file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #dffdb-;h4htm or #dffdb-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#dffdb_/pg#dffdb-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#df fdb_/dffdb-;h4zip7 ,images of the original pages are available through ,internet ,archive_/,american ,libraries4 ,see https3_/_/archive4org_/details_/sporting dogsthei#jj;bart ,transcriber's note3 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7italics74 ,text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face 7bold74 ,,sporting ,,dogs ,illustration3 ,photo by ,t4 ,fall1 ,baker ,st4 ,frontispiece4 ,,head ,,of ,,bloodhound ,,champion ,,sultan4 ,,sporting ,,dogs ,their ,points3 and ,management2 in ,health1 and ,disease by ,,frank ,,townend ,,barton ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,veterinary ,surgeon to the ,gamekeepers' ,kennel ,association ,veterinary ,adviser to the ,gamekeepers' ,gazette ,author of ,non-,sporting ,dogs1 ,toy ,dogs1 ,everyday ,ailments and ,accidents to the ,dog1 ,sound and ,unsound ,horses1 ,our ,friend the ,horse1 ,breaking and ,training ,horses1 ,how to ,choose a ,horse1 ,the ,horse ,owner's ,companion1 ,the ,veterinary ,manual1 ,the ,age of the ,horse1 ,diseases and ,accidents of ,cattle1 etc41 etc4 ,copiously ,illustrated ,from ,photographs ,london ,r4 ,a4 ,everett ,co41 ,ltd4 #aije ,all ,rights ,reserved ,surely the lines-- ,trust1 oh6 trust me1 ,i will be ,still true for ever1 true to thee4 have never been more practically demonstrated1 than in the following extract1 from an account of a poaching affray1 published in the ,gamekeepers' ,gazette4 ,the dead gamekeeper's dog was to be seen by the roadside restlessly waiting for its master1 while he lay in a cottage fatally riddled with shot4 ,,to ,,breeders ,,exhibitors1 ,,and ,,fanciers ,,of ,,sporting ,,dogs ,,throughout ,,the ,,king',s ,,dominions ,,preface ,this work--,sporting ,dogs3 ,their ,points and ,management in ,health and ,disease--has been prepared as a companion volume to those already published1 viz41 ,non-,sporting ,dogs3 ,their ,points1 etc41 and ,toy ,dogs1 in response to numerous inquiries from readers of those volumes1 asking for a work upon ,sporting ,dogs1 to complete the series1 at a proportionate price4 ,the ,points of the various breeds used by ,sportsmen have been freely discussed1 supplemented by illustrations from photographs of the most celebrated animals known4 ,kennel ,management1 ,the ,management of ,hounds1 ,diseases1 ,accidents and ,simple ,operations forms an important section of the work--features that should render the book of far greater practical utility than one dealing solely with the different varieties of dogs4 ,both ,author and ,publisher1 will be satisfied1 if it meets with the hearty reception accorded to the companion publications4 ,in conclusion1 the ,author wishes to express most hearty thanks to all ,breeders and ,exhibitors who have so generously supplied him with ,photographs3 to ,our ,dogs ,gazette2 ,the ,kennel ,gazette2 ,the ,gamekeeper1 etc4 ,,contents ,,section ,a ,,page ,,chapter ,i #c ,the ,pointer ,head--,colour--,eyes--,back--,hind-quar ters--,faults--,value of ,points4 ,,chapter ,,ii #ah ,the ,english ,setter ,laverack ,setters--,coat--,colour--,skull--,ears- -,eyes--,neck --,back-quarters--,tail--,fore-limbs--,w eight--,faults4 ,the ,irish ,setter ,coat--,ears--,eyes--,neck--,forelegs--, loins4 ,the ,blackand,tan ,setter 7,gordon ,setter7 ,eyes--,ears--,head--,neck--,shoulders and ,chest--,fore-limbs--,feet --,back--,loins--,stern--,value of ,points4 ,,chapter ,,iii #cb ,international ,gundog ,league ,,pointer ,,and ,,setter ,,society ,rules--,rules for the ,trial ,meetings4 ,,chapter ,,iv #db ,retrievers ,,flat-,,coated3 ,coat--,head--,ears--,eyes--,chest--,nec k--,back-- ,loins--,limbs--,faults4 ,,curly-,,coated4 ,labradors ,,rules ,,of ,,the ,,retriever ,,society ,,chapter ,v #ff ,spaniels ,general ,characteristics of the different ,varieties--,temperament --,coat--,colour--,head--,ears--,fore-li mbs--,body4 ,the ,clumber ,weight--,head--,ears--,eyes--,coat--,ne ck--,club4 ,the ,sussex ,spaniel ,colour--,coat--,weight--,head--,eyes--, ears--,nose--,neck--,shoulders and ,chest--,fore-limbs--,faults4 ,field ,spaniels ,the ,cocker ,spaniel ,head--,ears--,coat--,colour--,club ,prices--,faults4 ,the ,irish ,water ,spaniel ,colour--,nose--,skull--,ears--,neck--,c oat--,height--,general ,appearances--,faults--,weight--,club4 ,the ,english ,water ,spaniel ,,chapter ,,vi #id ,international ,gundog ,league ,rules--,regulations 7subject to alteration74 ,,chapter ,,vii #ajb ,training ,spaniels ,,section ,b ,,hounds ,,chapter ,,viii #aac ,the ,foxhound ,packs of ,foxhounds4 ,harriers ,loins--,back--,ribs--,chest--,fore-limb s--,coat4 ,the ,otterhound ,colour--,height--,eyes--,ears--,skull-- ,neck4 ,the ,deerhound ,head--,ears--,neck--,shoulders--,stern- -,eyes--,body--,legs--,feet --,coat--,colour--,height--,weight--,poi nts required4 ,,section ,c ,,hounds ,,chapter ,,ix #ada ,the ,bloodhound ,head--,eyes--,legs--,feet--,chest--,sho ulder--,neck--,ribs--,back --,loins--,hind-quarters--,limbs--,tail- -,coat--,colour--,height --,club--,association of ,bloodhound ,breeders4 ,irish ,wolfhounds ,weight--,height--,head--,ears--,neck--, fore-limbs--,hind-quarters ,the ,greyhound ,head--,eyes--,ears--,neck--,fore-quarte rs4 ,the ,whippet ,coat--,constitution--,fore-limbs--,hind -quarters-- ,feet--,tail --,general ,appearance of the ,whippet4 ,,section ,d ,,mixed ,,hounds ,,chapter ,x #agi ,the ,borzois or ,russian ,wolfhound ,ears--,eyes--,chest--,neck--,fore-limbs --,colour--,coat--,height --,faults--,club4 ,the ,beagle ,english ,beagle ,club--,points--,american ,beagle ,club--,points4 ,,chapter ,,xi #aid ,the ,dachshund ,coat--,head--,nose--,eyes--,ears--,neck --,chest--,shoulders --,legs--,feet--,toes--,hind-quarters4 ,the ,basset-hound ,colour--,coat--,head--,fore-quarters--, chest--,club ,rules of ,basset ,club--,points of ,basset ,hound 7smooth7--,general ,appearance --,points of the ,basset-hound 7rough74 ,,section ,e ,,fox ,,terriers ,,chapter ,,xii #bci ,the ,fox ,terrier ,standard of ,points recommended by the ,fox ,terrier ,club4 ,rough ,fox ,terrier ,scale of ,points--,disqualifying ,points4 ,,section ,f ,,terriers ,,chapter ,,xiii #bfi ,the ,skye ,terrier ,colour--,head--,body--,legs--,height--, faults--,club--,prices4 ,the ,bedlington ,terrier ,history--,height--,weight--,colour--,no se--,coat--,skull--,body--,tail --,limbs and ,quarters--,club4 ,the ,scottish ,terrier ,coat--,height--,colour--,body--,neck--, chest--,limbs and ,feet--,ears --,eyes--,head--,hair--,muzzle--,height- -,clubs4 ,the ,irish ,terrier ,coat--,colour--,neck--,body--,limbs and ,feet--,weight--,club--,prices4 ,the ,airedale ,terrier ,standard of the ,airedale ,terrier ,club--,points--,rules and ,regulations4 ,the ,white ,west ,highland ,terrier ,description of4 ,the ,welsh ,terrier ,head--,neck--,arms--,forearms--,back and ,loins--,tail--,first and ,second ,thighs--,feet--,club4 ,the ,dandie,dinmont ,history--,head--,neck--,tail--,fore and ,hind limbs--,colour--,society --,standard of ,points of ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,club--,rules for ,breeders' ,challenge ,cup--,rules for the ,tiddeman ,trophies --,rules for the ,ringwood ,club--,breeders' ,cups1 etc4 ,,section ,g ,,afghan ,,greyhound-,,lurcher ,,chapter ,,xiv #ccc ,the ,afghan ,greyhound ,skull--,eyes--,ears--,neck--,colour--,w eight--,height at ,shoulder --,limbs4 ,the ,lurcher ,the ,training1 ,use1 and ,abuse1 of ,night,dogs ,,chapter ,,xv #cea ,the ,gamekeepers' ,kennel ,association ,,chapter ,,xvi #cfc ,feeding ,sporting ,dogs ,conditioning ,dogs ,,chapter ,,xvii #cfi ,specific ,ailments ,distemper--,rabies--,blood ,poisoning--,rheumatism--,chest ,founder or ,kennel ,lameness4 ,,chapter ,,xviii #chd ,constitutional ,skin ,diseases ,eczema--,boils--,herpes--,nettle ,rash4 ,,chapter ,,xix #chi ,external ,parasites and ,parasitic ,skin ,diseases ,fleas--,pediculi or ,lice--,ringworm--,sarcoptic ,mange--,follicular ,mange4 ,,chapter ,,xx #cid ,diseases of the ,gullet1 ,stomach1 ,bowels1 and ,digestive ,glands ,disease of the ,gullet--,inflammation of the ,stomach--,twist and ,intussusception of the ,bowels--,inflammation of the ,bowels --,vomiting--,worms--,diarrha--,dysenter y--,hmorrhage --,hmorrhoids--,dyspepsia--,jaundice--,r uptures4 ,,chapter ,,xxi #dac ,poisons and their ,remedies ,poisoning by ,arsenic--,antimony--,strychnine--,phosp horus--,rat and other ,vermin ,destroyers--,by ,lead--,mercury--,ptomaine ,poisoning4 ,,chapter ,,xxii #dai ,diseases of the ,urinary ,organs ,disease of the ,kidneys--,stone in the ,bladder--,inflammation of the ,bladder--,stricture of the ,urethra4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii #dbb ,diseases of the ,ear ,dropsy of the ,ear-flap--,otitis--,otorrha or ,canker 7internal7 --,split ,margin of ,ear--7,external ,canker7--,eczema of ,ears --,deafness--,morbid ,growths in ,passage--,concretions--,syringing ears4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv #dbh ,diseases of the ,eye ,ophthalmia--,blindness--,inverted ,eyelids--,everted ,eyelids--,torn ,eyelids--,foreign ,bodies in ,eyes--,bareness around ,margins4 ,,chapter ,,xxv #dcc ,injuries and ,minor ,operations ,wounds--,overgrown ,claws--,fractures4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi #dch ,minor ,operations ,docking--,setoning--,enemas--,fomentati ons--,blistering--,tumours and ,warts4 ,,appendix #ddc ,white ,west ,highland ,terrier ,club ,standard of ,points4 ,,index #ddg ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,page ,,head ,,of ,,bloodhound ,,champion ,,sultan ,frontispiece ,,pointers ,,on ,,partridges #e ,,pointer ,,champion ,,faskally ,,brag #g ,,pointer ,,champion ,,coronation #aa ,,pointer ,,bitch ,,barton ,,beauty #ac ,,pointer ,,bitch ,,barton ,,blanche #ae ,a ,,brace ,,of ,,english ,,setters ,,at ,,repose 7,,pride and ,,sally7 #ai ,,english ,,setter ,,romney ,,rock #ba ,,irish ,,setter ,,dog #be ,,irish ,,setter ,,champion ,,florizel #bg ,,mr ,,cartwright',s ,,flat-,,coated ,,retriever ,,champion ,,colwyn ,,clytie #dc ,,typical ,,flat-,,coated ,,retriever #de ,,flat-,,coated ,,retriever ,,danehurst ,,rocket #di ,,flat-,,coated ,,retriever ,,busy ,,marquis #ea ,,typical ,,flat-,,coated ,,retriever ,,dog #ec ,,curly-,,coated ,,retriever ,,dog #eg ,,clumber ,,spaniel ,,dog ,,bobs ,,of ,,salop #gc ,,mr ,,newington',s ,,sussex ,,spaniel ,,dog ,,rosehill ,,rock #gg ,,typical ,,cocker ,,spaniel #he ,,irish ,,water ,,spaniel ,,pat ,o',,brien #hi ,,mr ,,walter ,,winans' ,,pack ,,of ,,hounds ,,and ,,master #aae ,,enemies ,,at ,,peace--,,foxhound ,,nameless ,,and ,,tame ,,dog ,,fox #aag ,,lecturer--,a ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,crickhowell ,,harriers #abc ,,deerhound ,,champion ,,st ,,ronan',s ,,rhyme #aca ,,deerhound ,,dog ,,champion ,,selwood ,,morven #acc ,a ,,quartet ,,of ,,typical ,,bloodhounds #adc ,,greyhound ,,bitch ,,lady ,,golightly #aei ,,fawn ,,greyhound ,,dean ,,baden ,,powell #afa ,a ,,trio ,,of ,,greyhounds1 ,,duke ,o' ,,ringmer1 ,,lady ,,golightly1 ,,glory ,o' ,,ringmer #afc ,,greyhound ,,sussex ,,belle #afe ,,typical ,,whippet ,,dog ,,dandy ,,coon #afi ,,borzois ,,padiham ,,nordia #age ,,borzois ,,dog #agg ,a ,,group ,,of ,,leyswood ,,beagles #ahc ,,pocket ,,beagle ,,cheerful ,,of ,,rodnance #ahe ,,dachshund ,,champion ,,snakes ,,prince #aie ,a ,,brace ,,of ,,typical ,,dachshunds #aig ,,dachshund ,,dog ,,and ,,bitch #aii ,,red ,,dachshund ,,victoria ,,regina #bja ,,mr ,,proctor',s ,,basset-,,hound ,,bitch ,,queen ,,of ,,the ,,geisha #bji ,a ,,brace ,,of ,,typical ,,smooth-,,coated ,,basset-,,hounds #baa ,,smooth-,,coated ,,basset-,,hound ,,bitch ,,and ,,her ,,puppies #bac ,,smooth ,,basset-,,hound ,,dog ,,champion ,,louis ,,le ,,beau4 ,a veritable pillar of the ,stud ,book #bae ,,typical ,,smooth-,,coated ,,basset ,,bitch #bag ,a ,,group ,,of ,,champion ,,smooth-,,coated ,,bassets #bai ,,typical ,,rough ,,basset ,,bitch #bba ,,rough-,,coated ,,basset-,,hound ,,dog ,,champion ,,puritan #bbc ,,typical ,,rough-,,coated ,,basset ,,dog #bbe ,,mr ,,scott',s ,,smooth ,,fox ,,terrier ,,millgate ,,joe #bda ,,champion ,,south ,,cave ,,leger #bdc ,,smooth ,,fox ,,terrier ,,duke ,,of ,,doncaster #bde ,,smooth ,,fox ,,terrier ,,champion ,,cymro ,,queen #bdi ,,miss ,,lewis',s ,,wire-,,haired ,,fox ,,terrier ,,champion ,,donington ,,venture #bea ,,mr ,,scott',s ,,smooth ,,fox ,,terrier ,,millgate ,,bandit #bec ,,smooth ,,fox ,,terrier ,,dog ,,champion ,,dukedom #beg ,,smooth ,,fox ,,terrier ,,dog ,,darley ,,dale #bei ,,wire-,,haired ,,fox ,,terrier ,,dog ,,remus ,,of ,,gaywood #bfa ,,mr ,,scott',s ,,wire-,,haired ,,fox ,,terrier ,,millgate ,,leader #bfc ,,typical ,,prick-,,eared ,,skye ,,terrier ,,dog #bga ,,bedlington ,,terrier ,,dog #bge ,,scottish ,,terrier ,,dog ,,champion ,,hyndman ,,thistle #bgi ,a ,,trio ,,of ,,scottish ,,terriers #bha ,,group ,,of ,,scottish ,,terriers #bhe ,,irish ,,terrier ,,blackbrook ,,banker #bhi ,,airedale ,,terrier ,,dog ,,barkerend ,,masterpiece #bia ,,airedale ,,terrier ,,dog ,,crompton ,,marvel #bie ,,airedale ,,terrier ,,dog ,,barkerend ,,victoria #bii ,,brace ,,of ,,white ,,west ,,highland ,,terriers #cje ,,welsh ,,terrier #cji ,,dandie-,,dinmont ,,terrier ,,dog ,,thistle ,,grove ,,ben #caa ,,afghan ,,greyhound #cce ,,the ,,celebrated ,,keeper',s ,,night-,,dog ,,thorneywood ,,terror1 said to be the most perfectly trained ,night ,dog ever bred #cci ,,section ,a ,,chapter ,i ,,pointers ,,chapter ,,ii ,,setters ,,english--,,irish--,,gordon ,,chapter ,,iii ,,international ,,gundog ,,league ,,chapter ,,iv ,,retrievers ,,flat-,,coated--,,curly-,,coated--,,lab rador ,,chapter ,v ,,spaniels ,,general ,,characteristics ,,of ,,the ,,different ,,varieties--,,clumber--,,sussex --,,field--,,cocker--,,irish ,,water--,,english ,,springers ,,sporting ,,dogs ,,chapter ,i ,the ,pointer ,most authorities are in agreement that the ,english ,pointer has been derived from a cross of the old ,spanish ,pointer and ,southern ,hound1 or with the former and a ,foxhound4 ,the old ,spanish ,pointer was a heavy1 loose-made dog1 had a large head1 short and smooth coat1 thin1 loose ears and a thin tail4 ,in colour he was generally black1 black and white1 liver and white1 red and white1 dark brown1 liver1 etc4 ,the breed1 it is said1 was first introduced into this country by a ,portuguese merchant1 living and shooting in ,norfolk4 ,according to accounts1 the ,spanish ,pointers had a remarkable degree of scenting power1 never missing their game4 ,in ,germany there are two varieties of ,pointers--the ,rough-and the ,smooth-coated4 ,like the old ,spanish ,pointer1 these dogs are slow1 but sure workers3 they are heavily built1 and frequently liver1 or liver and white4 ,the chief drawback to the ,spanish ,pointer was his slowness1 and indifferent temper4 ,the ,french ,pointer was probably superior1 and may have had considerable influence towards making the many good qualities possessed by the ,english ,pointer of to-day4 ,a medium-sized dog is the most useful1 the heavy being too slow and the light weights too fast1 especially for aged shooters4 ,the ,pointer may be described as fairly hardy2 generally of good constitution1 and when bred from working parents1 puppies usually respond readily to the breaker's tuition4 ,a second-1 or third-season dog1 is preferable to a first-season one1 so that1 when purchasing1 this should be borne in mind4 ,another matter worthy of attention1 and that is1 never to purchase a ,pointer without having him for a week or two's trial on your own shoot4 ,the colour of a ,pointer is more a matter for individual taste1 though there is no doubt that one should choose such as can be the most readily discerned in the distance4 ,lemon and white1 black and white1 and liver and white ticked1 especially the last-named1 are the most general colours4 ,liver1 and red and white are frequently seen1 though the former is not so readily recognisable on ploughed land1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,horner4 ,,pointers ,,on ,,partridges 7,property of ,mr ,f4 ,r4 ,,horner74 ,illustration3 ,,pointer ,,champion ,,faskally ,,brag 7,property of ,mr ,h4 ,,sawtell74 ,in action1 these dogs ought to move with beauty and freedom1 unobserved in any other breed4 ,the movements alone ought to be sufficient to create admiration in the mind of the sportsman4 ,head4--,should be of good size1 wide in the dome1 and wider between the eyes1 with a long1 broad1 square nose and broad1 well-dilated nostrils1 giving the head a somewhat square conformation4 ,in colour1 nose ought to be black1 but in lemon and white dogs1 flesh-coloured4 ,cartilages of ears1 long and thin1 covered by soft hair1 and carried close to cheeks4 ,eyes4--,of medium size4 ,twenty-four per cent4 of points are allowed for skull1 nose1 eyes1 ears1 lips1 and six for the neck1 which ought to be long1 arched1 and free from loose skin or dewlap4 ,long oblique shoulders and long arms are essentials of beauty in the ,pointer4 ,forearms long1 having plenty of bone and muscle4 ,pasterns of medium length1 feet round 7like those of the cat71 and the soles hard4 ,a good deal of attention is paid to the legs and feet1 by ,pointer judges4 ,some prefer the hare-foot4 ,the elbow must stand well off the brisket and be low placed4 ,dog must not be out at elbow4 ,viewed from the front1 the chest of the ,pointer1 nevertheless1 ought not to be broad1 otherwise the beautiful elastic step is interfered with4 ,the contour of the chest is round and deep4 ,back ribs must be deep1 and flanks broad and thick1 so as to give strength in these regions4 ,back and ,hind-quarters4--,the back should be of good length but strongly built1 and the loins broad and deep4 ,first and second thighs well covered with muscle2 hocks strong and good2 stifles broad4 ,too much importance cannot be attached to the stern of the ,pointer1 and judges are keen on quality in this region4 ,first of all1 it must be strong at its set on1 and gradually taper to a fine point4 ,if the tail is as thick at the end as it is at its set on1 or coarse in other respects1 it indicates inferior breeding4 ,should be carried on a line with the back4 ,faults4--,any approach to curl in tail1 coarse coat1 soft feet1 short back ribs1 wide chest1 too heavy in head and facial expression1 short on legs1 under-or over-sized1 presence of flews or big cheeks1 undershot2 too much of ,hound character1 bad temper1 disobedience1 bad constitution1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,,pointer ,,champion ,,coronation 7,property of ,mr ,h4 ,,sawtell74 ,illustration3 ,,pointer ,,bitch ,,barton ,,beauty 7,property of ,sir ,,humphry ,,de ,,trafford1 ,bart474 ,illustration3 ,,pointer ,,bitch ,,barton ,,blanche 7,property of ,sir ,,humphry ,,de ,,trafford1 ,bart474 ,,value ,,of ,,points ,skull #aj ,ears #e ,nose #aj ,neck #e -- #cj ,shoulders1 chest1 back and thighs1 #cj ,colour and coat1 #aj ,stern and general quality1 #aj ,legs #f ,feet #f ,elbow #d ,hocks #b ,stifles #b -- #bj ---- ,total #ajj ,,chapter ,,ii ,the ,english ,setter ,most authorities1 or those who have made diligent inquiries into the history--if such it can be called--or origin1 of the ,english ,setter1 are agreed that it has been derived from the ,spaniel--,setting ,spaniel--and ,laverack1 in his work on the ,setter1 says1-- ,i am of the opinion that all ,setters have more or less originally sprung from our various strains of ,spaniels1 and ,i believe most breeders of any note agree that the ,setter is nothing more than a ,setting ,spaniel4 ,how the ,setter attained his sufficiency of point is difficult to account for1 and ,i leave the question to wiser heads than mine to determine4 ,the ,setter is said and acknowledged by authorities of long standing1 to be of greater antiquity than the ,pointer4 ,if this be true--and ,i believe it is--the ,setter cannot at first have been crossed with the ,pointer to render him what he is4 ,if the foregoing views be accepted1 it follows that our lovely ,setter is but an improved ,spaniel4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,brace ,,of ,,english ,,setters ,,at ,,repose 7,,pride and ,,sally1 ,mr ,,stanhope ,,lovell74 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,english ,,setter 7,,romney ,,rock74 ,the ,laverack ,setters--a strain preserved by the late ,mr ,laverack--has always played an important part in the more recent history of the ,setter4 ,the ,llewellin ,setter--a strain bred by ,mr ,llewellin--7a ,laverack cross7 stands out as being one of the best strains ever produced1 both on the show bench and in the field4 ,a high-class ,english ,setter should have a rich1 glossy coat1 and every movement should be one of elegance1 dash1 and beauty4 ,a high degree of intelligence and great power of physical endurance are a sine qua non4 ,field trials have done more towards perfecting the working qualities of the ,setter than could have been attained by any other means4 ,the breeding of stock from dogs coming out top at these trials affords the surest means of attaining the highest degree of working capacity4 ,the points of the ,english ,setter are as follows3-- ,coat4--,to be soft1 silky1 and free from curl4 ,there ought to be an abundance of soft feather on fore and hind legs4 ,colour4--,not a great deal of importance is attached to this4 ,the chief colours are3--,liver and white1 lemon and white1 black1 black and white1 red or yellow1 orange ,belton1 black and white ticked1 with splashes of black1 or bluish tint--blue ,belton1 black1 white and tan markings1 c4 ,black and white ticked are commonest4 ,skull4--,long and narrow1 with a well-developed occipital bone4 ,muzzle square1 and lips full at their angles4 ,ears and ,eyes4--,ears set on low1 thin and soft1 carried close to the cheeks1 and covered by silky hair about a couple of inches in length4 ,eyes of medium size1 either brown or hazel4 ,neck4--,slightly arched and covered by somewhat loose skin4 ,back and ,quarters4--,arched1 and loins wide and strong4 ,hocks1 strong4 ,tail4--,should be carried in a straight line with the body1 and the feather upon it to consist of straight1 silky hairs1 shortening towards the point4 ,a beautiful flag is a great adornment to the ,setter1 especially when at work4 ,fore-limbs4--,shoulders set well back4 ,forearms straight and strong1 of medium length1 and with a good fringe at the back4 ,pasterns short and nearly vertical4 ,feet well feathered below and cat-like4 ,weight4--,dogs from #ej to #fj lbs4 ,bitches1 #de to #ee lbs4 ,club4--,the ,english ,setter4 ,faults4--,curly coat1 snipy head1 bad carriage of stern1 too light in bone1 too short or too long in leg1 out at elbows1 too heavy in head1 bad symmetry1 disobedience1 bad scenting power1 indifferent at work1 etc41 etc4 ,the ,irish ,setter ,the origin of these dogs1 as in many other breeds1 is enshrouded in mystery4 ,the theory that they have been derived from ,red ,spaniels1 crossed with the ,bloodhound1 is accepted by some breeders1 the traces of ,hound blood being observable in their method of working 7scenting their game71 so much objected to1 by many sportsmen4 ,illustration3 ,,irish ,,setter ,,dog4 ,in ,ireland these ,setters have been1 and still are1 greatly used for snipe shooting1 being hardy1 fast1 and very keen-nosed--their ability to bear fatigue1 and cold1 being unequalled by any other variety of ,setter4 ,it has been said that the finest and oldest strain of ,irish ,setters have a slight tinge of black on the tips of the ears and muzzle2 others1 again1 regard the presence of black hairs as a sign of impurity of blood1 agreeing that these dogs ought to be a very deep1 rich red--a dark or blood red being preferred4 ,white hairs ought not to be present anywhere1 excepting on the forehead and chest1 though many object to white in the situation last named4 ,the ,coat should be close1 of strong growth1 and neither coarse nor silky in texture4 ,feather of a golden tinge1 and of moderate amount4 ,ears4--,to be long1 set low on the head1 and have a medium degree of feathering4 ,eyes4--,a deep hazel or brown1 and the nose dark or mahogany flesh4 ,a black nose should disqualify4 ,neck4--,of fair length1 slightly arched1 and body proportionately long2 the chest deep1 and ribs well sprung4 ,forelegs4--,straight1 not too much feathered1 and the feet small1 firm1 and close1 with well-arched toes4 ,strong ,loins1 powerful thighs and hocks1 and a horizontal carriage of the tail 7not cocked7 are excellences in this region4 ,taken as a whole1 the ,irish ,setter is built more after the type of a racer4 ,moreover1 has a little wider skull than the ,english variety4 ,illustration3 ,,irish ,,setter ,,champion ,,florizel 7,property of ,mrs ,,hamilton74 ,the ,black-and-tan ,setter 7,gordon ,setter7 ,this famous breed of ,setters can be traced back for a hundred years to the castle of the ,duke of ,gordon1 but whether this nobleman laid the foundation stone of the present breed of ,black-and-tan ,setter1 becomes a matter of speculation4 ,it is not the least improbable that these ,setters have been derived by crossing the ,english ,setter with a ,black-and-tan ,collie1 as certain ,gordons exhibit more than a trace of the ,collie element4 ,during the last few years the ,black-and-tan ,setter classes at the ,kennel ,club ,shows in ,london have been very badly filled1 and unless breeding this variety of dog becomes more popular1 in ,england at least1 it will soon deteriorate4 ,a well-broken ,gordon is a most useful dog in the field1 though certainly his luck at field trials has not been anything like that of the ,englishman4 ,in colour he should be a glossy raven black1 with rich mahogany tan markings1 pencilling of the toes being allowable4 ,on the inside of the fore-limbs1 tan ought to show nearly up to the elbows1 and up to the hocks1 on the inner sides of the hind ones4 ,there should be tan on the lips1 cheeks1 undersides of the ears2 spots over eyes1 on front of the chest1 on the vent1 and at the root of tail or flag4 ,eyes4--,to be of medium size and deep brown4 ,ears4--,the ears of the ,gordon are longer than those of the ,irish or ,english1 are set on low and lie close to head4 ,head4--,there ought to be good evidence of stop1 rendering the occiput well-defined4 ,from eye to occiput1 head should measure nearly #f inches4 ,the old type of ,gordon was much too clumsy in the head4 ,neck4--,long1 clean1 and racey4 ,shoulders and ,chest4--,shoulders of good slope and chest deep4 ,ribs to be well sprung4 ,fore-limbs and ,feet4--,to be of moderate length2 strong in the forearms1 and elbows well in4 ,feet arched and cat-like4 ,a strong back1 loin1 and well-bent stifles are qualifications of the ,gordon4 ,stern4--,the tail carried as nearly in the same line as the body4 ,many ,gordons have defective carriage of the caudal appendage4 ,the so-called tea-pot tail is the worst fault1 and destroys a dog's chance of winning in the show ring4 ,gordon ,setter puppies are not difficult to rear1 though good specimens are difficult to produce2 still more so to purchase1 when grown up1 and thoroughly broken4 ,in ,america this variety of ,setter is much thought of1 and in that country a great deal has been done towards the improvement of the breed1 where the value of points is as follows3-- ,head1 muzzle and nose #ae ,shoulders and chest #ae ,back1 loins1 thighs and stifles #ae ,stern and flag #h ,fore-limbs #ae ,colour and markings #h ,symmetry and quality #h ,neck #e ,eyes1 ears and lips #e ,texture of coat and feather #f ---- #ajj ,illustration ,,chapter ,,iii ,,international ,,gundog ,,league ,pointer and ,setter ,society ,,constitutional ,,rules #a4 ,that the object of the ,society be to promote the ,breeding of pure ,pointers and ,setters1 and to develop and bring to perfection their natural qualities4 ,in order to carry out these purposes1 an ,autumn ,trial--on grouse1 if practicable--shall be annually held within the ,united ,kingdom2 and also ,spring ,trials on partridges shall be held 7if possible71 either on the ,continent1 or in the ,united ,kingdom4 #b4 ,that the ,society shall consist of a ,president1 ,vice-,presidents1 a ,central ,committee1 and an unlimited number of members1 and that there may also be appointed triennially a ,vice-,president and ,honorary ,secretary for each separate ,country or ,colony4 ,that these officers1 after election1 be empowered to call ,sub-committees of their fellow-countrymen 7being also members of the ,pointer and ,setter ,society71 to advise and report to the ,central ,committee4 #c4 ,that one-third of the ,central ,committee 7exclusive of the officers7 shall be withdrawn by lot each year1 at the ,annual ,general ,meeting for the first two years1 and afterwards by rotation1 and members shall be elected to fill their vacancies2 the retiring members to be eligible for re-election4 ,the ,president1 ,vice-,presidents1 and ,honorary ,secretaries shall be ex-officio members of the ,central ,committee4 #d4 ,that the entire control and management of the ,society shall be vested in the ,central ,committee 7of which three shall form a quorum71 who shall have power to make bye-laws and decide upon all matters in dispute not provided for by the ,rules of the ,society2 and further that any member of the ,central ,committee1 if unable to be present at a ,central ,committee ,meeting1 shall be permitted 7upon application for same7 to vote by proxy1 duly signed1 upon any resolution appearing upon the agenda paper1 except as provided in ,rule #h4 #e4 ,that each ,candidate for admission shall be proposed and seconded by members of the ,society4 ,the ,candidate's name1 rank1 residence and profession or occupation1 if any1 shall be sent to the ,central ,secretary a fortnight before the election of ,candidates at the ,central ,committee ,meeting2 and that each member of the ,central ,committee be advised1 at least seven days beforehand1 of the proposed election of a new member of the ,society4 #f4 ,that the election of members shall be vested solely in the ,central ,committee1 and be made by ballot1 two black balls to exclude4 #g4 ,that for the present no entrance fee shall be charged1 and that the annual subscription shall be two guineas1 payable #ast ,january in advance2 and that any member whose payments shall continue in arrear for six months shall 7due notice of such arrear having previously been given in writing by the ,central ,secretary7 have his name struck off the list1 and shall cease to be a member of the ,society4 ,any member joining the ,society after the #cast of ,august in any year shall not be liable for an annual subscription for the current year4 ,life membership may be acquired upon payment in a lump sum of twenty guineas4 #h4 ,any member of the ,society who shall be proved to the satisfaction of the ,central ,committee to have in any way misconducted himself in connection with ,dogs1 ,dog ,shows1 or ,trials1 or to have acted in any way which would make it undesirable that he should continue to be a member1 shall be requested to retire from the ,society2 and if a resolution to that effect shall be carried by three-fourths of the ,central ,committee 7present and voting71 duly summoned or warned to the consideration of the case1 the member so requested to retire shall henceforth cease to be a member of the ,society4 #i4 ,that subscriptions and donations1 after payment of all liabilities1 shall be applied in such a manner as the ,central ,committee may determine1 for prizes at ,trials or ,workers' ,classes1 at not more than one ,dog ,show each year1 or otherwise2 and all balance shall be invested for the use of the ,society1 in such a manner as the ,central ,committee shall direct4 #aj4 ,that ,central ,committee ,meetings may be held at each ,trial ,meeting of the ,society1 or at such other times and places as the ,central ,committee may determine1 notice thereof having been duly sent to each member of the ,central ,committee4 #aa4 ,that the ,annual ,general ,meeting of the ,society be held in ,may or ,june in ,london1 and that a ,special ,general ,meeting may be called at any time1 and at such place as may be agreed to by the ,central ,committee1 on the requisition of six members4 #ab4 ,at every meeting the ,president1 or one of the ,vice-,presidents1 shall be chairman1 or1 failing these1 a member of the ,central ,committee2 such chairman to have a casting vote at all meetings4 ,and1 further1 the minutes of the preceding meeting shall be read1 approved1 confirmed1 and signed by the chairman at the commencement of the next subsequent meeting4 #ac4 ,any member may withdraw from the ,society on giving notice in writing to one of the ,honorary ,secretaries1 or to the ,central ,secretary1 provided always that such member shall be liable for his subscription to the ,society for the current year in which he gives such notice4 #ad4 ,that the ,central ,secretary shall enter the name and address of each member of the ,society in a ,book kept for that purpose4 ,a4 ,e4 ,,sansom1 ,secretary1 #ab and #ac ,henrietta ,street1 ,covent ,garden1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,,international ,,gundog ,,league ,pointer and ,setter ,society ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,trial ,,meetings #a4 ,in ,single ,stakes the competing dogs shall be drawn into pairs by lot1 dogs belonging to the same owner being guarded from each other as long as possible4 ,the ,judges having seen each pair run as drawn1 if possible1 will at the end of the first round give to the ,committee the names of those dogs which they consider have a chance of being placed4 ,the ,committee will then proceed to draw these dogs again1 taking care that dogs which have met in the first round do not run together in the second4 ,at the end of the second round the ,judges will call up at their own discretion1 any dogs they require further1 and run them as they choose4 ,if any dog would1 by the withdrawal of his antagonist before running1 be left untried1 the ,judge may order him to run with any dog similarly circumstanced in that round1 or with the dog that has the bye4 ,the dog that has drawn a bye1 if not called for previously by the ,judges1 shall run as one of the first pair in the next round4 #b4 ,in ,brace ,stakes1 the two dogs running together must belong to the same owner1 and the order of running in the first round shall be decided by lot4 ,no dog shall be allowed to form part of more than one brace at the same meeting1 and only one man at a time shall work any brace4 #c4 ,in all ,stakes the ,judges will1 except in cases of undoubted lack of merit1 try each pair in the first round for at least fifteen minutes1 and in ,single ,stakes the first and second prize dogs must have run together1 likewise the second and third4 ,in the ,brace ,stake1 all prize-winning braces must have been down twice4 #d4 ,the ,judges are requested not to award a ,prize to any dog unless they are satisfied that he will back of his own accord4 #e4 ,the ,judges will1 in making their awards1 give full consideration to the manner in which the ground is quartered and beaten1 and are requested not to award a ,prize to the dog of any owner or handler who does not beat his ground1 and work exactly as he would do were he actually out shooting4 #f4 ,the ,judges will avoid1 if possible1 holding a dog so long on his point1 for the purpose of securing a back1 as to cause the birds to run3 but if the pointing dog be so held on a point by order of the ,judge1 he shall not incur any penalty for misbehaviour in reference to that particular point4 #g4 ,the ,judges shall not decide the merit of a dog's running from the number of times he points game1 backs1 etc41 but from the style and quality of his performance as a whole4 ,dogs are required to maintain a fast and killing range1 wide or narrow1 as the necessity of the case demands2 to quarter the ground with judgment and regularity2 to leave no birds behind them2 and to be obedient1 cheerful1 and easily handled4 #h4 ,the ,judges are requested and empowered by the ,committee to first caution1 and upon repetition of the offence1 turn out of the ,stake any breakers not beating the ground to their satisfaction2 not keeping together or out-walking their opponents2 unduly whistling or shouting1 or behaving in such a manner as1 in the opinion of the ,judges1 is detrimental to the chances of success of their opponents4 ,any breaker or owner who feels that the behaviour of his opponent is unsettling his dog1 may request the interference of the ,judges4 #i4 ,a gun must have been fired over all aged dogs as well as puppies before they can be awarded either a ,prize or a ,certificate of ,merit4 #aj4 ,certificates of ,merit will be awarded with a view to the establishment of ,workers' ,classes at the ,dog ,shows1 and as a guide to purchasers of dogs which1 though not in the list of ,prize ,winners1 give promise in their work of being valuable sporting dogs4 ,in a ,brace ,stake this honour may be conferred on one dog without reference to the behaviour of his companion4 #aa4 ,the ,judges are empowered to withhold a ,prize when1 in their opinion1 no merit is shown1 and to exclude from competition bitches on heat1 or any animals they may consider unfit to compete1 and the entry fees of such dogs will be forfeited4 #ab4 ,after the first round the ,judges may order a flag to be hoisted at the end of each individual contest to indicate which of the two competitors has shown the greater merit in that particular trial4 ,the hoisting of the colour of a dog whose performance on that one occasion has been the more meritorious will not necessarily imply that his opponent is debarred from winning in the ,stake4 ,when a striking evenness of merit is shown1 both flags will be hoisted simultaneously2 and1 conversely1 when there is a total lack of good work1 no flags will be displayed4 #ac4 ,in the event of the weather being considered by the ,committee unsuitable for holding trials1 it shall be in their power to postpone the meeting from day to day until the ,saturday following the first day of the trials1 on which day either the stakes not already decided shall be abandoned and their entry fees returned1 or a fresh draw for them shall take place1 at the discretion of the ,committee4 #ad4 ,if1 from unforeseen circumstances1 the ,committee deem it advisable to alter the date of the meeting after the closing of the entries1 this may be done by sending formal notice to all competitors that they may recover their entry fees by exercising the option of cancelling their entries within four days from the date of such notice4 ,all entries1 however1 about which no such application is made1 within those four days will stand good for the meeting at its altered date4 ,the ,committee also reserve to themselves the right to abandon the meeting at any time1 on returning the entry monies to the competitors4 #ae4 ,if any of the advertised ,judges be prevented from fulfilling their engagement for either the whole or part of the ,meeting1 the ,committee shall appoint any other person to judge1 or shall make any other arrangement that to them seems desirable4 #af4 ,the ,committee have the power--if they think fit--to refuse any entries for the ,society's ,trials1 and if they consider that any persons by their conduct or otherwise1 are undesirable visitants at the ,society's ,trials1 they shall exclude such persons from the ,trials1 without being obliged to assign any reason for their action4 ,the disqualifications of any other recognised ,trial ,society--,british1 ,continental or otherwise1 shall be upheld by this ,society4 #ag4 ,an objection to a dog may be lodged with the ,secretary at any time within seven days of the last day of any meeting1 upon the objector depositing #e with the ,secretary1 which shall be forfeited if the ,committee deem such objection frivolous4 ,all objections must be made in writing4 #ah4 ,upon any case arising not provided for in the above rules1 the members of the ,committee present shall decide1 and their decision shall be final4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,retrievers 7a7 ,,flat-,,coated ,there is good evidence to show that the ,retriever is what may be termed a made breed1 and that his present state of perfection is the outcome of careful selection during the last fifty years or thereabout1 the latter thirty years of this time having been devoted by enthusiastic sportsmen to raise the standard of the ,retriever to the highest standard of excellence1 and no one did more in this respect than the lamented late ,president of the ,kennel ,club1 ,s4 ,e4 ,shirley1 ,esq41 ,ettington ,park1 ,stratford-on-,avon4 ,most of ,mr ,shirley's exhibits were an ornament to the show bench1 and not only were they ornamental1 but equally useful in the field1 this gentleman being a keen sportsman and one of the most successful breeders and exhibitors of ,flat-coats in the annals of this or any other time4 ,the ,retriever is gradually coming more and more into favour1 and will continue to do so when his usefulness becomes better known4 ,it is a variety of dog that stands little chance of becoming spoiled by interbreeding1 as in the case of so many ,spaniels4 ,illustration3 ,,mr ,,cartwright',s ,,flat-,,coated ,,retriever ,,champion ,,colwyn ,,clytie4 ,illustration3 ,,typical ,,flat-,,coated ,,retriever4 ,to the sportsman1 the ,retriever can claim advantages over the ,pointer1 ,setter and ,spaniel1 but unless very thoroughly handled during his training1 he is not of much service4 ,a perfectly broken ,retriever--more especially if rich in show-bench points--should readily bring sixty or seventy guineas at least1 and cheap at that price4 ,coat4--,should be perfectly flat--not wavy as formerly--of an intense raven blackness1#a glossy1 and the hair of good length and dense1 more especially over the tops of the shoulders and along the back1 but the contour ought not to be interfered with4 ,white hair upon any part of the body1 head1 tail1 or extremities1 is not desirable1 and should1 in the author's opinion1 tell against the animal4 ,we are aware that the presence of a few white hairs upon the chest is not regarded as being of much importance4 ,still1 there is no gainsaying that to be perfect in all points1 the ,retriever must not have such4 ,head4--,ought to possess the highest degree of intelligence4 ,the occipital dome to be wide1 of medium height1 becoming much narrower as the nose is approached2 the latter to be black4 ,ears4--,small1 carried close to cheeks1 and thin cartilage covered with soft hair1 yet free from feather at the margins4 ,many ,retrievers are very faulty here1 a touch of the ,spaniel element sometimes being in evidence4 ,eyes4--,to be of a deep hazel4 ,any tendency towards the so-called snipy nose is a defect4 ,chest4--,deep1 but not wide1 and well covered with soft1 black hair4 ,neck4--,somewhat short1 but thick4 ,back and ,loin4--,a long1 strong back and loin1 slightly depressed about midway1 with a beautiful rise towards the hind-quarters4 ,these latter should be well muscled and covered by the same flatness of coat4 ,limbs4--,shoulders1 strong and oblique1 and forearm big-boned and muscular2 of medium length2 pasterns short and strong2 feet of proportionate size4 ,from the hinder face of the fore-limb there should be a sparing amount of feather1 not of sufficiency to interfere with the dog when swimming4 ,when at rest the tail is carried down1 but under excitement straight out1 though slightly below the level of the back4 ,any tendency to curling of it1 is very faulty4 ,illustration3 ,,flat-,,coated ,,retriever ,,danehurst ,,rocket4 ,illustration3 ,,flat-,,coated ,,retriever ,,busy ,,marquis 7,property of ,mr ,e4 ,h4 ,,blagg74 ,illustration3 ,,flat-,,coated ,,retriever ,,dog4 ,many capital working ,retrievers carry their tails very badly1 indicative of inferior breeding4 ,what is equally important--no matter whether it be the ,flat-1 or ,curly-coated variety--in a ,retriever1 is that of being good-tempered1 obedient1 persevering1 quick to find1 to remain at heel until given the word of command1 and to have a very tender mouth4 ,if a dog is too headstrong1 he will never make a good ,retriever1 running out directly a shot is fired4 ,must respond with alacrity to his master's word of command1 in short1 perfect obedience4 ,an unstable ,retriever is not a useful dog2 in fact1 an annoyance4 ,the chief faults of a ,flat-coated ,retriever are--too ,setter-like in appearance1 wavy coat1 short coat1 ,spaniel-like ears1 rusty tint1 white hair1 bad temper1 disobedience1 too long on the leg1 too short on the leg1 too much of the ,newfoundland element1 etc41 etc4 7b7 ,,the ,,curly-,,coated ,of the two varieties1 the ,curly-coated can1 we think1 lay claim to have been the first established4 ,in almost every particular1 