,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italics d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,bold text d5ot$ by plus signs4 ,illu/ration3 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,no4 #djd ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 ,no4 #djd4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 e/abli%$ #ahde4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,septemb] #bi1 #ahhc4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bietrix',s ,,v]tical ,,& ,,horizontal ,,comp\nd ,,eng9e4 ,comp\nd eng9es are t5d+ to come m & m into use1 inasmu* z !y pres5t _m advantages ov] o!r k9ds1 especially z reg>ds ! sav+ !y effect 9 fuel1 & _! great regul>ity1 due to ! adju/+ ( ! cranks at "r angles4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 to see our l>ge manufactur]s1 :o desire to ma9ta9 a reputation1 seek+ to create new types bas$ ^u ?is pr9ciple4 ,b1 9 multiply+ ! p>ts1 z is done 9 ^! motors1 ! eng9e is r5d]$ m complicat$1 & ! co/ ( in/allation is increas$4 ,h5ce ! difficulty ( plac+ ^! motors1 not)/&+ ! sav+ 9 fuel t is ga9$ by employ+ !m4 ,messrs4 ,bietrix ,co41 ( ,/4 ,eti5ne1 h[ev]1 h devis$ a type 9 :i* ^! two inconv5i5ces seem to h be5 9 a great measure ov]come1 & :i* we illu/rate 9 ! annex$ engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,comb9$ ,,v]tical ,,& ,,horizontal ,,comp\nd ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 ,description ( ! ,eng9e4--,! eng9e z a :ole is repres5t$ 9 longitud9al elevation 9 ,fig4 #a1 9 plan 9 ,fig4 #b1 & 9 side view 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #d %[s ! cond5s] 9 transv]se section4 ,! motor consi/s ( a small v]tical cyl9d]1 ,a1 & ( a l>ge horizontal "o1 ,c1 bo? project+ ov] a /rong holl[ frame1 ,b1 :i* connects !m & c>ries ! guides1 g g'1 & ! pill[ block1 ,p1 ( ! driv+ %aft1 p4 ,! cond5s]1 ,d1 is 9 a l9e ) ! l>ge cyl9d]1 & ! pi/on1 ,d1 ( its pump is m\nt$ ^u ! prolongation1 d'1 ( ! pi/on rod1 a1 ( ! cyl9d]1 ,c4 ,! expansion ge> is controll$ by ! regulator1 & ! admission may v>y f #a_/ai to #a_/he4 ,/eam is admitt$ into ! small cyl9d] ?r\gh ! pipe1 s1 & its entrance may be regulat$ at w by act+ ^u ! h& :eel1 s'1 :i* controls ! maneuv]+ rod1 s4 ,aft] exp&+1 ! /eam1 9 escap+ f ! small] cyl9d]1 passes ?r\gh ! pipe1 r1 into ! fe$-wat] heat]1 ,r1 & !n acts 9 ! l>g] cyl9d]1 c1 9 ord] to pass aft]w>d to ! cond5s]1 ,d1 ?r\gh ! pipe1 d4 ,! frame1 ,b1 is 9 two p>ts1 ! v]tical "p be+ adju/$ by keys ^u ! horizontal "o1 & /rong bolts concurr+ ) su* a c\pl+ to make ! :ole /rong & solid4 ,?is frame c>ries plane slide b>s1 g g'1 ) bevel$ c\nt] guides4 ,! pi/ons are ( ! ,sw$i% type1 ( holl[ iron1 ) /eel rods4 ,! segm5ts are ( ca/ iron4 ,! horizontal connect+ rod1 ,m'1 is connect$ directly ) ! crank p91 m1 b ! v]tical "o is fix$ to ! head ( ! =m]1 z may be se5 9 ,figs4 #c1 #h1 & #i4 ,! be>+ ( ! horizontal connect+ rod is 9 ?ree p>ts1 ea* hav+ an anti-frictional bu%+1 & _! play be+ regulat$ by bolts1 m4 ,friction be+ slight 9 ! be>+ ( ! v]tical rod1 ,m1 inasmu* z ! latt]'s axis has b a %ort travel at ea* revolution ( ! driv+ %aft1 x is n provid$ ) an anti-frictional bu%+4 ,! ,small ,cyl9d] 7,figs4 #e & #f74--,! small cyl9d] is %[n 9 detail 9 ,figs4 #e & #f1 ! valve box cov] be+ remov$ 9 ! latt]4 ,! diamet] ( ?is cyl9d] is #chj millimet]s1 ! /roke ( ! pi/on is #fej millimet]s1 & ! ?ickness ( ! sides is #be millimet]s4 ,x is provid$ ) a /eam jacket2 & ! two ports are #de millimet]s 9 wid? by #bjj 9 l5g?4 ,! exhau/ is effect$ ?r\gh an orifice #hd millimet]s 9 diamet]4 ,! di/ribution is a v>iable "o1 accord+ to ! ,mey] sy/em1 ! expansion be+ caus$ to v>y automatically 9 ! small cyl9d]1 by means ( a regulator1 s z to proportion ! motive to ! resi/ant p[]4 ,! di/ribut+ slide valve1 t1 conta9s two /eam inlets1 ^: orifices fac+ ! cyl9d] are =m$ by two horizontal1 p>allel rectangles1 :ile ! inlets deb\* t[>d ! opposite surface 79 contact1 consequ5tly1 ) ! expansion slide valve1 t'71 accord+ to two p>allelograms1 ^: l>g] sides are oblique1 & =m betwe5 !m a %>p angle1 z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,^! inlet conduits are !re=e out ( true4 ,! slide-valve1 t1 is mov$ by an ecc5tric1 ,e4 ,! expansion slide-valve1 t'1 has ! =m ( a trapezium1 ^: two l sides are p>allel ) ! incl9$ op5+s 9 ! slide-valve1 t4 ,x is held by a piece1 q1 :i* c>ries x along 9 its backw>d & =w>d motion1 b does n prev5t x f be+ mov$ 9 a horizontal direction "u ! action ( ! regulator4 ,?is piece1 q1 is key$ ^u a rod1 q'1 :i* is itself jo9t$ at its l[] extremity ) ! rod1 e'1 ( a second ecc5tric1 ,e'1 :i* causes its v]tical motion4 ,! backs ( ! valve1 t1 & ! piece1 q1 are provid$ ) grooves1 :i* are design$ = giv+ passage to ! /eam1 ! pressure ( :i* on ^! surfaces p>tially balances t t x ex]ts 9 an opposite direction4 ,automatic ,regulation 7,figs #e & #f74--,! upp] "p ( ! rod1 e'1 c>ries a cam1 f1 t plays freely betwe5 two connect+ rods1 f1 & ! travel ( :i* is limit$ by two roll]s1 f & f1 situat$ betwe5 ! rods1 f1 :i* latt] are !mselves susp5d$ f a rod1 ,f4 ,! latt] slides 9 a support1 ,f1 :i* s]ves likewise z a guide to ! rods1 q' & t1 ( ! slide-valves1 & :i* is fix$ ^u a projection ca/ 9 a piece ) ! frame1 ,b1 & is susp5d$ f ! %ort arm ( a b5t lev]1 ,f'1 ^: long] arm c>ries a roll] t runs 9 a v]tical groove1 t1 9 ! back ( ! expansion slide-valve4 ,! l[] extremity ( ! connect+ rods1 f'1 is connect$ ) ! sleeve ( ! regulator1 ,q1 by a lev]1 f#d1 & a b5t lev]1 ,q'4 ,?is latt] revolves on an axis pass+ ?r\gh its elb[ & m\nt$ at ! extremity ( a projection t is ca/ 9 a piece ) ! support ( ! regulator4 ,?is b5t lev] is prolong$ beyond ! sleeve1 & c>ries susp5d$ f its extremity a small pi/on-rod t plays 9 a da% pot1 ,q1 & limits ! too abrupt motions ( ! app>atus4 ,! regulator is driv5 by a belt & ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( ! bevel p9ions1 u4 ,x is easy n[ to und]/& ! purpose & ! modus op]&i ( ! me*anism t p]mits ! regulator to act ^u ! expansion ge>4 ,:5 runn+ normally ! connect+-rods1 f'1 occupy a v]tical position1 & ! roll]s1 f & f1 are plac$ exactly at ! two extremities ( ! travel ( ! cam1 f4 ,:5 ! velocity exce$s ! normal1 ! sleeve ( ! regulator rises & ! lev]1 ,q'1 tips to ! "r & =ces ! rods1 f'1 to oscillate 9 ! same direction ar\nd _! upp] jo9t4 ,aft] t1 ! l[] roll]1 f1 be+ situat$ on ! l9e ( travel ( ! convex "p ( ! cam1 w be c>ri$ along by ! latt] & cause an oscillation to ! "r ( ! b5t lev]1 ,f4 ,! piece1 t'1 w !n be pu%$ back 9 su* a way z to p>tially close ! inlet orifices ( ! slide-valve1 t1 &1 z ! /eam w !reupon ent] into less quantity1 ! eng9e w quickly resume its normal velocity4 ,if ! velocity becomes less t ! normal ! action w be j ! opposite ( t j describ$4 ,! ,l>ge ,cyl9d] 7,figs4 #a & #b74--,! two ecc5trics1 ,e & ,e'1 :i* control ! di/ribut+ ge> ( ! small cyl9d]1 ,a1 actuate at ! same "t t ( ! l>ge "o1 ,c1 ?r\gh two rods1 e & e2 su* di/ribution is also effect$ by means ( a slid+-plate valve4 ,! two /eam ports are #de millimet]s & ! exhau/ port #hd millimet]s 9 diamet]4 ,! l>ge cyl9d] is #fej millimet]s 9 diamet]1 & #icj 9 l5g?4 ,! /roke ( ! pi/on is #fej millimet]s4 ,! ,fe$-,wat] ,heat] 7,figs4 #a & #b74--,! exhau/ f ! small cyl9d] ent]s ! heat] ?r\gh a pipe1 r1 #adj millimet]s 9 diamet]4 ,?is fe$-wat] heat] consi/s ( a l>ge ca/ iron cyl9d]1 #djj millimet]s 9 int]nal diamet]1 & #a4ae met]s 9 l5g?1 connect$ ) ! pipe1 r1 on ! "o h&1 & ) ! cyl9d]1 ,c1 on ! o!r1 by means ( two c\pl+s1 ,r' & ,r4 ,9 its int]ior are arrang$ #fj copp] tubes1 ( #bi millimet]s int]nal1 & #ca millimet]s ext]nal diamet]4 ,^! tubes are fix$ at _! extremities into two circul> supports t are rivet$ to ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! exhau/ f ! small cyl9d] passes into ^! tubes1 ar\nd :i* circulates /eam com+ directly f ! boil] ?r\gh ! tube1 r'1 & escapes t[>d ! bottom1 ) ! cond5s$ wat]1 ?r\gh ! tube1 r4 ,! heat] is surr\nd$ ) a #b mm4 plate iron jacket4 ,a communication1 r1 ) a valve-cock1 ,r1 p]mits ( ! introduction1 into ! l>ge cyl9d]1 ( ! /eam f ! heat]4 ,! exhau/ /eam f ! l>ge cyl9d] goes directly to ! cond5s]1 b !re is likewise provid$ a pipe ?r\gh :i* x may make its exit into ! op5 air1 9 case1 = example1 ! cond5s] ne$s repair+ or !re is a failure ( wat]4 ,! ,cond5s] 7,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #d74--,! cond5s] is repres5t$1 half 9 section & half 9 ext]nal view & 9 elevation 9 ,fig4 #a1 & 9 plan 9 ,fig4 #b2 ,fig4 #d is a transv]se view ( x4 ,x consi/s ( a l>ge ca/ iron *e/1 ,d1 bolt$ by means ( its flang$ base to a masonry support4 ,?is *e/ is ca/ 9 a piece ) a pump *amb]1 ,d'1 9 :i* works a pi/on m\nt$ on ! prolongation1 d'1 ( ! pi/on-rod ( ! cyl9d]1 ,c4 ,! diamet] ( ?is pi/on is #baj millimet]s1 & its /roke is #fej4 ,! cond5s+ jet1 ^: fl[ is regulat$ by ! cock1 d1 is br\ght into contact ) ! /eam by a rose1 d1 :i* divides x into small drops4 ,! pump is a d\ble act+ "o4 ,its valves are ( rubb]1 & ! passage-way all[$ ! wat] is1 9 ea* ( !m1 9 section1 "o-half t ( ! pi/on4 ,! rod1 d'1 slides 9 a /uff+-box1 ) metallic l9+1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,lubrication4--,! lubrication ( ! crank-p9 pres5ts "s peculi>ities4 ,two /ation>y cups1 z1 are plac$ at ! upp] "p ( ! guides1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,^! di/ribute _! oil1 drop by drop1 into two res]voirs1 z'1 fix$ to ! upp] axis ( ! v]tical connect+-rod4 ,two small brass tubes1 re/+ aga9/ ! connect+-rod1 lead ! lubricator into cavities 9 ! head ( ! horizontal connect+-rod1 ,m'4 ,"o ( ^! cavities corresponds to ! crank-p9 & ! o!r to ! l[] axis ( ! v]tical connect+-rod4 ,! lubrication ( ! cyl9d]s is effect$ automatically by means ( a ,consol9 app>atus 7,fig4 #a71 bas$ ^u ! cond5sation ( ! /eam & ^u ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! d5sity ( ! oil & cond5s$ wat]4 ,diagram ( ,di/ribution 7,fig4 #aa74--,we %all fir/ exam9e t :i* relates to ! small cyl9d]4 ,! ecc5tric ( ! di/ribut+ slide-valves is adju/$ to #abc ) respect to ! crank1 & t ( ! expansion slide-valves to #agj1 t is to say1 s t ! angles ( advance are respectively #ee & #eg millimet]s = ^! two cyl9d]s4 ,let u trace two axes1 o x & o y1 at "r angles1 & a semi-circumf]5ce ( any radius :atev]1 o m1 :i* %all repres5t ! travel ( ! crank-p94 ,let u draw ! l9e1 o ,a1 mak+ ) o y an angle ( advance ( #cc1 & ! l5g? ( :i* is equal to ! ecc5tricity ( ! di/ribut+ slide-valve1 say #ee millimet]s1 & let u describe a circumf]5ce on ?is l5g? tak5 z a diamet]4 ,let u trace 9 ! same way ! l9e1 o ,b1 mak+ ) o y an angle ( advance ( #hj1 & let u describe ^u ?is l9e a circumf]5ce equal 9 diamet] to ! ecc5tricity ( ! di/ribut+ slide-valve1 say #eg millimet]s4 ,f9ally1 let u trace po9ts1 o & c1 z c5t]s ( arcs ( circles hav+ respectively = radii ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t]s ( ! circumf]5ces j m5tion$ & ! ecc5tricity ( ! expansion slide-valve4 ,^! two arcs w int]sect ea* o!r at a po9t1 c1 :i* is ?us ! f\r? angle ( a p>allelogram ^: o!r angles are ! po9ts1 c1 c'1 & o4 ,f ! po9t1 c1 z a c5t] let u describe a circle pass+ ?r\gh o4 ,9 %ort1 we obta9 ?ree circles t are su* t ! vector radii1 />t+ f ! po9t1 o1 & limit$ at ! said circles1 repres5t1 = ! fir/1 ! deviations to ! "r ( ! di/ribut+ slide-valve beg9n+ at ! middle ( its travel1 ! second ! deviations ( ! expansion slide-valve1 & ! ?ird ! relative deviations ( ! di/ribut+ ) respect to ! expansion slide-valve4 ,let u complete ! diagram by describ+1 f ! po9t1 o1 z a c5t]1 circumf]5ces hav+ = respective radii ! l5g?1 o e1 ( ! ext]nal ov]lap ( ! di/ribut+ slide-valve1 & ! l5g?s1 o i & o i'1 correspond+ to ! m9imum & maximum ( ! int]val betwe5 "o ( ! edges ( ! expansion slide-valve & ! ext]nal edge ( ! correspond+ inlet orifice ( ! di/ribut+ slide-valve1 :5 ! axes ( ^! two valves co9cide4 ,^! radii h ! values3 o e #be mm42 o i #h mm42 & o i' #db mm4 ,let u n[ prolong ! radii1 o d1 o d'1 o d1 & o f1 until !y meet ! crank circle1 & let u !n project ^! po9ts ( int]section ^u a l9e1 ,m ,m'1 p>allel ) o x1 & we %all h all ! elem5ts t are necess>y to /udy ! diff]5t phases ( ! di/ribution 9 ! small cyl9d]4 ,let u complete ?is diagram 9 su* a way z to /udy also ! di/ribution 9 ! l>ge cyl9d]3 ,9 ?is cyl9d] ! di/ribution _c be modifi$1 t is to say1 ! active l5g? ( ! expansion slide-valve is inv>iable4 ,! int]val compris$ betwe5 "o ( ! edges ( ?is valve & ! int]nal edge ( ! correspond+ inlet orifice is equal1 !n1 to #bh mm4 :5 ! axes ( ! two valves co9cide4 ,let u describe1 f o z a c5t]1 a circle hav+ ?is l5g? = a radius1 & let u aga9 project ! int]sections ( ! radius1 o k1 ) ! crank circle ^u a p>allel at ,m ,m'4 ,! ext]nal ov]lap1 be+ ! same z 9 ! small cyl9d]1 say #be millimet]s1 ! circle1 o e1 already trac$ = ! di/ribution 9 ! small cyl9d]1 w s]ve = ! di/ribution 9 ! l>ge "o4 ,let u jo9 its int]section ) ! circle1 c1 & ! c5t]1 o1 & let u trace also ! circle ( ! int]nal ov]lap & ! radii1 o g1 & o h1 & we %all h all ! elem5ts ( ! di/ribution4 ,advantages ( ! ,eng9e4--,! eng9e t we h j describ$ pres5ts all ! advantages possess$ by horizontal motors & d\ble cyl9d] v]tical ones )\t _! _m inconv5i5ces4 ,x1 9 fact1 takes up less space ?an ! =m]1 :ile x possesses m /ability ?an ! latt]4 ,its op]ation is z regul> z t ( an eng9e hav+ two cranks adju/$ at "r angles4 ,! crank$ %aft1 a co/ly memb] ( an eng9e1 & "o ^: duration is always unc]ta91 despite ! c>e t has be5 tak5 9 mak+ x1 is "h done away )4 ,! k9d ( di/ribution adopt$ is well adapt$ to ! great v>iations 9 expansion1 &1 not)/&+ ! two sup]pos$ slide-valves 9 ea* cyl9d]1 two ecc5trics suffice to op]ate !m4 ,! regulator1 ?anks to ! me*anism t connects x ) ! expansion plate1 is fre$ f all exagg]at$ resi/ance1 ! ecc5tric rod alone support+ ! entire /ress4 ,! regulator is consequ5tly v s5sitive1 & is capable ( giv+ a coeffici5t ( regul>ity :i* is m ?an suffici5t 9 mo/ cases4 ,! cond5s]1 ) its wide ap]tures1 is capable ( op]at+ ) great spe$ )\t %ock4 ,we may add to ?is t ! eng9e is simple & compact2 ! numb] ( p>ts is few1 & all c be easily got at2 ! be>+s are long1 & ! we> is consequ5tly r$uc$2 ! dim5sions ( ! /eam ports are wide & p]mit ( great velocities be+ rea*$ )\t c\nt]-pressures2 ! mode ( lubrication has be5 well /udi$1 & requires b little att5tion on ! "p ( ! eng9e man2 &1 f9ally1 ! cyl9d] jackets & ! sup]heat+ ( ! /eam aft] x has begun to exp& make ?is an economical motor aside f all ! advantages t we h enum]at$4--,publication ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,gas ,,eng9e4 ,! accompany+ engrav+s illu/rate ,edw>ds' pat5t gas eng9e1 made by ,messrs4 ,cobham ,co41 ,/ev5age1 ,h]ts1 rec5tly exhibit$ at ,york4 ,9 our engrav+s1 a is ! f\ndation plate ( ! eng9e1 hav+ ! be>+1 b1 9 :i* ! crank %aft1 c1 revolves2 d1 an incl9$ plate ^u ! f\ndation1 a1 to :i* ! cyl9d]1 e1 & cas+1 f1 are bolt$2 g is a pi/on work+ 9 ! cyl9d]1 e1 & hav+ a holl[ rod or trunk1 h1 to :i* is jo9t$ ! connect+ rod1 i1 :i* drives ! crank p91 k4 ,! guide1 l1 fits ^u ! holl[ trunk1 h1 & is itself surr\nd$ by ! air cas+1 m1 :i* communicates ) ! cas+1 f1 ?r\gh op5+s1 n n1 9 ! incl9$ plate1 d4 ,! guide1 l1 has op5+s1 o o1 ?r\gh :i* air ent]s ! cas+1 m1 :5 ! holl[ trunk1 h1 is at ! inn] end ( its /roke2 p is ! exhau/ pipe1 & r is a cas+ r\nd ! cyl9d]1 e1 ?r\gh :i* wat] may be made to circulate by pipes at s1 t4 ,! valve seat1 v1 fits into ! cyl9d]1 e1 & has holes1 w1 = ! admission ( air1 & x = ! admission ( gas ?r\gh ! c5tral pipe1 y4 ,! valve1 z1 consi/s ( a disk ( metal cov]+ ^! holes & guid$ by a sp9dle1 ,a1 ! out] end ( :i* is fitt$ ) a metal or ,india-rubb] spr+ at ,b1 & a regulat+ nut1 ,c4 ,! gas pipe1 y1 is %[n suppli$ f a flexible bag1 ,d1 ! supply to :i* f any conv5i5t s\rce is regulat$ by a cock or valve at ,e4 ,! pi/on1 g1 conta9s a disk exhau/ valve1 ,g1 ! sp9dle1 ,h1 ( :i* is fitt$ ) a clos+ spr+1 ,i1 & ! end ( ! sp9dle is press$ d[n dur+ ! inn] /roke ( ! pi/on by a tail-piece1 ,k1 on ! inn] end ( ! connect+ rod1 i4 ,holes1 ,l1 op5 f ! holl[ pi/on above ! exhau/ valve1 ,g1 into ! cyl9d] r\nd ! holl[ trunk1 h1 & !nce to ! exhau/ pipe1 p4 ,at or ne> "o-?ird ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on a fir+ valve1 ,p1 is arrang$1 hav+ an inlet hang+ valve ( ! usual k9d1 ?r\gh :i* a flame burn+ outside is drawn :5 ! valve is uncov]$ by ! pi/on1 g4 ,! out] end ( ! cas+1 f1 is clos$ by a cov]1 ,r1 to :i* ! valve seat1 v1 & gas inlet pipe1 g1 are connect$4 ,! op]ation ( ! eng9e is z foll[s3 ,! pi/on1 g1 be+ at ! inn] end ( its /roke1 ! crank is turn$ r\nd 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 & ! pi/on draws air 9 ?r\gh ! holes1 w1 & gas ?r\gh ! holes1 x1 ! two mix+ z !y pass "u ! inlet valve1 z4 ,:5 ! pi/on has advanc$ f> en\gh to uncov] ! fir+ valve1 ,p1 ! flame is drawn 9 & ! inflammable mixture explod$1 ! expansion ( ! air & gas clos+ ! inlet valve1 z1 & c>ry+ ! pi/on to ! end ( ! /roke4 ,! mom5tum ( ! fly-:eel !n c>ries ! pi/on back ?r\gh its return /roke1 dur+ :i* ! tail-piece1 ,k1 presses ! sp9dle1 ,h1 & op5s ! exhau/ valve1 ,g1 ?r\gh :i* exp&$ air & gas escape to ! exhau/ pipe1 p4 ,x is claim$ t ?is arrangem5t is v effective 9 secur+ a complete cle>ance f ! cyl9d] ( ! products ( combu/ion1 :i*1 :5 n :olly remov$1 vitiate ! incom+ *>ge & r$uce effici5cy4 ,:5 ! pi/on arrives at ! inn] end ( its /roke1 ! exhau/ valve1 ,g1 is clos$ by ! spr+1 ,i1 & a fre% supply ( air & gas are drawn 9 ?r\gh ! inlet valve seat1 v1 z ! pi/on aga9 comm5ces its out] /roke4 ,9 ord] to keep ! cyl9d]1 e1 suffici5tly cool1 :e!r ! wat] cas+ at r1 be us$ or n1 ! :ole supply ( air is drawn f ! front end ( ! cyl9d] ?r\gh ! op5+s1 n n1 & !nce betwe5 ! cyl9d]1 e1 & ! cas+1 f1 & r\nd ! end ( ! latt] to ! inlet valve1 v4 ,& 9 ord] to prev5t or less5 ! noise ( ! explosions1 ! holl[ trunk1 h1 is made ( su* l5g? t its front edge closes ! op5+s 9 ! guide1 l1 ?r\gh :i* air is drawn into ! air cas+ m1 & ?r\gh ! op5+s1 n n1 j be=e ! explosion takes place1 ! noise ( :i* !re=e _c escape4 ,= ! same purpose fibr\s or por\s mat]ial1 su* z m9]al or slag wool1 may be plac$ loosely 9 ! space betwe5 ! cyl9d] & ! cas+1 f4 ,! eng9e may be made to revolve 9 ! opposite direction to ! arr[ by turn+ ! pi/on & connect+ rod r\nd s t ! tail-piece ^u ! latt] is above in/ead ( bel[1 & in/ead ( ! wat] cas+1 r1 radial ribs may be =m$ ^u ! cyl9d]1 e1 f :i* ! air pass+ betwe5 !m inside ! cas+1 f1 absorbs ! heat4 ,! cyl9d] is arrang$ pref]ably 9 ! incl9$ position %[n1 b x may1 ( c\rse1 be fix$ 9 any o!r conv5i5t position4--,eng9e]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,gas ,,eng9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,met]s ,,= ,,p[] ,,& ,,electricity4#a ,by ,,mr4 ,c4 ,,v]non ,,boys4 ,! subject ( ?is ev5+'s disc\rse--,met]s = ,p[] & ,electricity--is un=tunately1 f a lectur]'s po9t ( view1 "o ( extreme difficulty1 = x is impossible to fully describe any s+le in/rum5t ( ! class )\t div+ into te*nical & ma!matical niceties :i* ?is audi5ce might well consid] m sci5tific ?an ent]ta9+4 ,if1 !n1 9 my endeavor to expla9 ^! in/rum5ts & ! purposes :i* !y are int5d$ to fulfill1 9 language z simple & unte*nical z possible1 ,i am n z successful z y h a "r to expect1 ,i mu/ ask y to lay "s ( ! blame on my subject & n all on myself4 ,i %all at once expla9 :at ,i mean by ! t]m met]1 & ,i %all take ! fl[ ( wat] 9 a tr\gh z an illu/ration ( my mean+4 ,if we hang 9 a tr\gh a weight$ bo>d1 !n1 :5 ! wat] fl[s pa/ x1 ! bo>d w be pu%$ back2 :5 ! curr5t ( wat] is /rong1 ! bo>d w be pu%$ back a long way2 :5 ! curr5t is less1 x w n be pu%$ s f>2 :5 ! wat] runs ! o!r way1 ! bo>d w be pu%$ ! o!r way4 ,s by obs]v+ ! position ( ! bo>d1 we c tell h[ /rong ! curr5t ( wat] is at any "t4 ,n[ suppose we wi% to "k1 n h[ /rong ! curr5t ( wat] is at ?is "t or at t1 b h[ mu* wat] altoge!r has pass$ ?r\gh ! tr\gh dur+ any "t1 z1 = in/ance1 "o h\r4 ,!n if we h no bett] in/rum5t ?an ! weight$ bo>d1 x w be necess>y to obs]ve its position cont9u\sly to keep an exact record ( ! correspond+ rates at :i* ! wat] is pass+ e m9ute1 or bett] e second1 & to add up all ! values obta9$4 ,?is w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be a v tr\blesome process4 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( in/rum5t :i* may be us$ to measure ! fl[ ( ! wat]--a paddle :eel or screw4 ,:5 ! wat] is fl[+ rapidly1 ! :eel w turn rapidly2 :5 sl[ly1 ! :eel w turn sl[ly2 & :5 ! wat] fl[s ! o!r way1 ! :eel w turn ! o!r way1 s t if we obs]ve h[ fa/ ! :eel is turn+ we c tell h[ fa/ ! wat] is fl[+4 ,if1 n[1 we wi% to "k h[ mu* wat] altoge!r has pass$ ?r\gh ! tr\gh1 ! numb] ( turns ( ! :eel1 :i* may be %[n by a c\nt]1 w at once tell u4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 9 ! case ( wat]1 two k9ds ( in/rum5ts1 "o :i* measures at a "t1 & ! o!r dur+ a "t4 ,! t]m met] %\ld be conf9$ to in/rum5ts ( ! second class only4 ,z ) wat] s ) electricity1 !re are two k9ds ( measur+ in/rum5ts1 "o ( :i*1 ! galvanomet]1 may be tak5 z a type1 :i* %[s by ! position ( a magnet h[ /rong a curr5t ( electricity is at a "t2 & ! o!r :i* %[s h[ mu* electricity has pass$ dur+ any "t4 ,( ! fir/1 :i* are well und]/ood1 ,i %all say no?+2 ! second1 ! new electric met]s & ! correspond+ met]s = p[]1 are :at ,i h to speak ( to-night4 ,x is h>dly necess>y = me to m5tion ! object ( mak+ electric met]s4 ,e "o :o has _h to pay 8 gas bill once a qu>t] probably q appreciates :at ! electric met]s are go+ to d1 & :y !y are at ! pres5t "t attract+ s mu* att5tion4 ,s soon z y h electricity laid on 9 y\r h\ses1 z gas & wat] are laid on n[1 s soon w a met] ( "s sort be necess>y1 9 ord] t ! companies :i* supply ! electricity may be able to make out _! qu>t]ly bills1 & ref] compla9+ cu/om]s to ! fai?ful indications ( _! extravagance 9 ! my/]i\s cupbo>d 9 :i* ! motor is plac$4 ,! urg5t necessity = a good met] has call$ su* a ho/ ( inv5tors into ! field1 t a complete acc\nt ( _! labors is m ?an any "o c\ld hope to give 9 an h\r4 ,s9ce ,i am "o ( ?is ho/1 ,i h>dly l to pick out ^? inv5tions :i* ,i consid] ( value4 ,i _c describe all1 ,i _c act z a judge & say1 ^! only are wor?y ( y\r att5tion2 & ,i d n ?9k ,i %\ld be act+ fairly if ,i 7 to describe my own in/rum5ts only & ignore ^? ( e "o else4 ,! only way ,i see out ( ! difficulty is to speak m p>ticul>ly ab\t my own "w 9 ?is direction1 & to speak g5]ally on ! "w ( o!rs4 ,i mu/ n[ ask y to give y\r att5tion = a few m9utes to a little ab/ract geometry4 ,we may repres5t any *ang+ quantity1 z1 = in/ance1 ! /r5g? ( an electrical curr5t1 by a crook$ l9e4 ,= ?is purpose we mu/ draw a /raight l9e to repres5t "t1 & make ! di/ance ( ea* po9t ( ! crook$ l9e above ! /raight l9e a measure ( ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t at ! correspond+ "t4 ,! size ( ! figure w !n measure ! quantity ( electricity t has pass$1 = ! /rong] ! curr5t is ! tall] ! figure w be1 & ! long] x la/s ! long] ! figure w be2 ei!r cause makes bo? ! quantity ( electricity & ! size ( ! figure great]1 & 9 ! same proportion1 s ! "o is a measure ( ! o!r4 ,n[ x is n an easy ?+ to measure ! size ( a figure2 ! di/ance r\nd x tells no?+2 !re is1 h[ev]1 a geometrical me?od by :i* its size may be f\nd4 ,draw ano!r l9e1 ) a great /eepness :]e ! figure is tall1 & ) a less /eepness :]e ! height is less1 & ) no /eepness or horizontal :]e ! figure has no height4 ,if ?is is done accurately1 ! height to :i* ! new l9e rea*es w measure ! size ( ! figure fir/ drawn2 = ! tall] ! figure is1 ! /eep] ! hill w be2 ! long] ! figure1 ! long] ! hill2 ei!r cause makes bo? ! size ( ! figure & ! height ( ! hill great]1 & 9 ! same proportion2 s ! "o is a measure ( ! o!r1 & s1 moreov]1 is ! height ( ! hill1 :i* c be measur$ by scale1 a measure ( ! quantity ( electricity t has pass$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,! fir/ in/rum5t t ,i made1 :i* ,i h call$ a c>t integrator1 is a ma*9e :i*1 if ! l[] figure is trac$ out1 w describe ! upp]4 ,i w trace a circle2 ! in/rum5t foll[s ! curi\s bracket %ap$ l9e t ,i h already made suffici5tly black to be se5 at a di/ance4 ,! height ( ! new l9e measures ! size ( ! circle2 ! in/rum5t has squ>$ ! circle4 ,?is ma*9e is a ?+ ( ma9ly !oretical int]e/2 my only object 9 %[+ x is to expla9 ! means by :i* ,i h develop$ a practical & automatic in/rum5t1 ( :i* ,i %all speak pres5tly4 ,! guid+ pr9ciple 9 ! c>t integrator is a little ?ree-:eel$ c>t1 ^: front :eel is controll$ by ! ma*9e4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is invisible at a di/ance1 & !re=e ,i h "h a l>ge front :eel alone4 ,on mov+ ?is along ! table1 any twi/+ ( its direction in/antly causes x to deviate f its /raight pa?4 ,n[ suppose ,i d n let x deviate1 b compel x to g /raight1 !n at once a great /ra9 is put ^u ! table2 :i* is urg$ ! o!r way4 ,if ! table c move1 x w in/antly d s4 ,a table on roll]s is inconv5i5t z an in/rum5t1 let u !re=e roll x r\nd into a roll]1 !n on mov+ ! :eel along x ! roll] w turn1 & ! am\nt by :i* x turns w correspond to ! height ( ! second figure drawn by ! c>t integrator4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! :eel is incl9$ by a magnet "u ! influ5ce ( an electric curr5t1 or by any o!r cause1 ! :ole am\nt ( :i* we wi% to "k1 !n ! numb] ( turns ( ! roll]s w tell u ?is am\nt2 or to g back to our wat] analogy1 if we _h ! weight$ bo>d to %[ curr5t /r5g?1 & _h n ! paddle :eel to %[ total quantity1 we might use ! bo>d to incl9e a disk 9 contact ) a roll]1 & !n drag ! roll]s /eadily along by clockwork4 ,! numb] ( turns ( ! roll] w\ld give ! quantity ( wat]4 ,in/rum5ts t w ?us add up cont9u\sly indications at a "t1 & s f9d am\nts dur+ a "t1 are call$ integrators4 ,! mo/ important application t ,i h made at pres5t ( ! integrator describ$ is :at ,i h call$ an eng9e-p[] met]4 ,! in/rum5t is on ! table1 b z x is f> too small to be se5 at a di/ance1 ,i h arrang$ a l>ge model to illu/rate its action4 ,! object ( ?is ma*9e is to measure h[ mu* "w an eng9e has done dur+ any "t1 & %[ ! result on a dial1 s t a workman may read x (f at once1 )\t hav+ to make any calculations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,be=e ,i c expla9 h[ "w is measur$1 p]haps ,i _h bett] say a few words ab\t ! mean+ ( ! ^w "w4 ,"w is done :5 pressure ov]comes resi/ance1 produc+ motion4 ,nei!r motion nor pressure alone is "w4 ,! two factors1 pressure & motion1 mu/ occur toge!r4 ,! "w done is f\nd by multiply+ ! pressure by ! di/ance mov$4 ,9 an eng9e1 /eam pu%es ! pi/on fir/ "o way !n ! o!r1 ov]comes resi/ance1 & does "w4 ,to f9d ?is we mu/ multiply ! pressure by ! motion at e in/ant1 & add all ! products toge!r4 ,?is is :at ! eng9e p[]-met] does1 & x %[s ! cont9u\sly gr[+ result on a dial4 ,:5 ! pi/on moves1 x drags ! cyl9d] along2 :]e ! /eam presses1 ! :eel is incl9$4 ,nei!r action alone causes ! cyl9d] to turn1 b :5 !y occur toge!r ! cyl9d] turns1 & ! numb] ( turns regi/]$ on a dial %[s ) ma!matical accuracy h[ mu* "w has be5 done4 ,9 ! /eam eng9e "w is done 9 an alt]nat+ mann]1 & x s happ5s t ?is alt]nat+ action exactly suits ! integrator4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! action1 :atev] x may be1 :i* we wi% to e/imate is ( a cont9u\s k9d1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! cont9u\s passage ( an electric curr5t4 ,!n1 if by means ( any device we c suitably incl9e ! :eel1 s long z we keep pu%+ ! cyl9d] along s long w its rotation measure & indicate ! result2 b !re mu/ come a "t :5 ! end ( ! cyl9d] is rea*$4 ,if !n we drag x back aga91 in/ead ( go+ on add+ up x w beg9 to take (f f ! result1 & ! h&s on ! dial w g backw>d1 :i* is cle>ly wrong4 ,s long z ! curr5t cont9ues1 s long mu/ ! h&s on ! dial turn 9 "o direction4 ,?is effect is obta9$ 9 ! in/rum5t n[ on ! table1 ! electric en]gy met]1 9 ?is way4 ,clockwork causes ! cyl9d] to travel backw>d & =w>d by means ( :at is call$ a mangle motion2 b in/ead ( mov+ always 9 contact ) ea* :eel1 ! cyl9d] goes =w>d 9 contact ) "o & backw>d 9 contact ) ano!r on its opposite side4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t ! incl9ation ( ! :eels is effect$ by an arrangem5t ( coils ( wire1 ! ma9 curr5t pass+ ?r\gh two fix$ conc5tric sol5oids1 & a %unt curr5t ?r\gh a great l5g? ( f9e wire on a movable sol5oid1 hang+ 9 ! space betwe5 ! o!rs4 ,! movable portion has an equal numb] ( turns 9 opposite directions1 & is !re=e unaffect$ by magnets held ne> x4 ,! effect ( ?is arrangem5t is t ! en]gy ( ! curr5t--t is1 ! quantity multipli$ by ! =ce driv+ x1 or ! electrical equival5t ( me*anical p[]--is measur$ by ! slope ( ! :eels1 & ! am\nt ( "w done by ! curr5t dur+ any "t1 by ! numb] ( turns ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* is regi/]$ on a dial4 ,pr(essors ,ayrton & ,p]ry h devis$ an in/rum5t :i* is int5d$ to %[ ! same ?