,the ,library ,assistant's ,manual ,by ,,theodore ,w4 ,,koch ,librarian1 ,university of ,michigan ,provisional ,edition ,,lansing1 ,,michigan ,,state ,,board ,,of ,,library ,,commissioners #aiac ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,issued on the occasion of the #fast annual meeting of the ,michigan ,state ,teachers' ,association1 ,ann ,arbor1 ,october #cj-,november #a1 #aiac4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,contents4 ,page ,i4 ,the library movement in the ,united ,states #g-ae ,,ii4 ,organization of a library #af-ai ,,iii4 ,book selection and buying #bj-bd ,,iv4 ,classification #be-cb ,v4 ,cataloging #cc-ch ,,vi4 ,reference work and circulation #ci-ej ,,vii4 ,the binding and care of library books #ea-ec ,,viii4 ,work with children #ed-eh ,,ix4 ,the high school library #ei-ff ,x4 ,suggested readings in the ,encyclopaedia ,britannica #fg-gh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,chapter ,i4 ,,the ,,library ,,movement ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,the forerunner of the ,american public library of today is found in the subscription or stock company libraries of ,philadelphia1 ,boston and other cities4 ,the oldest of these is the ,philadelphia ,library ,company1 founded in #agca by ,benjamin ,franklin who later referred to it as 8the mother of all subscription libraries in ,america40 ,the ,rev4 ,jacob ,duch1 a director of the ,library ,company1 wrote in #aggd3 8,literary accomplishments here meet with deserved applause4 ,but such is the taste for books that almost every man is a reader40 ,the ,library ,company's authority on book selection was ,james ,logan 7the friend of ,william ,penn7 who was esteemed 8to be a gentleman of universal learning and the best judge of books in these parts40 ,in #aghc the ,library ,committee instructed its ,london agent that 8though not averse to mingling the dulce with the utile1 they did not care to have him buy any more novels40 ,in #ahfi the ,library ,company was made the beneficiary under the will of ,dr4 ,james ,rush1 who left #a1ejj1jjj to establish the ,ridgeway ,branch4 ,on account of the conditions attached to the bequest1 the gift was accepted by a bare majority of the stockholders4 ,among other restrictions1 the will contained the following clause3 8,let the library not keep cushioned seats for time-wasting and lounging readers1 nor places for every-day novels1 mind-tainting reviews1 controversial politics1 scribblings of poetry and prose1 biographies of unknown names1 nor for those teachers of disjointed thinking1 the daily newspapers40 ,the provisions of the will were strictly carried out and today the ,ridgeway ,library stands as a storehouse of the literature of the past1 a monument to the donor and an evidence of the change that has come over the world in its conception of the function of the library4 ,boston ,athenum4--,like the ,philadelphia ,library ,company1 the ,boston ,athenum was the outgrowth of a group of men who had in common an interest in books4 ,in ,may #ahjf1 the ,anthology ,society1 which had been editing the 8,monthly ,anthology and ,boston review10 established a reading room1 the object of which was to afford subscribers a meeting place furnished with the principal ,american and ,european periodicals4 ,the annual subscription was placed at ten dollars1 which was not more than the cost of a single daily paper4 ,the organization prospered and by #ahbg the treasurer's books showed property valued at more than #ajj1jjj4 ,two years later the library administration faced a new problem3 a woman applied for admission to the library4 ,having no precedent to guide him1 the librarian allowed the applicant free access to the shelves4 ,she was ,hannah ,adams1 who wrote 8,a view of religious opinions10 a 8,history of ,new ,england10 and 8,the history of the ,jews40 ,the next woman to ask for admission to the treasures of the ,athenum was ,mrs4 ,lydia ,maria ,child1 7#ahjb-ahhj71 author of 8,the rebels10 8,the freedman's books10 8,hobomok10 etc41 but her ticket of admission was shortly revoked 8lest the privilege cause future embarrassment40 ,as late as #ahee ,charles ,folsom entered a protest against women having access to 8the corrupter portions of polite literature40 ,boston ,public ,library4--,in #ahbe a plan was proposed whereby all the libraries in ,boston should be united under one roof4 ,later1 a ,frenchman by name of ,vattemare1 caused to be introduced into ,congress a measure which was to build up great libraries through international exchanges4 ,a public meeting was held in ,boston but a committee of the ,boston ,athenum opposed the scheme and it was dropped4 ,however1 in return for some books forwarded through ,vattemare to the ,municipal ,council of ,paris1 the ,mayor of ,boston received in #ahdc about fifty volumes1 which in reality formed the nucleus of the ,boston ,public ,library4 ,in #ahdg the ,boston ,city ,council appointed a joint committee on a library4 ,the next year a special act was passed by the ,massachusetts ,state ,legislature authorizing the city of ,boston to found and maintain a library4 ,efforts were made to effect a union of interests with the ,boston ,athenum1 but they failed4 ,in #ahdi the first books were presented by the ,hon4 ,robert ,c4 ,winthrop1 and in the following year ,j4 ,p4 ,bigelow1 then ,mayor of the city1 turned over to a library fund the sum of #a1jjj which had been presented to him as a personal testimony4 ,edward ,everett presented #a1jjj ,united ,states documents1 and ,edward ,capen was appointed librarian by the ,mayor4 ,george ,ticknor1 a member of the ,board1 helped to draw up a preliminary report outlining the ideals for the new civic institution4 ,the library was not to be a 8mere resort of professed scholars40 ,the key note of the whole public library movement in ,america was struck by ,ticknor when in #ahea he wrote of his hopes for the new library proposed for ,boston3 8,i would establish a library which differs from all free libraries yet attempted2 ,i mean one in which any popular books1 tending to moral and intellectual improvement1 shall be furnished in such numbers of copies that many persons can be reading the same book at the same time2 in short1 that not only the best books of all sorts1 but the pleasant literature of the day1 shall be made accessible to the whole people when they most care for it1 that is1 when it is fresh and new40 ,a timely friend was found in ,joshua ,bates1 who gave more than #ej1jjj for the purchase of books1 saying that he thought it was desirable to render the public library at once as useful as possible by providing it with a large collection of books in many departments of knowledge4 ,thus the aim of the founders was quickly realized1 it having been their professed intention to make the library what no other library in the world had either attempted or desired to become1 8a powerful and direct means for the intellectual and moral advancement of a whole people without distinction of class or condition40 ,the ,boston ,public ,library was the pioneer of the large public libraries in ,america and as such has long enjoyed a prominence which in a way has resulted in its differentiation from other large municipal institutions4 ,astor ,library4--,john ,jacob ,astor1 who came to this country in #aghc1 as a young man of #bj1 independent of capital1 family connections or influence1 became the richest man of his day in the ,united ,states1 and wished to show his feelings of gratitude towards the city of ,new ,york1 in which he had lived so long and prospered4 ,when he consulted with his friends1 ,fitz ,green ,halleck and ,washington ,irving among others1 as to the object to which his liberality should be applied1 the plan of building a public library was the most approved and a decision was promptly made in favor of it4 ,four hundred thousand dollars was left for this purpose4 ,the site chosen for the new ,astor ,library was in ,lafayette ,place1 in which street lived ,mr4 ,william ,b4 ,astor1 a son of the donor4 ,washington ,irving was the first president of the ,board of ,trustees1 and ,joseph ,g4 ,cogswell was the first librarian4 ,according to ,john ,hill ,burton in the 8,book hunter10 ,mr4 ,cogswell 8spent some years in ,europe with ,mr4 ,astor's princely endowment in his pocket1 and showed himself a judicious1 active and formidable sportsman in the book-hunting world4 ,whenever from private collections or the breaking up of public institutions1 rarities got abroad in the open market1 the collectors of the old world found that they had a resolute competitor to deal with1 almost1 it might be said1 a desperate one1 since he was1 in a manner1 the representative of a nation using powerful efforts to get a share of the library treasures of the old world4 ,i know that in the instance of the ,astor ,library the selections of the books have been made with great judgment and that after the boundaries of the common crowded markets were passed and individual rarities had to be stalked in distant hunting grounds1 innate literary value was still held as an object more important than mere abstract rarity1 and1 as the more worthy quality of the two1 that on which the buying power available to the emissary was brought to bear40 ,cogswell was essentially a bibliophile4 ,he loved books 8with an eager and grasping love10 said ,donald ,g4 ,mitchell4 ,to his fruitful labor was due the splendid growth of the ,astor collections4 ,cogswell presented to the ,library his own collection of bibliographical literature1 and gave the institution a reputation for wealth in this field4 8,so well has the impress thus imparted been maintained10 said ,dr4 ,richard ,garnett1 8that the ,astor ,library is said to contain hardly any light and frivolous books40 ,both the son and grandson of the founder1 as well as other members of the ,astor family1 added generously to the wealth of the institution so that today the total endowment is estimated at over two million dollars4 ,with its increase in resources came an increase in its use4 8,i range daily in the alcoves of the ,astor1 more charming than the gardens of ,boccaccio1 and each hour a ,decameron10 wrote ,charles ,sumner to ,theodore ,parker4 ,among the constant users was ,horace ,greeley1 who had a special table reserved for himself4 ,lenox ,library4--,james ,lenox1 a shy recluse1 a bachelor1 born to a wealthy inheritance1 found his chief joy in the collecting of books1 manuscripts1 and objets d'art4 ,he first collected early editions of the ,bible in all languages2 then ,americana1 including the original editions of the works of the great travelers and discoverers4 ,john ,bunyan and ,milton received much attention from ,mr4 ,lenox1 and he succeeded in garnering a vast array of editions of those two authors4 8,this mode of collecting has certainly its advantages10 said ,henry ,stevens1 8but it can hardly be denied that it is attended with serious disadvantages4 ,the result of all ,mr4 ,lenox's enormous study and labor1 to say nothing of his vast expenditures1 it must be confessed1 is a patchy library as he left it4 ,his favorite subjects and authors he rendered astonishingly rich1 but the subjects and authors he neglected at the same time are also astonishingly numerous40 ,in #ahgj ,mr4 ,lenox presented the collection to the city of ,new ,york1 together with a block on ,fifth ,avenue and a sufficient fund to erect a library building4 ,tilden ,bequest4--,samuel ,j4 ,tilden was not1 according to his biographer1 ,john ,bigelow1 a book collector in the ordinary sense of the term4 8,mr4 ,tilden had a very fastidious taste for books1 which he indulged without much regard to expense4 ,he bought books for his immediate use and enjoyment1 and apparently with no thought of collecting a library that should be complete in any department40 ,for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a free library and reading room in the city of ,new ,york he established the 8,tilden ,trust10 to which he bequeathed the sum of nearly four million dollars4 ,by long litigation it was reduced about one-half4 ,the trustees were anxious to apply this fund in a way that should prove most advantageous to the people of ,new ,york ,city and at the same time strictly conform to the wishes of the testator4 ,the endowment was accordingly offered to the ,municipal ,building ,committee of the city in #ahic1 to be devoted to the construction of a public library in a new ,city ,hall1 at that time planned for ,bryant ,park4 ,this plan had to be given up the next year when the act authorizing the removal of the old ,city ,hall was repealed1 but the expectations of the testator were carried out later by merging the ,tilden ,trust with the ,astor and ,lenox bequests into one grand 8,new ,york ,public ,library1 ,astor1 ,lenox and ,tilden ,foundations40 ,this consolidation was effected on ,may #bc1 #ahie1 when the ,board of ,trustees1 composed of seven members from each of the three foundations1 proceeded to plan the organization of a comprehensive library system4 ,an appeal to the municipal authorities was made in #ahif stating that if the city would furnish a proper site and provide the money to locate thereon a building suitable for the purposes of the ,new ,york ,public ,library1 then the library through the sale of its present sites1 could obtain such an addition to its funds as would justify it in providing for the circulation of the books from this main building4 ,the result was that the library was granted the old reservoir ground on ,fifth ,avenue1 between #djth and #dbnd ,streets1 and the trustees were enabled to begin planning for the erection of the splendid fireproof structure1 eventually opened to the public in #aiaa4 ,new ,york ,public ,library4--,the union of these three corporations to form a single library worthy of the great ,american metropolis was very justly characterized by ,lawrence ,hutton as 8one of the most important events in the whole history of the ,island of ,manhattan40 ,new ,york had long labored under the disadvantage of having no public library from which books could be freely borrowed by her citizens4 ,dr4 ,cogswell once remarked that a free circulating library in ,new ,york was impossible and that in five years any collection of books made for that purpose would be scattered forever beyond hope of recovery4 ,he here showed the distrust of the book-collector and the attitude of the old style librarian towards the books entrusted to his care4 ,the ,astor and the ,lenox ,libraries were for reference use only1 and were never open in the evenings or on holidays4 ,through the great generosity of ,andrew ,carnegie the ,new ,york ,public ,library is able to operate an extensive series of branches1 primarily intended for the purposes of circulating books in the surrounding neighborhoods4 8,the main purpose of the library is educational10 said the late ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,billings4 8,it is also to furnish the means of recreation and amusement to large numbers of readers4 ,a great library like this must be omniverous4 ,it must have rare and costly books1 indispensable to scholars1 and also the ephemeral pamphlets of the day which have no commercial value when they appear but eventually become historical documents4 ,the library should be an encyclopedia always kept up to date40 ,the ,spread of ,public ,libraries4--,from the above sketches some idea can be gained as to how recent is the development of the library into the tax-supported institution we know to-day4 ,the last generation has witnessed the spread of the public library movement westward at such a rate that many of the most striking illustrations of the usefulness of the modern library are to be gathered from the newer libraries of the western states4 ,within the last two decades the public library has gained strong allies in such new organizations as state library commissions1 inter-state library associations1 and library training schools4 ,the library schools have inculcated into their students the body of ,america's library doctrine which has grown up with the movement in this country4 ,the association meetings have been helpful in providing for the discussion of mooted topics and giving librarianship a unity which it could not otherwise have gained4 ,american ,library ,association4--,organized in #ahgf to promote the welfare of libraries2 it had the ,library ,journal as its official organ for many years1 but now publishes its own ,bulletin containing announcements and proceedings of the annual meeting4 ,the ,association aims to effect needed legislation and reforms which could not be brought about by individual effort2 to improve library administration and lessen the labor and expense of it2 to utilize the combined experience of the profession1 to promote esprit de corps among library workers and to advance the common interests of trustees1 librarians and assistants4 ,various sections have been organized3 the college and reference section1 catalog section1 trustees' section1 library work with children and state library commissions4 ,it has a publishing board of five members1 appointed by the executive board1 the aim of which is to secure and prepare publications1 catalogs1 indexes and other bibliographic and library aids4 ,the publications are a great help to libraries and references are made to a number of them throughout this manual4 ,the headquarters of the ,association are located on the upper floor of the ,chicago ,public ,library4 ,address3 #gh ,e4 ,washington ,st4 ,state ,library ,commissions4--,commissions have been established in thirty-three states with the view of advancing the library interests of the state4 ,they aim not only to promote the efficiency of the libraries already existing but also to help in the establishing of new ones4 ,they collect statistics of libraries throughout the state and so are able to help the backward ones by showing what is being done in the more active communities4 ,some commissions conduct summer library schools where the untrained assistants from the smaller libraries can get valuable instruction4 ,others have institutes and district meetings at which topics of interest to the smaller libraries are discussed4 ,organizers are sent to such libraries as are in need of reorganization1 recataloging or professional help along one line or another4 ,in some states the commission takes charge of the traveling libraries1 which are sent to clubs1 granges and the smaller libraries4 ,the sending of books to the blind falls within the province of the library commissions in certain states4 ,some are authorized to give direct financial aid to the smaller struggling libraries4 ,nearly all the commissions publish bulletins1 circulars of information1 library laws1 selected lists of helpful books1 and occasional leaflets4 ,traveling ,libraries4--,in order to carry the advantages of the public library system to the residents of rural districts and villages1 a system of traveling libraries has been introduced into most of the states4 ,new ,york was the first to adopt this system1 which it did in #ahib at the instance of ,melvil ,dewey1 then ,state ,librarian4 ,the plan was to send a number of small libraries1 each containing one hundred carefully selected volumes1 which were lent for six months at a time to 8stations0 from which requests had been received4 ,in #ahie ,michigan and ,iowa introduced the system as a part of the work of their state libraries and in the following year a traveling library system for one county was established through private generosity4 ,the ,wisconsin ,free ,library ,commission soon took it up and developed it for the whole state4 ,in some states where the traveling libraries have not been fostered by state aid1 the work has been carried on by the women's clubs1 as for example in ,colorado4 ,in ,michigan application for traveling libraries can be made by study clubs1 ,epworth leagues1 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 and ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a41 ,sunday schools1 farmers' clubs1 granges1 reading circles1 etc4 ,the titles are selected from printed finding