,,magic ,,& ,,religion ,,by ,,&rew ,,lang ,,au?or ,,( ',,my?1 ,,ritual1 ,,& ,,religion' ',,cu/om ,,& ,,my?' ,,etc ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,bombay #aija ,,preface ,rec5t ye>s h br\ght ri* additions to ! mat]ials = ! /udy ( e>ly religion1 ritual1 magic1 & my?4 ,9 proportion to ! abundance ( in=mation has be5 ! gr[? ( !ory & hypo!sis4 ,! fir/ essay 9 ?is collection1 ',sci5ce & ,sup]/ition1' po9ts out ! dang] ( all[+ too +5i\s & imag9ative hypo!ses to lead captive our sci5ce4 ,z1 l o!rs1 ,i h n long s9ce advanc$ a provisional !ory ( my own1 ! second & ?ird essays are design$ to /r5g!n my position4 ,! !ory is t p]haps ! e>lie/ traceable =m ( religion 0 relatively high1 & t x 0 inevitably l[]$ 9 tone dur+ ! process ( social evolution4 ,obvi\sly ?is op9ion may be attack$ f two sides4 ,x may be said t ! l(ti] religi\s ideas ( ! l[e/ savages are borr[$ f ,*ri/ianity or ,islam4 ,?is ,i und]/& to be ! !ory ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor4 ,x is ) mu* diffid5ce t ,i v5ture1 at pres5t1 to disagree ) s em95t & sagaci\s an au?ority1 :ile await+ ! publication ( ,mr4 ,tylor's ,ab]de5 ,gif=d ,lectures4 ,my reply to 8 hypo!sis1 s f> z x has be5 publi%$ by him1 w be f\nd 9 ! second essay1 ',! ,!ory ( ,loan-,gods4' ,secondly1 my position may be attack$ by disabl+ ! evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( ! high] elem5ts 9 ! religion ( l[ savages4 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 9 ! second edition ( 8 ',gold5 ,b\gh1' has advanc$ an hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( religion1 :]e9 ! evid5ce = ! high] factors is n tak5 into acc\nt4 ,probably he may consid] ! subject 9 a lat] "w1 to :i* he alludes 9 8 ,preface4 ',%\ld ,i live to complete ! works = :i* ,i h collect$ & am collect+ mat]ials1 ,i d>e to ?9k t !y w cle> me ( any suspicion ( treat+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( religion f a s+le n>r[ po9t ( view4'#a ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,fraz] has advanc$ a !ory ( ! orig9 ( religion :]e9 evid5ce :i* ,i ?9k des]v+ ( att5tion receives no recognition4 ,i hope1 !re=e1 t x is n premature to /ate ! evid5ce1 or "s ( x1 :i* ,i d 9 ! ?ird essay1 ',magic & ,religion4' ,f\r? comes a long criticism ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s _m hypo!ses1 :i* are comb9$ into 8 !ory ( ! orig91 or p>tial orig91 ( ! belief 9 ! div9e "* ( ,*ri/4 ,?is argum5t dem&s v m9ute1 &1 ,i fe>1 t$i\s exam9ation4 ,i fe> /ill m t my lab\r has n1 aft] all1 be5 suffici5tly m9ute & accurate4 ,x seems to be almo/ impossible to und]/& cle>ly & repres5t fairly ideas ) :i* "o does n agree4 ,if ,i h fail$ 9 ^! respects x is unconsci\sly1 & ,i %all gratefully accept criticism enabl+ me to recognise & correct errors4 ,fif?ly1 ,i exam9e1 9 ',! ,gha/ly ,prie/1' ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory ( ! ,gold5 ,b\gh ( ,virgil z connect$ ) ! fugitive slave :o 0 ',k+ ( ! ,wood' ne> ,aricia4 ,i (f] a conjecture z to ! orig9 ( 8 curi\s position1 :i* seems to me simpl]1 & n less probable1 ?an ,mr4 ,fraz]'s hypo!sis t ?is outca/ 'liv$ & di$ z an inc>nation ( ! supreme ,aryan god1 ^: life 0 9 ! mi/letoe or gold5 b\gh4' ,b my conjecture is only a guess at a problem :i*1 ,i ?9k1 we h n ! means ( solv+4 ,!re foll[ an essay1 ',s\? ,african ,religion1' & ano!r on ! old puzzle ( ! ',cup & ,r+' m>ks on rocks & ci/s & o!r objects all ov] ! _w4 ,next ,i consid] ! subject ( ',taboos1' ) especial ref]5ce to ! !ory ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,b4 ,jevons4 ,an essay foll[s on ! s+ul> rite ( ! ,fire ,walk1 ) ! alleg$ immunity ( ! p]=m]s4 ,?is curi\s topic ,i h treat$ be=e1 b n[ add fre% evid5ce4 ,( ^! essays ! second1 9 "p1 appe>$ 9 ! ',n9ete5? ,c5tury1' & mo/ ( ',! ,gha/ly ,prie/' 0 publi%$ 9 ',! ,=tnightly ,review1' :ile ',cup & ,r+' fir/ saw ! light 9 ',! ,contempor>y ,review4' ,my ?anks are due to ! ,editors ( ^? p]iodicals = p]mission to republi%4 ,! essay on ! ',fire ,walk' 0 9 ! ',proce$+s ( ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*1' ?\gh ! topic does n appe> to be 'psy*ical4' ,all ! o!r pap]s are new1 & ?ree ,app5dices on po9ts ( detail are add$4 ,! design on ! cov] is drawn by ,mr4 ,donnelly1 ! discov]] ( ! ,dunbuie & ,dumbuck sites & relics1 f an ,au/ralian design1 9 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5's ',native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4' ,= p]mission to reproduce ?is draw+ ,i h to ?ank ! k9dness ( ,messrs4 ,macmillan ,co4 ,! designs ( feet1 on ! back ( ! volume 7a subject f\nd 9 ,au/ralia71 & ! ',jew's h>p' ornam5t 7common to ,scotl& & ,h9du/an71 are also by ,mr4 ,donnelly1 f ,scotti% rock c>v+s4 #a ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 xvii1 #aijj4 ,corrig5da & ,add5da ,page #d1 l9es #bd1 #be1 = /ory read /orey1 = /ories read /oreys4 ,page #ac1 l9e #g1 comp>e p4 #big1 ! second p>agraph1 z to ,motagon & ,bi%op ,salvado4 ,page #ag1 l9e #bd1 = #ahga read #ahgc4 ,page #dd4 ,to ! names ( writ]s :o support ! idea ( an ,au/ralian religion %\ld be add$ t ( ,dr4 ,john ,ma!w1 9 ,eaglehawk & ,cr[1 p4 #adg 7#ahii71 ',i 0 once ( op9ion t notions ab\t a div9ity _h be5 d]iv$ f ! :ites & transmitt$ among ! blacks hi!r & ?i!r1 b ,i am n[ conv9c$ t ?is idea 0 "h be=e ,european occupation4' ,b 7pp4 #acj1 #aca7 ,dr4 ,ma!w gives 8 reasons = ?9k+ importation f ,indian my?ology possible4 ,b z !y re/ on 8 deciph]m5t ( c]ta9 m>ks1 :i* may be meant = *>act]s1 9 ,sir ,george ,grey's copy ( an ,au/ralian wall-pa9t+1 ! evid5ce is weak4 7,grey1 ,nor?-we/ & ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 i4 #bja et seq474 ,suppos+ ! *>act]s to be ,sumatran1 x w\ld be necess>y to %[ t ! p ( ,sumatra d repres5t _! otiose deity z 9 ! pa9t+ copi$ by ,grey4 ,page #eh1 l9e #f1 = rights read rites4 ,page #ge1 note #a1 = ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #cgi1 #ahga1 read ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #dai1 #ahgc4 ,page #aab1 note #a4 ',b s !re 7 9 #ajjj ,a4,d4' ,i h be5 in=m$ t !re 0 no special fe> ( ! end ( ! _w 9 #ajjj ,a4,d4 ,m4 ,cumont gives good reasons = hold+ t ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,dasius 9 #cjc 0 on record betwe5 #cfb & #daa 7,man1 ,may #aija1 ,no4 #ec74 ,page #abj4 ',ctesias fl\ri%$ r e>li] ?an ,b]osus1 :o is ab\t #bjj ,b4,c42' = #bjj read #bfj4 ,ctesias 0 a contempor>y ( ,h]odotus4 ,all necess>y corrections h be5 made4--,m4 ,d4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,sup]/ition ,,ii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,loan-,,gods2 ,,or ,,borr[$ ,,religion ,,iii4 ,,magic ,,& ,,religion ,,iv4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,fai? ,v4 ,,! ,,approa*es ,,to ,,mr4 ,,fraz]',s ,,!ory ,i4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,gods ,,ii4 ,,! ,,alleg$ ,,mortality ,,( ,,gods ,,iii4 ,,religi\s ,,regicide ,,iv4 ,,annual ,,religi\s ,,regicide ,v4 ,,! ,,saturnalia ,,vi4 ,,! ,,greek ,,cronia ,,vii4 ,,! ,,sac,a ,,vi4 ,,attempts ,,to ,,prove ,,! ,,sac,,an ,,crim9al ,,div9e ,i4 ,,sacrifice ,,by ,,hang+4 ,,does ,,x ,,exi/8 ,,ii4 ,,/ages ,,9 ,,mr4 ,,fraz]',s ,,!ory ,,iii4 ,a ,,possible ,,reconciliation ,,iv4 ,,! ,,sac,a ,,sudd5ly ,,*anges ,,its ,,date ,v4 ,,v>i\s ,,!ories ,,( ,,! ,,victim ,,vii4 ,,zakmuk1 ,,sac,a1 ,,& ,,purim ,i4 ,,hi/orical ,,difficulty ,,ii4 ,,p]sians ,,are ,,n ,,babylonians ,,iii4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,purim ,,iv4 ,,is ,,purim ,,pre-,,exilian ,,or ,,po/-,,exilian ,v4 ,,!ory ,,( ,a ,,human ,,victim ,,at ,,purim ,,vi4 ,,contradictory ,,conjecture ,,vii4 ,a ,,new ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,victim ,,viii4 ,,new ,,g]man ,,!ory ,,( ,,purim ,,ix4 ,,ano!r ,,new ,,!ory4 ,,human ,,& ,,! ,,victim ,,viii4 ,,mordecai1 ,,e/h]1 ,,va%ti1 ,,& ,,haman ,i4 ,,e/h] ,,lov$ ,,by ,,mordecai ,,ii4 ,,! ,,p]sian ,,buffoon ,,iii4 ,a ,,helpful ,,!ory ,,( ,,my ,,own ,,ix4 ,,:y ,,0 ,,! ,,mock-,,k+ ,,( ,,! ,,sac,a ,,:ipp$ ,,& ,,hang$8 ,i4 ,,p]iods ,,( ,,lic5ce ,,ii4 ,,! ,,div9e ,,scapegoat ,,iii4 ,,m ,,p]iods ,,( ,,lic5ce ,,iv4 ,,! ,,sac,a ,,z ,a ,,p]iod ,,( ,,lic5ce ,x4 ,,calv>y ,,xi4 ,,! ,,gha/ly ,,prie/ ,,xii4 ,,s\? ,,african ,,religion ,,xiii4 ,,cup ,,& ,,r+3 ,,an ,,old ,,problem ,,solv$ ,,xiv4 ,,fir/-,,fruits ,,& ,,taboos ,,xv4 ,,walk+ ,,?r\gh ,,fire ,,app5dices ,a4 ,,mr4 ,,tylor',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,borr[+ ,b4 ,,! ,,m>tyrdom ,,( ,,dasius ,c4 ,,! ,,ride ,,( ,,! ,,be>dless ,,"o ,,index ,i ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,sup]/ition ,we all "k :at we mean by sci5ce2 sci5ce is 'organis$ common s5se4' ,h] aim is ! acquisition ( reason$ & ord]ly k4 ,pres5t$ ) a collection ( v]ifi$ facts1 x is ! "p ( sci5ce to r$uce !m to ord]1 & to acc\nt = _! exi/5ce 9 accordance ) h] recognis$ !ory ( ?+s4 ,if ! facts _c be fitt$ into ! !ory1 x mu/ be exp&$ or alt]$2 = we mu/ admit t1 if ! facts are v]ifi$1 !re is ne$ = *ange & expansion 9 ! !ory4 ,! 'colligation' ( facts dem&s hypo!ses1 & ^! may n1 at ! mom5t ( _! con/ruction1 be v]ifiable4 ,! deflections ( a planet f its app>5tly normal c\rse may be acc\nt$ = by ! hypo!sis ( ! attraction ( ano!r heav5ly body n yet discov]$4 ,! hypo!sis is legitimate1 = su* bodies are kn[n to exi/1 & to produce su* effects4 ,:5 ! body is discov]$1 ! hypo!sis becomes a c]ta9ty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! hypo!sis t "s caprici\s & consci\s ag5cy pu%$ ! planet into deflections w\ld be illegitimate1 = ! exi/5ce ( su* a freaki% ag5cy is n demon/rat$4 ,our hypo!ses !n mu/ be consi/5t ) our actual k ( nature & ( human nature1 & our conjectur$ causes mu/ be adequate to ! production ( ! effects4 ,?us1 sci5ce gradually acquires & organises new regions ( k4 ,sup]/ition is a ^w ( mu* less def9ite mean+4 ,:5 we call a man 'sup]/iti\s1' we usually mean t evid5ce :i* satisfies him does n satisfy u4 ,we see examples daily ( ! dep5d5ce ( belief on bias4 ,"o man believes a /ory ab\t cruelties committ$ by our adv]s>ies2 ano!r1 disbeliev+ ! tale1 cr$its a n>rative ab\t ! misconduct ( our own p>ty4 ,probably ! evid5ce 9 nei!r case w\ld satisfy ! hi/orian1 or be accept$ by a jury4 ,a man 9 a tav]n tells ano!r h[ ! ,bo]s1 retreat+ f a position1 buri$ _! own w\nd$4 ',i don't believe t1' says ! o!r4 ',!n y are a pro-,bo]4' ,! sceptic reason$ f 8 g5]al k ( human nature4 ,! believ] reason$ f 8 own prejudic$ & my?opic conception ( p :om he dislik$4 ,if ! "q _h be5 "o ( religion ! believ] might be call$ sup]/iti\s2 ! sceptic might be call$ sci5tific1 if he 0 ready to yield 8 d\bts to ! evid5ce ( capable obs]v]s ( ! alleg$ fact4 ,sup]/ition1 l sci5ce1 has h] hypo!ses1 &1 l sci5ce1 %e reasons f exp]i5ce4 ,b h] exp]i5ce is usually fanta/ic1 unreal1 or if real capable ( explanation by causes o!r ?an ^? alleg$ by sup]/ition4 ,a man comes 9 at night1 & says he has se5 a gho/ 9 :ite4 ,t is m]ely 8 hypo!sis2 ! exi/5ce ( gho/s 9 :ite is n demon/rat$4 ,y accompany him to ! sc5e ( ! exp]i5ce1 & prove to him t he has se5 a po/1 n a gho/4 ,8 exp]i5ce 0 real1 b 0 mis9t]pret$ by d9t ( an hypo!sis re/+ on no demon/rat$ fact ( k4 ,! hypo!ses ( sup]/ition are famili>4 ,?us1 an ev5t has happ5$3 say y h lo/ y\r button-hook4 ,y pres5tly he> ( a dea? 9 y\r family4 ,ev] aft]w>ds y g anxi\sly ab\t :5 y h lo/ a button-hook4 ,y are confus+ a casual sequ5ce ( facts ) a causal connection ( facts4 ,sequ5ce 9 "t is mi/ak5 = sequ5ce ( :at we commonly /yle cause & effect4 ,9 ! same way1 sup]/ition *]i%es ! hypo!sis t l affects l4 ,?us1 ! sun is r\nd1 & a ball ( clay is r\nd4 ,!re=e1 if an ,au/ralian native wi%es to delay ! c\rse ( ! r\nd sun 9 ! heav5s1 he fixes a r\nd ball ( clay on ! b\gh ( a tree2 or s books on an?ropology tell u4 ,act+ on ! hypo!sis t l affects l1 a man makes a clay or wax5 image ( an enemy1 & /icks x full ( p9s or ?orns4 ,he expects 8 enemy to suff] agony 9 consequ5ce1 & s p[]ful is 'sugge/ion' t1 if ! enemy kn[s ab\t ! image1 he sometimes falls ill & dies4 ,?is exp]i5ce corroborates ! sup]/iti\s hypo!sis1 & s ! exp]im5t ) ! image is ( _w-wide diffusion4 ,ev]y?+ is done1 or attempt$1 on ^! l9es by sup]/ition4 ,m5 imitate ! kill+ ( foes or game1 & expect1 z a result1 to kill !m 9 w> or 9 ! *ase4 ,!y mimic ! ga!r+ ( cl\ds & ! fall ( ra91 & expect ra9 to fall 9 consequ5ce4 ,!y imitate ! evolution ( an edible grub f ! l>va1 & expect grubs to multiply2 & s on4 ,all ?is is q rational1 if y grant ! hypo!ses ( sup]/ition4 ,h] practices are magic4 ,we are lat] to discuss a !ory t m5 _h magic be=e !y _h religion1 & only inv5t$ gods because !y f\nd t magic did n "w4 ,/ill lat] !y inv5t$ sci5ce1 :i* is only magic ) a legitimate hypo!sis1 us+ real1 n fanciful1 exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! long run magic & religion are to die out1 p]haps1 & sci5ce is to h ! :ole field to h]self4 ,?is may be a glori\s ?\gh a remote prospect4 ,b surely x is above all ?+s ne$ful t our sci5ce %\ld be sci5tific4 ,%e mu/ n bl9k facts1 m]ely because !y d n fit into h] s*eme or hypo!sis ( ! nature ( ?+s1 or ( religion4 ,%e really mu/ give z mu* prom95ce to ! evid5ce :i* contradicts z to t :i* supports h] !ory 9 ea* in/ance4 ,n only mu/ %e n %ut h] eyes to ?is evid5ce1 b %e mu/ dilig5tly se>* = x1 mu/ seek = :at ,bacon calls in/antice contradictorim1 s9ce1 if ^! exi/1 ! !ory :i* ignores !m is useless4 ,if %e advances an hypo!sis1 x mu/ n be contradictory ( ! :ole mass ( human exp]i5ce4 ,if sci5ce f9ds t h] hypo!sis contradicts exp]i5ce1 %e mu/ seek = an hypo!sis :i* is 9 accordance ) exp]i5ce1 &1 if t _c be f\nd1 %e mu/ wait till x is f\nd4 ,aga91 sci5ce mu/ n pile "o unv]ifi$ hypo!sis ^u ano!r unv]ifi$ hypo!sis till h] edifice rivals ! ,t[] ( ,babel4 ,%e mu/ n make a conjecture on p4 #ce1 & on p4 #baj treat ! conjecture z a fact4 ,because1 if "o /ory 9 ! c>d-ca/le is de/roy$ by be+ prov$ impossible1 all ! o!r /ories w 'come tumbl+ aft]4' ,x seems h>dly necess>y1 b x is n sup]flu\s1 to add t1 9 h] ca/le ( hypo!ses1 "o mu/ n contradict1 & !re=e de/roy1 ano!r4 ,we mu/ n be ask$ to believe t an ev5t occurr$ at "o date1 & also t x occurr$ at ano!r2 or t an in/itution 0 bo? borr[$ by a p at "o p]iod1 & 0 also possess$1 unborr[$1 by ! same p1 at an e>li] p]iod4 ,we _c p]mit sci5ce to assure u t a c]ta9 fact 0 well kn[n1 & t ! k produc$ important consequ5ces2 :ile we are no less solemnly told t ! fact 0 :olly unkn[n1 :5ce x w\ld seem t ! results alleg$ to spr+ f ! k c\ld n be produc$4 ,?is k9d ( reason+1 ) its inf]r+ ( inf]5ces f o!r inf]5ces1 !mselves inf]r$ f conjectures z to ! exi/5ce ( facts ( :i* no pro( is adduc$1 mu/ be call$ sup]/iti\s r ?an sci5tific4 ,! results may be int]e/+1 b !y are ! rev]se ( sci5ce4 ,x is p]haps *iefly 9 ! nasc5t sci5ce ( ! an?ropological /udy ( in/itutions1 & above all ( religion1 t ?is k9d ( reason+ prevails4 ,! topic attracts +5i\s & curi\s m9ds4 ,sy/em aft] sy/em has be5 con/ruct$1 un/9t$ 9 mat]ial1 elegant 9 aspect1 has be5 laun*$1 & has be5 wreck$1 or be5 drift$ by ! c>eless w9ds to ! =lorn %ore :]e ,bryant's ark1 ) all its crew1 div9e or human1 lies 9 decay4 ,no mortal /ud5t believes 9 ! arkite sy/em ( ,bryant1 ?\gh 8 ark1 on ! mat*-boxes ( ,messrs4 ,bryant & ,may1 p]haps d5otes loyalty to ! ance/ral idea4 ,! _w ( mod]n read]s has wat*$ sun my?s1 & dawn my?s1 & /orm my?s1 & w9d my?s come 9 & g out3 autant en emporte le v5t4 ,totems & taboos succe$$1 & we are bewild]$ by ! cont5d+ !ories ( ! orig9s ( taboos & totems4 ,deities ( vegetation n[ are all 9 all1 & may x be f> f u to say t any "o f ,ouranos to ,pan1 f ! ,p]sian ,k+ to ! horses ( ,virbius1 is n a _s ( vegetable life4 ,yet p]haps ! deity has high] aspects & nobl] functions ?an ! pursuit ( 8 'vapid vegetable loves2' & ^! des]ve occasional att5tion4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 ( scurry+ hypo!ses & ha/y g5]alisations is t ! nasc5t sci5ce ( religi\s orig9s is receiv$ ) di/ru/4 ,we may review ! brief hi/ory ( ! mod]n sci5ce4 ,"s tw5ty ye>s ago1 :5 ! ',pr9ciples ( ,sociology1' by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 0 fir/ publi%$1 ! book 0 review$1 9 ',m9d1' by ! au?or ( ',primitive ,culture4' ,t "w1 aga91 0 publi%$ 9 #ahga4 ,9 #ahij appe>$ ! ',gold5 ,b\gh1' by ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 & ! second edition ( ! book1 ) *anges & mu* new matt]1 0 giv5 to ! _w 9 #aijj4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a :ole g5]ation1 a space ( ?irty ye>s1 dur+ :i* ,engli% philosoph]s or s*ol>s h be5 /udy+ ! sci5ce ( ! ,orig9s ( ,religion4 ,9 ! late/ edition ( ! ',gold5 ,b\gh1' ,mr4 ,fraz] has ev5 p5etrat$ into ! remote region :]e man nei!r _h1 nor want$1 any religion at all4 ,we naturally ask ourselves to :at po9t we h arriv$ aft] ! lab\rs ( a g5]ation4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago1 :5 review+ ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ,mr4 ,tylor said t a "t ( great public excitem5t z to ^! topics 0 at h&4 ,! clam\r & conte/ ar\s$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species & ! ,desc5t ( ,man w\ld be outdone by ! com+ w> ov] ! "q ( ! ,evolution ( ,religion4 ,b !re has be5 no g5]al excitem5t2 !re has be5 little display ( public int]e/ 9 ^! que/ions4 ,!y h be5 left to '! curi\s' & '! le>n$1' classes n absolutely id5tical4 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 inde$1 assures u t ! comp>ative /udy ( human beliefs & in/itutions is 'fitt$ to be mu* m ?an a means ( satisfy+ an enlight5$ curiosity1 & ( furni%+ mat]ials = ! rese>*es ( ! le>n$4'#a ,b enlight5$ curiosity seems to be easily satisfi$1 & only v few ( ! le>n$ conc]n !mselves ) ^! rese>*es1 :i* ,mr4 ,tylor expect$ to be s g5]ally excit+4 ,a memb] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d in=m$ me t ! /udy ( beliefs1 & ( an?ropology 9 g5]al1 is almo/ entirely neglect$ by ! und]graduates1 & :5 ,i ask$ him ',:y8' he repli$ ',!re is no money 9 x4' ,ano!r said t an?ropology '_h no evid5ce4' ,9 ! language ( ! economi/s !re is no supply provid$ at ,ox=d because !re is no dem&4 ,classics1 philology1 hi/ory1 physical sci5ce1 & ev5 lit]ature1 are /udi$1 because '!re is money 9 !m1' n mu* money inde$1 b a compet5ce1 if ! /ud5t is successful4 ,= ! /udy ( ! evolution ( beliefs !re is no dem&1 or v little4 ,yet1 says ,mr4 ,fraz]1 'well h&l$1 x may become a p[]ful in/rum5t to exp$ite progress1 if x lays b>e c]ta9 weak spots 9 ! f\ndations on :i* mod]n society is built4' ,we all desire progress 79 ! "r direction71 we all p9e to lay b>e weak spots1 & yet we d n seem to be conc]n$ ab\t ! s]vices :i* might be done = progress by ! /udy ( ! evolution ( religion4 ',x is inde$ a melan*oly &1 9 "s respects1 ?ankless task1' says ,mr4 ,fraz]1 'to /rike at ! f\ndations ( beliefs 9 :i*1 z 9 a /rong t[]1 ! hopes & aspirations ( humanity ?r\gh long ages h s\ght a refuge f ! /orm & /ress ( life4' ',?ankless1' inde$1 ^! op]ations are4 ',yet soon] or lat]1' ,mr4 ,fraz] adds1 'x is inevitable t ! batt]y ( ! comp>ative me?od %\ld-brea* ^! v5]able walls1 mantl$ ov] ) ! ivy & mosses & wild fl[]s ( a ?\s& t5d] & sacr$ associations4 ,at pres5t we are only dragg+ ! guns into position2 !y h h>dly yet begun to speak4' ,mr4 ,fraz] is too mode/3 he has dragg$ into position a "w ( imm5se le>n+ & eloqu5t /yle 9 ?ree siege guns1 we may say1 ?ree volumes ( ! l>ge/ calibre1 & !y h spok5 ab\t #ejj1jjj words4 ,no man1 to cont9ue ! metaphor1 is bett] suppli$ ?an he ) ! ammunition ( le>n+1 ) ! k ( facts ( e k9d4 ,yet ! v5]able walls1--) _! pleas+ gr[? ( ivy1 mosses1 wild fl[]s1 & o!r mural vegetation1 d n1 to myself1 seem 9 ! lea/ degree impair$ by ! artill]y1 & ,i try to %[ cause = my op9ion4 ,:y is ?is1 & :y is ! portion ( ! public :i* lives )9 or )\t ! v5]able walls ma9ly indiff]5t8 ,sev]al suffici5t reasons might be giv54 ,9 ! fir/ place _m p h1 or ?9k !y h1 s _m o!r gr\nds = disbelief1 t additional gr\nds1 provid$ by ! comp>ative me?od1 are reg>d$ r z a luxury ?an z supply+ a felt want4 ,aga91 b v few p]sons h leisure1 or incl9ation1 or p[] ( m9d en\gh to foll[ an elaborate argum5t ?r\gh fifte5 hundr$ pages1 n to speak ( o!r works on ! same !me4 ,once m1 only a m9ute m9ority are capable ( te/+ & weigh+ ! evid5ce1 & criticis+ ! tangl$ hypo!ses on :i* ! argum5t re/s1 or 9 :i* x is involv$4 ,b !re is ano!r & p]haps a s\nd] argum5t = indiff]5ce4 ,! le>n$ are aw>e t ! evid5ce = all ^! speculations is n ( ! nature to :i* !y are accu/om$1 ei!r 9 hi/orical or sci5tific /udies4 ,m & m ! age insi/s on /rictness 9 appreciat+ evid5ce1 & on economy 9 conjecture4 ,b ! /udy ( ! evolution ( my? & belief has always be51 & /ill is1 m>k$ by an extraord9>y use1 or abuse1 ( conjecture4 ,! 'p]hapses1' ! 'we may supposes1' ! 'we mu/ inf]s' are c\ntless4 ,z 9 too mu* ( ! s-call$ ',high] ,criticism' hypo!sis is pil$1 by _m an?ropologi/s1 ^u hypo!sis1 guess ^u guess1 :ile1 if only "o guess is wrong1 ! ma9 argum5t falls to pieces4 ,moreov]1 x is ! easie/ ?+1 9 c]ta9 cases1 to expla9 ! alleg$ facts by a c\nt] hypo!sis1 n a complex hypo!sis1 b at lea/ z plausible z ! _m comb9$ conjectures ( ! ca/le ar*itects1 ?\gh p]haps z f> f ! tru?1 & z incapable ( v]ification4 ,( ^! /atem5ts examples %all be giv5 9 ! c\rse ( ?is book4 ,we are all1 we :o "w at ^! topics1 engag$ 9 sci5ce1 ! sci5ce ( man1 or r we are pa9fully lab\r+ to lay ! f\ndations ( t sci5ce4 ,we are all try+ ,i to exp$ite progress4 ,b our sci5ce _c exp$ite progress if our sci5ce is n sci5tific4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 h[ev] p$antic our process may seem1 keep insi/+ on ! rejection ( all evid5ce :i* is n valid1 on ! sp>+ use ( conjecture1 & on ! futility ( pil+ up hypo!sis ^u unprov$ hypo!sis4 ,to me x seems1 z ,i h already said1 t a legitimate hypo!sis mu/ 'colligate ! facts1' t x mu/ d s m successfully ?an any c\nt] hypo!sis1 & t x mu/1 = e l9k 9 its *a91 h evid5ce :i* w /& ! te/s ( criticism4 ,b ! *ief cause ( indiff]5ce is ! "* ( our evid5ce4 ,we c f9d any?+ we want to f9d p say--n only '! man 9 ! /reet' b ! le>n$ say--among reports ( ! do+s ( savage & b>b>\s races4 ,we f9d :at we want1 & to :at we d n want we are (t5 bl9d4 ,= example1 no?+ 9 savage religion is bett] v\*$ = ?an ! belief 9 a be+ :om n>rators ( e sort call 'a ,creator :o holds all 9 8 p[]4' ,i take ! fir/ in/ance ( ?is k9d t comes to h& 9 op5+ ,mr4 ,tylor's ',primitive ,culture4' ,! be+ is he :om ! natives ( ,canada 'call ,&\agni1 )\t1 h[ev]1 hav+ any =m or me?od ( pray] to him4' ,! date ( ?is evid5ce is #aeeh4 ,x is obvi\s t ,&\agni 7to take "o case out ( a multitude7 0 n inv5t$ 9 ! despair ( magic4 ,my/icism has be5 call$ ! despair ( philosophy1 & ,mr4 ,fraz]1 z we %all see1 reg>ds religion z ! despair ( magic4 ,by 8 !ory man1 orig9ally )\t religion1 & tru/+ 9 magic1 f\nd by exp]i5ce t magic c\ld n really control ! wea!r & ! food supply4 ,man !re=e dream$ t '!re 7 o!r be+s1 l himself1 b f> /rong]1' :o1 unse51 controll$ :at 8 magic c\ld n control4 ',to ^! mighty be+s 444 man n[ address$ himself 444 besee*+ !m ( _! m]cy to furni% him ) all good ?+s4444'#b ,b nobody besee*$ ,&\agni to d any?+4 ,! ,canadians _h 'no me?od or =m ( pray] to him4'#c ,!re=e ,&\agni 0 n inv5t$ because magic fail$1 & !re=e ?is great p[] 0 dream$ (1 & 8 m]cy 0 besee*$ ) pray]s = good ?+s4 ,t 0 n ! process by :i* ,&\agni 0 evolv$1 because nobody pray$ to him 9 #aeeh1 nor h we reason to believe t any "o ev] did4 ,f e "p ( ! globe1 b *iefly f among v l[ savage & b>b>ic races1 ! exi/5ce ( be+s p[]ful z ,&\agni1 b1 l him1 n address$ 9 pray]1 or b seldom s address$1 is report$ by travell]s ( _m ages1 races1 cre$s1 & pr(essions4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! belief 9 su* be+s1 (t5 n approa*$ by pray] or sacrifice1 is fatal to sev]al mod]n !ories ( ! orig9 & evolution ( religion4 ,b ^! facts1 re/+ on ! be/ evid5ce :i* an?ropology c (f]1 & corroborat$ by ! undesign$ co9cid5ce ( te/imony f e qu>t]1 are n :at mo/ /ud5ts 9 ?is sci5ce want to f9d4 ,!re=e ^! facts h be5 ignor$ or ha/ily slurr$ ov]1 or ! beliefs are ascrib$ to ,european or ,islamite influ5ce4 ,yet1 fir/1 ,*ri/ians or ,islamites1 ) ! god !y introduc$ w\ld introduce pray] to him1 & pray]1 9 _m cases1 !re is none4 ,next1 9 ! case ( ,&\agni1 :at mission>y influ5ce c\ld exi/ 9 ,canada be=e #aeeh8 ,?irdly1 if mission>ies1 amateur or pr(essional1 !re 7 9 ,canada be=e #aeeh !y w\ld be ,ca?olics1 & w\ld introduce1 n a ,creator nev] address$ 9 pray]1 b crosses1 beads1 ! ,madonna1 ! ,sa9ts1 & su* ,ca?olic rites z w\ld leave mat]ial traces4 ,9 spite ( all ^! obvi\s consid]ations1 ,i am unacqua9t$ ) any book on ?is phase ( savage religion1 & sc>cely "k any book1 except ,mr4 ,tylor's ',primitive ,culture1' 9 :i* ! facts are prom95tly /at$4 ,! evid5ce = ! facts1 let me repeat1 is ( ! be/ "* t an?ropology c supply1 = x re/s on te/imony undesign$ly co9cid5t1 giv5 f mo/ p>ts ( ! _w by m5 ( e k9d ( education1 cre$1 & bias4 ,contradictory evid5ce1 ! d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( ! beliefs1 is also abundant3 to su* et]nal contradictions ( te/imony an?ropology mu/ make up h] m9d4 ,we c only te/ & exam9e1 9 ea* in/ance1 ! bias ( ! witness1 if he has a bias1 & 8 opportunities ( acquir+ k4 ,if ! belief does exi/1 x c seldom atte/ itself1 or nev]1 by mat]ial objects1 su* z idols1 alt>s1 sacrifices1 & ! s\nd ( pray]s1 = a be+ l ,&\agni is n pray$ to or propitiat$3 "o pro( t he is n ( ,*ri/ian introduction4 ,we h ?us little b ! reports ( ,europeans intimately acqua9t$ ) ! peoples1 savage or b>b>ic1 &1 if possible1 ) _! language1 to s]ve z a pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! savage belief 9 a supreme be+1 a mak] or creator ( ?+s4 ,?is fact w>ns u to be cauti\s1 b occasionally we h su* evid5ce z is suppli$ by ,europeans initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( savage religion4 ,our be/ pro(1 h[ev]1 ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is exalt$1 usually neglect$ belief1 is ! co9cid5ce ( te/imony1 f t ( ! companions ( ,columbus1 & ! e>lie/ trad]s visit+ ,am]ica1 to t ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 a my/es ( ! ,au/ralian ,eleus9ia1 or ( ! late/ travell]s among ! ,fangs1 ! remote ,masai1 & o!r sc>cely 'contam9at$' races4#d ,if we c raise1 at lea/1 a case = consid]ation 9 fav\r ( ?is non-utilit>ian belief 9 a deity n approa*$ ) pray] or sacrifice1 we also raise a presumption aga9/ ! !ory t gods 7 inv5t$1 9 ! despair ( magic1 z p[]s out ( :om some?+ useful c\ld be got3 p[]s ) good ?+s 9 _! gift1 ?+s :i* m5 7 ceas+ to believe t !y c\ld obta9 by _! own magical ma*9]y4 ,! /rong primal gods1 unvex$ by pray]1 7 n inv5t$ z recipi5ts ( pray]4 ,to ignore ?is *apt] ( e>ly religion1 to dismiss x z a tissue ( borr[$ ideas--?\gh its exi/5ce is atte/$ by ! fir/ ,europeans on ! spot1 & its orig9ality is v\*$ = by ! v abs5ce ( pray]1 & by obs]v]s l ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,miss ,k+sley1 & ,sir ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 :o propos$1 b )drew1 a !ory ( 'loan-gods'--is n sci5tific4 ,my own e>ly read+s 9 e>ly religion did n br+ rue acqua9t$ ) ?is *apt] 9 ! book ( beliefs4 ,:5 ,i fir/ notic$ an example ( x1 9 ! reports ( ! ,b5$ict9e ,mission at ,nursia1 9 ,au/ralia1 ,i conceiv$1 t "s mi/ake _h be5 made 9 #ahde1 by ! mission>y :o s5t 9 ! report4#e ,b lat]1 :5 ,i began to notice ! co9cid5ce ( te/imony f _m qu>t]s1 9 _m ages1 !n ,i c\ld n conceal f myself t ?is *apt] mu/ be read4 ,x is 9 conflict ) our preval5t !ories ( ! developm5t ( gods out ( wor%ipp$ ance/ral spirits3 = ! mak] ( ?+s1 n approa*$ 9 pray] z a rule1 is said to exi/ :]e ance/ral spirits are n report$ to be wor%ipp$4 ,b sci5ce 79 o!r fields7 specially /udies exceptional cases1 & contradictory in/ances1 & all t seems out ( accord ) h] !ory4 ,9 ?is case sci5ce has glanc$ at :at goes contr>y to h] !ory1 & has expla9$ x by bias 9 ! report]s1 by error 9 ! report]s1 & by ! !ory ( borr[+4 ,b su* co9cid5ce 9 misreport+ is a dang]\s ?+ = an?ropology to admit1 z x damages h] evid5ce 9 g5]al4 ,aga91 ! !ory ( borr[+ seems to be contradict$ by ! e>ly dates ( _m reports1 made prior to ! arrival ( mission>ies1 & by ! secrecy 9 :i* ! beliefs are (t5 veil$ by ! savages2 z also by ! abs5ce ( pray] to ! mo/ pot5t be+4 ,we are all naturally apt to insi/ on & be pre-possess$ 9 fav\r ( an idea :i* has come to ourselves unexpect$ly1 & has appe>$ to be corroborat$ by wid] rese>*1 &1 p]haps1 above all1 :i* runs contr>y to ! curr5t ( sci5tific op9ion4 ,we make a pet ( ! relatively new idea2 let x be ! orig9 ( my?ology 9 'a disease ( language2' or ! va/ religi\s importance ( totems2 or our !ory ( ! orig9 ( totemism2 or ! trem5d\s "p play$ 9 religion by gods ( plants4 ,we insi/ on ! idea too exclusively2 we f9d x :]e x is n--9 fact1 we are v human1 v unsci5tific1 v apt to become "o-idea'd4 ,x is ev5 m natural t we %\ld be reg>d$ 9 ?is light by our bre?r5 7e/-il embtant avec son ,etre ,suprme671 ^: own sy/ems w be imp]ill$ if our fav\rite idea c be e/abli%$4 ,i risk ?is int]pretation :5 ,i keep ma9ta9+--:at--t ! *apt] ( otiose or unwor%ipp$ sup]ior be+s 9 ! ',e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,religion' des]ves p]usal4 ,n to cut its pages1 to g on mak+ sy/ems z if x did n exi/1 is1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 less ?an sci5tific1 & bord]s on ! sup]/iti\s4 ,= to build & def5d a !ory1 )\t look+ closely to :atev] may imp]il x1 is precisely ! fault ( ! sup]/iti\s ,khond1 :o us$ to manure 8 field ) a ?umb1 or a collop f ! flank ( a human victim1 & did n try s[+ a field )\t a collop ( man's fle%1 to see :at ! comp>ative crops w\ld be4 ,or sci5ce ( ?is k9d is l ,don ,quixote1 :o1 hav+ cleft 8 helmet ) "o exp]im5tal sword-/roke1 repair$ x1 b did n te/ x aga94 ,l o!r m>tyrs ( sci5ce1 ,i mu/ expect to be ?\ght importunate1 t$i\s1 a fell[ ( "o idea1 & t idea wrong4 ,to res5t ?is w\ld %[ great want ( hum\r1 & a pl5tiful lack ( k ( human nature4 ,mean:ile1 ,i am ab\t to p]mit myself to criticise "s rec5t hypo!ses 9 ! field ( religi\s orig9s1 9 ! int]e/s ( an?ropology1 n ( or?odoxy4 #a ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 xxi41 #aijj4 #b ,g4 ,b4 i4 #gg4 #c ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #cji1 cit+ ,!vet1 ,s+ul>itez de la ,france ,ant>ctique1 ,p>is1 #aeeh1 *4 #gg4 #d ,j\rnal ( ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ,oct4-,dec4 #aijj & ,n4,s4 ,,ii41 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 p4 #he4 #e ,max ,mll]1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #af4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,loan-,,gods2 ,,or ,,borr[$ ,,religion ,! /udy ( ! orig9s ( religion is imp$$ by ! impossibility ( obta9+ hi/orical evid5ce on ! subject4 ,if we exam9e ! religi\s beliefs ( extant races1 ! l[e/ 9 mat]ial culture1 ! be/ repres5tatives ( paloli?ic man1 we are /ill a long way f ! beg9n+s ( human speculation & belief4 ,man mu/ h begun to speculate ab\t ! orig9s ( ?+s z soon z he 0 a reason+ animal4 ,if we look at ! isolat$ & backw>d tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ! ,arunta1 we h ! advantage ( p]haps ! be/ & mo/ ?or\ghly sci5tific /udy ev] made ( su* a race1 ! book by ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill54#a ,"h we wat* a p s 'primitive' t !y are said to be utt]ly ignorant ( ! natural results1 9 ! way ( prog5y1 ( ! union ( ! sexes4 ,yet1 on ! same au?ority1 ?is tribe has evolv$ an elaborate1 &1 grant+ ! premises1 a sci5tific & adequate !ory ( ! evolution ( our species1 & ! nature ( life4 ,an orig9al /ock ( spirits is con/antly re9c>nat$2 spiritual p$igrees are pres]v$ by records 9 ! %ape ( oval decorat$ /ones1 & x seems t a man or woman ( to-day may be id5tifi$ z an inc>nation ( a s\l1 ^: adv5tures1 9 e>li] inc>nations1 c be trac$ back to ! ,al*]+a1 or my?ical h]oic age ( ! p4 ,_! m>riage laws are already 9 advance ( ^? ( _! neighb\rs1 ! ,urabunna1 & _! only magi/racy1 ( a limit$ & con/itutional k9d1 desc5ds 9 ! male l9e4 ,?us ! ,arunta are socially 9 advance ( ! ,picti% royal family 9 ,scotl&1 ^: cr[n desc5d$ 9 ! female l9e1 no k+ be+ succe$$ by 8 son4 ,manife/ly ! religi\s or non-religi\s ideas ( su* a p1 unclo!d1 h\seless1 ignorant ( metals & ( agriculture1 & )\t dome/icat$ animals ?\gh !y are1 mu/ be ideas ) a long hi/ory beh9d !m4 ,! ,arunta philosophy is a peculi> philosophy1 work$ out by ?\ghtful m51 & elaborat$ s artfully t !re seems nei!r room = a god1 nor = ! idea ( a future life1 except ! life ( successive re9c>nations4 ,x is !re=e impossible = u to argue t mank9d 9 g5]al began its speculative c>e] ) ! s+ul> & app>5tly godless philosophy ( ! ,arunta4 ,_! work+ sci5ce is sympa!tic magic2 to ! ,great ,_s1 ) a trace ( belief 9 :om !y are cr$it$1 !y are n said to pray2 & he seems to be ei!r an inv5tion ( ! s5iors1 = ! purpose ( keep+ ! juniors & wom5 9 ord]1 or a be+ orig9ally ( high] "*1 belief 9 :om has di$ out among ! adults4 ,to him we return 9 ano!r essay4 ,z hi/orical in=mation ab\t ! e>ly or late evolution ( ! idea ( a sup]ior 7n to say supreme7 be+ is ?us unatta9able1 ?9k]s bo? anci5t & mod]n h d]iv$ ! idea ( ,god f t ( gho/4 ,! conception ( a p[]ful _s ( a dead fa!r1 wor%ipp$ by 8 *ildr51 is suppos$ to h be5 gradually rais$ to ! p[] ( a god4 ,aga9/ ?is !ory ,i h else:]e urg$ t sup]ior be+s are f\nd among races :o d n wor%ip ance/ral spirits2 & aga9 t ^! sup]ior be+s are n envisag$ z spirits1 b r z sup]normal magnifi$ m51 ( unb\nd$ p[] 7an idea (t5 contradict$ 9 savage z 9 ,greek my?ology7 & ( limitless duration4 ,! reply to me takes ! =m ( ignor+1 or disabl+ ! evid5ce1 or ( ass]t+ t ^! sup]ior be+s are 'loan-gods1' borr[$ by savages f ,europeans or ,islamites4 ,x is to ! second !ory1 t ^! savage sup]ior be+s are disguis$ borr[+s f mission>ies1 explor]s1 trad]s1 or squatt]s1 t ,i n[ address myself4#b ,^! be+s c]ta9ly cause difficulties to ! philosophy :i* d]ives gods1 9 ! la/ resort1 f gho/s4 ,x is probable t ^! difficulties h = "s "t be5 pres5t to ! m9d ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor 7"o may drop academic titles 9 speak+ ( s celebrat$ a s*ol>74 ,:5 ,mr4 ,tylor publi%es ! ,gif=d ,lectures :i* he deliv]$ "s ye>s ago at ,ab]de51 we %all "k 8 mature m9d ab\t ?is problem4 ,mean:ile he has %[n t ! difficulty1 ! god :]e no god %\ld be1 is haunt+ 8 reflections4 ,= example1 8 late/ edition ( 8 ',primitive ,culture' 7#ahia7 conta9s1 z we %all %[1 int]e/+ modifications ( :at he wrote 9 ! second edition 7#ahga74 ,!re are ?ree ways 9 :i* fri5ds ( ! curr5t !ory t gods are gr[n-up gho/s may attempt to escape f _! qu&>y4 7#a7 ,! l[ races ) ! high gods are deg5]ate1 & _! deity is a survival f a l(ti] /age ( lo/ culture4 ,mr4 ,tylor1 h[ev]1 ( c\rse1 kn[s too mu* to reg>d ! ,au/ralians1 9 ! /one age1 z deg5]ate4 7#b7 ,! evid5ce is bad or 7,fr4 ,mll]7 is t ( prejudic$ mission>ies4 ,b ,mr4 ,tylor kn[s t "s ( ! evid5ce is excell5t1 &1 at its be/1 does n repose on mission>y te/imony4 7#c7 ,! high gods ( ! l[ races are borr[$ f mission>y tea*+4 ,?is is ! l9e adopt$ by ,mr4 ,tylor4 ,i rec5tly po9t$ out1 9 ',! ,mak+ ( ,religion' 7#ahih71 ! _m difficulties :i* beset ! curr5t !ory4 ,i 0 !re=e al>m$ on r9d+ t ,mr4 ,tylor _h m9$ ! soil "u my own hypo!sis4 ,8 !ory ( borr[+ 7:i* w\ld bl[ m9e sky-high if x explod$7 is exp\nd$ by ,mr4 ,tylor 9 an essay1 ',! ,limits ( ,savage ,religion1' publi%$ 9 ! ',j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute' 7vol4 xxi41 #ahib74 ,i propose to exam9e ,mr4 ,tylor's "w1 & to %[ t 8 own witnesses demon/rate ! unborr[$ & orig9al "* ( ! gods 9 "q4 ,mr4 ,tylor fir/ opposes ! loose popul> notion t all ov] ,nor? ,am]ica ! ,indians believ$ 9 a be+ nam$ ,kit*i ,manit\1 or ',great ,_s1' a notion :i* ,i d n def5d4 ,he says3 ',! hi/orical evid5ce is t ! ,great ,_s belongs1 n to ! untutor$1 b to ! tutor$ m9d ( ! savage1 & is pres]v$ = u 9 ! records ( ! tutors !mselves1 ! ,jesuit mission>ies ( ,canada4'#c ,n[ z to ! ^w ',manit\' _s1 ,mr4 ,tylor quotes ,le ,jeune 7#afcc73 ',by ?is ^w ,manit\1 ,i ?9k !y und]/& :at we call an angel1 or "s p[]ful be+4'#d ,aga93 ',! ,montagnets give ! "n ,manit\ to ev]y?+1 :e!r good or bad1 sup]ior to man4 ,!re=e1 :5 we speak ( ,god1 !y sometimes call ,him ,! ,good ,manit\1 :ile :5 we speak ( ! ,devil1 !y call him ,! ,bad ,manit\4'#e ,:5 !n1 n9ety ye>s lat]1 9 #agbd1 ,pre ,lafitau dilates on ',! ,great ,_s1' ',! ,great ,manit\1' we are to see t 9 n9ety ye>s ! t]m :i* ! ,indians us$ = our ,god--_! translation ( le bon dieu--has tak5 root1 become acclimatis$1 & fl\ri%$4 ,lafitau1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,tylor1 has also rais$ ! ,huron ^w = _s1 oki1 to ,okki1 ) a capital ,o1 :i* he calls ,le ,gr& ,esprit4 ,! elevation is solely due to ,lafitau & o!r ,*ri/ian tea*]s4 ,if all ?is 7 grant$1 all ?is is f> inde$ f prov+ t ! idea ( a b5efic5t ,creator 0 borr[$ by ! ,indians f ! ,jesuits betwe5 #afcc & #agbd4 ,mr4 ,tylor's own book1 ',primitive ,culture1' enables u to correct t op9ion4 ,"h he quotes ,capta9 ,smi?1 f an edition ( ! ',hi/ory ( ,virg9ia' ( #afcb4 ,smi? began to colonise ,virg9ia 9 #afjg4 ,he says 7edition ( #afcb73 ',_! *ief god !y wor%ip is ! ,devil4 ,him !y call ,okee 7,okki71 & s]ve him m ( fe> ?an love4' ,mr4 ,tylor cites ?is z a /atem5t by 'a half-educat$ & :ole-prejudic$ ,european' ab\t 'savage deities1 :i*1 f 8 po9t ( view1 seem ( a :olly diabolic nature4' ',! ^w oki1' ,mr4 ,tylor goes on1 'app>5tly means t :i* is above1 & 01 9 fact1 a g5]al "n = _s or deity4'#f ,! *ief deity ( ! ,virg9ians !n 79 #afjg1 be=e mission>ies came71 ) 8 temples & images1 0 a be+ ^: "n app>5tly meant 't :i* is above4' ,moreov]1 ,fa!r ,brebeuf 7#afcf7 describes an oki 9 ! heav5s :o rules ! seasons1 is dread$1 & sanctions treaties4 ,consequ5tly ,lafitau did n1 9 #agbd1 fir/ make oki1 a _s1 into ,okki1 a god4 ,t _h be5 done 9 ,virg9ia be=e any mission>ies arriv$1 by ! natives !mselves1 long be=e #afjg4 ,= ?is we h1 & ,mr4 ,tylor has cit$1 ! evid5ce ( ,smi?1 be=e ,jesuits arriv$4 ,:at is yet m to ! purpose1 ,william ,/ra*ey1 a successor ( ,smi?1 writ+ 9 #afaa-ab1 tells u t ,okeus 7z he spells ! ^w7 0 only a magi/]ial deputy ( '! great ,god 7! prie/s tell !m7 :o gov]ns all ! _w1 & makes ! sun to %9e1 creatyng ! sun & moone 8 companions1444 him !y call ,ahone4 ,! good & peaceable ,god requires no su* duties z are paid to ,okeus1 nor ne$s to be sacrific$ to1 = he int5de? all good unto !m4' ,he has no image4#g ,/ra*ey rem>ks t ! native prie/s vigor\sly resi/$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y c]ta9ly borr[$ nei!r ,okeus nor ,ahone1 ! b5efic5t ,creator :o is )\t sacrifice1 f ,jesuits :o _h n yet arriv$4 ,d we ne$ m evid5ce8 ,if s1 "h x is4 ,speak+ ( ,new ,engl& 9 #afbb1 ,w9sl[ writes ab\t ! god ,kiehtan z a be+ ( anci5t cr$it among ! natives4 ,he 'made all ! o!r gods2 he dwells f> we/]ly above ! heav5s1 :i!r all good m5 g :5 !y die4' ,?us ,mr4 ,tylor himself 7loc4 cit47 summ>ises ,w9sl[1 & quotes3 ',!y nev] saw ,kiehtan1 b !y hold x a great *>ge & dutie t "o age tea* ano!r4 ,& to him !y make fea/s1 & cry & s+ = pl5tie1 & victorie1 or any?+ t is good4' ,?us ,kiehtan1 9 #afbb1 0 n only a relatively supreme god1 b also a god ( anci5t /&+4 ,borr[+ f mission>ies 0 !re=e impossible4 ,mr4 ,tylor !n add$1 9 #ahga3 ',br9ton's etymology is plausible1 t ?is ,kiehtan is simply ! ,great ,_s 7,kittanit[it1 ,great ,liv+ ,_s1 an ,algonqu9 ^w comp\nd$ ( ,kitta great1 manit\ _s1 t]m9ation1 wit1 indicat+ life74' ,b all ?is etymology ,mr4 ,tylor omitt$ 9 8 edition ( #ahia1 probably no long] ?9k+ x plausible4 ,he did1 h[ev]1 say 9 #ahia 7ii4 #cdb73 ',ano!r fam\s native ,am]ican "n = ! ,supreme ,deity is ,oki4' ,n cont5t ) ,okeus1 capital ,o & all1 be=e ! arrival ( mission>ies2 n cont5t ) ,kiehtan1 ^: etymology 79 #ahga7 'app>5tly' means ',great ,_s1' be=e ! arrival ( ,jesuits 9 ,new ,engl&1 ,mr4 ,tylor1 9 ',primitive ,culture1' adds to ^! deities '! ,gre5l&]s' ,torng>suk1 or ,great ,_s 78 "n is an augm5tative ( torngak1 _s 9 #ahia demon71' be=e ! arrival ( mission>ies6 ,=1 says ,mr4 ,tylor1 'he seems no figure d]iv$ f ! religion ( ,sc&9avian coloni/s1 anci5t or mod]n4444 ,he s cle>ly held 8 place z supreme deity 9 ! native m9d t1 z ,cranz ! mission>y alleges1 _m ,gre5l&]s1 he>+ ( ,god & ,8 ,almighty p[]1 7 apt to fall on ! idea t x 0 _! ,torng>suk :o 0 meant4'#h ,n[1 9 #ahia1 ,mr4 ,tylor dropp$ out 'he seems no figure d]iv$ f ! religion ( ,sc&9avian coloni/s1 anci5t or mod]n2' & he add$ t ,torng>suk 0 lat] id5tifi$1 n ) our ,god1 b ) our ,devil3 a foible *>act]i/ic1 ,i may say--z ,mr4 ,tylor said conc]n+ ,capta9 ,smi? & ,oki--( 'a half-educat$ & :ole-prejudic$ ,european4' ,= ! ,algonqu9 ,indians ,mr4 ,tylor cit$ ,fa!r ,le ,jeune 7#afcc73 ',:5 ! mission>y talk$ to !m ( an almighty creator ( heav5 & e>?1 !y began to say to "o ano!r ,atahocan1 ,atahocan4' ,b 8 "n _h fall5 into contempt & a v]b1 ,nitatahocan1 meant ',i tell an old fanciful /ory4' ,9 #aeeh ,!vet cr$its ! ,canadian ,indians ) belief 9 'a creator' ,&\agni1 n approa*$ ) pray]s4 ,none ( ^! be+s c h be5 borr[$ f ,europeans4 ,x w pres5tly be se5 t betwe5 #ahga & #ahib ,mr4 ,tylor became sceptical z to ! records ( a ,great ,_s 9 ,am]ica4 ,b he reta9$ ,oki 9 ! s5se ( ,supreme ,deity4 ,"h1 !n1 f ,virg9ia to ,gre5l&1 ,mr4 ,tylor pres5t$ 9 #ahga evid5ce = a be+ ( supreme p[]1 call$ bynames :i*1 p]haps1 mean ',great ,_s4' ,9 8 essay ( #ahib he does n ref] to 8 e>li] "w & 8 evid5ce !re = a ,great ,_s1 nor tell u :y he has *ang$ 8 m9d4 ,he n[ attributes ! ,great ,_s to mission>y influ5ce4 ,we naturally ask 9 :at respect he has f\nd ! e>ly evid5ce on :i* he previ\sly reli$ lack+ 9 value4 ,mr4 ,tylor1 9 ',primitive ,culture1'#i gives a yet e>li] ref]5ce ?an ! o!rs = a ,virg9ian ,creator4 ,he cites ,h]iot 7an au?or ( #aehf74 ,aga93 ',!y believe 9 "o :o made all ?+s1 b pay him no hon\r1' writes ,pre ,l',allemant 9 #afbf1 9 a region :]e 'il n'y ait po9t eu de religieux4' ,9 #ahga ,mr4 ,tylor said3 ',x has ev5 be5 ?\ght t ! :ole doctr9e ( ! ,great ,_s 0 borr[$ by ! savages f mission>ies & coloni/s4 ,b ?is view w n be> exam9ation4 ,aft] due all[ance made = mis-r5d]+ ( savage answ]s & importation ( :ite m5's ?\ghts1 x c h>dly be judg$ t a div9e be+1 ^: *>act]i/ics are s unlike :at ,european int]c\rse w\ld h sugge/$1 & :o is he>d ( by su* e>ly explor]s among su* di/ant tribes1 c\ld be a deity ( =eign orig94'#aj ,9 #ahia '?is view w n be> exam9ation' is delet$--:y8--& ! deity1 we are told1 'c\ld h>dly be altoge!r ( =eign orig94' ,he c\ld n be1 :5 f\nd by ! fir/ ,european discov]]s1 &1 _h ! cre$ be5 borr[$1 pray] to ! be+ w\ld h be5 borr[$ ) x4 ,n[1 9 8 essay ( #ahib1 ,mr4 ,tylor nev]1 ,i ?9k1 alludes to 8 own evid5ce ( #ahgc1 or ev5 ( #ahia1 9 fav\r ( a ,r$ ,indian creator1 evid5ce e>li] ?an ! ,jesuits 7#aeeh1 #aehf1 #afab-af1 #afbb1 & ( ,le ,jeune1 #afcc74 ,9 ! essay ( #ahib t au!ntic evid5ce '( su* e>ly explor]s among su* di/ant tribes' to a savage conception ( ! ,creator is n cit$4 ,! co9cid5ce ( te/imony is ! /ronge/ possible evid5ce to ! nature & unborr[$ "* ( ! be+4 ,su* co9cid5ce is1 9 fact1 ,mr4 ,tylor's own t\*/one ( tru/wor?y te/imony4 ,yet 9 #ahib ! ,jesuits receive ! :ole cr$it ( introduc+ ! idea4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :y ! e>ly evid5ce has sudd5ly become untru/wor?y4 ,! essay ( #ahib ought1 ( c\rse1 to be reg>d$ z only a sket*4 ,yet we are anxi\s to le>n ! reasons :i* made ,mr4 ,tylor leave 8 evid5ce out ( sight1 ?\gh republi%$ by him only ! ye> be=e he put =? 8 tractate 9 fav\r ( borr[+ f ,jesuits4 ,i turn to ano!r po9t on :i* ,i _c accept ,mr4 ,tylor's argum5ts4 ,9 8 essay ( #ahib ,mr4 ,tylor dates ! ,m&an ,deluge leg5d z n be=e #agjj4 ,:y8 ,because ,catl9 79 #ahcj-ahdj7 f\nd iron in/rum5ts us$ ritually 9 ! native ,my/]y ,play ( ! ,flood4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to repres5t ! tools employ$ 9 mak+ ! vessel :]e9 '! only man' escap$ dr[n+4 ,b ! ,m&ans did n get iron tools be=e #agjj4 ,! ,indians1 h[ev]1 we reply1 _h canoes be=e !y _h iron tools1 &1 9 mod]n times1 might naturally employ iron in/ead ( fl9t in/rum5ts 7disc>d$7 9 ! ,my/]y ,play4 ,!y might d ?is1 9 spite ( ! m>k$ pref]5ce = /one tools 9 ritual4 ,p]haps !y _h none4 ,x mu/ "h be obs]v$ t ,catl9 does n use ! ^w 'ark' 7z ,mr4 ,tylor does7 = ! vessel ( '! only man4' ,catl9 always says '! big canoe4' ,ev5 if we admit 7:i* we d n7 t ! ,m&ans necess>ily borr[$ _! ,deluge leg5d f :ites1 x does n foll[1 z ,mr4 ,tylor argues1 t because ! ',great ,_s' appe>s 9 ! ,deluge leg5d1 he '_c claim great] antiquity' ?an #agjj4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z1 9 ,mr4 ,tylor's e>li] /atem5t1 ,canadians1 ,algonqu9s1 ,virg9ians1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,gre5l&]s _h a ,great ,_s be=e ,*ri/ian influ5ces began1 ! ,m&ans may h be5 equally =tunate4 ,nor does x seem safe to argue1 l ,mr4 ,tylor1 t if ! ,great ,_s figures 9 a 7hypo!tically7 borr[$ my?1 !re=e ! conception ( a ,great ,_s 0 necess>ily borr[$ at ! same "t4 ,t m rec5t my?s are con/antly be+ atta*$ to a pre-exi/+ god or h]o is a recognis$ fact 9 my?ology4 ,nor c my?ologi/s argue 7#a7 t ,biblical my? is a modifi$ survival ( savage my?1 & 7#b7 t su* natural & obvi\s savage my?s z ! knead+ ( man out ( clay1 ! orig9 ( dea? 7'! ,fall'71 & ! tradition ( ! ,deluge are necess>ily borr[$ by savages f ! ,bible4 ,?is is1 inde$1 to argue 9 a vici\s circle4 ,aga91 0 ! ,au/ralian & ,am]ican my? ( a race ( wise birds1 e>li] ?an man1 borr[$ f ! fam\s *orus 9 ! ',birds' ( ,ari/ophanes8 ,is ! ,arunta !ory ( evolution borr[$ f ,d>w91 or _! !ory ( re9c>nation f ,buddhism8 ,borr[+ ( ideas seems only to be 9 fav\r :5 savage ideas resemble m or less ^? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,mr4 ,tylor rem>ks t ,pr9ce ,maximilian1 :o knew ,m&anese bett] ?an ,catl91 f\nd among !m no ',great ,manit\'--s call$4 ,b he did f9d a ,creator ^: "n means ',"l ( ,e>?4' ,0 ,he borr[$ f ! :ites8 ,f9ally1 on ?is po9t1 w\ld savages :o rema9$ s utt]ly un-,*ri/ian z ! ,m&ans1 adopt f mission>ies j "o my?--! ,deluge--& make t ! c5tral feature 9 _! national ritual8 ,inde$ ?is seems v improbable conduct6 ,no?+ is m cons]vative ?an ritual3 t is notori\s4 ,we d n foll[ ,mr4 ,tylor into ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,if our case is prov$1 by 8 own n repudiat$ au?orities1 = ,nor? ,am]ica1 t suffices u4 ,we turn to ,au/ralia4 ,let u fir/ take ! typical ,au/ralian case ( ,baiame1 ,pei-a-mei1 or ,baiamai1 at pres5t alleg$ by ,mr4 ,h[itt & o!rs to be ! moral creative be+ ( _m tribes1#aa & s]v$1 )\t sacrifice1 9 _! my/]ies4 ,mr4 ,tylor fir/ f9ds him m5tion$ z a creator by ,mr4 ,horace ,hale1 ^: book is ( #ahdj4ab ',next1 9 #ahej1 ,baiame 0 spok5 ( by a native to "s ,g]man ,moravian mission>ies z a be+ :o1 accord+ to _! 'sorc]]s or doctors1' made all ?+s1 b 0 easy to ang]1 & 0 to be appeas$ by dances4 ,?us he 0 accept$ by ! mo/ notori\sly cons]vative class1 ! class mo/ jeal\s ( mission>y influ5ce1 ! sorc]]s4 ,omitt+ = ! mom5t a lat] description ( ,baiame z se5 by a black devotee 9 a vision1 we turn to ,mr4 ,tylor's !ory ( ! orig9 ( ?is god4 ,mr4 ,ridley 7:o began 8 mission>y c>e] 9 ,victoria 9 #ahed7 gives a pleas+ acc\nt ( ,baiame z a creator1 ) a p>adise = ! good4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,ridley1 ',baiame' is discov]$ by ,mr4 ,gre5way to be d]iv$ f baia1 'to make1' & he concludes t '= ages unkn[n' ! blacks h call$ ,god '! ,mak]4'#ac ,mr4 ,tylor n[ asks1 ',0 ,baiame1' :o is1 he av]s1 'ne> #ahdj s prom95t a div9e figure among ! ,au/ralians1 kn[n to !m at all a few ye>s e>li]8' ,he decides t be=e #ahdj ,baiame 0 'unkn[n to well-in=m$ 7:ite7 obs]v]s4' ,?is1 ( c\rse1 w\ld n prove t ,baiame 0 unkn[n to ! blacks4 ,z = ! obs]v]s1 :o are ?ree 9 numb]1 "o1 ,buckley ! convict1 9 spite ( 8 ?irty-two ye>s ) ! blacks1 is ( no real value4 ,we _c tru/ a man :o li$ s freely z to say t 9 ,au/ralia he 'spe>$ salmon'6 & (t5 saw ! fabl$ mon/]1 ! ,bunyip4#ad ,buckley c\ld n read1 & 8 book 0 made up by a ,mr4 ,morgan out ( 'r\gh notes & memor&a 444 & by conv]sation4' ,if1 !n1 z ,buckley says1 '!y h no notion ( a ,supreme ,be+' 7p4 #eg71 we may disc\nt t2 ,buckley's idea ( su* a be+ 0 probably too elevat$4 ,moreov] he nev] m5tions ! confess$ly anci5t native my/]ies1 9 "o ( :i* among c]ta9 tribes ! be+ is reveal$4#ae ,mr4 ,tylor's next well-in=m$ obs]v] be=e #ahdj1 ,mr4 ,backh\se1 a ,quak]1 takes 8 facts /raight f ! ?ird witness1 ,mr4 ,?relkeld2 he admits x = "s ( !m1 & x is true1 9 ?is matt]1 ( all ( !m4#af ,buckley be+ out ( c\rt1 & ,backh\se be+ a m]e copy ( ,mr4 ,?relkeld1 :at has ,mr4 ,?relkeld to say8 ,:at foll[s is curi\s4 ,mr4 ,?relkeld 7#ahcd-aheg7 does n "n ,baiame1 b speaks ( a big sup]natural black man1 call$ ,ko91 :o c>ries wiz>ds up to ! sky1 inspires sorc]]s1 walks ab\t ) a fire-/ick1 & s on4#ag ,to hon\r him boys' front tee? are knock$ out 9 ! initiatory /ages4 ,z soon z ,i read ?is passage ,i p]ceiv$ t ,mr4 ,?relkeld 0 amalgamat+ su* a gobl9 z ! ,kurnai call ',brew9' ) ! high ,god ( ! ,my/]ies4 ,9 #ahha1 :5 ,mr4 ,h[itt1 ) ,mr4 ,fison1 wrote ',kamil>oi & ,kurnai1' he knew no high] be+ among t tribe ?an ! gobl9 ,brew94 ,b1 be+ initiat$ lat]1 ,mr4 ,h[itt discov]$ t ! ,god ( ! ,my/]ies is ,mungan-ngaur ',our ,fa!r' 7?is %[s ! slight value ( negative evid5ce74 ,wom5 "k ab\t ,brew91 ! gobl9 ma/] ( sorc]]s1 b ! k ( ,mungan-ngaur is hidd5 f !m "u awful p5alties4#ah ,n only ,i1 b ,mr4 ,horace ,hale 7#ahdj71 came to ?is op9ion3 t ,ko9 is a gobl91 ,baiame a god1 z we %all see4 ,9 ! same way1 :]e ,baiame is supreme1 ,d>amulun is sometimes a gobl9 or fi5d4 ,mr4 ,?relkeld v prop]ly did n use ! "n ( ! fi5d ,ko9 z equival5t to ',god' 9 8 translation ( ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,luke into ! native tongue 7#ahca-ahcd74 ,he !re us$ = ,god ,eloi1 & no d\bt did ! same 9 8 tea*+2 he also tri$ ! ^w ,jeliovaka-birun4 ,nei!r ^w has tak5 ) ! blacks2 nei!r ^w occurs 9 _! traditions4 ,! ^w1 ?\gh =c$ on !m1 has n be5 accept$ by !m4 ,t looks ill = ! !ory ( borr[+4 ,"h1 !n1 ( ,mr4 ,tylor's ?ree negative witnesses1 :o1 be=e #ahdj1 knew n ,baiame1 ,mr4 ,?relkeld alone is ( value4 ,z ,mr4 ,hale says1 ,mr4 ,?relkeld 0 7#ahbf-aheg7 ! fir/ work] at ! dialects ( ^? ,baiame-wor%ipp+ tribes1 ! ,kamil>oi ( ! ,well+ton ,valley1 9 ,victoria4 ,b :5ce did ,mr4 ,hale get :at ,mr4 ,tylor cites1 8 k 9 #ahdj ( ,baiame8 ,he1 an ,am]ican savant on an explor+ exp$ition1 c\ld n well f9d out esot]ic native secrets4 ,i %all prove t ,mr4 ,hale got 8 k ( ,baiame f ,mr4 ,tylor's own negative witness1 ,mr4 ,?relkeld4 ,mr4 ,hale says t ':5 ! mission>ies fir/ came to ,well+ton1' ,baiame 0 wor%ipp$ ) songs4 ',!re 0 a native fam\s = ! composition ( ^! songs or hymns1 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,?relkeld1 7 pass$ on1' c4 ,mr4 ,hale ?us decl>es 7,mr4 ,tylor probably ov]look$ ! rem>k7 t :5 ! mission>ies fir/ came to ,well+ton 7:]e ,baiame is ! ,creator7 !y f\nd ,baiame !re be=e !m6#ai ,!n1 :y did ,mr4 ,?relkeld n "n ,baiame8 ,i ?9k because ,mr4 ,hale says t ,baiame's "n & sacr$ dance 7 br\ght 9 by natives f a di/ance1 & 7:5 he is writ+7 _h fall5 into disuse4#bj ,_h1 !n1 a mission>y be=e #ahdj evolv$ ,baiame f ,kamil>oi baia1 'to make' 7= t is ,mr4 ,tylor's !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! ^w ',baiame'71 & taught ! "n to di/ant natives z a ^w = 8 own ,god2 & _h ^! proselytis+ di/ant danc+ natives br\ght ,baiame's "n & dance to ,well+ton8 ,are mission>ies danc+ ma/]s8 ,!y w\ld tea* pray] & kneel+1 or give ros>ies2 dances are no "p ( our religion4 ,to demon/rate mission>y influ5ce "h we mu/ f9d a mission>y1 n ,mr4 ,?relkeld1 :o 0 /udy+ & work+ on ! ,kamil>oi tongue be=e #ahdj4 ,!re 0 no su* mission>y4 ,f9ally1 ,mr4 ,hale runs c\nt] to ,mr4 ,tylor's !ory ( borr[+ f :ites1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,tylor does n quote 8 rem>k4 ,! ideas ( ,baiame may 'possibly' be d]iv$ f ,europeans1 '?\gh1' says ,mr4 ,hale1 '! great unwill+ness :i* ! natives always ev9ce to adopt any cu/om or op9ion f !m militates aga9/ su* a supposition4' ,s /rong is ?is reluctance to borr[ ideas f ! :ites1 t ! blacks ( ! c5tre h n ev5 borr[$ ! idea t *ildr5 are a result ( ! int]c\rse ( ! sexes6 ,"h1 !n1 9 "p ( ! di/rict /udi$ by ,mr4 ,?relkeld 9 #ahbf-aheg1 an ,am]ican savant 7:o c]ta9ly receiv$ ! facts f ,mr4 ,?relkeld7 te/ifies to ,baiame z rec5tly br\ght f a di/ance by natives1 b z prior to ! arrival ( mission>ies1 & mo/ unlikely to h be5 borr[$4 ,:5ce1 !n1 came ,baiame8 ,mr4 ,tylor ?9ks ! evid5ce 'po9ts r to ,baiame be+ ! mission>y translation ( ! ^w creator1 us$ 9 mission>y lesson books = ,god4' ,b by #ahdj1 :5 ,baiame is confess$ly 's prom95t a div9e figure1' ,mr4 ,?relkeld's 7 ! only translations & grammatical tracts 9 ! ,kamil>oi tongue4 ,n[ ,mr4 ,?relkeld did n translate 'creator' 7or any?+ else7 by ',baiame2' he us$ ',eloi' & ',jehovah-ka1' & ! natives w\ld h nei!r ( ^! words4 ,:]e is ,mr4 ,tylor's reason1 !n1 = hold+ t be=e #ahdj 7= x mu/ be prior to t date if x is go+ to help 8 argum5t7 any mission>y ev] r5d]$ creator by ',baiame'8 ,he has j argu$ t no 'obs]v]' !n knew ! "n ,baiame1 s no obs]v] c\ld h introduc$ a "n ,baiame :i* he did n "k2 yet !re 0 ! "n2 ,mr4 ,hale f\nd x !re4 ,mr4 ,tylor's argum5t seems to be t ,mr4 ,ridley 9 #ahff1 & aga9 9 #ahgg1 pr9t$ extracts1 9 :i* occurs ,baiame,god1 f ! ',mission>y ,prim]s prep>$ = ! ,kamil>oi4' ,we might h expect$ ,mr4 ,tylor at lea/ to give ! dates ( ! ',mission>y ,prim]s' t1 ex hypo!si1 introduc$ ,baiame be=e #ahdj4 ,he gives no dates1 & ! prim]s are ( #ahef & are writt5 by ,mr4 ,ridley1 :o cites !m4#ba ,?us !y mu/ be po/]ior to ! ,baiame ( #ahdj1 & ,baiame 0 prior to mission>ies at ,well+ton1 at ! "t :5 ,mr4 ,tylor fir/ notes 8 appe>ance4 ,?us1 by ,mr4 ,tylor's own evid5ce1 ,baiame is n %[n to be a mission>y importation2 ! rev]se4 ,z to ,au/ralia1 x is n d5i$ by ,mr4 ,tylor t practically all ov] ! cont95t ! blacks possess religi\s my/]ies ( confess$ antiquity4 ,x is n d5i$ t ! in/itution ( ^! my/]ies is n[1 9 _m cases1 attribut$ by ! blacks to a moral creative be+1 ^: home is 9 or above ! heav5s4 ,x is n d5i$ t 8 "n n[ usually means1 9 diff]5t dialects1 ,mak] 7,baiame71 ,ma/] 7,biamban71 & ,fa!r 7,papang1 & _m o!r words74 ,x is n d5i$ t ! doctr9e ( ?is be+ is n[ conceal$ f *ildr5 & wom51 & reveal$ to lads at ! ,bora1 or initiatory my/]y4#bb ,b1 on ! o!r h& 7z ,i und]/& ,mr4 ,tylor71 :ile initiatory rites are old 7!y c]ta9ly exi/$ :5 ,dampi] t\*$ at ! ,au/ralian coa/ 9 #afhh-afhi71 ! names ( _! in/itutor 7,fa!r1 ,mak]71 8 moral excell5cies 7871 & 8 creative attributes1 are all due to mission>y influ5ce4 ,! orig9al f\nd] ( ! ,bora1 9 pre-mission>y days1 w\ld only be a dead 'head-man' or lead]1 n[ religi\sly reg>d$4 ,to ?is we fir/ demur4 ,x is n %[n--x is d5i$ by ,waitz1 & x is n ev5 alleg$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]--t ! ,au/ralians '/eadily propitiate' or sacrifice at all to any gho/s ( dead m54 ,h[ c !y8 ,! "n ( ! dead is taboo$1 & ev5 :]e !re is 9 "o in/ance an eponym\s human patronymic ( a tribe1 t patronymic alt]s 9 e g5]ation4 ,n[1 among su* a gho/-wor%ipp+ p z ! ,zulus1 ! mo/ rec5tly dead fa!r gets mo/ wor%ip4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 :]e ev5 ! rec5t gho/s are unador$1 is x likely t "s remote gho/ is rememb]$ z f\nd] ( ! anci5t my/]ies8 ,?is is beyond our belief1 ?\gh ! op9ion is1 or at lea/ 01 t ( ,mr4 ,h[itt4 ,! m]e in/itution ( female k9 among "s ( ^! tribes 7?\gh pat]nity is recognis$7 makes aga9/ an anci5t wor%ip ( a male ance/or :]e ev5 n[ ance/ors are unwor%ipp$4 ,z to ! aspect ( ?is god1 ,baiame1 ,mr4 ,tylor pres5tly cites a /ory told to ,mr4 ,h[itt by a native1 ( h[ ) 8 fa!r he once p5etrat$ 9 ! _s to ,baiame's home1 & f\nd him to be 'a v great old man ) a long be>d1' & ) cry/al pill>s gr[+ out ( 8 %\ld]s :i* support a sup]nal sky4 ,8 'p1' birds & bea/s1 7 ar\nd him4 ,mr4 ,tylor says3 ',^! details are1 x w h be5 notic$1 9 "s respects ( v native "*1 :ile 9 o!rs recall+ conv5tional ,*ri/ian ideas ( ! ,almighty4' ,! ',*ri/ian' idea is1 naturally1 t ( ! old man ( ,blake & ,mi*ael ,angelo--,h>tley ,col]idge's 'old man ) ! be>d4' ,is x likely t ! savages _h se5 any su* repres5tations8 ,aga91 is ! idea ( ,baiame z an old man n natural to a race :]e respect ( age is regul>ly inculcat$ 9 ! my/]ies & prevails 9 practice8 ',among ! ,kamil>oi ab\t ,bundurra1 ,turramulan ano!r "n = ?is or a l[] god is repres5t$ at ! my/]ies by an old man le>n$ 9 all ! laws4'#bc444 ,z e>ly z #agih ,coll9s f\nd t ! native ^w = 'fa!r' 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales 0 appli$ by ! blacks z a title ( rev]5ce to ! ,gov]nor ( ! nasc5t colony4#bd ,x is us$ n[ 9 _m native tribes z ! "n ( _! ,supreme ,be+1 & ,mr4 ,tylor ?9ks x ( mission>y orig94 ,manife/ly1 ?is idea ( age & pat]nity 9 a wor%ipp$ be+ is cong5ial to ! natives1 is illu/rat$ 9 _! laws & cu/oms1 ne$ n be borr[$1 & is r inevitable4 ,! vision ( ,baiame1 we may add1 0 n>rat$ to ,mr4 ,h[itt by a native fell[-initiate4 ,to lie1 9 su* cases1 is 'an unhe>d-( ?+1' says ,mr4 ,h[itt4 ,! vision 0 a result ( ! _w-wide practice ( cry/al gaz+4 ,! se]'s fa!r h&$ to him a cry/al4 ',:5 ,i look$ at x1' says ! n>rator1 all mann] ( visions appe>$1 includ+ t ( ,baiame4#be ,x is manife/1 we ?9k1 t :5 ! natives atta* ! attributes ( fa!rhood & antiquity to ,baiame1 !y ne$ n be borr[+ f ,*ri/ian art notions s natural1 nay1 s inevitable1 9 _! own /age ( society4 ,?\gh 9 _m cases reckon+ k9%ip ?r\gh wom51 !y q und5iably recognise pat]nity 9 fact4 ,?us ! pat]nal title _h no ne$ to be borr[$ z a ^w ( rev]5ce4 ,x 0 s us$ be=e mission>ies came4 ,mr4 ,h[itt1 :o is deeply initiat$1 writes3 ',beyond ! vault$ sky lies ! my/]i\s home ( t great & p[]ful be+ :o is ,bunjil1 ,baiame1 or ,t>amulan 9 diff]5t tribal languages1 b :o 9 all is kn[n by a "n ! equival5t ( ! only "o us$ by ! ,kurnai1 :i* is ,mangun-ngaur1 ,our ,fa!r4'#bf ,n[1 n to multiply evid5ce :i* is provid$ by o!r obs]v]s z to ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7n s c5tral z ! ,arunta c\ntry7 & ! ,nor?1 ,mr4 ,tylor is confront$ ) ?is problem3 ,h all ! tribes :o reg>d a p[]ful be+1 ,baiame or ano!r1 z f\nd] ( _! anci5t my/]ies1 borr[$ 8 "n & attributes1 s9ce #ahdj or s1 f :ites ) :om !y 7 con/antly 9 ho/ile relations8 ,is x probable t1 hav+ hypo!tically pick$ up f ,*ri/ians ! notion ( a moral ,fa!r 9 heav51 _! 'prie/s' & initiators in/antly dissem9at$ t idea ov] mo/ ( ! cont95t1 & introduc$ x into _! mo/ secret & mo/ cons]vative c]emonies8 ,w\ld !y be likely to re/rict s novel a piece ( ,european in=mation to ! m58 ,mr4 ,dawson1 9 8 ',aborig9es ( ,au/ralia' 7p4 #ea71 writes3 ',! rec5t cu/om ( provid+ food = x 7a corpse7 is d]id$ by intellig5t old aborig9es z :ite fell[s' gammon6' ,?us d !y e/imate novelties6 ,yet 9 ,mr4 ,tylor's !ory x is ! mo/ cons]vative class ( all1 ! m$ic9e-m5 & le>n$ eld]s--ev]y:]e rivals & oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e--:o pick up ! ,european idea ( a good1 p[]ful fa!r or ma/]1 borr[ a mission>y "n = him 7we h %[n t ! "n1 ,baiame1 is n ( mission>y orig971 & introduce him 9 precisely ! secret he>t ( ! my/]ies4 ,?is k is hidd51 "u t]rible p5alties1 f wom5 & *ildr53 to :at purpose8 ,d mission>ies tea* only ! old rams ( ! flock1 & neglect ! ewes & lambs8 ,obvi\sly ! wom5 & *ildr5 mu/ "k any secret ( div9e names & attributes imp>t$ by mission>ies4 ,aga91 x is n probable t hav+ rec5tly borr[$ a new idea f ! :ites ! blacks w\ld elaborately hide x f its au?ors1 ! ,europeans4 ,s well is x hidd5 t1 till he 0 =mally initiat$1 ,mr4 ,h[itt _h no suspicion ( its exi/5ce4#bg ,mr4 ,tylor may re/ 9 8 hypo!sis ( borr[+1 b = ! reasons assign$ we ?9k x impossible 9 our1 & 81 select$ ,nor? ,am]ican cases1 & inconceivable z an explanation ( ! ,au/ralian ph5om5a4 ,f9ally1 ,mr4 ,tylor c&idly adduces a case 9 :i* ,mr4 ,dawson1 tak+ great & ackn[l$g$ tr\ble to collect evid5ce1 le>n$ f ! blacks t !y _h believ$ 9 a b5evol5t be+1 ,pirnmeheal1 '^: voice is ! ?und]1' 'be=e !y knew ( ! exi/5ce ( ,europeans1' :o 'h giv5 !m a dread ( ,pirnmeheal4'#bh ,we add ,mr4 ,h[itt's te/imony to a supreme be+ rul+ 'f ,omeo to ,%oalhav5 ,riv]1 f ! coa/ to ,yass ,gundagai1' conc]n+ :om 'old m5 /r5u\sly ma9ta9$ t x 0 s be=e ! :ite m5 came1' !y !mselves1 n[ ag$1 hav+ only le>n$ ! secret :5 !y 7 initiat$ '& made m5' at ab\t ! age ( f\rte54#bi ,9 ! same essay ( #ahhecj ,mr4 ,h[itt tells ( a native ^: gr&fa!r initiat$ him z to an all-see+ p]sonality1 ,bunjil1 'up !re1' :o w\ld m>k 8 conduct4 ',?is 0 said be=e ! :ite m5 came to ,melb\rne' 7#ahce74 ,bunjil1 said ,william ,beiruk1 a black1 0 call$ 'our fa!r' 'be=e :ite m5 came to ,melb\rne4' ,i might give o!r evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! unborr[$ "* ( ,au/ralian belief 9 "s su* be+ z ,baiame4 ,?us ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k]1 ! c>eful collector ( ',au/ralian ,leg5d>y ,tales1'#ca 0 h]self int]e/$ 9 ! "q4 ,%e approa*$ ! subject z a disciple ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :o all[s h>dly a g]m ( religion to ! ,au/ralians4 ,on he>+ :at %e did he>1 z to ,baiame1 f ! tribesm51 %e ask$ "o ( !m :e!r ! idea 0 n borr[$ f ,europeans4 ,! old w>rior answ]$ t if x 7 s ! "y m5 w\ld "k mo/ ab\t ,baiame4 ,b !y "k no?+1 app>5tly because ! old rites ( initiation h fall5 into disuse4 ,nor are !y mu* m famili> ) ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,?is black man _h logic 9 him4 ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k] came1 contr>y to h] prepossessions1 to ! same op9ion z our be/ au?ority1 ,mr4 ,h[itt1 t ! ,au/ralian belief is unborr[$4 ,?is lady1 :o has tak5 v great pa9s 9 criticis+ & collect+ h] evid5ce1 k9dly s5t me an essays ( ,mr4 ,mann+'s f ',! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1' vol4 xvi4 p4 #aei1 #ahhc4 ,mr4 ,mann+ 0 an e>ly settl] 9 ! nor? bord] ( ! s\!rn colony4 ,ab\t #ahcb he 0 9 ,europe1 & met ,goe!1 ^: undim9i%$ curiosity1 he be+ !n ab\t eighty-five1 induc$ him to bid ,mr4 ,mann+ exam9e ,au/ralian beliefs4 ,he did1 b lo/ 8 notes1 made 9 #ahde-ahdh4 ,9 ^! notes1 :i* he lat] recov]$1 ,mr4 ,mann+ us$ ,*ri/ian t]m9ology1 in/ead ( mak+ a v]batim report4 ,/ruck by ! c]ta9ly s+ul> savage idea ( a son 7begott5 9 "s cases1 9 o!rs a k9d ( 'emanation'7 ( ! sup]ior be+1 he employ$ !ological phrases4 ,! son1 9 8 /ory1 sprang f a liquid l blood1 :i* ,boyma 7,baiame7 plac$ 9 a vessel )9 a cry/al ov54 ,! my? ( su* a bir?1 z ,mr4 ,h>tl& rem>ks1 is famili> to ,zulus & ,r$ ,indians4#cb ,x is !re=e n likely to be ( ,european orig94 ,b ,mr4 ,mann+'s evid5ce1 despite its t]m9ology1 s f> agrees ) ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k]'s acc\nt ( ! extant ,baiame belief z to 'make a case = fur!r inquiry2' s ,mr4 ,h>tl& conc$es4 ,i ask = no m4#cc ,?us ,mr4 ,mann+ has ,ballima1 ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k] has ,bullimah1 = a k9d ( floral p>adise ( s\ls1 v beautifully describ$ 9 ! lady's ',m ,au/ralian ,leg5d>y ,tales4' ,bo? au?orities m5tion pray]s = ! dead2 ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k] quotes :at ,mr4 ,h>tl& calls 'v int]e/+ fun]al rites & pray]s = ! dead4' ,he adds3 ',we want to be assur$ :e!r ^! are usual1 by means ( an accurate description ( ! cu/om>y c]emonies1 & t %e does n give u4' ,i %all make inquiry2 b :at does x matt] :e!r ! rites1 9 ! ov]?r[ ( native mann]s1 are n[ usual or n8 ,baiame is unkn[n to ! new g5]ation1 z we h se54 ,pray]s to him1 !n1 _c be usual4 ,! po9t is t ,mr4 ,mann+ 9 #ahde1 & ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k] 9 #ahih1 bo? m5tion ! pray]s = ! dead1 c]ta9ly n borr[$ f ,prote/ants4 ,!re is a simil> acc\nt1 only t ( an unnam$ runaway convict :o liv$ ) ! black fell[s 9 ,nor?-,we/]n ,au/ralia4#cd ,by a my?ical contradiction1 ! s\l ( ! h]o ,e]91 pray$ = 9 ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k]'s tale1 n[ inhabits a little bird4 ,ano!r curi\s po9t ne$s to be consid]$ by ! advocates ( ! !ory ( borr[+4 ,mr4 ,h>tl& (f]s "s des]v$ c5sures on ,mr4 ,mann+'s t]m9ology 9 8 report ( ,au/ralian religion 7#ahde-ahdh74 ,mr4 ,mann+ says3 ',!y believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a ,son ( ,god1 equal ) him 9 omnisci5ce1 & b slightly inf]ior to 8 ,fa!r 9 any attribute4 ,him !y call ,grogoragally4 ,8 div9e (fice is to wat* ov] all ! actions ( mank9d1 & to br+ to life ! dead to appe> be=e ! judgm5t seat ( 8 ,fa!r1 :o alone pron\nces ! awful judgm5t ( et]nal happ9ess 9 heav5 7,ballima7 or et]nal mis]y 9 ,oorooma 7hell71 :i* is ! place ( ev]la/+ fire 7gumby74 ,! ,son 444 acts z m$iator = _! s\ls to ! great ,god1 to :om ! good & bad actions ( all are kn[n4' ,z ,mr4 ,h>tl& truly says1 '?is is n an accurate sci5tific acc\nt4' ,ev5 ,mr4 ,mann+'s 'capital lett]s' are c5sur$4 ,probably ! native !ologian really said some?+ l ?is3 ',boyma' 7,baiame7 big man2 v budg]y man4 ,him sit on big glass /one4 ,him son ,grogoragally c see ev]y?+ & g ev]y:]e4 ,see budg]y man1 l him2 see bad man1 pl5ty too mu* devil devil4 ,likes budg]y man2 no likes bad man3 he gr[l too mu*4 ,budg]y man die1 ,grogoragally tell ,boyma2 ,boyma say1 ',take him ,ballima way1 pl5ty budg]y place4' ,bad man die2 ,boyma say1 ',take him ,oorooma way1 pl5ty too hot1 him gr[l !re4' ,grogoragally pl5ty /rong1 him n s /rong z ,boyma4 ,?is1 or some?+ l ?is1 w\ld be ! actual /atem5t ( ! dusky !ologian4 ,x is easily r5d]$ into ,mr4 ,mann+'s t]m9ology2 b at ! same "t ! native1 9 8 rude l+ua franca1 or pidg9 ,engli%1 c\ld h>dly d ju/ice to 8 cre$4 ,x 0 8 cre$2 ,mr4 ,h>tl& himself recognises ! orig9al "* ( ! native v]sion ( ! ,sup]natural ,bir?4#ce ,"h are c]ta9ly ',biblical analogies1' z ,mr4 ,tylor recognises1 b !y are z c]ta9ly unborr[$4 ,n[ let u fancy t a travell]1 n a ,greek s*ol>1 is /orm-driv5 to a hi!rto unkn[n isl&4 ,he f9ds a race ( hea!n :ite m54 ,he describes _! religion4 ',despite _! poly!ism1 !y h c]ta9ly be5 visit$ by ,*ri/ian mission>ies1 or are desc5d$ f a ,*ri/ian colony4 ,!y believe 9 a supreme be+ :om !y call ,zeus4 ,he has a son nam$ ,apollon or ,phbus ,apollon1 :o is all-kn[+ & all-see+4 ,he acts z a k9d ( m$iator betwe5 ,zeus & m51 to :om1 z "o ( ! native hymns says1 he deliv]s ! c\nsels ( ! ,fa!r1 & 8 un]r+ w4 ,?is ,apollo is consult$ ?r\gh an hy/]ical woman1 :o lives 9 a cave4 ,aft] be+ convuls$1 l o!r savage m$iums1 %e speaks 9 a k9d ( v]se4 ,h] advice is (t5 obscure & ambigu\s1 b g5]ally ( a moral t5d5cy4 ',?is son ( ,zeus is believ$ to be ! only god :o really kn[s ! future & ! w ( 8 fa!r4 ,!re is ano!r son1 ,h]mes1 "o ( ^: duties is to conduct ! s\ls ( ! dead into ! pres5ce ( _! judge1 :o is n ,zeus1 b ano!r god4 ',!re is also a son ( ,apollo1 :om ,i take to be only a k9d ( d\ble ( t god2 he sometimes appe>s to 8 wor%ipp]s z a s]p5t3 8 "n is ,asclepius4 ',?is rem9ds u ( :at ,w9sl[ writes ab\t ! ,r$ ,indians ( ,new ,engl&4 ,!y h a supreme be+1 ,kiehtan1 ^: son1 ,hobamok1 appe>s 9 _! assemblies z a s]p5t4 ,ridley has ! same /ory ab\t ! blacks ( ,au/ralia4 ,i inf]1 !n1 t ! natives ( ?is isl& h inh]it$ or be5 taught "s elem5ts ( ,*ri/ianity1 z 9 ! case ( ,apollo1 ! m$iator betwe5 ,zeus & m52 & ,h]mes1 ! ,guide ( ,s\ls z !y call him1 psy*opompos 9 _! language4 ,b !y h mix$ up all ?is ) degrad+ sup]/itions4' ,( c\rse our travell] has arriv$ among ,greeks1 & quotes ! ,hom]ic hymn to ,apollo4 ,b ! ,greeks1 be+ prior to ,*ri/ianity1 did n borr[ f x1 z our travell] supposes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,greek beliefs :i* he describes resemble ,au/ralian & ,am]ican beliefs m closely ?an ,au/ralian & ,am]ican beliefs resemble ! cre$ taught by mission>ies4 ,yet nei!r ,mr4 ,tylor nor any o!r fri5d ( ! borr[+ !ory ass]ts t ! ,au/ralians or ,am]icans borr[$ _! t5ets f ,greece4 ,! tru? seems to be t :]e a supreme be+ is reg>d$ z too remote & impassive1 he is naturally suppli$ ) a deputy4 ,ahone has ,oki1 ,kiehtan has ,hobamok1 ,boyma has ,grogoragally1 ,baiame has ,tundun1 or 9 places ,d>amulun2 ,nyankupon1 9 ,we/ ,africa1 has ,bob[issi4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! ,au/ralian ,noorele's case1 ^! active deputies are sons ( ! supreme be+4 ,no borr[+ is ne$$ to expla9 ideas s natural to e>ly m51 believ+ 9 a supreme be+ remote & retir$1 little conc]n$ ) mundane affairs1 & act+ ?r\gh a deputy or deputies4 ,9 o!r cases1 z ( ! ,f9ni% ,num1 or ! ,zulu ,unkulunkulu1 or ! ,algonqu9 ,atahocan1 ! be+ is q neglect$ 9 fav\r ( spirits :o receive sacrifices ( meat or grease4 ,human m9ds "w on simil> l9es1 )\t borr[+1 :i* is only alleg$ 9 ! case ( ,*ri/ianity to acc\nt = ! beliefs :i* d n fit ! 