,illu/ration3 ,our ,edible ,mu%rooms ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,deadly ,,amanita4 ,our ,edible ,toad/ools & ,mu%rooms & ,h[ to ,di/+ui% ,!m ,a ,selection ( ,?irty ,native ,food ,v>ieties ,easily ,recognisable by _! ,m>k$ ,individualities1 ) ,simple ,rules = ! ,id5tification ( ,poison\s ,species ,illu/ration ,,by ,w4 ,,hamilton ,,gibson ,,) ,,?irty ,,color$ ,,plates ,,& ,,fifty-,,sev5 ,,o!r ,,illu/rations ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,,new ,,york ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs ,,publi%]s #ahie ,,! ,,works ,,( ,w4 ,,hamilton ,,gibson4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,%>p ,,eyes4 ,a ,rambl]'s ,cal5d> among ,birds1 ,insects1 & ,fl[]s4 #hvo1 #e4jj4 ,,highways ,,& ,,byways2 or1 ,saunt]+s 9 ,new ,engl&4 #dto1 #g4ej4 ,,/rolls ,,by ,,/>light ,,& ,,sun%9e4 ,royal #hvo1 #c4ej4 ,,happy ,,hunt+-,,gr\nds4 ,a ,tribute to ! ,woods & ,fields4 #dto1 #g4ej4 ,,pa/oral ,,days2 or1 ,memories ( a ,new ,engl& ,ye>4 #dto1 #g4ej4 ,,camp ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,woods1 & ! ,tricks ( ,trapp+ & ,trap-mak+4 #afmo1 #a4jj4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs1 ,,new ,,york4 ,copyright1 #ahie1 by ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,d$ication ,to ! ,read] k9d1 g5tle1 or o!r1 to :om1 9 ! hopes ( cont9u$ grace & well-be+ ,! ,frontispiece & ! *apt] on ,! ,deadly ,amanita is h]e) p>ticul>ly ref]r$ ) ! ,au?or's ,solicitude ,=ew>n$ is ,=e>m$ ,= ^? :o d hung] aft] ! e>?lie excresc5ces call$ mu%rooms4--,,g]>de4 ,transcrib]'s notes3 7#a7 ,und]scores 9 text indicate italics4 7#b7 ,equal signs 9 text indicate bold font4 7#c7 ,?r\gh\t ! dialogues1 !re 7 words us$ to mimic acc5ts ( ! speak]s4 ,^? words 7 reta9$ z writt54 7#d7 ,! illu/rations h be5 mov$ s t !y d n break up p>agraphs & s t !y are next to ! text !y illu/rate4 7#e7 ,sid5ote labels h all be5 mov$ to ! top ( ! p>agraph t !y ref] to1 ev5 :5 ! p>agraph has two sid5ote labels4 ,cont5ts ,page ,,introduction #a ,,! ,,deadly ,,amanita #dc ,,! ,,ag>icace #gg ,,! ,,polyporei #aha ,,miscellane\s ,,fungi #bca ,,spore-,,pr9ts #bgg ,,recipes #bii ,,bibliography #cbe ,,index #cbi ,li/ ( ,plates ,page #a4 ,! ,deadly ,amanita ,frontispiece #b4 ,mycelium1 & e>ly vegetation ( a mu%room #de #c4 ,amanita v]nus--developm5t #di #d4 ,ag>icus 7,amanita7 musc>ius #ee #e4 ,ag>icus campe/ris #hc #f4 ,ag>icus campe/ris--v>i\s =ms ( #hi #g4 ,ag>icus gambosus #ii #h4 ,m>asmius oreades4 ,fairy-r+ #aje #i4 ,poison\s ,*ampignons4 ,m4 ur5s--,m4 p]onatus #aaa #aj4 ,ag>icus proc]us #aag #aa4 ,ag>icus 7,russula7 viresc5s #abc #ab4 ,edible ,russul4 ,r4 het]ophylla--,r4 alutacea--,r4 lepida #aca #ac4 ,russula emetica #aci #ad4 ,ag>icus o/reatus #ade #ae4 ,ag>icus ulm>ius #aea #af4 ,copr9us comatus #aeg #ag4 ,copr9us atram5t>ius #afc #ah4 ,lact>ius deliciosus #afi #ai4 ,can?>ellus cib>ius #age #bj4 ,boletus edulis #ahg #ba4 ,boletus scab] #aic #bb4 ,edible ,boleti4 ,b4 subtom5tosus--,b4 *rys5t]on #aii #bc4 ,/robilomyces /robilaceus #bje #bd4 ,suspici\s ,boleti4 ,b4 felleus--,b4 alveolatus #baa #be4 ,fi/ul9a hepatica #bag #bf4 ,polyporus sulphureus #bbe #bg4 ,hydnum rep&um #bce #bh4 ,hydnum caput-m$us #bda #bi4 ,hydnum caput-m$us--habitat #bdc #cj4 ,clav>ia =mosa #bea #ca4 ,v>i\s =ms ( ,clav>ia #bec #cb4 ,mor*ella escul5ta #bei #cc4 ,helvella crispa #bfe #cd4 ,a gr\p ( ,puff-balls #bga #ce4 ,spore-surface & spore-pr9t ( ,ag>icus #bhc #cf4 ,spore-surface & spore-pr9t ( ,polyporus 7,boletus7 #bhe #cg4 ,spore-pr9t ( ,amanita musc>ius #bhi #ch4 ,action ( slight draught on spores #bia ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,introduction ,illu/ration ,! ,spurn$ ,h>ve/ ,:ole hundr$-weights ( ri*1 :olesome diet rott+ "u ! trees2 woods teem+ ) food & n "o h& to ga!r x2 & ?is1 p]haps1 9 ! mid/ ( pov]ty & all mann] ( privations & public pray]s aga9/ imm95t fam9e4 ,c4 ,d4 ,,badham ,introduction ,a prom95t botanical au?ority connect$ ) "o ( our univ]sities1 ^u le>n+ ( my int5tion ( p]petrat+ a popul> "w on our edible mu%rooms & toad/ools1 0 incl9$ to take issue ) me on ! wisdom ( su* publication1 giv+ z 8 reasons t1 ow+ to ! extreme difficulty ( imp>t+ exact sci5tific k to ! g5]al read]1 su* a "w1 9 its presumably imp]fect int]pretation by ! v individuals x is int5d$ to b5efit1 w\ld only result1 9 _m in/ances1 9 supplant+ ! popul> :olesome di/ru/ ( all mu%rooms ) a ra% ov]-confid5ce :i* w\ld t5d to increase ! labors ( ! family physician & ! coron]4 ,&1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 its appreciation ( ! difficulty ( imp>t+ exact sci5ce to ! lay m9d1 8 criticism 0 entirely reasonable1 & w\ld c]ta9ly apply to any treatise on edible mu%rooms = popul> circulation :i* contemplat$ a too ext5sive field1 involv+ subtle botanical analysis & nice diff]5tiation betwe5 species4 ,sid5ote3 ,id5tification ( fatal species ,b :5 we realize ! fact--n[ g5]ally conc$$--t mo/ ( ! fatalities consequ5t ^u mu%room-eat+ are directly traceable to "o p>ticul> tempt+ gr\p ( fungi1 & t ?is gr\p is moreov] s di/9ctly m>k$ t a tyro c\ld le>n to di/+ui% x1 might n su* a popul> "w1 9 its emphasis by c>eful portraiture & pictorial analysis ( ?is deadly g5us--plac>d+ x s cle>ly & unmi/akably z to make x readily recognizable--might n su* a "w1 to t ext5t at lea/1 accompli% a public s]vice8 ,sid5ote3 ,cons]vative mycology ,moreov]1 ev5 ! mo/ cons]vative mycologi/ w c]ta9ly admit t out ( ! hundr$ & fifty ( our admitt$ly escul5t species ( fungi !re might be segregat$ a few :i* be> su* conspicu\s *>act]s ( outw>d =m & o!r unique individual features--su* z color ( spores1 gills1 & tubes1 ta/e1 odor1 surface "*1 color ( milky juice1 etc4--z to r5d] !m easily recognizable ev5 by ! g5]al read]4 ,x is 9 ! positive1 affirmative assumption ( ^! premises t ! pres5t "w is prep>$1 compris+ z x does a selection ( a score or m1 z x 71 self-plac>d$ escul5t species ( fungi1 :ile putt+ ! read] safely on gu>d aga9/ ! fatal species & a few o!r m or less poison\s or suspici\s v>ieties :i* remote possibility might conf\nd ) !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,popul> int]e/ 9 mu%rooms ,s9ce ! publication ( a rec5t magaz9e article on ?is topic1 & :i* became ! basis ( ! pres5t elaboration1 ,i h be5 favor$ ) a num]\s & almo/ cont9u\s correspond5ce ^u mu%rooms1 includ+ lett]s f e ,/ate 9 ! ,union1 to say no?+ ( ,canada & ,new ,mexico1 ev9c+ ! wide-spread int]e/ 9 ! fungus f ! gu/atory po9t ( view4 ,! cauti\s tone ( mo/ ( ^! lett]s1 9 ! ma9 f neophyte mycologi/s1 is gratify+ 9 its demon/ration ( ! wisdom ( my position 9 ?is volume1 or1 z "o ( my correspond5ts puts x1 ! fright5+ ( "o to dea? at ! outset :ile ext5d+ an invitation to ! fea/4 ,dea? 0 (t5 a consequ5ce ( toad/ool eat+1 my fri5d cont9u$1 b ,i nev] be=e realiz$ t x 0 a c]ta9 result ) any p>ticul> mu%room1 & to ! ext5t ( ?is in=mation ,i am pr(\ndly ?ankful4 ,sid5ote3 ,caution at ! ?re%old ,:ile1 !n1 f ! po9t ( view ( desir$ popul>ity ( my book1 ! grim greet+ ( a dea?'s-head ^u ! frontispiece might be consid]$ z some?+ ( a h&icap1 ! au?or confesses t ?is attitude is ! result ( malice prep5se & delib]ation1 realiz+ t he is n (f]+ to ! lay public1 = m]e intellectual pr(it1 ?is sci5tific analysis ( c]ta9 fungus species4 ,7 ?is alone ! raison d'tre or ! logical outcome ( ! "w--m]e id5tification ( edible & poison\s species--! grewsome symbol :i* is s conspicu\s on two ( my pages might h be5 sp>$4 ,b :5 x is rememb]$ t ) ! select$ li/ ( escul5t mu%rooms h]e9 (f]$ is impli$ also an invitation & a recomm5dation to ! fea/ !re(1 ) ! au?or z ! ho/--t ! dige/ive functions ( 8 confid+ fri5ds or gue/s are to be made ! f9al arbit]s ( ! correctness ( 8 botanical id5tification--! ban ( bane may z well be pron\nc$ at ! ?re%old4 ,let ! too eag] epicurean be sc>$ to dea? at ! outset1 on ! g5]al pr9ciple pro bono publico1 & to ! conciliation ( ! au?or's consci5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,to correspond5ts ,! (t-repeat$ qu]ies ( o!r correspond5ts sugge/ ! wisdom ( a cle>] def9ition ( ! limitations ( ! pres5t "w4 ,sev]al individuals h writt5 9 surprise ( _! discov]y ( a new toad/ool :i* ,i did n include 9 my pictur$ magaz9e li/1 ) accompanim5t ( m or less inadequate description & some:at enigmatical sket*es1 & desir+ ! "n ( ! species & judgm5t ^u its escul5t qualities4 ,su* correspond5ce is a pleas+ tribute to an au?or1 & is h]e) gratefully ackn[l$g$ z to ! pa/ &1 ) "s m5tal res]vations1 welcom$ z to ! future4 ,! numb] ( ^! communications--occasionally sev]al 9 a day1 & ) consequ5t rapid accumulation--r5d]s x absolutely impossible = a busy man to give !m ! prompt p]sonal att5tion :i* c\rtesy w\ld dictate4 ,my mu%room pigeon-hole1 !re=e1 is /ill ple?oric ) ! unhonor$ correspond5ce ( _m weeks2 & inasmu* z ! cont9ual accession m ?an balances ! numb] ( my responses1 a fulfilm5t ( my obligations 9 ?is direction seems hopeless 9 contemplation4 ,i w\ld !re=e beg ! indulg5ce ( su* ( my fri5ds z h await$ 9 va9 = my reply to _! k9d communications1 ev5 ?\gh ! future %\ld br+ no tid+s f me4 ,all ( ^! lett]s h be5 receiv$1 & are h]e) ackn[l$g$3 _m ( !m1 too1 if ,i may be p>don$ :at w\ld seem to be a mo/ ungraci\s comm5t1 = :i* ! dead-lett] (fice w\ld h be5 ! m appropriate de/9ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,consid] ! recipi5t ,i ref] to ! correspond5ce ) accompany+ specim5s1 ! lett] occasionally enclos$ 9 ! same box ) ! said specim5s1 :i*1 ^u its arrival1 ar\ses a prote/ f ! local po/al au?orities1 & calls = a lib]al use ( dis9fectants--a disreputable-look+ p>cel1 :i*1 inde$1 w\ld appe> m consi/5tly ref]able to ! heal?-bo>d ?an to ! mycologi/4 ,s frequ5t did ?is emb>rass+ episode become t x f9ally necessitat$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a morgue = ! b5efit ( my mu%room correspond5ts1 or r = _! specim5s1 usually accompani$ ) ! qu]ies1 ,:at is ! "n ( ?is mu%room8 ,is x edible8 ,i h be5 oblig$ to write to sev]al ( my fri5ds t id5tification ( ! rema9s 0 impossible1 t ! remnant 0 m int]e/+ entomologically ?an botanically1 & begg+ t 9 ! future all su* simil> tok5s %all be =w>d$ 9 alcohol or pack$ 9 ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,rapid decay ,fir/ impressions are la/+ & a ^w to ! wise is suffici5t4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t correspond5ts h]eaft] consid] ! haz>d ( an introduction "u su* que/ionable auspices4 ,mo/ species ( mu%rooms are extremely p]i%able1 & _! animal "*1 *emically consid]$1 & _! t5d5cy to rapid decomposition1 r5d] !m unfit = transportation = any di/ance1 unless h]metically seal$1 or _! decay o!rwise anticipat$4 ,9 ! possibility ( a cont9uance ( ?is correspond5ce1 consequ5t ^u ! publication ( ?is pres5t book1 ! writ]1 9 ord] to =ef5d a presumably g5]\s proportion ( su* correspond5ce1 w\ld "h emphasize ! fact t he is by no means ! au?ority on mycology1 or ! sci5ce ( fungi1 :i* ! attitude ( 8 inquir+ fri5ds w\ld imply4 ,inde$1 8 k ( species is q limit$4 ,an e>ly fasc9ation1 x is true1 0 humor$ ) consid]able zeal to ! accumulation ( a portfolio ( wat]-colors & o!r draw+s ( v>i\s fungi--microscopic1 curi\s1 edible1 & poison\s--& ?is collection has be5 subsequ5tly add$ to at int]vals dur+ 8 regul> pr(essional "w4 ,m ?an "o ( ! orig9als ( ! accompany+ color$ plates h be5 hidd5 9 ?is portfolio = ov] tw5ty ye>s1 & a l>g] numb] = t5 or fifte5 ye>s1 await+ ! fur!r accumulation ( t k & exp]i5ce1 especially ) ref]5ce to ! edibility ( species1 :i* %\ld w>rant ! utt]ance ( ! long-contemplat$ book4 ,sid5ote3 ,numb] ( mu%room species ,! read] w !re=e k9dly rememb] t out ( ! approximate #ajjj odd species ( fungi entitl$ by _! dim5sions to ! dignity ( toad/ools or mu%rooms--aft] sep>at+ ! #bjjj m\lds1 mildews1 ru/s1 smuts1 blights1 yea/s1 "m1 & o!r microscopic species--& out ( ! #aej recomm5d$ edible species1 ! pres5t "w includes only ab\t ?irty4 ,?is selection has direct ref]5ce to popul> utility1 only su* species hav+ be5 includ$ z (f] "s /rik+ or o!r individual peculi>ity by :i* !y may be simply id5tifi$1 ev5 )\t s-call$ sci5tific k4 ,! addition ( color to ! pres5t li/ enables its ext5sion some:at beyond ! scope ( a s]ies pr9t$ only 9 black & :ite1 z 9 ! di/9ction ( m]e =m alone an uncolor$ draw+ ( a c]ta9 species might s]ve to ! popul> eye z a common portrait ( a numb] ( alli$ species1 possibly includ+ a poison\s v>iety4 ,sid5ote3 ,mycology & mycophagy ,sid5ote3 ,ne$ ( a practical "w ,:ile ! /udy ( fungi has a ho/ ( devotees1 ! my/]ies :i* involve ! orig9 ( life 9 ?is great ord] ( ! cryptogamia hav+ _h fasc9at+ attractions to microscopical /ud5ts & speciali/s1 ! /udy ( economic mycology has be5 almo/ )\t a *ampion 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?us we h _m le>n$ treatises on ! nature1 /ructure1 & habits ( fungi--vegetative me?ods1 *emical con/itu5ts1 specific *>act]s1 classification--le>n$ diss]tations on ! microscopical m\lds1 mildews1 ru/s & smuts1 blights & f]m5ts1 to say no?+ ( ! m$ico-sci5tific & awe-inspir+ pot5tialities ( ! s5sational microbe1 bact]ium1 bacillus1 etc41 :i* are daily br++ humanity )9 _! spell & revolutioniz+ ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e4 ,b among all ! v>i\s mycological publications we look 9 va9 = ! great desid]atum ( ! practical h&-book on ! economic fungus--! mu%room z food6 ,! mycologi/ :o has be5 c\rage\s en\gh to submit 8 *emical analysis & 8 botanical k ( fungi to ! te/ ( escul5ce 9 8 own be+ is a r>a avis among !m2 inde$1 a well-kn[n au?ority /ates t "o may numb] on ! f+]s ( 8 two h&s ! entire li/ ( mycophagi/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! abs5ce ( su* works ^u ! mu%room & toad/ool1 greatly desir$ = ref]5ce at an e>ly p]iod ( my c>e]1 & little bett] suppli$ to-day1 l$ to a resolve ( :i* ?is volume is b an imp]fect fulfilm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,limitations ( ?is volume ,! special "* ( my volume1 !n--! collat]al consid]ation ( ! fungus z food--w be suffici5t excuse = ! omission ( a m]ely te*nical disc\rse ^u ! /ructure1 classification1 & vegetation ( fungi z a class--a field s fully cov]$ by o!r au?ors m compet5t to discuss ^! l9es ( special sci5ce1 & to a selection ( ^: works ! read] is ref]r$ 9 ! li/ h]e) app5d$1 to a numb] ( :i* ,i am indebt$ = occasional quotations4 ,a g5]al idea ( ! me?ods ( dissem9ation & habitats ( fungi w be f\nd 9 ! f9al *apt] on spore-pr9ts1 :ile "u ! discussion ( ! ,amanita1 ,ag>icus campe/ris1 & ! ,fairy ,r+ ! read] is ref]r$ to a cond5s$ acc\nt ( ! me?ods ( vegetation & gr[? ( fungi suffici5t = pres5t purposes4 ,o!r ref]5ces ( simil> "* w be not$ "u ,fungi1 9 ,index4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pione] ,am]ican mycophagi/ ,! mo/ conspicu\s disciple ( mycophagy--almo/ ! pione]1 inde$1 9 ,am]ica--0 ! late ,rev4 ,m4 ,a4 ,curtis1 ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ^: "n heads ! bibliography on page #cbe4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? ( my read]s :o may wi% to foll[ ! subject fur!r ?an my pages w lead !m1 ,i app5d ! li/ ( edible species ( fungi conta9$ 9 ,curtis's ,catalogue1 ea* gr\p alphabetically arrang$1 ! escul5t qualities ( _m ( :i* he himself discov]$ & atte/$ by p]sonal exp]im5t4 ,! favorite habitat ( ea* fungus is also giv51 & to avoid any possibility ( confusion 9 sci5tific nom5clature or synonymes1 ! au?ority = ! sci5tific "n is also giv5 9 ea* in/ance3 ,,li/ ,,( ,,edible ,,am]ican ,,mu%rooms ,,f ,,! ,,catalogue ,,( ,,dr4 ,m4 ,a4 ,,curtis ,ag>icus albellus4 ,de ,c&olle4 ,damp woods4 ,a4 7amanita7 ,cs>ea4 ,scopoli4 ,9 oak =e/s4 ,a4 7amanita7 rubesc5s4 ,p]soon4 ,damp woods4 ,a4 7amanita7 /robili=mis4 ,vittad9i4 ,common 9 woods4 ,a4 amygdal9us4 ,m4 ,a4 ,curtis4 ,ri* gr\nds1 woods1 & lanes4 ,a4 arv5sis4 ,s*aeff]4 ,fields & pa/ures4 ,a4 bombic9us4 ,s*aeff]4 ,e>? & c>i\s wood4 ,a4 campe/ris4 ,l9nu4 ,fields & pa/ures4 ,a4 ca/us4 ,m4 ,a4 ,curtis4 ,grassy old fields4 ,a4 cespitosus4 ,m4 ,a4 ,curtis4 ,base ( /umps4 ,a4 columbella4 ,fries4 ,woods4 ,a4 consociatus4 ,p9e woods4 ,ag>icus cretaceus4 ,fries4 ,e>? & wood4 ,a4 escul5tus4 ,jacqu94 ,d5se woods4 ,a4 excoriatus4 ,fries4 ,grassy l&s4 ,a4 frum5tace\s4 ,bulli>d4 ,p9e woods4 ,a4 giganteus4 ,s[]by4 ,bord]s ( p9e woods4 ,a4 gl&ulosus4 ,bulli>d4 ,dead trunks4 ,a4 hypopi?yus4 ,m4 ,a4 ,curtis4 ,p9e logs4 ,a4 ma/oideus4 ,fries4 ,woods4 ,a4 melleus4 ,valmy4 ,ab\t /umps & logs4 ,a4 mutabilis4 ,s*aeff]4 ,trunks4 ,a4 nebul>is4 ,bats*4 ,damp woods4 ,a4 odorus4 ,bulli>d4 ,woods4 ,a4 o/reatus4 ,jacqu94 ,dead trunks4 ,a4 p]sonatus4 ,m4 ,a4 ,curtis4 ,ne> rott5 logs4 ,a4 pometi4 ,fries4 ,c>i\s wood4 ,a4 proc]us4 ,scopoli4 ,woods & fields4 ,a4 prunulus4 ,scopoli4 ,damp woods4 ,a4 ra*odes4 ,vittad9i4 ,base ( /umps & trees4 ,a4 radicatus4 ,bulli>d4 ,woods4 ,a4 7russula74 ,s*aeff]4 ,among leaves 9 woods4 ,a4 salignus4 ,p]soon4 ,on trunks & /umps4 ,a4 speciosus4 ,fries4 ,grassy l&4 ,a4 squamosus4 ,mull]4 ,oak /umps4 ,a4 sylvaticus4 ,s*aeff]4 ,woods4 ,a4 tessellatus4 ,bulli>d4 ,p9e trunks4 ,a4 ulm>ius4 ,s[]by4 ,dead trunks4 ,boletus bov9us4 ,l9nu4 ,p9e woods4 ,b4 ca/aneus4 ,bulli>d4 ,woods4 ,b4 coll9itus4 ,fries4 ,p9e woods4 ,b4 edulis4 ,bulli>d4 ,woods4 ,b4 elegans4 ,fries4 ,e>? 9 woods4 ,b4 flavidus4 ,fries4 ,damp woods4 ,b4 granulatus4 ,l9nu4 ,woods & fields4 ,b4 luteus4 ,l9nu4 ,p9e woods4 ,b4 scab]4 ,bulli>d4 ,s&y woods4 ,b4 subtom5tosus4 ,l9nu4 ,e>? 9 woods4 ,b4 v]sipellis4 ,fries4 ,woods4 ,bovi/a nigresc5s4 ,p]soon4 ,grassy fields4 ,b4 plumbea4 ,p]soon4 ,grassy fields4 ,can?>ellus cib>ius4 ,fries4 ,woods4 ,clav>ia aurea4 ,s*aeff]4 ,e>? 9 woods4 ,c4 botritis4 ,p]soon4 ,e>? 9 woods4 ,c4 cri/ata4 ,holmskiold4 ,damp woods4 ,c4 fa/igiata4 ,l9nu4 ,grassy places4 ,c4 flava4 ,fries4 ,e>? 9 woods4 ,c4 =mosa4 ,p]soon4 ,e>? 9 woods4 ,clav>ia fulig9ea4 ,p]soon4 ,%ady woods4 ,c4 macropus4 ,p]soon4 ,e>?4 ,c4 muscoides4 ,l9nu4 ,grassy places4 ,c4 pyxidata4 ,p]soon4 ,rott5 woods4 ,c4 rugosa4 ,bulli>d4 ,damp woods4 ,c4 subtilis4 ,p]soon4 ,%ad$ banks4 ,c4 tetragona4 ,s*w>tz4 ,damp woods4 ,copr9us atram5t>ius4 ,bulli>d4 ,manur$ gr\nd4 ,c4 comatus4 ,fries4 ,9 /able-y>ds4 ,cort9>ius ca/aneus4 ,fries4 ,e>? 9 woods4 ,c4 c9namomeus4 ,fries4 ,e>? & wood4 ,c4 violaceus4 ,fries4 ,woods4 ,fi/ul9a hepatica4 ,fries4 ,base ( trunks & /umps4 ,helvella crispa4 ,fries4 ,p9e 9 woods4 ,h4 infula4 ,s*aeff]4 ,e>? & p9e logs4 ,h4 lacunosa4 ,afzelius4 ,ne> rott5 logs4 ,h4 sulcata4 ,afzelius4 ,%ady woods4 ,hydnum caput-m$us4 ,bulli>d4 ,trunks & logs4 ,h4 coralloides4 ,scopoli4 ,side ( trunks4 ,h4 imbricatum4 ,l9nu4 ,e>? 9 woods4 ,h4 laevigatum4 ,s*w>tz4 ,p9e woods4 ,h4 rep&um4 ,l9nu4 ,woods4 ,h4 rufesc5s4 ,s*aeff]4 ,woods4 ,h4 subsquamosum4 ,bats*4 ,damp woods4 ,hygrophorus eburneus4 ,fries4 ,woods4 ,h4 prat5sis4 ,fries4 ,hill-sides4 ,lact>ius augu/issimus4 ,las*4 ,?9 woods4 ,l4 deliciosus4 ,fries4 ,p9e woods4 ,l4 insulsus4 ,fries4 ,woods4 ,l4 pip]atus4 ,fries4 ,dry woods4 ,l4 subdulcis4 ,fries4 ,damp gr\nds4 ,l4 volemus4 ,fries4 ,woods4 ,lycop]don bovi/a4 ,l9nu4 ,grassy l&s4 ,pa*yma cocos4 ,fries4 ,und]gr\nd4 ,paxillus involutus4 ,fries4 ,s&y woods4 ,polyporus ,b]keleii4 ,fries4 ,woods4 ,p4 conflu5s4 ,fries4 ,p9e woods4 ,p4 cri/atus4 ,fries4 ,p9e woods4 ,p4 frondorus4 ,fries4 ,e>? & base ( /umps4 ,p4 giganteus4 ,fries4 ,base ( /umps4 ,p4 leucomelas4 ,fries4 ,woods4 ,p4 ov9us4 ,s*aeff]4 ,e>? 9 woods4 ,p4 poripes4 ,fries4 ,wood$ rav9es4 ,p4 sulphureus4 ,fries4 ,trunks & logs4 ,m>asmius oreades4 ,fries4 ,hill-sides4 ,m4 scorodoneus4 ,fries4 ,decay+ vegetation4 ,mor*ella ,c>ol9iana4 ,bosc4 ,e>? 9 woods4 ,m4 escul5ta4 ,p]soon4 ,e>? 9 woods4 ,russula alutacea4 ,fries4 ,woods4 ,r4 lepida4 ,fries4 ,p9e woods4 ,r4 viresc5s4 ,fries4 ,woods4 ,sp>assis crispa4 ,fries4 ,e>?4 ,s4 lam9osa4 ,fries4 ,oak logs4 ,tremella mes5t]ica4 ,retz4 ,on b>k4 ,9 ! contemplation ( su* a g5]\s natural l>d] z ! above li/ implies1 ,dr4 ,badham's feel+ allusion to ! hundr$-weights ( :olesome diet rott+ "u ! trees1 quot$ 9 "o ( my e>li] illu/rat$ pages1 w be readily appreciat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,re/rict$ scope ( ?is volume ,9 ! purposely re/rict$ scope ( ^! pages ,i h omitt$ a l>ge majority ( species 9 ,dr4 ,curtis's li/1 kn[n to be equally escul5t ) ^? :i* ,i h select$1 b ^: popul> diff]5tiation might involve too close discrim9ation & possibly s]i\s error2 & :ile my li/ is probably n z complete z x might be ) p]fect safety1 ! numb] embraces species1 ne>ly all ( !m :at may be call$ cosmopolitan types1 to be f\nd m or less commonly ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,unit$ ,/ates & g5]ally id5tical ) ,european species4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! li/ ( ,dr4 ,curtis is head$ by ?ree memb]s ( ,amanit4 ,! p>ticul> species cit$ are well kn[n to be escul5t1 b !y are purposely omitt$ f my li/1 :i* = consid]ations ( safety absolutely excludes ! entire g5us ,amanita ( ! poison-cup :i* is discuss$ at "s l5g? 9 ! succe$+ *apt]4 ,= popul> utility f ! food /&po9t my selection pres5ts1 to all int5ts & purposes1 a m ?an suffici5t li/1 ! species be+ easily di/+ui%$1 &1 ) prop] consid]ation to _! fre%ness1 entirely safe & ( suffici5t frequ5cy 9 _! haunts to insure a cont9ually available mu%room h>ve/ ?r\gh\t ! entire fungus season4 ,sid5ote3 ,fungus food always available ,! k ( _! id5tities once acquir$1 x is p]fectly reasonable to ass]t t 9 av]age wea!r conditions ! fungus-hunt] may conf9e himself to ^! v>ieties & /ill be confront$ ) an emb>rassm5t ( ri*es1 avail+ himself ( ?ree meals a day1 ) ! m]e tr\ble ( a ramble ?r\gh ! woods or pa/ures4 ,inde$1 he may re/rict himself to six ( ^! species--! gre5 ,russula1 ,puff-ball1 ,pa/ure-mu%room1 ,campe/ris 7mead[-mu%room71 ,%aggy-mane1 & ,boletus edulis--& yet become a v]itable mycological g\rm& if he *ooses1 nev] at a loss = an appetiz+ entre at 8 table4 ,9 ! gr\p ( ,russul & ,boleti alone1 m ?an "o cons]vative amateur ( ! writ]'s acqua9tance f9ds a suffici5t supply to meet all diet>y wants4 ,sid5ote3 ,a neglect$ h>ve/ ,:at a pl5te\s1 spontane\s h>ve/ ( delici\s fea/+ annually goes begg+ 9 our woods & fields6 ,! s5tim5t ( ,dr4 ,badham1 ! em95t ,briti% au?ority on mu%rooms1 ye>s ago1 9 ref]5ce to ! spontane\s p]5nial h>ve/ ( wild edible fungi :i* ab\nd$ 9 8 c\ntry1 go+ to wa/e by ! ton1 w\ld appe> to be z true to-day = ,brita9 z :5 he utt]$ x1 & applies ) ev5 great] =ce to ! simil>1 ,i may say id5tical1 neglect$ tribute ( ,nature 9 our own ,am]ican woods & fields1 :]e ! gr[? ( fungi is especially ri*4 ,sid5ote3 ,fungus epicures ,! fungus-eat]s ( ,brita91 x is said1 are ev5 to-day m]ely a conspicu\s cot]ie1 :ile 9 ,am]ica ?is p>ticul> sort ( speciali/ is m g5]ally an isolat$ crank :o is compell$ to flock alone1 contemplat$ ) a c]ta9 awe by 8 less v5turesome fell[s1 & o!rwise v>i\sly consid]$1 ei!r ) envy ( 8 exp]i5ce & sci5tific k1 or m probably z an irresponsible1 :o cont9ually tempts ,provid5ce 9 8 foolh>dy exp]im5ts ) poison4 ,sid5ote3 ,*emical con/itu5ts ,b :at a contra/ d we f9d on ! ,cont95t 9 ! appreciation ( ! fungus z an article ( diet6 ,9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,russia1 & ,italy1 = example1 :]e ! woods are sc\r$ = ! p]5nial crop1 & :]e1 ?r\gh c5turies ( popul> famili>ity & tradition1 ! k ( its economic value has become ! possession ( ! p1 a mo/ important possession to ! poor peasant :o1 p]haps = weeks toge!r1 w ta/e no o!r animal food4 ,i say animal food advis$ly2 =1 ga/ronomically & *emically consid]$1 ! fle% ( ! mu%room has be5 prov5 to be almo/ id5tical ) meat1 & possesses ! same n\ri%+ prop]ties4 ,?is animal aff9ity is fur!r sugge/$ 9 its physiological life1 ! fungus rev]s+ ! ord] ( all o!r vegetation 9 imbib+ oxyg5 & exhal+ c>bonic acid1 aft] ! mann] ( animals4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! analogy %\ld be /ill fur!r emphasiz$ by ! discrim9ation ( ! palate1 _m k9ds ( fungi :5 cook$ simulat+ ! ta/e & consi/5cy ( animal food almo/ to ! po9t ( deception4 ,sid5ote3 ,popul> di/ru/ ( fungi ,b 9 ,am]ica ! fungus is "u ! ban1 its great majority ( h>mless or ev5 :olesome edible species hav+ be5 br\ght into popul> disrepute ?r\gh ! contam9ation1 mo/ly1 ( a s+le small g5us4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( special sci5tific k1 or1 f our pres5t po9t ( view1 its equival5t1 popul> famili>ity1 ?is g5]al di/ru/ ( ! :ole fungus tribe may be1 h[ev]1 consid]$ a b5efic5t prejudice4 ,s deadly is ! insidi\s1 my/]i\s foe t lurks among ! fri5dly species t x is well = humanity 9 g5]al t ! entire li/ ( fungi %\ld %>e its odium1 else ^? toad/ool fatalities1 already al>m+ly frequ5t1 might become a s]i\s feature 9 our tables ( mortality4 ,sid5ote3 ,fungus food = all ,b ! prejudice is ne$lessly sweep+4 ,a little s-call$ k ( fungi has (t5 prov5 to be a dang]\s ?+1 x is true1 b x is q possible = any "o ( ord9>y intellig5ce1 rightly in/ruct$1 to ma/] ! discrim9ation ( at lea/ a few ( ! m common edible species1 :ile be+ ?or\ghly equipp$ aga9/ ! dang]s ( deadly v>ieties1 ^: id5tification is comp>atively simple4 ,sid5ote3 ,toad/ool & mu%room ,x is idle to attempt an adjudication ( ! vex$ toad/ool & mu%room "q "h4 ,! toad is pla9ly ! only f9al1 appealable au?ority on ?is subject4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r he is at pa9s to det]m9e ! delectable or noisome qualities--f ! human /&po9t--( a p>ticul> fungus be=e decid+ to settle 8 com=table proportions ^u its summit--if1 inde$1 he ev5 s honors ev5 ! humble/ ( !m4 ,! (t-repeat$ "q1 !re=e1 ,is ?is fungus a toad/ool or a mu%room8 may fitt+ly be met by ! c\nt] qu]y1 ,is ?is rose a fl[] or a blossom8 ,! s-call$ di/9ction is a purely arbitr>y1 popul> prejudice :i* diff]5tiates ! toad/ool z poison\s1 ! mu%room be+ consid]$ h>mless4 ,b ev5 ! ru/ic au?orities are r mix$ on ! subject1 z may be well illu/rat$ by a rec5t incid5t 9 my own exp]i5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,popul> discrim9ation ,walk+ 9 ! woods ) a c\ntry fri5d 9 que/ ( fungi1 we 7 discuss+ ?is toad/ool topic :5 we came ^u a clu/] ( mu%rooms at ! base ( a tree-trunk1 _! broad1 exp&$ caps app>5tly uphol/]$ 9 fawn-color$1 undress$ kid1 _! "u surfaces be+ /uff$ & tuft$ 9 pale gre5i% hue4 ,:at w\ld y call ^?8 ,i inquir$4 ,^? are toad/ools1 unmi/akably1 he repli$4 ,well1 toad/ools or n1 y see !re ab\t two p\nds ( delici\s vegetable meat1 = x is ! common species ( edible boletus--,boletus edulis4 ,a few mom5ts lat] we paus$ be=e a beautiful specim51 lift+ its p>asol ( pure :ite above ! black leaf m\ld4 ,& :at is ?is8 ,i inquir$4 ,i w\ld c]ta9ly call t a mu%room1 0 8 in/ant reply4 ,?is mu%room prov$ to be a f9e1 tempt+ specim5 ( ! ,ag>icus 7amanita7 v]nus1 ! deadlie/ ( ! mu%rooms1 & "o ( ! mo/ viol5t & fatal ( all kn[n vegetable poisons1 ^: attractive graces & insidi\s wiles are d\btless cont9ually responsible = ^? num]\s fatalities usually dismiss$ ) ! epitaph1 ,di$ f eat+ toad/ools 9 mi/ake = mu%rooms4 ,s mu*1 !re=e1 = ! popul> di/9ction :i* makes toad/ool a synonyme = poison\s1 & mu%room synonym\s ) edible1 & :i* (t5 proves to be ! little k :i* is v dang]\s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ru/ic au?orities on mu%rooms ,! too preval5t mortality traceable to ! mu%room is conf9$ to two classes ( un=tunates3 #a4 ,^? :o h n le>n$ t !re is su* a ?+ z a fatal mu%room2 #b4 ,! prov9cial au?ority :o ,c tell a mu%room by a numb] ( 8 s-call$ infallible te/s or pro(s4 ,!re is a l>ge ?ird class to ^: cons]vative caution is to be ref]r$ ! preval5t arbitr>y di/9ction betwe5 toad/ool & mu%room1 ard5t disciples ( old ,t]tullian1 :o believ$ 9 reg>d to toad/ools t ,= e diff]5t hue !y display !re is a pa9 to correspond to x1 & j s _m modes ( dea? z !re are di/9ct species1 & ^: ob/9ate dogma1 ,!re is only "o mu%room1 all ! re/ are toad/ools1 has d\btless sp>$ !m an occasional untimely grave1 = few ( ?is class1 f _! v cons]vatism1 ev] fall victims to ! toad/ool4 ,& :at a self-complac5t1 patroniz+1 solicit\s "* ?is ru/ic mu%room oracle is6 ,g :]e y w 9 ! rural di/ricts & y are sure ( him1 or p]haps h]--usually a conspicu\s figure 9 ! neighborhood1 ! village blacksmi?1 p]haps1 or ! simpl] ,old ,aunt ,huldy4 ,_! fa!r & gran!r be=e !m knew h[ to tell a mu%room1 & ?is enviable k has be5 _! p>ticul> inh]itance4 ,h[ well we m special /ud5ts ( ! fungus "k him6 & h[ he w9s our t5d] reg>d ) 8 ke5 solicitude = our well-be+6 ,we meet him ev]y:]e 9 our travels1 & always ) ! same old /ory6 ,we em]ge f ! wood1 p]haps1 ) our basket brimful ( our p>ticul> fungus tidbits1 topp$ (f ) specim5s ( r$ ,russula & ,boletus1 & *ance to pass him on ! road or 9 ! mead[4 ,he scans ! basket curi\sly z he passes u4 ,he has p]haps he>d rumors afloat t !re's a city *ap 9 t[n :o is tempt+ ,provid5ce ) 8 fool9' ) tud/ools2 & ) g5u9e solicitude & sup]ior condesc5sion & awe1 all betray$ 9 8 c\nt5ance1 he mu/ ne$s pause 9 8 walk to relieve 8 m9d 9 our behalf4 ,i recall "o *>act]i/ic episode1 ( :i* ! above is ! prelude4 ,ye a9't a-go9' to eat !m1 air ye8 he asks1 anxi\sly1 by way ( introduction4 ,sid5ote3 ,ru/ic discrim9ation ,i am1 mo/ c]ta9ly1 ,i respond2 t is1 if ,i c get my good f>m]'s wife to cook !m )\t com+ !m & inundat+ !m 9 lemon-juice4 ,waal1 !n1 ,i'll say good-bye to ye1 he responds1 ) emphasis4 ,:y1 don't ye "k !m's tud/ools1 'n' !y'll kill ye z s>t9 z piz58 ,i wond] !y a9't fet*$ ye a=e ?is4 ,y nev] l>n$ tew tell mu%rooms4 ,my fa!r et 'em all 8 life1 & s hev ,i1 'n' ,i "k 'em4 ,come up into my g>d5 y5d] 'n' ,i'll %[ ye ha[ to tell ! reel mu%room4 ,!re's a lot ( 'em ?> 9 ! hot-b$ na[4 ,come along4 ,i'll give ye a mess on 'em if ye'll only ?r[ !m piz5 ?+s away4 ,& h[ d y "k t ^? 9 y\r g>d5 are real mu%rooms8 ,i inquire4 ,:y1 !y a9't any?+ l !m o' y\rn4 ,!y're p9k & black und]nea?1 & peel up f ! edge4 ,h[ _m k9ds ( mu%rooms are !re1 d y suppose8 ,i ask4 ,!y's only ! "o k9d2 all ! o!rs is tud/ools & piz54 ,x's easy to tell ! reel mu%room4 ,come up & ,i'll %[ ye4 ,don't eat !m ?+s1 ,i beg on ye6 ,i va[ !y'll kill ye6 ,at ?is po9t he cat*es a glimpse ( a ,%aggy-mane mu%room1 :i* comes to light z ,i t5d]ly fondle ! specim5s1 & :i* is evid5tly recogniz$ z an acqua9tance4 ,:at6 he exclaims1 9 pale al>m4 ,ye a9't go9' t' eat !m too8 ,oh yes ,i am1 ?is v ev5+1 ,i respond4 ,i ?9k ,i'll try !m fir/4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ru/ic au?ority ,:y1 man1 yure crazy6 ,y don't "k no?9' ab\t 'em4 ,i'd z soon ?9k o' eat9' piz5 outright4 ,!m's :at we call black-slime tud/ools4 ,!y come up out o' manure4 ,i've se5 my muck-heap 9 my b>ny>d cov]$ ) ! na/y ?+s "t 'n' ag'94 ,!y look nice 'n' :ite na[1 b !y rot into ! onsitelie/ black mess ye ev] see4 ,i "k wut ,i'm say9'4 ,ye c't tell me no?9' 'ba\t !m tud/ools6 ,!y keep com9' up along my b>n-f5ce all ?ro' ! fall--bu%els ( 'em4 ,well1 my good fri5d1 x's a great pity1 !n1 t y h n le>n$ some?+ ab\t toad/ools z well z mu%rooms1 = y might h sav$ _m a but*]'s bill1 & may 9 ! future if y w only take my ^w t ?is mu*-abus$ specim5 is z truly a mu%room z y\r p9k-gill$ peel]1 & to my m9d f> m delici\s4 ,:at6 ,d y mean to tell me !t y h reely eat5 'em8 ,yes1 inde$2 (t54 ,:y1 j look at its clean1 %aggy cap1 its creamy :ite or p9k gills und]nea?2 take a sniff ( its pleasant aroma2 & "h6 j ta/e a little piece--x's z sweet z a nut6 ,i conclude1 (f]+ him ! :ite morsel4 ,n mu*6 ,i'll make my w fir/1 ?ank'ee6 ,y let me see ye eat a mess ( 'em1 & if ! coron] don't get ye1 p'r'aps ,i'll try on't4 ,sid5ote3 ,toad/ool prejudice ,exp]i5ces simil> to ?is "o are frequ5t 9 ! c>e] ( e mycophagi/1 & s]ve to illu/rate ! pity & solicitude :i* he awak5s among 8 fell[-mortals1 z well z to emphasize ! preval5t sup]/itions reg>d+ ! comp>ative virtues ( ! mu%room & toad/ool--a prejudice :i*1 by-!-way1 9 ! abs5ce ( available popul> lit]ature on ! subject1 & ! actual dang]s :i* encompass _! popul> di/9ction1 is a mo/ b5efic5t public safegu>d4 ,sid5ote3 ,popul> te/s & sup]/itions ,! mu%room :i* he c tell is g5]ally ! ,ag>icus campe/ris1 or "o ( its sev]al v>ieties2 & kn[+ ?is alone1 & tempt$ by no o!r1 ?is sort ( village oracle escapes ! fate :i* (t5 awaits ano!r class1 :o are n ?us cons]vative1 & :o ext5d _! def9ition ( mu%room 7a ^w suppos$ to be synonym\s ) edible71 & ?is ma9ly ?r\gh ! indorsem5t ( c]ta9 s-call$ infallible te/s h&$ d[n to !m f _! =efa!rs1 & by :i* ! escul5t v>ieties may be di/+ui%$ f ! poison\s4 ,by ^! s-call$ te/s or pro(s ! id5tification ( c]ta9 species is gradually acquir$4 ,! rural fungus epicure n[ kn[s !m by sight1 or p]haps has receiv$ 8 in=mation second-h&1 & makes 8 selection )\t hesitation1 ) :at success may be judg$ f ! incid5t 9 my own exp]i5ce already not$--"o :i*1 kn[+ z ,i did ! frequ5cy & confid5ce ) :i* my c\ntry fri5d sampl$ ! fungi at 8 table1 fill$ me ) con/]nation & anxiety = 8 future4 ,h[1 !n1 %all we di/+ui% a mu%room f a toad/ool8 ,!re is no way ( di/+ui%+ !m1 = !y are ! same4 ,h[1 !n1 %all we "k a poison\s toad/ool f a h>mless "o8 ! read] hopelessly exclaims4 ,?is discrim9ation is by no means z difficult z is popul>ly suppos$1 b 9 ! fir/ place1 ! /ud5t mu/ entirely rid himself ( all preconceiv$ notions & traditions1 su* z ! foll[+ almo/ _w-wide te/s1 _m ( :i* are easily demon/rat$ to be worse ?an wor?less1 & h d\btless frequ5tly l$ to an untimely fun]al4 ,"s ( ^! are m]ely local1 & 9 widely sep>at$ di/ricts are supplant$ by o!rs equally arbitr>y & absurd1 :ile _m ( !m are z old z hi/ory4 ,,wor?less ,,traditional ,,te/s ,,= ,,! ,,discrim9ation ,,( ,,poison\s ,,& ,,edible ,,mu%rooms ,,favorable ,,signs #a4 ,pleasant ta/e & odor4 #b4 ,peel+ ( ! sk9 ( ! cap f rim to c5tre4 #c4 ,p9k gills1 turn+ br[n 9 old] specim5s4 #d4 ,! /em easily pull$ out ( ! cap & ins]t$ 9 x l a p>asol h&le4 #e4 ,solid /ems4 #f4 ,mu/ be ga!r$ 9 ! morn+4 #g4 ,any fungus hav+ a pleasant ta/e & odor1 be+ f\nd simil>ly agreeable aft] be+ pla9ly broil$ )\t ! lea/ season+1 is p]fectly safe4 ,,unfavorable ,,signs #h4 ,boil+ ) a silv] spoon1 ! /a9+ ( ! silv] indicat+ dang]4 #i4 ,*ange ( color 9 ! fracture ( ! fre% mu%room4 #aj4 ,slimy or /icky on ! top4 #aa4 ,hav+ ! /ems at _! sides4 #ab4 ,gr[+ 9 clu/]s4 #ac4 ,f\nd 9 d>k1 damp places4 #ad4 ,gr[+ on wood1 decay$ logs1 or /umps4 #ae4 ,gr[+ on or ne> manure4 #af4 ,hav+ bright colors4 #ag4 ,conta9+ milky juice4 #ah4 ,hav+ ! gill plates ( ev5 l5g?4 #ai4 ,melt+ into black fluid4 #bj4 ,bit+ ! tongue or hav+ a bitt] or nauseat+ ta/e4 #ba4 ,*ang+ color by imm]sion 9 salt-wat]1 or ^u be+ du/$ ) salt4 ,^! pres5t b a selection ( ! m preval5t notions4 ,tak5 9 toto1 !y w\ld prove entirely safe1 z !y w\ld practically exclude e species ( mu%room or toad/ool t gr[s4 ,b z a rule ! village oracle bases 8 infallibility ^u two or ?ree ( ! above rules1 & inasmu* z ! entire li/ absolutely omits ! only "o te/ by :i* dang] is to be avoid$1 x is a sev5-days' wond] t ! grewsome toad/ool epitaph is n m frequ5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,absolute wor?lessness ( above te/s ,i once knew an ag$ dame :o 0 accept$ z a village oracle on ?is z well z o!r topics1 su* z div9+1 palmi/ry1 & =tune-tell+1 & :o ate & disp5s$ toad/ools on a few ( ! above rules4 ,/range to say1 %e liv$ to a good old age1 & no increas$ mortality is cr$it$ to h] memory z a result ( h] g5]osity4 ,h[ are ^! popul> notions su/a9$ by ! facts8 ,let u analyze !m s]iatim & confront ea* ) its refutation1 ! bett] to %[ _! entire untru/wor?9ess4 ,,popul> ,,te/s ,,refut$ ,sid5ote3 ,wor?less popul> te/s ,pleasant ta/e & odor 7#a7 is a conspicu\s feature 9 ! regul> mu%room 7,ag>icus campe/ris71 & mo/ o!r edible fungi1 b z a crit]ion = safety x is a mock]y4 ,! deadly ,ag>icus amanita1 already m5tion$1 has an invit+ odor & to mo/ p a pleasant ta/e :5 raw1 & be+ cook$ & eat5 gives no tok5 ( its fatal res\rces until f six to twelve h\rs aft]1 :5 its un=tunate victim is pa/ hope4 7,see p4 #fh47 ,! ready peel+ ( ! sk9 7#b7 is "o ( ! mo/ widely preval5t pro(s ( probation1 & is (t5 consid]$ a suffici5t te/2 yet ! ,amanita w be f\nd to peel ) a degree ( accommodation :i* w\ld ?us at once settle its claims z a mu%room4 ,inde$1 a l>ge numb] ( species1 includ+ sev]al poison\s k9ds1 w peel z p]fectly z ! ,campe/ris4 ,! p9k gills turn+ br[n7#c7 is a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! mu%room 7,a4 campe/ris1 ,plate #e71 &1 be+ a r>e t9t among ! fungus tribe1 is really "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( ! te/s1 especially z x is limit$ by rules affect+ o!r p9k-gill$ species4 ,! /em be+ easily pull$ out ( ! cap 7#d7 applies to sev]al edible species1 b equally to ! poison\s4 ,sid5ote3 ,wor?less popul> te/s ,! notion t edible mu%rooms h solid /ems 7#e7 w\ld be a v unsafe talisman = u to take to ! woods 9 our se>* = fungus-food4 ,_m poison\s species are ?us solid--! emetic ,russula1 = example--:ile ! alleg$ importance ( ! morn+ specim5s 7#f7 is )\t ! slighte/ f\ndation4 ,! passage quot$ "h 7#g71 or a /atem5t to ! same effect1 0 q widely circulat$ 9 ! newspap]s a doz5 or m ye>s ago1 9 an article :i* bore all ! indications ( au?oritative utt]ance1 ! assumption be+ t ! poison\s mu%room w\ld inv>iably give "s =bidd+ tok5 to ! s5ses by :i* x might be discrim9at$4 ,woe to ! fungus epicure :o %\ld sample 8 mu%rooms & toad/ools on su* a crit]ion z ?is1 z ! mo/ fatal ( all mu%rooms1 ! ,amanita v]nus1 w\ld fulfil all ^! requisites4 ,! discoloration ( silv] 7#h7 is a te/ z old z ,pl9y at lea/1 a _w-wide popul> t\*/one = ! detection ( delet]i\s fungi1 b useful only 9 ! fact t x w (t5 exclude a poison n contemplat$ 9 ! discrim9ation4 ,on ?is po9t1 especially z x af=ds opportunity to emphasize a common disappo9tm5t ( ! mu%room-eat]1 ,i quote f a rec5t "w by ,julius ,a4 ,palm] 7see ,bibliography1 ,no4 #c73 ,mu%rooms decay v rapidly4 ,9 a %ort "t a fair1 solid fungus becomes a mass ( maggots :i* eat its tissue until its sub/ance is honey-comb$2 ^! cells1 on a w>m day1 are *>g$ ) ! vapors ( decomposition4 ,n[ y put su* mu%rooms z ^! 