lists1 and the books go by freight at the expense of the borrower4 ,if books on a special topic are desired1 the request should be filed by ,may #ast with the ,state ,librarian in order to receive them in the fall4 ,the ,state ,library has also a loan collection of pictures1 reproductions of the best examples of ancient and modern art4 ,the unframed pictures are loaned to art clubs1 while the framed ones are loaned to schools to be kept on their walls from three to six months4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,organization ,,of ,a ,,library4 ,the organization of the average library consists of the following component parts3 #a4 ,board of ,trustees4--,the main function of the board of trustees is to look after the financial interests of the library1 to see that the buildings and equipment are properly cared for1 and to decide broad questions of policy4 ,trustees should be 7but are not always7 elected from the elite of the community4 ,it is expected that in them will be found a genuine culture1 an appreciation of things pertaining to the arts and sciences1 combined with the advantages of education1 travel and sufficient leisure to look after public interests4 8,cultivated men10 says ,edward ,edwards1 8familiar with books from childhood1 have usually a very inadequate perception of the toil and thought which have to be given to the good arrangement1 the accurate cataloging1 and the ready service of a library4 ,what1 then1 is to be expected if a dominant share in the management of a library be placed in the hands of men with just enough of elementary education to bring into broad daylight the intensest ignorance1 in union with the most stolid self-conceit80 8,a little bookishness in a committeeman10 said ,justin ,winsor1 8may be as dangerous as a sip from the poet's ,pierian spring1 particularly if there is no deeper learning in any of his associates4 ,he knows just enough of books not to know that he knows nothing of libraries40 #b4 ,the ,librarian4--8,a librarian10 said ,henry ,bradshaw1 8is one who earns his living by attending to the wants of those for whose use the library under his charge exists1 his prime duty being1 in the widest possible sense of the phrase1 to save the time of those who seek his services40 ,the librarian has been variously compared to the commissariat in the republic of letters1 whose business is not to fight himself but to put others in fighting trim1--or to the host at the banquet of knowledge who is assiduous in securing the comfort of the guests and in placing before each one just the kind of food he likes and requires4 ,he knows that what is one man's meat is another man's poison4 ,enthusiasm for the work is a prime requisite in the librarian4 ,even a good staff cannot overcome the deadening influence of daily contact with a chief lacking in enthusiasm4 ,to the librarian should be left the details of administration4 ,the librarian is the executive officer of the board of trustees and the latter1 if wise1 will look to the librarian for getting the results desired and will allow that officer as free a hand as possible4 ,if the librarian is not capable of administering the library1 or worthy of the fullest confidence1 the sooner one is secured who measures up to this standard the better4 #c4 ,the ,library ,staff4--,the duties of the staff vary with the size of the library4 ,in the smallest libraries the librarian may be the only one engaged in the actual work of the library1 but in such cases the library hours must be restricted to such as one person can take care of4 ,the next step in growth is to have some one relieve the librarian at the desk and to do the more clerical work4 ,next come special assistants to look after special tasks like cataloging and classifying1 desk work and so on4 ,the staff1 whether large or small1 should consider itself responsible to the librarian and should not1 except in extraordinary cases1 go directly to the board of trustees with petitions4 ,the librarian should always be the spokesman for the staff4 ,going over his head indicates a lack of sympathy and cooperation between the librarian and staff that argues badly for the welfare of the institution4 ,qualifications for ,library ,work4--,the best preparation for library work is a thorough1 systematic general education4 ,to this should be added a special preparation secured either through apprenticeship1 a training class1 or a regular library school4 ,different positions call for different qualities in assistants but library service in general demands tact1 perseverance1 adaptability1 habits of precision and accuracy1 with a fair amount of speed1 ability to distinguish between essentials and non-essentials1 and a strong desire to be of service4 ,a certain familiarity with books and famous characters in history and in fiction is expected of every one in a library4 ,personal neatness1 good temper1 and a sense of humor are valuable assets in this as in other lines of work4 ,no one will succeed in library work who goes into it merely for the money that can be got out of it4 ,loyalty to the institution and its officers is essential to efficient service4 ,if the assistant cannot feel this sense of loyalty1 the sooner a new position is secured1 the better for all concerned4 ,dignity1 self-possession1 and self-reliance are valuable qualities in any part of the library1 but are especially needed by assistants at the reference desk4 ,qualities that unfit one for library work in general are physical weakness1 deformity1 poor memory1 a discontented disposition1 egotism1 a lack of system in one's method of work1 and inability or unwillingness to take responsibilities1 a tendency to theorize1 criticise1 or gossip1 inability to mind one's own business1 fussiness1 and long-windedness4 ,one librarian advocates listing the virtues and personal qualities of the staff and apprentices by having a questionnaire like the following filled out for each assistant3 ,has she tact8 ,has she enthusiasm8 ,has she method and system8 ,is she punctual8 ,is she neat8 ,is she kind8 ,is she a good disciplinarian8 ,is she sympathetic8 ,is she quick8 ,is she willing to wear rubber heels8 ,is she a good worker8 ,is she accurate8 ,has she a pleasing personality8 ,has she a sense of responsibility8 ,is she patient8 ,is she courteous8 ,has she self control8 ,is she cheerful8 ,has she a knowledge of books8 ,are her vibrations pleasant8 ,has she executive ability8 ,can she speak ,french1 ,german1 ,spanish1 ,italian1 ,yiddish8 ,has she social qualifications8 ,can she keep a petty cash account8 ,what are her faults8 ,mr4 ,herbert ,putnam1 ,librarian of ,congress1 gives the following advice to aspirants for library positions3 8,first1 secure the best possible general education1 including1 if possible1 a college course or its equivalent2 second1 acquire a reading knowledge of at least ,french and ,german2 third1 add to this a training in a library school2 fourth1 if a choice must be made between the special training in a library school and a general course in a college1 choose the general course1 but make every effort to supplement this by the special course if only for a brief period2 fifth1 if an opportunity occur for foreign travel1 utilize it2 sixth1 if you have not been able to contrive either a thorough general education or special training1 your best opportunities in library work will be in a small library where your personal characteristics may be such as to offset these other deficiencies2 seventh1 without at least a fair reading knowledge of ,french and ,german you cannot progress beyond the most subordinate positions in a large library40 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,book ,,selection ,,and ,,buying4 ,book ,selection4--,book selection makes the greatest demand on the knowledge and administrative judgment of librarians and is the question that produces the most friction between librarians and library committees4 ,if the trustees define the general policy of the library1 determine the amount to be expended on books1 and approve purchases out of the ordinary run1 the librarian should be considered as the one person best posted on the needs of the library1 and as purchasing agent for the institution should be allowed to buy where he can do so to the best advantage4 ,of course1 the problem is quite different in an academic library from what it is in a public library4 ,especially in the latter should the librarian be granted the utmost freedom in the selection of the general run of books4 8,we are often asked who selects the books for purchase and how this is done10 says ,dr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,bostwick in the annual report of the ,st4 ,louis ,public ,library for #aiaa-ab4 8,about #aj1jjj volumes are issued from ,american presses yearly1 not to mention those of ,england and other ,european countries4 ,of these we can purchase only about #b1jjj titles4 ,of the remainder some are eliminated by their heavy cost1 as in the case of editions de luxe and most works intended for wealthy collectors2 some because of their class1 such as technical works on law and medicine1 which we are leaving to the special local libraries devoted to these subjects2 and some because they are obviously below standard1 being either untrustworthy1 trivial or objectionable4 ,there remains a very considerable number1 any one of which we might purchase but only a certain proportion of which we can buy with the funds at our disposal4 ,from these we try to select the best1 judging from the standpoint of a high-grade public library4 ,some of the considerations that affect our decision are1 first1 public demand1 to which we always give heed unless it is obviously uninformed2 secondly1 a desire to strengthen our collection in weak points2 and thirdly1 expert advice1 oral or printed1 volunteered or specially asked4 ,here in ,st4 ,louis1 we are profiting by the services of numerous experts in special subjects1 which are freely given as a public service1 and we scan carefully every bit of expert testimony regarding the availability of books contained in the bulletins of other libraries and in other current lists and bibliographies4 ,trade lists and catalogues of all kinds are checked up with our own to see what we lack1 and the result is the assemblage of a list of wants far larger than we can purchase4 ,the final selection from these is apt to leave behind some things that we ought to buy1 but it is unlikely to include anything that could well have been left out1 considering our special conditions and needs4 ,the final word in selection rests with a committee of the ,board2 but for ordinary current purchases1 and unless some point involving the larger policies of selection is to be settled1 this committee usually allows the librarian to exercise his own judgment4 ,besides the sources of selection already mentioned1 books on approval are received in considerable quantities1 sometimes being sent voluntarily by dealers or individuals1 sometimes requested by the library40 ,the librarian must develop a sense of proportion and beware of the library patron with a hobby1 and of the trustee who is interested in building up only one side of the library1 and of the scholar who thinks that 8only solid reading for the immortal mind should be placed before old and young40 ,in buying for an average public library the aim should be to choose general treatises rather than those covering only special phases or special subjects4 ,the special treatises would be the more desirable for a university library1 where they would be in demand both by faculty and students1 as authorities on detailed points1 as aids or as sources in further investigation4 ,too much money should not be locked up in expensive volumes that will be seldom used4 ,the librarian should estimate the average cost of his books per volume and1 except in the case of reference books1 should not go too far beyond this average cost4 ,he should avoid partisanship and develop catholicity of taste and breadth of sympathy4 ,he should try to have something on his shelves for every patron in town1 real or potential1 but should not allow the library to be drawn into any sectarian propagandist movement4 ,he should avoid controversial works1 sensationalism and the latest fad1 and put off the purchase of the book of the hour until he feels fairly sure that the demand for it will not die within the hour4 ,the efficient librarian does not think too much of the sum total of accessions1 but is mindful of the fact that it is quality not quantity that counts4 8,it doesn't matter how many but how good books you have40 ,this was said by ,seneca1 but the same truth has been stated by many modern librarians4 8,i should as soon tell how many tons the books in the ,astor ,library weigh as to tell how many volumes there are10 was a sage remark of ,dr4 ,joseph ,g4 ,cogswell4 8,strength does not lie in mere numbers2 this fact is as true of books as of soldiers10 said ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,foster4 8,one thousand carefully picked are worth two thousand assembled at random40 ,aids in ,book ,selection4--,the chief aid in book selection for the average small public library is the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 catalog4 ,the first edition was issued in #ahic for the ,world's ,columbian ,exposition4 ,it was planned as a guide for book buyers as well as for readers and as a manual for librarians in the matter of book selection4 ,to a certain extent it was hoped that it would take the place of a printed catalog in some of the smaller public libraries4 ,by checking in the margin the titles of the books owned it forms a convenient partial catalog of best books for any library4 ,in #aijd a classified and annotated edition1 thoroughly revised and brought down to date1 was prepared for the ,st4 ,louis ,exposition4 ,this included #g1ebj volumes adapted to public libraries as contrasted with #e1jjj titles included in the earlier edition4 ,a supplementary class list of #c1jjj titles1 covering the books issued between #aijd and #aiaa1 was issued by the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in #aiab4 ,the 8,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist10 a guide to the best new books1 has just completed its ninth annual1 volume4 ,various state library commissions have issued helpful lists4 ,wisconsin's 8,suggestive list of books for a small library0 is a good specimen4 ,the 8,fiction catalog0 published by ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson ,co41 ,minneapolis1 is useful as a check list and contains many excellent titles4 ,in the same way the lists of the #ajj and of the #ajjj best novels issued by the ,free ,library of ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 are worth studying4 ,various lists of best books1 like ,sir ,john ,lubbock's famous 8hundred best books10 or ,dr4 ,eliot's 8five foot library10 are to be found in a pamphlet 8,the ,world's best books10 which is to be had free of charge from the ,globe ,wernicke ,co41 ,cincinnati4 ,for additional titles see 8,aids in book selection0 by ,alice ,b4 ,kroeger and ,sarah ,w4 ,cattell 7,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing board1 #aijh47 ,bookbuying4--,if it is desired to buy a special list of books1 already selected1 it is usually best to place the order with one of the large houses which make a specialty of library trade or with a local dealer1 if the proper service and discounts are assured4 ,cost of carriage may total up high enough to offset a special discount1 and so should be considered in comparing prices offered by two different dealers4 ,in scanning a list of books to be bought1 attention should be paid to #a4 ,those titles which are to be had in reinforced bindings4 #b4 ,titles which are to be had in special editions1 as in ,everyman's ,library4 #c4 ,titles which are to be had from dealers in remainders and are likely to be offered at bargain prices4 ,the 8,list of editions selected for economy in book buying10 compiled by ,leroy ,jeffers1 and published by the ,american ,library ,association 7#be cts47 is well worth studying4 ,the selection of books to be bought at any one time will be determined by the prices at which they can be secured and consequently it is desirable to constantly study dealers' catalogs4 ,worn copies of popular titles or copies that are loose in their bindings are not ordinarily wise purchases1 as they soon require rebinding1 and thus make the total cost exceed the first cost of a copy in reinforced binding4 ,subscription books are rarely worth anything like the money asked for them4 ,if wanted they can frequently be bought from dealers in second hand books1 or from jobbers in remainders and surplus stock4 ,books should not be bought from traveling agents4 ,there are only a few publishing houses who employ them who would not supply their books through the regular channels of trade4 8,editions de luxe0 are now generally understood to be for looks only1 and 8library editions0 are frequently so called because they are for the private and not for the public library1 being put up in a way not warranted to withstand wear and tear4 ,accession ,book4--,the accession book1 which corresponds to the invoice book of a business house1 is the first of all records to be made of a book after it has been acquired by a library4 ,the accession book aims to show the additions of each day in the exact order of their reception1 without classification of any kind4 ,one turns to it to learn what price was paid for a book1 when and where it was bought1 how much was paid for binding it1 if it was bound after being acquired by the library1 how much was paid for replacement if lost1 etc4 ,each volume is entered on a separate line1 and secures a separate accession number4 ,by means of this number the history of any particular book can be traced4 ,the accession book is the most permanent of the library records2 entries cannot disappear as from a card shelf list1 and it is of the greatest value in case of books lost or destroyed by fire4 ,each book should be entered immediately after it is collated and found to agree with the order and bill4 ,the entries must be kept up to date in order to avoid loss and confusion4 ,an accession number should be given each separate volume4 ,giving a single accession number to a set leads to endless confusion4 ,a numbering machine will save time and help to prevent errors4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,classification4 ,definition4--,classification consists of putting like things together4 ,we do this every day1 and the classification of books is only one special phase of this general process4 ,thus1 a man who owns a hardware store does not place his goods helter skelter1--a stove1 a box of nails1 some saws and then a furnace1 but he runs over his stock and classifies it1 putting stoves in one place1 nails in another4 ,by this classification he gains two things3 first1 he can find any one thing he wants more quickly2 secondly1 he can tell how much of any one article he has on hand and so decide whether he must lay in a new supply4 ,likewise1 the zoologist classifies all members of the animal kingdom1 so that he can learn what the different kinds of animals are and study the relationship between them4 ,without the help afforded by classification he would be overwhelmed by the immense number of facts brought before him and without the aid of classification he would never have known of evolution1 the guiding star of modern investigation4 ,first ,principles4--,in our every-day life we lose much time hunting for things for which we have no definite place4 ,we have put them in the place which was most convenient for us at the moment when we put them away4 ,think for yourself how it is with your knowledge4 ,from observation1 from conversation1 from reading1 you learn a little about many subjects like electricity1 botany1 astronomy or politics1 but in this desultory way you do not learn very much about any one of these subjects4 ,therefore you do not feel any special need of classifying your information1 but when you take up any of these