,transcrib]'s notes3 ,9 ?is transcription1 pair$ und]scores d5ote italicis$ text & a 7c>et7 indicates t ! next "* 0 sup]script$ 9 ! orig9al text4 ,footnotes are locat$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,! cov] image ( ! book 0 creat$ by ! transcrib] & is plac$ 9 ! public doma94 ,pot5tial problems3 ,! text conta9s num]\s =eign & uncommon typographic *>act]s4 ,9 addition to ,greek1 !re are passages ( ,hebrew & ,arabic text 7:i* read f "r-to-left & are normally "r ju/ifi$7 t w n necess>ily display correctly ) all devices4 ,! book is mo/ easily read ) a br[s] us+ ! ,,html v]sion ( ! transcription4 ,if "s ( ! *>act]s look abnormal1 fir/ ensure t ! #8"* encod+' ( y\r device_/br[s] is set to ,unicode 7,,utf-#h74 ,y might also ne$ to *ange ! default font4 ,/&>d fonts su* z ,times ,new ,roman1 ,georgia or ,lucida ,sans ,unicode are sometimes adequate1 b x might be necess>y to use a less-common font su* z ,arial ,unicode ,,ms1 ,deja,vu1 ,segoe ,,ui ,symbol or ,free,serif to see all *>act]s correctly4 ,"r alignm5t ( ! ,hebrew & ,arabic p>agraphs w g5]ally only be app>5t ) a monospac$ font su* z ,deja,vu,sans,mono4 ,"s diacritics don't display consi/5tly4 ,= example1 ! ,greek lett] occurs 9 sev]al words & ) "s br[s]s & fonts ! inv]t$ breve is displac$ t[>ds ! foll[+ lett]2 ! same anomaly occurs ) macrons above lett]s 9 "s old ,engli% words4 ,! ,hebrew passage conta9s sev]al lett]s ) s+le or d\ble ov]head dots 7( unc]ta9 significance7 t c't be replicat$ on scre5 - ! ,,html v]sion has a hyp]l9k$ image ( ! orig9al = anyone wi%+ to see x4 ,roman num]als are widely us$ & (t5 9 ar*aic ways4 ,num]als foll[$ by an italicis$ l1 s1 or d indicate monet>y values 9 imp]ial p\nds %ill+s & p5ce units1 e4g4 xxxiiil4 vis4 viiid4 repres5ts #cc p\nds #f %ill+s #h p5ce 7a space sometimes sep>ates ! num]al f ! unit74 ,! la/ #8i' 7#8"o'7 9 a roman num]al 0 (t5 repres5t$ by ! lett] #8j'2 h5ce iiijd is equival5t to #d p5ce1 & #8ij hol[nesses' %\ld be read z #8two hol[nesses'4 ,num]\s portions ( text enclos$ )9 squ>e brackets 7 ins]t$ by ! au?or 7n ! transcrib]7 = cl>ification or translation1 z 7 sev]al 7sic7 entries 9 ! ,hebrew & ,arabic texts4 ,! index has _m ref]5ces to bo? page numb]s & footnote numb]s1 e4g4 #bd n4 7a s+le unnumb]$ footnote71 #ic n4 #c1 #abf nn4 #d1 #e1 7pages conta9+ multiple footnotes71 & also to numb]$ figures & plates4 ,! orig9al footnote numb]+ began afre% at #a4 on ea* page1 b 9 ?is transcription footnotes are numb]$ sequ5tially f ! beg9n+ ( ! book & ! numb]s no long] correspond to ^? %[n 9 ! index4 ,_m ( ! illu/rations h be5 mov$ f _! orig9al location to be clos] to ! relevant text discussion4 ,errors & inconsi/5cies3 ,punctuation anomalies h be5 correct$ sil5tly 7e4g4 miss+ p]iods1 commas & semicolons1 incorrect or miss+ quotation m>ks1 unpair$ p>5!ses74 ,unambigu\s typographic errors su* z ! foll[+1 h be5 correct$ sil5tly3 ,lexico nd]--,lexicon d] ,aa--,z a matt] ( fact ,*iru gie--,*irurgie ,weisbad5--,wiesbad5 b inconsi/5t spell+s su* z ^? bel[ h n be5 alt]$3 paniculi_/panniculi paniculo_/panniculo fee_/fece ,lit]atur_/,litt]atur lit]ae_/litt]ae aligati_/alligati cf4_/cp4 dilat>e_/dillat>e dilitano_/dillitano diuid5do_/divid5do judgem5t_/judgm5t ,inconsi/5t capitalisation ( ,fig4 & ,plate has be5 /&>dis$1 z has inconsi/5t spac+ ( expressions su* z ,a4,d4 i4e4 & #f 7a p>agraph numb]74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,me?od ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,london ,,ed9burgh ,,glasg[ ,,new ,,york ,,toronto ,,melb\rne ,,cape ,,t[n ,,bombay ,,humphrey ,,mil=d ,,publi%] ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity ,illu/ration3 ,,wiesbad5 ,,codex ,b1 fo4 #a r ,plate ,i4 ,,hildeg>d ,,receiv+ ,,! ,,light ,,f ,,heav5 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,me?od ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,edit$ ,,by ,,*>les ,,s+] ,,ox=d ,,at ,,! ,,cl>5don ,,press #aiag ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,engl& ,,at ,,! ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,introduction ,! record ( m5 & ( movem5ts1 ,hi/ory tea*es u ! gr[? & developm5t ( ideas4 ,our civilization is ! f9al expression ( ! two great ma/]-?\ghts ( ! race4 ,seek+ an explanation ( ! press+ ph5om5a ( life1 man has peopl$ ! _w ) spiritual be+s to :om he has assign$ b5ign or malign influ5ces1 to be invok$ or propitiat$4 ,to ! great #8un*>t$ region' 7,gilb]t ,murray7 ) its my/]ies1 8 religions (f] a guide2 & ?r\gh #8a belief 9 spiritual be+s' 7,tylor's def9ition ( religion7 he has built an alt> ( righte\sness 9 8 he>t4 ,! bir? ( ! o!r dom9ant idea1 long delay$1 is comp>atively rec5t4 #8,! discov]y ( ?+s z !y really are' 7,plato7 by a /udy ( nature 0 ! great gift ( ! ,greeks4 ,k1 sci5tia1 k ( ?+s we see1 pati5tly acquir$ by se>*+ out ! secrets ( nature1 is ! basis ( our mat]ial civilization4 ,! true & lawful goal ( ! sci5ces1 se5 dimly & s express$ by ,bacon1 is ! acquisition ( new p[]s by new discov]ies--t goal has be5 rea*$4 ,niag>a has be5 h>ness$1 & man's dom9ion has ext5d$ f e>? & sea to ! air4 ,! progress ( physics & ( *emi/ry has revolutioniz$ man's ways & works1 :ile ! new biology has *ang$ 8 m5tal outlook4 ,! great] "p ( ?is progress has tak5 place )9 ! memory ( ^? liv+1 & ! mass ( sci5tific "w has accumulat$ at su* a rate t specialism has become inevitable4 ,:ile ?is has ! obvi\s advantage result+ f a division ( lab\r1 !re is ! p5alty ( a n>r[$ horizon1 & gr\ps ( m5 "w side by side ^: language is un9telligible to ea* o!r4 ,"h is :]e ! hi/orian comes 91 ) two def9ite objects1 tea*+ ! me?od by :i* ! k has be5 ga9$1 ! evolution ( ! subject1 & correlat+ ! innum]able subdivisions 9 a philosophy at once1 9 ,plato's words1 a sci5ce 9 itself z well z ( o!r sci5ces4 ,= example1 ! /ud5t ( physics may "k ,crookes's tubes & _! relation to ,rntg51 b he _c h a true conception ( ! atomic !ory )\t a k ( ,democritus2 & ! expon5t ( ,madame ,curie & ( ,sir ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson w f9d 8 happie/ illu/rations f ! writ+s ( ,lucretius4 ,x is un=tunate t ! progress ( sci5ce makes useless ! v works t made progress possible2 & ! /ud5t is too apt to ?9k t because useless n[ !y h nev] be5 ( value4 ,! ne$ ( a compreh5sive /udy ( ! me?ods ( sci5ce is n[ widely recogniz$1 & to recognize ?is ne$ important ,j\rnals h be5 />t$1 notably ,isis1 publi%$ by our ,belgian colleague ,george ,s>ton1 int]rupt$1 tempor>ily we hope1 by ! w>2 & ,sci5tia1 an ,int]national ,review ( ,sci5tific ,syn!sis publi%$ by our ,italian ,allies4 ,! num]\s good hi/ories ( sci5ce issu$ )9 ! pa/ few ye>s be> witness to a real dem& = a wid] k ( ! me?ods by :i* ! pres5t /atus has be5 rea*$4 ,among works f :i* ! /ud5t may get a prop] outlook on ! :ole "q may be m5tion$ ,dannemann's ,die ,naturwiss5s*aft5 9 ihr] ,entwicklung und 9 ihrem ,zusamm5hange1 ,bd4 ,,iv2 ,de la ,m?ode dans les ,sci5ces1 edit$ by ,flix ,?omas 7,p>is3 ,alcan72 ,m>v9's ,liv+ ,pa/1 #crd ed4 7,cl>5don ,press1 #aiag72 & ,libby's ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce 7,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,co41 #aiag74 ,?is volume ( ,essays is ! outcome ( a quiet movem5t on ! "p ( a few ,ox=d /ud5ts to /imulate a /udy ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,%ortly aft] 8 appo9tm5t to ! ,philip ,walk] ,/ud5t%ip1 ,dr4 ,*>les ,s+] 7( ,magdal5 ,college7 obta9$ leave f ,bodley's ,libr>ian & ! ,curators to h a bay 9 ! ,radcliffe ,cam]a set ap>t = rese>* "w 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce & a safe in/all$ to hold manuscripts2 & 7) ,mrs4 ,s+]7 (f]$ #ajj a ye> = five ye>s to provide ! necess>y fitt+s1 & special books n already 9 ! ,libr>y4 ,! works relat+ to ! subject h be5 collect$ 9 ! room1 ! objects ( :i* are3 ,fir/1 to place at ! disposal ( ! g5]al /ud5t a collection t w enable him to acquire a k ( ! developm5t ( sci5ce & sci5tific conceptions4 ,secondly1 to assi/ ! special /ud5t 9 rese>*3 7a7 by plac+ him 9 relation%ip ) inve/igations already und]tak52 7b7 by collect+ in=mation on ! s\rces & accessibility ( 8 mat]ial2 & 7c7 by provid+ him ) facilities to "w up 8 mat]ial4 ,9 spite ( ! abs5ce ( ,dr4 ,s+] on milit>y duty = ! great] "p ( ! "t1 ! "w has be5 c>ri$ on ) conspicu\s success1 to use ! words ( ,bodley's ,libr>ian4 ,t5 special /ud5ts h us$ ! room4 ,pr(essor ,ramsay ,wright has made a /udy ( an int]e/+ ,p]sian m$ical manuscript4 ,pr(essor ,william ,libby1 ( ,pittsburg1 dur+ ! session ( #aiae-af1 us$ ! room 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 admirable ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce j issu$4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,t4 ,)+ton1 ! well-kn[n m$ical hi/orian1 is mak+ a special /udy ( ! old ,greek writ]s = ! new edition ( ,liddell & ,scott's ,diction>y4 ,miss ,mildr$ ,we/l& has help$ ,dr4 ,s+] ) ! ,italian m$ical manuscripts4 ,mr4 ,reub5 ,levy has work$ at ! ,arabic m$ical manuscripts ( ,moses ,maimonides4 ,mrs4 ,j5k9son is engag$ on a /udy ( e>ly m$ic9e & magic4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,e4 ,drey]1 ! di/+ui%$ hi/orian ( ,a/ronomy1 has us$ ! room 9 connexion ) ! prep>ation ( ! ,op]a ,omnia ( ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,miss ,joan ,evans is engag$ ^u a rese>* on m$iaeval lapid>ies4 ,mrs4 ,s+] has begun a /udy ( ! ,engli% m$ical manuscripts1 ) a view to a complete catalogue4 ,h[ important ?is is may be judg$ f ! fir/ in/alm5t ( h] "w deal+ ) ! plague manuscripts 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,) r>e en?usiasm & en]gy ,dr4 ,s+] has himself done a great deal ( valuable "w1 & has prov$ an intellectual f]m5t work+ f> beyond ! conf9es ( ,ox=d4 ,i h myself f\nd ! sci5ce hi/ory room ( ! greate/ conv5i5ce1 & x is mo/ helpful to h easy access on ! %elves to a l>ge collection ( works on ! subject4 ,_h ! w> n int]f]$1 we _h hop$ to />t a ,j\rnal ( ! ,hi/ory & ,me?od ( ,sci5ce & to organize a summ] s*ool = special /ud5ts--hopes we may p]haps see realiz$ 9 happi] days4 ,mean:ile1 ?is volume ( essays 7mo/ ( :i* 7 9 c\rse ( prep>ation :5 w> 0 decl>$7 is issu$ z a ballon d'essai4 ,,william ,,osl]4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*>les ,,s+] ,! ,sci5tific ,views & ,visions ( ,sa9t ,hildeg>d 7#ajih-aahj7 #a ,j4 ,w4 ,,j5k9son ,vitalism #ei ,,*>les ,,s+] ,a ,/udy 9 ,e>ly ,r5aissance ,anatomy1 ) a new text3 ,! ,,ano?omia ( ,hi]onymo ,manfr$i1 transcrib$ & translat$ by ,a4 ,mildr$ ,we/l& #gi ,,raymond ,,crawfurd ,! ,bless+ ( ,cramp-,r+s2 a ,*apt] 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,treatm5t ( ,epilepsy #afe ,e4 ,t4 ,,)+ton ,dr4 ,john ,wey] & ! ,wit* ,mania #ahi ,,reub5 ,,levy ,! #8,tractatus de ,causis et ,indiciis ,morborum'1 attribut$ to ,maimonides #bbe ,,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,sci5tific ,discov]y & ,logical ,pro( #bce ,,index #bia ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,,plate ,,fac+ ,,page ,i4 ,hildeg>d receiv+ ! ,light f ,heav5 7,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b1 fo4 #a r7 ,frontispiece ,,ii4 ,! ,?ree ,scripts ( ! ,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b 7fo4 #ag r1 col4 b2 fo4 #cb v1 col4 b2 fo4 #bje r1 col4 b7 #d ,,iii4 ,title-page ( ! ,heidelb]g ,codex ( ! ,scivias #e ,,iv4 ,! ,univ]se 7f ! ,heidelb]g ,codex ( ! ,scivias7 #ab ,v4 7a7 ,op5+ l9es ( ! ,cop5hag5 ,,ms4 ( ! ,causae et ,curae4 7b7 ,op5+ l9es ( ! ,lucca ,,ms4 ( ! ,lib] div9orum op]um simplicis hom9is #ac ,,vi4 ,n\s p]vad$ by ! ,godhead & controll+ ,hyle 7,lucca ,,ms41 fo4 #a v7 #bj ,,vii4 ,n\s p]vad$ by ! ,godhead embrac+ ! ,macrocosm ) ! ,microcosm 7,lucca ,,ms41 fo4 #i r7 #ba ,,viii4 ,! ,macrocosm1 ! ,microcosm1 & ! ,w9ds 7,lucca ,,ms41 fo4 #bg v7 #bh ,,ix4 ,cele/ial ,influ5ces on ,m51 ,animals1 & ,plants 7,lucca ,,ms41 fo4 #cga7 #bh ,x4 ,a ,crucifix 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y2 ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury #cj ,,xi4 ,! ,/ructure ( ! ,mundane ,sph]e 7,lucca ,,ms41 fo4 #hf v7 #cb ,,xii4 7a7 ,man's ,fall & ! ,di/urbance ( ! ,elem5tal ,h>mony 7,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b1 fo4 #d r74 7b7 ,! ,new ,heav5 & ! ,new ,e>? 7,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b1 fo4 #bbd v7 #cc ,,xiii4 ,! ,la/ ,judgem5t & ,fate ( ! ,elem5ts 7,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b1 fo4 #bbd r7 #cf ,,xiv4 ,diagram ( ! ,relation ( ,human & ,cosmic ,ph5om5a3 n9? c5tury 7,biblio?que ,nationale ,,ms4 lat4 #eedc1 fo4 #acf r7 #cg ,,xv4 ,an ,elev5?-c5tury ,fr5* ,melo!sia 7,biblio?que ,nationale ,,ms4 lat4 #gjbh1 fo4 #aed r7 #dj ,,xvi4 ,a ,melo!sia ( ab\t #adjj 7f ,biblio?que ,nationale ,,ms4 lat4 #aabbi1 fo4 #de v7 ,betwe5 #dj & #da ,,xvii4 ,facsimile f ! ,symbolum ,apo/olicorum1 a ,g]man ,block ,book ( ! fir/ half ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury 7,heidelb]g ,univ]sity ,libr>y7 ,betwe5 #dj & #da ,,xviii4 ,an ,anatomical ,diagram ( ab\t #abih 7,bodleian ,,ms4 ,a%mole #cii1 fo4 #ah r7 #da ,,xix4 ,bir?4 ,! ,arrival & ,trials ( ! ,s\l 7,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b1 fo4 #bb r7 #dd ,,xx4 ,dea?4 ,! ,dep>ture & ,fate ( ! ,s\l 7,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b1 fo4 #be r7 #de ,,xxi4 ,! ,fall ( ! ,angels 7,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b1 fo4 #abc r7 #df ,,xxii4 ,! ,days ( ,creation & ! ,fall ( ,man 7,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b1 fo4 #da v7 #dh ,,xxiii4 ,! ,vision ( ! ,tr9ity 7,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b1 fo4 #dga7 #ej ,,xxiv4 7a7 ,s$5s ,lucidus 7,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b1 fo4 #bac v74 7b7 ,zelus ,dei 7,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b1 fo4 #aec r7 #eb ,,xxv4 ,! ,heav5ly ,city 7,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b1 fo4 #cj r7 #ed ,,xxvi4 ,john ,wilfr$ ,j5k9son #eg ,,xxvii4 ,mund9us 787 lectur+ on ,anatomy 7f ! #adic edition ( #8,ke?am'7 #gh ,,xxviii4 7a7 ,f\r ,diagrams1 to illu/rate ! ,anatomy ( ,h5ri de ,mondeville 7,biblio?que ,nationale ,,ms4 fr4 #bjcj1 writt5 9 #acad74 7b7 ,a ,dissection ,sc5e1 circa #abih 7,bodleian ,,ms4 ,a%mole #cii1 fo4 #cd r7 #gi ,,xxix4 ,a ,po/-,mortem ,exam9ation3 late f\rte5? c5tury to illu/rate ,guy de ,*auliac 7,montpelli]1 ,biblio?que de la ,facult de ,mdec9e ,,ms4 fr4 #ahd1 fo4 #ad r7 #hj ,,xxx4 7a7 ,a ,demon/ration ( ,surface ,m>k+s3 second half ( fifte5? c5tury 7,vatican ,,ms4 ,hispanice #dhjd1 fo4 #h r74 7b7 ,a ,demon/ration ( ! ,bones to illu/rate ,guy de ,*auliac3 fir/ half ( fifte5? c5tury 7,bri/ol ,ref]5ce ,libr>y ,,ms41 fo4 #be r7 #ha ,,xxxi4 ,anatomical ,sket*es f ! ,,ms4 ( ,guy de ,vigevano ( #acde at ,*antilly #hd ,,xxxii4 ,anatomical ,sket*es f ! ,,ms4 ( ,guy de ,vigevano ( #acde at ,*antilly #he ,,xxxiii4 ,! ,five-,figure ,s]ies3 ,ve9s1 c41 ,art]ies1 ,n]ves1 ,bones1 ,muscles 7,bodleian ,,ms4 ,a%mole #cii1 fos4 #ah r-#bb r73 ab\t #abih #ib ,,xxxiv4 ,demon/rations ( ,anatomy3 second half ( fifte5? c5tury 7,dresd5 ,gal5 ,,ms47 #ic ,,xxxv4 ,a ,view ( ! ,int]nal ,organs3 ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7f a draw+ 9 ! ,libr>y1 ,w9dsor ,ca/le7 #if ,,xxxvi4 ,two ,p]sons dissect+1 traditionally said to repres5t ,mi*elangelo & ,antonio della ,torre 7f a draw+ 9 ! ,a%molean ,museum1 ,ox=d1 attribut$ to ,b>tolomeo ,manfr$i 7#aegd8-afjb77 #ig ,,xxxvii4 ,portrait ( ,giovanni ,b5tivoglio ,,ii1 f 8 tomb 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,giacomo ,maggiore at ,bologna #ajb ,,xxxviii4 7a7 ,rog] ,bacon's ,diagram ( ! ,eye3 ?irte5? c5tury 7,briti% ,museum ,,ms4 ,roy4 #g ,f4 ,,viii1 fo4 #ej v74 7b7 ,leon>do da ,v9ci's ,diagram ( ! ,he>t3 e>ly sixte5? c5tury 7f a draw+ 9 ,w9dsor ,ca/le7 #ajc ,,xxxix4 ,miracles at ! ,tomb ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 f ,norman-,fr5* ?irte5?-c5tury ,,ms4 7,univ]sity ,libr>y1 ,cambridge1 ,,ms4 ,ee4 iii4 #ei7 #aff ,,xl4 ,que5 ,m>y ,tudor bless+ ,cramp-,r+s 7f ,que5 ,m>y's ,illum9at$ ,,ms4 ,manual1 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,ca!dral at ,we/m9/]7 #agh ,,xli4 ,facsimile ( ! ,tractatus de ,causis et ,indiciis ,morborum1 attribut$ to ,maimonides 7,bodleian ,,ms41 ,m>% #cgi7 #bbe ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,text ,,sci5tific ,,views ,,& ,,visions ,,( ,,sa9t ,,hildeg>d ,,figure ,,page #a4 ,! ,hildeg>d ,c\ntry #c #b4 ,hildeg>d's ,fir/ ,s*eme ( ! ,univ]se 7slightly simplifi$ f ! ,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b1 fo4 #ad r7 #i #c4 ,hildeg>d's ,second ,s*eme ( ! ,univ]se 7recon/ruct$ f h] measurem5ts7 #bi #d4 ,dante's ,s*eme ( ! ,univ]se 7slightly modifi$ f ,mi*elangelo ,caetani1 duca di ,s]moneta1 ,la mat]ia della ,div9a ,comm$ia di ,dante ,allighi]i di*i>ata 9 ,,vi tavole7 #ca #e4 ,diagram ( ! ,zones 7f ,h]rade de ,l&sb]g1 ,hortus delici>um7 #dj #f1 #g4 ,melo!siae 7f ,r4 ,fludd1 ,hi/oria utriusque cosmi1 #afai7 #da #h4 ,! ,microcosm 7f ,r4 ,fludd1 ,philosophia sacra seu a/rologia cosmica1 #afbh7 #db #i4 ,diagram illu/rat+ ! relation%ip ( ! ,planets to ! ,bra9 7f ,h]rade de ,l&sb]g1 ,hortus delici>um7 #dh ,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,r5aissance ,,anatomy #a4 ,! fir/ pr9t$ picture ( ,dissection 7f ! ,fr5* translation ( ,b>?olomaeus ,anglicus1 #adhb7 #hj #b4 ,dissection ,sc5e 9 ! op5 air 7,title-page ( ,mell]/adt's edition ( ! ,anatomy ( ,mond9o1 #adic7 #hb #c4 ,dissection ,sc5e 7f ! #adie edition ( #8,ke?am'7 #hc #d4 ,! fir/ picture ( ,dissection 9 an ,engli%-pr9t$ book 7f ! ,engli% translation ( ,b>?olomaeus ,anglicus1 pr9t$ by ,wynkyn de ,worde1 #adie7 #he #e4 ,a ,lecture on ,anatomy 7f ! #aece edition ( ,b]5g> ( ,c>pi's ,comm5t>y on ,mond9o7 #he #f4 ,diagrams ( ! ,int]nal ,organs 7aft] ,bodleian ,,ms4 ,a%mole #cii1 ( ab\t #abih7 #hh #g4 ,a ,female ,figure laid op5 to %[ ! ,womb & o!r ,organs 7f ! #adic edition ( #8,ke?am'7 #ia #h4 ,! ,abdom9al ,muscles 7f ,b]5g> ( ,c>pi's ,comm5t>y on ,mond9o1 #aeba7 #if #i4 ,! fir/ pr9t$ ,map ( ,engl& 7f ! #adgb787 ,bologna ,ptolemy1 edit$ by ,manfr$i & o!rs7 #ajj #aj4 ,facsimile ( ! la/ page ( ,manfr$i's ,progno/icon ad annum #adgi #ajb #aa4 ,diagram %[+ ! t5 ,lay]s ( ! ,head1 ! ,c]ebral ,v5tricles & ,cranial ,n]ves1 & ! ,relation ( ! ,n]ves to ! ,s5ses 7f ,m4 ,hundt1 ,antropologium1 #aeja7 #aab #ab4 ,! ,lay]s ( ! ,head 7f ! ,anatomia ( ,johannes ,dry&]1 #aecg7 #aab #ac4 ,diagram %[+ ! ,v5tricles ( ! ,bra9 7f ,illu/rissimi philosophi et !ologi dom9i ,alb]ti magni comp5diosum insigne ac p]utile opus ,philosophiae naturalis1 #adif7 #aad #ad4 ,diagram ( ! ,s5ses1 ! ,hum\rs1 ! ,c]ebral ,v5tricles1 & ! ,intellectual ,faculties4 ,to illu/rate ,rog] ,bacon1 ,de ,sci5tia ,p]spectiva1 7,briti% ,museum ,,ms4 ,sloane #baef1 fo4 #aa r7 #aaf #ae4 ,diagram illu/rat+ ! g5]al ideas on ,anatomy curr5t at ! ,r5aissance 7f ,k4 ,peyligk4 ,philosophiae naturalis comp5dium1 #adhi7 #aaf #af4 ,diagrams ( ! ,c]ebral ,v5tricles view$ f above & f ! side 7f ,k4 ,peyligk1 ,philosophiae naturalis comp5dium1 #adhi7 #aag #ag4 ,! ,localization ( ,c]ebral ,functions 7f ! #adic edition ( #8,ke?am'7 #aag #ah4 ,diagram ( ! ,v5tricles & ! ,s5ses1 ) _! relation to ! intellectual processes1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,r5aissance anatomi/s 7f ,g4 ,reis*1 ,m>g>ita philosophiae1 #aejc7 #aag #ai4 ,! ,anatomy ( ! ,eye 7f ,g4 ,reis*1 ,m>g>ita philosophiae1 #aejc7 #abj #bj4 ,! ,anatomy ( ! ,eye 7f ,vesalius1 ,de humani corporis fabrica1 #aedc7 #aba #ba4 ,! ,he>t 7f ! ,roncioni ,,ms41 ,pisa #ii7 #abg #bb4 ,diagram %[+ ! two ,lat]al ,v5tricles & ! #8,c5tral' ,v5tricle1 7f ,johannes ,adelphus1 ,mund9i de omnibus humani corporis int]ioribus m5bris ,ana?omia1 #aeac7 #abh #bc4 ,! ,he>t 7f ,hans von ,g]sdorff1 ,feldt- und ,/attb* bew]t] ,wund>tznei1 #aeef7 #abi ,,dr4 ,,john ,,wey] ,,& ,,! ,,wit* ,,mania ,portrait ( ,dr4 ,john ,wey] at ! age ( #fj1 #aegf #ahi ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,views ,,& ,,visions ,,( ,,sa9t ,,hildeg>d 7#ajih-aahj7 ,by ,*>les ,s+] ,,page ,i4 ,introduction #a ,,ii4 ,life & ,works #b ,,iii4 ,bibliographical ,note #f ,,iv4 ,! ,spuri\s ,sci5tific ,works ( ,hildeg>d #ab ,v4 ,s\rces ( ,hildeg>d's ,sci5tific ,k #ae ,,vi4 ,! ,/ructure ( ! ,mat]ial ,univ]se #bb ,,vii4 ,macrocosm & ,microcosm #cj ,,viii4 ,anatomy & ,physiology #dc ,,ix4 ,bir? & ,dea? & ! ,nature ( ! ,s\l #di ,x4 ,! ,visions & _! ,pa?ological ,basis #ea ,i4 ,,introduction ,9 attempt+ to int]pret ! views ( ,hildeg>d on sci5tific subjects1 c]ta9 special difficulties pres5t !mselves4 ,fir/ is ! confusion aris+ f ! writ+s to :i* h] "n has be5 errone\sly atta*$4 ,to obta9 a true view ( ! scope ( h] "w1 x is necess>y to discuss ! au!nticity ( "s ( ! mat]ial be=e u4 ,a second difficulty is due to ! receptivity ( h] m9d1 s t views & !ories t %e accepts 9 h] e>li] works become modifi$1 alt]$1 & develop$ 9 h] lat] writ+s4 ,a ?ird difficulty1 p]haps less real ?an ! o!rs1 is ! vision>y & involv$ =m 9 :i* h] ?\ghts are ca/4 ,b a f\r? & m vital difficulty is ! attitude t %e adopts t[>ds ph5om5a 9 g5]al4 ,to h] m9d !re is no di/9ction betwe5 physical ev5ts1 moral tru?s1 & spiritual exp]i5ces4 ,?is view1 :i* our *ildr5 %>e ) _! m$iaeval ance/ors1 0 develop$ b n trans=m$ by ! virile p[] ( h] intellect4 ,h] fusion ( int]nal & ext]nal univ]se l9ks ,hildeg>d inde$ to a :ole s]ies ( m$iaeval vision>ies1 culm9at+ ) ,dante4 ,9 ,hildeg>d1 z 9 h] fell[ my/ics1 we f9d t ideas on ,nature & ,man1 ! ,moral ,_w & ! ,mat]ial ,univ]se1 ! ,sph]es1 ! ,w9ds1 & ! ,hum\rs1 ,bir? & ,dea?1 & ev5 on ! ,s\l1 ! ,resurrection ( ! ,dead1 & ! ,nature ( ,god1 are n only int]dep5d5t1 b closely int]wov54 ,n[adays we are well accu/om$ to sep>ate our ideas into categories1 sci5tific1 e?ical1 !ological1 philosophical1 & s =?1 & we ev5 e/eem x a virtue to reta9 & re/ra9 our ?\ghts )9 limits t we delib]ately set = !m4 ,to ,hildeg>d su* classification w\ld h be5 impossible & probably incompreh5sible4 ,nor d su* t]ms z p>allelism or allegory adequately cov] h] view ( ! relation ( ! mat]ial & spiritual4 ,9 h] m9d !y are really int]fus$1 or r !y h n yet be5 sep>at$4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh 9 ! foll[+ pages an attempt is made to e/imate h] sci5tific views1 yet ! writ] is consci\s t su* a me?od mu/ ne$s int]pret h] ?\ght 9 a p>tial mann]4 ,hildeg>d1 inde$1 pres5ts to u sci5tific ?\ght z an undiff]5tiat$ factor1 & an attempt is "h made to sep>ate x by ! artificial b n unsci5tific process ( dissection f ! organic matrix 9 :i* x is emb$d$4 ,! ext5sive lit]ature t has ris5 ar\nd ! life & works ( ,hildeg>d has come f ! h&s ( writ]s :o h %[n no int]e/ 9 natural k1 :ile ^? :o h occupi$ !mselves ) ! hi/ory ( sci5ce h1 on _! side1 l>gely neglect$ ! p]iod to :i* ,hildeg>d belongs1 allur$ by ! ri*] h>ve/ ( ! full s*ola/ic age :i* foll[$4 ,?is essay is an attempt to fill 9 a small "p ( ! lacuna4 ,,ii4 ,,life ,,& ,,works ,hildeg>d ( ,b+5 0 born 9 #ajih1 ( noble p>5tage1 at ,bckelheim1 on ! riv] ,nahe1 ne> ,sponheim4 ,de/9$ f an e>ly age to a religi\s life1 %e pass$ ne>ly all h] days )9 ! walls ( ,b5$ict9e h\ses4 ,%e 0 educat$ & comm5c$ h] c>e] 9 ! isolat$ conv5t ( ,disibod5b]g1 at ! junction ( ! ,nahe & ! ,glan1 :]e %e rose to be abbess4 ,9 #aadg %e & "s ( h] nuns migrat$ to a new conv5t on ! ,rup]tsb]g1 a f9ely plac$ site1 :]e ! smoky railway junction ( ,b+]brck n[ m>s ! l&scape4 ,betwe5 ! little settlem5t & ! important m$iaeval t[n ( ,b+5 fl[$ ! riv] ,nahe1 spann$ by a bridge to :i* /ill clung ! "n ( ! pagan ,drusus 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,at ?is spot1 a place ( anci5t memories1 seclud$ & yet l9k$ to ! _w1 our abbess pass$ ! ma9 portion ( h] life1 & "h %e clos$ h] eyes 9 ! eighty-second ye> ( h] age on ,septemb] #ag1 #aahj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,! ,,hildeg>d ,,c\ntry ,hildeg>d 0 a woman ( extraord9>ily active & indep5d5t m9d4 ,%e 0 n only gift$ ) a ?or\ghly effici5t intellect1 b 0 possess$ ( great en]gy & consid]able lit]>y p[]1 & h] writ+s cov] a wide range1 betray+ ! mo/ v>i$ activities & rem>kable imag9ative faculty4 ,! be/ kn[n1 & 9 a lit]>y s5se ! mo/ valuable ( h] works1 are ! books ( visions4 ,%e 0 be=e all ?+s an ec/atic1 & bo? h] ,scivias 7#aada-ej7 & h] ,lib] div9orum op]um simplicis hom9is 7#aafc-gj7 conta9 passages ( real p[] & beauty4 ,less valuable1 p]haps1 is h] ?ird long my/ical "w 7! second 9 po9t ( "t71 ! ,lib] vitae m]itorum 7#aaeh-fb74 ,%e is cr$it$ ) ! au?or%ip ( an int]e/+ my/]y-play & ( a collection ( musical compositions1 :ile h] life ( ,/4 ,disibode1 ! ,iri% mission>y 7#eid-fgd7 to :om h] "p ( ! ,rh9el& owes its ,*ri/ianity1 & h] acc\nt ( ,/4 ,rup]t1 a local sa9t commemorat$ 9 ! "n #8,rup]tsb]g'1 bo? be> witness alike to h] n>rative p[]s1 h] capacity = sy/ematic arrangem5t1 & h] hi/orical int]e/s4 ,h] ext5sive correspond5ce demon/rates ! influ5ce t %e wield$ 9 h] own day & c\ntry1 :ile h] ,quae/ionum solutiones trig9ta octo1 h] ,explanatio regulae sancti ,b5$icti1 & h] ,explanatio symboli sancti ,a?anasii ad congregationem sororum suorum give u glimpses ( h] activities z head ( a religi\s h\se4 ,h] biograph]1 ! monk ,!odoric1 records t %e also busi$ h]self ) ! treatm5t ( ! sick1 & cr$its h] ) miracul\s p[]s ( heal+4#a ,"s ( ! cit$ in/ances ( ?is faculty1 z ! cur+ ( a love-sick maid1#b are1 h[ev]1 b manife/ations ( p]sonal asc5dancy ov] weak] m9ds2 not)/&+ h] und\bt$ acqua9tance ) ! sci5ce ( h] day1 & ! claims made = h] z a pione] ( ! hospital sy/em1 !re is no s]i\s evid5ce t h] treatm5t ext5d$ beyond exorcism & pray]4 ,= h] "t & circum/ance ,hildeg>d _h se5 a fair am\nt ( ! _w4 ,liv+ on ! ,rh9e1 ! highway ( ,we/]n ,g]many1 %e 0 well plac$ = obs]v+ ! traffic & activities ( m54 ,%e _h j\rney$ at lea/ z f> nor? z ,cologne1 & _h trav]s$ ! ea/]n tribut>y ( ! great riv] to ,frank=t on ! ,ma9 & to ,ro!nburg on ,taube4#c ,h] own c\ntry1 ! bas9 ( ! ,nahe & ! ,glan1 %e knew intimately4 ,%e 01 moreov]1 9 con/ant communication ) ,may5ce1 ! seat ( ! ar*bi%opric 9 :i* ,b+5 0 situat$1 & !re has surviv$ an ext5sive correspond5ce ) ! ecclesia/ics ( ,cologne1 ,spey]1 ,hilde%eim1 ,trves1 ,bamb]g1 ,prague1 ,nrnb]g1 ,utre*t1 & num]\s o!r t[ns ( ,g]many1 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & ,c5tral ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,folio #ag r col4 b ,folio #cb v col4 b ,folio #bje r col4 b ,plate ,,ii4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,scripts ,,( ,,! ,,wiesbad5 ,,codex ,b ,hildeg>d's j\rneys1 und]tak5 ) ! object ( /imulat+ spiritual revival1 7 ( ! nature ( religi\s progresses1 b1 l ^? ( h] contempor>y1 ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux1 !y 7 9 fact l>gely direct$ aga9/ ! h]etical & mo/ cruelly p]secut$ ,ca?>i1 an ,albig5sian sect widely spread 9 ! ,rh9e c\ntry ( ! twelf? c5tury1 :om ,hildeg>d reg>d$ z #8worse ?an ! ,jews'4#d ,9 ju/ice to h] memory x is to be recall$ t %e h]self 0 ev] aga9/ ! %$d+ ( blood1 & _h h] less f]oci\s views prevail$1 "s m sub/antial relic ?an ! groans & te>s ( ?is p _h rea*$ our "t1 :ile ! annals ( ! ,*ur* _h be5 sp>$ ! defilem5t ( an inexpiable /a94 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii4 ,,title ,,page ,,( ,,! ,,heidelb]g ,,codex ,,( ,,! ,,scivias ,hildeg>d's correspond5ce ) ,/4 ,b]n>d1 !n prea*+ 8 crusade1 ) f\r popes1 ,eug5ius ,,iii1 ,ana/asius ,,iv1 ,adrian ,,iv1 & ,alex&] ,,iii1 & ) ! emp]ors ,conrad & ,fr$]ic ,b>b>ossa1 br+s h] into ! curr5t ( g5]al ,european hi/ory1 :ile %e comes into "s slight contact ) ! /ory ( our own c\ntry by h] hortatory lett]s to ,h5ry ,,ii & to 8 consort ,eleanor1 ! divorc$ wife ( ,l\is ,,vii4#e ,to complete a sket* ( h] lit]>y activities1 m5tion %\ld p]haps be made ( a secret script & language1 ! l+ua ignota1 attribut$ to h]4 ,x is a transp>5t & to mod]n eyes a fooli%ly empty device t h>dly m]its ! dignity ( ! t]m #8my/ical'4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 ex]cis$ ! +5uity ( sev]al writ]s1 & has be5 hon\r$ by analysis at ! h&s ( ,wilhelm ,grimm4#f ,ample mat]ial exi/s = a full biography ( ,hildeg>d1 & a numb] ( acc\nts ( h] h appe>$ 9 ! vulg> tongue4 ,ne>ly all are m>r$ by a lack ( critical judgem5t t makes _! p]usal a we>y task1 & inde$ x w\ld ne$ consid]able skill to int]e/ a deta*$ read] 9 ! m9utiae ( mona/ic disputes t und\bt$ly absorb$ a consid]able "p ( h] activities4 ,p]haps ! be/ life ( h] is ! e>lie/2 x is c]ta9ly nei!r ! lea/ critical nor ! mo/ cr$ul\s1 & is by h] contempor>ies1 ! monks ,godefrid & ,!odoric4#g ,! title ( #8sa9t' is usually giv5 to ,hildeg>d1 b %e 0 n 9 fact canoniz$4 ,attempts t[>ds t end 7 made "u ,gregory ,,ix 7#abcg71 ,innoc5t ,,iv 7#abdc71 & ,john ,,xxii 7#acag74 ,miracul\s cures & o!r works ( wond] 7 claim$ = h]1 b ei!r !y 7 insuffici5tly miracul\s or insuffici5tly atte/$4#h ,^? :o h imp>tially trac$ h] life 9 h] docum5ts w agree ) ! v]dict ( ! ,*ur*4 ,h]s 0 a fi]y1 a prophetic1 9 _m ways a s+ul>ly noble _s1 b %e 0 n a sa9t 9 any intelligible s5se ( ! ^w4 ,,iii4 ,,bibliographical ,,note ,!re is no complete edition ( ! works ( ,hildeg>d4 ,= ! majority ( read]s ! mo/ conv5i5t collection w d\btless be vol4 #aig ( ,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a4 ,?is c be supplem5t$ f ,c>d9al ,j4 ,b4 ,pitra's well-edit$ ,analecta sacra1 ! eigh? volume ( :i* conta9s c]ta9 o!rwise inaccessible works ( ,hildeg>d1#i & is ! only available edition ( ! ,lib] vitae m]itorum p] simplicem hom9em a viv5te luce1 revelatorum4 ,manuscripts ( ! writ+s ( our abbess are num]\s & are widely scatt]$ ov] ,europe4 ,f\r ( !m are ( special importance = our purpose1 & are "h briefly describ$4 7,a7 is a va/ p>*m5t ( #dhj folios 9 ! ,nassauis*e ,l&esbiblio!k at ,wiesbad54 ,?is mu*-?umb$ volume1 /ill be>+ ! *a9 t once te!r$ x to "s mona/ic desk1 is writt5 9 a ?irte5?-c5tury script4 ,!re is evid5ce t x 0 prep>$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,hildeg>d's conv5t1 if n 9 t conv5t itself4 ,x is int]e/+ z a collection ( ^? works t ! imm$iate local tradition attribut$ to h]1 & is ?us useful z a /&>d ( g5u95ess4#aj ,ref]5ce w be made to x 9 ! foll[+ pages z ! ,wiesbad5 ,codex ,a4 ,its cont5ts are z foll[s3 #a4 ,lib] ,scivias4 #b4 ,lib] vitae m]itorum4 #c4 ,lib] div9orum op]um4 #d4 ,ad praelatos mogunti5ses4 #e4 ,vita sanctae ,hildeg>dis4 ,by ,godefrid & ,!odoric4 #f4 ,lib] epi/ol>um et orationum4 ,?is collection conta9s #bib items1 & includes ! ,explanatio symboli ,a?anasii1 ! ,exposition ( ! ,rule ( ,/4 ,b5$ict1 & ! ,lives ( ,/4 ,disibode & ,/4 ,rup]t4 #g4 ,expositiones evangeliorum4 #h4 ,ignota l+ua & ,ignotae litt]ae4 #i4 ,litt]ae vill>5ses4 #aj4 ,symphonia h>moniae cele/um revelationum4 7,b7 is also at ,wiesbad51 & w be cit$ "h z ! ,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b4 ,x conta9s ! ,scivias only1 & is a truly noble volume ( #bce folios1 beautifully illum9at$1 9 excell5t pres]vation1 & ( ! highe/ value = ! hi/ory ( m$iaeval art4 ,x has be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by ! late ,dom ,l\is ,baillet1#aa :o conclud$ t x 0 writt5 9 or ne> ,b+5 betwe5 ! dates #aafj & #aahj4 ,its m9iatures help greatly 9 ! int]pretation ( ! visions1 illu/rat+ !m (t5 9 ! m9ute/ & mo/ unexpect$ details4 ,9 view ( ! great difficulty ( visualiz+ mu* ( h] n>rative1 ^! m9iatures af=d to our m9d /rong evid5ce t ! ,,ms4 0 sup]vis$ by ! prophetess h]self1 or 0 at lea/ prep>$ "u h] imm$iate tradition4 ,?is view is confirm$ by comp>+ ! m9iatures ) ^? ( ! some:at simil> b inf]ior ,heidelb]g ,,ms4 7,c74 ,bo? ! m9iatures & ! script ( ! ,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b are ! "w ( sev]al h&s4 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct h&writ+s disc]nible 7,plate ,,ii74 ,! e>lie/ is attribut$ by ,baillet 9 8 c>eful "w to ! twelf? c5tury1 :ile ! lat] writ+ is 9 ?irte5?-c5tury h&s4#ab ,x ?us appe>s to u t :ile ,hildeg>d h]self probably sup]vis$ ! e>li] /ages ( ! prep>ation ( ?is volume1 its completion took place subsequ5t to h] dea?4 ,?is view is su/a9$ by ! fact t "s ( ! lat] m9iatures are f> less successful ?an ! e>li] figures 9 aid+ ! int]pretation ( h] text4 ,! two ,wiesbad5 ,,mss4 appe> to h rema9$ at ! conv5t on ! ,rup]tsb]g opposite ,b+5 until ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,!y 7 /udi$ !re by ,tri!mius 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & "o ( !m at lea/ 0 se5 by ! ,may5ce ,commission ( #adhi4 ,lat] !y 7 not$ by ! !ologians ,osi&] 7#aebg7 & ,wicelius 7,weitzel1 #aeed71 & by ! antiqu>y ,nicolaus ,s]>ius 7#afjd74 ,9 #afcb1 dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 ! ,rup]tsb]g build+s 7 de/roy$1 ! ,,mss4 be+ remov$ to a place ( safety 9 ! neighb\r+ settlem5t at ,eib+51 :]e !y 7 aga9 record$ 9 #affj by ! ,jesuits ,pap5bro* & ,h5s*54#ac ,at "s unkn[n date !y 7 transf]r$ to ,wiesbad51 :]e !y 7 exam9$ 9 #ahad by ,goe!1#ad & a few ye>s lat] by ,wilhelm ,grimm1#ae & :]e !y h s9ce rema9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,hildeg>d',s ,,fir/ ,,s*eme ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se ,slightly simplifi$ f ! ,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b1 folio #ad r4 7,c7 ,?is ,,ms4 is at ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y at ,heidelb]g4 ,x also conta9s only ! ,scivias1 & x is ! only kn[n illum9at$ ,,ms4 ( t "w except ! ,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b4 ,! ,heidelb]g ,,ms4 0 prep>$ ) great c>e 9 ! e>ly ?irte5? c5tury1 only a little lat] ?an its fell[1 b its figures af=d little aid 9 ! int]pretation ( ! text4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! ,heidelb]g diagram ( ! univ]se 7,plate ,,iv7 is ( a fairly conv5tional type :i* q fails to illu/rate ! difficult description4 ,! obscurities ( ! text are1 h[ev]1 at once expla9$ by a figure 9 ! ,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b 7,fig4 #b73 we ?us obta9 fur!r indirect evid5ce ( ! p]sonal influ5ce ( ,hildeg>d 9 ! prep>ation ( t ,,ms4 ,! repres5tation ( ,hildeg>d 9 ! ,heidelb]g ,,ms4 7,plate ,,iii7 %[s no resemblance to ^? 9 ! ,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b 7,plate ,i7 or 9 ! ,lucca ,,ms4 7,plates ,,vi to ,,ix71 :i* w n[ be describ$4 7,d7 is an illu/rat$ codex ( ! ,lib] div9orum op]um simplicis hom9is at ! ,municipal ,libr>y at ,lucca4 ,x conta9s t5 beautiful m9iatures1 "s ( :i* are "h reproduc$ 7,plates ,,vi to ,,ix & ,,xi71 z !y are ( special value = ! int]pretation ( ,hildeg>d's !ories on ! relation ( macrocosm & microcosm4 ,?is ,lucca ,,ms4 0 describ$ & its text pr9t$ 9 #agfa by ,giovanni ,dom5ico ,mansi1#af a c>eful s*ol>1 :o 0 himself sometime ,ar*bi%op ( ,lucca4 ,mansi conclud$ t x 0 writt5 at ! end ( ! twelf? or ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,on palaeographical gr\nds a slightly lat] date w\ld n[adays probably be pref]r$ 7,plate ,v b74 ,! "w consi/s ( t5 visions1 ea* illu/rat$ by a figure4 ,! date1 "*1 & mean+ ( ^! m9iatures raise special problems to :i* only v sup]ficial ref]5ce c "h be made4 ,un=tunately b little "w has be5 done on e>ly ,italian s*ools ( m9iaturi/s1 & x is n a subject on :i* any exact k c yet be said to exi/4#ag ,( ^! t5 m9iatures we may dismiss ! la/ five 9 a few words4 ,! six? to ! t5? visions are ( purely !ological int]e/1 & ! m9iatures illu/rat+ !m are by a diff]5t h& to ! re/4 ,!y are all relatively crude products1 :i* appe> to u to resemble o!r ,italian "w ( ! p]iod at :i* ! ,,ms4 0 writt54 ,we %all conc5trate our att5tion on ! fir/ five m9iatures4 ,! fir/ ?ree m9iatures ( ! ,lucca ,,ms4 7,plates ,,vi to ,,viii7 may be attribut$ to ! same h& on ! foll[+ gr\nds3 #a4 ,all h a v simil> inset figure ( ! prophetess bel[ ! ma9 picture4 #b4 ,! "* ( ! pr9cipal figure ( ! fir/ m9iature 7,plate ,,vi7 is almo/ id5tical ) ! curi\s univ]se-embrac+ d\ble-head$ figure ( ! second m9iature 7,plate ,,vii74 #c4 ,! features & draughtsman%ip ( ! c5tral figure ( ! second m9iature 7,plate ,,vii7 are id5tical ) ^? ( ! ?ird 7,plate ,,viii74 #d4 ,! bea/s' heads arrang$ r\nd ! second m9iature 7,plate ,,vii7 are exactly reproduc$ 9 ! ?ird m9iature 7,plate ,,viii74 ,n[ al?\gh ^! ?ree m9iatures are 9 "s respects unique1 !y conta9 elem5ts enabl+ u to date !m ) an approa* to accuracy4 ,^! elem5ts are to be f\nd especially 9 ! c5tral figure ( ! second & ?ird m9iatures 7,plates ,,vii & ,,viii74 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 z ,v5turi has %[n1#ah !re 0 a well-m>k$ *ange 9 ,nor!rn ,italy 9 ! traditional repres5tation ( ! =m on ! ,cross4 ,?is *ange 0 foll[$ ) almo/ slavi% accuracy1 & ! new =m is well repres5t$ by a pa9t+ 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y 7,plate ,x74 ,x is ?is figure ( ,*ri/ :i* is reproduc$ by our m9iaturi/4 ,! c5tral figure ( ,plates ,,vii & ,,viii resembles t ( ! ,uffizi crucifix1 = in/ance1 9 ! g5]al pose ( ! body1 9 ! position ( ! legs & ( ! arms1 9 ! treatm5t ( ! abdom9al musculature1 9 ! me?od ( outl9+ ! muscles ( ! legs & ( ! arms1 & 9 a m9ute & v con/ant detail by :i* ! outl9e ( ! left side is cont9u$ ) ! fold ( ! gro91 ?us giv+ an impression ( ! left ?igh be+ advanc$ on ! "r4 ,fur!rmore1 ! some:at ,byzant9e ca/ ( c\nt5ance ( ! figure c be closely p>allel$ f ,nor!rn ,italian "w ( ! same p]iod4 ,we !re=e reg>d ^! fir/ ?ree m9iatures ( ! ,lucca ,,ms4 z dat+ f ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! rema9+ two m9iatures 7,plates ,,ix & ,,xi7 (f] special difficulties4 ,plate ,,xi 7illu/rat+ ! fif? vision7 pres5ts u ) no complete human figures1 except ! small & probably copi$ inset ( ! prophetess bel[ ! m9iature4 ,! faces be> "s resemblance to ^? ( ! la/ five m9iatures2 ! w+s1 on ! o!r h&1 to ^? ( ! fir/ m9iature 7,plate ,,vi74 ,x is p]haps possible t ?is m9iature 0 ! "w ( an e>ly ?irte5?-c5tury arti/1 & t ! w+s & "s o!r details 7 add$ by a lat] h&4 ,! abnormal ori5tation1 ea/ to ! left & s\? above1 sugge/s t we h "h to d ) "s special influ5ce4 ,! mo/ anomal\s ( all is1 h[ev]1 ! beautiful f\r? m9iature 7,plate ,,ix74 ,?is picture has a g5]al feel+ ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance1 ?\gh x is h>d to f9d 9 x any def9ite humani/ic elem5t4 ,! nude female figure 9 ! upp] left quadrant is especially /rik+4 ,no p>allel to x is to be f\nd 9 ! ?irte5?-c5tury ,italian m9iatures t h s f> be5 reproduc$1 & x appe>s to u difficult to date ! m9iature ant]ior to ! f\rte5? c5tury at ! v e>lie/4 ,x is1 9 any ev5t1 by a diff]5t h& to ! o!rs4 ,! ra%es on ! pati5ts 9 ! two upp] & ! "r l[] quadrants are p]haps an attempt to r5d] ! fatal #8,god's tok5s' ( ^? waves ( pe/il5ce t deva/at$ ! ,italian p59sula 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,:atev] ! date ( ^! m9iatures1 h[ev]1 !y reproduce ! mean+ ( ! text ( ! ,lib] div9orum op]um ) a conv9c+ c]ta9ty & sur5ess ( t\*4 ,?is "w is ! mo/ difficult ( all ,hildeg>d's my/ical writ+s4 ,)\t ! clues provid$ by ! m9iatures1 _m passages 9 x are :olly incompreh5sible4 ,x appe>s to u !re=e by no means improbable t ! traditional int]pretation ( ,hildeg>d's works1 ?us pres]v$ to our "t by ^! m9iatures & by !m alone1 may h _h its orig9 f ! m\? ( ! prophetess h]self1 p]haps ?r\gh ano!r set ( m9iatures t has disappe>$ or has n yet come to light4#ai ,,iv4 ,,! ,,spuri\s ,,sci5tific ,,works ,,( ,,hildeg>d ,! sci5tific views ( ,hildeg>d are emb$d$ 9 a !ological sett+1 & are ma9ly enc\nt]$ 9 ! ,scivias & ! ,lib] div9orum op]um simplicis hom9is4 ,to a less ext5t !y appe> occasionally 9 h] ,epi/olae & 9 ! ,lib] vitae m]itorum4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,,heidelb]g ,,codex ,,( ,,! ,,scivias ,plate ,,iv4 ,,! ,,univ]se ,two works ( non-!ological tone & def9itely sci5tific "* h be5 pr9t$ 9 h] "n4 ,"o ( ^! 0 rec5tly edit$ "u ! title ,beatae ,hildeg>dis causae et curae4#bj ,a s+le ,,ms4 only ( ?is "w is kn[n to exi/1 & is n[ deposit$ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y ( ,cop5hag54#ba ,x is an ill-writt5 docum5t ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & ! orig9al "w probably dates f ?is p]iod4 ,x has none ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ackn[l$g$ "w ( ,hildeg>d1 & inde$ ! only l9k ) h] "n is ! title1 :i* is writt5 9 a h& diff]5t f t ( ! text 7,plate ,v a74 ,no?+ c\ld be m unlike ! ec/atic b well-ord]$ & sy/ematic "w ( ! prophetess ( ,b+5 ?an ! prosy disord] ( ! ,causae et curae4 ,l+ui/ically1 also1 x diff]s entirely f ! typical writ+s ( ,hildeg>d1 = x is full ( ,g]manisms1 :i* nev] int]rupt ! eloqu5ce ( h] au!ntic works4 ,aga91 ,hildeg>d's t5d5cy to !oretical speculation1 z = in/ance on ! nature ( ! elem5ts or on ! =m ( ! ,univ]se1 f9ds no place 9 ! scrappy p>agraphs ( ?is apocryphal compilation4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v a4 ,,op5+ ,,l9es ,,( ,,! ,,cop5hag5 ,,ms4 ,,( ,,! ,,causae ,,et ,,curae ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v b4 ,,op5+ ,,l9es ,,( ,,! ,,lucca ,,ms4 ,,( ,,! ,,lib] ,,div9orum ,,op]um ,,simplicis ,,hom9is ,a second "w1 ( some:at simil> "*1 is entitl$ ,subtilitatum div]s>umque creatur>um libri novem4 ,?is is cle>ly a compilation1 & num]\s passages 9 x c be trac$ to su* s\rces z ,pl9y1 ,walafrid ,/rabus1 ,m>bod1 ,mac]1 ! ,physiologus1 ,isidore ,hispal5sis1 ,con/ant9e ! ,african1 & ! ,regim5 ,sanitatis ,sal]ni1 only ! la/ ?ree ( :i* ex]t$ a traceable influ5ce on ! g5u9e works ( our au?oress4 ,nev]!less ?is ,lib] subtilitatum 0 e>ly pr9t$ z ,hildeg>d's "w1 along ) a treatise attribut$ ) z little ju/ification to ano!r woman writ]1 ,trotula1 "o ( ! ladies ( ,sal]no1 ^: "n 0 also a h\sehold ^w 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & 0 freely atta*$ to m$ical writ+s ) :i* %e _h little or no?+ to d4#bb ,x is true t ,hildeg>d's contempor>y biograph]1 ! monk ,!odoric1 assures u t %e _h writt5 ,de natura hom9is et elem5torum1 div]s>umque creatur>um1#bc b !re is no?+ to sugge/ t ! ,lib] subtilitatum is int5d$ !reby4 ,! mod]n s*ol>s ,d>emb]g & ,reuss h edit$ ! ,lib] subtilitatum z ,hildeg>d's composition1#bd & ! "w attract$ ! att5tion ( ,vir*[1#be b not)/&+ ! au?ority ( ^! names1 ! objections :i* apply to ! g5u95ess ( ! ,causae et curae are also valid "h3 7a7 ,! ,lib] subtilitatum is n includ$ 9 ! ,wiesbad5 ,codex ,a4 7b7 ,! phrase ,de natura hom9is et elem5torum div]s>umque creatur>um1 us$ by ,!odoric z a description & by ,reuss z a title1#bf w\ld lead "o to expect great emphasis on ! nature ( ! elem5ts & _! entry into ! human frame4 ,su* emphasis is n1 9 fact1 discov]able 9 ! ,lib] subtilitatum1 :i*1 moreov]1 does n treat ( human anatomy or physiology4 7c7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! g5u9e ,lib] div9orum op]um simplicis hom9is does lay /ress on ^! po9ts4 ,?is is possibly !re=e ! "w to :i* ,!odoric ref]s1 & to x 8 description c]ta9ly applies well4 7d7 ,z 9 ! ,causae et curae1 !re are l+ui/ic difficulties t prev5t u attribut+ ! ,lib] subtilitatum to ,hildeg>d4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 is ! numb] ( ,g]manisms z well z ! m>k$ diff]5ce f ! /yle & me?od ( h] ackn[l$g$ "w4 7e7 ,!re are /atem5ts 9 ! ,lib] subtilitatum t c sc>cely be attribut$ to our au?oress4 ,hav+ l>gely explor$ ! ,rh9e bas91 & correspond+ con/antly ) writ]s beyond ! ,alps1 h[ c\ld %e possibly d]ive all riv]s1 ,rh9e & ,danube1 ,meuse & ,moselle1 ,nahe & ,glan1 f ! same lake 7( ,con/ance7 z does ! au?or ( ! ,lib] subtilitatum8#bg 7f7 ,fur!rmore1 al?\gh t spuri\s "w has a *apt] ,de elem5tis1 x reveals none ( ,hildeg>d's mo/ peculi> & def9ite views z to _! nature1 orig91 & fate1#bh nor does x ref] to ! sph]icity ( ! e>?1 to ! vascul> sy/em ( man1 to ! hum\rs & _! relation to ! w9ds & ! elem5ts1 or to a doz5 o!r po9ts on :i*1 z we %all see1 ,hildeg>d _h views ( h] own4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( ,hildeg>d's apocryphal works1 brief ref]5ce may be made to ! ,speculum futurorum temporum1 a spuri\s production to :i* h] "n is (t5 atta*$4 ,x exi/s 9 innum]able ,,mss41 & has be5 frequ5tly edit$ & translat$4 ,x is ! "w ( ,geb5o1 prior ( ,eb]ba*1 :o wrote x 9 #abbj1 claim+ t he extract$ x f ,hildeg>d's writ+s4 ,ano!r "w errone\sly attribut$ to ,hildeg>d is entitl$ ,revelatio de fratribus quatuor m5dicantium ord9um1 & is direct$ aga9/ ! f\r m5dicant ord]s--,franciscans1 ,dom9icans1 ,c>melites1 & ,augu/9ians4 ,x also has be5 pr9t$1 b is :olly spuri\s1 & 0 probably compos$ t[>ds ! latt] "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,v4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,hildeg>d',s ,,sci5tific ,,k ,9 ! works ( ,hildeg>d we are deal+ ) ! products ( a peculi>ly orig9al intellect1 & h] imag9ative p[] & my/ical t5d5cy make an exhau/ive se>* into ! orig9 ( h] ideas by no means an easy task4 ,) h] !ological /&po9t1 z su*1 we are n "h conc]n$1 & un=tunately %e does n h]self ref] to any ( h] s\rces o!r ?an ! ,biblical books2 to h cit$ pr(ane writ]s w\ld inde$ h involv$ ! ab&onm5t ( h] claim t h] k 0 d]iv$ by imm$iate inspiration f on high4 ,nev]!less x is possible to =m "s idea1 on int]nal evid5ce1 ( ! orig9 ( _m ( h] sci5tific conceptions4 ,! mo/ /rik+ po9t conc]n+ ! s\rces ( ,hildeg>d is negative4 ,!re is no ,g]man l+ui/ic elem5t di/+ui%able 9 h] writ+s1 & !y %[ little or no trace ( native ,g]man folk-lore4#bi ,x is true t ,tri!mius ( ,sponheim 7#adfb-aeaf71 :o is (t5 a v inaccurate *ronicl]1 tells u t ,hildeg>d #8compos$ works 9 ,g]man z well z 9 ,lat91 al?\gh %e _h nei!r le>n$ nor us$ ! latt] tongue except = simple psalmody'4#cj ,b ) ! te/imony be=e u ( ! writ+s !mselves & ( h] skilful use ( ,lat91 ! /atem5t ( ,tri!mius & ev5 ! h9ts ( ,hildeg>d#ca may be safely disc\nt$ & set d[n to ! wi% to magnify ! elem5t ( inspiration4#cb ,s f> f h] hav+ be5 illit]ate1 we %all %[ t ! /ructure & details ( h] works betray a consid]able degree ( le>n+ & mu* pa9/ak+ /udy ( ! works ( o!rs4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 %e skilfully manipulates ! ,hippocratic doctr9es ( miasma & ! hum\rs1 & elaborates a !ory ( ! int]relation ( ! two :i*1 ?\gh develop$ on a plan ( h] own1 is yet cle>ly borr[$ 9 its broad outl9e f su* a writ] z ,isidore ( ,seville4 ,aga91 z we %all see1 "s ( h] ideas on anatomy seem to h be5 d]iv$ f ,con/ant9e ! ,african1 :o belong$ to ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]y ( ,monte ,cass9o4#cc ,hildeg>d liv$ at r too e>ly a date to dr9k f ! broad /ream ( new k t 0 soon to fl[ into ,europe ?r\gh ,p>is f its res]voir 9 ,moslem ,spa94 ,su* drops f t s\rce z may h rea*$ h] mu/ h trickl$ 9 ei!r f ! e>li] ,italian translators or f ! ,jews :o _h settl$ 9 ! ,upp] ,rh9el&1 = x is v unlikely t %e 0 influ5c$ by ! e>li] twelf?-c5tury translations ( ,av]roes1 ,avic5na1 ,avicebron1 & ,avempace1 t pass$ into ,france f ! ,jews ( ,m>seilles1 ,montpelli]1 & ,&alusia4#cd ,h] intellectual field 0 ?us f> m patri/ic ?an w\ld h be5 ! case _h h] life-c\rse be5 ev5 a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat]4 ,h] sci5ce is prim>ily ( ! usual deg5]ate ,greek type1 dis9tegrat$ fragm5ts ( ,ari/otle & ,gal5 col\r$ & alt]$ by ! cu/om>y m$iaeval attempts to br+ !ory into l9e ) scriptural phraseology1 ?\gh a high degree ( indep5d5ce is obta9$ by ! vision>y =m 9 :i* h] views are set4 ,%e exhibits1 l all m$iaeval writ]s on sci5ce1 ! ,ari/otelian !ory ( ! elem5ts1 b h] /atem5t ( ! doctr9e is illum9at$ by fla%es ( h] own ?\ghts & is col\r$ by sugge/ions f ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,isidore ,hispal5sis1 ,b]n>d ,sylve/ris ( ,t\rs1 & p]haps f writ+s attribut$ to ,boe?ius4 ,! translator ,g]>d ( ,cremona 7#aaad-hg7 0 h] contempor>y1 & 8 lab\rs made available = we/]n read]s a numb] ( sci5tific works :i* _h previ\sly circulat$ only among ,arabic-speak+ peoples4#ce ,sev]al ( ^! works1 notably ,ptolemy's ,almage/1 ,messahalah's ,de ,orbe1 & ! ,ari/otelian ,de ,caelo et ,mundo1 conta9 mat]ial on ! =m ( ! univ]se & on ! nature ( ! elem5ts1 & "s ( !m probably rea*$ ! ,rh9el& 9 "t to be us$ by ,hildeg>d4 ,! ,almage/1 h[ev]1 0 n translat$ until #aage1 & 0 ?us inaccessible to ,hildeg>d4#cf ,moreov]1 z %e nev] uses an ,arabic m$ical t]m1 x is reasonably c]ta9 t %e did n consult ,g]>d's translation ( ,avic5na1 :i* is cr[d$ ) ,arabisms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,sal]nitan s*ool may be disc]n$ 9 sev]al ( h] sci5tific ideas4 ,! ,regim5 ,sanitatis ( ,sal]no1 writt5 ab\t #aaja1 0 rapidly diffus$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & mu/ h rea*$ ! ,rh9el& at lea/ a g5]ation be=e ! ,lib] ,div9orum ,op]um 0 compos$4 ,?is cycle ( v]ses may well h re9=c$ "s ( h] microcosmic ideas1#cg & sugge/$ also h] views on ! g5]ation ( man1#ch on ! effects ( w9d on heal?1#ci & on ! influ5ce ( ! />s4#dj ,on ! subject ( ! =m ( ! e>? ,hildeg>d express$ h]self def9itely z a sph]i/1#da a po9t ( view m widely accept$ 9 ! e>li] ,middle ,ages ?an is p]haps g5]ally suppos$4 ,%e consid]s 9 ! usual m$iaeval fa%ion t ?is globe is surr\nd$ by cele/ial sph]es t influ5ce t]re/rial ev5ts4#db ,b :ile %e claims t human affairs1 & especially human diseases1 are controll$1 "u ,god1 by ! heav5ly cosmos1 %e yet commits h]self to none ( t m detail$ a/rological doctr9e t 0 develop+ 9 h] "t1 & came to effloresc5ce 9 ! foll[+ c5turies4 ,9 ?is respect %e foll[s ! e>li] & some:at m sci5tific _s ( su* writ]s z ,messahalah1 r ?an ! wild] !ories ( h] own age4 ,! %ortness & simplicity ( ,messahalah's tract on ! sph]e made x v popul>4 ,x 0 probably "o ( ! e>lie/ to be translat$ into ,lat92 & its cont5ts w\ld acc\nt = ! *ange :i*1 z we %all see1 came ov] ,hildeg>d's sci5tific views 9 h] lat] ye>s4 ,! g5]al conception ( ! univ]se z a s]ies ( conc5tric elem5tal sph]es _h c]ta9ly p5etrat$ to ,we/]n ,europe c5turies be=e ,hildeg>d's "t4 ,nev]!less ! prophetess pres5ts x to h] audi5ce z a new & /rik+ revelation4 ,we may ?us suppose t translations ( ,messahalah1 or ( :atev] o!r "w %e drew ^u = ! purpose1 did n rea* ! ,upp] ,rh9el&1 or r did n become accept$ by ! circles 9 :i* ,hildeg>d mov$1 until ab\t ! decade #aada-ej1 dur+ :i* %e 0 occupi$ 9 ! composition ( h] ,scivias4 ,!re is ano!r cosmic !ory1 ! adv5t ( :i* to h] c\ntry1 or at lea/ to h] circle1 c be approximately dat$ f h] "w4 ,hildeg>d exhibits 9 a pron\nc$ b peculi> & orig9al =m ! doctr9e ( ! macrocosm & microcosm4 ,h>dly di/+ui%able 9 ! ,scivias 7#aada-ej71 x appe>s def9itely 9 ! ,lib] ,vitae ,m]itorum 7#aaeh-fb71dc 9 :i* "w1 h[ev]1 x takes no v prom95t place1 & is l>gely ov]laid & conceal$ by o!r l9es ( ?\ght4 ,b 9 ! ,lib] ,div9orum ,op]um 7#aafc-gj7 ?is belief is ! ma9 !me4 ,! book is inde$ an elaborate attempt to demon/rate a simil>ity & relation%ip betwe5 ! nature ( ! ,godhead1 ! con/itution ( ! univ]se1 & ! /ructure ( man1 & x ?us =ms a valuable comp5dium ( ! sci5ce ( ! day view$ f ! /&po9t ( ?is !ory4 ,f :5ce did %e d]ive ! !ory ( macrocosm & microcosm8 ,9 outl9e its elem5ts 7 easily accessible to h] 9 ,isidore's ,de ,r]um ,natura z well z 9 ! ,sal]nitan poems4 ,b ! "w ( ,b]n>d ,sylve/ris ( ,t\rs1 ,de mundi univ]sitate sive megacosmus et microcosmus1#dd corresponds s closely bo? 9 =m1 9 _s1 & sometimes ev5 9 phraseology1 to ! ,lib] ,div9orum ,op]um t x appe>s to u c]ta9 t ,hildeg>d mu/ h _h access to x also4 ,b]n>d's "w c be dat$ betwe5 ! ye>s #aade-ec f 8 ref]5ce to ! papacy ( ,eug5ius ,,iii4 ,?is w\ld correspond well ) ! appe>ance ( 8 doctr9es 9 ! ,lib] ,vitae ,m]itorum 7#aaeh-fb7 & _! full developm5t 9 ! ,lib] ,div9orum ,op]um 7#aafc-gj74 ,ano!r contempor>y writ] ) :om ,hildeg>d pres5ts po9ts ( contact is ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor 7#ajie-aada74de ,9 8 writ+s ! doctr9e ( ! relation ( macrocosm & microcosm is m veil$ ?an ) ,b]n>d ,sylve/ris4 ,nev]!less1 8 symbolic univ]se is on ! l9es ( ,hildeg>d's belief1 & ! plan ( 8 ,de arca ,noe my/ica pres5ts _m p>allels bo? to ! ,scivias & to ! ,lib] ,div9orum ,op]um4 ,if ^! d n owe any?+ directly to ,hugh1 !y are at lea/ products ( ! same my/ical movem5t z 7 8 works4 ,we may also recall t at ,hildeg>d's date v complex cabali/ic sy/ems involv+ ! doctr9e ( macrocosm & microcosm 7 be+ elaborat$ by ! ,jews1 & t %e liv$ 9 a di/rict :]e ,rabb9ic my/icism specially fl\ri%$4#df ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela1 :o visit$ ,b+5 dur+ ,hildeg>d's lifetime1 tells u t he f\nd !re a congregation ( 8 p4 ,s9ce we "k1 moreov]1 t %e 0 famili> ) ! ,jews1#dg x is possible t %e may h d]iv$ "s ( ! v complex macrocosmic conceptions ) :i* h] la/ "w is cr[d$ f local ,jewi% /ud5ts4 ,! ,alsatian ,h]rade de ,l&sb]g 7di$ #aaie71 a contempor>y ( ,hildeg>d1 develop$ ! microcosm !ory along l9es simil> to ^? ( our abbess1 & x is probable t ! !ory1 9 ! =m 9 :i* ^! writ]s pres5t x1 rea*$ ! ,upp] ,rh9el& some:]e ab\t ! middle or latt] half ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,,lucca ,,ms4 fo4 #a v ,plate ,,vi4 ,,n\s ,,p]vad$ ,,by ,,! ,,godhead ,,& ,,controll+ ,,hyle ,ap>t f ! ,biblical books1 ! "w :i* made ! deepe/ impression on ,hildeg>d 0 probably ,augu/9e's ,de ,civitate ,dei1 :i* seems to =m ! backgr\nd ( a l>ge "p ( ! ,scivias4 ,! books ( ,ezekiel & ( ,daniel1 ! ,gospel ( ,nicodemus1 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 & ! ,apocalypse1 all conta9 a lurid type ( vision :i* h] own spiritual exp]i5ces w\ld enable h] to utilize1 & :i* fit 9 well ) h] microcosmic doctr9es4 ,ideas on ! h>mony & di%>mony ( ! elem5ts %e may h pick$ up f su* works z ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon & ! ,paul9e writ+s1 ?\gh x is obvi\s t ,isidore ( ,seville & ! ,regim5 ,sanitatis ,sal]ni 7 also drawn ^u by h]4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,,lucca ,,ms4 fo4 #i r ,plate ,,vii4 ,,n\s ,,p]vad$ ,,by ,,! ,,godhead ,,embrac+ ,,! ,,macrocosm ,,) ,,! ,,microcosm ,h] figure ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! ,scivias rem9ds u irresi/ibly ( ,boe?ius' vision ( ! graci\s fem99e =m ( ,philosophy4 ,aga91 ! visions ( ! puni%m5ts ( ,hell :i* ,hildeg>d rec\nts 9 ! ,lib] ,vitae ,m]itorum#dh be> resemblance to ! "w ( h] contempor>y ,b5$ict9e1 ! monk ,alb]ic ! y\ng] ( ,monte ,cass9o1 to :om ,dante also became indebt$4#di ,hildeg>d repeat$ly assures u t mo/ ( h] k 0 reveal$ to h] 9 wak+ visions4 ,"s ( ^! we %all seek to %[ _h a pa?ological basis1 probably ( a migra9\s "*1 & %e 0 a suff]] f a condition t w\ld n[adays probably be classifi$ z hy/]o-epilepsy4 ,too mu* /ress1 h[ev]1 c easily be laid on ! ec/atic pres5tm5t ( h] sci5tific views4 ,visions1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 7 #8! fa%ion' at ! p]iod1 & 7 a common lit]>y device4 ,h] contempor>y ,b5$ict9e si/]1 ,elizabe? ( ,s*nau1 z well z num]\s successors1 z = example ,g]trude ( ,rob]sdorf1 adopt$ ! same me*anism4 ,! use ( ! vision = ?is purpose rema9$ popul> = c5turies1 & we may say ( ^! writ]s1 z ,ampre says ( ,dante1 t #8! visions gave n ! g5ius nor ! poetic inspiration1 b ! =m m]ely 9 :i* !y 7 realiz$'4 ,! contempor>ies ( ,hildeg>d :o provide ! close/ analogy to h] are ,elizabe? ( ,s*nau 7di$ #aafe71 ^: visions are rec\nt$ 9 h] life by ,eckb]tus2#ej & ,h]rade de ,l&sb]g1 ,abbess ( ,hoh5burg 9 ,alsace1 ! priceless ,,ms4 ( ^: ,hortus ,delici>um 0 de/roy$ by ! ,g]mans 9 ! siege ( ,/rasb\rg 9 #ahgj4ea ,) ,elizabe? ( ,s*nau1 :o liv$ 9 h] neighb\rhood1 ,hildeg>d 0 9 frequ5t correspond5ce4 ,) ,h]rade %e _h1 s f> z is kn[n1 no direct communication2 b ! two 7 contempor>y1 liv$ n v f> ap>t1 & "u simil> political & cultural conditions4 ,elizabe?'s visions pres5t "s /rik+ analogies to ^? ( ,hildeg>d1 :ile ! figures ( ,h]rade1 ( :i* copies h =tunately surviv$1 (t5 sugge/ ! illu/rations ( ! ,wiesbad5 or ( ! ,lucca ,,mss4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,univ]se ,to ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 ,hildeg>d's beliefs z to ! nature & /ructure ( ! univ]se are among ! mo/ int]e/+ t %e has to imp>t4 ,h] e>li] !ories are 9 "s respects unique among m$iaeval writ]s1 & we possess 9 ! ,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b a diagram enabl+ u to int]pret h] views ) a def9it5ess & c]ta9ty t w\ld o!rwise be impossible4 ,hildeg>d's univ]se is geoc5tric1 & consi/s ( a sph]ical e>?1#eb ar\nd :i* are arrang$ a numb] ( conc5tric %ells or zones4 ,! inn] zones are sph]ical1 ! out] oval1 & ! out]mo/ ( all egg-%ap$1 ) "o end prolong$ & m po9t$ ?an ! o!r 7,fig4 #b74 ,! conc5tric /ructure is a commonplace ( m$iaeval sci5ce1 & is enc\nt]$1 = in/ance1 9 ! works ( ,b$e1 ,isidore1 ,alex&] ( ,neckam1 ,rog] ,bacon1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 & ,dante4 ,to all ^! writ]s1 h[ev]1 ! univ]se is sph]ical4 ,! egg-%ape is peculi> to ,hildeg>d4 ,_m ( ! ,mappaemundi ( ! ,beatus & o!r types exhibit ! surface ( ! habitable e>? itself z oval1 & x 0 f su* *>ts t ,hildeg>d probably ga9$ h] conception ( an oval univ]se4 ,9 h] me?od ( ori5tation also %e foll[s ^! maps1 plac+ ! ea/ at ! top ( ! page :]e we are accu/om$ to place ! nor?4#ec ,x is un=tunate t %e does n deal ) geography 9 ! re/rict$ s5se1 & s we are n 9 full possession ( h] views on ! antipodes1 a subject ( frequ5t d]ision to patri/ic & ( misconception to s*ola/ic writ]s4 ,%e does1 h[ev]1 vaguely ref] to ! inv]sion ( seasons & climates 9 ! opposite hemisph]e1#ed ?\gh %e confuses ! issue by ! adoption ( a !ory widespread 9 ! ,middle ,ages & reproduc$ 9 ! ,div9a ,comm$ia1 t ! antipodean surface ( ! e>? is un9habitable1 s9ce x is ei!r b5ea? ! ocean or 9 ! m\? ( ! ,dragon#ee 7,plate ,,xi1 cp4 ,fig4 #d74 ,! nature ( ! antipodean inv]sion ( climates 0 cle>ly grasp$ by h] contempor>y1 ,h]rade de ,l&sb]g 7,fig4 #e74 ,hildeg>d's views z to ! int]nal /ructure ( ! t]re/rial sph]e are also some:at difficult to foll[4 ,h] obscure & confus$ doctr9e ( ,purgatory & ,hell has puzzl$ o!r writ]s besides ourselves1#ef nor ne$ we consid] x "h1 b %e held t ! int]ior ( ! e>? conta9$ two va/ spaces %ap$ l truncat$ cones1 :]e puni%m5t 0 met$ out & :5ce _m evil ?+s _h issue4#eg ,h] :ole s*eme pres5ts analogies z well z contra/s to t ( h] k9dr$ _s ,dante4#eh ,hildeg>d1 h[ev]1 :o di$ be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury _h dawn$1 pres5ts u ) a s*eme f> less def9ite & elaborat$ ?an t ( h] great successor1 :o _h all ! /ores ( ! gold5 age ( s*ola/icism on :i* to draw4 ,9 ,hildeg>d's fir/ diagram ( ! univ]se1 :i* is ( ! nature ( an #8optical section'1 ! _w1 ! spha]a elem5torum ( ,johannes ,sacro ,bosco & o!r m$iaeval writ]s1 is diagrammatically repres5t$ z comp\nd$ ( e>?1 air1 fire1 & wat] confus$ly mix$ 9 :at h] y\ng] contempor>y1 ,alex&] ( ,neckam 7#aaeg-abag71 calls #8a c]ta9 concordant discord ( ! elem5ts'4 ,9 ! illu/rations to ! ,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b ! f\r elem5ts h ea* a conv5tional me?od ( repres5tation1 :i* appe>s aga9 & aga9 9 ! diff]5t m9iatures 7,fig4 #b & ,plates ,,xii & ,,xiii74 ,ar\nd ?is _w ) its f\r elem5ts is spread ! atmosph]e1 ! a] lucidus or alba pellis1 diagrammatically repres5t$1 l ! e>? :i* x enwraps1 z circul>4 ,?r\gh ?is alba pellis no creature ( e>? c p5etrate4 ,beyond are rang$ 9 ord] f\r fur!r %ells or zones4 ,ea* zone conta9s "o ( ! c>d9al w9ds1 & ea* c>d9al w9d is accompani$ by two accessory w9ds1 repres5t$ 9 ! traditional fa%ion by ! brea? ( sup]natural be+s4 ,( ! f\r out] zones ! fir/ is ! a] aquosus1 also r\nd1 f :i* bl[s ! ea/ w9d4 ,9 ! out] "p ( ! a] aquosus float ! cl\ds1 & accord+ z !y contract or exp& or are bl[n aside1 ! heav5ly bodies above are reveal$ or conceal$4 ,enwrapp+ ! a] aquosus is ! purus ae!r1 ! wide/ ( all ! zones4 ,! long axis ( ?is1 z ( ! rema9+ out] %ells1 is 9 ! direction f ea/ to we/1 ?us det]m9+ ! pa? ( movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,scatt]$ ?r\gh ! purus ae!r are ! con/ellations ( ! fix$ />s1 & arrang$ along ! long axis are ! moon & ! two inn] planets4 ,f ?is zone bl[s ! we/ w9d4 ,! position & con/itution ( ?is purus ae!r is evid5tly ! result ( "s mis9t]pretation ( ,ari/otelian writ+s4 ,! next zone1 ! umbrosa pellis or ignis nig]1 is a n>r[ d>k %ell1 :5ce proce$ ! m dramatic meteorological ev5ts4 ,"h1 foll[+ on ! h9ts ( ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon 7*ap4 v7 & ! ,book ( ,job 7*ap4 xxxviii71 are situat$ ! diagrammatically portray$ treasuries ( lightn+ & ( hail4 ,f "h ! tempe/u\s nor? w9d bur/s =?4 ,?is ignis nig] is cle>ly comp>able to ! dry e>?y exhalation t works ( ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool reg>d z giv5 (f by ! out] fi]y zone4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ignis nig] ?us sugge/s "s contact on ! "p ( ! au?oress ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,meteorologica ( ,ari/otle4#ei ,! out]mo/ lay] ( all is a mass ( flames1 ! lucidus ignis4 ,"h are ! sun & ! ?ree out] planets1 & f "h ! s\? w9d p\rs its scor*+ brea? 7,fig4 #b74 ,! movem5ts ( ! f\r out] zones ar\nd ea* o!r1 c>ry+ ! heav5ly bodies ) !m1 are attribut$ to ! w9ds 9 ea* zone4 ,! seasonal v>iations 9 ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 along ) ! recurr+ seasons !mselves1 are also det]m9$ by ! preval5t w9ds1 :i*1 act+ z ! motive p[] ^u ! v>i\s zones1 =m a cele/ial p>allelogram ( =ces4 ,9 ?is way is +5i\sly expla9$ also :y 9 spr+ ! days l5g!n & 9 autumn !y %ort5 until 9 ei!r case an equ9ox is rea*$ 7,fig4 #b74 #8,i look$ & behold ! ea/ & ! s\? w9d ) _! collat]als1 mov+ ! firmam5t by ! p[] ( _! brea?1 caus$ x to revolve ov] ! e>? f ea/ to we/2 & 9 ! same way ! we/ & nor? w9ds & _! collat]als1 receiv+ ! impulse & project+ _! bla/1 ?ru/ x back aga9 f we/ to ea/4444 #8,i saw also t z ! days began to l5g!n1 ! s\? w9d & 8 collat]als gradually rais$ ! firmam5t 9 ! s\!rn zone upw>ds t[>ds ! nor?1 until ! days ceas$ to gr[ long]4 ,!n :5 ! days began to %ort51 ! nor? w9d ) 8 collat]als1 %r9k+ f ! brightness ( ! sun1 drove ! firmam5t back gradually s\?w>d until by reason ( ! l5g!n+ days ! s\? w9d began yet aga9 to raise x up'#fj 7,plates ,,vii & ,,viii74 ,intimately b\nd up n only ) h] !ory ( ! nature & /ructure ( ! univ]se b also ) h] es*atological beliefs is ,hildeg>d's doctr9e ( ! elem5ts4 ,be=e ! fall ( man ^! 7 arrang$ 9 a h>mony1#fa :i* 0 di/urb$ by t cata/rophe 7,plate ,,xii a71#fb s t !y h s9ce rema9$ 9 ! /ate ( m+l$ confusion 9 :i* we always enc\nt] !m on ! t]re/rial globe4 ,?is mi/io1 to use ! m$iaeval ,ari/otelian t]m1 is symboliz$ by ! irregul> mann] 9 :i* ! elem5ts are repres5t$ 9 ! c5tral sph]e ( ! diagram ( ! univ]se 7,fig4 #b74 ,?us m+l$ !y w rema9 until subject$ to ! melt+-pot ( ! ,la/ ,judgem5t 7,plate ,,xiii71#fc :5 !y w em]ge 9 a new & et]nal h>mony1 no long] mix$ z matt]1 b sep>ate & pure1 p>ts ( ! new heav5 & ! new e>? 7,plate ,,xii b74#fd #8,b ! heav5s & ! e>?1 :i* are n[1444 are kept 9 /ore & res]v$ unto fire aga9/ ! day ( judgm5t & p]dition ( ungodly m54444 ,b ! day ( ! ,"l w come 444 9 ! :i* ! heav5s %all pass away ) a great noise1 & ! elem5ts %all melt ) f]v5t heat1 ! e>? also & ! works t are !re9 %all be burn$ up4444 ,nev]!less we1 accord+ to 8 promise1 look = new heav5s & a new e>?1 :]e9 dwelle? righte\sness' 7#b ,pet] iii4 #g1 #aj1 & #ac74 ,s ,hildeg>d1 act+ on a scriptural h9t1 is enabl$ to demat]ialize h] doctr9e ( ! aft]-?+s4 ,b al?\gh s9ce man's fall ! elem5ts h lo/ _! ord] & _! h>mony on ?is t]re/rial orb1 yet is t h>mony /ill 9 "p pres]v$ 9 ! cele/ial sph]es t encircle & surr\nd our globe2 & wat]1 air1 e>?1 & fire h ea* _! respective repres5tatives 9 ! f\r conc5tric zones1 ! a] aquosus1 ! purus ae!r1 ! umbrosa pellis1 & ! lucidus ignis 7,fig4 #b74 ,^! are ! #8sup]ior elem5ts' :i* /ill reta9 "s at lea/ ( _! individuality & primal purity4 ,f ea* ( _! sph]es bl[s1 z we h se51 "o ( ! c>d9al w9ds1 & ea* w9d p>takes ( ! elem5tal "* ( ! zone :5ce x issues1 & has a correspond+ influ5ce on man's body1 s9ce ea* ( ! f\r hum\rs is specifically affect$ by ! elem5t to :i* x corresponds4 #8,!n ,i saw t by ! div]se quality ( ! w9ds1 & ( ! atmosph]e z !y 9 turn sweep ?r\gh x1 ! hum\rs 9 man are agitat$ & alt]$4 ,= 9 ea* ( ! sup]ior elem5ts !re is a brea? ( correspond+ quality by :i*1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! w9ds1 ! correspond+ elem5t bel[ is =c$ to revolve 9 ! atmosph]e1 & 9 no o!r way is x mov$4 ,& by "o ( ^? w9ds1 ) ! ag5cy ( sun1 moon1 & />s1 ! atmosph]e :i* temp]s ! _w is brea!d =?'#fe 7,plate ,,vii74 ,?is doctr9e ( ! relation ( ! v>i\s w9ds to ! f\r elem5ts & ?r\gh !m to ! f\r hum\rs is f\nd 9 ! ,de ,r]um ,natura ( ,isidore ( ,seville1 & is occasionally illu/rat$ 9 ,european ,,mss4 f ! n9? c5tury onw>d1#ff b we meet x set =? ) special def9it5ess 9 ! twelf? c5tury 9 ! translations f ,messahalah4 ,x is enc\nt]$ also 9 ! "w ( ,h]rade de ,l&sb]g4 ,9 & aft] ! ?irte5? c5tury x _h become a commonplace4 ,! description we h giv5 ( ! univ]se 0 9 ! ma9 set =? by ,hildeg>d 9 h] fir/ "w1 ! ,scivias 7#aada-ej74fg ,subsequ5tly %e became dissatisfi$ ) ! acc\nt %e _h giv51 & :ile n )draw+ x1 %e s\ght 9 ! ,lib] ,div9orum ,op]um 7#aafc-gj7 s to modify ! orig9al pres5tm5t z to br+ x m into l9e ) accept$ views4 ,?us %e writes3 #8,!re appe>$ to me 9 vision a disk v l t object :i* ,i saw tw5ty-eight ye>s ago ( ! =m ( an egg1 9 ! ?ird vision ( my book ,scivias4 ,9 ! out] "p ( ! disk !re 0 z x 7 ! lucidus ignis1 & b5ea? x ! circle ( ! ignis nig] 0 portray$ 444 & ^! two circles 7 s jo9$ z to be "o circle4' ,!re 0 ?us "o out] zone repres5t+ ! fire4 #8,"u ! circle ( ! ignis nig] !re 0 ano!r circle 9 ! lik5ess ( ! purus ae!r :i* 0 ( ! same wid? z ! two conjo9$ out] fi]y circles4 ,& bel[ ?is circle aga9 0 ! circle ( ! a] aquosus z wide z ! lucidus ignis4 ,& bel[ ?is circle 0 yet ano!r circle1 ! =tis et albus lucidusque a] 444 ! wid? :]e( 0 z ! wid? ( ! ignis nig]1 & ^! circles 7 jo9$ to make "o circle :i* 0 ?us aga9 ( wid? equal to ! out] two4 ,aga91 "u ?is la/ circle yet ano!r circle1 ! a] t5uis1 0 di/+ui%able1 :i* c\ld be se5 to raise itself z a cl\d1 sometimes high & light1 sometimes depress$ & d>k1 & to diffuse itself z x 7 ?r\gh\t ! :ole disk4444 ,! out]mo/ fi]y circle p]fuses ! o!r circles ) its fire1 :ile ! wat]y circle saturates !m ) its moi/ure1 cp4 ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 xix4 #ah-bj4 ,& f ! extreme ea/]n "p ( ! disk to ! extreme we/ a l9e is /ret*$ out i4e4 ! equator :i* sep>ates ! nor!rn zones f ! o!rs'#fh 7see ,fig4 #c & ,plates ,,vii & ,,viii74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,,hildeg>d',s ,,second ,,s*eme ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se ,recon/ruct$ f h] measurem5ts4 ,,ab1 ,,cd1 & ,,ef are all equal to ea* o!r1 z are also ,,gh1 ,,hk1 & ,,kl4 ,! cl\ds are situat$ 9 ! out] "p ( ! a] t5uis1 & =m a prolongation d[nw>ds f ! a] aquosus t[>ds ! e>?4 ,! e>? lies conc5trically ) ! a] t5uis1 & its measurem5ts are giv5 ?us3 #8,9 ! mid/ ( ! a] t5uis a globe 0 indicat$1 ! circumf]5ce ( :i* 0 ev]y:]e equidi/ant f ! =tis et albus lucidusque a]1 & x 0 z f> across z ! dep? ( ! space f ! top ( ! highe/ circle to ! extremity ( ! cl\ds1 or f ! extremity ( ! cl\ds to ! circumf]5ce ( ! inn] globe'#fh 7,fig4 #c74 ,9 h] e>li] "w1 ! ,scivias1 ,hildeg>d _h n app>5tly realiz$ ! ne$ ( acc\nt+ = ! indep5d5t movem5ts ( ! planets o!r ?an ! sun & moon4 ,%e _h ?us plac$ ! moon & two ( ! mov+ />s 9 ! purus ae!r1 & ! sun & ! ?ree rema9+ mov+ />s 9 ! lucidus ignis4 ,s9ce ^! sph]es 7 mov$ by ! w9ds1 _! conta9$ planets w\ld be subject to ! same influ5ces4 ,9 ! ,lib] ,div9orum ,op]um1 h[ev]1 %e has come to realize h[ indep5d5t ! movem5ts ( ! planets really are1 & %e invokes a special cause = _! vag>ies4 #8,i look$ & behold 9 ! out] fire 7lucidus ignis7 !re appe>$ a circle :i* girt ab\t ! :ole firmam5t f ! ea/ we/w>d4 ,f x a bla/ produc$ a movem5t f we/ to ea/ 9 ! opposite direction to ! movem5t ( ! firmam5t4 ,b ?is bla/ did n give =? 8 brea? e>?w>d z did ! o!r w9ds1 b in/ead !re( x gov]n$ ! c\rse ( ! planets4'#fi ,! s\rce ( ! bla/ is repres5t$ 9 ! ,lucca ,,ms4 z ! head ( a sup]natural be+ ) a human face 7,plate ,,viii74 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,,lucca ,,ms4 fo4 #bg v ,plate ,,viii4 ,,! ,,macrocosm ,,! ,,microcosm ,,& ,,! ,,w9ds ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ix4 ,f ,,! ,,lucca ,,ms fo4 #cg r ,,cele/ial ,,influ5ces ,,on ,,m5 ,,animals ,,& ,,plants ,^! curi\s passages 7 writt5 at "s date aft] #aafc1 :5 ,hildeg>d 0 at lea/ #fe ye>s old4 ,!y reveal our prophetess attempt+ to revise mu* ( h] e>li] !ory ( ! univ]se1 & :ile seek+ to ju/ify h] e>li] views1 endeav\r+ also to br+ !m into l9e ) ! new sci5ce t 0 n[ j beg9n+ to rea* h] _w4 ,note t 7a7 ! univ]se has become r\nd2 7b7 !re is an attempt to arrange ! zones accord+ to _! d5sity1 i4e4 f )\t inw>ds1 fire1 air 7e!r71 wat]1 e>?2 7c7 exact measurem5ts are giv52 7d7 ! wat]y zone is cont9u$ e>?w>d s z to m+le ) ! c5tral circle4 ,9 all ^! & o!r respects %e is jo9+ ! g5]al curr5t ( m$iaeval sci5ce !n beg9n+ to be m\ld$ by works translat$ f ! ,arabic4 ,h] k ( ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies is entirely innoc5t ( ! doctr9e ( epicycles1 b 9 o!r respects h] views h come to resemble ^?1 = in/ance1 ( ,messahalah1 "o ( ! simple/ & easie/ writ]s on ! sph]e available 9 h] day4 ,fur!rmore1 h] conceptions h develop$ s z to fit 9 ) ! macrocosm-microcosm s*eme :i* %e grasp$ ab\t ! ye> #aaeh4 ,ev5 9 h] late/ "w1 h[ev]1 h] !ory ( ! univ]se exhibits diff]5ces f t adopt$ by ! s*oolm51 z may be se5 by comp>+ h] diagram )1 = example1 ! s*eme ( ,dante 7,fig4 #d74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,,dante',s ,,s*eme ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se ,slightly modifi$ f ,mi*elangelo ,caetani1 duca di ,s]moneta1 ,la mat]ia della ,div9a ,comm$ia di ,dante ,allighi]i di*i>ata 9 ,,vi tavole1 ,monte ,cass9o1 #ahee4 ,l _m m$iaeval writ]s1 ,hildeg>d w\ld h lik$ to imag9e an ideal /ate ( ! elem5tal sph]es 9 :i* ! r>e/1 fire1 0 upp]mo/1 & ! d5se/1 e>?1 und]mo/4 ,su* a s*eme 01 9 fact1 purvey$ by ,b]n>d ,sylve/ris & by ,messahalah4 ,h] conceptions 7 h[ev] di/urb$ by ! awkw>d facts t wat] p5etrat$ bel[ ! e>?1 & inde$ s\ght ! l[e/ level1 :ile air & n wat] lay imm$iately above ! e>?'s surface4 ,m$iaeval writ]s adopt$ v>i\s devices & exp5d$ a great am\nt ( +5uity 9 deal+ ) ?is discrepancy1 :i* 0 a con/ant s\rce ( obscurity & confusion4 ,hildeg>d devotes mu* space & "s highly involv$ allegory bo? 9 ! ,scivias & 9 ! ,lib] ,div9orum ,op]um to ! explanation ( ! difficulty1 :ile ,dante himself wrote a treatise 9 high s*ola/ic /yle on ?is v subject4#gj ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x4 ,a ,,crucifix ,,9 ,,! ,,uffizi ,,gall]y ,ab\t ! middle ( ! ,x,i,i,ith ,c5tury4 ,,vii4 ,,macrocosm ,,& ,,microcosm ,! w9ds & elem5ts ( ! out] univ]se1 ! macrocosm1 become 9 ,hildeg>d's lat] s*emes intimately relat$ to /ructures & ev5ts )9 ! body ( man himself1 ! microcosm1 ! be+ ar\nd :om ! univ]se c5tres4 ,! t]ms macrocosm & microcosm are n employ$ by h]1 b 9 h] la/ great "w1 ! ,lib] ,div9orum ,op]um1 %e succe$s 9 mo/ eloqu5t & able fa%ion 9 syn!siz+ into "o great :ole1 c5tr$ ar\nd ?is doctr9e1 h] !ological beliefs & h] physiological k1 toge!r ) h] conceptions ( ! work+ ( ! human m9d & ( ! /ructure ( ! univ]se4 ,! "w is ?us an epitome ( ! sci5ce ( ! "t view$ ?r\gh ! di/ort+ m$ium ( ?is !ory4 ,9 /udy+ x ! mod]n read] is necess>ily hamp]$ by ! biz>re & vision>y =m into :i* ! :ole subject is ca/4 ,nev]!less ! s*eme1 ?\gh complex & difficult1 is nei!r incoh]5t nor insane1 z at fir/ sight x may seem4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a highly sy/ematic & skilful pres5tm5t ( a cosmic !ory :i* = c5turies dom9at$ sci5tific ?\ght4 ,z an explanation ( ! complexity ( exi/5ce :i* ?9k]s ( all ages h s\ght to br+ )9 ! range ( "s simple =mula1 ?is !ory ( ! ess5tial simil>ity ( macrocosm & microcosm held 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 & ev5 into q mod]n times1 a position comp>able to t ( ! !ory ( evolution 9 our own age4 ,if at times x pass$ into folly & fantasy1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t x also fulfill$ a high purpose4 ,x gave a mean+ to ! facts ( nature & a =mula to ! naturali/1 x unifi$ philosophic sy/ems1 x ex]cis$ ! +5uity ( !ologians1 & gave a conv5i5t framework to prophecy1 :ile x seem$ to illum9e hi/ory & to provide a key & mean+ to life itself4 ,ev5 n[ x is n p]haps :olly devoid ( message1 b z a ph5om5on 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght1 a !ory :i* appeal$ to su* div]se sci5tific writ]s z ,s5eca1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,p>acelsus1 ,gilb]t1 ,h>vey1 ,boyle1 & ,leibnitz1 is surely wor?y ( att5tion4 ,9 essay+ to int]pret ! views ( our au?oress on ?is difficult subject1 we rely ma9ly on ! text ( ! ,lib] ,div9orum ,op]um1 supplem5t$ by ! beautiful illum9ations ( t "w :i* adorn ! ,lucca ,,ms4 ,! book op5s ) a truly rem>kable vision 7,plate ,,vi73 #8,i saw a fair human =m & ! c\nt5ance !re( 0 ( su* beauty & brightness t x _h be5 easi] to gaze ^u ! sun4 ,! head !re( 0 girt ) a gold5 circlet ?r\gh :i* appe>$ ano!r face z ( an ag$ man4 ,f ! neck ( ! figure on ei!r side sprang a p9ion :i* swept upw>d above ! circlet & jo9$ its fell[ on high4 ,& :]e on ! "r ! w+ turn$ upw>d1 0 portray$ an eagle's head ) eyes ( flame1 :]e9 appe>$ z 9 a mirror ! lightn+ ( ! angels1 :ile f a man's head 9 ! o!r w+ ! lightn+ ( ! />s did radiate4 ,f ei!r %\ld] ano!r w+ rea*$ to ! knees4 ,! figure 0 rob$ 9 brightness z ( ! sun1 :ile ! h&s held a lamb %9+ ) light4 ,b5ea?1 ! feet trampl$ a horrible black mon/] ( revolt+ %ape1 ^u ! "r e> ( :i* a wri?+ s]p5t fix$ itself4'#ga ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,,lucca ,,ms4 fo4 #hf v ,plate ,,xi4 ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,mundane ,,sph]e ,! image decl>es its id5tity 9 words rem9isc5t ( ! ,wisdom lit]ature or ( passages 9 ! h]metic writ+s1 b :i* seem 9 fact to be p>tly borr[$ f ,b]n>d ,sylve/ris4 #8,i am t supreme & fi]y =ce t s5ds =? all ! sp>ks ( life4 ,dea? ha? no "p 9 me1 yet d ,i allot x1 :]e=e ,i am girt ab\t ) wisdom z ) w+s4 ,i am t liv+ & fi]y ess5ce ( ! div9e sub/ance t gl[s 9 ! beauty ( ! fields4 ,i %9e 9 ! wat]1 ,i burn 9 ! sun & ! moon & ! />s4 ,m9e is t my/]i\s =ce ( ! invisible w9d4 ,i su/a9 ! brea? ( all liv+4 ,i brea! 9 ! v]dure & 9 ! fl[]s1 & :5 ! wat]s fl[ l liv+ ?+s1 x is ,i4 ,i =m$ ^? columns t support ! :ole e>?4444 ,i am ! =ce t lies hid 9 ! w9ds1 f me !y take _! s\rce1 & z a man may move because he brea!s s do? a fire burn b by my bla/4 ,all ^! live because ,i am 9 !m & am ( _! life4 ,i am wisdom4 ,m9e is ! bla/ ( ! ?und]$ ^w by :i* all ?+s 7 made4 ,i p]meate all ?+s t !y may n die4 ,i am life4'#gb ,illu/ration3 ,,wiesb4 ,,cod4 ,b4 fo4 #d r ,plate ,x,i,ia4 ,,man',s ,,fall ,,& ,,! ,,di/urbance ,,( ,,! ,,elem5tal ,,h>mony ,illu/ration3 ,,wiesb4 ,,cod4 ,b4 fo4 #bbd v ,plate ,x,i,ib4 ,,! ,,new ,,heav5 ,,& ,,! ,,new ,,e>? ,hildeg>d ?us supposes t ! :ole univ]se is p]meat$ by a s+le liv+ _s1 ! figure ( ! vision4 ,?is _s ( ! macrocosm1 ! ,n\s or #8_w _s' ( ! h]metic & ,neoplatonic lit]ature1 ! imp]sonat$ ,nature1 z we may p]haps r5d] x1 is 9 its turn controll$ by ! ,godhead t p]vades ! =m & is repres5t$ ris+ f its v]tex z a second human face4 ,nature1 ! _s ( ! cosmic ord]1 controls & holds 9 subjection ! hide\s mon/]1 ! pr9ciple ( dea? & dissolution1 ! ,hyle or primordial matt] ( ! ,neoplatoni/s1 ^: *aotic & an>*ic =ce w\ld %att] & de/roy ?is fair _w unless fett]$ by a high] p[]4 ,) ! details ( ! vision>y figure we ne$ n delay1#gc b we pass to ! description ( ! /ructure ( ! macrocosm itself1 to :i* ! second vision is devot$ 7,plate ,,vii74 ,"h appe>s ! same figure ( ! macrocosmic _s4 ,b n[ ! head & feet only are visible1 & ! arms are out/ret*$ to enclose ! disk ( ! univ]se :i* conceals ! body4 ,al?\gh ! macrocosm n[ describ$ is consid]ably alt]$ f ,hildeg>d's orig9al s*eme ( ! univ]se1 %e yet decl>es1 #8,i saw 9 ! bosom ( ! =m ! appe>ance ( a disk ( l sort to t :i* tw5ty-eight ye>s be=e ,i _h se5 9 ! ?ird vision1 set =? 9 my book ( ,scivias'4#gd ,! zones ( ?is disk are !n describ$ 7,plates ,,vii1 ,,viii1 & ,,xi & ,fig4 #b74 ,!y are f )\t inw>ds3 7a7 ,! lucidus ignis1 conta9+ ! ?ree out] planets1 ! sixte5 pr9cipal fix$ />s1 & ! s\? w9d4 7b7 ,! ignis nig]1 conta9+ ! sun1 ! nor? w9d1 & ! mat]ials ( ?und]1 lightn+1 & hail4 7c7 ,! purus ae!r1 conta9+ ! we/ w9d1 ! moon1 ! two inn] planets1 & c]ta9 fix$ />s4 7d7 ,! a] aquosus1 conta9+ ! ea/ w9d4 7e7 ,! =tis et albus lucidusque a]1 :]e c]ta9 o!r fix$ />s are plac$4 7f7 ,! a] t5uis1 or atmosph]e1 9 ! out] "p ( :i* is ! zone ( ! cl\ds4 ,f all ^! objects1 f ! sph]es ( ! elem5ts1 f ! sun1 moon1 & o!r planets1 f ! f\r w9ds ea* ) _! two collat]als1 f ! fix$ />s1 & f ! cl\ds1 desc5d influ5ces1 indicat$ by l9es1 t[>ds ! figure ( ! macrocosm4 ,! microcosm is !n introduc$4 #8,& aga9 ,i he>d ! voice f heav5 say+1 8,god1 :o creat$ all ?+s1 wr\ght also man 9 8 own image & similitude1 & 9 him he trac$ signavit all creat$ ?+s1 & he held him 9 su* love t he de/9$ him = ! place f :i* ! fall5 angel _h be5 ca/40'#ge ,! v>i\s *>act]s ( ! w9ds are exp\nd$ 9 a set ( curi\s passages 9 :i* ! doctr9e ( ! macrocosm & microcosm is fur!r my/ically elaborat$4 ,an endeav\r is made to attribute to ! w9ds d]iv$ f ! diff]5t qu>t]s ( heav5 qualities associat$ ) a numb] ( animals4#gf ,! conception is illu/rat$ & made compreh5sible by ! m9iatures 9 ! ,lucca ,,ms4 7,plates ,,vii & ,,viii74 #8,9 ! middle ( ! disk ( ! univ]se !re appe>$ ! =m ( a man1 ! cr[n ( ^: head & ! soles ( ^: feet ext5d$ to ! =tis et albus lucidusque a]1 & 8 h&s 7 out/ret*$ "r & left to ! same circle4444 ,t[>ds ^! p>ts 0 an appe>ance z ( f\r heads2 a leop>d1 a wolf1 a lion1 & a be>4 ,above ! head ( ! figure 9 ! zone ( ! purus ae!r1 ,i saw ! head ( ! leop>d emitt+ a bla/ f its m\?1 & on ! "r side ( ! m\? ! bla/1 curv+ itself some:at backw>ds1 0 =m$ into a crab's head 444 ) two *elae2 :ile on ! left side ( ! m\? a bla/ simil>ly curv$ end$ 9 a /ag's head4 ,f ! m\? ( ! crab's head1 ano!r bla/ w5t to ! middle ( ! space betwe5 ! leop>d & ! lion2 & f ! /ag's head a simil> bla/ to ! middle ( ! space betwe5 ! leop>d & ! be> 444 & all ! heads 7 brea?+ t[>ds ! figure ( ! man4 ,"u 8 feet 9 ! a] aquosus !re appe>$ z x 7 ! head ( a wolf1 s5d+ =? to ! "r a bla/ ext5d+ to ! middle ( ! half space betwe5 its head & t ( ! be>1 :]e x assum$ ! =m ( ! /ag's head2 & f ! /ag's m\? !re came1 z x 71 ano!r brea? :i* end$ 9 ! middle l9e4 ,f ! left ( ! wolf's m\? arose a brea? :i* w5t to ! mid/ ( ! half space betwe5 ! wolf & ! lion1 :]e 0 depict$ ano!r crab's head 444 f ^: m\? ano!r brea? end$ 9 ! same middle l9e4444 ,& ! brea? ( all ! heads ext5d$ sideways f "o to ano!r4444 ,moreov] on ! "r h& ( ! figure 9 ! lucidus ignis1 f ! head ( ! lion1 issu$ a brea? :i* pass$ lat]ally on ! "r into a s]p5t's head & on ! left into a lamb's head 444 simil>ly on ! figure's left 9 ! ignis nig] !re issu$ a brea? f ! be>'s head end+ on its "r 9 ! head ( ano!r lamb1 & on its left 9 ano!r s]p5t's head4444 ,& above ! head ( ! figure ! sev5 planets 7 rang$ 9 ord]1 ?ree 9 ! lucidus ignis1 "o project+ into ! ignis nig] & ?ree into ! purus ae!r4444 ,& 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle ( ! lucidus ignis !re appe>$ ! sixte5 pr9cipal />s1 f\r 9 ea* quadrant betwe5 ! heads4444 ,also ! purus ae!r & ! =tis et albus lucidusque a] seem$ to be full ( />s :i* s5t =? _! rays t[>ds ! cl\ds1 :5ce 444 tongues l riv]s desc5d$ to ! disk & t[>ds ! figure1 :i* 0 ?us surr\nd$ & influ5c$ by ^! signs4'#gg ,! ?ird vision is devot$ to an acc\nt ( ! human body1 ! microcosm 7,plate ,,viii71 ) a comp>ison ( its organs to ! p>ts ( ! macrocosmic s*eme1 toge!r ) a detail$ acc\nt ( ! effects ( ! heav5ly bodies on ! hum\rs 9 man1 ! :ole br\ght into a /rongly !ological sett+4 ,"s ( ^! views are set =? bel[ 9 ! *apt] on anatomy & physiology4 ,! f\r? vision expla9s ! influ5ce ( ! heav5ly bodies & ( ! sup]ior elem5ts on ! p[] ( nature z exhibit$ on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x is illu/rat$ by a *>m+ m9iature 9 ! ,lucca ,,ms4 7,plate ,,ix74 #8,i saw t ! upp] fi]y firmam5t 0 /irr$1 s t z x 7 a%es 7 ca/ !refrom to e>?1 & !y produc$ ra%es & ulc]s 9 m5 & animals & fruits4' ,^! effects are %[n 9 ! left upp] quadrant ( ,plate ,,ix1 :]e ! a%es are se5 proce$+ f ! lucidus ignis1 ! #8upp] fi]y firmam5t'4 ,two figures are se51 a female semi-recumb5t1 :o lifts a fruit to h] m\?1 & a male figure fully recumb5t1 on ^: legs a ra% is display$4 ,! trees also 9 ?is quadrant %[ ! effects ( ! a%es1 two ( !m be+ d5ud$ ( fruit & foliage4 #8,!n ,i saw t f ! ignis nig] c]ta9 vap\rs 7nebulae7 desc5d$1 :i* )]$ ! v]dure & dri$ up ! moi/ure ( ! fields4 ,! purus ae!r1 h[ev]1 resi/$ ^! a%es & vap\rs1 seek+ to hold back ^! plagues4' ,^! vap\rs may be se5 9 ! "r upp] quadrant ( ,plate ,,ix4 ,!y desc5d f ! ignis nig]1 att5uate = a space 9 ! purus ae!r1 & !n desc5d ?r\gh ! o!r zones on to an arid & p>*$ l&4 ,"h are two husb&m52 "o sits =lornly clasp+ 8 axe1 :ile ! o!r leans disconsolately ^u 8 hoe4 ,on ! legs ( ! latt] a ra% may be di/+ui%$4 #8,& look+ aga9 ,i saw t f ! =tis et albus lucidusque a] c]ta9 o!r cl\ds rea*$ ! e>? & infect$ m5 & bea/s ) sore pe/il5ce1 s t !y 7 subject$ to _m ills ev5 to ! dea?1 b ! a] aquosus oppos$ t influ5ce s t !y 7 n hurt beyond measure4' ,?is sc5e is portray$ 9 ! "r l[] quadrant ( ,plate ,,ix4 ,"h is a husb&man 9 mortal angui%4 ,he has ga!r$ 8 basket ( fruit & n[ lies /rick5 ) ! pe/il5ce4 ,8 left h& is laid on 8 he>t1 :ile 8 "r hangs li/less on 8 ?igh1 po9t+ to tok5s ( plague ^u 8 legs4 ,beyond lies ! dead body ( a bea/ on :i* a c>rion bird has settl$4 #8,aga9 ,i saw t ! moi/ure 9 ! a] t5uis 0 z x 7 boil+ above ! surface ( ! e>?1 awak5+ ! =ce ( ! e>? & mak+ fruits to gr[4'#gh ,?is happi] sc5e is repres5t$ 9 ! left l[] quadrant ( ,plate ,,ix4 ,"h ! b5efic5t f]tiliz+ influ5ce is fall+ on trees & h]bs & ! happy husb&m5 are reap+ its results4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,,wiesbad5 ,,codex ,b fo4 #bbd r ,plate ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,judgem5t ,,& ,,fate ,,( ,,! ,,elem5ts ,! ma9 outl9e ( ! ,lib] ,div9orum ,op]um is1 we believe1 borr[$ f ! "w ( ,b]n>d ,sylve/ris ( ,t\rs1 ,de mundi univ]sitate libri duo sive megacosmus et microcosmus4#gi ,9 ?is composition by a tea*] at ! ca!dral s*ool ( ,*>tres1#hj ! gods & goddesses ( ! classical pan!on flit across ! /age1 = all ! _w z ?\gh ! writ] 7 a pagan1 & ! "w might be ?\ght to be ! la/ "o f :i* our pi\s au?oress w\ld borr[4 ,! ,de mundi univ]sitate is alt]nately 9 prose & v]se & betrays an acqua9tance ) ! classics v r>e at its date4 #8,! rhy?m ( ! hexamet]s is cle>ly t ( ,lucan1 :ile ! vocabul>y is ma9ly ( ,ovid4'#ha ,! my?ology is f\nd$ ma9ly on ! ,timaeus4 ,! et]nal sem9>ia ( creat$ ?+s are m5tion$1 & x has be5 conjectur$ t ! "w exhibits traces ( ! influ5ce ( ,lucretius1#hb b ! g5]al l9e ( ?\ght is cle>ly relat$ to ,neoplatonic lit]ature4 ,?us ! anima univ]salis ( ,neoplatonic writ+s c be id5tifi$ ) ! ,n\s or ,noys ( ,b]n>d4 ,?is pr9ciple is contra/$ ) primordial matt] or ,hyle4 ,! p>allel "* ( ! ,lib] ,div9orum ,op]um & ! ,de mundi univ]sitate c be illu/rat$ by a few extracts f ! latt]4 ,x w be se5 t al?\gh ! g5]al sett+ is *ang$1 yet ,hildeg>d's figure ( ! _s ( ! macrocosm is to be id5tifi$ ) ,b]n>d's ,noys4 ,hyle1 on ! o!r h&1 becomes 9 ,hildeg>d's plan ! mon/r\s =m1 ! emblem ( brute matt]1 on :i* ! _s ( ! univ]se tramples4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,,bibl4 ,,nat4 ,,ms4 ,,lat4 #eedc fo4 #acf r ,plate ,,xiv4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,human ,,& ,,cosmic ,,ph5om5a ,i,xth ,c5tury #8,9 huius op]is primo libro qui ,megacosmus dicitur1 id e/ maior mundus1 ,natura ad ,noym1 id e/ ,dei provid5tiam1 de primae mat]iae1 id e/ hyles1 confusione qu]imoniam quasi cum lacrimis agit et ut mundus pul*rius petit4 ,noys igitur eius mota precibus petitioni lib5t] annuit et ita quatuor elem5ta ab invicem seiungit4 ,novem i]>*ias angelorum 9 coelo ponit4 /ellas 9 firmam5to figit4 signa disponit4 sub signis orbes septem planet>um curr]e facit4 quatuor v5tos c>d9ales sibi invicem opponit4 ,sequitur g5esis animantium et t]rae situs m$ius4444 #8,9 secundo libro qui ,microcosmus dicitur1 id e/ m9or mundus1 ,noys ad ,naturam loquitur et de mundi expolitione gloriatur et 9 op]is sui completione se hom9em plasmaturam pollicetur4 ,iubet igitur ,uraniam1 quae sid]um reg9a e/1 et ,phys91 quae r]um omnium e/ p]itissima1 sollicite p]quirat4 ,natura prot9us iub5ti obsequitur et p] caele/es circulos ,uraniam qua]itans eam sid]ibus inhiantem rep]it4 eiusque it9]is causa praecognita se op]is et it9]is comitem ,urania pollicetur4444 ,subitoque ibi ,noys affuit suoque velle eis o/5so tr9as speculationes tribus assign&o tribuit ad hom9is plasmationem eas impellit4 ,physis igitur de quatuor elem5torum reliquiis hom9em =mat et a capite incipi5s membratim op]&o opus suum 9 p$ibus consummat4444 #8,noys ego sci5tia et div9ae voluntatis arbitr>ia ad dispositionem r]um1 quem ad modum de cons5su eius accipio1 sic meae adm9i/rationis (ficia circumduco4444 #87,noys7 erat fons lum9is1 sem9>ium vitae1 bonum bonitatis div9ae1 pl5itude sci5tiae quae m5s altissimi nom9atur4 ,ea igitur noys summi exsup]antissimi ,dei e/ intellectus et ex eius div9itate nata natura4444 ,erat igitur vid]e velut 9 speculo t]siore quicquid g5]ationi quicquid op]i ,dei secretior de/9>at affectus4'#hc ,hildeg>d's conception ( macrocosm & microcosm1 :i* 0 ?us probably borr[$ f ,b]n>d ,sylve/ris1 has analogies also to ^? well-kn[n figures illu/rat+ ! suppos$ influ5ce ( ! signs ( ! zodiac on ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4#hd ,su* figures1 ) ! zodiacal symbols arrang$ ar\nd a figure ( ,*ri/1 may be se5 9 c]ta9 ,,mss4 ant]ior to ,hildeg>d1#he :ile ! influ5ce ( ! #8,melo!sia'1 to give x ! "n assign$ by ,porphyry1 has be5 trac$ ?r\gh its p]iod ( effloresc5ce at ! ,r5aissance 7,plates ,,xv1#hf ,,xvi1#hg & ,,xvii1#hh comp>e ) ,plates ,,vii & ,,viii7 "r d[n to our own age & c\ntry1 :]e x /ill appeals to ! ignorant & fooli%4#hi ,hildeg>d (t5 int]prets natural ev5ts by means ( a peculi>ly crude =m ( ! doctr9e1 z :5 %e describes h[ #8if ! excess ( wat]s bel[ are drawn up to ! cl\ds 7by ! j judgm5t ( ,god 9 ! requital ( s9n]s71 !n ! moi/ure f ! a] aquosus transudes ?r\gh ! =tis et albus lucidusque a] z a draught drunk into ! ur9>y bladd]2 & ! same wat]s desc5d 9 an inundation'4#ij ,aga91 ev5ts 9 ! body ( man are mo/ naively expla9$ on ! basis ( ! nature ( ! ext]nal _w z %e has pictur$ x4 #8,! hum\rs at times rage fi]cely z a leop>d & aga9 !y are s(t5$1 go+ backw>ds z a crab2#ia or !y may %[ _! div]sity by leap+ & gor+ z a /ag1 or !y may be z a wolf 9 _! rav5+1 & yet aga9 !y may invade ! body ( man aft] ! mann] ( bo? wolf & crab4 ,or else !y may %[ =? _! /r5g? unceas+ly z a lion1 or z a s]p5t !y may g n[ s(tly1 n[ viol5tly1 & at times !y may be g5tle z a lamb & at times aga9 !y may gr[l z an ang]$ be>1 & at times !y may p>take ( ! nature ( ! lamb & ( ! s]p5t4'#ib ,hav+ complet$ h] g5]al survey ( ! macrocosm 7,vision ,,ii71 & hav+ inve/igat$ 9 detail ! /ructure ( man's body1 ! microcosm1 9 t]ms ( ! great] univ]se 7,vision ,,iii71 & discuss$ ! influ5ce ( ! heav5ly bodies on t]re/rial ev5ts 7,vision ,,iv71 ,hildeg>d turns to ! int]nal /ructure ( ! t]re/rial sph]e 7,vision ,v74 ,?is vision is illu/rat$ by ! figure 9 ! ,lucca ,,ms4 reproduc$ 9 ,plate ,,xi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,f ,h]rade de ,l&sb]g's ,hortus delici>um1 aft] ,/raub & ,kell]4 ,^u ! surface ( ! e>? t[>ds ! ea/ /&s ! build+ :i* symbolizes ! a$ificium ( ! *ur*1 a fav\rite conception ( our au?oress4 ,?is *ur* is surm\nt$ by a halo1 :5ce proce$ a pair ( p9ions :i* ext5d _! %elt] ov] a full half ( ! e>?'s circumf]5ce4 ,z = ! re/ ( ! e>?'s surface1 "p is )9 ! wide-op5$ jaws ( a mon/]1 ! ,de/roy]1 & ! rema9d] is b5ea? ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,)9 ! e>? are five p>ts analog\s1 z %e w\ld h u believe1 to ! five s5ses4 ,an ea/]n cle> arc & a we/]n cl\d$ "o signify respectively ! excell5ce ( ! ori5t :]e ,zion is situat$1 & ! ,cimm]ian d>kness ( ! occid5tal regions ov] :i* ! %ad[ ( ! dragon is ca/4 ,c5trally is a quadrate area divid$ into ?ree zones :]e ! qualities ( heat & cold & ( a ?ird int]m$iate #8temp]at5ess' 7temp]ies7 are /or$4 ,nor? & s\? ( ?is are two areas :]e purgatory is situate4 ,ea* is %ap$ l a truncat$ cone & compos$ also ( ?ree sectors4 ,s\ls are se5 suff]+ 9 "o sector ! torm5t ( flame1 9 ano!r ! torm5t ( wat]1 :ile 9 ! ?ird or int]m$iate sector lurk mon/]s & creep+ ?