save that of coat1 the ,curly ,retriever corresponds to the description given under the heading of 7a7--the ,flat-coat4 ,weight about #hj lbs4 ,particular attention is paid by judges to the coat4 ,the dog must be covered all over with small tight curls1 the tail to be the same4 ,any tendency towards slackness of curl or an open coat necessarily handicaps the dog in the show ring4 ,if black1 should be free from any rusty tint1 or from white4 ,face clean1 neck long1 and chest deep4 ,liver ,curly-coated specimens are nothing like so frequently met with as the black4 ,should be of an intense liver1 free from white hairs and a nose of corresponding colour4 ,the ,curly-coated ,retriever ,club has done much towards encouraging breeding typical specimens4 ,although very useful1 we fancy that the ,flat-coats are in more demand1 probably because really ,a#a ,curly-coats are not so readily obtainable at a moderate price1 and an indifferent one1 has not as good an appearance as an indifferent specimen of the ,flat-coats4 ,at the recent ,kennel ,club ,shows in ,london1 etc41 the proportion of ,flat-coats to ,curly was as three to one--the best evidence as to which is the most popular variety4 ,labradors ,at the ,kennel ,club ,show there are classes for this variety of ,retriever1 and1 in our opinion1 the ,labrador will1 in course of time1 become very popular amongst sportsmen1 as they are excellent retrievers1 when properly broken4 ,they are wavy-coated dogs1 either black1 fawn1 or yellow in colour1 and1 what is remarkable1 these coloured dogs often appear in a litter belonging to a black sire and dam4 ,illustration3 ,,curly-,,coated ,,retriever ,,dog4 ,white specimens have been produced1 and it seems likely enough that a race of white ,retrievers will1 in course of time1 become established1 though1 from a sportsman's view1 they will not be as serviceable as their black or darker-coloured brethren4 ,the author remembers several fawn-coloured ,labradors on an estate in ,scotland1 and the gamekeeper spoke most highly of the breed for work1 though1 constitutionally1 somewhat delicate4 ,,constitutional ,,rules ,,of ,,the ,,retriever ,,society #a4 ,that the object of the ,society be to promote the breeding of pure ,retrievers1 and to develop and bring to perfection their natural qualities4 ,in order to carry out these purposes1 a working trial1 if practicable1 shall be annually held4 #b4 ,that the ,society shall consist of a ,president1 ,vice-,presidents1 a ,committee1 and an unlimited number of members4 #c4 ,that one-third of the ,committee 7exclusive of officers7 shall be withdrawn by lot each year1 at the ,annual ,general ,meeting for the first two years1 and afterwards by rotation1 and members shall be elected to fill their vacancies2 the retiring members to be eligible for re-election4 ,the ,president1 ,vice-,presidents1 and ,honorary ,secretaries shall be ex-officio members of the ,committee1 and shall be elected annually4 #d4 ,that the entire control and management of the ,society shall be vested in the ,committee 7of which three shall form a quorum71 who shall have power to make bye-laws1 and decide upon all matters in dispute not provided for by the rules of the ,society2 and1 further1 that any member of the ,committee1 if unable to be present at a ,committee ,meeting1 shall be permitted 7upon application for same7 to vote by proxy1 duly signed1 upon any resolution appearing upon the agenda paper1 except as provided in ,rule #h4 #e4 ,that each candidate for admission shall be proposed and seconded by members of the ,society4 ,the candidate's name1 rank1 residence1 and profession or occupation1 if any1 shall be sent to the ,secretary a fortnight before the election of candidates at the ,committee ,meeting2 and that each member of the ,committee be advised1 at least seven days beforehand1 of the proposed election of a new member of the ,society4 #f4 ,that the election of members shall be vested solely in the ,committee1 and be made by ballot1 two black balls to exclude4 #g4 ,that for the present no entrance fee shall be charged1 and that the annual subscription shall be one guinea1 payable #ast ,january in advance2 and that any member whose payments shall continue in arrear for six months shall 7due notice of such arrear having previously been given in writing by the ,secretary7 have his name struck off the list1 and shall cease to be a member of the ,society4 ,any member joining the ,society after the #cast ,october in any year shall not be liable for an annual subscription for the current year4 ,life membership may be acquired upon payment in a lump sum of ten guineas4 #h4 ,any member of the ,society who shall be proved to the satisfaction of the ,committee to have in any way misconducted himself in connection with ,dogs1 ,dog ,shows1 or ,trials1 or to have acted in any way which would make it undesirable that he should continue to be a member1 shall be requested to retire from the ,society2 and if a resolution to that effect shall be carried by three-fourths of the ,committee 7present and voting71 duly summoned or warned to the consideration of the case1 the member so requested to retire shall henceforth cease to be a member of the ,society4 #i4 ,that subscriptions and donations1 after payment of all liabilities1 shall be applied in such a manner as the ,committee shall determine1 for prizes at ,trials or ,workers' ,classes at ,dog ,shows1 or otherwise2 and all balance shall be invested for the use of the ,society1 in such manner as the ,committee shall direct4 #aj4 ,that ,committee ,meetings may be held at each ,trial ,meeting of the ,society1 or at such other times and places as the ,committee may determine1 notice thereof having been duly sent to each member of the ,committee4 #aa4 ,that the ,annual ,general ,meeting of the ,society be held in ,may or ,june1 in ,london1 and that a ,special ,general ,meeting may be called at any time1 at such place as may be agreed to by the ,committee1 on the requisition of six members4 #ab4 ,at every meeting the ,president1 or one of the ,vice-,presidents1 shall be chairman1 or failing these1 a member of the ,committee1 such chairman to have a casting vote at all meetings4 ,and1 further1 the minutes of the preceding meeting shall be read1 approved1 confirmed1 and signed by the ,chairman at the commencement of the next subsequent meeting4 #ac4 ,any member may withdraw from the ,society on giving notice in writing to the ,secretary1 provided always that such member shall be liable for his subscription to the ,society for the current year in which he gives such notice4 #ad4 ,that the ,secretary shall enter the name and address of each member of the ,society in a book kept for that purpose4 ,a4 ,e4 ,,sansom1 ,secretary1 #ab and #ac ,henrietta ,street1 ,covent ,garden4 ,,rules ,,adopted ,,at ,,the ,,retriever ,,society 7,subject to ,alteration7 #a4 ,before the ,trials a number will be drawn by lot for each competing dog1 and the dogs will be tried by batches accordingly during the first round4 ,the handler of the dog must shoot with ammunition supplied by the ,committee1 and he will not be allowed to carry in his hand anything besides his gun4 ,after all the competing dogs have been tried1 the ,judges will call up1 at their own discretion1 any dogs they require further1 and try them again4 ,no dog can win a prize which has not been subjected to both tests of walking up and driving4 #b4 ,all aged dogs will be expected to retrieve fur as well as feather1 if ordered to do so1 but no handler must send his dog after any game until bidden by a ,judge to do so4 ,the ,judges have power to order any handler to set his dog to retrieve game not shot by him personally4 #c4 ,the principal points considered by the ,judges are sagacity1 steadiness1 nose1 dash1 perseverance1 obedience1 and retrieving4 ,this last should be done quickly1 with a tender and dry mouth1 and right up to the hand4 #d4 ,any dog not present to be tried in its turn1 the ,committee reserve the right of disqualifying at the expiration of fifteen minutes4 #e4 ,the ,judges are empowered to turn out of the ,stake the dog of any person who does not obey them or who wilfully interferes with another competitor or his dog1 and to withhold a prize when1 in their opinion1 no merit is shown2 and to exclude from competition bitches on heat1 or any animals they may consider unfit to compete4 ,the entry fees of all such dogs will be forfeited4 #f4 ,certificates of merit will be awarded with a view to the establishment of ,workers' ,classes at the ,dog ,shows1 and as a guide to purchasers of dogs which1 though not in the list of prize-winners1 give promise in their work of being valuable ,sporting ,dogs4 #g4 ,an objection to a dog may be lodged with the ,secretary at any time within seven days of a meeting1 upon the objector depositing with the ,secretary the sum of #b1 which shall be forfeited if the ,committee deem such objection frivolous4 ,all objections must be made in writing4 #h4 ,the ,committee have the power1 if they think fit1 to refuse any entries for the ,society's ,trials1 without assigning any reason for their action4 #i4 ,in the event of the weather being considered by the ,committee unsuitable for holding the ,trials1 it shall be in their power to postpone the ,meeting from day to day until the ,saturday following the first day of the ,trials1 on which day the ,stakes not already decided shall be abandoned and their entry fees returned4 #aj4 ,the ,committee reserve to themselves the right to abandon the ,meeting at any time1 on returning their entry monies to the competitors1 and if1 from unforeseen circumstances1 they deem it advisable to alter the date of the meeting1 after the closing of the entries1 this may be done by sending formal notice to all competitors that they may recover their entry fees by exercising the option of cancelling their entries within four days from the date of such notice4 ,all entries1 however1 about which no such application is made within those four days1 will stand good for the ,meeting at its altered date4 #aa4 ,if an advertised ,judge be prevented from filling his engagement for either the whole or part of the ,meeting1 the ,committee shall appoint any other person to judge1 or shall make any other arrangements that to them seem desirable4 #ab4 ,upon any case arising not provided for in the above ,rules1 the ,members of the ,committee present shall decide1 and their decision shall be final4 ,,chapter ,v ,spaniels ,,general ,,characteristics ,,of ,,the ,,different ,,varieties ,illustration ,regarding the word ,spaniel as a generic title1 and the different varieties 7,toys excepted7 as species belonging to this genera1 the author purposes taking a brief survey of certain features characteristic of ,spaniels1 leaving distinctive features for discussion under the various titles of classification as adopted by the ,kennel ,club4 ,judging from the literature at our disposal upon the subject1 it is at once evident that the ,spaniel of to-day--no matter how changed by selection--is of very ancient lineage1 having existed as the ,springing ,spaniel and ,cocking1 for upwards of #fjj years1 and his uses were then1 as they are--or rather ought to be--now3 to range well within gunshot1 chase neither fur nor feather2 never give tongue2 find quickly1 and retrieve tenderly on either land1 or water4 ,all these excellences are revealed in many of the beautiful old coloured sporting prints1 now so highly priced and prized1 and so difficult to obtain1 though when obtained are a joy for ever1 gladdening the hearts of lovers of the old forms of such sport4 ,it is1 we believe1 universally accepted that the ,spaniel originally came from ,spain1 but during what period1 there is no reliable data to go upon4 ,the departure1 from what we may conveniently speak of as the normal type of ,spaniel1 is most marked in that of the ,irish ,water ,spaniel1 more especially in those coming from the north of ,ireland4 ,adhering to our original intention of general comparison1 the author will first of all consider-- ,temperament4--,most ,spaniels are of a quick1 inoffensive disposition1 a sour temper being oftener the results of bad training than any inherent vice4 ,as with all other breeds1 quarrels frequently arise over canine love affairs1 etc4 ,few1 we think1 can speak of the ,spaniel as a quarrelsome dog4 ,the sportsman's ,spaniel--which is not commonly the show-bench animal--is of hardy constitution1 taking the water in the coldest of weather1 doing his eight or ten hours' work in a day1 and roughing it in the matter of food and kennelling4 ,the progeny of the working dog are not any more trouble to rear than those of a rough-and-tumble ,terrier4 ,the soft constitution of so many black and ,sussex ,spaniels is due to that foolish system 7in breeding7 having been carried beyond all sense of reason4 ,all are water-loving dogs1 and1 when properly trained1 retrieve their game tenderly4 ,coat4--,either flat1 wavy1 or curly1 a flat coat being typical of the up-to-date ,spaniel4 ,many of the older type have a strong tendency to show a top-knot1 and even now and again 7,water ,spaniels excepted71 in a litter of well-bred ones there is a reversion towards this type4 ,all have an abundance of feather on both fore and hind limbs1 ,irish ,water breed excepted4 ,colour ,irish ,water ,spaniel ,liver4 ,english ,water ,spaniel ,liver and white1 black and white1 black1 or black1 white1 and tan4 ,the ,clumber ,spaniel ,white1 with red1 lemon1 or orange patches4 ,the ,sussex ,spaniel ,golden liver4 ,field ,spaniels787 ,black or tri-coloured1 also liver and white1 or tan4 ,cocker ,spaniels ,black1 black1 white and tan1 liver1 roan1 liver and white1 black and white1 red and white1 etc41 etc4 ,english ,springers ,variously coloured4 ,welsh ,springers ,do4 do4 ,liver1 liver and white1 black1 and black and white1 are by far the most frequent colours of the ,spaniel4 ,tan markings are very common in ,welsh ,springers4 ,the ,irish ,water and the ,clumber ,spaniel are really the only two varieties free from the introduction of blood from other varieties of the breed4 ,except in rare instances1 the show-bench ,sussex contains a lot of ,field ,spaniel blood1 the result of crossing a typical ,sussex ,spaniel with a black bitch1 over twenty years since1 and its perpetuation until the present day4 ,head and ,ears4--,they all agree in the anatomical outlines of their skulls1 the greatest breadth being in the head of the ,clumber4 ,heavy facial expressions are characteristic of the pure ,sussex1 the half-bred1 or ,jacobs' strain of ,sussex1 and the ,jacobs' strain of ,black ,spaniels4 ,many ,cockers also show it4 ,long ears1 not only long in the cartilage1 but heavily feathered--excepting the ,northern ,irish ,water--are very characteristic of ,spaniels1 but this large amount of hair in this region can hardly be a recommendation for work1 knowing that it is very liable to become entangled in brambles1 etc4 ,the occipital dome is well marked1 and in some there is evidence of stop1 as in ,toys4 ,muzzles generally broad2 nose broad1 and cheeks full4 ,fore-limbs4--,with the exception previously alluded to1 ,spaniels all agree in having a short arm and short forearm1 largely augmented in the ,spaniels of to-day 7excepting ,clumbers1 etc47 through the introduction of ,sussex blood4 ,from a sportman's point of view1 this has been a detrimental influence1 short legs greatly interfering with retrieving of hares1 etc41 although there may be what can be described as compensatory advantages1 such as getting under the low runs of brushwood1 etc4 ,the older type of ,field ,spaniel was vastly superior for work to many of the lethargical1 long-bodied1 low-legged1 semi-intelligent specimens on the show benches at the present time4 ,body4--,mostly of medium length1 with well-sprung ribs1 strong back and loins4 ,tail carried on a level with the back4 ,in all1 the feet are full1 and toes prominent1 well feathered in the interspaces4 ,length of body has always been a marked feature of the ,sussex1 and massiveness characteristic of body1 head and limbs in the ,clumber4 ,from the foregoing outlines1 it must be allowed that conformity of type throughout the whole of the ,spaniels is general4 ,the points1 etc41 of the different varieties are as follows3-- ,the ,clumber ,very early on1 these ,spaniels were bred at ,clumber ,house1 the seat of the ,duke of ,newcastle1 one ,william ,mansell having had the care of them under the ,duke for a great number of years1 and much was done to improve the beauty and utility of this handsome variety of ,spaniel4 ,it is1 in the author's opinion1 the one variety of ,spaniel that has suffered the least in the way of introducing the blood of other species4 ,to attempt to cross the ,clumber1 with the object of making some improvement1 is defeating the first principles of the ,clumber exhibitor1 purity of breed being the aim of his affection4 ,on the other hand1 the introduction of ,clumber blood into other strains of ,spaniels1 for working purposes at least1 is rather beneficial than otherwise1 and it is a cross frequently employed4 ,at one time the ,duke of ,portland had a very fine kennel of ,clumbers1 and when these dogs appeared at the ,palace or other ,kennel ,club ,shows1 they simply swept the boards4 ,mr ,holmes of ,lancaster had also a strong team1 though ,i did not like the appearance of his ,clumbers anything akin to those shown by the ,duke4 ,probably the handsomest--we will not say the most typical--,clumber that ever adorned the show bench was ,mr ,parkinson's ,champion ,trusty1 though1 for some unknown reason1 this exhibitor quietly dropped from the show ring1 and ,trusty sank into insignificance4 ,my dog1 ,champion ,psycho1 was one of the most typical ,clumbers going the rounds1 and deserved a much more successful career than he had4 ,he was about as sweet-tempered a dog as it was possible to have1 and formed a most devoted attachment to my mother1 under whose care he chiefly was4 ,at one time the classes for ,clumber ,spaniels were well filled1 though in recent years they have declined considerably4 ,lately ,his ,most ,gracious ,majesty the ,king1 and the ,duchess of ,newcastle1 have shown ,clumbers1 and this alone should give a fresh impetus towards the popularity of the breed4 ,at anyrate1 we hope it will have this effect4 ,when carefully broken1 ,clumbers make excellent workers1 and can stand a lot of heavy work4 ,illustration3 ,,clumber ,,spaniel ,,dog 7,,bobs ,,of ,,salop74 ,a typical ,clumber must be long1 low and heavy4 ,the author does not like a ,clumber to be so short on the leg that the belly nearly sweeps the ground1 and considers extreme lowness ought not to be encouraged4 ,the ,americans bred their ,clumbers for use more than show bench1 consequently kept up a good useful sort4 ,of course1 any tendency to legginess is fatal to type4 ,weight1 about #ee lbs42 bitches a trifle less1 and big in bone4 ,the ,head of a ,clumber is very characteristic4 ,it must be massive in every sense of the word1 or wide in all proportions1 and the nose broad1 full and flesh-coloured--a ,dudley nose4 ,ears4--,long1 carried close to head and set on low with feathering on front edge1 not elsewhere4 ,eyes4--,deeply set in orbits1 and rather large4#b ,coat4--,soft1 silky1 shining1 straight1 dense1 and feather long and profuse4 ,for colour markings1 we prefer orange ears1 with an evenly marked head and ticked legs4 ,orange is a common marking4 ,less marking on the body the better4 ,powerful loins2 a long and straight back1 and a nicely rounded croup are essentials of beauty4 ,a deep chest1 well-rounded ribs1 and powerfully-built fore-quarters are equally important4 ,a good ,clumber must have staying power1 and if he has not a well-developed muscular system1 he cannot have this requisite4 ,neck4--,to be of medium length and stoutly built4 ,the head1 body and hind-quarters constitute fifty per cent4 of the total value of points1 and the neck and shoulders fifteen per cent41 hence the significance of being well done up in these regions4 ,stout arms and forearms1 with an abundance of feather1 are necessary4 ,a good deal of brushing and combing1 together with washing before showing1 are needful to make the ,clumber look fit4 ,his heavy appearance can be increased by keeping him a bit above average condition4 ,one should be able to purchase a good pup--one likely to make a winner--for1 say1 ten guineas4 ,club4--,clumber ,spaniel4 ,the ,sussex ,spaniel ,this is a very old variety of ,spaniel1 said to have originated in the county of ,sussex1 in the locality of ,rosehill4 ,illustration3 ,,mr ,,newington',s ,,sussex ,,spaniel ,,dog ,,rosehill ,,rock4 ,five-and-twenty years ago1 typical specimens of the ,rosehill strain were scarce1 and since that time not a great deal has been done towards maintaining the purity of breed4 ,very few ,spaniels shown in the ,sussex classes can claim purity of breeding1 the introduction of black blood by mating ,champion ,bachelor to ,negress1 being the cause of this4 ,jacobs ,bachelor was by ,buckingham ex ,peggie and own brother to ,rover ,,iii4--though very different types of ,spaniels4 ,the author was personally acquainted with these and many other old ,sussex ,spaniels4 ,i always took ,buckingham to be a very typical ,sussex and ,rover ,,iii4 was much of the same stamp as his sire2 whereas ,bachelor was more akin to the ,dam ,peggie--of course much her superior1 though quite unlike his brother1 ,rover ,,iii4 ,at one time the judges would not look at ,champion ,bachelor1 ,messrs ,willet then preferring ,rover ,,iii4 ,later on the order was reversed1 and we believe--though cannot be certain--at the ,london ,kennel ,club ,show4 ,champion ,lawyer--at one time in my possession--was a heavily built type of ,sussex4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr ,shields1 ,mr ,fuller1 and ,mr ,newington1 all had some of the pure ,rosehills1 and ,i also bought a good bitch from ,mr ,henry ,hawkins by ,rover ,,iii4 ex ,duchess4 ,the last time that old ,buckingham ever appeared on the show bench--and then not for competition--was at the ,royal ,lancashire ,agricultural ,society's ,show1 held at ,preston about #ahhj4 ,although the litter out of which ,i bought ,countess was an exceptionally good one--and ,countess very typical--,messrs ,willet would not award them prizes1 owing1 they said1 to the faintest evidence of tan markings1 observed with difficulty4 ,the typical colour for the ,sussex is a light golden liver1 and this ,bachelor certainly was1 ,rover being darker4 ,poor old ,bachelor had a violent death through fighting with a kennel companion--a ,gordon ,setter4 ,champion ,rover ,,iii4 was withdrawn from the show ring for some reason4 ,even in those days animated discussion went on in the ,press as to what was and what was not typical of the ,sussex4 ,there is no gainsaying one fact1 and that is that the ,sussex of twenty years ago existed in a different state of purity to what he does in the present day4 ,in casually looking over recent entries at the ,kennel ,club ,show of ,sussex ,spaniels1 it is questionable whether there is a single animal so entered that can justly claim the title of ,sussex4 ,when ,mr ,jacobs had old ,champion ,bachelor in his possession1 he had not more than one ,sussex bitch to mate him with1 to my recollection4 ,there can be no doubt that the great improvement--for the show bench--of the modern ,spaniels began when ,jacobs crossed ,bachelor with old ,negress1 a black ,field ,spaniel bitch4 ,it destroyed the purity of the ,sussex1 but if it had not been indulged in1 there would1 in all probability1 have been no class for the breed now4 ,blacks1 livers1 and liver and tan1 all used to come in the same litter out of ,negress1 who certainly constituted the nucleus of a fortune to her owner4 ,the points of the ,sussex are as follows3-- ,colour4--,deep golden liver4 ,coat4--,flat1 and slightly wavy1 but absolutely free from any tendency to curl4 ,soft and abundant4 ,weight4--,about #dj lbs4 ,head4--,heavy1 though smaller and lighter than that of the ,clumber4 ,eyes4--,rather deeply set1 giving the dog a very thoughtful expression4 ,ears4--,these should be long and well clothed with long1 silky hair4 ,above1 the ears ought to be rather narrow1 but broad below1 set on low down1 and carried close to sides of head4 ,nose4--,broad and liver-coloured1 open nostrils4 ,neck4--,short and strong1 and the back long1 strong1 and level4 ,shoulders and ,chest4--,a fairly deep chest1 oblique shoulders1 and well-sprung ribs are necessary4 ,flat-sidedness1 and tucked up under are decidedly faulty4 ,fore-limbs4--,must be short on the leg4 ,arms and forearms short but well boned4 ,crooked fore-limbs are objectionable2 turned out at elbows equally bad4 ,there should be an abundance of feather springing from the backs of the fore-limbs1 and down to the hocks1 in the hind ones4 ,for the show bench the more feather the better4 ,feet also well feathered1 round and strong4 ,the chief faults of the ,sussex are3 white hairs on any portion1 tan markings1 curly coat1 too leggy1 light in body1 snipy head1 short ears1 want of feather1 bad constitution1 and ,bloodhound expression on face4 ,field ,spaniels ,to attempt to define the term ,field ,spaniel so as to be free from objection1 would be1 indeed1 a difficult problem4 ,unquestionably it is a very ambiguous term1 and capable of wide interpretation4 ,the mere fact of the ,kennel ,club and other shows having a class or classes for ,field ,spaniels1 does not satisfy 7though it simplifies classification7 the mind of the thoughtful observer4 ,anything from a half-bred ,clumber1 or ,irish ,water ,spaniel may constitute a ,field ,spaniel1 and rightly so1 in the eyes of a sportsman4 ,that such dogs would win--say at a ,kennel ,club ,show--could not be entertained for a moment4 ,it is the cross-bred ,sussex that generally comes out top1 and the longer and lower and more ,sussex-like in character1 the better the chances of success on the show bench4 ,these are the author's views1 though they may not coincide with those of others4 ,some twenty-five years ago the modern ,field ,spaniel was as yet unknown4 ,jacobs' ,champion ,kaffir and ,royle's ,champion ,zulu1 and my dog ,negro 7by ,kaffir ex ,negress7 were all black ,field ,spaniels of the ,sussex type4 ,zulu1 with his ,bloodhound-like eyes1 had a remarkable show career1 so had ,kaffir1 but they were not ,field ,spaniels from a sportsman's point of view1 more especially ,zulu4 ,i had the two best pups,a--one whole black and the other liver and tan--though1 unfortunately for me1 they both died from distemper before they were three months old4 ,the black puppy ,i remember in particular4 ,he was a facsimile of his dad1 old ,champion ,bachelor1 and had he lived1 might have proved to be a little gold mine4 ,like his brother1 nothing would ever have persuaded me that he was a ,field ,spaniel1 accepting that term as did the sportsman of days gone by4 ,my black ,spaniel1 ,negro1 though a big winner1 was about as stupid a sportsman's dog or companion as ever saw daylight4 ,the author's opinion is that a ,field ,spaniel should have a fair length of leg1 be of good size1 have short1 thick ears1 and not much feather on them1 or yet on the legs4 ,should be stoutly built1 have a good tight jacket1 be big-boned1 have nice full eyes1 well-rounded ribs1 and1 above all1 quick hearing and a sound constitution4 ,colour unimportant1 but black and white1 black1 or black1 white and tan1 or liver and white1 for preference4 ,weight #dj to #ej lbs4 ,there is no doubt that in course of time the ,field ,spaniel ,trials will do much towards building up a proper type of field dog4 ,a flat coat1 of silky texture1 and very glossy3 long1 heavily-feathered ears1 short1 strong1 straight1 cull-feathered fore-limbs1 long body1 and well-sprung ribs1 long1 graceful neck1 and a long1 moderately-wide head1 with level carriage of the tail1 are points of the ,show ,field ,spaniel4 ,black 7no white7 or particolours 7also liver7 are preferred4 ,the ,cocker ,spaniel ,this is a pretty type of small ,spaniel1 and one that has been in existence from a very early date4 ,modern ,cockers have been bred in all sorts of ways1 though lately it has become a fairly general rule to breed only ,cocker with ,cocker1 not necessarily of the same colour4 ,a typical ,cocker should weigh between #bj and #be lbs41 and be of smart1 active appearance4 ,illustration3 ,,typical ,,cocker ,,spaniel4 ,probably two of the most successful black ,cocker ,spaniels ever adorning the show bench were ,obo and ,miss ,obo4 ,my 7formerly ,mr ,easton's7 ,champion ,bess was a very typical variety ,cocker4 ,the ,american clubs' standard for ,cockers is not quite the same as the ,english1 the weight there being from #ah to #bh lbs4 ,head4--,ought to be of medium length1 and the muzzle square cut off1 tapering from the eye1 though there must be no appearance of the so-called snipy head4 ,there is a marked stop1 and from it there is a groove running up the skull1 gradually fading away4 ,ears4--,set on low1 covered with long1 silky1 straight or wavy hairs1 and reaching at least to the tip of nose4 ,coat4--,to be free from any sign of curl1 plentiful1 straight1 or wavy and silky4 ,body of medium length1 with well-sprung ribs1 fairly deep chest1 and full in the flanks4 ,many ,cockers are very defective here1 being what is called tucked up4 ,short fore-legs1 strong1 straight1 well feathered1 and well-placed1 good-sized1 feet4 ,the tail should be carried on a level with back when dog is at ease1 but lower under excitement4 ,colour4--,unimportant2 regularity and beauty of markings 7if any7 being qualifications4 ,clubs4--,the ,english ,cocker ,spaniel2 the ,american ,cocker ,spaniel4 ,prices4--,very typical puppies can be bought for three or four guineas shortly after weaning4 ,faults4--,top-knot1 out at elbows1 light in bone1 too leggy1 and1 from a sportsman's view1 too short on leg4 ,in whole-coloured specimens white is objectionable2 shallow flanks1 high carriage of tail1 deafness1 and bad constitution4 ,narrowness of chest1 flat-sidedness1 and a narrow flank constitutes faulty conformation4 ,the ,irish ,water ,spaniel ,there are said to be two distinct types of ,irish ,water ,spaniels1 one coming from the ,south and the other from the ,north of ,ireland4 ,the former is usually pure liver-coloured1 with long and well-feathered ears1 whereas the latter has short ears1 and the liver colour mixed with considerable white4 ,one of the most characteristic features of the ,irish ,water ,spaniel is his top-knot1 consisting of a crown of hair from the occiput to between the eyes1 leaving the temples free4 ,these ,spaniels1 to a sportsman of but slender means1 in particular1 cannot be over-valued4 ,they are1 so to speak1 born to water1 and in their element when retrieving wild-duck in the depth of winter1 requiring very little tuition4 ,illustration3 ,,irish ,,water ,,spaniel ,,pat ,o',,brien 7,property of ,,major ,,birkbeck74 ,a famous dog of this variety1 and one that had a wonderful show-bench career1 was ,mr ,skidmore's ,larry ,doolan4 ,the writer remembers this dog very well1 as he was shown from north to south1 east to west4 ,in ,colour1 these ,irishmen should be a dark liver1 free from any white hairs1 unless it be a very small patch on the breast1 or toes4 ,a boiled liver 7sandy7 colour is objectionable4 ,nose4--,large1 of the same colour1 and the ,eyes a deep amber4 ,skull4--,high in the occipital dome1 and of good width4 ,a good top-knot essential4 ,ears4--,set on low1 having long cartilage 7#ae to #bj inches71 and well feathered1 the hair in this region being wavy and profuse4 ,hair on tail short1 and straight1 blending the curls1 towards its set-on1 with those on the stern4 ,tail1 whip-like4 ,neck4--,long and well set up1 blending below with strong shoulders4 ,a deep chest1 strong back and loins1 are necessary for the working capacity of the breed4 ,coat4--,very important4 ,to consist of tight1 crisp curls all over body1 and limbs4 ,fifteen per cent4 of points go to the coat4 ,height 7shoulder measurement74--,not more than #bd inches1 or less than #bj inches4 ,general ,appearances4--,to win1 the ,irish ,water ,spaniel must look proportionate all over1 be active1 have a tight curly coat and a good top-knot1 carry the head well up1 be keen in facial expression1 have a cat-like tail1 and look as though he would be ready to dive at the word of command--in fact a workman from top-knot to tail4 ,faults4--,total absence of top-knot1 a fully feathered tail and much white hair will disqualify4 ,an open woolly coat1 light in colour1 cording of hair1 ,setter feathering on legs1 and a moustache1 are objectionable1 and should tell heavily against an ,irishman in the show-ring4 ,weight4--#ee to #fe lbs4 ,club4--,the ,irish ,water ,spaniel ,society4 ,the ,english ,water ,spaniel ,bewick gives an excellent figure of a large ,water ,spaniel4 ,it is generally liver-coloured and white1 with the hair on the body in little curls4 ,the dog is of medium size1 strong1 active and intelligent1 and used by the water-fowl shooter4 ,in the ,gentleman's ,recreation and in the ,sportman's ,cabinet1 this variety of dog is also described4 ,in the writer's opinion1 there are plenty of these dogs to be seen about at the present time4 ,they are larger than the ,field ,spaniel1 and stronger built altogether1 looking as though they had both the blood of ,retriever and ,irish ,water ,spaniel in them4 ,the ,english ,water ,spaniel ,club looks after the interests of this breed1 and the ,kennel ,club provides a class for them4 ,a narrow head1 small eyes1 large nose1 straight neck1 strong back1 rather narrow1 deep chest1 long strong legs1 large feet1 a six-inch dock1 with a coat of ringlets or curls 7no top-knot71 and good general appearance1 are the chief points4 ,black1 liver1 liver and white1 black and white1 black and liver1 are the accepted colours1 but pied is most admired4 ,in addition to this breed of ,spaniel1 the ,kennel ,club also provides classes for ,english ,springers and ,welsh ,springers4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,vi ,,international ,,gundog ,,league ,the ,sporting ,spaniel ,society ,,constitutional ,,rules #a4 ,the name of the ,society shall be ,the ,sporting ,spaniel ,society1 its objects being to encourage the working qualities of ,spaniels in every possible way1 the breeding of them upon working lines1 and the judging of them at shows from a working standpoint4 ,all varieties of ,sporting ,spaniels1 ,english and ,irish ,water1 ,norfolk1 ,clumber1 ,sussex1 ,black ,springer1 and ,cocker ,spaniels1 and any other varieties of ,spaniels used with the gun1 shall be fostered and encouraged by this ,society4 ,it shall1 if possible1 hold a series of working ,trials4 #b4 ,the ,society shall consist of an unlimited number of members1 whose names and addresses shall be kept by the ,secretary in a book1 which book shall be kept open to the inspection of members at reasonable times4 ,any respectable person favourable to the objects of the ,society is eligible for admission as a member4 ,each candidate for admission must be proposed by one member and seconded by another member4 ,the election of members shall be vested solely in the ,committee and shall be by ballot1 three members to form a quorum1 and two black balls to exclude4 #c4 ,the annual subscription for each member shall be one guinea1 payable on #ast ,january in each year4 ,anyone failing to pay his subscription by #cast ,january shall have notice given him by the ,secretary1 and if his subscription be still unpaid on #cast ,march1 his rights of membership shall cease until he has paid his subscription4 ,by non-payment of his subscription1 a member renders himself liable to be struck off the list of members4 ,no new member shall be entitled to enjoy the privileges of members until he has paid his subscription4 ,this rule will be strictly enforced4 ,life membership may be acquired upon payment in a lump sum of ten guineas4 ,the payment of the first subscription of any member elected after the #cjth ,june in any year will cover the period up to the #cast ,december next after the following #cast ,december4 #d4 ,the affairs of the ,society shall be conducted by a ,president1 ,vice-,president and a ,committee consisting of twelve members4 ,all officers of the ,society shall be honorary1 and no member may make the ,society a means of private speculation1 or trade in any way whatever1 and if found to have done so1 he is liable to expulsion4 #e4 ,that the property and management of the ,society be vested in the ,committee jointly1 which shall have power to call meetings of the ,society1 to make necessary bye-laws1 to arbitrate in disputed matters1 to refuse the admission of any person deemed objectionable1 and to expel any member guilty of dishonourable conduct2 after such expulsion1 the member so expelled to have no claim whatever against the ,society1 or to be entitled to recover any portion of his subscription4 ,any member of this ,society1 who has been declared by the ,kennel ,club ,committee incapable of competing for1 or winning a prize at a ,show under ,kennel ,club ,rules for any period shall cease to be a member of the ,society4 ,the ,committee shall also have power to deal with any question not provided for by the ,rules4 ,the ,committee shall decide upon the value and nature of the prizes to be offered during the year4 #f4 ,meetings of the ,society shall be held as occasion shall require for the transaction of business4 ,a meeting may be specially convened by the ,secretary on receipt of a written requisition signed by not less than six members1 stating the time1 place1 and object of such meeting1 to be lodged with the ,secretary at least a fortnight previous to the date fixed for such meeting to take place4 ,an ,annual ,general ,meeting of the ,society shall be held in ,london1 if possible in ,may or ,june1 and at the said meeting the whole of the ,committee in office shall retire1 the retiring members being eligible for re-election4 ,any member not being able to attend this meeting1 and wishing to vote at the election of officers1 can do so by proxy4 ,but the proxy paper1 properly filled up1 must be lodged with the ,secretary at least forty-eight hours before the meeting1 and no person can be nominated a proxy unless he be a member of the ,society4 ,the ,committee shall have power to appoint sub-committees for any special object4 ,the ,committee and officers shall stand elected from one ,annual ,general ,meeting to another4 #g4 ,all the ,officers shall be annually elected at the ,annual ,general ,meeting1 and their duties shall be purely honorary4 #h4 ,the minutes of the last ,meeting shall be read at the commencement of1 and be approved and confirmed by the next subsequent similar ,meeting4 ,the ,chairman shall have a casting vote in addition to his own4 ,notice of a ,general ,meeting shall be sent to each member at least seven days previous to the date fixed for such ,meeting to take place1 and with the notice shall be stated a list of the business to be transacted1 and copies of all proposed resolutions shall accompany the notice4 ,the ,honorary ,solicitor to be ex officio member of the ,committee4 #i4 ,all authorised expenses incurred by the ,officers on behalf of the ,society shall be defrayed out of the funds of the ,society4 ,the ,society's ,rules1 and its ,prize ,lists1 together with the names of its ,committee and ,officers1 and a ,list of the members and their addresses shall be printed and supplied to each member4 ,the accounts shall be presented at the ,annual ,meeting duly audited by two auditors appointed at the ,annual ,meeting4 #aj4 ,any member can withdraw from the ,society on giving notice to the ,secretary 7such member to have no claim whatever on the ,society71 provided always that such member shall be liable for his subscription for the current year in which he gives such notice4 ,,the ,,sporting ,,spaniel ,,society ,regulations 7subject to ,alteration7 #a4 ,in ,single ,stakes for ,spaniels1 the order of running shall be decided at the ,draw4 ,at the end of the first round the ,judges will call up1 at their own discretion1 any dogs they require further1 and run them as they choose4 ,the ,judges will1 except in a case of undoubted lack of merit1 try each ,spaniel for at least fifteen minutes in the first round1 but they can carry on the trial of two dogs simultaneously1 not ordering down together two dogs worked by the same person or belonging to the same owner4 ,all shooting will be done by guns appointed by the ,committee4 #b4 ,in ,brace and ,team ,stakes the order of running in the first round shall be decided by lot1 and the dogs composing a brace or team must belong to the same owner4 ,no dog shall form part of more than one brace or team at the same ,meeting1 and only one man at a time shall work any brace or team4 #c4 ,in all ,stakes the ,spaniels shall be regularly shot over in the customary sporting manner1 and may be worked up and down wind1 and on feather and fur4 #d4 ,in all ,stakes the principal points to be considered by the ,judges are scenting power1 keenness1 perseverance1 obedience1 freedom from chase1 dropping to shot1 style1 method of beating and working to the gun--whether in cover1 hedgerow1 or the open4 ,in ,single ,stakes1 besides1 the ,spaniels are expected to retrieve at command as required--tenderly1 quickly and right up to the hand2 and any additional excellence1 such as dropping to hand and shot1 standing to their game and flushing it at command1 etc41 will be taken into account2 while in ,brace or ,team ,stakes they are expected to beat their ground harmoniously together4 ,in all ,stakes with puppies under twelve months old1 the retrieving of fur shall be optional4 #e4 ,any dog not present to run in its turn1 the ,committee reserve the right of disqualifying at the expiration of fifteen minutes4 #f4 ,the ,judges are empowered to first caution1 and1 upon repetition of the offence1 turn out of the ,stake the dog of any person who does not beat the ground to their satisfaction2 to withhold a prize when1 in their opinion1 no merit is shown2 and to exclude from competition bitches on heat1 or any animals they may think unfit to compete4 ,the entry fees of all such dogs will be forfeited4 #g4 ,an objection to a dog may be lodged with the ,secretary at any time within seven days of a ,meeting1 upon the objector depositing with the ,secretary the sum of #b1 which shall be forfeited if the ,committee deem such objection frivolous4 ,all objections must be made in writing4 #h4 ,the ,committee have the power1 if they think fit1 to refuse any entries for the ,society's ,trials without assigning any reason for their action4 #i4 ,in the event of the weather being considered by the ,judges unsuitable for holding the ,trials1 it shall be in their power to postpone the ,meeting from day to day until the ,saturday following the first day of the ,trials1 on which day the ,stakes not already decided shall be abandoned and their entry fees returned4 #aj4 ,the ,committee reserve to themselves the right to abandon the ,meeting at any time1 on returning their entry monies to the competitors1 and if1 from unforeseen circumstances1 they deem it advisable to alter the date of the ,meeting after the closing of the entries1 this may be done by sending formal notice to all competitors1 who may exercise the option of cancelling their entries within four days from the date of such notice1 in which event their entry fees will be returned to them4 ,all entries1 however1 in regard to which no such option is exercised1 will stand good for the ,meeting at its altered date4 #aa4 ,if an advertised ,judge be unable to fulfil his engagement for the whole or part of the ,meeting1 the ,committee shall appoint any other person to judge1 or shall make any other arrangements that to them seem desirable4 #ab4 ,the decisions of the ,committee present shall1 in all matters arising at the ,meetings1 be final and conclusive1 and shall bind all parties4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,training ,spaniels 7being an ,extract from ,land and ,water7 ,most people are contented if a dog will work within gunshot and push out the game for him to kill4 ,almost any mongrel with the necessary practice and experience will do this1 but ,i assume that the sportsman takes a pride in his dogs1 likes to have good-looking and well-bred ones1 and if he wishes to shoot in comfort and in good form when he uses ,spaniels1 it is quite as necessary to have them well-trained as any other breed of sporting dog4 ,i will therefore give such directions as experience has taught me are useful4 ,i know no dog that more repays the trouble of breaking yourself 7that