7& ,i h se5 j su* on ! m>kets ( ,bo/on & ,london7 ov] ! fire4 ,9 boil+1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 or o!r noxi\s gases are lib]at$2 y /ir ) a bright spoon & x is discolor$2 pr\d ( y\r te/1 y ?r[ away y\r /ew4 ,n[ ?is is "r1 b if f ?is y conclude t all fungus :i* discolors silv] is poison\s & t :i* leaves x bright is escul5t1 y are 9 dang]\s error4 ,x is ! same ) fi% at sea4 ,tradition says t y mu/ fry a piece ( silv] ) !m & ?r[ !m away if x discolors4 ,c]ta9ly ! exp]im5t does no h>m1 & %[s a decomposition 9 bo? cases :i* might h be5 detect$ )\t ! *>m4 ,oppos$ to ?is s-call$ talisman1 h[ grim is ! fact t ! deadlie/ ( all mu%rooms1 ! ,amanita1 9 its fre% condition1 has no effect ^u silv]4 ,sid5ote3 ,wor?less popul> te/s ,! *ange ( color 9 fracture 7#i7 has long be5 a ban to ! fungus z food4 ,b ?is w\ld exclude sev]al v delici\s species1 :i* turn blui%1 gre5i%1 & r$ :5 brok5--viz41 ,boletus subtom5tosus 7,plate #bb71 ,boletus /robilaceus 7,plate #bc71 & ,lact>ius 7,plate #ah74 ,! toad/ools ) /icky tops ?us discrim9at$ aga9/ 7#aj7 include a numb] ( escul5t species1 ,boleti & ,russul1 & o!rs1 z d also ! v>ieties ) side-/ems 7#aa7--viz41 ,ag>icus ulm>ius 7,plate #ae71 ,fi/ul9a hepatica 7,plate #be71 ,ag>icus o/reatus 7,plate #ad71 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,wor?less popul> te/s ,! clu/]$ fungi 7#ab7 h long be5 includ$ 9 ! black-li/ )\t reason1 z witness ! foll[+ e/eem$ escul5t species3 ,! ,%aggy-mane 7,plate #af71 ,copr9us atram5t>ius 7,plate #ag71 ,oy/] mu%room 7,plate #ad71 ,elm mu%room 7,plate #ae71 ,puff-balls 7,plate #cd71 & ,*ampignon 7,plate #h74 ,to exclude all fungi :i* gr[ 9 d>k1 damp places 7#ac7 is a s+ul> inconsi/5cy1 z 9 "s localities ?is w\ld elim9ate ! v "o species ( mu%room admitt$ly eatable by popul> favor4 ,9 _m c\ntries ^! are regul>ly cultivat$ = m>ket 9 d>k1 damp1 subt]ranean cav]ns or 9 cell>s4 ,inde$1 ! d>k1 damp place w\ld appe> to be ! ideal habitat ( ?is ! only mu%room6 ,equally absurd is ! discrim9ation aga9/ ^? gr[+ on wood 7#ad71 :i* aga9 deprives u ( ! delici\s ,hydnum 7,plate #bg71 ! ,beef/eak 7,plate #be71 ,oy/] mu%room 7,plate #ad71 ,elm mu%room 7,plate #ae71 & _m o!rs1 includ+ ,puff-balls 7,plate #cd74 ,if we exclude ^? gr[+ ^u or ne> manure 7#ae71 we %all be oblig$ to omit ! ,copr9us gr\p 7,plates #af & #ag71 & (t5 ! reel mu%room z well4 ,among ! bright-color$ species 7#af71 x is true1 are _m dang]\s individuals1 z1 = in/ance1 ! deadly ,fly ,amanita ( ,plate #d1 & ! emetic ,russula 7,plate #ac71 b on ?is fiat we %\ld h to reject ! o!r brilliant escul5t ,russul 7,plates #aa & #ab71 ! brilliant yell[ ,*ant>elle 7,plate #ai71 ! ,lact>ius 7,plate #ah71 & v>i\s o!r equally palatable & :olesome species4 ,sid5ote3 ,wor?less popul> te/s ,! objection aga9/ milky mu%rooms 7#ag7 w\ld s]ve to exclude ! poison\s species ( ,lact>ius1 b w\ld ?us include at lea/ two ( ! delici\s species ( ! gr\p1 ,l4 deliciosus1 ) orange milk 7,plate #ah71 & ,l4 pip]atus1 ano!r species ) :ite milk n figur$ 9 ?is volume4 ,! gr\p ( ,russul1 mo/ ( :i* are escul5t1 is notable = _! gills ( ev5 l5g? 7#ah71 ?\gh n all ! species are ?us *>act]iz$4 ,?is discrim9ation1 h[ev]1 especially applies to ! ,%aggy-mane 7,plate #af71 :i* is conspicu\sly ev5-gill$1 & is a decid$ delicacy4 ,?is species1 toge!r ) its cong5]1 ! edible ,copr9us atram5t>ius 7,plate #ag71 are notori\s = _! melt+ into black fluid 7#ai71 :i* is ?us ( no significance z a te/1 al?\gh ! mu%rooms are n suppos$ to be eat5 9 ?is /age ( deliquesc5ce4 ,a fungus :i* bites ! tongue 7#bj7 :5 ta/$ w\ld naturally be exclud$ f our mu%room diet1 z w\ld also1 ( c\rse1 ^? ( a bitt] or nauseat+ ta/e2 b sev]al species1 notably ! ,lact>ius pip]atus1 z its "n implies1 is v hot & pepp]y :5 raw--a *>act]i/ic :i* disappe>s 9 cook+1 aft] :i* x is p]fectly escul5t4 ,! same applies 9 a sc>cely less degree to ! ,ag>icus melleus1 & less s to ! ,hydnum rep&um 7,plate #bg71 & o!r mu%rooms4 ,b ! poison\s ,russula emetica 7,plate #ac7 gives ?is same hot1 w>n+ tang1 & ?is rule 7#ag7 w\ld at lea/ ?us exclude ! h>mful species1 & is ?us contributive to popul> safety4 ,sid5ote3 ,wor?less popul> te/s ,! salt te/ 7#ba71 ) t ( ! silv] *>m1 is also a relic ( ! dim pa/1 b is absolutely useless z a t\*/one4 ,_m poison\s species1 notably ! ,amanita1 fail to answ] to x4 ,all au?orities agree1 h[ev]1 t ! addition ( salt 9 cook+1 or ! prep>atory soak+ ( specim5s 9 br9e1 has a t5d5cy to r5d] poison\s species innocu\s4 ,inde$1 x is claim$ t 9 ,russia & else:]e on ! ,cont95t _m admitt$ly poison\s species1 ev5 ! deadly ,fly ,amanita1 is habitually eat5 subsequ5t to ?is semi-corn+ process1 by :i* ! poison\s *emical pr9ciple is neutraliz$4 ,sid5ote3 ,omission ( ! only true te/ ,among ?is long li/1 & _m o!r equally arbitr>y & ignorant prejudicial traditions1 _m ( :i* date back to ! e>lie/ times1 x is inde$ a/oni%+ to note ! conspicu\s abs5ce ( ! "o & only valuable sign by :i* ! fatal species c\ld be unmi/akably det]m9$--a symbol :i* 0 res]v$ = botanical sci5ce to discov]3 ! pres5ce ( ! cup 9 ! ,amanita1 :i* is po9t$ly emphasiz$ 9 my ,frontispiece1 & ! importance ( :i* z a botanical & caution>y di/9ction is consid]$ at m l5g? 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,x is well to consid] = a mom5t :at is impli$ 9 ,a ,,poison\s ,,mu%room ,a fungus may be poison\s 9 v>i\s ways3 #a4 ,a di/9ct & c]ta9 deadly poison4 #b4 ,! cause ( viol5t dige/ive or o!r functional di/urbance1 b n necess>ily fatal4 #c4 ,! occasion ( m or less s]i\s physical d]angem5t ?r\gh m]e indige/ibility4 #d4 ,productive ( simil> disord]s ?r\gh ! employm5t ( decay$ or wormy specim5s ( p]fectly escul5t species4 #e4 ,^! same escul5t species1 ev5 9 _! fre% condition1 may become highly noxi\s by contact or conf9em5t ) specim5s ( ! ,amanita by ! absorption ( its volatile poison1 z fur!r describ$ on p4 #fi4 ,sid5ote3 ,conc]n+ idiosyncrasy ,& la/ly comes ! "q ( idiosyncrasy1 a consid]ation :i* is ( c\rse n tak5 into acc\nt 9 our recomm5dation ( c]ta9 well-e/abli%$ food v>ieties4 ,sid5ote3 ,decay+ mu%rooms ,sid5ote3 ,fre% specim5s ,"o man's food ano!r man's poison4 ,! sc5t ( ! rose is sometimes a s]i\s affliction1 & ev5 ! delici\s /rawb]ry has repeat$ly prov5 a poison4 ,ev5 ! mo/ :olesome mu%room w occasionally require to be discrim9at$ aga9/1 z c]ta9 individuals f9d x necess>y to exclude cabbage1 milk1 onions1 & o!r common food f _! diet4 ,:5 we reflect1 moreov]1 t 9 its ess5tial *emical aff9ities ! fungus simulates animal fle%1 & _m ( ! l>g] & m solid v>ieties are simil>ly subject to spe$y decomposition1 x is obvi\sly important t all fungi procur$ = ! table %\ld be collect$ 9 _! prime1 & prep>$ & s]v$ z quickly z possible4 ,m ?an "o case ( suppos$ mu%room poison+ c\ld be directly trac$ to c>elessness 9 ?is reg>d1 :5 ! species !mselves1 9 _! prop] condition1 _h be5 p]fectly :olesome4 ,sid5ote3 ,no g5]al rule = id5tification ,!re c be no g5]al rule laid d[n = ! discrim9ation ( an edible fungus4 ,ea* mu/ be le>n$ z a species1 or at lea/ famili>iz$ z a k9d1 ev5 z we le>n to recognize c]ta9 fl[]s1 trees1 or birds4 ,)9 a c]ta9 range ?is discrim9ation is practis$ by ! m]e/ *ild4 ,h[ are ! rob91 ! *ippy1 & ! swall[ recogniz$1 or ! r$ clov]1 & :ite clov]1 & yell[ clov]8 ,sid5ote3 ,simple botanical discrim9ation ,ev5 9 ! in/ances ( species :i* be> a v close outw>d simil>ity1 h[ simple1 aft] all1 does ! di/9ction become4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is ! wild-lettuce1 & its mimic1 ! mulg$ium1 gr[+ side by side--to n9ety-n9e out ( a hundr$ obs]v]s absolutely alike1 & app>5tly ! same species4 ,b h[ readily are !y di/+ui%$1 ,i w n say by ! botani/ m]ely1 b by any "o :o w take ! small pa9s ( contra/+ _! specific botanical *>act]s--p]fectly infallible1 no matt] h[ v>i\s ! masqu]ade ( _! foliage4 ,! lettuce has yell[ blossoms1 & a se$ prolong$ into a long beak1 to ^: tip ! fea!ry pappus is atta*$4 ,! mulg$ium has dull blui% fl[]s1 & its pappus is atta*$ to ! se$ by a h>dly p]ceptible elongation4 ,z ) ! birds & wild-fl[]s1 s ) ! fungi3 we mu/ le>n !m z species1 ev5 z we le>n to di/+ui% ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! trefoil ( ! clov] & t ( ! wood-sorrel1 or betwe5 ! innocu\s wild-c>rot & ! poison-hemlock1 ! h>mless /ag-horn suma* & its v5om\s cong5]1 ! ,rhus v55ata4 ,!re are p>allel outw>d resemblances betwe5 escul5t & poison\s fungi1 b ea* possesses o!rwise its own special features by :i* x may be id5tifi$--v>iations ( gills1 pores1 spores1 ta/e1 odor1 color1 juice1 consi/5cy ( pulp1 me?od ( decay1 etc4 ,x mu/ n be presum$ t ! li/ ( edible species j cit$ f ! catalogue ( ,dr4 ,curtis includes all ! escul5ts among ! fungi4 ,dr4 ,h>kness has discov]$ & classifi$ _m o!rs4 ,mr4 ,palm] & ,pr(4 ,*>les ,peck are nev] at a loss = _! mess ( mu%rooms among _! li/ ( ne>ly a hundr$ species1 :ile ,mr4 ,*>les ,mc,ilvaine1 ^: "n1 s f> z its practical au?ority is conc]n$1 %\ld appe> m prom95tly 9 my bibliographical li/1 b :o has n yet incorporat$ 8 _m mycological essays 9 book =m1 writes me t he has te/$ ga/ronomically a ho/ ( species1 & has f\nd ov] ?ree hundr$ to be edible1 or at lea/ h>mless4 ,x may be said t ! probabilities w\ld include a l>ge majority ( ! ?\s& species 9 ! same category4 ,b ?is is a matt] :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( absolute k1 is m]e conjecture4 ,( ! =ty-odd species :i* ! writ] enjoys ) m or less frequ5cy at 8 table1 he is satisfi$ t he c select at lea/ ?irty :i* possess su* di/9ct & /rongly m>k$ *>act]s ( =m1 /ructure1 & o!r special qualities z to enable !m1 by ! aid ( c>eful portraiture & brief description1 to be easily recogniz$1 ev5 by a tyro4 ,z previ\sly emphasiz$1 ! pres5t "w does n aim to be complete1 nor does x contemplate a practical utility beyond its specific recomm5dations1 nor w ! au?or assume any responsibility = ! haz>d :i* %all exce$ its re/rict$ li/ ( species4 ,sid5ote3 ,humanity & =bidd5 fruit ,on g5]al pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 consid]+ ! pron5ess ( humanity t[>ds ! acquisition ( =bidd5 fruit1 & reason+ f my own actual exp]i5ce1 & t ( _m o!rs to :om ?is fasc9at+ hobby ( epicurean fungology has become a gr[+ passion1 x may almo/ be assum$ t ! fungus appetite ) _m ( my read]s w increase by :at x fe$s on1 & ! suffici5cy h]e) (f]$ w sc>cely suffice4 ,l ,oliv] ,twi/1 !y mu/ ne$s h m4 ,! glory ( a new acquisition to ! fungus m5u1 & emulation ( o!r rival tyro mycophagi/s1 w d\btless lead _m en?usia/s to m or less haz>d\s exp]im5t among ! legion ( ! unkn[n species4 ,?is logical t5d5cy1 !n1 mu/ be met ere my book c safely & consci5ti\sly be laun*$ ^u its c>e]1 to :i* purpose ,i w\ld app5d ! foll[+ cond5s$ ,,rules ,,= ,,! ,,v5turesome #a4 ,avoid e mu%room hav+ a cup1 or sugge/ion ( su*1 at base 7see ,frontispiece1 & ,plates #c & #d72 ! di/9ctly fatal poisons are ?us exclud$4 #b4 ,exclude ^? hav+ an unpleasant odor1 a pepp]y1 bitt]1 or o!r unpalatable flavor1 or t\gh consi/5cy4 #c4 ,exclude ^? infe/$ ) worms1 or 9 advanc$ age or decay4 #d4 ,9 te/+ o!rs :i* w pass ! above probation let ! specim5 be kept by itself1 n 9 contact ) or enclos$ 9 ! same basket ) o!r species1 = reasons giv5 on page #fi4 ,sid5ote3 ,te/+ new species ,beg9 by a m]e nibble1 ! size ( a pea1 & g5tle ma/ication1 be+ c>eful to swall[ no saliva1 & f9ally expell+ all f ! m\?4 ,if no noticeable results foll[1 ! next trial1 ) ! int]val ( a day1 ) ! same quantity may p]mit ( a swall[ ( a little ( ! juice1 ! fragm5ts ( ! fungus expell$ z be=e4 ,no unpleasantness foll[+ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! ?ird trial may p]mit ( a simil> entire fragm5t be+ swall[$1 all ( ^! exp]im5ts to be made on an empty /oma*4 ,if ?is introduction ( ! actual sub/ance ( ! fungus into ! /oma* is sup]s$$ by no di/urbance 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 a l>g] piece1 ! size ( a hazel-nut1 may be attempt$1 & ?us ! am\nt gradually increas$ day by day until ! demon/ration ( edibility1 or at lea/ h>mlessness1 is complete1 & ! species ?us admitt$ into ! safe li/4 ,by foll[+ ?is me?od ) ! utmo/ caution ! exp]im5t] c at be/ suff] b a slight tempor>y indisposition z ! result ( 8 h>dihood1 9 ! ev5t ( a noisome species hav+ be5 enc\nt]$1 & w at lea/ ?us h ! satisfaction ( discov]y ( an enemy if n a fri5d4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,mc,ilvaine's g5]al rule ,x may be said t any mu%room1 omitt+ ! ,amanita1 :i* is pleasant to ! ta/e & o!rwise agreeable z to odor & texture :5 raw1 is probably h>mless1 & may safely be ?us v5tur$ on ) a view ( e/abli%+ its edibility4 ,a prom95t au?ority on our edible mu%rooms1 already m5tion$1 applies ?is rule to all ! ,ag>ics ) confid5ce4 ,?is rule may be e/abli%$1 he says3 ,all ,ag>ics--except+ ! ,amanit--mild to ! ta/e :5 raw1 if !y comm5d !mselves 9 o!r ways1 are edible4 ,?is claim is borne out 9 8 exp]i5ce1 ) ! result1 already told1 t he n[ numb]s ov] "o hundr$ species among 8 habitual edible li/ out ( ! ?ree hundr$ :i* he has actually f\nd by p]sonal te/ to be edible or h>mless4 ,s num]\s are toad/ools1 he cont9ues1 & s well does a /udy ( !m def9e _! habits & habitats1 t ! writ] nev] fails ^u any day f ,april to ,decemb] to f9d ample supply ( heal?y1 nutriti\s1 delicate toad/ools = himself & family4 ,! italiciz$ portion is my own1 z ,i w\ld ?us emphasize ! simil> possibilities amply af=d$ ev5 9 ! pres5t cond5s$ li/ ( ab\t ?irty v>ieties h]e9 describ$4 ,sid5ote3 ,h9ts to mu%room-ga!r]s ,9 ga!r+ mu%rooms "o %\ld be suppli$ ) a %>p knife4 ,! mu%room %\ld be c>efully cut (f an in* or s bel[ ! cap1 or at lea/ suffici5tly f> above ! gr\nd to escape all signs ( dirt on ! /em4 ,!y %\ld !n be laid gills upw>d 9 _! receptacle1 & x is well to h a special basket1 arrang$ ) "o or two removable bottoms or horizontal p>titions1 :i* are kept 9 place by upright props )91 ?us reliev+ ! l[] lay]s ( mu%rooms f ! weight ( ^? above !m4 ,su* a basket is almo/ indisp5sable4 ,sid5ote3 ,insects infe/+ mu%rooms ,be=e prep>+ mu%rooms = ! table1 ! specim5s %\ld be c>efully scrut9iz$ = a class ( fungus speciali/s :i* we h n tak5 into acc\nt1 & :i* h probably anticipat$ u4 ,! mu%room is prov]bial = its rapid developm5t1 b nature has n all[$ x ?us to escape ! usual p5alties ( lu% vegetation1 z witness ?is sw>m+1 squirm+ ho/1 m9ute grubs1 :i* occasionally honey-comb or holl[ its entire sub/ance ere x has rea*$ its prime2 inde$1 9 _m cases1 ev5 be=e x has fully exp&$ or ev5 protrud$ above gr\nd4 ,sid5ote3 ,hi/ory ( fungus insects ,l ! c>rion-flies1 ! bees1 & wasps1 :i* 9 e>ly times 7 believ$ to be ( spontane\s orig9--flies be+ g5]at$ f putrefaction1 bees f dead bulls1 & ! m>tial wasps f defunct w>-horses--^! fungus sw>ms :i* s spe$ily r$uce a fair specim5 ( a mu%room to a melt+ loa?some mass1 7 also suppos$ to be ! natural prog5y ( ! poison\s toad/ool4 ,b sci5ce has solv$ ! riddle ( _! my/]i\s omnipres5ce among ! fungi1 ea* p>ticul> sw>m ( grubs be+ ! witness ( a =m] visit ( a mat]nal p>5t insect1 :i* has s\ght ! budd+ fungus 9 its haunts (t5 be=e x has fully reveal$ itself to human gaze1 & implant$ )9 its sub/ance h] hundr$ or m eggs4 ,to ! un$ucat$ eye ^! l>v all appe> simil>1 b ! speciali/ 9 entomology readily di/+ui%es betwe5 !m z ! "y ( ?is or t species ( fly1 gnat1 or beetle4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! assiduity ) :i* ! hi/ory ( ^! t9y scav5g] insects has be5 foll[$ by sci5ce1 ,i may m5tion t 9 ! gnat gr\p alone ov] sev5 hundr$ species h be5 discov]$ & sci5tifically describ$1 _m ( !m requir+ a p[]ful magnifi] to reveal _! id5tities4 ,specim5s ( infect$ or decay+ mu%rooms pres]v$ )9 a tightly clos$ box--&1 we w\ld sugge/1 duly qu>ant9$--w at l5g? reveal ! imago =ms ( ! voraci\s l>v3 g5]ally a sw>m ( t9y gnats or flies1 ) an occasional spr9kl+ ( small glossy black beetles1 or p]haps a beautiful indigo-blue insect half an in* 9 l5g?1 ( mo/ n]v\s habit1 & possess$ ( a long & v active tail4 ,?is insect is an example ( ! curi\s gr\p ( rove-beetles--/aphyl9us--a family ( insect scav5g]s1 _m ( ^: species dep5d ^u ! fungi = subsi/5ce4 ,ev5 ! l>ge woody gr[? kn[n z punk or t\*-wood1 s frequ5tly se5 ^u decay+ trunks1 is n sp>$4 ,a huge specim5 9 my keep+ 0 lit]ally r$uc$ to du/ by a s+le species ( beetle4 ,sid5ote3 ,a wise precaution ,consid]+ ! preval5ce ( ^! fungus ho/s1 x is well 9 all mu%rooms to take ! precaution ( mak+ a v]tical section ?r\gh /em & cap1 exclud+ su* specim5s z are conspicu\sly monopoliz$1 & n be+ too critical ( ! re/1 = ! ov]-fa/idi\s g\rmet w (t5 ?us h little to %[ = 8 morn+ walk4 ,i h ga!r$ a hundr$ specim5s ( fungi 9 "o /roll1 p]haps n a qu>t] ( :i*1 ^u c>eful scrut9y1 ?\gh fair ( ext]ior1 w\ld be fit = ! table4 ,! fungus-hunt] p> excell5ce has usually be5 !re be=e u & left 8 m>k 7see page #ace7--;a m]e f9e br[n /reak or tunnel1 p]haps1 w9d+ ?r\gh ! pulp or /em1 :]e 8 m9ute fungoid id5tity is ev5 yet secret$4 ,b we bigg] fungus-eat]s gradually le>n to accept him--if n too outrage\sly promiscu\s--z a natural "p & p>cel ( our ,ha*is aux ,*ampignons1 or our simple mu%rooms on toa/1 ev5 z we w9k at ! simil> lively accessories :i* sophi/icate our delectable rais9s1 prunes1 & figs1 to say no?+ ( prime old ,ro*e=t6 ,,mu%room ,,poison+ ,9 conclusion1 le/ ^! pages1 9 spite ( ! impress ( caution ) :i* !y are weight$1 %\ld lead to discomfiture1 di/ress1 or m s]i\s results among _! m c>eless read]s1 x is well to devote a few l9es to directions = m$ical treatm5t :]e su* %\ld seem to be requir$4 ,to ?is end ,i quote a passage f an article 9 ! ,!rapeutic ,gazette ( ,may1 #ahic1 f ! p5 ( ,mr4 ,mc,ilvaine1 ^: _m ye>s' exp]i5ce ) ga/ronomic fungi entitles 8 words to c>eful consid]ation3 ,sid5ote3 ,diagnosis & treatm5t ,! physician call$ ^u to treat a case ( toad/ool poison+ ne$ n wait to qu]y aft] ! v>iety eat52 he ne$ n wi% to see a sample4 ,8 fir/ endeavor %\ld be to asc]ta9 ! exact "t elaps+ betwe5 ! eat+ ( ! toad/ools & ! fir/ feel+ ( discom=t4 ,if ?is is )9 f\r or five h\rs "o ( ! m9or poisons is at "w1 & rapid relief mu/ be giv5 by ! adm9i/ration ( an emetic1 foll[$ by "o or two mod]ate doses ( sweet-oil & :iskey1 9 equal p>ts4 ,v9eg> is effective z a sub/itute = sweet-oil4 ,if f eight to twelve h\rs h elaps$1 ! physician may re/ assur$ t amanit9e is pres5t1 & %\ld adm9i/] "o-sixtie? ( a gra9 ( atrop9e at once4 ,?is atrop9e is int5d$ to be inject$ hypod]mically1 & ! treatm5t repeat$ e half-h\r until "o-tw5tie? ( a gra9 has be5 giv51 or ! pati5t's life sav$4 ,fur!r consid]ation ( ! ,amanita & its deadly poison & antidote1 ) details z to treatm5t 9 a notable case1 w be res]v$ = ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,! color$ plates 9 ! volume 7 prep>$ f p5cil draw+s t9t$ 9 wat]-color1 _m ( !m direct f nature1 sev]al dat+ back fifte5 ye>s1 & _m ( !m ov] tw5ty ye>s1 = _! orig9al sket*4 ,! colors z pres5t$ indicate ^? ( typical individuals ( ! v>i\s species1 & ea*1 9 addition to ! ext5d$ description 9 ! text ( ! volume1 is fac$ by a cond5s$ description = ready ref]5ce1 ! usual tr\blesome necessity ( turn+ ! pages be+ ?us avoid$4 ,9 ea* plate dim5sion m>ks are %[n :i* indicate ! expansion ( ! pileus or cap ( ! fungus 9 an ideal specim54 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,ackn[l$gm5ts ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is "w1 ackn[l$gm5ts are specially due to ,messrs4 ,julius ,a4 ,palm] & ,*>les ,mc,ilvaine = ! privilege ( lib]al quotations f _! publi%$ works1 especially ) ref]5ce to ! poison\s fungi4 ,! volume is also fur!r indebt$ = occasional extracts f ! /&>d works ( ,pr(4 ,*as4 ,peck1 ,mrs4 ,t4 ,j4 ,hussey1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,d4 ,badham1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,c4 ,cooke1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,b]keley1 ,wor?+ton ,smi?1 & ,rev4 ,m4 ,a4 ,curtis1 all ( ^: volumes & v>i\s o!r contributions on ! special subject ( mycophagy are includ$ 9 my bibliography on a lat] page4 ,w4 ,,hamilton ,,gibson ,octob] #a1 #ahid ,,wa%+ton1 ,,conn4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,deadly ,amanita ,! ,deadly ,amanita ,! frequ5cy ( ?is t]rible foe 9 all our woods1 & ! ev]-recurr+ fatalities :i* are cont9ually trac$ to its s$uctive trea*]y 7"s tw5ty-five dea?s hav+ be5 record$ 9 ! public j\rnals dur+ ! summ] ( #ahic alone71 r5d] x important t its tee? %\ld be drawn1 & its portrait plac>d$ & popul>ly famili>iz$ z an ar*5emy ( mank9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,a :it$ sepul*re ,z we h se51 f e sup]ficial /&po9t1 ?is species is self-comm5datory4 ,x is1 )\t d\bt1 9 comel9ess1 symmetry1 & /ructure1 ! ideal ( all our mu%rooms1 z x is1 inde$1 ! botanical type ( ! tribe ,ag>icus1 z well z its mo/ notori\s g5us4 ,s9ce ! "t ( t c>\s+ "y lunatic ,n]o1 :o1 d\btless1 0 wont to make m]ry ) its conv5i5t poison1 ^u "o occasion1 x is record$ by ,pl9y1 to ! presumably amus+ ext9ction ( ! entire gue/s ( a banquet1 toge!r ) ! prefect ( ! gu>d & a small ho/ ( tribunes & c5turions1 ! ,amanita has claim$ an army ( victims4 ,sid5ote3 ,easily id5tifi$ botanically ,:ile giv+ no sup]ficial tok5 ( its dang]\s "* to ! casual obs]v]1 ! ,amanita1 z a g5us & a species1 is nev]!less easily id5tifi$1 if ! mu%room collector w = ! mom5t consid] x f ! botanical r ?an ! s5su\s or gu/atorial /&po9t4 ,! deadly ,amanita ne$ no long] impose ^u ! fa/idi\s fea/] 9 ! guise ( ! da9ty legume ( 8 m5u1 or z a contam9at+1 fatal +r$i5t 9 ! o!rwise :olesome ragot4 ,sid5ote3 ,amanita v]nus ,9 ,plate #c ,i h pres5t$ ! reprobate ,amanita v]nus 9 its protean progressive proportions f infancy to maturity4 ,?is is especially desirable1 9 t ! fungus is equally dang]\s z an infant1 & also because ! developm5t ( its gr[? specially emphasizes botanically ! "o important /ructural "* by :i* ! species or g5us may be easily di/+ui%$4 ,let u1 !n1 consid] ! specim5 z a type ( ! tribe ,ag>icus 7gill$ mu%room1 see p4 #gi71 g5us ,amanita4 ,sid5ote3 ,vegetation ( an ,ag>ic ,sid5ote3 ,! dang] signal ,ye> aft] ye> we are sure ( f9d+ ?is species1 or o!rs ( ! g5us1 especially 9 ! spr+ & summ]1 its favorite haunt be+ ! woods4 ,its spores1 l o!r mu%rooms1 are %$ ^u ! gr\nd f ! :ite gills b5ea?1 z describ$ 9 our *apt] on ,spore-pr9ts1 or waft$ to ! ends ( ! e>? on ! breeze1 & ev5tually1 ^u hav+ f\nd a suitable habitat1 vegetate 9 ! =m ( webby1 :ite1 m\ld-l gr[?--mycelium--:i* ?reads ?r\gh ! dead leaves1 ! e>?1 or decay+ wood4 ,?is runn+ gr[? is botanically consid]$ z ! true fungus1 ! f9al mu%room be+ ! fruit1 ^: function is ! dissem9ation ( ! spores4 ,aft] a ra91 or :5 ! conditions are o!rwise suitable1 a c]ta9 po9t among ?is webby tangle b5ea? ! gr\nd becomes sudd5ly quick5$ into a/oni%+ cell-mak+ en]gy1 & a small r\nd$ nodule beg9s to =m1 :i* cont9ues to develop ) great rapidity 7,plate #b74 ,9 a few h\rs m x has pu%$ its head above gr\nd1 & n[ appe>s l an egg1 z at ,a1 ,plate #c4 ,! successive /ages 9 its developm5t are cle>ly indicat$ 9 ! draw+s4 ,ea* repres5ts an int]val ( an h\r or two1 or m1 ! mo/ sugge/ive & important feature be+ ! out] envelope1 or volva1 :i* encloses ! actual mu%room--at fir/ completely1 !n 9 a ruptur$ condition1 until 9 ! mature gr[? ! only ve/ige ( x :i* appe>s above gr\nd are ! few %r$s g5]ally1 ?\gh n always1 to be se5 on ! top ( ! cap4 ,! mo/ important "* ( ?is deadly ,amanita is1 !re=e1 app>5tly ) almo/ artful malice prep5se1 (t5 conceal$ f our view 9 ! mature specim51 ! only remnant ( ! orig9al out] sack be+ ! cup or socket ab\t ! base ( ! /em1 :i* is g5]ally hidd5 "u gr\nd1 & usually !re rema9s aft] we pluck ! specim54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,mycelium1 ,,& ,,e>ly ,,vegetation ,,( ,a ,,mu%room ,sid5ote3 ,! poison-cup ,?is poison-cup may be tak5 z ! caution>y symbol ( ! g5us ,amanita1 common to all ! species4 ,any mu%room or toad/ool1 !re=e1 ^: /em is ?us set 9 a socket1 or :i* has any sugge/ion ( su* a socket1 %\ld be labell$ poison2 =1 ?\gh "s ( ! species hav+ ?is cup are edible1 f ! popul> po9t ( view1 x is wis] & c]ta9ly saf] to condemn ! entire gr\p4 ,b ! cup mu/ be s\ght =4 ,we %all ?us at lea/ avoid ! possible dang] ( a fatal t]m9ation to our amateur exp]im5ts 9 gu/atory mycology2 =1 :ile v>i\s o!r mu%rooms might1 & d1 induce ev5 s]i\s illness ?r\gh dige/ive di/urbance1 & second>y1 possibly fatal1 complications1 ! ,amanita gr\p are n[ conc$$ to be ! only fungi :i* conta9 a positive1 active poison\s pr9ciple ^: c]ta9 logical consequ5ce is dea?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! veil or %r\d ,ano!r /ructural feature ( ! ,amanita is %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 b has be5 omitt$ f ! above consid]ation to avoid confusion4 ,?is is ! veil :i*1 9 ! "y mu%room1 orig9ally connect$ ! edge ( ! cap1 or pileus1 ) ! /em1 & ^: gradual rupture necess>ily foll[s ! expansion ( ! cap1 until a m]e frill or r+ is left ab\t ! /em at ! orig9al po9t ( contact4 ,b ?is feature is a frequ5t "* 9 _m edible mu%rooms1 z witness ! sev]al examples 9 ! edible species ( our plates1 & !re=e ( no dang]\s significance p] se1 be+ m]ely a membrane :i* protects ! gr[+ gills4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4--,,developm5t ,,( ,,amanita ,,v]nus ,sid5ote3 ,scales & scurfy spots ,nor are ! o!r features1 ! remnants ( ! volva on ! summit ( ! cap1 to be consid]$ ( prim>y importance f ! popul> po9t ( view1 = ! reason--fir/ly1 t ^! fragm5ts1 :ile conspicu\s & con/ant 9 ,amanita musc>ius 7,plate #d71 are n ?us p]man5t 9 sev]al o!r species ( ,amanit1 notably ! :ite-sat9-capp$ ,amanita v]nus1 ,amanita phalloides1 & ,amanita ,cs>ea1 9 :i* ! fragm5ts are decidu\s2 &1 secondly1 because ! same g5]al effect ( ^! w>ty scales is s cle>ly imitat$ 9 o!r mu%rooms :i* are di/9ctly edible1 z 9 examples ,plate #aj & ,plate #af4 ,x is to ! volva or cup1 !n1 t we mu/ devote our special att5tion z ! only safe & con/ant "*4 ,& ?is leads me to ! prom95t & necess>y consid]ation ( ano!r common species ( ,amanita1 m5tion$ above1 9 :i* ev5 ?is cup is m or less obscure4 ,,! ,,poison\s ,,fly-,,mu%room ,ag>icus 7,amanita7 musc>ius ,sid5ote3 ,a deceptive ,amanita ,?is1 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ly beautiful ( our toad/ools1 is figur$ 9 ,plate #d4 ,its brilliant cap ( yell[1 orange1 or ev5 sc>let1 /udd$ ) :ite or grayi% rais$ spots1 c h>dly be unfamili> to ev5 ! lea/ obs]vant c\ntry walk]4 ,its favorite habitat is ! woods1 &1 9 ! writ]'s exp]i5ce especially1 b5ea? hemlocks & popl>s1 :]e he has se5 ?is species ye> aft] ye> 9 :ole companies1 & 9 all /ages %[n 9 ! plate at ! same "t1 f ! globul> "y specim5 almo/ cov]$ ) its :ite w>ts j lift+ its head above ! br[n c>pet to ! fully exp&$ individual1 9 :i* ! spots h assum$ a %runk5 & br[ni% t9t4 ,sid5ote3 ,us$ z a fly-poison ,sid5ote3 ,its obscure cup ,! consid]ation ( ?is species is ( ! utmo/ importance1 z its beauty is b an allur+ mask1 :i* has entic$ _m to _! de/ruction2 among ! m rec5t ( its conspicu\s victims hav+ be5 ! ,cz> ,alexis ( ,russia4 ,= ?is is ano!r cosmopolitan type ( mu%room1 common alike 9 ,am]ica1 ,great ,brita91 ,europe1 & ,asia1 9 all ( :i* c\ntries x is notori\s = its poison\s res\rces4 ,x is commonly kn[n z ! ,fly-ag>ic1 its sub/ance mac]at$ 9 milk hav+ be5 employ$ = c5turies z an effectual fly-poison4 ,aft] ! read]'s introduction to ! botanical "* ( ! ,amanita1 he w\ld1 presumably1 be some:at suspici\s ( ! pres5t species4 ,! sugge/ive :ite or d+y fragm5ts ^u its cap1 x is true1 w\ld alone ar\se 8 suspicions1 b 9 ! exam9ation ( ! /em = ! telltale volva or cup its v]ification might be some:at 9 d\bt4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! species is emphasiz$ 9 ^! pages1 z ! ,amanita musc>ius1 judg+ f ! great dissimil>ity ( its num]\s portraits f all c\ntries1 w\ld seem to be rem>kably protean1 especially ) ref]5ce to its /alk4 ,! majority ( ! portraits ( ?is reprobate pres5ts ! volva z di/9ct & z clean cut z 9 ! ,a4 v]nus j describ$1 & ! /alk above z equally smoo?1 features :i* are usually at v>iance ) ! associat$ botanical description ( ! species1 :i* (t5 *>act]izes ! volva z incomplete or obscure1 & ! /em z r\gh & scaly4 ,if ! portraits 9 ^! works are correct1 ! ,amanita qualities ( ! species are cle>ly display$1 b if _! accompany+ descriptions are to be cr$it$1 & su* seem to be 9 p]fect accord ) ! specim5s :i* ,i h always f\nd1 ! ,a4 musc>ius w\ld seem 9 ne$ ( a m au!ntic hi/orian4 ,illu/ration3 ,amanita musc>ia ,,plate ,,iv ,,fly ,,mu%room ,ag>icus 7,amanita7 musc>ius ,pileus3 ,diamet] ?ree to six in*es1 q flat at maturity2 color brilliant yell[1 orange1 or sc>let1 becom+ pale ) age1 dott$ ) adhesive :ite1 at l5g? pale br[ni% w>ts1 ! remnants ( ! volva4 ,gills3 ,pure :ite1 v symmetrical1 v>i\s 9 l5g?1 ! %ort] ones t]m9at+ "u ! cap ) an almo/ v]tical abruptness4 ,spores3 ,pure :ite4 ,a spore-pr9t ( ?is species is %[n 9 ,plate #cg4 ,/em3 ,:ite1 yell[i% ) age1 becom+ %aggy1 at l5g? scaly1 ! scales bel[ appe>+ to m]ge into ! =m ( an obscure cup4 ,volva3 ,(t5 obscure1 indicat$ by a m]e ragg$ l9e ( loose outw>d curv$ %aggy scales ar\nd a bulb\s base4 ,fle%3 ,:ite4 ,habitat3 ,woods & _! bord]s1 especially favor+ p9e & hemlock4 ,season3 ,summ] & autumn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv ,,amanita ,,musc>ia4 7,,poison\s47 ,sid5ote3 ,volva scales p]man5t ,! example figur$ 9 ! plate pres5ts ! /em & volva z !y h always appe>$ 9 specim5s obta9$ by ! writ]4 ,9 ! "y individuals ! /em is waxy-:ite1 becom+ lat] a dull1 pale o*re hue1 ! l[] half be+ %aggy & torn1 & beset ) loose project+ woolly po9ts :i* resolve !mselves bel[ into scales ) loose tips curv$ outw>d1 & s di/antly dispos$ ^u ! bulb\s base z to leave no m>k$ def9ition ( ! cont9u\s rim or op5+ ( a cup4 ,b ! cup is !re1 & 9 a section ( ! bud /ate ( ! mu%room c\ld h be5 se51 ev5 z 9 ! :ite w>ts ^u ! surface ( ! y\ng] specim5s we note ! evid5ces ( ! upp] portion ( ! same :ite volva4 ,9 _m o!r species ( ,amanita1 notably ,a4 v]nus1 z already m5tion$1 ^! volva fragm5ts g5]ally )] & are %$ f ! cap4 ,!y are ?us n to be c\nt$ on z a p]man5t tok54 ,b 9 ! fly-mu%room !y =m a di/9ct "*1 z !y adh]e firmly to ! smoo? sk9 ( ! pileus1 & 9 dry+1 in/ead ( %rivell+ & curl+ & fall+ (f1 simply %r9k1 turn br[ni%1 & 9 ! maturely exp&$ mu%room appe> l scatt]$ drops ( mud :i* h dri$ ^u ! pileus4 ,ano!r peculi> /ructural feature ( ?is mu%room is %[n 9 ! sectional draw+ h]e) giv54 ,! %ort] gills1 in/ead ( r\nd+ (f z !y approa* ! pileus 7see a71 t]m9ate abruptly almo/ at "r angles to _! edge4 ,! contra/ f ! usual =m w be m app>5t by comp>ison ) ! section ( ! p>asol-mu%room on page #aad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,specim5 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,fly-,,amanita ,few species ( mu%rooms h su* an int]e/+ hi/ory z ?is4 ,its deadly prop]ties 7 kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,f ! e>lie/ times its de$s ( notoriety are on record4 ,sid5ote3 ,hi/orical ,amanita ,?is is q possibly ! species allud$ to by ,pl9y z v conv5i5tly adapt$ = poison+1 & is n improbably ! mu%room ref]r$ to by ?is hi/orian 9 ! foll[+ quotation f 8 fam\s ,natural ,hi/ory3 ,mu%rooms are a da9ty food1 b des]v$ly held 9 dise/eem s9ce ! notori\s crime committ$ by ,agripp9a1 :o ?r\gh _! ag5cy poison$ h] husb&1 ! ,emp]or ,claudius2 & at ! same mom5t1 9 ! p]son ( h] son ,n]o1 inflict$ ano!r poison\s curse ^u ! :ole _w1 h]self 9 p>ticul>4 ,sid5ote3 ,amanita dipsomaniacs ,not)/&+ its fatal "*1 ?is mu%room1 x is said1 is habitually eat5 by c]ta9 peoples1 to :om ! poison simply acts z an intoxicant4 ,inde$1 x is cu/om>ily ?us employ$ z a n>cotic & an exhil>ant 9 ,kam*atka & ,asiatic ,russia g5]ally1 :]e ! ,amanita drunk>d supplants ! opium fi5d & alcohol dipsomaniac ( o!r c\ntries4 ,its n>cotiz+ qualities are commemorat$ by ,cooke 9 8 ,sev5 ,si/]s ( ,sleep1 :]e9 may be f\nd a full description ( ! toxic employm5t ( ! fungus4 ,! writ] has he>d x claim$ t ?is species ( ,amanita has be5 eat5 ) impunity by c]ta9 individuals2 b ! in=mation has usually come f s\rces :i* w>rant ! belief t ano!r h>mless species has be5 conf\nd$ ) x4 ,! w>n+ ( my ,frontispiece may safely be ext5d$ to ! fly-amanita4 ,its beautiful gossam] veil may aptly symbolize a %r\d4 ,sid5ote3 ,=ew>n$ & =e>m$ ,by fix+ ^! simple /ructural features ( ! ,amanita 9 m9d1 & emphasiz+ !m by a /udy ( our ,frontispiece1 we may n[ consid] ourselves arm$ aga9/ our greate/ foe1 & may ) "s assurance make our limit$ selection among ?is lavi% l>d] ( wild prov5d] cont9ually go+ to wa/e by ! ton 9 our woods & pa/ures & lawns4 ,= x is n[ a fact g5]ally believ$ by fungologi/s1 & be+ gradually demon/rat$1 t ! edible species1 f> f be+ ! exception1 z =m]ly reg>d$1 are ! rule2 t a great majority ( our common wild fungi are at lea/ h>mless1 if n positively :olesome & nutriti\s z food4 ,,! ,,poison\s ,,alkaloid ,! toxic & deadly effects ( c]ta9 mu%room poisons1 z already describ$1 h be5 kn[n s9ce anci5t times2 & ! prolong$ intoxicat+ debau*es to-day preval5t among ! ,amanita dipsomaniacs ( ,nor!rn ,russia & ,kam*atka1 consequ5t ^u ! allurem5ts ( ! decoction ( ! fly-ag>ic1 are well-kn[n matt]s ( hi/ory4 ,! true *emical "* ( ?is poison1 h[ev]1 0 n discov]$ until #ahfh1 :5 x 0 successfully isolat$ by *emical analyses ( ,drs4 ,vigi]1 ,s*mi$eb]g1 ,currie1 & ,koppe1 & asc]ta9$ to be an alkaloid pr9ciple1 to :i* 0 giv5 orig9ally ! "n ( bulbos9e1 s9ce v>i\sly kn[n z musc>9e1 & f9ally & mo/ appropriately amanit9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,mr4 ,palm]'s discov]y ,! poison ?us id5tifi$1 x 0 res]v$ to an ,am]ican au?ority on edible fungi1 ,mr4 ,julius ,a4 ,palm]1 ( ,bo/on1 to discov] ! fact ( its conf9em5t to b "o fungus family--! ,amanita4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgi1 9 an article contribut$ by him to ! ,moniteur ,sci5tifique1 ( ,p>is1 he /ates3 ,mu%rooms are unfit = food by decay or o!r cause1 produc+ simply a disagreem5t ) ! sy/em by conta9+ "s bitt]1 acrid1 or slimy elem5t1 or by ! pres5ce ( a wond]ful & dang]\s alkaloid :i* is absorb$ 9 ! inte/9al canal4 ,?is alkaloid1 s f> z kn[n1 is f\nd only 9 ! ,amanita family4 ,to ,mr4 ,palm]1 !n1 is due ! *emical segregation ( ! ,amanita gr\p z ! only repository ( ?is deadly toxic4 ,sid5ote3 ,less] poison+ ,x has n be5 disc]n$ 9 o!r species ( fungi1 ^: s-call$ poison\s effects are m (t5 traceable to m]e indige/ibility1 ! selection ( ov]-ripe specim5s1 or to idiosyncrasy1 r ?an to _! di/9ctly poison\s prop]ties4 ,_m mu%rooms ( o!r families :i* d possess +r$i5ts *emically at w> ) ! human sy/em--z ! ,russula emetica & c]ta9 ,lact>ii1 = in/ance--at lea/ give a fair w>n+1 ei!r by ta/e or odor1 ( _! d>k int5tions4 ,sid5ote3 ,antidote = ,amanita ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ au!ntic application ,ow+ to ! num]\s dea?s e ye> consequ5t ^u mu%room-eat+1 & ne>ly always directly traceable to ! ,amanita1 ! discov]y ( an antidote to ?is poison has be5 ! que/ ( _m not$ *emi/s--sev]al suppos$ antidotes hav+ be5 exp]im5t$ ) ^u dogs & o!r animals )\t desir$ results4 ,^! includ$ atrop9e1 ! deadly cry/all9e alkaloid f ! ,atropa belladonna4 ,! e>li] exp]im5ts ^u animals ) ?is drug 9 ,p>is1 z describ$ by ,dr4 ,gauti] 9 #ahhd1 :ile enc\rag+1 7 n consid]$ conclusive1 b 7 suffici5t to w>rant ! sugge/ion t ! treatm5t ^u man might be effective4 ,9 a rsum ( ! subject 9 ! ,philadelphia ,m$ical & ,surgical ,report]1 ,decemb]1 #ahhe1 = ! b5efit ( ! m$ical practition]s :o are s frequ5tly call$ ^u to att5d cases ( mu%room poison+1 ,capta9 ,*>les ,mc,ilvaine recomm5d$ ! adm9i/ration ( a dose ( atrop9e ( f #j4je to #j4jjjb milligramme1 & x 0 lat] res]v$ = ! same g5tleman to witness ! fir/ au!ntic in/ance ( ! application ( ?is rem$y 9 antagonism ) ! ,amanita poison 9 ! human sy/em4 ,! report ( ?is exp]i5ce 0 aft]w>ds publi%$ 7see ,bibliography1 ,no4 #f71 embody+ also a complete & au!ntic acc\nt ( ! symptoms & treatm5t ( ! cases by ! att5d+ physician1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,%adle1 ( ,%5&oah1 ,pa41 :i* acc\nt ,i feel is appropriately includ$ "h1 be+ 9 full sympa?y ) ! solicit\s _s ( my pages4 ,i !re=e quote ! /atem5t ( ,dr4 ,%adle = ! b5efit ( ^? int]e/$4 ,,%5&oah1 ,,pa41 ,octob] #bf1 #ahhe4 ,mr4 ,,*as4 ,,mcilva9e3 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1--,9 compliance ) y\r reque/1 ,i take pleasure 9 submitt+ to y\r consid]ation ! foll[+ report ( five cases ( toad/ool-poison+ :i* rec5tly came "u my obs]vation & treatm5t3 ,sid5ote3 ,amanita poison+ symptoms ,on ,monday1 ,augu/ #ca1 at #aj ,a4,m41 ,i 0 ha/ily call$ to see a family1 consi/+ ( ,mr4 ,f41 8 wife1 8 "m-9-law1 ,mrs4 ,r41 & 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,?omas ,r41 :o1 ! mess5g] /at$1 7 hav+ cramps 9 ! b[els4 ,promptly respond+ to ! call1 ,i f\nd !m suff]+ f int5se abdom9al pa9s1 nausea1 vomit+1 bonea*e1 & feel+s ( di/ress 9 ! prcordial region4 ,mr4 ,f41 tw5ty-n9e ye>s ( age1 0 a m9] by occupation1 & _h l$ an intemp]ate life4 ,mrs4 ,f41 tw5ty-two ye>s ( age1 0 a brunette1 possess+ a delicate body1 & be>+ a decid$ neurotic t5d5cy4 ,mrs4 ,r41 =ty-five ye>s ( age1 0 a small n]vo-bili\s woman4 ,?omas ,r41 ?irte5 ye>s ( age1 0 a y\? well develop$4 ,:ile ,i 0 exam9+ ^! pati5ts1 ,mrs4 ,b41 =ty ye>s ( age1 a neighbor ( ! family1 pres5t$ h]self1 manife/+ 9 a mild] degree ! same symptoms4 ,%e 0 a tall1 sp>e woman4 ,previ\s to _! pres5t attack ( illness _! g5]al heal? 0 good2 9 none c\ld signs ( disease be trac$4 ,picture to y\r m9d five p]sons suff]+ f *ol]a morbus 9 its mo/ aggravat$ =m1 & y w be enabl$ to =m a pretty correct idea ( :at ,i beheld 9 ! ,f>is resid5ce on ,monday morn+1 ,augu/ #ca4 ,t five individuals1 f\r be+ memb]s ( "o h\sehold1 %\ld be attack$ simultane\sly by a simil> tra9 ( symptoms1 naturally gave rise 9 my m9d to a suspicion t some?