+4 ,!y make use ( a clock & cause x to g too fa/ or too sl[ by ! action ( ! ma9 on ! %unt curr5t2 ! am\nt ( wrongness ( ! clock1 & n ! "t %[n1 is said to measure ! "w done by ! curr5t4 ,?is me?od ( measur+ ! electricity by ! "w x has done is "o :i* has be5 propos$ to enable ! electrical companies to make out _! bills4 ,! o!r me?od is to measure ! am\nt ( electricity t has pass$ )\t reg>d to ! "w done4 ,!re are ?ree l9es on :i* inv5tors h work$ = ?is purpose4 ,! fir/1 :i* has be5 us$ 9 e laboratory ev] s9ce electricity has be5 und]/ood1 is ! *emical me?od4 ,:5 electricity passes ?r\gh a salt solution x c>ries metal ) x1 & deposits x on ! plate by :i* ! electricity leaves ! liquid4 ,! am\nt ( metal deposit$ is a measure ( ! quantity ( electricity4 ,mr4 ,sprague & ,mr4 ,edison h adopt$ ?is me?od2 b z x is impossible to all[ ! :ole ( a /rong curr5t to pass ?r\gh a liquid1 ! curr5t is divid$2 a small proportion only is all[$ to pass ?r\gh4 ,provid$ t ! proportion does n v>y1 & t ! metal nev] has any motions on its own acc\nt1 ! increase 9 ! weight ( "o ( ! metal plates measures ! quantity ( electricity4 ,! next me?od dep5ds on ! use ( "s sort ( integrat+ ma*9e1 & ?is be+ ! mo/ obvi\s me?od has be5 attempt$ by a l>ge numb] ( inv5tors4 ,any ma*9e ( ?is k9d is sure to g1 & is sure to indicate some?+1 :i* w be m ne>ly a measure ( electricity z ! skill ( ! inv5tor is great]4 ,met]s = electricity ( ! ?ird class are dynamical 9 _! action1 & ,i believe t :at ,i h call$ ! vibrat+ met] 0 ! fir/ ( its class4 ,x is well kn[n t a curr5t pass+ r\nd iron makes x magnetic4 ,! =ce :i* su* a magnet ex]ts is great] :5 ! curr5t is great]1 b x is n simply proportional4 ,if ! curr5t is twice or ?ree times z /rong1 ! =ce is f\r times or n9e times z great1 or1 g5]ally1 ! =ce is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! curr5t4 ,aga91 :5 a body vibrates "u ! influ5ce ( a controll+ =ce1 z a p5dulum "u ! influ5ce ( gravity1 f\r times z mu* =ce is necess>y to make x vibrate twice z fa/1 & n9e times to make x vibrate ?ree times z fa/2 or1 g5]ally1 ! squ>e ( ! numb] measures ! =ce4 ,i w illu/rate ?is by a model4 ,"h are two /icks nicely balanc$ on po9ts1 & drawn into a middle position by pieces ( tape1 to :i* weights may be hung4 ,!y are id5tical 9 e respect4 ,i w n[ hang a #a lb4 weight to ea* tape1 & let ! pieces ( wood sw+4 ,!y keep "t toge!r absolutely4 ,i w n[ put #b lb4 on "o tape4 ,x is cle> t ! correspond+ /ick is go+ fa/]1 b c]ta9ly n twice z fa/4 ,i w n[ hang on #d lb4 ,"o /ick is go+ at exactly twice ! pace ( ! o!r4 ,to make "o g ?ree times z fa/ x is obvi\sly useless to put on #c lb41 = x takes f\r to make x g twice z fa/4 ,i w hang on #i lb4 ,"o n[ goes exactly ?ree times z fa/ z ! o!r4 ,i w n[ put #d lb4 on ! fir/1 & leave ! #i lb4 on ! second2 ! fir/ goes twice :ile ! second goes ?ree times4 ,if in/ead ( a weight we use electro-magnetic =ce to control ! vibrations ( a body1 !n twice ! curr5t produces f\r times ! =ce1 f\r times ! =ce produces twice ! rate2 ?ree times ! curr5t produces n9e times ! =ce1 n9e times ! =ce produces ?ree times ! rate1 & s on2 or ! rate is directly proportional to ! curr5t /r5g?4 ,!re is on ! table a work+ met] made on ?is pr9ciple4 ,i all[ ! curr5t t passes ?r\gh to pass also ?r\gh a galvanomet] ( special con/ruction1 s t y c tell by ! position ( a spot ( light on a scale ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re is no curr5t2 ! light is on ! z]o ( ! scale2 ! met] is at re/4 ,i n[ all[ a curr5t to pass f a batt]y ( ! new ,faure-,sellon-,volckm> cells :i* ! ,/orage ,company h k9dly l5t me = ?is occasion4 ,! light moves ?r\gh "o division on ! scale1 & ! met] has />t$4 ,i w ask y to obs]ve its rate ( vibration4 ,i w n[ d\ble ! curr5t4 ,?is is indicat$ by ! light mov+ to ! end ( ! second division on ! scale2 ! met] vibrates twice z fa/4 ,n[ ! curr5t is ?ree times z /rong1 n[ f\r times1 & s on4 ,y w obs]ve t ! position ( ! spot ( light & ! rate ( vibration always correspond4 ,e vibration ( ! met] corresponds to a def9ite quantity ( electricity1 & causes a h& on a dial to move on "o /ep4 ,by look+ at ! dial1 we c see h[ _m vibrations !re h be5 & !re=e h[ mu* electricity has pass$4 ,j z ! vibrat+ /icks 9 ! model 9 "t to come re/1 s ! vibrat+ "p ( ! met] w\ld 9 "t d ! same1 if x 7 n kept go+ by an impulse automatically giv5 to x :5 requir$4 ,also1 j z ! vibrat+ /icks c be tim$ to "o ano!r by slid+ weights along !m1 s ! vibrat+ electric met]s c be regulat$ to "o ano!r s t all %all indicate ! same value = ! same curr5t1 by *ang+ ! position or weight ( ! bobs atta*$ to ! vibrat+ arm4 ,! o!r met] ( ?is class1 ,dr4 ,hopk9son's1 dep5ds on ! fact t c5trifugal =ce is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! angul> velocity4 ,he !re=e all[s a little motor to drive a %aft fa/] & fa/]1 until c5trifugal =ce ov]comes electro-magnetic attraction1 :5 ! action ( ! motor ceases4 ,! numb] ( turns ( ! motor is a measure ( ! quantity ( electricity t has pass$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,i w n[ pass on to ! measurem5t ( p[] transmitt$ by belt+4 ,! transmission ( p[] by a /rap is famili> to e "o 9 a treadle sew+ ma*9e or an ord9>y la!4 ,! driv+ =ce dep5ds on ! diff]5ce 9 ! tightness ( ! two sides ( ! belt1 & ! p[] transmitt$ is equal to ?is diff]5ce multipli$ by ! spe$2 a p[] met] mu/1 !re=e1 solve ?is problem--x mu/ subtract ! tightness ( "o side f ! tightness ( ! o!r side1 multiply ! diff]5ce by ! spe$ at e in/ant1 & add all ! products toge!r1 cont9u\sly repres5t+ ! gr[+ am\nt on a dial4 ,i %all n[ %[ = ! fir/ "t an in/rum5t t ,i h devis$1 t w d all ?is 9 ! simple/ possible mann]4 ,i h "h two :eels connect$ by a driv+ b& ( ,india-rubb]1 r\nd :i* ,i h ti$ e few in*es a piece ( :ite silk ribbon4 ,i %all turn "o a little way1 & hold ! o!r4 ,! driv+ =ce is indicat$ by a diff]5ce ( /ret*+2 ! pieces ( silk are mu* fur!r ap>t on ! tight side ?an !y are on ! loose4 ,i %all n[ turn ! h&le1 & cause ! :eels to revolve2 ! motion ( ! b& is visible to all4 ,! ,india-rubb] is travel+ fa/] on ! tight side ?an on ! loose side1 ne>ly twice z fa/2 ?is mu/ be s1 = z !re is less mat]ial on ! tight side ?an on ! loose1 !re w\ld be a gradual accumulation ( ! ,india-rubb] r\nd ! driv5 pulley1 if !y travel$ at ! same spe$2 s9ce !re is no accumulation1 ! tight side mu/ travel ! fa/e/4 ,n[ x may be %[n ma!matically t ! diff]5ce 9 ! spe$s is proportional bo? to ! actual spe$ & to ! driv+ /ra92 x is1 !re=e1 a measure ( ! p[] or "w be+ transmitt$1 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! di/ance travel$ is a measure ( ! "w done4 ,i h "h a work+ ma*9e :i* %[s directly on a dial ! am\nt ( "w done2 ?is ,i w %[ 9 action directly4 ,in/ead ( ,india-rubb]1 ela/ic /eel is us$4 ,s9ce ! driv+ pulley has ! velocity ( ! tight side1 & ! driv5 ( ! loose side ( ! belt1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( _! turns1 if !y are ( equal size1 w measure ! "w4 ,?is diff]5ce ,i measure by diff]5tial ge>+ :i* actuates a h& on a dial4 ,i may turn ! h&le z fa/ z ,i please2 ! index does n move1 = no "w is be+ done4 ,i may hold ! :eel1 & produce a great driv+ /ra92 aga9 ! index rema9s at re/1 = no "w is be+ done4 ,i n[ turn ! h&le quickly1 & lightly t\* ! driv5 :eel ) my f+]4 ,! resi/ance1 small ?\gh x is1 has to be ov]come2 a m9ute am\nt ( "w is be+ done2 ! index creeps r\nd g5tly4 ,i w n[ put m pressure on my f+]1 m "w is be+ done1 ! index is mov+ fa/]2 :e!r ,i increase ! spe$ or ! resi/ance1 ! index turns fa/]2 its rate ( motion measures ! p[]1 & ! di/ance x has mov$1 or ! numb] ( turns1 measures ! "w done4 ,t ?is is s ,i w %[ by exp]im5t4 ,i w w9d up 9 front ( a scale a #g lb4 weight2 ! h& has turn$ "o-?ird r\nd4 ,i w n[ w9d a #bh lb weight up ! same height2 ! h& has turn$ f\r-?irds ( a turn4 ,!re are o!r po9ts ( a practical nature ) reg>d to ?is inv5tion :i* ,i _c n[ describe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,!re is "o o!r class ( in/rum5ts :i* ,i h develop$ ( :i* "t w let me say v little4 ,! object ( ?is class ( in/rum5ts is to divide ! spe$ ) :i* two regi/rations are be+ effect$1 & cont9u\sly record ! quoti5t4 ,9 ! in/rum5t on ! table two iron cones are caus$ to rotate 9 "t ) ! regi/rations2 a magnetiz$ /eel reel hangs on bel[4 ,?is reel turns ab\t1 & runs up or d[n ! cones until x f9ds a place at :i* x c roll at ease4 ,its position at once indicates ! ratio ( ! spe$s1 :i* w be effici5cy1 horse-p[] p] h\r or "o ?+ 9 t]ms ( ano!r4 ,j z ! integrators are d]iv$ f ! /e]+ ( ! ord9>y bicycle1 s ?is in/rum5t is d]iv$ f ! d\ble /e]+ ( ! ,otto bicycle4 ,?\gh ,i am afraid t ,i h n succe$$ 9 ! %ort "t at my disposal 9 mak+ cle> all ! po9ts on :i* ,i h t\*$1 yet ,i hope t ,i h done some?+ to remove ! v preval5t op9ion t met]s = p[] & electricity d n exi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,build+ ,,support$ ,,by ,,screws4 7,,side ,,view47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,! ,,build+ ,,ready ,,to ,,be ,,mov$4 7,,side ,,view47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,! ,,build+ ,,support$ ,,by ,,screws4 7,,front ,,view47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,! ,,build+ ,,ready ,,to ,,be ,,mov$4 7,,front ,,view47 ,,figs4 #a ,,to #d4--;,,build+ ,,occupi$ ,,by ,,! ,,(fices ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,york1 ,,lackawanna ,,we/]n ,,railroad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,! ,,wall1 ,a ,b1 ,,support$ ,,by ,,screws4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,! ,,wall1 ,c ,d1 ,,ready ,,to ,,be ,,mov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,me?od ,,( ,,mov+ ,,! ,,jack ,,screws4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,jack-,,screw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,,holl+wor?',s ,,d\ble-,,?read$ ,,screw ,,= ,,quickly ,,mov+ ,,build+s4 ,,rais+ ,,& ,,mov+ ,,masonry ,,build+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rais+ ,,& ,,mov+ ,,masonry ,,build+s4 ,! fir/ important application ( ! me?od ( lift+ massive /ructures & mov+ !m to ano!r spot 0 made two ye>s ago at ,bo/on1 ,mass41 9 ! mov+ back ( a hotel t /ood ab\t f\rte5 feet on ! l9e ( a propos$ wid5+ ( ,tremont ,/reet4 ,s9ce t "t sev]al analog\s cases h occurr$ 9 sev]al cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 s t1 = ?is sort ( "w1 a g5]al me?od ( op]at+ has be5 devis$1 not)/&+ ! special difficulties t pres5t !mselves accord+ to ! diff]5t me?ods ( con/ruction & ! surr\nd+s4 ,all /ructures1 be=e be+ mov$1 mu/ fir/ be sep>at$ f _! f\ndations & !n rais$4 ,^! op]ations are c]ta9ly ! mo/ co/ly & ^? t take ! longe/ "t4 ,x is necess>y to take m9ute precautions & to ex]cise great wat*fulness 9 ord] to succe$ 9 plant+ solidly on ! gr\nd ! timb] "w t has to support ! pressure ( ! screws by means ( :i* ! entire build+ is to be aft]w>d rais$4 ,! success ( ! op]ation dep5ds absolutely ^u ! c>e & att5tion t are be/[$ ^u ^! prelim9>y op]ations1 s9ce ! lea/ neglig5ce may lead to a disa/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,mov+ ,a ,,h\se ,,betwe5 ,,two ,,fix$ ,,walls4 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,me?od ,,( ,,mov+ ,a ,,h\se ,,)\t ,,lift+ ,,x4 ,,rais+ ,,& ,,mov+ ,,masonry ,,build+s4 ,! accompany+ figures %[ ! me?od employ$ 9 mov+ sev]al build+s ( diff]5t con/ruction1 & ! peculi> arrangem5ts t h be5 made1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,! in/rum5t mo/ commonly employ$ 9 ! execution ( su* "w consi/s ( ! foll[+ p>ts3 7#a7 ( a ca/ iron screw hav+ a pit* ( #j4ef in*2 7#b7 ( a nut provid$ ) a %\ld] & two projections t s]ve to fix x2 & 7#c7 ( a ca/ iron plate t is int]pos$ betwe5 ! head ( ! screw & ! beam ^u :i* ! latt] is to ex]t its pressure4 ,moreov]1 ea* nut is set into an oak block1 #d in*es 9 ?ickness1 :i* re/s ^u ! upp] beams ( ! timb] "w t is design$ to su/a9 ! /ructure4 ,all ! pieces ( wood ( ! timb] "w1 prop]ly s call$1 are ( spruce1 & measure #fx#f in*es4 ,^? t are 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to ! f\ndation walls are #c feet 9 l5g? :ile ! longitud9al ones mu/ be long en\gh to support sev]al screws 9 ord] to annul ! effect ( jo9ts4 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d repres5t a h\se at ,buffalo belong+ to ! ,new ,york & ,lackawanna ,railroad ,company1 con/ruct$ ( bricks & hav+ a frontage ( #ij feet4 ,betwe5 ! op5+s 9 ! latt] !re are pill>s ( dress$ /one & ca/ iron columns4 ,! build+ is f\r /ories high1 & ! out] walls are #a foot 9 ?ickness4 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,june1 #ahhb1 ?is /ructure 0 rais$ all 9 "o piece & mov$ back #ce feet1 9 ord] to give great] wid? to ! railway4 ,?is "w 0 p]=m$ 9 s regul> a mann] t no int]ruption occurr$ 9 ! bus9ess ( ! ,company's (fices4 ,! fir/ op]ation consi/$ 9 runn+ well squ>$ spruce beams1 #ab 94 #h ft41 ?r\gh ! walls & "u ! gr\nd floor4 ,^! beams project$ beyond ! wall on ea* side & 7 spac$ ab\t #c feet ap>t1 & c>e 0 tak5 to h !m 9 ! same horizontal plane4 ,aft] ramm+ d[n ! e>? ^u :i* ! timb] "w1 f1 0 to re/1 ! fir/ transv]se beams =m+ ! f\ndation plat=m 7 laid 9 place 9 su* a way z to h betwe5 !m ! same spac+ z betwe5 ! cross-pieces1 a1 & s z to be exactly on ! same level4 ,^! 7 aft]w>d surm\nt$ ) longitud9al beams ) alt]nate transv]se ones until ! desir$ height 0 rea*$4 ,?is framework hav+ once be5 put 9 place1 !re 7 plac$ 9 ! axis ( ea* piece ( timb] "w /r+-pieces1 b1 :i* ran )\t a break ! entire l5g? ( ! wall4 ,jack-screws1 v1 ( ! k9d above describ$1 7 f9ally arrang$ 9 pairs "u ea* ( ! cross-pieces1 a4 ,on ! front side 7,fig4 #c7 p>ticul> precautions 7 tak5 to support ! /one pill>s & iron columns4 ,to ?is end1 ap]tures 7 made 9 ! f\ndation1 />t+ f ! axis ( ! pill>s & t]m9at+ at ! axis ( ! neighbor+ columns4 ,spruce sills 7 put into ^! op5+s & o!rs betwe5 ! columns1 ! la/-nam$ ones hav+ be5 put 9 place aft] ! masonry _h be5 completely sev]$4 ,! cross-pieces1 a1 7 ?us "u ! sills1 g1 be=e ! putt+ 9 place ( ! screws1 v1 & ^! latt] 7 maneuv]$ 9 su* a way z to m]ely support ! /ructure )\t lift+ any ( its p>ts4 ,^! prelim9>ies hav+ be5 f9i%$1 all ! pieces ( ! timb] "w 7 exam9$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! jo9ts 7 consolidat$ & ! defects 9 level+ 7 rectifi$ by means ( spruce w$ges4 ,dur+ ! "t ( lift+1 ! workm5 7 arrang$ 9 pairs opposite ea* o!r1 & on ea* side ( ! wall1 :]e ea* "o _h #ab to #ad screws to maneuv]4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! motion v uni=m1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! "w gave signals by means ( a :i/le4 ,at ?is mom5t ea* man gave ! screw a half revolution1 pass$ to ! foll[+ "o1 & cont9u$ ?us until all ! screws "u 8 sup]vision _h be5 revolv$ to ! same degree4 ,at a fre% signal ?is op]ation 0 begun aga91 & s on4 ,:5 ! build+ _h be5 lift$ to a height ( twelve in*es1 x became necess>y to raise ! screws4 ,to effect ?is1 two r[s ( beams 7,fig4 #g7 7 add$ to ! timb]-"w1 & ea* screw 0 mov$ 9 succession1 s z to always leave "o 9 position4 ,by ^! means ! build+ 0 gradually lift$ to ! desir$ height1 & x n[ became necess>y to take ! requisite measures = mov+ x back4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 spruce floor timb]s1 e1 v smoo? & well lubricat$ ) tall[ & soap1 7 laid ^u ! timb] "w & aft]w>d cov]$ ) oak planks1 d1 "o in* 9 ?ickness1 & ^u ^! latt] 7 plac$ joi/s1 c1 t support$ /r+-pieces1 b1 t 7 firmly fix$ to ! joi/s by means ( spruce p9s driv5 9 ) =ce4 ,z ! floor timb]s t 7 employ$ _h to be z long z possible1 !y 7 unit$ end to end by a /rong jo9t & prolong$ z f> z ! new spot ^u :i* ! edifice 0 to re/4 ,?r\gh\t _! :ole ext5t !y 7 support$ by sleep]s t 7 fix$ firmly 9 ! e>?4 ,! entire weight ( ! /ructure be+ c>ri$ by ! pieces1 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 & f1 aft] ! removal ( ! screws1 ! jacks1 ,v1 7 !n plac$ 9 position1 _! heads re/+ aga9/ ! /r+-pieces1 b1 at ! po9ts m>k$ ,s1 & _! o!r extremities be+ receiv$ by a framework set into ! e>?4 ,x took b twelve jacks to move ! entire mass1 & ^! 7 maneuv]$ "u ! ord]s ( a sup]9t5d5t1 :o transmitt$ 8 signals ) a :i/le4 ,x took =ty days to p]=m all ^! op]ations1 & x requir$ fifty m5 to lift ! /ructure4 ,aft] ! jacks1 ,v1 _h be5 put 9 place1 ! build+ 0 mov$ 9 ?ree days1 or at ! rate ( #aa4fh feet p] day4 ,?is is a m$ium rate ( spe$ to be adopt$ 9 ! mov+ ( a /ructure l ?is1 =1 "u v favorable conditions1 x might be c>ri$ to ov] eighte5 feet p] day4 ,! timb] "w :i* 0 us$ 9 lift+ ! build+ 0 aft]w>d put toge!r aga91 9 ! same mann]1 ar\nd prolong$ f\ndations1 & ! same 7 put 9 place a second "t aft] ! mann] describ$ above4 ,aft] ! floor timb]s1 e1 _h be5 remov$ by slightly lift+ ! load1 & ! /ructure _h be5 l[]$ to its prop] position1 ! int]vals betwe5 ! cross-pieces1 a1 & ! walls ( ! new f\ndations 7 fill$ 9 ) masonry2 ! mass 0 !n all[$ to settle g5tly d[n into its place & ! cross-pieces 7 remov$4 ,:5 build+s /& v ne> ea* o!r1 timb]-"w _c be put toge!r outside ( ! walls1 & x !re=e becomes necess>y to adopt ! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 all ! "w be+ done "h b5ea? ! /ructure4 ,! cross-pieces1 a1 occupy "h ! entire wid? ( ! h\se1 & are spac$ ab\t #cf in*es ap>t f axis to axis4 ,! /ructure re/s ^u two pieces ( timb] "w con/ruct$ l ! ones m5tion$ above4 ,besides ?is1 x is necess>y to utilize ! timb]s1 ,l1 ( ! floor+1 ,p1 = support+ a "p ( ! load4 ,dur+ ! wid5+ ( ,/ate ,/reet1 9 ,*icago1 sev]al ?ree or f\r /ory brick /ructures 7 mov$ 9 ?is way4 ,"o ( ^! h\ses 0 set back ab\t f\r feet )\t ! necessity ( lift+ x4 ,ap]tures 7,fig4 #aj7 f\r feet 9 l5g? 7 cut 9 ! f\ndation walls1 ! edges 7 made level1 & planks1 c & c'1 7 ins]t$ & fix$ 9 tightly by w$ges4 ,! int]v5+ masonry 0 remov$1 &1 aft] lay+ planks alongside ( ^? already 9 place1 ! /ructure 0 put 9 motion 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,:5 s+le ?read$ screws are employ$ = mov+ build+s1 x requires mu* "t & manual labor to place & move ! pieces4 ,= ! purpose ( secur+ great] rapidity 9 ^! op]ations1 ,mr4 ,holl+swor? has devis$ a sort ( jack-screw 7,fig4 #aa7 t consi/s ( a /eel screw ab\t eight feet 9 l5g? & ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 provid$ ) two ?reads1 runn+ 9 opposite directions4 ,! nuts are set into ! correspond+ extremities ( two beams1 "o ( :i* abuts aga9/ a ca/ iron brace-block1 n1 held 9 place by a /irrup-iron1 t1 :ile ! o!r be>s aga9/ ! /r+-pieces1 b4 ,?anks to ?is arrangem5t1 a /ructure may be mov$ at "o "t ov] a l5g? ( #f feet in/ead ( #a4c1 ! latt] be+ ! maximum travel ) s+le screws4 ,! me?od 9 :i* slide beams1 f1 are prolong$ 9 view ( resi/+ ! pressure ( ! jacks is sc>cely employ$ at pres5t1 ! objection to x be+ t x occasions *anges ( direction f ! l9e =m$ by ! timb] "w4 ,= ?is reason1 contractors pref] to use indep5d5t po/s to receive ! jacks4--,revue ,indu/rielle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,filt] ,,= ,,indu/rial ,,works 99 99 99 99 99 ,,filt] ,,= ,,indu/rial ,,works4 ,z a rule1 blea* & dye works are e/abli%$ :]e !re is a suffici5cy ( good & s(t wat]1 except 9 su* cases :]e = special reasons x is desirable to use t[n wat]1 & :i* !n is g5]ally cle>4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 wat] f brooks1 riv]s1 or lodges is us$1 z is mo/ly ! case1 x is (t5 discolor$ aft] heavy %[]s by e>?y sub/ances :i* are c>ri$ away by x4 ,^! impurities1 all exi/+ 9 ! wat] 9 susp5sion1 are n at all desirable = ! dy]1 & less = ! blea*]1 :o g5]ally all[s ! wat] to settle 9 a lodge1 to give x "t to deposit its impurities by gravitation4 ,we und]/& t by means su* z ^! ev5 ! wat] ( ! mu*-abus$ ,irwell is made1 9 a ,sal=d blea*-works1 to produce "s ( ! mo/ beautiful :ites possible4 ,^! lodges occupy1 h[ev]1 mu* space1 :i* is n always available1 & filtration is !re=e ! be/ :]e x c be c>ri$ out4 ,we "h produce ! description ( a *eap & effici5t filt] :i* blea*]s or dy]s may easily make = !mselves4 ,! dim5sions are ( c\rse dep5d5t ^u ! quantity ( wat] to be filt]$1 & z a guide we %all describe a filt] s]v+ = a volume ( wat] ( ab\t #a cubic y>ds p] m9ute4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance a hole is dug at a po9t :]e ! wat] has suffici5t fall to give x a head1 & "h a ci/]n set 9 cem5t is brick$ out1 measur+ ab\t #cj y>ds 9 l5g?1 #b y>ds 9 wid?1 & #b y>ds 9 height4 ,across ?is ci/]n two p>tition walls are erect$1 "o at ! left re/+ ^u rails1 & ! o!r go+ d[n to ! bottom ( ! ci/]n4 ,betwe5 ^! two walls railway rails are laid crosswise1 & ov] ^! a floor ( wood5 la?s4 ,ov] ?is floor ! filt]+ m$ia are plac$1 consi/+ ( a bottom lay] ( /ones1 !n a lay] ( coke1 !n a lay] ( gravel1 & la/ly ( a top lay] ( riv] s&4 ,! wat] ent]s on ! left-h& side into ! space betwe5 ! out] wall & ! p>tition1 & desc5ds "u ! floor ( ! filt]1 ?r\gh :i* x rises & passes 9 succession ?r\gh ! f\r lay]s ( filt]+ sub/ance until x issues at ! top1 :5 x runs ov] ! p>tition1 & out by ! pipe %[n 9 ! "r h& corn]4 ,x w be se5 t ! c\rse ( ! wat] is upw>d ?r\gh ! filt]1 & 9 ?is respect contr>y to ! usual cu/om4 ,! filt] is clean$ ab\t once a mon? by rev]s+ ! c\rse ( ! wat]1 & turn+ x indirectly on ! top ( ! filt]--caus+ x to run b at ! bottom--& ?us c>ry+ all deposits ) x4 ,bo? ! c5tral filt]+ comp>tm5ts1 z also ! ov]fl[ ci/]n at ! "r h&1 conta91 ne> ! bottom1 doors1 ?r\gh :i*1 :5 op5$1 ! cleans+ wat] runs (f by a sep>ate *annel to ! riv]4 ,! dim5sions ( ! ci/]n c1 ( c\rse1 be made to suit ! situation4--,tex4 ,manfr4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,val ,,/4 ,,lamb]t ,,glass ,,works4 ,dur+ ! rec5t meet+ 9 ,belgium ( ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s sev]al int]e/+ excursions 7 made1 & by no means ! lea/ int]e/+ 0 ! visit to ! glass works ( ,val ,/4 ,lamb]t4 ,?is is "o ( ! l>ge/ glass works 9 exi/5ce1 entirely devot$ to ! production ( dome/ic articles1 su* z tumbl]s1 w9e glasses1 lamp *imneys1 & su* l4 ,a good deal ( ornam5tal "w is also turn$ out1 a /aff ( highly compet5t arti/s be+ employ$ 9 pa9t+ glass vases1 etc41 su* z are us$ = ! decoration ( rooms4 ,! ,val ,/4 ,lamb]t works /& on ! "r bank ( ! ,meuse1 9 ! commune ( ,s]a+1 & ab\t sev5 & a half miles f ,liege4 ,z ! head (fices ( ,cock]ill's va/ e/abli%m5t are locat$ 9 ! old palace ( ! ,bi%ops ( ,liege1 s ! ,cri/all]ies ( ,val ,/4 ,lamb]t occupy ! site ( ! ,abbey de ,rosi]es4 ,up to ! ye> #aaib ! site 0 almo/ a des]t1 b ab\t t p]iod ! abbey 0 f\nd$4 ,9 #abjb ,hughes de ,pi]repont1 ,bi%op ( ,liege1 gave to ! monks a tract ( l& & woods situat$ 9 :at 0 !n call$ ! ,*amp des ,maures1 :]eon 0 built ! abbey4 ,x prosp]$ & became p[]ful4 ,at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury x 0 recon/ruct$1 & at t "t 7 rais$ ! f9e build+s n[ us$ z a manufactory4 ,! rebuild+ _h h>dly be5 f9i%$ :5 ! ,revolution came1 & ) x ! expulsion ( ! monks4 ,x 0 sold by ! nation1 & 0 us$ = v>i\s manufactur+ purposes1 until ! ye> #ahbe1 :5 x 0 pur*as$ by ,,mm4 ,keml9 & ,lelievre4 ,!re _h previ\sly exi/$1 at ,von*e1 ne> ,givet1 a glass works c>ri$ on by ,m4 ,d',artigues1 its own]1 aid$ by ,m4 ,keml91 8 nephew1 & ,m4 ,aug4 ,lelievre4 ,?is latt] g5tleman _h left ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique ( ,p>is ) di/9ction1 & 0 ! son ( ,mr4 ,anselme de ,lelievre1 ,inspector-,g5]al ( ,m9es1 & a di/+ui%$ savant ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,,mm4 ,keml9 & ,lelievre bo? became naturaliz$ ,fr5*m54 ,h[ev]1 ! fronti] trac$ by ! ,congress ( ,vi5na = ! new t]ritory ( ,belgium cut ,von*e (f f ,france4 ,! glass works accord+ly lo/ _! only m>ket1 cut (f f x by a heavy t>iff4 ,m4 ,d',artigues left ! place & w5t to ,france1 :ile ,,mm4 ,keml9 & ,lelievre f\nd 9 ! old ,val ,/4 ,lamb]t ,abbey :at !y want$ 9 ,belgium1 & ?