+s :i* add to ! mis]ies ( purgatory or at times come =? to e>?'s surface to plague mank9d4 ,^! nor!rn & s\!rn sections exhibit dimly by _! id5tically rev]s$ arrangem5t ! belief 9 ! antipodean inv]sion ( climate1 an idea h9t$ sev]al times 9 ,hildeg>d's writ+s1 b m def9itely illu/rat$ by a figure ( ,h]rade de ,l&sb]g 7,fig4 #e74 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,,bibl4 ,,nat4 ,,ms4 ,,lat4 #gjbh fo4 #aed r ,plate ,,xv4 ,,an ,x,ith ,,c5tury ,,fr5* ,,melo!sia ,illu/ration3 ,f ,,bibl4 ,,nat4 ,,ms4 ,,lat4 #aabbi fo4 #de v ,plate ,,xvi4 ,a ,,melo!sia ,,( ,,ab\t #adjj ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,,symbolum ,,apo/olicorum ,plate ,,xvii4 ,a ,,g]man ,,block ,,book ,fir/ ,half ( ,x,vth ,c5tury4 ,heidelb]g ,univ]sity ,libr>y ,illu/ration3 ,f ,,bodleian ,,ms4 ,,a%mole #cii fo4 #ah r ,plate ,,xviii4 ,,an ,,anatomical ,,diagram ,,( ,,ab\t #abih ,f ! ,five-,figure ,s]ies4 ,cp4 ,plate ,,xxxiii ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,,melo!siae ,f ,r4 ,fludd1 ,hi/oria utriusque cosmi1 ,opp5heim1 #afai1 pp4 #aab & #aac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,,! ,,microcosm ,f ,r4 ,fludd1 ,philosophia sacra seu a/rologia cosmica1 ,frankfurt1 #afbh1 p4 #eb4 ,macrocosmic s*emes ( ! type illu/rat$ by ! text ( ,hildeg>d & by ! figures ( ! ,lucca ,,ms4 _h a great vogue 9 m$iaeval times1 & 7 pass$ on to lat] ages4 ,"s passages 9 ,hildeg>d's "w read curi\sly l ,p>acelsus 7#adia-aeda71ic & x is n h>d to f9d a l9k betwe5 ^! two difficult & my/ical writ]s4 ,tri!mius1 ! tea*] ( ,p>acelsus1 0 abbot ( ,sponheim1 an important settlem5t almo/ )9 sight ( ,hildeg>d's conv5ts on ! ,rup]tsb]g & ,disibod5b]g4 ,tri!mius /udi$ ,hildeg>d's writ+s ) great c>e & atta*$ mu* importance to !m1 s t !y may well h influ5c$ 8 pupil4 ,! influ5ce ( m$iaeval !ories ( ! relation ( macrocosm & microcosm is enc\nt]$ among num]\s ,r5aissance writ]s besides ,p>acelsus1 & is pres5t$ to u1 = in/ance1 by su* a cauti\s1 balanc$1 & sci5tifically-m9d$ humani/ z ,fraca/or4 ,b z ! ye>s w5t on1 ! difficulty 9 apply+ ! details ( ! !ory became ev] great] & great]4 ,facts 7 /ra9$ & mutilat$ m & m to make !m fit ! ,procru/ean b$ ( an outworn !ory1 :i* at l5g? became unt5able :5 ! helioc5tric sy/em ( ,cop]nicus & ,galileo replac$ ! geoc5tric & an?ropoc5tric sy/ems ( an e>li] age4 ,! idea ( a close p>allelism betwe5 ! /ructure ( man & ( ! wid] univ]se 0 gradually ab&on$ by ! sci5tific1 :ile among ! unsci5tific x deg5]at$ & became little bett] ?an an insane obsession4 ,z su* x appe>s 9 ! +5i\s rav+s ( ! ,engli% foll[] ( ,p>acelsus1 ! ,rosicrucian1 ,rob]t ,fludd1 :o reproduc$1 (t5 ) fidelity1 ! sy/ems :i* _h "s novelty five c5turies be=e 8 "t 7,figs4 #f1 #g1 & #h74 ,z a simil> fanta/ic obsession ?is once fruitful hypo!sis /ill occasionally appe>s ev5 9 mod]n works ( le>n+ & indu/ry4#id ,,viii4 ,,anatomy ,,& ,,physiology ,hildeg>d's ideas on ^! subjects are set out 9 ! f\r? vision ( ! ,lib] ,div9orum ,op]um1 :i* is devot$ to a description ( man's body accord+ to ! macrocosmic s*eme4 ,?is sett+ makes h] acc\nt by no means easy to read1 :ile x increases ! difficulty ( trac+ ! orig9 ( h] views4 ,! li/ ( works conta9+ anatomical descriptions available to a ,g]man writ] 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages is n long4 ,avic5na 0 h>dly yet accessible1 & only su* scraps ( ,gal5 z appe> 9 ,con/ant9e & ! ,sal]nitans4 ,! available works may be enum]at$ ?us3 7a7 ,! %ort ,anatomia porci ( ,copho ( ,sal]no1 dat+ f ab\t #ajhe4ie 7b7 ,an anonym\s ,sal]nitan anatomy1#if writt5 ab\t #aajj & l>gely bas$ on ,copho & ,con/ant9e4 7c7 ,! ,lib] de humana natura ( ,con/ant9e ! ,african1 writt5 probably betwe5 #ajgj & #ajhe at ,monte ,cass9o4#ig 7d7 ,con/ant9e's ,de communibus m$ico cognitu necess>iis locis1 writt5 ab\t ! same "t z ! above4#ih ,?is "w is 9 f\r books1 ( :i* ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? are devot$ to anatomy & physiology4 7e7 ,"h may be plac$ also ,con/ant9e's translation ( ! ,viaticum ( ,isaac ,judeus4 ,bo? ^! latt] works ( ,con/ant9e are long & te*nical1 & design$ = ! use ( ! tra9$ physician4 ,9 addition to ^! !re 0 9 ! ,middle ,ages a def9ite anatomic tradition1 :i* express$ itself con/antly 93 7f7 ,a s]ies ( five anatomical diagrams repres5t+ respectively ! art]ies1 ve9s1 bones1 n]ves1 & muscles#ii 7see ,plate ,,xxxiii1 opposite page #ib ( ! pres5t volume74 ,^! diagrams 7 copi$ 9 ! mo/ s]vile fa%ion = c5turies1 & some?+ v l !m has rema9$ 9 use to ?is day 9 ,tibet4#ajj ,! v]sions1 :e!r 9 ,p]sia or ,engl&1 9 ,g]many or ,italy1 7 rem>kably uni=m4 7g7 ,9 sev]al ,,mss4 !re has be5 f\nd atta*$ to ^! rem>kable diagrams a %ort text describ+ ! five sy/ems1 art]ies1 ve9s1 n]ves1 bones1 & muscles4 ,?is text1 h[ev]1 purport+ to be f ,gal51 has little relation to ! figures1 :i* x does n really expla91 & x %\ld !re=e be reg>d$ z a sep>ate "w4#aja ,illu/ration3 ,f ,,wiesbad5 ,,codex ,b fo4 #bb r ,plate ,,xix4 ,,bir?4 ,,! ,,arrival ,,& ,,trials ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,illu/ration3 ,f ,,wiesbad5 ,,codex ,b fo4 #be r ,plate ,,xx4 ,,dea?4 ,,! ,,dep>ture ,,& ,,fate ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,( ^! sev5 s\rces x appe>s to u t 7c7 & 7f7--! %ort ,de humana natura ( ,con/ant9e1 & ! five-figure s]ies--are ^? on :i* ,hildeg>d drew4 ,! abs5ce ( ,arabisms & ! sc>city ( te*nical anatomical t]ms 9 h] writ+s1 h] failure to di/+ui% betwe5 ve9s & art]ies1 ! abs5ce ( any?+ ( ! nature ( myology or o/eology1 toge!r ) ! neglect ( ! sp9al m>r[ z an important organ1 make x v unlikely t %e consult$ ,con/ant9e's long] works or ! ,sal]nitan au?orities or ! text ( ! five-figure s]ies4 ,h] anatomical descriptions resemble ^? ( ,con/ant9e's %ort] "w1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! description ( ! ?ree vesicles ( ! bra9 & _! relations to ! faculties ( ! m9d1 9 ! treatm5t ( ! five s5ses1 9 ! view ( ! influ5ce ( ! planets on ! *ild & ! emphasis laid on epilepsy1 z well z 9 ! abs5ce ( any di/9ction betwe5 art]ies & ve9s1 & 9 ! loose doctr9es ( ! hum\rs & ( ! causes ( de=mities & mon/rosities4 ,9 "s ( ^! respects also h] acc\nt ( ! human body pres5ts po9ts ( resemblance to ! ,de hom9is membris ac p>tibus ( ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor1#ajb ) :om1 h[ev]1 h] contact appe>s to be less close ?an ) ,con/ant9e4 ,we may inf] t ,hildeg>d _h consult$ anatomical diagrams & 0 accu/om$ to ?is me?od ( repres5t+ ! organs f a passage descriptive ( ! microcosm1 9 :i* %e says t #89 ! m\? ( ! figure 9 ^: body 0 ! disk1 ,i saw a light bright] ?an ! light ( day1 9 ! =m ( ?reads1 "s circul>1 "s 9 o!r geometrical =ms1 & "s %ap$ l human memb]s belong+ to ! figure1 :i* 0 cle>ly portray$ on ! disk upright & accurately limn$'4#ajc ,^! #8circles & geometrical figures' fairly describe ! highly diagrammatic mann] 9 :i* ! five-figure s]ies repres5ts ! int]nal organs1 & sev]al po9ts sugge/ t %e does inde$ ref] to ?is s]ies4 ,h] description ( ! abdom9al muscles 7umbilicus7 #8cov]+ ! visc]a l a cap'1 h] g5]al descriptions ( ! vessels 7v5ae7 & ! muscles1 & especially h] acc\nt ( ! vessels ( ! leg & ( ! intimate relations ( ! ma9 v5ae to ! organ ( he>+1 fits 9 p]fectly ) ! =m ( ^! rem>kable diagrams 7,plate ,,xviii74 ,we "h r5d] "s ( ! mo/ important ( h] g5]al anatomical descriptions3 #8,! hum\rs may pass to ! liv]1 :]e wisdom is te/$1 hav+ be5 already temp]$ 9 ! bra9 by ! /r5g? ( ! _s1 & hav+ absorb$ its moi/ure s t n[ x is plump1 /rong1 & heal?y4 #8,9 ! "r ( man is ! liv] & its great heat1 s t ! "r is swift to act & to "w2#ajd b t[>ds ! left are he>t & lung1 :i* =tify ! body = its task & receive _! heat f ! liv] z f a furnace4 ,b ! vessels ( ! liv]1 affect$ by ! agitation ( ! hum\rs1 tr\ble ! v5ules ( ! e> ( man & sometimes conf\nd ! organ ( he>+4444 #8,i saw also t sometimes ! hum\rs seek ! navel1 :i* cov]s ! visc]a z a cap1 & holds !m 91 le/ !y be dissipat$1 & ma9ta9s _! c\rse & pres]ves ! heat bo? ( !m & ( ! ve9s4444 ,b sometimes ! hum\rs seek ! lo9s 7lumbos71#aje :i* mock1 deceive1 & endang] ! virile p[]s & :i* are held 9 place by n]ves & o!r vessels2 9 :i*1 nev]!less1 reason n\ri%es s t man may "k :at to d & :at to avoid4444 #8,& ! same hum\rs g to ! vessels ( ! re9s & ( o!r memb]s1 & pass 9 _! turn to ! vessels ( ! sple51 & !n to ! lungs & to ! he>t2 & !y meet ! visc]a on ! left :]e !y are w>m$ by ! lungs1 b ! liv] w>ms ! "r-h& side ( ! body4 ,& ! vessels ( ! bra91 he>t1 lung1 liv]1 & o!r p>ts c>ry /r5g? to ! re9s1 ^: vessels desc5d to ! legs1 /r5g!n+ !m2 & return+ along ) ! leg vessels1 !y unite ) ! virile organ or ) ! womb z ! case may be4 #8,& z ! /oma* absorbs food1 or z iron is %>p5$ on a /one1 s d !y br+ ! reproductive p[] to ^? p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,,wiesbad5 ,,codex ,b1 fo4 #abc r ,plate ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,angels #8,aga91 ! muscles ( ! arms1 legs1 & ?ighs conta9 vessels full ( hum\rs2 & j z ! belly has )9 x visc]a conta9+ n\ri%m5t1 s ! muscles ( arms1 legs1 & ?ighs h bo? vessels & ! conta9$ hum\rs :i* pres]ve man's /r5g?4444 ,b :5 a man runs or walks quickly1 ! n]ves ab\t ! knees & ! v5ules 9 ! knees become di/5d$4 ,& s9ce !y are unit$ ) ! vessels ( ! legs1 :i* are num]\s & int]communicate 9 a net-l mann]1 !y conduct ! fatigue to ! vessels ( ! liv]1 & ?us !y rea* ! vessels ( ! bra91 & s s5d ! fatigue ?r\gh\t ! body4 ,b ! vessels f ! re9s pass r to ! left leg ?an to ! "r1 because ! "r leg gets its /r5g? m f ! heat ( ! liv]4 ,& ! vessels ( ! "r leg asc5d z f> z ! r5al & k9dr$ vessels1 & ^! latt] vessels unite ) ^? ( ! kidney4 ,& ! liv] w>ms ! re9s :i* lie 9 ! fatness d]iv$ f ! hum\rs4444 #8,! hum\rs 9 man are di/ribut$ 9 j measure4 ,b :5 !y affect ! ve9s ( ! liv]1 8 humidity is decreas$ & also ! humidity ( ! *e/ is att5uat$2 s t ?us dri$1 he falls into disease ( su* a nature t ! phlegm is dry & toxic & asc5ds to ! bra94 ,!re x produces heada*e & pa9 9 ! eyes & wa/+ ( ! m>r[1 & ?us if ! moon is 9 default he may develop ! fall+ evil epilepsy4 #8,! humidity also :i* is 9 ! umbilicus is disp]s$ by ! same hum\rs1 & turn$ into dryness & h>dness1 s t ! fle% becomes ulc]at$ & scabby z ?\gh he 7 lepr\s1 if inde$ he d n actually become s4 ,& ! vessels ( 8 te/icles1 be+ adv]sely affect$ by ^! hum\rs1 simil>ly di/urb ! o!r vessels1 s t ! prop] humidity is dri$ up )9 !m2 & ?us1 ! hum\rs be+ )drawn1 impetigos may arise 444 & ! m>r[ ( ! bones & ! vessels ( ! fle% are dri$ up1 & s ! man becomes *ronically ill1 dragg+ out 8 days 9 languor4 #8,b sometimes ! hum\rs affect brea/ & liv] 444 s t v>i\s fooli% ?\ghts arise 444 & !y asc5d to ! bra9 & infect x & aga9 desc5d to ! /oma* & g5]ate fev]s !re1 s t ! man is long sick4 ,yet aga9 !y vex ! m9or vessels ( ! e> ) sup]fluity ( phlegm2 or ) ! same phlegm !y infect ! vessels ( ! lung1 s t he c\ghs & c sc>ce brea!2 & ! phlegm may pass !nce into ! vessels ( ! he>t & give him pa9 !re1 or ! pa9 may pass into ! side1 excit+ pleurisy2 "u su* circum/ances also1 ! moon be+ 9 defect1 ! man may lapse into ! fall+ sickness4'#ajf _/ ,sometimes ,hildeg>d's anatomical ideas c be p>allel$ among h] contempor>ies4 ,?us ! foll[+ passage on ! relation%ip ( ! planets to ! bra9 is well illu/rat$ by a diagram ( ,h]rade de ,l&sb]g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,f ,h]rade de ,l&sb]g's ,hortus delici>um1 aft] ,/raub & ,kell]'s reproduction4#ajg #8,f ! summit ( ! vessel ( ! bra9 to ! extremity ( ! =ehead sev5 equal spaces c be di/+ui%$4 ,"h ! sev5 planets are designat$1 ! upp]mo/ planet 9 ! highe/ "p1 ! moon 9 front1 ! sun 9 ! middle & ! o!r planets di/ribut$ among ! o!r spaces' 7,fig4 #i74 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,,wiesbad5 ,,codex ,b fo4 #da v ,plate ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,creation ,,& ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,man ,,ix4 ,,bir? ,,& ,,dea? ,,& ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,! me?od by :i* ! s\l ent]s ! body is set =? 9 a v /rik+ vision 9 ! ,scivias & is illu/rat$ 9 ! ,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b by a no less rem>kable m9iature 7,plate ,,xix74 ,! s\l1 :i* conta9s ! elem5t ( wisdom1 passes into ! infant's body :ile yet )9 ! "m's womb4 ,! ,wisdom ( ,god is repres5t$ z a f\r-squ>e object1 ) its angles set to ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! e>?1 ?is =m be+ ! symbol ( /ability4 ,f x a long tube-l process desc5ds into ! "m's womb4 ,d[n ?is !re passes into ! *ild a bright object1 describ$ v>i\sly z #8sph]ical' & z #8%apeless'1 :i* #8illum9es ! :ole body' & becomes or develops into ! s\l4 ,! bir? sc5e is /rik+ly portray$4 ,9 ! =egr\nd lies ! "m ) ! head & %\ld]s support$ & ! "r arm rais$4 ,9 h] womb is ! infant 9 ! position kn[n to ob/etricians z a #8transv]se pres5tation'4 ,ar\nd ! *ild may be di/+ui%$ cle> traces ( ! ut]9e membranes4 ,ne> ! c\* are rang$ a gr\p ( t5 figures :o c>ry vessels conta9+ ! v>i\s qualities ( ! *ild4 ,above & to ! left ! ,evil ,"o may be se5 p\r+ "s noxi\s sub/ance into "o ( ^! vessels1 or p]haps ab/ract+ "s elem5t ( good4 ,! :ole sc5e sugge/s ! famili> fairy tale 9 :i*1 :ile all br+ pleasant gifts to ! *ild's bir?1 !re comes at la/ ! old wit* or ! ill-us$ relative :o adds a quota ( spitefulness4 ,! sc5e is describ$ & exp\nd$ z foll[s3 #8,behold1 ,i saw ^u e>? m5 c>ry+ milk 9 e>!n vessels & mak+ *eeses !refrom4 ,"s 0 ( ! ?ick k9d f :i* firm *eese is made1 "s ( ! ?9n] sort f :i* m por\s t5uis *eese is made1 & "s 0 mix$ ) corruption tabes & ( ! sort f :i* bitt] *eese is made4 ,& ,i saw ! lik5ess ( a woman hav+ a complete human =m )9 h] womb4 ,& !n1 by a secret disposition ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,craftsman1 a fi]y sph]e hav+ none ( ! l9eam5ts ( a human body possess$ ! he>t ( ! =m1 & rea*$ ! bra9 & transfus$ itself ?r\gh all ! memb]s4444 ,& ,i saw t _m circl+ eddies possess$ ! sph]e & br\ght x e>?w>d1 b ) ev] r5ew$ =ce x return$ upw>d & ) wail+ ask$1 8,i1 w&]] t ,i am1 :]e am ,i80 8,9 dea?'s %ad[40 8,& :]e g ,i80 8,9 ! way ( s9n]s40 8,& :at is my hope80 8,t ( all w&]]s40'#ajh ,! vision is expla9$ z foll[s3 #8,^? :om ?\ see/ c>ry+ milk 9 e>!n vessels are 9 ! _w1 m5 & wom5 alike1 hav+ 9 _! bodies ! se$ ( mank9d f :i* are procreat$ ! v>i\s k9ds ( human be+s4 ,"p is ?ick5$ because ! se$ 9 its /r5g? is well & truly concoct$1 & ?is produces =ceful m5 to :om are allott$ gifts bo? spiritual & c>nal4444 ,& "s _h *eeses less firmly curdl$1 = !y 9 _! feebl5ess h se$ imp]fectly temp]$1 & !y raise (fspr+ mo/ly /upid1 feeble1 & useless4444 ,& "s 0 mix$ ) corruption 444 = ! se$ 9 t brew _c be rightly rais$1 x is invalid & makes mis%ap5 m5 :o are bitt]1 di/ress$1 & oppress$ ( he>t1 s t !y may n lift _! gaze to high] ?+s4444#aji ,& (t5 9 =getfulness ( ,god & by ! mock+ devil1 a mi/io is made ( ! man & ( ! woman & ! ?+ born !refrom is de=m$1 = p>5ts :o h s9n$ aga9/ me return to me crucifi$ 9 _! *ildr54'#aaj 7,comp>e ,con/ant9e ,de humana natura1 sections #8,de p]fectione' & #8,de imp$itione'47 ,hildeg>d ?us supposes t ! qualities & =m ( a *ild are inh]it$ f its p>5ts1 b t two factors1 ! =mless s\l f ! ,almighty & ! corrupt fluid in/ill$ by ! devil1 also contribute to ! "* ( (fspr+4 ,?is is ! usual m$iaeval view & is broadly portray$ 9 ! figure4 ,! /range conception ( ! body be+ =m$ f ! se$1 z *eese is precipitat$ & curdl$ f milk1 is d\btless d]iv$ f a passage 9 ! ,book ( ,job3 #8,ha/ ?\ n p\r$ me out z milk1 ,& curdl$ me l *eese8 ,?\ ha/ clo!d me ) sk9 & fle%1 ,& knit me toge!r ) bones & s9ews' 7,job x4 #aj1 #aa74aaa ,:5 ! body has ?us tak5 %ape !re ent]s into x ! s\l :i*1 ?\gh at fir/ %apeless1 gradually assumes ! =m ( its ho/1 ! e>?ly tab]nacle2 & at dea? ! s\l dep>ts ?r\gh ! m\? ) ! la/ brea?1 z a fully develop$ nak$ human %ape1 to be receiv$ by devils or angels z ! case may be 7,plate ,,xx74 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,,wiesbad5 ,,codex ,b4 fo4 #dg r ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,vision ,,( ,,! ,,tr9ity ,dur+ its resid5ce 9 ! body ! s\l plays ! "p usually assign$ to x 9 ! e>li] m$iaeval psy*ology1 be=e ! ideas ( ,nemesius & ,ibn ,ghazali _h be5 elaborat$ & sy/ematiz$ by ,alb]t & ,aqu9as4 ,hildeg>d reg>ds ! bra9 z hav+ ?ree *amb]s or divisions1 correspond+ to ! ?ree p>ts ( man's nature1 an idea enc\nt]$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,p>allel to ^! !re are1 %e tells u1 #8?ree elem5ts 9 man by :i* he %[s life2 to wit1 s\l 7anima71 body 7corpus71 & s5se 7s5sus74 ,! s\l vivifies ! body & inspires ! s5ses2 ! body attracts ! s\l & reveals ! s5ses2 ! s5ses affect ! s\l & allure ! body4 ,= ! s\l rules ! body z a flame ?r[s light into d>kness1 & x has two pr9cipal p[]s or limbs1 ! intellect 7intellectus7 & ! w 7voluntas72 n inde$ t ! s\l has limbs to move itself1 b t x manife/s itself !reby z ! sun decl>es himself by 8 brightness4444 ,= ! intellect is atta*$ to ! s\l z ! arms to ! body3 = z ! body is prolong$ into arms ) f+]s & h&s atta*$1 s ! intellect is produc$ f ! s\l by ! op]ation ( its v>i\s p[]s4'#aab ,we ne$ foll[ ,hildeg>d no fur!r into h] maze ( micro-cosmology1 9 :i* an ess5tial simil>ity & relation%ip is discov]$ betwe5 ! qualities ( ! s\l1 ! con/itution ( ! ext]nal cosmos1 & ! /ructure ( ! body1 a ?\ght :i* appe>s z ! culm9ation ( h] entire sy/em & provides ! clue to ! o!rwise incompreh5sible :ole4#aac ,x4 ,,! ,,visions ,,& ,,_! ,,pa?ological ,,basis ,= ! physical accompanim5ts & ph5om5a ( ,hildeg>d's visions we h ?ree sep>ate l9es ( evid5ce3 h] own acc\nt2 ! /atem5ts ( h] contempor>y biograph]s1 ,!odoric & ,godefrid2 & ! m9iatures ( ! ,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b1 probably prep>$ "u h] sup]vision4 ,x is cle> t despite ! l5g? & activity ( h] life1 ,hildeg>d did n enjoy normal heal?4 ,f a v e>ly age %e 0 ! subject ( trances & visions1 & f "t to "t %e 0 pro/rat$ ) protract$ illness4 #8,god puni%$ me = a "t by lay+ me on a b$ ( sickness s t ! blood 0 dri$ 9 my ve9s1 ! moi/ure 9 my fle% & ! m>r[ 9 my bones1 z ?\gh ! _s 7 ab\t to dep>t f my body4 ,9 ?is affliction ,i lay ?irty days :ile my body burn$ z ) fev]1 & x 0 ?\ght t ?is sickness 0 laid ^u me = a puni%m5t4 ,& my _s also 0 ail+1 & yet 0 p9n$ to my fle%1 s t :ile ,i did n die1 yet did ,i n altoge!r live4 ,& ?r\gh\t ^? days ,i wat*$ a procession ( angels innum]able :o f\ght ) ,mi*ael & aga9/ ! dragon & won ! victory4444 ,& "o ( !m call$ out to me1 8,eagle6 ,eagle6#aad :y sleepe/ ?\8444 ,all ! eagles are wat*+ !e4444 ,arise6 = x is dawn1 & eat & dr9k40 ,& !n ! :ole troop cri$ out ) a mighty voice1444 8,is n ! "t = pass+ come8 ,arise1 maid51 arise60 ,in/antly my body & my s5ses came back into ! _w2 & see+ ?is1 my daught]s :o 7 weep+ ar\nd me lift$ me f ! gr\nd & plac$ me on my b$1 & ?us ,i began to get back my /r5g?4 #8,b ! affliction laid ^u me did n fully cease2 yet 0 my _s daily /r5g!n$4444 ,i 0 yet weak ( fle%1 timid ( m9d1 & fe>ful ( pa9 444 b 9 my s\l ,i said1 8,"l6 ,"l6 all t ,?\ putte/ ^u me ,i "k to be good 444 = h ,i n e>n$ ^! ?+s f my y\? up80 ,yet 0 ,i assur$ ,he w\ld n p]mit my s\l to be ?us tortur$ 9 ! future life4444#aae ,?us 0 my body see!d z 9 a pot 444 yet gave ,i ?anks to ,god1 = if ?is affliction _h n be5 f ,him ,i _h surely n liv$ s long4 ,b al?\gh ,i 0 ?us tortur$1 yet did ,i1 9 sup]nal vision1 (t5 repeat1 cry al\d1 & write ^? ?+s :i* ! ,holy ,_s will$ to put be=e me4 #8,?ree ye>s 7 ?us pass$ dur+ :i* ! ,*]ubim pursu$ me ) a flam+ sword 444 & at l5g? my _s reviv$ )9 me & my body 0 re/or$ aga9 z to its ve9s & m>r[s1 & ?us ,i 0 heal$4'#aaf ,?is illness ( ,hildeg>d 0 ! longe/ & ! mo/ typical1 b by no means ! only "o ?r\gh :i* %e pass$4 ,%e describes h] affliction z cont9u+ = long p]iods1 b !re c be little d\bt1 f h] hi/ory1 t dur+ mu* ( ! "t %e 0 able to c>ry on "s at lea/ ( h] functions z head ( a religi\s h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wiesb4 ,,cod4 ,b4 fo4 #bac v ,,s$5s ,,lucidus ,illu/ration3 ,f ,,wiesbad5 ,,codex ,b fo4 #aec r ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,,zelus ,,dei ,! condition f :i* %e 0 suff]+ 0 cle>ly a functional n]v\s disord]2 ?is is suffici5tly demon/rat$ by h] repeat$ complete recov]ies1 h] activity betwe5 ! attacks1 & ! great age to :i* %e liv$4 ,at fir/ sight1 ! long procession ( figures & visions sugge/s t %e might h be5 ! victim ( a condition simil> to t ( :i* ,j]ome ,c>dan has left u s complete a p]sonal record4 ,b on read+ ! books ( visions1 ! read] w easily conv9ce himself t we are n "h deal+ ) a dream-/ate4 ,! visions are inde$ ess5tially vivid4 #8,^! visions :i* ,i saw'1 %e repeat$ly assures u1 #8,i beheld nei!r 9 sleep1 nor 9 dream1 nor 9 madness1 nor ) my c>nal eyes1 nor ) ! e>s ( ! fle%1 nor 9 hidd5 places2 b wakeful1 al]t1 ) ! eyes ( ! _s & ) ! inw>d e>s ,i p]ceiv$ !m 9 op5 view & accord+ to ! w ( ,god4 ,& h[ ?is 0 compass$ is h>d inde$ = human fle% to se>* out4'#aag ,nev]!less1 ?\gh ! visions exhibit great orig9ality & creative p[]--! read] w (t5 be rem9d$ ( ,william ,blake--all or ne>ly all pres5t c]ta9 *>act]s 9 common4 ,9 all a prom95t feature is a po9t or a gr\p ( po9ts ( light1 :i* %imm] & move1 usually 9 a wavelike mann]1 & are mo/ (t5 int]pret$ z />s or flam+ eyes4 ,9 q a numb] ( cases "o light1 l>g] ?an ! re/1 exhibits a s]ies ( conc5tric circul> figures ( wav]+ =m2 & (t5 def9ite =tification figures are describ$1 radiat+ 9 "s cases f a col\r$ area4 ,(t5 ! lights gave t impression ( work+1 boil+ or f]m5t+1 describ$ by s _m vision>ies1 f ,ezekiel onw>ds4 ,?is outl9e ( ! visions ! sa9t h]self v>i\sly int]pret$4 ,we give examples f ! m typical ( ^! visions1 9 :i* ! m$ical read] or ! suff]] f migra9e w1 we ?9k1 easily recognize ! symptoms ( sc9tillat+ scotoma4 ,"s ( ! illum9ations1 "h reproduc$ 9 _! orig9al col\rs1 w confirm ?is int]pretation4 #8,i saw a great /> mo/ spl5did & beautiful1 & ) x an exce$+ multitude ( fall+ sp>ks :i* ) ! /> foll[$ s\?w>d4 ,& !y exam9$ ,him ^u ,8 ?rone almo/ z some?+ ho/ile1 & turn+ f ,him1 !y s\ght r ! nor?4 ,& sudd5ly !y 7 all annihilat$1 be+ turn$ into black coals 444 & ca/ into ! abyss t ,i c\ld see !m no m'#aah 7,plate ,,xxi74 ,?is vision1 illu/rat$ by ! beautiful figure ( />s fall+ into ! waves1 is int]pret$ by h] z signify+ ! ,fall ( ! ,angels4 ,! conc5tric circles appe> 9 num]\s visions1 & notably 9 t ( ! ,days ( ! ,creation ( ! ,_w & ! ,fall ( ,man1 illu/rat$ by :at is p]haps ! mo/ beautiful ( all ! m9iatures ( ! ,wiesbad5 ,codex ,b 7lib4 ii1 vis4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxii74 ,x is 9 ?is conc5tric =m t ,hildeg>d mo/ frequ5tly pictures ! ,almighty1 & ! idea aga9 appe>s 9 ! elev5? m9iature1 "h reproduc$ 9 its orig9al col\rs1 :i* %e describes z #8a mo/ %9+ light & )9 x ! appe>ance ( a human =m ( a sapphire col\r :i* glitt]$ ) a g5tle b sp>kl+ gl[' 7lib4 ii1 vis4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxiii74 ,appe>ances ( ?is type are record$ aga9 & aga94 ,! type ) =tification figures is enc\nt]$ 9 a :ole s]ies ( visions1 ( :i* we reproduce ! acc\nt & illum9ation ( ! ,zelus ,dei 7lib4 iii1 vis4 #e1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 l[] section74 #8,i look$ & behold a head ( m>vell\s =m 444 ( ! col\r ( flame & r$ z fire1 & x _h a t]rible human face gaz+ nor?w>d 9 great wra?4 ,f ! neck d[nw>d ,i c\ld see no fur!r =m1 = ! body 0 altoge!r conceal$ 444 b ! head itself ,i saw1 l ! b>e =m ( a human head4 ,nor 0 x hairy l a man1 nor inde$ aft] ! mann] ( a woman1 b x 0 m l to a man ?an a woman1 & v awful to look ^u4 #8,x _h ?ree w+s ( m>vell\s l5g? & bread?1 :ite z a dazzl+ cl\d4 ,!y 7 n rais$ erect b spread ap>t "o f ! o!r & ! head rose slightly above !m 444 & at times !y w\ld beat t]ribly & aga9 w\ld be /ill4 ,no ^w utt]$ ! head1 b rema9$ altoge!r /ill1 yet n[ & aga9 beat+ ) its ext5d$ w+s4' ,f ! head ext5d$ a s]ies ( =tification l9es1 & ?is peculi> =m ( vision is reproduc$ on sev]al occasions & v>i\sly int]pret$ 7,plate ,,xxiv1 upp] section74 ,x is unit$ ) simil> visions 9 :at we reg>d z a recon/ruct$ conception ( exce$+ly complex /ructure4 ,?is %e claims to see sep>ately1 & %e int]prets x z ! a$ificium ( ! city ( ,god 7,plate ,,xxv74 ,su* recon/ruct$ visions are cle>ly ( a diff]5t type & orig9 to ! simple gr\p 9 :i* a %9+ light or gr\p ( lights is enc\nt]$ & int]pret$ z a speak+ figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,,! ,,wiesbad5 ,,codex ,b fo4 #cj r ,plate ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,heav5ly ,,city ,hildeg>d's visions1 p]haps )\t exception1 conta9 ?is elem5t ( a bl9d+ or glitt]+ light1 :i* %e int]prets 9 a m or less spiritual mann]4 ,we t]m9ate our acc\nt ) ! passage 9 :i* %e sums up h] exp]i5ces ( x4 #8,f my infancy'1 %e says1 #8up to ! pres5t "t1 ,i be+ n[ m ?an sev5ty ye>s ( age1 ,i h always se5 ?is light 9 my _s & n ) ext]nal eyes1 nor ) any ?\ghts ( my he>t nor ) help f ! s5ses4 ,b my outw>d eyes rema9 op5 & ! o!r corporeal s5ses reta9 _! activity4 ,! light :i* ,i see is n locat$ b yet is m brilliant ?an ! sun1 nor c ,i exam9e its height1 l5g?1 or bread?1 & ,i "n x ! 8cl\d ( ! liv+ light04 ,& z sun1 moon1 & />s are reflect$ 9 wat]1 s ! writ+s1 say+s1 virtues1 & works ( m5 %9e 9 x be=e me4 ,& :atev] ,i ?us see 9 vision ! memory !re( rema9s long ) me4 ,likewise ,i see1 he>1 & und]/& almo/ 9 a mom5t & ,i set d[n :at ,i ?us le>n4444 #8,b sometimes ,i behold )9 ?is light ano!r light :i* ,i "n 8! ,liv+ ,light itself04444 ,& :5 ,i look ^u x e sadness & pa9 vani%es f my memory1 s t ,i am aga9 z a simple maid & n z an old woman4444#aai #8,& n[ t ,i am ov] sev5ty ye>s old my _s accord+ to ! w ( ,god so>s upw>d 9 vision to ! highe/ heav5 & to ! f>!/ /ret* ( ! air & spreads itself among diff]5t peoples to regions exce$+ f> f me "h1 & !nce ,i c behold ! *ang+ cl\ds & ! mutations ( all creat$ ?+s2 = all ^! ,i see n ) ! outw>d eye or e>1 nor d ,i create !m f ! cogitations ( my he>t 444 b )9 my _s1 my eyes be+ op51 s t ,i h nev] suff]$ any t]ror :5 !y left me4'#abj ,,note4--,! au?or's ?anks are due to ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,a4 ,wilson1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,j4 ,webb1 & ,mr4 ,r4 ,r4 ,/eele1 :o h read ! pro(s ( ?is article & h made valuable sugge/ions2 to ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,h]b]t ( ! ,,ms4 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 :o drew 8 att5tion to ! "w ( ,h]rade de ,l&sb]g2 & to ,mr4 ,m4 ,h4 ,spielmann1 :o br\ght to 8 notice ! crucifix figur$ 9 ,plate ,x4 ,he owes a special debt ( gratitude to ! late ,dom ,l\is ,baillet ( ,oo/]hoot = 8 c\rtesy & g5]osity 9 l5d+ him reproductions ( ! illum9ations ( ! ,wiesbad5 ,codex4 ,baillet 0 a "y s*ol> ( great promise1 ^: e>ly dea? is a sev]e loss to ! k ( m$iaeval sci5ce4 ,! au?or has also to ?ank ,pr(essor ,h5rici ( ! ,nassauis*e ,l&esbiblio!k at ,wiesbad51 ,pr(essor ,wille & ,pr(essor ,sillib ( ! ,univ]sittsbiblio!k at ,heidelb]g1 & ,signor ,boselli ( ! ,r4 ,bibliotica ,gov]nativa at ,lucca1 :o h all giv5 him exceptional facilities = ! /udy ( ! treasures "u _! *>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,sign$ photograph ( ,john ,wilfr$ ,j5k9son ,,john ,,wilfr$ ,,j5k9son ,john ,wilfr$ ,j5k9son 0 born 9 #ahga1 & came f ,bradfield to ,exet] ,college1 ,ox=d1 ) a classical s*ol>%ip 9 #ahij4 ,aft] tak+ 8 degree 9 ,lit]ae ,humaniores he came1 9 #ahid1 to ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 :]e he devot$ himself ) extraord9>y & nev]-flagg+ en]gy to biological /udies4 ,)\t hav+ _h ! usual prelim9>y sci5tific tea*+1 he br\ght1 on ! o!r h&1 a well-tra9$ m9d to be> on 8 new "w1 & ! rapidity & complet5ess ) :i* he acquir$ 8 sci5tific equipm5t 0 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ & int]e/+ po9ts 9 8 c>e]4 ,j5k9son v soon turn$ to orig9al inve/igation1 & f ! fir/ he %[$ a pr$ilection = ,embryology4 ,= a %ort "t he held a po/ at "o ( ! great ,london hospitals1 b he soon return$ to ,ox=d to jo9 ! tea*+ /aff ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy4 ,he us$ ! opportunity ( ,univ]sity vacations to "w 9 ! laboratory ( ! late ,pr(essor ,a4 ,a4 ,w4 ,hubre*t at ,utre*t1 :]e "p ( 8 fir/ publi%$ rese>* 0 writt54 ,dur+ ! fifte5 ye>s ( life t rema9$ to him1 he e/abli%$ himself z ! =emo/ ,engli% writ] on ,embryology1 devot+ himself especially to its exp]im5tal aspect1 a l9e ( "w 9 :i* he w rank z "o ( ! pione]s4 ,j5k9son became ,doctor ( ,sci5ce 9 #aije1 & 9 ! same ye> he m>ri$ ,con/ance ,/eph5son4 ,9 #aijf he 0 appo9t$ ,univ]sity ,lectur] 9 ,embryology1 & 9 #aiji he 0 elect$ to a ,rese>* ,fell[%ip at ,exet] ,college4 ,j5k9son's m9d 0 n ( ! type t matures e>ly1 b "o felt 9 him a p[] ( solid intellect t ga9$ 9 =ce f ye> to ye>4 ,! gap 9 ! ranks ( ,briti% ,sci5ce caus$ by 8 dea? has be5 g5]ally recogniz$1 b 8 loss seems greate/ to ^? p]sonally acqua9t$ ) him1 :o "k t he _h by no means rea*$ ! z5i? ( 8 p[]s4 ,j5k9son l$ a s+le-m9d$ & unselfi% life1 :olly free f worldly & ignoble ambitions4 ,( simple & w9n+ hum\r1 happy 9 8 dome/ic life & absorb$ 9 8 /udies1 he repres5t$ ! v be/ type ( sci5tific work]4 ,he 0 gift$ ) a p[]ful physique1 & on ! outbreak ( w> he became an ard5t memb] ( ! ,ox=d ,volunte] ,tra9+ ,corps4 ,8 qualities ( calm c\rage & high s5se ( duty m>k$ him out z a valuable (fic]4 ,al?\gh =ty-?ree ye>s ( age1 he took a commission 9 ! #ab? ,worce/] ,regim5t 9 ,janu>y1 #aiae1 & 0 promot$ ,capta9 9 ! foll[+ ,april4 ,on ,may #aj he left = ! ,d>danelles1 hav+ be5 select$ = s]vice ) ! #bnd ,royal ,fusili]s4 ,he 0 kill$ 9 action on ,june #d1 only t5 days aft] 8 arrival at ! ,gallipoli p59sula4 ,,books ,,& ,,pap]s ,,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,j5k9son #a4 #8,a ,re-inve/igation ( ! ,e>ly ,/ages ( ! ,developm5t ( ! ,m\se4' ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,micr4 ,sci5ce1 xliii4 #aijj4 #b4 #8,obs]vations on ! ,hi/ology & ,physiology ( ! ,plac5ta ( ! ,m\se4' ,tijds*r4 ,n$]l&4 ,di]kund4 ,v]e541 vii 7#b74 #aijb4 #c4 #8,obs]vations on ! ,maturation & ,f]tilization ( ! ,egg ( ! ,axolotl4' ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,micr4 ,sci5ce1 xlviii4 #aije4 #d4 #8,rem>ks on ! ,g]m9al ,lay]s ( ,v]tebrates & on ! ,significance ( ,g]m9al ,lay]s 9 g5]al4' ,mem4 & ,proc4 ,man*e/] ,lit4 & ,phil4 ,soc41 #aijf4 #e4 #8,notes on ! ,hi/ology & ,physiology ( ! ,plac5ta 9 ,ungulata4' ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 #aijf4 #f4 #8,on ! ,effects ( c]ta9 ,solutions ^u ! ,developm5t ( ! ,frog's ,egg4' ,ar*4 ,ent4-,me*41 xxi4 #aijf4 #g4 #8,on ! ,relation betwe5 ! ,symmetry ( ! ,egg & ! ,symmetry ( ! ,embryo 9 ! ,frog 7,rana tempor>ia74' ,biometrika1 v4 #aijf4 #h4 ,exp]im5tal ,embryology4 ,ox=d1 #aiji4 #i4 #8,on ! ,relation betwe5 ! ,symmetry ( ! ,egg1 ! ,symmetry ( ,segm5tation1 & ! ,symmetry ( ! ,embryo 9 ! ,frog4' ,biometrika1 vii4 #aiji4 #aj4 #8,! ,effects ( ,sodium ,*loride on ! ,gr[? & ,v>iability ( ! ,tadpole ( ! ,frog4' ,ar*4 ,ent4-,me*41 xxx 7#b74 #aiaj4 #aa4 #8,vitalism4' ,hibb]t ,j\rnal4 #aiaa4 #ab4 #8,on ! ,developm5t ( ,isolat$ ,pieces ( ! ,ga/rulae ( ! ,sea-,ur*9 ,/rongyloc5trotus lividus4' ,ar*4 ,ent4-,me*41 xxxii4 #aiaa4 #ac4 #8,on ! ,effect ( c]ta9 ,isotonic ,solutions on ! ,developm5t ( ! ,frog4' ,ar*4 ,ent4-,me*41 xxxii4 #aiaa4 #ad4 #8,on ! ,orig9 ( ! ,pol> & ,bilat]al ,/ructure ( ! ,egg ( ! ,sea-,ur*94' ,ar*4 ,ent4-,me*41 xxxii4 #aiaa4 #ae4 #8,! ,developm5t ( ! ,e>-,bones 9 ! ,m\se4' ,j\r4 ,anat4 & ,phys41 vi 7#c74 #aiaa4 #af4 #8,gr[?1 ,v>iability1 & ,correlation 9 ,"y ,tr\t4' ,biometrika1 viii4 #aiab4 #ag4 ,v]tebrate ,embryology4 ,ox=d1 #aiac4 #ah4 #8,! ,effect ( ,c5trifugal ,=ce on ! ,/ructure & ,developm5t ( ! ,egg ( ! ,frog4' ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,micr4 ,sci5ce4 #aiad4 #ai4 #8,! ,plac5ta ( a ,lemur4' ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,micr4 ,sci5ce4 ,july #aiae4 #bj4 ,?ree ,lectures on ,exp]im5tal ,embryology4 ,ox=d1 #aiag4 ,,vitalism ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,j5k9son ,9 "o ( ! olde/ biological treatises 9 ! _w1 ! s\l or life ( an organism is def9$ 9 ! mo/ g5]al way z an activity ( a natural organic liv+ body-- --life be+ autonom\s nutrition & gr[? & decay4 ,! activity may1 h[ev]1 be lat5t or pat5t1 passive or active1 sleep+ or wak+1 )\t los+ its peculi> *>act]s4 ,x is sub/ance 771 b sub/ance z #8=m' z oppos$ to ! mat]ial sub/ance ( ! body1 & ! liv+ body is !re=e also a sub/ance 9 a d\ble s5se4 ,x is n id5tical ) ! body2 b z =m1 proportion 771 activity 771 ess5ce 7 71 x is relat$ to ! body1 m]e matt] 771 & pot5tiality 77 9 j ! same way z ! seal is relat$ to ! wax2 & ! body is ! in/rum5t :]eby x effects its purposes2 ?\gh subsequ5t 9 "t1 x is prior 9 ?\ght to ! body1 z all activities are to ! mat]ials ) :i* !y op]ate4 ,at ! same "t nei!r x nor its p>ts are sep>able f ! body1 ) ! exception1 possibly1 ( m9d 772 x is inde$ ! actual or possible function+ ( ! body1 l ! see+ ( ! eye or ! cutt+ ( ! axe1 & ) ! disappe>ance ( ! capacity ( ?is function+ ! s\l itself also p]i%es4 ,la/ly1 x is a cause 7 7 9 a triple s5se3 fir/1 z ! s\rce ( motion2 secondly1 z t = ! sake ( :i* ! body exi/s2 & ?irdly1 z its ess5ce 77 or =mal cause4 ,! s\l or life is ( sev]al k9ds1 :i* =m toge!r an asc5d+ s]ies ea* memb] ( :i* is necess>ily involv$ 9 ^? above x4 ,! l[e/ is ! nutritive s\l 771 f\nd 9 all liv+ ?+s1 & ! only s\l possess$ by plants4 ,x is def9$ z motion 9 respect ( nutrition1 decay1 & gr[?1 processes :i* involve alt]ation 77 9 ! body2 & its functions 77 are to utilize food = ! ma9t5ance & reproduction ( ! =m ( ! body1 & to control & limit gr[?4 ,! second is ! p]ceptive s\l 771 ! possession ( :i* di/+ui%es animals f plants4 ,?is also is a k9d ( alt]ation 7 7 & consi/s 9 be+ mov$ & affect$4 ,! fundam5tal & indisp5sable p]ception is t\* 771 = x is conc]n$ 9 ! acquisition ( ! food4 ,x is inv>iably pres5t3 ! o!rs may or may n1 "s or all1 coexi/ ) x4 ,?irdly1 "s animals are possess$ ( a capacity = locomotion1 & ! p]=mance ( ?is function requires aga9 a special k9d ( s\l4 ,la/ly1 !re is ! reason+ s\l 77 or m9d 774 ,?is is f\nd 9 man alone1 unless !re be o!r be+s simil> to him1 or ev5 nobl] ?an he4 ,m9d alone is et]nal & sep>able f ! body4 ,?\gh ! obs]vation & exp]im5t ( mod]n sci5ce w\ld d\btless f9d mu* to alt] 9 ! details ( ^! simple def9itions1 yet x mu/ be conc$$ t1 by :at is c]ta9ly a mo/ =tunate guess if x is n ! mo/ wond]ful insight1 ,ari/otle has laid 8 f+] on ! c>d9al po9t ( mod]n physiological doctr9e4 ,=1 putt+ aside = ! mom5t ! m5tal faculties1 x is "h laid d[n 9 ! cle>e/ mann] t n only ! functions ( gr[? & decay1 nutrition1 & reproduction1 b also ! capacity ( respond+ to /imuli are to be ultimately resolv$ into "s k9d ( movem5t ( ! p>ticles ( :i* ! body is compos$4 ,life1 9 %ort1 z we might say ) ,vir*[1 is a mode ( motion4 ,! biology ( to-day di/+ui%es liv+ f inanimate bodies by ! possession & ex]cise ( ! ?ree pr9cipal prop]ties or functions ( metabolism1 irritability1 & reproduction2 & fur!r1 ! body :i* p]=ms ^! functions is n only compos$ ( *emically complex sub/ances--proteids--:i* are n f\nd 9 ?+s t are n alive1 b possesses a /ructure4 ,9 no case1 ev5 ! simple/1 is ! organism a m]e homog5e\s lump ( protoplasm1 b x has p>ts or organs1 visibly diff]5t f "o ano!r1 & obvi\sly correlat$ ) ! activities appropriat$ to ea*2 & x is ! pres]vation ( t /ructure1 9 ! individual & 9 ! race1 :i* is ! end t[>ds :i* ! collective p]=mance ( all ^! functions1 or ! life ( ! organism1 is app>5tly direct$4 ,"s ( ^! peculi>ities are %>$ by c]ta9 ?+s t are n commonly reg>d$ z alive4 ,cry/als h ( c\rse a def9ite /ructure2 !y c divide1 & :5 brok5 !y c make good ! miss+ "p1 b !y d n assimilate to ! sub/ance ( _! own bodies a food-mat]ial :i* is less complex ?an x1 & !y are n irritable4 ,! diff]5ces1 inde$1 betwe5 ! liv+ & ! lifeless are s pr(\nd1 t x is n to be wond]$ at t !re %\ld h be5 9 all ages natural philosoph]s :o h held t liv+ activities are ph5om5a sui g5]is1 diff]+ toto caelo f ! prop]ties exhibit$ by lifeless bodies1 & nev] by any conceivability to be express$ 9 t]ms ( ^!4 ,?is doctr9e is vitalism4 ,x exi/s 9 sev]al v>ieties1 b "o at lea/ is ( v anci5t l9eage & c be trac$ back ?r\gh m$iaeval times to ! biological speculations ( ! ,greeks4 ,:e!r ,ari/otle really held ! vitali/ic views :i* h s9ce be5 attribut$ to him is a matt] we %all h to discuss lat] on1 b x is c]ta9 t 9 ! writ+s ( ,gal5 !re is to be f\nd a !ory ( life :i* be>s ! /amp ( ,ari/otelian influ5ce1 & 0 de/9$ to h& t influ5ce on to future g5]ations4 ,gal5 admits ! s5sitive s\l ( ,ari/otle z ! peculi>ity ( animals1 & ! rational s\l = man1 b sub/itutes = ! nutritive s\l c]ta9 works ( nature--attraction1 repulsion1 ret5tion1 alt]ation4 ,& fur!r1 ! rational s\l is no long] immortal1 b p]i%able1 & is dep5d5t on ! body1 :]e its seat is 9 ! bra92 x is mat]ial or quasi-mat]ial1 a 1 mo/ effici5t :5 dry4 ,aft] a long int]val ?is doctr9e reappe>s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ! writ+s ( ,vesalius1 :o tells u t ! he>t has a vital s\l1 ! liv] a natural s\l1 :ile !re is elaborat$ 9 ! v5tricles ( ! bra9 an animal _s or pr9cipal s\l4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 ! conception ( life z some?+ mat]ial _h be5 disc>d$ by ,p>acelsus = ! belief t ! s\l1 or z he call$ x1 ! #8,ar*aeus'1 by :i* ! *emical processes ( ! body are gov]n$1 is n a mat]ial b a spiritual =ce1 a view re/at$ by ,/ahl m ?an a hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds4 #8,! ev5ts ( ! body'1 says ?is au?or1 #8may be r\gh-hewn by *emical & physical =ces1 b ! s\l w %ape !m to its own ends1 & w d t by its in/rum5t1 motion4' ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is vitalism1 & vitalism 9 its extreme or #8animi/ic' =m4 ,! idea recurs lat] on 9 ! biology ( ,treviranus4 ,to be liv+ is to h a s\l1 he tells u1 & ! consci\s ,leb5skraft employs ! =ces ( ! mat]ial _w to =m ! organism4 #8,das ,weitz5korn hat all]d+s ,bewus/se9 dess51 0 9 ihm i/ und aus ihm w]d5 kann1 und trumt wirkli* davon4' ,?\gh he adds qua9tly en\gh1 #8,se9 ,bewus/se9 und se9e ,trume mg5 dunkel g5ug se9'4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve ! revival1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 ( ?is m$iaeval my/icism 9 ! speculative writ+s ( s accompli%$ an exp]im5tali/ z ,hans ,dries*4 ,dries* is an embryologi/ :o 9 8 e>li] days _h enunciat$ an invaluable analytical !ory ( developm5t1 a !ory :i* sugge/s t :ile ! =mation ( ! fir/ or elem5t>y organs t appe> 9 ! embryo or l>va--su* /ructures z ! l>val gut or s5se-organ1 or ! g]m-lay]s--dep5ds ^u ! pres5ce 9 ! g]m ( c]ta9 specific organ-=m+ sub/ances 7& ?is is a fact :i* has s9ce be5 abundantly demon/rat$ by exp]im5t71 ! orig9 ( p>ts t appe> lat] 9 developm5t may be acc\nt$ = by ! action ( ! fir/-=m$ /ructures ^u "o ano!r1 ^! actions be+ 9 ! nature ( physiological responses to /imuli2 & = ?is also "s evid5ce has be5 produc$4 ,on ?is view diff]5tiation is a me*anical process1 set 9 motion by f]tilization or "s o!r cause1 &1 giv5 a c]ta9 initial /ructure ( ! g]m or ovum1 giv5 ! pres5ce 9 x ( a c]ta9 numb] ( p>ts or sub/ances capable ( act+ ^u "o ano!r ) a fix$ co-ord9ation or h>mony ( ! /imuli & ! responses1 giv5 fur!r a prop] con/itution ( ! ext]nal environm5t1 !n a def9ite result mu/ foll[1 ! production ( an organism :i* is l ! p>5ts t gave x bir?4 ,b 9 8 lat] treatises ?is hypo!sis has be5 repudiat$1 &1 by a rem>kable volte-face1 replac$ by a dogma ( a :olly diff]5t k9d4 ,= n[ x is urg$ t no m]ely mat]ial factors c possibly acc\nt ei!r = ! h>mony ( developm5t--! due co-ord9ation ( mutually react+ p>ts2 or = ! second>y h>mony ( composition--! =mation ( complex organs by ! union ( tissues2 or = ! functional h>mony se5 9 ! activities ( ! adult4 ,= example1 x is ass]t$ t any fragm5t ( an egg ( a sea-ur*91 if n too small 7n less ?an #a_/cb ( ! egg71 c give rise to a :ole & normal l>va4 ,we are told t ! cells ( ! segm5t$ ovum may be dis>rang$ to any ext5t by v>i\s means1 su* z rais+ ! temp]ature1 dilut+ ! sea-wat]1 remov+ ! calcium f ! sea-wat]1 or by %ak+1 )\t prejudice to ! ultimate normality ( developm5t4 ,ea* "p ( ! ovum c !re=e1 accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! case1 give rise to any "p ( ! result+ organism4 #8,j$] ,teil kann na* ,b$rfniss j$es4' ,& ?irdly1 :5 ! ga/rula ( a sea-ur*9 is transv]sely divid$ into two1 ea* half1 x is /at$1 develops into a dim9i%$ :ole l>va 9 :i* ! gut becomes divid$ into ! *>act]i/ic ?ree regions1 & all ! o!r organs are =m$ 9 correct proportion4 ,= ea* ( ^! acts ( developm5t 9 ! :ole un9jur$ l>va an explanation may conceivably be giv5 9 t]ms ( =mative /imuli ex]t$ by ! orig9ally di/9ct p>ts ( ! egg & call+ =? responses 9 o!r p>ts4 ,a me*anism may be ?\ght ( :i*1 :5 set 9 motion1 w a*ieve a c]ta9 end 9 accordance ) its own pre-e/abli%$ h>mony2 b a me*anism :i* c be subdivid$ ad libitum1 or almo/ ad libitum1 & ! p>ts ( :i* w /ill a*ieve ! same end1 w /ill behave z :oles ) _! p>ts co-ord9at$ 9 ! same ratio1 temporally & spatially6 ,su* a me*anism is inconceivable2 = to ensure ! uni=m result1 ! relative am\nts & positions ( ! necess>y sub/ances mu/ be imag9$ z id5tical 9 e possible fragm5t ( ! egg t is n too small4 ,some?+ is !re=e requir$ to sup]9t5d1 to co-ord9ate ! causes ( developm5t 9 ! case n only ( ! "p b ( ! :ole egg z well2 & ?is some?+ is n mat]ial4 ,a corroborative pro( ( ! inadequacy ( ! purely mat]ial explanation--! causal explanation 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! phrase--may be d]iv$ f a consid]ation ( c]ta9 o!r vital processes4 ,! facts ( acclimatization & immunity betray an extraord9>y adaptability ( ! organism to a *ange 9 its environm5t2 an organ w adapt itself /ructurally to an alt]ation1 quantitative or qualitative1 ( function ,r\x's #8,functional ,adaptation'2 lo/ p>ts c be reg5]at$2 & !n !re is ! physiology ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,9 all ^! cases ( #8regulation'--& inde$ 9 all o!r responses to /imuli--! same elem5t1 inexplicable 9 *emical & physical t]ms1 exi/s & mu/ exi/ 9 developm5t4 ,?is entity is n a =m ( en]gy1 b a vital con/ant1 analog\s to ! con/ants or ultimate conceptions ( me*anics & physics & *emi/ry & cry/allography1 b n r$ucible to ^!1 j z ^! _c be translat$ into "o ano!r4 ,dries* describes x z a rudim5t>y feel+ & will+1 a #8psy*oid'1 #8morphae/hetic' or p]ceptive ( t =m :i* is ! desir$ end t[>ds :i* x controls & directs all ! mat]ial elem5ts ( diff]5tiation1 l ! gra9 ( :eat ( ,treviranus1 dream+ dimly ( its de/9y4 ,x is ?us a v]a causa--an unconditional & inv>iable antec$5t--a psy*ical factor :i* c int]v5e 9 ! purely physical s]ies ( causes & effects1 & = x he revives ! ,ari/otelian t]m #8,entele*y'4 ,su* is ! #8vitalism' introduc$ by ,hans ,dries*1 a teleological !ory cle>ly1 b no m]e metaphysical doctr9e ( f9al causes3 r a dynamic teleology :i* n only sees an end 9 e organic process1 b po/ulates an immat]ial entity to guide ! m]ely me*anical =ces t[>ds ! realization ( t end4 ,su* a !ory is op5 to v s]i\s criticism f bo? ! sci5tific & ! philosophical side4 ,b be=e we pass to t criticism let u turn aside to exam9e "s ( ! o!r aspects "u :i* ! ,proteus ( ,vitalism pres5ts himself4 ,?us ! mod]n physiologi/ ,bunge1 :ile own+ t x w\ld be a lack ( intellig5ce to expect to make ) our s5ses discov]ies 9 liv+ nature ( a diff]5t ord] to ^? reveal$ to u 9 inorganic nature1 yet insi/s t we mu/ transf] to ! objects ( our s5sory p]ception1 to ! organs1 to ! tissue elem5ts1 & to e m9ute cell1 some?+ :i* we h acquir$ f our own consci\sness1 some?+1 t is to say1 :i* is n motion1 & is n 9 space1 b is 9 "t only4 ,! ess5ce ( vitalism1 s ,bunge w\ld h x1 lies 9 />t+ f :at we "k1 ! int]nal _w1 to expla9 :at we d n "k1 ! ext]nal _w4 ,we c only rem>k t ?is position appe>s to re/ ^u an epi/emological confusion1 = ,bunge has evid5tly fail$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! idealism :i* tea*es t ! _w ( nature1 includ+ our own bodies1 only exi/s 9 s f> z x is an object ( k1 t reality is ultimately ideal1 & ! #8animism' :i*1 z we h se51 gives e object1 at lea/ e liv+ object1 9 nature a directive consci\sness ( its own4 ,! =m] does n lie imm$iately )9 ! scope ( ! pres5t inquiry2 ! latt] we %all h occasion to discuss aga94 ,h[ f> ! t5ets ( animism are to be attribut$ to ,johannes ,mll] is n v cle>4 ,= :ile ,mll] ma9ta9$ t an organism is due to an idea :i* regulates its /ructure1 is ! cause ( its h>mony1 & is 9 action 9 ! organism itself1 ex]t+ on x a =mative p[]1 yet he held t ! process 0 unconsci\s4 ,mll] inde$ di/+ui%$ explicitly betwe5 ! vital & ! m5tal or consci\s pr9ciple1 = 9 ! op]ations ( ! =m] ! manife/ation ( design is ! result ( necessity1 n ( *oice4 ,at ! same "t ! two resemble "o ano!r 9 be+ homog5e\s1 9 exi/+ ?r\gh\t ! mass ( ! organism :i* !y animate1 & 9 be+ divid$ toge!r ) ! organism 7z 9 reg5]ation7 )\t suff]+ any dim9ution or *ange ( _! p[]s4 ,9 ?is conception ( ! unconsci\s idea !re may possibly be "s confusion betwe5 ! =mal & ! f9al cause1 betwe5 ! idea ( ! end to be realiz$1 pres5t at ! beg9n+ 9 ! m9d ( ! artific]1 & ! end itself4 ,! =m] is animism3 ! latt] is s\nd en\gh z metaphysics1 b is n sci5ce at all4 ,!re is /ill ano!r s*ool ( vitali/s :i*1 :ile n go+ s f> z to commit itself to a belief 9 a #8psy*oid'1 yet proclaims 9 no unc]ta9 voice ! autonomy ( ! organism1 & n cont5t ) ! ass]tion t at pres5t we h n succe$$ 9 r$uc+ ! activities ( ! organism to *emical1 physical1 & me*anical processes1 ma9ta9s ! utt] futility ( su* endeav\r1 & pron\nces ov] ! hidd5 my/]ies ( life an et]nal ,ignorabimus4 ,"s su* view z ?is we mu/1 ,i ?9k1 attribute to ,dr4 ,haldane4 #8,9 biology'1 he says1 #8! ph5om5a :i* are or ought to be obs]v$ f ! v beg9n+ are n physical & *emical ph5om5a z self-exi/5t ev5ts1 b ^! ph5om5a z expressions ( ! activity ( liv+ organisms4 ,x is ! liv+ organism1 & n ! physical ph5om5on1 :i* is ! reality = biology4' ,8 belief 9 organic autonomy is bas$ on ! physiology ( metabolism1 secretion & absorption1 ! circulation ( ! blood1 & ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,?us 9 discuss+ ! blood1 aft] po9t+ to ! con/ancy 9 its volume & composition1 he proce$s3 #8,nei!r />vation nor +e/ion ( food & dr9k mat]ially affect x3 liquid inject$ into x is got rid ( ) rem>kable rapidity2 & any loss ( blood by ble$+ is soon replac$4 ,?is vital metabolism ( ! circulatory sy/em is d\btless due *iefly to ! activity ( its l9+ endo!lium1 :i* mo/ c]ta9ly does n play ! m]e me*anical "p :i* has (t5 be5 attribut$ to x4 ,! o!r s-call$ 8me*anisms0 c likewise be %[n to h all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! liv+ body1 inasmu* z !y actively ma9ta9 _! /ructure1 j z ! organism z a :ole does s4 ,!re is ?us no w>rant = call+ !m me*anisms1 & ?us ignor+ :at is "o ( _! ess5tial *>act]i/ics4' ,9 passages su* z ^! we seem to cat* an e*o ( ,mll]'s unconsci\s idea1 & aga9 we ask ourselves1 ,are we deal+ ) a f9al or a =mal cause8 ,inde$1 ,dr4 ,haldane insi/s t 8 gr\nd conception is teleological4 ,!re is /ill "o o!r vitali/ic !ory to :i* we mu/ allude1 al?\gh its int]e/ is n[ m]ely hi/orical4 ,?is is ! belief 9 a special vital mat]ial1 unlike ! mat]ial ( :i* lifeless bodies are compos$1 & end[$ ) a special vital =ce1 diff]5t f b co-ord9ate ) ! =ces ( me*anics & physics4 ,9 8 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,animaux ,buffon1 aft] ref]r+ to ! obvi\s peculi>ities ( animals & vegetables--t _! actions are direct$ to an end1 ! cons]vation ( a durable species--proce$s to elaborate a !sis 9 :i* x is held t !y are compos$ ( organic g]ms1 & t g]ms ( ! same k9d are di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t nature1 lifeless z well z liv+4 ,:5 an animal or plant dies1 its body is dissolv$ into ^! g]ms1 :i* are !n scatt]$ abroad2 :5 x assimilates1 x is by sep>at+ ^! ubiquit\s p>ticles f ! brute inorganic portion ( ! food4 ,! =m] is utiliz$ = its own gr[?1 ! latt] x gets rid ( by evacuation & excretion4 ,lifeless matt] is !re=e nev] conv]t$ into liv+ mat]ial4 ,ano!r advocate ( ! doctr9e ( a vital =ce1 a prop]ty ( ! tissues ( ! body1 & at p]petual w> ) ^? inorganic =ms :i* t5d to _! de/ruction1 0 ! physiologi/ ,bi*at1 ,su* a conception z ?is c\ld n ( c\rse survive ! rise ( mod]n *emi/ry4 ,its dea?-knell 0 s\nd$ :5 ,lavoisi] & ,laplace %[$ t ! bodies ( organisms 7 compos$ ( ! same elem5ts z are f\nd 9 inanimate nature1 & x has long s9ce pass$ into ! limbo ( discr$it$ speculations4 ,ap>t f ?is1 vitali/ic !ories w\ld appe> to be 9 ! ma9 ( two k9ds4 ,fir/1 !re is ! metaphysical vitalism :i* tells u we c nev] expla9 ! liv+ 9 t]ms ( ! lifeless1 insi/s on ! p]man5t sep>ation ( ! sci5ces ( biology on ! "o h& f *emi/ry & physics on ! o!r1 & prea*es ! autonomy ( ! organism )\t v5tur+ to tell u 9 :at t autonomy consi/s4 ,secondly1 !re is ! psy*ological !ory ( animism :i* posits an autonom\s psy*ical entity to preside ov] ! *emical & me*anical op]ations ( ! body1 :e!r already =m$ or 9 process ( developm5t1 & to direct !m t[>ds its own ends1 ! cons]vation & reproduction ( t body's specific =m4 ,a ?ird p>ty1 halt+ betwe5 two op9ions1 sugge/s an unconsci\s idea1 )\t1 h[ev]1 cle>ly expla9+ :e!r ?is is to be tak5 9 a metaphysical or a psy*ological s5se4 ,frankly oppos$ to vitalism 9 all its =ms is ! conception ( ! liv+ body z a me*anism4 ,?is has also an hon\rable ance/ry beh9d x4 ,h[ f> ! biology ( ,ari/otle is to be look$ ^u z me*ani/ic we %all pres5tly h to inquire1 b 9 ,gal5 ! s\l is c]ta9ly mat]ial1 or quasi-mat]ial1 z we h already obs]v$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! physiology ( ,desc>tes t me*anism fir/ appe>s unmi/akably 9 its mod]n guise4 ,= ,desc>tes ! body is simply an e>?ly ma*9e4 ,! n]ves are tubes up :i*--9 s5sation--! animal spirits fl[ to ! bra9 only to be reflect$ 7:5ce our t]m reflex action7 d[n o!r tubes to ! muscles4 #8,all ! functions ( ! body'1 he tells u1 #8foll[ naturally f ! sole disposition ( its organs1 j 9 ! same way t ! movem5ts ( a clock or o!r self-act+ ma*9e or automaton foll[ f ! arrangem5t ( its weights & :eels4 ,s t !re is no reason on acc\nt ( its functions to conceive t !re exi/s 9 ! body any s\l1 :e!r vegetative or s5sitive1 or any pr9ciple ( movem5t o!r ?an ! blood & its animal spirits agitat$ by ! heat ( ! fire :i* burns cont9ually 9 ! he>t & does n diff] 9 nature f any ( ! o!r fires :i* are met ) 9 inanimate bodies4' ,! rational s\l1 ! s\l :i* ?9ks1 t is1 und]/&s1 wi%es1 imag9es1 rememb]s1 & feels1 is n mat]ial4 ,yet x always acts ?r\gh ! ma*9e1 ?\gh t ma*9e c g on p]fectly well )\t ! s\l4 #8,:5 ! body has all its organs prop]ly arrang$ = a p>ticul> movem5t x has no ne$ ( ! s\l to c>ry !m out4 ,all movem5ts1 ev5 ^? :i* we call volunt>y1 dep5d pr9cipally on ! same disposition ( ! organs4 ,"o & ! same cause r5d]s ! dead body unfit to produce ! movem5ts & leads ! s\l to quit ! body4' ,! biology ( ,desc>tes appe>s to h be5 accept$ by contempor>y physiologi/s l van ,helmont & ,borelli1 & c]ta9ly comm5d$ itself to ano!r philosoph] ( em95ce1 ,leibnitz4 ,l ,desc>tes1 ,leibnitz also affirms t ! body is a ma*9e or natural automaton2 unlike ,desc>tes1 h[ev]1 he refuses to believe t ! m9d directs ! ma*9e 9 any way4 ,r !re is a complete s]ies ( psy*ical p>allel to a complete s]ies ( physical ev5ts1 & betwe5 ! two a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony4 ,al?\gh ! details ( ,c>tesian physiology h long s9ce be5 explod$1 yet ! me*anical pr9ciple :i* t philosophy enunciat$ s cle>ly has p]si/$ & has inde$ prov$ to be ! rock on :i* mod]n physiological sci5ce has be5 built4 ,=1 :5 once ! *emi/s _h discov]$ animal & plant /ructure to be compos$ ( elem5ts f\nd 9 lifeless bodies1 & _h prov$ t comp\nds f\nd only 9 ! organism c\ld yet be syn!siz$ 9 vitro1 !re 0 no long] any reason :y ! prop]ties ( ! comp\nds %\ld be consid]$ z ( a diff]5t ord] to ! prop]ties ( _! compon5t elem5ts4 ,a me?od applicable to "o 0 applicable to ! o!r1 & z ,claude ,b]n>d has put x1 me*anical1 physical1 & *emical =ces are ! only effective ag5ts 9 ! liv+ body1 & !y are ! only ag5cies ( :i* ! physiologi/ has to take acc\nt4 ,! sub/ances ( :i* ! liv+ body is made up are no d\bt extremely complex1 yet none ! less--to quote a m rec5t writ]1 ,v]worn--#8physiology is 9 ! la/ resort ! *emi/ry ( ! proteids'4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple t has n[ = ne>ly a c5tury guid$ & /imulat$ rese>* into ! functions ( ! organism3 to ?is pr9ciple physiologi/s1 too num]\s to "n1 h n be5 a%am$ to subscribe3 "u its bann] "s ( ! pr\de/ triumphs ( ! sci5ce h be5 won4 ,yet x is precisely ?is :i* mod]n or neo-vitalism has *all5g$ & asks u to rel9qui% 9 fav\r ( a !ory ( psy*oids or a pseudo-metaphysical view ( life4 ,! vitali/ic position may be assail$ f two po9ts1 ! sci5tific & ! philosophical4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! vitali/ ass]ts t me*anism is inadequate to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( metabolism1 ( transmission ( n]v\s /imuli1 or ( developm5t4 ,x is ^u ! la/ ( ^! t ,dries* lays special /ress4 ,he has urg$1 z we h se51 t al?\gh a me*anical explanation might be giv5 7su* an explanation has inde$ be5 put =w>d by himself7 ( ! specific diff]5tiation ( ! organism by suppos+ ! fir/-=m$ elem5t>y organs1 develop$ out ( ! sub/ances giv5 9 ! initial /ructure ( ! g]m1 to act & react ^u "o ano!r 9 accordance ) a c]ta9 h>mony1 provid$ = by ! same /ructure2 yet a me*anism :i* c be subdivid$ ad libitum or almo/ ad libitum1 & ea* "p ( :i* w /ill give rise to a complete organism1 is n to be conceiv$4 ,! answ] to ?is objection has1 h[ev]1 be5 suppli$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,dries* himself & ( _m o!rs4 ,= ?\gh x is true t ea* ( ! fir/ two1 f\r1 eight1 or ev5 9 "s cases ea* ( ! fir/ sixte5 cells into :i* ! f]tiliz$ ovum becomes segm5t$1 c1 :5 sep>at$ f its fell[s1 give rise to a complete organism1 yet 9 all cases !re comes a "t :5 ! p>ts cease to be totipot5t & produce n :ole b p>tial /ructures4 ,?is inv>iable re/riction ( pot5tialities1 :i* occurs e>li] 9 "s cases ?an 9 o!rs1 & is n due to m]e defici5cy ( sub/ance1 is n h>d to acc\nt =4 ,^? sub/ances on ! pres5ce ( :i* 9 ! ovum1 z exp]im5t has taught u1 ! =mation ( ! elem5t>y organs ( ! embryo or l>va dep5ds1 are arrang$ 9 diff]5t cases 9 diff]5t ways3 & !y c]ta9ly may be1 & v frequ5tly are1 s di/ribut$ t :ile ea* ( ! fir/ f\r cells conta9s a l quantity ( ea* ( ^! specific sub/ances1 arrang$ 9 x exactly z !y 7 9 ! :ole ovum1 ! next division w sund] ^! mat]ials 9 su* a way t ( ! result+ eight bla/om]es f\r w h m ( "o ( ! prim>y egg-sub/ances1 less ( ano!r2 ! am\nts apportion$ to ! o!r f\r be+ 9 j ! inv]se ratio ( ?is3 & ! result w be a diff]5ce 9 ! fate ( ! cells :5 !y are isolat$ f "o ano!r4 ,9 ^? ( ! "o gr\p ! proportions ( ! organs develop$ out ( ^! sub/ances w n be ! same z !y are 9 ! o!r4 ,?is is precisely ! result :i* exp]im5t has reveal$2 x is exactly ?is result :i* ,dries* has ignor$1 or r attempt$ to expla9 away4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t to "s ext5t ! p>ts ( ?is me*anism are int]*angeable1 t x c be subdivid$1 & t ea* "p1 br\ght n[ "u new conditions1 w /ill possess ! pot5tialities ( ! :ole1 j z su* a me*anism z a rocket1 out ( :i*1 "u ! appropriate /imulus1 a c]ta9 patt]n ( />s is develop$1 might be subdivid$ into two or m rockets ( half size or less4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a limit to ?is int]*angeability1 :ile if ! subdivision be c>ri$ beyond a c]ta9 po9t ! totipot5ce ( ! p>ts is lo/4 ,if ! numb] ( ^! organ-=m+ sub/ances giv5 9 ! g]m 7 v l>ge1 z l>ge1 let u suppose1 z ! total numb] ( sep>ately inh]itable *>act]s1 x might inde$ be difficult to imag9e a me*anism divisible into ev5 two totipot5t p>ts4 ,b f ! ne$ = ?is assumption we are sav$ by ! second "p ( ,dries*'s own ,analytis*e ,!orie1 :i* acc\nts = subsequ5t processes ( diff]5tiation by attribut+ ! production ( new p>ts to ! mutual int]actions ( ^? t are ! fir/ to appe>4 ,= ?is also exp]im5tal evid5ce1 ?\gh meagre1 is n lack+1 :ile a close p>allel is f\nd 9 ! dep5d5ce ( c]ta9 bodily functions ^u sub/ances--! hormones ( ,pr(essor ,/>l+--secret$ by o!r organs4 ,9 ! second place ! vitali/ ma9ta9s t ! processes ( metabolism defy1 nay m1 always w defy1 *emical & physical analysis4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is /atem5t may be a true description ( ! k ( to-day1 b ! exi/5ce 9 ! liv+ body ( ! same elem5ts z are met ) else:]e1 ! syn!sis ( complex organic sub/ances1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! equival5ce ( ! en]gy :i* leaves ! body z me*anical "w or heat to t :i* ent]s x 9 *emical =m 9 ! food1 %\ld surely make u hesitate be=e ab&on+ all hope ( atta9+ to a *emi/ry ( life4 ,& ?irdly1 !re are physiologi/s :o believe t ! complex ph5om5a pres5t$ to u 9 ! activities ( ! n]v\s sy/em are susceptible ( a purely me*anical explanation4 #8,a feature'1 says ,got*1 #8:i* m p>ticul>ly sugge/s spontane\s cellul> activity is ! well-kn[n fact t c5trifugal dis*>ges may cont9ue aft] ! obvi\s c5tripetal ones h ceas$4 ,?is is pre-em95tly ! case :5 ! c5tral mass is r5d]$ extremely un/able by c]ta9 *emical comp\nds1 su* z /ry*n9e1 c4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sugge/ive indications 9 connexion ) su* p]si/5t dis*>ges4 ,! m completely all ! c5tripetal pa?s are block$ by sev]ance & o!r means1 ! less p]ceptible is su* p]si/5t dis*>ge1 & s9ce n]v\s impulses are cont9ually /ream+ into ! c5tral mass f all p>ts1 ev5 f ^? 9 app>5t repose1 x w\ld seem t c\ld we completely isolate n]ve-cells1 _! dis*>ge w\ld probably altoge!r cease4' ,ev5 9 ! hyp]-excitable condition produc$ by /ry*n9e ! sp9al motor n]ve cells d n dis*>ge c5trifugal impulses :5 cut (f f ! c5tripetal connexions4 ,! physiologi/1 !re=e1 has #8def9ite gr\nds = believ+ t1 z f> z pres5t k goes1 bo? ! production & cessation ( c5tral n]v\s dis*>ges are ! expression ( propagat$ *anges & t ^! *anges reveal !mselves z physico-*emical alt]ations ( an electrolytic "*4 ,! n]v\s process1 :i* rightly seems to u s recondite1 does n1 9 ! light ( ?is conception1 owe its physiological my/]y to a new =m ( en]gy1 b to ! circum/ance t a mode ( en]gy display$ 9 ! non-liv+ _w occurs 9 colloidal electrolytic /ructures ( great *emical complexity4' ,to all ^! consid]ations we mu/ add ! fact t life did once orig9ate ^u ?is planet f matt] :i* 0 n alive1 & t ev5 n[ "s inorganic ph5om5a pres5t at lea/ remote analogies ) c]ta9 vital processes4 ,su* are ! /ructure1 ! spontane\s division1 & ! reg5]ation ( cry/als4 ,we turn n[ to ! philosophical objections t may be rais$ to vitali/ic speculations2 & "h we mu/ be c>eful to di/+ui% :at we may t]m ! psy*ological f ! metaphysical =m ( ! !ory4 ,dries* has ma9ta9$ t ! belief 9 a morphae/hetic psy*oid f9ds support 9 ! philosophies ( ,kant & ,ari/otle4 ,let u exam9e ! m]its ( ?is claim4 ,l ! sci5ti/s ( to-day1 ,kant1 9 8 ,critique ( ! ,teleological ,judgem5t1 lays x d[n z a rule t ! me*anical me?od1 by :i* natural ph5om5a are br\ght "u g5]al laws ( causation & s expla9$1 %\ld 9 all cases be pu%$ z f> z x w g1 = ?is is a pr9ciple ( ! det]m9ant judgem5t4 ,!re are cases1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ?is alone does n suffice4 ,! possibility ( ! gr[? & nutrition1 above all ( ! reproduction & reg5]ation ( organisms1 is only fully intelligible ?r\gh ano!r q di/9ct k9d ( causality1 _! purposiv5ess4 ,organisms are n m]e ma*9es1 = ^! h simply mov+ p[]4 ,organisms possess 9 !mselves =mative p[] ( a self-propagat+ k9d1 :i* !y communicate to _! mat]ials4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 natural purposes1 bo? cause & effect ( !mselves1 9 :i* ! p>ts s comb9e t !y are reciprocally bo? end & means1 exi/+ n only by means ( "o ano!r b = ! sake ( "o ano!r & ! :ole4 ,! :ole is ?us an end :i* det]m9es ! process1 a f9al cause :i* br+s toge!r ! requir$ matt]1 modifies x1 =ms x1 & puts x 9 its appropriate place4 ,su* purposiv5ess is int]nal1 = ! organism is at once its own cause & an end to itself1 n m]ely a means to o!r ends1 l a ma*9e ^: purposiv5ess is relative & ^: cause is ext]nal4 ,su* is ! pr9ciple ( ! teleological judgem5t4 ,x is a heuri/ic pr9ciple rightly br\ght to be>1 at lea/ problematically1 ^u ! inve/igation ( organic nature1 by a di/ant analogy ) our own causality accord+ to purposes g5]ally1 & indisp5sable to u1 z anatomi/s1 z a guid+ ?read if we wi% to le>n h[ to cognize ! con/itution ( organisms )\t aspir+ to an inve/igation into _! fir/ orig94 ,c\ld our cognitive faculties re/ cont5t ) ?is maxim ( ! reflective judgem5t x w\ld be impossible = !m to conceive ( ! production ( ^! ?+s 9 any o!r fa%ion ?an by attribut+ !m to a cause work+ by design1 to a ,be+ :i* w\ld be productive 9 a way analog\s to ! causality ( intellig5ce4 ,natural sci5ce1 h[ev]1 ne$s n m]ely reflective b det]m9ant pr9ciples :i* alone c in=m u ( ! possibility ( f9d+ ! ultimate explanation ( ! _w ( organisms 9 a causal comb9ation = :i* an und]/&+ is n explicitly assum$1 s9ce ! pr9ciple ( purposes does n make ! mode ( orig9ation ( organic be+s any m compreh5sible4 ,& !n1 9 a passage rem>kable = its prophetic insight1 ,kant proce$s to %[ h[ ?is might be4 ,?is #8analogy ( =ms'1 he says1 #8:i* ) all _! diff]5ce seem to h be5 produc$ accord+ to a common orig9al type1 /r5g!ns our suspicion ( an actual relation%ip betwe5 !m 9 _! production f a common p>5t1 ?r\gh ! gradual approximation ( "o g5us to ano!r--f ^? 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( purposes seems to be be/ au!nticat$1 t is f man d[n to ! polype1 & aga9 f ?is d[n to mosses & li*5s1 & f9ally to ! l[e/ /age ( nature noticeable by u1 namely1 crude matt]'4 ,& s ! :ole te*nic ( nature1 :i* is s incompreh5sible to u 9 organiz$ be+s t we believe ourselves compell$ to ?9k a diff]5t pr9ciple = x1 seems to be d]iv$ f matt] & its p[]s accord+ to me*anical laws l ^? by :i* x op]ates 9 ! =mation ( cry/als4 ,a purposiv5ess mu/1 h[ev]1 be attribut$ ev5 to ! crude matt]1 o!rwise x w\ld n be possible to ?9k ! purposive =m ( animals & plants4 ,al?\gh !re are d\btless 9 ! ,critique _m obscurities & inconsi/5cies1 to :i* we _c allude n[1 ! g5]al mean+ ( ,kant's reflections ^u organisms is p]fectly cle>4 ,he :o w\ld #8complete ! p]fect r\nd' ( 8 k mu/ ?9k n only 9 beg9n+s b 9 ends4 ,! end 9 ! case ( a liv+ be+ is app>5tly pla9--x is ! ma9t5ance & reproduction ( its =m2 ! end 9 ! case ( ! cosmic process is to be s\ght 9 ! e?ical1 or1 9 ,kantian phraseology1 ! #8practical' concept ( ! fre$om ( ! moral consci\sness ( man4 ,su* a position is q intelligible1 philosophically1 b ! te/imony x br+s to ! !ory ( ! psy*oid is ( v d\btful value1 z ,dries* is well aw>e4 ,he compla9s inde$ t ,kant's teleology is descriptive or #8/atic'1 r ?an #8dynamic'1 z is p]fectly true1 except 9 ! case ( man1 a po9t ( :i* ,dries* naturally makes ! mo/4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 passages :]e ,kant speaks ( #8a cause :i* br+s toge!r ! requir$ matt]1 modifies x1 =ms x & puts x 9 its appropriate place'2 b aga9/ ^! mu/ be set ! explicit /atem5t #8t if ! body has an ali5 pr9ciple 7! s\l7 9 communion ) x1 ! body mu/ ei!r be ! in/rum5t ( ! s\l--:i* does n make ! s\l a :it m compreh5sible--or be made by ! s\l1 9 :i* case x w\ld n be corporeal at all4' ,vitalism c glean small com=t f ?is4 ,let u turn1 !n1 to ! second au?ority4 ,z we h se5 already1 ! s\ls or functions ( nutrition & p]ception are1 9 ! ,ari/otelian biology1 ultimately to be express$ z alt]ations or movem5ts ( ! p>ticles ( ! body2 m9d alone is sep>able f body & et]nal4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! individual organism ! m9d comes 9 f outside1 b ! two s\ls ( l[] ord] are pres5t 9 ! 1 or 1 z ,ari/otle calls x1 :i* results f ! comm+l+ ( ! male & female elem5ts1 or1 z we %\ld say1 ! f]tiliz$ ovum4 ,! mat]ial & effici5t causes ( developm5t are n1 h[ev]1 bo? contribut$ by ea* ( ! p>5ts4 ,! tea*+ ( ,ari/otle is t ! matt] is provid$ by ! female & ! female alone4 ,! egg 7or catam5ia 9 mammals7 is describ$ z be+ m]e matt] 771 body 771 pot5tiality 771 passive 77 & m]ely quantitative1 al?\gh x is true t a sort ( s\l1 ! nutritive1 is some:at grudg+ly conc$$ to x1 s9ce unf]tiliz$ eggs appe> 9 "s s5se to be alive4 ,! male elem5t1 on ! o!r h&1 provides ! pr9ciple ( motion 7 7 & ! =m 772 x is qualitative1 x is activity1 x produces ! p]ceptive s\l1 if x is n itself t s\l1 & x is responsible = ! #8correct proportionality' 77 ( ! organization4 ,! male elem5t contributes only motion1 b no matt]2 x acts ^u ! female elem5t z r5net acts :5 x coagulates milk1 except t ! analogy is incomplete1 s9ce ! br+s ab\t a qualitative & n m]ely a quantitative *ange 9 ! mat]ial on :i* x op]ates4 ,to ?is x imp>ts ! same k9d ( motion :i* itself possesses1 ! motion :i* 0 pres5t 9 ! p>ticles ( ! food 9 its f9al =m f :i* x 0 itself d]iv$4 ,! communication ( ?is motion is en\gh to set go+ ! ma*9]y 772 ! re/ !n foll[s ( itself 9 prop] ord]4 ,la/ly1 ! sp]m ( ! male acts l a cunn+ workman :o makes a "w ( art1 us+ heat & cold z ! workman uses 8 tools3 = ?is heat & ?is cold c\ld nev] ( !mselves--by coagulations & cond5sations--produce ! =m ( ! body z ! old] naturali/s _h suppos$1 reg>d+ only ! effici5t & ignor+ ! =mal & ! f9al cause3 = ! organic body is n :at x is because x is produc$ 9 su* & su* a fa%ion1 r x is because x is to be su* & su* t x mu/ be develop$ z x is4 ,& "h lies ! k]nel ( ! :ole matt]4 ,= :ile ,ari/otle has made x p]fectly pla9 t1 accord+ to 8 idea1 ! s\l1 at lea/ its nutritive & p]ceptive faculties1 is to be reg>d$ z a function ( matt] & t ?is function may be ultimately express$ 9 t]ms ( movem5t1 & fur!r t developm5t is a me*anism :i* is set go+ by ! communication ( motion proce$+ f ! #8s\l' ( ! male elem5t & d]ivable ev5tually f ! motions into :i* ! #8functions' or #8s\l' ( ! p>5t c be resolv$ to ! m]e matt] :i* ! female provides1 x is equally evid5t t he does n reg>d ?is me*anical explanation--9 t]ms ( mat]ial & effici5t causes--z satisfactory or complete4 ,b :5 we inquire :y1 he gives u no c]ta9 nor consi/5t answ]4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re are passages 9 :i* he tells u t !re mu/ be some?+ :i* controls ! mat]ial =ces & imposes on !m a limit & proportionality ( gr[?2 t ! s\l makes use ( !m z ! arti/ makes use ( 8 implem5ts1 & su* passages are naturally int]pret$ by ,dries* 9 ! s5se ( a #8dynamic' teleology2 x is ! :i* sup]9t5ds & controls1 & ! is #8entele*y'4 ,else:]e1 h[ev]1 we are in=m$ t ev5 ! proportionality ( ! develop+ p>ts is simply ! outcome ( ! motion imp>t$ by ! male1 :i* is actu :at ! female elem5t only is pot5tia4 ,moreov]1 x may be que/ion$ :e!r ,ari/otle ev] int5d$ to imply m ?an an #8analogy ) ! causality ( purpose' :5 he uses ! figure ( ! workman & 8 implem5ts to illu/rate 8 mean+ ( ! =mal cause4 ,! =mal cause ( a "w ( art is an intelligible v]a causa2 x is ! idea 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/ antec$5t to ! execution ( ! "w2 b ! =mal or f9al cause ( an organism1 ! end :i* x app>5tly /rives to atta91 c only be said by a metaphor to be prior 9 "t to ! exi/5ce ( ! organism itself4 ,prior 9 ?\ght1 h[ev]1 x c]ta9ly is1 = x is only ! p]=mance ( its functions 77 by ! organism complete 9 all its p>ts t makes ! m]e me*anism ( developm5t compreh5sible to u2 ! process1 !re=e1 exi/s = ! sake ( ! end4 ,only z effici5t cause is ! s\l prior 9 "t2 only s f> z x is prior 9 ?\ght c x be said to be a f9al cause4 ,su* a teleology is1 x is obvi\s1 indi/+ui%able 9 pr9ciple f ! position 9 :i* ,kant leaves u4 ,x is ! position adopt$ by ,dries* himself 9 8 e>li] ,analytis*e ,!orie1 b ab&on$ 9 ! ,vitalismus 9 fav\r ( a !ory ( #8psy*oids'4 ,n[ q ap>t f ! mean+ :i* ,ari/otle may or may n h int5d$ to convey1 !re are grave objections to ?is belief4 ,?is #8psy*oid'1 to :i* ! "n #8entele*y' is surely misappli$1 ?is rudim5t>y feel+ & will+1 :i* is aw>e ( ! =m x desires to produce1 mu/ be psy*ically at lea/ z complex z ! ph5om5a x is design$ to acc\nt =1 & /&s1 !re=e1 z mu* 9 ne$ ( explanation z !y2 z ,kant has obs]v$1 ?is w involve u at once 9 an inf9ite s]ies ( su* entities4 ,9 fact x is only a photograph ( ! problem1 & n a solution at all4 ,aga91 :5 we ask :at ! modus op]&i ( ?is cause is1 we get no reply ei!r f ,dries* or f any o!r neovitali/4 ,! objection t ! int]v5tion ( a psy*ical cause 9 a physical process is un9telligible1 an objection :i* w\ld probably appeal to _m1 may be waiv$1 = 9 ! la/ resort ! connexion betwe5 any--ev5 simple me*anical--causes & effects is equally h>d to und]/&4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be d\bt$ :e!r ^! entities are n be+ multipli$ beyond necessity1 & :e!r ! progress ( sci5ce w\ld n be bett] s]v$ by an adh]5ce to a simpl] philosophy4 ,b ev5 :5 x has disc>d$ ! psy*oid we f9d vitalism /ill d5y+ ! possibility ( me*anical explanation1 /ill prea*+ ! autonomy ( ! organism4 ,! #8dynamic' teleology ( ,dries* has only disappe>$ to be replac$ by ! metaphysical doctr9e ( ! f9al cause4 ,we may po9t out1 p]haps1 9 pass+1 t ! organism is by no means z autonom\s z might be desir$4 ,! end t[>ds :i* ! creature /rives1 ! ma9t5ance & reproduction ( its own specific =m1 is n a con/ant t]m9us ad quem1 = species are z mortal z individuals3 nor is x always a*iev$2 ! autonomy ( a worm1 :i*1 bisect$ 9 a c]ta9 way1 reg5]ates a tail in/ead ( a head1 or ( a frog1 :i*1 aft] a p>ticul> injury1 develops six legs in/ead ( two1 has surely r5\nc$ its rights4 ,b1 sett+ ?is aside1 x mu/ be s]i\sly que/ion$ :e!r any good purpose is s]v$ 9 biological discussion by decry+ ! value ( me*anical conceptions or by conf\nd+ two di/9ct ord]s ( ?\ght4 ,! que/ions are grave ones3 = ! issue at /ake is no less ?an ! exi/5ce ( physiology z ! sci5ce ( ! causes ( liv+ activities4 #8,recte ponitur'1 said ,francis ,bacon1 #8v]e scire esse p] causas scire4' ,! maxim ( ! great f\nd] ( mod]n inductive sci5ce has be5 ! lode-/> ( biology 9 ! pa/1 & is /ill its wat*word to-day4 ,by exact obs]vation & crucial exp]im5t1 utiliz+ e canon ( induction1 ! activities ( ! liv+ organism are to be br\ght "u wide g5]al laws ( causation1 :i* w be1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 physiological laws--( response to /imuli1 ( metabolism1 & ( gr[?3 by means ( ^! laws pr$ictions c be made1 & v]ifi$ z (t5 z we please4 ,b no b> c legitimately be set to ! scope ( human inquiry2 ! ?\ght process w n re/ "h1 & ultimately x may be possible to /ate ! wide/ g5]alizations ( biology 9 *emical & physical1 & ^! aga9 9 purely me*anical t]ms4 ,! ma9t5ance & evolution ( =m 9 ! individual1 z well z ! l>g] evolution ( =m 9 ! race1 become b ! f9al t]ms 9 a f> va/] cosmic process1 f #8homog5eity to het]og5eity'4 ,! idea is1 ( c\rse1 p]fectly famili>3 x is ! analysis ( purely physical causes1 c>ri$ to its extreme limit4 ,ph5om5a are ?\ght out 9 t]ms n ( orig9s m]ely1 b ( "o orig91 & t "o orig9 is ! only my/]y t rema9s4 ,?is unification ( ! sci5ces has always be5 & mu/ /ill rema9 ! dream & ! fai? & ! inspiration ( ! sci5tific man1 & c\ld su* an edifice ( ! intellect ev] be realiz$1 ! task ( sci5ce w\ld h be5 complet$4 ,only :5 ?is purely det]m9i/ic me?od has be5 pu%$ z f> z x w g does sci5ce leave (f2 only :]e sci5ce leaves (f does philosophy beg94 ,!re is an ord] ( "t1 & !re is an ord] ( ?\ght4 ,sci5ce works 9 ! ord] ( "t1 & necess>ily s3 = al?\gh sci5ce c nev] say :at con/itutes ! inv>iable l9k betwe5 antec$5t & consequ5t :i* x t]ms causal1 yet x rightly speaks ( ! fir/ z cause1 det]m9+ ! second z effect1 s9ce x is its function to pr$ict f ! pa/ :i* is kn[n to ! future :i* is n4 ,b ! outlook ( philosophy is diff]5t4 ,dissatisfi$ ) ! endless regress ( cause & effect1 sceptical ( fir/ causes & orig9al homog5eities1 out ( :i* by no conceivability c\ld any het]og5eity h ev] be5 develop$1 philosophy looks to ! end4 ,! activities ( liv+ organisms at lea/ appe> to be direct$ to an end2 !y are app>5tly purposive1 & x is ?is purposiv5ess :i* l5ds to biology1 ?\gh built on ! fundam5tal conceptions ( *emi/ry & physics1 peculi> features ( its own1 & is1 ( c\rse1 answ]able = ! teleological language :i* biologi/s s frequ5tly employ4 ,& by a k ( ! end1 ! view ( sci5ce1 to :i* qua sci5ce x _c too rigidly conf9e itself1 w d\btless be supplem5t$ & enl>g$4 ,b1 pla9 & def9ite ?\gh ! end ( an individual life may be1 ! end ( ! race--( ! human or any o!r race--! end ( ! univ]se1 are ?+s only to be guess$ at1 & all we are left ) is an indef9ite s]ies ( evolv+ sy/ems em]g+ out ( an inf9ite pa/ & fad+ into an inf9ite future4 ,9 ! f9al issue1 inde$1 ! la/ effect is z delusive an ignis fatuus z ! fir/ cause4 ,! philosophy :i* has reject$ "o mu/ dive/ itself ( ! o!r1 & seek its end1 if any:]e1 9 ! logical prius ( ! m9d1 :i*1 ?\gh la/ 9 "t1 is yet fir/ 9 ?\ght1 s9ce ?r\gh x alone c t ord]$ k ( nature :i* we call sci5ce be born & br\ght to p]fection4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,italian translation ( #8,,ke?am'1 ,,v5ice #adic ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,,mund9us787 ,,lectur+ ,,on ,,anatomy ,illu/ration3 ,,biblio?,,que ,,nationale ,,ms4 fr4 #bjcj ,writt5 9 #acad ,,to ,,illu/rate ,,! ,,anatomy ,,( ,,h5ri ,,de ,,mondeville ,illu/ration3 ,,bodleian ,,ms4 ,,a%mole #cii fo4 #cd r ,plate ,,xxviii4 ,a ,,dissection ,,sc5e circa #abih ,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,r5aissance ,,anatomy1 ,,) ,a ,,new ,,text3 ,,! ,,ano?omia ,,( ,,hi]onymo ,,manfr$i 7#adij7 ,by ,*>les ,s+] ,,text ,,transcrib$ ,,& ,,translat$ ,,by ,a4 ,,mildr$ ,,we/l& ,i4 ,anatomy 9 ! ,f\rte5? & ,fifte5? ,c5turies #gi ,,ii4 ,bolognese ,works on ,anatomy #ib ,,iii4 ,hi]onymo ,manfr$i1 ,pr(essor at ,bologna1 #adfc-ic #ig ,,iv4 ,! ,manuscript ,anatomy ( ,manfr$i #ajc ,v4 ,translation ( ,select$ ,passages f ! ,ano?omia1 ) ,comm5t>y #ajf 7a7 ,! ,bra91 ,cranial ,n]ves1 c4 #ajf 7b7 ,! ,eye #aah 7c7 ,! ,he>t #abb ,italian ,text ( ! ,ano?omia #acj ,i4 ,,anatomy ,,9 ,,! ,,f\rte5? ,,& ,,fifte5? ,,c5turies ,!re 0 little or no progress 9 ! k ( anatomy betwe5 ! dea? ( ,mond9o 9 #acbg & ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?is appe>s ! m rem>kable :5 we recall h[ widespread 0 ! practice ( dissection dur+ ! p]iod4 ,9 ,france1 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,montpelli]1 public dissections 7 decre$ 9 ! ye> #acgg1aba & ,catalonian ,l]ida foll[$ suit 9 #acia4abb ,at ,bologna1 :]e dissection _h long be5 cu/om>y1 x receiv$ (ficial recognition 9 ! ,univ]sity ,/atutes 9 #adje1abc & ! same ev5t took place at ,padua 9 #adbi4 ,public anatomies 7 in/itut$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,prague 9 #adfj1 ( ,p>is 9 #adgh1 & ( ,tb+5 9 #adhe4abd ,= ^! #8,anatomies' ! bodies ( execut$ crim9als 7 usually employ$1 & !re=e ! numb] ( subjects available v>i$ greatly 9 diff]5t localities4#abe ,9 addition to ^! regul> dissections1 !re 0 c]ta9ly a consid]able am\nt ( po/-mortem exam9ation1 surreptiti\s 7,plate ,,xxviiib#abf71 or ev5 op5 7,plate ,,xxix#abg71 long be=e ,b5ivi5i publi%$ 8 memorable li/ ( cases4#abh ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,f ! ,fr5* translation ( ,b>?olomaeus ,anglicus1 ,lyons1 #adhb4 ,! fir/ pr9t$ picture ( dissection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ms4 fr4 #ahd fo4 #ad r ,plate ,,xxix4 ,a ,,po/-,,mortem ,,exam9ation4 ,late ,x,i,vth ,c5tury ,illu/ration3 ,,vatican ,,ms4 ,,hispanice #dhjd fo4 #h r ,plate ,,xxx a4 ,a ,,demon/ration ,,( ,,surface ,,m>k+s ,illu/ration3 ,,bri/ol ,,ref]5ce ,,libr>y ,,ms4 fo4 #be r ,plate ,,xxx b4 ,a ,,demon/ration ,,( ,,! ,,bones ,,to ,,illu/rate ,,guy ,,de ,,*auliac ,t s mu* indu/ry 0 rew>d$ by s small an increase 9 k may probably be attribut$ to ! me?od adopt$4 ,! s-call$ #8anatomies' 7 conduct$ 9 ! mo/ =mal mann]4 ,b]tuccio1 = example1 :o succe$$ ,mond9o z pr(essor ( ,surg]y at ,bologna1 0 accu/om$1 z we le>n f 8 pupil ,guy de ,*auliac1 to give %ort sy/ematic anatomical demon/rations on a fix$ & rigid me?od4#abi ,! occupant ( ! *air at ?is p]iod 0 inde$ no pr(essor 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w4 ,to exp\nd ! tradition ( anatomy z x _h rea*$ him 0 reg>d$ z ! limit ( 8 duty4 ,( any attempt to ext5d ! b\nds ( k1 ( any sy/ematic endeav\r to correct or improve ! anatomical views ( 8 pr$ecessors1 we f9d little or no trace4 ,inde$1 at ,padua x 0 expressly laid d[n 9 ! /atutes t ! exposition ( anatomy %\ld foll[ ! v words ( ,mond9o4#acj ,e>ly figures portray+ ! tea*+ ( anatomy 7,plate ,,xxvii & ,figs4 #a-c1 #e7 usually %[ u a m$ical doctor sitt+ at a desk1 well remov$ f ! subject ( dissection1 & read+ f 8 text-book ! description ( ! "p4 ,mean:ile an assi/ant1 :o is usually also a doctor1 p]=ms ! actual "w ( dissection4 ,! pr(essor ( ,surg]y1 to :om ! tea*+ ( anatomy 0 entru/$1 /&s by ) a po9t] to indicate ! diff]5t organs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,title-page ( ,mell]/adt's edition ( ! ,anatomy ( ,mond9o1 ,leipzig1 #adic4 ,! sc5e is laid 9 ! op5 air4#aca ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,a ,,dissection ,,sc5e ,f ! ,v5ice #adie edition ( #8,ke?am' 7comp>e ,plate ,,xxvii74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,f ! ,engli% translation ( ,b>?olomaeus ,anglicus1 pr9t$ by ,wynkyn de ,worde1 #adie4 ,! fir/ picture ( dissection 9 an ,engli%-pr9t$ book4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v5etiis ,,anno 4,d4 ,m4,,ccccc4,,xxxv4 ,fig4 #e4 ,a ,,lecture ,,on ,,anatomy ,f ! #aece ,v5ice edition ( ,b]5g> ( ,c>pi's ,comm5t>y on ,mond9o4 ,sometimes ! pr(essor *anges places ) ! read] at ! desk4 ,9 "s lat] ,,mss4 ! tea*] is figur$ z himself h&l+ ! body & demon/rat+ to 8 pupil 7,plate ,,xxx a#acb & b#acc71 b !re is evid5ce t ! m9iatures portray+ ?is are ! "w ( arti/s unfamili> ) dissection & ) ! tea*+ ( anatomy4 ,! /udy ( anatomy _h to cont5d ) two great difficulties1 want ( subjects = dissection1 & fai? 9 ! writt5 ^w4 ,?us1 at ,bologna1 :]e x 0 arrang$ t e m$ical /ud5t ( ov] two ye>s' /&+ %\ld att5d an ,anatomy once a ye>1 no less ?an tw5ty /ud5ts 7 admitt$ to see ! anatomy ( ea* man1 & ?irty to ! anatomy ( ea* woman4#acd ,?is 0 all ! practical in/ruction receiv$4 ,"s o!r ,univ]sities _h to be cont5t ) ! cadav] ( a s+le crim9al p] annum = ! :ole body ( /ud5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod dur+ :i* ! human body 0 dissect$ 9 ,europe1 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( progress 0 c]ta9ly made1 despite ! r>ity ( subjects4 ,! rebir? ( le>n+ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 n1 h[ev]1 z fav\rable to anatomical progress z might h be5 hop$4 ,gal51 inde$1 ceas$ to be a m]e "n1 & ! ,lat9 translations ( 8 text1 or ( its adumbra 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,arabians1 became ev] m famili>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) m au?oritative texts 9 _! h&s1 m5 7 b ! m incl9$ to foll[ ! evil s*ola/ic way1 & to tru/ r to ! writt5 words ( ! ma/] ?an to ! evid5ce ( _! own s5ses4 ,?us x came ab\t t ! second p]iod1 :i* cov]s ! f\rte5? & mo/ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 0 really /ation>y s f> z ! fir/-h& k ( anatomy 0 conc]n$4 ,) ! la/ decade ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 !re op5s a new & ?ird p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( our subject4 ,f t "t dates ! true era ( anatomical r5aissance1 :i* may be reg>d$ z cont9u+ until ! comm5cem5t ( mod]n anatomy ) ! great "w ( ,vesalius 9 #aedc4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,f ! ,,ms4 ( ,,guy ,,de ,,vigevano ( #acde at ,,*antilly ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxii4 ,f ! ,,ms4 ( ,,guy ,,de ,,vigevano ( #acde at ,,*antilly ,we h said t ?r\gh\t ! second p]iod1 ! =mal demon/rations bas$ on ! declaim$ text ( ,gal5 or ,avic5na or ,mond9o 7 practically ! sole opportunities af=d$ to ei!r tea*] or pupil = ! inve/igation ( ! m9ut] details ( ! human frame4 ,b 9 mak+ ?is /atem5t conc]n+ ! arre/ ( anatomical progress1 we mu/ expressly exclude ! products ( ! mighty g5ius ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7#adeb-aeai71 ^: anatomical rese>*es 7 )\t influ5ce1 & rema9$ long unnotic$4#ace ,we mu/ also omit evid5ce ga!r$ f ! "w ( su* e>ly ,r5aissance pa9t]s z ,antonio ,pollaiuolo 7#adbi-ih7 or ,&rea del ,v]roc*io 7#adce-hh71 = ^! pursu$ ! /udy ( anatomy 9 a special field & ) a special object4#acf ,fur!rmore1 !re are a numb] ( arti/s ( simil> date ( ^: anatomical /udies we h no direct evid5ce1 b :o yet outl9$ ! muscles ( ! nude human figure 9 su* a way z leads u to suppose t !y _h inve/igat$ ! sup]ficial /ructures at lea/ ( flay$ p>ts4 ,su* is ! sugge/ion ( "s ( ! "w ( ,luca ,signorelli 7c4 #addb-;c4 #aebd71 & ( ,&rea ,mantegna 7di$ #aejf74 ,) su* res]vations1 h[ev]1 x is probably true t no evid5ce is =?com+ until ! la/ decade ( ! fifte5? c5tury ( any advance f ! /&po9t ( ,mond9o4#acg ,b if descriptive anatomy develop$ sl[ly 9 ! h&s ( ! physicians1 ! art ( graphic repres5tation ( anatomical /ructures 0 /ill m backw>d4 ,sev]al gr\ps ( anatomical draw+s ( m$iaeval date h come d[n to our "t1 b exam9ation ( !m %[s t !y h be5 drawn )\t direct ref]5ce to ! human frame4 ,"s ( ^! figures are ( ! crude type kn[n z ! #8five-figure s]ies' 7,plate ,,xxxiii71 m]e traditional diagrammatic sket*es4#ach ,h>dly bett] or m in/ructive are ! s]ies ( dissections :i* illu/rate c]ta9 ,,ms4 works ( ,h5ri de ,mondeville 7,plate ,,xxviii a7#aci & ,guido de ,vigevano 7,plates ,,xxxi & ,,xxxii71 #acde4adj ,a few sket*es repres5t+ ! sep>ate organs h also surviv$ 7,fig4 #f71ada b ^! nev] sugge/ t ! draughtsman _h be=e him ! /ructure :i* he seeks to depict1 & ! draw+s appe> to h be5 made 9 ord] to illu/rate contempor>y physiological !ory r ?an obs]v$ anatomical fact4 ,ev5 ! magnific5t illum9at$ ,dresd5 ,codex ( ,gal51 prep>$ 9 ,france or ,fl&]s z late z ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 betrays n ! slighte/ fir/-h& k ( anatomy4#adb ,al?\gh ! illu/rations ( ?is ,,ms4 are prep>$ ) ! utmo/ te*nical skill1 !y yet %[ u a tea*] exhibit+ to 8 pupils a he>t ( ! =m f\nd on play+-c>ds1 & o!r anatomical figures sc>cely m fai?ful to ! facts 7,plate ,,xxxiv74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,,diagrams ,,( ,,! ,,int]nal ,,organs ,aft] ,bodleian ,libr>y ,,ms4 ,a%mole #cii ( ab\t #abih1 fos4 #bc recto-#bd recto4 ,! _s ( inve/igation ( ! arti/ :o p]=ce w5t direct to nature1 dissect+ ) 8 own h&s & obs]v+ ) 8 own eyes 7,plate ,,xxxvi71 %[$ itself inde$ f> m fruitful ?an ! t$i\s ex ca!dra me?odization ( ! pr(essor4#adc ,yet ! sy/em ( ! s*ools ne$$ to be comb9$ ) ! fre$om ( ! arti/ = ! production ( an effective anatomical "w4 ,:at ! project$ treatise ( ,m>cantonio della ,torre 7#adgc-aejf7 might h be5 we may guess f ! anatomical sket*es ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7,plate ,,xxxv71 :o 0 to h be5 associat$ ) him 9 ! "w4#add ,9 ! ev5t1 h[ev]1 ! m$ical s*ools _h to wait yet ano!r g5]ation be=e ! subject 0 plac$ on a s\nd basis by ,&r ,vesale4 ,! ,mond9o pamphlet--= x is little m--us$ s9ce its au?or's dea? 9 #acbg z a text-book 9 ! s*ools ( nor!rn ,italy1 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #adgh4 ,n until ! la/ decade ( ! fifte5? c5tury did !re appe> ano!r "w be>+ evid5ce ( ! h& ( a practical anatomi/4 ,?is 0 an ,italian translation ( ,ke?am's ,fasciculus m$ic9ae1 impress$ at ,v5ice 9 ! ye> #adic4ade ,! volume comprises ,mond9o's pamphlet & a collection ( o!r m$ical tracts t 7 probably put toge!r by ,giorgio di ,montef]rato f ! "w ( a writ] ( ! previ\s c5tury1 = _! cont5ts are traceable to a f\rte5?-c5tury ,,ms4#adf ,! text is nei!r orig9al nor rem>kable1 b ! ,v5ice volume d]ives its importance f c]ta9 figures :i* appe> 9 x = ! fir/ "t4 ,two ( ^! plates are ( great int]e/ bo? intr9sically & also 9 relation to ! hi/ory ( anatomy4 ,"o ( !m is ! magnific5t repres5tation ( a dissection sc5e1 :i* is reg>d$ z p]haps ! f9e/ example ( book illu/ration produc$ dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( typography#adg 7,plate ,,xxvii74 ,?is "w ( ! #8matre aux dauph9s'1 z ! unkn[n arti/ is call$ by critics1#adh is d\bly int]e/+1 = x is ! subject ( an exp]im5t 9 col\r pr9t+1 no less ?an f\r pigm5ts be+ laid on by means ( /5cils4 ,z e>ly z #adeg ! me?od ( /5cill+ 0 employ$ = col\r+ ! initials ( a ,psalt]1 & 9 #adhe ,erh>d ,ratdolt 9 an a/ronomical "w add$ yell[ to ! e>li] r$ & black4 ,! figure f :i* our plate is tak5 repres5ts1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ attempt at a complex col\r s*eme & leads up to ! "w ( ,hugo da ,c>pi4#adi ,9 ?is picture ! pr(essor1 a y\?ful figure p]haps int5d$ to repres5t ,mond9o himself1 is %[n /&+ at a desk :i* hides 8 book4 ,ar\nd a corpse1 laid on a tre/le table be=e him1 !re clu/] a numb] ( m5 9 doctor's robes4 ,_! valid faces are suffici5t to conv9ce u t ! arti/ is "h pres5t+ u ) portraits4 ,"o ( ! li/5]s has remov$ 8 robe & /&s ) upturn$ sleeves & knife 9 h&1 ready to make ! fir/ incision on ! direction ( ! doctor1 :o po9ts to ! "p ) a w& held 9 ! left h&4 ,9 ! impression ( #adie & 9 ^? ( lat] date1 ! book appe>s above ! desk1 ! attitudes ( ! /ud5ts are some:at *ang$1 & _m o!r details are alt]$4 ,9 all ^!1 h[ev]1 ! blocks h be5 recut & ! result is arti/ically inf]ior#aej 7,fig4 #c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,a ,,female ,,figure ,,laid ,,op5 ,,to ,,%[ ,,! ,,womb ,,& ,,o!r ,,organs ,f ! #adic ,v5ice edition ( #8,ke?am' translat$ into ,italian4 ,?is is ! fir/ pr9t$ anatomical figure drawn f ! object4 ,! second plate f ! #adic ,ke?am ) :i* we are "h conc]n$ is ! outl9e ( a female body1 9 a traditional pose1#aea laid op5 to exhibit "s ( ! int]nal organs 7,fig4 #g74 ,^! _h cle>ly be5 sket*$ f ! object1 & !re=e ?is draw+1 ! fir/ pr9t$ figure ( its k9d1 may be said to introduce ! new era = ! inve/igation ( ! human frame4 ,! anatomical r5aissance _h begun4 ,into a discussion ( ! full developm5t ( t age we _c n[ ent]4 ,b ! ,,ms4 ( ,manfr$i1 ) :i* we h "h to deal1 0 writt5 at ! v dawn ( ! new era & is itself "o ( its e>lie/ docum5ts4 ,,ii4 ,,bolognese ,,works ,,on ,,anatomy ,an organiz$ ,m$ical ,faculty exi/$ at ,bologna at lea/ z e>ly z #aaef1aeb ?\gh ! fir/ record ( dissection !re is ( consid]ably lat] date4 ,9 ,febru>y #acjb a c]ta9 ,azzol9o di$ "u suspici\s circum/ances4 ,poison 0 suspect$1 an inque/ 0 held & a po/-mortem exam9ation ord]$4 ,! inve/igation 0 conduct$ by two physicians & ?ree surgeons1 :o unanim\sly agre$ #8t ! said ,azzol9o assur$ly met 8 dea? by no poison1 b on ! contr>y1 we ass]t t ! quantity ( blood collect$ 9 ! great ve9 kn[n z ! v5a *ilis v5a cava#aec & 9 ! ve9s ( ! liv] adjac5t !reunto1 has prev5t$ ! due movem5t ( ! spiritus ?r\gh\t ! body1 & has ?us produc$ ! dim9ution or r ext9ction ( ! innate heat & !reby induc$ a rapid po/-mortem discoloration4 ,( ?is condition we h assur$ ourselves by ! evid5ce ( our own s5ses & by ! anatomization ( ! p>ts4'#aed ,! fir/ anatomical docum5t emanat+ f ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna is1 h[ev]1 ( /ill e>li] date1 & is ! "w ( ,william ( ,saliceto 7#abaj8-hj74 ,?is writ] 0 educat$ at ,bologna1 & x is claim$ t he 0 ! fir/ to dissect ! human body !re4#aee ,8 ,cyrurgia1 :i* 0 complet$ 9 #abge 7editio pr9ceps1 ,piac5za1 #adgf71 is divid$ into five books1 ( :i* ! f\r? & %orte/ is devot$ to anatomy4 ,its descriptions are brief & concise4 ,!y are (t5 cle>ly ! result ( actual obs]vation1 & !y %[ h>dly any trace ( ! absurd & irritat+ teleology t ! influ5ce ( ! ,arabians & ( ,gal5 made cu/om>y 9 e>ly anatomical lit]ature4 ,! anatomy ( ,saliceto appe>s to u v s5sible & s f> z x goes practical4 ,x betrays ! me?od r ( ! ,sal]nitan ?an ( ! ,arabian anatomical writ+s1 & is on ! :ole ! be/ ,european "w ( ! k9d be=e ! ,r5aissance4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 soon replac$ by ! text-book ( ,mond9o di ,luzzi 7#abhe-acbg71aef :i*1 ?\gh inf]ior to t ( ,saliceto1 held ! field until ! subject 0 revolutioniz$ by ,vesalius4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,! ,,five-,,figure ,,s]ies ,,bodleian ,,ms4 ,,a%mole #cii1 ab\t #abib ,fos4 #ah r-#bb r ,,ve9s1 c4 ,,art]ies ,,n]ves ,,bones ,,muscles ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,,dresd5 ,,gal5 ,,ms4 ,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,,demon/rations ,,( ,,anatomy ,second half ( ,x,vth ,c5tury ,mond9o 0 pr(essor at ,bologna till 8 dea? 9 #acbg4 ,8 "w1 easily accessible 9 "o ( its _m editions1 #8is corrupt$ by ! b>b>\s leav5 ( ! ,arabian s*ools1 & 8 ,lat9 defac$ by ! exotic nom5clature ( ,avic5na & ,rhazes'4#aeg ,b x is n ! language alone t has suff]$4 ,! s*oolman's attitude1 well fitt$ = ! classification ( ideas1 is an ill in/rum5t = ! inve/igation ( ,nature1 & 9 ! s*ola/ic ,mond9o ! v basis ( sci5tific judgem5t is und]m9$1 s t he readily accepts ! views ( ! anci5ts aga9/ :at mu/ (t5 h be5 ! evid5ce ( 8 own s5ses4 ,! "w1 h[ev] useful to ! contempor>y /ud5t1 0 ?us ess5tially reaction>y z aga9/ ! ef=ts ( ! e>li] ,sal]nitan anatomi/s & ( ,william ( ,saliceto4 ,?is is ! m rem>kable because x is q cle> t he 0 accu/om$ to demon/rate on ! actual body--a privilege d5i$ to ! e>ly ,sal]nitan s*ool1--& he 01 moreov]1 a popul> & successful tea*]4 ,8 "w is a manual ( dissection r ?an a treatise on anatomy4 ,?is1 add$ to its concis5ess & brevity1 /r5g!n$ its appeal to ! #8practical' man--an epi!t claim$ !n1 z n[1 by ! majority ( /upid & unpractical p4 ,! p]sonal influ5ce & en?usiasm ( its au?or no d\bt help$ also t[>ds ! ph5om5al success ( ?is "w1 :i* = two hundr$ ye>s held a position )\t rival z ! text-book ( ! m$ical s*ools ( ,italy1 :]e ev5 z late z ! sixte5? c5tury ,mond9o #80 /ill wor%ipp$ by all ! /ud5ts z a v god'4#aeh ,mond9o 0 succe$$ 9 ! *air ( ,surg]y at ,bologna by 8 pupil1 ! ,lomb>d ,b]tuccio1 :o di$ 9 ! ,black ,dea? ( #acdg4 ,b]tuccio's surviv+ "w is unnotewor?y1 b he 0 ! anatomical tea*] ( ,guy de ,*auliac1 ^: ,surg]y#aei is ( great value & 0 v influ5tial 9 /&>diz+ practice1 especially 9 ! nor? & we/ ( ,europe4 ,nev]!less x appe>s to u t ! anatomical section is ! weake/ "p ( ,guy's great "w4 ,! teleology t is a blot 9 ,mond9o has "h become a p]fect plague1 & ,guy's anatomy consi/s ( "o-?ird description & two-?irds we>isomely reit]at$ reasons = ! exi/5ce ( imp]fectly describ$ /ructures4 ,?r\gh ,guy de ,*auliac ! anatomical tradition ( ,mond9o pass$ ov] into ! ,univ]sity ( ,montpelli]4 ,a lat] f\rte5?