subjects and pursue it seriously you learn thousands of facts and relations1 and then is the time that you feel the need of some plan of arrangement of your knowledge4 ,private vs4 ,institutional ,libraries4--,one has the same experience in regard to books4 ,a person having a library of from fifty to three hundred books does not feel the need of classifying them4 ,the ordinary arrangement is based upon size1 color or convenience4 ,the books in the average house are so placed as to look their best4 ,the classification1 as far as it exists1 is an esthetic one4 ,the owner knows the exact appearance of every volume in his library and when he wants ,longfellow's poems he can tell at a glance where it is4 ,in a small private library there is no occasion for all the history being in one place or all the poems in another4 ,as the library grows1 the esthetic principle of classification can be followed until the owner can no longer readily remember how each book looks4 ,but our institutional libraries contain so many books that the librarian cannot know them in the same way that he can the books in his own private library and consequently he has to study the question of classification and devise a method by which not only he1 but his assistants and also such readers as have access to the books1 can readily find them as wanted4 ,classification1 the putting of like things together1 would1 therefore1 mean in a large library1 putting histories together in one place1 the medical books together in another place1 and so with all other distinctive subjects4 ,each of these large classes will1 however1 have to be subdivided4 ,thus1 histories of ,greece are put together in one place1 histories of ,rome in another1 histories of the ,united ,states in still another4 ,the subdivision in the larger libraries is carried still farther and books on the period of the discovery of ,america are put first1 followed by books on the ,colonial period of the ,united ,states1 the ,revolutionary ,war1 etc4 ,united ,states history1 if well represented1 is classified geographically4 ,this process of subdivision into separate groups of books on each state can be carried still farther if necessary4 ,advantages of ,classification4--,the following questions may arise3 ,what advantages come from the classification1 and who are benefited8 ,the advantages come to those having access to the books4 ,if one goes to a library to get a volume by ,arnold ,bennett it makes no difference to the individual whether the library is classified or not if he cannot go to the shelves and pick out the book for himself4 ,likewise1 if he wants ,young's ,astronomy he will probably get the book more quickly if he asks the attendant to get it than if he tries to get it himself1 supposing he does have access to the shelves4 ,but the time when the reader gets the most help from the classification is when he wants to examine a number of books on astronomy and can go to the shelves and find the books on that subject all in one place4 ,then he can easily find what different writers have to say about the habitability of ,mars or he can find what book appeals to him as being the most interesting and can borrow it for home use4 ,any investigator finds access to the shelves of a well classified library an immense help4 ,an ,aid to the ,librarian4--,another person who is greatly benefited by classification is the librarian1 and it is just as important that he be helped as that the reader be helped4 ,he is1 however1 helped in a different way4 ,he knows what the system of classification in use in the library is and with the outlines of this scheme in mind he goes through the library and finds out where it is strong and where it is weak and can plan future purchases accordingly4 ,if1 for example1 he finds on the shelves little of value on photography he will make a note of it and buy more books on that subject when funds are available4 ,if he finds that there is an undue supply of travel on hand1 he will note that also and buy fewer books in that class in the future4 ,without the help of classification the librarian would overlook many such irregularities4 ,in an unclassified library they would be discovered only through a long and tedious investigation4 ,his only recourse would be the catalog and that is not so well adapted to answer such questions4 ,basis of ,classification4--,the next question is1 what shall be the basis of classification4 ,it is obvious that this basis should be sought in the character of the books themselves and should be applied with constant reference to the reader and his needs4 ,in regard to the first point1 character of the books1 we know that books have been written on all kinds of subjects1--religion1 law1 history1 medicine1 etc4 and that those subjects form the only rational basis for classification4 ,a classification based on these distinctions is the only one that helps the reader4 ,if a man comes to the library to investigate a particular point in medicine1 it is clear that it will help him if he finds all the medical books together rather than all the books grouped according to their date of purchase by the library4 ,present ,tendency4--,many schemes have been devised for the classification of books1 some very simple1 others extremely elaborate4 ,the present tendency is to adopt the more elaborate classification4 ,formerly most libraries were not classified at all1 but the books were arranged in the order in which they were received1 the only grouping of the books being in such cases one based on size1--folios in one place1 quartos in another1 in order to save shelf room4 ,assuming that the books in the library were numbered according to the date of their accession from one up to1 say1 twenty thousand1 it is clear that the reader could find a book by a particular writer quickly enough by looking up its number in the catalog1 but if he had wished to consult thirty books on one subject1 it would be a very tedious operation and most readers would not take the time for it4 ,simple forms of ,classification4--,the most common plan in ,english libraries is a modification of this scheme4 ,the books are divided into about ten classes and the books in each class are arranged in the order in which they are received4 ,the classes are distinguished by capital letters4 ,an example said to be very common in ,england1 is as follows4 ,a4 ,theology and philosophy4 ,b4 ,history and biography4 ,c4 ,travel and topography4 ,d4 ,law1 politics1 commerce4 ,e4 ,arts and sciences4 ,f4 ,fiction4 ,g4 ,philology4 ,h4 ,poetry and drama4 ,j4 ,juvenile4 ,k4 ,miscellaneous and magazines4 ,as an illustration of the way a book is marked in this scheme1 ,b #begd might be ,green's 8,history of the ,english people40 ,this book is marked ,b4 because it is a history4 ,it is marked #begd because there were already #begc books in this class at the time this book was added4 ,this mark1 ,b #begd1 is a very simple one and to that extent satisfactory4 ,the scheme is a great advance over the preceding one1 because it brings the books of a kind together4 ,since there are ten classes in this scheme1 it is evident that if a reader wishes to see all the books on one subject he will have to examine only one-tenth of the library instead of the whole of it1 but even this is not felt to be minute enough4 ,if the library contains #bjj1jjj volumes one class would contain1 on the average1 #bj1jjj volumes1 which is altogether too great a collection to search through4 ,if ,green's 8,history of the ,english people0 were marked ,b #begd1 the next book might be ,robinson's 8,history of ,peru10 marked ,b #bege1 which is of course a very different subject4 ,the case is still worse in class ,e1 which includes fine arts1 useful arts and all the sciences1 so that a book on chemistry might stand between a book on medicine and one on ,raphael4 ,this would not satisfy the reading public of to-day1--nor the modern librarian4 ,the classes ,f1 fiction1 and ,j1 juvenile1 are not so bad2 there is not so great a difference between the books in these classes4 ,they are used more by people seeking recreation1 rather than by those looking for definite titles4 ,jacob ,abbott wrote some two hundred juvenile books and many of these might be scattered among the large class ,j4 ,in class ,f1 fiction1 the ,english1 ,french1 and ,german authors would all be thrown together4 ,this would be a disadvantage for any one desiring to read along a particular line4 ,open vs4 ,close ,classification4--,the question of open vs4 close classification is an important one4 ,by open classification we mean one without minute subdivisions4 ,an illustration of open classification is the scheme of ten classes described above4 ,as an extreme case of open classification mention may be made of the theological library in which only two classes were used1 the one class containing the books that were sound in their theology1 the other the books that were unsound4 ,at the present time the tendency is towards close classification4 ,it is a necessity in large libraries and an advantage in small ones4 ,in this country the two great authorities on classification are ,charles ,a4 ,cutter and ,melvil ,dewey4 ,both have devised and published schemes of classification which are generally recognized as having many excellent features4 ,in both schemes the classification admits of very minute subdivisions4 ,dewey says that if the library has only one book on a certain minute subject1 that book ought to be put in its own special class4 ,it does not matter if there is no other book in the class4 ,no one can fully understand what is meant by close classification until he has had considerable experience in classifying books4 ,you can pick up the printed scheme of classification and run your eye over the numbers1 but you will get comparatively little from them until you try to apply them4 ,minute ,bibliographical ,classification4--,the following is a very important distinction in regard to close classification which should be carefully noted4 ,it is one thing to classify books1 but it is quite a different thing to classify articles in magazines for the bibliography of a subject4 ,magazine articles may be classified far more minutely than books can be4 ,take1 for example1 the ,bibliographia ,geologica1 in which references are made to articles in geological magazines and publications of geological societies4 ,here the articles are classified according to ,dewey4 ,dewey's class #eea means physical geology4 ,in this bibliography there is a particular article marked #eea4gie1eac1aaa1jdd4 ,that is to say the general subject of physical geology is subdivided in one-trillionth parts and this article is assigned to one of those parts4 ,if one should apply for a library position and be told that he should have to classify the books as closely as this1 he would probably never get the position4 ,if he were given this article to classify1 he would just as likely as not put it ten billion points out of the way4 ,as a matter of fact1 this bibliography is compiled by a number of experts in geology4 ,there are similar bibliographies of botany1 zoology and other natural sciences1 all minutely classified and all compiled by experts4 ,the reason that books cannot be as closely classified as magazine articles is that they generally deal with broader topics4 ,in the average library it does not pay to classify books more minutely than is warranted by the general run of books in the class in which these books are to be assigned4 ,in this regard1 a distinction must be made between libraries4 ,the ,library of ,congress has devised a classification of its own which is very minute1 and a number of classifiers are employed to look after the different fields in which they are more or less expert4 ,in this way1 classification can be carried to the extreme limit of closeness4 ,nothing keeps one more modest than classifying1 for one is continually brought face to face with things that one does not know1 and so many things of which one knows so little4 ,the ,dewey ,decimal ,classification4 ,the decimal classification is used in this country and in ,europe4 ,it is suitable for both large and small collections of books and for indexing4 ,in many schemes of classification letters are used to denote the classes1 in others a combination of letters and figures4 ,dewey uses only figures4 ,dewey developed his system in #ahgc and published it in #ahgf4 ,numbers of three figures were used to denote the classes4 ,since then it has been found desirable to subdivide much more minutely and this has been done with increasing minuteness in the seven editions that have followed the one of #ahgf4 ,a general outline of ,dewey is here given4 #jjj ,general works #ajj ,philosophy #bjj ,religion #cjj ,sociology #djj ,philology #ejj ,science #fjj ,useful arts #gjj ,fine arts #hjj ,literature #ijj ,history ,each of these is divided into ten sections1 e4 g4 #ejj ,science #eaj ,mathematics #ebj ,astronomy #ecj ,physics #edj ,chemistry #eej ,geology #efj ,paleontology #egj ,biology #ehj ,botany #eij ,zoology ,each of these is divided into ten sections1 e4 g4 #ecj ,physics #eca ,mechanics #ecb ,hydraulics #ecc ,pneumatics #ecd ,sound #ece ,light #ecf ,heat #ecg ,electricity #ech ,magnetism #eci ,molecular physics4 ,these sections are still further subdivided until the requisite degree of minuteness is reached4 ,the system has various mnemonic features which are helpful4 ,every figure has a meaning4 ,an alphabetical list of all these meanings is appended to the classification4 ,thus after the word ,hydraulics is #ecb1 showing where to look in the classification for this subject4 ,all books on hydraulics receive the number #ecb and are together on the shelves4 ,this fact illustrates one great advantage of the ,dewey system1 that as the library grows the new books can be placed with the corresponding old ones without re-marking the old ones1 while in the fixed location system the books are marked to certain localities1 and when moved by reason of growth of the library have to be re-marked4 ,this re-marking includes not only the books but also the cards referring to the books4 ,the re-marking is very costly and very unsatisfactory4 ,in ,dewey's system the books in any one class are arranged according to some method4 ,in most classes an alphabetical arrangement by the names of the authors is simplest and best4 ,in scientific classes some librarians prefer the chronological arrangement4 ,in any case it should be clear and simple4 ,relative ,location4--8,with a movable location all new books fall at once into their proper places like the cards which are added to a card catalog1 and the new-comers push the other books along on the shelf1 just as new cards push the others along in the drawer4 ,the consequence is that a book which is here to-day may be on the next shelf in a month or in the next alcove in a year2 and the local memory1 which is a great help in finding books quickly is disturbed4 ,the only remedy that ,i can see for this is to substitute a subject memory for a local memory1 to get a habit of thinking of a book as belonging to a certain class instead of as on a certain shelf 7a much more rational memory1 by the way71 and then to make it very easy to find the classes4 ,this last is not hard to accomplish4 ,a class memory can be cultivated and may be assisted by local memory which will find books by their position relative to other books1 instead of by their position relative to alcoves and shelves1 or doors and windows40--,c4 ,a4 ,cutter4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,cataloging4 ,definition4--,the catalog is a directory of the library4 ,a library without a catalog is described by ,thomas ,carlyle as 8a ,polyphemus without any eye in its head1 and you must front the difficulties1 whatever they may be1 of making proper catalogs40 ,a good catalog must be an accurate and easily used index of the resources of the library1 answering the questions of the readers in the simplest and most direct way possible4 ,such questions fall into the following groups3 #a4 ,has the library a certain book by a certain author8 #b4 ,what books by a certain author has the library8 #c4 ,has the library a book with a certain title1 the author's name being unknown8 #d4 ,what has the library on a given subject8 #e4 ,what volumes of a certain series are in the library8 #f4 ,where on the shelves of the library is a certain book to be found1 if it is not in use by a reader8 ,to answer these questions certain 8entries01 or records1 are made in the catalog1 called the author1 title1 subject and series entries4 ,question #f1 which is asked in connection with all the other questions1 is answered by the call number1 which appears on every entry4 ,the most general book of reference is the dictionary4 ,every one is more or less familiar with its arrangement4 ,this fact is the chief argument for a dictionary arrangement in a card catalog where authors1 subjects1 titles and cross references are arranged in one alphabet1 as in a dictionary4 ,each 8entry10 or record1 is made on a card having on its first line the word1 or words1 under which the entry is made4 ,this card is placed in its alphabetical place in the catalog tray4 ,author ,entry4--,every book must have an author entry to answer questions #a and #b4 ,by author we mean the person1 body1 government1 society or institution responsible for a work4 ,the entry is usually made under the author's surname1 followed by his forenames4 ,catalog ,rules4--,every good code of cataloging rules gives detailed directions for the author entry1 telling how to decide who is the author and what form of his name to use4 ,in order to gain the uniformity necessary for the easy consultation of the catalog1 the cataloger must decide upon her rules and then follow them carefully4 ,if this is done1 the author card will ordinarily present few difficulties4 ,the ,american ,library ,association rules 7#aijh7 are very full and offer the advantage of general conformity to the ,library of ,congress entries4 ,the question as to fullness of author's name may well be left to the individual library4 ,the small library will need to use the author's dates only to distinguish different authors of the same name4 ,many descriptive phrases may also be omitted1 e4 g4 8pres4 of the ,u4 ,s40 in the heading1 8,washington1 ,george1 pres4 of the ,u4 ,s40 and similar headings4 ,this will in no way interfere with the use of the ,library of ,congress cards1 in spite of their fuller entries1 as the full and less full may easily be placed in one alphabet4 ,all works of fiction1 dramas and poems1 and works of non-fiction having striking titles must have an additional record1 or 8added entry01 under the title1 in order that the catalog may answer question #c4 ,for this entry1 the title is written at the top of the card4 ,the average reader more frequently remembers the titles of books than the names of their authors4 ,consequently the cataloger must not be too sparing in making title entries4 ,subject ,entries4--,non-fiction must also have added entry under the subject or subjects of the book4 ,it is here that the cataloger finds scope for all her knowledge1 judgment and common sense4 ,above all1 let it not be said of her that she 8,affects all books of past and present ages1 ,but reads no further than their title-pages40 ,she must examine the books carefully1 studying the table of contents1 preface1 analyses of chapters when given1 marginal notes1 and the chapters themselves when necessary4 ,no entry is to be made under any subject unless the cataloger is sure that the book contains material helpful to one looking up that subject4 ,she must always try to put herself in the reader's place1 and get his point of view4 ,the cataloger is extremely liable to worship rules and to forget the limitations of the average reader4 ,there is danger of taking too much for granted4 ,in this respect the cataloger is like a certain professor who was given to quoting ,arabic in his popular lectures4 ,when some one1 remonstrated1 he said1 8,oh1 everybody knows a little ,arabic40 ,the cataloger must bear in mind the fact that many