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! glass works4 ,nor w\ld x be easy to hit on a bett] site4 ,9 ! he>t ( a ri* c\ntry1 on ! bord]s ( a f9e riv]1 9 ! c5t] ( a coal bas91 & close to ! ,m>ihaye ,colli]ies1 well provid$ ) railway accommodation1 ! ,val ,/4 ,lamb]t glass works possess e advantage1 & !y h be5 proportionately successful4 ,! e/abli%m5t is work$ by a company kn[n z ! ,societ ,anonyme des ,cri/all]ies du ,val ,/4 ,lamb]t1 "u ! ,presid5cy ( ,m4 ,jules ,deprez2 & ! company possess f\r di/9ct e/abli%m5ts1 namely1 t at ,val ,/4 ,lamb]t2 "o at ,d',h]batte1 ne> ,namur1 f\nd$ 9 #ahea2 a ?ird 9 ! ,rue ,b>re-,neuvill1 at ,namur1 f\nd$ 9 #agec2 &1 la/ly1 "o at ,jambes1 ne> ! same t[n1 f\nd$ 9 #ahej4 ,we ne$ n trace at l5g?1 says ,! ,eng9e]1 ! hi/ory ( ! works4 ,x w be en\gh to say t = a long "t !y 7 c>ri$ on ) small or no pr(its2 b a great advance 0 made :51 9 #ahcj1 coal 0 fir/ sub/itut$ = wood = heat+ purposes4 ,fur!r capital 0 introduc$ 9 #ahcf1 & op]ations h be5 c>ri$ on practically )\t int]mission ev] s9ce4 ,9 #ahej ! annual turn-ov] 0 ab\t #fj1jjj4 ,9 #ahhj ! turn-ov] ( ! company 0 #bjj1jjj4 ,to give an idea ( ! magnitude ( ! op]ations c>ri$ on1 we may say t no few] ?an #abj1jjj pieces are turn$ out e day4 ,to pack ?is !re are us$ #ej1jjj kilos4 ( hea!r1 #ee1jjj kilos4 ( /raw1 & #bej1jjj feet ( bo>ds p] mon?4 ,! s& ( all k9ds us$ p] ye> weighs #g1jjj1jjj kilogs41 & ! weight ( ! fire clay #a1ejj1jjj kilogs4 ,! weight ( ! f9i%$ goods s5t out p] ye> exce$s #i1jjj1jjj kilogs4 ,! company employs 9 all ab\t #c1jjj h&s1 #a1hjj ( :om are at ,val ,/4 ,lamb]t4 ,mu* att5tion is paid to ! welf>e ( ! op]atives by ! company1 & a species ( co-op]ative /ore is work$ ) great success4 ,_m ( ! h&s h be5 on ! works ( ! company = fifty ye>s1 & ! manag]s speak 9 ! highe/ t]ms ( _! s]vants4 ,!y "k no?+ ( ,/4 ,monday4 ,!y are labori\s1 assidu\s1 intellig5t1 & atta*$ to ! works & ! locality1 :i* !y r>ely quit4 ,^! conditions are ! mo/ favorable possible = ! employ]s1 & !y are f> too r>e 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! ,val ,/4 ,lamb]t h&s1 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 "w un9t]rupt$ly = elev5 h\rs a day all ! week ?r\gh1 & "s ( ! m5 ev5 long]4 ,?is af=ds a rem>kable contra/ ) ! h\rs ( labor & cu/oms ( our ,engli% glass work]s4 ,we take x = grant$ t our read]s "k g5]ally h[ glass is made4 ,t a mixture ( s& & an alkali is fus$ into a k9d ( pa/y mass4 ,! fusion is effect$ 9 pots ( refractory clay1 ( :i* ! g5]al =m is some?+ l t %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,! m\? ( ! pot is %[n at ,a4 ,! pots at ,val ,/4 ,lamb]t are ( v>i\s sizes2 ! l>ge/ hold ab\t #af cwt4 ( glass4 ,! duration ( ! pots is v v>iable2 !y la/ sometimes only a few days1 at o!rs sev]al weeks or ev5 mon?s1 mu* dep5d+ on ! quality ( ! pot4 ,! temp]ature to :i* !y are expos$ is n excessively high4 ,! great ?+ to be effect$ 9 a glass melt+ furnace is ! p]fectly equal di/ribution ( ! heat4 ,at ,val ,/4 ,lamb]t gas is us$1 g5]at$ 9 ,siem5s or ,boetius produc]s4 ,!re are 9 all tw5ty furnaces4 ,!y are gr\p$ 9 ?rees or f\rs1 9 ! l>ge build+s1 ) high ro(s4 ,=m]ly ! furnaces 7 squ>e1 & held ea* eight melt+ pots1 :i* did n hold m ?an #bej kilos4 ( glass4 ,! mod]n furnaces ea* receive f twelve to f\rte5 melt+ pots4 ,! mod]n melt+ pots z made by ! ,batt]sea ,plumbago ,crucible ,company d n seem to be kn[n "h4 ,illu/ration ,! peculi>ities ( ! con/ruction ( ! glass melt+ furnaces at ,val ,/4 ,lamb]t w be ga!r$ f ! annex$ sket*4 ,! furnace is circul>1 #ad ft4 or #ae ft4 9 diamet]1 & f ! ro(1 ,e1 to ! floor is ab\t #e ft4 #f 94 high4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! floor is a cyl9drical op5+1 ,a1 ?r\gh :i* rises ! mixture ( gas & air1 ! latt] be+ introduc$ ?r\gh f\r op5+s1 ?ree ( :i* are %[n4 ,two ( ! pots are indicat$ by dott$ l9es at ,d ,d4 ,! equitable diffusion ( ! heat is effect$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,inside ! furnace are con/ruct$ z _m v]tical flues z !re are pots4 ,two ( ^! are %[n at ,g ,g4 ,!y h small op5+s ab\t #e 94 by #h 94 at ! bottom4 ,! c\rse pursu$ by flame is indicat$ by ! b5t arr[s4 ,! flame ris+ /rikes ! cr[n1 ,e1 & is deflect$ d[nw>d & drawn (f by ! side flues1 :i* deliv] into ! second vault$ space1 ,f4 ,9 ?is1 9 "s cases1 are anneal$ ! f9i%$ articles ( glass4 ,9 o!rs is fix$ a boil]1 /eam be+ g5]at$ by ! wa/e heat4 ,9 o!rs !re is no op5+ at ! top ( ,f at ,h1 b !re is "o at ! side in/ead1 ?r\gh :i* ! flame is l$ to raise /eam 9 ,belleville tubul\s boil]s4 ,! /eam is us$ to drive ! eng9es 9 ! gr9d]ies4 ,n mu* p[] is requir$1 & x is v easily obta9$ f ! wa/e heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,class ,,furnace ,! op]ations ( ! glass bl[] h be5 too (t5 describ$ to ne$ r$escription "h4 ,"o or two po9ts1 h[ev]1 des]ve notice4 ,"o is ! l>ge use made ( wood5 m\lds4 ,9 ^! are =m$ all k9ds ( circul> articles1 su* z tumbl]s & lamp glasses4 ,! m\lds are 9 halves1 & are kept soak$ ) wat] to prev5t !m f burn+4 ,inside !y become l9$ ) *>coal4 ,! glass bl[]1 gett+ a knob ( glass on ! end ( 8 bl[+ rod1 bl[s a v ?ick1 small bulb2 ?is he !n places on ! m\ld1 :i* is clos$ by a v small boy2 9 b too _m cases m]e *ildr51 sev5 or eight ye>s old1 are employ$4 ,! *ild holds ! two sides ( ! m\ld toge!r :ile ! bl[] rotates ! bulb )91 bl[+ all ! "t4 ,! "w is turn$ out v true4 ,up to a comp>atively rec5t p]iod ! tumbl] 0 cut to ! prop] dep? :ile hot ) a pair ( scissors1 b ?is has be5 ab&on$1 & an extremely +5i\s little ma*9e is n[ us$ = cutt+ lamp glasses1 tumbl]s1 etc4 ,! article to be cut is plac$ v]tically on a /&4 ,at ! prop] height above ! /& is fix$ a %>p /eel po9t1 & by t\*+ ! glass aga9/ ?is a v small scrat* is made4 ,at ! same level is fix$ a little m\?piece ?r\gh :i* issues1 "u pressure1 a t9y gas flame1 n ?ick] ?an a %eet ( note pap]4 ,?is falls on ! glass1 :i* is turn$ r\nd by ! woman att5dant4 ,! glass is heat$ 9 an extremely n>r[ b& all r\nd4 ,! t\* ( a moi/5$ f+] suffices = ! complete sep>ation ( ! two p>ts ( ! glass r\nd ! heat$ girdle4 ,9 fact1 ?is is a v elegant application to manufactur+ purposes ( ! well kn[n hot wire me?od ( cutt+ glass s (t5 tri$ ) indiff]5t success by ! ent]pris+ amateur4 ,glass gr9d+ is c>ri$ out on a v l>ge scale at ,val ,/4 ,lamb]t 9 huge well light$ %ops4 ,!re are f\r gr9d]ies at ,val ,/4 ,lamb]t1 & "o at ,h]batte1 ! total numb] ( :i* is #hjj1 & ! floor space occupi$ is no less ?an #bd1jjj squ>e feet4 ,! fir/ /eam eng9e 0 put d[n to gr9d glass 9 #ahcf4 ,a great deal ( engrav+ is done ) fluoric acid1 ! vessel to be engrav$ be+ protect$ ) wax 9 :i* ! design is et*$4 ,tilghman's s& bla/ is also employ$1 z well z ! old copp] disk sy/em2 flats are gr\nd on tumbl]s by automatic ma*9]y4 ,x w\ld be impossible to d m ?an give a g5]al idea ( ! op]ations c>ri$ on 9 ?is va/ e/abli%m5t1 e portion ( :i* 0 ?r[n op5 to ! memb]s ( ! ,in/itution1 :ile numb]s ( heads ( dep>tm5ts w5t r\nd & answ]$ e "q1 & expla9$ e detail ) a frankness & a c\rtesy beyond praise4 ,x is impossible to inspect su* an e/abli%m5t z t at ,val ,/4 ,lamb]t )\t feel+ h[ h>d is ! battle :i* manufactur]s 9 ?is c\ntry h to fight4 ,!re1 z we h said1 are to be f\nd e advantage ( position1 & to ?is is add$ a body ( workm51 active1 sob]1 indu/ri\s1 among :om is he>d no talk ( /rikes1 & :o are cont5t to "w e day & all day long2 su* m51 direct$ by heads possess$ ( no small sci5tific ability1 & re-en=c$ by ! comm& ( ample capital1 _c fail to make a m>k 9 any m>ket1 & we only speak ! tru? :5 we regret t we h n su* works & su* m5 on ,engli% soil z !re are to be f\nd at ,val ,/4 ,lamb]t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,measur+ ,,/>* ,,granules4 ,x is well kn[n t ! microscopi/ c readily di/+ui% potato />* f all o!r />*es by ! size ( ! gra9s4 ,sa>e has f\nd t ! size ( ! potato />* granules increases ) ! quality ( ! />*4 ,9 fir/ quality />* !y h an av]age diamet] ( #cc micro-millimet]s1 9 second grade #ba1 9 ?ird grade #ag1 9 ! r9s+ wat] #ab1 & 9 t float$ (f on ! wat] only #h micro-millimet]s4 ,sa>e's pap] may be f\nd 9 full 9 ! ,zeits*rift fur ,spiritus9du/rie1 vi41 #dhb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,prop] ,,%oe+4 ,9 8 article on horse%oe+ ,mons4 ,laval>d makes "s good po9ts1 & also "s t appe> to me to be errone\s4 ,he says1 9 reg>d to ! frog1 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t ! frog helps ! hold1 b /range to say1 x alone ( ! ?ree p>ts has a %>e 9 ! hold :5 ! ho( is %od4 ,we see no?+ /range ab\t ?is :]e horses travel ov] h>d roads2 ! case is o!rwise on s(t roads or race tracks4 ,x is easy to make ! gr\nd surface ( su* %ape t x w h suffici5t hold1 )\t ! action ( ! frog4 ,9 ! %od foot1 ! frog has m to d ) keep+ ! foot heal?y ?an assi/+ 9 ! hold4 ,) horses us$ = spe$+ purposes1 ! frog helps to su/a9 ! sole ( ! foot1 z :5 ! foot is br\ght d[n ) great =ce & ! road s(t en\gh to receive ! impr9t ( ! %oe4 ,he fur!r says t3 ,simultane\s ) ?is pres]vation & reg5]ation ( ! frog1 ! hold ( ! horse becomes firm]1 & m equally divid$ t[>d ! heels1 & :5 />t+ a load1 !re is no clamp+ ) ! toe ( ! ho(1 b ! foot is br\ght d[n flat4 ,let u exam9e ?is /atem5t & see if ! reason :y ! horse br+s ! foot d[n flat is because ! frog is good1 & has a good hold on ! gr\nd4 ,! reason appe>s to u to be because f ! mann] ( %oe+ ! horse _c put 8 foot 9 any o!r way4 ,! %oes are mu* ?9n] beh9d ?an 9 front1 & ! heels p>$ l[ en\gh to insure ! frogs re/+ on ! gr\nd4 ,excessive p>+ ( ! heels gives extra l5g? to ! %oe1 :i*1 be+ ?ick at ! toe1 props ! toe up 9 su* a mann] t ! horse is =c$ to let ! foot rema9 flat :5 />t+ a load4 ,no?+ is ga9$ by keep+ ! foot flat :ile />t+ a load1 & to prove ?is1 we ask ! read] to obs]ve un%od horses :5 />t+ a load4 ,! frog hav+ free access to ! gr\nd1 see if ! horse does n clamp ! gr\nd ) ! toe :5 exhibit+ ! maximum ( /r5g?4 ,also exam9e ! impr9t ( horses' feet 7especially ! h9d ones7 :5 draw+ heavy loads ov] s(t gr\nd1 & see if ! %oe is n press$ m firmly into ! gr\nd at ! toe ?an at ! heel4 ,?is is n because he gets a bett] use ( ! frog by s do+1 b because ! foot is 9 a bett] position = ! horse to ex]t 8 /r5g? )\t injury to ! back t5dons4 ,z a fur!r te/1 place y\rself on an incl9e fac+ squ>ely up hill1 & see h[ mu* p[] y c ex]t2 !n place y\r feet exactly opposite 9 direction1 & note h[ mu* p[] y c !n exhibit4 ,:at has made ! diff]5ce8 ,simply ! relative position ( ! heels & toes4 ,we d n1 l ,mons4 ,laval>d1 wi% to =ce our horses to travel up hill all ! "t1 :i* is ! case :5 %od z he describes4 ,horse%o]s1 l o!r m5 :o foll[ a special call+1 are apt to ?9k t _! !ories & practices relat+ to _! special trade are sup]ior to ^? ( o!r m54 ,i ?9k x is safe to make ! ass]tion1 )\t fe> ( successful refutation1 t !re is n m ?an "o horse%o] 9 t5 ?\s& b :at c conv9ce ! av]age horse own] t he 7! smi?7 kn[s j ab\t all t is wor? kn[+ ab\t horse%oe+4 ,& ! same av]age horse own] is conceit$ en\gh to ?9k himself a bett] judge ( a good job ( %oe+ ?an ! intellig5t animal t we>s ! %oes till 8 feet feel z ?\gh !y 7 full ( ?i/les4 ,a horse's foot is n a ?+ t c be cut & sla%$ into all %apes ) impunity1 b requires c>eful z well z intellig5t treatm5t4 ,x is a great mi/ake to suppose t e s\nd foot %\ld be treat$ alike4 ,ea* foot has its individuality1 :i* mu/ be recogniz$ & respect$ if good results are to foll[ %oe+4 ,x is a lam5table fact1 & "o t _c be disput$1 t mo/ horse%o]s h b a fa9t notion ( :at is requir$ to %oe a horse prop]ly1 ev5 :]e no defects exi/4 ,if he gets pay = ! "w1 he gives himself no tr\ble to improve on 8 me?ods4 ,b ) ! own] ! case is diff]5t4 ,! usefulness & value ( ! horse are l>gely affect$ by ! condition ( ! feet1 & he mu/ le>n to "k h[ 8 horse ought to be %od1 & !n see to x t ! "w is prop]ly execut$4 ,we "k f p]sonal exp]i5ce t ?is is h>d to d4 ,! smi? mu/ und]/& t y are 9 e>ne/ ab\t ! matt]1 & t y are b\nd to h y\r ord]s obey$4 ,i h f\nd "s m5 v ob/9ate1 & o!rs always ready to d any?+ t 0 an improvem5t on ! old way4 ,fir/ decide :at k9d ( labor ! horse is expect$ to p]=m4 ,if he is expect$ to g fa/1 great c>e & skill w be requir$ to get ev]y?+ j z x %\ld be1 & don't blame ! smi? = *>g+ extra = extra "w4 ,x w (t5 be necess>y to make sev]al trials be=e y f9d out j :at suits ! horse be/1 & don't fail to let ! horse be judge 9 ! matt]1 = :5 he is suit$ y ought to be4 ,place ! horse on a smoo?1 clean floor1 & note ! set ( ea* foot1 & :e!r x is 9 l9e ) ! limb above x4 ,cut away ! wall ( ! foot until y come to :]e x jo9s ! sole2 except at ! heels & qu>t]1 x may n be q z l[2 let ! frog & b>s rema9 intact1 b see t ! %oe w n be> mu* on ! b>s4 ,give ! sole ab\t its natural concavity ( surface up to ! wall1 b no fur!r4 ,place ! foot on ! floor & see if x is 9 l9e ) ! limb2 if n1 remove en\gh horn to make x s4 ,! slant ( ! front "p ( ! =e foot %\ld1 z a rule1 be ! same z t ( ! pa/]n2 t ( ! h9d ones a little /eep]4 ,n[ /& beh9d ! horse :ile he is made to walk1 & see if :5 ! foot approa*es ! floor bo? sides come d[n at ! same "t s t !re is no rock+ motion f "o side /rik+ fir/4 ,disreg>d ! advice ( "s writ]s :o recomm5d to h ! sole b>e on ! iron2 t !ory :5 put into practice doesn't "w wor? a c5t4 ,9 mo/ cases x w n be necess>y to remove mu*1 if any1 ( ! horn f ! sole1 b !re are cases :]e x w be f\nd necess>y to remove q an am\nt1 or ! sole w become s inela/ic t x w greatly int]f]e ) ! action ( ! int]nal organs ( ! foot4 ,x is evid5t t nature made ! sole ( ! foot s t x might be act$ ^u me*anically to remove its surplus gr[? 9 ! same way z ! wall1 = 9 ! un%od foot x receives ! impact ( all sorts ( sub/ances1 f s(t mud to %>p1 fl9ty rocks2 & t1 too1 )\t becom+ dry & brittle4 ,! be>+ surface %\ld be half an in* wide & made positively flat & level1 be+ )\t lumps or depressions1 & n bevel$ ei!r way unless !y are h>d & incl9$ to p9*1 :5 x %\ld be bevel$ to ! outside1 s t ! weight ( ! horse :5 br\ght ^u its surface w cause ! heels to op51 !reby caus+ a m heal?y condition ( ! frog4 ,! nail holes ( ! %oe %\ld be fur!r f ! out] edge ( ! %oe1 especially at ! toe1 ?an ^? usually se5 9 ! m>ket4 ,! be>+ surfaces ( ! foot & %oe %\ld be z ne>ly approximat$ z possible1 else ! ho( w be bruis$ & ! %oe soon loos5$4 ,! holes be+ fur!r f ! edge1 all[s ! nails to take a deep] & l[] hold ?an is usually giv5 !m2 ! direction ( ! nails is m ne>ly across ! gra9 or lay]s ( horn1 caus+ less splitt+ ( its sub/ance1 !reby secur+ a firm] hold ^u ! foot4 ,two l>ge nails are usually *os51 #es or #fs be+ l>ge en\gh = ord9>y %oes4 ,x is n necess>y to hamm] d[n ! cl9*es1 if c>e has be5 tak5 to draw ! nails1 f9i%+ ) light /rokes ( ! hamm]4 ,! %oes w /ay j z long1 z we c te/ify by f\r ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & ! advantages are t ! horn is n injur$ by fil+ bel[ ! cl9*es nor by ! /rokes ( ! hamm] dur+ ! op]ation4 ,%\ld ! horse /ep ^u ! %oe1 no horn w be remov$ ) ! %oe1 z is usually done :5 ! cl9*es are left long & !n turn$ d[n ) ! hamm]4 ,9 su* cases1 ! %oe w be torn (f1 no matt] h[ solid ! cl9*es hold1 & x is bett] to come away )\t break+ ! ho(4 ,we repeat & make emphatic t ! be>+ surface ( ! %oe mu/ n be concave1 z x is almo/ sure to make corns1 & induce an inflammatory condition ( ! foot1 & ?is inflammatory action is ! =]unn] ( ! long li/ ( evils t are sure to foll[1 unless means are tak5 to relieve ! p>ts4 ,& yet almo/ e horse%o] 9 ! c\ntry gives ! be>+ surface ( ! %oe a bevel to ! c5t]4 ,_m smi?s w d5y ?is1 b aft] !y h ! %oe ready to apply to ! foot1 take a squ>e & place ! edge across ! be>+ surface at ! heel ( ! %oe1 & n9ety-n9e times out ( "o hundr$ ! outside w be ! highe/4 ,! front action ( a horse may be greatly modifi$ by ! weight ( ! %oe1 & "h is :]e great caution1 close att5tion1 & a ?or\gh k ( ! pr9ciples involv$ are requir$1 or "o w be liable to ?r[ 8 horse out ( balance if he is us$ = spe$+2 = sl[ "w x is bett] to h ! %oe some:at light] ?an ! horse might c>ry ?an to err 9 ! opposite direction4 ,x is n int5d$ by me to take up all ! po9ts ( horse%oe+ t might be dwelt ^u ) pr(it1 & no "o :o reads ^! rem>ks w be m ready ?an ,i to le>n a bett] me?od ( %oe+ ?an t ,i n[ practice1 & ,i s9c]ely hope t "s read] ( ?is pap] w favor u ) m in=mation on ?is important subject4--,p4 ,d4 ,b41 9 ,wallace's ,mon?ly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mill+ ,,_w4 ,,ideas4 ,by ,a4 ,,look]-,,on4 ,i4 ,!re is yet a good deal to d 9 successfully apply+ ! roll] process to small mills ( f #be to #ajj b>rels capacity4 ,!re has be5 a great deal done1 no d\bt1 b "o ?+ is lo/ sight ( 9 all ! pat5ts t h be5 grant$ s f>1 & t is *eapness1 n only 9 ! price ( ! ma*9e1 b also 9 its application to ! exi/+ or orig9al plant 9 ! mill4 ,x %\ld be ( su* a nature t z few *anges 9 ! ma*9]y z possible %\ld be made4 ,if a gra9 ( :eat is exam9$1 x w be a/oni%+ to see ! *emical laboratory t is lock$ up 9 x4 ,! mo/ valuable sub/ances1 glut51 is plac$ ne> ! air & light1 :ile ! little cells ( ! int]ior are compos$ ( />*1 :i* be+ ! s(te/ is ! fir/ to break up "u ! influ5ce ( ! rolls4 ,h5ce1 ! fl\r ( ! fir/ & second breaks is mo/ly compos$ ( t sub/ance4 ,ab\t ?ree & a half p] c5t4 ( woody fib] c be remov$ f a k]nel ( :eat by a moi/5$ clo?2 x is ( no value1 :atev]4 ,! next coat+ holds ne>ly all ! iron1 pota%1 soda1 lime1 & phosphoric acid4 ,?is wrapp] is ! gran>y1 s to speak1 9 :i* is deposit$ all ! weal? ( ! b]ry1 & l a good safe is ! h>de/ to op51 by ei!r ! roll]s or burrs4 ,! use ( rolls 9 clean+ bran is n[ g5]ally recogniz$1 & !y h prov$ v useful & practical = ?is purpose especially 9 l>ge mills4 ,bran1 h[ev]1 c only be ?or\ghly clean$ by sev]al op]ations1 & ! previ\s condition ( ! bran has a great deal to d ) ! numb] ( op]ations x has to und]go on ! rolls to be well clean$4 ,ea* passage ?r\gh ! rolls *anges ! condition ( bran1 & ! (t5] x goes ?r\gh !m ! light] & clean] x becomes1 until all ! fl\ry portion is remov$4 ,! ,au/rians use corrugat$ rolls = ! purpose ( clean+ bran1 ! f9e/ be+ on ! la/1 z 9 ! break rolls4 ,x is m sci5tific & philosophical to clean ! bran 9 ?is way ?an to rub (f ! fl\r betwe5 burrs 9 ?is way ?an to rub (f "s ( ! branny portion z well z ! glut9\s "p4 ,roll]s = ! fir/ clean+ are f eight to t5 in*es 9 diamet] & f ?ree to five hundr$ corrugations are us$1 & ?is increases up to "o ?\s& = ! la/ rolls us$2 b f9e corrugations we> out soon1 & ! rolls h to be frequ5tly corrugat$ or ! bran has to be f9i%$ on burrs4 ,! use ( roll]s is pref]able to t ( /ones = bran1 & _! use is consid]$ an important advance 9 mill+ by mo/ ,g]man exp]ts4 ,z ! advantage ( ! use ( rolls in/ead ( burrs consi/s 9 ! production ( a great] am\nt ( middl+s1 ?is advantage %\ld be exp]i5c$ 9 ! clean+ ( bran4 ,z ! small />*y p>ticles adh]+ to ! bran are sep>at$ 9 ! %ape ( middl+s in/ead ( fl\r1 a bett] quantity ( fl\r is produc$ f ^! middl+s bo? 9 color & /r5g? ?an t :i* is made f ! /ones' product4 ,diff]5tial spe$ 9 rolls is n only bett] 9 mak+ middl+s1 b 9 gr9d+ bran z well4 ,?is has be5 prov$ by sev]al exp]im5ts4 ,!re is no d\bt b t !re is less c>e be/[$ on ! hang+ & c>e ( %aft+ ?an ^u any o!r means us$ 9 apply+ p[] to manufactur+ purposes4 ,if ! /eam eng9e or ! wat] :eel is 9 good ord]1 & p]=m+ _! "w prop]ly1 & ! ma*9es driv5 by !m are also 9 good ord]1 !re is seldom a ?\ght be/[$ ^u ! m$ia betwe5 ! actuat+ p[] & its ultimate developm5t1 except ! necess>y att5tion :i* mu/ be paid to ! belt+1 & oil+ ( ! ma*9]y4 ,(t51 :5 ! result ( ! p[] is n satisfactory1 x is n ! driv+ p[] t is at fault1 b ! result may be f\nd 9 ! %aft+1 or o!r int]m$iate transf]]s ( ! p[]4 ,g5]ally1 9 su* a case1 ! belts are exam9$ & _! condition assum$ = ! imp]fect transmission ( ! p[] f ! prime mov]4 ,! condition ( ! belts is a v important po9t 9 all manufactur+1 b m p>ticul>ly 9 mills :]e a /ead9ess ( motion is a desid]atum1 & att5tion to !m w save _m doll>s 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>2 b !re are o!r z important elem5ts :i* are n always tak5 into consid]ation1 & ! pr9cipal "o is ! condition ( ! %aft+4 ,a l9e ( %aft+ runn+ p]fectly true1 )\t jump+ or j]k+1 turn+ smoo?ly & noiselessly1 is a delight to ! me*anical eye2 & ! fir/ ?+ always exam9$ by a ?or\gh millwright :5 he ent]s a mill1 is ! %aft+4 ,p]haps !re is no?+ w /rike a p]son :o has be5 out ( ! mill+ bus9ess = "s "t s mu* z ! *ange 9 ! sy/em ( bolt+4 ,?is is caus$ by ! num]\s sep>ations1 & x is 9 ?is ! :ole secret ( gradual r$uction lies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,photographs ,,= ,,/udy+ ,,! ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,m5 ,,& ,,animals4 ,by ,m4 ,,m>ey4#b ,:5 a s]ies ( photographs repres5t+ ! successive attitudes ( an animal is tak5 on ! same plate1 x is naturally desirable to multiply ^! images1 = ! purpose ( gett+ ! greate/ possible numb] ( phases ( ! movem5t4 ,b :5 ! animals to be reproduc$ d n move rapidly1 ! numb] ( images is limit$ by _! sup]position & ! result+ confusion4 ,?us1 a man runn+ at a mod]ate pace may be photograph$ t5 times 9 a second1 )\t ! impressions on ! plate be+ confus$4 ,if1 at times1 "o leg is depict$ on a "p already be>+ ! trace ( ano!r leg1 ! sup]position does n alt] ! image2 ! :ites become only m int5se 9 ^? portions ( ! plates receiv+ an impression twice ov]1 b ! cont\rs ( bo? limbs are /ill to be di/+ui%$4 ,9 ! case1 h[ev]1 ( a man walk+ sl[ly1 ^! sup]positions are s num]\s z to r5d] ! reproduction v confus$4 ,x is to rem$y ?is defect t ,i h _h rec\rse to p>tial photography2 t is to say1 ,i h suppress$ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! image1 t ! re/ may be m easily und]/ood4 ,9 ! me?od :i* ,i employ1 only :ite & light objects affect ! s5sitive plate2 x suffices1 !re=e1 to clo! t portion ( ! body to be suppress$ 9 black4 ,if a man dress$ 9 a p>ti-color$ co/ume ( black & :ite walk ov] ! track1 by turn+ ! :ite p>ts ( 8 app>el t[>d ! cam]a--! "r side1 = in/ance--he w be reproduc$ z if he only possess$ ! "r half ( 8 body4 ,^! images p]mit ! v>i\s successive phases ( movem5t to be accurately foll[$1 ! rotation ( ! foot & leg :5 bo? on ! gr\nd & lift$ up1 & ! oscillation ( ! limb at ! hip jo9t :ile mov+ along 9 a cont9u\s mann]4 ,^! p>tial photographs are also useful 9 ! analysis ( rapid movem5ts1 because !y all[ ( ! numb] ( attitudes repres5t$ be+ multipli$4 ,at ! same "t1 z a man's leg is r l>ge1 its reproduction _c be multipli$ v (t51 ow+ to confusion by sup]position4 ,i h !re=e s\ght to dim9i% ! size ( ! images1 s z to an admit ( repetition at v %ort int]vals4 ,! me?od consi/s 9 attir+ a walk] 9 a black co/ume hav+ n>r[ b&s ( bright metal appli$ d[n ! l5g? ( ! leg1 ?igh1 & arm1 foll[+ exactly ! direction ( ! bones ( ! limbs4 ,?is plan p]mits ! numb] ( images =m]ly produc$ to be increas$ at lea/ t5fold2 ?us1 in/ead ( t5 photographs p] second1 "o hundr$ may be tak54 ,to d ?is x is n necess>y to *ange ! spe$ ( rotation ( ! disk1 b in/ead ( pi]c+ x ) "o ap]ture1 t5 holes are made equally dispos$ ar\nd ! circumf]5ce4#c ,illu/ration ,! figure "h %[n is f "o ( ! negatives project$ on ! scre5 f ! lant]n4 ,! dott$ l9es h be5 fill$ 9 to =m direct l9es4 ,! figure %[s ! successive phases ( "o /ep 9 runn+4 ,only ! left leg is repres5t$2 ! l9es correspond to ! ?igh1 leg1 & foot2 ! dots to ! jo9ts at ! ankle1 knee1 & hip4 ,?is diagram %[s pretty cle>ly ! alt]ations ( flexion & ext5sion ( ! leg on ! ?igh1 ! undulat+ trajectories ( ! foot1 knee1 & hip1 & yet ! numb] ( images does n exce$ sixty 9 a second4 ,a revolv+ %utt] pi]c$ ) m holes w\ld give m p]fectly ! angul> displacem5ts ( ! leg on ! ?igh1 & ! positions ( ! ?ree jo9ts4 ,! f9] ! dott$ l9es express+ ! direction ( ! limbs1 ! m ! images may be multipli$2 b 9 ! pres5t case1 sixty times 9 a second m ?an suffice to %[ ! displacem5ts ( ! limbs :5 runn+4 ,9 ?is photographic analysis ! two factors ( movem5ts--"t & space--_c be bo? e/imat$ p]fectly2 k ( ! positions ! body has occupi$ 9 space requires t "o %\ld possess complete & di/9ct images2 9 ord] to obta9 su* images1 a suffici5tly long space ( "t mu/ elapse betwe5 ! two successive photographs4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x is desirable to e/imate "t m p]fectly1 ! frequ5cy ( recurr5ce ( ! image mu/ be greatly increas$4 ,to br+ ^! two exig5cies z closely toge!r z possible1 l9es & po9ts mu/ be *os5 = ! p>tial photographs :i* be/ %[ ! successive attitudes ( ! body4 ,x is curi\s to see t ?is expression ( successive attitudes ( ! trunk & limbs1 by means ( a s]ies ( l9es express+ ! direction ( ! bones1 has be5 precisely adopt$ by ! anci5t au?ors z be+ ! mo/ explicit & capable ( mak+ ! phases ( a movem5t und]/ood4 ,?us1 ,v9c5t & ,goiffon1 9 _! rem>kable "w on ! horse1 h tri$ to repres5t by l9es at diff]5t angles ! displacem5ts ( ! bones ( limbs :ile tak+ a /ep4 ,x is n necess>y to expatiate on ! sup]iority photography has ov] actual obs]vation = ?is purpose1 giv+ ! true positions ( ! limbs1 :ile ! eye is incapable ( tak+ 9 su* rapid actions 9 su* %ort spaces ( "t4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is c5tury ! bro!rs ,web] _h rec\rse to ! same mode ( repres5tation to expla9 ! successive actions produc$ 9 ! walk ( a man4 ,x 0 by r$uc+ ! walk] to ! figure ( a skeleton t ^! em95t obs]v]s succe$$ 9 pres5t+1 )\t confusion1 a numb] ( images express+ diff]5t attitudes4 ,! me?od ( con/ruct+ ! bright metal b&s :i* 9 ! photograph expla9 ! position ( ! jo9ts1 requires special m5tion4 ,z ! l5g? ( exposure is v %ort1 a sub/ance hav+ great brilliancy mu/ be employ$4 ,! /rips ( metal are n equally lum9\s d[n _! entire l5g?1 because !y d n reflect ! sol> rays at ! same angle2 !y pres5t l9es ( unequal int5sity on ! negatives4 ,i h obta9$ ! be/ results ) small /rips ( black wood ) nails hav+ hemisph]ical bright metal heads driv5 9 at regul> int]vals4 ,ea* little r\nd$ surface reflect$ ! image ( ! sun v brilliantly4 ,9 ! photograph ^! l9es ( nails are reproduc$ z dott$ l9es4 ,at ! ankle1 knee1 & hip jo9ts1 nails ( l>g] dim5sions 7 ins]t$1 %[+ ^! c5t]s ( movem5t by a mu* l>g] dot4 ,p>tial photographs obta9$ by ?is me?od all[ ( ! diff]5t acts ( locomotion be+ analyz$1 z well z ! movem5ts ( walk+1 runn+1 or jump+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,detective ,,photography4 ,= sev]al ye>s ,mr4 ,d4 ,n4 ,c>valho1 ! ,new ,york photograph]1 has made a specialty ( ! delicate use ( photography :i* is br\ght into play m & m 9 connection ) crim9al cases 9 :i* disput$ h&writ+1 =g]ies1 c\nt]feit money1 etc41 are features4 ,! results n[ a*iev$ are ! outcome ( ye>s ( exp]im5t1 & ! photographic exp]t becomes 9 ! end an exp]t 9 h&writ+4 ,mr4 ,c>valho's gall]y ( records is an int]e/+ illu/ration ( :at p]sev]ance & +5uity1 aid$ by photography1 c d t[>d solv+ app>5tly hopeless my/]ies4 ,to a report]1 :o visit$ 8 /udio1 he said3 ,we c d a great _m ?+s to br+ ! tru? to light by ! aid ( photography4 ,!re is sc>cely a case n[adays 9 :i* x is n br\ght into play if disput$ h&writ+ is conc]n$4 ,( c\rse ! mo/ fam\s case ( late ye>s 0 ! ,morey lett] case4 ,!re is a photograph ( ! ,morey lett] up !re 9 a corn]4 ,x yet rema9s a my/]y1 b we are c]ta9 t ,g>field did n write x4 ,i fir/ f\nd by photography t ! envelope _h be5 tamp]$ ) by ! foll[+ process3 ,cutt+ ! envelope op51 s z to get a s+le ?ickness ( pap]1 ,i put x betwe5 two %eets ( plate glass1 & plac$ x :]e ! sun pass$ ?r\gh x1 ! cam]a be+ plac$ on ! %ady side4 ,al?