dry+ a small drop ( mat]ial conta9+ ! bacilli on a cov] glass1 & !n plac+ ?is ov] "s ( ! fluid on a glass slide4 ,) an?rax bacilli vitality is reta9$ = ne>ly a week2 :]eas1 ! comma bacillus appe>s to be kill$ 9 a v %ort "t4 ,dr4 ,ko* hav+ f\nd & cultivat$ ! comma bacillus & asc]ta9$ its di/9ctive "*1 next proce$$ to inve/igate its relation to *ol]a4 ,9 all !re 7 n[ ab\t "o hundr$ cases ( *ol]a 9 :i* ! bacillus _h be5 f\nd1 :ile x 0 nev] f\nd 9 connection ) o!r diseases4 ,?ree diff]5t views1 said ! speak]1 z to its relation to ! *ol]a process are t5able3 #a4 ,t ! disease favors ! gr[? ( ^! bacilli by af=d+ !m a suitable soil4 ,if s1 x w\ld mean t ! bacillus 9 "q is mo/ widely diffus$1 s9ce x has be5 f\nd 9 su* diff]5t regions z ,egypt1 ,india1 & ,france2 :]eas ! contr>y is ! case1 = ! bacilli d n occur 9 o!r diseases1 nor 9 ! heal?y1 nor ap>t f human be+s 9 localities mo/ favorable to bact]ial life4 ,!y only appe> ) ! *ol]a4 #b4 ,x might be said t *ol]a produces conditions lead+ to a *ange 9 =m & prop]ties ( ! num]\s inte/9al bact]ia1 a pure hypo!sis2 ! only in/ance ( su* a conv]sion ref]s to a *ange ( physiological & pa?og5ic action1 & n ( =m4 ,an?rax bacilli "u c]ta9 conditions lose _! pa?og5ic p[]1 b und]go no *ange 9 %ape2 & t is an in/ance ( a loss ( pa?og5ic prop]ties1 :ile !re is no analogy to support ! view ( ! h>mless inte/9al bact]ia becom+ ! deadly *ol]a bacilli4 ,! m bact]ial morphology is /udi$1 ! m c]ta9 x is t bact]ia are con/ant 9 _! =m2 moreov]1 ! comma bacillus reta9s its special *>act]s un*ang$ ?r\gh _m g5]ations ( culture4 #c4 ,la/ly1 !re is ! view t ! *ol]a process & ! comma bacilli are intimately relat$1 & !re is no o!r conceivable relation b t ! bacilli prec$e ! disease & excite x4 ,= my own "p1 said ,dr4 ,ko*1 ! matt] is prov$ t ! comma bacilli are ! cause ( *ol]a4 ,dr4 ,ko* !n describ$ 8 attempts to inoculate l[] animals ) ! bacillus1 & expla9$ ! cause ( 8 failure 9 ! natural immunity ( ! animals aga9/ ! disease4 ,9 advocat+ ! local ,indian orig9 ( ! disease he said3 ,t ! virus c be reproduc$ & multipli$ outside ! body is app>5t1 s9ce ! bacillus c be cultivat$ artificially1 & its gr[? is n affect$ by comp>atively l[ temp]atures4 ,probably x does n gr[ 9 /reams & riv]s1 :]e1 ow+ to ! curr5t1 a suffici5t conc5tration ( nutri5t sub/ance does n occur2 b 9 /agnant wat] & at ! m\?s ( dra9s1 etc41 vegetable & animal refuse may accumulate & af=d ! necess>y nutrim5t4 ,?us is expla9$ ! propagation ( *ol]a by ! subsoil wat]1 & ! increase ( epidemics ) ! s9k+ ( its level1 :i* less5s ! fl[ & dim9i%es ! am\nt ( surface wat]4 ,admitt+ ! dep5d5ce ( *ol]a ^u ?is micro-organism x is impossible to conceive ! disease hav+ an auto*?on\s orig9 9 any p>ticul> place2 = a bacillus mu/ obey ! laws ( vegetable life1 & h an antec$5t2 & s9ce ! comma bacillus does n belong to ! widely diffus$ micro-organisms1 x mu/ h a limit$ habitat4 ,!re=e1 ! occurr5ce ( *ol]a on ! delta ( ! ,nile does n dep5d on its resemblance to ! delta ( ! ,ganges2 b ! disease mu/ h be5 import$ !re z x is into ,europe4 ,x 0 once ?\ght t an outbreak 9 ,pol& _h a local orig9 until x 0 discov]$ to h be5 introduc$ f ,russia4 ,aga91 ab\t t5 ye>s ago1 !re 0 a sudd5 outbreak at ,ham> 7,syria71 ?\ght to be an in/ance ( local orig91 b errone\sly1 z %[n by a /atem5t ( ,lortet1 :o told ,ko*1 :5 at ,lyons1 t ! epidemic _h be5 introduc$ into ,ham>1 :]e he 0 at ! "t1 by ,turki% soldi]s f ,dj$dah4 ,all great epidemics ( *ol]a began 9 ,s\? ,b5gal1 :]e ! conditions = ! developm5t & gr[? ( ! bacillus are mo/ p]fect4--,m$4 ,record4 ,,local ,,an,,/hesia ,,by ,,! ,,hydro*lorate ,,( ,,coca9e4 ,by ,r4 ,j4 ,,levis1 ,m4,d41 ,surgeon to ! ,p5nsylvania ,hospital & to ! ,jeff]son ,m$ical ,college ,hospital4 ,! notes ( a few cases ( ! use ( ! hydro*lorate ( coca9e w illu/rate its p]fect effici5cy 9 "s & its app>5t in]tness 9 o!rs1 & may help t[>d its prop] application & g5]al appreciation4 ,9 a d\ble extraction ( h>d cat>act !re 0 no pa9 produc$ by ! grasp+s ( ! conjunctiva 9 ! fixation ( ! eyes1 9 ! corneal incisions1 & 9 ! iridectomies4 ,a #d p] c5tum solution 0 freely bru%$ ov] ! entire conjunctival surface ?ree times1 at int]vals ( t5 m9utes1 & ! op]ations 7 comm5c$ 9 =ty m9utes aft] ! fir/ application4 ,no irritation 0 produc$1 & ! only s5sation describ$ 0 t ( numbness & h>dness4 ,! entire conjunctival surface seem$ ins5sible to repeat$ p9*+ ) ! fixation =ceps4 ,9 a s+le extraction ( h>d cat>act a #d p] c5tum solution 0 bru%$ ov] ! ocul> & palpebral conjunctiva1 ) ! eyelids freely ev]t$4 ,?ree applications 7 made at int]vals ( t5 m9utes1 & ! op]ation 0 p]=m$ at ! lapse ( tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,! pati5t ass]t$ decid$ly t %e felt no pa9 :atev]4 ,prep>atory to ! op]ation = ut]9e procid5tia & rectocele1 ! vag9al & labial muc\s surface 0 wip$ dry1 & a #d p] c5tum solution ( ! hydro*lorate ( coca9e 0 ?or\ghly bru%$ ov] x4 ,! s5sitiv5ess 0 te/$ at ?ree int]vals ( t5 m9utes ea*1 & ! application 0 repeat$ ?ree times4 ,!re appe>$ to be at no "t any decid$ loss ( pa9ful s5sibility1 & ! op]ation 0 f9ally p]=m$ "u ! an/hesia ( sulphuric e!r4 ,= ! removal ( a r l>ge t>sal tumor1 ! ocul> & palpebral conjunctiva & ! ext]ior ( ! eyelids 7 bru%$ ) ! solution z previ\sly us$1 at int]vals ( t5 m9utes1 & ! excision 0 p]=m$ at ! lapse ( =ty m9utes4 ,! op]ation seem$ to be z pa9ful to ! pati5t z if p]=m$ )\t an attempt at an/hesia4 ,= ! op]ation = la*rymal ob/ruction ! application 0 made 9 ! same mann] & at ! same int]vals4 ,! slitt+ ( ! punctum & caniculus gave no pa91 b ! passage ( ! dilat+ probe d[n ! la*rymal canal seem$ to produce "s uneas9ess4 ,prior to apply+ nitric acid z a cau/ic to a syphilitic ulc] on ! tongue1 ! same mann] & numb] ( applications 7 repeat$1 ! tongue hav+ be5 wip$ dry & held protrud+ betwe5 ! tee?4 ,no pa9 0 produc$ on ! ?or\ghly b5umb$ tongue4--,m$4 ,news4 ,,on ,,sewage ,,disposal4#ad ,by ,pr(essor ,,h5ry ,,rob9son4 #ad ,by ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,rob9son4 ,pap] read ,oct4 #b1 #ahhd1 at ! ,congress ( ! ,in/itute held at ,dubl94--,build+ ,news4 ,! outcome ( sev]al public inquiries :i* h tak5 place dur+ ! la/ ye> or two1 & ( mu* valuable data d]ivable f o!r s\rces1 e/abli%es1 we ?9k1 a well m>k$ advance ) ref]5ce to