,,how ,,to ,,succeed ,,as ,,an ,,inventor ,one way to measure your success is by the earnestness with which your competitors lie about you4--,poor ,richard1 ,jr4's1 ,almanac4 ,illustration3 ,,united ,,states ,,patent ,,office1 ,,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,,how ,,to ,,succeed ,,as ,,an ,,inventor ,,showing ,,the ,,wonderful ,,possibilities ,,in ,,the ,,field ,,of ,,invention2 ,,the ,,dangers ,,to ,,be ,,avoided2 ,,the ,,inventions ,,needed2 ,,how ,,to ,,perfect ,,and ,,develop ,,new ,,ideas ,,to ,,the ,,money ,,making ,,stage ,,by ,,goodwin ,b4 ,,smith ,registered ,attorney1 ,united ,states ,patent ,office1 and ,officially ,connected with a ,number of ,industrial ,enterprises ,founded on ,united ,states ,patents ,,philadelphia1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,inventors ,,and ,,investors ,,corporation #aiji ,,copyright1 #aiji1 ,,by ,,goodwin ,b4 ,,smith4 ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,page4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,looking ,forward #aa ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,looking ,backward #ad ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,patents the ,greatest ,source of ,wealth #ba ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,successful ,inventors #bb ,,chapter ,v4 ,field of ,invention #bg ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,growth of the ,field of ,invention #cb ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,necessary ,steps #ch ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,sounding the ,market #dh ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,practical ,development #di ,,chapter ,x4 ,lower ,cost--,superior ,merit #ej ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,application for ,patents1 ,etc4 ,picture of ,u4,s4 ,patent ,office4 #ea ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,marketing #ed ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,discouragements and ,dangers #ef ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,selling ,patents #fj ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,conclusion #fb ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,statistics of the ,countries of the ,world #fc ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,mechanical ,movements and ,explanation ,thereof #fe ,man's ,value to ,society ,failure is want of knowledge2 success is knowing how4 ,wealth is not in things of iron1 wood and stone4 ,,wealth is the brain that organizes the metal4 ,pig iron is worth #bj per ton2 ,made into horse shoes1 #ij2 into knife blades1 #bjj2 into watch springs1 #ajjj2 that is1 raw iron1 #bj1 brain power1 #ihj4--,newell ,dwight ,hillis4 ,dedicated to the ,grand ,army of ,american ,inventors ,how to ,succeed as an ,inventor ,,preface ,the author of this book1 after a number of years' experience in ,patent ,causes1 is constrained to enter a strong protest against the enormous waste and loss attendant on methods at present pursued in regard to patents4 ,this loss and waste is largely due to a lack of business knowledge necessary to properly market and develop inventions4 ,history shows that enormous profits can be earned from good1 strong patents4 ,a careful perusal of the following pages will point out some of the dangers to be avoided and the safe and reasonable course to be pursued4 ,invention is a matter that requires the deepest study1 and should be approached1 not in a haphazard1 hit-or-miss fashion1 but rather in a receptive1 studious1 analytical manner4 ,while the average individual is fond of giving advice1 no one enjoys accepting it4 ,there is no one1 however1 who so needs competent1 unprejudiced advice as the inventor4 ,a genius is more or less prejudiced in certain directions1 and it has been found that the prejudice oftentimes runs against the acceptance of well-intentioned criticism4 ,our judgment is like our watches1--none go just alike1 but each believes his own4 ,it is to be hoped that this volume will be the means of saving1 as well as earning1 money for the hosts of deserving ,american geniuses4 ,philadelphia1 ,march1 #aiji4 ,,the ,,author4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,looking ,,forward ,patience and the investment of time and labor for future results are essential factors in every inventor's success4 ,the field of invention is closed to no one4 ,the studious mechanic may design and improve on the machine he operates4 ,the day laborer1 if dissatisfied with his lot1 may devise means for lessening the toil of his class1 and largely increase his earning capacity4 ,the busy housewife1 not content with the drudgery incident to her household cares1 may devise a means or article which will lighten her task1 and prove a blessing to her sisters4 ,the plodding clerk1 without an iota of mechanical knowledge1 may perfect a system or an office appliance which will prove of vast benefit to himself and his fellows4 ,the scientist may discover new forces and make new applications of old principles which will make the world marvel1--and so on through the whole category of crafts1 occupations and professions4 ,if one of the old ,kings of ,israel1 centuries ago1 voiced the sentiment that there was nothing new under the sun1 do we not possess1 at the present time1 a similar mental attitude1 and are we not apt to say with him that there appears to be nothing new under the sun8 ,civilization begets new needs and wants2 opportunities for new invention are multiplying at a tremendous rate4 ,in other words1 where an inventor1 two centuries ago1 would have had one hundred chances to make good1 today the chances are multiplied many thousand-fold4 ,no avenue of business can open up the possibilities of such enormous honors and fabulous money returns as a real invention which is in universal demand4 ,the discoveries of the past form a record which is not only glorious1 but points the man of genius of today in an unswerving manner to the possibilities which the future holds1 and which are vastly greater than anything which has gone before4 ,each age finds the people convinced that human ingenuity has reached the summit of achievement1 but the future will find forces1 mechanical principles and combinations which will excite wonder1 and prove to be of incalculable benefit to mankind4 ,our old friend ,darius ,green and his flying machine1 that we heard about when we were children1 was not as great a fool as he was imputed to be4 ,witness at the present time the marvelous results attained by inventors with air ships4 ,we are proud of ,wilbur and ,orville ,wright1 who at this writing have just broken all records for ,aeroplanes1 or machines heavier than air4 ,it seems that in five or ten years from now the navigation of the air will be a problem perfectly solved4 7,since writing the above1 on ,thursday1 ,september #agth1 ,orville ,wright1 at ,fort ,myer1 ,va41 met with an accident to his machine1 which resulted in the death of ,lieutenant ,selfridge1 of the ,u4,s4 ,army1 and severe injuries to the inventor4 ,the accident is said to have been due to the breaking of one of the propellers47 ,when you think that the first locomotives that were invented were considered wonders if they made a speed of eight to ten miles per hour1 the chances are that within the next few years we will have airships going through space at incredible rates of speed4 ,we might also1 at this time1 refer to the experiments of ,count ,zeppelin and ,santos-,dumont1 and the ,american1 ,professor ,baldwin1 in dirigible balloons4 ,this type of airships will undoubtedly be superseded by the ,aeroplane1 or the ,helicopter4 ,the principal inventors in this line are ,henry ,farman1 the ,french inventor1 and ,delagrange1 the ,german4 ,wright ,brothers hold the world's record1 at this time4 ,little did ,murdock 7who erected1 in #agib1 while an engineer in ,cornwall1 ,england1 a little gasometer which produced gas enough to light his house and office7 think that in the year #aijh no house would be considered as modern unless it was fully equipped with the gas for lighting and heating which he discovered and brought to practical use4 ,it is also said that while ,murdock resided in ,cornwall he made gas from every substance he could think of1 and had bladders filled with it1 with which1 and his little steam carriage running on the road1 he used to astonish the people4 ,no one is astonished at little steam carriages1 or1 in other words1 automobiles1 nowadays1 one hundred and sixteen years later4 ,our grandparents1 when they were young people1 imagined that they were living in the ,golden ,age1 and yet we today would consider their lack of what we nowadays consider positive necessities a mighty primitive and inconvenient manner in which to live4 ,when the wisest man1 centuries ago1 is chronicled as saying1 ,there is nothing new under the sun1 they lived in tents1 rode camels1 fought with bows and arrows1 sling shots and battering rams6 ,while the ,tower of ,babel was possibly the first skyscraper1 it did not contain express elevators1 hot and cold water1 telephones1 call boxes1 yale locks1 granolithic floors1 fire escapes1 transom lifts1 automatic sprinklers1 stationary wash stands1 water closets1 steam or hot water heat1 electric and gas lights1 push buttons1 sash weights1 and so on ad infinitum4 ,so you can readily appreciate the marvelous strides the human race is making in the way of material development1 and all1 or nearly all of which has been due to the fertile brain and nimble wit of the inventors6 ,who will have the temerity to say when and where this development will stop1 when ,solomon1 centuries ago1 thought they had reached the limit8 ,what will be the next wonderful invention8 ,for instance1 the perfected telephote8 ,you1 by stepping into a cabinet in ,philadelphia1 could have your photograph taken and shown in ,boston1 all by and through an electric wire6 ,the ,telephote may transmit light and color as the ,telephone does sound2 why not a combination of the two1 so you can see your friend perfectly when you talk to him on the 'phone8 ,our grandparents thought they were as comfortable as possible1 and they were1 because they did not know any better4 ,do we know better8 ,one hundred years from now1 possibly1 our great1 great-grandchildren will consider us as having lived in the stone age4 ,the field of invention has no bars up1--you1 all of us1 are free to enter4 ,the important thing in life is to have a great aim1 and to possess the aptitude and perseverance to attain it4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,looking ,,backward ,intelligent study and the application of unremitting effort to a definite purpose are the factors that overcome obstacles4 ,here follows a list of the principal inventions chronologically arranged1 with the names and nationalities of their inventors4 ,year4 ,name of ,invention4 ,name of ,inventor4 ,nationality4 #afbj ,spirally grooved rifle barrel ,blaew ,german4 #afdc ,barometer ,torricelli ,italian4 #affj ,discovery of ,electrical ,phenomena ,william ,gilbert ,english4 #affc ,steam engine ,thos4 ,newcomen ,english4 #afij ,steam engine with piston ,denis ,papin ,french4 #agjb ,first practical application of steam engine ,thos4 ,savory ,english4 #agji ,thermometer ,fahrenheit ,danzig4 #agbe ,franklin printing press ,benj4 ,franklin ,u4,s4 #agca ,stereotyping ,william ,ged ,scotch4 #agcc ,weaving flying shuttle ,john ,kay ,english4 #agde ,leyden ,jar ,kleist ,german4 #ageb ,lightning conductor ,benj4 ,franklin ,u4,s4 #agfc ,spinning jenny ,jos4 ,hargreaves ,english4 #agfg ,piano ,england4 #agge ,cut nails ,jere4 ,wilkinson ,u4,s4 #aggg ,circular wood saw ,miller ,english4 #aghb ,steam engine ,jas4 ,watt ,scotch4 #aghc ,balloon inflated with gas ,montgolfier ,french4 #aghd ,puddling iron ,henry ,cort ,english4 #aghd ,cast iron plow ,jas4 ,small ,scotch4 #aghf ,steamboat ,john ,fitch ,u4,s4 #aghg ,steam road wagon1 first automobile ,oliver ,evans ,u4,s4 #aghh ,threshing machine ,and4 ,meikle ,english4 #agia ,wood planer ,sam'l ,bentham ,english4 #agid ,cotton gin ,eli ,whitney ,u4,s4 #ahjj ,electric battery ,volta ,italian4 #ahja ,fire-proof safe ,richard ,scott ,english4 #ahjc ,steel pen ,wise ,english4 #ahjd ,malleable iron castings ,lucas ,english4 #ahjh ,band wood saw ,newberry ,english4 #ahjh ,first sea-going steamboat ,john ,stephens ,u4,s4 #ahaj ,revolving cylinder printing press ,fred'k ,koenig ,german4 #ahaa ,breech-loading shot gun ,thornton ,hall ,u4,s4 #ahad ,first locomotive1 ,u4,s ,geo4 ,stephenson ,english4 #ahae ,miner safety lamp ,sir ,humphry ,davy ,english4 #ahae ,gas meter ,clegg ,english4 #ahbc ,discovery of water gas ,ibbetson ,english4 #ahbe ,portland cement ,aspdim ,english4 #ahbg ,friction matches ,john ,walker ,u4,s4 #ahbh ,hot blast for iron furnaces ,neilson ,scotch4 #ahbi ,washington printing press ,sam'l ,rust ,u4,s4 #ahca ,chloroform ,guthrie ,scotch4 #ahcb ,electric telegraph ,prof4 ,morse ,u4,s4 #ahcb ,rotary electric motor ,sturgeon ,english4 #ahcb ,old ,iron ,sides locomotive ,baldwin ,u4,s4 #ahcc ,steam whistle ,geo4 ,stephenson ,english4 #ahcd ,reaper ,cyrus ,h4 ,mc,cormick ,u4,s4 #ahcd ,carbolic acid ,runge ,german4 #ahce ,horse-shoe machine ,burden ,u4,s4 #ahcf ,acetylene gas ,davy ,english4 #ahcf ,revolver ,sam'l ,colt ,u4,s4 #ahcf ,screw propeller for steam navigation ,john ,erickson ,u4,s4 #ahcg ,galvanizing iron ,craufurd ,english4 #ahci ,babbitt metal ,isaac ,babbit ,u4,s4 #ahci ,vulcanizing rubber ,goodyear ,u4,s4 #ahci ,daguerreotype ,louis ,daguerre ,french4 #ahdj ,artesian wells ,french4 #ahdb ,automatic piano ,seytre ,french4 #ahdd ,first telegram sent ,prof4 ,morse ,u4,s4 #ahde ,double cylinder printing press ,richard ,hoe ,u4,s4 #ahde ,pneumatic tire ,thompson ,english4 #ahdf ,sewing machine ,elias ,howe ,u4,s4 #ahdf ,ether as an anaesthetic ,dr4 ,morton ,u4,s4 #ahdg ,nitroglycerine ,sobrero #ahdg ,improved ,hoe printing press ,richard ,hoe ,u4,s4 #ahdi ,steam pressure gauge ,bourdon ,french4 #ahdi ,corliss engine ,george ,h4 ,corliss ,u4,s4 #ahej ,mercerized cotton ,john ,mercer ,english4 #ahea ,breech-loading rifle ,maynard ,u4,s4 #ahea ,ice-making machine ,gorrie ,u4,s4 #aheb ,telegraph fire alarm ,channing ,farmer ,u4,s4 #ahed ,diamond rock drill ,herman ,u4,s4 #ahed ,revolver ,smith ,wesson ,u4,s4 #ahee ,cocaine ,gaedeke ,german4 #ahee ,bessemer steel ,sir ,henry ,bessemer ,english4 #ahee ,bicycle ,michaux ,french4 #ahef ,sleeping car ,woodruff ,u4,s4 #aheh ,cable car ,gardner ,u4,s4 #aheh ,first ,atlantic cable ,cyrus ,field ,u4,s4 #ahei ,great ,eastern launched ,u4,s4 #ahfa ,passenger elevator ,e4 ,g4 ,otis ,u4,s4 #ahfa ,barbed wire fence ,u4,s4 #ahfb ,gattling gun ,dr4 ,r4 ,j4 ,gattling ,u4,s4 #ahfe ,antiseptic surgery ,sir ,jos4 ,lister ,english4 #ahff ,open hearth steel process ,siemens-,martin ,english4 #ahff ,torpedoes ,whitehead ,u4,s4 #ahfh ,typewriting machine ,c4 ,l4 ,sholes ,u4,s4 #ahfh ,dynamite ,nobel ,french4 #ahfh ,oleomargarine ,mege ,french4 #ahfh ,sulky plow ,slusser ,u4,s4 #ahfi ,spring tooth harrow ,garver ,u4,s4 #ahgj ,celluloid ,hyatt ,u4,s4 #ahgb ,automatic brake ,geo4 ,westinghouse ,u4,s4 #ahgb ,car coupler ,e4 ,h4 ,janney ,u4,s4 #ahgc ,quadruplex telegraph ,thos4 ,a4 ,edison ,u4,s4 #ahgc ,twine binder harvester ,gorham ,u4,s4 #ahgc ,self-binding reaper ,loche ,wood ,u4,s4 #ahge ,roller flour mills ,wegmann ,u4,s4 #ahge ,ice-making machine ,pictet ,switzerland4 #ahgf ,telephone ,dr4 ,alex4 ,graham ,bell ,u4,s4 #ahgg ,phonograph ,thos4 ,a4 ,edison ,u4,s4 #ahgg ,gas engine ,n4 ,a4 ,otto ,u4,s4 #ahgg ,telephone transmitter ,emile ,berliner ,u4,s4 #ahgh ,carbon filament for electric lamps ,thos4 ,a4 ,edison ,u4,s4 #ahgh ,rotary disc cultivator ,mallon ,u4,s4 #ahhj ,telephone transmitter ,blake ,u4,s4 #ahhj ,hammerless gun ,greener ,u4,s4 #ahhj ,typhoid bacillus ,robert ,koch ,german4 #ahhj ,pneumonia bacillus ,sternberg ,u4,s4 #ahha ,buttonhole machine ,reece ,u4,s4 #ahhb ,tuberculosis bacillus ,robert ,koch ,german4 #ahhb ,hydrophobia bacillus ,louis ,pasteur ,french4 #ahhd ,cholera bacillus ,robert ,koch ,german4 #ahhd ,diphtheria bacillus ,loefler ,german4 #ahhd ,lockjaw bacillus ,nicolaier ,french4 #ahhd ,antipyrene ,kuno ,u4,s4 #ahhd ,linotype machine ,ottmar ,mergenthaler ,u4,s4 #ahhe ,first electric street railway in the ,u4,s4 ,baltimore1 ,md4 #ahhe ,overhead electric trolley ,van ,depole ,u4,s4 #ahhf ,graphophone ,bell ,tainter ,u4,s4 #ahhg ,cyanide process ,mc,arthur ,forest ,u4,s4 #ahhg ,incandescent gas light ,carl ,welsbach ,german4 #ahhh ,harveyized armor plate ,harvey ,u4,s4 #ahhh ,kodak snapshot camera ,eastman ,walker ,u4,s4 #ahij ,bicycles equipped with pneumatic tires ,u4,s4 #ahij ,magazine rifle ,krag-,jorgensen ,u4,s4 #ahia ,rotary steam turbine ,parsons ,english4 #ahic ,kinetoscope ,thos4 ,a4 ,edison ,u4,s4 #ahic ,carborundum ,e4 ,g4 ,acheson ,u4,s4 #ahic ,calcium carbide electrically produced ,thos4 ,l4 ,wilson ,u4,s4 #ahie ,liquifying air ,carl ,linde ,german4 #ahie ,x-rays ,prof4 ,roentgen ,german4 #ahie ,acetylene gas from calcium carbide ,thos4 ,l4 ,wilson ,u4,s4 #ahif ,wireless telegraphy ,g4 ,marconi ,italian4 #ahif ,finsen rays ,finsen ,danish4 #ahih ,non-whittling lead pencil ,f4 ,h4 ,lippincott ,u4,s4 #aijj ,mercury vapor electric light ,peter ,cooper ,hewitt ,u4,s4 #aija ,airship ,m4 ,santos-,dumont ,french4 #aija ,automobile mower ,deering ,harvester ,co4 ,u4,s4 ,from the ,encyclopedia ,americana4 ,there are no elevators in the house of success4--,silent ,partner4 99 99 99 99 99 ,since the above list 7taken from the ,encyclopedia ,americana7 was published1 there have been a large number of very important inventions brought out4 ,in #ahih ,professor and ,madam ,curie1 of ,paris1 discovered radium4 ,this remarkable substance is extracted from pitch-blende4 ,it is said to require the reduction of about five thousand tons of the blende to produce one pound of radium4 ,the cost of one pound of radium is variously estimated at from one to three millions of dollars4 ,radium overturns all the laws of chemistry and physics4 ,scientists state that if a method of producing it cheaply is ever discovered it will create the greatest revolution in industrial circles4 ,one pound of radium is said to be capable of lighting an enormous area for one billion years without reducing its size or substance by one thousandth part4 ,in other words1 it exerts abnormal energy without any appreciable loss4 ,in #aijb1 ,january1 ,peter ,cooper ,hewitt1 of ,new ,york ,city1 announced the invention by him of his ,mercury ,vapor tube electric light4 ,this light is red-less1--gives off all colors except red4 ,it is in present use in many large establishments4 ,it is practically indestructible1 and gives eight times as much light with the same amount of electricity as other lights4 ,mr4 ,hewitt is a wealthy man1 having inherited money4 ,he comes of the famous ,new ,york ,hewitt family1 whose members have been in the forefront of progress4 ,mr4 ,hewitt also invented the ,hewitt ,electrical ,converter and the ,hewitt ,electrical ,interrupter1 both inventions of unusual merit4 ,in #aijc1 ,january #ahth1 ,guglielmo ,marconi sent a wireless message from ,cape ,cod1 ,mass41 to ,cornwall1 ,england1 a distance of #cjjj miles4 ,such a thing1 a few years ago1 would have been considered absolutely impossible1--unbelievable1--a wild flight of the imagination4 ,marconi's achievement was accomplished only after the most prolonged experimentation and many disappointments4 ,in #aijh1 ,september #abth1 ,hudson ,maxim filed an application for a patent on an electrical invention for the prolongation of human life4 ,in #aijh1 ,professor ,alexander ,graham ,bell and ,professor ,emile ,berliner1 famous inventors in telephones1 are working on new styles of flying machines4 ,with these experts in the field1 aerial navigation will1 no doubt1 shortly be a problem completely solved4 ,,notes4 ,in #bjj ,b4,c41 ,hero1 of ,alexandria1 gives an account of an ingenious steam toy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in #aedc1 one ,blasco de ,garay is said to have shown in the harbor of ,barcelona1 ,spain1 a vessel of two hundred tons' burden1 moved by a paddle wheel driven by steam power4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in #affc ,edward ,somerset1 the ingenious ,marquis of ,worcester1 contrived the first steam engine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in #agdb1 when ,benjamin ,franklin invented the ,franklin ,stove1 or as it is sometimes called1 the ,pennsylvania ,fireplace1 he refused to accept a patent on it1 saying1 we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others1 so we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by an invention of ours4 ,an unscrupulous ,london manufacturer made some light changes in ,franklin's stove1 we are sorry to state1 got a patent on it1 and made a fortune from its sale4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an invention of the greatest utility was that brought out in #aghh by ,william ,symington1 a young ,englishman1 for a method of converting the reciprocating motion of an engine into the rotary4 99 99 99 99 99 ,about #agij1 ,claude ,chappe1 a ,frenchman1 while at school at ,angers1 contrived an apparatus consisting of a post bearing a revolving beam and circulatory arms with which he conveyed signals to three of his brothers who were at another school about half-a-league distant1 who read the signals with a telescope4 ,in #agib the ,french ,legislature voted ,chappe #fjjj francs 7#abjj7 to enable him to make experiments in ,paris4 ,this invention of ,chappe was called the ,semaphore ,telegraph4 ,of course1 misty or foggy weather would preclude the use of this signalling device4 ,during the war between ,england and ,france an amusing incident is related of the use of the ,semaphore ,telegraph4 ,the admiral at ,plymouth started a wigwag message to ,whitehall1 but was able to forward only part of the message1 a thick fog gathering over a portion of the line and interrupting the message4 ,the first part of the message was ,wellington defeated1 which caused great distress and anxiety in ,london4 ,the remainder of the message1 the ,french at ,salamanca1 received next day1 changed the metropolitan sorrow into gladness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,about the year #agij1 ,signor ,galvani1 a professor of anatomy at ,bologna1 discovered the principle of ,galvanic electricity4 ,this was brought about in a very peculiar way4 ,mrs4 ,galvani was ill1 and her physician prescribed some frog broth4 ,accordingly1 frogs were procured1 skinned1 washed and laid on a table in the professor's laboratory1 which seemed to serve a double purpose of a room for scientific and culinary operations4 ,one of the professor's assistants was engaged in experimenting with a large electric machine which stood upon the same table1 and had occasion to draw sparks from the machine4 ,the wife of ,galvani1 who was present1 was surprised to observe that every time he did so the limbs of the frogs moved as if alive4 ,she immediately communicated this strange incident to her husband1 who repeated the experiments with1 of course1 the same result4 ,from this experiment was later developed the so-called zinc and copper wet jars used in the art4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in #ahjg1 ,robert ,fulton1 who was of ,irish ,descent1 made his famous trip in his steamboat1 the ,clermont1 from ,new ,york to ,albany1 a distance of one hundred and fifty miles1 in thirty-two hours1 and returned in thirty hours1 averaging about five miles per hour4 ,many stories are told of the consternation the ,clermont excited in those who saw her for the first time4 ,people who had seen her passing at night described her as a monster moving on the waters1 defying wind and tide1 and breathing flames and smoke4 ,the steamboats1 at that time1 used pine wood for fuel1 which sent columns of ignited vapor many feet above the stack1 and whenever the fire was stirred enormous showers of sparks would fly off1 which in the night produced a very brilliant and beautiful effect4 ,sailors and seamen on vessels that had never seen a steamboat were scared speechless1 and in many cases prostrated themselves1 and besought ,providence to protect them from the approaches of the horrible monster which they saw4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in #ahce ,thomas ,d4 ,edmundson1 a station agent on the ,new ,castle and ,carlisle line1 in ,england1 invented the first railroad ticket4 ,the inventor for several years devoted himself entirely to the ticket industry1 and by degrees a business arose which became one of the largest in the world4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in #ahdj the ,government issued the first postage stamps4 99 99 99 99 99 ,george ,stephenson died in #ahdh at the age of #fg1 a wealthy man1 beloved and honored by all4 ,statues of him were erected at ,liverpool1 ,london and ,newcastle4 ,in ,rome1 ,italy1 a tablet bears this inscription3 ,in this ,rome1 from whence wondrous roads proceed to the empire of the world1 the employees of the ,roman railways1 on the #ith of ,june1 #ahha1 worthily commemorated the centenary of ,george ,stephenson1 who opened still more wondrous roads to the brotherhood of the nations1 and whose virtues1 inspiring to great works1 have left an undying example4 ,during an examination before a ,parliamentary ,committee ,george ,stephenson was asked1 ,suppose1 now1 one of your engines to be going at the rate of nine or ten miles an hour1 and that a cow were to stray upon the line1 and get in the way of the engine1 would not that be a very awkward circumstance8 ,stephenson replied1 ,yes1 very awkward for the cow4 ,in the course of the same examination he was asked1 ,but would not men and animals become frightened by the red hot smoke pipe8 to which question ,stephenson replied1 ,but how would they know that it was not painted8 ,these extracts indicate some of the difficulties inventors had to contend with4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in #ahgf two hours after ,bell filed his patent for his telephone1 ,elisha ,gray1 of ,boston1 filed an application for a similar device4 ,bell won1 and has been awarded great honors for his invention4 ,it was at first referred to as a scientific toy4 ,it is now a necessity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in #ahhj ,marthelemay ,themonier1 a ,frenchman1 was mobbed for building a sewing machine1 by laborers who thought his machines contrary to their interests4 ,victory belongs to the most persevering4--,napoleon4 ,success is the child of audacity4--,beaconsfield4 ,by-,products ,many men mistake obstinacy for perseverance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,anybody can slide down hill1 but it takes good legs and good wind to go up4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a third of our lives is spent in bed--that's why we ought to hustle the other two-thirds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,waste is criminal4 ,the old proverb says1 ,waste not1 want not4 ,and it is true4 99 99 99 99 99 ,anybody may drink at the fountain of knowledge1 but you've got to bring your own cup4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the farther you look back into the history of industry and invention1 the more you will be impressed with the fact that almost everything has improved as our ability to produce it has increased4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wireless telegraphy would never have come about had not the other kind preceded1 and it is impossible to imagine the phonograph's being ahead of the telephone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,without illuminating gas and gasoline1 ,welsbach lights would never have been thought of or possible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we would have no electric lights without the dynamo1 and no dynamo if wire-drawing had not first been perfected4 99 99 99 99 99 ,so it goes--everything is dependent on factors that have preceded and any achievement of today is the result of thousands of years of previous effort and thought4 99 99 99 99 99 ,and the knowledge that we are adding to the world's store today is but the foundation for further advance by men to come4 99 99 99 99 99 ,as long as we don't know everything there will be things we cannot explain and these things will be called chance4 ,into the life of every human being there enter these inexplicable occurrences4 ,,silent ,,partner4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,patents ,,the ,,greatest ,,source ,,of ,,wealth ,upon what meat does this1 our ,caesar1 feed1 that he has grown so great8--,shakespeare4 ,,the ,,sources ,,of ,,wealth4 ,the diagram below shows very ,the cry nowadays is that clearly the rich men of the world1 there are no chances for and the source of their wealth3 accumulating wealth as did these people--in some ways this is right4 ,three of the avenues to wealth are pretty well closed3 ,taking each up in turn we find #a,,st4 ,,natural ,,wealth4 ,secured by ,mining1 ,drilling and ,,first4 ,digging4 ,examples3 ,john ,d4 ,rockefeller1 ,mines and ,oil ,wells are becoming ,henry ,h4 ,rogers1 scarcer every year1 and there ,barney ,barnato1 are few which remain undiscovered4 and many others4 #b,,nd4 ,,real ,,estate4 ,advances in value as by buying ,,second4 lots in a growing city and taking advantage of its growth4 ,examples3 ,real ,estate takes an inside ,hetty ,green1 knowledge of conditions1 which ,the ,vanderbilts1 none but men who give the ,russell ,sage1 subject deep study can hope to and many others4 acquire4 #c,,rd4 ,,transportation4 ,steam ,railways1 ,electric ,railways1 ,,third4 and ,steamboat lines4 ,examples3 ,the ,goulds1 ,transportation requires ,thomas ,j4 ,ryan1 big capital1 and the small ,e4 ,h4 ,harriman4 investor on the outside has no chance whatsoever4 #d,,th4 ,,patents4 ,inventions on articles in use in ,,fourth4 the manufactures1 the arts1 the home4 ,examples3 ,,patents ,,are ,,to-,,day ,,the ,carnegie1 ,edison1 ,,greatest ,,source ,,of ,,wealth4 ,schwab1 ,maxim1 ,krupp1 ,westinghouse1 ,genius1 that power which ,pullman1 ,bell1 dazzles mortal eyes1 ,welsbach1 ,singer1 ,is oft but perseverance in ,hewitt1 ,mc,cormick1 disguise4 ,acheson1 ,colt1 ,marconi1 ,bessemer1 and thousands of others4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,successful ,,inventors ,lives of great men all remind us1 ,we can make our lives sublime1 ,and departing1 leave behind us1 ,footprints on the sands of time4--,longfellow4 ,the long list of famous patentees with their inventions which a previous chapter contains is an eloquent testimonial to the fact that fame1 fortune and an undying place in history will be given to anyone fortunate enough to conceive and work out a new idea which inures to the benefit of mankind4 ,while these famous inventors have been devising and exploiting inventions of wide scope and large calibre there have been an army of small inventors which should be equally as famous and whose inventions will1 probably1 on the average1 return larger proportionate profits to their owners than have a great many of the prominent ones already listed4 ,the writer has in mind small inventions1 such as1 for instance1 ,mrs4 ,pott's ,sad ,iron2 the ,de ,long ,hook and ,eye2 the ,gillette ,safety ,razor2 ,enterprise ,meat ,chopper2 ,junoform ,bust ,form2 ,push-point ,pencil2 ,bromo ,seltzer2 ,morrow ,coaster ,brake2 ,brass ,tips for ,boys' ,shoes2 ,mennen's ,talcum ,powder2 ,rubber ,tips for ,lead ,pencils2 ,bundy ,time ,clock2 ,president ,suspenders2 ,pianola2 ,castoria2 ,angelus2 ,o',sullivan's ,rubber ,heel2 ,macey's ,sectional ,bookcases2 ,red ,dwarf ,ink ,pencil2 #aijj ,washing ,machine2 ,tyden ,table ,lock1 and the thousands of similar small inventions1 practically all of which are bringing or have brought enormous fortunes to their owners and developers4 ,king ,c4 ,gillette has become a wealthy