-c5tury ,bolognese writ] 0 ,tommaso di ,g>bo 7di$ #acgj71 :o did little b comm5t on ,avic5na4 ,a surgeon ( ! next g5]ation1 h[ev]1 ,pietro d',argellata1 des]ves to be rememb]$ = 8 description ( ! exam9ation ( ! body ( ,pope ,alex&] ,v1 :o di$ sudd5ly at ,bologna on ,may #d1 #adaj4 ,8 acc\nt ?r[s light on ! cu/om>y proc$ure & may be r5d]$ "h4#afj #8,i ord]$ ! att5dants'1 he says1 #8fir/ to cut ! abdom5 f ! pomegranate i4e4 ! ,adam's apple or l>yngeal c>tilage#afa to ! os pect9is i4e4 ! symphysis pubis4 ,!n1 s t !y %\ld n rupture ! inte/9es1 ,i myself s\ght ! rectum & ligatur$ x 9 two places & !n cut x betwe54 ,next ,i remov$ all ! inte/9es z f> z ! duod5um & dealt ) !m z ) ! rectum1 & s ,i _h ! inte/9es clean & )\t fetor4 ,aft] ?is ,i extract$ ! liv]1 seiz+ its ligam5ts2 !n ! sple5 & !n ! kidneys1 & ^! 7 all plac$ toge!r 9 a j>4 ,i n[ pass$ to ! spiritual memb]s i4e4 ! ?orax & remov$ lung & he>t & all _! ligam5ts4 ,!n ,i ligatur$ ! m]i ! ,arabian t]m = oesophagus & remov$ ! /oma*4 ,:5 ?is _h be5 done !re 7 "s :o wi%$ to remove ! tongue b knew n h[4 ,i h[ev] cut "u ! *9 & extract$ ! tongue ?r\gh t hole1 toge!r ) tra*ea art]ia tra*ea & m]i4 ,!n ,i pass$ to ! art]ia adorti aorta & v5a *ilis v5a cava4 ,la/ly ,i remov$ ! ligatur$ remnant ( ! inte/9es z f> z ! anal m>g94' ,giovanni da ,concoreggio 7di$ #adch71 :o 0 lector 9 ,surg]y at ,bologna 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 left a few anatomical obs]vations ( little note1#afb & n v mu* m c be said = 8 successors & ,manfr$i's contempor>ies ,gabriele ,g]bi 7de ,z]bis1 di$ #aeje7 & ,aless&ro ,a*ill9i 7#adfc-aeab74 ,g]bi#afc does little b repeat 9 ! mo/ v]bose fa%ion ! "w ( ,mond9o & ( ,avic5na1 "s ( ^: errors1 h[ev]--e4g4 ! ?ree v5tricles ( ! he>t--he omits4 ,he wrote also an anatomy ( ! infant1 or r ( ! foetus1#afd & a treatise tak5 ma9ly f ,avic5na's ,de g5]atione embryonis4 ,l all 8 "w1 ^! are 9 ! full s*ola/ic /yle ( a pr(essor ( ,logic1 a position to :i*1 9 fact1 he ultimately atta9$4 ,a*ill9i's "w#afe is b a slight advance on t ( ,g]bi4 ,x is really little else ?an a note-book = /ud5ts1 & gives ! balde/ directions = dissection1 accompani$ by a few comm5ts tak5 f ,avic5na4 ,a*ill9i occasionally v5tures to criticize ,mond9o1 & 8 "w has at lea/ ! advantage ( brevity4 ,he has a claim to be rememb]$ 9 t he 0 ! fir/ to describe ! duct ( ,:>ton & is said to h be5 ! fir/ to describe ! e> ossicles1 malleus & incus4 ,a*ill9i1 l ,g]bi1 0 a w9dy & v #8s*ola/ic' disputator4 ,he 0 be/ kn[n to 8 contempor>ies z a support] ( ! philosophy ( ,av]roes4 ,9 #aejf1 :5 driv5 f ,bologna ) ! o!r support]s ( ,b5tivoglio1 he became pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,padua4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,,! ,,abdom9al ,,muscles ,f ,b]5g> ( ,c>pi's ,comm5t>y on ,mond9o1 ,bologna1 #aeba4 ,) ,giacomo ,b]5g>io da ,c>pi we come at l5g? to "o :o def9itely advanc$ ! sci5ce1 & :o may be reg>d$ z ! fir/ mod]n anatomi/1 s f> z pr9t$ works are conc]n$4 ,he 0 pr(essor ( ,surg]y f #aejb to #aebg1 & dur+ t p]iod publi%$ 8 great anatomical "w4#aff ,?is volume1 ?\gh mode/ly put =w>d z a comm5t>y on ,mond9o1 is 9 reality an orig9al contribution ( great value4 ,x is ! e>lie/ anatomical treatise t c prop]ly be describ$ z hav+ figures illu/rat+ ! text 7,fig4 #h74afg ,c>pi does n hesitate to criticize ! "w on :i* he comm5ts--z = in/ance :5 he d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ! #8rete mirabile' bel[ ! bra91 ?\gh descriptions ( ! #8rete mirabile' _h be5 bas$ on ! /atem5t ( no less an au?ority ?an ,gal54 ,fur!rmore he 0 ! fir/ to describe ! v]mi=m app5dix1 & he gave ! e>lie/ correct acc\nt ( sev]al o!r organs1 e4g4 ! *oroid plexus & ! olfactory n]ves4 ,he 0 an indu/ri\s dissector1 & he tells u t he _h exam9$ m ?an a hundr$ bodies4 ,) ,c>pi we close our s]ies ( ,bolognese anatomi/s4 ,into t gr\p we n[ proce$ to fit ! writ] ) :om we are "h specially conc]n$1 ,hi]onymo ,manfr$i4 ,illu/ration3 ,f a draw+ 9 ! ,libr>y1 ,,w9dsor ,,ca/le ,plate ,,xxxv4 ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,int]nal ,,organs ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci ,illu/ration3 ,f a ,draw+ 9 ! ,,a%molean ,,museum1 ,,ox=d1 attribut$ to ,,b>tolomeo ,,manfr$i 7#aegd8-afjb7 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,,! ,,two ,,figures ,,dissect+ ,,are ,,traditionally ,,said ,,to ,,repres5t ,,mi*elangelo ,,& ,,antonio ,,della ,,torre ,,iii4 ,,hi]onymo ,,manfr$i ,hi]onymo ,manfr$i 0 a memb] ( a family t _h already = m ?an two c5turies provid$ di/+ui%$ citiz5s1 & especially physicians1 to ! city ( ,bologna4#afh ,he 0 born ab\t ! ye> #adcj & 0 educat$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna4 ,"h 9 #adee he 0 laureatus 9 ,philosophy & ,m$ic9e1 & "h he became pr(essor ( ! latt] subject 9 #adfc4afi ,dur+ ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 a p]fect mania = ! /udy ( a/rology infect$ ,italy & p5etrat$ equally into ! ,c\rt1 ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,academy4 ,! pr(ession ( ,m$ic9e 0 f> f immune1 & at ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna1 :]e a *air ( ,a/rology _h long be5 e/abli%$1#agj ! /udy 0 pursu$ ) ard\r & en?usiasm4 ,"h ,manfr$i e>ly devot$ himself to t w-o'-!-wisp1 ! pursuit ( :i* absorb$ & /]iliz$ _m ( ! be/ intellects ( 8 day4 ,by ! ye> #adfi he 0 already reg>d$ z an au?ority on ! va9e/ ( /udies1#aga & z ! ye>s w5t on he seems to h devot$ himself to x ev] m & m4 ,! g5]ally cr$ul\s "* ( ,manfr$i's a/rological ideas may be ga!r$ f ! page ( 8 ,progno/icon ad annum #adgi :i* we "h reproduce 7,fig4 #aj74 ,! hi/ory ( ,manfr$i's connexion ) ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna may be briefly told4 ,he appe>s = ! fir/ "t on ! pr(essorial roll 9 #adfb1 :5 we f9d him giv+ ! #8extraord9>y' lectures on ,philosophy1 a subject !n reg>d$ z "u especial *>ge ( ! physicians4 ,9 #adfe he 0 conduct+ ! #8ord9>y' c\rse 9 ,philosophy1 & at ! same "t giv+ occasional lectures on ,m$ic9e4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he 0 call$ to ! *air ( ,!oretical ,m$ic9e1 & 9 #adfi he help$ ! ,faculty out ( a difficulty by giv+ lectures on #8,a/ronomia' 9 place ( ! ag$ pr(essor ,giovanni de ,fundis4 ,! latt] di$ 9 #adgd1 & f t date onw>d ,manfr$i assum$ responsibility = ! c\rse on #8,a/ronomia'4 ,among ! colleagues :o jo9$ him 7 ,gabriele de ,g]bi1 :o became lectur] on ,logic 9 #adgf1 ,filippo ,b]oaldo1 :o became lectur] on ,rhetoric & ,poetry 9 #adgi1 & ,aless&ro ,a*ill9i1 :o became lectur] on ,logic 9 #adhd4agb ,su* 0 ! reg>d = ,manfr$i's p[]s ( a/rological pr$iction t to all ! ,univ]sity ann\ncem5ts ( 8 c\rse ( lectures on ,a/ronomy is add$ #8cum hoc quod faciat iudicium et ta*u9um'4#agc ,9 spite ( 8 pr(ici5cy 9 ! sci5ce1 h[ev]1 he 0 unable to =etell 8 own dea?4 ,giovanni ,pico della ,mir&ola writes ( him ?us d]isively3 #8quo anno #adic obiit omnimodam uite incolumitatem fu]at pollicitus ,hi]onymus manfr$us a/rologus no/ra aetate s+ul>is3 a quo tam5 nihil mir&um m9us praeuisam aliorum mortem3 qui nec suam ipse praeuid]it3 nam cum proxima e/ate uita sit functus3 9 i/ius tamen anni publico uatic9io qui scilicet ei fuit fatalis3 multa mira sequ5ti anno dicturum se non semel pollicebatur4 ,qui nescio oppignoratam fidem quomodo reluet3 nisi =te de caelo u]ius nunc t]r5a despiciat quam de t]ra olim caele/ia suspiciebat4'#agd ,manfr$i di$ 9 #adic & 0 buri$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>g>ita 9 ,bologna4 ,?is *ur* no long] exi/s1 b x conta9$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury a tomb be>+ ! inscription3 ,,hi]on4 ,,manfr$o ,,bonon4 ,,philosopho ,,ac ,,m$ico ,,svae ,,aetatis ,,nem9i ,,secvndo ,,a/ronomorvmqve ,,citra ,,invidiam ,,facile ,,prim>io4 ,,posvit ,,svp]/es ,,ioan4 ,,filivs ,,svisqve ,,po/]is4 ,,vale ,,atqve ,,illvm ,,val]e ,,opta4#age ,manfr$i left a wid[1 ,anna1 :o 0 /ill liv+ 9 #adif ) a h\sehold ( t5 p]sons 9 ! ,via ,s4 ,m>g>ita4#agf ,! h\ses on "o side ( ?is /reet back$ on ! v walls ( ! build+s belong+ to ! #8,univ]sity ( ,m$ic9e'1#agg & we may suppose t ,hi]onymo ,manfr$i _h resid$ "h on t acc\nt4 ,8 surviv+ son1 ,giovanni1 liv$ h>d by 9 ! ,via ,s4 ,antonio di ,padoa4 ,x _c be said t ,manfr$i's pr9t$ works sugge/ great sci5tific atta9m5ts4 ,all are p]meat$ by ! same a/rological obsession4 ,!y comprise ! foll[+3 7a7 ,! editio pr9ceps ( ,ptolemy's ,cosmographia & ,tabulae ,cosmographiae1 ! be/-kn[n pr9t$ "w to :i* ,manfr$i's "n is atta*$4 ,he 0 associat$ 9 its production ) ! fam\s s*ol> ,filippo ,b]oaldo1 & ! f9ely produc$ volume 0 publi%$ at ,bologna 9 #adgb 7871#agh & d$icat$ to ! memory ( ,pope ,alex&] ,v 7di$ #adaj74 ,x is int]e/+ z conta9+ ! fir/ pr9t$ map ( ,engl& 7,fig4 #i74 ,at ! end ( ! "w we read3 #8,acc$it mirifica imprim5di tales tabulas ratio4 ,cuius inu5toris laus nihil illorum laude inf]ior4 ,qui primi litt]>um imprim5d>um artem pep]]unt 9 admirationem sui /udiosissimum quemque facillime conu]t]e pote/4 ,opus utrumque summa adhibita dilig5tia duo ,a/rologiae p]itissimi ca/igau]unt ,hi]onimus ,mamfr$us ,petrus bonus4 ,nec m9us curiose correx]unt summa eruditione pr$iti ,galeottus ,m>tius ,colla montanus4 ,extremam em5dationis manum imposuit philippus beroaldus4' ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9t$ ,,map ,,( ,,engl&4 ,f ! #adgb 787 ,bologna ,ptolemy1 edit$ by ,manfr$i & o!rs4 7b7 ,lib] de hom9e3 cuius sunt libri duo4 ,primus lib] de cons]vatione sanitatis4444 ,lib] secundus de causis 9 hom9e circa compositionem eius1 ,bologna1 #adgd4 ,! "w is 9 ,italian1 & consi/s ( a numb] ( p>agraphs1 ea* beg9n+ ) ! ^w #8p]*'4 ,!re is a s]vile d$icatory epi/le 9 ,lat9 address$ to ,giovanni ,b5tivoglio4 ,! fir/ book is conc]n$ ) diet1 & occupies two-?irds ( ! volume4 ,! second book answ]s que/ions on ! subject ( physiognomy & be>s resemblance 9 _m passages to ! ,anatomy4 ,x is tak5 9 ! ma9 f ! pseudo-,ari/otelian ,problemata4 ,! book is )\t pag9ation or figures4 ,x is well pr9t$1 & illum9at$ examples are n infrequ5tly enc\nt]$4 ,?is "w 0 v popul>4 ,9 #adgh1 dur+ ! lifetime ( its au?or1 x 0 audaci\sly pirat$ at ,naples ) ! foll[+ incipit3 #8,incom5za el ,libro *iamato della uita co/umi natura omne altra cosa p]t9ente tanto alla cons]vatione della sanita dellomo quanto alle cause et cose humane4 ,compo/o p] ,alb]to ,magno filos(o excell5tissimo4' ,9 #adig1 aft] ,manfr$i's dea?1 ! "w appe>$ 9 black-lett] folio at ,bologna1 ) its au?or's orig9al d$ication slightly alt]$4 ,! text 9 ?is edition comm5ces1 #8,p]*el sophio nele cose *e noi viuemo3 lo indebito modo del viu]e no/ro3 induce 9 noi egritud9e'4 ,9 #aejg x appe>$ at ,v5ice 9 small black-lett] qu>to z ,op]a n\a intitulata ,il p]*e utilissima ad int5d]e la cagione de molte cose4 ,by ?is title1 ,il ,p]*1 ! "w1 :i* ran ?r\gh num]\s editions1 has usually be5 kn[n4 ,x cont9u$ to be repr9t$ z late z #affh4 7c7 ,a treatise on ! ,plague3 ,tractate degno utile de la pe/ilentia compo/o per el famosissimo philosopho m$ico a/rologo mae/ro ,hi]onymo di manfr$i da ,bologna1 ,bologna1 #adgh4 ,?is 0 translat$ into ,lat9 by ! au?or himself 9 ! same ye>4 ,! "w owes mu* to ,avic5na1 b conta9s "s orig9al cl9ical obs]vations1 & %[s a c]ta9 indep5d5ce ( ! prevail+ _s ( ! age by quot+ op9ions ( contempor>y z well z ( anci5t physicians4 ,! rem$ies are simil> to ^? recomm5d$ by ,john ( ,b\rdeaux 9 8 widely di/ribut$ tract on ! plague1 & are probably d]iv$ ultimately f ! ,regim5 ,sanitatis ,sal]ni4 7d7 ,progno/icon ad annum #adgi1 ,bologna1 #adgh4 ,we reproduce ! t]m9al page ( ?is "w 7,fig4 #aj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! la/ page ( ,manfr$i's ,progno/icon ad annum #adgi1 ,bologna1 #adgh4 ,illu/ration3 ,f 8 tomb 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,giacomo ,maggiore at ,bologna ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,,giovanni ,,b5tivoglio ,,ii ,illu/ration3 ,,brit4 ,,mus4 ,,ms4 ,,roy4 #g ,f ,,viii1 fo4 #ej v ,plate ,,xxxviii a4 ,,rog] ,,bacon',s ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,x,i,i,ith ,c5tury ,illu/ration3 ,f a draw+ 9 ,,w9dsor ,,ca/le ,plate ,,xxxviii b4 ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci',s ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,he>t ,e>ly ,x,v,ith ,c5tury 7e7 ,progno/icon anni #adha1 9 :i* is embodi$ ,oratio contra turcos ho/es ,*ri/ianorum1 s4 #a4 ,jan4 #adha4 7f7 ,c5tilogium de m$icis et infirmis1 ,bologna1 #adhh4 ,) a d$ication to ,b5tivoglio4 ,?is %ort "w is :olly a/rological1 & consi/s ( "o hundr$ precepts conc]n+ ! relation%ip ( ! />s to v>i\s diseases & conditions4 ,repr9t$ ,v5ice1 #aejj1 & ,nuremb]g1 #aecj4 ,! foll[+ ?ree works are attribut$ to ,manfr$i1 b are n m5tion$ 9 ,ha91 ,cop+]1 or ,rei*l+'s li/s ( ,incunabula2 we h n se5 any ( !m & _! exi/5ce is d\btful4 7g7 ,ephem]ides a/rologicae op]ationes m$icas spectantes1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,biographis*es ,lexikon d] h]vorrag5d5 ,a]zte ( ,e4 ,gurlt & ,a4 ,hirs*4 ,possibly x repres5ts ano!r edition ( 7e74 7h7 ,quae/iones subtilissimae sup] librum aphorismorum1 ,bologna1 #adhj 7871 m5tion$ by ,hall]4#agi ,possibly x repres5ts ano!r edition ( 7b74 7i7 ,*iromantia secundum naturae vires ad extra1 ,padua1 #adhd1 m5tion$ by ,hall]4#agi ,,iv4 ,,! ,,manuscript ,,anatomy ,,( ,,manfr$i ,! ,,ms4 ( ,manfr$i's ,anatomy is 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y at ,ox=d 7,canon4 ,ital4 #bcg1 ,we/]n #bjbhg74 ,x is a fairly pres]v$ small qu>to p>*m5t1 orig9ally ( =ty-n9e folios1 ( :i* ! ?ird & f\r? are miss+4 ,! writ+ is 9 ! f9e ,italian h& t ! pr9t$ type ( ! p]iod 0 accu/om$ to imitate4 ,!re are no figures or illum9ations1 b ! titles are rubricat$ 9 burni%$ gold or 9 col\rs4 ,!re is no ref]5ce to ?is "w 9 any acc\nt ( ,manfr$i1 & ! volume itself appe>s to be q unkn[n4 ,nei!r ! man nor 8 "w is m5tion$ 9 ,m$ici's detail$ hi/ory ( ! anatomical s*ool at ,bologna#ahj nor 9 ,m>t9otti's rec5t /udy on ! same topic1#aha nor is any ,,ms4 ( ,manfr$i includ$ 9 ,mazzat9ti's monum5tal catalogue ( ! ,,mss4 9 ! ,italian libr>ies4#ahb ,manfr$i's ,,ms4 is writt5 9 ! involv$ ,italian ( ! day1 ) s5t5ces ( inord9ate l5g?4 ,^! g5]al *>act]s ( /yle are enc\nt]$ also 9 8 publi%$ works4 ,! d$ication is 9 ,lat91 ( ! same unpleas+ quality1 & is c\*$ 9 ! usual subs]vi5t mann]4 ,x is address$ to ,giovanni ,b5tivoglio1 & 9 x ,manfr$i relates t #8,y\r illu/ri\s lord%ip ,johannes ,b5tivolus 9 ?is pres5t ye> #adij ) y\r usual humanity condesc5d$ on "o occasion to wat* ! dissection ( a corpse4444 ,x 0 !n t y saw ! wond]ful works ( ,nature 9 ! anatomy 444 & y p>5tally urg$ me1 ,hi]onymo ,manfr$i1 to inscribe to y\r mo/ noble "n ?is "w on anatomy4444 ,i !re=e extract$ ?is "w z be/ ,i might f v>i\s works ( antiquity & abbreviat$ x4 ,i h n foll[$ _! ord]1 b ,i h s compos$ x t ! "w %\ld be pleas+ to y\r lord%ip4 #8,accept !n1 ,o great & p[]ful "l1 ?is "w on ! anatomy ( ! human body inscrib$ to y\r noble "n6 ,accept x ) y\r cu/om>y b5evol5ce & humanity & 9 a k9dly & graci\s _s1 = x w be pleas+ to y & w delight y greatly1 = x is a wor?y "w6' ,! ,giovanni ,b5tivoglio 7,plate ,,xxxvii71 ) adulation ( :om ,manfr$i 0 ?us accu/om$ to pla/] 8 works1 0 ! second ( ! "n & 0 ! son ( ,annibale ,b5tivoglio4 ,9 ! ye> #adfb he became head ( ! republic ( ,bologna1 & play$ !re mu* ! same rle z did ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici at ,flor5ce4 ,he adorn$ ,bologna ) num]\s build+s1#ahc & act$ z patron ( ! arts & ! sci5ces4 ,! ,palazzo dei ,b5tivogli /ill /&s z a memorial to him & 8 family4 ,a /]n & high-h&$ tyrant1 he held 8 position until #aejf1 :5 he 0 expell$ & ! city rev]t$ to ! papacy4 ,he di$ two ye>s lat]4 ,x is rem>kable to f9d a man ( ,b5tivoglio's em95ce & position tak+ an int]e/ 9 ! practical /udy ( anatomy4 ,o!r ,italian rul]s1 ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici among !m1 enc\rag$ & legaliz$ ! practice ( dissection1 b probably ,b5tivoglio is ! only "o record$ z hav+ patroniz$ an #8anatomy' 9 p]son4 ,! int]e/ tak5 9 ! subject by ! heads ( /ates mu/ h be5 ( great value to ! arti/s ^: patrons !y 74 ,! ,,ms4 is a unique copy1 & 0 d\btless writt5 = pres5tation to ,b5tivoglio4 ,t x 0 nev] pr9t$ is p]haps due to ! fact t ,manfr$i di$ )9 a comp>atively %ort "t ( its composition4 ,x repres5ts ! mo/ satisfactory po/-m$iaeval acc\nt ( ! human frame until ! appe>ance ( ! "w ( ,b]5g>io da ,c>pi 9 #aeba4 ,x is m complete ?an ! "w ( ,william ( ,saliceto or ( ,mond9o or ! anatomy errone\sly attribut$ to ,ri*>dus ,anglicus2 x is m natural ?an ! book ( ,gabriele de ,g]bi1 & is f> sup]ior to ! crude contempor>y sket*es ( ,hundt1 ,peyligk1 & ,a*ill9i1 :ile x wa/es less space ?an ,guy de ,*auliac on teleology1 ?\gh x has none ( ! *>m ( ! "w ( t great surgeon4 ,9 "o respect at lea/1 viz4 ! _s 9 :i* x is writt51 ,manfr$i's ,anatomy is orig9al & probably unique = its age4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt ! assurance ( ! d$ication t x 0 compos$ = ! edification ( ! tyrant ( ,bologna1 & = ! simple purpose ( sett+ =? ! wond]ful /ructure ( man's body )\t ?\ght ( any m$ical application4 ,! s\rces ( ! ,,ms4 are obvi\s4 ,x is 9 ! ma9 a re>rang$ & on ! :ole improv$ ,mond9o1 b amplifi$ by ref]5ce to translations f ,gal51 ,rhazes1 ,haly ,abbas1 & ,avic5na4 ,guy de ,*auliac has p]haps also be5 us$4 ,! "w gives a g5]al impression ( be+ ! product ( a practical dissector1 & x provides u ) a good example ( e>ly ,r5aissance anatomy z taught 9 ! ,italian s*ools be=e ! re=ms ( ,vesalius4 ,x is p]haps ! fir/ complete treatise on its subject writt5 orig9ally 9 ! v]nacul>4#ahd ,x exhibits1 h[ev]1 no o!r orig9al features nor any consid]able dep>tures f its s\rces1 & x may be tak5 to repres5t1 ) b little modification1 ! tradition ( ,mond9o z develop$ at 8 own ,univ]sity ( ,bologna at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,manfr$i's "w1 h[ev]1 if n orig9al is at lea/ eclectic1 & ! v>iety ( its s\rces indicates a dawn+ consci\sness ( ! unwisdom ( tru/+ to ! infallibility ( any "o writ]4 ,! "w is ?us 9 a s5se int]m$iate betwe5 ! e>ly pr9t$ v]sions ( ,mond9o1 su* z t ( #adgh1 & ! edition publi%$ 9 #aebh by ,b]5g>io da ,c>pi ) its frank comm5t>y ( ! ma/]4 ,all repres5t /ages t[>ds ! fre$om ( ! lat] ,r5aissance inve/igators4 ,we reproduce ! text 9 full1 & ! passages on ! head1 on ! eye1 & on ! he>t1 are r5d]$ into ,engli%4 ,all are simil> to ! acc\nts ( ,mond9o4 ,we are able to illu/rate !m by figures f contempor>y works1 & ?us to give an idea ( ! limits ( ! anatomical k ( ! day4 ,v4 ,,translation ,,( ,,select$ ,,passages ,,f ,,! ,,anatomy1 ,,) ,,comm5t>y 7a7 ,,! ,,head ,tractate i1 ,*apt] #b 7folio #e v]so7 ,!re are t5 lay]s ( ! head4 ,! fir/ is ! hair made by nature = ! bett] protection ( ! head f ext]nal ?+s1 & also = beauty4 ,! second "p is ! sk91 :i* has "h to be v ?ick1 s t ! hair may be firmly emb$d$1 hav+ its roots ?ick & long2 & also to be a bett] %ield & cov]+ = ! bone & bra91 s9ce !re is no muscul> "p "h4 ,! ?ird "p is ! fle%1 develop$ only on ! face1 ! temples1 & ab\t ! jaws1 n on ! o!r p>ts4 ,! f\r? "p is an ext]nal membrane call$ almo*atim ,arabian t]m = cranial p]io/eum :i*1 :5 ! sk9 is rais$1 appe>s to be cont9u\s & cov]s ! :ole cranium4 ,& nature made ?is membrane fir/ly s t ! sk9 :i* is s(t %\ld n come into contact ) ! h>d bone1 secondly t ! bone ( ! head %\ld h s5sation ?r\gh x1 & ?irdly t ! int]nal membrane ( ! head1 call$ dura mat]1 %\ld1 by means ( ?is membrane1 be atta*$ to ! bone ( ! cranium by c]ta9 n]ves & ligam5ts4 ,^!1 issu+ ?r\gh ! commissures ( ! bones1 h ?us _! orig9 9 ! a=esaid int]nal membrane1 :ile on em]g+ ?r\gh ! bone1 !y weave !mselves into or r compose ! ext]nal membrane call$ almo*atim4 ,! fif? "p is ! skull4 ,?is is a bone l a cap1 inside ! cavity ( :i* is locat$ ! bra94 ,9 ! skull are f\r bones sutur$ toge!r4 ,nature made ! skull n ( "o b ( _m pieces1 fir/ly1 s t if h>m %\ld fall on "o "p x might n spread to ! o!rs2 secondly1 s t by _! jo9ts or r sutures ,italian cusituresew+s1 ! hum\rs ( ! bra9 might be ! bett] exhal$2 & ?irdly1 s t :5 !re is ne$ ( apply+ m$ic9es1 ^! might ! bett] p5etrate to ! p>ts )94 ,h5ce x is t f\r pieces ( bone are sutur$ & jo9$ toge!r by nature 9 a d5ticulate fa%ion1 s t !y might be ! firm] & /rong]4 ,nor are !y b\nd ) ligam5ts z are ! jo9ts1 = ^! w\ld n h be5 s /rong1 & fur!rmore ! bones ( ! head d n ne$ to move4 ,^! sutures are five 9 numb]1 ?ree be+ true & two false4 ,! true sutures are ^? :i* pass "r ?r\gh ! bone1 :ile ! false d n4 ,( ! true sutures "o is 9 ! ant]ior "p & is call$ coronal2 x is made l ! lett] ,c1 & /ret*es f "r to left ( ! head1 ! two w+s ( ! ,c be+ direct$ t[>ds ! =ehead4 ,! second true suture ext5ds along ! l5g? ( ! head1 beg9n+ f ! coronal & rea*+ ! back "p ( ! head4 ,x is l a %aft or r arr[ t goes backw>ds f ! br[1 :]e=e x is call$ sagittal ----74 ,! ?ird true suture is 9 ! po/]ior "p & is call$ laudal1 = x is made l a 1 ! lett] call$ by ! ,greeks lauda4 ,! sagittal suture ext5ds f ! coronal to ! lauda ----74 ,! false sutures are two1 "o on ea* side4 ,!y are call$ cortical because !y d n p5etrate4 ,n[ if we consid] ^! five sutures we %all see t !re are f\r bones articulat$ toge!r4 ,"o is ! =ehead bone frontal :i* beg9s at ! coronal & ends bel[ at ano!r suture1 :i* itself beg9s z a bran* ( ! coronal suture & proce$s by way ( ! eyebr[ to ! correspond+ bran* ( ! o!r side 4 ,a second bone is beh9d & t]m9ates at ! laudal suture4 ,!re are two o!r bones :i* =m ! temples4 ,^! t]m9ate at ! false sutures :i* !mselves beg9 at ! laudal & end at ! coronal suture4 ,! six? "p ( ! head consi/s ( two membranes4 ,"o ( ^! is call$ dura mat]1 & lies 9 contact ) ! cranium4 ,! o!r is call$ pia mat] & is 9 contact ) & cov]s ! bra94 ,& nature contriv$ x ?us1 hav+ great solicitude = ?is latt] memb]1 t :ile close to ! bone1 x %\ld yet n be t\*$ by x4 ,:]e=e1 tak+ due precautions1 %e made ! "o membrane h>d] ?an ! o!r4 ,fur!rmore %e made two membranes1 s t if h>m befell "o ( !m1 x might n be communicat$ to ! und]ly+ bra94 ,9 ! pia mat] are wov5 c]ta9 ve9s by :i* ! bra9 is n\ri%$4 ,! bra9 is ev]y:]e cov]$ by x except on ! po/]ior "p2 because ?is "p be+ dry1 x has no ne$ ( ?is membrane1 z h ! ant]ior & middle p>ts4 ,! two membranes 9 _m places p5etrate ! sub/ance ( ! bra91 divid+ x into a "r & a left1 a front & a back section4 ,by ?is division1 div]s cells or r small *amb]s are made !re91 9 :i* ! s\l 7anima7 p]=ms its div]s op]ations1 = :i* reason x is necess>y t ^! p>ts %\ld be ( diff]5t /ructure4 ,:5 ! two membranes are rais$1 ! sev5? "p ( ! head1 namely ! bra9 itself1 appe>s4 ,! bra9 is wr\ght by nature s t ! vital _s f ! torrid he>t %\ld be temp]$ by its cold1 = "h x is conv]t$ into animal _s1 :i* is ! beg9n+ ( ! p]ceptive 7cognoscitiue7 & motive processes4 ,! bra9 is ( a sub/ance l m>r[1 :ite1 s(t1 & visc\s1 & f x ! n]ves arise4 ,! ant]ior "p is moi/]1 s(t]1 & less cold ?an ! po/]ior because ! s5ses s5tim5ti s5ses m5tal processes1 :i* are !mselves moi/ & s(t1 h "h _! orig94 ,9 ! po/]ior "p ! motor n]ves arise1 & x is !re=e dri] & firm]4 ,! bra9 is divid$ into ?ree p>ts or v5tricles4 ,! fir/ v5tricle or ant]ior "p is itself divid$ into two1 "r & left1 & is moreov] l>g] ?an any ( ! o!r v5tricles1 = 9 ?is fir/ v5tricle nature has plac$ ! two faculties subs]vi5t to p]ception 7al cognosc]e74 ,"o ( ^! is call$ common s5sation 7s5so comune72 9 x ! ext]nal s5ses t]m9ate z at a c5tre & deliv] ! images or r species ( s5sible ?+s1 s t ?is faculty may p]ceive & di/+ui% betwe5 "o s5sible ?+ & ano!r1 & also compreh5d ! op]ations ( p>ticul> s5ses2 :i* two ?+s none ( ^! s5ses ( !mselves c d4 ,! o!r faculty ( ! fir/ v5tricle is call$ fantasia & by "s imag9ation2 x reta9s & pres]ves ! species ( s5sible ?+s 9 ! abs5ce ( ! mat]ial objects !mselves4 ,:5 ?\ exam9e/ ! fir/ v5tricle ?\ wilt see ?ree ?+s be=e ?\ come/ to ! second v5tricle4 a ,! fir/ is itself d\ble1 & is =m$ ( ! v sub/ance ( ! bra91 s t x =ms ! base ( ! ant]ior v5tricle bo? "r & left corpora /riata4 b ,to ! side ( ?is is ano!r ?+ l a subt]ranean worm1 r$ z blood1 yet te!r$ by c]ta9 ligam5ts & n]velets *oroid plexus & ta5ia semicircul>is4 ,& ?is worm :5 x l5g!ns itself closes ^! passages1 & ?us blocks ! pa? betwe5 ! fir/ v5tricle & ! second4 ,nature has wr\ght x ?us1 s t :5 a man wills he may cease f cogitation & ?\ght2 & simil>ly :51 on ! o!r h&1 he w\ld ?9k & contemplate1 ?is worm contracts itself aga9 & op5s ^! passages & ?us frees ! way betwe5 "o v5tricle & ano!r4 c ,! ?ird /ructure is a little l[] & is a lacuna or r\nd$ concavity infundibulum4 ,9 ! middle ( ?is is a hole :i* passes d[n t[>ds ! palate1 & ?is lacuna provides also a direct passage :i* desc5ds f ! middle v5tricle to its colature sieve-l /ructure1 i4e4 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! sph5oid bone4 ,& ?is lacuna has ar\nd x c]ta9 l>ge r\nd em95ces :i* support ! ve9s & art]ies t asc5d to ! v5tricle4 ,?is passage is wide above & n>r[ bel[1 & by x ! fir/ & second v5tricles purge !mselves ( _! sup]fluities1 b ! ant]ior "p ( ! fir/ v5tricle purges itself m by ! colature ( ! nose cribri=m plate4 ,?us nature has made two passages to cleanse ! sup]fluities ( ! bra94 ,:5 ?\ ha/ se5 ^! ?ree /ructures !re w appe> ! second or middle v5tricle :i* is z a passage & transit f ! ant]ior to ! po/]ior v5tricle4 ,"h are two faculties4 ,"o1 ! e/imative1 d$uces ,italian elic]e ! ins5sible f ! s5sible4 ,! o!r1 call$ ! cognitive1 compreh5ds bo? ?+s s5sible & ?+s ins5sible1 syn!siz+ & analys+ !m 7compon5do e divid5do74 ,^! two faculties 9 ! middle v5tricle m9i/] to ! intellect4 ,n[ all ! o!r faculties describ$1 & ev5 ! p[] ( memory1 are f\nd 9 brute animals1 b ?is intellectual p[] is enc\nt]$ 9 man alone4 ,n[ w appe> ! ?ird v5tricle 9 ! po/]ior "p2 & x is h>d1 = x gives rise to ! great] "p ( ! motive n]ves :i* are ( a /rong & firm nature4 ,?is v5tricle is pyramidal 9 %ape1 & culm9ates 9 an apex direct$ upw>ds :]e images ( visible ?+s 7spetie7 are cons]v$1 = ^! are bett] /or$ 9 a /rait ?an 9 an ample space2 b ! "p bel[ is wide to receive ^! images1 :i* are bett] receiv$ 9 an ample ?an 9 a /rait place4 ,?is v5tricle has two functions3 x gives rise to ! sp9al cord nu*a1 an ,arabian t]m & motor n]ves2 & x is also ! /oreh\se ( ! memorative faculties4 ,f :at has be5 said x w be app>5t t :5 ! back ( ! head is injur$1 ! memory imm$iately suff]s2 :5 ! middle "p is injur$1 ! e/imative & cognitive faculties suff]2 & :5 ! ant]ior "p is injur$1 ! faculties ( common s5sation & ( imag9ation 7fantasia7 suff]4 ,& ?us x is t ! doctors h become aw>e ( ! location ( ^! p[]s4 ,?is be+ dispos$ (1 ?\ wilt next raise ! bra9 c>efully s z n to break ! n]ves4 ,comm5c+ n[ ) ! "p 9 front1 !re w fir/ appe> two small fle%y protub]ances l two nipples1 ( l sub/ance to ! bra9 9 :i* !y orig9ate1 & cov]$ by a ?9 membrane1 ! pia mat]4 ,^! are ! olfactory organs1 :]e9 is ! s5se ( smell4 ,f ! bra9 arise sev5 pairs ( n]ves4 ,proce$ !re=e f>!r ) ! ant]ior "p1 & ?\ wilt see ! fir/ pair ( ^! n]ves1 :i* are l>ge1 & call$ ! n]vi optici4 ,^! h _! orig9 9 ! front v5tricle ( ! bra9 & proce$ t[>ds ! eyes4 ,b be=e !y pass ?r\gh ! pia mat]1 !y jo9 toge!r1 & at _! place ( union !re is a p]=at$ spot4 ,gal5 ma9ta9s t ^! n]ves only jo9 or r unite1 b d n int]sect1 s t ! n]ve t comes f ! "r aft] union returns aga9 t[>ds ! "r1 & simil>ly ) ! n]ve com+ f ! left1 :i* aft] ! union returns t[>ds ! left eye4#ahe ,b ,rhazes ma9ta9s ! contr>y1#ahf al?\gh ! op9ion ( ,gal5 is ! m common4 ,^! n]ves are subs]vi5t to sight1 & !y are unit$ s t ! images ( ! ?+s receiv$ by ! two eyes & convey$ by ! two n]ves %\ld return 9 unity2 s t "o ?+ %\ld n appe> z two4 ,aft] ^! two n]ves1 raise ! bra9 t[>ds its middle & ?\ wilt see ano!r pair ( n]ves1 ?9 & firm1 :i* also g to ! eyes1 to give !m volunt>y movem5t1 controll+ c]ta9 muscles4 ,f>!r on ?\ wilt see ! ?ird pair ( n]ves1 "o "p ( :i* goes to ! face to give x s5sation & volunt>y movem5t1 :ile ano!r "p goes to give ta/e to ! tongue4 ,yet a ?ird "p ( ^! n]ves m+les ) ! f\r?#ahg pair ( n]ves1 & toge!r !y desc5d to give s5sation to ! diaphragm1 /oma*1 & o!r visc]a4 ,a c]ta9 "p also ( ! f\r?#ahg pair ( n]ves goes to give s5sation to ! palate4 ,!n !re is ! fif? pair ( n]ves :i* g to ! petr\s bone ar\nd ! e>2 & ( ^! n]ves !re are fram$ 9 ! e>-holes c]ta9 membranes1 :i* are ! organs ( he>+4 ,next !re is ! six? pair ( n]ves1 :i* divides into ?ree p>ts4 ,"o "p goes to ! muscles ( ! ?roat1 ! second to ! muscles ( ! %\ld]s1 & ! ?ird & l>ge/ desc5ds to ! epiglottis & to ! diaphragm1 & spreads into ! *e/1 ! he>t1 & ! lungs1 accompany+ ! n]ves ( ! ?ird pair4 ,f ! n]ves ( ?is six? pair :i* g to ! epiglottis arise ! n]ves ( ! voice1 call$ rev]sive4 ,! sev5? pair ( n]ves arise at ! back ( ! bra9 & give volunt>y movem5t to ! tongue4 ,( ^! sev5 pairs ( n]ves1 ! fir/ two pairs orig9ate 9 ! ant]ior "p ( ! bra91 ! ?ird pair orig9ates betwe5 ! ant]ior & po/]ior p>ts1 :ile ! rema9+ f\r pairs orig9ate 9 ! po/]ior "p4 ,proce$+ /ill f>!r1 ! bra9 may be completely rais$1 & ! eigh? "p ( ! head w appe>1 t is1 ! two membranes situat$ bel[ ! bra94 ,:5 ^! 9 turn are rais$ !re w appe> ! n9? "p1 :i* is a c]ta9 net call$ re! mirabile1 because x is compos$ ( exce$+ly /rong & m>vell\s texture1 augm5t$ by c]ta9 v f9e art]ies :i* are bran*es ( art]ies t asc5d f ! he>t1 & are call$ ! apoplectic art]ies4 ,9 ^! art]ies ( ?is net is conta9$ ! vital _s1 s5t f ! he>t to be *ang$ to animal _s4 ,t ! _s may be ! bett] modifi$ & di/ribut$1 nature made ^! art]ies v f9e1 & sep>at$ !m into v small bran*es s t ! _s %\ld be m9utely divid$4 ,nature plac$ ! re! mirabile "u ! bra9 because x 0 necess>y to gu>d its site c>efully1 & also t ! moi/ vap\rs ( ! bra9 :i* fall ^u ! net1 ob/ruct+ x1 %\ld induce natural sleep4 ,aft] all ^! ?+s ?\ wilt see ! basal bone :i* is ! t5? & la/ "p ( ! head1 & call$ basil>1 because x is ! base & f\ndation ( ! :ole head2 & x 0 made h>d s t ! sup]fluities :i* desc5d to x %\ld n putrefy x4 ,?is bone c be se5 to be =m$ ( _m o!r bones articulat$ toge!r4 ,x is divisible into ! petr\s bones & ! bones ( ! nose & eyes & two o!r lat]al bones :i* c only be se5 by means ( dis>ticulation4 ,folio #aj v]so1 l9e #bb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,f ,m4 ,hundt1 ,antropologium1 de hom9is dignitate natura et proprietatibus1 ,leipzig1 #aeja4 ,! figure %[s ! t5 lay]s ( ! head1 ! c]ebral v5tricles & cranial n]ves1 & ! relation ( ! n]ves to ! s5ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,! ,,lay]s ,,( ,,! ,,head ,f ! ,anatomia ( ,johannes ,dry&]1 ,m>burg1 #aecg4 ,! t5 p>ts or lay]s ( ! head are a commonplace ( ! anatomy ( ! p]iod1 tak5 f ,avic5na4 ,we may illu/rate ! division by ! crude contempor>y diagram ( ,fig4 #aa1 :i* is improv$ 9 ! lat] draw+ reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,manfr$i's acc\nt ( ! bra9 itself is amplifi$ f ,mond9o4 ,! division ( ?is organ into ?ree v5tricles1 ea* associat$ ) a correspond+ division ( ! m5tal functions1 0 v famili> to m$ical writ]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! idea is f\nd among ,we/]n writ]s z e>ly z ,/4 ,augu/9e 7#ced-dcj71 & is enc\nt]$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,rog] ,bacon 7#abad-id74 ,x _h long be5 popul>iz$ 9 m$iaeval psy*ology by ! writ+s ( ,alb]tus ,magnus 7#abjf-hj74 ,! anatomical di/9ction is f\nd 9 ,haly ,abbas1 ,avic5na1 & ,rhazes1 & 9 "s ( ! be/ ,,mss4 ( ! latt] writ] a r\gh diagram ( ! v5tricles is giv54#ahh ,^! writ]s are all cle>ly indebt$ to ! anatomy ( ,gal51#ahi b on ! psy*ological side ,alb]tus ,magnus probably drew ma9ly ei!r f ,ghazali#aij 7#ajei-aaaa71 :o 9 turn d]iv$ 8 inspiration f ,nemesius 7f\r? c5tury7 & ,johannes ,damasc5us 7di$ #gef71 or else f e>ly writ]s ( ! ,sal]nitan tradition1 su* z ,con/ant9e#aia 7elev5? c5tury71 or ,petrocello#aib 7twelf? c5tury71 :o drew l>gely on ,!ophilus 7sev5? c5tury74#aic ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,f ,illu/rissimi philosophi et !ologi dom9i ,alb]ti magni comp5diosum insigne ac p]utile opus ,philosophiae naturalis1 ,v5ice1 #adif1 %[+ ! v5tricles ( ! bra94 ,?is outl9e ( a trip>tite division ( ! bra9 & its cavities 0 closely foll[$ ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 z 0 also ! curi\sly nave & excessively #8mat]iali/ic' psy*ology to :i* x gave rise1 & :i* ,manfr$i adopts4 ,we illu/rate 8 views ( ! relation%ip ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! bra9 & _! p>allelism 9 m5tal processes1 f a s]ies ( diagrams extract$ f contempor>y works 7,figs4 #ac-ah74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,diagram ( ! s5ses1 ! hum\rs1 ! c]ebral v5tricles1 & ! intellectual faculties4 ,,ms4 ,sloane #baef1 folio #aa recto1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 be+ a copy writt5 9 #adbh ( ! ,de ,sci5tia ,p]pectiva ( ,rog] ,bacon ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,f ,k4 ,peyligk's ,philosophiae naturalis comp5dium1 ,leipzig1 #adhi4 ,illu/rat+ ! g5]al ideas on anatomy curr5t at ! ,r5aissance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,! c]ebral v5tricles f above & f ! side4 ,accord+ to ,k4 ,peyligk1 ,philosophiae naturalis comp5dium1 ,leipzig1 #adhi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! localization ( c]ebral functions4 ,f ! ,italian edition ( #8,ke?am'1 ,fasciculus ,m$ic9ae1 ,v5ice1 #adic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,f ,g4 ,reis*1 ,m>g>ita philosophiae1 ,leipzig18 #aejc4 ,diagram ( ! v5tricles & ! s5ses ) _! relation to ! intellectual processes accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,r5aissance anatomi/s4 ,! bra9 0 reg>d$ by m$iaeval & e>ly ,r5aissance anatomi/s z hav+ two *annels ( dis*>ge ?r\gh :i* ! phlegm1 ! especial product ( ?is organ1 c\ld be evacuat$ :5 9 excess4 ,"o ( ^! *annels communicat$ ) ! ant]ior v5tricle ( ! bra9 & p\r$ its secretion into ! nose4 ,x may be id5tifi$ ) ! ant]ior colature or cribri=m plate4 ,! second1 ! lacuna1 l$ d[n f ! second v5tricle & p\r$ its secretion into ! ph>ynx4 ,x may be id5tifi$ ) ! infundibulum1 pituit>y body1 & #8cella turcica'4 ,! t]m #8pituit>y' :i* we /ill use is d]iv$ f its suppos$ association ) ! #8pituita' or phlegm4 ,at an e>ly date ?is process 0 connect$ ) ! f\r hum\rs 7,fig4 #ad74 ,! re/ ( ! description ( ! bra9 c be easily foll[$4 ,! comp>ison ( ! *oroid plexus to a worm is v common4 ,! sugge/ion orig9at$ ) ,gal5 & 0 develop$ by ! ,arabians4 ,,comp>ative ,,table ,,( ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,nom5clature ,,( ,,cranial ,,n]ves4 ,mond9o & ,manfr$i foll[+ ,gal51 especially 9 ! ,mod]n usage4 4 ,de usu p>tium corporis humani4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,n reg>d$ z sep>ate n]ves4 ,i4 ,olfactory n]ves4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,i4 4 ,,ii4 ,optic n]ves4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,ii4 4 ,,iii4 ,oculomotor n]ves4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,n m5tion$4 ,,iv4 ,tro*le> n]ves4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,iii4 4 ,v4 ,trigem9al n]ves4 ,,iv4 4 ,mond9o & ,manfr$i confuse ,gal5's f\r? pair & ,gal5's six? pair4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,n m5tion$ by ,manfr$i4 ,by ,,vi4 ,abduc5t n]ves4 ,gal5 probably unit$ ) ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,v4 4 ,,vii4 ,facial n]ves4 ,,viii4 ,auditory n]ves4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,vi4 4 ,,ix4 ,glossoph>yngeal n]ves4 ,x4 ,vagi4 ,,xi4 ,accessory n]ves ( ,willis4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,vii4 4 ,,xii4 ,hypoglossal n]ves4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! nom5clature ( ! cranial n]ves adopt$ by ,manfr$i is tak5 f ,mond9o & is almo/ id5tical ) t ( ,gal51 ^: classification is summ>iz$ above4#aid ,manfr$i's description ( ,gal5's f\r? pair is confus$ & inadequate1 b 8 acc\nt ( ,gal5's six? pair is an improvem5t ^u ,mond9o4 ,! #8rete mirabile' is an int]e/+ survival ( ,gal5ic anatomy4 ,?is /ructure is h>dly pres5t 9 man1 b is develop$ 9 ! l[] animals1 & especially 9 calves1 ^u ^: bodies ,gal5 work$4 ,! fa!r ( physiology reg>d$ ! #8rete mirabile' z ! place :]e ! psy*ic pneuma 0 elaborat$4#aie ,gal5's f9d+s 9 ! l[] animals 7 assidu\sly transf]r$ to ! human body1 to :i* 8 descriptions are mu* less applicable1 :ile 8 views on ! pneuma la/$ 9 m or less misund]/ood =m well into ! sev5te5? c5tury4 7b7 ,,! ,,eye ,tractate i1 ,*apt] #c 7folio #aa recto7 ,! socket ( ! eye is n ov]-depress$1 = x has to receive ! images 7spetie7 ( visible ?+s4 ,nor does x project greatly1 le/ x %\ld be liable to injury f ext]ior viol5ce4 ,= ! eyes ( man be+ v s(t & susceptible1 nature provid$ eyebr[s z a %ield above1 & eyelids z protectors 9 front1 & made moreov] ! projections ( ! maxillae & ! nose1 s t ! eyes %\ld be gu>d$ on e side4 ,s great 0 ! solicitude ( nature = ^! memb]s4 ,sev5 are ! tunics ( ! eye & ?ree its hum\rs4 ,?ree front coat+s jo9 ) ?ree coat+s at ! back l six %ields1 ! edges ( e pair jo9+ ea* to ea*1 ! out] be+ l>g] & conta9+ ! o!rs4 ,! sev5? tunic is l>ge/ ( all1 & encloses ! :ole eye1 & !re=e x is call$ conjunctiva because x jo9s & surr\nds ! :ole eye except ! place :]e ! pupil is1 & t small "p is cov]$ by ! cornea4 ,n[ ?is fir/ tunic :]e x cov]s ! outside "p is se5 to be :ite4 ,! second tunic 9 its front "p is call$ cornea because x resembles horn 9 its sub/ance & col\r2 & ?is cov]+ is transp>5t1 s t ! images ( visible ?+s may p5etrate ?r\gh x4 ,& x is also solid & l>ge & compos$ ( f\r membranes1 s t be+ ne> ext]nal ?+s x %\ld n receive hurt4 ,) ?is corneal tunic is unit$ po/]iorly ano!r tunic ! ?ird call$ scl]otic1 i4e4 h>d4 ,^! two cov]+s h _! orig9 9 ! membrane ab\t ! bra91 t is 9 ! dura mat]1 j z ! fir/ tunic arises f ! membrane ov] ! skull1 call$ almo*atim4 ,! f\r? tunic z to its front "p is call$ uvea because x is l a se$ ( a black grape1 & 9 its mid/ is a hole call$ ! pupil4 ,nature made ?is tunic opaque s t ! visual _s %\ld be cons]v$ & n dissipat$ by ! light outside4 ,moreov] nature made ! op5+ 9 ! tunic t ! image might p5etrate freely2 :ile x is n>r[1 s t ! visual _s %\ld be conc5trat$4 ,?us :5 ! said pupil1 or r hole1 dilates m ?an usual1 ei!r naturally or accid5tally1 ! sight becomes imp]fect4 ,! uveal tunic jo9s po/]iorly ! fif? tunic1 call$ secund9a because x is made l ! aft]-bir?1 i4e4 ! membrane 9 :i* ! *ild is envelop$ 9 its "m's womb1 & x arises f ! pia mat]4 ,! six? coat+ 9 front is call$ ara*noid because x is =m$ aft] ! mann] ( a spid]'s web1 & po/]iorly x jo9s ! sev5? coat+1 call$ ret9a1 because x is made l a net4 ,betwe5 ! uvea & ! ara*noid ant]iorly !re is a hum\r call$ albug9eus1 l ! :ite ( an egg1 to moi/5 ! eye & to pres]ve ! convexity ( ! cornea4 ,9 a dead man ?is hum\r dries up1 & ! cornea falls & is flatt5$1 & !n ! vulg> say t !re appe>s a curta9 be=e ! eyes :i* is an infallible sign ( dea?4 ,also ?is hum\r holds ! pupil op52 !re=e :5 x dries up ! pupil contracts4 ,betwe5 ! two la/ tunics1 i4e4 ! ara*noid & ! ret9a1 :i* h _! orig9 f ! optic n]ve1 !re are two hum\rs4 ,^! are ! vitre\s hum\r1 s call$ f its lik5ess to liquifi$ glass1 & ! cry/all9e hum\r1 f its lik5ess to a cry/al4 ,?is is also call$ ! gr&id1 because x is l a hail/one2 & x is some:at h>d & r\nd1 b flatt5$ ant]iorly :]e x receives ! images ( visible ?+s1 & po/]iorly pyramidal %ape & po9t$4 ,& "h is complet$ ! act ( see+4 ,9 ! po/]ior "p x is surr\nd$ by ! vitre\s hum\rs by :i* x is n\ri%$4 ,! cry/all9e hum\r is convex ant]iorly & ! vitre\s po/]iorly4 ,& ! optic n]ves come to ! eyes & convey ! images se5 by ! eyes to ! seat ( common s5sation & to ! o!r int]nal faculties4 ,folio #ab v]so1 l9e #g4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,,! ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,eye ,f ,g4 ,reis*1 ,m>g>ita philosophiae1 ,leipzig18 #aejc4 ,%[+ ! sev5 tunics & ?ree hum\rs ( ! eye accord+ to ! doctr9es ( ,r5aissance anatomi/s4#aif ,a great deal ( att5tion 0 paid by ! ,arabians to ! diseases & ! /ructure ( ! eye1 & ! ess5tials ( ,manfr$i's description are to be f\nd 9 ,rhazes1 ,huna9 b5 ,i%ak1 & ,haly ,abbas4 ,! tradition pres5t$ by ^! writ]s pass$ e>ly into ,we/]n sci5ce1 & is reproduc$1 = example1 9 ! works ( ,con/ant9e ,africanus & 9 ! well-kn[n anatomy to :i* ! "n ( ,ri*>dus ,anglicus 7,ri*>d ( ,w5dov]7 has become atta*$#aig 7cp4 ,fig4 #ai74 ,avic5na's description ( ! eye is some:at diff]5t1 & gave rise to ! tradition reproduc$ 9 ! works ( ,john ( ,peckham & ( ,rog] ,bacon 7,plate ,,xxxviii a71 & x influ5c$ ! views ( ,leon>do & ev5 p]haps ( ,vesalius 7,fig4 #bj74 ,! views on ! anatomy ( ! eye express$ by ,rhazes1 ,huna9 b5 ,i%ak1 & ,haly ,abbas 71 on ! :ole1 m widely accept$ ?an ^? ( ,avic5na4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,,! ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,eye ,f ,vesalius1 ,de humani corporis fabrica1 ,basel1 #aedc1 p4 #fdc4 ,a1 ,cry/all9e hum\r2 ,o1 ,albug9e\s hum\r2 ,c1 ,vitre\s hum\r2 ,n1 ,cornea2 ,q1 ,conjunctiva2 ,m1 ,scl]otica2 ,g1 ,secund9a2 ,h1 ,uvea2 ,k1 ,ara*noidea2 ,e1 ,ret9a4 ,! treatm5t ( ! eye 0 always felt to be h>dly )9 ! range ( ! ord9>y practition] ( surg]y1 & its /ructure1 z we le>n f ,guy de ,*auliac1#aih 0 n usually treat$ 9 ! g5]al c\rse ( anatomy4 ,! cu/om 0 r to ref] ! /ud5t to special works su* z ^? ( ,jesu ,aly or ( ,alcoatim4 ,manfr$i's description ( ! anatomy ( ! eye is t g5]ally accept$ at ! end ( ! fifte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5turies1 & is unusually cle> = its date4 ,x repres5ts a consid]able advance on su* writ]s z ,h5ri de ,mondeville 7#abfj-acbj7aii or ! pseudo ,ri*>dus ,anglicus1 & is f> sup]ior to ! descriptions ( ! eye dat+ f ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies rec5tly br\ght to light by ,sudh(f4#bjj ,we reproduce z illu/rat+ ,manfr$i a diagram tak5 f ! ,m>g>ita philosophica ( ,gregorius ,reis* 7di$ #aebe74 ,?is repres5ts ! e>lie/ pr9t$ figure ( any value ( ! anatomy ( ! eye 7,fig4 #ai74bja ,we give = comp>ison ! figure f a ?irte5?-c5tury ,,ms4 ( ,rog] ,bacon 7,plate ,,xxxviii a71 repres5t+ ! rival tradition ( ,avic5na & ,alhaz5 t influ5c$ ,leon>do da ,v9ci & o!r contempor>ies ( ,manfr$i4 ,^! figures may be comp>$ ) t ( ,vesalius 7#aedc1 ,fig4 #bj71 ^: description ( ! eye is less free f traditional bias ?an are mo/ p>ts ( 8 epo*-mak+ "w4 ,9 read+ any e>ly description ( ! eye1 x is to be rememb]$ t until ! n9ete5? c5tury ! #8emanation !ory' prevail$4 ,light 0 reg>d$ z ( ! nature ( a /ream ( p>ticles emitt$ f ! object se51 & ! act ( vision 0 consid]$ z a collision ( ?is emanation ) an emission ( some?+ f ! eye itself1 call$ 9 m$iaeval writ+s ! #8visual _s'4 7c7 ,,! ,,he>t ,tractate ii1 ,*apt] #c 7folio #ai v]so7 ,!n y w see 9 ! mid/ ( ! lung ! he>t1 cov]$ by its membranes4 ,x is ?us situat$ t ! air attract$ by ?is lung %\ld cool x1 & t ?us ! heat & _s ( ! he>t be temp]$4 ,?is memb] is ! mo/ important ( ! f\r pr9cipal memb]s1 because x is ! fir/ to live & ! la/ to die4 ,x is ( m$ium size comp>$ ) ! o!r memb]s ( man1 b comp>$ ) ! he>ts ( o!r animals x is v l>ge1 because man1 9 a quantitative & n an int5sive s5se1 has m natural heat ?an o!r animals4 ,x is pyramidal1 t is 9 ! =m ( a flame2 because x is ( excell5t w>m?1 !re=e x is necess>y t x %\ld be ( a %ape resembl+ a flame4 ,its figure is also call$ #8p9e-%ap$'1 because x is wide bel[ & n>r[ above1 be+ ?us =m$ t di/9ction c\ld bett] be made betwe5 its cavities or v5tricles2 moreov]1 _h x be5 made ( a %ape all uni=m z is ! l[] "p1 x w\ld be too heavy & pond]\s4 ,?is memb] is situat$ 9 ! middle ( ! entire body1 measur$ 9 e direction2 t is1 9 ! middle betwe5 ! upp] & l[] p>ts3 9 ! middle also betwe5 front & back & "r & left1 l a k+ /&+ 9 ! mid/ ( 8 k+dom1 & ?is 0 done t x might give ! /r5g? ( life equally to all ! memb]s2 & al?\gh ! he>t z reg>ds its f\ndation & base be 9 ! middle1 yet its po9t decl9es to ! left bel[ ! left brea/1 s t x w>ms ! left side z ! liv] w>ms ! "r4 ,?is memb] is su/a9$ & /r5g!n$ by a c]ta9 c>tilag9\s bone4 ,= s9ce x is cont9ually mov+1 x ne$s "s po9t ( pur*ase to support x 9 its movem5ts4 ,moreov]1 x has a c]ta9 fatty lay] on ! outside :i* prev5ts ! he>t f dry+ & keeps x moi/3 & !re are c]ta9 ve9s & art]ies disp]s$ ?r\gh its sub/ance3 & x is =m$ also ( a k9d ( h>d fle% s t x may su/a9 _m & =ceful movem5ts2 also x is =m$ ( longitud9al1 latitud9al1 & transv]se fibres1 s t x may h ! p[] to attract1 reta91 & expel4 ,?is memb] has ?ree v5tricles or *amb]s1 l ! bra94 ,"o v5tricle is on ! "r side1 ! second on ! left1 & ! ?ird 9 betwe54 ,! "r v5tricle t[>ds ! liv] has two orifices4 ,"o is t[>ds ! liv] & is v l>ge4 ,into ?is !re ent]s a ve9 call$ v5a *ilis1 :i* arises 9 ! convexity ( ! liv] & br+s ! blood f ! liv] to ! he>t4 ,9 t "r v5tricle ! blood is purifi$1 & !n s5t by ! he>t to all ! o!r memb]s4 ,n[ s9ce ! he>t attracts by ?is orifice ( ! v5a *ilis m ?an x expels1 !re=e nature orda9s t 9 ! mom5t ( contraction :5 ! blood is expell$ ?is orifice closes1 & :5 ! he>t dilates x op5s4 ,moreov] !re are ?ree little valves 7ho/iolitti7 or doors op5+ f )\t inw>d1 & ^! valves are n v depress$2 s t by ?is same orifice only "p ( ! purifi$ blood is expell$ to ! o!r memb]s1 because "p goes to ! lungs & ! rema9d] =ms ! vital _s2 !re=e nature orda9s t ^! valves d n entirely close4 ,f ! v5a *ilis1 be=e x ent]s ! cavity ( ! he>t1 !re arises ano!r ve91 :i* surr\nds ! root ( ! he>t2 & f x are giv5 (f bran*es :i* disp]se !mselves ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! he>t1 & f ! blood ( t ve9 ! he>t n\ri%es itself4 ,! "r v5tricle t[>ds ! lung has ano!r orifice into :i* op5s ! art]ial ve91 br++ ! blood f ! he>t to n\ri% ! lung3 9 ?is orifice also are ?ree valves 7ho/ioli7 op5+ f )9 outw>d & clos+ f )\t inw>d1 9 ! opposite way to ! valves ( ! o!r orifice2 & ?is is s t !y %\ld entirely close4 ,h5ce by ?is orifice ! he>t dur+ ! p]iod ( contraction c expel1 & yet dur+ ! p]iod ( its dilatation _c attract any?+ ?r\gh x z 0 done 9 ! fir/ orifice4 ,! left v5tricle ( ! he>t has its sides d5s] & ?ick] ?an ! sides or walls ( ! "r v5tricle2 & ?is = ?ree reasons3 ,fir/ly1 because 9 ! "r v5tricle is conta9$ ! blood1 :i* is heavy1 :ile 9 ! left v5tricle !re is _s1 :i* is v light2 !re=e 9 ord] t ! he>t %\ld n be heavi] & m pond]\s on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 x 0 necess>y to comp5sate 9 ?is mann]1 t is1 t ! left v5tricle %\ld be ?ick] 9 its walls ?an ! "r4 ,9 ! second place1 ! _s be+ m subtil & m volatile 7resolubile7 ?an blood1 x ne$s a /rong] habitation & bett] supports4 ,?irdly1 ! left v5tricle is mu* w>m] ?an ! "r1 because 9 x is g5]at$ ! _s f ! blood1 by a great heat :i* makes t blood m subtil2 & heat is bett] pres]v$ 9 a sub/ance t is d5se & ?ick4 ,9 ! cavity ( ?is v5tricle ne> its root are two orifices3 "o is ! orifice ( an art]y call$ ar?>ia adorti aorta1 because x has imm$iate orig9 9 ! he>t & because x is ! s\rce ( all ! o!rs3 by ?is art]y ! he>t s5ds ! g5]at$ _s to all ! memb]s2 & ! v subtil blood is mix$ ) ! _s :5 ! he>t contracts4 ,= :i* reason !re are at ! entrance ( ?is orifice ?ree valves1 :i* close entirely f ! outside inw>ds2 & !y op5 f ! inside outw>ds1 & ?is orifice is v deep4 ,! o!r orifice is t ( ! v5al art]y :i* conveys ! air f ! lung to cool ! he>t & transports w>m vap\rs f ! he>t to ! lung z has be5 said above2 & 9 ?is orifice are two valves :i* d n entirely close3 & !y are well rais$ s t !y c bett] apply !mselves to ! sides edges ( ! he>t :5 x s5ds out ! _s3 ^! are m>vell\s works ( nature1 z is also ! c5tral v5tricle ( ! he>t1 = ?is v5tricle has n "o cavity b _m2 ^! are small b wide1 & m num]\s on ! "r ?an on ! left2 & nature contriv$ ?us1 s t ! blood :i* goes f ! "r v5tricle to ! left to be conv]t$ cont9ually into _s becomes ?9 9 ^! cavities4 ,& by ?is ?\ can/ see t f\r ?+s h bir? 9 ! he>t4 ,! fir/ is ! art]y call$ adorti1 ! second is ! v5a *ilis1 ! ?ird is ! art]ial ve91 & ! f\r? ! v5al art]y4 ,also ?\ wilt see 9 ! he>t c]ta9 membran\s p>ts l auricles1 or r l small e>s1 able to dilate or contract3 ^! are contriv$ by nature 9 ord] t :5 ov]mu* blood or _s is g5]at$ ! he>t c dilate s z to conta9 x2 & also t ! he>t may contract :5 !re is no su* abundance4 ,& x is "h t ,gal5 asks1 ,:y did n nature make ! he>t s l>ge t x c\ld conta9 e increase ( blood or _s )\t ! addition ( ^! membranes8 ,gal5 replies t ?is 0 fir/ because ! he>t w\ld h be5 too l>ge & !re=e too heavy2 secondly1 because z x is n always g5]at+ a great quantity ( blood & _s1 if ! he>t _h be5 too l>ge1 its cavity w\ld usually h be5 empty3 b ^! auricles dilate ) ! accumulation ( blood or _s1 & contract ) its decrease4 ,! he>t is surr\nd$ by a firm & n]v\s membrane1 l a little h\se 9 :i* x is plac$ z 9 a tab]nacle to def5d x f accid5ts4 ,?is capsule is v dilat$1 t ! he>t 9 its dilations & movem5t may n be imp$$ !reby1 & !re=e nature made ?is capsule s t x %\ld conta9 a c]ta9 dewy moi/ure ) :i* ! he>t is ba!d & moi/5$ s t 9 its cont9ual movem5t x %\ld n become dry4 ,= :5 ?is wat] be dri$ up1 !n ! he>t itself is desiccat$1 & emaciates & dries up all ! body4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! description ( ! he>t foll[s ,mond9o closely4 ,occasionally a phrase or two is rem9isc5t ( ,mondeville4 ,! trite conception ( ! he>t z a k+ 9 its necess>ily c5tral position 0 v frequ5tly repeat$ by writ]s 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,to ,h>vey1 :o _h a c]ta9 m$iaeval elem5t 9 8 m5tality1 x seems to h appeal$1 & he us$ x 9 8 ,prelectiones ,anatomiae1#bjb & *ose x to introduce 8 great "w on ! circulation ( ! blood4#bjc ,! he>t 0 simil>ly describ$ z #8flame-%ap$'1 because x 0 reg>d$ z ! s\rce ( animal heat4 ,! idea t x is ! fir/ to live & ! la/ to die comes f ,ari/otle4#bjd ,! bone 9 ! he>t also comes f ,ari/otle4#bje ,! idea 0 q famili> to m$iaeval anatomi/s1 :o frequ5tly endeav\r$ to id5tify ! bone ) ! firm tissue ar\nd ! orifices ( ! aorta & pulmon>y art]y4 ,! read] may be rem9d$ t a true #8os cordis' is 9 fact to be f\nd 9 "s mammalia4 ,mond9o1 foll[$ by ,manfr$i1 describes ! action ( ! he>t & blood-vessels ma9ly accord+ to ! views ( ,gal51 b )\t any v cle> or connect$ /atem5t4 ,! #8?ird v5tricle' especially has its orig9 9 a misund]/&+4 ,?is my?ical /ructure is an attempt to comb9e ! views ( ,ari/otle & ( ,gal54 ,ari/otle1 :o probably nev] dissect$ a human body1 d]iv$ 8 anatomical conceptions l>gely f cold-blood$ animals1 9 "s ( :i* ! he>t is provid$ ) ?ree cavities4 ,he consid]$ t ! he>t _h ?ree *amb]s1 ! l>ge/ be+ on ! "r1 ! smalle/ on ! left1 & "o ( int]m$iate size betwe5 ! two4 ,z f> z !y c be id5tifi$1 ! l>ge/ 0 ! "r v5tricle plus ! "r auricle1 ! smalle/ or left *amb] 0 ! left auricle1 :ile ! int]m$iate cavity appe>s to h be5 ! left v5tricle4#bjf ,gal5's description diff]$ altoge!r f t ( ,ari/otle4 ,he tells u expressly & some:at contemptu\sly t #8x is no m>vel if ,ari/otle err$ 9 _m anatomical matt]s1 a man :o ?\ght =soo? t ! he>t 9 ! l>g] animals _h ?ree *amb]s'4#bjg ,gal5 always describes ! he>t z hav+ b two *amb]s1 ! "r & left v5tricles1 a :olly subord9ate "p be+ assign$ to ! auricles4 ,^! latt] 7 reg>d$ z safety-valves1 exp&+ to hold sup]flu\s blood :5 ! *amb]s ( ! he>t to :i* !y correspond become ov]fill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,,! ,,he>t ,f ! ,roncioni ,,ms4 7,pisa #ii7 aft] ,sudh(f4 ,no ?ird v5tricle is describ$ by ,rhazes or ,haly ,abbas1#bjh b ,avic5na1 9 8 ,canon1 makes an ef=t to comb9e ! views ( ,ari/otle & ,gal54 ,speak+ ( ! anatomy ( ! he>t 7lib4 iii1 f54 xi1 *ap4 #a7 he describes ! v5tricul> portion z foll[s3 #8,9 ! he>t are ?ree cavities1 two l>ge1 & a ?ird z x 7 c5tral 9 position4 ,s t ! he>t has a a receptacle ! "r v5tricle = ! nutrim5t ) :i* x n\ri%es itself--?is nutrim5t is ?ick & firm l ! sub/ance ( ! he>t2 b a place :]e ! pneuma is =m$ ! left v5tricle1 be+ eng5d]$ ( ! subtil blood2 & c1 ?irdly1 a canal betwe5 ! two4'#bji ,a some:at simil> acc\nt is giv5 9 ,con/ant9e's translation ( ,isaac4#baj ,! idea soon crept into ,european m$ic9e1 = 9 a ,pisan ,,ms4 dat+ f ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury#baa a crude figure ( a ?ree-*amb]$ he>t is to be f\nd 7,fig4 #ba74 ,! fir/ translator ( ! ,canon ( ,avic5na1 ,g]>d ( ,cremona1 ^: "w appe>$ t[>ds ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 improv$ on 8 orig9al4 #8,9 x ! he>t are ?ree v5tricles2 two are l>ge1 & ! ?ird z x 7 betwe51 :i* ,gal5 call$ ! fovea or non-v5tricul> meatus1 s t !re may be a receptaculum = ! ?ick & /rong n\ri%m5t1 l to ! sub/ance ( ! he>t1 ) :i* x is n\ri%$1 & also a /oreh\se = ! pneuma 7spiritus7 g5]at$ 9 x f ! subtil blood4 ,& betwe5 ! two are *annels or meatuses4'#bab ,h5ri de ,mondeville 7di$ ab\t #acbj71 by go+ direct to ,gal51 avoid$ "s ( ! errors ( ,avic5na1 ) :om1 h[ev]1 he /ill describes ?ree v5tricles4#bac ,mond9o does little b copy ! ,arabian1 :om ,manfr$i also foll[s4 ,we may t]m9ate our description ( ! my?ical ?ird v5tricle by quot+ f ,b>?olomew ! ,engli%man4 ,8 encyclopa$ia writt5 ab\t #abfj 0 translat$ into ,engli% 9 #acig1 & pr9t$ by ,?omas ,b]!let#bad 9 ! #bg? ye> ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii 7#aece71 :5 ,b>?olomew's "w 0 /ill extremely popul>4 ,b]!let's r5d]+ runs z foll[s3 #8,& ! h]t ha? ij hol[nesses1 "o 9 ! left syde1 t come? %>pe3 & "o 9 ! ryght side1 t is )93 ,& ^! two hol[nesses b5 call$ ! wombes ( ! h>t4 ,& betw5e ^! two wombes is "o hole1 t "s m5 call a veyne1 o!r an hol[e way4 ,& ?is hole is brode a=e ! ryghte syde1 & /reyte a=e ! left syde4 ,& t is n$efulle to make ! bloode subtyll1 t comme? f ! ryght wombe to ! lefte1 & s ! spirite ( lyfe may be br$de ! easely] 9 ! lefte wombe4' ,9 ord] to und]/& :y all ^! au?ors invok$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ?ird v5tricle1 reg>d$ by "s ( !m z a passage betwe5 ! o!r two1 we mu/ turn to ! physiological beliefs ( ! age4 ,x mu/ be recall$ t be=e ! demon/ration ( ! circulatory movem5t ( ! blood a c]ta9 am\nt ( communication 0 believ$ to exi/ betwe5 "r & left v5tricles4 ,! complicat$ nature ( ! v5tricul> cavities & ! intricacy ( ! columnae c>neae promot$ ! idea ( ! pres5ce ( m9ute passages 9 ! int]v5tricul> septum4 ,ev5 s a/ute an obs]v] z ,leon>do da ,v9ci consid]$ t #8! v5tricles are sep>at$ by a por\s wall1 ?r\gh :i* ! blood ( ! "r v5tricle p5etrates into ! left v5tricle1 & :5 ! "r v5tricle %uts1 ! left op5s & draws 9 ! blood :i* ! "r "o gives =?' 7,plate ,,xxxviiib74#bae ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,f ,johannes ,adelphus1 ,mund9i de omnibus humani corporis int]ioribus m5bris ,ana?omia1 ,/rassburg1 #aeac4 ,! diagram %[s ! two lat]al v5tricles & ! #8c5tral' v5tricle4 ,by a pr9t]'s error ! lett]s c & d are transpos$4 ,! art]ia adorti is ! aorta1 ! art]ia v5alis ! pulmon>y ve91 ! v5a *ilis ! v5a cava1 & ! v5a art]ialis ! pulmon>y art]y4 ,! auricles are ignor$1 z is frequ5tly ! case 9 works ( ! p]iod1 & ! pulmon>y ve9s are repres5t$ z op5+ directly into ! v5tricles4 ,al?\gh ! ?ird v5tricle is describ$ 9 all ! tw5ty-five editions ( ,mond9o1 _m ( :i* are illu/rat$1 !y pres5t no draw+ ( x except ! wret*$ little diagram ( ,j4 ,a4 ,mueli* 7,johannes ,adelphus7 9 #aeac1 :i* we "h reproduce 7,fig4 #bb74 ,! confusion1 h[ev]1 to :i* ! idea ( a ?ird v5tricle gave rise influ5c$ anatomy almo/ z late z ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & is illu/rat$ 9 ! anatomical figures ( a late edition ( ,hans von ,g]sdorff 7#aeef71baf :]e ! tra*ea is actually %[n op5+ into ! left v5tricle 7,fig4 #bc74 ,x 0 ,vesalius :o took ! fir/ great /ep t[>ds ! discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 by firmly ma9ta9+ t ! int]v5tricul> septum 0 solid & conta9$ nei!r passages nor int]m$iate v5tricle4#bag ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,f ,hans von ,g]sdorff1 ,feldt und ,/attb* bew]t] ,wund>tznei1 ,frankfurt1 #aeef4 ,! tra*ea 7d7 is repres5t$ z op5+ directly into ! he>t4 ,,vi4 ,,italian ,,text ,,ms4 ,canonici ,ital4 #bcg ,hy]onimi manfr$i ad ,magnificum pot5tem dom9um ac militem ,iohannem ,b5tiuolum insequ5s opus de corporis humani ano?omia exordium4 folio #a v]so ,opportet de sapi5tia admir>i creatoris ut ,,xv de utilitate p>ticul>um scribitur a ,gali5o4 ,cum enim membrorum no/ri corporis admirabilem ,gali5us aspic]et ,armoniam pr$ictum s]monem explicauit3 ut nos ad dei sublimis et gloriosi admir&a op]a comm\]et3 ,quamuis no/ra cognitio a dei compraeh5sione deficiat3 unde et ,s5eca ,,xl epi/ola ad ,lucillum ait quid deus sit inc]tum e/ habitat 9 nobis3 ,s$ deum m\emur inuoc>e eius sapi5tiam mirabilit] contemplantes4 ,quanta enim fu]it summi opificis 9 produc5do res sapi5tia quanta eius solicitudo et prud5tia op]a pr(ecto nature decl>ant3 unde et psalmi/a mirabilia sunt op]a tua deus1 et alibi celi en>rant gloriam dei et op]a manuum eius annuntiat firmam5tum4 ,quis enim talia et tanta inspiti5s creatorem suum abneget et eius pot5tiam8 ,inscipi5s quidem erit hic iuxta illud psalmi/e dixit inscipi5s 9 corde suo non e/ deus4 ,sublimis autem dei multiplitia et diu]sa fu]e op]a4 ,creauit enim duplitia entium g5]a scilicet corruptibilia et incorruptibilia2 et 9 utrisque suam admirabilem sapi5tiam1 suamque folio #b recto inf9itam pot5tiam o/5dit4 ,totam enim entis latitud9em nihil prorsus de spetiebus1 quas ab aet]no 9 m5te sua ret9uit obmitt5s p]fulciuit1 et eas quas ab aet]no 9 sua habebat ess5tia ad aliud esse procreauit1 ut 9 indiuiduis esse hab]5t3 quae 9 suae maie/atis lum9e exi/ebant3 et uniuscuiusque spetiei modo p]fecit ac u>ietates p] esse quod 9 s+ul>ibus hab5t 7natura m$iante cum lege7 imposuit4 ,admirantur angelorum caetus ob/up5t hom9um intellectus tantae maie/atis op]a mirabilia3 ut hoc summo bono3 hoc p]fectissimo ente nihil melius excogit>i possit4 ,o admirabilem maie/atem1 ,o deitatem incompraeh5sibilem1 ,o inefabilem pot5tiam3 ,quis te negliget8 ,quis te non insequetur8 ,quis 9 op]ibus tuis non delectabitur8 ,omnis igitur qui 9 op]um dei gloriosi intuitu delectatur1 hic prud5s et non inscipi5s e/3 hic dignus homo3 hic intellectu non c>et4 ,cum igitur tua illu/ris ,dom9atio ,iohannes b5tiuole magnanimis praes5ti anno ex sui qua solet humanitate ad cuiusdam hom9is defuncti ano?omiam uno semel uid]e non fu]it d$ignata ob sui intellectus dignitatem qui semp] alta intellig]e concupiscit1 cumque tu op]a tam naturae mir&a 9 ano?omizato incaepi/i uid]e corpore tunc haec intellig5di creuit animus tua digna folio #b v]so creuit uoluntas3 ,et me hy]onimum ,manfr$um ad hoc opus de ano?omia intitulatum mat]no s]mone tuo dignissimo nom9i inscrib]e concita/i3 7ut omn9o sicut debeor7 rem gratam tuae faciam dom9ationi3 ,9 hoc enim tui agn\i dignitatem intellectus1 tui +5ii sol]tiam quod 9 rebus naturae mir&is tuum p]uoluas intellectum4 ,hoc enim opusculum quantum melius potui ex u>iis antiquorum uolum9ibus exs]psi ac id abreuiaui3 nec eumdem =te t5ui ord9em ut illi3 et ipsum mat]no composui s]mone ut opus hoc delectabilius tuae sit magnific5tie4 ,accipe igitur magnifice et pot5s dom9e hoc opus de corporis humani ano?omia tuo dignisimo nom9i intitulatum1 ea b5ignitate et humanitate1 qua soles3 et animo ill>i ac gratioso id accepta3 qui satis tibi erit delectabile et p]placebit quia dignum e/ opus3 ,vale miles magnanimis1 et solito ama4 ,f9is prohemii4 ,"h a folio is miss+4 folio #c recto a li n]ui lequale hano orig9e da le extremita di musculi3 ,unde e da sap]e *e li musculi sono compositi de n]ui1 corde1 e ligam5ti e c>ne facti da la natura a d>e el moto uolunt>io1 ,imp]o da le soe extrimita escono que/e tale corde e uadono a membri *e se debano m\]e3 e qu&o se retrah5o li dicti musculi consequ5t] se se retrah5o le lor corde3 f9alit] i membri3 et similit] qu&o se dilatano i musculi se dilatano etiam le corde consequ5t] i membri4 ,li ligam5ti sono etiam simili a n]ui facti a lig>e le iuncture de le osse e non li dette la natura s5tim5to como fece a li n]ui a le corde acio *e p] el molto m\im5to e fricatione de le iuncture non doles5o4 ,le ,art>ie sono de sub/antia n]uosa ligam5tale 9 longo ext5se o concaue3 ne le quale se cont5e el sangue sutilissimo depurato et el spirito uitale el quale e m&ato dal core a d>e uita a tuti i membri3 et hano orig9e da esso core3 imp]o heb5o doe tuni*e acio *el sangue sutile el spirito uitale non usiss5o fuora4 ,le v5e sono simile a l>t>ie ma sono quiete e non se m\5o1 ma hano orig9e dal figato et 9 esse se cont5e el sangue grosso cum li altri humuri *e non e cusi depurato ne folio #c v]so cusi sutile como e el sangue de le art>ie3 imp]o non li fece s5on una tuni*a3 p] *e quelo sangue non era cosi sutile *el potesse p5etr>e fuora ne an*e non bisogn&ose m\]e non era suspitione de romp]si como ne le art>ie *e era neccess>io a m\]se p] refrig]>e el core atrah5do lai]e frigido expell5do fuora li fumi caldi da esso4 ,li panniculi sono compo/i e texuti de fili n]uosi sutilissimi *e non se poss5o u$]e e sono que/i paniculi spissi e sutili e sono de molte man]ie3 ,alcuni =no facti a cont9]e o coprire a ,alcuni membri e cu/odirli ne la sua figura e sub/antia como sono li paniculi *e copr5o el c]ebro e molti altri di li quali poi diremo3 ,alcuni altri panniculi sono facti a susp5d]e uno membro a laltro como li rognoni sono aligati a las*9a m$iante uno c]to paniculo3 ,alcuni altri paniculi sono facti acio *e alcuni membri *e non hano s5tim5to recceuano qual*e s5tim5to p] el panniculo3 nel quale sono inuolti como sono el pulmone el figato la milza i rognoni li quali sono priuati de s5tim5to imp]o la natura aciascuno di loro li fece uno panniculo d\e fusseuo inuolti p] la casone dicta4 ,da poi tuti que/i membra hau5do la natura ordito el corpo de lhomo de folio #d recto li pr$icti bisogno reimpire le uacuita e reimpille de c>ne3 ,fece adun*a la natura la c>ne p] reimpire le uacuita *e rimangono da lorditura de n]ui u5e altri membri dicti4 ,praet]ea e da sap]e *e la natura ha dato aciascuno di li pr$icti membri quatro uirtu4 ,una e uirtu atratiua p] laquale ha ad atrah]e el nutrim5to suo a se del quale el membro se ha a nutric>e3 ,la seconda uirtu e digegtiua p] laquale el nutrim5to atrato se dig]isse conu]tese ne la su/antia del membro3 ,la t]za uirtu si e ret5tiua p] laquale el nutrim5to atrato se reti5e debito tempo acio *e la uirtu dige/iua possa p]fic]e la sua op]atione cir*a quello3 ,la qu>ta uirtu e expulsiua laquale ha expell]e le sup]fluita *e se g5]ano dal nutrim5to ne la dige/ione4 ,an*e e da sap]e *e la natura nel corpo de lhuomo ha facto quatro membri pr9cipali como quatro signori et aciascuno di loro li ha dato una casa o u]o uno palazo a sua cu/odia d\e habite cum c]te cam>e o u]o /antie *e hano as]uirli al suo bisogno3 ,el primo membro pr9cipale e signore e el c]ebro al quale li fece la natura el capo cum le sue circum/antie p] suo habitaculo e dette a que/o membro *e lui fusse pr9cipio e radice de tuto el s5tim5to e moto de tuto el folio #d v]so corpo3 dal quale tuti li altri membri recceu5o el s5tire3 e el m\]e1 a que/o membri li dette etiam c9que uirtu cognoscitiue ext]iore cio e li c9que s5tim5ti e c9que altre uirtu cognoscitiue int]iore *e des]u5o a lo intellecto4 ,el secondo membro pr9cipale e signore si e el ,core alquale la natura ha dato la sua casa cio e el pecto cum le sue adiac5tie3 et aque/o membro li ha dato la uirtu de la uita dal quale proc$a la uita 9 tuti li altri membri como da uno primo pr9cipio4 ,el t]zo membro pr9cipale e signore e el ,figato alquale dette la natura p] suo domicilio el u5tre inf]iore cum li altri membri circum/anti *e sono neccess>ii a la sua op]atione e dette a que/o membro la uirtu nutritiua *el fusse pr9cipio e radice del nutric>e de tuti li membri4 ,el qu>to membro pr9cipale fu li te/iculi e la sua casa e la bursa laquale li cont5e et aquilli des]u5o piu altri membri como poi se u$]a et a que/i te/iculi ha dato la natura la uirtu g5]atiua cio e de g5]>e el sp]ma o u]o seme el quale habia una uirtu g5]atiua *e possa produre una cosa simile a colui dal quale se decide tale sp]ma3 et que/o fu facto p] cons]u>e lhuomo 9 spetie non se poss5do cons]u>e 9 indiuiduo4 ,ultra que/i quatro membri pr9cipali e suoi domicilii folio #e recto ha facto la natura alcuni altri membri cio e el collo cum la gola *e fusse uia e transito dal primo membro pr9cipale cio e c]ebro ali altri membri pr9cipali et etiam a tute laltre p>te p] altre utilita quale noi da poi diremo4 ,item ha facto la natura le braza e le mane *e hauess5o a pigli>e el cibo e m&>lo al luoco conu5i5te et etiam p] *e lhuomo solo uiue p] arte lequale non se possono p]fic]e s5za le braza e mano4 ,item fece le cosse1 gambe e pi$i acio se potesse m\]e da luo*o a luo*o secondo li soi bisogni4 ,noi adun*a pon]emo la ,ano?omia de tuti li membri e p>te dicte3 ,com5ci&o p] ord9e dal c]ebro e da la sua casa et consequ5t] desc5d5do p] ins9o api$i4 ,capitulum secundum1 tractatus primi de ano?omia capitis et omnium cont5torum 9 eo4 ,fece la natura el capo ossuoso p] magiore tutela del c]ebro3 el quale ess5do inmobile non li bisogno hau]e musculi3 ,et p] *e el c]ebro ne lhuomo e magiore *e ne li altri animali secondo la sua gr&eza imp]o bisogno *el capo de lhuomo fusse etiamdio gr&e p] rispecto de li altri animali3 ,et etiam bisogno li meati del capo ne lhuomo ess]e piu di/9cti ess5do piu d$ito al cognosc]e4 ,la figura folio #e v]so del capo naturale e rotonda compressa da dui canti como sel fusse una c]a rotonda compressa cum le mano da la p>te drita e da la /an*a f>ia doe em95tie una d9anzi e laltra de drieto e la p>te drita e /an*a riman]iano piane3 ,bisogno fusse rotondo acio fusse p9 capace et etiam *e fusse piu securo e risgu>dato da nocum5ti ext]iori a li quali e molto exposito3 ,bisogno etiam ess]e facto cum quelle em95tie acio *e li meati del c]ebro hauess5o megliore di/9ctione et acio *e li c9que s5tim5ti ext]iori hauess5o orig9e da la em95tia ant]iore4 ,diece sono le p>te del capo3 ,la prima e li capilli quasi capitis pili facti da la natura a magiore tutela del capo da le cose ext]iore et etiam p] belleza3 ,la seconda p>te del capo e la cute la quale bisogno ess]e molto grossa acio *e li capilli fuss5o b5 firmi hau5do le radice sue molte grosse e longhe et etiam *e fusse megliore scuto e coop]im5to de losso et del c]ebro non li ess5do p>te musculose3 ,la t]za p>te si e la c>ne laquale solo e ne la fronte e ne le tempie e cir*a le masselle e non 9 le altre p>te3 ,la qu>ta p>te e uno panniculo ext]iore *iamato almo*atim elquale app>e 9 cont95ti como e liuata su la cute e copre tuto losso del craneo de fuora3 ,et fece la natura que/o panniculo folio #f recto acio *e lacute *e e molle non to*asse incont95ti losso *e e duro3 ,et etiam acio *e losso del capo hauesse s5tim5to p] que/o panniculo3 ,et t]tio an*e acio *e el paniculo int]iore del capo *iamato ,duramat] m$iante que/o panniculo /esse suspeso a losso del craneo cum c]ti n]ui e ligam5ti *e escono p] le comissure del dicto osso et hano orig9e dal dicto panniculo int]iore usc5do fuora de losso texono o u]o compon5o quello panniculo ext]iore dicto ,almo*atim3 ,la qu9ta p>te e el craneo cioe osso facto como uno capello nela concauita del quale glie locato el c]ebro3 9 que/o craneo furno quatro ossa cusite insieme e la natura non fece que/o osso uno ma de piu pezi acio *e a*ad&o nocum5to 9 una p>te non comunicasse a laltre p>te3 ,et etiam acio *e p] quelle comissure o u]o cusiture potess5o meglio exhal>e fuora le fumusitade dal c]ebro3 ,et t]tio acio *e bisogn&o la uirtu de le m$ic9e applicate potess5o meglio p5etr>e ale p>te d5tro qui/i adun*a quatro pezi de osso furno da la natura cusiti et insieme ionti 9 modo de d5ti acio fusse piu f]mi e =ti et non furno facti 9 modo *e se potess5o u9c>e como fano le iunture p] *e non s]iano /ate cusi =te3 et etiam folio #f v]so p] *e non bisognaua a losso del capo m\]se3 ,et que/e comissure sono c9que cio e tre u]e e doe m5dose3 ,le comissure u]e sono quelle *e passano tuto losso et le m5dose non passano3 ,de le u]e comissure una si e ne la p>te ant]iore *iamata coronale et e facta a modo de uno ,c e prot5de da la p>te drita a la /an*a del capo et ha li bran*i u]so la fronte4 ,la secunda comissura u]a si prot5de p] la longheza del capo com5ci&a da la comissura coronale ala p>te po/]iore como una friza o u]o sagitta *e u5e da l>*o1 imp]o e *iamata sagitale ----74 ,la t]za comissura e ne la p>te po/]iore *iamata laudale facta a modo de uno ,a1 p] aba*o *iamato dal greco lauda3 e la comissura sagittale prot5de da la coronale a la laudale ----74 ,le comissure m5dose sono due da ciascaduno lato una cio e dal drito e dal /anco e sono dicte corticate p] *e non passano4 ,et se noi consid]emo p] que/e c9que comissure hauemo quatro ossi cusiti insieme3 ,uno si e losso de la fronte *e com5za dala comissura coronale e t]m9a u]so la p>te inf]iore a una altra comissura la quale com5za da uno bran*o de la comissura coronale e proc$e a presso le ciglie de li o*ii a laltro bran*o 4 ,laltro osso si e de drieto el folio #g recto quale se t]m9a a la comissura laudale e dui altri ossi da le tempie *e se t]m9ano da le comissure m5dose le quale com5zano da la comissura laudale a la comissura coronale4 ,la sexta p>te sono doi paniculi uno *iamato ,dura mat] el quale e 9 cont95ti de poi el craneo3 e laltro se *iama pia mat] el quale incont95te copre el c]ebro e que/o fece la natura hau5do gr&e solicitud9e di que/o membro acio *e 9 cont95ti non fusse to*o da losso ma processe p] piu mezi *e uno fusse piu duro *e laltro3 ,et an*e fece dui panniculi acio *e se la cadesse nocum5to 9 uno de loro non comunicasse al c]ebro 9 cont95te4 ,ne la pia matre sono texute c]te u5e p] le quale se nutrisse el c]ebro e si lo copre p] tuto excepto la p>te po/]iore p] *e ess5do quella p>te sicca non bisogno di que/o paniculo como la p>te ant]iore e meza4 ,que/i dui panniculi 9 piu luo*i p5etrano la su/antia del c]ebro et se lo diuide 9 p>te drita e p>te s9i/ra et 9 p>te ant]iore p>te po/]iore3 et p] que/e tale diuisione furno fabri*ate nel capo diu]se celule o u]o cam]ette ne le quale produce lanima diu]se op]atione p] *e bisognaua *e que/e tale p>te fus5o de diu]se complexione4 ,e leuati adon*a que/i dui panniculi app>]a ,la folio #g v]so ,septima p>te del capo3 et e esso c]ebro facta da la natura acio *e el spirito uitale m&ato dal core calidissimo sia contemp]ato da la frigidita de esso c]ebro3 et iue d\5ti spirito animale elquale e pr9cipio de le op]atione cognoscitiue motiue3 e que/o c]ebro e una su/antia m$ul>e bian*a molle e uiscosa a cio *e da essa hauess5o orig9e li n]ui3 ma la p>te d9anci fu g5]ata piu humida e molle man*o frigida *e la p>te po/]iore p] *e da la p>te ant]iore hano orig9e li s5tim5ti li quali sono molli humidi ma da la p>te po/]iore hano orig9e li n]ui motiui li quali bisognano ess]e piu sicci e =ti3 ,que/o c]ebro adun*a se diuide 9 tri u9triculi oucro tre p>te3 ,el primo u5triculo o p>te ant]iore e diuisa 9 doe1 cio e dextra e s9i/ra3 et e magiore *e nesuno de li altri u5triculi3 et 9 que/o primo u5triculo li pose la natura doe uirtu des]u5te al cognosc]e una se *iama s5so comune d\e se t]m9ano li altri s5si ext]iori como al suo c5tro et def]iscono le imag9e o u]o spetie de le cose s5siue a quello luo*o acio *e quella uirtu cognosca e di/+ua tra una cosa s5sibile e laltra et etiam cognosca le op]atione di li s5tim5ti p>ticul>i lequale doe cose non puo f>e nesuno de quilli4 ,laltra uirtu de que/o primo u5triculo se folio #h recto *iama fantasia et apresso alcuni se *iama imag9atiua laquale ha a ret9]e et cons]u>e le spetie de le cose s5sibile ne la abs5tia de le cose s5sibile4 ,qu&o tu h>ai u$uto el u5triculo primo tu u$]ai tre cose inanzi *e uegni al u5triculo secondo4 ,la prima si e doe an*e cio e una cosa facta de la su/antia del c]ebro 9 modo de doe an*e *e sono fundam5to del u5triculo ant]iore cusi da la dextra como da la s9i/ra p>te3 et dal lato di ciascuna an*a glie una altra cosa facta a modo de uno u]me subt]raneo rosa se sangu9ea ligata de c]ti ligam5ti e n]uitti el quale u]me qu&o se alonga *iude quelle an*e et consequ5t] *iude la uia tra el primo u5triculo et el secondo et que/o fece la natura acio *e lhuomo qu&o uole posse cess>e da le cogitatione e dal consid]>e et similit] qu&o uole consid]>e e p5s>e que/o u]me se contrahe et contrah5dosi apre quelle an*e et consequ5t] apre la uia *e e tra uno u5triculo e laltro3 ,la t]za cosa *e tu u$]ai un poco piu de sotta e una lacuna cio e una c]ta con*auita rotonda *e tra allongo nel mezio de laquale glie uno bu*o *e ua gioso al palato et a que/o bu*o li occorre una uia drita laquale desc5de dal u5triculo di mezo al colatorio e que/a lacuna ha circumquaque em95tie gr&e rotonde facte a su/5t>e folio #h v]so le u5e et ar?>ie *e asc5d5o a dicti u5triculi3 e quello bu*o e lato di sopra e /retto 9 fonde e p] que/a lacuna el primo e secondo u5triculo purgano le sue sup]fluitade b5*e la p>te ant]iore piu se purghi p] li colatorii del naso3 ,unde que/e doe uie fece la natura ad expurg>e le sup]fluita del c]ebro4 ,qu&o adon*a tu hau]ai u$uto que/e tre cose incont95te te app>]a el secondo u5triculo del mezo el quale e como una uia et uno transito dal primo u5triculo al po/]iore3 9 que/o u5triculo sono doe uirtu una *iamata extimatiua1 laquale ha elic]e cose ins5sate da le cose s5sate4 ,laltra uirtu se *iama cogitatiua laquale cognosce cusi le cose s5sate como le cose ins5sate compon5do e diuid5do3 e que/a uirtu 9 m$iate des]ue a lo intellecto3 et tute le altre uirtu dicte et an*e la uirtu memoratiua se ritr\ano ne li animali bruti1 ma que/a solo se retru\a ne lhuomo4 ,dapoi te occorr]a el t]zo u5triculo situato ne la p>te po/]iore duro p] *e e pr9cipio de la piu p>te di n]ui motiui liquali bisogno ess]e piu =ti e duri3 ,que/o u5triculo e de figura pyramidale cio e facto 9 ponta e la ponta si e ne la p>te sup]iore d\e ha acons]u>e le spetie p] *e meglio se ris]ua la cosa folio #i recto 9 /retto luo*o *e 9 amplo3 e la p>te di sotto e lata p] *e ha a receu]e le spetie e meglio se receue 9 luo*o amplo *e /retto3 ,due adon*a utilita se ha da que/o u5triculo una *e e pr9cipio de la nu*a e di li n]ui mottiui4 ,laltra si e *e e cam]a de la uirtu memoratiua4 ,e p] que/o app>e *e qu&o e (fesa la p>te po/]iore del capo 9 cont95ti se (f5de la memoria e qu&o se (f5de la p>te de mezo se (f5de la uirtu extimatiua cogitatiua (fesa la p>te d9anzi se (f5de el s5so comune e la fantasia et 9 que/o modo u55o 9 cognitione li m$ici de li luo*i de le dicte uirtu4 ,facto que/o tu leu>ai el c]ebro ligi]am5te *el non si rompa alcuno n]uo e comez>ai da la p>te di nanzi incont95ti te app>]ano doe c>ne picole 9 modo de doi capi de mamille simile ala su/antia de c]ebro p] *e nascono da quello et sono cop]te dal paniculo subtile cio e da la pia matre e que/e sono lorgano de lo od]ato d\e e la uirtu olphatiua4 ,dal c]ebro nascono septe p>a de n]ui3 proc$i adon*a piu oltra ne la p>te d9anci e u$]ai el primo p>o de dicti n]ui liquali sono gr&i *iamasi n]ui obtitii de li quali la orig9e e dal c]ebro ne li u5triculi ant]iori e proc$5o u]so li o*ii ma nanci *e escano la pia matre se coniong5o folio #i v]so et 9 luo*o de la sua unione sono p]=ati3 ,uolse ,gali5o *e dicti n]ui solo se conionges5o o u]o se uniss5o e non se incrutiass5o ma quello n]uo *e ui5e dala p>te drita da poi la unione ritorna pure dala p>te drita et similit] quello *e ui5e da la p>te s9e/ra da poi la unione ritorna u]so lo*io s9i/ro3 ,ma ,rasis uolse el contr>io b5*e la op9ione de ,gali5o sia piu comune3 que/i n]ui des]u5o al u$]e e fu necess>io *e se unis5o acio *e le spetie de la cosa *e se u$e receuuta 9 doi o*ii e portata p] doi n]ui ritorni a unita acio *e una cosa non app>a doe4 ,dapoi li dicti n]ui leua el c]ebro secondo la sua m$ieta e u$]ai uno altro p>e de n]ui subtili et duri li quali u5gono similit] a li o*ii a d>li el m\im5to uolunt>io compon5do c]ti musculi4 ,da poi tu u$]ai el t]zo p>e de n]ui di quali una p>te se ne ua ala faza a d>li el s5tire e el m\]e uolunt>io et an*e una p>te de qui/i ua a d>e el gu/o a la l5gua3 ,un altra p>te de dicti n]ui se mescola insieme cum el qu>to#bah p>e de n]ui et desc5d5o insieme gioso a d>e s5tim5to al ,diafragma et al /omaco et alaltre uisc]a3 ,una c]ta p>te de li n]ui del qu>to#bah p>e se ne ua a d>e el s5tim5to al palato4 ,da poi e el qu9to p>e de n]ui se ne ua a li ossi petrosi liquali sono apresso folio #aj recto le ore*ie e de que/i n]ui ne li bu*i de lore*ie se compon5o c]ti panniculi liquali sono organo de lo audire4 ,da poi e el sexto p>e de n]ui *e se diuide 9 tre p>te una p>te ua ali musculi de la gola3 ,laltra p>te ua ali musculi de le spalle la t]za p>te *e e magiore de le altre desc5de gio a lo epyglotto e nel diafragma se sp>ge nel pecto nel core e nel polmone a compagn&osi insieme cum li n]ui del t]zo p>e dicti3 ,et an*e da li n]ui di que/o sexto p>e quali uad5o gio a lo epyglotto se g5]ano li n]ui de la uoce *iamati reu]siui dili quali piu disotto se u$]a4 ,dapoi e el septimo p>e de n]ui ha orig9e da la p>te po/]iore del c]ebro e uad5o a d>e el m\im5to a la l+ua uolunt>io3 ,de que/i septe p>a de n]ui li primi doi p>i hano orig9e da la ant]iore p>te del c]ebro3 el t]zo p>e ha orig9e dal mezo de lant]iore e po/]iore p>te3 li altri quatro p>a de n]ui hano orig9e da la p>te po/]iore4 ,e dapoi qui/i proc$5do piu oltre leua tuto el c]ebro app>]a la octaua p>te del capo cioe doi panniculi po/i sotto el c]ebro li quali leuati app>]ati la nona p>te *e e una c]ta re! laquale se *iama re! mirabile p] *e e contexta de una tessetura =tissima et miraculosa multiplicata de c]te ar?>ie sutilissime3 lequale sono folio #aj v]so rami de alcune ar?>ie *e asc5d5o dal core *iamate ar?>ie apopletice3 9 que/e ar?>ie di que/a re! se conti5e el spirito uitale m&ate dal core acio *e d\5ti animale3 et acio *e que/o spirito meglio se alt]asse e disponesse fece la natura quelle ar?>ie sutilissime diuise p] m9ime p>te acio *e que/o spirito fusse diuiso an*e 9 m9ime p>te3 et pose la natura que/a re! mirabile sotto el c]ebro p]*e bisogno hau]e de molta cu/odia onde lo situo 9 luoco tutissimo et etiam acio *e le humidita uaporese del c]ebro *e cad5o sopra que/a re! opil&ola inducesse el somno naturale4 ,da poi tute que/e cose u$]ai losso basil>e *e e la decima et ultima p>te del capo e *iamasi basil>e p] *e e base e fondam5to de tuto el capo e fu facto duro acio *e le sup]fluita *e desc5dono a lui non lo putrefesse3 e que/o osso e diuiso 9 molti altri ossi como se puo u$]e coci&elo4 ,onde se diuide ne le osse petrose e ne li ossi del naso e ne le ossi de li o*ii 9 doi altri ossi lat]ali li quali non se possono u$]e se non p] uia de decocione4 ,capitulum t]tium de ano?omia oculorum et membrorum des]ui5tium uisui4 ,le ossa del naso =no cau]nose e porrose acio *e le sup]fluita del c]ebro possano meglio de folio #aa recto sc5d]e e lo odore asc5d]e4 ,dapoi sc9de tuti doi li ossi de glio*ii e u$]ai la colligantia loro cum li n]ui obtitii e cum li n]ui motiui3 e el loco de li o*ii non fu molto 9 pr(ondo p] *e d\ca receu]e le spetie de le cose uisibile3 ne an*e fu tropo em95te acio non receuesse lesione da le cose ext]iore3 ,et ess5do li o*ii molto molli e passibili ne lhuomo fece la natura li sup]cilii acio fuss5o cu/oditi da le cose *e desc5d5o de su 9 gioso e fece le palpebre *e fus5o cu/oditi da le cose *e u5gono da fuora d5tro3 e fece le em95tie de le maxille et an*e el naso 9 mezo *e da ogne lato e p] ogne u]so fuss5o cu/oditi3 tanto fu la solicitud9e *e hebe la natura di que/o membro4 ,septe sono le tuni*e e tri humori di liquali e compo/o lo*io tre tuni*e ant]iore se coiong5o cum tre altre po/]iore como se fuss5o sei scutelle *e cum la bo*a ogne doe se coniongess5o e *e doe fuss5e magiore *e cont9es5o le altre doe e poi li e la septima tunica *e e magiore de tute e cont5e tuto lo*io3 e p]o se *iama coniontiua p] *e congionge e circunda tuto lo*io excepto el luo*o de la pupilla e quello po*o de la cornea *e app>e e que/a e la prima tuni*a com5z&o da le p>te de fuora et e bian*a4 ,la seconda tuni*a ne la p>te d9anci se si *iama cornea1 folio #aa v]so p] *e se asomiglia al corno quanto ala sub/antia e quanto al colore3 e fu que/a tuni*a transp>5te acio *e le spetie de le cose uisibile potess5o p5etr>e p] essa e fu etiam sollida e grossa composita de quatro pellicule e que/o fu p] *e e prop9qua a le cose ext]iore non receuesse nocum5to da esse e cum que/a tuni*a ne la p>te po/]iore se conionge un altra tunica dicta scliroti*a cio e dura e que/e doe tuni*e hano orig9e dal paniculo di sotto el craneo cio e da la dura matre cusi como la prima tuni*a ha orig9e dal panniculo disopra el craneo dicto almo*atim4 ,la qu>ta tuni*a ne la p>te d9anzi se *iama uuea a similitud9e de uno grano de uua negra et 9 el mezo di quella glie uno buco *e se *iama la pupilla3 fece la natura que/a tunica obscura acio *el spirito uisiuo se con=tasse e *e non si resoluesse dal lume ext]iore3 e fece quello buco 9 que/a tunica acio *e le spetie potess5o p5etr>e s5za imp$im5to e fecelo /retto acio *el spirito uisiue fusse unito3 ,onde qu&o dicta pupilla o u]o buco se al>gha oltra el debito o p] natura o p] accid5te se imp$isse el u$]e3 e ne la p>te de drieto se li coniongne la qu9ta tunica dicta secund9a p] *e e facta a similitud9e de la second9a cio e paniculo nel quale se inuoltano li putti nel u5tre folio #ab recto de la matre et hano orig9e de la pia matre4 ,la sexta tuni*a se *iama ne la p>te d9anzi aranea p] *e e facta 9 modo de una tela de ragno a la quale ne la p>te po/]iore se li coniongne la septima tuni*a *iamata are?9a p] *e e facta 9 modo de una re!3 et 9 mezo de la tuni*a uuea et de la aranea da la p>te d9anzi glie uno humore dicto albug9eo facto a similitud9e de uno albumo de ouo facto p] humett>e lo*io et acio *e la tuni*a cornea /ia suleuata imp]o 9 li hom9i *e mor5o qu&o que/o humore se desicca cade la cornea e se si spiana et a lhora dice el uulgo *e app>e una tela d9anzi da glio*ii et e signo infalibile de la morte3 ,et an*e que/o humore ti5e la pupilla app]ta imp]o qu&o se sicca se /r+e la pupilla3 ,nel meze de le due ultime tuni*e cio e aranea et are?9a lequale hano orig9e da n]ui obtitii li sono dui humuri cio e uno humore uitreo a similitud9e de uno uetro liquefacto3 ,laltro humore e dicto cri/all9o a similitud9e del cri/allo3 dicto etiam gr&9eo a similitud9e de una gr&9e et e alquanto duro e rotondo cum una c]ta planitie ne la p>te ant]iore d\e se receu5o le spetie de le cose uisibile3 e ne la p>te po/]iore e de figura pyramidale cio e *e e facta 9 ponta3 et iue se conpisse folio #ab v]so lacto del u$]e3 e ne la p>te po/]iore e circumdato da lhumore uitreo dal quale se nutrisse3 e que/o humore cri/al9o decl9a piu u]so la p>te ant]iore e lhumore uitreo u]so la p>te po/]iore4 ,et a li o*ii u5gono li n]ui obtitii p] li quali se de portano le spetie uisibile da glio*ii al s5so comune et ali altri s5si int]iori4 ,capitulum qu>tum de ano?omia aurium et membrorum des]ui5tium auditui4 ,exp$ito que/o tu u$]ai le ore*ie po/e da doi lati del capo 9 mezo de lant]iore p>te e po/]iore acio *e la uoce o u]o sono se potesse audire da ogne canto cio e da la p>te drita e /an*a d9anzi e de drieto de sopra e disotto3 non furno situate da la p>te d9anzi p] *e iue li sono glio*ii el gu/o e lolphato3 non furno po/e de drieto p] *e s]iano /ate tropo di/ante dal s5so comune3 =no po/e sotto la tonsura di capilli p] *e se piu sopra fus5e /ato po/e s]iano /ate uelate da cepilli e da quelle cose *e se portano 9 capo4 ,furno le ore*ie rotonde acio fuss5o piu capace de la]e sonoro3 non furno ossuose acio *e p] qual*e p]cussione o caso non se rompes5o3 =no adon*a c>?ilag9ose acio *e fuss5o piu sonore3 non furno etiamdio c>nose ne panicul>e p] *e non hau]eb5o s]uata la figura e compositione folio #ac recto debita4 ,hebbe uno buco ritorto e non dritto como quello de le lima*e acio *e se facesse megliore reu]b]atione de lai]e sonoro 9 esse3 et an*e ne ai]e disproportionato ne sono si tropo =te s5za misura p]u5isse a lorgano de laudito3 e que/o buco e uelato de uno paniculo duro texuto de fili n]uosi *e hano orig9e dal qu9to p>e de n]ui del c]ebro et de fili ligam5tali *e hano orig9e da losso petroso al quale se t]m9a el dicto buco3 ne la concauita del quale li e el n]uo auditiuo cio e nel quale se compisse laudito et e texuto 9 modo de uno panniculo3 et e cont9uo a la dura matre nel quale se conti5e uno c]to spirito auditiuo dal pr9cipio de la g5]atione iue complantato3 et apresso di quello li e una c]ta uisi*etta ne laquale e po/o un c]to ai]e connaturale el quale des]ue a laudito4 ,capitulum qu9tum de ano?omia nasi et aliorum membrorum des]ui5tium olphatui4 ,le osse de le maxille com5zano da la comissura *e e tra el craneo e losso basil>e 9 luo*o *e e ne la f9e del sopracilio e de la fronte et proc$e u]so la p>te po/]iore a presso losso petroso d\e se t]m9a lore*ia e t]m9ano ne la p>te di sotto a li d5ti3 de liquali poi u$]emo la no?omia4 ,el naso e composito de doi ossi figurati folio #ac v]so secondo la =ma de doi trianguli *e hano le ponte 9 su u]so el collatorio3 et sono lati ne la p>te de sotto4 ,onde el naso e piu l>go di sotto *e di sopra e que/e ossa furno sutile acio *e fuss5o ligi]e e non graue3 ne an*e furno tropo dure p] *e non li bisognaua 9 quello luo*o gr&e =teza4 ,fu etiam el naso compo/o de tre c>?ilag9e cio e doe ne lextremita de doi ossi acio *e le p>te molle cio e la cute e li musculi inm$iate non fuss5o to*i da le osse dure e *e le n>e /ess5o ap]te e se potess5o dilat>e e con/r+]e secondo la neccessita de lai]e atrato expulso e que/o non se h>ebe potuto f>e se solo fusse /ato ossuoso4 ,la t]za c>?ilag9e diuide el naso p] mezo p] el longo et e piu dura ne la p>te sup]iore *e ne la inf]iore3 ,onde furno facti doi meati e bu*i acio *e usc5do le sup]fluita p] uno laltro des]uisse a lai]e atrahato et expulso3 ,onde ess5do uno meato solo ne lexito de le sup]fluita h>ebbe imp$ito el transito de lai]e3 que/i doe meati p]u5gono al collatorio cio e uno buco *e e ne losso basil>e et similit] iue sono p]=ati li dui panniculi *e copriuano el c]ebro p] ins9o a le c>on*ole mamill>e3 lequale sono ne lextremita de le due p>te del u5triculo ant]iore del c]ebro como e /ato dicto4 ,el naso etiam fu compo/o de doi musculi folio #ad recto picoli acio *e ess5do gr&i non imp$iss5o glialtri musculi de la faza cio e quilli *e sono ne le maxille *e m\5o i labri3 et similit] glialtri musculi4 ,el naso fu compo/o p] molte rasone3 prima p] eu5t>e el c]ebro3 ,secundo ad atrah]e lai]e3 nel quale sono le spetie de le cose odorabile3 e cusi des]ue a lolphato3 ,t]tio acio *e le litt]e prolate meglio se di/+uano come el buco gr&e de la fi/ola o u]o zalamella des]ue ala di/9ctione di soni3 ,qu>to acio *e p] que/o meato se expurgas5o le sup]fluita del c]ebro4 ,capitulum sextum de ano?omia oris palati d5tium uuulae faucum et l+uae4 ,ne la bo*a sono doi labri uno disotto e laltro si e disopra compo/i de n]ui c>ne cute e panniculo de una mirabile comixtione 9 modo *e la cute e la c>ne e li n]ui et el panniculo non se poss5o sep]>e insieme3 e que/o fu facto acio *e hau5do bisogno qui/i labri di m\]se p] ognie u]so bisogno *e fuss5o cusi compo/i p] *e non se posse f>e 9 quello luo*o musculi p] la graueza gr&e *e s]ia /ata3 el paniculo *e copre i labri nasce da la tuni*a intr9se*a del m]i cio e de la uia *e ua a lo /omaco3 et consequ5t] se cont9ua p] que/o modo cum la tuni*a int]iore del /omaco cusi como etiam dio tute le altre p>te de la bo*a se folio #ad v]so cont9uano acio *el s5tim5to del /omaco se con=mi al s5tim5to de la bo*a et p] que/o app>e *e qu&o el de u5ire uomito a qual*e uno trema lo labro inf]iore4 ,da poi li labri sono tr5tadoi d5ti s$eci sup]iori et s$ici inf]iori3 de li inf]iori doi sono dicti duali3 doi altri incisiui3 doi altri can9i3 quatro maxill>i3 et sei mol>i *e sono 9 tuto s$ici3 altratanti sup]iori4 ,=no facti li d5ti3 prima p] ma/ic>e el cibo acio *e meglio si dige/a3 secundo p] la uoce et di/9ctione de la eloquela cusi como furno facti li labri4 ,onde quilli *e man*ano de d5ti o de labri non pr(]iscono b5e4 ,da poi tu u$]ai el palato el quale ha una c]ta concauita ne la sumittade acio *e la uoce habbia el suo tono3 et etiam *el cibo qu&o se ma/i*a meglio si possa reuolg]e p] bo*a3 ,ne la f9e del palato tu u$]ai una c>ne p5d5te 9 modo de uno grano duua3 imp]o si *iama uuula3 et e de sub/antia r>a e spongiosa p] *e fu facta pr9cipalm5te a receu]e la humidita *e desc5de dal capo acio non desc5da a membri inf]iori imp]o spesso se tumefa dicta uuula3 fu facta etiamdio acio *e temp]asse et modulasse la uoce refrang5do lai]e *e ui5e dal polmone3 et etiam *e lo ai]e atrahato al polmone lo rit5ga al quanto rep]cuti5dolo acio *e cusi frigido non p]u5ga al polmone folio #ae recto ma alquanto alt]ato3 e p] que/a rasone app>e *e quilli *e hano tagliata la uuula sono molto cat>osi imp]o com&ano i m$ici *e non se taglie qu&o e apo/omata3 ma *e se caut]ige cum fuoco4 ,dapoi la uuula sono le fauce3 e sono li luo*i ampli gl&osi dispo/i a receu]e le sup]fluitade del c]ebro imp]o facilm5te se apo/emano4 ,dapoi e la l+ua laquale e fabricata et ligata a losso po/]iore del capo dicto lauda facto a modo de uno ,a p] aba*o e fu compo/a di c>ne1 panniculo1 u5e1 ar?>ie1 et n\e musculi3 e =no facti tanti musculi 9 essa p] *e se d\ea molto m\]e p] ogne u]so secondo el bisogno de la loquela3 ,et fu 9 essa piu u5e ar?