+ poison\s _h be5 eat54 ,^u close inquiry ,i obta9$ ! foll[+ hi/ory3 ,on ! aft]noon ( ,sunday1 ,augu/ #cj1 ,mr4 ,f4 & ,?omas ,r4 7 walk+ ?r\gh a wood n f> di/ant f _! home1 &1 9 w&]+ f place to place1 f\nd clu/]s ( v beautiful toad/ools gr[+ abundantly "u trees1 among :i* ! *e/nut pr$om9at$4 ,sid5ote3 ,amanita poison+ symptoms ,attract$ by _! appe>ance1 & suppos+ !m to be edible1 !y ga!r$ a l>ge quantity1 ) ! anticipation ( hav+ a delici\s di% = _! ,sunday ev5+ meal4 ,v>i\s o!r k9ds 7 gr[+ 9 ! same locality1 b ?is p>ticul> v>iety impress$ !m z be+ ! mo/ invit+4 ,a correct specim5 ( ! fungus !y _h collect$ hav+ be5 s5t y1 ,i w leave its botanical description to y\r p54 ,at ab\t n9e o'clock1 five h\rs aft] ga!r+ !m1 ,mrs4 ,f4 cook$ ?ree p9ts ( ! toad/ools1 /ew+ !m 9 milk1 & season+ ) butt]1 pepp]1 & salt4 ,!y _h d9n] at a v e>ly h\r on ?is day1 & by ! "t !y _h supp] all felt exce$+ly hungry1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y ate q he>tily4 ,mrs4 ,f4 & h] bro!r vi$ ) ea* o!r z to ! quantity !y c\ld eat4 ,9 addition to ?is di%1 bread & butt] & c(fee 7 s]v$4 ,soon aft] supp] ! family retir$4 ,none exp]i5c$ ! lea/ discom=t until t[>ds daybreak1 :5 consid]able di/ress 9 ! abdom9al organs & c]ebral di/urbance manife/$ !mselves4 ,prom95t among ! initial symptoms 7 f\l brea?1 coat$ tongue1 pa9 9 ! /oma*1 nausea1 & a peculi> sick5+ s5sation 9 ! epiga/rium4 ,^! symptoms gradually increas$ 9 sev]ity1 & 9 twelve h\rs aft] ! +e/ion ( ! poison1 :5 ,i made my fir/ visit1 ! condition ( ! victims involv$ great dang]4 ,int5se vomit+ 0 pres5t 9 f\r1 :ile 9 ,mrs4 ,r4's case a viol5t ret*+ seem$ to p]si/4 ,ga/ro-inte/9al irritation1 foll[$ by a relax$ condition ( ! b[els1 %[$ itself 9 ab\t ?irty h\rs aft] ! onset ( ! m active symptoms4 ,) ! appe>ance ( ?is tr\ble an insuff]able t5esmus develop$1 produc+ p>oxysms ( sev]e agony4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly true 9 ! case ( ,mrs4 ,r41 ^: suff]+ 0 s great t x became a =midable symptom to combat4 ,^u ! subsid5ce ( ! m sev]e symptoms1 ! pati5ts fell into a /ate ( extreme pro/ration1 accompani$ by /upor & cold extremities4 ,9 ! "m1 son1 & daught] ?is 0 pr(\ndly m>k$4 ,!y 7 completely indiff]5t to p]sons & ?+s ar\nd !m1 z well z to _! own suff]+4 ,sid5ote3 ,amanita poison+ symptoms ,z ! symptoms increas$ 9 viol5ce1 ,?os4 ,r4 advanc$ into a /ate ( coma1 & ,mrs4 ,f4 into coma vigil1 & rema9$ s = ab\t twelve h\rs prior to dea?4 ,! face _h a %runk5 & wr9kl$ appe>ance1 ! eyes 7 sunk51 ! sk9 0 dusky1 & ! surface ( ! body 0 dry & cold to ! t\*4 ,! pulse1 a numb] ( h\rs be=e dea?1 0 imp]ceptible at ! wri/1 & ! he>t-s\nds 7 sc>cely p]ceiv$ by auscultation4 ,! pulse 9 all cases 0 notably affect$1 rang+ f #abj to #adj p] m9ute4 ,9 "* x 0 s(t & compressible2 int]mitt5t at int]vals4 ,!re 0 a di/9ct rise ( temp]ature2 ! !rmomet] 9 ! axilla regi/]$ z mu* z #adj ,f4 ,a mild =m ( delirium 0 an occasional ev5t4 ,9 ! case ( ,mrs4 ,f4 x =m$ an important elem5t4 ,respect+ ! special s5ses1 x is well to m5tion t sight 0 peculi>ly affect$4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t ! pupils respond$ k9dly to ! action ( ! light1 an unpleasant s5sation ( bl9dness frequ5tly appe>$1 & cont9u$ = a few m9utes4 ,9 spite ( all t 0 done to c\nt]act its ravages1 ! effects ( ! poison 7 s extremely deadly t a fatal issue 0 ! result 9 two cases4 ,?omas ,r4 di$ 9 fifty-six & ,mrs4 ,f4 9 sixty-?ree h\rs aft] ! +e/ion ( ! toad/ools4 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t in/itut$ 0 ma9ly symptomatic4 ,sid5ote3 ,amanita poison+ treatm5t ,fe>+ t undige/$ p>ticles ( toad/ools might /ill be ly+ 9 ! ga/ro-inte/9al tract1 to ,mrs4 ,r41 :o _h n freely vomit$1 an emetic 0 adm9i/]$1 & to ! re/ a mild purge4 ,an int5se ?ir/ & a burn+ s5sation be+ pres5t 9 ! m\?1 ?roat1 & /oma*1 small pieces ( crack$ ice 7 freely us$ ) a view to allay+ x4 ,= ! ga/ro-inte/9al irritation ,i prescrib$ ) satisfactory results ! foll[+3 ,bismu? subnit41 v2 ,creosote1 gtt4 xv2 ,mucil4 acaci1 fi2 ,aq4 m5?4 pip41 q4s4 ad fiii4 ,m4 ,sig4--,teaspoonful e "o or two h\rs4 #a_/h gra9 ( morph4 sulph4 0 adm9i/]$ hypod]mically to alleviate z mu* z possible ! abdom9al suff]+4 ,! imp5d+ exhau/ion & ! fail+ he>t's action ,i endeavor$ to combat ) a free adm9i/ration ( alcoholic /imulants 9 comb9ation ) mod]ate doses ( t9cture ( digitalis bo? by ! m\? & "u ! sk94 ,9 ord] to invite ! circulation ( ! blood to ! ice-cold surface ( ! body1 heat$ bricks & bottles fill$ ) hot wat] 7 plac$ 9 b$ ar\nd ! pati5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,diagnosis ,analyz+ ea* symptom z x arose1 & c>efully obs]v+ ! effects ( ! poison on ! sy/em1 ,i =m$ ! op9ion t ! toxic elem5t conta9$ 9 ! noxi\s fungus eat5 by ^! p 0 n>cotic 9 its nature & sp5t its =ce on ! n]ve c5tres1 especially select+ ! "o gov]n+ ! function ( respiration & ! action ( ! he>t4 ,act+ ^u ?is conclusion1 ,i began1 9 ! e>ly "p ( my treatm5t1 subcutane\s injections ( sulphate ( atrop9e 9 frequ5tly-repeat$ doses1 rang+ f #a_/ahj to #a_/ij gra94 ,! injections inv>iably 7 foll[$ by a p]ceptible improvem5t 9 ! pati5t2 ! he>t's action became /rong]1 ! pulse return$ at ! wri/1 & ! respiration increas$ 9 dep? & fulness4 ,?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ?is rem$y1 support$ by ! o!r measures adopt$1 ?ree 7or sixty p] c5t47 ( ! pati5ts recov]$4 ,! lessons ,i draw f ?is exp]i5ce are3 #a4 ,! poison+ produc$ by ?is v>iety ( toad/ool is sl[ 9 manife/+ its effects4 #b4 ,t x de/roys life by a process ( a/h5ia4 #c4 ,t 9 atrop9e we h an antidote1 & x %\ld be pu%$ h]oically f ! e>lie/ inception ( ! action ( ! poison4 ,i h ! honor to rema9 ,y\rs v respectfully1 ,j4 ,e4 ,,%adle1 ,m4,d4 ,9 reply to ! qu]ies1 ,0 atrop9e adm9i/]$ 9 all ! cases8 & ,:at 0 ! total am\nt adm9i/]$ to ea*8 ,dr4 ,%adle respond$ z foll[s3 ,,%5&oah1 ,,pa41 ,octob] #bi1 #ahhe4 ,,my ,,de> ,,mr4 ,,mcilva9e3 ,y\rs ( ! #bg? ,i h receiv$4 ,! two que/ions y ask me !re9 ,i see are v important1 & !y %\ld be answ]$ z fully z possible4 ,i am sorry ,i ov]look$ ! matt] 9 my report4 ,sid5ote3 ,amanit9e & atrop9e ,be=e attempt+ an answ]1 x is well = me to note "r "h t ,mrs4 ,b41 ! neighbor1 did n eat v mu* ( ! toad/ool /ew2 ,mrs4 ,r4 & ,mr4 ,f4 ea* ate ab\t ! same quantity--f "o & "o-half to two platefuls4 ,?is is accord+ to ,f>is's /atem5t4 ,b ! two fatal cases--,?omas ,r4 & ,mrs4 ,f4--tri$ to see :i* c\ld eat ! mo/1 & consequ5tly got _! full %>e ( ! poison4 ,! cat m5tion$ be=e _h ab\t a tablespoonful ( ! bro?1 & !y tell me %e 0 v sick4 ,:e!r or n %e di$ is n kn[n4 ,n[ z to ! treatm5t by atrop9e1 ,i ?9k ,i c approximate a pretty correct /atem5t 9 reply to y\r qu]ies4 ,n kn[+ t atrop9e 0 consid]$ an antidote1 ,i began its employm5t 9 ! treatm5t ( ^! cases f ! physiological k ,i _h ( ! drug relative to its action 9 o!r diseases 9 :i* !re 0 he>t-failure & emb>rass$ respiration4 ,:5 ,i saw ! ,u4 ,s4 ,disp5satory sugge/$ x1 ,i ( c\rse felt x my duty to use x1 z ,i c\ld f9d n[h]e any?+ else m5tion$ z an antidote4 ,i feel conv9c$ t x 0 by means ( ! atrop9e t ,i sav$ ?ree ( ! five pati5ts4 ,:y d ,i ?9k s8 ,because :5ev] ,i w\ld adm9i/] ! rem$y ! pati5t ralli$1 ! pulse return$ at ! wri/1 ! he>t-s\nds became /rong]1 & ! respiration increas$ 9 /r5g? & fulness4 ,:at m conclusive evid5ce d ,i want ?an ?is to %[ z to h[ ! ag5t 0 act+8 ,sid5ote3 ,adm9i/ration ( antidote ,:5 ,i fir/ saw ! pati5ts--twelve h\rs aft] ! +e/ion ( ! poison--_! symptoms 7 alike1 "o suff]+ z mu* z ! o!r 7,augu/ #ca74 ,i began ! use ( ! alkaloid 9 ! ev5+ ( ! same day1 :5 ,i saw ! p[]s ( life giv+ way1 ! he>t fail+1 & ! respiration becom+ %all[4 ,x 0 us$ 9 all ! cases z foll[s3 ,mrs4 ,b41 #a_/ahj1 #a_/ij1 #a_/ij1 or #e_/ahj1 or #a_/cf gr4 ,mr4 ,f41 #a_/ahj1 #a_/ij1 #a_/ij1 #a_/ij1 or #g_/ahj gr4 ,mrs4 ,r41 #a_/ahj1 #a_/ij1 #a_/ij1 #a_/ij1 or #g_/ahj gr4 ,?os4 ,r41 #a_/ahj1 #a_/ij1 #a_/ij1 #a_/ij1 #a_/ij1 or #i_/ahj1 or #a_/bj gr4 ,mrs4 ,f41 #a_/ahj1 #a_/ij1 #a_/ij1 #a_/ij1 #a_/ij1 or #i_/ahj1 or #a_/bj gr4 ,9 accordance ) ! above =mul ! drug 0 adm9i/]$4 ,i visit$ ! pati5ts at int]vals ( six or eight h\rs1 & at ea* visitation !y receiv$ an injection 9 ! doses above m5tion$4 ,f ?is we see t 9 all ,mrs4 ,b4 receiv$ gr4 #a_/cf ( atrop9e2 ,mr4 ,f4 receiv$ gr4 #g_/ahj ( atrop9e2 ,mrs4 ,r4 receiv$ gr4 #g_/ahj ( atrop9e2 ,?os ,r4 7fatal7 receiv$ gr4 #a_/bj ( atrop9e2 ,mrs4 ,f4 7fatal7 receiv$ gr4 #a_/bj ( atrop9e4 ,! alkaloid fail+ to save ! two t di$ ,i ?9k c be attribut$ to "o ( two causes1 or probably bo?3 #a4 ,t ! use ( atrop9e 0 begun too late & n us$ h]oically en\gh4 #b4 ,t s mu* ( ! poison 0 tak5 up by ! sy/em 9 ^! cases t x became too virul5t to c\nt]act4 ,f ! hi/ory ( ! cases ,i "k !y ate by f> ! l>ge/ quantity4 ,my op9ion leans t[>ds ! fir/ probable cause ,i h m5tion$4 ,ano!r fact wor? /at+ "h is t ! pupils nev] became affect$ by ! adm9i/ration ( ^! doses4 ,hop+ ?is w make ! matt] satisfactory1 ,i rema9 ,y\rs truly1 ,j4 ,e4 ,,%adle4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! +e/ion & ! symptoms is1 !re=e1 a mo/ important aid 9 ! diagnosis ( a case ( mu%room poison+2 & 9 ! ev5t ( an ,amanita1 h]et(ore absolutely fatal1 x is presumably "u ! control ( m$ical sci5ce1 n[ t ! deadly toxic pr9ciple has at la/ f\nd its enemy 9 ! neutraliz+ prop]ties ( ! equally deadly atrop9e4 ,x w\ld seem1 moreov]1 f ! sev]e p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ,mr4 ,julius ,a4 ,palm]1 t ! poison ( ! ,amanita is q capable ( mis*ief )\t be+ tak5 into ! dige/ive organs4 ,s volatile is ?is dang]\s alkaloid t x may produce viol5t effects ^u ! sy/em ei!r ?r\gh its odor alone1 or by simple contact ) ! sk9 & consequ5t absorption4 ,mr4 ,palm]1 9 8 be=e-m5tion$ article 9 ! ,moniteur ,sci5tifique1 ,p>is1 relates ! foll[+ exp]i5ces3 ,sid5ote3 ,poisons by contact & odor ,once :ile p]spir+ f a long walk ,i und]took to br+ 9 a l>ge bun* ( ! ,amanita = an arti/4 ,seat$ 9 a close c>1 hold+ !m 9 my w>m h&1 al?\gh protect$ by a pap] wrapp]1 a fe>ful nausea ov]came me4 ,! toad/ool 0 n at fir/ suspect$1 yet ,i _h all ! symptoms ( a sea-sick p]son1 & 0 only reliev$ by a wide di/ance betwe5 myself & ! excit+ cause4 ,:ile writ+ ?is article1 he cont9ues1 a fri5d s5t me two v elegant specim5s ( ! ,amanita tribe4 ,!y 7 9 a conf9$ box4 ,on op5+ x ,i smell$ ( !m a few times1 & all[$ ! box to lie ne> my desk :ile ,i wrote to a m$ical g5tleman anxi\s to procure su* = *emical exp]im5t4 ,hav+ s5t !m away ! matt] 0 dismiss$ f my m9d = ?ree h\rs aft]1 :51 by an attack ( vomit+ & oppression at ! /oma*1 !y 7 en=c$ ^u my att5tion4 ,! :ites ( my eyes became livid1 & ev5 until noon ! day foll[+ ! lead5 color ( my face 0 notic$ by m ?an "o p]son4 ,sid5ote3 ,a wide b]? to ,amanita ,! moral ( ?is /ory is t ! less ! read] has to d ) ,amanita fungi ! bett]4 ,let !m h a wide b]?1 or at mo/ an annihilat+ kick1 le/ by _! allur+ beauty !y tempt ! next unw>y travell] :o %all enc\nt] !m4 ,b y desire a specim5 to %[ a fri5d1 or to make a photograph (1 or a sket*1 p]haps4 ,9 su* case x 7 well to consid] fur!r ! exp]i5ces ( ,mr4 ,palm]1 :i* w %[ ! wisdom ( keep+ y\r gu/atorial & arti/ic mycology 9 sep>ate exp$itions1 or at lea/ ( provid+ y\r poison-exhal+ ,amanita specim5 ) a cage by itself4 ,9 ! same article he cont9ues3 ,sid5ote3 ,mu%rooms inoculat$ by contact ,mu%rooms make ! same use ( ! atmosph]e z m51 ev5 _! exhalations are accord+ly vitiat$ ) _! prop]ties4 ,^? n deadly ?us attack humanity--namely1 by absorption ( _! ess5tial elem5ts by ! :ole sy/em4 ,!y also inoculate ea* o!r ) or )\t contact1 s t if edible & noxi\s toad/ools are ga!r$ toge!r ! =m] w absorb ! prop]ties ( ! latt]4 ,9 pro( ( ?is ass]tion he in/ances a p]sonal exp]i5ce z foll[s3 ,ab\t f\r ye>s ago a numb] ( poison\s mu%rooms 7n ,amanit1 b ( a totally diff]5t family7 7 s5t me ) edible fungus4 ,! two v>ieties _h la9 twelve h\rs 9 ! same box4 ,! noxi\s ones 7 reject$1 & ! escul5t wa%$ & eat54 ,9 a mom5t my appetite 0 gone2 viol5t p]spiration1 v]tigo1 & trembl+ 7 ! next symptoms2 !n *ills1 nausea1 purg+1 & t5esmus1 all )9 ?irty m9utes4 ,n[ ! sub/ance c\ld n h rea*$ ! inte/9es4 ,! virus absorb$ f ! noxi\s fungus p]meat$ ! :ole sy/em ?r\gh eat+ ! h>mless ones2 unmix$ ) o!r food x act$ ^u ! muscles ?r\gh an empty /oma*2 once sp5t1 ! ailm5t pass$ (f1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,poison extract$ by v9eg> ,f ^! & o!r exp]i5ces he draws ! foll[+ conclusions3 ,! poison\s pr9ciple ( a fungus be+ absorb$ by a h>mless elem5t1 if ! latt] be eat5 ! v5om acts m quickly4 ,9 re9=cem5t ( ?is he /ates t if ! ,amanita be cut 9 sections & laid 9 v9eg> ! fungus may be eat5 )\t dang] to life2 b on a v small dose ( ! v9eg>1 dea? w foll[ m spe$ily ?an if ! :ole toad/ool be eat54 ,fur!r int]e/+ matt] ^u ?is topic is conta9$ 9 ! article f :i* ,i quote1 & to :i* ! read] is ref]r$ 9 8 volume includ$ 9 my bibliographical li/4 ,! "w also conta9s num]\s o!r collect$ articles ( ,mr4 ,palm]'s ^u ?is subject ( fungi1 to :i* he has devot$ s mu* att5tion1 & ) :i* 8 "n has become s popul>ly id5tifi$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( salt & heat ,! allusion to v9eg> z an absorb5t ( ! poison sugge/s ! preval5t habitual use ( salt z a safegu>d by _m 9 ! employm5t ( ! fungus z food1 z bo? ( ^! +r$i5ts play a prom95t "p 9 a fungus cuis9e4 ,x is av]r$ by "s writ]s t "o ( ! mo/ noxi\s ( ,amanit--! ,fly-ag>ic--is eat5 9 "s c\ntries1 notably ,russia1 )\t unpleasant results1 :ile x is confid5tly ass]t$ to be h>mless aft]1 z x 71 hav+ its v5om drawn by a soak+ 9 br9e previ\s to cook+4 ,boil+--bo? 9 ! possible neutraliz+ ( ! poison ?r\gh heat1 & 9 ! )drawal ( ! same 9 ! solution--w\ld also be contributive to safety 9 su* cases1 provid$ ! ta9t$ liquid 7 n reta9$ z 9 a /ew or s\p4 ,sid5ote3 ,epicurean p]v]sity ,on ?is topic x is int]e/+ to note ! epicurean p]v]sity ( a c]ta9 ,fr5* au?or1 :o1 9 ! face ( ! already ov]:elm+ abundance ( nature's escul5t species ( fungi1 mu/ ne$s include all ! deadly ,amanit z well1 ?\gh he gives a recipe by :i* ! poison is extract$ by ! copi\s aid ( salt1 v9eg>1 boil+ wat]1 & draw+4 ,?is process1 on g5]al pr9ciples1 might invite humor\s speculation z to ! appetiz+ qualities ( ! residual morsel ?us acquir$1 or z to ! advisability ( delib]ately select+ a poison\s sub/ance = ! desid]atum ( ! wa%$-out1 corn$1 spic$1 nondescript remnant :i* survives ! process ( extraction1 n only ( its noxi\s prop]ties1 b ( ev5 :at nutrim5t x might possibly conta94 ,sid5ote3 ,mu%rooms la mode ,fancy a beef/eak simil>ly prep>$1 all its n\ri%+ +r$i5ts extract$ & ?r[n away2 its exhau/$ remnant ( muscul> fibre n[ ! m]e absorb5t vehicle = v9eg>1 salt1 lemon-juice1 butt]1 nutmeg1 g>lic1 spice1 cloves1 & o!r seem+ indisp5sables to ! prep>ation ( ! ,*ampignon la mode6 ,! v]dict ( ! extreme fungus epicure ^u ! delectable flavor ( ?is or t mu%room mu/ inde$ be tak5 cum grano salis1 ! cu/om>y cul9>y treatm5t1 or maltreatm5t1 ( ^! delicately flavor$ fruits hav+ = its app>5t object ! elim9ation z f> z possible ( any sugge/ion ( ! true flavor ( ! fungus4 ,i fancy t ev5 ! cau/ic1 rebelli\s root ( ! ,indian-turnip or ! skunk-cabbage ?us tam$ & subdu$ 9 a smo!r+ emolli5t ( spic$ gravy or ragot might negatively s]ve a purpose z m or less indige/ible pabulum4 ,sid5ote3 ,en\gh )\t ,amanita ,:ile1 z already m5tion$1 a few ( ?is g5us ,amanita are edible1 x is well 9 conclud+ our *apt] to emphasize ! caution ( an e>li] page z to ! absolute exclusion ( ! entire g5us f ! bill ( f>e ( ! amateur mycophagi/4 ,!re is an abundance ( :olesome1 delici\s fungi at our doors )\t !m4 ,_m species ( ,amanita are to be f\nd m or less frequ5tly 9 company ) ! escul5t v>ieties recomm5d$ 9 ! *apt]s foll[+4 ,among ^! ! two extremes ( v>iation f ! typical =m are se5 9 ! ,a4 musc>ius 9 its p]man5t ret5tion ( ! volva scales & ! obscurity ( its cup1 & 9 ! ,a4 phalloides1 h]e) pictur$ ab\t half natural size1 ) ! frequ5t entire abs5ce ( ^! remnant scales1 :i* )] & fall (f1 leav+ ! yell[i% or gre5i% cap p]fectly smoo?4 ,x is to ! volva or cup1 !n1 t we mu/ turn = ! "o fix$ p]man5t "* by :i* ?is g5us is to be id5tifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,amanita ,,phalloides ,illu/ration3 ,ag>ic9i or ,gill-be>+ ,fungi ,illu/ration3 ,ag>ics ,our introductory description ( ! ,amanita pres5ts ! mo/ p]fect botanical type ( a l>ge division ( ! fungus tribe1 ! ,ag>icace1 or gill-be>+ mu%rooms1 "o ( ! two great ord]s ( fungi :i* include ! l>ge majority ( edible species4 ,a brief consid]ation ( ! g5]al classification ( fungi w n be out ( place at ! head ( ?is *apt]4 ,,classification ,,( ,,fungi ,a fungus is a cellul> cryptogam\s 7fl[]less7 plant1 n\ri%$ ?r\gh its spawn or mycelium 9 place ( roots1 liv+ 9 air1 & propagat$ by spores4 ,fungi--mycetes--are naturally subdivid$ into two great divisions3 #a4 ,,sporif]a--^? 9 :i* ! spores or reproductive bodies are nak$ or soon expos$1 z %[n 9 illu/ration on page #gi4 #b4 ,,sporidiif]a--9 :i* ! spores are envelop$ 9 sacs or asci4 ,^! resemble 9 %ape ! cy/idium ( illu/ration on page #gi4 ,! fir/ ( ^! divisions--! ,,sporif]a1 or nak$-spor$ fungi--is aga9 subdivid$ into f\r families1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,hym5omycetes4 ,hym5ium1 or spore-be>+ surface1 expos$ & conspicu\s1 z se5 9 ! common mu%room & all ,ag>ics & ,polyporei4 #b4 ,ga/]omycetes 7ga/]1 a belly74 ,hym5ium1 or spore-be>+ surface1 enclos$ 9 a m or less sph]ical case1 call$ ! p]idium1 :i* ruptures & expels ! spores at maturity 9 ! =m ( du/1 z 9 ! puff-balls4 #c4 ,coniomycetes1 f ! ,greek 1 mean+ du/1 ! entire fungus hav+ a du/-l appe>ance4 ,mildew =ms a good example ( ?is family4 #d4 ,hyphomycetes1 f ! ,greek 1 mean+ a ?read4 ,?read-l fungi1 ! filam5ts be+ m conspicu\s ?an ! spore masses1 ( :i* gr\p blue-m\ld af=ds an illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,! ,hym5omycetes 7#a7 is aga9 subdivid$ into six ord]s1 ! discrim9ation be+ bas$ on ! div]se "* ( ! spore surface4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ord]s is ! ,ag>ic9i1 or gill-be>+ fungi1 to :i* our pres5t *apt] w be conf9$4 ,,ag>ic9i ,9 ?is ord] ! hym5ium1 or spore-be>+ surface1 is inf]ior1 i4e41 on ! "u side ( ! pileus1 & is spread ov] lamell or gills1 :i* radiate f ! /em ( ! fungus1 & ea* ( :i* may be sep>at$ into two filmy flat divisions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spore-,,surface ,,magnifi$ ,on ! opposite page is %[n an ,ag>ic 9 v]tical section1 disclos+ a full side view ( ! gills4 ,a highly magnifi$ view ( ?is gill-surface is indicat$ h]e)1 duly index$1 ! sporophore be+ %[n 9 ! act ( %$d+ its spores f _! po9ts ( atta*m5t to ! f\r /igmata at ! summit4 ,^! fruitful f\r-po9t$ sporophores or basidia are int]m+l$ ) ! cy/idia & /]ile cells1 ! :ole mass =m+ ! surface ( ! hym5ium4 ,! dissem9ation ( ! ,ag>ic is fur!r consid]$ 9 a lat] *apt] on ,spore-pr9ts4 ,! mo/ p]fect botanical type ( ! ,ag>ics is ! ,amanita1 already suffici5tly dwelt ^u4 ,we w n[ proce$ to ! consid]ation ( o!r examples 9 :i* ! symbol ( ! fatal cup is happily abs5t1 & ^: id5tities z escul5t species are cle>ly d5ot$ by individual *>act]i/ics4 ,,edible ,,ag>ics ,,mead[ ,,mu%room ,ag>icus campe/ris ,sid5ote3 ,! mu%room ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ,campe/ris ,p]haps ! "o species :i* enjoys ! wide/ range ( popul> confid5ce z ! mu%room 9 ! lay m9d1 z di/+ui%$ f toad/ool1 is ! ,ag>icus campe/ris1 kn[n z ! mead[ mu%room 7,plate #e74 ,x is ! species commonly expos$ 9 our m>kets4 ,its cultivation is an important indu/ry1 b x (t5 yields an enorm\s spontane\s h>ve/ 9 its native haunts4 ,! plate %[s a clu/] ( ! mu%rooms 9 _! v>i\s /ages ( developm5t1 ! deta*$ specim5 bel[ repres5t+ ! semi-op5$ condition 9 :i* ! fungus is usually ga!r$ = m>ket4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! base ( ! /em is entirely free f any sugge/ion ( a volva or cup4 ,z its popul> "n implies1 ?is species 9 its wild /ate is "o ( ! volunt>y tributes ( our late summ] & autumn mead[s & pa/ures1 ?\gh x may occasionally frequ5t lawns1 %rubb]ies1 & b>n-y>ds4 ,9 size x v>ies f two to ?ree & a half in*es across ! pileus or cap1 :i* is ei!r smoo? or slightly r\gh1 scaly1 or scurfy1 & creamy :ite or tawny 9 color1 accord+ to age or v>iety4 ,! mo/ important di/+ui%+ feature ( ?is species is ! color ( ! gills4 ,if we break away ! veil 9 ! unop5$ specim51 we f9d !m to be ( a pallid fle% t9t4 ,9 ! m advanc$ /ate !y become decid$ly p9ki%1 ) age & expansion gradually deep5+ to purpli%1 purple-br[n1 & f9ally br[ni% black4 ,! gills are ( unequal l5g?s1 z %[n 9 ! section4 ,! /em is creamy :ite & ( solid sub/ance1 & always %[s ! rema9s ( ! veil 9 a p]si/5t frill or r+ j b5ea? ! cap4 ,illu/ration3 ,ag>icus campe/ris ,,plate ,v ,,! ,,mu%room ,ag>icus campe/ris ,pileus3 ,at fir/ globul>1 its edge connect$ to /em by ! veil2 !n r\nd convex1 at l5g? becom+ possibly almo/ flat4 ,surface dry1 d[ny1 or ev5 q scaly1 v>y+ 9 color f creamy :ite to light br[n4 ,diamet] at full expansion1 ab\t ?ree in*es4 ,gills3 ,unequal 9 l5g?2 p9k :5 fir/ reveal$1 becom+ br[ni%1 br[n1 purpli%1 & f9ally almo/ black4 ,/em3 ,solid2 ( ! color ( ! cap2 pal] & :ite 9 section1 reta9+ ! remnant ( ! veil 9 a p]man5t ragg$ r+4 ,spores3 ,br[n4 ,ta/e3 ,sweet & invit+1 & odor agreeable4 ,habitat3 ,pa/ures1 lawns1 & op5 ri* soil g5]ally4 ,season3 ,late summ] & e>ly autumn1 occasionally 9 spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v ,,ag>icus ,,campe/ris4 ,sid5ote3 ,cultivation ( mu%rooms ,d\btless a suffici5t & satisfactory reason = ! univ]sal dignity :i* ?is species has acquir$ z ! mu%room may be f\nd 9 ! fact t x is ! only species prom95tly "u cultivation1 & almo/ ! only "o :i* is sure to respond to ! artificial cultivation ( its spawn 9 ! s-call$ mu%room b$4 ,! spawn ( ! ,campe/ris has ?us become a m]cantile commodity1 duly adv]tis$ 9 ! se$sm5's catalogues4 ,sid5ote3 ,mu%room spawn b$ ,?is s-call$ spawn is 9 tru? no?+ b ! mycelium1 or subt]ranean v9e ( ! mu%room 7see ,plate #b71 tak5 f ! b$s 9 :i* ! mu%rooms h be5 gr[n1 or 9 :i* ! mycelium has be5 cultivat$4 ,! cultivator simply prep>es a b$ to receive x--duplicat+ z f> z possible ! soil conditions f :i* x 0 tak51 :e!r f =eign cultivation or 8 old manure-b$ or /able-y>d--a ri*1 w>m compo/ ( loam & horse-manure1 ?is latt] +r$i5t be+ a mo/ important consid]ation1 z ! fungus 9 its sev]al v>ieties1 notably ! l>g]1 ,ag>icus arv5sis1 kn[n z ! horse-mu%room1 has foll[$ ! track ( ! horse ar\nd ! _w4 ,^! natural conditions hav+ be5 ev5 approximately fulfill$1 w1 )9 two mon?s1 g5]ally rew>d ! cultivator ) a crop ( mu%rooms1 :i*1 ) ! cont9u$ ramifications ( ! mycelium p]meat+ ! muck z ! yea/ fungus p]meates ! home-made loaf1 w insure a cont9ual succession ( crops = weeks or mon?s1 to be r5ew$ spontane\sly1 p]haps1 ! foll[+ season4 ,! pres5t volume1 hav+ specific ref]5ce to fungi 9 _! wild /ate1 & ! celebration ( _! escul5t virtues1 be+ ?us ess5tially 9 anti!sis to artificial culture1 fur!r consid]ation ( ! cultivation ( ! mu%room is omitt$4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ! volumes 9 my bibliographical li/1 ,nos4 #h & #bb1 9 :i* full in/ructions w be f\nd4 ,sid5ote3 ,species oppos$ to cultivation ,sid5ote3 ,c]ta9 exceptions ,! ,campe/ris is conspicu\s among mu%rooms 9 its ready accommodation to artificial imitation ( its native environm5t4 ,!re is no o!r mu%room :i* is ?us confid5tly to be reli$ on4 ,o!r species--n a doz51 h[ev]1 out ( ! ?\s&s--w occasionally rew>d ! cultivator1 :o has devot$ ! mo/ scrupul\s c>e to ! humor+ ( _! fa/idi\s conditions ( gr[?4 ,?us ! ,ag>icus c&icans ( ! ,italian m>kets is said to h be5 successfully rais$ f *ips ( ! :ite popl> :i* h be5 prop]ly cov]$ ) manure4 ,o!r species1 x is claim$1 c be humor$ f a block ( ! cob-nut tree aft] s+e+ its surface ov] burn$ /raw1 :ile ,dr4 ,?ore claims t bo? ,boletus edulis1 & ,ag>icus proc]us are con/antly rais$ by ! inhabitants ( 8 di/rict f a wat]y infusion ( said plants p\r$ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! tru? ( ^! /atem5ts has be5 d5i$ by au?orities1 & individual exp]im5t w only t5d to discr$it _! tru/wor?9ess4 ,9 g5]al ! mu%room or toad/ool absolutely refuses to be coax$ or cajol$4 ,! mycelium ( all is practically id5tical2 b species su* z ! ,copr9us1 = in/ance1 :i* are p]haps f\nd gr[+ naturally 9 company ) ! ,campe/ris1 & ^: spawn is simil>ly transplant$ to ! artificial environm5t1 w %[ no sign ( reappe>ance1 :ile its fell[ may lit]ally cr[d ! b$4 ,sid5ote3 ,n to be humor$ ,! fairy-r+ mu%room gr[s ye> aft] ye> ^u our lawn1 because its mycelium is cont9ually pres5t1 simply ?read+ its way outw>dly1 in* by in*1 9 ! cong5ial surr\nd+ soil4 ,in/ances are report$ ( ! occasional successful e/abli%m5t ( ?is mu%room 9 new qu>t]s by ! transf] ( a clod ( e>? ?read$ ) mycelium tak5 f ! fairy-r+ to ano!r lawn1 9 :i* ! imm$iate soil conditions happ5$ to be h>moni\s1 & ?is me?od ( actual transf]5ce ( ! spawn might occasionally be effectual4 ,b ! writ]1 9 8 limit$ numb] ( exp]im5ts1 has nev] yet be5 able to propagate a mu%room by a transf] ( ! spores to soil :]e ! conditions w\ld appe> to be exactly suitable4 ,on a c]ta9 lawn1 = in/ance1 e ye> ,i obta9 a numb] ( ! ,copr9us comatus 7,plate #af74 ,^u ano!r lawn1 app>5tly exactly simil> z to soil conditions1 ,i transf] ! melt+ mu%room :]e x %$s its inky spore-solution ^u ! e>?1 & yet1 aft] ye>s ( wait+1 !re is no response4 ,ev5 an absolute transf] ( ! webby spawn f ! orig9al haunt has prov5 equally )\t result4 ,?us :ile ! habitual fungus-hunt] comes to recognize a c]ta9 logical association betwe5 a giv5 "* ( natural haunt & "s c]ta9 species ( fungi--a prophetic suspicion (t5 imm$iately fulfill$--z :5 he inw>dly rem>ks1 z he comes ^u an op51 cle> spot 9 ! woods1 ,?is is an ideal haunt = ! gre5 ,russula1 & in/antly /umbles ^u 8 specim52 yet he may take ! pallid spawn1 ) a small clod ( e>? f its roots1 & place x 9 ! m\ld n t5 feet di/ant1 app>5tly 9 id5tically auspici\s conditions1 & x absolutely refuses to be humor$4 ,he may m>k ! spot1 & look 9 va9 9 its prec9cts = a decade = 8 ,russula1 ?\gh ! gr\nd 9 ! vic9ity be dott$ ) !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,dormant spores ,ye> aft] ye> ,i h ?r[n my refuse specim5s ( hundr$s ( species ( fungi out ( my /udio w9d[1 ov] ! piazza rail or ^u my lawn1 yet nev] ) ! slighte/ sign t "o ( ! millions ( spores 9 ! species ?us s[n has vegetat$4 ,consid]+ ! ready accommodation ( ! ,campe/ris1 ! contra/ ( ! fa/idi\sness 9 o!r species is a notable ph5om5on4 ,z a rule1 !y w n colonize2 !y w n emigrate2 !y w n be *eat$ out ( _! natural possessions3 !y refuse to be educat$1 & /& !mselves ^u _! s+le leg1 z ! mo/ indep5d5t & contr>y gr[? ) :i* man has to deal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,v>iations ,,9 ,,ag>icus ,,campe/ris ,sid5ote3 ,v>ieties ( ! ,campe/ris ,! ,campe/ris is probably ! mo/ protean ( all mu%rooms1 & mycologi/s are ev5 yet at odds z to ! prop] botanical disposition ( _m ( ! contra/+ v>ieties :i* x assumes4 ,a few ( ^! are indicat$ 9 ,plate #f4 ,inde$1 "s ( ^!1 z 9 ! ,ag>icus arv5sis1 foll[+1 h until q rec5tly figur$ z di/9ct species4 ,9 its extreme =m x might well s d1 b :5 sci5ce is confront$ ) an int]m$iate specim5 be>+ equal aff9ities to ! ,campe/ris & ,arv5sis--& p]haps re9=c$ by o!r individuals :i* actually m]ge completely into ! ,campe/ris--! discrim9ation ( ! ,arv5sis z a di/9ct species becomes impossible1 & w\ld h>dly seem w>rantable4 ,b]keley gives ! foll[+ selection ( ! m di/9ct v>ieties1 n includ+ ! ,arv5sis ) its v>iations1 & :i* he consid]s a di/9ct species3 #a4 ,! s-call$ g>d5 mu%room1 ) its br[ni%1 hairy1 scaly cap4 #b4 ,a4 prat5sis1 9 :i* ! pileus is m or less cov]$ ) r$di% scales1 & ! fle% z well z gills a p9ki% t+e4 #c4 ,a4 villaticus1 l>ge size & v scaly4 #d4 ,a4 silvicola1 pileus smoo? & %9+1 /em elongat$ & conspicu\sly swoll5 at base2 (t5 f\nd 9 woods4 #e4 ,a4 vapor>ius1 br[n pilose coat :i* cov]s ! /em z well z ! cap1 & leaves /reaky fragm5ts on ! /alk z x elongates4 #f4 ,he also figures ano!r m>k$ =m1 ) ! cap ( a r$di% color1 completely cov]$ ) a pilose coat2 ! gills be+ p]fectly :ite 9 "y specim5s1 & ! fle% turn+ bright r$ :5 bruis$4 ,any "o ( ! above1 he admits1 are z mu* entitl$ to classification z di/9ct species z ! ,arv5sis4 ,sid5ote3 ,! horse mu%room ,! application ( ! title horse-mu%room to ?is la/-m5tion$ species 0 g5]ally suppos$ to be ref]able to ! same popul> traditions ( :i* we see ! analogies 9 ! names horse-we$1 horse-nettle1 horse-balm1 hors]adi% among ! h]bs--! prefix horse ref]r+ to ! elem5t ( co>s5ess or rank gr[?4 ,b 9 ! in/ance ( ! mu%room x be>s a deep] significance1 z ?is ample cosmopolitan v>iety ( ! ,campe/ris1 :i* foll[s ! horse all ov] ! _w1 f /able & ?r\gh lane to pa/ure1 & :i* c only be gr[n 9 ! manure ( ?is animal1 is n[ g5]ally believ$ to be a second>y1 exagg]at$ =m consequ5t ^u ! foll[+ conditions3 ,! spores ( ! ,campe/ris are %$ 9 myriads 9 ! pa/ures4 ,! graz+ horse no d\bt swall[s ?\s&s ( !m1 :i*1 ^u _! return to ! soil "u especially favorable conditions = gr[?1 vegetate into mycelium1 & at l5g? fructify 9 ! full-=m$ mu%room4 ,! d5se :ite spawn ( ?is species may (t5 be se5 b5ea? ! manure 9 pa/ures :]e no sign ( ! mu%room itself is yet app>5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,a huge v>iety ,dur+ ! writ+ ( ! pres5t pages ,i h receiv$ f ,arizona a lett] accompani$ ) a sket* ( a mo/ a/oni%+ mu%room1 :i* my correspond5t f9ds pl5tifully preval5t 9 8 vic9ity1 gr[+ 9 arid s&1 ev5 9 an exceptionally dry season4 ,he claims t x is delici\sly edible1 & he has p>tak5 ( x sev]al times4 ,8 sket* & description call to m9d no exi/+ =m ( mu%room kn[n to me1 ?