\gh no half-eras$ writ+ c\ld be detect$ on ! envelope ) ! nak$ eye or a glass1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! ?ickness ( ! pap] :]e erasures _h be5 made %[$ pla9ly1 z ! light came ?r\gh m cle>ly1 & ! eras$ words1 :i* gave rise to s mu* discussion1 7 discov]$4 ,bel[ ! ,morey lett] is a photograph ( ! signature ( ,alonzo ,c4 ,yates4 ,yates1 y may rememb]1 0 a ri* ,philadelphia clo?i]1 :o1 late 9 life1 m>ri$ a cook 9 ! ,a/or ,h\se1 & di$1 leav+ a million or s to ! wife4 ,! daught]s by a fir/ wife disput$ ! signature to ! w4 ,i 0 employ$ by ,john ,d4 ,t[ns5d to %[ ! g5u95ess ( ! signature4 ,we got ?irty or =ty g5u9e signatures ( ,yates admitt$ by bo? sides1 & %[$ t a man nev] writes 8 "n ! same way twice4 ,!n ,i took ! signature ( ! w & ano!r admitt$ by bo? sides1 & enl>g$ !m until ea* 0 #i feet #d in*es long4 ,! peculi>ities ( ! writ+ became s app>5t :5 %[n ^u t enorm\s scale--! signatures 7 s evid5tly by ! same p]son--t ! conte/ants gave up ! case4 ,!re is a portrait ( ,!ophilus ,y\ngs4 ,he m>ri$ a clairvoyant _m ye>s ago 9 ,bo/on & disappe>$4 ,8 wid[ pret5d$ to recognize 8 body 9 "o t 0 f\nd 9 ! bay soon aft]1 & he 0 giv5 up z dead4 ,"s ye>s aft] 8 fa!r di$1 & ! wid[ put 9 a claim = a %>e ( ! prop]ty4 ,! conte/ants1 by :om ,i 0 employ$1 cont5d$ t ,y\ngs 0 yet alive1 & ev5tually produc$ him 9 c\rt4 ,! alleg$ wid[ refus$ to recognize him1 & ,i 0 call$ ^u to prove he 0 ! man4 ,! wid[ produc$ a photograph :i* %e said 0 "o ( ! pictures ( ,y\ngs1 h] husb&4 ,a good _m ye>s _h pass$1 & al?\gh ! lik5ess 0 a /rong "o1 !re 0 en\gh diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( ,y\ngs & ! photograph to make a jury hesitate4 ,i put ,y\ngs 9 ! same position 9 :i* he 0 tak5 9 ! picture1 ! g5u95ess ( :i* 0 admitt$1 & made a photograph ( ! same size4 ,!n ! lik5ess became m app>5t1 & exact measurem5ts %[$ ! two faces to measure ! same 9 all respects4 ,= in/ance1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! m\? & ! eye1 :i* is seldom ! same 9 two p]sons1 0 exactly equal4 ,!n "o picture 0 made transp>5t & sup]impos$ ov] ! o!r1 & ! two faces mat*$ p]fectly4 ,! jury decid$ t ! claimant 0 n an impo/or4 ,9 ! case ( ,hall1 ! head cl]k ( ! ,new>k ,treasur]'s (fice1 ev]y?+ dep5d$ ^u %[+ t he *ang$ a figure #e into a figure #c4 ,he ran away to ,canada1 & 0 br\ght back ^u a *>ge ( =g]y4 ,8 c\nsel claim$ t ! figure _h n be5 *ang$1 & t if ! m>k ( an eras] 0 f\nd1 & t ! figure #e _h be5 *ang$1 x 0 caus$ by ! accid5tal slip ( an ink eras] us$ 9 ! m>g94 ,i made photographs ( ! page1 & by means ( a /]eopticon ?rew a picture ( t p>ticul> figure ^u a scre5 #aj feet high4 ,^u t scale sev]al int]e/+ ?+s came out4 ,x 0 se5 v pla9ly t ! figure _h be5 alt]$ f a #e to a #c1 b ! erasure _h be5 made ) a diff]5t mat]ial f ! erasure 9 ! m>g94 ,we tri$ a rubb] ink eras]1 & ! result 0 ! same z se5 9 ! m>g94 ,!n we tri$ a /eel p5knife1 & ! result enl>g$ a ?\s& times 0 ! same z se5 ov] ! figure #c4 ,?is dispos$ ( ! 'accid5t' !ory1 & ,hall 0 convict$4 ,i 0 employ$ 9 ! ,cadet ,:ittak] case1 & work$ = weeks at ! fam\s lett] ( w>n+--a few words scribbl$ on a piece ( pap]1 :i* ,:ittak] 0 suspect$ ( writ+4 ,all ! cadets 7 call$ ^u to give specim5s ( _! h&writ+1 & ! writ+ ( ,no4 #bg 0 decl>$ by ! exp]ts to be t ( ! note ( w>n+4 ,i believ$ t x 0 n1 &1 tak+ ! specim5 ( ,no4 #bg's writ+ ^u :i* he 0 suspect$1 ,i duplicat$ ! note ( w>n+1 cutt+ ! same lett]s out ( #bg's specim51 & plac+ !m toge!r z ne>ly z possible 9 ! ord] ( ! fam\s note4 ,x 0 a "w ( trem5d\s labor1 b :5 done x %[$ ! innoc5ce ( ,no4 #bg4 ,x 0 suspect$ t ! scrap ( pap] ^u :i* ! note ( w>n+ 0 writt5 0 torn f a lett] %eet :i* ,:ittak] s5t to 8 "m1 b t !ory 0 dispos$ ( ^u enl>g+ ! two edges to ! size at :i* a f9e cambric ne$le looks l a cr[b>4 ,!n x 0 se5 t ! two edges _h nev] be5 toge!r4 ,! v]dict 9 ! ,:ittak] case 0 f9ally rev]s$ ^u ! gr\nd t ! c\rt _h come to a decision f ! exam9ation ( li?ographs ( ! note ( w>n+1 :i* ,i prov$ by comp>ison ) a photograph 7 incorrect4 ,:ittak]1 by ! way1 is tea*+ s*ool n[ 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ?is ,/ate4 ,he made spee*es = ,clevel& 9 8 neighborhood dur+ ! election campaign la/ autumn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,supplem5t ,no4 #chd1 page #fabg4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph4#d ,! fir/ electric telegraph 9 :i* ,volta's memorable discov]y 0 utiliz$ 0 t ( ,soemm]+1 ( ,muni*1 dat+ f #ahji1 & n f #ahaa z ! /atem5t has too (t be5 made 9 pr9t4 ,soemm]+ 0 l$ to take up electric telegraphy 9 a v curi\s way4 ,x 0 dur+ ! w>s ( ! ,empire4 ,x _c be =gott51 says ,julius ,zoelln]1 9 ! ,bu* d] ,erf9dung51 t ! s rapid & consequ5tly s =tunate ent]prises ( ,napoleon 7 especially favor$ by ! admirable means ( communication :i* s rapidly transmitt$ ! w ( "o man to all p>ts ( 8 army1 & t x 0 v (t5 su* rapidity alone t r5d]$ its execution possible4 ,! un=tunate blockade ( ,g5]al ,mack 9 ,ulm 0 an example t ,bav>ia _h se5 f too close a di/ance n to take x into acc\nt4 ,&1 :5 ! entirely unexpect$ invasion ( ! ,au/rians1 on ,april #i1 #ahji1 & ! flight ( ! ,k+ ( ,bav>ia 7:o 0 oblig$ to leave ,muni* on ! #aa?7 7 ann\nc$ s quickly to ,napoleon1 by ! optic telegraph1 t on ! #bb;d ( ,april ,muni*1 t _h six days be=e be5 tak5 by ! ,au/rians1 0 occupi$ by ! ,fr5*1 & :5 ,k+ ,maximilian 0 enabl$ to re-ent] 8 resid5ce sixte5 days aft] leav+ x1 !n ! ,bav>ian m9i/]1 ,montgelas1 direct$ 8 att5tion s]i\sly to ! high importance ( telegraphy4 ,on ! #e? ( ,july1 #ahji1 :ile d9+ ) ,soemm]+1 a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,muni*1 he express$ to him a desire to h ?is sci5tific body propose "s sy/ems ( telegraphy4 ,! savant accept$ ?is idea ) ! greate/ eag]ness1 &1 ?ree days aft]w>d1 "u date ( ,july #h1 he wrote 9 8 j\rnal3 444 ',%all be able to take re/ only :5 ,i %all h realiz$ telegraphy by ! dis5gagem5t ( gas4' ,at ?is epo*1 9 fact1 ! decomposition ( wat] 0 ! sole ph5om5on kn[n t w\ld p]mit ! electric curr5t to be us$ = telegraphy1 & ,soemm]+ _h r5d]$ himself p]fectly conv]sant ) x4 ,he at once b\ght silv] & copp] wires1 insulat$ !m by means ( seal+ wax1 &1 on ! #h? ( ,july1 con/ruct$ 8 fir/ app>atus 7,fig4 #e74 ,five insulat$ rods1 repres5t$ by ! lett]s1 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 dipp$ into a vessel1 ,e1 conta9+ acidulat$ wat]4 ,f ^! rods !re />t$ wires :i*1 comb9$ into a cable1 x1 x1 & insulat$ f ea* o!r by seal+-wax1 c\ld be put 9 contact ) ! poles ( a ,volta pile1 ,s1 ( #ae elem5ts1 =m$ ( z9c disks1 ,brabant ?al]s1 & felt soak$ 9 dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,on caus+ a v>iation 9 ! wires t he put 9 connection ) ! poles ( ! pile1 he 0 enabl$ to produce a dis5gagem5t ( gas ^u any two def9ite rods1 & ?us to transmit ! lett]s t he _h tak5 c>e to m>k ! diff]5t wires )4 ,! possibility ( ! sy/em 0 recogniz$1 & ,soemm]+ at once _h an app>atus con/ruct$ accord+ to x4 ,on ! #bb;d ( ,july he receiv$ x f ! h&s ( ! workman ne>ly su* z x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,! decompos+ res]voir 0 ( an elongat$ rectangul> %ape conta9+ #ce gold rods t correspond$ to #be lett]s & #aj figures4 ,f ^! rods />t$ #ce wires cov]$ ) silk & comb9$ into a bundle t 0 aft]w>d cov]$ ) melt$ %ellac4 ,at ! o!r extremity ( ?is cable ! wires ran to #ce pieces ( copp] fix$ horizontally ^u a wood5 support1 & ea* provid$ ) an ap]ture into :i* c\ld be ins]t$ "o ( ! p9s 9 :i* ! pile wires t]m9at$4 ,:5 ^! latt] 7 put 9 connection ) ! pieces correspond+ to any two lett]s :atev]1 gas 0 obs]v$ to dis5gage itself 9 ! res]voir ^u ! two correspond+ rods1 b 9 great] quantity on ! "o connect$ ) ! negative pole4 ,?is fact 0 n lo/ ^u ,soemm]+1 & he utiliz$ x to r5d] ! dispat*es m rapid2 = x all[$ him to transmit two lett]s always at ! same "t1 ) ! proviso t ! "o ^u ! rod f :i* mo/ gas 0 dis5gag$ _h be5 writt5 fir/4 ,no dem& arose = ?is fir/ app>atus1 s ,soemm]+ soon devis$ "o t op]at$ by ! aid ( a paddle-:eel set 9 motion by ! bubbles ( gas4 ,b1 a little lat] on1 9 ,augu/1 #ahaj1 he replac$ ?is by ano!r & v +5i\s app>atus :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,an inv]t$ spoon1 arrang$ horizontally 9 ! liquid1 collect$ 9 its b[l ! gases t 7 dis5gag$ f c]ta9 rods1 & !n1 ris+1 caus$ ! incl9ation at ! same "t ( a rod b5t at "r angles4 ,?is latt] !reupon all[$ a small copp] ball to drop into a glass funnel1 f :5ce x fell ^u a cup atta*$ to ! end ( a lev]1 &1 ?r\gh its weight1 ?rew into ge> a bell op]at$ by a clockwork movem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e--,,soemm]+',s ,,fir/ ,,telegraph4 ,9 #ahaa1 ,soemm]+ simplifi$ 8 app>atus z reg>ds ! numb] ( signs4 ,in/ead ( hav+ #be lett]s 7a complete alphabet m9us x7 & #aj figures1 he did away ) ^! latt] & ! lett] ,j1 & introduc$ ! x1 ! p]iod1 & a sign ( repetition4 ,! app>atus 0 ?us r$uc$ to #bg wires4 ,! fir/ exp]im5ts 9 telegraphy made ) ?is sy/em1 on ! #i? ( ,july1 #ahji1 7 ov] a di/ance ( #ch feet2 on ! #ai?1 transmission 0 effect$ to #agj feet2 &1 on ! #h? ( ,augu/1 to #a1jjj feet2 b x 0 n until he _h p]fect$ ! insulation ( 8 wires by means ( ,india rubb] dissolv$ 9 e!r1 & _h devis$ 8 paddle-:eel call1 t ,soemm]+ decid$ to pres5t 8 telegraph to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,bav>ia dur+ its session ( ,augu/ #bh1 #ahji4 ,"s "t aft]w>d1 ,b>on ,l>rey1 ,inspector ,g5]al ( ! m$ical s]vice ( ! ,fr5* armies1 c>ri$ ,soemm]+'s telegraph to ,p>is & pres5t$ x to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at its session ( ,decemb] #e1 #ahji4 ,?is pres5tation gave rise to a s]ies ( lett]s address$ by ,soemm]+ to ! ,b>on4 ,8 son1 n[ a memb] ( ! ,academy1 has _h ! goodness to communicate ^! to ,c\nt du ,moncel1 ?r\gh ^: k9dness we are enabl$ to cite ! mo/ int]e/+ passages f !m4 ,soemm]+ writes on ! #aj? ( ,novemb]3 ,i h ! honor to remit to y h]e) a memoir :i*1 conjo9tly ) ! trifles t y h _h ! goodness to *>ge y\rself )1 w expla9 my mean+ cle>ly & briefly4 ,i am desir\s ( le>n+ ! reception t ,8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y deign$ to accord to ^! ideas4 ,! memoir1 z y w see1 sir1 makes m5tion1 aphori/ically1 ( a few q v>i$ exp]im5ts t ,i h be5 9 a position to p]=m4 ,i d>e to flatt] myself t !y w please sev]al memb]s ( ! ,in/itute4 ,indep5d5t ( ! major int]e/ ( :i* !y seem susceptible1 t ( novelty belongs to !m4 ,9 my op9ion1 !re is no "o :o c dispute x4444 ,on ! #e? ( ,decemb]1 #ahji1 z we h said1 ! telegraph 0 pres5t$ to ! ,in/itute1 b ! inv5tor does n seem to h be5 at once in=m$ ( x2 = he writes1 "u date ( ,july #cj1 #ahaj3 ,i h1 sir1 read y\r diss]tation ^u my telegraph ) great pleasure4444 ,has my succ9ct memoir on ! telegraph1 s5t f "h on ! #ab? ( ,novemb]1 rea*$ y1 sir1 & h y _h ! goodness to communicate x to ! ,in/itute8 ,z ! old wires t 7 pretty badly treat$ by _m manipulations _h really suff]$ !refrom1 & z x 0 only to save "t t ,i did n h !m r5ew$ be=e s5d+ ! app>atus1 ,i wi% t !y c\ld be replac$ by ord9>y clavi*ord wires w\nd ) silk1 inasmu* z ! mat]ial 9 ^! is m durable ?an ! copp] ( ! old ones4 ,_h ,i be5 able to flatt] myself1 sir1 t y w\ld h tak5 en\gh int]e/ 9 ?is inv5tion to be at ! tr\ble ( c>ry+ x to ,p>is1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly n h fail$ to effect 9 advance ?is small & necess>y improvem5t1 :i*1 leav+ "t out ( consid]ation1 w require b a c>e z to details4 ,=1 9 fact1 ,i /rongly appreh5d t n only ! brittl5ess ( ! copp] wire1 b also ! viol5ce t trials ant]ior & ev5 =eign to pres5t use h submitt$ ^! wires to1 h possibly got ! silk out ( ord]1 or us$ x up "h & !re1 ?us produc+ imm$iate contacts ( metal & br++ ab\t a premature clos+ ( ! galvanic *a91 :5ce w\ld result a total dis>rangem5t ( ! que/ions4 ,i truly regret1 !n1 hav+ 7?r\gh be+ too jeal\s ( "t1 :i* y y\rself "k s well ! value (7 s5t y ! in/rum5t 9 su* a /ate ( imp]fection1 & ,i _c d bett] ?an ask to h x s5t back "h 9 good ord]4 ,p]mit me1 !n1 to ask y at once to please n let ,pr9ce de ,neuf*atel nor ev5 ,8 ,maje/y ! ,emp]or see x until ! said repair has be5 effect$1 ei!r by myself or 7if ! s5d+ back w\ld seem to y to take too long7 by "s "o ( our skillful arti/s at ,p>is4 ,accord+ to my convictions1 !re is b ?is means ( prev5t+ its effect f fail+ u1 ev5 = ev]4 ,x is a true pleasure to see x s infallible & complete z x is 9 ! new in/rum5t ( absolutely ! same /ructure t ,i h _h con/ruct$ = ! ,academy ( ,muni*4 ,! telegraph1 :i* d\btless 0 repair$ at ,p>is1 0 return$ to ,muni* only 9 ,may1 #ahaa4 ,! same ye> x 0 c>ri$ to ,vi5na by ! ,russian ,c\nt ,potocki1 :om ,b>on ,s*ill+ _h made kn[n to ,soemm]+1 & :o pres5t$ ! app>atus to ,emp]or ,francis ! ,fir/1 on ! #a/ ( ,july ( ! same ye>4 ,ano!r model 0 s5t by ,soemm]+ to 8 son ,william1 !n at ,g5eva1 :o %[$ x to ,augu/us ,pictet1 to ,de la ,rive1 & to "s o!r savants4 ,despite all su* pres5tations no high p]sonage %[$ himself dispos$ to aid ,soemm]+ 9 mak+ an ext5d$ application ( 8 inv5tion4 ,! committee nam$ by ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 & 9 :i* figur$ ,monge1 ,biot1 & ,c>not1 does n seem to h made any report4 ,! app>atus 0 consid]$ ( small importance alongside ( t ( ,claude ,*appe1 & ,napoleon himself1 says ,mr4 ,zoelln]1 treat$ ! inv5tion z a ,g]man vision4 ,on ano!r h&1 ,bav>ia & ,au/ria %[$ j z little en?usiasm2 b ,soemm]+1 r$uc$ to 8 own res\rces1 cont9u$ 8 exp]im5ts none ! less on t acc\nt4 ,on ! #d? ( ,febru>y1 #ahab1 he f\nd x possible to telegraph to a di/ance ( #d1jjj feet1 & on ! #ae? ( ,m>* ( ! same ye> he op]at$ 8 app>atus ) complete success ov] a l9e #aj1jjj feet 9 l5g?4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly mak+ great progress2 b x is c]ta9 t1 ev5 if ,soemm]+ _h n enc\nt]$ univ]sal indiff]5ce1 8 telegraph w\ld n h be5 able to become practical1 because ( ! l>ge numb] ( wires employ$4 ,a modification1 h[ev]1 w\ld h enabl$ x to play a role dur+ ! tw5ty-five ye>s :i* prec$$ ! inv5tion ( m easily realizable sy/ems4 ,?is modification is ! "o ,salomon ,*ri/oph] ,s*weigg] propos$ 9 an app5dix to ! memoir ( ,soemm]+ ins]t$ by him 9 #ahaae 9 8 j\rnal1 ! ,polyte*nis*es ,c5tral--,blatt4 ,8 proposition 0 t two unequal piles %\ld be employ$ in/ead ( "o1 s t fir/ "o & !n ! o!r1 or ev5 ! two comb9$1 %\ld act2 &1 besides1 t ! numb] ( wires %\ld be r$uc$ to two1 9 tak+ into consid]ation ! "t dur+ :i* ! gases 7 dis5gag$1 z well z ! int]ruptions ( v>y+ l5g?1 & to :i* w\ld succe$ ! action1 fir/ ( ! l>g]1 & !n ( ! small] pile4 ,) ^! diff]5t modifications1 x c]ta9ly w\ld h be5 possible to employ b two wires1 & to r5d] ! lay+ ( ! wires less co/ly4 ,aft] ,soemm]+1 we may cite 9 ! same category ,john ,r$man ,coxe1 :o1 accord+ to a note ins]t$ 9 #ahaj 9 ! ,annals ( ,philosophy1 propos$ to utilize = telegraphy ! decomposition ( wat] or metallic salts4 ,coxe1 h[ev]1 does n seem to h ev] made any exp]im5ts4 ,9 #ahad ,john ,rob]t ,%>pe claim$ likewise to h made exp]im5ts 9 telegraphy 9 #ahac2 & ^! 9 all probability 7 bas$ ^u electro-*emical action4 ,^u ! :ole1 ! only important "o ( ^! electro-*emical app>atus is t ( ,soemm]+4 ,?is m>ks an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( electric telegraphy1 b x 0 n capable ( ! ext5sion t c be giv5 ! app>atus bas$ ^u ,o]/$'s discov]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,soemm]+',s ,,p]fect$ ,,telegraph4 ,to be cont9u$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,sulphate ,,( ,,copp] ,,pile4 ,"s /udies made ( ! telegraph s]vice ( ! ,railway ,company ( ! ,ea/ 7,france7 h result$ 9 a happy modification ( ! ,callaud pile1 r5d]+ x easi] ( ma9t5ance & r$uc+ ! consumption ( ! mat]ials employ$4 ,z well kn[n1 ! ,callaud pile1 :i* is exclusively employ$ = telegraphic purposes by c]ta9 railroad companies1 consi/s ( a glass vessel1 ( a circul> piece ( z9c susp5d$ by hooks f ! upp] "p ( ! vessel1 & ( a /rip ( copp] re/+ on ! bottom ( ! latt]4 ,?is copp] /rip is rivet$ to a rod ( ! same metal :i* con/itutes ! positive electrode4 ,9 ! bottom ( ! vessel !re is plac$ a saturat$ solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 s t its level rea*es to )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! l[] "p ( ! z9c1 & ! vessel is !n fill$ ) pure wat]4 ,! z9c be+ attack$1 !re is =m$ a z9c sulphate1 :i* always rema9s at ! upp] "p ( ! vessel by reason ( ! diff]5ce 9 d5sity ( ! solutions ( sulphate ( z9c & sulphate ( copp]1 & ! r$uc$ copp] deposits ^u ! /rip 9 ! c5t]4 ,x has be5 f\nd necess>y to cov] ! copp] rod ) a %ea? ( gutta-p]*a 9 ord] to keep x f be+ cut at ! l9e ( int]section ( ! two liquids1 & ?is is ! fir/ inconv5i5ce ( ! sy/em4 ,x is necess>y1 moreov]1 to keep ! solution ( copp] at a c]ta9 degree ( conc5tration by plac+ 9 ! bottom ( ! vessel a supply ( cry/als ( sulphate ( copp]4 ,h5ce x happ5s t ! solution1 be+ increas$1 ev5tually rea*es ! z9c1 & ! latt] is !reupon attack$ to no purpose1 ) a pure loss ( copp] ?r\gh r$uction4 ,?is is a second inconv5i5ce1 :i* c be rem$i$ by introduc+ into ! pile only a simply saturat$ solution )\t excess ( cry/als4 ,x w be se5 t1 9 ?is latt] case1 x is necess>y to visit ! pile q frequ5tly1 to empty x by means ( siphons1 & to confide its ma9t5ance to exp]i5c$ p]sons only4 ,?is is :y1 up to ! pres5t1 railroad companies h pref]r$ ! ,daniell to ! ,callaud pile = al>m bells t control signal disks1 despite ! s]i\s advantages ( ! ,callaud pile & ! inconv5i5ce ( ! por\s vessel t ent]s into ! composition ( ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,sulphate ,,( ,,copp] ,,pile4 ,! modifi$ ,callaud pile is exempt f ! defects t we h j po9t$ out4 ,x diff]s f ! old =m 9 ! sub/itution ( a lead5 tube1 op5 at its extremities & dipp+ into ! liquid ( ! pile1 = ! piece ( copp] or positive electrode4 ,! lead1 :i* is n attack$1 & may s]ve indef9itely1 is held 9 a v]tical position by means ( a foot made by cutt+ slits ) a pair ( scissors 9 ! bottom ( ! tube1 & b5d+ back ! /rips ?us =m$4 ,?is foot also s]ves to prev5t ! tube f t\*+ ! z9c1 by hold+ x 9 equilibrium4 ,9 ord] to *>ge ! elem5t ?us con/itut$1 x is only necess>y to fill ! lead tube ) cry/als ( sulphate ( copp] & to p\r wat] into ! glass vessel until its level rea*es )9 a c5timet] & a half ( ! upp] edge ( ! z9c4 ,9 an h\r ! copp] w h dissolv$ suffici5tly to all[ ! pile to beg9 its action4 ,exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ t1 :atev] be ! supply ( copp] t is put into ! lead tube1 ! saturat$ solution w nev] rea* ! z9c1 ev5 9 an op5 circuit4 ,9 sum1 ! new arrangem5t giv5 to ! ,callaud elem5t pres5ts ! foll[+ advantages3 7#a7 ,x p]mits ( ! ma9t5ance be+ confid$ to anybody1 s9ce ?is consi/s simply 9 ! introduction into ! c5tral tube ( cry/als ( sulphate ( copp] :5 x is se5 t ! blue t9t ( ! l[] liquid is disappe>+4 7#b7 ,x p]mits ( proportion+ ! exp5se to ! "w really effect$4--,la ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,lodges1 ,port+ton ,grange1 ,ea/r+ton4 ,walt] ,han/ock1 ,ar*itect4 ,,gr\nd ,,plan4 ,,*amb] ,,plan4 ,,sugge/ions ,,9 ,,ar*itecture4--,,engli% ,,lodges4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lodges4 ,! walls ( ! build+s are be/ sc>let press$ bricks ) :ite tuck jo9ts2 ! wood fram+ is /a9$ br[n-black & well v>ni%$2 ! w9d[s f9i%$ :ite2 cem5t fill+1 flat cream :ite2 & ,broseley /rawb]ry tiles = ro(4 ,! build+s are situat$ 9 ! c5t] ( a plantation1 & ! comb9ation ( color is mo/ satisfactory4 ,!y are built at ! pr9cipal entrance to ,port+ton ,grange1 ,ea/r+ton1 ne> ,hull1 & belong to ,?omas ,bre>ley1 ,esq41 ,j4,p4 ,! works h be5 c>ri$ out "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,walt] ,han/ock1 ar*itect1 ,batley4--,build+ ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,decay ,,( ,,! ,,build+ ,,/ones4#f ,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,,juli54 ,! pap]1 :i* w be publi%$ 9 full by ! ,build+ ,/one ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,t5? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 consid]s ! build+ /ones employ$ 9 ,new ,york city & its suburbs1 i4 e41 ,brooklyn1 ,/at5 ,isl&1 ,j]sey ,city1 & ,hobok54 ,i4 ,,! ,,build+s1 ,,_! ,,numb]s1 ,,& ,,common ,,mat]ials4 ,! mat]ials ( g5]al con/ruction occur 9 ! foll[+ p]c5tage proportion to ! total numb] ( build+s 9 ! cities /at$ 9 ! table bel[3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,entire ,new ,brooklyn ,/at5 ,j]sey ,hobok54,metropolis4 ,york4 ,isl'd4 ,city4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,no4 ( build+s4 #ajj1aic #ge1ebf #g1gbe #bj1hhj #f1bhd #baj1fjh ,brick & /ucco4 #fc4b #cj4i #i4e #bb4h #cb4g #dg4i ,frame4 #bd4c #ej4i #ij4j #ge4b #fd4g #db4e ,/one4 #aa4f #i4a #j4e #b4j #b4f #i4a ,iron4 #j4i #j4a 44 44 44 #j4e ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,9 ,new ,york city prop]1 ! sev]al v>ieties ( /one are us$ 9 ! foll[+ proportion to ! entire numb] ( /one build+s3 ,br[n s&/one #gh4f ,nova ,scotia s&/one #i4j ,m>ble #g4i ,granyte #a4h ,ohio s&/one #a4f ,gneiss #j4i ,=eign s&/one #j4a ,blue/one & lime/one #j4a ,9 ,brooklyn1 ! ,connecticut br[n/one is ! v>iety pr$om9at+ among ! /one build+s 7#ie4g p] c5t471 & is employ$ almo/ altoge!r = ! fronts ( resid5ces4 ,v few iron build+s occur1 b ov] ?ree times z _m /ucco fronts z 9 ,new ,york4 ,! frame build+s pr$om9ate1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! outskirts1 e4 g41 ,long ,isl& ,city 7#hj4e p] c5t74 ,9 ,/at5 ,isl&1 /one ent]s 9 v small proportion into ! fronts ( build+s1 ?\gh commonly employ$1 z 9 ,new ,york & ?r\gh\t ?is di/rict1 = ! dress+ ( ap]tures1 ! walls ( inclosures1 & o!r masonry4 ,9 ,j]sey ,city1 ! proportions ( ! mat]ials are mu* z 9 ,/at5 ,isl&4 ,! selection ( ! d>k trap f ! ,heights beh9d ! city1 = ! con/ruction ( _m fronts or entire build+s1 is a local feature ( int]e/4 ,9 ,hobok51 ! same g5]al features prevail z 9 ,j]sey ,city4 ,! annual reports ( ! ,committee on ,fire ,patrol ( ! ,new ,york ,bo>d ( ,fire ,und]writ]s1 = ! ye>s #ahha & #ahhb1 h yield$ ! foll[+ /ati/ics1 :i*1 s f> z !y g1 closely approximate my own3 ,numb] ( build+s4 ,s\? ( ,canal ,/reet #aj1eec ,betwe5 ,canal & ,f\rte5? ,/reets #bf1gjj ,betwe5 ,f\rte5? & ,fifty-n9? ,/reets #cc1hae ,betwe5 ,fifty-n9? ,/reet & ,h>lem ,riv] #ah1gdf ------ ,total #hi1had ,! mat]ials ( con/ruction = ?is di/rict1 :i* does n include ! #bc;d & #bd? ,w>ds1 nor? ( ! ,h>lem ,riv]1 are report$ z foll[s3 ,brick1 ) /one trimm+s1 &1 9 "p1 ) /one fac+s #fd1ghc ,brick & frame #c1faf ,frame #ba1dae ,,ii4 ,,! ,,build+ ,,/ones1 ,,_! ,,v>ieties1 ,,localities1 ,,& ,,edifices ,,con/ruct$ ,,( ,,ea*4 ,an exce$+ly ri* & v>i$ s]ies is br\ght to our docks1 & ! numb] & v>iety are con/antly increas+4 ,a few ( ! m important may be "h m5tion$4 ,free/ones 7,c>bonif]\s s&/one71 commonly /yl$ ,nova ,scotia /one1 or ,dor*e/] /one1 9 v>i\s %ades ( buff1 olive-yell[1 etc41 f ,hopewell & ,m>y's ,po9t1 ,alb]t1 ,n4 ,b41 & f ,wood ,po9t1 ,sackville1 ,h>vey1 & ,we/on1 ,n4 ,b41 ,k5netcook1 ,n4 ,s41 etc4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( private resid5ces 9 ,new ,york & ,brooklyn1 etc41 ! f5ces1 bridges1 etc41 9 ,c5tral & ,prospect ,p>ks1 _m *ur*es1 banks1 etc4 ,free/one 7,mesozoic s&/one71 commonly /yl$ br[n/one1 f ,ea/ ,longmead[ & ,spr+field1 ,mass41 b *iefly f ,portl&1 ,conn41 9 d>k %ades ( r$di%-br[n1 incl9+ to *ocolate4 ,?is is ! mo/ common /one us$ 9 ! fronts ( private resid5ces1 _m *ur*es1 ,academy ( ,design 9 ,brooklyn1 etc4 ,free/one 7,mesozoic s&/one71 br[n/one1 f ,middlet[n1 ,conn41 ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 ,brooklyn1 etc4 ,r$ s&/one 7,potsdam s&/one71 ,potsdam1 ,n4 ,y4 ,sev]al resid5ces1 build+s ( ,columbia ,college1 etc4 ,free/one 7,potsdam s&/one71 br[n/one1 ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 ,"p ( ,masonic ,temple 9 #bc;d ,/reet4 ,free/one 7,mesozoic s&/one71 br[n/one1 9 sev]al %ades ( light r$di%-br[n1 orange-br[n1 etc41 & g5]ally f9e-gra9$1 f ,belleville1 ,n4 ,j4 ,v _m ( ! be/ resid5ces & *ur*es1 e4 g41 cor4 #fj? & #fd? ,/reets1 & ,madison ,av5ue1 etc4 ,also1 v>ieties ( ! same br[n/one f ,little ,falls1 ,n4 ,j4 7,tr9ity ,*ur*1 ,new ,york71 f ! base ( ! ,palisades 7"p ( ! wall ar\nd ,c5tral ,p>k71 etc4 ,free/one 7,l[] ,c>bonif]\s s&/one71 commonly /yl$ ,ohio /one1 f ,amh]/1 ,ea/ ,clevel&1 ,indep5d5ce1 ,b]ea1 ,portsm\?1 ,wav]ly1 etc41 ,ohio1 9 v>i\s %ades ( buff1 :ite1 drab1 dove-color$1 etc4 ,_m private resid5ces & /ores1 ! ,boreel build+1 ,williamsburgh ,sav+s ,bank1 ,rossmore ,hotel1 etc4 ,free/one 7,mesozoic s&/one71 (t5 /yl$ ,c>lisle /one1 f ! ,engli% %ipp+ port1 or ,scot* /one1 f ,corsehill1 ,ballo*mile & ,gatelaw ,bridge1 ,scotl&2 9 %ades ( d>k r$ to bright p9k4 ,fronts ( sev]al resid5ces1 trimm+s ( ,murray ,hill ,hotel1 ! ,b]k%ire build+1 etc4 ,also1 v>ieties f ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 ,g]many1 etc4 ,blue s&/one 7,devonian s&/one71 commonly /yl$ blue/one1 f _m qu>ries 9 ,albany1 ,gre5e1 ,ul/]1 & ,delaw>e c\nties1 ,n4 ,y41 & ,pike c\nty1 ,p5n4 ,! trimm+s ( _m private resid5ces & bus9ess build+s1 walls & bridges 9 ! p>ks1 "p ( ,academy ( ,design 9 #bc;d ,/reet1 ,p5it5ti>y on ,blackwell's ,isl&1 h\se at #gb;d ,/reet & ,madison ,av5ue1 etc4 ,free/one 7,oolite lime/one71 ,ca5/one1 f ,ca51 ,france4 ,fronts ( sev]al resid5ces 9 #i? ,/reet1 trimm+s ( ,tr9ity ,*apel1 ! r]$os 9 ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 ,new ,york1 etc4 ,lime/one 7,niag>a lime/one71 ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y41 ,l5ox ,libr>y1 trimm+s ( ,presbyt]ian ,hospital1 etc4 ,lime/one 7,l[] ,c>bonif]\s71 /yl$ ,oolitic lime/one1 f ,ellitsville1 ,ind4 ,sev]al private resid5ces 7e4 g41 cor4 #eb;d ,/reet & ,fif? ,av5ue71 trimm+s ( bus9ess build+s1 etc4 ,also1 v>ieties ( lime/one f ,k+/on & ,rond\t1 ,n4 ,y41 ,isle ,la ,motte1 ,lake ,*ampla91 ,mott ,hav51 & ,gre5wi*1 ,conn41 etc4 ,"p ( ! an*orages ( ! ,brooklyn ,bridge1 walls 9 ,c5tral ,p>k1 etc4 ,granyte1 ,bay ( ,fundy1 ,n4 ,s4 ,columns 9 ,/ock ,ex*ange1 etc4 ,r$ granyte1 ,blue ,hills1 ,me4 ,u4 ,s4 ,b>ge ,(fice4 ,gray granyte1 ,ea/ ,blue ,hills1 ,me4 ,"p ( t[]s & approa*es ( ,new ,york & ,brooklyn ,bridge1 etc4 ,granyte1 ,spruce ,head1 ,me4 ,"p ( t[]s ( ,brooklyn ,bridge1 bridges ( ,f\r? ,av5ue ,improvem5t1 ,j]sey ,city ,res]voir1 etc4 ,gray granyte1 ,hurricane ,isl&1 ,me4 ,"p ( ,new ,york ,po/ ,(fice & ( t[]s & approa*es ( ,brooklyn ,bridge1 etc4 ,granyte1 ,fox ,isl&1 ,me4 ,basem5t ( ,/ock ,ex*ange1 etc4 ,granyte1 ,hall[ell1 ,me4 ,trimm+s 9 ,/4 ,patrick's ,ca!dral1 ,j]sey ,city ,heights1 etc4 ,granyte1 ,r\nd ,po9t1 ,me4 ,sev5? ,regim5t ,armory1 etc4 ,granyte1 ,jonesbor\gh1 ,me4 ,welles' build+1 panels 9 ,williamsburgh ,sav+s ,bank1 etc4 ,granyte1 ,frank=t1 ,me4 ,"p ( t[]s & approa*es ( ,brooklyn ,bridge1 etc4 ,granyte1 ,dix ,isl&1 ,me4 ,new ,york ,po/ ,(fice1 "p ( ,/aats ,zeitung build+1 etc4 ,also1 v>ieties f ,calais1 ,r$ ,bea*1 ,ea/ ,bo/on1 ,cl>k's ,isl&1 ,mt4 ,waldo1 ,mosquito ,m\nta91 ,mt4 ,des]t1 ,ratcliff's ,isl&1 etc41 ,me4 ,granyte1 ,concord1 ,n4 ,h4 ,boo?'s ,!at]1 ,g]man ,sav+s ,bank1 etc4 ,granyte1 ,cape ,ann1 ,mass4 ,d>k base-/one & sp&rel /ones ( t[]s & approa*es ( ,brooklyn ,bridge1 etc4 ,granyte1 ,qu9cy1 ,mass4 ,a/or ,h\se1 ,cu/om ,h\se1 etc4 ,granyte1 ,we/]ly1 ,r4 ,i4 ,"p ( ,brooklyn an*orage ( ,brooklyn ,bridge4 ,granyte1 ,/ony ,creek1 ,conn4 ,"p ( ,new ,york an*orage ( ,brooklyn ,bridge4 ,also1 v>ieties f ,/4 ,johnsville1 ,vt41 ,mill/one ,po9t1 ,conn41 ,cornwall1 ,n4 ,y41 ,*>lottesburgh1 ,n4 ,j41 ,rubislaw1 & ,pet]head1 ,scotl&1 etc4 ,gray gneiss1 ,new ,york ,isl&1 & ,we/*e/] c\nty1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a l>ge numb] ( *ur*es1 ,bellevue ,hospital1 ! ,res]voir at #db;d ,/reet1 etc41 & ! f\ndations ( mo/ ( ! build+s ?r\gh\t ! city4 ,gray gneiss1 ,willett's ,po9t1 & ,hallett's ,po9t1 ,k+s c\nty1 ,n4 ,y4 ,_m *ur*es 9 ,brooklyn1 ! ,naval ,hospital1 etc4 ,m>ble1 ,man*e/]1 ,vt4 ,drexel ,morgan's build+1 *ur* cor4 #bi? ,/reet & ,fif? ,av5ue1 etc4 ,also1 _m v>ieties f ,swanton1 ,we/ ,rutl&1 ,burl+ton1 ,isle ,la ,motte1 etc41 ,vt4 ,! ,su!rl& build+ at #fc;d ,/reet & ,madison ,av5ue1 resid5ces at #eh? ,/reet & ,fif? ,av5ue1 etc4 ,m>ble1 ,lee1 ,mass4 ,turrets ( ,/4 ,patrick's ,ca!dral1 etc4 ,m>ble1 ,/ockbridge1 ,mass4 ,"p ( old ,city ,hall1 ,new ,york4 ,m>ble1 ,ha/+s1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! ,univ]sity build+1 etc4 ,m>ble1 ,tuckahoe1 ,n4 ,y4 ,"p ( ,/4 ,patrick's ,ca!dral1 resid5ce on ! cor4 ( #cd? ,/reet & ,fif? ,av5ue1 etc4 ,m>ble1 ,pleasantville1 ,n4 ,y41 /yl$ ,sn[flake m>ble4 ,great] "p ( ,/4 ,patrick's ,ca!dral1 ,union ,dime ,sav+s ,bank1 _m resid5ces & /ores1 etc4 ,also1 _m v>ieties f ,canaan1 ,conn41 ,williamsport1 ,p5n41 ,knoxville1 ,t5n41 ,c>r>a & ,si5na1 ,italy1 etc42 us$ g5]ally1 especially = int]ior decoration1 etc4 ,trap 7,mesozoic diabase71 f _m qu>ries along ! ,palisades1 at ,j]sey ,city ,heights1 ,weehawk51 etc4 ,/ev5s ,in/itute1 ,hobok51 ,n4 ,j41 ,c\rt ,h\se on ,j]sey ,city ,heights1 old rubble "w build+s at ,new ,utre*t1 etc41 on ! outskirts ( ,brooklyn1 etc4 ,trap 7,mesozoic diabase71 /yl$ ,norwood /one1 f ,clo/]1 ,n4 ,j4 ,grace ,episcopal ,*ur*1 ,h>lem4 ,also1 v>ieties f ,graniteville1 ,/at5 ,isl&1 ,n4 ,y41 & ,weehawk51 ,n4 ,j4 ,s]p5t9e1 ,hobok51 ,n4 ,j4 ,_m private resid5ces1 masonry1 etc41 9 ,hobok54 ,also1 v>ieties f ,*e/]1 ,pa4 ,9 addition to ! edifices ref]r$ to above1 _m public build+s ( importance are con/ruct$ ( /one1 e4 g43 ,prisons 9 ! city & on ! isl&s1 bridges 9 ! p>ks & ov] ! ,h>lem ,riv]1 9 :i* s&/one1 lime/one1 granyte1 & gneiss are us$4 ,! sew]s are con/ruct$ ( gneiss f ,new ,york ,isl& & vic9ity1 z well z ( b[ld]s ( trap1 granyte1 etc41 f excavations4 ,! ,croton ,aqu$uct1 ! ,high ,bridge1 ! ,res]voirs 9 ! ,c5tral & ,prospect ,p>ks & at #db;d ,/reet1 9 :i* gneiss f ! vic9ity & granyte f ,new ,engl& 7 us$4 ,! walls1 build+s1 bridges1 & g5]al masonry 9 ! p>ks are con/ruct$ ( ! foll[+ v>ieties ( /one3 ,free/one 7s&/one71 f ,alb]t1 ,dor*e/]1 & ,we/on1 ,n4 ,b4 ,br[n/one1 f ,belleville & ! base ( ! ,palisades1 ,n4 ,j4 ,blue/one & m\nta9 graywacke1 f ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,lime/one1 f ,mott ,hav5 & ,gre5wi*1 ,conn4 ,granyte1 f ,radcliffe's ,isl&1 etc41 ,me4 ,gneiss1 f ,new ,york1 ,we/*e/]1 & ,k+s c\nties1 ,n4 ,y4 ,m>ble1 f ,we/*e/] c\nty1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! =tifications 9 ! h>bor & entrance to ! s\nd1 con/ruct$ ( granyte f ,dix ,isl&1 ,spruce ,head1 etc41 ,me41 gneiss f ! vic9ity1 br[n/one f ,conn41 etc4 ,! /onework ( ! ,new ,york & ,brooklyn ,bridge1 z ,i am k9dly in=m$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,coll+wood1 ! eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ! ,new ,york approa*1 is con/ruct$ ( ! foll[+ mat]ials3 ,granyte1 f ,frank=t1 ,spruce ,head1 ,hurricane ,isl&1 ,ea/ ,blue ,hill & ,mt4 ,des]t1 ,me41 ,concord1 ,n4 ,h41 ,cape ,ann1 ,mass41 ,we/]ly1 ,r4 ,i41 ,/ony ,creek1 ,conn41 & ,*>lottesburg1 ,n4 ,j4 ,lime/one1 f ,rond\t & ,k+/on1 ,n4 ,y41 also f ,isle ,la ,motte & ,willsboro ,po9t1 ,lake ,*ampla91 & vic9ity ( ,catskill1 ,n4 ,y4 ,9 ! an*orages1 ! corn] /ones1 ext]ior ( ! cornice & cop+1 & ! /ones re/+ on an*or plates1 consi/ ( granyte f ,*>lottesburg & ,/ony ,creek1 9 ! ,new ,york an*orage1 & f ,we/]ly1 9 ! ,brooklyn an*orage4 ,! re/ ( ! mat]ial is entirely lime/one1 ma9ly f ,rond\t1 l>gely f ,lake ,*ampla94 ,9 ! t[]s1 lime/one 0 *iefly employ$ bel[ ! wat] l9e1 &1 above1 granyte f all ! localities nam$1 except ,*>lottesburg1 ,we/]ly1 & ,/ony ,creek4 ,9 ! approa*es ! mat]ials 7 arrang$ 9 ab\t ! same way z 9 ! t[]s4 ,additional p>ticul>s are giv5 conc]n+ ! quantity1 prices1 te/s ( /r5g?1 & reasons = selection ( ! v>ieties ( /one4 ,= ro(+1 slate is l>gely employ$ ?r\gh\t ^! cities1 be+ ma9ly d]iv$ f ,p\ltney1 ,ca/leton1 ,fairhav51 etc41 ,vt41 & ,slat+ton1 ,lynnport1 ,be?lehem1 etc41 ,p5n4 ,= pavem5ts1 ! b[ld]s ( trap & granyte f excavations h be5 widely us$ 9 ! cobble/one pavem5ts4 ,! trap 7or diabase7 ( ! ,palisades across ! ,hudson1 imm$iately opposite ,new ,york city1 & f ,graniteville1 ,/at5 ,isl&1 is us$ 9 ! ,russ & ,belgian pavem5t2 also1 granyte f ! ,highl&s ( ! ,hudson1 f ,ma9e1 etc1 9 ! granite block pavem5t 9 bo? ,new ,york & ,brooklyn2 l>ge quantities ( cru%$ trap f ,weehawk5 & ,graniteville1 = ! macadamiz$ /reets & roads 9 ! p>ks & outskirts2 & also wood1 concrete1 & asphalt 9 v>i\s comb9ations4 ,= sidewalks & curb/ones1 ! mat]ial g5]ally employ$ is ! flag/one1 a ?9ly b$d$ blue s&/one or graywacke f ! int]ior ( ! ,/ate1 ! ,catskill ,m\nta9s1 & f ,p5nsylvania2 also1 granyte1 *iefly f ,ma9e4 ,9 ! old] /reets1 a mica slate f ,bolton1 ,conn41 & micace\s slaty gneiss f ,haddam1 ,conn41 7 once l>gely us$1 & may /ill be occasionally obs]v$ 9 scatt]$ slabs4 ,additional facts 7 giv5 conc]n+ ! rul+ prices = ! v>ieties ( /one1 tables pres5t+ all ! det]m9ations obta9able 9 ref]5ce to ! cru%+ /r5g? ( ! v>ieties us$ 9 ,new ,york1 li/s ( ! deal]s 9 build+ & ornam5tal /ones1 etc4 ,,iii4 ,,durability ,,( ,,build+ ,,/ones1 ,,9 ,,new ,,city ,,& ,,vic9ity4 ,all v>ieties ( s(t1 por\s1 & unte/$ /ones are be+ hurri$ into ! masonry ( ! build+s ( ,new ,york city & its vic9ity4 ,on _m ( !m ! ravages ( ! wea!r & ! ne$ ( ! repair] are app>5t )9 five ye>s aft] _! erection1 & a resi/ance to mu* decay = tw5ty or ?irty ye>s is usually consid]$ wond]ful & p]fectly satisfactory4 ,not)/&+ ! g5]al injury to ! appe>ance ( ! rott5 /one1 & ! enorm\s losses annually involv$ 9 ! ext5sive repairs1 pa9t+1 or demolition1 little conc]n is yet manife/$ by ei!r ar*itects1 build]s1 or h\se own]s4 ,h>dly any dep>tm5t ( te*nical sci5ce is s mu* neglect$ z t :i* embraces ! /udy ( ! nature ( /one1 & all ! v>i$ res\rces ( li?ology 9 *emical1 microscopical1 & physical me?ods ( inve/igation1 wond]fully develop$ )9 ! la/ qu>t] c5tury1 h nev] yet be5 prop]ly appli$ to ! selection & protection ( /one1 z us$ = build+ purposes4 ,mu* al>m has be5 caus$ abroad 9 ! rapid decay & fa/ approa*+ ru9 ( ! mo/ important monum5ts1 ca!drals1 & public build+s1 b 9 _m in/ances ! means h be5 f\nd = _! artificial protection1 e4 g41 ! ,l\vre1 & _m palaces 9 & ne> ,p>is1 ,france1 ,/4 ,*>les ,*ur* 9 ,vi5na1 ,au/ria1 ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 etc41 9 ,london1 ,engl&1 etc4 ,9 ,new ,york1 ! ,commission]s ( ! ,croton ,aqu$uct ,dep>tm5t compla9$1 tw5ty ye>s ago1 ( ! crumbl+ away ( v>ieties ( ! gneiss us$ 9 embankm5ts2 ! m>bles ( ,italy1 ,v]mont1 & ( ,we/*e/] c\nty soon become discolor$1 are n[ all m or less pitt$ or s(t5$ ^u ! surface 7e4 g41 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,treasury71 & are n likely to la/ a c5tury 9 satisfactory condition 7e4 g41 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,hotel72 ! co>s] br[n s&/ones are exfoliat+ 9 ! mo/ (f5sive way ?r\gh\t all ( our old] /reets & 9 _m ( ! new] 7e4 g41 ! old ,city ,hall72 ! few lime/ones yet br\ght into use are beg9n+ to lose _! dress$ surfaces & to be trav]s$ by cracks 7e4 g41 ! ,l5ox ,libr>y72 & ev5 ! granytes1 )9 a half c5tury1 %[ bo? discoloration1 pitt+ 7e4 g41 ! ,cu/om ,h\se71 or exfoliation 7e4 g41 ! ,tombs74 ,to meet & prop]ly cope ) ?is de/ructive action1 requires1 fir/1 a cle> recognition ( ! ho/ile ext]nal ag5cies conc]n$ 9 ! process4 ,^! belong to ?ree classes3 *emical1 physical1 & organic4 ,! *emical ag5cies discuss$ 7 ! foll[+3 sulphur\s & sulphuric acids1 dis*>g$ 9 va/ quantities into ! air ( ! city1 by ! combu/ion ( coal & gas1 ! decomposition ( /reet refuse & sew] gas1 etc42 c>bonic1 nitric1 & hydro*loric acids2 c>bolic1 hippuric1 & _m o!r organic acids d]iv$ f smoke1 /reet du/1 sew] vapors1 etc42 oxyg5 & ozone1 ammonia1 & sea salt4 ,! me*anical & physical ag5cies discuss$ 7 ! foll[+3 fro/2 extreme v>iations 9 temp]ature1 am\nt+ 9 our climate to #abj ,f4 9 a ye>1 & ev5 #gj 9 a s+le day2 w9d & ra91 mo/ effici5t on fronts fac+ ! nor?1 nor!a/1 & ea/2 cry/allization by effloresc5ce2 pressure ( sup]9cumb5t masonry2 friction2 & fire4 ,! organic ag5cies consi/ ( vegetable gr[?s1 mo/ly conf]v1 etc41 )9 ! city1 & li*5s & mosses )\t1 & ( bor+ mollusks1 sponges1 etc4 ,! int]nal elem5ts ( durability 9 a /one dep5d1 fir/1 ^u ! *emical composition ( its con/itu5t m9]als & ( _! cem5t4 ,?is involves a consid]ation ( _! solubility 9 atmosph]ic wat]s1 e4 g41 ! calcium-c>bonate ( a m>ble or lime/one1 ! f]ric oxide ( c]ta9 s&/ones1 etc42 _! t5d5cy to oxidation1 hydration1 & decomposition1 e4 g41 ( ! sulphides 7especially m>casite7 9 a ro(+ slate or m>ble1 ! biotite & f]rug9\s or?oclase 9 a granyte or s&/one1 etc42 ! inclosure ( fluids & moi/ure1 e4 g41 z qu>ry-sap1 9 *emical comb9ation1 z hydrat$ silicates 7*lorite1 kaol91 etc471 & iron oxides1 & z fluid cavities lock$ up 9 qu>tz1 etc4 ,! durability ( a /one dep5ds aga9 ^u its physical /ructure1 9 reg>d to :i* ! foll[+ po9ts 7 discuss$3 ! size1 =m1 & position ( its con/itu5t m9]als2 e4 g41 an excess ( mica plates 9 p>allel position may s]ve z an elem5t ( weakness2 ! porosity ( ! rock p]mitt+ ! p]colation ( wat] ?r\gh its int]/ices1 especially important 9 ! case ( ! s(t free/ones1 & lead+ to v>ieties ( discoloration ^u ! light-color$ /ones1 :i* 7 describ$ 9 detail2 ! h>dness & t\ghness1 p>ticul>ly 9 relation to use = pavem5ts1 sidewalks1 & /oops2 ! cry/all9e /ructure1 :i*1 if well-develop$1 increases ! /r5g? ( its resi/ance2 ! t5sion ( ! gra9s1 :i* appe>s to expla9 especially ! disruption ( _m cry/all9e m>bles2 ! contiguity ( ! gra9s & ! proportion ( cem5t 9 _! int]/ices2 & ! homog5eity ( ! rock4 ,aga91 ! durability ( a rock may dep5d ^u ! "* ( its surface1 :e!r poli%$1 smoo?ly dress$1 or r\gh hewn1 s9ce ^u ?is circum/ance may re/ ! rapidity ) :i* atmosph]ic wat]s are %$1 or ) :i* ! deposition ( soot1 /reet du/1 etc41 may be favor$2 also ^u ! incl9ation & position ( ! surface1 z affect+ ! ret5tion ( ra9wat] & moi/ure1 exposure to nor!a/ gales & to burn+ sun1 etc4 ,,iv4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,trial ,,( ,,build+ ,,/one4 ,9 su* me?ods1 two classes may be di/+ui%$1 ! natural & ! artificial4 ,! =m] embrace1 fir/1 ! exam9ation ( qu>ry outcrops1 :]e ! exposure ( ! surface ( ! rock dur+ ages may give "s indication ( its p[] ( resi/ance to decomposition1 e4 g41 ! dolomitic m>bles ( ,new ,york & ,we/*e/] c\nties1 "s ( :i* pres5t a surface crumbl+ into s&2 &1 secondly1 ! exam9ation ( old masonry4 ,few old build+s h surviv$ ! *anges 9 our re/less city1 b _m obs]vations 7 pres5t$ 9 reg>d to ! condition ( _m mat]ials1 usually aft] an exposure ( less ?an half a c5tury4 ,ano!r s\rce ( in=mation1 9 ?is reg>d1 0 f\nd 9 ! /udy ( ! /ones erect$ 9 our olde/ cemet]ies1 e4 g41 t ( ,tr9ity ,*ur*4 ,!re c\ld h>dly be devis$ a sup]ior me?od = ?or\ghly te/+ by natural means ! durability ( ! /one ?an by its erection 9 ?is way1 ) p>tial ins]tion 9 ! moi/ e>?1 complete exposure to ! w9ds1 ra91 & sun on e side1 its b$d+ lam9ation /&+ on edge1 & sev]al ( its surfaces smoo!d & poli%$ & %>ply incis$ ) dates1 inscriptions1 & c>v+s1 by :i* to detect & to measure ! "* & ext5t ( its decay4 ,9 ,tr9ity ,*ur*y>d1 ! /ones are v]tical1 & /& fac+ ! ea/4 ,! mo/ common mat]ial is a r$ s&/one1 probably f ,little ,falls1 ,n4 ,j41 ^: erection dates back z f> z #afha1 & :i* rema9s1 9 mo/ cases1 9 v fair condition4 ,its d>k color1 h[ev]1 has l$ to a frequ5t t5d5cy to splitt+ on ! we/]n side ( ! slabs1 i4 e41 t :i* faces ! aft]noon sun4 ,o!r mat]ials /udi$ consi/$ ( blue/one1 probably f ! ,catskills1 black slate1 gray slate1 gre5 hydromicace\s s*i/1 & :ite oolitic lime/one1 all 9 good condition1 & :ite m>ble1 9 a decid$ /ate ( decay4 ,! artificial me?ods ( trial ( /one1 n[ occasionally 9 vogue1 :5ev] "s extraord9>y pressure is br\ght ^u ar*itects to pay a little att5tion to ! durability ( ! mat]ial !y propose to employ1 are1 f _! obsolete antiquity1 imp]fection1 or absolute inaccuracy1 unwor?y ( ! age & ( s honorable a pr(ession4 ,!y usually consi/ ( trials ( solubility 9 acids1 ( absorptive p[] = wat]1 ( resi/ance to fro/1 te/$ by ! effloresc5ce ( sodium-sulphate1 & ( resi/ance to cru%+4 ,! latt] may h ! remote/ relation%ip to ! elem5ts ( durability 9 _m rocks1 & yet is "o on :i* mu* reliance ( ! ar*itectural _w is n[ plac$4 ,soon] or lat] a wide dep>ture w take place f ^! incomplete & antique me?ods1 9 ! light ( mod]n discov]y4 ,ref]5ce 0 made to c]ta9 exp]im5ts by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,c4 ,drap] on ! br[n/one & ,nova ,scotia /one us$ 9 ?is city1 by ,dr4 ,page1 on a s]ies ( ! build+ /ones1 & by ,pr(essors ,j4 ,h5ry & ,w4 ,r4 ,johnson on ,am]ican m>bles1 9 "s cases ) conflict+ results1 :i* 7 probably due to ! limit$ numb] & me?ods ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,v4 ,,means ,,( ,,protection ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,/one4 ,we h "h to consid] c]ta9 natural pr9ciples ( con/ruction1 & !n ! me?ods = ! artificial pres]vation ( ! /one us$ 9 build+s4 ,"u ! fir/ head1 !re are f\r divisions4 ,selection ( ,/one4--,z x is univ]sally agre$ t ! utmo/ importance re/s ^u ! orig9al selection ( ! build+ mat]ial1 x is "h t all ! res\rces ( li?ological sci5ce %\ld be call$ 94 ,only "o inve/igation1 aim+ at ?or\gh "w1 has ev] be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh1 t ( ! ,royal ,commission appo9t$ = ! selection ( /one = ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,b ! ef=ts ( ^! able m5 7 re/rict$ by ! little progress made at t "t 9 ! g5]al /udy ( rocks1 & 7 aft]w>d completely ?w>t$ by ! dis*>ge ( ! committee & by ! deliv]y ( ! execution ( ! "w ( selection to incompet5t h&s4 ,!re w be h]eaft]1 f inve/igations made 9 ! light ( mod]n rese>*es1 no excuse = su* annoy+ results & enorm\s exp5ses z ^? :i* att5d$ ! endless repairs :i* h be5 requir$1 s9ce a p]iod ( f\r or five ye>s aft] ! completion ( ! great build+ ref]r$ to4 ,season+4--,! recomm5dations ( ,vitruvius #b1jjj ye>s ago h be5 obs]v$ at times d[n to ! day ( ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 :o w\ld n accept ! /one :i* he propos$ to use 9 ! erection ( ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 9 ,london1 until x _h laid = ?ree ye>s1 season+ ^u ! sea%ore4 ,s9ce !n little or no att5tion appe>s to h be5 paid to ?is important requirem5t by mod]n ar*itects1 9 ! he$less ha/e ( ! en]gy ( ! times4 ,build+ /one1 ev5 = _m notable edifices1 is hurri$ f ! qu>ries into its position 9 masonry1 long be=e ! qu>ry-sap has be5 p]mitt$1 by its evaporation to produce solid cem5tation 9 ! int]/ices ( ! /one4 ,position4--,! dang] ( sett+ up any lam9at$ mat]ial on edge1 r ?an on its natural b$d+-plane1 has be5 widely ackn[l$g$2 yet x is ( ! r>e/ occurr5ce1 9 ,new ,york city1 to obs]ve any att5tion paid to ?is rule1 except :]e1 f ! small size or squ>e =m ( ! blocks ( /one employ$1 x has be5 really *eape/ & mo/ conv5i5t to pile !m up on _! flat sides4 ,=m ( ,projections4--,! pr9ciple is ma9ta9$ by all ! be/ ,engli% & ,fr5* ar*itects t projections 7i4 e41 cornices1 sills1 l9tels1 etc47 %\ld be ?roat$1 t is1 und]cut 9 su* a way z to ?r[ (f ! dripp+ ( ra9wat]1 etc41 f ! front ( ! build+1 b 9 ,new ,york ?is pr9ciple is almo/ univ]sally neglect$4 ,x 0 po9t$ out t ! sev]ity ( our climate ev5 requires ! fur!r c>e t ! upp] surface ( projections %\ld be s cut z to prev5t ! lodgm5t or long ret5tion ( deposits ei!r ( ra9wat] or sn[4 ,x is imm$iately above & bel[ su* deposits t ! a%l> ( our fronts is mo/ rapidly corrod$ & exfoliat$1 an effect evid5tly due ma9ly to ! repeat$ ?aw+ & solution1 freez+ & dis9tegration1 :i* are caus$ by ! wat]1 slu%1 & sn[1 :i* re/1 (t5 = weeks1 ^u a w9d[-sill1 balcony1 cornice1 etc4 ,?us f ! initial & inexcusable c>elessness 9 ! con/ruction & =m ( ! projections1 &1 lat]1 ! neglect ( ! h\se[n]1 due to ignorance ( ! results involv$1 to remove ! deposits ( sn[1 etc41 z fa/ z !y accumulate on ! projections1 is d]iv$ a l>ge "p ( ! discoloration ( ! m>ble1 ,nova ,scotia /one1 or light color$ granyte1 & especially ! exfoliation ( ! br[n/one b5ea? ! w9d[-sills1 balconies1 etc41 by ! wat] alt]nately trickl+ d[n ! front & freez+1 by day & by night1 = long p]iods4 ,! artificial means ( pres]vation are ( two classes1 organic & inorganic4 ,! =m] dep5d on ! application ( "s organic sub/ance 9 a coat+ or 9 ! injection ( fatty matt]s2 b1 z ! sub/ances are ) great] or less rapidity oxidiz$1 dissolv$1 & c>ri$ away by ! atmosph]ic fluids1 ! me?ods f\nd$ on _! use h be5 prop]ly d5\nc$ by _m au?orities z only co/ly palliatives1 ne$+ frequ5t repetition1 & !re=e ex]t+ an influ5ce t[>d ! de/ruction ( delicate c>v+4 ,! foll[+ 7 discuss$3 coal-t>2 pa9t1 :i* has be5 us$ 9 ,new ,york = _m resid5ces1 z 9 ,wa%+ton = ! ,capitol1 & 9 ,london = ,buck+ham ,palace1 etc41 b la/s only a few ye>s1 & (t5 ev5 p]mits ! dis9tegration to progress b5ea? x2 oil1 (t5 us$ 9 ,new ,york1 b z objectionable z pa9t2 soap & alum-solution2 & p>aff9e1 beeswax1 res91 tall[1 etc41 dissolv$ 9 naph?a1 turp5t9e1 camph5e1 oil1 etc4 ,! prep>ations ( an inorganic nature1 :i* h be5 propos$ & us$ abroad1 h 9 "s cases met ) success2 b ! exact nature ( _! action1 & ! conditions to :i* !y are ea* suit$1 are yet to be inve/igat$1 especially ) ref]5ce to ! entirely diff]5t climate by :i* ! /one 9 our city is be+ tri$4 ,! processes :i* h be5 propos$1 & 9 "s cases practically us$1 involve ! application ( ! foll[+ sub/ances3 wat]glass1 9 connection ) salts ( calcium or b>ium1 or bitum52 oxalate ( alum9um2 b>ium solution1 9 connection ) calcium sup]phosphate or f]ro-silicic acid2 copp] salts1 us$ by ,dr4 ,rob]t 9 ,p>is to /op ! gr[? ( vegetation on /one1 etc4 ,!re is c]ta9ly a call = processes by :i*1 at lea/1 ^? /ones :i* are us$ 9 isolat$1 expos$1 & unnatural positions may receive artificial protection1 su* z ! /one sills & l9tels ( w9d[s1 /one balu/]s1 project+ cornices1 & a%l>-/one set up on edge4 ,x w d\btless be f\nd t only ^? /ones :i* possess a co>se1 por\s texture & /rong absorptive p[] = liquids w be f\nd p>ticul>ly available = protection by artificial pres]vatives1 & t su* /ones %\ld inde$ nev] be us$ 9 con/ruction 9 a raw or crude /ate4 ,9 ! spongy br[n & light olive free-/ones1 a m>ble full ( m9ute crevices1 & a cellul> fossilif]\s lime/one1 a petrify+ liquid may p]meate to "s dep?1 close up ! pores by its deposits1 & incase ! /one 9 solid armor2 :ile1 ^u a m compact rock1 su* z a granyte or solid lime/one1 x c only deposit a %elly cru/ or enamel1 :i* "t may soon peel (f4 ,! c>elessness ) :i* /one is select$ & us$1 & ! ignorance 9 reg>d to its prop] pres]vation1 :5 ! decay ( a poor /one becomes app>5t1 h l$ to an increas$ use ( brick & t]ra cotta1 mu* to be deplor$2 durable /ones are to be obta9$ 9 great v>iety1 me?ods = ! pres]vation ( ! por\s /ones c easily be devis$1 & /ones ( a firepro( "* d exi/ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 abundance4 ,9 conclusion1 ?ree sugge/ions 7 (f]$3 #a/1 t h\sehold]s invoke ! magic use ( ! broom on ! fronts ( _! resid5ces z c>efully z ^u ! sidewalks2 #b;d1 t h\se-build]s insi/ ^u ! und]cutt+ ( all projections1 & ! exclusion ( brackets or o!r supports to sills & cornices1 :i* only lead to ! ooz+ ( wat] & a l9e ( corrosion d[n ! a%l>2 #c;d1 t h\se repair]s recut ! projections 9 ?is way1 :5ev] possible1 & entirely avoid ! use ( pa9t1 oil1 or o!r organic pres]vatives4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,elephants ,,mov+ ,,timb] ,,at ,,m\lme91 ,,burmah4 ,elephants1 says ,mrs4 ,a4 ,h4 ,brack5bury1 ( ,s+apore1 to :om we are indebt$ = our sket*1 "w 9 ! timb] y>ds ( ,m\lme91 c>ry+ huge planks1 sometimes two or ?ree toge!r1 & ) great c>e & exactitude pil+ !m 9 /acks "o ov] ano!r4 ,! old h&s take a sidelong view ) "o eye clos$ to te/ ! p]p5dicul>ity ( ! /acks4 ,! elephants lift ! planks ) _! proboscis on _! tusks1 & !n tuck _! trunks ar\nd ! burd51 & m>* maje/ically (f z if !y 7 c>ry+ no?+4 ,a man sits on ea* elephant's neck to direct him1 :i* he does by kick+ or press+ beh9d _! e>s4 ,9 ,africa ! elephants are be+ s p]si/5tly slaught]$ = ! sake ( _! ivory t !y are likely soon to become ext9ct4 ,w\ld x be possible to bre$ !m on f>ms z o/ri*es are br$1 & !n to employ !m 9 navvy "w1 = :i* !y are probably z well suit$ 7education be+ suppli$7 z _! ,asiatic c\s9s8 ,m\lme9 is a v pretty place1 & its *>ms are enhanc$ by its be+ out ( ! beat5 track ( t\ri/s4 ,x is up a riv]1 & !re are _m isl&s on :i* are p]*$ ! da9tie/ little gilt & pa9t$ ,burmese pagodas4 ,! sc5e recalls ! well kn[n view on ! will[-patt]n plate ( our *ildhood1 :i* plate has once m become fa%ionable4--,london ,graphic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elephants ,,mov+ ,,timb] ,,at ,,m\lme91 ,,briti% ,,burmah4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,yell[ ,,p9e4 ,x is report$ t a comp>ison ( ! relative /r5g? ( yell[ & ,norway p9e 0 made at ,dayton1 ,o41 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,! specim5s 7 dress$ exactly "o in* squ>e1 & ^! 7 brok5 9 a te/+ ma*9e by plac+ !m on be>+s1 "o foot ap>t1 ) ! weight 9 ! c5t]4 ,! s\!rn p9e _h be5 air season$ = two ye>s & upw>d1 ! ,norway f a ye> to fifte5 mon?s4 ,! weake/ yell[ p9e broke at #gfc p\nds1 ! /ronge/ at #a1ajb2 av]age ( eight specim5s1 #ijd p\nds4 ,! weake/ ,norway broke at #eja p\nds1 ! /ronge/ at #gij p\nds2 av]age ( t5 specim5s1 #gjb p\nds1 %[+ ! yell[ p9e to be #bh4g p] c5t4 /rong] ?an ,norway1 & t a yell[ p9e sill #dx#h in*es dim5sions is equival5t to a ,norway sill ( #ex#h in*es1 ) ! fur!r advantage 9 favor ( ! yell[ p9e t x c be got mu* fre] ( knots & consequ5tly /rong] 9 comp>ison ?an ^! figures %[1 :i* are bas$ on cle> timb]4 ,ano!r te/ 0 made at a meet+ ( ! ,ma/] ,c> ,build]s' ,association1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,five pieces ( ea* v>iety1 "o in* squ>e & elev5 in*es betwe5 be>+ po9ts1 7 exp]im5t$ ^u1 ! pressure be+ appli$ 9 ! c5t]4 ,! outcome %[$ /r5g? ( yell[ p9e at #ejj1 #eaj1 #ejj1 #dij1 & #ecj p\nds breakage /ra91 or an av]age ( #ejf2 :ile ,norway /ood a /ra9 ( #fbj1 #fde1 #gcj1 #fej1 & #fcj p\nds or an av]age ( #fbe p\nds4 ,^! exp]im5ts d n appe> to ?r[ mu* light on ! "q ( relative /r5g?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,g]man ,,wom54 ,our wom5 9 ,g]many1 said ! pr(essor ( a ,g]man univ]sity to me1 a few days ago1 mu/ by all means be acqua9t$ ) ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( h\sekeep+1 & mu/ int]e/ !mselves !re94 ,^? :o /& highe/ z well z ^? :o /& l[e/1 f ! wives & daught]s ( a ,m9i/] ( ,/ate to ! wives & daught]s ( ! meane/ peasant4 ,! ,pr9cess-,royal att5ds to ! skimm+ ( ! milk 9 h] dairy4 ,i beg y\r p>don = int]rupt+ y1 ,i said1 b an ,am]ican lady w\ld ?9k t q out ( h] sph]e2 & if ,i 7 n conv9c$ ( y\r s]i\sness1 ,i %\ld imag9e y 7 amus+ me by a piece ( fiction4 ,i d assure y1 repli$ ! pr(essor1 t x is a well kn[n fact t ! ,pr9cess-,royal keeps c[s & sup]9t5ds p]sonally ! managem5t ( h] dairy1 & ,i h he>d t ! ,que5 ( ,engl& does ! same4 ,please to in/ruct me fur!r reg>d+ ! education ( wom5 9 ,g]many1 ,i said4 ,i am v mu* int]e/$ 9 t subject1 z1 f my own obs]vations1 ,i h se5 t z a g5]al ?+ ! ,g]man ladies are well read1 n only 9 ! lit]ature ( _! own c\ntry1 b also 9 t ( ,france & ,engl&4 ,our wom51 he repli$1 also speak ,fr5* & ,engli%1 especially ,fr5*1 & _m ( !m are able to read ! au?ors ( ^? c\ntries 9 ! orig9al4 ,?is is ! m surpris+ to me1 ,i rem>k$1 z !y seem to be mu* occupi$ ) ! c>es ( h\sekeep+1 & ,i w\ld l to "k h[ !y f9d "t to le>n =eign languages1 & to read all ! pr9cipal works ( ! poets & romance writ]s ( ?ree c\ntries4 ,t1 said ! pr(essor1 is a "p ( _! education1 & 9 ord] t y may und]/& 9 :at mann] ,g]man girls mu/ utilize _! "t at s*ool1 ,i w give y a brief explanation ( ! sy/em ( education employ$ & ( t k :i* x is incumb5t ^u e ,g]man girl to possess1 :atev] be h] position 9 life1 & aft]w>d ( ! diff]5t grades ( education f t ( ! peasant girl to t ( ! lady ( ! highe/ position 9 ! ,/ate4 ,e girl 9 ,g]many mu/ le>n to read & to write1 to sew & to knit1 to cook & to d g5]al h\sework1 & to acquire besides "s g5]al k ( gramm>1 geography1 ma!matics1 & hi/ory4 ,beg9n+ at ! daught] ( ! ,bau]1 or1 z y say 9 ,am]ica1 f>m]1 ! above m5tion$ k1 :i* is ! />t+ po9t = ! education ( ! o!r classes1 is ! limit ( h] education2 & z x may be int]e/+ to y1 ,i w m5tion t :5 ! daught]s ( ! ,bau] h le>n$ ?us mu* !y quit s*ool & labor 9 ! field until !y are m>ri$1 :5 !y leave aside ! field "w & ent] ^u ! duties ( ! h\sehold & its imm$iate atta*m5ts1 su* z ! dairy1 ! *ick5 y>d1 ! g>d5s1 etc42 & :ile ! products ( ! field belong to _! husb&s1 ! g>d5 /uffs1 & ! milk1 eggs1 butt]1 etc41 become _! own prop]ty1 & f ! pr(its ( ^!1 :i* !y c>ry to ! m>kets & sell1 !y provide _! pantries ) ! necess>y teas1 sug>1 c(fee1 etc41 & !mselves & _! *ildr5 ) clo!s4 ,betwe5 ! peasant class & nobility !re are _m grades & classes v>y+ m or less 9 ! ref9em5t ( _! mann]s z well z 9 ! ext5t ( _! education1 b z x w\ld n be possible & is also unnecess>y = our purpose to describe !m all 9 p>ticul>1 ,i pref] to include !m all "u ! head ( g5try1 & = ^! a m ample education is provid$4 ,! daught]s ( ! g5try mu/1 9 addition to ! a=esaid rudim5ts ( k1 h a v ?or\gh education 9 hi/ory z well z 9 gramm>1 ma!matics1 & natural & physical geography4 ,!y mu/ "k ,fr5* & ,engli%1 & h an intellig5t und]/&+ ( ! lit]ature ( ^? c\ntries1 z well z ( t ( ,g]many4 ,!y mu/ le>n f9e ne$le-"w & ! art ( gov]n+ a h\se & ( educat+ "y *ildr54 ,!y mu/ also acquire a k ( good mann]s & an und]/&+ ( society4 ,!y mu/ be able to receive company & d ! honors ( ! h\se4 ,9 addition to ?is !y w h an intellig5t und]/&+ ( music & art4 ,= all ( ^! bran*es ( k !re are s*ools provid$1 & accord+ to ! position or weal? ( ! p>5ts1 or ! intellig5ce & application ( ! daught]s1 w v>y ! ref9em5t & education ( ea*4 ,z1 = in/ance1 ! education ( a c\ntry squire's daught] w be sup]ior to t ( a :olesale m]*ant's daught]1 & t ( ! :olesale m]*ant's daught] w be sup]ior to t ( ! retail m]*ant's daught]4 ,! daught] ( a v weal?y bank] w be educat$ above ! daught]s ( ! m]*ants2 ! daught] ( a pr(essor ( ! ,univ]sity above t ( ! daught]s ( a pr(essor ( ! ,gymnasium1 & s on2 & ea* w fill a position 9 life diff]+ f t ( ! o!rs1 accord+ to ! respect 9 :i* ! position ( ! p>5ts is held4 ,! same sy/em ( education :i* we h describ$ = ! daught]s ( ! g5try w be incumb5t on ! daught]s ( ! nobility1 ) ! addition ( a m f9i%$ & ?or\gh education 9 reg>d to ! mann]s & =malities :i* atta* to _! /ation ( life1 & ^! w also v>y 9 k9d & ext5t1 accord+ to ! position ( ! p]sons conc]n$4 ,a ,duke's daught]1 = in/ance1 w be m accompli%$ ?an a ,c\nt's4 ,b ! diff]5ce w be m app>5t ?an real2 ! actual k ( bo? w1 z f> z _! education provides1 be ! same4 ,9 ! society ( ! ,c\rt1 ! ladies w naturally acquire "s k ( ! affairs ( ,/ate1 :i* ^? 