>ie e n]ui *e 9 qualon*a altro membro rispetto de la sua gr&eza3 et fu facta la l+ua acio *e fusse organo del gu/o p] n]ui *e u5gono dal t]zo p>e di n]ui gia dicto circa la sua radice3 et sono de due facta n]ui *e u5gono a la l+ua cio e uno p>o di n]ui motiui a d>li el moto3 et uno altro p>o di n]ui s5sitiui a d>li el gu/o3 et tu u$]ai *e li n]ui motiui piu se pr(ondano ne la l+ua p] d>li el m\]e3 et li n]ui s5sitiui sono piu expansi ne la sup]ficie3 et nel suo panniculo a d>li el gu/o e el tacto3 ,fu etiam facto la l+ua *e des]uisse al pr(]ire de le p>ole3 et etiam a reuolg]e el cibo p] bo*a qu&o se ma/i*a4 ,circa folio #ae v]so la radice de la l+ua da ciascuno lato sono c>ne gl&ose facte acio *e g5]ass5o la humidita saliuale *e hauesse a humet>e la l5gua acio *e non se siccase p] tanti m\im5ti *e ha 9 se3 et 9 que/e c>ne gl&ose sono dui bu*i *e poria intr>e uno /ile e p] quilli bu*i se di/illa la humidita saliuale4 ,sotto la l+ua sono doe u5e gr&e uiride da le quale poi proc$5o piu altre u5e4 ,et nota *e la megliore l+ua quanto al des]uire al p>l>e e la l+ua *e e m$iocre ne la longitud9e e sua latitud9e cio e *e non sia tropo longa ne tropo l>ga3 e *e apresso de la ponta et extremita sua ext]iore sia sutile p] *e la l+ua *e e longa l>ga e grossa o u]o tropo picola non e conu5i5te al p>l>e4 ,nota etiam *e la l+ua ha colligantia cum el c]ebro m$iante li n]ui *e u5gono ad essa et cum el figato m$iante le u5e3 et cum el core m$iante le ar?>ie et cum el /omaco m$iante el m]i3 et cum el polmono m$iante la cana de esso polmone3 imp]o 9 ciascuna infirmita i signi de la l5gua sono molti efficaci a iudic>e di tale infirmita3 e quiue se f9isse la ano?omia del primo membro pr9cipale cio e el c]ebro e del suo habitaculo4 ,tractatus secundus de ano?omia membrorum spiritualium et secundi membri pr9cipalis3 capitulum primum de ano?omia gule et colli4 folio #af recto ,f9ito el primo membro pr9cipale e u$uta la ano?omia del suo habitaculo e de le altre cam>e des]u5te a quello re/a a u$]e la ano?omia di gli altri membri pr9cipali3 ,e prima u$]emo la no?omia del collo e de la gola *e e condutto e meato dal primo membro pr9cipale a glialtri4 ,diciamo adon*a *e la gola si e uno c]to spatio nel quale sono doe uie una *e m5a el cibo al /omaco3 e que/a se *iama m]i3 ,laltra uia m5a lai]e al pulmone a rifrig]>e el core3 etiam m5a fuora lai]e e uapori caldi da esso core3 ,onde se tu sc>ni el collo e la gola tu u$]ai c]ti musculi longitud9ali sopra liquali nota le u5e da tuti doi li canti3 et eleuati quilli musculi tu u$]ai doe c>ne ala =ma de doe m&ole ne la radice de la l+ua3 una da ciascuno lato3 de le quale habiamo dicto p>te disopra3 et an*e noi dicemo *e sono como doe ore*iette picole1 e sono n]uose acio *e siano =te et aiut5o a f>e p5etr>e lai]e a la canna del polmone3 et etiam que/e tale amigdale hano a congreg>e una c]ta humidita p] humett>e la l+ua como e /ato dicto et p] humet>e etiam la canna del polmone acio *e non se dessiccasse3 et an*e acio *e reimpiss5o i luo*i uacui de la gola3 et an*e acio *e fuss5o scuto e tutella de le u5e ar?>ie *e asc5d5o al capo3 ,onde p] que/o collo e gola passano le u5e dal figato asc5d5do al c]ebro a d>li el nutrim5to folio #af v]so p] esso an*e passano le ar?>ie *e asc5d5o dal core al c]ebro a d>li la uita3 et acio *el spirito uitale p] esse uada al re! mirabile delquale e /ato dicto d\5ti animale e *iamase que/e ar?>ie apopletice p] *e qu&o se opillano g5]ano la poplesia cio e el male de la gozola prohib5do el transito del spirito4 ,p] que/o etiam collo passano i n]ui *e desc5d5o dal capo ai membri inf]iore a d>li el s5tire et el m\]e3 e tute que/e p>te potrai u$]e esc>n&o e tagli&o el collo e la gola p] lo longo4 ,capitulum secundum de ano?omia pulmonis et tra*eae ar?>ie2 id e/ cane pulmonis4 ,v$iamo hora la ano?omia del core el quale e laltro membro pr9cipale3 e del suo domicilio nel quale e an*e collocato el polmone como quello *e s]ue ad esso core4 ,volse ,ari/otile *el core fusse el primo pr9cipio e cagione de tute le op]atione del corpo3 e *e fusse pr9cipio del s5tire e del m\]e e del nutrire e del uiu]e e *e li era solo uno membro pr9cipale3 e *e el c]ebro e el figato erano suoi m9i/ri3 ma que/o non piaque a ,gali5o ne a li altri m$ici liquali p] hora noi seguitemo4 ,el domicilio adon*a del core si e el luo*o del pecto circundato da le co/e dala p>te d9anzi e da la p>te de drieto folio #ag recto da uno c]to panniculo *iamato m$ia/9o e da la p>te di sopra el com5za dal pr9cipio de la canna del polmone et t]m9ase ale p>te di sotto a uno paniculo *iamato diafragma4 ,com5tiamo adun*a ala p>te disopra cio e dal pr9cipio de la canna del polmone e diciamo *e el m]i cio e la uia del cibo et la tra*ea ar?>ia cioe la canna del polmone *e e uia de lo hanelito com5tiano 9 uno m$esimo luo*o3 ,et imp]o fece la natura uno coop]torio al pr9cipio de la canna del polmone de una c>ne c>?ilag9osa e panniculosa anexa al palato sotto luuula e que/a c>ne copre lorificio de essa canna del polmone el quale orificio si *iama epiglotto3 acio *e ne lhora del transglutire ni5te del cibo e del poto desc5desce a la uia del polmone p] *e indurebbe suffocatione3 ,imp]o adui5e *e se uno rid5do transglutisse qual*e cosa ua al polmone et app>e *e lhuomo se s(fo*i p] *e ne lhora del rid]e se apre lo epiglotto3 ,lieua adon*a el m]i da la tra*ea ar?>ia acio *e tu uidi la compositione sua3 ma sapii *e el m]i e la tra*ea facilm5te se sep]ano p] ins9o al epyglotto cio e al orificio de essa tra*ea ma circa lo epyglotto cum dificulta se sep]ano p] *e la tunica del m]i si e disp]sa ne lo epyglotto3 e que/o fece la natura sagacem5te acio *e ne lhora del transglutire del cibo qu&o folio #ag v]so el m]i se lieua u]so la bo*a ad atrah]e el cibo an*e lo epyglotto se lieua acio *e reman5do gioso p] la sua dureza non imp$isse el transito del cibo4 ,la tra*ea ar?>ia o u]o canna del polmone e composita de anuli c>?ilag9osi e panniculosi e de ligam5ti *e cont9uano quilli anuli insieme facta da la natura a transport>e lai]e al polmone p] au5t>e el core3 a transport>e fuora i uapori caldi da esso et etiam fu facta a =m>e la uoce ne la sua extremita cio e ne lo epyglotto3 ,que/a canna bisogno *e fusse c>?ilag9osa et alquanto dura et non pellicul>e e molle p]*e bisognaua />e ap]ta ess5do uia de lai]e3 e non fu etiam ossuosa p] *e d\ea ess]e flexibile p] la =matione de la uoce3 et an*e se fusse ossuosa imp$iria el transito del cibo p] el m]i qu&o fusse tropo3 ,et p] que/a ragione la c>?ilag9e di que/a canna non fu una ma furno piu cont9uate p] c]te pellicole insieme3 e que/e sono facte como c]ti semicirculi 9 modo de uno ,c p] *e se fusse una c>?ilag9e s]ia dura e comprimirebbe el m]i et imp$iria el transito del cibo4 ,onde que/a cana ne la p>te ant]iore e c>?ilag9osa p] *e u]so quella p>te non to*a el m]i et an*e acio *e sia piu difesa da le cose ext]iore ma u]so la p>te po/]iore e pellicul>e p] ins9o a lo epyglotto3 ,la quale poi tuta e c>?ilag9osa folio #ah recto p] la ragione dicta3 e que/a canna del pulmone non desc5de se non ins9o a la furcula sotto laquale e incont95ti situato el pulmone3 et el sito de essa e ne la p>te d9anzi3 et dritam5te proc$e e non /orta acio *e lai]e habbia piu lib]o +resso3 et lo epyglotto *e e pr9cipio di que/a canna si e tuto c>?ilag9oso acio *e sia piu sonoro3 et e apresso la bo*a acio *e sia in/rum5to dela uoce3 laquale poi ne la bo*a d\5ta locutione p] *e la uoce f9alm5te ne lhuomo se ord9a al p>l>e4 ,que/o epyglotto e compo/o de tre c>?ilag9e e u9ti musculi3 ,una c>?ilag9e si e ne la p>te ant]iore e *iamasi clipeale a modo de uno capello3 ,laltra si e ne la p>te po/]iore u]so el m]i e que/a non ha nome3 ,la t]za si e 9 mezo di que/e doe et 9 essa e una l5guetta 9 modo de una l+ua de zalamella e *iamasi que/a c>?ilag9e fi/ula de lo epyglotto p] *e como la fi/ula se ord9a nel sono cusi que/a c>?ilag9e si e ord9ata al canto e la melodia3 ,que/o epyglotto etiam e compo/o de u9ti musculi a d>e el moto uolunt>io secondo el bisogno de =m>e la uoce3 e dodeci di qui/i sono da la p>te di d5tro e octo dala p>te de fuori et a qui/i musculi u5gono dui n]ui *e hano orig9e dal sexto p>e de n]ui del c]ebro dicti3 di quali una p>te desc5de p] ins9o al core e poi com5za a reasc5d]e p] ins9o a lo epyglotto imp]o folio #ah v]so sono dicti n]ui reu]siui li quali sono n]ui de la uoce e qu&o sono alo epyglotto se sp>g5o inqui/i u9ti musculi a d>li el s5tire e el m\]e4 ,que/i n]ui =no reu]siui e non directi p] molte cagione3 prima acio *e fuss5o piu =ti p] *e quanto el n]uo e piu remoto dal c]ebro tanto e piu sicco e =te3 ,la seconda acio *e fus5o facti a modo de uno fr5o da cauallo acio *el c]ebro meglio m\esse lo epyglotto secondo lo imp]io de la sua uolunta m$iante que/i n]ui como lhuomo m\e el cauallo al suo libito m$iante el fr5o3 ,la t]za cagione e p] *e la uoce non solo dep5de dal c]ebro como dal pr9cipio del moto uolunt>io ma etiam dep5de dal core como da quello nel quale se =mano i concepti del c]ebro et consequ5t] i concepti de la uoce3 bisogno adon*a *e dicti n]ui comunicass5o al core3 ,la qu>ta cagione e p] *e qui/i n]ui d\5do uegnire ali musculi pr$icti bisogno *e uignis5o al pr9cipio de dicti musculi e non a la f9e3 et el pr9cipio di qui/i musculi de lo epyglotto e ne la p>te inf]iore4 ,da poi la tra*ea ar?>ia tu u$]ai el pulmone ala compositione del quale concorr5o piu p>te ramificate como fili sutili ad ordire la sua sub/antia3 ,la prima p>te *e entra ne la sub/antia del polmone si e la tra*ea ar?>ia laquale folio #ai recto como gionge a la furcula del pecto se diuide 9 doe p>te3 una ua al dritto e laltra al s9i/ro del pulmone e ciascuna di quelle se diuide 9 doe altre p>te cio e sup]iore et inf]iore3 e ciascuno de quilli rami3 se diuide etiam 9 rami m9ori e cusi diuid5dosi p]u5gono a rami m9imi como fili e circundano tuta la sub/antia del pulmone4 ,una altra p>te *e ordisse la sub/antia del pulmone si e una c]ta u5a *e ha orig9e dal u5triculo dritto del core laquale porta el sangue sutile dal core a nutrire el pulmone3 e *iamasi u5a ar?>iale ,v5a p] *e non pi*ia ar?>iale p] *e e compo/a de doe tuni*e como sono le ar?>ie3 e que/a u5a se ramifica ne la sub/antia del pulmone como la tra*ea art>ia4 ,la t]za p>te *e compone el pulmone si e una c]ta ar?>ia *e nasce dal s9i/ro u5triculo del core dicta ar?>ia u5ale3 ,ar?>ia p] *e pi*ia ,v5ale p] *e e compo/a de una tunica como le altre u5e et p] que/a ar?>ia se transporta dal pulmone al core lai]e *e ui5e da la tra*ea ar?>ia a refrig]>e esso core3 ,et p]que/a ar?>ia etiam se m&a dal core al pulmone lai]e e uapori caldi e dal polmone poi escono fuori p] essa tra*ea e que/a ar?>ia similit] se ramifica como le altre doe p>te pr$icte3 ,onde li rami de la tra*ea folio #ai v]so e de l>?>ia u5ale e u5a ar?>iale compongono tuto el pulmone 9 modo de una re!3 et i bu*i de que/a re! reimpisse una c]te c>ne molle spongiosa laquale proprio e sub/antia de esso pulmone3 ,et tute que/e quatro p>te pr$icte sono inuolute da uno c]to panniculo *e ha orig9e da uno panniculo *e e sotto le co/e *iamato pleura del quale poi se dira p] que/o panniculo ha el pulmone el s5tim5to p] *e el pulmone non s5te secondo la sua sub/antia4 ,et nota *e li rami de la tra*ea ar?>ia sono magiori *e li rami de la u5a ar?>iale1 et de la ar?>ia u5ale p] *e nascono da magiore tron*o et etiam nota *e el pulmone e magiore ne la p>te dritta *e ne la /an*a p] *e dal lato /an*o glie el core *e occupa quello luo*o3 ,similit] e magiore ne la p>te po/]iore *e ne la p>te ant]iore3 ,que/o membro sie como flabello del core a refrig]>lo et etiam a mondific>lo da li uapuri *e cont9ue se g5]ano 9 esso3 imp]o e s]uo e m9i/ro del core4 ,capitulum t]tium de ano?omia cordis quod e/ secundum membrum pr9cipale4 ,dapoi te app>]a el core nel mezo del pulmone coop]to da le sue p5ole acio *e lai]e atrahatto da esso pulmone lo refrig]e1 e del suo caldo e spirito se tempri3 ,que/o membro tra lialtri quatro e pr9cipalissimo p] *e e el primo *e ne la g5]atione folio #bj recto uiue et e lultimo *e m4 ,que/o membro e de m$iocre quantita p] rispecto di li altri membri de lhuomo3 ma p] rispecti di li cori de lialtri animali e molto gr&e p]*e lhuomo ha piu del caldo naturale *e glialtri animali quantitatiue et non int5siue3 ,et e di figura pyramidale cio e de la =ma del fuo*o p] *e esso e de excell5te calidita imp]o bisogno *e fusse de una figura *e asomigliasse a la figura del fuo*o3 e que/a tale figura se *iama pigneale cio e simile ala figura de una pigna laquale e lata disotto e /recta di sopra et di tale figura fu facto acio *e meglio se facessono di/9ctione de le sue cellule o u5triculi3 et etiam se fusse /ato de una figura tuta uni=me como e la p>te disotto s]ia /ato tropo graue e pond]oso4 ,que/o membro e situato nel mezo de tuto el corpo tolti uia glie extremi cio e nel mezo de le p>te sup]iore et inf]iore3 nel mezo de le p>te d9anzi e de drieto1 e nel mezo de la p>te dritta e s9i/ra como uno re *e /a nel mezo del suo regname e que/o fu facto acio *e potesse equalm5te d>e la uirtu de la uita a tuti membri3 ,e b5*e el core sia quanto al suo fondam5to et ala sua base nel mezo tam5 secondo la sua ponta decl9a al lato /an*o sotto la mamilla s9i/ra acio *e riscaldasse la p>te s9i/ra como el figato riscalda la p>te dritta3 e que/o folio #bj v]so membro se su/5ta e f]ma de uno c]to osso c>tilag9oso p] *e e 9 cont9uo m\im5to3 bisogno adun*a *e hauesse uno apogiam5to alquale se f]masse nel suo m\im5to3 ,et e etiam compo/o de una c]ta p+u$9e ne la p>te ext]iore acio *e prohibisca *el core non se desi*i t55dolo humectato3 ,et e compo/o di c]te u5e et ar?>ie disp]se p] la sua sub/antia3 et e compo/o etiamdio de una c]ta c>ne dura p] *e haueua a su/ignire de molti e =ti m\im5ti3 ,et etiam fu compo/o de uili longitud9ali latitud9ali e transu]sali p] *e bisognaua *e hauesse uirtu de atrah]e retignire et expell]e3 ,e que/o membro ha tri u5triculi o u]o tre cellule como ha el c]ebro4 ,uno u5triculo e dal lato dritto e laltro dal lato /an*o e el t]zo e 9 mezo3 el u5triculo dritto u]so el figato3 el quale ha doi orificii3 uno e u]so el figato et e molto gr&e nel quale entra una u5a *iamata u5a *ilis laquale nasce dal gibbo del figato e porta el sangue dal figato al core3 ,et 9 que/o u5triculo dextro del core se puriffica quello sangue e cusi purificato poi lo m&a el core a tuti li altri membri3 e p] *e p] que/o orificio ha el core piu ad atrah]e *e ad expell]e imp]o ord9o la natura *e ne lhora de la con/rictione qu&o de expell]e *e que/o orificio se *iudesse3 e *e folio #ba recto qu&o el core se dilatta se aprisse3 ,et iui sono tre ho/iolitti o u]o usitti liquali se apr5o da fuora ad5tro3 e que/i ho/ioli non sono molto depressi e p] *e p] que/o m$esimo orificio se expelle el sangue depurato aglialtri membri ma non tuto p] *e una p>te ua al polmone e de laltra p>te se ne fa spirito uitale3 imp]o ord9o la natura *e qui/i ho/ioli non se *iudess5o 9 tuto3 ,e da que/a u5a *ilis inanzi *e entri la concauita del core nasce un altra u5a laquale circunda la radice del core e da quella nascono alcuni rami *e se disp>ghono p] la sub/antia del core3 ,e del sangue de que/a u5a se nutrisse esso core4 ,uno altro orificio ha que/o u5triculo de/ro u]so el pulmone nel quale entra la u5a ar?>iale *e porta el sangue dal core a nutrire el pulmone3 ,et 9 que/o orificio li sono etiam tri ho/ioli liquali se apr5o de la p>te d5tro a la p>te difuori e se *iud5o da la p>te difuori a la p>te di d5tro p] el contr>io di li ho/ioli de laltro orificio3 e que/o e p] *e 9 tuto se *iud5o3 ,onde p] que/o orificio el core ne lhora de la con/rictione solo ha ad expell]e3 e ne lhora de la sua dilatatione non ha ad atrah]e alcuna cosa como faceua nel primo orificio4 ,el u5triculo s9i/ro del core ha i lati piu d5si e piu spissi *e li lati o u]o p>ieti del u5triculo dextro3 e que/o folio #ba v]so fu p] tre ragione3 ,la prima p] *e nel u5triculo dextro se de cont5]e el sangue el quale e graue4 ,e nel u5triculo s9i/ro se de cont9]e el spirito el quale e molto ligi]o3 acio adun*a *el core non fusse piu graue e pond]oso da una p>te *e da laltra bisogno recomp5s>e 9 que/o modo cio e *e lo u5triculo /an*o hauesse piu groseza ne li suoi p>ieti *e el dextro3 ,la seconda cagione e *e ess5do el spirito piu suttile e piu resolubile *al sangue bisogno adon*a *e el suo habitaculo hauesse piu grosso e de megliore sponde3 ,la t]za cagione si e p] *e el u5triculo s9i/ro e molto piu caldo *a el dextro p] *e iui se g5]a el spirito dal sangue p] una gr&e calidita *e suttiglia quello sangue e la calidita meglio se cons]ua nel subiecto d5so e grosso3 ,ne la concauita di que/o u5triculo circa la sua radice li sono dui orificii3 uno si e lorificio de una ar?>ia *iamata ar?>ia adorti p] *e inm$iate ha orig9e dal core e p] *e e pr9cipio de la orig9e de tute le altre3 p] laquale ar?>ia m&a el core el spirito g5]ato a tuti i membri3 et etiam el sangue molto suttile insieme cum el spirito e que/o fa qu&o el core se con/r+e3 ,onde nel pr9cipio di que/o orificio li sono tri ho/ioli liquali 9 tuto se *iud5o da la p>te difuori a quella d5tro3 e se se apr5o da la p>te d5tro a la p>te difuori e que/o folio #bb recto orificio e molto pr(undo4 ,laltro orificio si e de l>?>ia u5ale laquale transporta lai]e dal polmone a refrig]>e el core e transporta i uapori caldi dal core al polmone como e /ato dicto disopra3 ,et 9 que/o orificio li sono doi ho/ioli *e non se *iud5o altuto3 ,et sono molto eleuati acio *e se apogiono melglio a la sponda del core qu&o el m&a el spirito3 ,que/e sono mirabile op]e de la natura como an*e mirabile op]a fu nel u5triculo mezo del core p] *e que/o u5triculo non ha una concauita ma piu lequale sono picole ma l>ghe e piu nela drita p>te *e la s9i/ra3 ,e que/o fece la natura acio *el sangue *e ua dal drito u5triculo al s9i/ro p] conu]t]si 9 spirito cont9uam5te se uegna suttigli&o p] quelle concauita4 ,et p] que/o tu poi u$]e *e dal core nascono quatro cose cio e l>?>ia *iamata adhorti3 ,laltra si e la u5a *ilis3 la t]za si e la u5a ar?>iale3 e la qu>ta si e ar?>ia u5ale4 ,an*e u$]ai nel core c]te p>te pellicul>e 9 modo de auricule o u]o ore*iette apte a dillat>si e con/r+]si facte da la natura acio *e qu&o nel core se g5]a molto sangue o molto spirito se potesse el core dilat>e a cont5ire quello sangue o quello spirito multiplicato et an*e se con/r9za qu&o non glie tanta habundantia di sangue o de spirito4 ,e qui adim&a ,gali5o folio #bb v]so p] *e non fece la natura el core si gr&e *e potesse cont9]e ogne multitud9e di sangue e de spirito s5za quilli adittam5ti di quelle pellicule4 ,risponde ,gali5o *e que/o fu3 prima p]*e el core s]ia /ato tropo gr&e3 et consequ5t] tropo pond]oso3 ,secund>io p] *e non se g5]&o sempre molta quantita de sangue o de spirito sel core fusse /ato tropo gr&e p] la piu p>te de le uolte la concauita del core s]ia /ata uacua3 ma que/e tale auricule se dillatano ne lo adu5im5to del sangue o del spirito e cusi se /r+ono ne la paucita soa4 ,que/o core e circumdato da uno panniculo duro n]uoso o u]o pellicul>e facto 9 modo de una cassetta nel quale e po/o el core como 9 uno suo tab]naculo a diff5s>lo da le cose occurr5te3 ,et e que/a capsula molto dilatata acio *el core ne la sua dillatatione e m\im5to non fusse agrauato da essa3 ,et etiam fece la natura que/a capsula acio *e cont9esse una c]ta aquosita rorida de laquale se bagnasse et humetasse el core acio *e p] el suo cont9uo m\im5to non se si*asse3 ,onde qu&o que/a aqua *e e ne la capsula del core sie desiccata etiam se desicca esso cuore et consequ5t] se demacra e desicca tuto el corpo4 ,capitulum qu>tum de ano?omia trium panniculorum int]iorum scilicet m$ia/9e1 pleure1 diafragmatis4 folio #bc recto ,tri sono li panniculi int]iori dique/o domicilio del core3 ,uno *e se *iama m$ia/9o *e diuide la concauita del pecto p] mezo cio e la p>te d9anzi da la p>te de drieto et consequ5t] diuide el polmone p] mezo3 e que/o panniculo non e n]uoso ne an*e e u]am5te uno cont9uo como li altri paniculi3 e que/o ha facto la natura p] alcune utilita3 prima acio *e se una p>te del polmone receuesse nocum5to di qual*i sup]flui humuri *e se agregass5o 9 quella non p]uegnisse el nocum5to e non regurgitasse quella mat]ia a laltra p>te2 ,secund>io acio *e t5esse suspeso e ligato el polmone al pecto4 ,el secondo panniculo *iamato pleura e uno panniculo duro e n]uoso e molto gr&e3 el quale copre tute le co/e da la p>te d5tro3 imp]o ha colligantia cum tuti li membri liquali se cont5gono ne la concauita del pecto e que/o panniculo fece la natura acio *e cuprisse tuti quilli membri a sua tutela2 et acio *e li paniculi dili membri tuti del pecto hauess5o pr9cipio et orig9e da quello4 ,el t]zo panniculo se *iama ,diafragma e da ,ari/otile e *iamato diazona p] *e e como una c9tura *e c+e p] mezo3 ,que/o panniculo e musculoso cio e c>noso e n]uoso et e situato ne la f9e del pecto e de le co/e e ne la p>te d9anzi quanto a la p>te sua folio #bc v]so c>nosa e cont9uato cum le c>?ilag9e de le co/e m5dose1 e ne la p>te po/]iore e cont9uato cum la duodecima spondile d\e sono le r5e3 ,de le co/e e di li spondili poi noi diremo4 ,la utilita de que/o panniculo prima fu acio *el sep]asse li membri spirituali da li membri naturali cio e el secondo domicilio dal t]zo acio *e li fumi leuati da le feze non p]uegnis5o a li membri spirituali3 ,secund>io p] *e ha a m\]e el pulmone al m\im5to de lo hanelito3 e que/o panniculo b5*e c+ha p] mezo oblique tam5 et non ex directo3 e la cagione di que/a obliquita sie *e da que/o panniculo insieme cum el myra* del quale poi noi diremo se comprim9o le feze *e sono ne l9te/9i ne lhora de la ege/ione como se fuss5o tra doe asse de uno tor*io3 ,e quanto a la p>te meza di que/o panniculo laquale e n]uosa e panniculosa e colligato cum el pulmone p] d>li el m\im5to como e /ato dicto m$iante i n]ui quali u5gono ad esso dal c]ebro e da la nu*a e p] que/o app>e la cagione de la diu]sita de el ,diafragma e de li altri musculi p] *e li altri musculi nel luo*o d\e se congiong5o cum el membro quale deb5o m\]e sono como corde e ne li altri luo*i sono c>nosi p] *e sono facti pr9cipalit] a m\]e le osse3 ma nel diafragma e tuto el contr>io p] *e fu in/ituito pr9cipalm5te folio #bd recto a m\]e el pulmone e non le ossa1 e p] que/o app>e *el diafragma sie rotondo cum una c]ta longitud9e e *e la sua sub/antia e musculosa e cordosa e *e le utilitade sue sono tre3 ,prima acio *e sia pr9cipio del moto de lo hanelito3 ,secundo acio *e diuida tra membri spirituali e naturali3 ,t]tio acio *e aiuti el mira* ad expell]e le sup]fluita quale sono ne l9te/9i4 ,capitulum qu9tum de ano?omia pectoris seu toracis cont95tis membra spiritualia4 ,dicto di li membri *e sono cont5uti d5tro dal pecto3 poniamo adesso la ano?omia de esso pecto3 e disopra habiamo dicto *e glie uno paniculo *iamato pleura quale copre tute le co/e da la p>te di d5tro3 ,da poi quello panniculo tu u$]ai le ossa le quale sono di doe mani]e cio e le co/e e li spondili *e sono como sponde d\e se apogiano le co/e lequale sono dodece da ciascuno lato cio e septe u]e e c9que m5dose3 ,le co/e u]e sono cont9uate cum li spondili a coprire et p]fic]e el pecto3 ma le m5dose non3 et una co/a non att+e laltra ne la extremita acio *e meglio se possa dilat>e e con/r+]e el pecto3 ,li spondili sono septe *e se coniungono cum le septe co/e u]e m$iante c]te c>tilag9e lequale sono tra luno e laltro3 e da que/e c>?ilag9e cum le sue ossa folio #bd v]so se compone uno membro *iamato la furcula del pecto facta a modo de una furcula bifur*ata2 e ne la extremita sua li e una c]ta c>?ilag9e facta a modo de uno scuto a cu/odire la bo*a del /omaco e *iamasi pomo granato3 ,da li lati de le co/e m5dose sono c]te c>?ilag9e4 ,da poi u55do a le p>te de fuora3 sono alcuni musculi di li quali alcuni sono a dillat>e el pecto e sono dui musculi del ,diafragma po/i ne le p>te inf]iore del pecto3 et hano a dillat>e el ,diafragma et consequ5t] el pecto ne la p>te inf]iore d\e e una gr&e spaciosita3 ,item li sono dui altri musculi liquali sono nel collo et hano a dillat>e la concauita sup]iore del pecto la quale e picola4 ,item sono altri musculi ne la s*9a d\e e la orig9e de le co/e1 e com5zano apresso la orig9e de la prima co/a3 ,item sono molti altri musculi picoli liquali cum difficulta se possono u$]e ne la ano?omia3 e tuti qui/i musculi pr$icti sono solo a dillat>e4 ,alcuni altri musculi sono a dilat>e e con/r+]e e sono situati tra le co/e p]*e tra ciascune doe co/e li sono doi musculi di liquali uno ha li uili latitud9ali a dillat>e1 e laltro ha li uili transu]sali a con/r+]e4 ,oltra que/i musculi app>e la p+u$9e le mamille e la cute3 ,la cute e la p+u$9e e asai manife/a folio #be recto imp]o solo noi direme de la ano?omia de le mamille e hau]emo =nito la ano?omia del secondo domicilio e del secondo membro pr9cipale4 ,capitulum sextum de ano?omomia mamill>um et de utilitatibus e>um4 ,la figura de le mamille si e 9 modo de una cu*a rotonda p] *e bisognaua ess]e capace del sangue *e se ha a connet]e 9 lacte e la figura rotonda e piu capace *a le altre3 et etiam p] *e le mamille sono como scuto del core imp]o d\eano hau]e una figura piu secura da li nocum5ti3 e que/a tale figura e la rotonda4 ,le mamille hebb5o doi capi picoli acio *e la creatura potesse suci>e el lacte3 ,e la sub/antia sua si e c]te c>ne gl&ose le quale de sua natura sono frigide acio *e el sangue d\5ti bian*o 9 esse e que/o non se fa s5on p] infrigidatione del dicto sangue4 ,la quantita de le mamille ne la dona e magiore *e nel mas*io p] *e bisognaua g5]>e el lacte ne la dona e non nel mas*io4 ,et etiam ess5do la fem9a piu frigida *el mas*io bisogno ess]e magiore le mamille 9 esse acio *e facess5o magiore reu]b]atione del caldo al core et p] que/a reu]b]atione lo =tifficas5o4 ,le mamille ne lhuomo =no facte due como 9 tuti li altri animali *e g5]ano una o doe creature3 ma ne folio #be v]so glialtri animali *e g5]ano piu figlioli sono facte piu mamille4 ,ne lhuomo =no situate nel pecto e ne li altri animali nel u5tre3 e que/o fu p] molte casone3 ,la prima secondo ,gali5o e *el sangue del quale se g5]a el lacte deba ess]e b5 dige/o imp]o bisogno ess]e prop9que al core ne lhuomo p] la cui calidita quello sangue fusse meglio dige/o3 ma ne li altri animali molta quantita de tale sangue sup]fluo ua a conu]tirse 9 corni o 9 altri membri4 ,la seconda cagione asegna ,ari/otile *e li altri animali hano le gambe d9anzi molto /rette et imp]o hano el pecto molto /retto3 ma ne lhuomo el pecto e amplo3 onde non potete la natura situ>e le mamille ne glialtri animali como ne lhuomo4 ,la t]za cagione si e *el core de lhuomo hebbe bisogno de ess]e piu deff5sato *e el core de li altri animali li quali li hano pili disopra imp]o fece la natura le mamille como def5saculo ne lhuomo *e non ha pili inquelle p>te4 ,le mamille hano colligantia cum el core e cum el figato p] una c]ta u5a *e asc5de dal figato ad esse mamille3 ha etiam dio colligantia cum la matrice m$iante c]te u5e *e u5gono da la matrice ad esse e proc$5o quelle u5e tortuose acio *e cont9uam5te se asuttiglie el sangue e meglio se dige/a a conu]tirse 9 lacte4 folio #bf recto ,tractatus t]tius de ano?omia t]tii membri pr9cipalis scilicet epatis et eidem des]ui5tibus3 capitulum primum de ano?omia /omaci4 ,v$uto de doi membri pr9cipali et di li suoi m9i/ri et etiam de li suoi domicilii v$iamo mo la ano?omia d doi altri membri pr9cipali cio e figato e te/iculi et di li membri *e sono suoi m9i/ri et etiam de li suoi domicilii3 ,e noi det]m9>emo de tuti dui qui/i inque/o tractato p] *e li membri *e des]u5o a la g5]atione non hanno di/9cto domicilio da li membri nutritiui3 ,e que/o domicilio com5za dal pomo granato *e copre la bo*a del /omaco del quale habiamo dicto e dura p] ins9o al pet5e*io inclusiue includ5doli la uirga e li te/iculi3 et que/o e quanto p] lo longo1 ma quanto p] el l>go dura da uno fian*o a laltro e p] el pr(ondo dura da la cute de lombelico *e copre el corpo d9anzi dale co/e +ioso p] ins9o a las*9a de drieto3 ,inque/o domicilio li sono cont5uti di molti membri cio e /omaco1 inte/9i1 figato1 fele1 milza mis9t]ii1 girbo1 rognoni1 vesica1 te/iculi1 vasi sp]matici1 matrice ne la fem9a1 e la uirga ne lhuomo de liquali membri solo dui sono pr9cipali cio e el figato et li te/iculi secondo ,gali5o1 o uasi sp]matici secondo ,ari/otile4 ,noi adon*a sequit>emo secondo el no/ro ord9e consueto com5ti&o a li membri sup]iori e desc5d5do a l9f]iori4 ,com5ti>emo folio #bf v]so adon*a dal /omaco e dal m]i *e e uia del cibo ad esso /omaco1 ,e noi habiamo dicto di sopra *e como la cana del pulmone era conducto de lai]e cusi el m]i era conducto del cibo e del poto3 ,e *e la bo*a de la cana del pulmone e la bo*a del m]i erano congionte insieme p] la rasone iue dicta4 ,la su/antia di que/o m]i sie pellicul>e e molle como la cana del pulmone e pellicul>e e c>?ilag9osa e bisogno *el m]i fusse molle acio potesse dilat>si qu&o lhuomo piglia tropo cibo1 et an*e que/o m]i non /a ap]ta como fa la cana del pulmone ma p] la sua mollitie una p>te cade sopra laltra4 ,la subatantia del m]i e compo/a de doe tuni*e una intr9se*a *e ha c]ti uili o n]uetti longitud9ale *e sono facti ad atrah]e el cibo3 e laltra sie ext]iore lie laquale sono uili latitud9ali facti ad expell]e quello *e e /ato atratto da la tuni*a int]iore3 b5*e la prima tuni*a sie piu pr9cipale *e la seconda4 ,la quantita del m]i e magiore *e non e la quantita de la cana del pulmone p] *e el m]i ua piu longo *e non fa essa cana3 ,onde el m]i ua p] ins9o al diafragma e desotto da esso se cont9ua cum la bo*a del /omaco onde el /omaco e incont95ti sotto el diafragma3 ,et an*e el m]i e magiore 9 l>gheza p] *e hauea a pass>e p] esso cosa piu grosa *e non e folio #bg recto lai]e4 ,que/o etiam ,m]i e po/o piu nel pr(ondo u]so le p>te po/]iore cio e u]so la s*9a d\e ua a ritr\>e la bo*a del /omaco laquale bo*a e u]so le p>te po/]iore3 p] *e la bo*a del /omaco e ligata ala s*9a ex directo 9 el pr9cipio de la sua ligatura cio e a la decima t]za spondile sotto el diafragma3 el quele se t]m9a ala duodecima spondile e poi consequ5t] proc$e el /omaco alig&osi ali spondili de le r5e4 ,que/o /omaco sie cella del cibo et e quasi 9 mezo de tuto el corpo como e /ato dicto del core3 p] *e ess5do como lauezo d\e se ha a coc]e el cibo bisogno ess]e 9 mezo acio *el receuesse calore da tute le p>te e da tuti li membri circum/anti3 et non fu po/o el /omaco apresso de la bo*a p] la rasone dicta3 ,tu u$]ai adon*a el /omaco hau]e sopra si el core e el diafragma e desotto el mis9t]io e l9te/9i3 da la p>te dritta el figato el quale lo abraza cum c9que sue p5ole3 da la p>te s9i/ra la milza laquale li r5de calore m$iante le sue ar?>ie3 da la p>te d9anzi ha una re! *iamata el ,girbo3 da la p>te de drieto li musculi de la s*9a e una u5a gr&e e una ar?>ia *e passa p] la s*9a como poi se u$]a3 da tuti qui/i membri receue calore el /omaco acio *e coza b5e el cibo4 ,e b5 *el /omaco sia situato sopra de la ,s*9a ni5te di m5o la p>te sua sup]iore decl9a al folio #bg v]so lato /an*o1 e la p>te inf]iore al lato drito3 e que/o fu p] *e ne la p>te dritta li e el figato molto eleuato ne le p>te sup]iore1 e la milza ne la p>te /an*a e piu de pressa3 imp]o la p>te sup]iore del /omaco non se potete loc>e ne la p>te dritta p] *e el figato occupaua quello luo*o ma b5 se potete loc>e ne la s9i/ra cio e disopra dala milza d\e li era uacuita4 ,item p] *e disotto dal figato li sono gl9te/9i suttili e gracili liquali occupano po*o luo*o et iue remane una gr&e concanita imp]o fu locata la p>te inf]iore del /omaco iue a reimpire quella concauita3 ,et p] *e etiam ne la p>te /an*a disotto da la milza apresse de le r5e glie uno inte/9o molto grosso *iamato colon el quale occupa uno gr&e luo*o imp]o non se potete loc>e dicta p>te inf]iore nel lato /an*o4 ,una altra cagione p] laquale el /omaco non fu po/o a presso de la bo*a e p]*e apresso de la bo*a bisognorno ess]e i membri de lo hanelito ad atrah]e lai]e3 ,et an*e p] *e el bisognaua *e gl9te/9i fuss5o cont9uati cum el /omaco1 e bisognaua *e gl9te/9i fuss5o disotto dal diafragma4 ,et p] que/o app>e *e p] molte cagione el /omac non fu locate p] el dritto ma p] lo /orto e p] lo obliquo3 la prima si e gia dicta acio reimpisse la uacuita de la p>te dritta e /an*a3 ,la seconda p] *e ess5do lhuomo de /atura dritta non retigniria b5e el cibo folio #bh recto ma subito uscirebe fuori p] la bo*a disotto3 ,la t]za cagione p] *e bisognaua *el /omaco receuesse da la milza quanto a la bo*a sup]iore lhumore mel5conico a d>li lapetito3 et quanto a la bo*a disotto bisono *e receuesse lhumore coll]ico dal figato3 et imp]o bisogno *e la bo*a sup]iore del /omaco fusse dal lato /anco d\e e la milza e la bo*a inf]iore fusse dal lato dritto d\e e el figato4 ,e p] que/o app>e *el /omaco ha colligantia cum la milza p] c]te n5e *e portano lhumore mel5conico ad esso3 et ha similit] colligantia cum el figato p] molte altre u5e *e li portano el nutrim5to dal figato3 et ha colligantia cum el core m$iante una gr&e ar?>ia *e e po/a sotto esso3 et ha colligantia cum el c]ebro m$iante uno c]to n]uo el quale ua ala bo*a del /omaco et iue se sp>ge e diuidese circa la sup]iore p>te de esso /omaco4 ,la figura del /omaco fu rotonda acio *e fusse piu tuta da li nocum5ti extr9seci et acio an*e *e fusse piu capace p] *e bisognaua cont9]e di molto cibo3 ,ma non fu p]fectam5te rotonda p] la rasone dicta p] *e bisognaua *e una p>te decl9asse al lato dritto e laltra al lato /anco imp]o e di figura arcuale 9 modo de una cu*a ritorta e fu molto gr&e el /omaco acio potesse receu]e gr&e quantita de cibo4 ,el /omaco e compo/o de due tuni*e3 ,una int]iore laquale e n]uosa e laltra folio #bh v]so ext]iore e c>nosa3 ,et la prima tunica n]uosa e piu grossa e spessa *e la seconda p] *e hauea a to*>e el cibo acio *e non receuesse nocum5to da esso e p] *e se potesse dilat>e e con/r+]e secondo el bisogno de la quantita del cibo3 ma la tuni*a ext]iore fu piu suttile onde e da not>e *e la tuni*a int]iore bisogno ess]e n]uosa p] molte rasone3 prima p] *e 9 essa de ess]e lapetito e el s5tim5to e non e dubio *e meglio se s5te la cosa qu&o s5za mezo ocorre al s5tim5to3 ma la ext]iore fu c>nosa facta a dig]ire et alt]>e el cibo3 la alt]atione e dige/ione se puo b5 f>e p] mezo e non occorr5do 9 m$iate a la cosa3 ,que/a tuni*a adon*a ext]iore e piu suttile *e la int]iore p] *e e aiutata dai membri circum/anti a dig]]e3 non bisogno ess]e adon*a tropo grossa4 ,la tuni*a int]iore e deputata ad atrah]e el cibo et a retignirlo debito tempo p] ins9o *e se dige/isse3 imp]o ha alcuni uili longitud9ali ne la sup]ficie int]iore m$iante li quali atrahe a se el cibo3 e ne la sup]ficie ext]iore ha alcuni uili transu]sali p] liquali riti5e el cibo3 ,et la tuni*a ext]iore ha a dig]ire el cibo et consequ5t] ha ad expel]lo qu&o e dige/o3 imp]o 9 essa c]ti uili latitud9ali sono po/i p] liquali ha ad expell]e el cibo dige/o3 ,la bo*a del /omaco sup]iore e piu lata *e non e la inf]iore p] *e folio #bi recto p] la bo*a disopra hauea intr>e el cibo grosso indige/o e p] la bo*a disotto hauea uscire el cibo suttile e dige/o3 ,e qui/i doi orificii non sono facti molto em95ti ma la p>te inf]iore del /omaco e piu disotto *e la bo*a inf]iore acio *el cibo se retegna et similit] la p>te sup]iore del /omaco e piu em95te e piu insuso *e non e la bo*a sup]iore acio *e ess5do el /omaco pi5o de cibo incl9&osi lhuomo cum la bo*a 9 giu non ritornasse el cibo fuora4 ,doe adon*a sono le utilita del /omaco3 ,una ad appet]e el cibo necess>io p] tuto el corpo3 e que/o fa p] la tuni*a n]uosa int]iore e laltra e a dig]]e el cibo e que/o fa p] la tunica ext]iore c>nosa4 ,capitulum secundum tractatus t]tii de ano?omia inte/9orum et mis9t]ii4 ,dapoi il /omaco li sequitano gl9te/9i li quali sono sei reuoluti cioe tri suttili e tri grossi et non fu ne lhuomo uno solo inte/9o recto ma furno piu e circumuoluti acio *el cibo longo tempo se cont9esse nel /omaco et inte/9i p] *e se cusi non fusse bisogn]ia *e lhuomo fusse 9 cont9ua asumptione de cibo1 et 9 cont9ua ege/ione e s]ia /ato lhuomo molto occupato 9 tale uile op]atione3 ,et an*e sel fusse /ato uno solo inte/9o recto non s]ia /ato tuto el cibo da ciascuna p>te de lo folio #bi v]so inte/9o toco et consequ5t] non s]ia /ato exsiccata tuta lhumiditade del cibo3 ,acio adon*a tuta la humidita del cibo sia desiccata et atratta al figato e *e ni5te o po*a non rimanga ne le feze3 ,furno facti piu inte/9i circumuoluti3 ,el primo adon*a inte/9o e *iamato duod5o et e suttile e *iamasi duod5o p]*e e longo quanto e dodice uolte el dito grosso di quello tale3 ,et 9 que/o inte/9o li entra el cibo como e dige/o nel /omaco p] la bo*a de sotto de esso /omaco *iamata porton>ia o u]o pyl]um cum la quale se cont9ua que/o inte/9o duod5o4 ,dige/o &on*a el cibo nel /omaco se apre que/o porton>io e m&a la uirtu expulsiua del /omaco que/o tale cibo ne lo inte/9o duod5o3 ,a que/o inte/9o ua uno canale o u]o condutto dal fele p] el quale se porta la coll]a ad esso inte/9o4 ,da poi que/o inte/9o li sequitan uno altro inte/9o suttile *iamato ieiuno p]*e e la piu p>te del tempo uacuo p] doe ragione3 ,prima p] *e e dritto e non inuoluto3 ,la seconda p] *e una gr&e multitud9e de coll]a pura ui5e ad esso p] quello m$esimo condutto *e ua al duod5o3 e que/a coll]a mordica lo inte/9o e fa desc5d]e gioso el cibo4 ,dapoi sequita el t]zo inte/9o suttile *iamato ileon p] *e e situato circa gli ilii id e/ li fian*i3 ,onde 9 que/o inte/9o glie ui5e el dolore iliaco cio e dolore de fianco e que/o folio #cj recto inte/9o hebbe molte inuolutione1 et an*e ad esso p]u5gono de molte u5e picole dal figato *iamate mes>ai*e3 ,e que/o fece la natura acio *e el figato atrahesse la humorosita dal cibo p] quelle u5e1 onde a que/o inte/9o li p]u5gono piu u5e mes>ai*e *e nesuno di li altri4 ,dapoi que/i tri inte/9i sutili suc$5o li grossi3 ,e que/o fu facto p] *e quanto el cibo ui5e piu desc5d5do tanto piu d\5tano dure le feze e piu grosse imp]o bisogno *e gl9te/9i inf]iori fuss5o piu ampli *e li sup]iori4 ,el primo adon*a inte/9o grosso *e sequita ali suttili si e *iamato monoculo1 non p] *e habia solo uno oreficio p] *e que/o s]ia impossibile anzi ne ha doi como li altri uno p] elquale atrahe el cibo e laltro p] elquale expelle3 ma p] *e qui/i doi oreficii inque/o inte/9o sono uno a presso de laltro como coiuncti e non disp>titi como ne glialtri imp]e app>e hau]e solo uno oreficio1 onde p] que/o monoculo e *iamato3 ,et an*e *iamato sacco p] *e p5de la sua concauita como un sacco /&o li suoi orificii de sopra3 ,que/o inte/9o e situato ne la p>te dritta apresso lan*a e disotto dal rognone dritto4 ,e fu facto acio *e ret9esse el cibo ani lo reu]b]ase a li inte/9i sup]iori e prohibisse *e non desc5desse acio *e 9 quilli inte/9i se esuccasse dal figato la sua humidita como e /ato dicto4 ,da poi que/o inte/9o sequita laltro grosso folio #cj v]so *iamato colon p] *e ha piu colli o u]o cellule ne lequale el /]*o recceue la sua =ma4 ,que/o inte/9o ha de molte inuolutione circa el rognon /an*o e poi asc5de e copre la milza e poi se decl9a a la p>te dritta u5do piu u]so le p>te ext]iore e copre el /omaco4 ,e p] que/o app>e la cagione p] *e fu locato sopra del /omaco e de sopra tuti li altri inte/9i3 que/o fu p] *e era piu ignobile de lialtri1 e como membro piu ignobile fu po/o u]so le p>te ext]iore et an*e p] *e le feze se indurano 9 esso acio *e hauesse qual*e humidita dal girbo del quale poi noi u$]emo4 ,laltra cagione de cio e *e ess5do que/o inte/9o facto a cont9]e et expell]e le feze ma piu ad expel]e imp]o bisognaua ad esso u5ire piu coll]a *e hauesse a /imul>e la uirtu expulsiua piu *e ne glialtri3 imp]o sopra di quello ne la p>te dritta una p5ula del figato d\e e alligata la ce/a del fele como app>e al s5tim5to3 e que/o fu *e de sopra de que/o inte/9i li p]u5isse la coll]a oltra quella *e ua a la sua concauita como etiam ua a le concauita de glialtri inte/9i4 ,la sub/antia di que/o inte/9o e grossa e sollida facta cusi p] la u5tosita gr&e *e se g5]a 9 esso laquale fa dolore =tissimo *iamato dolore collico3 ,et 9 que/o inte/9o se g5]ano c]ti u]mi longi folio #ca recto et altre man]ie de u]mi *iamati lombrici4 ,da poi e lultimo inte/9o *iamato inte/9o dritto de el quale la extremita et oreficio inf]iore se *iama ano o u]o culo3 e uas5e u]so el fian*o /an*o d\e poi com5za lo inte/9o colon pr$icto4 ,9 que/o inte/9o recto li sono una gr&e moltitud9e de u5e mes]ayce *e u5gono a sug>e se qual*e humidita fusse rima/a ne le feze4 ,qui/i sono adon*a li sei inte/9i liquali sono alligati a la s*9a m$iante uno c]to membro *iamato mis9t]io o u]o intriglio quasi int]iora t55s *e non solo gl9te/9i ma tute le uisc]e sono alligate p] que/o int]iglio ala s*9a et imp]o que/o membro fu compo/o de u5e1 corde1 panniculi1 e ligam5ti acio potesse lig>e li pr$icti membri3 ,et e etiam e compo/o de una su/antia seposa e p+ue acio *e li membri duri como sono li spondili non se congiongess5o s5za mezo cum li membri molli cio e cum li inte/9i e le altre uisc]e acio *e el molle non receuesse nocum5to dal duro4 ,le altre uacuita di que/o membro sono reimpite de c]te su/antie gl&ose1 facte etiam acio *e su/5t9o le u5e mes]ai*e *e sono disp]se 9 que/o membro3 et =se *e sono facte etiam a g5]>e la humidita *e humetti la feze de gl9te/9i acio *e piu to/o lubri*i3 et imp]o u$emo *e mangi&o cibi duri folio #ca v]so ni5te dim5o quello *e nesce p] ege/ione e liquido4 ,capitulum t]tium de ano?omia epatis quod e/ t]tium membrum pr9cipale3 et de u5is ori5tibus ab eo4 ,v$iamo mo del t]zo membro pr9cipale situato 9 que/o palazo et e el figato alquale deseu5o tuti li altri membri *e sono po/i quiue4 ,el figato naturalm5te e situato sotto el diafragma et non sotto le co/e u]e1 ma una p>te de esso /a sotto le p>te m5dose3 b5*e ne lhuomo morto app>a ess]e locato tuto sotto le co/e1 e que/o e p] *e li membri spirituali ne lhumo morto sono molto anihilati et el figato ua a reimpire le uacuita d]elicte3 imp]o qu&o tu fai la ano?omia tu dei eleu>e el corpo morte e tir>e 9 gioso el figato acio *el uada al suo luo*o naturale4 ,la quantita del figato fu molto gr&a ne lhuomo p] *e e molto sangu9eo e de natura calda e humida4 ,el figato sie compo/o de c]te u5e diuise e disp]se 9 modo de una re! et le uacuita sue reimpisse una c]ta c>ne rossa *e e como sangue coagulato3 ,et p] que/e u5e se si sp>ze el cibo dige/o nel /omaco *iamato *ile cio facto 9 modo de suco dorzo *e cusi d\5ta nel /omaco1 e que/o fu facto acio *e se diuidesse 9 p>te picole *e tuto el figato potesse to*>e tuto quello *ilo acio *e meglio lo conu]tisse 9 sangue3 ,ma nel /omaco non sono tal u5e done se hauesse a receu]e el cibo ma solo folio #cb recto li fece una concauita p] *e li cibi *e se pigliano sono molto grossi *e non h>ebono potuto p5etr>e p] dicte u5e4 ,que/a decocione *e se fa nel figato a conu]t]e el *ile 9 sangue piu se compisse ne la p>te sup]iore3 et imp]o quella p>te e piu solida e dura3 ,hebbe el figato c9que p5ule b5*e ne lhuomo non siano sempre diuise *e se possano u$]e4 ,que/o figato ha doe p>te cio e la p>te gibosa e la p>te concaua1 et ha colligantia cum el core p] una c]ta u5a *e nasce dal suo gibo e uas5e al core1 et e *iamata u5a *ilis3 ,et etiam ha colligantia cum el diafragma alquale /a susp5so4 ,et similit] a li spondili de la s*9a ala quale e alligato m$iante un c]to paniculo3 ,onde ha dui panniculi uno *el susp5de e liga al diafragma e ala s*9a e laltre *el copre e sel circunda4 ,dala gibosita sua nasce la u5a *ilis laquale porta el sangue al core de laquale habiamo gia dicto4 ,e da la p>te sua concaua ne nasce unaltra *iamata porta o u]o u5a concaua e que/a u5a ha c9que rami3 cusi como sono c9que p5ule del figato ne le quale entrano qui/i c9que rami4 ,e poi qu&o escono fuora del figato sono da poi otto de lequale doe sono molte picole *e male se possono disc]n]e ma si le altre sei3 ,de lequale una ua ala dextra p>te del /omaco a nutrire la tuni*a sua ext]iore et maxime la p>te inf]iore3 ,laltra u5a ua a la milza et e asai gr&e de laquale nel mezo del folio #cb v]so suo transito nasce un ramo *e desc5de gioso a nutrire l9triglio e portali el sangue piu aquoso3 ,da poi qu&o que/a u5a sa proxima a la milza nasce un altro ramo el quale ua a nutrire la p>te s9i/ra inf]iore del /omaco da poi suc$e piu oltra e uas5e ala concauita de la milza et iue se diuide 9 doi rami cio e inf]iore e sup]iore3 l9f]iore ramo desc5de gioso a nutrire el girbo quanto ala p>te sua s9i/ra3 el ramo sup]iore passa p] le concauita de la milza e diuidise 9 doi altri rami di liquali uno ua a nutrire la p>te sup]iore s9i/ra del /omaco1 ,laltro ua circa la bo*a sup]iore del /omaco a port>li lhumore mel5coni*o p] incit>e lo apetito3 ,laltro ramo *e rimane ua a la milza anutric>la4 ,la t]za u5a di que/e sei s5e ua al lato /an*o e uas5o alo inte/9o recto a suc>e se qual*e humidita uiuatiua fusse rima/a ne le feze4 ,la qu>ta u5a se ne ua a la sup]iore p>te dritta del /omaco p] nutrirla3 ,la qu9ta una ha doe p>te una ua a nutrire la dritta p>te del girbo1 laltra p>te se ne ua alo inte/9o colon a suc>e quello *e e rima/o ne le feze de humidita et an*e a nutrirlo3 et imp]o el girbo molto se congionge cum lo inte/9o colon ne la p>te dritta3 ,la sexta u5a s5e ua alo inte/9e ieiuno et a lialtri inte/9i suttili a suc>li e nutrirli4 ,la figura del figato debba folio #cc recto ess]e lun>e 9 modo de una luna qu&o e piu *e meza4 ,que/o membro ha quatro uirtu una atratiua p] la quale atrahe el *ilo a se3 ,la seconda ret5tiua p] laquale lo riti5e debito tempo acio *e la t]za uirtu *e e dige/iua lo conu]ta 9 sangue3 ,la qu>ta uirtu e expulsiua p] laquale m&a el sangue a tuti i membri a nutric>li3 et cum esso sangue m&a an*e el spirito nutritiuo el quale se g5]a 9 esso figato4 ,capitulum qu>tum4 ,tractatus t]tii de ano?omia *i/is fellis4 ,el fele si ha uno uase como una ci/a d\e se conti5e lhumore coll]ico et e apicata a la meza p5ula del figato acio *e depuri el sangue da lhumore coll]ico3 e fu situate nel concauo e non nel gibo acio *e piu facilm5te potesse m&>e la col]a agl9te/9i a incit>e la uirtu expulsiua *e m&i fuora le feze4 ,et ha doe p>te cio e el collo *e porta la coll]a e la uesica *ela conti5e3 ,el collo a c]ta di/antia rimane uno3 ,e dapoi se diuide 9 doi rami uno ua amezo del figato ad attrah]e la coll]a da esso4 ,laltro ramo desc5de alo inte/9o duod5o et que/o se diuide an*e 9 doi altri rami uno ua al fondo del /omaco a con=t>e la dige/ione e que/o ramo e picolo p] *e non bisognaua folio #cc v]so &>e tropo coll]a al /omaco p] non incit>e tropo la uirtu expulsiua del /omaco ad expell]e1 ma solo a con=t>e como e /ato dicto3 ,et imp]o quilli *e hano que/o rame molto gr&e sono *iamati da m$ici infelici imp]o *e sempre al cont9uo regurgita su al /omaco la coll]a3 ,e p] que/o app>e *e que/o membro ha colligantia cum el /omaco1 inte/9i e figato e *el se nutrisse p] c]te u5e et ar?>ie *e uad5o ad esso cio e a la sua concauita3 et an*e p]u5gono a lui alcuni n]ui a d>li el s5tim5to3 ,onde ha an*e colligantia cum el core e cum el c]ebro4 ,que/o membro si e di figura oblonga cum una c]ta rotondita e la sua sub/antia e pellicul>e cio e 9 modo de una pellicula facta p] le utilita sopradicte4 ,capitulum qu9tum de ano?omia spl5is et de eius uiuam5tis4 ,dal lato /anco sotto le co/e m5dose li e la milza laquale cum el suo concauo al lato del /omaco /anco se glie apozia3 ,e quanto ala p>te sua gibosa e alligata ala ,s*9a et al panniculo dicto siphae m$iante alcuni panniculi sutili4 ,et non fu po/a cusi insu o u]o 9 luo*o alto como el figato ma piu +ioso3 ,et e di figura quadrangul>e p] *e ha areimpire la concauita s9i/ra circum/ante del /omaco *e e di tale figura3 ma e piu grossa ne la p>te disopra et e piu sutile ne la p>te inf]iore a modo de una l+ua4 ,e que/o folio #cd recto membro e compo/o de una c]te c>ne spongiosa acio *e meglio receua lhumore grosso mel5conico alquale f9alm5te e ord9ata1 ,et an*e e compo/a di u5e et ar?>ie molte1 de uno paniculo *e l9uolge4 ,onde app>e *e la milza ha colligantia cum el figato1 l9triglio1 girbo1 cum el /omaco1 cum le co/e e cum el diafragma1 et ha an*e colligantia cum el core m$iante c]te ar?>ie *e u5gono ad esse acio *el sangue grosso mel5conico p] el calore di que/e ar?>ie se suttigliasse e dig]isse3 ,et an*e acio *e riscaldasse la s9i/ra p>te del /omaco a laquale lui se apogia4 ,fu facto que/o membro p] molte utilita3 ,prima acio *el mondificasse el sangue da lhumore mel5conico el quale atrahe asi3 ,secondo fu facto a contra op]>e ala calidita del core e del figato3 ,t]tio acio *e excitasse lo appetito transmit5do lhumore mel5conico a la bo*a de esso /omaco4 ,capitulum sextum de ano?omia girbi siue1 re?is coop]i5tis /omacum inte/9a4 ,app>e uno c]to panniculo *iamato el ,girbo o u]o la re! el quale copre el /omaco da la p>te d9anzi3 e ne lhuomo tuti gl9te/9i3 e non ne lialtri animali3 ,e que/o fu facto ne lhuomo p] *e tra glialtri animali de equale quantita la uirtu dige/iua piu debile ne lhuomo3 et etiam p] *e gl9te/9i suoi p] la suttilita de la cute sono piu dispositi a folio #cd v]so receu]e li nocum5ti ext]iori3 ,et imp]o app>e la utilita di que/o membro p] la quale fu pr9cipalm5te facto3 et e acio *el con=tasse la uirtu dige/iua nel /omaco e de gl9te/9i reu]b]&o el caldo naturale ad essi3 ,onde n>ro ,gali5o de uno *e fu uuln]ato e cauato li fu el girbo e da poi *e fu gu>ito non potete mai b5 padire4 ,et imp]o bisogno *e fusse compo/o di tre su/antie cio e prima de doi panniculi subtili acio *e cont9esse glialtri membri et etiam p] *e d\ea ess]e ligi]o e *e se potesse dilat>e3 et an*e fu spesso acio *e reu]b]asse piu la calidita ali membri pr$icti3 ,secundo e compo/o de una assungia seposa la quale hauesse ariscald>e ess5do la natura de lasongia molto prop9qua al caldo3 ,t]tio e compo/o di c]te ar?>ie e u5e lequale molto riscaldano4 ,et p] que/o app>e *el girbo ha colligantia cum el /omaco cum la milza e cum gl9te/9i1 ,et maxime cum lo inte/9o colon cum liquali lui si t]m9a coop]5doli3 ,et etia ha colligantia cum li membri da liquali ha orig9e3 onde nasce da uno c]to panniculo c>noso da la s*9a tra el diafragma p] *e a que/o panniculo seglie t]m9ano d extremita del panniculo *iamato siphac del quale poi noi diremo3 ,lequale extremita compogono el girbo3 ,et etiam p] *e iue glie una u5a gr&e et etiam ar?>ia folio #ce recto de lequale apresso el /omaco nascono c]te u5e et ar?>ie picole lequale compon5o el girbo3 ,ha etiam colligantia cum l9triglio dal quale nasce la sua songia seposa laquale reimpie le sue uacuita4 ,p] ins9o adon*a qui habiamo u$uto la ano?omia del girbo1 del /omaco1 de gl9te/9i1 de l9triglio1 del figato1 del fele1 e de la milza &iamo mo a glialtri membri di que/a t]za casa4 ,capitulum septimum de ano?omia membrorum ur9e scilicet r5um uesice et aliorum membrorum des]u5tium eis4 ,v$iamo la ano?omia dele r5e4 ,onde tu u$]ai *e da la u5a *ilis *e nasce dal gibo del figato se fa uno ramo gr&e *e desc5de gioso a le p>te inf]iore1 e qu&o que/o ramo e indritto de l]5e se diuide 9 doi altri rami di liquali uno ua al rognone dritto e laltro al rognone /anco cio e a le sue concauita e *iamase u5e emulg5te3 ,e gliorificii di que/e doe u5e non sono indritto uno dilaltro ma uno piu elto et e quello del rognone dritto e laltro piu basso cio e quello *e ua al rognone /anco3 ,et que/o fu p]*e el rognone dritto si e piu de sopra p] *e el rognone dritto e piu caldo *a el /anco1 e de natura del caldo e di/>e disopra b5*e a le uolte acada *el rognone /anco sia disopra al dritto et alhora el rognone /anco uira ess]e piu caldo *e el dritto3 b5 *e que/o sia folio #ce v]so r>e uolte4 ,que/e u5e deportano la aquosita del sangue *e e inutile al nutrim5to del corpo a le r5e et consequ5t] ala uesica3 laquale esce poi fuora p] ur9a3 ,e p] *e cum que/a aquosita e mescolato an*e del sangue imp]o bisogno f>e a la natura *e el se colasse ne le r5e 9 modo *el sangue mescolato cum que/a aquosita rimanesse1 e laquosita sola pasasse ala uesica3 et imp]o se tu sc9di el rogne ne la p>te gibosa p] lo longo p] ins9o ala concauita tu u$]ai uno panniculo como uno panno r>o p] el quale puo pass>e la aquosita ma el sangue non imp]o quilli *e hano ap]to que/o panniculo o u]o colatorio or9ano sangue4 ,e que/o panniculo si g5]a da la u5a emulg5te dicta laquale intr&o ne la concauita del rognone se r>iffica 9 modo de uno colatorio4 ,e bisognorno ess]e dui rognoni e non uno p] *e era molta quantita daquosita laquale uno solo rognone non hau]ia potuto atrah]e sel non fusse /ato molto gr&e e non se s]ia posuto debitam5te situ>e sel non hauesse facto qual*e em95tia 9 quello luoco *e s]ia /ato molte de=me4 ,qui/i rognoni sono picoli 9 comp>atione de li altri membri int]iori e sono de una figura alquanto rotonda acio *e fuss5o capaci di magiore quantita1 et etiam *e fusse piu tuto da li nocum5ti extr9seci3 ,e furno etiam alquanto longhi acio *e li suoi oreficii cio e el sup]iore1 d\e entra folio #cf recto laquosita e loreficio inf]iore d\e esce haues5o megliore di/9tione3 a loreficio di sotto segli cont9ua uno porro *iamato ,uritides cioe *e porta la ur9a da le r5e a la uesica3 ,onde sono dui porri uritides como sono doi rognoni3 ,et 9 qui/i rognoni ale uolte se g5]a la pr$a de molte h>5ule p] la calidita de le r5e la quale desicca c]ta humidita fleumati*a laquale se g5]a nel /omaco p] indige/ione1 e poi s5e ua al figato1 et t&em se ne ui5e ale r5e1 et iue p] la calidita de esse r5e se conu]te 9 h>5ule et t&em se conu]te 9 pr$a3 laquale poi si disc]ne dala pr$a g5]ata ne la uesica p] *e la pr$a de le r5e e rossa e quella de la uesica e bian*a4 ,li hom9i adon*a *e hano fr$o el /omaco e calde le r5e sono dispo/i ala g5]atione de la pr$a et maxime hau5do li meati de lur9a /ricti4 ,leuate adon*a le r5e e u$uti i porri uritides tu u$]ai *e t]m9ano al mezo de la uesi*a e non =ano la uesi*a ex directo cum uno bu*o gr&e ma cum piu busitti picoli et obliqui facti tra una tunica e laltra de la uesica o u]o tra el cooptorio e la tunica e non uno indritto de laltro1 e que/o fu acio *e qu&o la uesica fusse pi5a de ur9a ritornasse la ur9a indrieto ale r5e1 anzi quanto la uesica e piu pi5a de ur9a tanto piu se *iud5o dicti bu*i4 ,la uesica e compo/a de doe tuni*e quanto al suo fundo ma quanto al folio #cf v]so suo collo e compo/a de c>ne e musculo4 ,item e compo/a de n]ui e de u5e e de ar?>ie ad atrah]e laquosita dale r5e et consequ5t] ad expell]la fuora p] la u5a4 ,e p] que/o app>e *e tuti qui/i membri dicti cioe u5e emulg5te rognoni porri uritides e la uesica sono facti de la natura a mondific>e el sangue *e de nutrire el corpo de la pr$icta aquosita e m&>la fuora p] ur9a4 ,et imp]o li rognoni furno de su/antia e c>ne dura acio non fusse mordicata et corrosa de lacuita de lur9a e da alcuni humori acuti *e molte uolte se mescola cum essa ur9a4 ,que/i rognoni hebb5o dui paniculi uno *e li copre e que/o li da el s5tim5to1 e laltro *el liga e susp5de a la s*9a et an*e que/o li da el s5tire3 e ciascuno di que/i doi panniculi e compo/o de uno c]to n]uo *e nasce da la nu*a de li spondili de la s*9a 9 luo*o *iamato al*atim *e e luo*o a lo indritto de le r5e et etiam e compo/o de uno c]to ligam5to *e nasce da quilli m$esimi spondili4 ,e p] que/o app>e *e hano colligantia cum el c]ebro e la nu*a et cum la s*9a m$iante li n]ui di li pr$icti panniculi1 et hanno colligantia cum el core m$iante c]te ar?>ie *e nascono da l>?>ia ador?i e cum el figato m$iante le u5e emulg5te1 e folio #cg recto cum la uesica m$iante li porri uritide liquali sono c]ti canili /ricti p] liquali passa la aquosita ur9ale da le r5e a la uesica como e /ato dicto4 ,e que/a uesica ha una gr&e concauita laquale e n]uosa et el suo collo e c>noso e musculoso acio *e qu&o bisogna lhuomo expella la ur9a e qu&o bisogna lui la rit5gha et congiongese el collo de la uesica cum la uirga ne li mas*ii1 nel quale collo insieme cum la uirga e uno bu*o p] loquale se ur9a3 ma ne le fem9e lextrimita del collo de lauesica se t]m9a apresso a dua dita al oreficio de uulua3 et el collo de la uesica ne li mas*ii e piu longo *e ne le done4 ,e p] que/o app>e *e sel se incide la uesica nel collo se puo consolid>e ma se si taglia nel fondo non si puo sald>e1 p] *e el collo e musculoso e c>noso1 et el fonde da la uesica e n]uoso4 ,et el collo de la uesica ne li hom9i ha tre tortuosita1 ne le quale se riti5e lur9a acio *e facilm5te non esca fuori s5za uolunta de lhuomo ma ne le fem9e non ha s9o una tortuosita1 et el collo ne le fem9e e piu l>go *e ne li mas*ii3 ,et el fondo de la uesica e compo/o de doe tuni*e como e /ato dicto1 e la tunica int]iore e doe uolte piu grossa *e la ext]iore p] *e inm$iate to*a la ur9a4 ,a la uesica p]u5gono n]ui da la nu*a et an*e le u5e da la u5a *ilis et etiam c]te ar?>ie da la ar?>ia adhor?i4 ,et nel collo suo e solo uno folio #cg v]so musculo *e circunda esso collo del quale la utilita e a ret9]e la ur9a secondo el bisogno e la uolunta de lhuomo4 ,e qu&o lhuomo uole ur9>e se relassa quello musculo3 et alhora li musculi del u5tre de liquali diremo con/r+5o la uesica e m$iante la uirtu expulsiua m&ano fuora lur9a4 ,tractatus qu>tus de ano?omia membrorum g5]ationis capitulum primum1 de ano?omia matricis et uasorum sp]maticorum 9 muli]ibus4 ,v$uto la ano?omia de tri membri pr9cipali e signori li quali cum li soi m9i/ri sono producti da la natura a cons]u>e lo indiuiduo poniamo adesso la ano?omia del qu>to membro pr9cipale el quale e facto a cons]u>e la spetie4 ,et b5*e an*e noi non habiamo =nito la ano?omia del domicilio del t]zo membro pr9cipale p] *e 9 uno m$esimo domicilio quasi sono locati dicti membri cum li suoi m9i/ri4 ,diciamo adon*a *e i membri de la g5]atione 9 alcune cose conu55e ne li mas*ii e ne le fem9e3 prima quanto a la orig9e p] nascono circa le r5e 9 que/o modo *e li uasi *e sono ne la p>te s9i/ra e li uasi *e sono ne la p>te dritta nascono desopra de le r5e1 cio e le loro u5e da la u5a *ilis e le lore ar?>ie da l>?>ia ador?i4 ,onde app>e p] que/o *e li uasi sp]matici ne li mas*ii e ne le fem9e sono decusi da el core e da el figato e que/a e la seconda conu5i5tia4 ,ma etiam sono diff]5ti p] *e ne le fem9e que/i uasi se t]m9ano a la matrice fol4 #ch recto nel luo*o ext]iore d\e sono li loro te te/iculo anzi propriam5te p>l&o non sono u]am5te te/iculi como ne gli mas*ii anzi sono como te/iculi de lepore4 ,onde fuora de la matrice se riuolgono e se contex5o e le concauita diquella texitura se reimpis5o di c]te c>ne m9ute gl&ose3 ,e sono facti ne le fem9e acio *e g5]9o una c]ta humidita saliuale laquale e cagione de la delectatione de cohito ne la fem9a4 ,da poi qui/i uasi sp]matici p5etrano la matrice p] ins9o a la concauita e li suoi oreficii di qui/i uasi ne la concauita de la matrice se *iamano cotilidoni cio e legam5ti p] *e m$iante quilli /a ligata la creatura ala matrice3 e p] que/i oreficii u5e el sangue me/ruo ala fem9a3 ,et alcuni di que/i uasi p]u5gono a la bo*a de la matrice a port> li la humidita saliuale gia dicto3 ,et da que/e u5e ramificate nascono doe u5e da ciascun lato cio e una *e p5etra nel panniculo *iamato mira* et asc5d5o p] ins9a *e p]u5gono ale mamille a deport>e el sangue a quelle3 ,et nota *e quanto piu asc5d5o tanto piu se aco/ano a la cute di fuora3 et sono piu manife/e3 ma nel mira* sono piu oculte e que/o e contr>io ne la por*a o altri animali *e hano le mamille nel mira*3 ,que/e u5e nascono da la matrice e se manife/ano nel mira* d\e sono po/e le mamille4 ,e dapoi que/e u5e asc5de dal folio #ch v]so pr(ondo del pecto indrito al pomo granato una c]te u5a laquale u5e ale mamille a cuoc]e el sangue *e se de conu]tire 9 lacto e non app>e s5on una u5a4 ,el luo*o de la matrice e *e le situata ne la concauita del luo*o *iamato al*atim1 laquale concauita e circundata da c]ti spondili dela s*9a p] ins9o a la cauda da la p>te de drieto1 ma da la p>te d9anzi e circundata da la p>te *e se *iama pet5e*io3 onde la matrice e locata inm$iate tra lo inte/9o recto el quale e como colcitra sua da la p>te po/]iore e fra la uesica da la p>te d9anzi et el collo de la uesica e piu em95te *a el collo de la matrice b5*e la concauita de la matrice sia piu pr(onda *e la concauita de la uesica3 et la matrice e po/a nel mezo preciso tra el lato dritto e el /anco4 ,que/a matrice ha colligantia quasi cum tuti li membri sup]i cio cum el core m$iante c]te ar?>ie e cum el figato m$iante c]te u5e1 e cum el c]ebro m$iante molti n]ui1 e cum el /omaco m$iante n]ui e u5e3 et ha colligantia cum li membri di mezo cio e cum el diafragma le r5e1 et mira*3 p] *e m$iante qui/i e alligata ali pr$icti ha maxime colligantia cum le mamille como e /ato dicto3 ,ha etiam colligantia cum li membri inf]iori cio e cum la uesica m$iante el suo collo3 et e similit] cum lo inte/9o colon4 ,et e alligata a le folio #ci recto an*e m$iante alcuni ligam5ti grossi e =ti li quali apresso de la matrice sono l>ghi e grossi et apresso le an*e sono suttili como corne *e sono nel capo de glianimali et imp]o sono *iamati corni de la matrice4 ,la figura sua e quadrangul>e cum c]ta rotondita3 et ha el collo inf]iore longo et hebbe que/a figura acio *e meglio se potess5o di/+u]e le cellule o u]o cam]ette *e sono ne la sua concauita e sono septe tre ne la p>te dritta e tre ne la p>te /an*a e una ne la sumita o u]o mezo e que/e celule sono c]te concauita ne la matrice ne lequale el sp]ma cum el sangue me/ruo se possano cont9]e et coagul>e et consequ5t] allig>si a li oreficii de le u5e4 ,la quantita de la matrice fu m$iocre secondo la quantita de la uesica1 ma e magiore 9 una fem9a *e 9 laltra p] *e la fem9a *e fa figlioli ha magiore matrice *e la /]ile et similit] la fem9a *e e usa al cohito lha magiore *e la u]g5e et similit] la matrice de la gi\5e e magiore *e quella de la puta e de la ue*ia e p] altre cagione n>rate da m$ici puo ess]e que/a diu]sita4 ,la sua su/antia e n]uosa e pelliculosa acio *e se possa dillat>e a cont9]e la creatura3 et e molto spessa e grossa4 ,le p>te ext]iore de la matrice sono que/e cio e li lati difuori aliquali sono alligati li te/iculi e an*e sono li uasi sem9>ii e folio #ci v]so le sue corne di liquali tuti habiamo dicto3 et el suo collo del quale lextremita se *iama uulua3 e que/o collo e longo quanto e uno palmo como e la uirga de lhuomo et e lato e dillatabile3 et imp]o pelliculoso3 ,et ha le rughe o u]o crespe 9 modo de sangue sughe acio *e la uirga de lhuomo nela confricatione del cohito se le induca t9talatione e consequ5t] dolceza3 ,et ne lextremita di que/a uulua sono doe pellicole *e se lieuano e deprim5o sopra el dicto oreficio acio *e prohibiscano lo introito de lai]e o di qual*e cosa extr9se*a nel collo de la matrice o u]o uesica como la uirga de lhuomo e cu/odita da la pellicula del preputio4 ,e la bo*a de la matrice e molto n]uosa facta 9 modo de una bo*a de uno cagnolo n\am5te nato o u]o meglio a modo de una t5* ue*ia3 et e ualata de uno uele suttile ne le u]g5e e ne le uiolate se rompe et imp]o se sangu9a4 ,facto e adon*a que/o membro da la natura p] la conceptione3 et ne lhomo fu facto an*e acio *e mondificasse tuto el corpo de la fem9a dal sup]fluo sangue indige/o el quale se g5]a 9 essa p] la sua frigidita1 e nel mas*io non e cusi3 ma li altri animali non hano que/o fluxo me/ruale p] *e tale sup]fluita *e se g5]a 9 loro se conu]te 9 pelle 9 pili 9 unghie 9 ro/ri e p5ne e simili membri di quali lhuomo e priuato4 folio #dj recto ,capitulum secundum de ano?omia uasorum sp]maticorum et te/iculorum 9 viris seu masculis4 ,dicto di uasi sp]matici e te/iculi de le fem9e diciamo di quilli di li mas*ii3 ,onde e da sap]e *e li uasi sp]matici sono de doe man]ie1 alcuni sono uasi *e prep>ano el sp]ma e qui/i desc5d5o da luo*i pr$icti ali te/iculi circa la p>te sup]iore de essi se inuolg5o intanto *e fano 9 modo de uno sa*o o u]o de una bursa e que/i non intrano la su/antia dili te/iculi e que/i sono u5osi e n]uosi4 ,alcuni altri uasi sono dilatorii liquali portano el sp]ma prep>ato ne li altri uasi dicti a li te/iculi e que/i se cont9uano cum li pr$icti et sono piu n]uosi3 e quanto uano piu asc5d5do da li te/iculi sono tanto piu n]uosi et asc5d5o p] ins9o a losso del pet5e*io3 et alhora se pr(ondano d5tro apresso el collo de la uesica e f9alit] proc$5o al meato de la uirga nel luo*o *e e nel bu*o de losso del pet5e*io e p] doe meati *e sono iue m&ano el sp]ma =a da li te/iculi el quale fu prep>ato prima negli altri uasi e m&ano quello sp]ma nel canale de la uirga e poi la uirga el m&a fuori4 ,et li te/iculi ne lhuomo mas*io sono di fuora e non detro como e ne le fem9e onde li uasi sp]matici del mas*io non sono t]m9ati d5tro dal mira* o u]o d5tro dal corpo ma escono fuora e se copulano a li folio #dj v]so te/iculi como a doi susp5sorii o u]o contrapeso1 ,et qui/i uasi sono coop]ti uelati de uno panniculo *iamato didimo el quale nasce del paniculo sipha* del quale poi noi diremo1 e que/o didimo se ha uno oreficio *iuso ne la f9e de dicti uasi et 9 processo se dillata e tanto proc$e dilat&osi *e inf9e di quello se dillatta ala quantita de li te/iculi et iue fa una bursa la quale se *iama borsa di te/iculi3 onde app>e *e que/o didimo fu facto a cont9]e o cu/odire li te/iculi3 et li uasi sp]matici *e p]u5gono ad essi4 ,et 9 que/a borsa glie sono po/i doi te/iculi facti de su/antia gl&osa rotondi facti secondo li m$ici a g5]>e e produre el sp]ma p] *e b5*e el sia prep>ato ne li uasi sp]matici tam5 non recceue 9 essi la debita =ma specifica ma da li te/iculi4 ,et secondo el philosopho ,ari/otile el sp]ma p]fectam5te se produce ne li uasi sp]matici e *e li te/iculi furno facti como doi contrapesi a ret9]e i uasi ap] ne la proiectione del sp]ma4 ,capitulum t]tium de ano?omia uirgae et de musculis ani3 de qu9que u5is emoroydalibus4 ,ultimo e la uirga cont9uata cum lo collo de la uesica c>noso e e cont9uata cum esso cum molti ligam5ti e corde lequale nascono da losso del pet5e*io insieme cum c]ti n]ui folio #da recto *e nascono da la nu*a3 et imp]o que/o membro e molto s5sibile et ext5sible2 ,et an*e e cont9uata la uirga cum gran u5e *e nascono dal ramo de la u5a *e desc5de ale p>te inf]iore et similit] e cont9uata cum gr&e ar?>ie lequale nascono da quella ar?>ia laquale se bifur*a ale doe an*e3 onde a la l+ua et ala uirga u5gono magiore u5e et ar?>iae *e a nesuno altro membro a tanto p]tanto3 ,et imp]o que/e u5e ar?>ie nel luo*o *iamato p]itoneon cio e tra loreficio del culo et el luo*o di te/iculi sono inuolute e sono molto gr&e3 et iue e el pr9cipio de la uirga3 ,et p] que/o la uirga e tuta cau]nosa e le sue cau]nosita se reimp9o de u5tuosita laquale se g5]a 9 quelle ar?>ie et alhora se driza la uirga3 ,onde se tu sc9di p] lo longo la uirga ins9o al suo canale et app>]ano dui bu*i pr$icti et etiam le sue cau]nosita4 ,la quantita de la uirga o u]o longheza sie duno palmo como e quello del collo de la matrice4 ,la su/antia de la uirga sie n]uosa excepto la extremita sua *e se *iama preputio4 ,da poi a lextremita delo inte/9o recto *iamato anus tu tr\]ai c]ti musculi *e apr5o as]a o quello oreficio et similit] ne lextremita del dicto oreficio li sono c9que u5e t]m9ato ad esso *iamate u5e folio #da v]so emoroydale p] lequale 9 alcuni hom9i a c]ti tempi esce di molto sangue4 ,capitulum qu>tum de ano?omia mira*3 quod e/ domicilium pr$ictorum duorum membrorum pr9cipalium4 ,dapoi *e noi habiamo u$uto de doi membri pr9cipali uno *e s]ue al nutrim5to di li membri a cons]u>e el corpo e laltro a cons]u>e la spetie3 et an*e de li suoi m9i/ri re/a a u$]e del suo domicilio el quale e comune a tuti quilli el quale se *iama mira*4 ,que/o mira* o u]o que/o domicilio si e compo/o de c9que p>te cio e cute p+u$9e uno c]to panniculo c>noso e c]ti musculi cum le sue corde et el siphac3 de tute que/e c9que p>te se con/ituisse uno coop]culo et una casa ne laquale se cont5gono li membri pr$icti4 ,e que/o tale domicilio fu po/o di sotto da li altri p] la ignobilita di membri *e se cont5gono 9 esso3 ,onde conti5e alcuni membri deputati a purg>e le fee e le sup]fluita lequale ess5de graue desc5d5o a le p>te inf]iore4 ,que/o domicilio non potette ess]e ossuoso ma fu c>noso et pelliculoso acio *e secondo li bisogni se potesse dillat>e et intumesc]e como ne la fem9a pregnante o u]o 9 colui *e ha pigliato troppo cibo o u]o ne lo ydropico o p] qual*e altra cagione bisognasse infi>e el u5tre1 sel fusse ossuoso non se potria f>e que/o4 folio #db recto ,la prima p>te di que/o mira* si e la cute de fuora circa laquale sono da consid]>e piu luo*i3 ,uno si e corespond5te ala bo*a del /omaco *e una c>tilig9e *e copre quello e *iamasi pomo granato como e /ato dicto4 ,laltro luo*o si e la p>te *e e sopra el /omaco sopra de lombelico circa a quatro dita4 ,el t]zo luo*o si e la p>te umbelicale cio e d\e e lombellico cum el quale /a alligata la creatura nela matrice cum le u5e de essa matrice3 et imp]o ne le p>te int]iore de lombelico app>e una c]ta u5a *e se cont9ua cum esso1 et passa p] el gibo del figato e p] que/a u5a se porta el sangue da le u5e de la matrice al figato de la creatura et inque/o modo se nutrisse nel u5tre de la matre3 ,ma que/a u5a qu&o lhuomo e nato se priua di sangue p] *e man*a la sua op]atione quale facea alhora3 ,et imp]o cont9uam5te se ua dim9u5do quella u5a1 onde ne li ue*ii app>e molte m9ore *e ne li gi\5i3 ,et similit] cum que/a u5a desc5de una c]ta ar?>ia a lombelico de la creatura laquale qu&o e ne lombelico desc5de gioso e uas5e a l>?>ia ador?i apresso li spondili de le r5e et di li fian*i e que/a ar?>ia simelm5te se ua delegu&o e cont9ue app>e m9ore como e /ato dicto de la pr$icta u5a4 ,e que/a ar?>ia tu u$]ai exsc>n&o apresso lombelico et app>]ati 9 =ma de uno n]uo o de una corda folio #db v]so4 ,el qu>to luo*o se *iama sum51 di sotto da lo imbilico quatro dita et e una p>te ne laquale se t]m9ano alcune u5e ala cute p] le quale la creatura nel u5tre de la matre m&a fuora le sue aquosita3 e que/e u5e e que/a tale p>te si e piu manife/a ne li puti *e non sono nati *e ne li p]fecti p]*e ess5do que/e u5e fru/rate da la sua op]atione se uad5o anull&e4 ,el qu9to luo*o si e el pet5e*io d\e sono li membri g5itali4 ,da poi an*e tu hai a consid]>e le p>te lat]ale cioe li li fian*i e li ypocondrii uno da la p>te dritto sotto el quale /a el figato e laltro da la p>te man*o d\e e locata la milza4 ,dapoi la cute app>]ati incont95ti la p+u$9e la quale e molto piu gr&e nel por*o *e ne lhuomo4 ,dapoi et t]tio te app>]a uno panniculo el quale e compo/o de c>ne e n]ui4 ,qu>to di sotto a que/o panniculo li sono etiam octo musculi di liquali doi sono longitud9ali *e prot5d5o p] el longo dal clipeo de la bo*a del /omaco ins9o a lossa del pet5e*io1 e qui/i musculi non hano gran corde s5on ligam5tale1 ,quatro altri sono transu]sali dui sup]iori e dui inf]iori3 ,li sup]iori nascono da le p>te di sopra a presso le co/e et t]m9ano a c]te corde circa le ossa del pet5e*io inque/o modo *e la corda folio #dc recto dritta ua al+ioso al musculo *e ui5e da la p>te s9i/ra1 et la corda /an*a ua gioso al musculo *e ui5e da la p>te dritta3 ,onde le corde se incrociano ne la p>te inf]iore4 ,li altri dui musculi transu]sali sono inf]iori p] *e com5tiano da le ossa del pet5e*io et de le an*e e se t]m9ano a c]te corde 9 que/o m$esimo modo *e la corda dritta ua al musculo s9i/ro e la s9i/ra ua al musculo dritto1 e le corde se incrociano como e /ato dicto4 ,doi altri sono latitud9ali cusi dicti p] *e li fili di liquali se compon5o prot5d5d5o secondo el lato3 ,et uno di qui/i musculi e dal lato dritto e laltro del lato /an*o1 e sono piu manife/i et an*e la sua orig9e apresso de la s*9a u]so la p>te sup]iore3 e qui/i musculi latitud9ali insieme cum li longitud9ali se int]secano ne li anguli dritti4 ,la utilita di qui/i musculi sie prima acio *e deff5des5o li membri int]iori da li nocum5ti extr9seci1 et an*e *e li riscaldas5o reu]b]&o la loro calidita a le p>te d5tro4 ,la seconda e acio *e aiut9o ad expell]e le sup]fluita dal pecto e le sup]fluita dele feze et etiam ad expell]e la creatura fuora1 e que/e sono utilita comune a qui/i octo musculi3 ,ma piu p>ticul>m5te p>l&o ,li musculi folio #dc v]so longitud9ali sono facti primo ad atrah]e1 secondo ad expell]e1 onde expell5o contrah5do li suoi uili liquali contratti comprim5o gl9te/9i u]so el diafragma como se foss5o tra doe mane *e li comprimes5o e p] que/o modo expell5o fuora le feze3 ,et p] *e gl9te/9i hano bisogno maxime di que/e doe op]atione cio e de atrah]e et expell]e imp]o qui/i musculi furno gr&i4 ,ma li musculi latitud9ali sono solo facti ad expell]e3 imp]o sono piu apresso gl9te/9i et fano que/a expulsione comprim5do la p>te da laquale d5o expell]e3 ,et p] *e la expulsione se fa da suso +ioso imp]o furno locati piu to/o ne le p>te sup]iore *e inf]iore4 ,li transu]sali furno facti a ret9]e e que/o fano m$iante li suoi uili transu]sali1 ,e que/o bisogno f>e la natura acio *e le sup]fluita gio descese non reasc5des5o imp]o fece li dui transu]sali sup]iori et an*e hebbe int5tione *e le fee non desc5des5o molto ueloce m5te anzi se retigniss5o tanto *e el figato le potesse b5e esucc>le como e /ato dicto imp]o fece altri du imusculi transu]sali inf]iori3 liquali sono m9ori *e li sup]iori p] *e magiore fu int5tione de la natura a f>e *e le feze non reasc5des5o *a *e uelocem5te non desc5des5o4 ,la qu9ta p>te de que/o mira* folio #dd recto si e uno panniculo suttilissimo e molto duro *iamato siphac et fu facto acio *el prohibisse *e li musculi dicti non comprimes5o i membri naturali e p] que/o fu n]uoso acio *e se possa dillat]e e con/r+]e qu&o quilli membri se dillat5o e se con/r+5o4 ,e fu sutile acio *e quello non li agrauasse4 ,et fu duro acio *e facilm5te el non se rompesse p] *e qu&o se rompe accade quella passione *e si *iama crepatura4 ,e fu facto etiam que/o panniculo acio *e el lighe gl9te/9i a la s*9a et acio *e tuti li panniculi de li altri membri int]iori *e se cont5gono 9 esso habiano orig9e da quello3 ,et etiam acio *el prohibisca *e gl9te/9i non se rompano qu&o se infiano de u5tosita1 e p]que/o app>e la ano?omia de tuto el mira* el quale e domicilio de tuti li altri membri gia dicti4 ,tractatus qu9tus de ano?omia p>tium extrem>um ossium ,capitulum primum de ano?omia ossium et n]uorum quae sunt a collo usque ad caudam4 ,exp$iti li quatro membri pr9cipali cum li loro m9i/ri e cum li loro domicilii4 ,v$iamo mo la ano?omia de le p>te extreme cio e braza cum le mano1 et de le cosse cum li pi$i ma prima u$]emo de le ossa n]ui e nu*a com5ti&o dal collo p] inf9o a la cauda4 ,diciamo adonca *e el collo fu facto p] el pulmone e p] la sua cana ne li animali *e respirano3 et inque/o collo sono septe folio #dd v]so ossa *iamati spondili1 et sono piu suttili de glialtri inf]iori p] *e sono su/5tati da quilli3 ,et b5*e siano suttili pur sono molto duri e firmam5te congionti acio *e non si dislacas5o1 et an*e *e non receuess5o nocum5to da le cose extr9sece4 ,et qui/i spondili b5*e siano piu suttili de li altri pur hano el bu*o magiore p] *e la nu*a e piu grossa nel collo *e 9 alcuna p>e di li altri spondili e que/o fu p] *e iue ha la sua orig9e4 ,dapoi qui/i septe spondili li sono altri spondili *e se *iamano spondili de le co/e e sono dodece secondo el num]o de le co/e de lequale septe sono u]e e c9que m5dose4 ,da poi sono li spondili de le r5e liquali sono c9que1 e sono molto grossi e gr&i p] *e sono fondam5to e su/5taculo de li altri spondili4 ,da poi sono alcuni altri spondili liquali sono ne pli*atura *e e da la s*9a a la cauda e sono tri m9ori di li pr$icti p] *e se d\eano congiong]e cum li spondili de la cauda liquali sono picoli4 ,ultimo sono li spondili de la cauda et quiui sono molte diff]5tie de bu*i p] liquali passano li n]ui1 e que/e tale diu]sitade se u$5o meglio nel corpo cotto o u]o p]fectam5te esiccato4 ,et 9 ciascuno spondile e po/a la nu*a la quale e una m$ula simile ala sub/antia del c]ebro s5on *e e piu uiscosa e piu salda et ha folio #de recto orig9e da esso c]ebro1 el quale ess5do diuise 9 doe p>te cio e ne la p>te dritta e ne la p>te man*a imp]o ne la sup]ficie di que/a nu*a app>e uno filo *e la diuide p] mezo cio e la p>te dritta da la p>te /an*a3 ,e fu facta da la natura acio desse el s5tire e el m\]e a tuto el corpo dal capo +io onde la nu*a e ditta uic>ia del c]ebro4 ,da la nu*a 9 ciascaduno spondile nasce uno p>e de n]ui *e uanno a d>e el s5tire e el m\]e a c]ti e u>ii membri4 ,e p] *e li spondili sono intuto tr5ta imp]o sono tr5ta p>a de n]ui secondo el num]o di li spondili3 et poi dala cauda ne nasce un altro p>e de n]ui onde sono intuto tr5tauno p>e de n]ui oltra quelli sei p>a ditti disopra *e nascono dal c]ebro4 ,capitulum secundum de ano?omia bra*iorum et manuum4 ,le braze e le mano sono compo/i de cute p+u$9e1 c>ne1 u5e1 corde1 ligam5ti1 ossa4 ,tu u$]ai una u5a *e p5etra p] sotto la las9a del brazo e proc$e p] la p>te dome/ica e uas5e ala curuatura del brazo et app>e ne la p>te inf]iore de gubito e *iamasi basilica e poi prot5de piu oltra desc5d5do gioso a la mano ne la p>te silue/ra e uas5e tra doi digiti cio e el digito picolo *iamato auricul>e et el suo proximo digito folio #de v]so *iamato annul>e1 e *iamasi que/a u5a iue syl5 e coresponde ala basilica como suo ramo4 ,v$]ai simelm5te un altra u5a *e ui5e p] la p>te dome/ica del brazo ne la p>te sup]iore de gubito e *iamasi cephalica p] *e e uacua del capo et nasce da una u5a *e asc5de al capo e que/a u5a piu oltra proc$e u]so la mano e uass5e ne la silue/ra p>te tra e il dito grosso e l9dice e *iamasi saluatella e corresponde a la cephalica4 ,un altra u5a u$]ai ne la curuatiua del brazo 9 mezo de le pr$icte como uno ramo cont9uato cum tute doe e *iamase u5a m$ia o u]o u5a comune4 ,da poi le u5e tu u$]ai di molti musculi e molte corde gr&e e grosse4 ,li musculi furno facti a d>e el moto uolunt>io al quale des]u5o etiam esse corde4 ,dapoi tu u$]ai le ossa et com5ti&o ala spala tu u$]ai prima uno osso *iamato spatula de simile figura como e una spatula de legno el quale e l>go disotto acio *e non imp$is*a el pecto e le co/e1 et e /recto di sopra acio *e cum laltro osso *e tu u$]ai *iamato aiutorio meglio se firme3 et imp]o ne la extremita sup]iore di que/a spatula glie una concauita sup]ficiale rotonda acio *e 9 esse sia situata la extrimita de lo aiutorio rotonda del quale el capo primo e rotondo locato ne la extremita de losso de la spatula poi nel mezo se obliqua u]so la dome/ica p>te acio *e nel plic>e et folio #df recto amplex>e de le cose sia piu habile3 ,et lo extremo di que/o aiutorio ha quasi doe em95tie p] *e se congionge cum dui ossi *iamati focilli1 et 9 mezo de quelle p>te em95te ha piu disopra una c]ta concauita ne laquale entra lextremita del focille inf]iore laquale e facta a modo de uno in/rum5to da tr>e laqua acio *e sia piu f]ma la sua coniunctione et el focille inf]iore e piu longo *e el sup]iore p] *e l9f]iore su/5ta el sup]iore3 ,ma tuti dui conuegono 9 que/o *e ne li extremi sono piu grossi *e nel mezo p] *e da li extremi loro nascono ligam5ti e iuncture1 et nel mezo glie sono musculi *e suplis5o a la loro sutilita3 ,et el focille sup]iore non proc$e dritam5te como l9f]iore acio *e sia cagione de plic>e la mano et el brazo4 ,dapoi que/i d focilli glie la resetta de la mano ne la quale sono octo ossi 9 doe s*i]e cioe quatro p] s*i]a3 ,dapoi sono le ossa del pect9e de la mano p]*e e facta ala =ma de uno pect9e e sono quatro correspond5ti a quatro digiti p] *e al dito grosso non corresponde alcuno osso di que/o pect9e p] *e non e 9 s*i]a cum li altri digiti4 ,dapoi sono le ossa de li c9que digiti1 et hano tre ossi p] digito *e sono intuto qu9dice3 ,da poi sono le corde *e uano ale iuncture et ultimo la c>ne laquale e molto piu ne la p>te dome/ica1 et da li lati ma po*a ne la p>te silue/ra p] *e plic&osi folio #df v]so ne la p>te dome/ica non recceuesse lesione p] la dureza de li ossi e *e non accadesse uacuita alcuna dai lati e da poi li sono le onghie a coprire la cornosita *e e ne lextremita de dicti digiti4 ,capitulum t]tium de ano?omia coss>um tibi>um et p$um4 ,v$iamo mo ultimam5te de la ano?omia de le cosse1 gambe e pi$i4 ,diciamo adon*a *e scortic&o le cosse tu tr\]ai doe u5e gr&e *e sono ramificate dal tron*o de la u5a *ilis *e desc5de gioso el quale qu&o e nel f9e de li spondili dele r5e se diuide 9 doi rami uno ua ala gamba dritta e laltro ala /an*a et similit] se ramifica el tron*o de l>?>ia ador?i *e desc5de3 e ciascuno di qui/i doi rami 9 ciascuna gamba se diuide 9 doi altri rami uno desc5de p] el dritto e p] la dome/ica p>te de la gamba et *iamas ,saph5a p] *e flobotomata e uacua dai membri naturali e g5itali et app>e que/a u5a sopra del g5o*io e sopra la caui*ia del pi$e1 e desotto nel cal*agno et app>e an*e nel pect9e del p$e4 ,un altro ramo se obliqua et intra apresso la iunctura de la scia#bai o del galbue#bai imp]o e *iamata siatica3 ondo p] la obliquatione *e fa circa que/e iuncture flobotomata uale ne le sue passione3 ,et app>e que/a u5a intuti i pr$icti folio #dg recto luo*i como e dicto de la saph5a4 ,ne la p>te silue/ra ua esc>n&o e lieua su li musculi e le corde e u$]ai prima losso del pet5e*io sopra del quale sono fabricati li spondili de la s*9a et consequ5t] tuto el corpo ne la p>te inf]iore ha una concauita ne laquale e locata la extremita rotonda laquale extremita se *iama u]tebro e nel mezo di qui/i doi da la p>te d5tro lie uno c]to ligam5to e que/a iunctura di que/i doi ossi se *iama scia3 et imp]o el dolore *e ui5e iui se *iama dolore sciatico4 ,dapoi tu u$]ai losso gr&e de la cossa el quale e magiore de tute le ossa *e sono nel corpo p] *e su/5taculo de tuto el corpo3 ,et hebbe una gr&e concauita acio *e fusse piu ligi]o e *e hauesse molta m]olla4 ,et p] *e potesse meglio su/5t>e non lo fece dritto la natura ma ne la extremita fecelo pighato u]so la dome/ica p>te3 e nel mezo sie plicato e conuexo4 ,dapoi que/o osso nela iunctura del g5o*io sono dui ossi dicti focilli de la gamba ma u]so la p>te d9anzi di quella iunctura glie uno osso *iamato patella facto 9 modo de una patella acio *e la iunctura fusse piu =te3 e que/a iunctura e facta de ligam5ti como fusse ligata p] uno groppo4 ,et el focille *e e ne la p>te dome/ica e magiore e piu grosso p] *e ha piu a su/5t> el peso folio #dg v]so del corpo e quello de la p>te silue/ra e piu sutile e curto facto solo *el sia apogio del magiore4 ,da poi lie losso de la cai*ia cum el quale se congiong5o li dicti focilli1 et e losso del calcagno grosso quadrangulato sotto del quale e una cute grossa e callosa molto4 ,da poi e uno osso facto 9 modo de una u nauicula quadrangul>e alquanto longo4 ,dapoi e la rasetta del p$e compo/o de tri ossi e non de octo como fu la resetta de la mano p]*e el p$e d\ea />e firmo e non m\]si a ret9ire qual*e cosa como la mano4 ,da poi li e el pect9e compo/o da c9que ossi p] *e el dito grosso e ins*i]a cum li altri4 ,da poi sono le ossa dili digiti *e sono quatuordice cioe dui al dito grosso e tri p] ciascaduno de li altri4 ,da poi sono c]ti musculi e molte corde a m\]e contrah5do e dillat&o i digiti et ultimo li sono le onghie *e copr5o la c>nosita de li cime de li digiti como e /ato dicto di digiti de le mane4 ,e cussi a laude de dio habiamo compiuto quello *e era no/ra int5tione e quello *e dal pr9cipio noi prometessimo di n>r>e4 ,,! ,,bless+ ,,( ,,cramp-,,r+s ,a ,,*apt] ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,epilepsy by ,raymond ,crawfurd ,! orig9 ( ?is c]emony ( bless+ r+s1 by ! k+s & que5s ( ,engl&1 = ! cure ( epilepsy & o!r spasmodic disord]s1 appe>s to be well atte/$ by ! evid5ce ( _m contempor>y records4 ,all alike ref] x back to ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 or1 to be m exact1 to ! r+ :i* 0 "o ( ! sacr$ relics 9 ! %r9e ( ! ,confessor 9 8 abbey ( ,we/m9/]4 ,caxton1 9 ! ,gold5 ,leg5d1#bbj tells ! tale ( ?is wond]ful r+1 z foll[s3 #8,:5 ! bless$ ,k+ ,edw>d _h liv$ _m ye>s1 & 0 fall5 into great age1 x happ5$ he came rid+ by a *ur* 9 ,essex call$ ,hav]+1 :i* 0 at t "t 9 hall[+1 & %\ld be d$icat$ 9 ! hon\r ( our ,"l & ,s4 ,john ! ,evangeli/2 :]e=e ! k+ = great devotion light$ d[n & t>ri$1 :ile ! *ur* 0 9 hall[+4 ,& 9 ! "t ( procession1 a fair old man came to ! k+ & dem&$ ( him alms 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god & ,s4 ,john ! ,evangeli/4 ,!n ! k+ f\nd no?+ ready to give1 ne 8 almon] 0 n pres5t1 b he took (f ! r+ f 8 f+] & gave x to ! poor man1 :om ! poor man ?ank$ & dep>t$4 ,& )9 c]ta9 ye>s aft]1 two pilgrims ( ,engl& w5t into ! holy l& to visit holy places !re1 & z !y _h lo/ _! way & 7 gone f _! fell[%ip1 & ! night approa*$1 & !y sorr[$ greatly z !y t wi/ n :i!r to g1 & dread$ sore to be p]i%$ among wild bea/s2 at ! la/ !y saw a fair company ( m5 array$ 9 :ite clo?+1 ) two lights borne a=e !m1 & beh9d !m !re came a fair anci5t man ) :ite hair = age4 ,!n ^! pilgrims ?\ght to foll[ ! light & drew nigh4 ,!n ! old man ask$ !m :at !y 71 & ( :at region1 & !y answ]$ t !y 7 pilgrims ( ,engl&1 & _h lo/ _! fell[%ip & way also4 ,!n ?is old man com=t$ !m goodly1 & br\ght !m into a fair city :]e 0 a fair c5acle hone/ly array$ ) all mann] ( da9ties1 & :5 !y _h well refre%$ !m & re/$ !re all night1 on ! morn ?is fair old man w5t ) !m1 & br\ght !m 9 ! "r way aga94 ,& he 0 glad to he> !m talk ( ! welf>e & hol9ess ( _! k+ ,s4 ,edw>d4 ,& :5 he %\ld dep>t f !m1 !n he told !m :at he 0 & said3 ,i am ,john ! ,evangeli/1 & say ye unto ,edw>d y\r k+ t ,i greet him "r well1 by ! tok5 t he gave to me ?is r+ ) 8 own h&s at ! hall[+ ( my *ur*1 :i* r+ ye %all deliv] to him aga94 ,& say ye to him t he dispose 8 goods1 = )9 six mon?s he %all be 9 ! joy ( heav5 ) me1 :]e he %all h 8 rew>d = 8 *a/ity & = 8 good liv+4444 ,& :5 he _h deliv]$ to !m ! r+ he dep>t$ f !m sudd5ly4 ,& soon aft] !y came home & did _! message to ! k+1 & deliv]$ to him ! r+1 & said t ,s4 ,john ! ,evangeli/ s5t x to him4' ,%ortly aft] ?is ,edw>d dep>t$ ?is life1 & 0 laid 9 8 abbey ( ,we/m9/]1 :]e ! usual abundant h>ve/ ( miracul\s cures 0 enact$ at 8 %r9e4 ,9 ! above /ory we h also ! explanation ( "o synonym ( epilepsy1 ! #8morbus sancti ,iohannis'4 ,! fur!r hi/ory ( ! r+ may be glean$ f sev]al s\rces1 b notably f a ,,ms4 by "o ,ri*>d ,sporley1 a monk ( ! abbey1 entitl$1 #8,de fundacione ecclesie ,we/m'1 dat$ ,a4,d4 #adej1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#bba ,/4 ,edw>d's r+ 0 deposit$ ) 8 corpse 9 ! tomb 9 ,a4,d4 #ajff4 ,he 0 translat$ at midnight ( ,octob] #ac1 #aafc1 :5 8 body 0 f\nd to be incorrupt4 ,abbot ,lawr5ce took ! robes f ! body & made !m into ?ree copes1 & gave ! r+ z a sacr$ relic to ! ,abbey3 #8,dompnus ,laur5tius quondam abbas huius loci 444 s$ et annulo eiusdem 7,sancti ,edw>di7 quem ,sancto ,iohanni quondam tradidit1 quem et ipse de p>adiso remisit1 elapsis annis duobus et dimidio1 po/ea 9 nocte translationis de digito regis tulit1 et pro miraculo 9 loco i/o cu/odiri iussit4' ,illu/ration3 ,f ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,libr>y ,,ms4 ,ec4 iii4 #ei ,plate ,,xxxix4 ,,miracles ,,at ,,! ,,tomb ,,( ,,edw>d ,,! ,,confessor ,x,i,i,ith ,c5tury ,! /ory ( ! r+ is also depict$ 9 ! m9iatures ( a beautiful illum9at$ ,norman-,fr5* ,,ms4 ,life ( ,/4 ,edw>d ! ,k+1 dat+ f ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & n[ 9 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y at ,cambridge4#bbb ,! s+le m9iature reproduc$ "h 7,plate ,,xxxix7 %[s sev5 bl9d m51 re/or$ to sight1 kneel+ at ! %r9e1 :ile a prie/ reads ! ,te ,deum4 ,at ! sides ( ! %r9e are figures on pill>s ( ,/4 ,john z ! palm] 7left71 & ,/4 ,edw>d ) 8 r+ 7"r74 ,no cure ( epilepsy1 s-call$ cramp1 is depict$ among ! _m miracul\s cures record$ 9 ! ,,ms4 ,! e>lie/ extant records ( ! use ( ! r+ = ?is purpose date f ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,ii4 ,an/is#bbc cites ! foll[+ entry f ! la/ *apt] ( ! ,con/itutions ( ! ,h\sehold ( ,edw>d ,,ii3 #8,item le ,roi doit (fr] de c]te9 le j\r de grant v5dr$i a cr\ce4 v s4 queux il e/ acu/umez receivre dev]s lui a la m5e le *apele9 afair ent anulx a donn] pur m$ic9e az div]s g5tz'3 ! language1 h[ev]1 ( ! entry leaves little room to d\bt t ! cu/om 0 already an e/abli%$ "o4 ,at 8 coronation1 too1 ,edw>d ,,ii (f]$ a p\nd ( gold wr\ght into a figure repres5t+ ,/4 ,edw>d hold+ a r+1 & a m>k ( gold1 or eight ounces1 work$ into ! figure ( a pilgrim putt+ =? 