man from the royalties and profits on his safety razor4 ,while safety razors had been on the market for years1 it took ,gillette to bring out a better one1 patent it1 and make his fortune4 ,the inventor of the ,president ,suspender is said to have collected over fifty thousand dollars last year in royalties on the sales of over two hundred thousand dozen pairs of his suspenders4 ,miss ,wolfe1 the inventor of the ,junoform ,bust ,form1 it was remarked recently1 would attain wealth from her royalties4 ,mrs4 ,potts is reputed to have collected over half a million dollars from royalties from the patents on her sad iron4 ,it is also said that the ,selden ,gas ,engine royalties exceed ten million dollars in amount4 ,it is stated that ,mc,cormick1 the inventor of a ,cream ,separator1 has an annual income from his patents of over thirty thousand dollars4 ,it is said that the inventor of the new-style pay-as-you-enter street car will receive a large royalty on every car of that style used in the ,united ,states4 ,they are at present coming into use on the metropolitan street car lines4 ,everybody is familiar with the enormous fortune made by ,pullman with his palace car patents4 ,,notes4 ,it is related that when ,george ,westinghouse called on ,commodore ,vanderbilt to endeavor to interest him in his air-brake1 ,vanderbilt said to him3 ,do you mean to tell me that you can stop a train of cars by wind8 and when informed that in effect that was what was contemplated1 remarked that he had no time for fools4 ,sometime afterward when1 through the support of ,andrew ,carnegie and several others1 a successful test of the brake had been made1 ,westinghouse had the satisfaction1 according to the story1 of replying to ,vanderbilt's request for a conference1 ,i have no time to waste on fools4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ottmar ,mergenthaler worked twenty years on the development of his linotype machine1 and ten years thereafter in perfecting it4 ,the ,mergenthaler ,linotype ,company has paid out twenty millions of dollars in dividends in fourteen years4 ,the romance of the invention of the linotype brings out in glaring letters ,,persistence1 as ,edward ,mott ,woolley states in ,system1 of ,september1 #aijh1 in an article describing the development of the linotype machine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is related of ,oscar ,hammerstein1 the well-known theatrical proprietor1 that when he was fifteen years old he landed from a steamer at the ,battery in ,new ,york1 after running away from his ,german home4 ,he was without money or friends1 or any place to go4 ,he got a job in a cigar factory at #b4jj per week4 ,making cigars by hand seemed to him a poor way of doing it1 so he began experimenting on his own account1 and four years later he had a machine to do the work4 ,he sold this machine for #f1jjj cash1 and immediately started on a new one1 which in place of selling outright he had manufactured on a royalty basis4 ,it is said that he has received over #bej1jjj in cash from his royalties4 ,yet today ,hammerstein is not known by his inventions1 but by the big theatrical enterprises which have earned or lost other fortunes for him at various times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the struggle of ,charles ,goodyear to manufacture a rubber compound that should fulfil mercantile needs is presented a striking1 if rather familiar example of what eternal persistence will finally accomplish1 and of how it may be assisted by what we call luck4 ,when he was twenty-one ,goodyear entered a rubber house in ,philadelphia and began experimenting in ,india rubber4 ,by chance one day a little rubber mixed with sulphur fell on a stove1 and he at once realized what might be accomplished by what is now known as vulcanization4 ,to carry on his experiments he was required to pawn the school-books of his children to raise money4 ,however1 he kept everlastingly at it1 and was rewarded with a number of international prizes and decorated by several foreign rulers4 ,his name has gone down to fame as one of the successful inventors of the world4 ,the ,goodyear ,rubber ,company bears his name4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the public today is familiar with the record of ,thomas ,a4 ,edison1 who is considered the greatest inventor the world has ever known4 ,the new book which has recently come out1 ,the ,life of ,thomas ,a4 ,edison1 is well worth purchasing and reading4 ,the public press reported he had won his infringement suits and that the ,moving ,picture trust or combination agreed to pay him royalties running into a sum of seven figures4 99 99 99 99 99 ,george ,ade1 the funny man1 is independent financially from the royalties paid him on his copyrights4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the story of the ,de ,long ,hook and ,eye ,company is the history of an infinitesimal start with an enormous present size4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sir ,henry ,bessemer is said to have been paid #aj1jjj1jjj in royalties on his steel process4 99 99 99 99 99 ,emerson1 a ,baltimore druggist1 made a number of fortunes from his invention of ,bromo-,seltzer4 ,likewise ,mennen1 of talcum powder fame1 whose face and name are known all over the world4 99 99 99 99 99 ,landis1 a ,franklin county 7,pa47 man1 sold his ,straw ,stacker patents1 it is said1 for #ej1jjj cash1--practically all profit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this list1 if complete1 would fill volumes1 but it would be a story with the same ending in each and every case4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a careful study of the reason why all the above patents have proved to be so successful emphasizes the fact that inventors1 to succeed1 must not lose sight of the ,six ,cardinal ,tests enumerated elsewhere in this volume4 ,illustration3 ,press and ,pen ,,remind ,,us ,,of ,,inventions ,,that ,,have ,,brought ,,fame ,,and ,,wealth ,,chapter ,v4 ,,field ,,of ,,invention ,if a man can write a better book1 preach a better sermon1 or make a better mouse-trap than his neighbor1 though he build his house in the woods1 the world will make a beaten pathway to his door4--,emerson4 ,inventions1 to possess commercial merit1 must supersede in utility similar devices already on the market4 ,they must also possess capacity for production at lower cost1 as well as having conspicuously superior merit4 ,the field of invention is a broad one1 and embraces any new electrical appliances1 engineering devices1 improvements in steam navigation1 agricultural implements1 railways1 household novelties1 novelties in hardware and tools1 pencils and toys1 vehicles1 furniture1 toilet articles1 wearing apparel1 office appliances and devices4 ,,inventions ,,and ,,improvements ,,needed4 ,,electrical4 ,a simple1 cheap and powerful electric motor2 electrical motors adapted to use of either direct or alternating current2 improvements in the filaments of incandescent bulbs1 something along the lines of the new ,tungsten filaments2 new1 cheap substitute for gutta-percha for insulating2 simple method of generating ozone for medical and disinfecting purposes2 method for generating electricity direct from coal without the incidental production of light and heat2 a new1 indestructible incandescent lamp filament2 a new style of incandescent lamp that will give more light and use less current2 a simple means for preventing the blowing out of fuses1 and yet preventing the overloading of the motors2 method of extracting electricity from the earth4 7,,note3 ,a number of experiments have been carried out along this line with partial success47 ,a method of storing electricity generated during a severe electrical storm4 7,,note3 ,this is not considered practicable by electrical engineers1 although it is possible that someone may hit on a way of accomplishing it47 ,a simple1 light accumulator for storing electricity4 ,,chemical4 ,a substitute for paper pulp2 strong1 tough1 thin1 flexible paper2 substitute for glass in eye-glasses1 telescopes1 opera glasses1 and other optical lenses2 a cheap1 artificial substitute for indigo2 method for deodorizing petroleum1 gasoline1 naphtha and similar volatile oils without changing their quality2 method of deodorizing asphalt2 method of deodorizing paint2 method of increasing the life and durableness of soft rubber2 simple means for preserving butter2 new shoe blacking free from sulphuric and acetic acids2 cheap substitute for matches2 method of removing nicotine from tobacco2 method of utilizing vulcanized rubber scrap2 substitute for leather2 method for producing artificial mica in large sheets2 artificial flavors of tea and coffee1 similar to the commercial artificial extract of vanilla2 cheap method of producing sugar from starch2 method of producing pure carbon2 substitute for celluloid2 substitute for asphalt2 method for producing flexible glass4 ,,mining ,,and ,,metallurgy4 ,first and foremost is the method of hardening and tempering copper2 cheap method for extracting gold from brick clay1 ore1 sand1 etc42 cheap method for procuring iron direct from ore without the intervention of the blast furnace2 method for producing malleable pig iron2 cheap method of producing high-speed steels for tools and the like2 machine to separate slate from ,anthracite and ,bituminous ,coal4 7,,note3 ,it should be some process not requiring water settling-tanks47 ,process for casting copper without blow holes2 solder for cast iron2 cheap method for recovering tin from old tin cans and the like4 ,,railways ,,and ,,military4 ,,note4--,it has been found extremely hard to introduce railway patents4 ,we would1 therefore1 most earnestly advise our ,american inventors not to spend any time and money on inventions such as car couplers1 steel railway ties1 block signals1 and the like4 ,in this class we would suggest so-called small-inventions4 ,efficient air gun as a weapon2 improvements in army tents2 improvements in dirigible balloons and aeroplanes for military uses499 799,,note3 ,this is a big undertaking1 and we would not advise any of our clients to enter it47 ,,machinery1 ,,tools1 ,,steam ,,engines1 ,,etc4 ,simple means of adjusting ball bearings2 attachment for lathes1 such as taper cutting devices1 grinding attachments2 attachments for planers for producing curved surfaces2 attachment for drill press for radial boring2 new and improved tools of all kinds and descriptions2 simple and cheap bone crusher2 simple and cheap bone cleaner2 simple and cheap casting machine for small foundries2 simple and cheap molding machine for small foundries2 machine for casting under pressure2 substitute for fly wheels on engines2 efficient safety stopping devices for engines2 substitute for governor2 cheap and efficient denatured alcohol motor2 substitute for belts and pulleys2 simple1 cheap and efficient anti-friction bearings2 machine for automatically sewing buttons on clothing2 tool for cutting ice without waste2 cheap music turner4 ,,recording ,,and ,,vending ,,machines1 ,,office ,,appliances1 ,,etc4 ,simple1 cheap and efficient cash register2 cash register that will throw out false coins2 machine for vending newspapers2 electrically driven typewriter2 cheap substitute for fountain pen2 cheap substitute for lead pencil2 indestructible writing pen2 reliable gas meter2 reservoir lettering brush4 ,,lighting1 ,,heating ,,and ,,ventilating--,,building ,,construction4 ,indestructible gas mantel for ,welsbach lights2 method of simultaneously lighting all the burners in a room1 or house2 automatic valve closing device for shutting off gas when not ignited2 brick-laying machine2 method of glazing without the use of putty2 window sash that will not bind or stick in the frame2 substitute for sash weights2 substitute for spring shade rollers2 substitute for carpet nails2 new1 cheap1 springless lock2 substitute for hinges on doors2 cheap1 efficient door check and buffer4 ,,auto ,,vehicles4 ,durable and unpuncturable tires2 cheap and efficient power meter2 cheap and efficient dust preventer2 improvements in all the details of automobile and vehicular construction2 substitute for motor wheels4 ,,miscellaneous4 ,textile3 ,substitute for horse hair2 substitute for broom fibre2 substitute for asbestos2 substitute for silk2 method of coating cheap fibres with silk2 method of spinning asbestos2 substitute for an umbrella2 one-piece covering for umbrellas1 etc41 etc4 ,printing3 ,method for multi-color printing with but one impression2 method for printing sheet metals2 substitute for printing blocks499 799,,note3 ,must be light in weight1 and non-inflammable47 ,substitute for lithographic stone2 a firm1 black1 copying1 printing ink2 method for photographing in colors4 ,agricultural4 ,machine for harvesting sugar cane2 substitute for cotton bale tie2 method or machine for exterminating caterpillars2 method or machine for exterminating mosquitoes2 improvements or new devices for use of farmers1 agriculturalists1 truckmen1 florists1 and similar vocations2 method or machine for annihilating flies4 ,,general4 ,substitute for rubber fire hose2 method for profitable utilization of saw dust2 substitute for hair pin1 or one that will not fall out2 envelope that cannot be opened4 ,,what ,,not ,,to ,,invent4 ,non-refillable bottles4 ,nut locks4 ,metal railway ties4 ,railroad rail joints4 ,patent medicines4 ,car couplers4 ,hooks and eyes4 ,safety pins4 ,hair curlers4 ,washing ,compounds4 ,trolley pole catchers4 ,bending machines1 unless absolutely new idea1 and style4 ,adding machines1 unless absolutely new idea and style4 ,present style typewriters4 ,turbine engines1 unless absolutely new idea1 and style4 ,submarine boats4 ,our reason for advising inventors to stay away from the above classes is on account of the fact of the killing competition in these classes1 and the additional fact that the field is absolutely overcrowded4 ,the attorneys that have applied for the hosts of patents for inventors in these lines have rung all possible changes in their claims for patents into which it is possible to twist and turn the ,english language4 ,,wants ,,fulfilled4 ,in a publication on ,patents published about fifteen years ago1 the following articles were asked for1 which have since been invented1 and which are making their inventors money3 ,cheap ice machine4 ,denaturated alcohol4 ,cheap calcium carbide4 ,method of preserving milk4 7,note the organization of the ,white ,cross ,milk ,companies in the cities of ,philadelphia1 ,boston1 ,new ,york1 ,baltimore and ,washington1 at this writing4 ,milk prepared by this process is said to keep for several months1 and will be absolutely free from germs and bacilli4 ,it is a new process47 ,smokeless gun powder 7now in almost general use74 ,iron and steel railway ties4 7,they have been found mechanically impracticable and have been discarded by the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company47 ,safety device for rifles and revolvers4 7,everybody is familiar with the ,hammer the ,hammer advertisement47 ,milking machine4 ,bread cutting machine4 ,pocket cigar lighter4 ,steam heating for trains4 ,the above list will serve as an illustration of the fact that inventors are persistently supplying what the world needs in the way of new devices and machines4 ,,supply ,,and ,,demand4 ,where there's a will there's a way4 ,do not imagine that anyone is lying awake at night waiting for your invention to come out1 because they are not4 ,all of us consider ourselves pretty comfortable1 and we are not bothering much about any new inventions4 ,another mistake inventors often make is that of endeavoring to make the public want their device4 ,the proper thing to do is to invent something that the public already wants4 ,in other words1 follow the lines of least resistance4 ,there are many good things which are very ingenious1 and perfectly novel and patentable1 but which are in lines in which there would not be enough sale in ten years to pay