9 private life & a m retir$ exi/5ce w n c>e to le>n4 ,b 9 matt]s ( art1 9 lit]ature1 9 ! g5]al bus9ess ( life1 all ,g]man ladies are expect$ to be well in=m$ & to be able to conv]se intellig5tly reg>d+ !m1 :ile ! special faculties ( law1 ( m$ic9e1 ( !ology1 ( *emi/ry1 etc41 etc41 are left to ! high] ambition ( _! fa!rs & bro!rs1 & !y d n m$dle ) !m4 ,b1 above all1 z ,i rem>k$ 9 ! beg9n+1 a ,g]man girl ( :atev] rank or condition mu/ und]/& fully all ! matt]s conc]n+ a h\sehold4 ,:5 ! ,pr(essor _h f9i%$1 ,i ?ank$ him & express$ s mu* admiration at ! sy/em ( education provid$ = ! wom5 ( ,g]many1 t he promis$ me at "s future "t a brief explanation ( morals & mann]s 9 ,g]many1 :i* ,i %all be mo/ happy to pres5t be=e ! read] at ! prop] "t4 ,k4,g4,d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,antiquity4 ,,h]on',s ,,pneumatic ,,& ,,compress+ ,,app>atus4 ,! mo/ anci5t ( su* in/rum5ts is c]ta9ly ! syr+e4 ,! ,egyptians1 says ,h]odotus 7ii41 #hg71 employ$ ! latt] 9 ! embalm+ ( common p1 = fill+ ! belly ) oil ( c$>1 ?r\gh injections made p] ano1 )\t op5+ ! body & extract+ ! inte/9es4 ,h]on1 9 8 ,pneumatics1 describes an in/rum5t ( ?is k9d1 call$ ,pyulgue1 :i* 0 design$ = suck+ pus out ( w\nds4 ,! foll[+ app>atus1 also describ$ by ,h]on1 is ! fir/ /ep t 0 tak5 t[>d ! production ( ! pneumatic app>atus prop]ly s call$ ,con/ruction ( a cupp+ glass t sucks )\t ! aid ( fire4 ,let 7,fig4 #a7 be a cupp+ glass 7l t :i* is usually appli$ to ! sk971 divid$ by a p>tition1 4 ,?r\gh ! bottom let !re be pass$ two tubes t slide "o )9 ! o!r by friction-- be+ ! ext]nal & ! int]nal "o4 ,9 ^! two tubes1 ext]nal to ! glass1 !re are two ap]tures1 1 t face ea* o!r4 ,! extremities ( ! tubes situat$ )9 ! app>atus %\ld be op51 & ! ext]nal extremity ( %\ld be clos$ & provid$ ) a key4 ,b5ea? ! p>tition1 1 !re is ano!r cock1 1 l ! "o j describ$1 save t ! correspond+ ap]tures are )9 ! cupp+-glass1 & are 9 communication ) an ap]ture 9 ! p>tition1 4 ,?+s be+ arrang$ ?us1 ! keys ( ! cock are revolv$ 9 su* a way t ! ap]tures ( ! "o at ! bottom ( ! in/rum5t are 9 a l9e ) ea* o!r1 :ile ! cock above ! p>tition rema9s clos$1 inasmu* z its ap]tures d n correspond4 ,! *amb]1 1 be+ full ( air1 if we apply ! m\? to ! orifices1 1 & suck out a portion ( ! air1 & turn ! key ( ! cock )\t remov+ ! m\? f ! tube1 we %all be able to ?us keep up a r>efaction ( ! air 9 ! *amb]1 4 ,! (t5] we p]=m ?is op]ation1 ! m air we %all remove4 ,let u n[ apply ! cupp+-glass to ! sk9 9 ! usual way1 & op5 ! cock1 1 by turn+ ! key4 ,a portion ( ! air conta9$ 9 w pass into 1 & we %all !n see ! sk91 z well z ! subjac5t matt]s t pass ?r\gh its int]/ices1 t we call unexplor$ spaces1 drawn into ! space 9 :i* ! air is r>efi$4 ,z = ! pressure f\nta91 ?is _h rea*$ p]fection z long ago z ! ,alex&r9e epo*4 ,! foll[+ description ( x is borr[$ f ! ,pneumatics3 ,to con/ruct a holl[ sph]e1 or any o!r vessel1 9 :i*1 if a liquid be p\r$1 ! latt] may be made to rise spontane\sly ) great =ce s z to empty ! vessel1 al?\gh su* motion be contr>y to nature4 ,! con/ruction is z foll[s3 ,let !re be a sph]e ( a capacity ( ab\t six cotyles 7ab\t #b p9ts7 made ( "s metal t\gh en\gh to )/& ! pressure ( ! air t is to be produc$4 ,let u place ?is sph]e1 1 ^u any base :atev]1 4 ,?r\gh an ap]ture 9 its upp] "p we introduce a tube :i* runs d[n to t "p ( ! sph]e :i* is diametrically opposite ! ap]ture1 b :i* leaves suffici5t space !re = ! wat] to pass4 ,?is tube projects slightly above ! sph]e1 to ^: ap]ture x is sold]$1 & divides into two bran*es1 & 1 to :i* are affix$ two b5t tubes1 & 1 t communicate int]nally ) & 4 ,f9ally1 9 ^! tubes1 & 1 & 9 communication ) !m1 !re is adapt$ ano!r tube1 1 f :i* issues at "r angles a small tube1 1 t communicates ) x & t]m9ates at 9 a f9e orifice4 ,if1 tak+ ! tube1 1 9 h&1 we revolve ! tube1 1 ! two ap]tures t face ea* o!r c no long] e/abli% a communication1 & ! liquid t rises w no long] f9d an outlet4 ,!n1 ?r\gh ano!r ap]ture 9 ! sph]e1 we ins]t ano!r tube1 1 ^: l[] orifice1 1 is clos$1 b :i* has ^u ! side1 t[>d ! bottom1 at 1 a r\nd hole to :i* is adapt$ a small valve ( ! sort call$ by ! ,romans ass>ium4 ,into ! tube1 1 we ins]t ano!r & closely fitt+ tube1 4 ,let u n[ remove ! tube1 1 & p\r liquid into ! tube1 4 ,?is liquid w ent] ! cavity ( ! sph]e1 ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 4 ,! valve w op5 9 ! int]ior1 & ! air w escape ?r\gh ! ap]tures 9 ! tube1 1 ( :i* we h already spok51 & :i* h be5 s arrang$ z to communicate ) ! tubes1 & 4 ,:5 once ! sph]e is half full ( liquid1 we incl9e ! small tube1 1 s z to %ut (f all communication betwe5 ! correspond+ ap]tures1 & !n pu% d[n ! tube1 1 & drive into ! int]ior ( ! sph]e ! air conta9$ 9 4 ,?is requires "s =ce1 z ! sph]e itself is full ( liquid & air1 b ! introduction is r5d]$ possible ?r\gh ! compression ( ! air1 :i* %r9ks into ! empty spaces t x conta9s )9 itself4 ,let u n[ take out ! tube1 1 aga9 s z to fill ! tube1 1 ) air1 & let u pu% d[n ! tube1 1 aga9 & =ce ?is air into ! sph]e4 ,on repeat+ ?is op]ation sev]al times 9 succession we %all f9ally h 9 ! sph]e a l>ge quantity ( compress$ air4 ,x is cle>1 9 fact1 t ! air introduc$ by =ce _c escape :5 ! pi/on-rod is rais$1 s9ce ! valve1 press$ by ! int]nal air1 rema9s clos$4 ,if !n1 replac+ ! tube1 1 9 a v]tical position1 we set up a communication aga9 betwe5 ! correspond+ ap]tures1 ! liquid w be driv5 to ! ext]ior ?r\gh ! compress$ air1 & ! latt] w assume its normal volume aga91 & press 9 ! liquid b5ea? x4 ,if ! quantity ( compress$ air is consid]able1 !re w occur an expulsion1 n only ( ! entire liquid1 b also ( ! excess ( air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,,h]on',s ,,cupp+ ,,glass4 ,! valve ( :i* ,i h spok5 is con/ruct$ z foll[s 7,fig4 #b1 #a bis & #a t]73 ,take two pieces ( brass ab\t "o in* squ>e1 & ab\t z ?ick z a c>p5t]'s rule1 & rub _! surfaces aga9/ ea* o!r ) em]y1 t is to say1 poli% !m s t nei!r air nor liquid c pass betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! middle ( "o ( ! pieces bore a circul> ap]ture ab\t #d_/aj an in* 9 diamet]4 ,!n fitt+ ! two plates toge!r by "o ( _! edges1 unite !m by a h+e s t ! poli%$ surfaces %all co9cide ) ea* o!r4 ,:5 ?is valve is to be made use (1 ! "p conta9+ ! ap]ture is adapt$ to ! ap]ture t is design$ = ! introduction ( ! liquid or air t is to be compress$4 ,! pressure causes ! o!r "p ( ! valve 7:i* moves easily on its h+e7 to op5 & all[ ! liquid or air to ent] ! tight vessel1 :]e9 x is aft]w>d conf9$ & presses aga9/ ! unp]=at$ "p ( ! valve & ?us closes ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! air ent]$4--,a4 de ,ro*as1 9 ,la ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,,h]on',s ,,f\nta94 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pr(essor ,,adolf ,,mey] has be5 exp]im5t+ ^u ! relative dige/ibility ( natural & artificial butt]4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 made on a man ( #ci1 & a boy ( #i ye>s4 ,he f\nd t !re 0 b little diff]5ce1 b 9 ^! individuals ! natural butt] seem$ to be m easily dige/$4 ,:ile natural butt] 0 all dige/$1 at lea/ #ih p] c5t4 ( ! artificial butt] 0 also dige/$4--,*emik] ,zeit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fil? ,,diseases ,,9 ,,rural ,,di/ricts4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,l4 ,,c>roll1 ,m4,d41 ,,new ,,brighton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,an editorial comm5t 9 ,! ,m$ical ,record ( ,april #ad?1 ^u a pap] by ,dr4 ,hamilton1 ( ,philadelphia1 may s]ve z an apology = "s rem>ks on a subject :i* ord9>ily seems to possess sc>cely m int]e/ = practic+ physicians ?an = practical laym52 bo? be+ wont to lay ! f+] ( incr$ulity aga9/ ! nose ( scorn :5 !y turn _! deafe/ e>s to ! voice ( ! sanit>ian4 ,9 ! pres5t v unsettl$ condition ( pr(essional op9ion z to ! diagnosis ( typhoid fev]--passably good au?orities 9 ,india1 on ,we/]n m\nta9 peaks1 & ev5 ne>] home1 diff]+ widely !rean5t--,i %all n attempt "h to discuss its etiology1 or to s+le out = reprobation any p>ticul> "o ( ! sev]al k9ds ( bact]ia :i* h be5 respectively describ$ z its exclusive cause4 ,suffice x m]ely to h9t t !re may be possible s\rce ( error 9 /ati/ical argum5ts t\*+ its relative frequ5cy 9 t[n or c\ntry4 ,b1 waiv+ ?is1 ,i am n aw>e t pr(ess$ sanit>ians h ascrib$ to sew]-gas alone su* pre-em95ce ov] o!r vehicles ( fil? or fungi z ! article 9 "q imputes4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i believe t ! majority ( cases ( ent]ic fev] :i* h be5 trac$ accurately to _! orig9 h be5 trac$ to o!r & m tangible contam9ations ( food or wat]4 ,nev]!less !re is /rong evid5ce1 :i* has /ood ! te/ ( mu* cross exam9ation1 t ! s-call$ fil? diseases des]ve _! "n 9 ?is respect3 t :atev] be ! specific t]tium quid :i* det]m9es _! occurr5ce 9 ! individual1 fil?-poison+ 7i4 e41 ! imbibition1 ?r\gh "s *annel1 ( ! products ( organic decomposition7 is an ess5tial factor 9 _! g5esis4 ,! fir/ s\rce ( fallacy 9 ! argum5ts ref]r$ to lies 9 ! mis9t]pretation ( ! t]m sew] gas1 connect+ x ) sew]s 9 p>ticul> in/ead ( ) sewage 9 g5]al4 ,?us1 ,i f9d x /at$ t typhoid is m preval5t 9 ! suburbs & surr\nd+ c\ntry ?an 9 ! cities subject$ to ! contam9ation ( sew] gas2 t diph!ria & sc>lat9a occur mo/ fatally 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e sew] gas is want+2 & t 9 ,philadelphia ! ext5sion ( ! sewage sy/em into ! rural sections has dim9i%$ ! sickness f fev]4 ,n[ ! facts on :i* mo/ sanit>ians lay great /ress are1 t unsew]$ rural di/ricts are m expos$ to dang] f f]m5t+ fil? ?an cities1 t ! ineffable atrocities ( lea*+ cesspools & privy-vaults 7^? p]v]sions ( b>b>ism to :i* ! ,am]ican ru/ic cl+s z to 8 mo/ preci\s bir?right7 d inf9itely m to poison air1 & soil1 & wat] ?an all ! blund]s ( city eng9e]s & plumb]s comb9$2 & t1 grant+ ! wor/ t c be said ( "s city sew]s :i* %all be nameless1 ev5 a bad sew] is bett] ?an none at all--:i* is m]ely equival5t to say+ t x is bett] to c>ry away z mu* ( "o's sewage z possible ?an to keep ! :ole ( x on ! premises to decompose "u "o's nose4 ,& ! p]il f ?is f\nt & orig9 ( evil is augm5t$ a hundr$fold :]e ! mania = mod]n improvem5ts has invad$ rural h\seholds4 ,long be=e sew]s are ?\ght (--ev5 be=e ! importation ( ! agoniz+ pian(orte--! suburban h\sewife insi/s on hav+ a ba?-room1 includ+ t sum & sub/ance ( vil5ess1 a pan wat]-closet on ! b$*amb] floor1 & a kit*5 s9k & /ation>y tubs d[n /airs2 & ^! fixtures1 commonly con/ruct$ 9 ! *eape/ & na/ie/ mann]1 are connect$ ) an unv5tilat$ cesspool1 s]v+ z s _m inlets to insure ! con/ant pollution ( ! h\se atmosph]e ) ! gases ( decomposition4 ,!n1 9 an uncem5t$ basem5t a portable furnace is arrang$ to transport to ! upp] rooms n only ! cell>-air1 b ! freely indrawn gr\nd atmosph]e1 lad5 ) noxi\s vapors f ! soil-soakage ( cesspools or privies4 ,x is n say+ too mu* to affirm t = e "o *annel ( fil?-poison+ 9 a pav$ & sew]$ city !re are at lea/ ?ree 9 ! av]age village settlem5t1 & if ! evid5ce ( insanit>y conditions be f\nd 9 n m ?an "o h\se out ( five1 x is because1 un=tunately1 v few physicians 9 ?is c\ntry h c>$ to le>n h[ to look = x--famili>ity ) ! doses ( drugs & ! results ( disease be+ reg>d$ 9 mo/ ( our m$ical s*ools z va/ly m important ?an r]um cognosc]e causas4 ,i am n suffici5tly in=m$ ( ! morbility /ati/ics ( ,african cities to appreciate ! full weight ( reason+s bas$ ^u _! alleg$ comp>ative salubrity2 ! occasional scatt]$ returns :i* ,i h se5 f a few ( !m %[ dea?-rates rang+ f #cj to ov] #dj p] #a1jjj4 ,b ,i am free to admit1 on g5]al pr9ciples1 t x is less dang]\s to let organic matt] decompose fully expos$ to atmosph]ic oxyg5 ?an to /ore x 9 unv5tilat$ receptacles to =m sulphuret$ & c>buret$ comp\nds1 or to saturate an undra9$ soil ) x4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t few1 if any1 sewage sub/ances are suspect$ ( pa?og5ic p[] :ile 9 _! fre% solid or liquid /ate3 ! products ( _! subsequ5t *emical *anges are :at we h to fe>2 & if ^! products be lib]at$ al fresco z fa/ z !y are =m$1 !y are dilut$ to homoeopa?ic insignificance by ! surr\nd+ air4 ,( ! two evils1 !re=e1 ! ,africo-,hib]nian practice ( ?r[+ h\se refuse promiscu\sly ^u ! surface is pref]able to ! ,am]ican village me?od ( fo/]+ & fe/]+ x 9 cumulative conc5tration4 ,z reg>ds ! allegation t ! "y m5 at "w 9 ! fields 7 m frequ5tly attack$ 7by typhoid fev]7 ?an ! females1 :o 7 g5]ally engag$ 9 dome/ic duties 9 or ab\t ! h\se1 x may be obs]v$3 ,fir/1 t agricultural labor]s d n sp5d all _! "t 9 ! fields1 b sleep 9 rooms f :i*1 z a class1 !y c>efully exclude all v5tilation2 second1 t1 = "s unexpla9$ reason1 ent]ic fev] seems to h a selective aff9ity = robu/ "y males4 ,x is an affair ( common obs]vation t1 "u app>5tly precisely simil> conditions1 fragile wom5 may resi/ ! infection to :i* /rong m5 succumb4 ,facts1 h[ev]1 are m =cible ?an words1 & ,i !re=e subjo9 a few examples ( co9cid5ces :i* h v mu* ! air ( causes & consequ5ces4 ,i h exclud$ in/ances :]e wat]-pollution c\ld be suppos$ to be> a "p1 & also ^? :]e c>eful inquiry did n seem to elim9ate ! possibility ( imm$iate or m$iate importation ( contagium f a pre-exi/+ case4 ,& let me1 at ! outset1 deprecate ! ,lieb]mei/]ian criticism t if an adynamic fev] ) peculi> temp]ature curve1 abdom9al symptoms1 etc41 be n directly traceable to a prec$+ pati5t1 x is n true typhoid1 b only some?+ o!rwise indi/+ui%able f x2 or t1 )\t evid5ce ( contagion1 a pseudo-membran\s ang9a ) grave con/itutional depression is n g5u9e diph!ria1 ?\gh a rem>kably good imitation ( ! real article4 ,grant only t !re are diseases--call !m :at y w--:i* closely resemble ! regulation nosological types1 t p sometimes die ( !m1 & t !y are intimately associat$ ) ! eat+1 dr9k+1 or brea?+ ( fil?-products1 & ,i %all1 = ! pres5t1 leave ! "q ( diagnosis to be begg$ by :osoev] c>es = x4 ,i4 ,typhoid4--,l>ge c\ntry h\se ) num]\s conv5i5ces4 ,two pan closets on second floor2 "o 9 a small w9d[less hall-ap>tm5t1 ! o!r 9 a ba?-room adjo9+ a b$-*amb]2 bas9 & ba?-wa/es l$ into trap ( wat]-closet2 lead5 soil-pipe n cont9u$ above ! l9e ( fixtures1 communicat+ directly ) cesspool1 & badly corrod$ at b5ds ( closet-traps4 ,s]vants' pan-closet 9 basem5t ) f\l & leaky reta9]2 kit*5 & laundry wa/es on same horizontal bran*1 con/antly liable to siphonage4 ,frequ5t illnesses ( m9or grade prevail$ 9 ?is h\sehold until ! :ole plumb+ sy/em 0 recon/ruct$ on a prop] plan1 s9ce :5 ! inmates h enjoy$ excell5t heal?4 ,,ii4 ,typhoid4--,small h\se 9 village /reet4 ,"u ! cell> runs ! ill-cov]$ *annel ( a =m] brook1 :i* receives ! sewage ( sev]al adjo9+ t5em5ts4 ,! h\se-refuse is dis*>g$ into ?is f\l tr5* ?r\gh an op5 untrapp$ conduit 9 ! basem5t4 ,,iii4 ,typhoid4--,cottage ( bett] class4 ,no plumb+ fixtures except kit*5 s9k1 :i* dis*>ges untrapp$ into an ob/ruct$ & v f\l dra92 lea*+ privy-pit on high] gr\nd ?an ! basem5t1 :i*1 ) ! f\ndation walls1 is uncem5t$1 af=d+ +ress to gr\nd-atmosph]e4 ,,iv4 ,diph!ria4--,elegant mansion1 reg>d$ by own] & practical plumb] z a model ( sanit>y con/ruction4 ,soil-pipe ext5d$ above ro(1 b )\t v5tilation at its foot4 ,mat]ials & workman%ip good4 ,on a lat]al bran* 0 a d[n-/airs wat]-closet into ! trap ( :i* ! kit*5 wa/e dis*>g$1 & into ! dip ( ! runn+-trap ( ?is horizontal soil-pipe1 9 ! basem5t1 & )9 a few feet ( ! furnace1 0 ins]t$ a s]vants' hopp]-closet )\t any flu%+ fixture2 excrem5tal matt] be+1 ( c\rse1 ?us reta9$ 9 ! trap a great "p ( ! "t1 & its decomposition favor$ by ! admixture ( hot wat] f ! kit*54 ,:5 ! wat] f ! boil] 0 set runn+1 ! /eam arose freely f ?is hopp]4 ,v4 ,diph!ria4--,h&some c\ntry-seat4 ,plumb+ "w rec5tly ov]haul$ & decl>$ p]fect by ! plumb]4 ,?ree f\l pan closets & num]\s o!r conv5i5ces1 all lead+ to unv5tilat$ cesspool4 ,9 ! b$room occupi$ by ! pati5t ! safe-wa/e f a /ation>y bas9 0 c>ri$ into ! soil-pipe1 con/itut+ a direct inlet f ! cesspool4 ,,vi4 ,diph!ria4--,presumably fir/ class resid5ce4 ,kit*5 & laundry wa/es c>ri$ f basem5t into privy-vault1 :i* 0 fill$ to above ! level ( ! pipes4 ,,vii4 ,typhoid8 7two irregul> cases74--,cottage 9 good neighborhood4 ,ba? & bas9 wa/es dis*>g+ into trap ( f\l pan-closet ) putty-jo9ts4 ,two in* t9 pipe ins]t$1 ) leaky slip-jo9t1 into b5d ( wat] closet trap1 & c>ri$ ) sev]al angles to ro(2 no o!r v5tilation ( soil-pipe1 :i* connects ) lea*+ cesspool4 ,cell> riddl$ ) rat-burr[s 7indicat+ probable connection ) "s old dra971 & airbox ( furnace made ( loosely jo9t$ bo>ds1 s z to convey ! cell> air to upp] "p ( h\se4 ,,viii4 ,typhoid8 7cont9u$ fev]7--,cottage on high gr\nd4 ,(f5sive pan-closet on b$room floor4 ,soil-pipe reliev$ by angul> galvaniz$ v5t4 ,b c>ri$ )\t o!r v5tilation or trapp+ to cesspool on l[] gr\nd4 ,kit*5 & laundry wa/es untrapp$ & l$ to a r[ ( buri$ b>rels :i* 7 fill$ ) a mo/ malodor\s mess1 ! wat] be+ all[$ to soak into ! soil z be/ x might4 ,,ix4 ,diph!ria4--,h\se )\t plumb+ fixtures4 ,cell> loosely pav$ ) bricks1 & saturat$ ) soakage f sev]al privy-vaults on mu* high] gr\nd & close 9 ! re>2 ! fcal-smell+ semi-liquid fil? actually ooz+ up betwe5 ! bricks :5 !y 7 /epp$ ^u4 ,x4 ,diph!ria4--,cottage alleg$ by ! own]1 & innoc5tly believ$ by ! t5ant1 to be "o ( ! be/ plumb$ h\ses 9 ! c\nty4 ,pan closet 9 a decad5t & (f5sive condition1 ) untrapp$ ba? wa/e & insuffici5tly trapp$ bas9 wa/e l$ into its seal4 ,%ort v5t f b5d ( closet trap to outside ( wall1 ) orifice clos$ dur+ w9t] to prev5t wat] pipes f freez+2 soil-pipe ?us )\t v5tilation at top or bottom4 ,butl]'s pantry s9k connect$ by t9 pipe ) e>!nw>e dra91 :i* 0 badly laid & compos$ ( diff]5t siz$ pipes4 ,"s di/ance beyond ! junction ( ! soil pipe & wa/es1 ?is dra9 0 tapp$ by a v5tilat+ pipe c>ri$ into a *imney flue1 ) an occasional d[n-draught4 ,kit*5 wa/e op5+ directly into an unv5tilat$ cesspool4 ,all lead pipes ( poore/ quality4 ,,xi4 ,diph!ria4--,c\ntry f>m-h\se4 ,no plumb+4 ,uncem5t$ cell>2 liv+ room 9 w+ built directly ^u ! e>?4 ,ov]fl[+ privy-vault )9 tw5ty feet & on high] gr\nd1 ! soakage & surface wa%+ f :i* _h p]meat$ ! soil ar\nd & "u ! build+4 ,,xii4 ,diph!ria4--,l>ge & h&some h\se4 ,sanit>y arrangem5ts satisfactory to plumb]4 ,pan-closet ) insuffici5t flu%4 ,two-in* t9 v5t f b5d ( soil-pipe c>ri$ ) v>i\s angles into cold *imney flue4 ,runn+ "u ! :ole l5g? ( ! basem5t 0 an eight in* e>!nw>e dra9 receiv+ ! soil-pipe & ! wa/es f diff]5t fixtures2 its l>ge calib] & slight grade preclud$ prop] flu%+1 & x 0 ?ickly coat$ ) refuse & *ill$ grease4 ,into its upp] end 0 ins]t$ ! ov]fl[ f a tightly cov]$ ci/]n1 s t ! only v5tilation ( ! entire h\se-dra9age sy/em 0 ?r\gh ! ra9-wat] lead]1 close to a mans>d b$room w9d[4 ,,xiii4 ,typhoid8--,two small h\ses ( ! poor] class1 situat$ on a road at ! foot ( a /eep declivity4 ,no plumb+4 ,two privy-vaults1 a pig-p51 & an indescribably fil?y c[ /able j beh9d & above !m1 f :i* ! wa%+s 7 traceable into _! cell>s4 ,i c\ld ext5d ! li/ by scores ( illu/rations ( rural h\se-defects3 soil-pipes disjo9t$ f _! outlet dra9s & dis*>g+ _! sewage "u basem5t floors2 cesspools back+-up into kit*5 s9ks or laundry tubs1 or p\r+ a reflux tide ?r\gh ov]fl[ pipes into dr9k+ wat] ci/]ns2 +5i\s devices ( e sort to deprive ! gases f p5t-up fil? ( any escape1 save into ! dwell+4 ,& ^! among ! weal?i] resid5ts1 ^: surr\nd+s are commonly suppos$ to be above suspicion4 ,z reg>ds ! unplumb$ poor1 _! *ances ( inhal+ fil?-pollut$ air or imbib+ fil? contam9at$ wat] are (t5 enhanc$ by inadequate cubic space & faulty con/ruction )9 doors1 & ignorant neglect ( ! v rudim5ts ( hygi5e 9 ! environm5t2 _! cell>s & wells be+ sunk 9 soil saturat$ ) putresc5t refuse4 ,9 ! int]m$iate agricultural or me*anic class simil> conditions frequ5tly exi/1 _! pot5cy = evil dep5d+ *iefly ^u ! por\s or ret5tive "* ( ! soil2 precautions to exclude ! gr\nd atmosph]e f cell>s or basem5ts are seldom f\nd2 cesspools & privy-vaults are close at h&2 & x is a common ?+ = a c\ple ( adults & two or ?ree *ildr5 to sleep 9 a /uffy unv5tilat$ room ) n m ?an #a1jjj or #a1ejj cubic feet among !m4 ,f a sanit>y po9t ( view x matt]s little :e!r ! gases f decompos+ sewage escape f sodd5 soil or f a f\l sew]2 _! nature is alike 9 ei!r case1 & ! aggregate dose may be ev5 l>g] 9 ! =m] in/ance4 ,b :51 & :y1 & h[1 !y1 or any ( !m1 ex]t _! mo/ delet]i\s influ5ces1 are que/ions :i* x is impossible to answ] 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k4 ,x is an indisputable fact t p may = a long :ile be expos$ to !m )\t pron\nc$ manife/ations ( fil? disease--al?\gh su* p1 9 my exp]i5ce1 are seldom ?or\ghly well1 ev5 if n specifically ill4 ,b soon] or lat] an app>5t qualitative *ange may take place1 & an acute zymosis decl>e itself4 ,i h else:]e sugge/$ ! "p t may be borne 9 ?is complicat$ problem by a p]sonal factor1 or tempor>ily alt]$ individual susceptibility2#g b x seems necess>y also to assume an alt]ation 9 ! ext]nal conditions2 & su* alt]ation is expla9$ by _m etiologi/s on ! hypo!sis ( ! importation or evolution ( specific pa?og5ic micro-organisms4 ,t c]ta9 v>ieties ( s*izophytes are associat$ ) "s ( ! acute infections is beyond d\bt2 t 9 a few1 su* microdemes are ! convey]s1#h if n ! causes1 ( ! infection seems prov$2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ! diseases *iefly "u consid]ation no *>act]i/ic bact]oidal =ms h be5 def9$4 ,9 typhoid fev]1 ,klebs describes a bacillus :]e ,letz]i* f9ds only micrococci2 accord+ to ,wood & ,=mad1 ! micrococcus ( diph!ria is j l t ( ! ord9>y buccal mucus2 inde$1 ne>ly all ( ! acute/ infecti\s diseases are attribut$ to ^! ubiquit\s micrococci1 indi/+ui%able f ea* o!r 9 mo/ in/ances1 & divid$ into species solely on ! score ( _! assum$ physiological effects4 ,admitt+ all t ! mo/ ard5t advocates ( ! g]m !ory c claim = x1 !re are at lea/ ?ree possible ways 9 :i* fil? & fungi may be connect$4 #a4 ,tak+ ! view ( ,naegeli & o!rs z reg>ds ! mutability ( ! bact]ia1 x is conceivable t ! common scav5g] microphytes may acquire pa?og5ic prop]ties by successive g5]ations ( developm5t amid ! products ( c]ta9 decompos+ sub/ances4 ,9 favor ( ?is conception may be cit$ ! seem+ly gradual int5sification ( fil? poison+ 9 num]\s in/ances2 sore ?roats ( a less septic type =]unn+ outbreaks ( diph!ria2 di>rhoeal d]angem5ts prec$+ ent]ic fev]2 &1 fur!rmore1 ,ko* has f\nd bo? bacillus-spores & micrococci 9 surface soils1 ! latt] organisms prepond]at+ :]e ! e>? is subject$ to excrem5tal soakage4 #b4 ,or1 accept+ ! specific classification ( ! s*izomycetes1 x may be suppos$ t "s pa?og5ic g]ms obta9 favorable int]m$iate conditions = _! developm5t & multiplication 9 ^! products ( decomposition2 a supposition almo/ necess>y if ! specific-g]m !ory be appli$ to ent]ic or *ol]aic dis*>ges4 #c4 ,f9ally1 if x be conc$$ t desiccat$ spores may reta9 _! specific vitality indef9itely1 & be air-waft$ almo/ unb\nd$ly1 ! pr$ispos+ action ( our fil? emanations maybe imag9$ to be cumulative1 sl[ly und]m9+ ! individual p[]s ( resi/ance1 or r5d]+ c]ta9 cell gr\ps an easi] prey to ! intrud+ organisms 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,:i* ( ^! hypo!ses1 if ei!r ( !m1 w ultimately prevail is a "q only to be decid$ by exp]im5tal inve/igations :i* are beset by a multitude ( difficulties & s\rces ( error4--,m$4 ,record4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,horse ,,m$ic9e ,,bit4 ,ow+1 no d\bt1 to ! prepond]ance ( horizontality ov] v]ticality 9 ! con/ruction ( ! horse1 !re results a consid]able difficulty 9 adm9i/]+ m$ic9e to t quadrup$1 & he frequ5tly has to und]go :at may be said to am\nt to cruelty 9 ! endeavor to p]suade him to swall[ ! unpalatable dose4 ,x is !re=e ) satisfaction t we br+ "u our read]s' notice a simple & effective inv5tion :i* promises to d away ) ?is difficulty1 & f humanit>ian motives we hope to see x widely adopt$4 ,x is ! jo9t production ( ,mr4 ,philip ,fonn]eau1 ( ,masons' ,arms ,y>d1 ,maddox ,/reet1 & ,mr4 ,will\ghby ,field+1 ( ,lisle ,/reet1 ,leice/] ,squ>e1 ,london4 ,! inv5tors h adopt$ ! s5sible & v obvi\s plan ( utiliz+ t :i* ! horse is tra9$ to tol]ate--viz41 ! bit4 ,x w be se5 f ! annex$ engrav+s t ! inv5tion consi/s ess5tially ( a tubul> bit1 ) a funnel atta*$1 z %[n at ,fig4 #a4 ,! bit has a hole1 :i* is close to ! horse's tongue :5 9 its m\?4 ,! upp] "p ( ! app>atus is fitt$ ) a rope1 :i* is pass$ ?r\gh a r+ 9 ! ceil+ ( ! /able4 ,by ?is rope ! horse's head is g5tly elevat$1 s z to prev5t ! m$ic9e f go+ 9 any o!r direction ?an d[n its ?roat4 ,:5 x has be5 prop]ly adju/$1 z %[n at ,fig4 #b1 ! m$ic9e is p\r$ into ! funnel1 & x imm$iately runs ?r\gh ! hole into ! horse's m\?1 & ! animal _c help swall[+ x4 ,! app>atus is !n remov$1 & r9s$ out = future use4 ,( c\rse ! inv5tion is adapt$ to liquid m$ic9e only1 b we believe x is z easy to prep>e m$ic9e 9 a liquid =m z 9 any o!r1 & !re=e !re ne$ be no difficulty on t acc\nt4 ,we comm5d ?is inv5tion to all hav+ ! c>e ( horses z a practical means ( obviat+ ! p]petuation ( a hi!rto necess>y b n[ unnecess>y cruelty to animals4--,iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,physiology ,,( ,,sleep4 ,z reg>ds ! vascul> condition ( ! c]ebrum dur+ natural sleep1 !re seems to be at pres5t a virtual agreem5t among physiologi/s4 ,:atev] views may be held ( ! imm$iate or proximate cause1 x is g5]ally admitt$ t dur+ sleep ! bra9 is relatively anmic4 ,!re are well-atte/$ facts en\gh on record to sub/antiate ?is4 ,! bra91 d5ud$ ( a portion ( its cranial cov]+1 has be5 c>efully wat*$ dur+ ! wak+ /ate & 9 sleep1 & x has be5 asc]ta9$ t1 bo? 9 man & 9 ! l[] animals1 ! organ is comp>atively bloodless dur+ sleep1 & its circulation m sluggi% ?an at o!r times4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury ,blum5?al fir/ enunciat$ ?is !ory1 & support$ x by ! int]e/+ case ( a pati5t :o _h lo/ a portion ( ! "r frontal bone2 dur+ sleep ! bra9 0 se5 to be anmic & 9 a collaps$ condition4 ,d5dy#i relates a simil> case1 :i* 0 obs]v$ 9 #ahba4 ,b ,durham's memoir on ! physiology ( sleep1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! volume ( ,guy's ,hospital ,reports = #ahfj1 0 ! fir/ really ?or\gh & sci5tific contribution to our k ( ! vascul> /ate ( ! encephalon dur+ sleep1 & ! relation ( t /ate to ! ph5om5a ( sleep4 ,to ,hammond also1 _m ( ^: exp]im5ts 7 made prior to ,durham's publication1 we are indebt$ = num]\s orig9al obs]vations1 & = ! mo/ exhau/ive & conclusive exposition ( ! subject yet giv5 to ! _w4#aj ,we may see t dur+ sleep all ! encephalic blood-vessels are "u a dim9i%$ pressure1 z prov$ 9 fact by ! manomet]1 & t ?is less5+ ( ! active fl[ corresponds ) a dim9ution ( c]ebral function4 ,ev5 if no exp]im5ts _h ev] be5 made1 inductive reason+ w\ld h l$ irresi/ibly to ?is conclusion4 ,dur+ ! int]vals ( dige/ion ! ga/ric muc\s membrane is relatively pale & bloodless2 ! submaxill>y gl& does n become turgid ) blood until x beg9s to secrete saliva2 a muscle 9 action becomes m>k$ly hyp]mic4 ,x is s ) ! organs 9 g5]al4 ,! p]=mance ( function is *>act]iz$ by vascul> activity & fullness4 ,if 9 any "p !re is a call = "w1 !re is a call = m blood4 ,! n]v\s sy/em =ms no exception to ?is law1 & !re is ! mo/ intimate & absolute correlation betwe5 ! evolution ( n]v\s en]gy & ! activity ( ! circulation4 ,s true is ?is t x is ev]y:]e admitt$ t ! induction ( functional "w 9 any su* app>atus z ! dige/ive1 ! sexual1 or ! muscul> produces a degree ( hyp]mia ( ! app>atus call$ into action suffici5t to prove a s]i\s h9d]ance to ! easy & satisfactory p]=mance ( any sev]e m5tal task4 ,pr(essor ,mosso1 ( ,tur91 has lately made "s int]e/+ exp]im5ts on p]sons :o _h lo/ portions ( ! cranial bones1 us+ ,m>ey's +5i\s hydro-sphygmograph4 ,not+1 l o!rs be=e him1 t dur+ sleep ! bra9 dim9i%$ 9 volume1 ) %r9kage ( its blood-vessels1 & t ! lively blu% *>act]iz+ its surface dur+ ! wak+ /ate disappe>$1 he obs]v$ also t any sudd5 impression1 if suffici5t to r\se ! bra9 to p>tial activity1 0 sure to be att5d$ ) an increase ( its vascul>ity & its volume4 ,he has prov$1 too1 t e ef=t ( ! intellect is normally accompani$ by a dim9ution ( volume 9 ! p]iph]al p>ts1 ! arm1 = example1 & t1 on ! contr>y1 :5 ! c]ebral activity is less5$ ! di/ant memb]s are augm5t$ 9 volume4 ,sleep is always accompani$ by a dilatation ( ! vessels ( ! extremities1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! =e>m1 :]e ?is dilatation has repeat$ly be5 measur$ by ,mosso ) 8 regi/]+ app>atus4 ,e excitation f )\t causes a contraction ( ! vessels ( ! =e>m ( ! sleep+ subject1 & ! augm5t$ blood pressure at once produces a r5ew$ afflux ( blood to ! bra94 ,9 ?is mann] ! fluctuations ( c]ebral activity c be foll[$3 a s\nd1 a t\*1 a ray ( light fall+ on ! clos$ lid ( ! sleep]1 all give rise to modifications ( ! c]ebral circulation--unp]ceiv$1 d\btless1 b possibly ! s\rce ( dreams4#aa ,! imm$iate cause ( sleep is n simply ! %utt+ (f ( a portion ( ! blood curr5t f ! bra94 ,!re are m important factors4 ,"h ,vulpian#ab is "r4 ,! less5+ ( ! blood supply to ! encephalon is r ! accompanim5t ?an ! cause ( sleep4 ,we _c produce normal sleep 9 a p]son simply by exsangu9at+ 8 bra91 or else we %\ld h 9 an ice-cap & a hot foot-ba? ! spe$ie/ & mo/ effective ( hypnotics4 ,! bra9 mu/ fir/ be 9 a c]ta9 condition4 ,!re mu/ be 9 ! con/itution ( ! supreme n]ve c5t]s some?