8 h& to receive ! r+3 & ! presumption is t ?is gold 0 to be conv]t$ into cramp-r+s4 ,we h detail$ acc\nts ( ! mann] ( ?is c]emony ( hall[+ cramp-r+s dat+ f e>ly ,tudor times1 & !re is suffici5t evid5ce 9 ! brief notices ( e>li] date to %[ t ! c]emonial obs]v$ by ! ,plantag5et k+s 0 ess5tially simil>4 ,on ,good ,friday1 :5 ! k+ w5t to adore ! cross1 he us$ to make an (f]+ ( money1 :i* 0 r$eem$ by a sum ( equival5t value3 ! money s receiv$ 0 conv]t$ into r+s1 :i* 7 subsequ5tly hall[$ by ! k+4 ,9 ,tudor times ! hall[+ ( ! r+s took place on ,good ,friday1 s t ! (f]+ ( ! money mu/ h be5 made at "s previ\s "t1 or ?is "p ( ! ritual may h actually become obsolete4 ,! *ange ( cu/om 0 effect$ "s "t betwe5 #i ,edw>d ,,iv 7#adgj-a7 & #ac ,h5ry ,,viii 7#aeba-b71 & 0 probably !re=e ! "w ( ,h5ry ,,vii1 :o1 z we "k1 mat]ially alt]$ ! k9dr$ c]emonial ( ,t\*+ = ! ,evil4 ,a ,,ms4 copy ( ! ,ord]s ( ! ,k+ ( ,engl&'s ,h\sehold1 #ac ,h5ry ,,viii1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale at ,p>is1#bbd conta9s1 #8,! ,ord] ( ! ,kynge1 on ,good ,friday1 t\*+ ! com+e to ,s]vice1 ,hall[+e ( ! ,crampe ,r+s1 & ,(f]+e & ,creep+e to ! ,crosse'4 ,x is quot$ 9 ext5so 9 ! ,nor?umb]l& ,h\sehold ,book1#bbe & also by ,mansell 9 8 ,monum5ta ,ritualia4#bbf ,x runs z foll[s3 #8,fir/ ! k+ to come to ! closett or to ! *appell ) ! lords & noblem5 wayt+ on him1 )\t any sword to bee borne be=e him on t day1 & !re to t>ry 9 8 trav]s till ! bi%op & deane h br\ght =? ! crucifix out ( ! ve/ry 7! almon] read+ ! s]vice ( ! cramp r+s7 layd ^u a cu%ion be=e ! high alt>1 & !n ! hui%]s %all lay a c>pet be=e yt = ye k+ to creepe to ! crosse ^u3 & yt done1 !re %all be a f\rme set ^u ! c>pet be=e ! crucifix1 & a cu%ion layd be=e x = ! k+ to kneele on2 & ! ,ma/] ( ! jewell h\se %al be !r ready ) ! crampe r+s 9 a bas9 or bas9s ( silv]3 ! k+ %all kneele ^u ! sayd cu%ion be=e ! f\rme1 & !n mu/ ! cl]ke ( ! closett bee ready ) ! booke conteyn+e ye s]vice ( ! hall[+ ( ! said r+s1 & ! almon] mu/ kneel ^u ! "r h& ( ! k+1 hold+ ( ! sayd booke1 & :5 yt is done ! k+ %all rise & g to ! high alt>1 :]e an hui%] mu/ be ready ) a cu%ion to lay = 8 grace to kneele ^u1 & ! greate/ ,"l or ,lords be+ !n pres5t %all take ! bas9 or bas9s ) ! r+s & be> !m aft] ! k+1 & !n deliv] !m to ! k+ to (f]2 & ?is done ! que5 %all come d[n out ( h] closett or trav]s into ! *appell ) ladies & g5tlewom5 wayt]s on h]1 & creepe to ! crosse2 & t done %e %all returne aga9e into h] closett or trav]s1 & !n ! ladies %all come d[ne & creepe to ! crosse1 & :5 !y h done1 ! ,lords & noblem5 %all 9 likewise4' ,creep+ to ! ,cross seems to h be5 practis$ 9 noble h\seholds z well z 9 t ( ! k+4 ,! foll[+ entry is f\nd 9 ! ,nor?umb]l& ,h\sehold ,book#bbg 7temp4 ,h5ry ,,viii73 #8,item my ,"l use? & accu/ome? y]ely :5 8 ,lord%ip is at home to cause to be delyv]ide = ! ,(f]+s ( my ,lordis ,sone & ,heire ! ,"l ,p]cy ^u ! said ,good ,friday ,:5 he crepi? ! ,crosse ijd4 ,&e = e ( my ,yonge ,mai/]s my ,lords ,yong] ,sonnes aft] jd4 to e ( !m = _! ,(f]+s :5 !y ,crepe ! ,cross ! said ,good ,friday iiijd4' ,_m ( ! entries 9 ! acc\nts ( ! ,plantag5et k+s %[ t ! homage 0 paid to ! ,gney? ,cross4 ,?is cross 0 held 9 great v5]ation1 &1 accord+ to tradition1 0 made ( wood f ! true ,cross pres5t$ by a pilgrim to ,ri*>d ,cur de ,lion3 no satisfactory explanation ( its "n is =?com+4 ,x seems to h be5 transf]r$ f place to place4 ,"u ,edw>d ,i we f9d x 9 ! royal *apel ( ! ,priory ( ,plympton3 "u ,edw>d ,,ii 9 ! royal *apel )9 ! ,t[]3 "u ,edw>d ,,iii 9 ! private *apel ( ! royal ,manor ( ,clip/one1 & lat] 9 ! same reign 9 ,/4 ,george's ,*apel at ,w9dsor1 :]e x 0 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,! purpose ( ! c]emony is set =? 9 a ,proclamation ( ,febru>y #bf1 #cj ,h5ry ,,viii1 n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies3 #8,on ,good ,friday x %all be decl>$ h[e creepyng ( ! ,crosse signifye? an humblynge ( ourselfe to ,*ri/e be=e ! ,crosse1 & ! kyssynge ( x a memorie ( our r$emption made ^u ! ,crosse4' ,:5 ,convocation1 9 ,a4,d4 #aecf1 aboli%$ "s ( ! old c]emonies1 on ! gr\nd t !y 7 sup]/iti\s1 ?is ( ,creep+ to ! ,cross 0 reta9$ z a laudable & edify+ cu/om4 ,! foll[+ records1 tak5 f ! ,h\sehold ,books & ,acc\nt ,rolls ( ! times1 s]ve to e/abli% ! cont9uity ( ! c]emonial subsequ5t to its fir/ m5tion 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,ii4 ,9 ! ,eleemosyna ,roll ( #i ,edw>d ,,iii#bbh occurs ! foll[+ entry3 #8,9 oblacione dom9i ,regis ad crucem de ,gney! die p>asceues 9 capella sua1 infra mann]ium suum de ,clip/one1 9 precium duorum flor5cium de ,flor5cia1 xiiii die ,aprilis1 vis4 viijd41 et 9 d5>iis quos posuit pro dictis flor5ciis reassumptis pro annulis m$ic9alibus inde faci5dis1 eodem die1 vis43 summa xiis4 viiid4' ,= ! (f]+ ( ! "l ,k+ to ! ,gney! ,cross on ,good ,friday 9 8 *apel1 9 8 manor ( ,clip/one1 to ! value ( two flor9s1 on ! #ad? day ( ,april1 vis4 viiid41 & = ! p5ce be/[$ 9 r$emption ( ! said flor9s = ! mak+ ( m$ic9al r+s1 on ! same day1 vis43 total xiis4 viiid4 ,aga91 9 ! ,eleemosyna ,roll ( ! foll[+ ye>1 #aj ,edw>d ,,iii3#bbi #8,9 oblacione dom9i ,regis ad crucem de ,gney? 9 die p>asceues apud ,el?am1 xxix die ,m>cii1 vs41 et pro iisdem d5>iis reassumptis pro annulis inde faci5dis p] manus ,iohannis de ,croke=d eodem die1 xs4' ,9 ?is entry ! "n ( ! almon] is introduc$1 & ! =m ( ! acc\nt is abbreviat$ by omitt+ repetition ( ! sub/itut$ vs4 ,& 9 #aa ,edw>d ,,iii3#bcj #8,9 oblacione dom9i regis ad crucem de ,gney? 9 capella sua 9 pco de ,wyndesore die p>asceues1 vs41 et pro totidem d5>iis reassumptis pro annulis inde faci5dis vs4' ,"h ! sum total is omitt$3 ! ?ree entries1 ?\gh mutually explanatory1 %[ h[ puzzl+ becomes a too /rict economy ( words4 ,entries sub/antially ! same z ^! may be se5 9 ! ,w>drobe ,acc\nts ( #ab-ad ,edw>d ,,iii4#bca ,"o m entry f ! ,acc\nt ,books ( ,john de ,ypres1 #dd ,edw>d ,,iii1 is p]haps wor? quot+1 z x seems to po9t def9itely to ! r+s be+ made 9 ?is in/ance ( bo? gold & silv]3 #8,9 oblacionibus ,regis factis ador&o crucem 9 capella sua infra ca/rum suum de ,wyndesore die p>asceues 9 pretio trium nobilium auri et qu9que solidorum /]l+ xxvs4--,9 d5>iis solutis pro iisdem oblacionibus reassumptis pro annulis m$ic9alibus inde faci5dis1 eodem die xxv4' ,! (f]+ ( bo? gold & silv] money w\ld seem to be> out ! sugge/ion z to ! mat]ial ( ! r+s1 z we "k t 9 lat] times bo? metals 7 us$4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 arguable t ! l>g] sum ( money indicates only a great] dem& = ! r+s4 ,ri*>d ,,ii's ,acc\nt ,books#bcb %[ t he ma9ta9$ ! practice ( 8 gr&fa!r4 ,! foll[+ is f an acc\nt ( ! ,controll] ( ! ,w>drobe 9 8 reign3 #89 d5ar solut decano capelle ,regis pro eisdem oblacionibus reassumpt pro anulis m$ic9a inde faci5dis1 xxvs4' ,! sub/itut$ money seems to h be5 actually laid on ! alt>1 & remov$ !nce to be made into r+s3 ?is w expla9 paym5t be+ made 9 ?is case to ! ,dean ( ! ,*apel ,royal4 ,h5ry ,,iv c\ld ill af=d to disp5se ) any ( ! pr]ogatives ( royalty1 & we f9d him (f]+ #be %ill+s 9 ! *apel ( ! palace ( ,el?am = ! mak+ ( m$ic9al r+s4#bcc ,x is no matt] = surprise t no m5tion %\ld be =?com+ ( cramp-r+s 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,v1 mo/ ( :i* 0 sp5t beyond ! %ores ( ,engl&1 & 9 ! propagation r ?an 9 ! relief ( disease4 ,a passage1 h[ev]1 9 ! lit]>y rema9s ( ,sir ,john ,=tescue#bcd tak5 f a tract entitl$ ,def5sio ,iuris ,domus ,lanca/riae1 n[ to be se5 9 ! ,cotton ,collection at ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ref]able to ! ye> ,a4,d4 #adfb1 seems to %[ t ! practice _h n be5 all[$ to lapse dur+ 8 memory1 :i* rang$ ov] ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,iv1 ,v1 & ,,vi4 ,! translat$ passage runs ?us3 #8,_m duties likewise are incumb5t on ! ,k+s ( ,engl& 9 virtue ( ! k+ly (fice1 :i* are inconsi/5t ) a woman's nature1 & ,k+s ( ,engl& are end[$ ) c]ta9 p[]s by special grace f heav51 :]e) ,que5s 9 ! same c\ntry are n end[$4 ,! ,k+s ( ,engl& at _! v ano9t+ receive su* an infusion ( grace f heav51 t by t\* ( _! ano9t$ h&s !y cleanse & cure ^? infect$ ) a c]ta9 disease1 t is commonly call$ ! ,k+'s ,evil1 ?\gh !y be pron\nc$ o!rwise incurable4 ,epileptics too1 & p]sons subject to ! fall+ sickness1 are cur$ by means ( gold & silv] dev\tly t\*$ & (f]$ by ! sacr$ ano9t$ h&s ( ! k+s ( ,engl& ^u ,good ,friday1 dur+ div9e s]vice 7accord+ to ! anci5t cu/om ( ! ,k+s ( ,engl&72 z has be5 prov$ by frequ5t trial ( r+s1 made ( ! said gold & silv] & plac$ on ! f+]s ( sick p]sons 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! gift is n be/[$ on ,que5s1 z !y are n ano9t$ on ! h&s4' ,! passage also br+s out ! fact t ! use ( bo? gold & silv] r+s _h long be5 cu/om>y4 ,we h abundant evid5ce ( ! ma9t5ance ( ! c]emony "u ,edw>d ,,iv 9 a numb] ( sep>ate entries4 ,?us 9 an ,eleemosyna ,roll ( #h ,edw>d ,,iv is ! foll[+3 #8,pro eleemosyna 9 die p>asceves c4 m>c4 et pro annulis de auro et arg5to pro eleemosyna ,regis eodem die4' ,& 9 a ,lib] ,nig] ,domus ,regis ,edw>di ,,iv3 #8,item1 to ! ,kynge's (f]+s to ! crosse on ,good ,friday1 out f ! c\nt+-h\se = m$yc9able r+s ( gold & silv]1 delyv]$ to ! jewell h\se xxvs4' ,& aga9 9 a ,privy ,seal ,acc\nt ( #i ,edw>d ,,iv3 #8,item1 paid = ! ,k+'s ,good ,fryday r+s ( gold & silv] xxxiiil4 vis4 viiid4' ,edw>d ,,iv seems to h aim$ at =tify+ himself ^u ! ?rone by a lib]al use ( ! ,royal ,gift ( ,heal+1 & ,i h else:]e express$ my belief1 9 ! abs5ce ( any writt5 evid5ce1 t x 0 9 8 reign1 & n 9 t ( ,h5ry ,,vii1 z commonly believ$1 t ! dole ( ! angel to ^? t\*$ by ! ,k+ = ! ,evil 0 in/itut$4 ,cramp-r+s are m5tion$ 9 ! ,comptroll]'s ,acc\nts ( #bj ,h5ry ,,vii1 b ! ,tudors c]ta9ly devot$ _! heal+ p[]s *iefly to suff]]s f ! ,evil4 ,!re is a passage 9 ! ,hi/oria ,anglicana ( ,polydore ,v]gil1#bce ! ,italian1 :o came to live 9 ,engl& 9 ,a4,d4 #aejb1 & wrote 8 hi/ory dur+ ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,vii & ,,viii1 :i* %[s ! nature ( ! pati5ts = :om ^! sacr$ r+s 7 us$4 #8,i/e annulus 9 eodem templo 7scil4 ,we/mona/]ii71 mult v5]atione p]diu e/ s]vatus1 quod salut>is esset membris /up5tibus val]etque adv]sus comitialem morbum1 cum tang]etur ab illis1 qui eiusmodi t5t>5tur morbis4 ,h9c natum1 ut reges po/ea ,angliae consuev]9t 9 die ,p>asceues1 mult co]emoni sacr>e annulos1 quos qui induunt1 hisce 9 morbis omn9o nunquam sunt4' ,besides true epileptics1 !y 7 us$ = ^? :o _h palsi$ limbs3 ?is is int]e/+ z sugge/+ ! inclusion ( ,jacksonian epilepsy1 & p]haps hemiplegia1 & ! result+ contractures 9 ^! conditions may h contribut$ to ! confusion ) contractures f o!r causes1 su* z *ronic rheumatism4 ,we h to bridge ov] 9 "s su* way ! gap betwe5 _! conception ( #8cramp' & ours4 ,9 ! w ( ,john ,b>et ( ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds1#bcf dat$ #adfc1 is a beque/ to #8my lady ,walgrave' ( a #8r[und ryng ( ! ,kynges silv]'2 & also to #8,?omais ,brews1 esquiy]1 my crampe ryng ) blak innamel1 & a "p silvir & gilt4' ,& 9 #aece ,edmund ,lee bequea?s to #8my nece ,?w>t[ my gold ryng wt a turkes1 & a crampe ryng ( gold wt all4' ,!re are ev5 e>li] beque/s ?an ?is ( heal+-r+s1#bcg b n specifically t]m$ cramp-r+s3 !y are simply spok5 ( z #8v]tuosi'4 ,?us ,?omas de ,hoton1 rector ( ,kyrkebymisp]ton1 9 #acea1 bequea!d to 8 *apla9 #8j4 zonam de s]ico1 j4 bonam bursam1 j4 firmaculum1 et j4 anulum v]tuosum4 ,item1 dom9o ,?ome de ,b\?um j4 p> de b$es de corall1 j4 anulum v]tuosum4' ,talismanic r+s1 inscrib$ ) ! names ( ! ?ree ,magi1 ,casp>1 ,mel*ior1 ,bal?az>1 7 us$ z pres]vatives f epilepsy 9 ,plantag5et times4 ,! royal cramp-r+s enjoy$ no monopoly 9 ! cure ( epilepsy1 z is %[n by an extract f a m$ical treatise writt5 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury3#bch #8,= ! ,crampe4 ,tak & g] g$9e on ,gude ,friday1 at fyfe p>ri*e kirkes1 fife ( ! fir/ p5yes t is (f]d at ! crosse1 ( ilk a kirk ! fir/ p5ye3 ?an tak !m al & ga be=e ! crosse & say ,v4 pat] no/]s 9 ! wors*ip ( fife wondes1 & b]e ?aim on ! ,v4 dais1 & say ilk a day als mekyl on ! same wyse3 & !n g> mak a ryng ?> ( ) owt5 alay ( o!r metel1 & writ ) 9 ,jasp]1 ,batas>1 ,altrapa1 & writ ) out5 ,ih' c4 naz>5us2 & si!n tak x fra ! goldsmy? ^u a ,fridai1 & say ,v4 pat] no/]s als ?u did be=e & use x alway aft]w>d4' ,! #8fife wondes' are1 ( c\rse1 ! five w\nds ( ! crucifi$ ,jesus4 ,a silv] r+1 made ( five sixp5ces contribut$ by five diff]5t ba*elors1 convey$ by a ba*elor to ! h& ( a smi? t 0 also a ba*elor1 0 ano!r reput$ rem$y = epilepsy2 & its virtue 0 enhanc$1 if none ( ! ba*elors knew = :at purpose or to :om x 0 giv54#bci ,9 ,b]k%ire1 r+s made f a piece ( silv] collect$ at ! ,communion f\nd fav\r1 & !y 7 m efficaci\s if collect$ on ,ea/] ,sunday4 ,devon%ire pref]r$ a r+ made ( ?ree nails or screws t _h be5 us$ to fa/5 a c(f91 & t _h be5 dug out ( a *ur*y>d4#bdj ,cramp-r+s hall[$ by ! ,k+ ( ,engl& enjoy$ repute beyond ! %ores ( ,engl&4#bda ,"l ,b]n]s1 ! translator ( ,froiss>t1 :5 ambassador to ,*>les ,v1 writ+ to #8my ,lorde ,c>d9all's grace f ,s>agoza1 ! xxi daie ( ,june1 #aeaj'1 says3 #8,if y\r grace rememb] me ) "s crampe rynges ye %all d a ?ynge mu*e look$ =1 & ,i tru/ to be/[ ?aym well1 ) ,godd's grace1 :o ev]mor pres]ve & encrease y\r mo/e rev]5t a/ate4' ,among v>i\s *>ms t ,*>les ,v c>ri$ ab\t ) him 7 #8gold r+s f ,engl& aga9/ cramp'4#bdb ,9 ,a4,d4 #aeah we f9d ! ,presid5t ( ! ,college ( ,physicians l5d+ 8 patronage to ! royal cramp-r+s4 ,9 a lett] to ! ,p>isian s*ol>1 ,guillaume ,bud1#bdc ,?omas ,l9acre writes t he #8has s5t him "s r+s consecrat$ by ! ,k+ z a *>m aga9/ ,spasms'3 & on ,july #aj1 #aeah1 ,bud replies to him f ,p>is t he has #8receiv$ 8 lett] ) ! r+s on ,july #f'1 & has di/ribut$ among ! wives ( 8 relatives & fri5ds ! eighte5 r+s ( silv] & "o ( gold he receiv$ f ,l9acre1 tell+ !m t !y 7 amulets aga9/ sl&] & calumny4 ,ev5 ! h>d-head$ ,scot 0 n pro( aga9/ ! magnetism ( ! royal r+s4 ,a lett] f ,dr4 ,?omas ,magnus1 ,w>d5 ( ,sib?orpe ,college1 ,nott+ham%ire1 to ,c>d9al ,wolsey1#bdd writt5 9 ,a4,d4 #aebf says3 #8,pleas x y\r ,grace to write t ,m4 ,wiat ( 8 goodnes s5t unto me = a pres5t c]ta9e cramp r+ges1 :i* ,i di/ribut$ & gave to sond]y myne acqua9taunce at ,ed9burghe1 amonges o!r to ,m4 ,adame ,ott]b\rne1 :o1 ) oone ( ?ayme1 relev$ a mann ly+ 9 ! fall+ sek5es1 9 ! sight ( my*e p3 se!nne :i* tyme _m reque/es h be5 made unto me = cramp r+ges1 at my dep>t+ !re1 & also se!nne my comyng f !nnes4 ,may x pleas y\r ,grace !re=e to %[ y\r graci\s pleasure to ! said ,m4 ,wyat1 t "s r+ges may be kept & s5t into ,scottel&e2 :i*e aft] my poore oppyniy\n %ulde be a good d$e1 rememb]+ ! p[] & op]acion ( ?aym is kn[ne & prov$ 9 ,ed9burgh1 & t !y be gretly requir$ = ! same cause bo? by grete p]sonnages & o!r4' ,:5 ,bi%op ,g>d9] 0 9 ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #aebi1 ,anne ,boleyn wrote him ! foll[+ lett]3#bde ,ma/] ,/ephyns1 ,i ?ank y = my lett]1 :]e9 ,i p]ceive ! will+ & fai?ful m9d t y h to d me pleasure1 n d\bt+1 b z mu* z is possible = man's wit to imag9e1 y w d4 ,i pray ,god to s5d y well to spe$ 9 all y\r matt]s1 s t y w\ld put me to ! /udy1 h[ to rew>d y\r high s]vice3 ,i d tru/ 9 ,god y %all n rep5t x1 & t ! end ( ?is j\rney %all be m pleasant to me ?an y\r fir/1 = t 0 b a rejoic+ hope1 :i* caus+ ! l ( x1 does put me to ! m pa91 & !y t are p>tak]s ) me1 z y d "k3 & !re=e ,i d tru/ t ?is h>d beg9n+ %all make ! bett] end+4 ,ma/] ,/ephyns1 ,i s5d y "h cramp-r+s = y & ,ma/] ,gregory1 & ,mr4 ,pet]1 pray+ y to di/ribute !m z y ?9k be/4 ,& h me k9dly recomm5d$ to !m bo?1 z %e t y may assure !m1 w be glad to d !m any pleasure1 :i* %all be 9 my p[]4 ,& ?us ,i make an end1 pray+ ,god s5d y good heal?4 ,writt5 at ,gr5wi*e1 ! #d? day ( ,april1 ,by y\r assur$ fri5d1 ,anne ,boleyn4 ,to ,ma/] ,/ephyns ?is be deliv]$4 ,burnet#bdf ref]s to ?is lett]1 z foll[s3 #8,:5 he ,g>d9] w5t to ,rome1 9 ! ye> #aebi1 ,anne ,boleyn writ a v k9d lett] to him1 :i* ,i h put 9 ! ,collection 7,records ,no4 #bd74 ,by x1 ! read] w cle>ly p]ceive t he 0 !n 9 ! secret ( ! ,k+'s design+ to m>ry h] z soon z ! divorce 0 obta9$4 ,!re is ano!r p>ticul> 9 t lett]1 :i* corrects a conjecture :i* ,i _h set d[n 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! =m] book conc]n+ ! cramp r+s t 7 bless$ by ,k+ ,h5ry1 :i* ,i ?\ght might h be5 done by him aft] he 0 decl>$ head ( ! ,*ur*4#bdg ,t "p 0 pr9t$ be=e ,i saw ?is lett]3 b ?is lett] %[s !y 7 us$ to be bless$ be=e ! sep>ation f ,rome3 = ,anne ,boleyn s5t !m z great pres5ts ?i!r4 ,?is use ( !m _h be5 7x seems7 discont9u$ 9 ,k+ ,edw>d's "t3 b n[1 "u ,que5 ,m>y1 x 0 design$ to be reviv$1 & ! (fice = x 0 writt5 out 9 a fair ,,ms4 yet extant1 ( :i* ,i h put a copy 9 ! ,collection 7,no4 #be74 ,b ! sil5ce 9 ! writ]s ( t "t makes me ?9k x 0 seldom if ev] practis$4' ,que5 ,m>y's ,manual1 ( :i* we %all h m to say lat]1 seems to h be5 ! s\rce f :i* ,burnet transcrib$ ! ,(fice4 ,9 8 "t x 0 9 ! libr>y ( ,r4 ,smi?1 titul> ,bi%op ( ,*alc$on4 ,num]\s allusions 9 ! records ( ! ,de ,lisle family be> te/imony to ! popul>ity ( cramp-r+s 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4#bdh ,edw>d ,seym\r1 ,e>l ( ,h]t=d & aft]w>ds ,duke ( ,som]set1 writes to ,lady ,lisle1 9 #aecg3 #8,hussey told me y 7 v desir\s to h "s cramp-r+s aga9/ ! "t t y %\ld be br\ght a b$d4444 ,i s5d by ! pres5t mess5g] #ah cramp-r+s1 :i* y %\ld h _h long ago4'#bdi ,john ,husee writes f ,london on ,april #ag1 #aece1 to 8 mi/ress1 ,lady ,lisle3 #8,i s5d y by ,mr4 ,degory ,gramefilld #ei cramp r+s ( silv]1 t ,*ri/(] ,morys give? y1 & "o ( gold'2#bej & aga91 on ,may #b1 #aech3 #8,cramp-r+s ,i c get none out ( ! jewel-h\se4 ,mr4 ,wyllms says ! ,k+ _h ! mo/ "p ( gold1 b has promis$ me twelve silv]4'#bea ,9 a lett] ( ,may #ac1 #aecf1 ,john ,husee comb9es d5unciation ( ,anne ,boleyn ) a promise ( cramp-r+s to ,lady ,lisle3 #8,madam1 ,i ?9k v]ily t if all ! books & cronycles 7 totally revolv$ & to ! utt]mo/ proscut$ & tri$1 :i* aga9/ wym5 ha? be5 p5nyd1 contryvyd1 & wryt51 syns ,adam & ,eve1 ^! same 7 ,i ?9k v]ily no?+ 9 comp>ison ) t :i* ha? be5 done & committ$ by ,anne ! ,que54444 ,i ?9k n ! contr>y b %e & all !y %all suffre4 ,john ,williams ha? promis$ me "s cramp r+s = y\r ,lady%ip'2#beb & aga91 six days aft]3 #8,y\r lady%ip %all receive ( ?is b]] #i cramp-r+s ( silv]4 ,john ,williams says he nev] _h s few ( gold z ?is ye>4 ,! k+ _h ! mo/ "p himself3 b next ye> he w make y am5ds4'#bec ,?is day1 ,may #ai1 #aecf1 0 ! day ( ,anne ,boleyn's execution4 ,m>g>et ,mylynton1 9 #aeaf1 bequea?s to #8my dame ,cro*e my be/ g[n & a k]*eve1 & my cramp-r+'4#bed ,!re is no?+1 h[ev]1 to %[ t x _h receiv$ ! royal b5$iction4 ,&rew ,boorde1 9 8 ,introduction ( ,k1 says1 #8! kynges ( ,engl&e do? hal[e e y]e crampe rynges1 ye :i* rynges worne on ones fyng] do? help !m :y* ha? ! crampe'2 & aga91 9 8 ,brevi>ie ( ,heal?1 publi%$ 9 #aedg1 b writt5 dur+ ! lifetime ( ,h5ry ,,viii3 #8,! kynges maje/y ha? a great helpe 9 ?is matt]1 9 hall[+ crampe rynges1 & s giv5 )\t money or petition4' ,boorde 0 m$ical att5dant to ,?omas1 eigh? ,duke ( ,norfolk1 ,"l ,presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil & uncle ( ,anne ,boleyn1 & by him 0 recomm5d$ to ! notice ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 :o employ$ him mu* 9 ,/ate bus9ess1 b n1 s f> z is kn[n1 9 a m$ical capacity4 ,8 te/imony !re=e is peculi>ly reliable1 & %[s t ,h5ry ,,viii ma9ta9$ ! c]emony ?r\gh\t 8 reign1 z is borne out by ! scatt]$ ref]5ces we h adduc$ f o!r contempor>y s\rces4 ,9 #aedg1 aft] ! dea? ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 ,g>d9] s5t a lett] to ,ridley1 :i* conta9s ! foll[+ passage3 #8,! late k+ us$ to bless cramp r+s bo? ( gold & silv]1 :i* 7 mu* e/eem$ ev]y:]e1 & :5 he 0 abroad !y 7 (t5 desir$ f him4 ,! gift he hop$ ! "y k+ w\ld n neglect4 ,he believ$ ! invocation ( ! "n ( ,god might give su* a virtue to holy wat] z well z to ! wat] ( baptism1' & fur!r he speaks ( ! r+s z endu$ #8by ! special gift ( curation m9i/]$ to ! k+ ( ?is realm'4#bee ,t ,edw>d ,,vi did n rel9qui% ! practice ( bless+ cramp-r+s1 z has be5 suppos$1 & z ,burnet submits1 is conclusively prov$ by an entry 9 ! ,h\sehold ,acc\nts ( ! ye> #aeec1 be=e 8 dea?4 ,"u ! head+ #8,oblations' is #be %ill+s = ! r$emption ( r+s commonly call$ m$ic9e r+s1 to be made ( gold & silv]4#bef ,x 0 little likely t ,m>y w\ld all[ a ,ca?olic c]emonial to lapse = want ( royal patronage4 ,9 ! ,app5dix to ,illu/rations ( ! mann]s & exp5ces ( anti5t times 9 ,engl&1 9 ! #ae?1 #af?1 & #ag? c5turies1 d$uc$ f ! accompts ( *ur*w>d5s & o!r au!ntic docum5ts1 ,london1 #agig1 #dto1 pr9t$ 9 ! same ye>1 is a li/ ( ! ,new ,ye>'s gifts pres5t$ by ,que5 ,m>y 9 #aeef1 among :i* we f9d3 #8,item1 deliu]id by ! que9s comm&em5t--to ! said ,rob]t ,raynes1 9 brok5 golde1 to make crampe r+s1 etc4 ,item1 m deliu]id ! same "t1 to make cramp r+es1 9 broke plate ( silu' !ise p>celles1' c4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xl4 ,,que5 ,,m>y ,,tudor ,,bless+ ,,cramp-,,r+s ,f ,,que5 ,,m>y',s ,,ms4 ,,manual fo4 iv ,libr>y ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,ca!dral at ,,we/m9/] ,b !re is fur!r ! evid5ce ( ! actual exi/5ce ( ,que5 ,m>y's ,illum9at$ ,,ms4 ,manual1 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,ca!dral ( ,we/m9/]1 giv+ ! ,(fice ( ! ,bless+ ( ,cramp-r+s 9 ,lat91 ) rubrics 9 ,engli% %[+ x to be ! =m made use ( by h]self4 ,x also conta9s a m9iature pa9t+ ( ,que5 ,m>y p]=m+ ! s]vice ( consecration4 ,! :ole (fice is transcrib$ bel[4 ,a full description ( ! ,manual w be f\nd 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1#beg at a meet+ ( :om x 0 %[n & describ$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,ellis4 ,sp>r[ ,simpson has also describ$ x 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,ar*aeological ,association1 #ahga4 ,x is a #8small qu>to volume1 eight & a half in*es 9 height by six & ?ree-eigh?s 9 wid?'4 ,c>d9al ,wiseman1 to :om x =m]ly belong$1 has writt5 on ! fly-leaf1 #8,que5 ,m>y's manual = bless+ cramp-r+s & t\*+ = ! ,evil4 ,b\nd #ahej4' ,! cov] is spangl$ ) roses & fleurs-de-lis1 toge!r ) ! ,que5's monogram ,,mr4 #8,! volume consi/s ( n9ete5 leaves ( vellum1 ea* surr\nd$ ) a ri* bord]1 & fill$ ei!r ) m9iatures or ) ! two (fices :i* x comprises4 ,!n foll[ f\r rul$ leaves & fifte5 pla9 leaves )\t manuscript4444 ,on ! recto ( leaf #a ! royal arms ( ,philip & ,m>y are emblazon$1 surr\nd$ by a g>t] & surm\nt$ by a cr[n4 ,a ri* bord] conta9+ ! rose1 ! fleur-de-lis1 & ! pomegranate1 toge!r ) a %ield be>+ ! cross ( ,/4 ,george1 completes ! decorations ( ! page4' ,! r$ & :ite roses repres5t ,que5 ,m>y's d\ble title to ! ?rone ( ,engl& z ! heiress ( ! h\ses ( ,lanca/] & ,york1 ! fleur-de-lis h] claim to ! ?rone ( ,france1 & ! pomegranate ( ,granada h] desc5t f ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george is d]iv$ f ! %ield ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t]4 #8,on ! v]so ( ?is leaf is an illum9ation 7,plate ,,xl7 repres5t+ ! int]ior ( a *apel ) an alt> furni%$ ) curta9s1 c&le/icks1 & crucifix4 ,at a pray]-desk be=e ! alt> kneels ! ,que52 be=e h] is an op5 book1 & on ei!r side two gold5 bas9s conta9+ cramp-r+s4' ,leaves #b to #aj conta9 #8c]tayn prayo's to be vs$ by ! qu5es heighnes 9 ! consecration ( ! crampe ryngs'4 ,a /udy ( ! rubrics1 :i* are 9 ,engli%1 suffices #8to %[ ! ess5tials = ! consecration ( ! r+s3 ! pray]s1 ! royal t\*1 ! holy wat]4444 ,! recto ( leaf #aa is fill$ ) an illum9ation ( ! ,crucifixion ) ,/4 ,m>y & ,/4 ,john4 ,9 ! bord] are ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,passion--! spe>1 ! re$ & sponge1 ! hamm] & p9c]s1 ?ree nails1 two sc\rges1 & 7a v unusual addition7 a c5tre-bit ( ! same =m z t n[ 9 use4 ,on ! v]so ( ?is leaf is a v int]e/+ full-page illum9ation4 ,at a pray]-desk1 on :i* is an op5 book1 kneels ! ,que51 turn+ to ! "r 7! dext] side ( ! picture71 we>+ ! head-dress famili> to u 9 all h] portraits4 ,be=e h] kneels a suff]]1 app>5tly a "y man1 ^: b>e & swoll5 neck ! ,que5 holds betwe5 h] two h&s4 ,beh9d him1 hold+ op5 ! coll> ( ! pati5t's coat1 kneels ! 8cl>ke ( ! closett0 9 a cassock & g[n1 & ) a tonsur$ head4 ,on ! left ( ! pray]-desk /&s 8! *apl501 a bald-head$1 v5]able man 9 a long cassock1 a some:at %ort surplice ) full sleeves1 & ! 8/ole ab[te 8 neck0 ord]$ 9 ! rubric1 read+ ! appo9t$ (fice4 ,! ,que5 we>s a br[n dress cut squ>e at ! neck1 :ite sleeves1 & a lace ruff & wai/-b&s4 ,! (fice = ! heal+ foll[s1 comm5c+ on folio #ab;a1 & end+ on folio #ai;a4 #8,! rubrics are 9 r$ ink1 bright & fre%2 & ea* page has a ri* bord] ( scrolls1 leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit1 ) occasional figures ( *ildr51 c4 ,i enum]ate ! mo/ important subjects4 ,folio #a;b1 ,david ) head ( ,golia?1 ,/4 ,george & ! ,dragon1 & a *ild ) a skull2 folio #b;b1 arms ( ! city ( ,london2 folio #c;a1 ,,v]itas ,,temporis ,,filia 7! ,que5's fav\rite motto71 ) a sword & sceptre2 folios #c;b & #d;a1 l>ge t]m9al figures ) grapes2 folio #d;a1 arms ( ,france & ,engl& qu>t]ly2 folio #d;b1 ,d,,ns ,,mihi ,,adivtor2 folios #e;a & b1 portcullis & rose2 folios #f;a & b1 ,,paci5tia & ,,prvd,,tia1 ) allegorical figures2 folios #g;a & b1 ,,*>itas & ,,iv/icia2 folios #h;a & b1 ,,fides & ,,spes2 folios #i;a & b1 ,,=titvdo & ,,temp]ancia4' ,) ! dea? ( ,m>y1 ! c]emonial seems f9ally to h fall5 into disuse4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a passage 9 ! ,hi/oria ,anglicana ,ecclesia/ica ( ,ni*olas ,h>psfield1#beh :i* 0 writt5 entirely 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 :i* seems to ?r[ "s d\bt on ! po9t4 ,! words are z foll[s3 #8,qu9 et annulus ille1 de quo diximus1 magna 9 ,we/mona/]i5si ,lond9i co5obio po/ea rev]5tia res]vatus1 adv]sus comitialem morbum multis pr(uit3 indeque etiam ortum1 ut ad sacram p>asceu5 ,reges ,angliae c]tos annulos /atis quibusdam precibus et ca]imoniis consecr>e consuev]9t1 adv]sus eundem morbum salut>es4 ,quae consuetudo et ad no/ra usque tempora p]ducta e/1 multique huiusmodi annulorum b5eficium1 no/ra etiam aetate1 s5s]unt4' ,& fur!r ! above-m5tion$ r+ 0 rev]5tly pres]v$ aft]w>ds 9 ! mona/]y ( ,we/m9/] 9 ,london1 & reliev$ _m ( epilepsy4 ,t too 0 ! orig9 ( ! cu/om ( ! ,k+s ( ,engl& on ,good ,friday consecrat+ c]ta9 r+s ) set pray]s & c]emonies1 = ! cure ( ! same disease4 ,:i* cu/om has p]si/$ ev5 d[n to our own times1 & _m ev5 9 our own lifetimes h d]iv$ b5efit f r+s ( ?is k9d4 ,ni*olas ,h>psfield1 ?\gh he did n write till ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 0 born z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #aeai1 s t 8 words are consi/5t ) discont9uance ( ! c]emony aft] ! "t ( ,que5 ,m>y4 ,x rema9s to consid] :at diseas$ /ates 7 embrac$ by ! t]m #8cramp'4 ,epilepsy1 convulsions1 & rheumatism c]ta9ly4 ,all ^! t]ms h 9 common ! idea ( muscul> contraction or spasm1 & _! relation 9 usage to "o ano!r may be repres5t$ graphically z "u3 ,convulsion ,cramp ,rheumatism4 _/ ,epilepsy ,confusion ( ^! t]ms is f> m m>k$ 9 m$ical ?an 9 lay writ]s2 b at ! same "t !re is little d\bt t ! cons]vative s5tim5t inspir$ by ! royal c]emonial kept ! t]m #8cramp' alive 9 a s5se t 0 all b obsolete 9 ! common diction4 ,*auc] applies #8crampe' to muscul> spasm3 ,b wel he felte ab\t 8 h]te crepe 444 ,! crampe ( dea?1 to /reyne him by ! h]te4#bei ,l9acre1 z we h se51 speaks ( cramp-r+s1 9 #aeah1 z a *>m aga9/ spasms1 :ile ab\t ! same ye> ,polydore ,v]gil speaks ( ! royal cramp-r+s z a cure = ! morbus comitialis4 ,ea* ( ^! two writ]s cle>ly indicates epilepsy4 ,9 #aebf ,magnus speaks def9itely ( cramp-r+s z reliev+ a man ly+ 9 ! fall+-sickness1 a t]m habitually appli$ to epilepsy4 ,ni*olas ,h>psfield too1 writ+ 9 ! middle ( ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 speaks ( cramp-r+s bless$ by ! k+s z rem$ies = ! morbus comitialis4 ,9 all probability royal cramp-r+s 7 us$ = epilepsy & epilepsy only1 b x is q possible1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k probable1 t o!r cramp-r+s _h a less exclusive use4 ,bacon's description ( cramp 9 8 ,natural & ,exp]im5tal ,hi/ory is fairly explicit & obvi\sly does n embrace epilepsy3 #8,! cramp come? ( contraction ( s9ews1 :i* is manife/1 9 t x comes ei!r by cold or dryness4' ,%akespe>e recognizes bo? epilepsy & rheumatism z entities ap>t f cramp4 ,epilepsy he seems to associate m ) fall+ ?an ) convulsion3 ?us1 ( ! fit t attack$ ,caes> :5 ! cr[n 0 (f]$ to him1 he writes3 ,casca4 ,he fell d[n 9 ! m>ket-place1 & foam$ at m\?1 & 0 spee*less4 ,brutus4 #8,tis v l3 he ha? ! fall+-sickness4#bfj #8,cramp' is us$ by ,%akespe>e = muscul> spasms or contractures1 & he l9ks ! t]m on ! "o side to rheumatism1 & on ! o!r to convulsions1 9 ! foll[+ passages3 ,= ?is1 be sure1 to-night ?\ %alt h cramps1 ,side-/it*es t %all p5 ?y brea? up4#bfa ,p>olles says3 #8,9 a retreat he outruns any lackey3 m>ry1 9 com+ on he has ! cramp4'#bfb ,prosp]o says3 ,g1 *>ge my gobl9s t !y gr9d _! jo9ts ,) dry convulsions2 %ort5 up _! s9ews ,) ag$ cramps4#bfc & #8,le&] 444 w5t b =? to wa% him 9 ! ,hellespont1 & be+ tak5 ) ! cramp 0 dr[n$4'#bfd ,rob]t ,bay=d1 9 8 ,en*iridion ,m$icum publi%$ 9 #afee1 includes bo? wry-neck & convulsions "u ! head+ cramp1 b he treats epilepsy sep>ately on ! gr\nd t1 z we "k to be ! case1 x is n always associat$ ) convulsions4 ,he has no ^w #8rheumatism' at all4 ,pepys 7#affd7 c>ri$ ab\t ) him a h>e's foot z a *>m aga9/ colic1 i4e4 aga9/ muscul> spasm4 ,among ,indians1 ,norwegians1 & ,c5tral ,africans1 ! foot ( an elk 0 a *>m aga9/ epilepsy4 ,pepys also recites a *>m aga9/ cramp3 ,cramp1 be ?\ fa9tless ,z our ,lady 0 s9less ,:5 %e b>e ,jesus4 ,9 ?is *>m ! ^w cramp seems to ref] to ! pa9ful muscul> spasms ( lab\r4 ,pepys1 z we "k1 suff]$ f colic1 b n f epilepsy1 s 9 us+ a h>e's foot z a *>m aga9/ colic he 0 probably employ+ a *>m aga9/ epilepsy4 ,9 l mann] ! #8rheumatic r+' ( to-day seems to be ! l9eal desc5dant ( ! cramp-r+ ( a=etime1 & ! confusion ( nom5clature has d\btless n affect$ its efficacy4 ,folk-m$ic9e s]ves r to confirm ?an to elucidate ! confusion1 = 9 ,suffolk moles' feet are c>ri$ z a *>m aga9/ rheumatism1 b 9 ,sussex aga9/ cramp4 ,9 ,devon%ire a dri$ frog is worn z a cure = fits4 ,boswell1 9 8 description ( ,johnson at ! "t ( _! t\r to ! ,hebrides1 uses ! ^w #8cramp' 9 its e>li] significance4 #8,8 head1' he says1 #8& sometimes also 8 body1 %ook ) a k9d ( motion l ! effect ( a palsy3 he appe>$ to be frequ5tly di/urb$ by cramps1 or convulsive contractions1 ( ! nature ( t di/emp] call$ ,/4 ,vitus's dance4' ,x may be ask$ h[ x came ab\t t r+s 7 us$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance z a rem$y = epilepsy4 ,x has occurr$ to me t _! use may h orig9at$ 9 ! "t-hon\r$ belief t an epileptic seizure may be abort$ by ligature ( a limb or "p above ! situation 9 :i* ! w>n+ #8aura' comm5ces4 ,gal51 ,alex&] ( ,tralles1 ,rhazes1 & ,avic5na1 among ! e>li] writ]s on m$ic9e1 all recomm5d ! measure4 ,,! ,,(fice ,,( ,,consecrat+ ,,! ,,cramp-,,r+s ,c]ta9 pray]s to be us$ by ! que5's highness1 9 ! consecration ( ! cramp-r+s4 ,deus mis]eatur no/ri et b5$icat nos ,deus1 illum9et vultum suum sup] nos et mis]eatur no/ri4 ,ut cognoscamus 9 t]ra viam tuam1 9 omnibus g5tibus salut>e tuum4 ,confiteantur tibi populi ,deus1 confiteantur tibi populi omnes4 ,laet5tur et exult5t g5tes1 quoniam iudicas populos 9 aequitate1 et g5tes 9 t]ra dirigis4 ,confiteantur tibi populi ,deus1 confiteantur tibi populi omnes1 t]ra d$it fructum suum4 ,b5$icat nos ,deus1 ,deus no/]1 b5$icat nos ,deus1 et metu5t eum omnes f9es t]rae4 ,gloria ,patri1 et ,filio1 et ,spiritui ,sancto4 ,sicut erat 9 pr9cipio1 et nunc1 et semp]1 et 9 saecula saeculorum1 ,am54 ,omnipot5s sempit]ne ,deus1 qui ad solatium humani g5]is1 v>ia ac multiplicia mis]i>um no/r>um levam5ta ub]rimis gratiae tuae donis ab inexhau/o b5ignitatis tuae fonte manantibus incessant] tribu]e dignatus es1 et quos ad regalis sublimitatis fa/igium extuli/i1 insignioribus gratiis ornatos1 donorumque tuorum organa atque canales esse volui/i1 ut sicut p] te regnant aliisque praesunt1 ita te au?ore reliquis pros9t1 et tua 9 populum b5eficia conf]ant3 preces no/ras propitius respice1 et quae tibi vota humillime fundimus1 b5ignus admitte1 ut quod a te maiores no/ri de tua mis]icordia sp]antes obt9u]unt1 id nobis etiam p>i fiducia po/ulantibus conc$]e dign]is4 ,p] ,*ri/um ,dom9um no/rum4 ,am54 ,! r+s ly+ 9 "o bason1 or m1 ?is pray] to be said ov] !m4 ,deus coele/ium t]re/riumque conditor creatur>um1 atque humani g5]is b5ignissime rep>ator1 dator spiritualis gratiae1 omniumque b5$ictionum l>gitor1 immitte ,spiritum ,sanctum tuum ,p>acletum de coelis sup] hos annulos arte fabrili confectos1 eosque magna tua pot5tia ita emund>e dign]is1 ut omni nequitia lividi v55osique s]p5tis procul expulsa1 metallum a te bono conditore creatum1 a cunctis inimici sordibus maneat immune4 ,p] ,*ri/um ,dom9um no/rum4 ,am54 ,b5$ictio annulorum4 ,deus ,abraham1 ,deus ,isaac1 ,deus ,iacob1 exaudi mis]icors preces no/ras1 p>ce metu5tibus1 propiti>e supplicibus1 et mitt]e dign]is sanctum ,angelum tuum de coelis qui sanctificet et b5$icat annulos i/os1 ut s9t rem$ium salut>e omnibus nom5 tuum humilit] implorantibus1 ac semetipsos pro consci5tia delictorum suorum accusantibus1 atque ante conspectum div9ae clem5tiae tuae fac9ora sua deplorantibus1 et s]5issimam pietatem tuam humilit] obnixeque flagitantibus2 pros9t d5ique p] invocationem sancti tui nom9is omnibus i/os ge/antibus1 ad corporis et animae sanitatem4 ,p] ,*ri/um ,dom9um no/rum4 ,am54 ,b5$ictio4 ,deus qui 9 morbis cur&is maxima semp] pot5tiae tuae miracula decl>a/i1 quique annulos 9 ,iuda patri>*a fidei arrabonem1 9 ,a>one sac]dotale ornam5tum1 9 ,d>io fidelis cu/odiae symbolum1 et 9 hoc regno v>iorum morborum rem$ia esse volui/i1 hos annulos propitius b5$ic]e et sanctific>e dign]is3 ut omnes qui eos ge/abunt s9t immunes ab omnibus ,satanae insidiis1 s9t armati virtute coele/is def5sionis1 nec eos infe/et vel n]vorum contractio1 vel comitialis morbi p]icula1 s$ s5tiant te opitulante 9 omni morborum g5]e levam54 ,9 nom9e ,patris et ,filii et ,spiritus ,sancti 4 ,am54 ,b5$ic anima mea ,dom9o3 et omnia quae intra me sunt nom9i sancto eius4 ,"h foll[s ! re/ ( t ,psalm4 ,imm5sam clem5tiam tuam mis]icors ,deus humilit] imploramus1 ut qua animi fiducia et fidei s9c]itate1 ac c]ta m5tis pietate1 ad haec impetr&a acc$imus1 p>i etiam devotione gratiae tuae symbola fideles prosequantur3 facessat omnis sup]/itio1 procul absit diabolicae fraudis suspicio1 et 9 gloria tui nom9is omnia c$ant3 ut te l>gitorem bonorum omnium fideles tui intelligant1 atque a te uno quicquid vel animis vel corporibus v]e prosit1 pr(ectum s5tiant et pr(iteantur4 ,p] ,*ri/um ,dom9um no/rum4 ,am54 ,^! pray]s be+ said1 ! que5's highness rubbe? ! r+s betwe5 h] h&s1 say+3 ,sanctifica ,dom9e annulos i/os1 et rore tuae b5$ictionis b5ignus asp]ge1 ac manuum no/r>um confricatione1 quas1 olei sacra infusione ext]na1 sanctific>e dignatus es pro m9i/]ii no/ri modo1 consecra1 ut quod natura metalli prae/>e non possit1 gratiae tuae magnitud9e efficiatur4 ,p] ,*ri/um ,dom9um no/rum4 ,am54 ,!n mu/ holy wat] be ca/ on ! r+s1 say+3 ,9 nom9e ,patris1 et ,filii1 et ,spiritus ,sancti4 ,am54 ,dom9e ,fili ,dei unig5ite1 ,dei et hom9um ,m$iator1 ,iesu ,*ri/e1 9 cuius unius nom9e salus recte qua]itur1 quique 9 te sp]antibus facilem ad ,patrem accessum concilia/i1 quem quicquid 9 nom9e tuo pet]etur1 id omne daturum1 cum c]tissimo v]itatis oraculo ab ore tuo sancto1 quum int] hom9es v]sab>is homo pronuncia/i1 precibus no/ris aures tuae pietatis accommoda1 ut ad ?ronum gratiae 9 tua fiducia acc$5tes1 quod 9 nom9e tuo humilit] po/ulavimus1 id a nobis1 te m$iante1 impetratum fuisse1 collatis p] te b5eficiis1 fideles intelligant4 ,qui vivis et regnas cum ,deo patre 9 unitate ,spiritus ,sancti ,deus1 p] omnia saecula saeculorum4 ,am54 ,vota no/ra quaesumus ,dom9e1 ,spiritus ,sanctus qui a te proc$it1 aspir&o praev5iat1 et prosequatur1 ut quod ad salutem fidelium confid5t] petimus1 gratiae tuae dono efficacit] consequamur4 ,p] ,*ri/um ,dom9um no/rum4 ,am54 ,maie/atem tuam clem5tissime ,deus1 ,pat]1 ,filius1 et ,spiritus ,sanctus1 supplicit] exoramus1 ut quod ad nom9is tui sanctificationem piis hic c]emoniis p]agitur1 ad corporis simul et animae tutelam valeat 9 t]ris1 et ad ub]iorem felicitatis fructum pr(iciat 9 coelis4 ,qui vivis et regnas ,deus1 p] omnia saecula saeculorum4 ,am54 ,,! ,,c]emonies ,,( ,,bless+ ,,cramp-,,r+s1 ,,on ,,good ,,friday1 ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,ca?olick ,,k+s ,,( ,,engl& ,! psalme #8,deus mis]eatur no/ri1 etc4'1 ) ! #8,gloria ,patri'4 ,may ,god take pity ^u u & blesse u3 may he s5d =? ! light ( 8 face ^u u1 & take pity on u4 ,t we may "k ?y ways on e>?3 among all nations ?y salvation4 ,may p ackn[l$ge !e1 ,o ,god3 may all p ackn[l$ge !e4 ,let nations rejoice & be glad1 because ?\ judge/ p ) equity3 & doe/ guide nations on ! e>?4 ,may p ackn[l$ge !e1 ,o ,god1 may all p ackn[l$ge !e3 ! e>? has s5t =? h] fruit4 ,may ,god blesse u1 t ,god :o is ours3 may t ,god blesse u3 & may all ! b\nds ( ! e>? fe>e him4 ,glory be to ! ,fa!r1 & to ! ,son3 & to ! holy ,gho/4 ,z x 0 9 ! beg9n+1 & n[1 & ev]3 & = ev] & ev]4 ,am54 ,!n ! k+ reades ?is pray]3 ,almighty et]nal ,god1 :o by ! mo/ copi\s gifts ( ?y grace fl[+ f ! unexhau/$ f\nta9 ( ?y b\nty1 ha/ be5 graci\sly pleas$ = ! com=t ( mank9d1 cont9ually to grant u _m & v>i\s means to relieve u 9 our mis]ies1 & art will+ to make ^? ! in/rum5ts & *annels ( ?y gifts1 & to grace ^? p]sons ) m excell5t fav\rs1 :om ?\ ha/ rais$ to ! royal dignity2 to ! end t z by !e !y reign & gov]n o!rs1 s by !e !y may prove b5eficial to !m1 & be/[ ?y fav\rs on ! p3 graci\sly he>e our pray]s & fav\rably receive ^? v[s we p[re =? ) humility1 t ?\ maye/ grant to u1 :o beg ) ! same confid5ce1 ! fav\r :i* our ance/ors by _! hopes 9 ?y m]cy h obta9$1 ?r\gh ,*ri/ our ,"l4 ,am54 ,! r+s ly+ 9 "o bason1 or m1 ?is pray] is to be said ov] !m3 ,o ,god1 ! mak] ( heav5ly & e>?ly creatures1 & ! mo/ graci\s re/or] ( mank9d1 ! disp5s] ( spiritual grace1 & ! orig9 ( all bless+s3 s5d d[ne f heav5 ?y holy ,_s ! ,com=t] ^u ^! r+s1 artificially fram'd by ! workman1 & by ?y greate p[] purify !m s1 t all ! malice ( ! f[le & v5om\s s]p5t be driv5 out2 & s ! metal1 :i* by !e 0 creat$1 may rema9e pure & free f all ! dregs ( ! enemy1 ?r\gh ,*ri/ our ,"l4 ,am54 ,! bless+ ( ! r+s4 ,o ,god ( ,abraham1 ,god ( ,isaac1 ,god ( ,jacob1 he>e m]cifully our pray]s4 ,sp>e ^? :o fe>e !e4 ,be propiti\s to ?y suppliants1 & graci\sly be pleas$ to s5d d[ne f heav5 ?y holy angel3 t he may sanctify & blesse ^! r+s3 to ! end !y may prove a heal?y rem$y to su* z implore ?y "n ) humility1 & accuse !mselves ( ! s9s :i* ly ^u _! consci5ce3 :o deplore _! crimes 9 ! sight ( ?y div9e clem5cy1 & besee* ) e>ne/nes & humility ?y mo/ s]5e pity4 ,may !y 9 f9e by ! invocation ( ?y holy "n become pr(itable to all su* z we>e !m1 = ! heal? ( _! s\le & body1 ?r\gh ,*ri/ our ,"l4 ,am54 ,a bless+4 ,o ,god1 :o has manife/$ ! greate/ wond]s ( ?y p[] by ! cure ( diseases1 & :o 7 pleas$ t r+s %\ld be a pl$ge ( fidelity 9 ! patri>k ,judah1 a prie/ly ornam5t 9 ,a>on1 ! m>k ( a fai?ful gu>dian 9 ,d>ius1 & 9 ?is k+dom a rem$y = div]s diseases3 graci\sly be pleas$ to blesse & sanctify ^! r+s1 to ! end t all su* z we>e !m may be free f all sn>es ( ! devil1 may be def5d$ by ! p[] ( cele/ial arm\r1 & t no contraction ( ! n]ves or any dang] ( ! fall+-sickness may infe/ !m1 b t 9 all sort ( diseases by ?y help !y may f9d relief4 ,9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 4 ,am54 ,blesse1 ,o my s\le1 ! ,"l3 & let all ?+s :i* are )9 me praise 8 holy "n4 ,blesse1 ,o my s\le1 ! ,"l3 & d n =get all 8 fav\rs4 ,he =gives all ?y iniquities3 he heales all ?y infirmities4 ,he r$eemes ?y life f ru93 he cr[nes !e ) m]cy & commis]ation4 ,he fils ?y desires ) :at is good3 ?y y\? l t ( ! eagle %al be r5ew$4 ,! ,"l is he :o does m]cy3 & does ju/ice to ^? :o suff] wrong4 ,! m]ciful & pity+ ,"l3 ! long suff]] & mo/ mighty m]ciful4 ,he w n cont9ue 8 ang] = ev]3 nei!r wil he ?reat5 = ev]4 ,he has n dealt ) u 9 proportion to our s9s3 nor has he r5dr$ unto u accord+ to our (f5ces4 ,because accord+ to ! di/ance ( heav5 f e>?3 s has he en=c$ 8 m]cies ^u ^? :o fe>e him4 ,z f> di/ant z ! ea/ is f ! we/3 s f> has he divid$ our (f5ces f u4 ,aft] ! mann] t a fa!r takes pity ( 8 sons2 s has ! ,"l tak5 pity ( ^? :o fe>e him3 because he kn[s :at we are made (4 ,he rememb]s t we are b du/3 man l hey su* are 8 days3 l ! fl[] 9 ! field s wil he fade away4 ,because 8 brea? wil passe away ?r\gh him1 & he wil n be able to subsi/3 & x wil f9d no long] its owne place4 ,b ! m]cy ( ! ,"l is f all et]nity3 & w be = ev] ^u ^? :o fe>e him4 ,& 8 ju/ice comes ^u ! *ildr5 ( _! *ildr53 to ^? :o keep 8 wil4 ,& are m9dful ( 8 comm&em5ts3 to p]=me !m4 ,! ,"l 9 heav5 has prep>$ himselfe a ?rone3 & 8 k+dom %all reign ov] all4 ,blesse yee ! ,"l all yee angels ( 81 yee :o are p[]ful 9 /r5g?3 :o execute 8 comm&s1 at ! he>+ ( 8 voice :5 he speakes4 ,blesse yee ! ,"l all yee v]tues ( 83 yee m9i/]s :o execute 8 wil4 ,blesse yee ! ,"l all yee works ( 8 ?r\gh\t all places ( 8 dom9ion3 my s\le praise ?\ ! ,"l4 ,glory be to ! ,fa!r1 & to ! ,son3 & to ! holy ,gho/4 ,z x 0 9 ! beg9n+1 & n[1 & ev]3 & = ev] & ev]4 ,am54 ,wee humbly implore1 ,o m]ciful ,god1 ?y inf9it clem5cy3 t z we come to !e ) a confid5t s\le1 & s9c]e fai?1 & a pi\s assurance ( m9d3 ) ! l devotion ?y beleev]s may foll[ on ^! tok5s ( ?y grace4 ,may all sup]/ition be bani%$ h5ce1 f> be all suspicion ( any diabolical fraud1 & to ! glory ( ?y "n let all ?+s succe$e3 to ! end ?y beleev]s may und]/& !e to be ! disp5s] ( all good2 & may be s5sible & publi%1 t :atsoev] is pr(itable to s\l or body1 is d]iv$ f !e3 ?r\gh ,*ri/ our ,"l4 ,am54 ,^! pray]s be+ said1 ! k+'s highnes rubbe? ! r+s betwe5 8 h&s1 say+3 ,sanctify1 ,o ,"l1 ^! r+s1 & graci\sly b$ew !m ) ! dew ( ?y b5$iction1 & consecrate !m by ! rubb+ ( our h&s1 :i* ?\ ha/ be5 pleas$ accord+ to our m9i/]y to sanctify by an ext]nal effusion ( holy oyle ^u !m2 to ! end t :at ! nature ( ! mettal is n able to p]=me1 may be wr\ght by ! greatnes ( ?y grace3 ?r\gh ,*ri/ our ,"l4 ,am54 ,!n mu/ holy wat] be ca/ on ! r+s1 say+3 ,9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! holy ,gho/4 ,am54 ,o ,"l1 ! only begott5 ,son ( ,god1 m$iat\r ( ,god & m51 ,jesus ,*ri/1 9 ^: "n alone salvation is s\ght =1 & to su* z hope 9 !e give/ an easy access to ?y ,fa!r2 :o :5 conv]s+ among m51 ?yself a man1 did/ promise by an assur$ oracle fl[+ f ?y sacr$ m\?1 t ?y ,fa!r %\ld grant :atev] 0 ask$ 9 ?y "n2 l5d a graci\s e>e ( pity to ^! pray]s ( ours3 to ! end t approa*+ ) confid5ce to ! ?rone ( ?y grace1 ! beleev]s may f9d by ! b5efits conf]rd ^u !m1 t by ?y m$iation we h obte9$1 :at we h mo/ humbly beg'd 9 ?y ,"n2 :o live/ & reigne/ ) ,god ! ,fa!r1 9 ! unity ( ! holy ,gho/1 "o ,god1 = ev] & ev]4 ,am54 ,wee besee* !e1 ,o ,"l1 t ! ,_s1 :i* proce$es f !e1 may prev5t & foll[ on our desires2 to ! end t :at we beg ) confid5ce = ! good ( ! fai?ful1 we may efficaci\sly obte9e by ?y graci\s gift3 ?r\gh ,*ri/ our ,"l4 ,am54 ,o mo/ clem5t ,god2 ,fa!r1 ,son1 & holy ,gho/3 wee supplicate & besee* ,!e1 t :at is "h p]=m$ by pi\s c]emonies to ! sanctify+ ( ?y "n1 may be preval5t to ! def5se ( our s\le & body on e>?2 & pr(itable to a m ample felicity 9 heav54 ,:o live/ & reigne/ ,god1 _w )\t end4 ,am54 ,,dr4 ,,john ,,wey] ,,& ,,! ,,wit* ,,mania ,by ,e4 ,t4 ,)+ton ,! value ( e new tru? or discov]y is relative1 & dep5ds ^u ! /ate ( ideas or k preval5t at ! "t4 ,%\ld x g greatly beyond ?is1 x may lose mu* 9 practical effect1 l good se$ fall+ on unprep>$ soil2 b ! discov]] is no less wor?y ( praise ?\gh he be s f> 9 advance ( 8 fell[s t !y refuse to accept 8 tea*+1 & p]secute in/ead ( hon\r+ him4 ,po/]ity1 h[ev]1 (t5 ignores =m] conditions1 especially 9 an era ( rapid progress1 = ! quick] ! advance ! soon] w ! e>ly /ages be =gott51 h[ev] important & difficult !y may h be54 ,illu/ration3 ,,effigies ,,ioannis ,,wi]lanno ,,tatis ,,lx ,,salvtis ,m4,d4,,lxxvi ,among ^? :o 7 s f> beyond _! age t ! tru?s !y proclaim$ n only 7 reject$ by ! majority b br\ght !m into dang] 0 ,dr4 ,john ,wey]1 ! fir/ s]i\s oppon5t ( ! wit* mania4 ,he /ood almo/ alone4 ,8 attack on ! wit*-hunt]s1 ?\gh x m>ks ! turn ( ! tide1 0 foll[$ by m ?an a c5tury ( cruelty1 inju/ice1 & sup]/ition2 yet our ideas on ! subject are n[ s entirely alt]$ t x is h>d to imag9e ! value & dang] ( ! s]vice he p]=m$1 & 8 "n 0 almo/ =gott5 ev5 by memb]s ( 8 own pr(ession1 :5 8 biography 0 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,k4 ,b9z 9 #ahhe4bfe ,let u try to get "s idea ( ! nature ( ! wit* mania1 t we may bett] appreciate ! c\rage & intellig5ce ( ?is anci5t physician4 ,9 ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury a new age began 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! revival ( ,greek1 ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 & ! discov]y ( ,am]ica gave fre% ideas & new prospects to mank9d4 ,b1 z ! sun's rays 7 believ$ to bre$ s]p5ts 9 f]m5t+ matt]1 s amid ?is f]m5t ( new life & light rose a hide\s mon/]1 m t]rible ?an any fabl$ dragon ( romance or sup]/ition ( ! d>ke/ ages1 :i* = g5]ations satiat$ itself on ! te>s & blood ( ! innoc5t & helpless4 ,?is 0 ! wit* mania4 ,= two c5turies ! majority ( !ologians & juri/s 9 ,we/]n ,europe 7 conv9c$ t va/ numb]s ( _! fell[ creatures1 especially wom51 7 9 league ) ! devil1 t !y _h sexual int]c\rse ) him or 8 imps1 & t he be/[$ on !m 9 ex*ange = _! s\ls ! p[] ( injur+ _! neighb\rs 9 p]son or prop]ty4 ,!y ?\ght x _! duty to se>* out ^! wit*es1 to =ce f !m1 by ! mo/ t]rible tortures !y c\ld devise1 n only confessions ( _! own guilt1 b also d5unciations ( _! associates1 & f9ally to put !m to dea?1 pref]ably by burn+4 ,9 consequ5ce1 _m ?\s&s ( innoc5t p]sons ( all ages & ranks1 b especially poor wom51 7 judicially murd]$1 aft] be+ fir/ compell$ by unspeakable torm5ts to commit moral suicide by decl>+ !mselves guilty ( unm5tionable crimes1 & to involve _! de>e/ fri5ds & relations 9 a simil> fate4 ,!re is no sadd] sc5e 9 ! :ole tragicom$y ( human hi/ory4 ,!re _h be5 no?+ l x 9 ! d>ke/ ( ! d>k ages1 !re 0 no?+ l x among ! f> m ignorant & sup]/iti\s adh]5ts ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*4 ,! wit* mania 9 its extreme =m has be5 manife/$ only by ! ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies & by "s tribes ( ,african savages4 ,9 e>ly ,*ri/ian times1 wit*craft 0 recogniz$ z a relic ( paganism1 b x 0 n fe>$4 ,*ri/ _h ov]come ! p[]s ( d>kness1 & ,8 true foll[]s ne$ fe> no h>m f !m4 ,a canon ( ! ,*ur*1 at lea/ z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury1 decl>$ t wom5 :o ?\ght !y rode ?r\gh ! air ) ,diana or ,h]odias 7 only delud$ by ! devil1 & t ^? :o believ$ human be+s c\ld create any?+1 or *ange !mselves or o!rs into animal =ms1 7 infidels & worse ?an hea!ns2 & confessors 7 in/ruct$ to inquire into & inflict p5ance = ! belief t wit*es c\ld ent] clos$ doors1 make hail-/orms1 or kill p]sons )\t visible means4#bff ,9 ! enlight5$ sixte5? c5tury1 any "o :o pr(ess$ 8 disbelief t wit*es c\ld ride ?r\gh ! air1 *ange !mselves into cats1 or make cat]pill>s & ?und]-/orms1 w\ld h _h an excell5t *ance ( be+ burnt z a h]etic or conceal$ sorc]]4 ,/4 ,boniface 7#fhj-gee7 class$ belief 9 wit*es & 7-wolves among ! works ( ! devil1 & ,/4 ,agob>d ( ,lyons 7#ggi-hdj7 decl>$ ! idea t wit*es caus$ hail & ?und]-/orms to be impi\s & absurd4#bfg ,! laws ( ,*>lemagne made x murd] to put any "o to dea? on *>ge ( wit*craft1 & 9 ! elev5? c5tury ,k+ ,coloman ( ,hung>y ass]t$ briefly1 #8,let no "o speak ( wit*es1 see+ !re are none'4#bfh ,few1 inde$1 7 q s sceptical z ?is2 /ill wit*craft 0 9 ! ,middle ,ages look$ ^u by ! educat$ 9 a half-contemptu\s fa%ion1 & ev5 ^? :o op5ly pr(ess$ sorc]y frequ5tly escap$ ) no worse puni%m5t ?an p5ance1 bani%m5t1 or an ecclesia/ical sc\rg+4 ,?is may be well illu/rat$ by a /ory told 9 ! life ( ! le>n$ ,dom9ican1 ,/4 ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais4 ,an old woman once 7#aaij-abfd7 came to a prie/ 9 8 *ur* & dem&$ money f him1 say+ %e _h done him a great s]vice1 = t1 :5 %e & h] companions1 :o 7 wit*es1 _h ent]$ 8 b$room ! previ\s night1 %e _h prev5t$ !m f injur+ him4 #8,b h['1 ask$ ! prie/1 #8c\ld y ent] my *amb]1 see+ t ! door 0 lock$8' #8,oh1' said ! wit*1 #8t matt]s naught to u1 = we g ?r\gh keyholes z easily z ?r\gh op5 doors4' #8,if :at y say is true1' repli$ ! holy man1 #8y %all n lack a rew>d1 b ,i mu/ fir/ h pro( ( x4' ,) ^! words1 he lock$ ! *ur* door1 & began vigor\sly to beat ! old woman ) ! h&le ( ! crucifix he c>ri$1 ask+ h]1 :5 %e compla9$1 :y %e did n escape ?r\gh ! keyhole4#bfi ,! great ,pope ,ni*olas ,i 7di$ #hfg7 /rongly condemn$ ! use ( torture to induce confessions1 & ,gregory ,,vii 7di$ #ajhe7 =bade inquisition to be made = wit*es & sorc]]s on occasions ( plague or bad wea!r4#bgj ,lat]1 ! inquisitorial process1 comb9$ ) torture to en=ce d5unciations1 became ! *ief ag5t 9 spread+ & ma9ta9+ ! wit* mania4 ,! ,ea/]n ,*ur* rema9$ 9 ?is m$iaeval /age1 & nev] develop$ a wit* mania4 ,9 ! ,we/ ! *ange seems to h be5 br\ght ab\t ma9ly by two causes1 ! developm5t ( h]esies & ! increas+ prom95ce ( ! devil4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,albig5sian & o!r h]esies ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies conta9$ ,mani*ean elem5ts4 ,x 0 taught t !re 7 two div9ities--"o p]fectly good1 ! creator ( ! invisible spiritual _w1 ! o!r ! creator ( ! mat]ial _w1 ! ,demiurgus1 a be+ capable ( evil passions1 wra?1 jeal\sy1 c41 :o 0 id5tifi$ ) ! ,jehovah ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4#bga ,x requir$ v little to conf\nd ?is ,demiurgus ) ,satan1 ! ,pr9ce ( ?is _w2 aft] :i* x 0 easy to look ^u ,satan z a be+ n entirely evil1 z ,lucif]1 son ( ! morn+1 ! dis9h]it$ son or bro!r ( ,god1 a natural object ( wor%ip = ! oppress$ & discont5t$4#bgb ,! s]fs1 equally tyranniz$ ov] by bi%op & noble1 ! relics ( ! p]secut$ sects ,wald5ses & ,ca?>i1#bgc s\ght refuge1 l ,saul ( old1 9 =bidd5 arts1 & ?us sects ( ,lucif]ans1 or devil-wor%ipp]s1 arose 7especially 9 ,g]many & ,france7 ^: numb]s 7 exagg]at$ by ! fe> & horror ( ! or?odox4#bgd ,at ! same "t ! devil acquir$ m importance 9 o!r ways4 ,t fe>ful calamity1 ! ,black ,dea?1 seem$ to display 8 p[] ov] bo? ! j & ! unju/2 :ile ! ,great ,s*ism 9 :i* ea* pope excommunicat$ ! o!r1 h&+ him & 8 adh]5ts ov] to ,satan1 put e "o n absolutely c]ta9 ( be+ on ! "r side 9 reasonable fe> ( ! p[]s ( d>kness4 ,! belief 9 ! great activity & p[] ( ! devil & 8 s]vants ! sorc]]s 0 fur!r support$ by ! va/ au?ority ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 7#abbe-gd71 ^: +5uity enabl$ him to expla9 away ^? anci5t canons :i* seem$ oppos$ to ! m extreme views4 ,?us ! synod ( ,brac>a 7,a4,d4 #efc7 _h decl>$ ! doctr9e t ! devil c produce dr\ght or ?und]-/orms to be h]esy2 to :i* ! ,doctor ,angelicus repli$ t ?\gh x is d\btless h]esy to believe ! devil c make natural ?und]-/orms1 x is by no means contr>y to ! ,ca?olic fai? to hold t he may1 by ! p]mission ( ,god1 make artificial ones4#bge ,= ^! & o!r reasons1 ! devil assum$ great] prom95ce dur+ ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies ?an ev] be=e4 ,m5 believ$ t he might appe> to !m f beh9d e h$ge or ru91 t 8 action 0 to be se5 9 almo/ all pa9s & diseases1 b t he 0 to be dread$ mo/ ( all :5 he ent]$ into a league ) "s man or woman4 ,?us ev]y?+ 0 ready = ! outbreak ( wit* mania :51 9 #adhd1 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,viii by 8 bull ,summis desid]antes gave ! sanction ( ! ,*ur* to ! popul> beliefs conc]n+ wit*es1 su* z sexual int]c\rse ) devils1 de/ruction ( crops1 & infliction ( /]ility & disease on man & bea/4 ,! *>ge ( sorc]y _h usually be5 employ$ 9 e>li] times ei!r to *eck le>n$ m5 :o seem$ to be go+ too f>1 or t5d+ to h]esy 9 _! rese>*es1 z 9 ! case ( ! physicians ,arnold ( ,villanova 7#abdj-acab7 & ,pet] ( ,abano 7#abej-acbj71 or to cru% individuals & societies :o 7 politically dang]\s1 z ) ,joan ( ,arc1 ! ,du*ess ( ,gl\ce/]1 & ! ,templ>s--! ,*ur* be+ call$ 9 to aid ! civil p[]4 ,n[ x 0 ! ,*ur* :i* call$ ^u ! civil p[] to assi/ 9 a crusade aga9/ wit*es & sorc]]s z be+ ! wor/ & mo/ dang]\s ( h]etics4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages x 0 held t a man :o call$ up ! devil1 kn[+ x to be wrong1 0 n a h]etic b m]ely a s9n]4 ,b if he ?\ght x 0 n wrong1 or t ! devil w\ld tell him ! tru?1 or t ! devil c\ld d any?+ )\t ,god's p]mission1 he 0 also a h]etic1 s9ce ^! beliefs are contr>y to ,*ur* doctr9e4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury x 0 taught t all sorc]]s are h]etics1 maleficus be+1 accord+ to ! le>n$ au?ors ( ! ,malleus ,malefic>um1 a contraction ( male de fide s5ti5s or h]etic4#bgf ,nor 0 ! id5tification ( h]esy & wit*craft illogical1 :atev] we may ?9k ( ! etymology4 ,! ,*ur* is ! k+dom ( ,god1 h]etics =m ! k+dom ( ! devil1 & j z ! ,*ur* possesses sa9ts :o see visions1 "w miracles1 & commune ) ,*ri/ face to face1 s !re are specially em95t h]etics1 sa9ts ( ! devil's *ur*1 :o "w miracles & h obsc5e int]c\rse ) _! ma/]4 ,all true ,*ri/ians are pot5tial sa9ts1 all h]etics pot5tial sorc]]s1 = all h committ$ treason aga9/ ! div9e ,maje/y1 ?\gh only "s may h ent]$ into a def9ite compact ) ! enemy4 ,! =m]1 if !y rep5t1 may hope = p]petual imprisonm5t2 ! latt] are to be put to dea? :e!r !y rep5t or n4 ,?is view 0 also ( advantage to ! ,*ur*1 = x increas$ ! horror ( h]esy & facilitat$ its suppression4 ,! laity _h nev] entirely reconcil$ !mselves to ! sight ( _! app>5tly h>mless neighb\rs be+ tortur$ & burnt = diff]5ces 9 ab/ract belief1 b almo/ e "o 0 ready to torture & burn a sorc]]1 & local outbreaks ( wit*-hunt+ 7 frequ5tly />t$ by mob viol5ce4 ,9 #aeee x 0 decl>$ by ! ,peace ( ,augsburg t no "o %\ld suff] 9 life & prop]ty = 8 religion2 b to take a ,lu!ran1 call him a sorc]]1 confiscate 8 goods1 & =ce him by torture to confess t he 0 l$ into 8 errors by ! devil himself1 seems to h be5 too great a temptation = ! pr9ce-bi%ops :o head$ ! #8c\nt]-re=mation' 9 ,s\? ,g]many to resi/4 ,t ?is 0 p>tly ! cause ( ! great wit*-burn+s 9 ! bi%oprics ( ,wrzburg1 ,bamb]g1 ,fulda1 & ,trves is evid5c$ by ! l>ge proportion ( male victims1 & by ! frequ5t & significant appe>ance ( ! phrase #8is also ,lu!ran' 9 ! (ficial reports4 ,z soon z ! ,re=mation 0 e/abli%$1 ,prote/ants vi$ ) ,ca?olics z wit*-hunt]s4 ,eag] to %[ t !y 7 9 no way inf]ior to _! oppon5ts 9 zeal = ! ,"l & enmity aga9/ ,satan & 8 s]vants1 !y _h ! advantage ( be+ able to foll[ ! scriptural injunction1 #8,?\ %alt n suff] a wit* to live'1 )\t previ\sly expla9+ away anci5t canons & decrees ( ,*ur* synods :i* seem$ to ?r[ d\bt on ! v exi/5ce ( ! m typical =ms ( wit*craft4 ,nor did !y hesitate to attack _! rivals ) simil> weapons4 ,if ,prote/ants 7 burnt z sorc]]s at ,wrzburg1 we f9d ! fir/ ,dani% ,lu!ran bi%op1 ,pet] ,palladius1 recomm5d+ ! zeal\s memb]s ( 8 flock to seek out ! s-call$ wise wom5 ( _! neighb\rhoods on pret5ce ( hav+ "s disease4 ,if !n ! latt] use pat]no/]s1 holy wat]1 or invocations ( sa9ts1 !y are probably n only ,ca?olics b wit*es1 & %\ld be treat$ accord+ly4#bgg ,almo/ all ! victims ( ! wit* mania 7 execut$ on _! own confession1 extort$ 9 ! va/ majority ( in/ances by torture or ! fe> ( torture4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e torture 0 !oretically illegal1 confessions 7 comp>atively r>e1 & ne>ly all di$ prote/+ _! innoc5ce4 ,! few exceptions prove ! rule2 ?us ,el9or ,%aw & ,m>y ,philips1 almo/ ! la/ wit*es legally execut$ 9 ,engl&1 #agje1 confess$ because !y 7 ?reat5$ ) dea? if !y refus$1 & promis$ release if !y plead$ guilty1#bgh :ile o!rs 7 induc$ to admit _! guilt by be+ kept awake sev]al nights1 & =c$ to run up & d[n _! cells till utt]ly exhau/$1 me?ods almo/ z effectual 9 produc+ #8a read9ess to confess' z ! rack or ! ?umb-screw4#bgi ,ne>ly all ! confessions 7 to a simil> effect4 ,f ,lisbon to ,liegnitz1 f ,calabria to ,cai?ness1 ! c5tral po9t ( ! /ory 0 ! #8sabbat'1 an assembly ( wit*es & sorc]]s 9 "s b>r5 spot :]e !y ador$ a visible devil1 indulg$ 9 fea/s1 dances1 & sexual orgies1 report$ :at evil !y _h done & plott$ m4 ,a few examples w !re=e suffice1 & !y may be be/ tak5 f ! ,daemanolatria#bhj ( ,ni*olas ,remy1 ,inquisitor ( ,lorra9e1 :o burn$ ne>ly #ijj wit*es & sorc]]s 9 fifte5 ye>s1 #aege-ij4 ,he proves ! reality ( ! wit* dances z foll[s3 ,a boy nam$ ,john ( ,haimba* confess$ t 8 "m took him to a sabbat to play ! flute4 ,he 0 told to climb up into a tree t he might be he>d ! bett]1 & 0 s amaz$ by :at he saw t he exclaim$3 #8,good ,god6 :]e did ?is cr[d ( fools & lunatics come f8' ,!reupon he fell f ! tree & f\nd himself alone ) a dislocat$ %\ld]4 ,ottilia ,velv]s1 :o 0 arre/$ soon aft]1 confirm$ ! :ole /ory1 z did also ,eys>ty ,augnel1 :o 0 burnt ! foll[+ ye>4 ,s too1 ,ni*olas ,langb]n>d1 :ile go+ home 9 ! e>ly morn+ ( ,july #ba1 #aeij1 saw 9 full daylight a numb] ( m5 & wom5 danc+ back to back1 "s ( !m ) clov5 ho(s4 ,he cri$ out #8,jesus' & cross$ himself1 ^u :i* all vani%$ except a woman call$ ,pelt]1 ^: broom/ick dropp$1 & :o 0 !n c>ri$ (f by a :irlw9d4 ,! grass 0 aft]w>ds f\nd to be beat5 d[n 9 a circle ) m>ks ( ho(-pr9ts4 ,pelt] & two o!r wom5 7 arre/$ & confess$ !y 7 pres5t1 z also did ,john ,mi*ael1 :o said he 0 play+ ! flute 9 a tree1 & fell d[n :5 ,ni*olas cross$ himself1 b 0 c>ri$ (f 9 a :irlw9d1 8 broom/ick n be+ at h&4 #8,:at fur!r evid5ce'1 asks ! inquisitor1 #8c any "o require8' ,! only possible objection1 viz4 t !y 7 phantoms or spirits ( p ^: bodies 7 asleep 9 _! b$s1 is wor?less1 #8x be+ ! pi\s & ,*ri/ian belief t s\l & body :5 once p>t$ d n reunite till ! day ( judgem5t'4 ,! food at ^! sabbats usually includ$ ! fle% ( unbaptiz$ *ildr51 & 0 always abom9able4 ,a c]ta9 ,morel said he 0 oblig$ to spit x out1 at :i* ! demon 0 mu* enrag$4 #8,danc+ op5s a l>ge w9d[ to wick$ness1' & is !re=e specially enc\rag$ by ! devil1 b ! dances cause great exhau/ion1 j z 8 fea/s cause loa?+1 & 8 money *anges to dung or pot%]ds4 #8,b>b]9a ,rahel1 & ne>ly all o!rs1 decl>$ !y _h to lie 9 b$ two days aft] a wit* dance1 b ev5 ! olde/ _c excuse !mselves1 & ! devil beats !m if !y are lazy4' ,! music is horrible2 e "o s+s or plays :at he likes1 a fav\rite me?od be+ to drum on horse skulls or trees4 ,sometimes ! devil gives a conc]t ( 8 own1 at :i* all are requir$ to applaud & %[ pleasure2 ^? :o d n are beat5 s t !y are sore = two days1 z ,joanna ,grans&eau confess$4 ,all are compell$ to att5d & give an acc\nt ( _! evil de$s "u heavy p5alties4 ,c4 ,g4 said #8he 0 beat5 till he ne>ly di$ = fail+ to att5d a sabbat1 & = cur+ a girl :om he _h be5 told to poison4 ,! devil also c>ri$ him up into ! air ov] ! riv] ,moselle1 & ?reat5$ to drop him unless he swore to poison a c]ta9 p]son4' ,! wit* ,belhoria 0 attack$ by dropsy because %e refus$ to poison h] husb&4 ,if !y fail$ 9 _! attempts on o!rs1 !y 7 compell$ to poison _! own *ildr51 or de/roy _! own prop]ty4 ,antonius ,wel* 0 ask$ to l5d 8 g>d5 = a wit* dance4 ,he refus$1 & f\nd x full ( snails & cat]pill>s4 ,m5 ( little fai? h object$ t only ,god c create1 = #8)\t ,him no?+ is made t 0 made'2 b :y %\ld n demons collect va/ numb]s ( insects 9 a mom5t8 ,look at ! well-kn[n ra9 ( frogs1 blood1 c4 ,?is is d\btless done by devils out ( m]e sport3 h[ mu* m w\ld !y d = love ( h>m8 ,! mak+ ( ?und]-/orms is h>d] to believe1 b has be5 admitt$ by m ?an #bjj condemn$ wit*es & sorc]]s4 ,almo/ all confess$ t !y c\ld creep into lock$ rooms & h\ses 9 ! =m ( small animals1 & resum+ _! natural %ape commit all sorts ( crimes1 %[+1 says ,remy1 :at a p]il !y are to mank9d4 ,a wor?y comrade ( ,remy 0 ,pet] ,b9sfeld1 suffragan ,bi%op ( ,trves & =emo/ oppon5t ( ,john ,wey]4 ,he is said to h burnt no few] ?an #f1ejj p]sons & to h s desolat$ 8 diocese t 9 _m villages r\nd ,trves !re 0 sc>cely a woman left4 ,8 ,tractatus de confessionibus maleficorum#bha beg9s ) ! foll[+ case1 :i* ) ^? m5tion$ above af=ds a complete view ( ! usual wit* confessions4 ,john ,kuno ,meis5be91 a y\? ab\t eighte5 ye>s old1 0 /udy+ #8poetry & ! human] lett]s' at ! ,high ,s*ool 9 ,trves1 :5 he confess$ to ! au?orities t 8 "m1 bro!r1 si/]1 & self 7 all 9 league ) ! devil4 ,he said t 9 8 n9? ye> 8 "m _h initiat$ him z a sorc]]1 & _h c>ri$ him up ! *imney on a goat to a hea? ne> ,trves1 :]e he took "p 9 ! usual sabbat & _h int]c\rse ) a female demon nam$ ,caprib>ba4 ,! "m1 ,anna ,meis5be91 a woman ( good position1 _h already escap$ to ,cologne1 b a son & daught] 7 arre/$1 /rangl$1 & burn$4 #8,!y di$ ) mu* sorr[ & p5it5ce4' ,! elde/ son1 ,john ,kuno1 !reupon urg$ ! judges to use all means to capture 8 "m1 #8t by puni%m5t & mom5t>y dea? 9 ?is _w %e might escape et]nal damnation'4 ,mov$ by ?is mo/ cr$itable & m]ciful petition 7hone/issima et pl5issima mis]icordiae petitione excitatus71 ! prior wrote to 8 fri5ds at ,cologne1 & ! unhappy woman 0 arre/$ & tak5 back to ,trves4 ,at fir/ %e prote/$ h] innoc5ce1 #8b :5 m sev]e tortures 7 employ$' %e made ! usual admissions4 ,hav+ lo/ a baby1 %e _h1 = a mom5t1 d\bt$ ! goodness ( ,god4 ,:]eupon a man 9 black raim5t appe>$ at ! side ( ! b$1 & promis$ if %e w\ld r5\nce ,god & s]ve him he w\ld give h] peace ( m9d4 ,%e did s1 & he became h] lov]1 & gave h] money1 :i* h[ev] vani%$4 ,he call$ himself ,f$d]hans1 & _h asses' feet4 ,!n foll[s ! usual /ory ( ! sabbat4 #8,?is woman'1 concludes ! bi%op1 #80 burnt alive ,octob] #bj1 #aeij1 & _h a good end4' ,!y (f]$ to behead ,john ,kuno z a rew>d = 8 filial piety & rep5tance1 b he said he 0 unwor?y ( su* a fav\r & 0 !re=e /rangl$ & burnt4 #8,he _h a mo/ edify+ end1' says ! bi%op1 :o proce$s to comm5t ^u sexual int]c\rse betwe5 wit*es1 sorc]]s1 & demons1 #8:i* is s c]ta9 t x is an impud5ce to d5y x1 z ,/4 ,augu/9e sai?1#bhb be+ support$ by ! confessions ( le>n$ & unle>n$1 & by all ! doctors ( ! ,*ur*1 ?\gh a few m$ical m51 advocates ( ! devil's k+dom an obvi\s ref]5ce to ,wey]1 :om he abuses 9 ! preface1 h d>$ to d5y x'4#bhc ,x is n our purpose to try & discov] :at am\nt ( tru? is conta9$ 9 ! imm5se f>rago ( absurdities compris$ 9 ! wit* confessions4 ,actual nocturnal meet+s ( peasants1 ei!r to celebrate hea!n rites or to plot aga9/ _! oppressors1 or m]ely to enjoy rude dances & music1 z ! negro 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates 0 suppos$ to play ! banjo nightly aft] 8 lab\rs on ! plantation1 may or may n h assi/$ 9 spread+ & confirm+ ! belief 9 ! sabbat1 b !y 7 n necess>y4 ,! :ole /ory ( *ild murd]1 obsc5e wor%ip ( a demon1 dances & sexual orgies1 0 ready to h& long be=e4 ,x _h be5 appli$ 9 classic times to ! wor%ipp]s ( ,isis & ,bac*us1 by ! pagans to ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 by ! or?odox to ! fir/ h]etics1 to ! ,jews1 to ! ,templ>s1 & 9 our own day we h se5 v simil> *>ges br\ght aga9/ ! ,freemasons4 ,all ^! sets ( p _h kn[n meet+-places--! wit*es _h none2 !y mu/ !re=e meet on "s b>r5 moor or m\nta9 & be c>ri$ !re sup]naturally4 ,once />t$1 ! belief spread rapidly4 ,inde$ we "k f contempor>y writ]s t x 0 a common subject ( village gossip1 & if any wret*$ victim _h any d\bt z to :at %e 0 expect$ to confess1 ! gaol] & judges 7 always ready ) h9ts or lead+ que/ions4 ,"o le>n$ ,g]man#bhd has attribut$ ! :ole wit* mania to ! ,datura ,/ramonium1 or ?orn-apple1 a plant introduc$ into ,europe ab\t ?is "t4 ,wom5 dos$ !mselves ) ?is drug1 or appli$ x 9 o9tm5ts1 & =?) _h halluc9ations ( broom/ick rides & wit* dances4 ,o!rs look ^u belladonna z ! pr9cipal ag5t1 & "o ard5t inve/igator took dang]\s doses ( x 9 ! hope ( exp]i5c+ ! adv5tures ( a m$iaeval sorc]]1 b )\t def9ite effect4 ,a simil> exp]im5t has rec5tly be5 made by ,kiesewett]1 ! hi/orian ( #8,spiritualism'4 ,he us$ ! wit* o9tm5ts describ$ by ,bapti/a ,porta & o!rs1 b c\ld produce no?+ m diabolical ?an dreams ( travell+ 9 an express tra94#bhe ,o!rs1 aga91 h suppos$ t ! badly bak$ rye bread ( ! p]iod mu/ h produc$ an imm5se am\nt ( nightm>e among ! poor] classes4 ,! p[] ( sugge/ion1 d\btless1 _h a v real influ5ce bo? on ! victims & _! judges1 & ) ! aid ( n>cotics may n infrequ5tly h produc$ vivid dreams ( danc+ & o!r int]c\rse ) demons4 ,no d\bt _m p]sons 7 q ready to become wit*es or sorc]]s1 & "s really believ$ !y _h acquir$ su* p[]s4 ,cases are record$ 9 :i* =mal agreem5ts1 duly sign$ 9 blood1 & await+ ! devil's acceptance1 7 discov]$1 & result$ 9 ! arre/ & burn+ ( ! w\ld-be wiz>d4 ,o!rs took pleasure 9 ! t]ror ! reput$ p[]s inspir$1 & may h sometimes caus$ or increas$ x by ! use ( actual poisons4 ,b ^! =m$ b a small m9ority ( ! va/ army ( victims2 & ev5 :5 "s real crim9al 0 arre/$ or "s half-insane p]son volunt>ily #8confess$'1 %e 0 enc\rag$ or compell$ to d5\nce h] suppos$ associates1 & ?us (t5 involv$ scores ( innoc5t acqua9tances 9 h] own awful fate4 ,! wit*-hunt]s are n to be blam$ = believ+ 9 wit*craft1 or ev5 = c>ry+ out ! scriptural injunction #8,?\ %alt n suff] a wit* to live'4 ,x is ! me?ods !y employ$1 comp>$ ) :i* ! proc$ure ( a ,jeffreys or a ,caiaphas 0 j & m]ciful1 :i* _c be excus$ by any talk ab\t ! _s ( ! age1 :i* br\ght agony & dea? to _m ?\s&s ( innoc5t m51 wom5 & little *ildr51 & :i* excit$ ! fi]y & righte\s indignation ( ,dr4 ,john ,wey]4 ,accord+ to ,pascal1 m5 nev] d wrong s ?or\ghly & s *e]fully z :5 !y are obey+ ! prompt+s ( a false pr9ciple ( consci5ce4 ,to :i* we may add t m5 are nev] m cruel & unju/ ?an :5 !y are 9 a fright4 ,! wit*-hunt]s1 mo/ ( !m at lea/1 7 pi\s & consci5ti\s m54 ,!y appeal to ,god1 ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,bible at e /ep4 ,ni*olas ,remy1 = in/ance1 aft] tortur+ & burn+ ov] #hjj ( 8 fell[ creatures1 retir$ f "w ?9k+ he _h done ,god & man good s]vice4 ,b "o ?+ tr\bl$ 8 consci5ce4 ,he _h sp>$ ! lives ( c]ta9 "y *ildr51 & m]ely ord]$ !m to be sc\rg$ nak$ ?ree times r\nd ! place :]e _! p>5ts 7 burn+4 ,he is conv9c$ t ?is 0 wrong1 & t !y w all gr[ up into wit*es & sorc]]s4 ,besides1 if ,god s5t two %e-be>s to slay ! =ty & two *ildr5 :o mock$ ,eli%a1 ( h[ mu* great] puni%m5t are ^? wor?y :o h done despite to ,god1 ,8 ,"m1 ! sa9ts1 & ! ,ca?olic religion8#bhf ,he hopes 8 s9ful clem5cy w n become a prec$5t--a fe> :i* 0 q unnecess>y1 = scores ( *ildr5 "u twelve 7 burnt = wit*craft2 & ! "o plea :i* ev5 !n respit$ ! mo/ atroci\s murd]ess did n always avail a wit*1 s9ce x 0 believ$ t h] future *ild1 if n ! actual (fspr+ ( ! devil1 w\ld infallibly belong to 8 k+dom4 ,b ! wit*-hunt]s 7 urg$ on by fe> z well z by piety1 = n only did !y ?9k !mselves expos$ to p]sonal attacks f ! devil & 8 allies1 b !y believ$ !re 0 a va/ & increas+ society ( m5 & wom5 9 league ) ! evil "o1 & t ! fate ( ! _w dep5d$ on its suppression4 ,all ! ma*9]y1 !re=e1 :i* ! ,roman emp]ors _h devis$ = _! protection aga9/ treason & ! ,*ur* = ! suppression ( h]esy 0 br\ght into action aga9/ ! wit*es1 = wit*craft 0 ! acme ( treason & h]esy1 a crim5 laesae maie/atis div9ae4#bhg ,= a description ( ! me?ods employ$ we _c d bett] ?an g to ! ,malleus ,malefic>um1#bhh ! guide & h&book ( ! wit*-hunt]s4 ,all proce$+s 9 cases ( wit*craft1 say ! rev]5d au?ors1 mu/ be on ! plan recomm5d$ by ,popes ,clem5t ,v & ,boniface ,,viii1 #8summ>ie1 simplicit]1 et de plano1 ac s9e /repitu ac figura iudicii'1 a h>mless look+ phrase :i* swept away at a /roke all ! safegu>ds :i* ! lawy]s ( pagan ,rome & ! rud] ju/ice ( anci5t ,gaul & ,g]many _h plac$ ar\nd accus$ p]sons4 ,!re are1 says ! ,malleus1#bhi two =ms ( crim9al proc$ure3 7#a7 ! old legal or accusatorial =m :]e ! prosecutor (f]s to prove 8 *>ge & to accept ! consequ5ces ( failure1 :i* mu/ be c>efully avoid$ z be+ dang]\s & litigi\s2 & 7#b7 ! inquisitorial1 :]e a man d5\nces ano!r ei!r f zeal = ! fai?1 or because call$ ^u to d s1 b takes no fur!r "p nor (f]s to prove 8 *>ge1 or :]e a man is suspect$ by common report & ! judge makes inquiry1 & ?is me?od mu/ always be pref]r$4 ,! inquisitors1 on ent]+ a new di/rict1 %\ld issue a proclamation call+ on all p]sons to give in=mation aga9/ suspect$ wit*es on pa9 ( excommunication & temporal p5alties4 ,any "o may be compell$1 by torture if necess>y1 to give evid5ce1 & if he refuses mu/ be puni%$ z an ob/9ate h]etic4 ,o!r sorc]]s1 or ! man's wife & family1 are lawful witnesses aga9/1 b n =1 ! accus$4 ,crim9als & p]jur$ p]sons1 if !y %[ zeal = ! fai?1 may be admitt$ to give evid5ce4 ,prie/s1 nobles1 graduates ( univ]sities1 & o!rs legally exempt f torture are n exempt 9 ! case ( wit* trials4#bij #8,delation1' ! sc&al ( imp]ial ,rome1 0 n only enc\rag$ b en=c$1 & 9 "s places1 z at ,milan1 boxes 7 put 9 ! *ur*es1 into :i* any "o might drop an anonym\s d5unciation ( 8 neighb\r4 ,names ( in=m]s are n to be reveal$ "u p5alty ( excommunication2 ! advocate1 if !re is "o1 ne$ be told ! *>ges only4 ,?is advocate mu/ n be *os5 by ! accus$ b by ! inquisitor1 & he mu/ refuse ! case if x seems to him unju/ or hopeless4 ,he mu/ n use legal quibbles or make delays or appeals1 & is to be specially w>n$ t if he be f\nd a protector ( h]etics or a h9d]] ( ! inquisition1 he w incur ! usual p5alties = ^? he9\s crimes4 ,if he reply t he def5ds ! p]son1 n ! error1 ?is avails n1 = he mu/ make no def5ce :i* int]f]es ) proce$+ summ>ie1 simplicit]1 et de plano4#bia ,aft] ?is x is n surpris+ to f9d t ^? accus$ ( wit*craft 7 r>ely def5d$ by an advocate4 ,fai? ne$ be kept ) h]etics & sorc]]s #8= a "t only'4#bib ,!re=e an inquisitor may promise n to condemn a p]son if he confesses1 & !n pass s5t5ce aft] a few days1 or if ( v t5d] consci5ce by ! m\? ( ano!r4 ,x is also lawful to introduce p]sons1 etiam muli]es hone/ae1 to ! accus$ :o promise to f9d means = _! escape if !y w tea* !m "s =m ( wit*craft4 ,?is1 say ! au?ors1 is a mo/ successful me?od = gett+ convictions4#bic ,torture1 ?\gh x may n be repeat$ on ! same *>ge1 may be cont9u$ z long z necess>y1 & any fre% evid5ce ju/ifies a repetition4 ,f9ally ! accus$ may be burnt )\t confession if ! evid5ce is /rong en\gh1 or he may be kept 9 prison = mon?s or ye>s1 :5 ! squalor c>c]is may induce him to confess 8 crimes4#bid ,su* are ! proce$+s recomm5d$ aga9/ p]sons suspect$ ( or d5\nc$ = wit*craft1 & !y conclude appropriately ) ! hide\sly hypocritical =mula ) :i* !y 7 deliv]$ ov] to be burnt3 #8,rel9quimus te pote/ati curiae secul>is1 deprecantes tam5 illam ut erga te citra sangu9is effusionem et mortis p]iculum suam s5t5tiam mod]etur'1#bie :i* means1 accord+ to ! ,malleus1 t sorc]]s are to be burn$ ev5 ?\gh !y rep5t1 :ile rep5tant h]etics may be imprison$ = life4 ,:at 0 meant by ! squalor c>c]is may be se5 f ! foll[+ description by an eye-witness1 ,pretorius3#bif #8,"s ( ! dungeons are holes l cell>s or wells1 fifte5 to ?irty fa?oms 787 deep ) op5+s above1 ?r\gh :i* !y let d[n ! prison]s ) ropes & draw !m up :5 !y w4 ,su* prisons ,i h se5 myself4 ,"s sit 9 great cold1 s t _! feet are fro/-bitt5 or froz5 (f1 & aft]w>ds1 if !y escape1 !y are crippl$ = life4 ,"s lie 9 cont9ual d>kness1 s t !y nev] see a ray ( sunlight1 & "k n :e!r x be night or day4 ,all ( !m h _! limbs conf9$ s t !y c h>dly move1 & are 9 cont9ual unre/1 & lie 9 _! own refuse1 f> m fil?y & wret*$ ?an cattle4 ,!y are badly f$1 _c sleep 9 peace1 h mu* anxiety1 heavy ?\ghts1 bad dreams4 ,& s9ce !y _c move h&s or feet1 !y are plagu$ & bitt5 by lice1 rats1 & o!r v]m91 besides be+ daily abus$ & ?reat5$ by gaol]s & execution]s4 ,& s9ce all ?is sometimes la/s mon?s or ye>s1 su* p]sons1 ?\gh at fir/ !y be c\rage\s1 rational1 /rong1 & pati5t1 at l5g? become weak1 timid1 hopeless1 & if n q1 at lea/ half idiotic & desp]ate4' ,yet all ?is 0 n consid]$ torture1 & if "s poor wret*1 aft] a ye> ( x1 w5t mad1 or pref]r$ a quick dea? to a sl[ "o1 h] confession 0 describ$ z be+ #8entirely volunt>y & )\t torture'4 ,z to ! torture itself1 x comb9$ all t ! f]ocity ( savages & ! +5uity ( civiliz$ man _h till !n inv5t$4 ,besides ! ord9>y rack1 ?umb-screws1 & leg-cru%]s or ,spani% boots1 !re 7 spik$ :eels ov] :i* ! victims 7 drawn ) weights on _! feet2 boil+ oil 0 p\r$ on _! legs1 burn+ sulphur dropp$ on _! bodies1 & light$ c&les held b5ea? _! armpits4 ,at ,bamb]g !y 7 f$ on salt fi% & all[$ no wat]1 & !n ba!d 9 scald+ wat] & quicklime4 ,at ,l9dheim !y 7 fix$ to a revolv+ table & :irl$ r\nd till !y vomit$ & became unconsci\s1 & on recov]y rema9$ 9 s daz$ a /ate t !y 7 ready to confess any?+4#big ,at ,neisse !y 7 fa/5$ nak$ 9 a *air #8) #aej f+]-long spikes 9 x' & kept !re = h\rs4 ,& s effective 7 ^! tortures t n9e out ( t5 innoc5t p]sons pref]r$ to die z confess$ sorc]]s r ?an und]go a repetition ( !m4 ,! ,jesuit ,fa!r ,spee1 a wor?y successor ( ,john ,wey]1 accompani$ ne>ly two hundr$ victims to ! /ake at ,wrzburg 9 less ?an two ye>s4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t 8 hair _h turn$ grey & he seem$ tw5ty ye>s old]1 & on be+ que/ion$ z to ! cause1 decl>$ t he 0 conv9c$ t all ^! p]sons 7 innoc5t4 ,!y _h1 he said1 at fir/ repeat$ ! usual confession1 b on be+ t5d]ly dealt ) _h "o & all prote/$ _! innoc5ce1 adjur+ him at ! same "t n to reveal ?is1 = !y w\ld mu* r die ?an be tortur$ aga94 ,he add$ t he _h receiv$ simil> reports f o!r fa!r confessors4#bih ,a few ye>s lat]1 #afca1 he pluck$ up c\rage to publi% anonym\sly 8 ,cautio ,crim9alis1 9 :i* he exclaims3 #8,:y d we se>* s dilig5tly = sorc]]s8 ,i w %[ y at once :]e !y are4 ,take ! ,capu*9s1 ! ,jesuits1 all ! religi\s ord]s1 & torture !m--!y w confess4 ,if "s d5y1 repeat x a few times--!y w confess4 ,%\ld a few /ill be ob/9ate1 exorcise !m1 %ave !m3 !y use sorc]y1 ! devil h>d5s !m1 only keep on tortur+--!y w give 94 ,if y want m1 take ! ,canons1 ! ,doctors1 ! ,bi%ops ( ! ,*ur*--!y w confess4 ,h[ %\ld ! poor delicate creatures hold out8 ,if y want /ill m1 ,i w torture y & !n y me4 ,i w confess ! crimes y w h confess$1 & s we %all all be sorc]]s toge!r4'#bii ,9 ! mo/ notori\s ( judicial murd]s1 we read t ! judges _h "s difficulty ow+ to a disagreem5t betwe5 ! witnesses4 ,?is r>ely tr\bl$ ! wit*-hunt]s4 ,at ,l9dheim a woman 0 accus$ ( hav+ dug up & c>ri$ (f ! body ( an infant1 :i*1 "u torture1 %e admitt$1 d5\nc+ f\r o!rs z h] accomplices4 ,b on ! grave be+ op5$1 ! body 0 f\nd un9jur$4 ,! inquisitors at once decid$ t ?is mu/ be a delusion ( ! devil1 & all five wom5 7 burn$4 ,a man confess$1 "u torture1 t he 0 a 7-wolf1 & 9 t =m _h kill$ a calf belong+ to a neighb\r2 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 said he _h nev] lo/ a calf1 ?\gh two or ?ree ye>s ago two h5s _h disappe>$1 he believ$ ?r\gh wit*craft4 ,! accus$ 0 burnt1 = :at ne$ _h !y ( witnesses8 ,_h !y n he>d 8 confession8#cjj ,x 0 ev5 laid d[n z a pr9ciple t d\btful po9ts mu/ be decid$ #89 fav\r ( ! fai?'--9 o!r words1 aga9/ ! accus$4 #8,if a sorc]] retracts 8 d5unciations at ! /ake1 x is n void1 = he may h be5 corrupt$ by fri5ds ( ! accus$4 ,also :5 witnesses v>y1 z !y (t5 d1 ! positive ass]tion is always to be believ$1' says ,bi%op ,cov>ivias1 a prom95t memb] ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 ,9 :i* he is support$ by ! juri/ ,m5o*ius ( ,padua1 #8ne tam horr5dum crim5 occultum sit'4 ,any?+ might />t a wit*-hunt+1 & once />t$ x increas$ l an avalan*e4 ,if an old woman happ5$ to be out ( doors 9 a ?und]-/orm2 if ! w9t] 0 prolong$2 if !re 0 a m ?an usual numb] ( flies & cat]pill>s2 if a woman _h a spite aga9/ h] neighb\r1 "s "o might be d5\nc$ & =c$ 9 turn to d5\nce o!rs4 ,! prolong$ w9t] ( #aehf 9 ,savoy1 = in/ance1 result$ 9 ! burn+ ( #aac wom5 & two m51 :o confess$1 aft] torture1 t x 0 due to _! incantations4 ,x is ?us n difficult to und]/& h[1 9 ! diocese ( ,como1 wit*es 7 burnt = _m ye>s at an av]age rate ( #ajj p] annum2 h[ 9 t ( ,/rassburg #e1jjj 7 burnt 9 tw5ty ye>s1 #afae-ce2 h[ 9 ! small diocese ( ,neisse #a1jjj suff]$ betwe5 #afdj-ej1 insomu* t !y gave up ! /ake & pile z be+ too co/ly1 & roa/$ !m 9 a specially prep>$ ov52 & h[ ! ,prote/ant juri/ ,b5$ict ,c>pzov c\ld boa/ n only ( hav+ read ! ,bible ?r\gh fifty-?ree times1 b also ( hav+ pass$ #bj1jjj dea? s5t5ces1 *iefly on wit*es & sorc]]s4#cja ,"o ( ,c>pzov's victims is specially int]e/+ to m$ical m51 ! ,saxon physician1 ,dr4 ,veit ,pratzel1 :o on "o occasion 7#affj7 produc$ tw5ty mice by sleight ( h& 9 a public-h\se1 probably = ! sake ( adv]tisem5t4 ,he 0 d5\nc$ z a sorc]]1 tortur$ & burnt1 :ile 8 *ildr5 7 bl$ to dea? 9 a w>m ba? by ! execution]1 le/ !y %\ld acquire simil> diabolical p[]s4#cjb ,a l fate befell ! s]vant ( a travell+ d5ti/ at ,s*w]s5z 9 ,pol&4 ,! d5ti/1 ,john ,plan1 left 8 assi/ant 9 ! t[n to attract att5tion by conjur+ tricks1 :ile he w5t to sell 8 infallible too?a*e t9ctures 9 ! neighb\r+ villages4 ,on 8 return next ev5+1 he 0 horrifi$ to see ! body ( ! un=tunate man hang+ on ! t[n gall[s1 & 0 told on inquiry t he 0 an evid5t sorc]] :o _h made eggs1 birds1 & plants be=e ev]ybody 9 ! m>ket-place4 ,he _h !re=e be5 arre/$1 sc\rg$1 put on ! rack1 & o!rwise tortur$ till he confess$ he 0 9 league ) ! devil4 ,:]eupon ! t[n c\ncil1 #8out ( special grace & to save exp5se'1 _h1 in/ead ( burn+ him1 m]cifully condemn$ him to be hang$4 ,! d5ti/ fl$ 9 t]ror to ,breslau4#cjc ,b x 0 by no means necess>y to be s foolh>dy z ?is to fall into ! h&s ( ! wit*-hunt]s4 ,a woman at ,l9dheim 0 notic$ to run into h] b>n z ! inquisitorial (ficials came d[n ! /reet4 ,%e _h nev] be5 accus$ or ev5 suspect$ ( wit*craft1 b 0 nev]!less imm$iately arre/$1 & br\ght m dead ?an alive to ! *ief inquisitor1 ,geiss1#cjd :o decl>$ h] flight ju/ifi$ ! /ronge/ suspicion4 ,expos$ to ! mo/ extreme torture1 %e confess$ no?+1 b at l5g?1 at ! "q :e!r %e _h made a compact ) ! devil1 "o ( ! inquisitors decl>$ he saw h] nod h] head4 ,?is 0 en\gh2 %e 0 burnt2 probably a happy fate "u ! circum/ances1 = %e ?us escap$ be+ =c$ by fur!r tortures to give details ( h] imag9>y crime & to d5\nce h] neighb\rs4 ,once 9 ! clut*es ( ! wit*-hunt]s1 ! un=tunate victim 0 confront$ by a s]ies ( dilemmas f :i* few escap$4 ,a fav\rite beg9n+ 0 to ask :e!r he believ$ 9 wit*craft4 ,if he said #8,yes'1 he evid5tly knew m ( ! subject2 if #8,no'1 he 0 ipso facto a h]etic & sl&]] ( ! inquisition2 if 9 confusion he tri$ to di/+ui%1 he 0 v>ius 9 confessionibus1#cje & a fit subject = imm$iate torture4 ,if he confess$ "u torture1 ! matt] 01 ( c\rse1 settl$2 if he endur$ manfully1 x 0 evid5t t ! devil mu/ be aid+ him4 ,if a m>k c\ld be f\nd on 8 body :i* 0 ins5sible & did n ble$ :5 prick$1 x 0 ! devil's seal & a sure sign ( guilt2 b if !re 0 none1 8 case 0 no bett]1 = x 0 held t ! devil only m>k$ ^? ^: fidelity he d\bt$1 s t a suspect$ p]son :o _h no su* m>k 0 9 all probability a specially em95t sorc]]4#cjf ,!n came ! wat] te/1 ( :i* !re is no bett] acc\nt ?an ! report s5t by ,w4 ,a4 ,scribonius1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,m>burg1 to ! t[n c\ncil ( ,lemgo 9 #aehc3 #8,:5 ,i came to y1 mo/ prud5t & le>n$ consules1 #bf? ,septemb]1 !re 71 two days lat] on ,/4 ,mi*ael's eve1 ?ree wit*es burnt alive = div]s & horrible crimes4 ,! same day ?ree o!rs1 d5\nc$ by ^? a=esaid1 7 arre/$1 & on ! foll[+ day ab\t #b p4m4 = fur!r prov+ ( ! tru? 7 ?r[n into wat] to see :e!r !y w\ld swim or n4 ,_! clo!s 7 remov$ & !y 7 b\nd by ! "r ?umb to ! left big toe & vice v]sa1 s t !y c\ld n move 9 ! lea/4 ,!y 7 !n ca/ ?ree times into ! wat] 9 ! pres5ce ( "s ?\s&s ( spectators1 & float$ l logs ( wood1 nor did "o ( !m s9k4 ,& x is also rem>kable t almo/ at ! mom5t !y t\*$ ! wat] a %[] ( ra9 !n fall+ ceas$1 & ! sun %one1 b :5 !y 7 tak5 out x />t$ ra9+ z be=e4' ,on reque/ ( ! burgoma/]1 he inve/igat$ #8! philosophy' ( ?is1 &1 ?\gh he c\ld f9d no?+ def9ite1 _h no d\bt ( its value z a te/ ( wit*craft4 #8,! physician ,wey] rejects x z absurd & fallaci\s1 b he c produce no good argum5ts or examples aga9/ x1 & may !re=e be ignor$4' ,p]haps wit*es are made light] because possess$ by demons :o are #8p[]s ( ! air' & (t5 c>ry !m ?r\gh ! air4 ,all :o float h aft]w>ds confess$1 !re=e ?\gh n scriptural nor ( itself suffici5t to convict1 ! swimm+ te/ is n to be despis$4#cjg ,) reg>d to ! numb] ( victims1 ev5 sob] hi/orians1 su* z ,soldan1 speak ( millions1 b if we take ?ree-qu>t]s ( a million = ! two c5turies #aejj-agjj1 x w give a rate ( t5 executions daily1 at lea/ eight ( :i* 7 judicial murd]s4 ,ev5 m pa!tic ?an ! notice ( #hjj condemn$ 9 "o body by ! s5ate ( ,savoy#cjh are ! long li/s ( ye>ly executions pres]v$ 9 ! fragm5t>y records ( small t[ns & villages4 ,?us at ,me9+51 betwe5 #afaj-ca & #afef-he1 #ajf suff]$--9 #afaj ?ree1 #afaa tw5ty-two1 #afab f\r1 c4 c41 ! int]v5+ records be+ omitt$ ow+ to w>4 ,simil> notices h surviv$ at ,waldsee1 ,?un 9 ,alsace1 & _m o!r hamlets1 :]e ?r\gh a long s]ies ( ye>s we read ( "o to tw5ty p]sons burnt annually1 "s ( !m be+ previ\sly #8torn ) r$-hot p9c]s'4#cji ,at ,wrzburg ! ,pr9ce-bi%op1 ,philip ( ,ehr5b]g1 is said to h burnt #ijj 9 five ye>s 7#afbg-ca71 & we h t]rible li/s ( tw5ty-n9e ( ! burn+s1 almo/ all ( :i* include "y *ildr54 ,"h are two ( !m3 #8,9 ! ?irte5? burn+1 f\r p]sons3 ! old c\rt smi?1 an old woman1 a little girl ( n9e or t5 ye>s1 a y\ng] girl h] si/]4' #8,9 ! tw5tie? burn+1 six p]sons3 ,babel9 ,goebel1 ! prettie/ girl 9 ,wrzburg2 a /ud5t 9 ! fif? =m :o knew _m languages & 0 an excell5t musician1 in/rum5tal & vocal2 two boys f ! new m9/]1 twelve ye>s old2 ,babel ,/epp]'s daught]2 ! c>etak] on ! bridge4'#caj ,at ,bamb]g ! ,pr9ce-bi%op1 ,john ,george1 #afbe-cj1 burnt at lea/ #fjj p]sons1 & 8 pr$ecessors _h be5 h>dly less vigor\s wit*-hunt]s4 ,he 0 ably second$ by 8 suffragan1 ,bi%op ,frn]1 & two doctors ( law1 ,braun & ,ktz5drff]1 :o besides ! ord9>y torture implem5ts1 salt fi% & quicklime ba?s1 f\nd a s-call$ pray] /ool or b5* cov]$ ) spikes1 on :i* ! victim 0 =c$ to kneel1 & a cage ) a %>p ridg$ floor on :i* he c\ld n /&1 sit1 or lie )\t torm5t1 ( great value 9 extort+ confessions4 ,! record ( _! de$s has be5 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,f4 ,leits*uh1#caa libr>ian ( ,bamb]g1 & conta9s1 among o!r cases1 t ( ! ,burgoma/]1 ,john ,junius1 :i* ?r[s m light on ! nature ( ! wit* trials ?an d volumes ( second-h& hi/ory4#cab ,john ,junius1 a man univ]sally respect$1 _h be5 five times ,burgoma/] ( ,bamb]g1 & held t (fice 9 ,june #afbh1 :5 he 0 arre/$ on a *>ge ( sorc]y4 ,he prote/$ 8 innoc5ce ?\gh six witnesses decl>$1 "u torture1 t !y _h se5 him at ! wit* dances4 ,on ,june #cj he endur$ ! torm5t ( ! ?umb-screws & leg-cru%]s 7,spani% boots7 )\t confession4 ,!n !y /uck p9s 9 him & f\nd a #8devil's m>k'1 & f9ally drew him up ) 8 arms twi/$ backw>ds1 b he w\ld admit no?+4 ,next day1 h[ev]1 :5 ?reat5$ ) a repetition ( ! torture1 he broke d[n1 made ! usual confession 7includ+ int]c\rse ) a female demon :o turn$ into a he-goat71 & d5\nc$ tw5ty-sev5 p]sons ^: names & addresses are giv54#cac ,he 0 condemn$ to be behead$ & burnt1 b be=e 8 dea? wrote ! foll[+ lett] to 8 daught]3 #8,_m hundr$ ?\s& good-nights1 my de>e/ daught] ,v]onica6 ,guiltless 0 ,i tak5 to prison1 guiltless h ,i be5 tortur$1 guiltless ,i mu/ die4 ,= :oev] comes "h mu/ ei!r be a sorc]]1 or is tortur$ until 7,god pity him7 he makes up a confession ( sorc]y out ( 8 head4 ,i'll tell y h[ ,i f>$4 ,:5 ,i 0 que/ion$ ! fir/ "t1 !re 7 pres5t ,dr4 ,braun1 ,dr4 ,ktz5drff]1 & two /rang]s4 ,dr4 ,braun ask$ me1 8,fri5d1 h[ came y hi!r80 ,i answ]$1 8,?r\gh lies & mis=tune40 8,he> y10 said he1 8y're a sorc]]4 ,confess x will+ly or we'll br+ witnesses & ! execution] to y40 ,i said1 8,i am no sorc]]4 ,i h a cle> consci5ce on ?is matt]1 & c>e n = a ?\s& witnesses1 b am ready to he> !m40 ,!n ! *ancellor's son1 ,dr4 ,haan1 0 br\ght out4 ,i ask$1 8,h]r ,doctor1 :at d y "k ( me8 ,i nev] _h any?+ to d ) y1 good or bad40 ,he answ]$1 8,sir1 x is a judgem5t matt]1 excuse me = witness+ aga9/ y4 ,i saw y at ! dances40 8,yes1 b h[80 ,he did n "k4 ,!n ,i ask$ ! commission]s to put him on oa?1 & exam9e him prop]ly4 8,! ?+ is n to be arrang$ z y want x10 said ,dr4 ,braun2 8x is en\gh t he saw y40 ,i said1 8,:at sort ( witness is t8 ,if ?+s are s manag$1 y are z little safe z ,i or any o!r hon\rable p]son40 ,next came ! *ancellor & said ! same z 8 son4 ,he _h se5 me1 b _h n look$ c>efully to see :o ,i 04 ,!n ,elsa ,hopff54 ,%e _h se5 me danc+ on ,haupt's moor4 ,!n came ! execution] & put on ! ?umb-screws1 my h&s be+ ti$ toge!r1 s t ! blood spurt$ f "u ! nails1 & ,i _c use my h&s ^! f\r weeks1 z y may see by ?is writ+4 ,!n !y ti$ my h&s beh9d & drew me up4 ,i ?\ght heav5 & e>? 7 disappe>+4 ,eight times !y drew me up & let me fall s t ,i suff]$ horrible agony4 ,all :i* "t ,i 0 />k nak$1 = !y _h me /ripp$4 #8,b our ,"l ,god help$ me1 & ,i said to !m1 8,god =give y = treat+ an innoc5t man l ?is2 y want n only to de/roy body & s\l1 b also to get ! goods & *attels40 ,at ,bamb]g1 two-?irds ( ! prop]ty ( convict$ sorc]]s w5t to ! bi%op1 & ! re/ to ! inquisitors4 8,y're a rascal10 said ,dr4 ,braun4 ,i repli$1 8,i am no rascal1 b z respectable z any ( y2 b if ?+s g on l ?is1 no respectable man 9 ,bamb]g w be safe1 y z little z ,i or ano!r40 ,! doctor said he _h no deal+s ) ! devil4 ,i said1 8,nor h ,i4 ,y\r false witnesses are ! devils1 y\r horrible tortures4 ,y let no "o g1 ev5 ?\gh he has endur$ all y\r torm5ts40 #8,x 0 ,friday1 #cj? ,june1 t1 ) ,god's help1 ,i endur$ ^! tortures4 ,i h ev] s9ce be5 unable to put my clo!s on or use my h&s1 besides ! o!r pa9s ,i _h to suff] innoc5tly4 #8,:5 ! execution] took me back to prison1 he said to me1 8,sir1 = ,god's sake confess some?+1 :e!r true or n4 ,?9k a little4 ,y c't /& ! tortures !y'll inflict on y1 & ev5 if y c\ld y w\ldn't escape1 ?\gh y 7 a c\nt1 b !y'll g ?r\gh !m aga9 & aga9 & nev] leave y till y say y are a sorc]]1 z may be se5 by all _! judgem5ts1 = all end alike40 ,ano!r came & said ! bi%op _h det]m9$ to make an example ( me :i* w\ld a/oni% p1 & begg$ me = ,god's sake to make up some?+1 = ,i %\ld n escape ev5 ?\gh ,i 7 innoc5t1 & s said ,neudeck] & o!rs4 #8,!n ,i ask$ to see a prie/1 b c\ld n get "o4444 ,& !n ?is is my confession z foll[s1 b all ( x lies4 #8,"h foll[s1 de>e/ *ild1 :at ,i confess$ t ,i might escape ! great torm5ts & agonies1 = ,i c\ld n h endur$ !m any long]4 ,?is is my confession1 no?+ b lies1 t ,i _h to make on ?reat ( /ill great] tortures1 & = :i* ,i mu/ die4 #88,i w5t into my field1 & sat d[n !re 9 great melan*oly1 :5 a peasant girl came to me & said1 #8,sir1 :at is ! matt]8 ,:y are y s sorr[ful8' ,i said ,i did n "k1 & !n %e sat d[n close to me1 & sudd5ly *ang$ into a he-goat & said1 #8,n[ y "k ) :om y h to d4' ,he took me by ! ?roat & said1 #8,y mu/ be m9e1 or ,i'll kill y4' ,!n ,i said1 #8,god =bid4' ,!n he vani%$ & came back ) two wom5 & ?ree m52 bade me d5y ,god1 & ,i did s1 d5i$ ,god & ! heav5ly ho/4 ,!n he baptiz$ me & ! two wom5 7 sponsors2 gave me a ducat1 :i* turn$ into a pot%]d40 #8,n[ ,i ?\ght ,i _h got x ov]1 b !y br\ght 9 ! execution]1 & ask$ :]e ,i w5t to ! wit* dances4 ,i did n "k :at to say1 b rememb]$ t ! *ancellor & 8 son & ,elsa ,hopff5 _h m5tion$ ,haupt's moor & o!r places1 s ,i said ! same4 ,!n ,i 0 ask$ :om ,i _h se5 !re4 ,repli$ ,i did n recognize any4 8,y old rascal1 ,i mu/ get ! execution] to y4 ,0 ! *ancellor !re80 ,said 8,yes40 8,:o else80 8,i recogniz$ none40 ,!n he said1 8,take /reet by /reet1 beg9n+ f ! m>ket40 ,!n ,i _h to "n "s p]sons4 ,!n ,long ,/reet4 ,i knew nobody2 _h to "n eight p]sons4444 ,did ,i "k any "o 9 ! ca/le8 ,i mu/ speak out boldly :oev] x 04 ,s !y took me ?r\gh all ! /reets till ,i c\ld & w\ld say no m4 ,!n !y gave me to ! execution] to /rip1 %ave (f my hair1 & torture me aga94 8,! rascal kn[s a man 9 ! m>ket-place1 goes ab\t ) him daily1 & won't "n him40 ,!y meant ,dietmey]1 s ,i _h to "n him4 #8,next !y ask$ :at evil ,i _h done4 ,i repli$1 8,none40 ,! devil bade me to1 & beat me :5 ,i refus$4 8,put ! rascal on ! rack40 ,s ,i said ,i 0 told to murd] my *ildr5 b kill$ a horse in/ead4 ,t wasn't en\gh = !m4 ,i _h also tak5 a sacram5tal waf] & buri$ x4 ,:5 ,i said ?is !y left me 9 peace4 #8,!re1 de>e/ *ild1 y h all my confession1 = :i* ,i mu/ die1 & x is no?+ b lies & made-up ?+s1 s ,god help me4 ,= ,i _h to say all ?is = fe> ( ! tortures ?reat5$ me1 besides all ^? ,i _h gone ?r\gh4 ,= !y g on tortur+ till "o confesses some?+2 be he z pi\s z he w1 he mu/ be a sorc]]4 ,no "o escapes1 ?\gh he 7 a c\nt4 ,& if ,god does n int]f]e1 all our fri5ds & relations w be burnt1 = ea* has to confess z ,i _h4 #8,de>e/ *ild1 ,i "k y are pi\s z ,i1 b y h already _h "s tr\ble1 & if ,i may advise1 y _h bett] take :at money !re is & g on a pilgrimage = six mon?s1 or some:]e :]e y c /ay = a "t outside ! diocese till "o sees :at w happ54 ,_m hon\rable m5 & wom5 9 ,bamb]g g to *ur* & ab\t _! bus9ess1 d no evil1 & h cle> consci5ces z ,i hi!rto1 z y "k1 yet !y come to ! wit* prison1 & if !y h a tongue to confess1 confess !y mu/1 true or n4 #8,neudeck]1 ! *ancellor1 8 son1 ,c&elgiess]1 ,h(mei/]'s daught]1 & ,elsa ,hopff5 all d5\nc$ me at once4 ,i _h no *ance4 ,_m are 9 ! same case1 & _m m w be1 unless ,god int]v5es4 #8,de> *ild1 keep ?is lett] secret s t nobody sees x1 or ,i %all be horribly tortur$ & ! gaol] w lose 8 head1 s /rict is ! rule aga9/ x4 ,y may let ,c\s9 ,/am] read x quickly 9 private4 ,he w keep x secret4 ,de> *ild1 give ?is man a ?al]4 #8,i h tak5 "s days to write ?is4 ,bo? my h&s are lam$4 ,i am 9 a sad /ate altoge!r4 ,i entreat y by ! la/ judgem5t1 keep ?is lett] secret1 & pray = me aft] my dea? z = y\r m>tyr$ fa!r 444 b take c>e no "o he>s ( ?is lett]4 ,tell ,anna ,m>ia to pray = me too4 ,y may take oa? = me t ,i am no sorc]]1 b a m>tyr4 #8,good-night1 = y\r fa!r1 ,john ,junius1 w see y nev] m4 #bd? ,july1 #afbh4' ,on ! m>g9 is writt53 #8,de> *ild1 six d5\nc$ me3 ! *ancellor1 8 son1 ,neudeck]1 ,zan]1 ,ursula ,h(fmai/]1 & ,elsa ,hopff51 all falsely & on compulsion z !y all confess$4 ,!y begg$ my p>don = ,god's sake be=e !y 7 execut$4 ,!y said !y knew no?+ ( me b :at 0 good & lov+4 ,!y 7 oblig$ to "n me1 z ,i %\ld f9d out myself4 ,i _c h a prie/1 s take he$ ( :at ,i h writt51 & keep ?is lett] secret4' ,! lett] is /ill pres]v$1 ) its crippl$ h&writ+1 9 ! libr>y at ,bamb]g4 ,?is case is beyond comm5t4 ,x is l ! trial ( ,fai?ful at ,vanity ,fair1 b ) rack & ?umb-screw 9 place ( a jury4 ,yet x is b a mod]ate sample ( ^? outrages on ju/ice & humanity call$ wit* trials4 ,m5 r>ely held out long1 b1 did space p]mit1 we might tell /ories ( _m h]oic wom5 :o endur$ t51 tw5ty1 ev5 fifty repetitions ( torture1 till !y di$ on ! rack or 9 ! dungeon r ?an falsely accuse !mselves or _! neighb\rs4#cad ,= :5 once arre/$1 ! victim _h small hope ( acquittal1 & 9 ! mo/ fav\rable cases1 :5 !re 0 no ext]nal evid5ce1 & no am\nt ( torture c\ld induce a #8confession'1 ! accus$ 0 s5t back fri5dless & crippl$ to h] home1 :i* %e 0 =bidd5 to leave1 hav+ fir/ sworn to h no m deal+s ) ! devil1 & to take no proce$+s aga9/ h] accus]s4 ,to acquit h] w\ld imply t an innoc5t p]son _h be5 tortur$1 a ?