\gh f "o peculi>ity 9 p>ticul>--namely1 its frequ5tly enorm\s size1 occasionally t5 in*es 9 diamet]--"o w\ld naturally expect to f9d x at lea/ notori\s1 if n fam\s4 ,x is pla9ly an ,ag>ic relat$ to ! ,campe/ris1 & f ! fact ( its hav+ p9k gills d>k] 9 old] specim5s ,i suspect x to be simply ano!r local masqu]ade ( ?is same ,campe/ris1 :i* suspicion1 by ! receipt ( fur!r data1 ,i hope soon to v]ify4 ,,horse-,,mu%room ,ag>icus arv5sis ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ,arv5sis ,?is o!r & l>g] v>iety1 s readily conf\nd$ ) ! ,campe/ris1 dem&s fur!r & m detail$ description4 ,x may frequ5tly be f\nd gr[+ 9 company ) ! =m]1 & s closely d ! two k9ds m]ge 9 specim5s ( equal size t x is (t5 a puzzle to sep>ate ! species4 ,inde$1 z already m5tion$ by "s mycologi/s1 ! l>g] =m is consid]$ m]ely z a v>iety ( ! ,campe/ris4 ,! accompany+ plate 7#e7 may well s]ve z a portrait ( ?is species also4 ,x frequ5ts ! same localities z ! =m]1 & is occasionally se5 cr[d$ 9 clu/]s ( cresc5t %ape1 or 9 scatt]$ r+s1 :ile its size is g5]ally conspicu\s1 ! solid cream-color$ or :ite cap (t5 exp&+ to ! diamet] ( sev5 in*es4 ,its sub/ance discolors to yell[i% br[n on be+ bruis$4 ,! /em is less solid ?an 9 ,campe/ris1 (t5 ) a pi?like or ev5 holl[ he>t4 ,! gills are ( unequal l5g?1 z 9 ! =m] species1 ?\gh ( mu* ! same t9ts ( p9k & br[n & black1 ?\gh m d+y 9 ! light] %ades4 ,! veil is (t5 m conspicu\s1 & occasionally appe>s to be d\ble1 ! out] or l[] m or less ragg$ or split into a fr+e at ! edge4 ,! species c h>dly be mi/ak5 = any poison\s v>iety1 &1 once recogniz$1 its g5]\s size1 frequ5t pr(usion1 & savory qualities make x a tempt+ que/ to ! epicure1 be+ consid]$ by _m z sup]ior 9 flavor to its rival1 ! small] ,campe/ris4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 matt]s ( ta/e ,b ?is "q ( ga/ronomic pre/ige w p]haps nev] be f9ally settl$4 ,de gu/ibus non e/ disput&um4 ,species consid]$ "h by _m z ! ne plus ultra ( delicacies1 l ! ,campe/ris1 are discrim9at$ aga9/ 9 o!r c\ntries1 & 9 ,rome1 x is said1 are ev5 ?r[n into ! ,tib] by inspectors & gu>dians ( ! public heal? :o f9d x expos$ = sale 9 ! m>kets4 ,!re are ^? connoisseurs 9 delicate fea/+ :o consid] no o!r species comp>able to ?is4 ,^! fa/idi\s g\rm&s are 9 turn view$ ) pity+ consid]ation by o!r sup]ior epicurean fe$]s ) f9] s5su\s discrim9ation1 :o "k p]fectly well t our woods af=d a numb] ( common species :i* easily consign ! ,campe/ris to ! f\r? or fif? *oice z a competitor at ! fea/4 ,! arts ( ! *ef h be5 exhau/$ 9 ! savory prep>ation ( ?is1 ! mo/ fam\s ( ! mu%rooms4 ,a few ( 8 +5i\s me?ods are giv5 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,mean:ile mo/ ( u w be p]fectly cont5t$ ) our simple mu%rooms on toa/4 ,:ile ! ,campe/ris is g5]ally consid]$ z ! mu%room1 !re is ano!r species :i* almo/ equally %>es ! honors 9 popul> favor4 ,i h allud$ to ! habit ( ! horse-mu%room z gr[+ 9 cresc5ts or r+s4 ,?is s+ul> t5d5cy is1 h[ev]1 mu* m fully exemplifi$ 9 ano!r fungus1 :i* has ?us won ! popul> patronymic ( ! ,fairy-r+ ,*ampignon1 & :i* is consid]$ on page #aja4 ,,/4 ,,george',s ,,mu%room ,ag>icus gambosus ,sid5ote3 ,rem>kably /rong odor ,ano!r v common example ( mu%room 9 its season ( e>ly spr+ is ! ,ag>icus gambosus1 or ,/4 ,george's mu%room1 z x is popul>ly /yl$ 9 ,great ,brita91 f its usual appe>ance ab\t ! "t ( ,/4 ,george's ,day1 ,april #bc;d4 ,9 addition to its unusually e>ly season1 :i* is ! same ) u1 & :i* at ?is date w\ld be a valuable h9t 9 its id5tification1 x has also ! s+ul> habit ( gr[+ 9 r+s or clu/]$ 9 cresc5ts1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,fairy-r+ ,*ampignon ( our lawns4 ,add to ?is1 also1 a v /rong odor1 & we h at lea/ ?ree sugge/ive *>act]i/ics to aid u4 ,?is odor1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,cooke1 is s /rong z to occasionally become oppressive & ov]p[]+ :]e ! fungus is pl5tiful4 ,workm5 employ$ to root !m out are said to h be5 s ov]come by ! odor z to be compell$ to desi/4 ,o!r features ( ?is fungus are not$ 9 ,plate #g4 ,! cap v>ies 9 size 9 diff]5t individuals1 b is occasionally v l>ge--five in*es or m 9 diamet]1 ! av]age expanse1 p]haps1 be+ ab\t ?ree in*es4 ,! cap is smoo?1 ?ick1 & fle%y1 sugge/+ s(t kid lea!r1 at fir/ r\nd$ convex1 ultimately exp&+ q horizontally1 & is commonly fissur$ "h & !re ) irregul> cracks1 bo? 9 its expanse & at its edges4 ,its color is :ite1 or yell[i% :ite4 ,9 surface appe>ance ,dr4 ,b]keley comp>$ x to a cracknel biscuit4 ,! gills are yell[i% :ite1 v moi/ & d5sely cr[d$1 & ( v>i\s l5g?s1 z indicat$ 9 my sectional draw+ on ! plate1 & are1 moreov]1 annex$ to ! solid /\t /em by a too!d bord]1 also %[n h]e)4 ,illu/ration3 ,,too!d ,,gills ,sid5ote3 ,epicurean op9ions ,! season ( ?is mu%room ext5ds into ,june1 & 9 its favorite haunt x may occasionally be ga!r$ by ! bu%el4 ,op9ions are at v>iance z to ! comp>ative escul5t qualities ( ?is species4 ,c]ta9ly delicacy _c be claim$ = x2 b ^? epicures :o desire ! *>act]i/ic fungus flavor at its maximum w f9d x 9 ! ,gambosus4 ,illu/ration3 ,ag>icus gambosus ,,plate ,,vii ,,/4 ,,george',s ,,mu%room ,ag>icus gambosus ,pileus3 ,?ree to six in*es 9 diamet]1 occasionally mu* l>g]2 r\nd$ convex1 at l5g? m flat & commonly crack$ "h & !re2 surface smoo?1 ?ick1 & fle%y1 sugge/+ s(t kid lea!r4 ,color1 pale o*re or yell[i% :ite4 ,gills3 ,d5sely cr[d$2 yell[i% :ite2 v moi/2 v>i\s l5g?s2 ea* annex$ to /em by a small %>p d[nw>d curve4 ,/em3 ,solid2 /\t2 sub/ance creamy :ite4 ,spores3 ,:ite4 ,ta/e3 ,highly flavor$2 by "s consid]$ too gamy4 ,odor3 ,p[]fully /rong1 p]haps rank4 ,habitat3 ,fields1 lawns1 & pa/ures1 frequ5tly gr[+ 9 brok5 r+s or cresc5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii ,,ag>icus ,,gambosus4 ,by _m fungus-fea/]s ?is species is priz$ z ! ne plus ultra1 & mo/ v>i\s are ! me?ods ( its cul9>y prep>ation1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( m9ce & fricassee ) v>i\s meats1 suitably season$ ) salt1 pepp]1 & butt]1 or simply broil$ & s]v$ on butt]$ toa/4 ,an appetiz+ recipe = ?is especial mu%room is giv5 on page #cac4 ,,true ,,fairy-,,r+ ,,*ampignon ,m>asmius oreades ,sid5ote3 ,fairy-r+ mu%rooms true & false ,i rememb]1 z a boy1 summ] aft] summ] obs]v+ ^u a c]ta9 spot ^u our lawn ?is d5se1 & at l5g? scatt]+1 r+ ( t9y yell[i% mu%rooms1 & ! aroma1 z !y simm]$ on ! kit*5 /ove1 is an appetiz+ memory4 ,?is species is v common1 & inasmu* z x is likely to be conf\nd$ ) two noxi\s v>ieties1 x is advisable to br+ 9 prom95t contra/ ! *>act]s ( ! true & ! false4 ,! true ,fairy-r+ ,*ampignon is pictur$ 9 ,plate #h4 ,x is common on lawns & close-cropp$ pa/ures1 :]e x is usually se5 gr[+ 9 r+s m or less brok51 & (t5 sev]al feet 9 diamet]1 or 9 disconnect$ arcs1 ! vegetation ext5d+ outw>d ye> by ye>4 ,?is mu%room is held 9 great e/eem1 & frequ5tly gr[s 9 su* pr(usion t bu%els may be ga!r$ 9 a small area4 ,sid5ote3 ,true fairy-r+ ,! pileus is buff or cream color$1 f "o to two in*es 9 diamet]1 lea!ry & %rivell$ :5 dry1 b :5 moi/1 aft] ra9 or dew1 becom+ br[ni%1 s(t1 & pliable1 ! conditions p]haps alt]nat+ = sev]al days2 ! sk9 refuses to be peel$1 & 9 ! old]1 fully op5$ specim5s ! c5tre ( ! cap is rais$ 9 a di/9ct t9y m\nd2 gills1 widely sep>at$1 ab\t t5 or twelve to ! in* at circumf]5ce 9 av]age specim5s1 same color z cap1 or pal]1 unequal 9 l5g?1 curv+ upw>d on rea*+ /em1 ?us free f app>5t contact ) x2 /em1 equal diamet]1 t\gh1 fibr\s1 & t5aci\s1 pal] ?an gills1 smoo? to ! base 7no sp9es nor d[n72 cup1 none2 spores1 :ite2 ta/e nutty1 some:at aromatic1 appetiz+2 habitat usually on lawns or pa/ures4 ,sid5ote3 ,traditions ( ! my/ic r+ ,! r+ 0 long involv$ 9 my/]y1 be+ attribut$ to moles1 lightn+1 wit*craft1 etc42 &1 clo!d ) popul> sup]/ition1 has f\nd its way into _m folk-leg5ds1 & has figur$ 9 ! lore ( elfs & gobl9s1 to :om1 9 ! abs5ce ( sci5tific k1 ! /range1 fungus-haunt$ circle 0 ref]r$1 ! r+ be+ appli$ n m]ely to ! circle ( mu%rooms !mselves1 b especially to ! cle>ly def9$ r+ ( cle>1 fre% grass surr\nd+ ! c5tral1 m fad$ area4 ,b ! fairies no long] dance _! moonlight rigadoon ^u ! *>m$ circle ( ! *ampignon1 nor d ! nimble elves re> _! midnight mu%rooms ^u ! r+s ( lu% grass z ( old1 = sci5ce has /epp$ 9 & cle>$ up ! my/]y4 ,! ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,b]keley1 9 8 ,outl9es to ,briti% ,fungology1 ?us completely rescues ! fairy-r+ f ! doma9 ( poetry & r$uces x to prosaic fact3 ,illu/ration3 ,m>asmius oreades ,,plate ,,viii ,,fairy ,,r+ ,,*ampignon ,m>asmius oreades ,pileus3 ,convex at fir/1 becom+ flat1 ) a m\nd at c5tre1 at juncture ( /em2 texture1 t\gh & pliable :5 moi/1 brittle 9 dry+1 alt]nat+ betwe5 ^! two conditions ) ra9 & sun2 color1 r$di% buff at fir/1 becom+ cream color$ :5 old1 :5 x is usually q wr9kl$4 ,gills3 ,broad1 & q sep>at$2 ab\t t5 or twelve to ! in* at rim 9 l>ge specim5s2 unequal 9 l5g?2 deep cream color2 cle>+ ! /em z !y curve upw>d t[>ds cap4 ,/em3 ,solid2 equal diamet]2 t\gh & fibr\s2 nak$ & smoo? at base4 ,spores3 ,:ite4 ,ta/e3 ,sweet1 nutty1 & appetiz+4 ,odor3 ,aromatic & pleasant4 ,habitat3 ,pa/ures & lawns1 g5]ally gr[+ 9 r+s or curv$ l9es4 ,diamet] ( pileus1 full expansion1 "o to two in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii ,,m>asmius ,,oreades4 ,sid5ote3 ,! r+ expla9$ ,^! r+s are sometimes ( v anci5t date1 & atta9 su* enorm\s dim5sions z to be di/9ctly visible on a hill-side = a great di/ance4 ,x is believ$ t !y orig9ate f a s+le fungus ^: gr[? r5d]s ! soil imm$iately b5ea? unfit = its reproduction4 ,! spawn1 h[ev]1 spreads all ar\nd1 & 9 ! second ye> produces a crop1 ^: spawn spreads aga91 ! exhau/$ soil beh9d =bidd+ its return 9 t direction4 ,?us ! circle is cont9ually increas$1 & ext5ds indef9itely till "s cause int]v5es to de/roy x4 ,if ! spawn does n spread on all sides at fir/1 an arc ( a circle only is produc$4 ,! manure aris+ f ! dead fungi ( =m] ye>s makes ! grass peculi>ly vigor\s ar\nd1 s z to r5d] ! circle visible ev5 :5 !re is no ext]nal appe>ance ( fungus1 & ! contra/ is (t5 /rong] f t beh9d be+ kill$ by ! old spawn4 ,?is mode ( gr[? is f> m common ?an is suppos$1 & may be obs]v$ con/antly 9 our woods1 :]e ! spawn c spread only 9 ! soil or among ! leaves & decay+ fragm5ts :i* cov] x4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>i\s recipes ,_m recipes are recomm5d$ = ! prep>ation ( ?is mu%room1 "s ( :i* are giv5 9 a lat] *apt]1 includ+ ! me?od ( desiccation s commonly employ$ ) o!r species1 & by :i* ! *ampignon may be kept = ready use ?r\gh\t ! w9t] mon?s4 ,9 its fre% /ate1 accord+ to ,j4 ,m4 ,b]keley1 ,:5 ( good size & quickly gr[n1 x is p]haps ! be/ ( all fungi = ! table1 :e!r c>efully fri$ or /ew$ ) an admixture ( f9ely mix$ h]bs & a m9ute portion ( g>lic4 ,x is at ! same "t t5d] & easy ( dige/ion1 & :5 once its use is kn[n & its "* asc]ta9$1 no species may be eat5 ) less fe>4 ,x is s common 9 "s di/ricts t bu%els may be ga!r$ 9 a day4 ,,false ,,or ,,poison ,,*ampignon ,m>asmius ur5s ,!re are two o!r species ( mu%room :i* might possibly be mi/ak5 = ! above by ! casual eye1 b :i* are easily di/+ui%able on c>eful exam9ation4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! false ,*ampignon 7,plate #i1 fig4 #a74 ,! mo/ important di/+ui%+ features are italiciz$4 ,!y w be se5 to af=d a /rik+ contra/ to ! true edible species 9 ^! especial *>act]s4 ,! pileus is pale buff1 convex1 c5tral m\nd abs5t2 ! cap v>ies f "o-half to "o & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 & is ?us slightly small] ?an ! true fairy-r+2 gills1 yell[i% br[n1 n>r[1 & cr[d$1 tw5ty-five or m to ! in* at circumf]5ce 9 good specim51 curv+ upw>d at junction ) /em1 ?us free f actual atta*m5t2 /em1 solid1 clo!d ) :iti% d[n1 especially noticeable at ! base2 cup1 none2 ta/e1 acrid4 ,?is la/ quality alone %\ld di/+ui% ! species1 :i*1 moreov]1 usually gr[s 9 woods1 ?\gh occasionally f\nd ^u ! lawn 9 association ) ! edible species4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>asmius ur5s ,m>asmius p]onatus ,,plate ,,ix ,,poison\s ,,*ampignons ,m>asmius ur5s ,pileus3 ,pale buff 9 color2 t\gh & fle%y2 flat convex1 becom+ depress$ & at l5g? wr9kl$2 "o to two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,gills3 ,unequal1 cream color$1 becom+ br[ni%2 mu* clos] toge!r ?an 9 ! true ,*ampignon1 h>dly rea*+ ! /em prop]4 ,/em3 ,solid2 fibr\s2 pale1 its surface m or less cov]$ ) :ite1 floccul5t d[n1 & d5sely clo!d ) :ite d[n at base4 ,ta/e3 ,acrid4 ,habitat3 ,lawns & pa/ures1 (t5 9 association ) ! edible ,m4 oreades4 ,m>asmius p]onatus ,pileus3 ,r$di% buff2 convex slightly flatt5$ at top1 becom+ convex by expansion2 v wr9kl$ :5 old2 diamet]1 at full expansion1 betwe5 "o & two in*es4 ,gills3 ,?9 & cr[d$2 creamy1 becom+ light r$di% br[n1 cont9u+ slightly d[n /em by a %ort1 abrupt curve4 ,/em3 ,solid2 fibr\s2 pale1 d5sely clo!d ) /iff yell[ hairs at base4 ,ta/e3 ,acrid4 ,habitat3 ,9 woods1 among dead leaves1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix ,,poison\s ,,*ampignons4 ,,m>asmius ,,ur5s4 ,m4 ,,p]onatus4 ,,poison\s ,,fairy-,,r+ ,,mu%room ,m>asmius p]onatus ,! o!r false species 7,plate #i1 fig4 #b7 /ill m closely simulates ! fairy-r+1 b may be id5tifi$ by ! gr[? ( sp9es at ! base ( ! /alk4 ,! gills are also annex$ to ! /alk by a small1 %>p1 recurv$ too?4 ,l ! previ\s spuri\s species1 x is f\nd 9 woods1 & is r>ely to be se5 9 association ) ! true ,*ampignon or 9 its peculi> haunt4 ,,! ,,pa/ure ,,mu%room ,ag>icus 7,lepiota7 proc]us ,sid5ote3 ,description ,"o ( ! mo/ readily recogniz$ ( our wild mu%rooms is ! pa/ure or p>asol ,ag>ic 7,ag>icus proc]us71 a clu/] ( :i* 9 v>i\s /ages ( developm5t is %[n 9 ,plate #aj4 ,x is frequ5tly abundant 9 pa/ure-l&s1 & is occasionally f\nd 9 woods4 ,its conspicu\s cap sometimes measures six in*es or m 9 diamet]1 ! c5tre be+ abruptly rais$ 9 a m\nd4 ,! pileus is at fir/ egg-%ap$4 ,! color ( ! full specim5 is pale-br[n or buff1 m or less spott$ ) d>k] br[n %aggy pat*es1 g5]ally arrang$ 9 some:at conc5tric ord]4 ,! sk9 ( ! cap is ?ick & some:at t\gh1 especially 9 dry+4 ,! gills are almo/ pure :ite 9 e>ly specim5s1 slightly creamy lat]1 & unequal 9 l5g?4 ,/em1 (t5 six or eight in*es high1 proportionately sl5d]1 & ( equal diamet]1 bulb\s at base1 b )\t a cup1 holl[1 fibr\s1 f9ely speckl$ or /reak$ ) br[n1 & deeply ins]t$ 9 ! cap1 at :i* juncture1 by a n>r[ flat space1 z %[n 9 ! section draw+ bel[1 x is di/9ctly free f contact ) ! gills4 ,! remnants ( ! veil are 9 ! =m ( a m or less deta*able r+ encircl+ ! /em4 ,! spores are :ite & odor\s4 ,! flavor1 :5 raw1 is di/9ctly nutty1 aromatic1 sweet1 & palatable2 :5 dry1 slightly pung5t4 ,illu/ration ,sid5ote3 ,simple recipe ,?is species is cosmopolitan1 & is a great favorite on ! ,cont95t--9 ,france be+ kn[n z ! ,c\lemelle1 9 ,italy z ,bubbola maggiore1 & 9 ,spa9 z ,cogomelos4 ,x is by _m consid]$ z ! *oice/ ( all mu%rooms1 & is inde$ a delici\s morsel :5 quickly broil$ ov] coals1 season$ to ta/e ) salt & pepp] & butt] melt$ 9 ! gills1 & s]v$ hot on butt]$ toa/4 ,o!r recipes are not$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,! scurfy spots & /ems %\ld be remov$ be=e cook+4 ,illu/ration3 ,ag>icus proc]us ,,plate ,x ,,! ,,pa/ure ,,mu%room ,ag>icus proc]us ,pileus3 ,at fir/ egg-%ap$1 f9ally exp&$ l a p>asol f\r to sev5 in*es 9 diamet]1 ! apex rais$ 9 a prom95t m\nd or umbo4 ,color pale buff or creamy1 occasionally almo/ pure :ite1 m or less regul>ly spott$ ) ! br[n %aggy pat*es ( ! sep>at+ epid]mis1 :i* rema9s ( ! pale br[n color on ! umbo4 ,sk9 ?ick & some:at t\gh2 sub/ance hygrometric1 dry+ & swell+ naturally 9 its haunts4 ,gills3 ,unequal 9 l5g?2 cr[d$2 at fir/ almo/ :ite1 f9ally becom+ creamy or pale buff4 ,/em3 ,tall1 sl5d]1 equal1 holl[1 & fibr\s2 bulb\s at base1 b ) no sign ( a cup2 sep>at$ f ! gills above by a di/9ct space2 surface /reak$ & speckl$ ) br[n1 encircl$ by a loose r+4 ,spores3 ,:ite1 &1 l ! :ole plant1 fragrant aromatic--m s1 p]haps1 ?an any o!r fungus4 ,ta/e3 ,di/9ctly sweet & nutty1 slightly pung5t :5 dry4 ,habitat3 ,pa/ures & fields1 occasionally woods4 ,season3 ,summ]4 ,,plate ,x ,illu/ration3 ,ag>icus ,proc]us4 ,sid5ote3 ,hygrometric prop]ties ,?is species is especially free f ! sw>m+ grubs too commonly f\nd 9 mu%rooms4 ,x is highly hygrometric1 dries naturally ev5 :ile /&+ 9 ! pa/ure1 9 :i* condition x is decid$ly aromatic 9 fragrance & nutty sweet to ! ta/e1 z describ$4 ,inde$1 x is sometimes call$ ! nut mu%room4 ,absorb+ moi/ure f ! dews & ra9s1 x aga9 becomes pulpy & enl>g$1 ?us alt]nat+ = days betwe5 its juicy & dry condition1 9 :i* latt] /ate x may be ga!r$ & kept = w9t] use4 ,x is a palatable morsel at all times1 b especially 9 ! prime ( its fir/ expansion1 ea* successive alt]nation1 ) its gradual loss ( spores1 affect+ its full flavor4 ,,! ,,russula ,,gr\p ,sid5ote3 ,g5]ic *>act]s ,among ! wild species ( mu%rooms :i* ! novice might possibly mi/ake = ! common mu%room ( ! m>kets--:i* is popul>ly suppos$ to be ! only edible v>iety1 z di/+ui%$ f toad/ools--is ! ,russula gr\p4 ,!y are extremely frequ5t 9 our woods f spr+ to late autumn1 & h _m features 9 common4 ,_! caps v>y 9 color f a gray-gre51 sugge/+ *eese-m\ld1 to olive-r$1 sc>let-r$1 & purpli%4 ,! gills are g5]ally ( ! same l5g?1 or practically s1 occasionally d\ble-bran*$1 beg9n+ at ! /em & usually ext5d+ to ! rim ( ! cap1 at :i* portion !y are cov]$ by ! m]e sk9 ( ! pileus1 a slightly flut$ appe>ance be+ obs]vable f above1 :i* indicates ! location ( ! radiat+ lam9 bel[ 7,plate #ab1 fig4 #f74 ,! /em may be :ite or cream-color$1 or p]haps /a9$ or mottl$ ) ! color ( ! cap4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr9cipal species ,!re are at lea/ f\r ( ^! edible ,russul t we are c]ta9 ( meet+ 9 our walks 9 ! woods3 ,! gre5 ,russula 7,r4 viresc5s71 ) its mottl$ cap ( m\ldy or sage gre52 ! v>i\s-gill$ ,russula 7,r4 het]ophylla71 v>y+ 9 ! l5g?s ( its gill plates2 ! purple ,russula 7,r4 lepida71 ^: cap v>ies f bright r$ to dull purple2 & ! r$ ,russula 7,r4 alutacea71 :i* pres5ts a v>iety ( %ades ( r$1 f bright to dull4 ,hav+ once id5tifi$ ! ,russula z a gr\p1 or ! common *>act]i/ics ( ! g5us1 we may take our pick f all ( ^! delici\s species = ! table2 b we mu/ avoid "o o!r memb] ( ! g5us1 also q common1 & :i* frequ5tly masqu]ades 9 ! guise ( "s ( ! bright r$ v>ieties above m5tion$4 ,?is is ! ,r4 emetica1 ^: obnoxi\s qualities are indicat$ by its classical surname1 & :i* w be sep>ately consid]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,russula ,,viresc5s 7,%[+ mottl$ cap ( occasional specim51 & v>iations 9 gills4 #a ev52 #b =k$2 #c dimidiate47 ,,! ,,gre5 ,,russula ,ag>icus 7,russula7 viresc5s ,sid5ote3 ,specific *>act]s ,our fir/ species1 ! gre5 ,russula1 is to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! summ] 9 h>d-wood groves1 & is apt to frequ5t ! same imm$iate locality f ye> to ye>4 ,i "k "o su* v]itable mu%room b$ 9 ! woods ne> by1 :]e ,i am almo/ c]ta9 ( my mess ( ,russul almo/ any day 9 _! season4 ,?is species is %[n 9 its v>i\s /ages ( developm5t & also 9 section 9 ,plate #aa4 ,its sub/ance is firm & solid creamy :ite4 ,! pileus1 at fir/ almo/ hemisph]ical1 z x pu%es its way ?r\gh ! e>?1 at l5g? becomes convex1 ) a slight holl[ at ! c5tre1 & lat] asc5ds 9 a g5tle slope f c5tre to rim4 ,its color is sage gre51 or m\ldy gre51 usually q unbrok5 9 t9t at c5tre1 b m or less disconnect$ into spots z x approa*es ! circumf]5ce by ! gradual expansion ( ! cap1 ! creamy und]t9t appe>+ l network betwe5 ! sep>at$ pat*es ( color4 ,! sub/ance ( ! cap becomes gradually ?9n$ t[>ds ! circumf]5ce1 :]e ! m]e cuticle connects ! gills1 ! position ( ^! gills be+ obs]vable f above 9 a fa9t flut+ ( ! edge1 a peculi>ity ( all ! ,russul4 ,! cuticle peels readily "s di/ance f ! edge1 leav+ ! project+ tips ( ! gills expos$ 9 a r[ ( comb-l tee?1 b usually adh]es t[>ds ! c5tre ( cap4 ,! gills1 ) r>e exceptions1 are all ( ! same l5g?1 :ite or creamy 9 color1 firm & ?ick1 b v brittle1 easily brok5 into fragm5ts by a rude t\*1 a *>act]i/ic ( all ! gr\p2 spores1 :ite4 ,! /em is %ort1 /\t1 & solid1 & usually tap]s t[>ds ! base4 ,!re is no ve/ige ( a cup or veil at any /age ( gr[?4 ,a f9e specim5 ( ! gre5 ,russula %\ld measure five in*es 9 diamet] :5 fully op51 b ?ree in*es is probably ! av]age size4 ,sid5ote3 ,! noxi\s ,russul ,:5 once acqua9t$ ) ! above z a type ( ! ,russula gr\p1 not+ ! firm sub/ance1 /raight1 equal gills1 & _! brittle texture2 ! sweet1 nutty flavor common to all ! edible species1 ^! become readily id5tifi$1 ! noxi\s ,russul1 z 9 ! brilliant p9k or sc>let ,r4 emetica 7,plate #ac71 be+ acrid & pepp]y to ! ta/e4 ,sid5ote3 ,gre5 ,russula (t5 suffici5t ,9 an auspici\s season & 9 a cong5ial habitat--usually an op5 wood ) scant und]gr[? & pref]ably rak$ clean ( dead leaves--! gre5 ,russula is (t5 abundant4 ,famili>ity ev5 ) ?is "o species w (t5 af=d a suffici5cy ( fungus food dur+ its season4 ,a lady amateur mycophagi/ ( ! writ]'s acqua9tance1 ^: home is locat$ at ! bord] ( su* a wood z is above describ$1 & :o is especially fond ( ! gre5 ,russula1 is nev] at a loss = ?is especially priz$ tidbit z a rew>d = h] daily /roll among ! trees4 ,a visitor may (t5 see ^u h] buffet a small glass di% fill$ ) ! mu%rooms1 nicely scrap$ & cut 9 pieces--an ev]-pres5t reli% betwe5 meals4 ,= ev5 9 _! natural /ate1 z %e discrim9at+ly says1 !y are z sweet z *e/nuts4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! buttons or y\ng] specim5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,russula viresc5s ,,plate ,,xi ,,! ,,gre5 ,,russula ,russula viresc5s ,pileus3 ,v firm2 solid1 dull1 dry-surfac$1 z ) a f9e flock2 m\ldy gre5 or creamy1 ) sage-gre5i% brok5 spots m unit$ at c5tre2 occasionally entirely gre51 ) w>ty pat*es ( d>k] hue4 ,at fir/ globul>1 !n convex ) flat top1 at l5g? exp&$ & holl[$ t[>ds c5tre4 ,gills3 ,pale1 creamy :ite2 commonly all ( equal l5g?1 b frequ5tly unequal & =k$2 v brittle1 break+ 9 pieces at a rude t\*4 ,/em3 ,solid2 creamy :ite2 no veil4 ,ta/e3 ,v mild1 sweet1 & nut-l4 ,habitat3 ,9 woods--,july-,septemb]4 ,diamet] ( pileus1 ideal specim51 f\r in*es4 ,,plate ,,xi ,illu/ration3 ,,russula ,,viresc5s4 ,,purple ,,russula ,russula lepida ,illu/ration3 ,,russula ,,lepida--,,contort$ ,,& ,,crack$ ,,pileus ,sid5ote3 ,color ( cap mislead+ ,sid5ote3 ,specific *>act]s ,?is1 p]haps ! mo/ common species1 is figur$ 9 ,plate #ab1 fig4 #c4 ,x corresponds ) ! =ego+ 9 size z well z 9 g5]al %ape1 firm texture1 & friable nature ( ! gills4 ,! pileus ( ?is species frequ5tly assumes ecc5tric %apes1 or is (t5 crack$1 z se5 9 ! accompany+ cut4 ,its "n ( purple is probably local 9 its application1 z x is kn[n also z ! r$ ,russula1 nei!r ( :i* titles is at all di/9ctive4 ,inde$1 ! color ( ! cap is (t5 a mislead+ "* = id5tification1 z a giv5 species may v>y greatly 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,?is feature is ?us g5]ally omitt$ 9 purely sci5tific descriptions1 m dep5d5ce be+ plac$ ^u ! t9t ( ! fle% & t ( ! spore surface1 ! lam9 or gills1 :i* are m p]man5t & reliable z a "*4 ,?us1 9 ! pres5t species1 ,r4 lepida1 ! t9t ( ! pileus or cap is (t5 ( a deep dull purpli% r$ or ruddy w9e color4 ,ano!r au?ority describes x z violet-r$ & *]ry-r$ or slightly tawny1 pal] at circumf]5ce4 ,b]keley1 9 8 ,briti% ,fungi1 omits any ref]5ce to ! color ( ! cap1 z evid5tly ( little value 9 id5tification4 ,b f num]\s examples ga!r$ by ! pres5t writ]1 ! color may1 ,i ?9k1 be safely av]ag$ "u ! g5]al hue ( d>k1 subdu$ r$ incl9+ to m>oon4 ,! surface is dull1 z ) a f9e du/ or plum-l bloom1 & ?us )\t poli%4 ,occasional specim5s appe> almo/ velvety 9 ! %e5 ( surface4 ,b ! t9ts ( ! fle% & ! gills are always uni=m1 ! leaflets or gills be+ pure :ite or v slightly creamy1 cont9u\s f /em to rim or occasionally =k$1 n cr[d$1 curv$ 9 outl9e 9 op5 specim51 ) broade/ wid? ne> ! circumf]5ce ( cap4 ,! fle% is :ite or slightly creamy1 firm & compact z 9 ! =m] species1 ) ! same v>iations ( outl9e f e>ly /age to maturity4 ,! /em is :ite1 solid1 & g5]ally m or less t9t$ or /reak$ v]tically ) rose or pale crimson 7,fig4 #h74 ,! ta/e ( ! fle% is sweet & appetiz+4 ,illu/ration3 ,edible ,russul ,,plate ,,xii ,,edible ,,russul #a4 ,russula het]ophylla--,v>iable ,russula ,pileus3 ,firm1 solid2 gre5i% or p9ki%-gray2 at fir/ convex1 ) flat top1 ultimately ris+ f c5tre to rim4 ,gills3 ,milk-:ite2 extremely brittle1 l all ! ,russul1 & easily crumbl$ 7see ,fig4 #g72 long1 %ort1 & =k$ int]mix$4 ,fig4 #e4 ,/em3 ,milk-:ite2 solid4 ,ta/e3 ,mild & sweet4 #b4 ,russula alutacea--,yell[-gill$ ,russula ,pileus3 ,firm1 solid2 %ape z 9 above2 color v v>iable1 f bright to deep r$2 cuticle ?9 at rim1 :]e ! l9es ( junction ( gills are readily disc]nible f above by ! depress$ *annels4 ,fig4 #f4 ,gills3 ,equal1 brittle1 broad2 yell[-buff color 9 all /ages4 ,fig4 #d4 ,/em3 ,solid2 milk-:ite1 commonly /a9$ or /reak$ ) r$ t[>ds ! base4 ,ta/e3 ,sweet & nut-l4 #c4 ,russula lepida--,purple ,russula ,pileus3 ,9 %ape l above1 v>y+ 9 color f bright r$ to dull1 subdu$ purpli%1 ) a di/9ct bloom4 ,gills3 ,:ite1 broad1 pr9cipally ev51 occasionally =k$ z 9 ,fig4 #a2 l ! above1 extremely brittle4 ,fig4 #g4 ,/em3 ,solid2 :ite1 usually /a9$ & /reak$ ) p9k4 ,fig4 #h4 ,ta/e3 ,sweet1 & simil> to above4 ,av]age diamet] ( ext5d$ pileus ( ea* ( ^! species ab\t ?ree & "o-half in*es2 veil abs5t 9 ea*4 ,habitat3 ,all gr[ 9 woods--,july-,septemb]4 ,,plate ,,xii ,illu/ration3 ,,edible ,,russul4 ,,russula ,,het]ophylla4 ,r4 ,,alutacea4 ,r4 ,,lepida4 ,,yell[-,,gill$ ,,russula ,russula alutacea ,sid5ote3 ,botanical *>act]s ,our ?ird example ( ! ,russula is "o :i* is also q common 9 our woods1 & :i* might 9 ! extreme v>iation ( its color be conf\nd$ ) ! la/ by a c>eless obs]v]1 z inde$ bo? might be /ill fur!r conf\nd$ ) ! poison\s memb] be>+ ! r$ t9t1 & :i* w be h]eaft] consid]$4 ,! ,russula alutacea 7,pl4 #ab1 figs4 #b1 #d1 #f7 is a delici\s species4 ,9 g5]al size & cont\r x resembles ! =ego+4 ,! color ( ! cap v>ies f bright-r$ to blood-r$ or ev5 approa*+ ! purpli% r$ ( ! prec$+ species1 light5+ t[>ds edge4 ,b we h a cle> di/9ction 9 ! color ( ! gills1 :i* are di/9ctly yell[i%1 pale o*re1 or nanke51 9 all /ages ( ! mu%room1 or ev5 tawny 9 old specim5s4 ,!y are1 moreov]1 usually all ( ev5 l5g?1 be+ /raight & cont9u\s f /em to circumf]5ce ( pileus1 none ( !m =k$1 _! juncture ) ! edge ( ! cap be+ cle>ly manife/ f above by ! ?9ness ( ! cuticle4 ,! fle% is :ite1 /em firm & solid1 :ite & smoo?1 (t5 t9t$ ) p9k or r$4 ,! fle% ( ! cap (t5 appe>s p9ki% ^u peel+ ! cuticle f ! edge4 ,! ta/e resembles t ( ! previ\s species--sweet & nutty4 ,,v>i\s-,,gill$ ,,russula ,russula het]ophylla ,sid5ote3 ,botanical *>act]s ,gr[+ 9 company ) bo? ( ! above is frequ5tly to be se5 ano!r species1 :i* is some:at protean 9 its accompli%m5ts ( color1 b :i* 9 ! "* ( its gills1 z impli$ 9 its sci5tific "n1 gives u a ready means ( id5tification--het]ophylla--v>i\s-leav$ 7,pl4 #ab1 figs4 #a & #e74 ,9 ! previ\s examples ( ,russul ! gills h be5 commonly /raight1 cont9u\s f /em to edge ( cap1 or m r>ely =k$ & cont9u\s 9 ! bifurcation4 ,9 ! pres5t species we h bo? ( ^! conditions1 comb9$ also ) :at are call$ dimidiate gills1 or %ort] leaflets1 :i* rea*1 p]haps1 only half-way f rim to /em1 all cr[d$ toge!r & alt]nat+4 ,! color ( ! cap is v v>iable--occasionally p9ki%-a% color or dull p9ki%-gray incl9+ to gre5 or olive or ev5 r$4 ,its surface is smoo!r ?an 9 ! =ego+ species1 be+ almo/ poli%$1 & ! pellicle ( ! cap is usually noticeably ?9n]4 ,hav+ f\nd su* a specim51 possess+ also all ! o!r attributes ( %ape1 firmness ( fle%1 & dry brittl5ess ( gills1 if ta/$ & f\nd sweet 9 flavor x may be eat5 )\t ! slighte/ fe>1 & l its cong5]s w be f\nd a delici\s morsel1 :e!r nibbl$ raw1 z ! squirrels are s fond ( do+1 or s]v$ hot on toa/ z an entre1 or o!rwise prep>$ accord+ to ta/e4 ,sid5ote3 ,delici\s broil$ ,russula ,v>i\s me?ods prevail 9 ! cul9>y prep>ation ( ! ,russula mu%room1 _m ( :i* are sugge/$ among ! receipts 9 ano!r *apt]1 b broil+ is p]haps ! mo/ simple & g5]ally satisfactory4 ,hav+ ?or\ghly clean$ ! top1 or1 if desir$1 peel$ ! cuticle1 place ! mu%rooms on a gridiron ov] a hot fire1 gills d[nw>d1 = a few mom5ts1 suffici5t to all[ !m to be heat$ ?r\gh )\t scor*+4 ,!n rev]se !m & repeat ! process1 melt+ a small piece ( butt] 9 ! gills & salt+ & pepp]+ to ta/e2 s]ve hot on toa/ or 9 ! platt] ) roa/ beef or f[l4 ,!y are also delici\s fri$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 ei!r ) or )\t batt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,infe/$ ,,specim5 ,! ,russula is p>ticul>ly 9 favor among ! fungus-eat+ insects1 ^: rapid developm5t & voracity are consi/5tly relat$ to ! ephem]al nature ( _! food4 ,a ,russula specim5 %[+ b>ely a trace ( insect life :5 ga!r$ w sometimes prove lit]ally honey-comb$ & totally unfit = food 9 ! space ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x is !re=e well to cut ea* specim5 9 sections be=e v5tur+ ^u its prep>ation = ! table1 & to pr(it !reby accord+ to our individual fa/idi\sness1 z sugge/$ on page #cg4 ,:ile ! above escul5t species ( ,russul are be+ famili>iz$ by ! tyro1 he mu/ n[ be put on gu>d aga9/ a c]ta9 dang]\s species ( ! gr\p1 :i* is sure to claim 8 att5tion1 be+ especially fond ( ! good company ( its c\s9s1 & likely to d "s mis*ief ?r\gh its frequ5t disguise4 ,,poison\s ,,or ,,emetic ,,mu%room ,russula emetica ,sid5ote3 ,! poison\s ,russula ,sid5ote3 ,a w>n+ tang ,! v>iability 9 ! color+ ( ! ?ree edible species already describ$ br+s !m occasionally into su* close simil>ity ) ! gamut ( color ( ! "o common poison\s species ( ! gr\p t ?is enemy mu/ also be famili>iz$ ere we v5ture too confid5tly ^u our ,russula diet4 ,! ,russula emetica 7,plate #ac71 z its "n implies1 is at w> ) luxuri\s ga/ronomy1 b its di/9ction f ! h>mless v>ieties is1 aft] all1 q simple4 ,its frequ5t g5]al simil>ity to ,r4 lepida & ,r4 alutacea is su* t ! amateur %\ld h>dly rely ^u ! botanical *>act]s alone4 ,!re is b "o safe1 z x is a simple1 rule = him3 ,he %\ld ta/e e specim5 ( 8 ,russula ( :atev] k9d be=e v5tur+ ^u its use z food4 ,all ( ! sweet & palatable ,russul are escul5t4 ,:5 he *ances ^u ! ,r4 emetica he w be aw>e ( its important demoraliz+ res\rces 9 ! pepp]y-hot t+le ( 8 tongue1 :i*1 if n in/antly p]ceiv$1 w )9 ! space ( a m9ute ass]t itself di/9ctly4 ,all su* acrid specim5s %\ld be exclud$1 z a s+le "o w\ld be suffici5t to br+ an ignom9i\s d5\em5t to an o!rwise delectable fea/4 ,9 ! typical ,r4 emetica ! pileus is a bright1 brilliant r$--:i*1 z we h said1 is v v>iable1 z indicat$ 9 our plate--(t5 poli%$ & %9+2 ! gills broad1 equal1 /raight1 cont9u\s1 n cr[d$1 & :ite1 z is ! fle% b5ea? ! peel$ cuticle4 ,! /em is :ite or p9k4 ,! cap w av]age1 p]haps1 ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 ?\gh occasionally rea*+ ! dim5sions indicat$ by ! m>ks 9 plate1 or ev5 l>g]4 ,illu/ration3 ,russula emetica ,,plate ,,xiii ,,poison\s ,,or ,,emetic ,,mu%room ,russula emetica ,pileus3 ,expansion two to f\r in*es2 color v>y+ f pale bright p9k to deep sc>let2 v smoo?4 ,gills3 ,broad 79 section71 mo/ly equal 9 l5g?1 & cont9u\s f edge ( cap to /em2 n cr[d$2 :ite4 ,/em3 ,:ite or p9ki%4 ,spores3 ,:ite1 l all ,russul4 ,ta/e3 ,hot & pepp]y4 ,habitat3 ,woods1 ) o!r ,russul4 ,season3 ,july-,septemb]4 ,,note4--,:ile1 = cons]vative reasons1 ! poison\s reputation ( ?is species is "h p]petuat$1 x is q probable t su* condemnation is unw>rant$1 except z to ! raw mu%room4 ,! pepp]y tang & demoraliz+ p[]s are n[ claim$ to be dissipat$ 9 cook+1 & ! ,emetica w d\btless soon be m g5]ally includ$ ) its cong5]s among ! escul5ts1 ?us br++ ! entire g5us ,russula into ! fri5dly gr\p4 ,capta9 ,*>les ,mc,ilvaine is l>gely responsible = ?is conv]sion 9 favor ( ,emetica4 ,8 individual exp]im5ts w>rant him 9 pron\nc+ ?is species z good z ! re/ :5 cook$4 ,o!rs ( ! writ]'s acqua9tance1 foll[+ 8 example1 e*o 8 op9ion4 ,,plate ,,xiii ,illu/ration3 ,,russula ,,emetica4 7,,poison\s7 ,,! ,,oy/] ,,mu%room ,ag>icus o/reatus ,:at a mass ( nutriti\s food d we occasionally pass 9 innoc5ce or spurn ) our foot ^u ! old /ump or fall5 log 9 ! woods6--a neglect$ fea/1 inde$1 if ! speciali/s on edible fungi are to be believ$2 a fea/1 9 tru?1 = a big family1 if we *ance ^u ev5 an av]age clu/] ( ! vegetable oy/]1 :i* is pictur$ 9 ,plate #ad4 ,sid5ote3 ,a vegetable oy/] ,i h commonly obs]v$ ?is species1 ! ,ag>icus o/reatus1 9 ! autumn1 & ?is is ! season giv5 = its appe>ance 9 ,europe by ! au?orities2 b accord+ to c]ta9 ,am]ican speciali/s1 notably ,*>les ,mc,ilvaine1 x is common 9 our woods 9 spr+1 ev5 z e>ly z ,m>*1 & ?r\gh ! summ]4 ,x is usually f\nd 9 l>ge clu/]s1 simil> to our illu/ration1 gr[+ ^u decay+ /umps & ! trunks ( v>i\s trees4 ,! oy/] is a gill$ mu%room :i* gr[s sidewise f its position1 ! /em be+ usually lat]al & v %ort1 ?\gh occasionally q prolong$1 ! two v>ieties be+ indicat$ 9 ! accompany+ cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ag>icus ,,o/reatus--,,v>iations ,,9 ,,=m ,! individual mu%room may be five or six in*es 9 bread?1 a clu/] af=d+ sev]al p\nds 9 weight4 ,! color ( ! upp] surface is light br[n or buff1 v>y+ to yell[i%-a%51 accord+ to age1 & ! gills are dirty :ite ( v>i\s l5g?s2 spores :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,ag>icus o/reatus ,,plate ,,xiv ,,! ,,oy/] ,,mu%room ,ag>icus o/reatus ,pileus3 ,f\r to six in*es 9 diamet]2 smoo?4 ,color1 dull1 light yell[i%1 sometimes pale o*re or grayi%4 ,gills3 ,d+y :ite2 ( v>i\s l5g?s1 ext5d+ d[n ! /em4 ,/em3 ,%ort or obsolete2 on ! side ( pileus4 ,spores3 ,:ite4 ,ta/e3 ,agreeable2 sugge/+ ! flavor ( ! cook$ oy/]2 texture t\gh 9 old] specim5s4 ,odor3 ,pleasant4 ,habitat3 ,on old tree trunks & fall5 logs1 occasionally 9 d5se masses4 ,,plate ,,xiv ,illu/ration3 ,,ag>icus ,,o/reatus4 ,?is species & ! "o foll[+ belong to ! subdivision ( ! typical g5us ,ag>icus1 call$ ,leucospori--:ite spor$4 ,! division has _m sub-g5]a4 ,! p>ticul> sub-g5us 9 :i* ^! are includ$ is ! ,pleurotus1 or side-foot mu%rooms1 z !y are sometimes call$4 ,ano!r e>li] species ) :i* ,a4 o/reatus might be conf\nd$ 7,a4 euosmus7 has spores ( a rosy p9ki% or lilac hue1 a suffici5t id5tification1 & is acc\nt$ injuri\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?irty ,,p\nds ,,( ,,vegetable ,,meat ,! clu/]+ gr[? ( ! ,oy/] ,mu%room frequ5tly atta9s huge proportions1 z w be se5 f ! above reproduction ( a photograph s5t to me by a correspond5t4 ,! dim5sions ( ! mass are easily judg$ by ! height ( ! gun lean+ aga9/ ! tree1 & introduc$ = comp>ison4 ,sid5ote3 ,broil$ oy/] recipe ,?is ,oy/] ,mu%room %\ld be ga!r$ 9 its "y /ate1 & may be s]v$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,broil+ ov] ! coals1 gills upw>d1 season+ ) butt]1 pepp]1 & salt dur+ ! cook+1 is a favorite me?od ) mo/ ( ! ,ag>ics1 b a well-kn[n fungus epicure claims t ?is mu%room may be cook$ 9 any way t an oy/] is1 & w be f\nd f9e eat+4 ,! av]age specim5 w probably prove m a%5 9 hue ?an ^? repres5t$ 9 my plate4 ,,! ,,elm ,,mu%room ,ag>icus ulm>ius ,sid5ote3 ,appetiz+ qualities ,?is edible species ( mu%room1 alli$ to ! =ego+1 & :i* gr[s 9 simil> clu/]s on ! elm-tree1 is ! ,ag>icus ulm>ius 7,plate #ae74 ,:ile mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion prevails reg>d+ ! appetiz+ qualities ( ?is mu%room or its "r to a place among ! escul5ts1 ?is v>y+ individual judgm5t has d\btless (t5 _h direct ref]5ce to ! "* ( ! p>ticul> specim5 *os5 = trial4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,c4 ,cooke is n dispos$ to place a high appreciation ^u its qualities4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y1 he says1 to reg>d ?is & "s ( its allies presumably 9 allusion to ! prec$+ z alim5t>y1 b !re is no d\bt t !y c\ld all be v well sp>$ f ! li/4 ,oppos$ to ?is uncomplim5t>y asp]sion is ! te/imony ( o!r au?orities :o claim t x is mo/ delectable & a delici\s morsel4 ,c]ta9 x is t 9 its "y & t5d] condition only is x fit = food1 z x becomes progressively t\gh 9 consi/5cy t[>ds maturity4 ,illu/ration3 ,ag>icus ulm>ius ,,plate ,,xv ,,! ,,elm ,,mu%room ,ag>icus ulm>ius ,pileus3 ,f ?ree to five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,color1 pale yell[ or buff2 smoo? 9 "y specim51 fissur$1 spott$1 & lea!ry at maturity4 ,fle% 9 section :ite4 ,gills3 ,d+y :ite1 becom+ tawny at maturity1 ext5d+ d[n ! /em4 ,/em3 ,v>i\s 9 l5g?1 occasionally v %ort & atta*$ to side ( pileus2 g5]ally long] z 9 ,plate1 & (f c5tre2 :ite2 sub/ance solid4 ,spores3 ,:ite4 ,ta/e3 ,sugge/+ fi% :5 cook$4 ,odor3 ,pleasant4 ,habitat3 ,trunk ( elm or f surfaces ( brok5 or sawn bran*es4 ,(t5 gr[+ 9 d5se masses cov]+ sev]al squ>e feet4 ,,plate ,,xv ,illu/ration3 ,,ag>icus ,,ulm>ius4 ,sid5ote3 ,massive gr[? ,z its specific "n implies--,ulmus--?is mu%room is devot$ to ! elm1 ^u ^: trunk & bran*es x may be (t5 se51 ei!r s+ly1 :i* is r>e1 or 9 great d5se masses1 sometimes1 cov]+ a space ( sev]al squ>e feet1 (t51 un=tunately1 at an inaccessible height f ! gr\nd4 ,i h 9 my possession a photograph :i* has be5 s5t to me by an int]e/$ correspond5t repres5t+ a dead tree trunk1 app>5tly a foot 9 diamet]1 d5sely cov]$ to a height ( sev5 feet f ! gr\nd ) a mass ( ! ,a4 ulm>ius--& presumably repres5t+ ?irty or =ty p\nds 9 weight4 ,?is species is mo/ frequ5tly se5 on app>5tly heal?y bran*es1 or gr[+ f ! wood ( a sev]$ limb4 ,its season is late summ] & autumn4 ,sid5ote3 ,botanical *>act]s ,a small clu/] ( ^! mu%rooms is se5 9 ,plate #ae4 ,!y af=d a good refutation ( ! old-"t discrim9at+ ban1 :i* exclud$ all mu%rooms :i* gr[ sidewise1 or ^u wood4 ,! individual mu%room ( ?is species is a horizontal gr[]1 sometimes ) a b>ely noticeable or obsolete /em2 9 o!r specim5s ?is portion be+ q di/9ct & an in* or m 9 l5g?1 & firm & solid 9 texture4 ,! upp] surface is pale yell[ or buff1 smoo? 9 ! y\ng] specim5s1 becom+ disfigur$ by spots & fissures ) age4 ,! fle% is :ite1 z also are ! gills1 ?