sewage disposal2 & x may be ( use1 z well z ( int]e/1 if we lay be=e ?is ,congress ! conclusions :i*1 we conceive1 are d$ucible !refrom4 ,we propose to deal ) ! subject "u ! foll[+ heads3 #a4 ,sewage disposal on l&4 #b4 ,sewage disposal by *emical treatm5t4 #c4 ,sewage disposal by dis*>ge into a tidal riv]1 or into ! sea1 )\t treatm5t4 #a4 ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,on ,,l&4 ,! object ( deal+ ) sewage on l& may be tak5 z tw(old1 namely1 to purify x 7:i* is ! sanit>y object71 & to utilize its manurial products 7:i* is ! agricultural object74 ,:]e want ( skill or :]e prejudice has exi/$1 ^! two h n be5 prop]ly sep>at$1 & ! results h be5 9 _m cases unfavorable to sewage disposal on l& f ei!r ( ! be=e m5tion$ po9ts ( view4 ,x has be5 reg>d$ z an axiom t clay l& _c be employ$ to cl>ify sewage4 ,?is is true :5 x is propos$ to p\r ! sewage on x z if ! l& 7 por\s4 ,v rec5t exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 has l$ to clay l& be+ conv]t$ f an imp]vi\s to a p]vi\s condition1 by :i* x has be5 successfully utiliz$4 ,?is is effect$ by digg+ out ! clay to a dep? ( ab\t #f ft41 burn+ x into balla/ & replac+ x 9 lay]s int]pos$ ) an occasional lay] ( op5 alluvial soil1 ! :ole area be+ well dra9$ ) a free outlet = ! efflu5t4 ,we h successfully c>ri$ ?is plan out1 & ) ?is result1 t :]eas x 0 n possible previ\sly to cl>ify ! sewage ( #ajj p to an acre ( clay l&1 ! prep>$ filtration area has be5 able to cont9u\sly cl>ify ! sewage ( ab\t #a1ejj p to ! acre4 ,! co/ ( conv]t+ clay l& into ?is =m ( filt] may be tak5 z v>y+ f #gej p] acre to #a1jjj p] acre1 accord+ to local circum/ances4 ,"o area :i* we h j complet$ has co/ #a1jjj p] acre4 ,be=e sewage is pass$ on to ^! filt]s 7or on to l&7 x %\ld be /ra9$ s z to remove ! l>g] p>ticles4 ,! be/ arrangem5t = ?is purpose is to pass ! sewage upw>d ?r\gh a /ra9+ m$ium 7n d[nw>d71 & to run ! solids f ! bottom ( ! /ra9+ tank on to a l[ ly+ piece ( l& = digg+ 9 z !y are run out4 ,:]e su* a filtration area is made to =m "p ( a sewage f>m x acts z a safety valve1 & enables ! l& & crops to h a re/ :5 !y d n require fur!r irrigation2 at ! same "t ! process ( purification is n int]rupt$4 ,if op51 por\s l& is available = sewage purification1 & if x c be dra9$ #f ft4 deep to a good free subsoil1 s t ! efflu5t c get readily away1 we f9d t ! sewage ( f #fjj to #gjj p c be dealt ) on ea* acre p] annum ) bo? good agricultural & sanit>y results4 ,9 our address z ,presid5t ( ! ,eng9e]+ & ,ar*itectural ,section ( ! ,congress ( ?is ,in/itute at ,newca/le ^u ,tyne1 9 #ahhb1 we direct$ att5tion to ! important inve/igation :i* _h be5 conduct$ by ,mr4 ,r4 ,w>r+ton1 ( ,ro?am/$1 ! result ( :i* 0 to %[ ! action :i* goes on 9 ! soil :5 sewage is pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,fur!r in=mation :i* ! same obs]v] has publi%$ s9ce t date is ( equal value1 & des]ves to be read by all :o h to advise 9 reg>d to sewage disposal on l&4 ,! process ( nitrification 7z x is t]m$71 :i* he has s fully inve/igat$1 consi/s 9 ! conv]sion into nitrates 7:i* s]ve to n\ri% plant life7 ( ! organic matt] 9 sewage4 ,?is takes place by ! action ( a liv+ f]m5t ( ! bact]ia family1 :i* is creat$ by & fe$s on ! impurities 9 sewage1 & ^! organisms bo? consume ! impurities & conv]t !m into nitrates4 ,! action ( liv+ ag5ts ?us br+s ab\t ! oxidation ( ! organic matt] 9 sewage1 j z worms1 l>v1 fungi1 & insects fe$ on ! vegetable matt] 9 ! soil1 increas+ ! am\nt ( nitrog5\s mat]ial 9 x4 ,exp]i5ce dur+ ! pa/ ye> or two has prov$ ! feasibility ( pres]v+ gre5 crops 9 a succul5t /ate by compress+ !m 9 silos1 s t !y c be utiliz$ = cattle fodd] 9 ! w9t]4 ,?is sy/em des]ves notice 9 connection ) sewage f>m+1 z we are ( op9ion t x w prove a valuable means ( gett+ ov] ! well kn[n practical difficulty :i* is exp]i5c$ ( f9d+ a m>ket = ! l>ge am\nt ( gre5 crop :i* is produc$ by sewage irrigation4 ,9 speak+ ( ?is sy/em ! t]m silo is appli$ to ! artificial *amb] or receptacle = gre5 crops 7su* z grass1 vet*es1 clov]1 etc474 ,! t]m silage is appli$ to ! crop ?us treat$1 & ! t]m ensilage is appli$ to ! process ( mak+ silage4 ,! details ( ! con/ruction ( silos _c be ref]r$ to "h1 beyond /at+ t :at is requir$ is to con/ruct a pit or *amb] ei!r 9 ! =m ( an excavation 9 ! gr\nd1 ) a brick or o!r l9+1 or by build+ x above ! gr\nd4 ,! object is to enable ! gre5 crop to be deposit$ 9 an air & wat] tight *amb]1 9 :i* pressure c be appli$ to ! crop to compress x4 ,?is is effect$ 9 "s cases by well tread+ ! crop aft] x is laid 9 ! silo1 & !n spread+ lay]s ( e>? to ab\t a c\ple ( feet1 & press+ ! cov]+ well d[n4 ,ano!r way is to con/ruct ! silo ) a movable cov]+ ( ! exact size & %ape ( its int]ior4 ,?is cov] is rais$ & l[]$ by suitable *a9s & roll]s4 ,aft] ! crop is plac$ 9 ! silo1 ! cov] is l[]$ & weight$ s t a ?or\gh compress+ is effect$2 ! weight appli$ giv+ ab\t #bjj lb4 or s p] squ>e foot ( surface4 ,salt is sometimes add$ z ! crop is plac$ 9 ! silo4 ,a crop ?us dealt ) is /or$ = mon?s2 :5 ! silo is op5$ ! fodd] is f\nd pres]v$1 & 9 a /ate readily tak5 to by cattle4 ,x is desirable to *oose ! site = ! silos s t ! fodd] is pres]v$ some:]e ne> ! place ( consumption2 also to lay out ! works s t z little h&l+ z possible is requir$4 ,= in/ance1 ! silo %\ld be on sidelong gr\nd1 s t ! crop c be c>t$ & tipp$ at a high level1 & ! silage tak5 out = use at a l[] level4 ,,ii4 ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,by ,,*emical ,,treatm5t4 ,9 ! la/ edition ( our book on ,sewage ,disposal1 9 speak+ ( precipitation we said t ! purification ( sewage by *emicals has be5 ! subject ( misappreh5sion1 ow+ to ! extravagant advantages :i* h be5 claim$ = ! sy/em by its advocates4 ,?is is ev5 m true n[ ?an x 0 two ye>s ago1 inasmu* z 9 ! rec5t s*eme = deal+ ) ! sewage ( ! ,?ames ,valley *emical treatm5t p] se 0 reli$ on to produce f ! sewage ( a future population ( #cej1jjj an efflu5t at all times fit to be dis*>g$ at "o po9t into ! riv] ,?ames above ,london2 b ! ,p>liam5t>y ,committee reject$ x4 ,"o "p ( ! report ( ?is ,committee des]ves att5tion1 :5 speak+ ( sewage treatm5t by *emicals4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,y\r committee believe t 9 ^! cases ! process ( filt]+ ! *emically purifi$ efflu5t ?r\gh