is1 if you have the requisite knowledge and patience7 than the ,spaniel1 who1 from natural love and affection he has for his master more than any other dog1 should be more ready to work for him than anyone else4 ,the ,spaniel's natural love of and ardour in hunting require a firm hand over him until he is matured4 ,there is an old saying that ',a ,spaniel is no good until he is nearly worn out4' ,there is a great deal of truth in this1 and the ,spaniel's enthusiasm must be largely reduced before he can get down to cool1 earnest work4 ,i recollect an old bitch1 that belonged to a ,devonshire sportsman1 that was so cunning that she used to catch as much game as he shot4 ,when the old man died1 ,i bought the bitch1 as she had a great reputation2 but she was far too much of a pot-hunter for me4 ,i could have backed her against a moderate gun any day4 ,spaniels get very knowing in working to the gun after a few months1 and it is astonishing what efforts they will make to manuvre the game out to the shooter4 ,i have seen numberless instances of this1 particularly in hedgerow shooting1 when ,i have frequently seen a clever old dog1 on winding game1 not make a rush at it1 which would have had the effect of sending it out on the other side1 but pop through the fence and push it out to you4 ,this1 as ,i have said1 is only acquired by experience2 and a young1 vigorous ,spaniel will sometimes push up the game1 irrespective of lending any aid to the gun4 ,a really good ,spaniel1 even when he is busy questing and bustling about1 should always have an eye to the gun1 and to work to it instead of for himself and his own gratification and amusement4 ,you cannot well begin too early to train young ,spaniels to get their noses down and to hunt close2 to work thoroughly every bit of ground and every hole and corner that can possibly shelter a head of game4 ,this is what the ,spaniel is required to do when he is grown up2 and in order to inculcate this habit in him1 and to discourage him in what he is so prone to do--namely1 go ahead--you should begin by flinging small bits of meat or boiled liver into small patches of turnips in a garden1 or small patches of thick bushes1 or any kind of covert that will cause him to seek for it with his nose1 and not with his eye4 ,by no means enter your young ,spaniels to rabbits if you can avoid it2 they take to them naturally when they get the chance1 and there is no fear of their not having the opportunity soon enough4 ,enter them to winged game1 by all means1 and for this purpose get an old cock partridge1 cut one wing1 and put him into a small patch of thick covert4 ,never take young ,spaniels into large or thick coverts where they can get away from under your eye4 ,confine your working ground to small bits of covert1 patches of turnips1 bushes1 bits of gorse--any thing1 in fact1 where you will be likely to have thorough control over them1 and where they are in reach of an attendant2 whom you should always have with you to turn them to your whistle4 ,i have found it a first-rate plan to take them out on the sides of rivers and ponds1 where there are lots of moorhens1 and plenty of sedge and rushes2 let them hunt in the rushes till they are tired1 and a morning's work of this kind will do them more good than anything ,i know of4 ,they soon become fond of the work2 it teaches them to work close1 and they are perfectly under the control of yourself and assistant4 ,teach them early to drop to hand and shot1 and spare no pains about it2 this is a part of a ,spaniel's education which is generally neglected4 ,i know many men who1 instead of making them drop to shot1 make them come to heel1 using the words 'come around1' or 'heel4' ,it answers every purpose2 and as it brings every dog to you1 and he has to work right away from you again when he gets the signal1 it has its advantages in keeping them under control2 but1 on the whole1 ,i prefer the dropping to shot and wing instantly4 ,it is difficult to make a ,spaniel drop to fur2 and if you can keep him from chasing1 merely putting up hares and rabbits1 but not following them after they are started1 rest satisfied that little more is necessary or desirable4 ,i once saw an interesting thing of this kind4 ,i was shooting with a gentleman near ,southampton1 in one of his coverts1 to a team of small ,clumbers2 we were both standing in a ride1 and saw a charming little bitch feathering near us towards the ride4 ,just as she got to it1 out popped a rabbit and scuttled down the ride1 followed out of the covert by the bitch2 but as soon as she cleared the wood and was in the ride1 close on to the rabbit1 which she had not seen till then1 down she dropped entirely of her own accord4 ,she had not seen either of us1 neither did we know that we were each observing this pretty bit of work until we compared notes a few minutes after1 and agreed that we had never seen anything better4 ,it is rather difficult to describe1 but to me it was worth all the afternoon's shooting1 and it made an impression at the time which is as fresh as ever now4 ,she was1 ,i need scarcely say1 thoroughly broken4 ,if it is desired to make young ,spaniels take water1 and they show any disinclination to it1 the best plan is to take them to a stream which you can wade through4 ,walk through to the other side1 and they will probably follow you at once2 if they do not1 walk straight away from the opposite side and go out of sight2 they will come1 after making a little fuss about it4 ,if you have not a suitable shallow stream1 but are obliged to make use of a deep river for your purpose1 get an attendant1 whom they do not know1 to hold your puppies while you go round by a bridge out of their sight1 and come down opposite to them1 and follow the instructions ,i have given above4 ,remember many young dogs have1 at first1 a great fear of getting out of their depth all at once1 but will freely dabble into a shallow stream2 so that it is best to lead them on by degrees4 ,once having got off their legs1 and finding that it is an easy matter to swim1 there will be no further trouble4 ,always choose warm weather for this teaching4 ,there is1 however1 no better plan of teaching them to take to the water than letting them hunt moorhens4 ,as to whether ,spaniels should be taught to retrieve or not1 will depend upon what your requirements are1 the number you use1 and so on4 ,if you own but one dog1 by all means take all the trouble you can to perfect him in this business2 and for this purpose you should choose your whelp from a strain that retrieves naturally4 ,if you work three or four ,spaniels together1 unless they are thoroughly broken1 they all want to retrieve1 and it is often the cause of much trouble4 ,nothing looks worse than to see several dogs all tugging at one bird1 except1 perhaps1 the bird itself afterwards4 ,if your dogs are sufficiently broken and under command1 and will drop to shot or come to heel1 and you can direct either one of them to find the wounded game1 while the others remain down or at heel1 you can let them take it in turn which shall be allowed the pleasure and honour of recovering the wounded2 but how rarely one sees ,spaniels so well under command as this4 ,in the case of a team of ,spaniels1 ,i think it better that they should not be allowed to retrieve1 and this duty is better confined to a regular retriever4 ,it is a good plan with young ,spaniels to walk round a covert towards evening1 when pheasants are out at feed in the stubbles1 having an attendant with you to prevent them getting into covert1 and walk in a zigzag way about the stubbles2 you can generally give them plenty of practice in this way1 and enter them well to the scent of winged game4 ,if your puppies do not readily return to your whistle1 but show a disposition to go on1 turn your back upon them and go the other way1 which will generally have the desired effect--and a rate or a crack of the whip from your attendant will greatly aid it4 ,if a puppy is too fast1 put up a fore-leg in his collar1 or tie a strap tightly round one hind-leg just above the hock2 but neither of these must remain long without changing1 or you will produce swelling and inflammation4 ,apart from the pleasure and satisfaction there is in shooting to dogs of your own breaking1 there is this advantage that they learn to understand your ways1 and to know thoroughly your every look and motion1 while you at the same time perfectly understand them4 ,in selecting young ,spaniels to break1 if you do not breed your own1 be most particular in getting them from a good working strain1 of a sort that a friend of mine designates as 'savage for work4' ,to work ,spaniels in thick1 large woods1 you should always go with them to work them1 or send someone they are accustomed to work with1 or they will become wild or slack4 ,illustration ,,section ,b ,hounds ,,chapter ,,viii ,,foxhounds ,,harriers ,,otterhounds ,,deerhounds ,,chapter ,,viii ,the ,foxhound ,at no period of ,english history has fox-hunting1 with ,horse and ,hound1 been more vigorously pursued than it is during the twentieth century4 ,scattered from north to south1 east to west1 are approximately some two hundred packs of these magnificent specimens of the canine race4 ,judging from the excellent sport enjoyed by the majority of hunts during this last season1 one has no need to be sceptical as to the progress and continuance of this grand and manly form of sport4 ,looking back on the times when such great followers of the chase as ,peter ,beckford and ,mr ,apperley 7,nimrod71 one is apt to think that through lapse of time1 agricultural depression1 and inroads made into the country through commercial industry1 fox-hunting might well-nigh have become a sport of the past1 but1 happily1 this is not so4 ,given good weather and a favourable season1 there is as good sport to be obtained with ,horse and ,hound as in the days of ,beckford4 ,the modern ,foxhound1 has1 by selection1 been derived from the old ,southern ,hound1 a dog that had longer ears1 was heavier built1 and slower4 ,this ,hound was supposed to have been used by the ,ancient ,britons for hunting the larger game present at that time4 ,the number of ,hounds constituting a pack varies1 and if the pack is a very large one1 the dogs and bitches are hunted alternately4 ,as to which is the best for hunting1 opinions vary4 ,from twelve to twenty-five couples may be taken as the average number working at one time4 ,the following is a description of the ,foxhound1 taken from the ,foxhound ,stud ,book3-- ,head1 of full size1 but by no means heavy4 ,brow pronounced but not high or sharp4 ,there must be good length and breadth1 sufficient to give in the dog ,hound a girth in front of the ears of fully #af inches4 ,the nose should be long 7#d inches7 and wide1 with dilated nostrils4 ,ears set on low and lying close to the cheek4 ,the neck must be long and clean1 without the slightest throatiness4 ,it should taper nicely from the shoulders to the head1 and the upper outline should be slightly convex4 ,the shoulders ought to be long and well clothed with muscle without being heavy1 especially at the points4 ,they must be well sloped1 and the arm must be long and muscular1 but free from fat and lumbar4 ,illustration3 ,,mr ,,walter ,,winans' ,,pack ,,of ,,hounds ,,and ,,master4 ,illustration3 ,,enemies ,,at ,,peace--,,foxhound ,,nameless ,,and ,,tame ,,dog ,,fox 7,property of ,mr ,,walter ,,winans74 ,the chest should girth over #cj inches in a #bd-;inch ,hound1 and back ribs to be deep4 ,the back and the loin both ought to be very muscular1 running into each other without any contraction 7waist7 or nipping between them4 ,the couples must be wide even to raggedness1 and there should be the slightest arch in the loin1 so as to be scarcely perceptible4 ,the hind-quarters1 or propellers1 are required to be very strong1 and as endurance is of even more consequence than speed1 straight stifles are preferred to those much bent1 as in the ,greyhound4 ,elbows set quite straight1 neither turned in nor out1 are a sine qua non4 ,they must be well let down by means of the long true arm previously mentioned4 ,every ,master of ,foxhounds insists on legs as straight as an arrow and very strong2 size of bone at knees and stifles being specially regarded as important4 ,not much attention is paid to colour and coat1 so long as of good ,hound colour1 and the latter short1 dense1 hard and glossy4 ,typical ,hound colours are3 black1 white and tan 7tricolour71 black and white and the various pies1 compounded of white and the colours of the hare and badger1 or yellow and tan4 ,in some old strains the blue mottle of the ,southern ,hound is still preserved4 ,the stern is gently arched1 coming gaily over the back and slightly fringed with hair below4 ,it should taper to a point4 ,the symmetry of the ,foxhound is considerable1 and what is called quality is highly regarded by all ,hound judges4 ,dogs ought to weigh #gj to #hj lbs4 and bitches from #fj to #gj lbs4 ,as to height1 this varies in accordance with the country over which the ,hounds have to hunt4 ,from #bb up to #bf inches1 but between these heights is general4 ,it is a very old custom to crop the young ,hounds' ears with scissors1 the operation being known as rounding4 ,it is done with the object of preventing the ears from becoming lacerated by briars1 etc4 ,recently there has been a good deal of discussion as to the necessity for a continuance of this practice1 many asserting that it is not necessary1 and constitutes cruelty4 ,as to the cruelty1 there can be no two opinions4 ,the ,kennel ,club put their veto on the cropping of ,bull-terriers1 ,black-and-tan ,terriers1 ,boarhounds1 etc41 and there is little doubt that in course of time small ears will be the result4 ,the old type of ,foxhound had very much bigger ears than the modern one4 ,all things considered1 the author is of opinion that the time has arrived for total abolition of this cruel operation4 ,the following is a list of some of the principal packs of ,foxhounds in ,england ,albrighton4 ,atherston4 ,badsworth4 ,beaufort1 ,duke of4 ,berkley1 ,old ,west4 ,bicester4 ,blackmore ,vale4 ,blankney4 ,braham ,moor4 ,burton4 ,cambridgeshire4 ,cornwall1 ,north4 ,do41 ,east4 ,cotswold4 ,do41 ,north4 ,devon1 ,east4 ,do41 ,mid4 ,do41 ,south4 ,oxford1 ,south4 ,quorn4 ,shropshire1 ,south4 ,staffordshire1 ,north and ,south4 ,worcester4 ,taunton ,vale4 ,zetland4 ,warwick1 ,north4 ,do4 ,dorset4 ,essex4 ,fitzhardinge1 ,lord4 ,fitzwilliam1 ,earl4 ,flint and ,denbigh4 ,grafton4 ,kent1 ,east4 ,do41 ,west4 ,ledbury4 ,meynell4 ,oakley4 ,rutland1 ,duke of4 ,sussex4 ,tredegar1 ,lord4 ,york and ,ainsty4 ,whaddon ,chase4 ,yarborough1 ,earl of4 ,some ,packs in ,scotland ,buccleuch1 ,duke of4 ,lanark and ,renfrew4 ,fife4 ,eglinton4 ,some ,packs in ,ireland ,meath4 ,wexford4 ,king's ,county4 ,louth4 ,waterford4 ,tipperary4 ,galway ,county4 ,carberry4 ,carlow4 ,harriers ,although there are packs of ,harriers in various parts of the country1 they are of a very limited number1 hare-hunting with ,hounds being a very inferior sport to that of fox-hunting4 ,moreover1 hares are not as plentiful as in the days of our forefathers1 in a large measure arising through diminished agricultural industry and commercial relations4 ,that good sport is still to be had with ,harriers we do not for a moment dispute1 but it is not general4 ,formerly dwarf foxhounds were used for hare-hunting1 though proved not to be equal to the typical ,harrier for this purpose4 ,harriers vary in their height according to the nature of the country they have to work in4 ,illustration3 ,,lecturer--,a ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,crickhowell ,,harriers4 ,from #af to #bj inches is the general height1 sometimes a trifle more1 or less4 ,unless very carefully trained1 ,harriers will hunt rabbits1 and then they are with difficulty broken of this vice4 ,the most useful colour is black1 white and tan 7tricolour71 but hare1 red1 tan1 badger and yellow pies are frequent4 ,throughout1 the ,harrier should be symmetrical1 have a large nose1 dilated nostrils1 ears low set on and lying close to the cheeks1 and the neck long and strong4 ,a short neck is a defective one4 ,there must be no loose skin1 such as dewlap1 etc41 in this region4 ,elbows well let down and carried in the same line as body4 ,loins4--,broad2 and back straight1 strong1 and wide4 ,back ribs4--,deep4 ,chest4--,deep1 but not wide4 ,fore-limbs4--,straight as a line1 well rounded and of good bone and substance4 ,feet must be hard and compact4 ,strong hind-quarters1 and a gay carriage of tail are typical of a well-built ,harrier4 ,coat4--,dense1 smooth 7not coarse71 and glossy4 ,twenty couples were considered by the late ,peter ,beckford as constituting a full pack of ,harriers1 though there is no fixed number for this purpose4 ,our illustration represents one of the ,crickhowell ,harriers1 and for the picture ,i am indebted to ,mr ,stanhope ,lovell of ,crickhowell4#c ,the ,otterhound ,otter-hunting is a very ancient sport1 otter dogs being used during the reign of ,king ,john4 ,the ,hounds in those days had not the beauty of the present-day ,otterhound1 as very different types of dogs were then used1 e4g41 a cross-bred ,terrier1 ,foxhounds1 etc4 ,one of the best packs of ,otterhounds in this country are those belonging to the ,dumfriesshire otter-hunt1 the ,river ,tweed affording the pack excellent hunting ground4 ,it is an old-established pack1 and has always given1 we believe1 the best of sport4 ,looking at a typical specimen of this breed1 one is not slow to recognise a workman all over4 ,to a casual observer he has the appearance of a rough-coated--if such there can be--,bloodhound4 ,these dogs weigh from about #fe to #hj or #ij lbs41 and the bitch ,hounds #aj or #ae lbs4 less1 and of different colours1 but grizzle 7black and grey71 and tan is the most general4 ,colour4--,fawn1 yellow1 blue and white and black-and-tan are frequently seen4 ,the last-named colour should not be encouraged in these ,hounds4 ,white markings are common4 ,his coat should be dense1 of a wiry texture1 shaggy in appearance1 and of a water-resisting nature4 ,when judging these dogs1 particular attention is paid to the coat4 ,a soft coat is decidedly objectionable1 so is one that is thin4 ,height4--,about #be inches4 ,eyes4--,deeply sunk1 thoughtful1 showing the haw plainly4 ,ears4--,long and sweeping1 hanging closely to the cheeks4 ,skull4--,the peak is less prominent than that of the ,bloodhound and the head shorter1 but the flews large and loose4 ,like the ears1 it is covered by shaggy hair1 softer than that on the body4 ,beneath the lower jaw there is a moustache4 ,large teeth and powerful jaws are indispensable in an encounter with an otter4 ,of ,foxhound-like conformation1 the frame is of stouter build altogether4 ,neck4--,thick1 of medium length1 ending in very powerful shoulders and arms1 and the chest must be deep1 running and swimming demanding a sound heart and lungs4 ,dewlap loose4 ,a strong back and loins1 the latter slightly arched1 an additional qualification of the breed4 ,should be shorter in the leg than a ,foxhound1 but have big-boned1 muscular limbs1 with large feet1 close1 and horny below4 ,these ,hounds hunt both by scent and by sight1 their scenting-power being developed to a remarkable degree4 ,the music of ,otterhounds is rich1 deep and mellow4 ,the ,deerhound ,illustration ,regarding the origin of the ,scottish ,deerhound there is very little reliable information1 though there can be no questioning the fact that it is a variety of dog indigenous to the ,highlands1 and bred specially for the purpose of hunting the deer4 ,about forty-five years since there were not many of these ,hounds in ,england1 and even in their native land at1 or about1 this period1 they were by no means common4 ,although powerful and swift dogs1 they are only used to a very limited extent1 and breeders of these ,hounds keep them more for companionship1 and exhibition purposes4 ,they make excellent watch-dogs1 and are exceedingly hardy4 ,the following description is that issued by the ,deerhound ,club3-- ,head4--,the head should be broadest at the ears1 tapering slightly to the eyes1 with the muzzle tapering more decidedly to the nose4 ,the muzzle to be pointed1 but the teeth and lips level4 ,the head ought to be long1 the skull flat1 rather than round1 with a very slight rise over the eyes1 but with nothing approaching a stop4 ,the skull should be coated with moderately long hair1 which is softer than the rest of the coat4 ,the nose to be black 7although in some blue fawns the colour is blue7 and slightly aquiline4 ,in the lighter coloured dogs a black muzzle is preferred4 ,there should be a good moustache of rather silky hair and a fair beard4 ,ears4--,these to be set on high1 and in repose folded back like those of the ,greyhound1 though raised above the head during excitement without losing the fold1 and1 in some cases1 semi-erect4 ,a prick ear is bad4 ,a big1 thick ear hanging flat to the head1 or heavily coated with long hair1 is one of the worst faults4 ,the ear should be soft1 glossy and like a mouse's coat to the touch1 and the smaller it is1 the better4 ,it should have no long coat or long fringe1 but there is often a silky1 silvery coat on the body of the ear and the tip4 ,whatever the general colour1 the ears ought to be black1 or dark coloured4 ,neck and ,shoulders4--,the neck should be long--that is1 of the length that befits the ,greyhound character of the dog4 ,an overlong neck is neither necessary nor desirable1 for the dog is not required to stoop to his work like a ,greyhound1 and it must be remembered that the mane1 which every good specimen should have1 detracts from the apparent length of the neck4 ,moreover1 a ,deerhound requires a very strong neck to hold a stag4 ,the nape of the neck must be very prominent where the head is set on1 and the throat clean cut at the angle1 and prominent4 ,shoulders to be of good slope and blades well back4 ,loaded and straight shoulders are faulty ones4 ,stern4--,to be tolerably long1 tapering and reaching to within #a inches of the ground1 and about the same distance below hocks4 ,when the ,hound is at rest1 tail ought to be quite straight down1 or curved4 ,illustration3 ,,deerhound ,,champion ,,st ,,ronan',s ,,rhyme 7,property of ,mr ,,harry ,,rawson74 ,illustration3 ,,deerhound ,,dog ,,champion ,,selwood ,,morven 7,property of ,mr ,,harry ,,rawson74 ,during excitement1 curved1 and in no case lifted out of the line of the back4 ,it should be well covered with hair on the inside1 thick and woolly1 underside longer1 and a slight fringe near tip not objectionable4 ,a curl or ring tail very faulty4 ,eyes4--,these should be dark2 generally they are dark brown or hazel4 ,a very light eye is not liked4 ,the eye is moderately full1 with a soft look during repose1 but a keen1 far-away expression when the ,hound is roused4 ,rims of eyelids ought to be black4 ,body4--,the body and general formation is that of a ,greyhound1 of larger size and bone4 ,chest deep1 rather than broad1 but not too narrow1 and flat-sided4 ,the loin well arched1 and drooping to the tail4 ,a straight back is not desirable1 this formation being unsuitable for uphill work1 and very unsightly4 ,legs and ,feet4--,the legs to be broad and flat1 with good broad forearms and elbows4 ,straight fore-limbs1 and close compact feet4 ,the hind-quarters to be drooping1 and as broad and powerful as possible1 the hips being set wide apart4 ,the hind-legs to be well bent at the stifle1 with great length from hips to hocks1 and the latter broad and flat4 ,cow-hocks1 weak pasterns1 straight stifles1 and splay feet are the worst of faults4 ,coat4--,the hair on the body1 neck1 and quarters should be hard and wiry1 and about #c or #d inches in length1 and that on the head1 breast1 and belly much softer4 ,there ought to be a slight hairy fringe on the inside of the fore and hind legs1 but nothing approaching the feather of a ,collie4 ,the ,deerhound ought to be a shaggy dog1 but not overcoated4 ,a woolly coat is a bad one4 ,some good strains have a mixture of silky coat with the hard1 and this is preferable to a woolly coat4 ,the proper ,deerhound coat is thick1 close-lying1 ragged1 and harsh or crisp to the feel4 ,colour4--,more a matter for individual fancy4 ,a dark blue-grey most preferred1 and after this1 darker and lighter grey1 or brindles1 the darkest being preferred4 ,yellow1 sandy-red1 or red-fawn1 with black points 7i4e41 ears and muzzle71 are equally esteemed1 more so because two of the oldest strains--the ,m',neil and ,chesthill ,menzies--are of these colours4 ,white is condemned by all the old authorities1 but a white chest and white toes1 occurring as they do in a great many of the darkest coloured dogs1 are not so much objected to1 though less the better1 as the ,deerhound is a self-coloured dog4 ,a white blaze on the head1 or a white collar1 should entirely disqualify4 ,a white tip on tail occurs in most strains4 ,height of ,dogs4--,from #bh to #cj inches4 ,height of ,bitches4--,from #bf inches upwards4 ,a big bitch is better for breeding and keeping up size4 ,ought not to exceed the height of the dog under any circumstances4 ,weight4--,dogs1 #he to #aje lbs4 ,bitches1 #fe to #hj lbs4 ,mr ,rawson1 of ,joppa1 kindly supplied me with photographs4 ,,the ,,total ,,points ,,required ,,for ,a ,,deerhound ,character-- ,length and shape of head #aj ,ears #f ,beard and eyebrows #c ,eyes #e ,coat #g ,neck #e ,tail #d ,nails #b ,teeth #e --#dg ,body-- ,height at shoulder #aj ,substance and girth #i ,length and symmetry of body #i --#bh ,limbs-- ,loins and hocks #aj ,fore-limbs #h ,feet #g --#be ,total #ajj ,,section ,c ,hounds ,,chapter ,,ix ,,bloodhounds ,,irish ,,wolfhounds ,,greyhounds ,,whippets ,,chapter ,,ix ,the ,bloodhound ,for several centuries at least1 the ,bloodhound has existed as a distinct variety of the canine race4 ,according to ,jesse1 the earliest mention of ,bloodhounds was during the reign of ,henry ,,iii41 and that the breed originated from the ,talbot1 brought over by ,william the ,conqueror1 and very similar to a breed from ,st ,hubert's ,abbey and ,ardennes1 which1 according to the old legends1 was imported by ,st ,hubert1 from the south of ,gaul1 about the sixth century4 ,the ,talbot was the popular ,hound from the twelfth to the sixteenth century1 becoming extinct about the end of the last century4 ,the ,southern ,hound1 another very old breed1 showing many characteristics of the ,bloodhound1 is difficult to find now in his pure state1 although many old packs of ,harriers have descended chiefly from ,southern ,hounds4 ,the best authorities agree that the ,st ,hubert1 ,talbot1 and ,bloodhound are all closely allied4 ,the foregoing is an extract from the ,century1 by ,e4 ,brough4 ,these ,hounds were used by ,henry ,,viii4 in the wars in ,france2 by the ,spaniards in ,mexico1 and by ,queen ,elizabeth against the ,irish4 ,one of the most remarkable features of the ,bloodhound is found in his abilities to track the footsteps of strangers1 but in towns and cities he is quite useless for this purpose4 ,within recent years1 these ,hounds have frequently been employed with the object of tracking a criminal1 and in some instances1 we believe1 with very satisfactory results4 ,in appearance the ,bloodhound has a very stately bearing1 and usually of a kindly disposition4 ,on the hunt their music is deep and bell-like4 ,although generally of good constitution1 ,bloodhound puppies are very troublesome to rear1 distemper being the scourge to which most of them succumb4 ,for the photograph of the beautiful quartet1 the author is indebted to ,mrs ,chapman of ,thrapston1 and to this lady1 and ,mr ,fall for the lovely picture of the head of ,champion ,sultan4 ,the points of the ,bloodhound are as follows3-- #a4 ,head4--,this is characteristic4 ,the skin covering the forehead and cheeks is heavily wrinkled1 the more so the better4 ,reference to the picture showing the head of ,sultan shows the remarkable expression in this region4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,quartet ,,of ,,typical ,,bloodhounds 7the ,property of ,mrs ,,chapman1 ,thrapston74 ,the occipital dome is high but not wide1 and very round4 ,at the top it forms a peak4 ,the nasal surface1 i4e41 from eyes to nose1 is very long1 so that from peak to nose it may measure as much as a foot4 ,the brows are prominent2 the flews very long--sometimes a couple of inches--and the nostrils large and well dilated4 ,eyes4--,small1 hazel in colour1 deeply sunk1 and should show a great deal of haw1 i4e41 the membrana nictitans1 or third eyelid4 ,these features are very characteristic of the ,bloodhound4 ,long ears1 thin1 soft to the feel1 set on low down1 hanging close to cheeks1 and meeting1 when pulled together1 over the nose4 ,the facial expression ought to appear quick and penetrating4 #b4 ,legs and ,feet4--,there must be plenty of bone and muscle here2 strong knees2 straight and round well-formed1 cat-like feet4 #c4 ,chest and ,shoulders4--,width and fair depth are desirable1 the shoulder being very strong1 the arm also strong4 #d4 ,neck4--,a long neck is essential1 and the dewlap should be well developed4 #e4 ,ribs1 ,back and ,loin4--,well-sprung ribs1 with a wide back1 of moderate length1 and strong loins4 #f4 ,hind-quarters and ,limbs4--,there should not be much more than skin1 bone1 and muscle in these regions4 ,the hocks are strong and coarse4 ,must not be cow-hocked4 #g4 ,tail4--,gay carriage as in other ,hounds4 ,at rest tail is down4 #h4 ,coat and ,colour4--,black-and-tan4 ,the black hair is generally blended with the tan1 and this ought to be of a deep red4 ,some ,hounds are tan-coloured only4 ,lion colour uncommon1 but coveted4 ,the body coat short and hard1 but on the ears1 and head1 fine and soft4 ,height4--,for dogs1 about #b ft4 #c in42 bitches1 #b ft4 7measured at shoulder74 ,club4--,bloodhound ,breeders' ,association1 particulars of this being given4 ,,the ,,association ,,of ,,bloodhound ,,breeders 7,founded #ahig7 ,,objects ,,of ,,the ,,association #a4 ,to foster the interests of the breed generally4 #b4 ,to establish a ,fund by means of a subscription of #aj per cent4 of all money prizes that each member may have won and received1 as provided by the ,rules4 #c4 ,to approach ,show ,committees with the view of obtaining extended ,classification in the ,bloodhound ,classes4 #d4 ,to promote ,stakes in connection with the progeny of ,stud ,dogs4 #e4 ,to promote ,stakes in connection with the progeny of ,brood ,bitches4 #f4 ,to offer prizes for competition at ,shows in addition to those offered by ,show ,committees4 #g4 ,to do everything possible to promote1 by trials or otherwise1 the training of ,bloodhounds to hunt man4 ,,rules ,,and ,,regulations ,members #a4 ,the ,association shall consist of an unlimited number of ,honorary ,members and ,members1 who shall be persons interested in the promotion of the breeding and training of ,bloodhounds1 whose names and addresses shall be entered in a register to be kept by the ,secretary4 ,honorary ,members #b4 ,the ,committee shall have power to elect as ,honorary ,members any persons whose election may be considered beneficial to the interest of the ,association4 ,honorary ,members to be exempt from paying the ,annual ,subscription1 and shall not participate in any benefits to be derived from the ,association1 nor take any part in its management4 ,mode of ,election #c4 ,each ,candidate for ,membership shall be proposed by one ,member and seconded by another1 and the election shall be vested absolutely in the ,committee4 ,subscription #d4 ,the ,annual ,subscription shall be ,one ,guinea1 payable on the #ast of ,january4 ,members' ,prize ,fund #e4 ,each member shall1 during the continuance of his membership1 contribute to a fund1 to be known as ,the ,members' ,prize ,fund1 #aj per cent4 of all money prizes received by him 7except out of the ,fund7 during each year1 and won for ,bloodhounds at ,shows and ,trials held under ,kennel ,club ,rules4 #f4 ,the ,fund shall be closed on the #cast ,december in each year1 and the amount received shall be offered for competition amongst the ,members during the year following in such manner as the ,committee may deem fit4 #g4 ,no ,member shall be entitled to compete for prizes offered out of a ,fund subscribed for whilst he shall not have been a ,member1 except as provided by ,rule #h4 #h4 ,no ,member shall be entitled to compete for prizes offered out of the ,fund subscribed during the year during which he shall have been elected a ,member1 unless he shall have1 within one month of his election1 paid to the ,association #aj per cent4 of all money prizes previously received by him during that year for ,bloodhounds at ,shows and ,trials held under ,kennel ,club ,rules4 ,members in ,arrear #i4 ,no ,member shall be allowed to vote or compete for ,association ,prizes1 or in any way whatsoever enjoy any of the privileges of ,membership1 whilst his current subscription and any other debts due by him to the ,association are outstanding1 and for which application has been made4 #aj4 ,the ,committee shall have power to erase the name from the list of ,members of any ,member whose subscription remains unpaid on #cast day of ,march4 ,executive #aa4 ,the affairs of the ,association shall be conducted by a ,chairman1 a ,committee of five1 a ,treasurer and a ,secretary4 ,all officers of the ,association shall be ,honorary1 and no ,member shall be allowed to make the ,association a means of private speculation or trade1 or to derive money profit through it4 ,the ,chairman1 ,treasurer1 and ,hon4 ,secretary shall be ex-officio ,members of the ,committee4 #ab4 ,the ,executive shall be elected annually1 as provided by ,rule #bb3--;,chairman1 ,mr ,,edwin ,,brough2 ,committee1 ,mr ,,walter ,,evans1 ,mr ,h4 ,c4 ,,hodson1 ,mr ,,arthur ,o4 ,,mudie1 ,mr ,w4 ,k4 ,,taunton1 ,mr ,j4 ,,sidney ,,turner2 ,hon4 ,secretary1 ,mr ,,edgar ,,farman4 ,annual ,general ,meeting #ac4 ,an ,annual ,general ,meeting shall be held in ,january1 for the purpose of electing the officers of the ,association for the ensuing year4 ,powers of the ,committee #ad4 ,the management of the ,association shall be wholly vested in the ,committee1 which shall have the power to call meetings of the ,association1 to make necessary bye-laws and rescind the same1 arbitrate in disputed matters1 the absolute power of the election of ,members1 and the right to refuse the admission of or remove from the ,association any person deemed objectionable4 ,the ,committee shall also have the sole power to deal with the funds and property of the ,association in its absolute discretion1 also to deal with any question or matter not provided for by these ,rules1 and also elect persons to fill up any vacancy occurring in its numbers4 ,such elections to be confirmed at the next ,committee ,meeting1 and such persons shall continue in office until the next ,annual ,general ,meeting4 ,the ,committee shall decide upon the value and nature of the prizes to be offered at the various ,shows and ,trials4 ,meetings #ae4 ,there shall be a meeting of the ,committee as often as deemed necessary--three shall form a quorum4 ,there shall be ,meetings of the ,members of the ,association--five actually present shall form a quorum--in ,london or elsewhere1 as often as the ,committee may deem necessary4 ,minutes and ,votes #af4 ,the minutes of the proceedings of all ,meetings shall be kept1 and the minutes of the last preceding ,meeting shall be read at the commencement of the next subsequent ,meeting1 and be approved and confirmed by vote4 ,each ,member shall have one vote1 and the ,chairman shall have a casting vote4 ,shows and ,trials #ag4 ,the ,association shall1 if possible1 promote and hold such ,shows and ,trials as the ,committee may deem expedient1 and either in or without connection with any other ,exhibition1 as the ,committee may direct4 ,disbursements #ah4 ,all expenses incurred by the ,secretary1 ,treasurer1 or other ,member of the ,committee1 or by any ,member for or on behalf of the ,association1 on the authority of the ,committee1 shall be defrayed out of the funds of the ,association4 ,report and ,audit #ai4 ,an ,annual ,report1 with a statement of the financial position of the ,association1 shall be drafted by the ,retiring ,committee1 and presented at the ,annual ,general ,meeting4 ,withdrawal from ,membership #bj4 ,it shall be competent for any ,honorary ,member or ,member to withdraw from the ,association on giving notice of his intention in writing to the ,secretary1 but any ,member leaving the ,association shall remain liable for all subscriptions not already paid1 including that due for the current year1 and shall not be entitled to receive back any money he may have paid to or on account of the ,association during his ,membership1 or have any claim against the ,association1 except under ,rule #ah4 ,expulsion #ba4 ,any ,member violating the ,rules and ,regulations of the ,association for the time being in force1 shall be liable to be expelled by the ,committee2 and any ,member of the ,association who shall be proved to the satisfaction of the ,committee to have in any way misconducted himself in connection with ,dogs1 ,dog ,shows1 or ,trials1 or to have in any way acted in opposition to the fundamental rules and principles upon which the ,association has been established1 or in any other manner which would make it undesirable1 in the opinion of the ,committee1 that he should continue to be a ,member1 shall be requested to retire from the ,association1 and if a resolution to that effect shall be carried by a majority of the ,committee1 the ,member so requested to retire shall thenceforth cease to be a ,member of the ,association1 as if he had resigned in the usual course1 and shall not be entitled to have any part of his ,annual ,subscription for the current year returned to him1 and shall remain liable for all arrears of subscriptions unpaid and any dues owing1 but before any such expulsion or request to retire1 the ,member shall have an opportunity of being heard in his defence4 ,election of ,committee and ,officers #bb4 ,the ,chairman1 ,treasurer1 ,hon4 ,secretary1 and ,committee shall be elected annually4 ,their election shall take place at the ,annual ,general ,meeting1 and be by ballot4 ,only ,members of the ,association shall be eligible to hold office4 ,nominations shall be sent in to the ,secretary1 seven days prior to the ,meeting1 of gentlemen whom it may be deemed desirable to elect2 and ,members of the retiring ,committee shall be eligible for re-election without nomination4 ,a ,member shall not give more than one vote for any one candidate1 and must vote for the full number of vacancies4 ,notices #bc4 ,notices of the convening of any ,meetings may be inserted in the ,kennel ,gazette1 ,field1 ,stock-,keeper1 ,our ,dogs1 ,kennel ,news1 or such other similar publication of which due notice is given to the ,members1 and that shall thenceforth be deemed full and sufficient without notice in writing4 ,service of ,notices #bd4 ,a notice may be served by the ,association upon any ,member1 either personally or by sending it through the post in a prepaid letter addressed to such ,member at his registered place of address4 #be4 ,any notices1 if served by post1 shall be deemed to have been served at the latest within twelve hours after the same shall have been posted1 and in proving such service it shall be sufficient to prove that the letter containing the notice was properly addressed and put into a post-office letter box4 #bf4 ,as regards those ,members of the ,association who have no registered address in the ,united ,kingdom1 a notice posted up in the office or residence of the ,secretary for the time being shall be deemed to be well served on them at the expiration of twelve hours after it is so posted up4 ,irish ,wolfhounds ,the present breed of ,irish ,wolfhounds appears to be the outcome of crossing the ,deerhound with the ,boarhound1 though several centuries ago this variety of dog was said to be in existence1 and employed1 as its name indicates1 for hunting the wolves in this and his own country4 ,the extermination of wolves in these countries would naturally account for the decadence of the ,hounds hunting them4 ,be this as it may1 the present type of ,hound is a fast and powerful dog1 and1 we should judge1 would prove to be quite equal to his earlier representatives4 ,in colour these ,hounds are red1 brindle1 fawn1 grey1 black1 white1 etc41 and have a rough1 hard coat on body1 head and limbs1 the hair under the jaw and over the eyes1 being long1 and wiry in texture4 ,weight1 height 7proportionate71 and powerful build are essentials1 and should be one of the principal aims of the breeder4 ,dogs ought not to be less than #ca inches1 and bitches #bh inches4 ,in weight1 the former ought to scale #abj lbs4 and bitches about #ajj lbs4 ,head4--,must be long1 of medium width above the eyes1 and the muzzle long and pointed4 ,ears4--,small4 ,neck4--,ought to be well curved1 long1 and deep4 ,a deep chest1 wide brisket1 and long1 strong back and loins1 together with a long curved tail1 having an abundance of hair upon it1 are qualifications for a typical specimen4 ,fore-limbs4--,strong1 big-boned forearms1 straight and carried straight1 ending in large round feet and strong claws1 are essentials of beauty in these regions4 ,hind-quarters4--,to be clothed with well-developed muscles--weakness in this respect being a fault--having a long second thigh1 and hocks low placed4 ,in many respects the ,irish ,wolfhound resembles the ,russian ,wolfhound1 our own ,deerhound and ,greyhound1 though it is a more massive animal than any of these1 but like these ,hounds1 built upon racing lines1 though of the heavy-weight class4 ,the ,irish ,wolfhound ,club watches over the interests of the breed4 ,the ,greyhound ,from representations upon ,egyptian monuments1 etc41 the ,greyhound has been shown to have been in existence for three thousand years at least1 and1 according to ,holinshead1 was introduced into ,britain some time during the third century4 ,the first record of any coursing club in this country is said to be that founded by ,lord ,orford in ,norfolk1 during #aggf4 ,the modern ,greyhound is vastly superior to those of the ancients1 if the old prints are faithful representations of these fleet-coursing thoroughbreds4 ,although the ,greyhound hunts by sight1 he is by no means devoid of hunting by scent1 as the ,foxhound1 ,otterhound1 etc4 ,misterton1 winner of the ,waterloo ,cup in #ahgi 7#fc lbs4 weight72 ,coomassie1 winner of the ,waterloo ,cup twice 7weight #db lbs472 ,master ,m',grath1 winner of the ,waterloo ,cup three times 7#ed lbs471 and ,fullerton 7#fe lbs471 winner of the ,waterloo ,cup three times and a division of it the fourth time with his kennel companion1 may be said to have been the grandest quartet of ,greyhounds ever gracing the course4 ,to enter into a detailed account of the ,greyhound would be quite outside the title and scope of this work1 therefore the author will only give a brief outline of some of the more important points of these fleet-footed ,hounds1 which are as follows3-- ,head4--,this should be long and narrow1 wide between the ears and low between the eyes4 ,the head of a bitch is of finer mould4 ,lean jaws4 ,eyes4--,penetrating and full of animation4 ,ears4--,elegantly carried and small4 ,neck4--,very important4 ,must be long1 strong1 very supple1 and1 above all1 graceful4 ,a high degree of flexibility is indispensable4 ,fore-quarters4--,shoulders must not be over-loaded with muscle1 but a great degree of obliquity is a sine qua non4 ,arm1 long1 ending below in a strong elbow joint4 ,fore-arm4--,very long1 strong1 and should consist of little beyond bone1 muscles and tendons4 ,it is in this region1 particularly1 that the ,greyhound excels in beauty4 ,must be as straight as a line from elbow to knee1 and1 above all1 well placed in relation to the parts above and below4 ,the forward position of the fore-limbs are a striking feature of the ,greyhound1 giving a minimum of weight to carry in front4 ,long oblique pasterns1 and compact hard feet are points of great importance4 ,hind-quarters4--,strength1 width1 and a great degree of flexibility are necessary in this region4 ,weak1 or soft muscles destroys a ,greyhound's speed1 turning and staying power4 ,illustration3 ,,greyhound ,,bitch ,,lady ,,golightly 7,property of ,mrs4 ,,dew74 ,illustration3 ,,fawn ,,greyhound ,,dean ,,baden ,,powell 7,property of ,mr ,,eyers1 ,blandford74 ,illustration3 ,a ,,trio ,,of ,,greyhounds 7,property of ,mrs ,,dew74 ,,duke ,o' ,,ringmer4 ,,lady ,,golightly4 ,,glory ,o' ,,ringmer4 ,illustration3 ,,greyhound1 ,,sussex ,,belle 7,property of ,mrs ,,dew74 ,first and second thighs must be long1 and well muscled4 ,the oblique position of the second thighs constitutes the main beauty in this region4 ,their backward curve joins the hocks in such a manner as to give the greatest possible leverage on the long1 strong1 pasterns and feet below4 ,the angles of the hocks are very acute1 and1 in relation to the body1 placed very far back4 ,if a ,greyhound has not typically formed and well-placed hind-quarters1 he will never make his mark as a runner4 ,chest4--,most certainly should be deep1 but not wide4 ,if a greyhound is not well-hearted he is no good for speed1 or endurance4 ,flatness of ribs1 especially towards the keel1 is advantageous4 ,tail4--,long and tapering4 ,coat4--,of medium texture1 neither too coarse1 nor too fine4 ,colour4--,unimportant4 ,a good ,greyhound may be any colour4 ,our illustrations are from photographs kindly lent by ,mrs ,dew of ,ringmer1 and ,mr ,eyers of ,blandford4 ,the ,whippet ,the ,whippet may be described as a miniature ,greyhound1 and is judged much upon the same lines4 ,the chief use of these little dogs is that of racing on a course1 and for rabbiting1 also as a snap-dog4 ,it is rather singular1 but miners1 etc41 are remarkably fond of ,whippets1 and the ,lancashire and ,staffordshire towns contain a lot of this breed4 ,this variety of canine flesh resulted through crossing a ,greyhound and ,terrier4 ,the best time of the year to breed ,whippets is the spring1 so that the youngsters will have the whole of the summer to develop in4 ,for general purposes1 from #ae to #ah or #bj lbs4 is the most useful weight1 and of either whole1 or mixed colours4 ,fawn1 bramble1 blue1 red and white are very common ones4 ,coat4--,should be fine and close4 ,constitution4--,must be sound 7otherwise a ,whippet is not the slightest use71 and the chest of good capacity1 i4e41 the dog ought to be well-hearted4 ,a long1 lean1 finely-chiselled head 7wide between the eyes71 and flat on the top1 with bright1 expressive eyes1 and small rose ears1 are essentials4 ,shoulders should have a good slope2 the neck long1 clean1 and inclined to be straight1 not arched1 as stated by some authorities4 ,fore-limbs4--,these must be as straight as a line2 have good bone1 be long1 have well-developed muscles1 and well placed in relation to the body4 ,illustration3 ,,typical ,,whippet ,,dog ,,dandy ,,coon 7,property of ,mr ,,thomas ,,redruth74 ,the shoulders long1 the arms long1 forearms very long1 and pasterns long1 but proportionate4 ,the loins are very important features in a good ,whippet4 ,this region should show strongly-developed muscles1 be slightly arched1 passing in front on to a broad and square back4 ,front ribs to be well rounded and long2 the back ones short4 ,hind-quarters1 ,tail1 and ,feet4--,if a racing dog is poorly developed in these regions1 he is no use for the purpose4 ,the outlines of the individual muscles ought to be plainly seen4 ,long first and second thighs are a sine qua non in the ,whippet4 ,both width and strength are necessary4 ,well-bent stifles and strong hocks equally essential4 ,feet round1 and well split up4 ,tail4--,long1 tapered1 and nicely curved4 ,general ,appearance of the ,whippet4--,a smart1 racily-built1 active-looking dog1 of various colours1 having a deep chest1 narrow waist1 and long1 beautifully modelled1 muscular extremities4 ,,section ,d ,mixed ,hounds ,,chapter ,x ,,borzois ,,beagles ,,dachshunds ,,basset-,,hounds 7,rough and ,smooth7 ,illustration3 ,,borzois ,,padiham ,,nordia 7,property of ,mr ,,murphy74 ,illustration3 ,,borzois ,,dog 7,property of ,mrs ,,heaven74 ,,chapter ,x ,the ,borzois or ,russian ,wolfhound ,the ,borzois appears to be unquestionably of ,russian origin1 being1 in anatomical structure1 closely allied to the ,greyhound1 and in his native country is used for hunting the wolf1 a brace being slipped after the wolf has been beaten out of cover1 much in the same fashion as ,greyhounds' coursing4 ,the ,hounds retain their hold until the huntsman arrives to secure it4 ,russian ,wolfhounds have during recent years become remarkably fashionable in ,england1 probably in a large measure owing to the fact that ,queen ,alexandra1 the ,duchess of ,newcastle--who owns some of the finest specimens of the breed in this country--and many others of aristocratic lineage1 have been keen supporters of these noble creatures4 ,in ,england1 the only use for these hounds is that of companionship4 ,they are1 when trained1 fairly good house dogs1 though the uncertain temper of many of these ,hounds renders them not very reliable4 ,although always carrying a most benignant expression1 this will often be found to be deceptive4 ,a typical ,borzoi should have a long1 lean head2 flat and narrow skull1 and long1 tapering muzzle1 the head of the bitch being somewhat finer than that of the dog4 ,greyhound-like ears1 and dark1 elliptically-shaped eyes4 ,chest1 narrow and deep1 with great depth of rib behind the elbows1 one of the most striking features of the breed4 ,neck1 very muscular1 rather long and deep where it joins the shoulders1 and these ought to be fairly oblique1 but well clothed with muscles4 ,a long1 straight back and broad loins1 with powerful quarters1 long thighs and low-placed1 strong hocks are counted points for the show bench4 ,the hind limbs1 in relation to the body1 are placed very far back1 only just appearing to be under it at the lower part of the extremities when the dog is standing still4 ,tail must be heavily feathered1 long1 and carried down1 the so-called gay carriage being a drawback4 ,fore-,limbs4--,good fore-limbs are a sine qua non4 ,the arms should be well muscled1 and the forearms long1 straight1 broadening out as they approach the arms1 and tapering from a trifle above the knees until the feet are reached4 ,these ought to be long1 toes well arched1 and close4 ,colour4--,grey1 or orange patches on a white ground4 ,coat4--,short and smooth on the head1 ears1 and fore-limbs4 ,the frill on neck should be abundant and somewhat curly4 ,that covering the head1 body1 tail1 and hind-quarters1 long and silky4 ,height4--,dogs from #bh inches1 and bitches from #bf inches4 ,faults4--,a drooping nose2 sickle-shaped carriage of the tail1 short back1 weak forehand1 etc4 ,club4--,the ,borzoi1 formed in #ahib4 ,the ,beagle ,this is a very ancient variety of sporting dog1 and one that was much in favour during the ,elizabethan period1 these miniature ,hounds even at that time being spoken of as the merry1 singing ,beagles4 ,the typical ,beagle is a modification of the ,foxhound1 and has every appearance of having been derived1 by selection1 from this source4 ,just as the ,foxhound is used for hunting the fox1 the ,harrier for hunting the hare1 so is the ,beagle employed for rabbit-hunting--hence the term ,rabbit ,beagles1 of which there are many small packs of these splendid little creatures up and down this1 and other countries sometimes used for hare-hunting4 ,the smaller ones--,pocket ,beagles in particular--are lovely little ,hounds1 and to the sportsman who loves hunting on foot1 they are ideal field companions4 ,typical specimens of the breed are1 in our opinion1 handsome2 their symmetrical form and workmanlike appearance carry an irresistible charm into the heart of the rabbit-hunter4 ,there is also the ,rough-coated ,beagle1 and for these a class is usually provided at the ,kennel ,club and ,cruft shows1 in ,london4 ,in order to breed ,pocket ,beagles it is advisable to select as small a sire and dam as possible1 because there seems to be a natural tendency for these ,hounds to become over1 rather than under1 sized4 ,by instinct1 the ,beagle seems to take to work4 ,taking puppies out along with a schoolmaster or mistress will generally be sufficient education1 if carried out in systematic lessons4 ,these ,hounds are1 as a rule1 quiet and affectionate1 and some are not at all bad house dogs1 though1 of course1 this is quite outside the uses for which they have been designed4 ,when purchasing ,beagles1 more especially for work1 there are several important matters to look to4 ,buy ,hounds having a dense1 rather coarse coat2 short1 strong1 upright pasterns1 cat-like feet1 short back1 heavily muscled on the quarters and second thighs1 and well-hearted1 i4e41 a deep chest and well-sprung ribs4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,group ,,of ,,leyswood ,,beagles4 ,illustration3 ,,pocket ,,beagle ,,cheerful ,,of ,,rodnance 7,property of ,mrs ,,oughton ,,giles74 ,good coupling is essential4 ,long ears1 low set on1 fine1 and hanging close to cheek are additional points of beauty4 ,the classes at the ,london ,kennel ,club shows are3-- #a4 ,not exceeding #aj inches4 #b4 ,not exceeding #ab inches4 #c4 ,over #aj but not over #ab inches4 #d4 ,over #ab but not over #af inches4 #e4 ,in the ,novice ,class--any height4 #f4 ,class for ,rough ,coats4 ,the following descriptions and standards of points will afford the reader the best information upon the subject1 but as the ,english and ,american standards differ somewhat in details1 the author deems it advisable to insert the descriptions framed by both clubs4 #a4 ,,english ,,beagle ,,club ,,description ,,and ,,standard ,,of ,,points ,head4--,of fair length1 powerful1 without being coarse1 skull domed1 moderately wide1 with an indication of peak1 stop well defined1 muzzle not snipy1 and lips well flewed4 ,nose4--,black1 broad1 and nostrils well-expanded4 ,eyes4--,brown1 dark hazel or hazel1 not deep-set or bulgy1 and with a mild expression4 ,ears4--,long1 set on low1 fine in texture1 and hanging in a graceful fold close to the cheek4 ,neck4--,moderately long1 slightly arched1 and throat showing some dewlap4 ,shoulders4--,clean and slightly sloping4 ,body4--,short between the couplings1 well let down in chest1 ribs fairly well sprung and well ribbed up1 with powerful1 and not tucked-up loins4 ,hind-quarters4--,very muscular about the thighs1 stifles and hocks well bent1 the latter well let down4 ,forelegs4--,quite straight1 well under the dog1 of good substance and round in bone2 feet round1 well knuckled up1 and strongly padded4 ,stern4--,of moderate length1 set on high1 carried gaily1 but not curled over the back4 ,colour4--,any recognised ,hound colour4 ,coat4--,smooth variety3 smooth1 very dense1 and not too fine or short4 ,rough variety3 very dense and wiry4 ,height4--,not exceeding #af inches4 ,general ,appearance4--,a compactly-built ,hound1 without coarseness1 conveying the impression of great stamina and activity4 ,pocket ,beagles must not exceed #aj inches in height1 although ordinary ,beagles in miniature4 ,no point1 however good in itself1 should be encouraged1 if it tends to give a coarse appearance to such minute specimens of the breed4 ,they should be compact and symmetrical throughout1 of true ,beagle type1 and show great quality and breeding4 ,classification4--,it is recommended that ,beagles should be divided at shows into ,rough and ,smooth1 with classes for not exceeding #af inches and over #ab inches2 not exceeding #ab inches and over #aj2 and not exceeding #aj inches4 ,,standard ,,of ,,points ,skull #f ,ears #aj ,eyes #c ,expression #e ,muzzle1 jaws1 and lip #aj ,coat #e ,legs and feet #ae ,neck and shoulders #aj ,chest #e ,back1 loins1 and ribs #ae ,hind-quarters #aj ,stern #f ---- #ajj ,disqualifying ,point4--,any kind of mutilation4 7,it is permissible to remove the dewclaws47 #b4 ,,american ,,beagle ,,club ,,points1 ,c4 ,head4--,the skull should be moderately domed at the occiput1 with the cranium broad and full4 ,the ears set on low1 long1 and fine in texture1 the forward or front edge closely framing and inturned to the cheek1 rather broad and rounded at the tips1 with an almost entire absence of erectile power at their origin4 ,eyes4--,the eyes full and prominent1 rather wide apart1 soft and lustrous1 brown or hazel in colour4 ,the orbital processes well developed4 ,the expression gentle1 subdued1 and pleading4 ,muzzle4--,the muzzle of medium length1 squarely cut1 the stop well defined4 ,the jaws should be level4 ,lips either free from1 or with moderate1 flews4 ,nostrils large1 moist1 and open4 ,defects4--,a flat skull1 narrow across the top of head1 absence of dome4 ,ears short1 set on too high2 or when the dog is excited1 rising above the line of the skull at their points of origin1 due to an excess of erectile power4 ,ears pointed at tips1 thick or boardy in substance1 or carried out from cheek1 showing a space between4 ,eyes of a light or yellow colour4 ,muzzle long and snipy4 ,pig jaws1 or the reverse1 known as undershot4 ,lips showing deep1 pendulous flews4 ,disqualifications4--,eyes close together1 small1 beady1 and ,terrier-like4 ,neck and ,throat4--,neck rising free and light from the shoulders1 strong in substance1 yet not loaded2 of medium length4 ,the throat clean1 and free from folds of skin2 a slight wrinkle below the angle of the jaw1 however1 may be allowable4 ,defects4--,a thick1 short1 cloddy neck carried on a line with the top of the shoulders4 ,throat showing dewlap and folds of skin to a degree termed throatiness4 ,shoulders and ,chest4--,shoulders somewhat declining1 muscular1 but not loaded1 conveying the idea of freedom of action with lightness1 activity1 and strength4 ,chest moderately broad and full4 ,defects4--,upright shoulders and a disproportionately wide chest4 ,back1 ,loins1 and ,ribs4--,back short1 muscular1 and strong4 ,loin broad and slightly arched1 and the ribs well sprung1 giving abundant lung-room4 ,defects4--,a long or swayed back1 a flat1 narrow loin1 or a flat1 constricted rib4 ,forelegs and ,feet4--,forelegs straight1 with plenty of bone4 ,feet close1 firm1 and either round or hare-like in form4 ,defects4--,cow-hocks and open feet4 ,tail4--,the tail should be carried gaily1 well up1 and with some medium curve1 rather short as compared with the size of the dog1 and clothed with a decided brush4 ,defects4--,a long tail1 with a tea-pot curve4 ,disqualifications4--,a thinly-haired1 rattish tail1 with entire absence of brush4 ,coat4--,moderately coarse in texture1 and of good length4 ,disqualifications4--,a short1 close1 and nappy coat4 ,height4--,the meaning of the term ,beagle 7a word of ,celtic origin1 and in ,old ,english1 ,begele7 is small1 little4 ,the dog was so named from his diminutive size4 ,your ,committee1 therefore1 for the sake of consistency1 and that the ,beagle shall be in fact what his name implies1 strongly recommend that the height line shall be sharply drawn at #ae inches1 and that all dogs exceeding that height shall be disqualified as overgrown and outside the pale of recognition4 ,colour4--,all ,hound colours are admissible4 ,perhaps the most popular is black1 white and tan4 ,next in order is the lemon and white1 the blue and lemon mottles2 then follow the solid colours1 such as black-and-tan1 tan1 lemon1 fawn1 etc4 ,this arrangement is of course arbitrary1 the question being one governed entirely by fancy4 ,the colours first named form the most lively contrast1 and blend better in the pack1 the solid colours being sombre and monotonous to the eye4 ,it is not intended to give a point value to colour in the scale for judging1 as beforesaid all true ,hound colours being correct4 ,the following remarks on the subject are therefore simply suggestive4 ,general ,appearance4--,a miniature ,foxhound1 solid and big for his inches1 with the wear-and-tear look of the dog that can last in the chase and follow his quarry to the death4 ,note4--,dogs possessing such serious faults as are enumerated under the heading of ,disqualifications are under the grave suspicion of being of impure blood4 ,under the heading of ,defects1 objectionable features are indicated1 such departures from the standard not1 however1 impugning the purity of the breeding4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,the ,dachshund ,illustration ,like many other varieties of the dog1 the origin of the ,dachshund seems to be involved in obscurity1 though there are fairly reasonable grounds for concluding that the home of the ,dachshund is ,germany1 where the terrier-like type is that cultivated1 the ,hound characteristics of the breed having become largely developed through the ,english system of breeding4 ,to anyone unacquainted with this breed of dog in his own country1 the ,hound features are the most striking1 in fact1 so overshadow anything of the ,terrier element as to completely obscure it4 ,some few years since the ,dachshund was an exceedingly fashionable variety of dog1 chiefly as a lady's companion4 ,illustration3 ,,dachshund ,,champion ,,snakes ,,prince 7,property of ,mr ,,de ,,boinville74 ,illustration3 ,a ,,brace ,,of ,,typical ,,dachshunds 7,property of ,mr ,,de ,,boinville74 ,illustration3 ,,dachshund ,,dog ,,and ,,bitch 7,property of ,mrs ,,gerald ,,spencer74 ,illustration3 ,,red ,,dachshund ,,victoria ,,regina 7,property of ,miss ,,blackoe74 ,latterly he seems to have been displaced by the ,pomeranian1 ,pekinese1 and ,japanese ,spaniels4 ,this brings us back to the adage that every dog has his day4 ,so with the ,dachshund1 yet the classes at the ,london shows are always well filled4 ,the ,terrier-type of ,hound is usually smaller and built upon lighter lines4 ,the legs are not so crooked1 the head shorter1 so are the ears4 ,in weight they are from #aj to #af lbs4 or thereabout4 ,the so-called ,toy ,dachshund or ,spiel ,dachs are a diminutive production of the smallest ,terrier-type of the variety1 but not specially sought after1 at least in this country4 ,in ,england ,dachshunds are but rarely used for sporting purposes1 but in ,germany they are largely employed for hunting the fox in his home4 ,these little dogs can go into the earth after any fox1 and are not long in giving tongue when ,reynard is in the ground1 and if several of these little dogs are at work on one fox they are not long in causing him to bolt1 or settle the dispute by underground combat4 ,with the badger--always a formidable antagonist--these little dogs are said to be equally game1 usually fighting to a finish4 ,a few sportsmen have made use of ,dachshunds for driving rabbits out of cover1 but they have no particular qualification in this respect1 and are decidedly inferior to the ,beagle1 or a pack of ,beagles for this purpose4 ,it is a variety of dog not the easiest to rear1 distemper being1 as in most other breeds1 accountable for the high mortality amongst them4 ,the colour of ,dachshunds varies considerably1 but the chief ones are1 deep red1 chocolate and tan1 fallow-red1 black-and-tan1 and dapple4 ,white on the body is objectionable1 less so on the feet4 ,the so-called ,tiger ,dachs1 or steel-blue and tan-colour is uncommon1 though it gives the animal a very handsome appearance4 ,at the ,london ,kennel ,club shows there is a class for dappled dogs and bitches4 ,as a rule1 the crossing of a black-and-tan ,dachs with a red one1 produces puppies true to type1 i4e41 some are black and tan1 others red1 and not a mixture of these two colours4 ,a red dog and bitch1 will1 however1 sometimes throw a black-and-tan puppy2 or a black-and-tan sire and dam produce a whole-red puppy4 ,this is precisely what happens with certain other varieties4 ,there are really three varieties of coat1 viz43-- 7a7 ,the ,smooth4 7b7 ,the ,rough4 7c7 ,wire-haired4 ,the coat should be short and thick and the skin remarkably loose--a characteristic feature of the breed1 and one that undoubtedly affords the animal a degree of protection during combat4 ,head4--,this is distinctly wedge-shaped and large in proportion to the size of the animal4 ,jaws strong4 ,nose4--,black or ,dudley 7flesh7 coloured4 ,a red dog may have a black nose4 ,eyes4--,well apart1 with brown or black iris4 ,ears4--,these ought to be long1 thin1 covered by silky short hair and free from scales4 ,neck4--,short and thick4 ,chest4--,wide and deep1 almost touching ground4 ,shoulders4--,the shoulders are very prominent and heavily clad with muscle1 giving the dog a square appearance in front4 ,a long body and well-rounded ribs are essentials4 ,legs1 ,feet and ,toes4--,most important4 ,the forearm should be short and thick1 running inwards so as to form almost right angles with the parts below4 ,at the wrists or knees the parts touch each other and almost immediately bend outwards 7splay-feet71 as long1 flat paws4 ,these latter ought to be large and shovel-shaped1 bearing long1 strong1 slightly-hooked claws of a black or brown colour1 a white claw 7as in ,pugs7 being objectionable4 ,the more the crook the better4 ,this1 with well-rounded ribs and a long body1 constitutes one of the chief points in a ,dachshund1 giving it a well-let-down appearance1 but not too low4 ,hind-quarters4--,strength in this region is of great importance1 the croup being well-rounded and the thighs strong4 ,the loins must be well arched4 ,the tail thick and tapering1 and carried like that of the ,foxhound under excitement4 ,it must not curl over the back1 this being one of the worst faults a ,dachshund can have4 ,from #ag to #bb lbs4 is the average weight of dogs in fair condition4 ,the ,dachshund ,club1 and the ,northern ,dachshund ,association1 are the two principal societies1 in this country1 presiding over the interests of the breed4 ,the service of ,a#a stud dogs can be had at fees from two to four guineas1 and excellent youngsters obtained from three to ten or twelve guineas4 ,the ,basset-hound ,this is said to be a very ancient variety of dog1 having existed in ,france for several centuries4 ,in ,france the term ,basset is frequently employed to indicate any crooked-legged variety of dog1 being synonymous with the ,english word ,terrier and the ,german ,dachs4 ,consequently the word ,basset1 when applied to a dog in ,france1 may become a very ambiguous one4 ,there are ,rough and ,smooth-coated strains of ,basset-hounds1 but the ,smooth-coated are the most popular varieties1 and most of the ,hounds shown at the ,kennel ,club shows are of the ,smooth-coated variety1 although this useful canine body provides a class for ,rough-coated ones in addition4 ,the ,smooth-coated ,basset had his origin in the province of ,artois1 whilst the ,rough-coated variety came from ,flanders4 ,although there are the crooked1 half-crooked1 and straight-legged ,bassets in both ,rough and ,smooth coats1 the only one of interest in this country is that having the full-crook of leg4 ,the late ,mr ,everett ,millais brought the breed into prominence in ,england in #ahgd1 through the importation of a famous ,basset1 called ,model4 ,he purchased this hound at the ,jardin d',acclimation in ,paris4 ,this animal was the foundation-stone of the ,basset as he appears in ,england at the present day4 ,the late ,mr ,g4 ,r4 ,krehl did much towards the improvement of the breed1 and later1 many other enthusiastic admirers1 none more so than ,mrs ,tottie4 ,the scenting powers of these dogs are said to be exceptional1 and many prefer them to ,beagles for rabbiting1 their deep1 clear musical notes telling one exactly of their whereabouts4 ,most of these ,hounds are exceedingly sweet-tempered1 though rather troublesome to rear4 ,in height they are from #i to #ab inches at shoulder1 but #ab inches is a desirable height1 and about #dj lbs4 weight4 ,colour4--,the most popular one is the tricolour1 viz41 white body with black markings and a tan-coloured head4 ,many varieties of white and black and tan4 ,coat4--,glossy1 smooth and close1 but the hair must be hard enough to make the jacket fairly waterproof4 ,head4--,taken as a whole in the ,smooth-coated variety1 the head has the expression not unlike that of a ,bloodhound1 chiefly owing to the high peak1 deeply-set eyes1 exposed haw and close carriage of the ears at their set-on4 ,this expression of face is1 however1 overshadowed in the ,rough-coated variety1 the ,airedale or ,otterhound being more in evidence in this region4 ,in the ,smooth-coated variety there is often a very weird expression on the face1 and one that betokens a good-natured animal4 ,head must be long1 have a good peak 7no stop71 and be rather narrow1 but no snipy appearance4 ,a typical head and ears1 a good front and long body are1 in short1 the principal beauties of the ,basset1 and points of vital importance in judging the breed4 ,a black nose1 strong teeth1 good long cheeks 7flews as they are called71 and a long1 strong jaw with large1 long1 velvety ears1 complete the beauties in the region of the head4 ,illustration3 ,,mr ,,proctor',s ,,basset-,,hound ,,bitch ,,queen ,,of ,,the ,,geisha4 ,illustration3 ,fall1 ,photographer4 ,a ,,brace ,,of ,,typical ,,smooth-,,coated ,,basset-,,hounds 7,property of ,mrs ,,lubbock1 ,farnborough74 ,illustration3 ,,smooth-,,coated ,,basset-,,hound ,,bitch ,,and ,,her ,,puppies4 ,illustration3 ,,smooth ,,basset-,,hound ,,dog ,,champion ,,louis ,,le ,,beau4 ,died #aijb4 ,a veritable pillar of the ,stud ,book 7,property of ,mrs ,,tottie74 ,illustration3 ,,typical ,,smooth-,,coated ,,basset ,,bitch4 7,note the perfection of facial expression74 ,illustration3 ,a ,,group ,,of ,,champion ,,smooth-,,coated ,,bassets4 ,illustration3 ,horner1 ,photographer1 ,settle4 ,,typical ,,rough ,,basset ,,bitch 7,bred by ,mrs ,,tottie74 ,illustration3 ,horner1 ,photographer1 ,settle4 ,,rough-,,coated ,,basset-,,hound ,,dog ,,champion ,,puritan4 ,fore-quarters and ,chest4--,viewed from the front and in profile1 this region is powerfully built1 the chest nearly touching the ground1 the shoulders short and muscular1 arm very short1 with a short1 stoutly-made forearm1 turning in at the knee4 ,from the wrist 7knee7 the parts below turn outwards1 so as to give the ,hound a very splay-footed appearance4 ,illustration3 ,,typical ,,rough-,,coated ,,basset ,,dog4 ,the back is long1 somewhat hollow1 rising slightly at the loins to the top of the croup1 and from this very powerful muscles should spring4 ,weak hind-quarters are a serious defect4 ,well-rounded ribs and plenty of loose skin1 especially over the tops of the shoulders and back1 are desirable qualifications for the show ring4 ,our illustration represents one of the most typical ,basset-hound bitches ever seen4 ,club4--,the ,basset ,society4 ,,rules ,,of ,,the ,,basset-,,hound ,,club4 #a4 ,that the name of this ,club be ,the ,basset-hound ,club4 #b4 ,that the objects of the ,club be to promote the breeding of pure ,smooth-coated and ,rough-coated ,basset-hounds1 to define precisely1 and publish a description of the true type2 to urge the adoption of such type on breeders1 exhibitors1 judges1 dog-show committees and others1 as the only recognised and unvarying standard by which ,basset-hounds should be judged1 and which may in future be uniformly accepted as the standard of excellence in breeding1 and in awarding prizes of merit in ,basset-hounds3 and by giving prizes1 supporting and originating shows1 and taking other steps to do all in its power to protect and advance the interests of the breed4 #c4 ,that the ,club compile a correct ,stud ,book for dogs and bitches1 containing the names and pedigrees1 as far as can be ascertained1 of all pure-bred ,basset-hounds1 and keep a register of the birth of pure-bred ,basset-hounds4 #d4 ,that in the event of a ,hound winning a prize under the ,kennel ,club ,rules1 whose pedigree does not agree with the ,basset-hound ,club ,stud ,book1 the same shall be objected to on behalf of the ,club by the ,hon4 ,sec41 with a view to the investigation of its correctness1 but in any case the ,club ,special which may go into the prizes shall be withheld4 #e4 ,that the ,club consist of unlimited number of ,members1 whose names and addresses shall be entered in a book to be kept by the ,secretary1 which book shall be open for inspection at reasonable times4 ,that any respectable person favourable to the object of the ,club be eligible for ,membership1 except professional dealers4 ,that ladies be eligible for ,membership4 #f4 ,that each candidate for admission be proposed by one ,member of the ,club personally known to him1 and seconded by another1 also personally known to him4 ,that the first twenty ,members be original members4 #g4 ,that the ,annual ,subscription be two guineas4 ,that the ,annual ,subscription be due on #ast ,january of each year1 and that any ,member failing to pay his ,subscription before #cast ,january have notice given him by the ,treasurer2 and if his ,subscription be still unpaid on #cast ,march1 his rights of ,membership shall cease until he has paid his ,subscription which is in arrear1 and he shall render himself liable to be struck off the list of ,members of the ,club1 unless he can give a satisfactory explanation to the ,committee4 ,that the liability of ,members shall be limited to their ,entrance ,fee and ,annual ,subscription4 #h4 ,that the ,club offer no prizes or cups at any show not held under the ,kennel ,club ,rules1 except at such other shows as the ,committee or ,sub-,committee may especially approve4 #i4 ,that the affairs of the ,club shall be managed by a ,committee of eight or a ,sub-,committee of three1 including a ,treasurer and ,secretary4 ,three shall form a quorum4 ,that the ,committee and ,sub-,committee shall retire annually1 but shall be eligible for re-election4 ,that the ,election of ,members to serve on ,committee and ,sub-,committee be held ,annually4 #aj4 ,that the election of ,members shall be made by ballot of ,committee or ,sub-,committee1 two black balls to exclude4 ,that the election of a ,member shall be at once notified to him by the ,secretary1 and the ,member shall at once be liable for his ,entrance ,fee and ,subscription for the current year4 #aa4 ,that the ,committee or ,sub-,committee meet at least twice a year1 and that they have full power to transact all business relating to the ,club which they may think fit2 to make necessary bye-laws1 to arbitrate in disputed matters1 to refuse admission to the ,club1 to decide upon the value and nature of the prizes to be offered at the various shows1 and to deal with any question not provided for by these ,rules4 ,that seven days' notice must be given of ,committee ,meetings4 #ab4 ,that any ,member of the ,club who shall be proved to the satisfaction of the ,committee or ,sub-,committee to have in any way misconducted himself in connection with ,dogs or ,dogs ,shows1 or to have in any way acted in opposition to the ,rules and principles upon which the ,club has been established1 or in any other manner which would make it undesirable that he should continue to be a member1 be expelled from the ,club4 ,that such ,member shall have no claim against the ,club4 ,that the ,committee or ,sub-,committee may report the expulsion of such ,member to the ,kennel ,club with a view to his being disqualified from exhibiting at any show held under the ,kennel ,club ,rules1 and from competing for prizes or cups offered by this ,club or the ,kennel ,club4 #ac4 ,that there be one ,general ,meeting of the ,club each year1 to be held at such time as may be found suitable by the ,committee or ,sub-,committee4 #ad4 ,that an ,extraordinary ,general ,meeting may be convened by the ,secretary4 ,that such ,extraordinary ,general ,meeting shall have power only to deal with the objects for which it was called4 #ae4 ,that all ,minutes of ,meetings be read at the commencement of1 and be approved and confirmed by1 the next subsequent ,meeting4 #af4 ,that all expenses incurred by the ,treasurer or ,secretary for or on behalf of the ,club be defrayed out of the funds of the ,club4 #ag4 ,that an ,annual ,report1 the names of the ,members and ,officers1 and the ,annual ,statement of ,accounts 7duly audited by two ,members of the ,committee7 be printed1 and supplied to each ,member not later than #aath ,february in each year4 #ah4 ,that no new ,rule1 or alteration of existing ,rules1 or reversal of any former act or decision1 shall ever be made without a fortnight's notice being given previously in writing to all ,members1 and without the sanction of at least two-thirds of the ,members present4 ,that it shall be competent for any ,member unable to attend the ,meeting to record1 by letter to the ,secretary1 his opinion to be read at the ,meeting1 such opinion to be entered in the minutes4 #ai4 ,that it be competent for any ,member to withdraw from the ,club on giving notice to the ,secretary before #aath ,december 7such ,member to have no claim on the ,club72 provided always that such ,member shall be liable for his subscription to the ,club for the current year in which he gives such notice4 #bj4 ,that every ,member bring to the notice of the ,club ,committee any apparent dishonesty at ,dog ,shows1 c41 against which the ,club may publish a formal protest4 #ba4 ,that the ,club shall1 if possible1 hold a special ,basset-hound ,exhibition1 at least once in each year1 either confined to members of the ,club1 or open1 as the ,committee or ,sub-,committee may determine4 ,that the judges at this exhibition be appointed solely by the ,club1 and that the dogs be judged according to the standard of excellence as defined by the ,club4 #bb4 ,that at other shows1 not held or managed by the ,club1 prizes1 cups1 or certificates of merit may be provided by the ,club for the competition in ,basset-hound classes1 where these classes are judged by judges appointed or approved by the ,club1 and according to the standard of excellence adopted by the ,club4 #bc4 ,that a list of ,members competent and willing to act as judges of ,basset-hounds be annually made by the ,committee or ,sub-,committee1 and the ,secretary shall1 on the application of the ,committee1 ,secretary1 c41 of any ,dog ,show1 send a copy of such list1 and arrange with the gentlemen chosen to act as judges at such show2 the expenses to be borne by the show at which the judges officiate4 #bd4 ,that the judges shall not exhibit at1 or be interested either directly or indirectly in1 any show at which they officiate4 #be4 ,that at all shows at which the ,club offers prizes or cups1 the name of the judge shall be1 prior to the date of closing of the entries for such show1 submitted to the ,secretary of the ,club1 for the approval of the ,committee4 #bf4 ,that ,members may vote by proxy at the ,general ,meeting1 such proxies to be sent to the ,secretary or ,treasurer at least forty-eight hours before the time of ,meeting4 #bg4 ,in the above ,rules the word dog shall mean both sexes4 #bh4 ,that the payment of his ,subscription by any ,member shall imply his full acquiescence in the above ,rules4 ,,points ,,of ,,basset-,,hound 7,,smooth7 ,head1 skull1 eyes1 muzzle1 and flews #ae ,ears #ae ,neck1 dewlap1 chest and shoulders #aj ,forelegs and feet #ae ,back1 loins and hind-quarters #aj ,stern #e ,coat and skin #aj ,colour and markings #ae ,basset character and symmetry #e ---- ,total #ajj ,general ,appearance #a4 ,to begin with1 the head is the most distinguishing part of all breeds4 ,the head of the ,basset-hound is most perfect when it closest resembles a ,bloodhound's4 ,it is long and narrow1 with heavy flews1 occiput prominent1 la bosse de la chasse1 and forehead wrinkled to the eyes1 which should be kind1 and show the haw4 ,the general appearance of the head must present high breeding and reposeful dignity2 the teeth are small1 and the upper jaw sometimes protrudes4 ,this is not a fault1 and is called the bec de lievre4 #b4 ,the ears are very long1 and when drawn forward folding well over the nose--so long1 that in hunting they will often actually tread on them2 they are set on low1 and hang loose in folds like drapery1 the ends inward curling1 in texture thin and velvety4 #c4 ,the neck is powerful1 with heavy dewlaps4 ,elbows must not turn out4 ,the chest is deep1 full1 and framed like a man-of-war4 ,body long and low4 #d4 ,forelegs short1 about #d inches1 and close-fitting to the chest till the crooked knee1 from where the wrinkled ankle ends in a massive paw1 each toe standing out distinctly4 #e4 ,the stifles are bent1 and the quarters full of muscle1 which stands out1 so that when one looks at the dog from behind it gives him a round barrel-like effect4 ,this1 with their peculiar waddling gait1 goes a long way towards ,basset character--a quality easily recognised by the judge1 and as desirable as ,terrier character in a ,terrier4 #f4 ,the stern is coarse underneath1 and carried ,hound-fashion4 #g4 ,the coat is short1 smooth and fine1 and has a gloss on it like that of a racehorse4 7,to get this appearance1 they should be hound-gloved1 never brushed47 ,skin loose and elastic4 #h4 ,the colour should be black1 white and tan2 the head1 shoulders1 and quarters a rich tan1 and black patches on the back4 ,they are also sometimes hare-pied4 ,,points ,,of ,,the ,,basset-,,hound 7,,rough7 ,head and ears #bj ,body1 including hind-quarters #ce ,legs and feet #bj ,coat #ae ,basset character1 etc #aj ---- ,total #ajj ,general ,appearance #a4 ,the head should be large1 the skull narrow but of good length1 the peak well developed4 ,the muzzle should be strong1 and the jaws long and powerful3 a snipy muzzle and weakness of jaw are objectionable4 ,the eyes should be dark and not prominent4 ,the ears should be set on low1 of good length and fine texture4 #b4 ,the neck should be strong1 of good length and muscular1 set on sloping shoulders4 #c4 ,the body should be massive1 of good length and well ribbed up1 any weakness or slackness of loin being a bad fault4 ,the chest should be large and very deep1 the sternum prominent4 #d4 ,the forelegs should be short and very powerful1 very heavy in bone1 either half-crooked or nearly straight4 ,the elbows should lie against the sides of the chest1 and should not turn out4 #e4 ,hind-quarters should be powerful and muscular1 the hind-legs should be rather longer than the forelegs1 and should be well bent at the stifles4 #f4 ,stern of moderate length and carried gaily1 should be set on high4 #g4 ,coat4--,an extremely important point4 ,it should be profuse1 thick and harsh to the touch1 with a dense undercoat4 ,the coat may be wavy4 #h4 ,colour4--,any recognised ,hound colour4 #i4 ,weight4--,dogs1 from #dj to #ej lbs41 bitches rather less4 ,the ,rough ,basset should appear a very powerful ,hound for his size1 on short1 strong legs4 ,body massive and a good length1 without slackness of loin4 ,the feet should be thick1 well padded and not open4 ,the expression should be kindly and intelligent4 ,any unsoundness should disqualify the ,hound4 ,illustration ,,section ,e ,fox ,terriers ,,chapter ,,xii ,,smooth-,,coated ,,wire-,,haired ,,club ,,rules ,,chapter ,,xii ,the ,fox ,terrier ,illustration ,these ,terriers have been for a number of years1 and still are1 exceedingly popular1 chiefly1 we believe on account of the following reasons3--7#a7 ,their size renders them easily and conveniently kept2 7#b7 their gameness makes them good for destroying vermin1 such as rats1 etc42 7#c7 making excellent house dogs1 and are smart1 active companions1 and as such suitable for both sexes4 ,at most shows the ,fox ,terrier classes are better filled than those devoted to any other variety4 ,there is very little reliable information as to how and when the ,fox ,terrier sprang into existence1 as it is hundreds of years since ,terriers were written about1 though very little can be gleaned1 as the word at that time had a very ambiguous meaning1 consequently most of such records become speculative when discussing the probable origin of any given type of ,terrier4 ,rawdon ,b4 ,lee1 in his book on the ,fox ,terrier1 gives numerous extracts from various ancient writers with reference to the early history of the ,fox ,terrier1 but the information leaves one very little wiser1 upon the earlier history of these game little ,terriers4 ,it is a problem that bears every possibility of remaining unsolved4 ,for the present purpose it is sufficient to know that the breed is with us in a very high state of perfection1 and that this has been attained by selection within the last fifty years1 or thereabout4 ,whether these ,terriers1 as we find them on the show bench1 are equal to the tasks usually imposed upon their predecessors1 is another matter1 and one that ,fox ,terrier men1 in general1 are not always inclined to discuss4 ,that there are any amount of game ,fox ,terriers on the show bench there is abundant evidence to prove1 but we have no knowledge as to whether these constitute the majority4 ,illustration3 ,,mr ,,scott',s ,,smooth ,,fox ,,terrier ,,millgate ,,jof4 ,illustration3 ,,champion ,,south ,,cave ,,leger 7,property of ,mr ,a4 ,,jowett74 ,illustration3 ,,smooth ,,fox ,,terrier ,,duke ,,of ,,doncaster 7,property of ,mrs ,,bennett ,,edwards74 ,the ,fox ,terrier ,club1 the ,fylde ,fox ,terrier ,club1 and ,fox ,terrier clubs galore in other parts of the country have done wonders towards improving the show-bench qualities of the modern ,fox ,terrier1 and still more to render him popular in almost all parts of the globe4 ,there are two varieties--the ,smooth and the ,wire-haired1 but of the two the ,smooth are in greater demand1 requiring much less attention to their toilet4 ,fox ,terriers are very easy to rear1 are hardy1 usually of good constitution1 pleasant in the house1 though not always reliable with children1 more especially under provocation4 ,puppies should be docked when they are two or three weeks old1 and weaned about the fifth week4 ,before showing1 we recommend washing on the previous day1 adding a little blue to the water4 ,hard coats are greatly softened by washing4 ,the ,fox ,terrier ,club's description leaving little to be desired as to the show points of the ,terrier1 the author has taken the liberty of reproducing it as issued by that body4 ,,standard ,,of ,,points ,,recommended ,,by ,,the ,,fox ,,terrier ,,club ,head and ,ears 7value #ae74--,the skull should be flat and moderately narrow1 and gradually decreasing in width to the eyes4 ,not much stop should be apparent1 but there should be more dip in the profile between the forehead and top jaw than is seen in the case of a ,greyhound4 ,the cheeks must not be full4 ,the ears should be ,v-shaped and small1 of moderate thickness1 and dropping forward close to the cheek1 not hanging by the side of the head like those of a ,foxhound4 ,the jaw1 upper and under1 should be strong and muscular2 should be of fair punishing strength1 but not so in any way to resemble the ,greyhound or modern ,english ,terrier4 ,there should not be much falling away below the eyes4 ,this part of the head should1 however1 be moderately chiselled out1 so as not to go down in a straight line like a wedge4 ,the nose1 towards which the muzzle must gradually taper1 should be black4 ,the eyes should be dark in colour1 small1 and rather deep-set1 full of fire1 life1 and intelligence2 as nearly as possible circular in shape4 ,the teeth should be as nearly as possible level1 ,i4,e41 the upper teeth on the outside of the lower teeth4 ,neck 7value #e74--,the neck should be clean and muscular1 without throatiness1 of fair length1 and gradually widening to the shoulders4 ,illustration3 ,,smooth ,,fox ,,terrier ,,champion ,,cymro ,,queen 7,property of ,mr ,a4 ,,jowett74 ,illustration3 ,,miss ,,lewis',s ,,wire-,,haired ,,fox ,,terrier ,,champion ,,donington ,,venture4 ,illustration3 ,,mr ,,scott',s ,,smooth ,,fox ,,terrier ,,millgate ,,bandit4 ,shoulders and ,chest 7value #aj74--,the shoulders should be long and sloping1 well laid back1 fine at the points1 and clearly cut at the withers4 ,the chest deep and not broad4 ,back and ,loin 7value #aj74--,the back should be short1 straight1 and strong1 with no appearance of slackness4 ,the loin should be powerful and very slightly arched4 ,the fore-ribs moderately arched1 the back-ribs deep1 and the dog well ribbed up4 ,hind-quarters 7value #ae74--,should be strong and muscular1 quite free from droop or crouch2 the thighs long and powerful2 hocks near the ground1 the dog standing well up on them like a ,foxhound1 and not straight in the stifle4 ,stern 7value #e74--,should be set on rather high and carried gaily1 but not over the back or curled4 ,it should be of good strength1 anything approaching a pipe-stopper tail being especially objectionable4 ,legs and ,feet 7value #ae74--,the legs viewed in any direction must be straight1 showing little or no appearance of an ankle in front4 ,they should be strong in bone throughout1 short and straight to pastern4 ,both fore-and hind-legs should be carried straight forward in travelling1 the stifles not turned outwards4 ,the elbows should hang perpendicular to the body1 working free of the sides4 ,the feet should be round1 compact1 and not large1 the soles hard and tough1 the toes moderately arched1 and turned neither in nor out4 ,coat 7value #aj74--,should be straight1 flat1 smooth1 hard1 dense1 and abundant4 ,the belly and under side of the thighs should not be bare4 ,as regards colour1 white should predominate1 