\gh m d+y1 becom+ tawny-t9t$ ) maturity1 :5 ! entire mu%room becomes q lea!ry 9 sub/ance1 & might well awak5 d\bts z to its dige/ibility4 ,! spores are :ite4 ,?is fungus is kn[n 9 "s sections z ! ,fi% ,mu%room1 ref]r+ to its peculi> flavor1 ! appropriat5ess ( :i* appellation is sugge/$ 9 ! incid5t relat$ by ,mr4 ,palm]1 & quot$ 9 my la/ *apt]4 ,,%aggy-,,mane ,,mu%room ,copr9us comatus ,sid5ote3 ,a plebeian toad/ool ,^u a c]ta9 spot on ! lawn ( "o ( my neighbors1 ye> aft] ye>1 )\t fail1 !re spr+s up a mo/ s+ul> crop4 ,= ! fir/ two seasons ( its appe>ance x 0 look$ ^u ) curi\s awe by ! proprietors ( ! premises1 & usually ignom9i\sly spurn$ ) ! foot by ! undiscrim9at+ & de/ructive small boy4 ,"o day ,i obs]v$ ab\t five p\nds ( ?is fungus delicacy ?us scatt]$ piecemeal ab\t ! grass1 & my prote/ has s9ce sp>$ ! annual crop = my sole b5efit4 ,x usually makes its appe>ance 9 late ,septemb]1 & cont9ues 9 int]mitt5t crops until ,novemb]4 ,a casual obs]v] happ5+ ^u a clu/] ( ! "y mu%rooms might imag9e t he beheld a conv5tion ( goose eggs /&+ on end 9 ! grass1 _! summits spott$ ) br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,copr9us comatus ,,plate ,,xvi ,,! ,,%aggy-,,mane ,,mu%room ,copr9us comatus ,pileus3 ,egg-%ap$ 9 "y specim5s2 at l5g? m cyl9drical1 & f9ally exp&$1 melt+ away 9 inky fluid4 ,color1 creamy :ite1 becom+ black at edge ) advanc+ age1 z is also ! case ) ! %aggy po9ts ^u its surface1 :i* g5]ally cov] ! pileus4 ,gills3 ,cr[d$2 equal 9 l5g?2 creamy :ite 9 "y specim5s1 becom+ p9k1 br[n1 & f9ally black1 & always moi/4 ,/em3 ,cyl9drical2 creamy :ite2 holl[1 or ) a loose cottony pi?4 ,spores3 ,black1 fall+ away 9 drops4 ,ta/e3 ,sweet1 :i* applies only to ! p9k or :ite condition1 at :i* "t alone ! species is consid]$ escul5t4 ,habitat3 ,lawns1 pa/ures1 g>d5s1 & ri* gr\nds 9 ! neighborhood ( b>ns1 etc42 usually gr[s 9 d5se clu/]s4 ,diamet] ( cyl9drical pileus 9 av]age specim5s1 two in*es4 ,"o ( ! mo/ easily id5tifi$ ( all mu%rooms4 ,,plate ,,xvi ,illu/ration3 ,,copr9us ,,comatus4 ,sid5ote3 ,inky deliquesc5ce ,if "o ( !m is exam9$1 x is se5 to be a curi\s %ort-/emm$ mu%room :i* nev] fully exp&s 7,plate #af71 p]haps five in*es high1 & ^: surface is curi\sly decorat$ ) %aggy pat*es4 ,9 its e>ly /ages x is :ite & s+ul>ly egglike1 b lat] becomes br[ni%1 its curv$ %aggy po9ts f9ally *ang+ to almo/ black4 ,! conceal$ gills are cr[d$ & ( equal l5g?1 at fir/ creamy :ite1 b gradually *ang+ ?r\gh a :ole gamut ( p9ks1 sepias1 & br[ns until !y become black1 at :i* "t ! :ole sub/ance ( ! cap melts on its elongat$ /alk--deliquesces into an unsightly inky pa/e1 :i* besme>s ! grass & ultimately leaves only ! b>e :ite /em /&+ 9 its mid/1 a peculi> me?od ( dissem9ation :i* di/+ui%es ! gr\p ,copr9us1 ( :i* x is ! mo/ conspicu\s example4 ,?is is ! %aggy-mane mu%room1 ,copr9us comatus1 ! specific "n signify+ a wig--f ! fanci$ resemblance to a wig on a b>b]'s block4 ,ev5 a brief description is unnecess>y ) its portrait be=e u4 ,x is a savory morsel1 & x _c be conf\nd$ ) any o!r fungus4 ,x frequ5tly gr[s 9 su* d5se1 cr[d$ masses t a s+le gr\p w af=d a d9n] = a family4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,d9n] ,,= ,a ,,family ,x %\ld be ga!r$ :ile ! gills are 9 ! e>ly :ite or p9k /age1 & may be prep>$ = ! table 9 v>i\s ways1 ei!r broil$ or fri$1 z describ$ = previ\s species1 or /ew$ ) milk1 or o!rwise s]v$ accord+ to ! cul9>y h9ts 9 our lat] *apt]1 9 :i* a special recipe = ?is species is f\nd4 ,9 a rec5t /roll d[n ! ma9 /reet ( ,lit*field1 ,connecticut1 ,i obs]v$1 ov] ! f5ce 9 a front door-y>d ( a summ] resid5t1 j su* a d5se clu/] ( ! %aggy ,copr9us1 ! proprietor ( ! premises1 an appreciative habitu ( ,delmonico's at o!r seasons ( ! ye>1 complac5tly read+ 8 morn+ pap] 9 8 piazza1 little dream+ ( ! tw5ty p\nds ( da9ty diet1 fit = a k+1 s easily available4 ,illu/ration3 ,copr9us atram5t>ius ,,plate ,,xvii ,,! ,,inky ,,toad/ool ,copr9us atram5t>ius ,pileus3 ,fle%y1 moi/2 at fir/ egg-%ap$2 ( a ,quak]-drab1 dirty :ite1 or ev5 pale br[ni% color2 at l5g? becom+ exp&$1 umbrella-l1 :5 x melts away 9 inky drops4 ,gills3 ,broad & cr[d$1 n adh]+ to /em at top2 creamy :ite 9 "y species1 becom+ p9ki% gray1 & at l5g? black4 ,/em3 ,firm2 :ite2 holl[4 ,spores3 ,black2 %$ 9 liquid drops4 ,ta/e3 ,sweet1 z is also ! odor1 :i* applies to its e>ly /age only4 ,habitat3 ,ab\t old decay+ /umps & rott5 wood1 g>d5s1 ri* lawns1 & b>n-y>ds2 usually gr[+ 9 clu/]s1 (t5 v d5se4 ,diamet] ( pileus1 "y /ate1 two in*es4 ,,plate ,,xvii ,illu/ration3 ,,copr9us ,,atram5t>ius4 ,,inky ,,mu%room ,copr9us atram5t>ius ,sid5ote3 ,botanical *>act]s ,9 frequ5t company ) ! =ego+ w be f\nd ano!r alli$ species1 ,copr9us atram5t>ius 7,plate #ag71 ) ! same inky prop5sities1 :i* is sc>cely less delici\s z an article ( food4 ,9 ?is species ! %aggy feature is abs5t1 !re be+ m]ely a few obscure slightly rais$ /a9s at ! summit1 ( a br[ni% color4 ,! /em is :ite & holl[4 ,! surface ( ! pileus is smoo? & ( a ,quak]-drab color1 occasionally dirty-:ite1 or ) a slight %ade ( o*re1 moi/ to ! t\*1 d>k5$ by rubb+4 ,9 ! eatable /age ! caps are droop+1 z %[n 9 ! clu/] on ! plate1 :ile ! mature specim5 exp&s consid]ably be=e its inky deliquesc5ce4 ,its texture :5 "y is firm1 & ! ?ick gray cuticle peels readily1 leav+ an appetiz+ nutty-flavor$ morsel1 delici\s ev5 :5 raw4 ,! inky ,ag>ic is frequ5t ab\t b>n-y>ds1 g>d5s1 & old /umps 9 woods1 & usually gr[s 9 su* cr[d$ masses t ! c5tral individuals are compress$ into hexagonal %ape4 ,l ! previ\s v>iety1 x %\ld be collect$ = food :ile its gills are 9 ! :ite or p9k /age4 ,cordi] claims t all ! species ( ,copr9us are eatable at ?is /age4 ,! pr(usion 9 :i* !y occasionally ab\nd r5d]s x (t5 a simple matt] to obta9 a bu%el ( !m 9 a few m9utes4 ,sid5ote3 ,copr9us ink ,l ! =ego+1 a l>ge clu/] ( ^! mu%rooms leaves a mo/ unsightly spot on ! lawn4 ,a dilut$ solution ( ?is melt+ sub/ance1 z ,cooke assures u1 has be5 us$ to repl5i% ! ink-bottle4 ,! resemblance is s complete t x may readily be employ$ z a sub/itute1 all t is requir$ be+ to boil & /ra9 x1 & add a small quantity ( corrosive sublimate to prev5t its turn+ m\ldy4 ,x may also be employ$ z pigm5t4 ,x is1 inde$1 q possible to pa9t ! portrait ( ,copr9us ) its own d>k sepia1 z ! au?or has p]sonally demon/rat$4 7,see head-piece to ,illu/rations47 ,,milky ,,mu%room ,lact>ius deliciosus ,sid5ote3 ,orange-milk ,ag>ic ,prom95t among ! fungi :i* give unmi/akable *>act]s = _! id5tification is ! g5us ,lact>ius1 or milky mu%rooms1 ano!r gr\p ( ! ag>ics or gill$ fungi1 f :i* we w select = our fir/ example ! ,lact>ius deliciosus1 or orange-milk ,ag>ic 7,plate #ah74 ,! figure w itself almo/ s]ve to id5tify x 9 its advanc$ op5 /age4 ,hav+ f\nd a specim5 resembl+ our illu/ration1 & any:]e f ?ree to five in*es 9 expanse1 its g5]al upp] surface dull r$di%-orange 9 color1 m or less pla9ly b&$ ) d>k] r$1 x is safe to pr$ict t :5 its surface or gills are brok5 an exudation ( milky juice w foll[4 ,if ?is exudation is orange or deep yell[ 9 hue1 gradually turn+ gre5i% on exposure1 ! id5tification is complete1 & we h ! orange-milk ,l4 deliciosus1 ( :i* an au?ority says1 ,x really des]ves its "n1 be+ ! mo/ delici\s mu%room kn[n4 ,w4 ,g4 ,smi? goes /ill fur!r 9 its praise1 assur+ u t :5 cook$ ) ta/e & c>e x is "o ( ! greate/ delicacies ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,! ta/e ( ?is species :5 raw is slightly acrid1 b ?is quality disappe>s 9 ! cook+4 ,illu/ration3 ,lact>ius deliciosus ,,plate ,,xviii ,,! ,,orange-,,milk ,,mu%room ,lact>ius deliciosus ,pileus3 ,diamet] ?ree to five in*es4 ,color v>y+ f yell[ to dull orange1 or ev5 br[ni% yell[ ) mottl$ zones ( deep] color1 especially 9 y\ng] plants2 outl9e at fir/ convex1 ultimately some:at funnel-%ap$2 surface usually smoo? & moi/4 ,fle%3 ,brittle2 creamy1 m or less /a9$ ) orange4 ,gills3 ,orange2 g5]ally cle>] 9 hue ?an ! pileus2 :5 bruis$1 exud+ a copi\s milky juice ( orange color1 becom+ gre5i% 9 dry+4 ,/em3 ,pal] ?an pileus2 holl[2 occasionally spott$ ) orange or gre5i% /a9s f bruises4 ,spores3 ,:ite4 ,ta/e3 ,slightly pepp]y4 ,habitat3 ,woods1 p9e-groves1 & swamps4 ,season3 ,july-,septemb]4 ,,plate ,,xviii ,illu/ration3 ,,lact>ius ,,deliciosus4 ,sid5ote3 ,mild :ite-milk species ,"o o!r species ( ,lact>ius1 ,l4 volemum1 may prop]ly f9d a place 9 ?is "w z be+ easily recogniz$4 ,9 g5]al %ape x resembles ,l4 deliciosus4 ,! top is ( a ri* si5na gold5 hue2 ! gills are cr[d$4 ,! milk is :ite z x fir/ falls f ! fracture1 becom+ dull d>k-r$di%1 & hav+ a mild1 pleasant ta/e2 gills :ite1 at l5g? yell[i% or buff-color$4 ,?is species is escul5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,pepp]y :ite-milk species ,o!r species are acc\nt$ edible1 ev5 "o--! pepp]y ,lact>ius1 ,l4 pip]atus--a pure-:ite v>iety1 ^: copi\s exudations ( :ite milk w almo/ bli/] ! lips1 an acrid prop]ty :i* is claim$ by ,curtis1 ,smi?1 & o!rs to be dispell$ 9 cook+1 by :i* treatm5t x becomes delici\s & :olesome4 ,?is species may rea* a diamet] ( sev5 in*es1 its %ape at fir/ r\nd$1 convex1 !n flat1 concave1 & f9ally funnel-%ap$1 z 9 _m ( ! species4 ,b its decid$ly ard5t tang 9 ! raw /ate1 z rem9isc5t f my own exp]i5ce1 w>ns me n to dwell too en?usia/ically ^u its m]its 9 my limit$ selection ( desirable escul5t species4 ,,! ,,*ant>elle ,can?>ellus cib>ius ,be>+ some:at ! %ape ( ! ,lact>ius1 b hav+ its own di/+ui%+ features1 is ! ,*ant>elle 7,plate #ai74 ,sid5ote3 ,flut$ gills ,! ,ag>ics1 z already describ$ on page #gi1 are di/+ui%$ by ! feature ( ! gills1 or ?9 lam9at$ curta9s--! hym5ium--^u :i* ! spores are produc$1 & f :i* !y are %$ b5ea? ! mu%room4 ,^! gills v>y 9 ?ickness & numb] 9 ! v>i\s species1 & 9 "o g5us are s %ort1 ?ick1 swoll51 & bran*$ z to give r ! effect ( turgid ve9s ?an gills1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ sectional draw+4 ,we occasionally come ^u "o ( ^! mu%rooms 9 our walks1 usually 9 ! woods4 ,:5 x fir/ appe>s ! cap is r\nd$1 & ! rim fold$ inw>d t[>ds ! /em2 b 9 mature specim5s x assumes ! flat or1 lat]1 ! cup-%ap$ =m %[n 9 ,plate #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,*ant>elle ,illu/ration3 ,can?>ellus cib>ius ,,plate ,,xix ,,! ,,*ant>elle ,can?>ellus cib>ius ,pileus3 ,at fir/ convex1 lat] flat2 ?ree to five in*es 9 diamet]1 ) c5tral holl[1 & f9ally almo/ funnel =m4 ,color1 bright to deep yell[ above & bel[4 ,gills3 ,%all[ & flut$1 resembl+ swoll5 ve9s1 bran*$1 m or less int]connect$ & tap]+ (f d[n ! /em2 color same z pileus4 ,/em3 ,solid1 g5]ally 7(t5 slightly7 tap]+ t[>ds base2 pal] ?an pileus or gills4 ,spores3 ,v pale yell[ o*re 9 color2 elliptical4 ,ta/e3 ,pepp]y & pung5t 9 ! raw /ate2 mild & sweet aft] cook+4 ,odor3 ,sugge/+ ripe apricots or plums4 ,habitat3 ,9 woods1 especially hemlocks1 g5]ally 9 clu/]s ( two or ?ree1 or 9 l9es or arcs ( sev]al individuals4 ,,plate ,,xix ,illu/ration3 ,,can?>ellus ,,cib>ius4 ,sid5ote3 ,botanical *>act]s ,a fungus ?us =m$ is a ,*ant>elle1 or ,can?>ellus1 & is readily id5tifi$4 ,any specim5 hav+ ^! features1 & :i* possesses 9 addition a f9e1 ri* yell[ color1 is ! ,c4 cib>ius ( our plate1 ! escul5t morsel s highly priz$ by epicures on ! ,cont95t1 :]e to _m--p]haps some:at indiscrim9at+--ga/ronomi/s x =ms "o ( ! greate/ delicacies among ! entire li/ ( edible fungi4 ,! diamet] ( ! mature specim5 may rea* five in*es1 ?\gh ?ree in*es w be ne>] ! av]age size4 ,! cap is frequ5tly q ecc5tric 9 its =m1 wavy-edg$1 or ev5 fold$ ^u itself 9 occasional individuals2 b ! pure1 deep yell[ color sugge/+ ! yolk ( an egg1 & ! swoll51 ve9-l hym5ium1 g5]ally ( a simil> color1 w be suffici5t to di/+ui% x "u any disguise ( m]e =m4 ,ano!r unique *>act]i/ic is its odor1 :i* sugge/s ripe apricots or plums4 ,! ta/e ( ! ,*ant>elle :5 raw is pung5t & pepp]y1 b ?is quality disappe>s 9 cook+4 ,! spores are ( a pale yell[-o*re color1 & b5ea? ! microscope are elliptical 9 %ape4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ew$ ,*ant>elle ,f ! la/ ( ,may until e>ly ,novemb] ! ,*ant>elle may be f\nd 9 our woods1 ) m or less frequ5cy1 s+ly or 9 clu/]s4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,badham1 an em95t au?ority on escul5t fungi1 ! be/ ways ( dress+ ! ,*ant>elle are to /ew or m9ce x by itself1 or to comb9e x ) meat or ) o!r fungi4 ,x requires long & g5tle /ew+ to make x t5d]1 b by soak+ x 9 milk ! night be=e1 less cook+ w be requisite4 ,b ! recipes employ$ 9 ,great ,brita9 & ^u ! ,cont95t to ! glory ( ! ,*ant>elle w\ld almo/ fill a fair-siz$ receipt book1 & "s ( !m are q elaborate4 ,a few ( ^! are giv5 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,aft] a trial ( a numb] ( !m ! writ] is assur$ t ! simple broil+ or fry+ 9 butt] or oil1 ) prop] season+1 & s]v+ on toa/1 w prove a mo/ acceptable sub/itute4 ,sid5ote3 ,ano!r species ,ano!r species ( ,*ant>elle1 :i* might possibly be conf\nd$ ) ! ,c4 cib>ius1 is ! ,orange ,*ant>elle1 ,c4 aurantiacus1 :i* is pron\nc$ sc>cely escul5t by ! au?orities4 ,its av]age size is mu* small] ?an ! true ,*ant>elle1 & its mu* deep] orange hue1 & /raight]1 m regul>ly bran*$ & cr[d$ gills1 w readily id5tify x1 ! gills ( cib>ius be+ ?ick]1 & usually some:at ecc5tric & nett$4 ,l ! =ego+1 x assumes ! funnel =m ) age1 z indicat$ 9 ! g5]ic "n1 ,can?>ellus--a dim9utive dr9k+-cup4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,polyporei or ,tube-be>+ ,fungi ,polyporei ,sid5ote3 ,works by ,pr(4 ,peck ,! previ\s examples ( mu%rooms h all be5 includ$ 9 ! ord] ( ! ,ag>ics1 or gill-be>+ fungi1 ! "u spore-be>+ surface ( ! cap hav+ be5 dispos$ 9 ! =m ( lam9 or gills4 ,we w n[ pass to ! consid]ation ( a class ( mu%rooms c]ta9 ( :i* enjoy a wid] reputation z toad/ools ?an any o!r species1 a new botanical ord] ( fungi--! ,polyporei--9 :i* ! gills are replac$ by pores or tubes--polyporus 7_m pores74 ,conspicu\s among ! ,polyporei are ^? great %elf-l woody gr[?s s frequ5tly to be se5 on ! trunks ( trees1 & popul>ly kn[n z punk1 t9d]1 & t\*-wood1 & _m ( :i* increase 9 size ye> by ye> by accession ( gr[? at ! rim4 ,a few ( ^! lat]al-/emm$ species are edible dur+ _! "y /ate1 "o or two ( :i* are includ$ 9 my subsequ5t pages4 ,b ! mo/ notable gr\p f ! /&po9t ( escul5ce is ! typical g5us ,boletus1 conta9+ a l>ge numb] ( species1 & ( :i* ,plate #bj pres5ts a conspicu\s example4 ,especial att5tion %\ld "h be call$ to ! notable monograph on ! ,boleti ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,/ate ,botani/ ,pr(essor ,*>les ,peck1 ( ,albany ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york1 :i* pres5ts detail$ descriptions ( "o hundr$ & eight indig5\s species4 ,o!r contributions to mycological lit]ature by ?is di/+ui%$ ,am]ican au?ority are not$ 9 my bibliographical li/ at ! close ( ! volume4 ,,! ,,boleti ,tube mu%rooms ,! /ructure ( ^! mu%rooms is cle>ly %[n 9 ,plate #ch1 9 my *apt] on ,spore-pr9ts1 ! hym5ium be+ "h spread ^u ! honey-comb$ pore surfaces1 & %$d+ its spores f ! tubes4 ,ea* ( ^! tubes is di/9ct & may be sep>at$ f ! mass4 ,! ideal =m z %[n 9 ,plate #bj is p]fectly symmetrical1 9 :i* condition ! pores w\ld naturally be p]p5dicul>4 ,b ?is p]fection seldom prevails1 & we cont9ually f9d ! specim5s m or less ecc5tric 9 %ape1 especially :]e !y are cr[d$ or h met ) ob/ruction 9 gr[?4 ,b 9 any case1 no matt] :at ! angle or di/ortion ( gr[? dur+ developm5t1 ! tubes are always adju/$ to ! p]p5dicul>1 or 9 mal=m$ individuals z ne>ly s z ! conditions w p]mit1 z %[n 9 ! section on next page4 ,! ,boleti are 9 g5]al a salubri\s gr\p4 ,c]ta9 species h long be5 accr$it$ z be+ poison\s1 & o!rs exclud$ f ! fea/ z suspici\s4 ,! e>ly au?orities caution u to avoid all ,boleti hav+ any %ade ( r$ on ! spore-be>+ surface b5ea?1 ev5 z x 0 orig9ally claim$ t all r$-capp$ toad/ools 7 poison\s4 ,b f ! writ]'s own individual exp]im5ts1 re9=c$ by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs1 he is beg9n+ to be p]suad$ t ! ,boletus z a g5us has be5 malign$4 ,_m species accr$it$ z poison\s he has eat5 repeat$ly )\t ! slighte/ delet]i\s consequ5ces1 includ+ ! crimson ,boletus1 ,b4 alveolatus 7,plate #bd1 fig4 #b71 ) its r$ spore surface1 & ! ,b4 subtom5tosus 7,plate #bb1 fig4 #a71 ^: yell[i% fle%1 l ! species j m5tion$1 *anges quickly to blue ^u fracture1 a *emical feature :i* has long /amp$ bo? species z dang]\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,boletus ,,%[+ ,,p]p5dicul> ,,tubes ,sid5ote3 ,malign$ species ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! ban is gradually be+ lift$ f ! ,boleti by mycophagi/s ( di/9ction1 l>gely ?r\gh _! own exp]im5ts4 ,?us ,i note t ,mr4 ,mc,ilvaine1 :o has made a close /udy ( escul5t fungi1 9 a rec5t article claims t all ! ,boleti are h>mless1 ?\gh "s are too bitt] to eat2 & ,mr4 ,palm]1 9 8 admirable portfolio ( escul5t fungi1 includes among 8 edible species "o ( ^? ^: fle% *anges color on fracture1 & :i* has hi!rto be5 proscrib$ z (f color4 ,( c\rse1 ?is food selection w\ld obvi\sly apply only to species ( invit+ attributes1 possess+ pleasant odor1 agreeable ta/e1 & delicate fibre4 ,! selection compris$ 9 ?is volume is conf9$ to a few v>ieties ( e/abli%$ good repute4 ,z to ! re/--if only on ! consid]ation ( idiosyncrasy--x is wis] to urge extreme caution on ! l9es laid d[n on page #cd4 ,sid5ote3 ,*anges ( =m 9 gr[? ,! ,boletus1 l all o!r mu%rooms1 passes ?r\gh a v>iety ( =ms f its bir? to maturity1 at fir/ be+ almo/ r\nd1 !n convex1 ) ! spore surface ne>ly flat1 horizontal1 ! pr(ile outl9e f9ally almo/ equally cu%ion-l on bo? upp] & l[] surfaces1 or ! upp] surface absolutely flat4 ,m]e outl9e draw+s ( a numb] ( ,boleti w\ld be almo/ id5tical4 ,! =m alone1 !re=e1 is ( m9or importance 9 _! id5tification4 ,among ^? m readily recogniz$ by _! color & /ructural features1 may be class$ ! foll[+ common species3 ,illu/ration3 ,boletus edulis ,,plate ,,xx ,,edible ,,boletus ,boletus edulis ,pileus3 ,cu%ion-l2 moi/2 v>iable 9 color1 light br[n to d>k] br[ni% r$2 surface smoo? b dull2 dim5sions at full expansion1 ?ree to six or eight in*es4 ,tube surface 7,a--magnifi$73 ,:iti% 9 v "y specim5s1 at l5g? becom+ yell[ & yell[i% gre54 ,pore op5+s1 angl$4 ,spores3 ,o*re-color$4 ,/em3 ,/\t2 (t5 disproportionately elongat$4 ,pale br[n1 g5]ally ) a f9e rais$ network ( p9k l9es ne> junction ( cap4 ,fle%3 ,:ite or yell[i%1 n *ang+ color on fracture4 ,ta/e3 ,agreeable & nutty1 especially :5 "y4 ,habitat3 ,woods1 especially dur+ ,july & ,augu/2 common4 ,,plate ,,xx ,illu/ration3 ,,boletus ,,edulis4 ,,edible ,,tube ,,mu%room ,boletus edulis ,sid5ote3 ,a fam\s delicacy ,! mo/ prom95t memb] ( ! ,boleti is ! typical species ^: portrait ,i h giv5 on ,plate #bj1 9 va9 call+ himself 'edulis1' :]e !re 7 none to believe him4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is rem>k ( ,dr4 ,badham1 :i* _h ref]5ce especially to 8 native c\ntry1 ,engl&1 ?is fungus _h long be5 a favorite article ( food among a l>ge class ( ! m l[ly ,europeans1 to say no?+ ( ! luxuri\s epicures ( ! cont95t4 ,boletus edulis is to be f\nd s+ly or 9 gr\ps1 usually 9 ! woods4 ,its av]age diamet] is p]haps f\r or five in*es1 ?\gh specim5s are occasionally f\nd ( d\ble ^! dim5sions4 ,a lett] to ! writ] f a correspond5t 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s describes specim5s measur+ fifte5 in*es 9 diamet] hav+ be5 f\nd !re4 ,sid5ote3 ,specific *>act]s ,! cu%ion-l cap is m or less convex1 accord+ to age1 ( a s(t br[ni% or drab color some:at resembl+ kid1 & ) velvety s(tness to ! t\*4 ,! "u surface or hym5ium is ?ickly beset1 honey-comb$ ) m9ute v]tical pores1 :i* w leave a pretty acc\nt ( !mselves ^u a piece ( :ite pap] laid b5ea? !m & protect$ f ! lea/ draught1 a process by :i* we may always obta9 a deposit ( ! o*re-t9t$ spores1 z is fur!r describ$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,9 ,boletus edulis ?is pore surface is :ite 9 "y specim5s1 lat] yell[1 f9ally becom+ bright olive-gre52 fle% :ite or creamy1 un*angeable on fracture4 ,/em pal] ?an cap1 ?ick1 swoll5 at base1 (t5 mal=m$ & elongat$1 especially :5 f a clu/]1 g5]ally m or less cov]$ ) v]tical rais$ ridges1 :i* become some:at nett$ toge!r & p9ki% z !y approa* ! cap4 ,! ta/e is sweet1 & 9 ! v "y specim51 :i* is brittle1 q sugge/ive ( raw *e/nut4 ,sid5ote3 ,insects & decay ,any ,boletus answ]+ ?is description may be eat5 )\t fe>1 assum+1 ( c\rse1 t its sub/ance is free f any ta9t ( dissolution & traces ( insect contam9ation4 ,bo? ( ^! conditions are too apt to prevail 9 ! mature specim5s1 & all ,boleti are m safely employ$ = food 9 _! "y crisp /age1 or at lea/ be=e _! full expansion4 ,9 _! maturity1 moreov]1 !y (t5 prove too mucilag9\s 9 consi/5cy to be pleasant to ! av]age p>tak]1 especially ! novice4 ,sid5ote3 ,prep>ation = table ,9 prep>+ !m = ! table1 all t is necess>y is to cut (f ! /ems1 :i* are apt to be t\gh & fibr\s1 & to wipe ! pellicle ( ! cap p]fectly clean1 or1 if pref]r$1 to p>e ! pileus ) a v %>p knife4 ,x is recomm5d$ by "s t ! entire mass ( ! pore section be remov$4 ,9 a mature specim5 ?is w\ld r$uce ! bulk ( ! mu%room by half1 &1 moreov]1 deprive ! rema9d] ( ! full flavor ( ! fungus4 ,i h n f\nd x necess>y1 & x is c]ta9ly ne$less 9 a "y & t5d] specim54 ,illu/ration3 ,boletus scab] ,,plate ,,xxi ,,r\gh-,,/emm$ ,,boletus ,boletus scab] ,pileus3 ,r\nd$ convex2 diamet] two to five in*es2 surface occasionally smoo? & viscid :5 moi/2 color usually br[ni% r$1 b v>y+ f orange brick r$ or ev5 black 9 c]ta9 v>ieties to yell[ or :iti%4 ,tube surface3 ,r\nd$1 cu%ion-l2 :iti% at fir/1 becom+ d+y2 tube op5+s small & r\nd1 & r long z se5 9 section4 ,spores3 ,r$di% br[n4 ,/em3 ,solid1 d+y :ite1 tap]+ slightly above1 m or less ?ickly beset ) br[ni%1 fibr\s1 dot-l scales1 ?is be+ ! mo/ pron\nc$ botanical "* = id5tification4 ,fle%3 ,:ite or d+y 9 c]ta9 v>ieties1 (t5 *ang+ to blue1 br[n1 p9ki%1 or black :]e w\nd$4 ,ta/e3 ,negatively pleasant4 ,habitat3 ,a common & widely di/ribut$ species1 ) _m v>iations ( color4 ,f\nd 9 woods & %ad$ wa/e-places4 ,season3 ,july-,octob]4 ,,plate ,,xxi ,illu/ration3 ,,boletus ,,scab]4 ,,r\gh-,,/emm$ ,,boletus ,boletus scab] ,?is is a v common mu%room 9 our woods all ?r\gh ! summ] & autumn1 9 reasonably moi/ wea!r4 ,x is figur$ 9 ,plate #ba4 ,! cap ( an av]age specim5 exp&s f\r in*es or m1 is ( a br[n or br[ni% buff color1 & viscid :5 moi/4 ,! pore-surface is d+y :ite1 ! tube orifices be+ q m9ute & r\nd--n s conspicu\sly angul> or honey-comb$ z 9 o!r species--& ) occasional r$di% /a9s1 presumably a deposit f ! float+ spores1 :i* are tawny r$di%4 ,! fle% is dirty :ite1 ! /em solid1 contract+ upw>ds1 & r\gh ) fibr\s br[ni% scaly po9ts--:5ce ! "n scab]--(t5 arrang$ some:at 9 v]tical l9es4 ,epicures fail to agree z to ! escul5t qualities ( ?is mu%room4 ,x is c]ta9ly inf]ior to ! edulis4 ,,! ,,yell[-,,crack$ ,,boletus ,boletus subtom5tosus ,sid5ote3 ,specific qualities ,! g5]al cont\r ( ! pres5t species--,b4 subtom5tosus 7,plate #bb1 fig4 #a7--resembles ! =ego+1 b x is easily di/+ui%$ by ! color ( its cap & tube surface1 ! pileus be+ usually olive1 olive-br[n1 or r$ ( v>i\s %ades2 ! color1 h[ev]1 does n ext5d to ! fle% b5ea? ! peel$ cuticle1 z 9 ,b4 *rys5t]on1 ,fig4 #b4 ,! surface is s(t & dry--subtom5t\s--to ! t\*4 ,cracks 9 ! cap become yell[1 on :i* acc\nt ?is species is call$ ! yell[-crack$ ,boletus1 9 contradi/9ction to ! r$-crack$ ,b4 *rys5t]on4 ,its mo/ important di/9ction1 h[ev]1 is ( a *emical nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,! blue /a9 ,! /em is /\t1 unequal1 firm1 yell[i%1 & m or less ribb$1 occasionally t9t$1 m9utely dott$1 or fa9tly /rip$ ) ! color ( ! cap4 ,! ta/e ( ! fle% is sweet & agreeable4 ,palm] comp>es x to ! flavor ( walnuts4 ,! tube surface is yell[ or yell[i% gre51 & ! tubes & yell[i% fle% ( cap & /em turn a ri* peacock-blue imm$iately on fracture1 becom+ deep] mom5t by mom5t until ! entire expos$ portion becomes lead5--especially noticeable 9 mature specim5s4 ,! pore surface %[s a simil> blue /a9 :5ev] bruis$4 ,! tubes are angul>-sid$ in/ead ( r\nd1 & mu* l>g] ?an 9 ! ,b4 edulis2 spores o*re color$4 ,sid5ote3 ,an unw>rant$ /igma ,?is blue /a9 0 =m]ly1 & is ev5 n[1 deem$ suffici5t ) _m mycophagi/s to place ?is mu%room on ! black-li/1 b is believ$ by ,mr4 ,palm] & ,mr4 ,mc,ilvaine to be unw>rant$ z a /igma1 assum+ t fre% specim5s are employ$4 ,! ,b4 subtom5tosus is also among ! elev5 edible ,boleti 9 ! li/ ( ,dr4 ,curtis1 giv5 on a previ\s page1 & ! pres5t au?or has habitually eat5 ! species ) enjoym5t & )\t unpleasant results4 ,fre% "y specim5s ) ! lea/ *ange ( color w\ld p]haps be ! wis] *oice = ! novice4 ,illu/ration3 ,boletus subtom5tosus ,boletus *rys5t]on ,,plate ,,xxii ,,yell[ ,,crack$ ,,boletus #a4 ,boletus subtom5tosus ,pileus3 ,diamet] ?ree to six in*es4 ,color1 v>y+ 9 diff]5t individuals1 yell[i% br[n1 olive1 or subdu$ tan color2 epid]mis s(t & dry1 ) a f9e pubesc5ce4 ,cracks 9 surface become yell[4 ,fle%3 ,creamy :ite 9 mature specim5s1 *ang+ to blue1 & at l5g? lead5 on fracture4 ,tube surface3 ,yell[ or yell[i% gre51 becom+ blui% :5 bruis$2 op5+ ( tubes l>ge & angl$4 ,/em3 ,/\t2 yell[i%2 m9utely r\gh5$ ) scurfy dots1 or fa9tly /rip$ ) br[n4 ,spores3 ,br[ni% o*re4 ,ta/e3 ,sweet & agreeable4 ,habitat3 ,woods4 ,season3 ,summ] & autumn4 ,,gold5-,,fle% ,,boletus #b4 ,boletus *rys5t]on ,pileus3 ,diamet] two to f\r in*es2 convex1 becom+ m flatt5$2 s(t to ! t\*1 v>y+ f light yell[i% br[n to bright brick r$2 m or less fissur$ ) r$ cracks & cl9cks4 ,fle%3 ,ri*1 bright yell[1 r$ imm$iately b5ea? ! cuticle4 ,tube surface3 ,olive-yell[1 becom+ blui% :]e bruis$2 tube op5+s r l>ge1 angl$1 & unequal 9 size4 ,/em3 ,g5]ally /\t & /raight2 yell[i%1 & m or less /reak$ or spott$ ) ! color ( ! cap4 ,spores3 ,light br[n4 ,habitat3 ,woods & copses4 ,season3 ,summ] & autumn4 ,,plate ,,xxii ,illu/ration3 ,,boletus ,,subtom5tosus4 ,b4 ,,*rys5t]on4 ,sid5ote3 ,caution advisable ,ano!r species hav+ ?is peculi> prop]ty ( turn+ blue ev5 9 a m m>k$ degree1 & nam$1 9 consequ5ce1 ! ,b4 cyanesc5s1 ?\gh always h]et(ore consid]$ poison\s1 is n[ pron\nc$ by c]ta9 prom95t mycophagi/s to be n only h>mless b escul5t4 ,x is /ill advisable1 h[ev]1 to caution mod]ation 9 its use z food1 if only on ! gr\nd ( idiosyncrasy4 ,! spores ( ?is species are :ite1 :i*1 ) ! m m9ute tube op5+s1 =m a suffici5t discrim9ation f subtom5tosus4 ,! spores %\ld be obta9$ by a deposit on black or d>k-color$ pap]4 ,! fle% is :ite also4 ,o!r blue-/a9 species1 su* z ,b4 alveolatus 7,plate #bd71 are /ill consid]$ ) suspicion1 presumably gr\ndless4 ,,yell[-,,fle%$ ,,boletus ,boletus *rys5t]on ,among ! toad/ools :i* tradition w\ld surely br& z poison\s on acc\nt ( bright color is ! common species ^: "n heads ?is p>agraph1 & :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,plate #bb1 fig4 #b4 ,9 its v>i\s %apes x sugge/s ! prec$+ v>ieties4 ,its cap1 h[ev]1 is br[ni% r$1 (t5 bright brick r$4 ,fle% almo/ lemon-yell[1 /a9$ r$ j b5ea? ! cuticle1 & n noticeably *angeable on fracture4 ,tube surface yell[i% gre51 turn+ blue or blui% gre5 :5 bruis$4 ,spores light br[n4 ,tubes r l>ge1 angul>1 & unequal 9 %ape ( ap]ture4 ,/em yell[1 (t5 brightly color$ ) ! r$ ( ! cap4 ,*ance cracks 9 its surface become r$1 :5ce ! common "n ( ! ,r$-crack$ ,boletus4 ,a species frequ5t 9 woods ?r\gh\t ! summ] & autumn1 & edible4 ,9 its brightly color$ cap x might possibly be sup]ficially conf\nd$ ) ! suspici\s ,boletus alveolatus ( ,plate #bd4 ,b ! latt] species is easily di/+ui%$ by its rose-color$ spores & r$ pore surface4 ,,cone-,,l ,,boletus ,/robilomyces /robilaceus ,sid5ote3 ,botanical *>act]s ,ano!r alli$ species1 n especially fam\s = its escul5t qualities1 b :i* is1 nev]!less1 n to be despis$1 is "h introduc$ on acc\nt ( its especially pron\nc$ "* 7,plate #bc7--! cone-l ,boletus1 or1 m prop]ly1 ,/robilomyces4 ,x is ( a br[ni% gray color1 its %aggy surface m or less /udd$ ) deep br[n or black woolly po9ts1 ea* at ! c5tre ( a scale-l segm5t4 ,! tubes b5ea? are cov]$ by ! veil 9 ! y\ng] specim5s1 b ?is at l5g? breaks1 leav+ ragg$ fragm5ts hang+ f ! rim ( ! pileus4 ,! pore surface ?us expos$ is at fir/ a grayi% :ite1 ultimately becom+ br[n4 ,! sub/ance ( ! fungus turns r$ :5 brok5 or cut4 ,?is v /rik+ mu%room is f\nd 9 woods1 especially "u ev]gre5s4 ,x frequ5tly atta9s a diamet] ( f\r in*es4 ,its spores are a deep br[n1 & a specim5 select$ at ! /age :5 ! "u surface is flat w yield a mo/ beautiful spore pr9t if laid ^u :ite pap] & protect$ f ! atmosph]e1 z describ$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,/robilomyces /robilaceus ,,plate ,,xxiii ,,! ,,cone-,,l ,,boletus ,/robilomyces /robilaceus ,pileus3 ,f two to f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 cov]$ ) a s(t gray wool drawn into regul> cone-l po9ts tipp$ ) d>k br[n4 ,fle% grayi% :ite1 turn+ r$ :5 bruis$4 ,pore surface3 ,grayi% :ite 9 "y specim51 & !n usually cov]$ ) ! veil2 d>k br[n or almo/ black at maturity4 ,plate #ch %[s a spore-pr9t ( ?is species4 ,spores3 ,v d>k br[n4 ,ta/e3 ,negatively pleasant4 ,odor3 ,sweet & mild4 ,habitat3 ,woods2 s+ly or 9 small clu/]s4 ,,plate ,,xxiii ,illu/ration3 ,,/robilomyces ,,/robilaceus4 ,sid5ote3 ,black spore-pr9ts ,a reproduction ( "o ( ^! pr9ts is %[n 9 ,plate #ch1 ! :ite reticulation repres5t+ ! contact ( ! tube orifices ) ! pap]1 ea* tube deposit+ its dot compos$ ( spores1 ! dep? ( color increas+ 9 proportion to ! "t involv$ 9 ! deposit4 ,a s+le mu%room w yield a half-doz5 or m pr9ts4 ,?is fungus dries readily1 & may be kept indef9itely4 ,,suspici\s ,,boleti ,boletus felleus--,b4 alveolatus ,sid5ote3 ,malign$ species ,sid5ote3 ,a d>+ pione] mycophagi/ ,9 ,plate #bd are %[n two examples ( ! ,boleti :i* h commonly be5 acc\nt$ poison\s--,b4 felleus & ,b4 alveolatus--&1 9 ! abs5ce ( absolutely satisfactory assurance to ! contr>y1 x is saf] f our pres5t po9t ( view to consid] !m /ill z suspici\s & to give !m a wide b]?4 ,!re c be no d\bt b t ! popul> condemnation ( ! ,boleti has be5 altoge!r too sweep+4 ,! gradual accession ( _m que/ionable species to ! edible li/ ( ,messrs4 ,mc,ilvaine & ,palm] & o!r d>+ mycophagi/s is a suffici5t atte/ation ( ?is fact4 ,?us subtom5tosus & cyanesc5s1 already describ$1 always h]et(ore br&$ z reprobates1 are n[ r$eem$ f obloquy1 & ev5 ! univ]sal ill-repute ( ! ,b4 satanas1 ) its pale pileus & blood-r$ pores1 has n fright5$ ! indefatigable ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine f a p]sonal *all5ge & enc\nt] ) ?is lurid specim51 ) ! result t ! =midable ,satanas has prov$ any?+ b des]v+ ( its "n--n half s lurid z x has be5 pa9t$2 inde$1 x has be5 ev5 pron\nc$ ! be/ ( !m all4 ,( c\rse !re's no tell+ to :at ext5t ! consid]ations ( contra/1 ?r\gh surprise & ! consequ5t demoralization on ! cont+5ts ( ! p]sonal equation1 may h influ5c$ ! capta9's discrim9ation1 b x c]ta9ly w\ld appe>1 to put x negatively1 t ev5 ! ill-favor$ _w-r5[n$ ,b4 satanas has app>5tly be5 fre$ f asp]sion z an enemy ( mank9d4 ,b x is well = ! amateur to avoid ^! notori\s species absolutely until _! edibility becomes univ]sally accept$ by ! pr(essionals4 ,sid5ote3 ,! bitt] ,boletus ,! ,boletus felleus 7,plate #bd1 fig4 #a7 is a v common species4 ,! p9ki% sub/ance ( ?is ,boletus is s extremely bitt] :5 raw z to make x suffici5tly repell5t z food4 ,! color ( its smoo? cap v>ies f creamy yell[ to r$di% br[n4 ,sub/ance :ite 9 "y specim5s1 fle% color or p9ki% 9 old] individuals4 ,tube surface :ite at fir/1 becom+ p9ki%4 ,op5+ ( tubes1 angl$4 ,/em usually m or less nett$ ) rais$ l9es t[>ds cap4 ,spores p9ki% or fle% color$4 ,common 9 ri* soil 9 woods4 ,illu/ration3 ,boletus alveolatus ,boletus felleus ,,plate ,,xxiv ,,suspici\s ,,boleti ,alveolate ,boletus--,boletus alveolatus ,pileus3 ,smoo?1 poli%$2 bright1 deep crimson or m>oon1 occasionally mottl$ or m>bl$ ) yell[i%2 ?ree to six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,fle%3 ,firm & solid 9 sub/ance2 pale gre5i% or yell[i% :ite1 *ang+ blue 9 fracture or :]e bruis$4 ,tubes3 ,tube-surface rea*+ ! /em prop]2 undulate ) unev5 holl[s2 m>oon1 ! tubes 9 section be+ yell[ beyond _! d>k r$ m\?s4 ,spores3 ,yell[i% br[n4 ,/em3 ,usually disproportionately long1 cov]$ ) depressions or oblong pitt$ ind5tations1 ) int]m$iate co>se network ( rais$ ridges2 r$ & yell[4 ,habitat3 ,woods2 q common4 ,bitt] ,boletus--,boletus felleus ,pileus3 ,at fir/ firm 9 sub/ance1 becom+ s(t & cu%ion-l2 smoo?1 )\t poli%1 v>y+ 9 color f pale o*re to yell[i% or r$di% br[n2 diamet] ?ree to n9e in*es4 ,fle%3 ,:ite on imm$iate section1 g5]ally *ang+ to slight p9ki% or fle% color 9 fracture4 ,tubes3 ,tube-surface r\nd$ upw>d z x rea*es /em2 :ite at fir/1 becom+ dull p9ki% ) age1 or ^u be+ bruis$4 ,spores3 ,fle% color$ or dull p9k4 ,/em3 ,usually q /\t1 ne>ly z smoo? z ! cap1 & some:at light] 9 color2 m or less ridg$ ) co>se reticulations1 occasionally cov]$ ) !m to its ?ick5$ base4 ,ta/e3 ,bitt]4 ,habitat3 ,ri* woods & copses1 (t5 ab\t decay+ trunks4 ,,plate ,,xxiv ,illu/ration3 ,,suspici\s ,,boleti4 ,,boletus ,,alveolatus4 ,b4 ,,felleus4 ,sid5ote3 ,! crimson ,boletus ,boletus alveolatus4--,pileus smoo? & poli%$1 usually ri* crimson or m>oon1 sometimes v>i$ ) pal] yell[i% t9ts4 ,sub/ance v solid1 *ang+ to blue on fracture or bruise4 ,tube surface deep dull crimson or m>oon1 ?is color n ext5d+ ! full l5g? ( ! pores1 :i* are yell[ a %ort di/ance above _! m\?s4 ,! /em is q /\t & tall = ! size ( ! cap z comp>$ ) o!r ,boleti4 ,x is mottl$ 9 yell[ & bright r$ or crimson1 & conspicu\sly me%$ ) a network ( firm ridges4 ,! spores are yell[i% br[n4 ,a conspicu\s & easily id5tifi$ species4 ,,! ,,vegetable ,,beef/eak ,fi/ul9a hepatica ,sid5ote3 ,botanical *>act]s ,our next memb] ( ! ,polyporus ord]1 or tube-be>+ fungi1 is a unique memb] ( ! fungus tribe1 & _c be mi/ak5 = any o!r species4 ,an example ( ?is species is %[n 9 ,plate #be1 ! beef/eak mu%room--,fi/ul9a hepatica4 ,! specim5 f :i* my draw+ 0 made 0 f\nd gr[+ at ! foot ( a *e/nut-tree1 & 0 ab\t n9e in*es across by ab\t two 9 greate/ ?ickness4 ,its upp] surface 0 d>k meaty r$ or liv] color$1 some:at wet1 or viscid & clammy1 & its ta/e slightly acid4 ,! "u tube surface 0 yell[i% :ite1 &1 z ! section w %[1 0 proportionately ?9--! pores be+ ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! solid r$ sub/ance mu* resembl$ meat1 & 9 sections 0 /reak$ ) d>k] l9es ( r$1 z indicat$ 9 plate1 some:at sugge/+ a section ( beet-root4 ,sid5ote3 ,savory qualities ,?