e>? ought1 if possible1 to be adopt$1 :i* 0 n provid$ = 9 ! s*eme "u _! consid]ation4 ,?is op9ion is exactly 9 accordance ) our exp]i5ce1 & is t :i* we h held ?r\gh\t4 ,x is at ! root ( ! :ole matt]1 because ef=ts are made by ^? int]e/$ 9 *emical processes to atta9 z high a /&>d ( purity z possible ) ! att5dant heavy exp5se ( *emicals4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t x is impossible at all times & seasons to be sure ( a con/ant & uni=mly high /&>d ( purity1 & t *emical works %\ld be supplem5t$ by a filtration area1 h[ev] small4 ,! addition ( ?is1 h[ev]1 enables a l[] /&>d ( efflu5t f ! precipitation tanks to be admissible1 & ?is c be atta9$ ) v simple & inexp5sive *emicals4 ,9 ! c\rse ( our practice we h _h to advise z to ! majority ( ! processes1 & to design ! works = _! be+ c>ri$ into op]ation4 ,we h f\nd t ! co/ ( su* works complete v>ies f #j4jia to #j4aff p\nd p] head ( ! population1 & t ! av]age co/ ( ! works at sev]al t[ns :i* we h be5 connect$ ) is #j4abc p\nd p] head4 ,?is figure may be conv5i5tly foll[$ by t ( ! co/ ( treatm5t1 :i* we f9d v>ies f #j4jcf to #j4aaj p\nd p] head p] annum1 & an av]age ( sev]al places gives #j4jf p\nd p] head p] annum4 ,! above figures apply only to places :]e ! v highe/ /&>d 0 s\ght to be atta9$1 b our m rec5t exp]i5ce leads u to modify ! arrangem5t ( ! works & ! co/ ( treatm5t1 s z to rely on filtration ( ! efflu5t z an important factor4 ,we e/imate t "u ^! conditions ! co/ ( ! works complete w\ld be ab\t #j4jge p\nd p] head1 & ! co/ ( treatm5t #j4jd p\nd p] head p] annum4 ,! disposal ( ! sludge has always be5 a difficulty 9 ^! works1 b ?is is n[ ov]come 9 two ways3 ei!r by digg+ x into ! gr\nd1 z is done at ,birm+ham n[1 or by press+ x into cakes 9 filt] presses4 ,x is f\nd at ,birm+ham t "o ton ( sludge ) #ij p] c5t4 ( moi/ure is produc$ f #a1jjj p4 ,!re ! lime process is us$4 ,we h f\nd t ab\t "o ton to #b1jjj p is produc$ :]e a salt ( alum9a or iron is us$ ) ! lime4 ,at ,birm+ham ! sludge is dug into ! l& adjo9+ ! works1 & x is f\nd t "o squ>e y>d ( l& w take "o ton ( sludge ) #ij p] c5t4 ( moi/ure once 9 ?ree ye>s1 :i* results 9 ?ree y>ds ( l& be+ requir$ to be provid$ = ea* ton ( sludge4 ,?is sy/em ( digg+ 9 sludge is successfully c>ri$ out z reg>ds fre$om f nuisance4 ,:]e l& is n available to dig 9 ! sludge1 x is necess>y to make x portable = removal & disposal away f :]e x is produc$4 ,?is is be/ effect$ by filt] presses4 ,appliances are made = ?is purpose1 by :i* ! sludge is press$ to a consi/5cy ( ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ( moi/ure4 ,! co/ ( effect+ ?is is ab\t #j4jjg p\nd p] head p] annum4 ,x is f\nd 9 practice t :]e ! sludge is produc$ by /ra9+ ! solids f sewage be=e pass+ x on to l& = purification1 x requires a little lime to enable ! press to "w well4 ,ab\t two b>r[ loads ( lime = ea* ton ( press$ sludge suffices4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ! co/ ( precipitation w\ld be cov]$1 & ev5 a pr(it ga9$1 by ! sale ( ! sludge4 ,?is hope1 h[ev]1 is n ne>] realization n[ ?an x 0 9 ! "t1 n[ gone pa/1 :5 *emical processes 7 reli$ on to turn sewage f a pr(itless into a pr(itable commodity4 ,!re is1 consequ5tly1 less ju/ification n[ ?an !re 0 at t "t = adopt+ a precipitation sy/em = sewage disposal4 ,x is entirely a "q ( c>efully consid]+ ! eng9e]+ & f9ancial po9ts involv$1 reg>dless ( ! sangu9e repres5tations ( int]e/$ or en?usia/ic advocates ( any p>ticul> sy/em4 ,z ! e/imat$ manurial value ( ! sludge :i* is precipitat$ f sewage by ! addition ( *emicals does n seem to be capable ( realization1 we ?9k t probably ! reason may be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! *emicals arre/ t process ( decomposition :i* is ess5tial to ! conv]sion ( ! organic matt]s into nitrates = vegetation to utilize4 ,?is explanation w be und]/ood 9 ! light ( :at we h already describ$ 9 reg>d to nitrification4 ,if ?is view is correct1 x w\ld foll[ t ! m completely & p]man5tly ! sludge is deodoriz$ by ! *emicals1 ! less capable is x ( pass+ ?r\gh ! necess>y /ages ( decomposition by :i* its manurial value c be realiz$4 ,z mi/akes are con/antly be+ made 9 reg>d to ! weights ( sludge ) v>y+ degrees ( moi/ure1 ! foll[+ table may be useful3 ,tons4 ,p] c5t4 ,tons4 ,p] c5t4 #ajj ( sludge ) #ij ( moi/ure #ej ) #hj #ajj #cc4c #gj #ajj #be #fj #ajj #bj #ej #ajj #af4f #dj #ajj #ad4c #cj #ajj #ab4e #bj #ajj #aa4gf #ae ,,iii4 ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,by ,,dis*>ge ,,into ,,riv] ,,or ,,sea4 ,we w next deal ) ! conditions :i* %\ld be fulfill$ :]e x is s\ght to utilize a riv] or ! sea into :i* to ca/ ! sewage ( a t[n4 ,if x c be asc]ta9$ beyond "q t at ! propos$ po9t ( dis*>ge ! curr5ts at all times w c>ry ! sewage "r away1 & w n at ! same "t produce mis*ief at a di/ance 7:i* is (t5 omitt$ f ! consid]ation71 !n t arrangem5t may be accept$ z a good "o4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 seldom occurs4 ,a riv] has be5 look$ ^u by manufactur]s & local au?orities z ! natural c>ri] ( _! refuse f _! di/rict4 ,?is view has be5 p]sev]$ 91 9 spite ( ! ,riv] ,pollution ,prev5tion ,act ( #ahgf1 :i* is practically a dead lett]4 ,! public1 h[ev]1 :o use a riv] ei!r = pleasure purposes or = obta9+ _! wat] supply1 h ( late ye>s gr[n m & m unit$ 9 _! ef=ts to /op ?is abuse2 & !re is no d\bt t ^! ef=ts w ev5tually succe$4 ,9 a pap] :i* we read la/ ye> at ! ,congress at ,glasg[1 we po9t$ out ! /eps t 7 necess>y to be tak5 to r5d] ?is act op]ative1 & we ref] our he>]s to t pap] if !y wi% to foll[ ! matt] fur!r4 ,! effect ( dis*>g+ sewage matt] into a riv] has be5 ! subject ( mu* controv]sy among *emi/s4 ,"s allege mo/ positively t ! injuri\s prop]ties 9 ! sewage are inde/ructible4 ,?is has l$ to al>mi/s dem&+ t "u no circum/ances ought sewage to pass untreat$ into a riv]4 ,we h giv5 consid]able att5tion to ?is vex$ "q1 z x requires to be grasp$ by any eng9e] :o has to advise on ! selection ( sew] outfalls1 & x appe>s to u t ! balance ( evid5ce is aga9/ ! al>mi/s4 ,e riv] has a c]ta9 p[] ( oxidiz+ impurities 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( oxidation ( ! riv] itself4 ,besides ?is1 !re are ! p[]ful purify+ influ5ces ex]cis$ by ! plants & animalcules :i* exi/ 9 riv]s4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ t entomo/raca consume dead animal matt]2 & :]e ?is is want+ !y d n live1 b :]e x is 9 abundance !y ?rive4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 ^! m9ute animals ex]cise an important function 9 absorb+ sewage impurities4 ,!y multiply prodigi\sly 9 ^! impurities1 & are bo? creat$ by !m & f$ ^u !m1 conv]t+ f\l & dang]\s matt]s into h>mless ones1 9 a simil> way to t :i* we h ref]r$ to z nitrification :5 speak+ ( ! action ( bact]ia 9 ! soil4 ,consid]+ t ^! organisms arise f & are f$ on conc5trat$ fil?1 x is obvi\s t !y _c live :5 ! conditions favorable to _! exi/5ce disappe>4 ,?is w\ld be ! case :5 ! sewage is dis*>g$ into a l>ge volume ( wat] ) a diff]5t temp]ature to t :i* suits !m1 & ) p[]ful oxidiz+ influ5ces at "w4 ,^! conditions1 add$ to ! difficulty !y mu/ exp]i5ce to f9d _! natural food--namely1 conc5trat$ sewage--:]e ! sewage matt] becomes s greatly dilut$1 acc\nts = ! fact t 9 a %ort run ( a good riv] sewage impurities l>gely disappe>4 ,! action ( we$s & plants also aids purification to a v l>ge ext5t4 ,m9ute plants1 su* z conf]void alg & ! l1 also assi/ 9 oxyg5at+ ! riv]1 z :5 expos$ to light !y decompose c>bonic acid1 & lib]ate oxyg54 ,! practical "q :i* has to be answ]$ 9 e case :]e sewage is propos$ to be dis*>g$ into a riv] requires to be approa*$ f two po9ts4 ,! fir/ is :e!r a nuisance w be caus$ at ! spot to :i* objection w\ld be tak54 ,if ?is is likely to be ! case1 !n ! fact t ! sewage w get purifi$ 9 a %ort run ( ! riv] does n meet ! objection4 ,! second po9t requires a c>eful consid]ation ( ! condition ( ! riv]1 bo? f an eng9e]+ z well z f a *emical & biological po9t ( view4 ,decisions on ^! matt]s h too (t5 be5 arriv$ at 9 a r\gh & ready way4 ,!y require skillful treatm5t1 z ! int]e/s--bo? comm]cial & hygi5ic--:i* are affect$ are too great to p]mit ( !m be+ dealt ) by any :o are n well in=m$ & c>eful4 ,! g5]al conclusions :i* we d$uce f our obs]vations are z foll[s3 #a4 ,t *emical precipitation is n s necess>y n[ z x 0 consid]$ to be a few ye>s ago1 9 cases :]e l& = irrigation is n procurable4 #b4 ,t ! ef=ts to pr(itably remove ! manurial elem5ts f sewage by *emicals n hav+ be5 successful1 ! sy/em %\ld be adopt$ p] se only :]e a filtration area _c be obta9$4 #c4 ,t ! success :i* has att5d$ ! con/ruction ( filtration areas :]e ! l& is clayey1 & ! successful results :i* h be5 obta9$ f a comb9$ /ra9+ ( sewage & ( subsequ5t filtration ?r\gh small areas ( artificial filt]s1 po9t to ! adoption ( "o or o!r ( ^! sy/ems 9 _m cases :]e *emical treatm5t w\ld previ\sly h be5 advis$4 #d4 ,t ! injuri\s effects ( pass+ untreat$ sewage into a riv] dep5d ^u n m]ely ! relative volumes ( ! sewage & ! riv]1 b *iefly ^u ! p[] ( ! riv] to oxidize ! sewage1 :i* p[] is 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( oxidation ( ! riv] itself4 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,,/reet ,,c>s4 ,an article 9 ! local news columns ( ! ,tribune says3 ,! l\d outcry made a few ye>s ago aga9/ ! old fa%ion$ plu% cov]$ spr+ cu%ions1 !n us$ 9 /reet c> = seats & backs1 caus$ !m to be remov$ & set c> build]s at "w to make a c> t w\ld be light1 heal?y1 & com=table4 ,! g5]al plan ( p]=at$ wood5 seats ) pla9 backs has be5 adopt$ by all ! companies4 ,!y are cov]$ ) a f9e quality ( heavy ,axm9/] c>pet dur+ ! w9t]1 & 9 ! summ] ne>ly all ! c>s h only wood5 seats & backs4 ,op5 c>s are us$ on a numb] ( r\tes dur+ ! summ]1 & ?is is conducive to ! heal? ( pass5g]s4 ,! only p>ticul> diff]5ce 9 ! furniture ( ! c>s is ! mats us$ on ! floor4 ,sev5 ( ! l9es use sectional wood5 mats ( pla9 or ornam5tal design1 :ile ?ree reta9 cocoa mats4 ,wood5 mats are ! easie/ to clean4 ,cocoa mats reta9 moi/ure on damp or ra9y days1 & emit a mu/y odor4 ,!re are f\r sets = ea* c>1 & !y are *ang$ e trip on ra9y days4 ,! ,fir/ & ,second ,av5ue r\tes1 "u "o managem5t run #aej c>s2 ! ,?ird ,av5ue1 #ahj2 ! ,f\r?1 #ge2 ! ,six?1 #hh2 ! ,broadway & ,sev5?1 #ace2 ! ,eigh? & ,n9?1 #afj2 & ! ,t5?1 #abj4 ,at ! /ables ( ea* ! same g5]al arrangem5t = clean+ c>s is us$1 :ile ! details only are diff]5t1 be+ regulat$ by ! judgm5t & exp]i5ce ( sup]9t5d5ts4 ,f six to fifte5 m5 are employ$ = clean+ c>s by ! diff]5t companies4 ,aft] e r\nd trip t a c> makes1 x is tak5 to ! /able1 ! mats are tak5 (f ! floor1 & two m5 ) brooms & specially con/ruct$ bru%es give x a ?or\gh sweep+ & bru%+4 ,aft] a c> makes its la/ trip at night1 x is run ^u :at is t]m$ ! wa%/&1 :i* is a l>ge turn table surr\nd$ by hydrants4 ,ev]y?+ movable is tak5 out ( x1 & wat] is play$ f a hose on ! inside & outside1 :ile f\r m5 ) scrubb+ bru%es & /iff brooms remove :atev] dirt has accumulat$ dur+ ! day4 ,aft] ?is op]ation ! c> is run ^u a side track1 & two m5 dry ! inside & poli% ! w9d[s4 ,:ile pass5g]s f9d fault ) ! untid9ess ( /reet c>s1 sup]9t5d5ts h a ^w also ( compla9t aga9/ pass5g]s4 ,if m5 w\ld n conv]t a c> into a spittoon = ! reception ( cig> /umps1 tobacco spit1 & quids1 & a g>bage box = nut-%ells1 fruit r9ds1 cores1 & pits1 ! remnants ( lun*es & old pap]s1 x w\ld be mu* easi] to keep up a cleanly appe>ance4 ,section #afg ( ! ,sanit>y ,code1 :i* provides t no soil$ article ( clo?+ or b$d+ %all be c>ri$ on /reet c>s1 except on ! front plat=m1 is /rictly en=c$ by all ! companies1 & x is wor? a conductor's position if he is prov$ d]elict 9 ?is respect4 ,ne>ly all ! c> companies build _! own c>s1 & all h repair %ops at _! /ables1 & z soon z a c> is damag$ by a collision x is s5t at once to ! %op & repair$4 ,m5 are detail$ to keep a /rict wat* ov] all ! work+ p>ts ( c>s4 ,no metal or plate has yet be5 f\nd ( :i* to make a h& rail+ t w keep bright & unt>ni%$4 ,_m exp]im5ts h be5 tri$1 b ! h>de/ plate t c be obta9$ w n /& ! friction ( ! h&s long] ?an two mon?s1 be=e ! plat$ metal w %[ ?r\gh4 ,c>s are pa9t$ & v>ni%$ at lea/ once a ye>4 ,! v>i\s p>ts ( ! c> la/ diff]5t p]iods4 ,! :eels av]age ab\t eighte5 mon?s on long r\tes2 on %ort r\tes1 ab\t two ye>s4 ,/eps & plat=ms la/ ab\t five ye>s4 ,!re is no p>ticul> limit = ! floors & framework1 z !y are b little worn4 ,c>s are frequ5tly built up f an old floor or framework1 b at ! end ( ab\t fifte5 ye>s !re is b little left ( ! orig9al c>4 ,,r+s ,,( ,,smoke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,produc+ ,,r+s ,,( ,,smoke4 ,:51 by means ( a tube ( f #b to #e millimet]s 9 diamet]1 we g5tly bl[ tobacco smoke aga9/ a wet pane ( glass1 we produce v fugitive r+s4 ,if we op]ate ) a clos$ vessel ! r+s are fix$1 ! curr5t be+ itself uni=m4 ,b ! exp]im5t t %[s ! ph5om5on p]fectly is ! "o t consi/s 9 r5d]+ ! curr5t automatic by means ( an aspirator--an arrangem5t analog\s to t devis$ by ,mr4 ,nickles = analyz+ ! flame ( a c&le4 ,a tap]+ glass tube or1 bett]1 a metallic bl[ pipe trav]ses a cork :i* h]metically closes a l>ge bottle hav+ a cock b5ea? & fill$ ) wat] 7,fig4 #a74 ,! nozzle ( ! bl[ pipe ent]+ ! c5t] ( ! flame1 & ! cock be+ op51 ! liquid fl[s1 & a column ( :ite smoke desc5ds v]tically to ! surface ( ! wat]1 :]e x =ms sev]al conc5tric r+s ^: relief soon increases ) ! ?ickness ( ! heavy smoke1 :i* f9ds no exit4 ,^! r+s h a diamet] s mu* ! great] 9 proportion z ! curr5t is /rong] 7,fig4 #b74 ,un=tunately1 ! numb] ( ! r+s soon dim9i%es 9 measure z ! /ratum ( smoke t rema9s ^u ! surface ( ! wat] becomes ?ick]4 ,f9ally1 !re rema9s b a s+le r+1 :i* has a ?ickness 9 ! c5t] ( m ?an #j4jae m4 7,fig4 #c74 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #b ,,to #e4--;,,diff]5t ,,aspects ,,( ,,r+s ,,( ,,smoke4 ,in/ead ( ! smoke ( a c&le1 we may employ t ( a cig> or ( a tobacco pipe4 ,we ?us avoid a deposit ( fatty matt]1 :i*1 9 ! fir/ case1 soon clogs up ! tube1 if x is too f9e a "o1 & ?us puts a /op to ! exp]im5t4 ,sev]al circum/ances are kn[n "u :i* r+s or cr[ns are produc$4 7#a7 ,= example1 9 ! spontane\s combu/ion ( phosphuret$ hydrog51 ! result+ :ite vapors ( phosphuric acid rise1 & roll r\nd 9 horizontal :ite cr[ns :5 ! air is calm 7,fig4 #d74 ,^! cr[ns1 ^: diamet] keeps on increas+1 end by sep>at+ into /rips t dissolve 9 ! humidity ( ! air4 7#b7 ,! cr[ns t we sometimes obs]ve 9 calm wea!r ar\nd cannons at ! mom5t ( fir+ h ! same orig91 al?\gh !y are ( a diff]5t nature1 & spread horizontally to a c]ta9 di/ance4 ,) v]tical h[itz]s ! cr[ns are horizontal1 & v beautiful :5 se5 f b5ea?1 s9ce !y rise v]tically4 7#c7 ,z well kn[n1 a c>dbo>d box hav+ two ap]tures 9 ! c5t] ( two opposite sides1 :5 fill$ ) smoke & /ruck ^u "o ( ^! sides1 all[s ! escape ?r\gh ! opposite ap]ture ( curl+ r+s ( smoke4 7#d7 ,/eam escap+ into ! op5 air1 ?r\gh ! int]mitt5ce ( a v]tical eduction pipe1 sometimes makes its exit 9 ! =m ( circul> or elliptical cr[ns4--,la ,nature4 ,,an ,,improv$ ,,hyac9? ,,glass4 ,! hyac9? is a native ( ! ,ea/4 ,:5 x 0 introduc$ into ,engl&1 9 #aeif1 only f\r v>ieties ( x 7 kn[n1 b ! ,dut* g>d5]s soon made wond]ful progress 9 its culture1 &1 along t[>d ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 _h produc$ at lea/ two ?\s& v>ieties4 ,?is plant is well adapt$ = h\se decoration 9 w9t]1 :5 fl[]s are r>e4 ,its culture requires b little c>e4 ,:5 ! bulbs h tak5 root 9 a d>k place !y are gradually br\ght into ! light1 & plac$ :]e ! temp]ature is mod]ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,hyac9? ,,glass4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,details4 ,is a regul> *ang+ ( ! wat] favorable to ! developm5t ( ?is plant8 ,_m flori/s d\bt x1 & x is (t5 recomm5d$ n to *ange ! wat]1 b only to replace t :i* has be5 lo/ ?r\gh evaporation4 ,o!rs are ( a contr>y op9ion1 & ass]t t ! less favorable results t are obta9$ :5 ! wat] is *ang$ are m]ely due ! fact t ! roots are injur$ :5 ! plant is tak5 out ( ! glass4 ,) ! old /yle ( glasses x has always be5 difficult to r5ew ! wat] regul>ly & keep ! glass clean1 b ?is inconv5i5ce has disappe>$ 9 ! glasses inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,s*midt1 ( ,erfur?4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts "o ( ^! glasses1 & ,fig4 #b %[s ! details4 ,z may be se51 ! tube1 a1 :i* conta9s ! bulb1 may be remov$ f ! glass1 b1 )\t ! plant be+ t\*$ or its roots di/urb$4 ,! glass1 b1 may ?us be easily clean$ & fill$ ) fre% wat] z (t5 z necess>y4--,sci5ce et ,nature4 ,,! ,,botanical ,,club ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,association4 ,! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association la/ ye> at ,m9neapolis attract$ a l>g] att5dance ( botani/s ?an usual4 ,)\t mu* consultation1 a meet+ ( ^? int]e/$ 9 botany 0 call$1 a presid5t & a secret>y 7 *os51 & discussions1 %ort communications1 & pap]s ^u botanical subjects li/5$ to4 ,! ,botanical ,club 0 ?us inaugurat$2 & be=e ! close ( ! session x 0 decid$ to d :at 0 possible to secure a l>g] att5dance ( botani/s at ! next ga!r+ 9 ,philadelphia4 ,al?\gh dur+ ! int]im ! prospect ( a good att5dance at ! ,philadelphia meet+ _h be5 fair1 ! mo/ sangu9e 7 surpris$ to f9d t1 z e>ly z ,monday prec$+ ! op5+1 a numb] ( botani/s _h arriv$ 9 ! city2 & by ! foll[+ day a l>g] ga!r+ c\ld h be5 assembl$ ?an ! total att5dance at ,m9neapolis4 ,! fir/ meet+ ( ! club1 ( :i* sev]al 7 held betwe5 ,friday & ,w$nesday1 0 respond$ to by an att5dance ( ab\t ?irty--a little bel[ ! av]age att5dance = ! subsequ5t meet+s4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,j4 ,beal1 ( ,lans+1 ,mi*41 ! presid5t1 took ! *air2 & ,pr(4 ,j4 ,c4 ,ar?ur1 ( ,g5eva1 ,n4 ,y41 0 appo9t$ secret>y to fill ! vacancy caus$ by ! abs5ce ( ,pr(essor ,c\lt]4 ,a pap] by ,dr4 ,n4 ,l4 ,britton1 ( ,new ,york1 on ! composition & di/ribution ( ! flora ( ,new ,j]sey1 0 read4 ,! surface-features ( ! ,/ate 7 giv51 & ! correspond+ vegetation describ$4 ,! "w ( catalogu+ ! plants is be+ done "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,/ate geological survey4 ,! li/ at pres5t has rea*$ ! v l>ge total ( ne>ly fifty-five hundr$4 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,r4 ,b>nes1 ( ,la ,fayette1 ,ind41 spoke ( ! c\rse ( ! fibro-vascul> bundles 9 ! leaf-bran*es ( ,p9us sylve/ris4 ,! two ne$le-leaves at ! end ( ea* %ort lat]al axis conta9 ea* a pair$ bundle4 ,! "q at issue 0 :e!r ?is /ructure repres5t$ "o or a pair ( bundles1 or :e!r x might n be a segm5t ( ! fibro-vascul> r+ ( ! /em4 ,a /udy ( ! e>ly /ages %[s t ! fir/ *ange 9 ! /em is to divide ! fibro-vascul> r+ into halves at "r angles to ! plane ( ! leaves2 & subsequ5tly ^! divide aga91 s5d+ "o bran* ( ea* to ea* leaf4 ,! pap] l$ to mu* discussion by ,pr(essors ,buckh\t1 ,macloskie1 & o!rs4 ,dr4 ,bessey1 ( ,ames1 ,ia41 describ$ ! op5+ ( ! fl[]s ( ,desmodium