+ t =bids fur!r activity1 & ) t cessation ( activity !re w be a less5+ ( ! blood-fl[ to ! bra91 9 accordance ) ! physiological law be=e /at$4 ,:at is ! p>ticul> modification ( ! cortical cells :i* r5d]s !m less fit = ! lib]ation ( _! special =ces1 & f9ally compels a susp5sion ( action1 ) a dim9ution ( ! blood supply8 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has giv5 a v plausible explanation1 9 accordance ) ! !ory ( evolution3 ,! wa/e ( ! n]ve-c5t]s hav+ become su* t ! /imuli receiv$ f ! ext]nal _w no long] suffice to call =? f !m adequate dis*>ges1 !re results a dim9i%$ impulse to ^? int]nal organs :i* subs]ve n]v\s activity1 includ+ m especially ! he>t4 ,consequ5tly1 ! n]ve-c5t]s1 already work+ feebly1 are suppli$ ) less blood & beg9 to "w m feebly1 respond+ /ill less to impressions1 & dis*>ge /ill less to ! he>t4 ,& s ! two act & react until !re is rea*$ a /ate ( pr(\nd unimpressibility & inactivity4 ,betwe5 ?is /ate & ! wak+ /ate ! ess5tial di/9ction is great r$uction ( wa/e1 :i* falls s l[ t ! rate ( repair exce$s x4444 ,dur+ ! day ! loss is great] ?an ! ga91 :]eas dur+ ! night ! ga9 is dim9i%$ by sc>cely any loss4 ,h5ce results accumulation2 !re is re/oration ( n]ve-tissue to its /ate ( integrity4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 t rhy?mical v>iation 9 n]v\s activity :i* we see 9 sleep & wak+ is ! result ( adaptation1 due to survival ( ! fitte/4 ,an animal s con/itut$ t wa/e & repair 7 balanc$ f mom5t to mom5t ?r\gh\t ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs w\ld1 o!r ?+s equal1 be ov]come by an enemy or competitor t c\ld evolve great] en]gy dur+ ! h\rs :5 light facilitates action1 at ! exp5se ( be+ less en]getic dur+ ! h\rs ( d>kness & concealm5t4#ac ,) "s qualification1 ! =ego+ /atem5t is ab\t z satisfactory z any t has yet be5 (f]$ z to ! proximate cause ( sleep4 ,dur+ ! wak+ h\rs ! vaso-motor c5t] 9 ! m$ulla is d\btless "u inhibition by ! sup]ior c5t]s1 & !re is relative relaxation ( ! c]ebral art]ioles1 ) dilatation ( ! capill>ies2 :5 ! cells ( ! hemisph]es are exhau/$1 !y are no long] able to ex]cise ?is inhibition--9 common p>lance1 !y no long] p[]fully extract ! blood--& ! vaso-motor c5t] puts on ! brakes2 ! blood supply is !n no long] suffici5t = function1 ?\gh en\gh = nutrition4 ,an +5i\s !ory has lately be5 propos$ by ,prey]1 ( ,j5a1#ad accord+ to :i*1 to use a homely illu/ration1 ! fire ceases to burn because ! flues are clogg$ ) c9d]s4 ,z ,prey] puts x1 ! activity ( ! c]ebrum is a sort ( respiration1 :ile its repose is a sort ( asphyxia ( ?is organ4 ,x is c]ta9 t e psy*ical act1 e ?\ght1 involves a c]ta9 consumption ( oxyg5 by ! n]v\s sub/ance4 ,dur+ wak+1 ?is gas is furni%$ to ! bra9 9 ! blood4 ,if ! blood supply fails1 ^? =ms ( activity :i* we d5om9ate consci\sness1 att5tion1 volition1 & ?\ght cease4 ,?is is easily prov$ by compression ( ! c>otids4 ,x is kn[n t 9 ! wak+ h\rs ! muscles1 z well z ! n]ves & ! n]ve-c5t]s1 z a consequ5ce ( t activity1 produce sub/ances easily oxidizable1 among :i* is lactic acid4 ,"s h ev5 attribut$ ! s5se ( fatigue :i* we exp]i5ce aft] prolong$ ex]tion to ! pres5ce ( ?is acid 9 ! blood4#ae ,accord+ to ,prey]1 aft] ! "w ( ! day is done1 & ! quiet ( sleep is s\ght1 ! wa/e mat]ials ( :i* we h spok51 & :i* he proposes to call ponognes 7sub/ances :i* cause fatigue71 be+ accumulat$ 9 ! tissues1 little by little und]go decomposition1 by tak+ oxyg5 f ! blood4 ,!y ?us div]t a consid]able quantity ( ?is gas f ! c]ebrum1 ! cells ( :i*1 depriv$ ( ?is elem5t s indisp5sable to _! activity1 ent] into a /ate ( relative repose4 ,^! wa/e matt]s are1 !n1 ! physical cause ( sleep1 :i* w be ! m pr(\nd & prolong$ ! m ! blood is *>g$ ) ! excrem5titi\s products ( function4 ,prey] has exp]im5t$ on animals by inject+ v>y+ quantities ( lactic acid into _! blood1 & has produc$ a deep somnol5t condition :i* c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f natural sleep4 ,! use ( lactate ( sodium 9 ! human subject has sometimes be5 att5d$ ) a l hypnotic effect4 ,fur!r rese>*es are ne$$ be=e ! "q c be consid]$ z settl$4--,n4 ,y4 ,m$4 ,j\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,*lorhydr9es4 ,! usual me?ods ( prep>+ *lorhydr9es are 9 "p inconv5i5t1 9 "p unsatisfactory 9 yield4 ,a4 ,lad5burg !re=e proposes ! foll[+ process1 us+ e?yl5-*lorhydr9e z an example3 ,glycol is heat$ 9 a di/ill]y app>atus to #adh ,c41 & a sl[ curr5t ( dry hydro*loric acid pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,! wat] =m$ & ! glycol-*lorhydr9e di/ill ov] & are collect$ 9 tubulat$ receiv]s4 ,! temp]ature ( ! ba? is gradually rais$ to #afj ,c41 :5 all ! glycol is completely decompos$1 except a trifl+ residue4 ,! di/illate is mix$ ) two or ?ree volumes ( e!r1 & !n fre$ f any hydro*loric acid pres5t ) potassium c>bonate4 ,! e!real solution is drawn (f1 & completely dri$ ov] fre%ly fus$ potassium c>bonate4--,b]l4 ,b]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,me?od ,,= ,,! ,,detection ,,( ,,sug> ,,9 ,,! ,,ur9e4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,cl9ical ,society ( ,london1 ,dr4 ,oliv] gave a demon/ration ( ! me?od he employs = ! detection ( sug> 9 ! ur9e by means ( te/-pap]s4 ,! te/-pap]s 7 *>g$ ) ! c>m9e ( indigo & c>bonate ( soda4 ,:5 "o 0 dropp$ into an ord9>y half in* te/ tube1 & z mu* wat] p\r$ 9 z j cov]$ ! upp] end1 & heat appli$1 a transp>5t & true blue solution1 resembl+ ,fehl+'s 9 appe>ance1 0 obta9$4 7,a transp>5t solution c\ld n1 at ! meet+1 be produc$ f ! ,london wat]4 ,! *>act]i/ic reaction ) grape sug> 01 h[ev]1 unimpair$74 ,if ) ! pap] "o drop ( diabetic ur9e _h be5 add$1 %ortly aft] ! fir/ simm]1 a beautiful s]ies ( color *anges appe>$2 fir/ violet1 !n purple1 !n r$1 & f9ally /raw color2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 "o drop ( non-diabetic ur9e induc$ no alt]ation ( color4 ,! colors return$ 9 ! inv]se ord] on %ak+ ! tube1 :i* all[$ ! air to m+le ) ! liquid4 ,reheat+ re/or$ ! colors aga94 ,confirmation ( ! pres5ce ( glucose 0 obta9$ by dropp+ 9 a m]curic *loride pap]1 :ile ! solution 0 /ill q hot1 aft] ! complete developm5t ( ! indigo reaction4 ,!n !re 0 produc$ imm$iately a blacki% gre5 precipitate4 ,no su* precipitation occurr$ :5 a drop ( non-sac*>9e ur9e 0 "u exam9ation by ! indigo te/2 !n ! blue solution 0 m]ely turn$ into a transp>5t gre5 "o4 ,?is te/1 z ,dr4 ,oliv] po9t$ out1 discov]s 7a7 ! normal sug>2 7b7 ! v>y+ proportions ( sug> :i* fill 9 ! gap betwe5 ! normal am\nt & t :i* *>act]izes diabetes mellitus1 z 9 liv] d]angem5ts & vaso-motor di/urbances2 7c7 diabetic proportions4 ,x possesses ! foll[+ advantages ov] ,fehl+'s te/3 #a4 ,x w detect sug> 9 any proportion 9 ! pres5ce ( album51 peptone1 blood1 pus1 or bile1 & z readily z 9 ord9>y diabetic ur9e4 #b4 ,x gives no play ( colors ) uric acid4 #c4 ,x possesses portability1 cleanl9ess1 & /ability4 ,moore's1 ,tromm]'s1 & ,boettg]'s bismu? te/s are all inf]ior 9 delicacy4--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*emical ,,comp\nds ,,made ,,by ,,compression4 ,by ,m4 ,w4 ,,spr+4 ,! au?or has previ\sly %[n ! possibility ( unit+ ! fragm5ts ( solid bodies by ! sole action ( pressure4 ,he also e/abli%$ at ! same "t ! possibility ( =m+ *emical comp\nds by means ( pressure4 ,?us he obta9$ cupr\s sulphide by compress+ a mixture ( sulphur du/ & copp]2 m]curic iodide1 by compress+ m]curic *loride ) potassium iodide1 etc4 ,f9ally1 by compress+ 9 ! same mann] mixtures ( ! fil+s ( diff]5t metals1 he =m$ alloys hav+ = equal compositions ! same melt+ po9ts z ^? obta9$ by fusion4 ,! la/ m5tion$ facts c]ta9ly e/abli% ! possibility ( caus+ bodies to ent] into *emical reaction by ! m]e ag5cy ( a me*anical en]gy4 ,?is result is closely l9k$ ) ano!r obta9$ dur+ ! c\rse ( ! same inve/igation3 ! polym]ization ( c]ta9 simple bodies1 e4 g41 sulphur1 by ! action ( pressure4 ,! au?or _h drawn a g5]al conclusion f 8 exp]im5ts1 & _h ann\nc$ t matt] takes1 bel[ a giv5 temp]ature1 a /ate correspond+ to ! volume :i* x is compell$ to occupy4 ,he has s9ce und]tak5 a me?odical /udy ( ! *emical reactions accompli%$ by ! action ( pressure4 ,he _h already %[n ! possibility ( =m+ metallic ars5ides by compress+ mixtures ( ars5ic & ( ! fil+s ( diff]5t metals 7,bullet9 de l',acadmie ,royale de ,belgique1 t4 v41 #ahhc71 & he n[ communicates ! results obta9$ by compress+ mixtures ( sulphur & ( c]ta9 metals or non-metals4 ,! results n m]ely confirm ! au?or's =m] conclusions1 b !y ?r[ a new light on ! relations ( organic & inorganic *emi/ry1 & exhibit ! s-call$ simple bodies z capable ( assum+ a peculi> con/itution v>y+ accord+ to ! conditions 9 :i* !y are plac$1 & ! actions to :i* !y are submitt$4 ,he us$ ! metals 9 ! /ate ( f9e fil+s imm$iately mix$ ) fl[]s ( sulphur previ\sly ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,! mixtures 7 made 9 atomic proportions & 7 submitt$ to a prelim9>y pressure ( #f1ejj atmosph]es4 ,!y !n assum$ ! /ate ( a h>d compact mass1 %[+1 on exam9ation ) ! microscope1 t ! reaction ( ! sulphur & ! metal _h tak5 place :]ev] ! elem5ts 7 9 contact4 ,! mass obta9$ 0 !n r$uc$ into f9e p[d] & compress$ aga9 f twice to eight times4 #a4 ,sulphur & ,magnesium4--,aft] six compressions !re 0 obta9$ a gray mass ) a feebly metallic surface lu/]4 ,x dissolves 9 wat] at #ej to #fj ) a sl[ escape ( hydrog5 sulphide1 ! liquid becom+ ( a gold5 yell[4 ,a drop ( hydro*loric acid occasions imm$iately a v /rong escape ( hydrog5 sulphide1 :ile free sulphur is deposit$4 ,h5ce magnesium & sulphur comb9e "u ! action ( pressure1 =m+ magnesium sulphide & possibly a polysulphide4 #b4 ,sulphur & ,z9c4--,?ree compressions yield a block deceptively simil> to native bl5de ) metallic lu/]4 ,dilute sulphuric acid dissolves ! block sl[ly ) an escape ( hydrog5 sulphide4 #c4 ,sulphur & ,iron4--,aft] f\r compressions a block is obta9$ :i* ! file sc>cely t\*es4 ,dilute sulphuric acid dissolves x easily ) cont9u\s escape ( hydrog5 sulphide4 ,if ! product ( compression is heat$ 9 a clos$ tube no lum9\s ph5om5on is obs]v$1 ! body ent]+ into tranquil fusion4 ,h5ce ! pot5tial heat ( ! free sulphur & iron has be5 realiz$ dur+ ! compression4 #d4 ,sulphur & ,cadmium4--,?ree compressions give a yell[i%-gray homog5e\s mass4 ,! p[d] is yell[1 b less pure ?an t ( cadmium sulphide obta9$ by precipitation4 ,/rong hydro*loric acid dissolves ! mass ) escape ( hydrog5 sulphide4 #e4 ,sulphur & ,alum9um4--,result incomplete4 ,aft] five compressions a mass is obta9$ :i*1 9 contact ) moi/ air1 gives (f an odor ( hydrog5 polysulphide4 #f4 ,sulphur & ,bismu?4--,! comb9ation takes place ) great ease4 #g4 ,sulphur & ,lead4--,! comb9ation is /ill m easy4 #h4 ,sulphur & ,silv]4--,! action is sl[2 eight compressions are necess>y4 #i4 ,sulphur & ,copp]4--,?ree compressions complete ! comb9ation4 ,:5 ! product ( ! compression is heat$1 !re is no developm5t ( heat or light4 #aj4 ,sulphur & ,t94--,?ree compressions give a block :i* yields a yell[i%-gray p[d]1 easily soluble 9 a hot solution ( sodium sulphide4 ,/annic sulphide is !re=e =m$ by ! compression ( sulphur & t94 #aa4 ,sulphur & ,antimony4--,aft] two compressions we obta9 a gray-black mass hav+ ! color & lu/] ( /ib9e4 ,:5 p[d]$ x dissolves ) ease 9 hot hydro*loric acid1 giv+ (f hydrog5 sulphide4 #ab4 ,sulphur & ,r$ ,phosphorus2 ,sulphur & ,c>bon4--,result entirely nil2 !re is produc$ n ! lea/ trace ( phosphorus sulphide nor ( c>bon sulphide4 ,,conclusions ,,to ,,be ,,drawn ,,f ,,^! ,,facts4 ,! negative results j m5tion$ h an especial int]e/4 ,x is e/abli%$ t r$ phosphorus has a high] specific gravity ?an :ite phosphorus1 t ( ! =m] be+ #a4if1 & t ( ! latt] #a4hb4 ,! au?or's =m] rese>*es 7,bullet9s de l',acadmie ,royale de ,belgique1 #di1 p4 #cbc1 #ahhj7 h %[n t if suffici5t pressure is appli$ to a body capable ( assum+ sev]al allotropic /ates1 x takes "u pressure ! /ate correspond+ to its greate/ d5sity4 ,x is consequ5tly impossible to trans=m r$ phosphorus into :ite phosphorus by pressure4 ,b we "k1 on ! o!r h&1 t r$ sulphur & r$ phosphorus may be mix$ ) impunity at common temp]atures )\t comb9ation ensu+2 to produce comb9ation ! temp]ature mu/ be rais$ to ab\t #bfj1 ! po9t ( trans=mation ( r$ phosphorus into :ite phosphorus4 ,x is ?us e/abli%$ t r$ phosphorus mu/ fir/ be *ang$ f its allotropic condition be=e ent]+ into comb9ation ) sulphur4 ,! pressure oppos+ ?is *ange r5d]s also ! act ( comb9ation impossible2 r$ phosphorus appe>s to u l a body :i* has lo/ its *emical faculties4 ,?us1 ! comb9ation ( an elem5t ) itself1 i4 e41 its polym]ization1 has really ! effect ( ext+ui%+ its en]gy1 r5d]+ x incapable ( fulfill+ c]ta9 functions4 ,! *emi/ry ( r$ phosphorus1 m simple ?an t ( :ite phosphorus1 may be consid]$ z ! *emi/ry ( a dead5$ body4 ,! phosphorus :i* is f\nd 9 comb9ation ) sulphur is phosphorus sulphides1 & t :i* ent]s into comb9ations ( o!r k9ds1 is c]ta9ly n phosphorus 9 ! r$ /ate2 x is ev5 possible1 if n probable1 t x is n ev5 :ite phosphorus1 b a sub/ance /ill unkn[n 9 ! free /ate4 ,we arrive at a simil> b m complete conclusion z to ! nature ( c>bon4 ,x is kn[n t ! aff9ity ( c>bon = sulphur & ev5 = oxyg5 only becomes manife/ at a temp]ature bord]+ ^u r$ness4 ,is n ?is tantam\nt to say+ t1 9 ord] to ent] into comb9ation ) ano!r body1 c>bon1 l r$ phosphorus1 mu/ fir/ *ange its allotropic condition8 ,?is view is support$ by ! foll[+ consid]ations3 ,! specific heat ( amorph\s c>bon1 &1 a =tiori1 t ( graphite & diamond1 =m exceptions to ! law ( ,dulong & ,petit2 !y are too small by m ?an "o-half4 ,!y w\ld be normal if ! atomic weight ( c>bon 7 great] ?an x really is2 9 o!r words1 free c>bon 7 a polym] ( comb9$ c>bon4 ,rose has f\nd t at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ejj ! specific heat ( c>bon agrees ) ! law ( ,dulong & ,petit4 ,at ?is temp]ature c>bon und]goes a beg9n+ ( depolym]ization1 i4 e41 its *emical aff9ities reappe>1 & x burns readily 9 oxyg54 ,d n ^! facts %[ a complete p>allelism betwe5 ! *emical hi/ory ( phosphorus & t ( c>bon8 ,cry/all9e c>bon1 & ev5 free amorph\s c>bon1 are )\t *emical activity at ! ord9>y temp]ature2 b :51 9 consequ5ce ( a rise ( temp]ature1 !y take ano!r /ate1 !y are trans=m$ into a new k9d ( c>bon1 con/itut+ a f\r? allotropic /ate1 & end[$ ) a prodigi\s capacity ( comb9ation4 ,if ^! conclusions are well f\nd$1 we may v5ture a /ep fur!r & ask1 if ! c>bon :i* ent]s into ! composition1 n ( m]e organic comp\nds1 b ( organiz$ bodies1 is n a c>bon ( /ill ano!r allotropic /ate *>act]iz$ by ! appe>ance ( new prop]ties or =ms ( comb9ation :i* f9d _! expression 9 ! vital ph5om5a4 ,9 o!r words1 a d]ivative ( c>bon1 be=e =m+ "p ( a liv+ body1 mu/ fir/ und]go 9 its atoms a trans=mation simil> to t :i* p]mits amorph\s c>bon to ent] into ! composition ( organic comp\nds4 ,9 ?is ord] ( ideas ! c>bon ( organic *emi/ry w\ld be m]ely a fir/ dead5$ =m ( ! c>bon ( biological *emi/ry1 :ile free c>bon is m]ely ! defunct rema9s ( ! c>bon ( organic *emi/ry4--,bullet9 de la ,socit ,*imique de ,p>is2 ,*em4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,copp] ,,alloys ,,among ,,! ,,anci5ts4 ,by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,,rey]1 ,,ph4,d41 ( ,vi5na4 ,! e>?'s cru/ consi/s 9 "p ( eruptive rocks1 9 "p ( s$im5t>y rocks4 ,bo? ( !m h s]v$ f "t immemorial = build+ purposes2 b at a v e>ly p]iod !y 7 ! only s\rce f :i* weapons & tools c\ld be made4 ,subsequ5tly metals became kn[n1 & 7 employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,metals are r>ely met ) 9 a pure /ate1 b g5]ally 9 comb9ation ) oxyg5 or sulphur4 ,if we exam9e ! orig9al mat]ial ( :i* ! e>? 0 compos$1 & :i* is frequ5tly inject$ ?r\gh crevices 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 & ! sup]jac5t s$im5t z eruptive rock1 we f9d x to be a mixture ( diff]5t sub/ances ( a complex nature4 ,x conta9s silicon1 alum9um1 iron1 calcium1 magnesium1 potassium1 & sodium4 ,none ( ^! are 9 a free /ate1 b are comb9$ ) oxyg54 ,silicon1 ! light] metals1 & heavy iron d n exhibit _! true metallic "*1 hav+ all be5 *ang$ into /one-l comp\nds1 calcifi$ by contact ) vital air1 z ! old *emi/s express$ x4 ,( ! heavy metals t are ( su* importance to civilization ,i h only m5tion$ iron1 = ?is alone1 9 its comp\nds1 takes any consid]able "p 9 ! rock =mations4 ,o!r heavy metals are met ) 9 small] quantities 9 ! rocks4 ,!y are sc>cely tak5 into acc\nt by geologi/s :o consid] ! e>? z a :ole1 b x is ^! r>e gue/s t are ( ! greate/ importance to civilization4 ,! metals are met ) z silicates 9 ! eruptive masses2 !y are also f\nd z oxides or sulphides1 scatt]$ ?r\gh diff]5t eruptive rocks 9 small granules4#af ,besides ^!1 ! ores1 :i* are workable metallic comp\nds1 are "h & !re conc5trat$ 9 crevices or fissures1 :i* exi/ 9 eruptive z well z 9 s$im5t>y rocks4 ,iron is met ) z oxide 9 ! eruptive rocks1 9 fissures1 & f9ally 9 ?ick /rata & deposits )9 ! s$im5t2 :ole m\nta9s consi/ ( iron ore4 ,t9 occurs z oxide 7t9 /one71 scatt]$ ?r\gh eruptive masses ri* 9 qu>tz1 also 9 fissures4 ,copp]1 comb9$ ) sulphur1 is f\nd di/ribut$ ?r\gh d>k eruptive rocks1 poor 9 silica1 & also 9 fissures 9 ^? regions4 ,gold & silv] are mix$ 9 small] quantities ) ores ( o!r metals4 ,all ^! are cont9ually expos$ to atmosph]ic ag5cies t[>d :i* !y act v diff]5tly4 ,! oxidiz$ ores ( iron & t9 d n *ange _! "*4 ,! sulphur comp\nds1 at lea/ :5 ne> ! surface1 are oxidiz$1 & h& 9 h& ) ?is process goes ! p>tial r$uction ( c]ta9 metals to ! metallic /ate4 ,gold & silv]1 & to a less ext5t copp]1 are subject to ?is *ange2 !y are unmask$ & are expos$ to day light1 n z /ones1 b z brilliant1 malleable metals4 ,f9ally1 ! heavy ores & metallic p>ticles are loos5$ f ! rocks by ! de/ructive action ( wat]1 float$ (f1 elutriat$1 & wa%$4 ,9 undi/urb$ m\nta9 ranges ! m9]al treasures lie 9 masses be=e our eyes4 ,! native %9+ & malleable metals 7gold1 silv]1 & copp]7 naturally fir/ attract$ ! att5tion ( man4 ,!y may h us$ ! sep>ate nuggets = ornam5ts z !y f\nd !m1 or aft] hamm]+ !m toge!r into plates4 ,?is 0 surely ! fir/ /ep 9 ! use ( metals4 ,x c sc>cely be suppos$ t ?is use ( s(t native metals contribut$ mu* to ! progress ( mank9d1 & x is highly probable t 9 ^? e>ly times ! noble metal _h b little value4 ,! %9+ p>ticles1 z long z ! natural supply la/$1 seem$ l wor?less t9sel4 ,copp]1 :i* c be made into tools & vessels1 z well z s(t1 poor weapons1 0 m highly priz$4 ,su* mat]ials 7 n1 inde$1 suitable & able to take ! place ( /one tools & weapons2 nev]!less1 ?is work+ ( metals s]v$ z prep>ation = ! m complicat$ "w ( lat] times4 ,man le>n$ to hamm] & %ape metals1 & he f\nd out t ! op]ation 0 mu* facilitat$ by heat+ ! metal4 ,! discov]y ( iron meteorites may h _h "s value4 ,9 ^! ! smi? fir/ became acqua9t$ ) ! prop]ties ( a h>d metal4 ,b ,i w\ld n atta* too mu* importance to ?is4 ,! art ( work+ metals is n ! possession ( a p t h a few meteoric knives4 ,9 my op9ion ! metallurgical prep>ation ( ! h>d metals f _! ores is alone decisive on ?is po9t4 ,! volks' sagas frequ5tly m5tion "s god or h]o1 :o discov]$ & taught metallurgy1 yet !re is sc>cely any d\bt t ! god1 9 mo/ cases1 0 human +5uity l$ by *ance4 ,we h already se5 t only c]ta9 metals are f\nd native1 :ile ! h>d metals "u normal conditions rema9 9 ! =m ( oxide or m9]al4 ,!y h a /rong aff9ity = ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & c only be sep>at$ & conv]t$ into metals by p[]ful *emical ag5ts4 ,!re is "o sub/ance :i* has a /ill m p[]ful attraction = oxyg5 ?an ^? metals4 ,?is is ignit$ c>bon1 :i*1 9 its fight ) ! metallic oxides1 robs !m ( _! oxyg54 ,c>bon has be5 sep>at$ f ! c>bonic acid ( ! air by ! life-giv+ =ce ( ! sun1 & vegetable life dep5d5t ^u x4 ,b ! isolat$ elem5t waits impati5tly = ! impulse t w enable x to unite ) ! vital air "u flame & heat4 ,m5 t "k h[ to utilize ?is process ( nature possess ! means ( resurrect+ ^? metallic treasures :i*1 )\t its p[]ful assi/ance1 w\ld rema9 =ev] hidd5 f _! eyes4 ,b accid5t1 z we h said1 po9t$ out ! way4 ,9 num]\s places visit$ by primeval man1 z hunt] & fi%]man1 & aft]w>d z nomad1 conflagrations broke out4 ,n unfrequ5tly :ole =e/s 7 burn$1 ei!r int5tionally or n4 ,x c\ld n be o!rwise ?an t ! e>?'s surface w\ld get r$ hot 9 su* places1 & if a /rong w9d favor$ x1 ?is w\ld suffice to op5 ^! treasures4 ,! gl[+ *>coal w\ld rob ! ores ( _! oxyg5 & leave ! pure metal z melt$ drops or cakes4#ag ,copp]1 t91 & iron ores c\ld h be5 r$uc$ 9 ?is way2 mank9d n only knew ! result b also ! me?od ( r$uc+ metals4 ,?is process took place n once m]ely1 b ?\s&s ( times 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>?1 & ?us1 9 my op9ion1 metallurgy may h become kn[n to diff]5t races ( p & at diff]5t times4 ,a simple tr5* 9 ! gr\nd1 9 :i* a heap ( gl[+ coals & "s pieces ( ore c\ld be subject$ to a /rong draught ( air1 suffices1 "u favorable circum/ances1 = ! prep>ation ( ! metal2 ! olde/ metallurgi/s _h sc>cely any m complete means at h& = _! "w4 ,9 su* primitive furnaces ! well kn[n & s(t metals w\ld naturally be work$ fir/1 & aft]w>d copp]1 t91 & iron w\ld be obta9$ f _! ores4 ,a v>iety ( sub/ances t occur toge!r 9 nature w\ld be smelt$ toge!r 9 mixtures1 & diff]5t metals w\ld naturally be mix$ & a great v>iety ( products obta9$4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,copp] ,,alloys4 ,! olde/ civiliz$ races us$ bronze = a long space ( "t z _! *ief useful metal1 al?\gh "s neighbor+ races und]/ood ! metallurgy ( iron4 ,^! facts1 :i* are 9 gl>+ contradiction to ! pres5t condition ( ?