\gh n common 9 my vic9ity1 ,i nev]!less succe$ 9 obta9+ a few specim5s dur+ ! season4 ,x v>ies greatly 9 size & %ape4 ,m4 ,c4 ,cooke1 9 8 admirable pla9 & easy acc\nt ( ,briti% fungi1 says ( x3 ,:5 old x af=ds an excell5t gravy1 & :5 "y1 if slic$ & grill$1 w\ld pass = a good beef/eak4 ,specim5s are n[ & !n met ) t w\ld furni% f\r or five m5 ) a good d9n]1 & !y h be5 collect$ weigh+ z mu* z ?irty p\nds4 ,! liv]1 or pal] p9ki% meaty color1 clammy viscidity1 & /reaky section are suffici5t guides 9 ! recognition ( ?is species4 ,sid5ote3 ,cul9>y prep>ation ,x is a highly priz$ article ( diet on ! ,cont95t :]e ! arts ( ! *ef are +5i\sly employ$ 9 endless recipes = its savory prep>ation1 (t51 x w\ld seem1 ) ! ma9 object ( oblit]at+ z f> z possible all trace ( ! delicate flavor ( ! mu%room p] se4 ,if ! read]'s exp]i5ce correspond ) ! writ]'s 9 8 mycological exp]im5ts la mode he w gladly fall back to ! pla9 plebeian me?od ( simply broil+ ov] ! coals1 or fry+ or roa/+ 9 ! pan1 ) ! lea/ possible season+ ( pepp]1 salt1 & butt]1 rely+ ^u 8 mu%room to furni% ! pr$om9ant ze/ & flavor4 ,o!r h9ts = s]v+ ?is fungus are giv5 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,besides ! common "n ( beef/eak mu%room1 x is also kn[n on ! ,cont95t z ! oak tongue1 & *e/nut tongue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fi/ul9a hepatica ,,plate ,,xxv ,,! ,,beef/eak ,,mu%room ,fi/ul9a hepatica ,pileus3 ,diamet]1 av]age specim51 ab\t six in*es1 occasionally twice or ?ree times ?is size2 color v>y+ f p9ki% to d>k meaty r$2 surface r\gh5$ ) m9ute papill2 s(t & moi/4 ,fle%3 ,light r$1 /reak$ ) d>k] r$2 t5d] & juicy 9 "y specim5s2 juice light r$4 ,tube surface3 ,creamy 9 color2 tubes di/9ct f ea* o!r1 cr[d$1 v %ort1 z %[n 9 section opposite4 ,/em3 ,%ort or obsolete1 gr[+ at ! side4 ,ta/e3 ,slightly acid4 ,habitat3 ,on ! /umps & trunks ( oak & *e/nut trees4 ,season3 ,july-,septemb]4 ,,plate ,,xxv ,illu/ration3 ,,fi/ul9a ,,hepatica4 ,,! ,,sulphur\s ,,polyporus ,polyporus sulphureus ,probably ! mo/ conspicu\s memb] ( our native polyporei rema9s to be consid]$ among ! escul5ts1 ?\gh until rec5tly x 0 includ$ 9 ! black li/1 ,dr4 ,curtis1 ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,i believe1 hav+ fir/ demon/rat$ its edibility1 ?\gh pron\nc+ x m]ely tol]able4 ,illu/ration ,! brilliancy ( its sulphur-yell[ & orange-salmon colors1 9 association ) its l>ge size1 r5d]s x a mo/ conspicu\s object1 especially f its habit ( gr[+ 9 d5se clu/]s1 (t5 a numb] ( su* clu/]s 9 close contiguity ^u a decay+ /ump or pro/rate log1 frequ5tly s num]\s & s cr[d$ z to completely conceal ! b>k b5ea?1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure1 or completely cov]+2 a space ( sev]al squ>e feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,"y ,,specim5 ,!re lies be=e me ev5 z ,i write a fragm5t ( a s+le clu/] :i* ,i pluck$ ye/]day f ! trunk ( an app>5tly heal?y r$-oak ne> my /udio1 ! rema9d] ( ! clump hav+ be5 enjoy$ z a special c\rse 9 my d9n] ( la/ ev5+4 ,9 ,plate #bf ,i pres5t a portrait ( ?is specim51 ! well-nam$ ,sulphur ,polyporus--,polyporus sulphureus4 ,x may be f\nd frequ5tly f ,july till fro/ ^u its favorite habitat ( old trunk1 /ump1 log wat]-tr\gh1 or f5cepo/1 usually ^u wood 9 ! e>ly /ages ( decay4 ,a s+le clu/] w (t5 measure a foot 9 diamet] ?r\gh its v solid mass ( ?ick5$ pulpy bran*es1 its e>ly & escul5t /age be+ ?us compact ) ! subdivisions asc5d+ f _! common ?ick /em1 ! mass some:at sugge/+ a caulifl[] 9 %ape1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration above4 ,! g5]al color at ?is t5d] /age is pure sulphur-yell[1 ?is be+ ! ultimate l[] or spore surface n[ expos$ by its upright position4 ,! true upp] surface or cap ( ! lat] ecc5trically bran*$ fungus is ( a bright orange-salmon color1 & is mo/ly conceal$ by ! cr[d$ gr[?4 ,sid5ote3 ,a voice 9 ! wild]ness ,! specim5 above allud$ to w\ld h weigh$ ab\t two p\nds1 & ?is c5tral mass 0 s cr[d$ z to af=d sc>cely a glimpse ( ! p9ki%-orange pileus surface4 ,^u %[+ my specim5 to a fri5d1 ,i 0 in=m$ t a c]ta9 log by ! roadside ab\t two miles di/ant 0 cov]$ ) ?is same k9d ( fungus1 :i* seem$ to be spread+ all ov] ! gr\nd4 ,d\btless t5 or tw5ty p\nds ( good n\ri%+ food 0 ?us go+ begg+ by ! way-side1 ev5 9 sight ( a rural home/ead1 ^: "l & ma/] f9ds ! but*]'s bill a s]i\s dra9 ^u 8 res\rces4 ,my plate %[s a m op5 clu/] ( ! fungus 9 its e>li] /ages1 ! only "t :5 x is fit = food4 ,9 ?is condition x is t5d]1 succul5t1 & juicy4 ,9 a few days ! lob$ fr+es or fan-l divisions h l[]$ & spread out z widely z _! cr[d$ condition w p]mit1 assum+ ! horizontal or ev5 droop+ position se5 at ,c1 & at ,d 9 ! plate1 z view$ f above4 ,! pileus n[ be+ expos$1 ! fungus pres5ts a deep orange-r$ or salmon color to ! behold]1 its sulphur\s-hu$ pore surface be+ turn$ b5ea?4 ,its texture at ?is adult /age is t\gh1 fibr\s1 & almo/ woody1 especially z x approa*es ! /em1 & no "o w\ld ?9k ( eat+ x4 ,! "y specim51 h[ev]1 is q delici\s & :olesome1 &1 consid]+ t a s+le clu/] w af=d a d9n] = a l>ge family1 its importance z a food product1 especially to ! f>m] or peasant :o f9ds economy a necessity1 is ?us manife/4 ,ta/$ at ! tip1 x yields = ! fir/ mom5t ( ma/ication an acid flavor recall+ t ( ! ,fi/ul9a hepatica4 ,?is is foll[$ by a sweet1 slightly mucilag9\s savor1 :i*1 9 ! realization t ! species is :olesome1 w at once prove an invitation to fur!r exp]im5t ) ! fungus z food4 ,sid5ote3 ,texture & quality ,! texture ( ! "y mu%room w be f\nd to v>y 9 its diff]5t p>ts1 extremely t5d] at ! ?ick5$ tub]culat$ tips1 becom+ fibr\s z ! /em is approa*$1 & increas+ 9 t\ghness1 9 fracture sugge/+ wood 9 appe>ance 7see ,a1 ,plate #bf71 & unless ! specim5 is v "y ?is portion w h to be exclud$ f ! diet4 ,except+ ?is precaution x ne$s no prep>ation = ! table1 assum+1 ( c\rse1 t ! sub/ance is free f grubs1 :i* w presumably be ! case1 z ,i h nev] se5 ?is fungus ?us infe/$ except 9 its m advanc$ woody gr[?4 ,sid5ote3 ,me?ods ( cook+ ,i h n z yet satisfi$ myself z to ! be/ me?ods ( cook+ ?is polyporus4 ,fri$ 9 butt] x has a t5d5cy to become slightly t\gh 9 consi/5cy1 9 its :ite /r+y fibre z well z 9 ta/e closely sugge/+ ! :ite meat ( *ick54 ,x l5ds itself well to a /ew or ragot1 & might1 p]haps1 to a curry1 ! sub/ance be+ cut or brok5 9 small pieces & treat$ aft] ! mann] ( meat "u simil> recipes4 ,foll[+ ! h9ts conta9$ 9 our la/ *apt]1 _m me?ods ( its cul9>y treatm5t w sugge/ !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,polyporus sulphureus ,,plate ,,xxvi ,,! ,,sulphur\s ,,polyporus ,polyporus sulphureus ,9 ! mature specim5 ! gr[? is horizontal1 spread+ fan-l f /em1 undulat+ ) radiat+ flut+s4 ,upp] surface salmon orange or orange r$1 ! edge be+ smoo? & unev5ly ?ick5$ ) nodule-l prom95ces4 ,9 "y specim5 asc5d+1 "u yell[ surface outw>dly expos$4 ,pore ,surface3 ,bright sulphur yell[2 pores v m9ute4 ,spores3 ,d+y :ite4 ,/em3 ,v %ort2 a m]e close atta*m5t = ! spread+ gr[?4 ,ta/e3 ,slightly acid & mucilag9\s :5 raw2 aft] cook+ some:at sugge/+ :ite meat ( *ick54 ,odor3 ,sugge/+ ,a4 campe/ris4 ,habitat33 ,on tree trunks1 p>ticul>ly oaks1 (t5 gr[+ 9 v l>ge clu/]s4 ,a4 ,section ( fungus %[+ fibre4 ,c4 & ,d4 ,matur$ specim54 ,,plate ,,xxvi ,illu/ration3 ,,polyporus ,,sulphureus4 ,sid5ote3 ,its ornam5tal attributes ,! freely exp&$ specim5 ( ?is species is full ( beauty1 9 its wavy fan-l =m & fl[+ l9es & flut+s pres5t+ a sugge/ive decorative !me1 :e!r 9 ! bran*es ( pa9t+1 sculpture1 or ! pla/ic arts4 ,! pores ^u its sulphur\s surface are s m9ute z to be sc>cely visible1 b !y %$ a copi\s quantity ( :iti% spores4 ,! pileus ( ! dri$ specim5 is (t5 m or less fro/$ ) m9ute :ite cry/als--b9oxalate ( pota%--& ! spore surface dulls to ! color ( bucksk94 ,sid5ote3 ,lum9\s by night ,ano!r rem>kable feature ab\t ?is fungus1 if report be true1 is its visibility by night1 n m]ely f its pale yell[ hue1 b by an actual flood ( blui% lum9\s phosphoresc5t light1 ! environm5t ( its haunt 9 ! woods sometimes be+ light$ up by ! effulg5ce f its ample mass ( gr[?1 a res\rce n uncommon among ! fungi1 & popul>ly kn[n "u ! "n ( foxfire4 ,?is ph5om5on is frequ5tly obs]vable 9 woods at night1 foll[+ ra9y wea!r4 ,an old /ump or pro/rate log w appe> /reak$ ) l9es ( brilliant light4 ,if we approa* & deta* ! loos5$ b>k1 its back & ! decay$ surface ( ! log ?us expos$ w prove ablaze 9 phosphoresc5ce1 ^: pres5ce _h sc>cely be5 suspect$ b = ! *ance fissures :i* reveal$ ! telltale /reaks4 ,i recall f my boyhood exp]i5ce "o su* midnight episode z ?is 9 :i*1 f ! peculi> outl9e ( ! fall5 trunk & ! co9cid5t circum/ance ( two approximate dots ( brilliant light sugge/+ ! eyes ( a huge puma or tig]1 ,i /ood spell-b\nd ) mom5t>y fe>1 until ,i realiz$ t ! app>ition 0 only a bugaboo aft] all4 ,approa*+ 9 ! d>kness1 ,i soon laid hold ( ! r\gh head ( ! mon/]1 & ) a /rong pull at ! mass ( b>k ( :i* x 0 compos$1 laid b>e sev]al squ>e feet ( blaz+ phosphoresc5ce ^: only h9t _h gleam$ ?r\gh ^? two imag9>y eyes1 :i* prov$ to be holes :i* _h disclos$ ! hidd5 lum9\s fungus4 ,"o au?ority describes a s+le mass ( ?is phosphoresc5ce z ext5d+ ! entire l5g? ( a pro/rate trunk ?irty feet long4 ,haw?orne records hav+ made good use ( foxfire ^u "o occasion :51 left 9 ! lur* at night by a canal-boat1 he procur$ a phosphoresc5t flambeau :i* effectually light$ 8 pa? = sev]al miles ?r\gh ! o!rwise impassable woods4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,miscellane\s ,fungi ,miscellane\s ,fungi ,! species ( fungi ?us f> describ$ h be5 conf9$ to ! two great ord]s ( ! ,ag>ics & ! ,polyporei1 :i* include ! l>ge majority ( our edible mu%rooms & toad/ools4 ,! rema9d] ( my selection 9 ! pres5t *apt] comprises scatt]$ examples f f\r o!r ord]s3 ,hydnei 7,sp9e-be>]s71 ,clav>iei 7,coral-fungi71 & ! ,tri*oga/res 7,puff-balls71 all belong+ to ! fir/ great division ( ! ,sporif]a4 ,! rema9+ two species consid]$--,morel & ,helvella1 ( ! ord] ,elvellacei--are my only repres5tatives ( ! second gr& cohort ( ! ,sporidiif]a1 ^: botanical *>act]s are describ$ on page #gg4 ,9 our previ\s examples ! hym5ium or spore-be>+ surface has be5 dispos$ ^u gills1 z 9 ! ,ag>ics1 & on tubes 9 ! ,polypores4 ,9 ! ,hydnei gr\p1 :i* we w fir/ consid]1 ?is dissem9at+ surface is spread ov] sp9es or tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,a ,,hydnum ,! examples select$ f ?is ord] are bo? 9 ! typical g5us ,hydnum2 & ! object ( ?is pres5t book on fungi be+ especially ! pres5tation ( only su* v>ieties z are conspicu\sly self-plac>d$ by "s di/9ctive m>ks = id5tification1 ^! delici\s sp9e-be>+ or h$gehog mu%rooms %\ld ( c\rse be includ$--a g5us :i* _c be mi/ak5 = any o!r1 & :i* is in/antly recogniz$ by its own peculi> "*1 already m5tion$1 its spore surface be+ beset ) s(t1 droop+ sp9es in/ead ( pores or gills4 ,!re are m ?an a score ( species4 ,! two m or less common ) u are ! ,hydnum rep&um1 9 outl9e sugge/+ an ord9>y mu%room1 & ( :i* ! above cut repres5ts a section1 & ! ,h4 caput-m$us1 or ,m$usa-head ,hydnum4 ,none ( ! gr\p is acc\nt$ poison\s1 ?\gh "s ( !m are too t\gh to be acceptable z food4 ,illu/ration3 ,hydnum rep&um ,,plate ,,xxvii ,,! ,,h$gehog ,,mu%room ,hydnum rep&um ,pileus3 ,diamet] two to five in*es1 g5]ally irregul>1 ) ! /em (f c5tre4 ,color v>y+ f pale buff1 ! typical hue1 to a di/9ct bricky r$4 ,sp9es3 ,b5ea? ! cap1 "o-qu>t] to "o-?ird in* 9 l5g?2 s(t1 creamy 9 t9t1 becom+ d>k] 9 old specim5s4 ,fle%3 ,creamy :ite1 solid4 ,/em3 ,(t5 set ecc5trically into ! cap2 proportionately ?ick & %ort4 ,ta/e3 ,slightly aromatic4 ,habitat3 ,woods or %ad$ places 9 ri* soil1 (t5 9 clu/]s4 ,season3 ,summ] & autumn4 ,,plate ,,xxvii ,illu/ration3 ,,hydnum ,,rep&um4 ,,! ,,h$gehog ,,mu%room ,hydnum rep&um ,sid5ote3 ,*>act]s & qualities ,9 ?is species1 figur$ on ,plate #bg1 be>+ some:at ! cont\r ( an ,ag>ic1 ! sp9es are all conf9$ to ! l[] surface ( ! exp&$ cap4 ,! g5]al color ( ! upp] surface is buff1 g5]ally v pale1 occasionally almo/ :ite4 ,! sp9es be+ ( simil> hue1 ?is color & ! smoo?ness ( texture h sugge/$ ! common popul> ,engli% "n ( doesk9 mu%room4 ,! fle% is firm & :ite or creamy1 turn+ br[ni% :5 bruis$4 ,its sweet b slightly pung5t or pepp]y ta/e :5 raw disappe>s 9 cook+4 ,x is q frequ5t 9 our woods1 & if fre% & free f insects may be eat5 )\t ! slighte/ hesitation4 ,x is a species highly favor$ on ! ,cont95t1 :]e ! surplus yield is habitually dri$ & kept = w9t] use4 ,! hot flavor ( ! raw ,hydnum 0 =m]ly suffici5t to br& x z poison\s1 ,roques1 ,i believe1 hav+ be5 ! fir/ to demon/rate its edibility1 & ,dr4 ,badham to di/+ui% its mimetic flavor--,hydna z good z oy/]s1 :i* !y some:at resemble 9 ta/e4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>iations & v>ieties ,cooke & ,b]keley describe a v>iety ( ?is mu%room hav+ a di/9ctly r$di% pileus--,h4 rufesc5s--& ,pr(4 ,*>les ,peck gives ! species q a range 9 its color gamut4 ,its color may be pale buff1 ru/y yell[1 pale r$1 or si5na color4 ,! pale buff w d\btless be f\nd to be ! mo/ common4 ,9 ! v>iety rufesc5s ! size is small] & ! =m m symmetrical1 b ! g5]al %ape & fr+e-too!d spore surface are suffici5t to id5tify ! typical species "u any disguise ( color4 ,! cap is occasionally q symmetrical1 sugge/+ ! outl9e ( a ,boletus 9 pr(ile1 b m commonly is irregul> & ecc5tric1 ) /em atta*$ t[>ds its side1 z indicat$ 9 section on previ\s page4 ,x may rea* ! diamet] ( five in*es 9 a f9e specim54 ,its favorite haunt is ! op5 woods1 :]e x may be se5 f ! la/ ( ,june until ,septemb]1 ei!r s+ly or 9 clu/]s1 lift+ ! dri$ leaves f _! b$1 or occasionally b>ely reveal$ b5ea? !m4 ,b ! mo/ important & savory ( ! entire gr\p ( ,hydnei is ! species foll[+3 ,,! ,,m$usa ,,hydnum ,h4 caput-m$us ,sid5ote3 ,a d9n] ?r[n away ,:ile driv+ ?r\gh ! ,:ite ,m\nta9 ,not*1 _m ye>s ago1 ,i *anc$ ^u a mass ( cream-color$1 fr+y fungus gr[+ ^u a fall5 bee*-log by ! side ( ! road4 ,! fungus 0 !n entirely new to me1 & ,i lo/ no "t 9 mak+ a sket* ( x1 ) notes4 ,! gr[? cov]$ a space possibly eighte5 in*es wide by eight 9 height1 & ,i e/imat$ x w\ld weigh fully five p\nds1 its mo/ m>k$ feature be+ ! d5se gr[? ( droop+ sp9es4 ,9 my limit$ k ( edible fungi at ! "t1 ,i cauti\sly left ! specim5 9 ! woods1 aft]w>ds to le>n f ,dr4 ,h>kness1 ! mycologi/1 t ,i _h ?r[n away five p\nds ( ! mo/ delici\s fungus meat kn[n to ! epicure4 ,i h s9ce f\nd m9or specim5s _m times1 & c readily und]/& ! en?usia/ic encomiums ( my connoisseur fri5d z to its escul5t qualities4 ,illu/ration3 ,hydnum caput-m$us ,,plate ,,xxviii ,,! ,,m$usa ,,mu%room ,hydnum caput-m$us ,sp9es3 ,! long1 s(t sp9es cov] ! entire expos$ portion ( ! fungus1 :i* is dispos$ 9 fle%y bran*+ divisions1 ea* t]m9at+ 9 a cr[n ( %ort]1 droop+ tee?4 ,! color is pale buff or d>k creamy4 ,/em3 ,%ort1 conceal$ b5ea? ! gr[?4 ,ta/e3 ,sweet & aromatic1 slightly pung5t4 ,habitat3 ,trunks ( trees1 especially bee*4 ,season3 ,july to ,octob]4 ,,plate ,,xxviii ,illu/ration3 ,,hydnum ,,caput-,,m$us4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxix4--,,hydnum ,,caput-,,m$us ,sid5ote3 ,haunt & description ,?is species 7,plate #bh7 _c be conf\nd$ ) any o!r2 x is ( a d>k creamy color1 & usually gr[s sidewise ^u dead bee* wood 7,plate #bi71 sometimes 9 great pr(usion1 especially 9 ! summ]4 ,! s(t sp9es entirely cov] ! r\nd$ bran*+ protub]ances ( ! fungus4 ,! upp] tee? are %ort & =m a sort ( cr[n1 fall+ f :i* ! m & m elongat$ sp9es are firmly p5d5t b5ea?1 some:at sugge/+ z _m heads ( t9y skye-t]ri]s 9 cr[d$ convocation--or a t9y blea*$ h$gehog1 if y *oose4 ,a fungus be>+ su* conspicu\s *>act]i/ics may be ga!r$ & eat5 )\t fe>1 assum+ ! specim5 to be fre% & free f grubs4 ,x w be f\nd an aromatic & savory morsel1 ?\gh simply fri$ 9 butt] & s]v$ on toa/4 ,sid5ote3 ,moss-mu%room ,"o o!r species may be m5tion$ briefly1 ! ,h4 coralloides1 or ,moss-mu%room1 :i* is unfamili> to ! writ]1 b :i* ,curtis includes among 8 edible fungi4 ,x may be f\nd gr[+ sidewise on old trunks ( liv+ trees1 at fir/ :ite1 !n yell[i%1 resembl+ :5 "y ! *\-fleur 7caulifl[]74 ,f its base1 :i* is t5d] & fle%y1 spr+ a l>ge numb] ( flexible bran*es1 int]lac$ & assembl$ 9 tufts1 be>+ ^u ! summit ( ea* ( _! divisions an expansion ( long po9ts or projections1 at fir/ /raight1 !n p5d5t1 & ev5 curv$ "u1 & t]m9at+ 9 lay]s4 ,cordi] says t x is delicate food4 ,pr(essor ,peck speaks en?usia/ically ( ?is species4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods1 especially 9 hilly & m\nta9\s di/ricts1 & occurs dur+ ra9y or %[]y wea!r f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,x is a pretty fungus1 & v attractive to ^? :o are nei!r botani/s nor fungus eat]s1 & x is z good z x is beautiful4 ,9 our botanical exp$itions 9 ! va/ wild]ness ( ! ,adirondack region1 we 7 (t5 oblig$ to camp 9 ! woods sev]al nights 9 succession4 ,on su* occasions ?is fungus sometimes =m$ a luxuri\s addition to our ord9>ily simple & sometimes limit$ bill ( f>e4 ,sid5ote3 ,hydnum 9 ! kit*5 ,! ,hydnei may be cook$ 9 ! same mann] z employ$ = ! ord9>y mu%room1 or ga!r$ & dri$ = w9t] use1 a v common cu/om on ! ,cont95t4 ,ow+ to ! some:at firm1 compact sub/ance ( ^! mu%rooms !y %\ld be cook$ sl[ly1 9 ord] to pres]ve _! t5d]ness4 ,b]keley recomm5ds t !y be previ\sly /eep$ 9 hot wat]4 ,badham especially favors ! ,hydnum /ew1 :i* he claims is an excell5t di% ) a flavor ( oy/]s4 ,accord+ to ! same au?ority x yields also a v good pure4 ,! oy/] flavor is recogniz$ 9 _m ( ! epicurean encomiums on ?is species4 ,v>i\s h9ts z to its cul9>y treatm5t w be f\nd 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,,! ,,coral ,,or ,,club ,,fungus ,clav>ia ,sid5ote3 ,a neglect$ fea/ ,:at frequ5t] ( ! summ] & autumn woods has fail$ to obs]ve t occasional d5se clu/] ( creamy-color$1 coral-l gr[? su* z ,i h indicat$ at ,plate #cj1 & :o has ?\ght to ga!r up its fragile1 succul5t mass ) designs on ! cook8 ,i h se5 clu/]s ( ?is fungus s d5se & ample z to /rik+ly sugge/ a huge caulifl[]1 & repres5t+ _m p\nds 9 weight4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( popul> appreciation x mu/ ne$s decay by :ole hundr$-weights 9 ! woods4 ,?is is ! ,clav>ia1 or coral fungus--m lit]ally translat$1 ?\gh less appropriate to ?is p>ticul> species1 club fungus--a repres5tative ( a g5us conta9+ _m edible species4 ,! "o pres5t$ 9 ! ,plate is ,clav>ia =mosa1 or ! elegant ,clav>ia4 ,x gr[s f f\r to six in*es 9 height1 is deep creamy yell[ or pale orange buff 9 color1 & slightly r$di% at tips ( bran*es4 ,x has a sweet ta/e1 a fragile1 brittle consi/5cy1 & :ite sub/ance2 its spores are pale-o*re color$4 ,curtis gives ?irte5 edible native species4 ,among !m are ! foll[+1 :i* h>dly call = sev]e te*nical description1 z ! entire gr\p are d\btless edible3 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,:ite ,,coral ,,fungus ,sid5ote3 ,clav>ia coralloides ,! true coral fungus--,clav>ia coralloides--( our woods resembles ,c4 =mosa 9 g5]al %ape1 b its color is :ite1 or p]haps pale gray4 ,its ?ick /em is holl[1 & its unev51 cr[d$ bran*es are brittle & fle%-:ite4 ,its odor is l t ( ! ,ag>icus campe/ris1 & x possesses a sweet1 pleasant flavor4 ,cordi] recomm5ds x z eatable ev5 :5 raw4 ,?is species is 9 great favor 9 ,g]many1 ,switz]l&1 & ,italy1 :]e x is desiccat$ = w9t] use4 ,illu/ration3 ,clav>ia =mosa ,,plate ,,xxx ,,! ,,coral ,,fungus ,clav>ia =mosa ,?ickly bran*$ f a /\t pale base1 ! d5se bran*lets be+ tipp$ ) two or ?ree m9ute tee?4 ,color3 ,saffron yell[4 ,tips g5]ally d>k] & m rosy4 ,fle%3 ,:ite4 ,spores3 ,o*re-t9t$4 ,ta/e3 ,sweet1 t5d]1 & delicate4 ,height3 ,f\r to six in*es4 ,habitat3 ,woods4 ,,plate ,,xxx ,illu/ration3 ,,clav>ia ,,=mosa4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4flava ,c4/ricta ,c4umbr9a ,c4rugosa ,c4ame?y/9a ,,plate ,,xxxi4--,,v>i\s ,,=ms ,,( ,,clav>ia ,sid5ote3 ,clav>ia fa/igiata ,clav>ia fa/igiata is a some:at dw>f v>iety1 usually f\nd on lawns & pa/ures1 seldom rea*+ a height ( m ?an two in*es4 ,9 g5]al aspect x resembles ,fig4 #c 9 ,plate #ca4 ,x is ( a yell[ color1 v d5sely bran*$ f its %ort1 sl5d] /em close to ! gr\nd1 ! bran*es mo/ly t]m9at+ at ! same height4 ,sid5ote3 ,:ite-spor$ species edible ,all ( ! above-m5tion$ species1 except ,c4 =mosa1 h :ite spores1 & :ile none ( ! g5us is consid]$ poison\s1 ?\gh "s are s bitt] & ( su* t\gh consi/5cy z to make !m unfit = food1 x is g5]ally conc$$ among ! au?orities t all :ite-spor$ ,clav>ias are c]ta9ly edible4 ,! spores are easily obta9$ by simply lay+ ! fungus ^u a d>k surface & exclud+ ! air1 z direct$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,! v>i\s =ms assum$ by ! ,clav>ei are indicat$ 9 ,plate #ca4 ,fig4 #a is ,c4 flava2 #b4 ,c4 /ricta2 #c4 ,c4 umbr9a2 #d4 ,c4 rugosa2 #e4 ,c4 ame?y/9a4 ,any specim5 be>+ resemblance to any ( ^! 9 =m1 & :i* is f\nd to h :ite spores1 may be eat5 )\t fe>4 ,! ,clav>ia =ms a mo/ invit+ reli% by ! simple process ( fry+ 9 butt]1 ) season+ to ta/e4 ,!y h ! advantage ( be+ q free f fungus-worms1 & 9 ! l>g] species are occasionally s pl5tiful t a half-bu%el may be ga!r$ 9 a few mom5ts4 ,ano!r species be>+ ! g5]al %ape sugge/$ 9 ,plate #ca1 fig4 #a1 is ! ,c4 botrytis4 ,x has a ?ick1 fle%y trunk & swoll5 bran*es4 ,its sub/ance is v brittle2 color creamy-yell[1 ) r$-tipp$ bran*lets4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods4 ,,! ,,morel ,mor*ella escul5ta ,9 decid$ contra/ to any ( ! =ego+ fungi1 & ( unmi/akable aspect1 is ! fam\s ,morel1 ,mor*ella escul5ta 7,plate #cb74 ,sid5ote3 ,botanical *>act]s ,! ,morel belongs to a cohort ( fungi kn[n z ! ,sporidiif]a1 9 :i* ! spores are enclos$ 9 bag-l envelopes1 9 di/9ction to ! ,sporif]a1 9 :i* ! spores are nak$ & expos$1 z %[n 9 ,plates #ce & #cf4 ,^! cy/s1 or bags1 or asci1 :i* resemble ! cy/idium 9 ,plate #ce1 & 9 ! family ( ,ascomycetes1 to :i* ! ,morel belongs1 ea* conta9s ab\t eight spores1 :i* are f9ally lib]at$ by ! bur/+ ( ! tip ( ! bag1 aft] ! mann] ( a ,puff-ball4 ,9 ! ,morel ! hym5ium or spore-be>+ surface is cr[d$ ) ^! cy/s1 & cov]s ! entire expos$ conical & pitt$ surface ( ! mu%room4 ,description is h>dly necess>y ) its portrait be=e u4 ,no o!r fungus at all resembles x except ^? ( ! same g5us1 & inasmu* z !y are all edible1 we may safely add to our bill ( f>e any fungus :i* resembles our illu/ration4 ,! ,morel has long be5 consid]$ z "o ( ! r>e/ ( delicacies1 always at a fancy premium 9 ! m>kets--a bon-mot = ! ri*1 a prize = ! peasant4 ,i c\ld fill all my allott$ space ) ! delicate s*emes ( ! *efs 9 its prep>ation = ! table4 ,illu/ration3 ,mor*ella escul5ta ,,plate ,,xxxii ,,! ,,morel ,mor*ella escul5ta ,pileus3 ,oval1 elliptical1 or r\nd 9 outl9e2 diamet] "o in* to ?ree in*es 9 a l>ge specim52 holl[4 ,color pale yell[i% br[n1 v>y+ to gre5i%2 surface m or less regul>ly honey-comb$ ) deep depressions4 ,/em3 ,holl[1 d+y :ite1 unit$ to ! base ( pileus4 ,ta/e3 ,sweet & pleasant4 ,habitat3 ,woods1 or*>ds1 & %ad$ grassy places4 ,season3 ,may & ,june4 ,,plate ,,xxxii ,illu/ration3 ,,mor*ella ,,escul5ta4 ,dr4 ,badham's recomm5dation1 among my li/ ( recipes1 is wor? a trial = ! sake ( novelty1 if no?+ m4 ,! holl[ %ape ( our ,morel ?us sugge/s a v>iation on ! conv5tional me?ods ( cook+4 ,! color ( ! ,morel 9 its prime is grayi%-gre51 occasionally br[ni%4 ,x is mo/ commonly f\nd 9 or*>ds1 & is said to favor spots :]e *>coal or c9d]s h be5 ?r[n4 ,,helvella ,helvella crispa ,sid5ote3 ,specific *>act]s ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ly individual ( all ! mu%rooms1 & "o :i* c\ld n possibly be conf\nd$ ) any o!r k9d1 is ! example pictur$ 9 ,plate #cc4 ,) ?is m]e portrait z our guide1 we might safely classify our specim5--at lea/1 z to its g5us2 & inasmu* z no "o ( ! gr\p is poison\s1 & all are edible ) v>y+ degrees ( escul5ce1 we c make no mi/ake ev5 9 our v5tures z amateur mycophagi/s4 ,:51 !re=e1 we f9d a fungus ) su* a peculi>1 irregul>ly flut$ & holl[$ /em1 itself holl[ )91 or tubul>1 & surm\nt$ ) a r ?91 flexible1 wavy cap1 resembl+ our illu/ration1 we may "k t we h a specim5 ( ,helvella4 ,if ?is example happ5s to be creamy above & o*re-color$ b5ea?1 x is ! ,helvella crispa ( our ,plate4 ,! specim5 "h %[n is some:at l>g] ?an 9 nature4 ,o!r species are diff]5tly =m$ & color$1 "o ( !m hav+ ! cap d>k a%-color$ or ev5 black4 ,!re are ?ree species occasionally met )1 ( :i* ! fir/1 ,h4 crispa1 is ! mo/ common & p]haps ! mo/ delectable4 ,sid5ote3 ,dri$ mu%rooms ,! peculi> texture ( ^! mu%rooms p]mits ( _! ready desiccation1 & 9 ,brita9 & on ! ,cont95t !y are commonly /rung on /r+s & dri$ = future use1 9 :i* condition !y h be5 comp>$ to dri$ wa%-lea!r 9 texture4 ,! fam\s ari/ocratic ,morel 7,mor*ella escul5ta71 already describ$1 s priz$ z food 9 ,europe1 & to :i* ! ,helvella is closely alli$1 has a simil> irregul>1 pitt$1 holl[$1 & nett$ surface ov] its entire conical or globul> gray cap1 & ! same texture4 ,mo/ compet5t judges claim t ! delici\s ,morel possesses no advantages ov] ! m plebeian ,helvella z a delicacy = ! table4 ,! flavor is id5tical1 & ! o!r qualities ( ! two mu%rooms make !m equally desirable4 ,! read9ess ) :i* !y may be dri$1 & ?us kept indef9itely1 is ano!r di/9ct advantage :i* ! ,morels & ,helvellas possess ov] ! ord9>y gill$ ,ag>ics1 _m ( :i* mu/ be ga!r$ 9 _! "y prime & imm$iately eat54 ,!re are num]\s ways ( s]v+ ^! fungi1 among :i* is ! common me?od ( fry+ ) butt] or oil1 & v>i\sly season+ ) onion1 g>lic1 h]bs1 etc41 accord+ to ta/e1 & s]v+ on toa/1 or ) crisp$ bread-crumbs4 ,our *apt] on recipes w sugge/ o!r m elaborate me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,helvella crispa ,,plate ,,xxxiii ,,! ,,:ite ,,helvella ,helvella crispa ,pileus3 ,two to ?ree in*es 9 diamet]2 wavy or curl$1 reflex$ at edges1 (t5 puck]$ t[>ds c5tre2 :ite or pale creamy2 some:at lea!ry 9 texture 9 old] specim5s4 ,spore surface3 ,on und]side ( cap1 o*race\s4 ,/em3 ,:ite1 m or less furr[$ ) v]tical holl[s4 ,ta/e3 ,simil> to ,morel1 to :i* x is closely alli$4 ,habitat3 ,woods4 ,season3 ,summ] & autumn4 ,,plate ,,xxxiii ,illu/ration3 ,,helvella ,,crispa4 ,,puff-,,balls ,lycop]dace ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,puff-,,ball--,,e>li] ,,& ,,lat] ,,/ages ,a detail$ discrim9ation ( ! ,puff-balls is h>dly necess>y "h1 & ,i w !re=e omit x4 ,:ile ,i am n incl9$ to g s f> z to cont5d1 z 0 ! qua9t habit ( old ,dr4 ,culpep]1 9 8 ,h]bal1 9 :i* he 0 wont simil>ly to elude description ( an h]b1 affirm+ t he 7 a fool inde$ :o does n "k ?is plant--or words ( simil> import--x is p]fectly safe to say t if !re is "o fungus m ?an ano!r ) :i* ! populace is specifically famili> x is ! ,puff-ball4 ,sid5ote3 ,spore-cl\d dissem9ation ,9 ^! fungi1 ( :i* !re are _m species1 ! spores are incas$ )9 ! :ite or d+y p]idium or m or less globul> case--ga/]omycete1 f ga/]1 a /oma*4 ,! int]ior spore sub/ance is at fir/ :ite & firm 9 /ructure1 at l5g? pepp]$ ) gray1 bo? conditions be+ indicat$ 9 accompany+ cut1 & ultimately black or br[n1 aft] :i* ! out] case becomes dry & pap]y1 & soon bur/s at ! summit1 lib]at+ its cl\ds ( spores ) ! slighte/ zephyr1 or1 lat]1 becom+ dislodg$ f its sl5d] an*orage to ! soil1 is :isk$ be=e ! breeze envelop$ 9 its spore-smoke4 ,fries1 ! em95t fungologi/1 has reckon$ ! numb] ( ^! spores 9 a s+le ,puff-ball at t5 millions--presumably a cons]vative e/imate4 ,b x w surprise mo/ p to "k t ! plebeian ,puff-ball ( our pa/ures is good = some?+ besides ! kick ( ! small boy4 ,!re are a numb] ( species ( ! ,puff-ball1 & none ( !m is kn[n to be poison\s4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>i\s species ,i h indicat$ an arbitr>y gr\p 9 ,plate #cd rang+ 9 %ape & size f ! small :ite globul> v>iety ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ,l4 saccatum1 & ! pe>-%ap$ ,l4 gemmatum1 to ! giant pa/ure species1 :i* may frequ5tly atta9 ! dim5sions ( a football or a bu%el basket4 ,9 its l>g] dim5sions x is m spread+ 9 %ape1 be+ some:at wid] ?an high4 ,all ! ,puff-balls are edible if ga!r$ at ! :ite /age--i4e41 :ite pulp2 ^? ( yell[ or d>k] fracture be+ exclud$1 z ! fungus 9 ?is lat] /age is n consid]$ fit = food4 ,illu/ration3 ,a gr\p ( ,puff-balls ,,plate ,,xxxiv ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,puff-,,balls ,lycop]dace ,! gr\p opposite repres5ts ?ree species4 ,! l>ge/1 ,l4 giganteum2 ! pe>-%ap$1 ,l4 gemmatum2 & ! small1 r\nd ,l4 saccatum4 ,l4 giganteum4 ,! l>ge/ species4 ,diamet] t5 to tw5ty-five in*es2 (t5 m spread+ 9 %ape ?an specim5 %[n2 surface smoo?2 /em h>dly app>5t2 color d+y :ite 9 ! edible /ate1 at :i* "t ! solid fle% is also :ite4 ,spore du/1 at maturity1 yell[i% br[n4 ,gr[s 9 fields & pa/ures4 ,l4 gemmatum4 ,/em prolong$ & tap]+ f above1 sugge/+ ! specific "n pe>-%ap$2 color d+y :ite2 surface cov]$ ) decidu\s w>ts2 sub/ance1 "y /ate1 :ite2 spore du/ br[n2 height two to ?ree in*es4 ,l4 saccatum4 ,/emless2 :ite2 sett+ close to ! gr\nd2 "o to two in*es 9 diamet]2 surface cov]$ ) loose1 w>ty granules2 sub/ance1 "y /ate1 :ite2 spore du/ br[n4 ,^! & all o!r ,puff-balls are edible 9 ! "y condition :5 ! pulp is :ite4 ,,plate ,,xxxiv ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,puff-,,balls4 ,,lycop]don ,,giganteum4 ,l4 ,,gemmatum4 ,l4 ,,saccatum4 ,sid5ote3 ,escul5t qualities ,( ! escul5t qualities ( ! l>g] species1 ,lycop]don giganteum1 we may judge f ! /atem5t ( a connoisseur3 ,slic$ & season$ 9 butt] & salt1 & fri$ 9 ! pan1 no ,fr5* omelette is half z good 9 ri*ness & delicacy ( flavor4 ,m4 ,c4 ,cooke1 ! ,briti% au?ority1 says ( x3 ,9 its "y & pulpy condition x is excell5t eat+1 & inde$ has b few competitors = ! place ( honor at ! table4 ,o!r epicurean sugge/ions w be f\nd 9 a lat] page4 ,occasionally 9 its pl5itude1 especially dur+ ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 s+le clu/]s w be f\nd :i* w\ld af=d a meal = a l>ge family4 ,o!r species1 m or less frequ5t1 are ! ,l4 sep>ans1 ^: out] epid]mis cracks (f 9 flakes at maturity2 ,l4 cya?i=me1 or cup-%ap$ ,lycop]don1 a l>ge species ) di/9ctly purpli% smoke s famili> to u all1 ! f9al cup-%ap$ remnant ( its case hav+ sugge/$ its "n4 ,! l>g] specim5s w be f\nd ! m fully flavor$4 ,sid5ote3 ,clos+ words ( caution ,!re is b "o dang] :i* w\ld seem to be possible ) ref]5ce to ! use ( ! ,puff-ball z food )9 ! re/rictions already giv51 & t is1 ! remote cont+5cy--assumable only on ! supposition ( mo/ c>eless obs]vation--( conf\nd+ ! :ite ball ) ! globul> condition ( ! ,amanita 7see ,plate #b1 fig4 #a71 or o!r fungi ( ! same deadly gr\p1 :i* are simil>ly enclos$ 9 a sph]ical volva 9 _! e>ly /ages4 ,b inasmu* z ?is sph]ical p]iod ( ! ,amanita is usually sp5t und]gr\nd & out ( sight1 & ! m]e/ glance at its cont5ts w\ld at once reveal ! fold$ =m ( ! enclos$ mu%room1 x w\ld h>dly seem necess>y to w>n ! intellig5t read]4 ,b once w>n$1 twice arm$2 & = absolute safety ! tyro w\ld d well to op5 e specim51 & be sure ( its ev51 :ite1 homog5e\s sub/ance be=e turn+ x ov] to ! cook4 ,!re are a numb] ( o!r escul5t species ( fungi z easily available & enjoyable z ^? already describ$1 b ! s*eme ( ! volume w\ld h>dly w>rant _! inclusion4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! elem5t ( dang] is practically elim9at$1 s f> z ! id5tification ( ! =ego+ fungi is conc]n$1 x is /ill wise = ! amateur to proce$ ) caution until he has absolutely le>n$ ! individual species 9 _! v>i\s =ms ( developm5t4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,spore-pr9ts ,mu%room ,spore-pr9ts ,sid5ote3 ,puff-ball spore-cl\ds ,our common du/y ,puff-ball1 float+ its fa9t trail ( smoke 9 ! breeze f ! ragg$ flue at its dome-%ap$ ro( z f an elf9 tepee1 or p]haps envelop+ our feet 9 its d5se purple cl\d z we *ance to /ep ^u x 9 ! pa?1 is famili> to e "o4 ,to ! mycophagi/ connoisseur1 on ! al]t = e delectable fungus morsel = 8 fa/idi\s appetite1 ! ,puff-ball is inde$ pleasantly famili>1 ?\gh a specim5 9 su* a p[d]y /age z ! above is apt to br+ only regrets t its discov]y has be5 ?us delay$1 = 9 its e>li] firm :ite /age he kn[s x at 8 table z a mo/ delicate entre ( mock omelet4 ,! old-"t c\ntry physician ga!r$ its p[d]y bag & c>efully pres]v$ x = ano!r purpose1 its spongy1 du/y cont5ts hav+ be5 a "t-honor$ rem$y z a /yptic1 or = ! arre/ ( hemorrhage f w\nds4 ,b by no class ( ! community p]haps is x s en?usia/ically welcom$ z by ! small boy1 to :om x is always a *all5ge = a kick & a consequ5t demon/ration ( smoke wor?y ( a ,f\r?-(-,july celebration4 ,a week ago ?is gli/5+ gray bag1 s free ) its du/-puff at ! slighte/ t\*1 0 solid 9 sub/ance & z :ite z cottage *eese 9 ! fracture4 ,9 ?is condition1 slic$ & fri$1 x w\ld h prov5 a v]itable delicacy ^u our table1 q sugge/+ an omelet 9 consi/5cy & flavor1 & 9 size also1 if p]*ance we _h be5 favor$ ) "o ( ! l>g] specim5s1 :i* frequ5tly approa*es ! dim5sions ( a football4 ,sid5ote3 ,developm5t ( spores ,b 9 a lat] /age ?is cle> :ite fracture w\ld h appe>$ speckl$ or pepp]$ ) gray spots 7see page #bga71 & ! next day entirely gray & mu* s(t5$1 &1 lat] aga91 br[n & app>5tly 9 a /ate ( decay4 ,b ?is is n decay4 ,?is moi/ br[n mass by evaporation becomes p[d]y1 & ! ,puff-ball is n[ ripe1 & prep>+ = po/]ity4 ,sid5ote3 ,buoyant spore-atoms ,sid5ote3 ,numb] ( spores ,ea* successive squeeze1 z we hold x betwe5 our f+]s1 yields its g5]\s response 9 a puff ( br[n smoke1 :i* melts away app>5tly into air4 ,b ! ,puff-ball does n ?us end 9 m]e smoke4 ,?is vani%+ purple cl\d is compos$ ( t9y atoms1 s extremely m9ute z to require ! aid ( a p[]ful microscope to reveal _! %apes4 ,ea* "o ( ^! atoms1 s immat]ial & buoyant z to be almo/ )\t gravity1 float+ away ^u ! slighte/ brea?1 or ev5 waft$ upw>d by curr5ts ( w>m air f ! heat$ e>?1 has )9 itself ! p[] ( reproduc+ ano!r clump ( ,puff-balls1 if only =tune %all f9ally lodge x 9 cong5ial soil4 ,^! spores are ?us analog\s to ! se$s ( ord9>y plants4 ,! numb] ( ^! vital atoms or spores 9 a s+le ,puff-ball is almo/ pa/ computation4 ,fries1 h[ev]1 an em95t fungologi/1 w5t to "s pa9s to e/imate ?is numb]1 &1 ref]r+ to a c]ta9 puff-ball1 says3 ,! spores are inf9ite4 ,9 a s+le individual ( ,reticul>ia maxima ,i h reckon$ t5 millions s subtle z to resemble ?9 smoke z light z if rais$ by evaporation1 & disp]s$ 9 s _m ways--by ! sun's attraction1 by insects1 by adhesion & ela/icity--t x is difficult to conceive ! spots f :i* !y c\ld be exclud$4 ,sid5ote3 ,spore-cl\d f mu%rooms ,we h se5 ! myriad-fold disp]sion ( its pot5tial atoms 9 ! cl\d ( spore-smoke1 b :o ev] ?9ks ( a spore-cl\d f a mu%room or a toad/ool8 ,yet ! me?od ( ! ,puff-ball is foll[$ by all ! o!r fungi1 ) only less conspicu\sness4 ,! ,puff-ball gives a visible salute1 b any "o ( ! common mu%rooms or toad/ools w af=d u a mu* pretti] & m surpris+ acc\nt ( itself if we b give x ! opportunity4 ,?is big yell[ toad/ool out "u ! popl>-tree--its gold5 cap /udd$ ) br[ni% scurfy w>ts1 its "u surface beset ) closely plait$ lam9 or gills--:o c\ld ev] associate ! cl\d ( dry smoke ) ?is moi/1 creamy-:ite surface8 ,we may sit "h all day & wat* x closely1 b we %all see no sign ( any?