the inventor the expense of getting out patents4 ,yet plenty of such things are patented almost every week1 in this country4 ,some time there could be but one customer1--say1 the government1 or some great corporation1--and there may be reasons which are obvious1 and others not so plain on the surface1 why you could not even make them a present of your invention4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,growth ,,of ,,the ,,field ,,of ,,invention ,the following pages concisely show the marvelous growth of the ,field of ,invention from ,primitive ,man's ,three ,fundamental ,wants1 namely1 ,food1 ,clothing and ,shelter1 to the present-day countless necessities of ,twentieth ,century life4 ,the same marvelous broadening of the field is found in all directions4 ,the few illustrations given on the following pages will illustrate the point1 and direct the thoughts of the student unerringly to the almost illimitable sphere of invention4 ,,chart ,,partially ,,illustrating ,,the ,,vast ,,growth ,,of ,,the ,,field ,,of ,,invention ,,from ,,primitive ,,man',s ,,three ,,fundamental ,,needs ,,to ,,the ,,present ,,day ,,essentials ,,of ,,civilization4 ,planting ,construction ,cultivating ,materials ,harvesting ,decorating ,stock ,raising ,hardware ,slaughtering ---------- ----------- ,furnishing ,marketing ,,food ,,shelter ,lighting ,hunting --------- ---------- ,medicine ,fishing _/ ,heating ,preparing _/ ,cleaning ,storing _/ ,defending ,amusements ,,food 3333 ,,then ,,and ,,now ,,shelter 3 ,,then ,,and ,,now ,b4,c4--,manna ,roots ,b4,c4--,caves ,tents #aiji--ae-;course dinner #aiji--,skyscrapers --------------- ,,the ,,three ,,wants ,,of ,,primitive ,,man --------------- _/ ,,clothing 3 ,,then ,,and ,,now ,,transportation3 ,b4,c4--,fig ,leaf ,,then ,,and ,,now #aiji--;,directoire ,gown ,b4,c4--,camels ,oxen #aiji--;,autos ,flying ,machines ,ships ,manufacturing _/ ,banking _/ ,shoes ,materials --------- ---------- ,railroads ,,clothing ,,transportation ,vehicles ,marketing ---------- ,autos ----------- ,mail ,jewelry1 ,etc4 ,subways ,tubes ,telegraph ,telephone ,,note3 ,a further analysis of the above1 together with the sub-division1 ,transportation1 7a natural outgrowth of the three primary needs7 will be found on the following pages4 ,copyright #aiji by ,goodwin ,b4 ,smith4 ,,food ,h ,scythes1 ,a ,sickles1 ,r ,rakes1 ,reapers1 ,v ,mowers1 ,e ,binders1 ,s ,threshers1 ,t ,stackers1 ,i ,loaders1 ,n ,unloaders1 ,g ,grain-elevators1 etc4 ,,planting ,garden ,tools1 ,plows1 ,harrows1 ,rollers1 ,planters1 ,seed ,drills1 etc4 ,cultivators1 ,sprinklers1 ,,cultivating ,weeders1 ,insect ,destroyers1 ,fertilizers1 etc4 ,,stock ,,raising ,fences1 ,harness1 ,incubators1 ,brooders1 ,milking ,machines1 ,creameries1 etc4 ,m ,crates1 ,boxes1 ,a ,stores1 ,scales1 ,r ,packages1 ,k ,delivery-systems1 ,e ,office ,appliances1 ,t ,stationery1 ,i ,printing1 ,n ,pens1 ,pencils1 ,g ,inks1 ,rubbers1 etc4 ,,slaughtering ,conveyors1 ,pens1 ,grinders1 ,stuffers1 etc4 ,,hunting ,bows and ,arrows1 ,snares1 ,traps1 ,guns1 ,bags1 etc4 ,,fishing ,nets1 ,hooks1 ,lines1 ,boats1 ,canneries1 ,kits1 etc4 ,p ,cutlery1 ,r ,stoves1 ,e ,kettles1 ,p ,broilers1 ,a ,ovens1 ,r ,condiments1 ,i ,grinding1 ,n ,distilling1 ,g ,evaporating1 etc4 ,s ,elevators1 ,t ,refrigerators1 ,o ,canning1 ,r ,curing1 ,i ,drying1 ,n ,pickling1 ,g ,evaporating1 etc4 ,a ,m ,musical ,u ,instruments1 ,s ,theatres1 ,e ,parks1 ,m ,cards1 ,e ,games1 ,n ,toys1 ,t ,moving ,s ,pictures1 etc4 ,copyright #aiji1 by ,goodwin ,b4 ,smith4 ,,shelter ,c ,tools1 ,engineering ,o ,excavating1 ,n ,masonry1 ,s ,wood-working1 ,t ,elevating1 ,r ,stone-cutting1 ,u etc4 ,c ,t ,i ,o ,n4 ,f ,carpets1 ,rugs1 ,u ,fixtures1 ,r ,furniture1 ,n ,bedding1 ,i ,china1 ,s ,cutlery1 ,h ,glass-ware1 ,i ,periodicals1 ,n ,books1 ,g etc4 ,,hardware ,builders1 ,shelf1 ,mill ,house1 etc4 ,,cleaning ,brooms1 ,brushes ,sweepers1 ,soaps1 etc4 ,d ,sling shots1 ,bows ,e and ,arrows1 ,guns1 ,f ,revolvers1 ,shot1 ,e ,burglar ,alarms1 ,armor1 ,n ,military ,battle ,ships1 ,d ,insurance3 ,fire1 ,life1 ,i ,accident1 ,burglary1 ,n ,liability1 etc4 ,g ,explosives1 ,air-ships1 etc4 ,m ,quarrying1 ,a ,t ,cement1 ,e ,r ,plaster1 ,i ,a ,steel-,structure1 ,l ,s etc4 ,brasiers1 ,stoves1 ,furnaces1 ,,heating ,hot air1 ,hot water1 ,steam1 ,vapor1 ,electricity1 etc4 ,paint1 ,varnish1 ,wall ,paper1 ,,decorating ,molding1 ,carving1 ,polishing1 ,photography1 etc4 ,,medicine ,drugs1 ,instruments1 ,specifics1 ,toxins1 etc4 ,,lighting ,lamps1 ,burners1 ,oil1 ,gas1 ,electricity1 ,acetylene1 ,glass1 etc4 ,copyright #aiji1 by ,goodwin ,b4 ,smith4 ,,clothing ,m ,spinning1 ,weaving1 ,a ,bleaching1 ,tanning1 ,n ,curing1 ,sorting1 ,picking1 ,u ,carding1 ,shearing1 ,f ,vulcanizing1 ,mixing1 ,a ,cutting1 ,fitting1 ,lining1 ,c ,buttons1 ,threads1 ,t ,sewing ,machines1 ,u etc4 ,r ,i ,n ,g4 ,m ,cotton1 ,wool1 ,linen4 ,a ,leather1 ,silk1 ,straw1 ,t ,fur1 ,feathers1 ,rubber1 ,e ,felt1 ,fibre1 ,paper1 ,r ,wood1 ,pulp1 etc4 ,i ,a ,l ,s4 ,j ,precious ,stones1 ,rings1 ,e ,chains1 ,necklaces1 ,w ,bracelets1 ,pins1 ,brooches1 ,e ,pendants1 ,watches1 ,pocketbooks1 ,l ,accessories1 ,perfumeries1 ,r ,cosmetics4 ,y ,e ,t ,c4 ,m ,advertising1 ,department ,a ,stores1 ,r ,adding ,machines1 ,k ,cash ,registers1 ,e etc4 ,t ,i ,n ,g4 ,copyright #aiji1 by ,goodwin ,b4 ,smith4 ,,transportation ,a ,horses1 ,n ,camels1 ,oxen1 ,i ,mules1 ,m ,llamas1 ,a ,dogs1 ,l ,burros1 ,s ,elephants1 etc4 ,v ,sleds1 ,chariots1 ,e ,jinrikishas1 ,carts1 ,wagons1 ,h ,sleighs1 ,coaches1 ,hearses1 ,i ,coffins1 ,carriages1 ,cabs1 ,c ,velocipedes1 ,wheel-,barrows1 ,l ,trucks1 ,cars1 ,trams1 ,e ,tricycles1 ,s ,bicycles1 etc4 ,s ,sandals1 ,snowshoes1 ,h ,skates1 ,roller-skates1 ,o ,rubbers1 ,boots1 ,e ,gaiters1 ,slippers1 ,s ,motor ,skates1 etc4 ,r ,horse1 ,steam1 ,a ,cable1 ,compressed1 ,i ,air ,trolleys1 ,l ,third-rail1 ,elevated1 ,r ,monorail1 ,alcohol1 ,o ,motors1 ,gasoline ,a ,motors1 ,electric ,d ,s ,motors1 etc4 ,s ,rail1 ,steam ,propeller1 ,h ,turbine1 ,submarine1 ,i ,balloons1 ,dirigibles1 ,p ,aeroplanes1 ,s ,helicopters1 etc4 ,poles1 ,exchanges1 ,,telephone ,directories1 ,phonographs1 ,graphophones1 etc4 ,wiring1 ,insulation1 ,batteries1 ,,telegraph ,poles1 ,conduits1 ,semaphore1 ,stock ,tickers1 ,switchboards1 etc4 ,a ,steam1 ,gasoline1 ,u ,alcohol1 ,t ,electric1 ,o ,elevators1 ,s ,moving ,stairways1 etc4 ,m ,envelopes1 ,stationery1 ,a ,postage1 ,expressage1 ,i ,pneumatic ,mail boxes1 ,l ,letter boxes1 etc4 ,,subways ,,and ,reinforced ,concrete1 ,,tubes ,air-locks1 etc4 ,,banking ,species1 ,banknotes1 ,vaults1 and ,safes1 ,checks1 etc4 ,copyright #aiji1 by ,goodwin ,b4 ,smith4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,necessary ,,steps ,in any business1 it is to-day's unknown facts that wreck the machine tomorrow4 ,therefore1 find out the facts4 ,almost all inventors show an unusually needless amount of haste in rushing off to an attorney and applying for a patent1 even before they have given their idea any practical demonstration whatsoever4 ,this is1 in the opinion of the writer1 all wrong1 and is not the most practical way to proceed4 ,the application for patent1 and filing of carefully drawn specification and claims1 is1 of course1 highly important and necessary1 but it should not be undertaken until after the most searching1 practical tests of the invention1 as well as the most careful investigation as to the public demand for your idea1 as it is from the latter source that profits will come4 ,the care with which your specification is written1 and the claims drawn1 will regulate the strength of your protection against infringers4 ,don't forget that the red seal and blue ribbon on a worthless patent are just as red and blue as they are on a high-grade1 suit-proof1 one that has stood the tests of the courts from bottom to the top4 ,,what ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,supreme ,,court ,,says4 ,the specification and claims of a patent1 particularly if the invention be at all complicated1 constitute one of the most difficult legal instruments to draw with accuracy1 and in view of the fact that valuable inventions are often placed in the hands of inexperienced persons to prepare such specification and claims1 it is no matter of surprise that the latter frequently fail to describe with requisite certainty the exact invention of the patentee1 and err either in claiming that which the patentee had not in fact patented1 or in omitting some element which was a valuable or essential part of his actual invention4 ,topliff vs4 ,topliff1 #ade ,u4,s4 #aef4 ,the highest court of the land thus puts itself on record in reference to the importance of having the specification and claims of your patent properly drawn4 ,it is equally as important to have your models1 drawings1 patterns1 etc41 accurately designed and executed4 ,every week the ,official ,gazette1 published by the ,u4,s4 ,patent ,office1 is chock full of new1 novel and ingenious devices on which patents have been granted1 but which are in lines in which the demand and sales are so very restricted that the profits in seventeen years will scarcely pay for the cost of the patent4 ,as ,dr4 ,grimshaw1 ,ph4,d41 ,m4 ,e41 a celebrated inventor and scholar1 known to many ,americans1 and at present residing in ,germany1 so aptly puts it1 it is well to remember ,there are some lines in which competition is so fierce that there would not be any use in coming into the field4 ,if the ,marquis of ,worcester1 ,watt1 ,fulton and ,morse1 ,whitney and ,howe1 ,edison and ,mc,cormick1 and a dozen more of the great inventors of the world1 past and present1 were to put their heads together1 and get up a new car-coupler1 the chances are that they could not get thirty cents for the patent4 ,the thing is overdone4 ,many1 many1 hard-earned dollars are annually expended by inexperienced inventors in the building of ornate1 nickel-plated models that from a practical1 business stand-point are commercially impossible1 and never will amount to anything4 ,while they are splendid in theory1 and pretty to look at1 and talk about1 yet in practice and real utility they are of no value4 ,don't go to the expense of a model until you know your device is patentable1 mechanically practicable1 commercially salable1 and in demand in the markets of the world1 and in a class in which there is no killing competition4 ,caveats have proven to be1 oftentimes1 worse than worthless4 ,the ,government fee is #aj2 the attorney fee from #aj to #be4 ,when you file your application you are notified by the ,u4,s4 ,patent ,office of an interference suit1 if someone else happens to file an application along similar lines4 ,it is then up to you to show that you thought of it first1 usually a very expensive and disappointing task4 ,don't apply for a caveat1 is the writer's advice4 ,confidence is the bed-rock foundation of all business today1 so don't be afraid of anyone trying to steal your idea4 ,a simple and inexpensive means to follow is to have a rough pencil sketch and description of your idea1 dated and signed by yourself and two competent witnesses4 ,then1 if the question of priority of invention is raised1 you have a strong document to substantiate your claims to priority4 ,if your idea will pass muster on the ,six ,cardinal ,tests1 7#a7 as regards patentability2 7#b7 as regards mechanical practicability2 7#c7 as regards its possession of superior merit and low cost of production2 7#d7 as regards a large and constant public demand for it2 7#e7 as regards to its being better1 cheaper and more salable than similar devices already on the market2 7#f7 as regards to the competition it will encounter1--then1 and only then1 are you justified in spending time and money in applying for a patent1 and having proper working model built1 etc4 ,don't rely on your own judgment in such matters1--it is of necessity greatly prejudiced1 and rightly so4 ,you1 as an inventor1 are in the same relative position as the mother of a new baby4 ,both of you undoubtedly feel that your offspring possesses all the graces1 and has no bad points whatsoever4 ,but your invention does not have as good a show1 at least no better1 than the new baby has of developing into a world-beater or prodigy4 ,in both instances it will require careful development1 much study1 and the hardest kind of work to make a moderate success of the new infant4 ,another point to remember is that the one who is responsible for its successful development is entitled to more credit and greater rewards than the father of the idea or infant4 ,a ,patent ,attorney1 must1 of very necessity1 be disposed to find practically everything submitted to him to be patentable4 ,some firms go so far as to mail their guarantees that ideas are patentable1 but your idea has five other points in which it may fall down4 ,mere patentability is only one-sixth of the necessary ground you must cover4 ,your friends may think you are a genius1 a wonder1 and you may be1 but don't let their adulation turn your head to the extent of your forgetting the six tests necessary to your idea's success4 ,if you are sick1 you go to the best physician you can find2 if your horse is sick1 you send for a veterinarian2 if you are required to go to ,court1 you retain a good lawyer to represent your side1--you don't try to cure yourself1 or your horse1 or defend yourself4 ,you go to a specialist in these lines4 ,follow the same sane method in your patent matters4 ,the no-cure-no-pay doctor is not highly regarded1 neither are patent firms that do a contingent fee business on the no patent-no pay basis4 ,cut rates are also to be shunned4 ,good service demands and can exact commensurate returns4 ,economy in these matters is a poor policy to pursue4 ,analysis of the ,six ,cardinal ,patent ,tests4 ,if ,i am building a mountain1 and stop before the last bucketful of earth is placed on the summit1 ,i have failed4--,confucius4 ,first3 ,would it be possible to cover my idea or invention by a good1 strong1 basic patent8 ,first and foremost1 the thing to do is to find out if your invention can be properly covered by a good1 strong patent1--a basic patent1 if possible1 and if not basic1 at least1 one covering some novel elements which would prevent unscrupulous imitators and dealers from substituting something just as good for your invention4 ,in this connection we might say that any bright attorney can find some way in which an alleged patent can be issued practically on anything1 so very little dependence can be placed1 as a rule1 on preliminary searches that are furnished free of cost4 ,expect to pay at least #e4jj for it1 and ask for the references the search develops4 ,we place the covering of an invention by strong letters patent first1 as we consider it of the utmost importance that an invention1 to be a commercial success1 must grant its owner a virtual monopoly4 ,second3 ,is my invention mechanically practicable8 ,there are a great many ideas which of themselves are good1 and still are not of themselves of any value4 ,it is of equal importance1 in order to make a success of an invention1 to have it conform to certain recognized mechanical principles1 and capable of economical production through the regular trade and manufacturing channels4 ,in other words1 an invention nowadays would be seriously handicapped if it was necessary to revolutionize the present equipment of factories to bring it out4 7,in this connection it might be interesting to note that ,thomas ,a4 ,edison1 in an article published in ,the ,star1 of ,washington1 ,september #agth1 #aijh1 said that in his opinion ,wright ,brothers were working on the wrong principle with their flying machine4 ,in ,edison's opinion the machine should not be dependent on the skill of the operator1 but should be capable of automatic operation somewhat similar to an automobile or the locomotive47 ,third3 ,can my invention be more cheaply manufactured than similar devices already on the market8 ,if your invention will enter the markets of the world in close competition with other devices