sessilifolium4 ,!y exp& p>tially 9 ! usual mann]1 !n rema9 /ation>y till a p>ticul> s5sitive spot at ! base ( ! vexillum is t\*$ by an insect1 :5 ! w+s & keel desc5d ) a j]k1 ! /am5s are releas$1 & ! insect du/$ ) poll54 ,pr(essor ,mackloskie1 ( ,pr9ceton1 ,n4 ,j41 describ$ ! me?od ( cross-f]tilization ( ,g]anium maculatum by bumblebees4 ,pr(essor ,dudley1 ( ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 spoke ( ! torsion ( /ems ( ,eleo*>is ro/ellata1 & also on ! protogyn\s "* ( "s species ( ,myriophyllum4 ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,seaman1 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 advocat$ ! use ( r ?ick oblique sections 9 /udy+ ! /ructure ( ! fibro-vascul> bundle--a me?od t call$ =? a v /rong prote/4 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,j4 ,beal gave a pap] conc]n+ ! mann] 9 :i* c]ta9 se$s bury !mselves b5ea? ! soil1 :i* 0 discuss$ by ,pr(essors ,bessey1 ,ro?rock1 & o!rs4 ,a pap] by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,r4 ,laz5by1 ( ,columbus1 ,o41 on ! prolificacy ( c]ta9 we$y plants1 embrac$ c>eful e/imates ( ! av]age numb] ( se$s produc$ by individual plants among v>i\s k9ds ( we$s4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,ro?rock1 ( ,philadelphia1 address$ ! club on "s phases ( microscopic "w1 allud+ p>ticul>ly to microscopic "w1 allud+ p>ticul>ly to micro-photography1 its importance to ! inve/igator1 & ! ease ( execution4 ,dr4 ,asa ,gray call$ att5tion to ! int]e/+ discov]y ( ,mr4 ,meehan reg>d+ ! mode ( expos+ ! poll5 9 ! common sunfl[]4 ,he _h f\nd t1 contr>y to ! tea*+s ( ! text books1 ! pi/il & /am5s develop toge!r until rea*+ full l5g?1 :5 ! filam5ts rapidly %ort51 & ! an!r tube is retract$1 expos+ ! /yle cov]$ ) poll51 ! fur!r *anges be+ ! same z usually /at$4 ,?is ,mr4 ,meehan con/ru$ to be a device = self-f]tilization2 :ile ,dr4 ,gray %[$ t1 al?\gh bees c>ri$ poll5 f "o fl[] to ano!r ( ! same head1 !y also c>ri$ x f head to head1 :i* con/itut$ cross+ 9 ! fulle/ s5se4 ,an int]e/+ discussion foll[$1 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,beal sugge/$ t an excell5t exp]im5t w\ld be to cov] up ! heads & asc]ta9 if any f]tile se$s 7 produc$4 ,dr4 ,gray ?\ght x v likely !re w\ld2 =1 :5 cross-f]tilization is n effect$1 self-f]tilization (t5 takes place4 ,mrs4 ,wolcott _h prov$ ?is to be s2 =1 9 cov]+ up ! fl[]s to keep birds away1 %e f\nd t pl5ty ( se$s 7 =m$4 ,dr4 ,george ,vasey1 ( ,wa%+ton1 gave "s notes on ! vegetation ( ! arid pla9s1 :i* 0 foll[$ by obs]vations on ! curvature ( /ems ( conif]s by ,dr4 ,bessey1 9 :i* he not$ ! b5d+ ( /ems "o1 two1 & ev5 ?ree ye>s old4 ,mr4 ,,?omas ,,meehan discuss$ ! relation%ip ( ,helian?us annuns & ,h4 l5ticul>is2 %[+ t !re 0 a con/ant diff]5ce 9 ! =m ( ! corollas1 ! =m] be+ campanulate1 & ! latt] tubul>4 ,! two are treat$ z "o species 9 ,gray's ,synoptic ,flora ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 ! "o be+ consid]$ a cultivat$ =m ( ! o!r1 a view f :i* ! speak] diss5t$4 ,mr4 ,meehan !n spoke ^u ! f]tilization ( composites2 conclud+ t ! arrangem5ts 7 su* z to favor self-f]tilization1 :i* is oppos$ to ! g5]ally accept$ view4 ,pr(4 ,l4 ,m4 ,und]wood1 ( ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 gave "s /ati/ics conc]n+ ! ,nor?-,am]ican ,hepaticae4 ,( ! two hundr$ & ?irty-"o species f\nd nor? ( ,mexico1 a hundr$ & tw5ty are pecul> to ,am]ica2 fully "o-half ! latt] are n repres5t$ 9 any public or private h]b>ium 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 a pap] on ! nature ( gumm+1 or gummosis1 9 fruit-trees1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,c4 ,ar?ur detail$ exp]im5ts f :i* ! conclusion _h be5 rea*$ t x 0 due to a deorganization ( ! cell-walls ( ! tree ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( "s fungus1 b n necess>ily ( a specific "o4 ,x _h be5 produc$ exp]im5tally by ! bact]ia ( pe>-blight & by ,monilia fructig5um1 ! fruit-rot fungus2 al?\gh ! mo/ common cause is d\btless ! ,coryneum1 fir/ describ$ by ,oudemans 9 ,h$wigia4 ,at ! f9al meet+ ! ,committee on ,po/al ,matt]s !n gave its report4 ,?is committee 0 appo9t$ at ,m9neapolis to inquire into ! v>i\s ob/ructions :i* ! po/al au?orities ?r[ 9 ! way ( ex*ang+ specim5s ( dri$ plants4 ,! ef=ts ( ! committee _h be5 direct$ t[>d secur+ ! passage ( specim5s be>+ ! cu/om>y writt5 label at f\r?-class rates ( po/age4 ,! ,decision ( ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al 0 read1 /at+ t ! pres5t law c\ld n be con/ru$ to p]mit ! passage ( specim5s ) writt5 labels except at lett]-rates1 b express+ a will+ness to br+ ! matt]1 at ! prop] "t1 to ! att5tion ( ,congress1 ! ,canadian au?orities1 & ! congress ( ! ,univ]sal ,po/al ,union4 ,"s discussion foll[$2 & a motion 0 c>ri$ to cont9ue ! committee1 & also in/ruct+ ! presid5t & secret>y ( ! club to draft resolutions to be pres5t$ to ! section ( biology1 9 ord] to /ill fur!r promote ! objects 9 view4 ,^! resolutions 7 act$ ^u by ! biological section on ! foll[+ day4 ,dr4 ,bessey 0 *os5 presid5t1 & ,pr(essor ,ar?ur secret>y1 = ! next ye>4 ,besides ! read+ ( pap]s1 ! club took sev]al excursions4 ,on ,saturday !y w5t to ! p9e-b>r5s ( ,new ,j]sey1 ab\t fifty p>ticipat+4 ,on ,monday a p>ty visit$ ! balla/-gr\nds dur+ ! morn+1 & ^u _! return inspect$ ! libr>y & h]b>ium ( ,mr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,m>t9dale1 ( ,camd51 ,n4 ,j4 ,9 ! ev5+ ( ! same day ! ,botanical section ( ! ,philadelphia ,academy ( ,sci5ce ent]ta9$ ! club1 ! ,torrey ,botanical ,club ( ,new-,york ,city1 & o!r invit$ gue/s1 at ! rooms ( ! ,academy4 ,ab\t ?ree hundr$ 7 pres5t1 & a ?or\ghly enjoyable "t exp]i5c$4 ,on ! aft]noon ( ,tuesday ! club & its fri5ds1 9 all ab\t eighty1 made an excursion to ! ,b>tram ,g>d5s1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ hi/orical spots to botani/s 9 ?is c\ntry2 & ! club !n adj\rn$4 ,9 review+ ! att5dance ( botani/s 9 ,philadelphia1 & ! "w ( ! ,botanical ,club1 !re is mu* reason = congratulation4 ,ab\t a hundr$ ent]$ _! names on ! regi/] ( ! club z botani/s1 or ab\t eight p] c5t4 ( ! total att5dance1 "o-half ( :om are widely kn[n = _! atta9m5ts 9 ! sci5ce4 ,!re 0 no lack ( int]e/+ pap]s & free discussion4 ,besides ! important measures already ref]r$ to1 ! club 0 in/rum5tal 9 secur+ ! appo9tm5t ( a p]man5t committee ( ! ,association to enc\rage rese>*es on ! heal? & diseases ( plants4 ,b1 above all1 ! augm5t$ facilities = int]c\rse & acqua9tance%ip1 & ! impulse imp>t$ to individual work]s1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! club1 are a suffici5t raison d'tre1 & a promise ( usefulness ( ! future4--,sci5ce4 ,,petroleum ,,wells4 ,! !ory ( artesian & ( sp\t+ petroleum wells is entirely diff]5t4 ,:ile ! latt] owe _! op]ation to an int]nal pressure1 due to gases accumulat$ )9 a conf9$ space1 ! =m] are due to ! pressure ( a liquid :i* is fl[+--a pressure caus$ by a %eet ( wat] ( unequal height2 & !y sp\t ) s mu* ! m =ce 9 proportion z ! diff]5ce ( level betwe5 ! orifice & />t+ po9t ( ! %eet ( wat] is great]4 ,petroleum res]voirs1 or pockets1 conta91 along ) ! petroleum1 gases1 salt wat]1 s&1 & =eign sub/ances ( v>y+ nature4 ,! liquids & gases 9 ^! pockets are (t5 submitt$ to v great pressure4 ,if we make an ap]ture 9 ! pocket1 !re w occur1 by reason ( ! t5sion1 & accord+ to ! location ( ! ap]ture1 a sudd5 exit ( gas1 petroleum1 salt wat]1 etc4 ,yet x may happ5 t z ! s\nd+ well has be5 bor$ ?r\gh ! upp] "p ( ! pocket1 :]e ! gases are accumulat$1 only ! latt] w make _! exit )\t any trace ( petroleum4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! appe>ance ( inflammable gases at ! surface indicates pretty c]ta9ly ! pres5ce ( inflammable liquids 9 ! region explor$1 & w ju/ify fur!r exploration or ! fitt+ ( suction pumps to ! well holes4 ,x w be und]/ood t a natural fl[ ( petroleum w occur only s long z ! pressure is suffici5t1 & t a pocket may cease to give m9]al oil spontane\sly1 ev5 ?\gh x may /ill conta9 l>ge quantities ( x4 ,?is is ! reason :y at pres5t sp\t+ wells are n ab&on$ :5 !y cease to op]ate1 b are work$ by lift pumps4 ,! ?ree diagrams1 #a1 #b1 & #c1 w give an idea ( ! diff]5t configurations t petroleum pockets may pres5t4 ,9 ,no4 #a1 z ! well hole rea*es ! summit ( ! gas *amb]1 ! gases alone w be =c$ to ! surface by reason ( ! int]nal pressure1 & n ! slighte/ trace ( petroleum w accompany !m4 ,9 ,no4 #b1 z ! well ends at ! side ( ! pocket1 only a portion ( ! petroleum--t :i* is includ$ betwe5 ! dott$ l9es--w come to ! surface4 ,9 ,no4 #c1 z ! well ends at ! l[e/ extremity ( ! pocket1 ne>ly ! entire cont5ts ( ! latt] w be =c$ out naturally4 ,x results f ?is t 9 petroleum exploitation ! sudd5 appe>ance & disappe>ance ( ! sp\t+ 9 no wise proves t ! pocket is exhau/$4--,sci5ce et ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,configuration ,,( ,,petroleum ,,pockets4 ,,alum9um ,,& ,,its ,,alloys4 ,symbol1 ,al4 ,equival5t1 old1 #ac4g2 new4 #bg4di4 ,specific gravity1 ca/1 #b4df4 ,hamm]$1 #b4fg4 ,specific heat1 #j4badc1 ,heat conductivity1 #j4ff on silv] scale #ajj4 ,melt+ po9t1 #a1bej or #a1efj ,fah41 accord+ to diff]5t au?orities4 ,a %9+1 :ite1 sonor\s metal1 hav+ a %ade betwe5 silv] & plat9um4 ,x is malleable & ductile1 does n oxidize :5 expos$ to dry or moi/ air1 & is n *emically affect$ by hot or cold wat]4 ,sulphuret$ hydrog5 gas1 :i* s readily t>ni%es silv]1 has no action ^u ?is metal4 ,hav+ b "o defect 9 its uses z a pure metal 7difficulty 9 sold]+71 x ent]s l>gely z an alloy ( o!r metals1 mak+ ! bas] metals m valuable 9 resi/+ oxidation1 & z a good z well z *eap imitation ( ! preci\s metals4 ,its p[] to ameliorate ! condition ( ! alloys ( copp]1 z9c1 t91 iron1 nickel1 silv]1 gold1 & plat9um by portions sometimes less ?an a ?\s&? "p is beautifully illu/rat$ 9 ! elegant articles ( tablew>e1 bric a brac1 & ornam5tal h>dw>e n[ com+ ^u ! comm]cial m>ket4 ,its uses 9 ! me*anic arts 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( bronzes 9 fill+ a long want$ requirem5t ( comb9$ ductility1 /r5g?1 sonor\sness1 & fre$om f oxidation1 ?us giv+ to its alloys a high value = articles ( h\se h>dw>e1 c>riage & h>ness trimm+s1 quick runn+ ma*9]y1 j\rnal be>+s1 propell] blades1 & artill]y4 ,piano wires made f its alloys w vibrate t5 seconds long] ?an ! be/ n[ 9 use4 ,= ! kit*5 & = articles = ! toilet1 !re is no m beautiful & cleanly w>e4 ,an alloy ( silv] #bj & alum9um #hj p>ts by weight1 = nautical & o!r in/rum5ts1 is )\t a rival 9 beauty & lightness2 ! sea air does n t>ni% x4 ,! alum9um-silv] alloys are m valuable ?an pure silv] = table s]vice2 its w>es w n be de/roy$ by ! con/ant poli%+ t we>s out our plate1 & holds an immunity f ! de/ructive effects ( ! fatty & acetic acids4 ,= wat* cases x we>s clean] ?an pure silv]1 & = wat* movem5ts x is f> sup]ior to ! brass & nickel or ,g]man silv] h]et(ore us$4 ,an alloy is n[ made 9 ,france t has ela/ic qualities equal to /eel = wat* spr+s1 & ) ! valuable prop]ty ( be+ free f magnetic effect4 ,! alum9um bronzes1 :5 comb9$ ) five p] c5t4 ( gold1 h all ! beauty1 f9i%1 & durability ( color ( eighte5 c>at gold2 !y are ent]+ l>gely into ! manufacture ( wat* cases & jewelry4 ,! composition mo/ approv$ is made ( copp] #he1 alum9um #aj1 gold #e1 p>ts by weight4 ,?is c be sold]$ ) any ( ! jewel]'s sold]s ( gold1 silv]1 & z9c 9 ! usual way4 ,! mo/ important alloy1 alum9um bronze1 is compos$ ( alum9um #aj p>ts1 copp] #ij p>ts by weight2 specific gravity1 #g4g4 ,x has a pale gold color1 h>d] ?an ord9>y bronze1 takes a f9e poli%1 is malleable & ductile1 b :5 roll$ into %eets requires anneal+ at e ?ird passage ?r\gh ! rolls1 & :5 drawn into wire mu/ be frequ5tly anneal$4 ,x may be =g$ cold or hot1 & c be drawn 9 tubes4 ,9 wire x has a t5sile /r5g? ( #ajj1jjj lb4 ,?is alloy is (t5 f\nd to be brittle at ! fir/ mix+1 b becomes ductile aft] remelt+4 ,x is s(t5$ :ile be+ work$ by plung+ 9 wat] at a l[ r$ heat4 ,! ,p>isian gold color$ alloy is made ( alum9um #aj4g1 copp]1 #hi4c1 by weight2 us$ mu* = *eap ,fr5* jewelry4 ,a non-oxidizable alloy 9 a moi/ atmosph]e3 ,alum9um1 #be1 iron #ge #be p] c5t4 alum9um4 ,a h>d bright alloy1 ) ! prop]ties ( silv]3 ,silv] #e 7by weight72 alum9um #ie #e p] c5t4 alum9um4 ,! silv] alloys ) alum9um bronze1 z repres5t$ 9 ! f\r foll[+ atomic =mulas1 are ( a ri* gold color1 & well adapt$ = jewelry1 wat* cases1 etc43 ,cu ,al ,ag ,ag #bd 7,al ,cu#f7 #j4iahj #j4jfaf #j4jbjc ,ag #bd 7,al ,cu#g7 #j4ibda #j4jegj #j4jahh ,ag #bd 7,al ,cu#h7 #j4iccj #j4jejd #j4jaff ,ag #bd 7,al ,cu#i7 #j4idjj #j4jdej #j4jaej ,! figures be+ proportional weights4 ,a *eap alloy = j\rnal boxes & ma*9]y may be made by sub/itut+ z9c = silv] 9 ! foll[+ atomic proportions3 ,cu ,al ,zn ,zn #b7;,al ,cu#f7 #j4hfdc #j4jfbb #j4jgcd ,zn #b7;,al ,cu#i7 #j4ijec #j4jdce #j4jeab ,zn #b7;,al ,cu#ab7 #j4ibgc #j4jccc #j4jcid ,?is is subject to consid]able %r9kage 9 ca/+1 b is t5aci\s1 & :5 drawn into wire has a t5sile /r5g? ( n9ety to "o hundr$ ?