users of the library do not know how to look up book titles4 ,president ,eliot once confessed to a body of librarians that although he might claim to be as intelligent as the ordinary frequenter of a library1 he did not know enough to use a card catalog4 ,cutter's ,rules4--,having decided what the subject or subjects of the book may be1 for it may have one or many1 the question arises as to the form of the subject headings to be used4 ,c4 ,a4 ,cutter1 in his 8,rules for a dictionary catalog0 7#dth edition1 #aijd7 has laid down the principles of the choice of subject headings4 ,one of the most useful tools of the cataloger is the ,american ,library ,association 8,list of subject headings0 7#c;d edition1 #aiaa71 the result of widespread consultation and discussion on principles and practice4 ,here is gathered the experience of many libraries1 of all types1 and the cataloger would do well to follow this list unless experience has shown her that in some cases her special library requires a variation4 ,the suggested cross references are a great help1 but must be used with care and judgment4 ,the cross references are the sign posts in the wilderness of the catalog1 and they must point the way clearly and with truth4 ,the cataloger never knows at just what point the reader will strike the catalog1 but if the subject headings and cross references have been judiciously chosen he is pretty sure to reach the desired goal4 ,analyticals4--,in a small library it is most essential to show not only what books the library has on a given subject1 but also what chapters or essays may be hidden in unsuspected volumes4 ,entries for such parts of books are called analytical entries4 ,the subject heading is chosen in the same manner as for an entire work on the subject1 the author1 title1 date1 call number and paging of the volume containing the chapter being given below the subject heading4 ,in similar manner author and title analytical entries may be made for short stories which appear in collections4 ,author analytical entries are frequently needed for collections of essays1 etc4 ,form of ,card4--,the form of the card is of minor importance1 provided it is clear and gives all of the important information4 ,it is well to make prominent the author's name by indention4 ,the title must omit nothing which will aid the reader in his choice of a book4 ,the name or number of edition and the name of the editor or translator should be included4 ,names of illustrators may be omitted unless they are of sufficient importance to require an added entry card4 ,in a public library added entries under the names of popular illustrators like ,c4 ,d4 ,gibson1 ,joseph ,pennell or ,walter ,crane1 will often prove helpful4 ,imprint and ,collation4--,fullness of imprint and collation varies in different libraries4 ,the cataloger should not count on the library always remaining very small1 but should include enough details of imprint and collation to assure her that the cards will be useful when the library has grown4 ,the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 rules give detailed instruction for imprint and collation1 while any of the papers written on cataloging for the small library will point out the possibilities of simplification4 ,contents ,notes4--,the contents of the book should be given whenever it will add important items to the reader's knowledge of the book4 ,descriptive and critical notes will often tell a reader positively whether or not he wishes the book1 when the title alone could not do this4 ,subject headings for historical fiction--and also for poetry and drama--will be found most helpful4 ,thus ,winston ,churchill's 8,crisis0 can well have an entry under ,u4 ,s4 ,history--,civil ,war--,fiction1 and ,dumas' ,the ,whites and the ,blues1 an entry under ,napoleon ,i--,fiction4 ,printed ,cards4--,the use of the ,library of ,congress cards will be found a great labor saver4 ,if1 at the time of ordering the cards1 a temporary slip bearing call number1 author1 title1 place and date of publication1 accession number and suggested subjects and analyticals be written1 a second examination of the book on the receipt of the cards will be unnecessary1 unless the cards disagree with the book in some of the data noted4 ,the ,library of ,congress1 on application1 will send instructions for the ordering of cards4 ,although it is cheaper to order cards by serial numbers1 it will not pay the cataloger to spend much time searching for this number as for #a_/b;c per title the ,library of ,congress will do this work4 ,the use of the printed cards1 though it will destroy the uniformity of appearance of the catalog1 will in no way detract from its usefulness or usableness4 ,essentials4--,the cataloger must constantly bear in mind that the catalog is a machine for the use of the public4 ,any time spent in making it serve the readers more easily and quickly is time well spent4 ,any time spent in beautifying it simply for the glorification of the cataloger is time wasted4 ,rules1--careful1 detailed rules1--are needed so that the machine may do its work without friction and that every part may fit into its proper place1 but any rules that hamper the user of the machine1 should be promptly struck from the code4 ,the cataloger is paid to make a time-saving machine1 and this is her duty1--to make a machine that will bring together the book and the man who wants it with the least expenditure of effort on the part of the latter4 8,if the trustees can afford it10 very rightly says ,miss ,esther ,crawford1 8there is one substitute for a catalog1 viz41 a librarian who knows intimately every book in the library2 who has the memory for each book and that fine1 discriminating knowledge of the reader's tastes and abilities which will enable her always to fit the right book to the right person2 who will never be absent from the library during the ten hours in which it is kept open every day in the year2 who will never die nor take a vacation1--marriage is out of the question40#a ,the ,cataloger's ,training4--8,the modern library movement is young1 and it is therefore not surprising that the subject of library work in general and of cataloging in particular is not fully understood10 writes ,miss ,theresa ,hitchler in the eighth annual report of the ,brooklyn ,public ,library4 8,the average man does not know and cannot realize the demands of the work1 and has no idea1 seemingly1 that any training or special aptitude is necessary4 ,by way of contrast to this average man's view might be recorded the plaint of a prominent librarian at a recent library club meeting that so great a per cent of the talent of the library profession had to be diverted to the cataloging department1 to the detriment of the circulating desk4 ,the moral to be pointed out is that the catalog must be good as a first requisite to a library4 ,in the words of the old comparison1 the catalog is the key to the otherwise hidden material buried in books4 ,in a library of any size1 the best desk attendant in the world is almost helpless1 or at best constantly handicapped1 without a convenient and rational classification of the volumes of the collection and the bibliographical aid of a catalogue4 ,the born bibliographer is as rare as the born teacher or poet4 ,the cataloging expert must have the quick mind1 sound common sense1 broad view and good judgment of the book-reviewer joined with the slow and solid qualities of the bibliographer4 ,the former qualities are needed for rapid classification of books in all the various fields of human knowledge1 from abstruse to practical1 from grave to gay1 and for placing them under subject headings in the catalog useful and specific1 to student1 scholar and every day reader alike1 and are by far the more important and indispensable4 ,the latter qualities are needed for recording accurately the data of the books so classed1 in a bibliographical catalog of a form useful to people of all grades of intelligence4 ,it stands to reason that to cope with these requirements1 a solid educational training that gives an intelligent outlook on the various fields of knowledge must be joined to a natural aptitude for bibliographical detail1 and added to these a technical training in such work4 ,the head of such a department must possess these requirements in an ever greater degree1 with an executive ability and knowledge of human nature above the ordinary1 since the results1 good or bad1 depend directly on her ability and on her management1 successful or unsuccessful1 of the varied material entrusted to her guidance40 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,cataloging2 suggestions for the small public library1 #aijh4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,reference ,,work ,,and ,,circulation4 ,reference ,work4--,by 8reference work0 is meant work done in assisting the public to use the resources of the library4 ,dewey defines it as 8systematic aid to readers40 ,a reference book according to ,dr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,richardson 8is a book which is to be consulted for definite points of information1 rather than read through1 and is arranged with explicit reference to ease in finding specific facts40 ,in this class fall dictionaries1 encyclopaedias and hand-books of all kinds4 ,the same answer to almost any question may be found in a number of books in the library by taking the time to examine them carefully1 but the object of the reference department is to serve the public as expeditiously and satisfactorily as possible and reference books are the means to that end4 ,any book referred to becomes for the time being a reference book2 but the term 8reference book0 as used in a library refers to the 8ready reference book10 i4 e4 the books that were specifically written for reference use and to which the definition given above refers4 ,the reference collection is usually a small but exceedingly valuable portion of the library and the reference work does not confine itself to the use of the reference books1 but to any book in the library which may contain something which will help towards the desired answer4 ,the reference collection is generally placed in the reading room of the library and in that part of the room most convenient to the public and to the librarian4 ,the reference department is the heart of the library1 and the more alive and efficient the members of the department are1 the stronger is the beat of its pulse and the more far reaching the results of its work4 ,all other departments exist to make more efficient the work of the reference department4 ,the accessions department purchases books that there may be live material to work with in the reference department4 ,the classifier groups the books so that all the material on the various subjects in the library is placed most conveniently on the shelves4 ,the cataloging department catalogs the books so that the reference department may by the simplest means find what is contained in the library4 ,without the work of the other departments the reference department would be tied hand and foot and might as well not exist4 ,with their cooperation it becomes the very life of the library1 reaching out in various ways into the community to make the influence of the library more strongly felt4 ,importance of ,reference ,work4--,the average reader is uninformed as to the use and helpfulness of any but the commonest reference books4 ,the duty of instructing the readers in the use of the ordinary library tools devolves upon the assistants at the reference desk4 ,they must interpret the catalog to the public and incite in the readers a desire to help themselves after they have been initiated into the use of a dictionary card catalog and have had the use of some of the more important reference books explained to them4 ,if an education consists not so much in getting knowledge as in knowing how and where to get it when the need arises1 then it is clear that the assistants at the reference desk fill an important place in the library staff4 ,they have a great opportunity for helpfulness4 ,other divisions of the library may labor successfully to build up the collections1 and have them properly classified and cataloged1 but if the service at the reference desk is inefficient the usefulness of the library is sadly impaired4 ,the reference assistants can make or mar the library's reputation for service4 ,of course there is such a thing as doing too much for the patrons of a library1 thereby preventing their learning how to help themselves4 ,let the readers understand that it is necessary to dig into the contents of the books and discover things that the bibliographies and card catalogs cannot point out4 ,don't say off hand1 8,i don't know that we have anything on the subject10 for fear that before long you will be saying categorically that 8,the library has nothing on the subject40 ,you should aid the inquirer by beginning the search4 ,say rather1 8,let us see what the library has on the subject40 ,when the books are purchased and on the shelves1 and the catalog is in perfect shape for use1 the library is still a riddle to the public4 ,there must be one or more capable persons to meet the public and put the contents of the library at its disposal4 8,knowledge is of two kinds10 said ,dr4 ,johnson4 8,we know our subject and we know where we can find information upon it40 ,the latter is the knowledge necessary to the reference librarian4 ,her knowledge of her library must be such that she can find something about any question asked1 if there is material on the subject in the library4 ,what great novel is there on the period of the ,norman conquest8 ,where can ,i find a map of the city of ,seattle8 ,who was the last man elected to the ,french ,academy8 ,what is the point of resemblance between ,maeterlinck's writings and ,coleridge's ,ancient ,mariner8 ,was ,rabbi ,ben ,ezra a mathematician8 ,such are the questions for which she must be ready1 from morning till night1 to help find the answers4 ,the efficiency of the department is many times increased if it can have on its staff those who in addition to their knowledge of the library have had a broad education4 ,the broader the better for there is no subject on which she may not at some time be asked to find material4 ,the more versatile the members of the department are the greater is its efficiency4 ,in no department of the library does personality count for as much as in the reference department4 ,the reference librarian may be a brilliant student and have a thorough grasp of the various fields of knowledge1 but of what use will it be to her if she has not the ability to meet people and to sink her own personality to a large extent8 ,there is no profession which throws one into the society of more varied types than that of librarianship4 ,the high and the low1 the rich and the poor1 the educated and the ignorant1 the cultured and unrefined all come to the library for aid4 ,the reference librarian must 8be all things to all people40 ,she must meet her public in such a way that if they come once they will come again1 feeling themselves cordially welcome4 ,she must have all the qualities which will make the library a place to which the public will want to come1 and herself the person they will seek for assistance4 ,how to ,meet the ,public4--8,the whole library should be permeated with a cheerful and accommodating atmosphere4 ,treat boy and girl1 man and woman1 ignorant and learned1 gracious and rude1 with uniform good temper1 without condescension1 never pertly4 ,anticipate all inquiries when possible1 and especially put the shrinking and embarrassed visitor at once at ease4 8,reference work in libraries large and small has for its first rule3 ,meet the inquirer more than half way4 ,to the stranger a library is often an oppressive place1 an awesome place--in his imagination4 ,he comes in shyly2 everyone appears busy1 his question suddenly seems to him trivial2 he won't trouble these wise and busy people with it--and goes out4 8,a good second rule is3 ,learn at once just exactly what the inquirer wishes to know4 ,this is not always easy4 ,tact and a little patience will generally effect it4 8,a third good rule is3 ,whenever possible show the inquirer how the answer is found1 so that he may next time in some measure help himself4 ,it is surprising how many1 especially of the younger people in a community1 can be taught within one year1 on their occasional visits1 to make the proper use of at least a few reference books4 8,another rule of very good application is3 ,go first to a dictionary4 ,in many cases a question answers itself1 or betrays where its answer may best be found1 if it is once plainly stated4 ,and nothing is better than reference to a few words in a dictionary for the clear statement of a question4 ,the larger dictionaries1 and notably the ,century1 will answer many more inquiries than even great readers often suppose40--,john ,cotton ,dana1 in his 8,library primer0 and elsewhere4 ,reference ,books4--,in helping to answer an inquiry or to find material on a subject1 the first question in the mind of the reference assistant should be1 not where1 or in what particular book1 shall ,i find the information1 but rather3 ,in what kind of a book1 or in what class of books8 ,while it is necessary that the assistant should early become acquainted with the most important or most convenient works of reference on the various subjects of general interest it is especially desirable to know the point of view of the inquirer1 and what sort of books1 whether reference or research1 will be needed4 ,reference books--meaning ready reference books--may be generally divided into two great classes3 ,dictionaries and ,encyclopedias4 ,the first includes those works which treat of words used as language2 their meaning1 history1 pronunciation and use4 ,the second class treats of subjects1 such as countries1 men1 animals1 sciences1 arts1 trades and substances2 their character1 history1 distribution1 etc4 ,in both of these classes the arrangement of the matter is generally alphabetical4 ,the term 8dictionary0 is frequently used for a cyclopedia of a special subject1 as in the case of dictionaries of biography1 antiquities and architecture4 ,books of facts1 almanacs1 yearbooks and census returns1 belong to this class4 ,of the general1 or universal encyclopedias1 devoted to all classes of subjects without regard to country1 age1 or character1 every public or school library1 no matter how small1 should have at least one1 and the larger libraries should possess several1 as they differ considerably in their treatment of the subjects4 ,encyclopedias published in the ,united ,states1 ,england1 ,france and ,germany1 while treating of matters of interest in all these countries1 would naturally favor their own nationality and include subjects in which their immediate readers would be most interested4 ,a third class1 to which the general name of bibliography is usually given1 includes not only the indexes to the literature of a subject but catalogs of libraries1 special collections1 selected lists1 etc4 ,frequently these are the books to be consulted first1 as they direct the searcher to works and articles of far more importance than any of the general ready reference books4 ,one of the most important and useful books with which the reference assistant should become acquainted is ,miss ,kroeger's 8,guide to the study and use of reference books10 7,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing board1 #aijh2 ,supplement1 by ,isadore ,g4 ,mudge1 #aiaj74 ,it is divided into classes by formal subjects1 but the annotations to the titles included are generally sufficient to show the character of the works1 and to what kind of needs they would be best adapted4 ,the ,michigan ,state board of ,library ,commissioners has published a handy 8,annotated list of reference books for school and public libraries10 #aiaj1 which will be found useful by those in charge of smaller libraries4 ,there are certain ready reference books which should be within reach of every reading room assistant and with which all should be familiar4 ,among these the following may be mentioned3 ,baker1 ,e4 ,a4 ,a guide to the best fiction in ,english4 ,new ed4 ,n4 ,y4 ,macmillan4 #aiac4 #e4ej4 ,bliss1 ,w4 ,d4 ,p4 and ,binder1 ,r4 ,m4 ,new encyclopedia of social reform4 ,new ed4 ,n4 ,y4 ,funk4 #aijh4 #g4ej4 ,american year book4 ,n4 ,y4 ,appleton4 #aiaj-;date4 #c4ej4 ,annual4 ,statesman's year book4 ,n4 ,y4 ,macmillan4 #c4 ,annual4 ,whitaker1 ,joseph4 ,almanack4 ,lond4 ,whitaker4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,annual4 ,world almanac4 ,n4 ,y4 ,the ,n4 ,y4 ,world4 #be;c paper4 ,annual4 ,christy1 ,robert4 ,proverbs1 maxims and phrases of all ages4 ,n4 ,y4 ,putnam4 #aije4 #b v4 in #a4 #b4ej4 ,hopkins1 ,a4 ,a4 ,scientific ,american cyclopedia of formulas4 ,n4 ,y4 ,munn4 #aiaa4 #e4jj4 ,kent1 ,william4 ,mechanical engineer's pocket-book4 ,ed4 #h4 ,n4 ,y4 ,wiley4 #aiaj4 #e4 ,trautwine1 ,j4 ,c4 ,civil engineer's pocket-book4 ,ed4 #ai4 ,n4 ,y4 ,wiley4 #aiaa4 #e4 ,standard handbook for electrical engineers4 ,ed4 #c4 ,rev4 and enl4 ,n4 ,y4 ,mc,graw4 #aiaj4 #d4 ,bartlett1 ,john4 ,familiar quotations4 ,ed4 #i4 ,bost4 ,little4 #aiaa4 #c4 ,granger1 ,edith4 ,index to poetry and recitations4 ,chic4 ,mc,clurg4 #aijd4 #e4 ,hoyt1 ,j4 ,k4 ,cyclopedia of practical quotations2 ,english1 ,latin1 and modern foreign languages4 ,new ed4 enl4 ,n4 ,y4 ,funk4 #ahif4 #f4 ,schauffler1 ,r4 ,h4 ,our ,american holidays4 ,n4 ,y4 ,moffat4 #a a vol4 ,a volume on each of the important holidays3 ,arbor ,day1 ,christmas1 ,flag ,day1 ,independence ,day1 ,lincoln's ,birthday1 ,memorial ,day1 ,thanksgiving and ,washington's ,birthday4 ,walsh1 ,w4 ,s4 ,international encyclopedia of prose and poetical quotations4 ,phil4 ,winston4 #aijh4 #c4 ,brewer1 ,e4 ,c4 ,historic note-book3 with an appendix on battles4 ,phil4 ,lippincott4 #ahia4 #c4ej4 ,haydn1 ,joseph4 ,dictionary of dates and universal information relating to all ages and nations4 ,ed4 #bd4 ,n4 ,y4 ,putnam4 #aijf4 #f4 ,larned1 ,j4 ,n4 ,history for ready reference from the best historians and specialists4 ,rev4 and enl4 ed4 ,springfield 7,mass47 ,nichols4 #aija-aiaj4 #g v4 #ce4 ,ploetz1 ,karl4 ,epitome of ancient1 mediaeval and modern history3 tr4 and enl4 by ,w4 ,h4 ,tillinghast1 with additions covering recent events4 ,bost4 ,houghton4 #aije4 #c4 ,peck1 ,h4 ,t4 ,harper's dictionary of classical literature and antiquities4 ,n4 ,y4 ,american ,book ,co4 #ahig4 #f4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 portrait index2 index to portraits contained in printed books and periodicals4 ,wash4 ,lib4 of ,cong4 #aijf4 #c4 ,thomas1 ,joseph4 ,universal pronouncing dictionary of biography and mythology4 ,phil4 ,lippincott4 #aija4 #b v4 #ae4 ,who's who4 ,n4 ,y4 ,macmillan4 #b4ej n4 ,annual4 ,appleton's cyclopedia of ,american biography4 ,n4 ,y4 ,appleton4 #ahhh-aijj4 #g v4 #cf4 ,who's who in ,america2 a biographical dictionary4 ,chic4 ,marquis4 #d4 ,biennial4 ,moulton1 ,c4 ,w4 ,library of literary criticism of ,english and ,american authors4 ,buffalo4 ,moulton pub4 co4 #aija-je4 #h v4 #e4 a vol4 ,harper's encyclopedia of ,u4 ,s4 ,history from #deh ,a4 ,d4 to #aijb4 ,n4 ,y4 ,harper4 #aijb4 #aj v4 #ca4 ,poole's ,index and the ,reader's ,guide4--,in #ahdh ,william ,f4 ,poole1 at that time a junior at ,yale1 and librarian of one of the undergraduate literary societies1 began indexing by topics such magazines as were available 8for the purpose of helping students in the preparation of their written exercises and society discussions40 ,mr4 ,poole had noticed that the sets of standard periodicals with which the library was well supplied were not used1 although they were replete with information on subjects about which inquiries were made in vain every day4 ,mr4 ,poole's manuscript index soon showed serious signs of wear and in order to preserve it recourse was had to printing4 ,an edition of #ejj copies1 printed in #ahdh was soon exhausted1 and in #ahec an edition of #ajjj of a much enlarged index was published4 ,mr4 ,poole's increasing duties as librarian of the ,boston ,athenaeum1 and later of the public libraries of ,cincinnati and ,chicago1 left him no leisure for carrying on the index1 and so at the first meeting of the ,american ,library ,association in #ahgf he proposed that the work be carried on by co-operation4 ,this plan was adopted and with ,mr4 ,poole as editor-in-chief and ,mr4 ,w4 ,i4 ,fletcher as assistant and with the cooperation of some fifty libraries the work was carried on until ,mr4 ,poole's death in #ahid4 ,the first volume of this cooperative venture appeared in #ahhb1 with supplements in #ahhh1 #ahic1 #ahig1 #aijc1 and #aijh1 after which the publication was suspended4 ,in #aija the ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson ,company of ,minneapolis began the publication of a monthly 8,readers' guide to ,periodical literature10 with the view to supplying the needs of the very small libraries4 ,it was to be cumulated quarterly and it increased rapidly in scope4 ,in #aijc there was incorporated with it the 8,cumulative index to periodicals0 which had been published in ,cleveland for several years4 ,two five-year cumulations covering #aijj-jd and #aije-ji have been published and have grown rapidly in favor4 ,this publication will henceforward continue the work of the ,poole ,index4 ,public ,documents4--,among the sources of reliable information most prized by the properly trained desk attendant must be reckoned the various series of documents published by the ,united ,states ,government4 ,while hitherto many depository libraries have been swamped with the output of the ,government ,printing ,office for which the libraries could not provide proper shelf-room1 the libraries are now1 by a process of selection and elimination1 coming to learn what volumes are of most use to their particular clientele4 ,it is better for a small library to buy these from the ,government ,printing ,office than to have a whole lot of documents for which they have no call dumped down on them4 ,among the ,united ,states documents the following will be found the most useful for the average public library3 ,congressional record4 ,bound volumes2 contain daily proceedings of ,congress4 ,if the daily edition is procurable it ought to be filed with the daily newspapers4 ,an index is issued every two weeks1 and1 with the bound volume1 one for the entire session4 ,obtainable through the local ,congressman4 ,census ,bureau4 ,reports and bulletins4 ,cotton ginning reports4 ,contain comparative tables of the amount of cotton ginned from the crops grown4 ,forest products4 ,this publication shows statistics on lumber and timber products4 ,tobacco reports4 ,special reports4 ,complete statistical reports on subjects of great importance4 ,the abstract of the census is an exceedingly useful reference manual supplementing the annual statistical abstract4 ,statistical abstract of the ,united ,states4 ,a comprehensive manual of general information issued annually4 ,advance edition in paper binding available through ,congressman4 ,civil ,service ,commission4 ,reports4 ,administrative and statistical1 with discussion of public questions coming within the scope of the ,commission4 ,commissioner of ,education4 ,reports and bulletins4 ,embody the results of the ,commissioner's investigations and labors1 with statistics and special articles1 and recommendations which will promote the purpose for which the office was established4 ,while chiefly devoted to the educational system of the ,united ,states1 there are papers on important educational movements in other countries4 ,the bulletins include the annual bibliography of ,education4 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,yearbook4 ,a most interesting and valuable compend of scientific knowledge1 practically applied to agricultural life4 ,it contains also much statistical information of use to farmers and others4 ,it has been issued annually1 beginning with #ahid1 and has become very widely known4 ,farmers' bulletins and bulletins of the ,weather ,bureau1 ,forestry1 ,plant ,industry1 ,chemistry1 ,entomology1 etc4 ,the ,farmers' bulletins give brief popular articles in simple concise language on a great variety of topics4 ,over six and a half million copies of these bulletins are issued annually4 ,commissioner of ,labor4 ,reports and bulletins4 ,give information as to labor and economic problems at home and abroad4 ,to be had free of charge upon application4 ,library of ,congress4 ,select list of references on various subjects4 ,general publications4 ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,national ,museum4 ,reports4 ,annual4 ,administrative report on the progress and condition of the ,museum4 ,the ,congressional edition bears the same document number as the ,smithsonian report1 though the law calls for separate publication4 ,the earlier volumes contained a number of articles on ,american archaeology1 but the general appendix of scientific papers has not been printed since #aijd4 ,bureau of ,ethnology4 ,reports and bulletins4 ,reports4 ,annual4 ,contain collections of illustrated papers1 relating to the habits1 customs1 languages1 folk-lore1 religious ceremonials1 etc41 of the ,north ,american ,indians4 ,bulletins4 ,papers relating to the ,north ,american ,indians4 ,similar to the annual reports in character and contents4 ,geological ,survey4 ,maps4 ,geologic atlas of ,united ,states4 ,issued in parts or folios as surveys are completed for various areas4 ,each folio comprises topographic1 geologic1 economic1 and structural maps of the quadrangle1 and occasionally other illustrations1 with a general description4 ,bulletins4 ,cover a wide range of geologic investigation4 ,monographs4 ,comprehensive and exhaustive treatises on geologic subjects4 ,official gazette of the ,patent ,office4 ,official postal guide4 ,private publication1 authorized by ,post ,office ,department4 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 ,j4 ,b4 ,lyon ,co41 #c4ej per year4 ,congressional directory4 ,for the current session of ,congress4 ,several editions embodying changes and corrections are issued during each session of ,congress4 ,general biographical directory of ,congress1 #aggd-aiaa4 ,official register of the ,united ,states4 ,the list of ,american and ,english genealogies in the ,library of ,congress1 #aiaj2 also1 ,heads of families1 #agij1 in the thirteen original states4 ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 ,jefferson's ,manual and ,rules of procedure for the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives4 ,heitman's ,dictionary of the ,united ,states army1 #aghi-aijc4 ,hamersly's ,register of the graduates of ,west ,point1 continued to #aijj4 ,state ,documents4--,in addition to the ,united ,states ,documents referred to above there are a number of ,state ,documents which will prove especially helpful as reference sources in a public library4 ,they are generally to be secured through the ,secretary of ,state1 and for ,michigan the following might be specified3 ,constitutional ,convention1 #aijg-h1 ,journal and ,debates 7#d vols74 ,the ,journal contains comparative text of the ,constitutions of #aijh and #ahej4 ,compiled ,laws1 and index1 #ahig 7#d vols471 and ,index to the ,compiled ,laws and ,acts to #aijf4 ,legislature4 ,journals of the ,senate and the ,house of ,representatives and the ,public and ,local ,acts at the biennial sessions after #ahig4 ,michigan ,manual4 ,official directory and legislative manual compiled by the ,secretary of ,state4 ,biennial4 ,contains statistical information prepared especially for the members of the ,legislature1 with maps of legislative districts1 lists of state officers1 etc4 ,desirable in every library4 ,census of ,michigan4 #aijd and every ten years4 ,state ,pioneer and ,historical ,collections1 annual volumes4 ,reports of the following3 ,state ,board of ,agriculture ,commissioner of ,banking ,department ,board of ,corrections and ,charities ,dairy and ,food ,commissioner ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction ,state ,board of ,health ,commissioner of ,insurance ,bureau of ,labor and ,industrial ,statistics ,commissioner of ,railroads ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 and ,bulletins ,state ,library--and ,state ,library ,commission4 ,loan ,systems4--,the function of the loan department has been thus defined3 8,to give to the reader the books he wants to take home and to make sure that he will return them promptly for the sake of other readers40 ,to this end a systematic record of books loaned is kept4 ,this record may be made to answer certain questions which arise in different kinds of libraries4 7#a7 ,what books are due on a certain day8 ,this is the 8time record40 ,it is the record usually kept and is necessary to insure the library against loss and to safeguard the interests of the community4 7#b7 ,what books are out1 or1 is a certain book out8 ,who has it and when is it due8 ,it is the 8book record0 and this kind of a record is kept in most college libraries4 7#c7 ,what books does a certain person have out8 ,this is called the 8readers or borrowers record40 ,although some libraries keep all three of these records1 many keep only two and the majority only one4 ,it is not possible to say that there is one best charging system although some form of the ,newark or the ,brown system is commonly used4 ,all systems require a register of the 8borrowers10 kept either numerically in a book or alphabetically on cards or both4 ,some libraries require a sponsor or guarantor for each one drawing books1 but this is going out of favor and only an identification is demanded4 ,when the library is small or the patronage is large it is customary to limit the number of volumes a person can have out at one time to two1 one volume of fiction and one non-fiction4 ,these volumes can be kept from seven to fourteen days with the privilege of renewing them for an equal length of time4 ,other libraries give much more freedom in the number of books one person may draw and in the length of time they may be retained4 ,most charging systems require that each book in the library be fitted with a pocket into which is slipped a 8book card0 on which may appear the author and title of the book1 the class and book numbers and the accession number4 ,when the book is drawn out this card is removed from the book and is kept in the library4 ,on it may be entered the borrower's name or number and the date the book is drawn or to be returned4 ,a card may also be issued to each reader for purposes of identification or to aid in charging the book4 ,such a card is a 8reader's card0 or 8borrower's card40 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,the ,,binding ,,and ,,care ,,of ,,library ,,books4 ,library ,binding4--,the average library is spending about six percent of its total income on binding4 ,the newer and smaller libraries spend less because their books have not yet come to need the binder's attention4 ,the older and larger libraries spend more because of the large number of books needing to be rebound and the numerous periodicals taken4 ,the essentials of good library binding are durability1 flexibility1 neatness1 high grade of materials and suitability of style4 ,library bookbinding is distinct from the ordinary machine made 8case0 or publisher's cloth binding and the decorative binding favored by bibliophiles and amateurs4 ,the weak points in modern book making are poor paper1 imperfect sewing1 poor attachment of the book to the cover1 lack of flexibility in the back and joint1 perishable leather and cloth used in the binding4 ,the results are that leaves become loosened1 the joints broken and the linings of the hollow backs come off and the boards separate4 ,the present tendency is to strengthen weak joints by using double boards1 inserting between them the linings and tapes on which the book is sewn4 ,much of the durability of a binding depends upon the quality of glue used4 ,the cost of glue used on a book cannot always be determined by the price paid per pound1 since the cheaper glue will not cover as much surface as the higher grade glue which absorbs more water4 ,the cheap article is a great detriment to the life of the paper1 the free opening of the book and the flexibility of the back4 8,flexible glue0 as made in this country is a misnomer4 ,to say the least it is not all that the manufacturers claim for it4 ,leather4--,the old saying that there is nothing like leather for wear no longer holds true4 ,modern leather is much less durable than old leather4 ,modern leather bindings decay mainly because of improper methods of tanning1 the use of dried and cured skins of inferior quality2 the use of acids and other injurious agents in the bleaching and dyeing processes1 the removal of the natural oils and the splitting and artificial graining of the skins4 ,red and some shades of brown are the colors found to be most durable4 ,many of the bright colored dyes seem to hasten decay4 ,leathers that look alike may wear very differently4 ,names applied to various grades mean less and less4 ,the experience of recent years with the leathers used in book binding has led librarians to a wider use of book cloths of various kinds4 ,cloth4--,the cloths most in favor are 7#a7 buckram1 which if made in the ,united ,states1 is a strong cotton cloth1 suitable for books of average size subject to a fair amount of wear4 ,the 8library buckram10 made by the ,holliston ,mills1 ,norwood1 ,mass41 and the 8legal buckram10 made by the ,joseph ,bancroft ,sons ,co41 of ,wilmington1 ,del41 are made according to the specifications drawn up by the ,bureau of ,standards for use on government documents4 7#b7 ,duck1 or canvas1 is the heaviest cloth used in binding and is especially advised for newspapers and heavy periodicals which are seldom used4 7#c7 ,imperial morocco cloth is frequently used on fiction and juveniles4 ,it does not take lettering as easily as the buckram4 7#d7 ,keratol is a washable cloth which is used by some binders on the sides of fiction and juveniles bound in half leather4 ,it should never be used for full binding4 ,preservation4--,bindings should not be exposed to the direct rays of the sun and the temperature of the building should not exceed #gj degrees ,fahrenheit4 ,good ventilation is a great aid to book preservation4 ,dampness affects injuriously both the binding and paper4 ,if leather bound books are handled much the oil from the hands keeps the leather in fair condition4 ,for leather books not often consulted1 the necessary oil should be supplied by application4 ,vaseline has been used with success1 but a more generally satisfactory preservative is the following3 ,pure castor-oil with one half of its weight of paraffin wax heated in an earthen jar until the wax melts4 ,apply with a flannel cloth1 paying special attention to the backs and joints4 ,use sparingly but rub thoroughly4 ,then wipe with a clean flannel4 ,care of ,books4--,in order to insure the proper handling of books by the public1 the staff must set a good example in this respect4 ,care should be used in opening a new book so as to loosen but not break the joints of the binding4 ,careless cutting of the leaves produces a ragged appearance which is not conducive to increased respect for the volume1 after it gets out into circulation4 ,suitable paper cutters with smooth dull edges should be provided and nothing else used4 ,don't trust the public to cut the leaves of new books or magazines4 ,many reputable people are worse than careless in this matter4 ,books should not be piled up very high1 nor wedged into overcrowded shelves4 ,they must be kept dry4 ,dampness is destructive to both paper and binding4 ,do not turn books face downwards when open1 nor allow others to do so without politely calling their attention to this piece of thoughtlessness4 ,books should be used for reading and for nothing else4 ,open them gently and try not to let them fall4 ,do not try to carry too many at one time4 ,cleanliness is a great help to book preservation4 ,a habit of constant watchfulness for books needing repairs should be developed by every member of the staff4 8,a stitch in time saves nine0 in a library