brindle red1 or liver markings are objectionable4 ,otherwise this point is of little or no importance4 ,symmetry1 ,size1 and ,character 7value #ae74--,the dog must present a general gay1 lively1 and active appearance2 bone and strength in a small compass are essentials1 but this must not be taken to mean that a ,fox ,terrier should be cloddy1 or in any way coarse--speed and endurance must be looked to as well as power1 and the symmetry of the ,foxhound taken as a model4 ,the ,terrier1 like the ,hound1 must on no account be leggy1 nor must he be too short in the leg4 ,he should stand like a cleanly-made hunter1 covering a lot of ground1 yet with a short back as before stated4 ,he will then attain the highest degree of propelling power1 together with the greatest length of strides that is compatible with the length of his body4 ,weight is not a certain criterion of a ,terrier's fitness for his work--general shape1 size1 and contour are the main points1 and if a dog can gallop and stay1 and follow his fox up a drain1 it matters little what his weight is to a pound or so--though1 roughly speaking1 it may be said he should not scale over #bj lbs4 in show condition4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,reveley1 ,wantage4 ,,smooth ,,fox ,,terrier ,,dog ,,champion ,,dukedom 7,property of ,mr ,,redmond74 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,reveley1 ,wantage4 ,,smooth ,,fox ,,terrier ,,dog1 ,,darley ,,dale 7,property of ,mr ,,redmond74 ,illustration3 ,,wire-,,haired ,,fox ,,terrier ,,dog1 ,,remus ,,of ,,gaywood 7,property of ,mr ,,weaver74 ,illustration3 ,,mr ,,scott',s ,,wire-,,haired ,,fox ,,terrier ,,millgate ,,leader4 ,rough ,fox ,terrier ,this variety of the breed should resemble the ,smooth sort in every respect except the coat1 which should be broken4 ,the harder and more wiry the texture of the coat is the better4 ,on no account should the dog look or feel woolly1 and there should be no silky hair about the poll or elsewhere4 ,the coat should not be too long1 so as to give a dog a shaggy appearance1 but at the same time it should show a marked and distinct difference all over from the ,smooth species4 ,,scale ,,of ,,points ,head and ears #ae ,neck #e ,shoulders and chest #aj ,back and loins #aj ,hind-quarters #ae ,stern #e ,legs and feet #ae ,coat #aj ,symmetry1 size1 and character #ae ---- #ajj ,,disqualifying ,,points ,nose4--,white1 cherry1 or spotted to a considerable extent with either of these colours4 ,ears4--,prick1 tulip1 or rose4 ,mouth4--,much undershot or much overshot4 ,,section ,f ,,chapter ,,xiii ,terriers ,,skye ,,terriers ,,bedlington ,,terriers ,,scottish ,,terriers ,,irish ,,terriers ,,airedale ,,terriers ,,white ,,west ,,highland ,,terrier 7,,poltalloch ,,terrier7 ,,welsh ,,terriers ,,dandie-,,dinmonts ,,chapter ,,xiii ,the ,skye ,terrier ,these little ,terriers are natives of the ,island of ,skye and adjoining coast1 though by what means the breed was originally produced there does not appear to be any accurate data to go upon4 ,the ,skye is the only truly long-coated ,sporting ,terrier in ,great ,britain1 cross-bred dogs excepted4 ,the introduction of this long coat into a ,terrier--dogs originally bred for rough-and-tumble work1 can hardly have been advantageous1 and the remarkably profuse coats of typical specimens in the present day is absolutely detrimental for work2 moreover1 it requires very careful grooming to keep the coat in a perfect state1 though the texture of the hair being much harder than the silky coat of the ,yorkshire ,toy1 gives less trouble than the last named4 ,skyes are divided into drop-eared1 and prick-eared1 the chief differences being the carriage of the ears and tail4 ,the drop-eared has a little longer and softer coat1 longer body1 and slightly smaller head2 in all other respects they are practically the same4 ,they are generally very game little ,terriers1 and will hold their own1 weight for weight1 in combat with any dog4 ,are good companions2 of good constitution1 and not given to quarrelling1 unless interfered with4 ,many indifferent specimens of the breed are remarkably clever for destroying vermin1 and take to water without the slightest trouble4 ,in colour the ,skye should be a steel-grey or blue1 silver-grey1 or fawn4 ,if fawn1 black or dark-brown tipped1 and if silver-grey1 black tipped4 ,the coat is a very important matter2 taken along with the head it constitutes thirty-five per cent4 value in point judging4 ,for the show bench1 the outer coat must be long1 in fact1 reaching to the ground4 ,for work1 this is objectionable4 ,better to be of medium length1 and this is the sort of coat that judges will do well to plump for4 ,the outer coat to be of hard texture2 straight1 and long1 and the under coat close and woolly4 ,the long hair on the head almost completely conceals the sharp brown or hazel-coloured eyes4 ,a thick1 soft1 woolly undercoat affords the most perfect protection against wet to the skin1 and supports the outer coat1 as in ,rough-coated ,collies4 ,both limbs and tail must be well feathered in the case of show dogs1 but for work1 too much hair in these regions is a nuisance4 ,illustration3 ,,typical ,,prick-,,eared ,,skye ,,terrier ,,dog 7,property of ,miss ,m',,cheane74 ,in drop-eared ,skyes a low carriage of tail is desirable1 but in the prick-eared variety on a level with the back4 ,the hair down the spinal column has a parting in it1 causing the coat to hang1 in curtain-like fashion1 from head to tail4 ,head4--,this should be long1 rather wide between the eyes1 flat on the skull1 and narrow between ears4 ,nose black1 and hard palate black1 or nearly so4 ,ears about #b inches1 and lying close to cheeks4 ,if prick-eared1 to be well up1 and inclined forward4 ,body long1 and ribs well rounded4 ,the back ought to be fairly level1 rising at the croup4 ,legs1 short and strong1 having round feet1 well covered with hair4 ,weight4--,from #af to #bj lbs4 ,faults4--,short back1 faulty carriage of ears1 thin coat1 too short coat1 legginess1 bad carriage of tail1 bad colour1 too light1 etc4 ,club4--,skye ,terrier4 ,prices4--,typical puppies1 at six or eight weeks1 can be bought at prices ranging from four to twelve guineas1 but it is advisable to purchase ,skyes when they are older1 as one is then in a better position to speculate--for such it is--as to the probable subsequent value1 for the show bench4 ,the ,bedlington ,terrier ,this breed of ,terrier has certain features distinct from that of all others1 and originated1 so far as we are able to glean1 in the county of ,northumberland1 over a century since4 ,william and ,james ,allan appear to have had a great deal to do with laying foundation-stone of this variety of ,terrier4 ,it is said that ,james ,allan lived in a gipsy camp about the year #agcj1 in the ,rothbury ,forest1 and that his father1 ,william1 was famed for other hunting ,terriers1 which were then known under the title of ,rodbury1 or ,rothbury ,terriers4 ,during #ahbe a stone mason1 to name ,tom ,ainsley1 had a dog that he called ,young ,piper1 and through his residence in the locality of ,bedlington 7near ,newcastle71 the present breed derived its name4 ,the dam of ,piper was black1 with brindled legs1 and light-coloured hair on the top1 and she weighed about #ad lbs4 and the sire was about the same weight1 liver-coloured1 with a somewhat hard texture of hair4 ,bedlingtons are very game dogs1 and will generally tackle anything their own weight4 ,illustration3 ,,bedlington ,,terrier ,,dog 7,mr ,h4 ,,warnes74 ,they make good watch-dogs1 and are capital ratters1 etc4 ,many cross-bred ,terriers--and game ones too1 have a considerable proportion of ,bedlington blood in them4 ,their chief points are as follows3-- ,height4--,about #ae inches4 ,weight4--#bb to #bd lbs4 ,colour4--,sandy1 liver1 dark blue1 blue and tan1 liver and tan4 ,nose4--,if dark blue1 or blue and tan1 the nose should be black1 but when liver-coloured1 sandy1 or liver and tan1 then the nose ought to correspond1 being either liver1 or flesh-coloured4 ,coat4--,hard in texture1 standing well off the body4 ,a great deal of trimming is necessary to get ,bedlingtons fit for the show bench4 ,skull4--,narrow1 but should have a good dome on it1 with a silky top-knot or crown4 ,from the eyes to nose1 face ought to be long1 and rather narrow4 ,the jaw to be long and the lips tight-fitting1 free from flew4 ,strong1 level teeth4 ,small1 deeply-sunk1 keen-looking eyes1 moderate-sized ears1 carried flat on cheeks1 and covered with soft hair1 are typical of the ,bedlington4 ,the neck should be long1 well set up1 and strongly muscled4 ,body4--,this is moderately long1 deep at the chest1 and slender at the waist4 ,tail4--,long1 tapering1 thick at set-on1 feathered on under surface1 and the carriage of it reminds one1 somewhat of the ,setter4 ,limbs and ,quarters4--,to be of medium length1 straight and strong4 ,club4--,the ,bedlington ,terrier4 ,the ,scottish ,terrier ,illustration ,sometimes spoken of as the ,die-hard1 a name said to have been given to them by ,george1 ,earl of ,dumbarton1 owing to the pluck of a pack owned by him4 ,the title is certainly not a misnomer1 these little ,terriers of ,highland descent still having the gameness of their ancestors1 though many of them at the present time are only used as ladies' companions4 ,the terms ,aberdeen and ,scottish ,terrier are--or should be--synonymous1 though an inferior specimen of a ,scottie has1 and is1 frequently sold to the unwary as an ,aberdeen4 ,another name is that of ,cairn ,terrier1 which speaks for itself1 these dogs having been expressly bred for hunting in the cairns1 or spaces amongst heaps of rocks1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,,scottish ,,terrier ,,dog ,,champion ,,hyndman ,,thistle4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,trio ,,of ,,scottish ,,terriers 7,property of ,mr ,m',,candlish74 ,owing to their small size1 they are admirably adapted for such purposes4 ,some will retrieve and take well to water2 are good companions1 and active house dogs4 ,they are very hardy1 consequently puppies are not difficult to rear1 and fair specimens of the last-named can be had at two and three guineas apiece4 ,the following are the chief points of the ,scottish ,terrier4 ,coat4--,in point judging1 #bj per cent4 of the marks are allotted to the coat--so many are faulty in this respect4 ,outer coat must be very thick1 short1 and of a hard or wiry texture1 and absolutely free from any sign of curl1 or waviness4 ,hair1 #b or #c inches in length4 ,under coat1 very dense4 ,the so-called open coat is a fault4 ,the term is sufficiently explanatory4 ,weight4--,from #ad to #bj lbs4 for dogs and a few pounds less for bitches4 ,colour4--,not of great importance1 but white markings are objectionable2 less important on the breast1 but better without any white hairs4 ,white specimens are rare4 ,brindle1 black1 red1 mustard1 and iron-grey1 are the usual colours1 the black and brindle shades being preferred4 ,body4--,important 7value #aj74 ,this should be short1 so as to give the dog a sturdy1 compact appearance4 ,some ,scotties are too long in the body4 ,neck4--,to be short and thick1 ending in good1 strong1 sloping shoulders4 ,chest4--,deep1 well-rounded on to the shoulders1 and plump4 ,limbs and ,feet4--,legs1 short1 big-boned1 well-muscled1 straight1 though generally turned out at ankles1 ending in large fore feet1 and smaller well-padded hind ones4 ,the same hard hairs should clothe the limbs4 ,if soft1 it is a fault4 ,ears4--,erect1 or semi 7half7 erect4 ,must never droop at tips4 ,should be covered with short hair4 ,particular attention is paid by judges to the carriage of the ears of the ,scottie4 ,eyes4--,to be either dark brown or hazel1 giving a lively expression to the face4 ,head4--,rather long1 and wide above the eyes4 ,most of the length is gained from eyes to nose4 ,hair to be hard and short 7not soft74 ,muzzle4--,long1 tapering1 and very strong4 ,sound teeth--exceptionally large--and tight lips are a sine qua non4 ,illustration3 ,,group ,,of ,,scottish ,,terriers 7,property of ,mr ,m',,candlish74 ,height4--#i to #ab inches4 ,clubs4--#a4 ,the ,english ,scottish ,terrier ,society2 #b4 ,scotch ,scottish ,terrier ,society4 ,the ,irish ,terrier ,this is unquestionably a very ancient variety of dog1 indigenous to the ,emerald ,isle1 in certain features being a modification of the ,wolfhound of that country4 ,practically1 there is no history of the breed1 its origin being involved in obscurity4 ,ballymena and ,county ,wicklow are said to have been the chief birth-places of these ,terriers4 ,although but a speculative statement at its best1 it is a very probable one1 and in accordance with what one knows of the history of many other breeds4 ,more recent history of the breed may be said to date from about #ahge1 marked by their appearance on the show bench in ,ireland and the following year in ,england4 ,they are excellent vermin ,terriers1 very affectionate to those to whom they become attached1 and1 as a rule1 exceedingly good-tempered4 ,their dash and pluck has earned for them the sobriquet of ,dare-devils1 as in the case of the ,scottish ,terrier--,die-hards4 ,these ,terriers should have a black nose1 strong and level teeth1 small hazel-coloured eyes1 small ,v-shaped ears1 directed forwards1 so as to fall closely to the sides of the head1 free from feather1 and the hair on them of darker shade than the rest of the body4 ,a ,dudley 7red7 nose will disqualify4 ,the head long1 like that of a ,fox ,terrier1 the skull flat1 and from the lower jaw there should be rather longer hairs1 forming a sort of beard--a characteristic feature of the ,dare-devil4 ,a good punishing lower jaw is essential4 ,the head1 jaws1 teeth1 and eyes constitute fifteen per cent4 of value in the ,irish ,terrier ,club's scale of points1 only equalled by that of the coat4 ,coat4--,straight and flat1 free from any curl1 and of hard or wiry texture4 ,a soft coat very detrimental1 as in the ,wire-haired and ,scottish ,terriers4 ,if the hair of an ,irish ,terrier is too long1 he loses the contour of body1 and this ought not to be so4 ,colour4--,bright red is much preferred4 ,some are yellowish-red1 others yellow1 wheaten and grey4 ,brindle will disqualify1 and white on feet is a fault1 less detrimental1 in the judge's eye1 when on the chest1 but1 as in nearly every other breed1 ,irishmen are better without any white hair4 ,neck4--,to be of moderate length1 carried well up1 having a slight frill on either side of it1 and ending in strong shoulders1 of good shape1 with a chest of medium width4 ,illustration3 ,,irish ,,terrier ,,blackbrook ,,banker4 ,illustration3 ,,airedale ,,terrier ,,dog4 ,body4--,the ,irish ,terrier has rather a long body1 due1 in part at least1 to the rather narrow--though very muscular--upper part of the thighs1 increasing the flank area4 ,in this region the breed is somewhat shallow4 ,strong loins and the so-called gay carriage of tail is requisite4 ,dock not too short4 ,limbs and ,feet4--,must be free from feather4 ,feet small1 compact1 and black toe nails4 ,forearms of medium length1 straight1 with plenty of bone and muscle4 ,many ,irishmen have very poor fore-limbs1 either too long1 bent1 or weak4 ,must be well set up in front1 and free movers in both fore-and hind-limbs4 ,weight4--,about #bj lbs41 a few pounds more or less being unimportant4 ,club4--,the ,irish ,terrier4 ,prices4--,first-rate puppies can be got at three and four guineas each4 ,the ,airedale ,terrier ,this useful variety of dog first of all appears to have sprung up in the districts of ,saltaire1 ,bingley1 ,shipley ,glen1 ,keighley1 etc41 in ,yorkshire1 and it is to the credit of ,yorkshiremen for having produced a most useful variety of ,terrier4 ,few other breeds can surpass1 or even equal1 the gameness1 docility1 and general usefulness of these rough-and-ready1 companionable ,terriers4 ,in appearance1 it would hardly be correct to speak of the ,airedale as being handsome1 but the weird expression upon the face1 and thoughtful-looking eyes offer an irresistible charm to those who are fond of a really good pal1 and inexpensive forms of sport1 such as ratting1 etc41 on river-banks1 and the like used to be called ,waterside ,terriers4 ,when looking at many of the larger ,airedales1 one can hardly help thinking but that the breed has been produced by crossing some ,terrier1 e4g4 ,bedlington1 etc41 with an ,otterhound4 ,to this latter breed many inferior specimens bear a strong resemblance1 in appearance1 habits1 and temperament4 ,if properly trained1 an ,airedale ought to take to water like a duck1 be obedient to his master's call1 and form an unceasing attachment towards him4 ,typical specimens should have a rough or broken coat1 dense and wiry1 free from curl--a common fault2 be of a dark grizzle on the back from top of skull to set on of tail1 likewise on the sides of the body and skull4 ,the remaining portions of the body ought to be a rich tan1 the ears being of a deeper tan than the rest4 ,the weight for dogs should be from about #dj to #de lbs41 and bitches #ce to #dj lbs4 ,illustration3 ,,airedale ,,terrier ,,dog ,,crompton ,,marvel 7,property of ,,leaver ,,brothers74 ,colour1 coat1 and head are very important points1 and judges of the breed lay great stress upon the ideal in these particulars4 ,skull should be flat1 of medium width1 and show no stop when viewed from the front2 with square1 long and strong jaws1 bearing large and level teeth1 free from decay4 ,nose black1 and nostrils full1 ,v-shaped ears1 with ,fox-,terrier carriage and small dark eyes4 ,chest deep1 of fair width 7not wide72 shoulders long1 strong1 and of good slope2 neck of medium length1 with short1 strong back1 well-sprung ribs and broad1 muscular loins--the last two being specially desirable4 ,fore-limbs well rounded1 straight and strong1 ending in round1 thick feet4 ,as to the hind-quarters1 these ought to be well clothed with powerfully developed muscles1 the dock being set on high up and carried 7when excited7 very like that of a ,fox ,terrier4 ,the chief disqualifying points of the ,airedale are3 a ,dudley nose1 white feet1 white on throat or face1 and defective teeth1 undershot1 etc4 ,many ,airedale ,terriers are much too big1 rendering them over cumbersome for activity4 ,it is a variety of dog fairly easy to rear1 and good specimens1 during puppyhood1 can be bought at prices varying from two to five guineas4 ,clubs4--,airedale ,terrier2 ,south of ,england ,airedale ,terrier ,club4 ,,standard ,,of ,,the ,,airedale ,,terrier ,airedale ,terrier ,club ,head4--,long1 with flat skull1 not too broad between the ears and narrowing slightly to the eyes1 free from wrinkle4 ,stop hardly visible1 and cheeks free from fulness4 ,jaw deep and powerful1 well filled up before the eyes1 lips tight4 ,ears ,v-shaped1 with a side carriage1 small but not out of proportion to the size of the dog4 ,the nose black4 ,the eyes small1 and dark in colour1 not prominent1 but full of ,terrier expression4 ,the teeth strong and level4 ,neck4--,should be of moderate length and thickness1 gradually widening towards the shoulders and free from throatiness4 ,shoulders and ,chest4--,shoulders long and sloping well into the back1 shoulder blades flat4 ,chest deep but not broad4 ,body4--,back short1 strong and straight4 ,ribs well sprung4 ,hind-quarters4--,strong and muscular with no droop4 ,hocks well let down4 ,the tail set on high and carried gaily but not curled over the back4 ,legs and ,feet4--,legs perfectly straight with plenty of bone4 ,feet small and round with a good depth of pad4 ,illustration3 ,,airedale ,,terrier ,,dog4 ,coat4--,hard and wiry and not so long as to appear ragged1 it should also lie straight and close1 covering the dog well all over the body and legs4 ,colour4--,the head and ears1 with the exception of dark markings on each side of the skull1 should be tan1 the ears being of a darker shade than the rest4 ,the legs up to the thighs and elbows being also tan4 ,the body black or dark grizzle4 ,size4--,dogs #dj lbs4 to #de lbs4 weight4 ,bitches slightly less4 ,that as it is the unanimous opinion of the ,airedale ,terrier ,club that the size of the ,airedale ,terrier as given in the above ,standard is one of if not the most important characteristics of the breed1 all ,judges who shall henceforth adjudicate on the merits of the ,airedale ,terrier shall consider undersized specimens of the breed severely handicapped when competing with dogs of the standard weight4 ,and that any of the ,club's ,judges who1 in the opinion of the ,committee1 shall give ,prizes or otherwise push to the front dogs of a small type1 shall at once be struck off from the list of ,specialist ,judges4 ,,rules ,,and ,,regulations #a4 ,the ,club shall be called ,the ,airedale ,terrier ,club4 #b4 ,the objects of the ,club shall be to advance and protect the interests of the ,airedale ,terrier1 and to improve the breed4 #c4 ,the ,club shall consist of a ,president1 four ,vice-,presidents1 a ,committee1 ,honorary ,treasurer and ,secretary1 and an unlimited number of ,members4 #d4 ,the ,president1 ,vice-,presidents1 ,committee1 and ,honorary ,treasurer and ,secretary1 shall be elected annually at the first ,general ,annual ,meeting of the ,club4 #e4 ,the first ,general ,annual ,meeting of the ,club shall be held at the ,liverpool ,dog ,show1 and any other ,general ,meetings shall be held at such places and times as the ,committee shall think desirable4 #f4 ,any respectable person favourable to the objects of the ,club shall be eligible for admission as a ,member4 ,such person shall be proposed by one ,member of the ,club and seconded by another ,member1 and the election shall take place at any ,general ,meeting of the ,club4 ,two black balls shall exclude from ,membership4 #g4 ,there shall be an ,entrance ,fee of #ajs41 and an ,annual ,subscription of #ajs4 for each ,member1 due on the #ast day of ,january in each year4 #h4 ,no one shall be deemed a ,member of the ,club or entitled to the privileges of ,membership1 until the ,annual ,subscription and ,entrance ,fee are paid4 #i4 ,the question of giving ,prizes of ,cups at ,shows shall be decided by any ,general ,meeting1 or by the ,committee1 or by a ,sub-,committee to be appointed for that purpose1 who shall satisfy themselves as to the ,classes and ,prizes1 and ,judges4 #aj4 ,the ,president1 ,vice-,presidents1 and ,committee of the ,club shall be ex-officio ,judges at any show where the ,club's ,prizes or ,cups are given for competition4 #aa4 ,all expenses incurred on behalf of the ,club shall be defrayed out of the funds of the ,club4 #ab4 ,the voting at all ,meetings shall be by show of hands1 unless otherwise determined by such ,meetings4 #ac4 ,in the absence of the ,president1 or ,vice-,presidents1 at any ,meeting1 the ,members present shall elect a ,chairman for the purposes of such ,meeting4 #ad4 ,any ,member can withdraw from the ,club on giving notice in writing to the ,secretary1 provided always that such ,member shall be liable for his subscription for the current year in which such notice is given4 #ae4 ,notices of all ,meetings to be held1 and ,reports of such meetings1 may be sent to the ,stock-,keeper1 ,our ,dogs1 and other ,fanciers' ,publications1 or as may be determined by the ,committee4 #af4 ,any ,rules or ,regulations of the ,club shall only be made1 altered1 or amended1 at the ,first ,general ,annual ,meeting of the ,club1 and such ,rules1 ,regulations1 ,alterations or ,amendments1 shall only be made on notice given by any ,member to the ,secretary at least ten days previous to such ,meeting4 ,the ,white ,west ,highland 7,poltalloch7 ,terrier ,to ,colonel ,malcolm1 ,c4,b41 the author is1 through the kindness of ,our ,dogs' ,gazette1 indebted for the following description of the breed 7see ,appendix74 ,the ,white ,west ,highland or ,poltalloch ,terriers are a very old breed of dog in the ,west ,highlands of ,scotland1 with traditions of two hundred years1 and they are known to have existed for at least eighty years certain at ,poltalloch1 in ,argyllshire4 ,it is only of late years that any of them have been publicly exhibited1 and this because ,colonel ,malcolm1 ,c4,b41 of ,poltalloch1 felt that it was not just to the ,west ,highlands1 and ,i think1 of ,scotland1 that this ancient breed of handsome hard-bitten dogs should be absolutely ignored by the canine world4 ,the ,western ,highlands of ,scotland are not overrun with railways and other means of rapid communication1 so showing is both difficult and extra expensive1 and the possessors of good dogs of the breed have not hitherto come forward in numbers to show what they have4 ,and this is a breed which must be carefully handled by bench judges1 for they are actual working dogs1 and it will be a thousand pities if they get spoiled1 or1 in ,mr ,g4 ,t4 ,teasdale-,buckell's words1 become defiled by scales of points1 or degraded by the hunting of the tin-pot at dog shows4 ,illustration3 ,,brace ,,of ,,white ,,west ,,highland ,,terriers 7,property of ,colonel ,,malcolm1 ,c4,b474 ,colonel ,malcolm's views are much as follows3--,dogs should not exceed #ah lbs41 nor bitches #af lbs41 in weight4 ,they should be very active1 for in power to spring considerable heights they may at times owe their lives in a fox cairn4 ,heads should be broad1 and eyes not closely set4 ,the latter point gives room for the brain pan1 and without brains there cannot be much intelligence4 ,the former point provides for the very powerful muscles which enable his dogs to cope successfully with badgers1 foxes1 otters1 etc41 in their native fastnesses4 ,he strives also for as light a jaw as may be1 contending that the fox is as good a model as can be followed1 and against the craze for heavy1 or as they are called1 'strong' jaws1 that the heads of the cat and otter1 both of which animals have a bite of extraordinary power1 might almost be called round1 so short and so wide are their jaws4 ,another point1 practically as yet never looked at by the show-bench judges1 is the working coat4 ,now it is no matter whether the outer coat be hard or soft4 ,it should be long enough first to throw off water with a good shake of the body1 and to act as a good thatch to a thick undergrowth of finest down1 which will enable the wearer to stand the worst of weather1 and for perfection the coat should be strongest on the sit-down portions of the body4 ,eyes must be dark and nose jet black1 and also a good deal of the mouth inside4 ,this dog is as good underground as he is on the show bench4 ,how many champions1 ,i wonder1 of other ,terrier breeds have killed underground8 ,the ,welsh ,terrier ,it is only within the last few years that this variety of ,terrier has made his appearance on the ,english show benches1 though indifferent specimens have been in existence in ,wales for a number of years4 ,the ,welsh ,terrier ,club and the ,kennel ,club have been the chief mediums through which the present standard of excellence has been obtained4 ,they are nice1 smart1 active little ,terriers1 and when properly trained make exceedingly useful companions1 being full of pluck and ready to tackle anything their own height4 ,in colour1 the ,welshman is grizzle and tan1 the coat being similar in texture to that of the wire-haired ,fox ,terrier1 smooth and free from curl4 ,the ,head ought to be long1 more especially from eyes to nose1 the occipital dome being a trifle more marked than it is in the ,irish ,terrier4 ,ears small1 and curved close to sides of face4 ,neck4--,of medium length and thickness1 ending in oblique shoulders4 ,arms4--,short and strong4 ,forearms4--,of medium length1 straight1 and well muscled1 tapering from elbows to feet4 ,illustration3 ,,welsh ,,terrier4 ,back and ,loins4--,strong1 and ribs well sprung4 ,tail4--,docked short1 and curved like that of an ,irish ,terrier4 ,first and ,second ,thighs4--,strong and well muscled4 ,feet4--,of a hare shape1 but compact4 ,a typical ,welsh ,terrier should be compactly built all over4 ,club4--,welsh ,terrier4 ,the ,dandie-,dinmont ,it was not until #ahad that this variety of dog received his present name1 through ,sir ,walter ,scott having written ,guy ,mannering1 in which the hero1 ,dandie ,dinmont1 plays such a conspicuous part4 ,to the ,field1 so far back as #aggh1 a ,mr ,j4 ,davidson wrote a letter as to how ,james ,davidson1 the original ,dandie ,dinmont1 came into the possession of his first ,dandies1 the chief of this account being as follows3-- ,the ,border ,muggers were great breeders of ,terriers1 and in their wanderings the different tribes would meet once or twice yearly at some of the border villages4 ,if they could not get a badger1 they would try their dogs on a foumart 7wildcat7 or a hedgehog4 ,jock ,anderson1 the head of the tribe1 had a red bitch that for such work beat all the dogs that came over the border4 ,geordie ,faa had a wire-haired dog that was the terror of all the dogs in the district1 and that was good at badger1 fox1 or foumart4 ,a badger had been procured1 and both the dog and bitch drew the badger every time4 ,geordie ,faa said to ,jock ,anderson1 ',let's have a big drink1 the man first down to lose his dog4' ,illustration3 ,,dandie-,,dinmont ,,terrier ,,dog ,,thistle ,,grove ,,ben 7,property of ,mr ,r4 ,,fisher1 ,hawick74 ',done1' says ,jock4 ,down they sat on the green1 and in eighteen hours ,jock was laid out1 and ,geordie started off with the dogs4 ,they were mated1 and produced the first ,pepper and ,mustard1 and these were presented by ,geordie to ,james ,davidson 7',dandie ,dinmont'74 ,the foregoing account would appear to be fairly acceptable1 and one that is in accordance with the gameness of these little ,terriers4 ,the breed is a hardy one2 are good-tempered1 and make excellent companions4 ,the chief points of the ,dandie-,dinmont are as follows3-- ,head4--,the skull ought to be broad between the ears1 and the forehead well domed4 ,it should be covered with light1 silky hair1 softer the better4 ,the muzzle deep1 and from it--excepting the bare part about an inch from the back part of the nose--there ought to be hair growing1 a little darker than that on the head4 ,level1 strong1 and sound teeth are a sine qua non4 ,large1 full round eyes1 set well apart1 and low down1 with a lively expression2 a black nose2 black inside mouth1 together with large1 low-placed1 pendulous ears1 hanging close to cheek1 and tapering on their posterior borders4 ,the ears should be covered with soft1 brown hair1 forming a feathering around the bottom1 and #c or #d inches long4 ,neck4--,short and well rounded4 ,body1 long and strong1 with well-rounded ribs1 and a downward curve behind the shoulders1 but slightly arched at the loins4 ,tail4--,about #h inches in length1 thick at the set-on1 and then thicker for #b or #c inches1 afterwards tapering4 ,the upper face of the tail should be covered with wiry hair1 and the under side also have lighter-coloured hair4 ,when at rest1 the tail ought to assume a scimitar-like curve1 and under excitement carried on a level with its set-on4 ,fore-and ,hind-limbs4--,short fore-legs1 set well apart1 and if dog is blue-coloured1 the hair on them should be tan or fawn1 in accordance with body colour4 ,a couple of inches of feather ought to be present1 and a shade lighter than that on the front of the legs4 ,in a mustard ,dandie the hair on the head is cream-coloured4 ,the hind-legs1 have no feather1 neither should they have any dewclaws4 ,if present at birth they must be removed4 ,colour4--,mustard or ,pepper4 ,if the former1 the tint is from a reddish-brown to a delicate fawn2 the head creamy and darker4 ,pepper-coloured ,dandies are either steel-coloured1 or a light silvery grey1 and are preferred with the body colour blending with that on the limbs4 ,the most useful weight is about #bj lbs41 and the height #h to #aa inches4 ,the coat should be a mixture of hard and soft hair1 yet crisp to the feel4 ,society4--,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier4 ,,standard ,,of ,,points ,,of ,,the ,,dandie-,,dinmont ,,terrier1 ,as ,defined and ,adopted by ,the ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,club4 ,head4--,strongly made and large1 not out of proportion to the dog's size1 the muscles showing extraordinary development1 more especially the maxillary4 ,skull broad between the ears1 getting gradually less towards the eyes1 and measuring about the same from the inner corner of the eye to back of skull as it does from ear to ear4 ,the forehead well domed4 ,the head is covered with very soft silky hair1 which should not be confined to a mere top-knot1 and the lighter in colour and silkier it is the better4 ,the cheeks1 starting from the ears proportionately with the skull1 have a gradual taper towards the muzzle1 which is deep and strongly made1 and measures about #c inches in length1 or in proportion to skull as three is to five4 ,the muzzle is covered with hair of a little darker shade than the top-knot1 and of the same texture as the feather of the fore-legs4 ,the top of the muzzle is generally bare for about an inch from the back part of the nose1 the bareness coming to a point towards the eye1 and being about #a inch broad at the nose4 ,the nose and inside of mouth black or dark coloured4 ,the teeth very strong1 especially the canine1 which are of extraordinary size for such a small dog4 ,the canines fit well into each other1 so as to give the greatest available holding and punishing power1 and the teeth are level in front1 the upper ones very slightly overlapping the under ones4 ,many of the finest specimens have a swine mouth1 which is very objectionable1 but it is not so great an objection as the protrusion of the under jaw4 ,eyes4--,set wide apart1 large1 full1 round1 bright1 expressive of great determination1 intelligence and dignity2 set low and prominent in front of the head2 colour1 a rich dark hazel4 ,ears4--,pendulous1 set well back1 wide apart1 and low on the skull1 hanging close to the cheek1 with a very slight projection at the base1 broad at the junction of the head and tapering almost to a point1 the fore part of the ear tapering very little--the tapering being mostly on the back part1 the fore part of the ear coming almost straight down from its junction with the head to the tip4 ,they should harmonise in colour with the body colour4 ,in the case of a ,pepper dog they are covered with a soft1 straight1 brownish hair 7in some cases almost black74 ,in the case of a ,mustard dog the hair should be mustard in colour1 a shade darker than the body1 but not black4 ,all should have a thin feather of light hair starting about #b inches from the tip1 and of nearly the same colour and texture as the top-knot1 which gives the ear the appearance of a distinct point4 ,the animal is often one and two years old before the feather is shown4 ,the cartilage and skin of the ear should not be thick1 but rather thin4 ,length of ear from #c to #d inches4 ,neck4--,very muscular1 well-developed1 and strong1 showing great power of resistance1 being well set into the shoulders4 ,body4--,long1 strong and flexible2 ribs well sprung and round1 chest well developed and let well down between the fore-legs2 the back rather low at the shoulder1 having a slight downward curve and a corresponding arch over the loins1 with a very slight gradual drop from top of loins to root of tail2 both sides of backbone well supplied with muscle4 ,tail4--,rather short1 say from #h inches to #aj inches1 and covered on the upper side with wiry hair of darker colour than that of the body1 the hair on the under side being lighter in colour and not so wiry1 with nice feather about #b inches long1 getting shorter as it nears the tip2 rather thick at the root1 getting thicker for about #d inches1 then tapering off to a point4 ,it should not be twisted or curled in any way1 but should come up with a curve like a scimitar1 the tip1 when excited1 being in a perpendicular line with the root of the tail4 ,it should neither be set on too high nor too low4 ,when not excited it is carried gaily1 and a little above the level of the body4 ,legs4--,the fore-legs short1 with immense muscular development and bone1 set wide apart1 the chest coming well down between them4 ,the feet well formed1 and not flat1 with very strong brown or dark-coloured claws4 ,bandy legs and flat feet are objectionable4 ,the hair on the fore-legs and feet of a ,pepper dog should be tan1 varying according to the body colour from a rich tan to a pale fawn2 of a ,mustard dog they are of a darker shade than its head1 which is a creamy white4 ,in both colours there is a nice feather1 about #b inches long1 rather lighter in colour than the hair on the fore part of the leg4 ,the hind-legs are a little longer than the fore ones1 and are set rather wide apart1 but not spread out in an unnatural manner1 while the feet are much smaller2 the thighs are well developed1 and the hair of the same colour and texture as the fore ones1 but having no feather or dewclaws2 the whole claws should be dark2 but the claws of all vary in shade according to the colour of the dog's body4 ,coat4--,this is a very important point2 the hair should be about #b inches long2 that from skull to root of tail1 a mixture of hardish and soft hair1 which gives a sort of crisp feel to the hand4 ,the hard should not be wiry2 the coat is what is termed pily or pencilled4 ,the hair on the under part of the body is lighter in colour and softer than on the top4 ,the skin on the belly accords with the colour of dog4 ,colour4--,the colour is ,pepper or ,mustard4 ,the ,pepper ranges from a dark bluish black to a light silvery grey1 the intermediate shades being preferred1 the body colour coming well down the shoulder and hips1 gradually merging into the leg colour4 ,the ,mustards vary from a reddish brown to a pale fawn1 the head being a creamy white1 the legs and feet of a shade darker than the head4 ,the claws are dark as in other colours4 ,nearly all ,dandie-,dinmont ,terriers have some white on the chest1 and some have also white claws4 ,size4--,the height should be from #h to #aa inches at the top of shoulder4 ,length from top of shoulder to root of tail should not be more than twice the dog's height1 but preferably1 #a or #b inches less4 ,weight4--,from #ad lbs4 to #bd lbs42 the best weight as near #ah lbs4 as possible4 ,these weights are for dogs in good working condition4 ,the relative value of several ,points in the ,standard are apportioned as follows3-- ,head #aj ,eyes #aj ,ears #aj ,neck #e ,body #bj ,tail #e ,legs and feet #aj ,coat #ae ,colour #e ,size and ,weight #e ,general ,appearance #e ---- #ajj ,,rules ,,for ,,breeders' ,,challenge ,,cup #a4 ,these shall be four breeders' ,challenge ,cups--one for ,pepper ,dogs1 one for ,pepper ,bitches1 one for ,mustard ,dogs1 one for ,mustard ,bitches--to be competed for at shows to be decided upon by the ,committee of ,the ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,club3 but they shall not be offered at any show where the competition is not open to all the ,members4 #b4 ,no dog or bitch whelped prior to #ast ,jan4 #aijb shall be eligible to compete for the ,cups4 #c4 ,every dog or bitch competing for one of the ,cups must be bred by a ,member 7who is a ,member at the time the dog is whelped7 of ,the ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,club1 and must at the time of competition be the bon fide property of a ,member of ,the ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,club1 and the ,cup or ,cups shall be awarded to the breeder1 who need not necessarily be the owner4 #d4 ,no dog or bitch shall be eligible to win a cup more than once4 #e4 ,each cup must be won five times by the same ,member before becoming his or her property4 #f4 ,a medal shall be presented in commemoration of each win4 #g4 ,winners for the time being shall have the custody of the cup or cups1 subject to the conditions to be fixed by the ,committee of ,the ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,club4 ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,tiddeman ,,trophies #a4 ,the two ,shields subscribed for in memory of the ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,tiddeman1 the late ,president of the ,club1 shall be called the ,tiddeman ,trophies4 ,in the competitions one ,shield shall be for the best dog and the other for the best bitch in the ,dandie classes4 #b4 ,the ,trophies shall be competed for as ,perpetual ,challenge ,shields1 and shall be confined to ,members of the ,club4 ,the name of every winning dog or bitch and its exhibitor shall be inscribed on the ,shield1 together with the particulars of the win1 at the expense of ,the ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,club4 #c4 ,the ,trophies shall be competed for once in every year at a show to be decided on by the ,committee of ,the ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,club4 #d4 ,the ,trophies may be won any number of times by the same dog or bitch4 #e4 ,a medal shall be presented in commemoration of each win4 #f4 ,the winners for the time being shall have the custody of the ,trophies subject to the conditions fixed by the ,committee of ,the ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,club4 #g4 ,all other matters affecting the ,trophies shall be adjudicated on by the ,committee of ,the ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,club1 whose decision shall be final4 ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,ringwood1 ,,club1 ,,langley1 ,,and ,,boughton ,,breeders' ,,cups ,presented by ,mrs ,grieve1 ,the ,club1 ,messrs ,w4 ,goodall-,copestake and ,t4 ,b4 ,potterton for ,pepper ,dogs and ,bitches and ,mustard ,dogs and ,bitches4 #a4 ,the above ,cups are for dogs and bitches under two years of age1 open to ,members of ,the ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,club only4 #b4 ,the ,cups to be competed for by dogs and bitches who in competition in their particular class have secured not less than a third prize1 and who have been bred by ,members of ,the ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,club1 i4e41 ,members of the ,club at the time of dog's birth4 #c4 ,the ,cups to be won three times before becoming the property of the breeder4 #d4 ,no breeder to be permitted to win a ,cup more than once with the same dog or bitch4 #e4 ,the ,cups not to be offered more than once a year1 and at a show to be named by the ,committee4 #f4 ,all points not provided for in the foregoing conditions to be settled by the ,committee4 ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,pickle ,,cups #a4 ,the two ,cups presented by ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,a4 ,jacobson shall be called the ,pickle ,cups4 ,in the competitions1 one ,cup shall be for the best ,pepper ,dog1 the other for the best ,pepper ,bitch4 #b4 ,the ,cups shall be competed for as ,perpetual ,challenge ,cups1 and shall be confined to ,members of the ,club4 ,the name of every winning dog or bitch and its exhibitor shall be inscribed on the ,cups1 together with the particulars of the win1 at the expense of ,the ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,club4 #c4 ,the ,cups shall be competed for once in every year at a show to be decided on by the ,committee of ,the ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,club4 #d4 ,the ,cups may be won any number of times by the same dog or bitch4 #e4 ,a medal shall be presented in commemoration of each win4 #f4 ,the winners for the time being shall have the custody of the ,cups subject to the conditions fixed by the ,committee of ,the ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,club4 #g4 ,all other matters affecting the ,cups shall be adjudicated on by the ,committee of ,the ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,club1 whose decisions shall be final4 ,,rules ,,for ,,open ,,produce ,,stakes ,,of #a ,,each1 ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,brood ,bitches to be entered and their produce to be shown as explained below4 7#es4 forfeit to the fund47 ,entries close each year on #cast ,january4 ,the show will extend to all produce of the entered ,bitches that shall be born between #ast ,january and #cast ,december in the year of entry1 and will take place at such time as the ,committee of ,the ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,club shall decide4 ,the ,puppies will be shown under the ,kennel ,club ,rules and the following special ,conditions and ,rules3 #a4 ,any number of ,brood ,bitches1 the property of the same owner1 may be entered for the ,stake4 #b4 ,bitches shall only be eligible for entry in respect to ,produce to be born on or after #ast ,january4 ,entries may be made at any time before the closing of the ,stake on #cast ,january1 but ,bitches must be entered