+ resembl+ smoke or du/1 albeit a filmy emanation is cont9ually elud+ u1 float+ away f b5ea? its gold5 cap1 ! eag] breeze tak+ su* jeal\s c>e ( ! cont9ual %[] t our eyes fail to p]ceive a h9t ( x4 ,sid5ote3 ,cat*+ ! spores ,d y d\bt x8 ,y ne$ wait b a few mom5ts = a visible demon/ration ( ! fact 9 a pretty exp]im5t1 :i*1 :5 once obs]v$1 w c]ta9ly be resort$ to z a frequ5t pa/ime 9 leisure mom5ts :5 ! toad/ool or mu%room is available4 ,sid5ote3 ,a spore-portrait ,"h is a v ord9>y-look+ specim5 gr[+ beside ! /one /eps at our back door p]haps4 ,its top is gray1 its gills b5ea? are fawn-color$4 ,we may %ake x z rudely z we w1 & yet we %all get no response su* z ! ,puff-ball w give u4 ,b let u lay x ^u a piece ( :ite pap]1 gills d[nw>d1 on ! mantel1 & cov] x ) a tumbl] or f+]-b[l1 s z to absolutely exclude ! lea/ admission ( air4 ,at ! expiration ( five m9utes1 p]haps1 we may detect a filmy p9ki%-yell[ t9t on ! pap]1 foll[+ b5ea? ! uprais$ bord] ( ! cap1 l a %ad[ fa9tly l9$ ) :ite4 ,9 a qu>t] ( an h\r ! t9t$ deposit is p]ceptible across ! room1 & 9 an h\r1 if we c>efully raise ! mu%room1 ! p]fect spore-pr9t is reveal$ 9 all its beauty--a spore-t9t portrait ( ! "u surface ( ! mu%room--a p9k-br[n disk ) a :ite c5tre1 :i* indicates ! po9t ( contact ( ! cut /em1 & :ite radiat+ l9es1 repres5t+ ! edges ( ! ?9 gills1 _m ( !m z f9e & delicate z a cobweb4 ,e fre% species exp]im5t$ ) w yield its surprise 9 ! m>k+s & color ( ! pr9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mak+ ,,! ,,pr9t ,^! spore-deposits are1 ( c\rse1 fugitive1 & w easily rub (f at ! slighte/ t\*4 ,b inasmu* z _m ( ^! specim5s1 ei!r f _! beauty ( =m or exquisite color1 or = educational or sci5tific purposes1 x w be desirable to pres]ve1 ,i app5d simple rules = ! mak+ & fix+ ( ! pr9ts by a process :i* 0 orig9al ) ! writ]1 & :i* he has f\nd mo/ effective = _! pres]vation4 ,sid5ote3 ,mak+ & fix+ spore-pr9ts ,sid5ote3 ,v>i\s colors ( spores ,take a piece ( smoo? :ite writ+-pap] & coat its surface ev5ly ) a ?9 solution ( gum-arabic1 dextr9e1 or o!r mucilage1 & all[ x to dry4 ,p9 ?is1 gumm$ side upp]mo/1 to a bo>d or table1 pref]ably ov] a s(t clo?1 s t x w lie p]fectly flat4 ,to insure a good pr9t ! mu%room specim5 %\ld be fre% & firm1 & ! gills or spore-surface free f breaks or bruises4 ,cut ! /em (f ab\t level ) ! gills1 lay ! mu%room1 spore-surface d[nw>d1 ^u ! pap]1 & cov] ) a tumbl]1 f+]-b[l1 or o!r vessel ) a smoo?1 ev5 rim1 to absolutely exclude ! slighte/ +ress ( air4 ,aft] a few h\rs1 p]haps ev5 less1 ! spores w be se5 ?r\gh ! glass on ! pap] at ! extreme edge ( ! mu%room1 _! dep? ( color indicat+ ! d5sity ( ! deposit4 ,if we n[ g5tly lift ! glass1 & ) ! utmo/ c>e remove ! fungus1 p]haps by ! aid ( p9s previ\sly ins]t$1 9 a p]fectly v]tical direction1 )\t ! slighte/ side motion1 ! spore-pr9t 9 all its beauty is reveal$--p]haps a ri* br[n circul> pat* ) exquisite radiat+ :ite l9es1 m>k+ ! direction & edges ( ! gills1 if an ,ag>ic2 p]haps a delicate p9k1 m or less cl\d$ disk1 "h & !re di/9ctly & f9ely honey-comb$ ) :ite l9es1 indicat+ t our specim5 is "o ( ! polypores1 z a ,boletus4 ,o!r pr9ts w yield ri* gold5 disks1 & !re w be pr9ts ( v>y+ r$1 lilac1 gre51 orange1 salmon-p9k1 & br[n & purple1 v>i\sly l9$ 9 accordance ) ! nature ( _! respective p>5t gills or pores4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxv4--,,spore-,,surface ,,( ,,an ,,ag>ic ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvi4--,,spore-,,surface ,,( ,,polyporus 7,,boletus7 ,sid5ote3 ,invisible pr9ts ,sid5ote3 ,fix+ ! pr9t ,occasionally we %all look 9 va9 = our pr9t1 :i* may signify t our specim5 _h already scatt]$ its spores ere we _h f\nd x1 or1 :at is m likely1 t ! spores are invisible ^u ! pap]1 ow+ to _! :it5ess1 9 :i* case black or color$ pap] mu/ be sub/itut$ = ! :ite gr\nd1 :5 ! spores w be beautifully manife/ 9 a :ite trac]y ^u ! d>k] backgr\nd4 ,"o ( ^!1 f ! ,amanita musc>ius1 is reproduc$ 9 ,plate #cg4 ,if ! specim5 is left too long1 ! spore-deposit is cont9u$ upw>d betwe5 ! gills1 & may rea* a qu>t] ( an in* 9 height1 9 :i* case1 if extreme c>e 9 lift+ ! cap is us$1 we obs]ve a v reali/ic c\nt]feit ( ! gills ( ! mu%room 9 high relief ^u ! pap]4 ,a pr9t ( ?is k9d is ( c\rse v fragile1 & mu/ be h&l$ ) c>e4 ,b a comp>atively slight deposit ( ! spores1 )\t app>5t ?ickness1 w give u ! mo/ p]fect pr9t1 :ile at ! same "t yield+ ! full color4 ,su* a pr9t may also be fix$ by our pres5t me?od s z to )/& consid]able r\gh usage1 by lay+ ! pap] ^u a wet t[el until ! moi/ure has p5etrat$ ?r\gh & rea*$ ! gum4 ,! spores are ?us set1 &1 ^u dry+ ! pap]1 are securely fix$4 ,inde$1 ! moi/ure exud$ by ! conf9$ fungus b5ea? ! glass is (t5 suffici5t to set ! spores4 ,a numb] ( pr9ts may be obta9$ successively f a s+le specim5 ga!r$ at its fruitful prime4 ,sid5ote3 ,ag>ics & ,polypores ,to ^? ( my read]s int]e/$ 9 ! sci5ce ( ?is spore-%[] ,i give illu/rations ( examples ( ! two m common gr\ps ( mu%rooms--! ,ag>ic1 or gill$ mu%room1 & ! ,polyporus1 or tube-be>+ mu%room4 ,! entire surface ( bo? gills & pores is l9$ ) ! spore-be>+ membrane or hym5ium1 ! spores be+ produc$ 9 f\rs f ea* ( ! cr[d$ sporophores1 &1 :]e all air is absolutely exclud$1 p]mitt+ !m to fall directly b5ea? _! po9t ( dep>ture z indicat$2 9 ! case ( ! ,ag>ic1 9 radiat+ l9es 9 correspond5ce ) ! spaces betwe5 ! gills2 & 9 ,polyporus1 directly b5ea? ! op5+ ( ea* pore1 ^: inn] surface is l9$ ) ! sporophores1 z %[n 9 ,plate #cf4 ,sid5ote3 ,spore-mi/ f an ,ag>ic ,?is du/-%[] is cont9u\s 9 nature aft] ! p]fect rip5+ ( ! spores1 b x is almo/ impossible to conceive ( su* an entire abs5ce ( mov+ air "u natural conditions z to p]mit ev5 a visible h9t ( ! spore-%[] to appe> b5ea? its respective fungus4 ,an exception to ?is rule is sometimes to be se5 9 fungi ( mass$ gr[?--z1 = example1 b5ea? su* a clu/] z t %[n on page #adg4 ,inde$1 a correspond5t rec5tly describ$ su* a clu/] z envelop$ 9 a mi/ ( its own spores float+ away 9 ! app>5tly /ill air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4--,,spore-,,pr9t ,,( ,,amanita ,,musc>ius ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4--,,action ,,( ,,slight ,,draught ,,on ,,spores ,sid5ote3 ,affect$ by a p9-hole draft ,9 ,plate #ch is %[n a spore-pr9t ) a peculi> elongat$ tail4 ,su* 0 ! specim5 :i* ,i obs]v$ :5 lift+ ! pa/ebo>d box :i* _h be5 plac$ above ! mu%room to absolutely exclude ! air4 ,! explanation 0 simple :5 ,i disc]n$ t ! tap]+ elongation po9t$ directly to a t9y hole 9 ! box b>ely l>g] ?an a knitt+-ne$le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fungus ,,spores ,! greate/ portion ( ! myriads ( spores are waft$ to ! ends ( ! e>?1 & =m an important elem5t 9 ! s-call$ du/ s unwelcome to ! tidy h\sewife4 ,a /icky glass slide expos$ to ! deposit ( su* du/1 & plac$ b5ea? ! microscope1 w reveal _m fungus spores4 ,! air is full ( !m4 ,a few ( ! v>i\s *>act]i/ic =ms ( ^! fungus-spores is %[n on a previ\s page1 some:at z a p[]ful microscope w\ld reveal !m to u4 ,sid5ote3 ,:ims ( habitat ,b x is only z !y *ance to alight individually 9 cong5ial conditions = gr[? t !y w cons5t to vegetate4 ,?us billions ( !m are doom$ to p]i% )\t prog5y4 ,^! :ims ( habitat among ! fungi are almo/ pa/ belief4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is a t9y ,puff-ball h>dly l>g] ?an ! p]iod on ?is page4 ,x bur/s at ! summit1 & %$s its puff ( microscopic spores1 s light z to be )\t gravity1 float+ & settl+ ev]y:]e ^u ! e>?1 b only z !y *ance to alight ^u ! sp9es ( a dead *e/nut-burr ( two ye>s' decay w !y f9d he>t to gr[4 ,su* is ! fa/idi\sness ( ! little :ite mu%room1 ^: globul> caps dot ! sp9es ( ! decay+ *e/nut-burrs 9 s _m damp nooks 9 ! woods4 ,sid5ote3 ,curi\s fa/idi\sness ,9 clos+ my *apt] a glance at ! fur!r ecc5tricities ( *oice w n be inopportune4 ,i app5d a few tak5 at r&om f ! pages ( ,b]keley1 :i* lie op5 be=e me4 ,9 addition to ! g5]al broad di/9ctions ( habitat z woods1 rott5 wood1 old pa/ures1 dunghills1 we f9d su* fa/idi\s selections z ! foll[+1 ea* by a di/9ct species ) its own individual :im3 ,dead fir-cones1 sawdu/1 bee*nuts1 pla/] walls1 old f]m5t+ c(fee-gr\nds1 :eat e>s1 c9d]s1 dead oak leaves1 old l951 :eat bread1 ho(s1 fea!rs1 decay$ rope1 fat1 microscopic l5ses1 & damp c>pets4 ,a complete li/ ( ^! exclusive habitats ( fungi w\ld well fill a l>ge book1 & might inde$ almo/ involve ! index ( our botanies & zoologies1 to say no?+ ( organic sub/ances g5]ally4 ,sid5ote3 ,h\se-fly fungus ,plants1 bo? liv+ & dead1 are favorite habitats = v>i\s species4 ,! old /ems ( ! common ,european nettle1 accord+ to ,cooke1 becomes ! ho/ ( ab\t ?irty di/9ct species ( ! m9ute fungi4 ,! toad/ool itself is (t5 ! victim ( o!r m9or species4 ,insects are a frequ5t prey4 ,! wasp succumbs to its special fungus p>asite1 :i* has =m$ a home )9 its body1 & ! common h\se-fly is se5 9 ! toils ( its simil> enemy1 z x hangs helpless by its proboscis ^u ! w9d[-pane1 envelop$ 9 ! w9d+-%eet ( :ite m\ld f ! fungus :i* has done its "w )9 ! insect's body4 ,spid]s1 locu/s1 ants1 cicad1 & presumably all insects1 are subject to simil> fate f _! especial p>asitic fungi4 ,! fungus ?us (t5 comes to ! rescue ( afflict$ humanity 9 regulat+ ! undue increase ( insect pe/s4 ,"h is a pretty1 sl5d]1 orange1 po9t$ mu%room gr[+ 9 ! moss4 ,we pluck x f its b$1 & x br+s to ! surface a *rysalis1 ) ! dead mo? di/9ctly se5 )9 ! cavity f :i* its roots spr+4 ,:5 we next come ^u ?is species 9 ! moss1 we may confid5tly pr$ict ! discov]y ( ?is same species ( *rysalis4 ,sid5ote3 ,edible cat]pill> fungi ,a simil> long1 sl5d] fungus spr+s f ! head ( a cat]pill> 9 ,new ,zeal&1 & at l5g? almo/ absorbs ! insect's body4 ,a simil> species ^u ano!r cat]pill> is c>efully collect$ & desiccat$ by ! ,*9ese1 ) :om x =ms an important article 9 _! native ph>macopia1 &1 moreov]1 x seems1 may be p]haps appropriately includ$ among ! edibles1 = are we n assur$ by ^! exp]t & indiscrim9ate epicures ( ! *op/icks t ?is species makes an excell5t dress+ = roa/ duck4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,recipes ,conc]n+ ,mu%romes & ,tad/oles ,& n[ = t our f9e m\!d & da9tie wantons :o set su* /ore by _! too?2 take s great delight to dress ?is only di% ) _! own h&s1 t !y may fe$ !reon 9 conceit & cogitation all ! :ile !y be h&l+ & prep>+ ! same1 furni%$ 9 ?is _! bus9esse ) _! f9e knives & razors ( amb] & o!r vessels ( silv] ab\t !m4 ,i = my "p also am cont5t to frame & accomodate myself to _! hum\r\s fancie & w %ew unto !m 9 g5]all c]ta9e obs]vations & rules h[ to ord] & use !m t !y may be eat5 ) securitie4 ,,pl9ius ,,secundus4 ,recipes ,! e>ne/ plea ( ,dr4 ,badham = ?is neglect$--r1 ,i may say1 spurn$--spontane\s h>ve/ ( fungi is well wor? emphasiz+ 9 our pages2 af=d+1 z x does1 a mo/ sugge/ive comm5t>y on ! univ]sal popul> ignorance1 s f> z ,am]ica is conc]n$1 ( ! economic value ( ?is p]5nial (f]+ ( ,nature1 :i* ab\nds 9 su* luxuriance ?r\gh\t our cont95t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! spurn$ h>ve/ ,i h ?is autumn myself1 he writes1 witness$ :ole hundr$-weights ( ri*1 :olesome diet rott+ "u trees2 woods teem+ ) food1 & n "o h& to ga!r x2 & ?is1 p]haps1 9 ! mid/ ( a potato-blight1 pov]ty1 & all mann] ( privations1 & public pray]s aga9/ imm95t fam9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,! compreh5sive fungus ,i h1 inde$1 griev$1 :5 ,i h reflect$ on ! /rait5$ condition ( ! l[] classes ?is ye>1 to see p\nds innum]able ( extempore beef/eaks gr[+ on our oaks 9 ! %ape ( ,fi/ul9a hepatica2 ,ag>icus fusipes1 to pickle1 9 clu/]s "u !m2 ,puff-balls1 :i* "s ( our fri5ds h n inaptly comp>$ to sweetbreads = delicacy ( _! unassi/$ flavor2 ,hydna1 z good z oy/]s1 :i* !y some:at resemble 9 ta/e2 ,ag>icus deliciosus1 rem9d+ u ( t5d] lamb kidneys2 ! beautiful yell[ ,*ant>elle1 t kalon kaigo?on ( diet1 gr[+ by ! bu%el1 & no basket b our own to pick up a few specim5s on our way2 ! sweet1 nutty-flavor$ ,boletus1 9 va9 call+ himself 'edulis' :]e !re 0 none to believe him2 ! da9ty ,orcella2 ! ,ag>icus het]ophyllus1 :i* ta/es l a crawfi% :5 grill$2 ! ,ag>icus rub]1 & ,ag>icus viresc5s1 to cook 9 any way & equally good 9 all--^! are ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ! tr\vailles4 ,sid5ote3 ,a reliable crop ,8 rem>ks appli$ to ,great ,brita91 & reflect$ a popul> disda9 ( fungi1 :i* pres5t$ a m>k$ contra/ to ! appreciation ( ! mu%room ( ! ,cont95t1 :]e ! fungus _h become ! mu*-s\ght bonne b\*e ( ! epicure1 & ! welcome reliance ( ! peasant poor1 to :om x af=d$ a p]fect sub/itute = ! desid]atum ( animal food commonly d5i$ !m by _! circum/ances4 ,sid5ote3 ,! fungus speciali/ ,?is plea ( ,dr4 ,badham's is ev5 m po9t$ly p]t95t to ! ,am]ica ( ! pres5t ?an x 0 = 8 own c\ntry at ! "t2 = :ile1 9 ,great ,brita91 ! mycophagi/ epicure 0 ev5 !n occasionally to be met )1 9 ,am]ica to-day ?is p>ticul> ga/ronomic speciali/ is locally conspicu\s1 or r notori\s1 f 8 v r>ity1 be+ popul>ly consid]$ z a sort ( dang]\s crank1 :o %\ld be cons]vatively muzzl$ by ! au?orities1 = ! safety ( himself z well z ! public4 ,sid5ote3 ,mycophagi/ mission>ies ,9 ! abs5ce ( any adequate popul> guide to ?is great food res\rce1 x may be hop$ t ?is pres5t "w may af=d n m]ely an occasional da9ty entre to ! m5u ( ! luxuri\s epicure1 b--a f> m important consid]ation--a means ( br++ ! fungus )9 rea* ( ! less-favor$ masses z a nev]-fail+ dep5d5ce = _! daily food4 ,dr4 ,badham's fur!r p]t95t rem>ks are wor? quot+1 9 ?is connection1 ) emphasis3 ,z soon z ! read] is initiat$ 9 ?is class ( da9ties he w1 ,i am p]suad$1 lose no "t 9 mak+ ! discov]y kn[n to ! poor ( 8 neighborhood2 :ile 9 s do+ he w r5d] an important s]vice to ! c\ntry at l>ge1 by in/ruct+ ! indig5t & ignorant 9 ! *oice ( an ample1 :olesome1 & excell5t article1 :i* !y may conv]t into money or consume at _! own tables1 :5 prop]ly prep>$1 ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,sid5ote3 ,a sugge/ive /atem5t ,conc]n+ ! lavi% pl5itude ( ! fungus z a food res\rce1 a passage f a lett] ( ! late ,dr4 ,curtis1 ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 to ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,b]keley1 ( ,engl&1 _m ye>s ago1 is mo/ significant3 ,( ?is latt] quality ,i _h become s well conv9c$ t1 dur+ our late w>1 ,i sometimes av]r$--& ,i d\bt if !re 0 mu*1 if any1 exagg]ation 9 ! ass]tion--t 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry ,i c\ld ma9ta9 a regim5t ( soldi]s five mon?s 9 ! ye> ^u mu%rooms alone4 ,a /atem5t :i* d\btless w appe> extravagant to ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to consid] ! "o common mu%room z ! only escul5t among ! fungi4 ,sid5ote3 ,nutriti\s prop]ties ,z already m5tion$ previ\sly 9 my pages1 ! fungus af=ds a p]fect sub/itute1 *emically & ga/ronomically1 = animal food4 ,! analysis ( its sub/ance is almo/ id5tical ) t ( meat1 be+ especially ri* 9 nitrog5\s elem5ts1 :ile its flavor & aroma & texture1 z s]v$ = ! table1 occasionally s closely imitate t ( fle% food z to be actually deceptive4 ,ev5 9 its raw /ate x w\ld occasionally seem to sugge/ ! same animal simil>ity4 ,z an illu/ration1 ,i recall ! foll[+ /rik+ in/ance ( ga/ronomic discrim9ation 9 a c>nivor\s appetite1 z exemplifi$ 9 a full-gr[n pet hawk :i* ,i _h te!r$ ne> my c\ntry /udio4 ,sid5ote3 ,a discrim9at+ hawk ,"o day1 return+ f a toad/ool hunt1 %e obs]v$ me approa*+ ) a basketful ( mu%rooms4 ,!y 7 mo/ly ( ! fle%y ,boleti species4 ,suppos+ t ,i 0 br++ h] food1 %e became v demon/rative 9 h] actions1 ey+ me mo/ eag]ly1 & utt]+ t peculi> l[ squeal :i* seem$ to emanate f ! region ( h] appetite4 ,z %e approa*$ me1 ?9k+ to satisfy h] t ! basket conta9$ no?+ suitable = hawk-food1 ,i toss$ h] "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! mu%rooms1 :i* %e almo/ caught 9 mid-air 9 h] talons4 ,su* 0 ! /r5g? ( h] clut* t ! fungus 0 scatt]$ 9 fragm5ts ^u ! gr\nd1 :5 :at 0 my surprise to obs]ve ! bird proce$ f "o fragm5t to ano!r 9 a mo/ rav5\s mann]1 exhibit+ all ^? tactics habitual to ! hawk ) live prey--! l[]+ & outspread+ ( ! w+s & tail aga9/ ! gr\nd1 ! rais+ ( ! neck fea!rs1 & ! same defiant1 def5sive mi5 :i* %e _h s (t5 %[n on previ\s occasions :5 a m\se or a squirrel _h be5 ! object ( h] solicitude4 ,hav+ eat5 ! fir/ fungus1 ,i ?rew h] ano!r1 :i* %e dev\r$ ) ! same eag]ness1 & ano!r1 & ano!r1 until %e _h tak5 five1 & h] crop 0 z l>ge z a p9t cup2 aft] :i* %e betook h]self quietly to h] roo/ on ! rail ne> by1 evid5tly "u ! supposition t %e _h brok5 h] fa/ ) a sumptu\s meal ( rabbit or squirrel fle%4 ,sid5ote3 ,fi%1 fle%1 & f[l ,! ,ag>icus o/reatus is kn[n z ! vegetable oy/] --its flavor 9 a /ew q closely simulat+ ! flavor ( ! bivalve2 ano!r fungus z ! beef/eak mu%room--n )\t good reason2 ! ,polyporus sulphureus di/9ctly sugge/s ! fle% & flavor ( *ick52 o!rs1 z we h se51 resemble kidneys & sweetbread2 :ile ! ,ag>icus ulm>ius ( ! elm w\ld seem entitl$ to its popul> "n ( fi%-mu%room1 f ! foll[+ incid5t relat$ by ,palm]3 ,i rec5tly s5t "s elm-tree mu%rooms to a family :]e ! y\nge/ memb] is b tw5ty-"o mon?s ( age4 ,at breakfa/-"t %e notic$ ! /range di%1 & h] fa!r gave h] a small piece4 ',m fi%6 m fi%6' 0 ! in/ant response4 ,sid5ote3 ,a boon to ! veget>ian ,inde$1 ! veget>ian may humor 8 humane :im1 & /ill enjoy fi%1 fle%1 & f[l at 8 table )\t a qualm ( consci5ce 9 a m5u :i*1 9 aroma1 quality1 & flavor1 might well deceive 8 unconv]t$ omnivor\s bro!r1 only at la/ to w9 8 encomium to ! glory ( ! multum 9 p>vo fungus4 ,! possibilities 9 ?is direction are sugge/$ 9 my app5d$ h9ts = a m5u = ! veget>ian4 ,9 my previ\s pages ,i h made occasional ref]5ce to ! m simple me?ods ( prep>ation ( c]ta9 species ( fungi = ! table1 b h res]v$ ext5d$ ref]5ce to cul9>y treatm5t = ! pres5t *apt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,fungi 9 ! kit*5 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? ( my read]s :o may desire to hum\r _! delicate fancie to ! full1 ) ! result ( a m or less complete disguise ( ! *>act]i/ic mu%room flavor ?r\gh ! arts :i* are suppos$ to assi/ nature1 ,i app5d a select$ li/ ( favorite recipes = su* alleg$ appetiz+ sophi/ication ( ! mu%room4 ,_m ( !m w be f\nd equally applicable to o!r species ?an t = :i* !y are nom9ally recomm5d$1 especially if su* species %\ld possess ! same g5]al "* z to consi/5cy4 ,! au?or confesses t he is n 9 ?or\gh sympa?y ) ! g5]al tr5d ( ^! +5i\sly contriv$ lures to dyspepsia1 ^: contemplation may well awak5 a sympa!tic appreciation ( t antique philosophic epigram1 ,!re are z _m diseases z cooks--! discrim9at+ impea*m5t ( ,s5eca reg>d+ ! *ef la mode4 ,sid5ote3 ,de gu/ibus non e/ disput&um ,b d\btless ! au?or w be ov]:elm+ly ov]rul$ 9 8 hyp]criticisms1 & w rema9 "o ( a select discrim9at+ m9ority 9 cont9u$ g5u9e enjoym5t ( 8 mu%rooms1 :ile ! majority ( 8 proselytes to mycophagy w 9 va9 endeavor to detect ! mu%room flavor 9 ! oblit]at+ disguise concoct$ 9 ! kit*5 or in/igat$ by ! mis*iev\s receipt-book4 ,inde$1 ! prom95ce ( ! spice1 clove1 nutmeg1 ?yme1 t>ragon1 & pepp] +r$i5t 9 mo/ ( ^! favorite recipes1 to say no?+ ( ! *ampagne1 onion1 g>lic1 lemon-juice1 cay5ne1 an*ovy1 etc41 ) :i* ! delicately flavor$ mu%rooms are s g5]ally sophi/icat$ 9 ^! cul9>y prep>ations1 w\ld seem to w>rant our scepticism z to ! value ( ! epicurean te/imony z to ! sup]ior flavor1 ( ! v>i\s ,*ampignons1 ,*ant>elles1 etc41 s confid5tly recomm5d$4 ,! juice ( a lemon1 or oil ( lemon-peel1 w absolutely annihilate ! peculi> *>act]i/ic fungus flavor ( ! av]age mu%room4 ,! true mu%room epicure1 x w\ld seem1 %\ld value 8 m\ss]on n z an absorb5t vehicle = ! ga/ronomic conveyance ( highly season$ sauce or dress+1 b = ! unique individual flavor :i* diff]5tiates ! fungus f o!r k9ds ( food4 ,b we are all all[$ to diff] 9 matt]s ( ta/e1 & ea* mu/ decide = himself or h]self :at p>ticul> disguise is mo/ palatable4 ,! recipes :i* foll[ are f v>i\s s\rces1 mo/ ( !m modifications bas$ ^u ! e>li] epicurean devices ( ,mrs4 ,hussey & ,dr4 ,badham1 ! pione]s ( ,engli% mycophagy1 & ( ,roques1 ,p]soon1 ,paulet1 ,cordi]1 & o!r not$ ,european au?orities4 ,i am indebt$1 also1 to ! works ( ,m4 ,c4 ,cook1 ,wor?+ton ,smi?1 ,w4 ,rob9son1 & ,j4 ,a4 ,palm] = occasional selections f _! recomm5d$ recipes4 ,,recipes ,,= ,,mu%room ,,cook+ ,9 all cases ! mu%room %\ld be fre%1 cle> & free f ! insect indications m5tion$ on page #aca4 ,"s epicures recomm5d t ! specim5s be also wa%$ 9 cold acidulat$ wat] & dri$ 9 a clo?2 = :at reason is n cle>1 unless ! mu%rooms are suffici5tly dirty to require su* cleans+ process4 #a ,mu%room ,s\p ,take a good quantity ( mu%rooms1 cut (f ! e>?y ends & wa% !m2 /ew !m1 ) "s butt]1 pepp]1 & salt1 9 a little good /ock until t5d]2 take !m out & *op !m up until q small2 prep>e a good /ock z = any o!r s\p1 & add x to ! mu%rooms & ! liquor !y h be5 /ew$ 94 ,boil all toge!r & s]ve4 ,if :ite s\p be desir$1 use ! :ite button-mu%rooms & a good veal /ock1 add+ a spoonful ( cream or a little milk1 z ! color may require4--,w4 ,smi?4 ,o!r mu%rooms may be sub/itut$ = ! ord9>y ,campe/ris above m5tion$4 ,a v good mock oy/] s\p may be prep>$ f ! mu%rooms ,hydnum & ! ,ag>icus o/reatus4 #b ,pure ( ,mu%rooms ,to make a pure ( mu%rooms1 select su* z are ( a globul> %ape1 call$ 'button-mu%rooms2' wa% !m 9 cold wat] & wipe !m dry2 *op !m z f9e z possible & press !m 9 a clo?2 put !m 9 a /ewpan ) a little butt] & pepp]2 let !m /& ov] a brisk fire1 & :5 ! butt] is melt$ squeeze 9 lemon-juice & add jelly bro?1 accord+ to ! quantity ( ! mu%rooms4 ,/ew until r$uc$ to ! consi/5cy ( pea-s\p1 & s]ve ) meat1 fi%1 or poa*$ egg4--,cooke4 #c ,mu%room ,/ew ,put ab\t two ounces ( butt] into a /ewpan2 :5 ?or\ghly melt$ add a teaspoonful ( salt1 & f a qu>t] to half ! quantity ( black pepp]1 accord+ to ta/e1 & a small bit ( mace or a p9* ( p[d]$ nutmeg4 ,hav+ a p9t ( ! mu%rooms 9 read9ess1 put !m 9 ! pan1 cov] closely1 & /ew !m till !y are t5d]1 :i* w probably require f tw5ty m9utes to half an h\r4 ,! addition ( fl\r /irr$ 9 cream or milk1 by :i* ! /ew is ?ick5$1 is by "s consid]$ a desirable addition4 ,?is recipe is giv5 ) special ref]5ce to ! ,campe/ris1 b w be f\nd suitable = o!r mu%rooms ( ! same consi/5cy4 #d ,broil$ ,mu%rooms on ,toa/ ,remove ! /ems1 & place ! mu%rooms 9 a d\ble wire broil] ov] ! coals1 ) ! gill sides d[n1 = ab\t two m9utes1 or ev5 less if ! specim5s are small4 ,! broil] %\ld !n be turn$1 & ! cook+ %\ld proce$ = two m9utes m2 t[>ds ! end ( t "t ! juicy gills %\ld be spr9kl$ ) salt & pepp]1 a small piece ( butt] be+ f9ally melt$ 9 ea* z !y are s]v$ on ! hot toa/4 ,by ?is simple me?od all ! natural juices ( ! mu%room are reta9$ & ! true aroma & flavor is cons]v$4 ,bacon toa/$ ov] ! mu%rooms is consid]$ by "s to improve ! flavor4 #e ,mu%rooms la ,prov5al ,take mu%rooms ( good size1 remove ! /ems & cut _! tops 9 halves or qu>t]s1 :i*1 ) ! *opp$ /ems1 %\ld !n be imm]s$ 9 olive oil1 spic$ ) salt1 pepp]1 & a piece ( g>lic1 = ab\t two h\rs4 ,!y %\ld !n be put into a /ewpan ) oil & cook$ ov] a brisk fire4 ,a v>iation ( ?is me?od includes ! addition ( *opp$ meat & ! yolks ( two eggs1 ! :ole be+ slightly br[n$ 9 ! ov5 be=e s]v+4 #f ,mu%rooms la ,crme ,trim & rub half a p9t ( button-mu%rooms2 dissolve two ounces ( butt] roll$ 9 fl\r 9 a /ewpan2 !n put 9 ! mu%rooms1 a bun* ( p>sley1 a teaspoonful ( salt1 half a teaspoonful ea* ( :ite pepp] & p[d]$ sug>2 %ake ! pan ar\nd = t5 m9utes1 !n beat up ! yolks ( two eggs ) two tablespoonfuls ( cream1 & add by degrees to ! mu%rooms4 ,9 two or ?ree m9utes y c s]ve !m 9 ! sauce4--,wor?+ton ,smi?4 #g ,mu%room ,ragot ,put into a /ewpan a little /ock1 a small quantity ( v9eg>1 p>sley & gre5 onions *opp$ up1 salt1 & spices4 ,:5 ?is is ab\t to boil1 ! mu%rooms be+ clean$1 put !m 94 ,:5 done remove !m f ! fire & ?ick5 ) yolks ( eggs4--,wor?+ton ,smi?4 ,ano!r recomm5ds t ! /ew %\ld be p\r$ ^u toa/1 or ^u cru/s ( bread previ\sly fri$ 9 butt]4 #h ,/ew$ ,mu%rooms on ,toa/4 ,put a p9t ( mu%rooms into a /ewpan1 ) two ounces ( butt] roll$ 9 fl\r1 add a teaspoonful ( salt1 half a teaspoonful ( :ite pepp]1 a blade ( p[d]$ mace1 & half a teaspoonful ( grat$ lemon2 /ew until ! butt] is all absorb$1 !n s]ve on hot toa/ z soon z ! mu%rooms are t5d]4 #i ,*ampignon ,cut 9 small pieces & season$ x makes an excell5t addition to /ews1 ha%es1 or fri$ meats2 b x %\ld be add$ only a few m9utes be=e s]v+1 z ! aroma is dissipat$ by ov]-cook+4 ,x is ! mu%room us$ 9 ! ,fr5* la mode beef-%ops 9 ,london4--,badham4 ,!y may be cook$ 9 any ( ! me?ods employ$ = ! ord9>y mu%room already not$4 #aj ,*ant>elle ,/ew ,?is mu%room1 be+ ( r t\gh consi/5cy1 requires long & sl[ cook+4 ,cut ! mu%rooms across & remove ! /ems2 put !m into a closely cov]$ saucepan ) a little fre% butt]1 & sweat !m until t5d] at ! l[e/ possible temp]ature4 ,a great heat always de/roys ! flavor4--,mrs4 ,hussey4 #aa ,hydnum ,/ew ,roques1 ! ,fr5* mycologi/1 says ( ! ,hydnum rep&um3 ,! g5]al use ( ?is fungus ?r\gh\t ,france1 ,italy1 & ,g]many leaves no room = d\bt z to its good qualities4 ,b v little has be5 said ( its companion species1 ! ,h4 caput-m$us1 describ$ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 & :i* is c]ta9ly greatly its sup]ior 9 texture & flavor4 ,dr4 ,h>kness consid]s x "o ( ! mo/ delici\s morsels among ! :ole fungus tribe4 ,bo? species1 conta9+ naturally less moi/ure ?an mo/ mu%rooms1 are easily dri$4 ,:5 fre% !y %\ld be soak$ 9 wat] & cook$ sl[ly at l[ temp]ature & frequ5tly ba/$1 ! dri$ specim5s be+ fir/ soak$ 9 tepid wat] until _! orig9al =m & pulpy consi/5cy are ne>ly rega9$4 ,9 a pure ! ,hydnum makes an appetiz+ di%1 ) a slight flavor ( oy/]s4 ,roques recomm5ds ! foll[+ recipe = a /ew3 ,cut ! mu%rooms into pieces & let !m /eep 9 w>m wat] = tw5ty m9utes4 ,!n all[ !m to simm] = an h\r 9 a pan ) butt]1 pepp]1 salt1 & p>sley1 ) ! addition ( beef or o!r gravy4 ,mrs4 ,hussey recomm5ds /ew+ 9 br[n or :ite sauce2 9 ! latt] case x w closely sugge/ oy/] sauce4 ,ano!r mu%room--! ,lact>ius deliciosus--/ew$ 9 a simil> mann] closely sugge/s ! flavor ( lambs' kidneys4 #ab ,roa/ ,mu%rooms ,mr4 ,palm] recomm5ds ! foll[+3 ,cut ! l>g] specim5s into f9e pieces & place !m 9 a small di%1 ) salt1 butt]1 & pepp] to ta/e2 put 9 ab\t two tablespoonfuls ( wat]1 !n fill ! di% ) ! half-op5 specim5s & ! buttons2 cov] tightly & place 9 ! ov51 :i* mu/ n be ov]heat$1 = ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,! juice ( ! l>g] mu%rooms w keep !m moi/1 &1 if fre%1 yield a mo/ abundant gravy4 #ac ,bak$ ,russula ,see t ! mu%rooms are free f dirt & grit on tops & /ems1 or r9se 9 cold wat]1 aft]w>ds wip+ !m dry & %ak+ (f ! wat] f ! gills2 make a m9ce ( ! /ems1 bread-crumbs1 sweet h]bs1 pepp]1 salt1 & a little butt] or oil2 pile ?is ^u ! gills2 place ! mu%rooms 9 a %all[ di% 9 a hot ov5 & ba/e !m frequ5tly ) ! melt$ butt] or oil4 ,9 ab\t fifte5 m9utes !y w be ready to s]ve4 ,! ,oy/] ,mu%room or its cong5]1 ! ,ag>icus ulm>ius1 might bo? be treat$ by ?is me?od1 ! oy/] or fi%-l flavor ( ^! species ?us af=d+ a di/9ct second c\rse = our m5u4 ,ei!r ( ^! ,pleurotus species may also be treat$ s z to closely sugge/ an escalop ( oy/] or fi%4 #ad ,bak$ ,proc]us ,remove ! /ems2 d n r9se ! mu%rooms unless !y are soil$1 & ?is species is usually conspicu\sly clean2 put "s slices ( toa/ 9 a well-butt]$ pie-di%1 &1 ) a little melt$ butt] or cream p\r$ ov] !m1 lay 9 ! mu%rooms2 spr9kle ) pepp]1 salt1 & a small quantity ( m9c$ p>sley :i* has previ\sly be5 rubb$ ) onion or g>lic2 cov] ! di% ) a plate & bake 9 a hot ov5 = fifte5 m9utes & s]ve 9 ! di%4 ,! aroma is ?us cons]v$1 &1 ^u be+ releas$ at ! table1 w prove a mo/ savory appetiz]4 #ae ,cottag]s' ,proc]us ,pie ,! foll[+ appetiz+ recipe is recomm5d$ by ,rob9son3 ,cut fre% ,ag>ics 9 small pieces1 cov] ! bottom ( a pie-di% ) small1 ?9 slices ( bacon1 & place ! mu%room fragm5ts ^u !m1 ) ! addition ( salt & pepp]2 ^u ?is place a lay] ( ma%$ potatoes1 foll[+ aga9 ) o!r simil> lay]s ( bacon1 mu%rooms1 & potatoes1 until ! di% is fill$1 ! la/ lay] ( potato answ]+ = a cru/2 bake 9 ! ov5 = half an h\r1 & br[n be=e a brisk fire4 ,d\btless _m o!r species ( mu%room w\ld l5d !mselves equally well to ?is p>ticul> treatm5t4 #af ,bak$ ,gambosus ,place "s fre%-made toa/1 nicely divid$1 on a di%1 & put ! ,ag>ics ^u x2 pepp]1 salt1 & put a small piece ( butt] on ea*2 !n p\r on ea* "o a tablespoonful ( milk or cream1 & add a s+le clove to ! :ole di%2 place a bell-glass or inv]t$ bas9 ov] ! :ole2 bake tw5ty m9utes1 & s]ve up )\t remov+ ! glass until x comes to ! table1 s z to pres]ve ! heat & aroma1 :i*1 on lift+ ! cov]1 w be diffus$ ?r\gh ! room4--,cooke4 ,a great quantity ( gravy comes out ( x1 m+l$1 9 ! case ( a good specim51 ) osmazome1 :i* ta/es v mu* l ! simil> br[n exudation on ! surface ( a roa/ leg ( mutton4--,rob9son4 #ag ,fri$ ,mu%rooms on ,toa/ ,place a p9t ( mu%rooms 9 a pan1 ) a piece ( butt] ab\t ! size ( an egg2 spr9kle 9 a teaspoonful ( salt1 & half a teaspoonful ( pepp]2 :5 ! butt] is ne>ly absorb$1 ?ick5 ) fre% butt] & fl\r & p\r ^u hot toa/1 :i* %\ld be s]v$ hot4 #ah ,mu%rooms ) ,bacon ,fry a few ra%]s ( nice /reaky bacon 9 ! pan 9 ! usual mann]2 :5 ne>ly done add a doz5 or s ( mu%rooms1 & fry !m sl[ly until !y are cook$4 ,9 ?is process !y w absorb all ! fat ( ! bacon1 &1 ) ! addition ( a little salt & pepp]1 w =m a mo/ appetiz+ breakfa/ reli%4 #ai ,mu%rooms en ,caisse ,! foll[+ is recomm5d$ z a da9ty by ,wor?+ton ,smi?3 ,peel ! mu%rooms lightly & cut !m into pieces2 put !m into cases ( butt]$ pap]1 ) a bit ( butt]1 p>sley1 gre5 onions1 & %allots *opp$ up2 salt & pepp]2 dress !m on a gridiron ov] a g5tle fire & s]ve 9 ! cases4 ,! cases might be made ( pa/ry4 #bj ,hung>ian ,s\p ( ,boleti ,dry ! ,boleti 9 ! ov52 soak ! mu%rooms 9 tepid wat]1 ?ick5+ ) toa/$ bread till ! :ole be ( ! consi/5cy ( a pure2 !n rub ?r\gh a sieve1 ?r[ 9 "s /ew$ boleti1 boil toge!r1 & s]ve ) ! usual condim5ts4--,paulet4 #ba ,boletus ,fritt]s ,p]soon recomm5ds ?is me?od ( treatm5t ( ! ,boletus z v appetiz+3 ,! fritt]s may be prep>$ 9 ! me?od ord9>ily adopt$1 ! slices ( ! mu%room be+ dipp$ 9 batt] & br[n$ ei!r 9 ! fry+-pan or 9 ! hot fat1 aft] ! mann] ( ! d\ghnut4 #bb ,beef/eak ,mu%room ,?is species is claim$ to resemble meat 9 flavor m ?an any o!r fungus4 ,! gravy1 9 quality & color1 w\ld c]ta9ly deceive a mo/ discrim9at+ palate4 ,l _m ( ! ,polyporei1 x is comp>atively sl[ 9 matur+1 occasionally1 x is said1 requir+ two weeks ere x rea*es its prime1 :5 x may acquire a l>ge size4 ,x %\ld be ga!r$ be=e its maturity to insure t5d]ness1 ?\gh ! old]1 t\gh] individuals1 cut 9 pieces & cook$ sep>ately1 w yield a quantity ( ri* r$ gravy1 to be add$ to ! di% ( m t5d] specim5s4 ,if x is n beef itself1 says ,mrs4 ,hussey1 x is sauce = x4 ,if slic$ & grill$ x w\ld pass = a good beef/eak1 says ,cooke1 ) tru?4 ,mrs4 ,hussey recomm5ds t x %\ld be slic$ & mac]at$ 9 salt1 ! deep-r$ liquor :i* exudes %\ld be put hot into a di% ) a little lemon-juice & m9c$ %allots1 & a broil$ /eak deposit$ 9 x4 ,x may also be v>i\sly /ew$ or fricasse$ ) excell5t results1 & af=ds a delici\s s\p ) savor closely sugge/+ beef bro? or consomm clair4 ,a beef/eak pie made on ! =ego+ recipe prescrib$ = ! ,proc]us w\ld d\btless prove a mo/ appetiz+ entre4 #bc ,! ,oy/] ,mu%room ,x may be cook$ 9 any way t an oy/] is1 & is equally good 9 all1 says a di/+ui%$ connoisseur--9 s\ps1 /ew$1 broil$1 curri$1 bak$1 9 ! =m ( an escalop1 patties1 or vol-au-v5t1 or fri$ ) butt] 9 ! =m ( fritt]s4 ,9 all cases :]e ! fungus itself is to be eat51 ! specim5s %\ld be "y & t5d]1 ! old] individuals1 if free f insects1 might be us$ = s\ps4 ,see ,recipe #ac4 #bd ,polyporus ,/ew ,! beautiful sulphur-color$ ,polyporus describ$ 9 my previ\s pages :5 /ew$ closely sugge/s ! t5d] :ite meat ( *ick5 or veal1 & might l5d itself to v>i\s deceptive di%es1 z1 = in/ance1 s\ps1 croquettes1 fricassees1 or patties4 ,only ! t5d] "y plant %\ld be employ$1 & a little exp]i5ce w sugge/ v>i\s appetiz+ me?ods ( treatm5t4 #be ,ragot ( ,morels or ,helvella ,! foll[+ is an old-"t recipe ( ,p]soon3 ,pick & clean y\r fungi & cut !m 9 two2 wa% & dry !m well by wip+2 !n put !m 9 a /ewpan ) butt]1 or a piece ( ham or bacon2 place !m ov] a brisk fire1 & :5 ! butt] is melt$ squeeze 9 a little lemon-juice1 give a few turns1 & !n add salt1 pepp]1 & a little grat$ nutmeg2 cook sl[ly = an h\r1 p\r+ on at int]vals small quantities ( beef gravy or jelly bro? to prev5t burn+2 :5 done1 ?ick5 ) yolks ( eggs4 ,! lemon-juice is omitt$ by _m1 :o consid] x a positively unpalatable z well z un:olesome +r$i5t4 #bf ,/uff$ ,morels ,dr4 ,badham's "w conta9s ! foll[+ recipes f ,p]soon1 :i*1 f ! peculi> con/ruction ( ! fungus1 af=ds a contra/ to ord9>y me?ods3 ,*oose ! fre%e/ & :ite/ ,morels2 op5 ! /alk at ! bottom2 wa% & wipe !m well2 fill ) veal /uff+1 an*ovy1 or any ri* f>ce y *oose1 secur+ ! ends & dress+ betwe5 slices ( bacon4 ,s]ve ) a sauce4 #bg ,morelles la ,itali5ne ,"h is ano!r skilful comp\nd f ! same s\rce3 ,hav+ wa%$ & dri$ ! mu%rooms1 divide !m across2 put !m on ! fire ) "s p>sley1 scallion1 *]vil1 burnet1 t>ragon1 *ives1 a little salt1 & two spoonfuls ( f9e oil2 /ew until ! juice runs out1 !n ?ick5 ) a little fl\r4 ,s]ve ) bread-crumbs & a squeeze ( lemon4 #bh ,clav>ia ,/ew ,badham gives ! foll[+ recipe = ! ,clav>ia1 or coral fungus3 ,aft] s\s+ 9 tepid wat] & wip+ p]fectly clean1 ! fungus %\ld be 'sweat$' ov] a sl[ fire1 aft]w>ds to be /ra9$ & ! liquor ?r[n away2 /ew = an h\r2 add salt1 pepp]1 cloves1 & p>sley to ta/e1 mask+ ) pla9 /ock & dr$g+ occasionally ) fl\r4 ,?ick5 ) yolks ( eggs & cream4 #bi ,fri$ ,clav>ia ,! simple process ( br[n+ 9 butt] or oil 9 ! fry+-pan1 ) ! addition ( pepp] & salt1 & s]v+ hot on butt]$ toa/ or ) fri$ eggs1 w be f\nd a mo/ palatable me?od ( treat+ ?is fungus4 ,= ^? :o are will+ to sacrifice ! *>act]i/ic fungus flavor to a savor m pron\nc$1 ! ,clav>ia is also said to be delici\s :5 fri$ ) onions or ) curry 9 ! usual me?od4 #cj ,puff-ball ,fritt]s1 ,omelettes1 ,sweetbreads1 & ,s\ffl ,z already describ$1 ! ,puff-balls 9 _! :ite-pulp condition are escul5t & af=d a delicate reli%4 ,! species ,giganteus sometimes atta9s a diamet] ( ne>ly two feet1 & :]e su* a specim5 or ev5 mu* small] ones are situat$ at an easily available di/ance1 we may pr(it by ! h9t ( ,vitad9i1 ! ,italian mycologi/3 ,cut (f a slice at a "t1 cutt+ x horizontally1 & us+ great c>e n to di/urb its gr[?1 to prev5t decay1 & ?us "o may h a fritt] e day = a week4 ,dr4 ,curtis calls ?is species ! ,s\?d[n ( mu%rooms4 ,8 op9ion ( its m]its z food w be %>$ by o!rs :o give x a trial3 ,x has a delicacy ( flavor t makes x sup]ior to any omelette ,i h ev] eat54 ,x seems1 fur!rmore1 to be s dige/ible z to adapt itself to ! mo/ delicate /oma*4 ,mrs4 ,hussey1 ! pione] ,engli% au?ority1 recomm5ds ! foll[+ recipe3 ,fir/ remove ! out] sk92 cut 9 slices half an in* ?ick2 h ready "s *opp$ h]bs1 pepp]1 & salt2 dip ! slices 9 ! yolk ( egg1 & spr9kle ! h]bs ^u !m2 fry 9 fre% butt] & eat imm$iately4 ,! extreme t5d]ness & delicacy ( ! ,puff-ball ?us cook$ resembles a s\ffl1 & sugge/s _m possibilities ( appetiz+ v>iations & comb9ations1 z1 = example1 ) jelly1 9 ! =m ( an entremet or dess]t4 ,by _m ! flavor ( ! ,puff-ball has be5 comp>$ to sweetbread1 & d\btless s cook$ & s]v$ w\ld af=d an agreeable v>iation 9 ! m5u4 ,inde$1 x may be prep>$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 z sugge/$ = o!r species1 b f its peculi> consi/5cy is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to fry+ 9 ! pan4 ,) *opp$ ham or ?9ly slic$ smok$ beef x might furni% a good sub/itute = ! ham-omelette or frizzl$ beef4 ,ano!r addition to our entremets might be avail$ ( 9 ! jelly mu%room1 ,hydnum1 or ,tremelodon gelat9osum1 :i* is n describ$ 9 ?is volume4 ,x is eat5 raw1 ei!r pla9 or ) milk & sug>1 & is said to be ( mo/ delicate flavor4 #ca ,mu%room ,salad ,accord+ to ,cooke1 ! ,beef/eak mu%room be=e m5tion$ is employ$ z an entremet 9 ,vi5na1 ! fre% fungus be+ cut 9 ?9 slices & eat5 z a salad4 ,! fre%1 crisp "y ,russula mu%rooms ?us s]v$ also furni% a v appetiz+ reli%1 ) ! usual v>ieties ( dress+ z 9 ! v>i\s sauces1 mayonnaise1 ,fr5* dress+1 etc4 ,! ,polyporus sulphureus hav+ be5 boil$ & all[$ to cool might furni% a deceptive *ick5 salad4 ,d\btless o!r species ( mu%rooms--,clav>ia1 = example--w\ld l5d !mselves acceptably to ?is me?od ( s]v+4 ,cordi] recomm5ds ?is latt] species z appetiz+ ev5 :5 raw4 #cb ,pickl$ ,mu%rooms ,select ! mu%rooms 9 ! r\nd-button condition & be=e expansion2 imm]se !m 9 cold wat] = a few mom5ts1 !n dra9 !m2 cut (f ! /alks1 & g5tly rub (f ! out] sk9 ) a moi/ flannel dipp$ 9 salt2 boil ! v9eg>1 add+ to ea* qu>t two ounces ( salt1 half a nutmeg grat$1 a dram ( mace1 & an ounce ( :ite pepp]-corns2 put ! mu%rooms into ! v9eg> = t5 m9utes ov] ! fire2 !n p\r ! :ole into small j>s1 tak+ c>e t ! spices are equally divid$2 let !m /& a day1 !n cov] !m4 #cc ,mu%room ,catsup ,l>ge quantities ( mu%rooms ( v>i\s species are annually consum$ 9 ,europe 9 ! manufacture ( catsup4 ,foll[+ is "o ( ! _m favorite =eign recipes3 ,place ! ,ag>ics1 ( z l>ge a size z y c procure1 lay] by lay] 9 a deep pan2 spr9kle ea* lay] ) a little salt2 ! next day /ir !m well sev]al times1 s z to ma% & extract _! juice2 on ! ?ird day /ra9 (f ! liquor1 measure & boil = t5 m9utes1 & !n to e p9t ( liquor add half an ounce ( black pepp]1 a qu>t] ( an ounce ( bruis$ g+]-root1 a blade ( mace1 a clove or two1 & a teaspoonful ( mu/>d-se$2 boil aga9 = half an h\r1 put 9 two or ?ree bay-leaves1 & set aside until q cold2 pass ?r\gh a /ra9]1 & bottle2 cork well & dip ! ends ( ! bottle 9 melt$ res9 or beeswax2 a v little ,*ili v9eg> is an improvem5t1 & "s add a glass ( port-w9e or ( ale to e bottle4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! spice is n s abundant z to ov]p[] ! true flavor ( ! mu%rooms4 #cd ,dri$ ,mu%rooms ,x w (t5 happ5 9 a normal fungus season t ! production w exce$ ! possibility ( consumption1 & ?