if anywhere4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,work ,,with ,,children4 ,the proper age for a child to become a patron of the library is the age when he has the inclination to visit the library1 possibly with older brothers and sisters1 to look at picture books1 hear stories told1 and in case he is too young to be responsible for a borrower's card1 occasionally to induce the older brothers and sisters to take home a book for his use4 ,a child's first reading is by means of pictures and his first introduction to literature through stories told or read aloud1 and even as early as the picture book period the library has the responsibility of supplying the child's need and desire for experience through books and of developing his taste by putting before him the best4 ,the child who grows up with the library will be a more intelligent and appreciative user of the adult department than he would be had he grown up without the library4 ,the children should have a place of their own where they can find that which is for them1 be somewhat out of the way of adult patrons and feel a sense of ownership1 feel that some part of the library belongs to them4 ,in the small library1 if a separate children's room is not a possibility1 let there be at least a corner fitted up as the children's domain4 ,let it be made attractive for them4 ,if possible1 have the shelving lower than ordinary1 or perhaps the regulation height with the two upper shelves boarded up and covered with cork carpet1 making a frieze on which can be posted temporary sets of pictures4 ,a frieze space can be utilized in a number of ways4 ,by all means have at least one low table with chairs to correspond2 the ideal way is to have two heights of tables1--about #bc and #bg inches with chairs #ac and #ae inches in height4 ,low racks for picture books and the magazines for children are convenient and attractive4 ,a space for picture bulletins or illustrated reading lists is useful as a means of attracting attention to fresh interest in reading1 to material on popular subjects1 or to neglected classes of books4 ,if framed pictures can be afforded1 there are good prints1 lithographs and photographs which1 if carefully chosen1 can be both decorative and educational from the standpoint of art1 as well as pleasing in themselves to the children4 ,there should be1 if possible1 at least one picture or reproduction of sculpture representing a work of art of permanent value4 ,the books for the youngest children represent a distinct class of reading and should be separated from the others in order that the little children need not search through the whole collection to find their own4 ,it is best to shelve this collection near the picture books on the one hand and the fairy tales on the other1 thus allowing the children to find the next step at hand4 ,rules4--,it should be remembered that rules and discipline are for the moral benefit of the children even more than for the protection of the library and it is wise to make rules only as they are found necessary1 but once made1 let them be enforced4 ,the key note of successful discipline is sympathy with child nature4 ,through personal1 persistent work a desired atmosphere of order becomes to a great extent established and obedience to unwritten laws a habit1 although each individual case requiring discipline may require individual treatment1 children being individuals4 ,problems of racial temperament and social education1 depending on the classes of society with which one is dealing1 enter largely into all phases of library work4 ,one working with children has many opportunities to become an influence for good in their lives by way of little courtesies and obedience to laws of order and fairness1 which are taught as a matter of course4 ,rules governing fines for overdue and damaged books must be decided according to the policy of individual libraries4 ,it is not good for children to feel that a fine can be outlawed2 better remit it for sufficient reasons or try the plan of allowing them1 in certain cases1 to work out the fine1--a plan which has been found satisfactory in some libraries4 ,a damaged book should never be passed without notice4 ,books for children4--,the great purpose of library work with children is to attract the children to books3 satisfying individual needs and demands1 and guiding their reading4 ,hence1 the two most important requisites for the children's librarian are a knowledge of children and of books1 and if there is but one thing she can do by way of preparation for this work1 let it be that of becoming acquainted with a few children's books representative of various types4 ,nothing can take the place of first hand knowledge of the books and of intelligence in placing the right book in the hands of the right child at the right time4 ,to be capable of guiding the reading of children it is necessary for one1 first1 to have appreciation and discernment in adult literature1 second1 to gain the child's point of view4 ,the various printed book lists are helpful1 but the librarian should depend upon her own judgment as final critic in the selection of books for her children's collection4 ,she must realize the qualities essential to particular classes of books1 such as history1 and biography1 science1 travel1 fiction1 and the qualities which make them suitable for children4 ,in the matter of books of science1 etc41 it is always best to obtain the judgment of some authority in this line as to their accuracy4 ,as to their suitability for children in presentation1--simplicity of treatment and interest of style1--the worker with children is still the best judge4 ,the story style of presenting science is1 as a general thing1 of little use4 ,children can take their informative reading in a straightforward way4 ,nothing is more disappointing to them than to take a book for the sake of the story and find that it is only information with a story covering1 or to search for some definite information and be constantly hindered by the narrative4 ,as to the real literature for children1 or the story1 perhaps there is no surer way of gaining discrimination than by reading some of the classics for children and some of the standard fiction2 e4 g41 a few of the old favorite folk tales1 myths1 and such adaptations for children as ,marvin's ,adventures of ,odysseus and ,french's ,heroes of ,iceland2 books of fiction such as ,pyle's ,men of ,iron1 ,kipling's ,captains ,courageous1 ,spyri's ,heidi4 ,the children's collection should be kept well rounded and should contain a fair proportion of good poetry1 chosen from various standpoints3 all that is childlike in subject and form1 much that is beyond the average child but appreciated by the unusual one1--poetry chosen for beauty of sound or charm of movement4 ,work with ,schools4--,the library must keep pace with the course of study in the schools and develop its school reference work with teachers and pupils by proving its helpfulness4 ,the adult collection will always be found an important help in reference work4 ,the duplication of certain titles to meet the school demand for supplementary reading should be made only as far as is possible without injustice to the children's room collection as a whole4 ,the lending of sets of books for class room libraries is best begun with schools at a distance too great for the children to walk to the library to get their books4 ,these collections are made up of about fifty books1 not text books nor required supplementary reading1 but books following the line of certain parts of the school work and books of imaginative reading4 ,a simple method is usually devised for statistics of circulation1 such as a large card for each book on which is written the name of the child who is reading the book4 ,story ,hours4--,the story hour is an ideal way of presenting the classic literature4 ,if there is plenty of time for story hours and for proper preparation1 a satisfactory division of children and of literature is to invite the younger children to hear the folk tales and other literature suited to their age1 but not to have an age limit excluding older children who would enjoy coming and perhaps have never heard these stories2 the children of ten years and over being invited to hear ,greek and ,norse myths and cycles1 such as the sagas1 the mediaeval legends1 ballads1 stories from ,homer1 etc41 and miscellaneous stories suited to their age4 ,the stories which come to us from the folk literature and other classic sources are to a great extent universal in interest and appeal to all classes and nationalities of children4 ,one story hour per week is often as much as the small library has time for and no story hour at all is preferable to the telling of stories poorly prepared1 or told by one without appreciation4 ,poetry hours and clubs for reading1 debating1 travel study1 etc41 are important methods of interesting1 inspiring and guiding children4 ,the love of poetry may be kept alive by giving it orally and for pure joy in the story hour1 reading circles or occasional readings to small groups4 ,visits to the homes of the children for one reason or another1 and visits to the school rooms to tell stories1 to remind the children of the library1 or merely to show an interest in the work of the different grades1 will prove fruitful in many ways4 ,short printed lists of books on different subjects are useful in suggesting new lines of reading to children4 ,it is the privilege of the librarian to enrich the lives of her youthful patrons4 ,there are compensations for those in charge of small libraries1 where a trained children's librarian cannot be afforded1 in opportunities for a greater share in the joy of working with the receptive thought of the child1 while the work with parents and teachers as well gives deeper insight into the sympathy for the needs of the children4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,high ,,school ,,library4 8,there is no problem relating to the equipment of the high school which is more pressing than that of the library10 said a recent editorial writer in the ,school ,review4 ,at the annual meeting of the ,new ,york ,state ,library ,association1 in #aijg1 ,dr4 ,downing1 ,state ,commissioner of ,education1 suggested that some special study be given to the question of high school libraries and a committee was later appointed to make an investigation of library conditions in high schools and report at the annual meeting in ,september1 #aiji4 ,a questionnaire was sent to some eighty-three schools1 but only a few of the replies contained more than the briefest answers4 ,twenty-five out of the fifty-two libraries heard from were in charge of librarians who had some library experience or training4 ,most of the librarians had been appointed to high school positions since #aijc4 ,the first appointment of a high school librarian in ,new ,york ,city was in #aijj4 ,the investigation as a whole was unsatisfactory1 inasmuch as the high schools reporting were not representative of conditions throughout the ,state1 much less throughout the country generally1 and because the replies left much unsaid as to the actual use of and interest in these libraries4 ,in a discussion of 8,the difficulty of the high school library10#b ,mr4 ,edwin ,white ,gaillard1 supervisor of work with schools1 ,new ,york ,public ,library1 claims that the problem is largely one of money and deprecates the duplication of work already being done by the public library4 ,this is no more of an argument against high school libraries than are similar objections against departmental libraries in a university4 ,the high school library is for a special kind of work--work that can best be done in the school building1 under the supervision and guidance of one familiar with the special needs of the student4 ,mr4 ,gaillard grants that much1 of course1 may be learned about libraries and library methods in the high school library1 but claims that the library habit1 the habit of going to the public library for all sorts of information1 of little or of great interest1 cannot be acquired from the high school library4 ,this is a point which cannot be conceded4 ,university librarians are familiar with a similar argument against technical departmental libraries to the effect that they have a tendency to make the technical student feel that there is no need of his going to the ,university ,library1 that the departmental library answers all his needs4 ,experience1 however1 proves that to have these students use any library you must plant it right in their midst4 ,so with the high school students3 give them a good library in their own school building and then see that they use it properly1 for this is a part of modern education4 ,in these days when high schools are extending their work in so many directions and when books must be provided for supplementary work in ,english1 in history1 in the preparation of debates1 and in other subjects1 a well-equipped library is a necessity in the modern high school4 ,a motley array of old text-books1 out-of-date encyclopdias and miscellaneous volumes from the attics of well-meaning friends of the institution will not make a good high school library4 ,upon how many school libraries in this country can former pupils look back as did ,burne-,jones upon the little school library at ,birmingham1 as 8that blessed institution where we spent many blissful hours40 ,the failure of many school libraries is due to a lack of proper care and fostering attention after they have been established4 ,the library is there out of deference to a growing public sentiment in favor of such an annex1 but the library is too frequently left to run itself1 or the responsibility for its care is given to some teacher already overburdened with class-room work4 ,the responsibility ought never to be placed on the teachers1 or at least not on one who is doing full work as a teacher4 ,the average teacher1 if given charge of a school library1 will confine her efforts to seeing that the rules are obeyed1 that books are brought in on time1 and that silence and order are preserved4 ,she will not have time or energy to devote to the building up of the library1 to instruct the pupils in its use1 to look after reference work with the students1 nor to help the teachers in finding needed material4 8,disabuse yourselves of the notion that it is teachers' work1 and a way out of the difficulty will be found10 says a recent writer in the ,library ,journal4#c ,the school library differs from the average public library in that it is usually a reference library first and a lending library only so far as the use of its books outside the building does not conflict with the usefulness of its service to the teachers and pupils in the school building4 ,duties of the ,librarian4--,the first duty of the librarian is to make the books1 photographs1 and other possessions of the library available by a simple and acceptable system of classification and cataloguing4 ,after this has been accomplished it will be necessary to make these possessions known to the teachers and pupils4 ,this can only be done by one who is familiar with the material and trained in its use4 ,if the reference work is done by an untrained worker it is a case of the blind leading the blind4 ,a teacher with no training in library methods will not go to another teacher1 known to be similarly deficient1 for information in regard to books1 and the pupils will get comparatively little real library help from one who is primarily a class-room teacher1 untrained to meet all classes of readers and answer a great variety of questions4 ,the interested librarian will be on the lookout for any new books that may be of use to teachers and pupils2 she will try to keep a balance in the matter of books for the various departments of study1 to inform herself on current events and1 in short1 make herself as useful in all lines of high school work as is possible with the time and means at her disposal4 ,assistance for the ,librarian4--,as the work of the library grows it will be necessary for the librarian to have assistance of some kind4 ,the arrangement for this will depend largely upon the circumstances in the given school4 ,in many schools student assistants are employed4 ,in some cases boys are hired at a small sum per hour to give their services as pages4 ,in others good students are allowed to volunteer for library work1 giving one hour a day to it4 ,they enjoy the work and find their enlarged knowledge of the library very useful4 ,in some schools the librarian is assisted by a member of the teaching staff1 who thus becomes familiar with the library and acquires some knowledge of reference work and can assist the pupils in various ways4 ,purposes of a ,library4--,the purposes of a school library should be not only to provide laboratory material for the pupils' work in literature and history1 to enable the teacher to instruct them in the use of books as sources of information1 and to assist the teacher in other ways1 but also to instil in the pupils an interest in books as books1 to cultivate a taste for reading4 ,too many high school graduates have no conception of a book1 other than fiction1 as anything but a task or a text4 ,the high school library should not try to compete with the public library if there is one in the same town4 ,literature for recreation pure and simple is better supplied by the public library1 where it is available for those who are both below and above the high school age4 ,but1 on the other hand1 if there is nothing to interest the students by its innate appeal1 if everything in the school library suggests lessons1 many of the students will view it with suspicion1 and avoid it1 unless sent there by the teachers4 ,teaching the ,use of the ,library4--,most pupils when they enter the high school are ignorant of the use of the simplest and most common reference books4 ,they do not know the difference between a table of contents and an index1 and are so helpless in a library that their teachers hesitate to give them work outside their text-books4 ,even those who are best informed can be helped to the use of books which will be of the greatest assistance to them in the preparation of their daily lessons1 essays1 and debates4 ,early in the school year the librarian ought to meet the new students and explain to them in the reading-room the grouping of the books and the fundamental principles underlying the making of a dictionary card catalogue4 ,the location of various classes of reference books should be pointed out1 the differences between a dictionary and an encyclopdia explained1 and the various types of both commented upon4 ,the pupils should be shown how to use 8,poole's ,index0 and the 8,reader's ,guide to ,periodical ,literature0 and have the helpfulness of these aids clearly brought home to them by concrete illustrations in connection with some practical theme work or preparation for a debate4 ,if this initial visit to the library is made the subject of a required paper in the ,english course the benefits are doubled4 ,the pupils can be assigned problems of various kinds involving the intelligent use of tables of contents and indexes1 and familiarizing themselves with a variety of reference books4#d ,they can be asked to fill out a call slip from the reference in the card catalogue1 take the volume to the delivery desk1 have it charged out1 return it1 see it discharged and put back in its regular place on the shelves4 ,library ,instruction4--,the library instruction1 in order to be of real benefit to the pupils1 should be made a part of the school curriculum and be given credit the same as other work4 ,in most schools where it is given it is counted as a part of the ,english work4 ,in the high schools of ,michigan the time given to the library work varies from one to three exercises for each of the grades4 ,the instruction is given in the form of lectures or informal talks1 after which the pupils are required to work out a set of problems on reference books4 ,this work is done in the library under the supervision of the librarian4 ,the completed exercises are in some