'gho/ !ory' ( mod]n speculators4 ,! ess5tial po9t ( ,mr4 ,mann+'s report1 injur$ z x is by 8 impossible t]m9ology1 is ! extreme secrecy ma9ta9$ on ^! po9ts by 8 savage in=mants4 ,!y us$ to believe t ! _w w\ld p]i% if ! wom5 he>d ( _! dogmas4 ,?us a man said to ,mr4 ,h[itt 7^: compet5ce z a witness is indisputable73 ',if a woman 7 to he> ^! ?+s1 or he> :at we tell ! boys1 ,i w\ld kill h]4'#cf ,"o ( ,mr4 ,mann+'s witnesses slunk 'into a wood5 fireplace1' :5ce he :isp]$ 8 beliefs4 ,he _h previ\sly exam9$ doors & w9d[s 9 se>* ( li/5]s4 ,a man :o report$ ^! cre$s w\ld1 if !y became divulg$ among ! wom51 be oblig$ to kill 8 wife4 ,if ! religi\s ideas 7 borr[$ f mission>ies1 ! wom5 w\ld "k !m z well z ! m54 ,!y w\ld n be res]v$ = initiates at ! my/]ies1 ?r\gh :i* ,mr4 ,h[itt d]iv$ 8 mo/ esot]ic k ( cre$s1 :]e(1 9 #ahha1 he 0 absolutely ignorant4#cg ,if ! beliefs 7 ( mission>y orig91 ! "y m51 n ! old m51 w\ld "k mo/ ab\t ,baiame4 ,= simil> beliefs 9 ,nor?-,we/ ,c5tral ,que5sl& ,i may cite ,mr4 ,bo?4#ch ,! be+ ,mulk>i is describ$ by ,mr4 ,bo? z ,i a b5evol5t1 omnipres5t1 sup]natural be+2 any?+ incompreh5sible4' ',mulk>i is ! sup]natural p[] :o makes ev]y?+ :i* ! blacks _c o!rwise acc\nt =2 he is a good1 b5efic5t p]son1 & nev] kills any "o4' ,8 home is 9 ! skies4 ,he 0 also a m$ic9e-man1 has ! usual l[ my?s ab\t him1 & inv5t$ magic4 ,s writes ,dr4 ,bo?1 :o kn[s ! local ,pitta ,pitta language--& is n a mission>y4 ,dr4 ,bo? is pursu+ 8 rese>*es1 & 8 rem>ks are only cit$ provisionally1 await+ confirmation4 ,sometimes ,european obs]v]s d n see ! tr5d ( _! own reports4 ,9 #ahde ,mr4 ,eyre describ$ '! orig9 ( creation 'z n>rat$ to him by ,au/ralian blacks on ! ,murr+ ,riv]4 ,a be+1 ,noorele1 ) ?ree unbegott5 sons1 lives up among ! cl\ds4 ,he is 'all p[]ful & ( b5evol5t nature4 ,he made ! e>?1 trees1 wat]1 c4 ,he receives ! s\ls 7ladko %ades1 umbra7 ( ! natives1 :o jo9 him 9 ! skies & w nev] die aga94' ,yet ,mr4 ,eyre adds3 ',a ,deity1 a ,great ,fir/ ,cause1 c h>dly be said to be ackn[l$g$4'#ci ,:at is ,noorele if n a ',great ,fir/ ,cause'8 ,among "s tribes ,bunjil1 m]ely a title ( au?ority1 mean+ ma/]1 "l1 headman1 is a "n ( ! sup]ior be+4 ,abundance ( ! my?ology ( ,bunjil1 (t5 ludicr\s or degrad+1 ! be+ %[+ z a sup]normal m$ic9e-man1 may be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,br\gh ,smy?'s great collections4#dj ,b no evid5ce c be bett] ?an t ( native poetry1 :i* proves a high] aspect ( ,bunjil4 ,a ,woiworung b>d ( old made a song :i* mov$ an ag$ s+] to te>s by '! melan*oly :i* ! words convey$ to him4' ,x 0 an 'inspir$' song1 = ! natives1 l ourselves1 w\ld ?9k ,t5nyson inspir$ & ,tupp] n s4 ,usually '! spirits' inspire s+]s2 ?is song 0 inspir$ by ,bunjil himself1 :o 'ru%es d[n into ! he>t ( ! s+]1' j z ,apollo did ( old4 ,x is a dirge ( ! native race3 ,we g all6 ,! bones ( all ,are %9+ :ite4 ,9 ?is ,dulur l&6 ,! ru%+ noise ,( ,bunjil1 our ,fa!r1 ,s+s 9 my brea/1 ,?is brea/ ( m9e6#da ,! mission>ies d n inspire ^! songs4 ,!y put !m d[n4 ',! :ite man1' says ,mr4 ,h[itt1 'kn[s little or no?+ ( ! black fell[s' songs4' ,"o ( ,mr4 ,mann+'s in=mants 7#ahde7 0 angry :5 ask$ = ! ,hymn to ,baiame 7,boyma74 ,he said t ,mr4 ,mann+ knew too mu* already4 ,i h dwelt specially on ,au/ralia1 because !re1 z ! natives d n wor%ip ance/ral spirits 7! names ( ! dead are taboo$71 _! sup]ior be+ _c h be5 evolv$ out ( gho/ wor%ip4 ,i h expressly avoid$ ! evid5ce ( mission>ies1 except ! e>ly ,jesuits1 because mission>ies are believ$ by "s writ]s to be biass$ on ?is po9t1 ?\gh1 9 fact1 on o!r po9ts !y are copi\sly cit$ by an?ropologi/s4 ,z ,mr4 ,tylor f9ds ! sa9tly & (t5 m>tyr$ ,jesuits ( #afbj-affj wor? quot+1 ,i h !re=e admitt$ ,fa!r ,le ,jeune's te/imony to ! exi/5ce ( ,atahocan be=e _! arrival 9 ,am]ica1 ) ,fa!r ,brebeuf's ,oki1 or 'un ,oki1' ^: ang] is fe>$ & :o sanctions treaties4 ,x is impossible to me to und]/& h[ ! savages c\ld borr[ f ,europeans ! beliefs :i* ! ,europeans f\nd extant :5 !y arriv$4 ,i h n t\*$ ! case ( ,africa4 ,9 ',! ,mak+ ( ,religion' 7pp4 #bbb-bbh71 ,i argu$ aga9/ ,sir ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis's elaborate !ory ( borr[+ a god1 9 ! case ( ! ,t%i-speak+ races4 ,i did n "k t ?is exact writ] _h repudiat$ 8 !ory1 :i* 0 also reject$ by ,miss ,m>y ,k+sley4 ,z to ,au/ralia1 9 face ( ! evid5ce 7:i* settl$ ,mr4 ,h[itt's d\bts z to ! borr[+ ( ^! ideas7 c any "o br+ a native ( age & cr$it :o has said t ,baiame1 "u any "n1 0 borr[$ f ! :ites8 ,mr4 ,palm] is 'p]fectly satisfi$' t 'none ( ^! ideas 7 d]iv$ f ! :ites4' ,he is speak+ ( ! tribes ( ! ,gulf ( ,c>p5t>ia1 f> away inde$ f ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,!re is no great] au?ority among an?ropologi/s ?an ,waitz1 & ,waitz rejects ! hypo!sis t ! high] ,au/ralian religi\s beliefs 7 borr[$ f ,*ri/ians4#db ,to sum up1 we h prov$1 by evid5ce ( #aeeh1 #aehf1 #afab-af1 & #afcc1 t a sort ( supreme creative be+ 0 kn[n 9 ,nor? ,am]ica be=e any mission>y influ5ce rea*$ ! regions :]e he prevail$4 ,z to ! ,au/ralian god ,baiame1 we h %[n out ( ! m\? ( ,mr4 ,tylor's own witness1 ,mr4 ,hale1 t ,baiame prec$$ ! mission>ies 9 ! region :]e lit]>y evid5ce ( 8 cre$ fir/ occurs4 ,we h giv5 ,mr4 ,hale's op9ion z to ! improbability ( borr[+4 ,we h left x to ,mr4 ,tylor to f9d ! mission>y :o1 be=e #ahdj1 translat$ ',creator' by ! ,kamil>oi ^w ',baiame' :ile %[+ ! difficulty--,i ?9k ! impossibility--( discov]+ any ,kamil>oi philologi/ be=e ,mr4 ,?relkeld4 ,& ,mr4 ,?relkeld c]ta9ly did n introduce ,baiame6 ,we h prov$ t1 contr>y to ,mr4 ,tylor's !ory ( :at a mission>y c d1 ,mr4 ,?relkeld c\ld n introduce 8 own names = ,god1 ,eloi & ,jehovah-ka1 into ,kamil>oi practice4 ,we note ! improbability t highly cons]vative m$ic9e-m5 w\ld unanim\sly ?ru/ a ,european idea into _! anci5t my/]ies4 ,we h obs]v$ t by ! nature ( ,mr4 ,tylor's !ory1 ! hypo!tically borr[$ div9e names & attributes mu/ 7if tak5 ov] f mission>ies7 h be5 well kn[n to ! wom5 & *ildr5 f :om !y are conceal$ "u dreadful p5alties4 ,we h demon/rat$ ! wor?lessness ( negative evid5ce by prov+ t ! facts 7 discov]$1 on initiation1 by a /ud5t 7,mr4 ,h[itt71 confess$ly 9 ! fir/ rank1 ?\gh he1 dur+ _m ye>s1 _h be5 ignorant ( _! exi/5ce4 ,we %[ t ! ideas ( age & pat]nity1 9 an object ( rev]5ce1 are natural & habitual to ,au/ralian natives1 & /ood 9 no ne$ ( be+ borr[$4 ,we sugge/ t ! abs5ce ( pray] to a p[]ful be+ is fatal to ! !ory ( borr[+4 ,we %[ t direct native evid5ce utt]ly d5ies ! borr[+ ( div9e names & attributes1 & /r5u\sly ass]ts t be=e ,europeans came to ,melb\rne 7#ahce7 !y 7 reveal$ 9 ! secret doctr9e ( anci5t initiatory rites4 ,?is evid5ce aga9 remov$ ! d\bts :i* ,mr4 ,h[itt _h ent]ta9$ on ! po9t1 & ,mr4 ,palm] & ,mr4 ,dawson agree ) ,mr4 ,h[itt1 ,mr4 ,ridley1 ,mr4 ,gn!r1 & ,mr4 ,gre5way1 all exp]ts1 all /udy+ ! blacks on ! spot4 ,9 ! /udy1 ,waitz is ( ! same op9ion4 ,au/ralian religion is unborr[$4 ,x is r>e1 9 an?ropological speculations1 to light on a topic 9 :i* v]ifiable dates occur4 ,! dates ( ! arrivals ( mission>ies & o!r ,europeans1 ! dates ( ,mr4 ,hale's book1 ( ,mr4 ,?relkeld's books1 ( ,mr4 ,ridley's prim]1 are def9ite facts1 n conjectures 9 ! air4 ,:ile ?is array ( facts rema9s undemoli%$1 sci5ce _c logically argue t ! sup]ior be+s ( l[ savage belief are borr[$ f ,*ri/ian tea*]s & travell]s4 ,t idea is disprov$ also by ! esot]ic & hidd5 nature ( ! beliefs1 & by ! usual1 ?\gh n univ]sal1 abs5ce ( pray]4 ,! abs5ce ( pray] aga91 & ( sacrifice1 proves t gods n brib$ or implor$ 7 n inv5t$ z p[]ful giv]s ( good ?+s1 because good ?+s 7 f\nd n to be procurable by magic4 ,?is condition ( belief is n :at a ,european1 :atev] 8 bias1 expects to f9d4 ,he does n import ?is k9d ( ideas4 ,if !y are all misreports1 due to misund]/&+s 9 ,am]ica & ,au/ralia f #aeeh to #ahih1 :at is ! value ( an?ropological evid5ce8 ,x ought to be ne$less to add t :5 good obs]v]s l ,miss ,k+sley f9d traces ( ,jesuit or o!r mission>y tea*+ 9 regions1 z ,africa or ,canada1 :]e ,jesuits actually taught 9 ! pa/1 ,i accept _! decision4#dc ,my argum5ts aga9/ ! !ory ( borr[+ apply *iefly to cases :]e ! beliefs report$ 7 f\nd already extant by ! fir/ :ite obs]v]s1 to tribes :]e mission>ies l ,mr4 ,?relkeld c\ld n introduce _! names = deity1 & to tribes :i* jeal\sly conceal _! !ology f ! :ites4 #a ,natives ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ,london1 #ahii4 #b ,) a case ( ignor+ ! evid5ce ,i deal 9 ! foll[+ essay1 ,magic & ,religion4 #c ,op4 cit4 p4 #bhd4 #d ,le ,jeune1 ,relations1 #afcc1 p4 #ag4 #e ,ibid41 #afcg1 p4 #di4 #f ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #caj4 #g ,hi/oric ( ,travaile into ,virg9ia4 ,by ,william ,/ra*ey1 ,g5t1 7a companion ( ,capta9 ,smi?74 ,hakluyt ,society4 ,date circ4#afab-afaf4 ,see ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 i4 xx-xxxix1 #ahii4 #h ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 p4 #cjh4 #i ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 pp4 #cji1 #caj 7#ahgc & #ahia74 #aj ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 p4 #cjh4 #aa ,h[itt1 ,j\rnal ( ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 #ahhd1 #ahhe4 #ab ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,e?nology & ,philology p4 #aaj4 #ac ,ridley1 ,kamil>oi ,vocabul>ies1 p4 #ag 7#ahge74 ,also 9 an e>li] ,gramm>1 #ahff4 #ad ,! ,life & ,adv5tures ( ,william ,buckley1 #aheb1 pp4 #dj-dh4 #ae ,h[itt1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 #ahhe4 ,! ,kurnai tribe4 #af ,backh\se1 ,n>rative ( a ,visit to ! ,au/ralian ,colonies1 #ahdc1 p4 #eee4 ,comp>e ,?relkeld1 ,an ,au/ralian ,language1 #ahib1 p4 #dg4 ,?is is a repr9t ( ,mr4 ,?relkeld's e>ly works ( #ahca-aheg4 #ag ,op4 cit4 p4 #dg4 #ah ,j\rnal ,an?rop4 ,in/41 #ahhe4 #ai ,he 0 suppos$ to live on an isl&1 on fi% :i* came at 8 call1 probably a *ildlike answ] to a t$i\s que/ion]4 #bj ,explor+ ,exp$ition ( ,u4 ,s41 #ahdf1 p4 #aaj4 #ba ,gurre ,kamil>oi1 or ,kamil>oi ,say+s4 ,sydney1 #ahef4 ,x is a sc>ce little book1 ) illu/rations & ,bible /ories4 #bb ,h[itt1 ,j\rnal ,an?rop4 ,in/itute1 ut supra4 #bc ,gre5way1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 vii4 p4 #bdc4 #bd ,coll9s1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,colony ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #agih1 vol4 ii4 p4 #edd4 #be ,j4 ,a4 ,i44 xvi4 pp4 #di1 #ej4 #bf ,op4 cit41 #ahhe1 p4 #ed4 #bg ,= concealm5t f wom5 & *ildr51 see ,h[itt1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xiii4 p4 #aib4 #bh ,dawson1 ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 p4 #di4 #bi ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xiii4 #ahhe1 p4 #adb4 #cj ,op4 cit4 p4 #aid4 #ca ,two volumes4 ,nutt4 #cb ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 i4 #ig4 #cc ,folk ,lore1 ,m>* #ahii1 p4 #ee4 #cd ,ridley1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 #ahgb1 p4 #bhb4 #ce ,folk ,lore1 ,m>* #ahii1 pp4 #eb1 #ec4 #cf ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 vol4 xiv4 p4 #caj4 #cg ,see 8 & ,mr4 ,fison's ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 #ahha4 #ch ,nor?-,we/ ,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 pp4 #ad1 #cf1 #aaf1 #aec1 #aeh1 #afe4 #ci ,eyre1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cee-ceg4 #dj ,aborig9es ( ,victoria4 #da ,arrang$ 9 l9es f ! lit]al translation1 pres]v+ ! native idiom4 ,h[itt1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 vol4 xvi4 pp4 #ccj1 #cca4 #db ,an?ropologie1 vi4 p4 #gih4 ,,iii ,,magic ,,& ,,religion ',! s9 ( wit*craft is z ! s9 ( rebellion4' ,! idea :i* inspires ?is text probably is t a p]son :o seeks to obta9 8 ends by wit*craft is rebell+ aga9/ ! deity or deities ?r\gh :om alone ^! ends %\ld be s\ght4 ,wit*craft is also an insult & injury to ! (ficial prie/s1 :o reg>d ! wit* z ! surgeon reg>ds ! bone-sett]1 or z ! geologi/ reg>ds ! 'd[s]' or wat]-f9d] :o uses ! div9+-rod4 ,magic or wit*craft falls into two ma9 classes4 ,! =m] is magic ( ! sort us$ by p :o ?9k t ?+s accid5tally l ea* o!r influ5ce ea* o!r4 ,y f9d a /one %ap$ l a yam1 & y s[ x 9 ! yam plot ,y f9d a /one l a duck1 & expect to h good duck-%oot+ :ile y c>ry ! /one ab\t 9 a bag4 ,9 ! same way ! "p influ5ces ! :ole2 y burn "s ( a man's hair1 & s he cat*es a fev]4 ,imitation works 9 ! same mann]2 y imitate ! em]g5ce ( grubs f ! l>v1 & y expect grubs to em]ge4 ,all magic ( ?is k9d is wr\ght by mat]ial objects1 /icks1 /ones1 hair1 & s =?1 :i* sometimes h be5 '*>m$' by songs *ant$ ov] !m4 ,among ! ,arunta ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 9 _m respects a backw>d p1 we d he> ( an 'evil _s' influ5c+ ! mat]ial object :i* has be5 *>m$4#a ,we also he> ( spirits :i* in/ruct m5 9 m$ical magic4 ,b1 z a rule1 ! magic is mat]iali/ic4 ,x really does produce effects1 by sugge/ion3 a man dies & a woman is won1 if !y "k t magic is be+ work$ to kill or woo4 ,! second sort ( magic acts by spells :i* con/ra9 spirits or gods to d ! w ( ! magician4 ,?is magic involves itself 9 religion :5 ! magical c]emonies are1 s to speak1 only symbolic pray]s express$ 9 a k9d ( sign-language4 ,b if ! idea is to put con/ra9t by spells on a god or _s1 !n ! int5tion is magical & rebelli\s4 ,?\gh ! (ficial prie/ ( a savage god may use magic 9 8 appeal to t deity1 he is n a wiz>d4 ,x is ! un(ficial practition] :o is a wit*1 j z ! unqualifi$ m$ical practition] is a quack4 ,9 ! same way if a m9i/] ( ! kirk 0 clairvoyant or second-sight$ t 0 a pro( ( godl9ess & inspiration4 ,b if a lay p>i%ion] 0 second-sight$1 he or %e 0 9 dang] ( ! /ake z a wit* or wiz>d4 ,^!1 briefly /at$1 are ! po9ts ( contra/ & po9ts ( contact betwe5 magic & religion4 ,! "q has rec5tly be5 rais$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 9 ! new edition ( 8 ',gold5 ,b\gh1' :e!r magic has n ev]y:]e prec$$ religion4 ,h m5 n attempt$ to secure wea!r & ev]y?+ else to _! desire by magic1 be=e !y inv5t$ gods1 & pray$ to !m = :at magic1 z !y le>n$ by exp]i5ce1 fail$ to provide'8 ,?is "q _c be hi/orically det]m9$4 ,if we f9d a race :i* has magic b no religion1 we _c be c]ta9 t x did n once possess a religion ( :i* x has despair$4 ,i once knew a man :o1 z a *ild1 suff]$ f too?a*e4 ,he pray$ = relief3 x did n come4 ,he at once1 ab\t ! age ( eight1 ab&on$ religion4 ,:at a *ild may d1 9 ! way ( despair ( religion1 a *ildlike race may d4 ,!re=e1 if we f9d a race ) magic b )\t religion1 we _c sci5tifically say t ! race has nev] possess$ a religion4 ,?us ! relative priority ( religion or magic _c be asc]ta9$ hi/orically4 ,aga91 all dep5ds on our def9ition ( religion1 if we are to pursue a speculation r airy & unbottom$ on facts4 ,mr4 ,fraz] def9es religion z 'a propitiation or conciliation ( p[]s sup]ior to man :i* are believ$ to direct & control ! c\rse ( nature & ( human life4'#b ,i ,b cle>ly ?is def9ition does n include all t we usually mean by religion4 ,if m5 believe 9 a pot5t be+ :o orig9ally made or manufactur$ ! nature ( ?+s or mo/ ?+s 7,i am w>n$ n to use ! ^w 'creator'71 t is an idea s f> religi\s t x satisfies1 by ! figm5t ( a sup]natural ag5t1 ! speculative faculty4 ,cle>ly ! belief 9 su* a be+ is a g]m :5ce may spr+ ! ideas ( duty t[>ds1 & an affection =1 ! be+4 ,nobody c d5y t ^! are religi\s ideas1 ?\gh !y d n appeal 9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s def9ition4 ,! believ]s 9 su* a be+1 ev5 if !y nev] ask him = any?+1 _c be call$ irreligi\s4 ,at a p]iod ( 8 life :5 ,col]idge nev] pray$1 he w\ld h be5 mu* & n unju/ly annoy$ if ,mr4 ,fraz] _h call$ him irreligi\s4 ,a man may believe 9 ,god1 & yet tru/ him too utt]ly to address him 9 petitions = e>?ly goods & ge>4 ',?y ,w be ,done' may be 8 only pray]2 yet he does n lack religion4 ,he only lacks x 9 ! s5se ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s def9ition4 ,if t def9ition is grant$1 ,mr4 ,fraz] is prep>$ to produce a backw>d race1 h\seless1 )\t agriculture1 metals1 dome/ic animals1 & )\t religion 9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s s5se4 ,!y h magic1 b !y h no religion1 says ,mr4 ,fraz]1 :o pres5tly in=ms u t #a ! fir/-born *ild ( e woman 0 eat5 by ! tribe z "p ( a religi\s c]emony4'#c ,s !y h a religion1 & a bloody religion x is4 ,t p is ! ,au/ralian1 among :om1 ':ile magic is univ]sally practis$1 religion 9 ! s5se ( a propitiation or conciliation ( ! high] p[]s seems to be ne>ly unkn[n4'#d ',nobody dreams ( propitiat+ gods or spirits by pray] or sacrifice4' ,we are pres5tly to see t ,mr4 ,fraz] gives facts :i* contradict 8 own /atem5t4 ,b fir/ ,i mu/ cite all t he says ab\t ,au/ralian religion4 ',9 ! s\?-ea/]n p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 :]e ! conditions ( life 9 respect ( climate1 wat]1 & vegetation are m fav\rable ?an else:]e1 "s fa9t beg9n+s ( religion appe> 9 ! %ape ( a slight reg>d = ! com=t ( dep>t$ fri5ds4 ,?us "s ,victorian tribes are said to h k9dl$ fires ne> ! bodies ( _! dead 9 ord] to w>m ! gho/1 b ! rec5t cu/om ( provid+ food = x is d]id$ by ! intellig5t old aborig9es z ':ite fell[s' gammon4'#e ,"s tribes 9 ?is s\?-ea/]n region are fur!r report$ to believe 9 a supreme _s1 :o is reg>d$ sometimes z a b5evol5t1 b m frequ5tly z a malevol5t1 be+4#f ,brew91 ! supreme be+ ( ! ,kurnai1 0 at fir/ id5tifi$ by two intellig5t memb]s ( ! tribe ) ,jesus ,*ri/1 b on fur!r reflection !y ?\ght he mu/ be ! devil4#g ,b :e!r view$ z gods or devils x does n seem t ^! spirits 7 ev] wor%ipp$4#h ,x is wor? obs]v+ t 9 ! same di/ricts :i* ?us exhibit ! g]ms ( religion1 ! organisation ( society & ! family has also made ! greate/ advance4 ,! cause is probably ! same 9 bo? cases--namely1 a m pl5tiful supply ( food due to ! great] f]tility ( ! soil4#i ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! p>*$ & b>r5 regions ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 :]e magic atta9s its highe/ importance1 religion seems to be entirely want+4#aj ,! traces ( a high] fai? 9 ,au/ralia1 :]e !y occur1 are probably sometimes due to ,european influ5ce4 ',i am /rongly ( op9ion1' says "o :o knew ! aborig9es well1 't ^? :o h writt5 to %[ t ! blacks _h "s k ( ,god1 practis$ pray]1 & believ$ 9 places ( rew>d & puni%m5t beyond ! grave1 h be5 impos$ ^u1 & t until !y _h le>n$ some?+ ( ,*ri/ianity f mission>ies & o!rs ! blacks _h no beliefs or practices ( ! sort4 ,hav+ he>d ! mission>ies1 h[ev]1 !y 7 n sl[ to inv5t :at ,i may call k9dr$ /atem5ts ) aborig9al accessories ) a view to please & surprise ! :ites4'#aa ,sometimes1 too1 ! report$ belief ( ! natives 9 a great or good _s may re/ m]ely on a misund]/&+4 ,mr4 ,lorim] ,fison in=ms me 79 a lett] dat$ ,june #c1 #ahii7 t a ,g]man mission>y1 ,mr4 ,sieb]t1 resid5t 9 ! ,di]i tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 has asc]ta9$ t _! ,mura ,mura1 :i* ,mr4 ,gason expla9$ to be ! ,good ,_s1#ab is no?+ m or less ?an ! ance/ors 9 ! 'dream times4' ,!re are male & female ,mura ,mura--husb&s1 wives1 & *ildr5--j z among ! ,di]i at ! pres5t day4 ,mr4 ,fison adds3 ',! m ,i le>n ab\t savage tribes1 ! m ,i am conv9c$ t among !m ! ance/ors gr[ into gods4' ,?is is all t ,mr4 ,fraz] has "h to say ab\t ! religi\s belief ( ! ,au/ralians4 ,he has f\nd1 9 '! museum ( ! pa/1' a p ) abundance ( magic1 yet ) no religion1 or n en\gh to affect 8 !ory t religion 0 ev]y:]e second 9 ord] ( "t to magic4 ,i am v cont5t to meet him on ,au/ralian gr\nd4 ,!re we f9d abundance ( te/imony to ! exi/5ce ( a belief speculative1 moral1 & emotional1 b n practical4 ,! be+s ( ?is belief are n propitiat$ by sacrifice1 & v seldom by pray]1 b !y are mak]s1 fri5ds1 & judges4 ,mr4 ,tylor accepts 7,i ?9k7 ! evid5ce = ! beliefs z at pres5t f\nd1 b presumes _m ( _! *>act]i/ics to be ( ,european importation4 ,aga9/ t !ory ,i h argu$ 9 ! prec$+ essay1 giv+ hi/orical dates4 ,mr4 ,fraz] omits & ignores ! evid5ce = ! beliefs4 ,he d5ies to ! ,au/ralians m ?an '"s fa9t beg9n+s ( religion1' & puts d[n 'traces ( a high] fai?' z 'probably sometimes due' 7& p]haps x sometimes is7 'to ,european influ5ce4' ,= ?is !ory ,mr4 ,curr is cit$3 ',hav+ he>d ! mission>ies1 !y 7 n sl[ to inv5t :at ,i call k9dr$ /atem5ts ) aborig9al accessories1 ) a view to please & surprise ! :ites4'#ac ,to please & surprise ! :ites ! natives conceal$ _! adaptations ( ,*ri/ian ideas 9 ! my/]ies1 to :i* :ite m5 are v seldom1 or 7 v seldom1 admitt$6 ,is ?is likely8 ,i believe t ! exclusive rule is n[ relax$ :]e ! natives are practically paid to exhibit4#ad ,"o ,bora 0 "u ,european patronage1 & ! old m5 & *ildr5 7 f$ on ,european supplies4 ,b :5 ,mr4 ,h[itt 0 initiat$ by ! ,kurnai1 & s fir/ le>n$ ! secret ( _! religion1' ! old m54444 desir$ to be satisfi$ t ,i _h 9 v de$ be5 fully initiat$ by ! ,braj]ak black fell[s 9 _! ,kur+al4' ,he !re=e retir$ to a lonely spot1 'f> f ! possibility ( a woman's pres5ce1' & exhibit$ ! tok5 ( 8 previ\s initiation by ! ,murr+s4 ,hi!rto 'long z ! ,kurnai _h kn[n me1 ^! special secrets ( ! tribe _h be5 kept c>efully f me by all b two1' "o ( :om 0 n[ dead4 ,! inmo/ secret 0 ! belief 9 ,mungan-ngaur1 '! ,great ,fa!r ( ! tribe1 :o 0 once on e>?1 & n[ lives 9 ! sky1 he is r ! b5efic5t fa!r1 & ! k9dly ?\gh sev]e headman ( ! :ole tribe1 ?an ! malevol5t wiz>d1 su* z are o!r ( ! sup]natural be+s believ$ 9 by ! ,au/ralian blacks4'#ae ,mr4 ,fraz] cites ,mr4 ,h[itt ?us3 ',"s tribes 9 ?is s\?-ea/]n region are fur!r report$ to believe 9 a supreme _s1 :o is reg>d$ sometimes z a b5evol5t b m frequ5tly z a malevol5t be+4'#af ,:at has become ( ,mr4 ,h[itt's evid5ce aft] initiation by ! ,kurnai1 evid5ce publi%$ 9 #ahhe8 ,h[ c ! blacks inv5t beliefs to please ! :ites :5 !y only reveal !m to ,mr4 ,h[itt1 aft] he has produc$ a bull ro>] z a tok5 ( initiation8 ,mr4 ,fraz] !n writes3 ',brew91 ! supreme be+ ( ! ,kurnai1 0 at fir/ id5tifi$ by two intellig5t memb]s ( ! tribe ) ,jesus ,*ri/1 b on fur!r reflection !y ?\ght he mu/ be ! devil4' ,?is is cit$ f a "w ( #ahha1 ,messrs4 ,fison & ,h[itt's ',kamil>oi & ,kurnai' 7p4 #bee74 ,x mu/ h escap$ ev5 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s erudition t ,mr4 ,h[itt says3 ',:5 ,i wrote ( ,brew9 9 my pap] on ,"s ,au/ralian ,beliefs ,i 0 n aw>e ( ! doctr9es z to ,mungan-ngaur4 ,^! ! ,kurnai c>efully conceal$ f me until ,i le>n$ !m at ! ,j]aeil1 or my/]ies4'#ag ,_h ,mr4 ,fraz] obs]v$ ?is rem>k ( ,mr4 ,h[itt's1 he c\ld n h cit$1 )\t comm5t or correction1 ,mr4 ,h[itt's e>li] & confess$ly errone\s op9ion t ',brew9' is '! supreme be+ ( ! ,kurnai4'#ah ,to ,mr4 ,h[itt's correction 9 #ahhe ( 8 mi/ake ( #ahha ,mr4 ,fraz]1 z f> z ,i obs]ve1 makes no allusion4 ,mr4 ,fraz] mu/ ei!r h ov]look$ all ! evid5ce = an ,au/ralian belief ru9\s to 8 !ory ( ! orig9 ( religion 7ru9\s if ,au/ralia repres5ts ! e>lie/ kn[n /ages ( religion71 or he mu/ h reasons1 n produc$1 = ?9k+ all t evid5ce too wor?less to des]ve confutation or ev5 m5tion4 ,we are anxi\s to "k 8 reasons1 =1 on o!r matt]s1 he freely quotes our witnesses4 ,yet ,i _c ?9k ,mr4 ,fraz] consi/5tly s sev]e z to ,au/ralian evid5ce4 ,he has a picturesque !ory t ! orig9 ( ! ,passov] 0 a rite 9 :i* mask$ m5 ran ab\t ?r\gh ,hebrew t[ns 9 ! night1 but*]+ all ! fir/ born ( ,israel4#ai ,no p1 we exclaim1 ev] did su* a ?+6 ,9 pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! cu/om ,mr4 ,fraz] adduces an ,au/ralian p>allel3 ',9 "s tribes ( ,new ,s\? ,wales ! fir/-born *ild ( e woman 0 eat5 by ! tribe z "p ( a religi\s c]emony4'#bj ,mr4 ,fraz]'s au?ority is a communication by ,mr4 ,john ,moore ,davis1 & 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgh1 tw5ty-?ree ye>s ago1 by ,mr4 ,br\gh ,smy?4 ,"h is :at ,mr4 ,davis says3 ',9 p>ts ( ,n4 ,s4 ,w41 su* z ,ba?ur/1 ,g\lburn1 ! ,la*lan1 or ,macqu>ie1 x 0 cu/om>y long ago = ! fir/-born ( e lubra to be eat5 by ! tribe1 z "p ( a religi\s c]emony1 & ,i recollect a black fell[ :o _h1 9 compliance ) ! cu/om1 be5 ?r[n :5 an infant on ! fire1 b 0 rescu$ & br\ght up by "s /ock-keep]s :o happ5$ accid5tally to be pass+ at ! "t4 ,! m>ks ( ! burns 7 di/9ctly visible on ! man :5 ,i saw him4444' ,! evid5ce is :at ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>* calls 'remote4' ,9 #ahgh ! ev5t 0 already 'long ago4' ,! te/imony is f we "k n h[ remote a h&4 ,! black suff]]1 z a baby at ! "t1 c\ld n rememb] ! facts4 ,! /ock-keep]s :o 7 pres5t are n nam$1 nor d we ev5 "k :e!r ,mr4 ,davis 0 in=m$ by !m1 or he>d _! /ory at ?ird or f\r? h&4 ,we d n "k :e!r !y correctly int]pret$ ! alleg$ sacrifice1 9 a religi\s c]emony 7by a p said to be almo/ or q irreligi\s71 ( all ! fir/-born *ildr5 ( wom54 ,mr4 ,fraz] has circulat$ inquiries z to ,au/ralian cu/oms1 & has publi%$ ! results 9 ! ',j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute4'#ba ,he does n appeal to ! answ]s 9 corroboration ( ,mr4 ,davis's rem>kable /ory4#bb ,imbu$ ) ! sup]/ition ( psy*ical rese>*1 ,i once inve/igat$ ! fam\s ,au/ralian tale ( ,fi%]'s gho/ 7#ahbf74 ,i s5t = ! ,c\rt ar*ives 7! gho/ l$ to a trial = murd]71 & ,i receiv$ ^! & a contempor>y plan ( ! sc5e ( ! murd] & ! app>ition4 ,^! docum5ts left me d\btful ab\t ! gho/ ( ,fi%]4#bc ,may ,i n say t simil> rese>*es & good corroborative evid5ce are ne$$ be=e we accept a settl]'s tale ( an ,au/ralian sacrifice1 'long ago1' z confirm+ a !ory ( a ,hebrew ye>ly massacre ( all ! fir/-born8 ,moreov]1 if ,mr4 ,moore's evid5ce is good z to a sacrifice1 :y is ! late/ evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,h[itt & all my o!r witnesses z to ,au/ralian religion n wor? m5tion+8 ,:y is x s bad t ,mr4 ,fraz] goes back to ,mr4 ,h[itt's evid5ce ( #ahha1 be=e he knew ! secret1 & is sil5t ab\t ,mr4 ,h[itt's evid5ce ( #ahhe8 ,we may quote ,sir ,alfr$ ,lyall3 ',"o effect ( ! accumulation ( mat]ials has be5 to enc\rage speculative g5]alisations1 because x has provid$ a rep]tory out ( :i* "o may make arbitr>y selection ( examples & prec$5ts to suit any !ory4' ,has ,mr4 ,fraz] escap$ ?is error8 ,i _c ?9k t he has escap$1 & ! error is fatal4 ,he cites ,mr4 ,h[itt1 ,mr4 ,palm]1 ,mr4 ,oldfield1 ,mr4 ,dawson1 & ,mr4 ,cam]on 7:om ,i am ab\t to quote71 all ( :om speak to a native religion ( ! k9d = :i* ,i cont5d4 ,_! witness is en\gh = him 9 o!r matt]s1 b z to ?is matt] ^! witnesses1 = "s reason1 are absolutely ignor$4 ,i myself h omitt$ ! affirmative evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,oldfield & ,mr4 ,foels*e z to religion1 because ,i ?9k x contam9at$1 al?\gh 9 "p corroborat$4 ,b my witnesses1 all cit$ = o!r po9ts by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 are n ev5 m5tion$ on ! po9t :]e1 if _! reports be correct1 !y seem r to invalidate 8 c5tral !ory--t religion 0 inv5t$ 9 ! despair ( magic4 ,z to t despair1 x does n exi/4 ,! religions ( ,babylon1 ,greece1 & ,egypt liv$ side by side ) sup]abundant magic4 ,! ,au/ralians1 :5 _! magic fails1 m]ely say t "s o!r black fell[ is work+ /rong] c\nt]-magic4#bd ,h[ev]1 t is a diff]5t "q4 ,! "q at pres5t is1 ,:y does ,mr4 ,fraz] n cite & confute ! evid5ce ( witnesses1 :om he quotes on o!r po9ts1 evid5ce fatal to 8 !ory8 ,:y does he ignore x8 ,among s _m witnesses1 di/ru/ful ( facts t surprise !m1 anxi\s to expla9 by borr[+1 all _c be biass$4 ,if !y 71 :y is n ! te/imony ( witnesses ) ! opposite bias also discr$it$ or ignor$8 ,:y is x welcom$8 ,mr4 ,fraz] pref]s ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,sieb]t1 a ,g]man mission>y1 t ! ,di]i propitiate ance/ral spirits1 to ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,gason1 t ! be+ ( _! belief is a good _s :o made !m4 ,i d n "k :i* ( ^! g5tlem5 is "r2 possibly bo? views are held by diff]5t native in=mants4 ,b ,mr4 ,sieb]t's ance/ral spirits come ?r\gh ,mr4 ,fison1 :o says3 ',! m ,i le>n ab\t savage tribes1 ! m ,i am conv9c$ t among !m ance/ors gr[ into ,gods '--s natural a process :]e ! names ( ! dead are taboo$6 ',oh no1 we nev] m5tion !m1 ,_! names are nev] he>d4' ,s !y gr[ into gods6 ,mr4 ,fison is a ,sp5c]ian2 s1 = all t ,i "k1 may ,mr4 ,sieb]t be4 ,if s1 bo? h a !ory & a bias1 yet !y are cit$4 ,x is only witnesses :o hold t ! ,au/ralians1 c]ta9ly n1 z a rule1 ance/or wor%ipp]s1 believe 9 a k9d ( god1 :o are n deem$ wor?y ( m5tion on ?is po9t1 ?\gh q tru/wor?y on o!r po9ts4 ,i _c und]/& ?is me?od4 ,! hi/orian has a !ory4 ,he se>*es = contradictory facts4 ,! *emi/ or biologi/ does n fail to m5tion facts ho/ile to 8 !ory4 ,we are n ask+ ,mr4 ,fraz] to accept ! te/imony ( ,mr4 ,h[itt1 ,mr4 ,cam]on1 ,mr4 ,ridley1 ,mr4 ,gre5way1 ,mr4 ,gason1 ,mr4 ,hale1 ,ar*deacon ,gn!r1 ! ,b5$ict9es ( ,nursia1 ,mr4 ,dawson1 ,mr4 ,eyre1 ,mr4 ,ro?1 ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k]2 or to accept ! op9ion ( ,waitz1 ,mr4 ,h[itt1 & o!rs z to unborr[$ ,au/ralian religion4 ,_! te/imony may be errone\s2 :5 x is prov$ errone\s ,i %all ab&on x4 ,b p]haps an?ropologi/s may be all[$ to be curi\s z to ! reasons = :i* ?is & simil> te/imony is ignor$4 ,! reason _c be t !re is contradictory evid5ce1 = "s obs]v]s d5y magic to ! tribes :om !y "k4#be ,yet ,mr4 ,fraz] has no d\bt z to ! preval5ce ( magic1 ?\gh "o ( 8 witnesses1 ,mr4 ,foels*e1 gives no magic1 b gives religion4 ',:e!r view$ z gods or devils1' ,mr4 ,fraz] says ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralian be+s1 'x does n seem t ^! spirits 7 ev] wor%ipp$4' ,he has ignor$ ! evid5ce t !y are wor%ipp$ 7if ! rights ( ! ,bora are wor%ip71 b1 if !y are n wor%ipp$1 s mu* ! worse = 8 !ory4 ,gods1 9 8 !ory1 7 inv5t$ j to be wor%ipp$4 ',to ^! mighty be+s4444 man n[ address$ himself4444 besee*+ !m ( _! m]cy to furni% him ) all good ?+s4444'#bf ,z aga9/ ! correctness ( my witnesses ,i only "k ! mass ( evid5ce by :ite obs]v]s :o h detect$ no religion among ^! savages4 ,b ,i d n necess>ily accept ! negative evid5ce1 because ! beliefs are report$1 by ! affirmative witnesses1 to be gu>d$ ) ! utmo/ secrecy4#bg ,x is n e inquir] :o has ! p[] ( elicit+ beliefs :i*1 = _m reasons1 are jeal\sly gu>d$4 ,_m ,engli%m5 or ,l[l&]s are unable to extract leg5ds ( fairies1 gho/s1 & second-sight f ,gaelic ,highl&]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y are k9d en\gh to communicate to me pl5ty ( _! folk-lore4 ',! ,urkus 7 v %y & fright5$ :5 ask$ ab\t _! religion1' says ,mr4 ,pope ,h5nessy 9 8 ',notes on ! ,jukos & o!r ,tribes ( ! ,middle ,b5' 7#ahih74bh ,?us ,i pref] ! affirmative evid5ce ( ,europeans :o h won ! confid5ce ( ! ,au/ralians1 & h be5 initiat$1 to ! d5ials ( obs]v]s less =tunate4 ,z = _! !ory t ! religi\s practices1 if !y exi/1 are borr[$ f ,*ri/ians1 ,i h /at$ my case 9 ! prec$+ essay4 ,!re c\ld be no /rong] evid5ce ?an ! abs5ce ( pray] t ! ,au/ralian religion is n borr[$4 ,?is argum5t ought especially to appeal to ,mr4 ,fraz]4 ,8 def9ition ( religion is t ( ,eu?yphro1 9 ! ,platonic ,dialogue ( t "n4 ,socrates4 ,sacrific+ is giv+ to ! ,gods1 & piety is ask+ f !m8 ,eu?yphro4 ,yes1 ,socrates4 ,socrates4 ,^u ?is view1 !n1 piety is a sci5ce ( ask+ & giv+8 ,eu?yphro4 ,y und]/& me capitally1 ,socrates4 ,mr4 ,fraz] agrees ) ,eu?yphro4 ,b if we f9d t ! mo/ backw>d race kn[n to u believes 9 a p[]1 yet propitiates him nei!r by pray] nor sacrifice1 & if we f9d1 z we d1 t 9 _m m advanc$ races 9 ,africa & ,am]ica x is precisely ! highe/ p[] :i* is left impropriat$1 !n we really _c argue t gods 7 fir/ inv5t$ z p[]s :o c\ld give good ?+s1 on receipt ( o!r good ?+s1 sacrifice & pray]4 ,sir ,alfr$ ,lyall "h agrees ) ,mr4 ,fraz]4 ',! f\ndation ( natural religion is4444 ! pr9ciple ( ,d ut des' 7',i give t y may give'71 '& ! mo/ +5i\s rese>*es into ! evolution ( primitive ideas w h>dly take u beyond or beh9d x4'#bi ,my 'rese>*es' d n pret5d to be ,i +5i\s4' ,x is a m]e "q ( facts4 ,h ,mr4 ,h[itt's tribes ! idea ( a p[]1 a v great p[]1 :i* is int]e/$ 9 conduct1 sanctions conduct1 b is n ask$ = mat]ial b5efits8 ,h1 or _h1 all ! ,am]ican & ,african peoples :om ,i h cit$ a highe/ p[] (t5 unconciliat$8 ,if s1 :y did !y inv5t ^! be+s8 ,c]ta9ly n to play ) !m at ! game ( ,d ut des4 ,yet t game 0 ! orig9 ( religion1 accord+ to ,sir ,alfr$ & ,mr4 ,fraz]4 ,! facts mu/ be m5tion$1 mu/ be disprov$1 be=e ! !ory ( ,d ut des c be e/abli%$4 ,ev5 if we accept$ ! !ory ( ,eu?yphro & ( ,mr4 ,fraz] x is beset by difficulties4 ,religion is ! despair ( magic1 says ! !ory4 ,magic is f\nd by ! high] m9ds to be a failure4 ,ra9 is n produc$1 nor sun%9e1 nor food1 z a result ( magic4 ,consequ5tly invisible p[]s1 'l himself1 b f> /rong]1' are inv5t$ by man4 ,!y are immortal1 & are ask$ to take man's immortal _s home to !m4#cj ,yet !y are mortal !mselves4#ca ,!y are s dep5d5t on man1 ^! be+s :i* are f> /rong]1 t man actually has to sacrifice 8 k+s to !m annually to keep ^! f> /rong] be+s 9 vig\r4#cb ,i am will+ to suppose1 ) ,mr4 ,fraz]1 a v gradual process ( evolution 9 religi\s ?\ght4 ,man began by ?9k+ 8 own magic all p[]ful4 ,he f\nd t a failure1 '& came to re/1 z 9 a quiet hav5 aft] a tempe/u\s voyage1 9 a new sy/em ( fai? & practice4444 a sub/itute1 h[ev] prec>i\s1 = t' 7magical7 'sov]eignty ov] nature :i* he _h reluctantly abdicat$4' ,to be sure he _h n abdicat$1 ,greek & ,babylonic magic are especially notori\s4 ,b let u fancy t man at l>ge b gradually rea*$ ! conception ( p[]s f> high] ?an himself4 ,!y 7 v limit$ p[]s at fir/3 !y help$ him1 b he _h to help !m1 to ! ext5t1 sometimes1 ( kill+ 8 k+s annually to keep !m 9 heal?4 ,?is is ,mr4 ,fraz]'s position4#cc ,b if our ,au/ralian evid5ce is correct1 ?is !ory is baseless4 ,t is :y our evid5ce _c be neglect$4 ,x is ano!r difficulty t ! m man ought to be f9d+ out ! fallacy ( magic1 ! less does he f9d x out4 ,mr4 ,fraz] *ooses ! ,arunta ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia z a p :olly )\t religion1 b univ]sally magicians4 ,i h frequ5tly read ! acc\nt ( ,arunta magic by ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 b ,i nev] f\nd t x includ$ a belief l ?is3 ',a man god4444 draws 8 extraord9>y p[] f a c]ta9 sympa?y ) nature4' ,he is def9$ n z an inc>nation ( a god '( an ord] diff]5t f & sup]ior to man1' b z only a sup]ior sorc]] :]e mo/ m5 are sorc]]s4 ',he is n m]ely ! receptacle ( a div9e _s4' ,we h j be5 told t he is n ! receptacle ( a div9e _s at all1 & we %all take x to be s4 ',8 :ole be+1 body & s\l1 is s attun$ to ! h>mony ( ! _w1 t a t\* ( 8 h& or a turn ( 8 head may s5d a ?rill vibrat+ ?r\gh ! univ]sal framework ( ?+s4#cd4444' ,b y w look 9 va9 = ?is port5t\s belief among ! ,arunta1 :o1 n hav+ f\nd out ! fallacy ( magic1 h n inv5t$ be+s sup]ior to man4 ,= ?is sorc]] ( ! v highe/ magic y h to g to ! civilisation ( ,japan1 or to ! peoples on ! ,congo1 mu* m civilis$ ?an ! ,arunta4#ce,^! peoples1 by ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory1 _h exp]i5ce & intellig5ce en\gh to f9d out ! fallacy ( magic1 & _h gods 9 great pl5ty4 ,b !y h c>ri$ ! belief 9 magic1 9 a magician mu* sup]ior to 8 neighb\rs1 to a pit* inf9itely beyond ! ,arunta4 ,yet ! ,arunta h no gods ) :om to draw comp>isons invidi\s & unfav\rable to magicians2 !y h1 x is said1 no gods at all4 ,j z magic ?us rea*es its highe/ p[]1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,fraz]1 :]e !re is mo/ religi\s competition 7:ile ! rev]se %\ld be ! case by 8 !ory71 s religion fl\ri%es mo/ 9 ,au/ralia1 exactly :]e1 by ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory1 ! circum/ances are mo/ unfav\rable to religion & mo/ fav\rable to magic4 ,magic1 by ! hypo!sis1 mu/ prosp] mo/1 its fallacy mu/ be late/ discov]$1 x mu/ late/ give place to religion1 :]e x appe>s to be mo/ successful1 & vice v]s4 ,yet ,mr4 ,fraz] assures u t 9 ,au/ralia magic fl\ri%es alone1 :]e e circum/ance demon/rates its failure2 & religion beg9s to blossom precisely :]e magic mu/ seem to its devotees a relative success4 ,be=e exam9+ ?is app>5t inconsi/5cy1 let u note ,mr4 ,fraz]'s inadv]t5t pro( t 8 irreligi\s ,au/ralians are religi\s4 ,"o "p ( ! bus9ess ( magic is to produce ra9 9 season1 sun 9 season1 & consequ5tly an abundant food supply4#cf ,! ,di]i ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia ne$ especially excell5t magic4 ',9 a dry season _! lot is a h>d "o4' ,hav+ no religion1 !y ought1 ( c\rse1 to "w by m]e mat]iali/ic magic1 l ! ,arunta4#cg ,b !y1 oddly en\gh1 'call ^u ! spirits ( _! remote ance/ors1 :i* !y call ,mura ,mura1 to grant !m p[] to make a heavy ra91' & !n m5 inspir$ by ! ,mura ,mura "w magic1 or pray 9 sign-language1 z y please4#ch ,n[ ! ,mura ,mura1 ! ra9-giv]s1 by evid5ce :i* ,mr4 ,fraz] himself has publi%$1 is 'a ,good ,_s1' n a set ( remote ance/ral spirits4 ,! witness is ,mr4 ,gason1 '?an :om' 7says ,mr4 ,fraz]'s au?ority1 ,dr4 ,/irl+7 'no man liv+ has be5 m among blacks or kn[s m ( _! ways4' ,if on ?is excell5t evid5ce ! ,au/ralian ,di]i call = ra9 to a good _s1 !n !y h religion1 :i* ,mr4 ,fraz] d5ies4 ,b if ,mr4 ,sieb]t1 a ,g]man mission>y1 is "r 7& ,mr4 ,fraz]1 z we saw1 pref]s 8 view to t ( ,mr4 ,gason71 !n ! ,mura ,mura are only ance/ral spirits4 ,yet to dem& ! aid ( remote ance/ral spirits by pray] is religion4 ,9 fact ,mr4 ,fraz] _h said ( ! p[]ful be+s ( ! ,s\!rn ,au/ralians 'x does n seem t ^! spirits are ev] wor%ipp$4'#ci ,b pray] is wor%ip1 & ! ,di]i pray1 :e!r to a good _s or to ance/ral spirits1 pot5t ov] ! sky1 & dwell+ !re94 ,if ?is is n religion1 by ,mr4 ,fraz]'s own def9ition1 namely 'a propitiation or conciliation ( p[]s sup]ior to man1 :i* are believ$ to direct & control ! c\rse ( nature1' :at is religion8#dj ,yet 9 ,au/ralia 'nobody dreams ( propitiat+ gods or spirits by pray] & sacrifice1' says our au?or4#da ,none ! less !y 'call ^u ! spirits ( _! remote ance/ors1 :i* !y call ,mura ,mura1 to grant !m p[] to make a heavy ra94' ,aft] c]emonies magical1 or m pray]s 9 sign-language1 ! ,mura ,mura 'at once cause cl\ds to appe> 9 ! sky4'#db ,!y see ! signs :i* _! wor%ipp]s are mak+4 ,"h !n we h pray] to 'p[]s sup]ior to man' 7:e!r to ! ,good ,_s or to ance/ral spirits71 & t1 on evid5ce collect$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 occurs 9 a c\ntry :]e1 f\rte5 pages e>li]1 he _h assur$ u t 'nobody ?9ks ( propitiat+ gods or spirits by pray] & sacrifice4' ,sacrifice1 happily1 !re is none2 ! ,di]i h n deg5]at$ to sacrific+ human victims l ! ,greeks4 ,! sc5e is ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 :]e '! pitiless sun beats d[n = mon?s toge!r out ( a blue & cl\dless sky on ! p>*$ & gap+ e>?4' ,consequ5tly ra9-mak+ magic mu/ p]petually prove a failure4 ,!re=e1 ,i presume1 ! ,di]i h be5 driv5 into religion by discov]+ ! fallacy ( magic4 ,?is w\ld be a logical argum5t1 b ,mr4 ,fraz]'s argum5t is ! conv]se ( :at ,i sugge/ & contradicts 8 !ory4 ,he dubi\sly grants ! exi/5ce ( possible fa9t 'g]ms ( religion' '9 ! s\?-ea/]n p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 :]e ! conditions ( life 9 respect ( climate1 wat]1 & vegetation are m fav\rable ?an else:]e4444 ,x is wor? obs]v+ t 9 ! same regions :i* ?us exhibit ! g]ms ( religion1 ! organisation ( society & ! family has also made ! greate/ advance4 ,! cause is probably ! same 9 bo? cases--namely1 a m pl5tiful supply ( food due to ! great] f]tility ( ! soil4'#dc ,n[1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,fraz]'s :ole argum5t1 ! confess$ failure ( magic is ! orig9 ( religion4#dd ,b 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 :]e magic notori\sly fails mo/ conspicu\sly to supply wat] & vegetation1 magic fl\ri%es to ! entire exclusion ( religion1 except among ! ,di]i4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia1 :]e magic1 if practis$1 is abundantly rew>d$ by m wat] & m vegetation1 !re ^! pro(s ( ! success ( magic are 'probably ! cause' ( ! g]ms ( religion4 ,b1 by ,mr4 ,fraz]'s hypo!sis1 :at mu/ be ! app>5t success ( magic 9 secur+ 'a m pl5tiful supply ( food' ought to enc\rage ! belief 9 magic1 & prev5t religion f ev5 g]m9at+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! successful result ( magic 7= to :at else c a p ( sorc]]s attribute ! bett] food supply87 has be5 'probably ! cause' ( ! fir/ g]ms ( religion4 ,h[ c ^! ?+s be8 ,all ?is "t "o tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ! ,arunta1 rema9s resolutely godless '9 spite ( all temptations to jo9 d5om9ations' ( a religi\s "*4 ,= ! ,arunta live 9 ! wor/ c\ntry1 ! mo/ ra9less1 & !re=e _! magic is mo/ manife/ly a failure4 ,yet1 unlike ! natives ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia 7:]e magic is mo/ successful71 ! ,arunta cl+ to magic1 & h develop$ no religion4 ,if s1 z ( all ra9-mak+ magic !irs is ab\t ! mo/ unsuccessful1 !y mu/ be v /upid1 or !y w\ld detect ! failure1 & fly to religion1 'a quiet hav5 aft] a tempe/u\s voyage4' ,! ,arunta are v f> f /upid2 !y h ! mo/ complete & adequate ( savage metaphysics4 ,if1 !n1 !y h n approa*$ sup]ior p[]s1 9 face ( ! failure ( _! magic1 x may be t !y h tri$ & disc>d$ religion4 ',religion = ! wom5 & ! *ildr51 magic = m5' appe>s to be ! ,arunta motto3 n s v uncivilis$6 ,?is ,i sugge/ because ,mr4 ,fraz] tells u t at ! initiatory rites ( ! ,arunta '! wom5 & *ildr5 believe t ! ro>+ noise' ( ! wood5 slat1 ti$ to a /r+ & swung ab\t1 is '! voice ( ! great _s ,twanyirika4'#de ,a great _s 7above all if spell$ ) capital lett]s7 is r a religi\s conception4 ',?is _s1 ! wom5 are told1 lives 9 wild & inaccessible regions4444 ,bo? un9itiat$ y\?s & wom5 are taught to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,twanyirika4' ,s write ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 our only s\rces4#df ,a brief note is all t ^! inquir]s give 9 _! copi\s book to ! great _s4 ',?is belief1' !y say1 'is fundam5tally ! same z t f\nd 9 all ,au/ralian tribes4' ,n[ 9 ! tribes report$ on by ,mr4 ,h[itt1 ! _s ^: voice is ! s\nd ( ! slat or bull ro>] call$ ! tundun1 & by o!r names1 is ! son or o!r deputy ( ,baiame1 or "s su* p[]ful good be+1 ,mungan-ngaur1 ,pirnmeheal1 ,bunjil1 ,noorele1 or by :atev] /yle he may be call$4 ,"o ( 8 duties is to sup]9t5d ! ,bora1 or my/]ies ( ! tribes4 ,! ,wiraijuri believe t _! type ( ,twanyirika 0 de/roy$1 = misconduct1 by 8 sup]ior1 ,baiame4 ,?is s9ful great _s 0 call$ ,d>amulun1 b 9 o!r tribes ,d>amulun is app>5tly ! sup]ior1 & goes on exi/+4 ,he is1 says ,mr4 ,h[itt1 '! ,great ,ma/]1' '! ,fa!r1' ! sky dwell]1 ! in/itutor ( society1 ! p[] ^: voice 'calls to ! ra9 to fall & make ! grass gre54' ,he is ! moral be+ = :om '! boys are made s t ,d>amulun likes !m'--a process involv+ cries ( nga 7'good'71 s says ,mr4 ,h[itt4 ,8 attributes & p[]s 7:]e he is supreme7 'are precisely ^? ( ,baiame1' :o1 by ,mr4 ,ridley & _m o!rs1 is spok5 ( z a mak]1 if ,i may n say creator4 ,x 0 9 #ahed1 two ye>s be=e publi%+ 8 ',gurre ,kamil>oi' 79 :i* ',baiame' 0 us$ = ',god'71 t ,mr4 ,ridley ask$ a ,kamil>oi man1 ',d y "k ,baiame8' ,he said1 ,kamil zaia zummi ,baiame1 zaia w9uzgulda 7',i h n se5 ,baiame2 ,i h he>d1 or p]ceiv$ him4 ,!y he> him 9 ! ?und]'74 ,among ?is tribe ,d>amulun 0 n ! sup]ior2 he 0 'au?or ( disease & m$ical skill1 ( mis*ief & wisdom also2 he appe>s 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t at _! assemblies1' l ,asclepius & ! ,am]ican ,hobamok4#dg ,?\gh ,mr4 ,ridley is a mission>y1 ,i v5ture to cite him1 because 8 evid5ce goes back ne>ly fifty ye>s1 to a "t :5 ! blacks _h less contact ) ,europeans4 ,moreov]1 ,mr4 ,ridley is corroborat$ by ,mr4 ,h[itt & o!r laym51 :ile ,mr4 ,fraz] ev5 pref]s ! evid5ce ( a ,g]man mission>y to t ( ,mr4 ,gason1 a lay ,engli%man ( ! greate/ exp]i5ce4 ,mr4 ,h[itt f9ds1 among ! ,kurnai1 ,tundun z ! patron ( ! my/]ies & ! bull ro>]1 l ,twanyirika4 ,9 ,mr4 ,mann+'s tribe#dh ! same rle is tak5 by ,moodgeegally1 "u ! control ( ,boyma4 ,we h ?us five or six p>allels to ! ,twanyirika ( ! godless ,arunta1 & all are subord9ate to a high] p[]4 ,if !n1 z ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 tell u1 ! belief 9 ! ,arunta ,twanyirika1 ! great _s1 'is fundam5tally ! same z t f\nd 9 all ! ,au/ralian tribes1' ,twanyirika ought to h a mu* m p[]ful b5evol5t sup]ior4 ,9 t case ! ,arunta w\ld ,incl9e to ?9k !re is a god1 ,or some?+ v l "o1 z ,cl\gh says4 ,if s1 z !y d n propitiate him1 !y did n conceive him z a p>tn] 9 ! game ( ,d ut des4 ,b our only witnesses1 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 are extremely retic5t ab\t ,twanyirika4 ,no?+ is said ab\t 8 hav+ a sup]ior1 & ,i assume t he has none4 ,x seems to foll[ t he is a m]e ,mumbo ,jumbo1 or bogle1 devis$ by ! m5 to keep ! wom5 & *ildr5 9 ord]4 ,b 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia 7if ,i may tru/ ,mr4 ,h[itt's evid5ce1 to :i* ,mr4 ,fraz] does n "h allude7 ! c\nt]p>t ( ,twanyirika is a m]e s]vant ( a mu* high] be+1 ev]y:]e call$ by names mean+ 'our fa!r4' ,!re=e ei!r 'our fa!r' ,baiame1 ,mungan-ngaur1 & ! re/1 h be5 develop$ out ( a sportive bugbe> l ,twanyirika1 or ,twanyirika 7if he really has no sup]ior7 is a rudim5t>y survival ( a belief l t 9 ,mungan-ngaur1 & 8 subord9ate1 ,tundun4 ,9 ! =m] case ,twanyirika1 a g]m ( ! m advanc$ religion ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia1 0 n inv5t$ z a p[] beh9d nature1 :o might be useful if propitiat$1 z 9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory4 ,9 ! latt] case ! ,arunta d n repres5t man prior to religion 7z ,mr4 ,fraz] holds71 b man :o has ca/ (f religion4 ,b ,mr4 ,fraz] does n seem to notice ?is dilemma4 ,! evid5ce = :at mo/ p call 'religion' among ! ,au/ralian natives is s f> f scanty t "o f9ds x :5 look+ = o!r matt]s1 z ,i am go+ to %[4 ,true1 9 ! foll[+ report ! religion does n answ] to ,mr4 ,fraz]'s def9ition1 no p[]ful be+ is "h said to be conciliat$ or propitiat$3 he is only said to exi/ & fav\r morality4 ,b ,mr4 ,fraz]'s def9ition1 if press$1 produces ! effect ( argu+ 9 a vici\s circle4 ,8 !ory ass]ts t p[]ful be+s are only inv5t$ by man1 9 view ( man's t>dy discov]y t 8 own magic is p[]less4 ,! inv5t$ be+s are !n propitiat$1 = selfi% ends1 & t1 by ! def9ition1 is religion4 ,if we produce1 z we d1 evid5ce t ! belief 9 p[]ful be+s has be5 evolv$1 & yet t ^! be+s are c]ta9ly n propitiat$ by sacrifice1 & seldom if ev] by pray]1 t !y are only won by conduct1 & by rites n involv+ sacrifice1 ,mr4 ,fraz] c reply1 ',p]haps2 b by my def9ition t k9d ( belief is n religion4' ,!n :at is x8 ',:at else c y call x8' ,its exi/5ce1 if prov$1 is fatal to ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory ( ! orig9 ( religion 9 ! despair ( magic1 because ! fai?ful ( ! belief ( :i* ,i speak d n usually implore ! god to d = !m :at magic has fail$ to d4 ,_! belief satisfies _! speculative & moral ne$s3 x does n exi/ to supply _! temporal wants4 ,yet x is none ! less1 b mu* ! m1 a religion on t acc\nt1 except by ,mr4 ,fraz]'s def9ition4 ,if religion is to be def9$ z he def9es x1 'a propitiation or conciliation ( p[]s sup]ior to man1' & s on1 religion c only h aris5 z x does 9 8 !ory1 sett+ aside a sup]normal revelation4 ,b if we d n d5y ! "n ( religion to ! speculative belief 9 a p[] sup]ior to man1 & to ! moral belief t he l5ds a sup]normal sanction to conduct1 & to ! emotional belief t he loves 8 *ildr51 !n ! belief is religion1 b some?+ o!r ?an religion z def9$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]4 ,nobody w d5y ! "n ( religion to su* a belief4 ,mr4 ,fraz] says3 ',i w\ld ask ^? :o diss5t f my conclusions to make sure t !y mean ! same ?+ by religion t ,i d2 = o!rwise ! diff]5ce betwe5 u may be m app>5t ?an real4'#di ,i mean by religion :at ,mr4 ,fraz] means--& m4 ,! conciliation ( high] p[]s by pray] & sacrifice is religion1 b x ne$ n be ! :ole ( religion4 ,! belief 9 a high] p[] :o sanctions conduct1 & is a fa!r & a lov+ "o to mank9d1 is also religion2 few1 if any1 w dispute ! fact4 ,b ?is belief1 if unaccompani$1 z 9 ,au/ralia1 by pray] & sacrifice1 _c be acc\nt$ = on ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory3 t religion 0 inv5t$1 = worldly ends1 aft] ! recognis$ failure ( magic1 :i* aim$ at ! same ends fruitlessly4 ,x is only by limit+ 8 def9ition ( religion1 z he does1 t he c e/abli% 8 !ory ( ! orig9 ( religion4 ,x is only by omitt+ m5tion ( ! evid5ce = :at nobody else c d5y to be religion1 t he c secure 8 !ory4 ,i return to my additional evid5ce = ,au/ralian religion4 ,z w be se51 x does n come )9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s def9ition1 b w anybody d5y t ! belief is religi\s8 ,! evid5ce is t ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,p4 ,cam]on1#ej & conta9s a brief comp>ative gloss>y ( words us$ by diff]5t tribes ( ,new ,s\? ,wales to indicate ! same objects4 ,mr4 ,cam]on _h be5 int]e/$ 9 ! black fell[s s9ce #ahfh at lea/1 :5 _! numb]s 7 mu* l>g] ?an at pres5t4 ,he _h se5 ga!r+s ( f #hjj to #a1jjj4 ,! tribes *iefly 9 "q dwelt along ! ,murrumbidgee & ,murray riv]s1 & d n include ! ,kamil>oi1 ! ,kurnai1 & ,coa/ ,murr+ ( :om ,mr4 ,h[itt speaks4 ,z to religion1 gho/s ( ! dead are believ$ to visit ! e>?1 & to be frequ5tly se54 ,! blacks 'w (t5 resort to peculi> devices to avoid m5tion+ ! names ( ! dead1' a practice ho/ile to ! developm5t ( ance/or wor%ip4 ,no gho/ ( a man c gr[ into a god if 8 "n is taboo$ & !re=e =gott54 ',! p ( all ^! tribes appe> to h a belief 9 a ,deity1 & 9 a future /ate ( "s k9d4' ,! ,wa?i ,wa?i call ?is be+ ,?a-?a-pali2 ! ,ta-ta-?i call him ,tulong4 ,mr4 ,cam]on c\ld n obta9 translations ( ^! names1 any m ?an we "k ! mean+ ( ! names ,apollo or ,artemis4 ,! be+ 'is reg>d$ z a p[]ful _s1 or p]haps a supreme sup]natural be+4 ,!y say t he came f ! f> nor?1 & n[ lives 9 ! sky4 ,he told ea* tribe :at language !y 7 to speak4 ,he made m51 wom51 & dogs1 & ! latt] us$ to talk1 b he took ! p[] ( spee* f !m4 ,! ,ta-ta-?i d n c>e to speak mu* ( ,tulong1 & say t he does n (t5 come to ! e>?4 ,al?\gh x seems t 9 _m ( ! ,au/ralian tribes !re is only a v dim idea z to ! attributes ( ! ,supreme ,be+ & ( a future /ate1 yet 9 ! ,ta-ta-?i & its alli$ tribes !re is c]ta9ly a belief n only 9 a future /ate ( exi/5ce1 b also 9 a sy/em ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,my ,ta-ta-?i in=mant /at$ t "o ( ! doctors asc5d$ long ago ?r\gh ! sky1 & !re saw a place :]e wick$ m5 7 roa/$4' ,mr4 ,cam]on1 ( c\rse1 _h ! /ronge/ suspicions ( a 'place' s o/5sibly ,*ri/ian4 ,to ?is we return4#ea ,^! tribes practise ! ,bora rites or initiatory my/]ies4 ,if wom5 witness !m '! p5alty is dea?4 ,! p5alty = reveal+ ! secrets is probably ! same4' ,mr4 ,cam]on1 unlike ,mr4 ,h[itt1 has n be5 initiat$1 & does n "k ! full secret4 ,! presid+ be+ 7l ! ,twanyirika ( ! ,arunta7 is call$ ,?ureml91 :o1 ,i conjecture1 is ,d>amulun 9 8 subord9ate capacity4 ',_! belief 9 ! p[] ( ,?ureml9 is und\bt$1 :]eas ! ,arunta adults d n appe> to believe 9 ,twanyirika1 a m]e bugbe> ( ! wom5 & *ildr54 ,! bull ro>] is ,kal>i1 or among ! ,ta-ta-?i ,kalk or ,kallak--t is to say1 ^w4' ,conc]n+ ! in/ruction giv5 to ! boys1 & describ$ by ,mr4 ,h[itt1 ,mr4 ,cam]on1 n be+ initiat$1 gives no in=mation4 ,z to ! future life1 ,mr4 ,cam]on receiv$ 8 acc\nt f a tribesman nam$ ,makogo1 'an intellig5t memb] ( ! ,wa?i ,wa?i tribe4' ,! belief 0 t curr5t 'be=e 8 p came into contact ) ,europeans1 & ,makogo express$ an op9ion t1 :e!r "r or wrong1 !y w\ld h be5 bett] (f n[ _h _! beliefs nev] be5 di/urb$4' ,probably ,makogo 0 "r4 ,! beliefs 7 9 a future /ate ( rew>d or puni%m5t4 ,european contact does n import b de/roy ! native =m ( ?is cre$4 ,! ,wa?i ,wa?i belief answ]s 9 "* to ! cre$s express$ 9 ! ,egyptian ,book ( ! ,dead1 ! ,fijian hymns1 ! fam\s ,orphic gold talisman ( ,petilia1 ! ,r$ ,indian belief publi%$ by ,kohl1 & to _m o!r examples4#eb ,! ,way ( ,s\ls1 z 9 ^! anci5t or savage beliefs1 is beset by dang]s & temptations1 to :i* ! ,egyptian ,book ( ! ,dead is a guide-book4 ,if any "o desires to ma9ta9 t ?is ,au/ralian idea1 held be=e contact ) ,europeans1 & n[ to "s ext5t ab&on$ aft] t contact1 is ( ,*ri/ian orig9 7we "k ?is argum5t71 he mu/ suppose t ! ,wa?i ,wa?i adapt$ ! idea f our old ',lyke ,wake ,dirge3' ,:5 ,brig o' ,dread is ov] & pa/1 ,e night & all1 ,to ,:9ny ,muir ?\ come/ at la/1 ,& ,*ri/ receive ?y saul4 ,a weak po9t !re is4 ,! s\l ( ! ,wa?i ,wa?i1 aft] dea?1 is met by ano!r s\l1 ':o directs him to ! road = good m54' ,b ! natives _h no roads1 ! oppon5t w reply4 ,!y h trade r\tes & m>kets1 h[ev]1 & b>t] ( articles made 9 special localities goes on across hundr$s ( miles ( c\ntry4#ec ,let u all[ t ! ,wa?i ,wa?i may "k a clean pa? or track f a dirty "o4 ,! s\l meets a dirty & a clean pa?4 ,! good s\l1 be+ in/ruct$1 *ooses ! dirty pa?3 ! o!r pa? is kept clean by bad spirits '9 ord] to induce ! un?9k+ to foll[ x1' z ,bunyan's ,mr4 ,ignorance unw>ily *ose a by-pa? into hell4 ,! s\l next meets a woman :o tries to s$uce him4 ,he escapes h] lures1 & comes to two wom5 :o try to trip him by :irl+ a rope4 ,"o ( !m is bl9d1 & ! s\l evades h]4 ,next comes a deep n>r[ gap1 9 :i* flames rise & fall4 ,! good s\l wat*es ! fall ( ! flames1 & leaps across2 !re is no ,brig o' ,dread4 ,b$ ,indian s\ls cross by a log :i* ne>ly spans ! abyss4 ,two old wom5 meet ! good s\l1 & take him 'to ! ,deity1 ,?a-,?a-,puli4' ,he te/s ! s\l's /r5g? & skill by mak+ him ?r[ a nulla-nulla4 ',:5 ! ,wa?i ,wa?i see a %oot+ />1 !y believe x to be ! passage ( su* a nulla-nulla ?r\gh space1 & say3 ,?a-,?a-,puli is try+ ! /r5g? ( "s new _s4 ,! s\l ( a bad man1 if x escapes ! traps set = x1 is sure to fall into ! hell ( fire4 ,_m ( ! natives h _h _! beliefs modifi$ by contact ) ! :ites1' & ,i 'feel d\btful1' says ,mr4 ,cam]on1 ':e!r ! pit ( fire 0 n ( ?is k9d1 & que/ion$ my in=mant v closely on ! subject1 b he assur$ me t !re 0 no d\bt :atev] t ! above 0 ! exact belief be=e ! settlem5t ( ! c\ntry by ! :ite m54' ,x is ! /&+ reply ( believ]s 9 ! borr[+ !ory t a native1 cross-exam9$1 w always agree ) :atev] ! ,european inquir] wi%es him to say4 ,! natives exam9$ by ,mr4 ,cam]on1 ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k]1 ,mr4 ,h[itt1 ,mr4 ,mann+1 & o!rs 7 exceptions4 ,!y w\ld n all[ t _! beliefs 7 borr[$4 ,?is p>ticul> =m ( native belief is exactly analog\s to t ( anci5t ,egypt1 ( ,greece1 ( ,fiji1 & s on3 n to ! doctr9e ( our mission>ies4 ,! believ]s 9 borr[+ mu/ !re=e say t ! ,wa?i ,wa?i /ole heav51 hell1 & ! ways ?i!r f mission>ies1 & adapt$ !m1 accid5tally co9cid+ ) ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 ,r$ ,indians1 ,fijians1 ,aztecs1 & ! re/1 z to a gulf to be cross$1 & temptations on ! way to ! abode ( ! p[]ful be+ & ! s\ls ( ! good4 ,! native prov]bial explanation ( a %oot+ /> e/abli%es1 z hi/orical fact1 _! belief 9 ,?a-,?a-,puli & 8 home = good spirits4 ,mr4 ,fraz] has six pages on beliefs ab\t %oot+ />s4#ed ,"o case is to our po9t4 ,! ,y]run?ally ( ,que5sl& ?9k t ! s\ls ( ! dead climb to a place among ! />s by a rope2 :5 !y let ! rope fall1 x 'appe>$ to p on e>? z a %oot+ />4'#ee ,n[ if ! evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,palm]1 9 ! ',j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1' is good evid5ce = ?is ,au/ralian belief1 :y is ! evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,h[itt & ,mr4 ,cam]on1 9 ! same s]ial1 to an unborr[$ ,au/ralian religion 79 ?is case ) ,?a-,?a-,puli & 8 home = good s\ls7 unwor?y ev5 ( m5tion8 ,we fall back on ,sir ,alfr$ ,lyall3 ',i ?9k t "o effect ( ! accumulation ( mat]ials has be5 to enc\rage speculative g5]alisation1 because x has provid$ a rep]tory out ( :i* "o may make arbitr>y selection ( examples & prec$5ts to suit any !ory4'#ef ,"h ,i h ! pleasure ( agree+ ) ?is great au?ority4 ,mr4 ,fraz] has *os5 ,au/ralia z ! home ( magic1 z a l& :]e magic is1 b religion has n yet be5 evolv$4 ,z ,i h %[n1 9 ?is & ! prec$+ pap]1 !re is abundance ( evid5ce = an unborr[$ ,au/ralian religion4 ,i %all ab&on ! evid5ce s soon z x is confut$1 b ,i _c reject x :ile ! witnesses are treat$ z good on _m o!r po9ts1 b are unm5tion$ j :5 _! te/imony1 if true1 seems inconsi/5t ) a !ory ( ! priority ( magic to religion4 ,by ! concurr+ te/imony ( a cr[d ( obs]v]s1' writes ,mr4 ,tylor1 'x is kn[n t ! natives ( ,au/ralia 7 at _! discov]y1 & h ev] s9ce rema9$1 a race ) m9ds saturat$ ) ! mo/ vivid belief 9 s\ls1 demons1 & deities4'#eg ,:at c a "y /ud5t comm5c+ an?ropologi/ ?9k1 :5 he comp>es ,mr4 ,tylor's 'concurr+ te/imony ( a cr[d ( obs]v]s' ( ,au/ralian religion ) ,mr4 ,fraz]'s rem>k t !re are '"s fa9t beg9n+s ( religion' 9 ,s\!rn ,au/ralia1 b t 'traces ( a high] fai?1 :]e !y occur1 are probably sometimes due to ,european influ5ce1' ?\gh ! p1 ,mr4 ,tylor says1 7 9 all ?+s s 'saturat$ ) ! mo/ vivid belief 9 s\ls1 demons1 & deities'--'at _! discov]y'8 ,!re is no use 9 build+ a !ory ( ! orig9 ( religion on ! case ( ,au/ralia till we are at lea/ told ab\t ! 'concurr+ te/imony ( a cr[d ( obs]v]s4' ,t ,mr4 ,fraz] has "s reason = disreg>d+ ! te/imonies :i* ,i h cit$1 t he mu/ h gr\nds = d\bt+ _! validity1 ,i feel assur$4 ,b ! gr\nds = ! d\bt are n app>5t1 & to /ate !m w\ld make ,mr4 ,fraz]'s ab/5tion intelligible4 #a ,sp5c] & ,gill51 p4 #edi4 #b ,g4 ,b4 i4 p4 #fc4 #c ,g4 ,b4 ii4 p4 #ea4 #d ,g4 ,b4 i4 p4 #ga4 #e ,j4 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 pp4 #ej1 sq4 #f ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xiii4 7#ahhd71 #aia4 #g ,fison & ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #bee4 #h ,see ,a4 ,w4 ,hewitt 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xiii4 7#ahhd71 p4 #dei4 #i ,see ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xviii4 7#ahhi71 pp4 #cb1 sq4 ,religion is n m5tion$ "h4 #aj ,see ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 #aa ,e4 ,m4 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #de4 #ab ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4 #bfj4 #ac ,e4 ,m4 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #de4 #ad ,cf4 ,mr4 ,mat!ws & ,mr4 ,crawley1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xxiv4 #dac4 #ae ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xiv4 #ahhe1 p4 #eba4 #af ,g4 ,b4 i4 #gb1 note2 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xiii4 p4 #aia 7#ahhd74 #ag ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 #ahhe1 p4 #cba1 note #b4 #ah ,g4 ,b4 i4 #gb1 note #a4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion ,i quot$ ,mr4 ,h[itt's evid5ce ( #ahha4 ,9 ! second edition ,i naturally cit$ 8 lat] te/imony4 #ai ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #di1 #ej4 #bj ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #ea1 cit+ ,br\gh ,smy?'s ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 ii4 #caa4 #ba ,novemb] #ahid1 pp4 #aeh-aih4 #bb ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #ea-ec4 #bc ,= ',fi%]'s ,gho/' see ,blackwood's ,magaz9e1 ,augu/ #ahig1 p4 #gh et seq4 #bd ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xv4 #d4 #be ,to be true to my own pr9ciples1 ,i note a few po9ts 9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s ,au/ralian evid5ce1 publi%$ by him 9 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 ,novemb] #ahid4 ,mr4 ,gason1 an excell5t witness1 says t ! ,di]i ?9k "s s\ls turn into old trees or rocks1 or 'z brea? asc5d to ! heav5s1' to ',purriewillpan9a4' ,! ,di]i believe ! ,mooramoora creat$ !m & w look aft] _! spirits 7op4 cit4 p4 #age74 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 h[ev]1 calls ! ,mura ,mura 'remote ance/ral spirits1' :o w\ld h a difficulty1 "o ?9ks1 9 creat+ ! ,di]i4 ,! names ( ! dead may n be m5tion$ 7p4 #agf74 ,! /ation ma/] at ,p[ell's ,creek d5ies t magic 'exi/s 9 any %ape or =m4' ,!re are no religi\s dances1 no belief 9 a future life 7p4 #ahj74 ,mr4 ,l9dsay ,craw=d says 'no?+ is kn[n ( ! nature ( s\ls4' ,= ! la/ t5 ye>s ?is g5tleman '_h held no communication ) ! natives at all1 except ) ! rifle4' ,p]haps 8 negative evid5ce is n v valuable1 z he does n appe> to h won ! fri5dly confid5ce ( ! blacks4 ,mr4 ,mat!ws says3 ',_m tribes believe future exi/5ce is regulat$ by due obs]vances at burial accord+ to ! rites ( ! tribe' 7p4 #aij74 ,mr4 ,foels*e1 describ$ by ,dr4 ,/irl+ z 'a mo/ intellig5t & accurate obs]v]1 :o kn[s ! natives well1' contributes a belief 9 a b5evol5t creator1 ) a demiurge :o made ! blacks4 ,he inhabits ,teelahdlah1 among ! />s4 ',he nev] dies4' ,he is 'a v good man1' n a '_s4' ,a subt]ranean be+ 'c read & write1 & keeps a book' ( m5's actions4 ,?is is s manife/ly due to ,european influ5ce t ,i h n cit$ ,mr4 ,foels*e's evid5ce4 ,mr4 ,foels*e 'kn[s ( no magic or wit*craft be+ practis$' 7p4 #aig74 ,! blacks believe t aft] dea? _! s\ls 'g up'2 !y !n po9t skyw>ds 7p4 #aih74 #bf ,g4,b4 i4 #gb note i4 #gg4 #bg ,see ',! ,!ory ( ,loan ,gods4' #bh ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 ,janu>y to ,june1 #aijj1 ,no4 #ca1 p4 #bg4 #bi ,asiatic ,/udies1 ii4 #agb4 #cj ,g4 ,b4 i4 #gg4 #ca ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #a4 #cb ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #a-ei1 & passim1 almo/4 #cc ,g4 ,b4 i4 #gh1 #gi4 #cd ,g4 ,b4 i4 #ha4 #ce ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #h2 i4 #bcb1 #bcc4 #cf ,g4 ,b4 i4 #ha-aad4 #cg ,g4 ,b4 i4 #hh1 #hi4 #ch ,g4 ,b4 i4 #hf4 #ci ,g4 ,b4 i4 #gb1 note #a4 #dj ,g4 ,b41 i4 #hf1 #hg4 #da ,g4 ,b4 i4 #gb4 #db ,g4 ,b4 i4 #hg4 #dc ,g4 ,b4 i4 #gb1 note4 #dd ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #ge-hj4 ,! hypo!sis is (f]$ ) all due diffid5ce4 #de ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #dbd4 #df ,natives ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #bdf1 note #a4 #dg ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 #ahgb1 pp4 #bfh1 #bfi4 ,lang's ,que5sl&1 pp4 #ddd1 #dde4 ,w9sl[1 9 ,arb]'s ,capta9 ,smi?1 p4 #gfh4 #dh ,see ',! ,!ory ( ,loan-,gods1' supra4 #di ,g4 ,b4 i4 xvii4 #ej ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 #ahhe1 pp4 #cdd-cgj4 #ea ,p>5!tically1 ,i may rem>k t _m beliefs z to ! future /ate orig9ate 91 or are confirm$ by1 visions ( 'doctors' :o visit ! ,hades or ,p>adise ( a tribe1 & by reports ( m5 giv5 up = dead1 :o recov] & n>rate _! exp]i5ces4 ,! case ( ,montezuma's aunt is famili> to read]s ( ,mr4 ,prescott's ,conque/ ( ,mexico4 ,! new religion ( ! ,si\x is bas$ on a simil> vision4 ,an?ropologi/s h giv5 slight att5tion to ^! circum/ances4 #eb ,see my ,mod]n ,my?ology1 & introduction to my ,hom]ic ,hymns4 #ec ,ro?1 ,nor?-,we/ ,que5sl& ,c5tral ,aborig9es1 p4 #acb4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 #ege4 #ee ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #ba4 ,e4 ,palm]1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xiii4 p4 #bib4 #ef ,asiatic ,/udies1 i4 ix4 #eg ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #cgi1 #ahga4 ,,iv ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,fai? ,among ! _m rec5t !ories conc]n+ ! orig9 ( religion1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ impressive is ,mr4 ,fraz]'s hypo!sis z to ! orig9 ( ! belief 9 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,unlike sev]al mod]n speculations1 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s is bas$ on an extraord9>y mass ( erudition4 ,we are n put (f ) vague & unv\*$-= /atem5ts1 or ) famili> facts extract$ f ! collections ( ,mr4 ,tylor1 ,"l ,avebury1 & ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,mr4 ,fraz] does n collect k1 z 8 ,babylonian k+s are suppos$ by him to h be5 sacrific$--by proxy4 ,no writ] is s erudite1 & few are s exact 9 _! ref]5ces4 ,:ile v5tur+ to diff] f ,mr4 ,fraz]1 ,i mu/ (t51 z x 71 make use ( 8 own ammunition 9 ?is w>4 ,let me say s9c]ely t ,i am n pitt+ my k or indu/ry aga9/ 84 ,i r repres5t ! /ud5t :o has an int]e/ 9 ^! subjects1 & p]uses ',! ,gold5 ,b\gh1' n z '! g5]al read]' does1 b ) "s c>e1 & ) "s v]ification ( ! citations & s\rces4 ,x is fir/ necess>y to /ate1 z briefly z possible1 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s hypo!sis z to ! orig9 ( ! belief 9 ! ,div9ity ( our ,"l1 or1 at lea/1 z to :at he ?9ks a v p[]ful factor 9 ! evolution ( t cre$4 ,! ,babylonians1 he holds1 & _! ,p]sian conqu]ors 7 wont ye>ly1 at a v]nal fea/1 to dress a condemn$ crim9al 9 ! royal robes1 to en?rone him1 to obey him1 to grant him access to ! ladies ( ! royal h>em1 & !n1 at ! end ( five days1 to /rip1 :ip1 & hang him4 ,! reason :y !y act$ ?us1 ,mr4 ,fraz] guesses1 0 t ! condemn$ man act$ z proxy = ! div9e ,k+ ( ,babylon1 :o1 9 an age less civilis$1 _h be5 sacrific$ annually3 s ,mr4 ,fraz] conjectures4 ,! ,k+ 0 ?us sacrific$ z a be+ ( div9e or magical nature1 a man-god1 & ! object1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,fraz]1 0 to keep provid+ ! god or magical influ5ce resid5t 9 him ) a s]ies ( fre% human vehicles4 ,x appe>s1 or may appe>1 to be ,mr4 ,fraz]'s op9ion1 ?