before their ,produce is born4 #c4 ,one entry shall only cover one litter of ,puppies1 but ,bitches once entered may be re-entered at any time after the date of closing1 if it is intended to breed another litter from them for competition4 #d4 ,a ,notification of ,service 7,form ,b7 must be made by the owner of each ,bitch entered for the ,stake4 ,in the case of ,bitches which have been served before the time of entry1 this notification must accompany such entry2 and in the case of ,bitches which have not been served before the time of entry1 this notification must be sent to the ,hon4 ,sec4 within one calendar month after the time such ,bitch shall have been served4 #e4 ,within one calendar month from the ,birth of the ,puppies of any ,bitch entered for the ,stake1 the owner shall forward to the ,hon4 ,sec4 a ,certificate 7,form ,c71 signed by himself1 stating the date of birth1 with sex and colour of each ,puppy4 #f4 ,five shillings to be paid on entering each ,bitch--the only liability in case of forfeit--the remaining fifteen shillings to become due and to be paid if and when the owner accepts for one or more of the ,puppies for the ,stake1 on or before the date which will be appointed for that purpose and duly announced4 #g4 ,any number of ,puppies of one litter are eligible to compete under one subscription1 provided that1 if the breeder shall have sold or otherwise parted from any such ,puppy or ,puppies1 no other person may accept for them or for any of them for the ,stake1 unless he also pay #a for such acceptance1 and forward to the ,hon4 ,sec4 a ,certificate from the late owner1 properly identifying the ,puppy or ,puppies in question4 #h4 ,notice for accepting for the ,puppies for competition will be sent at the proper times to all who have entered ,bitches1 and when the acceptances have come in1 the ,committee of the ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,club will decide the number and proportion of the prize into which the ,stakes will be divided4 #i4 ,if a ,bitch entered for a ,stake be sold or otherwise parted with before her ,puppies are born1 the new owner shall forward to the ,hon4 ,sec4 a ,certificate of the fact1 signed by the late owner1 and shall in all other respects comply with the ,rules hereinbefore set out4 #aj4 ,if any ,judge appointed shall have made any entry for this ,stake1 he shall have his subscription in respect of such entry returned to him4 #aa4 ,any one failing to comply with the above ,rules respecting ,certificates shall be refused permission to accept for the litter in respect of which a breach of ,rules has been committed1 and shall in such case forfeit his entrance fee1 #es4 #ab4 ,all matters of doubt or dispute arising under these ,rules and ,conditions1 or otherwise respecting the ,stake1 shall be settled by the ,committee of ,the ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier ,club1 and their decision shall be final4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,section ,g ,,chapter ,,xiv ,afghan ,greyhound ,,lurcher ,,chapter ,,xiv ,the ,afghan ,greyhound ,through the kindness of ,cary ,barnard1 ,esq41 of ,hailsham1 ,i am able to give an illustration of this variety of dog so scarce in this country1 the specimen depicted being typical of the breed4 ,these ,hounds are said to be somewhat difficult to obtain1 the owners are unwilling to part with them1 being kept by a class who consider it a distinction to own them4 ,in the ,natural ,history ,museum at ,south ,kensington there is a stuffed specimen1 practically identical with the one herein portrayed4 ,built on racing lines1 in almost every particular1 these dogs look exceedingly quaint1 chiefly because of the feather1 or long hairs1 upon the ears1 throat1 backs of the limbs1 feet1 and tail4 ,skull is rather broad1 and flat on the top1 but there is no stop4 ,eyes4--,small1 placed close together and well to the front1 giving the animal the appearance of having a very penetrating vision4 ,ears4--,remind one of a short-eared ,spaniel1 and from over their surface long hairs proceed4 ,neck4--,long1 rather thick1 and the body and loins long1 yet well coupled4 ,when viewed from the front1 these ,hounds look very tall1 due to the great length of the arms and forearms4 ,these regions1 and those of the shoulders1 are strongly built4 ,when at rest1 tail is carried rather like that of the ,irish ,water ,spaniel1 and during excitement1 elevated1 but not carried over the back4 ,it has an abundance of long hair4 ,first and second thighs long1 and feathery to a short distance above the hocks4 ,hind toes are well clothed with hair4 ,the hocks are strong1 low-placed1 and pasterns long4 ,colour4--,fawn1 with the feathered portions running to a silvery white4 ,weight4--,about #ej lbs4 ,height at shoulder4--#bd inches1 or thereabout4 ,uses4--,during ,captain ,barnard's residence in ,afghanistan1 the ,hound depicted in our illustration was used for running jackal1 and said to be very useful for this purpose4 ,he is an exceptionally fine jumper1 having made a clean leap over a fence #i feet #d inches in height--a most creditable performance4 ,this ,hound has won numerous prizes1 including a #bnd1 at ,crystal ,palace4 ,illustration3 ,,afghan ,,greyhound 7,property of ,mr ,,cary ,,barnard74 ,the ,lurcher ,we shall do little more than mention the existence of this cross-bred variety of dog4 ,the proprietor of a ,lurcher has always been regarded as one who will1 when the opportunity offers1 take his dog up the back stairs1 and gamekeepers generally look upon the owner of a ,lurcher as one worthy of a little extra vigilance4 ,any cross-bred dog1 in whom the ,greyhound blood predominates1 may be designated as a ,lurcher1 and can be trained as such4 ,many of these dogs are wonderfully clever on rabbits1 and some will kill a hare single-handed1 more especially if about three-quarter bred on the ,greyhound side1 when staying power and swiftness are highly developed4 ,good at fighting1 good at poaching1 good at retrieving1 and fidelity to master1 may justly be claimed as the ,lurcher's inheritance4 ,,the ,,training1 ,,use1 ,,and ,,abuse1 ,,of ,,night-,,dogs ,to ,mr ,w4 ,burton1 of ,thorneywood ,kennels1 ,nottingham 7per gamekeeper71 ,i am indebted for the following account4 ,a perfectly trained and reliable night-dog is as useful to the gamekeeper as two or three additional assistants1 and1 indeed1 ,i have personally heard old poachers remark that they would rather face a dozen men than half that number accompanied by one of these animals1 even if resistance would be offered at all where a dog was employed against them4 ,such being the case1 it makes one wonder why night-dogs are not more frequently used by gamekeepers in rough localities1 and ,i am afraid the animals have come into disrepute1 owing to the manner in which their employment has been abused by careless watchers4 ,it must not be supposed that a night-dog simply requires rearing1 and that when old enough a muzzle has only to be put on and he will face anything he is encouraged to attack4 ,the dog must be trained to his duty as a retriever is taught to bring in game1 or he will never prove a satisfactory companion when poachers are about4 ,when a puppy has been procured1 he should be accustomed to wear a muzzle from an early age--five months for instance--and strangers should not be allowed to pet and caress him2 on the other hand1 they may tease him as much as they like1 providing that he is not hurt4 ,of all the muzzles made ,i prefer those with a solid piece of leather beneath the jaw1 and straps round the neck and nose having buckles so that they may be manipulated as required4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,celebrated ,,keeper',s ,,night-,,dog ,,thorneywood ,,terror1 said to be the most perfectly trained ,night ,dog ever bred4 7,property of ,mr ,,burton1 ,thorneywood ,kennels1 ,nottingham47 ,when the dog is ten months old and quite used to wearing its muzzle1 he should be taken muzzled to a quiet place where you have previously arranged for a perfect stranger to be4 ,this man should have a bag rolled up and strapped to one hand1 and a glove on the other1 and should be in hiding at the appointed spot2 when the dog and his master get within a hundred yards or so1 the stranger should 'break covert' and run out across the field4 ,the dog must at once be released and encouraged to attack the man1 his owner running with him the while4 ,upon the dog's coming up with his quarry it is the duty of the latter to buffet him with the bag1 pull his tail and flank1 and tease him generally4 ,do not let this continue too long without a break1 as a muzzled dog is soon winded4 ,his master should reach the spot as quickly as possible1 encourage the animal a little1 and then take him off and loosen his muzzle2 after a slight rest he may be permitted another run as before4 ,when the dog begins to display anxiety for the fray1 the man may be provided with a thin cane1 and instructed to give him a slight stroke or two1 but1 at this moment1 great care should be taken to observe its effect4 ,some dogs1 although game to a finish1 are shy and sensitive1 and a stroke with a stick will cause hesitation1 not from fear of the blow1 but because an impression of doing wrong is conveyed thereby4 ,should the dog waver at this treatment1 relinquish the use of the stick for a time1 and then introduce it again by degrees2 if bred right he will soon commence to resent it with fury4 ,i have known pups from the same litter to vary greatly in the development of courage1 one standing any amount of stick at a year1 while others would not face it until six months older4 ,such an instance ,i came across a short time ago4 ,a keeper had a youngster from me and eighteen months later reported that it had been no good4 ,i was surprised1 and inquired if he had thoroughly tried the creature4 ',yes6' said he1 ',i got one of the night-watchers to run across the park1 and ,i then set the dog on him4 ,the dog followed all right1 but1 when struck with a stick1 returned to me1 and ,i shot him4' ,this man knew ,i had retained one of the litter1 and inquired how the puppy had progressed4 ,i arranged for him to visit me and see the dog work1 and he was surprised at what he witnessed4 ,afterwards ,i explained that an animal of this description required training1 but my friend differed1 and asserted that education ought not to be necessary4 ,in no case should a dog be trained and tried on a lead or chain1 or the result will be that he will not chase a man4 ,instead1 he will only go for a poacher at close quarters1 and then will continue to look round for his owner4 ,teach the dog to rely on himself4 ,some gamekeepers use their dogs on a long rope and religiously keep hold of the end thereof1 but the reason for this ,i never could determine1 unless it is to retain the animal for their own bodily protection4 ,if so1 the dog is not being put to its proper duty4 ,a night-dog is more valuable for catching a man than for fighting one2 still1 he must be taught to give battle1 because it is love of the scrimmage following which causes him to give chase4 ,a dog is certainly useful when a rough fight takes place1 but he is doubly so when active poachers have a long start of their pursuers1 for1 if he jumps at a man1 he is bound to bring his victim to the ground4 ,besides1 if a dog refuses to chase a man1 he is of no good in the case of a gang which freely stones the keepers1 as then a resolute animal is a welcome assistant4 ,the chances against the dog being hit with a stone as he makes for his assailants are ten to one1 and1 once he is at close quarters1 stones cannot be thrown at him for fear of comrades being struck1 and while the animal is busy among the party the members of it will have plenty to do to stave off his attacks1 and he will allow them little leisure for pelting the keepers who must now hasten to the fight4 ,to hark back4 ,suppose the dog goes for the man when released and shows no fear of the stick1 he must then be taught to keep up the attack and not have a jump or two and then return from the fray1 allowing his foe an opportunity of escaping4 ,as a means of accomplishing this1 the dog's owner should be as close to the animal as possible and encourage him to maintain the assault4 ,when it is plainly to be seen that he is scant of breath1 at once take him off1 because1 if permitted to become tired1 the probability is that the dog will stand still1 and1 as the man promptly does the same1 will return to his master1 perhaps1 regarding the affray as over4 ,once he acquires the much-to-be-regretted habit of doing this1 it will need some patience to correct it4 ,it is a golden rule never to unduly exhaust a youngster1 and then1 when age has been acquired1 he will be game all day or night4 ,having progressed thus far1 the dog should next be taught to find a man hidden in a ditch or up a tree4 ,candidly1 this is a somewhat difficult undertaking1 and it is not every night-dog which becomes clever in this particular4 ,instruct the man to secrete himself in a ditch at the opposite side of the field2 be careful to give the dog the wind1 and in nine cases out of ten it will be noticed that he gazes as if looking for someone4 ,now move towards the hidden person and encourage the animal onward4 ,as both near the ditch the dog will strongly detect the scent of his quarry1 and at this point the hidden man should make a slight movement for the purpose of attracting the animal's attention4 ,this action should be repeated until discovery takes place1 and1 if the dog can thus be taught to use his nose1 he quickly becomes an adept at finding concealed poachers4 ,when this is asserted1 it is not meant that a man may be despatched with a few minutes' grace1 and if the dog is put upon the trail the man will be followed2 some bull-mastiffs may become clever enough to foot a man1 but recent trials have proved that even bloodhounds have to possess the best of blood and training before they will unerringly hunt a man under these conditions4 ,another important thing a night-dog should be taught is to at once leave a man he has thrown down and start after another of the gang when the keepers have arrived on the scene and laid hands on the first man4 ,suppose a party of watchers drop across half-a-dozen poachers1 who all promptly take to their heels on seeing that the opposing side are a match for them2 the chances are the poachers get a good start1 and are nearly certain to escape1 if the dog is not competent to play his part4 ,if he is capable1 promptly slipped1 and closely followed1 he will soon bring one to book2 he should then be taken off and encouraged to serve another likewise1 and so on1 until all have been arrested4 ,to train the dog to do this1 two men should start at one time1 both being armed with sticks4 ,instruct the two to keep together1 and when they are well on the run slip the dog and follow him as before directed4 ,when the animal gets close the men must separate1 and he will confine his attentions to one2 immediately the man he first attacks is down1 despatch the dog after the second1 who should be making good pace away1 while his companion stands perfectly still4 ,at first1 the dog will plainly manifest that he prefers to stay and worry the one he has succeeded in defeating rather than seek for fresh glories1 but persevere with him until he does renew the chase without the least hesitation4 ,you will succeed better in this if the second man is not allowed to get too far away1 and it will be advisable for him to wave his stick and otherwise try to attract attention and invite attack4 ,when the dog recognises what is required of him1 increase the distance between first and second man1 or let each run in an opposite direction4 ,it is very necessary that a dog should be taught to respect friends1 that is1 to attack only those at whom he is set1 and then at no other time but when he is encouraged to do so4 ,if he fails to learn this1 he is as likely as not to go at one of the watchers who happens to move or otherwise attract notice4 ,when a dog has been sufficiently tried to prove that he is in every way game1 it is advisable to allow the man upon whom he has been exercising his powers to sit near and endeavour to make friends with his four-legged opponent4 ,all dogs will not consent to do the agreeable to this extent1 but the majority will generally settle down and be quiet when they clearly understand that such behaviour is expected4 ,it is very necessary that a dog should learn to recognise when the battle is over1 and that having duly fulfilled his part he must be quiet1 for it would be awkward1 to say the least1 if a keeper has to struggle with the animal to take him off a captured poacher1 and then the rascal takes advantage of the exhaustion of both keeper and dog to escape4 ,a night-dog should not under any circumstances be tried on a person who may at some future time have to accompany the animal while out watching4 ,if so1 the dog is nearly certain to go for this person when released for a scrimmage with poachers4 ,several instances like this have occurred1 and in certain of them the dog had not been tried on the watcher he attacked since a puppy4 ,this proves that they do not easily forget the identity of an opponent4 ,there is one other thing a dog should learn1 and1 having acquired cleverness at it in addition to the lessons mentioned previously1 the animal may be regarded as a perfect night-dog4 ,when lying out with a party of watchers he must not be allowed to get into the habit of curling himself up and going to sleep like a fat pig4 ,he must be taught to listen for the coming of poachers1 as it is only natural that he should detect their approach by both sound and smell long before their advent on the scene is palpable to human senses4 ,some dogs do this naturally1 and the remainder only need encouragement to render them proficient watchers4 ,if a young dog displays a tendency to fall asleep when out1 arrange for a man to come on the scene just about the time the animal will be settled down4 ,this individual should move as cautiously as he can1 go straight to the dog1 and have a good rough round or two with him4 ,repeat the dose at intervals1 and the dog will soon take to watching attentively1 expecting every sound to announce the appearance of an antagonist4 ,never permit a night-dog to chase game or rabbits2 if he is allowed to do this the movements made by them at night will monopolise his attention1 and the watchers will never be sure whether he is pricking up his ears at a rabbit rustling in the dead leaves or at the approach of poachers2 when released for a chase or scrimmage he will be likely to direct his attention towards the less noble game4 ,opinions vary as to the weight a night-dog should attain1 but a small dog1 however persevering he may be1 cannot be so effective as one which has the qualities of being large1 game1 and active4 ,suppose a dog1 of #ej or #fj lbs4 weight only1 were to jump at a man1 the latter could not be knocked down4 ,a clever poacher would wait his opportunity1 catch the animal in his arms1 and throw him over an adjacent wall or fence1 well aware that the dog could not jump back4 ,a night-dog should not be less than #hj lbs41 and if he is #ajj lbs41 strong and active1 so much the better4 ,he ought to be able to jump a gate with ease and to get over ground at a good pace4 ,for colour a brindle is to be preferred1 not being so plainly visible at night as a red1 fawn1 or even black dog4 ,when a perfect dog has been bought or trained1 every care should be taken that the animal is used properly4 ,he should only be slipped at a man when absolutely necessary1 and then must be securely muzzled4 ,if a scrimmage becomes desperate and develops into a fight for life1 the watchers must use their own discretion as to allowing their dog freedom to bite2 if his muzzle be taken off1 the man he attacks will surely be marked in such a way that he will be easily identified4 ,to slip a night-dog at lads trespassing after mushrooms1 blackberries1 etc41 is the height of wanton folly1 as the lads may be injured or terrified to a serious degree4 ,remember1 it is best not to loose the dog at all if a man can be captured without his help1 and he should be muzzled except in extreme cases4 ,if a poacher who has had his clothes torn and been bitten simply because he ran away is brought before magistrates1 he may excite the pity of the latter1 although he heartily deserves condemnation from his judges2 besides1 a civil action for damages may ensue4 ,it is entirely through forgetfulness of these rules that so many gentlemen object to night-dogs being used on their estates4 ,but1 if an animal of this kind is regarded in its proper light1 and its use not abused1 its mere presence will do more to deter poaching than the employment of half-a-dozen extra hands4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,the ,,gamekeepers' ,,kennel ,,association ,,concerning ,,the ,,association ,the ,gamekeepers' ,kennel ,association has been formed with the primary object of taking over the organisation of the ,gamekeepers' ,dog ,show as first held at the ,westminster ,aquarium1 on #cast ,july and #ast and #bnd ,august #aijj1 it being deemed advisable by all parties concerned that the show should cease to be proprietary or to be promoted by any firm having trading interests with ,gamekeepers4 ,the other aims which the ,association has in view are fully described in the following pages1 and the ,executive will do everything in their power to uphold and protect the rights of ,game-preservers1 recognising that in this lie the best interests of the ,association and its members4 ,the rule regarding the exclusion of undesirable persons from membership will be strictly enforced1 and the ,executive hope1 that in time1 the fact that a ,gamekeeper is a member of the ,association will be looked upon as a proof of ability and good character4 ,donations and ,subscriptions in aid of the ,funds of the ,association will be gladly received and acknowledged by the ,secretary4 ,cheques and ,post-office ,orders should be made payable to the ,gamekeepers' ,kennel ,association and crossed ,barclay ,co4 ,secretary's address is3-- ,mr ,f4 ,w4 ,,millard1 ,hertford1 ,herts4 ,rules #a4 ,that the name of the ,association be ,the ,gamekeepers' ,kennel ,association4 #b4 ,that the object of the ,association shall be to hold an ,annual ,show for the exhibition and sale of trained dogs owned by ,gamekeepers1 to uphold by all lawful means the rights of ,game-preservers1 to maintain at the ,offices of the ,association a register of ,gamekeepers out of place1 of situations vacant1 and of dogs for sale1 and also to promote the interests of game-preserving and ,gamekeepers generally in the ,united ,kingdom4 #c4 ,that the funds of the ,association be spent in the furtherance of these and other objects considered by the ,committee to be necessary for the welfare of ,gamekeepers generally4 #d4 ,that a ,president1 ,vice-,president1 and ,treasurer be elected annually4 #e4 ,that the present ,committee remain in office two years4 #f4 ,that after the lapse of two years from the formation of the ,association one-third of the ,committee shall retire annually by rotation4 #g4 ,that the said rotation be decided according to alphabetical order4 #h4 ,that all members of the ,committee retiring shall be eligible for re-election4 #i4 ,that all members of the ,committee re-elected on retirement1 and members elected in the place of those who resign1 remain on the ,committee for three years4 #aj4 ,that the ,committee have power to add to their number4 #aa4 ,that the ,secretary of the ,association be subject to one month's notice4 #ab4 ,that only bon fide ,gamekeepers be eligible for membership4 #ac4 ,that the definition ,gamekeeper be understood to include1 for the purposes of membership1 anyone wholly engaged in the preservation of game1 deer1 or fish4 #ad4 ,that a ,gamekeeper who has been a member of the ,association five years or more shall1 on retiring from his duties as ,gamekeeper through old age or other physical incapacity1 still be eligible for membership4 #ae4 ,that retired gamekeepers who wish to at once become members of the ,association1 be eligible for election at the option of the ,committee4 #af4 ,that the annual subscription to be paid by members be fixed at #es4 per annum for head-keepers and single-handed-keepers1 and #bs4 #f;d4 per annum for under-keepers4 #ag4 ,that these subscriptions be considered due on the #ast of ,january each year1 and must be paid before the #cast of that month4 #ah4 ,that members wishing to join the ,association at any time other than the month of ,january must pay the full subscription for the current year4 #ai4 ,that all under-men wishing to join the ,association must be recommended by a head-keeper under whom they have served4 #bj4 ,that no head-keeper1 after #cast ,december #aijd1 shall be accepted as a member1 without a recommendation from his employer1 or another head-keeper who has already been enrolled4 #ba4 ,that the ,committee reserve the right to refuse any application for membership1 and also to expel any member for any wilful misconduct which they decide is detrimental to the objects of the ,association4 #bb4 ,all members who have benefited by the ,register1 and not continued to belong to the ,association1 must1 if re-elected to membership1 pay any subscriptions in arrear1 together with a fine of five shillings4 #bc4 ,that no one except a member of the ,association be allowed to exhibit at any show promoted by the ,association4 #bd4 ,that no member be allowed to show a dog at any show unless he has been enrolled a member since before #ast ,february of the same year4 #be4 ,all cheques to be signed by both ,treasurer and ,secretary4 #bf4 ,that all persons assisting in the management of the ,association who are known to have trading interests with the members thereof1 be understood to hold office in their private capacity only4 #bg4 ,that the ,gamekeepers' ,kennel ,association recognise the authority of the ,kennel ,club1 and agree to obey the ,rules and ,regulations laid down by the ,kennel ,club4 #bh4 ,all new rules shall be framed and adopted in ,committee4 ,rules for the ,conduct of ,meetings #a4 ,that the dates and places of all meetings be fixed by the ,secretary1 and approved by at least three members of the ,committee4 #b4 ,that each member of the ,committee shall receive notice of all meetings at least seven days previous to the date of such meetings4 #c4 ,want of service of notice of meeting on any member of the ,committee shall not affect the validity of such meeting4 #d4 ,that five members of the ,committee be considered a quorum4 #e4 ,that votes be taken by show of hands4 #f4 ,that all questions be decided by majority4 #g4 ,that the ,president or ,chairman of any meeting for the time being shall have a second or casting vote4 #h4 ,that minutes of the proceedings of every meeting be fairly entered into a book kept for that purpose4 #i4 ,that notices of motions to be moved at any meeting by any member of the ,committee be sent in to the ,secretary on receipt of notice convening such meetings4 #aj4 ,that the ,committee from time to time make such rules as they consider necessary for the ,regulation of the proceedings at their meetings4 ,legal ,bureau ,every member has a right to legal advice from the ,honorary ,solicitor of the ,association regarding any matter connected with his duties4 ,all applications for such advice must be made through the ,secretary1 and letters addressed direct to ,mr ,everitt will not receive attention4 ,this regulation is necessary to prevent outsiders seeking benefits reserved exclusively for members4 ,mr ,everitt is prepared to take legal action on behalf of members and their employers at recognised fees1 and his great knowledge of the intricacies of the ,game ,laws should ensure his engagement in all difficult cases with reference to a breach of these laws4 ,veterinary ,bureau ,every member of the ,association has the privilege of obtaining free veterinary advice on all matters pertaining to his kennels1 diseases of game1 etc4 ,applications must be sent through the ,secretary of the ,association1 a description of the symptoms1 duration of the disease1 number of animals affected1 and any other information likely to be of service to the expert when forming an opinion4 ,the ,situation ,register ,the ,executive of the ,association will make every effort to assist those of its members requiring situations1 and1 for that purpose1 advertisements will in due season be inserted in certain papers asking gentlemen requiring ,gamekeepers to write to the ,secretary and state their wants4 ,a register of members out of place will be maintained at the offices of the ,association1 and it is hoped that head-keepers requiring under-men will in all cases apply to the ,secretary before seeking elsewhere4 ,directions to be followed by ,members desirous of obtaining a ,situation through the ,association ,a member out of place wishing to be entered on the ,register of the ,association must apply to the ,secretary for a form to fill up and return4 ,each member in corresponding with the ,secretary must give his number1 which number will be found on his card of membership4 ,should a member on the register obtain a situation by other means1 he must at once acquaint the ,secretary that he has been engaged4 ,should a member be taken into the employment of a gentleman or head-keeper1 with whom he has been placed in communication by the ,secretary1 he must at once inform the ,secretary1 that his name may be removed from the register4 ,remarks ,the ,secretary will place members requiring situations in communication with applicants for ,gamekeepers as fast as inquiries fall in1 but in each case the two parties must arrange their own terms4 ,the ,executive will do their best to find suitable men for the places offered1 but they give no recommendation4 ,it is earnestly requested that members making a change will at once send their new address to the ,secretary4 ,the ,register of ,dogs for ,sale ,the ,association maintains at its offices a register of sporting dogs1 belonging to its members1 which are for sale1 and from time to time advertisements will be placed in certain papers that dogs are on the register for disposal4 ,it will be the earnest endeavour of the ,executive to induce sportsmen1 in want of well-trained dogs1 to apply to the ,secretary1 and it is hoped that head-keepers requiring dogs will purchase through the ,association4 ,directions for ,placing a ,dog upon the ,register of the ,association ,a member of the ,association having a dog for sale must write to the ,secretary for a form on which the animal and its capabilities may be described4 ,when the ,secretary receives this form back the dog will be entered upon the ,register of the ,association4 ,each member in corresponding with the ,secretary must give his number1 which number will be found on his card of membership4 ,should a dog upon the ,register of the ,association be disposed of privately by its owner1 he must immediately inform the ,secretary1 that it may be removed from the ,register4 ,breaches of this order will be dealt with by the ,committee1 because endless confusion and delay will ensue if it is not followed out4 ,beyond placing seller and purchaser in communication with each other1 the ,association can accept no responsibility4 ,rules to be observed by both ,parties when a ,dog goes on ,trial #a4 ,when an intending purchaser stipulates for a trial1 a dog must be in his hands four clear days1 the days of despatch and return not being counted4 #b4 ,the intending purchaser must be deemed responsible for the dog's safety during the period allowed for trial4 #c4 ,the carriage of a dog on the outward journey must be paid by the person to whom it goes on trial4 #d4 ,if a dog is returned after a trial as unsuitable1 its owner must pay carriage on the homeward journey4 #e4 ,on a sale being concluded1 the late owner of the dog sold must immediately inform the ,secretary4 #f4 ,if a dog after trial is returned as unsuitable1 its owner must at once inform the ,secretary4 ,until he has done this1 no further measures for its sale will be taken4 ,notice ,gentlemen will much simplify the work of the ,secretary if1 when requiring a dog1 they explicitly state their wants1 and mention the price they are prepared to give4 ,remarks ,the ,executive hope that both parties to a transaction will implicitly observe the foregoing rules and directions4 ,when filling up the forms1 an exact description of a dog and its capabilities should be given2 if misrepresentation is attempted1 irretrievable harm will be done to the ,association and its objects4 ,once sportsmen are assured that the ,association is a reliable source from which well-trained dogs may be obtained1 they will not fail to resort to it4 ,by observing the utmost care when filling in a form1 members will be protecting their own interests1 aiding the ,executive1 and enhancing the honour of the ,association4 ,stud ,dogs ,that ,gamekeepers may be encouraged to breed true to the recognised types1 the ,secretary of the ,association will be glad to correspond with owners of prize stud dogs with a view of securing a reduction of fees in favour of members of the ,association4 ,all members will be duly advised through ,the ,gamekeeper of such reductions when they are allowed1 and the ,executive hope that the efforts they are making in this direction will be to the advantage of both members and owners of stud dogs4 ,members of the ,association1 who have valuable dogs1 are particularly requested to place them at the service of other members for stud purposes4 ,notice ,the ,secretary will be pleased to forward particulars to members who are desirous of making the ,association known amongst their ,gamekeeper friends4 ,it is hoped that each member will do his best to add to the roll of the ,association by inducing others to join4 ,forms of application for intending members may be obtained of the ,secretary1 who will be glad to answer all inquiries4 ,a monthly report concerning the work and position of the ,association will be found in each issue of its organ1 ,the ,gamekeeper4 ,a list of stud dogs1 placed at the service of members at reduced fees1 is also occasionally published in ,the ,gamekeeper1 copies of this paper being obtainable from the ,,editor1 ,hertford1 ,herts4 ,recently efforts have been made towards instituting a fund for the benefit of keepers during later life4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,feeding ,sporting ,dogs ,amongst ,masters of ,hounds and breeders of other ,sporting ,dogs1 it is a general custom to feed the animals but once a day1 and in most instances this is economical and satisfactory4 ,to maintain an even condition of the whole pack is one of the best tests as to the huntsman's management of the pack1 and the kennelman's skill in feeding them4 ,like all other varieties of dogs1 ,hounds differ in their likes and dislikes to food1 so that whilst certain members of the pack are thriving on the food set before them1 others are losing flesh1 otherwise not improving in condition4 ,another reason why one or more of the ,hounds may not be doing well is often due to the weaker members being snapped at by their stronger and peevish brethren when at the feeding vessels4 ,observation will soon settle whether this be the cause of particular hounds not thriving4 ,shy feeders should either be allowed to have the first cut at the food1 or else fed by themselves1 say two couples at one time4 ,horse-flesh and good oatmeal--or some form of ,hound meal--constitutes the best staple food for ,hounds4 ,during the hot weather the flesh requires to be boiled twice or thrice weekly4 ,as a substitute1 skimmed milk can be used4 ,nothing but sound horse-flesh ought to be used4 ,cattle1 sheep1 or pigs1 that have died suddenly--unless certain that cause of death is of a harmless nature--should be avoided4 ,there is a risk of the animals contracting anthrax1 deaths from this malady amongst dogs by no means being unknown4 ,tuberculous cattle are equally objectionable as food for dogs4 ,in every instance the author recommends boiling the flesh1 so that no redness1 or uncooked portions remain4 ,the ,hounds should be fed at least a couple of hours before starting off4 ,nothing can be worse than to run dogs with a full stomach4 ,precisely the same remark applies to all other ,sporting ,dogs1 but to the working ,hound in particular4 ,the advantages of placing puppies out at walk is1 as in the past1 largely carried out1 and the system leaves little to be desired4 ,most puppy walkers do justice to their charges1 but huntsmen and others will do well to see that thin puppies are kept in fat conndition1 and not low4 ,the erroneous opinion1 though so general1 that a puppy ought to be kept down in condition when distemper is approaching1 is the greatest fallacy under the sun1 and one that ought to have exploded long ago4 ,my advice to walkers and to owners is to feed your puppies well and get them fat1 because distemper will soon plough out their ribs1 etc41 if unfortunate enough--as most of the good ones are--to contract it4 ,a little black treacle 7teaspoonful71 mixed with meal1 rice1 etc41 and given once a week1 is beneficial4 ,if too much be used1 it makes the bowels loose1 especially after the dogs get warm with work1 etc4 ,a change of food is of course desirable4 ,pointers1 ,setters1 ,retrievers1 ,beagles1 ,terriers1 etc41 etc41 may have dry dog-biscuits--or soaked if preferred--given to them in a morning1 and soaked stale bread--with water squeezed out--mixed with cut-up meat for the evening meal4 ,boiled 7or raw7 paunches make a splendid food for dogs1 and have great nutritive value4 ,boiled rice1 flour1 and various other meals are suitable1 only must have a proportionable amount of flesh added to them4 ,many sportsmen believe that flesh destroys a gundog's scenting power1 and others that it makes thin dogs hard-mouthed4 ,the author cannot share this belief4 ,for the satisfactory performance of work1 a dog must be allowed flesh1 and shortness of this--a dog's natural diet--is one of the chief causes of so many dogs breaking out in skin eruptions4 ,in addition to good food1 regularly given in suitable quantities1 it is necessary to see that the dogs have a plentiful supply of pure water1 but it is not a good plan to give water immediately after feeding4 ,another matter1 in connection with feeding1 that gamekeepers1 etc41 will do well to bear in mind1 is to avoid feeding a dog on the entrails1 etc41 of rabbits and hares--a fruitful source of worms4 ,conditioning ,dogs ,first of all1 let us ask the apparently simple question1 what is meant by ,condition8 ,our answer is3 ,the highest standard of excellence for a given purpose4 ,to the uninitiated1 it may seem a very simple matter--only a question of plenty of food--to get a dog into condition--or1 we ought to say1 with a good layer of flesh upon his ribs4 ,but the huntsman1 sportsman1 and exhibitor know different to this4 ,it is not merely a question of food1 but one of well-carried-out training--at anyrate in the eyes of the two first-named4 ,foxhounds1 ,harriers1 ,greyhounds1 ,beagles1 ,otterhounds1 ,whippets1 etc41 must be well winded1 and this can only be obtained by daily exercise1 first on foot1 and then on horseback1 gradually increasing the distance and pace4 ,the late ,mr ,apperley 7,nimrod7 said3 ,that the highest virtue in a ,foxhound is his being true to the line his game has gone1 and a stout runner at the end of the chase4 ,in the words printed in italics is embodied the term ,condition1 as understood by the huntsman and hound-master4 ,accepting the statement as correct1 it is not necessary to say the amount of flesh a dog should carry4 ,with the exhibitor1 matters are rather different1 show condition being his desideratum4 ,if a sporting dog is going to a show1 feed night and morning on meat and bread1 so that by the time fixed for the show the ribs will have a good layer of flesh over them1 being felt in outline only when the fingers are passed across them4 ,when a dog is very thin1 give him a tablespoonful of malt or cod-liver oil and malt1 night and morning4 ,raw flesh will help matters greatly4 ,before starting to lay on flesh by extra feeding1 oil1 etc41 it is generally advisable to satisfy oneself that the dog is practically free from worms1 otherwise the extra nourishment will be wasted4 ,try for tape-worm with a dose of areca nut1 and for round-worms1 three days afterwards1 with #aj grains of santonin1 mixed with a dessertspoonful of treacle and one tablespoonful of castor oil4 ,the use of a hound-glove1 chamois leather1 and brush and comb1 with an occasional bath1 will do the rest4 ,it is better to wash your dog several days before the show1 because the water destroys the natural lubricant1 or that making the hair glossy4 ,curly-coated ,retrievers are improved in tightness of curl by the use of cold water4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,specific ,ailments ,,distemper--,,rabies--,,blood-,,poisoni ng--,,rheumatism ,,or ,,kennel ,,lameness ,under the title of ,specific ,ailments1 the author deems it advisable to give a brief account of such diseases as distemper1 blood-poisoning1 rabies or madness1 rheumatism1 kennel lameness1 or chest founder1 these complaints having as their cause germs1 or micro-organisms2 the production of these ailments--in three of them at least--being due to the entrance of minute organisms into the system1 the excretions1 or poisonous products resulting in the several forms of disease1 as named above4 ,by far the commonest of these specific canine ailments is-- ,,distemper ,this malady is only too well known amongst owners and breeders of sporting dogs1 and to its almost constant presence in certain kennels the rearing of puppies is seriously handicapped4 ,it is readily communicable from one dog to another--more particularly the young--either by direct or indirect means4 ,some kennels are singularly exempt from its presence1 whereas others are hardly ever without it4 ,in the latter case1 the disease obviously exists upon the premises1 measures for its extinction having been inadequately carried out4 ,one would hardly credit the multifarious channels through which this canine scourge can be propagated4 ,feeding utensils1 benches1 the hands and clothing of attendants1 hampers1 collars and chains1 bedding1 water vessels1 by contact of the diseased and healthy1 and possibly by wind carrying the dessicated discharges1 are all liable to become active agents for the production of the malady4 ,so varied is distemper in its method of attack1 that the most expert professional may ignore its existence4 ,previous to the development of the symptoms1 there is the so-called period of incubation1 i4e41 the time during which the germs are1 as it were1 dormant1 though in reality they are maturing1 the advent of their maturation being the development of the specific lesions designated distemper4 ,by far the commonest manifestation of this horrible canine scourge is that in connection with the mucous membranes lining the eyelids1 and upper air passages4 ,possibly these are the chief portals for the entrance of the germs1 and if the specific poison would only confine its ravages to these regions1 the ultimate results would be of a much less serious nature4 ,no amount of good government will confine the assaults of the germs to positions so readily accessible to amelioration by medicinal applications1 bronchial and pneumonic complications being common results1 or what is1 equally severe1 bowels and brain lesions supervene1 proving an additional source of depleting an already weakened economy4 ,masters of ,foxhounds and proprietors of other dogs1 are1 we fear1 only too well acquainted with the truth of this statement4 ,the usual period of incubation is from four to fourteen days1 and this should be borne in mind1 so that any puppies that have been in contact with the disease may be isolated1 and their temperatures taken for the next two or three weeks night and morning4 ,the normal temperature is #aja ,fahr4 or a trifle over2 therefore1 if the mercury rises above #ajb ,fahr4 in the morning--more particularly so--this is sufficient to warrant the animal's separation from the rest of the puppies4 ,it has been stated that distemper may exist without any rise of temperature1 or even the presence of catarrhal signs1 but the author does not attach the slightest importance to such statements1 and claims an experience equal to that of any other veterinary expert4 ,if there is no rise of temperature1 no prostration1 and no catarrhal signs1 one may at once conclude