\s&s ( p\nds ( delici\s mu%rooms w ?us be left to decay 9 _! haunts4 ,! process ( dry+ mu%rooms = w9t] use is 9 mo/ ext5sive practice by ! peasantry ( ,europe & ,brita91 :o ?us f9d an all-!-ye>-r\nd dep5d5ce ^u mu%room diet4 ,) mo/ species ?is process ( desiccation is s simple t x is recomm5d$1 9 ! confid5t belief t1 once tri$1 ! w9t] mu%room w h]eaft] af=d a frequ5t reli% ^u _m a bo>d & w well repay ! slight tr\ble 9 _! summ] prep>ation4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,ag>ics--notably ! ,campe/ris1 ,proc]us1 ,*ampignon1 ,russula1 ,*ant>elle--simply ?read+ on /r+s & hang+ 9 ! sun & w9d1 or fe/oon$ above ! kit*5 range1 w be suffici5t to r$uce !m to complete dryness 9 a few h\rs4 ,inde$1 "s ( ^!1 su* z ! ,proc]us & ,*ampignon1 dry spontane\sly 9 _! haunts1 & may be ?us ga!r$4 ,9 ! in/ances ( m fle%y fungi1 su* z ! ,boleti1 ,polyporei1 & ,copr9us1 m rapid desiccation is necess>y4 ,by expos+ !m 9 ! sun on a t9 ro( or absorb5t pap] ! moi/ure is rapidly evaporat$4 ,!y might also be susp5d$ above ! kit*5 range 9 a wire basket & ?us quickly dri$4 ,9 ,boleti ! dry+ is facilitat$ by ! removal ( ! :ole pore lay]1 :i* is easily sep>at$ f ! cap4 ,! ,clav>ia & ,morel are v simply dri$1 ev5 9 ord9>y h\se temp]ature4 ,/rung ^u ?reads & susp5d$ 9 ! sun or ne> ! fire !y w\ld v quickly be r$uc$ to absolute dryness4 ,mu%rooms ?us treat$ seem to reta9 _! aroma2 9 ,proc]us1 ,clav>ia1 ,morel1 ,helvella1 & ,fairy-r+ be+ int5sifi$ above t ( _! moi/ condition & mo/ appetiz+4 ,! desiccat$ specim5s %\ld be kept 9 a dry place1 ) good circulation ( air1 or enclos$ 9 h]metically seal$ t9 boxes2 9 ! latt] case be+ occasionally exam9$ to insure aga9/ m\ld by possible absorption ( moi/ure4 ,:5 desir$ = use !y are simply soak$ 9 tepid wat]1 :i*1 by gradual absorption1 causes ! specim5s occasionally to assume almo/ _! orig9al dim5sions & juicy "*1 :5 !y %\ld be treat$ z recomm5d$ = ! fre% mu%rooms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= ! b5efit ( ! veget>ian1 or ! curi\sly or exp]im5tally incl9$1 ,i app5d a few sugge/ions apropos ( a m5u la mode1 9 :i* ! fungus might be employ$ ) good effect z a rival to ! famili> e/abli%$ pr&ial delights4 ,ea* selection is numb]$ ) ref]5ce to its p>ticul> descriptive or sugge/ive p>agraph 9 ! prec$+ pages ( ! *apt]4 ,a fea/ bas$ ^u ^! recomm5dations1 re-en=c$ ) appropriate adjuncts--! "m-born v9eg>1 ! fungus-leav5$ loaf1 ! fungus-foam+ beak]--might cumulatively prove a p]suasive plea = ! cre$ ( veget>ianism4 ,m5u ,potages ,consomm de buf clair1 #bb ,potage la pure d'hutres1 #a1 #aa1 #ac ,potage la pure de buf1 #bb ,potage la pure de volaille1 #bd ,poissons ,ctelettes de poisson--,sauce aux *ampignons1 #ac ,escalope de poisson1 #ac ,hors-d'oeuvres ,croquettes de ris de veau1 #bd ,b\*es au p\let1 #bd ,releve ,filet de buf aux *ampignons1 #bb1 #bc ,entres ,omelette aux jambon1 #cj ,rognons d'agneau1 #aa ,pt de biftecks1 #bb ,beignettes d'hutres1 #ac1 #bc ,hutres en curry1 #bc ,petits vols-au-v5t d'hutres ou b\*es d'hutres1 #ac1 #bc ,fricasse de p\let1 #bd ,entremets ,salad de ,russula au mayonnaise1 #ca ,salad de ,fi/ul9a1 #ca ,salad de ,clav>ia1 #ca ,salad de volaille1 #ca ,dess]t ,omelette s\ffl au gele1 #cj ,p\d+ s\ffl1 #cj ,gele de ,hydnum1 #cj ,bibliography ,,am]ican #a4 ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,botany4 ,conta9+ a catalogue ( ! indig5\s & naturaliz$ plants ( ! ,/ate4 ,by ,rev4 ,m4 ,a4 ,curtis1 ,d4,d41 etc4 ,raleigh1 #ahfg4 7,out ( pr9t47 #b4 ,mu%rooms ( ,am]ica4 ,edible & ,poison\s4 ,edit$ by ,julius ,a4 ,palm]1 ,jr4 ,num]\s color$ plates4 ,publi%$ by ,l4 ,prang ,co41 ,bo/on1 #ahhe4 #c4 ,ab\t ,mu%rooms4 ,a ,guide to ! ,/udy ( ,escul5t & ,poison\s ,fungi4 ,a collection ( v>i\s articles ^u ! subject4 ,by ,julius ,a4 ,palm]4 ,lee ,%ep>d1 ,bo/on1 #ahid4 #d4 ,boleti ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a catalogue conta9+ full descriptions ( "o hundr$ & eight species4 7,no illu/rations47 ,by ,pr(essor ,*>les ,h4 ,peck1 ,/ate ,botani/1 ,/ate ,hall1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,annual ,report ( ! ,/ate ,botani/ issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts1 ,albany ,univ]sity4 ,pr(essor ,peck has also publi%$ a s]ies ( pap]s on ,edible ,mu%rooms 9 ,! ,c\ntry ,g5tleman1 ( ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a new "w f him on ?is subject is 9 prep>ation4 #e4 ,pacific ,coa/ ,fungi4 ,by ,dr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,h>kness & ,ju/9 ,p4 ,moore4 #ahhj4 ,a catalogue4 #f4 ,! ,deadly & ,m9or ,poisons ( ,mu%rooms4 ,by ,*>les ,mc,ilvaine4 ,repr9t f ! ,!rapeutic ,gazette4 ,george ,s4 ,davis1 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,quot$ 9 pres5t volume4 ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine is also ! au?or ( sev]al popul> articles on ! subject ( escul5t mu%rooms :i* h appe>$ 9 v>i\s j\rnals & magaz9es4 #g4 ,fungi ,c>ol9iani ,exsiccati4 ,five ,fasciculi1 "o hundr$ specim5s 9 ea*4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,rav5el1 ( ,aik51 ,s4 ,c4 ,john ,russell1 ,*>le/on4 #h4 ,bullet9s ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,by ,?omas ,m4 ,taylor1 ,*ief ( ! ,division ( ,microscopy4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahic-id4 ,five issues1 ) _m color$ plates ( v>i\s specim5s1 bo? edible & poison\s2 also full directions = cultivation ( ! common mu%room4 #i4 ,notes = ,mu%room ,eat]s4 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,f>l[4 ,pamphlet4 ,illu/rat$4 ,g>d5 ,=e/ ,publi%+ ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,,engli% #aj4 ,illu/rations ( ,briti% ,mycology4 7,h&-pa9t$47 ,by ,mrs4 ,t4 ,j4 ,hussey4 ,reeve ,bro!rs1 ,london1 #ahdg4 ,an admirable "w1 ! pione] treatise 9 ,great ,brita92 r>e2 ref]5ce copies only 9 prom95t libr>ies4 #aa4 ,escul5t ,funguses ( ,engl&4 ,by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,d4 ,badham4 ,) tw5ty color$ plates4 #hvo4 ,l4 ,reeve ,co41 ,london4 #ahgj4 #ab4 ,a ,pla9 & ,easy ,acc\nt ( ! ,briti% ,fungi2 ) ,descriptions ( ! ,escul5t & ,poison\s ,species1 ,details ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5tific ,classification1 & a ,tabul> ,arrangem5t ( ,ord]s & ,g5]a4 ,by ,m4 ,c4 ,cooke1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,) tw5ty-f\r color$ plates4 ,r4 ,h>dwick1 ,piccadilly1 ,london1 #ahga4 ,an excell5t1 inexp5sive1 & popul> h&-book4 #ac4 ,outl9es ( ,briti% ,fungology4 ,conta9+ ,*>act]s ( above a ,?\s& ,species ( ,fungi1 & a ,complete ,li/ ( all t h be5 describ$ z ,natives ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,by ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,b]keley1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,lovell ,reeve1 ,h5rietta ,/reet1 ,cov5t ,g>d51 ,london1 #ahfj4 ,beautifully illu/rat$ ) tw5ty-f\r li?ographic h&-color$ plates by ,w4 ,fit*1 ea* plate pres5t+ sev]al species1 & includ+ a numb] ( ! escul5t4 #ad4 ,mu%rooms & ,toad/ools3 ,h[ to ,di/+ui% ,easily ! ,diff]5ces betwe5 ,edible & ,poison\s ,fungi4 ,) two l>ge %eets conta9+ figures ( tw5ty-n9e edible & ?irty-"o poison\s species drawn ! natural size1 & color$ f liv+ specim5s4 ,by ,wor?+ton ,t4 ,smi?1 ,f4,l4,s4 #b;d edition1 ,r4 ,h>dwick1 #aib ,piccadilly1 ,london1 #ahge4 #ae4 ,a ,selection ( ! ,eatable ,funguses ( ,great ,brita94 ,edit$ by ,rob]t ,hogg1 ,,ll4,d41 & ,geo4 ,w4 ,johnson1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,num]\s excell5t h&-color$ plates4 #af4 ,fungi3 ,_! ,nature & ,uses4 ,by ,m4 ,c4 ,cooke1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d42 edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,b]keley1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,9 ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,a v full & cond5s$ epitome ( ! sci5ce ( fungology4 #ag4 ,h&-book ( ,briti% ,fungi4 ,by ,m4 ,c4 ,cooke4 #b vols4 ,macmillan ,co41 ,london1 #ahga4 #ah4 ,illu/rations ( ,briti% ,fungi4 ,atlas to accompany above4 ,by ,m4 ,c4 ,cooke4 ,williams ,norgate1 ,london1 #ahhi4 #ai4 ,scotti% ,cryptogamic ,flora4 #f vols4 ,by ,r4 ,r4 ,greville1 #ahbc4 #bj4 ,fungi-hunt]s' ,guide4 ,by ,william ,d4 ,hay4 ,swan ,sonn5s*e91 ,l[rey ,co41 ,london1 #ahhg4 #ba4 ,elem5t>y ,text-book4 ,by ,william ,d4 ,hay4 ,swan ,sonn5s*e91 ,l[rey ,co41 ,london1 #ahhg4 #bb4 ,briti% ,fungi4 ,by ,john ,/ev5son4 ,william ,blackwood ,sons1 ,london1 #ahhf4 #bc4 ,mu%room ,culture4 ,by ,w4 ,rob9son4 ,f4 ,w>ne ,co41 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,conta9+ full directions = ! cultivation ( mu%rooms2 also an ext5d$ *apt] ^u common wild species4 ,illu/rat$ ) wood-cuts1 num]\s recipes1 etc4 ,,fr5* #bd4 ,plantes ,usuelles4 ,p> ,joseph ,ro*es4 ,vol4 ,,iv41 conta9+ ! ,edible & ,poison\s ,fungi3 also 8 ,hi/oire des ,*ampignons ,come/ibles et ,tn-neux4 ,elegantly illu/rat$4 ,p>is1 #ahch4 #be4 ,les ,*ampignons3 ,hi/oire1 ,description1 ,culture1 ,usages des ,espces ,come/ibles1 ,vnneuses1 ,suspectes1 etc4 ,p> ,f4 ,s4 ,cordi]4 ,) sixty *romo-li?ographs4 #d? edition4 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 #bf4 ,hi/oire ,naturelle des ,*ampignons4 ,by ,g4 ,sic>d4 ,c4 ,h4 ,delagrave1 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 ,num]\s color$ plates4 ,r>e4 ,copy 9 ,a/or ,libr>y1 ,n4 ,y4 #bg4 ,botanique ,cryptogamique1 ou ,hi/oire des ,familles ,naturelles des ,plantes ,infrieures4 ,p> ,j4 ,pay]1 ,docteur s ,sci5ces1 etc4 ,) #aaje engrav+s on wood4 ,victor ,masson1 ,p>is1 #ahej4 #bh4 ,des ,*ampignons4 7,orfila ,prize ,essay47 ,by ,emile ,b\di]4 ,j4 ,b4 ,ballire1 ,p>is1 #ahff4 #bi4 ,*ampignons4 ,by ,l4 ,m4 ,gauti]4 ,j4 ,b4 ,ballire et ,fils4 ,p>is1 #ahhd4 #cj4 ,figures ,pe9tes de ,*ampignons4 ,by ,capta9 ,l4 ,luc&4 ,fri$l&] ,son1 ,b]l91 #ahhb4 7,ref]5ce copy at ,massa*usetts ,horticultural ,society47 #ca4 ,les ,*ampignons4 ,by ,j4 ,moy54 ,j4 ,ro?s*ild1 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 #cb4 ,n\velle ,flore4 ,by ,j4 ,con/ant9 & ,leon ,duf\r4 ,paul ,dupont1 ,p>is1 #ahia4 ,,index ,,ackn[l$gm5ts1 #dj4 ,ag>icace1 ord] ( !1 #gg4 ,ag>ic9i1 #ge-agh2 botanical *>act]s (1 #gi4 ,ag>ics1 edible1 #hj-agh2 ,curtis's li/ (1 #i-ab4 ,ag>icus1 #dc1 #dd2 vegetation (1 #dd-dg1 #he-ib1 #ajg2 botanical *>act]s (1 #gg-gi1 #bhc4 ,ag>icus1 species (3 ---- ,amanita1 see ,amanita2 ---- arv5sis1 #he1 #ia2 epicurean op9ions (1 #id2 ---- campe/ris1#i1 #ac1 #ba1 #bd1 #hj-ie1 #cjg1 #cjh1 #cba2 ! ,mu%room1 #af-bb2 v>iations 91 #hi-ic2 spore-pr9t (1 #bhc2 ---- c&icans1 #hf2 ---- euosmus1 #adg2 ---- fusipes1 #bii2 ---- gambosus1 #ie-aja2 to cook1 #cac2 ---- het]ophylla1 see ,russula2 ---- ,m>asmius oreades1 #aja-ajh2 ---- melleus1 #aj1 #bh2 ---- orcella1 #cjj2 ---- o/reatus1 #aj1 #bf1 #ada-adh1 #cjc1 #cjg2 ---- prat5sis1 #ia2 ---- proc]us1 #aj1 #hf1 #hg1 #aac-aai1 #cab1 #cba2 ---- rub]1 #cjj2 ---- ulm>ius1 #aj1 #bf1 #bg1 #adh-aed1 #cjc1 #cab2 ---- vapor>ius1 #ia2 ---- villaticus1 #ia2 ---- viresc5s1 #cjj4 ,see1 also1 ,russula1 ,copr9us1 ,lact>ius1 ,*ant>elle1 & ,m>asmius4 ,agripp9a1 victim ( ,amanita1 #ei4 ,amanita1 g5us (1 readily id5tifi$1 #b1 #bc1 #gd1 #bgc4 ---- ,botanical *>act]s (1 #bi1 #cc1 #da-ea1 #gi1 #bgc4 ---- ,! cup or volva 91 #bi1 #cc1 #dg1 #dh1 #eg1 #gd1 #bgc4 ---- ,vegetation & developm5t (1 #dd1 #de1 #gd2 ! veil or %r\d (1 #dh4 ---- ,fatalities f eat+1 #b1 #ae1 #bi1 #fj2 a dang]\s enemy1 #ae1 #bc1 #bi2 silv] te/ ^u1 #bf2 effect ( salt & heat ^u1 #bi4 ---- ,poison (1 #dh1 #fj2 *emical nature ( poison (1 #dh1 #fa2 ,cz> ,alexis1 #eb2 ,agripp9a1 #ei2 intoxication f1 #ei1 #fj2 dipsomaniacs1 #ei1 #fj2 isolation ( poison (1 #fa2 absorption ( poison (1 by contact & odor1 #cj1 #fi2 diagnosis & treatm5t ( poison (1 #ch1 #ci2 antidote = poison (1 #fa-fh2 report ( a case ( poison+ by1 #fc-ff2 poison (1 extract$ by v9eg>1 #ga4 ,amanita1 ,poison\s species (3 ---- v]nus1 #ag1 #be1 #ea2 ---- musc>ius1 #ea1 #gc2 spore-pr9t (1 #bhi1 #bia2 ---- phalloides1 #ea1 #gd4 ---- ,edible species (1 #gc2 ,cs>ea1 rubesc5s1 /robili=mis1 #i1 #ab1 #dh4 ,amanit9e1 #fj2 antidote1 #fb4 ,alexis1 ,cz>1 victim ( ,amanita1 #eb4 ,am]ica & ,europe1 comp>ative appreciation ( fungi 91 #bii4 ,am]ican & ,european fungi id5tical1 #ab4 ,am]ican mycophagi/s1 #h1 #i1 #ae4 ,antidotes = mu%room poison+1 #fb1 #fg1 #fh4 ,ants attack$ by fungi1 #bie4 ,asci 9 fungi1 #bef4 ,ascomycetes1 #bef4 ,asiatic ,russia1 ,amanita dipsomaniacs (1 #ei4 ,bact]ium bacillus1 #g1 #h4 ,badham1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,d41 quot$1 xii41 #ab1 #ac1 #dj1 #agg1 #ahi1 #bcg1 #bdf1 #bii1 #cja1 #cjf1 #caj1 #caf4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #aa1 #cbf4 ,bak$ mu%rooms1 #caa-cac4 ,basket = ga!r+ mu%rooms1 #cf4 ,beef/eak mu%room1 #aa1 #bg1 #bac-bag1 #cjc2 to cook1 #cad2 z salad1 #cai4 ,bees & wasps1 #cf4 ,beetles infe/+ fungi1 #cg4 ,belladonna4 ,see ,atrop9e4 ,b]keley1 ,rev4 ,m4 ,j41 v>iations 9 ,campe/ris1 #dj1 #ia2 quot$1 #ajg1 #bcg1 #bdf1 #bid1 #cja4 ,bibliography1 ,nos4 #ac & #af1 #cbf4 ,bibliography-- ,am]ican1 #cbe2 ,engli%1 #cbf2 ,fr5*1 #cbg4 ,bitt] ,boletus1 #bjh4 ,blights1 #g4 ,blue m\ld1 #gh4 ,blue-/a9 ,boleti1 #aif4 ,boleti1 #ahb-bac2 botanical *>act]s (1 #aha-ahd1 #bhe2 hawk f$ ^u1 #cjb2 fritt]s (1 #cad2 s\p (1 #cad2 to dry1 #cba4 ,boletus1 *>act]s (1 #ahb2 v>i\s edible1 #aj1 #bf1 #ahb-bac2 spore-pr9t (1 #bhe4 ,boletus1 ---- alveolatus1 #ahc1 #bja1 #bjh2 ---- ca/aneus1 #aj2 ---- *rys5t]on1 #aie-bja2 ---- coll9itus1 #aj2 ---- cyanesc5s1 #bja1 #bjg2 cone-l1 #bjb2 ---- edulis1 #aj1 #ac1 #af1 #ah1 #ahi1 #aij1 #cjj2 artificial cultivation (1 #hf2 crimson1 #bac2 ---- elegans1 #aj2 ---- felleus1 #bjg1 #bjh-bac2 ---- flavidus1 #aj2 ---- granulatus1 #aj2 ---- luteus1 #aj2 ---- satanas1 #bjg1 #bjh2 ---- scab]1 #aj1 #aia-aie2 ---- subtom5tosus1 #aj1 #bf1 #ahc1 #aie2 blue /a9 (1 #aif1 #bja1 #bjg2 ---- /robilomyces1 #bjb-bjg2 spore-pr9t (1 #bha2 ---- v]sipellis1 #aj4 ,botanical discrim9ation1 #ca1 #cb4 ---- discrim9ation ( ,amanita4 ,see ,amanita4 ,b\di]1 ,emile4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #bh1 #cbg4 ,bovi/a nigresc5s1 #aj4 ---- plumbea1 #aj4 ,broil$ mu%rooms1 #cjh4 ,bubbola maggiore4 ,see ,pa/ure ,mu%room4 ,bulbos9e1 #fj4 ,campe/ris4 ,see ,ag>icus4 ,can?>ellus1 ---- cib>ius1 #aj1 #bg1 #agb-agh1 #cjj2 ---- aurantiacus1 #agh2 to cook1 #caj2 dry+ (1 #cba4 ,cat]pill> fungi1 #bie4 ,catsup1 ,mu%room1 #cbj4 ,*ampignon ,fairy-,r+1 #bg1 #hg1 #ie2 to cook1 #cji2 dri$1 #cba4 ---- ,poison\s1 #ajh1 #aac4 ,*ant>elle4 ,see ,can?>ellus4 ,*ef la mode1 !1 #cje4 ,*emical analysis ( fungi1 #ad1 #cjb4 ,*e/nut-burr fungus1 #bid4 ,*e/nut tongue4 ,see ,fi/ul9a4 ,*ick5 flavor 9 mu%rooms1 #cjc1 #caf4 ,*9ese cat]pill> fungus1 #bif4 ,cicada fungus1 #bie4 ,classification ( fungi1 #gg1 #gh4 ,claudius1 ,emp]or1 poison$1 #ei4 ,clav>iei1 #bca1 #bdg-bef4 ,clav>ia1 ,v>i\s1 #aj1 #aa2 ame?y/9a1 fa/igiata1 flava1 rugosa1 /ricta1 umbr9a1 #bee2 ---- botrytis1 #bef2 ---- =mosa1 #bdg2 to cook1 #cag2 us$ z salad1 #cai2 to dry1 #cbb4 ,club fungi4 ,see ,clav>ia4 ,cogomelos4 ,see ,pa/ure ,mu%room4 ,color$ plates ( ! book1 #ci4 ,coniomycetes1 #gh4 ,consomm f mu%rooms1 #cae4 ,cooke1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,c41 #dj1 #ei1 #bad1 #bcg1 #bgc1 #bie1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cac1 #cae4 ,bibliography1 ,nos4 #ab1 #af1 #ag1 #cbf2 ,no4 #ah1 #cbg4 ,cook+ fungi1 #gb1 #cjf-cbb4 ,copr9us1 #hg2 to dry1 #cba2 ---- atram5t>ius1 #aa1 #bg1 #bh1 #afa1 #afc2 ---- comatus1 #aa1 #hg1 #aed-afj4 ,coral fungi4 ,see ,clav>ia4 ,cordi]1 ,f4 ,s41 #bdf1 #bdh1 #cjf1 #cai4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #be1 #cbg4 ,correspond5ts1 #b-f4 ,cort9>ius ca/aneus1 c9namomeus1 violaceus1 #aa4 ,cosmopolitan fungi1 #ab4 ,c\lemelle4 ,see ,pa/ure ,mu%room4 ,crimson ,boletus1 #bac4 ,cryptogamia1 !1 #g4 ,cry/als on dry+ fungi1 #bbg4 ,cul9>y treatm5t ( fungi1 #gb1 #bad1 #cjd4 ,cultivation ( mu%rooms1 #he1 #hf4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #h1 #cbe2 ,no4 #bc1 #cbg4 ,cup1 !1 9 ,amanita1 #bi1 #cc1 #dg1 #dh1 #eg1 #gd1 #bgc4 ,currie1 ,dr41 on ,amanita poison1 #fj4 ,curtis1 ,rev4 ,m4 ,a41 pione] ,am]ican mycophagi/1 #i1 #cb1 #dj4 ,curtis's1 ,rev4 ,m4 ,a41 li/ ( edible mu%rooms1 #i-ab2 quot$1 #bai1 #bde1 #cja1 #cah4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #a1 #cbe4 ,cy/idium1 !1 #gg1 #bef4 ,deadly mu%rooms & toad/ools1 #b1 #c1 #dc-gd4 ,dea?s by fungi1 #dc1 #fa4 ,decay+ fungi1 #f1 #be1 #cj1 #bgh4 ,delagrave1 ,c4 ,h4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #bf1 #cbg4 ,desiccation ( fungi1 #ajg1 #aai1 #bdf1 #bfb1 #cba4 ,diagnosis & treatm5t ( mu%room poison+1 #ch1 #fc-fh4 ,doe-sk9 mu%room4 ,see ,hydnum rep&um4 ,dri$ fungi4 ,see ,desiccation ( fungi4 ,duf\r1 ,j4 ,con/ant9 & ,leon4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #cb1 #cbg4 ,du/-l fungi1 #gh4 ,economic fungology1 #g1 #ac1 #ad4 ,edible ,amanit1 #i1 #ab1 #gc4 ,edible mu%rooms1 numb] ( species1 #b1 #g1 #cb1 #fj2 li/ (1 by ,curtis1 #i-ab2 popul> te/s = id5tification1 #bb1 #bc2 become poison\s f contact ) ,amanita1 #gj4 ,elm mu%room1 #aj1 #bf1 #bg1 #adh-aed1 #cjc1 #cab4 ,elvellacei1 #bca4 ,see ,helvella4 ,emetic mu%room4 ,see ,russula4 ,epicurean p]v]sity1 #gb4 ,european & ,am]ican fungi id5tical1 #ab4 ,european mycologi/s1 #ad1 #cbf1 #cbg4 ,fairy-r+ mu%room1 #ie1 #aja-ajh2 cause ( r+1 #ajb1 #ajg2 recipes = cook+1 #ajg1 #ajh2 false or poison\s1 #ajh1 #aac4 ,false ,*ampignon1 #ajh4 ,f>l[1 ,w4 ,g4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #i1 #cbf4 ,fi% mu%room1 #aed1 #cjc1 #cab4 ,fi/ul9a hepatica1 #aa1 #bf1 #bg1 #bac1 #bii1 #cjc2 to cook1 #cad2 z salad1 #cai4 ,fly1 ,fungus attack+1 #bie4 ,fly-poison1 ,amanita1 #bg1 #ea1 #eb1 #gb4 ,see ,amanita musc>ius4 ,food1 ,fungi z1 #h1 #ac-ae1 #ce1 #bba1 #bde1 #bii-cbc4 ,foxfire1 #bbg4 ,france1 ,fungus-eat]s (1 #ad4 ,fri$ mu%rooms1 #cac-cah4 ,fries1 ,fungologi/1 #bfh4 ,fritt]s ( fungi1 #cad1 #cah4 ,fungi4 ,see1 also1 ,toad/ools1 ,mu%rooms1 & ,m\lds4 ---- by mail1 #d1 #e4 ---- ,*emical con/itu5ts (1 #ad1 #cjb4 ---- ,classification (1 #gg1 #gh4 ---- ,common te/s = ,edible1 & _! reputation1 #ag-ba1 #bd-bi4 ---- ,coral4 ,see ,clav>ia4 ---- ,cry/als on1 #bbg4 ---- ,cultivation (1 #he1 #hh4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #h1 #cbe2 ,no4 #bc1 #cbg4 ---- ,desiccation (1 #aai1 #bdf1 #bfb1 #cja1 #caj1 #cba4 ---- ,economic1 #g1 #ac4 ---- ,edible4 ,see ,ag>icus ,boletus1 ,clav>ei1 ,fi/ul9a1 ,helvella1 ,morel1 ,mu%room1 & ,puff-balls4 ---- ,fa/idi\sness 9 vegetation1 #hf-hh1 #bid4 ---- ,gill-be>+ 7,ag>ics71 #gh1 #agh4 ---- ,hawk f$ ^u1 #cjb4 ---- ,hygrometric prop]ties (1 #aai4 ---- ,insects infe/+1 #be1 #bi1 #cd1 #cf-ch1 #ace4 ---- ,li/ ( works on1 #cbe4 ---- ,m$ical1 #bgg4 ---- ,m5u = fungus repa/1 #cbc4 ---- ,miscellane\s1 #bca-bgd4 ---- ,mycelium1 or spawn1 (1 #dd1 #de1 #gg1 #he1 #hh1 #ib1 #ajg4 ---- ,numb] ( species (1 #f1 #cj1 #fj4 ---- on cat]pill>s & *rysalids1 #bie4 ---- on *e/nut-burr1 #bid4 ---- on h\se-fly1 #bie4 ---- oppos$ to cultivation1 #hf-hh4 ---- ,ornam5tal =ms (1 #bbg4 ---- ,phosphoresc5t1 #bbg4 ---- ,physiological features (1 #ae4 ---- ,poison+ by1 #b1 #ae1 #bi2 diagnosis & treatm5t1 #cg2 rem$ies1 #ch1 #ci2 intoxication f1 #ei2 antidotes1 #fb1 #fg1 #fh2 report ( poison+ case1 #fc-ff2 poison+ by contact & odor1 #fi2 edible species inoculat$ by contact1 #gj4 ---- ,popul> di/ru/ (1 #ae1 #ba4 ---- ,rapid decay (1 #f1 #be1 #cj4 ---- ,raw1 eat5 z salad1 #bdh1 #cai4 ---- ,recipes = cook+1 #cjf-cai4 ---- simulat+ animal food1 #ae1 #cj1 #cjb4 ---- ,spores & ,spore-pr9t (1 #bgg-bif4 ---- ,/udy (1 #g4 ---- traditions & sup]/itions1 #bb1 #bc4 ---- ,vegetation (1 #dd1 #dg1 #he-ib1 #ajg1 #bid4 ---- ,:ims ( habitat (1 #bid4 ,fungologi/s1 ,amateur1 safe rules =1 #cc4 ,fungus food 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 #h1 #ac-ae1 #ce1 #bii4 ---- gnats1 flies1 & beetles1 #cg4 ,ga/]omycetes1 #gh4 ,ga!r+ mu%rooms1 ,rules =1 #ce1 #cf4 ,gauti]1 ,dr4 ,m4 ,l41 #fb4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #bi1 #cbg4 ,g]many1 ,fungus-eat]s 91 #ad4 ,gill-be>+ mu%rooms1 #ge-agh4 ,gnats infe/+ fungi1 #cg4 ,greville1 ,r4 ,r4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #ai1 #cbg4 ,grubs 9 fungi1 #be1 #bi1 #cd1 #cf-ch1 #ace4 ,h>kness1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,w41 #cb1 #bde1 #caj4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #e1 #cbe4 ,hawk f$ ^u ,boleti1 #cjb4 ,haw?orne1 ,na?aniel1 allusion to fungus phosphoresc5ce1 #bbh4 ,hay1 ,william ,d4 ,bibliography1 ,nos4 #bj1 #ba1 #cbg4 ,heat de/roys poison1 #bi1 #gb4 ,h$gehog mu%room4 ,see ,hydnum4 ,helvella crispa1 #aa1 #bca1 #bfa1 #bfb2 o!r species1 #aa2 recipes = cook+1 #bfb1 #caf2 to dry1 #cbb4 ,hi/orical fungi1 #dc1 #ei1 #fj4 ,hogg1 ,rob]t1 ,,ll4,d4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #ae1 #cbf4 ,horse mu%room4 ,see ,ag>icus arv5sis4 ,h\se-fly fungus1 #bie4 ,hung>ian s\p ( ,boleti1 #cad4 ,hussey1 ,mrs4 ,t4 ,j41 #dj1 #cjf1 #caj1 #caa1 #cae1 #cah4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #aj1 #cbf4 ,hydnei1 #bca-bdg2 to cook1 #caj4 ,hydnum1 #cjj1 #cjg2 ---- caput-m$us1 #aa1 #bg1 #bch-bdc2 ---- rep&um1 #aa1 #bh1 #bcb-bch2 ---- rufesc5s1 #bcg1 #bch2 ---- coralloides1 #bde2 ---- gelat9osum1 #cai4 ---- ,v>i\s edible species (1 #aa2 to cook1 #bdf4 ,hygrometric fungus1 #aai4 ,hygrophorus eburneus & prat5sis1 #aa4 ,hym5ium ( fungi1 #gh4 ,hym5omycetes1 #gh4 ,hyphomycetes1 #gh4 ,id5tification ( fungi1 #ca4 ,idiosyncrasy1 #cj1 #fa4 ,indige/ibility ( c]ta9 species1 #cj4 ,inky mu%room1 #bh4 ,see ,copr9us4 ,insects attack$ by fungi1 #bie4 ---- infe/+ fungi1 #be1 #bi1 #cd1 #cf1 #ch1 #ace4 ,intoxication by ,amanita1 #ei4 ,introduction1 #a4 ,italy1 ,fungus-eat]s (1 #ad1 #hf4 ,jelly-l mu%room1 #cai4 ,johnson1 ,geo4 ,w4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #ae1 #cbf4 ,kam*atka1 ,amanita dipsomaniacs (1 #ei1 #fj4 ,ket*up1 ,mu%room4 ,see ,catsup4 ,koppe1 ,dr41 on ,amanita poison1 #fj4 ,lact>ius1 ,poison\s1 #fa4 ,lact>ius1 ,v>i\s edible species (1 #aa2 ---- deliciosus1 #bh1 #aff-aga1 #cjj1 #caa2 ---- pip]atus1 #bh1 #aga2 ---- volemum1 #aga4 ,lambs' kidneys1 ,flavor (1 9 fungi1 #cjj1 #caa4 ,lett]s to ! au?or1 #d4 ,liv] mu%room4 ,see ,fi/ul9a4 ,luc&1 ,l4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #cj1 #cbg4 ,lum9\s fungi1 #bbg4 ,lycop]dace1 #bfg4 ,lycop]don4 ,see ,puff-ball4 ---- bovi/a1 #aa4 ---- /ructure (1 #bgj4 ,mail+ fungus specim5s1 #d4 ,m>asmius1 ---- scorodoneus1 #aa2 ---- oreades1 #aa1 #aja-ajh2 ---- ur5s1 #ajh-aaa2 ---- p]onatus1 #aji-aac4 ,mc,ilvaine1 ,capta9 ,*>les1 #cb2 rule reg>d+ edibility ( fungi1 #ce2 diagnosis & treatm5t ( mu%room poison+1 #ci1 #dj1 #fb2 fa/idi\sness ( fungi1 #hf1 #ahd1 #bjh4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #f1 #cbe4 ,mead[ ,mu%room4 ,see ,ag>icus campe/ris4 ,m$ical & ,surgical ,report] quot$1 #fb4 ,m$usa ,mu%room4 ,see ,hydnum4 ,m5u ( mu%rooms1 #cbc4 ,microbes1 #g4 ,microscopic fungi1 #g4 ,mildew1 #g1 #gh4 ,milky mu%room4 ,see ,lact>ius4 ,miscellane\s fungi1 #bca-bgd4 ,mock oy/] s\p1 #cjf4 ,moore1 ,ju/9 ,p4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #e4 #cbe4 ,moniteur ,sci5tifique1 quotation f1 #fa4 ,mor*ella escul5ta4 ,see ,morel4 ---- c>ol9iana1 #ab4 ,morel1 #ab1 #bca1 #bef2 to cook1 #caf2 to dry1 #cbb4 ,mortality 9 mu%room poison+1 #dc4 ,moss-mu%room1 #bde4 ,"m1 #g4 ,m\lds1 #g1 #gh4 ,moy51 ,j4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #ca1 #cbg4 ,musc>9e poison1 #fj4 ,mu%room & ,toad/ool1 #af-ba4 ,mu%rooms4 ,see ,toad/ools1 ,ag>icus1 ,boletus1 ,polyporei1 ,fi/ul9a1 & ,fungi4 ---- la crme1 #cjh4 ---- la ,prov5al1 #cjh4 ---- ,analysis (1 #bhi-bia4 ---- ,bak$1 #caa-cac4 ---- ,basket =1 #cf4 ---- ,bibliography1 ,no4 #h1 #cbe2 ,no4 #bc1 #cbg4 ---- ,broil$1 #cjh4 ---- by mail1 #d4 ---- catsup1 #cbj4 ---- ,*emical nature (1 #ad1 #fa4 ---- ,*e/nut-burr1 #bid4 ---- ,classification (1 #gg1 #gh4 ---- ,cosmopolitan types (1 #ab4 ---- ,cultivation (1 #he1 #hf4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #bc1 #cbg4 ---- ,dry+ (1 = food1 #aai1 #bdf1 #bfb1 #cja1 #caj1 #cba4 ---- ,edible1 #h1 #ac-ae1 #cb4 ---- ,edible species3 pl5tiful supply (1 #ac1 #ce1 #cjc2 ,beef/eak1 #aa1 #bg2 ,coral1 see ,clav>ia2 ,elm1 #aj2 ,fairy-r+1 #ie1 #aja2 ,false ,fairy-r+1 #ajh1 #aji2 ,horse1 #he1 #ia-ie2 ,inky1 #aa1 #bf1 #bh1 #hh2 ,mead[1 see ,ag>icus campe/ris2 ,milky1 see ,lact>ius2 ,moss1 #bde2 ,oy/]1 see ,ag>icus o/reatus2 ,pa/ure1 #aj1 #ac1 #aac2 ,russul1 #aai-ada2 ,sp9e-be>+1 see ,hydnum2 ,/4 ,george's1 #ie-aja4 ---- ,fa/idi\sness ( mo/ species (1 #hf1 #bid4 ---- ,fri$1 #cac1 #cag4 ---- ,fritt]s (1 #cad1 #cag4 ---- ,insects infe/+1 #be1 #bi1 #cd1 #cf-ch1 #ace4 ---- ,l>ge specim5s (1 #ib4 ---- ,li/ ( works on1 #cbe4 ---- ,m5u1 #cbc4 ---- ,melt+4 ,see ,copr9us4 ---- ,milky4 ,see ,lact>ius4 ---- ,moss4 ,see ,hydnum4 ---- ,mycelium or spawn (1 & vegetation (1 #dd1 #de1 #gg1 #he-hh1 #ib1 #ajg4 ---- ,numb] ( edible species (1 #b1 #g1 #i1 #cb1 #fj2 id5tification (1 #b1 #ca2 ,curtis's li/ (1 #i-ab2 n\ri%+ prop]ties (1 #ad2 *emical simulation ( animal food by1 #ae1 #cj1 #cjb2 popul> te/s = detect+1 #bb1 #bc2 refutation ( same1 #bd-bi2 desiccation (1 #aai1 #cba2 recipes = cook+1 #cjf-cbb4 ---- ,numb] ( g5]al species (1 #f4 ---- ,pickl$1 #cai4 ---- pie1 #cab4 ---- ,poison\s species (1 #b1 #ae1 #ag1 #dc-gd2 deadly species (1 #b1 #ae1 #dc-gd2 poison by contact )1 #cj1 #fi2 v9eg>1 sweet oil1 & :iskey1 #ci2 diagnosis & treatm5t ( poison+1 #ci1 #fc-ff2 hi/orical poison+ by1 #dc1 #ei1 #fj2 fatalities f1 #dc1 #fa2 intoxication f1 #ei1 #fj2 poison discrim9at$1 #fa2 antidotes1 #fb1 #fg1 #fh2 report ( a poison+ case1 #fc-ff2 h>mless mu%rooms inoculat$ f poison\s1 #gj2 salt1 v9eg>1 & heat1 #bi1 #ci1 #ga1 #gb4 ,see1 also1 ,amanita1 ,russula emetica1 ,boletus1 & ,false ,*ampignon4 ---- ,rapid decay (1 #f1 #be1 #cj4 ---- ,roa/1 #caa4 ---- ,rules = ga!r+1 #cf1 #gj4 ---- ,rural au?orities on1 #af-bb4 ---- salad1 #cai4 ---- s\p1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cbc4 ---- spawn4 ,see ,mycelium4 ---- spores4 ,see ,spores & ,spore-pr9ts4 ---- ,/ew$1 #cjg1 #cjh-caa1 #cae-cag4 ---- tube4 ,see ,polyporei4 ---- ,te/+ new species (1 = edibility1 #cc4 ---- ,:ims ( habitat (1 #bid4 ,mycetes fungi1 #gg4 ,mycology & mycophagy1 #c1 #d1 #g1 #h4 ---- ,m$ical & economic1 #g1 #h1 #ac-ae1 #ce1 #bgg4 ,mycophagi/s ( ,am]ica1 #h1 #i4 ---- ,amateur1 safe rules =1 #ch4 ,n]o1 #ei2 poison\s mu%rooms us$ by1 #dc4 ,night1 ,fungi lum9\s by1 #bbg4 ,n\ri%+ prop]ties ( mu%rooms1 #ad4 ,oak-tongue fungus4 ,see ,fi/ul9a4 ,odor ( ,amanita poison\s1 #fi4 ,omelet1 ,mu%room1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #cah4 ,orcella1 ,ag>ic1 #cjj4 ,oy/] mu%room1 #aj1 #bf1 #bg1 #ada-adh2 to cook1 #cjc1 #caa1 #cae4 ---- flavor 9 fungi1 #bcg1 #bdg1 #cjj1 #cjc1 #cjg1 #caj1 #cab4 ,pa*yma cocos1 #aa4 ,palm]1 ,julius ,a41 quot$3 ,silv] te/1 #be1 #cb1 #dj2 on ,amanita poison1 #fa1 #fi-ga1 #ahd1 #bjg2 on mu%room food1 #cjc1 #cjf1 #caa4 ,bibliography1 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #cbe4 ,pa/ure1 or p>asol1 mu%room1 #i1 #ac1 #hj1 #aac4 ,paulet1 #cjf1 #cad4 ,paxillus involutus1 #aa4 ,pay]1 ,j4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #bg1 #cbg4 ,peck1 ,pr(4 ,*>les ,h41 #cb1 #dj1 #ahb1 #bcg1 #bdf4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #d1 #cbe4 ,p]soon1 #cjf1 #caf4 ,phosphoresc5ce 9 fungi1 #bbg4 ,pickl$ mu%rooms1 #cai4 ,pie ( mu%rooms1 #cab1 #cae4 ,plates ( ! book1 #ci4 ,pl9y on mu%room te/s1 #be2 on poison\s mu%rooms1 #dc1 #ei2 on edible mu%rooms1 #bih4 ,poison-cup4 ,see ,amanita4 ,poison ( ,amanita1 #dc1 #fa2 antidote1 #fh2 poison+ by contact & odor1 #fi4 ,poison+ by fungi3 ,diagnosis & treatm5t1 #ch1 #fc1 #fh2 v9eg> z an antidote1 #ch1 #ga2 antidote1 #fb1 #fh2 ,amanita1 #b1 #ae1 #dc-gd2 poison\s species id5tifi$1 #b1 #ae1 #fa2 popul> poison te/s refut$1 #ag1 #ba-bi2 poison+ by contact1 #cj1 #fi4 ,poisons1 fatal & m9or1 #b1 #ae1 #ag1 #bi1 #cj1 #fa4 ,polyporei1 #gh1 #aha-bbh2 to dry1 #cba4 ,polyporus1 v>i\s edible species (1 #aa2 ---- sulphureus1 #aa1 #bai1 #cjc2 to cook1 #caf2 botanical "* (1 #aha-ahd1 #bhe4 ,popul> discrim9ation betwe5 toad/ool & mu%room1 #af-bb2 popul> di/ru/ ( fungi1 #ae4 ,pore-be>+ mu%rooms4 ,see ,boletus1 ,polyporei1 & ,fi/ul9a4 ,proc]us mu%room1 #aj2 pie (1 #cab4 ,puff-ball fungi1 #aa1 #ac1 #bg1 #gh1 #bca1 #bfg1 #bii2 gemmatum1 #bfh2 saccatum1 #bfh2 giganteum1 #bfh1 #cah2 dissem9ation ( spores (1 #bfh1 #bgg-bhj2 m$ical use (1 #bgg2 z food1 #bgg1 #cah2 to cook1 #cah4 ,punk1 #cg1 #aha4 ,pure ( mu%rooms1 #cjg4 ,ragot ( mu%rooms1 #cji1 #caf4 ,rav5el1 ,h4 ,w4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #g1 #cbe4 ,recipes = cook+ fungi1 #gb1 #cjf-cbb4 ,r+ 9 mu%rooms1 #dh1 #he1 #ie4 ,rob9son1 ,w41 #cjf1 #cab1 #cac4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #bc1 #cbg4 ,roques1 ,joseph1 #bcg1 #cjf1 #caj1 #caa4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #bd1 #cbg4 ,rove-beetles infe/+ fungi1 #cg4 ,rules = ! v5turesome1 #cc4 ,russia1 ,fungus-eat]s 91 #ad2 fly ,amanita 91 #bi4 ,russula1 #ab1 #ac1 #ah1 #bf1 #bh2 ---- lepida1 #ab1 #abg2 ---- alutacea1 #ab1 #acc2 ---- viresc5s1 #ab1 #hh1 #abj1 #cjj2 ---- emetica1 #be1 #bg1 #bh1 #fa1 #abj1 #abb1 #acf-ada2 ---- het]ophylla1 #acd1 #cjj2 ---- rub]1 #cjj4 ,russul1 #aai2 oppos$ to cultivation (1 #hh2 insects infe/+1 #ace2 to bake1 #caa2 z salad1 #cai2 to dry1 #cba4 ,ru/1 #g4 ,ru/ic fungology1 #ah-bb4 ,salad ( mu%rooms1 #cai4 ,salt z an antidote1 #ci1 #gb4 ,salt te/ ( mu%rooms1 #bc1 #bi4 ,scaly mu%rooms4 ,see ,amanita1 ,ag>icus proc]us1 & ,boletus /robiloides4 ,s*mi$eb]g1 ,dr41 on ,amanita poison1 #fj4 ,scot* ,bonnet4 ,see ,ag>icus proc]us4 ,sep4 ,see ,boletus edulis4 ,sev5 ,si/]s ( ,sleep1 by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,c4 ,cooke1 #ei4 ,%adle1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,e41 #fb4 ,%aggy-mane mu%rooms1 #aa1 #ac2 ru/ic appreciation (1 #ai1 #bg1 #bh4 ,see ,copr9us comatus4 ,%r\d 9 ,amanita1 #dh4 ,silv]1 ,discoloration (1 z a te/1 #bc4 ,smi?1 ,wor?+ton ,t41 #dj1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cji1 #cad4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #ad1 #cbf4 ,smuts1 #g4 ,socket 9 ,amanita4 ,see ,volva4 ,s\ffl ( puff-balls1 #cah4 ,sp>assis1 ---- crispa1 #ab2 ---- lum9osa1 #ab4 ,spawn1 or mycelium1 ( fungi1 #dd1 #de1 #gg1 #hj1 #he-hh1 #ib1 #ajg4 ,specim5s by mail1 #e4 ,spid]s attack$ by fungi1 #bie4 ,sp9e-be>+ mu%rooms1 #aa1 #bg4 ,see ,hydnum4 ,spore-pr9ts f mu%rooms1 #dd1 #bgg-bif2 f ,amanita musc>ius1 #bhg1 #bhi2 f ,boletus1 #bhe1 #bhg2 f ,ag>icus campe/ris1 #bhc4 ,spore surface1 or hym5ium1 #gh1 #ahb4 ,spores ( fungi1 #gi1 #hg1 #ahb1 #bfh1 #bgg-bif2 numb] (1 #bgi2 buoyancy (1 #bgh-bic2 v>i\s colors (1 #bhg2 v>i\s =ms (1 #bic4 ,sporidiif]a1 #gg1 #bca1 #bef4 ,sporif]a1 #gg1 #gh1 #bca1 #bef4 ,/aphyl9us beetles infe/+ mu%rooms1 #cg4 ,/ev5son1 ,john4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #bb1 #cbg4 ,/ew ( fungi1 #cjg1 #cjh-caa1 #cae-cag4 ,/4 ,george's mu%room1 #ie-aja4 ,/robilomyces1 #bjb4 ,/yptic1 ,puff-balls us$ z1 #bgg4 ,sulphur mu%room1 #bai1 #cjc2 to cook1 #caf2 z a salad1 #cai4 ,sweetbreads 9 fungi1 #cjj1 #cjc4 ,sweet-oil treatm5t = mu%room poison+1 #ci4 ,taylor1 ,?omas ,m4 ,bibliography1 ,no4 #h1 #cbe4 ,tee?-be>+ mu%rooms4 ,see ,hydnum4 ,t]tullian on toad/ools1 #ag4 ,te/+ new species = edibility1 #cc4 ,te/s or pro(s = ! detection ( poison\s species1 #ag1 #ba-bi4 ,!rapeutic ,gazette1 quotation f1 #ci4 ,?ore1 ,dr41 quot$1 #hf4 ,?read-l fungi1 #gh4 ,t9d]1 #cg1 #aha4 ,toad/ool & ,mu%room1 #af-ba1 #cf2 popul> discrim9ation (1 #af-bd2 popul> te/s = _! discrim9ation & _! refutation1 #ag-bb1 #bd-bi2 ,see ,mu%room1 ,fungi1 ,ag>icus1 ,amanita1 ,boletus1 ,polyporei1 ,morel1 ,clav>ia1 ,helvella4 ,toad/ools1 #aha4 ,t\*wood1 #cg1 #aha4 ,tremella mes5t]ica1 #ab4 ,tremelodon gelat9osum1 #cai4 ,tri*oga/res1 #bca4 ,see ,puff-balls4 ,tube mu%rooms4 ,see ,polyporei1 ,boletus1 & ,fi/ul9a4 ,veget>ian1 ,m5u = !1 #cjd1 #cbc4 ,veil 9 mu%rooms1 #dh1 #fj1 #he4 ,vigi]1 ,dr41 on ,amanita poison1 #fj4 ,v9eg> z an antidote = mu%room poison+1 #ci1 #ga4 ,vitad9i1 #cah4 ,volva 9 ,amanita1 ,importance (1 9 classification1 #bi1 #cc1 #dh1 #gg4 ,w>ty mu%rooms4 ,see ,amanita1 ,pa/ure ,mu%room1 & ,/robylomyces4 ,wasps & bees1 #cf4 ---- ,fungus attack+1 #bie4 ,:iskey 9 mu%room poison+1 #ci4 ,wormy specim5s ( fungi1 #be1 #cj1 #cd1 #cf-ch1 #ace4