\gh ! po9t is /at$ r casually & late 9 ! long argum5t1 t ! ,k+ himself 0 believ$ to inc>nate a kn[n & recognis$ god ( vegetation1 a p]sonal pr9ciple ( vegetable life4 ,! ,k+'s proxy1 !re=e1 ! condemn$ crim9al1 is sacrific$ 7by hang+7 9 a "* at once royal 7z repres5t+ ! ,k+7 & div9e 7s9ce ! ,k+ inc>nates a god74 ,all ?is occurs1 by "o ( ! !ories advanc$1 at ab\t ! "t ( ye> 9 :i* our ,ea/] falls1 at a fea/ call$ ,zakmuk 9 ,babylonian1 9 ,p]sian 7by ! !ory7 ,saca3 a p]iod ( h>d dr9k+ & s+ul> lic5ce4 ,! ,jews1 by ! !ory1 or by "o ( ! !ories1 _h probably no su* fea/ or cu/om be=e !y 7 c>ri$ into exile 9 ,babylonia4 ,b f ! ,babylonians & ,p]sians ,mr4 ,fraz] holds t !y probably borr[$ ! fe/ival1 :i* !y /yl$ ,purim1 & also borr[$ ! cu/om 7hi/orically unhe>d ( among !m7 ( cr[n+1 /ripp+1 flogg+1 & hang+ a mock-k+1 a condemn$ crim9al1 9 ,m>*4 ,x does n appe> t ?is man1 9 ,juda1 0 all[$ to invade ! h>em1 = example1 ( ,h]od1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,p]sian royal h>em4 ,! ,jews also are conjectur$ to h borr[$ a practice1 presum$ by ,mr4 ,fraz] to h p]haps prevail$ at ,babylon1 ( keep+ a pair ( condemn$ crim9als4 ,"o ( !m 0 hang$2 ! o!r 0 set free = ! ye>4 ,! fir/ di$ z an inc>nation ( ! god ( vegetable life4 ,! second1 set free1 repres5t$ 9 a pseudo-resurrection ! fir/1 & also repres5t$1 ,i und]/&1 ! revival ( ! god ( vegetable life4 ,! fir/ man 0 call$ ,haman1 probably 9 orig9 ,humman1 a deity ( ! vanqui%$ foes ( ,babylon1 ! ,elamites4 ,! second man1 9 ,hebrew ,mordecai1 probably repres5t$ ,m]oda*1 or ,m>duk1 ! supreme god ( ! victori\s ,babylonians4 ,ea* man _h a female consort1 probably 9 ,babylon a sacr$ h>lot3 ,haman _h ,va%ti1 probably an ,elamite goddess2 ,mordecai _h ,e/h]1 d\btless ,i%t>1 ! ,v5us ( ! ,babylonian cre$4 ,^! ladies d n occur 9 any acc\nt ( ! ,babylonian or ,p]sian fea/s1 nor 9 ! ,gospels3 _! exi/5ce is a conjecture4 ,! victims1 z desc5d+ f ! ,babylonian & ,p]sian crim9als1 :o /ood bo? = ! k+ & also1 at lea/ 9 "s p>ts ( ! !ory1 = a god ( vegetation1 7 conceiv$ ( z div9e4 ,s9ce ,*ri/1 by :at looks l a *apt] ( accid5ts1 0 put to dea? z "o ( ^! mock-k+s1 ,he inh]it$ _! recognis$ div9ity1 & ,8 mission1 :i* _h be5 ma9ly t ( a moral lectur]1 at once 0 surr\nd$ by a halo ( div9ity4 ,su*1 9 brief1 if ,i foll[ ,mr4 ,fraz]1 is ! cont5tion1 :i*1 ,i mu/ repeat1 is pres5t$ z ! comb9ation ( _m hypo!ses into a s+le !ory1 (f]$ = criticism4 ,to myself1 aft] /udy+ ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory ) su* c>e z x des]ves1 an hypo!sis ( its evolution pres5ts itself4 ,be=e writ+ ! fir/ edition ( ',! ,gold5 ,b\gh' 7#ahij71 ,mr4 ,fraz] _h become acqua9t$ ) a /atem5t :i* ,dio ,*ryso/om1 a ,greek rhetorician ( ! fir/ c5tury1 puts into ! m\? ( ,diog5es ! ,cynic1 9 an imag9>y dialogue ) ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,9 ?is essay ,diog5es is made to tell ,alex&] ab\t ! ,p]sian cu/om ( ye>ly dress+ up a condemn$ crim9al 9 royal robes1 at ! fea/ call$ ,saca1 all[+ him to live 'l a k+' = five days1 giv+ him ! entre ( ! royal h>em1 & !n /ripp+1 sc\rg+1 & hang+ or crucify+ him4 ,! resemblance ( ,dio's words to ! acc\nt ( ! ,mock]y ( ,*ri/ is v rem>kable4 ,mr4 ,fraz] tells u t he saw ?is resemblance 9 #ahij1 b c\ld n expla9 x4 ,9 #ahig he became acqua9t$ ) a leg5d1 writt5 9 ,greek1 ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,dasius1 a ,roman ,*ri/ian soldi]1 9 ,msia 7#cjc ,a4,d474 ,accord+ to ?is leg5d1 ,dasius 0 drawn by lot z ! ye>ly victim :o1 ! /ory says1 0 made to repres5t ,k+ ,saturnus1 = a mon? ( milit>y revelry1 & !n 0 sacrific$1 or oblig$ to slay himself1 beside ,saturn's alt>1 at ! close ( ! ,saturnalia4 ,dasius decl9$ ! "p1 & 0 put to dea?4 ,"h1 !n1 9 ,msia1 if we believe ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,dasius1 0 a mock-k+1 p]sonat+ a god1 sacrific$ to a god1 & !re=e himself1 x may be1 reg>d$ z div9e4 ,at ! o!r extreme1 9 ,j]usalem1 0 ,*ri/1 :o1 aft] mock royal hon\rs1 0 sc\rg$1 crucifi$1 & acquir$ a halo ( div9ity4 ,! middle t]m 0 ! crim9al1 :o1 9 ! "* ( a mock-k+1 0 /ripp$1 sc\rg$1 & hang$ 9 ! ,p]sian fea/4 ,!re 0 no trace 9 ,p]sia ( sacrifice1 ( a victim 9 ! te*nical s5se1 or ( any halo ( div9ity4 ,b ,mr4 ,fraz] 0 famili> ) b>b>ic k+s :o are or 7 put to dea?1 to save !m f dy+ naturally1 or aft] a fix$ t]m ( ye>s4 ,9 8 op9ion !y are kill$ to provide ! god :om !y inc>nate ) a fre% vehicle4 ,comb9+ all ^! facts1 & /rongly drawn by ! resemblance ( ,dio's anecdote to ! n>ratives ( ! ,crucifixion1 ,mr4 ,fraz] adopt$ ! argum5t t ! crim9al execut$ at ! ,saca1 9 ,babylon1 _h once be51 l ! ,saturn suff]] 9 ,msia1 a div9e victim1 n at fir/ hang$1 b sacrific$ ye>ly1 to r$eem ! life ( ! ,p]sian k+1 :o 9 e>li] ages mu/ himself h be5 a ye>ly sacrifice4 ,! div9ity inh]it$ by ! crim9al f t div9e ,k+ 0 transmitt$ by a succession ( execut$ malefactors to ! victim ( ,calv>y4 ,! +5uity ( ! idea is und5iable4 ,b x appe>s to me t ! au?or's m9d 0 ?r\gh\t unconsci\sly drawn to ! ,crucifixion4 ,?is attraction became a 'm5tal prepossession4' ,9 a rec5t "w1 ',fact & ,fable 9 ,psy*ology' 7,bo/on1 ,u4,s41 #aijj71 ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ has illu/rat$ 'm5tal prepossession' by a common & trivial exp]i5ce4 ,a beg9n] 9 ! art ( bicycl+ is unconsci\sly drawn into collision ) e ob/acle on ! road :i* 8 consci\s self is do+ its be/ to avoid4 ,9 ! same way1 ,i fancy1 our au?or's m9d 0 l$ /raight to an explanation ( ! halo ( div9ity r\nd ! ,cross1 in/ead ( to :at 0 ne$$ fir/1 an explanation ( ! ,p]sian cu/om1 isolat$1 & exam9$ only 9 ! light ( its att5dant circum/ances1 z describ$ 9 our v scanty in=mation4 ,_h our au?or exam9$ ! circum/ances ( ! ,p]sian cu/om ) an intellect unattract$ by ! hope ( ?r[+ new light on ! ,crucifixion1 & un9flu5c$ by a t5d5cy to f9d gods ( vegetation almo/ e :]e1 he w\ld h f\nd1 ,i ?9k1 t !y admit ( be+ acc\nt$ = 9 a simple mann]1 grant+ t our in=mation is true4 ,!re 01 z f> z we are in=m$1 no sacrifice at ! ,saca1 & 9 t ,p]sian fe/ival no?+ religi\s4 ,! religi\s elem5t has to be import$ by aid ( remote inf]5ce1 d>+ conjecture1 & ev51 ,i v5ture to say1 "s disreg>d ( docum5t>y hi/ory4 ,! consequ5ce1 z ,i %all try to %[1 is t ! !ory has1 9 ! ,reg5t ,moray's words1 'to pass ov] ! bellies' ( innum]able ob/acles1 by aid ( a s]ies ( conjectures increas+ 9 difficulty4 ,?us ! read]'s p[]s ( acquiesc5ce are /ra9$ afre% at ! introduction ( ea* new trial ( 8 fai?4 ,if "o /age out ( s _m /ages ( remote inf]5ce & bold presumption is un/able1 ! :ole edifice falls to ! gr\nd4 ,mean:ile we %all h to (f] a simple explanation ( ! circum/ances ( ! ,sacan victim1 only 9 a s+le in/ance dem&+ ! use ( "o ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s own conjectures1 itself a legitimate hypo!sis4 ,! rema9d] ( ?is essay is conc]n$ ) an exam9ation ( ! difficulties ( 8 !ory1 & ( ! 'bridges ( hypo!sis1' by :i* ! 'yawn+ *asms' are to be cross$4 ,v ,,! ,,approa*es ,,to ,,mr4 ,,fraz]',s ,,!ory ,i4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,gods ,rites s rem>kable z ^? ( ! pair ( crim9als1 suppos$ to h play$ _! p>ts 9 ,babylon & ,j]usalem1 ea* ) 8 female mate1 are n hi/orically kn[n1 b are "p ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory1 & h analogies 9 folklore4 ,in/itutions s unp>allel$ z a :ole1 9 our k ( human religion1 _c h be5 evolv$ except ?r\gh a long s]ies ( grades ( developm5t4 ,mr4 ,fraz] traces ^! grades ?r\gh\t ! #a1ejj pages ( 8 book4 ,!re are1 9 accordance ) ! me?od1 l>ge sections ( ! "w devot$ to illu/rative examples ( matt]s :i* d n be> directly on ! ma9 /ream ( ! argum5t1 & ^! are apt1 by ! v abundance ( _! erudition1 to di/ract att5tion f ! c5tral hypo!sis4 ,to t ,i try to adh]e ?r\gh its num]\s ramifications4 ,to acc\nt1 !n1 = ^! hypo!tical rites ( ! d\ble pairs ( div9is$ human be+s1 we are to suppose t1 be=e atta9+ ! e>lie/ g]ms ( religion1 m5 7 addict$ to magic1 a !ory :i* we h already exam9$ 9 ! essay ',magic & ,religion4' ,!y believ$ t by imitat+ ! cosmic processes1 !y c\ld control or assi/ !m4 ,?us ! ,arunta ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia h magical rites1 by :i* !y assi/ ! developm5t ( l>v into grubs1 increase & improve ! bre$ & reproductive en]gies ( kang>oos1 fo/] ! gr[? ( edible tub]s1 & br+ d[n ra94 ,^! rites are h>mless1 & involve no sacrifices1 human or animal1 = ! ,arunta1 we are to believe1 h no god to accept (f]+s4#a ,b z m5 advanc$ f almo/ ! l[e/ savag]y1 !y gradually atta9$ to high] mat]ial culture1 develop+ ! hi!rto unkn[n arts ( agriculture1 develop+ also religion1 9 ! despair ( magic1 develop+ gods1 & evolv+ social & political rank1 ) k+s at ! head ( society4 ,9 disgu/ ) _! old orig9al magic 7by :i* !y _h suppos$ t !y controll$ cosmic =ces & animal & vegetable life71 !y inv5t$ gods & spirits :o1 z !y fanci$1 did really ex]cise cosmic control4 ,^! gods !y propitiat$ by pray] & sacrifice4 ,b ?\gh x 0 9 ! despair ( magic t m5 inv5t$ gods & religion1 yet1 z m5 w1 !y cont9u$ to ex]cise ! magic ( :i* !y despair$4 ,!y p]si/$1 l ! godless ,arunta1 9 imitat+ ! processes ( nature1 9 ! belief 7:i*1 aft] all1 !y _h n ab&on$7 t su* imitation magically aid$ ! ef=ts ( nature or ( ! gods ( nature4 ,m5 n[ evolv$ ?ree species ( god1 f "o or o!r ( :i* desc5ds ! godhead ( ! ,p]sian crim9al1 :ipp$ & hang$1 & ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,fir/1 !re 7 gods '( an ord] diff]5t f & sup]ior to man4' ,second1 !re 7 m5 9 :om ^! sup]ior gods became inc>nate4 ,?ird1 !re 7 m5 :o 7 m]ely bett] magicians ?an _! neighb\rs1 's5sitives' :o trembl$ at a t\* ( nature1 & at ^: t\* nature trembl$4#b ,x is n1 9 ?\ght1 difficult to draw a firm l9e betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( man-gods1 ?\gh magic & religion ov]lap & %ade into ea* o!r4 ,! di/9ction ( ! two types1 ! man inc>nat+ god1 & ! sorc]] ) no god to inc>nate1 is absolutely ess5tial1 & mu/ be kept firmly 9 m9d4 ,mr4 ,fraz] says ',9 :at foll[s ,i %all n insi/ on x1' on ?is ess5tial di/9ction4#c ,ess5tial x is3 = ! second sort1 ! magical sort1 ( man-god1 may1 by ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory1 be prior to all religion4 ,he is only a high k9d ( sorc]]1 'a deal] 9 magic & spells4' ,! o!r k9d ( man-god comes 9 aft] magic is despair$ ( & gods are inv5t$4 ,i %all insi/ on ! di/9ction4 ,! gr[? ( society 0 advanc+ & develop+ at ! same "t z religion & agriculture4 ,! orig9al sorc]] or m$ic9e-man1 or magic-work]1 ?r\gh 8 influ5ce on 8 neighb\rs1 0 apt to acquire lead]%ip1 & to accumulate prop]ty1 z1 inde$1 ,i myself rem>k$ long ago 9 an essay on ! ',orig9 ( ,rank4'#d ,9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory ^! magic-m5 f9ally develop into bo? k+s or *iefs & man-gods4 ,i h obs]v$ t !re is (t5 a lay or secul> k+ or *ief1 a w>-lead]1 beside !m4 ,8 position1 if x becomes h]$it>y1 is apt to end 9 leav+ ! man-god-k+ on "o side 9 a p>tly magical1 p>tly religi\s1 b n secul> k+%ip1 :5ce x may evolve into a prie/hood1 c>ry+ ! royal title4 ,! man is m or less a man-god1 m or less a prie/1 m or less a controll] ( cosmic processes1 b is /ill a titul> k+4 ,( c\rse all sorts ( v>ieties occur 9 ^! in/itutions4 ,! g5]al result is ! div9ity ( k+s1 & _! responsibility = ! luck ( ! /ate1 & = ! wea!r & crops4 ,if ! luck1 ! wea!r1 & ! crops are bad1 ! public asks ',:o is to be puni%$ = ?is8' ,"u a con/itution su* z our own1 ! public notori\sly makes ! ,gov]nm5t responsible = ! luck2 a g5]al election dismisses ! repres5tatives ( ! p>ty 9 p[]4 ,b1 f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 & previ\sly1 executions took ! place ( m]e loss ( (fice3 ! heads ( ! ,boyds1 ( ,morton1 or ( ,g[rie fell :5 ^! nobles lo/ (fice4 ,9 ! e>li] society ) :i* we are deal+1 ! k+1 z responsible = ! wea!r & crops1 is sometimes puni%$ 9 bad times4 ,! ,banj>s 'beat ! k+ till ! wea!r *anges1' else:]e ! k+ is imprison$1 or1 9 a m con/itutional mann]1 m]ely depos$4#e ,!re are traces ( actually kill+ ! unlucky & responsible mon>*4 ,9 ,sw$5 he is said1 9 a "t ( public di/ress1 to h be5 n only kill$1 b sacrific$ to ,od94 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 an hi/orical /atem5t4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,alleg$ ,,mortality ,,( ,,gods ,!re 7 o!r magico-religi\s reasons = kill+ k+s4 ,mr4 ,fraz] writes3#f ',lack+ ! idea ( et]nal duration1 primitive man naturally supposes ! gods to be mortal l himself4' ,"h is1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 a notable fault 9 ! argum5t4 ,e>ly m51 contr>y to ,mr4 ,fraz]'s acc\nt1 suppose !mselves to be naturally immortal4 ,! my?s ( p]haps all races tell ( a "t :5 dea? _h n yet ent]$ ! _w4 ,man 0 born dea?less4 ,dea? came 9 by an accid5t1 or 9 consequ5ce ( an error1 or an infraction ( a div9e comm&4 ,to ?is effect we h ,zulu1 ,au/ralian1 ,maori1 ,melanesian1 ,c5tral ,african1 ,v$ic ,aryan1 ,kams*adal1 & c\ntless o!r my?s2 n to speak ( ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,g5esis4#g ',9 ! ?\ght ( immortality' e>ly man is cradl$4 ,8 div9e be+s are usually reg>d$ z prior to & unaffect$ by ! com+ ( dea?1 :i* invades m51 b n ^! be+s1 or n mo/ ( !m4 ,inde$1 "s l[ savages h n yet p]suad$ !mselves t dea? is natural4 ',among/ ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian natives1' say ,sp5c] & ,gill51 '!re is no su* ?+ z belief 9 natural dea?2 h[ev] old or decrepit a man or woman may be :5 ?is takes place1 x is at once suppos$ t x has be5 br\ght ab\t by ! magic influ5ce ( "s enemy1' & x is av5g$ on ! enemy1 z 9 ! blood-feud4#h ,^! ,au/ralians 9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s op9ion 7?\gh n 9 m9e7 are 'primitive4' ,?us1 f> f lack+ ! idea ( et]nal duration ( life1 'primitive man' has no o!r idea4 ,n t he =mulates 8 idea 9 su* a t]m z 'et]nal4' ,m>9] says1 inde$1 conc]n+ ! ,tongan supreme be+ ,ta-li-y-,tooboo1 ',( 8 orig9 !y _h no idea1 r suppos+ him to be et]nal4' ,b1 9 ,tongan1 ! metaphysical idea ( et]nity is only express$ 9 ! mean+ ( ! god's "n1 'wait-!re-,tooboo4' ,?is god occasionally inspires ! ,h[1 or elective k+1 b ! ,h[ 0 nev] sacrific$ to provide ! god ) a /urdi] inc>nation1 a process :i* ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory ( ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/ dem&s z cu/om>y4 ,be+ 'et]nal' ,t-li-y-,tooboo 0 indep5d5t ( a human vehicle4#i ,^! facts mu/ be rememb]$1 = x is indisp5sable to ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory to prove t ! immortals are believ$1 to a suffici5t ext5t1 to be mortal4 ,h5ce ! suppos$ ne$ ( kill+ div9e k+s1 _! vehicles4 ,primitive man1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,fraz]1 ?9ks 8 gods mortal4 ,b primitive man by 8 initial hypo!sis _h no gods at all4 ,mr4 ,fraz] cle>ly means t :5 man 0 no long] primitive1 he conceiv$ ! gods to be mortal l himself4 ,i h else:]e giv5 _m examples ( ! opposite belief among races ( _m grades ( culture1 f ! ,au/ralian blacks to ! immortal gods ( ,hom]4#aj ,! po9t w be f\nd to be important lat]1 & ,i mu/ firmly express my op9ion t1 s long z p believe _! gods to be alive1 & te/ify t belief by pray]s1 hymns1 & sacrifices1 x is impossible to argue f a few local1 & contradictory1 & easily explicable my?s1 t ^! peoples believe _! gods to be dead1 or 9 dang] ( dy+4 ,"h1 ,i ?9k1 ! common s5se ( /ud5ts w agree ) me4 ,h[ev]1 z ?is g5]al & p]vad+ belief 9 ! mortality ( ! gods is absolutely ess5tial to ,mr4 ,fraz]'s argum5t1 p]haps ! po9t _h bett] be settl$4 ,z examples ( belief 9 ! fact t ! god is dead1 we h ! ,gre5l&]s4#aa ,! ,gre5l&]s believ$ t a w9d c\ld kill _! mo/ p[]ful god1 & t he w\ld c]ta9ly die if he t\*$ a dog4 ,mr4 ,tylor1 on ! o!r h&1 tells u t to ,i ! summ]l&' ( ! ,gre5l& deity1 'b5ea? ! sea1 ,gre5l& s\ls hope to desc5d at dea?4' ,let u tru/ t ',no ,dogs are ,admitt$4' ,?is ,gre5l& div9e be+1 ,torng>suk1 ,i s cle>ly held 8 place z supreme deity 9 ! native m9d t1' z ,cranz ! mission>y relates1 '_m ,gre5l&]s he>+ ( ,god & ,8 almighty p[] 7 apt to fall on ! idea t x 0 _! ,torng>suk :o 0 meant4' ,! ,gre5l& deity 0 unborr[$2 he 'seems no figure d]iv$ f ! religion ( ,sc&9avian coloni/s1 anci5t or mod]n4'#ab ,f ,cranz's evid5ce 7& mu* m might be cit$7 ! mo/ p[]ful god ( ! ,gre5l&]s 0 n dead1 nor likely to die1 9 spite ( ! appreh5sions ( c]ta9 ,gre5l&]s1 communicat$ to a p]son n nam$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 b quot$ 9 a "w ( #ahjf4ac ,at ! be/ ! ,gre5l& evid5ce is contradictory2 all ,gre5l&]s did n agree ) ,mr4 ,fraz]'s ,gre5l& au?ority4 ,nor 0 ! ,accus] ( ! ,bre?r5 curr5tly believ$ to be deceas$1 :5 ! anci5t folk-song assures u t ,"s say ! ,deil's deid1 ,! ,deil's deid1 ! ,deil's deid1 ,"s say ! ,deil's deid1 ,& buri$ 9 ,kirkcaldy3 ,"s say he's ris5 aga91 ,ris5 aga91 ris5 aga91 ,"s say he's ris5 aga91 ,to dance ! ,hiel& ,laddie4 ',ris5 aga9' he 01 & did dance ! ,hiel& ,laddie at ,gl$smuir & ,falkirk4 ,! ',volksli$' sci5tifically repres5ts ! conflict ( op9ion z unsettl$1 despite ! te/imony ( ! grave ( ,satan at ! lang t\n ( ,kirkcaldy2 l ! grave ( ,zeus 9 ,crete4 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 !n1 ought n1 ,i ?9k1 to assume a g5]al belief 9 ! mortality ( ,gre5l& gods 9 face ( contradictory b uncit$ evid5ce4 #a4 ,a ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian told ,colonel ,dodge t '! ,great ,_s t made ! _w is dead long ago4 ,he c\ld n possibly h liv$ s long z ?is4'#ad ,n[ ?is 0 ! ipse dixit & p]sonal inf]5ce ( a vague mod]n ',nor? ,am]ican ,indian1' liv+ 9 an age :i*1 z ,mr4 ,fraz] rem>ks1 mu/ 'brea* ^? v5]able walls' ( belief4 ,to prove 8 case1 ,mr4 ,fraz] ne$s to f9d examples ( ! op9ion t ! ',great ,_s' 0 believ$ to be dead 7if he grants t !re ev] exi/$ an ,am]ican belief 9 a ,great ,_s7 among ! ,am]ican ,indians z fir/ /udi$ by ,europeans4 ,i h else:]e argu$ t ! supreme be+ ( mo/ b>b>ic races is reg>d$ z otiose1 inactive1 & s may come to be a m]e "n & by-^w1 l ! ,huron ,atahocan1#ae ':o made ev]y?+1' & ! ,unkulunkulu ( ! ,zulus1 :o has be5 s ?ru/ into ! backgr\nd by ! competition ( ance/ral spirits t 8 v exi/5ce is d\bt$4 ',9 process ( "t we h come to wor%ip ! spirits only1 because we "k n :at to say ab\t ,unkulunkulu4' ',we seek out = ourselves ! spirits t we may n always be ?9k+ ab\t ,unkulunkulu4'#af ,9 ! same way1 ?r\gh\t ! beliefs ( b>b>ic races1 ! competition ( fri5dly & helpful spirits pu%es back su* be+s z ! ,au/ralian ,baiame & ,mungan-ngaur1 :o exi/ :]e sacrifice to ance/ral spirits has n yet be5 develop$2 & ! ,canadian ,&\agni ( #aeeh4ag ,?us a mod]n ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian may inf]1 & may tell ,colonel ,dodge1 t ! creator is dead1 because he is n 9 receipt ( sacrifice or pray]4 ,b ! cult ( su* high be+s1 :]e x exi/$ & /ill exi/s1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! cult ( ,ti-ra-w ) :om ! ,pawnees expect to live aft] dea?1 ( ! ,blackfoot ,n-pi ( ,ahone1 ,okeus1 ,kiehtan1 & ! re/1 proves belief 9 gods :o are alive1 & :o are n said to be 9 any dang] ( dea?4 #b4 ,a tribe ( ,philipp9e ,isl&]s told ! ,spani% conqu]ors t ! grave ( ! ,creator 0 on ! top ( ,m\nt ,cabunian4 ,s ! ,philipp9e ,isl&]s did believe 9 a ,creator4 ,! grave may h be5 ! result ( ! usual neglect ( ! supreme be+ already expla9$1 or may h meant no m ?an ! grave ( ,zeus 9 ,crete1 :ile ,zeus 0 be+ wor%ipp$ all ov] ! ,greek _w4 #c4 ,heitsi ,eibib1 ( ! ,hott5tots1 _h a numb] ( graves1 acc\nt$ = by ! !ory ( successive lives & dea?s4 ,b s _h ,tammuz & ,adonis ye>ly lives & dea?s1 yet ! god 0 en p]man5ce4 ,! graves ( ,greek gods maybe due to ,euhem]ism1 a !ory mu* m anci5t ?an ,euhem]us4 ,p :o wor%ip ance/ral spirits sometimes argue1 l ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 t ! gods 7 once spirits ( liv+ m51 & %[ ! m5's graves z pro(s2 '! bricks are alive to te/ify to x4' ,b t ! ,greeks reg>d$ _! gods z mortal _c be s]i\sly argu$1 :ile !y are always /yl$ '! immortals' 9 contra/ to mortal m52 & :ile ,apollo 7:o _h a grave7 daily inspir$ ! ,py?ia4 ,h] dea? did n hurt ,apollo4 ,%e 0 n sacrific$ = ! b5efit ( ,apollo4 ,! grave ( ,zeus '0 %[n to visitors 9 ,crete z late z ab\t ! beg9n+ ( our era4' ,b 0 x %[n z e>ly z ! "t ( ,hom]8 ,euhem]us 0 prior to our era4 #d4 ,! ,egyptian gods 7 k+s ov] dea? & ! dead1 ) tombs & mummies 9 e prov9ce4 ,b !y 7 also dea?less rul]s ( ! _w & ( m54 ',if ,ra rises 9 ! heav5s x is by ! w ( ,osiris2 if he sets x is at ! sight ( 8 glory4' ',k+ ( et]nity1 great god 444 :oso kn[e? humility & reckone? de$s ( righte\sness1 !reby kn[s he ,osiris4'#ah ,?is is a liv+ god1 & ,seb & ,nut c sc>cely die4 ,despite my? & ritual ! gods ( ,egypt liv$ till !y 'fl$ f ! fold+ /> ( ,be?lehem4' #e4 ,z to ! leg5d ( 'great ,pan is dead1' 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 ,mr4 ,fraz] m5tions a !ory t n ,pan1 b ,adonis or ,tammuz 0 dead2 he 0 always dy+4 ,! /ory is pretty1 b is n evid5ce4 #f4 ,ab\t #ajfd ,a4,d4 !re 0 a ,turki% /ory ( ! dea? ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,j9n4 ,! ,j9n are n gods b fairies1 & we h he>d ( fairy fun]als4 #g4 ,conc]n+ '! high gods ( ,babylon' x is especially ne$ful = ,mr4 ,fraz] to prove t !y 7 believ$ to be mortal & 9 dang] ( dea?1 = ,dr4 ,ja/r[ d5ies t !y are mortal4 ',! privilege ( ! gods' is 'immortality4'#ai ,b ,mr4 ,fraz]'s hypo!sis d]ives ! doctr9e ( ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/ f ! op9ion t he repres5t$1 9 dea?1 a long l9e ( victims to a b>b>\s sup]/ition4#bj ,& t sup]/ition 01 9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s conjecture1 t a sub/itute di$ = ! ,k+ ( ,babylon1 & t ! ,k+ ( ,babylon di$ to re9=ce ! vitality ( a mortal god ( ,babylon1 ^: life requir$ a fre% human inc>nation annually4 ,to prove ! ,babylonian belief 9 ! mortality ( ! deities1 ,mr4 ,fraz] writes3 ',! high gods ( ,babylon also1 ?\gh !y appe>$ to _! wor%ipp]s only 9 dreams & visions1 7 conceiv$ to be human 9 _! bodily %ape1 human 9 _! passions1 & human 9 _! fate2 = l m5 !y 7 born into ! _w1 & l m5 !y lov$ & f\ght & ev5 di$4'#ba ,h[ _m ( !m di$8 ,if !y 7 dead 9 religi\s belief1 h[ did !y manage to att5d '! great assembly ( ! gods :i*1 z we h se51 =m$ a *ief feature ( ! fea/ ( ,zakmuk1 & 0 held annually 9 ! temple ( ,m>duk at ,babylon8'#bb ,did ,m>duk die8 ,if s1 :y is he address$ z ,o m]ciful "o :o love/ to give life to ! dead6 ,m>duk1 ,k+ ( heav5 & e>?1 ,! spell af=d+ life is ?9e1 ,! brea? ( life is ?9e4 ,?\ re/ore/ ! dead to life1 ?\ br+e/ ?+s to complet5ess 787#bc ,suppos+1 aga91 t ! ,k+ 0 really sacrific$ to keep a god 9 good condition--:y only "o sacrifice8 ,!re 7 at lea/ scores ( gods1 all ( !m1 if ,i und]/& ,mr4 ,fraz]1 9 ! same prec>i\s condition ( heal?4 ,!y appe>1 he might argue1 to h be5 especially subject to hepatic diseases4 ,o supreme mi/ress ( heav51 may ?y liv] be pacifi$1 says a hymn to ,i%t>4#bd ,( c\rse e "o sees t '?y liv]' is only a phrase = '?y wra?2' ! liv] 7z 9 our phrases 'pluck' & 'lily-liv]$'7 be+ tak5 = ! seat ( ! 'pluck' ( m54 ,x is manife/ t ! ,babylonian gods are n dead b liv+1 o!rwise !y c\ld n att5d ! ye>ly div9e assembly1 nor c\ld !y be address$ 9 pray]4 ,moreov]1 if !y c\ld only be kept alive by ye>ly sacrific+ _! human vehicles1 great holocau/s ( human vehicles w\ld h be5 ne$$ e ye>3 "o man = "o god1 & _! "n 0 legion4 ,once m1 if m5 believ$ t gods c\ld die1 unless kept alive by sacrifices ( _! human vehicles1 we mu/ say ( ! ,greeks t !y did n /rive ,(fici\sly to keep alive _! deities4 ,_h ! ,greeks kn[n t ?is 0 9 _! p[] to d1 !n ,apollo1 ,dionysus1 ,cronos1 ,zeus1 ,h]mes1 ,aphrodite1 ,ares _h n di$4 ,yet die !y did1 if ! graves ( ea* ( ^! mortals prove ! prevail+ belief 9 _! decease4#be ,mank9d1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,fraz]1 believ$ 9 'mighty be+s1' ':o brea!d into man's no/rils & made him live4' ,he implor$ !m 'to br+ 8 immortal _s 444 to "s happi] _w 444 :]e he might re/ ) !m1' & s on4#bf ,yet1 'lack+ ! idea ( et]nal duration1 primitive man naturally suppos$ ! gods to be mortal l himself4' ,mr4 ,fraz] has1 we see1 also told u t !y did n believe _! gods to be mortal4 ,probably1 !n1 ! belief 9 _! immortality 0 a late /age 9 a gradual process4#bg ,yet x _h n prevail$ :5 ! grave ( ,zeus 0 %[n 'ab\t ! beg9n+ ( our era4'#bh ,man1 !n1 believ$ t he c\ld keep "o out ( ! cr[d ( gods alive 7?\gh he implor$ !m to keep him alive7 by sacrific+ 8 rightful k+ once a ye>1 !reby ov]?r[+ dyna/y aft] dyna/y1 & upsett+ ! :ole organisation ( ! /ate4 ,all ?is we mu/ /eadfa/ly believe1 be=e we c accept ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! ,nic5e ,cre$4 ,x is a l>ge prelim9>y dem&4 ,! gods keep on be+ 'immortals1' & ?is we mu/ insi/ on1 9 view ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory t man-gods :o are sla9 are sla9 to keep alive ! god :o is inc>nate 9 !m1 ( :i* he does n give "o example4 ,8 in/ances ( beliefs t ! high gods are dead notori\sly contradict ! preval5t belief t !y are dea?less4 ,& ! preval5t belief regulates religion4 ,h[ev]1 man-gods c]ta9ly die1 & "s ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s--by a sci5tific exp]im5t--demon/rat$ t ,capta9 ,cook 0 no god1 because he di$ :5 /abb$1 :i* a g5u9e god w\ld n h done4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 proves t ^! b5ight$ hea!n knew ! diff]5ce betwe5 an immortal god & a dea?ly man z well z did ,an*ises 9 ! ,hom]ic hymn to ,aphrodite4 ,,iii4 ,,religi\s ,,regicide ,peoples :o ?9k t all ! luck dep5ds on _! k+-man-god 7! second sort1 ! sup]ior sorc]]1 ) no god 9 him7 hold1 we are to believe1 t 8 luck & cosmic influ5ce wane ) 8 wan+ =ces4 ,!re=e !y kill him1 & get a m vigor\s recipi5t ( 8 s\l 7n ( a god7 & ( 8 luck4#bi ,( k+-kill+ = ?is reason ,mr4 ,eras] gives1 ,i ?9k1 "o adequate example4 ,( ! transmission ( ! s\l ( ! sla9 div9ity to 8 successor he 'has no direct pro(1' ?\gh s\ls ( inc>nat+ gods are transmitt$ aft] natural dea?s4#cj ,n[ ?is is a v important "p ( ! long-drawn argum5t :i* is to sugge/ t ,*ri/ di$ z a mock-k+1 :o also repres5t$ a god4 ,fir/1 we h se5 t !re are two k9ds ( man-god4 ,9 "o k9d a real god1 '( an ord] diff]5t f & sup]ior to man1' is suppos$ to become inc>nate4 ,! o!r k9d ( man-god is only a sup]ior 's5sitive' & sorc]]4#ca ,n[ ,jesus1 by ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory1 di$ z repres5tative ( a god1 !re=e z "o ( ! fir/ two k9ds ( man-gods4 ,b ,mr4 ,fraz] does n "h1 z ,i said1 produce "o solit>y example ( a man-god prov$ to be ( ! fir/ class--a k+ 9 :om an ackn[l$g$ god is inc>nate--be+ sla9 to prev5t 8 inspir+ god f wan+ ) ! man's wan+ en]gies4#cb ,_m examples ( t practice are ne$$ by ! argum5t4 ,i repeat t n "o example is produc$ 9 ?is place4 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s entire argum5t dep5ds on 8 ann\nc$ failure to 'insi/ on' ! di/9ction betwe5 two sorts ( man-gods :i* he himself has drawn4#cc ,s ,i keep on insi/+4 ,aga91 x c h>dly be said t any examples are produc$ ( a k+ ( ! second sort 7a man-god :o is really no god at all1 b a 's5sitive1' sorc]]1 or magic-man7 be+ sla9 to pres]ve ! vig\r ( 8 magic4 ,! examples to be cit$ all b univ]sally give no pro( ( ! idea ( pres]v+ man's magical vig\r f ! decay ( old age4 ,! cases giv51 z a rule1 are m]e in/ances ( sup]annuation4 ,x is possible 7w\ld t x 7 easy7 to p5sion (f ag$ pr(essors 9 ! ,scotti% ,univ]sities4 ,b to p5sion (f a k+ m]ely means a s]ies ( civil w>s4 ,! e>ly middle ages 'tonsur$' weak k+s4 ,h[ tempt+ to repres5t ?is d$ication ( !m to ,god z a mitigation ( sacrifice6 ,k+s1 9 fact1 among "s b>b>ic races1 are sla9 m]ely by way ( sup]annuation4 ,nay1 ! practice is n conf9$ to k+s4 ,x is usual among eld]ly subjects4#cd ,let u take ,mr4 ,fraz]'s examples4#ce #a4 ,a ,congo p believe t ! _w w\ld p]i% if _! *itome1 or pontiff1 di$ a natural dea?4 ,s he 0 clubb$ or /rangl$ by 8 successor4 ,b :at god is inc>nate 9 ! *itome8 ,none is m5tion$4#cf ,! k+ himself 'is reg>d$ z a god 9 e>?1 & all p[]ful 9 heav54' #b4 ,! ,e?iopian k+s ( ,m]oe 7 wor%ipp$ z gods1 b 7 ord]$ to die by ! prie/s1 on ! au?ority ( an alleg$ oracle ( ! gods1 ':5ev] ! prie/s *ose4' ,t !y fir/ %[$ any signs ( decay 'we may conjecture4'#cg ,we h no evid5ce except t ! prie/s put an end to ! k+ ':5ev] !y *ose4' ,&1 f> f alleg+ ! k+'s decay or bad crops z ! regul> recognis$ reason1 !y alleg$ a special oracle ( ! gods4 #c4 ,:5 ! ,k+ ( ,unyoro1 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 is old1 or v ill1 8 wives kill him 7an obvi\s reason readily occurs3 x is ! wives1 n a god1 :o ne$ a m spirit$ p]son71 alleg+ an old prophecy t ! ?rone w pass f ! dyna/y if ! k+ dies a natural dea?4 ,b x is n "h %[n t ?is k+ is a man-god ( ei!r species2 & ! prophecy does n conc]n injury to a god1 or to magical rapport4#ch #d4 ,! ,k+ ( ,kibanga1 on ! upp] ,congo1 is kill$ by sorc]]s :5 he 'seems ne> 8 end4' ,s are old dogs & cats & horses 9 ?is c\ntry1 & peasants are ev5 ?\ght to provide eu?anasia = k9sfolk 'ne> _! end4' ,if ! ,k+ ( ,kibanga is a man-god1 ,mr4 ,fraz] does n say s4 #e4 ,if w\nd$ 9 w> ! ,k+ ( ,g+]o is kill$ by 8 comrades or k9sfolk1 ev5 if he be reluctant4 ,! reason alleg$ is 't he may n die by ! h&s ( 8 enemies4' ,did ,saul1 ,brutus1 & _m o!r w>riors :o refuse to survive w\nds & defeat die z man-gods8 ,is ! ,k+ ( ,g+]o a man-god8 #f4 ,*aka1 ,k+ ( ! ,zulus1 us$ hair-dye1 hav+ a great av]sion to grey hairs4 ,! ,zulus1 a w>like p1 w\ld n elect1 or accept1 a greyhair$ k+1 &1 ?\gh ,i "k no in/ance ( slay+ a ,zulu k+ because he 0 old1 ,mr4 ,isaacs 7#ahcf7 says t grey hair is 'always foll[$ by ! dea? ( ! mon>*4' ,ev5 if an hi/orical example 7 giv51 a w>like race m]ely sup]annuates a disabl$ w>-lead] 9 ! only safe way4 #g4 ,at la/ we rea* a k+-man-god 9 ,s(ala1 :o1 accord+ to ,dos ,santos1 0 ! only god ( ! ,caffres1 & 0 implor$ to give good wea!r4#ci ,a mod]n ,zulu told ,dr4 ,callaway t ':5 p say ! heav5 is ! *ief's !y d n believe :at !y say4'#dj ,! ,s(alese1 or r _! neighb\rs1 7 p]haps m cr$ul\s2 & x appe>s to h be5 a cu/om or law among !m t a blemi%$ k+ %\ld kill himself1 ?\gh a re=m+ pr9ce d5\nc$ ?is z insanity1 & alt]$ ! law4 ,we are told t ! k+-god ( ! ,s(alese 0 "u ?is law1 & a neighb\r+ k+ 7:o is n[h]e said to h be5 a man-god7 04 ,b :at god1 if any1 0 inc>nate 9 ?is man-god1 if he 0 a man-god1 l 8 neighb\r8#da #h4 ,! ,sp>tans 7 w>n$ by an oracle aga9/ a lame k+1 z ! ,mack5zies 7 w>n$ by ! ,brahan se] aga9/ a set ( physically blemi%$ lairds4 ,! se]'s prophecy 0 fulfill$4#db ,we d n he> t ! ,sp>tans ,kill$ any lame k+4 #i4 ,! ,k+ ( ! ,eyeos is w>n$ to kill himself1 w>n$ by a gift ( p>rot's eggs1 ':5 ! p h conceiv$ an op9ion ( 8 ill-gov]nm5t4' ,8 wives /rangle him1 & 8 son succe$s1 or did s be=e #aggd1 :5 ! ,k+ refus$ to die at ! reque/ ( 8 m9i/]s4 ,to make a case1 x mu/ be %[n t ! k+ 0 a man-god ( "o or o!r v>iety4 ,he is1 9 fact1 m]ely k+ :ile popul>1 'hold+ ! re9s ( gov]nm5t no long] ?an :il/ he m]its ! approval ( 8 p4' #aj4 ,! old ,prussians 7 gov]n$ by a k+ call$ ,god's ,m\?4 ',if he want$ to leave a good "n beh9d1' :5 weak & ill he burn$ himself to dea?1 9 front ( a holy oak4 #aa4 ,9 ,quilac>e1 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 ! k+ cut himself to pieces1 be=e an idol1 aft] a twelve ye>s' reign4 ,we are n told t he 0 an inc>nation ( ! god1 if any1 incorporat$ 91 or repres5t$ by1 ! idol4 #ab4 ,! ,k+ ( ,calicut1 on ! ,malab> coa/1 us$ to cut 8 ?roat 9 public aft] a twelve ye>s' reign4 ,ab\t #afhj-agjj ?is 0 commut$4 ,if any man c\ld cut 8 way ?r\gh #cj1jjj or #dj1jjj gu>dsm51 to kill ! k+1 he succe$$4 ,?ree m5 tri$1 b numb]s ov]-p[]$ !m4 ,o!r examples are giv5 9 :i* e regicide might become k+1 if he c\ld1 l ,macbe?4 ,x 0 held1 at ,passi]1 t ,god w\ld n all[ ! k+ to be kill$ if he did n ri*ly des]ve x4 ,^! k+s are n said to inc>nate gods4 #ac4 ,ibn ,batuta once saw a man ?r[ a rope into ! air1 & climb up x4 ,ano!r man foll[$ & cut ! fir/ to pieces1 :i* fell on ! gr\nd1 7 reunit$1 & no h>m done4 ,?is v]aci\s travell] also saw a man1 at ,java1 kill himself = love ( ! ,sultan1 !reby secur+ lib]al p5sions = 8 family1 z 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r _h done be=e him4 ',we may conjecture t =m]ly ! ,sultans ( ,java1 l ! ,k+s ( ,quilac>e & ,calicut1 7 b\nd to cut _! own ?roats at ! end ( a fix$ t]m ( ye>s1'#dc b t !y deput$ ! duty to "o c]ta9 family4 ,we may conjecture1 b1 consid]+ ! lack ( evid5ce1 & ! /ories t ,ibn ,batuta freely tells1 ,i d\bt6 ,ibn1 at ! ,c\rt ( ,delhi1 saw cups & di%es ,i at a wi% appe>1 & at a wi% retire4' ,did ! ,sultan ( ,java inc>nate a god8 #ad4 ,?is case is s extremely involv$ & hypo!tical 7x conc]ns ,sp>ta1 :]e ,i nev] he>d t ! k+ 0 a man-god7 t ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to ! orig9al4#dd ,mean:ile ! li/ ( in/ances is num]ically respectable4 ,b are ! in/ances to ! po9t8 ,d !y prove a practice ( kill+ a royal man-god1 = ! purpose ( help+ a god inc>nate 9 him1 or ev5 ( prev5t+ 8 magical p[] 7or mana1 9 ,new ,zeal&7 f wan+8 ,!y r prove regicide z a =m ( sup]annuation1 or z ! result ( ! ma*9ations ( prie/s1 or ( public discont5t4 ,above all1 !y d n demon/rate t ! k+ is ev] kill$ z an inc>nation ( a deity :o ne$s a /urdi] p]son to be inc>nate 94 ,s recalcitrant is ! evid5ce1 t ( all ,mr4 ,fraz]'s k+s :o are "h said to be gods1 or to inc>nate gods1 n "o is "h said to be put to dea? by 8 wor%ipp]s4#de ,& ( all 8 k+s :o are "h said to be put to dea?1 n "o is "h said to inc>nate a god4#df ,su* are ! initial difficulties ( ! !ory3 to :i* we may add t eld]ly m5 are notori\sly kill$ by _m savages j because !y are eld]ly1 :e!r !y are k+s or common]s4 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s po9t is t ,*ri/ di$ 9 'a halo ( div9ity1' visible ':]ev] m5 _h he>d ! old1 old /ory ( ! dy+ & ris+ god4'#dg ,b1 ap>t f o!r objections already urg$1 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s pres5t in/ances d n conta9 "o example ( a 'dy+ & ris+ god1' /at$ to be repres5t$ by a liv+ man :o is !re=e kill$2 ev5 if !re are "o or two cases ( a sla9 k+ :o is a m$ic9e-man1 sorc]]1 or cosmic s5sitive4 ,?us ! argum5t fails f ! fir/4 ,*ri/ is to be reckon$ div9e z repres5t+ a k+ :o 0 kill$ z an inc>nation ( a god4 ,b ( regicide = ?is reason no pro( is af=d$1 z f> z ,i c see4 ,,iv4 ,,annual ,,religi\s ,,regicide ,next we arrive at an absolutely necess>y hypo!sis1 :i* ,i f9d x difficult to accept4 ',9 "s places x appe>s t ! p c\ld n tru/ ! k+ to rema9 9 full m5tal & bodily vig\r = m ?an a ye>2 h5ce at ! end ( a ye>'s reign he 0 put to dea?1 & a new k+ appo9t$ to reign 9 8 turn a ye>1 & suff] dea? at ! end ( x4444 ,:5 ! "t drew ne> = ! k+ to be put to dea? 79 ,babylon ?is appe>s to h be5 at ! end ( a s+le ye>'s reign71 he abdicat$ = a few days1 dur+ :i* a tempor>y k+ reign$ & suff]$ 9 8 /ead4'#dh ,lat] we read ( '! "t :5 ! real k+ us$ to r$eem 8 own life by deput+ 8 son to reign = a %ort "t & die 9 8 /ead4'#di ,! hypo!sis is1 !n1 t at ,babylon ! k+ us$ to be sacrific$ once a ye>4 ,lat] he appo9t$ a son1 or "s o!r memb] ( ! royal family1 or "s "o else1 to die = him1 :ile1 la/ ( all1 a crim9al 0 *os54 ,is n ?is a />tl+ hypo!sis8 ,yet on x ! :ole argum5t ab\t ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/ dep5ds4 ,mr4 ,fraz] ov]e/imates human ambition4 ,we wond] t ,moray1 ,l5nox1 & ,morton p9$ to be ,reg5ts ( ,scotl&4 ,yet at lea/ !y _h a fa9t *ance ( escap+ dea? )9 ! ye>4 ,b ! k+s ( ,babylon _h no *ance3 !y 7 sacrific$ annually4 ,mr4 ,fraz] asks u to suppose t any m5 ( royal race1 any:]e1 m5 free & noble1 n captives1 n condemn$ crim9als1 w\ld accept a cr[n1 foll[$1 9 #cfe days1 by a dea? ( fire6 ,a *ild kn[s t no m5 h ev] act$ 9 ?is way4 ,ev5 if !y 7 s incr$ibly unlike all o!r human be+s z to *oose a ye>'s royalty1 foll[$ by burn+ to dea?1 h[ 0 ! succession regulat$8 ,ev5 ! primitive ,arunta1 nak$ savages 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 h a k9d ( magi/rate1 m]ely a conv5]1 call$ ! ,alatunja1 '! head man ( a local totemic gr\p4' ,he is an h]$it>y (ficial1 inh]it+ 9 ! male l9e4#ej ,does any "o believe t a poor black man w\ld accept ! ,alatunja%ip if he knew he 0 to be roa/$1 & s die1 at ! end ( a ye>8 ,n[ ! ,babylonians 7or r ! ,p]sians7 7 inf9itely m civilis$ ?an ! ,arunta4 ,_! k+s 7 h]$it>y k+s4 ,h[1 !n1 w\ld ,mr4 ,fraz]'s sy/em "w8 ,! k+ is sacrific$2 8 elde/ son succe$s2 is sacrific$ next ye>2 !y soon "w ?r\gh ! royal family4 ,?us1 9 ,scotl&1 ,d>nley is sacrific$ 7#aefg74 ,next ye> y sacrifice ! baby1 ,james ,,vi4 ,next ye> y beg9 on ! ,hamiltons4 ,*atelh]ault la/s a ye>3 !n ,arran1 !n ,"l ,john1 !n ,"l ,claude4 ,beg9n+ 9 #aefg y "w out t result 9 #aegb4 ,!n y />t on ! ,l5nox ,/ew>ts4 ,y h ,l5nox (f]$ up 9 #aegc1 8 son ,*>les 9 #aegd1 & by ! end ( ! c5tury y h exhau/$ ! female & illegitimate bran*es ( ! royal family4 ,y c only sacrifice males1 & ^! mu/ be adults1 = ea* sacrific$ man1 by ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory1 has to consort be=e 8 dea? ) a lady1 probably 'a sacr$ h>lot4'#ea ,mr4 ,fraz] p]haps w say '^! ,babylonian k+s 7 polygam\s1 & _h l>ge families ( sons4' ,b ?9k ( ! situation6 ,:5 ! k+ comes to provid+ a son z a sub/itute1 to reign = a few days & be sacrific$ 9 8 /ead1 he may be a "y k+1 j m>ri$4 ,ev5 if he c\ld c\nt on a male baby1 or a score ( !m1 annually1 !y w\ld be ( no use3 !y c\ld n consort ) ! sacr$ h>lot1 :i* is indisp5sable4#eb ,s1 aft] ! "y k+ is sacrific$1 we are 9 a qu&>y4 ,we mu/ ov]look primog5iture1 & beg9 sacrific+ ! k+'s bro!rs2 !y w n la/ long2 we fall back on ! c\s9s4 ,soon we ne$ a new dyna/y4 ,n[ no gov]nm5t c\ld be c>ri$ on 9 ! circum/ances imag9$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]4 ,! c\ntry w\ld n /& x4 ,no individual k+ w\ld ev] accept ! cr[n4 ,human be+s nev] _h su* a prepo/]\s in/itution4 ,b1 if !y _h n1 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s :ole !ory ( ! ,crucifixion is baseless1 = x all hangs on ! ye>ly sacrifice ( ! div9e k+ 9 ,babylon4 ,:]e !re is no hi/orical evid5ce ( annual regicide1 we mu/ appeal to our g5]al k ( human nature4 ,! reply is t ! ?+ is impossible4 ,moreov]1 t sacrifice is :olly )\t evid5ce4 ,! only reason = believ+ t ! k+s ( ! great ,babylonian ,empire1 or ev5 ! k+s ( ,babylon :5 x may h be5 a small autonom\s t[n1 7 sacrific$ once a ye>1 is ! fa9t te/imony exi/+ to %[ t once a ye> at a ,p]sian fea/ a mock-k+ 0 hang$4 ,to acc\nt = t hang+ ,mr4 ,fraz] has to inv5t ! hypo!sis t real k+s1 9 old5 times1 7 annually sacrific$4 ,! only corroboration ( actual fact is 9 ! savage in/ances ( k+ kill+1 n annual1 :i* we h expla9$ z1 9 mo/ cases1 a rude =m ( sup]annuation2 9 no case z c]ta9ly ! deliv]ance ( a recognis$ god inc>nate 9 ! k+ ,!re are also in/ances 9 folklore ( ye>ly mock executions ( a k+ ( ! ,may1 or ! l1 & a dubi\s case 9 ,l[] ,msia4 ,^! d n prove annual sacrifices ( actual k+s 9 ! pa/1 if !y prove any sacrifice at all4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 ,i v5ture to hold1 sci5ce requires u1 if we mu/ expla9 ! alleg$ ye>ly hang+ ( a mock-k+ at ,babylon1 to look = a !ory1 an hypo!sis1 :i* does n contradict all t we "k ( human nature4 ,= all ( human nature t we "k is contradict$ by ! fancy t ! k+s ( ,babylon 7 once sacrific$ annually4 ,i %all lat] produce a !ory :i*1 at lea/1 does n run c\nt] to ! v nature ( man1 & s f> is legitimate & sci5tific4 ,mr4 ,fraz] says t 8 !ory 'w h>dly appe> extravagant or improbable' :5 we rememb] t1 9 ,ngoio1 ! *ief :o puts on ! cap ( royalty "o day is1 by ! rule1 kill$ ! next day4#ec ,s nobody puts on ! cap4 ,& nobody w\ld h put on ! ,babylonian cr[n "u ! condition ( be+ roa/$ to dea? at ! end ( ! ye>4 ,if ! !ory 7 correct1 ! k+ inc>nat+ a god w\ld be sla9 ye>ly4 ,b he w\ld n l t1 & w\ld procure a sub/itute1 :o w\ld ye>ly be sla9 7a7 z a proxy ( ! k+1 or 7b7 z ! god ( vegetation1 inc>nate 9 ! k+1 or z bo?4 ,yet1 ,i repeat1 n a s+le in/ance has be5 giv5 ( a k+ :o is sla9 = magico-religi\s reasons1 & :o is also ! inc>nation ( any god :atev]4 ,! sla9 k+s 9 ! in/ances produc$ 71 z a rule1 sup]annuat$ because !y 7 old1 or got rid ( because !y 7 unpopul>1 or because a cl]ical cabal desir$ _! de/ruction1 or = "s o!r reason3 at mo/1 & r>ely1 because !y 7 outworn 's5sitives4' ,we "k scores ( cases ( god-possess$ m51 b none are kill$ because !y are god-possess$4 ,! argum5t has ?us made no approa* to ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! belief 9 ! div9e "* ( ,*ri/ & ( 8 doctr9e4 ,at ?is po9t ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory turns f god-mank+s sla9 to pres]ve _! mana1 or cosmic rapport1 to p]sons :o suff] = ^! k+s4 ,n "o s+le hi/orical pro( t !re ev] 0 su* a cu/om is adduc$4 ,all is a matt] ( inf]5ce & conjecture4 ,!re is1 we saw1 a region ,ngoio1 9 ,congo1 :]e ! ?rone is p]petually vacant1 because :oev] occupi$ x 0 kill$ ! day aft] coronation day--no sub/itute is sugge/$1 & no "o sits 9 ! ,siege ,p]il\s4#ed ,!re are cases ( 'tempor>y k+s1' z ,k+ ,febru>y1 = ?ree days 9 ,cambodia--! tempor>y k+ be+ ( a cadet bran* ( ! royal family4 ,he is n kill$4 ,9 ,siam a tempor>y k+ = ?ree days conduct$ a qute1 or jocul> pillag+1 l our ,rob9 ,hood 9 ,scotl&4 ,?is is an example ( ! ,p]iod ( ,lic5ce :5 law is 9 abeyance1 & ! importance ( ?is p]iod we %all lat] prove4 ,! mock-k+ also pl\gh$ n9e furr[s1 & /ood lat] ) 8 "r foot on 8 left knee4 ,he did ! same ?+ on a lat] occasion1 & om5s 7 drawn f 8 /ead9ess2 he 0 suppos$1 if firm1 to conqu] evil spirits1 & _h ano!r qute4 ,9 ,upp] ,egypt a k+ ( unreason = ?ree days holds mock tribunals1 !n is condemn$1 & 8 '%ell' is burn$2 probably1 z ,i %all %[1 to mean t '! gambol has be5 %[n' & is ov]4#ee ,!re are two or ?ree simil> cases1 & ,mr4 ,fraz] sugge/s t ! mock-k+ is inve/$ ) ! 'div9e or magical functions' ( ! real k+4 ,b ! local ,pa*a1 on ! ,nile1 has no su* functions1 & 8 augu/ repres5tative we>s 'a tall fool's cap4' ,none are put to dea?3 ! ,upp] ,egyptian case alone & dimly1 if at all1 sugge/s ! proxy suppos$ 7z 9 ,ibn ,batuta's tale int]pret$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]7 to die = ! k+4 ,next we approa* in/ances ( sons ( k+s :o are sacrific$1 b ^! are cases ( s9 (f]+s 7z :5 ! ,k+ ( ,moab sacrific$ 8 son on ! wall71 &1 ev5 if ! lads 7 sub/itutes = _! royal fa!rs1 !re is no presumption rais$ t ! fa!rs 7 habitually kill$ ye> by ye>1 to keep _! cosmic rapport unimpair$1 or to release ! god inc>nate )9 !m1 a cu/om ( :i* ,i f9d no example at all4 ,"o in/ance ( :at he conjectures to be a proxy sacrifice = a k+ ,mr4 ,fraz] f9ds 9 a fe/ival at ,babylon call$ ! ,saca4#ef ,to ?is we return 9 due ord]4 ,we mu/ fir/ exam9e cases ( simil> cu/oms1 or inf]r$ cu/oms1 9 ,greece & ,borne4 ,mean:ile we hope to h %[n t ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! belief 9 ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/ already re/s on ?ree sc>cely legitimate hypo!ses4 ,fir/1 !re is ! hypo!sis t k+s 7 sla9 to release a kn[n deity1 inc>nate 9 !m1 & to provide a bett] human vehicle4 ,( ?is rite no in/ances 7 giv54 ,next1 !re is ! hypo!sis t ! ,k+ ( ,babylon 0 annually sacrific$1 & succe$$ by a new k+1 :o 0 sacrific$ at ! end ( ! ye>4 ,hi/orical evid5ce does n exi/1 & ! suppos$ cu/om is beyond belief4 ,?irdly1 we are to believe 9 proxies or sub/itutes :o die annually = ! k+4 ,( ?is practice no actual example is adduc$4 ,"h1 p]haps1 ! read] may be invit$ to ask himself :e!r he believes t !re ev] 01 any:]e1 a cu/om ( ye>ly kill+ ! k+1 ! head ( ! /ate4 ,if he _c believe ?is1 9 ! entire lack ( pro(1 he may admire ! fai? :i* c move ?is m\nta9 9 ! int]e/s ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s conclusions4 ,= my "p ,i may say t ,i 0 s hypnotis$1 aft] fir/ read+ ?r\gh ! long roll ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s 'sad /ories ( ! dea?s ( k+s1' t ,i c\ld only murmur ',b !re is no hi/orical evid5ce = ! ye>ly ,babylonian1 or r ,p]sian1 regicides4' ,!n ,i woke out ( ! hypnotic trance2 ,i %ook (f ! dr[sy spell ( sugge/ion1 & exclaim$ ',! k+ is kill$ annually6' ,next1 ,i ask$ myself :e!r mortal m5 w\ld take ! cr[n1 & h[ ! arrangem5t w\ld "w1 &1 alas6 x 0 my belief 9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory t 0 %att]$4 ,b ! 'g5]al read]1' p]us+ an argum5t ( #a1djj pages1 may fall "u ! hypnotic spell ( num]\s 'cases1' ?\gh none are to ! po9t1 & may accept an hypo!sis1 h[ev] viol5tly oppos$ to 8 k ( human nature4 ,to t te/ we are1 9 a case l ?is1 compell$ to appeal1 h[ev] little we may value 'common s5se' 9 o!r fields ( speculation4 ,ours is ! field ( normal human nature1 motive1 & action1 9 :i* e man may be a judge4 ,i _c b ?9k t ! au?or ( ! !ory w\ld h be5 /opp$ by consid]ations s obvi\s & ob/acles s insup]able4 ,b fir/ he _h ! remote analogy ( ! ,aztec w>-prison] :o p]sonat$ a god1 & to a god 0 sacrific$4 ,t example is ( no real s]vice3 ! man 0 a captive & c\ld n help himself2 he 0 n ,k+ ( ,anahuac4 ,moreov]1 he 0 sacrific$3 he 0 n put to a dea? ( special %ame4 ,aga91 !re 0 ! ,saturnian victim1 if we believe ! leg5d ab\t to be n>rat$4 ,b he too 0 sacrific$3 he 0 n /ripp$1 sc\rg$1 & hang$4 ,our au?or1 h[ev]1 0 fasc9at$ by ! ,cross at ! end ( ! long vi/a ( ! argum5t4 ,9 place1 !re=e1 ( seek+1 or at lea/ 9 place ( f9d+1 a simple explanation ( ! ,p]sian cu/om1 or leav+ x unexpla9$1 he accept$ ! impossibility ( ! annual regicide at ,babylon1 & 0 laun*$ into a new wild]ness ( conjectures & inf]5ces to expla9 ! abs5ce1 9 ! ,p]sian case1 ( sacrifice & religion1 ! pres5ce ( a m]rymak+ & a hang+4 ,v4 ,,! ,,saturnalia ,we are next to look = an hi/orical case ( ! ye>ly sacrifice1 n ( a k+1 b ( a mock-k+4 ,! argum5t ?us c>ries u to ! ,roman fea/ ( ! ,saturnalia4 ,?is fe/ival 79 late times held 9 ,decemb]1 #af-bc7 s closely resembl$ our ,*ri/mas 9 jollity1 t ,pl9y 7l "s ( u7 us$ to )draw to ! mo/ retir$ room 9 8 ,laur5t9e villa to escape ! noise4 ,mr4 ,fraz] does n rem>k ! circum/ance1 b 9 ,rome be=e ! ,empire1 or e>li]1 ! ,saturnalia seem to h be5 a fea/ ( "o day only4 ',among our ance/ors1' says ,macrobius1 '! ,saturnalia 7 complet$ 9 a s+le day1' ?\gh he does n seem v c]ta9 ( 8 fact4 ,livy says3 ',! ,saturnalia 7 in/itut$ z a fe/al day4'#eg ,aft] ! "t ( ,caligula1 ! ,saturnalia endur$ = five days1 'precisely l ! fea/ ( ! ,saca at ,babylon1' ( :i* we are fat$ to he> a great deal4#eh ,x w\ld ?us appe> t ! ,saturnalia 7 orig9ally a fea/ ( "o day1 lat] l5g!n$ to five days1 & aga9 to sev5 days4 ,by ! "t ( writ]s l ,lucian & ,m>tial ! fea/ cont9u$ = a week1 & ,lucian repres5ts ,cronos 7,saturn7 z a jolly old k+ ( unreason4#ei ,! ri* help$ ! poor1 p made pres5ts to ea* o!r1 'a ,*ri/mas c>ol philosophy1' z ,dick5s calls x1 prevail$4 ,! ma/]s s]v$ ! slaves at table2 all 0 lic5ce & riot4 ,wax c&les 7 giv5 z pres5ts 7c]ea71 l ^? on our ,*ri/mas trees4 ,^! c]ea1 accord+ to ,macrobius1 7 ?\ght by "s antiqu>ies to be sub/itutes = human sacrifices4 ,orig9ally1 x 0 said1 ! ,pelasgi1 be=e migrat+ to ,italy1 receiv$ an oracle f ,dodona3 ',s5d a man to ! ,fa!r1' t is1 to ! god ,cronos or1 9 ,italy1 ,saturn4 ,b1 by a pun on ! ,greek 1 !y 7 induc$ to sub/itute lights1 ! wax c&les4#fj ,n[ x is a really a/oni%+ ?+ t1 if actual human sacrifices 7 (f]$ aft] our era1 at ! ,saturnalia1 no ,roman antiqu>y 7& !re 7 pl5ty ( antiqu>ies7 %\ld m5tion ! fact1 :ile discuss+ ! !ory t c]ea 7 commutations ( sacrifice4 ,if1 n[ & !n1 "u ! ,empire a survival or recrudesc5ce ( human sacrifice 0 he>d ( 9 a rural di/rict1 ! antiqu>ies w\ld cat* at x gre$ily1 z a pro( t wax tap]s really 7 commutations ( human sacrifice1 :i* "s d\bt$4 ,t rural recrudesc5ces d occur we "k f ! rec5t case ( burn+ an ,iri% peasant woman to dea?1 to deliv] h] f a fairy4#fa ,mr4 ,fraz]1 h[ev]1 believes t survivals ( human sacrifices at ! ,saturnalia did really occur4 ,he is 'tempt$ to surmise' t ! k+ ( ! revels 7:o answ]$ to our ',twelf? ,night' ',k+' or ',que5 ( ! ,bean'7 'may h orig9ally p]sonat$ ,saturn himself4'#fb ,9 ! foll[+ page we read t ! victim 'cut 8 own ?roat on ! alt> ( ! god :om he p]sonat$4' ,! only kn[n or alleg$ in/ance ( human sacrifice at ! ,saturnalia foll[s4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #cjc1 :5 ! p]secution "u ,diocletian began1 "o ,dasius1 a ,*ri/ian soldi]1 9 ,l[] ,msia1 is said to h be5 ! victim :om ! soldi]s ye>ly *ose = ! mock-k+ ( a mon?1 n a week1 ! ,saturn ( ! occasion4 ,:y a mon?1 if ! anci5t fea/ la/$ b a day1 &1 lat]1 b a week8 ,aft] be+ a m]ry mon>* = ?irty days1 he %\ld h cut 8 own ?roat at ! alt> ( ,saturn 71 9 ! ,greek ,,mss474#fc ,dasius decl9$ ! cr[n & 0 knock$ on ! head1 on ,novemb] #bj1 by a soldi]1 app>5tly a *ri/5$ man1 nam$ ,john4 ,! ,saturnalia at ,rome la/$ 7at lea/ "u ! ,empire7 f ,decemb] #af to ,decemb] #bc4 ,dasius mu/ h be5 execut$ = 8 refusal1 ann\nc$ be=e 8 mon?'s reign 7only a week is else:]e kn[n7 %\ld h begun--on ,novemb] #bc2 if ! regnal mon? end$ on ,decemb] #bc4 ,?us ! fe/ive ,saturnalian k+s at ,rome may be guess$ to desc5d f a cu/om1 at ,rome unkn[n1 b surviv+ among ! soldi]s1 ( kill+ a mock-k+ ,saturnus4 ,dasius 0 no slave or crim9al1 b himself a soldi]4 ,! revels ( a mon?1 9 place ( a day or a week1 mu/ also1 "o presumes1 be a survival1 ?\gh a day 0 ! e>ly limit4 ,! date ( ! ,,mss4 ab\t ,dasius ,mr4 ,fraz] does n give1 b he ?9ks t ! longe/ ,,ms4 is 'probably bas$ on (ficial docum5ts4' ,to ! ,,mss4 ,i %all return4 ,! grotesque figure ( ,c>nival1 de/roy$ at ! end ( a mod]n ,roman fea/ :i* does n fall 9 ,decemb]1 is also a survival ( a sla9 mock-k+ ':o p]sonat$ ,saturn1' s ,mr4 ,fraz] sugge/s1 ?\gh 9 anci5t ,rome ev5 ?is c>nival practice is to u unkn[n4#fd ,x w already h be5 obs]v$ t ev5 if ! ,romans 71 9 "s remote age1 wont ye>ly to sacrifice a mock-k+ :o repres5t$ a god1 !y did n d s at ,ea/]1 z 9 ! case ( ,*ri/1 did n d s 9 spr+1 & did n sc\rge ! victim4 ,_! rite1 if x really correspond$ to t ( ! soldi]s :o slew ,dasius1 began 9 ,novemb]1 & end$ 9 ,decemb]1 la/+ ?irty days1 or1 te/e ,macrobio1 orig9ally la/+ "o day4 ,if ! slay+ ( ,dasius really occurr$1 & 0 a survival ( a cu/om once preval5t 7z 9 anci5t ,anahuac71 !n ! e>ly ,saturnalia la/$ = a mon?1 f ,novemb] #bc to ,decemb] #bc2 b ,roman antiqu>ies knew no?+ ( ?is4 ,! mon? date is remote inde$ f ,ea/]1 s ,mr4 ,fraz] mu/ try to %[ t orig9ally ! ,saturnalia 7 a spr+ fe/ival1 l c>nival4 ,to make ! c>nival & ,saturnalia co9cide1 ,mr4 ,fraz] po9ts out t 'if ! ,saturnalia1 l _m o!r seasons ( lic5ce1 0 always obs]v$ at ! end ( ! old ye> or ! beg9n+ ( ! new "o1 x mu/1 l ! c>nival1 h be5 orig9ally held 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*1 at ! "t :5 ,m>* 0 ! fir/ mon? ( ! ,roman ye>4'#fe ,?us1 9 cons]vative rural di/ricts1 ! ,saturnalia w\ld cont9ue to be held 9 ,febru>y1 n1 z at ,rome1 9 ,decemb]1 ?\gh ,roman writ]s d n tell u s1 & ?\gh non-,roman pagan peoples held fe/ival at ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,! soldi]s :o kill$ poor ,dasius 7 ultra-cons]vative1 b !y kill$ him 9 ,novemb]1 :5 _! mon? ( ,saturnalia began1 n 9 ,febru>y1 :51 z !y held by old usage1 _! ,saturnalia %\ld h be5 kept4 ,! hypo!sis may be /at$ ?us3 #a4 ,9 rural di/ricts '! old] & /]n] practice' ( murd] may long h surviv$4#ff #b4 ,9 rural di/ricts ! ,saturnalia cont9u$ to be held 9 ,febru>y-,m>*1 n 9 ,decemb]4#fg #c4 ,!re=e ! soldi]s1 :o kept up '! old] & /]n] practice' ( remote di/ricts :]e ! ,saturnalia fell 9 ,febru>y-,m>*1 kill$ ,dasius--9 ,novemb]6 #d4 ,mean:ile1 s w$d$ 7 ! rural di/ricts to ,saturnalia 9 ,febru>y-,m>*1 t ! fea/ cont9u$ 9 ^! mon?s "u ! ,*ur* & became our c>nival4 #e4 ,! eclectic soldi]s 9 ,l[] ,msia kept up ! old kill+ & full mon? ( revelry 7?\gh we nev] he> ( a full mon? 9 old] or lat] ,rome71 b !y accept$ ! new date1 ,novemb] 7n kept 9 ,rome7 & ,decemb]2 ?\gh 9 _! remote rural homes ! ,saturnalia 7 9 ,febru>y-,m>*4 ,d\btless _! (fic]s insi/$ on ! new (ficial date1 :ile p]mitt+ ! old mon? ( revel & ! human sacrifice4 ,yet1 app>5tly1 ( old !re 0 b "o day ( revel4 ,b is ! /ory ( ,/4 ,dasius a true /ory8 ,! editor & discov]] ( ! ,greek text 9 :i* ! leg5d occurs at full l5g?1 ,pr(essor ,franz ,cumont ( ,gh5t1 at fir/ held t z f> z ! sacrifice ( ! milit>y mock-k+ goes ! /ory is false4 ,i h already obs]v$ t ,mr4 ,fraz] says no?+ ab\t ! date ( ! ,greek ,,ms4 conta9+ ! longe/ leg5d ( ,dasius4 ,m4 ,cumont does4 ,! ,,ms4 is ( ! elev5? c5tury ( our era1 & ! orig9al n>rative1 he ?9ks1 0 done into ,greek out ( ! ,lat91 :i* may h be5 bas$ on (ficial docum5ts1 be=e ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury#fh ,a4,d41 by "s "o :o knew ,lat9 ill1 wrote execrable ,greek1 did n und]/& 8 subject1 & 0 f> f scrupul\s4 ,^! s5tim5ts ( ,m4 ,cumont 'set 9 a new & lurid light'--z ,mr4 ,fraz] says ( some?+ else---! only evid5ce = ! ye>ly milit>y sacrifice ( a mock-k+ ( ! ,saturnalia4 ,our au?or 0 unscrupul\s1 = he makes ,dasius pr(ess ! ,nic5e ,cre$ be=e x 0 made4 ,z to ! ?irty days' revel1 ,m4 ,cumont supposes t to be a blund] ( our au?or1 :o did n "k t ! ,saturnalia only occupi$ a week4#fi ,m4 ,cumont held t ! k+ ( ! fea/ _h n to slay himself1 b only to sacrifice to ,saturn2 9 fact1 ,bassus1 8 comm&+ (fic]1 does ask him1 9 ! leg5d1 to 'sacrifice to our gods1 :om ev5 ! b>b>ians wor%ip4' ,dasius1 ! ,,ms4 says1 refus$1 & 0 knock$ on ! head by a soldi] nam$ ,john4 ',john' 0 likely to be a ,*ri/ian1 & ,m4 ,cumont sugge/s t ! ignorant translator ( ! ,lat9 took 'sepultus e/' 7'he 0 buri$' by a soldi] nam$ ,john7 = 'pulsus1' or 'depulsus e/1' 'he 0 knock$ on ! head' 747 ,9 fact ! ,greek translator ( ! sev5? c5tury ret\*$ 8 ,lat9 orig9al plaisir4 ,human sacrifices1 says ,m4 ,cumont1 _h be5 aboli%$ s9ce ,hadrian's "t4 ,! soldi]s1 if !y sacrific$ a mock-k+1 broke an imp]ial edict4#gj ,our evid5ce !n w\ld seem1 if ,m4 ,cumont is "r1 to be t ( an unfai?ful & n v scrupul\s translator & embelli%] ( a ,lat9 text4 ,he in=ms u by ! way t simil> noisy p]=mances w5t on 9 8 own ,*ri/ian p]iod1 n 9 ,decemb]1 b on ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 ,! ,saturnalia 7 ?us pu%$ on a week f ,decemb] #bc2 we d n le>n t !y 7 transf]r$ to1 or reta9$ at1 ,febru>y-,m>*4 ,! moral lesson ( ! leg5d is t we mu/ n be noisy on ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 ,?us ,m4 ,cumont did n at fir/ accept ! evid5ce = ! annual sacrifice ( a mock-k+ repres5t+ ! god ,saturn4 ,b ,m4 ,p>m5ti] sugge/$ t an old cruel rite might h be5 introduc$ by ,ori5tal soldi]s into ,msia 7#cjc ,a4,d47 ?anks to ! lic5s$ f]ocity ( ! p]secutions "u ,diocletian4 ,! victim1 ,dasius1 0 a ,*ri/ian1 & ! au?or ( 8 leg5d told ! tale to illu/rate ! s9 ( revelry on ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 ,b :at l$ to ! revival ( ! cruelty8 ,m4 ,p>m5ti] quot$ ! /ory ( our ,babylonian fe/ival1 ! ,saca1 9 :i* a mock-k+ 0 sc\rg$ & sla94 ,?is or a simil> rite ! ,roman legions f9ally confus$ ) _! own ,saturnalia1 bo? z to date & z to *>act]i/ics4 ,! ,ori5tal soldi]s ( ! ,roman ,empire import$ into ! army ?is ,ori5tal fea/ & sacrifice3 j z !y br\ght monum5ts ( ,mi?ra-wor%ip into ,msia4 ,9 an h\r ( milit>y lic5ce & ( p]secution1 ! cohorts 9 ,msia may actually h tri$ to sacrifice a ,*ri/ian private z a repres5tative ( ,k+ ,saturn4 ,s f> ! sacrifice is an ,asiatic importation1 n a ,roman survival4 ,b ,m4 ,cumont1 aft] read+ ,m4 ,p>m5ti]1 return$ f 8 disbelief 9 ! v]acity ( ! ,dasius leg5d4 ,he ?\ght t ! ext5sion ( ! ,saturnalia f "o day to five days1 aft] ,caligula1 might be due to an imitation introduc$ by ,ea/]n slaves 9 ,rome 7an influ5tial class7 ( ! five days' fea/ ( ! ,babylonian ,saca4 ,b ?irty days1 z 9 ,msia1 are n five days4 ,he also incl9$ to accept ! rec5tly propos$ id5tification ( ! ,saca ) a really old ,babylonian fea/ call$ ,zagmuk1 or ,zakmuk1 & ) ! ,jewi% ,purim1 an id5tification :i* we %all lat] criticise4 ,z to ! imp]ial edict =bidd+ human sacrifice1 ,m4 ,cumont n[ sugge/$ t x _h become a dead lett] & impot5t4 ,9 ! g5]al decad5ce ( #cjc mon/r\s cruelties fl\ri%$1 & ! ,saturnalia 7 m>k$ by gladiatorial combats4 ,?us1 9 remote ,msia1 ! half ,ori5tal soldi]y might really sacrifice a ,*ri/ian '= ! safety ( 8 comrades "u arms4' ,s f> ! sacrifice ( ,dasius looks r l a cruelty introduc$ into decad5t ,rome1 & at ! good-hum\r$ ,saturnalia1 by ,ori5tal legion>ies1 ?an l a ,roman survival or recrudesc5ce ( a regul> orig9al feature ( ! ,saturnalia4 ,9 any case ! /ripp+ & sc\rg+ ( ! ,sacan mock-k+1 8 hang+1 & 8 simulat$ resurrection 7at :i* we %all f9d ,mr4 ,fraz] mak+ a guess7 are abs5t1 :ile ! date ( ! alleg$ transaction 7,novemb]-,decemb]7 does n tally ) ,purim1 or ,ea/]tide1 or ! date ( ! ,saca4 ,! duration ( ! ,dasius fea/1 ?irty days1 is nei!r ,roman nor ,ori5tal4 ,?us1 f> f illum9at+ ! ,ori5tal practice1 ! rite report$ 9 ,msia does b make ! problem m p]plex+4 ,! evid5ce has all ! faults possible1 & ! conjecture t ! ,greek writ] inv5t$ ! sacrifice1 to ?r[ discr$it on ! ,new ,ye> revels ( 8 contempor>ies1 may be wor? consid]+4 ,p]haps ,i may h9t t ,i ?9k ! hi/orical evid5ce ( ! au?or ( ! ,dasius leg5d s extremely dubi\s t ,i might h expect$ ,mr4 ,fraz] to (f] a criticism ( its "*4 ,! g5]al read] c ga!r f ! ',gold5 ,b\gh' no idea ( ! t5uity ( ! te/imony1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is at once visible to read]s ( ,fr5* & ,greek4 ,we address ourselves to s*ol>s1 & = s*ol>s ,mr4 ,fraz] has provid$ ! necess>y citations1 b my he>t incl9es to reg>d ! ne$s ( ! g5]al read]4 7,cf4 ',man1' ,may #aija1 ,no4 #ec47 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,greek ,,cronia ,f ,rome we turn to ,greece4 ,cronos1 9 ,greece1 answ]$1 m or less1 to ,saturn 9 ,rome1 ?\gh h[ mu* ( ! resemblance is due to ,roman v>ni%+ ) ,greek my? ,i ne$ n "h discuss4 ,n[ ! ,a!nian fe/ival ( ,cronos fell nei!r 9 ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 ,febru>y1 nor ,m>*1 b 9 ,july4#ga ,!re=e ,mr ,fraz] ne$s to guess t ! ,july fea/s ( ,cronos 7 once1 or may h be51 a spr+ fe/ival1 l ! c>nival & l ! ,saturnalia1 :i* 7by ano!r hypo!sis7 7 orig9ally 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*1 ?\gh ( ?is we h no pro(4 ,inde$1 x is contr>y to use & wont = a populace to alt] a v5]able folk-fe/ival because ( an (ficial *ange 9 ! cal5d>4 ,if ! ,romans = unkn[n ages _h kept ! ,saturnalia 9 spr+ !y w\ld n move ! date ( _! gaieties1 & cut (f ?ree weeks 7or tw5ty-n9e days7 ( _! duration1 because ! new ye> 0 %ift$ f ,m>* to ,janu>y4 ,9 ,scotl&1 all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages & mu* lat]1 ! ye> began 9 ,m>*4 ,b ,yule 0 n %ift$ into ,m>*3 x rema9$1 & rema9s1 l ! ,saturnalia1 at ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,z pro( t ! ,attic fea/ ( ,cronos 7suppos$ to answ] to ! ,saturnalia7 0 orig9ally 9 spr+1 n 9 ,july1 ,mr4 ,fraz] writes3 ',a cake ) twelve knobs1 :i* p]haps ref]r$ to ! twelve mon?s ( ! ye>1 0 (f]$ to ,cronos by ! ,a!nians on ! fifte5? day ( ! mon? ,elaphebolion1 :i* correspond$ r\ghly to ,m>*1 & !re are traces ( a lic5ce accord$ to slaves at ! ,dionysiac fe/ival ( ! op5+ ( ! w9e j>s1' 9 ! mon? ( fl[]s prec$+4#gb ,x 0 a prop] season = lic5ce4 ,! possible mean+ ( ! cake does n g = mu*1 & ,cronos is n ,dionysus4 ,!re 0 a spr+ fe/ival ( ,cronos at ,olympia1 & ,aug4 ,momms5 ?9ks t ! ,a!nian ,cronos fea/ 0 orig9ally v]nal1 ?\gh ,a!nian tradition ?\ght x 0 a h>ve/ fea/4#gc ,! ,attic cu/oms1 !n1 d n suit ,mr4 ,fraz]'s argum5t4 ,b he has ano!r ,greek in/ance4 ,sacrific]s call$ 'k+s' (f]$ to ,cronos1 at ,olympia1 9 spr+1 & :y %\ld !y n once h be5 sacrific$ l ,dasius1 only 9 spr+1 n 9 ,novemb]8 ,?is evid5ce is an inf]5ce f a presum$ survival ( human sacrifice to ,cronos1 :o c]ta9ly receiv$ _m su* (f]+s4 ,we are n told1 we d n "k :y ! ,a!nian ,cronia 7 %ift$ f ,m>* to ,july1 or :51 b let no arbitr>y proce$+s ( ! k9d prev5t !m f be+ equat$ ) ! ,saturnalia1 only kn[n to u1 9 fact1 z a ,decemb] fe/ival1 n z a v]nal rejoic+4 ,x is s+ul>ly unlucky t ! ,july date ( ! ,a!nian ,cronia does tally ) ! ,june-,july date ( ! ,p]sian ,saca1 z giv5 by ,mr4 ,fraz] 7& probably giv5 correctly7 9 8 second volume4#gd ,b 9 8 ?ird volume he awakes to ! desirabl5ess ( plac+ ! ,saca ab\t ,ea/]tide1 n 9 ,july1 & s loses any b5efit :i* 8 argum5t might h acquir$ f ! co9cid5ce 9 date ( ! ,attic h>ve/ fea/ 7,cronia7 & ! ,p]sian t date is orig9ally e/abli%$4#ge ,h[ deeply ?is is to be regrett$ we %all see lat]1 = p]iods ( lic5ce l ! ,saca usually occur j aft] h>ve/1 ! real "t ( ! ,cronia4 ,lib]ty to slaves ( fea/+ ) _! ma/]s 0 a feature ( ! h>ve/ ,cronia1 z ( _m o!r h>ve/ rejoic+s4#gf ,b ! conjecture t ! ,cronia orig9ally 7 a v]nal fea/ removes !m f su* m]rymak+s ( h>ve/ lic5ce z ! ,saca 9 ,june-,july4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! conjecture t ! ,saca 7 v]nal br+s !m into t\* ) ,ea/]tide1 & ) ! o!r conjecture t k+s 7 once sacrific$ at ! conjecturally v]nal ,cronia1 & s has its value = ,mr4 ,fraz]'s argum5t4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,sac,a ,we are /ill try+ to f9d an hi/orical case ( a man :o is sacrific$ 9 ! "* ( a god & a k+4 ,! argum5t next introduces u to ! ,saca at ,babylon1 :5 ! mock-k+ 0 hang$1 ! ,p]sian fea/1 :i*1 z we saw1 ,m4 ,p>m5ti]1 foll[+ ,h]r ,meissn]1 is incl9$ to id5tify ) ! anci5t ,babylonian ,zagmuk1 or ,zakmuk1 & ) ! ,jewi% ,purim4 ,?is id5tification1 ?is !ory t ,zakmuk1 ,saca1 & ! ,jewi% ,purim are all ! same fea/1 is ess5tial to ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory4 ,b1 be=e 8 !ory 0 publi%$1 ,mey]1 9 ! new volume ( 8 ',hi/ory ( ,antiquity1' _h decl>$ t ! id5tification is impossible1 philologically & z a matt] ( fact 7,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums74 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,saca1 or ,sacea1 or ,sakia1 :i* ,hyde translates 'convivial dr9k+1 dr9k+ heal?s' 7compotatio1 prop9atio74#gg ,we rememb] ! ,p]sian butl]1 call$ a ,ski1 9 ,om> ,khayyam3 ,! et]nal ,ski f ! b[l has p\r$ ,myriads ( o!r bubbles1 & w p\r4 ,if ! w9e-p\r]1 ! ,ski1 ( ,om> is etymologically connect$ ) ! ,saka1 or ,saca1 !n ! fea/ means a w9e-p>ty4 ,! ,greeks1 h[ev]1 connect$ ! ,saca ) ! ,sac1 an ,ori5tal tribe ( ! great race /ret*+ f ! ,black ,sea to ,dacia4 ,inde$1 9 ,/rabo's "t1 ! fea/]s at ! ,saca dress$ z ,scy?ians 7,sac7 & drank1 z ,horace tells u t ! ,scy?ians 7 us$ to dr9k4 ,?is occurr$ at ,zela1 a t[n ( ,pontus1 :]e a love goddess1 9 ,p]sian ,anaitis1 ( ! type ( ! ,babylonian ,i%t>1 0 ador$4 ,mr4 ,fraz] ev5 conjectures t h] high prie/1 or a sub/itute1 ':o play$ ! ,k+ ( ! ,saca1' 0 ye>ly sacrific$ "h1 p]haps z ,tammuz4#gh ,no record ( ! fact has rea*$ u4 ,! int]e/+ po9t ab\t ?is d]ivation ( ,saca f ! tribe ( ! ,sac is t ! fe/ival 0 believ$1 says ,/rabo1 to commemorate a great victory ( ! ,p]sians ov] ! ,sac4 ,9 precisely ! same way ! ,p]sian fea/ ( ! ,magophonia 0 suppos$ to commemorate a victory ov] & massacre ( ! ,magi4#gi ,purim1 aga91 0 held to commemorate a triumph ( ! ,jews ov] ! ,p]sians & a massacre ( ! ,p]sians4 ,9 ?ree cases1 !n1 ,saca1 ,magophonia1 & ,purim1 a fea/ :i* 0 a secul> dr9k+ b\t1 pres]ve ! memory ( a bloody victory4 ,i d n obs]ve t ,mr4 ,fraz] notices ?is co9cid5ce4 ,b manife/ly ?is k9d ( fea/ is n a fea/ ( ! dea? ( a mock-k+1 /ill less1 if possible1 a religi\s fe/ival ( ! dea? & resurrection ( a v]nal god4#hj ,yet !re really 0 7if we accept r poor evid5ce7 n a sacrifice b an execution ( a mock-k+1 a crim9al1 at ! ,saca1 z held 9 ,babylon4 ,i quote our au?orities4 ,fir/ comes ,a!nu1 :o is writ+ ab\t fea/s ( unreason1 at :i*1 9 v>i\s regions1 ! slaves are wait$ ^u by _! ma/]s4#ha ,he says no?+ ( ! execution ( a mock-k+4 ,he rem>ks3 ',b]osus1 9 ! fir/ book ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ,babylon1 says t on ! sixte5? day ( ! mon? ,l\s !re is a great fe/ival celebrat$ at ,babylon1 :i* is call$ ,sakeas1 & x la/s five days2 & dur+ ^! days x is ! cu/om = ! ma/]s to be "u ! ord]s ( _! slaves1 & "o ( ! slaves puts on a robe l ! k+'s1 be+ call$ ,zoganes1 & is ma/] ( ! h\se4 ,& ,ctesias also m5tions ?is fe/ival 9 ! second book ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia4' 7,ctesias n\ri%$ r e>li] ?an ,b]osus1 :o is ab\t #bjj ,b4,c47 ,?us ,a!nu is sil5t ab\t ! execution ( a mock-k+1 ?\gh d\btless he _h ! book ( ,b]osus be=e him4 ,& ,dio ,*ryso/om1 :o does speak ( ! execution1 & he alone does s1 says no?+ ab\t ,b]osus1 or any o!r au?ority4 ,i cite ! obs]vations ( ,dio ,*ryso/om4 ,he puts !m into ! m\? ( ! cynic1 ,diog5es1 :o is lectur+ ,alex&] ! ,great1 to tame 8 pride2 & :o tells illu/rative anecdotes1 "s ( !m absurd1 mu* z ,mr4 ,b>l[ 0 us$ to in/ruct ,ma/]s ,h>ry ,s&=d & ,tommy ,m]ton4 ,dio1 !n1 makes ,diog5es say t at ! ,saca '!y take "o ( ! prison]s condemn$ to dea? & seat him ^u ! k+'s ?rone1 & give him ! k+'s raim5t1 & let him "l x & dr9k1 & run riot & use ! k+'s concub9es dur+ ^! days1 & no man prev5ts him f do+ j :at he likes4 ,b aft]w>ds !y /rip1 & sc\rge1 & crucify 7or hang1 7 him4'#hb ,he dies1 n z a victim1 by sacrifice1 b z a crim9al1 by a cruel & degrad+ =m ( capital puni%m5t4#hc ,accord+ to ,dio any condemn$ crim9al w\ld s]ve ! turn4 ,b ,mr4 ,fraz] sugge/s t p]haps ! pr(ession ( victim 0 h]$it>y4#hd ,su* is ! /ory :i* ,dio makes ,diog5es tell ,alex&]1 9 a humor\s apologue aga9/ royal pride4 ',y w soon be gr[+ a cre/ l a cock1' says ,diog5es 9 ,dio's essay4 ,i _c ?9k t evid5ce f\nd only 9 a lit]>y t\r de =ce1 & put into ! m\? ( a pr(ess$ hum\ri/1 proves hi/orically t ! mock-k+ 0 actually hang$ once a ye>1 at a fea/ describ$ by ,a!nu1 ,/rabo1 & ,hesy*ius1 :o nev] m5tion s /range an affair z ! hang+4 ,! read] w n f9d t ,mr4 ,fraz] sugge/s all ^! d\bts4 ,inde$1 ! /ud5t :o avoids footnotes w believe t ! tale ( ! hang+ is 'accord+ to ! hi/orian ,b]osus1 :o1 z a ,babylonian prie/1 spoke ) ample k4'#he ,n[1 grant+ t !re really 0 a ye>ly execution at ,babylon ( a crim9al1 a mock-k+1 :y 0 he put to dea?8 ,we "k :at ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory ne$s4 ,x ne$s hi/orical examples ( m5 :o1 by be+ sacrific$ z victims1 obta9 a div9e "*1 z repres5t+ ! god to :om !y are sacrific$4 ,! !ory also dem&s t ^! victims %all be array$ & cr[n$ z k+s4 ,x is desirable1 too1 t !y %\ld p]i% ab\t our ,ea/]tide1 & t !y %\ld be suppos$ to rise aga94 ,! solit>y example ( a ,saturnalian victim 9 ,msia did n fulfil ^! conditions4 ,he 0 array$ z a k+1 inde$1 & 0 sacrific$1 if we believe ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,dasius2 b he 0 n /ripp$ & sc\rg$1 & he di$1 n at ,ea/]1 b 9 ,novemb]3 if he _h n refus$ ! "p ?ru/ on him he w\ld h di$ 9 ,decemb]4 ,!re 0 no ^w ab\t 8 resurrection4 ,x 0 f\nd necess>y to sugge/ t orig9ally ! ,saturnalian victim di$ 9 ,febru>y-,m>*1 b ?is 0 n prov$4 ,! o!r hi/orical case1 ! mock-k+ ( ! ,saca1 also does n fulfil ! conditions requir$4 ,he is rob$1 & cr[n$1 & sc\rg$1 b he is n sacrific$4 ,we h no h9t ( a resurrection2 none ( a religi\s "* atta*+ to ! fea/2 none ( a div9e "* atta*+ to ! victim4 ,! fea/ is traditionally a revel commemorative ( a victory3 ! victim is a condemn$ crim9al4 ,z to ! date ( ! dea?1 ,mr4 ,fraz] has two contradictory !ories4 ,by ! fir/ 7:i* is correct7 ! victim di$ probably 9 ,june-,july 7if n1 c]ta9ly 9 ,septemb]74 ,by ! second1 ! mon? date ( ! dea? is fix$ 7provisionally7 9 ,m>*-,april4 ,let me add t1 to suit ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory1 ! victim mu/ n only h be5 div9e at ! orig9 ( ! in/itution1 b mu/ h be5 recognis$ z div9e at ! "t ( ! ,crucifixion ( our ,"l3 o!rwise our ,"l's dea?1 9 ! "* ( ! victim1 c\ld l5d him no 'halo ( div9ity4' #a ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,natives ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia44 #b ,g4 ,b4 i4 #hj1 #ha4 #c ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #ha4 #d ,etudes ,traditioni/es4 ,a4 ,l4 #e ,g4 ,b4 i4 #aeg4 #f ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #a-e4 #g ,mod]n ,my?ology1 ',my?s ( ! ,orig9 ( ,dea?4' #h ,sp5c] & ,gill51 p4 #dgf4 #i ,m>9]1 ii4 #abg4 #aj ,mak+ ( ,religion1 *apt]s xi4-xiii4 #aa ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #a4 #ab ,prim4 ,cult4 ii4 #cjh1 #ahga2 ii4 #cdj1 #ahgc4 ,9 ! edition ( #ahia1 ,mr4 ,tylor1 9 accordance ) 8 alt]$ ideas1 dropp$ 8 d5ial ( borr[+1 & said t ,torng>suk 0 lat] id5tifi$ ) ! devil--a common result ( mission>y tea*+1 j z ,sa9ts "u ,prote/antism became1 or _! /atues became1 'idols4' #ac ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #a4 ,me9]s1 ,ges*i*te d] ,religion51 ,hanov]1 #ahjf1 #ahjg1 i4 p4 #dh4 #ad ,e4 ,i4 ,dodge1 ,our ,wild ,indians1 p4 #aab4 #ae ,le ,jeune1 ,relations des ,jsuites1 #afcc1 p4 #af2 #afcd1 p4 #ac4 #af ,callaway1 ,religion ( ! ,amazulu1 pp4 #bf1 #bg4 #ag ,!vet1 ,s+ul>its de la ,france ,ant>ctique1 *4 #gg4 ,p>is1 #ahee4 ,&\agni is a creator1 n address$ 9 pray]4 ,see ',sci5ce & ,sup]/ition1' pp4 #aj1 #aa4 #ah ,hymns 9 ,masp]o1 ,music de ,b\laq1 pp4 #di1 #ej4 #ai ,religion ( ,babylon & ,assyria1 p4 #dhc4 #bj ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aih4 #ba ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #c1 #d1 cit+ ,l4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,babylonian ,religion & ,my?ology1 p4 #h 7#ahii74 #bb ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aed4 #bc ,ja/r[1 ,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 p4 #cjg4 ,bo/on1 ,u4,s41 #ahih4 #bd ,ja/r[1 p4 #caa4 #be ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #b4 #bf ,g4 ,b4 i4 #gg4 #bg ,g4 ,b4 i4 #gg1 #gh4 #bh ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #a4 #bi ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #f4 #cj ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #ef2 i4 #aea et4 seq4 #ca ,g4 ,b4 i4 #hj-hb4 #cb ,! mortals :o inc>nate gods are catalogu$ 9 ,g4 ,b4 vol4 i4 pp4 #aci-aeg4 ,n "o is said to be put to dea?4 #cc ,g4 ,b4 i4 #hj1 #ha4 #cd ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #f-h4 #ce ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #h-eg4 #cf ,g4 ,b4 i4 #bcf4 #cg ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #aa4 #ch ,em9 ,pa%a 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #ia4 #ci ,g4 ,b4 i4 #aee2 comp>e ii4 #aj4 #dj ,callaway1 ,religion ( ! ,amazulu1 p4 #abb4 #da ,"h ! facts ( ,dos ,santos are confus$4 ,9 volume i4 p4 #aee we read3 ',! ,k+ ( ,quiteva1 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 ranks ) ! deity2' 'inde$1 ! ,caffres ackn[l$ge no o!r gods ?an _! mon>*1 & to him !y address ^? pray]s :i* o!r nations are wont to pref] to heav5' 7,dos ,santos1 ,p9k]ton1 xvi4 #fhb1 #fhg1 seq474 ,if ! ,caffres h no gods1 a god _c be inc>nate 9 _! k+4 ,b1 else:]e 9 ,dos ,santos 7ii4 p4 #aj71 !re is no ',k+ ( ,quiteva' 7z 9 i4 p4 #aee74 ,quiteva is no long] a di/rict1 b we read 'contigu\s to ! doma9s ( ! ,quiteva2' a title l '! ,inca1' 9 fact1 z ,dos ,santos tells u ! ,quiteva is '! ,k+ ( ,s(ala4' ,is ,s(ala also kn[n z ,quiteva1 & ! ,k+ ( ,s(ala z '! ,quiteva'8 ,! ,k+ ( ,quiteva 'ranks ) ! deity'--?