that the animal is not affected with distemper4 ,dulness1 loss of appetite1 sneezing1 redness1 heaviness of the eyes1 slight husky cough1 and1 it may be1 vomiting1 are the premonitory signs of distemper4 ,if temperature be taken in the rectum or vagina1 it will probably be about #ajc or #ajd ,fahr4--the best positive evidence4 ,there will generally be either constipation--more especially if a young dog--or an opposite condition of the evacuations4 ,one well-known ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 believes that distemper in adult dogs is of very rare occurrence4 ,this is not the author's experience1 he having encountered and treated numerous cases when the animals have had distinct attacks of distemper two1 and three times4 ,like scarlatina1 measles1 small-pox1 etc41 in the human subject1 once the patient has passed through a well-marked attack of the disease1 it is to a great extent protected1 but certainly not immune1 to succeeding ones4 ,there is indisputable evidence in support of this statement1 even the oldest observers being aware of its truth4 ,following upon the preliminary symptoms already indicated1 there is a profuse discharge from the nasal and ocular openings1 at first watery in character1 subsequently creamy4 ,the discharge 7unless cleaned off7 irritates the margin of the eyes1 occluding these and the nasal openings4 ,sometimes the malady remains in this--the so-called simple or catarrhal form--for several days1 and then convalescence begins4 ,in the case of coarse-bred dogs 7mongrels1 etc47 the foregoing is the usual condition of affairs4 ,bronchial and lung troubles are frequent1 and probably more puppies die from the broncho-pneumonia of distemper than from other causes4 ,bronchitis is indicated by frequent attempts at expectoration1 and the so-called rale1 heard within the chest4 ,this sound is due to the air passing through the inflammatory exudate in the tubes4 ,if pleurisy is present1 there will1 during the earlier stages1 be friction or dry rubbing sounds1 heard when the ear is placed against the chest wall4 ,it is generally associated with varying degrees of pneumonia1 either single or double4 ,quick breathing--more especially noticeable in the region of the flanks--is the best guide as to its presence for the amateur physician4 ,dropsy of the chest is not at all an uncommon result of pleuritic inflammation4 ,when consolidation of the lungs has taken place1 their respiratory usefulness becomes materially interfered with1 so that1 frequently1 the animal has to make use of his lips as an auxiliary1 the cheeks being inflated in a spasmodic manner4 ,recovery in this advanced condition of disease is exceedingly rare1 though we have known it occur4 ,pericardial 7heart sac7 inflammation is not uncommon in distemper1 resulting through extension of inflammation from the pleural membranes4 ,a disordered liver is indicated by yellowness of the skin and mucous membranes1 this bilious or hepatic form of the complaint being fairly common4 ,a fetid breath and pustular eruption over the belly1 and on the skin inside the thighs are commonly observed2 in fact1 the pustular eruption is the most significant sign one can find4 ,its presence is at once demonstrative that the animal is affected with what is known to the professional as a specific eruptive fever1 which will run a definite course1 and no amount of medicinal agents can cut it short4 ,one may control it by good nursing1 suitable surroundings1 and the judicious use of medicinal agents1 but for any man to say that it is within his power to stay its normal progress1 would1 we opine1 be bordering on madness4 ,so much for distemper cures and their curers4 ,ordinary small-pox vaccine has been employed as a preventative for distemper4 ,almost everyone knows that when the arm of the human subject is scarified with the lancet1 so as to admit the reception of the vaccine into the system1 the part becomes inflamed and swollen1 the seat of vaccination also showing a vesicle1 etc41 typical of a mild form of the disease1 and if this does not take place the vaccine is said not to have taken1 i4e41 it has done no good4 ,this is exactly what happens when used in the same way upon the dog1 there being neither inflammation nor yet other signs1 typical of local reaction1 therefore it can be no use4 ,the mere fact of the disease never having occurred in a certain dog that has been vaccinated is not the least evidence in support of its utility4 ,many dogs are very refractory to certain diseases1 amongst these being distemper4 ,the ,commission of ,veterinary ,surgeons1 appointed to inquire into the utility of ,dr ,physalix's ,vaccine1 has convinced the writer that it was a failure from beginning to end1 and he advises all dog admirers1 ,masters of ,hounds1 etc41 to steer clear of its use4 ,there is no doubt that in course of time an anti-toxin1 or some other attenuated form of distemper virus will be produced for the cure1 or prevention of1 this deadly canine malady4 ,regarding the treatment of distemper1 it has been suggested that a dose of castor oil may1 with advantage1 be given at the outset4 ,the author does not consider this advisable3 the oil1 owing to its extremely nauseating properties1 tends to further weaken the animal by the production of vomition1 etc4 ,moreover1 castor oil leaves the bowels in a drier condition than before--an undesirable effect4 ,a soft--not dysenteric--condition of the evacuations is advantageous1 much of the poison being got rid by the alimentary canal in this way4 ,a moist condition of the bowels is best maintained by the daily use of some of the natural aperient waters1 such as ,apenta1 ,hunyadi-,janos1 etc41 given in small doses once a day2 say1 every morning1 taking particular care not to go too far4 ,the superiority of these saline aperients to those of oleaginous and other resinous purgatives1 is further evidenced by the fact that they also act as febrifuges1 lowering the excessive heat1 thus diminishing the rapid loss of flesh1 so characteristic of this affection4 ,for the husky cough give from one teaspoonful to a tablespoonful of ipecacuanha wine1 just as it is4 ,this should induce vomiting1 and ought not to be repeated1 at least for several days4 ,as a rule1 very satisfactory results follow its use4 ,inhalations of turpentine1 eucalyptus1 and spirit of camphor1 or a little menthol1 are exceedingly beneficial4 ,four teaspoonfuls of each of the three first-named may be mixed together1 and then one teaspoonful added to half a pint of boiling water1 the dog being made to inhale the steam4 ,five to ten drops of oil of eucalyptus1 mixed with a little fine sugar1 and placed inside the mouth night and morning1 is good for the catarrhal symptoms of distemper1 and the author can1 from experience1 recommend its employment4 ,when chest complications are marked1 the application of mustard paste to the sides will do good4 ,put the fore and hind limbs through holes cut in a thick piece of woollen blanket1 and fasten it over the back4 ,this will keep the chest warm and prevent the mustard from being rubbed off1 more especially if a bit of brown paper be interposed4 ,stimulants are indispensable in distemper1 so that bovril1 claret1 and brandy are required4 ,brand's ,essence is the best for nourishment4 ,give it in teaspoonful doses every hour4 ,one may add the same quantity of brandy or whisky to it4 ,bovril is a good stimulant in distemper1 but it will certainly make the dog vomit1 unless given in very small quantities1 so long as the stomach is in an irritable condition1 one or two tablespoonfuls each time being quite sufficient4 ,as restoratives1 claret and ,coca ,wine are excellent4 ,when dysenteric symptoms are troublesome1 give an injection into the rectum night and morning4 ,use two to six tablespoonfuls of tepid boiled starch1 to which drachm of laudanum1 #aj drops of turpentine and #a drachm of tincture of hamamaledin has been added1 injecting the lot1 and then keeping the dog very still until the discomfiture of the injection has subsided4 ,in addition to this1 from #e to #ae grains of grey powder may be given1 and repeated in the doses first named1 daily4 ,if no improvement1 give #aj grains of powdered ipecacuanha every #aj hours4 ,to relieve the congested condition of the liver1 the use of hot linseed and mustard poultices over the organ will be of service1 followed by #aj to #bj grains of sal ammoniac1 along with #e grains of hyposulphite of soda1 given in a tablespoonful of water night and morning4 ,most reliance must be placed upon careful nursing1 and if this is properly carried out better may be the issue1 though1 as already stated1 no amount of careful nursing1 or use of medicinal agents1 will stop the ravages of distemper4 ,fits are frequent1 and another very common result is chorea1 or ,st ,vitus' dance1 also called the twitch1 jumps1 etc4 ,for fits1 give #bj grains of bromide of potash1 and if this does no good1 double the dose1 and for chorea try a course of ,easton's ,syrup--in capsules--malt1 cod-liver oil1 etc4 ,paralysis is not an uncommon sequel4 ,dialysed iron--#aj-;drop doses in a tablespoonful of water--is a very satisfactory drug to use so as to restore the weakened constitution1 and bring back the appetite after distemper4 ,,rabies ,although not present in our own country1 it is very prevalent in certain provinces in ,india1 etc4 ,the muzzling order and quarantine has been the means of abolishing this deadly malady from ,england4 ,in ninety-nine per cent4 of cases in ,india1 the disease is directly due to animals left to stray from the bazaars and villages4 ,at one time rabies was very prevalent in ,england1 therefore cases of hydrophobia were not infrequent4 ,moreover other animals 7horses1 sheep1 cattle1 deer1 etc47 had the malady through having been bitten by a rabid dog4 ,this disease assumes two distinct forms1 one known as the furious and the other dumb rabies4 ,one of the earliest indications of rabies is an alteration of the dog's manner4 ,he becomes restless1 quarrelsome1 and shy1 having a strong inclination to wander from home4 ,at first the animal is able to drink1 but very shortly he is unable1 though evidently willing to do so4 ,a depraved appetite is a singularly constant feature of rabies1 gnawing at wood and snapping at imaginary 7also real7 objects4 ,a rabid dog has no particular inclination to seek objects for revenge2 the injuries he inflicts beings agents that he regards as intercepting his onward march4 ,the author had1 some years since1 considerable experience amongst cases of rabies1 and often innocent owners would bring rabid dogs for treatment66 ,a very characteristic--though we cannot say pathognomonic--sign of rabies1 is an alteration in the bark1 and this is changed to a semi-bark and howl1 easily recognised when heard a second time4 ,a rabid dog generally knows his master until overcome by the fury of the disease4 ,most dogs succumb within a week after the advent of the first signs of the complaint4 ,from a week to three months may be set down as the minimum and maximum periods for the development 7incubation7 of rabies1 after the dog has been bitten by a rabid animal1 or received the virus of the malady into its system1 such as might occur through rubbing1 licking1 etc41 upon a mucous surface4 ,there are many other minor signs of rabies1 and in the so-called dumb form1 the most diagnostic one is dropping of the lower jaw1 accompanied by a snuffling sound4 ,although this latter might be confused with paralysis of the lower jaw from injury to the nerve1 etc41 the history of the case will afford the most reliable guide1 when forming an opinion4 ,if rabies is suspected1 isolation and destruction should be carried out at once4 ,the speedier the better4 ,before concluding1 the writer wishes to say that the bite of a dog in ordinary health is no more injurious than a wound inflicted by any other means1 and that the sooner this stupid fallacy explodes the better for beast and man4 ,to destroy a healthy dog because it happens to have bitten a person is akin to madness4 ,,blood-,,poisoning ,this is almost always due to absorption of septic matter1 usually from the seat of a wound or other injury4 ,we have frequently seen it follow a bite from another dog4 ,it is generally fatal4 ,the skin assumes a bluish tint1 and beneath it inflammatory products accumulate1 giving1 when pressed with the fingers1 a crackling sensation4 ,in other instances1 abscesses form both internally and externally1 sometimes the whole of a limb being infiltrated with pus1 etc4 ,very little can be done4 ,to support the severe depression1 give brandy1 eggs1 and ,brand's ,essence of ,beef4 ,also #be grains of salicylate of soda every six hours in a little cold water4 ,,rheumatism ,,or ,,kennel ,,lameness ,masters of ,hounds and ,sporting-dog men in particular1 are nearly all acquainted with this troublesome complaint4 ,where dogs are kenneled on damp or low-lying ground1 there may we expect to find kennel lameness--a title under which it has been known for many and many a score of years4 ,a previous attack is a predisposing influence to its recurrence4 ,rheumatism may be either acute or chronic4 ,although not common in its acute form1 the writer has treated dogs that could hardly bear anyone to enter--much less shake--the rooms where they have been kept1 the slightest shake causing the dog to howl from the agony of pain so induced4 ,under these circumstances1 the diagnosis of rheumatism becomes a certainty1 much more so than in its chronic condition1 when confined to a limb1 joint1 etc4 ,the muscles of the chest--,chest-founder--and the neck1 are commonly affected4 ,stiffness and difficulty in moving--the dog often suddenly howling from pain--are the chief signs4 ,there is not much 7if any7 swelling in this complaint1 as it occurs in the dog4 ,the shifting character of rheumatism is a great aid to diagnosis4 ,treatment4--,keep dog in a dry and warm kennel4 ,don't wash1 especially in winter4 ,give soda water to drink4 ,for the chronic manifestation of the affection1 administer #e grains of iodide of potash night and morning4 ,open bowels with a purgative4 ,if acute1 #bj grains of salicylate of soda every eight hours in a tablespoonful of water4 ,rub the muscles with some stimulating liniment1 such as white oil1 belladonna1 or aconite liniments4 ,feed on soft food and nurse dog well4 ,many cases of rheumatism never get any better1 the dog remaining a confirmed cripple1 though worse in damp weather4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,constitutional ,skin ,diseases ,,eczema--,,boils--,,herpes--,,nettle-,, rash ,,eczema ,this is a very common complaint1 indeed much more so than need be if proper attention were paid to the feeding and exercising of dogs4 ,that eczema is of a hereditary nature there seems abundant evidence to prove1 the progeny of eczematous parents predisposing the offspring to suffer--when the exciting cause comes into play--in a like manner4 ,derangement of the digestive organs and impaired nerve force must be reckoned as chief amongst such causes4 ,sarcoptic mange and certain other parasites are of course capable of producing eczema1 but this is chiefly mechanical irritation1 ceasing with the destruction of the irritant4 ,not so1 however1 with eczema of a constitutional nature1 the irritation requiring internal medication for its subjugation4 ,eczema is denoted by the appearance of one or more patches of inflamed skin1 and unless checked1 the whole of the skin may become inflamed1 the hairs broken and shed1 reducing the dog to a condition of misery and suffering4 ,any portion of the body or extremities are the seats of eruption1 but where the parts can be licked or scratched by the dog1 the worse the zone of inflammation4 ,in the moist form of eczema small vesicles appear2 the rupture of these and the dessication of their contents1 along with scales1 hair1 etc41 forms a scab or crust on the surface4 ,many sporting 7and other7 dogs have a dry form of eczema known as ,psoriasis1 showing itself upon the points of the elbows and buttocks4 ,here the patches are very intractable1 the skin having a dry and leathery appearance4 ,between the toes1 around the eyelids1 margins of the ears1 are common situations for eczema to make its appearance4 ,treatment4--,this must be both local1 i4e41 applied to the diseased part or parts1 and general1 i4e41 directed towards improving the constitution4 ,plenty of exercise and a reasonable supply of good1 sound1 boiled flesh1 mixed with bread1 night and morning1 will do much towards a cure4 ,give a bath of sulphurated potash 7#b ounces of sulphate of potash to #f gallons of water7 weekly1 dry thoroughly and then dress the parts with sulphur ointment1 or boracic acid ointment4 ,if the disease has spread more1 or less1 over the whole skin1 dress with the following liniment4 ,rx ,paraffin oil #d ounces ,sulphur flowers #d ounces ,oil of tar #b ounces ,olive oil #cj ounces ,mix4 ,wash off in six days' time1 and repeat once every ten days until cured4 ,n4,b4--,a cheap oil 7rape1 colza1 etc471 can be substituted for the olive oil1 though these are all distinctly inferior for the purpose4 ,in addition to the treatment1 give the dog a #e-;grain blue pill1 say once every three or four weeks1 and have the following mixture compounded4 ,rx ,liquid extract of sacred bark #b drachms ,acetate of potash #a drachm ,ammoniated citrate of iron #a drachm ,tincture of orange #a ounce ,fowler's ,solution of ,arsenic #hj drops ,water to #h ounces ,directions3 ,give one tablespoonful night and morning before food4 ,several weeks' or months' treatment will be required ere a complete cure can be anticipated4 ,mild cases of eczema are not difficult to bring under control1 but those of long-standing demand perseverance4 ,if skin scaly1 use tar ointment daily4 ,,boils ,a common situation for these to make their appearance is upon or between the toes4 ,frequently they are very troublesome1 appearing and reappearing4 ,the best treatment is to poultice freely with hot linseed meal1 and if at all tardy in healing1 paint with ,friar's ,balsam4 ,keep feet very clean1 soaking in hot water at each time of removal of poultice4 ,give a dose of ,epsom salts1 and don't allow dog to run about without a leather boot for a few days1 or at anyrate until the sores have become perfectly healed4 ,a little powdered boracic acid powder can be dusted upon the sore places4 ,for drawing sores turpentine ointment is very useful4 ,,herpes ,by this term we mean an eruption of vesicles or small blisters in groups upon an inflamed skin4 ,these blisters are larger than those of eczema4 ,it is not uncommon to see them around the lips during an attack of distemper1 causing the mouth to become extremely sore and painful4 ,in ringworm1 the patch is of a kindred nature1 though contagious4 ,,nettle-,,rash ,this complaint is characterised by the sudden appearance of numerous wheals or elevations upon various parts of the skin1 causing a burning and itching sensation1 provoking the dog to bite and scratch the parts affected4 ,generally these wheals disappear as suddenly as they came1 though now and again some are very stationary4 ,the best treatment comprises the administration of a #e-;grain blue pill and the application of a little vinegar and water to the irritable patches4 ,,chapter ,,xix ,external ,parasites and ,parasitic ,skin ,diseases ,,fleas--,,pediculi ,,or ,,lice--,,ringworm--,,sarcoptic ,,mange--,,follicular ,,mange ,,fleas ,during the warm weather more particularly1 fleas are a source of great annoyance to dogs1 and frequently to their owners1 more especially if the animal be kept in the house4 ,owing to the rapid multiplication of fleas1 dogs that are not regularly groomed or washed1 soon become swarmed with these pests1 consequently the severe irritation they produce upon the skin causes the animal to lose condition1 whilst the scratching and biting destroys its coat4 ,regularity of washing1 both dog and kennel1 constitutes the best means of checking these pests4 ,wash all woodwork with boiling water and ,stone ,ammonia1 then expose to air4 ,turpentine is a capital thing to sprinkle the kennel1 benches1 etc41 with4 ,fleas seem to dislike this drug more than any other agent we have employed4 ,a very good dressing for destroying fleas is composed of an ounce each of turpentine and terebene1 dissolved in a pint of methylated spirits of wine4 ,,pediculi ,,or ,,lice 7,,phthiriasis7 ,whenever dogs get into this condition1 it is reasonable to conclude that there has been a want of proper attention4 ,one may go further1 by saying that it is generally the outcome of neglect1 and a lousy dog should only be found in the kennel of the sluggard1 no matter whatever be the source of infection4 ,detection at an exhibition leads to exclusion1 and rightly so4 ,the eggs or nits are attached firmly to the shafts of the hairs close to the root1 and hatch in about five days after being deposited4 ,any part of the body may be the seat of these parasites1 but those parts where the hairy covering is dense1 constitute the most favourable cover4 ,loss of condition soon follows the invasion4 ,treatment4--,use the brush and comb freely4 ,scrub all kennel fittings with strong decoction of tobacco4 ,dress dog with the following3-- ,rx ,oil of ,stavesacre #a ounce ,olive ,oil #ad ounces ,mix and rub in with a stiff brush4 ,an infusion of quassia is an excellent and harmless remedy4 ,buy #d;d4 of quassia chips1 and add a quart of boiling water1 with the addition of half an ounce of shag tobacco1 infusing for six hours4 ,dress dog all over1 rubbing well into under coat1 if dog has one4 ,dog ticks may be snipped off with scissors4 ,,ringworm ,although now and then affected with ringworm1 the dog does not suffer from the skin disease anything like so commonly as cattle4 ,the chief variety seen upon the dog is that induced by the vegetable parasite1 ,tricophyton tonsurans1 which assumes a circular1 or shield-like form4 ,honeycomb ringworm is another variety4 ,the patch is about an inch long as a rule1 scaly1 and shows the hairs broken across1 giving it a stubbly appearance4 ,it is easily recognised4 ,ringworm can be readily transferred from one dog to another1 or to animals of different species1 and the converse4 ,treatment4--,paint the bare patch or patches with iodine liniment2 groom well and feed well4 ,keep dog away from others until cured4 ,,sarcoptic ,,mange ,this is a very common form of mange1 though often confused with non-parasitic eczema4 ,the mange mite is known as ,sarcoptes canis1 and takes up its abode upon the superficial dermoid structures4 ,the irritation thus induced1 causes the dog to bite and scratch the part1 ending in the production of a raw1 weeping surface1 extending from point to point1 unless something is done to check the ravages of the mites4 ,with licking1 biting and scratching1 these parasites are transferred as indicated1 and an artificial form of eczema induced4 ,the diagnosis can be confirmed by microscopic examination of the under surfaces of the crusts upon the sores4 ,treatment4--,being contagious1 keep the diseased dog from healthy ones until cured4 ,all fittings1 clothing1 and other appliances likely to have been in contact with the diseased dog ought to be thoroughly scalded with boiling water and soda4 ,short-coated dogs are more readily curable than heavily-coated varieties4 ,wash dog twice weekly1 and after thoroughly drying1 dress all over with a dressing1 composed of #d ounces of flowers of sulphur1 ounce of oil of tar1 and a pint of train1 or colza oil4 ,this dressing should be washed off in about three or four days1 and repeated until cured4 ,a bath of sulphurated potash is a capital remedy4 ,add an ounce of sulphurated potash to every ten gallons of tepid water4 ,in some instances it is advisable to clip the dog1 thus facilitating the penetration of the dressing4 ,almost every kennel man and doggy man has his so-called mange cure1 but the first principles are to make a diagnosis of the complaint under which the animal is labouring4 ,,follicular ,,mange ,this is a very intractable variety of mange1 resulting from the invasion of the hair-follicles by a minute mite1 known as ,demodex folliculorum1 easily recognisable on microscopic examination4 ,it is of lobster-like shape4 ,it will readily be understood that the inaccessible habitats of these mites renders the effective application of medicinal agents at a disadvantage4 ,destruction of the roots of the hairs is a common result1 and a permanent bare patch often remains as a legacy of the parasitic attack4 ,like the sarcoptic1 follicular mange is transferable from one dog to another1 though less readily than the former4 ,bare patches should be shaved all around1 and the part painted with colourless tincture of iodine daily1 or twice daily4 ,the most satisfactory way of dealing with this complaint is to consult a qualified veterinary surgeon4 ,,chapter ,,xx ,diseases of the ,gullet1 ,stomach1 ,bowels1 and ,digestive ,glands ,,disease ,,of ,,gullet--,,inflammation ,,of ,,stomach--,,twist ,,and ,,intussusception ,,of ,,the ,,bowels--,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,bowels--,,vomiting--,,worms--,,diarrh, a--,,dysentery--,h,,morrhage--,h,,morrho ids --,,dyspepsia--,,jaundiceor ,,yellow--,,ruptures4 ,,gullet ,this begins at the back part of the mouth1 the entrance into it is known as the pharynx1 and ends at the stomach4 ,stricture1 or narrowing of the gullet1 and injury to it1 such as sometimes produced by the dog swallowing a sharp-pointed body1 is not an uncommon accident4 ,external compression1 such as the presence of a morbid growth in juxtaposition to the gullet1 is capable of interfering with the functional use of the tube1 thereby preventing the animal from swallowing properly4 ,diseases of the gullet always demand the exercise of professional skill1 and until this is obtained1 nothing beyond trifling amounts of liquid nourishment ought to be given4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,stomach 7,,gastritis7 ,probably the most frequent cause of gastric inflammation in the dog is that arising through the ingestion of irritant poisons1 such as arsenic1 antimony1 etc4 ,less frequently an inflamed stomach is due to the presence of worms1 or to the specific poison of distemper3 in the latter case the areas of disease generally being of an extensive nature4 ,the chief symptoms of stomach inflammation are vomiting2 pain in the belly2 prostration2 thirst1 and other signs of the dog being in a critical condition4 ,treatment must be in accordance with the cause4 ,,twist ,,or ,,strangulation2 ,,and ,,intussusception ,,of ,,the ,,bowels ,neither of these morbid conditions are of uncommon occurrence amongst dogs1 more especially so in young dogs1 but why this should be so1 is difficult of explanation4 ,a twisted bowel is certainly not so frequently met with as a telescoped or intussuscepted one4 ,in both cases inflammation is set up1 chiefly confined to the area involved1 or in those parts in juxtaposition to the lesion4 ,practically speaking1 one issue is the rule in both cases1 and that is death4 ,spontaneous reduction is rare1 and as the diagnosis is attended with difficulty1 relief by operation seldom attempted4 ,the true nature of these bowel complaints is generally only revealed on after-death examination4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,bowels ,we have already alluded to this in the previous paragraph1 but inflammation of the bowels also arises from other than the causes therein named4 ,in the author's opinion1 the most frequent causes of this complaint in puppies are round-worms 7,ascaris marginata74 ,to avoid puppies being troubled with these parasites1 small quantities of lime-water are of service4 ,a tablespoonful will be sufficient at once4 ,teaspoonful doses of ,brand's ,essence of ,beef constitutes one of the very best substances that can be used when vomition is troublesome1 and later on the yolk of an egg1 with the addition of a teaspoonful of brandy4 ,as a medicinal agent1 bismuth is particularly useful1 so that the following mixture should be obtained from the chemist3-- ,rx ,carbonate of bismuth #c drachms ,pepsin #cj grains ,bromide of potash #b drachms ,bicarbonate of soda #c drachms ,compound tincture of cardamoms #a ounce ,water to make #d ounces ,mix4 ,dose3 ,one tablespoonful every four hours until the vomiting ceases4 ,for ,terriers1 etc41 half this dose will suffice4 ,this mixture will be found specially suitable for the vomiting of distemper1 and when arising from other causes1 of a general nature4 ,in case the dog has been poisoned or picked up some material of an objectionable nature1 it may not be advisable to try and check the vomiting4 ,under these circumstances1 it must be regarded as a salutary process4 ,it is only when it becomes excessive that it is advisable to stop it4 ,another very important matter when dealing with a case of excessive vomition1 is that of keeping the dog as quiet as possible1 together with the application of hot1 dry flannels1 applied over the belly for several hours at a time1 and continued with until improvement sets in4 ,the bitch should be thoroughly dosed with worm medicine before she comes into season1 otherwise repeated purgation by worm medicine may have a prejudicial influence after service4 ,refusing to suck and crying from the pain in the belly are the surest indications of this condition in suckers4 ,in adult dogs irritant poisons are not at all an uncommon cause of inflammation of the bowels4 ,the specific poison of distemper is another cause4 ,external injuries will produce it1 and probably exposure to severe wet1 such as lying on a damp kennel floor4 ,peritonitis is a frequent accompaniment4 ,it is generally fatal1 therefore the best of skill should be obtained4 ,hot fomentations and #ae-to #bj-;drop doses of chlorodyne every three hours can be tried in the meantime4 ,,vomiting ,the dog finds vomiting the readiest means of ejecting objectionable substances from within its stomach1 and consequently many medicinal agents are conveniently--sometimes inconveniently--got rid of by this means4 ,even this ready means does not safeguard our canine friends against death from the ingestion of various poisonous agents1 though doubtless this prompt action of the stomach in response to stimulation of the vomiting centre in the brain1 does confer a certain degree of immunity against toxic substances4 ,rapidity of absorption has an important bearing in this respect1 such deadly agents as strychnine being absorbed by the stomach1 passing into the circulation to other vital organs in a very rapid manner4 ,during distemper1 vomiting is common1 its frequent repetition being an additional exhausting factor in this malady4 ,to avoid this1 minute quantities of readily assimilable nourishment is essential4 ,when the ejected material is stained with blood or actually contains blood as blood1 it points to ulceration of the lining membrane of the stomach--a condition of gravity4 ,stoppage of the bowels is often followed by vomiting1 and frequently brings on paralysis4 ,treatment for ,vomition4--,rest for the stomach is one of the first essentials of treatment4 ,nourishment must be given1 and1 if necessary1 this can be in the form of nutrient enemas4 7,see ,,clysters47 ,fatty substances1 milk1 vegetables1 and solid food1 must be rigidly excluded until such time as the organ has regained its tone and proper power of assimilating the nutritive pabulum supplied4 ,soda-water to drink and #bj grains of powdered bismuth three times a day1 along with a tablespoonful of the soda-water4 ,if dog is paralytic give it an enema4 ,,worms ,although fairly common in other situations1 worms are most frequently found infesting the intestines and stomach4 ,the cavities of the heart1 nasal and respiratory passages1 cranial cavity1 and bile-duct are more rarely the seats of parasitic invasion in the dog4 ,when the heart and respiratory tubes are affected1 the parasites are of a minute1 thread-like character1 hence known as ,filaria1 or thread-worms4 ,the flat1 lancet-shaped worm1 sometimes found up the nose1 is spoken of as a trematode2 the round-worms in the stomach and bowels as nematodes2 whilst the other long1 flat1 or tape-like worms1 are called ,tnia4 ,very few dogs are entirely free from worms of one sort or another1 though it is only when these become numerous that the dog shows signs of having these pests4 ,gradual loss of condition1 irregular appetite1 irregular evacuations1 harsh coat1 sometimes vomiting1 and increased redness of the membranes lining the eyelids1 are the usual signs1 significant of internal parasites4 ,positive proof is of course the passage of segments of tape-worms1 or round-worms1 either by vomiting1 or in the evacuations4 ,sneezing and a catarrhal discharge from the nose is generally present when the nasal passages are infested with the lancet-shaped worms already alluded to4 ,an uncommon true blood-sucking worm 7,spiroptera sanguinolenta7 is occasionally found in the stomach4 ,newly-born puppies seem predisposed to become infected with round-worms1 known as ,ascaris marginata1 such infection taking place from the dam1 hence the necessity for ridding her of worms1 and the most suitable time to administer vermifuge medicine1 in an efficacious manner1 is prior to her coming in season4 ,with reference to the preventative measures against worm infestation1 speaking practically1 not a great deal can be done1 the sources of infection being so varied4 ,feeding dogs on the viscera of animals must of course be condemned1 and with the abolition of this practice so will diminish one source of infection4 ,many so-called worm specifics are now largely advertised1 rival proprietors claiming superiority and even infallibility4 ,some of these nostrums are given without fasting the dog1 but said to be equally efficacious4 ,this statement must be accepted with reservation1 as all worm medicines act more energetically when the stomach and bowels are empty4 ,before administering worm medicine1 it is advisable to fast adult dogs for twenty-four hours1 but puppies should not be kept longer than fifteen hours without food4 ,although an old1 but well-tried remedy against both round and flat worms1 areca nut still maintains its position1 and rightly so1 because when given in suitable doses1 and in accordance with the old rules1 it seldom fails to give a satisfactory account of its action4 ,the freshly grated nut has advantages over the powder1 more especially if the latter has been kept in stock for a considerable time1 as usually happens where the demand for a certain drug is limited4 ,when combined with santonin1 its action on round-worms is greatly enhanced4 ,areca nut1 santonin1 and male fern1 are now all sold in capsular form1 thus diminishing their nauseating effects4 ,the average dose of areca nut for such breeds as ,pointers1 ,setters1 ,retrievers1 ,fox and other ,hounds1 is a drachm and a half1 combined with #h grains of santonin1 and given as a bolus mixed with honey1 treacle1 etc41 or in a little milk1 though less liable to be vomited when given without any liquid4 ,about three hours afterwards give a full dose of castor oil4 ,repeat weekly1 for a month if needful4 ,a course of tonic medicine may then follow1 so as to brace up the constitution4 ,such substances as powdered glass and other mechanical irritants ought to be avoided1 being liable to set up gastro-enteritis4 ,powdered tin1 glass1 etc41 belong to this class4 ,calomel1 hellebore1 pomegranate bark1 spirit of turpentine1 ,barbadoes tar1 garlic1 wormwood1 ,kousso1 ,kamala1 etc41 have been1 and still are1 much used1 and abused4 ,whatever be the drug employed1 it is advisable to isolate dog both before and after dosing1 so that the results can be properly noted4 ,through neglect of this precaution1 many failures or indifferent results arise4 ,the indiscriminate employment of worm medicines is but too frequently resorted to1 and may further deplete an already exhausted system4 ,in many instances1 a course of iron and arsenic tonics1 followed by cod-liver oil and malt1 does more good than the administration of anti-worm remedies4 ,,diarrh,a ,like almost every other animal1 the dog is a frequent sufferer from a too loose condition of the evacuations1 constituting diarrha4 ,a variety of causes are capable of bringing this about1 but the presence of worms1 cold1 feeding on liver and other unsuitable foods1 are1 in all probability the most frequent causes4 ,during distemper1 superpurgation is a frequent sign1 calling for active but well-regulated treatment to control it4 ,it must be borne in mind that this excessive discharge of liquid fces is but symptomatic of derangement of the stomach1 bowels1 or digestive glands1 and that it can only be successfully treated when viewed in this light1 the administration of diarrha mixtures being often a failure1 because these facts are ignored4 ,a little careful consideration will often determine the cause1 the discharge ceasing with its removal4 ,in other instances it can only be conjectured1 treatment becoming speculative4 ,boiled rice and milk1 arrowroot and milk1 to which two or three tablespoonfuls of port wine has been added1 constitutes suitable dietary whilst the evacuations are in a fluid1 or semi-fluid state4 ,when arising through a chill1 or the animal becoming overheated1 the following mixture can1 with benefit1 be used3-- ,rx ,rubini's ,essence of ,camphor #a drachm ,chlorodyne #b drachms ,mix1 and give #be drops three times per day1 along with a tablespoonful of cold arrowroot gruel4 ,diarrha arising through the irritation of unsuitable food in the stomach and bowels must be treated as follows3-- #a4 ,give a full dose of castor oil1 along with #bj drops of laudanum4 #b4 ,after this has had time to work itself out1 follow up with doses of the diarrha mixture1 as sold by chemists for the human subject4 ,,dysentery ,when diarrha is allowed to continue1 it is liable to end with dysenteric symptoms1 the lower end of the bowel becoming implicated1 producing bloodstained evacuations1 or the disease may be of a specific nature from the beginning4 ,no matter how arising1 dysentery is an exhausting disease1 and one that demands prompt treatment for its alleviation4 ,internally1 powdered ipecacuanha is the best remedy1 and it should be given4 ,first give an injection of tepid water 7 to #a pints7 to wash out the bowel1 and then administer from #e to #bj grains of the above drug1 mixed with the same quantity of bicarbonate of soda1 in a tablespoonful of honey and water4 ,repeat in eight hours4 ,give no food1 and keep dog very quiet for next twenty-four hours4 ,injections of starch gruel and laudanum are often very useful for dysentery1 and can be used twice daily4 ,twenty to #fj drops of laudanum may be added to a couple of tablespoonfuls of tepid boiled starch1 then injected into the lower end of the bowel by means of a vulcanite1 glass1 or ball syringe4 ,particular attention must1 of course1 be paid to the animal's diet4 ,nothing but farinaceous foods should be allowed unless it be ,brand's ,essence1 or some stimulating liquid1 such as bovril or ,oxo1 to which isinglass has been added4 ,if pain severe1 apply hot poultices to the belly4 ,h,,morrhage ,loss of blood may arise either from within or without the body1 be of varying amount1 and either arterial1 venous1 or capillary4 ,excessive hmorrhage is of course always injurious1 but its gravity is greater when issuing from some vital part1 such as the lungs1 stomach1 kidneys1 cranium1 etc4 ,in lung hmorrhage the blood is coughed up1 and of a bright-red colour--fresh blood4 ,when coming from the stomach it is generally intermingled with the vomited material4 ,if issuing from the urinary apparatus1 it is either mingled with the urine1 so as to stain this fluid1 or passed as blood at the end of the act of urination4 ,in the latter case1 it will most probably be coming from the bladder1 or the kidneys4 ,hmorrhage from the bowels is passed along with the stools1 or immediately following the act of defecation1 as frequently happens in piles4 ,rupture of the heart1 or the larger vessels gives rise to a rapid and fatal hmorrhage4 ,the treatment1 with a view to arrest the bleeding1 will of course depend upon the conditions through which it has been brought about4 ,if from without1 e4g41 a wound1 the bleeding vessel ought to be ligatured1 or else have a compress fastened on so as to exercise sufficient pressure upon and above the injured vessel4 ,when bleeding is due to small blood-vessels having been torn1 tincture of steel1 ,friar's ,balsam1 etc41 will sometimes be sufficient to arrest it4 ,cold water1 or an ice compress is equally useful4 ,when blood comes from the lungs1 e4g41 a gunshot wound in this region1 there is generally a certain amount of bronchial irritation1 so that the dog must be kept warm4 ,have ice compresses applied to the chest1 and #ae grains of gallic acid given three times a day4 ,if this fails1 ,adrenalin ,tablets can be tried4 ,h,,morrhoids 7,,piles7 ,the dog1 like other animals1 is liable to suffer from piles1 causing it considerable discomfiture4 ,the disease may be external1 or internal4 ,external piles consist of enlarged veins1 the result of a sluggish circulation1 and are more frequently seen in ladies' lap-dogs1 or those leading an indolent and useless existence4 ,internal piles generally cause bleeding and pain during defecation1 and are often seen protruding during the latter act4 ,exercise1 a liver laxative1 such as #a to #d of ,carter's ,little ,liver ,pills now and then1 with the application of a little gallic acid ointment1 constitutes the safest treatment that the amateur can adopt4 ,,dyspepsia 7,,indigestion7 ,although the dog has remarkable powers of digesting such apparently insoluble substances as bones1 etc41 he1 like most other animals1 is a frequent sufferer from digestive disturbance1 though this derangement of the digestive organs is certainly of more frequent occurrence amongst dogs leading inactive lives4 ,probably the most frequent cause of dyspeptic symptoms are the various forms of worms1 so prevalent amongst dogs4 ,following this as a cause1 decayed teeth are liable to provoke it1 whilst prolonged feeding on unsuitable food1 over1 under1 and irregular feeding1 are equally fruitful sources of mischief to the digestive apparatus4 ,general unthriftiness1 want of energy1 and a morbid appetite1 together with foul breath1 are the leading features of disordered digestion4 ,it must be borne in mind1 however1 that the digestive organs are frequently in a perverted condition through disease in other parts1 such as the heart1 kidneys1 liver1 etc41 and can only be regulated for proper assimilation when treatment is directed towards the mischief1 in connection with any of the foregoing organs4 ,most suitable food is that containing a due proportion of flesh and carbohydrate2 therefore a mixture of boiled paunch and boiled rice will meet this end4 ,feed the dog regularly1 and give no more than the dictates of common sense suggest as sufficient for the size of the dog4 ,give extract of malt daily4 ,hounds and other sporting dogs should not be allowed to eat as much as they like1 no matter however hard they may have been working4 ,if sickness is a troublesome symptom1 it will generally be advisable to give the dog a dose of worm medicine4 ,should the results be negative1 give one of the following powders night and morning4 ,rx ,bismuth carbonate #a drachm ,pepsin #bj grains ,powdered charcoal #b drachms ,powdered sugar #a drachm ,mix and divide into one dozen powders1 giving in their dry state1 by placing on the back of the tongue4 ,any loose or carious teeth ought to be removed1 and a dose of compound liquorice powder given occasionally to regulate the bowels4 ,from a quarter to one teaspoonful of this powder will be a suitable dose4 ,should there be no improvement in the animal's condition1 it will be advisable to obtain skilled advice--not such as is frequently offered by unqualified canine specialists1 or others of this class professing a knowledge of all pertaining to the doggy world4 ,,jaundice ,affections of the liver1 or when the secretion or excretion of bile is perverted1 the symptom known as jaundice results4 ,very few people are unacquainted with the characteristic yellow colouration of the skin and visible mucous membranes4 ,the word jaundice comes from the ,french jaune1 yellow1 and icterus1 a ,greek word for golden thrush4 ,the yellow colour of the skin1 white of eyes1 mucuous membranes lining eyelids and cheeks is1 of course diagnostic that the colouring matter of the bile is circulating throughout the system4 ,the urine is usually