+s1 require "s explanation4 ,fir/ x mu/ be m5tion$ t iron frequ5tly conta9s injuri\s contam9ations1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 etc41 & t x mu/ h be5 v difficult = ^! primitive metallurgi/s to remove ^! contam9ations1 & to introduce ! prop] quantity ( c>bon into ! iron4 ,we mu/ also consid] t ev5 a good1 pure /eel w\ld be a useless product unless x 0 work$ by a skillful & exp]i5c$ smi?4 ,f9ally1 iron is mu* m rapidly de/roy$ by oxidation ?an bronze4 ,^! negative consid]ations c]ta9ly favor$ ! rule ( bronze = a long "t4 ,! foll[+ facts mu/ be fix$ 9 m9d reg>d+ ! manufacture ( bronze 9 old5 times3 #a4 ,9 _m di/ricts copp] & t9 ores are f\nd ne> toge!r 7z 9 ,cornwall71 s t "u ^! circum/ances bronze c\ld h be5 obta9$ by smelt+ bo? at once1 & toge!r4 #b4 ,9 old5 times only ! upp] horizon ( copp] deposits 7 work$ 9 all di/ricts4 ,9 ^!1 z we "k1 ! ores are mo/ly oxides 7) native copp]74 ,su* ores are easily work$ & yield l>gely4 #c4 ,9 reg>d to ! mix+ ( metals1 ! metallurgi/s ev]y:]e mu/ h soon le>n$ by exp]i5ce t ! metal rema9$ s(t & r$ :5 too little t9 0 add$1 :ile too mu* t9 made x light color$ & lu/r\s1 b1 at ! same "t1 v brittle4 ,h5ce1 we f9d t among all peoples ! alloys us$ = weapons conta9 f #f to #af1 or1 m closely1 #h to #ab p] c5t4 ( t94 ,^! mixtures h be5 f\nd to d ! be/4 #d4 ,bronzes1 z we %all see bel[1 by slight admixtures & c]ta9 treatm5t1 c be made s t\gh & h>d t !y w comp>e ) mod]ately h>d /eel4 ,s we see3 ,! metal 0 useful1 & !re 0 an excess ( ri* & easily work$ ores4 ,"u su* conditions1 ( c\rse1 ! age ( bronze w\ld fl\ri% a long "t4 ,z9c ores frequ5tly occur on copp] b$s1 & yet z9c is r>ely f\nd 9 quantity wor? m5tion+ 9 ! bronzes ( ! anci5ts4 ,!re are two reasons = ?is3 #a4 ,ne> ! surface ( ! e>? z9c occurs z calam9e 7silicate ( z9c71 :i* is a gray1 unattractive1 e>?y look+ m9]al1 n heavy en\gh to be tak5 = a metallic ore1 & w\ld naturally be ?r[n away & n put 9 ! furnace4 #b4 ,if "s z9c ore did get into ! furnace1 "p ( x w\ld be volatiliz$ & "p oxidiz$ by subsequ5t smelt+4 ,9 lat] times1 h[ev]1 we f9d z9c ores us$ a good deal4 ,we c di/+ui% ?ree types ( z9c alloys3 #a4 ,copp] ) #aj to #bj p] c5t4 z9c produces a r$ metal1 r$ brass1 :i* is simil> to bronze t is poor 9 t94 #b4 ,copp] ) #bj or #cj 7& ev5 #dj7 p] c5t4 ( z9c1 gives a yell[ metal 7yell[ or ord9>y brass71 :i* has m ( a gold5 color ?an bronze ) mu* t91 b q brittle4 #c4 ,/atu>y metal1 :i* is made ( copp] ) q a good deal ( z9c & little t9 7(t5 lead7 c be call$ brass conta9+ t94 ,all ?ree types may be us$ = ca/+ 7ornam5ts1 /atues1 & co971 b are n useful = tools or weapons1 because !y h n suffici5t /r5g?4 ,aft] discuss+ ! natural association ( ores1 & ! mo/ important alloys ( copp]1 we w turn to ! analyses ( antique alloys4 ,i h f\nd x necess>y to divide !m into two gr\ps3 #a4 ,alloys f :i* ! weapons & tools 7 =g$4 ,^! are pure & g5u9e bronzes4 ,i %all designate !m z malleable metals or weapon bronzes4 #b4 ,alloys f :i* ornam5ts1 vessels1 /atues1 & co9 7 ca/4 ,"s ( ^! conta9 lead1 "s z9c1 & "s are v>ieties ( our brass4 ,i %all designate ^! z ca/ metals or ornam5tal alloys4 ,^? sub/ances pres5t 9 "s quantity 7 evid5tly put 9 int5tionally1 & ,i h class$ !m z admixtures1 :ile ! un9t5tional ones 9 small quantities ,i h designat$ z impurities4 ,i4--,,weapon ,,bronzes4 ,c\ntry4 ,ess5tial ,admixtures4 ,impurities4 con/itu5ts4 ,egypt ,copp] #f to #ad t9 44 ,iron4 ,assyria #aj to #ad 44 44 ,greece #aj to #ab 44 ,fe4 ,ni4 ,co4 ,italy #aa to #af ,lead & ,t94 ,ni4 ,fe4 ,gaul #b to #ae 44 44 ,brita9 #g to #ad #a to #c p]4 ct4 lead4 ,iron ,alps #h to #ab ,trace to #a p4 c4 lead4,fe4 ,ni4 ,bohemia #e to #aa 44 ,fe4 ,s4 ,n4 ,g]many #h to #af 44 ,nickel4 ,d5m>k #f to #ab ,to #a p4 c4 z9c4 ,ni4 ,co4 ,russia #i to #af ,lead ,ni4 ,,ii4--,,ca/ ,,metal ,,= ,,ornam5ts4 ,c\ntry4 ,ess5tial ,admixtures4 ,impurities4 con/itu5ts4 ,egypt ,copp] #d to #aa t9#g to #ag lead4 ,traces ,assyria #aj to #ad 44 ,pb4 ,fe4 ,ni4 ,greece #f to #ab ,lead4 ,fe4 ,ni4 ,italy #a to #g ,z9c1 lead4 ,fe4 ,ni4 ,gaul #e to #ae ,lead 44 ,brita9 #e to #ae #b p4 c4 lead4 ,nickel4 ,alps #d to #ab ,z9c4 ,pb4 ,fe4 ,ni4 ,bohemia #d to #aa ,lead4 44 ,n4 ,g]many #f to #ag ,pb4 r>ely zn4 ,ni4 ,d5m>k #e to #ab #a p4 c4 zn4 ,fe4 ,ni4 ,co4 ,russia #g to #af ,pb4 zn4 ,ni4 ,! foll[+ g5]al /atem5ts are bas$ ^u ^! tables3 ,we see t ! peoples nam$ =g$ _! weapons & tools f v diff]5t alloys2 pure copp] at "o extreme1 bronze ) #bj p] c5t4 t9 at ! o!r4 ,exp]i5ce _h ev]y:]e taught !m t copp] & bronzes poor 9 t9 are too s(t1 :ile bronzes ) an excess ( t9 c\ld n be us$ = weapons & tools on acc\nt ( be+ too brittle4 ,!y _h also le>n$ t lead & z9c consid]ably less5$ ! /r5g? & t5acity ( weapon bronze1 :ile small quantities ( iron1 nickel1 & cobalt are1 at lea/1 n injuri\s4 ,s all races1 al?\gh we c prove t !y tri$ v diff]5t mixtures1 f9ally adopt$ v simple & tol]ably con/ant alloys4 ,! bronze weapons ( all c\ntries frequ5tly conta9 f #f to #af p] c5t4 ( t91 b usually betwe5 #h & #ab1 ) slight contam9ation ( iron & nickel4 ,few nations h all[$ lead to be us$1 few] yet "s z9c4 ,= ca/+1 ! olde/ races us$ ! same k9d ( bronze z = weapons & tools4 ,9 _m cases a few p] c5t4 ( lead 7 add$ to make ! ca/+ easi]4 ,! ,romans us$ z9c 9 addition to lead 9 l>ge quantity z a con/itu5t ( _! alloys1 & !y made old bronze1 bronze-brass1 & brass4 ,aft]w>d _m nations ( middle ,europe us$ z9c alloys4 ,small quantities ( iron1 nickel1 & cobalt are f\nd = well kn[n reasons 9 ne>ly all bronzes z h>mless impurities4 ,traces ( sulphur are also f\nd 9 !m4 ,?is injures ! quality ( ! alloy1 & discloses ! fact t su* bronzes 7 n made f pure oxide ores1 b f ^? conta9+ sulphur pyrites4 ,at ! "t :5 su* bronzes 7 produc$ ! m9es _h probably rea*$ a consid]able dep?4 ,"s ( ! weapon bronzes made by ! anci5ts conta9 traces ( phosphorus1 an elem5t z important 9 h>d bronze z c>bon is 9 /eel4 ,,ca/+ ,,! ,,alloys4 ,! ,semito-,hamitic races made excell5t ca/+s at a v e>ly date4 ,! ,pho5icians may be m5tion$ z p>ticul>ly skillful4 ,x is report$ t !re 7 two imm5se bronze pill>s t /ood be=e ! temple ( ,gades 9 ! #aa? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,! ,tyrian f\nd]s also made a pill> = ,solomon's ,temple1 & a metallic bas9 #aj ells 9 diamet] & #e deep4 ,simil> l>ge bas9s h be5 dug up 9 ,assyria4 ,! art ( ca/+ /atues is no less anci5t4 ,small /atuettes 7 ca/ solid2 l>g] ones consi/$ ( sev]al pieces :i* 7 rivet$ toge!r4 ,9 ! lat] ,grecian & old ,roman days ! art rea*$ a high /age ( p]fection4 ,_m cities _h ?\s&s ( bronzes2 gigantic pieces 7 con/ruct$4 ,! ,colossus ( ,rhodes 0 #cj met]s high & /ood ) out/ret*$ legs a/ride ! entrance to ! small] h>bor4 ,%ips c\ld pass ?r\gh x ) sails ext5d$4 ,a /atue ( ,jupit] 9 ,t>5t 0 #bj met]s high1 & "o ( ,n]o 0 erect$ 9 ,pl9y's "t1 #cj met]s high1 co/+ a million doll>s4#ah ,^! facts give u a good idea ( ! te*nical ability ( ! old f\nd]s ( bronze4 ,analyses ( antique bronzes give u "s idea ( _! art ( mix+ & color+4 ,we presume t !y soon ab&on$ ! use ( copp] & pure bronze2 ! =m] yields por\s ca/s & ( a poor color2 ! latt] mat]ial 01 9 lat] times1 too co/ly4 ,lead 0 probably us$ at fir/ = its fusibility only1 b aft]w>d x 0 c]ta9ly introduc$ = economical reasons4 ,?is *eap mat]ial 0 (t5 add$ 9 v consid]able quantity until !y le>n$ t lead5 bronzes did n h a f9e color ei!r :ile fre% & clean1 or :5 old & cov]$ ) pat9a4 ,we h also se5 t z9c1 z well z lead1 0 (t5 add$4 ,z ! color ( z9c alloys 0 r$ to light gold5 yell[ 7r$ metal1 brass71 !y tri$ to disp5se ) t9 entirely1 z its price 0 high] ?an t ( z9c 7cadmia1 z x 0 call$74 ,b !y soon became conv9c$ t = f9e /atues1 at lea/1 a small quantity ( t9 0 a necessity4 ,g5]ally a z9c-brass 0 us$ = /atues4 ,to prev5t ! metallic con/itu5ts f sep>at+ dur+ fusion1 ! mass 0 kept ?ick & pa/y by putt+ 9 old scrap bronze t _h be5 (t5 melt$ & conta9$ oxides4 ,! smelt]s also knew t ! metals1 p>ticul>ly ! t91 grew small] e "t x 0 melt$1 9 consequ5ce ( oxidation1 slagg+1 & evaporation4#ai ,! ,romans !re=e add$1 besides ! scrap bronze1 an eigh? "p ( silv] lead1 i4 e41 a mixture ( t9 & lead4 ,f9ally1 9 reg>d to ! color ( ! ca/+s1 ! anci5ts collect$ valuable exp]i5ces4 ,cadmia 7z9c ore7 0 us$ to imp>t a gold5 color to ! bronze4#bj ,alloys ri* 9 t9 7 us$ = mirrors1 & ars5ic 0 employ$ to make !m :ite4#ba ,! m\lds orig9ally employ$ 7 v primitive4 ,= simple objects a correspond+ hole 0 dug 9 ! s& or clay soil4 ,complicat$ figures _h to be =m$ 9 clay1 & ! metal 0 ca/ 9 ! clay m\ld4 ,if ! m\ld 0 to s]ve = sev]al ca/+s1 x _h to be made ( bak$ clay1 /one1 brick1 or o!r durable mat]ial4 ,organic sub/ances 7 mix$ ) ! clay to prev5t unev5 %r9kage & crack+4 ,holl[ ca/+ is m difficult2 fir/ a core is =m$ correspond+ to ! holl[ 9 ! figure2 ov] ?is ! figure is =m$1 & ov] t ! mantle1 i4 e41 ! negative1 or m\ld4 ,! latt] is tak5 (f1 ! figure tak5 away f ! core1 ! mantle replac$1 & ! metal p\r$ into ! space betwe5 ! core & ! mantle4 ,9 ?is case x is difficult to take (f ! mantle s clean & put x back s accurately t ! p>ts w n be di/urb$4 ,to avoid ?is difficulty a wax model may be built on ! core1 & ! mantle =m$ ov] ?is1 & !n :5 ! m\ld is dry x c be heat$ & ! wax melt$ out4 ,! ,pho5icians & ,egyptians mu/ h us$ "o or ! o!r ( ^! devices = _! holl[ ca/+s4 ,! ,greeks appe> at fir/ z pupils & imitators ( ! ,pho5icians1 b !y soon surpass$ _! tea*]s 9 =ms z well z skill4 ,!y knew h[ to make _! m\lds s p]fect1 & 7 able to place _! cores s ne> ! mantles1 t ! ca/+s 7 z ?9 z c>dbo>d4 ,! ma/] f\nd]s ( to-day h n rea*$ t p]fection4 ,,h>d ,,bronzes ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts4 ,we h already se5 t only v pure bronze is suitable = weapons & tools4 ,x mu/ be well cook$1 & all sulphur1 lead1 & t9 mu/ be completely remov$ by oxidation4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ ) f #h to #ab p] c5t4 ( t94 ,a bronze hav+ ?is composition is t5aci\s & has a h>dness ( at lea/ #d4 ,b ! anci5ts 7 able to make mu* h>d] wr\ght bronzes1 z prov$ by our collections ( weapons & tools4 ,un=tunately we h no record ( ! devices employ$2 b z we are able to make j su* products & ) simple means1 we may assume t ! anci5ts employ$ ess5tially ! same me?ods4 ,9 our exp]i5ce ! foll[+ conditions are ess5tial = ! manufacture ( h>d bronze3 #a4 ,a p>ticul> treatm5t4 #b4 ,a small am\nt ( phosphorus4 ,x is well kn[n t normal weapon bronze1 unlike iron1 is s(t5$ by rapid cool+1 b is h>d5$ by hamm]+ & r5d]$ m compact4#bb ,by repeat+ ?is process1 ! bronze ga9s 9 h>dness & /r5g?1 & %eet bronze becomes lamell> by hamm]+ or roll+1 & h5ce acquires a c]ta9 ela/icity4#bc ,besides1 a slight admixture ( iron or nickel seems advantage\s1 b a slight am\nt ( phosphorus is ( ! highe/ importance4 ,! latt] po9t may be some:at enl>g$ on4 ,ord9>y bronze always conta9s oxides ( copp] & t91 ! quantity increas+ ) ! numb] ( times x is reca/4 ,?is oxide makes x pa/y1 s t ! diff]5t con/itu5ts d n sep>ate1 & ! ca/+ is homog5e\s4#bd ,?is admixture ( oxide does no h>m = ca/+s 9 :i* /r5g? is n dem&$2 b is ( importance = weapon bronze2 ! /r5g? ( :i* is consid]ably dim9i%$ by ! pres5ce ( ! oxide4 ,9 ?is respect a slight am\nt ( phosphorus is an advantage by prev5t+ ! =mation ( oxides1 & consequ5tly ! mixture rema9s a ?9 fluid until x beg9s to solidify4 ,on ! o!r h& ! metals are liable to sep>ate4 ,?is evil c be avoid$ if ! alloy is all[$ to cool ne>ly to solidification be=e ca/+1 & !n cool$ rapidly4 ,"u ^! circum/ances a homog5e\s alloy is obta9$ t is ne>ly fifty p] c5t4 /rong] & ab\t #bjj p] c5t4 m t5aci\s ?an bronze t conta9s oxides4 ,! h>dness & /r5g? c be /ill fur!r increas$ by *ill+ & hamm]+4 ,besides ! indirect influ5ce ( phosphorus1 x also has ! direct effect ( h>d5+ ! bronze1 because ! comp\nds ( phosphorus ) copp] & t9 h a v consid]able h>dness4 ,^! facts1 z well z ! circum/ance t we possess antique bronzes ( extraord9>y h>dness1 induc$ me1 ) ! cons5t ( ,b>on ,sack51 to te/ ! h>dness ( ! bronze weapons 9 ! ,vi5na ,cab9et ( ,antiquities4 ,"s h>d pieces1#be 7 s5t to ,pr(4 ,ludwig1 :o foll[$ ! "q ) int]e/ & agre$ on ! me?od ( mak+ ! analyses4 ,! results 7 satisfactory4 ,! bronzes conta9$ traces & up to "o-f\r? p] c5t4 ( phosphorus4 ,its pres5ce _h prev5t$ ! =mation ( oxides 9 ^! bronzes1 & consequ5tly ! weapons 7 ( extraord9>y h>dness4 ,x n[ rema9s to asc]ta9 h[ ! anci5ts made ^! phosphorus-bronzes4 ,x is evid5t t ! phosphorus 0 n put directly into ! metal1 z is g5]ally done at pres5t4 ,!re is ano!r me?od s simple t we c assume t ! anci5ts employ$ x un9t5tionally4 ,i ref] to smelt+ ! copp] or bronze ) *>coal & any salt ( phosphorus4 ,9 ?is case ! c>bon w\ld lib]ate phosphorus f ! phosphoric acid1 & x w\ld be tak5 up by ! melt$ metal4 ,! anci5t metallurgi/s may h made use ( ! eruptive rocks t conta9 apatite1 & ) :i* copp] ores are s (t5 associat$1 = slag or flux1 or ! phosphates t occur 9 ! gangue may h be5 smelt$ along ) ! ores2 9 bo? cases "s phosphorus w\ld get into ! metal4 ,f9ally x is n impossible t ! anci5ts did n put 9 phosphorus salts 9 "s =m4 ,fir/ ( all ,i w\ld m5tion c]ta9 vegetable & animal sub/ances t are ri* 9 phosphorus1 especially blood1#bf :i* 0 a favorite ) ! old metallurgi/s & al*emi/s z hav+ a p[]ful en*antm5t4 ,9 ea* ( ! cases ref]r$ to "s phosphorus got into ! metal1 :i* ?us acquir$ a consid]able h>dness t c\ld be increas$ 9 ! well kn[n mann] by *ill+ & hamm]+4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances weapons & tools 7 made almo/ z h>d z /eel4 ,we c easily compreh5d h[ bronze ) ^! excell5t qualities c\ld compete ) /eel at a "t :5 ri* ores 7 /ill abundant1 & ?us x *eck$ & re/ra9$ ! developm5t ( ! iron indu/ry4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,alloys ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,anci5ts4 ,egypt4--,! wr\ght metal ( ! ,egyptians is a pure bronze ) #f to #ad p] c5t4 ( t92 #bb p] c5t4 is an exceptional case2 #a p] c5t4 ( iron is n r>e4 ,! ,egyptian ca/ metal is a plumbif]\s bronze1 ) #d to #aa p] c5t4 t91 & #g to #ab ( lead2 9 "o case #af p] c5t4 t92 r>ely #b or #c p] c5t4 ( z9c4 ,assyria4--,! ,assyrian bronze is v pure4 ,x consi/s ( copp]1 #aj to #ad p] c5t4 ( t91 & traces ( iron & nickel2 9 "o case #ah p] c5t4 ( t94 ,greece4--,_! wr\ght bronze = tools & weapons conta9s #aj to #ab p] c5t4 ( t9 & traces ( nickel & cobalt2 9 "o case #ah p] c5t4 ( t94 ,! ca/ bronze has 9 "p ! same composition z wr\ght bronze4 7,/atues 7 r>ely ca/ f pure copp]47 ,a small quantity ( lead 0 sometimes add$1 especially 9 lat] times1 = /atues & co94 ,! lat] co9s conta9$ #e to #g p] c5t4 lead1 ev5 #bj p] c5t4 9 exceptional cases4 ,mac$onian co9s 7 ( q pure bronze4 ,italy4--,roman weapons 7f\nd at ,hall/adt7 conta9 #aa to #af p] c5t4 ( t91 9 "s cases "s z9c or lead1 also nickel & iron z impurities4 ,roman hat*ets f\nd 9 ,gaul conta9 #bj or #be p] c5t4 ( t94 ,we h too few analyses to give u a correct view ( ! matt]1 b on ! contr>y we h num]\s analyses ( ,roman ca/+s4 ,ornam5tal ,roman bronze = flexible articles conta9s less t9 & lead4 ,= less flexible objects bronze-brass ) #a to #g p] c5t4 ( t91 & #e to #ab p] c5t4 ( z9c1 0 employ$2 & = brittle b brilliant objects1 l buckles & m\nt+s1 an almo/ pure brass 0 us$1 ) #ae to #bd p] c5t4 ( z9c & little or no t94 ,lead is f\nd 9 all ^! alloys 9 small quantities1 r>ely m ?an #a p] c5t4 ,! /atues conta9 f #f to #aj p] c5t4 ( t91 #j to #c p] c5t4 z9c 79 "o case #ad71 & frequ5tly f #aj to #ab p] c5t4 ( lead 7once ev5 #bj71 s t ,roman /atue bronze may be call$ lead-bronze ) z9c 9 x4 ,co9 metal v>i$ its composition at diff]5t times4 ,9 ! days ( ! ,republic a lead-bronze ri* 9 t9 7#e to #ab p] c5t47 0 us$4 ,"u ! e>ly emp]ors brass or impure copp] came into use4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,m>cus ,aurelius an improvem5t is noticeable2 ! metal !n 9 use c be call$ /annif]\s brass 7#a to #d ( t974 ,"u ! ,byzant9es1 co9s 7 aga9 /ruck f impure copp]4 ,^! are ! mo/ important alloys ( ! ,romans4 ,9 g5]al we may say t ! z9c alloys held an important place among ! ,romans4 ,gaul4--,= weapons !y employ$ a v pure bronze ) #b to #ae p] c5t4 ( t94 ,traces ( nickel 7 r>e4 ,ca/ bronze conta9$ a few p] c5t4 ( lead4 ,brita94--,! weapon bronze conta9$ f #g to #ad p] c5t4 ( t94 ,cutt+ weapons n infrequ5tly conta9 #a to #c p] c5t4 ( lead1 & traces ( iron4 ,ornam5t bronze does n diff] f weapon bronze4 ,traces ( sulphur are n r>e1 :i* po9ts to ! use ( pyritical ores4 ,alps4--,swiss weapon bronze conta9s #h to #ac p] c5t4 ( t9 79 "o case ev5 #af p] c5t471 n infrequ5tly #a p] c5t4 ( lead & traces ( silv]1 v (t5 to #a p] c5t4 ( nickel & traces ( iron 7once z mu* z #c p] c5t4 ( iron74 ,! ,swiss ornam5tal bronze has ! same composition4 ,bav>ia4--,wr\ght bronze conta9s #h to #ab p] c5t4 ( t9 79 tools #ag & ev5 #be p] c5t471 & (t5 z mu* z #a p] c5t4 ( lead1 traces ( nickel & cobalt4 ,ornam5tal bronze has ! same composition4 ,a few p] c5t4 ( z9c is also f\nd4 ,bohemia4--,! wr\ght metal conta9s #e to #aa p] c5t4 ( t9 & traces ( iron & sulphur1 f :i* we conclude t _! ores conta9$ pyrites4 ,_! ca/ metal also conta9s lead4 ,nor? ,g]many4--,! wr\ght metal conta9s #h to #af p] c5t4 ( t91 ) frequ5tly #a p] c5t4 ( nickel4 ,a sword conta9$ only #e p] c5t4 ( nickel1 an ax #bd p] c5t4 ,^! are exceptions4 ,! ornam5t bronzes conta9 also a few p] c5t4 ( lead2 exceptionally1 a consid]able quantity ( z9c4 ,! ornam5tal metal 9 ! ,rh9e region1 ,nassau1 & ,hesse conta9s #e to #ae p] c5t4 ( z9c ) ! same ( t94 ,at "o "t a ri* bronze is us$1 at ano!r q pure brass1 & !n a bronze-l brass4 ,d5m>k4--,! ,danes employ$ ! same metal = weapons t !y did = ornam5ts4 ,x conta9$ #e to #ab p] c5t4 ( t91 & mo/ ( x #a p] c5t4 ( z9c1 b nev] lead2 9 "o case only #b p] c5t4 ( t94 ,nickel & cobalt (t5 occur1 p] c5t4 ( ea*2 iron 9 traces4 ,russia4--,! ,russian weapon bronze conta9s f #i to #af p] c5t4 ( t91 & traces ( nickel4 ,arr[s conta9 a little lead1 up to #e p] c5t4 ,ornam5t bronze frequ5tly conta9s 9 addition a few p] c5t4 ( z9c4 ,! ornam5tal bronze ( ! ,baltic prov9ces is a brass conta9+ #ae to #bj p] c5t4 ( z9c1 #c to #d p] c5t4 ( lead1 & #a to #b p] c5t4 ( t94 ,9 ,russia1 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 ! brass alloys belong to a lat] epo*2 9 old] times real bronze 0 *iefly us$ = ornam5ts z well z o!r purposes4--,translat$ f advanc$ %eets furni%$ by ! au?or4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,big ,,trees ,,( ,,cali=nia4 ,we h previ\sly spok5 ( ! l>ge ,sequoi ( ,cali=nia1 :i* h ju/ly a univ]sal celebrity1 & %all n[ r5d] our rem>ks ^u ! subject complet]4 ,if !re is any sight t c ?r[ u into mute contemplation & %[ u ! littl5ess ( our own nature1 x is assur$ly t ( high m\nta9s l ,mont ,blanc1 or wat]falls l ,niag>a4 ,b yet we d n at ! fir/ in/ant take 9 all ! gr&eur ( ^!1 b mu/ make ! t\r ( ,mont ,blanc1 or pass "u ! falls ( ,niag>a & /udy x at diff]5t po9ts 9 ord] to obta9 a j idea ( su* m>vels4 ,& s x is ) reg>d to ! vegetable curiosities ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 9 ,cali=nia4 ,:5 po9ts = comp>ison fail u1 our eye1 "o ( ! mo/ imp]fect ( in/rum5ts1 nev] gives u an accurate idea ( objects1 & x is = ?is reason t we h plac$ ^u ! annex$ figure a five-/ory ,p>is h\se1 drawn to ! same scale z ! ,grizzly ,giant1 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t ,sequoi ( ! ,m>iposa ,grove1 9 ,cali=nia4 ,?is true vegetable giant is #aje feet 9 diamet] at ! base1 & #fi feet at #ac feet f ! gr\nd4 ,x has1 l _m ( ! ,sequoi t surr\nd x1 be5 /ruck by lightn+1 b1 9 spite ( t1 its total height is /ill m ?an #cjj feet4 ,"s ( its bran*es are m ?an six feet 9 diamet]4 ,^? :o h se5 our old oaks 9 ! =e/ ( ,fonta9ebleau w be able to comp>e ! effect ( "t & lightn+ ^u su* v5]able relics1 ^! 9 ,cali=nia be+ possibly contempor>ies ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,a few ( ! trees h be5 raz$ to ! base1 & s]ve z floors = danc+ halls1 :ile o!rs1 t h fall51 h be5 cut l5g?wise & s]ve z b[l+ alleys4 ,:at especially di/+ui%es ! wond]ful region 9 :i* ^! ,sequoi gr[ is ! cleanness & beauty ( ! pla9s ^u :i* !y are f\nd4 ,9 ! virg9 =e/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 "u ! influ5ce ( a w>m & damp atmosph]e1 ! vegetation is s rank t1 9 ord] to op5 a passage1 "o is oblig$ to use an ax on ! v9es & ?ickets ( int]lac$ plants4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,sequoi1 :i* are situat$ at an altitude ( f #e1jjj to #g1jjj feet above ! ,pacific ,ocean1 are easily accessible4 ,! r\tes are almo/ trac$ by nature1 dang]\s animals are r>e1 ! summ] temp]ature is delici\s !re1 & hotels are ev]y:]e be+ erect$1 z 9 ,switz]l&1 to s]ve z a retreat & prom5ad+ place = t\ri/s4--,la ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,grizzly ,,giant1 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,cali=nian ,,sequoi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,catalogue conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 ,,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #bfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,i4 ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,metallurgy4--,prep>ation ( ,*lorhydr9es #fdeb ,*emical ,comp\nds ,made by ,compression4 ,by ,m4 ,w4 ,,spr+4 #fdeb ,copp] ,alloys among ! ,anci5ts4 ,by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,,rey]4--,a valuable & important pap]1 full ( useful in=mation1 %[+ ! geology ( ! metals4--,*>act]i/ics ( copp] alloys1 ) tables %[+ con/itu5ts us$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries4--,ca/+ ! alloys4--,h>d bronze ( ! anci5ts4--,summ>y ( alloys us$ by ! anci5ts #fdeb ,,ii4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,bietrix's ,v]tical & ,comp\nd ,eng9e4--,) description & num]\s figures #fdci ,improv$ ,gas ,eng9e4--,) engrav+ #fddj ,met]s = ,p[] & ,electricity4 ,by ,m4 ,c4 ,,v]non ,,boys4--,a valuable & in/ructive pap]4--,%[+ ! object ( met]s1 ! way 9 :i* "s ( !m are made1 & _! mann] ( op]at+4--,sev]al figures #fddj ,rais+ & ,mov+ ,masonry ,build+s4--,) full page ( engrav+s1 illu/rat+ v>i\s examples ( l>ge build+s compos$ ( masonry t h be5 mov$ & rais$ #fddc ,,iii4 ,,te*nology4--,filt] = ,indu/rial ,works4--,%[+ h[ to make & use ! filt]4--,) engrav+ #fddc ,! ,val ,/4 ,lamb]t ,glass ,works4--,) full description & two illu/rations #fddd ,prop] %oe+4--,horses' feet %\ld be treat$ 9 accordance ) ! "w expect$ ( !m #fddd ,ideas4--,relat+ to ,mill+4 ,by ,a ,look]-on #fdde ,photographs = ,/udy+ ! ,movem5ts ( ,m5 & ,animals4 ,by ,m4 ,,m>ey4--,h[ to avoid confusion 9 photograph+ rapid movem5ts4--,) diagram #fdde ,detective ,photography4--,z appli$ to crim9al cases #fdde ,/r5g? ( ,yell[ ,p9e #fddi ,,iv4 ,,ar*itecture4--,engli% ,lodges4--,) engrav+ #fddg ,! ,decay ( ,build+ ! ,/ones4 ,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,,juli54--,! build+ /ones1 _! v>ieties1 localities1 & edifices con/ruct$ ( ea*4--,durability ( build+ /ones 9 ,new ,york & vic9ity4--,me?ods ( trial ( build+ /one4-- ,means ( protection & pres]vation ( /one #fddg ,v4 ,,electricity4--,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,electric ,telegraph4-- ,fir/ use ( ! ,volta pile 9 telegraphy4--,description ( ,soemm]+'s app>atus4--,) two engrav+s #fddf ,a ,new ,sulphate ( ,copp] ,pile4--,) engrav+ #fddf ,,vi4 ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,hygi5e4--,fil? ,diseases 9 ,rural ,di/ricts4--,%[+ :y !re is great] dang] ( poison+ f sewage 9 ! c\ntry ?an 9 ! city4--,sev]al examples %[+ app>5t causes & consequ5ces4--,h[ is ! infection c>ri$8 #fdej ,! ,physiology ( ,sleep4--,giv+ diff]5t !ories #fdea ,a ,new ,me?od = ! ,detection ( ,sug> 9 ! ,ur9e #fdeb ,,vii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,elephants ,mov+ ,timb] at ,m\lme91 ,burmah4--,) engrav+ #fddi ,! ,education ( ,g]man ,wom5 #fddi ,horse ,m$ic9e ,bit4--,) two engrav+s #fdea ,! ,big ,trees ( ,cali=nia #fded ,sci5ce 9 ,antiquity4--,h]on's ,pneumatic & compress+ app>atus4--,) two engrav+s #fdej 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ch ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$ by writ+ to ,,munn ,,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws4 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats1 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$4 ,address3 ,,munn ,,co41 #bfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 cor4 ,f & #g? ,/s41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita94 ,footnote #b3 ,comptes ,r5dus ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,footnote #c3 ,x is (t5 desirable to make "o ( ! ap]tures twice ! diamet] ( ! re/2 x causes a great] int5sity to be giv5 to "o image1 & t facilitates ! calculation ( "t1 :ile x furni%es po9ts = ! comp>ison ( ! movem5ts ( ! l[] limbs ) ^? ( ! arms4 ,footnote #d3 ,ang4 ,gu]\t1 9 ,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 ,footnote #e3 ,abbe ,moigno1 9 8 treatise on telegraphy1 assigns ! date ( #ahch to ?is publication2 b ,mr4 ,zets*e 7d4c47 gives x z #ahaa4 ,we %all consid] ! latt] z ! true date2 =1 9 #ahch1 !re 0 no reason = publi%+ ,soemm]+'s memoir1 & especially = propos+ improvem5ts 9 8 app>atus4 ,footnote #f3 ,ab/ract ( a pap] read be=e ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,footnote #g3 ,trans4 ,am4 ,m$4 ,ass'n1 #ahhj4 ,footnote #h3 ,9 foetal syphilis x is assum$ t ! sp]matozoa may be ! c>ri]s ( ! disease2 b no microscropi/ has yet describ$ a sep>ate species ( sp]matozoon = su* cases4 ,footnote #i3 ,! ,philosophy ( ,my/]y1 ,london1 #ahda2 cit$ by ,hammond 9 8 "w on ,insanity4 ,footnote #aj3 ,see articles by ,dr4 ,hammond 9 ?is j\rnal = #ahfe & 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ological ,m$ic9e = #ahfi1 also 8 ,sleep & its ,d]angem5ts1 ,philadelphia1 #ahgb1 & 8 ,treatise on ,insanity1 ,new ,york1 #ahhc4 ,footnote #aa3 ,yung1 ,le sommeil normal et pa?ologique1 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 ,footnote #ab3 ,leons sur l'app>eil vaso-moteur1 t4 ii41 p4 #aed4 ,footnote #ac3 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 vol4 i41 pp4 #hh1 #hi4 ,footnote #ad3 ,les causes du sommeil1 ,revue sci5tifique1 t4 xix4 ,footnote #ae3 ,yung1 op4 cit4 ,footnote #af3 ,magnetic iron & pyrites 9 basic rocks2 t9 /one 9 granite & porphyry4 ,footnote #ag3 ,anci5t au?ors report cases ( ?is k9d4 ,footnote #ah3 ,! l>ge/ bronze /atue ( mod]n times is ! ,bav>ia 9 ,muni*1 :i* is #bj met]s high & weighs #hj tons4 ,x consi/s ( #ab pieces & co/ ab\t a qu>t] ( a million doll>s4 ,footnote #ai3 ,:5 a bronze is remelt$ six times ! p]c5tage ( t9 is r$uc$ to half ! orig9al 7,dumas74 ,! evaporation ( ! metal c be %[n by hold+ a cold plate on x :ile melt$4 ,t9 is imm$iately deposit$ on x4 ,footnote #bj3 ,!y usually made a copp] & z9c alloy1 b x is possible t !y also und]/ood ! art ( emb$d+ ! ca/+ 9 z9c ore 7calam9e7 & heat+ /rongly1 :]eby ! surface ( ! metal 0 cem5t$ & color$4 ,footnote #ba3 ,on exam9+ a brok5 surface ( an antique mirror1 x w be se5 t only ! outside is :ite4 ,x is probable t ! f9i%$ mirror 0 emb$d$ 9 "s ars5ical sub/ance & heat$1 :i* cem5t$ & color$ ! surface4 ,footnote #bb3 ,u*atius makes 8 fam\s h>d bronze by cool+ & hydraulic pressure4 ,bronzes ) #h to #ab p] c5t4 ( t9 are mo/ b5efit$ by ?is process4 ,bronzes ) v little t9 9 !m are b little affect$ by *ill+ & hamm]+ 7,ri*e74 ,alloys t are h>d already1 su* z bronzes ri* 9 t9 & phosphorus1 become too brittle & useless by repeat$ hamm]+4 ,footnote #bc3 ,:5 a ca/ %eet ( inela/ic bronze or brass is hamm]$ or roll$1 x fea!rs4 ,footnote #bd3 ,! ,romans pref]r$ to put 9 "s bronze t _h be5 repeat$ly ca/4 ,footnote #be3 ,"o piece 0 sc>cely scrat*$ by feldsp>1 ano!r by qu>tz4 ,! ,greek & ,roman weapons 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum 7 te/$ z to h>dness by ,dr4 ,von ,de*5d at ! sugge/ion ( ! ,director-,g5]al1 ,von ,s*one4 ,all ( !m 7 scrat*$ by fluorsp>2 !re 7 no h>d bronzes among !m4 ,if ! races ( classical antiquity 7 n acqua9t$ ) h>d bronze1 x is easy to see :y !y soon began to use iron1 9 contra/ ) ! ,semitic-,hamitic races4 ,footnote #bf3 ,excrem5ts 7 also mu* us$ by ! al*emi/s & ph>maci/s ( ! middle ages4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation are z 9 ! orig9al4