of similar nature1 it is necessary that it possesses the possibility for lower cost of production than the articles it will meet in competition4 ,if it costs more to make1 it will be heavily handicapped from the start4 ,if it costs less to make it will have this additional advantage pulling in its favor from the start4 ,fourth3 ,does my idea possess conspicuous novelty and superior merit over similar devices already on the market8 ,the established1 advertised article in the markets of the world always has a great advantage over new and relatively untried devices4 ,a new article1 to succeed1 must show at a glance that it is something better4 ,in addition to that1 it must have superior merit which will at once make it possible to bring about a quick sale in competition with the article already on the market4 ,if your invention is better1 costs less to produce1 has more talking points1 dealers will be quick to buy it4 ,otherwise1 possibly not4 ,fifth3 ,is there a large1 constant1 public demand for my invention1 or its product8 ,public demand for anyone's invention practically regulates its success1 from a commercial standpoint4 ,if there is no public demand for it1 there can be no individual profit derived from it4 ,in other words1 it is useless to apply for a patent on any art1 machine or process where the demand for its use is very limited4 ,for instance1 it would be ridiculous to patent a process for performing one single act or function1 the demand for which would cease as soon as the act or function was accomplished4 ,to illustrate1 some years ago1 while building the ,city ,hall1 in ,philadelphia1 it was necessary to raise the enormous statue of ,william ,penn to the top of the tower4 ,this was quite an undertaking1 and a great many bright men cudgeled their brains as to the best means of accomplishing the result4 ,it would have been very foolish to patent the means by which the statue was put on the top of the tower1 because after it was placed on the top there would be no further demand for the process or means by which ,penn was raised to his elevated position4 ,little and often fills the purse is a familiar quotation to many of us1 and is especially applicable to the profits to be made from inventions4 ,sixth3 ,is there killing competition in the class to which my invention belongs8 ,if your device is likely to run into a section of the trade of the world where questionable tactics and high-pressure methods are necessary to keep one's head above water1 our advice to you would be1 ,don't do it6 as it would possibly be better to follow the lines of least resistance1 and spend your time and money on something where you would have a better chance for success4 ,in the year #aiji1 what chances do you think an inventor would have in starting a business in competition with the ,united ,states ,steel ,corporation1 or the ,american ,sugar ,refining ,company1 or the ,standard ,oil ,company1 or the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company1 or the ,paper ,trust1 or the ,bell ,telephone ,company1 or the ,moving ,picture ,trust1 or the ,american ,can ,company1 or the ,baldwin ,locomotive ,works8 ,these enormous aggregations of brains and capital would make it quixotic to attempt to compete with them in the markets of the world4 ,yet you may be able to invent something they would be glad to purchase6 ,if your patent is weak or deficient in any one of these six cardinal tests it is heavily handicapped to just that extent in the race for success4 ,do not depend on your own judgment1 as your judgment is naturally prejudiced1 and will not1 most likely1 reflect a dependable forecast of the public attitude toward your invention4 ,it will be cheaper in the long run to get reliable counsel in these respects before you start1 rather than learning it from bitter experience4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,capitol4 ,terse ,suggestions ,this is the day of short cuts4 ,if you take the long way 'round1 you will never arrive4 ,cuts1 to be short1 need not be poorly done with a blunt knife4 ,the cleverest surgeon is he who can perform the biggest operation in the shortest time4 ,learn to do things quickly1 but do them well4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in this hustling world we must get there1 and get there quick1 not only in our conversation but in all our work4 ,we must avoid non-essentials4 99 99 99 99 99 ,spend your time and money on money-savers rather than on frills4 ,do your work under a system1 and stick to it4 ,do not have a too elaborate system1 however4 99 99 99 99 99 ,with the machine work of the ,twentieth ,century method1 fine hand work is now considered a luxury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,don't beat about the bush4 ,get right down to the point4 ,the swiftest road to success has the fewest curves4 ,dost thou love life8 ,then do not squander time1 for that is the stuff life is made of4--,franklin4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,sounding ,,the ,,market ,people are always to be found who think anything with which they are not familiar cannot be good4 ,if the average inventor goes out among his friends with his invention and asks them their opinion of it1 he will hear some such expressions as this3 ,old man1 you are a marvel62 ,you will be a millionaire some day1 sure thing62 ,that looks a big winner62 ,beats anything ,i ever saw6 and so on4 ,but such comments are absolutely worthless4 ,many an inventor's head has been turned by just such praise4 ,it is all well-meant1 best-intentioned1 and highly gratifying1 but as an indication of what will be likely to happen to your invention it is worse than valueless4 ,it is grossly misleading4 ,your friends want to encourage you1 help you4 ,they see only your invention's good points1 not its vital weaknesses4 ,they are not skilled in the art1--are not in a position to judge competently at all4 ,do not depend on any such opinions4 ,go to a specialist in such lines4 ,will a stranger to you buy your invention in preference to the ones already on the market8 ,if so1 he exacts a lower price or a better article1 which amount to the same thing4 ,can you manufacture your invention and sell it at a good profit in competition with others8 ,will the wholesalers handle it8 ,can they do so at a good profit8 ,has it good selling and talking points1 or do you need to make excuses for it8 ,is the field now over-crowded8 ,in this connection1 remember the ,six ,cardinal ,patent ,tests1 especially the fifth and sixth4 ,is there a large1 constant1 public demand for my invention or its product8 ,and is there killing competition in the class to which my invention belongs8 ,get the advice of a specialist4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,practical ,,development ,everything in this world is a development4 ,nothing happens by chance4 ,can my invention be made to do better work by putting in gears in place of that sprocket chain8 ,would canvas be cheaper and better than leather in that belt8 ,won't a cotter pin be cheaper and better in place of that nut8 ,won't a steel casting be cheaper and better than that expensive machined steel bearing8 ,would not my machine do better work and cost less if ,i stuck to just this one operation8 ,questions such as this you must ask yourself4 ,the successful inventor is not a one-idea man4 ,he must be on the watch for something better all the time1 until he and his expert advisers are convinced by actual tests in actual service that it is absolutely right in every way4 ,no invention is complete and perfect when it is first conceived4 ,its successful development is a series of changes1 substitutions1 alterations1 rearrangements1 until finally it attains marketable shape4 ,at a meeting of mechanical experts in ,philadelphia one evening1 six men were asked the very best way to make a certain piece of machine work4 ,there were six different answers4--,many men of many minds4--,which was the best way1 and why8 ,if you take your own ideas you will possibly have but one way to do it1 and your way may not prove the best way in the end4 ,the successful invention of today dominates its particular field4 ,why8 ,because it is better than others4 ,successful development of any invention requires a great degree of patience1 unlimited hard work1 belief in ultimate success1 and competent theoretical and practical knowledge of mechanics1 physics1 mathematics1 salesmanship1 shop practice and the like4 ,it is a science in itself4 ,whatever ,i have tried to do in life1 ,i have tried with all my heart to do well2 whatever ,i have devoted myself to1 ,i have devoted myself to completely2 in great aims and small ,i have always been thoroughly in earnest4--,charles ,dickens4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,lower ,,cost ,,superior ,,merit ,an idea of itself may be good1 but still not of itself be of any value4 ,patents1 to meet with even moderate commercial success1 must be on a human necessity or luxury--must cost less and be better than the ones already on the market4 ,that is this whole chapter in a nutshell4 ,lines upon lines could be said about it1 but the reader will grasp the point4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,application ,,for ,,patents1 ,,design ,,patents1 ,,trade-,,marks ,,labels ,,and ,,copyrights ,the man who does things is the man who is doing things4 ,the busiest man in the city is the man who is always ready for new business4 ,to postpone action generally means an attempt to kill by time4--,john ,timothy ,stone4 ,,what ,,is ,,patentable4 ,an art or process1 ,machines or mechanisms1 ,manufactured articles1 ,compositions of matter1 ,improvements on any of the above1 if the art1 machine1 manufactured article1 composition of matter1 or improvement thereof1 for which a ,patent is desired1 was not known or used by others1 in this country1 and has not been patented or described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country1 before the applicant's invention or discovery thereof1 and has not been in public use or on sale for more than two years prior to his application1 unless the same is proved to have been abandoned4 ,usual ,cost ,the cost of taking out a patent varies with different cases4 ,in a simple case such as1 for instance1 an improvement in potato mashers1 it is1 ordinarily1 #fe4 ,some attorneys charge #e less1 and some #aj more1 according to their schedules4 ,this amount is made up as follows3 ,preliminary search of ,patent ,office records #e #jj ,preparation of drawings1 one sheet #e #jj ,preparation of specification and claims #bj #jj ,first ,government fee #ae #jj ,final ,government fee1 payable six months after allowance of patent #bj #jj ,total cost of simple one-sheet case #fe #jj ,complicated machines and processes that require a large number of sheets of drawings and contain a great deal of detail work cost often times1 especially if interferences develop1 as much as #ajjj4 ,elsewhere in this volume is quoted the opinion of the ,supreme ,court as regards the importance of having the specification and claims carefully drawn4 ,have your work done well1 and expect to pay a fair price for good service4 ,,design ,,patents4 ,preparation of drawings and specification1 and prosecuting case #be #jj ,government fee1 for #c-a_/b #aj #jj ,government fee1 for #g #ae #jj ,government fee1 for #ad #cj #jj ,,copyrights4 ,the cost of obtaining a ,copyright1 including all fees1 is usually #e #jj ,,trade-,,marks4 ,preliminary ,search1 ,government and ,attorney's ,fees #be #jj ,,labels4 ,government and ,attorney's ,fees #af #jj ,,note4--,patents run for seventeen years1 and cannot be renewed4 ,design ,patents run for #c-a_/b1 #g or #ad years1 as the case may be4 ,trademarks run for thirty years1 and longer1 if desired4 ,label ,patents run for #bh years1 and may be renewed for fourteen years longer1 if desired4 ,copyrights run for #bh years1 and may be renewed for fourteen years longer1 if desired4 ,special rates and terms are payable on ,interferences1 ,infringements1 ,appeals and ,assignments4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,foreign ,,patents can be procured in all civilized countries1 but should be applied for only after the most careful study as to whether they are likely to prove profitable to the inventor4 ,we are inclined to say it is the exception when they do4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rules of ,practice issued by the ,united ,states ,patent ,office contain the following in regard to the importance of care in the selection of an attorney3 ,as the value of ,patents depends largely upon the careful preparation of the ,specification and ,claims1 the assistance of competent counsel will1 in most instances1 be of advantage to the applicant2 but the value of their services will be proportionate to their skill and honesty1 and too much care cannot be exercised in their selection4 99 99 99 99 99 ,before you spend much money1 either your own or any one's else1 be sure 7#a7 that your invention will work2 7#b7 that no one else has patented it2 7#c7 that there is an opportunity for its sale2 7#d7 that there is not too much competition4 ,many a man starts off and orders a fancy nickel-plated model1 and applies for his patent1 only to find that the idea will not work even the least little bit4 ,in this matter the advice of some one else well up in the theory1 added to that of some one else well up in the practice1 would be valuable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,many an application done up in all the bravery of typewriting1 notarial seal1 and all that1 has been rejected like a bad penny for the very simple reason that some one else had before patented the idea1 or something enough like it to bar out the newcomer4 ,it is cheaper to have the ground gone over first by a preliminary search by a competent person even before the application is written out4 99 99 99 99 99 ,don't be unduly suspicious4 ,don't fear that any one who takes more than a passing interest in your invention is going to steal it4 ,all business is based more or less on trust4 ,you trust some one every day4 ,so does every one else4 ,there is no use in your showing every ,tom1 ,dick and ,harry what you have1 or expect to have2 but if you show a man anything at all1 do it with trust4 ,if he is not trustworthy1 do not show him anything4--,dr4 ,grimshaw4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,marketing ,anybody can slide down hill1 but it takes good legs and good wind to go up4--,silent ,partner4 ,the brightest minds of the business world are endeavoring to solve the problem of how best to market an article4 ,of course1 unlimited capital1 and a good article greatly lessen the problem4 ,but to start with little or no money1 build up a business1 equip the plant1 buy raw materials1 hire help1 manage a factory1 establish credit1 advertise1 fill orders1 collect accounts1 and do the thousand and one other things necessary to make success of a business requires a good1 virile mind1 and plenty of hard work and close attention to detail1 and should be a steady1 gradual development4 ,with honesty of purpose1 quality of product1 absolute fair-dealing1 push and untiring energy as guides1 any man or woman given good health1 common sense and a fairly meritorious patented article can unquestionably succeed in profitably marketing it4 ,a steady climb with unflagging zeal and singleness of purpose always win out4 ,the motto should be1 ,this one thing ,i do4 ,it has been found from experience that it is usually well to get the best expert advice in connection with the establishment of a new business before making plans for spending much money4 ,there are specialists in all business lines today1 and as a rule it proves to be wise economy to spend money in payment of their services4 ,some of the largest industrial establishments in the world are the direct outgrowth of a very small plant judiciously handled and energetically developed4 ,of course1 in marketing a product1 one must know exactly what the product costs4 ,allow proper margin for management expenses1 fixed charges1 depreciation1 selling expenses and the like4 ,it is usually safe to add one hundred per cent4 to the manufacturing cost for the purpose of covering administrative and fixed charges4 ,wholesale selling prices should always conform to the list put out by other manufacturers4 ,in other words1 ,an article retailing at #e;c usually sells wholesale for #ce;c to #dj;c doz4 ,an article retailing at #aj;c usually sells wholesale for #fj;c to #ij;c doz4 ,an article retailing at #be;c usually sells wholesale for #a4ge to #b4be doz4 ,an article retailing at #ej;c usually sells wholesale for #c4ej to #d4ej doz4 ,an article retailing at #a4jj usually sells wholesale for #g4ej to #i4jj doz4 ,the gross prices are approximately as follows3 ,on a #e;c article1 #d4bj to #d4hj per gross ,on a #aj;c article1 #g4bj to #i4hj per gross ,on a #be;c article1 #ba4jj to #bg4jj per gross ,on a #ej;c article1 #db4jj to #ed4jj per gross ,on a #a4jj article1 #ij4jj to #ajh4jj per gross ,it is usually customary to give a discount of from #e per cent4 to #aj per cent41 if ordered in gross lots4 ,terms of settlement show considerable variation in different lines1 and range anywhere from #a per cent4 to #h per cent4 for cash in ten days1 with extension of credit of from thirty days net to ninety days extra dating4 ,there are some splendid books advertised and published along these lines which can be had from the various publishers4 ,there are also weekly and monthly periodicals that will prove of great benefit to anyone engaging in a new business4 ,carefully prepared catalogues1 stationery1 printed matters1 follow-up letters1 etc41 should be used4 ,consult a specialist about these matters4 ,the world always listens to a man with a will in him4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,discouragements ,,and ,,dangers ,when to-day's difficulties overshadow yesterday's triumphs and obscure the bright visions of tomorrow-- ,when plans upset1 and whole years of effort seem to crystallize into a single hour of concentrated bitterness-- ,when little annoyances eat into the mind's very quick1 and corrode the power to view things calmly-- ,when the jolts of misfortune threaten to jar loose the judgment from its moorings-- ,remember that in every business1 in every career1 there are valleys to cross1 as well as hills to scale1 that every mountain range of hope is broken by chasms of discouragement through which run torrent streams of despair6 ,to quit in the chasms is to fail4 ,see always in your mind's eye those sunny summits of success6 ,don't quit in the chasm6 ,keep on6--,system4 ,a careful study of the histories of great inventors and inventions impresses the student most forcibly with the glaring fact that while the field of invention offers1 and has paid1 fabulously large rewards to the fortunate genius who invents or discovers some really new device or idea1 it also is a field full of discouragements1 dangers and heart-breaking delays1 disappointments and unfulfilled hopes1 to say nothing of time and energy utterly wasted by misguided zeal and misdirected effort4 ,we need to look at the matter from all angles1 and study to avoid the pitfalls and dangers history unerringly points out to us1 as well as learn thoroughly the lesson so dearly bought for us by the noble men and women in the army of inventors who have gone before4 ,the following table shows the startlingly large totals of ,patents and ,re-issues issued by the ,united ,states ,government since the year #ahcg1 up to last year1 #aijh3 #ahcg #dce #ahch #ebj #ahci #dbe #ahdj #dgc #ahda #die #ahdb #eag #ahdc #eai #ahdd #dig #ahde #ejc #ahdf #fch #ahdg #efi #ahdh #fec #ahdi #ajgg #ahej #iic #ahea #hgb #aheb #ajai #ahec #ifa #ahed #ahdd #ahee #bjac #ahef #beje #aheg #bhif #aheh #cgaj #ahei #dech #ahfj #dhai #ahfa #ccdj #ahfb #ceba #ahfc #dagj #ahfd #ejbj #ahfe #ffaf #ahff #idej #ahfg #acjae #ahfh #accgh #ahfi #acihf #ahgj #accba #ahga #acjcc #ahgb #aceij #ahgc #abhfd #ahgd #aceii #ahge #adhcg #ahgf #aeeie #ahgg #adahg #ahgh #acddd #ahgi #acbac #ahhj #acidg #ahha #afehd #ahhb #aibfg #ahhc #bbchc #ahhd #bjdac #ahhe #bdbcc #ahhf #bbejh #ahhg #badgg #ahhh #bjejf #ahhi #bdaeh #ahij #bfbib #ahia #bcbdd #ahib #bceei #ahic #bcgfi #ahid #bjhfg #ahie #bbjeg #ahif #bccgc #ahig #bcgid #ahih #bbbfg #ahii #beebg #aijj #bfdii #aija #bgcgc #aijb #bghhf #aijc #cafii #aijd #cjicd #aije #cjcii #aijf #caife #aijg #cffbj #aijh #cbgeg ,the ,united ,states ,government has issued1 approximately1 #ijj1jjj ,,patents4 ,when we compare the number of patents that have proven to be commercial successes 7in other words1 money-makers71 how pitifully small the list is by comparison6 ,how many blasted hopes1 vanishing air castles2 how much poverty1 how many wrecked homes1 how many suicides 7but why prolong this list87 are represented by those ,letters ,patent that did not win6 ,why did they fail8 ,the seal was just as red1 the ribbon just as blue1 they cost just as much1 the drawings were just as clear--then why did they fail8 ,for one1 any or all of the following reasons3 #a4 ,the claims were weak4 #b4 ,the invention would not work4 #c4 ,the cost of manufacture was too great4 #d4 ,the idea was feebly patentable1 but not sufficiently new or novel4 #e4 ,there was no demand for it4 #f4 ,the big fellows froze it out6 ,or1 to be exact1 they failed to stand the ,,six ,,cardinal ,,tests given elsewhere4 ,don't intend to take up inventing1 as some men say1 and expect to make a success of it1 without any preparation1 with little practical education1 much less diligent study4 ,you can't do it1 unless it be by merest accident6 ,look at history4 ,she tells the story so that all can hear and heed it4 ,think of ,edison's perseverance1 his all-night experiments1 without food or drink1 his life-long hard and unremitting effort4 ,picture ,george ,stephenson's disappointments2 the silly opposition he met2 his constant if at first you don't succeed1 try1 try again6 spirit6 ,think of ,john ,fitch and his steamboat2 ,ottmar ,mergenthaler and his linotype1--years of trial and study2 remember ,fulton and his ,clermont2 the ,wright ,brothers1 ,wilbur and ,orville1 working year after year1 planning1 perfecting1 always at it6 ,success in invention is not easy money4--,it does not consist of thinking out an idea1 picking up a magazine or paper and reading a ,patent advertisement ,free ,report as to ,patentability1--,no ,patent ,no ,pay1--,send sketch1 etc41 etc42 drawing a rough pencil sketch and forwarding it to the attorneys the inventor picked out2 getting back a mysterious looking certificate done up in purple ink1 seals1 etc41 purporting to guarantee that the idea is a patentable one1 or he doesn't pay a cent4 ,next he forwards from #dj to #ej and gets back the specification and claims 7the claims claiming every thing above the earth1 and numbering possibly twenty to fifty7 for his oath and signature4 ,then the case is filed with the ,patent ,office4 ,after waiting anywhere from six months to several years the attorney notifies him that his case is allowed 7sometimes it is rejected1 and he has thrown his money away71 and will be issued upon payment of the final ,government fee of #bj1 that is1 of course1 provided it has not run into an interference4 ,if it has1 it is to be regretted1 as it may mean the loss of all the inventor's money in fees and expenses1 and the loss of his case in the end4 ,but for the sake of the story we'll say he gets his patent in a big1 official looking envelope4 ,he sees his name on it1 the seal1 the ribbon1 the picture of the ,patent ,office1 and his heart and head naturally swell with pride4 ,but if he looks at it carefully1 he will find the claims 7and they are what count7 consist of one big long paragraph of several hundred words1 without a period in it1 describing the exact or fancied construction1 the protection in the claim being so restricted and limited in scope that a poor chauffeur could drive a sight-seeing auto through the alleged ,patent without touching sides1 top or bottom6 ,the twenty to fifty claims were all rejected4 ,then what happens8 ,he shows it to his family1 friends1 neighbors4 ,he gets his name in the town paper4 ,he is spoken of as an ,inventor4 ,then he begins to wonder what he is going to do with it4 ,he is dreaming possibly of millions1 when it is not worth cents4 ,when his name appears in the ,official ,gazette he will begin getting circulars1 cunningly worded letters1 postal cards1 etc41 mentioning his wonderful 787 invention 7it may be a new paring knife67 and saying that for any amount ranging from #a4jj to #cj4jj the writer will be glad to sell the patent for any amount their fertile imagination may conjure up1 always more than ample1 but after the money is sent for advertising1 printing1 or what not1 all signs of a sale absolutely disappear4 7,don't send any money to a firm to sell your patent unless they are known to be reliable and trustworthy1 and don't guarantee to do anything but treat you fairly and make an honest effort to sell it47 ,the safe and rational way is to test your idea thoroughly in advance of having it patented1 and then you are practically sure of a sale4 ,here is the moral3 ,some day he will wake up and find he might better have painted the house with the #fe1 or given it to his wife for a new dress4 ,he will give up the idea of fame and fortune so alluringly set forth in the circulars sent out by some attorneys4 ,this is an every-day case one in the business meets with all the time4 ,it is all wrong1 but is only too true4 ,authorities state that #ij per cent4 of the patents issued today are worthless from a commercial standpoint6 ,statistics appear to prove it1 although it is hard to get at the real facts4 ,the reader may feel that the author is trying to discourage inventors from entering the field4 ,no4 ,all that is intended is to show and point out the rational course to pursue in applying for ,patents and endeavoring to be a success as an inventor4 ,volumes could be written on this subject1 but the above will serve as an average example of blasted hopes and misdirected effort4 ,failure is only endeavor temporarily off the track4 ,how foolish it would be to abandon it in the ditch4 ,,bright ,,side ,the output of all the gold1 silver and diamond mines in the world does not equal in value the profits earned from ,american inventions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,probably between fifty and sixty millions of dollars have been1 spent in procuring patents issued by the ,united ,states ,government1 on the basis that the average patent costs from #fj to #fe1 and there have been #ijj1jjj issued4 ,to show that patents are profitable1 we need only recall the fact that almost twice this amount has been received in profits from several of them1 namely1 the ,bell ,telephone1 for instance1 or the ,harvester1 ,sewing ,machine1 ,telegraph1 ,phonograph1 etc4 ,authorities on the subject are of the opinion that there are almost two hundred patents in force in the ,united ,states today that return profits of over one million dollars per year2 several hundred that return half-a-million dollars profit2 five or six hundred that return from #bej1jjj to #ejj1jjj in profits2 and an enormous number which return incomes of from #e1jjj to #ajj1jjj annually4 99 99 99 99 99 ,inventive genius can exact the highest possible price1 for its labor in the markets of the world4 ,if you are a genius you cannot employ your time to better advantage than in endeavoring to improve methods at present in use1 or invent combinations that will cheapen production1 or discover new elements or combinations that will effect economic results4 ,the history of inventions1 poets1 past and present1 tell us that success is possible1 if persistently pursued4 ,do not allow the dangers and discouragements that we must all meet with to dishearten you4 ,as ,longfellow so beautifully puts it3 ,be still1 sad heart6 and cease repining2 ,behind the clouds is the sun still shining2 ,thy fate is the common fate of all1 ,into each life some rain must fall1 ,some days must be dark and dreary4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,selling ,,patents ,it is not so much how you sell your patent4 ,it is what you get for it4 ,patents can be disposed of in various ways4 ,we are sorry to say that the majority of patents issued today1 for reasons already stated1 are disposed of on the scrap heap1 or the waste basket4 ,however1 if you have a patent that possesses commercial value1 it can possibly be disposed of in one of the following manners3 ,first1 by selling it outright for a cash consideration4 ,second1 by selling state1 county or shop rights for the use of your invention4 ,third1 by placing it with an already established concern on a royalty basis4 ,fourth1 by the organization of a company or partnership for its production and marketing4 ,taking up each one of the methods in order1 the following explanations will possibly be of interest3 ,it has often been said that an inventor rarely underestimates the value of his patent4 ,associating with and meeting large numbers of inventors from time to time has convinced the writer that no one individual can give a reliable estimate of the value of anyone's invention4 ,if an inventor desires to sell his invention outright1 he should take into consideration1 in fixing the price1 just how much he spent on the development of the idea2 how much money he actually spent in procuring the patent1 building the models1 and getting the invention into marketable shape4 ,he should add a certain modest percentage for good will1 and if he desires to sell outright1 base his figures on some such estimates4 ,for instance1 a small1 simple patent could be estimated as being worth1 say #bejj cash1 as follows3 ,twenty weeks of time spent in developing the idea1 #be per week #ejj #jj ,procurement of patent #ge #jj ,building of models #aej #jj ,expert advice and counsel #be #jj ,manufactured samples1 dies1 tools1 etc4 #bej #jj ,good will1 or present value of the patent per se #a1ejj #jj -------- ,fair selling price for patent in which the time1 labor1 expenditures1 etc41 were approximately in accordance with the figures listed above1 would be #b1ejj #jj ,the man that buys the patent will be entitled to a great deal more profit than the inventor who conceived it1 and by the time he has it on the market and has the sale established1 he will be entitled to everything he earns4 ,of course1 there are exceptions to every rule1 but the writer is not speaking of exceptions now4 ,another very profitable way to dispose of a patent is the selling of state1 county and shop rights4 ,this has brought many inventors very large returns1 although it involves a good deal of selling expense1 and salesmanship of the highest order4 ,the placing of a patent on a royalty basis1 and the payment of a nominal cash quid pro quo we consider the best method of disposing of an invention1 and the one most likely to prove profitable1 provided1 of course1 that the firm with which the patent is placed is thoroughly reliable1 and can energetically push its sale4 ,elsewhere in this volume you have read of the enormous sums in royalties that have been received on various successful inventions4 ,one particular illustration at this time may not be in-apropos4 ,oscar ,hammerstein1 the ,new ,york theatre proprietor1 sold his first cigar-making machine for #f1jjj cash4 ,the next one he invented he placed on a royalty1 and made #bej1jjj4 ,this is almost a typical case4 ,when the patent or its product has a sufficiently large public demand it is oftentimes better to organize a new company for its development and sale4 ,this is done by applying for a charter under some favorable ,state laws1 7it is usually expedient to apply in the ,state in which it is intended to manufacture17 and give the inventor a reasonable stock