deep yellow and very scanty1 and the motions often clay-coloured and hard1 though this latter condition is frequently absent1 in fact diarrha present4 ,this is particularly well marked in the so-called hepatic or bilious form of distemper4 ,gall-stones1 when impacted in the bile-ducts1 give rise to jaundice and colic pains4 ,there is also a catarrhal condition of the bile-ducts that leads to the same jaundiced condition4 ,as a considerable number of dogs succumb to this affection1 very careful treatment is necessary4 ,linseed and mustard poultices over the region of the liver1 and a hot bath1 will often work miracles4 ,soda-water and milk should constitute the only nourishment for a few days1 unless it be teaspoonful doses of ,brand's ,essence of ,beef4 ,a grain of calomel along with a quarter teaspoonful of sugar1 night and morning for two or three days 7until the bowels are open71 will be found to do good in most instances4 ,further treatment can1 with advantage1 be left to the veterinarian1 so much depending upon individual conditions4 ,,ruptures ,although purely of a surgical nature1 it may not be out of place to mention that any organ or tissue in any part of the body may be the seat of a rupture4 ,ruptures of the stomach 7rare in the dog71 bladder1 liver1 blood-vessels1 bowels1 muscles1 etc41 are of occasional occurrence4 ,a very common rupture is that known as umbilical1 many puppies showing this swelling in the region of the navel4 ,frequently it disappears with increasing age4 ,it is of little importance4 ,rupture of the wall of the belly and protrusion of the bowels1 etc41 is a serious condition1 demanding immediate professional aid4 ,this is equally applicable when the generative organs or perinum are injured4 ,another form of rupture is that known as inguinal1 denoted by a variously-sized swelling in the region of the groin4 ,in scrotal rupture the testicular sac is enlarged4 ,,chapter ,,xxi ,poisons and their ,remedies ,,poisoning ,,by ,,arsenic--,,by ,,antimony--,,strychnine--,,phosphorus-- ,,rat ,,and ,,other ,,vermin-,,killers--,,by ,,lead--,,mercury--,,ptomaine ,,poisoning ,,poisoning ,,by ,,arsenic ,very small quantities of this drug are capable of bringing on a fatal inflammation of the stomach and bowels1 and it is only prescribed in the most minute doses4 ,fowler's ,solution of ,arsenic is the compound generally selected for administration of the drug in the liquid form1 the average dose of it for the larger sporting dogs being #aj drops4 ,arsenious acid or white arsenic is an extremely cheap compound1 and one that enters largely into the composition of many sheep-dips1 a fact that it may be worth while to bear in mind should a dog be poisoned in a manner1 suspiciously regarded4 ,this same poison is not uncommonly used for the destruction of rats and other vermin1 though the facilities for obtaining it are1 to a great extent1 a barrier against its frequent employment for such purposes4 ,arsenic is a corrosive and irritant poison1 producing vomiting1 dysentery1 acute pain within the belly1 thirst1 prostration1 and a speedy but painful death4 ,as a rule1 dogs poisoned by arsenic die1 only the mildest forms making recovery4 ,under any circumstances it is advisable to seek the assistance of a ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s41 acting in accordance with his instructions4 ,in the absence of professional aid1 provided the animal is not too much exhausted1 an emetic should be given1 and for this purpose there is nothing more suitable than #bj grains of white vitriol 7sulphate of zinc71 or the same quantity of blue vitriol 7sulphate of copper71 mixed with a couple of tablespoonfuls of tepid water4 ,if neither of these agents are handy1 use mustard1 salt1 and water4 ,teaspoonful doses of brandy1 mixed with the same quantity of olive or salad oil1 can be given at frequent intervals4 ,twenty-drop doses of chlorodyne1 may be added if the pain is severe4 ,hot fomentations to the belly will do good4 ,,antimony ,the compound of this element most commonly in use for medicinal purposes is that known as tartar emetic--an exceedingly active poison4 ,minute doses are sometimes prescribed in order to induce vomiting1 and in bronchial complaints to produce expectoration4 ,the symptoms and treatment are practically on a par with those laid down for arsenic4 ,vomiting and extreme depression of the vital powers are specially significant symptoms4 ,both arsenic and antimony have their special antidotes1 though even these are of very doubtful efficacy4 ,,strychnine ,although a difficult poison to procure from any source1 it is surprising the number of dogs that are annually poisoned by this agent4 ,in appearance1 strychnine is a harmless-looking crystalline 7or powdered7 white solid1 the most minute particles readily inducing muscular spasms and death4 ,strychnine also occurs in the form of a buff-coloured powder1 known as nux vomica1 the alkaloid or active principle being strychnine4 ,many gamekeepers make use of strychnine for destroying such birds as hooded crows1 etc4 ,farmers now and then soak maize in a solution of strychnine1 in order to destroy crows in a wholesale manner4 ,we merely mention these facts1 as showing the various sources from which a dog might accidentally get poisoned4 ,in a very few minutes after swallowing strychnine the dog becomes convulsed all over4 ,the muscular spasms may completely render the dog paralytic2 in fact1 this usually happens4 ,quick and laboured breathing is soon followed by complete collapse4 ,so rapidly does strychnine--especially if the dog has taken a few grains--produce death1 that there is seldom much chance for the employment of remedial agents1 or to call professional assistance4 ,if there seems reasonable hopes of recovery1 call in a qualified veterinary surgeon at once4 ,twenty grains of chloral hydrate1 #be grains each of potassium1 iodide and bromide1 in water1 can be used in the meantime4 ,,phosphorus ,it is hardly necessary to go beyond mentioning the possibility of poisoning by this agent4 ,it is a constituent of so-called phosphor paste largely used for the destruction of vermin1 such as rats and mice4 ,dogs have been known to partake of it1 usually ending in death4 ,a most important matter is to avoid giving the dog any oily substances1 if poisoned by this element4 ,,rat ,,and ,,other ,,vermin ,,killers ,we have already spoken of phosphorus being the active agent in some of these compounds4 ,barium and arsenic are likewise employed4 ,most of these being proprietary articles1 their exact composition is not of any particular interest4 ,sickness1 thirst1 severe pain and prostration1 are chief amongst the symptoms produced by such agents4 ,empty stomach with an emetic2 give small doses of brandy in water1 along with #dj grains of carbonate of bismuth1 every three hours1 or oftener4 ,keep dog quiet1 and apply hot dry flannels to the belly continuously4 ,,lead ,the most likely method for lead-poisoning to occur in a dog is through the animal licking paint1 or drinking out of a leaden vessel4 ,it is an uncommon form of poisoning in the dog4 ,lead poisoning can be either acute or chronic1 and is denoted by colicky pains1 constipation and a blue line around the gums4 ,paralysis and other nervo-muscular signs supervene4 ,give half an ounce of ,epsom's salts until bowels are freely open1 and later on1 #e grains of iodide of potash night and morning4 ,warm fomentations to belly4 ,,mercury ,mercurial poisoning but seldom occurs1 and when it does1 it is chiefly the result of the continued medicinal use of the drug1 or as an over-dose4 ,dogs seem particularly susceptible to the action of mercurial compounds1 so that this drug requires to be given with circumspection4 ,an excessive discharge of saliva from the mouth and loosening of the teeth are amongst the most prominent signs4 ,,ptomaine ,,poisoning ,to this class belongs various organic poisons produced in food substances 7fish1 etc471 as the result of fermentative changes1 arising through the presence of bacteria or other minute living organisms4 ,although cases of ptomaine poisoning are more frequently met with in the human subject1 there is a possibility of the occurrence of such in the dog4 ,empty stomach with an emetic1 say #bj grains of white vitriol and given in two tablespoonfuls of tepid water4 ,,chapter ,,xxii ,diseases of the ,urinary ,organs ,,disease ,,of ,,the ,,kidneys--,,stone ,,in ,,the ,,bladder--,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,bladder--,,stricture ,,of ,,the ,,urethra ,,disease ,,of ,,the ,,kidneys ,one or both of the kidneys may be the seat of acute or of chronic inflammation4 ,chronic inflammation of the kidneys is not uncommonly the result of stone1 or gravel1 accumulating within what is called the pelvis of the kidney4 ,under these circumstances1 the dog suffers great discomfiture in passing his water1 the latter being ejected in very small quantities1 and it is generally stained with blood4 ,in some instances a single stone will occupy the whole of the pelvis of the kidney1 destroying its functions1 whereas in other cases the particles of stone are small1 or even gritty1 rendering them extremely liable to wander into other portions of the urinary tract4 ,abscess of the kidney is induced by the presence of injecting material gaining admission4 ,severe pain during urination1 bloody-coloured urine passed in drops1 loss of condition and tenderness across the loins1 are some of the more prominent signs of this malady4 ,if there is the least suspicion as to the presence of this complaint1 consult a ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,in the meantime1 if the animal is in pain1 give #cj drops of laudanum1 in a little water1 or1 as a substitute1 #bj drops of chlorodyne4 ,avoid giving the dog much liquid1 but easily-digested solid food1 such as rice1 boiled chicken1 etc4 ,,stone ,,in ,,the ,,bladder ,the dog is not uncommonly a sufferer from stone in the bladder1 the writer having seen the whole cavity practically obliterated by the presence of one or more calculi4 ,considerable numbers have been removed by operation4 ,when there are a number of calculi in the bladder1 the rubbing of one against another causes the faces of them to become very smooth4 ,calculi vary in size1 hardness1 weight1 shape1 and position2 likewise are more frequent in dogs than bitches4 ,the chief indications of stone in the bladder are the passage of small quantities of urine at very frequent intervals1 often bloodstained4 ,for the relief of this condition1 surgical aid is necessary4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,bladder ,this arises through chemical1 mechanical1 and specific causes4 ,to the first class belong certain drugs2 to the second1 stone2 whilst the third class includes the germs of distemper1 blood-poisoning1 etc41 and the extension of inflammation from adjacent parts4 ,it may also occur as the sequel to an operation for stone in this organ4 ,the urine is passed in drops1 and the dog is in considerable pain1 more so when the parts in this region are pressed4 ,it is generally fatal4 ,,stricture ,the urethra is a tube leading from the bladder to the exterior1 serving for the passage of the urine4 ,sometimes it is the seat of obstruction or stricture1 i4e41 a narrowing of it4 ,congestion1 spasmodic contraction1 and organic changes are the principal causes4 ,the chief sign is the passage of urine in drops1 together with pain4 ,give a hot bath1 #bj-;drop doses of chlorodyne in a little water1 and consult a qualified veterinary surgeon4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,diseases of the ,ear ,,dropsy ,,of ,,the ,,ear-,,flap--,,otitis ,,or ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,ear--,,otorrh,a ,,or ,,canker--,,split ,,margin--,,eczema ,,of ,,ears--,,deafness--,,morbid ,,growths ,,in ,,passage--,,concretions--,,syringing ,,ears4 ,,dropsy ,,of ,,the ,,ear-,,flap ,long-eared dogs--more especially ,spaniels and ,retrievers--are very liable to suffer from this complaint4 ,in some instances the causes are1 probably1 of a constitutional nature1 but as a rule it is the result of a bruise4 ,the bruise gives rise to the production of an inflammatory effusion between the skin and cartilage of the external ear1 causing a baggy-like swelling1 compressible with the finger1 and alterable in shape when the external ear is manipulated4 ,the old1 and by far the most satisfactory way of dealing with this serous 7watery7 abscess is to make a free cut into it4 ,introduce the finger into the wound and break down adhesions2 then wash out with a little iodine and water4 ,keep wound open for a few days4 ,this will always effect a cure4 ,,otitis ,,or ,,inflammation ,,of ,,ear ,the passage of the ear is reddened and causes the dog to rub his sore ear1 or even cry from the pain4 ,very frequently this condition is accompanied by a fetid discharge2 if so1 it is spoken of as internal canker of ear4 ,a little cooling lotion1 such as a couple of teaspoonfuls of ,goulard1 in eight ounces of water1 applied night and morning1 will usually suffice to cure this complaint4 ,at same time give a dose of purgative medicine4 ,,otorrh,a ,,or ,,canker ,,of ,,ear ,this is an exceedingly common disease of dogs1 and when it has been allowed to run on unchecked becomes very intractable4 ,when the internal ear is in a diseased condition1 i4e41 disease of the bones1 etc41 the malady is incurable4 ,in the majority of instances the middle ear alone is the seat of inflammatory action and suppuration1 and usually curable4 ,one form of ear canker is produced by parasites 7,symbiotes auricularis canis7 invading the passage4 ,the ordinary form of canker is the result of some slight abrasion of the middle ear1 and subsequent infection of the wound by germs4 ,the secretion of the ear and constitutional predisposition towards eczema have no doubt an influence in determining the onset of canker1 of a non-parasitic nature4 ,the entrance of water and other foreign materials is thought to be equally productive of this disease1 but1 as already stated1 in all probability it is necessary to have some slight excoriation of the lining membrane4 ,turning the head to one side--when one ear is affected1 though frequently both are diseased--pain when the ear is manipulated1 revealing1 on close inspection of the passage1 increased redness1 with a sooty-like deposit 7dry form71 or moisture 7moist form71 passing into various stages of suppuration1 are the usual signs of this disease4 ,frequently the pus is mingled with blood1 the latter either coming from the tender abraded lining of the middle ear1 or1 may be1 from disease of the bones4 ,careful inspection will generally settle the matter4 ,the duration of the malady is of importance when forming an opinion4 ,in bad cases the discharge drops from the ears1 emitting a most offensive odour4 ,treatment4--,cleanse ears thoroughly with warm water and a little spirit of wine4 ,syringe out daily4 ,pour in some of the following lotion night and morning4 ,rx ,glycerine #b ounces ,laudanum ounce ,lead acetate drachm ,water added #h ounces ,mix4 ,warm before use4 ,milder cases can be cured by dusting boracic acid powder into ear night and morning1 and for parasitic canker1 use in the same way a little white precipitate 7ammoniated chloride of mercury74 ,give a dose of purgative medicine1 such as ,epsom salts1 and then follow up with a course of alterative medicine4 7,see ,,recipes74 ,,split ,,margin ,injuries of the flap of the ear are often very troublesome to treat successfully4 ,on this account such sores are spoken of as external canker1 in contradistinction to the disease previously discussed4 ,when the ear has been torn1 it is necessary to have professional aid to make a satisfactory job of it4 ,an effort must be made to get the edges of the torn surfaces to heal by what is called first intention4 ,,eczema ,,of ,,the ,,ears ,the margins of the flaps of the ears are commonly the seat of a dry eczematous eruption4 ,they become scaly1 thickened1 and hairless4 ,many dogs have their ears in this condition for years2 nevertheless1 it is very unsightly1 and the longer it exists the more the trouble of eradicating it4 ,apply with friction an ointment1 composed as follows1 night and morning4 ,rx ,oil of tar #b drachms ,glycerine #b drachms ,powdered sulphur ounce ,creosote #a drachm ,lard added #d ounces ,mix and rub well in all around the margins1 for twenty minutes each time4 ,in addition to this1 give a #e-;grain blue pill1 feed on meat and bread1 giving less dog-biscuit1 if this has been the principal food4 ,a course of alterative medicine will be required4 ,,deafness ,deafness may be complete or only partial1 and confined to one1 or affecting both ears4 ,in some dogs it is congenital1 i4e41 present from birth2 in others acquired4 ,severe canker will cause deafness1 so will a blow over the ear4 ,morbid growths in the passage1 and accumulation of waxy material1 etc41 will likewise produce partial or complete loss of hearing4 ,treatment must be directed to the removal--whenever possible--of the cause4 ,,morbid ,,growths ,,in ,,the ,,ear-,,passage ,occasionally the middle ear is the seat of various morbid growths1 either of a wart-like character1 or as small-stalked tumours1 causing complete or partial deafness1 in accordance with the occluding area involved4 ,surgical treatment is necessary1 excepting in the case of a single-stalked growth 7polypus71 around which a thin piece of twine or wire can be fixed4 ,it will then slough off4 ,concretions4--,these are chiefly accumulations of wax within the ear1 and should be removed first by softening with a little warm almond oil and then syringing with weak spirit and tepid water4 ,syringing ,ears4--,special glass1 vulcanite and rubber syringes are sold for this purpose4 ,before injecting the fluid1 warm it4 ,the stream of liquid should be forced well into the ear4 ,for cleansing the ears1 add a dessertspoonful of spirit of wine to a teacupful of rose-water1 warmed before use4 ,this liquid can be syringed into the depths of the passage once a day4 ,the dog should have a tape muzzle put on1 and then held by an assistant4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,diseases of the ,eye ,,ophthalmia--,,blindness--,,inverted ,,eyelids--,,everted ,,eyelids--,,torn ,,eyelids--,,bareness ,,around ,,margins ,,ophthalmia ,inflammation of one or both eyes is of fairly frequent occurrence amongst dogs1 more especially when a dog has distemper2 in fact1 the eyes nearly always participate in this malady4 ,injuries1 such as those produced by passing through thickets1 etc41 are also causes of this condition3 likewise chemical1 and other mechanical agencies4 ,the conjunctiva1 or membrane lining the eyelids becomes an intense red3 the eyes are intolerant to light1 and tears flow freely over the face3 the eyelids adherent1 more especially after sleep1 with a purulent discharge issuing therefrom4 ,prolonged inflammation is liable to end in the production of opacity of the cornea1 the surface of this membrane becoming a bluish white4 ,in distemper1 ulceration of it is not uncommon4 ,when ,hounds are kept in damp kennels1 where the sanitary arrangements are bad1 very severe forms of distemper ophthalmia are frequent4 ,the remark applies also to other dogs so situated4 ,treatment4--,this must be of both a local and general kind4 ,sponge eyes several times daily with a weak boracic acid lotion 7#cj grains to #f ounces of water71 using a sponge or piece of linen previously dipped in boiling water4 ,good results sometimes follow fomenting with luke-warm tea1 its simplicity being a recommendation4 ,when the cornea is ulcerated1 use a solution of nitrate of silver 7#d grains to the ounce of distilled water7 as drops1 night and morning4 ,keep the dog's head steady1 part the lids1 and then apply4 ,these drops will be equally useful for cloudy cornea4 ,rest the eyes by keeping dog in a dark place4 ,around the margins a little of ,singleton's ,golden ,eye ,ointment will be of as much service as aught else that can be recommended1 and can be procured at any drug stores4 ,,blindness ,a predisposing factor in the production of blindness is that of old age1 many aged dogs having what is known as senile cataracts4 ,injuries of any kind to the eye are liable to end in either partial1 or complete1 blindness4 ,in cataract1 it is the lens1 its covering1 or both1 that are the seats of disease4 ,in the so-called glass eye 7,amaurosis71 the appearance of the eye is that of a normal one1 the optic nerve being in a paralytic state4 ,opacity of the cornea does1 in accordance with the degree and situation of such deposit1 produce corresponding deficiency of sight4 ,,inverted ,,eyelids ,in this diseased condition it is generally the upper eyelid that is turned inwards4 ,if the eyelashes grow inwards1 it is called ,trichiasis4 ,in both conditions it follows that the lashes must be in contact with the globe of the eye4 ,if only a few lashes are growing inwards1 they should be pulled out1 but1 if numerous1 this is not a good plan4 ,to cure it1 a surgical operation is necessary4 ,,everted ,,eyelids ,like inverted or turned-in eyelid1 everted1 or turned-out eyelid is not a diseased condition1 but the outcome of disease1 probably of a weak orbicular muscle4 ,it is the lower eye that is usually affected1 and is curable by operation only4 ,,torn ,,eyelids ,injuries to the eyelids1 unless properly treated1 are liable to result in permanent unsightliness1 or1 it may be1 affect the sight4 ,either of the conditions last alluded to can be produced through injury to the eyelids externally1 or internally4 ,unless very slightly torn1 it will be better to consult a ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,,foreign ,,bodies ,,in ,,the ,,eyes ,minute particles of foreign substances1 such as thorns1 the outer covering of various seeds1 etc41 are liable to gain admission into the eyes4 ,if the glume of an oat seed1 etc41 lodges on the cornea1 it may remain adherent1 setting up inflammation of it4 ,blindness is a common result4 ,when the cornea is punctured1 it is advisable to have professional advice4 ,after the removal of a foreign body--best done by turning the upper lid outwards and upwards with the fingers--insert a drop or two of castor oil daily for a few days1 or as long as seems necessary4 ,severe injuries to the eyeball are liable to be followed by sympathetic inflammation in the sound eye4 ,,bareness ,,round ,,margins ,,of ,,eyes ,it commonly happens that around the margins1 through several causes1 the hairy part becomes destitute of hair1 giving the dog a very unsightly appearance4 ,in most instances the disease is of an eczematous nature1 requiring constitutional treatment for its removal4 7,see ,,eczema47 ,as an erythema it is seen in distemper1 arising through the acrid discharge from the eyes scalding the surrounding areas4 ,smear the part with a little ,singleton's ,golden ,eye ,ointment1 or with a little vaseline1 cold cream1 or boracic acid ointment4 ,,chapter ,,xxv ,injuries and ,minor ,operations ,,wounds--,,overgrown ,,claws--,,fractures ,,wounds ,lacerated and punctured wounds are very common1 more especially amongst sporting dogs1 and this chiefly owing to the thickets1 etc41 they have to face during work4 ,wounds and fractures are not uncommonly associated2 if so1 the injury is spoken of as compound4 ,the gravity of a dual injury is much greater than where either exists as a single one4 ,gunshot wounds are not uncommon1 and when examining such1 a good deal of care is necessary4 ,sometimes the shots are simply lodged beneath the skin1 and can be felt by rolling the skin beneath the fingers4 ,in other instances the flesh is penetrated1 and1 it may be1 the internal organs injured4 ,although shot may have penetrated the cavity of the chest1 or the belly1 it does not follow that the injury be of a vital nature2 in fact1 the author's experience of gunshot wounds in the dog has been as a rule favourable1 most of the dogs showing but little after effects4 ,if shot have passed deeply in1 penetrating the chest1 etc41 no attempt should be made to interfere with the wounds4 ,when shots are lodged in tendons1 etc41 about the knee1 they should be removed forthwith4 ,lacerated or torn wounds will probably require sewing up2 if so1 they must first of all be thoroughly cleansed with some warm water1 to which a little disinfectant has been added4 ,special care must be taken to remove all irritating particles1 and the hair ought to be clipped closely off in juxtaposition to the injury4 ,severe bleeding must be arrested with cold water1 or by touching the end of the bleeding vessel with the point of a hot iron1 or through the application of a few drops of strong tincture of iron1 tow1 and a bandage4 ,a stout needle and boiled string can be used to sew up the wound4 ,a very common situation to find a clean-cut 7incised7 wound is upon the pads of the feet1 caused by the dog stepping upon some sharp object1 such as a bit of glass1 flint1 etc4 ,put the foot in hot water and cover it with a pad of tow or lint1 soaked in a little carbolic oil or other antiseptic liniment1 bandage1 and keep dog at rest for a few days4 ,a little compound tincture of myrrh is an excellent remedy for painting superficial wounds1 so is boracic acid as a dusting powder4 ,every kennelman should keep these handy in case of emergency1 likewise tow1 a bandage1 and some antiseptic1 such as carbolic acid1 chinosol1 etc4 ,,overgrown ,,claws ,it is very common to find the length of the claws so excessive that the resulting overgrowth penetrates the soft structures1 causing the part to suppurate1 and the dog lameness4 ,clip off the offending part with a sharp pair of nippers4 ,as a rule1 nothing further is required4 ,,fractures ,the long bones1 i4e41 the bones of the limbs1 are those commonly broken1 but short1 flat and irregular bones are frequently injured4 ,broken back may happen when a dog is run over1 but this is more liable to happen to a non-sporting dog1 or rather to such as are kept in the neighbourhood of busy thoroughfares4 ,a senseless puppy sometimes meets with an accident of this class4 ,a dislocation is an injury whereby the bone is forced out of its place4 ,the short bones of the feet are often broken1 and their repair is usually an easy one1 though1 as in the case of the other fractures1 complicated1 if a wound be present4 ,fractures of the skull are not common injuries amongst dogs1 and when they do occur1 call for special skill in treatment4 ,if the broken ends of a bone are not accurately adjusted1 a deformed1 or false1 union results1 more or less spoiling the utility of the animal4 ,as a rule1 considerable swelling comes on after fracture of the long bones1 especially of the forearm1 therefore an effort must be made to subdue this by bathing freely with warm water4 ,well-padded splints should be used--if applicable--and applied directly to the skin1 being retained in position by a bandage4 ,if the bandage is too tightly applied1 the circulation to the part will be interfered with1 probably destroying the vitality of it4 ,coldness and numbness are the chief signs of this4 ,leather1 wood1 gutta-percha1 starch1 egg and gum1 etc41 are all used as supports to a broken limb4 ,a plaster bandage is very useful4 ,in the case of a valuable dog1 it is advisable to consult a qualified veterinary practitioner4 ,rest is of course an indispensable factor in the treatment of both fractures and dislocations4 ,when a dislocation accompanies a fracture1 or wound and fracture1 at a joint1 the animal should be destroyed1 as the results of surgery under these conditions is not often satisfactory4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,minor ,operations ,,docking--,,setoning--,,enemas--,,fomen tations--,,blistering--,,tumours ,,and ,,warts ,,docking ,such varieties as ,fox1 ,airedale1 ,irish ,terriers1 ,spaniels1 etc41 require to have their tails shortened1 and this should be done when the puppies are1 say1 a couple or three weeks old4 ,an old1 but rather revolting custom is that of biting off the requisite portion4 ,a sharp pair of serrated scissors1 or a chisel1 will do the work satisfactorily1 and nothing should be done to the cut end1 beyond allowing the healing to follow its natural course4 ,,setoning ,setons and rowels are not used in the present day so much as in times gone by1 nevertheless1 when employed with discretion1 are of service4 ,at one time setons were largely used for insertion into the poll when a dog had fits1 especially during distemper4 ,in the author's opinion they are injurious for this purpose1 but as a counter-irritant in lung and bronchial complaints1 good often results from their employment4 ,many local swellings can be dispersed through the insertion of either a set-on or a rowel4 ,tape1 horse-hair1 tow1 or a circular piece of leather wrapped in tow1 are the issues used4 ,if a seton1 the skin must be snipped at the inlet and outlet2 the needle threaded and passed along under the skin 7no deeper as a rule7 to the point of exit1 and the tape fastened off4 ,it is usual to smear the tape with some stimulating substance1 such as resin or turpentine ointment1 in order to excite a speedy local inflammation4 ,the tape must be moved 7not removed7 daily1 kept clean1 and smeared with the ointment twice weekly4 ,,clysters ,,or ,,enemas 7,,lavements7 ,these may be either plain1 medicated1 or nutritive4 ,for the two first-named purposes1 either warm or cold water may be used1 the amount varying with the effect it is desired to produce4 ,to empty the lower end of the bowel1 from half to three pints will be found sufficient for most sporting dogs4 ,a little salt1 soft soap1 and glycerine1 will increase the activity of the clyster4 ,a chronic1 torpid condition of the lower end of the bowel is best overcome by injecting about half a teacupful of cold water into it every morning1 at the same time allowing plenty of exercise and a soft diet1 such as oatmeal1 or wet bread and meat4 ,in diarrha1 dysentery1 etc41 good results are often obtained by giving a cold boiled-starch clyster4 ,about four tablespoonfuls will be enough at a time4 ,when it is desirable to administer nourishment by the rectum1 it is necessary to wash out the lower end of the bowel with a warm-water clyster1 before injecting the nutritive medium4 ,the yolk of an egg1 a dessertspoonful of brandy1 and a teaspoonful of sulphuric ether makes a useful1 sustaining enema4 ,another good injection is a couple of teaspoonfuls of salt1 dissolved in half a pint of tepid water1 then injected4 ,loss of blood1 etc41 can often be made up by the use of this saline injection4 ,,fomentations ,for many purposes fomentations are superior to poultices1 the chief difficulty being in keeping up the heat to the desirable standard4 ,a pad of thick flannel should be planned1 and this soaked in boiling water1 then wrung dry in a roller4 ,to assist in maintaining the heat1 a piece of mackintosh sheeting ought to be put over the pad1 and a dry flannel above all4 ,for difficult breathing1 pain in the belly1 or local pain1 etc41 moist warmth is exceedingly beneficial1 and quite harmless under any circumstances4 ,in animals1 it is a general custom to bathe the seat of disease with the hot water4 ,perseverance is essential to success1 and more harm results from hot fomentations applied in a half-hearted manner than where they are not used at all4 ,,blistering ,beyond the application of mustard1 turpentine1 or hot water1 blistering agents are not much employed in the treatment of canine ailments4 ,as a remedy for external use in diseases of the bronchial tubes and lungs1 mustard has not1 in the author's opinion1 any superior4 ,it can be used either as a paste applied directly to the skin1 or in combination with boiled linseed poultices4 ,in long-haired dogs it is advisable to clip off some of the hair1 so as to facilitate the full counter-irritant properties of the mustard4 ,it requires very little rubbing in1 and it is not advisable to repeat the application1 unless specially called for4 ,,tumours ,,and ,,warts ,a multiplicity of morbid growths are liable to occur in dogs1 some of these growths being of a very simple nature1 others of a malignant or recurrent order4 ,by far the commonest are warty growths upon lips1 tongue1 and generative organ4 ,it is remarkable1 but these often disappear spontaneously4 ,solitary warts1 if sufficiently large1 can be removed by tying a piece of strong whip-cord around the root of the growth4 ,this remark is equally applicable to other small tumours4 ,dressing with some caustic agent such as lunar caustic1 strong acetic acid1 blue-stone1 etc41 may be effected in some cases1 and others 7when on tongue71 dusted with dry calcined magnesia4 ,tumours about the belly1 etc41 demand professional skill4 ,polypi1 or stalked tumours1 are commonly found growing from the mucous membrane of the ears1 nose1 and female generative passage4 ,they can be removed by ligature4 ,,appendix ,white ,west ,highland ,terrier ,,standard ,,of ,,points ,,as ,,agreed ,,upon ,,at ,,the ,,meeting ,,of ,,the ,,club ,,reported ,,under ,,club ,,notices4 #a4 ,the ,general ,appearance of the ,white ,west ,highland ,terrier is that of a small1 game1 hardy-looking ,terrier1 possessed with no small amount of self-esteem1 with a varminty appearance1 strongly built1 deep in chest and back ribs1 straight back and powerful quarters1 on muscular legs1 and exhibiting in a marked degree a great combination of strength and activity4 ,the ,coat should be about #b in4 long1 white in colour1 hard1 with plenty of soft under coat1 and no tendency to wave or curl4 ,the ,tail should be as straight as possible1 and carried gaily1 and covered with hard hair1 but not bushy4 ,the ,skull should not be too narrow1 being in proportion to the terribly powerful jaw1 but must be narrow between the ears4 ,the ,ears should be as small and sharp-pointed as possible1 and carried tightly up1 but must be either erect or semi-erect1 and both ears must be exactly alike4 ,the ,eyes of moderate size1 dark hazel in colour1 widely placed1 rather sunk or deep-set1 with a sharp1 bright1 intelligent expression4 ,the ,muzzle should be proportionately long and powerful1 gradually tapering towards the nose4 ,the ,nose1 ,roof of ,mouth1 and ,pads of ,feet distinctly black in colour4 #b4 ,colour4--,white4 #c4 ,coat4--,very important and seldom seen to perfection3 must be double-coated4 ,the outer coat consists of hard hair1 about #b ins4 long1 and free from any curl4 ,the under coat1 which resembles fur1 is short1 soft1 and close4 ,open coats are objectionable4 #d4 ,size4--,dogs to weigh from #ad lbs4 to #ah lbs41 and bitches from #ab lbs4 to #af lbs41 and measure from #h ins4 to #ab ins4 at the shoulder4 #e4 ,skull4--,should not be too narrow1 being in proportion to his powerful jaw1 proportionally long1 slightly domed1 and gradually tapering to the eyes1 between which there should be a slight indentation or stop4 ,eyebrows heavy4 ,the hair on the skull to be from in4 to #a in4 long1 fairly hard4 #f4 ,eyes4--,widely set apart1 medium size1 dark hazel in colour1 slightly sunk in the head1 sharp and intelligent1 which1 looking from under the heavy eyebrows1 give a piercing look4 ,full eyes and also light-coloured eyes are very objectionable4 #g4 ,muzzle4--,should be powerful4 ,the jaws level and powerful1 and teeth square or evenly met1 well set1 and large for the size of the dog4 #h4 ,ears4--,small1 carried erect or semi-erect1 but never drop1 and should be carried tightly up4 ,the semi-erect ear should drop nicely over at the tips1 the break being about three-quarters up the ear1 and both forms of ears should terminate in a sharp point4 ,the hair on them should be short1 smooth 7velvety71 and they should not be cut4 ,the ears should be free from any fringe at the top4 ,round-pointed1 broad1 and large ears are objectionable1 also ears too heavily covered with hair4 #i4 ,neck4--,muscular1 and nicely set on sloping shoulders4 #aj4 ,chest4--,very deep1 with breadth in comparison to the size of the dog4 #aa4 ,body4--,compact1 straight back1 ribs deep and well arched in the upper half of rib1 presenting a flattish side appearance4 ,loins broad and strong4 ,hind-quarters strong1 muscular1 and wide across the top4 #ab4 ,legs and ,feet4--,both fore-and hind-legs should be short and muscular4 ,the shoulder-blades should be comparatively broad1 and well sloped backwards4 ,the points of the shoulder-blades should be closely knit into the backbone1 so that very little movement of them should be noticeable when the dog is walking4 ,the elbow should be close in to the body1 both when moving or standing1 thus causing the fore-leg to be well placed in under the shoulder4 ,the fore-legs should be straight and thickly covered with short1 hard hair4 ,the hind-legs should be short and sinewy4 ,the thighs very muscular1 and not too wide apart4 ,the hocks bent and well set in under the body1 so as to be fairly close to each other1 either when standing1 walking1 or running 7trotting71 and1 when standing1 the hind-legs1 from the point of the hock down to the fetlock joint1 should be straight or perpendicular1 and not far apart4 ,the fore feet are larger than the hind ones1 are round1 proportionate in size1 strong1 thickly padded1 and covered with short1 hard hair4 ,the foot must point straight forward4 ,the hind feet are smaller1 not quite as round as fore feet1 and thickly padded4 ,the under surface of the pads of feet1 and all the nails1 should be distinctly black in colour4 ,hocks too much bent 7cow hocks7 detracts from the general appearance4 ,straight hocks are weak3 both kinds are undesirable1 and should be guarded against4 #ac4 ,tail4--#f ins4 or #g ins4 long1 covered with hard hair 7no feather71 as straight as possible1 carried gaily1 but not curled over back4 ,a long tail is objectionable4 #ad4 ,movement4--,should be free1 straight1 and easy all round4 ,in front1 the leg should be freely extended forward by the shoulder4 ,the hind movement should be free1 strong1 and close4 ,the hocks should be freely flexed and drawn close in under the body1 so that1 when moving off the foot1 the body is thrown or pushed forward with some force4 ,stiff1 stilty movement behind is very objectionable4 ,,faults4 #a4 ,coat4--,any silkiness1 wave1 or tendency to curl is a serious blemish1 as is also an open coat4 #b4 ,size4--,any specimens under the minimum weight1 or above the maximum weight1 are objectionable4 #c4 ,eyes4--,full or light-coloured4 #d4 ,ears4--,round-pointed1 drop1 broad1 and large ears1 also ears too heavily covered with hair4 #e4 ,muzzle4--,either under1 or overshot and defective teeth4 ,,scale ,,of ,,points4 ,general ,appearance #e ,colour #e ,coat #aj ,size #g ,skull #g ,eyes #e ,muzzle #e ,ears #e ,neck #aj ,chest #aj ,body #aj ,legs and ,feet #g ,tail #e ,movement #g ,total #ajj ,,index ,a ,afghan ,greyhound1 #ccc ---- neck1 #ccd ---- colour1 #ccd ---- height at shoulders1 #ccd ,airedale ,terrier1 #bic ---- ,standard of ,points1 #bih ---- ,club1 #bih ,antimony poisoning1 #dad ,appendix1 #ddc ,arsenic1 #dac ,association of ,bloodhound ,breeders1 #adf ,b ,bareness round margin of eyes1 #dcb ,basset-hounds1 #bjf ---- colour1 #bjh ---- coat1 #bjh ---- head1 #bjh ---- fore-quarters1 #bbe ---- chest1 #bbe ---- ,club1 #bbf ---- ,club rules1 #bbf ---- 7,smooth71 points1 #bcc ---- 7,rough7 points1 #bce ,beagle1 #aha ---- ,club 7,english71 description of points1 #ahg ---- 7,american71 points1 etc41 #aij ,bedlington ,terrier1 #bgd ---- height1 #bgg ---- weight1 #bgg ---- colour1 #bgg ---- nose1 #bgg ---- coat1 #bgg ---- skull1 #bgg ---- body1 #bgg ---- tail1 #bgg ---- limbs1 #bgh ---- quarters1 #bgh ---- ,club1 #bgh ,black-and-tan ,setter 7,gordon ,setter71 #bi ,blindness1 #dbi ,blistering1 #dda ,bloodhounds1 #ada ---- head1 #adb ---- legs and feet1 #ade ---- chest and shoulders1 #ade ---- neck1 ribs1 back and loins1 #ade ---- hind-quarters and limbs1 #adf ---- tail1 coat and colour1 #adf ---- height1 #adf ---- ,club1 #adf ,blood poisoning1 #cha ,boils1 #chg ,borzois or ,russian ,wolfhound1 #agi ---- chest1 neck1 #ahj ---- fore-limbs1 #ahj ---- colour1 #ahj ---- coat1 height1 #aha ---- faults1 #aha ---- ,club1 #aha ,c ,canker of ear1 #dbc ,clumber ,spaniel1 #ga ,clysters or ,enemas1 #dci ,cocker ,spaniel1 #hd ---- head1 ears1 #hg ---- coat1 colour1 #hg ---- ,club1 #hh ---- prices1 #hh ---- faults1 #hh ,conditioning ,dogs1 #cff ,constitutional ,rules of the ,retriever ,society1 #ei ,d ,dachshund1 #aid ---- head1 #aid ---- chest1 shoulders1 #bje ---- hind-quarters1 #bje ,dandie-,dinmont ,terrier1 #caj ---- head1 #cac ---- neck1 tail1 #cad ---- fore and hind-limbs1 #cad ---- colour1 #cad ---- ,society1 #cae ---- ,standard of ,points1 #cae ,deafness1 #dbf ,deerhound1 #abh ---- head1 ears1 #abi ---- neck1 shoulders1 stern1 #acj ---- legs1 feet1 #ace ---- faults1 #ace ---- colour1 #acf ---- coat1 #acf ---- height and weight1 #acg ,diarrha1 #djc ,docking1 #dch ,dropsy of the ear-flaps1 #dbb ,dysentery1 #dje ,dyspepsia1 #djh ,e ,eczema1 #chd ,english ,setter1 #ah ---- points1 etc41 #bc ---- faults1 #bd ,english ,water ,spaniel1 #ib ,everted eyelids1 #dcj ,f ,feeding ,sporting ,dogs1 #cfc ,field ,spaniels1 #hb ,fleas1 #chi ,follicular ,mange1 #cic ,fomentations1 #ddj ,foreign bodies in the eyes1 #dca ,foxhound1 the1 #aac ,foxhound1 ,stud ,book1 #aad ,fox ,terriers1 #bci ---- ,club1 #bdg ---- ,standard of ,points1 #bdg ---- 7,rough71 #bfe ---- points of1 #bfe ---- ,disqualifying ,points1 #bff ,fractures1 #dce ,g ,gamekeepers' ,kennel ,association1 #cea ---- ,rules1 #ceb ,greyhounds1 #aeg ---- head1 eyes1 #aeh ---- ears1 neck1 #aeh ---- fore and hind-quarters1 #aeh ---- coat and colour1 etc41 #afg ,gullet1 disease of1 #cid ,h ,hmorrhage1 #djf ,hmorrhoids1 #djg ,harriers1 #abb ---- loins1 back1 ribs1 #abe ---- chest1 fore-limbs1 #abe ---- coat1 #abe ,herpes1 #chg ,i ,inflammation of stomach1 #cie ---- of bowels1 #cif ---- of bladder1 #dbj ---- of ear1 #dbc ,international ,gundog ,league1 #cb ,inverted eyelids1 #dcj ,irish ,setter1 #be ---- coat1 etc41 #bf ,irish ,terrier1 #bhg ---- coat1 colour1 etc41 #bhh ---- weight1 #bic ---- ,club1 #bic ---- prices1 #bic ,irish ,water ,spaniel1 #hh ---- colour1 coat1 height1 #ia ---- general appearance1 #ia ---- faults1 #ib ---- ,club1 #ib ,irish ,wolfhound1 #aee ---- points1 etc41 #aef ,j ,jaundice1 #daj ,k ,kidneys1 disease of1 #dah ,l ,labradors1 #ef ,lead poisoning1 #dag ,lurcher1 #ccg ,m ,mange1 ,follicular1 #cic ,mange1 ,sarcoptic1 #cia ,mercury1 #dag ,morbid growths in the ear passage1 #dbg ,n ,nettle-rash1 #chh ,night-dogs1 the ,training1 ,use1 and ,abuse of1 #ccg ,o ,ophthalmia1 #dbh ,otterhound1 #abf ---- colour1 #abf ---- skull1 neck1 #abg ---- height1 #abg ,overgrown claws1 #dce ,p ,pediculi or lice1 #cij ,phosphorus poisoning1 #daf ,pointer and ,setter ,society1 #cb ,pointer1 the1 #c ,poisons1 #dac ,ptomaine poisoning1 #dah ,r ,rabies1 #cgi ,retrievers1 #da ---- head1 #dg ---- ears1 back limbs1 #dh ,retrievers 7,flat-coated71 #da ---- 7,curly-coated71 #ee ,rheumatism1 #chb ,ringworm1 #cia ,rules adopted at the ,retriever ,society1 #fc ,ruptures1 #daa ,s ,sarcoptic ,mange1 #chi ,scottish ,terrier1 #bgh ---- coat1 weight1 colour1 #bhc ---- neck1 chest1 etc41 #bhd ---- head1 muzzle1 #bhd ---- height1 #bhg ---- ,clubs1 #bhg ,setoning1 #dch ,skye ,terrier1 #bfi ---- head1 #bgc ---- weight1 #bgc ---- faults1 #bgc ---- ,club1 #bgc ---- prices1 #bgc ,spaniels1 #ff ---- colour of1 #fh ---- ,sussex1 #gf ,specific ailments1 #cfi ,split margin1 #dbe ,stone in the bladder1 #dai ,stricture1 #dba ,strychnine poisoning1 #dae ,t ,torn eyelids1 #dca ,training ,spaniels1 #ajb ,tumours and warts1 #dda ,twist of the bowels1 #cie ,v ,vomiting1 #cih ,w ,welsh ,terrier1 #cjh ---- head1 neck1 #cjh ---- arms1 and forearms1 #cji ---- back1 loins1 tail1 and feet1 #cji ---- ,club1 #cji ,whippet1 #afg ---- coat1 #afh ---- constitution1 #afh ---- fore-limbs1 #afh ---- hind-quarters1 #aga ---- tail and feet1 #aga ---- ,general appearances1 #aga ,white ,west ,highland ,terrier1 #cje1 #cjg 7see ,appendix1 p4 #ddc7 ,worms1 #cii ,wounds1 #dcc ,,the ,,end ,colston ,coy4 ,limited1 ,printers1 ,edinburgh ,,footnotes #a ,liver-coloured flat and wavy coated specimens are not at all uncommon1 though not generally preferred4 #b ,a moderate degree of development of the ,membrana ,nictitans 7so called ,haw7 is not only typical of the ,clumber1 but advantageous4 ,to remove this useful ,membrane 7unless for surgical reasons7 is a cruel and useless procedure1 deserving severe condemnation4 #c ,the heights of the ,crickhowell ,harriers are as follows3--,dogs1 #ag to #ah inches2 bitches1 #ag to #ah inches4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 --,obvious errors were corrected4