\gh ! ,caffres h no deity = him to rank ) 7ii4 #aee74 ,b :5 ! ,quiteva becomes ',k+ ( ,s(ala' 7ii4 #aj71 ! neighb\r+ pr9ce :o kills himself is '! ,s$&a1' :o is n said to 'rank ) ! deity4' ,& ,dos ,santos assures u t ! ,caffres h a ,god1 unwor%ipp$6 #db ,prophecies ( ! ,brahan ,se]1 ,mackay1 ,/irl+1 #aijj4 #dc ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #ah4 #dd ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #ah-bd4 #de ,g4 ,b4 i4 #aci-aeg4 #df ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #h-bd4 #dg ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aig4 #dh ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bd1 #bf4 #di ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aid4 #ej ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,gloss>y1 s4v4 ,alatuja & pp4 #i-aa4 #ea ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #agh4 #eb ,ibid4 #ec ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bf4 #ed ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bf4 #ee ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #cj4 #ef ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bd4 #eg ,macrobius himself is an au?or ( ! f\r? or fif? c5tury ( our era4 ,macrobius1 i4 x4 #b2 ,livy1 ii4 xxi4 #b4 #eh ,cumont1 ,revue de ,philologie1 ,july #ahig1 vol4 xxi4 p4 #adi1 cit+ ,momms51 ,c4,i4,l4 ,i7#b7 p4 #ccg1 & ,m>quh>dt1 ,/aatsv]w4 iii47#b7 #ehg4 #ei ,lucian1 ,saturnalia1 #b4 #fj ,macrobius1 i4 vii4 #ca-cc4 #fa ,! reason 0 probably a m]e 'bl9d' = wife-murd]4 #fb ,g4 ,b4 iii4 p4 #adj4 #fc ,analecta ,boll&iana1 xvi4 pp4 #e-af4 #fd ,g4 ,b4 iii4 p4 #adc4 #fe ,g4 ,b4 iii4 p4 #add4 #ff ,g4 ,b4 iii4 p4 #adb4 #fg ,g4 ,b4 ii4 p4 #add4 #fh ,lat] 7,rev4 de ,philol41 xxi4 #c1 pp4 #aeb1 #aec71 ,m4 ,cumont dates ! ,greek at ab\t #ejj-fjj ,a4,d41 because !re 7 !n appreh5sions1 z 9 ! ,,ms41 ( ! end ( ! _w4 ,b s !re 7 9 #ajjj ,a4,d4 #fi ,decemb] #af-bc4 ,s also ?9ks ,m4 ,p>m5ti]1 ,rev4 ,phil4 xxi4 p4 #adc1 note #a4 ,m4 ,p>m5ti] says t we mu/ ei!r suppose ! victim to h be5 select$ by lot a :ole mon? 9 advance 7( :i* practice ,i ?9k we h no evid5ce71 or else ca/ d\bt on ! :ole /ory1 except ! m]e m>tyrdom ( ,dasius4 ,b ! latt] measure ,m4 ,p>m5ti] ?9ks too sceptical4 #gj ,porphyry1 ,de ,ab/95tia1 ii4 #ef2 ,lactantius1 i4 #ba4 #ga ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #adg4 #gb ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #adh4 #gc ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #adg1 note #b2 #adh1 note #b4 #gd ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bec1 #bed4 #ge ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bed4 #gf ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #adg4 #gg ,hyde1 ,de ,bel4 ,p]s4 p4 #bfg4 #gh ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #afc1 #afd4 #gi ,/rabo1 p4 #eab4 #hj ,h]odotus1 iii4 #gi4 #ha ,a!nu1 xiv4 p4 #fci1 c4 #hb ,dio1 ,oratio iv41 vol4 i4 p4 #gf1 ,d9dorf4 #hc ,mr4 ,fraz]1 9 8 text1 attributes ! /atem5t to ,b]osus1 a ,babylonian prie/ ( ab\t #bjj ,b4,c4 ,9 fact1 we d n "k ,dio's au?ority = ! tale 7,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bd1 note ,i74 ,mr4 ,fraz] admits ?is 9 8 note4 ,ctesias may be ,dio's s\rce1 or he may be inv5t+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,macrobius1 a late ,roman writ]1 says t ! ,p]sians us$ to reg>d 'z due to ! gods ! lives ( consecrat$ m5 :om ! ,greeks call ,zanas' 7,macrobius1 ,saturnalia1 iii4 #g1 #f74 ,b :at ,zan are ! le>n$ d n "k3 :e!r ! ^w means 1 or ! ,zanes at ,olympia 7,pausanias1 v4 xxi4 #b2 ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bd1 note ,i74 ,moreov]1 ,macrobius may h drawn 8 facts f ,dio4 ,b ,dio says no?+ ab\t 'consecrat$ m54' #hd ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ahf4 #he ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bd4 ,,vi ,,attempts ,,to ,,prove ,,! ,,sac,,an ,,crim9al ,,div9e ,z our hi/orical evid5ce does n meet ,mr4 ,fraz]'s ne$s1 z ! ,sacan victim is n reg>d$ z div9e1 z he is no 'victim' b a crim9al1 z he is n sacrific$1 z ! fea/ is n religi\s b a secul> m]rymak+1 z no resurrection is m5tion$1 z ! hi/orical date does n fit ,ea/]tide1 ,mr4 ,fraz] has to inv5t !ories :i* w prove f> m ?an ! facts alleg$ by ,dio ,*ryso/om1 ,b]osus 9 ,a!nu1 ,/rabo1 & ,hesy*ius2 or w prove t orig9ally ! facts 7 ! opposite ( ^? hi/orically record$4 ,?r\gh 8 :ole argum5t ,mr4 ,fraz] seems to me to pres5t two di/9ct !ories alt]nately1 & only at ! close c ,i detect any attempt at reconciliation4 ,a ?ird !ory1 di/9ct f ei!r1 appe>s to be reject$4 ,inde$1 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s task is n easy4 ,he may say t ! ,sacan victim repres5ts ! k+1 & t ! k+ be+1 by ! hypo!sis1 div9e1 ! victim is div9e also4 ,b he ne$s1 moreov]1 a resurrection ( ! dead man1 h5ce ! !ory t ! victim repres5ts n only ! k+1 b a god ( ! type ( ,tammuz or ,adonis4 ,at ! fea/s ( t god1 a god ( vegetable life1 !re 0 wail+ = 8 dea?1 rejoic+ = 8 resurrection4 ,at ,babylon ?is occurr$ 9 ,june-,july4 ,b !re is no evid5ce t a human victim 0 sla9 = ,tammuz3 none t he 0 sc\rg$ & hang$4 ,h[ are ! two !ories1 ! victim z div9e k+1 ! victim z ,tammuz1 to be comb9$8 ,_! comb9ation is necess>y1 = ! k+ is ne$$ to yield ! royal robes2 :ile ,tammuz is ne$$ to yield ! resurrection1 & ! fa/ prec$+ ! fea/ be=e ,purim1 a fa/ ( wail+ = ,tammuz4 ,we he> ( no fa/ be=e ! ,saca1 b if ,purim be borr[$ f ! ,saca 7:i* is indisp5sable to ! !ory71 ! ,saca too mu/ h be5 prec$$ by a fa/1 ?\gh x is unrecord$4 ,cle>ly ! k+ !ory alone1 or ! ,tammuz !ory alone1 w n yield ! facts necess>y to ! hypo!sis4 ,consequ5tly ! two !ories mu/ be comb9$4 ,! k+ mu/ n only be div9e1 be a god2 he mu/ also be a god ( vegetation1 a god ( ! ,tammuz type1 :o has a resurrection4 ,n[ we h no evid5ce1 or none is adduc$1 to prove t ! k+1 :e!r ,babylonian or ,p]sian1 0 ev] deem$ to be an inc>nation ( ,tammuz or any su* vegetable deity4 ,)\t s\nd evid5ce to t effect ! !ory _c move a /ep4 ,we h abundance ( ,babylonian sacr$ & secul> texts3 n "o is adduc$ to prove t ! k+ inc>nat$ any god1 especially ,tammuz4 ,mr4 ,fraz] !n1 aft] putt+ =w>d alt]nately ! k+ !ory & ! ,tammuz !ory1 does f9ally1 if ,i und]/& him1 comb9e !m4 ,he talks ( '! human god1 ! ,saturn1 ,zoganes1 ,tammuz1 or :atev] he 0 call$4'#a ,?us ! victim is ! k+1 & we get ! royal robes1 & ! five days ( royalty4 ,! k+ is also ,tammuz 7unless ,i fail to grasp ! mean+71 ! victim too is ,tammuz1 & we get ! fa/ 7?\gh we he> ( none be=e ! ,saca71 ! fea/1 & ! resurrection4 ,b ?is is a late & r casually introduc$ !ory1 q de/itute ( evid5ce z reg>ds ! k+'s be+ recognis$ = ,tammuz4 ,previ\sly1 ?r\gh\t two volumes1 ! victim _h alt]nately d]iv$ 8 necess>y div9ity f ! k+ & f ! ,tammuz god4 ,he d]iv$ m3 z k+ he _h ! entre ( ! royal h>em2 z ,tammuz he 0 ! consort ( a woman1 'probably a sacr$ h>lot1 :o repres5t$ ! great ,semitic goddess ,i%t> or ,a/>te4' ,8 union ) h] magically f]tilis$ ! crops4#b ,a simil> duty1 9 ! dream-"t ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s hypo!ses1 _h be5 t ( ! maje/y ( ,babylon4 ',orig9ally1 we may conjecture1 su* c\ples ex]cis$ _! function = a :ole ye>1 on ! conclusion ( :i* ! male p>tn]--! div9e k+--0 put to dea?2 b 9 hi/orical times x seems t1 z a rule1 ! human god--! ,saturn1 ,zoganes1 ,tammuz1 or :atev] he 0 call$--enjoy$ 8 div9e privileges1 & dis*>g$ 8 div9e duties1 only = a %ort "p ( ! ye>1' namely five days1 at ! ,saca4#c ,! div9e duties ( ! e>ly k+s ( ,babylon 7if ,i und]/& ,mr4 ,fraz]7 7 'to /& = ! p[]s t make = ! f]tility ( plants & p]haps also ( animals4' ,are we to conceive t ^! pleas+ ex]cises ) ! lady ( ! div9e pair 7 all ! duties ( ! e>ly k+s ( ,babylon8 ,9 t case1 :o c>ri$ on ! civil & milit>y control ( ! ,empire8 ,( c\rse1 if ! e>ly k+ did no?+ at all b associate ) '! human goddess :o %>$ 8 b$ & transmitt$ 8 b5efic5t en]gies to ! re/ ( nature1'#d !n he may h be5 a man-god1 a ,tammuz1 if ! texts say s1 & 8 sub/itute might die at once z royal proxy1 to save ! k+'s life1 & also z ,tammuz4 ,moreov]1 x w\ld n matt] a p9's fee :e!r su* a k+ di$ or n4 ,only1 no man c\ld take ! billet ( k+4 ,?us x may be ,mr4 ,fraz]'s int5tion to comb9e 9 "o ! two !ories ( ! victim z ,tammuz & z royal proxy4 ,9 t case 8 two app>5tly inconsi/5t !ories are "o !ory4 ,b1 if ,i appreh5d x correctly1 x is a v audaci\s !ory4 ,:]e h we a prov5 case ( a k+ :o inc>nates a god ( vegetation1 plays ! "p ( 'mak+ = ! f]tility ( plants' by ! assi/ance ( '! human goddess :o %>es 8 b$1 & transmits 8 b5efic5t en]gies to ! re/ ( nature1' & :o is sacrific$ annually8 ,does ?is div9e voluptu>y also keep a royal h>em1 or is t ess5tial & m or less atte/$ "p ( ! ,saca a lat] excresc5ce8 ,)\t "s hi/orical evid5ce = su* a /range array ( facts1 includ+ ! ye>ly sacrifice ( ! mon>*1 ,i mu/ hesitate to ?9k t ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory ( a k+ :o is bo? k+ & ,tammuz1 & has1 lat]1 a sub/itute :o is bo? ,tammuz & k+1 is a practical hypo!sis explanatory ( '! halo ( div9ity :i* 0 %$ ar\nd ! cross ( ,calv>y4' ,i _c accept z evid5ce = a comb9ation ( facts sep>ately s extraord9>y1 a s]ies ( inf]5ces & presumptions f rural or b>b>ic revels 9 spr+ or at h>ve/4 ,! exi/5ce ( a ,k+ or ,que5 ( ! ,may1 or ( ! ,bean on ,twelf? ,night1 ) occasional or ev5 frequ5t mock de/ructions ( ! mon>* ( a playful day1 _c be us$ z pro( t e>ly ,babylonian k+s consort$ = a ye> ) a human goddess1 & !n 7 burn$ to dea? z gods ( vegetable produce2 especially :5 !re is no hi/orical te/imony1 & only inf]5ce f my?1 9 fav\r ( any human goddess or ( a burn$ k+4 ,we h n1 mean:ile1 ev5 any te/imony to %[ t1 9 any "t1 9 any place1 any human victim 0 ev] sla91 let alone a k+ 7& a k+ annually71 z ,tammuz4 ,we h only a guess1 f\nd$ on ! weake/ possible basis1 t ( analogy1 ',! analogy1' says ,mr4 ,fraz]1 '( ,lity]ses & ( folk-cu/om1 bo? ,european & savage1 sugge/s t 9 ,phnicia ! corn-_s--! dead ,adonis--may =m]ly h be5 repres5t$ by a human victim4'#e 4444 ,?is c h>dly p]suade me t ! k+s ( ,babylon 7 annually sacrific$ z ,tammuz or z ,adonis4 ,:ile admitt+ t ,mr4 ,fraz] may really mean to comb9e 8 two !ories 7! victim z k+1 ! victim z ,tammuz71 & :ile he c]ta9ly makes 8 victim bo? a k+ & a god1 ,i %all take ! fre$om to exam9e 8 !ory 9 ! sequ5ce ( ! passages :]e9 x is propos$1 & reque/ ! read] to decide :e!r !re be "o !ory or two !ories4 ,b fir/1 h we any examples ( a sacrifice by hang+1 n by burn+1 ! human victim8 ,= ! ,sacan victim1 ?\gh confess$ly hang$1 is said1 by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 to be 'sacrific$4' ,i4 ,,sacrifice ,,by ,,hang+4 ,,does ,,x ,,exi/8 ,let u look at actual human victims1 actually kn[n to h be5 sla9 9 ! int]e/s ( agriculture4 ,are1 or 71 ^! human victims put to ! infam\s dea? ( malefactors1 l ! mock-k+ ( ! ,saca8 ,!y 7 n4 ,cases are giv5 9 vol4 ii4 p4 #bch et seq4 #a4 ,! ,indians ( ,guyaqu> us$ to sacrifice human blood & ! he>ts ( m5 :5 !y s[$ _! fields4#f #b4 ,9 ! ,aztec h>ve/ fe/ival a victim 0 cru%$ betwe5 two great /ones 7p]haps to repres5t ! gr9d+ ( ! maize874 #c4 ,! ,mexicans sacrific$ "y *ildr51 old] *ildr51 & old m5 = ea* /age ( ! maize's gr[?4 ,we are n told h[ !y 7 sacrific$4#g #d4 ,! ,egyptians burn$ r$-hair$ m51 & scatt]$ _! a%es ) w9n[+ fans4 ,?is burn+ is a usual feature ( sacrifice1 & is n hang+ or crucify+4 #e4 ,! ,skidi1 or ,wolf ,pawnees1 burn$ a victim to ,ti-ra-w1 '! p[] above t moves ! univ]se1 & controls all ?+s1' b ! victim 0 a de] or a buffalo4 ,!re 7 also occasional human sacrifices be=e s[+2 ! victim _h 8 head cleft ) a tomahawk1 & 0 !n riddl$ ) arr[s1 & aft]w>ds burn$4#h ,9 "s cases he 0 ti$ to a cross1 be=e be+ sla9 ) an axe4#i #f4 ,a ,si\x girl 0 burn$ ov] a sl[ fire1 & !n %ot ) arr[s4 ,h] fle%1 = magical purposes1 0 squeez$ ov] ! newly s[n fields4 #g4 ,we/ ,african victims 7 kill$ ) spades & hoes1 & burn$ 9 newly till$ fields4 #h4 ,at ,lagos a girl 0 impal$ among sacrific$ %eep1 goats1 yams1 heads ( maize1 & planta9s hung on /akes4 ,?\gh impalem5t is a =m ( capital puni%m5t1 probably ! girl's blood 0 expect$ to f]tilise ! e>?4 ,we h no pro( t crucifixion 0 us$ 9 ,babylon1 or ! same motive might be alleg$ = ! mock-k+ at ! ,saca4 ',x may be d\bt$ :e!r crucifixion 0 an ,ori5tal mode ( puni%m5t1' says ,mr4 ,fraz]4 ,he does n say t x 0 an ,ori5tal =m ( sacrifice4#aj #i4 ,! ,m>imos kill & burn a human victim1 & scatt] ! a%es on ! gr\nd to f]tilise x4 #aj4 ,! ,bagolos hew a slave to pieces4 #aa4 ,"s tribes 9 ,india *op victims up4 #ab4 ,! ,kudulu all[ to a victim all ! revels1 wom5 & all1 ( ! ,sacan mock-k+1 & !n cut a hole 9 him1 & sme> 8 blood ov] an idol4 ,?is is sacrifice1 n capital puni%m5t4 #ac4 ,! ,khonds slew _! rev]$ & god-l victim 9 a v>iety ( ways1 /rangl+ him 9 a tree1 burn+1 & *opp+ up1 t 8 fle% might be s[n on ! fields4 ,! head1 b[els1 & bones 7 burn$4 ,su* are ! examples ( a real human victim sla9 = ! good ( ! crops4 ,9 six out ( f\rte5 cases ! victim's a%es1 blood1 or fle% is us$ magically to f]tilise ! fields1 & probably ?is is done 9 sev]al o!r in/ances4 ,9 sev5 cases burn+ occurs4 ,9 two sacrifice to a god or idol occurs4 ,9 "o only is ! mode ( dea? a recognis$ =m ( capital puni%m5t4 ,!re=e ,mr4 ,fraz] does n seem to me to be ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ = & describ+ z 'sacrifice' ! capital puni%m5t inflict$ at ! ,saca on a mock-k+ :o notori\sly 0 a crim9al condemn$ to dea?1 & :o 0 hang$1 n sacrific$4 ,to be sure ,mr4 ,fraz] tries to turn ?is po9t1 & h[8 ,p]haps anci5t k+s ( ,lydia 7 once burn$ alive on pyres1 'z liv+ embodim5ts ( _! god4' ,= ! ,lydian1 l ! ,mac$onian & _m o!r royal h\ses1 claim$ desc5t f ,h]acles1 :o1 be+ on fire already "u ! %irt ( ,nessus1 homeopa?ically burn$ himself4 ,crsus1 defeat$1 0 ab\t to die by fire1 b n out ( 8 own head4 ,cyrus 0 go+ to burn him alive1 l ,jeanne d',arc1 ,cranm]1 ,wi%>t1 & o!rs4 ,?is cruel infliction by a =eign enemy h>dly proves a ,lydian cu/om1 nor are ,lydians exactly ,babylonians4 ,aga91 if an old ,prussian k+ 'wi%$ to leave a good "n beh9d him1' he burn$ himself be=e a holy oak4 ',crummies is n a ,prussian1' nor 7 ! k+s ( ,babylon4 ,once m ,mov]s ?\ght t ! 'div9e pair :o figur$ by deputy' at ! ,saca 7 ,semiramis & ,s&an or ,s>danapalus4 7,:i* div9e pair1 ! k+'s proxy & "o ( ! k+'s concub9es1 or ! ,tammuz man & ! sacr$ h>lot87 ,s&an 0 ?\ght to be ,h]acles by ! ,greeks1 & 8 effigy 0 p]haps burn$ on a pyre at 8 fe/ival 9 ,t>sus4 ,n[ ! ,p]sians1 accord+ to ,aga?ias1 wor%ipp$ ,s&es 7,s&an71 & p]haps ! ,babylonians did s also1 ?\gh really t agreeable ,byzant9e m9or poet1 ,aga?ias1 _c be call$ a good witness4 ,next1 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll] ?9ks t ,s&an 7,s&es7 may h be5 burn$ 9 a my/]y play 9 ,n9eveh1 ,mll] giv+ free lic5ce to 8 fancy1 z he admits4 ,mov]s1 too1 ?\ght t 'at ! ,saca ! ,zoganes repres5t$ a god1 & pair$ ) a woman :o p]sonat$ a goddess4'#aa ,& ,mov]s ?9ks t ! ,sacan victim 0 orig9ally burn$4#ab ,= ^! 'exquisite reasons1' t ! ,lydian mon>*s claim$ desc5t f ,h]acles1 :o 0 burn$1 t ,cyrus want$ to burn ,crsus alive1 t old ,prussian k+s :o wi%$ to leave a good "n burn$ !mselves1 t ,mov]s ?\ght t ,s&an or ,s>danapalus might h figur$ at ! ,saca z ,zoganes1 t ,aga?ias m5tion$ ,s&es z a ,babylonian deity1 & t ,mov]s ?9ks t ! man :o act$ ! god 0 burn$1 ,mr4 ,fraz] sugge/s t p]haps ! mock-k+ ( ! ,saca 0 burn$1 once ^u a "t4#ac ,b we only "k t he 0 sc\rg$ & hang$4 ,s p]haps1 ,mr4 ,fraz] sugge/s1 he 0 bo? sc\rg$1 hang$1 & burn$ aft]w>ds1 or p]haps hang+ or crucifixion 'may h be5 a lat] mitigation ( 8 suff]+s'--a pretty mitigation6 ,& :y 0 flogg+ add$8#ad ,"o _h lief] be burn$1 l a god & a k+1 ?an be fir/ :ipp$ & !n crucifi$1 z a malefactor ( ! l[e/ & mo/ s]vile k9d1 los+1 too1 ! necess>y sugge/ion ( sacrifice & div9ity impli$ 9 be+ burn$4 ,besides1 ap>t f ?is !ory ( a cruel & debas+ 'mitigation1' !re is no evid5ce at all except :at proves t ! mock-k+ at ! ,saca 0 fir/ /ripp$ ( 8 royal robes1 !n :ipp$1 !n hang$4 ,if he dies z god or k+1 :y is he /ripp$ ( 8 royal robes8 ,! man 0 hang$1 0 capitally puni%$ 7:i* z a condemn$ crim9al he ri*ly des]v$71 & '!re is an end on't1' z ,dr4 ,johnson rudely rem>k$4 ,n[ 'we mu/ n =get' t ,mr4 ,fraz] has ann\nc$ ?is ,i sacrifice '( a div9e k+ z 8 !ory1 b we ne$ n1 ,i may ev5 say mu/ n1 accept ! !ory4 ,because1 fir/1 ,mr4 ,fraz] gives _m examples ( p]sons believ$ ea* to conta9 a god1 ei!r tempor>ily or p]man5tly4#ae ,b 9 n "o s+le case is ! p]son said to be kill$ = ! b5efit ( ! god :om he conta9s4 ,secondly1 !re 0 hi/orically no sacrifice 9 ! case ( ! ,sacan mock-k+4 ,! mock-k+1 !n1 if he has any div9ity1 has x n z a sacrifice1 = he is n sacrific$2 nor z repres5t+ a k+ :o inc>nates a god1 = no k+s or o!rs ?\ght to inc>nate gods1 :e!r tempor>ily or p]man5tly1 are prov$ to be sla9 = ! b5efit ( t god4 ,nor are any k+s :o are actually sla91 sla9 by hang+4 ,! dea? ( a man1 z a god1 belongs1 if to any?+1 to q ano!r fe/ival1 t ( ,tammuz or ,adonis1 & to q ano!r set ( ideas4 ,we h no pro( inde$ t a man 0 ev] hang$ or sacrific$ z an embodim5t ( ,adonis or ,tammuz4 ,b ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory ( ! reason = ! ,crucifixion on ,calv>y dem&s ! sacrifice ( a human victim1 :o is1 ex (ficio1 a god1 is sacrific$ 9 t "*1 & is feign$ to rise aga94 ,he mu/ also be royal1 to acc\nt = ! sc>let robe & cr[n ( ?orns ( ! great victim4 ,,ii4 ,,/ages ,,9 ,,mr4 ,,fraz]',s ,,!ory ,let u n[ trace ! /ages ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory t ! ,sacan victim is bo? god & k+4 #a4 ,fir/ 9 ord] ( /atem5t comes ! description ( ! ,saca1 comb9$ f ,a!nu1 :o m5tions no victim1 & ,dio ,*ryso/om1 :o does4 ,we le>n 7f ,mr4 ,fraz]1 n f ,dio7#af t ! victim 'dies 9 ! k+'s /ead4' ,b 'we mu/ n =get t ! k+ is sla9 9 8 "* ( a god1 8 dea? & resurrection1 z ! only means ( p]petuat+ ! div9e life unimpair$1 be+ deem$ necess>y = ! salvation ( 8 p & ! _w4' ,t is ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory3 we h se5 no pro( ( x1 we h rem>k$ t sacrific$ victims are n hang$2 t k+s are n sc\rg$2 t !re is no evid5ce beyond conjecture = an e>li] ,babylonian process ( burn+2 :ile conjecture also expla9s :ipp+ & hang+ z a 'mitigation1' or alleges t possibly ! victim 0 hang$ fir/ & burn$ aft]w>ds4 ,"h ! k+ is c]ta9ly n1#ag on ! face ( x1 a god ( vegetation3 if any?+1 he is m l ! ,*itome 9 ,congo1 :o 0 a 'pontiff4' ,8 cr$ul\s p believ$ t ! _w w\ld end if ! ,*itome di$ a natural dea?1 's :5 he seem$ likely to die' he 0 clubb$ or /rangl$4 ,he 0 sacrific$ to no god :om he inc>nat$4#ah ,he 0 n clubb$ once a ye> 7l ! ,babylonian k+ ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory72 he 0 giv5 a rude eu?anasia ':5 he seem$ likely to die4' ,does sci5ce ask u to believe t ea* ,babylonian k+ _h ! cosmic rapport ( a ,congo savage pontiff1 & 0 sacrific$ aft] a ye>'s reign1 because a savage pontiff 9 ,congo is put to dea?1 n annually1 b ':5 he seems likely to die'8 ,"h1 :atev] sci5ce may expect u to believe1 we are told by ,mr4 ,fraz] t ! k+ 9 ,babylon 0 annually sacrific$1 z a god1 inde$1 b n explicitly z a god ( vegetation1 :o has a resurrection4 #b4 ,a ,babylonian god ( vegetation1 & a kn[n god1 appe>s 9 ii4 #abc1 #abd4 ,?is god is ,tammuz4 ,we he> t 'wat] 0 ?r[n ov] him at a great m\rn+ c]emony1 at :i* m5 & wom5 /ood r\nd ! fun]al pyre ( ,tammuz lam5t+4444 ,! dead ,tammuz 0 probably repres5t$ 9 effigy1 wat] 0 p\r$ ov] him1 & he came to life aga94' ,mr4 ,fraz] does n "h plead = a human victim4 ,! fe/ival 'd\btless took place 9 ! mon? ,tammuz 7,june-,july71' or 9 diff]5t places1 at diff]5t times1 f midsumm] to autumn1 or f ,june to ,septemb]1 z ! late ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? calculat$4 ,tammuz1 s ,mr4 ,sayce is cit$1 'is orig9ally ! spr+ vegetation1 :i* dies 9 8 mon?1 ,tammuz or ,du'zu' 7,june-,july74 ,"h1 !n1 we h a dea? & resurrection ( ,tammuz4 ,x occurs 9 ,june-,july1 or ,june-,septemb]1 & ,tammuz is und\bt$ly ! god ( spr+ vegetation4 ,b ,mr4 ,fraz] does n "h tell u t ! k+ ( ,babylon is also ,tammuz4 ,tammuz is n :ipp$ & hang$ at ! ,tammuz fea/ 9 ,july4 ,8 dead body is 'probably' a dummy4 ,9 vol4 ii4 #bec ,mr4 ,fraz] returns to ! victim1 ! mock-k+1 ( ! ,saca4 ,b he says no?+ "h ab\t ! real k+ ( ,babylon4 ,he wi%es to %[ h[ & :y ! victim is div9e4 ,n[1 9 ii4 #bf1 we 7 told t ! victim is div9e because he 'repres5ts a dy+ god4' ',= we mu/ n =get t ! k+ dies 9 8 "* ( a god4'444 ,0 ,mr4 ,fraz] satisfi$ ) ?is explanation giv5 9 ii4 #bf8 ,app>5tly n2 =#ai he gives a new explanation & a diff]5t "o4 ',x seems wor? sugge/+ t ! mock-k+ :o 0 annually kill$ at ! ,babylonian fe/ival ( ! ,saca on ! sixte5? day ( ! mon? ,l\s may h repres5t$ ,tammuz himself4' ,"h ! ,tammuz dummy or effigy ( ii4 #abc1 #abd1 is1 p]haps1 disc>d$4 ,/ill1 if a real live ,tammuz 0 burn$ on a fun]al pyre#bj 8 a%es might well be repres5t$ by a dummy4 ,x has n yet occurr$ to ,mr4 ,fraz]1 z x does lat]1 to h ! re-aris5 god p]sonat$ by a liv+ human c\nt]p>t 7,mordecai 9 a lat] page7 ( ! dead ,tammuz 7,haman74 ,! fe/ival ( ! ,saca is n[ a ,tammuz fe/ival1 a religi\s fea/1 &1 inde$1 is id5tical ) t ( ii4 #abc1 #abd1 = x occurs 9 ! mon? ,l\s4 ,n[ ,l\s1 says ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 'answ]$ to ! lun> mon? ,tammuz1'#ba & ! mon? ( ,tammuz#bb 0 ,june-,july1 or ,june-,septemb]4 ,!re c\ld n surely be two ,tammuz fea/s 9 ! mon? ,tammuz8 ,we are !re=e confront$ by ! s+ul> facts t ,tammuz lay 'on a fun]al pyre'#bc & also t1 z ! ,sacan victim1 :o1 ,mr4 ,fraz] ?9ks x 'wor? sugge/+' p]sonat$ ,tammuz1 he 0 at ! same fea/1 ! ,saca1 :ipp$ & hang$4#bd ,mr4 ,fraz] goes on3 ',if ?is conjecture is "r1 ! view t ! mock-k+ at ! ,saca 0 sla9 9 ! "* ( a god' 7,tammuz7 'w\ld be e/abli%$4' ,b x 0 e/abli%$ already1 0 x n on o!r gr\nds1 to ,mr4 ,fraz]'s satisfaction1 9 ii4 #bf8 ,!re ! crim9al victim di$ z a k+1 & z a god1 = ! k+ 0 a god1 & s 0 8 proxy4 ,n[1 on ! o!r h&1 if ,mr4 ,fraz]'s late/ conjecture is "r1 ! victim dies z a real kn[n god1 ,tammuz4 ,we keep ask+1 ,0 ! k+ also an inc>nation ( ,tammuz8 ,may ,i n be excus$ = surmis+ t we h "h an hypo!sis 9 ! mak+1 an hypo!sis re/+ on two diff]5t !ories8 ,if ,mr4 ,fraz] holds t ! k+ ( ,babylon 0 also ,tammuz1 z ! mock-k+ 01 "h 0 ! opportunity = say+ s1 & prov+ ! fact f ,babylonian texts4 ,mr4 ,fraz] "h gives u a ,tammuz fea/ 9 :i* ,tammuz lies on a fun]al pyre1 & also a ,tammuz fea/ 9 :i* ! human repres5tative ( t deity is :ipp$ & hang$1 :ile '! dead ,tammuz 0 probably repres5t$ 9 effigy1' wat] 0 p\r$ ov] him1 & he came to life aga94 ,h[8 ,9 ! p]son ( ,mordecai8 ,^! are ! results ( ii4 #abc1 #abd1 & ( ii4 #bec1 #bed4 ,^! ?+s are1 confess$ly1 conjectures4 ,b "o ?+ is q c]ta93 ! ,saca1 :]e9 ,tammuz ei!r lay on a fun]al pyre1 & aft]w>ds _h wat] p\r$ ov] him1 'probably 9 effigy1' or 0 hang$1 0 a fe/ival ( ,june-,july4 ,v>iations ( cal5d>s1 h[ev]1 might make ! ,saca fall 'f midsumm] to autumn or f ,june to ,septemb]' 7ii4 #abc1 note ( ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi?74 ,^! dates are remote f ,ea/]tide4 ,to ?is po9t ,mr4 ,fraz]#be promises 'to return lat]4' ,he does s 9 ! mo/ disconc]t+ mann]4 ,= :5 he returns ! ,saca1 :i* 7 9 ! mon? ,tammuz1 ,june-,july1#bf />tle u by be+ held 9 ,m>* or ,m>*-,april4#bg ,may ,i n say t ,i seem to detect traces ( an hypo!sis 9 ! mak+1 & ( discrepant !ories8 ,we h already be5 r puzzl$ by ! ,tammuz on a fun]al pyre1 :o has cold wat] p\r$ ov] him1 'probably 9 effigy1' & also is hon\r$ by be+ :ipp$ & hang$ 9 ! p]son ( a human repres5tative1 a mock-k+1 at ! same fe/ival4 ,b p]haps !re 7 two ,tammuz fea/s 9 ! mon? ( ,tammuz8 ,& possibly ! victim 0 :ipp$ & hang$ at "o ( !m1 :ile 8 mortal rema9s 7 burn$ on ! pyre at ! o!r8 ',x is q possible1' says ,mr4 ,fraz]1 :5 expla9+ :y a victim ( a sacrifice 0 hang$1 n burn$ z is usual1 't bo? =ms ( execution1 or r ( sacrifice1 may h be5 comb9$ by hang+ or crucify+ ! victim fir/ & burn+ him aft]w>ds2'#bh b he neglects ! buxom opportunity ( corroborat+ ?is conjecture1 by ref]r+ to ! ,tammuz victim :o _h bo? a fun]al pyre & a gibbet1 9 ii4 #abc1 #abd1 #bec1 #bed4 ,,iii4 ,a ,,possible ,,reconciliation ,!re is1 p]haps1 a mode ( reconcil+ ! dates ( ! ,tammuz fe/ivals1 at "o ( :i* ,tammuz 0 hon\r$ ) a pyre1 at ! o!r 79 ! p]son ( 8 repres5tative1 ! ,sacan mock-k+7 ) a gibbet4 ,dr4 ,ja/r[ places a ,tammuz fea/ 9 ! f\r? mon?1 :i*1 if ! ,babylonian ye> beg9s1 z ,mr4 ,fraz] says x does1 ) ! mon? ,nisan1 means t ! f\r? mon? & a ,tammuz fea/ occurr$ 9 our ,june-,july4 ,b ,dr4 ,ja/r[ also writes t 9 ! six? ,babylonian mon?1 our ,augu/-,septemb]1 '!re 0 celebrat$ a fe/ival to ,tammuz4'#bi ,?us ,tammuz might h 8 gibbet 9 ,june-,july1 & 8 pyre 9 ,augu/-,septemb]4 ,b alas6 ?is w n d1 = ! pyre is ( ,june-,july4#cj ,nor c he h 8 gibbet 9 ,augu/-,septemb]1 z ,i _h fondly hop$1 = he is to be id5tifi$ ) ! mock-k+ ( ! ,saca1 & ! mon? ( 8 hang+ is ,tammuz1 ,l\s1 or ,june-,july1 if ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? is "r4#ca ,?us ,i really fail to believe t ,tammuz c\ld h bo? a burn+ & a hang+ 9 ,june-,july4 ,i hop$ t ,dr4 ,ja/r['s two ,tammuz fea/s _h solv$ ! problem1 b ,i hop$ 9 va94 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,sac,a ,,sudd5ly ,,*anges ,,its ,,date ,mean:ile1 ev5 ?\gh we h all[$ = two ,tammuz fea/s1 are we also to admit a ?ird ,tammuz fea/ at ! ,m>* fe/ival ( ! ,saca8 ,= 9 vol4 iii4 #aea-aec1 ,m>* has become ! date ( ! ,saca1 r to our surprise1 = ! date _h be5 ,june-,july4#cb ,n[ ?ree ,tammuz fea/s 9 six mon?s seem "o too _m1 if n two4 ,consequ5tly ! argum5ts :i* 9 ii4 #abc1 #abd1 #bec1 #bed1 %[ ! ,sacan victim1 because he di$ 9 ! mon? ,tammuz1 to repres5t ! god ,tammuz fail1 p]haps1 if ! victim really di$ 9 ,m>*1 at ! ,babylonian ,zakmuk1 or ,zagmuku1 a fea/ 9 hon\r1 n ( ,tammuz1 b ( ,bau 7a goddess71 & lat] ( ,m>duk4#cc ,nei!r ,bau nor ,m>duk is ,tammuz2 nor does ! victim seem likely to repres5t ,tammuz1 aft] 8 dea? is %ift$ f ! ,tammuz fea/s ( ,may-,june or ,june-,july1 ,july-,augu/1 to ,m>*1 :5 ! fea/ 0 really 9 hon\r1 n ( ,tammuz1 b ( ,bau1 or lat]1 ( ,m>duk4 ,all our difficulties1 inde$1 pale be=e ! fact t ! date ( ! ,saca1 :5 ! possible ,tammuz victim 0 hang$1 is fix$ twice2 once1 ) mu* %[ ( reason & ') unconceal$ delight1' 9 ,june-,july1 9 ! second volume2 :ile1 next1 x is argu$ f1 9 ! ?ird volume1 z if ! date 7 ,m>*-,april4 ,i conjecture1 !re=e1 t ! ,july date 0 n inconsi/5t ) :at is n[ ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory :5 he revis$ 8 second volume4 ,o!rwise he w\ld n h said t ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s decision z to ! ,july date 'supplies s welcome a confirmation ( ! conjecture 9 ! text1'#cd & !n1 9 iii4 #aeb1 #aec1 h proce$$ to argue on ! presumption t ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s calculations may be1 = ! purposes ( ! !ory1 disreg>d$4 ,& !y are disreg>d$1 z we %all see4 ,if !y 7 dubi\s1 !y %\ld nev] h be5 welcom$4 ,v4 ,,v>i\s ,,!ories ,,( ,,! ,,victim ,mean:ile1 = our own argum5t1 z to ! precise nature ( ! ,babylonian ,k+'s div9ity1 vegetable or n1 ,i d n ?9k t we h yet f\nd ! ,k+ ( ,babylon explicitly id5tifi$ ) a god ( vegetation4 ,! victim1 rememb]1 0 at fir/ div9e1 ei!r z proxy ( ! k+1 inc>nat+1 ,i ?9k1 a god unkn[n2 or z full ( cosmic rapport1 z a man-god ( ! second species4#ce ,next 8 div9ity 0 e/abli%$1 if ,mr4 ,fraz] rightly conjectur$ t he 'repres5t$ ,tammuz himself4'#cf ,next he 0 a crim9al vic>i\sly sacrific$ = '! sav+ ( ! k+'s life = ano!r ye>4'#cg ,next 'x w\ld appe> t ! ,zoganes' 7! same old victim7 'dur+ 8 five days ( (fice p]sonat$ n m]ely a k+ b a god1 :e!r t god 0 ! ,elamite ,humman1 ! ,babylonian ,m>duk1 or "s o!r deity n yet id5tifi$4'#ch ,next ! victim p]sonat$ 'a god or h]o ( ! type ( ,tammuz or ,adonis1 7&7 enjoy$ ! fav\rs ( a woman1 probably a sacr$ h>lot4444' 9 addition to ! c>esses ( ! royal s]aglio4#ci ,next ! indefatigable victim repres5t$ ! k+1 '! human god1 ! ,saturn1 ,zoganes1 ,tammuz1 or :atev] he 0 call$1' ?\gh all we "k ( ! god ,zoganes is t ,zoganes 0 ! title ( ! slave "l ( ! h\sehold at ! ,p]sian ,saca4#dj ,x w\ld ?us appe> almo/ z if all gods are "o god to ,mr4 ,fraz] by a k9d ( sci5tific ',h5o!ism4' ,humman or ,saturn1 ,zoganes or ,tammuz1 ,m>duk or ,adonis1 any "o ( !m1 or all ( !m1 w d = ! k+ to inc>nate or p]sonate4 ,any "o ( !m1 or all ( !m1 w figure z repres5tatives ( vegetable life 9 company ) ,zeus & ! horses ( ,virbius6 ',we may conjecture t ! horses by :i* ,virbius 0 said to h be5 sla9 7 really embodim5ts ( him z a deity ( vegetation4'#da ,n[ let me too say 'we may conjecture4' ,mr4 ,fraz] tells u t 'horses 7 exclud$ f ! grove & sanctu>y' ( ,virbius4#db ,is x putt+ too great pressure on evid5ce to conjecture t ! horses1 :ile be+ driv5 out1 7 :ipp$8 ,n[ ! horses embodi$1 p]haps1 z we are told1 a deity ( vegetation4 ,!y 7 :ipp$1 & !re=e x 0 usual to :ip ! repres5tatives ( a deity ( vegetation4 ,?is solves our problem1 :y 0 ! victim1 ! div9e victim1 :ipp$8 ,s]i\sly1 h we n 9 all ?is book to d ) t me?od ( arbitr>y conjecture :i* has ru9$ s _m labori\s philosophies ( religion8 ,z to "o ess5tial conjecture1 t ! ,babylonian1 or r ! ,p]sian1 k+s repres5t$ a deity ( vegetation1 ,i c (f] only "o %ad[y te/imony4 ,nebu*adnezz> = a :ile exhibit$ a caprice 9 fav\r ( a purely vegetable diet4 ,?is may h be5 a survival ( a royal taboo4 ,z a god ( vegetation1 a k+ w\ld n eat vegetables any m ?an a savage usually eats 8 totem4 ,b "s savages d eat _! totems on c]ta9 sacr$ occasions1 & t may be ! reason :y ,nebu*adnezz>1 = a giv5 p]iod1 turn$ veget>ian4 #a ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ahe4 #b ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #agh4 #c ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ahe4 #d ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ahf4 #e ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bec4 #f ,cieza de ,leon1 p4 #bjc4 #g ,g4 ,b4 i4 #adc4 #h ,gr9nell1 ,pawnee ,h]o ,/ories1 pp4 #cfb-cfi4 #i ,g4 ,b41 ii4 #bch4 #aj ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bd1 note #a4 #aa ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #afg4 #ab ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aga4 #ac ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #agj1 #aga4 #ad ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aga4 #ae ,g4 ,b4 i4 #aca-aeg4 #af ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bd-bf4 #ag ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bd-bf4 #ah ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #h4 #ai ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bec1 #bed4 #bj ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #abc4 #ba ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bed1 note #a4 #bb ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #abc4 #bc ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #abc4 #bd ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bec1 #bed4 #be ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bed4 #bf ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #abc1 #abd2 ii4 #bec1 #bed4 #bg ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aeb1 #aed4 #bh ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aga4 #bi ,ja/r[1 p4 #dhd4 #cj ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #abc1 #abd4 #ca ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bec1 #ed4 #cb ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #abc1 #abd4 #cc ,ja/r[1 #ei1 #abg1 #fca1 #fgg1 #fgh-i4 #cd ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bed1 note #a4 #ce ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bd-bf2 i4 #hj-hb4 #cf ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bec1 #bed4 #cg ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aeb4 #ch ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #afj4 #ci ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #agh4 #dj ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ahe4 #da ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #cad4 #db ,g4 ,b4 i4 #f4 ,,vii ,,zakmuk1 ,,sac,a1 ,,& ,,purim ,x is necess>y to get ! dea? ( ! ,sacan victim into t\* ) ,ea/]4 ,! ,saca1 :5 he di$1 _h be5 9 ,june-,july1 9 vol4 ii41 9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s fir/ edition1 be=e he evolv$ 8 !ory4 ,:5 ! !ory is evolv$1 9 ! second edition & ?ird volume1 ! ,saca pref] to occur 9 ,m>*-,april1 :i* gets ! suff]+s ( ! mock-k+ into t\* ) ! ,jewi% ,purim1 & s )9 measurable di/ance ( our ,passion ,week1 ?\gh ! ,june-,july date ( ! fir/ edition survives 9 ! second volume ( ! new edition4 ,! *ange ( date ( ! ,saca is arrang$ = by ! plan1 reject$ by ,mey] & ,ja/r[1 ( id5tify+ ! ,p]sian ,saca & ! ,jewi% ,purim ) ! anci5t ,babylonian ,zagmuk or ,zakmuk1 a ,new ,ye> fe/ival ( ,m>*-,april4#a ,to be sure1 if t be ! date1 we seem b]eft ( our useful ,tammuz1 f :om1 9 ii4 #bed1 x 0 conjectur$ t ! victim mock-k+ d]iv$ 8 div9ity1 an old sup]/iti\s belief :i* '%$ ! halo ( div9ity' on ! victim ( ,calv>y4 ,= ! ,tammuz fea/ 0 c]ta9ly 9 ,june-,septemb]4 ,h[ev]1 p]haps !re 7 ?ree ,tammuz fea/s1 resurrection & all1 & ,mr4 ,fraz]'s la/ *oice ( a date1 9 ,m>*-,april1 has ! imm5se advantage = 8 !ory ( gett+ u ne> ,ea/]tide4 ,b did ! ,saca actually des]t _! old date1 ,june-,july8 ,to prove t we mu/ id5tify ! ,saca1 a ,p]sian1 ) ,zakmuk1 a ,babylonian fea/1 :i* really fell 9 ,m>* or ,april4 ,! old ,babylonian fea/1 ,zakmuk1 is kn[n to ! le>n$ ?r\gh inscriptions4 ,we h se5 t ,m4 ,cumont & ,h]r ,meissn] incl9$ to reg>d ,zakmuk z id5tical ) ! ,saca1 :ile ! fea/ ,zakmuk-,saca is suppos$ by ,mr4 ,fraz] to be ! orig9 ( ! ,jewi% ,purim4 ,b ! ,saca fell 9 ! ,mac$onian mon? ,l\s1 z ,a!nu tells u accord+ to ,b]osus1 a ,babylonian prie/1 us+ ! ,mac$onian ,cal5d>4 ,& ,l\s1 z ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? prov$1 0 our ,july4#b ,zakmuk1 on ! o!r h&1 fell 9 our ,m>*-,april1 & ,purim 9 our ,m>*1 nei!r ( :i* is ,july1 :5 ! ,saca 7 held4 ,n[ x is desirable = ,mr4 ,fraz]'s argum5t t ! ,saca %\ld fall1 n 9 ,july1 z x did 9 ii4 #bed1 b 9 or ab\t ,ea/]tide4 ,mr4 ,fraz] !re=e %ifts ! ,saca f ,july to ,ea/]tide 9 face ( difficulties4 ,all we "k conc]n+ ,zakmuk is#c t ?is fea/1 orig9ally a fea/ ( ,bau1 says ,dr4 ,ja/r[1 fell ab\t ! v]nal equ9ox 7ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! old ,babylonian ye>72 t1 aft] a c]ta9 p]iod1 x 0 held 9 hon\r ( ! *ief god ( ,babylon1 nam$ ,m]oda*2 t a c\ncil ( gods 0 ?\ght to meet 9 ,m]oda*'s temple1 "u 8 presid5cy1 & t !y det]m9$ ! fate ( ! ye>1 'especially ! fate ( ! k+'s life4' ,! fe/ival exi/$ z e>ly z #cjjj ,b4,c41 :]eas ! ,saca1 's f> z appe>s f our au?orities1 does n date f be=e ! ,p]sian conque/ ( ,babylon' 7#ecf ,b4,c474#d ,b 9 spite ( dates x is desirable = ,mr4 ,fraz]'s purpose to id5tify ! ,p]sian ,saca ) ! ,babylonian ,zakmuk4 ,=1 if he succe$s 9 ?is1 !n ,saca mu/ fall :5 ,zakmuk fell1 & ne>ly :5 ,purim fell1 at--or n s v f> f--,ea/]tide4 ,b#e ,saca 0 eag]ly welcom$ by ,mr4 ,fraz] z a ,july1 n a spr+1 fea/1 :]eas1 9 iii4 #aeb1 ,saca is id5tifi$ ) ,zakmuk1 :i* did fall 9 spr+4 ,aga91 we h n ev5 a h9t t any mock-k+1 or ,tammuz man1 or anybody1 0 sla9 at ! ,babylonian fea/ ( ,zakmuk1 z a man 0 sla91 says ,dio1 at ! ,saca4 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,fraz] tries to %[ t ,saca & ,zakmuk may be ! same fea/4 ,= ,saca & ,zakmuk are names t resemble ,zakmuk & ,zoganes4#f ,we may reply t ! ^w ,saca also r closely resembles ! "n ( ! tribe ( ,sac1 f :om ! ,p]so-,greeks d]iv$ ! ^w ,saca1 :ile ! ,saca 7 held to commemorate a victory ov] ! ,sac4 ,aga9 ! ^w ,saca1 :i* 0 a dr9k+ fea/1 resembles ! ^w ,ski1 ,p]sian = a p\r] =? ( w9e4 ,i ,! ^w ,ski is ,arabic1 be+ ! nom5 ag5tis ( ! v]b ,sai to wat] 7abreuv]74 ,?is root is common to sev]al ,semitic languages--e4g4 ,hebrew & ?iopic--& if we c\ld prove ! ^w ,saca to be ( native ,babylonian orig91 x might v probably come f ! same root1' ,mr4 ,d5ison ,ross in=ms me4 ,9 any case we _c build on resemblances 9 ! s\nd ( words4 ,t argum5t = ! id5tification ( ,zakmuk & ! ,saca fails4 ,next ,mr4 ,fraz] cont5ds t s9ce1 at ,zakmuk1 ! gods det]m9$ ! fate ( ! k+'s life1 x 0 a critical "t = ! k+4 ,n[ '! c5tral feature ( ! ,saca' appe>s to h be5 '! hang+ ( ! mock-k+ = ! sav+ ( ! real k+'s life4'#g ,"h1 !n1 are two critical h\rs = ! k+3 "o at ,zakmuk1 :5 ! gods settle 8 fate2 "o at ! ,saca :5 8 life is sav$ by ! execution ( 8 proxy4 ,are n !n ^! two critical p]iods "o p]iod1 & is n ,saca ano!r "n = ,zakmuk8#h ,b ,mr4 ,fraz] has also told u t ! ma9 feature ( ! ,saca 0 ! dea? ( a man :o repres5t$ ,tammuz1 & 0 kill$ aft] do+ sympa!tic magic ) a sacr$ h>lot4#i ,0 !re1 !n1 9 connection ) ?is ,tammuz man1 a ?ird ,tammuz fea/ 9 ,m>*-,april1 = !re 7 two1 9 ,june-,septemb]8 ,?us1 ev5 if we c\ld admit t1 because two p]iods are critical1 bo? are ! same p]iod1 yet z ! victim ( ! ,saca 0 a ,tammuz man1 sla9 to d good to ! crops1 we are unable to conc$e t he also di$ '9 ! k+'s /ead1' & to save 8 life1 unless ! k+ 0 ,tammuz4 ,besides1 no au?ority tells u t ei!r1 or bo?1 ( ?is victim's dea?s occurr$ at ! ,babylonian fea/ ( ,zakmuk3 x occurr$ at ! ,p]sian fea/ ( ! ,saca1 if at all4 ,inde$1 ev5 if ,mr4 ,fraz]'s two argum5ts = ! id5tity ( ,zakmuk & ,saca 7 p]suasive 7&' h[ p]suasive !y are we h se571 !re w\ld rema9 a difficulty4 ,= ,b]osus says1 z we saw1 t ! ,saca fell on ,l\s #af1 :i* is ,july1 :]eas ,zakmuk fell 9 ,m>*-,april4 ,i4 ,,hi/orical ,,difficulty ,?is ob/acle seems to be1 & really is1 insup]able4 ,b ,mr4 ,fraz]1 undaunt$1 writes3 ',! id5tification ( ! mon?s ( ! ,syro-,mac$onian ,cal5d> is a matt] ( "s unc]ta9ty2 z to ! mon? ,l\s 9 p>ticul> ! evid5ce ( anci5t writ]s appe>s to be conflict+1 & until we h asc]ta9$ beyond ! rea* ( d\bt :5 ,l\s fell at ,babylon 9 ! "t ( ,b]osus' 7say #bjj ,b4,c47 'x w\ld be premature to all[ mu* weight to ! seem+ discrepancy 9 ! dates ( ! two fe/ivals' 7namely ,zakmuk & ! ,saca74 ,h5ce=? ,mr4 ,fraz]'s hypo!sis seems to me to proce$ on ! fancy t ,saca & ,zakmuk are id5tical1 :i* is impossible1 s9ce ! ,saca fall 9 ,july or ,septemb]1 & ,zakmuk 9 ,m>*-,april4 ,x is absolutely c]ta91 hi/orically1 t ,saca & ,zakmuk _c be id5tical4 ,!y 7 z remote 9 date z !y well c\ld be4 ,= ! conflict+ evid5ce ( anci5t writ]s z to ! date ( ! mon? ( ! ,saca1 namely ! ,mac$onian mon? ,l\s ,mr4 ,fraz] gives two ref]5ces4 ,! fir/ is to ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s pro( t ,l\s is ,july4#aj ,t does him no good4 ,! second is to ,smi?'s ',diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities4'#aa ,9 t "w ,i read t ! only d\bt z to ! mon? ,l\s is :e!r x fell 9 ,july or ,septemb]4 ,smi?'s ',diction>y' is a book s common & accessible t ,i ne$ n inflict on ! read] ! nature ( ! conflict+ evid5ce4 ,x is en\gh to say t ! mon? ( ! ,saca1 ,l\s1 0 almo/ c]ta9ly ,july1 b1 if n ,july1 0 und5iably ,septemb]4 ,n[ nei!r ,july nor ,septemb] is ,ea/]tide1 or ne> x4 ,s t ! ef=t to make ! ,saca id5tical ) ,zakmuk1 & !re=e m or less co9cid5t ) ,purim1 & ) our ,ea/]1 is an absolute failure4 ,! ,jews1 !n1 c\ld n 7z 9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory7 borr[ abroad a ,july or ,septemb] mock-k+1 & atta* him to a v]nal fe/ival1 _! ,purim4 ,?us1 z ,zakmuk is sev]al mon?s remote f ! ,saca1 x is n id5tical ) ! ,saca4 ,mr4 ,fraz] himself says3 ',if ! ,saca occurr$ 9 ,july & ! ,zakmuk 9 ,m>*1 ! !ory ( _! id5tity c\ld n be ma9ta9$4'#ab ,b he loses1 r ?an ga9s1 if ! ,saca 7 9 ,septemb]1 & t is ! only possible alt]native4 ,! game is ov]2 ! mock-k+ ( ,babylon di$1 if at all1 9 ,july or ,septemb]1 at ! ,saca2 n at ,zagmuk or ,zakmuk1 9 ,m>*-,april4 ,!re is n a kn[n h9t t any mock-k+ di$ 9 ,babylon ab\t ,ea/]tide1 or e>li]1 at ! fea/ ( ,zakmuk4 ,i confess t :5 ,i f\nd ,mr4 ,fraz] decl9+ to 'all[ mu* weight to ! seem+ discrepancy 9 ! dates ( ! two fe/ivals1' till x 0 'asc]ta9$ beyond ! rea* ( d\bt :5 ,l\s fell at ,babylon 9 ! "t ( ,b]osus1' ,i presum$ t '! app>5tly conflict+ evid5ce ( anci5t writ]s' meant a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :e!r ,l\s 0 a spr+ or a midsumm] mon?4 ,b ,i look$ at ,smi?'s ',diction>y' & f\nd no?+ ( ! sort6 ,! diff]5ce ( op9ion1 ! conflict ( evid5ce1 is conc]n$ 7see ,smi?7 ) ! "q :e!r ,l\s 0 ,septemb] 7z x seems to h be5 9 ! "t ( ,philip ( ,mac$on7 or :e!r x 0 ,july1 z 9 ! "t ( ,plut>*4 ,nei!r op9ion gives ,l\s ! fa9te/ *ance ( be+ a spr+ mon?4 ,!re=e ! v]nal ,zakmuk is n ! ,saca2 !re=e !re is n ! gho/ ( a reason = guess+ t a mock-k+ 0 hang$ at ,zakmuk2 !re=e ,zakmuk1 9 ,april1 _c l5d a hang$ mock-k+ to ,purim1 9 ,m>*2 !re=e ,purim1 hav+ no sla9 mock-k+1 _c h& "o on to ,ea/]tide1 :i*1 moreov]1 does n occur at ! same date z ,purim1 b "s weeks lat]1 z may happ54 ,!re=e ! mock-k+1 if he _h be5 div9e 7:i* he 0 n71 & if he _h be5 sacrific$ 7:i* he 0 n71 c\ld n h l5t 8 'halo ( div9ity' to gild ! ,cross at ,calv>y4 ,b t he did s is ,mr4 ,fraz]'s hypo!sis--sometimes4 ,,ii4 ,,p]sians ,,are ,,n ,,babylonians ,! ,saca1 accord+ to all our au?orities1 0 a ,p]sian1 n a ,babylonian1 fea/4 ,we h n a tittle ( evid5ce to %[ t ! ,babylonians1 ) :om ,zakmuk 0 a fea/ ( old /&+1 ev] he>d ( ! ,saca be=e !y 7 conqu]$ by ! ,p]sians 7,b4,c4 #ecf74 ,mr4 ,fraz] admits ?is3 ! ,babylonian cu/om1 's f> z appe>s f our au?orities1 does n date f be=e ! ,p]sian conque/2 b probably x 0 mu* old]4'#ac ,:y 'probably'8 ,on ! /r5g? ( ?is 'probably' ,mr4 ,fraz] calls ! do+s at ! ,p]sian ,saca 'a ,babylonian cu/om4'#ad ,x 0 a cu/om ( ! ,p]sian conqu]ors ( ,babylon1 if we c believe ,dio ,*ryso/om2 b we h no evid5ce t x 0 a ,babylonian cu/om4 ,yet x 'has j got to be' a ,babylonian cu/om t ,mr4 ,fraz] may atta* x to a v]nal ,babylonian fea/1 ,zakmuk1 & s to ,purim1 & s to ,ea/]tide4 ,,iii4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,purim ,ab\t ! real orig9 ( ,purim1 a purely secul> jollification1 prec$$1 aft] a c]ta9 date1 by a fa/1 we "k no?+4 ,x is fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! ,book ( ,e/h]1 :i* is s secul> t ! "n ( ,god is nev] m5tion$ 9 x4 ,s*ol>s h debat$ z to ! date ( ,e/h]1 :i* ,mr4 ,fraz] places 9 ! f\r? or ?ird c5tury ,b4,c42 "s1 z ,ku551 place x lat]4 ,"s ?9k x hi/orical1 z ,mr4 ,sayce does2 o!rs reg>d x z a romance1 compos$ to supply an acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! fea/ ( ,purim1 :i* we nev] he> ( be=e ! exile4 ,! acc\nt 9 ,e/h] is well kn[n4 ,x]xes qu>rell$ ) 8 que51 ,va%ti1 &1 aft] a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 wives1 select$ ,e/h]1 c\s9 ( an artful ,jew nam$ ,mordecai4 ,?is man discov]$1 & ?r\gh ,e/h] report$1 a conspiracy4 ,he lat] behav$ ) insol5ce to ,haman1 ! ,vizi]1 :o settl$ ) ,x]xes a k9d ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew's day = all ! ,jews4 ,b ,x]xes 0 accid5tally rem9d$ ( ! s]vices done by ,mordecai1 & ask$ ,haman h[ a grateful pr9ce %\ld rew>d an unnam$ s]vant4 ,haman sugge/$ ! ride 9 royal spl5d\r1 :i* ,mordecai enjoy$4 ,haman !n erect$ a v tall gall[s :]eon to hang ,mordecai4 ,b ,e/h] got news ( ! int5d$ massacre1 &1 z ,x]xes _h promis$ to give h] any gift %e ask$ =1 %e dem&$ ! dea? ( ,haman4 ,s ,haman 0 hang$1 & ! ,jews 7 all[$ to def5d !mselves4 ,!y massacr$ an enorm\s numb] ( _! enemies1 & h5ce=? kept ,purim1 a fea/ ( two days1 on ,ad> 7,m>*7 #ad & #ae4 ',:]e=e !y call$ ^! days ,purim1 aft] ! "n ( ,pur1' & 'pur1 t is1 ! lot1 0 ca/ be=e ,haman = a :ole ye> f ,nisan to ,ad>4'#ae ,! ^w pur1 'a lot1' does n occur 9 ,hebrew1 says ,mr4 ,fraz]4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,assyrian puhra means an assembly1 & !re 0 an assembly ( ! gods at ! fea/ ( ,zakmuk4 ,:y ! ,jews w5t aft] an ,assyrian ^w we may guess2 b we also le>n t 'pur or bur seems to be' 7"o wants to "k if x really 07 'an old ,assyrian ^w = '/one1' & a /one may be us$ = a lot1#af z ! ,greek 1 a pebble1 also means a vote4 ,?us ei!r ! ,assyrian puhra or pur may h l5t a "n to ! fea/ ( ,purim4 ,i am no fri5d to etymological conjecture1 especially :5 two ,assyrian words put 9 rival claims to be1 ea* ( !m1 ! orig9 ( a ,jewi% ^w4 ,mr4 ,fraz] does n1 ,i ?9k1 allude to ! o!r guess1 connect+ ,purim ) ! ,p]sian fea/1 ,phurdigan 7,phurim8 or ,purim74#ag ,we f9d ,purdaghn1 ,purdiyan1 & s =?4 ,?is ,p]sian fea/ 0 a dr9k+ b\t & "t ( jollity1 s t ,hyde v naturally comp>es x to ,purim & to ! old ,p]sian ,saca1 or ,sakea1 or ,sakia1 :i* means 'dr9k+ toge!r1' or 'dr9k+ heal?s4'#ah ,if ,sakia means a convivial fea/ 9 ,p]sian1 x fits v well ! ,p]sian ,saca1 :i* 7 a "t ( jollity4 ,! le>n$ may settle _! etymological guesses among !mselves1 b we are n oblig$1 = want ( ano!r conjecture1 to fly to old ,assyrian = ,purim3 /ill less d we agree t ,mr4 ,fraz] has made out a fairly probable case = hold+ t '! ,jewi% fea/ 7,purim7 is d]iv$ f ! ,babylonian new ye> fe/ival ( ,zakmuk4'#ai ,no ease at all1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 is made out4 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s ,assyrian etymologies are met by compet+ etymologies4 ,moreov]1 we "k next to no?+ ( ! ,babylonian ,zakmuk1 b we d "k t ! ,p]sian ,saca1 ,sakea1 or ,sakia 01 l ,purim1 a p]iod ( h>d dr9k+ & wild lic5ce3 :i* does n resemble a solemn religi\s fe/ival ( ! supreme god1 ,m>duk1 or a p]iod ( wail+ = ,tammuz4 ,!re is ano!r co9cid5ce1 unnot$1 ,i ?9k1 by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 b already not$ by u4 ,h]odotus1 our olde/ ,greek s\rce = ! ,p]sians1 tells u t _! *ief fea/ 0 call$ ,magophonia1 & celebrat$ ! massacre ( ! ho/ile ,magi4#bj ,/rabo tells u t ! ,saca 7 suppos$ to commemorate a massacre ( intoxicat$ ,sac4 ,purim is held to celebrate a massacre ( ! foes ( ! ,jews4 ,c ^! ?ree fea/s = a massacre co9cide by accid5t8 ,x is n easy to see h[ ?is tradition atta*$ itself to ! slay+ ( a crim9al1 ei!r z k+'s proxy or z repres5tative ( ,tammuz4 ,,iv4 ,,is ,,purim ,,pre-,,exilian ,,or ,,po/-,,exilian8 ,9 any case ,purim has n be5 successfully connect$ ) ,zakmuk4 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 h[ev]1 says t 'an exam9ation ( t' 7! ,jewi%7 'tradition1 & ( ! mann] ( celebrat+ ! fea/1 r5d]s x probable t ,purim is no?+ b a m or less disguis$ =m ( ! ,babylonian fea/ ( ! ,saca or ,zakmuk4'#ba ,we h se5 t /]n dates d n all[ u to id5tify ,saca ) ,zakmuk4 ,! mon? ,l\s is firm z ! ,mac$onian phalanx1 & w n masqu]ade z ,m>*-,april1 :5 ,zakmuk 0 held4 ,sett+ t aside1 '!re are good gr\nds = believ+ t ,purim 0 unkn[n to ! ,jews until aft] ! exile1' & yet 't !y le>n$ to obs]ve x dur+ _! captivity 9 ! ,ba/4'#bb ,b _! captivity 9 ! ,ea/ 0 ! exile1 s h[ did !y "k no?+ ( ,purim at ! v "t :5 !y also le>n$ to celebrate t fe/ival'8 ,h[ev]1 x is reckon$ 'fairly probable' t ! ,jews borr[$ ,purim ei!r 'directly f ! ,babylonians or indirectly ?r\gh ! ,p]sian conqu]ors ( ,babylon2' ! only "q is f :i*8#bc ,! ,jews probably borr[$ ,purim 9 or aft] ! exile4 ,b !y also kept ,purim be=e ! exile1 at lea/ ,mr4 ,fraz] ?9ks t '! be/ solution4' ,x is ,j5s5's solution1 /at$1 h[ev]1 only '9 lett]s to correspond5ts4'#bd ,x really seems h>dly consi/5t t ,mr4 ,fraz] %\ld bo? ?9k ,purim probably a fea/ borr[$ 9 or aft] ! exile1 & also appe> to approve a !ory :i* reg>ds ! fea/ z famili> to ! ,jews be=e ! exile4 ,yet t is :at he has app>5tly succe$$ 9 do+4 ,he pref]s ,j5s5's solution1 :i* is ?is3 ,a fa/ 0 held be=e ! fea/ ( ,purim4#be ,:y8 ',! be/ solution appe>s to be t ( ,j5s51 t ! fa/+ & m\rn+ 7 orig9ally = ! suppos$ annual dea? ( a ,semitic god or h]o ( ! type ( ,tammuz or ,adonis1 ^: resurrection on ! foll[+ day occasion$ t outbur/ ( joy & gladness :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,purim4'#bf ,yes2 b ! ,jews _h t in/itution be=e ! exile4 ,9 ! fir/ days ( 8 own captivity ,ezekiel 0 c>ri$1 9 ! fle%1 or out ( ! fle%1 to ! temple at ,j]usalem4 ',!n he br\ght me to ! door ( ! gate ( ! ,"l's h\se :i* 0 t[>ds ! nor?1 &1 behold1 !re sat wom5 wail+ = ,tammuz4'#bg ,n[ ,j5s5's solution is t ! fa/ at ,purim repres5ts ! wail+ = ,tammuz1 or somebody ( 8 type4 ,b1 if ! ,jews did t1 z !y did1 be=e ! exile1 & if t 0 ,purim1 h[ did !y also borr[ ,purim aft] ! exile1 especially z '!re are good gr\nds = believ+ t ,purim 0 unkn[n to ! ,jews till aft] ! exile'8#bh ,h[ c bo? views be correct8 ,or is ?is ,m>* fea/ ( ! ,tammuz k9d an addition to ! old pre-exilian ,jewi% ,tammuz fea/8 ,moreov]1 ,purim is probably1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,fraz]1 'a m]e disguis$ =m ( ! ,saca1' :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 is ! same z ,zakmuk4#bh ,b '! c5tral feature ( ! ,saca appe>s to h be5 ! sav+ ( ! k+'s life = ano!r ye> by ! vic>i\s sacrifice ( a crim9al4'#bi ,yet its c5tral feature is also ! sorr[ = ! dea? & glee = ! resurrection '( a ,semitic god or h]o ( ! type ( ,tammuz or ,adonis1' foll[+ ,j5s54 ,h[ c ! ,saca h two c5tral features8 ,if x is only an affair ( hang+ a man to save ! k+'s life1 :y %\ld ! ,jews at ,j]usalem fa/ be=e ! vic>i\s sacrifice ( a crim9al = ! ,babylonian k+8 ,!y did fa/1 we "k4 ,& :y %\ld ! victim's resurrection 7if any7 on ! foll[+ day 'occasion t outbur/ ( joy & gladness :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,purim'8#cj ,:at _h ! ,jews to make ) ! resurrection ( a proxy ( ! k+ ( ,babylon8 ,mr4 ,fraz] has n1 ,i ?9k1 sugge/$ t ! k+s ( ,israel or ,judah 7 once annually sacrific$4 ,s :y 7 ! ,jewi% wom5 wail+ at ! nor? gate ( ! ,temple8 ,= ,tammuz1 z we "k f ,ezekiel2 b ,tammuz 0 n a ,jewi% k+1 or1 if he 01 x %\ld be /at$4 ,also1 if ! ,jewi% ladies wail$ & rejoic$ = ,tammuz at ! ,temple 9 ,j]usalem be=e ! exile1 h[ c x be consi/5tly ma9ta9$ t !y knew no?+ ( ^! rites till aft] ! exile1 & !n borr[$ !m f ,babylonians or ,p]sians8 ,if ,purim is a ,tammuz rite1 ! ,jews _h x be=e ! exile1 z ,ezekiel proves4 ,if x is n a ,tammuz rite1 :y is ,j5s5's ! be/ solution8 = ,j5s5's solution is t '! fa/+ & m\rn+ 7 orig9ally = ! suppos$ annual dea? ( a ,semitic god or h]o ( ! type ( ,tammuz or ,adonis1 ^: resurrection on ! foll[+ day occasion$ t outbur/ ( joy & gladness :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,purim4'#ca ,!n1 once m1 t outbur/ ( joy & gladness = ! re-aris5 ,tammuz 0#cb probably 9 ! mon? ,tammuz1 our ,june-,july4 ,b n[#cc x is at ,purim--t is1 9 ,m>*4 ,h[ are ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ories to be reconcil$ ) ea* o!r & ) ! facts8 ,did ! ,jews wail = ,tammuz1 9 spr+1 be=e ! exile2 &1 aft] ! exile1 adapt _! old rite ( a ,tammuz fa/ & fea/ to ! vic>i\s sacrifice ( a condemn$ crim9al 7:e!r 9 ,july or 9 ,april7 9 ! int]e/s ( ! k+ ( ,babylon8 ,_h !y be5 wont to hang a man1 :ile !y wail$ = ,tammuz1 be=e ! exile8 ,if s1 :y did !y hang him1 & :at did !y borr[ dur+ ! exile8 ,or 0 all t !y borr[$ j ! habit ( cr[n+1 discr[n+1 :ipp+1 & hang+ a mock-k+1 z an addition to _! pre-exilian ,tammuz fa/ & fea/8 ,we h c]ta9ly no evid5ce t !y did ^! cruel ?+s be=e ! exile4 ,& !re is no evid5ce1 z we %all see1 t !y ye>ly committ$ ! same atrocity aft] ! exile4 ,v4 ,,!ory ,,( ,a ,,human ,,victim ,,at ,,purim ,z ,mr4 ,fraz] is to make our ,"l "o ( ! annual victims at ,purim1 he has to try to prove t ! ,jews did annually hang or crucify a mock-k+ suppos$ to be div9e at ,purim4 ,to be sure nei!r prophet nor legislator1 nei!r ,ezekiel1 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 ,haggai1 nor ,za*>iah1 says "o ^w ab\t ?is hea!n abom9ation borr[$ by ! ,jews4 ,mr4 ,fraz] !re=e tries to prove t ! man 0 hang$ at ,purim by ! evid5ce ( 'traces ( human sacrifice l+]+ ab\t ! fea/ ( ,purim 9 "o or o!r ( ^? mitigat$ =ms to :i* ,i h j ref]r$1' su* z ! unc]ta9 'burn+ an effigy ( a man at ,t>sus4'#cd ,mr4 ,fraz] is1 ,i ?9k1 r easily satisfi$ ) ?is k9d ( te/imony to human sacrifice4 ,e fif? ( ,novemb] a man1 call$ ,guy by ! populace1 is burn$ 9 effigy4 ,b1 z we "k ! hi/orical facts1 we d n1 ?\gh sci5ce 9 ! di/ant future may1 reg>d ?is rite z a trace ( ,druidical human sacrifice1 ,guy be+ a god ( ! dy+ foliage ( ,novemb]1 :5 ,/4 ,dasius 0 sla94 ,mr4 ,fraz] expla9s ! old cu/om ( burn+ ,judas on ,ea/] ,saturday z 'all = ! purpose ( protect+ ! fields f hail1' & z 'really ( pagan orig94'#ce ,x maybe s3 ! a%es are us$ 9 agricultural magic4 ,b we "k t ,guy ,fawkes is n a relic ( human sacrifice4 ,moreov]1 x is natural to de/roy a foe1 l ,haman1 or ,john ,knox1 or ,mr4 ,krug]1 9 effigy3 ! ?+ is (t5 done4 ,! ,jews und5iably reg>d$ ,haman1 on ! au?ority ( ,e/h]1 z an enemy ( _! race4 ,s !y de/roy$ him 9 effigy4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury ( our era1 :5 ! hatr$ betwe5 ,jews & ,*ri/ians _h become bitt]1 ! ,jews1 '9 contempt ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1' atta*$ ! effigy ( ,haman to a cross4 ,?is insult 0 =bidd5 by ! ,codex ,!odosianus4#cf ,simil> do+s1 )\t ! cross1 prevail$ at ,purim 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b h[ does ?is prove ! hang+ ( a real ,haman victim be=e ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,x m]ely proves t1 aft] ! /rife betwe5 ,jews & ,*ri/ians began1 an effigy ( ,haman1 ! national enemy1 0 crucifi$ '9 contemptu ,*ri/ian fidei1' z ! edict says--to annoy ! ,*ri/ians4 ,b ,mr4 ,fraz] has '"s positive gr\nds' = ?9k+ t '9 =m] times ! ,jews1 l ! ,babylonians f :om !y appe> to h d]iv$ _! ,purim1 may at "o "t h burn$1 hang$1 or crucifi$ a real man 9 ! "* ( ,haman4' ,we h se5 t#cg ,purim1 if x is a ,tammuz fea/ & fa/1 0 kept by ! ,jews be=e !y w5t to ,babylon4 ,b1 pass+ t1 :at are ! 'positive gr\nds'8 ,m]ely t 9 #daf ,a4,d4 "s ,jews 9 ,syria1 be+ heat$ ) w9e aft] 'c]ta9 sports1' began to d]ide ,*ri/ianity1 &1 = t purpose1 b\nd a ,*ri/ian *ild to ! cross4 ,at fir/ '!y only laugh$ & je]$ at him1 b soon1 _! passions gett+ ! bett] ( !m1 !y ill-treat$ ! *ild s t he di$ "u _! h&s4' ,mr4 ,fraz] 'c h>dly d\bt t' ! 'sports' '7 ,purim1 & t ! boy :o di$ on ! cross repres5t$ ,haman4' ,grant+ t ! 'sports' 7 ,purim1 & t ! ,*ri/ian *ild did duty = ,haman1 ! purpose 0 'to d]ide ,*ri/ians & ev5 ,*ri/ himself4' ,^! motives did n exi/ be=e ,*ri/ianity1 s h[ does ! anecdote ( brutal & cruel mock]y1 end+ 9 murd]1 af=d 'positive gr\nds' = ! hypo!sis t1 ev] s9ce ! exile1 ! ,jews1 9 imitation ( ! ,sacan proce$+s 9 ,july or ,septemb]1 ye>ly hang$ a mock-k+ 9 ,m>*8#ch ,,vi4 ,,contradictory ,,conjecture ,mr4 ,fraz] is s f> f hold+ by ^! argum5ts = ! practice ( hang+ a ye>ly victim at ,purim1 z to sugge/ a conjecture t ! victim 0 n kill$ at ,purim at all1 b a mon? lat]6#ci ,if he ?9ks ?is possible1 :at becomes ( 8 'positive gr\nds' = hold+ t ,purim 0 ! date ( ! hang+8 ,i h %[n ! value ( ! positive gr\nds = ma9ta9+ a !ory t ! ,jews1 be=e our era1 annually hang$ a mock-k+ z ,haman at ,purim4 ,mr4 ,fraz] himself is s f> f be+ conv9c$ t ! ,jews hang$ a man at ,purim#dj z to sugge/ ! supposition t !y did n d s4#da ,if !y did n1 x gets him out ( ! difficulty caus$ by ! unlucky circum/ance t our ,"l 0 crucifi$1 n at ,purim1 b a mon? aft] ,purim1 z we read 9 ! ,gospels4 ,b1 alas6 if ! ,jews did n 7on ?is !ory7 hang a ,haman at ,purim1 :at becomes ( all ,mr4 ,fraz]'s pro(s t !y did hang a ,haman at ,purim8 ,9 ! total abs5ce ( all evid5ce to t effect1 we may be sure t ! ,jews did n borr[ 7unrebuk$ by prophets & legislators7 a hea!n brutality 9 ,m>* f a hea!n brutality occurr+1 if at all1 9 ,july or ,septemb]4 ,& if !y did n1 ,*ri/ 0 n ! ,haman ( a ye>1 :i* x is ,mr4 ,fraz]'s cont5tion t he may h be54 ,,vii4 ,a ,,new ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,victim ,we h se5 t ,purim is ei!r an old ,jewi% ,tammuz fea/1 exi/+ be=e ! exile1 or a po/-exilian adaptation ( a ,p]sian rite1 9 :i* a condemn$ crim9al di$ to save ! k+'s life2 or bo?4#db ,! victim next 'p]sonates n m]ely a k+ b a god1 :e!r t god 0 ! ,elamite ,humman1 ! ,babylonian ,m>duk1 or "s o!r deity n yet id5tifi$4'#dc ,b#dd ! victim repres5t$ ! k+3 no o!r god 0 m5tion$4 ,aga9 ,mr4 ,fraz] says3 ',at ! ,sacan fe/ival1 if ,i am "r1 a man :o p]sonat$ a god or h]o ( ! type ( ,tammuz or ,adonis enjoy$ ! fav\rs ( a woman1 probably a sacr$ h>lot1 :o repres5t$ ! great ,semitic goddess ,i%t> or ,a/>te4444'#de ,b did ! k+ also /& = ,i a god or h]o ( ! type ( ,tammuz or ,adonis'8 ,did he associate ) sacr$ h>lots8 ,& did he1 & ! victim also 'p]sonate a god1 :e!r t god 0 ! ,elamite ,humman1 ! ,babylonian ,m>duk1 or "s o!r deity n yet id5tifi$'8#df ,7 ! ',elamite ,humman & ! ,babylonian ,m>duk' 7or ,m]oda*7 gods ( vegetation8 ,m>duk1 or ,m]oda*1 to be sure1 0 ! *ief god ( ,babylon1 a sol> deity1 says ,dr4 ,ja/r[4 ,b z ,mr4 ,fraz] sugge/s t ! supreme ,aryan god1 ,zeus1 may h d]iv$ 8 "n1 '! ,bright or ,%9+ ,"o1' f ! oak tree 7he be+ 'actually repres5t$ by an oak1' & oakwood produc+ bright sp>ks :5 us$ 9 fire-mak+71#dg :y !n ano!r supreme god1 ,m>duk1 may also be a god ( vegetable life4 ,b1 l ! horses ( ,virbius1 ! ,sacan victim has be5 plausibly id5tifi$ ) ,tammuz or ,adonis4#dh ',x seems wor? sugge/+ t ! mock-k+ :o 0 annually kill$ at ! ,babylonian fe/ival ( ! ,saca on ! sixte5? day ( ! mon? ,l\s may h repres5t$ ,tammuz himself4' ,he also takes t rle1 ) 8 sacr$ h>lot1 9 iii4 #agh4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a little bewild]+ to f9d him appe>+ z ,humman or ,m>duk1 or "s o!r god unkn[n1 9 iii4 #aei1 #afj4 ,h[ _m s+le gods are roll$ into "o1 sc\rg$1 & hang$ 9 ?is mo/ unhappy condemn$ crim9al8 ,we h be5 told t ,m>duk presid$ ov] a c\ncil ( ! gods at ! ,zakmuk1 :i* is ! ,saca4#di ,b ! hang$ man#ej v probably p]sonates ,m>duk4 ,mr4 ,fraz] may ?9k t1 :5 ! supreme god is presid+ ov] ! ,olympian assembly 9 8 ,temple1 x is a natural & pi\s complim5t to :ip & hang him 9 ! p]son ( 8 human repres5tative4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is ! result ( 8 !ory 9 iii4 #aei1 #afj4 ,i d n feel sure t ! supreme god1 :e!r ,m>duk or ,humman1 w\ld h tak5 ! same fav\rable view ( ! tactless rite4 ,,viii4 ,,new ,,g]man ,,!ory ,,( ,,purim ,i h hi!rto b incid5tally m5tion$ ,m>duk & ,humman z competitors ) ,tammuz & ! k+ = ! glory ( receiv+ a vic>i\s :ipp+ & hang+4 ,!y are br\ght into ?is hon\rable position by an entirely new ,teutonic !ory ( ,purim3 n ,mr4 ,fraz]'s4 ,x 0 lately an old ,jewi% ,tammuz rite1 or q a new adaptation ( ! ,saca4 ,b 'x is possible1' says ,pr(essor ,nldeke1 't we h "h' 79 ,purim7 'to d ) a fea/ :]eby ! ,babylonians commemorat$ a victory ga9$ by _! gods ov] ! gods ( _! neighb\rs1 ! ,elamites1 aga9/ :om !y _h s (t5 wag$ w>4 ,! ,jewi% fea/ ( ,purim is an annual m]rymak+ ( a :olly secul> k9d1 & x is kn[n t !re 7 simil> fea/s among ! ,babylonians4' ,f ! ,babylonians1 !n1 ! ,jews borr[$ ,purim1 a fea/ commemorative ( a victory ( ! gods ( ,babylon ov] ! ,elamites4 ,b1 if t fea/ 0 religi\s1 ! ,jews turn$ x into 'an annual m]rymak+ ( a totally secul> k9d4'#ea ,mr4 ,fraz]1 if ,i d n misund]/& him1 does n accept ! hypo!sis ( ,nldeke4 ,he says1 h[ev]1 ',we c h>dly d5y ! plausibility ( ! !ory t ,haman & ,va%ti on ! "o side1 & ,mordecai & ,e/h] on ! o!r1 repres5t ! antagonism betwe5 ! gods ( ,elam & ! gods ( ,babylon1 & ! f9al victory ( ! ,babylonian deities 9 ! v capital ( _! rivals4' ,b plausibility1 we %all see1 is remote f pro(4 ,& h[ c ,mr4 ,fraz] ?9k ?is !ory plausible if ! ,saca really is a ,k+-,tammuz fea/8 ,b1 if ,purim is n[ to be a rejoic+ ov] a victory ( ! ,babylonian gods 7naturally ende>$ z ^! gods 7 to ! ,jews71 :y 0 ! fa/ held be=e ,purim8 ,x 0 held1 accord+ to ',j5s5's solution' 7:i* is '! be/'71 '= ! suppos$ annual dea? ( a h]o ( ! type ( ,tammuz or ,adonis1 ^: resurrection on ! foll[+ day occasion$ t outbur/ ( joy & gladness :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,purim4'#eb ,b1 if '! outbur/ ( joy & gladness *>act]i/ic ( ,purim' is a jubilation ov] a victory ( ! ,babylonian gods1 on ,nldeke's !ory1 :y is !re a fa/1 '! fa/ ( ,e/h]1' be=e ,purim1 :i* is a fea/ ( ! ,tammuz type8 ,to fa/ = ! dea? ( ,tammuz is a comely ?+1 b :y %\ld ,jews1 ( all p1 fa/ be=e a fea/ commemorative ( a victory ( ! ,babylonian gods8 ,& :y %\ld ! ,jews1 ( all p1 sc\rge & hang1 at ! same "t1 ! possible human repres5tative ( ,m>duk1 ! *ief ( ! gods ^: victory !y = "s reason are commemorat+8#ec ,,ix4 ,,ano!r ,,new ,,!ory4 ,,humman ,,& ,,! ,,victim ,to be sure we are giv5 our *oice3 ! victim may repres5t ,m>duk1 ! *ief ( ! victori\s gods2 b he may also repres5t ,humman1 "o ( ! defeat$ gods4 ,9 t case ! vanqui%$ ho/ile god's human repres5tative may well be :ipp$ & hang$1 9 d]ision ( ! defeat$ deity1 ,humman4 ,b ,i d n obs]ve t ,mr4 ,fraz] (f]s ?is hypo!sis1 :i* seems relatively plausible4 ,inde$1 ,i am fairly c]ta9 t ,mr4 ,fraz] does n accept ,nldeke's !ory t ,purim is a =m ( a ,babylonian rejoic+ ov] a victory ( _! gods4 ,x _c be bo? t & also a ,tammuz fea/1#ed or a fe/ival = ! sav+ ( ! k+'s life by ! vic>i\s hang+ ( a crim9al4#ee ,we are next to see h[ ,haman1 ,mordecai1 ,va%ti1 & ,e/h] are mix$ up ) ! ,saca1 ,zakmuk1 ,purim1 ,m>duk1 & ,humman4 #a ',zimm]n's view ( a possible relation%ip betwe5 ,purim & ,zagmuku is unt5able1' says ,dr4 ,ja/r[ 7op4 cit4 p4 #fhf1 note #b74 ,?is is also ! op9ion ( ,mey]4 #b ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bed4 #c ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aea1 #aeb4 #d ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bd1 note #a4 #e ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bed4 #f ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aeb4 #g ,ibid4 #h ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aeb4 #i ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #agh4 #aj ,g4 ,b4 #bed1 note #a4 #aa i4 #cci4 #ab ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aeb4 #ac ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bd1 note #a4 #ad ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bf4 #ae ,e/h] iii4 #g4 #af ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ajd1 #aee4 #ag ,ku551 ,hi/4 & ,lit4 ( ,israelites1 iii4 #adi1 #aej4 #ah ,hyde1 ,hi/4 ,rel4 ,p]s4 pp4 #bff1 #bfg4 ,ox=d1 #agfj4 #ai ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aee4 #bj ,h]odotus1 iii4 #gi4 #ba ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aec1 #aed4 #bb ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aec4 #bc ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aee4 #bd ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #agg1 & note #b4 #be ,e/h] iv4 #c1 #af2 ix4 #ca4 #bf ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #agg4 #d ,ezekiel viii4 #ad4 #bg ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aec4 #bh ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aec1 #aed4 #bi ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aeb4 #cj ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #agg4 #ca ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #agg4 #cb ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bed4 #cc ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #agg4 #cd ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aga1 #agb4 #ce ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #bdf1 #bdg1 #beh4 #cf ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #agb4 #cg ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #agg2 ,ezekiel viii4 #ad4 #ch ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #agc1 #agd4 ,! s\rce cit$ = ! murd] ( #daf ,a4,d4 is ,socrates1 ,hi/4 ,eccles4 vii4 #af1 ) ,!ophanes1 ,*ronographia1 ed4 ,class51 vol4 i4 p4 #abi4 #ci ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ahi4 #dj ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #agb-agd4 #da ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ahi4 #db ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aeb1 #agg4 #dc ,g4 ,b4 iii #aei1 #afj4 #dd ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aeb4 #de ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #agh4 #df ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #afj4 #dg ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #def1 #deg4 #dh ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bec1 #bed4 #di ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aeb4 #ej ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aei1 #afj4 #ea ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aei2 ,nldeke1 s4 v4 ',e/h]1' ,encyclopdia ,biblica4 #eb ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #agg4 #ec ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aei1 #afj4 #ed ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #agg4 #ee ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aeb4 ,,viii ,,mordecai1 ,,e/h]1 ,,va%ti1 ,,& ,,haman ,x may be ask$1 ,h[ did ,humman or ,m>duk come to appe> z ! god connect$ ) ! ,saca1 :]eas ,tammuz _h previ\sly tak5 t "p8 ,! answ] is t ,humman & ,m>duk came 9 :5 we 7 t5tatively reg>d+ ,purim1 n 7#a7 z a ,semitic ,tammuz fea/1 nor yet 7#b7 z a ,p]sian puni%m5t ( a condemn$ crim9al act+ ask+'s proxy1 b 7#c7 z a fe/ival = '! f9al victory ( ! ,babylonian deities' 7,m>duk & ! re/7 '9 ! v capital ( _! rivals' 7,humman & 8 company74#a ,?is 0 a !ory sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,nldeke4 ,x has etymological bases4 ,! "n ,mordecai resembles ,m>duk1 ,e/h] is l ,i%t>1 ,haman is l ,humman1 ! ,elamite god1 & !re is a div9e "n 9 ! inscriptions1 read z resembl+ ',va%ti1' & probably ! "n ( an ,elamite goddess4 ,?us ! human *>act]s 9 ,e/h] are 9 p]il ( m]g+ 9 ,babylonian & ,elamite gods4 ,b1 le/ t %\ld occur1 we ought also to rememb] t ,mordecai 0 ! real "n ( a real hi/orical ,jew ( ! ,captivity1 "o ( ! companions ( ,nehemiah 9 ! return f exile to ,j]usalem4#b ,aga91 ,e/h] appe>s to me to be ! cr[n-"n ( ! ,jewi% wife ( ,x]xes1 9 ! ,book ( ,e/h]3 ',hadassah1 t is ,e/h]4'#c ,9 ! ,biblical /ory %e conceals h] ,jewi% desc5t4 ,hadassah1 says ,nldeke1 'is no m]e inv5tion ( ! writ] ( ',e/h]4'#d ,hadassah is said to mean 'myrtle b\gh1' & girls are /ill call$ ,myrtle4 ,e/h] appe>s to h be5 an assum$ "n1 aft] a royal mix$ m>riage4 ,n[ if a real hi/orical ,jew might be nam$ ,mordecai1 :i* we "k to be ! case1 a ,jewess1 :e!r 9 fact1 or 9 ?is ,book ( ,e/h]1 :i*1 says ,dr4 ,ja/r[1 'has ( c\rse "s hi/orical basis1' might be /yl$ ,e/h]4#e ,dr4 ,ja/r[ supposes f ! prop] names 't !re is a connection betwe5 ,purim' 7! ,jewi% fea/ acc\nt$ = 9 ',e/h]'7 & "s ,babylonian fe/ival1 'n t ( ,zagmuku1' or ,zakmuk4 ,nldeke says t no ,babylonian fea/ co9cid+ ) ,purim 9 date has be5 discov]$4#f ,inde$ ?is fact gives ,mr4 ,fraz] "s reason = v>i\s conjectures1 z ! date ( ,purim is n t ( ,zakmuk4 ,b1 if ,mordecai be1 z x is1 an hi/orical "n ( a real ,jew ( ! p]iod1 :ile ,e/h] may be1 & probably is1 a "n :i* a ,jewess might be>1 x is n asc]ta9$ t ,va%ti really is ! "n ( an ,elamite goddess4 ,yet ,va%ti is q ess5tial z a goddess to ,mr4 ,fraz]'s argum5t4 ',! d]ivation1' he says1 '( ! names ( ,haman & ,va%ti is less c]ta91 b "s high au?orities are dispos$ to accept ! view ( ,j5s5 t ,haman is id5tical ) ,humman or ,homman1 ! national god ( ! ,elamites1 & t ,va%ti is 9 l mann] an ,elamite deity1 probably a goddess ^: "n appe>s 9 inscriptions4'#g ,n[ suppose t we adopt ,mr4 ,fraz]'s me?od ab\t t unruly mon? ,l\s4 ',! id5tification ( ! mon?s ( ! ,syro-,mac$onian ,cal5d> is a matt] ( "s unc]ta9ty2 z to ! mon? ,l\s 9 p>ticul> ! evid5ce ( anci5t writ]s appe>s to be conflict+1 & until we h asc]ta9$ beyond ! rea* ( d\bt :5 ,l\s fell at ,babylon 9 ! "t ( ,b]osus1 x w\ld be premature to all[ mu* weight to ! seem+ discrepancy 9 ! dates ( ! two fe/ivals4' ,foll[+ ?is me?od we might say '! id5tification ( ,haman & ,va%ti ) a probable ,elamite god & goddess is a matt] ( "s unc]ta9ty2 z to ,va%ti 9 p>ticul> ! op9ion ( mod]n writ]s seems to be conflict+1 & until we h asc]ta9$ beyond ! rea* ( d\bt t ,va%ti 0 an ,elamite goddess1 & a goddess ( :at sort1 x w\ld be premature to all[ mu* weight to ! conjecture'--& !n we might g on to all[ none at all4 ,b ?is w\ld be too h>d a me?od ( deal+ ) ,mr4 ,fraz]'s hypo!sis4 ,we %\ld m]ely be gett+ rid ( 8 !ory 9 ! same way z 8 !ory evades a def9ite hi/orical ob/acle4 ,x is cle>1 f ! facts ab\t ! names ,mordecai1 ,e/h]1 ,haman1 & ,va%ti1 t to expla9 ^! z necess>ily connect$ ) ,purim1 ,zakmuk1 & ! ,saca1 z a fea/ ( rejoic+ = a ,babylonian div9e victory ov] ,elamite gods1 is a v p]il\s hypo!sis1 among _m o!rs z haz>d\s1 or ev5 m insecure4 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 h[ev]1 is int5t on connect+ ! *>act]s ( ',e/h]' ) ,babylonian & ,elamite gods4 ,!y are ess5tial to 8 !ory t1 at ! ,saca & ,purim1 !re 7 a pair ( human repres5tatives ( gods3 ,haman1 ) a probable sacr$ h>lot1 ,va%ti1 do+ duty = ! dy+2 ,mordecai ) ,e/h]1 do+ duty = ! re-aris5 god ( vegetation4 ,to ?is po9t we return4 ,n[1 z to ?is fe/ival ( a resurrection ( su* a god1 we h se5 t1 9 vol4 ii4 #abb1 #bec1 #bed1 x occurr$ 9 ,july1 to ,mr4 ,fraz]'s cont5t4 ,b1 :5 x _h to occur 9 ,m>* 9 vol4 iii41 we 7 met by ! difficulty ( two1 or r ?ree1 fea/s ( ?is k9d 9 ! ye>4 ,p]haps we get rid ( ?is ob/acle 9 iii4 #agg-agi4 ,! resurrection is "h t n ( ,tammuz1 b ( a h]o ( ! same type1 is fix$ by ,j5s5 at ,zakmuk1 & !re=e by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 ?