interest in the company1 together with an executive position if he is capable of filling it4 ,you must bear some of the burden of introduction yourself4 ,a capitalist may be willing to bet his hard dollars that your idea will work1 if you have secured a patent2 or he may be induced to bet that it is patentable1 if you show him that it will work2 but moneyed men who will bet that your invention is both patentable and practicable are few and far between4 ,if they make such a bet1 it will be with very heavy odds against the inventor4--,grimshaw4 ,do not forget that some men have made millions out of a single patent4 ,do not forget that others have lost all they could make and borrow4 ,victories that are easy are cheap4 ,those only are worth having which come as a result of hard fighting4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,conclusion ,the old adage1 ,be sure you are right and then go ahead1 is especially apropos advice to inventors4 ,but how can you be ,,sure you are right8 ,only by investigation that is strictly impersonal and unprejudiced in every sense4 ,you can have this work of investigation done for you--you can buy advice of this kind just as you can buy legal or medical advice from specialists4 ,better disburse #be or #ej in procuring sound expert advice than spend weeks1 months and years chasing a mirage or will-o'-wisp4 ,you are not compelled to accept the advice if it differs from your ideas1 but you will most likely learn a great deal that will pay you handsomely4 ,the writer is fully aware that this line of talk is opposed to the don't hesitate1 send at once1 delays are dangerous1 the other fellow will get ahead of you arguments so generally used by individuals who have an axe to grind4 ,,be ,,sure you are right1 and then go ahead--don't ,,think you are sure--,,be ,,sure6 ,the author feels that a careful weighing of all statements and facts in this volume will be of great value to anyone considering the application for a patent4 ,history has undoubtedly proven that good patents are possibly more profitable than any other investment that can be made4 ,if you have an idea1 or have made a discovery that you think will prove of benefit to mankind1 the wise and prudent course is to have it thoroughly investigated1 in all points as relate to its success4 ,the small cost of a reliable investigation would be money well spent as it is possible your idea or discovery may be the means of bringing you in enormous wealth4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,statistics ,,of ,,the ,,countries ,,of ,,the ,,world ,,countries ,,population ,,sq4 ,,miles ,,capitals ,china #dbf1ddg1jjj #d1bah1dja ,peking4 ,british ,empire#a #cif1ifh1gih #aa1adf1jhd ,london4 ,russian ,empire #abi1jjd1ead #h1ffj1cie ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,united ,states#b #gf1cjc1hhg #c1fjb1iij ,washington4 ,united ,states and islands#c #hi1jjj1jjj #c1gef1hhd ,washington4 ,france and colonies #fe1aff1ifg #c1bej1jjj ,paris4 ,german ,empire1 in ,europe #eh1edi1jjj #bjh1hcj ,berlin4 ,austro-,hungarian ,empire #df1igc1cei #bfd1eie ,vienna4 ,japan #dd1bfj1fjd #adg1ffi ,tokio4 ,netherlands and ,colonies #cc1jdb1bch #ggh1ahg ,the ,hague4 ,turkish ,empire #cc1eei1ghg #a1feb1ecc ,constantinople4 ,italy #cb1ddi1ged #aaj1ffe ,rome4 ,spain #ag1eej1baf #aif1agc ,madrid4 ,brazil #ah1jjj1jjj #c1bah1acj ,rio ,janeiro4 ,mexico #ac1edf1ejj #gfg1caf ,city of ,mexico4 ,korea #aj1eai1jjj #he1jjj ,seoul4 ,congo ,state #h1jjj1jjj #hjb1jjj 4444 ,persia #g1fec1fjj #fcf1jjj ,teheran4 ,portugal and colonies #aa1jgc1fha #iea1ghe ,lisbon4 ,sweden and ,norway #g1cgf1cba #big1cba 4444 ,belgium #f1jfi1cba #aa1cgc ,brussels4 ,argentine ,republic #d1hjj1jjj #a1jie1jac ,buenos ,ayres4 ,chile #c1aaj1jhe #bef1hfj ,santiago4 ,peru #c1jjj1jjj #dje1jdj ,lima4 ,switzerland #c1cab1eea #ae1iha ,berne4 ,greece #b1dcc1hjf #bd1igg ,athens4 ,denmark #b1dag1dda #ad1ghj ,copenhagen4 ,venezuela #b1ddd1haf #eff1aei ,caracas4 ,liberia #b1jfj1jjj #ce1jjj ,monrovia4 ,cuba #a1fjj1jjj #dd1jjj ,havana4 ,guatemala #a1egd1cdj #df1ggd ,n4 ,guatemala4 ,hayti #a1baa1fbe #i1hcj ,port au ,prince4 ,paraguay #fjj1jjj #ade1jjj ,asuncion4 ,panama #bhe1jjj #ca1ega ,panama4 #a ,these estimates of the population and area include the recently acquired great possessions in ,africa4 #b ,census of #aijj4 #c ,estimated for ,january #ast1 #aijd4 ,,population ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,alabama #a1hbh1fig ,alaska #fc1eib ,arizona #abb1ica ,arkansas #a1caa1efd ,california #a1dhe1jec ,colorado #eci1gjj ,connecticut #ijh1dbj ,dakota 4444 ,delaware #ahd1gce ,district of ,columbia #bgh1gah ,florida #ebh1edb ,georgia #b1baf1cca ,hawaii #aed1jja ,idaho #afa1ggb ,illinois #d1hba1eej ,indiana #b1eaf1dfb ,indian ,territory #cib1jfj ,iowa #b1bca1hec ,kansas #a1dgj1die ,kentucky #b1adg1agd ,louisiana #a1cha1fbe ,maine #fid1dff ,maryland #a1ahh1jdd ,massachusetts #b1hje1cdf ,michigan #b1dbj1ihb ,minnesota #a1gea1cid ,mississippi #a1eea1bgj ,missouri #c1ajf1ffe ,montana #bdc1cbi ,nebraska #a1jff1cjj ,nevada #db1cce ,new ,hampshire #daa1ehh ,new ,jersey #a1hhc1fii ,new ,mexico #aie1caj ,new ,york #g1bfh1hid ,north ,carolina #a1hic1haj ,north ,dakota #cai1adf ,ohio #d1aeg1ede ,oklahoma #cih1cca ,oregon #dac1ecf ,pennsylvania #f1cjb1aae ,rhode ,island #dbh1eef ,south ,carolina #a1cdj1caj ,south ,dakota #dja1egj ,tennessee #b1jbj1faf ,texas #c1jdh1gaj ,utah #bgf1gdi ,vermont #cdc1fda ,virginia #a1hed1ahd ,washington #eah1ajc ,west ,virginia #ieh1hjj ,wisconsin #b1jfi1jdb ,wyoming #ib1eca ---------- ,total #gf1cjc1chg ,population ,continental ,united ,states 7including ,alaska71 #gf1adi1chf 7#aijj72 ,philippines1 #h1jjj1jjj2 ,porto ,rico1 #iec1bcc2 ,hawaii1 #aed1jja2 ,guam1 #h1ffa2 ,american ,samoa1 #e1hjj2 ,total population1 #he1bga1jic4 ,population1 #aijd1 estimating ,continental ,united ,states1 about #ij1jjj1jjj4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,mechanical ,,movements ,in deciding upon the construction of models and the development of an idea1 the proper mechanical movements should always be very carefully taken into consideration4 ,in other words1 movements which simplify the invention1 minimize friction1 and add power1 are always to be preferred to clumsy and inefficient means or methods4 ,every inventor1 and all students of the mechanical arts and sciences1 should arrange any mechanism which they may desire to produce with the least number of parts possible1 and embracing the greatest amount of simplicity of action4 ,on the following pages you will find a large number of mechanical movements with suitable description thereof which will undoubtedly assist inventors in developing and constructing their models of ideas4 ,most of the movements embraced in the following pages have appeared in various scientific journals and publications devoted to scientific and mechanical art4 ,study all the various movements applicable to your invention before deciding upon any particular one4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,illustrating the transmission of power by simple pulleys and an open belt4 ,the pulleys in this case rotate in the same direction4 #b4 ,illustrating the transmission of power by simple pulleys and a crossed belt4 ,the pulleys rotate in opposite directions4 #c4 ,showing the transmission of motion from one shaft to another at right angles to it by means of guide-pulleys4 ,there are two guide-pulleys side by side1 one for each leaf of the belt4 #d4 ,showing the transmission of motion from one shaft to another at right angles to it1 without the use of guide-pulleys4 #e4 ,showing a method of engaging1 disengaging1 and reversing the upright shaft on the left4 ,the belt is shown on a loose pulley1 and accordingly no motion is communicated to the shafts4 ,if the belt be traversed on to the left-hand pulley1 which is fast to the outer hollow shaft 7b71 motion is communicated to the vertical shaft by the bevel-wheels ,,how ,,to ,,succeed and ,c2 and if it be traversed on to the right-hand pulley1 which is fast to the inner shaft 7a71 motion in an opposite direction is transmitted to the vertical shaft by the bevel-gear ,a and ,c4 #f4 ,stepped speed-pulleys 7on the left of the figure71 used in lathes and machine-tools1 and cone pulleys 7on the right of the figure71 used in cotton machinery1 c41 for varying speed according to the requirements of the work being done4 ,for a given speed of the upper shaft the speed of the lower one will be greater the more to the left the belt is placed4 ,the cone-pulleys permit of more gradation in speed than the stepped arrangement4 #g4 ,spur-gearing4 ,the wheels rotate in opposite directions 7cf4 #ab74 ,the smaller wheel has the greater speed of revolution1 and the speeds of the wheels are in the inverse ratio of their diameters4 #h4 ,evans' variable friction gear4 ,the gripping medium by which motion is transmitted from one cone to the other is a loose leather band1 whose position can be varied by the hand-screw shown4 #i4 ,bevel-gearing4 ,this is an adaptation of the spur-wheel principle to the case of non-parallel axes4 #aj4 ,a worm or endless screw geared with a worm wheel4 ,illustration3 #aa4 ,elliptical spur-gearing1 used when a rotary motion of varying speed is required4 #ab4 ,a spur-wheel geared internally with a pinion4 ,the wheels rotate in the same direction 7cf4 #g74 #ac4 ,spur-gearing with oblique teeth1 giving a more continuous bearing than #g4 #ad4 ,showing the transmission of power by rolling contact from one shaft to another obliquely situated with regard to it4 #ae4 ,different kinds of gearing for transmitting motion from one shaft to another arranged obliquely to it4 #af4 ,two kinds of universal joints4 #ag4 ,a method of transmitting motion from one shaft 7the vertical7 to another 7the horizontal7 by means of bevel-gearing1 with a double-clutch for altering the direction of rotation4 ,the bevel-wheels on the horizontal shaft are loose1 and the direction of movement is determined by the side upon which the double-clutch is engaged4 ,the clutch slides upon a key or feather fixed on the shaft4 #ah4 ,transmission of two speeds by gearing4 ,the hand is shown on the loose left hand pulley of the lower three4 ,when it is moved on to the middle pulley1 which is keyed to the shaft carrying the small pinion1 a slow motion is transmitted to the lowest shaft2 but when1 it is on the right-hand pulley1 which is fast to the outer shaft carrying the large spur-wheel1 a quick speed is transmitted4 #ai4 ,transmission of two speeds by means of belts4 ,the two outer pulleys on the lower shaft are loose1 the two inner fast4 ,with the belts arranged as shown1 the speed of the lower shaft is slower than when both are traversed to the right4 ,illustration3 #bj4 ,an intermittent circular motion in the direction indicated by the arrow is transmitted to the wheel ,a1 by means of the oscillating rod ,d and the pawl ,b1 from the reciprocating rectilinear motion of the rod ,c4 #ba4 ,the continuous rotation of the shaft carrying the two cams or wipers gives to the rod ,a an intermittent alternating rectilinear motion4 ,the rod is raised by the action of a wiper on the projection ,b1 and it falls by its own weight4 ,this contrivance is used in ore-stampers or pulverizers1 power-hammers1 c4 #bb4 ,the reciprocating rectilinear motion of the rod on the right produces intermittent circular motion of the wheel by means of the elbow-lever and the pawl4 ,the direction of motion of the wheel is determined by the side on which the pawl works4 ,this contrivance is used in giving the feed-motion to planing-machines and other tools4 #bc4 ,the piston-rod and crank motion used in the steam-engine4 ,the reciprocating rectilinear motion of the former is converted into the rotary motion of the latter through the agency of the connecting-rod 7not shown74 #bd4 ,an eccentric1 such as is used on the crank-shaft of steam-engines for communicating reciprocating rectilinear motion to the slide-valves4 ,it rotates round an axis not pushing through its centre4 #be4 ,internal spring pawls for a ratchet brace4 ,the ratchet can revolve only in one direction 7counterclockwise71 and as it does so the springs are gradually compressed and suddenly released in turn4 #bf4 ,friction pawl feed motion1 silent4 ,the arrow shows the direction of rotation of the wheel4 ,the principle of the contrivance is obvious4 #bg4 ,a heart-cam1 by whose rotation uniform traversing motion is imparted to the vertical bar4 ,the dotted lines show the method of obtaining the curve of the cam4 ,eight concentric circles are drawn with radii in arithmetical progression as shown1 and they are divided into twelve equal sectors4 ,the points on the heart-curve are determined by the intersection of radii and circles4 #bh4 ,a quick-return crank motion1 applicable to shaping-machines4 ,this arrangement needs no explanation4 ,illustration3 #bi4 ,a crank motion1 with the crank wrist working in a slotted yoke1 thereby dispensing with the oscillating connecting rod4 #cj4 ,a screw stamping-press1 showing how rectilinear motion may be obtained from circular motion by means of a screw4 #ca4 ,a screw-cutting mechanism4 ,the rotation of the left-hand screw produces a uniform rectilinear movement of a cutter which cuts another screw-thread 7seen on the right74 ,the pitch of the screw to be cut may be varied by changing the sizes of the engaged spur-wheels at the bottom of the frame4 #cb4 ,the movable headstock of a turning lathe4 ,by turning the wheel on the right hand motion is communicated to the screw1 thus causing the spindle with the centre at its end to move in a straight line4 #cc4 ,swivelling-gear for car wheels4 ,the essential part is the operation of the endless screw on the worm-wheel4 ,the wheels are connected by a lever freely joined to the cranks4 #cd4 ,diagrammatic representation of screw-gear to operate three worm-wheels in the same direction1 for chucks1 etc4 ,the method of working is obvious4 #ce4 ,a mutilated screw for sliding into a nut having corresponding parts of the thread cut away1 to be fixed by a partial turn4 ,it is used for the breech-pieces of cannon4 #cf4 ,variable radius lever1 operated by a crank motion to give variable angular reciprocating motion to a shaft4 #cg4 ,hand or power feed-gear1 for a drill1 boring-machine1 c4 #ch4 ,a method of doubling the length of stroke of a piston-rod or the throw of a crank4 ,a pinion revolving on a spindle attached to the connecting-rod is in gear with the fixed lower rack and also with the upper rack1 which is carried by a guide-rod above and is free to move backward and forward4 ,the connecting-rod communicates to the pinion the full length of stroke1 and since the lower rack is fixed the pinion rotates1 thus making the upper rack travel twice the length of the stroke4 ,illustration3 #ci4 ,a toggle-joint arranged for a punching-machine4 ,the lever at the right operates upon the joint or knuckle of the toggle on the left1 thus raising or lowering the punch4 #dj4 ,a stone-breaker1 with chilled-iron jaw-faces and a toggle or knapping motion4 #da4 ,an ellipsograph4 ,the oblique traverse-bar carries two studs1 which slide in the grooves of the cross-piece4 ,by the motion of the traverse bar the attached pencil is made to describe an ellipse4 #db4 ,link-motion valve-gear of a locomotive engine4 ,the rods of the two eccentrics on the right are jointed to the curved slotted bar called the link1 which can be raised or lowered by the system of levers terminating in the handle at the left4 ,the link carries in its slot a slide and pin connected with another arrangement of levers1 which operates on the valve-rod as shown4 ,if the link be so arranged that the slide is at its centre1 then the movement of the eccentrics will simply cause the link to oscillate about the pin of the slide1 and the valve-rod will be at rest4 ,otherwise the valve-rod will move1 and1 if the slide be at an end of the link1 steam will be admitted during nearly the whole stroke1 but if the slide