+ naturally repugnant to ! t5d] consci5ces ( ! inquisitors4 ,nor 0 ! mania conf9$ to any special class4 ,prote/ants vi$ ) ,ca?olics1 & t[n c\ncils ) bi%ops 9 cruelty & inju/ice4 ,at ,nrdl+5 !y _h a special set ( torture in/rum5ts :i* ! ,prote/ant t[n c\ncil l5t to neighb\r+ di/rict au?orities1 ) ! pi\s obs]vation t #8by ^! means1 & m especially by ! ?umb-screw1 ,god has (t5 be5 graci\sly pleas$ to reveal ! tru?1 if n at fir/1 at any rate at ! la/'4#cae ,x is obvi\s f ! above cases t ! ma9 cause ( ! cont9uance ( ! wit*-burn+s1 & ( ! numb] ( ! victims1 0 ! use ( torture to obta9 d5unciations4 ,! in/ances 9 :i* insane p]sons accus$ !mselves or o!rs seem to h be5 few] ?an we might h expect$4 ,!n1 z n[1 !re 7 melan*olics :o ?\ght !y _h committ$ ! unp>donable s91 & 9 ^? days ! unp>donable s9 might be repres5t$ by an imag9>y compact ) ! devil4 ,!n1 z n[1 ! #8mania ( p]secution' 0 a prom95t symptom 9 "s =ms ( insanity1 & ! idea ( be+ bewit*$ by "s old woman correspond$ to ! mod]n dread ( detectives1 electric batt]ies1 or telephones4 ,"s ( ! suppos$ signs ( wit*craft resemble ^? ( mania & melan*olia4 ,?us maniacs sometimes collect dirt = money1 & wit*es (t5 confess$ t ! devil's money *ang$ to dirt4 ,melan*olics mutt] to !mselves1 look on ! gr\nd1 & avoid society1 all ( :i* 7 consid]$ signs ( wit*craft4 ,b !n r$ hair & left-h&$ness 7 no less infallible indications4 ,insanity & crime 7 inde$ pres5t at ! wit* trials1 b !y 7 at lea/ z obvi\s 9 ! accus]s & judges z 9 ! victims1 & ! fir/ man :o 0 bold en\gh to say s 0 ,dr4 ,john ,wey]4 ,?\gh a few feeble prote/s may h be5 made by o!rs1 x 0 f ! m$ical pr(ession t ! fir/ det]m9$ opposition came4 ,my/ics l ,p>acelsus & ,c>dan might enc\rage ! sup]/ition2 pi\s & able memb]s ( ! pr(ession l ,ambroise ,p> & ,sir ,?omas ,br[n might give x _! sanction1 b x 0 ! physician ,cornelius ,agrippa :o fir/ successfully def5d$ a wit* at ! risk ( 8 own life1#caf & x 0 8 pupil ,john ,wey] :o fir/ decl>$ op5 w> aga9/ ! wit*-hunt]s & invok$ ! v5geance ( heav5 ^u _! atrocities4 #8,! fe>eful ab\nd+ at ?is "t 9 ?is c\ntrie ( ^? dete/able slaves ( ! divell1 ! wit*es or en*ant]s ha? mov$ me 7belov$ read]7 to dispat* 9 po/ ! foll[+ treatise ( m9e1 n 9 any wise 7z ,i prote/7 to s]ve = a %ewe ( my le>n+ & +9e1 b only 7mov$ ( consci5ce to preasse !reby7 s f> z ,i c1 to resolve ! d\bt+ he>ts ( manie bo? t su* assaults ( ,satan are mo/ c]ta9ly practis$1 & t ! in/rum5ts !re( m]it mo/ sev]ely to be puni%$1 aga9/ ! damnable op9ions ( two pr9cipally 9 our age1 :]e( ! "o call$ ,scot1 an ,engli%man1 is n a%am$ 9 public pr9t to d5ie t !re c be su* a ?+ z wit*craft & s ma9ta9s ! old error ( ! ,sadduces 9 d5y+ ( spirits1 ! o!r call$ ,wi]us1 a ,g]man physition sets out a publike apologie = all ^! crafts-folks1 :]eby procur+ = _! impunity1 he pla9ly bewrayes himself to h be5 ( t pr(ession4' ,?us did our #8,briti% ,solomon'1 ,james ,i1 comm5ce 8 ,daemonologia 7#aeih71 a "w direct$ aga9/ ! two m5 :o alone up to t "t _h made a bold & op5 prote/ aga9/ ! wit* mania & its abom9ations4 ,reg9ald ,scot 9 8 ,discov]y ( ,wit*craft 7#aehd7 took ! view ( a mod]n common-s5se ,engli%man1 t ! :ole ?+ is absurd1 a mixture ( rogu]y & false accusations4 ,wey]1 on ! o!r h&1 8 pr$ecessor by tw5ty ye>s1 is a firm believ] 9 ! activity ( ! devil1 ^: object1 h[ev]1 is n to get possession ( ! s\ls ( crazy old wom51 b by delud+ !m1 to conv]t pi\s & le>n$ lawy]s & !ologians into tortur]s & murd]]s4 ,born ab\t #aeaf at ,grave 9 ,brabant1 ! son ( a deal] 9 hops & faggots1 ,wey] 0 acqua9t$ ) ! sup]natural f 8 e>lie/ ye>s1 = !y _h a dome/ic #8h\se cobold' or ,polt]gei/1 :o 0 he>d tumbl+ ! hop-sacks ab\t :5ev] a cu/om] 0 expect$4 ,at sev5te5 ye>s ( age ! boy 0 s5t to /udy m$ic9e z appr5tice to ,cornelius ,agrippa1 an extraord9>y man1 long held to be a sorc]]1 :o _h rec5tly incurr$ yet /rong] suspicion by 8 h]oic & successful def5ce ( a woman accus$ ( wit*craft at ,metz1 & by 8 fondness = a black dog call$ #8,monsieur' :i* sc>cely ev] left him4 ,! "y ,wey] us$ to take ?is animal out on a /r+1 & soon became conv9c$1 to use 8 own words1 t x 0 #8a p]fectly natural male dog'4#cag ,he next w5t to ,p>is & !nce to ,orleans1 a univ]sity !n fam\s = its m$ical s*ool1 :]e he took ! degree ( ,m4,d4 9 #aecg4 ,he comm5c$ practice 9 ,brabant1 became public m$ical (fic] at ,arnheim 9 #aede1 & 9 #aeej physician to ,duke ,william ( ,cleves4 ,9 #aefc he publi%$ 8 great "w ,de prae/igiis daemonum et incantationibus ac v5eficiis1#cah ! object ( :i* is to %[ t s-call$ wit*craft is usually due to delusions ( demons1 :o take advantage ( ! weaknesses & diseases ( wom5 to br+ ab\t impi\s & absurd sup]/itions1 hatr$s1 cruelties1 & a va/ outp\r+ ( innoc5t blood1 ?+s 9 :i* !y naturally delight4 ,he proposes to treat ! subject "u f\r heads correspond+ to ! f\r faculties1 !ology1 philosophy1 m$ic9e1 & law4 ,9 ! fir/ section he attempts to %[ t ! ,hebrew ^w ,kasaph does n mean #8wit*' b #8poison]'1 or at any rate t ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,rabb9ical int]pret]s s v>y1 t no reliance c be plac$ ^u !m4 ,moreov] ! law ( ,moses 0 giv5 to ! ,jews #8= ! h>dness ( _! he>ts'1 & is by no means always to be us$ by ,*ri/ians4#cai ,magicians & sorc]]s d inde$ /ill exi/1 z 9 anci5t ,egypt1 b ^! are always m51 & usually rogues & sw9dl]s1 su* z 0 ,fau/1 ( :om ,wey] gives u "o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ au!ntic notices4 ,fau/1 he says1 0 once arre/$ by ,b>on ,h]mann ( ,batoburg1 & giv5 9 *>ge ( 8 *apla91 ,j4 ,dur/51 :o hop+ to see "s sign or wond]1 treat$ him ) mu* k9dness1 giv+ him ! be/ ( w9e4 ,b all he got out ( him 0 a magic o9tm5t to enable him to %ave )\t a razor1 conta9+ ars5ic1 & s /rong t x br\ght n only ! hair b ! sk9 f ! rev]5d g5tleman's *eeks4 #8,! :i* he has told me m ?an once ) mu* indignation4'#cbj ,wey]1 h[ev]1 firmly believes t ! devil may assi/ sorc]]s1 su* z ,fau/1 9 "s ( _! feats1 ?\gh he does ?is *iefly by delud+ ! eyes ( ! spectators4 ,he may also delude wom5 into ! belief t !y h be5 at wit* dances & caus$ ?und]-/orms1 c41 b 8 greate/ deception is to make m5 believe 9 ! reality ( wit*craft & s torture & murd] ! innoc5t4#cba ,wom5 are m liable to 8 deceptions ow+ to _! great] in/ability bo? ( m9d & body1 & ! delusion may be fav\r$ by ! use ( drugs & o9tm5ts1 especially ^? conta9+ belladonna1 lolium1 h5bane1 opium1 & ev5 m by h]bs rec5tly introduc$ f ea/ & we/1 su* z ,indian hemp1 datura1 #8& ! plant call$ by ! ,indians 8tabacco01 by ! ,portuguese 8peto01 & by ! ,fr5* 8nicotiana0'4#cbb ,z = ! suppos$ compact ) ! devil1 x is an absurdity only surpass$ by ! belief 9 sexual int]c\rse ) demons4 ,?is delusion1 ,wey] po9ts out1 may be expla9$ m$ically by ! ph5om5a ( nightm>e & ! effects ( c]ta9 drugs1 & is n sanction$ by ,scripture4 ,=1 ?\gh holy m5 su* z ,lactantius1 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 & ,t]tullian h ma9ta9$ t ! #8sons ( ,god' m5tion$ 9 ,g5esis vi4 #b 7 spirits1 ?is int]pretation is oppos$ by /ill m em95t !ologians1 su* z ,sa9ts ,j]ome1 ,gregory ,nazianz51 & ,*ryso/om1 ?\gh he is oblig$ to admit t ,/4 ,augu/9e believ$ 9 incubi & succubae1#cbc & t di/+ui%$ liv+ !ologians hold t ,lu!r's fa!r 0 lit]ally ! devil4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 says ,wey]1 is an unfair & prejudic$ way ( attack+ ! ,lu!ran h]esy4#cbd ,p :o fancy !mselves bewit*$ are really possess$ or assault$ by ! devil1 z 7 ,job & ! demoniacs ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,if ^! demoniacs _h liv$ 9 our days1 he rem>ks1 !y w\ld probably h ea* co/ ! lives ( num]\s old wom54#cbe ,! /range objects vomit$ by su* p]sons are ei!r deceptions or put into ! p]son's m\? by ! devil1 z is %[n by !re be+ no admixture ( food1 & ! abs5ce ( pa9 or injury 9 spite ( ! size ( ! objects4#cbf ,a girl ne> ,cleves fell into convulsions ) cl5*$ h&s & tee? :i*1 accord+ to h] fa!r1 c\ld only be op5$ by mak+ ! sign ( ! cross4 ,%e also compla9$ ( pa9s = :i* x 0 necess>y to buy a bottle ( holy wat] f a prie/ at ,am]s=t1 on dr9k+ :i* %e proce$$ to vomit p9s1 ne$les1 scraps ( iron1 & pieces ( clo?4 ,%e spoke 9 an alt]$ boyi% voice1 int5d$ = t ( a demon1 & decl>$ ! :ole 0 caus$ by an #89 my op9ion hone/ matron'1 :o 0 imprison$ ) h] "m & two o!r wom54 ,wey] und]took ! case1 #8:]eupon %e said 9 h] boy's voice %e w\ld h no?+ to d ) me1 & t ,i 0 a cunn+ fell[4 8,look :at %>p eyes he has40' ,wey] op5$ h] h&s & m\?1 )\t mak+ ! sign ( ! cross1 #8n t ,i w\ld 9 any way speak irrev]5tly !re('4 ,he also %[$ t ! objects produc$1 ev5 soon aft] eat+1 7 free f admixture ( food1 & _h !re=e nev] be5 f>!r ?an ! m\?2 & he ?us obta9$ ! release ( ! f\r wom5 aft] a mon?'s imprisonm5t4#cbg ,z = ! /ories ( m5 *ang$ into animals1 !y are p>tly poetic & moral allegories1 z ! sailors ( ,ulysses1 & p>tly a =m ( insanity long recogniz$ by physicians1 & t]m$ lycan?ropy4#cbh ,_m ?9k !y are possess$ :5 !y are only melan*olic1 & o!rs pret5d to be s to excite int]e/ & obta9 money4 ,^? :o fancy !mselves attack$ by devils %\ld1 in/ead ( accus+ _! neighb\rs1 take to !mselves ! arm\r ( ,god z describ$ by ,/4 ,paul4 ,un=tunately1 spiritual pa/ors1 9 _! ignorance & gre$1 tea* t n only diabolical possession1 b ev5 ord9>y diseases are to be cur$ by *>ms1 incantations1 palm bran*es1 consecrat$ c&les1 & an execrable abuse ( scriptural words4 ,cures are1 inde$1 sometimes s produc$1 b are really due to ! imag9ation4 ,p]sons suppos$ to be possess$ %\ld fir/ be tak5 to an intellig5t physician1 :o %\ld inve/igate & treat any bodily disord]4 ,%\ld spiritual disord]s be also pres5t he may !n s5d ! pati5t to a pi\s m9i/] ( ! ,*ur*1 b ?is w (t5 be unnecess>y4 ,! devil is especially fond ( attack+ nuns1 :o %\ld be sep>at$ f ! re/1 &1 if possible1 s5t home to _! relations4#cbi ,"h ,wey] ins]ts sev]al in/ances 9 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,philip ,wesseli*1 a monk ( ,kne*t5/e9 ne> ,cologne1 an hone/1 simple-m9d$ man1 0 mis]ably afflict$ by a _s ab\t ! ye> #aeej4 ,sometimes he 0 c>ri$ up to ! ro(1 at o!rs ?ru/ 9 among ! beams ( ! belfry1 (t5 c>ri$ unexpect$ly ?r\gh ! wall 7pl]umque p] murum transf]ebatur inop9ato7 & knock$ ab\t g5]ally4 ,at l5g? ! _s decl>$ he 0 ,mat!w ,dur51 a =m] abbot1 condemn$ to p5ance = hav+ paid an arti/ insuffici5tly = a pa9t+ ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 s t ! poor man w5t bankrupt & committ$ suicide1 #8:i* 0 true'4 ,he c\ld only be releas$ if ! monk w5t to ,trves & ,aix & recit$ ?ree masses 9 ! respective ca!drals4 ,! !ological faculty ( ,cologne advis$ t he %\ld d s1 b ! abbot ,g]>d1 a man ( firmness & intellig5ce1 told ! possess$ man t he 0 a victim ( diabolical deceptions1 & t unless he put 8 tru/ 9 ,god1 & pull$ himself toge!r1 he %\ld be publicly :ipp$4 ,:]eupon ! monk did s1 & ! devil left him & w5t else:]e4#ccj ,a simil> case 0 t ( a "y woman kn[n to ,wey]1 :o _h convulsions 9 *ur* :5ev] ! #8,gloria 9 excelsis' 0 sung 9 ,g]man1 & said %e 0 possess$4 ,x 0 obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t %e look$ ab\t = a s(t place to fall on4 ,%e 0 !re=e s5t = by ,wey]'s fri5d ! ,c\ntess ,anna ( ,virmont1 :o said %e 0 ab\t to s+ ! *ant1 & t if ! demon attack$ h] %e w\ld soon drive him out4 ,! "y woman fell 9 ! usual fit1 on :i* ! c\ntess1 prud5s et cordata matrona1 ) ! aid ( h] daught] pull$ up h] dress & gave h] a good :ipp+4 #8,%e confess$ to me aft]w>ds t x completely cur$ h]4' ,extreme diseases1 adds ,wey]1 require1 accord+ to ,hippocrates1 extreme rem$ies1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 to di/+ui% suitable cases4#cca ,! la/ & mo/ important section ( ! book treats ( ! puni%m5t ( wit*es1 :o are to be c>efully di/+ui%$ f poison]s & magicians1 su* z ,fau/1 :o are (t5 weal?y m5 & sp5d mu* money 9 travel1 books1 c41 to le>n diabolic arts2 or deceiv]s1 su* z ! mason :o buri$ wolves' dung 9 a cattle /all1 & :5 ! animals %[$ great excitem5t1 said !y 7 bewit*$1 & (f]$ to cure !m = a consid]ation4 ,su* m51 :5 prov$ to h done s]i\s h>m1 are to be sev]ely puni%$4 ,! less guilty %\ld be admoni%$1 & among !m are ^? :o spread sup]/iti\s practices & p]suade sick p t !y are bewit*$ by "s old woman4 ,?is is all t ! laws ( ,*ur* or ,/ate require1 & is a v diff]5t ?+ f seiz+ poor wom5 possess$ by diabolic delusions1 or on ! malici\s accusations or fooli% suspicions ( ! ignorant vulg>1 & ca/+ !m into horrible dungeons1 :5ce !y are dragg$ to be torn & cru%$ by e imag9able in/rum5t ( torture1 till1 h[ev] guiltless !y are1 !y confess to sorc]y1 s9ce x is bett] to give _! s\ls to ,god 9 innoc5ce1 ev5 ?r\gh flame1 ?an long] endure ! hide\s torm5ts ( blood?ir/y tyrants4 ,& %\ld !y die "u torture or 9 prison1 ! accus]s & judges cry out triumphantly t !y h committ$ suicide1 or t ! devil has brok5 _! necks4 ,"h foll[s a bur/ ( indignant eloqu5ce :i* w\ld h co/ ,wey] de> _h he fall5 into ! clut*es ( ! wit*-hunt]s1 & :i* may be giv5 9 ! t]se vig\r ( ! orig9al3 #8,s$ ubi t&em is app>u]it quem nihil latet1 ,scrutator cordium et r5um1 ipsius ab/rusissimae etiam v]itatis ,cognitor et ,iudex1 ve/ri actus palam fi5t1 ,o vos praefracti tyranni1 ,o iudices sangu9>ii1 hom9em exuti et caecitate ab omni mis]icordia procul remoti4 ,ad ipsius extremi iudicii tribunal iu/issimum vos provoco1 qui int] vos et me dec]net ubi sepulta et culcata ,v]itas resurget vobisque 9 faciem resi/et latroc9iorum ultionem exactura4'#ccb ,_! cr$ulity almo/ equals _! cruelty1 z %[n by ! belief t a c]ta9 old woman caus$ ! excessive cold ( ! prec$+ w9t]1 & by ! absurd swimm+ te/4 ,:at effect c d5ial ( fai?1 evil int5tions1 or a corrupt fantasy h ^u a p]son's specific gravity1 on :i* float+ dep5ds8 ,moreov]1 wom5 usually float1 s9ce _! specific gravity is less ?an t ( m51 z ,hippocrates po9t$ out4#ccc ,b no?+ is too absurd = a wit* inquisitor4 ,"s fi%]m5 at ,rott]dam drew up _! nets full ( /ones b fi%less4 ,?is 0 cle>ly wit*craft1 s !y seiz$ an un=tunate woman :o confess$ 9 h] t]ror t %e _h fl[n out ( ! w9d[ ?r\gh a hole ! size ( a f+]-end1 div$ "u ! sea 9 a mussel-%ell1#ccd & !re t]rifi$ ! fi%es & put /ones 9 ! nets4 ,! woman1 says ,wey]1 0 evid5tly mad or delud$ by ! devil1 b !y burnt h] all ! same4 ,trea*]y & cruelty g toge!r4 ,a prie/1 hav+ fail$ to make a wit* confess1 promis$ t if %e w\ld admit "s small act ( sorc]y1 he w\ld see t %e 0 releas$ aft] "s slight p5ance4 ,!reupon %e confess$ & 0 burnt alive4#cce ,9 contra/ to ?is1 ,wey] describes ! me?od ( deal+ ) wit*craft 9 ! du*y ( ,cleves4 ,9 #aefc a f>m]1 f9d+ 8 c[s gave less milk ?an usual1 consult$ a wit*-f9d]1 :o told him t "o ( 8 own daught]s _h bewit*$ !m4 ,! girl1 delud$ by ! devil1 admitt$ ?is & accus$ sixte5 o!r wom5 ( be+ h] accomplices4 ,! magi/rate wrote to ! duke propos+ to imprison !m all1 b ! latt]1 probably at ,wey]'s in/igation1 repli$ t ! wit*-f9d] 0 to be imprison$1 ! girl to be in/ruct$ by a prie/ & w>n$ aga9/ ! delusions ( demons1 & ! sixte5 wom5 9 no way to be mole/$4#ccf ,an old woman ( eighty 0 arre/$ at ,mons on *>ge ( wit*craft1 ! *ief evid5ce be+ t h] "m _h long ago be5 tortur$ to dea? on a simil> *>ge4 ,to make h] confess !y p\r$ boil+ oil ov] h] legs1 :i* produc$ bli/]s & ulc]s1 & h] son he>+ ( x s5t h] a roll ( l9t to put r\nd !m4 ,?is 0 suppos$ to make magic b&ages by ! aid ( :i* ! woman might escape1 & ! son 0 promptly arre/$4 ,! "m 0 to be burnt 9 a few days1 & h] son w\ld probably h foll[$1 :5 ,wey]1 by p]mission ( ! ,duke ( ,cleves1 visit$ ,c\nt ,william ( ,mons & expla9$ 8 views on wit*craft4 ,he also exam9$ ! old woman1 :o 0 s brok5 d[n t %e fa9t$ sev]al times1 & f9ally obta9$ ! release ( bo?4#ccg ,!ologians 7says ,wey] 9 conclusion7 may object t he is only a physician & bid him keep to 8 la/4 ,he c only reply t ,/4 ,luke 0 a physician1 & t he is "o ( ^? :o hope by ! m]cy ( ,god & grace ( ,*ri/ to atta9 t royal prie/hood ( :i* ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,john speak4 ,f9ally he is ready to submit all he has said to ! judgem5t ( ! ,*ur*1 & to recant any errors ( :i* he may be convict$4 ,! ,*ur* answ]$ by putt+ 8 "n on ! ,index z an auctor primae classis1 t is1 "o ^: op9ions are s dang]\s t none ( 8 works may be read by ! fai?ful )\t special p]mission1 :ile 8 book 0 solemnly burnt by ! ,prote/ant ,univ]sity ( ,m>burg4#cch ,! ,duke ( ,alva1 !n engag$ 9 8 notori\s "w 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 us$ 8 influ5ce to get ,wey] remov$ f 8 position at ! c\rt ( ,cleves4 ,9 ?is he 0 aid$ by ! duke's increas+ melan*olia & ill heal?1 :i* 7 consid]$ by _m a judgem5t ^u him = 8 protection ( ,wey] & neglect ( wit*-burn+4 ,9 #aegh ,wey] resign$ 8 po/ to 8 son ,gal51 & 9 #aeha wit*-hunt+ comm5c$ 9 ! du*y ( ,cleves4 ,wey]1 h[ev]1 z befitt$ ! *ivalr\s def5d] ( outrag$ womanhood1 enjoy$ ! fri5d%ip & protection ( ,c\ntess ,anna ( ,te*l5burg1 at ^: resid5ce he di$1 #aehh1 ag$ sev5ty-two4 ,! "w on ,! ,deceptions ( ,demons has be5 aptly comp>$ to a tor* ?r[n out into ! d>kness1 :i* = a mom5t brightly illumes a small space & !n disappe>s4 ,x made a tempor>y s5sation1 & 0 welcom$ by a few ( ! m enlight5$ spirits ( ! "t2 x sav$ ! lives ( "s un=tunate wom5 7be+ successfully quot$ ! v ye> aft] publication 9 def5ce ( a "y woman at ,frank=t1 :o confess$ %e _h fl[n ?r\gh ! air & _h int]c\rse ) ! devil71 & x m>ks ! beg9n+ ( an op5 & p]si/5t opposition to ! wit* mania4 ,spee also has a curi\s /ory %[+ ! influ5ce ( ,wey]'s book3 #8,a great pr9ce invit$ two prie/s to 8 table1 bo? m5 ( le>n+ & piety4 ,he ask$ "o ( !m :e!r he ?\ght x "r to arre/ & torture p]sons on ! evid5ce ( #aj or #ab wit*es4 ,might n ! devil h deceiv$ !m 9 ord] to make rul]s %$ innoc5t blood1 z c]ta9 le>n$ m5 _h lately argu$1 8!reby caus+ u pangs ( consci5ce08 ,! prie/ /\tly ma9ta9$ t ^! pangs 7 ne$less1 = ,god w\ld nev] all[ ! devil to br+ innoc5t m5 to a %ameful & horrible dea? 9 ?is way2 & s he 7! pr9ce7 might cont9ue ! wit* trials z usual4 ,he p]si/$ 9 ?is1 till ! pr9ce said1 8,i am sorry1 my fa!r1 y h condemn$ y\rself & _c compla9 7 ,i to ord] y\r imm$iate arre/1 = no less ?an #ae p]sons h sworn y 7 ) !m at ! wit* dances01 & he produc$ ! records ( _! trials 9 pro(4 ,!n ! good man /ood l butt] 9 ! sun 9 ! dog-days1 & _h no?+ m to say = himself4'#cci _/ ,b x _h little effect on ! sup]/ition itself1 :i* rea*$ its height dur+ ! foll[+ half-c5tury2 & ! au?or is compell$ by 8 religi\s beliefs to admit s mu* t 8 position is h>dly t5able4 ,inde$1 8 premisses _h already be5 grant$ by ! wit*-hunt]s !mselves4 ,! juri/ ,molitor1 = in/ance1 admits t mu* wit*craft is imag9>y & due to ! deceptions ( demons1 b :ile ! physician argues t ^! deceptions are r5d]$ possible by disease1 & are !mselves l>gely ( ! nature ( disease1 s t ! victims des]ve pity & m$ical treatm5t r ?an burn+1 ! lawy] ass]ts t a p]son c only be s deceiv$ by 8 free w1 & !re=e a woman :o believes %e has made a compact or _h int]c\rse ) ! devil is z des]v+ ( puni%m5t z if %e _h actually done s4#cdj ,j ov] a c5tury aft] ! appe>ance ( ,wey]'s book 7#affd7 #8,sir ,?omas ,br[n ( ,norwi*1 ! fam\s physician ( 8 "t1 0 desir$ by my ,"l ,*ief ,b>on ,hale to give 8 judgem5t 9 a case ( wit*craft4 ,& he decl>$ t he 0 cle>ly ( op9ion ,t ! ,fits 7 natural1 b height5$ by ! devil co-op]at+ ) ! malice ( ! wit*es at ^: in/ance he did ! villanies4 ,& he add$1 ,t 9 ,d5m>k !re _h be5 lately a great ,discov]y ( ,wit*es1 :o us$ ! v same way ( afflict+ p]sons by convey+ p9s into !m4' ,! jury #8hav+ ,sir ,?omas ,br[n's ,decl>ation ab\t ,d5m>k = _! enc\ragem5t1 9 half an h\r br\ght !m 9 guilty4444 ,!y 7 hang$ ma9ta9+ _! innoc5ce4'#cda ,_h ,br[n be5 bett] acqua9t$ ) ,! ,deceptions ( ,demons he might h hesitat$ to make t #8,decl>ation ab\t ,d5m>k'1 b ,wey]'s e>ly oppon5t1 ,bi%op ,b9sfeld1 has no difficulties4 ,quot+ ,orig5 79 ,matt4 xvii4 #ae7 he exclaims1 #8,physicians may say :at !y l1 we :o believe ! ,gospel hold t devils cause lunacy' & _m o!r diseases4#cdb ,b = a demon to cause disease or d o!r h>m1 two ?+s are requisite1 ! p]mission ( ,god & ! free w ( "s malici\s p]son1 wit*1 or sorc]]4 ,! physician1 ,wey]1 has d5i$ ! possibility ( a compact ) ! devil1 b is easily refut$ by ,scripture & ,*ur* au?ority4 ,did n ! devil try to make a compact ) ,*ri/ ,himself8#cdc ,simil>ly he has no difficulty 9 %[+ t ! ,hebrew ^w = wit* means mu* m ?an #8poison]'1 &1 giv5 ! almo/ univ]sal beliefs ( ! age1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ,br[n & ! bi%op h ! be/ ( ! argum5t4 ,9 ! op5+ *apt] ( 8 well-kn[n "w on rationalism1 ,lecky says t ! decl9e ( ! belief 9 wit*craft #8pres5ts a spectacle n ( argum5t & conflict1 b ( sil5t evanesc5ce & decay'2 x 0 #8un>gum5tative & ins5sible'4 ,scot's "w #8ex]cis$ no appreciable influ5ce'1 &1 s f> z ! result 0 conc]n$1 he1 ,wey]1 & _! l might z well h kept quiet & wait$ = ! *ange to be effect$ by #8:at is call$ ! _s ( ! age'1 t is1 #8a gradual ins5sible yet pr(\nd modification ( ! habits ( ?\ght' due to #8! progress ( civilization'4 ,?is !ory has be5 ably criticiz$ else:]e4#cdd ,! tru? x conta9s seems to be t argum5t w\ld n h suffic$ to *ange public op9ion ab\t wit*craft1 )\t ! aid ( *anges 9 o!r matt]s1 & especially ! developm5t & success ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,su* discov]ies z ! motion ( ! e>? & circulation ( ! blood1 :5 g5]ally accept$ 7:i* 0 n till late 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury71 %[$ t ! le>n$ z well z ! vulg> might be utt]ly mi/ak5 9 important beliefs support$ by app>5tly good evid5ce1 & t sci5tific me?ods ( atta9+ tru? diff]$ widely f ^? ( ! wit*-hunt]s4 ,! progress ( civilization by practically aboli%+ ! use ( torture w\ld alone h imm5sely dim9i%$ ! numb] ( victims1 & ( ^? #8confessions' on :i* ! belief 0 f$4 ,to use milit>y language1 ! wit* mania 0 an ugly & =midable r$\bt connect$ ) o!r =ts & entr5*m5ts4 ,x suff]$ some:at f ! bomb>dm5t by ,wey] & ,scot1 b c\ld only be f9ally demoli%$ by a g5]al advance ( ! =ces ( sci5ce & civilization4 ,b if e "o _h tru/$ to #8! _s ( ! age' r ?an di/urb 8 neighb\rs' beliefs1 we might /ill be burn+ our gr&mo!rs4 ,?\gh born 9 :at is n[ ,holl& & educat$ 9 ,france1 ,g]man writ]s claim ,wey] z _! c\ntryman & comp>e him ) ,m>t9 ,lu!r4 ,! monk ( ,witt5b]g is inde$ a f9e figure ) 8 #8,"h /& ,i2 ,i _c o!rwise1 ,god help me6' ,b he _h half ,g]many beh9d him2 bo? pr9ces & populace 7 ready to protect him4 ,wey] /ood practically alone1 & if he escap$ be+ burnt by juri/s & !ologians1 _h a fair *ance ( be+ lyn*$ by an enrag$ mob z a sorc]] & protector ( wit*es4 ,!re 0 little to save him f torture & dea? b ! /r5g? ( m9d ( ,duke ,william ( ,cleves1 :o came ( an insane family & already %[$ signs ( melan*olia4 ,wey] 0 happily sp>$ su* a trial ( 8 =titude1 b none ! less does he des]ve our admiration z ! *ivalr\s *ampion ( womanhood1 :o fir/1 ) vizor up & lance 9 re/1 greet$1 alas6 n1 l ! knights ( leg5d1 by pray]s & bless+s b by ?reats & imprecations1 w5t =? to d op5 battle ) ! hide\s mon/] :i* _h s long tortur$ & sla9 ! innoc5t & helpless4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xli4 ,,! ,,bodleian ,,manuscript ,,ms4 ,,m>% #cgi fo4 #gc ,,! #8,,tractatus ,,de ,,causis ,,et ,,indiciis ,,morborum' ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,maimonides ,by ,reub5 ,levy ,among mod]n au?orities on ,arabian m$ic9e1 ! op9ion has be5 widely held t ! position ( ,maimonides z a m$ical writ] mu/ dep5d ma9ly ^u an unpubli%$ "w f 8 h&1 kn[n z ! ,tractatus de ,causis et ,indiciis ,morborum4#cde ,x is "h s\ght to demon/rate t ! ,bodleian ,,ms4 7,m>% #cgi71 hi!rto reg>d$ z conta9+ ?is "w1 is 9 reality by ano!r au?or1 :ile ! ,p>is ,,ms4 7,biblio?que ,nationale1 ,anci5 ,fonds #daa71cdf ! only o!r alleg$ copy ( ! ,tractatus de ,causis et ,indiciis ,morborum1 conta9s 9 fact no su* "w4 ,moreov]1 evid5ce w be adduc$ %[+ t x is n probable t ,maimonides compos$ a treatise ( ?is scope4 ,= _! in=mation conc]n+ ! ,tractatus1 ! mod]n bibliograph]s evid5tly rely entirely on entries 9 ! catalogues ( ! respective libr>ies4 ,! #agci ,catalogue ( ,arabic & ,hebrew ,,mss4 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale conta9s ! foll[+ entry3#cdg #8,codex bombyc9us1 ,aleppo 9 biblio!cam ,colb]t9am anno #afgc illatus1 quo cont9etur ,r4 ,mosis ,maemonidae de morborum causis et illorum curatione tractatus1 ,arabice1 *>act]e ,hebraico4' ,c>eful exam9ation ( ! manuscript disclos$ ! fact t x conta9$ no few] ?an f\r works ( ,maimonides1 viz4 on ,poisons1#cdh on ,a/hma1#cdi ! ,tractatus de ,regim9e ,sanitatis1#cej & ! ,tractatus de ,morbo ,regis ,aegypti1#cea all b\nd toge!r 9 confusion4#ceb ,all ^! are kn[n to be by ,maimonides1 & !re is no?+ besides !m 9 ! volume4 ,!re has always be5 a good deal ( confusion ab\t ! works de ,regim9e ,sanitatis & de ,morbo ,regis ,aegypti4 ,! =m] is v>i\sly kn[n z de ,regim9e ,sanitatis1 de ,cibo et ,alim5to1 de ,dietetica1 #8! lett] to ! ,sultan'1 or z #8! ,consultation conc]n+ 7! ,sultan7 ,al ,afal'4#cec ,! latt] also has a numb] ( titles1 su* z de ,causis ,accid5tium1#ced de ,morborum ,causis et ,curatione1 & ,responsum ad ,regem ,raqqa1 9 addition to its title ( de ,morbo ,regis ,aegypti4 ,9 #aead1 9 ,v5ice ! two treatises 7 pr9t$ toge!r 9 ,lat9 z "o "w4#cee ,lecl]c#cef has made confusion worse conf\nd$ by say+ t #8ce que l'on a dsign s\s les titres1 ,de ,morbo ,regis ,aegypti1 ,de ,causis ,accid5tium1 ,de ,causis et ,indiciis ,morborum1 ,de ,cibo et ,alim5to1 ne sont autre *ose que t\t ou p>tie du mme ouvrage'4#ceg ,no d\bt he 0 l$ into mak+ ?is /atem5t p>tly by ! fact t ,w/5feld#ceh gives ! title ( de ,causis et ,indiciis ,morborum bo? to ! ,biblio?que ,nationale ,,ms4 7:i* ,lecl]c knew z de ,causis ,accid5tium7 & to ! ,bodley ,,ms4 ,! entry conc]n+ ! latt] 9 ,uri's ,bodleian ,catalogue ( #aghgcei reads z foll[s3 #8,codex bombyc9us1 anno ,hegirae #gfe1 ,*ri/i #acfc ex>atus1 folia #aaf impl5s4 ,compreh5dit succ9ctum de omnium corporis humani morborum causis1 signis et rem$iis tractatum ab ,ibn ,hobai% ,hi]osolymitano ex ,hebraica l+ua 9 ,arabicam conv]sum1 cui sectiones sex supra c5tum sunt4 ,initium fit a morbis capitis2 f9is 9 elephantiasi4 ,composuit ,musa ,b5 ,maimun ,alcortubi1 ,israelita4 ,m>% #cgi4' ,! ,,ms4 be>s ^u "o ( its pages ! title ' #8,?is is ! book ( ! causes & symptoms1 by ! ,doctor ,msa ibn ,maimn ! ,cordovan1 ! ,israelite4' 7,plate ,,xli47 ,z a matt] ( fact x is no su* ?+4 ,?is title1 toge!r ) an extra title-page & colophon 9 ! same h&1 is a mu* lat] addition to ! ,,ms41 :i* also has a fragm5t ( "s o!r m$ical "w--at pres5t unid5tifi$--b\nd up ) x4 ,! folios ( ! ,,ms4 :i* deal ) ! ,tractatus h be5 b\nd toge!r 9 extreme disord]1 b exam9ation ( !m has %[n t !y really =m a fragm5t ( ! second book ( 1 ! ,delectus de ,m$ic9a1 by 1 ,muhaib ed ,d9 ,abu'l ,hasan ,ali ,ibn ,amad ( ,bagdad4#cfj ,ibn ,abi ,uaibia 7#abjc-abfi7cfa gives a life ( ?is writ] & a li/ ( 8 works1 :i* includes ! ,delectus de ,m$ic9a4 ,accord+ to him1 ,muhaib ed ,d9 0 born at ,bagdad 9 ,a4,h4 #eae 7 ,a4,d4 #aaba71 & aft] /udy+ m$ic9e & philosophy settl$ at ,mosul4 ,lat] he became ! physician ( ! ,%ah ,arman1 *iefta9 ( ,khalt on ,lake ,van 9 ,arm5ia1 9 ^: s]vice he amass$ great weal?4 ,he complet$ ! ,delectus at ,mosul 9 ! ye> ,a4,h4 #efj 7 ,a4,d4 #aafd71 & di$ !re 9 ,a4,h4 #faj 7 ,a4,d4 #abac71 ) ! reputation ( be+ fir/ physician ( 8 "t4 ,ano!r fragm5t ( ! same "w ( ,muhaib ed ,d91 :i* includes mo/ ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,bodleian ,,ms41 besides a good deal ( mat]ial :i* has be5 lo/ f ! latt]1 exi/s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#cfb ,! ,leyd5 ,libr>y conta9s a unique copy ( ! "w 9 ?ree books4 ,?is is claim$ to be complete by ! ,catalogue ( ! libr>y1#cfc al?\gh ,b> ,hebraeus #abbf-abhf--;,ca?olicus ( ! ,jacobite 7,monophysite7 ,*ur*#cfd--says t ! "w ran into f\r p>ts4#cfe ,! ?ree books ( ! ,leyd5 ,,ms4 treat 7i7 ( g5]alities 7i4e4 ,anatomy1 ,physiology1 & ! g5]al causes ( disease71 7ii7 ( m$icam5ts1 & 7iii7 ( p>ticul> diseases & _! treatm5t4 ,! ,bodleian & ,briti% ,museum ,,mss4 conta9 "p ( ! ?ird book1 :i* 0 probably 9 g5]al use by itself z a diction>y ( m$ic9e4 ,! ,briti% ,museum copy has only lo/ ! e>li] *apt]s ( ?is ?ird "p1 b ! ,bodleian ,,ms41 al?\gh possess+ a few m *apt]s at ! beg9n+1 is f> less complete 9 ! o!r portions4#cff ,w/5feld & ! bibliograph]s t foll[$ him h evid5tly d]iv$ _! in=mation conc]n+ ^! ,,mss4 f ! catalogues ( ! ,bodleian ,libr>y & ( ! ,biblio?que ,nationale4 ,no m$iaeval bibliograph] has up to ! pres5t be5 f\nd :o m5tions ?is book ( ,maimonides4#cfg ,w/5feld's usual au?ority = 8 /atem5ts is ! great ?irte5?-c5tury m$ical biograph]1 ,ibn ,abi #8,uaibia4 ,b1 ?\gh ! latt] gives a life ( ! ,hebrew physician & a li/ ( 8 writ+s1#cfh he makes no m5tion ( ! ,tractatus de ,causis et ,indiciis ,morborum4 ,moreov]1 ?is ,tractatus has no place 9 ,haji ,khalfa's admirable bibliography ( ,arabic works1 :i* conta9s notices ( f\r books be>+ ! title ,de ,causis et ,indiciis ,morborum1 n "o ( :i* is by ,maimonides4 ,la/ly1 nei!r ! hi/orian ,al ,qifty 9 8 ,classes philosophorum et a/ronomorum et m$icorum1#cfi nor ,b> ,hebraeus1 :o is said to h plagi>iz$ him1#cgj notice ! "w 9 _! sket*es ( ! physician's life4 ,! ,bodleian ,,ms4 alleg$ to conta9 ! ,tractatus is "o ( a collection ( ov] sev5 hundr$ volumes bequea!d to ! libr>y on 8 dea?1 ,novemb] #b1 #agac1 by ,n>cissus ,m>%1 ,ar*bi%op successively ( ,ca%el1 ,dubl91 & ,armagh4 ,mo/ ( 8 ,ori5tal ,,mss4 _h be5 procur$ = him ei!r 9 ! ,ea/ by ,rob]t ,hunt+ton1 ,bi%op ( ,raphoe & *apla9 to ! ,engli% m]*ants at ,aleppo1 or at ! sale ( ,golius's libr>y at ,leyd5 9 ,octob] #afif4cga ,golius 0 a ,dut* ori5tali/1 born at ,leyd5 9 #aeif4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e & ,ori5tal languages at ! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd51 & aft] leav+ x he accompani$ a ,fr5* embassy to ,morocco 9 #afbb4 ,he rema9$ 9 ,morocco = two ye>s1 & :ile !re collect$ v>i\s ,,mss4 ,on 8 return 9 #afbd he 0 appo9t$ to ! ,*air ( ,arabic at ,leyd51 b 0 all[$ a p]iod ( leave = travel 9 ! ,ea/ be=e tak+ up 8 appo9tm5t4 ,he took ) him a grant ( money = ! pur*ase ( ,,mss41 & ^! to ! numb] ( ov] two hundr$ are n[ deposit$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y at ,leyd54 ,on sev]al occasions dur+ 8 travels 9 ,arabia attempts 7 made by ,arab *iefs to deta9 him = 8 m$ical k1 b he return$ safely & lat] wrote a numb] ( works ma9ly conc]n$ ) ,arabic4 ,he di$ 9 #affg4 ,among ! ,,mss4 :i* ,golius himself procur$ = ! ,leyd5 ,libr>y 0 t ( ! ,delectus4 ,x is at lea/ unlikely !re=e t su* a pr(\nd ,arabi/1 :o 0 also a m$ical man1 w\ld h b\ght ! ,bodley fragm5t = a g5u9e "w ( ,maimonides2 ! prim>y responsibility = ! error ?us probably re/s ) ,hunt+ton4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x 0 ,uri1 9 8 catalogue ( ! ,bodleian ,,mss41 :o fir/ publi%$ ! error1 & f him x 0 pass$ on to ! mod]n bibliograph]s4 ,john ,uri 0 a ,hung>ian :o _h /udi$ ,ori5tal lit]ature "u ,s*ult5s at ,leyd51 & 0 recomm5d$ to ,ar*bi%op ,seck] = ! purpose ( catalogu+ ! ,bodleian ,ori5tal ,,mss41 by ,sir ,joseph ,yorke1 !n ambassador 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4#cgb ,_m ye>s 7 occupi$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! "w1 :i* appe>s to h comm5c$ 9 #agff & 0 n complet$ till #aghg4 ,9 spite ( ! l5g? ( "t :i* ,uri occupi$ 9 8 task1 8 successor1 ,pusey1 f\nd suffici5t errors 9 x to fill sixty closely pr9t$ pages4 ,9 8 preface to ! second volume ( ! ,catalogue1 issu$ 9 #ahce1cgc ,pusey compla9s #8,urius v]o ,,mss4 haud r>o neglig5t] exscripsit'1 & says t on re-exam9ation ( ,uri's "w he discov]$1 #8besides ! errors :i* ,uri himself w\ld h admitt$1 t ne>ly all ! pur*as]s ( ^! books1 ,pocock alone except$1 _h _h spuri\s works foi/$ on !m by wily ,ori5tals4 ,he !re=e look$ ?r\gh all ! books :i* ,uri _h enum]at$1 except+ ! m common ones1 to see if !y correspond$ to _! titles or n4 ,by do+ ?is he discov]$ v>i\s irregul>ities4 ,9 "s cases ! titles _h be5 cov]$ ov] ) pap] or oblit]at$ ) ink1 or practically eras$ ) a knife4 ,9 o!rs1 by slight *anges 9 ! au?ors' names1 m fam\s p 7 indicat$ z responsible = ! works4 ,la/ly1 by *ang+ ! pag9ation 9 "s ( ! volumes fragm5ts 7 repres5t$ z complete works1 & a few pages ( "o "w 7 ev5 occasionally sewn on at ! beg9n+ ( ano!r4'#cgd ,uri's errors w be ! m readily condon$ :5 x is rememb]$ t he did n specialize on ! ,arabic ,,mss4 alone1 & t 8 "w seeks to catalogue1 = ! fir/ "t1 a two hundr$ ye>s' accumulation ( ,ori5tal ,,mss41 includ+ ,hebrew1 ,aramaic1 ,syriac1 ,ae?iopic1 ,arabic1 ,p]sian1 ,turki%1 & ,coptic writ+s4 ,nev]!less1 ,uri's entry ) ref]5ce to ! pres5t ,,ms4 des]ves "s ( ,pusey's criticism4 ,! ,,ms4 has ?ree p>ts1 ea* writt5 9 a diff]5t h&1 ! fir/ & mo/ important "p be+ ! suppos$ ,tractatus de ,causis et ,indiciis ,morborum1 :i* cov]s folios #b-hg4 ,! second "p is a fragm5t ( "s z yet unid5tifi$ m$ical "w 7folios #hh-aae72 & ! ?ird1 consi/+ ( ! fir/ & la/ folios1 gives u an introduction & an end piece to ! fir/ "p4 ,! alleg$ au?or & translator are nam$ on ! fir/ page3 #8,?is is ! book ( ,msa ibn ,maimn :i* he put toge!r z a compilation = g5]al use4 ,al ,tamimi1 ! %eikh ,sulaiman ! ,abyss9ian1 kn[n z ,ibn ubai%1#cge translat$ x 9 ! noble city ( ,j]usalem4 ,f9is4' ,on ! next page !re is an introduction to ! book :i* comm5ces3 #8,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! ,m]ciful1 ! ,compassionate4 ,s says ,msa ibn ,maimn1 ! ,cordovan1 ! ,israelite1' c4 ,! :ole ( ! passage is an extract f *apt] vi ( ! ,aphorisms ( ,maimonides1 adapt$ z a k9d ( introduction1 & runs z foll[s3 7sic7 7sic7 ,trans4 #8,i tea* 9 ?is disc\rse ( m9e conc]n+ ! animal p[]1 ! vital p[]1 & ! natural p[]1 b we w "h call all man's bodily functions by "o "n4 ,!re is a say+ t ! noble/ ( ! functions is brea?+1 next ! pulse1 & la/ly ! s5ses4 ,( ! s5ses1 ! noble/ is sight1 :i* is foll[$ by he>+4 ,foll[+ on ! s5ses is ! appetite = food & dr9k1 aft] x be+ spee* & !n ! m9d2 ,i mean t :i* conta9s ! reason & ! intellect4 ,next comes ! 8 allocation ( ! v>i\s p[]s to ! o!r p>ts ( ! body accord+ to ! cu/om>y mann]4 ,?is arrangem5t 9 ord] ( nobility is only accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( life or 8 heal?4 #8,y w recognize t 8nature0 is an equivocal t]m :i* c be us$ 9 _m mean+s4 ,"o ( ^! mean+s1 = example1 is 8! motive p[] ( animals04 ,s1 too1 is 8natural04 88444 #8& t :i* is nobl]4 ,& y w reta9 ! noble/ ( ! noble functions4 ,& ^! causes :i* we h notic$ we h set d[n 9 _! ord]2 & ! beg9n+ is conc]n+ cat>rhal dis*>ges f ! head4' ,comp>e ) ?is ! real text ( ,maimonides3#cgf 4 #cgg 4 4 4 4 4 7sic7#cgh 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #8,?\ kn[e/ ! op9ion ( ! physicians conc]n+ animal p[]1 vital p[]1 & natural p[]4 ,b x is my int5tion "h to call all ! functions ( man's body by ! "o "n ( 8bodily functions04 ,! noble/ ( ! functions is brea?+1 next ! pulse1#cgg & la/ly ! s5ses4 ,( ! s5ses1 ! noble/ is sight1 :i* is foll[$ by he>+4 ,foll[+ on ! s5ses is ! appetite = food & dr9k1 aft] x be+ spee* & !n ! m9d1 by :i* ,i mean ! ?\ghts & ! intellect4 ,next comes ! motion ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! body accord+ to _! cu/om>y mann]4 ,?is arrangem5t 9 ord] ( nobility is only accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( life or ! heal? ( its faculties4 #8,f ?is preface y w recognize t 8nature0 is an equivocal t]m :i* c be us$ 9 _m mean+s4 ,"o ( ^! mean+s = example is 8! motive p[] 9 ! bodies ( animals0 :i* ! physicians call 8nature0 too4444 ,& if y discov] ?is1 y w ex*ange t :i* is nobl] & reta9 t :i* is noble/4 ,by means ( ?is process ( arrangem5t1 a disease c be recogniz$1' c4 ,?is introduction 0 add$ :5 ! folios /ood 9 a /ate ( disord] diff]5t f _! pres5t "o4 ,! cat*word at ! bottom ( ! page & ?is po9ts =w>d to ! title already m5tion$1#cgi :i* appe>s on folio ?irty-n9e ( ! pres5t arrangem5t4 ,! text bel[ ?is title is "p ( ! *apt] on dis*>ges & cat>rh1 s t ! folio once foll[$ imm$iately on ! introduction1 be+ !n1 too1 out ( its prop] place4 ,! la/ page1 writt5 9 ! same h& z ! introduction1 be>s a piece ( "s unid5tifi$ "w & a colophon :i* reads3 7sic7 7sic7 #8,?is noble book is f9i%$2 ! composition ( ,msa ibn ,maimn ! ,cordovan1 ! ,israelite1 to :om ,god be graci\s4 ,?is bless$ book is "p ( t :i* he compos$ & te/$4 ,! numb] ( its *apt]s is #ajf1 deal+ ) all ! diseases ( ! body1 :i* he arrang$ 9 _! prop] ord]4 #8,! book 0 complet$ 9 ! ye> #gfe4'chj ,! numb] #ajf1 :i* accord+ to ! colophon is ! numb] ( *apt]s 9 ! book1 is really ! numb] ( titles 9 ! ,,ms4 writt5 9 l>ge h&4 ,fragm5ts ( _m *apt]s ^: titles are lo/ /ill rema9 9 x h[ev]1 :ile _m ( ! *apt]s t h pres]v$ _! titles are no long] complete4 ,aga9 x may be po9t$ out t all ! kn[n m$ical works ( ,maimonides 7 writt5 9 ,arabic & !re=e did n ne$ to be translat$ into t language z ! ,bodleian ,,ms4 claims to h be54 ,! spuri\s title-page ?us fur!r betrays itself by say+ t ?is "w 0 translat$ f ,hebrew4 ,f9ally1 ! id5tification ( ! real cont5ts ( ! ,p>is ,,ms4 disposes ( ! la/ f\ndation ( ! idea t ,maimonides wrote any comp5dium ( m$ic9e kn[n z 7,tractatus de ,causis et ,indiciis ,morborum71 & cle>s up ! confusion caus$ by ! faulty entries 9 ! ,p>is & ,bodleian catalogues4 ,,sci5tific ,,discov]y ,,& ,,logical ,,pro( ,by ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s*ill] #a4 ,among ! ob/acles to sci5tific progress a high place mu/ c]ta9ly be assign$ to ! analysis ( sci5tific proc$ure :i* ,logic has provid$4 ,?is analysis has n only be5 inadequate 9 itself1 b has set itself a mi/ak5 aim4 ,x has n tri$ to describe ! me?ods by :i* ! sci5ces h actually advanc$1 & to extract f _! exp]i5ce ! logical rules :i* might be us$ to regulate sci5tific progress1 b has treat$ sci5tific discov]ies almo/ entirely z illu/rations ( a preconceiv$ ideal ( pro(1 & s has freely re>rang$ ! actual proc$ure 9 accordance ) its prejudices4 ,= ! ord] ( discov]y !re has be5 sub/itut$ an ord] ( #8pro('1 & ?is sub/itution has be5 ju/ifi$ by ! assumption t if discov]y _h tak5 ! ideally be/ c\rse1 x w\ld h co9cid$ ) ! process ( pro(4 ,x foll[$1 ( c\rse1 t ! same logic w\ld d = bo?1 & t ?is logic 0 already 9 exi/5ce4 ,! damage ?us inflict$ ^u ,sci5ce 0 tw(old4 ,n only 7 ! logicians giv5 a plausible excuse = p]si/+ 9 _! pr(\nd misappreh5sion ( sci5tific inquiry & r5d]$ incapable ( giv+ any help or guidance 9 ! solution ( actual problems1 b1 :at 0 mu* worse1 ! sci5ti/s !mselves 7 misl$ ab\t ! nature ( _! op]ations4 ,! precise value ( ! s]vice :i* a correct logical analysis ( its proc$ure might h r5d]$ to ,sci5ce is p]haps op5 to dispute1 ?\gh x mu/ surely be b5eficial to op]ate consci\sly1 & ) a full und]/&+ ( _! nature1 ! me?ods :i* h be5 hit ^u empirically2 b ev5 if logicians h commonly be5 too unfamili> ) ! details ( sci5tific problems to (f] mu* practical advice1 x w\ld be difficult to ov]rate ! mis*iefs :i* mu/ h result$ f ref]r+ sci5ti/s to an incorrect analysis ( _! actual proc$ures4 ,= ! attempt to ju/ify by su* a false ideal :at !y _h actually done 0 b\nd to div]t _! att5tion f ! me?ods t 7 actually effective & fruitful to o!rs :i* 7 impracticable & /]ile1 to wa/e en]gy ^u false aims & impossible ideals1 & s to hamp] sci5ti/s fatally 9 ! ex]cise ( _! sci5tific rights & p[]s4 ,h5ce x is n too mu* to say t ! m def]5ce m5 ( sci5ce h paid to ,logic1 ! worse x has be5 = ! sci5tific value ( _! reason+1 :ile ! less !y h tr\bl$ to "k ab\t ! !ory ( ,sci5ce1 ! bett] x has be5 = _! practice4 ,=tunately = ! _w1 h[ev]1 ! great m5 ( sci5ce h usually be5 kept 9 salut>y ignorance ( ! logical tradition & left to _! own devices1 by ! accid5t t ! hi/orical organization ( academic /udies ne>ly ev]y:]e conf9$ #8logic' to ! lit]>y curriculum4 ,nev]!less1 ! moral ( ?is situation is n t x is "r = sci5ce to neglect logic & = logic to despise sci5ce1 b t sci5ce %\ld appeal f logic z x is to logic z x ought to be1 & %\ld insi/ on be+ provid$ ) a re=m$ logic4 ,= surely if a sci5tific education is to be m ?an a n>r[ & te*nical specialty1 & is to ex]t a #8lib]aliz+' & broad5+ effect on ! m9d1 x ought to include a /udy ( sci5tific me?od 9 its g5]ality & a c]ta9 und]/&+ ( ! intellectual in/rum5ts by :i* all o!rs are op]at$ & con/ruct$4 ,! :ole evid5ce = ^! cont5tions x w n1 ( c\rse1 be possible to m>%al )9 ! limits ( ?is essay1 b ! sy/ematic criticism to :i* ! :ole traditional logic has be5 subject$ 9 my ,=mal ,logic#cha may p]haps absolve me f ! duty ( sub/antiat+ !m exhau/ively4 ,x may suffice to indicate ! ext5t ( ! sci5tific grievance aga9/ #8logic' by draw+ up a li/ ( problems 9 ! logic ( sci5ce :i* ! traditional logic has misconceiv$1 & !n to select = full] treatm5t a palm>y example ( ! radical discrepancy betwe5 ! two4 ,! traditional logic may be convict$ ( hav+ gravely misrepres5t$1 7#a7 ! value ( classification & ! =mation ( classes1 sci5tific processes ( :i* ! real logic 0 only reveal$ by ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 7#b7 ! function ( def9ition1 7#c7 ! importance ( analogy1 7#d7 ( hypo!sis & 7#e7 ( fictions1 7#f7 ! incomplete dep5d5ce ( sci5tific results on ! #8pr9ciples' by :i* !y are 7app>5tly7 obta9$1 7#g7 ! =mation ( sci5tific #8law' & its relation to its #8cases'1 7#h7 ! nature ( causal analysis4 ,o!r important features ( sci5tific proc$ure _c be said to h be5 recogniz$ at all1 e4g4 7#i7 ! problem ( det]m9+ :at is relevant to an inquiry & :at practically mu/ be1 & safely may be1 exclud$1 7#aj7 ! me?ods & ju/ification ( selection1 7#aa7 ! ess5tially exp]im5tal nature ( all ?\ght & consequ5t inevitabl5ess ( risk1 7#ab7 ! necessity ( s conceiv+ #8tru?' & #8error' t x is possible to discrim9ate betwe5 !m1 & 7#ac7 ! ne$ = an inquiry into mean+ & into ! conditions ( its communication4 ,i #b4 ,! mo/ in/ructive1 h[ev]1 ( ! discrepancies betwe5 #8logic' & sci5tific proc$ure w appe> if we comp>e ! logical notion ( pro( ) ! sci5tific process ( discov]y1 & exam9e h[ f> x c af=d any means ( regulat+1 /imulat+1 or ev5 appreh5d+ ! latt]4 ,we %all f9d t ! logical !ory ( #8pro(' has no be>+ on ! sci5tific process ( discov]y1 is n relat$ to :at ! sci5ces call pro(1 & c only h a p>alys+ influ5ce on any sci5tific activities :i* try to model !mselves ^u x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /udy ( ! process ( discov]y w po9t to an important correction 9 ! notion ( logic4 #c4 ,! sci5tific uselessness ( ! traditional logic %\ld n1 h[ev]1 excite surprise4 ,= :at reason 0 !re to expect t ! !ory ( pro( %\ld turn out to be adequate1 or ev5 relevant1 to sci5tific proc$ure8 ,x _h sprung f a totally diff]5t int]e/1 proce$$ on diff]5t assumptions1 & aim$ at diff]5t ends4 ,x did n spr+ f int]e/ 9 ! exploration ( nature1 & did n aim at its pr$iction & control4 ,nor did x presuppose an incomplete sy/em ( k :i* x 0 desir$ to ext5d & improve4 ,x orig9at$ 9 a v special context1 f ! social ne$ ( regulat+ ! practice ( dialectical debate 9 ! ,greek s*ools1 assemblies1 & law-c\rts4 ,x 0 necess>y to draw up rules = det]m9+ :i* side _h won1 & :i* ( ! po9ts t _h be5 scor$ 7 good4 ,^! 7 ! aims ,greek logic set itself1 & successfully a*iev$4 ,b ! impress ( ?is orig9 rema9s /amp$ all ov] x1 & ! acc\nts giv5 ( logical pro( ev] s9ce h reta9$ ess5tial features ( ,greek dialectics4 ,?us x 0 assum$ t sci5ce c\ld />t f pr9ciples1 z indisputable z are ! curr5t mean+s ( words 9 a dialectical debate1 & ! end ( ! :ole !ory ( pro( 0 always conceiv$ z be+ to secure ! conviction 77 ( "o p>ty to a dispute1 :o 0 to be def9itely cru%$ by ! triumphant cog5cy ( a syllogi/ic demon/ration1 :ile ! m real & fruitful analogy betwe5 sci5tific inquiry & debate1 viz4 t !re is always ano!r side1 to :i* also x is well to li/51 0 un=tunately obscur$ by ,ari/otle's discov]y ( ! syllogi/ic =m & its %[ ( conclusiv5ess4 ,b = ! purpose ( appreh5d+ sci5tific proc$ure ! syllogism is a sn>e3 by putt+ sci5tific reason+ into syllogisms1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! true & ! false views is made to appe> qualitative & absolute1 in/ead ( be+ a quantitative "q ( m or less ( sci5tific value4 ,?us dogmatism is fo/]$ at ! exp5se ( progressiv5ess1 & ! mi/ake is committ$ ( approa*+ ! discov]y ( tru? 9 a p>ty _s4 ,h5ce its dialectical orig9 has become fons et origo malorum = logic4 #d4 ,x is true t ?is mi/ake is v old1 & has gr[n deeply into ! fabric ( logic4 ,= ,ari/otle _h no soon] work$ out ! classic =mulation ( ! rules ( dialectical pro( ?an he proce$$ to ext5d _! scope by apply+ !m to ! !ory ( sci5ce1 9 ! ,po/]ior ,analytics4 ,8 in/9ct 9 s do+ 0 s\nd en\gh2 = !re is no bett] v]ification ( a !ory ?an its capacity to be> ext5sion to analog\s cases4 ,& ( c\rse if ?is ext5sion _h be5 successful1 x w\ld h support$ ! belief t ! !ory ( discov]y c\ld pr(itably be amalgamat$ ) t ( pro(4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! v]ification only seem$ to be successful4 ,ari/otle *ose to exemplify 8 !ory ( sci5tific pro( f ! ma!matical sci5ces4 ,8 *oice 0 natural en\gh1 because !y 7 ! only sci5ces :i* _h rea*$ any consid]able developm5t 9 8 day1 & !y _h1 moreov]1 an app>5t necessity & univ]sality & a fasc9at+ appe>ance ( exactness4 ,b he _h unwitt+ly *os5 ! mo/ difficult & deceptive exemplification ( sci5tific proc$ure4 ,because ! ma!matical sci5ces 7 9 a relatively advanc$ condition !y seem$ to l5d !mselves to 8 design4 ,he c\ld !re f9d t]ms ^: mean+1 & pr9ciples ^: tru?1 0 no long] 9 dispute4 ,!y c\ld 9 consequ5ce be argu$ f ) z mu* assurance z debat]s c\ld assume ! recogniz$ mean+s ( words4 ,& ! fact t results seem$ to foll[ f ma!matical def9itions & premisses :i* 7 n m]ely v]bal1 %$ a delusive glory on ! =ms ( dialectical pro( by :i* !y _h be5 rea*$4 ,h5ce x easily escap$ notice t ! logical sup]iority ( ma!matics 0 an a*ievem5t1 n a datum4 ,j because ! ma!matical sci5ces 7 v anci5t1 _! orig9s _h be5 =gott51 & ) !m ! t5tative grop+s :i* _h fir/ select$1 & subsequ5tly confirm$1 _! pr9ciples4 ,!y _h become imm$iately c]ta9 & #8self-evid5t'1 & no "o 0 dispos$ to dispute !m4 ,on ?is psy*ological fact ! :ole !ory ( logical pro( 0 erect$4 ,aga91 x 0 natural to suppose t ! true nature ( sci5tific kn[+ mu/ be reveal$ 9 its mo/ p]fect specim5s3 no "o /opp$ to reflect t ev5 s ! real difficulties ( mak+ a sci5ce are m ke5ly felt & m easily se5 9 ! nasc5t /age ?an 9 "o :i* has victori\sly ov]come !m1 & has rewritt5 its hi/ory 9 ! assurance ( its prosp]\s issue4 ,la/ly1 ! subtle ambiguity :i* p]vades all ma!matical reason+1 accord+ z its t]ms are tak5 z pure or z appli$1 0 ov]look$ entirely--) ! disa/r\s result t ! univ]sality1 c]ta9ty1 & exactness p]ta9+ 7hypo!tically7 to ! ideal creations ( #8pure' ma!matics 7 errone\sly transf]r$ to _! #8appli$' c\nt]p>ts4 ,to ?is day logicians are f\nd to argue t real space is homog5e\s because x is conv5i5t 9 ,euclidean geometry to ab/ract f ! multitud9\s de=mations to :i* bodies mov+ ?r\gh x are subject$1 & to leave !m to be treat$ by physics2#chb nor are !y aw>e ( any lack ( #8exactness' & discrim9ation :5 !y id5tify ! ideal triangle ) ! figures !y draw on ! blackbo>d4 #e4 ,aft] its app>5t success 9 analys+ ma!matical proc$ure !re 0 no m disput+ ! supremacy ( ! !ory ( #8pro('4 ,! facts t its field ( application 0 soon f\nd to be mu* n>r[] ?an t ( sci5ce1 & t x fail$ egregi\sly to apply to ! proc$ures ( ! 7op5ly7 empirical sci5ces1 & a =tiori c\ld n ju/ify !m1 if !y 7 notic$ at all1 7 held m]ely to %[ t ^! sci5ces /ood on a l[ level ( ?\ght1 :i* f ! l(ti] /&po9t ( logic c\ld be contemplat$ only ) contempt2 if !y requir$ help & got none1 s mu* ! worse = !m4 ,accord+ly ! :ole !ory ( sci5ce 0 s int]pret$1 & ! :ole ( logic 0 s con/ruct$1 z to lead up to ! ideal ( demon/rative sci5ce1 :i* 9 its turn re/$ on a false analogy :i* assimilat$ x to ! dialectics ( #8pro('4 ,does n ?is mi/ake g f> to acc\nt = ! neglect ( exp]i5ce & ! unprogressiv5ess ( sci5ce = ne>ly #b1jjj ye>s aft] ,ari/otle8 #f4 ,yet ! deplorable consequ5ces ( ?is error %\ld n r5d] u unju/4 ,! influ5ce ( ,ari/otelian logic on ! !ory ( sci5ce 0 natural1 & 9 a s5se des]v$4 ,= ,ari/otelian logic is p]haps ! mightie/ discov]y any man has a*iev$ s+le-h&$4 ,its might is suffici5tly atte/$ by ! l5g? ( its reign4 ,euclidean geometry alone is comp>able ) x1 & ,euclid ow$ f> m to 8 pr$ecessors ?an ,ari/otle4 ,moreov]1 ! ,ari/otelian logic may be said to h a*iev$ its purpose4 ,x 0 able to regulate dialectical discussion4 ,! syllogism did det]m9e :e!r a disputant _h prov$ 8 case1 & = any "o :o _h accept$ its assumptions its decision 0 f9al1 :ile ev5 its sev]e/ critics _h to admit t x 0 an indisputable fact1 ! int]pretation ( :i* 0 a real problem4 ,un=tunately1 !re is n yet any agreem5t among logicians ab\t ! solution ( ?is problem4 ,ari/otle's own analysis did n g back f> en\gh3 he /opp$ %ort at ! ,dictum de ,omni & ! r$uction ( syllogisms 9 ! second & ?ird figures to ! fir/4 ,he did n p5etrate to ! ultimate assumptions :i* 7 impli$ 9 ! dialectical purpose & social function ( ! syllogism4 ,b ! tru? is t syllogi/ic reason+ presupposes q a numb] ( conv5tions :i* ,ari/otle did n /ate1 & :i* c h>dly be said to h be5 adequately recogniz$ s9ce4 #g4 7#a7 ,! fir/ ( ^! may be call$ ! ,fixity ( ,t]ms4 ,syllogi/ic reason+ manife/ly dep5ds on ! assumption t ! t]ms occurr+ 9 x h mean+s suffici5tly /able to /& transplantation f "o context to ano!r2 = only s c !y e/abli% connexions betwe5 "o context & ano!r4 ,?us a syllogism 9 ,b>b>a argues t because all ,m is ,p & all ,s is ,m1 all ,s mu/ be ,p4 ,b x c d ?is #8validly' only if ,m1 its middle t]m1 rema9s immutably itself1 & is ! same 9 bo? premisses4 ,d\bt1 dispute1 or confute ?is assumption1 & ! cog5cy ( ! syllogism z a =m ( #8pro(' is ov]?r[n at once4 ,if ! s5se 9 :i* ,m is ,p is n ! same z t 9 :i* ,s is ,m1 ! syllogism breaks 9 two1 & its conclusion becomes prec>i\s4 ,raise ! "q ( h[ f> reality con=ms to ?is assumption1 & y get at once a subtle problem ( ! applicability ( ! syllogi/ic =m to ! case 9 h&1 :i* is precisely analog\s to ! "q :e!r a !orem ( pure ma!matics is applicable to ! behavi\r ( a real ?+4 ,9 ei!r case ! cog5cy ( ! #8pro(' :i* e/abli%es ! conclusion is impair$ & ceases to be unconditional4 ,! conclusion ( a #8valid' syllogism w only foll[ if ! middle t]m c be kn[n to be unambigu\s1 & if ! objects designat$ by ! t]ms d n *ange rapidly en\gh to defeat ! inf]5ce4 ,& t ?is is ! case c usually be asc]ta9$ only by actual exp]i5ce4 ,! conclusion1 !re=e1 _c be simply d$uc$2 x has actually to come true1 be=e we c be sure t ! reason+ 0 s\nd4 ,absolutely a priori pro( ?us becomes impossible1 if ! assumption ( ! fixity ( t]ms is conte/$3 all pro( becomes1 9 a s5se1 empirical4 ,nev]!less1 exp]i5ce %[s t ! fixity ( t]ms1 ?\gh n a #8fact'1 is a valid #8fiction'3 9 ord9>y discussion ! t]ms may usually be tak5 z fix$ en\gh to r5d] valid syllogisms common4 ,an ord9>y debate proce$s ^u ! assumption t ! mean+ ( ! t]ms involv$ is fix$1 & _c be v>i$ arbitr>ily4 ,to sci5ce1 h[ev]1 ?is assumption does n apply )\t re/riction4 ,9 a progressive sci5ce ! mean+ ( t]ms (t5 develops s rapidly t su* v]bal reason+ does n suffice4 ,h5ce ! m]e occurr5ce ( v]bal contradictions 9 a sci5tific reason+ is no pro( t ! argum5t is uns\nd4 ,x may %[ m]ely t its t]ms are gr[+4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ fur!r t ?is same assumption is impli$ 9 ! fundam5tal #8laws ( ?\ght' on :i* ! traditional logic re/s4 ,inde$1 ! notori\s #8,law ( ,id5tity' seems to be m]ely ano!r /atem5t ( x4 ,x is usually =mulat$ z #8,a is ,a'1 b 9 its actual logical use x is really ! assumption t #8ev]y?+ is :at x is call$'4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 any?+ b self-evid5t t #8,a' is ,a1 b unless ! ,s1 ,m1 & ,p ( ! syllogism are rightly s call$1 ! syllogism w n hold4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,law ( ,contradiction collapses at once if ! t]ms to :i* x is appli$ are all[$ to *ange4 ,! inability ( #8,a' bo? to be ,b & n to be ,b vani%es if #8,a' is n fix$ & may *ange its habits4 ,& ( c\rse ! real ?+s kn[n to sci5ce all *ange1 & are fix$ only by a fiction4 ,h5ce e application ( ! logical conv5tion to real ?+s may be *all5g$3 x involves a fiction & takes a risk1 & bo? ( ^! may be bad4 ,b ! traditional logic ignores bo? ! risk & ! fiction & ! lack ( cog5cy 9 its attitude4 #h4 7#b7 ,x is a fur!r presupposition ( ! syllogism t ! mean+ ( its t]ms is kn[n4 ,:5 a discussion is begun ! p>ties to x are suppos$ to und]/& ea* o!r1 & n to h fir/ to f9d out & =m ! mean+ ( ! t]ms !y use4 ,?is assumption also is r\ghly true 9 ord9>y debate1 & its conv5i5ce is manife/4 ,if ?+s are rightly nam$1 & if ?is feat has be5 accompli%$ once = all--presumably by ,adam & ,eve be=e !y 7 turn$ out ( ,p>adise = try+ to "k too mu*--we %all escape _m ( ! mo/ try+ difficulties ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,we ne$ no long] tr\ble :e!r ! be/ names h be5 giv51 & :e!r a "n good = "o purpose is equally good = ano!r1 nor ne$ we inquire :e!r our names may n unite :at is ali5 on acc\nt ( a sup]ficial lik5ess1 or sep>ate :at is ak9 on acc\nt ( a sup]ficial diff]5ce4 ,9 sci5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 ! assumption t we "k :at mean+s our t]ms c convey is n made z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,we may beg9 ) r\ghly labell+ objects ( int]e/1 & !n inquiries may be conduct$ into1 e4g41 #8electricity'1 #8elem5ts'1 #8life'1 #8species'1 c41 9 ! hope ( settl+ :at ^! t]ms %all mean1 & ( f9d+ out m ab\t _! mean+1 & )\t mak+ ! assumption t :atev] new facts are discov]$ ab\t !m mu/ con=m to our preconceptions & confirm our nom5clature4 ,?us to a man ( sci5ce x w n be cog5t to argue t because an #8elem5t' is 7by def9ition7 an ultimate =m ( matt] :i* _c be brok5 up1 & #8radium' breaks up1 #8radium' is n an #8elem5t'1 or t because #8species' are et]nal =ms1 & ! ,d>w9ian !ory claims t !y are n immutable1 x c be dismiss$ z involv+ ! #8contradiction' t a #8species' is n a species4 ,?us ! be/ syllogisms lose _! cog5cy s soon z a "q is rais$ :e!r ! v]bal id5tity ( _! t]ms is an adequate gu>antee ( ! real id5tity ( ! ?+s !y are appli$ to4 #i4 7#c7 ,x is a fur!r presupposition ( ! logician's conception ( #8pro(' t absolute tru?s exi/1 & t 9 ! ideal demon/ration !y =m ! premisses f :i* ! conclusion foll[s4 ,?is presupposition is n /at$1 & is n impli$ 9 ! =m ( ! syllogism4 ,= a syllogism is no less #8valid' if its premisses are true only hypo!tically1 & n absolutely4 ,inde$1 x is n ?\ght to impair ! #8validity' ( a syllogism t its premisses %\ld be utt]ly false4 ,at any rate we c reason q z well ) hypo!ses & probabilities z ) absolute tru?s1 & ?is is 9 fact :at we usually d1 :e!r or n we are aw>e t our premisses are conditional & hypo!tical4 ,?is ord9>y practice1 h[ev]1 is res5t$ by ! traditional logic4 ,= if our premisses are only hypo!tically true1 h[ c !y lead to conclusions :i* c be decl>$ absolutely true8 ,& if our conclusions are n absolutely true1 h[ c !y be c]ta98 ,are !y n b\nd to rema9 infect$ ) ! d\bts :i* beset _! premisses8#chc ,z we value ! c]ta9ty ( our conclusions1 !re=e1 absolutely true & c]ta9 premisses mu/ be procur$4 ,if !y _c be procur$1 ev5 ! be/ =mal pro(s w rema9 hypo!tical1 & all tru? w become dep5d5t on exp]i5ce4 ,= if no?+ is true absolutely1 & e tru? has orig9at$ humbly 9 a guess t has gr[n into a successful hypo!sis1 x c always be sugge/$ t aft] all x may b5efit by a little m v]ification4 ,x may be true en\gh psy*ologically & = practical purposes1 b x does n realize ! ideal ( #8logical c]ta9ty'4 #aj4 ,?is ideal ,logic has =mulat$ f ! fir/4 ,ari/otle already 0 n cont5t ) m]ely analys+ ! =m ( reason+2 he aspir$ to =mulate ! norm ( sci5tific demon/ration4 ,! #8demon/rative syllogism'1 :i* he held to be ! =m ( truly sci5tific reason+1 diff]s f ! =mal syllogism 9 two ess5tial respects4 ,its premisses are absolutely true1 & its middle t]m /ates ! real #8cause'1 :i* connects its t]ms & is n m]ely a ratio cognosc5di4 ,! reason+ proce$s1 !re=e1 f premisses :i* are unambigu\s1 true1 & c]ta91 i4e4 necess>ily true & absolutely c]ta94 ,nor does ! conclusion lose any ( ?is excell5ce4 ,logic puts on a f9e air ( mode/y1 & m]ely claims t ! syllogi/ic =m is a gu>antee t no tru? c be lo/ on ! way f ! premisses to ! conclusion 9 a #8valid' argum5t4 ,if1 !re=e1 our ?\ght is prop]ly arrang$1 our conclusion w be z true & c]ta9 z 7 its premisses1 & no man w be able to ga9say x4 ,x is ! great beauty & m]it ( ! syllogi/ic =m t x is an arrangem5t :i* gives u ?is gu>antee4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( logic enorm\s importance %\ld be atta*$ to ! acquisition ( unque/ionable />t+-po9ts4 ,= ! possession ( #8valid =ms' 0 n en\gh4 ,x only insur$ aga9/ loss ( tru?1 x did n provide = its acquisition4 ,x seem$1 h[ev]1 to imply t tru? c\ld only be g5]at$ out ( tru?1 & h&$ d[n f ! premisses to ! conclusion4 ,h5ce ! insi/5t dem& = assur$ />t+-po9ts1 self-evid5t #8pr9ciples'1 :i* ! infallible me?od ( syllogi/ic d$uction might conduct to equally c]ta9 conclusions4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ?is dem& = c]ta9ty 0 extra-logical3 x is n requir$ = ! purpose ( analys+ reason+4 ,= x is j z easy to reason f d\btful & probable premisses z f c]ta9ties1 nor ne$ ! d\bt 9 ! reason]'s m9d affect ! =m ( ! reason+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is an imp]ative desire = c]ta9ty1 x mu/ be someh[ gratifi$ by logic4 ,& !re seem$ to be no way ( do+ s except by ascrib+ absolute tru? & c]ta9ty to ! initial pr9ciples ( sci5ce4 ,( c\rse x 0 cov]tly assum$ t c]ta9ty c\ld only be rea*$ by />t+ f c]ta9ty1 & t no possibility ( a gr[? ( assurance 9 ! progress ( ! reason+ c\ld be ent]ta9$4 ,9 a s5se ?is assumption 0 correct 7cf4 #bg1 #bh71 because x is true t ! gradual v]ification ( sci5tific tru?s does n r5d] !m absolute2 b x l$ to neglect ( all me?ods :i* appe>$ to />t ) premisses initially d\btful & h>d5+ into c]ta9ties by gradual confirmation4 ,no d\bt x 0 n /rictly impossible to reason f premisses n kn[n to be true1 b su* reason+ 0 despis$ z #8dialectical'1 & no inquiry 0 made into ! frequ5cy ( its occurr5ce 9 actual sci5ce4 ,:y1 !n1 wa/e "t ^u s unwor?y a proc$ure1 in/ead ( fix+ "o's :ole att5tion ^u ! truly logical ideal1 ! absolute pro( ( absolute tru?8 ,let u ma9ta91 r1 ! old ,ari/otelian#chd conviction t ! truly sci5tific syllogism proce$s f premisses t are true & und]ivative 7because #8self-evid5t'7 & in]rant1 & demon/rates its conclusion ) ineluctable necessity6 ,?us ! atta9m5t ( absolute tru? 0 unobtrusively smuggl$ 9 z ! aim ( reason+1 & became an integral feature ( ! ideal ( #8demon/ration'4 #aa4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! sci5tific inquir]1 h[ev]1 ?is :ole !ory ( pro( is op5 to ! grave/ objections4 ,he f9ds fir/ t x is impracticable1 be+ compos$ ?r\gh\t ( c\nsels ( p]fection ) :i* he _c comply1 & !n t1 ev5 if he c\ld1 !y w\ld be p]fectly useless1 & de/ructive ( 8 aims4 7#a7 ,x /rikes him at once t ! ,fixity ( ,t]ms is an obvi\s fiction4 ,he w ( c\rse be aw>e1 f 8 sci5tific exp]i5ce1 t fictions h _! uses & are (t5 indisp5sable2 b he w "k also t n all fictions are useful1 & t ! adoption ( a fiction has 9 ea* case to be ju/ifi$ by its usefulness4 ,moreov]1 x is n s mu* its imm$iate & prospective use :i* ju/ifies x1 ?\gh ?is yields ! usual motive = its adoption1 z ! ult]ior uses asc]ta9$ ex po/ facto by exp]i5ce4 ,he w ask1 !re=e1 = evid5ce t an absolute fixity ( t]ms is ! vital necessity = logic x is decl>$ to be4 ,he w admit1 ( c\rse1 ! famili> argum5ts = a c]ta9 /ability ( mean+s :i* h come d[n f ! days ( ,plato1 b he w sugge/ t a relative fixity ( t]ms is q suffici5t to cont5t !m4 ,he w po9t out t 9 a progressive sci5ce any absolute fixity 9 its t]ms is preclud$ by ! v progress ( ! sci5ce4 ,= ! t]ms 9 use mu/ someh[ manage to convey ! gr[+ k !y are employ$ to #8fix'4 ,! t]m #8gas'1 = example1 mu/ n be ti$ d[n to ! mean+ ,van ,helmont desir$ to convey :5 he inv5t$ x2 x mu/ incorporate all t physics has discov]$ ab\t #8gases' ev] s9ce4 ,simil>ly1 :5 ,d>w9ism trans=ms ! notion ( #8species'1 & ! discov]y ( radio-activity t ( #8atom'1 ^! developm5ts ( mean+ mu/ be recogniz$ z p]fectly prop]4 ,to object to ^! conceptions z mod]n sci5ce uses !m1 on ! gr\nd t1 because to ,plato & ,ari/otle species 7 et]nal & immutable1 a #8species' t *anges _c be truly a species1 or t because an #8atom' is etymologically #8indivisible'1 x becomes an impossible self-contradiction :5 x is made up out ( #8electrons'1 w seem to him to reveal only ! fatu\s p$antry ( an utt]ly unsci5tific m9d4 #ab4 7#b7 ,if he is acqua9t$ ) psy*ology1 he w p]ceive also t ! fiction ( ! fixity ( t]ms is subject to a fur!r re/riction4 ,x is n only 9 sci5ce z su*--= all sci5ces mu/ be conceiv$ z progressive--t ! fixity ( t]ms _c be made absolute3 a real fixity is /rictly inconceivable = & 9 e human m9d4 ,= e t]m t is actually us$ to convey a mean+ mu/ be held to =m "p ( a new tru?1#che i4e4 ( a tru? t 0 n previ\sly 9 be+4 ,x is n a "q ( pr9ciple :e!r ! tru? is suppos$ to be new only to ! p]son to :om x is address$1 or claims to be new to all1 i4e4 to sci5ce4 ,= no judgem5t w\ld be made unless x _h some?+ new to say4#chf ,h5ce e real judgem5t1 z oppos$ to ! v]bal =mulas :i* are call$ judgem5ts 9 ! logic-books1 m or less modifies ! mean+ ( its t]ms4 ,if x succe$s 9 be+ a real judgem5t & a new tru?1 x e/abli%es a new & previ\sly unkn[n relation betwe5 its subject & its pr$icate4 #8,s' is h5ce=? an ,s-:i*-c-h-,p-pr$icat$-(-x1 & #8,p' a ,p-:i*-c-be-pr$icat$-(-,s4 ,?us bo? ! psy*ological associations & ! logical associates ( ,s & ,p are *ang$4 ,t logicians %\ld n h notic$ s obvi\s a fact c be attribut$ only to _! invet]ate habit ( n us+ 9 _! illu/rations real judgem5ts int5d$ to cope ) actual problems1 b op]at+ ) _! v]bal skeletons1 :i* are n be+ us$ by any "o to convey 8 mean+1 & s d n h any actual mean+4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 no sci5ce c int]pret ! fixity ( t]ms q lit]ally4 ,or r1 x c only int]pret x lit]ally--z a matt] ( ! lit]al integrity ( ! words t may convey a mean+4 ,b 9 a sci5tific inquiry ! conv5tion ( =mal logic mu/ be rev]s$2 ! fixity ( t]ms mu/ be und]/ood n to be absolute1 b to be m]ely ad hoc & suffici5t to convey a def9ite mean+1 :i* x is desir$ to develop4 ,accord+ly x mu/ always be assum$ t ! results ( an inquiry are to modify its t]ms1 & t x is p]missible1 & inde$ inevitable1 to develop _! mean+1 s long z !y rema9 capable ( express+ & convey+ ! new tru?4 ,we mu/ come to e inquiry ) a will+ness to le>n & to exp& our t]ms4 ,! ,fixity ( ,t]ms1 z x is tacitly presuppos$ 9 ! traditional logic1 is a sci5tific blund] ( ! grave/ k9d4 #ac4 7#c7 ,to r5\nce x1 h[ev]1 entails fur!r consequ5ces4 ,x appe>s to und]m9e ! :ole notion ( =mal validity4 ,= if we admit 9 pr9ciple t ! mean+ ( t]ms dep5ds vitally on t ( ! judgem5t 9 :i* !y occur1 h[ c we cont9ue to rely absolutely on ! m]e v]bal id5tity ( its t]ms to hold toge!r a syllogism8 ,9 any syllogism ! middle t]m1 ,m1 may h "o %ade ( mean+ 9 relation to ,p1 ano!r 9 relation to ,s4 ,x may be q "r to call ,m ,p 9 "o connexion1 & to call ,s ,m 9 ano!r2 & yet1 :5 ! two ass]tions are put toge!r1 !y may lead to a conclusion :i* is an error or an absurdity4 ,! man :o 79 8 laboratory7 w\ld rightly decl>e t #8all salt is soluble 9 wat]' & 7at 8 d9n] table7 z prop]ly hold t #8all ,c]ebos is salt'1 c\ld n comb9e ^! ass]tions to draw ! conclusion t #8all ,c]ebos is soluble 9 wat]'1 )\t f9d+ t ! facts confut$ 8 anticipation4 ,no d\bt1 :5 ?is _h happ5$1 he might expla9 x1 ex po/ facto 7if he knew logic71 by alleg+ a hidd5 #8ambiguity ( ! middle t]m'4 ,we ne$ n "h discuss :e!r x is fair to treat z an inh]5t ambiguity :at is really a juxtaposition ( %ades ( mean+ :i* 7 relative to diff]5t purposes & "r 9 _! orig9al contexts1 ?us manufactur+ a fallacy by select+ ! premisses3 ! important ?+ is t ! logician %\ld be driv5 to admit t any middle t]m may become ambigu\s 9 ?is way :5 a syllogism is con/ruct$1 & t ?is completely /ultifies 8 assumption t ! v]bal id5tity ( ! middle gu>antees ! real id5tity ( ! objects to :i* x ref]s4#chg ,if we call two ?+s1 :i* are & mu/ be diff]5t if !y are to be two1 bo? #8,m'1 we necess>ily take ! risk t ! diff]5ces are irrelevant = ! purpose ( our argum5t4 ,we may legitimately assume ?is1 b if we d1 our hypo!sis has to be confirm$ 9 fact2 x is nave to ?9k t ! v]bal id5tity ( ! t]ms is q en\gh4 ,if1 !n1 actual id5tity _c be absolutely gu>ante$1 if !re is always a possibility t ! same t]m :5 put into a syllogism & us$ 9 reason+ may develop an ambiguity & become effectively two1 x is evid5t t no am\nt ( =mal validity w safegu>d ! tru? ( a conclusion1 ev5 :5 ! premisses are 9 !mselves sev]ally true4 ,! syllogi/ic =m is convict$ ( los+ tru? :i* x />t$ f1 & ?is is ! v ?+ x boa/$ x c\ld nev] d4 ,moreov]1 its co]cive #8cog5cy' is explod$3 :oev] wi%es to d5y a #8valid' conclusion aft] admitt+ its premisses1 has m]ely to sugge/ t by putt+ ! premisses toge!r a fatal ambiguity has be5 g5]at$ 9 ! middle t]m4 #ad4 7#d7 ,! assumption t ev]y?+ has be5 nam$ rightly1 & is :at x is call$1 w sc>cely comm5d itself to ! sci5tific rese>*]4 ,he w "k f mu* pa9ful exp]i5ce t language only embodies ! k :i* has be5 acquir$ up to date1 & too (t5 is only a comp5dium ( popul> errors4 ,h5ce 9 any rese>* :i* really breaks new gr\nd ! exi/+ t]m9ology w always prove inadequate1 & new te*nical t]ms h usually to be devis$ 9 ord] to embody ! new k4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,ex hypo!si we are inquir+ f>!r into ! subject1 because our k is felt to be insuffici5t4 ,accord+ly ! probable defects ( ! t]m9ology we are initially =c$ to use mu/ be borne 9 m9d3 we may expect x to omit :at is unkn[n1 to misdescribe & to classify wrongly :at is p>tially kn[n1 putt+ toge!r :at does n belong toge!r & sep>at+ :at does1 emphasiz+ ! unimportant & slurr+ ov] ! important1 & g5]ally fail+ to provide ! m9d ) words t give x a real appreh5sion ( ! objects "u inquiry4 ,h5ce ! tacit assumption ( ,ari/otelian logic t ! t]ms reason$ ) are fully kn[n1 t adequate notions are already extant1 t tru? has m]ely to be dis5tangl$ by a v]bal criticism ( exi/+ op9ions1 & has n to be discov]$ outright1 is false2 nor c any argum5t f a v]bal id5tity be tak5 z f9al4 #ae4 7#e7 ,b ( all ! assumptions lurk+ 9 ! !ory ( pro(1 ! belief t reason+ c & %\ld />t f c]ta9ty w seem ! false/ & mo/ p]nici\s to ! man ( sci5ce4 ,= x means t we are committ$ to a se>* = absolutely c]ta9 premisses z a prelim9>y to e inquiry1 & proscribes consci\sly hypo!tical1 i4e4 truly exp]im5tal1 reason+ altoge!r1 or at lea/ condemns x z incapable ( lead+ to c]ta9ty4 ,?is se>*1 h[ev]1 w ei!r be p]functory & uncritical1 if x accepts false claims to c]ta9ty2 or else va91 if x is consci5ti\s4 ,= e attempt to prove a conclusion absolutely dem&s two absolutely true premisses2 h5ce ! m we try to prove1 ! m we h to prove1 & our se>* gr[s ! m endless & futile1 ! long] x is cont9u$4 ,an immutable basis ( absolutely c]ta9 tru?s1 !re=e1 = reason+ to />t f1 is n[h]e to be f\nd4 ,9 no sci5ce is x possible to />t ) tru?s t are absolutely c]ta94 ,9 e sci5ce ! initial #8facts' are d\btful2 !y are alleg$1 b n yet approv$4 ,!y embody only unsy/ematic obs]vation & presci5tific exp]i5ce ( ! subject1 & s are probably ! products ( inaccurate obs]vation1 bad int]pretation1 false preconceptions1 & popul> sup]/itions4 ,to acquire any consid]able sci5tific value1 su* mat]ial has to be ?or\ghly revis$ & ref9$4 ,! validity ( me?ods & ! c]ta9ty ( #8pr9ciples' are no m assur$ ?an ! #8facts'1 initially4 ,e sci5ce has to "w out its own appropriate me?ods exp]im5tally2 ev5 if x borr[s me?ods f ano!r1 x has to f9d out h[ & h[ f> !y apply to a new subject4 ,nei!r does a sci5ce acquire its pr9ciples by div9e revelation2 ev5 if !y fell f heav5 ready-made1 x w\ld insi/ on te/+ ! au!nticity ( ! revelation4 ,b philosoph]s h be5 extremely reluctant to admit t ! c]ta9ty ( pr9ciples is a gradual gr[?3 = ov] #b1jjj ye>s !y h be5 endeav\r+ to discov] "s way ( secur+ an infallibility to pr9ciples :i* w\ld r5d] !m indep5d5t ( ! work+ ( ! sci5ces :i* use !m4 ,b if _! lab\rs h prov$ any?+1 x is t no su* way c be f\nd4 7a7 ,!y h recogniz$ _m pr9ciples z #8self-evid5t'1 & equipp$ ! m9d ) a v>iety ( #8faculties'1 expressly inv5t$ to enable x to appreh5d ! #8self-evid5t' in]rantly4 ,b !y h n be5 able to agree ^u a li/ ( self-evid5t pr9ciples1#chh nor ev5 to f9d any tru? ^: claims to self-evid5ce h n be5 d5i$ by compet5t critics4 ,nor h !y be5 able to def9e _! notion ( #8self-evid5ce' itself2 !y _c discrim9ate betwe5 ! s\nd #8logical' self-evid5ce1 :i* !y conceiv$ to gu>antee tru?1 & its m]ely #8psy*ological' #8mimic'1 :i* is c]ta9ly mu* common]1 & becomes m int5se & ext5sive ! m uns\nd is ! m9d t #8appreh5ds' x4#chi ,h5ce an unprejudic$ obs]v] has no reason to put ! #8intuitions' ( philosoph]s & ! #8faculties' :i* appreh5d !m on a high] cognitive level ?an ^? ( wom5 or ev5 lunatics4 ,!y all impose !mselves psy*ologically2 b ?is proves no?+ z to _! logical value1 & sci5ce has to te/ !m j ! same4 7b7 ,! pr9ciples :i* are said to be necess>y or logical #8presuppositions' all turn out to be hypo!tical :5 !y are exam9$4 ,!y are ne$$1 no d\bt1 to solve ! problem 9 h&1 if ! p>ticul> way x is =mulat$ is tak5 = grant$4 ,b if ei!r ! ord] or ! =mulation ( problems is alt]$1 !y cease to be ei!r #8necess>y' or #8presuppositions'4 ,= example1 ! #8axiom ( p>allels'1 alias #8,euclid's po/ulate'1 is a necess>y presupposition ( geometry1 if ! exi/5ce ( p>allels is assum$4 ,b if we pref] x1 we c j z well 7) ,ari/otle7 make x our axiomatic #8presupposition' t ! int]ior angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles1 & c !n d$uce ! exi/5ce ( p>allels4 ,i4e4 ,euclid might h d$uc$ :at he assum$1 & assum$ :at he d$uc$4 ,if1 moreov]1 we d n desire to con/ruct a ,euclidean geometry at all1 we c d5y bo? presuppositions1 & proce$ f alt]native po/ulates1 :i* lead to ! v>i\s metageometries4 ,! only ?+s1 9 %ort1 :i* all sci5tific pr9ciples presuppose are ! desire to con/ruct a sci5ce1 & ! desire to con/ruct x 9 a p>ticul> way1 :i* is simple/1 or easie/1 or mo/ sy/ematic1 or mo/ 9 accordance ) ! reign+ prejudices4 ,b ^! desires are ! v ?+s :i* ! logician's acc\nt ( pr9ciples always omits to m5tion4 ,aga91 ! :ole ( ,kant's s*eme ( a priori presuppositions 9 ! !ory ( k re/s ^u an arbitr>y assumption1 viz4 t m5tal data are to be conceiv$ z orig9ally discrete & are !re=e 9 ne$ ( #8syn!sis'4 ,b x is j z possible to conceive an analysis ( k :i* />ts f ! #8presupposition' ( a cont9uum or flux1 & proce$s to trace out ! pr9ciples by means ( :i* ?is cont9uum is brok5 up into a _w ( app>5tly di/9ct ?+s & processes4 ,nor is x possible to say 9 advance ( exp]i5ce :i* ( su* #8presuppositions' is go+ to be m conv5i5t & m conducive to sci5tific progress4 7c7 ,x dem&s a high & r>e degree ( philosophic insight to p]ceive t v _m pr9ciples are nei!r c]ta91 necess>y1 nor probable1 b simply me?odological4 ,:e!r we ?9k !m true or n1 we adopt !m because ( _! em95t conv5i5ce4 ,if !y turn out to be false1 c&\r compels u to call !m me?odological fictions2 b !y cont9ue 9 use4 ,our belief 9 ! tru/wor?9ess ( memory is a good example4 ,= ?\gh we (t5 f9d t our memory has play$ u tricks1 we cont9ue to accept z true :at we #8di/9ctly rememb]'4 ,if no limitations to ! tru?-claim ( su* assumptions are discov]$1 en?usia/s w probably insi/ on promot+ !m to ! rank ( indisputable #8axioms'1 & hail !m z absolute tru?s4 ,b _! sci5tific value is n !reby enhanc$1 & ! cauti\s w es*ew su* exagg]ations4 ,= !re is no real reason :y ! sci5tific rank ( pr9ciples %\ld n re/ op5ly & entirely on _! actual s]vices1 & :y a #8me?odological assumption' %\ld n rank high] ?an a #8self-evid5t tru?'4 ,= ! latt] is at mo/ a fact ( our m5tal organization :i* no?+ has s f> turn$ up 9 nature to set at naught1 & z su* a fact x is itself a ?+ to m>vel at r ?an an explanation ( o!r ?+s4 ,! sci5tific _s w always hesitate to acquiesce 9 ! limits :i* are set to inquiry by %e] brute facts1 & if ! absolute tru? ( c]ta9 pr9ciples 7 m]ely an ultimate fact :i* c\ld nei!r be impugn$ nor expla9$1 ?is w\ld g f> to make ^! pr9ciples appe> un9telligible & w\ld be a con/ant *all5ge to disp5se ) !m1 or someh[ to evade !m4 ,a pr9ciple1 !n1 %\ld always be prep>$ to /ate ! reasons a sci5ce _h = adopt+ x3 only ! reasons w appe> f ! actual work+ ( ! sci5ce4 ,!y w involve a ref]5ce =w>d to ! facts x copes )1 n back to high] pr9ciples or to any claim t proves itself by its self-ass]tion4 7d7 ,indisputable pr9ciples1 !n1 are n consonant ) ! _s ( inquiry3 x w gladly let !m g1 if x c atta9 tru? & advance k 9 o!r ways4 ,x w n %r9k ev5 f repudiat+ ! ideal ( absolutely true & demon/rat$ tru?1 if x c be realiz$ only by sacrific+ ! progressiv5ess ( sci5ce2 nor w x be dismay$ to f9d t ?is ideal is unrealizable4 ,= :5 ! inquir] reflects ^u 8 own proc$ure1 he f9ds t x po9ts to a radically diff]5t ideal1 & t ! exi/5ce ( absolute tru?s w\ld only be a h9drance & a re/riction ^u 8 endeav\r 7cf4 #bh 7#d774 ,,ii #af4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 we attempt to del9eate ! logical ideal ( ! discov]]1 x w be necess>y to enc\nt] a s]i\s objection :i* prote/s on pr9ciple aga9/ su* an und]tak+1 & urges t discov]y by its v nature mu/ elude logical treatm5t4 ,x is cont5d$1 9 ! suppos$ int]e/s ( logic1 t discov]y is a process s inh]5tly & incurably psy*ological t no logical acc\nt c ev] be giv5 ( x4 ,discov]ies are w9dfalls1 & come z #8happy ?\ghts' to ! gift$ g5iuses t make !m1 9 a mann] nei!r !y nor any "o else c acc\nt = or describe3 !y are !re=e logically =tuit\s1 & to set =? ! ideal ( pro( by :i* ! tru? ( discov]ies is te/$ is all t ne$1 or c1 be ! conc]n ( logic4 ,c]ta9ly ! great majority ( d$uctive logicians h tak5 up "s su* attitude t[>ds ! process ( discov]y4 ,ari/otle cont5ts himself ) a b>e m5tion ( #8sagacity' 771 :i* is def9$ z ! in/antane\s appreh5sion ( ! suitable middle t]m = con/ruct+ a demon/rative syllogism4#cij ,:5 "o recollects ! we>y c5turies ( pa9ful ef=t & cont9ual failure :i* elaps$ :ile ! lite ( ! human race 7 seek+ = clues to1 e4g41 ! my/]ies ( disease & ( physical happ5+s1 be=e !y hit ^u ! notions ( microbes & ! me*anical !ory1 ?is nave und]e/imate ( ! mo/ difficult & ess5tial ( sci5tific proc$ures s\nds l a mock]y4 ,yet ! :ole ,ari/otelian s*ool pass ov] ! problem z lightly4 ,!y all seem to believe t1 :ile x is m]ely l[ cunn+ to make a discov]y1 x is a real pro( ( m5tal capacity to arrange x #89 logical ord]' aft] x has be5 made1 & to %[ h[ f> %ort x falls ( ! logical ideal4 ,ev5 ! inductive logicians may be said to h p>ticipat$ 9 ?is attitude4 ,= !y 7 n m anxi\s to prop\nd me?ods ( discov]y ?an to cont5d t _! conclusions 7 j z rigidly prov$ & j z =mally valid z ^? ( syllogisms4 ,!y did n see t !y 7 !reby accept+ ! demon/rative ideal ( pro( & giv+ away _! own2 :at !y %\ld h %[n 0 t ?is ideal 0 utt]ly nugatory1 & t _! own me?ods c\ld nev] conduct to #8pro('1 b only to some?+ va/ly sup]ior4 #ag4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ?is wond]ful cons5sus ( logicians ! above argum5t dep5ds ess5tially on a confusion4 ,x has confus$ two ?+s :i* are p]fectly di/9ct1 ! actual proc$ure ( ! individual discov]]1 & ! g5]aliz$ description ( ! attitude ( m9d & proc$ures ( discov]]s1 z !y appe> to subsequ5t logical reflection4 ,bo? pres5t problems to ! logician1 b ! problems are n ! same4 ,to anticipate ! process ( actual discov]y may well be left to ! prophets2 x w transc5d ! p[]s ( logic & inde$ ( any sci5ce1 unless x be individual psy*ology1 if x exi/s1 or hi/ory1 if x be a sci5ce4#cia ,x may readily be admitt$ t anecdotes ab\t ! ba? :i* fom5t$ 9 ! m9d ( ,ar*im$es ! idea ( specific gravity1 & ! /reets ( ,syracuse ?r\gh :i* he ran & cri$ #8,heureka6'1 or ab\t ! apple-tree :i* %$ its fruit ^u ,newton's receptive head1 & /imulat$ 8 bra9 to frame ! law ( univ]sal gravitation1 are b5ea? ! dignity ( sci5ce4 ,_! n>ration belongs to hi/ory1 :i* c g z deeply into _! details z ! scale ( ! hi/ory & ! purpose ( ! hi/orian dem&2 b ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( a p>ticul> discov]y may well be treat$ z #8accid5tal'1 & be smoo!d out ( ! sci5tific record4 ,b :y does x foll[ t no common features c be trac$ 9 ^! hi/ories ( discov]y1 & t !re _c be compil$ out ( a suffici5t numb] ( !m a g5]aliz$ acc\nt ( :at appe>s to be ! #8ess5tial'1 i4e4 really relevant1 proc$ure ( discov]]s1 :i* may s]ve z a guide & model to subsequ5t discov]]s8 ,:y %\ld ?is be m difficult ?an to describe ! me?od ( lion-hunt+ f ! records ( lion hunts1 or ! treatm5t ( a disease f ! hi/ory ( a numb] ( cases8 ,inde$1 x w\ld seem t ! ?+ has be5 done4 ,any discov]] may reflect ^u 8 own discov]ies1 &1 l ,po9c>1#cib =mulate ! me?od he has f\nd successful4 ,& if discov]]s are n all p]fectly unique 9 _! me?ods1 important uni=mities w probably be f\nd by comp>+ ! me?ods ( a numb] ( discov]]s4 ,:y aga9 %\ld x be assum$ t ! g5]al acc\nt ?us extract$ f a retrospective /udy ( discov]ies mu/ at once co9cide ) ! logical #8ideal ( pro('8 ,:y %\ld x ev5 po9t to ?is1 or be relat$ to x o!rwise ?an by contra/8 ,surely ! possibility %\ld be discuss$ t !re are two proc$ures = logic to consid]1 ( :i* ! "o describes h[ human kn[]s1 />t+ f :at !y believe !mselves to "k1 set ab\t x to =tify & ext5d _! k1 :ile ! o!r moves on a sup]human plane & describes1 ) ,platonic f]v\r1 h[ ideal demon/ration1 desc5d+ f absolutely c]ta9 pr9ciples1 m\lds into a clos$ & inexpugnable sy/em all ! tru?s :i* are d$ucible f ^! & alone intelligible4 ,! two acc\nts mu/ be di/9ct1 = !y h diff]5t />t+-po9ts & "w ^u diff]5t mat]ial4 ,nor ne$ !y ev] h any po9t ( contact4 ,= x may well be t human kn[+ nev] atta9s to an absolute c]ta9ty & a complet$ sy/em1 :ile d$uctive pro( nev] condesc5ds to notice mundane fact4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly s 9 ! fir/ raptur\s vision ( a priori #8pro(' :i* solac$ ,plato amid ! elusiv5ess & opacity ( ! fl[ ( happ5+s4 ,! d$uction ( ! intelligible ord] ( ! ideal #8,=ms' f _! supreme gr\nd & 7sole67 premiss 9 ! #8,idea ( ! ,good' /opp$ %ort ( facts & ev5ts at ! laws ( m9imum g5]ality1#cic & recogniz$ 9 all ! happ5+s ( ! s5sible _w an in]adicable ta9t ( #8n-be+' :i* r5d]$ _! /ability impossible & _! pr$iction va94 ,ari/otle simil>ly di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! proc$ure :i* />t$ f ! notiora nobis1 ! app>5t facts ( p]ception1 & t :i* began ) ! notiora naturae1 ! self-evid5t pr9ciples :i* c\ld =m ! ultimate premisses ( demon/rations4 ,b t ^! two me?ods mu/ someh[ co9cide 0 assum$ r ?an prov$1 9 a way t %\ld h discr$it$ ! doctr9e4 ,= ,ari/otle also 0 n able to expla9 h[ #8sci5ce'1 be+ ( #8univ]sals'1 c\ld apply to p>ticul>s1 :i* nev]!less he w\ld n ) ,plato /igmatize z #8unreal'1 :ile ! asc5t f ! s5sible fact to ! #8univ]sal'1 :i* 0 call$ ! #8induction' ( ! #8pr9ciple'1 is h>dly validat$ by ! nave allegation ( a m5tal faculty ( #8intuitive reason' 77 end[$ ) ! special function ( appreh5d+ pr9ciples 9 _! p>ticul> exemplifications4 ,x is high "t1 !re=e1 t ?is :ole assumption t a necess>y congruity exi/s betwe5 ! logic ( discov]y & ( pro( %\ld be subject$ to a ?or\gh exam9ation4 ,,iii #ah4 ,su* an exam9ation w spe$ily e/abli% t ! m5tal attitude ( ! discov]] is1 & mu/ be1 q diff]5t f t ( ! prov]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! discov]] is n 9 possession ( ! k he covets4 ,x is = him a desire1 an aspiration1 an aim to be atta9$4 ,pro(1 on ! o!r h&1 presupposes k4 ,n only mu/ ! demon/rator "k ! assur$ tru?s he uses z premisses1 n only mu/ he h a supply ( absolutely c]ta9 tru?s if 8 pro( is n to rema9 hypo!tical 7 #i71 b he mu/ already "k ! conclusion he exhibits4 ,he _c be ignorant1 l ! discov]]1 ( ! result he is to arrive at4 ,he is n engag$ 9 discov]+ new tru?1 he is only %[+ h[ x foll[s f old tru?s4 ,8 retrospective contemplation has m]ely to retrace ! hi/ory ( its atta9m5t1 or r to re>range x 9 ! m pleas+ ord] :i* he calls #8logical'4 ,?is ord] is n t 9 :i* x 0 discov]$1 nor ev5 t 9 :i* x c\ld be discov]$4 ,= !re are su* ?+s z necess>y errors1 indisp5sable artifices1 & indef5sible fictions1 & ! way to a tru? (t5 lies ?r\gh !m4 ,?us f "t immemorial ma!maticians h repres5t$ ! cont9u\s by ! discrete1 quantities by numb]s1 kn[+ full well :at fictions _! practice involv$4 ,aga91 ma!matical calculation ( %apes1 areas1 & motions necess>ily presupposes ! fictions t bodies h ! ideal & regul> =ms to :i* !y #8approximate'1 & t _! #8mass' is conc5trat$ at _! 7ideal7 #8c5tre ( gravity'4 ,x is m ?an d\btful :e!r ! notion ( an #8evolution' ( species c\ld ev] h be5 rea*$1 except by />t+ f ! false notion ( ! fixity ( species1 or :e!r ! true nature ( ! mobility & developm5t ( mean+s c\ld h be5 und]/ood except by correct+ ! ,platonic !ory ( immutable & et]nal #8univ]sals'4 ,to #8pro(' all ^! incid5ts & accid5ts ( ! hi/ory ( discov]y are irrelevant2 all t has to be done is to %[ t ! new tru? c be d$uc$ f ! old1 & t a #8logical connexion' exi/s betwe5 !m4 #ai4 ,n only is ?is mu* easi] to d ?an to make ! discov]y1 b x is v mu* easi] to foll[4 ,any "o c see ! connexion once ! data h be5 arrang$ 9 logical ord]4 ,h5ce ! assumption t ?is ord] someh[ repres5ts ! actual process 9 a p]fect$ =m is natural en\gh4 ,b x leads to contempt = ! proc$ure ( discov]y4 ,! discov]y is made to look s easy t x becomes impossible to appreciate its difficulty & its m]it1 & x seems a/oni%+ t no "o made x long be=e4 ,= did n ! #8facts' all b =ce x ^u ! dulle/ m9d8 ,:o c\ld h fail$ to see t fossils mu/ be 7at lea/7 z old z ! rocks 9 :i* !y are emb$d$1 t obvi\sly work$ fl9ts1 simil>ly1 atte/ ! antiquity ( man1 t nor!rn ,europe is scrat*$ all ov] ) ! m>ks ( a gigantic glaciation8 ,x is =gott5 t ^! #8facts' 7 n !re until !re came a m9d prep>$ to notice !m4 ,h5ce none ( ^! discov]ies 7 9 fact easy to make1 & !y 7 prec$$ by a long /ruggle ( ! human m9d ) false preconceptions & ! illusory #8facts' :i* !y _h eng5d]$4 ,nor are discov]ies easy to get recogniz$ :5 !y h be5 made4 ,! p]secutions to :i* discov]]s ( new tru? are subject$ always & ev]y:]e 7m or less7 =m z discr$itable a *apt] ( human hi/ory z ! p]secution ( moral re=m]s4 ,^? may c\nt !mselves =tunate :o are simply ignor$4 ,h5ce ev]y?+ has to be #8discov]$' ov] & ov] aga94 ,no?+ new ev] ent]s ! _w1 j z no?+ old ev] passes away1 )\t inf9ite pa9s & aft] a protract$ /ruggle4 ,"o curi\s result ( ?is in]tia :i* des]ves to rank among ! great fundam5tal #8laws' ( nature1 is t :5 a discov]y has f9ally won t>dy recognition1 x is usually f\nd to h be5 anticipat$1 (t5 ) cog5t reasons & 9 great detail4 ,d>w9ism1 e4g41 may be trac$ back ?r\gh ! ages to ,h]aclitus & ,anaxim&]4 ,?us x is true t !re is #8no?+ new "u ! sun'2 b only because :5 a new tru? fir/ appe>s x does n prevail3 :5 aft] a hundr$ repetitions x is at l5g? recogniz$1 x is no long] /rictly new4 ,accord+ly1 ! #8discov]y' ( a tru? is only ! beg9n+ ( its c>e]1 ! fir/ /ep by :i* x makes its way 9 ! _w1 & /ill v di/ant f ! cr[n+ #8pro(' ) :i* logic complac5tly adorns x ex po/ facto1 :5 x has #8arriv$'4 ,! sl[ness & difficulty1 !n1 ) :i* ! human race makes discov]ies1 & its bl9dness to ! mo/ obvi\s facts1 if x happ5s to be unprep>$ or unwill+ to see !m1 %\ld suffice to %[ t !re is some?+ gravely wrong ab\t ! logician's acc\nt ( discov]y4 #bj4 ,q ap>t f ! difficulties :i* ! psy*ological con/itution & social organization ( man put 9 ! way ( innovators1 ! mak+ ( a new tru? :i* =mulates a new #8fact' is also intr9sically anxi\s "w4 ,x is n m]ely t its mak] c h no assurance t 8 ent]prise w succe$1 t he _c />t ) a feel+ ( c]ta9ty f e/abli%$ tru?s1 & be waft$ by an irresi/ible wave ( logical necessity to ! safe hav5 ( a pr$e/9$ conclusion4 ,he mu/ />t ) a consci\sness ( ignorance & an all-p]vad+ feel+ ( d\bt ab\t e /ep ( 8 inquiry4 ,?is d\bt he %\ld n1 moreov]1 endeav\r to disreg>d or to suppress2 = x is ! be/ gu>antee t no way to ! tru? w be pass$ by 9 8 explorations4 ,d\bt1 !re=e1 %\ld be recogniz$ on pr9ciple1 & equipp$ ) a te*nique ( te/+ & exp]im5tation3 ! inquir] %\ld be pr\d t he has to feel 8 way 9 fe> & trembl+ to ! v end4 ,yet 8 condition w n contrav5e ,ari/otle's dictum t all inquiry & rese>* proce$ f k previ\sly acquir$4#cid ,9 a s5se he w /ill />t f :at he kn[s1 or ?9ks he kn[s4 ,= x is psy*ologically impossible to d any?+ else4 ,! k he believes himself to h _c b affect all 8 ideas1 & he _c get away f x4 ,8 bolde/ speculations1 8 mo/ haz>d\s hypo!ses1 w h "s relation1 h[ev] subtle & recondite1 to ! k at 8 disposal4 ,x w influ5ce all 8 ?\ghts & guide 8 guesses4 ,z he _c dive/ himself ( 8 k & ! ideas x has r5d]$ famili> to him1 he has to accept its limitations4 ,8 only problem is to use x z effectively z possible4 ,b x is cle> t he _c reg>d 8 k ) ! same sort & am\nt ( confid5ce z ! believ] 9 demon/rative pro(4 ,he mu/ conceive himself z an explor]1 & 8 attitude mu/ be t5tative ?r\gh\t4 ,kn[+ t 8 premisses are que/ionable & only d\btfully true1 he w recognize t 8 inf]5ces are only probable1 & /& 9 ne$ ( confirmation4 ,z a rule he c1 no d\bt1 f9d accept$ tru?s to argue f2 b ^! be+ relative to ! exi/+ /ate ( k are kn[n to be subject to correction4 ,ev5 :]e he has />t$ ) premisses ( ! mo/ sup]ior k9d1 :i* are g5]ally deem$ absolutely self-evid5t & c]ta9 9 !mselves1 he w /ill be consci\s ( a d\bt :e!r !y w prove to be ! "r premisses = 8 purpose4 ,if !y are n1 _! tru? is irrelevant & w lead him a/ray4 ,9 no case1 !re=e1 c he escape ! responsibility ( *oos+ ! "r ones f 8 limit$ /ock ( kn[n tru?s & famili> ideas1 z he contemplates ! inf9ite expanse ( possible discov]y4 ,9 :atev] direction he moves1 ! unkn[n lies be=e him2 he may come ^u surprises or be /opp$ by unsuspect$ ob/acles4 ,9 %ort1 !re is no?+ ( ! irresi/ible ab\t 8 progress2 x has n ! fa9te/ resemblance to ! maje/ic m>* f inevitable premisses to a pr$e/9$ conclusion :i* s fasc9ates u 9 ! !ory ( pro(4 #ba4 ,b1 x may be said1 all ?is is n en\gh4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! attitudes assum$ by ! reason] 9 discov]y & 9 pro( may be only psy*ological4 ,!y d n prove any real logical diff]5ce betwe5 !m2 ! logician's acc\nt may /ill be :at ! discov]] w\ld ackn[l$ge to h be5 8 be/ c\rse1 if he c\ld h se5 x4 ,x has1 !re=e1 to be %[n t ! diff]5ces 9 "q arise out (1 & develop into1 diff]5ces :i* are indisputably logical4 ,?us1 ! ignorance :i* ! inquir] feels is d\btless a psy*ological fact1 b ! lack ( k :i* eng5d]s x is surely a logical fact ( "s importance4 ,9 g5]al1 ! feel+s ( d\bt1 expectancy1 & p]plexity :i* beset ! m9d ( ! inquir]1 & contra/ s di/9ctly ) ! feel+s ( confid5ce1 k1 c]ta9ty1 & necessity :i* accompany a #8pro('1 orig9ate 9 a logical fact4 ,e inquiry />ts f a problem1 ( :i* ! solution is n yet kn[n4 ,an inquiry is1 z ! "n implies1 a "q1 put1 n to nature at l>ge & at r&om1 b to "s "p ( x1 :i* is tak5 to be relevant & to conta9 a possible answ] to ! inquir]'s "q4 ,n[ ?is dep5d5ce ( inquiry ^u problems spr+s no d\bt f ! psy*ological fact t until !re is some?+ put be=e x ! m9d _c get to "w ^u x2 b x is surely a fact ( ! utmo/ logical significance1 & x is a/\nd+ t ! logical tradition %\ld h slurr$ x ov] s completely4 ,especially z 9 ! v beg9n+s ( logic "s ( ! ,greeks di/9ctly caught a glimpse ( x4 ,=1 hav+ />t$ _! reflection ^u reason+ f a desire to regulate debate & to argue a case at law1 !y naturally notic$ t !re are two sides 7at lea/7 to e "q4 ,accord+ly1 ,protagoras appe>s to h taught sy/ematically t !re 7 always two reason+s 77 to be consid]$1#cie ,socrates1 treat$ sci5tific inquiry z an ext5sion ( ! art ( cross-exam9ation1 & ,plato conceiv$ ! se>* = ideal tru? z a #8dialectical' process1 z a sort ( dialogue ( ! s\l ) itself4 ,n[ ?is :ole doctr9e is equally good z logic & z psy*ology4 ,x is pr(\ndly true ( ! inquir]'s m9d2 he mu/ be ke5ly alive1 n only to ! evid5ce =1 b also to t aga9/ 8 work+ !ory4 ,b x is also true ( ! logical nature ( inquiry t x is a process ( det]m9+ :i* ( ! alleg$ #8facts' & ( ! !ories to int]pret !m are real & true4 ,inquiry logically #8presupposes' a conflict betwe5 ! data1 & a dispute ab\t !m4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! conception ( sci5tific rese>* z an inquiry lapses f ! logical consci\sness 9 consequ5ce ( ,ari/otle's "w4 ,8 discov]y ( ! =ms & =mulas ( demon/ration ov]%ad[$ x1 & re/or$ ! reign ( dogma :i* is s cong5ial to ! au?orities ev]y:]e4#cif ,! true conception ( inquiry does n revive aga9 until our days1 :5 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,sidgwick & ,pr(essor ,john ,dewey h endeav\r$1 n ) ! success !y des]v$1 to reop5 ! eyes ( logicians to ! facts ( ! sci5tific situation4 #bb4 ,to conceive an inquiry z a "q !n is1 we see1 implicitly to conceive x z hav+ a plurality ( answ]s1 all ( :i* h to be exam9$4 ,all ^! answ]s are initially hypo!ses1 & a *oice has to be made betwe5 !m4 ,?is r5d]s ! recognition ( alt]natives a p>am\nt necessity = a logic ( discov]y1 :i* c no long] dismiss !m ) a jejune *apt] on #8disjunctive propositions'4 ,_! exi/5ce is no long] to be treat$ z an annoy+ complication :i* delays ! progress ( sci5ce1 b mu/ be tak5 to inh]e 9 ! logical nature ( problems1 & to be ess5tial to _! prop] elucidation4 ,logic1 !re=e1 %\ld reg>d x z its duty to inquire 7#a7 h[ ! inquir] is furni%$ ) an adequate supply ( !ories = analys+ & te/+ ! app>5t facts ( 8 subject1 7#b7 :at me?ods are us$ to sift hypo!ses & to select ! m valuable1 & 7#c7 if x c1 to add "s h9ts z to h[ !ories & me?ods ought to be h&l$4 7#a7 ,to ! fir/ "q !re is no exhau/ive answ]4 ,no logic c gu>antee t all ! possible !ories :i* conc]n ! facts "u inquiry w be available4 ,!y may n yet h occurr$ to any human m9d1 & may nev] d s4 ,?is alone ought to be consid]$ a fatal objection to all me?ods :i* presuppose exhau/iv5ess1 & are press$ by ! logician ^u ! man ( sci5ce4 ,x ought to dispose ( me?ods :i* dem& t all ! facts %\ld be assembl$ be=e !oriz+ is begun1 or t all ! alt]natives %\ld be /at$ & ! true "o extract$ by ! successive elim9ation ( ! false ones1 or t def9e a #8cause' z reciprocat+ ) its #8effect'1 & assume t ! true cause has be5 discov]$ :5 no o!r has be5 ?