\gh n by ,j5s51 at ! ,saca 9 spr+4 ,j5s5's !ory is t ! dea? & resurrection '( a my?ical be+1 :o comb9$ 9 himself ! features ( a sol> god & an anci5t k+ ( ,ere*1 7 celebrat$ at ! ,babylonian ,zakmuk or fe/ival ( ! new ye>1 & t ! transf]5ce ( ! drama f ,ere*1 its orig9al seat1 to ,babylon1 l$ naturally to ! sub/itution ( ,m>duk1 ! great god ( ,babylon1 = ,gilgame% or ,eabani 9 ! "p ( ! h]o4' ,j5s51 =tunately = 8 peace ( m9d1 'app>5tly does n id5tify ! ,zakmuk ) ! ,saca4' ,j5s5 con/ructs 8 s*eme ?us4 ,gilgame% 0 a h]o ( ,ere*1 :o repell$ ! amor\s advances ( ! goddess ,i%t>4 ,gilgame% became extremely unwell4 ,8 fri5d ,eabani also ar\s$ ! fury ( ,i%t>1 & di$4 ,gilgame% procur$ 8 return f ! _w ( ! dead to ! upp] _w4#h ,! fea/ celebrat+ ?is resurrection 0 remov$ f ,ere* to ,babylon4 ,in/ead ( a mortal h]o1 ,gilgame% or ,eabani1 a be+ cold & *a/e z ,joseph ,&rews1 ! ,babylonians n[ ca/ ,m>duk1 _! supreme god1 = ! "p4 ,! fea/ 0 ,zakmuk4#i ,( c\rse ?is is precisely z if we said t an old fea/ ( ,adonis 0 turn$ into a new fea/ ( ,zeus1 ^: coldness1 z reg>ds goddesses1 0 n prov]bial1 l ! frigidity ( ,adonis1 ,gilgame%1 ,eabani1 ,mr4 ,&rews1 & o!r notable examples4 ,! !ory seems to lack plausibility1 b z ,j5s5 'app>5tly does n id5tify ,zakmuk ) ! ,saca' he escapes ! curi\s !ory ( suppos+ t ,m>duk 7late ,gilgame%1 or ,eabani7 is :ipp$ & hang$ 9 ! p]son ( 8 human repres5tative--an unhe>d-( way ( hon\r+ ! p]sonator ( ! supreme be+4 ,h[ev]1 if we accept ,j5s5's !ory1 & also1 l ,mr4 ,fraz]1 id5tify ,zakmuk ) ! ,saca1 !n1 rememb]+ t ,eabani rose f ! dead 7if he did71 & t ,m>duk is n[ ,eabani1 & t ! ,sacan victim is or may be ,m>duk1 & is also ! k+1 we get a reason = suppos+ t ! victim1 too1 0 feign$ to rise f ! dead--9 ! p]son ( ,mordecai 7,m>duk74 ,b :y 0 ! repres5tative ( ,m>duk1 :o 9 ,j5s5's !ory repres5t$ ,eabani1 :ipp$ & hang$8 ,! victim1 on ?is !ory1 if we add x to ,mr4 ,fraz]'s1 seems to me to p]sonate #a4 ,! ,k+ ( ,babylon1 #b4 ,m>duk1 #c4 ,eabani1 #d4 ,or ,gilgame%1 & ?us to comb9e a god or h]o ( vegetation 7:i* ,eabani is b\nd to be7 ) a mortal k+1 & a supreme god--&1 oh1 :y is he :ipp$ & hang$8 ,tak+ ! !ory ( iii4 #agg-agi x seems to run ?us1 9 comb9ation ) all t has gone be=e3 ,! k+ 0 burn$ alive annually4 ,8 royal sub/itute 0 next burn$ alive annually4 ,8 crim9al sub/itute 0 burn$ alive annually1 till ?is 0 commut$ = :ipp+ & hang+1 ) or )\t burn+4 ,! k+ 7be=e ! fea/ ( ,zakmuk 0 br\ght f ,ere* to ,babylon7 _h inc>nat$ "s god or o!r 7,i presume ( vegetation74 ,aft] ! ,eabani fea/ at ,ere* became ! ,m>duk fea/ at ,babylon1 ! k+1 ,i ?9k1 b ,i may be wrong1 repres5t$ ,eabani plus ,m>duk4 ,if he did1 s1 too1 does ! victim at ! ,saca4 ,b ,eabani1 9 a ,babylonian poem1 has a resurrection3 ?\gh ,i _c f9d x 9 ,ja/r['s acc\nt ( ! poem4 ,! victim !n1 be+ a p]sonation ( ,eabani1 ( ,m>duk1 & ( ! k+1 has a resurrection--aft] he has be5 hang$ "u ! "n ( ,humman1 a god ( ! ,elamites4 ,he owes t "n1 ,mr4 ,fraz] ?9ks1 to a popul> misconception1 = he really is ! k+1 plus ,eabani1 plus ,m>duk4 ,dy+ z k+1 & z ,m>duk1 "u ! alias ( ,humman 7,haman71 he is feign$1 accord+ to ! !ory1 to rise "u ! "n ( ,m>duk 7,mordecai74 ,! ,mordecai ( "o ye> becomes ! ,haman ( ! next1 is hang$1 & s on4 ,?is is an hypo!sis ( "s complexity4 ,an ef=t is ne$$ to ma9ta9 ! m5tal equilibrium z we contemplate ?is hypo!sis4 ,h[ev]1 by ?us amalgamat+ ! ideas ( ,j5s5 & ( ,mr4 ,fraz]1 "o gets 9 ! mock royalty 7f ! k+71 ! sc\rg+ & hang+ 7f ! mitigation ( burn+ alive71 ! div9ity ( vegetation 7f ,eabani1 :o l5ds t "p ( 8 attributes to ,m>duk71 & ! resurrection f ,eabani1 :o1 9 ! ,babylonian poem1 rose aga93 ?\gh ,i own t 9 ,dr4 ,ja/r['s acc\nt ( ! poem ,i am unable to discov] ?is incid5t4 ,! _s ( ,eabani is conjur$ up1 inde$1 9 ! poem1 b '!re is a tone ( despair 9 ! f9al spee* ( ,eabani4'#aj ,?is is h>dly a resurrection4 ,h[ev]1 ,i am b poorly se5 9 ,babylon & its poetry1 & no d\bt ,eabani _h 8 resurrection4 ,f t or a simil> resurrection ,mr4 ,fraz] d$uces ! probability t ! ,sacan victim 9 8 resurrection 0 repres5t$ by ,mordecai4#aa ,he1 l ,haman1 _h a sacr$ bride1 ,e/h]4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,e/h]1 to be sure1 %e is ,mordecai's c\s9 & adopt$ daught]4 ,mr4 ,fraz] kn[s bett]4 ,i4 ,,e/h] ,,lov$ ,,by ,,mordecai ',a cle> rem9isc5ce' ( ! "t :5 ,e/h] 0 ! goddess bride ( ,mordecai 7h] c\s97 appe>s 9 mod]n ,jewi% plays 9 :i* ,mordecai is ! lov] 7,i hope m]ely platonic7 ( ,e/h]4#ab ,& a v natural mod]n t\* x is4 ,! pair 7 c\s9s1 & ,e/h] 0 extremely pretty4 ,9 exactly ! same way two little girls ( my acqua9tance dramatis$ ',bluebe>d1' & made ! bro!r 7:o rescues ,mrs4 ,bluebe>d 9 ! tale7 ! lov] ( ,mrs4 ,bluebe>d4 ,%e _h pref]r$ to m>ry ,bluebe>d = 8 money1 on :i*1 9 ?is mo/ immoral drama1 ,mrs4 ,bluebe>d & h] lov]1 h] husb&'s slay]1 liv$ happily ev] aft]w>ds4 ,?is is mod]n6 ,! orig9al tale does n run ?us4 ,aga91 ,mr4 ,fraz] says t ! ,babbis ma9ta9 t ,x]xes only w$d$ a %ad[ ,e/h]1 ':ile ! real ,e/h] sat on ! lap ( ,mordecai4' ,a mo/ natural %ift to save ,e/h]'s "* 9 a case ( mix$ m>riages4 ,s ,/esi*orus & ,euripides1 long be=e1 gave a %ad[ ,hel5 into ! arms ( ,p>is4 ,! real ,hel51 mean:ile1 sav$ h] "* by lead+ a life ( rem>kable purity 9 ,egypt4 ,^! late %ifts & evasions h no real be>+ on ! "q ( ! orig9al relations betwe5 ,e/h] & ,mordecai4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,p]sian ,,buffoon ,mr4 ,fraz] n[ h>ms 8 cause1 p]haps1 by prov+ t j z1 9 ,e/h]1 ,mordecai _h a royal ride1 s1 9 ,p]sia1 a be>dless1 & if possible "o-ey$ buffoon rode 9 mock royalty ?r\gh ! /reets1 collect+ money or goods1 exactly l our ,rob9 ,hood be=e & ev5 aft] ! ,scotti% ,re=mation4#ac ,x 0 une qute2 examples are endless4 ,aft] 8 second r\nd he fl$1 = ! p might beat him if !y caught him1 obvi\sly 9 rev5ge1 ,i ?9k1 = 8 robb]ies4 ,b ,mr4 ,fraz]1 z usual1 supposes ! "r to beat ! buffoon to 'po9t pla9ly en\gh to ! h>d] fate' ( ! sacrific$ mock-k+4 ,no date is giv5 = ?is ,p]sian cu/om1 b1 if x exi/$ :5 ! ,jews 7 9 ,p]sia1 did x coexi/ ) sacrifice ( a mock-k+8 ,if n1 if x 0 a sub/itute = t obsolete cruelty1 :y are ! ,jews suppos$ to h borr[$ ! cruelty no long] practis$8 ,?is is a "q ( dates1 :i* may be impli$1 b are n giv51 ?\gh ,i und]/& ,mr4 ,fraz] to mean t ! buffoon's ride is lat] ?an ! orig9 ( ,purim4#ad ,on ! o!r h&1 ,lag>de1 "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ ( ,ori5tali/s1 ?9ks t ! ride ( ! be>dless 0 already cu/om>y at ! "t :5 ! /ories ab\t ,e/h] & ,purim 7 compos$4 ,! ,p]sians1 says ,lag>de1 _h ! ,fea/ ( ,f>w>dgn1 a fea/ ( jollity1 ! ri* mak+ pres5ts to ! poor1 z at ,purim4 ,!y _h also ! ,fea/ ( ! ,massacre ( ! ,magi 7,magophonia71 &1 ?irdly1 !y _h ! popul> div]sion ( ! ,bide ( ! ,be>dless4 ,n[ ! au?ors ( ! ,e/h] leg5d '_h ^! ?ree col\rs on _! palette1 & ) ^! ?ree pa9t$1 n a portrait ( "o fea/1 b a k9d ( mix$ c>icature = ! ,jewi% c>nival4'#ae ,! ,magophonia l5t ! col\rs ( ! massacre1 ,f>w>dgn l5t ! jollity & ! pres5ts1 ! ride ( ! be>dless l5t ! procession ( ,mordecai4 ,9 t case1 & if ,lag>de is "r1 ! ,jews f\nd at ,babylon1 n a slay+ ( a mock-k+1 b ! ride ( ! be>dless4 ,s !y did n borr[ ! slay+ ( a mock-k+1 b introduc$ into ! ,e/h] leg5d an incid5t ( a ride sugge/$ by ! ride ( ,mordecai1 :i* ,mr4 ,fraz] calls 'a deg5]ate copy ( ! orig9al1' namely ! reign & dea? ( ! mock-k+4#af ,:e!r ,lag>de's view be correct or n1 ?is "p ( ! evid5ce is f> too s&y a f\ndation = a !ory ab\t a matt] ( solemn importance4 ,! ,jews c\ld n borr[ ! hang+ ( a victim f ! ,saca1 if 9 _! exile !y only f\nd ! ride ( ! be>dless "o1 z 9 ,lag>de's !ory--n t he m5tions ! ,saca4 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 at all ev5ts1 sees a connection betwe5 ,purim & ! ride ( ! be>dless4 ,b ! latt] is popul>1 n (ficial1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! k+ takes mo/ ( ! goods faceti\sly robb$4 ,z popul>1 ! ride is m primitive1 he ?9ks1 & %[s its mean+ bett] ?an ! ,saca does4 ,s ,mr4 ,fraz] says 'if !re is any tru? 9 ! connection ?us trac$ betwe5 ,purim & ! ,ride ( ! ,be>dless ,"o1 we are n[ 9 a position to f9ally unmask ! lead+ p]sonages 9 ! ,book ( ,e/h]1' & %[ h[ ,m>duk & ,humman got into ! plot4 ,purim is n only ! ,saca1 sacrifice & all1 b is also connect$ ) ! ',ride ( ! ,be>dless ,"o1' 9 :i* !re 0 no sacrifice4 ,h[ ?is1 if true1 enables u 'to f9ally unmask' ! *>act]s 9 ,e/h]1 is n at fir/ v cle>4 ,app>5tly ! buffoon]y ( ! be>dless "o1 :o compla9$ ( ! heat :ile ! populace sn[ball$ him 9 ,m>*1 0 a magical c]emony1 to make hot wea!r by pret5d+ t ! wea!r1 9 fact1 0 hot4#ag ,!re=e1 ! hypo!tical rites ( ,haman ,va%ti ,mordecai ,e/h] repres5t1 9 ! fir/ pair1 ! decay+2 9 ! second pair1 ! reviv+1 en]gies ( vegetation1 pa/ & pres5t4 ,"o pair mates & ! male1 at lea/1 is sla92 ! o!r pair mates & survives1 to enc\rage vegetable life4 ,by ! hypo!sis ! fir/ pair 7,haman & ,va%ti7 orig9ally liv$ z man & wife = a :ole ye>1 'on ! conclusion ( :i* ! male p>tn]' 7,haman7 '0 put to dea?4' ,( c\rse1 ev5 if ,haman 0 ! mock-k+ sla9 at ! ,saca 7:i* we d n grant71 8 mock-k+%ip 0 v brief4 ,h[ev]1 x la/$ = a ye>1 ,orig9ally1 we may conjecture4' ,! lat] =tunes ( ,va%ti are wrapp$ up 9 my/]y4 ,b ,i _c refra9 f quot+ "o ( my au?or's mo/ eloqu5t passages on ?is obscure subject4 ,we d n he> t ,va%ti 0 put to dea?1 9 fact we d n he> any?+ ab\t h] at all f our "o au?ority2 b ,i ! nature ( mat]nity sugge/s an obvi\s reason = sp>+ h] a little long]1 till t my/]i\s law1 :i* l9ks toge!r woman's life ) ! *ang+ aspects ( ! nightly sky1 _h be5 fulfill$ by ! bir? ( an infant god1 :o %\ld 9 8 turn1 re>$ p]haps by h] t5d] c>e1 gr[ up to live & die = ! _w4'#ah ,z ,va%ti1 except = h] pr(ession1 0 n an habitual crim9al1 let u hope t %e 0 sp>$ to look aft] ! baby4 ,h] issue1 if any1 & if male1 0 app>5tly an h]$it>y crim9al1 = o!rwise he w\ld n be hang$3 ! victims 7 always condemn$ crim9als4 ,! cruelty ( ?us delib]ately bre$+ su* a crim9al class1 = ! m]e purpose ( hang+ !m1 is %ock+ to ! mod]n m9d4 ,we wi% to "k :e!r ! ,jewi% ,hamans 7 also born & br$ up to ! bus9ess4 ,mr4 ,fraz] does n tell u t ?is 0 ! case1 or :at became ( ,va%ti's female issue4 ,! ride ( ,mordecai 9 royal raim5t is connect$ ) & expla9$ 7if ,i foll[ my au?or7 by ! ride ( ! ,p]sian be>dless buffoon4 ,to be sure ! buffoon rode nak$ on an ass2 ,mordecai rode '9 royal app>el ( blue & :ite1 ) a cr[n ( gold4' ,b ! buffoon is cle>ly lat] ?an ! orig9 ( ,purim 9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s op9ion1 ?\gh n 9 t ( ,lag>de4 ',s long z ! tempor>y k+ 0 a real sub/itute = ! reign+ mon>*1 & _h to die soon] or lat] 9 8 /ead1 x 0 natural t he %\ld be treat$ ) a great] %[ ( def]5ce4444'#ai ,b ,mordecai1 :o rode royally1 0 ! man :o did n die3 ,haman di$4 ,!re=e ,mr4 ,fraz] has to guess t ! ,mordecai ( "o ye> di$ z ! ,haman ( ! next4 ,ah me1 !re are s _m guesses6 ,9 any case1 ,mordecai is no?+ b 'a slightly alt]$ =m ( ,m>duk or ,m]oda*1' z is n[ 'g5]ally recognis$ by ,biblical s*ol>s4' ,nev]!less1 a real hi/orical ,jew call$ ,mordecai occurs1 z we saw1 9 ,ezra & ,nehemiah3 s ! "n 0 a ,jewi% "n1 odd z x appe>s4#bj ,n[ ,mordecai1 by ! !ory1 has to be :ipp$ & hang$ f9ally2 & t seems an odd complim5t to ,m]oda*1 or ,m>duk1 :o1 z supreme ,babylonian god1 is presid+ ov] ! gods1 :ile 8 human sub/itute is be+ sla9 infam\sly4 ,b1 rememb]1 :5 :ipp$ & hang$1 ! ,mordecai ( #aijj1 s to speak1 has become ! ,haman ( #aija4 ,& '"s high au?orities are dispos$ to accept ! !ory ( ,j5s5 t ,haman is id5tical ) ,humman or ,homman1 ! national god ( ! ,elamites4'#ba ,,iii4 ,a ,,helpful ,,!ory ,,( ,,my ,,own ,if ^! high au?orities are "r1 ,i at la/ see my way cle>6 ,haman1 or ! victim ( ! ,saca1 is n[ nei!r ! repres5tative ( ! ,k+ ( ,babylon1 nor ( ,tammuz1 nor ( bo? at once1 nor ( ,m>duk1 nor ( ,eabani1 nor ( ,gilgame%4 ,he is n[ 7if ,nldeke or ,j5s5 is "r7 ! repres5tative ( a conqu]$ & ho/ile god1 ,humman ( ! ,elamites4 ,t\t va bi56 ,! human repres5tative ( a ho/ile & defeat$ god may well h be5 :ipp$ & hang$ 9 d]ision4 ,i %all grant t ,humman 0 also ! ,elamite god ( vegetation1 ,tammuz or ! l 7:at else c\ld he be871 & s _h to fall z ! leaves fall1 & also _h to spr+ up z ! fl[]s d2 & ?is bo? 9 ,june-,july#bb & also 9 ,m>*-,april4#bc ,if all ?is is ! case1 if ! ,sacan victim is ,haman1 & repres5ts ,humman1 & if ,humman is a defeat$ ,elamite god1 & if ,purim is adapt$ f a ,babylonian fea/ ( rejoic+ = 'victory ga9$ by ! ,babylonian gods ov] ! gods ( _! neighb\rs ! ,elamites1' z ,nldeke ?9ks possible1#bd !n all is comp>atively pla9 sail+4 ,b ?is is only if we foll[ ,j5s51 :i* ,i d n und]/& ,mr4 ,fraz] to d4 ,inde$1 ,j5s5 is only responsible = id5tify+ ,haman ) ,humman4 ,j5s5 does n id5tify him ) ! ,sacan victim4 ,x is ,mr4 ,fraz] :o does t4 ,! !ory1 if ,haman is ,humman1 & is also ! victim1 has n[ put on an aspect :i* ,i c almo/ accept4 ,if ,haman /&s = ,humman1 & if ,humman is a vanqui%$ god ( ! ho/ile ,elamites1 !n we solve t h>d problem1 namely :y ! human repres5tative ( a k+ or fri5dly god 0 :ipp$ & hang$1 & mock$ at ! ,saca4 ,! victim1 ,i %all %[1 did repres5t ! rightful k+1 b also p]sonat$ ! vanqui%$ deity ( a race long inimical b n[ subdu$4 ,s 8 h>% treatm5t 01 if vulg>1 n unnatural4 ,b all ?is dep5ds on foll[+ ,j5s51 :i* we are n to d4 ,mr4 ,fraz] seems to hold t ?\gh accord+ to '! view ( ,j5s51 :i* "s high au?orities are dispos$ to accept1 ,haman is id5tical ) ,humman or ,homman1 ! national god ( ! ,elamites1'#be yet orig9ally ?is 0 n really ! case4 ,let u suppose x to h be5 ! case1 & ,i c sugge/ an excell5t solution4 ,fatigu$ by ! task ( produc+ sons :o _h to be sacrific$ ye>ly z 8 sub/itutes1 ! k+ ( e>ly ,babylon at "o "t annually sacrific$ z 8 proxy an ,elamite captive1 :o1 to d]ide ,elamite religion1 0 also ! human repres5tative ( ! ,elamite god1 ,humman1 & !re=e 0 call$ ,humman1 or ,haman4 ,j s ! ,aztecs sacrific$ captives z repres5tatives ( _! own gods4#bf ,b1 z relations betwe5 ,elam & ,babylon grew m peaceful1 ,elamite captives 7 sc>ce4 ,! k+ ( ,babylon !n sub/itut$ = an ,elamite w>-prison] a condemn$ crim9al1 :o /ill repres5t$ ! ,elamite ,humman1 or ,haman1 b also1 z 9 ! orig9al hypo!sis1 repres5t$ ! k+ ( ,babylon4 ,we mu/ next conjecture t ,humman himself 0 a god ( vegetation2 inde$1 ,i c h>dly suppose t any god :atev] did n repres5t ! pr9ciple ( vegetable life4 ,s ,humman mu/ n only die b h a resurrection1 z vegetable gods (t5 d4 ,n[1 ?anks to my hypo!sis1 all is cle>1 & e difficulty is remov$4 ,we once m see t ! k+s ( ,babylon 7 sacrific$ regul>ly e ye>4 ,let u say t !y 7 burn$1 z victims usually 74 ,inde$1 ,mov]s ?\ght t 'at ! ,saca also ! man :o play$ ! god = five days 0 orig9ally burnt at ! end ( !m4'#bg ,mr4 ,fraz] himself sugge/s t1 9 ! progress ( philan?ropy1 ! man :o us$ to be burn$ 0 m]ely sc\rg$ & hang$ or crucifi$ by way ( 'a lat] mitigation ( 8 suff]+s4'#bh ,or p]haps he 0 hang$ fir/1 & burn$ aft]w>ds1 z 9 our good old-fa%ion$ puni%m5t = treason1 :]eby _m ,jesuits 7 cut d[n alive1 & _m ,jacobites1 _! b[els be+ burn$ be=e _! liv+ eyes4#bi ,b to burn a man only half hang$ & /ill capable ( feel+ pa9 w\ld n mitigate 8 suff]+s4 ,my own !ory pleases me bett]4 ,:5 tir$ ( be+ sacrific$ ye>ly1 ! ,babylonian k+ provid$ a sub/itute 9 a son1 or o!r memb] ( ! royal family1 ) :at sad & ru9\s results to ! dyna/y ,i h already %[n4 ,let u suppose t ! pr9cely sub/itutes 7 also really sacrific$ by burn+4 ,b "h ! m]it ( my !ory comes 91 &1 ,i hope1 %9es =?4 ,we>i$ ( sacrific+ pr9ces ( 8 h\se1 ! k+ sub/itutes ,elamite prison]s ( w>4 ,!re is no objection to :ipp+ & hang+ !m1 except ! frivol\s objection t !y at once cease to be sacrifices1 & we c ov]come t difficulty by suppos+ t !y 7 hang$ fir/1 & burn$ aft]w>ds1 or 'wirryit at are /ake' 7l ,george ,wi%>t 9 ,/4 ,&rews71 & !n burn$4 ,?is makes x ne$less to reg>d :ipp+ & hang+ z a 'mitigation4' ,! next /ep is1 :5 ,elamite w>s cease1 & ,elamite captives are n procurable1 to sub/itute a condemn$ crim9al1 :o1 he also1 l ! ,elamite prison]s1 is call$ ,humman1 & repres5ts bo? ! k+ ( ,babylon1 & ,humman1 an ,elamite god ( vegetation1 :o1 l ,tammuz1 has 8 resurrection4 ,we ?us get3 #a4 ,babylonian k+4 ,inc>nates ! god ( vegetation4 ,is !re=e sacrific$ annually to keep ! god provid$ ) a succession ( fre% & /urdy subjects to be inc>nat$ 94 ,! k+ is burn$4 #b4 ,8 sons or nephews are treat$ 9 ! same way1 = ! same reasons1 annually4 ,! k+ escapes4 #c4 ,an ,elamite w>-prison] becomes ! k+'s sub/itute4 ,he also repres5ts ! ,elamite god ( vegetation4 ,9 mock]y ( ! ,elamites & _! god he is sc\rg$ & hang$4 ,obs]ve ! ,aztec analogy1 ?\gh to be sure ! ,aztec captive1 repres5t+ an ,aztec god1 is m]ely sacrific$4 ,b he repres5ts a fri5dly god4 #d4 ,! sub/itute is next a condemn$ crim9al4 ,he also is :ipp$ & hang$4 ,l ! ,elamite w>-captive he repres5ts ! k+ ( ,babylon1 & dies = him4 ,he also dies z ! ,elamite god ( vegetable life1 &1 z su*1 has a resurrection1 9 ! %ape ( ,mordecai1 :o repres5ts ! ,babylonian supreme god1 ,m>duk 7n ,tammuz or ano!r71 & is n hang$ till next ye>1 :5 he becomes ,haman or ,humman1 repres5ts ! k+ ( ,babylon1 repres5ts ! ,elamite god ( vegetation1 & is :ipp$ & hang$1 aft] enjoy+ 7z k+7 ! c>esses ( ! royal h>em1 & z ,humman ! embraces ( a sacr$ h>lot1 ,va%ti1 :o p]sonates ,i%t>4 ,aft] be+ hang$ 7& p]haps burn$7 he has a pseudo-resurrection 9 ! ,m>duk ( t ye>1 ! ,humman ( ! next4 ,& s on1 bo? at ! ,saca & at ,purim4 ,?is hypo!sis appe>s to be 9 _m ways an advance on any "o ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s hypo!ses4 ,x all[s u to keep up ! ,jewi% ,haman z p]sonat+ ,humman2 :i* seems necess>y1 = h[ o!rwise is ,haman to be expla9$8 ,we are1 moreov]1 enabl$ to und]/& h[ a victim :o repres5t$ a vanqui%$ ,elamite god1 also1 & at ! same "t1 repres5t$ a victori\s ,babylonian k+4 ,humman be+1 by my hypo!sis1 an ,elamite k9d ( ,tammuz1 all our anxieties ab\t ! appe>ance ( ,m>duk & ,humman1 :]e ,tammuz _h previ\sly done duty1 disappe>4 ,purim1 :i* _h be5 a ,tammuz fea/ 7if we accept ,j5s5's solution7 & also a fea/ :]e a man di$ = ! k+1 & !n a fea/ ( triumph = ! victory ( ! ,babylonian gods1 & 'a :olly secul> m]rymak+1' ?\gh1 if ,purim is a ,jewi% ,tammuz fea/1 x _h be51 accord+ to ,ezekiel 7:o p]haps knew be/71 a religi\s rite ( a false religion1 n[ becomes all ^! ?+s at once1 ?\gh "s may d\bt h[ ,purim c\ld be1 simultane\sly1 bo? religi\s & secul>4 ,b ,i w\ld n ab&on my !ory m]ely because x involves a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,add to all ?is t we c n[ h a ,tammuz dea? & resurrection 9 ,june-,july1 & ano!r 9 ,m>*-,april1 & all is transluc5t4 ,at ! summ] fe/ival we burn a dummy2#cj at ! v]nal fea/ we hang a man4#ca ,admirably z my hypo!sis colligates ! facts1 x is n ! hypo!sis ( ,mr4 ,fraz]4 ,?\gh he ?9ks t 'we c h>dly d5y ! plausibility (' ,nldeke's !ory t ! ,saca is a triumph = ! victory ( ! ,babylonian ov] ! ,elamite gods1 & t ,purim is an adaptation ( ! ,saca1#cb ,mr4 ,fraz] does n accept t idea4 ,nldeke is plausible1 b n s\nd2 & ?is is ru9\s to my hypo!sis ( ! ,elamite w>-prison]1 sla9 z ,humman1 m]ely 9 a /age ( evolution betwe5 ! sacrific$ pr9ce & ! hang$ crim9al4 ,we h se5 h[ admirably my humble sugge/ion work$ out all r\nd1 b x mu/ be ab&on$ if ,nldeke is wrong4 ,mr4 ,fraz] ?9ks t ! ,saca & ,purim did n 7z 9 ,nldeke's s*eme7 mean orig9ally a triumph ( ,babylonian ov] ,elamite gods4 ,no ,elamite prison] 0 hang$ 7z ,i _h sagely conjectur$7 at any /age ( ! evolution ( ! ,saca4 ,:at occurr$ 0 ?is3 ,at ! ,saca !re 7 orig9ally two div9e pairs1 let u say ,va%ti & ,haman to repres5t ! dy+1 ,e/h] & ,mordecai to repres5t ! r5asc5t1 =ces ( vegetation4 ,!re 0 no?+ ,elamite 9 ! bus9ess orig9ally4 ,b 'x w\ld be natural en\gh t 9 "t an unfav\rable comp>ison %\ld be drawn betwe5 ! two pairs1 & t p1 =gett+ _! real mean+ & religi\s id5tity1 %\ld see 9 _! app>5t opposition a victory ( ! gods ( ,babylon ov] ! gods ( _! et]nal foes ! ,elamites4 ,h5ce1 :ile ! happy pair reta9$ _! ,babylonian names ( ,m>duk & ,i%t>1 ! unhappy pair1 :o 7 orig9ally no?+ b ,m>duk & ,i%t> 9 a diff]5t aspect1 7 r5am$ aft] ! hat$ ,elamite deities ,humman & ,va%ti4'#cc ,?us ! plausibility ( ,nldeke's !ory1 t ,purim 0 adapt$ f rejoic+s = a victory ( ! ,babylonian gods ov] ^? ( ,elam1#cd proves to be no m ?an m]ely plausible4 ,we are ?us driv5 back to ,j5s5's solution3 t ! fa/ & ! rejoic+s ( ,purim are a fe/ival ( ,tammuz1 or ( a god or h]o ( 8 type1 & !y _c1 !n1 h be5 borr[$ 9 ,babylon1 = ! ,jews _h ! ,tammuz ritual be=e ! exile4 ,& yet#ce ,purim 0 probably borr[$ at ,babylon4 ,x mu/1 app>5tly1 be meant t only ! hang+ ( a mock-k+ 0 really borr[$4 ,! victim may ?us repres5t bo? ! k+ ( ,babylon & also ! god ( vegetation :om we are to suppose to be inc>nat$ 9 ! k+ 787#cf ,b :y %\ld ! ,jews borr[ t1 & :y did ! prophets & legislators hold _! peace1 & h[ d we "k t ! maje/y ( ,babylon inc>nat$ a god ( vegetation8 ,z ,i sometimes und]/& ,mr4 ,fraz]'s :ole !ory1 x is ?is4#cg ,! victim ( ! ,saca repres5ts ! k+1 :o repres5ts ,m>duk1 ,humman1 ,tammuz1 or "s o!r deity4 ,he gets 8 royal robes f ! k+2 8 :ipp+ & hang+ f ! commut$ burn+ alive ( ! k+2 8 div9ity f ! k+ plus ! god2 8 resurrection f ! k+ plus ,tammuz or ,eabani1 grant+ t ,eabani _h a resurrection1 :i* ,i _c f9d 9 ,dr4 ,ja/r['s acc\nt4 ,b to d a resurrection plausibly we ne$ ano!r man to take ! "p ( ! re-aris5 victim1 k+1 & god4 ,n[ ! victim = ! ye> is really1 or is call$1 ,m>duk1 9 "o %ape2 8 repres5tative 9 ! resurrection is ,m>duk 9 ano!r %ape2 ea* man be+ provid$ ) a consort1 repres5t+ ,i%t>1 ?\gh ,i h yet to le>n t %e 0 ! wife1 or mi/ress1 ei!r ( ,m>duk or ,eabani4 ,b ! populace1 n und]/&+ ! two ,m>duks & two ,i%t>s1 pref]r$ to call ! ,m>duk :o di$ ,humman1 aft] an ,elamite god1 & 8 sacr$ lady ( pleasure ,va%ti1 aft] a possible1 b dubi\s1 ,elamite goddess4 ,! ,m>duk :o did n die 0 /ill call$ ,m>duk till next ye>1 & 8 consort till next ye> 0 call$ ,i%t>4 ,all ?is occurr$ at ! ,saca1 :i* are ,zakmuk 7?\gh ,j5s5 does n appe> to see x71 & at ,purim 7:i* ,ja/r[ & ,nldeke d n id5tify ) ,zakmuk71 & 9 ,m>*1 n1 z *ronology has x1 9 ,july4 ,by pu%+ ! proce$+s =w>d only a mon?1 f ,purim to ,passov]1 we c connect !m ) ! ,crucifixion1 & acc\nt = '! halo ( div9ity4' ,! !ory seems too ramifi$4 ,x may v naturally be ?\ght t ,i am introduc+ ^! complexities & ^! difficulties by d9t ( wilfully or unconsci\sly misrepres5t+ ,mr4 ,fraz]'s argum5t4 ,b ! argum5t1 ,i s9c]ely ?9k1 is really a v tangl$ "o4 ,x seems pla9 t orig9ally ! victim 0 only conceiv$ ( by ,mr4 ,fraz] z dy+ to save ! life ( ! k+1 :o o!rwise w\ld h be5 sla9 z a god1 on ,mr4 ,fraz]'s hypo!sis ( religi\s regicide1 z he c\ld n be tru/$ 'to rema9 9 full bodily & m5tal vig\r = m ?an a ye>4'#ch ,! k+ 0 'sla9 9 8 "* z a god1' :o c\ld n be tru/$ = m ?an a ye>4 ,no?+ 0 said to indicate t ! mock k+ inc>nat$ any special kn[n god2 say ,tammuz4 ,t conjecture appe>$ lat]1#ci & ! date ( ! sacrifice 0 9 ,june-,july4 ,no?+ 0 said1 ev5 n[1 ab\t ! victim's sacr$ h>lot4 ,! victim 0 cont5t ) ! royal h>em4 ,z late z iii4 #aeb '! c5tral feature ( ! ,saca seems to h be5 ! sav+ ( ! k+'s life1' by ! slay+ ( ! victim1 &1 to t ma9 end ( ! rite1 no sacr$ h>lot 0 necess>y4 ,b ! date _h n[ be5 mov$ f midsumm] to e>ly spr+1 & into ! neighb\rhood ( ! fea/ ( ,purim4 ,! religi\s "* ( ! ,saca p]iod ( wail+ & rejoic+ 9 sympa?y ) a god 7,tammuz7 n[ seem$ to be ov]look$1 = ,mr4 ,fraz] says t ! ,saca '0 a wild ,bac*analian revel 444' & t ,purim 0 ! same3 m5 & wom5 disguis+ !mselves1 dr9k+1 & behav+ wantonly4#dj ,b ,purim 0 connect$1 ?r\gh ! ,book ( ,e/h]1 ) ,haman1 ,mordecai1 ,va%ti1 & ,e/h]2 & n[ arose ! idea ( mak+ ,haman1 ! victim1 h a d\ble :o repres5t$ him 9 8 resurrection4 ,! ,elamite god ,humman & ! ,babylonian god ,mordecai crept 9 ?r\gh ! ,book ( ,e/h]1 & ?r\gh ! v p]il\s ef=t to id5tify ! ,saca ) ,zakmuk1 & bo? ) ,purim4 ,! ,book ( ,e/h] also introduc$ two female *>act]s1 & p>ts _h to be f\nd = !m 9 ! ,saca1 ?\gh our only au?ority m5tions1 9 connection ) ! ,saca1 no female *>act]s :atev]1 except ! ladies ( ! royal h>em4 ,by analogy & conjecture1 z to ,semiramis & h] lov]s1 p>ts 7 next f\nd = ! female *>act]s ( ! ,book ( ,e/h] z sacr$ h>lots1 repres5t+ ! goddess ( love4 ,! consequ5t am\rs are suppos$ to /imulate ! crops1 &1 9 ?is "p ( ! !ory1 ! conjecture t ! victim really dies to save ! life ( ! k+ does appe> to be r dropp$ out ( sight1 ?\gh ?is idea is ! real />t+-po9t ( ! :ole speculation4 ,!re is a come & g betwe5 ! victim z k+1 ) ! royal h>em1 & ! victim z ,tammuz1 ) ! sacr$ h>lot4 ,conjectures ab\t ! victim z ! ,elamite ,humman1 or z ! ,babylonian ,m>duk1 or z ,m>duk repres5t+ ,eabani1 or repres5t+ ,gilgame%1 flit l ! weav]'s %uttle ?r\gh ! /rangely wov5 w>p & wo( ( ! argum5t4 ,?r\gh\t we ask 9 va9 = any pro( t ! ,k+ ( ,babylon 0 ev]1 at any "t1 9 any text1 reg>d$ or spok5 ( z an inc>nation ( ,tammuz1 or ( ,m>duk1 or ( ,humman1 or ( ,gilgame%1 or ( ,eabani--:i* ! speculation requires4 ,mean:ile ! kn[n1 or at lea/ ! alleg$1 facts are ! mock royalty1 :ipp+1 & dea? ( ! man :o ye>ly lord$ x z k+ = five days 9 ! ,p]sian palace1 at ! ,saca1 a p]iod ( lic5ce1 :5 e h\se _h its slave-k+4 ,! extraord9>y complexities 9 a matt] really v simple are caus$ by id5tify+ ! ,saca ) ,purim & ,zakmuk1 9 ! tee? ( *ronology2 & by introduc+ into ! ,saca1 )\t any hi/orical evid5ce1 ! *>act]s ( a ,hebrew hi/orical romance ab\t ! orig9 ( ,purim4 ,! t5d5cy also to f9d gods ( vegetation ev]y:]e adds its bewild]+ en*antm5t1 till ! _s ( sy/em discov]s gods ( vegetation 9 ! crim9als :o1 on v sl5d] evid5ce1 are said to h be5 ye>ly :ipp$ & hang$4 ,nay1 ev5 ! hypo!tical male issue ( ! crim9al1 by a hypo!tical h>lot1 becomes a hypo!tical 'infant god1' is br\ght up z a crim9al1 & ends z a mock-k+ & a div9e victim4 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s :ole argum5t1 ( c\rse1 cla%es ) ! high] criticism ( ,wellhaus51 :o av]s t ! ,jews c\ld keep no fea/s 9 ! exile1 & !re le>n$ '! lesson ( religi\s isolation4' ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,jews1 by ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory1 did keep a fea/1 & a v abom9able fea/1 &1 f> f le>n+ ! lesson ( religi\s isolation1 borr[$ ! mo/ execrable hea!n cruelties1 accompani$ by ritual debau*]ies4 ,s ,wellhaus5 mu/ greatly err 9 8 op9ions1 :i* are mu* rev]$ by ! cl]gy ( ?is isl&4#da #a ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aei4 #b ,ezra ii4 #b2 ,nehemiah vii4 #g4 #c ,e/h] ii4 #g4 #d ,encyclop4 ,bibl4 s4 v4 ',e/h]4' #e ,ja/r[1 p4 #fhf1 note #b4 #f ,encyclop4 ,bibl4 s4 v4 ',e/h]4' #g ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aeh1 #aei4 #h ,ja/r[ does n indicate t1 9 ! anci5t poem on ,eabani1 he did 'return to ! upp] _w4' ,b see ,l4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,bab4 & ,ass4 ,rel4 & ,my?4 p4 #adf4 #i ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #agh4 #aj ,ja/r[1 p4 #eac4 #aa ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #agi4 #ab ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ahj4 #ac ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aha-ahd4 ,la+'s ,knox1 ii4 #aeg-afj4 #ad ,hyde1 ,hi/4 ,bel4 ,p]s47#agfj71 p4 #bej1 says t "s call ?is ride an innovation1 b !y are wrong1 & ! ride is v anci5t1 9 8 op9ion4 ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ahc4 #ae ,purim1 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,ges*i*te d] ,religion1 p4 #ea4 ,von ,paul de ,lag>de1 ,gott+51 #ahhg4 #af ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ahc4 #ag ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ahd4 #ah ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #ahf4 #ai ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ahc4 #bj ,nehemiah vii4 #g2 ,ezra ii4 #b4 #ba ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aeh1 #aei4 #bb ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #abc1 #bed4 #bc ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aeb4 #bd ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aei4 #be ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aei4 #bf ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #acd-acg4 #bg ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aga2 ,mov]s1 ,die ,phnizi]1 i4 #dif4 #bh ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aga4 #bi ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aga4 #cj ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #abc1 #abd4 #ca ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aeb4 #cb ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aei4 #cc ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ahj1 #aha4 #cd ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aei4 #ce ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aee4 #cf ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ahe4 #cg ,i assume t ,j5s5's !ory ( ,zakmuk is accept$1 = x gets 9 a resurrection1 ?r\gh ,eabani4 ,?is is ess5tial1 z we he> no?+ else:]e ( a ,tammuz resurrection 9 ,m>* at ,babylon4 #ch ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bd1 #bf4 #ci ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bec-bed4 #dj ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aee-aef4 #da ,wellhaus51 ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 pp4 #dib-dic4 ,,ix ,,:y ,,0 ,,! ,,mock-,,k+ ,,( ,,! ,,sac,a ,,:ipp$ ,,& ,,hang$8 ,?\gh ,i h tri$ to argue aga9/ ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory ( ! cause ( ! 'sacrifice' ( ! mock ,sacan k+1 ,i am n prep>$ to (f] a dogmatic c\nt]-!ory4 ,! ,sacan case is unique1 is isolat$2 we are acqua9t$ ) no o!r simil> examples1 & ?us a rite :i* has an isolat$ exi/5ce may h _h a s+ul> cause4 ,! cause may be hidd5 beh9d ! sc5es ( hi/ory4 ,?\gh ,i h n a firm hypo!sis z to t cause1 ,i %all end ?is *apt] by ?r[+ out a conjecture1 = :at x may be wor?4 ,mean:ile x may be ask$ :y ,i call ! adv5ture ( ! ,sacan mock-k+ 'isolat$ & unique4' ,h we n o!r examples ( tempor>y k+s1 hold+ (fice = ?ree or f\r days1 9 a p]iod ( fe/ivity & unreason8 ,c]ta9ly we h su* k+s1 b all ( !m 'scape :ipp+ & hang+4 ,& none ( !m 0 a slave or a crim9al4 ,^! are n m]e v]bal1 & probably n m]e accid5tal1 v>iations f ! solit>y ,sacan type4 ,b we h ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,dasius8 ,yes1 b1 accept+ ! tru? ( t leg5d1 x r adds to ?an dim9i%es ! difficulty ( gett+ a clue to ! orig9 ( ! ,sacan mock-k+ & 8 doom4 ,let u tabulate ! facts3 ,a4 ,,sac,a ,b4 ,,saturnalia #a4 ,a condemn$ crim9al4 #a4 ,a freeman select$ by lot4 #b4 ,k+ ( a ?irty days' revel4 #b4 ,k+ ( a five days' revel4 #c4 ,is /ripp$ & sc\rg$4 #c4 ,is n /ripp$ or sc\rg$4 #d4 ,is hang$4 #d4 ,is sacrific$ at ! alt> ( ,saturn2 or sacrifices himself4 #e4 ,is guess$ to repres5t 7a7 a #e4 ,repres5ts ,saturn4 ,tammuz god1 or 7b7 ! k+ ( ,babylon2 or bo?4 #f4 ,has a pseudo-resurrection4 #f4 ,has no kn[n pseudo-resurrection4 #g4 ,lies ) 7a7 ! royal #g4 ,does n lie ) royal concub9es1 7b7 ) a sacr$ concub9es or ) a sacr$ h>lot4 h>lot4 #h4 ,9 a p]iod ( topsy-turvy #h4 ,9 a p]iod ( topsy-turvy lic5ce to slaves & free4 lic5ce to slaves & free4 #i4 ,:i* is suppos$ to #i4 ,:i* is suppos$ to commemorate a victory ov] ! commemorate ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,sac4 ,saturn4 ,"u ,a1 numb] #e--! item t ! ,sacan mock-k+ repres5ts ! k+ ( ,babylon1 or ,tammuz1 or bo?--numb] #f1 ! mock-k+'s pseudo-resurrection1 & numb] #g 7#f71 8 am\r ) ! sacr$ h>lot1 are all conjectures ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s4 ,! real po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ! ,sacan & ! ,msian victim are 7#a7 _! mock]y ( royalty1 7#b7 _! dea?1 occurr+ 9 v diff]5t circum/ances1 7#c7 dur+ a p]iod ( lic5ce1 includ+ ! pret5ce ( lord%ip by slaves 9 ea* h\sehold at ,babylon2 by free m5 at ,rome4 ,! po9ts ( diff]5ce are num]\s & ess5tial1 & ! dates & durations ( ! ,babylonian & ,roman fe/ivals v>y widely4 ,?us1 ,i ?9k1 ! ,sacan & ,msian cases d n expla9 ! mean+ ( :at is a religi\s rite 9 ,msia3 a secul> cu/om 7z ,i believe7 9 ,babylon4 ,aga91 ! diff]5ces make x h>d to conjecture1 ) ,,mm4 ,cumont & ,p>m5ti]1 t ! ,msian rite 0 introduc$ by ,ori5tal soldi]s ( ,rome1 accu/om$ to ! ,babylonian ,saca4 ,b to suppose a native ,roman survival or recrudesc5ce is also difficult1 because ,greek & ,roman poets1 hi/orians1 antiqu>ies1 & essayi/s1 all writ+ on ! ,saturnalia1 "k ( no su* survival4 ,aga91 if orig9ally ,italian mock-k+s 7 sacrific$ ye>ly 9 _m places1 did !y die z proxies = real local ,italian k+s1 :o w\ld o!rwise h be5 sacrific$8 ,?is1 z we h se51 is impossible3 m5 w\ld nev] h accept$ ! cr[n on su* conditions4 ,or did !y die1 l ! ,mexican victims1 z man-gods sla9 = a real god ,saturn8 ,b ! ,mexican victim 0 a captive3 free m5 w\ld h>dly draw lots = dea?4 ,!re is no trace 9 ,roman folk-cu/om ( any mock slay+ ( ! actual ,roman ,saturnalian k+s ( ! brawls 9 ea* h\sehold4 ,! ,saturnalia 7 s remote 9 ,lucian's day f cruelty1 t ,dick5s might h writt51 z ,*ri/mas pap]s1 ,lucian's essays & lett]s on ! subject4 ,univ]sal k9dness--! ,scrooges fea/+ ! ,trotty ,vecks ( ! p]iod--univ]sal giv+ ( pres5ts1 & family games ( =feits & ( *ance 7play$ = nuts7 7 ! features ( ! ,saturnalia4 ,w9e fl[$ l wat]2 b z to amor\s lic5ce at ! ,saturnalia1 we only he> ! compla9t ( ! ri* t ! poor gue/s make too free ) ! ladies ( ! h\se4 ,! connection ( ! ,saturnalia ) ,saturn1 recognis$ by ! ,romans z 't old savage' ! ,greek ,cronos1 may1 or may n1 h be5 orig9al4 ,! ,saturnalia 7 n 'saturn9e4' ,0 ! !ory ( a gold5 age "u ,saturn n a reflection f ! fe/ive p]iod1 '! be/ day 9 ! ye>1' says ,catullus1 :i* _h become associat$ ) ! "n ( ,saturn8 ,our evid5ce = sacrifice or hang+ ( a mock-k+ is s meagre & %ad[y 79 "o case ! dubi\s ,dasius leg5d2 9 ! o!r :at ,a!nu cites f ,b]osus1 c\pl$ ) :at ,dio puts into ! m\? ( ,diog5es1 & ) :at ,/rabo tells ab\t ! ,saca7 t ! gr\nd w n be> ! weight ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s high-pil$1 eighte5-/ori$ ca/le ( hypo!ses4 ,i d n1 ev5 s1 absolutely impugn ! tru? ( ! two tales ( ! dea?s ( mock-k+s2 ! undesign$ co9cid5ce ( te/imony ,i am will+ to take = presumption ( tru?1 ?\gh ( f\r anci5t witnesses :o speak ( ! ,saca1 only "o1 ,dio1 alludes to ! cr[n+1 rob+1 /ripp+1 sc\rg+1 & hang+ ( ! mock-k+ ( ! fe/ival4#a ,i4 ,,p]iods ,,( ,,lic5ce ,h[ are we to expla9 ! obscure facts8 ,let u beg9 ) a feature common to ! ,msian ev5t ( #cjc ,a4,d4 & to ! ,saca4 ,bo? occur 9 a p]iod ( *>t]$ lic5ce1 :5 slaves play ! ma/]s1 & all is topsy-turvy4 ,mr4 ,fraz] has collect$ _m examples ( fe/ivals ( lic5ce1 :5 laws lose _! =ce4#b ,! ,roman slaves at ! ,saturnalia 7 n ev5 reprov$ '= conduct :i* at any o!r season might h be5 puni%$ ) /ripes1 imprisonm5t1 or dea?4'#c ,n[ pass ! conjecture t 9 j "o kn[n place1 ,babylon1 ! /ripes & dea? = ! conduct usually puni%$ ) ^! p5alties 7 inflict$1 aft] ! p]iod ( lic5ce1 on j "o p]son1 & y get ,dio's case ( ! mock-k+ ( ! ,babylonian ,saca4 ,mean:ile obs]ve t !re 0 a ,zoganes1 or slave-"l1 rul+ 9 e ,babylonian h\sehold1 includ+ t ( ! k+4 ,ea* ,zoganes 0 royally attir$1 & bore sway 9 ! dwell+ :]e1 except 9 ! five days ( lic5ce1 he s]v$4 ,b = all t 0 done 9 ^! five days only "o man 0 puni%$1 & he 0 ! k+'s ,zoganes4 ,a!nu does n m5tion ?is2 ,hesy*ius is sil5t2 ,/rabo does n ev5 speak ( ! lord%ip ( slaves4 ,our only evid5ce = ! slay+ ( ! k+'s ,zoganes is ,dio ,*ryso/om1 putt+ ! anecdote into a feign$ disc\rse ( ,diog5es4 ,! slay+ occurs only 9 "o place1 z ! ,p]sians _h only "o k+4 ,mean:ile let u /udy 9 v>i\s regions ! p]iods ( lic5ce4 ,x seems z if human nature ne$$ an annual 'bur/4' ,mr4 ,fraz] sugge/s1 z a magical motive1 t ! f>m]s ?\ght by swill+ & guzzl+ j be=e !y proce$$ to s[ ! fields t !y !reby imp>t$ additional vig\r to ! se$4#d ,9 fact1 :e!r m5 fa/$ or fea/$1 7 *a/e or amor\s1 9 all cases !y act$ = ! b5efit ( ! crops4 ,be x s1 b :y %\ld non-agricultural savages h p]iods ( lic5ce8 ,i v5ture to sugge/ t ! agricultural motive 9 religion & ritual is at pres5t r ov]-work$4 ,x is becom+ z common an explanation ( cu/om & belief z ! recognition ( ! sun & ! dawn ev]y:]e us$ to be 9 my?ology4 ,to %[ t a p]iod ( lic5ce ) express & purposeful brea* ( ! mo/ sacr$ laws may exi/ )\t an agricultural motive1 ,i %all prove lat] t x occurs among a non-agricultural set ( savages1 &1 consequ5tly1 :5 f\nd among agricultural peoples1 may desc5d f "s non-agricultural motive4 ,mr4 ,fraz] himself else:]e assigns a motive1 n necess>ily agricultural1 = ^! *>t]$ explosions ( unlaw4 #a4 ,on ! ,gold ,coa/ ! p]iod ( lic5ce prec$es ! annual c]emony ( 'bani%+ ! devil4' ,! season ( ! ye> is n giv54 #b4 ,! fea/ ( lic5ce ( ! ,hos ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,india is call$ by ,dalton 'a saturnale4' ,x is held 9 ,janu>y1 ':5 ! gran>ies are full ( gra91 & ! p1 to use _! own expression1 are full ( devilry4' ,) pray]s = a good new ye> ! devil is beat5 out ( ! b\nds4 #c4 ,at ! simil> ,mund>i fe/ival '! s]vants are fea/$ by _! ma/]s4' ,s f> no?+ is not$ ab\t swill+ = ! good ( ! crops2 t is n 'an excuse = ! glass4' #d4 ,9 ! ,h9doo ,koo% a little lic5ce exi/s at ! end ( h>ve/3 devils are driv5 out1 & !n se$ is s[n4 #e4 ,9 ,tonqu9 f ,janu>y #be to ,febru>y #be 0 a season ( dormant law3 'only treason & murd] 7 tak5 acc\nt (1 & ! malefactors deta9$ till ! great seal %\ld come into op]ation aga94' ,!n (f]+s 7 made to evil spirits1 = 'x is usual & cu/om>y among !m to fea/ ! condemn$ be=e _! execution4' ,! devils 7 !n expell$4#e #f4 ,9 ,cambodia1 aft] ! expulsion ( devils 7diabolo-fugium71 gambl+ is univ]sal4 #g4 ,9 ,nepaul1 9 ,octob]1 fea/+ & dr9k+ occur1 & pres5ts are made by ma/]s to slaves4 ,!re may be1 p]haps1 expulsion ( devils2 = ! army fire salutes4#f ,9 ^! cases ( lic5ce ,mr4 ,fraz] ?9ks t m5 rejoice ei!r be=e ! expulsion ( devils1 because t c]emony w c>ry (f _! s9s1 or aft] ! expulsion1 :5 _! m9ds are at ease4#g ,?us m5 enjoy ^! bur/s ei!r1 by ! fir/ hypo!sis1 to improve ! prospects ( agriculture2 or1 on ! second !ory1 because a c]emony w cleanse ! s9s ( ! 'bur/2' or because a c]emony has fre$ _! m9ds f fe> ( devils4 ,:5 ! h>ve/ is j 91 !n1 9 fact1 m5 h pl5ty ( food1 &1 z we saw1 are 'full ( devilry4' ,s !y play x (f4 ,9 at lea/ f\r out ( our sev5 cases fulness ( bread & dr9k appe>s to me to acc\nt = ! 'bur/4' ,?is also expla9s 7#h7 ! ,zulu lic5ce at ! rejoic+ = ! fir/ fruits1 'a saturnalia1 p are n suppos$ to be responsible = :at !y say or d4'#h #i4 ,! same facts m>k ! ,pondo fea/ ( fir/ fruits4#i #aj4 ,9 ,a%anti ! h>ve/ fea/ is 9 ,septemb]4 ',dur+ its cont9uance ! grosse/ lic5ce prevails2 !ft1 intrigue1 & assault g unpuni%$1 & bo? sexes ab&on !mselves to _! passions4'#aj ,by an extraord9>y co9cid5ce1 :i* ,mr4 ,fraz] does n quote1 'on ! fif? day' ( ! ,a%anti h>ve/ fe/ival 'a crim9al is sacrific$1' says ,sir ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 's5t z a mess5g] to ! deceas$ k+s4' ,is ! crim9al attir$ z a mock-k+8 ,i w\ld v5ture to sugge/1 z a conclusion1 t p indulge 9 ^! lawless excesses n s mu* to improve ! prospects ( f>m+ z because !y are 'full ( devilry1' & t (t5 !y are full ( devilry because !y h end$ _! lab\rs & are full ( meat & dr9k4 ,s9e ,bac*e et ,c]]e friget ,v5us4 ,!y !re=e p]mit !mselves a regul> debau*2 ranks are rev]s$1 slaves "l x ov] _! ma/]s1 laws are 9 abeyance2 9 ,tonqu9 reviv+ law only takes notice ( treason & murd]4 ,9 ,borne1 at ! ,saturnalia1 & at ,purim among ! ,jews1 h[ev]1 a k9d ( ,dick5site ,*ri/ianicy prevail$ at ! p]iod ( lic5ce2 also 9 ,p]sia1 at ! p]iod call$ ,purdaghn1 :i* ,hyde comp>es to ! ,saca & ,purim3 z does ,lag>de1 9 writ+ on ,purim4#aa ,! read] w h obs]v$ t at n "o ( ^! _m p]iods ( lic5ce1 9 widely sev]$ regions & grades ( civilisation1 is a mock-k+ put to dea?4 ,inde$1 nobody is put to dea?1 except 9 ,a%anti1 & nobody is sc\rg$4 ,?us1 z ,i rem>k$ be=e1 ! case ( ! mock-k+ at ! ,babylonian ,saca is isolat$1 z f> z our k goes4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,div9e ,,scapegoat ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 at expulsion ( ! devils1 ! "p ( devil is play$ by a man :o is driv5 away1 (t5 he is beat5 away4 ,n[ ,i h already said t1 by ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory 7z ,i und]/& x71 ! mock-k+ at ! ,saca 0 'sacrific$' 9 a d\ble rle2 namely bo? z ! k+'s proxy 7! k+ be+ a god7 & also z ,tammuz1 n to speak ( ,m>duk & ,humman4 ,to ?is1 ( c\rse1 ,i repli$ 7#a7 t no case seem$ to be giv5 ( kill+ a k+ ye>ly to b5efit a god2 7#b7 t ,i c\ld f9d no case ( a k+ be+ kill$ by proxy2 7#c7 t :5 k+s really 7 kill$1 x 0 n annually nor by ! infam\s dea? ( a malefactor 7hang+72 7#d7 t !re 0 no pro( ( a man be+ kill$ z ,tammuz2 7#e7 t ,tammuz is n[h]e said to h be5 hang$1 or crucifi$1 or sc\rg$2 7#f7 t 9 no case kn[n to me is sacrifice p]=m$ by hang+1 /ill less 7if possible7 by hang+ aft] a :ipp+4 ,^! argum5ts conv9ce me t ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory 7if x is 8 !ory7 is unconv9c+4 ,b ,i am n q sure t ,mr4 ,fraz] really holds 8 ,sacan victim to h play$ two p>ts1 at two di/9ct times ( ye>4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 9 connection ) human scapegoats1 our au?or does c]ta9ly make a victim 'd\ble a "p4' ,fir/1 x 0 usual to kill a bea/-god or man-god 'to save 8 div9e life f be+ weak5$ by ! inroads ( age4' ,next1 !re 7 human scapegoats1 driv5 away ) all evil on _! heads4 ,b1 sugge/s ,mr4 ,fraz]1 'if x occurr$ to p to comb9e ^! two cu/oms1 ! result w\ld be ! employm5t ( ! dy+ god' 7god-man1 k+1 or 8 proxy7 'z a scapegoat4 ,he 0 kill$1 n orig9ally to take away s91 b to save ! div9e life f ! deg5]acy ( old age2 b1 s9ce he _h to be kill$ at any rate1 p may h ?\ght t !y might z well seize ! opportunity to lay ^u him ! burd5 ( _! suff]+s & s9 9 ord] t he might be> x away ) him to ! unkn[n _w beyond ! grave4'#ab ,ev5 s1 :5 a ,dubl9 mob 0 ab\t to ?r[ a man ov] f ! gall]y ( ! !atre1 "s economi/ cri$1 ',don't wa/e him3 kill a fiddl] ) him'6 ,z pro( t p might reason 9 ?is ?rifty way we le>n t1 on ,m>* #ae1 a scapegoat man1 call$ ',old ,m>s1' 0 beat5 at ,borne & expell$4 ,m>s1 ( c\rse1 0 a god ( vegetation1 & "h ! man-god1 ',old ,m>s1' is bo? god & scapegoat4 ,b he is n sacrific$1 nor ev5 hang$4#ac ,9 ,a!ns dur+ plague1 dr\ght1 or fam9e two human scapegoats 7 done to dea?1 & ,mr4 ,fraz] inf]s1 b d\btfully1 7 /on$ to dea?4 ,?is also occurr$ ye>ly at ! ,?>gelia2 ! /on+ is a conjecture4 ,9 ,greek cities ( ,asia ,m9or1 9 times ( calamity1 an ugly or de=m$ man 0 made to eat dri$ figs1 a b>ley loaf1 & *eese4 ,!n he 0 beat5 sev5 times 9 a special mann]1 ) squills & myrtle b\ghs1 0 burn$1 & ! a%es 7 ?r[n into ! sea4 ,! beat+ at once expell$ evil influ5ces & 0 good = ! crops4 ,s 9 ?is ugly poor devil 'we mu/ recognise a repres5tative ( ! creat+ & f]tilis+ god ( vegetation4' ,i really mu/ try to save him f ?is g5]al doom6 ,^! /upid cruelties1 if !y _h ! usual agricultural motive1 work$ magically n religi\sly1 work$ by sympa!tic magic1 n by div9e int]f]5ce4 ,?is creature1 ?\gh suppos$ to be a god ( vegetation1 0 confess$ly 9 appe>ance no ,adonis6#ad ,9 reject+ ! idea t ?is hide\s wret* did duty z a god1 ,adonis1 s fair t he won & s cold t he reject$ ! love ( ! gold5 ,aphrodite1 ,i may ju/ify myself by ,mr4 ,fraz]'s example4 ,i argue t ! de=m$ victim 01 if any?+1 us$ 9 magic1 n 9 religion--n z embody+ a god4 ,9 ! same way ,mr4 ,fraz] himself says ( ! rites ( ! dy+ god ( vegetation1 all ov] ,we/]n ,asia1 t ! ritual 0 'fundam5tally a religi\s1 or r a magical1 c]emony4'#ae ,s 0 ! beat+ & dea? ( ! ugly de=m$ man 7z to :om no evid5ce h9ts t he did duty = a god7 a m]ely magical c]emony4 ,n[ let u see :]e we are4 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s po9t 0 to prove t a man1 :om he reg>d$ z a proxy ( a god-k+1 0 put to dea?1 at a p]iod ( *>t]$ lic5ce1 to save ! div9e life4 ,b p also _h human scapegoats4 ,s !y p]haps argu$ 7?is is my own sugge/ion73 ',z ! proxy ( ! man-god 7himself ex (ficio a man-god7 has to be kill$ at any rate1 & z a scapegoat has to be ?ump$1 :y n ?ump ! man-god :o has to die at any rate8 ,let him d\ble ! "p1 nay1 z we are economis+1 let him treble ! "p1 let him be beat5 z a scapegoat1 be hang$ z a proxy = ! div9e life ( ! k+1 & also be hang$ z ,tammuz4' ,b to prove t all ?is 0 delib]ately ?\ght out1 :]e h we a case ( a scapegoat god-man :o is put to dea?8 ,we h none1 unless we let ,mr4 ,fraz] p]suade u t 8 ugly de=m$ p]son1 ,i a degrad$ & useless be+1' 'mu/ be recognis$ z a repres5tative ( ! creative & f]tilis+ god ( vegetation1 ^: reproductive p[]s are /imulat$ t ^! might be transmitt$ 9 full activity to 8 successor1 ! new god or new embodim5t ( ! old god1 :o 0 d\btless suppos$ imm$iately to take ! place ( ! "o sla94'#af ,i mu/ decl9e to obey ,mr4 ,fraz]'s 'mu/1' & to recognise an ,adonis 9 ! ugly de=m$ p]son4 ,next1 ,i demur to ! idea t 'd\btless' ! dy+ de=m$ "o h&$ ov] 8 p[]s to a new god4 ,?irdly1 if all ?is is meant to %[ t ! ,sacan crim9al 0 n only 7#a7 a proxy1 sav+ ! royal div9e life1 & enjoy+ ! royal h>em2 & 7#b7 0 a repres5tative ( ,tammuz1 enjoy+ a sacr$ h>lot2 b 7#c7 01 moreov]1 a human scapegoat1 sc\rg$ z su*1 & to /imulate 8 reproductive p[]s1 & to expel evil influ5ces1 !n ,i really _c accept ! port5t\s hypo!sis4 ,no atte/$ examples ( human scapegoats at ,babylon are (f]$1 b t is a trifle4 ,if ,mr4 ,fraz] really means to add ! duties ( a scapegoat1 & ! consequ5t beat+1#ag to ! duties ( proxy k+ & ,tammuz man 9 8 *apt] on ! ,saturnalia1 he does n say s4 ,x does n appe>1 !n1 t he wi%es to expla9 ! sc\rg+ ( ! mock-k+ at ! ,saca by 8 !ory ( a human scapegoat1 & x does n appe> t he ev] expla9s ! /ripp+ ( ! royal robes f ! unlucky man4 ,yet if ! man really di$ z a mock-k+1 !re mu/ h be5 "s reason = /ripp+ him ( 8 royal raim5t4 ,we nev] he> t ! repres5tative ( ,k+ ,saturnus 0 ei!r /ripp$ or :ipp$ be=e be+ sacrific$4 ,nor d ,i rem>k t1 9 ,anahuac1 ! human victim :o p]sonat$ a god 0 /ripp$ ( ! god's robes & ornam5ts4 ,:y !n 0 ! ,sacan victim1 & he alone 7z f> z we "k71 r$uc$ f 8 royalty by be+ /ripp$ be=e execution1 & also br\ght d[n to ! e/ate ( a slave by be+ sc\rg$8 ,,iii4 ,,m ,,p]iods ,,( ,,lic5ce ,i am go+ ) m ?an diffid5ce to (f] a guess at ! reasons1 ask+ x to be rememb]$ t ,i d s m]ely because ! case is isolat$1 & _c at pres5t be illu/rat$ by p>allel c]emonies4 ,b fir/1 return+ to ! p]iods ( lic5ce1 ,i mu/ %[ t !y are n peculi> to agricultural races1 nor1 !re=e1 necess>ily in/itut$ to aid ! f>m]4 ,?is 9 itself is a great com=t1 = "o we>ies ( be+ told t ! crops are s et]nally ! cause ( cu/om & rite4 ,among ! ,arunta ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 9 _m ways a backw>d race & n agricultural1 'consid]able lic5ce is all[$ on c]ta9 occasions1 :5 a l>ge numb] ( m5 & wom5 are ga!r$ toge!r to p]=m c]ta9 corroborees' 7or sacr$ dances74 ,s say ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,! laws ( m>riage are !n turn$ upside d[n4 ,a man is ord]$ to h relations ) ! woman :o is 8 ',mura--t is1 "o to :om he may n1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 ev5 speak1 or g ne>1 mu* less h any?+ l m>ital relations )4' ,e man is expect$ to s5d 8 wife to ^! dances1 = ! express purpose ( violat+1 9 ?is p]iod ( lic5ce1 ! mo/ sacr$ laws ( ! tribe4#ah ,^! backw>d p]sons1 ! ,arunta1 h no native /rong dr9k1 & _c get intoxicat$1 b :at !y c !y d 9 ! way ( lic5ce1 l m civilis$ races1 & necess>ily n = agricultural reasons1 z !y h no agriculture4 ,!y break _! mo/ sacr$ law1 j z ! ,jews1 at ,purim1 delib]ately broke ! law ( ,moses4#ai ,conceivably1 !n1 ev5 /ripp+1 sc\rg+1 & hang+ a mock-k+ at ! ,saca may also h be5 done = "s reason n agricultural4 ,:at view did ! ,p]sians !mselves take ( _! fe/ival8 ,i d n ?9k t ,mr4 ,fraz] insi/s en\gh on ?is po9t4 ,! ,p]sians reg>d ! ,saca z commemorative ( a great massacre ( ! ,sac ne> ! ,eux9e4 ,9 bo? =ms ( ! ,p]sian leg5d1 9 ,/rabo1 _! ance/ors fell on ! ,sac :5 t tribe 0 hopelessly intoxicat$3 'drunk & frantic1 dr[sy & asleep1 or danc+ & madd5$ ) w9e4' ,! ,sac 7 massacr$1 & ! ,saca1 a fea/ ( lic5ce1 0 d$icat$ to ! ,p]sian goddess ,anaitis2 obvi\sly 9 memory ( ! intoxicat$ revels ( ! ,sac1#bj or s tradition av]r$4 ,! ,p]sians ?us1 by d9t ( a popul> etymology 7,saca f ,sac71 acc\nt$ to !mselves = ! orig9 ( a p]iod ( *>t]$ lic5ce1 9 :i*1 says ,/rabo1 'bo? m5 & wom51 dress$ 9 ! ,scy?ian habit1 dr9k & sport wantonly by night & day4' ,z 9 _m o!r cases1 collect$ by ,a!nu1 ! lawless revel _h its k+s ( unreason3 slaves act+ z ma/]s & k+s4 ,j "o ( ^! k+s1 ! ,zoganes 9 ! royal h\sehold1 0 aft]w>ds /ripp$1 sc\rg$1 & hang$4 ,:at c\ld ! reason be8 ,we h se5 t 9 ,tonqu9 all crimes committ$ 9 ! p]iod ( lic5ce are ov]look$1 except treason & murd]4#ba ,we h be5 told t 9 ! ,roman ,saturnalia a slave might d1 unreprov$1 :at at any o!r "t w\ld be puni%$ ') /ripes1 imprisonm5t1 or dea?4'#bb ,we h read t1 at ! ,pondo p]iod ( lic5ce1 nobody 0 lat] made responsible = 8 actions1 ?\gh at ,tonqu9 murd] & treason 7 except$4#bc ,! same irresponsibility p]vades ! ,zulu p]iod ( lic5ce4#bd ,to re9=ce ?is fact1 t ! mo/ sacr$ laws are purposefully brok5 at "s p]iods ( lic5ce1 ,i cite ! ,nanga orgies 9 old ,fiji4 ',! ,nanga is frequ5tly spok5 ( z ! ,mbaki1 or h>ve/2' p be+ 'full ( devilry & food' at h>ve/1 :i*1 p]haps1 !y ne$ n be 9 ,m>*-,april4 ,all di/9ctions ( prop]ty 7 susp5d$ at ! ,nanga4 ,m5 & wom51 9 fanta/ic dresses1 publicly 'practis$ unm5tionable abom9ations4' ,ev5 ! relation%ip ( bro!r & si/] 'seem$ to be no b> to ! g5]al lic5ce4' ,b aft] ! ,nanga1 z be=e ! ,nanga1 bro!rs & si/]s might n ev5 speak to ea* o!r4 ,?is precisely answ]s to ! ,au/ralian ince/ ) ! ,mura4 ,bro!rs & si/]s at ! ,nanga 7 'int5tionally c\pl$4' ,! c]emonies includ$ initiatory my/]ies1 l ! ,bora ( ! ,au/ralian blacks4 ,z at ! ,arunta corroborees1 ! great po9t 0 to break ! mo/ sacr$ laws3 ^? ( ince/4#be ,?is peculi> 'bur/' !n is 9 ,au/ralia pre-agricultural1 ?\gh1 z 9 ,fiji1 x survives among an agricultural p4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,sac,a ,,z ,a ,,p]iod ,,( ,,lic5ce ,well1 ! ,saca 0 su* a p]iod ( lic5ce4 ,ea* h\sehold 0 !n rul$ by a slave1 ! ,zoganes1 z ,a!nu quotes ,b]osus4 ,! royal h\sehold 0 n an exception4 ,n[ to rule ! royal h\sehold1 9 ! royal robes1 & above all to take lib]ties ) ! royal h>em 7comp>e ,fijian & ,au/ralian lic5ce71 is treason2 "o ( ! two crimes except$ f ! ,saturnalian amne/y 9 ,tonqu94 ,to ov]look treason w\ld be1 = a ,p]sian mon>*1 to set a dang]\s prec$5t4 ,!re=e ! royal ,zoganes1 or slave-k+ ( ! five days' revel1 unlike ! ,zoganes ( private h\ses1 w\ld des]ve dea?1 te*nically speak+4 ,at ?is po9t let me adopt ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory ( a sub/itute4 ,a crim9al already condemn$ to dea? is employ$ in/ead ( a h>mless slave1 z ,zoganes ( ! royal h\sehold1 & is !n hang$4 ,9 doz5s ( cases ( summ] gambols1 9 ,european folklore1 '! ,:itsuntide repres5tatives ( ! tree _s' are put to a mock dea?4#bf ,^! are 9 "o or two in/ances call$ 'k+s4' ,! regul> ,may ,k+s & ,may ,que5s seem to escape3 ! ,grass ,k+ m]ely 'h&s 8 cr[n to ! mayor4'#bg ,^! mock slay+s ( folklore actors may 7,i ?9k71 l h&+ ! cr[n to ! mayor1 m]ely mean t ! actor's reign is ov]4 ,?is is n ,mr4 ,fraz]'s op9ion3 ! summ] mon>*s :5 kill$ 9 sport are kill$1 he ?9ks1 z _! precursors 7 really sla91 = ! god ( vegetation4 ,o vegetation1 :at crimes are wr\ght 9 ?y "n6 ,9 any case ! royal ,zoganes1 or crim9al sub/itute = ! slave-k+ ( ! royal h\sehold 9 ,babylon1 des]v$ a hang+1 to disc\rage ! prec$5t ( treason set by him 9 ! p]iod ( lic5ce4 ,only 9 ! k+'s h\se 0 ! reign ( ! ,zoganes high treason4 ,n[1 be=e hang+ him1 x 0 actually necess>y to demon/rate by symbolic action t he 0 no real k+1 b a common slave or crim9al4 ,he 0 r$uc$ to 8 true level by be+ /ripp$ ( 8 royal robes1 & by be+ :ipp$1 a specially s]vile puni%m5t4 ,he 0 !n hang$4 ,b to treat a real slave ?us m]ely because1 z 9 e o!r h\sehold1 he play$ ! ,zoganes or slave z ma/]1 w\ld be a %ame4 ,! man's only fault 0 ! accid5t1 ?ru/ on him by cu/om1 ( play+ "l 9 ! royal h\sehold ( a jeal\s mon>*4 ,s a crim9al already condemn$ took ! "p1 &1 z ! slave w\ld h be51 he 0 f9ally r$uc$ to 8 level by be+ /ripp$ ( 8 royal robes & sc\rg$1 be=e suff]+ dea?2 te*nically = treason1 really = ! crime on :i* he 0 orig9ally condemn$4 ,?is m]e guess at ! orig9 ( a unique cu/om has c]ta9 advantages4 ,x expla9s 7& ,i fail to see t ,mr4 ,fraz] expla9s7 :y ! ,sacan mock-k+ 7unlike ! ,saturn victim7 0 /ripp$ ( 8 royal robes & :ipp$4 ,^! suff]+s proclaim$ ! man no k+1 b a slave4 ,aga91 8 hang+ 0 j :at1 z condemn$ on a capital *>ge1 a l[-born malefactor might expect4 ,) ! be/ w 9 ! _w1 no ,babylonian c\ld foll[ ,mr4 ,fraz] & take a hang$ felon = a god or a div9e sacrifice4 ,:y only "o man 0 ?us treat$1 ?\gh !re 0 a ,zoganes or slave-"l 9 e h\se1 is expla9$ by ! fact t !re 0 only "o royal h\se1 only "o h\sehold 9 :i* ! slave-"l's conduct 0 treason4 ,) pat]nal fondness ,i contemplate my own little guess4 ,b1 alas6 we are n told t ! o!r slave-lords at ! ,saca actually invad$ ! ladies ( ! h\se4 ,s :y %\ld ! slave-"l ( ! royal h\sehold be all[$ to d s8 ,h[ is my conjecture to wea!r ?is po9t ( dang]8 ,well1 we are nev] told 7z f> z ,i am aw>e7 t a subject 9 ! ,ea/ enfe(f$ himself ( private demesne by invad+ ! h>em ( ! man to ^: e/ate he 0 a pret5d]4 ,b 9 ! case ( royal demesne to invade ! h>em 0 ! fir/ /ep ( a "y pret5d]1 l ,absalom1 '= ! purpose ( mak+ kn[n & /r5g!n+ 8 claim to ! ?rone1' says ,mov]s4#bh ,rememb]+ ! t5acity ( traditional usage1 sanction+ deadly sexual crimes 9 "s p]iods ( lic5ce1 rememb]+ t1 9 !m1 ! 'primitive' ,arunta delib]ately break1 z did ! ,jews at ,purim1 & ! ,fijians1 ! mo/ sacr$ & /r+5t ( _! taboos1 %all we n all[ ,sacan cu/om to encroa*1 = ! purpose ( mak+ ! royalty ( ! k+'s ,zoganes indisputable1 on ! k+'s h>em8 ,= 9 t way 0 ,ori5tal royalty proclaim$ & ass]t$4 ,sir ,alfr$ ,lyall says3 ',we believe t a few un=tunate concub9es w\ld h be5 ( no acc\nt at all = ! due p]=mance ( a popul> ,babylonian masqu]ade1 :i* might j z well mimic e>?ly k+%ip z symbolise div9e my/]ies4' ,& n[ we see a simple & conceivable reason :y ! mock-k+ ( ! ,saca invad$ ! k+'s h>em1 rul$ all royally1 0 cr[n$1 rob$ 9 ! k+'s robes1 & !n1 to re/ore 8 s]vile /atus & wipe away 8 royalty1 0 /ripp$ ( ! royal robes1 :ipp$ z a slave 0 :ipp$1 & hang$ z a condemn$ crim9al des]v$ to be4 ,my guess1 unlike ,mr4 ,fraz]'s hypo!sis1 colligates all ! facts4 ,x expla9s ! /ripp+1 :i* ,mr4 ,fraz] does n1 ,i ?9k1 expla94 ,x expla9s ! sc\rg+ & hang+1 :i* ,mr4 ,fraz] is oblig$ to acc\nt = z a mitigation ( burn+4 ,x does n require u to believe 7:at is incr$ible7 t ( old ! ,p]sian k+s 7 sacrific$ annually4 ,x acc\nts = ! occurr5ce ( ! execution at a season ( secul> lic5ce j z 9 ,a%anti4 ,x involves u 9 no d\ble1 &1 to my ?9k+1 contradictory !ory1 t ! suff]] is bo? k+'s proxy & also a repres5tative ( ,tammuz1 or ,m>duk1 or ,humman1 or ,gilgame%1 or ,eabani4 ,b my guess is only a guess1 & is (f]$ *iefly to prove t guess+ is easy4 ,we _c be c]ta9 ab\t any explanation ( a cu/om s remote1 s unp>allel$1 & report$ on evid5ce s late & s dubi\s z t ( ,dio ,*ryso/om4 ,"s /ud5t may po9t out t1 ?\gh ,i boa/ ( my !ory z colligat+ all ! facts1 ,i h left out ! sacr$ h>lot4 ,b %e 0 only ! *ild ( an hypo!sis ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s4 ,a sci5tific hypo!sis is n requir$ to colligate m ?an ! kn[n facts 9 ea* case4 ,& ,i am by no means c]ta9 t ! facts giv5 by our only au?ority1 ,dio1 7 facts ( hi/ory4 #a ,see ,app5dix ,b1 ',m>tyrdom ( ,dasius4' #b ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #gf1 #gh1 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #ach1 #aai1 note ,i2 ii4 #cbf2 iii4 #aci2 iii4 #ada1 #adc2 iii4 #ade2 iii4 #adg4 #c ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aci2 ,horace1 ,sat4 ii4 #g1 #d2 ,macrobius1 i4 #g1 #bf2 ,ju/91 xliii4 i4 #d2 ,plut>*1 ,sulla1 #ah2 ,lucian1 ,sat4 #e1 #g4 #d ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ade4 #e ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #hd4 #f ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aai1 note #a4 #g ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aai4 #h ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #cbf4 #i ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #cbg4 #aj ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #dfj2 ,ellis1 ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #bbi4 #aa ,hyde1 ,hi/4 ,rel4 ,p]s4 pp4 #bfj-bfg4 #ab ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #abj1 #aba4 #ac ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #abb1 #abc4 #ad ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #abe-abh4 #ae ,g4 ,b4 iii4 p4 #agi4 #af ,! italics are m9e4 #ag ,:5 expla9+ ! flogg+ ( ! ,sacan victim1 ,mr4 ,fraz] does n say t ! purpose 0 'to /imulate 8 reproductive p[]s4' ,he speaks ( a 'mitigation' ( burn+4 #ah ,sp5c] & ,gill en reg>d ^! au?oris$ & en=c$ brea*es ( sacr$ laws z te/ify+ to ! exi/5ce 9 ! pa/ ( a "t :5 no su* laws exi/$1 :5 promiscuity 0 univ]sal1 or at lea/ z po9t+ 9 ! direction ( wid] m>ital relations '?an exi/ at pres5t' 7op4 cit4 #aaa74 ,9 ! same way ! ,romans ?\ght t ! ,saturnalia po9t$ back to a gold5 age :5 !re 0 no law4 #ai ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aef4 #bj ,/rabo1 #eaa4 #ba ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #hd4 #bb ,g4 ,b4 ii4 p4 #cbg4 #bc ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aci4 #bd ,g4 ,b4 ii4 p4 #cbf4 #be ,fison1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xiv4 p4 #bh4 #bf ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #fj-ff4 #bg ,g4 ,b4 i4 #bah4 #bh ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #afj1 note ,i1 cit+ ,mov]s1 ,die ,phnizi]1 i4 #dij1 seq42 #b ,samuel xvi4 #ba2 cf4 xii4 #h2 ,h]odotus1 iii4 #fh2 ,josephus1 ,contra ,apion4 i4 #ae4 ,x ,,calv>y ,x is1 =tunately1 n ne$ful to dwell long on ! disproval ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory t 8 facts 'seem to %$ fre% light on "s ( ! causes :i* contribut$ to ! rem>kably rapid diffusion ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,asia ,m9or4444 ,! new fai? _h elem5ts 9 x :i* appeal$ p[]fully to ! ,asiatic m9d4444 ,we h se5 t ! conception ( ! dy+ & ris5 god 0 no new "o 9 ^! regions4444 ,a man :om ! fond imag9ation ( 8 wor%ipp]s inve/$ ) ! attributes ( a god gave 8 life = ! life ( ! _w4444 ,a *a9 ( causes :i*1 because we _c foll[ !m1 might 9 ! loose language ( daily life be call$ an accid5ts det]m9$ t ! "p ( ! dy+ god 9 ?is annual play %\ld be ?ru/ on ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4444' ,8 dea? z ! ,haman ( ! annual my/]y play ( ! dy+ god' impress$ ^u :at _h be5 hi!rto ma9ly an e?ical mission ! "* ( a div9e revelation culm9at+ 9 ! passion & dea? ( ! inc>nate ,son ( a heav5ly ,fa!r4 ,9 ?is =m ! /ory ( ! life & dea? ( ,jesus ex]t$ an influ5ce :i* x c\ld nev] h _h if ! great tea*] _h di$ ! dea? ( a vulg> malefactor4 ,x %$ r\nd ! ,cross on ,calv>y a halo ( div9ity1' ,c4#a ,b all ?is halo c\ld only be %$ if ! victim 0 recognis$ by ! _w z dy+ 9 ! "* ( a god1 & z ris+ aga9 9 ! p]son ( ,b>abbas1 ! ,mordecai ( ! ye>4 ,we "k on ! be/ hi/orical evid5ce t !re 0 no su* recognition4 ',to ! ,greeks fooli%ness1 & to ! ,jews a /umbl+ block1' 0 ! ,cross1 z ,/4 ,paul assures u4 ,moreov]1 we "k t ribaldry1 n rev]5ce1 m>k$ ! multitude at ! ,crucifixion4 ,by ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory ,b>abbas repres5t$ ! re-aris5 god1 ',! ,son ( ! ,fa!r4' ,0 ,b>abbas rev]$8 ,no2 '"s pret5d$ to salute 8 mock maje/y1 & o!rs belab\r$ ! donkey on :i* he rode4'#b ,!re=e1 by ,mr4 ,fraz]'s own explicit /atem5t1 ! div9e facts ab\t ,b>abbas 7 n recognis$4 ,yet he 0 ! c\nt]p>t ( ! sacr$ ,victim4 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory dem&s1 ,i ?9k1 ! g5]al recognition ( ! godhead ( ! ye>ly victim1 :o gave ,*ri/'s mission '! influ5ce :i* x c\ld nev] h _h if ! great tea*] _h di$ ! dea? ( a vulg> malefactor4'#c ,yet ,mr4 ,fraz] himself assures u t ! idea ( ! div9ity ( ! victim may h be5 =gott52 t 8 'sacrifice' might seem '! execution ( a crim9al4' ,i cite ! passage3 ',! div9e "* ( ! animal or man is =gott51 & he comes to be reg>d$ m]ely z an ord9>y victim4 ,?is is especially ! case :5 x is a div9e man :o is kill$4 ,= :5 a nation becomes civilis$1 if x does n drop human sacrifices altoge!r1 x at lea/ selects z victims only su* wret*es z w\ld be put to dea? at any rate4 ,?us1 z 9 ! ,sacan fe/ival at ,babylon1 ! kill+ ( a god may come to be conf\nd$ ) ! execution ( a crim9al4'#d ,yet )9 eighty pages ,mr4 ,fraz] attributes ! 'halo ( div9ity' to ! happy accid5t :i* enabl$ ! victim to die z a recognis$ repres5tative ( a dy+ god4#e ,mr4 ,fraz] puts =? 8 hypo!sis ') great diffid5ce4'#f ,he ?9ks t he may 'h p]haps be5 l$ by ! int]e/ & importance ( ! subject some:at deep] ?an ! evid5ce w>rants4'#g ,t is c]ta94 ,we h %[n t ! evid5ce1 9 our op9ion1 w>rants none ( ! hypo!ses2 no1 n "o4 ,x is n prov$ t magic is old] ?an religion4 ,x is disprov$ t g5]al belief 7z di/+ui%$ f local leg5d7 9 any age reg>ds gods z mortal4 ,!re is no evid5ce1 or none is giv51 to %[ t a man has ev] be5 sacrific$ = ! b5efit ( a god :om he inc>nates4 ,!re is no evid5ce t a real k+ 0 ev] ye>ly sacrific$ to b5efit a god at ,babylon1 or 9 e city-/ate ( e>ly ,italy1 or any:]e4 ,! idea is incr$ible4 ,! evid5ce = any sacrifice ( mock-k+s is1 hi/orically1 ( ! weake/ conceivable k9d4 ,! dea?s ( ! ,sacan mock-k+s 7 infam\s executions ( crim9als2 !y 7 n sacrifices1 if !y ev] occurr$ at all4 ,! date ( ! fe/ival at :i*1 if at all1 !y p]i%$ _c be made to fit 9 ) ,purim or ,ea/]4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! ,jews borr[$ ! cu/om ( kill+ a ye>ly human victim1 or practis$ ! habit4 ,if !y did1 x 0 a mon? aft] ,purim4#h ,if !y did1 by ,mr4 ,fraz]'s own /atem5t ! kill+ might be ?