\s& p\nds4 ,! foll[+ alloys1 9 :i* iron ent]s z a ?ird elem5t1 are well adapt$ = gun metal1 be+ h>d1 t5aci\s1 lam9able1 & ductile3 ,cu ,al ,fe ,fe 7,al ,cu#ae7 #j4ibjc #j4jbfg #j4jecj ,fe 7,al ,cu#i7 #j4icii #j4jddf #j4jadi ,also a f\r-elem5t alloy ( ,cu ,al ,zn ,fe #a4 ,fe ,zn 7,al ,cu#ab7 #j4hchf #j4jcje #j4jgab #j4jfjj #b4 ,fe ,zn 7,al ,cu#ae7 #j4hfff #j4jbdi #j4jehh #j4jdif ,! t5sile /r5g? ( ! above alloys z drawn wire is #hb1jjj p\nds = ! fir/1 & #ajg1jjj p\nds = ! second4 ,all ( ! alloys 9 :i* z9c or z9c & iron ent] 9 place ( silv]1 ! color is affect$ & ! lu/] dim9i%$4 ,) nickel & plat9um = ! ?ird elem5t1 we h3 ,cu ,al ,ni ,ni #f 7,al ,cu#f7 #j4iabi #j4jfcd #j4jbcg ,pl #ba 7,al ,cu#f7 #j4iaag #j4jfef #j4jbbe ,^? alloys into :i* plat9um is introduc$ are less affect$ by acids ?an ^? 9 :i* silv] takes ! place ( plat9um2 plat9um produc+ a high] lu/] ?an silv]4 ,9 ! alloys ( alum9um bronze ) ! m difficultly fusible metals1 x is pref]able to fuse ! bronze fir/1 !n add ! o!r metal 9 small %av+s or wire2 by ?is means ! less fusible metal absorbs ! o!r )\t rais+ ! heat ( ! furnace excessively4 ,add ! lea/ fusible metal la/1 a little at a "t1 all[+ ! heat ( ! melt$ metal to fall by degrees1 :i* prev5ts boil+ & evaporation4 ,! crucibles = mix+ ! alloys %\ld be ( plumbago l9$ ) a pa/e ( lime4 ,avoid s& crucibles1 z silicium may be r$uc$ & absorb$ by ! alum9um1 induc+ brittl5ess4 ,if f\nd brittle1 remelt ) cryolite z a flux1 or /ir ! melt$ metal or alloy ) a h>d wood /ick t has be5 slightly *>r$4 ,9 add+ alum9um to ! copp]1 cut x 9 small pieces & pu% x to ! bottom ( ! crucible ) a dry1 h>d wood /ick split s z to hold ! pieces4 ,sodium *loride 7common salt7 calc9$ to evaporate ! wat]1 & cau/ic soda ) pulv]iz$ *>coal1 may be us$ z a flux = pure alum9um4 ,avoid borax z a flux1 z its metal may suff] r$uction1 mak+ ! alum9um brittle4 ,alum9um w alloy ) t9 alone1 b is liable to sep>ate on refusion4 ,does n alloy ) lead4 ,bismu?1 ev5 9 m9ute quantity1 makes ^! alloys brittle4 ,! ,ea/ ,indian /eel call$ wootz is1 accord+ to analysis1 alloy$ ) alum9um4 ,no reliable sold] has yet be5 f\nd = pure alum9um t w fl[ freely "u ! bl[ pipe or f a sold]+ iron4 ,a process rec5tly adopt$ 9 ,france is to plate ! p>ts to be unit$ ) alloys ( t9 #e1 alum9um #a1 ^u :i* t9 sold] w fl[4 ,^! proportions may be slightly v>i$ to suit requirem5ts = h>dness4 ,h>d] sold]s to be us$ ) a bl[pipe may be made ) alloys ( z9c1 t91 & alum9um4 ,alum9um is n[ made at ! works ( ,m4 ,deville1 at ,javelle1 ne> ,p>is1 & at ,sal9dres1 ,france2 also at ,birm+ham1 ,engl&4 ,! product ( late has rea*$ ! value ( #bj1jjj annually 9 ,europe4 ,x has be5 claim$ to be made 9 ,philadelphia at a r$uc$ co/4 ,! pres5t price 9 ,new ,york is #a4be p] oz4 ,z its bulk is ov] f\r times z great z silv]1 its comp>ative co/ is b "o-?ird t ( silv]--a po9t n (t5 consid]$ :5 ! price is quot$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,catalogue conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,i4 ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,metallurgy4--,det]m9ation ( ,tann94--,by ,e4 ,,johanson4 #gdeh ,! ,incomplete ,combu/ion ( ,gases4--,by ,h4 ,b4 ,dixon4--,ab/ract ( pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,montreal4 #gdeh ,alum9um & its ,alloys4 #gdfb ,,ii4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,! ,new ,dam at ,suresnes4--,) engrav+4 #gdec ,brarey's ,a]onautical ,ma*9e4--,) engrav+4 #gdec ,rais+ ( ! ,fall5 ,gird] ( ! ,d\>n5ez ,viaduct4--#b engrav+s4 #gded ,improv$ ,wire ,te/+ ,ma*9e4--,) engrav+4 #gded ,improv$ ,d\bl+ & ,lay+ ,ma*9e4--,) engrav+4 #gded ,boil] ,tubes4 #gdee ,improv$ ,ladle ,c>riage4--#b figures4 #gdee ,! ,repair ( ,boil] ,tubes4--#aa figures4 #gdee ,grulet's ,screw = ,rais+ ,wat]4--#a engrav+4 #gdef ,,iii4 ,,te*nology4--,on ,v>i\s ,ton+ ,ba?s4--,sev]al exp]im5ts4--,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,a%man4 #gdef ,coat+ ,plates ) ,gelat9e ,emulsion4--#e figures4 #gdeg ,iodo-*loride ( ,silv] ,emulsion4--,by ,v4 ,,s*umann #gdeh ,app>atus = ,saturat+ ,wat] ) ,sulphur\s ,acid4--#a engrav+4 #gdeh ,,iv4 ,,physics1 ,,electricity4 ,,etc4--,! ,wave ,!ory ( ,light4--,by ,,sir ,,wm4 ,,?omson4--,s\nd & light due to wave vibrations4--,diff]5ce betwe5 vibrations ( light & s\nd4--,radiant heat4--,sol> spectrum4--,lum9if]\s e!r4--,h[ to measure wave l5g?s ( light & ! frequ5cy ( vibrations4--,) diagrams4 #gddh ,! ,limitations ( ,subm>9e ,telegraphy4 #gdej ,williams' ,sy/em ( ,coa/ ,def5se by ,electrical ,torp$oes4--,full page ( figures4 #gdea ,new ,electric ,gas ,light]4--#b figures4 #gdeb ,insulators = ,telegraph & ,telephone ,l9es4--#i figures4 #gdeb ,electric ,light 9 ,!at]s4 #gdeb ,r+s ( ,smoke4--#e figures4 #gdfa ,v4 ,,ar*itecture4--,! ,new ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool at ,b]l94--,) engrav+4 #gddg ,! ,new ,univ]sity ,build+s at ,/rassburg4--#b engrav+s4 #gddg ,,vi4 ,,botany1 ,,etc4--,an ,improv$ ,hyac9? ,glass4 #gdfa ,! ,botanical ,club ( ! ,am]ican ,association4 #gdfa ,,vii4 ,,hygi5e1 ,,m$ic9e1 ,,etc4--,h]b/'s ,me?od ( ,fill+4--,demon/rat$ by ,dr4 ,g4 ,c4 ,,clud9s4 #gdei ,dr4 ,ko*'s ,b]l9 ,lecture on ,*ol]a & ! ,comma ,bacillus4 #gdei ,local ,an/hesia by ! ,hydro*lorate ( ,coca9e4--,by ,r4 ,j4 ,,levis1 ,m4,d4 #gdei ,on ,sewage ,disposal on ,l&1 by ,*emical ,treatm5t1 & by ,dis*>ge into ,riv] or ,sea4--,by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,,rob9son #gdfj ,,viii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,new ,york ,city ,/reet ,c>s4 #gdfj ,petroleum ,wells4 #gdfb 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ci ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats1 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$4 ,address ,,munn ,,co44 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 cor4 ,f & #g? ,/s41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation are z 9 ! orig9al4