\ght (1 or t if a !ory works we may take x t x alone w d s & is 7absolutely7 true4 ,all ^! notions dem& an impossible exhau/ion ( ! alt]natives1 & try to conv]t a 7psy*ological7 failure to ?9k ( any m into a logical pro( t !re are no m4 ,& !y all reg>d ! plurality ( alt]natives z a h9drance to be got rid (1 & n z a safegu>d & a help to prop] inquiry4 ,h5ce ! real difficulty 0 n p]ceiv$1 viz4 t !re is no =mal gu>antee t ! supply ( hypo!ses = use ^u ! facts 9 any inquiry w be adequate4 ,x may well be t = lack ( a good work+ !ory to g ^u1 all ! !oriz+ on a subject proves va9 & /]ile4 ,9 ! beg9n+s ( all ! sci5ces ?is sort ( condition always exi/s & (t5 la/s = c5turies1 & x is a ma9 reason :y "s sci5ces make little progress ev5 n[4 ,nev]!less1 ! difficulty is n 9 practice z fatal z x looks on pap]4 ,x is probable t ! inquir] w 9 fact usually h a supply ( alt]natives to />t f4 ,= 7a7 he w naturally select a subject 9 :i* !re are disput$ po9ts4 ,& 7b71 :at is ev5 m important1 human m9ds are naturally v>i\s3 !y put1 !re=e1 diff]5t int]pretations on ! same facts & value !m diff]5tly4 ,"s are attract$ by novelty1 o!rs by or?odoxy2 "s incl9e to "o type ( !ory & me?od ( inquiry1 o!rs to ano!r4 ,h5ce 9 any inquiry ^u :i* a numb] ( m9ds are actively engag$1 !re w always be diff]5ces ( op9ion1 & ^! w be mo/ m>k$ 9 ! rapidly gr[+ regions ( e progressive sci5ce1 :i*1 l ! gr[+ cells 9 ! trunk ( a tree1 are always on ! outskirts4 ,!re w always be a cons]vative & a lib]al p>ty1 ev5 9 sci5ce1 & ! cla% betwe5 _! views w always provide alt]native solutions ( problems1 ! comp>ative m]its ( :i* ! inquir] c exam9e4 ,b ! sci5ces owe _! progress l>gely to ! man :o raises new que/ions1 & %\ld provide = him 9 _! organization4 #bc4 ,x %\ld be not$ fur!r t if ?is feature 9 discov]y 7 prop]ly recogniz$ & emphasiz$1 x w\ld h important educational & e?ical effects4 ,at pres5t ! /udy ( logic c h>dly be said to lib]alize & broad5 ! m9d or to improve ! temp]4 ,s long z its *ief int]e/ is 9 a !ory ( absolute pro( & complete c]ta9ty1 x w t5d to bre$ p$ants & bigots4 ,! effect w\ld be v diff]5t if an adequate logic ( discov]y _h imbu$ ! m9d ) an ev]-pres5t ?\ght t e subject may & mu/ be consid]$ f sev]al po9ts ( view1 & t an inquir] %\ld bew>e ( lett+ 8 pr$ilections & preconceptions bl9d him to possible alt]natives4 ,! logical attitude ( inquiry1 :5 fully und]/ood1 dem&s a tol]ant & op5 m9d1 & excludes ! n>r[-m9d$ness & dogmatism :i* ! !ory ( pro( has fo/]$ by its pret5ce ( %[+ t !re 0 b "o tru? & "o inevitable way ( rea*+ x4 ,moreov]1 ! necessity ( cont9ually *oos+ betwe5 a numb] ( alt]natives %\ld cultivate a judicial temp]1 conduc+ to fair-m9d$ness & consid]ation t[>ds ! views ( o!rs4 ,= a m9d :i* is 9 ! habit ( *oos+ betwe5 alt]natives mu/ be impress$ by ! facts t !re is some?+ to be said = ! views x does n accept1 t ! view accept$ is (t5 n s v mu* sup]ior to ^? reject$1 & t new facts & new k may always revive views :i* 7 suppos$ to be defunct4 ,( c\rse our natural dogmatism w take al>m at ! flabby tol]ation ( ideas :i* ?is attitude seems to imply4 ,x w be object$ t no "o :o c see ! good & tru? 9 beliefs he does n accept1 c really be /r5u\s 9 uphold+ ^? he does4 ,! full answ] to ?is bigots' argum5t c only be appreciat$ :5 ! attitude ( progressive sci5ce is fully und]/ood 7cf4 #cc71 b 9 g5]al x may be po9t$ out t a p[] ( fir/ weigh+ alt]natives1 *oos+ ! be/ & act+ ^u x /r5u\sly1 is precisely :at life dem&s ( u at e /ep4 ,x %\ld n1 !re=e1 be impossible to compass x 9 sci5ce4 #bd4 7#b7 ,to ! second "q ( #bb1 viz4 :at are ! me?ods us$ by ! inquir] 9 sift+ ! alt]native hypo!ses 9 ! field1 & pick+ out ! mo/ valuable1 ! answ] is comp>atively easy4 ,x is sub/antially ! answ] giv5 by ! pragmati/ analysis ( k4 ,t !ory is pref]r$1 & t5ds to be accept$ z true1 :i* = ! "t be+ works be/4 ,! =mula looks simple1 b ne$s m ?9k+ out ?an its critics usually be/[ ^u x4 7a7 ,x implies1 ( c\rse1 t all ! alt]natives 7be=e ! m9d7 #8"w' m or less4 ,!y mu/ be 7or appe>7 sci5tifically plausible1 & pr(f] a m or less satisfactory explanation ( "s or all ( ! admitt$ #8facts'4 ,?is is :y ag5cies l ! ,devil1 :o c\ld once be ext5sively alleg$ to expla9 any?+ unusual1 h dropp$ out ( ! purview ( sci5ce4 7b7 #8,work+' mu/ be conceiv$ some:at widely4 ,its prim>y appeal is to ! accept$ pr9ciples & recogniz$ int]e/s ( ! sci5ce2 practically to #8"w' means to conduce to ! developm5t ( ! sci5ce on ! recogniz$ l9es1 & ! prop] judges ( :at #8work+' c\nts are ! exp]ts :o cultivate ea* sci5ce4 7c7 ,b !re w (t5 be complications due to c]ta9 disputable work+s1 ( :i* ! relevance is n yet e/abli%$1 & ab\t ^! !re w legitimately be diff]5ces ( op9ion4 ,^! %\ld n be suppress$1 b c&idly argu$ out4 7d7 ,moreov]1 e new dep>ture w be pro tanto disputable1 because x w conflict m or less ) ! ve/$ int]e/s ( ! e/abli%$ doctr9es4 ,"o great factor 9 ! #8work+' ( a new tru? is ! ext5t to :i* x upsets1 or is ?\ght to upset1 ! old1 & dem&s a recon/ruction ( beliefs1 a correction ( au?orities1 a revision ( text-books1 a r5ewal ( plant1 c4 ,h5ce :at works be/ 9 ! ab/ract may n d s "u ! actual conditions4 ,x may #8pay' a pr(essor bett] to be #8or?odox' ?an to be an innovator1 & he is usually q alive to ?is1 ?\gh x does n r5d] him a good inve/m5t sci5tifically = ! in/itution t appo9ts him4 ,if !n we look$ at ?is side ( ! matt] alone1 ! v]dict w\ld always g aga9/ ! novelty4 ,= v few new tru?s are =tunate en\gh to f9d ! field free & unoccupi$4 ,usually !y h to spr+ up 9 a soil d5sely ov]gr[n ) a rank gr[? ( prejudices1 dogmas1 & sup]/itions1 to :i* ! _w is accu/om$ & ev5 devot$4 ,s !y h to fight = an op5+ 9 :i* !y c take root & gr[ up4 7e7 ,! #8work+'1 h[ev]1 ne$ n am\nt to a claim to repres5t #8!' tru?4 ,a discov]] may "k t by reason ( 8 delib]ate use ( fictions1 8 results h =feit$ _! claims to be /rictly true2 yet !y may #8"w' bett] ?an any?+ else 9 sight4 ,! typical example "h is1 ( c\rse1 ma!matics4 ,:5 physical objects are treat$ ma!matically1 !y are id5tifi$ by a fiction ) ! objects ( pure ma!matics1 & x is only on ?is assumption t _! behavi\r c be calculat$4 ,!y are1 ( c\rse1 va/ly m ?an ma!matical objects1 b _! surplus mean+ becomes irrelevant :]ev] objects admit ( ma!matical treatm5t4 ,& ap>t f ! re/riction ( ! claim to tru? necessitat$ by ! use ( fictions1 x %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be recogniz$ also t !re are s\nd logical reasons = d5y+ t tru?s :i* re/ on _! #8work+s' c ev] be #8absolute' 7 #bf s4f474 ,_! tru? is pragmatic1 & is optimi iuris only if pragmatism e/abli%es t no o!r & no bett] tru? exi/s4 7f7 ,m specifically a v important =m ( work+ is ! pr$iction ( ev5ts4 ,k ( ! future is an almo/ univ]sal object ( human desire1 :i* m5 h s\ght to compass by fair means & f\l1 & ! calculation ( ! future is ! av[$ aim ( _m sci5tific inquiries4 ,h5ce !re is no?+ m pot5t to dispose ! m9d to accept a !ory ?an ! success ( ! pr$ictions x has l$ to4 ,yet "h aga9 ?is =m ( #8work+' diff]s g5]ically f #8pro('4 ,x is cle> t pr$iction is n /rictly pro(4 ,= pr$ictions may be made ) consid]able accuracy by ! aid ( hypo!ses :i* turn out to be false or impossible4 ,?us eclipses & o!r cele/ial ev5ts 7 pr$ict$ = c5turies by means ( ! ,ptolemaic a/ronomy1 & !y _c be pr$ict$ ev5 n[ ) absolute accuracy4 ,inde$1 physically speak+1 absolute accuracy is un?9kable4 ,no in/rum5t & no organ ( obs]vation c be conceiv$ to measure to m ?an a f9ite degree ( accuracy1 & ! be/ value = any physical #8fact' w always be ! mean ( a numb] ( good obs]vations aft] all ! accessible s\rces ( error h be5 all[$ =4 ,at no po9t1 !n1 does ! te/ ( #8work+' conduct to ! notion t absolute tru? is discov]able4 ,b ! "r inf]5ce may be1 n t ! te/ is wor?less1 b t absolute tru? is a *im]a4 #be4 7#c7 ,x _c !n be s]i\sly disput$ ei!r t alt]native hypo!ses are always 7m or less consci\sly7 pres5t to ! m9d ( ! inquir]1 or t ! work+ ( a !ory is 9 fact us$1 9 all ! sci5ces1 to te/ its claim to be true4 ,b does x foll[ t logic %\ld b[ to sci5tific fact & recognize ^! practices8 ,%\ld x set itself to devise a te*nique = regulat+ ! =mation ( hypo!ses & ! e/abli%m5t ( _! tru? by _! work+8 ,x is "h t ! traditional logic demurs1 & disputes beg94 ,nev]!less1 /rong reasons may be advanc$ = answ]+ bo? que/ions 9 ! affirmative4 7a7 ,an abundance ( hypo!ses is a gu>antee ( great logical value t all ! important facts w be prop]ly obs]v$4 ,= x is evid5t t e !ory w produce a c]ta9 bias 9 ! obs]v]4 ,x w direct 8 att5tion ^u ^? facts & ^? features :i* are relevant to 8 !ory1 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 :i* support x4 ,?is is usually an advantage1 because x helps him to select :at is relevant to 8 inquiry f ! *aos ( ev5ts2 b x w p>i passu bl9d him to :atev] does n seem to be relat$ to1 & to fit into1 8 !ory4 ,he w1 !re=e1 fail to obs]ve & to appreciate :at w seem to him to h little or no sci5tific int]e/4 ,& 9 s ?9k+ he may be q wrong4 ,! old !ory ( #8induction1' ?\ght to get ov] ?is difficulty by say+1 #8,well1 ( c\rse1 all ! facts mu/ be obs]v$'4 ,x did n obs]ve ! fact t 9 practice ?is is impossible1 & is nev] done4 ,no?+ is obs]v$ b :at ! k & preconceptions ( ! "t make visible to ! sci5tific eye4 ,( :at is visible at any "t only a small "p seems wor?y ( ! sci5tific microscope4 ,complete obs]vation1 !re=e1 ( lit]ally all ! facts is sci5tifically impracticable4 ,z a logical ideal also ?is notion ( all-inclusiv5ess is absurd4 ,if no inquiry c\ld ev] beg9 until all ! facts _h be5 assembl$1 h[ c\ld any?+ be discov]$ until omnisci5ce _h be5 a*iev$1 i4e4 :5 !re 0 no?+ left to discov]8 ,= h[ are we to "k t our assembly ( #8facts' really is complete8 ,& if lit]ally all ! facts h to be us$ z data 9 any inquiry1 %all we n spe$ily f9d t e fact ramifies into inf9ity1 & drags 9 ! totality ( reality1 & a k ( all ?+s pres5t1 pa/1 & future8 ,?is #8logical ideal'1 !re=e1 r5d]s inquiry impossible4 ,9 po9t ( fact ! data ( any inquiry are always a selection4 ,!y are su* ( ! recogniz$ facts z are ?\ght to be relevant1 i4e4 to be truly #8facts' = ! purpose 9 h&4 ,b be+ a selection !y involve u 9 ! risk t we may h select$ wrongly1 & omitt$ :at is important :ile admitt+ :at is n4 ,f ?is risk !re is no escape4 ,= we _c effect a compromise by includ+ m]ely s mu* ( ! facts z we c lay hold (4 ,n only does ?is yield no gu>antee t ev]y?+ t is ne$$ has be5 includ$1 b x may be a positive h9drance to try to include too mu*4 ,= if our data gr[ into an unwieldy mass1 !y w n seem susceptible ( any ord] or pr9ciple1 & ev5 ! mo/ p5etrat+ inquir] w lose 8 way4 ,x is bett]1 !re=e1 to give up altoge!r ! idea ( secur+ =mal validity by po/ulat+ an all-inclusive exhau/iv5ess4 ,! obvi\s alt]native is to op]ate simultane\sly ) a plurality ( !ories1 ea* ( :i* means a c]ta9 ord]+ ( ! #8facts' relatively to :at seems a relevant & promis+ po9t ( view4 ,ea* w involve a selection & induce a bias2 b ) any luck !y w neutralize ea* o!r's bias1 & s w increase ! probability t no really relevant fact has escap$ notice4 ,?is w n satisfy ! logical #8ideal'1 b 9 practice x means a good deal1 & is en\gh = sci5tific progress4 ,( c\rse x mu/ be und]/ood t ! hypo!ses employ$ are 9 a g5]al way relevant to ! problems & ! condition ( ! sci5ces1 & n r&om guesses4 ,?is proviso w cut d[n _! exub]ance ev5 m ?an ! limitations ( ! human imag9ation1 :i* seems to be psy*ologically incapable ( really dep>t+ v f> f ! sugge/ions ( exp]i5ce4 #bf4 ,:5 logic has recogniz$ ! use & value ( #8work+' z ! te/ ( tru?1 x mu/1 h[ev]1 make x cle> to itself & to o!rs bo? :at precisely ?is te/ is1 & :at x c1 & _c1 accompli%4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be made cle> t x is n a logical implication ( ! te/ t #8:atev] works is true'1 & ! reasons = disput+ ?is dictum mu/ be set =?4 ,! fact is t we all h a /rong psy*ological t5d5cy to believe 9 ! tru? ( :at is f\nd to "w1 )\t mu* criticism ( ! sort & ext5t ( ! #8work+'4 ,b ! logician %\ld c>efully inve/igate ! v>i\s sorts ( work+ t occur1 & take special note ( ^? :i* ei!r d n !mselves lay claim to full tru?1 or d n 7ord9>ily7 h _! claim conc$$4 ,= example1 #8fictions' are n suppos$ to be /rictly true2 b !y may #8"w' & be #8z good z true'1 or #8pragmatically true'1 or #8suffici5tly true = ! purpose 9 h&'4 ,!y "w1 9 fact1 )9 limits2 b ^! limits are kn[n1 & s !y are n confus$ ) full-fl$g$ tru?s1 to ! applicability ( :i* !re are no kn[n limits4 ,! case ( #8me?odological assumptions' is m difficult & in/ructive1 & is usually misconceiv$4 ,9 _! case ! exi/5ce ( limits to _! #8work+' is ei!r n kn[n or n relevant1 because !y owe _! adoption to _! use & conv5i5ce 9 analys+ & organiz+ a subject ( inquiry4 ,?us ! pr9ciple ( ,causation1 ! assumption t e ev5t has a cause :i* det]m9es x fully1 is prop]ly to be reg>d$ z me?odological4 ,x decl>es m]ely t if we desire to calculate ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 x is sci5tifically conv5i5t to treat ev5ts z if !y _h #8causes'1 f :i* _! occurr5ce c\ld be pr$ict$1 :e!r or n !y h !m 9 fact4 ,?is assumption may be purely me?odological2 x ne$ n1 & %\ld n1 be turn$ into a dogmatic1 metaphysical d5ial t !re may be indet]m9ate happ5+s4 ,!re may ev5 be good reasons to suspect _! occurr5ce1 & indet]m9ism may be ultimately true1 & yet sci5tific me?od may rightly ignore ?is possibility1 because x w\ld r5d] ! calculation ( ev5ts impossible4#cig ,ev5 an indet]m9i/ !n is fully entitl$ to reason z if ev5ts 7 det]m9$1 & to se>* = #8causes'1 = ! purely me?odological reason t ?is enables him to calculate ev5ts1 & t aft] all !y may be calculable4 ,s long z !y "w = sci5tific purposes x is n1 9 ! case ( me?odological pr9ciples1 necess>y to raise ! "q ( _! metaphysical tru?4 ,! #8lie' aga9 is a curi\s case ( #8work+'4 ,a lie1 works1 z a rule1 only s long z x passes = tru?1 & is believ$ to h ! mean+ & value its au?or claims = x2 :5 x is #8f\nd out'1 x ceases to "w4 ,h5ce x c bo? "w & fail to "w at ! same "t1 accord+ z x is1 or is n1 kn[n to be a #8lie'4 ,cle>ly no?+ c be made ( ! lie logically1 until ?is d\ble aspect inh]5t 9 its nature is recogniz$2 if ! logician refuses to di/+ui% betwe5 ! p]sons conc]n$ 9 its mak+1 acceptance1 & rejection1 x rema9s 7l #8error' to ,plato7 an insoluble #8contradiction'4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a m]e prejudice to refuse to make ^! di/9ctions4 ,! #8work+' ( hypo!ses is by no means simple & unambigu\s4 ,x admits ( inf9ite gradations 9 am\nt & k9d1 & ! #8tru?' :i* is implicat$ 9 #8work+' is no?+ ess5tially b an index ( its logical value1 & may v>y 9 quantity betwe5 values :i* _c be psy*ologically discrim9at$ f z]o & f #ajj or #a 7 #8absolute' c]ta9ty74 ,x is crude1 !re=e1 to confront a sci5tific hypo!sis ) ! rigid alt]native #8ei!r 7absolutely7 true1 or 7utt]ly7 false'2 its #8tru?' really re/s on its great] value1 z comp>$ ) its competitors4 ,its value1 !n1 is a "q ( m or less4 ,! m ext5sively1 conv5i5tly1 & economically a hypo!sis works1 ! m value has x1 i4e4 ! m likely is x to be call$ #8true'1 & to be suppos$ true absolutely3 ! m cont9u\sly & successfully ! te/ ( work+ has be5 appli$ to a doctr9e1 ! great] ! confid5ce & affection ) :i* x is reg>d$1 & ! great] ! presumption t x w cont9ue to approve itself z true4 ,b1 z we anticipat$ 9 #bd 7s4f471 x is va9 to expect to e/abli% any absolute tru? by ?is me?od4 ,x provides tru? ) ev]-gr[+ probability1 b nev] ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,=1 h[ev] well a !ory works1 ! ?\ght t "o may h]eaft] be f\nd to "w bett] c nev] logically be exclud$4 ,ev5 if e "o alive 7 p]fectly satisfi$1 & no "o c\ld imag9e any improvem5t 9 an accept$ tru?--& ^! conditions are by no means (t5 realiz$--su* psy*ological consid]ations w\ld n disprove ! logical possibility t ! be/ kn[n 0 n ! be/ absolutely1 & logic w\ld cont9ue to di/+ui% betwe5 a tru? t 0 absolute1 & "o liable to "o billion? *ance ( error4 ,! latt] *ance c\ld be disreg>d$ = all practical & sci5tific purposes1 & w\ld n h ! slighte/ psy*ological effect on ! confid5ce ) :i* ! tru? 0 reg>d$2 b logically x w\ld /ill be !re4 ,sci5ce1 !re=e1 has to resign itself to ! conclusion t its me?od _c conceivably atta9 to absolute tru?1 & to make ! be/ ( x4 #bg4 ,curi\sly en\gh ?is conclusion is fully confirm$ by ,=mal ,logic4 ,x prides itself on po9t+ out t !re is a =mal fallacy involv$ 9 e/abli%+ tru? by #8work+'4 ,! ess5ce ( ?is me?od is to argue t if a !ory is f\nd to "w 7aft] ! prop] precautions h be5 tak571 x is true4 ,if e4g4 ! ev5ts anticipat$ by a !ory occur1 & no?+ occurs t c\ld n be anticipat$1 x gr[s m & m probable until x conv9ces e "o4 ,b ought x logically to h done ?is8 ,! logician decl>es emphatically1 x ought n4 ,= ! argum5t suff]s f an incurable flaw1 :i* has be5 record$ z a #8fallacy' = ov] #b1jjj ye>s4 ,x is a flagrant #8affirmation ( ! consequ5t'2 symbolically1 x argues t if ,a is1 ,b is1 b ,b is1 ,a is4 ,n[ ?is is n #8cog5t' or #8valid'4 ,t ,a is c be prov$ only f ! premiss #8only if ,a is1 ,b is'1 i4e4 if ,a is ! only !ory :i* w acc\nt = ! obs]v$ consequ5ces4 ,b ?is ! fallaci\s me?od did n ass]t1 & inde$ c\ld n ass]t4 ,= t ! be/ kn[n is ! be/ absolutely nev] c be prov$ 7cf4 #bf72 & ev5 if !y happ5$ to be id5tical1 & we _h someh[ /umbl$ ^u an absolute tru?1 we %\ld nev] "k t ?is 0 s4 #bh4 ,to ! logician ?is fact only seems to prove ! sup]iority ( 8 conception ( #8pro('4 ,he inf]s1 consi/5tly en\gh1 t no inductive reason+ f #8facts'1 no v]ification ( hypo!ses by ev5ts1 c possibly am\nt to pro(4 ,:at he seeks to impress ^u 8 pupils is t v]ification is n pro( & c nev] lead to x4 ,he consid]s himself entitl$ to look d[n ^u sci5ce accord+ly1 its evid5ce1 its me?ods1 & its reason+s1 & to contra/ !m ) ! absolut5ess ( 8 own ideal ( demon/ration4 ,he upholds its validity 9 spite ( all ! failures ( ! sci5ces to realize x4 ,z a rule he seems will+ to grant t "s ma!matical pro(s am\nt to logical demon/ration2#cih b if press$ he w\ld confess t sci5tific tru? 0 only probable1 :]eas c]ta9 metaphysical tru?s1 su* z ! law ( contradiction1 alone 7 absolutely c]ta94 ,! sci5ti/1 ( c\rse1 is n 9 a position to d5y t ! nature ( 8 tru? is su* z has be5 /at$3 b he %\ld n attempt to d s4 ,he %\ld cont5t himself ) sci5tific tru?1 & cont5d t at its be/ x is good en\gh = any "o4 ,& he c c>ry ! w> into ,africa by a vigor\s c\nt]-attack4 7#a7 ,he c d5y--= ! reasons /at$ 9 #ac--t ! logician's =mal #8pro(' is z cog5t & =mally valid z ! latt] supposes1 & %[ t aft] a conclusion has be5 #8prov$' true1 x has /ill to come true be=e x c be tru/$ to be #8true'4 7#b7 ,he c po9t out t !re is a s]i\s lacuna 9 ! logician's plea = 8 notion ( #8pro('4 ,! logician has assum$ t ! only alt]native to 8 belief 9 absolutely c]ta9 premisses is complete scepticism1 argu+ t x mu/ be possible to />t f c]ta9ty1 because o!rwise no k w\ld be possible at all4 ,he !n urg$ #8b !re cle>ly is k--! sci5ces atte/ x'1 & consi/5tly inf]r$ t absolutely c]ta9 premisses mu/ be obta9able4 ,! m or less obvi\s failure ( 8 attempts to expla9 _! g5esis by #8self-evid5ce'1 #8intuition'1 #8necessities ( ?\ght'1 c4 7 #ae71 c\ld n det] him f cl++ to 8 belief1 because ! pr9ciples !mselves seem$ to him to be inevitable & to admit ( no alt]native4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 !re is a via m$ia betwe5 scepticism & absolutism1 & sci5ce safely pursues x1 ?\gh logic has ov]look$ x4 ,x is n necess>y to />t ) absolutely c]ta9 premisses1 because x is possible to adopt premisses hypo!tically1 to take !m z true = ! argum5t's sake & = ! purposes ( ! inquiry1 to exp]im5t ) !m1 & to revise !m 9 ! light ( ! results ( su* exp]im5ts4 ,?us _! value may be judg$ & e/abli%$1 aft] _! adoption1 by ! exp]im5tal results1 & !y may come to dep5d logically ^u ^!1 & n ^u ! processes 7analogies1 sugge/ions1 guesses1 fancies1 c47 :i* l$ to _! adoption4 ,if !y %[ !mselves capable ( advanc+ ! sci5ce & solv+ its problems1 confid5ce 9 _! #8tru?' increases progressively1 & _! initial assumption is ju/ifi$4 ,!y cease to be #8hypo!ses' & become #8facts'1 & ev5 #8pr9ciples' beyond dispute4 ,if !y fail to #8"w'1 !y may be disc>d$ 9 fav\r ( o!rs :i* are tri$ 9 _! turn & simil>ly te/$4 ,h5ce x is n true t :at is unc]ta9 to beg9 ) mu/ always rema9 s1 nor is x h>d to und]/& t hypo!sis1 will+ness to believe1 & belief may be ! psy*ological =]unn]s ( logical pro(1 :i*1 nev]!less1 re/s n ^u !m1 b ^u ! solid value ( ! results subsequ5tly rea*$ by _! means4 ,! c]ta9ty ( sci5tific premisses !n admits ( indef9ite gr[?1 :i* at "s po9t or o!r w ov]p[] ev5 ! mo/ ob/9ately sceptical temp]4 ,?is po9t naturally lies at a great] di/ance f ! />t+-po9t = "s m9ds ?an = o!rs1 b :5 x is rea*$1 & :5 ! la/ d\bts & scruples h be5 ov]come1 ! triumphant tru? w feel absolutely c]ta91 & to all int5ts & purposes w function z su*4 ,b ! #8practical c]ta9ty' ?us a*iev$ w /ill be di/+ui%able 9 ?\ght f ! absolute c]ta9ty :i* logical !ory mi/ak5ly dem&$4 ,& logicians1 f ,plato d[nw>ds1#cii w be convict$ ( hav+ fail$ to all[ = ! possibility t ! c]ta9ty ( premisses & pr9ciples may be a fruit ( cont9u\s exp]i5ce & exp]im5t1 & to p]ceive t ?is is ! me?od ! sci5ces h actually employ$4 ,9 %ort1 necess>y 7ne$$7 #8tru?s' ne$ n be reg>d$ z #8a priori'1 if x is se5 h[ hypo!ses are consolidat$ by exp]i5ce4 7#c7 ,! sci5ti/ c d5y t ! ideal case1 contemplat$ ) s mu* satisfaction by ! logician1 c ev] occur 9 actual kn[+4 ,he c po9t out t if ! logical app>atus ( demon/ration is to "w1 x mu/ be suppli$ ) premisses t are absolutely true4 ,b :5ce is ! logician to obta9 !m8 ,! #8self-evid5t' pr9ciples & #8necess>y' axioms1 = :i* s mu* has be5 claim$1 h be5 %[n 7 #ae7 to be highly disputable1 & are !mselves 9 ne$ ( support & v]ification4 ,! tru?s :i* ! sci5ces supply abundantly are all products ( ! me?od to :i* he takes exception4 ,!re are no sci5tific tru?s :i* h n to be1 & h n be51 v]ifi$1 & if v]ification is logically vici\s1 & _c am\nt to pro(1 !y are n absolutely true4 ,b if ! premisses ( a demon/ration are n absolutely true1 nei!r c its conclusion be4 ,:at !n becomes fir/ ( ! value1 & ultimately ( ! #8validity'1 ( an ideal ( pro( :i* c nev] be exemplifi$ by actual reason+1 & s]ves only to condemn x8 7#d7 ,! ideal ( absolute c]ta9ty may be repudiat$ altoge!r1 ev5 z an ideal1 = s\nd sci5tific reasons4 ,x may be %[n t if x 7 possible x w\ld be sci5tifically undesirable4 ,= x w\ld mean ! creation ( absolute b>s to sci5tific progress4 ,if tru?s exi/$ :i* 7 absolutely c]ta91 ?is w\ld mean t no?+ m c\ld be le>nt ab\t !m1 & no?+ c\ld be done to /r5g!n _! position4 ,no exp]i5ce1 no inquiry1 no exp]im5t1 c\ld any long] affect !m1 & add to or detract f _! value4 ,!y c\ld n1 !re=e1 =m av5ues to fur!r k4 ,!y w\ld simply be /ops :i* w\ld arre/ sci5tific inquiry4 ,b h[ c\ld su* ?+s =m an ideal ( sci5tific k8 ,h[ c\ld x be 9 ! _s1 & to ! int]e/1 ( sci5ce to recognize !m8 ,!y w\ld m]ely be = sci5ce brute facts :i* x 0 =bidd5 to inve/igate4 ,& mu/ n sci5ce on pr9ciple hold out = ! "r to inquire into ev]y?+1 to te/ e belief1 h[ev] true x may seem8 ,h[1 !n1 c x be ! ideal ( sci5ce to adopt an ideal :i* w\ld /op inquiry8 ,nor w x suffice 9 reply to po9t to ! fact t ! sci5ces cont9ually assume ! tru? ( ! premisses !y argue f4 ,= ?\gh ?is is (t5 a conv5i5t assumption = ! purpose 9 h&1 x is "o ?+ to assume ! tru? ( premisses = ! purposes ( an inquiry1 & q ano!r to assume x absolutely4 ,= 9 ! =m] case our assumption may be1 & %\ld be1 accompani$ by a consci\sness t ^u ano!r & fitt+ occasion ! premisses n[ assum$ to be true may !mselves be inquir$ into3 to reg>d !m1 !re=e1 z absolute is to mis9t]pret _! logical condition4 ,!re are no good reasons1 !n1 :y ! sci5ces %\ld surr5d] to ! arbitr>y dem&s ( ! traditional logic1 & sacrifice _! practices :i* h be5 sanctifi$ by ! successes ( #b1jjj ye>s to !ories :i* sprang f a misund]/&+ ( sci5tific proc$ure1 & h s9ce lo/ all contact ) x4 ,! orig9al mi/ake 0 p>donable1 b x ought n to be reg>d$ z an insult to logic to require x to und]/& ! proc$ure by :i* ! sci5ces actually progress4 #bi4 ,! sci5ti/ !n %\ld n be t]rifi$ by ! *>ge t 8 #8tru?s' are #8only probable'4 ,= x is bett] to be satisfi$ ) probabilities ?an to dem& impossibilities & />ve4 ,moreov]1 a high degree ( probability means #8practical c]ta9ty'1 i4e4 confid5ce en\gh to move to action4 ,su* c]ta9ty s conv9ces & satisfies ! m9d t x _c feel m c]ta9 ab\t any?+2 ! logical gap betwe5 x & absolute c]ta9ty is psy*ologically negligible4 ,we are sacrific+1 !re=e1 no?+ b a sup]/ition1 no?+ t has any value = u1 by r5\nc+ ! dem& = absolute tru? & demon/rative #8pro('1 & we ga9 9 return a *>t] ( lib]ty4 ,= to admit ! ess5tial progressiv5ess ( sci5tific tru? & its indef9ite capacity = improvem5t means unlimit$ fre$om to rese>* into tru?s :i* are inf9itely p]fectible1 because !y are nev] #8absolute'4 ,! ideal ( ! inf9ite p]fectibility ( tru?1 & ! inf9ite progressiv5ess ( sci5ce1 is m ?an an adequate sub/itute = ! #8logical ideal' :i* is ab&on$4 ,= n only is x an ideal :i* works1 b x really embodies a nobl] aspiration ?an t :i* repres5t$ sci5ce z #8re/+' 9 absolute p]fection on fix$ #8f\ndations' ( #8et]nal' tru?4 ,! s5tim5t :i* inspires ?is gr\p ( metaphors is giv5 away by ! ^w #8re/'4 ,a sci5ce t desires to re/ is "o t is unwill+ to move & unable to advance4 ,fix$ #8f\ndations' are ne$$ only = /&+ firm & /&+ /ill1 & x turns out t :at is /rictly meant by #8et]nal' is n t tru?s la/ = ev]1 b t !y are n relat$ to #8"t' at all1 & s h really no application to #8ev5ts'4#djj ,on ! o!r h&1 a sci5ce :i* s9c]ely desires to progress ne$s fix$ f\ndations z little z fix$ ideas1 & firm gr\nd z little z assurances to #8re/' on4 ,x ne$s only a />t+-po9t1 or jump+-(f place1 :5ce x c plunge into ! unh>ve/$ seas ( ! unkn[n4 ,n[ ! ess5ce ( a />t+-po9t is to be a place y want to get away f1 & its excell5ce lies 9 be+ su* z to prompt y to leave x z easily & eag]ly z possible4 ,if1 !re=e1 sci5tific #8pr9ciples' 77 are really to be />t+-po9ts1 !y ne$ n1 & mu/ n1 be s com=table & s deceptively simil> to #8absolute' tru?s z to tempt ! sci5tific _s to repose4 ,!y %\ld be t5tative assumptions :i* are gladly ab&on$ 9 ! hope ( rea*+ some?+ bett]1 /epp+-/ones to f>!r & high] ?+s1 :i* are valu$ = _! consequ5ces1 & logically dep5d5t on ! conclusions to :i* !y =m$ ! premisses4 ,! logic ( sci5ce1 !re=e1 has no reason to po/ulate /ability or solidity = its initial pr9ciples3 ! mo/ indisp5sable ( !m are only pr9ciples ( me?od1 & ev5 ( ! tri$ & te/$ pr9ciples x arrives at ! #8validity' 7 /r5g?7 dem&$ is m]ely t !y %\ld be able to float ! accumulat$ weal? ( k d[n ! /ream ( "t4 ,,iv #cj4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t ! "t has come :5 ,sci5ce %\ld break decisively ) ! logical tradition1 & proclaim a logic ( its own :i* has always be5 implicit 9 its proc$ure4 ,x mu/ def9itely decl>e t :at x ne$s is n a logic :i* describes only ! /atic relations ( an un*ang+ sy/em ( k1 b "o :i* is op5 to p]ceive motion1 & will+ to appreciate ! dynamic process ( a k t nev] ceases to gr[1 & is nev] really /]eotyp$ into a sy/em4 ,to %[ t su* a logic is n inconceivable w be ! endeav\r ( ! conclud+ sections ( ?is essay4 ,we h already _h occasion to note _m ( ! mo/ important features ( ?is logic4 ,we h se5 t logical1 i4e4 critical1 reflection ^u discov]y mu/ />t f1 & be guid$ by1 ! conception ( a sci5tific problem ) :i* ! process ( kn[+ exp]im5ts 7 #ba74 ,?is problem has1 ( c\rse1 to be attack$ ) ! exi/+ res\rces ( a sci5ce1 i4e4 ) ! k x possesses up to date4 ,^! res\rces =m ! sci5tific capital :i* is necess>ily risk$ 9 rese>* if x is to yield int]e/4 ,x comprises 7a7 approv$ pr9ciples1 7b7 kn[n facts1 & 7c7 e/abli%$ mean+s ( words4 ,ab\t ea* ( !m a little m may advantage\sly be said4 7a7 ,we h se5 7 #ae7 t ! pr9ciples ( any sci5ce c\ld n rightly be conceiv$ z inscrutable1 ultimate1 absolute c]ta9ties ( div9e desc5t1 & ackn[l$g+ no human ance/ry4 ,we saw t !y c\ld be und]/ood only z hypo!ses :i* reflection ^u a problem _h someh[ sugge/$ to an +5i\s m9d1 :i* _h be5 provisionally adopt$ 9 ord] to explore & organize a subject ( inquiry1 & _h f9ally be5 v]ifi$ & confirm$ by _! success 7 #ae 7c71 #bd74 ,! pr9ciples ?us accept$ by a sci5ce are (t5 reg>d$ z descriptive ( fact :5 !y are m]ely me?odological & conv5i5t1#dja b ?is is a po9t ( second>y importance4 ,& ev5 ! mo/ amply v]ifi$ pr9ciples nev] q lose _! hypo!tical "*4 ,s long z !y are us$1 _! mean+1 scope1 & tru? are n absolutely fix$4 ,!y c be ext5d$1 re/rict$1 & modifi$ by ! work+ ( ! pr9ciples4 #ca4 7b7 ,x is really obvi\s to any critical reflection t :5 a sci5ce appeals to #8facts'1 x is really appeal+ to ! facts z kn[n1 or suppos$ to be kn[n4 ,x _c f ! fir/ presume its k to be absolute1 &1 pace "s ( our #8neo-reali/s'1 ignore ! "q :e!r ! alleg$ facts are facts at all1 & s pret5d to />t f #8! facts z !y really are'4 ,su* uncritical tem]ity w\ld only conduct to insoluble pseudo-problems l t ) :i* ,k+ ,*>les plagu$ ! nasc5t ,royal ,society1 z to :y ! weight ( a bucket full ( wat] 0 n increas$ :5 a fi% 0 add$ to x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is ackn[l$g$ t ! #8facts' involv$ 9 a sci5tific inquiry are always relative to a def9ite /ate & date 9 ! hi/ory ( a sci5ce1 sev]al important coroll>ies foll[4 7#a7 ,be+ dep5d5t on ! condition ( ! sci5ce1 ! facts ( a sci5ce w n all be #8facts'4 ,t is1 n all t is relevant to ! int]e/ ( ! sci5ce w actually be )9 its cognizance1 n all t turns out to be fact1 & is ant$at$ :5 x has be5 discov]$1 is z yet recogniz$ z fact4 ,x w be ?is fact1 moreov]1 :i* con/itutes ! sci5ce a field = inquiry & r5d]s x progressive4 7#b7 ,?\gh ! #8facts' ( ! mom5t fail to include all ! facts1 !y (t5 manage to include too mu*4 ,! #8facts' are n all fact4 ,!y include unkn[n1 & (t5 l>ge1 am\nts ( prejudice1 illusion1 error1 sup]/ition1 & o!r remnants ( ! lurid pa/ & /ormy y\? ( e sci5ce4 ,x is useless to rep9e at ?is inevitable consequ5ce ( pa/ hi/ory1 & *ildi% to try to purge x away by def9+ z sci5ce only :at ex hypo!si is free f su* contam9ations4 ,to re/rict ! logical int]e/ to sci5ce qua sci5ce1 :i* is by def9ition infallible1 is to =bid any logical treatm5t ( ! sci5ces we actually possess4 ,b ! logician %\ld surely be enc\rag$ to /udy ! processes by :i* ! sci5ces correct _! initial errors & consolidate _! acquisitions4 7#c7 ,x foll[s on bo? ^! gr\nds t ! #8facts' ( :i* a sci5ce takes cognizance w be subject to *ange4 ,z ! sci5ce gr[s1 #8new' facts w come into x1 & old facts w be disc>d$ z errone\s4 ,9 p>ticul>1 facts :i* at fir/ 7 only inf]r$ on !oretic gr\nds w be actually obs]v$1 ev5 z #8,neptune' 0 ! fruit ( a !ory ab\t ! p]turbations ( ,uranus4 ,h5ce ! anti!sis ( #8!ory' & #8fact' mu/ n be tak5 z absolute3 !y mu/ be expect$ to play into ea* o!r's h&s4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( !ories to =eca/ #8facts'1 & ( facts to =m po9ts ( dep>ture = !ories1 :i* aga91 :5 v]ifi$ by ! new facts to :i* !y h successfully l$1 w ext5d ! bord]s ( k4 ,incid5tally1 h[ev]1 ?is int]action betwe5 fact & !ory (t5 r5d]s x difficult to decide :e!r a sci5tific doctr9e is bett] reg>d$ z a #8!ory' or z a #8fact'1 & leads to diff]5ces ( op9ion4 ,b x c h>dly be wrong to advise ! sci5tific m9d to practise hospitality t[>ds new facts1 :ile x is no less fitt+ to %[ g5]osity t[>ds old s]vants t h done _! "w & c n[ advantage\sly be retir$4 ,x is ungrateful to abuse !m z #8errors'1 & to despise !m ) ! l(ty contempt ( ! high] k to :i* !y h conduct$4 ,& 9 bo? cases ! truly sci5tific attitude may be atta9$ if an elem5t ( fanaticism is n import$ into ! conception ( tru? by attribut+ to x an absolut5ess :i* no human tru? 9 fact possesses4 7#d7 ,! same ne$ = tol]ance is emphasiz$ by a fur!r coroll>y ( ! conception ( fact :i* has be5 advocat$4 ,x seems at fir/ a p>adox1 b on reflection appe>s to be evid5t1 t ! #8facts' w n only look diff]5t b may really be diff]5t f diff]5t po9ts ( view & = diff]5t purposes4 ,once we p]mit ourselves to consid] ?is possibility we %all easily p]ceive t !re (t5 are conflicts betwe5 #8facts'1 su* t !y _c coexi/ = an ab/ract logic1 :ile1 nev]!less1 ea* ( ! conflict+ facts may be intelligible relatively to its own presuppositions & true "u its own conditions1 s t ! #8contradiction' betwe5 !m is g5]at$ m]ely because ! logical /atem5t has ab/ract$ f ! special circum/ances ( ! case4 ,?is situation is1 ( c\rse1 recogniz$ v famili>ly & univ]sally 9 ! case ( value-judgem5ts4 ,we are all will+ to admit t "o man's meat may be ano!r man's poison1 t x is va9 to dispute ab\t ta/es1 & t ! same mode ( liv+ does n suit all con/itutions & all circum/ances4 ,we recognize1 too1 t pr(\nd diff]5ces ( op9ion & attitude exi/1 & always h exi/$1 among m54 ,! temp]am5tal diff]5ces :i* make e4g4 "o man indol5t ano!r ent]pris+1 "o man d>+ ano!r prud5t1 "o a cons]vative ano!r a radical1 "o an optimi/ ano!r a pessimi/1 are s deeply root$ 9 human nature z to be1 humanly speak+1 in]adicable4 ,& if s1 mu/ x n be conc$$ t situations occur :i* w inevitably1 consi/5tly1 & rightly1 be judg$ diff]5tly by ^! diff]5t p]sons8 ,aga91 x %\ld be not$ t ^! diff]5ces 9 valuation are n m]ely subjective3 !y spr+ f objective diff]5ces 9 human nature1 & are z objective z any o!r facts ab\t x4 ,= example1 t c]ta9 p]sons dislike pork 7because !y _c dige/ x71 & hate cats 7because _! pres5ce makes !m feel ill71 re/s z mu* on a physiological fact ( _! con/itution z t o!rs suff] f #8hay fev]'4 ,simil>ly1 x is q plausible to cont5d t #8e little boy & girl t is born alive1 is born a little lib]al or a cons]vative'1 & c]ta9ly ! normal gr[? ( cons]vatism z ! individual m9d ages is pro( en\gh t *anges ( belief dep5d on psy*ological law1 & are correlat$ ) ! h>d5+ ( tissue :i* is a g5]al symptom ( s5esc5ce4 ,aga91 is x possible to imag9e a situation s bad or s good t x _c be int]pret$ ei!r optimi/ically or pessimi/ically8 ,9 mo/ cases ei!r int]pretation is q easy1 & ! *oice betwe5 !m is effect$ by %e] temp]am5tal bias4 ,if1 !n1 we succe$ 9 do+ :at ! natural man w always f9d difficult1 & reg>d su* diff]5ces ( op9ion 9 a sci5tific & non-p>tisan way1 mu/ we n admit t bo? ! conflict+ /&po9ts are inevitable & ju/ifiable8 ,nei!r c be pron\nc$ wrong 9 g5]al & p] se1 ?\gh 9 reg>d to a p>ticul> problem or occasion ei!r may be4 ,let u conclude1 !n1 t x may really be a #8fact' t ! #8facts' ju/ify "o int]pretation & attitude to "o m9d & ano!r to ano!r4 ,?is argum5t is re9=c$ by ! fur!r consid]ation t ev5 ! mo/ objective /atem5ts ( fact involve value-judgem5ts 9 _! ultimate analysis4 ,= !y express1 (t5 explicitly & always implicitly1 ! *oices & valuations by :i* a v>iety ( pret5d]s to reality h be5 exam9$ & sift$1 & ! mo/ valuable h be5 decl>$ #8truly real'4 ,we h se5 t 9 a sci5tific inquiry ! #8facts' mu/ always be tak5 z alleg$ facts1 discov]$ up to date2 h5ce a sci5ce mu/ always be ready to def5d ! #8facts' x recognizes1 :5 !y are *all5g$1 & to %[ :]e9 !y excel conflict+ allegations4 ,! accept$ #8facts' ( a sci5ce1 !re=e1 are always allegations :i* are ?\ght to possess great] value ?an any kn[n alt]native2 h5ce no %>p or absolute di/9ction betwe5 judgem5ts ( fact & judgem5ts ( value c be ma9ta9$4 ,x becomes1 moreov]1 q possible t incompatible allegations ( fact may 9 ! actual /ate ( a sci5ce be s ne>ly balanc$ t !re is no conv9c+ reason to pref] "o to ano!r1 or at any rate none t c\ld prevail aga9/ any ord9>y temp]am5tal bias4 ,consequ5tly1 9 su* cases ! bias w condition ! visibility ( ! #8fact'2 x w be ba!d 9 a #8subjective' atmosph]e1 & ! #8eye ( fai?' w be necess>y to p]ceive x4 ,no d\bt su* situations are inconv5i5t1 & repell5t to ! sci5tific _s2 b !y d n occur only 9 ! mi/y regions ( religion & philosophy1 & sci5tific alt]natives l #8*ance' or #8design'1 #8miracle' or #8law'1 #8me*anism' or #8vitalism'1 det]m9ism or indet]m9ism are ess5tially ( ?is ord]4 ,!re is no reason1 !re=e1 :y logic %\ld n recognize !m & ackn[l$ge t ! sci5tific #8facts' may be ambigu\s1 9 ! s5se t fur!r exp]i5ce & exp]im5ts are ne$$ to det]m9e _! "*4 ,z a rule1 to judge by ! pa/1 fur!r inquiry w resolve ! ambiguity2 b x may well be an illusion to assume t x mu/ d s1 & 9 "s ( ! mo/ important cases ! decision w c]ta9ly be long 9 com+4 ,?us ! /ud5t ( animal behavi\r w probably long be left ) a *oice betwe5 m9imiz+ ! displays ( animal intellig5ce & assimilat+ !m to ! human1 :ile x w probably always be possible to put a pessimi/ic or an optimi/ic int]pretation ^u ! facts ( life z a :ole4 ,a sci5tific logic !re=e %\ld radically disabuse ! m9d ( any excessive tru/ 9 #8facts'4 ,x is a sup]/ition t #8facts' are pla91 /raight=w>d1 & easy to discov]2 !y are (t5 subtle & recondite & relative to circum/ances1 *ang+ _! aspect to suit _! sci5tific environm5t l any *ameleon4 #cb4 7c7 ,9 consid]+ ! use ( words 9 rese>*1 "o _c ( c\rse ov]look ! obvi\s fact t ! employm5t ( words is prim>ily det]m9$ by _! e/abli%$ mean+s1 & t ^! greatly limit our fre$om to use !m z we please4 ,words naturally & inevitably sugge/ _! e/abli%$ uses by _! m]e s\nds1 & %\ld always be us$ ) a prop] respect = _! pa/ hi/ory & pres5t mean+4 ,to be s5sitive to ?is appeal is ! m>k ( ! educat$ s*ol>2 b x does n require ! inve/igator to exhau/ 8 en]gies 9 va9 attempts to /]eotype absolutely ! curr5t mean+s1 & s to deprive words ( _! ess5tial function4 ,= _! ess5tial function is aft] all to be in/rum5ts = ! convey+ ( actual mean+1 & actual mean+s are always m or less new 7cf4 #ab74 ,x occurs to a p>ticul> p]son 9 a p>ticul> situation to express & convey a mean+ :i* has nev] 9 its full concret5ess occurr$ be=e4 ,if ! novelty ab\t ?is situation is appreciable & important1 x may well be t ! old words w n fully succe$ 9 convey+ ! new mean+2 & yet we %all always endeav\r to use !m1 & select f ! accumulat$ weal? ( language ! words :i* w suffice = our purpose4 ,= ! alt]native is worse2 we _c always be co9+ new words = e new mean+ we may desire to convey2 !y w\ld n be und]/ood or rememb]$1 & ev5 if !y 71 a sci5ce t employ$ no?+ b te*nical t]ms1 & 0 moreov] compell$ cont9ually to *ange !m1 because x w\ld n use !m to convey new mean+s1 w\ld spe$ily deg5]ate into an ab/ruse game1 & c\ld make no progress4 ,h[ impracticable su* a policy w\ld be may be gaug$ by ! grave inconv5i5ce :i* ev5 n[ sy/emati/s cause by s frequ5tly *ang+ ! sci5tific names ( plants & animals4 ,x is indisp5sable1 !re=e1 t words %\ld reta9 a c]ta9 measure ( pla/icity1 9 virtue ( :i* !y c be transf]r$ f old situations to new & be us$ to convey new mean+s4 ,nor is !re usually any difficulty ab\t ?us impos+ new duties on ! old t]ms2 "u ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( ! situation ev5 wide dep>tures f ! e/abli%$ mean+s may rema9 intelligible1 & s ! progress ( sci5ce is n imp$$4 ,! traditional logic1 h[ev]1 _c treat ! matt] s lightly4 ,= ! pla/icity ( words may always eng5d] a conflict betwe5 ! old mean+ & ! new1 betwe5 ! sci5tific use ( t]ms & ! traditional conv5tions ab\t _! use4 ,& ?is c always be repres5t$ z a defiance ( ! #8laws ( ?\ght'4 ,= if ! mean+ ( #8,a' may be alt]$ by ! gr[? ( k1 x w no long] be true t ev]y?+ once call$ #8,a' is truly ,a1 nor t :at 0 once incompatible ) ,a w cont9ue to be s = all "t4 ,h5ce x is no long] necess>ily true t #8,a is ,a'1 & t ,a _c bo? be & n be ,b4 ,x may be bo? 9 diff]5t s5ses1 & 9 :at s5se #8,a' & #8,b' %\ld be tak5 may be precisely ! po9t at issue4 ,?us v]bal contradiction ceases to be a cle> pro( ( error2 x may be only a mu*-ne$$ w>n+ t our t]ms h be5 develop+ new mean+s4 ,h5ce1 ! #8laws' ( ,id5tity & ,contradiction lose _! la/ claims to be reg>d$ z /atem5ts ( fact1 & h to be conceiv$ z ideal po/ulates ( j s mu* /ability ( mean+ z is requisite = effective und]/&+4#djb ,!y c be appli$ to reality only hypo!tically1 i4e4 exp]im5tally1 to discov] :e!r 9 a giv5 situation ! natural gr[? 9 ! mean+ ( ! t]ms may rightly be treat$ z irrelevant1 & does n vitiate ! conclusion :i* ! reason+ =eca/s4 ,n[ ?is problem c nev] be settl$ a priori by reason+1 b only by subsequ5t exp]i5ce4 ,reason+ may =eca/ a result :i* exp]i5ce fails to confirm2 :5 we discov] t comets' tails are n attract$ by ! sun b repell$1 we d n decl>e ! facts #8contradictory'1 b modify our notion ( #8gravitation'1 & conceive x z inf]ior to #8light pressure' 9 its effects ^u p>ticles ( a c]ta9 m9ut5ess4 ,x foll[s t no m]ely logical scrut9y ( ! t]ms ( an argum5t c ev] settle a sci5tific "q4 ,if a #8contradiction' is real1 x means ei!r a diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 ^? :o make ! incompatible ass]tions1 or1 9 ! case ( a real #8self-contradiction'1 ! utt]+ ( #8nons5se' & a failure to prop\nd a mean+ at all4 ,b ev5 ! mo/ gl>+ #8contradictions' may only be app>5t1 i4e4 v]bal3 :5 we inquire into _! actual mean+ we may f9d t !y ref] to a context 9 :i* its t]ms are p]fectly compatible4 ,?us ! exi/5ce ( a #8r\nd squ>e' may be pr$icat$ ( ,london1 & a #8triangle's' angles may equal or may exce$ two "r angles1 accord+ z x belongs to ,euclid's geometry or to ,riemann's4 #cc4 ,! problem ( discov]y1 !re=e1 is nev] "o ( :i* ! solution c be gu>ante$ 9 advance4 ,! res\rces ( a sci5ce are nev] suffici5t to assure u ( a prosp]\s issue ( ! rese>*1 ?\gh1 rightly und]/ood1 !y yield important safegu>ds4 ,a recognition ( ! in/rum5tal value ( words z ancill>y to mean+1 & ( ! limitations "u :i* !y lab\r1 w gu>d ! inquir] aga9/ ! t]rible v]balism to :i* logic has be5 enslav$4 ,a critical attitude t[>ds allegations ab\t #8facts' w enable him to m9imize ! dang]s ( error1 deception1 & bigotry4 ,a conception ( #8pr9ciples' z work+ hypo!ses w disc\rage a s]vile & sup]/iti\s rev]5ce = !m1 & ju/ify ! fulle/ fre$om to exp]im5t ) :atev] ideas hold out hopes ( v]ification & ( sci5tific progress4 ,toge!r ^! ?ree consid]ations w pretty ?or\ghly emancipate inquiry f ! %ackles ( any me*anical s*eme ( #8pro('4 ,inde$1 pro( 9 ! old =mal s5se w h become a *im]a4 ,x w no long] be possible to *]i% ! belief 9 a self-suffic+1 self-satisfi$ =m ( absolute pro(1 ( :i* ! pure logician imag9$ himself ! possessor & retail]4 ,sci5tific pro(1 on ! o!r h&1 w be nei!r absolute nor =mal4 ,x w n be absolute1 because x w always be relative to ! actual condition ( a sci5ce2 x w n be =mal1 because x w nev] be absolute4 ,x w only be ! be/ kn[n int]pretation1 & w always imply alt]natives1 to "s ( :i* x may wrongly h be5 pref]r$1 :ile to o!rs x may be de/9$ to succumb 7 #bf1 #bg74 ,x w be #8valid' s long z x is ! /ronge/2 b to x1 z to ! prie/ ( ,diana ,nemor5sis1 z to ,uranus & ,cronus1 w come ! day :5 x is invalidat$ & sup]s$$ by a /rong] & bett]1 desc5d$1 x may well be1 f itself4 ,sci5tific pro( !n w always be an evaluation ( evid5ce1 a mak+ ! mo/ ( ! available res\rces ( a sci5ce1 a "q ( ! comp>ative values ( rival int]pretations4 ,x /&s to reason t su* an evaluation _c op]ate m]ely ) ! crit]ia ( =mal logic4 ,inde$1 ( ! processes kn[n to ! traditional logic1 only ^? :i* _c be repres5t$ z #8=mally valid' w be exemplifi$ 9 sci5tific kn[+4 ,x w n be possible to f9d any g5u9e cases ( absolute c]ta9ty or unconditional pro(2 b analogies1 probabilities1 hypo!ses1 alt]natives1 ev5 fallacies & fictions1 w ab\nd1 & w someh[ h to be disc\nt$4 ,cle>ly ! evaluation ( su* ?+s w be a delicate affair2 x _c be accompli%$ by recit+ ,b>b>a ,cel>5t & crudely apply+ a few simple me*anical =mulas4 ,x w dem& ! en]getic co-op]ation ( ! :ole intellig5ce1 & inde$ ( ! :ole p]sonality1 & _c scorn ! aid ( psy*ological factors4 ,= x is pla9 t ! evaluation ( a complicat$ sci5tific situation w require bo? exp]t k ( sci5tific detail & philosophic grasp ( g5]al pr9ciples & connexions2 x w ne$ also #8tact'1 #8judgem5t'1 an #8eye f exp]i5ce'1 & a ho/ ( simil> qualities t elude precise v]bal =mulation4 ,x w no long] be practicable to flatt] m$iocrity & dullness1 & to imp$e discov]y1 by proclaim+ me?ods t disp5se ) imag9ation1 +5uity1 orig9ality1 boldness1 ent]prise1 & va9ly endeav\r to put g5ius = discov]y on a p> ) m9dless p$antry 9 apply+ /]eotyp$ & /]ile rules4 #cd4 ,b j because a logic t recognizes ! actual process ( discov]y does n presume to dictate =mal me?ods to ! discov]]1 & leaves him a v free h&1 x does n relieve him ( any ( ! responsibility = conduct+ 8 rese>*es to a prosp]\s issue4 ,z !re is no long] any pret5ce t any logical ma*9]y c be devis$ to gu>antee success1 success & failure become 8 p]sonal a*ievem5ts4 ,if he fails1 he c no long] plead t x is n 8 fault1 see+ t he has kept e lett] ( ! law & brok5 no logical rule4 ,?is may be precisely :y he fail$4 ,p]haps he %\ld h tak5 risks4 ,he may h ga!r$ su* enorm\s masses ( fact t he c\ld no long] see ?r\gh !m1 nor select ! few t 7 relevant to 8 problem4 ,he may h be5 s s5sible ( ! ne$ = caution t he d>$ n speculate or move4 ,he may h devot$ himself to unimportant problems or miss$ ! important sides ( important problems1 or h w&]$ away into b>r5 wa/es ( dialectics1 or h got bogg$ 9 a mire ( v]balism1 or h pursu$ elusive phantoms ( unv]ifiable speculations4 ,= !re are cle>ly _m ways ( fail+4 ,only 9 :atev] way he fails1 8 p]sonal failure is pro tanto a failure ( sci5ce to progress4 ,e sci5ce has someh[ to get hold ( a clue to guide x ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( fact1 & ?is clue has to lead x "r1 ?\gh x ne$ n #8foll[ necess>ily' f previ\s k4 ,nev]!less1 if1 & 9 s f> z1 a rese>*] succe$s 9 mak+ a discov]y1 "s ( 8 p]sonal cr$it is reflect$ ^u 8 me?ods ex-po/ facto4 ,_! success does n1 ( c\rse1 e/abli% _! =mal #8validity'2 b x /ops ! m\? ( ^? :o argu$ t :at is #8invalid' mu/ be wor?less4 ,me?ods t succe$ mu/ h value1 a great] ?+ ?an #8validity'1 h[ev] f> & h[ev] boldly !y dep>t$ f ! canons ( =mal pro(4 ,! success has %[n t 9 ?is case ! inquir] 0 "r to select ! facts he fix$ ^u z significant1 & to neglect ! re/ z irrelevant1 to connect !m z he did by ! #8laws' he appli$ to !m1 to !orize ab\t !m z he did1 to p]ceive ! analogies1 to weigh ! *ances1 z he did1 to speculate & to run ! risks he did4 ,b only 9 ?is case4 ,9 ! v next case1 :i* he takes to be #8ess5tially ! same' z ! la/1 & z ne>ly analog\s z is humanly possible1 he may f9d t ! diff]5ces 7:i* always exi/ betwe5 cases7 are relevant1 & t 8 me?ods & assumptions h to be modifi$ to cope ) x successfully4 ,b he %\ld n be disc\rag$4 ,= ! ultimate gr\nd ( ! :ole cognitive proc$ure by :i* we analyse ! fl[ ( ev5ts is empirical4 ,x is only an empirical fact t k is possible1 i4e4 t ! c\rse ( ev5ts is su* t human m9ds c analyse x at all1 t is1 c pick out & con/ruct cases ( #8! same'1 ( :i* ! c\rse c be pr$ict$ by means ( ! 7v]bally7 /able =mulas we call #8! laws ( nature'4 ,= logic at any rate ^! laws are nei!r sup]natural behe/s nor metaphysical entities3 !y are =ms = classify+ happ5+s1 9 :i* ! blanks h to be fill$ 9 ) ! v>iable values ( ! p>ticul> happ5+s4 ,:at ! "r values are1 & ev5 :at is ! "r =mula to apply1 w always dep5d on ! p>ticul> case :i* =ms ! actual problem4 ,x is only ! empirical fact t ! diff]5ces betwe5 problems may s (t5 be treat$ z irrelevant :i* g5]ates ! illusion t problems may be solv$ 9 advance by g5]al =mulas3 9 reality e problem 9 its full concret5ess is unique1 & we are nev] absolutely sure t x w submit to ! rule we apply to x4 ,h5ce x is solv$ only :5 we come to x & f9d x am5able to our me?ods2 9 pr9ciple x eludes logical pr$iction1 because x c be kn[n z a #8case' ( ! successful #8law' only aft] ! exp]im5t has confirm$ ! =eca/4 ,to ! inquir]1 !re=e1 no result c seem c]ta9 until x has occurr$2 x is only ex po/ facto t ! logician c describe x z an indubitable case ( "s law f :i* x foll[s ( necessity4 ,b 9 s do+ he has *ang$ x1 & repudiat$ ! duty ( describ+ actual kn[+4 ,all he is do+ is to re>range a piece ( k1 acquir$ )\t 8 aid by means he condemns z illicit1 9 ! ord] he is pleas$ to call #8logical'4 ,?is ord] has a c]ta9 ae/hetic value1 b x is emphatically n ! ord] ( discov]y1 & ?r[s no light on ! process ( acquir+ k4 #ce4 ,:at function !n c be assign$ to ! logician's reflection on ! work+s ( sci5ce8 ,9 view ( 8 failure to sub/antiate 8 claim to h provid$ a model = inquiry 9 8 s*eme ( #8pro('1 x might seem t he 0 ei!r useless or p]nici\s4 ,useless1 if he m]ely devotes himself to con/ruct+ #8ideals ( pro(' :i* he admits to h no relation to ! actual problems ( sci5ce2 p]nici\s1 if he is prompt$ by ^! ideals to make dem&s ) :i* no sci5ce c comply1 & to deliv] judgem5ts :i* w\ld p>alyse ! sci5ce t attempt$ to c>ry !m into execution4 ,=tunately1 he _c en=ce !m1 & ! sci5ces actually g on _! way1 ignor+ su* #8logic'4 ,! prop] inf]5ce f 8 impot5ce is t he w\ld d well to take up a position :i* is m useful & m influ5tial1 if less pret5ti\s4 ,let ! logician !n give up ! pret5ce ( dictat+ to ! sci5ces & ( judg+ ! wor? ( sci5tific tru? by rigid =ms ( absolute pro(2 let him ab&on ! va9 pursuit ( #8validity'4 ,nay1 m1 let him r5\nce ! claim to det]m9e ! sci5tific value ( an argum5t by a m]e inspection ( its logical "*4 ,let him confess t :at alone he c criticize is ! incongruities 9 its v]bal expression1 & t its real value lies beyond 8 k54 ,if he w conc$e all ?is1 8 rew>d w be t he has v9dicat$ = logic an important "r ( m real value ?an ! claims he has ab&on$4 ,= he w h obta9$ ! "r ( summon+ ! sci5ces to /ate _! results 9 intelligible & consi/5t t]ms1 & to confront !m ) a problem :5 !y d n4 ,j because he does n presume to condemn !m1 & no long] v5tures to decl>e t incompatible & v]bally #8contradictory' results are necess>ily wrong & wor?less1 b only urges t !y are n intelligible z !y /&1 & ne$ to be reword$ or inquir$ into f>!r1 he ga9s ! "r ( rais+ problems1 & /imulates ! sci5ces to proce$ to solve !m4 ,x %\ld be not$1 moreov]1 t ! problems ?us rais$ are g5]al1 n special1 i4e4 are prop]ly logical4 ,! problem ab\t #8contradictory' results is "o ab\t mean+1 = contradictory ass]tions cancel ea* o!r's 7app>5t7 mean+4 ,?is enables ! logician to keep ! sci5ces engag$ ^u ! logical problem ( solv+ ! discrepancies betwe5 _! results1 s long z ! sci5ces d n =m "o complete & congru\s sy/em1 i4e4 indef9itely4 ,simil>ly ! d5ial t tru? is absolute is a g5]al tru? t affects all ! sci5ces4 ,x %\ld /imulate !m all1 = x means t no /atem5t is s p]fect t x _c be bett]$ & t no limits c be set to ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,o!r topics :i* are #8logical'1 because !y conc]n ! g5]al significance ( sci5tific proc$ure & n ! solution ( p>ticul> problems1 are ! nature & importance ( select+ #8facts' & ! #8laws' !y are tak5 to exemplify1 ! exp]im5tal attitude & ! fram+ ( hypo!ses1 ! evaluation ( probabilities & alt]natives1 ! e/imation ( relevance & ( v]ifications & ( ! am\nts ( ! latt] :i* are requisite & ! sorts ( x :i* are relevant4 ,on all ^! po9ts logic has hi!rto _h little or no?+ to say1 ma9ly because !y did n l5d !mselves to =mal treatm5t4 ,la/ly1 !re are two extremely important subjects1 :i* are s vital to ! logic ( discov]y t a brief discussion ( !m may fitly conclude ?is essay4 ,we may call !m ! problem ( ,novelty & ! problem ( ,risk4 #cf4 ,9 ,logic we are n conc]n$ ) ! metaphysics ( ,novelty1 i4e4 ) ! problem ( :e!r !re ev] ent] ! _w ?+s t are really & truly un=ese5 & unpr$ictable1 t pop into x f n[h]e1 & if s1 :e!r & h[ we c und]/& su* ?+s4 ,?is problem is deep & difficult1 & s1 until rec5tly1 philosoph]s h f\ght %y ( x1 & us$ to settle x (f-h& by a flat d5ial t su* ?+s c\ld be 9 a #8rational' univ]se4 ,b n[ t ,m4 ,b]gson has giv5 u a radically new metaphysic1 & t we are beg9n+ to p]ceive t ! pr9ciples us$ to dispose ( ! matt]1 viz4 causality & ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 are ess5tially me?odological1 ! "q has become an op5 "o4 ,logic1 h[ev]1 has no ne$ to probe x2 x c treat x m simply4 ,= its purposes x c1 & mu/1 treat novelty z a real logical fact4 ,x is a psy*ological fact1 & logic mu/ note x1 t e mom5t ( our life has = u a c]ta9 flav\r ( newness2 x is also a fact t e real judgem5t t is ev] made has a c]ta9 relation to novelty4#djc ,its mak] believes1 ei!r t x embodies a new tru?1 or t ?\gh kn[n to him x is new to 8 he>]s4 ,if he did n believe ?is he w\ld h no motive to make x4 ,x w\ld be /ale repetition1 devoid ( int]e/ or value alike to him & to o!rs1 :om he w\ld m]ely bore by tell+ !m :at !y1 too1 knew already4 ,s f>1 !n1 ! logical nature ( novelty seems simple4 ,x gives rise to problems1 h[ev]1 :5 we consid] ! relation ( ! new tru? to ! old4 ,x is cle>1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! new tru? mu/ affect ! old4 ,ev5 :]e we are will+ to m9imize its novelty1 & to call x m]ely an #8ext5sion' ( :at we already knew1 x mu/ modify x & *ange its value4 ,= 9 ! light ( ! new developm5ts ! old tru? means m3 x has relations 9 an enl>g$ field ( k4 ,moreov]1 ! new tru? is (t5 n m]ely an ext5sion b also a correction1 & ! effect ( ! correction may sometimes be revolution>y4 ,x may ev5 seem to upset ! old beliefs altoge!r1 ?\gh human +5uity is f> too f]tile 9 build+ bridges 7(t5 only v]bal7 f ! old to ! new to all[ ?is impression to be p]man5t4 ,/ill 9 all ^! cases !re is m or less discrepancy betwe5 ! new & ! old4 ,! logician1 h[ev]1 %\ld insi/ t ?is fact %\ld n be bl9k$4 ,he %\ld recognize ! discrepancy1 & emphasize its significance1 j because = o!r purposes x is usually conv5i5t to ignore x4 ,= x is n only ! s\rce ( real ambiguity 9 ! facts ( sci5ce1 & ( ! important diff]5ces ( op9ion among m5 & ( _! ob/9ate p]si/5ce1 b ! ju/ification ( ! policy ( op5-m9d$ness & tol]ation :i* he reg>ds z necess>y to sci5tific progress4 ,inasmu* z ( e discrepancy betwe5 ! old tru? & ! new x w be possible to take two views1 & ei!r to cl+ to ! old or to put "o's tru/ 9 ! new1 !re w always be a p>ty ( cons]vation & a p>ty ( innovation1 or o!rwise a cons]vative & a lib]al bias1 9 sci5ce z 9 politics4 ,x is1 moreov]1 futile to discuss1 9 ! ab/ract1 :i* ( !m is "r3 = x w\ld cle>ly be fatal to g all l5g?s ) ei!r4 ,sci5ce c\ld make no progress1 ei!r if e novelty 7 at once condemn$ & suppress$ because ( its failure to con=m ) ! accept$ doctr9e1 or if ev]y?+ new 7 hail$ z true reg>dless ( its concordance ) ! old tru?1 s t ! c\rse ( sci5ce became a s]ies ( radical revolutions t _h no consi/5t direction4 ,9 concrete cases ( c\rse bo? sides are sometimes "r1 ?\gh hi/orically ! /rong] bias m5 h %[n has be5 ! cons]vative4 ,:at usually happ5s is t ! new tru? is fir/ d5\nc$ z an immoral inv5tion :i* is subv]sive ( all intelligible ord] & cosmic rationality2 x is !n quietly assimilat$ & n infrequ5tly conv]t$ 9 ! end into ! /ronge/ support ( ! beliefs x 0 alleg$ to subv]t4 ,b x w\ld be a real ga9 if logic1 by view+ ?is natural feature ( kn[+ 9 its g5]ality1 c\ld induce m5 ( sci5ce to take x m calmly4 ,if x 7 g5]ally recogniz$ t e claim to new tru?1 h[ev] great ! advantages x promises1 necess>ily entails c]ta9 inconv5i5ces1 because ! old beliefs & notions h to be modifi$ & readju/$1 & ?is may involve too great an ef=t to be wor? :ile1 or an ef=t too great = c]ta9 m9ds1 x w\ld be se5 t !re are two sides to e "q1 & t bo? may be 9 a way legitimate4 ,if1 9 addition1 we recognize t ! p>ties conc]n$ usually h a bias :i* may r5d] !m dang]\sly bl9d to ! case ( ! o!r side1 & t bo? %\ld be admoni%$ to disc\nt _! bias duly1 we %all h done n a little to secure fair-m9d$#djd consid]ation1 reasonable discussion1 & intellig5t *oice betwe5 ! alt]natives4 ,& all ?is surely conduces to sci5tific progress4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t ! problem ( relat+ ! new to ! old always exi/s1 & has a vital influ5ce on ! =tunes ( e sci5ce4 ,b x is n capable ( any =mal or ab/ract solution a priori4 ,:i* is to be pref]r$ is a matt] :i* mu/ be left to ! exp]t :o is cognizant ( ! circum/ances ( ! case3 logic c help only by broad5+ 8 m9d1 & putt+ him on 8 gu>d aga9/ 8 own p]sonal bias1 :i* might o!rwise unconsci\sly det]m9e 8 decision4 #cg4 ,to admit t sci5tific inquiries conc]n problems1 & t to e problem 7at lea/7 two solutions may be prop\nd$1 betwe5 :i* a *oice has to be made1 is to admit t k mu/ take risks 9 ord] to progress4 ,= !re is always ! risk ( *oos+ ! wrong solution ( a problem1 i4e4 ! "o :i* works less well1 j z !re are always risks ( *oos+ a bad problem & ( select+ ! wrong facts & ! wrong !ories to expla9 !m )al4 ,nev]!less1 we ought n to res5t ?is fact4 ,= ! tak+ ( risks is inevitable3 we _c escape x ei!r by refus+ to inquire or by refus+ to decide4 ,= 9 ei!r case we run ! risk ( miss+ a valuable tru?4 ,x is bett]1 !re=e1 to recognize t e act ( kn[+ mu/ involve risks1 j z e act ( liv+ does2 & ?is = ! simple reason t kn[+ is an activity compris$ 9 liv+1 & e judgem5t is an act1 :i* might h be5 left undone1 or = :i* ano!r might h be5 sub/itut$4 ,! read9ess ( ! new conception ( logic to emphasize ! exi/5ce ( risks 9 all reason+1 & to sanction ! will+ness to take !m1 contra/s m>k$ly ) ! va9 ef=ts ( ! old logic to play = safety1 & to make no move t 0 n absolutely necess>y 7cf4 #aj74 ,?is 0 :y x po/ulat$ absolutely c]ta9 premisses1 & w\ld contemplate no?+ b #8valid' =ms ( reason+4 ,9 its desire to elevate its pro(s above ! p]plexities & vicissitudes ( mundane problems1 ! old logic 0 express+ & com=t+ a deep-seat$ human crav+3 = life is s replete ) ! mo/ hide\s risks t x is a natural in/9ct to clut* at any promise ( security4 ,h5ce ! passionate & almo/ religi\s rev]5ce ) :i* =mal logic has be5 reg>d$ = ov] #b1jjj ye>s4 ,_m philosoph]s /ill wor%ip ! syllogism1 because x seems to !m an incomp>able exempl> ( absolute security firmly fix$ 9 ! sph]e ( immutable necessity f> above ! flux ( ph5om5a1 :i* x illum9es ) its /eady radiance4 ,b to exalt 9 ?is way its ideal ( pro(1 ! old logic _h to pay a heavy price4 ,! price 0 cutt+ ! ideal :olly adrift f ! actual1 contemplat+ exclusively a situation :i* c\ld nev] occur 9 real life1 & leav+ all actual inquiry to its devices1 un/udi$1 uncriticiz$1 & unaid$4 ,?us1 ! spl5did alo(ness ( ! logical ideal 0 pur*as$ by a total repudiation ( actual sci5ce4 ,to _m philosophic m9ds ?is price does n seem excessive4 ,! m useless tru? is made to appe>1 ! pur] & m admirable x seems to !m4 ,an ideal1 !y ?9k1 %\ld be l ,ari/otle's #8god'2 x %\ld attract1 )\t uplift+1 & )\t runn+ ! risk ( contam9ation by ! dirty "w ( life4 ,^! philosoph]s h always claim$ = _! attitude t x is philosophic p> excell5ce4 ,b _! claim1 besides be+ bas$ on a some:at r>e p]sonal idiosyncrasy1 is n really s\nd4 ,x is nei!r self-consi/5t nor a s\nd policy = life4 ,an ideal :i* repudiates ! actual1 & yet pr(esses someh[ to be its exempl>1 is left 9 ! impossible condition ( ! ,platonic #8,idea'4 ,if x 7 z sup]human z x claims to be1 no human m9d c\ld ev5 speculate ab\t x4 ,& we h se5 7 #ac7 t x is n 9 ! end possible to devise a =m ( pro( :i* is bomb-pro( aga9/ ! attacks ( exp]i5ce & sup]ior to v]ification4 ,is x n wis]1 !n1 to admit t life has its claims ^u sci5ce1 & sci5ce ^u logic8 ,we simply mu/ h a sci5ce t c h&le human life & meet human ne$s1 & does n deg5]ate into a game ) arbitr>y & fanta/ic rules :i* dep>t f ! actual conditions ( life 9 any direction & to any di/ance unre/ra9$ imag9ation c>ries !m2 & our logic mu/ deign to /udy su* a sci5ce4 ,if to d s x has to #8scrap' its antique #8ideals'1 to ab&on its pose ( an inhuman1 impassible1 infallible alo(ness1 & to int]e/ itself 9 ! d\bt+1 que/ion+1 guess+1 try+1 risk+1 blund]+1 correct+1 a*iev+ t make up ! sum ( human k1 x w receive an ample rew>d 9 ! gratitude ( man = a logic t has ent]$ 8 s]vice1 & 9 ! salut>y influ5ce :i* x w ex]cise ^u 8 actions4 ,conclusions 7#a7 ,we h %[n1 negatively1 t ! notion ( a =m ( pro(1 by :i* conclusions c be absolutely demon/rat$ by d9t ( pure logic alone1 is a delusion4 ,no su* =m c be con/ruct$ 7 #ac1 #ae71 & if x c\ld1 x c\ld nei!r f9d sci5tific mat]ial wor?y ( x 7 #bh71 nor conta9 ! mat]ial :i* is fabricat$ by ! sci5ces4 7#b7 ,we h !reby %[n t =mal logic _c repres5t ! logical nature ( discov]y or ( any ( ! processes ( actual kn[+1 & mu/ condemn !m all z #8invalid' 7 #ah1 #bj1 #bf1 #bh74 7#c7 ,we h se5 t a logic :i* attempts to und]/& actual kn[+ _c prescribe to ! sci5ces h[ !y are to solve _! problems 7 #cc74 7#d7 ,b x c grasp ! g5]al "* ( sci5tific proc$ure1 appreciate its difficulties & dang]s1 und]/& ! exp$i5ts = meet+ !m1 & trace x to its roots 9 ! con/itution ( ! human m9d & 9 ! ne$s ( life 7 #ce74 7#e7 ,9 virtue ( its g5]al grasp ( ! aim & me?od ( ! sci5ces a logic ( sci5ce c at times (f] advice to sci5ti/s3 x may draw _! att5tion to ! g5]al problems :i* _! "w involves1 b :i* are apt to be ov]look$ by speciali/s1 su* z ! claims ( consi/5cy & novelty & ! regulation ( risks 7 #cf74 ,or1 bett] /ill1 if !y w /udy x !mselves1 x may broad5 _! m9ds & enable !m to h&le ^! g5]al problems = !mselves f> m effectively ?an a pure logician c\ld d x = !m4 7#f7 ,by ab&on+ its pret5sions to rig\r & conclusiv5ess logic does n really lose3 x ga9s imm5sely by com+ into contact ) sci5ce & life1 & becom+ ( use 9 ! _w4 ,,index ,abano3 see ,pet] ( ,abano4 ,ab]crombie1 ,john1 ,inquiries conc]n+ ! ,intellectual ,p[]s1 #bdi n4 ,abi #8,uaibia1 ,ibn1 #bbg & n4 #d1 #bbh n4 #e1 #bbi4 ,abu'l ,f>aj ,gregory1 cit$1 #bbh n4 #c4 ,a*ill9i1 ,aless&ro1 #ie1 #ih1 #aje2 ,annotationes anatomiae1 #ie n4 #d4 ,adelphus1 ,johannes 7,j4 ,a4 ,mueli*71 ,mund9i de omnibus humani corporis int]ioribus membris ,ana?omia1 #ic n4 #c1 #if n4 #b1 #abh fig4 #bb4 ,adrian ,,iv1 ,pope1 ,/4 ,hildeg>d's correspond5ce )1 #e4 ,agob>d1 ,/41 ( ,lyons1 on wit*craft1 #aia4 ,agrippa1 ,cornelius1 opposition to wit* mania by1 #bad1 #bae4 ,al ,afdal1 ,sultan1 #bbf4 ,alb]ic ! y\ng]1 ,b5$ict9e monk1 ( ,monte ,cass9o1 #ba4 ,alb]totti1 ,g41 ,nuove oss]vazioni sul #8,fasciculus m$ic9ae' del ,ke?am1 #ij n4 #c4 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 #bb1 #cb1 #ea1 #aac1 #aad4 ,albig5sian h]esy1 #aib4 ,alcoatim1 anatomical "w by1 #aba4 ,alex&] ,,iii1 ,pope1 ,/4 ,hildeg>d's correspond5ce )1 #e4 ,alex&] ,v1 ,pope1 #ii2 po/-mortem exam9ation on1 #id4 ,alex&] ( ,neckam1 #bb1 #bc4 ,alex&] ( ,tralles1 #ahb4 ,alhaz51 #abb4 #8,ali #8,abbas3 see ,haly ,abbas4 ,al ,qifty1 ,classes ,philosophorum et a/ronomorum et m$icorum1 #bbi & n4 #c4 ,al ,tamimi al ,muqaddasi1 #bca n4 #b4 ,alva1 ,duke (1 #bba4 ,ampre1 cit$1 #ba4 ,analecta ,boll&iana1 #f n4 #b4 ,ana/asius ,,iv1 ,pope1 ,/4 ,hildeg>d's correspond5ce )1 #e4 ,anatomy 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 #gi-hf2 ,bolognese works on anatomy1 #ib-g2 draw+s ( anatomical /ructures1 c41 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #ha1 #hc1 #hd1 #hg-ia1 #if1 #aje1 #aab1 #aad1 #aaf1 #aag1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 plates ,,xviii1 ,,xxvii1 ,,xxviii1 ,,xxix1 ,,xxx1 ,,xxxi1 ,,xxxii1 ,,xxxiii1 ,,xxxiv1 ,,xxxv1 ,,xxxvi4 ,see also ,manfr$i1 ,hi]onymo4 ,anaxim&]1 #beg4 ,annal5 des ,v]e9s fr ,nassauis*e ,alt]?umskunde und ,ges*i*ts=s*ung1 #ac n4 #c4 ,an/is1 ,john1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,g>t]1 #afg4 ,antipodes1 !1 m$iaeval conception (1 #bb1 #bc4 ,anzeig] fr ,kunde d] deuts*5 ,vorzeit1 #ab n4 #b4 ,apocalypse1 !1 #bj4 ,aqu9as1 #ea1 #aic4 ,arabians1 influ5ce on e>ly sci5ce & on m$ic9e1 #ag1 #ah1 #bi1 #hd1 #hf1 #ib1 #ic1 #aae1 #abj1 #aba1 #abi1 #bbe-cd4 ,ar*aeological ,j\rnal 7,briti% ,ar*aeological ,association71 #aff n4 #a1 #agb n4 #c1 #agh4 ,ar*im$es1 #bec4 ,ar*iv fr die ,ges*i*te d] ,m$iz91 #ch n4 #d1 #dd nn4 #d1 #e1 #de n4 #a1 #hgnn4#a1 #c1 #d1 #hi n4 #b1 #aad n4 #c1 #aba n4 #a1 #abb n4 #a1 #abg n4 #e4 ,ar*iv fr die ,ges*i*te d] ,naturwiss5s*aft5 und d] ,te*nik1 #aba n4 #a4 ,ar*iv fr die zei*n5d5 ,kn/e1 #hg n4 #e4 ,ar*iv fr ,pa?ologie1 #ac n4 #d1 #bbf n4 #a4 ,argellata1 ,pietro d'1 description ( ! exam9ation ( ! body ( ,pope ,alex&] ,v1 #id & n4 #b4 ,ari/ippus1 translation ( ,ari/otle's ,meteorologica1 #bd n4 ,ari/otle1 #bhh2 anatomical conceptions (1 #df n41 #abf1 #abg2 logic & dialectics1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bdc1 #bde1 #bdh1 #bej1 #beb1 #bed1 #bee1 #beg1 #bei2 physiological !ories1 #ej n4 #d1 #fj1 #fa1 #ga1 #gc1 #ge2 !ory ( ! elem5ts1 #ag1 #be4 ,works cit$3 ,analytica po/]iora1 #bch1 #bde n41 #beb n41 #beg n42 ,de caelo et mundo1 #ag2 ,de p>tibus animalium1 #df n4 #a1 #abf nn4 #d1 #e2 ,hi/oria animalium1 #abf nn4 #c1 #d1 #e2 ,meteorologica1 #bd4 ,arm5gaud de ,blaise1 ,lat9 translation ( ,maimonides on ,poisons1 #bbf n4 #a4 ,arnald ( ,villanova1 *>ge ( sorc]y aga9/1 #aic4 ,a/rology1 #ch1 #dg1 #ig1 #ih4 ,a?anasius1 ,/41 #d1 #g4 ,atti e ,memorie della ,r4 ,deputazione di ,/oria ,patria p] le ,prov9cie di ,romagna1 #ii n4 #b4 ,augsburg1 ,peace (1 #aid4 ,augu/9e1 ,/41 #ag1 #bj1 #ea1 #aac1 #aih1 #baf4 ,avempace1 #ag4 ,av]roes1 #ag1 #ie4 ,avicebron1 #ag1 #dc n4 #a4 ,avic5na1 #ag1 #ah1 #hf1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #aja1 #aje1 #aac1 #aba1 #abb1 #abg1 #abi1 #ahb4 ,azzol9o1 fir/ record$ case ( dissection at ,bologna1 #ib4 ,ba*]1 ,w41 ,moses b5 ,maimon1 #bbi n4 #a4 ,bacon1 ,francis1 ,natural & ,exp]im5tal ,hi/ory1 #ahj4 ,bacon1 ,rog]1 anatomical writ+s & draw+s by1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aba1 #abb1 plate ,,xxxviii 7a72 on ! /ructure ( ! univ]se1 #bb4 ,baillet1 ,dom ,l\is1 #ee n42 ,les ,m9iatures du ,scivias de sa9te ,hildeg>de1 #g nn4 #a1 #b1 #ab n4 #a4 ,bak]1 ,f41 cit$1 #gi n4 #b4 ,balgi1 ,v9c5zo1 cit$1 #cj n4 ,baluze1 ti5ne1 ,miscellanea novo ord9e dige/a et non paucis in$itis monum5tis opportunisque animadv]sionibus aucta op]a ac /udio ,j4 ,d4 ,mansi1 #i n4 ,bamb]g1 wit*-burn+ 9 ! bi%opric (1 #aid1 #bjd1 #bjh-aj1 #bab4 ,b>a*1 ,c4 ,s41 cit$1 #ai n4 #b1 #cg n4 #a1 #ch n4 #a4 ,b>et1 ,john1 ( ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds1 #agb4 ,b> ,hebraeus1 cit$1 #bbh1 #bbi4 ,b>?olomaeus ,anglicus 7,b>?olomaeus de ,glanvilla71 anatomical draw+s (1 #hj fig4 #a1 #he fig4 #d2 ,de ,proprietatibus ,r]um1 #abi n4 #b4 ,batt&i]1 ,alb]t1 ,sa9te ,hildeg>de1 sa vie et ses uvres1 #e n4 #c2 cit$1 #af n4 #c1 #ba n4 #c1 #bc n4 #e4 ,bay=d1 ,rob]t1 ,en*iridion ,m$icum1 #aha4 ,beck1 ,!odor1 ,die ,gal5is*5 ,hirnn]v5 9 mod]n] ,beleu*tung1 #aah n4 #a4 ,b$e1 ! ,v5]able1 #bb4 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie des ,mittelalt]s1 #aac n4 #c4 ,b5$ict1 ,/41 #d1 #g4 ,b5ivi5i1 ,antonio1 ,de abditis nonnullis ac mir&is morborum et sanationum causis1 #ha & n4 #c4 ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela1 #bj4 ,b5tivoglio1 ,annibale1 #ajd4 ,b5tivoglio ,,ii1 ,giovanni3 ,manfr$i's d$ications to1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #acj2 portrait (1 #ajd1 plate ,,xxxvii4 ,b]gson1 ,h5ri ,l\is1 #bhe4 ,b]k%ire1 anci5t cu/om conc]n+ r+s & ! cure ( epilepsy1 #agc4 ,b]l93 see ,manuscripts4 ,b]n>d1 ,claude1 #fh4 ,b]n>d ( ,*>tres1 #cg n4 #a4 ,b]n>d1 ,/41 abbot ( ,clairvaux1 #d2 ,/4 ,hildeg>d's correspond5ce )1 #e4 ,b]n>d ,sylve/ris3 see ,sylve/ris4 ,b]n]s1 ,"l1 ,cloi/] ,life ( ,*>les ,v1 #agc & n4 #c4 ,b]oaldo1 ,filippo1 #ih1 #ii4 ,b]!let1 ,?omas 7pr9t]71 #abi4 ,b]tuccio 7pr(essor ( surg]y at ,bologna71 anatomical demon/rations by1 #hb1 #id4 ,bi*at1 ,x41 #ff4 ,b+51 #b1 #d1 #g1 #h1 #ab1 #bj4 ,b9sfeld1 ,pet]1 ,bi%op ( ,trves1 p]secution ( wit*es by1 #aig1 #aih1 #bbb2 ,tractatus de confessionibus maleficorum1 #aig1 #aih n4 #b1 #bbb n4 #b4 ,b9z1 ,dr4 ,k41 biography ( ,dr4 ,john ,wey]1 #ahi4 ,biological !ories1 #ei ff4 ,bir? & dea? & ! nature ( ! s\l1 ,hildeg>d's views on1 #di1 #ej1 plates ,,xix1 ,,xx4 ,black ,dea?1 !1 #aic4 ,blaise3 see ,arm5gaud de ,blaise4 ,blake1 ,william1 #ec4 ,bckelheim1 #b1 #c4 ,boe?ius1 #ag1 #ba4 ,bhm]1 ,j4 ,h41 ,ius ecclesia/icum1 #bjf n4 #b4 ,boleyn1 ,anne1 & ! use ( cramp-r+s1 #agd1 #age1 #agf4 ,bologna1 anatomical /udies at1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 #gh1 #gi1 #ha n41 #hb1 #hd2 anatomical works emanat+ f1 #ib-g2 a/rology at1 #ig-h2 colleagues ( ,manfr$i at ,univ]sity1 #ih2 ,manfr$i's h\se1 #ii2 ,m$ical ,faculty at1 #ib2 ,palazzo dei ,b5tivoglio1 #ajd4 ,boncompagni1 ,baldass>e1 ,della vita e delle op]e di ,gh]>do ,cremonese1 c41 #ag n4 #b4 ,boniface1 ,/41 on wit*craft1 #aia4 ,boniface ,,viii1 ,pope1 #bja4 ,boorde1 ,&rew1 on ! bless+ ( cramp-r+s1 #agf2 ,brevi>ie ( ,heal?1 ibid42 ,introduction ( ,k1 ibid4 ,borelli1 ,j4 ,a41 #fh4 ,bosco3 see ,johannes ,sacro ,bosco4 ,boselli1 ,e41 #ee n4 ,boswell1 ,james1 cit$1 #ahb4 ,botanik 9 kulturhi/oris*] ,entwickelung1 #ab n4 #b4 ,b\rdeaux3 see ,john ( ,b\rdeaux4 ,boyle1 ,rob]t1 #cb4 ,brac>a1 synod (1 #aic4 ,br&1 ,j41 ,popul> ,antiquities1 #agc n4 #c4 ,braun1 ,dr41 torture ( wit*es by1 #bjh1 #bji1 #baj4 ,brew]1 ,j4 ,s41 ,/ate ,pap]s3 ,budaei ,epi/olae1 #agc n4 #f4 ,bri/ol3 see ,manuscripts4 ,brockelmann1 ,k41 ,ges*i*te d] arabis*5 ,litt]atur1 #bbe n4 #a1 #bbh n4 #e1 #bbi n4 #c4 ,br[n1 ,sir ,?omas1 on wit*craft1 #bad1 #bbb1 #bbc4 ,bud1 ,guillaume1 & ! use ( cramp-r+s1 #agc1 #agd4 ,buffon1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,animaux1 #ff4 ,bullet9 de la ,socit franaise d'hi/oire de la mdec9e1 #ci n4 #b4 ,bullet9 ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,hospital1 #gi n4 #b4 ,bunge1 ,gu/av1 physiological views (1 #fd4 ,burnet1 ,bi%op ,gilb]t1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation1 on ! bless+ ( cramp-r+s1 #agd1 #age1 #agg4 ,bury ,wills 7,camd5 ,society71 #agb n4 #b4 ,burzio1 ,niccol1 ,bononia illu/rata1 #ig n4 #d4 ,cabali/ic sy/ems ( ! ,jews1 #bj4 ,caetani1 ,mi*elangelo1 duca di ,s]moneta1 ,la mat]ia della ,div9a ,comm$ia di ,dante ,allighi]i di*i>ata 9 ,,vi tavole1 #ca fig4 #d4 ,cambridge3 see ,manuscripts4 ,c>dan1 ,j]ome1 #bad4 ,c>pi1 ,giacomo ,b]5g>io da1 #ie-g1 #aje1 #ajf2 ,ana?omia ,mund9i1 #if n4 #a2 ,comm5t>ia cum amplissimis additionibus sup] anatomia ,mund9i1 #if n4 #a4 ,c>pi1 ,hugo da1 anatomical draw+s (1 #ij4 ,c>pzov1 ,b5$ict1 dea?-s5t5ces on wit*es & sorc]]s by1 #bjf4 ,c>tesian physiology1 pr9ciples (1 #fh4 ,c>tulaire de l',univ]sit de ,montpelli]1 #gi n4 #a4 ,ca?>i 7,albig5sian sect71 p]secution (1 #d1 #aib4 ,cavazza1 ,francesco1 ,le ,scuole dell' antico /udio bolognese1 #ii n4 #c4 ,caxton1 ,william1 /ory ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor & 8 r+ 9 ! ,gold5 ,leg5d1 #afe-f4 ,c]vetto1 ,g41 ,di alcuni illu/ri anatomici italiani del decimoqu9to secolo1 #hi n4 #b4 ,*antilly3 see ,manuscripts4 ,*>lemagne1 laws (1 reg>d+ wit*craft1 #aia4 ,*>les ,i1 #abf n4 #b4 ,*>les ,,ii & ! ,royal ,society1 #bgd4 ,*>les ,v1 ,emp]or ( ,g]many & ,k+ ( ,spa91 use ( cramp-r+s by1 #agc4 ,*>ms aga9/ diseases1 #aha1 #ahb4 ,see also ,cramp-r+s4 ,*>tres1 ,b]n>d (3 see ,b]n>d4 ,*auc]'s use ( ! ^w #8cramp'1 #ahj4 ,*auliac1 ,guy de1 ,gr&e ,*irurgie1 #ha n4 #b1 #hb1 #hc n41 #hd n4 #a1 #id1 #aje1 #aba1 plates ,,xxix1 ,,xxx2 f\rte5?-c5tury po/-mortem sc5e f1 #ha n4 #b4 ,*\lant1 ,l41 ,ges*i*te und ,bibliographie d] anatomis*5 ,abbildung na* ihr] ,beziehung auf anatomis*e ,wiss5s*aft und bild5de ,kun/1 #hg n4 #e1 #hi n4 #b4 ,*ri/ian view ( wit*craft3 e>ly times1 #aij1 #aia1 #aih1 #baf2 m$iaeval age1 #aia-d1 #bja2 ,re=mation p]iod1 #aij1 #aia1 #aid-f1 #bac1 #bbj1 #bba2 lat] times1 #aie1 #bjd1 #bbb4 ,*ryso/om1 ,/41 #baf4 ,clem5t ,v1 ,pope1 #bja4 ,cl]val1 ,a41 ,les coles de ,*>tres au ,moy5 ge1 #ai n4 #b1 #cg n4 #b4 ,cleves1 ,duke ,william (1 #bae1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbd4 ,cleves1 wit*craft 9 ! du*y (1 #bbj4 ,colle1 ,francesco ,m>ia1 ,/oria sci5tifico-lett]>ia dello ,/udio di ,padova1 #hb n4 #b4 ,coloman1 ,k+ ( ,hung>y1 on wit*craft1 #aia4 ,como1 wit*-burn+ 9 ! diocese (1 #bje4 ,concoreggio1 ,giovanni da1 ,lucid>ium et ,flos ,m$ic9ae1 #ie & n4 #a4 ,conrad1 ,emp]or1 ,hildeg>d's correspond5ce )1 #e4 ,conrad ( ,m>burg1 cit$1 #aib n4 #f4 ,con/ant9e ,africanus1 m$ical writ+s (1 #ac1 #af1 #dc1 #aba1 #abg2 ,de communibus m$ico cognitu necess>iis locis1 #dd & n4 #b1 #aad n4 #a2 ,de humana natura1 #de1 #ej2 ,pante*ni4 ,!orice1 #abg n4 #d4 ,conybe>e1 ,f4 ,c41 ,key ( ,tru?1 #aib n4 #d4 ,cop5hag53 see ,manuscripts4 ,cop]nicus1 #dc4 ,copho ( ,sal]no1 ,anatomia porci1 #dc1 #dd4 ,cotta's ,jubilums-,ausgabe1 #h n4 #b4 ,craigie1 ,dr41 ,hi/ory ( ,anatomy1 #ic n4 #b4 ,cramp1 e>ly use ( ! t]m1 #ahj-b4 ,cramp-r+s1 ! bless+ (1 by ! k+s & que5s ( ,engl&1 #afe-hg2 c]emonies ( bless+ cramp-r+s us$ on ,good ,friday1 #ahd-g2 (fice ( consecration us$ by ,que5 ,m>y1 #agg-i1 #ahb-d2 orig9 ( ! c]emony1 #afe1 #agi1 #ahj1 #ahb2 c]emonial obs]v$1 #afg1 #afh1 #aga1 #agh1 #agi2 its disuse1 #agi1 #ahj2 beque/s ( cramp-r+s1 #agb1 #agf2 diseases cov]$ by ! ^w #8cramp'1 #ahj-b4 ,crawfurd1 ,raymond3 ,! ,bless+ ( ,cramp-r+s2 a *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! treatm5t ( epilepsy1 #afe-hg2 ,k+'s ,evil1 cit$1 #aga n4 ,cremona1 ,g]>d (3 see ,g]>d4 ,cross1 c]emonial ( (f]+ & creep+ to !1 #afg1 #afh1 #afi4 ,cuy]1 ,e41 ,hi/oire de l',anatomie pla/ique1 #hf n4 #b4 ,dall>i1 ,umb]to1 ,i rotuli dei lettori legi/i e arti/i dello /udio bolognese dal #achd al #agii1 #ih n4 #a4 ,dalton1 ,j4 ,c41 ,doctr9es ( ! ,circulation1 #acj n4 #c4 ,damasc5us1 ,johannes1 #aac4 ,daniel1 ,book (1 #bj4 ,dante1 ,div9a ,comm$ia1 #bc2 ,quae/io de aqua et t]ra1 #cj n42 s*eme ( ! univ]se1 #a1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #cj1 #ca4 ,d>emb]g1 ,c41 editor ( ,lib] subtilitatum1 #ac2 uvres anatomiques1 physiologiques et mdicales de ,gali51 #aah n4 #a4 ,d>w9ian !ory1 #bcf1 #bdb1 #bde1 #beg4 ,datura ,/ramonium1 or ?orn-apple1 #aii4 ,de caelo et mundo1 #ag4 ,delation1 #bjb4 ,demiurgus1 !1 #aib4 ,demoniacs1 #aii1 #bae-bb4 ,see also ,wit*craft4 ,d5m>k1 wit*craft 91 #bbb4 ,de sag>um natura et pote/ate1 c41 #bjh n4 #a4 ,desc>tes1 biological !ories (1 #fg1 #fh4 ,devil1 m$iaeval views ( !1 #aij1 #aib-d1 #bjg1 #baf4 ,devon%ire1 anci5t cu/om conc]n+ r+s & ! cure ( epilepsy1 #agc2 *>m aga9/ fits1 #ahb4 ,dewey1 ,pr(essor ,john1 #bei4 ,dialectical pro( 9 relation to sci5tific discov]y1 #bch4 ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography1 #bcj n4 #a4 ,dief5ba*1 ,j41 ,d] ,hex5wahn1 #aie n4 #a1 #bba n4 #a4 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 #bei n4 ,disibode1 ,/41 ,hildeg>d's life (1 #c4 ,disibod5b]g1 conv5t (1 #b1 #db4 ,dissection3 see ,anatomy4 ,dresd53 see ,manuscripts4 ,dries*1 ,hans1 biological !ories (1 #fb-d1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga1 #gc1 #ge2 ,analytis*e ,!orie1 #fb1 #gj1 #ge2 ,vitalismus1 #ge4 ,dry&]1 ,johannes1 ,anatomia1 #ie n4 #c1 #aab4 ,duval1 ,m41 ,hi/oire de l',anatomie pla/ique1 #hf n4 #b4 ,edw>d ! ,confessor & 8 r+1 /ory (1 #afe1 #aff4 ,edw>d ,,ii & ! bless+ ( cramp-r+s1 #afg1 #afi4 ,edw>d ,,iii & ! bless+ ( cramp-r+s1 #afi1 #agj4 ,edw>d ,,iv & ! bless+ ( cramp-r+s1 #aga4 ,edw>d ,,vi & ! bless+ ( cramp-r+s1 #age1 #agg4 ,ehr5b]g3 see ,philip ( ,ehr5b]g4 ,eib+51 #h4 ,eleemosyna ,rolls ( ,edw>d ,,iii1 #afi1 #agj4 ,elem5ts1 m$iaeval !ories ( !1 #be-cj4 ,elizabe? ( ,s*nau1 visions (1 #ba1 #bb4 ,ellis1 ,sir ,h5ry1 #agh4 ,engl&1 fir/ pr9t$ map (1 #ii1 #ajj4 ,epilepsy & o!r spasmodic disord]s1 bless+ ( cramp-r+s = ! cure (1 #afe-hg4 ,essl+1 ,pr9ce d'1 ,les livres figures vniti5s de la f9 du ,,xve sicle et du comm5cem5t du ,,xvie1 #hi n4 #e4 ,euclidean geometry1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bej1 #bhj4 ,eug5ius ,,iii1 ,pope1 ,hildeg>d's correspond5ce )1 #e4 ,eye1 anatomy ( !1 #aah-bb4 ,ezekiel1 ,book (1 #bj4 ,fantuzzi1 ,giovanni1 ,notizie degli scrittori bolognesi1 #ig n4 #b1 #ii n4 #a4 ,fau/1 magic feats (1 #bae1 #baf1 #bah4 ,f]ckel1 ,*ri/oph1 cit$1 #aba n4 #a4 ,f]r>i1 ,h4 ,m41 ,une ,*aire de ,mdec9e au ,,xve sicle2 ,un pr(esseur l'univ]sit de ,pavie de #adcb #adgb1 #hf n4 #c4 ,flor5ce1 ,uffizi ,gall]y1 pa9t$ repres5tation ( ! ,cross1 #aj1 #aa1 plate ,x4 ,fludd1 ,rob]t1 ,hi/oria utriusque cosmi1 #da figs4 #f1 #g1 #dc2 ,philosophia sacra seu a/rologia cosmica1 #db fig4 #h1 #dc4 ,fonahm1 ,a41 cit$1 #hf n4 #a1 #acj n4 #a4 ,frn]1 ,bi%op1 wit*-burn+ by1 #bjh4 ,=tescue1 ,sir ,john1 ,def5sio ,iuris ,domus ,lanca/riae1 #aga4 ,fraca/or1 #dc4 ,frank=t1 wit*craft at1 #bba4 ,frati1 ,ludovico1 ,la vita privata di ,bologna dal secolo ,,xiii al ,,xvii1 #hd n4 #b4 ,fr$]ic ,b>b>ossa1 ,emp]or1 ,hildeg>d's correspond5ce )1 #e4 ,froiss>t1 #agc4 ,fulda1 wit*-burn+ 9 ! bi%opric (1 #aid4 ,fundis1 ,giovanni de1 #ih4 ,gabotto1 ,f]d9&o1 ,b>tolomeo ,manfr$i e l',a/rologia alla ,corte di ,mantova1 #ig n4 #d4 ,gal51 #ag1 #dc1 #dd1 #df n4 #a1 #fa1 #fg1 #hd1 #hf1 #hg1 #ig1 #aje1 #aaj1 #aaa n41 #aac & n4 #b1 #aae1 #aah1 #abe1 #abf1 #abg1 #abh1 #acf n41 #ahb2 ,de usu p>tium corporis humani1 #aaj n4 #a1 #aah n4 #b2 ,de ,hippocratis et ,platonis decretis1 #aah n4 #b2 illum9at$ codex (1 #hg1 #hh1 plate ,,xxxiv2 1 #abg n4 #a4 ,galileo1 #dc4 ,g>bo1 ,tommaso di1 #id4 ,g>d9]1 ,/eph51 ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/]1 & ! use ( cramp-r+s1 #agd1 #age1 #agg4 ,g>rod1 ,h4 ,w41 ,manili ,a/ronomicon1 #ci n4 ,g>t]1 ,ord] ( !1 #agh4 ,geb5o1 prior ( ,eb]ba*1 m$iaeval writ]1 #ae4 ,geffck51 ,j41 ,dr4 ,johann ,wey]1 #ahi n4 ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 #afi nn4 #a1 #b1 #agc nn4 #a1 #b1 #d1 #agd n4 #a4 ,geographical ,j\rnal1 #ii n4 #d4 ,george1 ,john1 pr9ce-bi%op1 wit*-burn+ by1 #bjh4 ,g]>d ( ,cremona1 sci5tific works (1 #ag1 #ah1 #abh4 ,g]bi1 ,gabriele de 7de ,z]bis71 #ie1 #ih1 #aje2 ,lib] ,anatomiae corporis humani et s+ulorum membrorum illius1 #ie n4 #b4 ,g]man block book 7,symbolum ,apo/olicorum7 ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 #ci1 plate ,,xvii4 ,g]sdorff1 ,hans von1 ,feldt- und ,/attb* bew]t] ,wund>tznei1 anatomical draw+s1 #abi fig4 #bc1 #acj n4 #b4 ,g]trude ( ,rob]sdorf1 visions (1 #ba4 ,ghazali1 ,ibn1 #ea1 #aac4 ,gilb]t1 ,william1 #cb4 ,glanvilla1 ,b>?olomaeus de3 see ,b>?olomaeus ,anglicus4 ,glaubre*t1 ,o41 ,die ,s*reck5sjahre von ,l9dheim1 #bjd n4 #a4 ,gl\ce/]1 ,eleanor ,cobham1 ,du*ess (1 *>g$ ) wit*craft1 #aic4 ,gney? ,cross1 homage paid to !1 #afh1 #afi1 #agj4 ,godefrid1 ! monk1 biography ( ,/4 ,hildeg>d by1 #e1 #g1 #ea4 ,goeje1 ,m4 ,j4 de1 ,catalogue ( ,arabic ,manuscripts 9 ! ,libr>y at ,leyd51 #bbh n4 #b4 ,goelicke1 ,a4 ,o41 ,introductio 9 hi/oriam litt]>iam anatomes1 #ha n4 ,goe!1 ,am ,rhe91 ,ma9 und ,neck>1 #h n4 #b4 ,golius1 ,james1 collection ( ,ori5tal ,,mss41 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,good ,friday1 ! hall[+ ( cramp-r+s on1 & (f]+ & creep+ to ! cross1 #afg-i1 #aga1 #agi1 #ahd-g4 ,got*1 ,f41 on biological ph5om5a1 #gj1 #ga4 ,grado1 ,giammatteo ,f]r>i da 7,mat?aeus de ,gradibus71 ,expositiones sup] vigesimam secundam ,f5 t]tii canonis ,avic5nae1 #hf n4 #c2 ,practica1 ibid4 ,great ,s*ism1 !1 #aic4 ,greek dialectics1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bei4 ,greeks1 biological speculations ( !1 #fa4 ,gregory ,,vii1 ,pope1 =bids inquisition = wit*es & sorc]]s1 #aib4 ,gregory ,,ix1 ,pope1 #f4 ,gregory ,,xi1 ,pope1 #aib n4 #f4 ,gregory ,nazianz51 ,/41 #baf4 ,grimm1 ,wilhelm1 ,wiesbad] ,gloss51 #e n4 #b1 #h n4 #c4 ,guib]t1 ! monk1 life ( ,/4 ,hildeg>d by1 #e n4 #c1 #af n4 #c4 ,guido de ,vigevano3 see ,vigevano4 ,gurlt1 ,e41 ,biographis*es ,lexikon d] h]vorrag5d5 ,a]zte1 #ajc4 ,guy de ,*auliac3 see ,*auliac4 ,haes]1 ,h41 ,ges*i*te d] ,m$iz91 #bbe n4 #a1 #bbf n4 #aj4 ,haldane1 ,j4 ,s41 on biological ph5om5a1 #fe1 #ff4 ,hall]1 ,albre*t von1 ,biblio!ca anatomica1 #ha n41 #ajc n4 #a4 ,haly ,abbas1 #aje1 #aac1 #aba1 #abg4 ,h&bu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,m$iz91 #ib n4 #d4 ,h>d\91 ,jean 7,h>du9us71 ,collectio regia maxima conciliorum graecorum et lat9orum1 #aia n4 #a4 ,h>psfield1 ,ni*olas1 ,hi/oria ,anglicana ,ecclesia/ica1 on ! bless+ ( cramp-r+s1 #agi1 #ahj4 ,h>v>d ,/udies 9 ,classical ,philology1 #ah n4 #a4 ,h>vey1 ,william1 #cb2 ,ex]citatio anatomica de motu cordis et sangu9is1 #abf n4 #b2 ,prelectiones anatomiae univ]salis1 #abf & n4 #a4 ,hask9s1 ,c4 ,h41 cit$1 #ah n4 #a4 ,haupt1 ,moriz1 ,zeits*rift fr deuts*es ,alt]?um1 #e n4 #b1 #h n4 #c4 ,head1 anatomy ( !1 #ajf-ah4 ,he>t1 anatomy ( !1 #abb-cj4 ,heav5ly city1 ,hildeg>d's vision ( !1 #ed1 plate ,,xxv4 ,heidelb]g3 see ,manuscripts4 ,helmont1 ,f4 ,m4 van1 #fh4 ,helmrei*1 1 #aah n4 #a4 ,h5ri de ,mondeville3 see ,mondeville4 ,h5rici1 ,pr(essor1 #ee n4 ,h5ry ,,ii 7( ,engl&7 & 8 consort1 ,hildeg>d's hortatory lett]s to1 #e4 ,h5ry ,,iv & ! bless+ ( cramp-r+s1 #agj4 ,h5ry ,,vii & ! bless+ ( cramp-r+s1 & ! c]emonial ( t\*+ = ! evil1 #afg1 #afh1 #agb4 ,h5ry ,,viii & ! bless+ ( cramp-r+s1 #age1 #agf1 #agg4 ,h5s*51 ,godfrey1 #h4 ,heppe1 ,h41 ,ges*i*te d] ,hex5processe1 #aia n4 #a1 #aib n4 #b1 #aic n41 #bjc n4 #c1 #bjf nn4 #a1 #b1 #bjh n4 #d4 ,h]aclitus1 #bef4 ,h]b]t1 ,j4 ,a41 #ee n42 ,illum9at$ ,manuscripts1 #aj n4 #a4 ,h]esy & wit*craft1 id5tification (1 by ! ,*ur*1 #aib-d1 #bja1 #bbj1 #bba4 ,h]mann ! ,dalmatian1 #ag n4 #a4 ,h]mas1 ,%eph]d (1 #bj4 ,h]mes1 #bd n4 ,h]rade de ,l&sb]g1 ,hortus delici>um1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #bg1 #dj fig4 #e1 #db1 #dh fig4 #i1 #ee n4 ,h]t=d1 ,edw>d ,seym\r1 ,e>l (1 pres5t ( cramp-r+s by1 #age4 ,hilaire ! ,great1 ,/41 ( ,poiti]s1 #ch n4 #d4 ,hildeg>d1 ,/4 7#ajih-aahj71 ,! ,sci5tific ,views & ,visions (1 #a-ee4 ,biographical details1 #b-f1 #ea-b2 bibliographical note1 #f-ab2 canonization1 proposals =1 #f2 correspond5ce1 #c-e2 j\rneys1 #d2 language1 #ab1 #ae1 #af2 m9iatures1 #g1 #h1 #aj-ab1 #cd1 #ce1 #di1 #ea1 plates ,i1 ,,iii1 ,,vi-,,ix1 ,,xi2 musical compositions1 #c2 pa?ological basis ( visions1 #ea-c2 patri/ic influ5ce1 #ag2 s\rces ( sci5tific k1 #ae-bb2 visions1 #c1 #g1 #aj1 #aa1 #af n4 #c1 #ag1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bg1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #dj1 #dc1 #ea-e4 ,hildeg>d's views on--anatomy & physiology1 #ad1 #ah1 #cj1 #dc-h2 a/rology1 #ah1 #cd2 bir? & dea? & ! nature ( ! s\l1 #di-ea2 elem5ts1 !1 #be-cj2 macrocosm & microcosm1 #i1 #af n41 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #cj-dc1 #de1 #ea2 /ructure ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 #h1 #ac1 #ad1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb-cj1 #ci2 w9ds1 #be-g1 #cd4 ,works3 ,ad praelatos ,mogunti5ses1 #g2 ,explanatio regulae sancti ,b5$icti1 #d1 #g2 ,explanatio symboli sancti ,a?anasii ad congregationem sororum suorum1 #d2 ,expositiones evangeliorum1 #g2 ,ignota l+ua1 #e1 #g1 #ae n42 ,ignotae litt]ae1 #g2 ,lib] div9orum op]um simplicis hom9is1 #c1 #g1 #h-ab1 #ad1 #af n41 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb n41 #bd n41 #be1 #bg1 #bh1 #cj1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #ci n41 #dj1 #db1 #ea1 plates ,v 7b71 ,,vi1 ,,vii1 ,,viii1 ,,ix1 ,,xi2 ,lib] epi/ol>um1 #g1 #ab2 ,lib] orationum1 #g2 ,lib] vitae m]itorum p] simplicem hom9em a viv5te luce revelatorum1 #c1 #f1 #ab1 #ad n41 #ai1 #bj1 #ba2 ,litt]ae vill>5ses1 #g2 ,lives ( ,/4 ,disibode & ,/4 ,rup]t1 #c1 #g2 ,quae/ionum solutiones trig9ta octo1 #d2 ,scivias1 #c1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #ab1 #ad n41 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bd n41 #bg1 #bh1 #cj1 #cd1 #db n41 #di1 #ec1 plates ,,iii1 ,,iv2 ,symphonia h>moniae cele/um revelationum1 #g4 ,spuri\s sci5tific works3 ,beatae ,hildeg>dis causae et curae1 #ab1 #ad1 plate ,v 7a72 ,revelatio de fratribus quatuor m5dicantium ord9um1 #ae2 ,speculum futurorum temporum1 #ae2 ,subtilitatum div]s>umque creatur>um libri novem1 #ac1 #ad4 ,hippocrates1 #bah1 #bai4 ,hirs*1 ,a41 ,biographis*es ,lexikon d] h]vorrag5d5 ,a]zte1 #ajc1 #bbe n4 #a4 ,hop/ock1 ,h41 cit$1 #hf n4 #a1 #acj n4 #a4 ,hor/1 ,g4 ,c41 cit$1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bjf2 ,dmonomagie1 #bjd n4 #a1 #bje n41 #bjf n4 #d2 ,zaub]biblio!k1 #bjd n4 #a1 #bje n4 ,hoton1 ,?omas de1 rector ( ,kyrkebymisp]ton 7,york%ire71 #agb4 ,hubre*t1 ,a4 ,a4 ,w41 #eg4 ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor1 ,de arca ,noe my/ica1 #bj2 ,de be/iis et aliis rebus1 #de & n4 #b1 #df n4 #b4 ,huna9 b5 ,i%ak1 anatomical writ+s (1 #abj1 #aba4 ,hundt1 ,m41 anatomical draw+s (1 #if n4 #b1 #aje2 ,antropologium1 de hom9is dignitate natura et proprietatibus1 #aab fig4 #aa4 ,hunt+ton1 ,rob]t1 ,bi%op ( ,raphoe1 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,husee1 ,john1 & ! use ( cramp-r+s1 #age1 #agf4 ,hut*9son1 ,f41 ,hi/orical ,essay conc]n+ ,wit*craft1 #aie n4 #c1 #bbb n4 #b4 ,illu/rations ( ! mann]s & exp5ces ( anti5t times 9 ,engl&1 #agg4 ,innoc5t ,,iv1 ,pope1 #f4 ,innoc5t ,,viii1 ,pope1 bull (1 conc]n+ wit*craft1 #aic4 ,in/itoris1 ,h41 ,malleus ,malefic>um1 #aid & n41 #bja-c4 ,isaac ,judaeus1 ,viaticum1 #dd4 ,isidore ,hispal5sis1 #ac1 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #ba1 #bb1 #bg4 ,italian m9iatures1 m$iaeval1 #aj1 #aa4 ,james ,i1 ,daemonologia1 #bad4 ,janss51 ,j41 ,ges*i*te des deuts*5 ,volkes1 #aij n41 #bab n4 ,janus1 #aac n4 #b4 ,j5k9son1 ,john ,wilfr$3 ,vitalism1 #ei-gh4 ---- biographical notice (1 #eg-h2 li/ ( books & pap]s by1 #eh2 portrait (1 plate ,,xxvi4 ,j]ome1 ,/41 #baf4 ,jess51 ,c41 cit$1 #ab n4 #b4 ,jesu ,aly1 anatomical "w by1 #aba4 ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 #bj n4 #b4 ,jews1 dissem9ation ( sci5tific k 9 ! ,middle ,ages by1 #ag1 #bj4 ,joan ( ,arc1 #aic4 ,job1 ,book (1 #bd1 #ej1 #baf4 ,johannes ,sacro ,bosco1 #bc4 ,john ,,xxii1 ,pope1 #f4 ,john ( ,b\rdeaux1 tract on ! plague by1 #ajb4 ,john ( ,peckham1 anatomical writ+s (1 #aba4 ,johnson1 ,dr4 ,samuel1 #ahb4 ,jong1 ,p4 de1 ,catalogue ( ,arabic ,,mss4 9 ! ,libr>y at ,leyd51 #bbh n4 #b4 ,joseph1 ,h4 ,w4 ,b41 ,logic1 #bci n4 ,j\rda91 ,*>les1 ,diss]tation sur l'tat de la philosophie naturelle 444 p5dant la premire moiti du ,,xiie sicle1 #ai n4 #b4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 #dd n4 #e4 ,judaeus3 see ,isaac ,judaeus4 ,junius1 ,john1 burgoma/] ( ,bamb]g1 acc\nt ( 8 trial = wit*craft1 #bji-ab4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 #baf4 ,kais]1 ,paul1 ,hildeg>dis causae et curae1 #ab n4 #b4 ,kant1 ,critique ( ! ,teleological ,judgem5t1 #ga-c1 #ge2 s*eme ( a priori1 #bej4 ,kell]1 ,g41 edition ( ,h]rade de ,l&sb]g's ,hortus delici>um1 #ba n4 #d1 #dj fig4 #e1 #dh fig4 #i4 #8,ke?am'1 ,fasciculus m$ic9ae1 anatomical draw+s1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia fig4 #g1 #if n4 #b1 #aag fig4 #ag1 plate ,,xxvii4 ,khalfa1 ,haji1 bibliography ( ,arabic works1 #bbh n4 #e1 #bbi4 ,kiesewett]1 ,k41 ,die ,geheimwiss5s*aft51 #aii n4 #b4 ,k+'s ,evil1 t\*+ = !1 #afg1 #aga1 #agb1 #agh4 ,kon+1 ,p4 de1 ,trait sur le calcul1 #bbh n4 #e2 ,trois ,traits d',anatomie arabes1 #aac n4 #a1 #abg n4 #c4 ,ktz5drff]1 ,dr41 torture ( wit*es by1 #bjh1 #bji4 ,kraut1 ,g41 ,exp]im5t>ius m$ic9ae cont95s ,trotulae cur&>um ,aegritud9um muliebrium 444 item quatuor ,hildeg>dis de elem5torum1 etc41 #ac n4 #a4 ,lab\lbne1 ,a41 ,les anatomi/es anci5s1 #ib n4 #d4 ,lactantius1 #baf4 ,l&sb]g3 see ,h]rade de ,l&sb]g4 ,laplace1 ,p4 ,s41 #ff4 ,lauf]1 ,b]?old1 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntnis d] ,tibetanis*5 ,m$iz91 #dd n4 #e4 ,lavoisi]1 #ff4 ,lawr5ce1 abbot ( ,we/m9/]1 #aff4 ,lea1 ,h4 ,c41 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition ( ! ,middle ,ages1 #aia nn4 #a1 #b1 #aib nn4 #a1 #c1 #f1 #aic n41 #bjh n4 #b1 #bad n4 ,lecky1 ,w4 ,e4 ,h41 on wit*craft1 #bbc4 ,lecl]c1 ,l41 #bbg2 ,hi/oire de la mdec9e arabe1 #bbf n4 #e1 #bbi n4 #d4 ,le]sum1 ,e4 ,c4 van1 ,m9iatur5 d] late9is*5 ,gal5os-,h&s*rift d] kgl4 ff5tl4 ,biblio!k 9 ,dresd51 #hg-h n4 ,leibnitz1 #cb1 #fh4 ,leits*uh1 ,dr4 ,f41 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te des ,hex5wes5s 9 ,frank51 #bji & nn4 #a-c4 ,lemgo1 wit* p]secution at1 #bjg4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci3 see ,v9ci4 ,l]ida1 public anatomies at1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 #gi4 ,levy1 ,reub53 ,! ,tractatus de ,causis et ,indiciis ,morborum attribut$ to ,maimonides1 #bbe-cd4 ,leyd53 see ,manuscripts4 ,l9acre1 ,?omas1 & ! use ( cramp-r+s1 #agc1 #agd1 #ahj4 ,l9de1 ,antonius van d]1 ,die ,h&s*rift5 d] ,knigli*5 ,l&esbiblio!k 9 ,wiesbad51 #f n4 #c1 #h n4 #a4 ,l9dheim1 p]secutions = wit*craft at1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bjf4 ,lisle1 ,lady1 & ! use ( cramp-r+s1 #age1 #agf4 ,lisle ,pap]s1 #age nn4 #c1 #d1 #agf nn4 #a-d4 ,lockwood1 ,d4 ,p41 ,! ,sicilian ,translators ( ! ,twelf? ,c5tury & ! ,fir/ ,lat9 ,v]sion ( ,ptolemy's #8,almage/'1 #ah n4 #a4 ,logical pro( & sci5tific discov]y1 #bce-hi4 ,lones1 ,t4 ,e41 ,ari/otle's ,rese>*es 9 ,natural ,sci5ce1 #abf n4 #e4 ,l\is ,,vii1 #e4 ,lucca3 see ,manuscripts4 ,lucif]ans1 or devil wor%ipp]s1 sects (1 #aib4 ,lu!r1 ,m>t91 #baf1 #bbd4 ,lu!rans1 p]secution (1 #aid1 #aie4 ,luzzi1 ,mond9o di3 see ,mond9o4 ,mac]1 ,floridus1 #ac4 ,macray1 ,w4 ,d41 ,annals ( ! ,bodleian1 #bbi n4 #e1 #bcj n4 #a4 ,macrocosm1 m$iaeval & ,r5aissance !ories ( !1 #cb1 #ch1 #dc2 ,hildeg>d's views on1 #i1 #af n41 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #cj-dc1 plates ,,vii1 ,,viii4 ,madrid3 see ,manuscripts4 ,magicians1 #bae1 #bah4 ,see also ,wit*craft4 ,magnus1 ,dr4 ,?omas1 & ! use ( cramp-r+s1 #agd1 #ahj4 ,maimonides1 ! ,tractatus de ,causis et ,indiciis ,morborum attribut$ to1 #bbe-cd2 o!r works3 ,aphorisms1 #bcb1 #bcc2 on ,a/hma & on ,poisons1 #bbf2 ,tractatus de ,morbo ,regis ,aegypti1 #bbf2 ,tractatus de ,regim9e1 ,sanitatis1 #bbf4 ,malagola1 ,c>lo1 /atuti dell' ,univ]sit e dei collegi dello ,/udio bolognese1 #gi n4 #c4 ,manfr$i1 ,b>tolomeo1 anatomical draw+ attribut$ to1 #hh1 plate ,,xxxvi4 ,manfr$i1 ,giovanni1 #ii4 ,manfr$i1 ,hi]onymo1 pr(essor ( m$ic9e at ,bologna 7#adfc-ic73 acc\nt ( 8 c>e]1 #ig-i2 a/rological /udies1 #ig-i1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,manuscript ,ano?omia ( ,manfr$i1 #ajc-fd2 translation ( select$ passages1 ) comm5t>y3 ! bra91 #ajg-ae2 cranial n]ves1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aah2 eye1 #aah-bb2 head1 #ajf-ah2 he>t1 #abb-cj2 skull1 #ajf1 #ajg2 ,italian text ( ! ,ano?omia1 #acj-fd4 ,pr9t$ works1 #ii-ajc2 ,c5tilogium de m$icis et infirmis1 #ajb2 ,editio pr9ceps ( ,ptolemy1 #ii2 ,lib] de hom9e3 cuius sunt libri duo4 ,primus lib] de cons]vatione sanitatis 7#8,il ,p]*'71 #aja2 ,progno/icon ad annum #adgi1 #ih1 #ajb2 ,progno/icon anni #adha1 #ajb2 ,tractato degno et utile de la pe/il5tia1 #aja4 ,o!r works attribut$ to ,manfr$i3 ,*iromantia secundum naturae vires ad extra1 #ajc2 ,ephem]ides a/rologicae op]ationes m$icas spectantes1 #ajc2 ,quae/iones subtilissimae sup] librum aphorismorum1 #ajc4 ,mani*ean h]esy1 #aib4 ,mansell1 ,monum5ta ,ritualia1 #afh4 ,mansi1 ,giovanni ,dom5ico1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,lucca1 #i4 ,mantegna1 ,&rea1 anatomical /udies (1 #hf4 ,manuscripts3 ,b]l93 ,al ,qifty1 ,classes philosophorum et a/ronomorum et m$icorum1 #bbi n4 #c4 ,bri/ol ,ref]5ce ,libr>y3 ,fr5* ,,ms4 ( ! ,gr&e ,*irurgie ( ,guy de ,*auliac1 #hd n41 plate ,,xxx 7b74 ,briti% ,museum3 ,al ,qifty1 ,classes philosophorum et a/ronomorum et m$icorum1 #bbi n4 #c2 ,bacon1 ,rog]1 ,de sci5tia p]spectiva1 #aaf fig4 #ad2 diagram ( ! eye1 #abb1 plate ,,xxxviii 7a72 cramp-r+ made f (f]tory p5nies1 #agc2 ,de fundacione ecclesie ,we/m'1 #aff2 ,eleemosyna ,rolls ( ,edw>d ,,iii1 #afi1 #agj2 ,muhaib ed ,d91 ,delectus de ,m$ic9a1 fragm5t1 #bbh2 ,h\sehold ,acc\nts ( ,h5ry ,,iv1 #agj4 ,bury ,wills 7publi%$ by ! ,camd5 ,society71 #agb n4 #b4 ,cambridge1 ,univ]sity ,libr>y3 ,life ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 #aff1 plate ,,xxxix4 ,*antilly3 anatomical sket*es f ! ,,ms4 ( ,guy de ,vigevano1 #hg1 plates ,,xxxi1 ,,xxxii4 ,cop5hag51 ,royal ,libr>y3 ,beatae ,hildeg>dis causae et curae1 #ab1 plate ,v 7a74 ,dresd53 illum9at$ codex ( ,gal51 #hg1 #hh1 plate ,,xxxiv4 ,heidelb]g1 ,univ]sity ,libr>y3 illum9at$ ,,ms4 ( ! ,scivias ( ,/4 ,hildeg>d1 #h1 plates ,,iii1 ,,iv4 ,leyd51 ,univ]sity ,libr>y3 ,al ,qifty1 ,classes philosophorum et a/ronomorum et m$icorum1 #bbi n4 #c2 ,golius's ,ori5tal ,,mss41 #bcj2 ,muhaib ed ,d91 ,delectus de ,m$ic9a1 #bbh1 #bcj4 ,london ,society ( ,antiqu>ies3 ,proclamation on ! ,creepyng ( ! ,crosse1 #afi4 ,lucca1 ,municipal ,libr>y3 illu/rat$ codex ( ! ,lib] div9orum op]um simplicis hom9is ( ,/4 ,hildeg>d1 #h-ab1 #bb1 #be1 #bh1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce1 #ci n41 #dj1 #db1 plates ,v 7b71 ,,vi-,,ix1 ,,xi4 ,madrid1 ,escurial3 ,al ,qifty1 ,classes philosophorum et a/ronomorum et m$icorum1 #bbi n4 #c4 ,montpelli]1 ,biblio?que de la ,facult de ,mdec9e3 ,fr5* ,,ms4 ( ! ,gr&e ,*irurgie ( ,guy de ,*auliac1 #ha n4 #b1 plate ,,xxix4 ,muni*1 #hg n4 #a4 ,ox=d1 ,bodleian ,libr>y3 a/rological "w translat$ f ! ,arabic by ,h]mann ! ,dalmatian1 #ag n42 diagrams ( int]nal organs1 #hg1 #hh2 dissection sc5e1 c4 #abih1 #ha1 plate ,,xxviii 7b72 #8,five ,figure' anatomical s]ies1 #dd1 #hg n41 #hh fig4 #f1 plates ,,xviii1 ,,xxxiii2 ,hi]onymo ,manfr$i1 ,ano?omia1 #ij1 #ajc-f1 #acj-fd2 ,m>%'s ,ori5tal ,,mss41 #bbi2 ,muhaib ed ,d91 ,delectus de ,m$ic9a1 #bbg1 #bbh2 ,tractatus de ,causis et ,indiciis ,morborum1 attribut$ to ,maimonides1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bcd1 plate ,,xli4 ,p>is1 ,biblio?que nationale3 n9?