\ght t ( a vulg> malefactor1#i & c\ld n ca/ on all or on any "o ( ! victims a halo ( div9ity4 ,f9ally1 our own hi/ory1 9 ! case ( ! ,e>l ( ,a?oll 7:o pret5d$ to ! cr[n at ! murd] ( ,james ,i4 ( ,scotl&7 & 9 ! case ( ,sir ,william ,wallace 7:o 0 accus$ ( say+ t he w\ld be cr[n$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,hall71 proves t pret5d]s to royalty h be5 mock$ by be+ indu$ ) symbols ( royalty4 ,wallace 0 cr[n$ at 8 trial ) laurel2 ,a?oll 0 tortur$ to dea? ) a r$-hot iron cr[n4 ,! ,victim ( ,calv>y 0 accus$ ( aim+ at a k+dom1 &1 l ,wallace & ,a?oll1 0 cr[n$--) ?orns4 ,! prelim9>y sc\rg+ is illu/rat$ by ! tyranny ( ,v]res 9 ,sicily4 ,may we n conclude t ,mr4 ,fraz]'s 'light bridges' ( hypo!sis h 'brok5 d[n'8#aj ',! importance & int]e/ ( ! subject' h induc$ me to exam9e ! hypo!ses4 ,b x 0 ne$less4 ,"o po9t has be5 cle> f ! beg9n+4 ,ev5 if ! ,sacan victims 7 orig9ally suppos$ to be gods1 !y c\ld n bequea? a halo ( div9ity to ,*ri/1 unless1 z late z ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 _! own godhead 0 /ill commonly recognis$4 ,n[ x c]ta9ly 0 n recognis$4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,fraz] publi%$ ! fir/ edition ( 8 ',gold5 ,b\gh1' he d\bt$ t ! ,sacan victim c\ld1 z civilisation advanc$1 be id5tifi$ ) a god4 ,b1 be=e publi%+ 8 second edition1 ,mr4 ,fraz] evolv$ 8 !ory ( ! orig9 or p>tial orig9 ( ! belief 9 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 z inh]it$ f ! crim9al slaves at ! ,saca4 ,9 8 second edition1 !re=e1 ! godhead ( ! ,sacan victims is usually reg>d$ z commonly recognis$2 ?\gh ,mr4 ,fraz] _h d\bt$ ! possibility ( ?is 9 8 fir/1 & pres]ves ! d\bt 9 8 second edition4 ,x is ne$less to say m4 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 9 vol4 iii4 #abj1 _h already %ak5 8 own !ory z giv5 9 vol4 iii4 #aie-aih4aa ,i might h cont5t$ myself ) comp>+ ^! two passages1 b 9 ! int]e/ ( ! nasc5t sci5ce ( religion x seem$ desirable to po9t out :at ,i am con/ra9$ to ?9k ! errors ( me?od t n[ prevail4 ,9 ! foll[+ essay criticism is appli$ to an hypo!sis ) :i* mod]n or?odoxy has no conc]n4 #a ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aie-aig4 #b ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #aib4 #c ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aig4 #d ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #abj4 #e ,! passage 9 :i* ,mr4 ,fraz] ?us appe>s to demoli% 8 own !ory repres5ts 8 op9ion be=e 8 !ory 0 evolv$4 ,x appe>$ 9 8 fir/ edition1 b he reta9s x 9 8 remodell$ "w4 #f ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aic4 #g ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aie4 #h ,see ! contradictory attempts to get out ( ?is difficulty 9 iii4 #ahi4 #i ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #abj4 #aj ,g4 ,b4 i4 xv4 xvi4 #aa ,see also ,app5dix ,c1 pp4 #cjc-cjd4 ,,xi ,,! ,,gha/ly ,,prie/ ,! _s ( sy/em1 ( f9d+ ma/] keys = all ! locks ( old religion & my?ology1 has confess$ly be5 apt to misguide /ud5ts4 ',macrobius 0 ! fa!r1' says ,mr4 ,fraz]1 '( t l>ge family ( my?ologi/s :o resolve all or mo/ gods into ! sun4 ,accord+ to him ,m]cury 0 ! sun1 ,m>s 0 ! sun1 ,janus 0 ! sun1 ,saturn 0 ! sun1 s 0 ,jupit]1 also ,nemesis1 likewise ,pan1 & s on ?r\gh a great "p ( ! ,pan!on4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t he %\ld id5tify ,osiris ) ! sun4444'#a ,my?ology has be5 ( late emancipat$ f ! univ]sal dom9ion ( ! sun1 b only to fall "u t ( gods ( vegetation1 :e!r ( vegetable life at l>ge1 or ( ! corn _s & ! oak _s 9 p>ticul>4 ,:at ,mr4 ,fraz] says ab\t ,macrobius1 ,macrobius w\ld retort on ,mr4 ,fraz]1 ?us3 ',accord+ to him ,m>s 0 a god ( vegetation1 ,saturn 0 a god ( vegetation 7( s[+71 s 0 ,zeus1 also ,h]a1 & s on ?r\gh a great "p ( ! ,pan!on4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t he %\ld id5tify ,osiris ) a god ( vegetation--& ,mr4 ,fraz] does s4' ,f> be x f me to say t ,mr4 ,fraz] is wrong1 :5 8 gods are gods ( vegetation1 or ev5 t ,macrobius is wrong1 :5 8 gods are gods ( ! sun4 ,x appe>s to me t :5 a god _h obta9$ a firm hold ( public fav\r1 ! public might accept him z a god ( ?is1 t1 & ! o!r aspect or ph5om5on ( nature4 ,/ill1 ! new s*ool ( my?ology does "w ! vegetable elem5t 9 my?ology h>d2 ne>ly z h>d z ! sol> elem5t us$ to be work$4 ,aphrodite1 z ! female mate ( ,adonis1 gets mix$ up ) plant life4#b ,s does ,attis ) ,cybele1 s does ,bald]1#c s does ,dea?1#d s does ,dionysus#e ) und\bt$ propriety2 s does ,eabani1 s does ,gilgame%1 s does ,haman1 s does ,h]a1#f s does ,iasion ) ,demet]1#g s does ,isis1#h s does ,jack-9-!-,gre51 s does ,kupalo1#i s d ,l9us & ,lity]ses1#aj s does ,mamurius ,veturius1#aa s does ,m]oda* or ,m>duk 7if he repres5ts ,eabani or ,gilgame%71 s does ,m>s1#ab s does ,osiris1#ac s1 ,i ?9k1 does ,semiramis1#ad s does ,tammuz1 s does ,virbius1#ae s does ,zeus1 probably2#af s does a great multitude ( cattle1 cats1 horses1 bulls1 goats1 cocks1 ) pl5ty ( o!r bea/s4 ,! sol> my?ologi/s did n sp>e h]oes l ,a*illes2 !y1 too1 7 ! sun4 ,b ! vegetable s*ool1 ! ,cov5t ,g>d5 s*ool ( my?ologi/s1 mixes up real human be+s ) vegetation4 ,jesus ,*ri/ d]ives 8 div9ity1 or "s ( x1 z we h se51 f a long array ( crim9als :o 7 hang$ p>tly z k+s1 p>tly z gods ( vegetation4 ,i d n feel absolutely assur$ t ,judas ,isc>iot1 at 8 annual burn+s 9 effigy1 escapes ! univ]sal doom any m ?an ! ugly de=m$ p]son :o 0 :ipp$ & kill$ 9 old ,attica4 ,b an unexpect$ man to be a repres5tative ( a god ( vegetation is ! prie/ ( ! grove ( ,diana ne> ,aricia4 ,he is kn[n to all f ! famili> v]se ( ,macaulay-- ,^! trees 9 ^: d>k %ad[ ,! gha/ly prie/ do? reign1 ,! prie/ :o slew ! slay]1 ,& %all himself be sla94 ,:y1 ,mr4 ,fraz] asks1 9 effect1 _h ! prie/ ( ! grove ( ,diana1 ne> ,aricia1 to slay 8 pr$ecessor1 subject1 9 turn1 to dea? at ! h&s ( a new competitor = ! (fice8 ,fir/1 let u ask :at we "k ab\t ?is gha/ly prie/4 ,let u beg9 ) ! evid5ce ( ,virgil1 9 ! ,six? ,book ( ! 'neid' 7l9e #acf & s onw>ds74 ,virgil says no?+ ab\t ! gha/ly prie/1 or1 9 ?is place1 ab\t ,diana1 or ! grove ne> ,aricia4 ,virgil1 inde$1 tells u mu* ab\t a b\gh ( a tree1 a gold5 bran*1 b1 z to ! s+ul> prie/1 no?+4 ,b "s f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] ,virgil's date 7say #cgj ,a4,d47 a comm5tator on ,virgil1 ,s]vius1 tries to illu/rate ! passage cit$ f ! 'neid4' ,he obvi\sly kn[s no?+ ab\t ,virgil's my/ic gold5 b\gh1 b he tells u t1 9 8 own "t1 'public op9ion' 7publico1 op9io7 plac$ ! habitat ( ,virgil's b\gh 9 ! grove haunt$ by ! gha/ly prie/1 ne> ,aricia4 ,x is1 9 fact1 n kn[n :e!r ,virgil inv5t$ 8 b\gh1 ) its extraord9>y attributes1 or took x f 8 ri* /ore ( antiqu>ian le>n+4 ,x may h be5 a folklore belief1 l ,le ,rameau d',or ( ,madame d',aulnoy's fairy tale4 ,virgil's b\gh1 z we %all see1 has "o folklore attribute 9 common ) a my/ic sword 9 ! ,ar?urian cycle ( romances1 & 9 ! ,volsunga ,saga4 ,i ?9k t ,mr4 ,fraz] has fail$ to comm5t on ?is po9t4 ,if ,i might haz>d a guess z to ,virgil's bran*1 x is t1 ( old1 suppliants approa*$ gods or k+s ) b\ghs 9 _! h&s4 ,he :o w\ld approa* ,pros]p9e c>ri$1 9 ,virgil1 a b\gh ( pure gold1 :i* only ! fav\r$ & pr$e/9$ suppliant c\ld obta91 z %all be %[n4 ,9 ! f\r c5turies betwe5 ,virgil & ,s]vius ! mean+ & s\rce ( ,virgil's bran* ( gold 7 =gott54 ,b p1 & ,s]vius himself1 knew ( ano!r b\gh1 ne> ,aricia1 & locat$ 7conjecturally87 ,virgil's bran* ( gold 9 t di/rict4 ,s]vius1 !n1 9 8 comm5t>y on ! 'neid1' aft] ! mann] ( annotators 9 all ages1 talks mu* ab\t ! b\ghs ( a c]ta9 tree 9 a c]ta9 grove1 conc]n+ :i* ,virgil makes no rem>k4 ,virgil1 z we %all see1 0 writ+ ab\t a gold5 bran* ( v peculi> "*4 ,kn[+1 l ! public op9ion ( 8 age1 some?+ ab\t q o!r bran*es1 & no?+ ab\t ,virgil's bran*1 ,s]vius tells u t1 9 ! grove ( ,diana at ,aricia1 !re grew a tree f :i* x 0 unlawful 7non licebat7 to break a b\gh4 ,if any fugitive slave1 h[ev]1 c\ld break a bran* f ?is tree1 he might fight ! prie/1 tak+ 8 (fice if successful4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,s]vius ! temple 0 f\nd$ by ,ore/es1 to ! b>b>ic ,diana ( ! ,*]sonese1 :5ce he _h fl$ aft] a homicide4 ,t ,diana receiv$ human sacrifices ( all /rang]s :o l&$ on h] coa/s4 ,! rite ( human sacrifice 01 9 ,italy1 commut$1 ,s]vius ?9ks1 = ! duel betwe5 ! prie/ & ! fugitive slave1 ,ore/es hav+ himself be5 a fugitive4 ,! process is1 fir/ a ,greek w&]] on a b>b>\s coa/ is 9 dang] ( be+ (f]$1 z all outl&]s 7 (f]$1 to ! local goddess4 ,?is rite 0 a =m ( x5elasia1 an anti-immigrant /atute4 ,comp>e ,*9a1 ! ,transvaal1 ! agitation aga9/ paup] immigrants4 ,hav+ escap$ be+ sacrific$1 & hav+ kill$ ! k+ 9 an unfri5dly l&1 ,ore/es flies to ,italy & appeases ! cruel ,diana by erect+ h] fane at ,aricia4 ,b1 in/ead ( sacrific+ immigrants1 he1 or 8 successors1 e/abli% a duel betwe5 ! prie/ & any o!r fugitive slave4 ,:y8 ,= ! prie/ ( ! cruel ,diana 0 n accu/om$ to be sacrific$1 nor _h he be5 a fugitive slave4 ,s]vius !n1 n obs]v+ ?is1 goes (f into an allegoris+ int]pretation ( ,virgil's bran*1 z wor?less z all su* int]pretations always are4 ,! /ory ab\t ,ore/es appe>s to myself to be a late 'tiological my?1' a /ory inv5t$ to expla9 ! slay+ ( ! slay]--:i* x does n d2 9 %ort1 x is an hypo!sis4 ,! prie/hood is op5 n to m5 fly+ ! blood feud l ,ore/es1 b only to runaway slaves4 ,! cu/om introduc$ by ,ore/es 0 ! sacrifice ( outl&]s1 n ( prie/s4 ,! /ory has a d\blette 9 ,pausanias4#ag ,accord+ to ,pausanias1 ,hippolytus 0 rais$ f ! dead1 &1 9 hatr$ ( 8 fa!r1 & be+ a fugitive1 he w5t & reign$ at ! ,arician grove ( ! goddess4 ,= ^! reasons1 app>5tly1 ,/atius calls ! ,arician grove 'pr(ugis regibus aptum1' a sanctu>y ( exil$ pr9ces1 ,ore/es & ,hippolytus4#ah ,f ,suetonius we le>n t ! gha/ly prie/ 0 /yl$ ,rex ,nemor5sis1 ,k+ ( ! ,wood1 & t ! envi\s ,caligula1 ?9k+ ! prie/ _h held (fice long en\gh1 set ano!r a?lete to kill him4#ai ,! title ( 'k+1' borne by a prie/1 sugge/s1 ( c\rse1 ! sacrificial k+ at ,borne4 ,also ,mr4 ,fraz] adduces ,african k+s ( fire & wat]1 cr$it$ ) miracul\s p[]s ov] ! elem5ts4 ,!y kill nobody & nobody kills !m4 ,!n we h ,jack-9-!-,gre5 ,may-,tree ! ,_s ( ,vegetation ! ,may ,k+ & ! ,que5 ( ! ,may4 ',^! titles1' z ,mannh>dt obs]ves1 'imply t ! _s incorporate 9 vegetation is a rul]1 ^: creative p[] ext5ds f> & wide4' ,possibly s4 ,n[1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood1 ! gha/ly prie/1 liv$ 9 ! grove ( ,diana1 :o 7among o!r ?+s7 has ! attributes ( a tree-_s4 ',may n1 !n1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood1 9 ! ,arician grove1 h be51 l ! ,k+ ( ! ,may 444 an inc>nation ( ! tree-_s1 or _s ( vegetation8' ,giv5 a female tree-_s1 we %\ld r expect a ,que5 ( ! ,wood2 & we assur$ly d n expect a prie/ ( ,diana to repres5t ! supreme ,aryan god1 nay to inc>nate him4 ,b ?is ,mr4 ,fraz] ?9ks probable4#bj ,aga91 's9ce ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood c\ld only be assail$ by him :o _h pluck$ ! gold5 b\gh1 8 life 0 safe f assault z long z ! b\gh1 or ! tree on :i* x grew1 rema9$ un9jur$4'#ba ,"h we rem>k ! nimbl5ess ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s me?od4 ,9 vol4 i4 #d he _h said3 ',tradition av]r$ t ! fatal bran*' 79 ! grove ne> ,aricia7 '0 t gold5 b\gh :i*1 at ! ,sibyl's bidd+1 neas pluck$ be=e he assay$ ! p]il\s j\rney to ! _w ( ! dead4' ,b ,i h tri$ to %[ t1 accord+ to ,s]vius1 ?is id5tification ( two absolutely di/9ct b\ghs1 nei!r simil> nor simil>ly situat$1 0 ! conjecture ( 'public op9ion' 9 an age divid$ f ,virgil's date by f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 ! space betwe5 vol4 i4 #d & i4 #bca ! av]m5t ( tradition1 z ,mr4 ,fraz] calls x1 ! inf]5ce ( ! curi\s1 z ,i suppose1 to ! effect t ,virgil's gold5 bran* & ! ,arician bran* 7 id5tical1 has become matt] ( fact = ,mr4 ,fraz]4 ',s9ce ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood c\ld only be assail$ by him :o _h pluck$ ! ,gold5 ,b\gh1' he says2 ) :at foll[s4#bb ,b :o has told u any?+ ab\t ! break+1 by a fugitive slave1 ne> ,aricia1 ( a gold5 b\gh8 ,nobody1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 has m5tion$ ! circum/ance4 ,aft] an int]val ( f\r hundr$ ye>s1 ! gold5 b\gh ( ,virgil is only br\ght by ,s]vius into connection ) ! wood at ,aricia1 because ,s]vius1 & ! public op9ion ( 8 age1 knew ab\t a bran* !re1 & did n "k any?+ ab\t ,virgil's bran* ( gold4 ,t bran* is a safe passport to ,hades4 ,x is sacr$1 n to a tree-_s nam$ ,diana1 b to ,inf]nal ,juno1 or ,pros]p9e4 ,x _c be brok5 by a fugitive slave1 or anybody else2 no1 nor c x be cut ) edge ( iron4 ,none b he :om ! ,fates call c break x4 ,x yields at a t\* ( ! pr$e/9$ man1 & ano!r gold5 bran* gr[s in/antly 9 its place4 ,ipse vol5s facilisque sequetur1 ,si te fata vocant4 ,primo avulso non deficit alt] ,aureus4 ,virgil's b\gh ?us answ]s to ! magical sword set 9 a /one 9 ! ,ar?urian leg5ds1 9 a tree trunk 9 ! ,volsunga ,saga1 z ,mr4 ,h4 ,s4 ,o4 ,ev]>d rem9ds me4 ,all ! knights may tug va9ly at ! sword1 b y c draw x lightly1 si te fata vocant1 if y are ! pr$e/9$ k+1 if y are ,ar?ur or ,sigmund4 ,:5 neas be>s ?is b\gh1 ,*>on recognises ! old famili> passport4 ,o!r liv+ m51 9 ! /r5g? ( ?is talisman1 h already ent]$ ! l& ( ! dead4 ,ille admirans v5]abile donum ,fatalis virg1 longo nunc tempore visum4 ,i h collect$ all ^! extraord9>y attributes ( ,virgil's b\gh 79 orig91 a suppliant's b\gh1 p]haps71 because1 z f> z ,i notice1 ,mr4 ,fraz] lays no /ress on ! _m peculi>ities :i* diff]5tiate ,virgil's b\gh f any casual bran* ( ! tree at ,aricia1 & connect x ) ! my/ic sword4 ,! 'g5]al read]' 7:o seldom kn[s ,lat97 ne$s1 ,i ?9k1 to be told precisely :at ,virgil's b\gh 04 ,no?+ c be m unlike a bran*1 any accessible bran*1 ( ! ,arician tree1 ?an is ,virgil's gold5 b\gh4 ,x does n gr[ at ,aricia4 ,x is gold54 ,x is n connect$ ) a tree-_s1 b is de> to ,pros]p9e4 7,i easily see1 ( c\rse1 t ,pros]p9e may be id5tifi$ ) a tree _s47#bc ,virgil's bran* is n to be pluck$ by fugitive slaves4 ,x is n a *all5ge1 b a talismanic passport to ,hades1 recognis$ by ,*>on1 :o has n se5 a specim5 = ev] s long4 ,x is in/antly succe$$1 if pluck$1 by ano!r bran* ( gold1 :i* ! ,arician twig is n4 ,s ,i really d n und]/& h[ ,mr4 ,fraz] c id5tify ,virgil's gold5 b\gh ) an ord9>y bran* ( a tree at ,aricia1 :i* anybody c\ld break1 ?\gh only runaway slaves1 /rongly built1 _h an int]e/ 9 s do+4 ,/ill less d ,i ?9k t ,virgil meant to id5tify 8 bran* ( gold ) mi/letoe4 ,he does ! rev]se3 9 a poetic simile he comp>es 8 b\gh to mi/letoe4 ,a poet does n comp>e a ?+ to itself6#bd ,mr4 ,fraz] cites ! ,wel% = mi/letoe--pr5 puraur1 tree d'or pur4 ,9 places1 also1 mi/letoe is us$ = div9+ rods1 :i* may be employ$ by gold-hunt]s4 ,:at wood is n ?us us$8#be ,l o!r magical plants1 mi/letoe is ga!r$ at ! sol/ices1 :5 f]n-se$ is fabl$ to flame4 ,mu/ n ! gold5 b\gh1 l ! gold5 f]n-se$1 be an emanation ( ! sun's fire8 ,! old] sol> my?ologi/s w\ld h _h n a d\bt ( x4#bf ,i mu/ admit1 !n1 t ,i _c1 at pres5t1 accept ! id5tification ( ! bran* ( gold 9 ,virgil ) any bran* y please on a c]ta9 tree at ,aricia4 ,nor am ,i aw>e ( any hi/orical evid5ce t ! grove !re 0 an oak grove1 or ! tree an oak tree1 or t ! bran* to be pluck$ 0 a mi/letoe b\gh1 or t any bran*1 = ! purpose ( ! runaway slave1 0 n z good z ano!r4 ,t ,virgil's bran* ( gold 0 mi/letoe1 t ! tree at ,aricia 0 an oak1 t ! b\gh to be pluck$ by ! p]son ambiti\s ( be+ a gha/ly prie/ 0 mi/letoe1 seems 7if ,i foll[ ,mr4 ,fraz] accurately7 to be r ne$ful to ! success ( ! solution ( 8 problem :i* he f9ally prop\nds4 ,he takes1 on 8 road1 ! ,eddaic my? ( ,bald]1 :i* ,i d n reg>d z a v e>ly my?2 b on t po9t !re is great se>*+ ( he>ts among ,sc&9avian speciali/s4 ',no "o n[1' writes a ,sc&9avian s*ol> to me1 'puts any ( ! ,edda poems e>li] ?an #ijj ,a4,d41 & mo/ ( !m1 if n all1 are probably lat] ?an t4 ,we d n ev5 "k :e!r !y 7 compos$ by ,*ri/ians or pagans1 z ! ,icel&]s nev] lo/ _! int]e/ 9 ! old my?ology4 ,x has nev] be5 suffici5tly notic$ t ^! poems are n religi\s 9 any s5se2 all t _! poets c>$ = 0 ! /ory4 ,t x w ev] be possible to say :]e ! /ories came f1 ,i d\bt v mu*3 probably !y repres5t ! fusion ( sev]al q diff]5t ve9s ( leg5ds1 hea!n & ,*ri/ian4 ,! ,saga writ]s knew practically no?+ ab\t ! old hea!n wor%ip1 & ,bald] may nev] h be5 wor%ipp$ at all1 or1 if he 01 x is r hopeless to conjecture 9 :at capacity4' ,su* are ! op9ions ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,craigie1 ^: writ+s on ! ,celto-,sc&9avian relations ( ! ,nor!rn my?ological lit]ature are famili> to /ud5ts4 ,we return to ,mr4 ,fraz]'s h&l+ ( ! ,bald] /ory4 ,bald]1 says ! ,edda1 dream$ ( dea?4 ,a goddess made ev]y?+ 9 nature swe> n to hurt him1 except a mi/letoe plant1 :i* %e ?\ght too "y to und]/& ! nature ( an oa?6 ,loki le>n$ ?is1 pluck$ ! plant1 &1 :5 ! gods 7 hurl+ ?+s at ,bald]1 ask$ ! bl9d ,hdur to ?r[ ! mi/letoe4 ,x pi]c$ & slew ,bald]1 & 8 fun]al 0 ( a k9d :i* may1 or may n1 h be5 us$ be=e ! p]iod ( inhumation 9 'h[es' or b>r[s4 ,bald]'s dead body 0 burn$ on bo>d 8 %ip1 '! huge/ ( all %ips4'#bg ,i _h an impression t ?is 0 a n uncommon ,vik+ =m ( incremation1 b ,mr4 ,craigie ?9ks t x _h q gone out be=e ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,9 ! leg5d>y p]iod he rememb]s b "o case1 9 ,yngl+a ,saga4#bh ,k+ ,haki1 be+ mortally w\nd$1 _h 8 %ip pil$ ) ! bodies & weapons ( ! sla92 a fun]al pyre 0 erect$ on bo>d & lit1 & ! body ( ,haki 0 borne =? to sea 9 ! flam+ vessel4 ',! ?+ 0 fam\s long aft]4' ,! /ory may be borr[$ f ! ,bald] /ory or ! ,bald] /ory f t ( ,k+ ,haki4 ,9 any case ,bald] 0 n sacrific$1 b cremat$1 & ! 'huge %ip1' ( c\rse1 is a late ,vik+ idea1 an idea ! rev]se ( primitive4 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 h[ev]1 goes on1 app>5tly assum+ t 9 ! orig9al =m ( ! my? ,bald] 0 sacrific$1 to a !ory ab\t c]ta9 religi\s or ritual fires1 :i* survive 9 folklore4 ,^! fires are lit by peasants at v>i\s seasons1 b are be/ kn[n at midsumm]1 :ile a pret5ce ( burn+ a man is made1 & ?is at a season :5 mi/letoe is ga!r$ z a magical heal+ h]b1 n z a weapon ( dea?4 ,he seems to ?9k t ,bald] 0 ! _s ( ! oak1 t human victims1 repres5t+ ! oak & ,bald]1 71 ( old1 p]iodically sacrific$1 & t p deem$ t ! oak c\ld n be injur$ by axes be=e ! mi/letoe 79 :i*1 !y ?\ght1 lay its life7 0 pluck$ (f4 ,unluckily1 ,i see no evid5ce t p ev] did ent]ta9 ?is op9ion--namely1 t ! oak 0 invuln]able till ! mi/letoe 0 pluck$4#bi ,mr4 ,fraz] says3 ',! mi/letoe 0 view$ z ! seat ( ! life ( ! oak1 &1 s long z x 0 un9jur$1 no?+ c\ld kill or ev5 w\nd ! oak4' ,he %[s h[ ?is idea might arise4 ',! oak1 s p might ?9k1 0 invuln]able1' s long z ! mi/letoe rema9$ intact4#cj ,b did ! p ?9k s8 ,pl9y says a great deal ab\t ! ,druidical ga!r+ ( mi/letoe1 :i*1 on oaks1 'is v r>ely to be met )4' ,! ,druids1 ,i presume1 nev] obs]v$ t oaks 9 g5]al1 9 fact by an ov]:elm+ majority1 liv$ v well )\t hav+ any seat ( life 7mi/letoe7 at all4 ,n notic+ ?is obvi\s fact1 !y reckon$1 x w\ld appe>1 t an oak ) mi/letoe on x con ,id n be cut till ! mi/letoe 0 remov$4 ,p]haps !y nev] tri$4 ,pl9y does n say t :5 ! ,druid _h climb$ ! tree & remov$ ! mi/letoe1 he next cut d[n ! tree4#ca ,x does seem desirable to prove t p ?\ght ! life ( an oak 0 9 ! mi/letoe 7:i* !y might ga!r )\t hurt+ ! oak71 be=e we beg9 to build ano!r !ory on our !ory t !y did hold ?is op9ion4#cb ,?is new !ory ,mr4 ,fraz] goes =? to erect on ! basis ( ! fir/ !ory4 ,! !ory1 9 brief1 comes to ?is3 t z ,bald] 0 ! _s ( ! oak1 & 0 sacrific$ 7( :i* ,i see no pro(71 s human be+s1 repres5t+ ,bald] & ! oak1 7 sacrific$1 to re9vigorate vegetation4 ,! mi/letoe :i* slew ,bald] 0 ! s\l-box ( bo? ,bald] & ( ! oak1 & ( ! human victims :o repres5t$1 ye>ly1 ! oak & ,bald]4 ,ab\t all ?is mu* might be said4 ,! kill+ ( 'div9e k+s1' ,bald] & o!rs1#cc seems to me1 z ,i h already said1 9 ! majority ( cases1 to be a m]e rude =m ( sup]annuation4 ,we d n kill a comm&]-9-*ief1 or an old pr(essor2 we p5sion !m (f4 ,b x is n s easy to p5sion (f a k+4 ,i ?9k t mo/ ( ! cases cit$ mean sup]annuation1 or dissatisfaction ) ! rul]1 n a magical c]emony to improve vegetation4 ,regicide is1 or 01 common4 ,says ,birrel 7#aefj-afje73 ',!re has be9e 9 ?is ,k+dome ( ,scotl&1 are hund]e? & five ,k+s1 ( quhilk !re 0 sla9e fifty-sex1' (t5 succe$$ by _! slay]s1 l ! gha/ly prie/4 ,i am n conv9c$ t ! gha/ly prie/ repres5t$ vegetation1 & endur$ ! duel ordeal z a commutation ( ye>ly sacrifice1 ?\gh !re is a k9d ( p>allel 9 ! case ( ! k+ ( ,calicut4 ,b t mod]n mumm]s are put to dea?1 9 a mock c]emony 7z ,mr4 ,fraz] holds1 to quick5 vegetation71 is prov$ by mu* folklore evid5ce4#cd ,if we admit 7:i* ,i ?9k f> f inevitable7 t ! gha/ly prie/ 0 once a k9d ( ,may ,k+1 p]iodically sla91 & 0 analog\s to ,bald]1 & repres5t$ ! life ( an oak1 we are next invit$ to suppose t ! tree at ,aricia 0 also an oak1 t ! only bran* on x to be pluck$ by ! w\ld-be successor 0 mi/letoe1 & t ! mi/letoe 0 ! s\l-box ( ! tree & ( ! gha/ly prie/1 :o c\ld m easily be kill$ :5 8 life-box 7! mi/letoe7 0 damag$4#ce ,!re is h>dly a l9k 9 ?is *a9 ( reason+ :i* to me seems /rong4 ,i d n see t ,bald]1 9 ! ,edda1 0 sacrific$4 ,i d n see t ! mi/letoe 0 8 s\l-box4 ,i conceive t ! use ( s feeble a weapon to kill him is analog\s to ! slay+ ( an invuln]able h]o1 9 ,nor? ,am]ican my?1 by ! weapon ( a bulru%3 an example ( ! popul> lik+ = weakness t ov]comes /r5g?4 ,i f9d no evid5ce t ! mi/letoe 0 ev] ?\ght to be ! s\l-box ( ! oak2 none to prove t ! tree at ,aricia 0 an oak2 no?+ to %[ t ! bran* to be pluck$ 0 ! bran* ( gold 9 ,virgil1 & no?+ to indicate t ,virgil's bran* 0 ! mi/letoe4 ,to rea* ,mr4 ,fraz]'s solution--t ! gha/ly prie/ 0 an inc>nate _s ( vegetation1 sla91 aft] ! pluck+ ( mi/letoe1 9 ord] t he might be succe$$ by a /rong] s\l1 m apt to increase ! life ( vegetation--we h to cross at lea/ six 'light bridges' ( hypo!sis1 'built to connect isolat$ facts4'#cf ,to me ^! hypo!ses seem m l ! app>5tly solid spots 9 a peat-bog1 on :i* :oso alights is let into ! morass4 ,i feel l ,mr4 ,fraz]'s 'cauti\s inquir]1' :o is 'br\ght up %>p on ! edge ( "s yawn+ *asm4'#cg ,i ought to propose an hypo!sis myself4 ,9 do+ s ,i %all conf9e myself 7! limitation is n unsci5tific7 to ! kn[n facts ( ! problem4 ,9 ! grove ( ,diana 7a goddess ( _m v>i\s attributes7 0 a prie/ ( :om we "k no?+ b t he 0 7#a7 a fugitive slave1 7#b7 call$ ,k+ ( ! ,grove1 7#c7 might be sla9 & succe$$ by any o!r fugitive slave1 7#d7 :o broke a b\gh ( ! tree :i* ! prie/'s only kn[n duty 0 to protect4 ,^! are all ! asc]ta9$ facts4 ,:y _h ! prie/ to be a runaway slave8 ,mr4 ,fraz] says3 ',he _h to be a runaway slave 9 memory ( ! flight ( ,ore/es1 ! traditional f\nd] ( ! wor%ip4444'#ch ,b ! ,greek /ory ( ,ore/es1 & its d\blette z to ,hippolytus1 are only tiological my?s1 fanciful' reasons :y1' atta*$ to a ,lat9 usage4 ,nei!r ,ore/es nor ,hippolytus 0 a slave1 l ! gha/ly prie/4 ,! /ory ab\t ,ore/es1 a fugitive1 arises out ( ! cu/om ( ,aricia1 & does n expla9 t cu/om4 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 ,i presume1 admits ?is1 b ?9ks t ! gha/ly prie/ might p]haps1 at "o "t1 save himself by be+ a runaway4 ,b :y a slave8 ,if ,i might guess1 ,i w\ld v5ture to sugge/ t ! grove ne> ,aricia may h be5 an asylum = fugitives1 z !y say t ,borne orig9ally 04 ,!re are su* sanctu>ies 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,"h1 =tunately1 ,mr4 ,fraz] himself supplies me ) ! v in/ances :i* my conjecture craves4 ,he cites ,mr4 ,turn]'s ',samoa' = trees :i* 7 sanctu>ies = fugitives4 ,^! useful examples are giv51 n 9 ',! ,gold5 ,b\gh1' b 9 an essay on ',! ,orig9 ( ,totemism4'#ci ',9 ,upolu1 "o ( ! ,samoan isl&s1 a c]ta9 god1 ,vave1 _h 8 abode 9 an old tree1 :i* s]v$ z an asylum = murd]]s & o!r (f5d]s :o _h incurr$ ! p5alty ( dea?4' ,i ga!r f ,mr4 ,turn]'s ',n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia' 7p4 #bhe7 t ! dea? p5alty 0 t ( ! blood feud4 ,9 8 ',samoa1' ,mr4 ,turn] writes conc]n+ trees :i* 7 sanctu>ies3 ',if t tree 0 rea*$ by ! crim9al1 he 0 safe1 & ! av5g] ( blood c\ld pursue no f>!r1 b wait inve/igation & trial4 ,x is said t ! k+ ( a division ( ,upolu1 call$ ,atua1 once liv$ at t spot4 ,aft] he di$ ! h\se fell into decay1 b ! tree 0 fix$ on z repres5t+ ! dep>t$ k+1 & out ( respect = 8 memory x 0 made ! sub/itute ( a liv+ & royal protector4 ,x 0 call$ o le asi pulu tangata1 '! asi tree1 ! refuge ( m54' ,?is rem9ds me ( :at ,i once he>d f a native ( ano!r isl&4 ,he said t at "o "t !y _h be5 t5 ye>s )\t a k+1 & s anxi\s 7 !y to h "s protect+ sub/itute t !y fix$ ^u a l>ge ,o'a tree 7,bis*(fia ,javanica71 & made x ! repres5tative ( a k+1 & an asylum = ! ?ief or ! homicide :5 pursu$ by ! injur$ 9 hot ha/e = v5geance4#dj ,!re seem to h be5 ?ree sanctu>y trees3 "o inhabit$ by a god1 ,vave2 "o respect$ 9 memory ( a k+2 & "o do+ duty z a k9d ( figure-head1 or repres5tative ( a k+4 ,if my guess t ! tree 9 ! ,arician grove 0 once a sanctu>y1 or asylum = fugitives1 includ+ fugitive slaves1 is plausible1 ,i _c1 ( c\rse1 conjecture z to ! reason ( its protective sanctity4 ,x may h be5 "o ( ! ?ree ,samoan reasons 7:i* none ( u c\ld h guess$ correctly71 or any o!r motive may h tak5 effect4 ,a fugitive slave1 ( c\rse1 0 n await+ trial & *ance ( acquittal4 ,by cu/om he w\ld be re/or$ to 8 ma/]'s t5d] m]cies1 or live on "u ! tree4 ,b an unlimit$ asylum ( fugitive slaves 0 an inconv5i5t neighb\r to ,aricia4 ,h5ce 7x is physically conceivable1 b ,i lay no /ress on x7 ! asylum 0 at la/ limit$ to "o fugitive slave at a "t4 ,x 0 n l ! =e/ 9 ! ,indian fable1 populat$ by 'millions ( h]mits1' :o _c h be5 v solit>y an*orites4 ,any fugitive slave :o took sanctu>y _h to kill & dispossess ! prior occupant4 ,!re 0 only sanctu>y = "o at a "t4 ,m w\ld h be5 mo/ inconv5i5t4 ,9 any case ! "o solit>y duty ( ! gha/ly prie/ 7z f> z we "k7 0 to act z g>de *amptre to "o c]ta9 tree4 ,:y ?is "o tree1 we d n & _c "k4 ,i am av]se to ,sir ,alfr$ ,lyall's plan ( sugge/+ s+ul> solutions aris+ out ( "s possible hi/orical accid5t 9 ! veil$ pa/1 :5 ! problem to be solv$ is a practice ( wide diffusion4 ,! causes1 9 su* cases ( wide diffusion1 _c be reg>d$ z m]e freaks or recurr+ accid5ts4 ,b ?is affair ( ! tree & its inviolate bran*es is isolat$1 unless we reg>d ! tree z a taboo or sanctu>y tree1 :i* x might be = _m reasons1 z 9 ,samoa1 p]haps because x 0 ! resid5ce ( a tree-_s4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! prie/'s only kn[n duty 0 to gu>d ! tree4 ,!n1 :y _h 8 w\ld-be successor to break a b\gh be=e fight+8 ,obvi\sly z a *all5ge1 & also z a w>n+4 ,! prie/ 9 (fice 0 to 'h a fair %[2' "s 'law' 0 to be giv5 him4 ,:5 he f\nd a bran* brok51 any bran*1 he 0 9 ! position ( ! pirate capta9 on :om '! black spot' 0 pass$4#da ,he 0 9 ! situation ( ! k+ ( ! ,eyeos1 to :om a pres5t ( p>rots' eggs meant t x 0 '"t = him to g4'#db ,if ! b\gh 0 mi/letoe1 & if ! fugitive slave1 l ! ,druids 9 ,pl9y1#dc _h to climb = x1 !n ! gha/ly prie/ '_h him at an avail4' ,x 0 any odds on ! prie/1 :o c\ld 'tree' 8 man or cut him d[n z he desc5d$4 ,h[ev]1 our au?orities tell u ab\t no b\gh 9 p>ticul>1 /ill less ab\t mi/letoe4 ,let me add t1 if ! b\gh 0 mi/letoe1 ! sacr$ tree w\ld ne$ to be *ang$ e "t 7( :i* we he> no?+71 = x is n a case ( ,uno avulso non deficit alt] ) mi/letoe4 ,! b\gh 0 brok51 !n1 z a taunt1 a *all5ge1 & a w>n+4 ',y c't keep y\r old tree1 make room = a bett] man6' ,t is ! _s ( ! bus9ess4 ,! fugitive1 utilis$ z a prie/ ( ! grove1 0 sla9 :5 ! bett] man appe>$1 n t a new s\l might keep ! vegetation lively1 b m]ely because ! be/ man atta9able 0 ne$$ to gu>d ! taboo tree4 ,! sacr$ & prie/ly "* ( a runaway fight+ slave does n1 to me1 seem pron\nc$4#dd ,we "k n t he ev] sacrific$4 ,ladies :o wi%$ to be mo!rs visit$ ! %r9e1 inde$1#de z ?is ,diana 0 a goddess l ,luc9a1 presid+ ov] bir?4 ,i d n d5y t ! prie/ might h work$ miracles = !m 7l ! ,indian =e/ sages :o d ! miracle = *ildless rajahs74 ,b 8 "o kn[n duty1 gu>d+ ! tree1 0 inconsi/5t ) mu* att5tion to ?is bran* ( 8 sacr$ call+4 ',he pr[l$ ab\t ) sword drawn1 always on ! look out4'#df ,t is all6 ,we h n1 9 ?is !ory1 to inv5t a s+le fact1 or introduce a s+le belief :]e we d n "k t x exi/$4 ,sanctu>ies or asyla did exi/1 we h giv5 examples ( sanctu>y trees1 & ! tree 0 a sanctu>y = j "o runaway slave at a "t3 he c\ld n run to burg1 z 9 our old & m m]ciful law4 ,if he want$ ! billet ( gha/ly prie/ he _h to fight = x3 ,lads1 y'll ne$ to fight ,be=e y drive ta pea/ies4 ,be=e fight+ he _h to get ?r\gh ! prie/'s gu>d & break a bran* ( ! tree :i* ! prie/ protect$1 ! act be+ a w>n+ z well z a *all5ge4 ,?is hypo!sis introduces no unkn[n & unprov$ facts1 & colligates all ! facts :i* are kn[n4 ,! title ( ',k+ ( ! ,grove' may mean no m ?an ! title ( ',cock ( ! ,nor?2' or x may be a prie/ly title1 n1 ev5 s1 necess>ily imply+ t ! runaway slave embodi$ ! rul+ _s ( ! vegetable dep>tm5t4 ,i h be5 fav\r$ ) objections to my guess4 ,fir/1 if ,i am "r1 :]e is ! sanction = ! cu/om at :i* ,i conjecture8 ,well1 :]e is ! sanction ( ! ,samoan cu/oms8 ,!y repos$ 7#a7 on ! resid5ce ( a god 9 a tree1 7#b7 on respect = a k+ :o _h liv$ ne> a tree1 7#c7 on a legal fiction4 ,! sanctu>ies ( ! ,arunta ,ertnatulunga d]ive _! sanction f ho>ds ( *ur+a1 sacr$ objects ( :i*1 till rec5tly1 we knew no?+4#dg ,obvi\sly ,i _c say :i* ( _m conceivable & inconceivable primeval reasons gave a sanction to ! tree-asylum ( ,aricia4 ,once in/itut$1 cu/om did ! re/4 ,! tree 0 a sanctu>y = "o fugitive slave1 &1 next1 = ano!r :o c\ld kill him4 ,secondly1 my guess is ?\ght to disreg>d ,mr4 ,fraz]'s _m o!r analogies f folklore4 ,:i* analogies8 ,:]e else d we f9d a prie/ly fugitive slave1 :o held 8 sacr$ (fice by ! coir na glaive1 ! ,eight ( ,sword8 ,i am acqua9t$ ) no o!r example4 ,z ,i h %[n already1 ! k+s :o are kill$ 7admitt+ ! ,arician fugitive to be a rex7 are kill$ = a consid]able v>iety ( reasons1 & are nev] %[n to be kill$ t a /urdi] vehicle may be provid$ = a vegetable deity2 :ile ! k+s said to inc>nate a deity are nev] said to be kill$ = religi\s reasons4 ,if ! rev]se 7 ! case1 !n ! ,arician fugitive1 ! gha/ly prie/1 might take ! b5efit ( ! analogies4 ,i hope t my bald prosaic !ory1 abjectly ,phili/9e z x is1 has ! *>act]i/ics ( a sci5tific hypo!sis4 ,b1 l my guess z to ! real reason = ! dea? ( ! ,sacan victim1 ?is attempt to expla9 ! (fice ( ! gha/ly prie/ is b a conjecture4 ,! affair is s s+ul> t x may h an isolat$ cause 9 "s =gott5 occurr5ce4 ,i rememb] no o!r classical in/ance ( a prie/ ^: duty 0 to be always wat*+ a s+le sacr$ tree1 a ?+ requir+ a vigilance ( att5tion n compatible ) mu* o!r prie/ly "w3 a po/ s un5viable t only a fugitive slave w\ld be likely to c>e = ! duties & p]quisites4 ,naturally he w\ld n "k t he 0 'an inc>nation ( ! supreme ,aryan god1 ^: life 0 9 ! mi/letoe or gold5 b\gh4' ,&1 z he did n "k1 he w\ld n be 'pr\d ( ! title4' #a ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #adg4 #b ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aff4 #c ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #cdf4 #d ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #ie4 #e ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #afj4 #f ,g4 ,b4 i4 #bbg4 #g ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bag4 #h ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #ade4 #i ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #abi4 #aj ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #bec2 ii4 #bej4 #aa ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #abc4 #ab ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #abb4 #ac ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #abg4 #ad ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #afc4 #ae ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #def4 #af ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #def1 #deg4 #ag ,pausanias1 ii4 xxvii4 #d4 #ah ,sylv1 iii4 i4 #ee4 #ai ,caligula1 #ce4 #bj ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #deg4 #ba ,g4 ,b4 i4 #bca4 #bb ,g4 ,b4 i4 #bca4 #bc ,:o1 or :at1 c escape be+ a tree-_s1 if ,zeus is "o8 ,mr4 ,fraz] ?9ks t ! savage mu/ reg>d all trees us$ 9 fire-mak+ z s\rces ( hidd5 fire4 ',may n ?is1' he asks1 'h be5 ! orig9 ( ! "n ! ,bright or ,%9+ ,"o 7,zeus1 ,jove ,dyaus71 by :i* ! anci5t ,greeks & ,italians designat$ _! supreme ,god8 ,x is1 at lea/1 highly significant t1 among/ bo? ,greeks & ,italians1 ! oak %\ld h be5 ! tree ( ! supreme ,god4444'--iii4 #deg4 ,zeus1 l ,num1 & c\ntless o!rs1 0 also a sky god4 ,! sky is bright & %9+1 an oak is ! rev]se4 ,we d n ?9k t a savage w\ld call an oak or a mat*-box 'bright1' ev5 if !y d hold se$s ( fire4 #bd ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ddi2 n4 vi4 #bjc1 et seq4 #be ,see ,pr(essor ,b>rett's two works on '! s-call$ ,div9+ ,rod1' 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*4 #bf ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ded4 #bg ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #bcf-bcg4 #bh c4 #bg4 #bi ,mr4 ,fraz] notices t ,pl9y d]iv$ ',druid' f ,greek drs1 oak4 ',he did n "k t ! ,celtic ^w = oak 0 ! same1 daur1 & t !re=e ,druid1 9 ! s5se ( prie/ ( ! oak1 0 g5u9e ,celtic1 n borr[$ f ! ,greek4' ,) o!r au?orities ,mr4 ,fraz] cites ,j4 ,rhys's ,celtic ,hea!ndom1 p4 #bba et seq4 ,pr9cipal ,rhys in=ms me t he is incl9$ to ?9k t ',druid' is ( ! same orig9 z ! ,celtic ^w = oak4 ,mr4 ,/okes seems to ?9k o!rwise1 & to int]pret dru to be ! equival5t to 'true1' & to make ! ^w ,druid mean 'soo?say]1' to :i* ,pr9cipal ,rhys sees phonetic objections4 ,he himself sees ! difficulty1 9 bo? !ories1 t !y make ! ^w ',druid' ,aryan1 :]eas ! :ole ,druidical bus9ess may be non-,aryan & 'aborig9al1' ,picti%1 or :atev] we l to call x4 #cj ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #cej4 #ca ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #cbg4 #cb ,! /ory ( mi/letoe z ! 'life-tok5' ( ! ,hays ( ,errol 7iii4 #ddi7 seems to re/ on a scrap ( rec5t v]se1 cut f a newspap] ( unkn[n "n & date4 ,i suspect t x is f ! p5 7circ4 #ahbb7 ( ',john ,sobieski ,/olb]g ,/u>t1' alias ,john ,hay ,allan1 au?or ( o!r apocryphal rhymes on ! ,hays ( ,errol1 & ( _! g5ealogy4 #cc ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #a-ei4 #cd ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #ei-fg4 #ce ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #dej4 #cf ,g4 ,b4 i4 xv4 #cg ,g4 ,b4 i4 xx4 #ch ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #fg4 #ci ,=tnightly ,review1 ,april #ahii1 p4 #feb4 #dj ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #fd1 seq4 #da ,see ,treasure ,isl&4 #db ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #ac4 #dc ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #cbg4 #dd ,comp>e i4 #bcb4 #de ,g4 ,b4 i4 #e4 #df ,/rabo1 v4 #c1 #ab4 #dg ,sp5c] & ,gill51 pp4 #acd-ace4 ,,xii ,,s\? ,,african ,,religion ,! provisional hypo!sis by :i* ,i try to expla9 ! e>ly /ages ( religion may be /at$ 9 ! words ( a critic1 ,mr4 ,h>tl&4 ',app>5tly x is claim$ t ! belief 9 a supreme be+ came1 9 "s way only to be guess$ at1 fir/ 9 ord] ( evolution1 & 0 subsequ5tly obscur$ & ov]laid by belief 9 gho/s & 9 a pan!on ( less] div9ities4'#a ,i 0 l$ to ^! conclusions1 fir/1 by obs]v+ ! reports ( belief 9 a relatively supreme be+ & mak] among tribes :o d n wor%ip ance/ral spirits 7,au/ralians & ,&amanese71 &1 secondly1 by rem>k+ ! otiose unwor%ipp$ supreme be+1 (t5 cr$it$ ) ! *>ge ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 among poly!i/ic & ance/or-wor%ipp+ p too num]\s = detail$ m5tion4 ,! supreme be+ among ^! races1 9 "s in/ances a m]e %ad[ ( a *ildr5's tale1 ,i conjectur$ to be a vague survival ( su* a ?+ z ! ,&amanese ,puluga1 or ! ,au/ralian ,baiame4 ,grant+ ! validity ( ! evid5ce1 ! hypo!sis appe>s to colligate ! facts4 ,!re is a creative be+ 7n a _s1 m]ely a be+7 be=e gho/s are wor%ipp$4 ,:]e gho/s are wor%ipp$1 & ! spiritual deities ( poly!ism h be5 develop$1 & are ador$1 !re is /ill ! unwor%ipp$ mak]1 9 v>i\s degrees ( repose & neglect4 ,t ! belief 9 him 'came 9 "s way1 only to be guess$ at1' is true en\gh4 ,b if ,i am to h an hypo!sis l my neighb\rs1 ,i h sugge/$ t e>ly man1 look+ = an orig9 ( ?+s1 easily adopt$ ! idea ( a mak]1 usually an unborn man1 :o 0 be=e dea?1 & /ill exi/s4 ,b\nd ?is be+ cry/allis$ affection1 fe>1 & s5se ( duty2 he sanctions morality & e>ly man's rem>kable resi/ance to ! cosmic t5d5cy3 8 notion ( unselfi%ness4 ,t man %\ld s e>ly conceive a mak] & fa!r seems to me v probable2 to my critics x is a difficulty4 ,b "o ( ,dr4 ,callaway's native in=mants rem>ks3 ',:5 we ask$ ,by :at 0 ! sun made8 !y said ,by ,umvel9qangi4 ,= we us$ to ask :5 we 7 little1 ?9k+ t ! old m5 knew all ?+s4'#b ,:at a savage *ild naturally asks ab\t1 8 yet m savage ance/ors may h pond]$4 ,no speculation seems m inevitable4 ,z soon z man 0 a reason+ be+ he mu/ h wond]$ ab\t orig9s2 he has usually two answ]s3 creation1 complete or p>tial1 & evolution4 ,l ,topsy 'he 'specs ?+s gr[$1' :5 he does n guess t ?+s 7 made by somebody4 ,z f> z totemism is religi\s1 x accepts ! answ] ( evolution1 m5 7 evolv$ out ( l[] types1 bea/s & plants1 _! totems4 ,b ^! are n always treat$ ) religi\s rev]5ce1 z sometimes are su* creative be+s & fa!rs z ,baiame4 ,9 _m cases1 z ,i h kept on say+1 ! savage creative be+ has a deputy1 (t5 a demiurge1 :o ex]cises au?ority4 ,:]e ?is is ! case1 & :]e ance/or-wor%ip is ! work+ religion1 ! deputy easily comes to be envisag$ z ! fir/ man1 unborn ( human p>5ts1 mak] ( ?+s1 or ( _m ?+s1 & culture h]o4 ,mr4 ,tylor says3 ',9 ! my?ology ( ,kam*atka ! relation betwe5 ! ,creator & ! fir/ man is "o n ( id5tity1 b ( p>5tage4' ,x is cle> t1 9 proportion to ! exclusive preval5ce ( ance/or-wor%ip z a work+ religion1 ! idea ( ! ,creator might be worn away1 & ! fir/ man might be id5tifi$ ) him4 ,x w\ld n foll[ t ! idea ( creation 0 totally lo/4 ,! fir/ man might be cr$it$ ) ! feat ( creation4 ,mr4 ,tylor obs]ves t 'by ^! consi/5t manes-wor%ipp]s1 ! ,zulus1 ! fir/ man1 ,unkulunkulu1 is id5tifi$ ) ! ,creator4'#c ,mr4 ,tylor's /atem5t1 ( c\rse1 involves ! op9ion t ! idea ( creation is pres5t to ! ,zulu m9d4 ,unkulunkulu made ?+s1 z ,baiame1 & ,puluga1 & o!r be+s did4 ,l !m he is no _s1 b a magnifi$ non-natural man4 ,unlike !m1 he is subject to ! competition ( ance/ral gho/s1 ! m rec5t ! bett]1 9 receipt ( pray] & sacrifice4 ,hav+ no special h\se :i* claims him z ance/or1 & be+ v remote1 he is n[ believ$ by _m ,zulus to be dead4 ,8 "n is a fable1 l t ( ,atahocan1 a ?+ to amuse or put (f *ildr5 )2 !y are told to call on ,unkulunkulu :5 _! p>5ts want to s5d !m out ( ! way4 ,all ?is is exactly :at my !ory w\ld lead me to anticipate1 if ! ,zulus _h once possess$ ! idea ( an unwor%ipp$ creative be+1 & _h lo/ x "u ! competition ( wor%ipp$1 ne> ak91 & s]viceable gho/s4 ,_! ance/ral "* w\ld be reflect$ on him4 ,x is j z if ! ,au/ralian ,kurnai 7 to take to ance/or-wor%ip1 glorify ,tundun1 ! son & deputy ( ,mungan-ngaur2 neglect ,mungan-ngaur1 look on ,tundun z ! creator1 & f9ally neglect him 9 fav\r ( ance/ral spirits less remote1 & m closely ak9 to !mselves4 ,?is process is v readily conceivable1 &1 f our po9t ( view1 x w\ld look l deg5]ation 9 religion1 "u /ress ( a new religi\s motive1 ! d ut des ( sacrifice to ance/ral gho/s4 ,t ,unkulunkulu %\ld come to be ?\ght dead is ! less surpris+1 z a ,zulu 9 bad luck w be s blasphem\s z to decl>e t ! ance/ral spirits ( 8 wor%ip are !mselves dead4 ',:5 we sacrifice to !m1 & pray t a c]ta9 disease may cease1 & x does n cease1 !n we beg9 to qu>rel ) !m1 & to d5y _! exi/5ce4 ,& ! man :o has sacrific$ exclaims3 ,!re are no ,amadhlozi2 al?\gh o!rs say !re are1 b = my "p ,i say t ! ,amadhlozi ( our h\se di$ = ev]4'#d4444 ,?us ,i c easily suppose t ! ,zulus once _h an idea ( a creative be+2 t !y r$uc$ him1 on ! l9es describ$1 to a fir/ man2 t !y neglect$ him 9 fav\r ( s]viceable gho/s2 & t !y n[ ?9k him ext9ct2 l ! gho/s !mselves :5 !y cease to be s]viceable4 ,mr4 ,h>tl&'s !ory is ! rev]se ( m9e4 ,he says3 ',9 fact1 s f> z c be ga!r$1 ! v idea ( creation 0 =eign to _! m9ds4' 444 ',! e>? 0 9 exi/5ce fir/1 be=e ,unkulunkulu z yet exi/$4'#e ,b heav51 & ! sun1 & all ?+s 7 n 9 exi/5ce be=e ,unkulunkulu3 he made !m1 accord+ to o!r native witnesses1 & ,dr4 ,callaway1 9 8 fir/ page1 says t ! ,zulus reg>d ,unkulunkulu z ! ,creator4 ,! evid5ce1 z ,mr4 ,h>tl& urges ) tru?1 is 'contradictory4' ,b its contradictions contradict 8 /atem5t t '! v idea ( creation 0 =eign to _! m9ds4' ,_m witnesses atte/ ! exi/5ce 9 ! ,zulu m9d ( ! idea ( creation4 ',x 0 said at fir/1 be=e ! arrival ( mission>ies1 if we ask$1 ,by :at 7 ! /ones made8 ,!y 7 made by ,umvel9qangi4' ',! anci5ts us$ to say1 be=e ! arrival ( ! mission>ies1 t all ?+s 7 made by ,umvel9qangi2 b !y 7 n acqua9t$ ) 8 "n4' ',! natives1' says ,dr4 ,callaway1 '_c tell y 8 "n1 except x be ,umvel9qangi4'#f ',! sun & moon we ref]r$ to ,unkulunkulu1 toge!r ) all ! ?+s 9 ?is _w1 & yond] heav5 we ref]r$ to ,unkulunkulu4444 ,we said all 0 made by ,unkulunkulu4'#g ',at fir/ we saw t !y 7 made by ,unkulunkulu1 b 444 we wor%ipp$ ^? :om we _h se5 ) our eyes' 7! gho/s ( _! fa!rs71 's !n we began to ask all ?+s ( ! ,amadhlozi4' ,?is conv5i5t ,zulu1 ,ump5gula ,mb&a1 /ates my v hypo!sis4#h ,b he seems to h be5 a ,*ri/ian conv]t1 & probably con/ruct$ 8 !ory aft] he he>d ( ! ,*ri/ian ,god4 ',we seek out ! ,amadhlozi t we may n be always ?9k+ ab\t ,unkulunkulu4' ,s spirituali/s are m int]e/$ 9 gho/s ?an 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,god4 ',9 process ( "t we h come to wor%ip ! ,amadhlozi only1 because we knew n :at to say ab\t ,unkulunkulu1' j z ! spirituali/ 'kn[s :at to say' ab\t 8 aunt1 :o speaks to him ?r\gh ! celebrat$ ,mrs4 ,pip]4#i ,dr4 ,callaway consult$ a v old ,zulu1 ,ukoto1 ^: aunt 0 ! "m ( ,k+ ,*aka 7,ut%aka74 ,mr4 ,rid] ,hagg>d dates ,*aka ab\t #ahac-ahbh4 ,) him began sev5ty ye>s ( ,zulu conque/ & revolution1 9 :i* old ideas might be oblit]at$4 ,ukoto answ]$ ,dr4 ,callaway's inquiries ?us3 ',:5 we 7 *ildr5 x 0 said ! ,"l is 9 heav54444 ,we he>d x said t ! ,creator ( ! _w 7,umdabuko7 is ! ,"l :i* is above4 ,:5 ,i 0 gr[+ up1 x us$ to be said ! ,creator ( ! _w is above4'#aj ,s f> we mu/ ei!r reject mo/ respectable evid5ce1 go+ back to ! e>lie/ ye>s ( la/ c5tury1 be=e ! ,zulu p]iod ( revolution1 or dismiss ,mr4 ,h>tl&'s op9ion t ! v idea ( creation is =eign to ! ,zulu m9d4 ,a v old woman1 ^: *ildhood 0 prior to ,*aka's initiation ( ! revolution>y p]iod ( conque/ 7#ahac71 be+ int]rogat$ by ! ,zulu1 ,ump5gula1 said t ':5 we ask$ ( ! orig9 ( corn1 ! old p said x came f ! ,creator :o creat$ all ?+s4 ,b we d n "k him4 ,! old p said '! ,creator ( all ?+s is 9 heav54'#aa ,! old woman !n ab\nd$ 9 contradictions4 ,%e said t ,unkulunkulu 0 ! ,creator 9 heav51 b only ! day be=e %e _h d5i$ ?is4 ,dr4 ,callaway ?\ght n t h] m9d 0 w&]+1 b t '!re appe>s 9 ?is acc\nt to be r ! int]mixture ( sev]al fai?s1 :i* might h met & cont5d$ or amalgamat$ at ! "t to :i* %e alludes'--! e>ly days ( ,*aka--' #a4 ,primitive fai? 9 a heav5ly ,"l or ,creator4 #b4 ,! ance/or-wor%ipp+ fai?1 :i* conf\nds ! ,creator ) ! fir/ man4 #c4 ,! ,*ri/ian fai?1 aga9 direct+ ! att5tion ( ! natives to a ,god :o is n an?ropomorphic' ,%e might also1 9 a "p ( h] tale1 allude to ! fabl$ asc5sion ( ! fa!r ( ,k+ ,*aka prior to #ahac4 ,f my po9t ( view1 ,dr4 ,callaway's !ory seems possible4 ,! memories & ideas ( p :o 7 'anci5t1' :5 ,*aka & ?is old woman 7 "y1 be=e ! ,zulus ent]$ on a 'wolf age1 a w> age1' w5t f> back into ! ,zulu pa/1 :5 _! belief may h be5 ne>] to t k9d ( savage deism :i* ,waitz reg>ds z unborr[$ & indig5\s to ,africa4#ab ,ano!r v old man1 ,ubebe1 :o _h f\ght aga9/ ,*aka1 said3 ',z to ! s\rce ( be+' 7,umdabuko71 ',i "k only t :i* is 9 heav54 ,! anci5t m5 said ,umdakuko is above 444 = ! ,"l gives !m life4' ,umdabuko1 s\rce ( life1 may be 'local or p]sonal1 ! place 9 :i* man 0 creat$1 or ! p]son :o creat$ him4' 444 ,"h ! ,umdabuko is call$ '! "l :i* gives !m life4'#ac ,"h1 too1 ! evid5ce is ( ,zulu antiquity1 ! words ( ! anci5ts ( ,*aka's "t4 ,! use ( ! same "n = a p]son & a place is famili> to u 9 ',zeus' & ',hades1' & we use ',heav5' ourselves = ,god1 z 9 '! w ( ,heav54' ,! old man uses ,umdabuko z a p]sonal "n2 else:]e x is equival5t to ,u?langa1 ! imp]sonal metaphysical s\rce ( be+1 n id5tical ) ,um,hlanga1 'a b$ ( re$s1' f :i* mank9d arose 9 ,zulu my?4 ',umhlanga is ! place :]e !y broke (f1 or out came1 f ,uhlanga4'#ad ,old ,ubebe said to ,ump5gula3 ',d y n und]/& t we said ,unkulunkulu made all ?+s t we see or t\*4' ,& ,unkulunkulu1 he add$1 0 a man1 & n[ a dead man2 !n he consid]$1 & add$3 ',x is evid5t t all ?+s 7 n made by a man :o is dead2 !y 7 made by "o :o n[ is4' ,he began ) ! creator v\*$ = by ! o!r old p2 he relaps$ into ! confusion ( him ) ! fir/ man1 & ei!r rev]t$ to ! orig9al idea1 or to a natural reflection ( 8 own4 ,dr4 ,callaway f\nd ,ubebe decl>+ t tradition av]r$ ! mak] to h be5 a man1 b t ! mission>ies av]r$ ! ,creator to be '! heav5ly ,"l4' ',! old m5 said t ,unkulunkulu 0 an ance/or & no?+ m1 an anci5t man :o begat m51 & gave orig9 to all ?+s4'#ae ,9 fact ! primal be+ ( l[] savages1 ,&amanese & ,au/ralians1 is a man1 )\t human limitations1 & creative4 ,my hypo!sis1 l ,dr4 ,callaway's1 is t ,ubebe & ! re/ w&]$ betwe5 ?ree fai?s3 a fai? analog\s to t ( ! ,&amanese & ,au/ralians2 t fai? modifi$ by ance/or-wor%ip c>ri$ to a great pit*--! creator be+ id5tifi$ ) ! fir/ man1 & ! doctr9e ( ! mission>ies4 ,x is no wond] t ^! anci5ts are confus$1 b p]haps my hypo!sis1 :i* is ,dr4 ,callaway's1 s f>1 helps to expla9 _! contradictions4 ',!y talk ( ,provid5ce1 b ,i reckon !re is ,"o above he1' said ! ,briti% agriculturi/1 q z confus$ z ,ubebe4 ,dr4 ,callaway int]rogat$ ano!r v old man1 ,ulang5i4 ,he d5i$ t ,utikxo1 8 "n = ,god1 0 a ,hott5tot ^w1 introduc$ by mission>ies1 misl$ by :at ,dr4 ,callaway ?9ks _! errone\s idea t ! ,hott5tot ,utikxo repres5t$ a l(ty & ref9$ !i/ic belief4 ,ulang5i utt]ly reject$ ) extreme contempt ! idea t 8 tribe borr[$ ,utikxo f a p brok5 & contam9at$ by ! ,dut*4#af ',we h le>nt no?+ ( !m4' ,9 ,ulang5i's op9ion1 ,utikxo creat$ ,unkulunkulu1 b1 be+ invisible1 0 disreg>d$ 9 fav\r ( 8 visible deputy1 z ,mungan-ngaur might come to be disreg>d$ 9 fav\r ( ,tundun4 ',& s !y said ,unkulunkulu 0 ,god4' ,i am grateful to ,ulang5i = aga9 anticipat+ my humble !ory4 ,he gave a humor\s acc\nt ( ! arrival ( ! fir/ mission>y1 ,unyegana 7,g>d9]871 ( 8 'jabb]+1' ( 8 promise to give news ( ,utikxo1 & ( ! controv]sies ( ,zulu !ologians4 ,a native conv]t won ! day & compos$ a hymn3 all ?is is record$ by ,ump5gula4 ,) all respect = ,ulang5i1 he appe>s to h be5 9 ! wrong ab\t ,utikxo4 ,kolb 7#agbi7 gives ,g\nja ,ticquoa 7,utikxo7 z ! ,hott5tot ^w = a supreme deity2 b1 if ,dr4 ,callaway is "r1 ,kolb 0 9 error4 ',no?+ is m easy ?an to inquire ( hea!n savages ! nature ( _! cre$1 & dur+ ! conv]sation to imp>t to !m great tru?s & ideas :i* !y nev] he>d be=e1 & pres5tly to h ^! come back to "o z articles ( _! own orig9al fai?4444'#ag ,b ,kolb's ,hott5tots1 z ,dr4 ,callaway notes1 say t ,ticquoa 'is a good man' ,!y did n get t f ,kolb1 or any mission>y3 z ,i h said x is ! regul> preanimi/ic savage !ory1 z 9 ,au/ralia & ! ,&aman ,isles4 ,lat] inve/igations d[n to ,hahn tell u ( ,tsui ,goab1 'w\nd$ knee1' a ,hott5tot be+ :o is only an idealis$ m$ic9e-man4 ,%aw says t '! old] ,kaffirs us$ to speak ( ,umdali1 ! ,creator2' b ,m(fat f\nd no trace ( any?+ high] ?an ,morimo1 ano!r my?ical fir/ ance/or1 :o came out ( ! e>?4 ,liv+/one ass]ts j ! rev]se4 ',!re is no necessity = beg9n+ to tell ev5 ! mo/ degrad$ ( ^! p ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 or ( a future /ate1 ! facts be+ univ]sally admitt$4'#ah ,z to ! ,be*uana ,morimo1 ,mr4 ,h>tl& gives ! etymology ( 8 "n3 x is said to be d]iv$ f gorimo1 above1 ) ! s+ul> prefix mo4 ,x w\ld ?us mean ',him :o is above4' ,b :y1 !n1 did ,morimo come out ( a hole 9 ! e>?8 ,0 he once ',he :o is above1' & 0 he confus$ ) ! fir/ man8 ,! plural1 ,b>imo1 seems to mean ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,mols9o1 te/e ,cassilis1 is us$ = an ance/ral gho/4 ,mr4 ,h>tl& is 'incl9$ to reg>d ,morimo n z a once supreme deity fad+ away1 b z a god 9 process ( becom+4'#ai ,i feel t ,i h no gr\nds :]eon to base ev5 a conjecture4 ,a curi\s piece ( evid5ce by ,dr4 ,callaway is giv5 9 a note n 9 8 book4 ,"o ,zulu acc\nt is t ,unkulunkulu 0 creat$ by ,utikxo4 ,n[ ,unkulunkulu 0 visible1 ,utikxo 0 invisible1 & s 0 m prom95t & popul>4'#bj ,?us reg>d$1 ,unkulunkulu is ! demiurge & deputy ( ,utikxo1 z sometimes are ,d>amulun1 ,tundun1 ,hobamok1 ,okee1 ,bob[issi1 ! deputies ( ,baiame1 ,mungan-ngaur1 ,kiehtan1 ,ahone1 ,nyankupon1 & s on4 ,! idea is usual 9 savage !ologies4 ,n[ ,dr4 ,callaway cites ! evid5ce ( ano!r ,zulu3 ,i ,we _h ?is ^w be=e ! mission>ies came2 we _h ,god 7,utikxo7 long ago2 = a man :5 dy+ w\ld utt] 8 la/ words1 say+1 ,i am go+ home2 ,i am go+ up on high4 ,= !re is a ^w 9 a song :i* says3 ,guide me1 ,o ,hawk6 ,t ,i may g heav5w>d1 ,to seek ! "o-he>t$ man1 ,away f d\ble-he>t$ m51 ,:o deal 9 bless+ & curs+4 ,we see1 !n1 t ^? p us$ to speak ( a matt] ( ! pres5t "t1 :i* we cle>ly und]/& by ! ^w :i* ! mission>ies tea* u4444 ,s we say !re is no ,god' 7no new ,god7 ':o has j come to u4' ,dr4 ,callaway expla9s3 ',t ,god ( :om ! mission>ies speak is n a new ,god1 b ! same ,god ( :om we spoke by ! t]ms ,ukqamata & ,utikxo4'#ba ,dr4 ,callaway c\ld n produce ?is te/imony1 or translate x1 ow+ to ! ar*aisms & allusions dem&+ famili>ity ) anci5t ,zulu songs1 till he got ! aid ( a ,kxosa ,kaffir4 ,i am apt to reg>d ! ar*aic "* ( ! piece z fairly good pro( ( g5u9e antiquity4 ,if ! te/imony is accept$1 x settles ! "q 9 my s5se4 ,! ,zulu religion1 9 its high] elem5ts1 0 a wan+ religion ,utikxo 01 ') 8 "o foot 9 ! grave1' l ,john ,knox2 he 0 n1 z by ,mr4 ,h>tl&'s !ory1 a god 9 ! mak+4 ,old hymns are our be/ au?orities1 & ! hymn proves a belief 9 a future f> nobl] ?an ! transfiguration ( ,zulu s\ls into s]p5ts4 ,a deity is also atte/$ by ! witness4 ,b f ! use ( ! ^w ,utikxo by ?is witness1 he may be speak+ ( ideas borr[$ by ,hott5tots f ! ,dut*1 & by ,kaffirs f ,hott5tots4 ,ano!r odd example occurs else:]e4 ,mr4 ,fraz] quotes ! ,k+ ( ,s(ala1 or ( ,quiteva1 or ',! ,quiteva4'#bb ,?is k+ ranks ) ! deity2 9 fact1 '! ,caffres ackn[l$ge no o!r gods ?an _! mon>*1' says ,dos ,santos4 ,b ,mr4 ,fraz] omits ! circum/ance t ! same au?or adds3 ',!y ackn[l$ge a ,god :o bo? 9 ?is _w & ! _w to come !y fancy measures retribution = ! good & evil done 9 ?is4444 ,?\gh conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( a deity !y nei!r adore nor pray to him4'#bc ,"h we h a belief 9 a future life & a god 7,molunga7 analog\s to t reveal$ 9 ! ar*aic ,zulu hymn4 ,b ,dos ,santos only recognis$ z god a god :o receives pray] & adoration2 h5ce he says t ! ,kaffirs h no gods1 & also t !y 'ackn[l$ge a god'--unwor%ipp$4 ,! "n ( t god1 ,molunga1 is ! same1 ,i presume1 z ,mulungu1 :o n[1 '9 ! _w beyond ! grave1 is repres5t$ z assign+ to spirits _! prop] places4'#bd ,to myself1 !n1 ,zulu religion1 n[ almo/ exclusively ance/or-wor%ip1 does seem to conta9 a brok5 & almo/ oblit]at$ elem5t ( belief 9 a high unwor%ipp$ god1 presid+ ov] a future life4 ,obvi\sly ar*aic hymns are bett] evid5ce1 ) _! native int]pretation1 ?an ! contradictory /atem5ts ( individual ,zulus1 :o speak dubi\sly ( :at ! fa!rs us$ to say4 ,! analogy betwe5 ! ,utikxo & ,mulungu belief also c\nts z corroboration1 :ile ! unwor%ipp$ supreme be+1 ) a deputy or deputies 7,utikxo--,unkulunkulu71 is a p]vad+ feature ( savage religion4 ,if philology c\ld ?r[ any c]ta9 light on ! mean+s ( names l ,mulungu1 & s =?1 m sure gr\nd might be rea*$4 ,aga91 :5 ! "n ( a relatively supreme be+ may be reg>d$ z a plural1 l ,elohim1 ! inf]5ce may be t _m ance/ral spirits are be+ bl5d$1 or h be5 bl5d$1 into "o be+4 ,! case ( ! ,mura ,mura ( ! ,au/ralian ,di]i has met u already1 9 ! essay on ',magic & ,religion4' ,is x a case ( ',!y' or ',he8' ',mulungu ,god1' a native told ,mr4 ,clem5t ,scott2 'y c't put ! plural1 z ,god is ,"o4' ',spirits are spirits ( p :o h di$' 7,mzima71 'n gods4' ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,macdonald le>n$ t 'p :o h di$ become ,mulungu4' ,yet he is also reg>d$ z a sep>ate & supreme be+1 :o assigns _! places to ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,8 v "n is v>i\sly int]pret$ z 'sky' or 'ance/or4' ,we may argue t ,mulungu is primal1 & t ! spirits ( ! dead1 ,mzima1 are only '! p ( ,mulungu1' :o 01 9 ! my?1 prior to dea?4 ,or we may argue t _m ,mzima h be5 comb9$ 9 a lat] conception ( ,mulungu z a s+le be+4 ,su* be+s d occur1 x is c]ta91 :]e spirits ( ! dead are held ( no acc\nt 9 religion4 ,i fe> t1 9 ! condition ( ! evid5ce1 /ud5ts w take sides 9 accordance ) _! bias3 at lea/ bo? p>ties w ?9k t _! oppon5ts d s4 ,i h obs]v$ t _m writ]s appe> only to be aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( ! religi\s bias1 :i* d5otes lack ( hum\r4 ,z to ,utikxo1 ,mr4 ,beid]becke1 l ,dr4 ,callaway1 ?9ks t ,kaffirs1 liv+ ne> ,hott5tots1 borr[$ _! "n = god1 ,tixo 7,utikxo71 & dropp$ ,unkulunkulu4 ,among ! ,ovah]]o1 9 a region ':i* _h n yet be5 "u ! influ5ce ( civilisation & ,*ri/ianity' 7#ahgc71 ,mr4 ,beid]becke f\nd t a god call$ ,k>unga 0 believ$ 94 ',look at our ox5 & %eep3 is x n ,k>unga :o has made u s ri*1' z ,jehovah made ! ,israelites8 ,mukuru 0 us$ by believ]s 9 ,kur+a z ! "n = ! mission>ies' ,god4 ,mukuru 'is 9 ,otyih]] ! "n = god4' ,! d]ivation is unkn[n1 b ,omurunga1 ! sacr$ fan-palm tree1 mu/ be d]iv$ f ,omuru1 n ,omuru f ,omurunga4 ,! ,otyih]] ^w = _s diff]s f bo?3 x is ,otyimbosi4 ,z a god1 ,k>unga seems to h no sacrifices3 ^! are made to ance/ral spirits4 ,k>unga does n appe> to be (f5d$ by s91 b ?is seems m]ely to be inf]r$ f 8 receiv+ no atonem5t1 z ! spirits d4 ,:5 p are dy+ !y say ',k>unga has bid !m come4' ,traces ( him z a creator are v dubi\s1 b ra91 ?und]1 & s on come f him1 z prov]bial say+s prove1 & he is pray$ to 9 "t ( dang]--! pray]s may be po/-,*ri/ian4 ,! ,omuambo creation tale1 or "o ( ! tales1 makes ,kalunga1 l ,morimo1 come out ( ! e>?1 & create m5 & wom54 ,he is no gho/4 ',!y also _h gho/s1' ! witness said1 ,i b ,kalunga 0 q a di/9ct & unique be+4'#be ,my bias 9 fav\r ( my own !ory is unconceal$1 b ,i conceive t ,s\? ,african belief 9 a god1 'a unique be+1' indicates itself 9 ,mr4 ,beid]becke's evid5ce4 ,!re are diff]5t words = ?is be+ & = gho/s & spirits2 ?\gh 9 o!r cases philology f9ds cognate ,african words = bo?4 ,dr4 ,callaway concludes3 ',x appe>s t 9 ! native m9d !re is sc>cely any idea ( deity1 if any at all1 wrapp$ up 9 _! say+s ab\t a heav5ly *ief4 ,:5 x is appli$ to ,god x is simply ! result ( tea*+4 ,among !mselves he is n reg>d$ z ! ,creator1 nor z ! pres]v] ( m52 b z a p[]1 x may be no?+ m ?an an e>?ly *ief1 /ill celebrat$ by "n--a relic ( ! k+ wor%ip ( ! ,egyptians2 ano!r =m ( ance/or-wor%ip'--only he is n wor%ipp$6#bf ,dr4 ,callaway1 a mo/ imp>tial inquir]1 has giv5 sev]al cases ( v old ,zulus1 :o 9 *ildhood he>d f _! eld]s ab\t a creator1 a creative "l4 ,b ?is excell5t collector _h j a trifle ( mo/ ju/ifiable bias4 ,he 0 argu+ to prove t ,unkulunkulu1 ,u?langa1 ,utikxo1 & ! re/ 7 n safe equival5ts to be us$ by mission>ies = ,god4 ,& !y 7 n safe equival5ts4 ,ump5gula argu$ t po9t to p]fection4 ,unkulunkulu1 he said1 0 a "n to deceive *ildr5 )2 y mu/ n come to u ) a new great god1 & call him by ! "n ( a be+ :om e adult ,zulu despises4#bg ,b t ! "n 0 despis$1 say 9 #ahfj1 by 'conv9c$ manes-wor%ipp]s1' by no means proves ! non-exi/5ce ( a high] belief 9 ! pa/4 ,mr4 ,ridley deem$ ,baiame a fit "n = ! ,*ri/ian ,god3 probably x 0 imprud5t to employ x 9 tea*+ natives4 ,urg$ by 8 ju/ifiable objection to ! use ( native names to indicate ! ,*ri/ian ,god1 ,dr4 ,callaway1 9 ! conclusion j quot$1 =got1 or _h ab&on$1 8 op9ion t ! evid5ce ( old ,zulus repres5t$ a bl5d+ ( beliefs1 beg9n+ ) 'a primitive fai? 9 a heav5ly ,"l or ,creator4'#bh ,i entirely g ) 8 conclusion t ! natives at l>ge1 ( 8 g5]ation1 did n reg>d '! heav5ly *ief z ! ,creator or pres]v] ( m51' & t '!y _h sc>cely any notion ( deity at all4' ,b1 on ! evid5ce collect$ f v old p by ,dr4 ,callaway1 ,i feel dispos$ to ?9k x probable en\gh t1 "u /ress ( milit>y life1 conque/1 & ance/or-wor%ip1 ! ,zulus may h =gott5 & almo/ oblit]at$ ! high] belief :i* ! old m5 _h he>d ( 9 _! infancy4 ,if s1 ! ,zulus fall into ! g5]al l9e ( my argum5t4 ,_! fa9t traditions 7z 9 ! case ( ,atahocan7 h dw9dl$ to *ildr5's tales4 ,!y are n ! '!oplasm' ( a god :o 0 9 c\rse ( becom+4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 x may be argu$ t ^! fa9t rudim5ts came 91 ) ,utikxo1 ?r\gh ! ,hott5tots1 :o pick$ !m up 9 conv]sation ) ! ,dut*4 ,?is process1 h[ev]1 does n apply to ! belief 9 sup]ior be+s1 c>efully conceal$ f ! native wom51 ! *ildr51 & ! ,europeans1 by ! ,au/ralians4 ,nor does x apply to ! ,am]ican ,kiehtan1 ,ahone1 ,&\agni1 ,atahocan1 & _m o!rs4 ,su* are ! hesitat+ conclusions :i* ,i v5ture to draw f :at we are told ab\t religion among ! peoples ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,9 fav\r ( my !ory is ! fact t ! olde/ evid5ce1 t ( p]sons born be=e ! g5ius ( ,*aka revolutionis$ ,zulu life1 agrees ) :at ,i expect to f9d1 a creative tradition4 ,! success ( ei!r ( ! compet+ !ories--t :i* sees elem5ts ( a high religion among l[ savages1 & t :i* d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ^! elem5ts--does n appe> to me to affect our ideas ab\t '! tru? ( religion4' ,ea* !ory reg>ds religion z a ?+ evolv$ by mank9d 9 accordance ) _! ess5tial nature4 ,! only "q is z to ! sequ5ce ( /ages ( evolution4 ,suppose t ! beg9n+ ( religion 0 7z 9 my hypo!sis7 reg>d = a mak] & fa!r1 :o 0 cr$it$ ) sanction+ morality1 &1 9 "s cases1 ) rew>d+ or puni%+ ! good or bad 9 a future life4 ,^! ideas occur 9 mod]n religion4 ,b ! circum/ance t !y also occurr$ 9 primitive religion w\ld n prove mod]n religion to be 'true4' ,x w\ld only prove t ! m5 :o evolv$ primitive religion 7 really human3 v l _! desc5dants4 ,:y n8 ,!y did n produce ! high] ideas pure3 or at lea/1 z we f9d !m1 !y are always contam9at$1 s(t5 ov]laid1 by my?s ( e degree ( absurdity & vici\sness4 ,b x is to be obs]v$ t ! fai? ( primitive man1 z f> z x is repres5t$ by ! evid5ce :i* ,i (f] z to v backw>d man1 _h n "s ( ! wor/ elem5ts ( ! cre$s ( m advanc$ races4 ,sacrifices !re 7 none4 ,b :5 agriculture arose1 x br\ght ) x hecatombs ( human sacrifices1 especially if we agree ) ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory /at$ 9 ',! ,gold5 ,b\gh4' ,s f> x _c be d\bt$ t1 z man advanc$ 9 social progress1 he became m deeply /a9$ ) religi\s cruelty4 ,9 simil> fa%ion ! religion ( peace & goodwill came to be accompani$1 ?anks to ! nature ( mank9d1 by religi\s cruelties z b>b>\s z ^? ( ! ,aztecs4 ,tant molis erat3 s h>d has x be5 to elevate ! race 9 any "o direction )\t introduc+ new depressions 9 o!r directions4 #a ,folk ,lore1 ,m>* #aija1 p4 #ba4 ,presid5tial address4 #b ,callaway1 ,religion ( ! ,amazulu1 p4 #aj #ahfh4 #c ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 pp4 #cab1 #cac1 #ahgc4 #d ,callaway1 p4 #bi4 #e ,callaway1 p4 #da2 ,folk ,lore1 ut supra1 p4 #bc4 #f ,callaway1 p4 #aj1 note #be4 #g ,ibid4 p4 #ba4 #h ,ibid4 p4 #ag4 #i ,ibid4 pp4 #bf1 #bg4 #aj ,umdabuko is d]iv$ f ukadabuka1 to be brok5 (f1 a ^w imply+ ! pre-exi/5ce ( some?+ f :i* ! division took place4 ,callaway1 i4 note #c1 #ej1 note #ie4 ,x is usually a vaguely metaphysical t]m4 #aa ,callaway1 pp4 #eb1 #ec4 #ab ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie1 i4 #afg4 #ac ,ibid4 p4 #ei1 & note #ab4 #ad ,ibid4 #fa1 & note #ag1 #i1 & note #bb4 #ae ,callaway1 #fc1 & note #bc4 #af ,ibid4 p4 #fe4 #ag ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie1 pp4 #aje1 #ajf4 #ah ,mission>y ,travels1 p4 #aeh4 #ai ,folk ,lore1 ,m>* #aija1 pp4 #bf1 #bg4 #bj ,callaway1 ,rel4 ( ,amazulu1 p4 #fg4 #ba ,folk ,lore ,j\rnal1 ,s\? ,africa1 ii4 iv4 #ahhj1 p4 #ei1 et seq4 #bb ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #aee2 ii4 #aj4 ,dos ,santos1 9 ,p9k]ton1 xvi4 #fhb-fhg1 et seq4 #bc ,dos ,santos2 9 ,p9k]ton1 xvi4 #fhg4 ,he confuses ,quiteva1 ! c\ntry1 & ! k+1 ! ,quiteva4 ,cf4 supra1 p4 #ig note #c4 #bd ,macdonald1 ,africana1 i4 #ff1 #fg4 ,= etymological guesses1 & ! application ( ,mulungu 7z ( ,b>imo7 to ance/ral spirits1 & ! /atem5t t 'all ?+s 9 ! _w 7 made by ,mulungu1' :o 0 prior to dea?1 see ,africana1 & ,mr4 ,clem5t ,scott's ,diction>y ( ! ,mang'anja ,language 9 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 & ,mak+ ( ,religion1 pp4 #bcb-bch4 #be ,beid]becke1 ,f4 ,l4 ,j\rnal1 ,s\? ,africa1 iv4 v4 #hh-ig4 #bf ,callaway1 p4 #abd4 #bg ,callaway1 pp4 #gd-gf4 #bh ,callaway1 p4 #ee1 note #d4 ,,xiii ',,cup ,,& ,,r+3' ,,an ,,old ,,problem ,,solv$ ,hi/ory & antiquity supply our curi\s m9ds ) _m pleasant pr(itless ex]cises4 ,ev5 9 ^! days ( education !re are /ill _m p]sons :o h he>d ( ! ,man 9 ! ,iron ,mask1 & w\ld l to "k :o he 04 ,nobody1 ( c\rse1 reads ! ',lett]s ( ,junius1' b _m w\ld be glad to be c]ta9 z to :o wrote !m4 ,my riddle is inf9itely m remote1 b x has ?is m]it3 t ,i ?9k ,i c unriddle x4 ,if ev] y roam$ on t moor ( ! ,*eviot ,hills :i* is ne> ,*atton ,p>k 7,i ?9k on ,"l ,tank]ville's gr\nd71 y may h notic$1 engrav$ on ! b\ld]s1 c5tral cup-l depressions1 surr\nd$ by incis$ conc5tric circles4 ,:o holl[$ out ^! devices1 :y1 & 9 :at age8 ,i rememb] putt+ ^! que/ions :5 ,i fir/ saw ! 'scalps' ( :9/one1 j swell+ out ( ! turf among ! hea!r1 on a beautiful day ( ,septemb]4 ,x 0 a lonely spot1 :]e victual nev] grew2 ab\t u 7 ! blue heights ( ! ,*eviots1 bel[ u ! fabulosus amnis ( ,till1 t dr[ns ?ree m5 to "o dr[n$ by ,twe$4 ,my fri5d told me t "s said ! /ones 7 places ( ,druid human sacrifice1 & o!rs1 m5 ( common s5se1 held t ! h]d-boys c>v$ ! circles out ( %e] idl5ess4 ,b ^! answ]s w n pass4 ,!re 7 no h]d-boys nor ,druids 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 nor on ! ,rio ,negro 9 ,brazil1 among ! ,waim>a ,indians1 nor 9 ,fiji1 nor 9 ,georgia ( old1 nor 9 ,zulul&1 :]e ^! decorative m>k+s occur ) o!rs ( primeval "*4 ,9 our own c\ntry !y are f\nd1 n only on scalps ( rock1 b on ! /ones ( ',druid circles1' f ,inv]ness-%ire to ,lanca%ire1 ,cumb]l&1 & ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,!y also occur on great /ones arrang$ 9 av5ues2 on cromle*s 7"o huge horizontal /one support$ on o!rs :i* are erect72 on ! /ones ( *amb]$ tumuli 7artificial m\nds7 9 ,york%ire2 on /one 'ki/' or c(f9s1 9 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 & 9 ,dorset2 on prehi/oric obelisks1 or solit>y '/&+ /ones1' 9 ,argyll2 on walls 9 und]gr\nd ,picts' h\ses 9 ! ,orkneys & ,=f>%ire2 9 prehi/oric ,scotti% =ts2 ne> old camps2 z well z on isolat$ rocks1 scalps1 & /ones4 ,analog\s d\ble spirals occur at ,new ,grange1 9 ,irel&1 at ! entrance ( ! great gall]y lead+ to ! dom$ *amb]2 9 ,sc&9avia2 9 ,asia ,m9or2 9 ,*9a & ,zulul&2 9 ,au/ralia1 ,india1 ,am]ica1 ,nor? & ,s\?1 & 9 ,fiji4#a ,n[1 :o made ^! m>ks1 :51 & :y8 ,sir ,james ,simpson says3 ',!y are ar*ological enigmas1 :i* we h no pres5t p[] ( solv+4' ,he cites "s guesses4 ,! m>k+s are 'ar*aic maps or plans ( old circul> camps & cities4' ,!y are sundials--b !y occur 9 d>k *amb]s ( sepul*res1 or und]gr\nd h\ses6 ,!y /& = sun1 or moon1 or = ,l+am wor%ip4 ,!y are ,roman1 or !y are ,phnician--a !ory on :i* mu* le>n+ has be5 wa/$4 ,to all ^! guesses ,sir ,james ,simpson oppos$ ! solution t ! m>k+s are m]ely decorative4 ',f ! v e>lie/ hi/oric p]iods 9 ! ar*itecture ( ,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,greece1 c1 d[n to our own day1 circles1 s+le or d\ble1 & spirals h =m$1 "u v>i\s modifications1 p]haps ! mo/ common types ( lapid>y decoration4' ,x appe>s 9 ,polynesian tattoo+1 ?is love ( spirals & volutes4 ,b1 add$ ,sir ,james1 't !y 7 emblems or symbols1 connect$ 9 "s way ) ! religi\s ?\ghts & doctr9es ( ^? t c>v$ !m1 appe>s to me to be r5d]$ probable1 at lea/1 by ! position & circum/ances 9 :i* we occasionally f9d !m plac$1' z on ! lids ( /one c(f9s & mortu>y urns4 ,_! date mu/ be 'v remote4' ,!y prec$$ writ+ & tradition4 ,!y are f\nd 9 company ) poli%$ neoli?ic /one weapons1 z 9 ,brittany1 )\t any rema9s ( ! metals1 save 9 "o case1 ( gold4 ,! m>k+s are c]ta9ly1 9 ,au/ralia1 e>li] ?an ! use ( metals4 ,sir ,james f\nd by exp]im5t t ! m>k+s c\ld be made ev5 on ,ab]de5 granite ) a fl9t celt & a wood5 mallet4 ,he reckon$ !m e>li] ?an ! arrival ( ! ,celtic race1 & ask$ = evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce 9 ,africa1 ,am]ica1 or ,polynesia4 ,he did n "k ! ,fijian example 9 ,williams's "w on ! ,fijians1 nor ! ,am]ican & ,au/ralian examples4 ,sir ,james did n live to he> mu* ab\t ^! my/]i\s m>ks 9 remote & savage l&s4 ,b1 9 #ahge1 ,pr(essor ,daniel ,wilson discov]$1 or r report$ 8 discov]y (1 cups & r+s on a granite b\ld] 9 ,georgia4 ,! designs are q ( ! famili> or?odox sort1 & rocks cov]$ ) deep cup-m>ks occur 9 ,ohio4#b ,n[ !re are romantic antiqu>ies1 all = ,druids & ,phnicians2 & !re are s>donic antiqu>ies1 :o l to rub ! gilt (f ! g+]bread4 ,dr4 ,wilson 0 ( ! latt] class1 & expla9$ ! cups z holes made by e>ly m5 9 gr9d+ /one pe/les4 ,! conc5tric r+s may h be5 drawn r\nd ! cups '= amusem5t4' ,?is is clamp+1 b e>ly man did n use /one ki/s & ! inn] walls ( sepul*res z gr9d/ones2 yet on ^! ! m>ks occur4 ,nor w\ld he climb an almo/ inaccessible rock to f9d 8 gr9d/one2 yet ! summit ( su* a rock has ! decorations1 9 ! p>i% ( ,tannadyce 7,=f>%ire74 ,we may1 !re=e1 disc>d ,dr4 ,wilson's !ory z a g5]al solution ( ! problem4 ,sir ,james ,simpson left x ) ! answ] t ! m>ks are decorative1 plus religi\s symbolism4#c ,8 guess1 z ,i ?9k ,i c prove1 or1 at lea/1 cause to seem probable1 0 correct4 ,! cups & circles1 ) o!r m>ks1 7 orig9ally decorative1 ) a symbolical & religi\s mean+ 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,h[ ,i h rea*$ ?is conclusion ,i g on to %[4 ,:5 y want to und]/& an old mean+less cu/om or belief1 f\nd 9 ! middle ( civilisation1 y try to discov] ! belief or cu/om 9 "s region :]e x possesses intelligible life4 ,!n y may reckon t1 :]e y n[ f9d x )\t mean+1 x once meant :at x n[ does :]e x is full ( vitality1 or meant some?+ analog\s4 ,! place :]e ! conc5tric circles & o!r m>k+s h a liv+ & pot5t signification ,i discov]$ by pure accid5t4 ,i _h be5 read+ ! pro(s ( ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5's valuable book on ! ',native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia' 7,macmillan74 ,!re ,i _h not$ pl5ty ( facts ab\t ! native *ur+a1 or 'sacr$ ?+s1' flat oval pieces ( wood or /one1 cov]$ ) conc5tric circles1 cups1 & o!r decorations1 :i* are read1 or deciph]$1 z records ( ! my?s & leg5d>y hi/ory ( ! native race4 ,^! *ur+a are ( v>i\s sizes1 d[n to a foot or less 9 l5g?4 ,i did n ?9k ( !m 9 connection ) our cups1 circles1 & s =? on our b\ld]s & /&+ /ones4 ,b a fri5d *anc$ to come into my /udy1 :o began to tell me ab\t ! s+ul> old site1 ,dumbuck1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,donnelly 7,july #ahih71 "u high-tide m>k 9 ! ,clyde e/u>y1 ne> ,dumb>ton4 ',! odd ?+1' said my fri5d1 'is t !y h f\nd small portable /ones1 amulets m>k$ 9 ! same way z ! cup & r+ m>k$ rocks1' & he began to sket* a diagram4 ',:y1 t's a *ur+a1' said ,i1 'a ,c5tral ,au/ralian *ur+a1' enlight5$ by ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,my fri5d1 aft] be+ in=m$ z to *ur+a1 told me t o!r examples _h be5 dug up1 also by ,mr4 ,donnelly1 9 an anci5t =t ne> ! o!r site1 at a place call$ ,dunbuie4 ,"h1 !n1 ,i _h ?