schools handed in to the librarian and in others to the ,english teacher1 but the credit is usually given the pupil by his ,english teacher4 ,the talks are arranged to suit the work and needs of the different classes4 ,those for the ninth grade pupils ordinarily include instruction in the use of dictionaries1 encyclopdias and atlases1 and the use of the table of contents and indexes in reference books4 ,the instruction for the tenth grade takes up the use of the card catalogue1 magazine indexes1 year-books1 and special indexes4 ,the upper classes may be given practice work in comparing the value of different reference books1 in learning to get references from various sources not on the reference shelves1 and in the use of some of the government publications4 ,library ,courses4--,one of the best library courses of this kind is that conducted by the librarian of the ,detroit ,central ,high ,school1 where the work is graded to correspond with the regular grading of the ,english courses in that school4 ,the librarian has a graded series of library questions which are among the best illustrations of this kind of work for high school courses available in print4 ,we give specimens from the various series as follows3 ,i4 #a4 ,consult the indexes of poems by ,holmes1 and give the pages on which you find the following3 7a7 ,poem beginning1 8,listen1 young heroes6 ,your country is calling40 7b7 ,poem entitled1 8,dorothy ,q40 #b4 ,between what streets in our city does #hgj ,lafayette ,street come8 ,,ii4 #a4 ,look up the 8,seven ,wonders of the ,world0 in two different books4 ,do not copy them4 ,name the books in which you found them4 #b4 ,in what work of literature does the 8,old ,man of the ,sea0 appear8 ,in what reference book did you find it8 ,,iii4 #a4 ,find the allusion to 8,field of the ,cloth of ,gold0 in two different books4 ,in what books did you find it8 #b4 ,use the card catalogue and give a reference for the life of ,john ,greenleaf ,whittier4 ,,iv4 #a4 7a7 ,who was governor of ,iowa in #aijf8 7b7 ,where was he born8 #b4 7a7 ,name two good recent encyclopdias1 7b7 ,name two good older encyclopdias4 ,v4 #a4 7a7 ,what is the general index to ,government publications8 7b7 ,how often is it published8 #b4 7a7 ,what is the ,congressional directory8 7b7 ,examine it and name any one reference point which interested you4 7c7 ,what is the ,congressional record8 ,,vi4 ,name good reference books under the following heads3 7a7 ,classical dictionary4 7b7 ,gazetteer of the world4 7c7 ,atlas of the world4 7d7 ,year-book for current history4 ,there is an almost endless variety of questions which can be put to the students to bring out points in connection with reference books4 ,they can be asked to name the various kinds of dictionaries in the library1 to tell which is the latest issue1 to look up the same word in each1 and tell the differences noted in the treatment of the word in question4 ,see whether they can define a gazetteer1 a glossary1 and a concordance4 ,ask them where they would go to find a picture of the human skeleton1 or colored plates of coats of arms and flags of various nations4 ,see whether the word copyright means anything to them4 ,the ,teacher and the ,library4--8,the position of a modern librarian in a high school10 says ,principal ,mc,andrew1#e of the ,washington ,irving ,high ,school1 ,new ,york1 8seems to me like that of a missionary in a heathen country4 ,no one but a librarian can realize what an astounding amount of ignorance we high school teachers exhibit regarding the purpose and operation of a library4 ,time and again in my library experience ,i have observed teachers searching through reference books who were too poorly trained to look in the table of contents and too proud to ask for help40 ,a frank confession from the teacher is good for the soul of both the teacher and the librarian4 ,certainly the classroom teacher must inform herself more thoroughly on the rudiments of library methods if she is to work in successful co-operation with the school librarian4 ,normal schools are now giving instruction in library economy4 ,the ,oregon ,library ,commission has published a broadside listing under forty-three heads1 8,some things a teacher should know about books and libraries40 ,the list has been reprinted by the ,michigan ,state ,library ,commission with slight revision4 ,as specimens the following may be cited3 #a4 ,what are the best cyclopedias8 #b4 ,what dictionaries are best for school use and how do they differ8 #c4 ,what books can you consult to find out whether certain subscription sets urged upon the district by agents have any value8 #d4 ,what is the best printed aid to the formation of a teacher's professional library8 #e4 ,where will you find annual summaries of the books on education1 with notes as to their value8 #f4 ,what ,u4 ,s4 public documents would be of value to you in your school work and how may they be obtained8 #g4 ,what are the best printed lists of books for children and how much will they cost8 #h4 ,what are the best graded lists of children's books8 #i4 ,where can you get notes about children's books that will be of service in guiding the reading of the children in your grade8 #aj4 ,what are the best books for reading aloud in your grade8 #aa4 ,what are the best collections of poetry for children8 #ab4 ,what books may be the best stepping-stones for the boy who is a slave to the 8nickel library0 habit8 #ac4 ,what simple1 accurate1 scientific books will you give to the boys who are1 or may become1 interested in natural science2 and what will you choose for those who wish to identify specimens of insects1 of minerals and rocks1 of birds1 and of flowers8 #ad4 ,if you do not know about these books how will you inform yourself8 #ae4 ,what are some of the best biographies for children8 #af4 ,what are some of the good books of travel for use in geography work8 #ag4 ,how can you find what magazine articles have been written about any subject and how can you get these articles for the use of the debating society8 #ah4 ,what are the best books for the debating society8 #ai4 ,what are the best periodicals for children8 #bj4 ,what are the provisions of the school library law in regard to district-school libraries8 ,value of ,library ,instruction4--,such library instruction as has been described is of great help to teachers assigning work to pupils and of the greatest benefit to the pupils themselves4 ,without it1 the librarian1 teachers1 and pupils are handicapped in their work and the library fails of its full usefulness4 ,a knowledge of how to use a library will be of the greatest value to the student not only through his high school course1 but even more so in college1 if he goes that far1 or in continuing his reading and self-culture through the means of the public library when he discontinues his academic career4 ,to be able to use books effectively1 to know where to find exact information when wanted1 is a kind of knowledge that comes from familiarity with reference books and the use of books as sources4 ,such an acquaintance with books is of infinitely more value in later life than knowing a few text-books from cover to cover4 ,the place in which to lay the foundation for this proper and intimate acquaintance with books as tools is in the school library and the period is that of the high school age4 ----- ,footnote #b3 ,school ,review1 ,april4 #aijg1 vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #bde-bec4 ,footnote #c3 ,vol4 ,,xxxiii1 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #d3 ,for some problems of this sort1 see 8,modern ,american ,library ,economy10 by ,john ,cotton ,dana1 ,part ,v1 8,the ,school ,department1 ,section #b40 8,course of ,study for ,normal ,school ,pupils on the ,use of a ,library10 by ,marjory ,l4 ,gilson4 ,footnote #e3 ,in an address before the library section of the ,national ,education ,association1 ,boston1 ,july #e1 #aiaj4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,suggested ,,readings ,,in ,,the ,,encyclop,,dia ,,britannica4 ,the new ,encyclopdia ,britannica will prove a rich mine for the diligent library assistant seeking information on topics connected with books and libraries4 ,while the index volume suggests some of the topics in question1 much of this suggestion is done by means of cross-references and it is worth while to call special attention to and briefly summarize the articles of interest to library workers4 ,one of the first things worthy of notice is the fact that the articles are written by men who are recognized authorities in their various fields2 such scholars as ,sir ,e4 ,maunde ,thompson1 late chief librarian of the ,british ,museum1 ,alfred ,w4 ,pollard and ,cyril ,davenport1 also of the ,british ,museum1 ,h4 ,r4 ,tedder1 librarian of the ,athenum ,club1 and editor of 8,the ,library0 and ,j4 ,duff ,brown1 librarian of the ,islington ,public ,libraries and author of the 8,guide to librarianship0 and other valued treatises on library economy4 ,manuscripts4--,beginning with the ,manuscript the student can read in ,sir ,e4 ,maunde ,thompson's article a description of the development of the ancient manuscript1 particularly among the ,greeks and ,romans1 leading on to the mediaeval manuscripts of ,europe1 and bringing their history down to the invention of printing4 ,the writer treats of the materials used1 the forms of the manuscript book 7the roll1 the waxen tablet1 the codex1 the quires7 the mechanical arrangement of writing1 punctuation1 division of words1 abbreviations and contractions1 writing implements and inks4 ,those who wish to pursue the subject further can turn to the same writer's article on ,palography1 the science which takes cognizance of writings of a literary1 economic or legal nature1 done generally with a stile1 reed or pen1 on tablets1 rolls or codices4 ,this paper traces the history of ,greek and ,latin palography from the earliest written documents in those languages which have survived1 touching especially on ,greek papyri and vellum codices1 the ,roman cursive and literary hands1 and the various national hands derived from the ,roman hand4 ,it is therefore concerned with the fundamentals of the written records of ,western ,europe4 ,manuscripts with illustrations form a class by themselves and are described by this same high authority under ,illuminated ,mss4 ,here are outlined the chief features of the ,byzantine1 ,franco-,lombardic1 ,celtic 7with special mention of the ,lindisfarne ,gospels1 of which a full-page colored facsimile is given7 ,carolingian1 ,anglo-,saxon1 ,norman1 ,german1 ,italian and ,spanish4 ,there are separate paragraphs on the characteristics of the illumination of the #acth1 #adth and #aeth centuries4 ,paper4--,in the first section of the articles on ,paper ,sir ,maunde ,thompson discusses various theories as to the origin and early history of this commodity4 ,for an account of the writing material made from ,papyrus the author refers us to his treatment of that subject1 where he gives an account of the reed1 its cultivation and wide-spread use1 its manipulation into the article of commerce and the use of the latter by scribes4 ,the second section of the article on ,paper treats especially of its manufacture and is written by ,j4 ,w4 ,wyatt1 with an interesting supplementary note on ,india ,paper by ,w4 ,e4 ,g4 ,fisher4 ,the name 8,india0 was 8originally given in ,england1 about the middle of the #ahth century to a soft absorbent paper of a pale buff shade1 imported from ,china1 where it was made by hand1 on a paper-making frame somewhat similar to that used in ,europe4 ,the name probably originated in the prevailing tendency1 down to the end of the #ahth century1 to describe as #8,indian' anything which came from the far ,east 7cf4 ,indian ink74 ,this so-called ,india paper was used for printing the earliest and finest impressions of engravings1 hence known as #8,india proofs'04 ,the ,book4--,as pointed out by ,alfred ,w4 ,pollard in his article on the ,book1 there is but a slight difference in general appearance between a manuscript written in a formal book-hand and an early printed copy of the same work printed in the same district as the manuscript had been written4 ,the type used by the early printers was as a rule based on handwriting considered appropriate for use in a manuscript copy of the same work4 ,the development of the colophon into the title-page 7a subject on which ,mr4 ,pollard is an authority7 is briefly summarized4 ,other characteristics of some of the early printed books1 such as their size1 their paper1 their illustrations and their bindings are noted4 ,the main features of the books of each century from the #afth to the #aith are succinctly characterized in separate paragraphs1 and the comparative cost of books at various periods is illustrated by citations of prices of well known works4 ,incunabula4--,another article by ,mr4 ,pollard treats of ,incunabula4 ,after summarizing the researches in this field the author grants that it is literally true that the output of the #aeth century presses is better known to students than that of any other period4 ,the subject has been pursued with what some have thought to be excessive and misplaced zeal4 ,american librarians are naturally not so much interested in incunabula as are their ,european brethren1 but our larger libraries and especially our universities are coming to have a fair representation of the work of some of the early printers and one notable collection1 that made by ,dr4 ,copinger1 has come to this country1 having been presented to the ,philadelphia ,free ,library by ,mr4 ,p4 ,a4 ,b4 ,widener4 ,printing4--,the article on ,printing by ,c4 ,t4 ,jacobi1 the author of a practical treatise on the subject which has gone through four editions1 is confined to the work of the printing press and is divided into two parts3 7#a7 history of the printing press and 7#b7 modern presses4 ,those who do not have a mechanical bent will probably not get much out of these sections1 but towards the end of the article is some general information on printing which ought to prove of interest to every library assistant4 ,the history of printing is treated at great length under the caption of ,typography by ,j4 ,h4 ,hessels1 author of 8,gutenberg2 an historical investigation40 ,this article discusses in turn the manuscript period1 the earliest attempts at printing1 block-printing1 early wood-engravings1 block books1 early printing with movable type1 the controversy concerning the invention 7this with great fulness71 of early types and their fabrication1 and ends with a sketch of some printers who flourished after #aejj4 ,a second section1 entitled ,modern ,practical ,typography1 in part by ,john ,southward1 author of a 8,dictionary of typography10 deals with the material characteristics of type1 the sizes1 and varieties of face1 the manufacture of type1 composition and imposition1 signatures and forms1 typesetting machines1 electrotyping and stereotyping4 ,proof ,reading1 by ,john ,h4 ,black1 who was press reader on the new volumes of the #ajth edition of the ,britannica1 and ,john ,randall1 is of concern to all of us who have to do with 8the art preservative of all the arts40 ,proof reading seems to be practiced less and less in these days of type-setting machines1 but being informed on the subject will help us in insisting on good work along this line4 ,illustrations4--,that the information concerning zinc cuts1 half-tones1 three color processes1 monotypes1 electrotypes1 photolithotypes1 and all other photo-mechanical methods of reproduction should be included in an article under ,process will probably strike ,american readers as a ,briticism1--but the facts are up to date and reliable4 ,the writer1 ,mr4 ,edwin ,bale1 art director for ,cassell and ,co41 grants that the term 8process0 is a somewhat unfortunate1 one inasmuch as it is descriptive of nothing in particular4 ,the article discusses in turn the various classes under the three generic heads3 7#a7 relief1 such as zinc etching1 half-tones1 including those in color2 7#b7 intaglio1 such as photogravures and monotypes1 where1 as in the old copper plates1 the printing surface is sunk below the surrounding portions of the plate2 7#c7 planographic1 like lithographs1 collotypes1 phototypes and heliotypes1 which are all printed from flat surfaces4 ,the distinction between these various kinds of illustrations is not easily grasped by the beginner1 but no one whose constant business is with books ought to be ignorant of the difference between a woodcut and a half-tone1 a mezzotint and a chrome-lithograph1 a copper plate and a cleverly devised imitation made from a zinc block1 and yet ,i have seen a good many library school graduates to whom the whole matter was so much ,greek4 ,how can you buy illustrated books intelligently if you don't know whether the illustrations are what they pretend to be8 ,better read up further in ,mr4 ,frank ,weitenkampf's 8,how to appreciate prints0 and study carefully the ,newark exhibit1 8,the features of the printed book10 the first opportunity you get4 ,meanwhile1 make yourself familiar with the general information given by ,laurence ,housman in his article on ,illustration4 ,leaving aside the illumination of manuscripts1 the art of illustration in its modern sense goes back to the invention of printing4 ,many incunabula were enriched with drawings by artists of the ,french1 ,german1 ,spanish and ,italian schools4 ,many engravings on both wood and copper by such men as ,drer and ,holbein were made to adorn the printed page4 ,the art of illustration has always been influenced by the prevailing pictorial art4 ,french engraving was influenced by the painting of ,watteau4 ,english illustrations of different periods show the large following which such men as ,reynolds and ,hogarth were accorded4 ,bewick laid the foundations for a school of ,english wood engraving which persisted until the invention of mechanical methods of reproduction came into vogue4 ,the cheap magazines created a great demand for illustrations that could be inexpensively produced1 and the files of illustrated periodicals thereby became one of the best places in which to study the work of wood engravers and illustrators whose work lent itself to reproduction in cheap form4 ,to those who know how to use them aright this gives a new interest to some of the ,poole sets which have of late years been retired to out of the way places1 such as ,once a week1 ,good words1 ,london ,society1 ,sunday at home1 for in the pages of these journals are found illustrations by some of the best men of the school known as 8of the 'sixties40 ,the technical developments of the art of illustration form the subject of a brief supplementary article by ,e4 ,f4 ,strange of the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 ,this is concerned with the history of experiments leading to the development of the present day half-tone block and color printing4 ,bookbinding is treated by ,cyril ,davenport1 who sketches the history of his subject from the earliest times when protective covers were used over the smaller ,assyrian tablets of about the #hth century ,b4 ,c41 through the days of ,latin diptychs 7the earliest prototypes of the modern book7 to the time of rolls of papyrus1 vellum or paper4 ,the device of folding vellum into pages was first used about the #eth century of the ,christian era1 and the sewing of these signatures by fastening the threads around a strip of leather or vellum at right angles to the line of backs was the next stage in the development of the modern book4 ,then it was found that the bands needed protection and so strips of leather were fastened down the backs1 and in order to prevent the tendency of the vellum leaves to curl1 strong wooden boards were put on each side and the leather back was drawn over the boards far enough to make a hinge1 thus giving us the half-bound books of the middle ages4 ,the next steps were to cover not only the back but also the sides of the book with leather and then to decorate the leather4 ,the art of gold tooling spread quickly1 and heraldic designs were used for ornamentation