-c5tury ,,ms4 ) diagram %[+ relation ( human & cosmic ph5om5a1 plate ,,xiv2 ,,mss4 ) figures illu/rat+ signs ( ! ,zodiac1 #ch1 #ci1 plates ,,xv1 ,,xvi2 illu/rat+ ! anatomy ( ,h5ri de ,mondeville1 #hg1 plate ,,xxviii 7a72 ,ord]s ( ! ,k+ ( ,engl&'s h\sehold1 #ac ,h5ry ,,viii1 #afg1 #afh2 ,tractatus de ,causis et ,indiciis ,morborum1 alleg$ copy1 #bbe2 tracts by ,maimonides1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bcd4 ,pisa ,univ]sity ,libr>y 7,roncioni ,,ms473 anatomical draw+s1 #hg n4 #d1 #abg fig4 #ba4 ,raudnitz3 ,libr>y ( ,c\nt ,f4 ,zd5ho von ,lobk[icz1 anatomical draw+s1 #hg n4 #a4 ,record ,(fice1 ,london3 ,w>drobe ,acc\nts ( ,edw>d ,,iii1 #agj2 ,acc\nt ,books ( ,ri*>d ,,ii1 #agj4 ,rome1 ,vatican ,libr>y3 ,prov5al translation ( ! ,gr&e ,*irurgie ( ,guy de ,*auliac1 #hc n41 plate ,,xxx 7a74 ,we/m9/]1 ,libr>y ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,ca!dral3 ,manual ( ,que5 ,m>y ,tudor1 #age1 #agg-i1 plate ,,xl4 ,wiesbad51 ,nassauis*e ,l&esbiblio!k3 works ( ,/4 ,hildeg>d1 #f-h1 #i fig4 #b1 #ab n41 #ad1 #bb1 #bc1 #di1 #ea1 #ed1 plates ,i-,,iv1 ,,xii 7a1 b71 ,,xiii1 ,,xix-,,xxv4 ,manuscripts1 illum9at$1 #g1 #h1 #aj-ab1 #aff1 #agg-i1 plates ,i-,,iv1 ,v 7b71 ,,vi-,,ix1 ,,xi-,,xiii1 ,,xix-,,xxv1 ,,xxxix1 ,,xl4 ,mappaemundi1 #bb4 ,m>bod ( ,anj\1 #ac4 ,m>burg3 see ,conrad ( ,m>burg4 ,m>burg1 ,prote/ant ,univ]sity (1 #bba4 ,m>%1 ,n>cissus1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,armagh1 collection ( ,ori5tal ,,mss41 #bbi4 ,m>t91 ,w41 ,m9iatur5 d] late9is*5 ,gal5os-,h&s*rift d] kgl4 ff5tl4 ,biblio!k 9 ,dresd51 #hh n4 ,m>t9otti1 ,g41 ,l'insegnam5to dell' ,anatomia 9 ,bologna prima del secolo ,,xix1 #ib n4 #d1 #ajc n4 #b4 ,m>y ,i1 ,que51 & ! bless+ ( cramp-r+s1 #age1 #agg2 ! ,que5's ,manual1 ) ! ,(fice ( ,bless+1 #age1 #agg-i2 m9iature (1 #agg-i1 plate ,,xl4 ,ma!matics & sci5tific pro(1 #bch1 #bci1 #bda1 #bee1 #bfc1 #bfi4 ,ma!ws1 ,norris1 ,e>ly ,pr9t$ ,books & ,,mss4 9 ! ,bri/ol ,ref]5ce ,libr>y1 #hd n4 #a4 ,may5ce ,commission 7#adhi71 #h4 ,mazzat9ti1 ,inv5t>i dei ,manoscritti delle ,bibliote*e d',italia1 #ajc n4 #d4 ,m$ici1 ,lor5zo de'1 #ajd4 ,m$ici1 ,mi*ele1 ,comp5dio /orico della scuola anatomica di ,bologna dal ,r9ascim5to delle ,sci5ze e delle ,lett]e a tutto il ,secolo ,,xviii1 #ib n4 #a1 #ajc n4 #b2 ,della vita e degli scritti degli anatomici e m$ici fioriti 9 ,bologna dal com9cio del secolo ,,xiii1 #ib n4 #a1 #ic n4 #a1 #ig n4 #a4 ,me9+51 wit*-burn+ at1 #bjh4 ,melan*olia1 #bac1 #bag1 #bba4 #8,melo!sia'1 #ch1 #ci n441 #da figs4 #f1 #g1 plates ,,xv1 ,,xvi4 ,messahalah1 writ+s (1 #ai1 #bg1 #cj1 #ci n4 #c2 ,de ,orbe1 #ag1 #ah1 #bi4 ,metabolism1 #fj1 #fe1 #fh1 #gj1 #gf4 ,me?odological assumptions1 #bff1 #bfg2 fictions1 #bea4 ,me?odus m$5di c]ta cl>a et brevis1 #dd n4 #b4 ,metz1 wit*craft at1 #bae4 ,mey]1 ,l41 ,die ,p]iode d] ,hex5processe1 #aii n4 #a4 ,microcosm1 m$iaeval & ,r5aissance !ories ( !1 #cb1 #ch1 #dc2 ,hildeg>d's views on1 #i1 #af n41 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #cj-dc2 draw+s1 #db fig4 #h1 plate ,,viii4 ,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 #d n41 #f1 #ac n4 & ff4 ,m9iatures3 miracles at ! tomb ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 9 ,norman-,fr5* ,,ms41 #aff1 plate ,,xxxix2 ( ,que5 ,m>y ,tudor1 #agg-i1 plate ,,xl2 ( ,/4 ,hildeg>d1 #g1 #h1 #aj-ab1 #cd1 #ce1 #di1 #ea1 plates ,i1 ,,iii1 ,,vi-,,ix1 ,,xi4 ,mir&ola1 ,johannes ,franciscus ,picus1 ,disputationes adv]sus a/rologos1 #ih & n4 #c4 ,molitor1 ,u41 ,tractatus de lamiis1 #bbb & n4 #a4 ,monat%efte d] ,com5ius-,gesells*aft1 #ahi n4 ,mondeville1 ,h5ri de1 draw+s ( dissections 9 works (1 #hg1 plate ,,xxviii 7a72 on ! anatomy ( ! eye1 #aba2 writ+s (1 #abf1 #abh-i4 ,mond9o de ,luzzi1 pr(essor ( surg]y at ,bologna1 #gi1 #hb1 #he1 #hf1 #hi1 #ij1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aaa n41 #aac1 #aae1 #aah1 #abf1 #acj1 #acf n4 ,mons1 ,c\nt ,william (1 #bbj4 ,mons1 wit*craft at1 #bbj4 ,monte ,cass9o1 mona/]y (1 #af1 #ba1 #dd4 ,montef]rato1 ,giorgio di1 collection ( m$ical tracts by1 #hi4 ,montpelli]1 anatomical tea*+ at1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 #gi1 #id4 ,see also ,manuscripts4 ,monum5ts et ,mmoires publis p> l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres1 #g n4 #a4 ,moses ibn ,tibbon1 #bbf n4 #c4 ,mueli*1 ,j4 ,a43 see ,adelphus1 ,johannes4 ,muhaib ed ,d9 ,abu'l ,hasan ,ali ibn ,amad1 ,delectus de ,m$ic9a1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bcj4 ,mll]1 ,a41 #bbg n4 #d4 ,mll]1 ,johannes1 on vitalism1 #fe1 #ff4 ,msa ibn ,maimn1 #bbg1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcd4 ,my]1 ,isaac1 ,qabbalah3 ! philosophical writ+s ( ,solomon b5 ,yehudah ibn ,gebirol1 #dc n4 #a4 ,nahe1 riv]1 #b1 #c4 ,n>di1 ,luigi1 ,*>tul>ium ,/udii ,bononi5sis1 #ih n4 #a4 ,neckam3 see ,alex&] ( ,neckam4 ,neisse1 p]secutions = wit*craft at1 #bjd1 #bje4 ,nemesius1 #ea1 #aac4 ,neoplatonism1 #cc1 #cg4 ,neo-vitalism3 see ,vitalism4 ,newton1 ,isaac1 #bec4 ,nicaise1 ,e41 ,la ,gr&e ,*irurgie de ,guy de ,*auliac1 #hb n4 #a1 #aba n4 #b4 ,ni*olas ,i1 ,pope1 condemns torture ( wit*es1 #aib4 ,nicodemus1 ,gospel (1 #bj4 ,nicoll1 ,a41 ,catalogue ( ,ori5tal ,,mss4 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 #bcj n4 #b4 ,nixon1 ,j4 ,a41 ,a ,new ,guy de ,*auliac ,,ms41 #hd n4 #a4 ,nord5skild1 ,a4 ,e41 ,facsimile ,atlas till ,k>tografi5s lde/a ,hi/oria1 #ii n4 #d4 ,nrdl+51 torture ( wit*es at1 #bac4 ,norfolk1 ,?omas ,h[>d1 eigh? ,duke (1 #agf4 ,nor?ampton%ire1 ,r>e & ,curi\s ,tracts ,illu/rative ( ! ,hi/ory (1 #aie n4 #b4 ,nor?umb]l& ,h\sehold ,book1 cit$1 #afh4 ,norwi*1 ,regi/ry ( ,wills1 #agf n4 #e4 ,notes & ,qu]ies1 #age n4 #c4 ,orig51 #bbb4 ,orioli1 ,emilio1 ,*>tul>ium ,/udii ,bononi5sis1 #ih n4 #a4 ,orl&i1 ,p4 ,a41 ,notizie degli scrittori bolognesi1 #ih n4 #b4 ,osi&]1 ,&rew1 #h4 ,ox=d1 ,a%molean ,museum3 draw+ ( dissection sc5e attribut$ to ,b>tolomeo ,manfr$i1 #hh1 plate ,,xxxvi4 ,see also ,manuscripts4 ,padua1 public anatomies at1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 #gi1 #ha n41 #hb4 ,pagel1 ,j4 ,l41 ,die ,anatomie des ,he9ri* von ,mondeville1 #aba n4 #c2 ,die ,*irurgie des ,he9ri* von ,mondeville1 #abi n4 #a2 ,maimuni als m$iz9is*] ,s*rift/ell]1 #bbi n4 #a4 ,pa9t]s1 e>ly ,r5aissance1 anatomical /udies (1 #hf4 ,palladius1 ,pet]1 on ! treatm5t ( wit*es1 #aie4 ,pap5bro*1 ,daniel1 #h4 ,p>acelsus1 #cb1 #db1 #dc1 #fa1 #bad2 ,labyr9?us m$icorum errantium1 #db n4 ,p>1 ,ambroise1 #bad4 ,p>is1 public anatomies at1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,see also ,manuscripts4 ,pascal1 on pr9ciples ( consci5ce1 #bjj4 ,pa/or1 ,l41 ,ges*i*te des deuts*5 ,volkes1 #aij n4 ,paulicians1 !1 ( ,arm5ia1 #aib n4 #d4 ,paul9e writ+s1 #ba4 ,peckham3 see ,john ( ,peckham4 ,pepys1 ,samuel1 #aha4 ,pet] ( ,abano1 *>ge ( sorc]y aga9/1 #aic4 ,petrocello1 psy*ological writ+s (1 #aad4 ,petrus1 ,h5ricus1 #dd nn4 #b1 #c1 #aad n4 #a4 ,peyligk1 ,k41 anatomical draw+s (1 #if n4 #b1 #aje2 ,philosophiae naturalis comp5dium1 #aaf fig4 #ae1 #abb n4 #b4 ,philip ( ,ehr5b]g1 pr9ce-bi%op1 wit*-burn+ by1 #bjh4 ,philips1 ,m>y1 execut$ = wit*craft1 #aie4 ,physicians1 ,college (1 #agc4 ,physiological !ories1 #ei ff4 ,physiologus1 #ac4 ,piot1 ,eugne1 ,le ,cab9et de l'amateur1 #ij n4 #a4 ,pisa3 see ,manuscripts4 ,pitra1 ,c>d9al ,j4 ,b41 #af n4 #c2 ,analecta sacra1 #d n4 #d1 #e n4 #a1 #f1 #ab n4 #b1 #ad n4 #c1 #ai n4 #a1 #bj n4 #b1 #ba n4 #a4 ,plague1 ,manfr$i's treatise on !1 #aja1 #ajb4 ,plato1 #bde1 #bee1 #bef1 #bei1 #bgj1 #bhh4 ,pl9y1 #ac4 ,pocock1 ,edw>d1 #bcj1 #bca n4 #a2 editor ( ,b> ,hebraeus's works1 #bbh nn4 #d1 #e4 ,po9c>1 ,m41 ,sci5ce et ,m?ode1 #bed n4 #a4 ,pollaiuolo1 ,antonio1 anatomical /udies (1 #hf4 ,polydore ,v]gil & ! use ( cramp-r+s1 #agb1 #ahj4 ,poole1 ,r4 ,lane1 ,illu/rations ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$iaeval ,?\ght 9 ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ,!ology & ,ecclesia/ical ,politics1 #ai n4 #b1 #cg n4 #d4 ,porphyry1 #ch4 ,porta1 ,bapti/a1 #aii4 ,portal1 ,a41 ,hi/oire de l',anatomie et ,*irurgie1 #ha n4 ,po/-mortem exam9ations 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 #ha1 plates ,,xxviii 7b71 ,,xxix4 ,p[]1 ,maura1 ,an ,iri% ,a/ronomical ,text1 #ci n4 #c4 ,prague1 public anatomies at1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 #gi4 ,pratzel1 ,dr4 ,veit1 burnt = wit*craft1 #bjf4 ,pretorius1 ,von ,zaub]ei und ,zaub]]n1 #bjc n4 #c4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,m$ic9e1 #ha n4 #a4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 #agg-h4 ,pro(1 logical1 & sci5tific discov]y1 #bce-hi4 ,protagoras1 #bei4 ,psy*oids1 !ory (1 #fd1 #fe1 #fh1 #ga1 #gc1 #ge1 #gf4 ,psy*ology1 m$iaeval1 #ea4 ,ptolemy1 ,almage/1 #ag1 #ah2 a/ronomy (1 #bfd2 ,manfr$i's edition ( ! ,cosmographia & ,tabulae ,cosmographiae1 #ii4 ,pusey1 ,e4 ,b41 ,catalogue ( ,ori5tal ,,mss4 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 #bcj1 #bca4 ,quad]ni d'anatomia1 #hf n4 #a4 ,rabb9[icz1 ,j4 ,m41 ,trait des ,poisons de ,maimonide1 #bbf n4 #a4 ,ra%dall1 ,ha/+s1 ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 #ig n4 #c4 ,ratdolt1 ,erh>d1 exp]im5t 9 col\r pr9t+ by1 #ij4 ,raudnitz3 see ,manuscripts4 ,regim5 sanitatis ,sal]ni1 #ac1 #ah1 #ba4 ,reis*1 ,gregorius1 ,m>g>ita philosophiae1 anatomical draw+s1 #aag fig4 #ah1 #abj fig4 #ai1 #abb & n4 #b4 ,remy1 ,ni*olas1 inquisitor ( ,lorra9e1 acc\nt ( wit*-trials1 #aif-h1 #bjj2 ,daemanolatria1 #aif1 #bjj n4 #a4 ,r5aissance anatomy3 see ,anatomy4 ,r5zi1 ,s4 de1 ,collectio ,sal]nitana1 #ac n4 #a1 #ah nn4 #a-e1 #ci n41 #dc n4 #b1 #dd n4 #a1 #aad n4 #b4 ,reuss1 ,f4 ,a41 #ad n4 #a2 ,de ,libris physicis ,s4 ,hildeg>dis comm5tatio hi/orico-m$ica1 #ac n4 #c2 ,d] heilig5 ,hildeg>d ,subtilitatum div]s>um natur>um creatur>um libri novem1 c41 #ac n4 #c4 ,revue des que/ions hi/oriques1 #e n4 #c1 #af n4 #c1 #ba n4 #c1 #bc n4 #e4 ,revue sci5tifique p\r la ,france et p\r l'trang]1 #ib n4 #d4 ,rhazes1 #ic1 #aje1 #aaj1 #aac1 #abj1 #aba1 #abg1 #ahb2 ,almansur1 #aaj n4 #b4 #8,rheumatic r+s'1 #ahb4 ,rh9el&1 spread ( sci5tific k 9 !1 #ag-bj4 ,ri*>d ,,ii & ! bless+ ( cramp-r+s1 #agj4 ,ri*>dus ,anglicus 7,ri*>d ( ,w5dov]71 anatomical "w by1 #aje1 #aba4 ,rieu1 ,c41 ,supplem5t to ! ,arabic ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 #bbh n4 #a4 ,rivoli1 ,duc de1 ,bibliographie des livres figures vniti5s1 #ij n4 #b4 ,rob]sdorf3 see ,g]trude ( ,rob]sdorf4 ,rob]tson1 ,j4 ,m41 ,lett]s on ,reason+1 #bbc n4 #b4 ,rome3 see ,manuscripts4 ,rondelet1 ,william1 anatomizes 8 son1 #ha n4 ,rose1 ,val5t9e1 cit$1 #bd n4 ,ro?1 ,f4 ,w4 ,e41 acc\nt ( ,/4 ,hildeg>d1 #e n4 #c2 ,li$] und unbekannte ,spra*e d] h4 ,hildeg>dis1 #e n4 #b4 ,rott]dam1 wit*-burn+ at1 #bai1 #bbj4 ,r\x1 ,wilhelm1 #fc4 ,rup]t1 ,/41 ,hildeg>d's life (1 #c1 #g4 ,rup]tsb]g1 conv5t (1 #b1 #c1 #h1 #db4 ,sacro ,bosco3 see ,johannes ,sacro ,bosco4 ,/4 ,george's ,cross1 #agh4 ,/4 ,victor3 see ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor4 ,/4 ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais1 #aia4 ,sal]no1 #ac1 #ah1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #ic1 #aad4 ,see also ,copho & ,trotula4 ,saliceto3 see ,william ( ,saliceto4 ,s&ys1 ,j4 ,e41 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,s*ol>%ip1 #ai n4 #b1 #cg n4 #c4 ,sant9i1 ,u41 ,c5ni /ati/ici sulla ,popolazione del ,qu>ti]e di ,s4 ,proclo 9 ,bologna1 #ii n4 #b4 ,saphir b5 ,levi1 ,jacob1 #bbf n4 #c4 ,savoy1 s5ate (1 wit*es condemn$ by1 #bjh4 ,sx+]1 ,j41 ,ueb] die ,entwickelung des m$iz9is*5 ,unt]ri*ts an d] ,tb+] ,ho*s*ule1 #gi n4 #d1 #ha n4 ,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s43 ,sci5tific ,discov]y & ,logical ,pro(1 #bce-hi2 ,=mal ,logic1 #bcf1 #bdf n4 #b1 #bgc n41 #bgd n41 #bgi n41 #bhe n42 ,humanism1 #bgd n42 ,/udies 9 ,humanism1 #bgd n4 ,s*melzeis1 ,j4 ,p41 ,das ,leb5 und ,wirk5 d] heilig5 ,hildeg>dis1 #e n4 #b4 ,s*neid]1 ,a41 ,die ,psy*ologie ,alb]ts des ,gross51 #aac n4 #c4 ,s*nau3 see ,elizabe? ( ,s*nau4 ,sci5tific discov]y & logical pro(1 #bce-hi4 ,scot1 ,reg9ald1 ,discov]y ( ,wit*craft1 #bad1 #bbc4 ,scribonius1 ,w4 ,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,m>burg1 on te/+ wit*craft by wat]1 #bjg4 ,seck]1 ,ar*bi%op1 #bcj4 ,seidel1 ,ern/1 ,drei weit]e anatomis*e ,fnfbild]s]i5 aus ,ab5dl& und ,morg5l&1 #dd n4 #d1 #hg n4 #a4 ,s5eca1 #cb4 ,s]>ius1 ,nicolaus1 #h4 ,s]moneta1 duca di3 see ,caetani1 ,mi*elangelo4 ,seville1 ,isidore (3 see ,isidore ,hispal5sis4 ,seym\r1 ,edw>d1 ,e>l ( ,h]t=d3 see ,h]t=d4 ,%akespe>e's use ( ! ^w #8cramp'1 #aha4 ,%aw1 ,el9or1 execut$ = wit*craft1 #aie4 ,sidgwick1 ,alfr$1 cit$1 #bdg n41 #bei4 ,sigh9olfi1 ,l9o1 ,l',ar*itettura ,b5tivolesca 9 ,bologna e il ,palazzo del ,pode/1 #ajd n4 ,signorelli1 ,luca1 anatomical /udies (1 #hf4 ,sillib1 ,pr(essor1 #ee n4 ,simpson1 ,sp>r[1 #agh4 ,s+]1 ,*>les3 ,a ,/udy 9 ,e>ly ,r5aissance ,anatomy1 ) a new text3 ! ,ano?omia ( ,hi]onymo ,manfr$i 7#adij71 #gi-afd4 ---- ,! ,sci5tific ,views & ,visions ( ,sa9t ,hildeg>d1 #a-ee4 ---- ,allegorical ,repres5tation ( ! ,synagogue1 9 a ,twelf?- c5tury ,illum9at$ ,,ms4 ( ,hildeg>d1 #bj n4 #b2 ,?irte5?-c5tury ,m9iature illu/rat+ ,m$ical ,practice1 #ha n4 #a2 ,! ,figures ( ! ,bri/ol ,guy de ,*auliac ,,ms41 #hd n4 #a4 ,sitzungsb]i*te d] kais]li*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 #ab n4 #b4 ,smi?1 ,r41 titul> bi%op ( ,*alc$on1 #age4 ,socrates1 #bei4 ,soldan1 ,w4 ,g41 ,ges*i*te d] ,hex5processe1 #aia n4 #a1 #aib n4 #b1 #aic n41 #bjc n4 #c1 #bjf nn4 #a1 #b1 #bjh n4 #d4 ,solomon1 ,wisdom (1 #ba1 #bd1 #bh4 ,sorbelli1 ,albano1 ,i ,primordi della ,/ampa 9 ,bologna1 #ii n4 #d2 ,la ,signoria di ,giovanni ,visconti a ,bologna1 #ig n4 #a2 ,le ,croni*e ,bolognesi del ,secolo ,,xiv1 #ig n4 #a4 ,sorc]]s1 #aib-h1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bjd-f1 #bae4 ,see also ,wit*craft4 ,s\l1 nature ( !1 biological def9ition (1 #ei-fa2 ,hildeg>d's views on1 #a1 #ej1 #ea4 ,see also ,vitalism4 ,spee1 ,fa!r1 ,cautio ,crim9alis1 on trials = wit*craft1 #bjd & n4 #b1 #bjg n4 #b1 #bba n4 #b4 ,spielmann1 ,m4 ,h41 #ee n4 ,sponheim1 #b1 #c4 ,sporley1 ,ri*>d1 monk ( ,we/m9/]1 #aff4 ,spr5g]1 ,j41 ,malleus ,malefic>um1 #aid & n41 #bja-c4 ,/ahl1 ,george ,erne/1 #fa4 ,/>l+1 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,h41 #gj4 ,/eele1 ,r4 ,r41 #ee n4 ,/e9s*neid]1 ,m41 ,catalogus ,librorum ,hebraeorum 9 ,biblio!ca ,bodleiana1 #bbf n4 #aj1 #bca n4 #b2 ,die hebris*5 ,ueb]setzung5 des ,mittelalt]s und die ,jud5 als ,dolmets*]1 #bbf nn4 #c1 #aj2 ,gifte und ihre ,heilung1 e9e ,abh&lung des ,moses ,maimonides1 #bbf n4 #a4 ,/rabus1 ,walafrid1 #ac4 ,/rassburg1 wit*-burn+ at1 #bje4 ,/raub1 ,a41 edition ( ,h]rade de ,l&sb]g's ,hortus delici>um1 #ba n4 #d1 #dj fig4 #e1 #dh fig4 #i4 ,/udi e ,memorie p] la ,/oria dell' ,univ]sit di ,bologna1 #ib n4 #d1 #ajc n4 #b4 ,/umpff1 ,f4 ,g4 ,a41 ,hi/oria n]vorum c]ebralium ab antiquissimis temporibus usque ad ,willisium nec non ,vieuss5sium1 #aah n4 #a4 ,sudh(f1 ,k>l1 cit$1 #ch nn4 #b1 #e1 #de n4 #a1 #hg n4 #d1 #aba n4 #a1 #abg n4 #e2 ,ab]mals e9e neue ,h&s*rift d] anatomis*5 ,fnfbild]s]ie1 #dd n4 #d2 ,aug5dur*s*nittsbild] aus ,ab5dl& und ,morg5l&1 #abb n4 #a2 ,die kurze #8,vita' und das ,v]zei*nis d] ,arbeit5 ,g]h>ds von ,cremona1 von se95 ,s*l]n und ,/udi5g5oss5 kurz na* dem ,tode des ,mei/]s 7#aahg7 zu ,tol$o v]abfas/1 #ag n4 #b2 ,drei weit]e anatomis*e ,fnfbild]s]i5 aus ,ab5dl& und ,morg5l&1 #dd n4 #d1 #hg n4 #a2 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,ges*i*te d] ,anatomie im ,mittelalt]1 #dd n4 #d1 #hg n4 #b1 #aje n42 ,e9e ,p>is] #8,ke?am' ,h&s*rift aus d] ,zeit ,knig ,k>ls ,,vi1 #hi n4 #d2 ,illu/ration5 m$iz9is*] ,h&s*rift5 und ,frhdrucke1 #abb n4 #a2 ,neue ,beitrge zur ,vorges*i*te des ,ke?am1 #hi n4 #d2 ,tradition und ,naturbeoba*tung1 #dd n4 #d1 #ij n4 #d2 ,weibli*e ,situsbild] von ca4 #adjj-aedc1 #ij n4 #d2 ,weit]e ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] ,anatomie im ,mittelalt]1 #dd n4 #e4 ,sudh(f1 ,wal!r1 ,die ,lehre von d5 ,hirnv5trikeln1 #aad n4 #c4 ,suffolk *>m aga9/ rheumatism1 #ahb4 ,summi 9 omni philosophia viri ,con/ant9i africani m$ici op]um reliqua1 #dd n4 #c4 ,syllogism1 !1 z a =m ( pro(1 #bch1 #bdj-ej1 #bec1 #bhh4 ,sylve/ris1 ,b]n>d1 ( ,t\rs1 #cg n4 #a2 ,de mundi univ]sitate sive megacosmus et microcosmus1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1 #cj1 #cb1 #cf1 #ch4 ,symbolum ,apo/olicorum1 #ci n4 #a1 plate ,,xvii4 ,taylor1 ,h4 ,osborn1 ,! ,m$iaeval ,m9d1 #bc nn4 #c1 #e4 ,te*l5burg1 ,c\ntess ,anna (1 #bba4 ,teleology1 #fd1 #ff1 #ga-c1 #ge-g1 #id1 #aje4 ,templ>s1 !1 *>ges aga9/1 #aic1 #aii4 ,t]tullian1 #baf4 ,!odoric1 ! monk1 life ( ,/4 ,hildeg>d by1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae n41 #ea4 ,!ophilus1 psy*ological writ+s (1 #aad4 ,?un1 9 ,alsace1 wit*-burn+ at1 #bjh4 ,tply1 ,rob]t ,ritt] von1 #ib n4 #d2 ,anatomia ,ri*>di ,anglici1 #aba n4 #a4 ,torre1 ,m>cantonio della1 project$ anatomical treatise (1 #hi4 ,tralles3 see ,alex&] ( ,tralles4 ,transactions ( ! ,sev5te5? ,int]national ,congress ( ,m$ic9e 7,sect4 ,,xxiii1 ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e71 #bg n4 #b1 #ch n4 #c1 #hd n4 #a4 ,tr$ici ,foglie della ,royal ,libr>y di ,w9dsor1 #hf n4 #a4 ,trves1 wit*-burn+ 9 ! bi%opric (1 #aid1 #aig1 #aih4 ,treviranus1 #fb1 #fd4 ,triaire1 ,p41 ,les leons d'anatomie et les pe9tres holl&ais aux ,,xvie et ,,xviie sicles1 #hi n4 #a4 ,tr9ity1 ,hildeg>d's vision ( !1 #ed1 plate ,,xxiii4 ,tri!mius1 ,johannes1 abbot ( ,sponheim1 #h1 #db2 ,*ronicon insigne ,mona/]ii ,hirsaug5sis1 ,ord9is ,/4 ,b5$icti1 #ae1 #af n4 #a4 ,trotula1 m$ical writ+s (1 #ac4 ,tb+51 public anatomies at1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 #gi1 #ha n4 ,tudela3 see ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela4 ,univ]se1 mat]ial /ructure ( !1 m$iaeval views on1 #bb-cj1 plates ,,iv1 ,,xi4 ,uri1 ,john1 ,catalogue ( ,ori5tal ,,mss4 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 #bbg1 #bcj1 #bca & n4 #b4 ,vange/51 ,o4 ,c4 ,l41 cit$1 #hf n4 #a1 #acj n4 #a4 ,v>ignana1 ,gulielmo1 pr(essor ( m$ic9e at ,bologna1 #ic n4 #a4 ,v5turi1 ,a41 ,/oria dell' arte italiana1 #aj n4 #b4 ,v]gil1 ,polydore1 #agb1 #ahj4 ,v]roc*io1 ,&rea del1 anatomical /udies (1 #hf & n4 #b4 ,v]worn1 ,max1 #fh4 ,vesalius1 ,&reas1 #fa1 #hf1 #hi1 #ic1 #aje1 #acj2 ,de humani corporis fabrica1 #ib n4 #b1 #aba fig4 #bj1 #abb4 ,vigevano1 ,guido de1 anatomical draw+s 9 works (1 #hg1 plates ,,xxxi1 ,,xxxii4 ,villanova3 see ,arnald ( ,villanova4 ,villi]s1 ,j4 ,a4 ,j4 de1 ,fam\s ,maps 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 #ii n4 #d4 ,v9c5t1 ,/41 ( ,beauvais1 8 treatm5t ( a wit*1 #aia4 ,v9ci1 ,leon>do da1 anatomical rese>*es (1 #hf1 #aba1 #abb1 #acj2 anatomical sket*es1 #hi1 plates ,,xxxv1 ,,xxxviii 7b74 ,vir*[1 ,rudolf1 cit$1 #ac1 #fj1 #bbf n4 ,virmont1 ,c\ntess ,anna (1 #bah4 ,vitalism1 #ei-gh2 animism1 #fa1 #fd1 #fe2 biological def9itions1 #ei-fa2 cry/als1 #fj2 diff]5tiation1 #fb2 embryo1 #fb1 #fc1 #fi1 #gj2 #8entele*y'1 #fd1 #ge2 g]m1 #fb1 #fc1 #ff1 #fi1 #gj1 #gd2 het]og5eity1 #gg2 homog5eity1 #fe1 #gg2 l>va1 #fb1 #fc1 #fi2 me*anisms & me*anical !ories1 #fd1 #fe1 #fg-gj1 #gd-f2 metabolism1 #fj1 #fe1 #fh1 #gj1 #gf2 metaphysical !ory1 #ff1 #fg1 #gf2 m9d sep>ate & et]nal1 #fj1 #gc2 morphae/hetic1 #fd1 #ga2 neo-vitalism1 #fh1 #gf2 nutritive s\l1 !1 #ei1 #fj1 #gc1 #gd2 organic autonomy1 #fe2 organism1 life ( !1 #ei ff42 p]ceptive s\l1 !1 #fj1 #gc1 #gd2 philosophical objections1 #fh1 #ga-e2 psy*oid1 #fd1 #fe1 #ge2 psy*ological !ory1 #fg1 #fh1 #gf2 rational s\l1 !1 #fj1 #fa1 #fg2 sci5tific objections1 #fh-ga2 special vital =ce1 !ory (1 #ff4 ,vivo1 ,catello de1 ,la ,visione di ,alb]ico1 ri/ampata1 tradotta e camp>ata con la ,div9a ,comm$ia1 #ba n4 #b4 ,wald5ses1 p]secution (1 #aib4 ,waldsee1 wit*-burn+ at1 #bjh4 ,wal%1 ,e4 ,h4 ,c41 ,tibetan ,anatomical ,sy/em1 #dd n4 #e4 ,webb1 ,c4 ,c4 ,j41 #ee n4 ,wel*1 ,antonius1 #aig4 ,w5dov]1 ,ri*>d (3 see ,ri*>dus ,anglicus4 ,wesseli*1 ,philip1 ( ,kne*t5/e91 case ( wit*craft1 #bah4 ,we/l&1 ,a4 ,mildr$1 transcription ( ! ,ano?omia ( ,hi]onymo ,manfr$i1 #acj-fd2 translation ( select$ passages1 #ajf-be4 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 miracul\s cures at ! %r9e ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 #aff4 ,wey]1 ,dr4 ,john1 & ! wit* mania1 #ahi-bbd2 ,de prae/igiis daemonum et incantationibus ac v5eficiis1 #bae-bb4 ,:>ton1 duct (1 #ie4 ,wib]g1 ,j41 ,anatomy ( ! ,bra9 9 ! ,works ( ,gal5 & #8,ali #8,abbas1 #aac n4 #b4 ,wicelius 7,weitzel71 ,georgius1 #h4 ,wick]%eim]1 ,erne/1 ,figures mdico-a/rologiques des neuvime1 dixime et onzime sicles1 #bg n4 #b1 #ch n4 #c2 ,la mdec9e a/rologique dans les almana*s populaires du ,,xxe sicle1 #ci n4 #b2 ,l',anatomie de ,guido de ,vigevano1 mdec9 de la re9e ,jeanne de ,b\rgogne1 #hg n4 #c4 ,wiesbad53 see ,manuscripts4 ,wille1 ,pr(essor1 #ee n4 ,william ( ,saliceto1 #ib1 #ic1 #aje4 ,wilson1 ,rev4 ,h4 ,a41 #ee n4 ,w9ds1 relation (1 to ! elem5ts1 #be-g1 #cd4 ,w9t]nitz1 ,ditetis*es ,s5ds*reib5 des ,maimonides1 #bbf n4 #c4 ,wiseman1 ,c>d9al1 #agh4 ,wit*craft & wit* mania1 #ahi-bbd2 bewit*m5t ( animals1 #aic1 #aig1 #bah1 #bbj2 burn+s = wit*craft1 #aij1 #aid1 #aif1 #aig1 #bjj1 #bjb-h1 #bac1 #bba2 *ildr5 tortur$ & burnt1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjh2 confessions1 #aie1 #aig-bjj1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bjg1 #bji-ac1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbc2 #8delation'1 #bjb2 d5unciations1 #aij1 #aib1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bjf1 #bji-ac2 executions1 #aij1 #aid1 #aie1 #bjf1 #bjh2 in=m]s1 #bjb2 inquisitions 7or wit*-trials71 #aib1 #aif1 #aig1 #bja-ac2 nature ( ! wit* mania1 #aij1 #aia1 #aii1 #bje2 numb] ( victims1 #bjh2 opposition ( ,dr4 ,john ,wey] to p]secution = wit*craft1 #ahi1 #bjj1 #bjg1 #bad-bd2 popul> beliefs conc]n+ wit*craft & demonology1 #aij-c1 #aie-g1 #aii1 #bag2 results ( sci5tific inve/igations1 #bbc2 #8sabbat'1 !1 #aie-i2 sexual orgies1 #aij1 #aic1 #aif1 #aih1 #aii1 #bji1 #baa1 #baf2 torture ( victims1 #aij1 #aib1 #aie1 #bjj1 #bjb-ac2 wat] te/1 #bjg1 #bai2 wit*-dances1 #aif1 #aig1 #aii1 #baj1 #baa1 #baf1 #bba2 wit*-hunt]s1 #ahi1 #aib1 #aie-h1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bje-h1 #bad1 #bai1 #bbj2 wit*-o9tm5ts1 #aii1 #baf2 witnesses1 #bjb1 #bje1 #bji-ab4 ,)+ton1 ,e4 ,t43 ,dr4 ,john ,wey] & ! ,wit* ,mania1 #ahi-bbd4 ,wolsey1 ,c>d9al1 #agd4 ,worde1 ,wynkyn de1 pr9t]1 #he fig4 #d4 ,wrobel1 ,j41 cit$1 #ai n4 #b1 #cg n4 #a1 #ch n4 #a4 ,wrzburg1 wit*-burn+ 9 ! bi%opric (1 #aid1 #aie1 #bjd1 #bjh4 ,w/5feld1 ,h4 ,f41 ,ges*i*te d4 arabis*5 ,a]zte1 #bbg & n4 #a1 #bbh nn4 #c1 #e1 #bbi4 ,yorke1 ,sir ,joseph1 #bcj4 ,ypres1 ,john de1 quotation f ! acc\nt books (1 #agj4 ,zeits*rift d] ,morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #bbf n4 #aj4 ,zeits*rift fr kir*li*e ,wiss5s*aft und kir*li*es ,leb51 #e n4 #c4 ,zelus ,dei1 acc\nt & illum9ation (1 #ed1 plate ,,xxiv 7b74 ,z]bis1 de3 see ,g]bi1 ,gabriele de4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #a ,vita ,sanctae ,hildeg>dis auctoribus ,godefrido et ,!odorico mona*is1 lib4 iii1 cap4 #a4 ,! "w has be5 frequ5tly repr9t$ & is 9 ,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 vol4 #aig1 col4 #ia ff4 ,?is volume w be quot$ "h simply z #8,migne'4 #b ,migne1 col4 #aai4 #c ,! errone\s /atem5t 9 "s ( h] biographies t %e j\rney$ to ,p>is is bas$ on a misund]/&+4 #d ,c>d9al ,j4 ,b4 ,pitra1 ,analecta sacra1 vol4 viii1 p4 #cej1 ,p>is1 #ahhb4 ,?is volume w "h be quot$ simply z #8,pitra'4 #e ,pitra1 p4 #eef4 #f ,wilhelm ,grimm1 #8,wiesbad] ,gloss5'1 9 ,moriz ,haupt's ,zeits*rift fr deuts*es ,alt]?um1 ,leipzig1 #ahdh1 vol4 vi1 p4 #cba4 ,! script is reproduc$ 9 ! ill-arrang$ & irritat+ "w ( ,j4 ,p4 ,s*melzeis1 ,das ,leb5 und ,wirk5 d] heilig5 ,hildeg>dis1 ,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahgi2 & 9 ,pitra1 p4 #dig4 ,! subject has be5 summ>iz$ by ,f4 ,w4 ,e4 ,ro? 9 8 ,li$] und unbekannte ,spra*e d] h4 ,hildeg>dis1 ,wiesbad51 #ahhj4 #g ,a %ort sket* ( h] life ( yet e>li] date has surviv$4 ,x is f ! h& ( ! monk ,guib]t & 0 probably writt5 9 #aahj3 ,pitra1 p4 #djg4 ,! be/ mod]n acc\nt ( h] is by ,f4 ,w4 ,e4 ,ro? 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr kir*li*e ,wiss5s*aft und kir*li*es ,leb51 vol4 ix1 p4 #dec1 ,leipzig1 #ahhh4 ,less critical b m readable is ! essay by ,alb]t ,batt&i]1 #8,sa9te ,hildeg>de1 sa vie et ses uvres'1 9 ! ,revue des que/ions hi/oriques1 vol4 xxxiii1 pp4 #cie-dbe1 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 #h ,! #8,acta inquisitionis de virtutibus et miraculis sanctae ,hildeg>dis' are repr9t$ 9 ,migne1 col4 #aca4 #i ,?is volume is supplem5t$ by #8,annotationes ad ,nova ,s4 ,hildeg>dis ,op]a' 9 ,analecta ,boll&iana1 vol4 i1 p4 #eig1 ,brussels1 #ahhb4 #aj ,?is ,wiesbad5 ,,ms4 has be5 fully describ$ by ,antonius van d] ,l9de1 ,die ,h&s*rift5 d] ,knigli*5 ,l&esbiblio!k 9 ,wiesbad51 ,wiesbad51 #ahgg4 #aa ,l\is ,baillet1 #8,les ,m9iatures du ,scivias de sa9te ,hildeg>de'1 9 ! ,monum5ts et ,mmoires publis p> l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres1 ,p>is1 #aiab1 especially pp4 #aci & #ade4 #ab ,we are incl9$ to place ! prep>ation ( ?is rem>kable ,,ms4 at a slightly lat] date ?an t attribut$ to x by ,baillet4 ,z ,wiesbad5 is at pres5t inaccessible we h reproduc$ ! facsimiles 9 ,plate ,,ii f ,baillet's monograph4 #ac ,= ! hi/ory ( ^! ,,mss4 see ,a4 van d] ,l9de1 loc4 cit41 pp4 #cj-f4 #ad ,goe!1 #8,am ,rhe91 ,ma9 und ,neck>'1 ,cotta's ,jubilums-,ausgabe1 vol4 xxix1 p4 #beh4 #ae ,wilhelm ,grimm 9 ,m4 ,haupt's ,zeits*rift fr deuts*es ,alt]?um1 vi1 p4 #cba1 ,leipzig1 #ahdg4 #af ,9 ti5ne ,baluze1 ,miscellanea novo ord9e dige/a et non paucis in$itis monum5tis opportunisque animadv]sionibus aucta op]a ac /udio ,j4 ,d4 ,mansi1 #d vols41 ,lucca1 #agfa-f2 see vol4 ii1 p4 #cgg4 #ag ,cf4 ,j4 ,a4 ,h]b]t1 ,illum9at$ ,manuscripts1 ,london1 #aiaa1 p4 #afj4 #ah ,a4 ,v5turi1 ,/oria dell' arte italiana1 ,milan1 9 progress1 vol4 v1 p4 #af4 #ai ,we are unable to concur ) ,baillet1 h[ev]1 t !re is en\gh evid5ce to sugge/ t ! m9iaturi/s ( ! ,lucca ,,ms4 _h consult$ ! ,wiesbad5 illum9ations4 ,baillet1 loc4 cit41 p4 #adg4 #bj ,hildeg>dis causae et curae edidit ,paulus ,kais]1 ,leipzig1 ,b4 ,g4 ,teubn]1 #aijc4 ,! ,,ms4 0 br\ght to light by ,c4 ,jess5 9 ! ,sitzungsb]i*te d] kais]l4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,ma!matis*-naturwiss5s*aftli*e ,klasse1 ,b& xlv1 ,heft #a1 p4 #ig1 ,vi5na1 #ahfb4 ,see also ! same au?or 9 ,botanik 9 kulturhi/oris*] ,entwickelung1 pp4 #abd-f1 ,leipzig1 #ahfb1 & 9 ! ,anzeig] fr ,kunde d] deuts*5 ,vorzeit1 #ahge1 p4 #age4 ,an imp]fect edition appe>$ 9 #ahhb 9 ,pitra1 p4 #dfh1 "u ! title ,lib] compositae m$ic9ae de aegritud9um causis signis atque curis4 #ba ,royal ,libr>y ( ,cop5hag51 ,,ms4 ,ny4 ,kgl4 ,saml41 ,no4 #ij b4 #bb ,exp]im5t>ius m$ic9ae cont95s ,trotulae cur&>um ,aegritud9um muliebrium 444 item quatuor ,hildeg>dis de elem5torum1 flum9um aliquot ,g]maniae1 metallorum1444 h]b>um1 piscium animantium t]rae1 naturis et op]ationibus4 ,edit$ by ,g4 ,kraut1 ,/rasb\rg1 ,j4 ,s*ott1 #aedd4 ,! "w (t5 ascrib$ to ,trotula is some:at simil> to ! spuri\s m$ical works ( ,hildeg>d4 ,l !m1 x 0 probably writt5 e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,trotula h]self liv$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 a g5]ation or two be=e ,hildeg>d4 ,on ,trotula see ,salvatore de ,r5zi1 ,collectio ,sal]nitana1 vol4 i1 p4 #adi1 ,naples1 #aheb4 #bc ,9 ! ,vita1 lib4 ii1 cap4 #a2 ,migne1 col4 #aja4 #bd ,migne1 col4 #aabe4 ,see also ,f4 ,a4 ,reuss1 ,de ,libris physicis ,s4 ,hildeg>dis comm5tatio hi/orico-m$ica1 ,wrzburg1 #ahce1 & #8,d] heilig5 ,hildeg>d ,subtilitatum div]s>um natur>um creatur>um libri novem1 die w]?voll/e ,urkunde deuts*] ,natur- und ,heilkunde aus dem ,mittelalt]' 9 ! ,annal5 des ,v]e9s fr ,nassauis*e ,alt]?umskunde und ,ges*i*ts=s*ung1 ,b& vi1 ,heft #a1 ,wiesbad51 #ahei4 #be ,rudolf ,vir*[1 #8,zur ,ges*i*te des ,aussatzes und d] ,spitl]1 besond]s 9 ,deuts*l&'1 9 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv fr ,pa?ologie1 vol4 xviii1 p4 #bhe1 c41 ,b]l91 #ahfj4 #bf ,reuss1 9 ,migne1 cols4 #aaba & #aabb1 /ates on ,!odoric's au?ority t ,hildeg>d _h writt5 a book on ?is subject3 #8,ex/at int] libros virg9is fatidicae sup]/ites opus argum5ti p>tim physici p>tim m$ici1 8,de natura hom9is1 elem5torum div]s>umque creatur>um0 9 quo1 ut ,!odoricus idem fusius exponit1 secreta naturae prophetico spiritu manife/avit4' ,b ,!odoric does n 9 fact any:]e speak ( a special "w ) ?is title or ( ?is "*4 ,:at he does write is z foll[s 7,vita1 lib4 ii1 cap4 i1 ,migne1 col4 #aja73 #8,igitur beata virgo 444 librum visionum 444 consummavit et qua$am de natura hom9is et elem5torum1 div]s>umque creatur>um1 et quomodo hom9i ex 8 succurr5dum sit1 aliaque multa secreta prophetico spiritu manife/avit4' #bg ,migne1 cols4 #abab & #abac4 #bh ,z detail$ 9 ! ,lib] vitae m]itorum1 ,pitra1 p4 #bbh1 & 9 _m places 9 ! ,lib] div9orum op]um & ,scivias4 #bi ,an exception mu/ be made = ! l+ua ignota1 :i* is presumably h]s4 ,! abs5ce ( ,g]manisms 9 h] o!r writ+s may be p>tly due to ! "w ( an editor4 ,see ! ,vita by ,!odoric1 ,migne1 col4 #aja4 ,also ! bir? sc5e 7see *apt] ix bel[7 is p]haps adapt$ f a ,g]man folk-tale4 #cj ,johannes ,tri!mius1 ,*ronicon insigne ,mona/]ii ,hirsaug5sis1 ,ord9is ,/4 ,b5$icti1 ,basel1 #aeei1 p4 #agd4 #ca ,migne1 col4 #chd4 #cb ,x is n en\gh to suppose ) "s ( h] biograph]s t ! visions 7 dictat$ by ,hildeg>d & 7 lat9iz$ by a secret>y4 ,! visions imply a good deal ( /udy & consid]able book-le>n+4 ,among _m reasons = believ+ t %e _h a v s]viceable k ( ,lat9 are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,%e 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! ,biblical writ+s & quotes !m aptly & frequ5tly4 7b7 ,%e 0 reg>d$ by h] contempor>ies z an au?ority on scriptural int]pretation & on ,*ur* discipl9e1 & 0 frequ5tly consult$ by !m on ^! subjects4 7c7 ,%e plead$ 9 p]son be=e cl]ical tribunals4 7d7 ,"o ( ! lea/ rem>kable & mo/ cr$ible ( h] #8miracles'1 ! exp\nd+ ( c]ta9 lett]s f\nd ^u an alt>-clo? 7,migne1 col4 #aba71 dep5ds entirely on a k ( ,lat94 7e7 ,9 ! ,lib] div9orum op]um 7,migne1 col4 #ibb7 %e writes #8firmam5tum celum nom9avit quoniam omnia excellit'1 a d]ivation tak5 f ,isidore & incompreh5sible to "o ignorant ( ,lat94 ,!re are _m o!r passages 9 h] works 9 :i* ! s5se dep5ds on ! ,lat9 usage ( a ^w4 7f7 ,no m5tion ( ?is ignorance is made by ,guib]t 9 ! %ort sket* ( h] life t he wrote almo/ imm$iately aft] h] dea? 7#aahj2 see ,pitra1 p4 #djg74 ,on ! contr>y1 he sugge/s t %e _h be5 an indu/ri\s /ud5t4 7g7 ,! ,lib] div9orum op]um may especially be po9t$ out among h] works z betray+ a v consid]able degree ( le>n+4 ,notably h] elaborate doctr9e ( ! macrocosm & microcosm mu/ h involv$ ext5sive read+4 ,! g5]al "q ( ,hildeg>d's k ( ,lat9 has also be5 discuss$ by ,pitra & by ,alb]t ,batt&i] 9 ! ,revue des que/ions hi/oriques1 vol4 xxxiii1 p4 #cie1 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 #cc ,see *apt] viii4 #cd ,x is1 h[ev]1 j possible t %e _h consult$ ! a/rological "w t _h be5 translat$ f ! ,arabic by ,h]mann ! ,dalmatian = ,b]n>d ,sylve/ris1 & is repres5t$ 9 ! ,bodleian ,,mss4 ,digby #df & ,a%mole #cjd4 #ce ,see ,baldass>e ,boncompagni1 ,della vita e delle op]e di ,gh]>do ,cremonese1 ,traduttore del secolo duodecimo1 e di ,gh]>do di ,sabbionetta1 ,a/ronomo del secolo decimot]zo1 ,rome1 #ahea2 also ,k4 ,sudh(f1 #8,die kurze 8,vita0 und das ,v]zei*nis d] ,arbeit5 ,g]h>ds von ,cremona1 von se95 ,s*l]n und ,/udi5g5oss5 kurz na* dem ,tode des ,mei/]s 7#aahg7 zu ,tol$o v]abfas/'1 9 ,ar*iv fr ,ges*i*te d] ,m$iz91 ,bd4 viii1 p4 #gc1 ,novemb] #aiad4 #cf ,ano!r translation ( ! ,almage/ 0 made 9 ,sicily 9 #aafj1 direct f ! ,greek4 ,see ,c4 ,h4 ,hask9s & ,d4 ,p4 ,lockwood1 #8,! ,sicilian ,translators ( ! ,twelf? ,c5tury & ! ,fir/ ,lat9 ,v]sion ( ,ptolemy's ,almage/'1 9 ,h>v>d ,/udies 9 ,classical ,philology1 xi4 #ge1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 #aiaj4 ,x is :olly improbable t ,hildeg>d _h access to ?is r5d]+1 :i* is only kn[n f a s+le ,,ms4 ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 #cg ,de ,r5zi1 ,collectio ,sal]nitana1 vol4 i1 p4 #dhe1 & vol4 v1 p4 #ej4 #ch ,de ,r5zi1 i4 #dhf & #die2 v4 #ea & #gj4 #ci ,de ,r5zi1 i4 #ddf2 v4 #c4 #dj ,de ,r5zi1 i4 #dhe-f2 v4 #ej-b4 #da ,scivias1 ,migne1 col4 #djc1 & ,lib] ,div9orum ,op]um1 ,migne1 col4 #hfh & else:]e4 #db ,scivias1 ,migne1 col4 #djd1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,lib] ,div9orum ,op]um4 #dc ,pitra1 pp4 #h1 #aad-af1 #aef1 & #baf4 #dd ,! "w ( ,b]n>d ,sylve/ris has be5 pr9t$ by ,c4 ,s4 ,b>a* & ,j4 ,wrobel1 ,innsbruck1 #ahgf4 ,8 id5tity1 8 s\rces1 & 8 views are discuss$ by ,*>les ,j\rda91 ,diss]tation sur l'tat de la philosophie naturelle 444 p5dant la premire moiti du ,,xiie sicle2 by ,a4 ,cl]val1 ,les coles de ,*>tres au ,moy5 ge1 ,p>is1 #ahie1 p4 #bei1 c42 by ,r4 ,l4 ,poole1 ,illu/rations ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$iaeval ,?\ght1 ,london1 #ahhd1 p4 #aaf1 c42 & by ,j4 ,e4 ,s&ys1 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,s*ol>%ip1 ,cambridge1 #aijc1 vol4 i1 p4 #eac1 c4 #de ,! works ( ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor are publi%$ 9 ,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 clxxv-clxxvii4 #df ,! ,kalonymos family furni%$ prom95t examples4 #dg ,*>les ,s+]1 #8,allegorical ,repres5tation ( ! ,synagogue1 9 a ,twelf?-,c5tury ,illum9at$ ,,ms4 ( ,hildeg>d ( ,b+5'1 ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 new s]ies1 vol4 v1 p4 #bfh1 ,philadelphia1 #aiae4 ,= fur!r evid5ce ( ,hildeg>d's acqua9tance ) ! ,jews see ,pitra1 p4 #baf2 & ,migne1 cols4 #ifg & #ajbj-cf4 #dh ,pitra1 p4 #ea et seq4 #di ,catello de ,vivo1 ,la ,visione di ,alb]ico1 ri/ampata1 tradotta e comp>ata con la ,div9a ,comm$ia1 ,ariano1 #ahii4 ,= a comp>ison ( ,dante's visions & ^? ( ,hildeg>d see ,alb]t ,batt&i] 9 ! ,revue des que/ions hi/oriques1 vol4 xxxiii1 p4 #dbb1 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 #ej ,repr9t$ 9 ,migne1 vol4 #aie4 #ea ,h]rade de ,l&sb]g1 ,hortus ,delici>um1 by ,a4 ,/raub & ,g4 ,kell]1 ,/rasb\rg1 #aija1 ) two supplem5ts4 #eb ,= sph]icity ( e>? see especially ,migne1 cols4 #hfh & #ijc4 #ec ,9 h] lat] ,lib] ,div9orum ,simplicis ,hom9is ?is me?od ( ori5tation is v>i$ bo? 9 ! text & also 9 ! ,lucca illu/rations4 #ed ,migne1 col4 #ijf4 #ee ,migne1 cols4 #ijc-d4 #ef ,see ,h4 ,osborn ,taylor1 ,! ,m$iaeval ,m9d1 vol4 i1 p4 #dgb1 ,london1 #aiaa4 #eg ,migne1 cols4 #ijd-f4 #eh ,h4 ,osborn ,taylor1 ,! ,m$iaeval ,m9d1 i4 #dfh1 #dga2 ii4 #efi4 ,see also ,a4 ,batt&i]1 ,revue des que/ions hi/oriques1 vol4 xxxiii1 p4 #dbb1 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 #ei ,! ,meteorologica _h be5 translat$ ab\t #aaej by ,ari/ippus1 ! m9i/] ( ,william ! ,bad ( ,sicily4 ,! v]sion ( ,ari/ippus pass$ quickly into circulation 7,val5t9e ,rose1 #8,die ,lcke im ,diog5es ,lartus und d] alte b]setz]' 9 ,h]mes1 i4 #cgf1 ,b]l91 #ahff71 b h>dly soon en\gh = ,hildeg>d's ,scivias1 :i* 0 complet$ ab\t #aaej4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t ! ref]5ces to ! ignis nig] are lat] int]polations1 b ?is is v unlikely 9 view ( ! way 9 :i* %e speaks ( ?is vision 9 ! ,lib] ,div9orum ,op]um4 #fj ,migne1 cols4 #ghi-ia4 #fa ,migne1 col4 #chi4 #fb ,plate ,,xii a4 ,! elem5ts are repres5t$ 9 _! orig9al ord] undi/urb$ by ! ,fall4 ,upp]mo/ is ! purus ae!r or a] lucidus conta9+ ! />s & repres5t+ ! elem5t air 9 ,hildeg>d's cosmic sy/em4 ,next comes wat]4 ,bel[1 & to ! left1 is a d>k mass sep>at+ into tongues1 "o ( :i* is =m$ into a s]p5t's head4 ,^! tongues are flames ( fire4 ,bel[1 & to ! "r1 are plants & fl[]s emblematical ( e>?4 ,! s]p5t1 ! enemy1 vomits ov] a cl\d ( />s 7signify+ ! fall5 angels7 t are borne d[nw>d by ! fall+ ,adam4 ,9 ! f\r corn]s ( ! m9iature ! symbols ( ! elem5ts are aga9 display$4 #fc ,plate ,,xiii4 ,above1 9 a circle1 sits ! ,heav5ly ,judge4 ,he is flank$ on ei!r side by gr\ps ( angels be>+ ! cross & o!r symbols4 ,! l[] circle exhibits ! f9al de/ruction ( ! elem5tal ,univ]se4 ,! f\r w9ds & _! collat]als are "h subject+ ! elem5ts to ! crucible heat ( _! comb9$ bla/s4 ,/rewn among ! elem5ts c be se5 m51 plants1 & animals4 ,betwe5 ! circles is an angel s\nd+ ! la/ trump1 & hold+ ! record+ roll ( good & evil de$s4 ,he faces ! ?rong ( ! righte\s :o are ris+ f _! bones1 :ile he turns 8 back on ! weep+ cr[d ( ^? doom$ to torm5t4 ,bel[ ^! latt] cr\*es ,satan1 n[ en*a9$4 #fd ,plate ,,xii b4 ,9 ! highe/ circle is ! ,tr9ity flank$ to ! left by ! ,virg9 & to ! "r by ! ,bapti/1 ) ,*]ubim bel[4 ,9 ! middle circle are two gr\ps1 ! ,sa9ts above & ! ,prophets & ,apo/les bel[4 ,9 ! l[e/ circle are ! elem5ts1 n[ re>rang$ 9 _! et]nal h>mony2 upp]mo/ ( ^! is ! purus ae!r n[ sep>at$ f ! a] lucidus & conta9+ ! />s2 on ei!r side are light-col\r$ flame-l processes repres5t+ ! air2 bel[ ! ae!r is wat]1 indicat$ by a zone ( undulat+ l9es2 !n comes ! e>? symboliz$1 z usual1 by a gr\p ( plants4 ,bel[ & to ! side ( e>? are d>k-col\r$ flames ( fire1 n[ controll$ & conf9$ to ?is l[e/ rung4 #fe ,migne1 col4 #gia4 #ff ,see ,erne/ ,wick]%eim]1 #8,figures mdico-a/rologiques des neuvime1 dixime et onzime sicles'1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,sev5te5? ,int]national ,congress ( ,m$ic9e1 ,section ,,xxiii1 ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e1 p4 #cac1 ,london1 #aiac4 #fg ,migne1 cols4 #djc-ad4 #fh ,migne1 col4 #gea4 #fi ,migne1 col4 #gia4 #gj ,! ,quae/io de ,aqua et ,t]ra is d\btless a g5u9e1 albeit ! lea/ pleas+1 production ( ! great poet4 ,! g5u95ess is e/abli%$ by ,v9c5zo ,balgi 9 8 edition1 ,mod5a1 #aijg4 #ga ,migne1 col4 #gda4 #gb ,migne1 col4 #gdc4 #gc ,x is outside our purpose to attempt a full elucidation ( ,hildeg>d's allegory4 ,! eagle 9 ! "r w+ signifies ! p[] ( div9e grace1 :ile ! human head 9 ! left w+ indicates ! p[]s ( ! natural man4 ,to ! bosom ( ! figure is clasp$ ! ,lamb ( ,god4 #gd ,migne1 col4 #gea4 #ge ,migne1 col4 #gdd4 #gf ,lib] ,div9orum ,op]um1 "p i1 visions #b & #c4 #gg ,migne1 cols4 #geb-e4 #gh ,migne1 col4 #hjg4 #gi ,! "w is pr9t$ by ,c4 ,s4 ,b>a* & ,j4 ,wrobel1 ,innsbruck1 #ahgf4 ,! writ]s1 h[ev]1 confuse ,b]n>d ,sylve/ris ( ,t\rs ) 8 some:at old] contempor>y1 ,b]n>d ( ,*>tres4 #hj ,a4 ,cl]val1 ,les coles de ,*>tres au ,moy5 ge1 ,p>is1 #ahie4 #ha ,j4 ,e4 ,s&ys1 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,s*ol>%ip1 ,cambridge1 #aijc1 vol4 i1 p4 #eae4 #hb ,r4 ,lane ,poole1 ,illu/rations ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$iaeval ,?\ght 9 ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ,!ology & ,ecclesia/ical ,politics1 ,ox=d1 #ahhd1 pp4 #aah1 #bai4 #hc ,b>a* & ,wrobel1 loc4 cit41 pp4 #e-f1 #i & #ac4 #hd ,= a g5]al consid]ation ( ^! figures see ,k4 ,sudh(f1 ,ar*iv fr ,ges*i*te d] ,m$iz91 i4 #aeg1 #bai2 ii4 #hd4 #he ,e4 ,wick]%eim]1 #8,figures mdico-a/rologiques des neuvime1 dixime et onzime sicles'1 ,transactions ( ! ,sev5te5? ,int]national ,congress ( ,m$ic9e1 ,section ,,xxiii1 ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e1 p4 #cac1 ,london1 #aiac4 #hf ,! ,,ms4 f :i* ,plate ,,xv is tak5 7,p>is1 ,bibl4 nat41 ,lat9 #gjbh7 is entitl$ ,s*olium de duodecim zodiaci signis et de v5tis4 ,x 0 once ! prop]ty ( ,/4 ,hilaire ! ,great ( ,poiti]s4 ,! leg5d above our figure reads1 #8,secundum philosophorum deliram5ta notantur duodecim signa ita ab ariete incipiamus'4 ,! relation ( ! signs to ! p>ts ( ! body is diff]5t 9 ?is elev5?-c5tury ,,ms4 f t :i* 0 widely accept$ 9 ! a/rology ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies z illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,xvi4 #hg ,! ,,ms4 f :i* ,plate ,,xvi is tak5 7,p>is1 ,bibl4 nat41 ,lat9 #aabbi7 0 writt5 ab\t ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,x has be5 describ$ by ,k4 ,sudh(f1 ,ar*4 f4 ,ges*4 d4 ,m$41 ii4 #hd1 ,leipzig1 #aiaj4 ,! relation ( ! c5tral figure to ! signs ( ! zodiac 9 ?is plate be>s a manife/ resemblance to ! relation ( ! c5tral figure to ! bea/s' heads 9 ,plate vii4 ,! l9es :i* cross & recross ! figure 9 ,plate ,,vii are analog\s also to ! l9es ( influ5ce ( ,plate ,,xvi4 ,! v]se above ! figure 9 ,plate ,,xvi is tak5 f ! ,flos m$ic9ae s*olae ,sal]ni2 cp4 de ,r5zi1 loc4 cit41 i4 #dhf4 ,?is ,melo!sia & t ( ! next figure is id5tical ) t prop\nd$ 9 ,manilius1 ii4 #dec 7edition ( ,h4 ,w4 ,g>rod1 ,ox=d1 #aiaa74 #hh ,plate ,,xvii is f an e>ly ,g]man block book4 ,x exhibits a s*eme closely p>allel to ,plate ,,vii4 ,! univ]se 9 ,plate ,,xvii is repres5t$ z a s]ies ( conc5tric sph]es1 e>? inn]mo/1 foll[$ by wat]1 air1 & fire4 ,9 ! out]mo/ zone hov] ! angels :o h replac$ ! bea/'s head ( ,hildeg>d's s*eme4 ,! :ole _w is embrac$ by ! figure ( ! ,almighty1 mu* z 9 ,plate ,,vii4 #hi ,see ,e4 ,wick]%eim]1 #8,la mdec9e a/rologique dans les almana*s populaires du xxe sicle'1 ,bullet9 de la ,socit franaise d'hi/oire de la mdec9e1 x 7#aiaa71 pp4 #bf-ci4 #ij ,migne1 col4 #geg4 ,?is phrase is reproduc$ 9 a m$iaeval ,iri% v]sion ( ! "w ( ,messahalah4 ,see ,maura ,p[]1 ,an ,iri% ,a/ronomical ,text1 ,iri% ,text ,society1 ,london1 #aiab4 #ia ,! ^w canc] is "h us$1 b ! crab goes sideways1 n backw>ds4 ,by canc] ,hildeg>d1 :o _h nev] se5 ! sea1 probably means ! crayfi%1 an animal fairly common 9 ! ,rh9e bas94 ,x is ! head ( a crayfi% or lob/] t is figur$ 9 ! m9iatures ( ! vision ( ! macrocosm 9 ! ,lucca ,,ms41 & a simil> organism frequ5tly s]ves = ! sign ,canc] 9 ! m$iaeval zodiacal m$ical figures1 z 9 ,plate ,,xv ( ?is essay4 #ib ,migne1 cols4 #c1 #gia-b4 #ic ,an illu/ration ( ?is p>allelism betwe5 ,p>acelsus & ,hildeg>d is af=d$ by c]ta9 passages 9 ! ,labyr9?us m$icorum errantium & ! ,scivias1 lib4 i1 vis4 #d4 ,especially comp>e p4 #bgi et seq4 ( ,hus]'s edition ( ! ,op]a1 ,/rasb\rg1 #afjc1 ) ,migne1 col4 #dbh4 #id ,a good example is furni%$ by a "w ( ,isaac ,my]1 ,qabbalah4 ,! philosophical writ+s ( ,solomon b5 ,yehudah ibn ,gebirol or ,avicebron & _! connection ) ! ,hebrew ,qabbalah & ,seph] ha-,zoh>1 ,philadelphia1 #ahhh4 #ie ,! mo/ accessible edition is 9 ,s4 de ,r5zi's ,collectio ,sal]nitana1 vol4 ii1 p4 #chh4 #if ,pr9t$ 9 de ,r5zi1 vol4 ii1 p4 #cia4 #ig ,pr9t$ 9 ,me?odus m$5di c]ta cl>a et brevis1 ,basel1 ,h5ricus ,petrus1 #aeda1 p4 #cac4 #ih ,pr9t$ 9 ,summi 9 omni philosophia viri con/ant9i africani m$ici op]um reliqua1 ,basel1 ,h5ricus ,petrus1 #aeci1 p4 #bd4 #ii ,k>l ,sudh(f1 ,tradition und ,naturbeoba*tung1 ,leipzig1 #aijg2 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,ges*i*te d] ,anatomie im ,mittelalt]1 ,leipzig1 #aijh2 #8,drei weit]e anatomis*e ,fnfbild]s]i5 aus ,ab5dl& und ,morg5l&' 7) ,ern/ ,seidel7 & #8,ab]mals e9e neue ,h&s*rift d] anatomis*5 ,fnfbild]s]ie' 9 ,ar*iv fr ,ges*i*te d] ,m$iz91 ,leipzig1 #aiaj & #aiad4 #ajj ,e4 ,h4 ,c4 ,wal%1 #8,! ,tibetan ,anatomical ,sy/em'1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,london1 ,octob] #aiaj1 p4 #abae2 ,b]?old ,lauf]1 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntnis d] ,tibetanis*5 ,m$iz91 ,b]l91 #aijj2 & ,k4 ,sudh(f1 #8,weit]e ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] ,anatomie im ,mittelalt]'1 9 ! ,ar*iv fr ,ges*i*te d] ,m$iz91 vol4 viii1 p4 #adc1 ,leipzig1 #aiad4 #aja ,?is text1 critically treat$1 has be5 pr9t$ by ,k4 ,sudh(f1 :o1 h[ev]1 reg>ds x z relat$ to ! figures3 ,ar*iv fr ,ges*i*te d] ,m$iz91 vol4 iii1 p4 #cfa1 ,leipzig1 #aiaj4 #ajb ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor1 ,de be/iis et aliis rebus1 iii4 #fj4 #ajc ,migne1 col4 #gee4 #ajd ,an idea t occurs 9 ,ari/otle1 ,p>ts ( ,animals1 ii1 c4 #b1 b is reject$ by ,gal54 #aje ,e>ly m$iaeval writ]s held t ! lumbus1 :i* we h r5d]$ lo91 0 intimately connect$ ) ! sexual faculties4 ,?us ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor 7#ajie-aada71 ,de be/iis et aliis rebus1 iii4 #fj #8,lumbi a libid9is lascivia dicti1 quia 9 viris causa corporeae voluptatis 9 ipsis e/1 sicut 9 umbilico fem9is4 ,unde et ab ,iob 9 exordio s]monis dictum e/1 acc+e sicut vir lumbos tuos1 ut 9 8 esset resi/5di praep>atio1 9 quibus e/ libid9is usitata dom9&i occasio4' #ajf ,migne1 cols4 #gib-c4 #ajg ,! leg5d reads z foll[s3 #8,m9or mundus scilicet homo4 ,microcosmus4 ,!n on ! head ! names ( ! sev5 planets4 ,caput microcosmi e/ rotundum 9 cele/is sp]e modum 9 quo duo oculi ut duo lum9>ia 9 celo micant quod septem =am9a ut septem celi armonie ornant4 ,9 pectore sunt flatus tussis ut 9 a]e u5ti tonitrua4 ,9 u5trem omnia fluunt ut 9 m>e flum9a4 ,os lapides ungues arbos dant gram9a cr9es ,ut p$e molem corporis sic t]ra su/9et omnia4 ,at ! f\r corn]s ! foll[+ leg5ds3 ,a] huic donat quod flat4 sonat4 audit4 odorat4 ,ignis f]uorem dat uisum mobilitatem4 ,aqua4 ,munus aque gu/us humorem sangu9is usus4 ,ex t]ra c>nem tactum trahit gravitatem4' #ajh ,migne1 col4 #dae4 #aji ,migne1 col4 #dba4 #aaj ,migne1 col4 #dbd4 #aaa ,! ,ari/otelian writ+s also comp>e ! trans=mation ( ! mat]ial hum\rs into ! *ild's body ) ! solidification ( milk 9 ! =mation ( *eese4 #aab ,migne1 col4 #dbe4 #aac ,especially 9 ! ,lib] ,div9orum ,op]um1 p>s #a4 vis4 iv4 #aad ,! eagle is frequ5tly 9 m$iaeval writ+s a symbol ( ! p[] ( div9e grace4 #aae ,migne1 col4 #aaj4 #aaf ,migne1 col4 #aaa4 #aag ,migne1 col4 #chd4 #aah ,scivias1 lib4 iii1 vis4 #a2 ,migne1 col4 #efe4 #aai ,migne1 col4 #ah4 #abj ,migne1 col4 #ah4 #aba ,c>tulaire de l',univ]sit de ,montpelli] 7#aahj-aeah71 ,montpelli]1 #ahid1 p4 #ba4 #abb ,dates ( ! in/itution ( dissection at ?is & o!r ,univ]sities are giv5 by ,f4 ,bak] 9 ,bullet9 ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,hospital1 vol4 xx1 p4 #cca1 ,baltimore1 #aiji4 #abc ,/atuti dell' ,univ]sit di ,m$ic9a e di ,arti del #adje1 ,rubr4 lxxxxvi 7#8,de ano?omia quolibet anno fi5da'7 9 ! ,/atuti delle ,univ]sit e dei collegi dello ,/udio bolognese1 edit$ by ,c>lo ,malagola1 ,bologna1 #ahhh1 p4 #bhi4 #abd ,j4 ,sx+]1 ,ueb] die ,entwickelung des m$iz9is*5 ,unt]ri*ts an d] ,tb+] ,ho*s*ule1 ,tb+51 #ahhd1 pp4 #e & #aj4 #abe ,h[ r>ely dissections 7 conduct$ 9 "s ( ! ,univ]sities may be ga!r$ f ! fir/ /atutes ( ! m$ical faculty ( ,tb+51 dat$ #adig4 ,^! orda9 a dissection e ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,n till #afja 0 an anatomy held at ,tb+5 ev5 once a ye> 7see ,sx+]1 loc4 cit474 ,ev5 at ,montpelli] 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! sc>city 0 s great t ,rondelet 7#aejg-ff7 0 on "o occasion r$uc$ to dissect ! body ( 8 son4 ,= ?is t]rible incid5t see ,a4 ,portal1 ,hi/oire de l',anatomie et ,*irurgie1 ,p>is1 #aggj1 vol4 i1 p4 #ebb2 ,a4 ,hall]1 ,biblio!ca anatomica1 ,lib4 iv1 clxxxiv1 ,leyd51 #aggd1 vol4 i1 p4 #bje2 & ,a4 ,o4 ,goelicke1 ,introductio 9 hi/oriam litt]>iam anatomes1 ,frankfurt1 #agch1 p4 #acf4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a relatively pl5tiful supply ( subjects 9 ! ,italian ,univ]sities & especially at ,bologna & ,padua 9 ! f\rte5?1 fifte5?1 & sixte5? c5turies 7cp4 ,a4 ,hall]1 ,biblio!ca anatomica1 introduction to ,lib4 v1 p4 #bah74 ,?is 0 p]haps due to ! utt]ly deprav$ /ate ( public & private morals to :i* ! peoples ( ! p59sula _h be5 r$uc$ by ! excesses ( ! tyrants & ! condotti]i4 #abf ,plate ,,xxviii b is p]haps ! e>lie/ repres5tation ( ! practice ( dissection yet br\ght to light4 ,x is describ$ 9 ,*>les ,s+]1 #8,?irte5?-,c5tury ,m9iatures illu/rat+ ,m$ical ,practice'1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,m$ic9e1 ,section ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e1 #aiaf1 vol4 ix1 pp4 #bi-db4 #abg ,plate ,,xxix3 a po/-mortem sc5e 9 ! late f\rte5? c5tury1 f a ,fr5* ,,ms4 ( ! ,gr&e ,*irurgie ( ,guy de ,*auliac1 ,biblio?que de la ,facult de ,mdec9e de ,montpelli]1 ,,ms4 #ahd franais1 folio #ad recto4 ,! sc5e is laid 9 ! b$room ( ! deceas$4 ,9 ! left-h& top corn] is ! b$1 by ! side ( :i* a female figure1 p>tly oblit]at$1 is pray+4 ,bel[ & to ! left are two o!r female figures1 & a man ri*ly dress$ 9 an erm9e-trimm$ robe4 ,^! are presumably ! relatives ( ! dead4 ,! corpse1 t ( a woman1 has be5 plac$ on a b>e table & is op5$ f ! l>ynx to ! symphysis pubis4 ,9 front /&s a lad hold+ a r\nd wood5 vessel = ! reception ( ! visc]a1 & f>!r to ! "r is a /ool on :i* are plac$ two or ?ree in/rum5ts4 ,! physician1 9 full canonicals1 is at ! extreme "r ( ! picture4 ,! actual process ( exam9ation is be+ made by ?ree ( 8 assi/ants4 ,to ! left ! fir/ ( ^! deep5s1 ) a knife1 ! incision t has already be5 made ov] ! /]num1 ! second is grasp+ ) 8 two h&s & roll+ up ! great om5tum s z to display ! visc]a b5ea?1 & ! ?ird holds a w& 9 8 "r h&1 ) :i* he po9ts to ! abdom51 :ile 9 8 left he c>ries a book4 ,five o!rs ?rong into ! room f a passage :i* op5s into x4 #abh ,antonio ,b5ivi5i1 ,de abditis nonnullis ac mir&is morborum et sanationum causis1 ,flor5ce1 #aejf4 ,9 ! description ( ,case #cb1 ,b5ivi5i expresses surprise at hav+ be5 refus$ p]mission to p]=m a po/-mortem exam9ation1 z ?\gh x 7 unusual = him to meet rebuffs ( ! k9d4 #8,exp]im5to comprob>e vol5tes1 corpus incid]e t5tavimus s$ nescio qua sup]/itione negantibus cognatis1 voti compotes fi]i nequivimus4' #abi ,see ,e4 ,nicaise1 ,la ,gr&e ,*irurgie de ,guy de ,*auliac1 p4 #cj1 ,p>is1 #ahij4 #acj #8,ut ,anatomici explicationem ipsius ,mund9i sequantur'1 ,francesco ,m>ia ,colle1 ,/oria sci5tifico-lett]>ia dello ,/udio di ,padova1 #d vols41 ,padua1 #ahbd-e1 vol4 iii1 p4 #ajh4 #aca ,m>t9 von ,mell]/adt1 also call$ ,polli* or ,poli*4 #acb ,plate ,,xxx a1 f a late fifte5?-c5tury ,prov5al translation ( ! ,gr&e ,*irurgie ( ,guy de ,*auliac4 ,vatican ,libr>y1 ,,ms4 hispanice #dhjd1 folio #h recto4 ,a pr(essor & pupil are exam9+ a wa/$ corpse plac$ on a tre/le 9 ! op5 air4 ,! tea*] is po9t+ out ! surface m>k+s4 #acc ,plate ,,xxx b1 f ! ,fr5* ,guy de ,*auliac ,,ms4 9 ! ,bri/ol ,ref]5ce ,libr>y1 folio #be recto4 ,! ,,ms4 dates f betwe5 ! ye>s #adbj & #adce2 cp4 ,norris ,ma!ws1 ,e>ly ,pr9t$ ,books & ,,mss4 9 ! ,bri/ol ,ref]5ce ,libr>y1 ,bri/ol1 #ahii1 p4 #gj2 ,j4 ,a4 ,nixon1 #8,a ,new ,guy de ,*auliac ,,ms4'1 9 ,transactions ( ! ,x,v,i,ith ,int]nal4 ,cong4 ( ,m$41 ,sect4 ( ,hi/4 ( ,m$41 ,london1 #aiad1 p4 #dai2 & ,*>les ,s+]1 #8,! ,figures ( ! ,bri/ol ,guy de ,*auliac ,,ms4 circa #adcj'1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,m$ic9e1 ,section ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e1 #aiag1 vol4 x1 pp4 #ga-ia4 ,! figure %[s a pr(essor & pupil4 ,! =m] is demon/rat+ ! bones ( a skeleton4 #acd ,! numb] ( female crim9als be+ less ?an ! numb] ( male crim9als1 ,ludovico ,frati /ates 7,la vita privata di ,bologna dal secolo ,,xiii al ,,xvii1 ,bologna1 #aijj1 pp4 #aaf-ah7 t only two anatomies 9 all 7 held ea* ye>1 & ?irty /ud5ts admitt$ to ! female & tw5ty to ! male dissection4 ,?is w\ld mean f> less ?an two dissections a ye> = ea* /ud5t ( ov] two ye>s' /&+4 #ace ,! anatomical works ( ,leon>do h n[ be5 r5d]$ accessible 9 ,tr$ici ,foglie delta ,royal ,libr>y di ,w9dsor4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,quad]ni d'anatomia 444 ,pubblicati da ,o4 ,c4 ,l4 ,vang5/51 ,a4 ,fonahm1 ,h4 ,hop/ock1 ,*ri/iania1 #aiaa1 c4 #acf ,pollaiuolo & ,v]roc*io only /udi$ surface anatomy1 s f> z is kn[n4 ,= a summ>y ( ! anatomical "w ( ^! pa9t]s see ,m4 ,duval & ,e4 ,cuy]1 ,hi/oire de l',anatomie pla/ique1 p4 #bj1 ,p>is1 #ahih4 #acg ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ,giammatteo ,f]r>i da ,grado 7,mat?aeus de ,gradibus71 :o 0 pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e at ,pavia #adcb-gb1 made orig9al contributions to anatomy4 ,he wrote no sep>ate "w on anatomy1 b 8 obs]vations on ! ov>ies 7:i* he 0 p]haps ! fir/ to call by t "n7 appe> 9 8 ,practica1 ,milan1 #adga1 & 9 8 ,expositiones sup] vigesimam secundam ,f5 t]tii canonis ,avic5nae1 ,milan1 #adid4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ,f]r>i's life & "w is giv5 by 8 desc5dant1 ,h4 ,m4 ,f]r>i1 9 ,une ,*aire de ,mdec9e au ,,xve sicle2 ,un pr(esseur a l'univ]sit de ,pavie de #adcb #adgb1 ,p>is1 #ahii4 ,9 ?is "w ! claim t ,de ,gradibus 0 an orig9al & indep5d5t obs]v] is effectively dispos$ (4 #ach ,at lea/ six ,we/]n copies ( ?is s]ies1 besides ?ree or m ( ori5tal orig91 h n[ be5 detect$4 ,! ,we/]n ,,mss4 & _! dates are z foll[s3 7a7 ,muni*1 ,h(- und ,/aatsbiblio!k1 ,cod4 lat4 monac5sis #acjjb1 be=e #aaeh4 7b7 ,muni*1 ,h(- und ,/aatsbiblio!k1 ,cod4 lat4 monac5sis #agdjc1 circa #abej4 7c7 ,bodleian ,libr>y1 ,,ms4 ,a%mole #cii1 circa #abij4 7d7 ,dresd51 ,kgl4 ff5tl4 ,biblio!k1 ,codex #caj1 be=e #acbc4 7e7 ,bodleian ,libr>y1 ,,ms4 e ,museo #ai1 be=e #acdd4 7f7 ,libr>y ( ,c\nt ,f4 ,zd5ho von ,lobk[icz 9 ,raudnitz1 ( #acii4 ,see ,e4 ,seidel & ,k4 ,sudh(f1 especially #8,drei weit]e anatomis*e ,fnfbild]s]i5 aus ,ab5dl& und ,morg5l&'1 9 ,ar*iv fr ,ges*4 d] ,m$41 iii1 p4 #afe1 ,leipzig1 #aiaj4 #aci ,cp4 ,k4 ,sudh(f 9 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,ges*4 d] ,anatomie im ,mittelalt]1 ,leipzig1 #aijh4 #adj ,e4 ,wick]%eim]1 #8,l',anatomie de ,guido de ,vigevano1 mdec9 de la re9e ,jeanne de ,b\rgogne 7#acde7'1 9 ,ar*iv fr ,ges*i*te d] ,m$41 vii4 #a1 ,leipzig1 #aiad4 ,m4 ,wick]%eim] has k9dly giv5 p]mission = ! reproduction ( ! figures 9 ,plates ,,xxxi & ,,xxxii4 #ada ,notably ! ,,ms4 ,roncioni #ii1 dat+ f ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury1 9 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y ( ,pisa1 reproduc$ by ,k4 ,sudh(f 9 ! ,ar*iv fr ,ges*4 d] ,m$41 vii1 ,tafel xiv1 #aiad4 ,also sep>ate organs are depict$ 9 ! ,bodleian ,,ms4 ,a%mole #cii1 dat+ f ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #f4 #adb ,! m9iatures ( ! ,dresd5 ,codex h be5 /udi$ by ,l4 ,*\lant1 ,ges*i*te und ,bibliographie d] anatomis*5 ,abbildung na* ihr] ,beziehung auf anatomis*e ,wiss5s*aft und bild5de ,kun/1 ,leipzig1 #aheb1 & 9 ! ,ar*iv fr die zei*n5d5 ,kn/e1 ,,ii4 ,jahrgang1 ,leipzig1 #ahef1 p4 #bfd4 ,m rec5tly ! ,,ms4 has be5 mo/ c>efully describ$ & its m9iatures reproduc$ by ,e4 ,c4 van ,le]sum & ,w4 ,m>t91 ,m9iatur5 d] late9is*5 ,gal5os-,h&s*rift d] kgl4 ff5tl4 ,biblio!k 9 ,dresd51 9 phototypis*] ,reproduktion1 ,leyd51 #aiaj4 ,we h to ?ank ,dr4 ,van ,le]sum ( ,leyd5 = k9d p]mission to reproduce ! figures ( ,plate ,,xxxiv4 #adc ,cp4 ,p4 ,triaire1 ,les leons d'anatomie et les pe9tres holl&ais aux ,,xvie et ,,xviie sicles1 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 #add ,= della ,torre & 8 project$ "w on anatomy1 see ,g4 ,c]vetto1 ,di alcuni illu/ri anatomici italiani del decimoqu9to secolo1 p4 #df1 ,v]ona1 #ahdb2 also ,l4 ,*\lant1 ,ges*i*te d] anatomis*5 ,abbildung1 p4 #e1 ,leipzig1 #aheb4 #ade ,! fir/ edition appe>$ 9 ,v5ice 9 #adia & is 9 ,lat94 ,x is ( less typographical int]e/4 #adf ,k4 ,sudh(f1 #8,e9e ,p>is] 8,ke?am0 ,h&s*rift aus d] ,zeit ,knig ,k>ls ,,vi 7#achj-adbb7'1 9 ,ar*iv fr ,ges*i*te d] ,m$iz91 vol4 ii1 p4 #hd1 ,leipzig1 #aiji2 #8,neue ,beitrge zur ,vorges*i*te des ,ke?am'1 9 ,ar*iv fr ,ges*i*te d] ,m$iz91 vol4 v1 p4 #bhj1 ,leipzig1 #aiab4 #adg ,pr9ce d',essl+1 ,les livres figures vniti5s de la f9 du ,,xve sicle et du comm5cem5t du ,,xvie1 "p i1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ef1 ,flor5ce & ,p>is1 #aijh4 #adh ,eugne ,piot1 ,le ,cab9et de l'amateur1 n\v4 srie1 ,p>is1 #ahfa1 #8,le matre aux dauph9s'1 p4 #ced et seq4 ,! dolph9s are se5 on ei!r side ( ! *air 9 ,plate ,,xxvii4 #adi ,duc de ,rivoli1 ,bibliographie des livres figures vnti5s1 p4 #aaj1 ,p>is1 #ahic4 #aej ,cp4 ,g4 ,alb]totti1 ,nuove oss]vazioni sul #8,fasciculus m$ic9ae' del ,ke?am1 ,padua1 #aiaj4 #aea ,see ,k4 ,sudh(f1 #8,weibli*e ,situsbild] von ca4 #adjj-aedc'1 9 ,tradition und ,naturbeoba*tung1 p4 #gi1 ,leipzig1 #aijg4 ,! numb] & "* ( ! indication l9es atta*$ to ?is figure sugge/ t ! block f :i* ! impression has be5 tak5 _h previ\sly be5 us$ = "s o!r publication4 ,?is "w1 h[ev]1 if x exi/s1 has n yet come to light4 #aeb ,mi*ele ,m$ici1 ,della vita e degli scritti degli anatomici e m$ici fioriti 9 ,bologna dal com9cio del secolo ,,xiii1 ,bologna1 #ahec2 ,comp5dio /orico della scuola anatomica di ,bologna dal ,r9ascim5to delle ,sci5ze e delle ,lett]e a tutto il ,secolo ,,xviii1 ,bologna1 #aheg4 #aec ,! m$iaeval t]m1 #8v5a *ilis'1 la/$ 9 anatomy until ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury & probably lat]4 #8,*ilis' is a corruption ( ! ,greek 4 ,?is hybrid "n 0 ab&on$ by ,vesalius 7,fabrica1 #aedc ,basle edition1 p4 #cgf7 9 fav\r ( ! title #8v5a cava'4 #aed ,! passage is translat$ f ,mi*ele ,m$ici1 ,comp5dio /orico1 pp4 #aj-aa4 #aee ,see ,a4 ,lab\lbne1 #8,les anatomi/es anci5s'1 9 ,revue sci5tifique p\r la ,france et p\r l'trang]1 vol4 xxxviii1 p4 #fda1 ,p>is1 #ahhf2 ,rob]t ,ritt] von ,tply 9 ,pus*mann1 ,pagel1 & ,neuburg]1 ,h&bu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,m$iz91 vol4 ii1 p4 #aig1 ,j5a1 #aijc2 ,g4 ,m>t9otti1 #8,l'insegnam5to dell' ,anatomia 9 ,bologna prima del secolo xix'1 9 ,/udi e ,memorie p] la /oria dell' univ]sit di ,bologna1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ea1 ,bologna1 #aiaa4 #aef ,an int]m$iate anatomi/ 0 ,gulielmo ,v>ignana1 :o 0 pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,bologna1 & is record$ z hav+ op5$ = judicial purposes1 on ,febru>y #ae1 #acjb1 ! corpse ( "o alleg$ to h be5 poison$4 ,see ,mi*ele ,m$ici1 op4 cit4 ,! inve/igation is ref]r$ to above4 #aeg ,dr4 ,craigie 9 8 excell5t acc\nt ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,anatomy1 9 ! n9? & subsequ5t editions ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 #aeh #8,mund9us quem omnis /ud5tium univ]sitas colit ut deum'1 ,j4 ,adelphus 9 8 edition ( ,mond9o1 ,/rassburg1 #aeac4 #aei ,editio pr9ceps1 ,lyons1 #adgh4 #afj ,pietro de ,argellata1 ,cirurgia1 #8,incipit lib] primus cirurgie magi/ri ,petri de la ,c]lata' 7671 ,v5ice1 #adib4 ,quotation f lib4 v1 tract4 #ab1 *ap4 #c4 ,an e>li] edition :i* we h n se5 0 pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice 9 #adhj4 #afa ,! #8pomegranate' sometimes also means ! xiphi/]num4 ,x is n cle> :i* is impli$ "h4 #afb ,giovanni da ,concoreggio1 ,lucid>ium et ,flos ,m$ic9ae1 ,giunta1 ,flor5ce1 #aeba4 ,x conta9s a few scatt]$ anatomical po9ts4 #afc ,de ,z]bis1 ,lib] ,anatomiae corporis humani et s+ulorum membrorum illius1 ,v5ice1 #aejb4 #afd ,repr9t$ 9 ! ,anatomia ( ,johannes ,dry&]1 ,m>burg1 #aecg4 #afe ,aless&ro ,a*ill9i1 ,annotationes anatomiae1 ,bologna1 #aebj4 ,?is "w is also includ$ 9 ! #aejb edition ( ,de ,z]bis' ,lib] ,anatomiae4 #aff ,c>pi comm5t>ia cum amplissimis additionibus sup] anatomia mund9i una cum textu eiusdem 9 pri/9um et v]um nitorem r$acto1 ,bologna1 #aeba4 ,an e>li] & less important edition ( ,c>pi 0 ! ,ana?omia ,mund9i novit] impressa ac p] ,c>pum ca/igata t appe>$ at ,bologna 9 #aead4 #afg ,! figures 9 ,ke?am & 9 ! wret*$ productions ( ,johannes ,adelphus 7,j4 ,a4 ,mueli*71 ( ,hundt1 & ( ,peyligk c h>dly be said to illu/rate ! text ( anatomical treatises4 #afh ,albano ,sorbelli1 ,le ,croni*e ,bolognesi del ,secolo ,,xiv1 ,bologna1 #aijj2 ,la ,signoria di ,giovanni ,visconti a ,bologna1 ,bologna1 #aija2 ,mi*ele ,m$ici1 loc4 cit41 p4 #d4 #afi ,giovanni ,fantuzzi1 ,notizie degli scrittori bolognesi1 ,tom4 v1 p4 #aif1 ,bologna1 #aghf4 #agj ,ha/+s ,ra%dall1 ,! ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 #c vols41 ,ox=d1 #ahie1 vol4 i1 p4 #bdd4 #aga ,he is m5tion$ 9 ?is capacity by ,niccol ,burzio1 ,bononia illu/rata1 ,bologna1 #adid4 ,we h be5 unable to consult ?is "w1 :i* is quot$ by ,fantuzzi1 loc4 cit4 ,see also ,f]d9&o ,gabotto1 ,b>tolomeo ,manfr$i e l',a/rologia alla ,corte di ,mantova1 ,tor9o1 #ahia1 p4 #ai4 #agb ,manfr$i's ,univ]sity c>e] is extract$ f ,umb]to ,dall>i1 ,i rotuli dei lettori legi/i e arti/i dello /udio bolognese dal #achd al #agii1 ,bologna1 vol4 i1 #ahhh1 & ,luigi ,n>di & ,emilio ,orioli1 ,*>tul>ium ,/udii ,bononi5sis1 ,imola1 vol4 i1 #aijg4 #agc ,see also ,p4 ,a4 ,orl&i1 ,notizie degli scrittori bolognesi1 ,bologna1 #agad4 #agd ,johannes ,franciscus ,picus ,mir&ula1 ,disputationes adv]sus a/rologos1 ,lib4 ii1 cap4 #i1 ,bologna1 #adie4 ,our quotation is f ! orig9al #adie edition1 n f ! slightly v>iant dition contrefaite4 #age ,g4 ,fantuzzi1 loc4 cit41 p4 #aig4 #agf ,u4 ,sant9i1 #8,c5ni /ati/ici sulla ,popolazione del ,qu>ti]e di ,s4 ,proclo 9 ,bologna'1 9 ,atti e ,memorie della ,r4 ,deputazione di ,/oria ,patria p] le ,prov9cie di ,romagna1 s]ies #c1 vol4 xxxiv1 pp4 #cff & #cfg1 ,bologna1 #aijf4 #agg ,see map ( ! old ,univ]sity build+s ( ,bologna prefix$ to ,francesco ,cavazza1 ,le ,scuole dell' antico /udio bolognese1 ,milan1 #ahif4 #agh ,! date #adfb1 cle>ly pr9t$ on ?is edition1 is c]ta9ly errone\s1 s9ce !re 0 no pr9t+-press at ,bologna till #adga4 ,a4 ,e4 ,nord5skild 7,facsimile ,atlas till ,k>tografi5s lde/a ,hi/oria1 ,/ockholm1 #ahhi1 p4 #ab7 consid] t #adgb is ! true date1 b ! po9t is n yet f9ally settl$4 ,see ,j4 ,a4 ,j4 de ,villi]s1 #8,fam\s ,maps 9 ! ,briti% ,museum'1 9 ,geographical ,j\rnal1 vol4 liv1 ,london1 ,augu/ #aiad1 p4 #agc4 ,albano ,sorbelli1 9 8 au?oritative ,i ,primordi della ,/ampa 9 ,bologna1 ,bologna1 #aijh1 does n m5tion ,manfr$i's edition ( ,ptolemy among ! e>lie/ pr9t$ ,bolognese works 7#adga-e74 #agi ,albre*t von ,hall]1 ,biblio!ca anatomica1 ,zri*1 #aggd-g1 vol4 ii1 p4 #gch4 #ahj ,mi*ele ,m$ici1 ,comp5dio /orico della ,scuola anatomica di ,bologna dal ,r9ascim5to delle ,sci5ze e delle ,lett]e a tutto il ,secolo ,,xviii1 ,bologna1 #aheg1 folio4 #aha ,g4 ,m>t9otti1 #8,l'insegnam5to dell' anatomia 9 ,bologna prima del secolo ,,xix'1 9 ,/udi e ,memorie p] la ,/oria dell' ,univ]sit di ,bologna1 vol4 ii4 ,bologna1 #aiaa4 #ahb ,mazzat9ti1 ,inv5t>i dei ,manoscritti delle ,bibliote*e d',italia1 ,=li ,fir5ze1 #ahij-aiae1 vols4 i to xxiii1 9 progress4 #ahc ,l9o ,sigh9olfi1 ,l',ar*itettura ,b5tivolesca 9 ,bologna e il ,palazzo del ,pode/1 ,bologna1 #aiji4 #ahd ,sev]al %ort sket*es or tractates on anatomy 9 ! v]nacul> are h[ev] kn[n4 ,?us a ,prov5al anatomical tractate ( ! ?irte5? c5tury has be5 publi%$ by ,k4 ,sudh(f 9 8 ,beitrag zur ,ges*4 d] ,anatomie im ,mittelalt]1 ,leipzig1 #aijh4 #ahe ,cf4 ,gal51 ,de usu p>tium corporis humani1 ,lib4 x1 *ap4 #ab4 #ahf ,cf4 ,rhazes1 ,almansur1 i4 #d4 #ahg ,manfr$i "h foll[s ,mond9o1 :o confuses ,gal5's f\r? pair ) ,gal5's six? pair ( n]ves4 #ahh ,see ,p4 de ,kon+1 ,trois ,traits d',anatomie arabes1 ,leyd51 #aijc1 p4 #dg4 #ahi ,see ,j4 ,wib]g1 #8,! ,anatomy ( ! ,bra9 9 ! ,works ( ,gal5 & #8,ali #8,abbas2 a comp>ative hi/orical-anatomical /udy'1 ,janus1 vol4 xix1 p4 #ag & p4 #hd1 ,leyd51 ,janu>y & ,m>*1 #aiad4 #aij ,see ,a4 ,s*neid]1 #8,die ,psy*ologie ,alb]ts des ,gross5'1 p4 #afj1 9 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie des ,mittelalt]s1 ,b& iv1 ,heft #e1 ,muni*1 #aijc4 #aia ,con/ant9e ,africanus1 ,de communibus m$ico cognitu necess>iis locis1 ,lib4 iii1 cap4 #aa1 ,edition ,h5ricus ,petrus1 ,basel1 #aeda4 #aib ,practica ,petrocelli ,sal]nitani4 ,epi/ola4 ,quot annis latuit m$ic9a4 ,s4 de ,r5zi1 ,collectio ,sal]nitana4 ,naples1 #aheb-i1 vol4 iv1 p4 #ahi4 #aic ,a v elaborate /udy ( ! doctr9e ( ! ?ree vesicles ( ! bra9 has rec5tly be5 made by ,wal!r ,sudh(f1 #8,die ,lehre von d5 ,hirnv5trikeln'1 9 ! ,ar*iv fr ,ges*4 d] ,m$41 ,leipzig1 #aiad1 vol4 vii1 p4 #adi4 #aid ,see ,f4 ,g4 ,a4 ,/umpff1 ,hi/oria n]vorum c]ebralium ab antiquissimis temporibus usque ad ,willisium nec non ,vieuss5sium4 ,diss]tatio inauguralis1 ,b]l91 #ahda2 ,c4 ,d>emb]g1 uvres anatomiques1 physiologiques et mdicales de ,gali51 ,p>is1 #ahed1 p4 #ehc1 c42 ,g4 ,helmrei*1 1 1 ,leipzig1 #aiji2 & ,!odor ,beck1 #8,die ,gal5is*5 ,hirnn]v5 9 mod]n] ,beleu*tung'1 9 ,ar*4 fr ,ges*4 d] ,m$41 vol4 iii1 p4 #aaj1 ,leipzig1 #aiaj4 #aie ,gal51 ,de usu p>tium1 ix4 #d2 ,de ,hippocratis et ,platonis decretis1 vii4 #c4 #aif ,! fir/ edition ( ! "w appe>$ 9 #adif4 #aig ,! s-call$ ,anatomia ,ri*>di ,anglici1 :i* has be5 pr9t$ by ,rob]t ,ritt] von ,tply 7,vi5na1 #aijb71 is really ! same z ! pseudo-,gal5ic ,anatomia vivorum1 to :i* ,ri*>d's "n 0 n atta*$ until ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,see ,*ri/oph ,f]ckel1 ,ar*iv fr die ,ges*4 d] ,naturwiss5s*aft5 und d] ,te*nik1 vol4 vi1 p4 #gh1 ,leipzig1 #aiab1 & ,k4 ,sudh(f1 ,ar*iv fr ,ges*4 d] ,m$iz91 vol4 viii1 p4 #ga1 ,leipzig1 #aiae4 #aih ,e4 ,nicaise1 ,la ,gr&e ,*irurgie de ,guy de ,*auliac1 p4 #de1 ,p>is1 #ahij4 #aii ,j4 ,pagel1 ,die ,anatomie des ,he9ri* von ,mondeville1 ,b]l91 #ahhi1 p4 #cg4 #bjj ,= ! :ole "q ( e>ly figures ( ! eye consult ,k4 ,sudh(f1 #8,aug5anatomiebild] im #ae4 und #af4 ,jahrhund]t' 9 8 ,illu/ration5 m$iz9is*] ,h&s*rift5 und ,frhdrucke4 ,leipzig1 #aijg2 & ! same writ]'s rec5t article on #8,aug5dur*s*nittsbild] aus ,ab5dl& und ,morg5l&' 9 ,ar*iv fr ,ges*4 d] ,m$iz91 vol4 viii1 p4 #a1 ,leipzig1 #aiae4 #bja ,our figure f ! ,m>g>ita philosophiae has be5 tak5 f ! #aejc edition1 ! e>lie/ to :i* we h _h access4 ,a figure 9 ! ,philosophiae naturalis comp5dium ( ,k4 ,peyligk1 dat$ ,leipzig1 #adhi1 is s inf]ior z to be negligible 9 ?is connexion4 #bjb ,w4 ,h>vey1 ,prelectiones anatomiae univ]salis1 reproduc$ 9 facsimile f ! au?or's ,,ms4 notes1 ,london1 #ahhf1 folio #gb recto4 #bjc ,w4 ,h>vey1 ,ex]citatio anatomica de motu cordis et sangu9is1 ,frank=t1 #afbh4 ,! op5+ passage ( ! d$ication to ,*>les ,i may be translat$ z foll[s3 #8,mo/ s]5e k+1 ! he>t ( animals is ! basis ( _! life1 ! sun ( _! microcosm1 t f :i* all /r5g? proce$s4 ,! k+ is 9 l mann] ! basis ( 8 k+dom1 ! sun ( 8 _w1 ! he>t ( ! commonweal?1 :5ce all p[] d]ives1 all grace appe>s4' #bjd ,hi/oria animalium1 vi4 #c4 #bje ,hi/oria animalium1 ii4 #aa2 ,de ,p>tibus animalium1 iii4 #d4 #bjf ,hi/oria animalium1 i4 #ad & iii4 #c2 ,de ,p>tibus animalium1 iii4 #d4 ,! "q ( ! id5tity ( ^! *amb]s is a difficult "o4 ,we h foll[$ ,t4 ,e4 ,lones1 ,ari/otle's ,rese>*es 9 ,natural ,sci5ce1 ,london1 #aiab1 p4 #acg1 :]e ! conflict+ views are summ>iz$4 #bjg ,gal51 1 ,book #g 7#aeg72 1 1 1 ,khn1 ii4 #fb4 #bjh ,haly ,abbas expressly d5ies its exi/5ce1 *ap4 #ba4 #bji ,p4 ,kon+1 ,trois traits d'anatomie arabes1 ,leyd51 #aijc1 #fhg1 r5d]s ! passage z foll[s3 #8,dans le cur il y a trois cavits1 deux gr&es et une autre qui se tr\ve p\r a9si dire au milieu1 af9 que le cur ait un dpt p\r la n\rriture avec laquelle il se n\rrit1 n\rriture paisse et =te1 semblable la sub/ance du cur1 ensuite un endroit o se =me un pneuma qui y e/ eng5dr d'un sang subtil et enf9 un canal entre ces deux4' #baj ,pante*ni1 ,!orice1 lib4 iii1 cap4 #bb4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 only two concauitates are describ$ & betwe5 !m a =am53 quod a quibusdam vocatur t]tia concauitas3 s$ non e/ ita4 #baa ,! ,,ms4 ,roncioni #ii1 reproduc$ by ,k4 ,sudh(f 9 ,ar*iv fr ,ges*4 d] ,m$41 vol4 vii1 ,tafel ,,xiv1 ,leipzig1 #aiad4 #bab ,! passage 9 ! ,editio pr9ceps ( ,g]>d ( ,cremona's translation runs z foll[s 7folio #if recto73 #8,et 9 ipso sunt tres v5tres1 scilicet duo v5tres magni et v5t] quasi m$ius quem ,gali5us nom9avit foveam aut meatum non v5trem1 ut sit ei receptaculum nutrim5ti quo nutriatur spissum =te simile sub/antiae ipsius m9]a spiritus g5]ati 9 ipso a sangu9e subtili4 ,et int] ambos sunt viae ut meatus4' #bac ,j4 ,l4 ,pagel1 ,die ,*irurgie des ,he9ri* von ,mondeville1 ,b]l91 #ahib1 p4 #de4 #bad ,b>?olomaeus ,anglicus1 ,de ,proprietatibus ,r]um1 ,london1 #aece1 ,our quotation is f p4 liiii4 #bae ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,quad]ni d'anatomia 444 ,pubblicati da ,o4 ,c4 ,l4 ,vang5/51 ,a4 ,fonahn1 ,h4 ,hop/ock1 ,*ri/iania1 #aiaa4 #baf ,hans von ,g]sdorff1 ,feldt und ,/attb* bew]t] ,wund>tznei1 edition ,frankfurt1 #aeef4 #bag ,anci5t views on ! c>diac sy/em1 includ+ ^? ( ,mond9o1 are admirably review$ by ,j4 ,c4 ,dalton 9 8 ,doctr9es ( ! ,circulation1 ,philadelphia1 #ahhd4 #bah ,manfr$i "h foll[s ,mond9o1 :o confuses ,gal5's f\r? pair ) ,gal5's six? pair ( n]ves4 #bai ,^! f\r words are v indi/9ct4 ,! la/ is half eras$ & scia is writt5 sia4 #bbj ,life ( ,/4 ,edw>d4 #bba ,briti% ,museum ,,ms4 ,cotton4 ,claud4 ,a4 viii1 ff4 #cb1 #cc1 & ,ar*aeol4 ,j\rnal1 ,london1 ,june1 #ahfd4 #bbb ,,ms4 ,ee4 iii4 #ei4 #bbc ,hi/ory ( ! ,g>t]1 vol4 i4 #bbd ,,ms4 #iihf4 #bbe p4 #cf4 #bbf ,vol4 iii4 #bbg p4 #ccd4 #bbh ,g5t's4 ,mag41 ,n4,s41 vol4 i2 ,briti% ,museum ,,ms4 ,cotton ,n]o ,c4 viii4 f4 #bji4 #bbi ,,ms4 ,cotton ,n]o ,c4 viii1 ff4 #bab1 #bac;b1 & ,g5t's4 ,mag41 ,n4,s41 vol4 i4 #bcj loc4 cit4 #bca ,record ,(fice1 ,ex*qr4 ,tr4 ( ,r41 ,mis4 ,book #bjc1 pp4 #aej-c4 #bcb ,record ,(fice1 ,ex*qr4 ,q4 ,r41 ,acc\nts #djc_/aj4 #bcc ,briti% ,museum ,h>leian ,,ms4 #cai3 ,h\sehold ,acc\nts ( ,h5ry ,,iv1 #adje-f4 #bcd ,see ,r4 ,crawfurd1 ,k+'s ,evil1 p4 #de1 ,ox=d1 #aiaa4 #bce ,lib4 i1 *ap4 #h4 #bcf ,bury ,wills1 p4 #ce1 ,camd5 ,soc41 ed4 ,tymms4 #bcg ,ar*aeol4 ,j\rnal1 ,london1 vol4 iv1 p4 #gh4 #bch ,briti% ,museum ,,ms4 ,arundel1 fol4 #bc;b1 & ,g5t's4 ,mag41 ,n4,s41 vol4 i1 p4 #di4 #bci ,g5t's4 ,mag41 #agid4 #bdj ,br&1 ,pop4 ,antiq41 ii4 #eih4 #bda ,g5t's4 ,mag41 ,n4,s41 vol4 i1 p4 #di4 #bdb ,cloi/] ,life ( ,*>les ,v1 p4 #aji4 #bdc ,brew]1 ,/ate ,pap]s2 ,budaei ,epi/olae1 ,june #aj1 #aeah1 #dbbc4 #bdd ,g5t's4 ,mag41 loc4 cit41 & ,briti% ,museum ,,ms4 ,cotton ,calig4 ,b4 ii1 fol4 #aab4 #bde ,burnet1 ,hi/4 ( ,re=mation1 "p ii1 book ii1 record #bd4 #bdf ,hi/4 ( ,re=mation1 "p ii1 book ii4 #bdg ,a4,d4 #aecd4 #bdh ,lisle ,pap]s & ,notes & ,qu]ies1 #e? s]ies1 vol4 ix1 p4 #ead4 #bdi ,lisle ,pap]s1 xi4 #ae4 #bej ,lisle ,pap]s1 xi4 #aaa4 #bea ,ibid41 xii4 #dc4 #beb ,ibid41 xii4 #eh4 #bec ,ibid41 xii4 #fj4 #bed ,regi/ry ( ,wills1 ,ar*deaconry ( ,norwi*4 #bee ,burnet1 ,hi/4 ( ,re=mation1 "p ii1 book i1 #ab4 #bef ,briti% ,museum ,additional ,,ms4 #ceahd1 ,h\sehold ,acc\nt1 #aeec4 #beg ,s]ies i1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bib4 #beh ,ed4 #afbb1 p4 #bai4 #bei ,troilus1 book iii1 #ajfi4 #bfj ,julius ,caes>1 ,i4 ii4 #bfa ,tempe/1 ,i4 ii4 #bfb ,all's ,well t ,ends ,well1 ,,iv4 iii4 #bfc ,tempe/1 ,,iv4 i4 #bfd ,z ,y ,l ,x1 ,,iv4 i4 #bfe ,dr4 ,johann ,wey]1 d] er/] ,bekmpf] des ,hex5wahns1 ,bonn1 #ahhe1 #bnd ed41 ,b]l91 #ahif4 ,also ,j4 ,geffck51 #8,dr4 ,johann ,wey]' 9 ,monat%efte d] ,com5ius ,gesells*aft #c1 #aijd2 ,j4 ,janss5 & ,l4 ,pa/or1 ,ges*i*te des deuts*5 ,volkes1 #h vols41 ,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahih-aijc1 viii4 #fjj ff4 #bff ,jean ,h>d\9 7,h>du9us71 ,collectio regia maxima conciliorum graecorum et lat9orum1 #ab vols41 ,p>is1 #agae1 i4 #aejf2 ,h4 ,c4 ,lea1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition ( ! ,middle ,ages1 #bnd ed41 #c vols41 ,london1 #aijf1 iii4 #did2 ,w4 ,g4 ,soldan & ,h4 ,heppe1 ,ges*i*te d] ,hex5processe1 #b vols41 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhj1 i4 #acb4 #bfg ,lea1 loc4 cit41 iii4 #dad4 #bfh ,soldan & ,heppe1 loc4 cit41 i4 #abh1 #aci4 #bfi ,see also ,lea1 loc4 cit41 iii4 #dcd1 on ?is mildness ( ! ,*ur* up to ! f\rte5? c5tury4 #bgj ,soldan & ,heppe1 loc4 cit41 i4 #acf4 #bga ,lea1 loc4 cit41 i4 #ia4 #bgb ,! ,paulicians 7 accus$ ( tea*+ t ! devil creat$ ?is _w1 b seem m]ely to h tak5 su* texts z ,john xii4 #ca1 xiv4 #cj2 #b ,cor4 iv4 #d #89 _! pla9 & obvi\s s5se'4 ,f4 ,c4 ,conybe>e1 ,key ( ,tru?1 ,a ,manual ( ! ,paulician ,*ur* ( ,arm5ia1 ,ox=d1 #ahih1 #df4 #bgc ,! t]m #8,ca?>i' 0 said to come #8f _! kiss+ ,lucif] "u ! tail 9 ! %ape ( a cat'4 ,lea1 loc4 cit41 iii4 #die4 #bgd ,lea1 loc4 cit41 i4 #aje1 ii4 #ccd1 c4 ,! ma9 evid5ce is ,conrad ( ,m>burg's report to ,pope ,gregory ,,xi1 #abcc3 #8,a tissue ( inv5tions'1 b #8app>5tly d\bt$ by no "o'4 #bge ,quodlibet1 xi4 #aj2 ,soldan & ,heppe1 loc4 cit41 i4 #adc2 ,lea1 loc4 cit41 iii4 #dae4 #bgf ,h4 ,in/itoris & ,j4 ,spr5g]1 ,malleus ,malefic>um1 editio pr9ceps1 ,cologne1 #adhf1 & frequ5tly repr9t$ until ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,see especially p>s #a1 quae/io #b4 #bgg ,j4 ,dief5ba*1 ,d] ,hex5wahn1 ,ma9z1 #ahhf1 p4 #bii4 #bgh ,! /ory ( ,el9or ,%aw & ,m>y ,philips1 z well z _m o!r acc\nts ( wit*craft1 may be read 9 two volumes entitl$ ,r>e & ,curi\s ,tracts illu/rative ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,nor?ampton%ire1 ,nor?ampton1 #ahgf & #ahha4 #bgi ,f4 ,hut*9son1 ,hi/orical ,essay1 ,london1 #agah1 cap4 iv4 #bhj ,daemonolatriae libri tres1 ,lyons1 #aeie4 #bha ,trves1 #aeie4 #bhb ,civ4 ,dei1 xv4 #bc4 #bhc ,pet] ,b9sfeld4 ,tractatus de confessionibus maleficorum1 ,trves1 #aeie1 pp4 #cg-dd1 #bcj1 c4 ,b9sfeld (t5 ref]s to ?is case z prov+ ! reality ( disput$ =ms ( wit*craft & ! s\l-sav+ "w ( ! wit*-hunt]s4 #bhd ,l4 ,mey]1 ,die ,p]iode d] ,hex5processe1 ,hannov]1 #ahhb4 #bhe ,k4 ,kiesewett]1 ,die ,geheimwiss5s*aft51 ,leipzig1 #ahie1 p4 #egi f4 #bhf ,op4 cit41 ii4 #b 7p4 #bjj74 #bhg ,malleus1 p>s i1 quae/io #a1 p4 #f1 edit4 #aeif4 #bhh ,by ,h4 ,in/itoris & ,j4 ,spr5g]4 ,betwe5 #adhf & #aeif sev]al editions 7 pr9t$ 9 specially small =m #8t inquisitors might c>ry x 9 _! pockets & read x "u ! table'4 #bhi iii4 #a 7p4 #ccg f474 #bij ,malleus1 iii4 #d1 p4 #cdd4 #bia iii4 #aj4 #bib iii4 #ad4 #bic iii4 #af4 #bid iii4 #ad4 #bie iii4 #bi-ca1 repeat$ ) slight v>iations4 #bif ,von ,zaub]ei und ,zaub]]n1 p4 #baa2 ,soldan & ,heppe1 i4 #cdg4 #big ,! ,l9dheim cases are record$ by ,g4 ,c4 ,hor/1 aft]w>ds pa/or ( ! place1 9 8 ,dmonomagie1 #b vols41 ,frank=t1 #ahah1 & ,zaub]biblio!k1 #f vols41 ,ma9z1 #ahba-f4 ,see also ,o4 ,glaubre*t1 ,die ,s*reck5sjahre von ,l9dheim1 #ahhf4 #bih ,cautio ,crim9alis1 ,r9teln1 #afca1 ,dubium xix 7p4 #abh74 ,he calls himself #8,sac]dos quidam'4 #bii ,dubium xx 7p4 #aec74 #cjj ,hor/1 ,zaub]biblio!k1 ii4 #cgd1 & ,dmonomagie1 ii4 #dab4 #cja ,soldan & ,heppe1 ii4 #bji4 #cjb ,soldan & ,heppe1 ii4 #acj4 #cjc ,j4 ,h4 ,bhm]1 ,ius ecclesia/icum1 #e vols41 ,halle1 #agch-dc1 v4 #ce4 #cjd ,hor/1 ,dmonomagie1 ii4 #cgg4 #cje ,malleus1 iii4 #ad 7p4 #cgj74 #cjf ,fa!r ,spee gives a long li/ ( ^! dilemmas1 ,cautio ,crim9alis1 ,dubium li4 #cjg ,de sag>um natura et pote/ate1 deque 8 recte cognosc5dis et puni5dis deque purgatione e>um p] aquam frigidam epi/ola1 ,lemgo1 #aehc4 ,also 9 ,sawr1 ,!atrum de ,v5eficiis1 #ahef4 #cjh ,lea1 iii4 #edi4 #cji ,haas1 ,die ,hex5processe1 ,tb+51 #ahfe4 #caj ,soldan & ,heppe1 ii4 #df1 & else:]e4 #caa ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te des ,hex5wes5s 9 ,frank51 ,bamb]g1 #ahhc4 #cab #dh ff4 #cac ,(ficial report1 giv5 by ,leits*uh 9 app5dix4 #cad ,m>ia ,holl9 at ,nrdl+5 7#aeic7 )/ood fifty-six repetitions ( torture1 & 0 f9ally #8dismiss$' on ! t]ms m5tion$ 7,janss51 op4 cit41 viii4 #gai74 #cae ,! ,nrdl+5 au?orities acquir$ an evil em95ce 9 ?is frightfulness1 :i* !y t]m$ #8e9e heilsame ,tortur' 7,soldan1 ii4 #dgj74 #caf ,lea1 iii4 #ede1 & ref]5ces !re giv54 #cag ,de prae/igiis1 c41 ii4 #e4 #cah ,! privilege = publication is dat$ ,novemb] #d1 #aefb2 ?ree editions appe>$ be=e ! end ( #aefd1 & a six? 9 #aehc4 #cai ,op4 cit41 ii4 #a4 #cbj ,op4 cit41 ii4 #d4 #cba iii4 #f4 #cbb iii4 #ah4 #cbc iii4 #ba4 #cbd iii4 #bc4 #cbe iv4 #a4 #cbf iv4 #b4 #cbg iv4 #c4 #cbh iv4 #bc4 #cbi iv4 #aj4 #ccj ,op4 cit41 v4 #cd4 #cca v4 #ce4 #ccb vi4 #d4 #ccc vi4 #i4 #ccd #8,mossel-scolp no/ratibus dicitur4' #cce ,op4 cit41 vi4 #ae4 #ccf vi4 #af4 #ccg vi4 #af4 #cch ,dief5ba*1 p4 #bda4 #cci ,cautio ,crim9alis1 ,dubium xlviii4 #cdj ,u4 ,molitor1 ,tractatus de lamiis1 #aefa1 p4 #bg4 #cda ,hut*9son1 ,hi/orical ,essay conc]n+ ,wit*craft1 ,london1 #agah1 pp4 #dj1 #aah1 #abj4 #cdb ,op4 cit41 ,preludium1 i4 #cdc ,preludium1 vi4 #cdd ,j4 ,m4 ,rob]tson1 ,lett]s on ,reason+1 ,london1 #aije1 cap4 vi4 #cde ,see 7a7 ,h4 ,haes]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,m$iz91 ,j5a1 #ahge-hb1 vol4 i1 p4 #eif2 7b7 ,a4 ,hirs*1 ,biographis*es ,lexicon d] h]vorrag5d5 ,a]zte1 ,leipzig1 #ahhd1 art4 #8,maimonides'1 vol4 i1 p4 #agh f42 7c7 ,k4 ,brockelmann1 ,ges*i*te d] arabis*5 ,litt]atur1 ,weim>1 #ahig-aijb1 vol4 i1 p4 #dij4 #cdf ,no4 #abaa 9 ,zot5b]g's ,catalogue1 ,p>is1 #ahff4 #cdg ,vol4 i1 p4 #dj1 ,cod4 #daa4 #cdh 4 ,translat$ into ,lat9 by ,arm5gaud de ,blaise ( ,montpelli]2 into ,fr5* by ,j4 ,m4 ,rabb9[icz1 ,trait des ,poisons de ,maimonide1 ,p>is1 #ahfe1 & into ,g]man by ,m4 ,/e9s*neid]1 ,gifte und ihre ,heilung1 e9e ,abh&lung des ,moses ,maimonides4 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 ,,lvii1 vol4 i1 pp4 #ib-aji4 #cdi 4 ,unpr9t$4 ,we hope %ortly to issue ?is "w4 #cej o!rwise 4 #8,lett] to ! ,sultan al ,afal4' ,pr9t$ 9 ,lat9 at ,flor5ce1 n4d42 ,v5ice1 #aead1 #aeba1 c42 ,leyd51 #aece2 9 ! ,hebrew translation ( ,moses ibn ,tibbon edit$ by ,jacob ,saphir b5 ,levi1 ,j]usalem1 #ahhe2 & 9 ,g]man by ,w9t]nitz1 ,ditetis*es ,s5ds*reib5 des ,maimonides1 c41 ,vi5na1 #ahdc4 #cea ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,lat9 edition ,v5ice1 #aead ( ! de ,regim9e ,sanitatis z ,tractatus ,v ( t "w4 #ceb ,see ,l4 ,lecl]c1 ,hi/oire de la mdec9e arabe1 ,p>is1 #ahgf1 vol4 ii1 p4 #fj1 & ,m4 ,/e9s*neid]1 ,die hebris*5 ,ueb]setzung5 des ,mittelalt]s und die ,jud5 als ,dolmets*]1 ,b]l91 #ahic1 pp4 #gfg1 #ggb1 #ggc4 #cec 4 #ced & also on ! diagnosis ( accid5ts4 #cee ,see note #d4 #cef ,op4 cit41 vol4 ii1 p4 #fa4 #ceg ,see ,/e9s*neid]1 ,hebris*e ,ueb]setzung51 p4 #ggj1 & 8 ,catologus ,librorum ,hebraeorum 9 ,bibl4 ,bodl41 ,b]l9 7#aheb-fj71 p4 #aiba4 ,9 ! ,zeits*rift d] ,morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*41 vol4 xxx1 p4 #ade1 he makes ! b>e /atem5t t ! ,tractatus de ,causis et ,indiciis ,morborum--! ,hauptw]k ( ,maimonides1 z x is call$ by ,haes]--re/s ^u an error4 ,9 8 catalogue ( ,bodleian books 7p4 #aibf7 he puts ! book d[n z a booksell]'s fraud aft] :at is obvi\sly only a cursory glance4 ,he says #8fraude bibliopolae ex v>iis opp4 imp]fectis confictus e/1 9 quibus an ,no/ri sit aliquid non facile eru5dum e/'4 #ceh ,h4 ,f4 ,w/5feld1 ,ges*i*te d4 arabis*5 ,a]zte1 ,gtt+51 #ahdj1 #aih1 ,no4 #g4 #cei ,biblio!cae ,bodleianae codicum manuscriptorum ,ori5talium 444 catalogus a ,joanne ,uri confectus1 ,ox=d1 #aghg1 vol4 i1 p4 #adj1 ,no4 #eid4 #cfj ,also kn[n z 7( ,akhlat7 or 7( ,tibriz7 & z 7,ibn ,hubal74 #cfa ,ibn ,abi ,uaibia wrote an invaluable diction>y ( ! lives ( ! mo/ not$ physicians1 entitl$ 7 ,! book ( ! s\rces ( in=mation conc]n+ ! v>i\s classes ( physicians74 ,x is especially full on ! lives ( ,arab physicians4 ,see ! edition ( ,a4 ,mll]1 ,knigsb]g1 #ahhd1 vol4 i1 pp4 #cjd-f4 #cfb ,c4 ,rieu1 ,supplem5t to ! ,arabic ,,mss4 9 ! ,brit4 ,mus41 ,london1 #ahid1 ,no4 #gif1 ,,ii4 #cfc ,vol4 iii1 p4 #bdb ( ! ,catalogue ( ,arabic ,,mss4 compil$ by ,p4 de ,jong & ,m4 ,j4 de ,goeje1 ,leyd51 #ahfe-f4 #cfd ,abu'l ,f>aj ,gregory1 ,b> ,hebraeus 7,w/5feld1 op4 cit41 ,no4 #bdj74 #cfe ,9 8 "w entitl$ 1 #8,comp5di\s ,hi/ory ( ! ,dyna/ies' 7edit$ & translat$ by ,e4 ,pocock1 ,ox=d1 #affc71 p4 #deg f4 ( ! ,arabic & p4 #cjj ( ! ,lat94 ,beyr\t edition1 #ahij1 p4 #dbj4 #cff ,two ,,mss4 ( ! "w are m5tion$ 9 ! ,catalogue ( ! ,kh$ive's libr>y1 1 vol4 vi1 p4 #ch4 ,= fur!r ref]5ces conc]n+ ,muhaib ed ,d9 & 8 works1 see 7a7 ,w/5feld1 op4 cit41 #bjb2 7b7 ,brockelmann1 op4 cit1 vol4 i1 p4 #dij2 7c7 ,p4 de ,kon+1 ,trait sur le calcul1 ,leyd51 pp4 #ahf-bbh4 ,! m important ,arab au?ors o!r ?an ,ibn ,abi #8,uaibia are3 7d7 ,b> ,hebraeus1 ,pocock's edition1 p4 #deg ( ! ,arabic "p & p4 #cjj ( ! ,lat9 "p1 ,beyr\t edition1 p4 #dbj2 7e7 ,haji ,khalfa1 ,g4 ,fluegel's edition1 ,leipzig & ,london1 #ahce-eh1 vol4 v1 p4 #dcf1 ,no4 #aaehd4 #cfg ,see ,j4 ,pagel1 #8,maimuni als m$iz9is*] ,s*rift/ell]'1 9 ! volume ( /udies on #8,moses b5 ,maimon' edit$ by ,w4 ,ba*] & o!rs1 ,leipzig1 #aijh1 vol4 i1 p4 #bcb4 #cfh ,op4 cit41 vol4 ii1 p4 #aag4 #cfi 9 ,,ms4 at ,briti% ,museum 7see ,catalogue ( ,ori5tal ,,mss4 at ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,london1 #ahdf1 "p ,,ii1 ,no4 #aejc1 p4 #fhd71 ,leyd51 ,b]l91 ,escurial1 & else:]e4 ,see ,brockelmann1 op4 cit41 vol4 i1 p4 #cbe4 #cgj ,see ,lecl]c1 op4 cit41 vol4 i1 p4 #e4 #cga ,see ,w4 ,d4 ,macray1 ,annals ( ! ,bodleian1 ,ox=d1 #ahij4 p4 #bgj4 #cgb ,see ,macray's ,annals ( ! ,bodleian1 p4 #bga1 & ! ,dict4 ( ,national ,biography4 #cgc ,biblio!cae ,bodleianae codicum manuscriptorum 444 catalogus1 vol4 ii1 ed4 ,a4 ,nicoll & ,e4 ,b4 ,pusey1 ,ox=d1 #ahce1 p4 iv4 #cgd #8,praet] errores enim quos ipse admis]it ,urius1 depreh5di omnibus f]e horum librorum emptoribus1 uno ,pocockio excepto1 libros supposititios pro v]is sub9de v5ditasse vafros ,ori5tales4 ,codices ergo f]e univ]sos ,arabicos1 quos rec5suit ,urius 7vulgatioribus quibusdam exceptis7 oculis p]lu/ravi1 quo c]tius scirem titulisne respond]5t an non4 ,quo facto v>ias errorum =mas depreh5di1 titulis nunc *>ta coop]tis1 nunc atram5to oblitis1 nunc cultro pa5e abrasis2 auctorum porro nom9ibus paullulum immutatis quo notiora qua$am ref]r5t1 num]is etiam quibus s+ula volum9a signata sunt p]mutatis1 quo quis opus imp]fectum pro integro habeat1 pag9is d5ique pauculis op]i ali5o a fronte assutis4' #cge ,/e9s*neid] 7,cat4 ,libr4 ,hebr4 9 ,bibl4 ,bodl41 p4 #aibf7 says ?is title is inv5t$ & no d\bt sugge/$ by ! "n ( ,al ,tamimi al ,muqaddasi 7! ,j]usalemite71 a doctor ( ! t5? c5tury 7,w/5feld1 #aab7 (t5 prais$ by ,maimonides 9 ! ,aphorisms1 e4g4 at ! end ( *ap4 #bj4 ,pusey's only note on ,uri's entry 9 ! ,,ms4 is conc]n$ ) ?is title 7vol4 ii1 p4 #ehh73 #8,translator 9 ,cod4 appellatur ,al%eikh ,soleiman ,alhaba%i1 notus 9 t]ra ,hi]osolymitana nom9e ,ibn ,hubai%4 ,opus autem ,a4,d4 #acfc ex ,hebraico tran/ulit4' #cgf ,f ! text ( ! ,aphorisms z giv5 9 ! ,bodleian ,,ms4 ,pocock #cai4 #cgg ,omitt$ f ! ,,ms4 obvi\sly by accid5t4 #cgh ,no d\bt = 4 #cgi ,see p4 #bbg4 #chj ,a4,d4 #acfc4 ,! num]als :i* accompany ! writt5 figures are equival5t to #f1ebg & are mean+less4 #cha ,publi%$ by ,macmillans1 #aiab4 #chb ,cf4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,b4 ,joseph's ,logic#b1 p4 #edh4 #chc ,cf4 #aj1 #bh4 #chd ,po/4 ,anal4 i4 #b4 #ga b #bj4 #che i4e4 tru?-claim4 #chf ,cf4 ,=mal ,logic1 p4 #agc4 #chg ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,sidgwick has be5 po9t+ out = ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s h[ fatal ?is difficulty is to ! traditional notion ( =mal validity2 nor has any logician confut$ 8 argum5t1 or ev5 %[n t he appreh5d$ its mean+ & scope4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ! condition ( =mal logic is s prec>i\s t its only *ance ( survival lies 9 hu%+ up all ! vital objections to its /]eotyp$ doctr9es4 ,b is n ! policy ( ignor+ unansw]able objections ! sure m>k ( a pseudo-sci5ce8 #chh ,! late/ ,i h notic$ occurs 9 ,ab]crombie's ,inquiries conc]n+ ! ,intellectual ,p[]s 7#ahcj72 x reads v /rangely n[4 #chi ,controv]sially ! criticism ( #8self-evid5ce' has be5 met 9 ! same way z t ( ! #8validity' ( ! syllogism1 i4e4 by total sil5ce4 #cij ,anal4 ,po/4 i4 #cd4 #cia ,x may be sugge/$ t !re is a simil> confusion on ?is "q3 :5 hi/ory is call$ a sci5ce1 x is (t5 =gott5 t its data are ess5tially su* t !y c only occur once1 :ile ! mat]ial ( ! o!r sci5ces is su* t cases ( #8! same' may always be f\nd 9 x4 ,b nei!r ne$ x be d5i$ on ?is acc\nt t hi/ory c1 & %\ld1 be writt5 9 a sci5tific _s4 #cib ,sci5ce et ,m?ode1 *4 iii1 ,l',inv5tion ma?matique4 #cic ,republic1 #eaa c4 #cid ,anal4 ,po/4 i4 #a4 #cie ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ix4 #ea4 #cif ,cf4 #c4 #cig ,or m difficult1 if ! indet]m9ation is conceiv$ z limit$4 #cih ,?is we saw 7 #d7 is really a mi/ake3 ma!matical pro(s are really hypo!tical1 & d$uc$ f ! initial po/ulates & def9itions4 ,!y hold ( ! ideal objects ( ma!matics1 b t !y c be advantage\sly appli$ to reality is m]ely an empirical fact1 & x is n inconceivable t ! _w %\ld gr[ m recalcitrant to ma!matical treatm5t1 ?\gh actually x has gr[n less s4 #cii ,9 ,republic vi 8 :ole argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( metaphysical tru?1 culm9at+ 9 a supreme #8,idea ( ! ,good'1 dep5ds on ! assumption t ! #8hypo!ses' ( ! sci5ces1 be+ insecure orig9ally1 rema9 s until !y are d$uc$ f a 7self-prov+7 #8unhypo!tical pr9ciple'4 ,?is assumes1 ( c\rse1 t !y _c be confirm$ empirically by ! results ( _! work+1 & exhibits ! lacuna ( logic 9 a typical way4 #djj ,=mal ,logic1 *4 xxi1 #g4 #dja e4g4 ! #8accid5tal' di/ribution ( v>iations 9 biology1 = :i* see ,humanism1 pp4 #adf-ej1 & ! po/ulates ( causality & det]m9ism 9 sci5ce g5]ally 7,=mal ,logic1 *4 xx1 #f1 & ,/udies 9 ,humanism1 *4 xviii1 #d74 #djb ,cf4 #h & ,=mal ,logic1 *4 x4 #djc ,! #8novelty' :i* is claim$ = ! conclusion ( a syllogism is only "o case ( ?is3 9 ! traditional int]pretation x is hopelessly at v>iance ) ! dem& t x %all also foll[ f its premisses ( necessity4 ,cf4 ,=mal ,logic1 *4 xvi1 #h-aj4 #djd ,usually1 b wrongly1 call$ #8dispassionate' or #8dis9t]e/$'4 ,:at is want$ is1 n t ! inquir+ m9d %\ld take no int]e/ 9 ! conclusions x consid]s1 b t1 ?\gh x c>es ke5ly & ev5 passionately = "o ( !m1 x %\ld yet be capable ( suffici5t self-control to consid] fairly ! case aga9/ ! conclusion x fav\rs4 ,?is m5tal attitude is probably be/ secur$ by c>+ m = tru? ?an = a p>ty victory1 & is d5om9at$ a #8dis9t]e/$ love ( tru? = its own sake'4 ,b ev5 s we love :at we deem ! tru?1 because x is ! be/ ?+ to believe1 & bett] 7on ! :ole & 9 ! end7 ?an any?+ else t is prop\nd$4