+s v l *ur+a1 & ( ! same m>k+s z our b\ld]s1 ki/s1 & s on1 9 two ,scotti% sites1 :]e ,i und]/& nei!r pott]y nor metal has yet be5 detect$4 ,next1 ,i f\nd t ! m>ks :i* ! ,au/ralians engrave on _! small *ur+a1 !y also pa9t on b\ld]s1 rock-walls1 & o!r fixtures 9 ! l&scape1 on sacr$ gr\nd1 taboo$ to wom54 ,! />tl+ analogy betwe5 ,au/ralian & old ,scotti% m>k+s saute aux yeux4 ,on ! cov] ( ,sir ,james ,simpson's book1 /amp$ 9 gold1 is a c5tral set ( six conc5tric circles1 surr\nd+ a cup4 ,f ! inmo/ circle a groove goes to ! circumf]5ce ( ! out] circle 7! circles (t5 occur )\t ?is radial groove71 & !re ! l9e gives a wriggle1 sugge/+ t ! circle 0 evolv$ out ( a spiral4 ,above & bel[ ?is figure are a simil> "o ) ?ree & ano!r ) f\r conc5tric circles2 at ea* side are two-circl$ & "o-circl$ specim5s ) ! wriggl$ l9e1 & two cups & circles ) no wriggle4 ,n[ comp>e fig4 #aca1 p4 #fca1 ( ,messrs ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,"h we h ! *ur+a ilk9ia1 or sacr$ rock-draw+1 9 r$ & :ite1 ( ! honey ant totem 9 ! ,w>ramunga tribe4 ,"h are1 fir/1 sev5 conc5tric circles1 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( :i* goes a /raight l9e ( ! same bread? 7only f\nd among ! ,w>ramunga71 :ile to ea* extremity are add$ two conc5tric circles ( small dim5sions1 end+ 9 a cross4 ,ar\nd1 z on ,sir ,james's cov]1 are small] sets ( less num]\s conc5tric circles1 exactly l ,sir ,james's1 except = ! radial groove :i* ends 9 a wriggle4 ,aga9 7fig4 #abd1 p4 #fae71 we h two sets ( conc5tric circles ) :ite dots answ]+ to cups1 &1 :]e ! ?ird set ( circles %\ld be1 is a volute1 z at ,new ,grange1 9 ,irel&1 & 9 _m o!r examples 9 our isl&s4 ,n[1 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia ! decorative motives1 or analog\s motives1 ( ! p]man5t rock-pa9t+s are repeat$ on ! small portable *ur+a1 :i* are deciph]$ by ! blacks 9 a religi\s1 or r 9 a my?ical1 s5se4 ,x is1 !re=e1 arguable t ! small portable ,scotti% cup & circle m>k$ /ones1 only rec5tly discov]$1 bore ! same relation to ! engrav+s on p]man5t /ones1 scalps1 & b\ld]s z d ! ,au/ralian *ur+a to ! ,au/ralian sacr$ rock-pa9t+s4 ,!y may h be5 portable sacr$ ?+s4 ,i h be5 unable to visit ,dumbuck1 n[ 9 c\rse ( excavation1 & h only se5 "s ca/s & p5-&-ink sket*es s5t to me by ,mr4 ,donnelly4 ,b ,i h exam9$ ! simil> objects f ,dunbuie1 9 ! museum at ,ed9burgh4 ,! antiqu>ies look$ dubi\sly on !m1 because !y _h se5 no su* matt]s be=e 7!y might h done s 9 ,irel&71 because a %ell1 ) a v mod]n scrat*$ face1 0 among ! f9ds1 & because a few ( ! m>k+s on "o or two /ones look rec5t & fre%4 ,b ,i argue t a ,dumb>ton hum\ri/ wi%+ to hoax u ,monkb>nses w\ld h>dly 'salt' an old site ) objects unkn[n to ,scotti% antiqu>ies1 yet aft]w>ds discov]$ 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,h[ c\ld ! idea occur to him8 ,a =g] w\ld =ge ?+s kn[n1 su* z fl9t weapons2 he w\ld n =ge novelties1 :i*1 lat]1 are f\nd to tally ) savage sacr$ ?+s 9 actual use4 ,_m ( ! ,dunbuie f9ds are engrav$ 9 ,mr4 ,mill>'s pap] on ,dunbuie4#d ,b he has n engrav$ ! mo/ unmi/akable *ur+a1 a small oval slab ( /one1 ) an ornam5t ( little cups foll[+ its outl9e 7mu* z 9 an ,iri% in/ance71 & provid$1 l /one *ur+a 9 ,au/ralia1 ) a hole = susp5sion4 ,he does engrave c]ta9 hi!rto unhe>d-( articles-spe>heads ( slate1 two suppli$ ) susp5sion holes4 ,"o 7p4 #bid7 has a patt]n ( ! simple/1 l a *ild's draw+ ( a l>*1 :i* recurs 9 ,au/ralia4#e ,t ^! slate spe>-heads1 pi]c$ = susp5sion1 7 us$ 9 w> ,i d\bt1 ?\gh "s ,au/ralians d use spe>-heads '( a fl9ty slate2' & :]e fl9t is s sc>ce1 z 9 ,scotl&1 h>d slate may be us$--= example1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4#f ,i r reg>d ! slate weapons z amulets1 or *ur+a1 analog\s to ! v old & r>e boom]ang-%ap$ *ur+a ( ! ,arunta 7liz>d totem7 ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,mr4 ,mill> obs]ves3 ',!y h all be5 saturat$ ) oil or fat1 z wat] does n adh]e to !m1 b runs (f z f a greasy surface4' ,n[ ! ,au/ralian *ur+a are v frequ5tly rubb$ ) r$ o*re1 & made greasy ) 'h& grease'--a s+ul> co9cid5ce4 ,footm>ks are among ! sacr$ ,au/ralian rock-pa9t+s ) a leg5d>y s5se4 ,!y also occur1 engrav$ on rock 9 ,brittany1 ,irel&1 on ',! ,fairy ,/one' 7ilk9ia7 9 ,gl5esk1 & on ',! ,wit*es' ,/one' at ,monzie1 associat$ ) cups & conc5tric circles4#g ,^! close analogies po9t all 9 "o direction4 ,mean+less 9 ,europe1 :at mean+ h ^! designs 9 ,au/ralia8 ,?\gh c]ta9ty is impossible1 ,i take x t !y 7 fir/ purely decorative1 be=e ! my?ical & symbolical mean+ 0 read into !m by ! savages4 ,!y occur on ! my/ic 'bull-ro>]s' ( ,c5tral ,que5sl&1 b ,i d n le>n t 9 ,que5sl& ! circles & s on are int]pret$ or deciph]$ z among ! ,arunta4#h ,/ill1 !y occur "h 9 a religi\s connection--! bull-ro>] be+ swung at ! my/]ies--& !y are c>v$ on trees at my/]ies held f> s\? 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales4#i ,b ev5 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia ! m>k+s sometimes occur z purely decorative1 on "o rock or o!r object1 :ile on o!rs !y are sacr$1 & are int]pret$ z records ( leg5ds1#aj accord+ to ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,!re are 'ord9>y rock-pa9t+s1' & c]ta9 o!r draw+s1 9 _m cases n di/+ui%able f "s ( ! fir/ s]ies1 s f> z _! =m is conc]n$1 b belong+ to a class all ( :i* are spok5 ( z *ur+a ilk9ia1 & are reg>d$ z sacr$ because !y are associat$ ) totems4 ,ea* local totemic gr\p has c]ta9 ( ^! specially belong+ to ! gr\p1 & 9 v _m cases pres]v$ on rock-surfaces 9 spots :i* are /rictly tabu to ! wom51 *ildr51 & un9itiat$ m54' ,"o ( ! commone/ ,i repres5ts a snake com+ out ( a hole 9 a rock1' :i* ! wriggle out ( ! cup 9 our circle-m>k$ /ones w\ld /& = fairly well4 ,"s designs are only 'play-"w2' o!rs exactly simil>1 on ano!r spot1 h a def9ite mean+4 ,! mean+ is read1 :]e ! spot is sacr$ gr\nd4 ,! conc5tric circles are 'believ$1 on good gr\nd1 to h be5 d]iv$ f an orig9al spiral4' ',x is mu* m easy to imag9e a s]ies ( conc5tric circles orig9at+ out ( a spiral ?an to imag9e a spiral orig9at+ out ( a s]ies ( conc5tric circles4' ,9 ?is c\ntry ! spiral seems to be lat] ?an ! circle4 ,^! devices n only occur on fix$ rocks & portable *ur+a1 !y are also pa9t$ on ! bodies ( boys :5 initiat$ 9 ! my/]ies3 'conc5tric circles ) radiat+ l9es prepond]ate4' ,9 ,mr4 ,haddon's ',decorative ,art ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea' he describes designs ( conc5tric circles & spirals :i* are cle>ly d]ivatives ( draw+s ( ! human face4#aa ,?us our conc5tric circles & spirals may1 9 ! la/ resort1 h be5 d]iv$ f draw+s ( ! human face1 ?\gh diablem5t *angs en r\te4 ,:at1 !n1 h[ev] we int]pret ! orig91 decorative or symbolic1 ( ! sacr$ designs1 is _! significance z und]/ood by ! ,arunta ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia at ! pres5t "t8 ,! ,arunta are totemi/ic--t is1 !y believe 9 close relations :i* b9d up ! gr\ps ( _! society ) c]ta9 plants & animals4 ,b !y diff] va/ly f o!r totemi/ic races all ov] ! _w1 & ev5 9 ,au/ralia4 ,s mu* d !y diff] t x may be d\bt$ :e!r _! totems c prop]ly be call$ totems at all4 ,else:]e a man ( a giv5 totem--say ! emu--_c m>ry a woman ( t /ock2 x is ince/4 ,! *ildr5 inh]it _! totem1 ei!r f ! "m1 or1 less frequ5tly1 ! fa!r4 ,any local gr\p 9 a giv5 region conta9s p]sons ( v>i\s totems4 ,p may n kill1 eat1 or make any use ( ! plants & animals :i*1 9 ea* case1 are _! totems4 ,among ! ,arunta all is o!rwise4 ,a *ild's totem may be t ( 8 fa!r1 ( 8 "m1 or diff]5t f t ( ei!r p>5t4 ,a man may m>ry a woman ( 8 own totem1 :i* else:]e is ince/1 & capitally puni%$4 ,?us1 fa!r is a grub2 "m is a grub2 "o *ild may be a grub1 ano!r an emu4 ,moreov]1 "h totems are local2 almo/ e "o 9 a giv5 place w be1 = example1 a liz>d or a plum tree4 ,usually p d eat _! own totems1 ?\gh sp>+ly1 at magical rites1 int5d$ to multiply ! animal or plant ) :i* x is associat$1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! g5]al food supply4 ,! ,grubs "w a rite to cause pl5ty ( grubs1 & !y give ! o!r gr\ps a lead by eat+ sp>+ly ( ! fir/ fruits ( ! grubs4 ,?is be>s1 9 my op9ion1 no /rong analogy to ! s-call$ 'totem-sacram5t4' ,to "w ! magic1 ! m5 ( ! grub or o!r totem mu/ eat a little ( x4 ,?is probably confirms _! relation to ! grub1 b involves no religi\s elem5t4 ,!y d n adore ! grub4 ,if any "o likes to call ?is a 'totem-sacram5t1' he is r easily satisfi$4 ,nor does x agree ) ! notion t a man's totem is ! receptacle ( 8 'life' or 's\l2' if s1 :y %\ld he enc\rage 8 neighb\r to kill & eat x8 ,nay1 he ev5 helps !m to de/roy x4 ,:e!r ,arunta totemism is ! mo/ ar*aic k9d1 f :i* all o!r totemism has v>i$1 or :e!r x is a private 'sport' f ! ma9 /ock1 does n conc]n u "h1 & is matt] ( conjecture4 ,! ,arunta1 & o!r ,c5tral ,au/ralian tribes1 look back to a my?ic pa/1 :5 ance/ors1 closely connect$ ) ?is or t plant or animal1 p]haps trans=mations ( su* animal or plant1 roam$ ! c\ntry 9 gr\ps1 ea* ( ! same totem "n1 ea* fe$+ freely on its own totem4 ,?is 0 '! ,al*]+a "t1' & exi/+ rites are expla9$ by 'tiological my?s1'/at+ h[ su* or su* a mumm]y1 /ill practis$1 0 orig9ally practis$ 9 ! ,al*]+a4 ,no?+ ( ! sort1 ( c\rse1 ne$ h be5 ! case1 & su* my?s _c tell u :at ! mann]s & cu/oms ( t dim age really 74 ,demet] 0 a woman ( ! ,greek ,al*]+a1 & ! ,eleus9ian rites 7 expla9$ by ! ,greeks z orig9at+ 9 h] ,al*]+a adv5tures4 ,b ^! obvi\sly 7 inv5t$ purely to acc\nt = ! rites !mselves1 n vice v]s4 ,n[1 among ! ,arunta ! blacks ( to-day are reg>d$ z re9c>nations ( ! ,al*]+a fabul\s ance/ors4 ,ea* ( ^! c>ri$ ab\t 7bo? m5 & wom57 *ur+a1 ! portable decorat$ /ones4 ,:5 an ,al*]+ite di$1 a rock or tree rose to m>k ! place1 b 8 or h] _s 'rema9$ 9 ! *ur+a4' ,pl5ty ( *ur+a 7 dropp$ at diff]5t sites1 & r\nd ^! n[ hov] ! spirits associat$ ) !m4 ,9 "o place is a cr[d ( wild cat gho/s2 at ano!r1 a mob ( frog or liz>d or emu gho/s4 ,^! want to be re9c>nat$4 ,consequ5tly1 a woman :o desires to h a baby goes to "o ( !m 79 ,argyll %e w\ld slide d[n a cup-m>k$ rock671 a woman :o does n want to h a baby keeps away4 ,a *ild's totem is d]iv$1 n f fa!r or "m1 b f ! totem ( ! gho/s at ! place :]e ! woman ?9ks %e conceiv$ x4 ,:5 ! baby is born h] relations hunt ! spot1 & f9d = x ! *ur+a left by ! _s :i* is re9c>nat$ 9 x4 ,?us1 fir/ !re is ! fabul\s ,al*]+ite1 himself a trans=mation ( an emu1 liz>d1 wat]1 fire1 or :at n4 ,!n !re is 8 _s haunt+1 aft] 8 dea?1 a spot :]e *ur+a ( 8 totem 7 deposit$4 ,t _s ent]s into & is born aga9 f a pass+ woman1 & ! _s's *ur+a is f\nd & is h5ce=? ! *ild's *ur+a--an oval plate ( /one1 ) cup & r+ or o!r decorations4#ab ,all ^! *ur+a are kept at sacr$ c5tral /ores1 caves1 or crevices4 ,ea* memb] ( ! tribe is repres5t$ by h] or 8 '*ur+a nanja' 9 ^! repositories4 ,wom5 may n g ne> ^! sacr$ /ores1 nor may !y see a *ur+a4#ac ,if !y d1 _! eyes are burn$ out ) a fire /ick4 ,a man's *ur+a is n1 to him1 l ! egg 9 :i* 0 ! life ( ! giant 9 ! fairy tale4 ,if x comes to grief1 he does n die1 b expects bad luck1 z we d if we break a mirror4 ,n till he has be5 ?r\gh ! my/]ies & ! mo/ cruel mutilations1 & j be=e he has be5 pa9t$ ) ! patt]n on ! sacr$ rock ( 8 totem1 c a man see ! /ore-h\ses ( ! *ur+a4 ,n[1 9 ! wit*etty grub totem ?is sacr$ pa9t+ tallies ) ! l9es incis$1 "u conc5tric circles1 on ! cov]+ ( a /one ki/ at ,tillic\try4#ad ,!re are circles above ! l9es 9 ! ,au/ralian example1 or r circul> dabs ( pa9t1 call$ '! decorat$ eyes1' pa9t$ on ! rocks2 ! correspond+ patt]ns are incis$ on ! portable *ur+a4 ,9 ,scotl& ! patt]ns are incis$ bo? on fix$ rocks & portable /ones2 ! latt] at ,dumbuck & ,dunbuie4 ,i obs]ve _m patt]ns common to bo? regions4 ,!re are ! conc5tric circles1 ! spiral1 ! m>ks l horse%oes1 ! tree patt]n1 ! wit*etty grub patt]n1 ! volute1 ! long s9u\s snake-l patt]n1 & a numb] ( ^! recur 9 ,brazil1 on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,negro4#ae ,n[1 ?\gh we h ^? patt]ns on rocks 9 ,ohio1 ,brazil1 ,au/ralia1 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 ,france1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,i only "k ! patt]ns on portable small /ones 9 ,au/ralia1 at ,dunbuie1 on ! ,dumbuck site1 &1 ,i ?9k1 9 a cairn ne> ,l\gh ,crew1 9 ,c\nty ,mea?4 ,! curi\s1 = ?is la/ case1 may consult ',proce$+s ( ,scotti% ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1' #ahic1 p4 #bii1 :]e 9 figs4 #f & #g he w see :at 9 ,au/ralia w\ld be call$ two /one *ur+a1 ) any numb] ( ,scoto-,au/ralian patt]ns on l>ge /ones4 ,on "o ! patt]n is l t ( a /one f ,dunbuie4 ,9 ,au/ralia memb]s ( ea* totem deciph] ! m>ks1 purely conv5tional1 z repres5tative ( ! totem1 & ( adv5tures 9 ! ,al*]+a "t4 ,= example1 a m>k l two croquet hoops1 or horse%oes1 is 'an old woman ga!r+ frogs4' ,! conc5tric circles are frogs2 ! dots r\nd !m are tracks ( wom52 dull1 (t5 dirty1 /ories are told ab\t ! adv5tures ( ! ,al*]+ites commemorat$ by ! patt]ns4 ,at ! sacr$ patt]n-pa9t$ rocks1 magic c]emonies1 extremely pu]ile1 are p]=m$ to ensure a supply ( ! edible totem :i* ! patt]n repres5ts4 ,"s ev5t occurr$ !re 9 ! ,al*]+a2 ! rite repeats :at1 9 my?1 0 !n done1 & ! /oma*s ( ! m5 are rubb$ ) ! *ur+a '= luck4' ,su* are ! uses ( ! *ur+a4 ,did !y once exi/ :]ev] ! simil>ly decorat$ fix$ rocks exi/8 ,did ! mak]s ( ! decorations 9 ,scotl& deciph] ! *ur+a z ! ,c5tral ,au/ralians d n[8 ,7 ! dwell]s by ,clyde 7mu* m advanc$ 9 culture ?an ! ,au/ralians7 totemi/s1 look+ on _! small decorat$ /ones z associat$ ) ! spirits ( ,al*]+a ance/ors8 ,d wom5 9 ,argyll slide d[n a cup-m>k$ rock1 9 hope ( (fspr+1 because totemi/ic gho/s once hov]$ r\nd x1 eag] to be re9c>nat$8 ,! fact ( ! slid+ is atte/$ by a *ief ( ,clan ,di>mid4 ,nobody c answ]6 ,i h %[n ^! decorat$ rocks & small /ones to h a liv+ significance1 a vital leg5d>y symbolism1 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,i _c prove t !y _h ! same significance 9 ,c\nty ,mea? or ,dumb>ton%ire4 ,! ,au/ralians may h begun ) m]e decoration1 & lat] add$ a symbolism suit$ to _! amaz+ !ory ( life4 ,9 our c\ntry ! decorations may h q a diff]5t symbolical s5se1 b probably !y _h "s s5se4 ,o!rwise1 :y engrave !m1 n only on rocks1 b on small /ones pi]c$ = susp5sion8 ,p]haps m5 believ$ 9 an ,al*]+a "t on ! ,clyde2 p]haps !y multipli$ salmon & de] by magical mumm]ies at ! engrav$ rocks2 p]haps ^! 7 sacr$ places1 taboo$ to wom54 ,or q a diff]5t set ( fables & cu/oms may h cry/allis$ 9 ,scotl& r\nd m>k$ rocks & inscrib$ small /ones4 ,i _c prove t1 z 9 ,au/ralia1 ,clydesdale boys ( old1 :5 initiat$ 9 ! my/]ies1 7 pa9t$ ) ! patt]n on _! sacr$ totem rock & /one or wood *ur+a4 ,b1 if n ^! rites1 o!r rites 71 ,i conceive1 connect$ ) ! decorative patt]ns f\nd 9 s _m /ill savage c\ntries4 ,"o piece ( evid5ce r po9ts 9 ?is direction4 ,! ,au/ralian /one *ur+a are %ap$ l ! wood5 *ur+a1 & ^! are %ap$ l ! tundun1 or 'bull-ro>]4' ,n[ ! bull-ro>] 7:i* occurs 9 ,au/ralia :]e /one *ur+a d n7 is a sacr$ oval piece ( wood1 n to be se5 by wom51 :i* is :irl$ at ! my/]ies1 & makes a w9dy1 ro>+ noise4 ,! same object is us$1 = ! same purpose1 at ! my/]ies 9 ,am]ica1 ,africa1 &1 ( old1 9 ,greece4#af ,! ro>+ noise is tak5 to be ! voice ( ,tundun1 son ( ,mungan-ngaur1 ',our ,fa!r' 9 ! heav5s1 among ! ,kurnai1 & ( gods or culture h]oes ( o!r names 9 o!r tribes4 ,n[1 9 ,celtic ,scotl& 7z also 9 ,engl&7 ?is in/rum5t1 ! tundun1 occurs z a m]e toy1 9 ,gaelic nam$ /rannam4 ,does x desc5d f a sacr$ object ( savage my/]ies1 & are ! ,au/ralian /one *ur+a--9 %ape l ! tundun1 & l ! tundun taboo$ to wom5--m]e lapid>y modifications ( ! wood5 tundun8 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! /rannam looks l a l9k 9 ! long *a9 :i* b9ds u to ! prehi/oric pa/4 ,:ile correct+ ! pro(-%eets ( ?is article ,i read1 9 ! ,glasg[ ,h]ald 7,janu>y #g1 #ahii71 an article on ,dumbuck & ,dunbuie1 by ,dr4 ,munro1 ! em95t au?ority on crannogs1 or pile-dwell+s1 &1 g5]ally on prehi/oric ,scotl&4 ,dr4 ,munro1 z ,i und]/& him1 does n reg>d ,dumbuck z an old] ?an m$ival site1 nor z a true crannog4 ,! incis$ /ones he looks on ei!r z ( mo/ s+ul> "* 7if g5u9e7 or z =g]ies ( to-day1 ! op9ion :i* he seems to pref]4 ,he 0 !n unacqua9t$ ) simil> objects 9 any "p ( ! _w4 ,i h "h provid$ ref]5ces to simil> objects f ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 & ,i sugge/ exam9ation ( ! app>5tly simil> ,iri% objects1 figur$ 9 ',proce$+s ( ,scotti% ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1' #ahic1 p4 #bii1 figs4 #f & #g4 ,n hav+ se5 ^! /ones ,i c only (f] ! h9t sugge/$ by ! illu/rations 9 ',proce$+s4' ,:y a =g] %\ld =ge su* unkn[n objects1 & place !m at ,dunbuie1 9 #ahie1 be=e ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian /ones _h be5 describ$1 ,i _c guess4 ,nor c ,i en\gh deplore ! /upidity ( ! same hypo!tical =g] 9 n 'salt+' ,dunbuie & ,dumbuck ) neoli?ic implem5ts1 :e!r antique or made by "s ,fl9t ,jack ( to-day4 ,bo? 8 s9s ( omission & ( commission donn5t furieusem5t p5s]4 ,dr4 ,munro1 h[ev]1 z ,i ga!r f 8 article on ,dumbuck 9 ',! ,reliqu>y' 7,april #aija71 /ill decl9es to recognise ! ,dumbuck decorat$ portable /ones z ( g5u9e antiquity4 #a ,= ,india see ,ar*aic-logical ,notes on ,anci5t ,sculptur+s on ,rocks 9 ,kumaon1 ,india1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,bivett-,c>nac1 ,calcutta1 #ahhc4 ,! =m ( ! ,jew's h>p is common to ,india & ,scotl&4 #b ,proce$+s ,s4,a4,s41 ,june #ahge4 ',ohio ,rock ,m>k+s4' #c ,anci5t ,sculptur+s ( ,cups1 ,circles1 c4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahga4 #d ,proce$+s ,s4,a4,s4 vol4 xxx4 #ahif1 pp4 #bia-caf4 #e ,sp5c] & ,gill51 p4 #fcb1 ,nos4 #ad-bc4 ',ilk9ia & ,plum ,tree ,totem4' #f ,! evid5ce = ,au/ralian slate spe>-heads is n /rong4 ,capt4 ,k+ acquir$ a bundle ( b>k 9 a raid on natives4 ,x conta9$ 'sev]al1 spe>-heads1 mo/ +5i\sly & curi\sly made ( /one 444 ! /one 0 cov]$ ) r$ pigm5t1 & appe>$ to be ( a fl9ty slate4'--,see ,! ,picture ( ,au/ralia1 p4 #bdc4 ,london1 #ahbi4 #g ,simpson1 pp4 #ahb-ahd4 #h ,bo?1 ,natives ( ,n4 ,w4 ,que5sl&1 p4 #abi1 pi4 xvii4 #i ,j\rnal ,an?rop4 ,in/itute1 ,may #ahie1 p4 #daj1 pi4 #ba1 fig4 #g4 #aj ,"s wood5 *ur+a are engrav$1 z ',au/ralian ,magic ,/icks1' 9 ,ratzel's popul> ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 i4 #cgi4 ,!y exactly answ] to ! *ur+a ( ! ,arunta4 #aa ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 ,cunn+ham ,memoirs1 ,no4 x4 #ahid4 #ab ,= cups1 see ,sp5c] & ,gill51 p4 #abi2 = conc5tric circles1 see p4 #aca4 #ac ,! tribal /ores ( *ur+a are n ! same z ! places :]e *ur+a 7 dropp$ 9 ! ,al*]+a4 #ad ,proce$+s ,s4,a4,s4 vol4 xxix4 p4 #aic4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 fig4 #acb1 ,no4 #f4 #ae ,s4,a4,s4 #ahhd-e1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #chh-cid4 ,comp>e1 = ,c\nty ,mea?1 ! same "w1 #ahib-ic1 pp4 #big-cch4 #af ,see ! au?or's ,cu/om & ,my?3 ,! ,bull ,ro>]4 ,pr(4 ,haddon has discov]$ _m o!r in/ances2 see also ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 iii4 #dbc et seq4 ,,xiv ,,fir/-,,fruits ,,& ,,taboos ,taboo is "o ( ! few savage words :i* h /ruck root 9 ,engl&4 ,introduc$ f ,new ,zeal& 7tapu7 & o!r ,polynesian isl&s1 x is us$ 9 ,engli% to d5ote a prohibition4 ,?is1 t1 or ! o!r ?+1 or p]son1 or book is 'taboo$4' ,_m ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts are1 9 ?is s5se1 taboos4 ,b1 9 an?ropological language1 'taboo' g5]ally d5otes some?+ m ?an a prohibition4 ,x commonly means a prohibition = :i*1 to ! civilis$ m9d1 !re is no v obvi\s mean+4 ,9 ?is way ! prohibitive ,comm&m5ts are n precisely taboos2 x is pretty obvi\s :y we ought n to /eal or kill1 ?\gh ! raison d'tre ( ! ,sev5? ,comm&m5t is obscure to "s advanc$ intellig5ces4 ,b ! reasons :y a ,s9clair mu/ n cross ! ,ord on a c]ta9 'lawful day1' or :y on ano!r 'lawful day' ! fi%]m5 ( ,/4 ,&rews might n g a-fi%+1 resemble _m savage taboos 9 ! lack ( a manife/ reason :y4 ,secondly1 ! infraction ( ! savage taboo g5]ally1 unlike t ( ! decalogue1 c>ries its own puni%m5t4 ,=bidd5 food is poison1 taboo$ l& is dang]\s to tread ^u1 to h&le taboo$ prop]ty may mean dea?2 nobody kn[s :at awful cosmic cata/rophe might occur if a taboo$ woman saw ! sun2 _m words & names are taboo1 & no luck w come ( us+ !m--= in/ance1 y mu/ n "n 'salmon1' 'pigs1' or ! m9i/] :5 out fi%+ 9 "s p>ts ( ,scotl&4 ,9 _m cases ! reason ( ?is or t taboo is easily discov]$4 ,a day is unlucky because all ! fi%]s1 z at ,/4 ,&rews1 7 lo/ on t day 9 a pa/ c5tury ?r\gh a /orm2 or ! ,s9clairs on ano!r day 7 cut (f 9 an exp$ition4 ,mo/ ( u h our lucky or unlucky days1 clo!s1 & o!r vanities4 ,aga91 ?+s are taboo = "s reason 9 t k9d ( fai? :i* holds t ?+s connect$ 9 ! association ( ideas are my/ically connect$ 9 fact4 ,y mu/ n m5tion salmon1 le/ !y he> y & escape2 or t9 9 ,malay t9 m9+1 le/ ! t9 %\ld lit]ally 'make itself sc>ce4' ,y may n "n ! fairies1 a jeal\s folk4 ,!re=e y say '! p ( peace1' & s on4 ,b _m o!r taboos h good practical reasons4 ,if wom51 among ourselves1 7 taboo$ f salmon-fi%+1 eat+ oy/]s1 or ent]+ smok+-rooms 7all ( :i* ?+s are greatly to be desir$71 ! reason w\ld be ! conv5i5ce ( ! m51 :o wi% a sanctu>y or asylum 9 ! smok+-room1 & want to keep oy/]s & fi%+ to !mselves4 ,x is pretty pla9 :y ! sight ( ! royal treasury is taboo$ to a ,we/ ,african k+3 to speak colloquially1 if admitt$ to see ! ho>ds he 'w\ld blue ! lot4' ,a taboo (t5 protects by a sup]natural sanction ! prop]ty & p]sons ( ! privileg$ classes4 ,if ! umbrella ( a bi%op or a b>onet 7 taboo1 x w\ld n be tak5 away f ! club by accid5t4 ,?is simple explanation cov]s ! case ( _m taboos4 ,bro!r & si/] may sc>cely ev] see ea* o!r1 /ill less speak to or "n ea* o!r1 :]e ! law aga9/ bro!r & si/] m>riage or am\r is ! "o mo/ def9ite law ( ! community4 ',x is n1 !re=e1 surpris+1' says ,mr4 ,jevons1 't ! e>li] /ud5ts ( ! cu/om' 7( taboo7 'reg>d$ x z an artificial inv5tion1 a piece ( /atecraft1 cunn+ly devis$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! nobility & ! prie/s4 ,?is view is1 h[ev]1 n[ g5]ally ab&on$1' because taboo 'is mo/ at home 9 communities :i* h no /ate organisation1 & fl\ri%es :]e !re are no prie/s or no prie/hood4 ,above all ! belief is n artificial & impos$1 b spontane\s & natural4'#a ,i hesitate ab\t ?is !ory4 ,taboo c h>dly fl\ri% m ?an x does 9 ,polynesia & ,we/ ,africa1 :]e !re are k+s & prie/s4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh !re are human societies )\t k+s or prie/s 7z 9 ,au/ralia71 !re are no societies 9 :i* artificial rules are n propagat$1 in/itut$1 & en=c$ by ! adult males meet+ 9 c\ncils4 ,! ,arunta ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia are1 ( c\rse1 f> f 'primitive4' ,!y h in/itutions1 c]emonies1 weapons1 rules1 & a complete sy/em ( philosophy1 :i* mu/ h ne$$ unkn[n ages to develop4 ,!y h local head-m51 or ,alatunjas1 ^: (fice passes always 9 ! male l9e3 f fa!r to son1 if ! son be ( age to succe$1 or1 if he is n1 to ! bro!r1 on ^: dea? x rev]ts to ! son4 ,an ,alatunja dy+ )\t a son nom9ates a bro!r or nephew to succe$ him4 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 "k no equival5t to ?is law among o!r ,au/ralian tribes1 & x indicates1 among ! s-call$ 'primitive' ,arunta1 a m>k$ advance beyond o!r tribes 9 social evolution4 ,! ,alatunja is h]$it>y ,conv5] ( ,c\ncil1 & if an able man has consid]able p[]4 ,he is gu>dian ( ! ,sacra ( ! gr\p1 det]m9es ! date ( ! cessation ( close-"t = c]ta9 sorts ( game1 ! date ( ! magical c]emonies = fo/]+ ! game or edible plants1 & directs ! c]emonies4 ,9 ! c\ncils call$ by ! ,alatunja x appe>s t *anges 9 /]eo-typ$ cu/om may be introduc$4 ,m5 le>n$ 9 ! cu/oms & skill$ 9 magic 'settle ev]y?+4' ,def9ite pro( ( fundam5tal innovations ?us introduc$ ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 d n possess2 b tradition indicates alt]ations ( cu/om1 & x is q possible t a /rong ,alatunja1 well back$1 might br+ 9 ev5 a radical re=m4#b ,!re are also recognis$ grades ( skill among ! m$ic9e-m5 & ! deal]s ) spirits1 :o mu/ h _! own %>e ( social influ5ce4 ,9 brief1 ?\gh )\t prie/s or k+s ^! backw>d tribes h c\ncils1 & conv5]s1 & directors ^: (fice is h]$it>y 9 ! male l9e4 ,^! p]sons1 ?r\gh unkn[n ages1 h m\ld$ cu/oms & taboos1 :i* are j z mu* sanction$ by tradition & au?ority j z little 'spontane\s & univ]sal1' z if k+s & prie/s _h inv5t$ !m = purposes ( /atecraft4 ,mr4 ,jevons next argues t taboo '_c h be5 d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,x is prior to & ev5 contradictory ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 f9e1 x is an inh]5t t5d5cy ( ! human m9d4' ,9 ! same way ,gibbon's ance/or1 ,blue ,g[n h]ald1 :5 among ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 decl>$ t h]aldry is an inh]5t t5d5cy ( ! human m9d1 an innate idea4 ,an op9ion is n necess>ily errone\s because x is obsolete1 nor a view wrong because 'x is g5]ally ab&on$4' ,i am "h support+ ! 'g5]ally ab&on$' hypo!sis t _m taboos1 at lea/1 are artificial & impos$1 aga9/ ,mr4 ,jevons's idea t ! taboo1 l armorial be>+s1 results f 'an inh]5t t5d5cy ( ! human m9d' 'prior to & ev5 contradictory ( exp]i5ce4'#c ,t 'a new-born baby is dang]\s1' or t '! wat] 9 :i* a holy p]son has wa%$ is dang]\s1' my private exp]i5ce does n tell me2 9 fact1 ,i nev] made ei!r exp]im5t3 nev] tubb$ 9 ! wat] previ\sly us$ by a bi%op4 ,b ,i am prep>$ to admit t nei!r babies nor bi%ops are prov$ by our exp]i5ce to be dang]\s4 ,t is n ! "q4 ,! savage argu$1 n f unbiass$ & imp>tial sci5tific exp]im5t1 b f fanci$ exp]i5ce4 ,?us ,mr4 ,jevons m5tions a ,maori :o di$ aft] r9d+ out t he _h eat51 unaw>es1 ! rema9s ( ! lun*eon ( a holy p]son1 a *ief4 ,!re 0 exp]i5ce produc$ by sugge/ion4 ,! sugge/ion 0 sugge/$ 9 ! int]e/s ( holy *iefs2 !y 7 'taboo$ an in* ?ick1' z ,mr4 ,mann+ writes4 ,z to ! baby1 ! ,dyaks1 z 9 our own fairy belief1 hold t 'new-born *ildr5 are ! especial prey ( evil spirits1' j z corpses 7 9--,scotl&1 :]e1 if ! door 0 left aj>1 ! corpse sat up1 & mopp$ & m[$4 ,if ! wat*]s left x1 & d9$ 9 ! 'b1' an awful vac>me arose 9 ! 'b54' ,! m9i/] ent]$1 /ill$ ! tumult1 ask$ = ! tongs1 & came back hold+ 9 ! tongs a bloody glove6 ,?is he dropp$ into ! fire4 ,?is k9d ( ?+ is contradictory to ! exp]i5ce ( ,mr4 ,jevons1 b n to ! fanci$ exp]i5ce ( ,dyaks1 ,scots1 & o!r races4 ,op9ion !re=e makes taboos 9 accordance ) exp]i5ce1 or :at is believ$ to be exp]i5ce1 & ! belief is =tifi$ by sugge/ion1 :i* produces dea? or disease :5 ! taboo is brok54 ,on ! analogy ( infecti\s diseases1 ! mis*ief ( ! taboo$ ?+ is held to be contagi\s4 ,?us ,i _c hold ) ,mr4 ,jevons t ! human m9d is provid$ ) an a priori categorical imp]ative t !re are "s ?+s :i* mu/ n be done1' 'a feel+' 'indep5d5t ( s5se exp]i5ce4'#d ,if ! *oice ( :at ?+s are 'n to be done' seems to u 'irrational1' t is m]ely because our reason is m enlight5$ ?an t ( ! savage4 ,he prohibit$ j su* ?+s z 8 philosophy1 & :at he believ$ to be 8 exp]i5ce1 %[$ him to be dang]\s = obscure reasons4 ,any fool c\ld see t x 0 dang]\s to eat poison b]ries or frolic ) a be>4 ,b x took reflection to discov] t a baby or a corpse 0 dang]\s by reason ( evil spirits1 ,irunt>9ia1 :om ! ,alkna ,buma1 or clairvoyant1 c\ld see1 & describe1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,jevons & ,i c\ld n disc]n !m4#e ,^! ,irunt>9ia notori\sly c>ry (f wom51 & probably1 l ! fairies1 h _! be/ *ance 9 ! h\r ( *ild-bir?3 at all ev5ts1 ! fairies h4#f ,! belief is socially useful3 x prev5ts "y ,arunta wom5 f w&]+ (f alone1 & phil&]+ out ( b\nds4 ,?us ^! taboos are sanction$ by ! tribal c\nsellors z ! results ( exp]i5ce1 n _! own p]haps1 b t ( ! ,alkna ,buma1 or clairvoyant1 or 's5sitive1' or 'm$ium1' or habitually halluc9at$ p]son4 ,o!r taboos1 z to wom51 are impos$ = v good reasons1 ?\gh n = ! reasons alleg$1 & brok5 taboos are n 79 actual ord9>y exp]i5ce7 att5d$ by ! p5alties :i*1 h[ev]1 sugge/ion may produce4 ,taboo1 !n1 is n impos$ irrationally1 nor 9 def]5ce to 'an inh]5t t5d5cy ( ! human m9d' 7t ,mrs4 ,h>ris ( philosophy71 b = a v good reason1 z savage reason+ goes1 & 9 accordance ) :at is believ$ to be exp]i5ce1 &1 by d9t ( sugge/ion1 really does become exp]i5ce4 ,x 0 'irrational' 9 ,dr4 ,johnson to t\* c]ta9 po/s1 & avoid c]ta9 /ones1 & ent] a door twice1 if he fir/ ent]$ x ) ! wrong foot4 ,all my life ,i h _h simil> private taboos1 ?\gh nobody kn[s bett] t !y are nons5se4 ,b "s solit>y exp]i5ce 9 *ildhood probably sugge/$ a relation ( cause & effect1 :]e !re 0 only a =tuit\s sequ5ce ( antec$5t & consequ5t1 & s ,dr4 ,johnson & ,i 7?\gh n s conspicu\sly z ! ,doctor7 impos$ taboos on ourselves 9 def]5ce to 7fanci$7 exp]i5ce4 ,e>ly man has act$ 9 ! same way on a l>ge scale1 obey+ no categorical a priori imp]ative1 b m]ely act+ on 8 philosophy & exp]i5ce :i* is real to him1 ?\gh n to civilis$ m54 ,!y usually d n und]/& x1 b educat$ p]sons ) a survival ( savag]y 9 _! m5tal con/itutions f9d ! affair intelligible4 ,b ! reason 9 actual practical exp]i5ce = "s taboos mu/ be pla9 to ! mo/ civilis$ m9ds1 except ^? ( ,badical vot]s = ! ,bord] ,bor\ghs4 ,man1 9 ! hunt] /age1 mu/ h game laws & a close-"t = edible animals & plants4 ,! ,bord] ,badical w n p]mit a close-"t = tr\t1 pref]r+ to de/roy !m1 & ) !m _! (fspr+1 :5 gravid & unfit = human food1 or be=e !y recov] condition4 ,! 'primitive' ,arunta are n s irrational1 & h a close-"t1 protect$ by taboo1 or1 at lea/1 by c]emonies ( a nature m or less magical4 ,9 ^! c]emonies ( a p n pa/oral or agricultural1 we seem to see ! g]ms ( ! (f]+s ( fir/-fruits to gods or spirits1 ?\gh ! ,au/ralian produce is (f]$ nei!r to spirits nor to gods4 ,^! tribes recognise a great _s1 inde$1 ,twanyirika1 b t he plays any o!r "p 9 religion or society ?an presid+ ov] ! tribal my/]ies we h at pres5t no evid5ce to prove4 ,simil> figures1 associat$ ) ! my/]ies1 are1 9 o!r p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 provid$ ) an ample my?ology1 & are subject to a be+ m augu/ & remote4 ,b ei!r ! ,arunta are advanc$ ?9k]s :o h pass$ beyond su* ideas1 or !y h n yet atta9$ to !m1 or our witnesses are un9=m$ on ! subject4#g ,9 any case1 ! fir/-fruits ( ! game1 grubs1 & plants ( ! ,arunta are n (f]$ to ,twanyirika1 or to ! m9or sprites1 ,irunt>9ia4 ,! c]emonies1 p>tly int5d$ to make ! creatures us$ = food prolific1 & p>tly1 ,i ?9k1 to indicate t ! close-"t is ov] & t ! creatures may be tak5 & eat51 are call$ ,inti*iuma4 ,on ! mumm]ies expect$ to make animals & plants pl5tiful we ne$ n dwell4 ,9 ea* case ! m5 :o belong to ! totem ( ! bea/1 grub1 or plant p]=m ! c]emonies4 ,!re is believ$ to be a close & ess5tial connection betwe5 a man ( ! kang>oo totem & all kang>oos1 betwe5 a man ( ! grub totem & all grubs1 s ea* totem gr\p does ! magic to propagate its ally among bea/s or plants4 ,h[ ^! ideas arose we d n "k4 ,b if a local gr\p 0 orig9ally call$ kang>oos or grubs 7& "s "n x mu/ h71 ! association ( names w\ld inevitably lead1 by association ( ideas1 to ! notion t a my/]i\s connection exi/$ betwe5 ! m5 ( a totem "n & ! plant1 animal1 or :at n :i* gave ! "n4 ,^! m51 !re=e1 w\ld "w ! magic = propagat+ _! k9dr$ 9 ! animal & vegetable _w4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( ?is connection w\ld also sugge/ t1 9 common dec5cy1 a man %\ld n kill & eat 8 animal or vegetable relations4 ,9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w he ab/a9s f ?is unc\s9ly behavi\r3 among ! ,arunta he may eat sp>+ly ( 8 totem1 & mu/ d s at ! end ( ! close-"t or beg9n+ ( ! season4 ,he ?us1 z a ne> relation ( ! actual kang>oos or grubs1 decl>es ! season op51 & gives 8 neighb\rs ( o!r totems a lead4 ,n[ !y may beg9 to eat grubs or kang>oos2 ! taboo is (f4 ,?us1 9 #agde1 ,gask taboo$ ! corn ( 8 t5ants2 !y mu/ n reap x1 because !y refus$ 'to rise & foll[ ,*>lie4' ,pr9ce ,*>les1 he>+ ( ?is1 cut a few e>s ) 8 claymore1 ?us remov+ ! taboo4 ,9 ! same way ! grub or kang>oo m5 publicly eat a little ( _! own totem1 aft] :i* ! tribesm5 & o!r totems may fall to & dev\r4 ,:5 ! grub or :atev] x is becomes pl5tiful1 aft] ! magic do+s = its propagation1 x is collect$ & plac$ be=e "s memb]s ( ! grub totem4 ,! ,alatunja1 or conv5]1 gr9ds up "s ( ! grub1 he & 8 fell[ totemi/s eat a little1 & h& ! mass back to ! memb]s ( o!r totems4 ,!y eat a little ( _! own totem1 p>tly1 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 say1 to /r5g!n _! my/ic connection ) ! creature4 ,?is1 9 a way1 is a 'sacram5tal' idea1 ?\gh no religi\s reg>d is paid to ! plants & animals4 ,b ! m5 also p>take1 to remove ! taboo1 & to let ! re/ ( ! community gorge !mselves legally4#h ,! rite has ?us a practical purpose4 ,! grubs or o!r creatures are n prematurely de/roy$1 l tr\t on ! ,bord]4 ,9 fact1 tr\t !mselves are s5sible en\gh n to beg9 fe$+ on ,may fly prematurely4 ',?r\gh\t ! previ\s week1' says ,sir ,h]b]t ,maxwell1 'a few ,may flies _h be5 se5 444 b n a tr\t w\ld po9t 8 nose at "o4444 ,?is hesitation on ! "p ( ! tr\t to beg9 _! annual banquet is "o ( ! be/ kn[n &1 at ! same "t1 lea/ explicable features ( ! ,may fly =tnight4'#i ,! ,arunta also let ! grub come on to its full rise be=e fe$+4 ,:5 a c]ta9 bulb is ripe1 ! m5 ( its totem rub (f & bl[ away ! husks1 !n ! g5]al public may beg9 fe$+4 ,!re is no?+ sacram5tal 9 ?is c]emony1 :i* m]ely op5s ! season = tub] eat+4 ,! taboo is (f4 ,& s 9 o!r cases3 ! kang>oo m5 are sme>$ ) ! fat ( ! kang>oo1 & eat a little ( ! animal4#aj ,! non-kang>oo tribesm5 may !n eat kang>oo4 ,! traditions ( ! ,arunta repres5t _! my?ical ance/ors z 9 "s cases fe$+ solely on _! totems4 ,b ?is _c possibly be true4 ,a grub man w\ld die1 :5 grubs 7 out1 ( />vation1 & s ) ! re/4 ',:5 fruits is 91 cats is out1' & a man ( ! gooseb]ry totem1 :o only ate gooseb]ries1 w\ld p]i% mis]ably4 ,! ,arunta eat+ ( ! totem has no?+ to d ) consecrat+ ! fir/-fruits ( grubs or kang>oos to a god or ) absorb+ ! qualities ( a _s4 ,:5 ,sw$i% peasants bake a cake %ap$ l a girl1 f ! la/ %eaf ( ! new corn1 !y p]haps orig9ally ate ! cake 'z ! body ( ! corn _s4'#aa ,b :5 ! ,li?uanian f>m] takes ! fir/ swig ( ! new be]--'! second brew 0 = ! s]vants'--p]haps he is only decl>+ 8 own]%ip1 & op5+ ! be] season4#ab ,9 an unnam$ "p ( ,york%ire ! p>son cuts ! fir/ corn2 he is ! ,alatunja1 & op5s ! h>ve/4 ,9 ! ,celebes ! prie/ op5s ! rice h>ve/2 all eat ( x2 'aft] ?is e "o is free to get 9 8 rice4' ,at ,/4 ,&rews on ! ,m$al ,day 7:i* is 9 h>ve/ "t7 ! ,alatunja 7t is ! new capta97 drives a ball f ! fir/ tee2 aft] ?is e "o is free to drive (f 9 8 turn--b n be=e4 ,9 "s places1 z 9 ,indo-,*9a1 ! fir/-fruits are (f]$ to a god2 9 ,zulul& ! k+ pops a little into ! m\? ( e man pres5t1 :o 'may imm$iately get 9 8 crops4' ,if he began h>ve/ be=e he w\ld die1 or1 if detect$1 w\ld be spe>$1 or =feit$4 ,sometimes ! fir/-fruits are (f]$ to '! holy _s ( fire4' ,!re are all sorts ( ways & c]emonies ( op5+ ! season & tak+ (f ! taboo4 ,i really don't ?9k x foll[s t ! fir/ fruits are dang]\s to eat1 be=e ! c]emony1 because '!y are reg>d$ z in/9ct ) a div9e virtue1 & consequ5tly ! eat+ ( !m is a sacram5t or communion4#ac ,i ,x is dang]\s to eat !m1 z x w\ld be dang]\s to /eal a taboo$ umbrella4 ,!y are taboo$ because x is close-"t4 ,! o!r ideas may come to be ent]ta9$1 an automatic puni%m5t may be ?\ght to foll[ ! brea* ( ! taboo1 ?\gh we d n le>n t ?is is ! case among ! ,arunta4 ,b ! orig9 ( ! taboo on ! immature food1 ,i ?9k1 is ! p]fectly practical idea ( a close-"t2 plants are n to be ga!r$1 nor animals kill$1 prematurely4 ,! m or less supreme be+ ( ! ,fuegians is angry--if y %oot flapp]s4 ',v bad to %oot little duck1 come ra91 come w9d1 bl[1 v mu* bl[4'#ad ,! 'great black man1 :o _c be escap$1 & :o influ5ces ! wea!r accord+ to m5's conduct1' is "r ab\t ! flapp]s4 ,he sanctions a necess>y game law4 ,! ,h[ 7k+71 9 ,tonga1 us$ to wait till ! yams 7 ripe1 !n he fix$ a day = ga!r+ !m1 & _h a religi\s function4 ,! sort ( function dep5ds on ! /age at :i* local religion has arriv$2 b a close-"t--no premature kill+ or ga!r+--is ! practical idea at ! base ( all ^! affairs ( fir/-fruits4 ,any o!r sup]/ition1 sacrificial or sacram5tal1 may cry/allise r\nd ! practical primitive prohibition1 especially :5 x 0 sanction$ by ! good old device ( automatic puni%m5t1 foll[+ on infr+em5t ( taboo4 ,if ,sir ,h]b]t ,maxwell c\ld p]suade ,mr4 ,?omas ,%aw1 ,m4,p41 t ! prov]bially execrable wea!r on ! ,bord] is ! direct result ( fi%+1 especially ) salmon-roe1 out ( season2 if !re 0 to be no fi%+ till ,mr4 ,%aw1 aft] ta/+ ( ! fir/ tr\t1 decl>$ ! season op52 if ! cl]gy ( all d5om9ations l5t _! pres5ce to ! impos+ c]emony1 !n ,i believe t ,twe$1 ,ettrick1 ,teviot1 ,y>r[1 ,ail1 & ,kale w\ld be wor? fi%+ 9 aga94 ,taboo1 z ,mr4 ,fraz] & ,mr4 ,jevons agree1 has _h its uses 9 ! evolution ( morality2 b rem>k t /rictly moral (f5ces are n[h]e "u taboo4 ,y may /eal 7z long z ! object /ol5 is n taboo$ & does n belong to a *ief or prie/71 y may kill1 y may int]f]e ) ! dome/ic bliss ( y\r neighb\r1 y may lie1 b ! automatic puni%m5t ( taboo-break+ n[h]e foll[s4 ,baiame or ,pundjel may puni% y2 b !re is no in/ant me*anical p5alty1 z "u taboo4 ,aft] writ+ ?is pap]1 ,i f\nd t ,mr4 ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son's exp]i5ce ( tapu1 9 ! ,pacific1 l$ him to =m ! same op9ions z are "h express$4 ',! devil-fi%1 x seems1 7 gr[+ sc>ce ^u ! reef2 x 0 judg$ fit to int]pose :at we %\ld call a close season 444 a tapu _h to be decl>$4' ,! tapus describ$ 'are = ?or\ghly s5sible ends4' ,!re are tapus :i*1 to u1 appe> absurd1 'b ! tapu is m (t5 ! in/rum5t ( wise & ne$ful re/rictions4'#ae ,^! taboos are impos$ f above1 by ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 o!r cases1 :]e ! taboo expresses an inf]5ce f savage sup]/ition 7say t a baby or a corpse is dang]\s71 ! taboo is n impos$ except by public op9ion4 ,t op9ion is sanction$ 7z 9 ! case ( fir/-fruits7 by ! action ( ! ,alatunja1 or headman3 9 m advanc$ societies1 by ! k+4 ,9 _m cases1 taboos are impos$ on ! k+ himself by ! prie/ly colleges4 ,b ! greate/ au?ority is tradition1 re/+ on fanci$ exp]i5ce4 #a ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 p4 #hb4 #b ,sp5c] & ,gill51 pp4 #aj-af4 #c ,jevons1 p4 #he4 #d ,jevons1 pp4 #he-hg4 #e ,sp5c] & ,gill51 pp4 #ae1 #eae4 #f ,ibid4 p4 #eag4 #g ,sp5c] & ,gill51 pp4 #bbb1 #bdf4 #h ,! ,arunta eat+ ( ! totem1 at ! magic c]emony1 is n religi\s4 ,mr4 ,jevons1 h[ev]1 adduces x z pro( ( '! exi/5ce ( ! totem-sacram5t1' surviv+ '9 an etiolat$ =m4' ,b :at pro( h we t ! totems 7 once 'totem gods1' or 9 any way div9e1 among ! ,arunta8 ,jevons1 ',! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1' ,int]national ,mon?ly1 p4 #dhi1 ,april #aija4 #i ,memories ( ! ,mon?s1 #aijj1 pp4 #acb1 #acc4 #aj ,sp5c] & ,gill51 *apt] vi4 #aa ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #cah4 #ab ,ibid4 #ac ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #cce4 #ad ,fitzroy1 ,cruise ( ! ,beagle1 ii4 #ahj4 #ae ,9 ! ,s\? ,seas1 pp4 #dg-ej4 ,,xv ,,walk+ ,,?r\gh ,,fire ,p]haps ! topic ( ?is pap] may be rang$ "u ! head ( ',magic1' ?\gh 9 _m cases ! rite ( pass+ ?r\gh fire is sanction$ by religion1 & ! immunity ( ! p]=m]s is expla9$ by ! protection ( gods4 ,! immunity is really ! curi\s feature4 ,mr4 ,fraz] describes ! ,*9ese v]nal fe/ival ( fire 9 spr+1 connect$ z x is ) ! widespread cu/om ( 'r5ew+ ! fire' at a c]ta9 season4 ,! *ief p]=m]s are lab\r]s1 :o mu/ fa/ = ?ree days & obs]ve *a/ity = a week2 :ile !y are taught 9 ! temple h[ to dis*>ge ! difficult & dang]\s duty :i* is to be laid ^u !m4 ',! fire is made 9 an enorm\s brazi] ( *>coal1 sometimes tw5ty feet wide4' ,! fire is gratifi$ ) salt & rice1 ?r[n on x by a ,taoi/ prie/4 ,fur!r1 'two exorci/s1 b>efoot$1 & foll[$ by two peasants1 trav]se ! fire aga9 & aga9 till x is some:at beat5 d[n4' ,! procession ( p]=m]s !n walks ?r\gh amid/ mu* excitem5t4 ,_! immunity is ascrib$ to ! horny consi/5cy ( ! soles ( _! feet1 & !y suff] if ! fire t\*es _! ankles4#a ,v>i\s ,indian examples are giv5 by ,mr4 ,fraz]4 ,capta9 ,mack5zie f\nd ! p]=mance remote f ! 's5sational1' & ?\ght t only girls ) t5d] soles 7 likely to suff]4 ,a case is also quot$ f ,/rabo1 wom5 be+ ! p]=m]s1 & ! in/ance ( ! ,hirpi ( ,soracte is well kn[n4#b ,mr4 ,fraz] is int]e/$ ma9ly 9 ! religi\s1 magical1 or ritual significance ( ! rite1 :i* v>ies 9 diff]5t places4 ,to me1 on ! o!r h&1 ! immunity ( ! p]=m]s appe>s a subject wor?y ( physiological inquiry4 ,! subject occurs ev]y:]e 9 hi/ory1 leg5d1 folklore1 law1 & e>ly religion1 & yet nobody has ?\ght x wor? :ile to collect ! anci5t reports & to comp>e !m ) well-au!nticat$ mod]n examples4 ,9 ,mr4 ,tylor's celebrat$ "w1 ',primitive ,culture1' only "o or two casual allusions are made to ! !me4 ',!y built ! high places ( ,baal1 9 ! valley ( ! son ( ,h9nom1 to cause _! sons & daught]s to pass ?r\gh to ,molo*1' t is to pass ?r\gh ! fire1 ':e!r 9 ritual or symbolical sacrifice4'#c ,z a suppos$ rite ( purification ! c]emony is aga9 t\*$ ^u lightly4#d ,aga93 ',! anci5t c]emony ( pass+ ?r\gh a fire1 or leap+ ov] burn+ br&s1 has be5 kept up vigor\sly 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1'#e namely1 at ! midsumm] c]emonies1 :5 x is1 or 01 ! cu/om to jump ov]1 or run ?r\gh1 light fires4 ,nobody w\ld guess t a rite ( pass+ delib]ately1 & unsca!d1 ?r\gh ov5s or furnaces yet exi/s 9 ,japan1 ,bulg>ia1 ! ,society ,isl&s1 ,fiji1 ,s\!rn ,india1 ,tr9idad1 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 ! ,isle ( ,mauritius1 &1 no d\bt1 9 o!r regions4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 su* sportive play+ ) fire z prevail$ rec5tly 9 our isles & ! m s]i\s ,fire ,c]emony ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 :i* te/s endurance on ! "o h&1 & ! app>5t contrav5tion ( a natural law on ! o!r4 ,aga91 we mu/ disc\nt ! popul> reply t ! h& c be rapidly plung$ into molt5 metal & )drawn )\t injury1 = we d n happ5 to be conc]n$ ) su* a brief exposure to heat4 ,once m1 ! !ory ( ! application ( "s unkn[n *emical sub/ance mu/ be reject$1 because1 z we %all prove1 !re are c]ta9ly cases 9 :i* no?+ ( ! k9d is done4 ,moreov]1 sci5ce is acqua9t$ ) no sub/ance--alum or dilut$ sulphuric acid1 or ! l--:i* w produce ! result ( prev5t+ caut]isation4#f ,sir ,william ,crookes1 at lea/1 is n famili> ) any su* res\rces ( sci5ce4 ,8 evid5ce z to fire-h&l+ by ,d4 ,d4 ,home is famili>1 & ,i und]/& t ,mr4 ,podmore c only expla9 x away by an hypo!sis ( a trick play$ 9 a bad light1 by means ( an asbe/os glove or "s su* transp>5t trick4#g ,p]haps he adds a little 'halluc9ation' on ! "p ( ! spectators4 ,b asbe/os & halluc9ation are out ( ! "q 9 ! cases :i* ,i am ab\t to quote4 ,home 01 or feign$ to be1 9 a /ate ( trance :5 he p]=m$ ) fire4 ,! se]ess ( ,l\rdes1 ,b]nadette1 0 also 9 religi\s contemplation :5 %e p]mitt$ ! flame ( a c&le to play ?r\gh h] clasp$ f+]s 7:i* 7 unsca!d7 = a tim$ qu>t] ( an h\r4#h ,"s ,indian devotees1 aga91 av] t !y 'm$itate' on "s div9e be+ :ile pass+ ov] ! gl[+ emb]s1 & ! ,ni/9>es ( ,bulg>ia1 :o dance 9 ! fire1 are describ$ z be+ 9 a m or less abnormal m5tal condition4 ,b ev5 ?is condition is abs5t 9 ! well-atte/$ ,raiatean & ,fijian examples1 9 :i* also no k9d ( *emical prep>ation is employ$4 ,f9ally1 :]e savages are conc]n$1 ! h>dness ( ! sk9s ( _! feet is dwelt ^u1 z 9 ! ,*9ese case already quot$4 ,b1 fir/1 ! sole ( ! boot w\ld be scor*$ 9 ! circum/ances1 :ile _! feet are n affect$2 next1 ! savages' feet 7 n lea!ry 7s ,dr4 ,hock5 av]s72 ?irdly1 "o ( ! ,europeans :o walk$ ?r\gh ! fire at ,r>otonga decl>es t ! soles ( 8 own feet are peculi>ly t5d]4 ,?us e kn[n physical or conjectur$ psy*ical condition ( immunity fails to meet ! case1 & we are left :olly )\t an asc]ta9$1 or a good conjectural1 'reason :y' = ! ph5om5a4 ,i %all beg9 ) ! mo/ rec5t & ! be/ au!nticat$ cases1 & "w back 9 "t1 & 9 civilisation4 ,mr4 ,trege>1 ! well-kn[n lexicograph] ( ! ,maori & ! alli$ ,mang>ova languages1 lately s5t me ! tw5ty-n9? numb] ( ',! ,j\rnal ( ! ,polynesian ,society1' ,m>* #ahii1 ,well+ton1 ,n4,z4 ,pr(essors ,max ,mll] & ,sayce 7 ,honor>y ,memb]s ( ! ,society1 :i* /udies ,polynesian languages1 cu/oms1 & conditions4 ,mr4 ,trege> atte/s ! upright1 tru?-tell+ "* ( ! ,briti% (ficial1 :o is ! n>rator ( 8 own exp]im5t4 ,z ! j\rnal is n widely circulat$ 9 ,engl&1 ,i quote ! :ole ( ! brief report4 ,,! ,,umu-,,ti1 ,,or ,,fire-,,walk+ ,,c]emony ,,by ,,colonel ,,gudgeon1 ,,briti% ,,resid5t1 ,,r>otonga ,9 ?is ,j\rnal1 vol4 ii p4 #aje1 ,miss ,teuira ,h5ry describes ?is c]emony z practis$ 9 ,raiatea1 ( ! ,society gr\p4 ,we h lately receiv$ f ,colonel ,gudgeon ! foll[+ acc\nt ( 8 exp]i5ces 9 walk+ b>efoot$ across ! gl[+ hot /ones ( a native ov51 made 9 ,r>otonga by a man f ,raiatea4 ,s9ce ! date ( ! pap] quot$1 x has come to light t ! ,maoris ( ,new ,zeal& 7 equally acqua9t$ ) ?is c]emony1 :i* 0 p]=m$ by _! ance/ors4 ,on read+ ,colonel ,gudgeon's acc\nt to "s old *iefs ( ! ,urew]a tribe1 !y express$ no surprise1 & said t _! ance/ors c\ld also p]=m ! c]emony1 ?\gh x has long gone out ( practice4--,,editors4 ,i mu/ tell y t ,i h se5 & gone ?r\gh ! fire c]emony ( ! ,umu-ti4 ,! ov5 0 lit at ab\t dawn on ! #bj? ( ,janu>y1 & ,i notic$ t ! /ones 7 v l>ge1 z also 7 ! logs t _h be5 us$ 9 ! ov5 = heat+ purposes4 ,ab\t #b ,p4,m4 we w5t to ! ov5 & !re f\nd ! tohunga 7a ,raiatea man7 gett+ matt]s ready1 & ,i told him t1 z my feet 7 naturally t5d]1 ! /ones %\ld be levell$ d[n a bit4 ,he ass5t$ to ?is1 & evid5tly he _h int5d$ to d s1 = %ortly aft]1 ! m5 ) v long poles1 t _h hooks1 began to level ! /ones flat 9 ! ov51 :i* 0 "s #ab ft4 9 diamet]4 ,he !n w5t ) 8 disciple & po9t$ to two /ones t 7 n hot1 & in/ruct$ him ! reason 0 t !y _h be5 tak5 f a m>ae1 or sacr$ place4 ,he !n unw\nd two bundles1 :i* prov$ to be bran*es ( a l>ge-leav$ ,ti 7or ,dracna7 pluck$1 x is said1 f two ( ^! trees /&+ close toge!r1 & x is said t ! initiat$ c on su* occasions see ! %ad[ ( a woman ) long hair1 call$ te v>ua k9o 7evil _s71 /&+ betwe5 ! trees4 ,! "r-h& bran* is ! fir/ pluck$1 & x is said t ! bran*es b5d d[n to be pluck$4 ,s mu* = ! ,%amanism1 & n[ = ! facts4 ,! tohunga 7prie/7 & 8 tauira 7pupil7 walk$ ea* to ! ov51 & !n halt+1 ! prophet spoke a few words1 & !n ea* /ruck ! edge ( ! ov5 ) ! ti bran*es4 ,?is 0 ?ree times repeat$1 & !n !y walk$ sl[ly & delib]ately ov] ! two fa?oms ( hot /ones4 ,:5 ?is 0 done1 ! tohunga came to u1 & 8 disciple h&$ 8 ti bran* to ,mr4 ,goodw91 at ^: place ! c]emony came (f1 & !y w5t ?r\gh ! c]emony4 ,!n ! tohunga said to ,mr4 ,goodw91 ',i h& my mana 7p[]7 ov] to y2 lead y\r fri5ds across4' ,n[1 !re 7 f\r ,europeans--,dr4 ,w4 ,craig1 ,dr4 ,george ,craig1 ,mr4 ,goodw91 & myself--& ,i c only say t we /epp$ out boldly4 ,i got across unsca!d1 & only "o ( ! p>ty 0 badly burn$2 & he1 x is said1 0 spok5 to1 b1 l ,lot's wife1 look$ beh9d him--a ?+ aga9/ all rules4 ,i c h>dly give y my s5sations1 b ,i c say ?is3 t ,i knew q well ,i 0 walk+ on r$-hot /ones & c\ld feel ! heat1 yet ,i 0 n burn$4 ,i felt some?+ resembl+ slight electric %ocks1 bo? at ! "t & aft]w>ds1 b t is all4 ,i d n "k t ,i %\ld recomm5d e "o to try x4 ,a man mu/ h mana to d x2 if he has n1 x w be too late :5 he is on ! hot /one ( ,tama-ahi-roa4 ,i _c say t ,i %\ld h p]=m$ ?is wiz>d trick _h ,i n be5 "o ( ! fa!rs ( ! ,polynesian ,society1 & b\nd to support ! sup]iority ( ! ,new ,zeal&] all ov] ,polynesia--inde$ all ov] ! _w4 ,i w\ld n h miss$ ! p]=mance = any?+4 ,to %[ y ! heat ( ! /ones1 q half an h\r aft]w>ds "s "o rem>k$ to ! prie/ t ! /ones w\ld n be hot en\gh to cook ! ti4 ,8 only answ] 0 to ?r[ 8 gre5 bran* on ! ov51 & 9 a qu>t] ( a m9ute x 0 blaz+4 ,z ,i h eat5 a fair %>e ( ! ti cook$ 9 ! ov51 ,i am 9 a position to say t x 0 hot en\gh to cook x well4 ,i walk$ ) b>e feet1 & aft] we _h done s1 ab\t #bjj ,maoris foll[$4 ,no "o1 s f> z ,i saw1 w5t ?r\gh ) boots on4 ,i did n walk quickly across ! ov51 b ) delib]ation1 because ,i fe>$ t ,i %\ld tread on a %>p po9t ( ! /ones & fall4 ,my feet also 7 v t5d]4 ,i did n m5tion ! fact1 b my impression z ,i cross$ ! ov5 0 t ! sk9 w\ld all peel (f my feet4 ,yet all ,i really felt :5 ! task 0 accompli%$ 0 a t+l+ s5sation n unlike slight electric %ocks on ! soles ( my feet1 & ?is cont9u$ = sev5 h\rs or m4 ,! really funny ?+ is t1 ?\gh ! /ones 7 hot en\gh an h\r aft]w>ds to burn up gre5 bran*es ( ! ti1 ! v t5d] sk9 ( my feet 0 n ev5 h>d5$ by ! fire4 ,_m ( ! ,maoris ?\ght !y 7 burn$1 b !y 7 n--at any rate n sev]ely4 ,d n suppose t ! man :o direct$ ?is bus9ess 0 an old tohunga4 ,he is a "y man1 b ( ! ,raiatea family1 :o are h]$it>y fire-walk]s4 ,i c only tell y x is mana--mana tangata & mana atua4 ,on ?is report a few rem>ks may be (f]$4 7#a7 ,no prep>ation ( any *emical1 h]bal1 or o!r sort 0 appli$ to ! ,europeans1 at lea/4 7#b7 ',! h&+ ov] ! mana' 7or p[]7 0 practis$ by ,home1 sometimes successfully 7x is alleg$71 z :5 ,mr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,hall's scalp & :ite locks 7 unh>m$ by a r$-hot coal2 sometimes unsuccessfully4 ,a cl]gyman ( my acqua9tance /ill be>s ! bli/] caus$ :5 he accept$ a r$-hot coal f ! h& ( ,home1 z he in=ms--me by lett]4 7#c7 ,! 'walk' 0 %ort] ?an seems common3 only #ab ft4 7#d paces74 7#d7 ,a fri5d ( ,colonel ,gudgeon's 0 badly burn$1 & ! reason assign$ 0 a good folklore reason1 s9ce ! days ( ,lot's wife1 ( ,!ocritus1 & ( ,virgil3 he look$ beh9d4 7#e7 ,! feel+ z if ( 'slight electric %ocks' is wor?y ( notice4 7#f7 ,colonel ,gudgeon cle>ly believes t a man )\t mana _h bett] n try1 & by mana1 "h1 he probably means 'n]ve4' ,z we c h>dly suppose1 9 spite ( ,home1 t mana1 9 a sup]normal s5se1 c be 'h&$ ov]' by "o man to ano!r1 ,colonel ,gudgeon's exp]i5ce seems equally to baffle e !ory ( 'h[ x is done4' ,p]haps we c all d x4 ,p may make _! own exp]im5ts4 ,p]haps ,colonel ,gudgeon fac$ fire 9 a mann] s unusual z a result ( ,dr4 ,hock5's description ( ! ,fijian rite at ,mb5ga1 an isle tw5ty miles s\? ( ,suva4 ,?is acc\nt 0 publi%$ 9 ! ',transactions ( ! ,new ,zeal& ,in/itute1' vol4 xxxi4 #ahih1 hav+ be5 read be=e ! ,otago ,in/itute on ,may #aj1 #ahih1 & is "h repr9t$ 9 full z foll[s3-- ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,fiji ,,fire ,,c]emony ,,by ,,dr4 ,t4 ,m4 ,,hock51 ,f4,l4,s4 ,among/ ! _m incid5ts witness$ dur+ a rec5t visit to ! tropical isl& ( ,fiji1 probably none exce$$ 9 wond] & int]e/ t ( :i* ,i propose to give "s acc\nt ?is ev5+1 & to :i* may be appli$ ! designation ( 'fire c]emony4' ,x is call$ by ! natives 'vilavilairevo4' ,9 ?is rem>kable c]emony a numb] ( almo/ nude ,fijians walk quickly & unh>m$ across & among :ite-hot /ones1 :i* =m ! pavem5t ( a huge native ov5--t]m$ 'lovo'--9 :i* %ortly aft]w>ds are cook$ ! succul5t sug>y roots & pi? ( ! ,cordyl9e t]m9alis1 "o ( ! cabbage trees1 kn[n to ! ,maoris z ! 'ti1' & to ! ,fijians z ! 'masawe4' ,?is wond]ful p[] ( fire-walk+ is n[ n only v r>ely ex]cis$1 b1 at lea/ z reg>ds ,fiji1 is conf9$ to a small clan or family--! ,na ,ivilankata--resid5t on ,bega 7 ,mb5ga71 an isl& ( ! gr\p1 ly+ some:at s\? ( ,suva1 & tw5ty miles f t capital4 ,a small remnant ( ! prie/ly ord] at ,raiatea1 "o ( ! ,society ,isl&s1 is yet able to utt] ! prep>atory incantation1 & aft]w>ds to walk ?r\gh ! fire4 ,x exi/s also 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 z 9 p>ts ( ,india1 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 & else:]e4 ,v int]e/+ acc\nts ( ! c]emony z se5 at ,raiatea & at ,mb5ga are to be f\nd 9 ! second & ?ird volumes ( ! ',j\rnal ( ! ,polynesian ,society1' & 9 ,basil ,?omson's *>m+ ',s\? ,sea ,y>ns4' ,^! descriptions fill$ our small p>ty ( ?ree--my wife1 ,dr4 ,colquh\n1 & myself--) ! desire to witness x = ourselves1 &1 if possible1 to give "s explanation ( :at 0 app>5tly an inexplicable my/]y4 ,our desires 7 p]fectly realis$4 ,! ,hon4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,duncan1 a memb] ( ! ,legislative ,c\ncil ( ,fiji1 & ag5t at ,suva ( ! ,union ,/eam%ip ,company1 to :om ,i c>ri$ a lett] ( introduction f ,mr4 ,james ,mills1 ! manag+ director ( t ,company1 0 mo/ c\rte\s & oblig+1 & promis$ 8 be/ ef=ts 9 ! matt]4 ,8 en]gy & ready response succe$$1 ) ! result t a l>ge p>ty f ,suva enjoy$ su* a day z ea* "o mu/ h m>k$ ) a r$ lett]4 ,x 0 necess>y to give ! natives ?ree days 9 :i* to make _! prep>ations--con/ruct+ ! ov5 & pav+ x ) /ones1 :i* !n requir$ heat+ = ?irty-six or =ty-eight h\rs at lea/ ) fi]ce fires f$ ) logs & bran*es4 ,!y _h also to ga!r _! /ores ( food to =m ! f\ndation ( ! huge fea/ ^: prep>ation 0 to succe$ ! my/ic c]emony4 ,dur+ ^! ?ree days we lo/ no opportunity ( collect+ f =m] witnesses ( ! c]emony :atev] in=mation or explanation !y c\ld af=d1 b ) no v satisfactory result3 ! facts 7 undisput$1 b ! explanations q insuffici5t4 ,"s ?\ght t ! *ief actors rubb$ _! bodies ) a secret prep>ation :i* r5d]$ !m firepro(2 o!rs t lifelong friction on ! h>d hot rocks1 coral-reefs1 & s&s _h s ?ick5$ & indurat$ ! foot-sole t x c\ld defy fire2 b all agre$ z to ! bona fides ( ! exhibition4 ,! incid5t rec\nt$ 9 ! ',polynesian ,j\rnal' 0 also confirm$---:]e ,lady ,?ur/on ?rew h] h&k]*ief ^u ! %\ld] ( "o ( ! actors1 & ?\gh x rema9$ !re b a few seconds be=e be+ pick$ (f by means ( a long /ick1 x 0 greatly scor*$4#i ,! /ory or leg5d atta*$ to ?is weird gift ( fire-walk+ 0 told u1 ) "s v>iation1 by two or ?ree diff]5t p1 & x is ma9ly z foll[s3 ,a f>-di/ant ance/or ( ! pres5t inh]itors ( ?is p[] 0 walk+ "o day :5 he espi$ an eel1 :i* he caught1 & 0 ab\t to kill4 ,! eel squeak$ out & said1 ',oh6 ,tui ,na ,galita 7 ,eng-,galita71 d n kill me2 sp>e me4 ,i am a god & ,i w make y s /rong 9 w> t none %all )/& y4' ',oh1 b1' repli$ ,na ,galita1 ',i am already /rong] 9 w> ?an any "o else1 & ,i fe> no "o4' ',well1 !n1' said ! eel4 ',i w make y\r canoe ! fa/e/ to sail on ^! seas1 & none %all come up ) x4' ',b1' repli$ ,na ,galita1 z x is1 none c pass my canoe4' ',well1 !n1' rejo9$ ! eel4 ',i w make y a great fav\rite among wom51 s t all w fall 9 love ) y4' ',n s1' said ,na ,galita1 ',i h "o wife1 ( :om ,i am v fond1 & ,i desire no o!r4' ,! poor eel !n made o!r (f]s1 :i* 7 also reject$1 & 8 *ances ( life 7 fad+ fa/ :5 he made a f9al ef=t4 ',oh1 ,na ,galita1 if y w sp>e me1 ,i w s cause x t y & y\r desc5dants %all h5ce=? walk ?r\gh ! masawe ov5 unh>m$4' ',good1' said ,na ,galita1 'n[ ,i w let y g4' ,?is /ory v>ies some:at f t told 9 ! ',polynesian ,j\rnal4'#aj ,! ev5tful morn+ 0 blaz+ly hot & brilliant1 & ! vivid-blue sky 0 )\t a cl\d z we /eam$ d[n t[>ds ,mb5ga 9 ! s4s4 ,hauroto4 ,mr4 ,vaughan1 an em95t inhabitant ( ,suva1 :o has *>ge ( ! ,meteorological ,dep>tm5t !re1 0 ( our p>ty1 & c>ri$ ! !rmomet]4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ suitable = our purpose procurable2 x 0 9 a /rong japann$-t9 cas+1 & regi/]$ #djj ,fahr4 ,we _h also ?ree amateur photograph]s4 ,ow+ to ! num]\s coral-reefs & %all[s1 we f9ally tran%ipp$ into ! ,maori1 a /eam] ( mu* less draught4 ,approa*+ ! sil5t v]dure-clad islet1 ) its n>r[ bea* ( :ite coral s&1 we saw a ?9 blue haze ( smoke curl+ above ! l(ty cocoanut trees at a little di/ance 9 ! int]ior1 :i* suffici5tly localis$ ! my/]i\s spot4 ,we n[ took ! %ip's boat1 & soon1 /epp+ a%ore1 made our way ?r\gh a n>r[ pa?way 9 ! d5se bu% until we came to an op5 space cle>$ f ! =e/1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* 0 ! great lovo1 or ov54 ,a rem>kable & nev]-to-be-=gott5 sc5e n[ pres5t$ itself4 ,!re 7 hundr$s ( ,fijians1 dress$ accord+ to ! rules ( nature & _! own art--t is1 !y 7 lightly g>l&$ "h & !re ) _! fanta/ic likulikus ( grass1 ornam5t$ ) brilliant sc>let & yell[ hibiscus fl[]s & /ream]s ( ! delicate ribbonwood4 ,^! hung 9 airy pr(usion f _! necks & ar\nd _! wai/s1 %[+ (f to advantage _! lovely br[n glossy sk9s4 ,9 addition1 _m wore clean :ite cotton sulus1 or p5dant lo9-clo?s4 ,all 7 excit$1 mov+ hi!r & ?i!r 9 wild confusion1 & mak+ ! =e/ r+ aga9 )1 _! noisy hil>ity4 ,"s climb$ ! l(ty cocoa-palms1 h& ov] h&1 foot ov] foot1 ) all ! dext]ity ( monkeys4 ,! top rea*$1 & %r\d$ among/ ! fea!ry leaves1 !y p\r$ d[n a %[] ( nuts = ! refre%m5t ( _! gue/s4 ,! cel]ity ) :i* !y op5$ ! nuts 0 some?+ a/oni%+1 & af=d$ an example1 too1 z to ! mode ( us+ /one implem5ts4 ,a /\t /rong /ick1 #c ft4 long1 & %>p5$ at bo? ends1 0 driv5 into ! gr\nd1 & a few sm>t /rokes ^u x soon tore f ! nut its out] ?ick cov]+4 ,! upp] "p ( ! %ell 0 !n brok5 (f by means ( a long %>p-edg$ /one z cleanly & regul>ly z ! lid ( an egg is remov$ ) a knife1 & !n 0 disclos$ a p9t ( delici\s milk--a mo/ welcome bev]age on t ov]-p[]+ly hot day4 ,! great ov5 lay be=e u1 p\r+ =? its torr5ts ( heat f huge emb]s :i* 7 /ill burn+ fi]cely on ! und]ly+ /ones4 ,^! 7 inde$ melt+ mom5ts = ! spectators4 ,! pitiless noontide sun1 & ! no less pitiless ov5-heat1 bo? p5t up 9 ! deep well-l =e/ cle>+1 r$uc$ u to a /ate ( solution f :i* !re 0 no escape4 ,despite ?is ! photograph]s took up _! /ations1 & o!rs ( u proce$$ to make our obs]vations4 ,! lovo1 or ov51 0 circul>1 ) a diamet] ( #be ft4 or #cj ft42 its greate/ dep? 0 p]haps #h ft41 its g5]al %ape t ( a sauc]1 ) slop+ sides & a flatti% bottom1 ! latt] be+ fill$ ) ! :ite-hot /ones4 ,ne> ! m>g9 ( ! ov51 & on its w9dw>d side1 ! !rmomet] m>k$ #aad4 ,sudd5ly1 & z if ,p&emonium _h be5 let loose1 ! air 0 fill$ ) savage yells2 a ?rong ( natives surr\nd$ ! ov51 & 9 a mo/ +5i\s & effective way proce$$ to drag out ! sm\ld]+ unburnt logs & ca/ !m "s di/ance away4 ,l>ge loops ( incombu/ible lianas atta*$ to long poles 7 dext]\sly ?r[n ov] ! burn+ trunks1 mu* aft] ! mann] ( ! head-hunt]s ( ,new ,gu9ea :5 secur+ _! human prey4 ,a twi/ or two r\nd ( ! loop securely entangl$ ! logs1 :i* 7 !n dragg$ out by ! unit$ ef=ts ( scores ( natives1 :o all ! :ile 7 %\t+ out "s wild rhy?mical song4 ,?is accompli%$1 ! /ones at ! bottom ( ! ov5 7 disclos$1 ) "h & !re flame flick]+ & =k+ up ?r\gh ! int]/ices4 ,! diamet] ( ! area occupi$ by ^? /ones 0 ab\t #aj ft41 b ?is 0 spe$ily increas$ to a spread ( #ae ft4 or m by a second +5i\s me?od4 ,! natives ?ru/ _! long poles1 :i* 7 ( ! unconsumable wi-tree 7,spondias dulcis71 betwe5 ! /ones at int]vals ( p]haps #a ft4 ,a long rope-l liana--wa--previ\sly plac$ und]nea? ! poles1 & #a ft4 or #b ft4 f _! extremities1 0 n[ dragg$ by scores ( lu/y savages1 ) ! effect ( spread+ & levell+ ! /ones4 ,?is done1 our !rmomet] 0 susp5d$ by a simple device ov] ! c5tre ( ! /ones1 & ab\t #e ft4 or #f ft4 above !m2 b x _h to be )drawn almo/ imm$iately1 z ! sold] began to melt & drop1 & ! in/rum5t to be de/roy$4 ,x1 h[ev]1 regi/]$ #bhb ,fahr41 & x is c]ta9 t _h n ?is accid5t occurr$1 ! range ( #djj w\ld h be5 exce$$1 & ! !rmomet] bur/4 ,dur+ all ^! wild sc5es we _h se5 no?+ ( ! ma9 actors--( ! desc5dants ( ,na ,galita4 ,d\btless to give m impressive effect1 !y _h be5 hid+ 9 ! =e/ dep?s until ! signal %\ld be giv5 & _! own supreme mom5t arrive4 ,& n[ !y came on1 sev5 or eight 9 numb]1 amid/ ! vocif]\s yells ( ^? ar\nd4 ,! m>g9 rea*$1 !y /eadily desc5d$ ! ov5 slope 9 s+le file1 & walk$1 z ,i ?9k1 leisurely1 b z o!rs ( our p>ty ?9k1 quickly1 across & ar\nd ! /ones1 leav+ ! ov5 at ! po9t ( entrance4 ,! lead]1 :o 0 longe/ 9 ! ov51 0 a second or two "u half a m9ute !re94 ,almo/ imm$iately heaps ( ! s(t & succul5t leaves ( ! hibiscus1 :i* _h be5 ga!r$ = ! purpose1 7 ?r[n into ! ov51 :i* 0 ?us imm$iately fill$ ) cl\ds ( hiss+ /eam4 ,^u ! leaves & )9 ! /eam ! natives1 :o _h return$1 sat or /ood press+ !m d[n 9 prep>ation = cook+ ! v>i\s vi&s :i* 7 to af=d !m a sumptu\s fea/ t ev5+ or on ! morr[4 ,b = u ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ! drama 0 ov]1 & x only rema9$ to review obs]vations & draw conclusions4 ,j be=e ! great ev5t ( ! day1 ,i ga9$ p]mission to exam9e "o or two ( ! fire-walk]s prior to _! desc5t into ! ov54 ,?is 0 grant$ )\t ! lea/ hesitation by ! pr9cipal native magi/rate ( ! ,rewa di/rict1 ,n',dabea by "n1 b g5]ally kn[n z ,jona?an4 ,?is native is ( great intellig5ce & influ5ce1 is a memb] ( ! ,na ,galita ,clan1 & has himself at v>i\s times walk$ ?r\gh ! fire4 ,on ?is occasion he took no o!r "p 9 ! c]emony ?an t ( wat*+ or sup]9t5d+ x4 ,! two m5 ?us s5t =w>d = exam9ation disclos$ no peculi> feature :atev]4 ,z to dress1 !y 7 slightly g>l&$ r\nd ! neck & ! wai/2 ! pulse 0 unaffect$1 & ! sk91 legs1 & feet 7 free f any app>5t application4 ,i assur$ myself ( ?is by t\*1 smell1 & ta/e1 n hesitat+ to apply my tongue z a corroborative4 ,! foot-soles 7 comp>atively s(t & flexible--by no means lea!ry & ins5sible4 ,?us ! two ,suvan !ories 7 dispos$ (4 ,?is c>eful exam9ation 0 repeat$ imm$iately aft] egress f ! ov51 & ) ! same result4 ,to use ! language ( ,scripture1 ',no smell ( fire _h pass$ ^u !m4' ,no incantations or o!r religi\s c]emonial 7 obs]v$4 ,?\gh ^! 7 =m]ly practis$1 !y h gradually fall5 into disuse s9ce ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,i did n succe$ 9 procur+ ! old incantation =mula2 d\btless x 0 simil> to t ( ! old ,raiatean c]emony1 :i* is giv5 9 ! second volume ( ! ',polynesian ,society's ,j\rnal1' p4 #ajf4 ,:il/ walk+ ?r\gh ! fire1 ,dr4 ,colquh\n ?\ght ! c\nt5ances ( ! fire-walk]s betray$ "s anxiety4 ,i saw none ( ?is2 nor 0 x app>5t to me at ei!r exam9ation4 ,! /ones1 :i* 7 basaltic1 mu/ h be5 :ite-hot1 b due to ! brilliance ( ! day ?is 0 n visible4 ,v>i\s natives1 be+ int]rogat$ = an explanation1 repli$1 ) a %rug1 ',!y c d ?is wond]ful ?+2 we _c4 ,y h se5 x2 we h se5 x4' ,:il/ ?us unable to sugge/ any explanation or !ory1 ,i am absolutely c]ta9 z to ! tru? ( ! facts & ! bona fides ( ! actors4 ,a feature is t1 :]ev] ?is p[] is f\nd1 x is possess$ by b a limit$ few4 ,i 0 assur$1 too1 t any p]son hold+ ! h& ( "o ( ! fire-walk]s c\ld himself pass ?r\gh ! ov5 unh>m$4 ,?is ! natives positively ass]t4 ,my fri5d ,mr4 ,walt] ,c>ew1 = ?irty ye>s a ,resid5t ,commission] & ,/ip5di>y ,magi/rate 9 ,fiji1 has frequ5tly conv]s$ ) ,jona?an 7ref]r$ to above71 :o1 :il/ )hold+ no explanation1 c give none4 ,he says1 ',i c d x1 b ,i d n "k h[ x is done2' &1 fur!r1 t at ! "t he does n exp]i5ce any heat or o!r s5sation4 ,does any psy*ical condition expla9 ^! facts1 z sugge/$ 9 ,lang's ',mod]n ,my?ology'8#aa ,i c]ta9ly did n obs]ve any appe>ance ( trance or o!r m5tal condition4 ,9 connection ) ?is ,mr4 ,c>ew ?9ks t int5se fai? is ! explanation1 & t if ?is 7 upset1 ! desc5dants ( ,na ,galita w\ld be no long] *>m$4 ,b x is difficult to see h[ any m5tal /ate c prev5t ! action ( physical law4 ,hypnotism & an/hetics may produce ins5sibility to pa91 b d n int]f]e ) ! caut]y4 ,_m ( ! s-call$ fire miracles are rem>kable inde$1 b are readily expla9$1 & by no means come )9 ! pres5t category4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 z plung+ ! h&1 :i* is protect$ by ! int]pos$ film ( p]spiration assum+ ! globul> /ate ( wat]1 into boil+ lead4 ,simil>ly1 _m conjur+ feats4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury an ,italian--,lionetti--p]=m$ rem>kable exp]im5ts3 rubb$ a b> ( r$-hot iron ov] 8 arms1 legs1 & hair1 & held x betwe5 8 tee?2 he also drank boil+ oil4 ,dr4 ,sem5t9i1 ( ,naples1 c>efully exam9$ ^! exp]im5ts1 & exp]im5t$ himself until he surpass$ ! firepro( qualities ( 8 sugge/or4 ,he f\nd t frequ5t friction ) sulphur\s acid r5d]$ him ins5sible to r$-hot iron2 a solution ( alum did ! same4 ,a lay] ( p[d]$ sug> cov]$ ) soap made 8 tongue ins5sible to heat4 ,9 ^! & simil> in/ances1 h[ev]1 an explanation1 ?\gh probably n a v suffici5t "o1 has be5 giv51 b 9 t =m+ ! subject ( ?is pap] no solution has be5 (f]$4 ,lang's *apt] on ! ',fire ,walk' %\ld be consult$2 8 acc\nt ( ! ,bulg>ian ,ni/9>es is z wond]ful & inexplicable z any?+ "h recit$4 ,! :ole subject requires ?or\gh sci5tific exam9ation4 ,my next case occurs among a civilis$ race1 ! ,japanese1 & is v\*$ = by ,mr4 ,lafcadio ,he>n1 an ,am]ican writ]1 ^: book ,i h n at h&1 & by ,colonel ,&rew ,hagg>d4#ab ,colonel ,hagg>d saw ! fire-walk done 9 ,tokio1 on ,april #i1 #ahii4 ,! fire 0 #f y>ds long by #f ft wide4 ,! rite 0 9 hon\r ( a m\nta9 god4 ,ablutions 9 cold wat] 7 made by ! p]=m]s1 & ,colonel ,hagg>d 0 told by "o "y lady t %e _h n only done ! fire-walk1 b _h be5 'able to sit = a long "t1 9 w9t]1 imm]s$ 9 ice-cold wat]1 )\t feel+ ! cold 9 ! lea/4' ,aft] "s wav+ ( w&s & spr9kl+ ( salt1 p ( all ages walk$ ?r\gh1 n gl[+ /ones 9 ?is case1 b 'r$-hot *>coal4' ',i exam9$ _! feet aft]w>ds3 !y 7 q s(t1 & n a trace ( fire ^u !m4' ,colonel ,hagg>d says t ! rite is 'a v unusual ?+' 9 ,japan3 _m ( ! ,japanese liv+ 9 ,tokio _h nev] he>d ( x be=e4 ,colonel ,hagg>d 0 unable to get any cle> answ] z to :y ! rite is p]=m$4 ,! prie/ talk$ some?+ ab\t a good ,god :o _h p[] ov] ! bad elem5t ( fire4 ,x is n cle> h[1 ! rite be+ s unusual1 two ,japanese ladies told ,colonel ,hagg>d t !y _h 'frequ5tly gone ?r\gh ! fi]y ordeal4' ,if any "o is anxi\s to "k ! p>ticul>s ( ! rite z practis$ 9 ! isle ,mauritius1 he may communicate ) our police (ficials !re1 :o annually sup]9t5d ! p]=mance4 ,coolies f s\!rn ,india d j :at is done by ,japanese & ,fijians4 ,our adm9i/ration1 h[ev]1 does n p]mit wom5 to pass ?r\gh ! fire4 ,aft] giv+ ^! rec5t examples 9 ,mauritius1 ,japan1 ,r>otonga1 & an isle ( ! ,fijian gr\p1 ,i am oblig$ to fall back on ! evid5ce already set =? 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ( my book1 ',mod]n ,my?ology' 7#ahig74 ,! ,bulg>ian practice ,i take f ! ',recueil de ,folklore1 de ,littrature et de ,sci5ce1' edit$ by ! ,bulg>ian ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction1 ) ! aid ( ,drs4 ,s*is*man( 7:om ,i "k p]sonally7 & ,ma/ov4 ,9 a private lett]1 ,dr4 ,s*is*man( h9ts at extase religieuse1 z 9 ! self-mutilations ( ,d]vi%es & ,fakirs4 ,_! p]=mances are extraord9>y en\gh1 b !re 0 no religi\s ec/asy 9 ! little ,japanese boy ( six1 :om ,colonel ,hagg>d saw pass ?r\gh ! fire1 none 9 ,colonel ,gudgeon1 none 9 ! ,fijians obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,hock54 ,! fire-walk]s 9 ,bulg>ia are call$ ,ni/9>es1 & ! faculty is reg>d$ z h]$it>y4 ,we f9d ! same op9ion 9 ,fiji1 9 anci5t ,italy1 & 9 ! ,spa9 ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,9 ,spa9 ! fire-walk]s 7 employ$ to help to put out fires4 ,! /ory is giv5 9 ! essay on ! la/ ,e>l ,m>is*al 9 my ',companions ( ,pickle' 7p4 #bd71 & is d]iv$ f d',alemb]t's acc\nt ( ! ,e>l3 ',!re is a family or ca/e 9 ,spa91 :o1 f fa!r to son1 h ! p[] ( go+ into ! flames )\t be+ burn$1 & :o1 by d9t ( *>ms p]mitt$ by ! ,inquisition1 c ext+ui% fires4' ,! ,du*ess ( ,m$9a ,sidonia ?\ght ?is a pro( ( ! v]ity ( ! ,ca?olic fai?1 &1 wi%+ to conv]t ! ,e>l1 ask$ him to view ! p]=mance4 ,b he insi/$ on light+ ! fire himself1 & to t ! ,spani>ds w\ld n cons5t1 ! ,e>l be+ a h]etic4 ,to return to ! ,bulg>ian ,ni/9>es1 !y dance 9 ! fire on ,may #ba1 ! fea/ ( ,,ss4 ,hel5a & ,con/ant9e4 ,great fires ( scores ( c>tloads ( dry wood are made4 ,on ! emb]s ( ^? ! ,ni/9>es 7:o turn blue 9 ! face7 dance & utt] prophecies1 aft]w>ds plac+ _! feet 9 ! muddy gr\nd :]e libations ( wat] h be5 p\r$ =?4 ,! report says no?