from the days of ,edward ,,vi4 ,the deterioration of the quality of modern book paper and badly prepared leathers have been serious drawbacks to good bookbinding1 but there has been a revival of interest in the art for its own sake during recent years4 ,the introduction of stamped cloth binding about #ahbb developed into the case binding of today1 for which elaborate machinery has been perfected4 ,book-plates are thought of by many librarians as being unworthy of their serious attention1 but a mere glance at the article by ,egerton ,castle should convince the uninitiated as to the value of at least a rudimentary knowledge of the subject4 ,mr4 ,castle's study of 8,english book-plates0 appeared twenty years ago1 but his interest in ex-libris has apparently not flagged despite the demands of novel writing on his time1 which is a tribute to the fascinations of these little marks of ownership4 ,among the illustrations are reproduced the earliest known movable book-plate1 one belonging to the monastery of ,buxheim1 dating from about #adhj1 and the oldest ,english plate1 that of ,sir ,nicholas ,bacon1 #aegd4 ,good examples are given of armorial plates of various periods1 of the ,jacobean1 the ,chippendale or rococo1 and the pictorial where1 as in the ,bewick plate1 the motif is a bit of landscape or1 as in the plate by ,e4 ,d4 ,french1 a library interior4 ,bookselling4--,even those librarians who think that they know something about buying books1 can with decided advantage read the article on ,bookselling4 ,the modern system goes back almost to the invention of printing4 ,the earliest printers were also editors and booksellers but as they were not able themselves to dispose of the entire output of their presses they had agents at most of the universities4 ,the religious dissensions following the ,reformation created a great demand for books and there were troublous times for both printers and booksellers4 ,in the ,english copyright act of #agji it is ruled that if any person shall think the published price of a book unreasonably high he may make complaint to the archbishop of ,canterbury and to certain other persons named who shall thereupon examine into his complaint and if well founded reduce the price1 and any bookseller charging more than the price agreed upon shall be fined for every copy sold4 ,unfortunately this law was never enforced4 ,were there such a court of appeal today it would have a full docket6 ,in the paragraph on bookselling in this country it is pointed out that half the names in the 8so-called ,american catalogue of books0 printed between #ahbj and #aheb are ,british1 the works of ,scott1 ,byron1 ,moore1 ,southey and ,wordsworth having been printed here without the payment of any royalties4 ,through the growth of intercourse with ,england and the appearance on the literary horizon of native writers of ability1 a decided change was gradually produced in the ,american book trade and the conditions here became more like those of ,europe4 ,publishing4--,the subject of bookselling is treated still further in the article on ,publishing which is in a way a continuation of it4 ,it gives more historical detail concerning the early stages of this once combined business1 with a good deal on that topic of interest to librarians and the book-buying public1--the net price question4 ,the early separation of publishing from bookselling is touched upon1 and the emergence of publishers as a separate class is outlined4 ,the transitory phenomenon of the man of letters assisting the publisher in an advisory capacity as to the suitability of manuscripts submitted for publication is an interesting chapter in the expansion of the publishing business4 ,publishing being today largely a commercial affair1 the literary reader has in the main been supplanted by the man of business with an aptitude for estimating how many copies of a given book can be sold4 ,one ,london publisher has of recent years paid no salary to his reader but has given him a small commission upon every copy that was sold of any book published on his recommendation4 ,what is wanted by the publisher is only too often not literary quality but commercial value4 ,bibliography4--,the article on this subject by ,mr4 ,pollard1 is only concerned with bibliography as the art of examination1 collation and description of books1--their enumeration and arrangement in lists for purposes of information1 and further1 with the literature of this subject1 i4 e4 with the bibliography of bibliography4 ,the examination and collation of books to discover whether they are perfect and in their original condition are especially important in the case of rare books1 like incunabula and first editions1 piracies and spurious imprints4 ,photographic forgeries of books can usually be detected by the tendency of all photographic reproduction to thicken letters and exaggerate every kind of defect4 ,some of these imitations are1 however1 very cleverly made on paper of the period of the original and so are very hard to distinguish from the latter4 ,book ,collecting is sympathetically discussed by ,mr4 ,pollard4 ,the statement that the ultimate rarity of books varies in the inverse ratio of the number of copies originally printed1 though recognized as a somewhat sweeping generalization1 is conceded to be not far from the truth4 ,no one thinks of collecting what is easily procurable at the moment4 ,so long as the anticipation exists that a book will continue to be easily procurable the collecting impulse is restrained4 ,book collecting as a hobby is analyzed and the history of some notable private collections given4 ,as ,thomas ,watts once said1 the main office of private collections is to feed public institutions4 ,libraries4--,this brings us to the article on ,libraries1 written jointly by ,h4 ,r4 ,tedder and ,j4 ,duff ,brown1 an article of about #fe1jjj words and deserving of more than a passing notice4 ,it is the latest conspectus of library history and activity and if printed separately might have made a book of several hundred pages which would have been duly reviewed in all the professional journals4 ,the fact that it is in the ,britannica insures it even wider publicity and in view of its excellence we feel that it is worth while calling to the particular attention of librarians4 ,the general treatment divides the subject into ,ancient libraries 7#c pages7 ,mediaeval period 7#c pages7 and ,modern libraries 7#bf pages74 ,the first section has an archaeological rather than a professional interest1 but the mediaeval period is of importance to us because in it is found the real origin of modern library organization4 ,a rule of ,st4 ,benedict required the monks to borrow a book apiece and read it straight through4 ,the books in the ,benedictine monastery were kept in armaria1 or chests2 whence the name of the ,benedictine librarian1 armarius4 ,the ,carthusians are supposed to have been the first to lend books for use outside the monastery4 ,the library at ,cesena in ,northern ,italy is still preserved in its original condition4 ,the ,laurentian library at ,florence was designed after monastic models4 ,the development of modern libraries is first illustrated by examples from the ,united ,kingdom1 by sketching the history of the ,british ,museum1 and other ,english ,government libraries1 by outlining the growth of the university libraries of ,great ,britain1 incidentally touching on the libraries of learned societies1 clubs1 municipalities1 and winding up with a section on ,british library administration4 ,all this is admirably done1 and deserves careful reading4 ,the authors suggest several reforms and question some practices4 ,for example1 they feel that it would be an advantage from an administrative standpoint if the professional certificates of the ,library ,association were adopted by the ,civil ,service ,commissioners as a compulsory requirement in addition to their own examination4 ,they evidently favor some form of 8registration10 the mooted topic before the ,british ,library ,association4 ,the official recognition of a grade of properly trained librarians would in the opinion of these writers tend to improve the methods and efficiency of the government libraries1 generally conceded to be behind the municipal libraries in organization and administration4 ,it is pointed out that the reading of fiction in ,british municipal libraries is much less than commonly believed1 being only #bd percent1 even after due allowance is made for the reading of fiction in current magazines4 ,attention is called to the gradual disappearance of the unclassified municipal library1 although in #aiaj there were over #cdj not closely classified1 but only arranged in broad numerical or alphabetical divisions4 ,the replacement of printed catalogs in book form by card catalogs and other forms1 like the sheaf catalog1 easily kept up to date1 is noted as growing in favor4 ,the great increase in the freedom of access allowed in lending libraries is considered the most striking tendency of recent years4 ,in the section devoted to the ,united ,states1 the ,library of ,congress naturally comes first1 and is characterized as 8the most active government library in existence40 ,the rise of the state and university libraries is sketched1 and something is said about the proprietary and endowed libraries of the country4 ,that these writers are not of the group who have been saying unkind things about us1 witness the following3 8,in no country has the movement for the development of municipal libraries made such progress as in the ,united ,states2 these institutions 444 are distinguished for their work1 enterprise and the liberality with which they are supported40 ,there is an interesting comparison of the cost of maintenance of ,english and ,american libraries4 ,east ,orange1 ,n4 ,j4 7population #ce1jjj7 spends #ab1jjj on its library system1 while ,dumfries in ,scotland 7population #bc1jjj7 spends #b1ejj4 ,the city of ,cincinnati1 with practically the same population as the borough of ,islington1 ,london1 spends more than three times as much money on its library system1--#acj1jjj as contrasted with #da1jjj4 ,it would be instructive to compare the work done in these particular cities4 ,the general statement is made that the provision of books is more generous in the ,american libraries than in those of ,great ,britain1 but that more reading is done in the latter4 ,the authors point out that work with the schools and children generally is more cultivated in the libraries of the ,united ,states than elsewhere4 ,they are cautious in their statements1 but one can read the doubt in their minds as to the wisdom of the 8story hour0 in the library4 8,the preponderance of women librarians and their natural sentimental regard for children has tended to make this work loom rather largely in some quarters1 but with these exceptions the activity on behalf of children is justified on many grounds4 ,but above all1 it is manifest that a rapidly growing nation1 finding homes for thousands of foreigners and their children annually1 must use every means of rapidly educating their new citizens1 and the public library is one of the most efficient and ready ways of accomplishing this great national object40 ,while the remainder of the article1 devoted to libraries in non-,english speaking countries1 is of less immediate interest to the average library assistant1 it should be read with care for the perspective it will help to give4 ,we should know more of our historical background and here is an excellent place to get a bird's eye view of the whole library movement4 ,the account of the ,bibliothque ,nationale and other libraries of ,paris1 is very complete and contains references and statistics not generally available4 ,the description of the ,berlin libraries is less full1 but satisfactory4 ,the ,italian libraries come in for their share of attention1 and the article ends with accounts of the library movement and the noteworthy libraries in ,latin ,america1 ,spain and ,portugal1 the ,netherlands1 ,russia1 ,china and ,japan4 ,the article as a whole will bear reading several times and can be consulted constantly with full-reliance upon its detailed information4 ,in addition to the above there are articles which have a special interest for different classes of library workers4 ,the cataloger will want to read what is said on the ,index1 where a high compliment is paid 8,american enterprise0 for the modern device of the card catalog cabinet1 and the ,library of ,congress for its printed card work4 ,the assistant in the periodical room ought to read the article on ,periodicals by ,mr4 ,tedder1 which deals chiefly with publications devoted to general literature1 literary and critical reviews1 and magazines for the supply of miscellaneous reading4 ,it takes up in historical sequence the ,british quarterlies1 monthlies1 weeklies1 modern magazines and cheap publications2 then those of the ,united ,states1 ,canada and other ,british possessions1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,austria1 ,switzerland1 ,italy1 ,belgium1 ,holland1 ,denmark1 ,norway1 ,sweden1 ,portugal1 ,greece1 ,russia and other countries4 ,under the caption of ,caricature ,mr4 ,m4 ,h4 ,spielman writes entertainingly concerning the popular illustrated periodicals of ,great ,britain1 ,france1 ,germany and the ,united ,states4 ,in the latter section he sketches the rise of ,thomas ,nast1 discusses the influence of ,life1 and the work of ,c4 ,d4 ,gibson and ,a4 ,b4 ,frost4 ,in his paragraph on ,cartoon ,mr4 ,spielman says that ,john ,leech's drawing in ,no4 #aje of ,punch was the first caricature to be called a 8cartoon40 ,after a while ,punch dropped the latter word but the public took it up4 ,the information concerning ,newspapers has been garnered by several hands4 ,mr4 ,hugh ,chisholm1 the editor of the present edition of the ,britannica1 and for some years connected with the ,london ,times1 writes the first installment entitled 8,general considerations0 giving the historical development of the newspaper 7particularly the ,english7 from the ,oxford ,gazette of #affe1 through the days of the 8leading article0 by prominent writers1 down to the time of the 8news agencies40 ,the present status of journalism1 with its well developed commercial side1 is passed in review1 and the influence of ,american journalism is duly set forth4 ,the cheapening of paper1 which within one generation dropped from #bb cents to as low as #a-a_/b cents a pound1 is shown to have had the obvious tendency of increasing the size of newspapers and reducing the price4 ,the attitude of some ,english newspaper publishers towards news of the turf is instructive to ,american librarians who have read of the 8blocking out0 of sporting tips deemed necessary in some ,english libraries4 ,the simultaneous growth of the cheap newspaper throughout the civilized world is commented upon by ,lord ,northcote in two interpolated paragraphs1 which are followed by some remarks on ,illustrated ,papers by ,mr4 ,clement ,k4 ,shorter4 ,the remainder of the article by ,mr4 ,chisholm consists of a very full account of ,british newspapers 7in which certain portions of the article by ,edward ,edwards1 of library fame1 in the earlier edition of the ,britannica1 have been incorporated7 followed by an historical sketch of those of the ,united ,states1 of ,france1 ,germany and other ,european countries4 ,much of the information presented by ,prof4 ,e4 ,g4 ,ravenstein under the caption ,map is of immediate interest to all of us4 ,it treats in turn of the classification and scale of maps1 delineation of the ground1 selection of names and orthography1 measurement on maps1 relief maps1 map printing1 history of cartography1 and topographical surveys4 ,the reading of what ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,tedder has to say on ,pamphlets may make the library assistant who has to handle them more kindly disposed toward this class of publications4 ,there is nothing like knowing the history of a subject to incite interest in it4 ,the bibliographies appended to each article will enable the inquiring and ambitious assistant to pursue further such phases of the questions involved as may make the stronger appeal2 but the source of the greatest satisfaction is that the workers in the smaller libraries1 where but little of the literature of librarianship is to be found1 can find within the covers of the ,encyclopdia ,britannica a conspectus of authoritative statements on many matters of professional interest4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,index4 ,page4 ,adams1 ,hannah1 #h ,american ,library ,association1 #ac ,analyticals1 #ce-cf ,assistants1 #ag1 #fa-fb ,astor1 ,john ,jacob1 #i ,astor1 ,william ,b41 #aj ,astor ,library1 #i ,author entry1 #cc-cd ,bates1 ,joshua1 #i ,bibliography1 #gc-gd ,bigelow1 ,john1 #aa ,billings1 ,dr4 ,john ,shaw1 #ab ,binding1 #ea-eb1 #ga ,book1 #fh-hi ,book binding1 #ga-gb ,book buying1 #bj1 #bc-bd ,book collecting1 #gd ,book selection1 #bj-bc ,book selling1 #gb ,booklist1 #bb ,book-plates1 #gb ,boston ,athenum1 #h ,boston ,public ,library1 #h ,bostwick1 ,a4 ,e41 #bj ,bradshaw1 ,henry1 #af ,burton1 ,john ,hill1 #aj ,cards1 catalog1 #cf-cg ,care of books1 #eb-ec ,caricature1 #gg ,carnegie1 ,andrew1 #ab ,cataloging1 #cc-ch ,child1 ,mrs4 ,lydia ,maria1 #h ,children1 work with1 #ed-eh ,circulation1 #di-ej ,classification1 #be-cb ,cloth1 #eb ,cogswell1 ,joseph ,g41 #aj1 #ab1 #bb ,collecting1 #gd ,crawford1 ,esther1 #cg ,cutter1 ,charles ,a41 #bi1 #ce ,dana1 ,john ,cotton1 #da-db ,dewey1 ,melvil1 #bi-cb ,documents1 #df-di ,duch1 ,rev4 ,jacob1 #g ,edwards1 ,edward1 #af ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 #fg-gh ,everett1 ,edward1 #i ,foster1 ,w4 ,e41 #bb ,gaillard1 ,edwin ,white1 #ei ,garnett1 ,richard1 #aj ,high school library1 #ei-ff ,hitchler1 ,theresa1 #cg-ch ,illuminated manuscripts1 #fh ,illustrated papers1 #gh ,illustrations1 #gj-ga ,incunabula1 #fi ,india paper1 #fh ,instruction1 #fc ,leather1 #ea-eb ,lenox1 ,james1 #aa ,lenox ,library1 #aa ,librarian1 duties of1 #af-ag1 #fa ,libraries1 #gd-gg ,library instruction1 #fc-fe1 #ff ,library ,journal1 #ac ,library staff1 #ag ,library work1 #ag-ai ,loan systems1 #di-ej ,logan1 ,james1 #g ,mc,andrew1 ,william1 #fe ,manuscripts1 #fg ,maps1 #gh ,michigan1 #ad-ae ,mitchell1 ,donald ,g41 #aj ,new ,york ,public ,library1 #ab ,newspapers1 #gg-gh ,oregon library commission1 #fe ,organization of a library1 #af ,palography1 #fg ,pamphlets1 #gh ,paper1 #fh ,papyrus1 #fh ,periodicals1 #gg ,philadelphia ,library ,company1 #g ,poole's ,index1 #de-df ,printing1 #fi ,process1 #gj ,proof reading1 #gj ,public documents1 #df-di ,public libraries1 spread of1 #ac ,publishing1 #gc ,putnam1 ,herbert1 #ai ,reader's ,guide1 #de-df ,reference books1 #db-de ,reference work1 #ci-db ,ridgeway ,library1 #g ,rules1 #ee ,rush1 ,dr4 ,james1 #g ,st4 ,louis ,public ,library1 #bj ,school libraries1 #ei-ff ,schools1 work with1 #ef ,state documents1 #di ,state library commissions1 #ad ,stevens1 ,henry1 #aa ,story hours1 #eg ,subject entries1 #cd-ce ,sumner1 ,charles1 #aa ,teacher and the library1 #fe ,ticknor1 ,george1 #i ,tilden1 ,samuel ,j41 #aa ,traveling libraries1 #ad ,trustees1 #af ,typography1 #fi ,use of the library1 #fb-fc ,vattemare1 ,alexandre1 #h ,winsor1 ,justin1 #af ,winthrop1 ,robert ,c41 #h ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,this text has been preserved as in the original1 including archaic and inconsistent spelling1 punctuation and grammar1 except as noted below4 ,obvious printer's errors have been silently corrected4 ,text in italics in the original work is shown herein as text4 ,bold text in the original work is shown herein as text4 ,footnotes have been renumbered and moved to the end of the relevant chapter4 ,pages are not numbered in the plain-text versions of this transcription and may not be numbered in the ebook versions4 ,pages in the ,,html version are numbered4 ,links to pages are functional4 ,ereaders may not render a complete book page on a single ereader page1 therefore it may be necessary to advance one or more ereader pages to locate items from the index4