occupy an intermediate position the period of admission of steam is shorter ,in the latter case the steam is worked more or less expansively4 #dc4 ,joy's locomotive valve-gear operated by the connecting-rod4 ,the rod ,a is connected to the starting-lever to reverse1 vary1 or stop the distribution of steam by the slide-valve 7cf4 #db74 #dd4 ,side shaft motion for operating ,cornish1 ,corliss1 and spindle valves4 ,illustration3 #de4 ,the ,geneva stop1 used in ,swiss watches to limit the number of revolutions in winding up4 ,the convex part a b of the upper wheel acts as the stop4 #df4 ,a form of strap brake used in cranes and other hoisting-machines4 ,if the lever be depressed the ends of the brake-strap are drawn toward each other1 and the strap is thus tightened on the brake-wheel4 #dg4 ,a dynamometer1 used to ascertain the amount of useful effect given out by a motive-power4 ,a is a smooth pulley secured on a shaft as near as possible to the motive-power4 ,two blocks of wood1 or one block and a series of straps fastened to a band or chain1 are fitted to the pulley1 and these are so arranged as to bite or press upon the pulley by means of the screws and nuts on the top of the lever ,d4 ,at the end of ,d is a scale1 and the stops ,c1 ,c' prevent the lever from travelling far from the horizontal position4 ,the shaft being in motion1 the screws are tightened and weights are placed in the scale until the lever takes the position shown at the required rate of revolution4 ,the useful effect is then represented by the product of the weight added and the velocity at which the point of suspension of the scale would revolve if the lever were attached to the shaft4 #dh4 ,a diagrammatic sketch of a form of groove for ball-bearings1 running horizontally1 showing the points of bearing in the grooves4 #di4 ,a diagrammatic sketch of a roller bearing for a vertical shaft1 with steel balls between the ends of the cone-rollers to separate them and reduce their friction4 #ej4 ,a diagrammatic sketch of a roller bearing for a wagon axle1 with balls between the roller ends to separate them and prevent internal friction4 ,two views of the bearing are shown in order to make the arrangement perfectly clear4 #ea4 ,a recoil escapement for clocks4 ,the anchor ,h ,l ,k is made to oscillate on the axis a by the swing of the pendulum4 ,the teeth of the escapement-wheel ,a come alternately against the outer surface of the pallet ,a and the inner surface of the pallet ,d4 ,the pallets are not concentric to the axis a1 and therefore a slight recoil of the wheel takes place after the escape of a tooth 7whence the name of the escapement74 ,when the pallets leave a tooth the teeth slide along their surfaces1 giving an impulse to the pendulum4 ,illustration3 #eb4 ,a dead-beat or repose escapement for clocks4 ,the lettering is as in the preceding4 ,the pallets are concentric with the axis a1 and thus while a tooth is against the pallet the wheel is stationary4 #ec4 ,a lever escapement of a watch4 ,the anchor ,b is attached to the lever ,e ,c1 with the notch ,e4 ,on a disk ,d1 on the axis of the balance-wheel1 there is a pin which enters the notch at the middle of each vibration1 causing the pallet to enter in and retire from between the teeth of the scape-wheel4 ,the wheel gives an impulse to each pallet alternately as it leaves a tooth1 and the lever gives an impulse to the balance-wheel in opposite directions alternately4 #ed4 ,chronometer escapement4 ,as the balance rotates in the direction of the arrow1 the tooth ,v presses the spring against the lever1 thus pressing aside the lever and removing the detent from the tooth of the wheel4 ,as the balance returns ,v presses aside and passes the spring without moving the lever1 which then rests against the stop ,e4 #ee4 ,a parallel motion4 ,to the left-hand end of the short vibrating rod in the centre the radius-rod is connected1 to its right-hand end the beam1 and to its centre the piston-rod4 #ef4 ,the working of the pin in the oblique groove of the lower cylinder produces an alternating traverse of the upper shaft with its drum4 #eg4 ,a drilling-machine4 ,rotary motion is given to the vertical drill-shaft by the bevel-gearing4 ,the shaft slides through the horizontal bevel-wheel1 but is made to turn with it by a feather and groove4 ,it is depressed by means of a treadle connected with the upper lever4 #eh4 ,showing how to describe a spiral line on a cylinder4 ,the spur-wheel on the right gears with the toothed rack shown behind1 thus causing the pencil to traverse the cylinder vertically4 ,it also produces rotation of the cylinder4 #ei4 ,wheel-work in the base of a capstan4 ,the drumhead and the barrel can be rotated independently4 ,if the former1 which is fixed to the spindle1 be locked to the barrel by a bolt1 it turns the barrel with it 7single-purchase74 ,otherwise the wheel-work comes into operation1 and the drum-head and barrel rotate in opposite directions with velocities as three to one 7triple-purchase74 ,illustration3 #fj4 ,a centrifugal governor for steam-engines4 ,the central spindle is driven from the engine by the bevel-gearing1 and the balls fly out under the action of centrifugal force4 ,if the engine speed increases1 the balls diverge farther1 thus raising the slide at the bottom and so reducing the opening of the regulating-valve connected with it4 ,if the speed of the engine decreases1 an opposite result follows4 #fa4 ,crank-shaft governor cut-off gear4 ,two hinged centrifugal weights are coupled by links to the cut-off eccentric sheaves and returned by springs to the full open position4 #fb4 ,a gas-engine governor4 ,the revolving cam throws the vertical arm of the lever far enough to close the gas-valve when the speed increases beyond the normal4 #fc4 ,a plan view of the ,fourneyron turbine4 ,in the centre are a number of fixed curved shutes ,a1 which direct the water against the buckets of the outer wheel ,b1 thus causing it to revolve4 #fd4 ,the ,jonval turbine4 ,the shutes are on the outside of a drum a1 stationary within the casing b4 ,the wheel c is similar1 with the buckets exceeding the shutes in number and set at a slight tangent instead of radially4 #fe4 ,montgolfier's hydraulic ram1 by means of which a small fall of water throws a jet to a great height or furnishes a supply at a high level4 ,the action of the water on the two valves1 which are alternately open1 is easily comprehended4 ,the right-hand one is pressed down by a weight or spring4 ,the elasticity of the air gives uniformity to the efflux4 #ff4 ,common lift-pump4 ,during up-stroke lower valve opens and piston-valve closes1 and water rushes up to fill the vacuum created4 ,during down-stroke lower valve closes and piston-valve opens1 and the water passes through the piston4 ,at next up-stroke it is raised by the piston and passes out by the spout4 #fg4 ,common force-pump1 with two valves4 ,when piston rises1 the suction-valve opens and water enters the vacuum4 ,when piston descends the suction-valve closes and the outlet-valve opens1 and the water is forced up through the outlet-pipe4 #fh4 ,a double-acting piston-pump with four valves4 ,illustration3 #fi4 ,a hydrostatic press4 ,water forced by the pump through the small pipe into the ram cylinder and under the solid ram forces the latter up4 ,the amount of force exerted on the ram bears to the pressure on the plunger the same ratio as the area of the ram does to the area of the plunger4 ,thus1 if the area of the plunger cross-section be two square inches and that of the ram four square feet1 a pressure of ten pounds on the former will produce a pressure of #bhhj pounds on the latter1 or nearly #bf cwts4 #gj4 ,the ,bourdon aneroid gauge4 ,b is a bent tube closed at the ends and secured at its middle1 ,c4 ,the ends of the tube are connected with a toothed sector gearing with a small pinion which carries the indicating pointer4 ,pressure of steam or other fluid admitted to the tube tends to straighten it1 thus moving the pointer more or less4 #ga4 ,an air-pump with foot and head valves4 #gb4 ,root's rotary engine1 used as blower and also as pump4 ,it has two rotating pistons of special shape1 so arranged that air or water may be caught and carried forward by their motion4 #gc4 ,waygood's patent hydraulic balance lift4 ,a is the lift-cylinder communicating with the interior of the cylinder and ram ,b4 ,the cylinder ,c and ram ,d are loaded to nearly balance the cage and ram ,a1 and the load is raised by admitting pressure water to cylinder ,c4 #gd4 ,an epicyclic train4 ,the wheel ,a1 which is concentric with the revolving frame ,c1 gears with ,f1 which is fixed to the same axle as ,e4 ,e gears with ,b and ,d1 the latter on the same axis as ,a4 ,the driving motion may be communicated to the arm and one extreme wheel1 ,a or ,d1 in order to produce an aggregate motion of the other extreme wheel2 or motion may be given to the two extreme wheels1 thus communicating motion to the arm4 #ge4 ,another form of epicyclic train4 ,f ,g is the arm1 secured to the central shaft1 ,a1 upon which are loosely fitted the bevel-wheels ,c1 ,d4 ,the bevel-wheel ,b turns freely on ,f ,g4 ,motion may be given to the two wheels ,c1 ,d to produce aggregate motion of the arm1 or to the arm and one of these wheels to produce aggregate motion of the other4 #gf4 ,common ,d slide-valve with three ports3 a diagrammatic section4 ,illustration3 #gg4 ,another form of slide-valve1 partly in equilibrium4 ,the arrows show the movement of the steam4 7,like the other figures on this plate1 this one is a diagrammatic section47 #gh4 ,a variable cut-off valve on the back of the main slide1 the rod of which 7seen above7 can be revolved by hand or from the governor to vary the opening of the cut-off valves4 #gi4 ,double-beat valve1 with sunk seating4 #hj4 ,reducing-valve1 which can be adjusted by the balance weight to pass fluids from a high to any lower pressure4 #ha4 ,an equilibrium-valve4 #hb4 ,india-rubber disc and grating valve4 #hc4 ,a four-plunger valve1 used for double-power hydraulic lift-cylinders employing a trunk piston ,for the low power the pressure-water acts on both sides of the piston2 for the double power it acts only on the back of the piston1 the front side being then open to the exhaust4 #hd4 ,sketch of the ,corliss valve-gear1 operated by a single eccentric4 ,it has two steam and two exhaust valves of an oscillating cylindrical type1 worked from pins on a rocking wrist-plate4 ,the steam-valves have trips regulated by the governor4 ,illustration3 #he4 ,corliss valve1 with rectangular rocking spindle4 #hf4 ,a favourite type of vertical overhead cylinder screw engine1 with half-standards and distance rods1 one1 two1 or three cylinders1 simple or compound4 ,the condenser is usually in the back standards and the pumps behind4 #hg4 ,a pedestal bearing1 with four brasses and set-screw adjustments4 #hh4 ,a hydraulic oil-pivot for vertical-spindle4 ,oil under pressure is forced into the channels between the bearing faces1 the area and pressure being adjusted to the load4 ,the surplus oil is returned from the oil-well to the pump4 #hi4 ,an engine crosshead1 with adjustable guide-brasses1 set up by taper keys and nuts4 #ij4 ,an equalizing lever to distribute the load on two car springs4 #ia4 ,korting's water-jet condenser4 ,it requires three feet head of condensing water #ib4 ,an automatic tipping-scale4 ,when full1 to equal the weight1 it falls and tips by striking a fixed stop4 ,the scale then turns over and returns to its position to be refilled4 ,,patents ,expert ,advice and ,counsel in ,patent ,matters ,,goodwin ,b4 ,,smith ,,registered ,,attorney ,patents1 ,trade-,marks1 ,labels1 ,caveats1 ,copyrights1 ,reports as to ,patentability1 ,comprehensive ,reports as to ,probable ,commercial ,success of ,your ,invention4 ,reasonable ,charges4 ,highest ,service4 ,unquestionable ,references4 ,,address #aaad ,chestnut ,street1 ,,philadelphia ,,next ,,door ,,keith',s ,,theatre ,the ,,only ,clip ,,and ,,paper ,,fastener ,the ,paper ,clip for which the ,business ,world has been waiting4 ,,secure1 ,,refined1 ,,low-,,priced4 ,send #ad;c in coin or stamps for ,sample ,carton of #ajj by mail1 postpaid4 ,agents wanted in unassigned territory4 ,,west ,,manufacturing ,,company ,,manufacturers #aaad ,chestnut ,street1 ,,philadelphia ,illustration3 ,,without ,,junoform ,illustration3 ,,with ,,junoform ,,are ,,you ,,worried ,,about ,,your ,,figure8 ,,junoform ,,bust ,,forms ,,and ,,accessories will remedy all defects4 ,all dealers keep them4 ,made in all styles1 at from #ej;c to #e4jj4 ,write for price-list and send dealers name if you can't find the style you want4 ,,mlle4 ,,wolfe ,,company ,,manufacturers #bfg ,south #dth ,street - - - ,,philadelphia ,the ,louisiana ,lottery did not offer the chance of drawing a capital prize as is offered at the present time1 to an alert1 intelligent man or woman in the field of ,invention4 ,we furnish expert1 unprejudiced1 dependable advice in all matters pertaining to ,patents1 ,inventions1 ,discoveries and the like4 ,our services may be obtained on extremely reasonable terms1 and1 if desired1 we will finance or market inventions of superior merit4 ,if you are of an inventive frame of mind don't let your ideas lie dormant4 ,it will cost you little to test them4 ,,established #aijj ,,inventors ,,and ,,investors ,,corporation ,,patent ,,specialists #aaad ,chestnut ,street - ,,philadelphia ,,references ,simplex ,manufacturing ,co41 #ij ,west ,st41 ,new ,york2 ,west ,mfg4 ,co41 ,philadelphia2 ,u4,s4 ,indestructible ,gasket ,co41 #ej ,church ,st41 ,new ,york2 ,mlle4 ,wolfe ,co41 ,philadelphia2 ,scott-,conner ,sales ,co41 ,missouri ,trust ,bldg41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo42 ,report ,publishing ,co41 ,lebanon1 ,pa42 ,c4 ,d4 ,jocelyn ,co41 ,philadelphia4 ,,the ,,mail ,,order ,,man ,a large beautiful instructive magazine read by everybody who is anybody in the mail order business2 gives latest ideas and pointers4 ,yearly subscription 7including two booklets7 ,mail ,order ,advertising 7telling bow to advertise a mail order venture7 and the ,right ,way of getting into mail order business1 all for #ej;c4 ,current number with booklets #bj;c4 ,,ross ,d4 ,,breniser #ijh ,s4 ,chestnut ,street ,,philadelphia ,if you have a patent which ought to be for sale by mail order firms1 advertise in ,the ,mail ,order ,man1 ,circulation #aj1jjj4 ,rate4 #be cts4 per line4 ,,how-,,do-,,you-,,do ,we live in a thriving city of #be1jjj inhabitants and are taking a little trip1 just to tell you that ,,we ,,do ,printing ,this department is well equipped--,printing ,magazines1 ,catalogs1 ,booklets1 anything1 a little better than seems necessary1 imparting to them an individuality all their own4 ,write for our ,prices4 ,a little out of the way1 ,,but ,,report ,,publishing ,,co41 ,lebanon1 ,pa4 ,leading ,print ,house between ,philadelphia and ,pittsburg ,,if ,,you ,,own ,,an ,,aunt ,,sally',s ,,cake ,,maker ,you can eat your cake and have it too in the house any time on ten minutes' notice4 ,anyone with human intelligence can make a cake in ten to fifteen minutes with this beater4 ,sold on an absolute and positive guarantee to give satisfaction or money will be refunded without quibble4 ,,price1 #a4jj ,manufactured and ,sold by ,,inventors ,,and ,,investors ,,corporation #aaad ,chestnut ,street1 ,,philadelphia ,patent ,office ,searches and ,reports on ,patentability ,are specialized by this ,company4 ,no ,desk ,searches or ,guarantees1 but careful painstaking examination of ,patent ,office records1 with references4 ,moderate ,charges4 ,write for ,particulars4 ,,inventors ,,and ,,investors ,,corporation ,,stafford ,,building ,,philadelphia1 ,,penna4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,minor typographical errors have been corrected without note4 ,irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed4 ,words printed in italics are marked with underlines3 italics4 ,words printed in bold are marked with tildes3 bold4