+ z to ! /ate ( _! feet4 ,! ,ni/9>e beg9s to feel ! effect ( ! fire aft] 8 face has resum$ its wont$ col\r & expression4 ,z = ,india4 ,i may cite ,mr4 ,/okes1 9 ',! ,indian ,antiqu>y' 7ii4 #aij72 ,dr4 ,opp]t1 9 8 ',orig9al ,inhabitants ( ,india' 7p4 #aij72 & ,mr4 ,crookes1 9 ',introduction to ,popul> ,religion & ,folklore 9 ,nor!rn ,india' 7p4 #aj74 ,mr4 ,/okes uses evid5ce f an inque/ on a boy t fell into ! fire & di$ ( 8 injuries1 at ,p]iyngridi4 ,! fire-pit 0 #bg ft4 long by #g ft4 bread1 & a span 9 dep?4 ,?irte5 p]sons walk$ ?r\gh4 ,mr4 ,/okes did n witness ! p]=mance 7:i* is =bidd5 by our law71 b expla9s t ! fire 'w\ld h>dly injure ! t\gh sk9 ( ! sole ( a lab\r]'s feet4' ,yet x kill$ a boy6 ,! incr$ul\s say t ! fire-walk]s sme> _! feet ) oil f ! fat ( ! gre5 frog4 ,dr4 ,opp]t1 admitt+ t '! heat is unbe>able 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! dit*1' says t ! walk]s 'z a rule d n d !mselves mu* h>m4' ,?is is vague4 ,equally vague is ! ref]5ce to rum\rs ab\t a c]ta9 pres]vative o9tm5t4' ,9 ,tr9idad4 ,briti% ,we/ ,indies1 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,k4 ,/4 ,clair1 writ+ to me1 describes 7,septemb] #ad1 #ahij7 ! feat z p]=m$ by ,indian coolie immigrants4 ,he p]sonally witness$ ! rite1 :i* 0 l t describ$ to me by ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,pond]4 ,9 bo? cases ! p]=m]s 7 ,kl+s4 ,! case witness$ by ,mr4 ,pond] took place 9 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 ,prov9ce ,wellesley4 ,! tr5* 0 ab\t #bj y>ds long by #f ft4 wide & #b ft4 deep4 ,a pyre ( wood1 #d or #e ft4 high1 0 light$ at noon2 by #d p4m4 x 0 a b$ ( r$-hot emb]s4 ,! m51 :o ) long rakes smoo!d ! a%es1 c\ld n /& ! heat '= m ?an a m9ute at a "t4' ,a little way f ! end ( ! tr5* 0 a hole full ( wat]4 ,six coolies walk$ ! :ole l5g?1 & !nce into ! wat]4 ',n "o ( !m %[$ ! lea/ sign ( injury4' ,!y _h be5 prep>$ by a 'devil-doctor1' n a ,brahm94 ,on a lat] occasion ,mr4 ,pond] he>d t "o ( !m fell '& 0 t]ribly burnt4' ,9 ^! cases1 ,tr9idad 7& ,mauritius7 & ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 ! p]=m]s are ,s\? ,indian coolies4 ,9 all cases !re 7 multitudes ( ,european spectators1 except 9 ,mauritius1 :]e1 ,i le>n1 ,europeans usually take no int]e/ 9 ! do+s ( ! hea!n4 ,turn+ to ,tonga1 we h ! acc\nt ( ,miss ,teuira ,h5ry4#ac ,! si/] & si/]'s *ild ( ,miss ,h5ry h walk$ ov] ! r$-hot /ones1 z 9 ! ,r>otonga & ,fijian cases4 ,! ov5s are #cj ft4 9 diamet]4 ,! p]=mance 0 photograph$ by ,lieut5ant ,morne1 ( ! ,fr5* ,navy1 & ! orig9al photograph 0 s5t to ! ,editor ( ! ',polynesian ,j\rnal1' ) a copy f x by ,mr4 ,b>nfield1 ( ,honolulu4 ,! c]emony1 prep>atory to cook+ ! ti plant1 is religi\s1 & ! ar*aic hymn sung is full ( obsolete words4 ,mr4 ,ha/well1 ( ,san ,francisco1 publi%$ a tract1 :i* ,i h n se51 on ! ,raiatean rite1 witness$ by himself4 ,! /ones 7 ,i heat$ to a r$ & :ite heat4' ,! natives 'walk$ leisurely across' five times2 '!re 0 n ev5 ! smell ( fire on _! g>m5ts' 7cit$ 9 ! ',polynesian ,j\rnal1' vol4 ii4 ,no4 #c74 ,!re is corroborative evid5ce f ,mr4 ,n4 ,j4 ,tone1 f ,prov9ce ,wellesley1 ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 9 ! ',polynesian ,j\rnal1' ii4 #c1 #aic4 ,he did n see ! rite1 arriv+ too late1 b he saw ! fire-pit1 & exam9$ ! nak$ feet ( ! walk]s4 ,!y 7 un9jur$4 ,mr4 ,tone's evid5ce is an extract f 8 di>y4 ,z to ,fiji !re are v>i\s acc\nts4 ,! be/ is t ( ,mr4 ,basil ,?omson1 son ( ! late ,ar*bi%op ( ,york4 ,mr4 ,?omson 0 an (ficial 9 ,fiji1 & is a well-kn[n an?ropologi/4 ,8 sket* 9 8 ',s\? ,sea ,y>ns' 7p4 #aie1 et seq47 is too long = quotation4 ,! rite is done ye>ly1 be=e cook+ ! maswe 7a dracna7 9 ! ov5 ?r\gh :i* ! clan ,na ,ivilankata walk4 ',! pit 0 fill$ ) a :ite-hot mass1 %oot+ out little tongues ( :ite flame4' ',! bottom ( ! pit 0 cov]$ ) an ev5 lay] ( hot /ones 444 ! tongues ( flame play$ cont9ually among !m4' ,! walk]s plant$ '_! feet squ>ely & firmly on ea* /one4' ,mr4 ,?omson closely exam9$ ! feet ( f\r or five ( ! natives :5 !y em]g$4 ',!y 7 cool & %[$ no trace ( scor*+1 nor 7 _! anklets ( dri$ tree-f]n burnt1' ?\gh 'dri$ tree-f]n is z combu/ible z t9d]4' ',! in/ep is cov]$ ) sk9 no ?ick] ?an our own1 & we saw ! m5 plant _! in/eps fairly on ! /one4' ,a l>ge /one 0 hook$ out ( ! pit be=e ! m5 ent]$1 & "o ( ! p>ty dropp$ a pocket-h&k]*ief ^u ! /one ':5 ! fir/ man leapt into ! ov5 & snat*$ :at rema9$ ( x up z ! la/ left ! /ones4' ,e fold t t\*$ ! /one 0 *>r$4 ,mr4 ,?omson k9dly %[$ me ! h&k]*ief4 ,he also %[$ me a r blurr$ photograph ( ! /range sc5e4 ,x has be5 rudely reproduc$ 9 ! ',folk ,lore ,j\rnal1' ,septemb] #ahie4 ,su* is "p ( ! mod]n evid5ce2 = ! anci5t1 see 'neid1' xi4 #ghd et seq42 ,s]vius on ! passage2 ,pl9y1 ',hi/4 ,nat4' vii4 #b2 ,silius ,italicus1 v4 #age4 ,?is evid5ce ref]s to ! ,hirpi ( ,m\nt ,soracte1 a class exempt$ f milit>y s]vice by ! ,roman ,gov]nm5t1 because1 z ,virgil makes ,aruns say1 ',/rong 9 fai? we walk ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! fire1 & press our foot/eps 9 ! gl[+ mass4' ,! ,hirpi1 or wolves1 7 p]haps orig9ally a totem gr\p1 l ! wolf totem ( ,tonkaway ,r$ ,indians2 !y _h1 l ! ,tonkaway1 a rite 9 :i* !y 7 told to 'behave l wolves4'#ad ,! goddess propitiat$ 9 _! fire-walk 0 ,f]onia1 a fire-goddess 7,max ,mll]71 or a lightn+ goddess 7,kuhn71 or a corn goddess 7,mannh>dt74 ,ea* ( ^! s*ol>s bases 8 op9ion on etymology4 ,i h m]ely giv5 evid5ce = ! antiquity1 wide diffusion1 & actual practice ( ?is extraord9>y rite4 ,nei!r physical nor an?ropological sci5ce has ev5 glanc$ at x 7except 9 ,dr4 ,hock5's case71 p]haps because ! facts are obvi\sly impossible4 ,i ought to make an exception = ,sir ,william ,crookes1 b he1 d\btless1 0 halluc9at$1 or gull$ by ! use ( asbe/os1 or bo?4 ,p]haps ,mr4 ,podmore c apply ^! explanations to ! spectators :om ,i h cit$4 ,= my "p1 ,i rema9 )\t a !ory1 l all ! ,european obs]v]s :om ,i h quot$4 ,b1 9 my humble op9ion1 all ! usual !ories1 :e!r ( collective halluc9ation 7photographic cam]as be+ halluc9at$71 ( psy*ical causes1 ( *emical application1 ( lea!ry sk9 on ! soles ( ! feet1 & s on1 are inadequate4 ,!re rema9s 'sugge/ion4' ,any hypnoti/1 ) 8 pati5t's p]mission 79 writ+ & witness$71 may try ! exp]im5t4 ,s9ce ?is pap] 0 writt5 ,i h se5 an article1 ',les ,dompteurs du ,feu1' on ! same topic1 by ,dr4 ,?4 ,pascal4#ae ,! fir/ "p ( ! essay is an extract f ! ',revue ,?osophique ,franaise4' ,no date is giv51 b ! rite describ$ 0 view$ at ,b5>es on ,octob] #bf1 #ahih4 ,i am unable to und]/& :e!r ,dr4 ,pascal is himself ! spectator & n>rator ( ! ',revue ,?osophique1' or :e!r he quotes 7he uses m>ks ( quotation7 "s o!r writ]4 ,! ph5om5a 7 ( ! usual k9d1 & ! writ]1 exam9+ ! feet ( two ( ! p]=m]s1 f\nd ! sk9 ( ! soles f9e & intact4 ,9 f\r cases1 9 :i* ! p]=m]s _h ent]$ ! fire aft] ! procession--) ! ,ma/] ( ! ,c]emonies & two excit$ p]sons1 :o split cocoanuts ) swords--_h gone1 !re 7 slight caut]isations1 heal$ two days lat]4 ,! au?or ( ?is passage speaks ( a ,brahm9 7app>5tly '! ,ma/] ( ! ,c]emonies'7 :o obs]v$ to ,mr4 ,gov9da ,das1 't ! control ( ! fire 0 n s complete z usual1 because ! images ( ! sanctu>y _h be5 t\*$ by ,mahom$ans & o!rs 9 ! cr[d4' ,! second case1 n giv5 ) m>ks ( quotation1 occurr$ 9 ! p>k ( ,mah>ajah ,tagore on ,decemb] #g1 #ahih4 ',a ,fr5*man1 ! son ( ,dr4 ,javal ( ,p>is1 0 pres5t4' ,! n>rator1 'n\s1' 0 also pres5t1 & w5t up aft] ! rite to v5ture 8 h& 9 ! furnace4 ,he 0 w>n$ t ! ,brahm9 _h left t5 m9utes be=e1 & t '! fire _h recov]$ its activity4' ,! ,mah>ajah1 h[ev]1 caus$ ! c]emony to be repeat$1 & "s m9utes aft] all 0 ready4 ,! n>rator !n trav]s$ ! fire1 b>efoot1 at un petit trot1 'a little less ?an two paces a second4' ,z #ajj y>ds c be run 9 t5 seconds1 ?is trot 0 rem>kably sl[4 ,he felt 9 paces "o & two a s5sation ( burn+1 9 ! five foll[+ paces a s5sation ( int5se heat4 ,!re 7 ?ree small br[n m>ks on 8 feet1 :i* =m$ bli/]s1 b did n int]f]e ) walk+1 & heal$ '9 "s days4' ,he n[ le>n$ t ! ,brahm9's premi] aide did ! c]emony n q successfully4 ,he is conv9c$ t1 b = ! c]emony1 he w\ld h be5 s]i\sly injur$4 ,! ?ird case 0 at ,b5>es 9 ,febru>y #ahii4 ,?ree ,h9doos collid$ & fell 93 nei!r !y nor _! clo!s 7 burn$4 ,! au?or cle>ly reg>ds ! p]=m]s ( ! c]emony z able 'to tame consid]ably ! de/ructive en]gy ( ! fire4' ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is ! !ory ( ! savage devotees4 ,! c]emony 0 only a procession ( sacr$ images c>ri$ 9 a glaz$ sanctu>y1 & words1 n kn[n to ! spectator1 7 utt]$ by ! ,brahm94 ,holy wat] 0 spr9kl$1 & a cocoanut 0 ?r[n into ! ov54 ,z has be5 said1 incantations are pron\nc$ 9 ,fiji & else:]e4#af ,! foll[+ case is rec5t3 x is cull$ f ',! ,daily ,mail1' ,novemb] #i1 #aijj4 ,,ordeal ,,by ,,fire ,accord+ to ! ',japan ,h]ald1' on ,monday la/ a p>ty ( di/+ui%$ ,am]icans 7! ,am]ican ,m9i/] & 8 wife1 two naval (fic]s1 & o!rs7 att5d$ ! religi\s rites ( ! ,ontake ,j9%a1 a p[]ful sect ( ,%9toi/s4 ,a heap ( burn+ *>coal 0 plac$ 9 a l>ge furnace4 ,! (ficiat+ prie/ read a s]vice ov] ! fire1 aft] :i* ! =eign visitors1 to ! numb] ( sev51 includ+ ladies1 took (f _! %oes & walk$ ov] ! fire1 _! nak$ feet %[+ no sign ( scor*+4 ,! p]=mance call$ =?1 says ! report1 ! en?usia/ic approval ( ! spectators4 ,yet m rec5t is ! next case1 f ,honolulu1 ! report] be+ ,mr4 ,gort51 a correspond5t ( ! ',bo/on ,ev5+ ,transcript1' ,m>* #bj1 #ahia4 ,we quote ! passage3-- ,we h already witness$ /ill ano!r /range sight sugge/ive ( necromancy & ! incantations ( ! ,ea/4 ,papa ,ita1 a ,tahitan1 has giv5 u exhibitions ( ! fam\s fire-walk+ :i* is /ill practis$ 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s & p>ts ( ,japan & ,india4 ,on ! vacant l& swept a ye> ago by ! ,*9at[n fire a great elliptical pit 0 dug & a l>ge quantity ( wood plac$ !re91 on :i* 7 pil$ ! lava rocks4 ,all day ! fire burn$ till ! /ones 7 ( a :ite heat2 !n ! :ite-hair$ native f ,tahiti approa*$ ! fi]y furnace dress$ 9 a robe ( :ite tapa1 ) a girdle & head-dress ( ! sacr$ ti leaves & a bundle ( leaves 9 8 h& = a w&4 ,/rik+ ! gr\nd ) ! ti-leaf w&1 he utt]$ an incantation 9 8 own language1 :i* 0 a pray] to 8 gods to temp] ! heat & all[ him to pass2 !n calmly & delib]ately1 ) b>e feet1 he walk$ ! l5g? ( ! pit1 be>+ al(t ! ti-leaf w&4 ,paus+ a mom5t on ! o!r side1 he aga9 /ruck ! gr\nd & return$ ov] ! same fi]y pa?4 ,?is 0 sev]al times repeat$1 & he ev5 paus$ a few seconds :5 9 ! middle ( ! pit to all[ 8 picture to be tak54 ,! /ones 7 und\bt$ly hot & 7 turn$ by means ( long poles j be=e ! walk+1 to h ! hotte/ side up1 & f betwe5 ! rocks ! l[ flames 7 cont9ually leap+ up4 ,! heat t radiat$ to ! spectators 0 int5se4 ,x 0 a fact t o!rs foll[$ ) %oes on1 b no "o c\ld be f\nd to accept ! /&+ (f] ( #ejj doll>s to any "o :o w\ld1 ) b>e feet1 foll[ ,papa ,ita4 ,none b natives ( c\rse believe !re is any?+ sup]natural1 b we _c expla9 h[ he does x4 ,x _c be call$ a fake1 = he really does :at he claims to d1 & none1 s f>1 d>e imitate him4 ,! natives fall d[n be=e him1 z a great ,kapuna1 & _m int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( ! ,hawaiians deplore ^! exhibitions1 feel+ x is bad = ! natives1 9 t x /r5g!ns _! old bonds ( sup]/ition1 to ! undo+ ( mu* ( ! advancem5t !y h made4 ,j n[ ,papa ,ita is t\r+ ! o!r isl&s ( ! gr\p1 & rum\r has x t 8 manag] w take him to ! ,pan-,am]ican ,exhibition at ,buffalo4 ,9 t case p 9 ! ,/ates c see & judge ( ?is curi\s exhibition = !mselves4 ,i end ) ! only in/ance 7=w>d$ f a correspond5t by ,mr4 ,t4 ,s4 ,o',connor7 ( ! asc]ta9$ use ( an o9tm5t to dim9i% ! effect ( ! fire4 ,dr4 ,hock5 & ,colonel ,gudgeon1 z we saw1 f\nd no trace ( ?is device2 nor is x m5tion$ 9 ! ,japanese evid5ce4 ,port ( ,spa91 ,tr9idad1 ,b4,w4,i41 ,june #h1 #ahig4 ,y ref]r$ "s "t ago to ! fire-walk]s4 ,i h se5 "s ( ^! g5ts p]=m+ q rec5tly1 & got an explanation f a coolie cu/om] ( ours :o wat*$ ! bus9ess ) me4 ,x seems !y rub !mselves ) an oil1 made f ! root ( ! tabicut* 7don't "k ! ,lat9 "n71 :i* has ! prop]ty ( produc+ pr(use sweat1 & ! two comb9e1 caus+ an oily cov]+ :i* w>ms v sl[ly & is difficult to dry up by heat4 ,b ev5 !n x is ess5tial t ! m5 be good ,/oics4 ,i give ! explanation = :at x is wor?1 b saw ! prep>ation myself1 & _h "s ( ! /uff scrap$ (f a man1 :o 0 ready = ! rite1 put x on a piece ( t9 & held x 9 ! fire1 & x c]ta9ly nei!r dri$ up nor got hot 9 a hurry4 ,x is cle> t ?is explanation does n expla9 sev]al ( ! cases :]e9 no ano9t+ is us$4 ,we c only agree ) ,dr4 ,hock5 t ! p]=mances des]ve ! /udy ( physiologi/s & physicians4 ,! explanation ( ,iambli*us1 '!y walk on fire unh>m$1' is t '! god )9 !m does n let fire h>m !m4' ,?is implies t an exalt$ psy*ical condition ( ! p]=m]s secures _! immunity4 ,b 9 ! cases :]e ,europeans bore a "p1 & ev5 9 ,dr4 ,hock5's exam9ation ( ! natives1 !re 0 no sign ( o!r ?an ! normal m5tal condition4 ,z fre% evid5ce comes 91 x is p]haps n impossible t sci5ce w int]e/ h]self 9 ! problem4 #a ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #cjg1 #cjh1 cit+ ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie 7#ahif71 pp4 #aic-aie4 #b ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #caa1 #cab2 ,/rabo1 xii4 #b-g1 = ,ca/abala 9 ,cappadocia2 ,virgil1 n4 xi4 #ghd2 & ,s]vius's ,comm5t>y4 #c ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 p4 #bha4 #d ,ibid4 ii4 p4 #dbi4 #e ,ibid4 i4 p4 #he4 #f ,see note at end ( *apt]4 #g ,/udies 9 ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 pp4 #eh-ei4 #h ,dr4 ,doz\s tim$ ! 'miracle4' ,boiss>ie1 ,l\rdes1 p4 #di4 #i ,i h n se5 ?is acc\nt4 #aj ,see also ,mr4 ,?omson's ,s\? ,sea ,y>ns4 #aa ,i w\ld n[ )draw ! sugge/ion 9 ! light ( rec5t evid5ce4 #ab ,! ,field1 ,may #bj1 #ahii1 p4 #gbd4 #ac ,polynesian ,j\rnal1 vol4 ii4 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #aje-ajh4 #ad ,s]v4 neid1 vii4 #hjj4 #ae ,annales des ,sci5ces ,psy*iques1 ,july-,augu/1 #ahii4 #af ,9 ! ,wide ,_w ,magaz9e 7,decemb] #ahii71 a ,japanese lady describes ! p]=mance witness$ by ,colonel ,hagg>d1 already cit$4 ,,app5dix ,a ,,mr4 ,,tylor',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,borr[+ ,i feel s n]v\s ab\t diff]+ f ,mr4 ,tylor z to ! borr[+ ( ! idea ( a sup]ior & creative be+ f ! ,jesuits by ! ,r$ ,indians t ,i h reconsid]$ 8 essay4#a ,he is argu+ t '! ,great ,_s belongs n to ! untutor$ b to ! tutor$ m9ds ( ! savages4' ,i am n cont5d+ = ! use ( ! words ',great ,_s' z ( native orig91 & z employ$ to designate :at ,i call a sup]ior be+4 ,t ! natives _h an untaught belief 9 su* a be+ is my op9ion1 n t !y /yl$ him ',great ,_s4' ,mr4 ,tylor ref]s u to ',relations des ,jsuites1' #afaa1 p4 #bj1 9 ! ,quebec edition ( #aheh4 ,"h 7to translate ! passage7 ,i read3 ',!y believe 9 a god1 s !y say1 b c only "n him by ! "n ( ! sun1 ,niscam9\1 & "k no pray]s1 nor mann] ( ador+ him4' ,:5 hungry !y put on sacr$ robes1 turn to ! ea/1 & say1 ',our ,sun1 or our ,god1 give u to eat4' ,"h1 !n1 are pray]1 ve/m5ts1 & turn+ to ! ea/4 ,! ,jesuits1 !n1 did n introduce ^! = ! fir/ "t2 nor did !y introduce ! conception ( ! sup]ior be+ ?us implor$4 ,a simil> relation ( ! sun to ! be+ address$ 9 pray] exi/s n[ among ! ,blackfoot ,indians ( ,am]ica4 ,) !m ! ^w ,natos is 'equival5t to holy or div9e1' & is also ! "n ( ! sun4 ,to ,natos pray] & sacrifice are (f]$1 & ! cruel rites ( ! ,natos-dance are p]=m$4 ,tongues ( cattle are s]v$ out to ! virtu\s3 '?is rite p>takes ( ! nature ( a sacram5t4' ,y\?s sacrifice a f+]1 9 recognition ( pray]s answ]$ by ,natos4 ',pray] is made to ,natos only1 & ev]y?+ 9 ,okn' 7! c]emony7 'is sacr$ to him alone4'#b ,^! are advanc$1 elaborate1 & ?or\ghly native obs]vances1 ( :i* ! g]m may be f\nd 9 ! religions describ$ 9 ! ,jesuit ',relations' ( #afaa4 ,mr4 ,tylor says 'especially ?r\gh mission>y influ5ce1 s9ce #aejj1 ideas ( 444 retribution aft] dea? = de$s done 9 life h be5 implant$ on native poly!ism 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4' ,b 8 ,jesuit au?ority ( #afaa1 9 ! passage cit$ by him1 writes3 ',!y believe 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & 9 recomp5ses = good m5 & bad1 confus$ly1 & 9 a g5]al way1 b !y seek & c>e no fur!r z to ! mann] ( su* ?+s' 7comm5t cela doibt e/re74 ,mr4 ,tylor's au?ority does n1 ,i confess1 appe> to me to support 8 op9ion4 ,! natives believ$ 9 future 'retribution4' ,8 o!r texts#c %[ u savages consult+ ea* 8 ,manit\1 'a p[]ful be+' 7quelque nature puissante71 or diable4 ,a ,manit\ is 'any sup]ior be+1 good or bad3' ! ,god ( ! ,jesuits is le bon ,manit\1 ,satan is le mauvais ,manit\4 ,i am n argu+ t ^! phrases are m ?an ! pigeon-,fr5* ( ! savage flock1 or t ! ideas express$ did n lat] become implant$ 9 _! m9ds4 ,b ,mr4 ,tylor1 9 8 essay ( #ahib1 omits :at he quotes 9 8 ',primitive ,culture1' ! ,jesuit evid5ce ( #afcc 7p4 #af7 to '"o ,atahocan :o made ev]y?+4 ,speak+ ( ,god 9 a hut "o day1 !y ask$ me1 ,:at is ,god8 ,i repli$1 ,! ,all ,p[]ful ,"o1 :o made heav5 & e>?4 ,!y !n began to say to ea* o!r1 ,atahocan1 ,atahocan1 he is ,atahocan4' ',!y h no wor%ip :i* !y are us$ to pay to him :om !y hold = _! god4' 7,?is is ! religi\s condition ( ! ,kaffirs describ$ by ,dos ,santos 9 ,p9k]ton1 xvi4 #fhg47 ,n[ x is ,atahocan :o int]e/s me1 z pre-mission>y3 no d\bt he 0 n call$ le bon ,manit\--b !re he 06 ,9 #afcd ,fa!r ,le ,jeune consult$ a v ho/ile sorc]]1 :o m9imis$ ,atahocan4 ',!y d n "k1' said ! sorc]]1 ':o 0 ! au?or ( ! _w1 p]haps ,atahocan3 x 0 unc]ta94 ,!y only spoke ( ,atahocan z "o speaks ( some?+ s remote z to be dubi\s4 ,9 fact ! ^w ,nitatahocan means 9 _! language1 ,i tell a /ory1 an old tale4'#d ,! 'sorc]]1' a s]vant ( famili> spirits1 _h no int]e/ 9 ,atahocan1 ?\gh ! tribesm5 recognis$ 9 him ! ,god & ,creator ( ,fa!r ,le ,jeune4 ,!re 0 b a wan+ tradition ( a primal mak]2 int]e/+ & important j because x 0 wan+1 & !re=e c\ld n be ( fre% ,european introduction4 ,! be+s 9 receipt ( sacrifice 7 ,khi*ik\ai1 to :om !y ?rew fat on ! fire1 ) pray]4'#e ,x appe>s to me t ^! affable famili> gho/s1 practically s]viceable1 _h ca/ ! otiose ,atahocan into ! backgr\nd4 ,b he1 l ,&\agni1 ,kiehtan1 & o!rs1 0 c]ta9ly !re be=e ! ,jesuits1 & ^! be+s are else:]e cit$ by ,mr4 ,tylor4 ,! "q is "o ( ! exi/5ce ( belief 9 su* a be+1 n 7= me at lea/7 ( ! orig91 :i* may well be po/-,european1 ( ! words ',kit*i ,manitu1 or ,great ,_s4' ,if ! ,m&ans believ$1 z ,mr4 ,tylor does n d5y 9 ',omahank ,numak*i1 ! ,creator1 ^: "n appe>s to mean ,"l ( ,e>?1' x is q unimportant t '!re is no ,m&an deity ^: "n answ]s to t ( ,great ,_s4'#f ,i m5tion$1 9 ! fir/ essay ( ?is book1 ,mr4 ,max ,mll]'s v]sion ( ,bi%op ,salvado's acc\nt ( ,motagon1 a dead creator 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,mr4 ,tylor recognises him z ,sir ,george ,grey's ,mettagong1 'an insignificant demon id5tifi$ ) ! phosphoric fungus4' ,b did t demon 'die 9 decrepit old age long ago1' l ,bi%op ,salvado's ,motagon8 ,!re seems to be no hope ( mak+ any?+ cle> out ( ,motagon4 ,mr4 ,oldfield1 cit$ by ,mr4 ,tylor = ,au/ralia1 ,i h nev] quot$3 8 acc\nt _c be uncontam9at$4 ,yet ! natives may h believ$ 9 an evil _s be=e !y adorn$ him ) horns1 z ,mr4 ,oldfield /ates1 :i* no indig5\s bea/ possesses4 ',_! doctr9e ( a horn$ devil' mu/ be mod]n1 ?\gh n necess>ily _! belief 9 a bad _s4 ,) ,mr4 ,tylor's !ory ( ,baiame z 'a mission>y translation ( ! ^w = creator1' z e>ly z #ahej1 ,i h already dealt 9 my second essay1 %[+ t ,baiame is a native pre-mission>y ^w1 :atev] may be its etymology4 ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k] r5d]s x1 n 'mak]' 7f baia1 to cut1 or fa%ion71 b 'big man4' #a ,j4,a4,i4 ,feb4 #ahib4 #b ,! ,blackfoot ,sun-dance1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,mac,lean1 ,toronto4 #ahhi4 #c ,rel4 des ,jsuites1 #afcc1 p4 #af2 #afcg1 p4 #di4 #d ,rel4 des ,jsuites1 #afcd1 p4 #ac4 #e ,ibid4 pp4 #cb1 #cc4 #f ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 ,feb4 #ahib1 p4 #bhg4 ,,app5dix ,b ,,! ,,m>tyrdom ,,( ,,dasius ,x is difficult to asc]ta9 ! facts ab\t ?is affair4 ,!re are fir/ two brief n>ratives4 ,"o is pr9t$ 9 ! ',mnologie de ,basile4'#a ,! o!r is 9 ,cod4 ,ambrosianus1 ,d #gd1 fol4 #fer4 ,m4 ,cumont ?9ks t bo? h a s+le s\rce--namely1 an abridgm5t ( ! ',acts ( ,/4 ,dasius1' publi%$ by himself f ! ,p>is9us #aeci1 a ,,ms4 ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! two brief late n>ratives say t ! ,greeks 9 ,doro/olum held a ye>ly fea/ ( ,cronos4 ,?irty days be=e ! fea/ !y *ose a h&some "y soldi]1 clad him 9 royal raim5t1 & all[$ him ?irty days ( revelry1 aft] :i* he 0 to sacrifice himself at ! alt> ( ,cronos4 ,! lot fell on ,dasius1 :o pref]r$ to die z a m>tyr ( ,*ri/4 ,diocletian & ,maximian1 he>+ ( ?is1 comm&$ him to be put to ! sword4 ,! second ,,ms4 names ,bassus z ! (fic] at ^: tribunal ,dasius 0 arraign$4 ,! long ,,ms4 fir/ publi%$ by ,m4 ,cumont says t ! man on :om ! lot fell p]sonat$ ,cronos himself4 ,on ! ?irtie? day ( revelry he di$ by ! sword z a victim to ! 'unclean idols4' ,! au?or !n adds t1 9 8 own "t1 s-call$ ,*ri/ians d devil-wor%ip by danc+ ab\t 9 sk9 ( bea/s at ! new ye>--:i* is n ! date ( ! ,saturnalia 7,decemb] #ag-bc74 ,unlike ^! s9n]s1 :o ?us give !mselves to ! devil1 ,dasius det]m9$ to refuse to be a sacrifice to hea!n gods4 ,he w\ld nev] sacrifice himself to ,cronos4 ,he proclaim$ himself a ,*ri/ian1 0 ?r[n into a d>k cell1 & 0 br\ght be=e ,bassus1 '! ,legate1' next day4 ,bassus ask$ :at he 0 *>g$ )1 8 "n1 & pr(ession4 ,dasius gave 8 "n1 pr(ession1 & religion4 ,bassus 7:o appe>s to h be5 a mild k9d ( man7 bade him rev]e ! images ( ! ,emp]ors1 ^: salt he ate 7 74 ,dasius1 9 a cov5ant+ _s1 repli$ t he s]v$ no e>?ly mon>*4 ,bassus aga9 invit$ him to adore ! images ( ! ,emp]or1 ':i* homage ev5 b>b>\s nations pay4' ,dasius defi$ ! devil1 & anticipat$1 9 8 confession1 ! /ill un=mulat$ ,nic5e ,cre$4 ,bassus1 keep+ 8 temp] to a m>vel1 said t e man mu/ obey con/itut$ au?ority4 ,dasius answ]$1 ',d to me :atev] y\r fil?y & impi\s ,emp]ors comm&4' ,bassus !n (f]$ him two h\rs = reflection1 't y may consid] 9 y\rself h[ y may live among u ) hon\r4' ,dasius refus$ ! respite 9 vulg> & insol5t t]ms4 ,bassus !n ord]$ him to be decapitat$4 ,he _h a la/ *ance1 be+ (f]$ inc5se to burn be=e ! ,imp]ial effigies1 b he ?rew x on ! gr\nd1 & 0 done to dea?4 ,n a ^w ab\t ! mock-k+%ip pass$ betwe5 ,dasius & ,bassus1 :o m]ely ask$ him to p]=m ! cu/om>y sacrifice1 t he might 'live hon\rably 9 ! regim5t' 7 74 ,h[ c\ld ,dasius live on if he 0 to be sacrific$ 'at any rate'8 ,:y did n ,dasius tell ,bassus ! suppos$ facts ( ! case--t he object$ to a mon? ( unhall[$ revelry1 foll[$ by self-sacrifice to ,cronos8 ,bassus obvi\sly knew no?+ ab\t all t4 ,a soldi] only has 8 ord]s2 ,dasius insult$ ! religion & ! head ( ! ,/ate3 he decl9$ to retract1 & ,bassus _h to adm9i/] ! law4 ,if ,dasius did n l ! law he ne$ n h enli/$4 ,! two brief ,,mss4 give u none ( ?is conv]sation betwe5 ,bassus & ,dasius4 ,t f\l-tongu$ confessor1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,fraz]1 'refus$ to play ! "p ( ! hea!n god & soil 8 la/ days by debau*]y4 ,! ?reats & argum5ts ( 8 comm&+ (fic]1 ,bassus1 fail$ to %ake 8 con/ancy1 & accord+ly he 0 behead$4'#b ,b ,bassus1 a p]fect g5tleman1 nev] ask$ ,dasius to soil 8 la/ days by debau*]y1 or to play ! "p ( a hea!n god4 ,he m]ely (f]$ to ,dasius ! usual te/1 j z ,clav]h\se might h (f]$ ! ,abjuration ,oa?4 ,! position ( ,dasius 0 exactly t ( a dragoon ( #afhd :o 'refus$ ! abjuration4' ,9 my op9ion1 ,dasius probably 0 execut$ = 8 scruples1 insol5tly express$1 if we believe 8 biograph]2 &1 if we d n believe 8 biograph]1 ! evid5ce ceases to exi/4 ,! biograph]1 kn[+ ab\t ! usual ,k+ ( ! ,saturnalia 9 e ,roman h\sehold1 & wi%+ to *eck ! survivals ( pagan revelry at ! new ye>1 decl>$ t ! ,k+ ( ! ,saturnalia 0 actually sacrific$ to ,saturn4 ,b 9 8 own acc\nt ( ! conv]sations betwe5 ,dasius & 8 comm&+ (fic] n a ^w is said ab\t ! ,saturnalia & ! sacrifice ( ! mock-k+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! comm&+ (fic]1 or milit>y judge1 lab\rs to save ! life ( ,dasius1 n be+ aw>e t x is 9 any way endang]$--except by 8 recusancy4 ,?is h>dly appe>s 9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s brief summ>y4 ,b a glance at ! orig9al ',acts ( ,/4 ,dasius' %[s ! nature ( ! evid5ce4#c ,if any "p ( x has an (ficial basis1 z ,m4 ,cumont supposes1 t "p mu/ be ! exam9ation ( ,dasius by ,bassus4 ,"h occurs no h9t ( sacrific+ ,dasius z ,saturn2 ,bassus expects him to ?r[ inc5se on ! flame1 & to cont9ue an hon\rable soldi] ( ! ,empire4 ,he kn[s no?+ ab\t sacrific+ ,dasius4 ,?us1 z hi/orians reg>d evid5ce ! /atem5t ab\t ! ye>ly victim ( ,saturn1 a /atem5t made long aft] ! ev5t1 & aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 is weak inde$4 ,= x has no corroboration 9 ! works ( ,lat9 or ,greek hi/orians or antiqu>ies4 ,b an?ropology is n hi/ory1 & ,mr4 ,fraz] argues1 '! m>tyrologi/'s acc\nt ( ! ,saturnalia agrees s closely ) ! acc\nts ( simil> rites else:]e1 :i* c\ld n possibly h be5 kn[n to him1 t ! sub/antial accuracy ( 8 description may be reg>d$ z e/abli%$4'#d ,n[ we h ! ,aztec case & ! ,sacan case4 ,b ! ,aztec victim is a captive1 n a free soldi]1 ^: life ,bassus is mo/ anxi\s to pres]ve4 ,! ,sacan victim is n sacrific$1 & is a condemn$ crim9al4 ,n[ ,mr4 ,fraz] has said ':5 a nation becomes civilis$1 if x does n drop human sacrifices altoge!r1 x at lea/ selects z victims only su* wret*es z w\ld be put to dea? at any rate4'#e ,b a valuable soldi]1 l ,dasius1 is n a wret* :o w\ld be put to dea? at any rate4 ,aga91 among ! num]\s cases ( p]iods ( lic5ce1 l ! ,saca1 we "k only "o in/ance ( sacrifice1 & t ( a crim9al1 9 ,a%anti4 ,our bus9ess is to prove t free ,roman soldi]s volunt>ily sacrific$ !mselves at ! ,saturnalia4 ,! ,aztec sacrifice ( a captive1 ! ,p]sian execution ( a crim9al1 ) folklore rites ( analog\s description1 sc>cely make ! ,roman cu/om probable1 :ile ! direct evid5ce is only t ( ! m>tyrologi/4 ,8 evid5ce m]ely ass]ts1 z to ! dea? ( ,dasius1 t he p]i%$ = refus+ ! usual te/4 ,aga91 z ,m4 ,p>m5ti] argues1 ! sacrifice1 if x exi/$1 may h be5 ( ,ori5tal importation4 ,9 ?is condition ( ! evid5ce1 especially z x allots ?irty days to ! ,saturnalia1 an o!rwise unhe>d-( p]iod1 susp5sion ( judgm5t seems prud5t4 #a ,urb9o1 #agbg1 vol4 i4 p4 #aih4 #b ,gold5 ,b\gh1 iii4 #ada4 #c ,analecta ,boll&iana1 xvi4 pp4 #e-af4 ,! precise position ( a ',legatus' l ,bassus is r indi/9ct4 ,if an (fic]1 he ne$ n h ask$ ,dasius :at 8 'pr(ession' 04 #d ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #adb4 #e ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #abj4 ,,app5dix ,c ,,! ,,ride ,,( ,,! ,,be>dless ,,"o ,mr4 ,fraz]'s argum5t ab\t ! ,ride ( ! ,be>dless ,"o1 & ! possible traces ( a simil> burlesque p]=mance prelud+ to or succe$+ ! ,crucifixion1 is n easy to foll[4 ,p]haps1 9 ! text1 ,i may h misconceiv$ my au?or's mean+4 ,we "k ! ride ( ! be>dless "o 9 ,p]sia ?r\gh ! "w ( ,hyde1 publi%$ at ,ox=d 9 #agjj1 & aga9 9 #agfj4 ,i cond5se ,hyde's acc\nt z giv5 by ,mr4 ,fraz]4#a ,! date ( ! fe/ivity ( ! be>dless "o 0 '! fir/ day ( ! fir/ mon?1 :i* 9 ! mo/ anci5t ,p]sian cal5d> corresponds to ,m>*1 s t ! date ( ! c]emony agrees ) t ( ! ,babylonian ,new ,ye> ,fe/ival ( ,zakmuk4' ,9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s ?ird volume1 ! ,saca syn*ronise ) ,zakmuk1 ?\gh 9 8 second volume ! ,saca are ( ,june-,july4 ,we %all suppose him1 9 ! pres5t passage1 to adh]e to ! date ( ,m>* = ! ,saca4 ,! ride ( ! be>dless "o1 if s1 occurs at ! ,sacan date4 ,b ,hyde f\nd t "s ,p]sians reg>d$ ! ride ( ! be>dless "o z ( rec5t in/itution2 if !y 7 "r1 x has no traceable connection ) ! anci5t ,saca4 ,nor 0 !re any mock-k+ conc]n$ 9 ! ride ( ! be>dless "o2 & !re 0 no probable sacr$ h>lot2 /ill less 7 !re two be>dless ones1 ) two sacr$ h>lots1 z 9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory ( ! ,saca4 ,at all ev5ts ,hyde says no m ab\t ! sacr$ h>lots ?an ,dio ,*ryso/om or any o!r anci5t au?or records 9 ! case ( ! ,saca4 ,f> f be+ attir$ z a k+1 ! be>dless buffoon 0 l$ ab\t nak$1 on a horse1 mule1 or ass1 fann+ himself & compla9+ ( heat1 :ile p s\s$ him 9 ice1 sn[1 or cold wat]4 ,att5d$ by ! h\sehold ( ! k+ or gov]nor1 he extort$ contributions4 ,! goods seiz$ betwe5 dawn & morn+ pray]s fell to ! gov]nor or k+2 :at ! buffoon took betwe5 ! fir/ & second pray]s he kept2 & !n he vani%$4 ,! populace might beat him lat]1 if !y caught him4 ,n[ if ?is holiday f>ce exi/$1 at ! ,saca & at ,zakmuk1 dur+ ! "t ( ! exile1 ! ,jews c\ld n borr[ ! ,sacan cu/om ( hang+ a mock-k+1 =1 on ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory 7if ,i d n misund]/& x71 ! ride ( ! be>dless "o came 9 'aft] ! s]i\s mean+ ( ! cu/om' 7! hang+ ( ! mock-k+7 '_h be5 =gott54' ,! ride ( ! be>dless "o is 'a deg5]ate copy ( ! orig9al'--( ! ,sacan :ipp+1 hang+1 & sc\rg+ a condemn$ crim9al--:i* _h fall5 out ( use1 ,i presume4 ,lag>de is n ( t op9ion3 he ?9ks t ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,e/h] knew & comb9$ ! col\rs ( ! ,p]sian ,magophonia1 ! ,saca1 & ! ride ( ! be>dless4 ,9 fact1 ,dio ,*ryso/om does n tell u t ! ,sacan mock-k+ rode1 :e!r nak$ or 9 spl5d\r1 ?r\gh ! city2 nor t he made a =c$ collection1 :i* he 0 n all[$ to live to enjoy4 ,^! ?+s may h occurr$1 b no record proves !m4 ,yet ,mr4 ,fraz] has1 provisionally1 to conjecture t ! ,sacan victim _h a ride ( hon\r1 & made a collection1 & t our ,"l enjoy$ ! same privileges4 ',! description ( ,8 la/ triumphal ride into ,j]usalem reads almo/ l an e*o ( t brilliant progress ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,susa :i* ,haman aspir$ to & ,mordecai accompli%$4' ,our ,"l does n appe> to h be5 ei!r nak$1 l ! be>dless "o1 or clad 9 spl5d\r1 l ,mordecai1 or cr[n$ & rob$1 or att5d$ by ! m5-at-arms ( ,pilate or ,h]od4 ,he borr[$ an ass1 ) h] colt1 & ! multitude /rew$ bran*es & cri$1 ',hosanna to ! ,son ( ,david4' ,he !n 'ov]?rew ! tables ( ! money-*ang]s1 & ca/ out all !m t sold & b\ght 9 ! ,temple3 'a raid1' z ,mr4 ,fraz] says4 ,b x is n on record t ,he seiz$ any prop]ty1 & ,8 motive has be5 reg>d$ z an objection to comm]cial transactions 9 a sacr$ edifice4 ,x may seem a little arbitr>y to connect ^! acts ( ,*ri/1 n ) :at ! ,sacan victim1 to our k1 ev] did1 b ) :at 0 done by ! be>dless buffoon1 8 deg5]ate copy4 ,we h fir/ to guess t ! ,sacan mock-k+ act$ l him :om we h to guess to be 8 late 'deg5]ate copy2' & !n to read into ! ,gospels an idea d]iv$ f acc\nts ( ! anci5t or mod]n buffoon4 ,moreov]1 :ile ,*ri/ repres5ts ! mock-k+ ( ! ,saca 9 '! high trag$y ( ! anci5t c]emony'--= ,he is put to dea?--8 c\nt]p>t1 ,b>abbas1 has a conjectural ride :i* is m]e 'f>ce1' l t ( ! be>dless buffoon4 ,n[ ,mr4 ,fraz] says t1 'aft] ! s]i\s mean+ ( ! ,sacan cu/om _h be5 =gott51 & ! sub/itute 0 all[$ to escape ) 8 fife1 ! high trag$y ( ! anci5t c]emony w\ld rapidly deg5]ate into f>ce4'#b ,! deg5]ation 0 rapid inde$3 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye4 ,*ri/ 0 n all[$ to escape ) 8 life3 '! high trag$y ( ! anci5t c]emony' exi/$ 9 8 case4 ,b in/antly '! high trag$y' 0 =gott56 ,b>abbas1 ,*ri/'s c\nt]p>t1 9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s !ory1 'may v well 444 h be5 go+ ab\t ! /reets1 rigg$ out 9 tawdry spl5d\r1 ) a t9sel cr[n on 8 head1 & a %am sceptre 9 8 h&1 prec$$ & foll[$ by all ! tag-rag & bobtail ( ! t[n1 hoot+1 je]+1 & break+ co>se je/s at 8 exp5se1 :ile "s pret5d$ to salute 8 mock maje/y1 & o!rs belab\r$ ! donkey on :i* he rode4 ,x 0 9 ?is fa%ion1 probably1 t 9 ,p]sia ! be>dless & "o-ey$ man made 8 undignifi$ progress ?r\gh ! t[n1 to ! delight ( ragamuff9s & ! t]ror ( %opkeep]s ^: goods he confiscat$ if !y did n ha/5 to lay _! peace-(f]+s at 8 feet4'#c ,all ?is z to ,b>abbas implies t ! 'high trag$y' ( ! ,saca 0 already lo/ 9 ! 'f>ce' ( ! 'deg5]ate copy1' ! ride ( ! be>dless4 ,if s1 :y did ,*ri/ lose 8 life8 ,if ,he di$ solemnly z a recognis$ god 7:i* ,mr4 ,fraz] seems to me to d5y 9 iii4 #abj & ass]ts 9 iii4 #aid-aig71 :y is 8 no less sacr$ c\nt]p>t1 ,b>abbas1 also & simultane\sly a c\nt]p>t ( ! be>dless buffoon8 ,ei!r ! :ole affair 0 solemn & tragic1 ! ,haman 7,*ri/7 & ! ,mordecai 7,b>abbas7 be+ recognis$ z div9e1 or ! :ole affair 0 f>ce1 & 9 nei!r ,*ri/ nor ,b>abbas 0 !re any recognis$ div9ity4 ,mr4 ,fraz] makes ! belief 9 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ dep5d on ! contempor>y recognition ( ! godhead ( ! ,sacan victim1 ^: male issue 0 also p]haps recognis$ z div9e4#d ,b he also assures u t ! div9ity ( ! ,sacan victim mu/ h be5 '=gott54'#e ,9 ! same way ,*ri/1 z victim1 0 recognis$ z div9e1 & s1 necess>ily1 0 8 c\nt]p>t1 ,b>abbas2 ':e!r 9 sob] fact1 or pi\s fiction1 ! ,b>abbas or ,son ( t ,div9e ,fa!r :o g5]\sly gave 8 own ,son to die = ! _w4'#f ,yet ?is ,son ( ! ,div9e ,fa!r 0 s remote f sacr$ t1 j ?ree pages be=e 8 ,sonhood is ass]t$1 we h a picture ( him rid+ ab\t on a donkey among ! je]s ( ! 'tag-rag & bobtail4'#g ,x is difficult to accept bo? ( ! !ories 7n v self-consi/5t 9 my humble op9ion71 :i* ,mr4 ,fraz] seems able to hold simultane\sly or alt]nately4 ,if ,b>abbas rode a donkey amid ! je]s ( ! ragamuff9s1 !n ,*ri/ _h no triumphal entry into ,j]usalem4 ,he1 too1 _h m]ely a burlesque ride1 if ,b>abbas _h a burlesque ride1 z ,mr4 ,fraz] ?9ks probable4 ,by ! ess5ce ( 8 !ory1 ,*ri/ & ,b>abbas 7 c\nt]p>ts1 bo? 7 div9e1 or nei!r 0 div9e1 9 g5]al op9ion4 ,if ,b>abbas 0 a p]sonage 9 a l[ f>ce 7z ,mr4 ,fraz] supposes71 s 0 ,*ri/1 & no halo ( div9ity c accrue f tak+ "p 9 a burlesque1 :i* _c also be a high trag$y1 ) div9e actors4 ,z if difficulties 7 nev] to cease1 ! be>dless buffoon is a deg5]ate copy ( ! ,sacan victim4 ,b :ile he 0 a proxy = ! k+1 & also a repres5tative ( ,humman1 or ,m>duk1 or ,tammuz1 or ,gilgame%1 or ,eabani1 or a god n yet id5tifi$3 9 8 popul> =m1 z ! be>dless buffoon1 '8 pret5ce ( suff]+ f heat1 & 8 f9al disappe>ance1 sugge/ t1 if he p]sonifi$ ei!r ( ! seasons1 x 0 ! dep>t+ w9t] r ?an ! com+ summ]4'#h ,if s1 0 ! buffoon ( ! popul> c]emony ! folklore orig9al ( ! ,sacan mock-k+1 or 0 he a deg5]ate copy ( t v]satile victim ) a new mean+ popul>ly assign$ to him8 ,we are to 'recognise 9 him ! famili> features ( ! mock or tempor>y k+1'#i ?\gh he has nei!r cr[n1 sceptre1 robes1 nor aught to cov] 8 nak$ness4 ,if he is n ! popul> orig9al ( ! mock-k+ ( ! ,saca1 h[ does he1 & h[ does 8 magic1 put u '9 a position f9ally to unmask ! lead+ p]sonages 9 ! ,book ( ,e/h]'8#aj ,if he is a new popul> int]pretation ( ! ,sacan mock-k+1 a miscon/ru$ survival1 he _c help to expla9 ! ,saca1 or ',e/h]1' especially if1 z a play] 9 a f>ce :i* 0 a mitigation ( ! ,saca1 he _h n come into exi/5ce :5 ',e/h]' 0 writt54 ,b1 if ! be>dless buffoon repres5ts ! popul> g]m ( ! ,sacan victim1 !n t victim 0 orig9ally nei!r ! k+'s proxy1 nor ,tammuz1 nor ,m>duk1 nor ,gilgame%1 nor ,eabani1 b p]haps '! dep>t+ w9t]4' ,he c only s]ve ! !ory1 9 t capacity1 if provid$ ) a c\nt]p>t to repres5t ! com+ summ]1 :ile he & 8 c\nt]p>t bo? h female mates1 ( :om !re is n a gho/ ( a trace 9 our au?orities1 :e!r 9 ! in/ance ( ! ,saca1 ! ,ride ( ! ,be>dless1 or ! ,crucifixion4 ,nobody says t !re 7 two be>dless buffoons1 yet !re is j z mu* evid5ce = !m z = ! conjectural two sacr$ *>act]s1 ) two sacr$ h>lots1 at ! ,saca4 ,we mu/ avoid ! multiplicatio entium prt] necessitatem4 #a ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aha1 #ahb4 #b ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ahc4 #c ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aib4 #d ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ahf4 #e ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #abj4 #f ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aie4 #g ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #aib4 #h ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ahd4 #i ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ahb4 #aj ,g4 ,b4 iii4 #ahd4 ,,index ,,adonis4 ,see ,tammuz ,aga?ias 7,byzant9e poet71 cit$1 #acj ,ahone 7aborig9al ,n4 ,am]ican god71 #bj1 #ci ,alatunjas 7,arunta headm571 #aja1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bfe1 #bfg1 #bfi ,al*]+a 7my?ical h]oic age1 or p]iod ( fabul\s ance/ors1 ( ! ,arunta71 #ae1 #bea1 #bec1 #bed ,al*]+ites 7fabul\s ance/ors71 #bea1 #beb ,algonqu9 deity1 #ci ,alkna ,buma 7,arunta clairvoyant71 & new-born babies1 #bfb ,amadhlozi 7,zulu ance/ral spirits71 #bbg1 #bbh ,anahuac3 human sacrifices1 #aic ,anaitis 7,p]sian love goddess71 #aai1 #aid ,&amanese3 religi\s beliefs1 #bca1 #bcb ,&\agni 7aborig9al ,canadian god71 #aj2 no =m ( pray] address$ to #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ba1 #hi ,an?ropology1 pres5t-day neglect ( its /udy1 #g2 errors ( ! 'high] criticism1' #i2 gods n address$ 9 pray]1 #aj1 #aa2 conflict+ evid5ce ( race beliefs1 #aa2 co9cid5ce ( te/imony1 #ab1 #ac4 ,see "u names ( tribes & gods ,argyll%ire3 sup]/ition among wom5 connect$ ) cup-m>k$ rocks1 #beb1 #bed ,arician grove ( ,diana1 !1 & its gha/ly prie/1 #bjg et seq4 ,ar?urian leg5d3 ! magical sword1 #baa ,arunta 7tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia71 _! !ory ( evolution ( our species & ! nature ( life1 #ae2 scope ( _! ideas1 #af2 practice ( magic1 #df1 #fa1 #fb1 #fe2 magical rites to assi/ ! processes ( nature1 #hb1 #hc2 p]iods ( lic5ce1 #aic1 #aid1 #aif1 #aih2 totems1 #bej1 #bea1 #beb2 cit$1 #fg1 #fh1 #aja1 #bei1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bfe note1 #bff1 #bfg ,a%anti3 lic5ce at ! h>ve/ fe/ival1 #ahh1 #ahi ,asia ,m9or ,greek cities3 use ( scapegoats 9 times ( calamity1 #aij ,a/>te 7,semitic goddess74 ,see ,i%t> ,atahocan 7,huron deity71 #db1 #hi1 #bch1 #bif1 #big ,a!nu1 on ! ,saca1 #aai1 #abj1 #aba2 cit$1 #acb1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aie1 #aif ,a!nian fe/ival ( ,cronos1 #aaf1 #aag ,a!ns3 scapegoats kill$ 9 times ( di/ress1 #aij ,a?oll1 ,e>l ( 7pret5d] to royalty71 mock cr[n+ (1 #bjc ,atua 7,samoan71 tree ( protection1 #bai ,au/ralian blacks3 alleg$ endeav\r to delay ! c\rse ( ! sun1 #c2 religi\s ideas unborr[$1 #dd2 att5tion to ! dead1 #di2 ,*ri/ian ,deity id5tifi$ by !m ) _! own supreme be+s1 #di2 religi\s ideas v>y accord+ to f]tility ( soil1 #ej2 inv5t to please :ites1 #ej1 #ea2 em]g5ce ( gods f ance/ors1 #ea2 religi\s beliefs1 #bca1 #bcb2 engrav$ *ur+a & rock pa9t+s1 #bde et seq42 fire c]emony (1 #bga4 ,see also "u tribal names ,aztecs3 beliefs1 #ge2 human sacrifice at h>ve/ fe/ival1 #abg1 #agc1 #cjj ,,babylon3 annual sacrifice ( a crim9al proxy k+1 #gg2 hypo!sis ( t rite1 #ia1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ajf ,backh\se1 ,mr4 7,quak]71 8 ',visit to ,au/ralian ,colonies1' cit$1 #bf ,bagolos 7tribe73 human sacrifices1 #abi ,baiame 7,pei-a-mei1 or ,baiamai7 7,au/ralian moral creative be+71 #be-cb1 #ce1 #cf1 #ci1 #dj1 #db1 #dc1 #ff1 #fg1 #hi1 #bbf1 #bch1 #big ,bald] 7,sc&9avian _s71 ! ,eddaic my? (1 #bac-bag ,ballima 7,au/ralian spiritual p>adise71 #cf1 #cg ,banj>s 7tribe73 beat _! k+ till ! wea!r *anges1 #he ,b>abbas3 a c\nt]p>t ( ! sacr$ ,victim1 #bja1 #cjc1 #cjd ,bau 7,babylonian goddess71 #acg1 #ach ,beid]becke1 ,mr41 on ,s\? ,african gods1 #bcf1 #bcg ,beiruk1 ,william 7,au/ralian black71 on ,bunjil1 #cd ,b5>es3 fire-walk+1 #bij1 #bia ,b5$ict9e ,mission at ,nursia1 #ac ,b]nadette 7se]ess ( ,l\rdes73 fire-h&l+1 #bgb ,b]osus1 quot$1 on ! ,saca1 #aai1 #abj1 #adb1 #add1 #ahe1 #aif ,birds1 wise1 ,au/ralian & ,am]ican my? (1 #bd ,blackfoot ,indians 7,n4 ,am]ica73 religi\s ideas1 #bie ,bluebe>d3 new v]sion1 #afg ,bob[issi 7,w4 ,african deity71 #ci ,bora 7,au/ralian initiatory my/]ies71 wom5 exclud$ f1 #cj1 #eh1 #ff1 #ga1 #aie ,borr[$ religion1 #ae et seq41 #bie ,boyma4 ,see ,baiame ,brahan w>n+ to ! ,mack5zies1 sup]/iti\s belief1 #ih ,brebeuf1 ,fa!r1 on ! ,oki1 #ai1 #db ,brew9 7,kurnai supreme be+71 #bg1 #di1 #eb1 #ec ,br9ton3 etymology ( ! god ,kiehtan1 #bj ,briti% ,isles3 fire-walk+1 #bga ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,mr41 cit$1 #da1 #ed ,bryant's ark1 #e ,buckley 7convict71 on ! ,au/ralian ideas ( a god1 #bf ,bulg>ia1 ,ni/9>es (3 fire-h&l+1 #bgb1 #bhc1 #bhe1 #bhf ,bullimah 7,au/ralian p>adise71 #cf ,bull-ro>]s1 79 savage my/]ies71 #fe1 #fg1 #ga1 #bdh1 #bee ,bunjil 7,au/ralian god71 #cb1 #cd1 #da1 #ff ,bunyip 7fabl$ ,au/ralian mon/]71 #bf ,,calicut 7,malab>73 religi\s self-slaught] ( ! k+1 #ih1 #bag ,caligula & ! prie/ ( ,diana1 #bji ,callaway1 ,dr41 on ,zulu beliefs1 #ig1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bcg1 #bch ,calv>y1 #bjj et seq4 ,cambodia3 tempor>y k+s1 #aje2 p]iod ( lic5ce1 #ahg ,cam]on1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,p41 on ! tribes ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #gj ,canadian aborig9al god1 ,&\agni1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ba1 #hi ,c>ew1 ,mr41 on fire-walk+1 #bhc ,c>nival1 de/ruction (1 at end ( mod]n ,roman fe/ival1 #aaj ,catl91 on ,m&an ,my/]y ,play ( ! ,flood1 #bc1 #bd ,catullus1 cit$1 #ahd ,celebes1 !3 h>ve/ cu/oms1 #bfg ,cbaka 7,zulu k+71 #ig1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcj ,*eviots1 !3 cup & r+ incis$ on b\ld]s1 #bda ,*9ese v]nal fe/ival ( fire1 #bgj ,*itome 7,congo 'pontiff'71 #acc ,*ri/3 !ories conc]n+1 #gf1 #gh1 #gi1 #ajj1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #bjj1 #bjf ,*ri/ian fai?1 orig9 ( !1 #gf et seq4 ,*ur+a 7,au/ralian71 wood or /one m>k$ ) circles1 cups1 c1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bea1 #beb1 #bec1 #bed1 #bee ,*ur+a ilk9ia1 sacr$ rock-draw+ ( totem1 #bdf1 #bdi ,col]idge1 ,h>tley1 cit$1 #ca ,coll9s1 ,mr4 7',new ,s\? ,wales'71 on native use ( ^w 'fa!r1' #cb ,colquhomi1 ,dr41 on fire-walk+1 #bhb ,congo tribes1 #fa2 _! pontiff n p]mitt$ to die a natural dea?1 #if1 #acc ,craig1 ,dr4 ,george3 fire-walk+1 #bge ,craig1 ,dr4 ,w43 fire-walk+1 #bge ,craigie1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,a41 on ! my? ( ,bald]1 #bad ,cranz 7mission>y71 on ,gre5l&]s' beliefs1 #ba1 #hg1 #hh ,craw=d1 ,mr4 ,l9dsay1 cit$1 #eg note ,crsus1 #abi ,cronos fe/ival1 !1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaf1 #aag ,crookes1 ,mr41 cit$1 on fire-walk+1 #bhf ,crookes1 ,sir ,william1 cit$1 #bhi ,crucifixion1 a !ory ( !1 #hj1 #ajc ,cry/al-gaz+1 #cb ,ctesias1 on ! ,saca1 #abj ,cumont1 ,pr(essor ,franz1 on ! leg5d ( ,dasius1 #aab2 on ! ,saturnalia1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae1 #adb2 cit$1 #ahc1 #bih1 #cjj ',cup & r+3' a solution1 #bda et seq4 ,curr1 ,mr41 on ,au/ralian native beliefs1 #ea ,,d>amulun 7,au/ralian deity71 #bg1 #ff1 #ga ,d>w91 cit$1 #f ,dasius1 /ory ( ! m>tyrdom (1 #gi1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae1 #aba1 #ahb1 #ahe1 #bih1 #cja ,davis1 ,mr4 ,john ,moore1 on ,au/ralian native sacrifice ( ! fir/-born1 #ed ,dawson1 ,mr4 7',aborig9es ( ,au/ralia'71 on native religi\s wor%ip1 #cc1 #cd ,deputy gods1 #ci ,devils1 expulsion (1 savage lic5ce foll[+1 #ahg ,diana1 grove ( 7ne> ,aricia73 ! gold5 b\gh 91 #bjg et seq4 ,diana ( ! ,*]sonese1 #bjh ,di]i1 ! 7,c5tral ,au/ralian tribe73 ance/ral _s wor%ip1 #ej1 #ef1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd ,dio ,*ryso/om1 on ! fe/ival ( ,saca1 #gi1 #abj & note1 #aba1 #acb1 #adg1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aii1 #cjb ,div9e scapegoats1 #ahi et seq4 ,dodge1 ,colonel1 on ,nor? ,am]ican beliefs1 #hh1 #hi ,donnelly1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,a41 discov]y ( /ones m>k$ ) cup & r+1 c1 #bde1 #bdf ,dos ,santos1 on ,caffre beliefs1 #ig & note1 #bcd1 #bce ,druid3 orig9 ( ! ^w1 #bae note ,druid circles1 #bdb ,druids1 ga!r+ mi/letoe1 #bae ,dumbuck 7,scotl&73 m>k$ /ones at1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bec ,dunbuie 7,scotl&73 /ones m>k$ ) r+s at1 #bde4 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bec ,duncan4 ,hon4 ,l4 ,m43 fire-walk+1 #bgg ,dyaks1 _! sup]/ition reg>d+ new-born *ildr51 #bfa ,,eabani 7fea/ (71 #afd1 #afe1 #aff1 #agh1 #ahj1 #aha ,eddaic my? ( ,bald]1 #bac-bag ,egyptian ,book ( ! ,dead1 #gb2 gods1 tombs & mummies1 #ij2 ,k+ ( ,unreason1 #aje2 sacrifice ( r$-hair$ m51 #abh ,ellis1 ,sir ,a4 ,b41 #ac2 !ory ( borr[$ gods1 #db2 on ,a%anti h>ve/ fe/ival1 #ahh ,ere*1 ,eabani fea/ at1 #afd1 #afe ,e/h]1 ,book (1 #adg1 #ahj2 !ories conc]n+1 #afa-aha ,e?iopian k+s ( ,m]oe3 wor%ipp$ z gods1 kill$ by prie/s1 #if ,evolution ( gods1 #hb et seq4 ,euhem]ism1 #ij ,european influ5ces on savage beliefs1 #aa ,eu?yphro1 cit$1 #ei1 #fj ,ev]>d1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,s4 ,c1 cit$1 #baa ,eyeos1 sacrifice ( k+ (1 #ih1 #bba ,eyre1 ,mr41 on ! ,au/ralian blacks' idea ( orig9 ( creation1 #dj1 #da ,ezekiel1 #aea1 #agf ,,f>w>digan 7,p]sian fea/71 #afh1 #afi ,fijian hymns1 #gb2 p]iods ( lic5ce1 #aie1 #aif1 #aih2 fire c]emony1 #bgc1 #bgg-bhc1 #bhh ,fire-walk+1 #bgj et seq4 ,fir/-born1 eat+ !1 #ed ,fir/-fruits1 #bfg et seq4 ,fi%]'s gho/1 #ed ,fison1 ,mr4 ,lorim]1 on ! em]g+ ( gods f ance/ors1 #ej1 #ef ,foels*e1 ,mr41 on savage belief 9 a b5evol5t creator or demiurge1 #eg note1 #eh ,fraz]1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g41 !ories (3 comp>ative /udy ( human beliefs & in/itutions1 #f1 #g2 religion ! despair ( magic1 #aj1 #fj2 magic prec$$ ! inv5tion ( god #dg2 limit$ def9ition ( religion1 #dh1 #ei2 ! ,au/ralians :o practise magic h little or no religion1 #di-eb2 on ! ,jewi% ,passov]1 #ec2 its ,au/ralian p>allel1 #ec1 #ed2 speculative g5]alisations1 #ee2 arbitr>y selection ( witnesses1 #ee-eh2 ascription ( wrong beliefs to ! ,arunta1 #fa2 inadv]t5t pro( t irreligi\s ,au/ralians are religi\s1 #fb-fe2 inv5t$ p[]ful be+s1 #fh2 religion1 ! conciliation ( high] p[]s by pray] & sacrifice1 #fi2 %oot+ />s1 #gd2 import$ religi\s ideas1 #ge2 orig9 ( ! belief 9 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 #gf-gh2 use ( ! leg5d ( ,dasius1 #gi1 #aji-aae2 m5tal prepossession on ! ,crucifixion1 #hj2 d\ble pairs ( div9is$ human be+s1 #hb2 alleg$ mortality ( gods1 #he-id2 religi\s regicide1 #id-ajj2 annual religi\s regicide1 #aja-ajd2 mock k+s1 #ajc et seq42 p]sons :o suff] = god-man k+s1 #ajd-ajg2 survivals ( human sacrifice at ! ,saturnalia1 #aji-aae2 mod]n ,c>nival1 #aaj1 #aaa2 ! ,greek ,cronia1 #aae-aah2 ! ,saca1 #aah-abb2 aga9 mock k+s1 #abj1 #aba1 #abc2 attempts to prove ! ,sacan crim9al div9e1 #abc-adj2 sacrifice by hang+1 #abg-acb2 date ( ! ,saca1 #ace-ach2 ! ,sacan victim1 #ach2 analogies ( ,zakmuk1 ,saca1 & ,purim1 #ada-afj2 human victims at ,purim1 #aec2 connection ( ,mordecai1 ,e/h]1 ,va%ti1 & ,haman ) ,babylonian & ,elamite gods1 #afa2 ! ride ( ! be>dless ,p]sian buffoon1 #afh1 #aga1 #cja-cje2 fe/ivals ( lic5ce1 #ahe-aii2 div9e scapegoat1 #ahi2 ,calv>y1 #bjj-bjd2 ! gha/ly prie/ ( ! grove ( ,diana1 #bjf-bbc2 ! ,quiteva1 #bcd2 taboo1 #bfh2 fire-walk+1 #bgj ,fuegian idea on flapp] %oot+1 #bfg ,,gason1 ,mr41 on ! beliefs ( ! ,di]i1 #ef1 #eg note2 on ,m>a ,mura1 #fb1 #fc ,g]man !ory ( ,purim1 #adg ,georgia1 /one-m>k+s 91 #bdc ,gho/-wor%ip1 #ca ,gilgame% & ,eabani1 leg5d (1 #afd1 #afe1 #ahj1 #aha ,gill54 ,see ,sp5c] & ,gill5 ,g+]o1 k+ (3 kill$ by k9sm5 if w\nd$ 9 w>1 #if ,gods1 ! evolution (1 #hb et seq4 ,goe!1 & native ,au/ralian beliefs1 #ce ,gold ,coa/3 savage p]iod ( lic5ce1 #ahf ,goodw91 ,mr43 fire-walk+1 #bge ,gort51 ,mr43 fire-walk+1 #bib ,g\nja ,ticquoa 7,hott5tot supreme deity71 #bcb ,greek religi\s beliefs p>allel$ ) ^? ( savage races1 #ch2 graves ( gods1 #ij1 #ic ,gre5l&]s3 religi\s beliefs1 #hg1 #hh ,gre5way1 ,mr41 on ! d]ivation ( ,baiame1 #be2 #dd ,greyhair3 ,zulu sup]/ition conc]n+1 #ig ,grogoragally 7,au/4 son ( god71 #cf1 #cg1 #ci ,gudgeon1 ,colonel3 ! ,te ,umuti1 or fire-walk+1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bgf1 #bhe ,gn!r1 ,mr41 cit$1 #dd ,guyaqu> ,indians1 human sacrifices by1 :5 s[+1 #abg ,,haddon1 ,mr43 ,new ,gu9ea art1 #bdi ,hagg>d1 ,colonel ,&rew1 on fire-walk+1 #bhd1 #bhe ,hagg>d1 ,mr4 ,rid]1 cit$1 #bbh ,hale1 ,mr4 ,horace1 on ! ,au/ralian god ,baiame1 #be1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi2 on ,ko91 #bg2 cit$1 #dc ,hall1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,c43 fire-h&l+1 #bgf ,haman3 !ories conc]n+1 #acd1 #afa-aha ,haman 7,elamite deity71 #gh ,hang+1 sacrifice by1 #gg1 #gh1 #hj1 #abg et seq41 #ach1 #adh1 #aec1 #age1 #agg1 #agh1 #ahi1 #aie1 #aig1 #aii ,h>tl&1 ,mr41 quot$1 on savage ideas ( sup]ior be+s1 #ce1 #cf2 pray]s = ! dead1 #cf2 c5sure ( ,mr4 ,mann+'s t]m9ology1 #cf2 orig9 ( belief 9 a supreme be+1 #bbd2 on ,zulu beliefs1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bcd ,ha/well1 ,mr43 fire-walk+1 #bhg ,hays ( ,errol1 _! mi/letoe life-tok51 #baf note ,he>n1 ,mr4 ,lafcadio1 on fire-walk+1 #bhd ,heitsi ,eibib 7,hott5tot sup]ior be+71 #ij ,h5nessy1 ,mr4 ,pope1 quot$1 #eh ,h5ry1 ,miss ,teuira3 fire-walk+1 #bhg ,h]aldry1 #bfj ,h]iot1 cit$1 on ! ,virg9ian ,creator1 #bb ,h]odotus1 cit$1 #adi ,hesy*ius1 on ! ,saca1 #aba ,h9doo ,koo%3 h>ve/ lic5ce1 #ahg ,hippolytus1 leg5d (1 #bji1 #bah ,hirpi ( ,soracte1 !1 #bga2 fire-walk+1 #bhi ,hobamok 7son ( ! god ,kiehtan71 #ch1 #ci ,hock51 ,dr4 ,t4 ,m41 on fire-walk+1 #bgc1 #bgf1 #bgg-bhc1 #bhe1 #bic1 #bid ,home1 ,d4 ,d41 fire-h&l+ by1 #bgb1 #bgf ,honolulu3 fire-walk+1 #bib ,horses ( ,virbius1 #aci ,hos 7,n4-,e4 ,indian tribe73 fea/ ( lic5ce1 #ahg ,hott5tot religi\s beliefs1 #bca1 #bcb ,h[ 7,tongan elective k+71 #hf ,h[itt1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,w41 on ! ,au/ralian god ,baiame1 #be1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd2 ! ,kurnai gobl9 ,brew91 #bg2 initiat$ by ! ,kurnai1 #eb2 *ange ( views on ,brew91 #ec2 on ! attributes ( native great spirits1 #ff2 cit$1 #ab1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #dc1 #dd ,humman 7,elamite deity71 #aci1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afa1 #aff1 #afi1 #agb1 #agc-aha1 #ahi ,,ibn ,,batuta3 travell]s' tales1 #ii2 ,javan family deput$ to die = ! ,sultan1 #ii ,images1 clay or wax51 z vic>i\s objects ( rev5ge1 #c ,india3 fire-walk+1 #bhf ,indo-,*9a3 (f]+ ( fir/-fruits to a god1 #bfg ,irel&3 late sup]/ition 91 #aji2 incis$ patt]ns on /ones1 #bec ,irunt>9ia 7evil spirits71 inimical ?r\gh new-born *ildr51 #bfb1 #bfd ,isaacs1 ,mr41 quot$1 on ,zulu sup]/itions1 #ig ,i%t> 7goddess71 #abe1 #aeg1 #afd1 #age1 #agg1 #agh1 #agi ,islamite sugge/ions ( a ,god to savage races1 #aa ,,ja/r[1 ,pr(essor1 on m5tal prepossession1 #hj2 ,babylonian gods1 #ia2 ! ,tammuz fea/1 #acf1 #acg2 ! ,zakmuk1 #adb2 ! ,book ( ,e/h]1 #afb2 ! ,purim1 #afb2 cit$1 #aeg1 #aff1 #agh1 #agi2 ,java3 self-slaught] ( k+s & _! sub/itutes1 #ii ,j5s51 ,dr41 on ! fea/ ( ,purim1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aei1 #afb1 #afd1 #afe1 #aff1 #agb1 #agc1 #agf1 #agg1 #agi ,jesuits1 cr$it$ ) sugge/+ ! idea ( a great _s to savage races1 #bc2 cit$1 #db1 #de ,jevons1 ,mr41 on taboo1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bfh ,jewi% ,passov]1 !1 !ory (1 #ec ,jews3 hang+ a mock-k+ at ! ,purim fe/ival1 #gh2 condemn$ crim9als repres5t+ life & dea? ( vegetation1 #gh ,j9n1 !1 #ia ,johnson1 ,dr41 cit$1 #bfc ,,kal>i 7,au/ralian bull-ro>]47 #ga ,kalk 7,kallak73 ,au/ralian bull-ro>]1 #ga ,kalunga 7,african god71 #bcg ,kam*atka3 religi\s beliefs1 #bbf ,kamil>oi 7,au/ralian tribe73 religi\s beliefs1 #bh1 #bi1 #ca1 #dc1 #ff ,k>unga 7,african god71 #bcf1 #bcg ,khonds3 human sacrifices1 #abi ,kibanga 7,upp] ,congo73 k+ kill$ by sorc]]s :5 dy+1 #if ,kiehtan 7,new ,engl& god71 #bj1 #ba1 #ch1 #ci1 #ij ,k+sley1 ,miss ,m>y1 cit$1 #ab1 #db1 #de ,kit*i ,manit\ 7,nor? ,am]ican ,indian great _s71 #ah ,kittanit[it 7,algonqu9 great liv+ _s71 #bj ,ko9 7,au/ralian sup]natural black man71 #bg ,kolb 7mission>y71 cit$1 #bcb ,kudulu 7,african tribe73 human sacrifices1 #abi ,ku551 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #adg ,kurnai 7,au/ralian tribe71 #cb2 initiate ,mr4 ,h[itt 9 ! my/]ies1 #eb1 #ec2 #fg ,,lafitau1 ,pre1 on ! ,manit\ & ,okki1 #ah1 #ai ,l',allemant1 ,pre1 on ! ,virg9ian creator1 #bb ,lag>de4 ,pr(essor1 on ,p]sian fea/s1 #afh1 #afi1 #aga1 #cjb ,lagos3 animal & human sacrifices1 #abh ,le ,jeune1 ,fa!r1 on ! mean+ ( ,manit\1 #ah2 ! ,algonqu9 god1 #ba1 #bc2 cit$1 #db1 #big ,lic5ce1 p]iods (1 at anci5t & savage fe/ivals1 #ahe-aii ,lionetti 7,italian conjur]71 fire-h&l+ exp]im5ts1 #bhc ,li?uanian be] cu/om1 #bff ,liv+/one1 ,dr41 on ,kaffir beliefs1 #bcb ,livy1 on ! ,saturnalia1 #ajh ,loan-gods 7or borr[$ religion71 !ory (1 #ag et seq4 ,lucian1 on ! ,saturnalia1 #ajh ,lyall1 ,sir ,alfr$1 #ee2 on ! f\ndation ( natural religion1 #ei1 #fj2 speculative g5]alisation1 #gd2 quot$1 #aih1 #bbj ,lydian k+s z sacrifices1 #abi ,,macdonald1 ,mr41 quot$1 #bce note1 #bcf ,mack5zie1 ,capta91 on fire-walk+1 #bgj ,macrobius1 on ! ,saturnalia1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #abj note1 #bje ,magic1 or wit*craft1 #c1 #aj1 #af2 #df et seq4 ,see "u tribal names ,magophonia 7,p]sian fea/71 #aai1 #adi1 #afh ,makogo 7,wa?i ,wa?i tribesman71 on ! future life1 #gb ,m&an ,deluge leg5d1 !1 #bc1 #bd1 #be ,man-gods1 #hd1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #ii1 #ajd1 #ach1 #aib ,manit\1 mean+ ( ! ^w1 #ah2 sup]ior be+1 #bif ,mann+1 ,mr41 on e>ly religi\s beliefs 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #ce2 8 t]m9ology 9 "q1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg2 on exclusion ( wom5 f religi\s k1 #ci2 rebuff$ by natives 9 8 inquiries1 #db2 on taboo1 #bfa ,m>duk 7,babylonian god71 #ib1 #acg1 #ach1 #aci1 #adb1 #adi1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afa1 #afd1 #afe1 #aff1 #aga1 #age1 #agf1 #agg1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahi ,m>imos3 human sacrifices1 #abi ,m>9]1 on ,tongan beliefs1 #hf ,mat!ws1 ,mr41 cit$1 #eg note ,masai 7,african tribe71 #ab ,mauritius3 fire-walk+1 #bhd ,maximilian1 ,pr9ce1 on ,m&an beliefs1 #bd ,maxwell1 ,sir ,h]b]t1 on tr\t & ,may flies1 #bff ,mb5ga 7,fiji73 fire-walk+1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bgi ,mea?1 portable engrav$ /ones at1 #bec ,m$ic9e-m51 #cc1 #ajj ,meissn]1 ,h]r1 on ! ,zakmuk & ,saca fe/ivals1 #aah1 #adb ,m]oda*4 ,see ,m>duk ,mexicans3 human sacrifices at /ages ( ! maize's gr[?1 #abh2 #ahd ,mey] 7',hi/ ( ,antiq4'71 quot$1 #aah ,mill>1 ,mr41 quot$1 on ! ,dunbuie f9ds1 #bdg1 #bdh ,mi/letoe3 a magical plant1 #bab1 #bac1 #bad1 #bae1 #baf1 #bag1 #bba ,mi?ra-wor%ip1 #aad ,moab3 sacrifice ( sons ( k+s1 #aje ,mock-k+s1 sacrifices (1 #gi1 #id1 #aje1 #aaj1 #aad1 #aai1 #abj1 #aca1 #acd1 #aca1 #acg1 #aec1 #afi1 #agh1 #aha1 #ahb-ahe1 #aif1 #aig1 #aii ,msia3 mock-k+ p]sonat+ a god1 #gi2 sacrifice ( k+s1 #ajc2 ! kill+ ( ,dasius at ! ,saturnalia1 #aji1 #aab2 cit$1 #aad1 #aae1 #aba1 #ahc1 #ahe ,m(fat1 ,mr41 on ,kaffir beliefs1 #bcb ,molunga1 ,mulungu 7,caffre god71 #bcd1 #bce1 #bcf ,momms51 ,pr(4 ,aug41 on ! ,cronos fea/1 #aaf ,montagnets 7,nor? ,am]ican ,indians71 _! application ( ! ^w ,manit\1 #ah ,moodgeegally 7patron ( ! my/]ies71 #fg ,moravian mission>ies on ,baiame1 #be ,mordecai 7companion ( ,nehemiah71 #afa1 #aga ,mordecai 7,babylonian supreme god871 #gh2 !ories conc]n+1 #acd1 #ace1 #afa-aha ,morgan1 ,mr41 compil] ( ,buckley's ',life & ,adv5tures1' #bf ,morimo 7,be*uana deity71 #bcb1 #bcg ,mortality ( gods1 #he et seq4 ,motagon 7,au/ralian dead creator71 #big ,mov]s1 ,dr41 on ! ,saca fe/ival1 #acj1 #agd2 cit$1 #aih ,mukuru 7,african deity71 ! mission>ies' ,god1 #bcf ,mulk>i 7,que5sl& deity71 #dj ,mll]1 ,k4 ,o41 cit$1 #ahj ,mund>i 7tribe73 lic5ce at fe/ivals1 #ahg ,mungan-ngaur 7,kurnai god71 #bg1 #cb1 #eb1 #ec1 #ff1 #fh1 #hi ,munro1 ,dr41 on ! incis$ /one f9ds at ,dumbuck & ,dunbuie1 #bee1 #bef ,mura ,mura 7,di]ian ance/ors deifi$71 #ej1 #eg note1 #fb1 #fc1 #bce ,murr+s 7,au/ralian blacks71 #eb ,my/]y ,play ( ! ,flood 7,m&an71 #bc ,my?s4 ,see "u names ( tribes & gods ,mzima 7spirits ( ! dead71 #bcf ,,nanga 7,fijian h>ve/ fe/ival71 orgies at1 #aie ,n-pi 7,blackfoot deity71 #ij ,natos 7,blackfoot deity71 #bie ,nature's processes assi/$ by magical rites1 #hb1 #hc ,nebu*adnezz>1 #adj ,nepaul3 p]iod ( lic5ce1 #ahg ,new ,engl&3 ! god ,kiehtan1 #bj1 #ba2 religi\s beliefs1 #ch ,new ,gu9ea1 ,briti%3 "* ( decorative art1 #bdi ,new ,s\? ,wales3 native sacrifice ( ! fir/-born1 #ed ,new ,zeal&3 ! k+'s mana or magical p[]1 #ii ,ngoio 7,congo73 daily k+s1 #ajd ,niscam9\ 7,r$ ,indian deity71 #bie ,nldeke1 ,pr(essor1 on ! fea/ ( ,purim1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj1 #afa1 #afb1 #agb1 #agf1 #agg1 #agi ,noorele 7,au/ralian creator71 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #ff ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 religi\s beliefs (1 #hh1 #hi4 ,see also "u tribal names ,nursia 7,au/ralia7 ,b5$ict9e ,mission at1 #ab ,nyankupon 7,we/ ,africa71 #ci ,,ohio1 /one m>k+s 91 #bdc ,o9tm5t us$ by fire-walk]s1 #bic ,okeus 7aborig9al ,canadian god71 #bj1 #ba1 #ij ,oki 7,huron ^w = _s71 #ai1 #ba1 #bb1 #db ,okki 7,lafitau's ',gr& ,esprit'71 #ai ',old ,m>s' 7,roman god & scapegoat71 #aij ,omuambo creation tales1 #bcg ,ontake ,j9%a 7,%9toi/s73 fire-walk+1 #bia ,oorooma 7native ,au/ralian hell71 #cg ,opp]t1 ,dr43 fire-walk+1 #bhf ,ore/es1 /ory ( 8 temple to ,diana1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bah ,otyih]]3 diff]5t names = god & _s1 #bcf ,ovah]]o1 ! 7,african tribe71 god (1 #bcf ,ox=d ,univ]sity1 & ! /udy ( an?ropology1 #g ,,palm]1 ,mr41 on ! tribes ( ! ,gulf ( ,c>p5t>ia1 #db1 #dd2 cit$1 #gd ,pan1 leg5d (1 #ia ,p>k]1 ,mrs4 ,langloh1 on unborr[$ "* ( ,au/ralian beliefs1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf2 pray]s = ! dead1 #cf2 cit$1 #big ,p>m5ti]1 ,m41 on ! ,saturnalia1 #aac note1 #aad2 on ! ,saca1 #aah2 cit$1 #ahc1 #cja ,pascal1 ,dr4 ,?43 fire-walk+1 #bij ,patt]ns1 incis$1 on portable small /ones1 #bec ,pausanias1 quot$1 #bji ,pei-a-mei4 ,see ,baiame ,p]iod ( ,lic5ce1 !1 #aje et seq4 ,p]sia3 annual sacrifice ( a crim9al proxy k+1 #gg2 ride ( ! be>dless buffoon1 #afg1 #afh1 #afi1 #aga1 #cja-cje ,philipp9e ,isl&]s3 religi\s beliefs1 #ij ,phurdigan 7,p]sian fea/71 #adi ,p9-/ick+ ( enemy's image1 #c ,pirnmeheal 7,au/ralian god71 #cd1 #ff ,pl9y1 #ajh2 on ! ,druids1 #bae1 #baf ,podmore1 ,mr41 on fire-h&l+1 #bgb ,polynesia3 tattoo+1 #bdc2 taboo1 #bei ,pond]1 ,mr4 ,/eph53 fire-walk+ 9 ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 #bhf ,pondo3 p]iod ( lic5ce1 #ahh1 #aie ,prie/1 ! gha/ly1 ( ! ,arician grove ( ,diana1 #bjg et seq4 ,pros]p9e 7goddess71 #bjh1 #baa1 #bab ,prussian k+1 ',god's m\?1' self-immolation1 #ih1 #acj ,puluga 7,&amanese god71 #bbd1 #bbf ,purdaghn 7,p]sian fe/ival71 #ahi ,purim 7,jewi% fe/ival73 date1 orig91 rites1 details1 !ories1 conjectures1 analogies1 #gg1 #aah1 #aai1 #abd1 #ada1 #adb1 #ade-afj1 #afa1 #afb1 #afc1 #afh1 #afi1 #agf-aha1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aid1 #aih1 #bjb ,,que5sl& deity1 ,mulk>i1 #dj ,quilac>e 7,s\!rn ,india73 self-slaught] ( ! k+1 #ih ,quiteva1 ! 7,s(ala deity71 #ig note1 #bcd ,,raiatea 7,society ,isl&s73 fire-walk+1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bgg1 #bhg ,ra9-mak+ magic1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe ,r>otonga 7,new ,zeal&73 fire-walk+1 #bgc-bgf ,regicide1 religi\s1 #id1 #ajj ,r$ ,indian beliefs1 #bie ,religi\s beliefs ( b>b>ic races4 ,see "u tribal names & gods ,ride ( ! be>dless buffoon1 #cja-cje ,ridley1 ,mr4 7mission>y71 on ! ,au/ralian god ,baiame1 #be1 #bi1 #cj2 on native ideas ( great spirits1 #ff1 #fg2 cit$1 #dd1 #bch ,romans3 cu/oms at ! ,saturnalia1 #ajh et seq4 ,ross1 ,mr4 ,d5ison1 cit$1 #adc1 #ade ,ro?1 ,dr41 quot$1 on ! ,que5sl& god ,mulk>i1 #dj ,,sac 7,ori5tal tribe71 #aah1 #aai1 #adc1 #aid ,saca 7,p]sian fe/ival71 date1 orig91 rites1 !ories1 details1 analogies1 #gg1 #gi1 #hj1 #ha1 #ajf1 #aad1 #aag1 #aah1 #aai1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #abf1 #abg1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #acd1 #ace1 #acf1 #ach1 #aci1 #ada1 #add1 #ade-afj1 #afc1 #afd1 #afi1 #agj1 #agb1 #agf-aii1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bbc1 #cja-cje ,/4 ,clair1 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,r43 fire-walk+1 #bhf ,/4 ,dasius1 m>tyrdom4 ,see ,dasius ,/4 ,paul1 cit$1 #bja ,sakeas4 ,see ,saca ,salvado1 ,bi%op1 cit$1 #big ,samoan trees ( refuge = crim9als1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbb ,s&es1 ,s&an 7,p]sian deity71 #acj ,saturn1 #ajh1 #aci1 #ahc1 #ahd ,saturnalia 7,roman fe/ival71 rites1 details1 !ories & analogies conc]n+1 #gi1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaj1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #aie ,sayce1 ,mr41 cit$1 #acc1 #adg ,scapegoats1 #ahi et seq ,s*is*man(1 ,dr43 ,bulg>ian fire-h&l+1 #bhe ,sci5ce & sup]/ition3 def9ition1 #a et seq4 ,scotl&3 incis$ patt]ns on rocks & /ones1 #bec1 #bed ,sem5t9i1 ,dr43 fire-h&l+1 #bhc ,s]vius 7e>ly comm5tator on ,virgil71 on ! gold5 b\gh 9 ! grove ( ,diana4 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bji ,%aw1 quot$1 #bcb ,%oot+ />s1 ,wa?i ,wa?i int]pretation (1 #gc1 #gd ,siam3 tempor>y k+s1 #aje ,sieb]t1 ,mr4 7,g]man mission>y71 on ance/ral gods1 #ej1 #ef1 #fc ,simpson1 ,sir ,james1 on ! cup & r+1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bdf ,si\x3 human sacrifices = magical purposes1 #abh ,skidi 7,wolf ,pawnees73 animal & human sacrifices1 #abh ,slate spe>-heads1 #bdg ,smi?1 ,capta9 7',hi/ory ( ,virg9ia'71 on ,okki1 #ai ,smi?1 ,mr4 ,rob]tson1 cit$1 #acc1 #acd1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach1 #adb ,s(alese 7,caffre tribe71 _! k+-god1 #ig ,s\? ,african religions1 #bbd et seq4 ,see "u tribal names ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s & ,capta9 ,cook1 #id ,spa93 fire-walk+1 #bhe ,sp>tans3 lame k+s1 #ih ,sp5c]1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t1 cit$1 #f1 #ce ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,messrs41 cit$1 #ae1 #fg1 #hf1 #aic1 #aid note1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdh1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bfe ,/atius1 on ! ,arician grove1 #bji ,/ev5son1 ,r4 ,l41 on tapu 9 ! ,pacific ,isl&s1 #bfh ,/irl+1 ,dr41 cit$1 #fb ,/okes1 ,mr43 fire-walk+1 #bhf ,/ones c>v$ ) cup & r+s1 univ]sality (1 #bdb et seq4 ,/rabo1 on ! ,saca fe/ival1 #aai-abj2 cit$1 #adi1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aid1 #aie1 #bga ,/ra*ey1 ,william 7successor ( ,capta9 ,smi? 9 ,virg9ia71 on ! position ( ,okeus1 #bj ,/raits ,settlem5ts3 fire-walk+1 #bhf1 #bhg ,/rannam 7,gaelic71 tundun1 bull-ro>]1 #bee ,suetonius1 on ! 'gha/ly prie/1' #bji ,sup]/ition1 def9ition (1 #b et seq4 ,sup]/itions4 ,see "u names ( tribes1 gods1 & au?orities ,sw$53 anci5t treatm5t ( k+ 9 times ( public di/ress1 #he2 cake-eat+1 #bff ,sword1 ! magical1 #baa ,,taboo1 #beg et seq4 ,tagore3 fire-walk+1 #bij ,t-li-y-,tooboo 7,tongan supreme be+71 #hf ,tammuz 7,babylonian god ( vegetation71 !ories conc]n+1 #abc-abg1 #acc-aci1 #ada1 #adc1 #add1 #adi1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aee1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afj1 #afa1 #afd1 #agb1 #agf-ahj1 #ahc1 #ahi1 #aib ,ta-ta-?i 7,new ,s\? ,wales tribe71 #gj1 #ga ,te ,umu-ti 7,maori71 or fire-walk+ c]emony1 #bgc-bgf ,?>gelia 7,a!nian fe/ival73 scapegoats1 #aij ,?a-?a-pali 7,wa?a ,wa?a deity71 #gj1 #gc1 #gd ,!vet1 ,m41 on ! ,canadian ,indians' belief 9 a 'creator1' #ba ,?omson1 ,mr4 ,basil3 fire-walk+1 #bhh ,?relkeld1 ,mr41 on ! ,au/ralian god ,ko91 #bg2 translation ( ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,luke1 #bg2 fir/ work] at ! dialects ( ! ,baiame-wor%ipp+ tribes1 #bg1 #bi2 cit$1 #dc1 #dd1 #de ,?ureml9 7sup]ior be+71 #ga ,?ur/on1 ,lady1 h] exp]im5t 9 fire-walk+1 #bgh ,ti-ra-w 7,pawnee deity71 #hi1 #abh ,tokio 7,japan73 fire-walk+1 #bhd ,tone1 ,mr4 ,n4 ,j43 fire-walk+1 #bhg ,tonga3 ! ,h[ religi\s function1 #bfh2 fire-walk+1 #bhg ,tongan religi\s beliefs1 #hf ,tonqu93 p]iod ( lic5ce1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #aie1 #aif ,torng>suk 7,gre5l&]s' great _s71 #ba1 #hg ,totems1 #bdf1 #bdi-bea1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bhi ,traditions4 ,see "u names ( tribes1 gods1 & au?orities ,tree spirits1 #baj et seq4 rege>1 ,mr41 on fire-walk+1 #bgc ,tr9idad 7,w4 ,indies73 fire-walk+1 #bhf ,t%i-speak+ races1 #db ,tsui ,goab 7idealis$ ,hott5tot m$ic9e man71 #bcb ,tulong 7deity71 #gj1 #ga ,tundun 7patron ( ,kurnai my/]ies & bull-ro>]71 #ff1 #fg1 #fh ,turn]1 ,mr41 quot$1 on ,polynesian tree sanctu>ies1 #bai ,turramulan1 ,t>amuh9 7,au/ralian god71 #ca ,twanyirika 7,arunta great _s71 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #ga1 #bfc1 #bfd ,tylor1 ,mr43 on ! ,canadian deity ,&\agni1 #af2 modification ( 8 views on primitive culture1 #ag2 ! high gods ( l[ races1 #ah2 ! ,great ,_s or ,manit\ ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 #ah2 ! ^w ,oki1 #ai2 summ>y ( ,w9sl[1 #bj2 ! ,gre5l&]s' ,torng>suk1 #ba2 attribution ( ! idea ( ! great _s to mission>y influ5ce1 #bb2 ,m&an ,deluge leg5d1 #bc1 #bd2 ,au/ralian god ,baiame1 #be-cb2 ideas ( ,european importation1 #ea2 native ,au/ralian beliefs1 #ge2 ,gre5l&]s' beliefs1 #hg1 #hh note2 ,zulu beliefs1 #bbf2 fire-walk+1 #bga2 !ory ( borr[$ gods1 #bie ,,ubebe 7,zulu native71 on 8 race's beliefs1 #bcj1 #bca ,ukoto 7,zulu native71 on 8 race's beliefs1 #bbh1 #bbi ,ulang5i 7,zulu native73 repudiates idea ( borr[$ ,hott5tot deity1 #bca1 #bcb ,umdabuko 7,zulu creator71 #bbi1 #bcj ,umdali 7,kaffir creator71 #bcb ,umhlanga 7,zulu71 b$ ( re$s :5ce man sprung1 #bcj ,ump5gula ,mb&i 7,zulu native71 on native beliefs1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bcb1 #bch ,umvel+angi 7,zulu deity71 #bbe1 #bbh ,unkulunkulu 7,zulu deity71 #hi1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bch ,unyoro1 ! k+ (3 n all[$ by 8 wives a natural dea?1 #if ,upolu 7,samoan ,isl&s73 sacr$ tree asylums = crim9als1 #bai ,urabunna 7tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia71 #af ,urkus 7savage tribe71 #eh ,u?langa 7,zulu s\rce ( be+71 #bcj ,utikxo 7,zulu deity71 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bcj1 #bch ,,va%ti1 !ories conc]n+1 #gh1 #afa1 #aga1 #age1 #agg1 #agh1 #ahj ,vave 7,samoan god71 #bai ,vegetation1 gods (1 #e1 #bjf et seq4 ,virbius 7deity ( vegetation71 #aci ,virgil1 8 gold5 b\gh1 #bjg et seq4 ,virg9ia3 aborig9es' *ief god ,okki1 #ai ,volsunga ,saga3 ! magical sword1 #bjg1 #baa ,,waitz1 ,dr43 on ,au/ralian religi\s cu/oms1 #cj2 rejects ! hypo!sis ( ,au/ralian borr[$ beliefs1 #dc1 #dd2 quot$1 #bcb ,walk+ ?r\gh fire1 #bgj et seq4 ,wallace1 ,sir ,william3 mock cr[n+1 #bjc ,w>ramunga 7,au/ralian tribe73 sacr$ rock-draw+1 #bdf ,wa?i ,wa?i 7,new ,s\? ,wales tribe71 religi\s beliefs1 #gj1 #gb1 #gd ,way ( ,s\ls1 !1 #gb1 #gc ,wellhaus51 ,dr43 on ! ,jewi% exile1 #aha ,we/ ,africa1 taboo 91 #bei2 human sacrifices1 #abh ,wilson1 ,pr(essor ,daniel1 on cups & r+s1 #bdc1 #bdd ,w9sl[1 quot$1 on ,kiehtan 7,new ,engl& native deity71 #bj1 #ch ,wiraijuri 7,au/ralian tribe71 beliefs (1 #ff ,wit*craft4 ,see ,magic ,woiworung dirge1 a1 #da ,wom5 deb>r$ f ! my/]ies1 #bg1 #cc1 #eb1 #ga ,,x]xes 7! k+ 9 ,book ( ,e/h]71 #adh1 #afa1 #afg ,,y]run?ally 7,que5sl& tribe73 idea ( %oot+ />s1 #gd ,yngl+a ,saga1 !1 #bad ,,zagmuk1 ,zakmuk 7,babylonian fe/ival71 details & !ories conc]n+1 #aah1 #acg1 #ada-add1 #ade-afj1 #afb1 #afc1 #afd1 #afe1 #agi1 #aha1 #cja ,zeus1 grave (1 #ij1 #ic2 #aeg ,zoganes 7,babylonian slave-"l71 !ories conc]n+1 #abd1 #abe1 #acj1 #aci1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aie1 #aif1 #aig1 #aih ,zulus3 gho/ wor%ipp]s1 #ca2 religi\s beliefs1 #ig2 p]iod ( lic5ce1 #ahh1 #aie2 h>ve/ cu/om1 #bfg4 ,see "u tribal names